bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVE DETERMINATION OF PRIME DECOMPOSITIONS OF CUBIC FUNCTION FIELDS
Authors: ZHAO YUSHENG , LI WEI , ZHANG XIANKE
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we determine completely the prime decomposition of cubic function fields by effective and explicit methods.
THE FIBONACCI-NORM OF A POSITIVE INTEGER: OBSERVATIONS AND CONJECTURES
Authors: HAN JEONG SOON , KIM HEE SIK , NEGGERS J.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we define the Fibonacci-norm [Formula: see text] of a natural number n to be the smallest integer k such that n|Fk, the kth Fibonacci number. We show that [Formula: see text] for m ≥ 5. Thus by analogy we say that a natural number n ≥ 5 is a local-Fibonacci-number whenever [Formula: see text]. We offer several conjectures concerning the distribution of local-Fibonacci-numbers. We show that [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] provided Fm+k ≡ Fm (mod n) for all natural numbers m, with k ≥ 1 the smallest natural number for which this is true.
MINIMA OF BINARY INDEFINITE HERMITIAN FORMS
Authors: VULAKH L. YA.
Published: April 2010

Classification of binary indefinite primitive Hermitian forms modulo the action of the extended Bianchi group (or Hilbert modular group) Bd is given. When the discriminant of the quadratic field [Formula: see text] (and d) is negative, the results obtained can be applied to classify the maximal non-elementary Fuchsian subgroups of Bd, and to find the Hermitian points in the Markov spectrum of Bd. If ν is a Hermitian point in the spectrum, then there is a set of extremal geodesics in H3, the upper half-space model of the three-dimensional hyperbolic space, with diameter 1/ν, which depends on one continuous parameter.
DYNAMICS OF THE DELAY HEMATOLOGICAL CELL MODEL
Authors: MA SUQI , WANG XIAOHUI , LEI JINZHI , FENG ZHAOSHENG
Published: April 2010

In this paper, complex dynamics of a two-compartment model of production and regulation of the circulating blood neutrophil number are investigated. It is shown that the proliferative disorders may be possible due to factors of the apoptosis rate rsof the haematopoietic stem cell and the cell cycle duration τs. Applying a recent geometrical criterion for the Hopf bifurcation and transient behaviors of delay systems to this model, we separate the stable regime from the unstable regime on the rs- τsplane. Numerically, regimes of patterned periodic oscillations with low periodicity in the number of circulating blood cells appear on the rs- τsplane. It is found that the dominated period-adding bifurcation mechanism leads transitions from period-n to period-(n + 1), eventually changes to the complex attractor with high-periodicity or chaos.
SOLVING TWO-POINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS OF FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS VIA SPLINE COLLOCATION METHODS
Authors: NIE NINGMING , ZHAO YANMIN , LI MIN , LIU XIANGTAO , JIMÉNEZ SALVADOR , TANG YIFA , VÁZQUEZ LUIS
Published: April 2010

In this article, we introduce spline collocation methods to solve fractional boundary value problems (BVPs). The existence and uniqueness theorem of collocation solutions is studied, and the error estimate of collocation solutions is discussed. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the theoretical results.
SECOND-ORDER METHOD FOR SOLVING 2D NONLINEAR PARABOLIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BASED ON ADI METHOD
Authors: AMIRI SADEGH , HOSSEINI S. MOHAMMAD
Published: April 2010

In this article, a new unconditionally stable method based on alternating direction implicit (ADI) method for solving nonlinear unsteady 2D parabolic problems is presented. The order of this method in both time and space is 2. For this development, the Peaceman–Rachford ADI method has been modified suitably to take care of nonlinear forcing term of the equation appropriately. The unconditional stability of the method is shown under discrete L2 norm on bounded sets. The method of solution consists of a number of strictly diagonally dominant tridiagonal matrices, which make the method computationally efficient. The accuracy of the proposed method is also demonstrated by some numerical examples.
Continuous Wave Operation of Thin Film Lateral Current Injection Lasers Grown on Semi-Insulating InP Substrate
Authors: Okumura Tadashi , Ito Hitomi , Kondo Daisuke , Nishiyama Nobuhiko , Arai Shigehisa
Published: April 2010

New structural designs are adopted to reduce the waveguide loss and increase the internal quantum efficiency of lateral current injection lasers consisting of a thin GaInAsP core layer grown on a semi-insulating InP substrate. This led to a drastic reduction in the threshold current. Room temperature continuous-wave operation has been successfully realized with a threshold current of 11 mA and an external differential quantum efficiency of 33% for a stripe width of 1.7 µm and a cavity length of 720 µm.
Improvement of Cutoff Characteristics for In0.11Ga0.89N-Based Photocathodes Using Light-Emitting Diode Real Time Spectral Sensitivity Monitoring System
Authors: Uchiyama Shoichi , Kondoh Haruyasu , Takatsuka Hiroyuki , Suzuki Nobuharu , Okano Kazuyoshi , Takiguchi Yoshihiro
Published: April 2010

We have fabricated photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with photocathodes consisting of In0.11Ga0.89N films. To realize sharp cutoff characteristics of the In0.11Ga0.89N-based photocathodes, a “real time” monitoring system was employed. This system utilized light sources of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and their peak wavelengths are 285, 375, and 470 nm respectively. With this monitoring system, PMTs with In
x
Ga1-x
N-based photocathodes are realized to demonstrate sharp cutoff characteristics over three orders of magnitude with high quantum efficiencies (QEs).
The Cell Wall Teichuronic Acid Synthetase (TUAS) Is an Enzyme Complex Located in the Cytoplasmic Membrane ofMicrococcus luteus
Authors: Deng Lingyi Lynn , Alexander Alice A. , Lei Sijin , Anderson John S.
Published: April 2010

The cell wall teichuronic acid (TUA) ofMicrococcus luteusis a long-chain polysaccharide composed of disaccharide repeating units[-4-β-D-ManNAcAp-(1→6)α-D-Glcp−1-]n, which is covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan on the inner cell wall and extended to the outer surface of the cell envelope. An enzyme complex responsible for the TUA chain biosynthesis was purified and characterized. The 440 kDa enzyme complex, named teichuronic acid synthetase (TUAS), is an octomer composed of two kinds of glycosyltransferases, Glucosyltransferase, and ManNAcA-transferase, which is capable of catalyzing the transfer of disaccharide glycosyl residues containing both glucose and theN-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residues. TUAS displays hydrophobic properties and is found primarily associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The purified TUAS contains carotinoids and lipids. TUAS activity is diminished by phospholipase digestion. We propose that TUAS serves as a multitasking polysaccharide assembling station on the bacterial membrane.
Physiological Effects of Smoke Exposure on Deciduous and Conifer Tree Species
Authors: Calder W. John , Lifferth Greg , Moritz Max A. , Clair Samuel B. St.
Published: April 2010

Smoke from forest fires can persist in the environment for weeks and while there is a substantial amount of literature examining the effects of smoke exposure on seed germination, the effects of smoke on leaf function are nearly uninvestigated. The objective of this study was to compare growth and primary and secondary metabolic responses of deciduous angiosperm and evergreen conifer tree species to short smoke exposure. Twenty minutes of smoke exposure resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in photosynthetic capacity in five of the six species we examined. Impairment of photosynthesis in response to smoke was a function of reductions in stomatal conductance and biochemical limitations. In general, deciduous angiosperm species showed a greater sensitivity than evergreen conifers. While there were significant decreases in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, smoke had no significant effect on growth or secondary defense compound production in any of the tree species examined.
Purification and Characterization of a Mitogenic Lectin fromCephalosporium, a Pathogenic Fungus Causing Mycotic Keratitis
Authors: Nagre Nagaraja N. , Chachadi Vishwanath B. , Eligar Sachin M. , Shubhada C. , Pujari Radha , Shastry Padma , Swamy Bale M. , Inamdar Shashikala R.
Published: April 2010

Ophthalmic mycoses caused by infectious fungi are being recognized as a serious concern since they lead to total blindness.Cephalosporiumis one amongst several opportunistic fungal species implicated in ophthalmic infections leading to mycotic keratitis. A mitogenic lectin has been purified from the mycelia of fungusCephalosporium, isolated from the corneal smears of a keratitis patient.Cephalosporiumlectin (CSL) is a tetramer with subunit mass of 14 kDa, agglutinates human A, B, and O erythrocytes, and exhibits high affinity for mucin compared to fetuin and asialofetuin but does not bind to simple sugars indicating its complex sugar specificity. CSL showed strong binding to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to elicit mitogenic activity. The sugar specificity of the lectin and its interaction with PBMCs to exhibit mitogenic effect indicate its possible role in adhesion and infection process ofCephalosporium.
Extracranial Vertebral Artery Aneurysm Presenting as a Chronic Cervical Mass Lesion
Authors: Stavrinou Lampis C. , Stranjalis George , Stavrinou Pantelis C. , Bontozoglou N. , Sakas Damianos E.
Published: April 2010

Background. Aneurysms of the extracranial vertebral artery are rare and can provide a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.Methods. We reviewed the clinical history of a patient presenting with cervical radiculopathy, who harboured an extracranial vertebral artery aneurysm eroding the cervical spine.Results. CT Angiography and MR Angiography set the diagnosis, by revealing a left C5-C6 vertebral artery aneurysm with cervical root impingement. Bony reconstruction depicted enlargement of the C6 transverse foramen and a marked enlargement of the C6-C7 intravertebral foramen. The lesion was treated by intravascular proximal vertebral artery occlusion.Conclusions. Extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms require a high index of clinical suspicion. This is the first report of a vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm presenting with bony erosion, which supports a less minacious portrayal of vertebral artery aneurysms.
Impulsivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: Impairment in Self-Report Measures, but Not Behavioral Inhibition
Authors: Jacob Gitta A. , Gutz Lea , Bader Kerstin , Lieb Klaus , Tüscher Oliver , Stahl Christoph
Published: April 2010

Background: Impulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, previous clinical and experimental studies investigating impulsivity in BPD rendered mixed results. In this study, impulsivity was assessed by self-report scales and behavioral inhibition tasks to compare different data levels. Sampling and Methods: Fifteen women with BPD and 15 matched healthy control subjects (HC) completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck’s Impulsivity Questionnaire and the UPPS (Urgency, Lack of Perseverance, Lack of Premeditation and Sensation Seeking) scale, and participated in a Stroop task, an antisaccade task and a stop signal task. Results: Patients with BPD scored significantly higher on self-report measures as compared to HC, but not in behavioral tests. In BPD patients, but not in HC, behavioral inhibition errors were correlated with more intense emotional state. Conclusion: We found a discrepancy between self-report and behavioral data. Further studies need to assess additional possible mechanisms underlying increased impulsivity, their relation to emotional instability, and their neurobiological underpinnings.
Dimensions of Delusional Experience Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation of a German Version
Authors: Büche Liesa , Gentner Nana Christina , Kaiser Stefan , von Bock Anique , Grupe Stefanie , Joest Katharina , Barthel Andreas , Vedder Helmut , Mundt Christoph , Kronmüller Klaus-Thomas
Published: April 2010

Background: Delusional experience is a fundamental symptom of psychotic illness. Over recent years, a multidimensional perspective has become increasingly important regarding this phenomenon. Several instruments to measure different dimensions of delusions have been constructed. The aims of this study were to examine the reliability and validity of a German version of the Dimensions of Delusional Experience Scale (DDE). Methods: Two hundred inpatients with a schizophrenic spectrum disorder or an affective disorder with delusions were examined with the DDE, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and other rating scales for delusional experiences. Results: The scale was found to have good reliability and excellent inter-rater reliability. The 2 factors, delusional involvement and delusional construct, found by Kendler et al. [Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:466–469] could be replicated. The convergent and differential validity of the scale was supported. Besides the content-related aspect ‘bizarreness’, the DDE mainly assesses cognitive aspects, emotional and behavioral aspects are not incorporated. Conclusions: The results support the value of a multidimensional perspective of delusional experiences. The German version of the DDE is a reliable and valid assessment tool for different dimensions of delusions, and an economical instrument for research and clinical practice. Further research is needed to reveal the dimensional structure underlying delusional experience.
The Influence of Comorbid Personality Disorder and Neuroticism on Treatment Outcome in First Episode Depression
Authors: Bock Camilla , Bukh Jens Drachmann , Vinberg Maj , Gether Ulrik , Kessing Lars Vedel
Published: April 2010

Background: It has never been investigated whether comorbid personality disorder or neuroticism predicts a poor treatment outcome in first episode depression. Methods: Medically treated patients discharged with a diagnosis of a single depressive episode from a psychiatric in- or outpatient hospital setting were consecutively sampled from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. The patients participated in an extensive interview including the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders and a detailed assessment of medical treatment history using standardised procedures (Treatment Response to Antidepressants Questionnaire, TRAQ). Remission was defined as a score of ≤7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17 items, and a score of ≧4 on the TRAQ following (1) a first adequate trial of antidepressant treatment, and (2) 2 trials of antidepressant treatment. Further personality traits were assessed by means of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Results: Among a total of 301 patients with a single depressive episode, 31.9% fulfilled diagnostic criteria for at least 1 personality disorder of any kind. Comorbid personality disorder was associated with a 2.2-times (95% CI: 1.1–4.2) increased risk of non-remission following the first antidepressant trial, whereas no effect was found following the second antidepressant trial (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.8–3.4). A high level of neuroticism was associated with non-remission in first as well as second trials. Conclusion: Comorbid personality disorder and high levels of neuroticism in first episode depression predict an increased risk of non-remission from depression.
Effect of Long-Term Right Ventricular Pacing in Young Adults With Structurally Normal Heart
Authors: Sagar Sandeep , Shen Win-Kuang , Asirvatham Samuel J. , Cha Yong-Mei , Espinosa Raul E. , Friedman Paul A. , Hodge David O. , Munger Thomas M. , Porter Co-burn J. , Rea Robert F. , Hayes David L. , Jahangir Arshad
Published: April 2010

Background—

Right ventricular pacing increases the risk of heart failure in adults with structural heart disease. The impact of prolonged right ventricular pacing in adults without structural heart disease is not fully characterized and may depend on interactions of pacing with abnormal substrate predisposing to ventricular dysfunction.

Methods and Results—

We assessed the effect of right ventricular pacing in patients who underwent pacemaker implantation for isolated congenital atrioventricular block between 1964 and 2005. To assess for immunologic contribution to cardiac dysfunction, outcomes were compared between patients with (Ab
+
) and without (Ab
−
) antinuclear antibody during adulthood and an age- and sex-matched Olmsted County, Minnesota, population. Of 103 patients (mean±SD age, 32±19 years), 18 were Ab
+
. Long-term survival free of new heart failure after pacemaker implantation in isolated congenital atrioventricular block patients was worse than in the matched population (
P
<0.001). This difference was attributable to the development of heart failure in 12 Ab
+
patients (67%;
P
<0.001), without differences between Ab
−
patients (2%) and the matched population (2%;
P
=0.7). Compared with baseline, at last follow-up, left ventricular ejection fraction did not decline in Ab
−
(53±9% to 57±12%) but decreased in Ab
+
(52±10% to 38±12%;
P
=0.03) patients. Survival was similar in Ab
−
patients and the Minnesota population (98%;
P
=0.7) but worse in Ab
+
patients (79%;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

The natural history of patients with isolated congenital atrioventricular block who require pacing depends upon their antibody status. Antinuclear antibody status was a predictor for the development of heart failure and death. Long-term right ventricular pacing alone does not appear to be associated with development of heart failure, deterioration in ventricular function, or reduced survival in Ab
−
isolated congenital atrioventricular block patients.
Apolipoprotein C-III and the Metabolic Basis for Hypertriglyceridemia and the Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Phenotype
Authors: Zheng Chunyu , Khoo Christina , Furtado Jeremy , Sacks Frank M.
Published: April 2010

Background—

Here, we aim to identify defects of apolipoprotein (apo) B lipoprotein metabolism that characterize hypertriglyceridemia, focusing on apoC-III and apoE.

Methods and Results—

We studied the transport of plasma apoB within 21 distinct subfractions as separated by anti–apoC-III and anti–apoE immunoaffinity chromatography and ultracentrifugation in 9 patients with moderate hypertriglyceridemia and 12 normotriglyceridemic control subjects. Hypertriglyceridemia was characterized by a 3-fold higher liver secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) that had apoC-III but not apoE and a 50% lower secretion of VLDL with both apoC-III and apoE (both
P
<0.05). This shift in VLDL secretion pattern from apoE to apoC-III resulted in significantly reduced clearance of light VLDL (−39%;
P
<0.05), compatible with the antagonizing effects of apoC-III on apoE-induced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In addition, rate constants for clearance were reduced for apoE-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemia, associated with increased apoC-III contents of these particles. LDL distribution shifted from light and medium LDL to dense LDL in hypertriglyceridemia through a quartet of kinetic perturbations: increased flux from apoC-III–containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, a shift in liver LDL secretion pattern from light to dense LDL, an increased conversion rate from light and medium LDL to dense LDL, and retarded catabolism of dense LDL.

Conclusions—

These results support a central role for apoC-III in metabolic defects leading to hypertriglyceridemia. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism shifts from an apoE-dominated system in normotriglyceridemic participants characterized by rapid clearance from circulation of VLDL to an apoC-III–dominated system in hypertriglyceridemic patients characterized by reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the formation of the dense LDL phenotype.
Human Adult Vena Saphena Contains Perivascular Progenitor Cells Endowed With Clonogenic and Proangiogenic Potential
Authors: Campagnolo Paola , Cesselli Daniela , Al Haj Zen Ayman , Beltrami Antonio Paolo , Kränkel Nicolle , Katare Rajesh , Angelini Gianni , Emanueli Costanza , Madeddu Paolo
Published: April 2010

Background—

Clinical trials in ischemic patients showed the safety and benefit of autologous bone marrow progenitor cell transplantation. Non–bone marrow progenitor cells with proangiogenic capacities have been described, yet they remain clinically unexploited owing to their scarcity, difficulty of access, and low ex vivo expansibility. We investigated the presence, antigenic profile, expansion capacity, and proangiogenic potential of progenitor cells from the saphenous vein of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

Methods and Results—

CD34-positive cells, negative for the endothelial marker von Willebrand factor, were localized around adventitial vasa vasorum. After dissection of the vein from surrounding tissues and enzymatic digestion, CD34-positive/CD31-negative cells were isolated by selective culture, immunomagnetic beads, or fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. In the presence of serum, CD34-positive/CD31-negative cells gave rise to a highly proliferative population that expressed pericyte/mesenchymal antigens together with the stem cell marker Sox2 and showed clonogenic and multilineage differentiation capacities. We called this population “saphenous vein–derived progenitor cells” (SVPs). In culture, SVPs integrated into networks formed by endothelial cells and supported angiogenesis through paracrine mechanisms. Reciprocally, endothelial cell–released factors facilitated SVP migration. These interactive responses were inhibited by Tie-2 or platelet-derived growth factor-BB blockade. Intramuscular injection of SVPs in ischemic limbs of immunodeficient mice improved neovascularization and blood flow recovery. At 14 days after transplantation, proliferating SVPs were still detectable in the recipient muscles, where they established N-cadherin–mediated physical contact with the capillary endothelium.

Conclusions—

SVPs generated from human vein CD34-positive/CD31-negative progenitor cells might represent a new therapeutic tool for angiogenic therapy in ischemic patients.
Risk of Recurrent Venous Thrombosis in Homozygous Carriers and Double Heterozygous Carriers of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A
Authors: Lijfering Willem M. , Middeldorp Saskia , Veeger Nic J.G.M. , Hamulyák Karly , Prins Martin H. , Büller Harry R. , van der Meer Jan
Published: April 2010

Background—

Homozygous or double heterozygous factor V Leiden and/or prothrombin G20210A is a rare inherited thrombophilic trait. Whether individuals with this genetic background have an increased risk of recurrent venous thrombosis is uncertain.

Methods and Results—

A case-control design within a large cohort of families with thrombophilia was chosen to calculate the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in individuals with homozygosity or double heterozygosity of factor V Leiden and/or prothrombin G20210A. Cases were individuals with recurrent venous thrombosis, and controls were those with only 1 venous thrombosis. The cohort consisted of 788 individuals with venous thrombosis; 357 had factor V Leiden, 137 had prothrombin G20210A, 27 had factor V Leiden and/or prothrombin G20210A homozygosity, and 49 had double heterozygosity for both mutations. We identified 325 cases with recurrent venous thrombosis and 463 controls with only 1 venous thrombosis. Compared with noncarriers, crude odds ratio for recurrence was 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 1.6) for heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden, 0.7 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 1.2) for prothrombin G20210A, 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 2.6) for homozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and/or prothrombin G20210A, and 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.9) for double heterozygotes of both mutations. Adjustments for age, sex, family status, first event type, and concomitance of natural anticoagulant deficiencies did not alter the risk estimates.

Conclusions—

In this study, individuals with homozygous factor V Leiden and/or homozygous prothrombin G20210A or double heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A did not have a high risk of recurrent venous thrombosis.
Bacterial Colonization and Infection of Electrophysiological Cardiac Devices Detected With Sonication and Swab Culture
Authors: Rohacek Martin , Weisser Maja , Kobza Richard , Schoenenberger Andreas W. , Pfyffer Gaby E. , Frei Reno , Erne Paul , Trampuz Andrej
Published: April 2010

Background—

Electrophysiological cardiac devices are increasingly used. The frequency of subclinical infection is unknown. We investigated all explanted devices using sonication, a method for detection of microbial biofilms on foreign bodies.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive patients in whom cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter/defibrillators were removed at our institution between October 2007 and December 2008 were prospectively included. Devices (generator and/or leads) were aseptically removed and sonicated, and the resulting sonication fluid was cultured. In parallel, conventional swabs of the generator pouch were performed. A total of 121 removed devices (68 pacemakers, 53 implantable cardioverter/defibrillators) were included. The reasons for removal were insufficient battery charge (n=102), device upgrading (n=9), device dysfunction (n=4), or infection (n=6). In 115 episodes (95%) without clinical evidence of infection, 44 (38%) grew bacteria in sonication fluid, including
Propionibacterium acnes
(n=27), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=11), Gram-positive anaerobe cocci (n=3), Gram-positive anaerobe rods (n=1), Gram-negative rods (n=1), and mixed bacteria (n=1). In 21 of 44 sonication-positive episodes, bacterial counts were significant (≥10 colony-forming units/mL of sonication fluid). In 26 sterilized controls, sonication cultures remained negative in 25 cases (96%). In 112 cases without clinical infection, conventional swab cultures were performed: 30 cultures (27%) were positive, and 18 (60%) were concordant with sonication fluid cultures. Six devices and leads were removed because of infection, growing
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Streptococcus mitis
, and coagulase-negative staphylococci in 6 sonication fluid cultures and 4 conventional swab cultures.

Conclusions—

Bacteria can colonize cardiac electrophysiological devices without clinical signs of infection.
Evaluation of a New Heparin Agent in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Rao Sunil V. , Melloni Chiara , Myles-DiMauro Shelley , Broderick Samuel , Kosinski Andrzej S. , Kleiman Neal S. , Dzavík Vladimír , Tanguay Jean Francois , Chandna Harish , Gammon Roger , Rivera Ernesto , Alexander John H. , Fier Ian , Roach James , Becker Richard C.
Published: April 2010

Background—

Factor Xa and factor IIa (thrombin) play roles in thrombotic complications after percutaneous coronary intervention. M118 is a novel low–molecular-weight heparin that has been rationally designed to capture the desired attributes of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low–molecular-weight heparin: Potent activity against factor Xa and IIa, predictable pharmacokinetics after both intravenous and subcutaneous administration, ability to be monitored by use of point-of-care coagulation assays, and reversibility with protamine sulfate. We performed a phase 2 randomized trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of M118 in the setting of elective percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods and Results—

Overall, 503 patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention at 43 centers in the United States and Canada were randomized in an open-label fashion to 1 of 4 arms: UFH 70 U/kg, M118 50 IU/kg IV, M118 75 IU/kg IV, or M118 100 IU/kg IV. The primary outcome was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, stroke, thrombocytopenia, catheter thrombus, bailout use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or any bleeding through 30 days. The primary end point occurred in 31.1% of patients randomized to UFH and in 22.7%, 28.3%, and 30.1% of patients randomized to M118 50, 75, and 100 IU/kg, respectively. The primary analysis comparing the rates of the primary end points between the pooled M118 groups versus UFH demonstrated that M118 was noninferior to UFH at preventing percutaneous coronary intervention–related complications (28.4% pooled M118 arms versus 31.1% UFH). The adverse event profiles of M118 and UFH were comparable.

Conclusions—

This phase 2 randomized trial demonstrates that M118 is well tolerated and feasible to use as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention and forms the basis for further investigation of this agent in ischemic heart disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00543400.
Blockade of Interleukin-17A Results in Reduced Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Smith Emily , Prasad Konkal-Matt R. , Butcher Matthew , Dobrian Anca , Kolls Jay K. , Ley Klaus , Galkina Elena
Published: April 2010

Background—

T cells play an important role during the immune response that accompanies atherosclerosis. To date, the role for interleukin (IL)-17A in atherogenesis is not well defined. Here, we tested the hypothesis that atherosclerosis-prone conditions induce the differentiation of IL-17A–producing T cells, which in turn promote atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

IL-17A was found to be elevated in the plasma and tissues of apolipoprotein E–deficient (
Apoe
−/−
) mice. IL-17A–expressing T cells were significantly increased in the aortas, spleen, and lamina propria of aged
Apoe
−/−
mice compared with age-matched
C57BL/6
mice. IL-17A
+
T cells resided in both adventitia and aortas of aged
Apoe
−/−
mice fed a chow diet. Elevated levels of IL-17A
+
T cells were also detected in the aortas of 21-week-old
Apoe
−/−
mice fed a Western diet for 15 weeks. IL-17A
+
T cells were characterized as predominantly CD4
+
T helper 17 (Th17) cells and γδ
+
T cells. Blockade of IL-17A in
Apoe
−/−
mice by use of adenovirus-produced IL-17 receptor A reduced plaque burden in
Apoe
−/−
mice fed a Western diet for 15 weeks. In addition, the treatment diminished circulating IL-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels and limited CXCL1 expression and macrophage content within the aortas. Conversely, IL-17A treatment of whole aorta isolated from
Apoe
−/−
mice promoted aortic CXCL1 expression and monocyte adhesion in an ex vivo adhesion assay.

Conclusions—

These results demonstrate that atherosclerosis-prone conditions induce the differentiation of IL-17A–producing T cells. IL-17A plays a proatherogenic inflammatory role during atherogenesis by promoting monocyte/macrophage recruitment into the aortic wall.
Left Atrial Volume Combined With Atrial Pump Function Identifies Hypertensive Patients With a History of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Toh Norihisa , Kanzaki Hideaki , Nakatani Satoshi , Ohara Takahiro , Kim Jiyoong , Kusano Kengo F. , Hashimura Kazuhiko , Ohe Tohru , Ito Hiroshi , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: April 2010

Identifying patients at high risk for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation is one means by which subsequent thromboembolic complications may be prevented. Left atrial enlargement is associated with progression of atrial remodeling, which is a substrate for atrial fibrillation, but impaired atrial pump function is also another aspect of the remodeling. Our objective was to differentiate patients with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using echocardiography. We studied 280 hypertensive patients (age: 66±7 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 65±8%), including 140 consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and 140 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Left atrial volume was measured using the modified Simpson method at both left ventricular end systole and preatrial contraction and was indexed to body surface area. Peak late-diastolic mitral annular velocity was measured during atrial contraction using pulsed tissue Doppler imaging as an atrial pump function. Left atrial volume index measured at left ventricular end systole had a 74% diagnostic accuracy and a 71% positive predictive value for identifying patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; these values for the ratio of left atrial volume index at left ventricular end systole to the peak late-diastolic mitral annular velocity were 82% and 81%, respectively, and those for the ratio of left atrial volume index at preatrial contraction to the peak late-diastolic mitral annular velocity were 86% and 90%, respectively. In conclusion, left atrial size combined with atrial pump function enabled a more accurate diagnosis of a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation than conventional parameters.
Impact of Aldosterone Receptor Blockade Compared With Thiazide Therapy on Sympathetic Nervous System Function in Geriatric Hypertension
Authors: Wray D. Walter , Supiano Mark A.
Published: April 2010

Aldosterone receptor blockade and thiazide therapy effectively lower blood pressure in geriatric hypertension. Their impact on sympathetic nervous system function has not been evaluated. In a double-blind, randomized study, 36 patients with stage 1 hypertension underwent 6 months of therapy with either aldosterone receptor blockade (spironolactone, n=19; 68±1 years) or hydrochlorothiazide (n=17; 68±2 years). Arterial blood pressure, [
3
H]-norepinephrine (NE) kinetics (extravascular NE release rate), and α-adrenergic responsiveness (forearm vasoconstriction to graded intrabrachial artery NE infusions) were evaluated at baseline, after a 4-week antihypertensive medication withdrawal, and after spironolactone or hydrochlorothiazide treatment. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly with both spironolactone (160±3 to 134±2 mm Hg; 77±2 to 68±2 mm Hg) and hydrochlorothiazide (161±4 to 145±4 mm Hg; 78±2 to 73±2 mm Hg) treatment. Sympathetic nervous system activity was significantly reduced after spironolactone (plasma NE: 378±40 to 335±20 pg/mL,
P
=0.04; [
3
H]-NE release rate: 2.74±0.3 to 1.97±0.2 μg/min per meter squared,
P
=0.04) but not hydrochlorothiazide (plasma NE: 368±25 to 349±23 pg/mL,
P
=0.47; [
3
H]-NE release rate: 2.63±0.4 to 2.11±0.2 mg/min per meter squared,
P
=0.21). α-Adrenergic responsiveness was unchanged with either drug treatment. These findings demonstrate a beneficial effect of aldosterone receptor blockade on reducing sympathetic nervous system activity and blood pressure in hypertensive older patients.
RILLKKMPSV Influences the Vasculature, Neurons and Glia, and (Pro)Renin Receptor Expression in the Retina
Authors: Wilkinson-Berka Jennifer L. , Heine Ronen , Tan Genevieve , Cooper Mark E. , Hatzopoulos Kate M. , Fletcher Erica L. , Binger Katrina J. , Campbell Duncan J. , Miller Antonia G.
Published: April 2010

The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is implicated in organ pathology. We examined the cellular location of the (P)RR and whether a putative (P)RR antagonist, RILLKKMPSV, corresponding to the handle region of the prorenin prosegment (handle region peptide [HRP]) influences angiogenesis, inflammation, and neuronal and glial function in rat retina. The (P)RR was localized to retinal vessels, endothelial cells, and pericytes, but most immunolabeling was in ganglion cells and glia. HRP (1 mg/kg per day by IP injection) reduced physiological angiogenesis in developing retina. Moreover, HRP (0.1 mg/kg per day by subcutaneous minipump) reduced pathological retinal angiogenesis, inflammation, and vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA in rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) to an extent similar to valsartan (10 mg/kg per day, IP). In contrast to its effects on vasculature, HRP compromised the electroretinogram in shams and OIR and increased phosphorylated extracellular-signal–related protein kinase 1/2 immunolabeling in shams but not in OIR, whereas valsartan did not affect the electroretinogram and reduced extracellular-signal–related protein kinase 1/2 immunolabeling in OIR. Retinal (P)RR mRNA levels were increased in OIR; HRP, but not valsartan, increased (P)RR mRNA levels in shams, whereas both HRP and valsartan reduced (P)RR mRNA levels in OIR. A control peptide (VSPMKKLLIR, 0.1 mg/kg per day) did not influence retinal vasculopathy or function. Circulating HRP levels in rats administered 1 mg/kg per day HRP were undetectable (<3 pmol/L). We conclude that HRP had protective effects on the retinal vasculature similar to those of valsartan; however, unlike valsartan, HRP injured neuro-glia, which may involve the (P)RR, although the undetectable circulating HRP level makes a direct effect of HRP on retinal (P)RR function unlikely.
The Transcription Factor ETS-1 Mediates Proinflammatory Responses and Neointima Formation in Carotid Artery Endoluminal Vascular Injury
Authors: Feng Wenguang , Xing Dongqi , Hua Ping , Zhang Yun , Chen Yiu-Fai , Oparil Suzanne , Jaimes Edgar A.
Published: April 2010

The transcription factor ETS-1 is a critical mediator of vascular inflammation and hypertrophy in hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that ETS-1 is a mediator of proinflammatory responses and neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of the carotid artery. For this study, we took advantage of the availability of an ETS-1 dominant-negative (DN) peptide. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to treatment with ETS-1 DN, a mutant peptide (ETS-1 MU), or vehicle (Veh) and subjected to balloon injury of the carotid artery. After 2, 24 hours, and 14 days, the rats were euthanized, and both carotid arteries were processed for real-time polymerase chain reaction (2 hours), immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry (24 hours), and morphometric analysis (14 days). ETS-1 mRNA was up regulated (2.4-fold) in injured carotid arteries. By immunofluorescence, we confirmed increased nuclear expression of ETS-1 24 hours postinjury. The carotid artery mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2, P-selectin, E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and intercellular adhesion molecule was increased 2 hours after injury. ETS-1 DN but not ETS-1 MU significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression for monocyte chemotactic protein-1, P-selectin, and E-selectin in injured arteries. These changes were accompanied by concomitant reductions in vascular monocyte and leukocyte infiltration. Moreover, treatment with ETS-1 DN but not ETS-1 MU resulted in a 50% reduction in neointima formation at day 14 after balloon injury. This study unveils the role of ETS-1 as a mediator of inflammation and neointima formation in a model of carotid artery balloon injury and may result in the development of novel strategies in the treatment of vascular injury.
Bereavement and College Students: The Role of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Servaty-Seib Heather L. , Taub Deborah J.
Published: April 2010

In this review article, the authors integrate the theoretical, empirical, and clinical literature relevant to the phenomenon of college student bereavement. They synthesize information on two theories of mourning that appear to fit well with the experience of bereaved college students with information about the developmental, cohort, and contextual situation of college students. They end the article with an integrated illustration and practical recommendations for counseling psychologists who work with bereaved college students in various capacities within higher education (e.g., administrators, clinicians, educators, and researchers).
Exploring Asynchronous Brainstorming in Large Groups: A Field Comparison of Serial and Parallel Subgroups
Authors: de Vreede Gert-Jan , Briggs Robert O. , Reiter-Palmon Roni
Published: April 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the results of two different modes of using multiple groups (instead of one large group) to identify problems and develop solutions. Background: Many of the complex problems facing organizations today require the use of very large groups or collaborations of groups from multiple organizations. There are many logistical problems associated with the use of such large groups, including the ability to bring everyone together at the same time and location. Methods: A field study involved two different organizations and compared productivity and satisfaction of group. The approaches included (a) multiple small groups, each completing the entire process from start to end and combining the results at the end (parallel mode); and (b) multiple subgroups, each building on the work provided by previous subgroups (serial mode). Results: Groups using the serial mode produced more elaborations compared with parallel groups, whereas parallel groups produced more unique ideas compared with serial groups. No significant differences were found related to satisfaction with process and outcomes between the two modes. Conclusion: Preferred mode depends on the type of task facing the group. Parallel groups are more suited for tasks for which a variety of new ideas are needed, whereas serial groups are best suited when elaboration and in-depth thinking on the solution are required. Application: Results of this research can guide the development of facilitated sessions of large groups or “teams of teams.”
Nonlinear Dynamics of Team Performance and Adaptability in Emergency Response
Authors: Guastello Stephen J.
Published: April 2010

Objective: The impact of team size and performance feedback on adaptation levels and performance of emergency response (ER) teams was examined to introduce a metric for quantifying adaptation levels based on nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) theory. Background: NDS principles appear in reports surrounding Hurricane Katrina, earthquakes, floods, a disease epidemic, and the Southeast Asian tsunami. They are also intrinsic to coordination within teams, adaptation levels, and performance in dynamic decision processes. Method: Performance was measured in a dynamic decision task in which ER teams of different sizes worked against an attacker who was trying to destroy a city (total N = 225 undergraduates). The complexity of teams’ and attackers’ adaptation strategies and the role of the opponents’ performance were assessed by nonlinear regression analysis. Results: An optimal group size for team performance was identified. Teams were more readily influenced by the attackers’ performance than vice versa. The adaptive capabilities of attackers and teams were impaired by their opponents in some conditions. Conclusion: ER teams should be large enough to contribute a critical mass of ideas but not so large that coordination would be compromised. ER teams used self-organized strategies that could have been more adaptive, whereas attackers used chaotic strategies. Applications: The model and results are applicable to ER processes or training maneuvers involving dynamic decisions but could be limited to nonhierarchical groups.
Managing Nonroutine Events in Anesthesia: The Role of Adaptive Coordination
Authors: Burtscher Michael J. , Wacker Johannes , Grote Gudela , Manser Tanja
Published: April 2010

Objective: This field study aimed at examining the role of anesthesia teams’ adaptive coordination in managing changing situational demands, such as in nonroutine events (NREs). Background: Medical teams’ ability to adapt their teamwork (e.g., their coordination activities) to changing situational demands is crucial to team performance and, thus, to patient safety. Whereas the majority of previous studies on the matter have focused on critical but rare events, it has recently been pointed out that the effective management of NREs is a key challenge to medical teams. Hence this study investigated the relationship between coordination activities, NRE occurrence, and team performance. Method: We videotaped 22 anesthesia teams during standard anesthesia induction and recorded data from the vital signs monitor and the ventilator. Coordination was coded by a trained observer using a structured observation system. NREs were recorded by an experienced staff anesthesiologist using all three video streams. Checklist-based team performance assessment was also performed by an experienced staff anesthesiologist. Results: We found that anesthesia teams adapt their coordination activities to changing situational demands. In particular, the increased occurrence of NREs caused an increase in the time the teams spent on task management. A stronger increase in the teams’ task management (i.e., more adaptive coordination) was related to their performance. Conclusion: Our results emphasize the importance of adaptive coordination in managing NREs effectively. Application: This study provides valuable information for developing novel team training programs in health care that focus on adaptation to changing task requirements, for example, when faced with NREs.
Collective Orientation and Team Performance: Development of an Individual Differences Measure
Authors: Driskell James E. , Salas Eduardo , Hughes Sandra
Published: April 2010

Objective: We examine the construct of collective orientation, develop a measure to assess individual differences in collective orientation, and examine the extent to which the collective orientation of team members predicts performance on a variety of team tasks. Background: Scholars increasingly emphasize the importance of teamwork in collaborative work environments, and evidence indicates that a lack of teamwork is a prominent factor in many real-world accidents. Although it is clear that some persons are more team oriented than others are, there are few instruments available to assess individual differences in collective orientation in a team context. Method: We develop a scale to measure collective orientation in teams, gather evidence on reliability and construct validity, and examine the extent to which collective orientation predicts team performance. Results: Results indicate that the Collective Orientation Scale is reliable, correlates with cognate measures, and predicts performance on a variety of team tasks. Conclusion: We discuss the role of collective orientation in teams and the application of this scale to assess and diagnose teamwork deficiencies in work groups. Application: This research should contribute to a further understanding of factors that influence collaboration and coordination in teams.
Can Cultural Differences Lead to Accidents? Team Cultural Differences and Sociotechnical System Operations
Authors: Strauch Barry
Published: April 2010

Objective: I discuss cultural factors and how they may influence sociotechnical system operations. Background: Investigations of several major transportation accidents suggest that cultural factors may have played a role in the causes of the accidents. However, research has not fully addressed how cultural factors can influence sociotechnical systems. Method: I review literature on cultural differences in general and cultural factors in sociotechnical systems and discuss how these differences can affect team performance in sociotechnical systems. Results: Cultural differences have been observed in social and interpersonal dimensions and in cognitive and perceptual styles; these differences can affect multioperator team performance. Conclusion: Cultural factors may account for team errors in sociotechnical systems, most likely during high-workload, high-stress operational phases. However, much of the research on cultural factors has methodological and interpretive shortcomings that limit their applicability to sociotechnical systems. Application: Although some research has been conducted on the role of cultural differences on team performance in sociotechnical system operations, considerable work remains to be done before the effects of these differences can be fully understood. I propose a model that illustrates how culture can interact with sociotechnical system operations and suggest avenues of future research. Given methodological challenges in measuring cultural differences and team performance in sociotechnical system operations, research in these systems should use a variety of methodologies to better understand how culture can affect multioperator team performance in these systems.