bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of a polyurethane‐modified polycarboxylate on properties of cement mortar
Authors: Xiang Shuncheng , Tan Yansheng , Gao Yingli , Li Lulu
Published: October 2021

In this article, a new kind of polycarboxylate (M‐PCE) was synthesized at room temperature in the complex initiation system of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbic acid (Vc) and ammonium persulfate (APS), by using polyoxyethylene allyl methyl ether (TPEG), acrylic acid (AA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) as raw materials and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as chain transfer agent. Effect of different composite initiation systems and raw material ratios were fully explored. Along with three other polycarboxylates (O‐PCE, C‐PCE‐1, and C‐PCE‐2), their properties on water reduction rate, strength, drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of cement mortar were investigated. The results showed that the average performance of the prepared M‐PCE was the best when the molar ratio of AA to TPEG was 2:1 in the same situation. When the water cement ratio was 0.3 and the dosage of M‐PCE was 1%, the strength increased by 24.5%(with 10% slag), the lowest drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage were reduced by 21.9%(with 10% fly ash) and 60.1%(with 10% metakaolin), respectively.
Magnetic Field Effects of Charge Transfer Excitons in Organic Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Nikiforov Daniel , Ehrenfreund Eitan
Published: October 2021

The topic of this review is the effect of magnetic field on photo‐current (PC) in organic semiconductor devices. Magnetic field modifies the fraction of the singlet/triplet population in the charge transfer excitons (CTE) whose lifetime is spin configuration dependent yielding magneto‐PC (MPC). We review MPC in the framework of the polaron pair model and emphasize the effect of CTE lifetime on MPC. In addition to a detailed calculation of the MPC response we find a range of physical parameters in which the response follows a simple ′fit function′. For example, a sum of wide and narrow Lorentzian functions, MPC(B)=cwB2/(B2+bw2)+cnB2/(B2+bn2), in the case of hyperfine interaction; or a Voigt profile V=L*G, where the sign * stands for the convolution operation between a Lorentzian (L) and a Gaussian (G) functions, in the case of thermal spin polarization. We provide expressions for the fit parameters in terms of physical parameters.
Sex and gender difference in cognitive and behavioral studies in developmental age: An introduction
Authors: Riva Daria
Published: October 2021

This paper introduces a special issue focused on sex and gender (s/g) cognitive/behavioral differences at developmental ages providing an overview of this multifaceted and debated topic. It will provide a description of the biological systems that are strongly interconnected to generate s/g differences, that is, genetic determinants, sex hormones, differences in brain structure, organization, and/or function, inherited or modifiable under environmental pressures. Developmental studies are rare. Some addressed whether s/g differences in cognitive/behavioral characteristics are evident early in life and are consistent throughout development, entailing that s/g differences can follow the evolving steps in girls and boys in different domains. The data are far from being homogeneous and consistent about s/g difference in language, social skills, and visuo/spatial abilities. The differences are small, often with overlapping performances, similar to what is seen in adulthood. Given that several variables and the interactions between them are implicated, further longitudinal studies adopting adequate assessment tools, very large size multicultural samples stratified in different, well‐sized and precise age groups, considering biological and sociocultural variables, are needed. Due to the complexity of the issue, there is still the need to support and adopt an s/g difference approach also in cognitive and behavioral studies at developmental ages. Finally, these studies have not only scientific importance and relevant cultural, anthropological, and social implications, but are also useful for pedagogical programming as well as for the study of the different susceptibility to develop CNS diseases and consequently to promote different therapies and treatments.
Investigation on the mechanical properties of ramie/kenaf fibers under various parameters using GRA and TOPSIS methods
Authors: Ganesh Saikrishnan , Keerthiveettil Ramakrishnan Sumesh , Palani Vijayanand , Sundaram Madhu , Sankaranarayanan Nagarajan , Ganesan Suganya Priyadharshini
Published: October 2021

This work aims to optimize the mechanical performance of ramie and kenaf fibers in epoxy composites developed using the hand layup technique. Fiber reinforcement at 0–10 wt% and benzoyl chloride treatment at 0–5 wt% were incorporated with this composites. Taguchi‐based grey relational analysis (GRA) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods were used to determine the optimized conditions for overall mechanical properties of the developed composites. Optimization techniques concluded that 10 wt% ramie (R)/10 wt% kenaf (K) with 5 wt% benzoyl chloride treatment (T) based epoxy composites observed good mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength of 37.39 MPa, ultimate flexural strength of 63.53 MPa, and impact strength of 70.36 J/m due to hybridization and the reduction in hydrophilic nature by the surface treatment process. The optimized GRA and TOPSIS combination with 10 wt% R/10 wt% K/5 wt% of T observed reduced water absorption nature with a contact angle of 64.72°.
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma causing oesophageal and bronchial compression in a cat with concurrent peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Guindon Julieta Micaela , Anesi Simone , Ings Kate , Bouyssou Sarah , McCagherty Joanna
Published: October 2021

A 13‐year‐old female neutered domestic longhair cat was presented for intermittent, self‐limiting episodes of laboured breathing and wheezing and also vocalising, coughing, retching, vomiting and inappetence. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiographs revealed a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH), and the cat was referred for further investigations and surgical treatment. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax confirmed the presence of a large PPDH and individuated the existence of a heterogeneous mass lesion in the caudal mediastinum. Additionally, there were disseminated lesions affecting multiple organs, numerous skeletal muscles, and several lymph nodes. On the basis of these findings and a likely neoplastic cause, the owner elected to have the cat euthanised. Postmortem examination and histopathological analysis revealed the presence of a pulmonary adenocarcinoma, invading and compressing the distal part of the oesophagus and a large bronchus, and likely representing the cause of the patient's main clinical signs.
Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Khan Amira , Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

The term academic medicine has evolved over generations. While historically academic medicine was synonymous with formal medical education [1], the past few decades have seen it being recognized as a domain where members, in addition to a transfer of knowledge, must demonstrate a culture of sustained and applicable research.
How to Prepare a Lecture?
Authors: Saeed Sana , Humayun Khadija , Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

Lectures are an economical and effective way to convey information to large groups of participants. They can provide an overview of a difficult topic or different perspectives on a subject. They can be used to provoke thought and deepen understanding. Lectures can be used to give structure to the students’ reading or to cover material not easily found in textbooks. When lectures are delivered well, the lecturer motivates the students and can become an inspirational role model [1].
Decision tree–based identification of Staphylococcus aureus via infrared spectral analysis of ambient gas
Authors: Honda Hidehiko , Yamamoto Masato , Arata Satoru , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Inagaki Masahiro
Published: October 2021

In this study, eight types of bacteria were cultivated, including Staphylococcus aureus. The infrared absorption spectra of the gas surrounding cultured bacteria were recorded at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 over the wavenumber range of 7500–500 cm−1. From these spectra, we searched for the infrared wavenumbers at which characteristic absorptions of the gas surrounding Staphylococcus aureus could be measured. This paper reports two wavenumber regions, 6516–6506 cm−1 and 2166–2158 cm−1. A decision tree–based machine learning algorithm was used to search for these wavenumber regions. The peak intensity or the absorbance difference was calculated for each region, and the ratio between them was obtained. When these ratios were used as training data, decision trees were created to classify the gas surrounding Staphylococcus aureus and the gas surrounding other bacteria into different groups. These decision trees show the potential effectiveness of using absorbance measurement at two wavenumber regions in finding Staphylococcus aureus.

Graphical abstract
Sarcopenia: imaging assessment and clinical application
Authors: Chianca Vito , Albano Domenico , Messina Carmelo , Gitto Salvatore , Ruffo Gaetano , Guarino Salvatore , Del Grande Filippo , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: October 2021

Sarcopenia is a progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disorder characterized by reduction of muscle mass and strength. It is associated with increased adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality, particularly, in elderly patients. Nowadays, sarcopenia has become a specific imaging biomarker able to predict clinical outcomes of patients. Muscle fibre reduction has shown to be an unfavourable pre-operative predictive factor in patients with cancer, and is associated with worse clinical outcomes in terms of postoperative complications, morbidity, mortality, and lower tolerance of chemoradiation therapy. Several imaging modalities, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, CT, MRI, and US can be used to estimate muscle mass and quality to reach the diagnosis of sarcopenia. This article reviews the clinical implications of sarcopenia, how this condition can be assessed through different imaging modalities, and future perspectives of imaging of sarcopenia.
Tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer
Authors: Qin Meng , Hamanishi Junzo , Ukita Masayo , Yamanoi Koji , Takamatsu Shiro , Abiko Kaoru , Murakami Ryusuke , Miyamoto Taito , Suzuki Haruka , Ueda Akihiko , Hosoe Yuko , Horie Akihito , Yamaguchi Ken , Mandai Masaki
Published: October 2021

Immunotherapy has experienced remarkable growth recently. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and B cells may play a key role in the immune response and have a survival benefit in some solid tumors, but there have been no reports about their role in endometrial cancer (EC). We investigated the clinicopathological and pathobiological characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in EC. Patients with EC at Kyoto University Hospital during 2006–2011 were retrospectively included. In 104 patients with EC who met study inclusion criteria, 81 (77.9%) had TLSs, which consisted of areas rich in CD20+ B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD38+ plasma cells. The absence of TLS was independently associated with tumor progression (HR, 0.154; 95% CI, 0.044–0.536; P = 0.003). Patients with TLSs that included CD23+ germinal centers had better PFS. All tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were counted in the intratumor site. The number of CD20+ B cells was significantly larger in patients with TLSs than in those without TLS (P < 0.001). CD20+ B cells numbers were positively correlated with other TLSs. The larger number of CD20+ B cell was associated with better PFS (P = 0.015). TLSs and B cell infiltration into tumors are associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with EC. They may represent an active immune reaction of the TME in endometrial cancer.
A single center study that evaluates the preclinical use of a newly developed software and moving bed system to facilitate the spontaneous excretion of residual fragments after primary stone treatment (RIRS or PCNL)
Authors: Yang Tao , Song Rijin , Meng Xianghu , Wei Hanping , Jiang Xinying , Yuan Xiaoliang , Liu Xiaowu , Jiao Zhimin , Liu Jun , Shi Honglei
Published: October 2021

Purpose

We developed a Postural Drainage Lithotripsy System (PDLS) that uses the patient's computed tomography urography (CTU) data to reconstruct the three-dimensional figure of the renal pelvis, provides an individualized inversion and overturning angle and uses gravity to remove residual fragments (RFs). The purpose of this study was to investigate PDLS in the treatment of renal RFs.

Methods

A stone with a diameter of 4.0 mm was placed in the upper, middle, and lower calyx of the renal model. A total of 60 trials were applied to 20 renal models. The movement trajectory, passage rate, and postural drainage angle of calculi during the treatment of PDLS were observed.

Results

All of the stones in 60 trials were observed to move during treatment, and 53/60 (88%) were relocated successfully to the renal pelvis. The passage rate of the upper calyx was 14/20 (70%), that of the middle calyx was 20/20 (100%), and that of the lower calyx was 19/20 (95%).

Conclusions

PDLS can provide individualized inversion and reversal angles and remove stones from the renal model. More clinical trials are needed to verify the above view and evaluate its efficacy.
Subarachnomegaly—venous congestion of infancy
Authors: Sainz Laura V. , Schuhmann Martin U.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Multiple names within the literature refer to a clinical picture affecting infants and consisting of a large or fast growing head circumference with enlarged cortical subarachnoid spaces (CSAS) while cranial sutures are open. This myriad of terms demonstrates the confusion about the entity, that may even group together different etiological processes. In this review, we aim to shed light on this matter in an effort to restate the defining features of the clinical picture and sum the evidence and current understanding of its pathophysiology and related imaging findings.

Methods

Extensive and updated review of the literature with special focus on defining features, clinical history with long term evaluation and pathophysiological process.

Results

Functional and molecular CSF studies as well as clinical evidence challenges the common pathophysiological theory based on non-functional arachnoid villi. Conversely, there is increasing evidence supporting cerebro-venous system abnormalities as the main pathophysiological factor. Additionally, long term cohorts studies show that it may have subtle but irreversible neurodevelopmental consequences.

Conclusion

Subarachnomegaly is an age-related condition of the infancy with radiological enlargement of CSAS and often self limiting course. However, considering the evidence on pathophysiology as outlined herein and long term outcome reports, further research effort is needed to assess the consequences of venous outflow impairment and enlarged CSAS and how this relates to imaging findings and neurodevelopment test results later in life
The consensus number of a cryptocurrency
Authors: Guerraoui Rachid , Kuznetsov Petr , Monti Matteo , Pavlovic Matej , Seredinschi Dragos-Adrian
Published: October 2021

Many blockchain-based algorithms, such as Bitcoin, implement a decentralized asset transfer system, often referred to as a cryptocurrency. As stated in the original paper by Nakamoto, at the heart of these systems lies the problem of preventing double-spending; this is usually solved by achieving consensus on the order of transfers among the participants. In this paper, we treat the asset transfer problem as a concurrent object and determine its consensus number, showing that consensus is, in fact, not necessary to prevent double-spending. We first consider the problem as defined by Nakamoto, where only a single process—the account owner—can withdraw from each account. Safety and liveness need to be ensured for correct account owners, whereas misbehaving account owners might be unable to perform transfers. We show that the consensus number of an asset transfer object is 1. We then consider a more general k-shared asset transfer object where up to k processes can atomically withdraw from the same account, and show that this object has consensus number k. We establish our results in the context of shared memory with benign faults, allowing us to properly understand the level of difficulty of the asset transfer problem. We also translate these results in the message passing setting with Byzantine players, a model that is more relevant in practice. In this model, we describe an asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant asset transfer implementation that is both simpler and more efficient than state-of-the-art consensus-based solutions. Our results are applicable to both the permissioned (private) and permissionless (public) setting, as normally their differentiation is hidden by the abstractions on top of which our algorithms are based.
A tale of two STs: molecular and clinical epidemiology of MRSA t304 in Norway 2008–2016
Authors: Enger Hege , Larssen Kjersti Wik , Damås Elise Størvold , Aamot Hege Vangstein , Blomfeldt Anita , Elstrøm Petter , Ås Christina Gabrielsen
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological, molecular, and clinical characteristics of MRSA t304/ST8 and t304/ST6 in Norway from 2008 to 2016. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected for each case included in the study. Strains were characterized by PCR, spa typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole genome sequencing. The overall number of cases of MRSA t304 increased from 27 in 2008 to 203 in 2016. Most MRSA t304/ST8 cases were defined as HA-MRSA (89.9%) and diagnosed in persons with Norwegian background, many of them living in nursing homes (62.3%). The number of t304/ST8 cases declined throughout the study period and it has not been reported in Norway since 2014. The increasing MRSA t304/ST6 genotype has mainly been introduced to Norway by immigration from the Middle East, but also from other parts of the world. The t304/ST6 clone is mostly classified as CA-MRSA (75.1%), does not seem to cause serious infections, is not multi-resistant, and has not yet caused outbreaks in Norway. This study provides an example of two MRSA clones with the same spa type found in different epidemiological settings. This is very unusual, but still a reminder that spa typing in some cases may have insufficient discriminatory power for surveillance of MRSA. Our results highlight the importance of active surveillance and characterization of emerging MRSA clones with high potential for spread in the community, which may potentially cause outbreaks in healthcare facilities.
Bioethanol production from grass pea and wild oat hydrolysates using S. cerevisiae ETP53, K. marxianus ETP87, and P. fermentans ETP22
Authors: Tesfaw Asmamaw , Kosebent Deniz , Oner Ebru Toksoy , Assefa Fassil
Published: October 2021

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol is essential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. After the grass pea and wild oat straws were characterized, they were hydrolyzed by live fungi (in situ), crude fungal enzymes, and chemical methods (sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acids at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3%). The fungi used for in situ degradation and crude lignocellulosic enzymes were Aspergillus niger JMC22344, Trichoderma reesei JMC22, Pleurotus ostreatus M2191, and Pleurotus sajor-caju M2145. Furfural content of hydrolysates was analyzed by GC–MS. The potential of activated charcoal, overliming, and sequential activated charcoal-overliming potential to reduce furfural in the acid hydrolysates were evaluated. The hydrolysates were fermented by S. cerevisiae ETP53, K. marxianus ETP87, and P. fermentans ETP22. Sulphuric acid hydrolyzed common wild oat (8.91 g/L) yielded higher sugars than NaOH (3.88 g/L) and NaOH treated wild oat (8.14 g/L) was superior in terms of sugars released than grass pea (4.21 g/L). P. ostreatus M2191 liberated the highest sugar (18.63 g/L) extracts than T. reesei JMC22676, A. niger ETP22344 and P. sajor-caju M2145. The 23–77% of the furfural in acid hydrolysates was reduced by overliming, activated charcoal, and the sequential activated charcoal-overliming. Yeasts produced optimal ethanol from straws hydrolyzed by crude enzymes from A. niger JMC22344. Generally, the ethanol titer was directly proportional to the amount of sugars released.
Integriertes Krankenhaus: Organisatorische Resilienz im Krankenhaus
Authors: Kriegel Johannes
Published: October 2021

Sich wandelnde Umwelten erfordern von den involvierten Akteuren entsprechende Flexibilität und Resistenz gegenüber auftretenden Veränderungen. Aus Krankenhausperspektive gilt es, neben der kurzfristigen Sicherstellung der Handlungsfähigkeit mittelfristig Ressourcen-, Informations und Kommunikationssicherheit zu gewährleisten.
maplet: an extensible R toolbox for modular and reproducible metabolomics pipelines
Authors: Chetnik Kelsey , Benedetti Elisa , Gomari Daniel P , Schweickart Annalise , Batra Richa , Buyukozkan Mustafa , Wang Zeyu , Arnold Matthias , Zierer Jonas , Suhre Karsten , Krumsiek Jan
Published: October 2021

This article presents maplet, an open-source R package for the creation of highly customizable, fully reproducible statistical pipelines for metabolomics data analysis. It builds on the SummarizedExperiment data structure to create a centralized pipeline framework for storing data, analysis steps, results and visualizations. maplet’s key design feature is its modularity, which offers several advantages, such as ensuring code quality through the maintenance of individual functions and promoting collaborative development by removing technical barriers to code contribution. With over 90 functions, the package includes a wide range of functionalities, covering many widely used statistical approaches and data visualization techniques.

Availability and implementation

The maplet package is implemented in R and freely available at https://github.com/krumsieklab/maplet
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on IBD Care in Alberta: Patient and Provider Perspectives
Authors: Dahiya Monica , Olayinka Lily , Kaplan Gilaad G , Reeb Leanne , Ma Christopher , Panaccione Remo , Kroeker Karen I
Published: October 2021

Objective

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated changes in the delivery of ambulatory care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including transitioning many visits to virtual formats and delaying non-urgent assessments. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on IBD patient care from health care providers’ (HCP) and patients’ perspectives.

Methods

We administered a 42-question HCP survey and a 44-question patient survey, which evaluated HCP and patient experience and satisfaction with care delivery and delays in access to IBD care during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Surveys were completed by 19.2% (24/125) HCPs and 25.8% (408/1581) patients. Overall, 82.7% of patients with IBD maintained their care without disruption. The majority of patients were satisfied with a transition to virtual care. All HCPs were willing to use virtual care in the future; however, 60% (14/24) of HCPs reported that virtual care was not equivalent to in-person visits. Patients reported concerns around access to health resources, the uncertainty of IBD-specific care, and fear and stress due to employment uncertainty and safety. Providers also reported concerns about patient safety, patient education, adequate remuneration and challenges with providing care for new patients on virtual platforms.

Conclusion

While some delays in health care delivery occurred during the first wave of the pandemic, both patients and HCPs were satisfied with a transition to new models of care delivery. These models may remain in place post-pandemic and allow for flexibility in care delivery that is acceptable to both patients and HCPs.
Medial-Single-Incision Double Arthrodesis “Diple” for Adult-acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Authors: Chow Jason , Alsayel Faisal , Alttahir Mustafa , Valderrabano Victor
Published: October 2021

Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity is a progressive pathologic condition that results in a rigid, painful, arthritic flatfoot that is debilitating and affects daily function. Traditionally, the condition is treated with a Triple arthrodesis of the subtalar joint, talonavicular joint, and the calcaneocuboid joint through dual incisions. This approach is effective in restoring the medial arch and correcting excessive hindfoot valgus. However, the lateral incision is associated with wound-healing problems in up to one third of patients, while the calcaneocuboid joint is often asymptomatic and not arthritic. The medial-single-incision “Diple” arthrodesis is a valuable, efficient, and safe alternative to the traditional dual incision Triple arthrodesis. The Diple arthrodesis is performed through a single medial incision and is a fusion of the subtalar joint and talonavicular joint but sparing the calcaneocuboid joint. The advantages of the Diple arthrodesis is significantly reduced wound complication, decreased operating time, comparable union rates, and extensive intraoperative visualization. Furthermore, maintenance of the calcaneocuboid joint allows for improving accommodation on uneven surfaces along with prevention of adjacent joint degeneration. In this paper, we describe our experience with the medial-single-incision Diple arthrodesis in patients with adult-acquired flatfoot deformity.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V—expert opinion and surgical technique. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Changes in Corneal Biomechanical Properties After Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction and Photorefractive Keratectomy, Using a Noncontact Tonometer
Authors: Zarei-Ghanavati Siamak , Jafarpour Soheyla , Hassanzadeh Samira , Bakhtiari Elham , Daraee Ghazaleh , Monadi Sahar Darabi , Ziaei Mohammed
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare early corneal biomechanical changes after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

Methods:

The study comprised 74 patients eligible for refractive surgery, equally allocated to PRK (37 patients) and SMILE (37 patients). Corneal biomechanical properties were recorded and compared between the 2 groups at preoperatively and 3 months after surgery using a dynamic ultra-high-speed Scheimpflug camera equipped with a noncontact tonometer.

Results:

Both procedures significantly affected corneal biomechanical properties at 3 months after surgery. Patients in the PRK group showed significantly better results for deformation amplitude ratio (DA ratio) (P = 0.03), maximum inverse radius (InvRadMax) (P = 0.02), and A2 time (P = 0.03). The mean changes in DA ratio, HC radius, InvRadMax, and Ambrosio relational thickness were significantly higher in the SMILE group in comparison with those of the PRK group (all, P < 0.05). In both groups, change in CCT was significantly correlated with changes in DA ratio and InvRadMax (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:s

Both SMILE and PRK refractive surgeries significantly altered corneal biomechanical properties but the changes were more prominent after SMILE.
An endoparasitoid uses its egg surface proteins to regulate its host immune response
Authors: Teng Zi‐Wen , Wu Hui‐Zi , Ye Xin‐Hai , Fang Qi , Zhou Hong‐Xu , Ye Gong‐Yin
Published: October 2021

With proteomic analysis, we identified 379 egg surface proteins from an endoparasitoid, Cotesia chilonis. Proteins containing conserved enzymatic domains constitute a large proportion of egg surface components. Some proteins, such as superoxidase dismutase, homolog of C. rubecula 32‐kDa protein, and immunoevasive protein‐2A, are classical parasitism factors that have known functions in host immunity regulation. Melanization assays revealed that a novel egg surface protein, C. chilonis egg surface serpin domain‐containing protein had the same function as a C. chilonis venom serpin, as both suppressed host melanization in a dose‐dependent manner. C. chilonis egg surface serpin domain‐containing protein is mainly transcribed in C. chilonis oocytes with follicular cells, and it is located on both the anterior and posterior sides of the mature egg surface. Additionally, we used LC‐MS/MS to identify 586 binding proteins sourced from C. suppressalis plasma located on the eggshell surface of C. chilonis, which included some immunity‐related proteins. These results not only indicate that C. chilonis uses its egg surface proteins to reduce the immune response of its host but also imply that endoparasitoid egg surface proteins might be a new parasitism factor involved in host immune regulation.
Haemobilia secondary to an arterio‐biliary fistula: A rare complication of intra‐operative microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Dissanayake Shashini K , Jennings Melissa , Marshall Martin
Published: October 2021

A rare case of arterio‐biliary fistula and haemobilia complicating intra‐operative microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in a 58‐year‐old woman with cirrhosis.
Density prediction and ecological description of the biotope of the Algerian nuthatch (Sitta ledanti), endemic to Algeria
Authors: Mayache Mohammed El Arbi , Temagoult Lakhdar , Moulaï Riadh
Published: October 2021

In the first study of its kind, carried out in an Algerian forest, we predicted the density of breeding pairs and the influence of habitat and threats on the distribution of Algerian nuthatch (Sitta ledanti) territories. During the breeding period of 2018, a total of 23 pairs were counted; the majority located in the central part of the forest, on a northern slope, in <300 ha. The Algerian Nuthatch prefers Zeen Oak stands, or Afares‐Zeen mixed stands. Forest stands with least degradation attract the species more. The main threats to nuthatch within this forest are habitat fragmentation and destruction and some predators such as the great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major. The future of the Algerian nuthatch in this forest seems uncertain if conservation measures are not undertaken urgently.
Absence of large portal collateral vessels is associated with spontaneous improvement of cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Yokoyama Shinya , Ishizu Yoji , Honda Takashi , Imai Norihiro , Ito Takanori , Yamamoto Kenta , Tsuzuki Tomoyuki , Ishigami Masatoshi
Published: October 2021

Aim

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a major complication in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). In some cases, PVT decreases spontaneously, but the factors that predict this are still not fully understood.

Methods

This was a retrospective, multicenter study that included 77 consecutive patients with cirrhotic PVT. Forty‐eight patients did not undergo anticoagulation and 29 patients did between the time of the first diagnosis of PVT and the follow‐up radiological imaging undertaken 1–6 months later. A complete disappearance and 25% shrinkage of PVT was defined as complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR), respectively. Portosystemic collateral vessels larger than 9 mm in diameter were defined as large collateral vessels.

Results

Complete remission + PR was found in 37.5% of the anticoagulation‐naïve patients. On univariate analysis, the absence of large collateral vessels, absence of PVT in the main trunk of the portal vein, a high platelet count, and a low FIB‐4 index were significant factors associated with CR + PR. On multivariate analysis, the absence of large collateral vessels was the unique factor associated with CR + PR of PVT (odds ratio 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.73–20.1). The CR + PR rate for anticoagulated patients was 44.8%. However, no predictors for a good treatment effect of anticoagulation for PVT were identified.

Conclusions

Spontaneous improvement of PVT in patients with LC can be expected when large collateral vessels are absent. For these patients, the option of observing them without anticoagulation can be considered in expectation of spontaneous reduction of PVT.
Relationships between Kazakh elders' disability severity and informal care time in far north‐western low‐income areas in China: The mediating roles of caregiver health and home‐based care quality
Authors: Ma Wen Juan , He Bin , Wang Yu Huan , Huang Wei , Zhou Jia
Published: October 2021

Background

Elders' disability severity and caregiver health could predict elders' informal care time, but the mechanism by which the degree of disability in the elderly affects informal care time is unclear.

Aim

The aim of this works is to explore the mediating roles of caregiver health and home‐based care quality between disability severity of elders and informal care time in far north‐western low‐income areas in China.

Method

From September 2017 to February 2018, three hundred fifty‐two dyads of Kazakh disabled elders and informal caregivers in Xinjiang were interviewed. Structural equation modelling analyses were applied.

Results

Significant positive correlations were observed between elders' disability severity and informal care time, caregiver health and informal care time, elders' disability severity and caregiver health. Significant negative correlations were observed between home‐based care quality and informal care time, elders' disability severity and home‐based care quality, caregiver health and home‐based care quality. Elders' disability severity had 71.94% direct effect on informal care time, 28.06% indirect effect on informal care time mediated by home‐based care quality and caregiver health.

Conclusion

Caregiver health and home‐based care quality play mediating roles on the path relationship between the elders' disability severity and informal care time.
The effect of different concentrations of chlorhexidine on microbial colonization: A double‐blinded randomized controlled study
Authors: Özdemir Sercan , Türk Gülengün
Published: October 2021

Aim

Study aims were to determine the most effective chlorhexidine concentration to be used in reducing microbial colonization in patients under mechanical ventilation and to examine the effect of oral care using different concentrations on the integrity of the oral mucous membranes.

Design

This research was a randomized controlled double‐blinded experimental study.

Method

The sample of study consisted of the 116 adult patients who remained intubated. Oral care was given to patients 4 times/day as per nurse protocol. Every morning during for 4 days, the intraoral mucosa of all groups of patients was assessed. Microbial colonization samples from oral mucosa were taken in the morning before oral care. A determination of the species of microorganisms in these samples was made.

Results

A statistically significant difference was found with regard to the reproduction of microorganisms between the oral mucosa samples taken from patients using 2% and 1% chlorhexidine solutions (P < 0.001). In the cultures taken from patients on the first and fourth days of intubation, a total of 36 different microorganisms were seen to be reproducing.

Conclusion

It was concluded that the most effective oral solution for the prevention of microbial colonization in patients under mechanical ventilation was chlorhexidine 1%.
Chemothermal pulverization: Crushing titanate crystals to obtain nanosized powders via high‐temperature treatment
Authors: Ohashi Naoki , Matsui Yoshio , Segawa Hiroyo , Tanida Noboru , Nagaso Satoshi , Nishida Masaya , Okamura Ichitaro , Osawa Yuta , Noviyanto Alfian , Soulie Benjamin , Watanabe Kenji , Nishimura Toshiyuki , Ohsawa Takeo , Ogiso Yoshifumi , Omiya Suetake
Published: October 2021

In this study, we investigated chemothermal pulverization (CTP) phenomena that are induced in titanate single crystals and ceramics by high‐temperature treatment at approximately 1000℃ under reactive gas containing ammonia and oxygen and cause these materials to break down into nanosized powders. Structural characterization revealed that there were many nanosized voids formed in titanates during heat treatment for CTP, and subsequent analysis revealed that these voids were filled with nitrogen gas. These results indicated that CTP consisted of four steps: the in‐diffusion of nitride ions from the surface to titanates, the deposition of nitrogen molecules (gas) inside the titanate crystals instead of nitride formation, the growth of voids by further nitrogen transport from the surface to voids, and, finally, the breakdown of the walls between voids to form nanopowders. Furthermore, we discussed the exact mechanism of CTP phenomena by examining the effect of doping into titanates on the progress of CTP and by conducting theoretical calculations for the simulation of nitrogen impurities in titanate lattices.
Seeding as a restoration technique for a rare prairie plant: an 11‐year field experiment with Asclepias meadii
Authors: Hoffpauir Alexandria N. , Reed Aaron W. , Kettle W. Dean , Roels Steven M. , Alexander Helen M.
Published: October 2021

Prairie restorations typically differ from remnant prairies in forb composition; long‐lived, late‐successional plants are often missing. To study establishment of such species, we set up a field experiment where seeds of the threatened, long‐lived Asclepias meadii were sown individually into the field with initial fire and soil disturbance treatments. We returned each year for 11 years to record the presence/absence, size, and reproduction of each plant. Individual plants were sometimes observed 1 year, not observed a subsequent year, and then observed again. We therefore analyzed survival data with mark‐recapture models and found that the probability of a seed germinating and the resulting plant surviving for 11 years was 0.057 (5.7%). Probability of detection was approximately 0.80, suggesting that we did not observe all living plants. Vegetative dormancy, herbivory on above‐ground parts, and observer error could all be responsible. We found no relationship between plant survival and the initial burn/disturbance treatment or previous year precipitation. Plants that were observed in the last study year were individuals that had, on average, greater size in earlier years. Three plants produced flowers and two produced fruit; we believe such reproductive success has not been previously documented for seed of A. meadii sowed into a restoration site. Our restoration study dovetails with the more typical plant community restoration research. In such studies, seeds of many species are sown, but often the late successional species do not establish. We show the value of detailed multiyear monitoring to determine the fate of such plant introductions.
Notes on the Biology of the Lobster; a Correction
Authors: Herrick Francis H.
Published: October 2021

In an article entitled 'Notes on the Biology of the Lobster' (SCIENCE N. S. Vol. I., No. 10, p. 263.) the following sentence occurs: "After hatching a brood in May, the female usually molts and afterwards extrudes a new batch of eggs." This should be corrected to read thus:
After hatching a brood in May, the female usually molts, but does not extrude a new batch of eggs until the following year
.

These notes were culled from a fuller paper, and this slip in the context crept in unobserved. It is, however, corrected in the latter part of the article.
The Effect of Sodium Chloride Balance on the Avidity of Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Patterson Katharine O.
Published: October 2021

(1) The avidity of agglutinins in human anti-A and anti-B serums is influenced by the tonicity of the menstruum.

(2) The addition of sodium chloride in final concentration in a range of 1.45 to 1.75 per cent. will greatly increase the avidity of human serum isohemagglutinins.

The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge the suggestion of Captain John Elliott (U.S.A.Sn.C.), that the restoration with hypertonic saline solution be investigated.
A Correction
Authors: Darrow Karl K.
Published: October 2021

Please correct a detail on page 17 of your issue of 4 January. You describe and quote from certain resolutions passed by the Metropolitan Section of the American Physical Society on 9 November; and in the course of your description, you unluckily speak of the position of the "Society" rather than that of the Section. Now, the fact is that fewer than five per cent of the members of the Society were present at that meeting, of which no one had been notified in advance except the members living in and near New York and a few others. The resolutions cannot therefore be taken as an expression of the' Society, even though many—myself included—think that a majority of the Society agree with them.
Addendum to "Cytoplasmic Diseases and Cancer"
Authors: Woods Mark W. , duBuy H. G.
Published: October 2021

Since the appearance of our report (
Science
, 1945, 102, 591), articles written by Graffi (
Z. Krebsf.
, 1939, 49, 477; 1940, 50, 196, 501). came to our attention. In these articles Graffi developed a theory on the derivation of viruses from mitochondria (cf. Graffi's extensive and valuable literature review) and the possible role of mutated mitochondria in the causation of neoplastic diseases, which is almost identical with the views expressed by us. Graffi developed these theories on the basis of a study in which he demonstrated that certain fluorescent carcinogens, as benzopyrene, are absorbed specifically on the mitochondria of animal cells. We came to the same theoretical conclusions as Graffi but from an entirely different approach, in that, in our studies, we were able to show that in plants modified mitochondria (plastids) induce diseases that are fundamentally like those induced by plant viruses. Also, on the basis of chemical and physiological observations, we were led to the concept that certain viruses have evolved from mitochondria or their constituents, implying that similarly modified mitochondria of animal origin can reasonably be expected to be disease causing and that these diseases might be represented by the neoplastic diseases. It is interesting to note that two entirely independent groups of research workers arrived at identical concepts although starting from different points. We regret that our oversight has prevented us from giving due credit to the considerations of Graffi, who terminates his article with the following sentence, which we translate:

"May it however once more especially be emphasized that at the present these trains of thought are still purely speculative and that they have already partially been expressed by other authors in one way or another. However, it might pay to follow them experimentally in one ease or another."
Correction: A New Series of Highly Active Local Anesthetics
Authors: Luduena F. P.
Published: October 2021

In the paper "A New Series of Highly Active Local Anesthetics" (SCIENCE, 118, 138 [1953]), in Table I, fourth column "Topical cocaine ratios: Corneal (rabbits)," the value for WIN 4510, the most active compound in the series, should read
500
instead of
1000
.
A System of Names for Binary Numbers
Authors: Stern Joshua
Published: October 2021

A nomenclature is proposed for the binary number system to permit expression of binary numbers in words and to encourage visualization of magnitudes expressed in binary notation without recourse to decimal translation.
Influence of Hexane Solubles in Tobacco on a Polycyclic Fraction of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Rayburn C. H. , Wartman W. B. , Pedersen P. M.
Published: October 2021

No variation in total amounts of those polycyclic hydrocarbons with ultraviolet absorption maxima at 385 mμ was found in the smoke from cigarettes containing varying amounts of hexane solubles. Addition of C
14
-labeled tobacco paraffins to cigarettes showed that tobacco paraffins are unimportant as precursors of polycyclic hydrocarbons in smoke.
Dichromography—a Method for in vivo Quantitative Analysis of Certain Elements
Authors: Jacobson Bertil
Published: October 2021

The method is based on absorption measurements of monochromatic x-rays. The radiation dose given to the patient is low, and thus the method is nondestructive. The physiological content of iodine in the human thyroid can be determined, as well as the distribution in the body of small amounts of roentgenological contrast substances.
Nuclear Sex of Patients with Testicular Tumors
Authors: Ashley David J. B. , Theiss Erich A.
Published: October 2021

In view of the occurrence of tumors of the testis of "female" nuclear sex, the cells of the hosts of such tumors have been examined. The nuclear sex of a series of 75 such patients was found to be uniformly "male."
Ion-Exchange Equilibria on Single Beads
Authors: Högfeldt Erik
Published: October 2021

Equilibria on single ion-exchange resin beads show that large differences may exist between beads from the same batch. They may be so large that a significant contribution to deviations from ideality can be due to this heterogeneity effect. Correlation between swelling and equilibrium properties shows that bead-to-bead variations are due to differences in cross-linking.
Formation of Metal Alkyls by Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Johnsen Russell H. , Gabler Robert C.
Published: October 2021

It has been demonstrated that liquid hydrocarbons, under the influence of gamma radiation, react with "high-surface sodium" to form metal alkyls. The nature of these metal alkyls has been determined, and possible mechanisms for their formation are discussed.
Phototropic Equilibrium in
Phycomyces
Authors: Dennison D. S.
Published: October 2021

When illuminated by two light sources, the positively phototropic sporangiophores of
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
come into a state of phototropic equilibrium. In this state, the sporangiophores assume an orientation determined by the light fluxes falling upon opposite sides of their light-sensitive zones. Under certain conditions, the sporangiophores show tropic oscillations about the equilibrium direction.
Reliability of Activation Level during Adaptation to Stress
Authors: Carran Archie B.
Published: October 2021

This study points out the stability of a quotient expressing the recovery of basal skin resistance (BSR) level. Changes noted in BSR during stress are consistent with the behavior of tranquilized patients and have significance for drug therapy. Information of this type may be quite useful for interpretation and objectivity in a wide range of clinical researches.
Failure of Survival of Slowly Growing Members of a Population
Authors: Rose S. Meryl
Published: October 2021

Water in which tadpoles or fish have grown inhibits growth of others of their own kind. Larger animals may completely suppress the growth of smaller ones and may eventually kill them by this water-borne inhibition. Under natural conditions of overproduction only the more rapidly growing would be expected to survive.
Transmission of Rabies to Laboratory Animals by Bite of a Naturally Infected Bat
Authors: Bell J. Frederick
Published: October 2021

An insectivorous bat that attacked a man in western Montana was induced to bite suckling mice. Subsequently the bat died, and brain and salivary gland suspensions were inoculated into other mice. Rabies virus was isolated from all three groups of mice.
Effect of Diisopropylfluorophosphate on Sulfhydryl Proteases
Authors: Heinicke R. M. , Mori R.
Published: October 2021

Diisopropylfluorophosphate inhibited all the sulfhydryl proteases studied in our tests. This inhibition was most pronounced at
p
H 6.0. By first blocking the sulfhydryl group with
p
-chloromercuribenzoate, inhibition could be prevented. Neither cysteine nor choline gave appreciable reactivation of diisopropylfluorophosphate-inhibited bromelain.
Reflectivity Spectrum and Optical Constants of Bituminous Coal; Estimation of Aromaticity
Authors: Friedel R. A.
Published: October 2021

The spectra of reflectivities, refractive indices, and absorption indices of a bituminous coal vitrain have been determined for the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. The low values for these quantities support the premise that polynuclear condensed aromatics may be present in coal only in small amounts. Aliphatic and amorphous carbons may predominate.