bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Similarity of Form observed in Snow Crystals as compared with those of Camphor under certain conditions of Crystallization
Authors: Spencer Joseph
Published: April 2021

Investigations tending to throw some light on the laws which determine the external forms and internal structure of crystallized bodies, may not be considered devoid of interest. The field of research is so extensive, the forms of crystals so varied and beautiful, and a knowledge of their primitive and resulting forms of such importance to the kindred science of chemistry, that any additional facts on the subject may be considered desirable. Much attention has been given of late to the peculiar forms assumed by snow, or to speak more correctly, by water under certain conditions of crystallization. The subject was first introduced, I believe, by a distinguished member of this Society, and has since been most ably worked out by him. Every one must have been struck with the beauty and variety of snow crystals, and some very truthful delineations of them have been published. A great difficulty sometimes has been felt by those desirous of studying them from their very perishable nature, as they require to be maintained at a temperature below the melting point of ice, or 32 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer. The usual plan of viewing them has been by the microscope in the open air, or at a window. Having tried both plans, and found them beyond my powers of endurance for any length of time, I have been driven to devise a plan for viewing them within doors, and in comparatively warm rooms. This plan I shall be happy to explain, at the conclusion of this paper, to any members of this Society who may be interested in the subject Very considerable interest attaches to the forms assumed by snow, from the intimate connexion that appears to exist between the production of certain forms of crystallization, and certain states of the atmosphere. Meteorology has of late years obtained that attention which its importance deserves, as only by a slow and laborious collection of facts, extending over a series of years, can we hope to arrive at a knowledge of the laws which control the mighty agencies at work in the atmosphere of our earth, and the study of which is of such importance to the health and well-being of man. It would be very desirable, however, in the study of snowcrystals, to find some substance similar in its habits of crystallization but of a less perishable nature, and which would enable us to trace the progress of the crystals from the simplest up to the most complicated forms ; so that reasoning by analogy we might be able to throw some light on the subject.
On Defining the Position and Measuring the Magnitude of Microscopic Objects
Authors: Hodgson W.
Published: April 2021

It is a matter of great practical convenience that the Microscopical Society have adopted, as one of their standards for size, a slide which measures exactly three inches by one. Of the three square inches thus fixed upon, the middle square inch is that which alone is employed to carry the object. The inch on the right hand is appropriated to the label, or name ; that on the left may be given up to registering the position of any object, or may be left unoccupied altogether. The middle square inch, therefore, is the only one to which any measurements need refer. Let, then, the bounding lines of this square inch at the bottom and on the left hand be taken as what geometers would call the axes of rectangular co-ordinates, or what, in the language of map-makers and geographers, would be the equator and the first meridian, and let the measurements be made in hundredths of an inch.
On the Development of the Enamel
Authors: Tomes John
Published: April 2021

Before proceeding with this article, which was commenced in the last Number of the Journal, I must take the opportunity afforded by the publication of the second part to correct certain typographical errors which have crept into the last pages of the first. The first error is somewhat important, as it makes me contradict a previous statement. At page 102, and in the ninth line, not is left out after the word contracted’, and in the tenth line after the word dentine, or has been substituted for but. At the fifth line from the bottom of the page, alteratives has been substituted for alterations. In page 103, at the twentieth line from the bottom of the page, the word sockets has been printed instead of sections; in the eleventh fitted for filled ; in the seventh meshes for masses ; and in the fifth line from the bottom of the page, fibrilea for fibrilla. In page 104, distant will be found instead of distinct in the eighteenth line from the bottom of the page.
Algarum Unicellularium Genera nova et minus cognita, præmissis Observationibus de Algis Unicellularibus in genere
Authors: Braun Alex
Published: April 2021

The organs of fructification, and in particular the cells, by which the Algæ and cryptogamous plants in general are propagated, have received the most various names, for the most part insufficiently defined and applied in different senses.* Propagative cells undoubtedly occur widely differing among themselves, and frequently differing, and this is a point of the greatest importance, in the same plant. † For some differ but little, others as widely as possible from the vegetative cells; some are endogenous in their origin (in a simple parent-cell, or in two conjugated cells), some acrogenous;‡ they may be enclosed in a membrane either soft or rigid, simple or multiple; they may be inert or active (furnished with motile cilia); some are subservient to fecundation either in a direct § or indirect || manner, some to germination, others altogether sterile. ¶ Among those which germinate, some require fecundation, others germinate spontaneously, some at once, others after a long or shorter term of rest, some in totality, others after throwing off the perispore; most producing only a single individual, whilst some (under a divided germination) give rise to several individuals.* Propagative corpuscles (spores), moreover, also occur, either bicellular or multicellular. This being the case, a diversity of terms also becomes requisite, but what these should be, and upon what principle they should be framed, is at present not easy to determine, seeing that numerous considerations relative both to the origin and to the structure of the propagative cells, but more especially concerning their physiological import, fecundation, and germination, have not as yet been sufficiently inquired into. The terms, therefore, here set forth are proposed more for the temporary purpose of their being considered and judged of, than for use.
Hints on the Pathology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Thoracic Consumption
Authors: Hall J. C.
Published: April 2021

In the ordinary course of noticing works interesting to those who use the microscope, we are not often called on to bring before our readers works devoted to the practical departments of medical science. At the same time, we are convinced that this does not arise from any deficiency in the microscope: but from the want of skill in the use of it amongst those who practise the medical profession. In an art so dependent on a correct appreciation of facts only known to exist by sight, it must be evident that the microscope will become essential to all conclusive investigations, and that scarcely any correct diagnosis will be made without its aid. We notice, therefore, Dr. Hall’s book, because in the first place we think he has made good use of the microscope in the diagnosis of disease, and in the second place because he has been kind enough to put one of the plates, illustrating his work, at our disposal (Pl. X.) We shall not, however, criticise Dr. Hall’s book, but let him speak for himself on the subject of the use of the microscope in the diagnosis of tubercle. He says:
On Rhabdonema, and a new allied genus
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. A.
Published: April 2021

The late Professor Smith was justly entitled to be placed at the head of those whose attention was directed to the Diatomacæ. Possessed of excellent instruments, and of a mind clear and discriminating as to what the limits of a genus or species were, he was alone qualified, if he had obtained access to authentic perfect specimens, to correct the unavoidable errors of Kutzing, or extract what is valuable from the chaotic writings of Ehrenberg ; the latter of whom, by his figures of numerous forms of which he had only seen very imperfect specimens, unaccompanied by precise, sufficient diagnostical characters, has done more to cumber the science with a load of useless names than can be rectified for many years to come.
On a Simple Method of Applying the Compound Microscope to the Upper or Lateral Surfaces of Aquaria
Authors: Redfern Peter
Published: April 2021

It is important and convenient to have some simple method of examining objects in Aquaria with the compound microscope without disturbing them from day to day. The plan adopted by Mr. Warrington, and described in the ‘Microscopical Journal,’ admits of the instrument being adapted to a limited surface with facility; but it is often desirable to be able to apply it to any part of a surface measuring two feet or more in extent. This end is gained by the arrangement described below.
On Arachnoidiscus
Authors: Walker-Arnott G.
Published: April 2021

Before having a complete knowledge of the natural history of Diatoms, it is necessary that we know—1st, where, when, and by whom any object was first observed and brought under the notice of naturalists, whether by name, description, or a figure: 2d, where, when, and by whom it was first correctly named and defined by a precise differential (generic or specific) character, the latter of these alone giving a claim of priority. /
On the Anatomical Constitution of the Nerves of Sense in the Genus Aplysia
Authors: Martini M.
Published: April 2021

It is well known that the integuments, tentacles, and mouth of these Gasteropods are extremely sensitive to the least mechanical stimulation. I have also noticed the effects of a weak galvanic current applied to the organs of sense; the excitation of two closely approximated points, beyond the oesophageal ring, induces the contraction of nearly the entire muscular layer of the integument and foot. This fact shows that not only the ganglia of the oesophageal ring, but the other ganglia also are capable of reflecting centripetal into centrifugal actions, and of becoming the central pole of a nervous circulation, as has been proved by M, Flourens from physiological proofs, and by M. Jacubowitsch from anatomical facts.
A Manual of Botany
Authors: Bentley Robert
Published: April 2021

After the valuable manuals of Lindley, Balfour, and Henfrey, the critic may be forgiven for asking, What need could there be for another? We imagine that this is a question which the publisher rather than the author ought to answer. If the publisher, who is the great middle-man between the author and the public, thinks that another manual of botany will pay, then it is his business, and all the critic has to do is to see that the public is likely to get its money’s worth. Now, Churchill’s manuals have been a great public benefit, and they would have been imperfect without a manual of botany. The editor of an encyclopædia might as well omit the article botany because it had been done in all other encyclopædias, as for Mr. Churchill to omit a manual of botany because so many good ones exist. Having said thus much as an apology for both publisher and author, we would now draw attention to the histological portion of Professor Bentley’s manual. As in all other parts of his book, Mr. Bentley does not present himself as an original observer or discoverer, but as a teacher of what is known upon the subject; and in turning over the various parts of the manual devoted to microscopic investigation, we must confess that he has given a very fair interpretation of the facts in the structure and functions of plants which are elicited by the aid of the microscope. Mr. Bentley has evidently been more anxious to make his book an orthodox volume, available for all classes and examinations, than a work representing or attempting any advance in the science of botany. We think, however, he might have consulted more frequently original papers—and many such have appeared in our own pages—with advantage.
Observations on the muscular coat of sweat-glands
Authors: Sangster Alfred
Published: April 2021

IT has long been known that some of the sweat-glands of the human subject possess a muscular coat. Kölliker in his treatise on Histology says—
On the Concentric Bodies of the Thymus1
Authors: Afanassiew B.
Published: April 2021

The concentric bodies of the thymus, known as Hassall’s corpuscles, represent, as is well known, multinuclear elements of a more or less concentric arrangement in the interior. Their development and nature has been variously described by different observers. Afanassiew shows that they owe their origin to a retrogressive metamorphosis of blood-vessels from whose endothelium they are directly derived. Preparations obtained from glands which, while fresh, were hardened in monochromate of ammonia, then washed in distilled water and alcohol, pencilled and stained in haematoxylin and ammoniacal eosin solution, show all intermediary forms, viz. vascular tubes whose endothelial cells are enlarged, further tubes, whose lumina appear entirely plugged with these enlarged cells, and finally, vessels whose endothelial cells possess a concentric arrangement, and partially or entirely occupy the lumen.
Description of a new species of micrasterias (ag. et aliorum, non ehr.), with remarks on the distinctions between micrasterias rotata (ralfs) and m. denticulata (BréB.).
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

To those who in this day advocate the non-existence of species it must doubtless seem but a profitless task and an illusory effort to try, by a definition or diagnosis, to fix a boundary to that which they assert is only imaginary ; but they who defend this bold and sweeping hypothesis, however justly celebrated some of their names may be, are, I imagine, still in the minority, though that circumstance, I admit, is in itself far from proving that they have not truth on their side. But, as far as I can at present see, their case, however plausibly put, seems far indeed from proven; but, on the contrary, geological data, and our experience of the world around us, seem hitherto, at least to my humble judgment, to combine in subverting and disproving it. Species, as usually understood—some more, some less variable—I, for the present at least, conceive to exist, and not less amongst the microscopic forms than amongst those of larger growth.
On the embryological basis of the cell-theory
Authors: Remak Rob.
Published: April 2021

(Reichert and Du Bois. Reymond. ‘Arcliiv,’ 1862, No. ii, p. 230.)
Beiträge zur neuern mikroskopie
Authors: Fried Von Reinicke
Published: April 2021

We welcome the appearance of another part—the third—of Professor Reinicke’s useful contributions to microscopy, and the more warmly because the present part contains some observations of greater interest, perhaps, to English microscopists than were those embraced in the former parts. Judicious as were the previous notices, and useful, no doubt, as they would be to many, they were, for the most part, of too elementary a nature to be of much interest to the majority of English microscopists, who, furnished so abundantly by our microscope makers with every variety of contrivance and adjunct to the instrument, would not require to be told much of the very simple matters which have formed, for the most part, the subject of M. Reinicke’s former lucubrations.
On the Morphology of Hemileia Vastatrix, Berk, and Br. (the Fungus of the Coffee Disease of Ceylon)
Authors: Ward H. Marshall
Published: April 2021

During the past twelve months the progress of my investigations into the-life history of Hemileia vastatrix, the fungus so prominent in the so-called “coffee-leaf disease “of Ceylon, has resulted in the accumulation of a series of facts concerning its structure and development which have been hitherto undiscovered, or, in some cases, misunderstood. Sufficient material being now at hand to throw light upon the morphology of this remarkable parasite, I purpose bringing together shortly the main points which have been established. 1
On the Nature of the Organ in Adult Teleosteans and Ganoids, which is usually regarded as the Head-Kidney or Pronephros
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

While working at the anatomy of Lepidosteus I was led to doubt the accuracy of the accepted accounts of the anterior part of the kidneys in this and in allied species of Fishes. In order to test my doubts I first examined the structure of the kidneys in the Sturgeon (Acipenser), of which I fortunately had a well-preserved specimen.
Note on the Organ of Jacobson
Authors: Harvey Reuben T.
Published: April 2021

During the spring of this year, when engaged in some work on the histology of the nasal mucous membrane in the mouse, my attention was directed by Dr. Klein’s paper in the January number of this Journal to the organ of Jacobson. The distinctly olfactory character of the epithelium in this organ induced me to seek for the junction which was supposed to exist between it and the mouth, with a view of determining how the transition in the character of the epithelium took place, or of discovering some vestige of the connection which exists in the early fœtal condition between these tubes and the nasal cavity. With the the material which I then had at my disposal, I failed to discover any communication between the organ of Jacobson and the mouth ; and my sections left no doubt on my mind but that the opening from it was into the nostril, although they did not demonstrate the exact manner in which such opening took place.
On the Origin and Growth of the Eggs and Egg-strings in Nephelis, With Some Observations on the “Spiral Asters”
Authors: Iijima Isao
Published: April 2021

The following investigation was begun in the spring of 1880, and continued through the summer of the following year. Its entire course was completed in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Tokio, under the instruction of Professor Whitman. To his advice, never-failing encouragement, and unremitting efforts to render this work as complete as time and circumstances would permit, I must ascribe much of whatever success I may have achieved.
A Contribution to the Morphology of the Amphineura
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. , Leyden
Published: April 2021

In August, 1881, I was invited by the editor of this Journal to furnish him with a few diagrams concerning the anatomy of the Amphineura, and with a short explanatory text indicating the actual state of our knowledge about this class of animals. Different engagements have obliged me to postpone the fulfilment of this wish till now. I am not sorry for this delay, now that it enables me to mention the latest researches upon Chiton, by Mr. A. Sedgwick, which have thrown a welcome light on the difficult subject of the renal organs of the class.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VI. On the Anatomical Relations of the Vascular System
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: April 2021

I drew attention in my last note1 to the striking variations in the results of observations upon the vascular system of the Echinoderms, which have been made by different Continental naturalists. The leading member of the French School, Professor E. Perrier, asserts positively that the so-called “heart “of the Echinozoa is an excretory gland, which communicates with the exterior through the madreporite, and is entirely free at its inner end, no vessel proceeding from it to join an oral ring; in fact, it is not a part of the blood-vascular system at all. Professor Perrier had arrived at this conclusion as the result of his own observations upon Urchins and Starfishes, together with those of Apostolidès upon the Ophiurids. He totally denies the existence of the radial blood-vessels described by Ludwig in the Asterids; and as regards the Urchins he, like Hoffmann, is able to find but one vascular ring around the mouth. This is described as connected with the water-tube (stone-canal) and the radial vessels supplying the tentacles, and also as the ring in which the ventral or internal marginal vessel of the intestine originates. “Il y a done bien réellement communication entre l’appareil vasculaire intestinal et le prétendu appareil aquifère.”2
On the Osteology and Development of Syngnathus Peckianus (Storer)
Authors: McMurrich J. Playfair
Published: April 2021

It is now some time since I began the study of Syngnathus, recognising the fact that little, if anything, had been done towards elucidating many points in the anatomy and development of the grotesque group of the Lophobranchs. Other matters have prevented as rapid work, and as close application to the subject in hand, as would have been wished for, and even now the work is exceedingly incomplete. Nevertheless it has seemed to me to be wise to publish the observations as far as completed, inasmuch as I have been able to throw some light on certain points, and to correct some mistakes made by authors who have preceded me.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VII. On the Apical System of the Ophiurids
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In a previous volume of this Journal1 I have discussed the bearings of Ludwig’s researches into the early development of the skeleton in Starfishes and Ophiurids on his views respecting the homologies of these two types of Stellerids. Further consideration of this question, especially with respect to the Ophiurid-skeleton, has led me to results of some interest, which I propose to explain in the following pages. I should wish, however, first of all, in justice to my friend Ludwig, to correct an error which unfortunately found its way into my last paper. He is represented, on p. 385, as still believing the so-called “odontophore “of Asterids to be homologous with the mouth-shields of Ophiurids. This is a view which he expressed in his earlier papers2; and whatever its intrinsic merits, it is altogether untenable if the mouth-shields of Ophiurids represent the so-called ff genitals “of Asterids, on account of their mutual relationship to the water-pore, as Ludwig has since suggested,1 I ought, however, to have remembered that in his last-published paper, describing the development of As terin a gibbosa, he had definitely (though for the first time) withdrawn his earlier suggestion; for I had specially marked the passage in the copy of his memoir which he was good enough to send me. It is as follows;2
The Ancestral History of the Inflammatory Process
Authors: Metschnikoff Elias
Published: April 2021

Under the name of “phagocytes” I have recently described certain cells which have the power of ingesting and sometimes of absorbing food particles. This character of the mesoderm is most marked where we find a number of amoeboid cells devouring dead or degraded elements of the body of the animal in which they live. Pathology already furnishes numerous examples of the exercise of this function by white blood-corpuscles; only it has not been recognised that the ingestion of foreign matter by a blood-corpuscle is a true act of feeding, and that the absorption of such a body (a red corpuscle, for example) is comparable to digestion. The results of investigations of Invertebrates, and the fact that in Sponges a great part of the whole function of nutrition is performed by amoeboid cells of the mesoderm, while in Bipinnaria, Phyllirhoe, &c., such cells function indirectly as absorbent organs, made it probable that a similar intracellular absorption would be found in the Vertebrate mesoderm.
On the Pharynx of an Unknown Holothurian of the Family Dendrochirotae, in which the Calcareous Skeleton is remarkably developed
Authors: Moseley H. N.
Published: April 2021

The specimen of which an account is here given was found amongst a quantity of other material dredged in the Sulu Sea, in from ten to twenty fathoms, by Captain W. Chimmo, R.N., of H.M.S. “Nassau,’ 1871, and presented by him to the Anatomical Department of the Oxford Museum. The specimen is unfortunately isolated, and no traces can be found of the body of the Holothurian to which it belonged. Its actual length is about th inches, and because of its large size and the regularity of the arrangement of the calcareous plates with which it is protected, it forms a striking object, which attracts the eye of a naturalist at once. The anterior part of the pharynx itself is complete, with its contained tentacles and calcareous ring, but the retractor muscles are completely torn away, and posteriorly no trace remains of the water vascular ring or its appendages. The membrane which closed the intervals between the rows of radial pharyngealia has also disappeared. The calcareous plates composing the actual ring (annulus) around the anterior region of the pharynx will here be termed annularia; those disposed in rows posteriorly the pharyngealia.
On the Sexuality of the Fungi
Authors: Ward H. Marshall
Published: April 2021

The fruitfulness and stimulus of the theory of descent have probably been felt in no province of biology with more effect than in the investigation of the more minute forms of plants; and the results obtained from the study of microscopic Fungi have absorbed attention and interest of late years to an extent which, whether commensurate or not with their importance, promises even more in the future than has been attained in the past.
On the Eyes of Some Invertebrata
Authors: Carriere Justus
Published: April 2021

It is known that in the Vertebrata the percipient elements of the retina turn away from the light, while they are turned to it in the Invertebrata—an arrangement which is conditioned by the development of the organ in both the groups.
Correction of an Error as to the Morphology of Welwitsohia Mirabilis
Authors: Bower F. O.
Published: April 2021

At the conclusion of the second article on Welwitschia mirabilis communicated by me to this Journal (vol. xxi, New Series, 1881, p. 571), a postscript was appended, which suggested a possible explanation of the discrepancy between my observations of the process of development of this remarkable plant, and those of M. Naudin, who communicated an account of the germination of the same plant to the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle,’ August 13th, 1881. The origin of the discrepancy was, however, soon after explained by a second letter from M. Naudin, published in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ January 7th, 1882, which began as follows: “ I find that by an accident, the seedling which I took to be that of Welwitschia, having sown the. seed as such, and which I described in your columns (1881, vol. xvi, p. 217), is really not a Welwitschia at all; all my Welwitschias (true) died, & c.”
E. Van Beneden’s Researches on the Maturation and Fecundation of the Ovum.1
Authors: Cunningham J T.
Published: April 2021

A Great many elaborate researches have been made in recent years into the series of phenomena in ova and spermatozoa which precede and accompany fecundation. By the synthesis of these it has been found that the series of phenomena is in almost all cases essentially the same; the more accurate the research, the more similar have the phenomena appeared in different animals. With regard to the ovum, the formation of polar globules is the most constant and most conspicuous event of its history previous to fecundation. Some years ago it was firmly established that there is a very great similarity between the changes which the germinal vesicle undergoes in the formation of polar globules, and the process of karyokinesis in cell-division.
On the Suprarenal Bodies of Vertebrata
Authors: Weldon W. F. R.
Published: April 2021

The suprarenal bodies of Vertebrates are, as is well known, made up of two sets of elements, sharply distinguished from one another, both by their adult structure, and by their mode of origin in the embryo. The substance which from its position in the mammalian suprarenal is known as “ medullary “ is now almost universally admitted to consist of metamorphosed nerve-cells, which arise from one or more of the ganglia of the sympathetic system. As to the origin of the remainder, however, the so-called “ cortical” substance, little is certainly known. In Elasmobranchs, Balfour1 describes the homologue of this substance as “making its appearance … as a rod-like aggregate of mesoblast cells, rather more closely packed than their neighbours, between the two kidneys near their hinder ends ;” but he leaves it an open question, whether these cells arise from the general indifferent mesoblast surrounding them, or whether they are derived from any of the adjacent organs of the embryo.
Archerina Boltoni, nov. gen. et sp., a Chloro-phyllogenous Protozoon, allied, to Vampyrella, Cienk
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

During the months of June and July, 1884,1 received from. Mr. Thomas Bolton, of Birmingham, several gatherings from ponds in his neighbourhood which contained an abundance of a minute, green-coloured, Heliozoon-like organism, to which he directed my attention. Careful study of the material forwarded to me by Mr. Bolton established the fact that the little Protozoon was hitherto undescribed, and that it presented many features of considerable interest.
On the Skin and Nervous System of Priapulus and Halicryptus
Authors: Scharff Robert
Published: April 2021

During the past year I have had the opportunity of reinvestigating the anatomy and histology of Priapulus caudatus and Halicryptus spinulosus from specimens supplied by the liberality of my esteemed teacher Professor Bütschli, by whose help and advice I have greatly profited, and to whom my most cordial thanks are due.
The Eye and Optic Tract of Insects
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. , Cantab B. A.
Published: April 2021

The structure of the eyes of the Arthropoda has been, a favourite subject with morphologists for many years, and many beautiful monographs have been published detailing the results of the careful observations that have been made upon this subject. Until the last few years the observations stopped, short at the basilar membrane, and the tract lying between the percipient elements and the brain remained unknown. Of late years, however, several papers have appeared dealing with the optic tract and its relations to the eye proper, or ommateum (Lankester and Bourne), and as some of these have attempted to throw doubts upon what were formerly considered to be well-founded homologies, I have gathered together in this memoir some of the most interesting results of the researches I have been carrying on for the last two or three years with the hope of being able thereby to throw some light upon these obscure or disputed points. In order to make my memoir more complete I have carefully revised the structure of the ommateum. itself in Musca vomitoria, and I shall here give a detailed account of it based upon, my own observations before I proceed to describe the nervous elements which connect it with the brain.
On the Development of a Freshwater Macrurous Crustacean, Atyephira compressa, De Haan
Authors: Ishikawa Chiyomatsu
Published: April 2021

The species on which the following observations were made, is very commonly found in freshwater streams and ponds in the vicinity of Tokio. Its specific determination has very kindly been made for me by Dr. Ed. J. Miers, of the British Museum, through the kind offices of Professor Whitman and Dr. Paul Mayer. Dr. Miers wrote a valuable paper on it, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ‘for March, 1882 (pages 193, 194).
Observations on the Nervous System of Apus
Authors: Pelseneer Paul
Published: April 2021

The nervous system of Phyllopods recalls, by its appearance, that of some Chætopods. The two lateral cords are rather distant from one another, and the commissures which join the corresponding ganglia are rather long in the anterior part. Zoologists agree to recognise that, among the living Crustacea, the Phyllopods show the most primitive condition of the nervous system, and that this has remained in a rather archaic condition. Its study will be, therefore, for the explanation of some morphological facts, more useful than that of the nervous system of superior Crustacea, which has undergone many alterations.
Notes on the Development of the Newt (Triton Cristatus)
Authors: Johnion Alice , Sheldon Kilian
Published: April 2021

The present paper is a continuation of some observations made by one of us on the early development of the Newt (14). It was then shown that the blastopore of the embryo becomes the permanent anus.
Morphological and Biological Observations on Criodrilus lacuum, Hoffmeister1
Authors: Örley L.
Published: April 2021

In Vejdovsky’s very complete work, ‘System und Morphologie der Oligochæten,’ Prag., 1884, which bears the character of a useful text-book on the morphology of the Oligochæta, I find only a scanty and incomplete account of the very interesting terricolous form, Criodrilus. On pages 16 and 58 he says: “Lage der Hoden, Eierstocke, Samenleiter und Samentaschen, sowie Gurtels unbekannt.” “Leider weiss Man sehr wenig von dem Leben eines so merkwiirdigen Oligochæten.” I think that these assertions by this wellknown investigator justify me in publishing my own observations, incomplete though they are, relative to this worm.
Notes on the Chromatology of Anthea cereus
Authors: Mac Munn C. A.
Published: April 2021

The colouring matters of Anthea cereus were first examined by Sorby,1 who found several present in this Actinia. Among others he found chlorofucin, the bands of which had been observed by Mr. Charles Horner, and the position of which led Mr. Horner to think that the supposed chlorophyll was different to that of land plants. Sorby had previously found chlorofucin in fresh-water algæ and subsequently in Fucus and other olive marine algæ; and in his paper on “Comparative Vegetable Chromatology” he gave directions for its separation from other pigments. Prof. Lankester, in the list of chlorophyll-containing animals in the English edition of Sachs’s ‘Botany’ includes Anthea cereus and puts “chlorofucin” after it, thus accepting Sorby’s statements.
The Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus: Part IV. The Changes From Stage G to Birth
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

The changes which take place during and subsequent to Stage G are mainly changes of growth and histological differentiation, The most important organs which have not yet made their appearance by the close of Stage F, are the crural glands and tracheæ. The origin of the latter is, I regret to say, still hidden from me. The remaining organs have acquired, in all essential respects, the adult relations by the close of Stage F.
On our Present Knowledge of the Gregarinidæ, with Descriptions of Three New Species belonging to that class
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In Vol. I. of this Journal (1853), p. 211, an abstract appeared of some observations made by Kölliker and others on the Gregarinidæ, a group of animals of very simple structure, met with in the intestine and other parts of many insects and annelids, the nature of which was then, and is still, a matter of considerable interest to naturalists. Others have worked at the subject since that time, but little has. been published in England relating to these parasites, nor are they generally known to microscopic observers in this country. It may, therefore, be advantageous to give in a condensed form what is known of their structure and development, adding a list of species and a few original observations.
Some account of protoplasm, and the Part it Plays in the actions of living beings.
Authors: Duffin A. B.
Published: April 2021

It will not be seriously contested that, of the constituents of the cell, the so-called “protoplasm” is deserving of particular attention, from its liability to change, its activity, and the marked manner in which it participates in the vital phenomena of living structures. Since the publication of H. v. Mohl’s remarkable work, the botanists have long arrived at the conclusion that, not only the formation of the cell-membrane, but also the inner nutritional changes of the cell itself, primarily depend upon the protoplasma.
On the Development of Striped Muscular Fibre in Man, Mammalia, and Birds
Authors: Clarke J. Lockhart
Published: April 2021

In man the development of striped muscular fibre is on the same plan as in birds and mammalia, but presents some points of difference that deserve consideration. In its early stage one does not observe those striking forms that appear in the chick between the sixth and seventh days of incubation (Pl. XI, fig. 9), and in the sheep or ox at a corresponding period. From the fourth to the fifth week of utero-gestation is about the earliest period at which this tissue can be distinguished with certainty from some others. In a fœtus of three fourths of an inch in length it forms a gelatinous mass, consisting, as in the other cases described, of fibres and nuclei imbedded in a semifluid, granular blastema. Pl. I, fig. 18 represents fibres from a fœtus three fourths of an inch in length; and fig. 19 both fibres and free nuclei from another fœtus, of one inch in length. In the formation of these fibres, as in similar cases already described, granular processes of condensed blastema extend from the sides or-from around the nuclei; and along the surface of these a new substance forms, until they become partially or completely invested. At first the investing substance appears only on one side, in the form generally of a plain band or fibre (see fig. 18 a), but subsequently is seen also on the other. Sometimes, however, it is deposited in the shape of distinct, longitudinal fibrillæ, until the surface is completely covered (fig. 18 b); and sometimes these fibrillæ are at once or soon after divided into particles, which, when close together and on the same level, appear as transverse striæ (fig. 18 d). Seen under a power of 420 diameters, these two rows of particles had the appearance of short, transverse lines. On one side of them are the remains of the granular layer of blastema, ready to be converted into another fibrilla or row of particles. But even when the surface of the fibre is perfectly plain, with the exception of the two lateral borders, it may be resolved into fibrillæ by the influence of certain reagents, particularly chromic acid.
Note on Dr. Wallich’s Microscopic “Jaw?’
Authors: Busk G.
Published: April 2021

In the October number of the Annals of Natural History’ (p. 304) is described and figured an organism contained in a muddy deposit dredged up at St. Helena, and regarded at that time by its discoverer, Dr. Wallich, as the lower jaw of a vertebrate animal, although, as he confesses, he had not then submitted it to any detailed examination.
On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the Coniferæ
Authors: Hoffmeister Wilhelm
Published: April 2021

Whether or not Linnæus intended by the term Cryptogamia to express a doubt about the sexuality of flowerless plants which one day might be cleared up, there is no doubt that many of the earlier observers suspected that the same conditions of reproduction existed in the lower as well as the higher plants. It was not, however, till the remarkable discoveries of Suminski with regard to the fructification of ferns, and the demonstration, not only of the existence, but of the function of sperm-cells and germ-cells in these cryptogams, that general attention was drawn to the subject. A host of observers have come upon the field, and we are now almost in a position to lay it down as a law, that throughout the whole vegetable kingdom there is going on a reproductive process, involving the union of two dissimilar cells—a germcell and a sperm-cell. In the lower cryptogamia there are many cases in which this has not been demonstrated; but in the higher cryptogamia it has been done for the whole series. Science is largely indebted to the labours of Dr. Hoffmeister for this result; and he has not only laboured as an original observer, but has collected together, with an industry and pains-taking diligence which is altogether German, all that has been done by others on the subject. His first published work on this subject was produced at Leipzig, in 1847. Since that period, however, much has been done, and Dr. Hoffmeister, in the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal Academy of Saxony, and in the ‘Regensberg Flora’ has added much original matter to his first observations. In 1852, the Ray Society had brought before it a proposition for the translation of Hoffmeister’s work. This was, however, not entertained at the time, as a London publisher advertised a translation of the same. This translation, however, never saw the light; and in 1859 Mr. F. Currey, who was himself well acquainted with the subject, undertook to correspond with Dr. Hoffmeister on the subject of a translation of his labours on Cryptogamic Botany, and the result has been the production of this work. It should therefore be understood, that this present volume is not a translation of Dr. Hoffmeister’s original work, nor a new edition of it, but a new work. It is, indeed, founded on the author’s first work, but not only have the papers before alluded to been added, but the author has contributed also a large quantity of new matter, and revised the whole work, so that it is really a complete record of all that is known at present. This is not only the case with the letter-press, but also with the plates. The work is illustrated with no fewer than sixty fine plates, all of which have been prepared for this work by the author, and engraved by Mr. Tuffen West.
Contributions to the Anatomy of Earthworms, with Descriptions of some New Species
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

The present paper contains some of the results of the examination of a quantity of material which I have been gradually amassing during the last few years. For this material I am indebted to the kindness of numerous friends at home and abroad who have interested themselves in the matter. For the most part the specimens which are described here were in a fit state of preservation for microscopical study.
The Presence of Ranvier’s Constrictions in the Spinal Cord of Vertebrates
Authors: Townsend Porter William
Published: April 2021

No question in the controversy over Ranvier’s constrictions is more interesting than that of distribution. Torneaux and Le Goff1 declared in 1875 that constrictions are present in the spinal cord. Their discovery remained almost unnoticed until Schiefferdecker,2 not aware that he had been anticipated by the French observers, offered silver pictures as proof that the constrictions are not confined to the peripheral nerves. The statements of these authors have been contested. Boll3 wrote against Torneaux and Le Goff; and Kölliker,4 seeking to test the results of Schiefferdecker, worked over the same ground, but arrived at opposite results, and brought new arguments in favour of the old opinion.
Excretory Tubules in Amphioxus lauceolatus
Authors: Weiss F. Ernest
Published: April 2021

In the spring of last year, through the kind permission of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, I had the privilege of occupying the table which the Association supports at the Zoological Station in Naples. By the admirable arrangements made at this station I was able to have a constant and unlimited supply of living specimens of Amphioxus lanceolatus, and thought this a good opportunity to undertake some experiments with a view to ascertaining whether the curious patches of modified epithelial cells on the ventral wall of the atrium of Amphioxus had any excretory function, as Johannes Müller (1) had held probable; and whether also the atrio-cœlomic funnels first described by Professor Ray Lankester (2) in 1874, and again more recently (3), had any such function.
On a Little-Known Sense-Organ in Salpa
Authors: Lee Arthur Bolles
Published: April 2021

This organ was mentioned and figured in 1876 by Ussow, in the Memoirs of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow (T. XVII, Bd. iii, 2, Moscow, 1876). Since then it has not been mentioned by any author, so far as I have been able to discover ; none of the text-books, at any rate, make any allusion to it. Ussow’s figure (pl. vii, fig. 49, of the memoir quoted) is very imperfect, missing all of what appear to me to be the most interesting points of the subject. His text is inaccessible to me, being in Russian. I shall do well, I think, to describe the organ as I find it, with only such further reference to the work of the eminent Russian naturalist as may appear useful.
Immunity against Microbes
Authors: Ruffer M. Armand
Published: April 2021

The first part of this paper, with few exceptions, was taken up with the struggle taking place in the healthy body between micro-organisms and amœboid cells. It is now time to study what happens where micro-organisms have found their way into the tissues of animals.
On some Points in the Histology and Development of Myriothela phrygia
Authors: Hardy W. B.
Published: April 2021

While working at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth during the summer of 1888 my attention was directed to the remarkable hydroid Myriothela phrygia. I was acquainted with Professor Allmann’s (1) memoir, and it appeared to me that there were several points which demanded further study—notably the development of the gonophore and the structure of the endoderm, especially in relation to the physiological processes taking place in the enteric cavity. My work was continued, so far as circumstances would permit, during the ensuing winter; but on the appearance of Korot-neff’s account (2) of the growth of the gonophore, published in the ‘Archives de Zoologie Experimentale ‘for that year (1888), I discontinued it, in the hope that at some future time I might find the opportunity of examining with something like completeness the physiology of Myriothela. That opportunity unfortunately has not arisen, and I am induced to publish my results as they stand, believing that though incomplete they contain certain points of interest.