bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of black carbon emission inventories using a Lagrangian dispersion model – a case study over Southern India
Authors: Gadhavi H. S. , Renuka K. , Ravi Kiran V. , Jayaraman A. , Stohl A. , Klimont Z. , Beig G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We evaluated three emission inventories of black carbon (BC) using Lagrangian particle dispersion model simulations and BC observations from a rural site in Southern India (Gadanki; 13.48° N, 79.18° E) from 2008 to 2012. We found that 93 to 95% of the BC load at the observation site originated from emissions in India and the rest from the neighbouring countries and shipping. A substantial fraction (33 to 43%) of the BC was transported from Northern India. Wet deposition is found to play a minor role in reducing BC mass at the site because of its proximity to BC sources during rainy season and relatively short rainy season over western and northern parts of India. Seasonally, the highest BC concentration (approx. 3.3 μg m−3) is observed during winter, followed by spring (approx. 2.8 μg m−3). While the model reproduced well the seasonal cycle, the modelled BC concentrations are significantly lower than observed values, especially in spring. The model bias is correlated to fire radiative power – a proxy of open biomass burning activity. Using potential emission sensitivity maps derived using the model, we suggest that underestimation of BC mass in the model during spring is due to the underestimation of BC fluxes over Southern India (possibly from open-biomass-burning/forest-fires). The overall performance of the model simulations using three different emission inventories (SAFAR-India, ECLIPSE and RETRO) is similar, with ECLIPSE and SAFAR-India performing marginally better as both have about 30% higher emissions for India than RETRO. The ratio of observed to modelled annual mean BC concentration was estimated as 1.5 for SAFAR, 1.7 for ECLIPSE and 2.4 for RETRO.
Effect of parameter choice in root water uptake models – the arrangement of root hydraulic properties within the root architecture affects dynamics and efficiency of root water uptake
Authors: Bechmann M. , Schneider C. , Carminati A. , Vetterlein D. , Attinger S. , Hildebrandt A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Detailed three-dimensional models of root water uptake have become increasingly popular for investigating the process of root water uptake. However, they suffer from a lack of information on important parameters, particularly on the spatial distribution of root axial and radial conductivities, which vary greatly along a root system. In this paper we explore how the arrangement of those root hydraulic properties and branching within the root system affects modelled uptake dynamics, xylem water potential and the efficiency of root water uptake. We first apply a simple model to illustrate the mechanisms at the scale of single roots. By using two efficiency indices based on (i) the collar xylem potential ("effort") and (ii) the integral amount of unstressed root water uptake ("water yield"), we show that an optimal root length emerges, depending on the ratio between roots axial and radial conductivity. Young roots with high capacity for radial uptake are only efficient when they are short. Branching, in combination with mature transport roots, enables soil exploration and substantially increases active young root length at low collar potentials. Second, we investigate how this shapes uptake dynamics at the plant scale using a comprehensive three-dimensional root water uptake model. Plant-scale dynamics, such as the average uptake depth of entire root systems, were only minimally influenced by the hydraulic parameterization. However, other factors such as hydraulic redistribution, collar potential, internal redistribution patterns and instantaneous uptake depth depended strongly on the arrangement on the arrangement of root hydraulic properties. Root systems were most efficient when assembled of different root types, allowing for separation of root function in uptake (numerous short apical young roots) and transport (longer mature roots). Modelling results became similar when this heterogeneity was accounted for to some degree (i.e. if the root systems contained between 40 and 80% of young uptake roots). The average collar potential was cut to half and unstressed transpiration increased by up to 25% in composed root systems, compared to homogenous ones. Also, the least efficient root system (homogenous young root system) was characterized by excessive bleeding (hydraulic lift), which seemed to be an artifact of the parameterization. We conclude that heterogeneity of root hydraulic properties is a critical component for efficient root systems that needs to be accounted for in complex three-dimensional root water uptake models.
Assessment of heat sources on the control of fast flow of Vestfonna ice cap, Svalbard
Authors: Schäfer M. , Gillet-Chaulet F. , Gladstone R. , Pettersson R. , A. Pohjola V. , Strozzi T. , Zwinger T.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Understanding the response of fast flowing ice streams or outlet glaciers to changing climate is crucial in order to make reliable projections of sea level change over the coming decades. Motion of fast outlet glaciers occurs largely through basal motion governed by physical processes at the glacier bed, which are not yet fully understood. Various subglacial mechanisms have been suggested for fast flow but common to most of the suggested processes is the requirement of presence of liquid water, and thus temperate conditions. We use a combination of modelling, field, and remote observations in order to study links between different heat sources, the thermal regime and basal sliding in fast flowing areas on Vestfonna ice cap. A special emphasis lies on Franklinbreen, a fast flowing outlet glacier which has been observed to accelerate recently. We use the ice flow model Elmer/Ice including a Weertman type sliding law and a Robin inverse method to infer basal friction parameters from observed surface velocities. Firn heating, i.e. latent heat release through percolation of melt water, is included in our model; its parameterisation is calibrated with the temperature record of a deep borehole. We found that strain heating is negligible, whereas friction heating is identified as one possible trigger for the onset of fast flow. Firn heating is a significant heat source in the central thick and slow flowing area of the ice cap and the essential driver behind the ongoing fast flow in all outlets. Our findings suggest a possible scenario of the onset and maintenance of fast flow on the Vestfonna ice cap based on thermal processes and emphasise the role of latent heat released through refreezing of percolating melt water for fast flow. However, these processes cannot yet be captured in a temporally evolving sliding law. In order to simulate correctly fast flowing outlet glaciers, ice flow models not only need to account fully for all heat sources, but also need to incorporate a sliding law that is not solely based on the basal temperature, but also on hydrology and/or sediment physics.
An Analysis of Mark Twain's Use of Racial Terms When Describing African Americans
Authors: Tharp Angela , Sloane David E. E.
Published: October 2014

Various uses of “nigger,” “slave,” and related words in the Twain canon are offered here in a census table with special discussion of Twain's use of racial language in relation to American society in three major works—Innocents Abroad, Roughing It, and The Gilded Age—and in the autobiographical reminiscence “Jane Lampton Clemens,” describing slavery and race in Hannibal, Missouri, in the 1840s.
From Sam Clemens to Mark Twain
Authors: Eichin Carolyn Grattan
Published: October 2014

Sam Clemens adopted his famous nom de plume while writing for the Territorial Enterprise newspaper in Virginia City, Nevada Territory, during the early 1860s. Reconsidering the available documentation from the time period, including contemporary comments on the nom de plume, provides a revised theory on its adoption.
Naturaleza dogmática de los límites cuantitativos en los delitos económicos: especial referencia al delito de uso de información privilegiada bursátil
Authors: Vega Gutiérrez Zamyr
Published: October 2014

En el ámbito de los delitos económicos en general, y en particular del delito de uso de información privilegiada bursátil, es indispensable determinar la naturaleza dogmática de la cuantía del beneficio-perjuicio al que alude el art. 285 CP, ya que su calificación como condición objetiva de punibilidad o como resultado típico tendrá importantes repercusiones en el ámbito del Iter Criminis. En efecto, si admitimos que tales cuantías constituyen resultados típicos estaríamos afirmando la punibilidad de la tentativa cuando la conducta típica no alcanza el límite señalado en la descripción típica, mientras que si dicho límite supone una condición objetiva de punibilidad, entonces habría que negar el castigo de la tentativa en estos casos. Muy interesante es la cuestión relativa al error que recae sobre tales límites cuantitativos, puesto que las consecuencias difieren sustancialmente en uno u otro caso.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i16.1491 Revista de Derecho No.16 2013 pp.9-34
Physician experiences of patient-centered and team- based ward rounding – an interview based case-study
Authors: Baathe Fredrik , Ahlborg Jr Gunnar , Lagström Annica , Edgren Lars , Nilsson Kerstin
Published: October 2014

Background: Rounding has long traditions within hospital-based healthcare, as a way to organize the ward-based part of the care and cure process. Despite an increased emphasis on patient participation, there has been limited research exploring physician experiences of actually applying these principles to the ward round. Aim: To explore physician experiences after changing to a patient-centered and team-based ward round, in an internal medicine department at a Swedish mid-size hospital. Methods: Qualitative exploratory case-study. Semi-structured interviews with 13 physicians (six consultants, three residents, four interns) have been carried out. All interviews have been transcribed and analyzed by qualitative method. Results: The traditional relationship of superiority and subordination, embodied by the patient lying down in bed and the physician standing over the bed, was one essential change in the new ward round. Physicians experienced that less hierarchical relationships with patients, combined with working in a multi-professional team, contributed to better-informed clinical decisions, fewer follow-up questions from patients, and increased professional fulfilment. However, physicians also experienced that their autonomy was being reduced, and there was uneasiness about exposing potential knowledge gaps in front of others. Conclusions: This qualitative study of physician experiences finds that patient-centered and team-based ward rounds is a fertile development journey forward. Also important to notice are the seemingly new and paradoxical findings that despite the introduction of the “right” ward round structure, negative experiences emerged as unwanted side effects to the positive experiences reported. It could be beneficial for leaders in healthcare (both managers and physicians) to consider these results to facilitate future ward round initiatives.
Association between visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and clinicopathological outcomes in non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Mano Roy , Hakimi A Ari , Zabor Emily C , Bury Marta A , Donati Olivio F , Karlo Christoph A , Bazzi Wassim M , Furberg Helena , Russo Paul
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Visceral adiposity has been inconsistently associated with clinicopathologic features and outcomes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, most studies were conducted in non-Western populations. We evaluated the associations between visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and clinicopathological characteristics of non-metastatic ccRCC patients in a Western population.Methods: The medical records of 220 surgically treated ccRCC patients with documented preoperative body mass index (BMI) and computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively reviewed. Nineteen patients with stage IV disease were excluded. Visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were computed from preoperative CT scans. Correlations between obesity measures were assessed with Pearson correlation. Associations between obesity measures and pathologic features were evaluated using logistic regression models adjusted for sex. Overall survival (OS) probabilities were estimated using Cox regression analysis. The log-rank test was used for group comparisons.Results: The study cohort comprised 150 men and 51 women. Women had higher SFA (p = 0.01) but lower VFA (p < 0.001) than men. BMI was highly correlated with SFA (r = 0.804) and moderately correlated with VFA (r = 0.542). SFA and VFA were weakly correlated (r = 0.367). An increased BMI was associated with a better OS (p = 0.028). When adjusting for sex, neither SFA nor VFA was significantly associated with tumour grade, stage, or OS.Conclusions: Consistent with prior reports, our study suggests that increased BMI is associated with a better OS for patient with non-metastatic ccRCC. Despite the high correlation between SFA and BMI, neither SFA nor VFA were significantly associated with tumour stage, grade, or OS in the current study; however, further studies in larger cohorts are required to validate this finding.
Surgical management of complete penile duplication accompanied by multiple anomalies
Authors: Karaca Irfan , TURK Erdal , Ucan A. Basak , Yayla Derya , Itirli Gulcin , Ercal Derya
Published: October 2014

Diphallus (penile duplication) is very rare and seen once every 5.5 million births. It can be isolated, but is usually accompanied by other congenital anomalies. Previous studies have reported many concurrent anomalies, such as bladder extrophy, cloacal extrophy, duplicated bladder, scrotal abnormalities, hypospadias, separated symphysis pubis, intestinal anomalies and imperforate anus; no penile duplication case accompanied by omphalocele has been reported. We present the surgical management of a patient with multiple anomalies, including complete penile duplication, hypogastric omphalocele and extrophic rectal duplication.
Short-term perioperative outcomes of patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer included in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database
Authors: Gandaglia Giorgio , Varda Briony , Sood Akshay , Pucheril Daniel , Konijeti Ramdev , Sammon Jesse D , Sukumar Shyam , Menon Mani , Sun Maxine , Chang Steven L , Montorsi Francesco , Kibel Adam S , Trinh Quoc-Dien
Published: October 2014

Introduction: We report the contemporary outcomes of radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with bladder cancer using a national, prospective perioperative database specifically developed to assess the quality of surgical care.Methods: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried from 2006 to 2011 for RC. Data on postoperative complications, operative time, length of stay, blood transfusions, readmission, and mortality within 30 days from surgery were abstracted.Results: Overall, 1094 patients undergoing RC were identified. Rates of overall complications, transfusions, prolonged length of hospitalization, readmission, and perioperative mortality were 31.1%, 34.4%, 25.9%, 20.2%, and 2.7%, respectively. Body mass index represented an independent predictor of overall complications on multivariate analysis (p = 0.04). Baseline comorbidity status was associated with increased odds of postoperative complications, prolonged operative time, transfusion, prolonged hospitalization, and perioperative mortality. In particular, patients with cardiovascular comorbidities were 2.4 times more likely to die within 30 days following cystectomy compared to their healthier counterparts (p = 0.04). Men had lower odds of prolonged operative time and blood transfusions (p ≤ 0.03). Finally, the receipt of a continent urinary diversion was the only predictor of readmission (p = 0.02). Our results are limited by their retrospective nature and by the lack of adjustment for hospital and tumour volume.Conclusions: Complications, transfusions, readmission, and perioperative mortality remain relatively common events in patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer. In an era where many advocate the need for prospective multi-institutional data collection as a means of improving quality of care, our study provides data on short-term outcomes after RC from a national quality improvement initiative.
Are we accurately predicting bladder capacity in infants?
Authors: Costa Daniel Francis Gunn , Lavallée, Luke T , Dubois Claude , Leonard Michael , Guerra Luis
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Estimating bladder capacity is an important component in the evaluation of many urological disorders. For estimates to be of clinical value, precise reference ranges are needed. While accepted reference ranges have been established in adults and older children, none have been validated in infants. We endeavour to determine the normal bladder capacity of children less than 1 year of age.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of children aged 0 to 12 months with cutaneous stigmata of spinal dysraphism who were referred to the urology clinic to rule out tethered cord between October 2004 and July 2011. Patients with normal urologic assessment, who did not have surgery during the time they were followed, were included in the study cohort. Urodynamic studies were performed using the Laborie Medical Technologies UDS-600. Bladder filling occurred via a catheter at a rate of 10% of the expected total bladder capacity/minute. Bladder capacity was defined as the volume of filling when the child voided around the catheter. We collected data, including age at urodynamics, bladder capacity, detrusor pressure at capacity, bladder compliance and length of follow-up.Results: In total, 46% (84/183) of patients had a normal urologic assessment and met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 9.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 6.8-11.0). The average bladder capacity was 48.9 mL (standard deviation [SD] 32.8) and the mean detrusor pressure at capacity was 8.5 cmH2O (SD 10.0). Mean compliance was 14.1 mL/cmH2O (SD 13.6). The average length of follow-up was 40.7 months (SD 26.2) and during this interval no patients were found to have urologic or neurologic abnormalities and none underwent tethered cord release.Conclusion: Bladder capacity in infants with a median age of 9.0 months was found to be 48.9 mL. This is less than half of the volume predicted by a commonly employed formula. A novel method of estimating bladder capacity in infants is required.
Towards Context-Specific Directors' Duties and Enforcement Mechanisms in the Banking Sector?
Authors: Khan Wasima
Published: October 2014

Towards Context-Specific Directors' Duties and Enforcement Mechanisms in the Banking Sector?

The global financial crisis gives reason to revisit the debate on directors’ duties in corporate law, mainly with regard to the context of banks. This article explores the need, rationale and the potential for the introduction of context-specific directors’ duties and enforcement mechanisms in the banking sector in the Netherlands from a comparative perspective.

Chiefly, two legal strategies can be derived from the post-crisis developments and calls for legal reforms for the need and rationale to sharpen directors’ duties in the context of the banking sector in order to meet societal demands. The two strategies consist in shifting the scope of directors’ duties (i) towards clients’ interests and (ii) towards the public interest.

Subsequently, this article explores the potential for context-specific directors’ duties and accompanying enforcement mechanisms. Firstly, it is argued that the current legal framework allows for the judicial development -specific approach. Secondly, such context-specific directors’ duties should be enforced through public-enforcement mechanisms to enhance the accountability of bank directors towards the public interest but currently there are too much barriers for implementation in practice.

In conclusion, this article argues that there is indeed a need, rationale and potential for context-specific directors’ duties; yet there are several major obstacles for the implementation of accompanying public-enforcement mechanisms. As a result, the introduction of context-specific directors’ duties in the banking sector may as yet entail nothing more than wishful thinking because it will merely end in toothless ambitions if the lack of accompanying enforcement mechanisms remains intact.
Imagining the Rule of Law in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Liberal Society and the Dialectic of the Clan
Authors: Weiner Mark S.
Published: October 2014

Imagining the Rule of Law in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Liberal Society and the Dialectic of the Clan

In this essay, I provide a historical and theoretical framework for understanding the imaginative relation between the liberal rule of law and the kin-based form of socio-legal organization I call ‘the rule of the clan’ – a classic example of law created ‘from below’. Specifically, I believe that a culturalist disciplinary perspective reveals that the modern liberal state and its more centralized rule of law always stand in an ironic, dialectical relation to the rule of the clan as a legal form. Liberal society, that is, nurtures itself through an anti-liberal utopian imaginary. This article provides an intellectual history backdrop for theorizing that dialectical relationship by examining two contrasting ways in which nineteenth-cen‍tu‍ry British intellectuals imagined the rule of law. Following the work of Charles Taylor and, more specifically in the legal field, Paul Kahn, my goal is to depict a social imaginary of modern liberalism that has been neglected within contemporary liberal theory – and, in doing so, pro‍vi‍de a way to appreciate the cultural foundations of liberal legality. The article considers the stories that nineteenth-century British intellectuals told about the relation between the rule of law and the rule of the clan as a way to think about the rule of law today. It thus tacks between three different shores: the world of legal pluralism (the rule of the clan), the world of nineteenth-cen‍tu‍ry British analysis of the rule of the clan and the contemporary relation between culture and modern liberal society.
How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art
Authors: Schreiner Agnes T.M.
Published: October 2014

How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art

The article How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art will discuss two events at the Aboriginal Art Museum Utrecht from the perspective of a meeting between two artistic and legal cultures. The first event, on the art and law of the Spinifex people, will prove to be of a private law nature, whilst the second event, on the art and law of the Wik People, will show characteristics of international public law. This legal anthropological contribution may frustrate a pluralistic perspective with regard to the coexistence of Western law and Aboriginal law on the one hand and of Utrecht's Modern Art Museum and the presented Aboriginal Art on the other. It will show instead the self-evidence of art and law presented and their intertwined connection for the Aboriginal or indigenous peoples of Australia.
The
Ambivalent Shadow of the Pre-Wilsonian Rise of International
Law
Authors: de la Rasilla del Moral Ignacio
Published: October 2014

The
Ambivalent Shadow of the Pre-Wilsonian Rise of International
Law

The generation of American international lawyers who founded the American Society of International Law in 1906 and nurtured the soil for what has been retrospectively called a 'moralistic-legalistic approach to international relations' remains little studied. A survey of the rise of international legal literature in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century to the eve of the Great War serves as a backdrop to the examination of the boosting effect on international law of the Spanish American War in 1898. An examination of the Insular Cases before the US Supreme Court is then accompanied by the analysis of a number of influential factors behind the pre-war rise of international law in the United States. The work concludes with an examination of the rise of natural law doctrines in international law during the interwar period and the critiques addressed by the realist founders of the field of 'international relations' to the 'moralistic-legalistic approach to international relations'.
Social media mobilisations: Articulating participatory processes or visibilizing dissent?
Authors: Bacallao-Pino Lázaro M.
Published: October 2014

Analyses of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the internet have underlined, on the one hand, their capacity to enable processes of participation and democratic dynamics and, on the other hand, have criticised certain tendencies to a technological determinism and cyberutopianism regarding this capacity. These debates have intensified with the emergence of social media, associated with a richer user experience and architecture of participation, openness, freedom and horizontality. In the context of this dualism among utopian and dystopian visions, this study aims to examine the uses of social media in social mobilisation and their transition to sustained spaces of social participation, i.e. social movements. The study includes three cases of recent social mobilisations: Occupy Wall Street (USA), Taksim Square protests (Turkey) and #YoSoy132 (Mexico). Discourse analysis was used to compare uses of social media in the narratives associated with those mobilisations. Three main themes were analysed: 1) references to democracy, in particular criticisms of representative democracy and proposals for alternatives; 2) comments on the role of social media in social mobilisation and its development; and 3) reflections on tensions between online and offline actions as part of collective action. The findings indicate that social media are mainly used for the emotional mobilisation of individuals and visibilisation during the period of major collective action and there is a two-step development from social media to collective mobilisation and from collective mobilisation to social movements.
“I don’t like it and I think it’s useless, people discussing politics on Facebook”: Young Swedes’ understandings of social media use for political discussion
Authors: Sveningsson Malin
Published: October 2014

Western democracies have seen a decrease in political participation, with young people singled out as the most problematic group. But young people are also the most avid users of online media. It has therefore been argued that online media could be used to evoke their interest in politics, and thus contribute to the reinvigoration of democratic citizenship. Using a mixed qualitative methods approach, this article takes a closer look at 26 young Swedes’ experiences and understandings of social media, especially Twitter and Facebook, as used for political discussions. Compared to the average Swedish 17 to 18-year-olds, the participants are relatively interested in civic and political questions. By focusing on this segment, the article mirrors the experiences of an understudied group – young people who are interested in politics but not engaged. The participants were skeptical about social media as used in relation to politics, and expressed doubts about their suitability and usefulness. Four themes were identified, where three have to do with perceived risks: for conflict, misunderstandings and deceit. The participants also expressed the idea of online political activities as being less authentic than their offline equivalents. The idea that young people want and expect something that political organizations cannot live up to is one of the most dominant discourses that characterize the discussion on youth political participation today. However, while some properties of social media fit well into what young people have been found to prefer, for the participants, negative traits seem to outweigh the positive ones, thus discouraging them from participating.
The role of IMP dehydrogenase 2 in Inauhzin-induced ribosomal stress
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhou Xiang , Wu RuiZhi , Mosley Amber , Zeng Shelya X , Xing Zhen , Lu Hua
Published: October 2014

The ‘ribosomal stress (RS)-p53 pathway’ is triggered by any stressor or genetic alteration that disrupts ribosomal biogenesis, and mediated by several ribosomal proteins (RPs), such as RPL11 and RPL5, which inhibit MDM2 and activate p53. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis and crucial for maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools needed for DNA and RNA synthesis. It is highly expressed in many malignancies. We previously showed that inhibition of IMPDH2 leads to p53 activation by causing RS. Surprisingly, our current study reveals that Inauzhin (INZ), a novel non-genotoxic p53 activator by inhibiting SIRT1, can also inhibit cellular IMPDH2 activity, and reduce the levels of cellular GTP and GTP-binding nucleostemin that is essential for rRNA processing. Consequently, INZ induces RS and the RPL11/RPL5-MDM2 interaction, activating p53. These results support the new notion that INZ suppresses cancer cell growth by dually targeting SIRT1 and IMPDH2.
CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection
Authors: Linterman Michelle A , Denton Alice E , Divekar Devina P , Zvetkova Ilona , Kane Leanne , Ferreira Cristina , Veldhoen Marc , Clare Simon , Dougan Gordon , Espéli Marion , Smith Kenneth GC
Published: October 2014

The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming.
UWB Miniature Antenna Based on the CRLH-TL with Increase Gain for Electromagnetic Requirements
Authors: Kenari M. A. , Moghadasi M. N.
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) miniature antenna based on the composite right-left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) structure with enhancement gain is proposed and investigated. With CRLH metamaterial (MTM) technology embedded, the proposed UWB and miniature antenna is presented with best in bandwidth, size, efficiency and radiation patterns. To realize characteristics of the antenna, the printed -shaped gaps into the rectangular radiation patches are used. This antenna is constructed of the two unit cells, also presented antenna is designed from 2.25 GHz to 4.7 GHz which corresponding to 70.5% bandwidth. The overall size of the presented antenna is 10.8mm×6.9mm×0.8mm or 0.09λ0× 0.05λ0 × 0.006λ0 at the operating frequency f = 2.5 GHz (where λ0 is free space wavelength). The radiation peak gain and the maximum efficiency which occurs at 4.6 GHz, are 3.96dBi and 63.6%, respectively.
Análise citogenética de três espécies de Hypostomus (Loricariidae: Hypostominae) da bacia do rio Paraná
Authors: Rocha Reis Dinaíza Abadia , Brandão Karina De Oliveira , Almeida Toledo Lurdes Foresti de , Pazza Rubens , Kavalco Karine Frehner
Published: October 2014

Peixes do gênero Hypostomus, popularmente conhecidos como cascudos, são amplamente distribuídos nos rios brasileiros. Neste trabalho foram analisados os complementos cromossômicos de indivíduos de três espécies de Hypostomus da bacia do rio Paraná. Hypostomus margaritifer apresentou 2n = 72, oito blocos de heterocromatina; quatro sítios de Ag-RONs, quatro marcações GC-ricas e ausência de sítios AT-ricos. Hypostomus sp. 1 de São Miguel Arcanjo apresentou 2n = 72, seis blocos heterocromáticos, Ag-RONs simples, dois blocos GC-ricos e dois blocos AT-ricos. Hypostomus sp. 2 de Angatuba apresentou 2n = 76, 12 blocos de heterocromatina, Ag-RONs simples, quatro blocos GC-ricos e bandas AT-ricas negativas. Apesar da semelhança com relação aos números diploides, estas espécies de Hypostomus apresentaram diferentes fórmulas cariotípicas e outras características cromossômicas contrastantes. É evidente a diversidade cariotípica em Hypostomus e análises de pequenos grupos de espécimes que ocorrem na distribuição das espécies nominais ajudam a elucidar a origem desta grande variação observada.
Parameterization of mires in a numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Yurova Alla , Tolstykh Mikhail , Nilsson Mats , Sirin Andrey
Published: October 2014

Mires (peat‐accumulating wetlands) occupy 8.1% of Russian territory and are especially numerous in the western Siberian Lowlands, where they can significantly modify atmospheric heat and water balances. They also influence air temperatures and humidity in the boundary layers closest to the earth's surface. The purpose of our study was to incorporate the influence of mires into the SL‐AV numerical weather prediction model, which is used operationally in the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia. This was done by adjusting the multilayer soil component (by modifying the peat thermal conductivity in the heat diffusion equation and reformulating the lower boundary condition for Richard's equation), and reformulating both the evapotranspiration and runoff from mires. When evaporation from mires was incorporated into the SL‐AV model, the latent heat flux in the areas dominated by mires increased strongly, resulting in surface cooling and hence reductions in the sensible heat flux and outgoing terrestrial long‐wave radiation. Presented results show that including mires significantly decreased the bias and RMSE of predictions of temperature and relative humidity 2 m above the ground for lead times of 12, 36, and 60 h from 00 h Coordinated Universal Time (evening conditions), but did not eliminate the bias in forecasts for lead times of 24, 48, and 72 h (morning conditions) in Siberia. Different parameterizations of mire evapotranspiration are also compared.
Comparison of passive microwave and modeled estimates of total watershed SWE in the continental United States
Authors: Vuyovich Carrie M. , Jacobs Jennifer M. , Daly Steven F.
Published: October 2014

In the U.S., a dedicated system of snow measurement stations and snowpack modeling products is available to estimate the snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the winter season. In other regions of the world that depend on snowmelt for water resources, snow data can be scarce, and these regions are vulnerable to drought or flood conditions. Even in the U.S., water resource management is hampered by limited snow data in certain regions, as evident by the 2011 Missouri Basin flooding due in large part to the significant Plains snowpack. Satellite data could potentially provide important information in under‐sampled areas. This study compared the daily AMSR‐E and SSM/I SWE products over nine winter seasons to spatially distributed, modeled output SNODAS summed over 2100 watersheds in the conterminous U.S. Results show large areas where the passive microwave retrievals are highly correlated to the SNODAS data, particularly in the northern Great Plains and southern Rocky Mountain regions. However, the passive microwave SWE is significantly lower than SNODAS in heavily forested areas, and regions that typically receive a deep snowpack. The best correlations are associated with basins in which maximum annual SWE is less than 200 mm, and forest fraction is less than 20%. Even in many watersheds with poor correlations between the passive microwave data and SNODAS maximum annual SWE values, the overall pattern of accumulation and ablation did show good agreement and therefore may provide useful hydrologic information on melt timing and season length.
Statistical altitude distribution of Cluster auroral electric fields, indicating mainly quasi‐static acceleration below 2.8 RE and Alfvénic above
Authors: Li B. , Marklund G. , Alm L. , Karlsson T. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Masson A.
Published: October 2014

Results are presented from a statistical study of high‐altitude electric fields and plasma densities using Cluster satellite data collected during 9.5 years between 2 and 4 RE. The average electric fields are most intense on the nightside and associated with an extensive plasma density cavity, with densities of 1 cm−3 or less. The intense electric fields are concentrated in two regions, separated by an altitude gap at about 2.8 RE. Below this, the average electric field magnitudes reach about 50 mV/m (mapped to the ionosphere) between 22 and 01 magnetic local time (MLT). Above 3 RE, the fields are about twice as high and spread over a broader MLT range. These fields occur in a region where the (ΔE/ΔB)/VA ratio is close to unity, which suggests an Alfvénic origin. The intense low‐altitude electric fields are interpreted to be quasi‐static, associated with the auroral acceleration region. This is supported by their location in MLT and altitude, and by a (ΔE/ΔB)/VA ratio much below unity. The local electric field minimum between the two regions indicates a partial closure of the electrostatic potentials in the lower region. These results show similarities with model results of reflected Alfvén waves by Lysak and Dum (1983), and with the O‐shaped potential model, with associated wave‐particle interaction at its top, proposed by Janhunen et al. (2000).
How does the spaceborne radar blind zone affect derived surface snowfall statistics in polar regions?
Authors: Maahn Maximilian , Burgard Clara , Crewell Susanne , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Kneifel Stefan , Lhermitte Stef , Van Tricht Kristof , van Lipzig Nicole P. M.
Published: October 2014

Global statistics of snowfall are currently only available from the CloudSat satellite. But CloudSat cannot provide observations of clouds and precipitation within the so‐called blind zone, which is caused by ground‐clutter contamination of the CloudSat radar and covers the last 1200 m above land/ice surface. In this study, the impact of the blind zone of CloudSat on derived snowfall statistics in polar regions is investigated by analyzing three 12 month data sets recorded by ground‐based Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at the Belgian Princess Elisabeth station in East Antarctica and at Ny‐Ålesund and Longyearbyen in Svalbard, Norway. MRR radar reflectivity profiles are investigated in respect to vertical variability in the frequency distribution, changes in the number of observed snow events, and impacts on total precipitation. Results show that the blind zone leads to reflectivity being underestimated by up to 1 dB, the number of events being altered by ±5% and the precipitation amount being underestimated by 9 to 11 percentage points. Besides investigating a blind zone of 1200 m, the impacts of a reduced blind zone of 600 m are also analyzed. This analysis will help in assessing future missions with a smaller blind zone. The reduced blind zone leads to improved representation of mean reflectivity but does not improve the bias in event numbers and precipitation amount.
The influence of geomorphology on large wood dynamics in a low gradient headwater stream
Authors: Dixon Simon J. , Sear David A.
Published: October 2014

Understanding large wood dynamics is critical for a range of disciplines including flood risk management, ecology and geomorphology. Despite the importance of wood in rivers, our understanding of the mobility of large wood remains limited. In this study individual pieces of large wood were tagged and surveyed over a 32 month period within a third and fourth order lowland forest river. Individual pieces of wood were found to be highly mobile, with 75% of pieces moving during the survey period, and a maximum transport distance of 5.6 km. Multivariate analyses of data from this study and two other published studies identified dimensionless wood length as the important factor in explaining likelihood of movement. A length threshold of 2.5 channel widths is identified for near functional immobility, with few pieces above this size moving. In addition, for this study, wood type, branching complexity, location and dimensionless wood diameter were found to be important in determining mobility only for sinuous reaches with readily inundated floodplains. Where logjams persist over multiple years they were shown to be reworked, with component pieces being transported away and replaced by newly trapped pieces. The findings of this study have implications for river management and restoration. The high mobility observed in this study demonstrates that only very large pieces of wood of length greater than 2.5 channel widths should be considered functionally immobile. For pieces of wood of length less than the channel width the possibility of high rates of mobility and long transport distances should be anticipated.
Effects of grain angularity on NaCl precipitation in porous media during evaporation
Authors: Norouzi Rad Mansoureh , Shokri Nima
Published: October 2014

Three dimensional pore‐scale analysis was carried out using X‐ray microtomography to investigate the effects of grain angularity on NaCl precipitation dynamics and patterns during evaporation from saline porous media. To do so, quartz sand and glass beads with almost similar average particle size and porosity were used enabling us to constrain the effects of grain angularity on NaCl precipitation since the glass beads were spherical and smooth whereas the sand consisted of irregularly shaped grains. Presence of angularity resulted in different pore sizes and shapes influencing the dynamics of evaporation and NaCl precipitation. Our results demonstrate that the preferential evaporation exclusively in fine pores at the surface of porous media results in discrete efflorescence. We observed a higher cumulative NaCl precipitation in the case of glass beads at the early stages of precipitation due to the presence of a fewer number of evaporation sites at the surface. This phenomenon resulted in formation of a thicker and more discrete NaCl crust at the surface of glass beads compared to sand grains. Also, computed water saturation profiles reveals formation of a wider unsaturated zone above the receding drying front in the case of sand compared to glass beads due to the presence of finer pores affecting the capillary flow though the partially wet zone. Our results provide new insights regarding the effects of grain angularity on NaCl precipitation dynamics and patterns during evaporation from saline porous media.
Graphene‐Directed Supramolecular Assembly of Multifunctional Polymer Hydrogel Membranes
Authors: Wang Yufei , Chen Sheng , Qiu Ling , Wang Kun , Wang Huanting , Simon George P. , Li Dan
Published: October 2014

Polymer‐based nanoporous hydrogel membranes hold great potential for a range of applications including molecular filtration/separation, controlled drug release, and as sensors and actuators. However, to be of practical utility, polymer membranes generally need to be fabricated as ultrathin yet mechanically robust, have a large‐area yet be defect‐free and in some cases, their structure needs the capability to adapt to certain stimuli. These stringent and sometimes self‐conflicting requirements make it very challenging to manufacture such bulk nanostructures in a controllable, scalable and cost‐effective manner. Here, a versatile approach to the fabrication of multifunctional polymer‐based hydrogel membranes is demonstrated by a single step involving filtration of an aqueous dispersion containing chemically converted graphene (CCG) and a polymer. With CCG uniquely serving as a membrane‐ and pore‐forming directing agent and as a physical cross‐linker, a range of water soluble polymers can be readily processed into nanoporous hydrogel membranes through supramolecular interactions. With the interconnected CCG network as a robust and porous scaffold, the membrane nanostructure can easily be fine‐tuned to suit different applications simply by controlling the chemistry and concentration of the incorporated polymer. This work provides a simple and versatile platform for the design and fabrication of new adaptive supramolecular membranes for a variety of applications.
Operating condition diagnosis based onHMMwith adaptive transition probabilities in presence of missing observations
Authors: Sammaknejad Nima , Huang Biao , Xiong Weili , Fatehi Alireza , Xu Fangwei , Espejo Aris
Published: October 2014

A new approach for modeling and monitoring of the multivariate processes in presence of faulty and missing observations is introduced. It is assumed that operating modes of the process can transit to each other following a Markov chain model. Transition probabilities of the Markov chain are time varying as a function of the scheduling variable. Therefore, the transition probabilities will be able to vary adaptively according to different operating modes. In order to handle the problem of missing observations and unknown operating regimes, the expectation maximization algorithm is used to estimate the parameters. The proposed method is tested on two simulations and one industrial case studies. The industrial case study is the abnormal operating condition diagnosis in the primary separation vessel of oil‐sand processes. In comparison to the conventional methods, the proposed method shows superior performance in detection of different operating conditions of the process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 61: 477–493, 2015
Analytical technology aided optimization and scale‐up of impinging jet mixer for reactive crystallization process
Authors: Liu Wen J. , Ma Cai Y. , Liu Jing J. , Zhang Yang , Wang Xue Z.
Published: October 2014

Reactive crystallization is widely used in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). As APIs often have low solubility, traditional stirred tank reactors and the route of process operation and control using metastable zone width are not effective. This work investigated the integration of an impinging jet mixer and a stirred tank crystallizer that can take advantage of both the reaction and crystallization characteristics, the focus being on design optimization and scale‐up using process analytical techniques based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and focused beam reflectance measurement, as well as X‐ray diffraction and particle imaging Morphologi G3. The parameters for process operation and design of the impinging jet mixer were optimized. The research was carried out with reference to the manufacture of an antibiotic, sodium cefuroxime, first in a 1L reactor, then a 10L reactor. The crystals produced showed higher crystallinity, narrower size distribution, higher stability, and purity. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 503–517, 2015