bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Hegemony
Authors: Ougaard Morten
Published: January 2017

Ougaard, M. Dimensions of Hegemony. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 197- 214.

The first section of the article deals briefly with the history of the concept of inter national hegemony. The second section identifies several dimensions in various defi nitions of the concept. The first dimension is the distribution of resources implying that hegemony is defined as a preponderance of material power resources, while the second dimension is control over outcomes. In some definitions the hegemon has a greater control than other actors, no matter which outcomes are attained. In other definitions a specific kind of outcome is required, such as the provision of certain collective goods. A related question is whether the hegemon takes care of shared interests or is catering to its own interests, to the detriment of those of others. This points to what is arguably a somewhat neglected dimension of hegemony: the underlying pattern of interests. It is suggested that the concept of hegemony is relevant in situations with common basic interests and secondary but significant contradictory interests. In such a situation hegemony is defined as one actor's ability to provide for its own interests in conflicts of a secondary nature. The third section focuses on the patterns of interests underlying US hegemony. Three possible changes that can lead to declining hegemony are examined: increasing difficulties for the common interests, increasing incompatibility between the interests of the hegemon and its allies, and finally a growing disparity within the hegemon's own interests. The evidence is only suggestive and points in different directions, but on balance it tends to strengthen the case for declining hegemony.
Improving Measures via Examining the Behavior of Distractors in Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Sideridis Georgios , Tsaousis Ioannis , Al Harbi Khaleel
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the present article was to illustrate, using an example from a national assessment, the value from analyzing the behavior of distractors in measures that engage the multiple-choice format. A secondary purpose of the present article was to illustrate four remedial actions that can potentially improve the measurement of the construct(s) under study. Participants were 2,248 individuals who took a national examination of chemistry. The behavior of the distractors was analyzed by modeling their behavior within the Rasch model. Potentially informative distractors were (a) further modeled using the partial credit model, (b) split onto separate items and retested for model fit and parsimony, (c) combined to form a “super” item or testlet, and (d) reexamined after deleting low-ability individuals who likely guessed on those informative, albeit erroneous, distractors. Results indicated that all but the item split strategies were associated with better model fit compared with the original model. The best fitted model, however, involved modeling and crediting informative distractors via the partial credit model or eliminating the responses of low-ability individuals who likely guessed on informative distractors. The implications, advantages, and disadvantages of modeling informative distractors for measurement purposes are discussed.
The Four IQ's
Authors: Doll Edgar A.
Published: January 2017

Abstract (prepared by T. H. W. Martin, Inspector of Special Education, Toronto, Canada) of an address delivered at the Southwestern Regional Conference of the International Council for Exceptional Children, Phoenix, Arizona. The author is indebted to Paul Yaffe's brief note in the Baltimore Bulletin of Education, March, 1956, Volume XXXIII, No. 2, p. 9–11, on the significance of “inner quest.” This cue induced the present dynamic philosophy. The reader should not permit the whimsical alliteration, nor the setting of special education, to obscure the seriousness of this homely formulation and its timely import.—E.A.D.
The Eyes Have It!
Authors: Drennen Genevieve
Published: January 2017

This issue has been prepared by Adelyn Dwyer of Akron, Ohio, as a representative of the Council for the Education of the Partially Seeing. By preparing and submitting material oj particular interest to teachers oj the partially sighted and blind, the Council will no longer distribute a newsletter to its members.
Here and There
Authors: Johnson G. Orville
Published: January 2017

The following is the first of a number of descriptions of research in progress that will be published in succeeding issues of Exceptional Children. While the results of the research will be reported in the future, this and others will take an extended period of time to complete. It was thought that the readers would be interested in knowing what research is in progress and information that hopefully will become available.
Pure Tone Audiometry with the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Kodman Frank , Powers Theodore R. , Weller George M. , Philip P. Philip
Published: January 2017

This hearing survey was performed at the Kentucky Training Home, Frankfort, Kentucky. The authors wish to express their appreciation to A. M. Lyon, superintendent, L. F. Boland, medical director, and Ashley Mixson, psychologist, for their valuable assistance. 208 institutionalized, mentally retarded children and adults with a view toward recommending specific audiometric techniques for the special education teacher, clinical psychologist, pediatrician, otologist, audiologist, school nurse, audiometric technician, and others interested in pure tone audiometry
New Horizions for Special Education
Authors: Elliott Carl
Published: January 2017

The Honorable Carl Elliott is a member of the Congress of the United States, representing the Seventh District, Alabama, in the House of Representatives. He is chairman of the House Subcommittee on Spcial Education. Congressman Elliott presented this speech to the New York State Federation of Chapters of the Council for Exceptional Children on October 30, 1959, in New York City.
Issues in the Identification of the Gifted
Authors: Martinson Ruth A.
Published: January 2017

The need to identify gifted children through careful and complete individual tests and case studies somehow has not been accepted. Four general categories of concern appear to inhibit such identification procedures: (a) inadequacy of existing measures, (b) variability of intelligence, (c) cost of identification and special programs, and (d) establishment of a meritocracy. Identification of gifted children and provision of appropriate programs for them would maximize each child's potential for intellectual development, and untold benefits would accrue to both the individuals and society.
A Motivational Approach Toward the Remediation of Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Wadsworth H. G.
Published: January 2017

A group of unmotivated third grade boys was diagnosed as having learning disabilities and was taught under three conditions. The boys served as their own controls. The dependent variables were reading level and school behavior. The independent variables were, in order of presentation, reading tutoring at a private clinic, reinforcement techniques in a self contained classroom, and intermittent reinforcement (via a resource room) during reintegration into a regular classroom. Clinic tutoring resulted in no significant gains in reading; reinforcement approaches, however, produced significant gains. Appropriate school behavior was significantly related to reading level.
Effects of Visual and Auditory Background on Reading Test Performance
Authors: Carter John L. , Diaz Angelo
Published: January 2017

Forty-two brain injured and 42 non brain injured sixth grade boys were administered reading achievement tests under three visual and three auditory distraction conditions. The results indicated that (a) the overall performance was higher for the non brain injured group, and (b) increased amounts of visual and/or auditory distraction did not result in significantly lower scores for either group. It is concluded that many assumptions concerning stimulus control and teaching materials and methodology for brain injured children of this age group should be questioned.
Disturbed Children Under Reduced Auditory Input: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fassler Joan , Bryant N. Dale
Published: January 2017

This study investigated attention and performance on simple tasks as well as classroom attention of seriously disturbed, communication impaired, “autistic” children under conditions of reduced auditory input (using ear protectors) and under conditions of normal auditory input (using a placebo device). Under ear protector conditions, there was a significant increase in the amount of attention given to most of the tasks and a significant improvement in performance on two of five tasks. In addition, teacher ratings indicated a significant improvement in classroom attention under ear protector conditions. It was concluded that a significant number of “autistic” children do improve in classroom attention and show some gains in attention and performance on certain tasks under conditions of reduced auditory input.
Effectiveness of Individualized Instruction for Kindergarten Children with a Developmental Lag
Authors: Spollen Joseph C. , Ballif Bonnie L.
Published: January 2017

A curriculum emphasizing instruction in areas of greatest deficit was provided to children demonstrating a developmental lag. Of 135 children so classified, 90 were placed in an experimental program and 45 participated as a control group in a regular kindergarten program. A second control group consisted of 45 randomly selected developmentally normal subjects also in a regular kindergarten program. Mean score differences between groups and sexes for general development, visual perception, language, and general readiness were obtained. Analysis of covariance showed no significant differences by treatment or sex on any of the criterion measures.
The Hyperactive Child in Elementary School: A 5 Year, Controlled, Followup
Authors: Minde K. , Lewin D. , Weiss Gabrielle , Lavigueur H. , Douglas Virginia , Sykes Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

The study examines the academic performance of 37 schoolchildren, diagnosed as hyperactive 4 to 6 years previously, and compares it with the performance of an equal number of nonhyperactive classmates. The results indicate that hyperactive youngsters have a significantly higher failure rate in all academic subjects and are rated by their teachers as displaying far more behavioral problems than their controls. While the hyperactive children showed an increase in learning disorders and did poorer on a group IQ test than their peers, intelligence alone was ruled out as the main contributor to their academic failure.
Incentives Affecting Behavior Changes in the Retarded
Authors: Rapp John , Lemke Elmer A. , Landis John
Published: January 2017

The effect of monetary incentives on (a) dependent-independent and (b) extroversion-introversion behavior of 24 retarded adolescents was investigated. Five ratings were obtained at 2 month intervals over a 10 month period. A trend analysis of the data indicated significant desirable increases in social behavior. Additionally, the increase was compared and found different from that of a randomly assigned control group. In the last 2 month treatment interval, the students were taken on excursions into the surrounding community to effect a decrease in institutional dependencies. The evidence suggests that this too was an effective treatment.
Auditory Discrimination: A New Assessment Procedure
Authors: Buktenica Norman A.
Published: January 2017

A new Test of Non-Verbal Auditory Discrimination (TENVAD) is described. Standardization, reliability, and validity data are presented from a sample of both white and black middle and lower socioeconomic children, 6, 7, and 8 years old. The data demonstrate predictability of reading achievement and potential applicability for teacher and clinician. TENVAD is group administered, yields fairly stable performance across socioeconomic levels, and seems to have promise for early assessment of potential auditory learning disabilities.
Special Education for the Emotionally Disturbed
Authors: Schultz Edward W. , Hirshoren Alfred , Manton Anne B. , Henderson Robert A.
Published: January 2017

A questionnaire was sent to state directors of special education in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia regarding the current status of public school services for emotionally disturbed children. Data of interest to the survey included: terminology and definitions, prevalence estimates, educational services available, program standards, eligibility and placement, termination of special services, exclusion procedures, and administrative organization of programs. Data were analyzed in two ways: (a) for the entire country and (b) by dividing the country into geographic regions. The highlights, both regional and national, are reported here to provide some current information pertaining to public school programing for disturbed children.
The Burden of Proof: Validity as Improvement of Instructional Practice
Authors: Gersten Russell , Keating Thomas , Irvin Larry K.
Published: January 2017

This article examines the validity of three recent efforts to improve instructional assessment in mathematics for special education students. In our view, to claim that an assessment is valid for informing instruction, researchers must present evidence indicating that the assessment information is in fact used by teachers as intended and that it results in improved student learning. We use examples from the three research efforts to illustrate these points and suggest fruitful areas for further research. This discussion highlights crucial relationships among constructs underlying effective practice and assessment in the context of the mathematics reform movement.
Family Involvement in Assessment and Intervention: Perceptions of Professionals and Parents in Sweden
Authors: Björck-Åkesson Eva , Granlund Mats
Published: January 2017

This article describes perceptions of professionals and parents of the current and ideal state of family involvement in early intervention in Sweden. Both professionals and parents expressed significant discrepancies between current and ideal practices in four dimensions: parent involvement in decisions about child assessment, parent participation in assessment, parent participation in the team meeting and decision making, and the provision of family goals and services. Professionals showed preferences for a higher degree of family involvement. In identifying barriers, both professionals and parents most frequently mentioned system barriers. Causes for the discrepancies include the need for training and earlier inclusion of parents in the case management process.
Interactive Reading Instruction: A Comparison of Proximal and Distal Effects of Instructional Conversations
Authors: Echevarria Jana
Published: January 2017

This study examined the effects of an interactive approach, instructional conversations (IC), on the language and concept development of Hispanic students with learning disabilities. This study compared traditional instruction (basal approach) with instructional conversations. Results of proximal measures indicated higher levels of discourse and greater participation with IC than with a basal approach. The distal indexes yielded uneven results: evidence of greater understanding of the concept following IC but no differences in literal comprehension or postlesson narrative results. The overall results suggest that IC may provide linguistically rich learning opportunities for culturally diverse students with learning disabilities.
Micro-Electronic Magnetic Transducers
Authors: Hollis J. E. L.
Published: January 2017

Magnetic transducers that can be incorporated in integrated circuits have been surveyed. The factors related to such integrated components are examined within the limitation of approximations, and the performance of these devices reviewed. The directions of further development are considered.
The Application of Optimising Control to an Hydraulic Drive
Authors: Steel G K
Published: January 2017

An extremum control system has been designed to maximise the transmission efficiency of an hydraulic drive. The system is of the type which use a periodic perturbation of the control signal to generate the control action. Analysis of the system shows that an optimum choice of parameters may be made to maximise the rate of tracking of a moving extremum point. A system designed on these principles has been applied to a typical transmission system and test results are given. Some fundamental limitations of the performance of this type of control system are revealed.
Measurement of Magnetostrictive Strain of Stressed Transformer Laminations in a Localised Field
Authors: Sunthankar Y.
Published: January 2017

An instrument has been developed for the measurement of the local ac magnetostriction of laminations of transformer steel subjected to 50 Hz excitation. The instrument has two ceramic displacement transducers and is capable of measuring ac displacement in the range 10−4 − 10−8 in. The instrument works in a localised field generated by a C-core electromagnet. A comparison is made between the uniform field produced by a large coil and the local field produced by the electromagnet. A measurement of magnetostrictive strain coefficient in stressed conditions of the lamination under both uniform and local field conditions has also been made using two materials.
Errors in Conveyor Belt Weigher Systems
Authors: Hidden A. E.
Published: January 2017

The necessity for continuous belt weighers is first discussed. It is pointed out that they have limitations in performance which at present prevent their widest adoption and which thus make their further study important.

It is shown that conveyor belt weigher systems consist of four essential elements. These elements are each considered in turn and it is concluded that the most serious errors arise in the weigh-length element, with the means by which travel of the belt is measured as a possible further source of serious error.

The weigh-length element is considered in further detail and the importance of multiple weighing idlers, long idler pitch, and low belt tension, amongst other things, is emphasised. The introduction of belt sag, instead of belt tension, as a term in equations for misalignment and tension errors is shown to give a convenient result.

The effect of belt stiffness on the misalignment and tension errors is examined closely. Previous formulae for this are critically examined and the author presents the results of his own efforts to find a better formula. The difficulties of applying any of these formulae in practical cases is discussed. It is explained that simple beam theory is not applicable to a troughed belt, which, it is argued, should be found much more flexible than the beam theory predicts. Finally, the conclusion is reached that if belt sag, rather than belt tension, is taken as a criterion by which a belt weigher is adjusted, then a stiff belt should give rise to smaller misalignment and tension errors than a perfectly flexible one.
Measurement, Instrumentation and Control from a Geophysics Viewpoint
Authors: Sydenham P. H.
Published: January 2017

There is much to be gained by studying the techniques and skills of disciplines not apparently related to the user's own field of operations. It may be found that although similar approaches exist, one discipline is more advanced. Sometimes an entirely different approach emerges from such overviews. This article discusses the sinrilarities of measurement, instrumentation and control subjects as applied to geophysical research and exploration. The nature of geophysics is contrasted with its industrial counterparts to promote awareness of common ground.
Non-Contact Speed Measurement—a Comparison of Optical Systems
Authors: Fritsche R. , Mesch F.
Published: January 2017

Four different optical methods of speed measurement for moving surfaces are considered, two using incoherent light and two using coherent laser light. These systems are described as spatial filters acting on the Wiener spectrum of the moving surface. For this purpose, the Wiener spectrum of the speckling image of a coherently illuminated, moving surface is derived in the near field Fresnel region. Based on the theoretical analysis, the four systems are compared considering systematic errors and the bandwidth of output signals.
Optimal Modal Control
Authors: Woodhead M. A. , Porter B.
Published: January 2017

In this paper, optimal and modal control theories are combined to form a new theory of optimal modal control. This theory provides a rational basis for the selection of a modal state weighting matrix which ensures that the plant

matrix of the resulting optimal closed-loop system has prescribed eigenvalues. Optimality conditions for the choice of these eigenvalues are given.
A Method of Determining the Transfer Function Parameters of a Capacitor Servomotor
Authors: Kandil S. A. , Makkar L. G.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to establish a simple method for the calculation of the transfer function parameters of the capacitor servomotor.

The equivalent circuits of a group of twelve capacitor servomotors of widely different parameters are simulated on a transformer analogue network analyser. An empirical formula expressing the reference voltage in terms of the motor speed, control voltage and the capacitance value is obtained. A torque equation for the capacitor servomotor is deduced by introducing the obtained formula in the torque equation of the two-phase servomotor derived by Saleh and Yuferov. The gain and time-constant of the capacitor servomotor are deduced from the proposed torque equation. Effects of the control voltage, as well as the effects of the capacitive reactance on the gain and time-constant, are also discussed. The torque-speed characteristics of a drag-cup capacitor servomotor are computed for different values of the control voltage and different capacitances using the proposed torque equation, and compared with those obtained experimentally. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.
An On-Line Flatness Meter for Continuously Produced Strip Materials
Authors: Davis Norman , Burns Charles
Published: January 2017

The paper describes an instrument to measure manifest ‘shape’ or non-planarity in strip materials during their production. The device is non-contact, unaffected by the nature of the material and is very suitable for use in a hostile environment (including hot rolling situations).
Measurement of Orifice Plate Edge Sharpness
Authors: Brain T. J. S. , Reid J.
Published: January 2017

A significant factor which affects the accurate prediction of the discharge coefficients of square edged orifice plates is the precise shape of the edge. A rounding of only 0·002 of the orifice diameter can increase the coefficient by 1% so that a reliable method of assessing the edge sharpness is of considerable benefit to the instrument engineer. In the work described in this paper, a systematic intercomparison of three methods of measuring orifice edge sharpness has been undertaken. The methods tested involved casting, lead foil impression and optical techniques, and their relative reliability and effectiveness has been assessed.

While the results obtained from the casting and lead foil methods showed good agreement, the foils did not follow the edge profiles as closely as the castings. The casting procedure can also be used to determine the shapes of re-entrant profiles which will not be detected using lead foil impressions. However, the casting method required more skill and considerably more time to complete measurements than the impression method.

The optical method proved to be the least reliable, since measurements depended on subjective judgment. Nevertheless, this measuring procedure could be completed more quickly than the others, and these tests indicated that it may be used to examine large diameter plates for burrs or excessive rounding.
A Simple Combustion Efficiency Indicator for Automobile Engines
Authors: Bolton M. S. , Taylor D. S.
Published: January 2017

A cheap device which can indicate carbon monoxide levels in exhaust emission of internal combustion engines, and hence could be used for adjusting the engine's operating air: fuel mixture ratio, would have widespread application in garages, etc. The instrument described here is sensitive to both unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide but measures the carbon monoxide to an accuracy well within the tuning capability of most carburation systems.
Dominant Mode Design of Third-Order Linear Control Systems: Part 1
Authors: Asbury A.
Published: January 2017

The method of design involves three steps:

Choose a closed loop system with the aid of contour plots of the performance criteria. Obtain the poles of the open loop inferred by the chosen system. Provide a synthesised transfer function which will correct the actual open loop to the form given by (2).

This paper deals with (1) and provides the contour plots for:

Time to 90% and to cross over. Time to within 1%. Overshoot and undershoot. Maximum rate. Velocity error constant. Bandwidth. Phase and gain margin.

These are plotted against c and k where c is the ratio of real pole abscissa to the real part of the dominant complex poles and k is the ratio of the imaginary to the real part of the complex poles. A preferred region is defined which will be suitable for many industrial applications.
Instrument Calibration for Nanotechnology
Authors: Bowen D K
Published: January 2017

The problem of instrument calibration for nanotechnological applications is discussed, with particular reference to the establishment of standards based upon easily reproduced natural parameters such as the lattice spacing of a homogeneous crystal. The successful application of X-ray interferometry using silicon crystals to the measurement of displacement down to 5 picometres is discussed, and further possibilities for its use in instrument calibration in the nanotechnological regime are considered.
Nanometric Surface Finish Measurement by Optical Diffraction
Authors: Rakels Jan H
Published: January 2017

The use of light scattering or diffraction for the determination of surface roughness of machined metal components has been investigated by many researchers. As a result, a number of theoretical formulations have been derived for the calculation of the scattered light intensity distribution. Based upon scalar scattering theory, formal relationships can be derived, linking: (i) the specular reflectance to the RMS height parameter Rq, and (ii) the standard deviation of the scattered light to the RMS slope parameter Δq. Based upon light-scattering techniques, various commercial surface finish sensors have been developed. Three of these instruments are discussed. Their essential difference is in the numbers of photo detectors, which leads to differences in surface finish parameter measurement capability.
Non-Restrictive Measurement of Solids Mass Flowrate in Pneumatic Conveying Systems
Authors: Coulthard J , Byrne B , Yan Yong
Published: January 2017

Many approaches have been proposed and instruments developed to measure the mass flowrate of pneumatically conveyed solids. This paper reviews the ‘non-restrictive’ methods, which are based on a number of different principles, and discusses their individual characteristics.
Instrumentation and Support Systems for Monitoring and Control of Source and Receiving Water Quality and Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
Authors: Briggs R
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses progress in instrumentation, control and automation in the UK water industry. Included are details of recent legislation of relevance, particularly the impact of privatization of the ten Regional Water Authorities in 1989, the setting up at the same time of the National Rivers Authority, and the likely impact of the enforcement of European Community regulations by 1992. Developments in sensor and support systems are examined and progress in computer-based ‘expert’ systems for control of treatment facilities is discussed. Also considered are improvements in telemetry systems for remote supervision of river quality and water and wastewater treatment facilities. Finally, recent trends in the deployment of instrumentation, control and automation systems are examined.
Network Management — the Calder Experience
Authors: Newsome C D
Published: January 2017

The paper describes the concept behind network management within Yorkshire Water and examines its evolution from inception within the Calder Area of Western Division, Yorkshire Water. An overview of the role of and the assistance which can be offered by an integrated management information system within the water supply and distribution function, is presented. The implementation of digital mapping and telemetry is reviewed. The paper concludes with a vision statement on ‘the way forward’ in the quest for overall optimal operation in asset data collection.
Relationship between Different Methods of Colour Measurement in Potable Water
Authors: Mitchell G N , McDonald A T
Published: January 2017

The case is made for wider implementation of the European Community absorbance method for measuring colour in raw and potable water. Colour measurement techniques and the difficulties associated with them are examined. A simple graphical method for converting non-standard wavelength absorbance records to the EC 400 nm standard is outlined.
EASY5 Application in Process Modelling, Optimization and Control
Authors: Katebi M R , Lee T , Rouse M
Published: January 2017

The Boeing Engineering Analysis System is a menu-driven simulation package for modelling, analysis and design of large complex dynamical systems. The latest version, EASY5x, also provides multi-layered hierarchical modelling facilities and runs under X Windows. The package has many powerful nonlinear/ linear, continuous/discrete, steady-state analysis and optimization functions. This paper describes an introduction to the facilities and features offered by EASY5x. The modelling, control and optimization of a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is presented as an industrial example to evaluate some important features of EASY5x.
Advanced Integrated Driver Information Systems
Authors: Knoll P M , König W H
Published: January 2017

Future driver information systems will consist of a plurality of information components containing the classic instrumentation like instrument cluster, radio and trip computers, but also new components like car telephones, navigation systems and even TV. This development leads firstly to a new kind of instrument cluster design and secondly to a rather high resolution graphical display, located in the central console region. To best use the display capabilities for all functions and to have an extendable system, the components will be connected by a multiplex wiring system. In order to reduce driver distraction, secondary information from the new components will be displayed near to the primary field of vision of the driver either in the instrument cluster and/or with a head-up display. This paper also focuses on the ergonomic demands of such a system and offers some practical solutions.
The NIH’s Funding to US Dental Institutions from 2005 to 2014
Authors: Ferland C.L. , O’Hayre M. , Knosp W.M. , Fox C.H. , Horsford D.J.
Published: January 2017

This study examines funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to US dental institutions between 2005 and 2014 based on publicly available data from the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. Over the 10-y span, 56 US dental institutions received approximately $2.2 billion from 20 Institutes, Centers, and Offices at the NIH. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) is the largest NIH supporter of dental institutions, having invested 70% of the NIH total, about $1.5 billion. The NIDCR is also the primary supporter of research training and career development, as it has invested $177 million, which represents 92% of the total NIH investment of $192 million. Over the past 10 y, about half of the NIDCR’s extramural award dollars have gone to dental schools, while the NIH has invested about 1%. There has been an approximately 10% net decrease in extramural dollars awarded to dental institutions over the past decade; however, given the year-to-year variability in support to dental institutions, it is unclear if this net decline reflects a long-term trend. In addition, there was an overall reduction in the extramural dollars awarded by the NIDCR and by the NIH. For example, from 2005 to 2014, the total NIDCR budget for extramural research decreased by roughly 4%, which represents a decrease of $20 million to dental institutions. After adjusting for inflation, the decline in funding to dental institutions from the NIDCR and NIH was approximately 30%. Although the NIDCR and NIH continue to invest in dental institutions, if the current decline were to continue, it could negatively affect the research conducted at dental institutions. Therefore, we discuss opportunities for dental institutions to increase NIDCR and NIH support and improve their capacity for research, research training, and career development.
State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws
Authors: Cambron Christopher , Guttmannova Katarina , Fleming Charles B.
Published: January 2017

As of January 2016, 23 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have legalized medical or nonmedical cannabis, with more likely to follow. This dynamic policy context represents a substantial challenge for policy evaluation. Part I of this article provides a summary of state-level cannabis policy components across states and federal action regarding state-level policies. Part II presents a detailed history of cannabis policies in Washington State from 1998 to 2015 and analyzes the potential impacts of the policy changes on cannabis supply and demand. As an early adopter of both medical and nonmedical cannabis policies, Washington State provides an excellent example of the key elements to be considered in evaluating the relationship between policy changes and cannabis use. We highlight the importance of the interplay of federal enforcement priorities and previously adopted state-level cannabis regimes in interpreting the potential impacts of new cannabis policies.
Comparing Black and White Drug Offenders
Authors: Rosenberg Alana , Groves Allison K. , Blankenship Kim M.
Published: January 2017

Despite knowledge of racial bias for drug-related criminal justice involvement and its collateral consequences, we know less about differences between Black and White drug offenders. We compare 243 Black and White non-violent drug offenders in New Haven, Connecticut, for demographic characteristics, substance use, and reentry services accessed. Blacks were significantly more likely to have sales and possession charges; significantly more likely to prefer marijuana, a less addictive drug; and significantly less likely to report having severe drug problems. For both races, drug treatment was the most common service accessed through supervision. These comparisons suggest different reasons for committing drug-related crimes and, thus, different reentry programming needs. Although drug treatment is critical for all who need it, for racial justice, we must also intervene to address other needs of offenders, such as poverty alleviation and employment opportunities.
Ethical perspectives on the tenth commandment
Authors: Leslie Ben
Published: January 2017

Appropriation of the tenth commandment into the teaching and proclamation of the church rests upon the foundation of sound exegesis which respects the covenant context of the Decalogue as it occurs in both Exodus and Deuteronomy. An exploration of this context reveals that the tenth commandment functions both as a summary of the second table, by speaking to the level of motivations and desires that might lead to the violations specified in earlier commandments, and as a recapitulation of the fundamental commitment required in the first table at the level of personal character and spiritual identity.

In this light, the prohibition against coveting speaks to the covenant character of the listener in a way that anticipates the New Testament call to a transformation of character through conversion and discipleship. On the basis of this canonical perspective, a series of three brief trajectories are offered which illustrate ways in which the commandment might legitimately speak to issues of social justice, the challenges of contemporary affluence, and sexual lust.
Deuteronomy and adultery: A commandment to live free
Authors: Queen-Sutherland Kandy
Published: January 2017

As the seventh commandment, “and you will not commit adultery,” Deut 5:18 is placed among the listing of covenant obligations that proceed from the primary divine declaration, “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery” (Deut 5:6). Adultery as a willful act crosses the boundary lines that protect another man’s family. Legal stipulations within Deuteronomy call for the adulterer to be stoned—man and woman alike if she is married (Deut 22:22). Special regulations exist for virgins based on their status of being betrothed or not, and whether the sexual act occurred in the town or in the open country (22:23–29). In a patriarchal world, women more than men bore the shame and oppression of this commandment. Viewing adultery in the context of the biblical views of marriage and the use of Deuteronomy in the teachings of Jesus on divorce sheds needed light on this commandment.

Adultery is likewise paralleled in Jewish tradition with the command to have no other gods. This metaphorical use of adultery is a key theme of the prophets in decrying the nation’s apostasy. Viewed as a whole, the thrust of the Deuteronomy Decalogue is freedom, emphasized at its beginning and again in the instructions for keeping the Sabbath when Exodus and Sabbath are tied together in Deut 5:15. To live in covenant with God is to live free from bondage. Freedom is maintained by observing the obligations of covenant, and one of those obligations is not to commit adultery.
Who are my parents? “You will not bear false witness,” Deuteronomy, and Mark
Authors: Biddle Mark E.
Published: January 2017

The treatment of the ninth commandment against bearing false witness in the DC, for example, extends the principle beyond the original court setting of the commandment to apply it to a variety of circumstances involving false and misleading promises–that is, to fraud. Tracing the thread of this interpretation through other sections of the Torah and wisdom literature, both biblical and Deutero-canonical, leads to Mark 10:9, an enigmatic text in which Jesus (Mark?) employs the same techniques of (re)arrangement and extrapolation to make a significant claim concerning the family character of the kingdom of God.”
No other gods
Authors: Olofsdotter Karin
Published: January 2017

What did “no other gods” mean for Israel in ancient times? Why was this such an important commandment? And what does it mean in our modern days? Are we really worshipping just one god? The author explores similarities and differences between biblical times and ours.
Seeking God
Authors: Tessieri Phyllis Rodgerson Pleasants
Published: January 2017

Faithfulness to the Second Commandment has resulted in an ongoing dialectic in Judaism and Christianity between images and idols. The dialectic swings between images as inherently idols so that no images are permitted, to images as vehicles for Divine/human communication and locating the holy so that images are permitted. Context affects the understanding of images, how those who are trying to obey the second commandment use them in religious practice, and who is accused of idolatry. Examples from Dan, Dura-Europos, and the eighth-century iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire illustrate this dialectic. John of Damascus is a primary source for how images can be used to communicate the truth of God without becoming idols. The discussion of images and idols is relevant today in a context in which knowing which icon on the touchscreen is the appropriate one for whatever needs to be accomplished affects how people know, discover, access, and connect to truth.
‘But in Asia we too are Europeans’: Russia’s multifaceted engagement with the standard of civilisation
Authors: Kaczmarska Katarzyna
Published: January 2017

The standard of civilisation served Western states to hierarchically organise international politics and reproduce Western pre-eminence. Russia, depending on the historical period, has been interpreted as either an ardent follower or a major challenger to Western projects, but it has been markedly absent from debates regarding the standard. This article proposes to engage Russia in the standard of civilisation discussion with reference to the standard’s two most considered expositions: the colonial-era ‘original’ and what the literature interprets as the standard’s contemporary revival. In order to do so, I trace Russia’s nineteenth-century colonial practices and analyse Russia’s selected policies towards post-Soviet states in the post–Cold War period. On the basis of these explorations, I argue that Russia’s application of the standard of civilisation goes beyond the mere reproduction of hierarchical arrangements between an imagined centre and peripheries. The practices of the standard of civilisation have been employed to improve Russia’s desired, and imagined, status in international politics – that of a great power equal to the West. From that it follows that the concept of the standard of civilisation should be recognised as ordering relations not only of the strong and the weak but also of those in position of power in international politics.
Exploring global history through the lens of history of Chemistry: Materials, identities and governance
Authors: Roberts Lissa
Published: January 2017

As global history continues to take shape as an important field of research, its interactive relationships with the history of science, technology, and medicine are recognized and being investigated as significant areas of concern. Strangely, despite the fact that it is key to understanding so many of the subjects that are central to global history and would itself benefit from a broader geographical perspective, the history of chemistry has largely been left out of this process – particularly for the modern historical period. This article argues for the value of integrating the history of chemistry with global history, not only for understanding the past, but also for thinking about our shared present and future. Toward this end, it (1) explores the various ways in which ‘chemistry’ has and can be defined, with special attention to discussions of ‘indigenous knowledge systems’; (2) examines the benefits of organizing historical inquiry around the evolving sociomaterial identities of substances; (3) considers ways in which the concepts of ‘chemical governance’ and ‘chemical expertise’ can be expanded to match the complexities of global history, especially in relation to environmental issues, climate change, and pollution; and (4) seeks to sketch the various geographies entailed in bringing the history of chemistry together with global histories.
Primer on Risk Assessment and the Statistics Used to Evaluate Its Accuracy
Authors: Helmus L. Maaike , Babchishin Kelly M.
Published: January 2017

The pervasiveness of risk assessment in correctional decision-making necessitates a better understanding of the nature of risk scales and the methods used to assess their accuracy. Risk is a continuous dimension, which means that risk assessment is a prognostic task as opposed to a diagnostic task. Risk scales can also be considered criterion-referenced as opposed to norm-referenced. Predictive accuracy can be divided into discrimination and calibration. Area under the curves (AUCs), Cox regression, Harrell’s C, Cohen’s d, and logistic regression are appropriate for analyses of discrimination. There is no consensus on calibration statistics, but both chi-square tests and the Expected/Observed (E/O) index have been used and show promise. Statistics intended for dichotomous diagnostic decisions (e.g., positive predictive accuracy and negative predictive accuracy, number needed to detain, number needed to discharge) are inappropriate for risk scales because of the prognostic nature of risk scales. In many circumstances, diagnostic statistics provide more information about the base rate of recidivism than about the risk scale.
The Emergence of Referential Understanding: Pointing and the Comprehension of Object Names
Authors: Harris Margaret , Barlow-Brown Fiona , Chasin Joan
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the relationship between the emergence of understanding of object names and the development of pointing during the first year of life. Detailed records of the developing lexical comprehension of six children were obtained from the age of six months together with information about the use of pointing gestures. A comparison of the development of comprehension and the use of pointing revealed the existence of a very specific relationship: there was a highly significant positive correlation between the first appearance of pointing and the first understanding of object names. There was no relationship between the development of pointing and more general measures of comprehension development. The significance of these findings for accounts of the development of referential understanding is discussed.
Self-Expression on Social Media
Authors: Orehek Edward , Human Lauren J.
Published: January 2017

Self-expression values are at an all-time high, and people are increasingly relying upon social media platforms to express themselves positively and accurately. We examined whether self-expression on the social media platform Twitter elicits positive and accurate social perceptions. Eleven perceivers rated 128 individuals (targets; total dyadic impressions = 1,408) on their impulsivity, self-esteem, and attachment style, based solely on the information provided in targets’ 10 most recent tweets. Targets were on average perceived normatively and with distinctive self-other agreement, indicating both positive and accurate social perceptions. There were also individual differences in how positively and accurately targets were perceived, which exploratory analyses indicated may be partially driven by differential word usage, such as the use of positive emotion words and self- versus other-focus. This study demonstrates that self-expression on social media can elicit both positive and accurate perceptions and begins to shed light on how to curate such perceptions.
Backlash
Authors: Kteily Nour , Bruneau Emile
Published: January 2017

Research suggests that members of advantaged groups who feel dehumanized by other groups respond aggressively. But little is known about how meta-dehumanization affects disadvantaged minority group members, historically the primary targets of dehumanization. We examine this important question in the context of the 2016 U.S. Republican Primaries, which have witnessed the widespread derogation and dehumanization of Mexican immigrants and Muslims. Two initial studies document that Americans blatantly dehumanize Mexican immigrants and Muslims; this dehumanization uniquely predicts support for aggressive policies proposed by Republican nominees, and dehumanization is highly associated with supporting Republican candidates (especially Donald Trump). Two further studies show that, in this climate, Latinos and Muslims in the United States feel heavily dehumanized, which predicts hostile responses including support for violent versus non-violent collective action and unwillingness to assist counterterrorism efforts. Our results extend theorizing on dehumanization, and suggest that it may have cyclical and self-fulfilling consequences.