bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallic coatings for the protection of mild steel from corrosion at ambient temperatures
Authors: Davies C. , Hanford N.J.
Published: February 2008

Tin coatings Tin is used extensively because of its high resistance to corrosion in a large number of environments. The greatest use is for the production of tinplate, used in the packaging industry. A low‐carbon steel, in the form of strip or sheet, is given a thin coating of tin on both sides. Two methods are used commercially for producing tinplate—hot dipping and electrolytic plating.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐8
Authors: Roper M.E.
Published: February 2008

For many years zinc has been used for the protection and decoration of iron and steel sheet and manufactured goods; with the method of application taking into account such factors as service requirements, economics, and convenience of application. Among the most widely adopted methods have been galvanizing (immersion in molten zinc or zinc alloys), zinc spraying, peen plating, vapour diffusion (Sheradizing), and electroplating.
Protective treatment: A fabricators viewpoint
Authors: Young G.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Steelwork has been painted since its introduction as a structural material, and until recent years it was accepted that rusting would take place. A rough first painting, followed by regular maintenance was accepted as normal practice. For many structures it will still be economically correct to use the traditional methods, and these are well known, i.e. wire brush followed by two coats of red lead and one of a good quality finishing coat, and my paper will make no comment. It deals on broad lines with some of the problems encountered by the fabricator which are associated with higher quality systems.
PAINT FOR PROTECTION—2
Authors: Newnham H.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Acceptance of the fact that corrosion protection has developed into a special branch of science and technology is now universal and represents the success of a movement barely 20 years old.
New fields for plastics
Authors: Cork M.A.
Published: February 2008

Most new developments are hailed as revolutionizing their sector of industry, either for the attractiveness of their economics or for the new applications made possible for an established process or material. One recently introduced process which would seem capable of living up to the claims made for it is the sandwich moulding process for plastics, invented by ICI.
THE EFFECT OF SWIMMING POOL ATMOSPHERES ON ALUMINIUM TO BS. 1470 NS4
Authors: Arnold G.G.E.
Published: February 2008

While there is an increasing use of anodised aluminium for some applications in swimming pool buildings, there is considerable reluctance in accepting it for general use, because of a mistaken belief that the chlorine‐containing atmosphere will cause corrosion of both mill finish and anodised aluminium.
TEMPORARY PROTECTIVES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION
Authors: Wainwright P.
Published: February 2008

Reduced to simple terms, corrosion is concerned with a two part system — a solid substrate and its environment. Methods of preventing or reducing corrosion centre around moderating the effect of the environment (usually by a suitable coating on the substrate surface) or by replacement of the particular solid with another material on which the corrosive environment has a lower effect, e.g. more resistant steel, plastics, etc.
CORROSION OF PRE‐STRESSING WIRES OF CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS
Authors: Hollingum P.J.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The development of the pre‐stressed concrete form of construction for pressure vessels has made rapid strides in recent years. Vessels of this type possess obvious advantages for nuclear power stations, and those currently under construction in this country employ such vessels for the reactor containment. During the construction of one station — for which this Company was appointed Inspecting Authority — an unusual corrosion problem arose which may well be pertinent to other pre‐stressed concrete structures. The post‐tensioning method of pre‐stressing using tendons stretched through the concrete and anchored at the outer face of the vessel was employed. About nine months after installation of the tendons in the bottom caps of the two vessels, it was discovered that serious corrosion had occurred. The C.E.G.B. subsequently set up a Working Party on which all interested bodies were represented, in order to look into the causes and recommend preventative measures. Extensive investigations were made both on site and in the laboratory. The following briefly summarises the case and the investigations carried out.
CORROSION‐RESISTANT PIPE WORK
Authors: Burrows C. , Furniss T. , Leadbetter G.
Published: February 2008

The conveyance of aggressive chemical liquors is probably one of the most difficult and costly problems facing industry today. The problem has special emphasis in the sector of process piping systems where elevated temperatures, high pressures and flow rates tend to intensify the corrosive action. Add to this the factor of all‐too‐frequent changes in process technology and you have a situation where installed piping can be obsolete shortly after its commissioning.
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS FOR STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: Marcovic J.
Published: February 2008

Several years ago my company took the decision to diversify from being solely a stainless steel stockholder to becoming a service centre for the engineering industry—not only to supply them with their stainless steel requirements but also to give them the advantages of a full technological service in respect of the pre‐ and post‐weld treatment of stainless steel sections, and a range of chemicals to be used in the maintenance and renovation of stainless steel fabrications, both in the food processing equipment and in the nuclear energy field.
TECHNIQUES OF PLASTICS FABRICATION
Authors: Bateman G.T.
Published: February 2008

Members of the Plastics Institute in Birmingham recently heard a talk by Mr. G. T. Bateman, Chief Engineer of Plastic Constructions Limited. The following is a shortened version of some of the main points he covered on the subject of plastics fabrication.
ULTRASONIC GAUGES IN CORROSION CONTROL
Authors: Sidwell R.J.
Published: February 2008

Rapid advances in ultrasonics have provided plant engineers with a powerful aid in the fight to control corrosion. This article outlines the principles, design and selection of ultrasonic gauges.
THE INSPECTOR'S VIEWPOINT
Authors: Nicklin R.J.P.
Published: February 2008

It is now widely accepted that where maximum long‐life protective treatment is required for structural steelwork, sprayed zinc or aluminium metal coatings, followed by an occlusive painting system (except in mild rural ambient conditions) are particularly suitable and can reduce considerably maintenance costs. Nevertheless failures do occasionally occur, and it is the purpose of this article to enquire into the causes of these failures and the steps that should be taken by the inspectorate to eliminate them.
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINIUM IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Desai S.M.
Published: February 2008

Mann, Antonucci, Nathan, Hackerman and Antropov investigated aniline and N — substituted methyl and ethylamines as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic media. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the retardation of corrosion of aluminium 65S in hydrochloric acid.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION AT THE N.P.L.
Authors: Catterall J.A.
Published: February 2008

This is the first of a series of six articles describing the work on the corrosion and protection of metals and alloys which is being carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The present article is by way of a general introduction, whilst the remaining five will describe the programme of work in more detail.
THE CORROSION and PROTECTION CENTRE at U.M.I.S.T.
Authors: Elliott P. , Gearey D.
Published: February 2008

This article is the third of a series planned to outline the functions of the recently established Corrosion and Protection Centre in the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. Two previous articles have dealt primarily with corrosion education and research. The present article describes the industrial services and liaison activities of the Centre.
PREVENTING FASTENER CORROSION
Authors: Davis
Published: February 2008

The total life and reliability of a fastened joint does not depend entirely upon the initial strength of the components involved but also upon the compatibility of the materials concerned with the service environment.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF METAL SPRAYING
Authors: Porter F.C. , Payne J.H.
Published: February 2008

Quotations for the protection of substantial tonnages of widely different types of steelwork were obtained from eight companies, geographically distributed throughout England and Wales. All the companies had substantial facilities for blasting and for applying either paint or sprayed metal coatings.
STAINLESS STEEL IN TRANSPORT
Authors: Ogle A.D.
Published: February 2008

Over 50 years ago a noted Sheffield metallurgist, Harry Brearley, attempting to improve the life of gun barrels discovered that a steel containing 13% of chromum was resistant to etching by acids. This he called ‘stainless steel’. From this initial discovery many stainless steels have been evolved, suitable for service in a wide range of environments and at normal, cryogenic and elevated temperatures.
CORROSION‐RESISTANT FIXINGS
Authors: Godbehere D.E.
Published: February 2008

The rapidly developing technology in the construction industry in recent years has produced a specialised industry concerned with the design, manufacture and subsequent use of cladding fixings.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF DEWATERING FORMULATIONS
Authors: Zoltowski Z.K.M.
Published: February 2008

Introduction In engineering practice it is necessary to distinguish between the requirements of ‘on line’ dewatering, where water is to be removed between two stages of a treatment process, and dewatering prior to storage. In the latter instance, a dewatering preservative is frequently used, obviating the need for a separate coating application. It is therefore evident that for such a product it is important to distinguish clearly between dewatering efficiency and the ability of the coating to protect an article in a corrosive environment.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND BOILER WATER CORROSION
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A.
Published: February 2008

In general, whenever water and metals are in contact with each other in the presence of air and dissolved salts, corrosion will usually occur. The critical factors in this situation will be the nature of the metal, the composition of the water, i.e. its pH, conductivity, the concentration and the composition of the dissolved salts, and the temperature. Elevated temperatures, as in boiler water systems, exacerbate any corrosion problems.
METALS FOR PARTIAL DENTURE BASES
Authors: Mack A.O. , von Fraunhofer J.A.
Published: February 2008

Partial denture bases are often constructed from metallic materials because of the greater strength and rigidity of metals compared with polymeric substances such as polymethylmeth‐acrylate. The primary choice of metal for this purpose has been gold and gold alloys. More recently other systems such as the stainless steels and cobalt‐chromium alloys have been used. Whilst yellow gold, i.e. alloys containing at least 60% gold, has near‐ideal physical properties, it has one major disadvantage in being very costly. A further criticism, although infrequently raised, is the colour, which some patients find too obtrusive. The cost of the base alloy can be reduced by alloying gold with palladium and silver to produce the so‐called white golds. These materials are some 50% lower in cost than yellow gold, are grey in colour but have rather inferior mechanical properties. This is clearly shown by Table 1.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION RESEARCH AT FULMER
Authors: Farrow K.
Published: February 2008

1. Fulmer and its origins The Fulmer Research Institute is an independent non‐profit distributing, contract research, consultancy and testing organisation principally involved with materials technology.
APPARATUS FOR STUDYING ATMOSPHERIC DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS
Authors: Johnson K.E. , Bromley A.F.
Published: February 2008

Synopsis A simple, flexible test facility has been devised which is suitable for examining the effects of trace gases on the degradation of materials under conditions approximating to those of free atmospheric exposure.
Lining Facilities for Heat Exchangers
Authors: SAVILLE W.R.
Published: February 2008

Ensecote Ltd. of Sheffield have specialised in the field of polymeric linings for anti‐corrosion applications for nearly half a century.
The Control of Corrosion in Refinery Thermal Cracking Plants
Authors: Danilov Boris
Published: February 2008

The objective of this paper is to present the practical aspects of corrosion control of thermal cracking plant.
New system for corrosion control at the overhead of a crude unit fractionation tower
Authors: Danilov Boris
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with a new system for the corrosion control of a refinery crude‐unit fractionation tower overhead equipment.
Some aspects of metal protection by vapour phase inhibitors
Authors: Miksic Boris A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Atmospheric corrosion of metals is responsible for an appreciable percentage of total corrosion damage; it has almost come to be accepted as an unavoidable factor to be calculated into the price of new products. Unfortunately, out ore reserves are finite, and such unnecessary waste of resources is becoming increasingly intolerable.
Preserving galvanized steel and zinc from wet storage stain
Authors: Cook Albert R.
Published: February 2008

Summary This paper deals with the occurrence of wet storage stain, its cause, methods of prevention, details of pretreatments and methods of repairing any damage which may have occurred.
Pipeline Corrosion and Water Mains
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: February 2008

There are four main types of corrosion that face the water engineer in respect of pipelines. These may be classified as follows:—
Coating thickness gauges
Authors: Latter T.D.T.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Numerous devices are available for measuring the thickness of coatings. Unfortunately most prospective users are not instrument specialists and often experience difficulty in selecting the best device for the application. Due to lack of knowledge or time, moreover, he is often placed in the difficult position of being able to purchase only in order to eliminate an immediate problem and therefore is not able to fully assess future or continuing needs in parallel to this immediate and urgent problem.
Studies on the corrosion protection efficiency of some Alkyd based anti‐corrosive paints
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Aggarwal L.K.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The changes in electrical resistance of paint films immersed in an electroplyte has long been associated with anti‐corrosive paints. As early as 1913, Digby and Paterson used painted steel panels in galvanic cells and measured the e.m.f.'s of the cells at different intervals. These studies were extended by Bacon et.al.. They have shown that changes in electrical resistance measurements have good relation with anto‐corrosive paints which are to be used under water.
A Review of Corrosion Resistant Linings
Authors: Cox G.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction There is more than sufficient information available to consultant, design, production and works engineers with respect to protective paint systems for the outside of vessels, but a very limited amount of literature readily accessible when one considers internal protection. Although BS CP 3003, and to some extent CP 2008 with BS 570. 2594, 2654 and 4950 assist with basic concepts, it has become apparent that many engineers would welcome brief non‐technical details of the range of linings available.
The trend towards “Press Button” Blasting
Authors: MacGregor I.R.
Published: February 2008

The present economic gloom and its overall dampening effect on industry's investment in new plant and equipment, has at least highlighted a trend which was beginning to emerge over the past five years—an increasing demand for automated blasting equipment. The reasons are all too obvious. Firstly the need for many manufacturing organisations, for reasons of costs, to reduce the amount of skilled labour required in certain stages of production. Secondly maintaining their quality standard (or even improving them) and lastly being able to increase output when necessary.
Pipes and Pipeline Protection
Authors: Goulding Harry
Published: February 2008

Although constant research is being carried out for improvements in the manner of new techniques, materials and every sphere possible to afford the best protection that can be provided for every type and size of pipe against the problem of corrosion, whether such corrosion exists or forms internally or externally, or whether it takes the form of erosion of the pipe or as a build‐up of internal encrustation, it may be worth briefly summarising the details of at least one process of internal protection which has stood the test of time in a very definitive manner.
The economics of corrosion control: a case history
Authors: Jones F.W.S.
Published: February 2008

CIL, the Canadian affiliate of ICI, is the largest chemical company in Canada, with annual sales approaching $400 million. The company manufactures explosives, heavy chemicals, agricultural chemicals, plastics, paints and pesticides.
CORROSION RESISTANCE FROM ZIRCONIUM NITRIDE
Authors: Rigby Charles A.
Published: February 2008

Various heavy metals can be used in the molten state for the transport of heat at high temperature levels. However, due to the corrosive behaviour of these molten metals at high temperatures the walls of containers, usually steel, are attacked. In the Philips Research Laboratories at Eindhoven, in the Netherlands, a method of treating both the steel walls of containers and the corrosive liquids themselves has been found to prevent this corrosion.
An assessment of External Coatings and Coating requirements for Steel Pipelines
Authors: Gray D.
Published: February 2008

Introduction It is well appreciated that the primary purpose of an external coating on a pipeline is of course to prevent corrosion and the coating system should possess appropriate physical and chemical properties which allow this function to be fulfilled. There are, however, additional mechanical requirements of a coating system if the material is to be effective during handling, construction, testing and operation and it is within the context of these latter requirements that current interest in external coatings has arisen.
Corrosion and safety aspects of steel diving cylinders
Authors: Bombara G. , Cavallini M.
Published: February 2008

Aqueous internal corrosion of steel Scuba tanks is critically considered as a cause of explosive accidents during charging, storage and use of air cylinders. More restrictive safety regulations are shown to be needed in relation to the extremely high corrosion rates induced by high oxygen pressures. Accidental sea water entries are particularly dangerous because of tubular type localized attacks occurring in the presence of chlorides. Consideration is given to possible protective measures by phosphate conversion treatments and coatings.
Diffusion coatings on steel
Authors: Mukherji A.N. , Prabhakaram P.
Published: February 2008

In the present work, the authors carried out siliconizing, chromizing, aluminizing and chrome‐aluminizing of mild steel in a pack cementation process with a view to evaluate the optimum experimental conditions to obtain satisfactory coatings which possess high resistance to oxidation. It is visualised to adopt some of the experimental conditions in later experiments where diffusion coating treatments are carried out using pastes containing the various diffusion elements. Some of the findings of the authors in siliconizing, chromizing, aluminizing and chrome‐aluminizing of mild steel in pack process are reported. It was observed that there is excess grain growth during siliconizing by the pack process and the coatings are porous and lack good oxidation resistance compared to coatings in the gas phase carried out by other workers. Chromized, aluminized and chrome‐aluminized samples are superior to 18/8 stainless steel and even Inconel in their oxidation resistance. Chromizing followed by aluminizing makes the coating layer less brittle as observed by the micro hardness measurements across the layer and hence chrome‐aluminizing will improve the spoiling resistance of the coatings.
Gold and selective storage solves nuclear waste problem
Authors: Wranglén Gösta
Published: February 2008

In a nuclear reactor, nuclear fuel (uranium) is transformed to nuclear ash (fission products) and transuranics, including plutonium. For a typical case, spent nuclear fuel from a light water reactor consists of, per tonne of uranium introduced into the reactor:
Lead‐free anti‐corrosive paints
Authors: Rust Stabilisers Corroless
Published: February 2008

In quite a number of the American states strict regulations forbidding the use of leaded coating materials have been passed in recent years. As a matter of fact, there is nothing new about the fact that lead compounds are toxic. Centuries ago, sugar of lead (lead acetate) had been a well‐known “legacy powder” used by poisoners. Its sweet taste and slow effect made it particularly suitable for such purposes. Thus, in Germany, a law was passed as early as in 1887 prohibiting the use of leaded paints in packing material for foodstuffs and toys. In all civilized states ordinances exist which protect workers in contact with such paints from lead poisoning.
Corrosion protection and materials
Authors: Newton D.S.
Published: February 2008

Anti‐corrosion methods have progressed a great deal since the days when a paint pot and a prayer were the main ingredients for protection of process plant.
Fluorocarbon laminate sheet lining of high chemical resistance
Authors: Bruckshaw P.J.
Published: February 2008

Among the wide selection of organic based surface coating materials, the fluorocarbon plastics have always been of particular interest for their ability to withstand aggressive chemical environments. The first widely known fluorocarbon was P.T.F.E. which has outstanding chemical resistance. Unfortunately this material is not a true thermoplastic and this fact has limited its application as a lining for tanks and vessels. Attention was turned to other fluorocarbon compounds and several alternatives have been used in industry, and although chemical resistance is slightly inferior to P.T.F.E. the chemically related fluorocarbons which possessed true thermoplasticity have been very useful to chemical engineers and those involved in the choice of lining materials. It is always attractive to the engineer to apply a suitable anti‐corrosive lining to an existing carbon steel vessel, rather than replace with an exotic material of construction. Lined carbon steel is usually a cheaper solution and much more readily available.
Assessing the quality of corrosion protection coatings on aluminium — Part 1
Authors: Gühring W.H.
Published: February 2008

Non‐destructive coating thickness measurements The Eddy Current Methods One of the methods suitable for measuring non‐destructively the thickness of electrically non‐conductive coatings on conductive and, in general, non‐magnetic substrates is the eddy current method. Examples are anodic oxide films on aluminium (DIN 17611, 17612, 50984, BS 1615 and ASTM B 244) and coatings of dry varnish, plastic, rubber and enamel on aluminium, brass, copper and austenitic steel. Low‐conductivity metallic coatings (e.g. Cr) on high‐conductivity substrates such as aluminium, copper or brass can also be measured with an instrument of modified design.
Assessing the quality of corrosion protection coatings on aluminium — part 2
Authors: Gühring Ing. grad. W.H.
Published: February 2008

This is a continuation of the paper of which Part I was published in the September issue. The third and final Part will be published in the December issue.
Automatically controlled impressed current cathodic protection systems
Authors: Backhouse G.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Cathodic protection is used to prevent corrosion of buried or immersed steel structures. Current is made to enter the surface of the structure via a system of anodes, and the structure is the cathode, hence the name cathodic protection.
Impressed current cathodic protection and its effect on marine paint systems
Authors: Bingham Michael H. , Munn Peter W.
Published: February 2008

The operation of impressed current cathodic protection devices on ships frequently results in some destruction of the paint coating on the rest of the structure. The reasons why these devices are more aggressive to paints than laboratory work suggests are explored and the operational parameters of practical systems described. The use of a conductive paint to simulate an anode is introduced as well as tests which have shown that a conducting paint film may be used as a cathodic protection anode with significant improvement in corrosion protection in high resistivity environments.
Interrelationship between steel surfaces phosphatability, and corrosion resistance
Authors: Wojtkowiak Joseph J. , Bender Howard S.
Published: February 2008

The phosphatability of a steel surface and, hence, the corrosion protection achieved is related to the quality of that steel surface. It is the intent of this paper to determine what parameters of the steel surface influence phosphatability. This was done by examining the influence of steel surface roughness and contamination on zinc phosphate coating quality, and by determining the relationship of phosphate coating weight and density to the corrosion resistance of painted steel. A high correlation was found between the amount of corrosion creepback of phosphatized and painted steel substrates and the amount of organic carbon present on the surface of the steel. The carbon, analyzed by Auger Electron Spectroscopy, average approximately 50A in depth and is not removed by phosphate precleaning operations. The carbon inhibits the formation and development of phosphate coatings which are required to provide satisfactory corrosion resistance.
Influence of inert pigments on the anti‐corrosive properties of paint films: Part 2
Authors: Kresse P.
Published: February 2008

3.2. Water permeation without water accumulation at the pigment/binder interface From the anti‐corrosion point of view it is of course preferable to use pigments which do not accumulate water at the pigment/binder interface when the film is soaked with water. Then water permeation decreases with rising PVC; the anti‐corrosive action should reach an optimum close below (CPVC. In practice such a behaviour is not very often observed. Since there is nearly always a small amount of water accumulated at the pigment/binder interface, a decrease of the degree of corrosion with the PVC until nearly reaching the CPVC can very seldom be noticed.
The electrochemistry of corrosion Part 2: half equations
Authors: Stewart Donald
Published: February 2008

The first half In the first part (March) the idea was introduced of the metal adopting an electrical potential when it is placed in a solution. This happened because some of the metal atoms went into the solution forming positively charged particles called ions, and leaving behind electrons in the metal. In shorthand notation:
Early protection techniques: Part I
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this first of eight articles we investigate the early techniques that were used to prevent corrosion using tin.
Corrosion of metals in the construction industry
Authors: Figg John
Published: February 2008

Summary Despite the enormous amount of research into corrosion in the Construction Industry losses up to £546m p.a. occur due to corrosion of metals. This paper introduces some of the causes of poor durability and some methods of protecting metals in buildings.
Early protection techniques: Part 3
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this third of eight articles investigating early attempts to prevent corrosion we look at the very early attempts using various coating metals to protect wire.
Surface stresses induced by grit blasting
Authors: Birley S.S. , Owens A.
Published: February 2008

Summary Stress measurements using the blind hole drilling technique with electrical resistance strain gauges have been made on surfaces of an aluminium alloy which have been subjected to a variety of grit blasting treatments. Relationships between the induced stress and depth were determined for each treatment. It is shown that the magnitude and the depth of the induced compressive stress are particularly sensitive to variations in grit size and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the nozzle air pressure, the angle of impact and the duration of the treatment. Discussion of the results is centred on the need for control of the operating variables in particular applications. (c) Copyright H.M.S.O. London 1979
Properties of external pipe coatings
Authors: Smith H.M.
Published: February 2008

Pipelines are important and expensive pieces of capital equipment and their owners are interested in their safe and economic operation. This requires the reliable protection of the pipes against corrosion by the use of external coatings and/or cathodic protection.
Anode materials and construction methods for impressed current c. p. groundbeds
Authors: Crundwell Bob , Fern Chris
Published: February 2008

Introduction Cathodic protection may be defined as a means of rendering a metal, immersed in an electrolytically conducting environment, immune from corrosion by causing direct current electricity to flow from the environment into the metal. This paper is not intended to elaborate in depth on the application of cathodic protection, which is exhaustively covered elsewhere, but in general the technique is commonly applied to pipelines, storage tanks, jetties, ships and offshore platforms, where the electrolyte is soil or natural waters. See Figure 1 (appendix I).
Early protection techniques: Part 4
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this fourth of eight articles investigating early attempts to combat corrosion we look at the attempts using various coating metals that were used to protect wire towards the end of the 19th Century.
Treatment of once‐through cooling systems effectively and economically
Authors: Konak A.R.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Generally speaking the treatment of once‐through cooling system can be very costly simply because it requires large amounts of chemicals which are used only once. Also, from the corrosion point of view there is not much incentive for treatment since the water does not concentrate in solids, unlike recirculating cooling water systems. There are cases, however, where the incentive exists for treatment of water against both corrosion and scale formation. If serious, the latter alone can justify the cost which arises from plant shutdowns. In this article we will discuss one such case in an industry with which the author was personally involved.
Early protection techniques: Part 5
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this fifth article we look at the equipment that was produced at the beginning of the 20th century to protect castings.
Erosion/corrosion of plant and machinery in fluid flow conditions. Its causes, effects and reclamation methods
Authors: McDonnell C.R.S.
Published: February 2008

The erosion‐corrosion of metal surfaces in a fluid flow environment is accelerated by four factors:
Thin film coatings for pipes and fittings into the 80's
Authors: White P.A.
Published: February 2008

Summary Corrosion is not a new phenomenon. It is only recently, however, that the damage it causes has been fully recognised. The cost must not only be measured in the metal destroyed, but the enormous cost of replacement, maintenance and repair.
Corrosion monitoring
Authors: Britton C.F.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion monitoring is of much interest to the process or inspection engineer concerned with process plant that operates for long periods of time between scheduled shutdown. Examples of such plant are those used in oil production and refining, petrochemical and chemical production and other miscellaneous applications such as maintenance and operations of pipelines.
Instrumentation and painting quality control
Authors: Bayliss D.A
Published: February 2008

Any suggestion that the use of instruments in the inspection of painting and its allied operation of surface preparation is a substitute for the visual and critical inspection carried out by an inspector experienced in the work involved would be a serious disservice to the quality control of painting. Broadly speaking, the experienced inspector knows the problems associated with achieving a predetermined result, he knows how the operator may react to problems of access and other difficulties and is familiar with the short cuts that are sometimes taken. He can, by concentrating his attention on these higher risk areas, do much to prevent bad work and to eliminate the premature breakdown which too frequently mars the finished job. As each successive operation will tend to obscure any faults in the work already done, it is only when the inspector is at hand to see the work actually in progress, and at the completion of each stage, that a sufficiently high degree of security is achieved. This said, it must be added that it is only in conjunction with the use of instruments that the quality of the work can be correctly assessed. In fact the case for the introduction of instrumentation into painting quality control is particularly strong. But great care is required in the interpretation of individual measurements. Many of the tests for physical properties of the dry paint film are empirical, and need to be carried out under controlled conditions if reproducible results are to be obtained.
Boiler iron deposition
Authors: Turner M.J.
Published: February 2008

The most critical problem facing industry utilities personnel is the control of iron, especially iron deposition in high‐pressure package and recovery boilers.
The explosion cladding process
Authors: Sharpe William
Published: February 2008

Introduction Clad metals are composites of two or more metals which are joined in a continuous manner by a metallurgical bond. The composite provides the specific advantages of both metals, usually the good corrosion resistance of the cladding metal and the strength and economy of the backing metal.
Corrosion control of acid activated paint stripper
Authors: Critchley J.K. , Kellingray D.
Published: February 2008

Introduction A standard formulation of paint stripper based on dichloromethane will contain an activator to promote the rate of solvent action, either an acid—especially formic acid—or an amine such as ethanolamine. A frequent method of application is to arrange the components on jigs or in baskets, followed by immersion in stripping solution subsequently flushing off the loose paint by water jets. To minimize loss of volatile dichloromethane the immersion tank carries a water seal floating on the surface of the organic phase.
The role of rust converters in painting of corroded steel
Authors: Guruviah S. , Sundaram M. , Rajagopal C. , Rajagopalan K.S.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that complete derusting of structural steel is not necessary if rust converter which can convert adherent rust into a protective coating is used. The performance of the rust converter developed by the authors is described in this paper.
Measurement services for ultrasonic non‐destructive evaluation
Authors: Eitzen Donald G.
Published: February 2008

Acoustic emission and pulse/echo ultrasonic techniques offer great potential for detecting and evaluating materials defects nondestructively. However, these methods are sensitive to measurement system characteristics and to the condition of the reference artifacts used. An effort to improve the reliability and diminish the uncertainty of these techniques is underway at the National Bureau of Standards. Part of this effort has focused on the development of measurement services for transducers and reference blocks. The measurement services now available from NBS are described below:
A comparative review of some modern pipeline coatings and experience gained applying a polyurethane‐tar coating
Authors: Townend C.J. , Worthington R.D. , Munro M.
Published: February 2008

The reasons why a coating is selected as suitable for use on a pipeline would normally depend upon two major factors. Firstly, the performance of the available coatings has to be evaluated according to their technical characteristics. Secondly, price, which is more often influenced by application techniques rather than actual material cost.
Advances in surface pre‐treatment systems
Authors: Lambert W.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The range of rapid, non‐destructive liquid cleaning systems available to industrial finishing processors as a primary means of surface pre‐treatment is continuously widening, and moreover, are also the measures being taken to automate and programme the work handling requirements of such systems. Indeed, the latest technique adopts microprocessor technology for programming the moving of baskets of components and so put an end to the manual tedium and inefficiency of moving baskets of components through a series of cleaning and finishing stages in a multi‐stage cleaning and drying plant.
Some electrochemical and water uptake measurements of laboratory prepared barium metaborate‐based paints
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , Abou‐Khalil M.A. , Ghanem N.A. , Ismail A.A.
Published: February 2008

Summary The present work aims to study the inhibition mechanism of barium metaborate pigments. Six grades of barium metaborate pigments were prepared in the Laboratory of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre of Cairo, Egypt. The methods of preparation modification and evaluation is the main subject of a recent article. The pigments were incorporated, with other ingredients, into formulations, and the electrode potential, electrical resistance, water uptake and weight loss measurements were taken. Formulations based on a commercial pigment supplied by an international company were prepared and used as blanks.
Low‐alloy steels for boilers — Part 2
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

The effects of steam and carbon on low‐alloy steels are considered, together with the application for various mild steel and low‐alloy steel in high temperature service.
Epoxy linings for cathodic electro‐deposition paint tanks
Authors: Cox G.A.
Published: February 2008

Summary A new technology for electropainting fabrications such as car bodies, by reversing the conventional polarity, was introduced into the U.K. market in 1979. It was claimed that the new method greatly increased the resistance to corrosive attack in service of such items, but the implementation of the acid paint system used was recognised as a potential source of failure for customary and proven electropaint tank linings used with the original basic protection primer. It was essential that a newly formulated resin tank lining was provided to meet the needs of major consumers of the new cathodic painting process and this dissertation outlines the method chosen and the constraints and risks which applied. A series of trial formulations were prepared incorporating the theory and practice of polymer technology for a new and novel development which would meet the challenge of a brand new technology. The high financial risk involved in possible failure together with the limited time available for assessment was weighted against the potential of a new market, and both commercial and technical requirements were satisfied by extending the theory of surface coating science into practice, through laboratory evaluation.
Contamination of potable water from lead‐based solders
Authors: Walker Robert , Oliphant Roger
Published: February 2008

The contamination of potable water due to the corrosion of lead pipes has been described in an earlier paper. The problem has been considerably reduced by the substitution of lead by copper pipes in new buildings. These copper plumbing systems, however, are often joined by lead‐tin solders which can corrode. The resulting concentrations of lead are often above the maximum admissable level of 0.05 mg 1— for drinking water. This paper reviews the use of solder and the various investigations into the corrosion of soldered joints.
On the corrosion behaviour of a ferritic 18 Cr‐2 Mo‐steel — Part I
Authors: Fässler K. , Spähn H.
Published: February 2008

1 Introduction Some interesting new developments have taken place in recent years in the field of ferritic stainless steel (1–16). As a material for chemical apparatus, the common highly alloyed chromium steels as listed in national standards (e.g. in the German Standard DIN 17440) have only found limited applications. The reasons are sensitivity of several of these chromium alloyed stainless steels to intergranular corrosion (especially after welding), lower corrosion resistance compared to austenitic stainless steels, and difficulties in fabricating (especially welding). It has been shown (1–16) that the intrinsic drawbacks of customary ferritics can be overcome by metallurgical measures, primarily keeping the amount of carbon and nitrogen extremely low. The solubility in the ferrite for these two elements in rather low, both occupying interstitial sites. Stainless steels of the type dealt with in this paper are therefore sometimes termed Extra Low Interstitial (ELI)‐ferritic stainless steels. At sufficiently low concentrations of carbon and nitrogen (and some other elements), the sensitivity of ferritic stainless steels to intergranular corrosion is definitely lowered, and their ductility at ambient temperature is increased, i.e. the transition temperature is lowered. An advantage of these steels is their resistance to stress corrosion cracking. They have, so far, shown no sensitivity against chloride stress corrosion cracking under realistic operating conditions. For this reason, cooling water systems using river water with a high chloride content represent a suitable field of application for these steels. They can be welded up to a wall thickness of 3mm without sensitisation and undue loss of impact strength so that tubes for heat exchangers can be made of these steels. Their development has led to alloys ranging from 18 Cr‐2 Mo‐0 Ni to about 28 Cr‐2 Mo‐4 Ni. The present paper will only deal with the 18 Cr‐2 Mo steel because this material can be compared in price and properties with the standard 18 Cr‐9 Ni‐2 Mo austenitic stainless steel. In addition, the material in question has now become available in the form of pipe and sheet.
Quality assurance and control of coating and lining projects
Authors: Saville Rowland
Published: February 2008

Summary The variety of approaches used to combat corrosion and afford protection of structures and components are outlined. Factors governing selection so often favour combinations of traditional metal and modern polymeric coating or lining. Emphasis is placed on the vital importance of surface preparation and comprehensive specifications. In this context, the role of Specialist Painting Inspectors is outlined and their contribution to quality assurance and improved standards of workmanship is illustrated by reference to bridges, offshore platforms, telescopes and lined components. Future trends are indicated with emphasis on newer methods of surface preparation and protection.
The corrosion problem with heavier marine fuels
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction It appears that the heavy fuel oils, which gained a foothold in the slower 2‐stroke marine engine market after the 2nd world war, have now become more well established.
Reviewing microbial infection of marine engine oil and corrosion
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction Micro‐organisms can play a significant role regarding corrosion in aqueous systems. They set up microscopic corrosion cells causing a break‐up of protective films and produce noxious and corrosive gases. Sulphuric acid is generated by certain of the bacteria and this corrodes far more quickly than the normal oxidation process. Organic detritus and slime is produced which not only interferes with the efficiency and free circulation of the system but also acts as a food supply, ensuring the continued growth of bacteria, algae and fungi.
Health problems in the metal coating industries
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Contrasting the conditions under which men, women and children worked, there was a considerable distinction between the hot dipping and the electroplating types of processes in the 19th Century.
Studies on the metallographic inspection of HK‐40 reformer tubes
Authors: Verma K.M. , Verma S.C. , Sinha A.K.
Published: February 2008

The paper summarises the merits and limitations of different methods used to determine the rejection criteria of the primary reformer tubes. It compares the microstructures as obtained on the outer surface of the reformer tubes with that observed in the transverse section in the regions of outer wall, midwall and inner surface. On the basis of these studies coupled with dimensional change measurements, the in situ metallographic technique has been used to monitor the condition of tubes in two reformation units and the tubes had given satisfactory service till the next turnaround as predicted.
Hard chromium plating under reduced pressure improves corrosion resistance
Authors: Muttilainen Erkki , Tunturi P.J.
Published: February 2008

Summary The influence of reduced pressure in the quality of hard chromium coatings was investigated. The reduced pressure method is based on a Finnish invention and it has been developed in order to produce chromium coatings, with higher quality.
Effect of surface treatment on the corrosion protective properties of Egyptian Manganese ore primers: Part 1
Authors: Abd El‐Hakim A.A. , Abd El‐Ghaffar M.A. , Abd El‐Malek M.M. , Youssef E.A.M.
Published: February 2008

The adsorption of stearic acid molecules onto the surface of the Egyptian manganese ore (high and medium grades, H.G. & M.G.) was followed by adsorption isotherm determination and the sedimentation properties of the ore in apolar medium. It was found that the sedimentation properties depend on the adsorbed amount in the isotherm, the most stable dispersion for the ore in the organic medium was detected at monolayer surface coverage of stearic acid molecules on the surface of the ore.
Japan's ambitious bridge project:
Authors: Okajima Masami
Published: February 2008

Japan consists mainly of four large islands. They are, from north to south, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. In 1988 Honshu and Hokkaido were connected by the Seikan undersea tunnel, while Honshu and Shikoku were connected by the Great Seto Bridge. Together with the Honshu‐Kyushu linkage, which had been established since the 1940s, the four main islands of the Japanese archipelago were connected by railways and expressways. This article describes the Honshu‐Shikoku Bridge Project, including the Great Seto Bridge and the special coating technology used in the project.
Stainless steel for food and beverage processing — advantages in hygiene and cleanability
Authors: White P.E.
Published: February 2008

This article surveys the literature which underlines the role played by passivation of stainless steel surfaces. It also discusses the benefits of electropolishing, particularly as a contribution to improved hygiene and cleanability.