bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid crustal accretion and magma assimilation in the Oman‐U.A.E. ophiolite: High precision U‐Pb zircon geochronology of the gabbroic crust
Authors: Rioux Matthew , Bowring Samuel , Kelemen Peter , Gordon Stacia , Dudás Frank , Miller Robert
Published: May 2012

New high‐precision U/Pb zircon geochronology from the Oman‐United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) ophiolite provides insight into the timing and duration of magmatism and the tectonic setting during formation of the lower crust. The new data come from a well‐preserved and exposed crustal section in the center of the Wadi Tayin massif. Single grain and grain fragment 206Pb/238U dates from upper‐level gabbros, tonalites/trondhjemites and gabbroic pegmatites, corrected for initial Th exclusion, range from 112.55 ± 0.21 to 95.50 ± 0.17 Ma, with most data clustered between 96.40 ± 0.17 to 95.50 ± 0.17 Ma. Zircon dates from upper‐level gabbros are most consistent with the ophiolite forming at a fast spreading ridge with half‐rates of 50–100 km/Ma. Dates from tonalites/trondhjemites and from a gabbroic pegmatite associated with a wehrlite intrusion overlap with dates from adjacent upper‐level gabbros, suggesting that any age differences between these three magmatic series are smaller than the analytical uncertainties or intrasample variability in the dates. Three of the dated upper‐level gabbros and a single gabbroic pegmatite from the base of the crust have >1 Ma intrasample variability in single grain dates, suggesting assimilation of older crust during the formation or crystallization of the magmas. Whole rock εNd(t) of seven samples, including the upper‐level gabbros with variable zircon dates, have tightly clustered initial values ranging from εNd(96 Ma) = 7.59 ± 0.23 to 8.28 ± 0.31. The εNd values are similar to those from other gabbros within the ophiolite, suggesting that any assimilated material had a similar isotopic composition to primitive basaltic magmas. The new dates suggest that the studied section formed at a fast spreading mid‐ocean ridge between ∼96.4–95.5 Ma. The large intrasample variability in zircon dates in some samples is unexpected in this setting, and may be related to propagation of a younger ridge into older oceanic lithosphere.
RANK, RANKL and OPG Expression in Breast Cancer – Influence on Osseous Metastasis
Authors: Ney J. , Fehm T. , Juhasz-Boess I. , Solomayer E.
Published: May 2012

In women, malignant breast tumours are among the most common malignant diseases in Europe. In advanced breast cancer, the risk of bone metastasis increases to 65–75 %. The discovery of the physiological bone metabolism parameters RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB), RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand) and OPG (osteoprotegerin) as well as their pathophysiological involvement in bone-related diseases is the subject of new therapeutic strategies. The formation of osteolytic bone metastasis requires increased osteoclast activity. Activation of osteoclasts by excessive direct RANKL or reduced OPG expression of osseous metastatic tumour cells remains to be elucidated. More than 50 % of primary breast cancer cells express OPG and RANK, while RANKL could be detected only in 14–60 %. Increased OPG concentrations in the serum of patients with bone metastases have been shown in several studies, whereas the RANKL results are described in an
opposite manner. The use of OPG as a biomarker for the detection of osteolytic bone metastases is not consistent and needs to be proved in further studies. Increased RANKL activity was found in diseases characterised by excessive bone loss and formed the basis of new therapeutic options. In several studies, a human monoclonal antibody to RANKL (denosumab) was investigated for the treatment of bone diseases. Denosumab is a promising therapeutic option due to its bone-protective effects.
Akt1 and Akt2 protein kinases differentially contribute to macrophage polarization
Authors: Arranz Alicia , Doxaki Christina , Vergadi Eleni , Martinez de la Torre Yeny , Vaporidi Katerina , Lagoudaki Eleni D. , Ieronymaki Eleftheria , Androulidaki Ariadne , Venihaki Maria , Margioris Andrew N. , Stathopoulos Efstathios N. , Tsichlis Philip N. , Tsatsanis Christos
Published: May 2012

Activated macrophages are described as classically activated or M1 type and alternatively activated or M2 type, depending on their response to proinflammatory stimuli and the expression of genetic markers including iNOS, arginase1, Ym1, and Fizz1. Here we report that Akt kinases differentially contribute to macrophage polarization, with Akt1 ablation giving rise to an M1 and Akt2 ablation resulting in an M2 phenotype. Accordingly, Akt2
−/−
mice were more resistant to LPS-induced endotoxin shock and to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis than wild-type mice, whereas Akt1
−/−
mice were more sensitive. Cell depletion and reconstitution experiments in a DSS-induced colitis model confirmed that the effect was macrophage-dependent. Gene-silencing studies showed that the M2 phenotype of Akt2
−/−
macrophages was cell autonomous. The microRNA miR-155, whose expression was repressed in naive and in LPS-stimulated Akt2
−/−
macrophages, and its target C/EBPβ appear to play a key role in this process. C/EBPβ, a hallmark of M2 macrophages that regulates Arg1, was up-regulated upon Akt2 ablation or silencing. Overexpression or silencing of miR-155 confirmed its central role in Akt isoform-dependent M1/M2 polarization of macrophages.
Infection of Epstein–Barr virus in a gastric carcinoma cell line induces anchorage independence and global changes in gene expression
Authors: Marquitz Aron R. , Mathur Anuja , Shair Kathy H. Y. , Raab-Traub Nancy
Published: May 2012

Latent infection of EBV is linked to the development of multiple cancers that have distinct patterns of expression of viral proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we show that in vitro infection of a gastric epithelial cell line with EBV alters growth properties and induces growth in soft agar. The infected cells have high levels of expression of a large cluster of viral miRNAs, [the BamHI A rightward transcript (BART) miRNAs] and limited viral protein expression. Expression profile microarray analysis of this cell line revealed a large number of changes in cellular expression, with decreased expression of many genes. Inhibition of the trace-expressed levels of the viral oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1, did not affect growth or alter the pattern of cellular expression. The expression changes are highly enriched for genes involved in cell motility and transformation pathways, suggesting these changes are important for the altered growth phenotype. Importantly, the transcripts decreased by microarray are significantly enriched in both experimentally and bioinformatically predicted BART miRNA targets. The absence of viral protein expression and the enrichment for viral miRNA targets in the modulated cell genes suggest that the BART miRNAs are major contributors to the transformed growth properties of the EBV-infected cells. The ability to affect cell growth through miRNA expression without viral protein expression would be a major factor in the development of cancer in individuals with functional immune systems.
Strategy for enhanced transgenic strain development for embryonic conditional lethality in
Anastrepha suspensa
Authors: Schetelig Marc F. , Handler Alfred M.
Published: May 2012

Here the first reproductive sterility system for the tephritid fruit fly pest,
Anastrepha suspensa
, is presented, based on lethality primarily limited to embryos heterozygous for a conditional lethal transgene combination. This tetracycline (Tet)-suppressible system uses a driver construct having the promoter from the newly isolated embryo-specific
A. suspensa serendipity α
gene linked to the Tet-transactivator. This was used to drive expression of a phosphomutated variant of the pro-apoptotic cell death gene,
hid
, from
A. ludens
, that was isolated, based on its identity to
A. suspensa hid
. The
Alhid

Ala
2

variant was shown to have the highest cell death activity in an in vitro
A. suspensa
cell death assay compared to the orthologous genes
Ashid
,
Dmhid
, and the variant
Dmhid

Ala
5

. These cell death assays also allowed a determination of the most-efficient driver-effector cassette combinations for use in
A. suspensa
transformants, resulting in two hybrid strains exhibiting 100% lethality. One strain was 96% lethal in embryos in the absence of tetracycline, with none surviving past the first larval instar, which is critical for pests that are most damaging in late-larval stages. We demonstrate that the isolation and in vitro validation of species-specific promoters and lethal effector genes can greatly improve the efficiency of creating high-performance conditional lethality strains that may be extended to other insect pest species.
History, conflicting collective memories, and national identities: how Latvia's Russian-speakers are learning to remember
Authors: Cheskin Ammon
Published: May 2012

The literature on collective memories in the Baltic states often stresses the irreconcilable division between Russian and Baltic official interpretations of the Second World War. This paper seeks to challenge this popular notion of two polemic collective memories – “Latvian” and “Russian”. While there is evidence that Latvia's Russian-speakers are heavily influenced by Russian cultural and political discourses, I will argue that the actual positions taken up by Russian-speakers are more nuanced than a crude Latvian–Russian dichotomy would suggest.

Based on survey data collected at the site of the 2011 Victory Day celebrations in Riga, this paper points to the germane existence of a partial “democratization of history” among Latvia's Russian-speakers, typified by an increasing willingness to countenance and take stock of alternative views of history. Through an examination of the data it will be argued that such tentative steps towards a democratization of history are most visible among the younger cohort of Russian-speakers, whose collective memory-myths have been tempered by their dual habitation of the Latvian, as well as Russian, mythscapes. In order to more fully understand this process both bottom-up and top-down pressures will be examined.
Foul or dive? Motor contributions to judging ambiguous foul situations in football
Authors: Renden Peter G. , Kerstens Sander , Oudejans Raôul R. D. , Cañal‐Bruland Rouwen
Published: May 2012

Football (soccer) referees frequently face situations in which they have to distinguish dives and fouls. Yet, little is known about the contributing factors that characterise the ability to judge these ambiguous situations correctly. To this end, in the current article we tested the hypothesis that motor experience of observers contributes to the visual identification of deceptive actions. Thereto, we asked skilled football referees, skilled football players, wheelchair bounded football fans (thus with limited motor experience) and novices to judge whether potential tackle situations in football were either fouls or dives. Results revealed that the referees (accuracy 72.2%, s=6.2) and players (accuracy 72.0%, s=6.4) were better at discriminating fouls and dives than the fans (accuracy 61.1%, s=7.2) and the novices (accuracy 57.4%, s=7.0) (P < 0.001). The results seem to point to an added value of motor experience in detecting deceptive movements.
Quiet eye training: The acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills
Authors: Vine Samuel J. , Moore Lee J. , Wilson Mark R.
Published: May 2012

How we learn and refine motor skills in the most effective manner and how we prevent performance breakdown in pressurised or demanding circumstances are among the most important questions within the sport psychology and skill acquisition literature. The quiet eye (QE) has emerged as a characteristic of highly skilled perceptual and motor performance in visually guided motor tasks. Defined as the final fixation that occurs prior to a critical movement, over 70 articles have been published in the last 15 years probing the role that the QE plays in underpinning skilled performance. The aim of this review is to integrate research findings from studies examining the QE as a measure of visuomotor control in the specific domain of targeting skills; motor skills requiring an object to be propelled to a distant target. Previous reviews have focused primarily on the differences in QE between highly skilled performers and their less skilled counterparts. The current review aims to discuss contemporary findings relating to 1. The benefits of QE training for the acquisition and refinement of targeting skills; 2. The effects of anxiety upon the QE and subsequent targeting skill performance and 3. The benefits of QE training in supporting resilient performance under elevated anxiety. Finally, potential processes through which QE training proffers this advantage, including improved attentional control, response programming and external focus, will be discussed and directions for future research proposed.
Variation in the ACE, PPARGC1A and PPARA genes in Lithuanian football players
Authors: Gineviciene Valentina , Jakaitiene Audrone , Tubelis Linas , Kucinskas Vaidutis
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of ACE (I/D), PPARGC1A (G/A) and PPARA (G/C) polymorphisms on footballers performance among 199 Lithuanian professional footballers and 167 sedentary, healthy men (controls). Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods on DNA from leucocytes. Results revealed that the angiotensin‐1‐coverting enzyme gene (ACE) genotype distribution was significantly different between total football players group (II 23.6%, ID 46.7% and DD 29.6%) and the controls (II 24.6%, ID 29.9% and DD 45.5%; P=0.002). Although investigating PPARGC1A (G/A) and PPARA (G/C) polymorphisms no significant results were obtained in the total football players group, however, significant differences were determined between forwards and controls [PPARGC1A: GG 54.6%, GA 29.5%, AA 15.9% vs. GG 49.7%, GA 44.3% and AA 6.0% (P = 0.044); PPARA: GG 52.3%, GC 40.9%, CC 6.8% vs. GG 72.4%, GC 24.6% and CC 3.0% (P = 0.034)]. In the whole cohort, the odds ratio of the genotype [ACE ID + PPARA GG] being a footballer was 1.69 (95% CI 1.04–2.74), and of [ACE ID + PPARGC1A GG] 1.93 (95% CI 1.10–3.37) and of [ACE II + PPARA GC] 2.83 (95% CI 1.02–7.91) compared to controls. It was revealed that ACE ID genotype together with PPARA GG and PPARGC1A GG as well as ACE II genotype with PPARA GC is probably the ‘preferable genotype’ for footballers. Summing up, the present study suggests that the ACE, PPARGC1A and PPARA polymorphisms genotypes are associated, separately and in combination, with Lithuanian footballers’ performance.
Electrical and spectroscopic characterization of underwater plasma discharge inside rising gas bubbles
Authors: Vanraes Patrick , Nikiforov Anton , Leys Christophe
Published: May 2012

The generation of high-energetic species in plasma by discharge in liquids makes it suitable for applications such as water treatment. Effective reduction of input power and an increase in the process efficiency can be achieved by externally generated gas bubbles introduced in the liquid. Pulsed discharge in nitrogen, helium and argon bubbles in between a pin-to-plate electrode system submerged in a water solution has been investigated by electrical characterization and emission spectroscopy. A dynamic model for a bubble discharge, based on previously reported experiments and our measurements, is reported. Two types of bubble discharge are observed: a direct bubble discharge, with an immediate onset of a spark discharge inside the bubble, and a delayed bubble discharge, where spark discharge occurs after a delay time of typically several microseconds. The width of the Hα Balmer line in the emitted spectra is dominated by Stark broadening and implies electron densities in the order of 1024 to 1025 m−3, which is relatively high in comparison with other low-temperature atmospherical plasmas. Also, the emitted spectra contain a continuum, originating from black-body radiation of the heated bubble gas, with black-body temperatures from 6000 to 9000 K. The dependence of the measured plasma characteristics on the experimental parameters is in agreement with our proposed model.
Kv2.1 cell surface clusters are insertion platforms for ion channel delivery to the plasma membrane
Authors: Deutsch Emily , Weigel Aubrey V. , Akin Elizabeth J. , Fox Phil , Hansen Gentry , Haberkorn Christopher J. , Loftus Rob , Krapf Diego , Tamkun Michael M.
Published: May 2012

Voltage-gated K+(Kv) channels regulate membrane potential in many cell types. Although the channel surface density and location must be well controlled, little is known about Kv channel delivery and retrieval on the cell surface. The Kv2.1 channel localizes to micron-sized clusters in neurons and transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, where it is nonconducting. Because Kv2.1 is postulated to be involved in soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor–mediated membrane fusion, we examined the hypothesis that these surface clusters are specialized platforms involved in membrane protein trafficking. Total internal reflection–based fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies and quantum dot imaging of single Kv2.1 channels revealed that Kv2.1-containing vesicles deliver cargo at the Kv2.1 surface clusters in both transfected HEK cells and hippocampal neurons. More than 85% of cytoplasmic and recycling Kv2.1 channels was delivered to the cell surface at the cluster perimeter in both cell types. At least 85% of recycling Kv1.4, which, unlike Kv2.1, has a homogeneous surface distribution, is also delivered here. Actin depolymerization resulted in Kv2.1 exocytosis at cluster-free surface membrane. These results indicate that one nonconducting function of Kv2.1 is to form microdomains involved in membrane protein trafficking. This study is the first to identify stable cell surface platforms involved in ion channel trafficking.
Global Private Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

Private banking caters to wealthy individuals who, like other investors, base asset-allocation choices on their relative preferences for risk and return. There is value in diversification across individual assets, asset classes, political-economic environments, and other asset allocation categories. The lower the correlations across asset buckets, the greater the power of diversification. Like everyone else, wealthy people are explicitly or implicitly looking for “efficient” portfolios that minimize risk for a given target rate of return or maximize total returns for a given level of portfolio risk. They are different from nonwealthy people in that they have a lot to preserve, so that they often tend toward relatively conservative asset-allocation approaches. They are also sensitive to confidentiality, trust, and service quality.
Introduction
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

This first chapter provides a general introduction to the book, presenting its aims, methods, theoretical background, the status, origins, and periodisation of the Japanese language, as well as the previous scholarship written on the subject of Japanese phonology. It also presents the writing system of modern Japanese, made of a mixture of Chinese characters, two kana syllabaries and Latin alphabet, and describes and discusses the issue of the lexicon partition into Yamato, Sino-Japanese and Western words.
Special segments
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

The term “special segments” refers to the three moraic segments of Japanese, which constitute a rather unique feature of the language and have been granted special status in traditional Japanese analyses, namely the mora nasal /N/, the first part of an obstruent geminate /Q/ and the second part of a long vowel /R/. The chapter provides a description of their phonetic realisation, their historical development, and their general phonological properties in modern Japanese.
Part 2 Attributing Criminal Responsibility, 6 Forms of Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses forms of criminal responsibility from a comparative and international perspective. They include direct and indirect perpetration, co-perpetration, instigation — including ordering, soliciting, and inducing — planning, and aiding/abetting. These modalities can be referred to as ‘classic’ or ‘general’ in the sense that they feature in most international statutes and have equivalents in national criminal codes, often in the general part. The comparative perspective is important and has been added for two reasons. First of all, because the link with national criminal law is strongest with these forms of criminal responsibility; they are largely modelled on municipal criminal law. Secondly, a comparative perspective is useful in discerning the scope and limits of these concepts. Moreover, it may assist in understanding these concepts when used in the international arena. After all, judges and other legal practitioners at international courts and tribunals understand these forms of responsibility from their own national perspective, which may cause — and has caused — misunderstandings.
Part 2 Attributing Criminal Responsibility, 8 Superior Responsibility
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

The concept of superior responsibility has been developed and critically discussed since the Second World War. It owes much of its recent development to the ad hoc tribunals that have relied on the concept to try military and non-military leaders for crimes committed by subordinates. The International Criminal Court (ICC) has drawn from this jurisprudence and developed it further, as evidenced by Article 28 of its Statute. Superior or command responsibility is the primary mechanism through which superiors can be held criminally responsible for failing to prevent or punish crimes committed by subordinates. This chapter describes the present day scope and meaning of command responsibility, which means discussing mainly International Criminal Tribunals for the case law of the Former Yugoslavia, to date the main source of case law on superior responsibility. It discusses superior responsibility through the prism of its nature, which is still ambiguous. This is problematic since it is the nature of the concept that determines its outer limits; limits that have expanded considerably over the years.
Part 3 Defences, 10 Mistake of Fact and Law
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

This chapter focuses on the defence of mistake in Article 32 of the International Criminal Court Statute, which has been welcomed as a breakthrough and as reflecting an understanding of culpability that goes beyond the psychological-mental elements of intent or knowledge. Analysis, however, shows that the provision raises more questions than it answers and its added value may be doubted. The simplicity of its wording is deceiving and analysis requires understanding of the legal traditions that lie at its basis.
Part 3 Defences, 11 Superior Orders
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

Superior orders is probably the best known defence in ICL; in case law as well as in scholarly debates. As the UN War Crimes Commission observed, ‘the plea of superior orders has been raised by the Defence in war crime trials more frequently than any other’. The legal debate on superior orders has produced three main schools of thought: the respondeat superior doctrine; the absolute liability or full responsibility doctrine; and the conditional liability or limited responsibility doctrine that exists in different versions. These three views are central to the analysis in this chapter of superior orders. Much has been written on the defence of superior orders. The discussion is limited to the main points in the superior orders debate.
EU Administrative Law
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

The second edition of this book provides comprehensive coverage of the administrative system in the EU and the principles of judicial review that apply in this area. The chapters in the first half of the book deal with all the principal variants of the EU administrative regime. Thus, there are chapters dealing with the history and taxonomy of the EU administrative regime, direct administration, shared administration, Comitology, agencies, social partners, and the open method of coordination. The coverage throughout focuses on the legal regime that governs the particular form of administration and broader issues of accountability, drawing on literature from political science as well as law. The focus in the second part of the book shifts to the principles of judicial review. There are detailed chapters covering all principles of judicial review and the discussion of the law throughout is analytical and contextual. The discussion in this part of the book begins with a chapter that considers the principles that have informed the development of EU judicial review. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the judicial system and the way in which reform could impact on the subject matter of the book. There are then chapters dealing with competence, access, transparency, process; law, fact and discretion; rights, equality, legitimate expectations, two chapters on proportionality, the precautionary principle, two chapters on remedies, and the ombudsman. The book paints a comprehensive picture of administrative law as it exists in the EU today.
Agencies
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter explores the role played by agencies in the EU. The discussion begins with consideration of the rationale for agencies in nation states and the EU respectively, followed by examination as to how EU agencies have evolved. The focus then turns to the classification of EU agencies in the light of their powers and functions, and explication of the legal limits that constrain the powers that can be given to EU agencies. The remainder of the chapter analyses the legal, political, and financial mechanisms for controlling agencies and rendering them accountable. It concludes with discussion as to whether the powers of agencies ought to be extended.
Open Method of Co-ordination
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter deals with a rather different method of policy delivery, the Open Method of Co-ordination. The discussion begins by reviewing the imprimatur given by the European Council to the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC) at the Lisbon and Nice Summits. This is followed by a look at the operation of the OMC process in the three key areas of economic policy, employment policy, and social inclusion, which lays the foundation for the subsequent analysis. There is also some consideration of the differences between the OMC and more traditional modes of EU regulation. The focus then shifts to an evaluation of the OMC, looking to see how far it fulfils the aspirations that underpin this mode of policy delivery in the EU.
Access
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter is concerned with access. It is the natural starting point for consideration of administrative law doctrine. Any system of administrative law will have access points or gateways, which determine who can get into the system. There are two crucial access points in any legal regime. There will be procedural rules determining who is entitled to be heard or intervene before the initial decision is made, or who is entitled to be consulted before a legislative-type norm is enacted. There will also be rules of standing that determine who should be able to complain to the court that the initial decision-maker overstepped its powers. The discussion begins with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance/General Court concerning the right to take part in the initial determination. It shows that the courts have distinguished sharply between the right to be heard in relation to individualized decisions and consultation and participation in relation to norms of a legislative nature. This is followed by consideration of political initiatives to foster consultation in the EU legislative process. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with the other main access point, standing to seek judicial review. There is a critical evaluation of the case law, discussion of the possible impact of the Charter of Rights, and consideration of the reforms made by the Lisbon Treaty.
Rights
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

The Lisbon Treaty rendered the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding, thereby resolving an issue that had been left open since the Charter was initially drafted almost a decade earlier. The Lisbon Treaty in addition imposed an obligation on the EU to join the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), thereby resolving another issue that had been on the agenda for even longer. The legal and political consequences of these developments will be significant for the EU polity, and are analysed in this chapter. The discussion begins with a brief account of the evolution of fundamental rights in the EC, followed by the genesis and drafting of the Charter. The status accorded to the Charter in the Lisbon Treaty is examined, as is the EU's obligation to accede to the ECHR. The focus then turns to the Charter itself. It provides a brief overview of the content of the Charter, with attention thereafter being on important issues that arise from Title VII, which contains general provisions concerning the interpretation and application of the Charter. The discussion concludes by examining some of the broader implications of the Charter for the profile and legitimacy of judicial review within the EU.
Remedies I: EU
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the remedies available against the EU. The two principal remedies available against the Union are annulment and compensation. Annulment embodies the fundamental precept that where action is invalid or illegal then it should prima facie be void and of no effect. Compensation is equally significant as a remedy, although the precise criterion for recovery depends upon whether the loss flows from the exercise of a discretionary or non-discretionary power. The discussion begins with consideration of the principles governing interim relief pending the final decision on the substance of the case and the way in which those principles are applied in relation to both direct and indirect actions. This is followed by analysis of the consequences of finding that the contested measure is illegal or invalid, the extent to which the Union courts modify the basic precept that a measure found to be invalid or illegal is void ab initio, and the relationship between the finding that the measure is void and the obligations placed on the EU institutions to redress the wrong. The focus then turns to compensation, the criteria for recovery under Article 340 TFEU, and the way in which the tests have evolved over time.
Administrative Systems
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the administrative systems explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation is the first of five alternative accounts of wrongdoing considered in the book. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as structures for coordinating people engaged in interdependent tasks, and depicts organizational participants as decision makers who operate within these structures to acquire and analyze information with an eye to performing their tasks in a way that optimizes efficiency and effectiveness. The chapter elaborates the two main types of administrative structures, obtrusive controls (such as rules) and unobtrusive controls (such as scripts and schemas). It then delineates how obtrusive and unobtrusive controls can facilitate organizational wrongdoing, distinguishing between instances in which they do so inadvertently and occasions on which they do so by design. The chapter concludes by offering an overall assessment of the administrative systems account.
The Social Control of Organizational Wrongdoing
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the social control explanation of organizational wrongdoing, the final account of wrongdoing considered in this book. This explanation follows from the normal organizational wrongdoing perspective presented in Chapter 2 and builds on the sociological definition of wrongdoing elaborated in Chapter 3. This chapter draws on labeling theory and conflict theory to examine the role that social control agents can play in creating organizational wrongdoing, focusing primarily on the state. It describes two ways that the state creates wrongdoing. Then, it elaborates the factors that determine where the state draws the line separating right from wrong, which ultimately dictate the kinds of wrongdoing that the state creates. After each discussion, the chapter draws inferences about the impact of social control agent behavior on organizational participants, the potential perpetrators of wrongdoing. It concludes with a consideration of the overarching implications of these inferences.
1962: Introduction
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about socio-cultural change in Britain between 1940 and 1970. It examines how social science sampling methods associated with letter writing, questionnaires, interviews, and surveys mined down to reveal mundane, ordinary life, in miniature, and how such research was implicated in a broader process of building a modern, rational, post-imperial nation. The chapter shows how the deployment of new research techniques involved the remaking of politics and culture, notably as the arts and the humanities were increasingly demarcated away from the everyday.
1938: The British Intellectual and Highbrow Culture
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter focuses on intellectual and highbrow culture in Great Britain in 1938. It criticises the perspectives on knowledge and expertise which assume that the intellectual position is fundamentally one based in the humanities. The chapter shows that, in the middle years of the twentieth century, there was an increasingly clear rejection of what was deemed the snobbish and elitist refrain of highbrow culture and an increasing enthusiasm for a different kind of intellectuality, one bound up with science, technique, and skill.
1940: The Resurgence of Gentlemanly Expertise in Post-war Britain
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter introduces the idea of the ‘gentlemanly social sciences’ that dominated Great Britain not only in the first part of the twentieth century, but well into the 1950s. It shows that there was no easy progression from these gentlemanly social sciences to the ‘new’ social sciences of the 1960s, and describes the dramatic changes which took place between 1955 and 1965 in the conduct of sociological research. The chapter discusses how gentlemanly social sciences prospered in post-war conditions, leading to a reviving synthetic sociology based at the London School of Economics (LSE), and explains how the expansion of the LSE brought tensions between sociology as a specialist discipline and as an overarching evolutionary synthesis to a head.
1962: The Moment of Sociology
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter traces the institutional rise of sociology within the academic social sciences in Great Britain during the 1960s. It shows that sociology was directly implicated in claims to modernity and novelty during this period, and that it can be considered as a social movement concerned to challenge traditional forms of knowing in the name of a new, rational mode of expertise which embraced science. The chapter considers the launch of New Society in the early 1960s and suggests that, during this period, the social scientists were not innocent observers of change, but imported it as an essential feature of their self-identity.
1956: The End of Community: The Quest for the English Middletown
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines how a new breed of social scientists in Great Britain during the 1950s sought to define an ordinary, average, national society. It suggests that outside influences were to be vital in allowing established and assumed national characteristics to be understood in a new, apparently social light, and argues that social anthropology was effective in developing a demoralised social science. The chapter also shows how the relations between sociology and social anthropology fractured in the early 1960s over the issue of change, as sociology seized the banner of the new as a means of justifying its distinctive expertise, thus consigning anthropology a subordinate role.
Conclusion
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter sums up arguments about the politics of method and the key findings of this study on socio-cultural change in Great Britain during the period between 1940 and 1970. It describes the battery of techniques and methods that could be used to expose the social tissue during the post-war decades, and the technical identities associated with them. The chapter also highlights how the social sciences systematically conceal their own tracks through their deployment of ethical issues as a kind of screen that distinguishes past from present.
Electronic structure and luminescence of low-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Unlike all of the previous chapters, this one is devoted to low-dimensional semiconductor structures (quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots-nanocrystals). Basic classification of these structures is outlined and densities of electronic states are described. A detailed theoretical treatment of electronic states and exciton effects in quantum wells, both with infinite and finite barriers, is presented in effective-mass approximation. Strong and weak quantum confinement limits are discussed. Selection rules for optical transitions in quantum wells are outlined and optical absorption and emission spectra are compared. Specificity of exciton behaviour is stressed. Quantum dots with spherically symmetric potential are described in strong and weak quantum confinement regime. Salient luminescence features of quantum dots are summarized and illustrated via typical examples. Briefly mentioned are other interesting luminescence-related phenomena: phonon bottleneck, excitons indirect in real space, enhancement of nano-luminescence by metal nanoparticles and exciton multiplication.
Effects of high excitation in low-dimensional structures
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Effects of high excitation in low-dimensional structures are treated in close analogy with bulk semiconductors. The existence of excitonic molecules (biexcitons) and trions (charged excitons) in quantum wells is experimentally evidenced and characteristic emission lineshapes are described theoretically and compared with experiment. Also luminescence due to free exciton collisions can happen in quantum wells. The question of electron–hole liquid occurrence in 2D structures is also addressed; the terms phase space filling, dielectric confinement and Mott transition are invoked. Certain limits for the electron–hole liquid universality in quantum wells are discussed. Controversial data concerning the coexistence of free excitons, biexcitons, trions, electron–hole liquid and electron–hole plasma in quantum wires are commented. High excitation effects in quantum dots are discussed from the point of view of the mean number of electron–hole pairs per nanocrystal.
13 Rome, Pessinous, and Battakes: Religious Encounters with the East
Authors: Bowden Hugh
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines the visit of Battakes, priest of the Mother of the Gods at Pessinous, to Rome in 102 bc. It argues that the cult of Magna Mater in Rome had originally been imported from Pergamon. Whatever the precise purpose of his embassy, Battakes will have used the shared cult of the Mother as a reason for closer ties to be established between Rome and Pessinous. The Roman tradition that the cult of Magna Mater was introduced from Pessinous developed in the wake of Battakes' visit. The whole episode suggests that Roman religion in the second century bc was not, as scholars have generally argued, becoming increasingly conservative, but remained open to eastern influence.
14 Festivals and Games in Polybius
Authors: Gibson Bruce
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines festivals and games in Polybius' Histories. Such events have typically been seen in terms of the cultural politics of civic and ethnic identity, and also as an important interface between Greek communities and Rome in period of Rome's expansion in the Mediterranean. The chapter considers these types of events in historiographical terms, and aims to demonstrate Polybius' use of festivals and games to delineate sections of narrative and to provide contrasting juxtapositions of formal occasions and the realities of Roman power. It then examines the way in which Polybius uses the epideictic dimension of festival and games as opportunities for authorial interventions in the form of praise and blame. The final section underlines the importance of metaphors drawn from the world of contests.
“Developing Member” and Least-Developed Country Status at the GATT and WTO: Self-Designation versus the Politics of Accession
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Neither general international law nor the WTO legal system have a set definition of “developing country.” Members simply designate themselves as developing countries for purposes of particular WTO provisions. In practice, however, a more nuanced picture emerges. This chapter examines the theory and practice of the developing country designation under the GATT and WTO agreements, particularly through the lens of accessions. The accession process, including the availability of special and differential treatment and other benefits and the level of concessions extracted from the acceding members, has effectively become a critical threshold issue for the 59 developing countries and 14 transitional countries (Eastern and Central European countries) that became WTO members since 1995, and 29 countries currently negotiating their accession.
From the Uruguay Round to the Doha Round: Changing Dynamics in Developing Countries’ Participation
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Developing members' positions in the shaping of trade rules has evolved considerably since the advent of the WTO as they have seized institutional opportunities for leveraging their emerging power. These transformations inform their approach to the Doha “Development” Round and their proposals throughout the Round. In part, developing members' increased voice stems from their strategic alliances and coordination in coalitions. Notably, they have successfully captured parts of the negotiation agenda, which is key to delineating the disciplines and commitments that might come out of a negotiation round. This chapter explores the evolution of developing country participation and their positioning at critical institutional “moments:” the inception of a new round of negotiations, the definition of the agenda for negotiations, and the tabling of substantive proposals.
Invoking Development in Dispute Settlement
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Developing countries have been complainants in over 150 disputes, respondents in close to 140 cases and have participated as third parties in over 530 instances. They have made arguments relating to development or to Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) in over 60 cases since 1947. As a result there is a significant body of legal analysis that informs the WTO's understanding of trade and development, usually in reference to SDT provisions. This chapter identifies trends in panels and AB analysis on SDT to help developing country litigants to devise more effective litigation strategies and better position their arguments. It also identifies some recurrent blind angles of adjudicators (panelists, AB members, and arbitrators) and proposes some evolutions in the understanding of the provisions.
The Doha Round: Chronicle of a Death Foretold?
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Hindsight will tell us for certain whether the Doha Round will ever live up to its promises, but throughout the Round, it has been clear that despite developing countries' unprecedented level of participation, there has been no new approach to addressing development issues at the WTO. Most of the proposals submitted by developing countries are strikingly similar in form and content to existing special and differential treatment provisions, and are likely to be equally fraught with failure. Perhaps even more importantly, there has been little questioning of the institutional and systemic issues alongside trade commitments in agriculture, NAMA and services negotiations. The combination of limited institutional opportunities and inadequate trade commitments determines developing members' positions at the WTO, but attempting to change trade commitments without rebalancing the institutional process is bound to fail.
Conclusion
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

More than ten years into the Doha “Development” Round, WTO members are all but resigned to the fact that the broad overhaul of the WTO system envisioned in the Doha Work Programme will likely not come to fruition. The Doha Round also reveals major transformations in the place and role played by many developing countries in the multilateral trading system both politically and economically. The continuity of developing country concerns, in the face of major transformations in the dynamics of international trade, raises several fundamental questions: Are the issues really still the same, have the stakeholders failed to updated their positions in light of the more recent developments, or is the WTO as an institution impeding a forward-looking debate? The answer is likely a mix of all three aspects.
Elites’ views on European institutions: national experiences sifted through ideological orientations
Authors: Gaxie Daniel , Hubé Nicolas
Published: May 2012

As elites’ attitudes toward supranational institutions cannot be reduced to a simple binary opposition between pro- (federalists) and anti- (‘sovereigntists’) integrationists, this chapter tries to differentiate between and to consider all configurations of opinions, including a third group that sees integration as a means to preserve and restore national autonomy and independence. Overall, elite opinions show nuances of federalism and intergovernmentalism, and only a minority share a true federalist conception of European institutions. Likewise, not all eurosceptics are staunch defenders of national sovereignties, and those that are constitute a minority of national elites. Elites’ attitudes toward the EU are linked mainly to their national belonging. Often depicted as market and business oriented, the current construction of Europe seems also to be mainly supported by elites who share left and centre general political views. Each national collective experience is sifted through the ideological orientations of the national elites.