bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Quantification of Urban Expansion and Impact on Urban Planning Practice in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Mshana Godwin D. , Mbilinyi B. , Msigula P. H.
Published: July 2022

Globally, there are extensive concerns about urban expansion. In response, urban expansion detection and assessing land use and land cover (LULC) changes have become significant methods to support decisions about suitable land resource use. The major concern with urban expansion aside from habitat destruction, is the distribution of human resources and basic needs especially to the community living in the newly settlement patches. This study applied a series of Landsat images to quantify the rate and characterise the pattern of urban expansion and assess  its impact on  urban planning practice over a 30 years period from (1990 to 2020). Change detection was supported by images and supervised classification method. Random Forest (RF) classification method was used to achieve imagery classification, and from classification results were validated by Kappa index of Agreement (KIA) and overall accuracy (OA) methods. To analyze these changes, we used Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII) landscape metrics to characterize the changes in the spatial patterns across Morogoro landscape and it’s impact of urban expansion on other types of land cover.

The findings indicated that from 1990 to 2010 built up areas have been experiencing an increase of 3.9% to 18.1% respectively,   while non-built up areas have decreased from 96.1% to 81.9% respectively within 30 years period time .Urban planning practice in 1990 to 2020 increased of planned land where by plan before development on land increase from 0.8% to 6.6% while the plan after development increase from 0.2% to 10.8% of the total urban area in the same year.

In significant changes in urban expansion and urban planning practice experienced were highly correlated in 2010 to 2020. Based on the outcomes of this study, it is recommended that municipal authorities should consider initiatives in urban planning to reverse the existing trend of urban development in order to recover the sustainability and resilience of the urban situation. The conclusions clarified the spatial pattern of urban change and its influencing factors in Morogoro municipality over the past 30 years and could provide helpful reference for the future urban planning.
A prospective cohort study of presenteeism and poverty among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   CORoNaWork project, Fujino Yoshihisa , Okawara Makoto , Igarashi Yu , Kuwamura Mami , Hino Ayako , Muramatsu Keiji , Nagata Tomohisa , Ogami Akira , Ishimaru Tomohiro
Published: July 2022

Objectives

This study examined the association of presenteeism with experiences of poverty among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of Japanese workers was conducted using an Internet monitoring survey. The baseline survey was conducted in December 2020, and a follow-up survey in December 2021. Of the 27 036 workers who participated, 18 560 (68.7%) completed the follow-up survey. The 11 081 who reported that they were not in financial difficulty in the baseline survey were included in the analysis. The degree of work functioning impairment was assessed at baseline using the Work Functioning Impairment Scale (WFun). Households' experience of not being able to pay for food and clothing was identified in the follow-up survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of presenteeism determined by WFun associated with poverty were estimated using a multilevel logistic model. The multivariate model included age, sex, marital status, job type, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, number of employees in the workplace, and the incidence rate of COVID-19 by prefecture at baseline.

Results

In the multivariate model, the odds ratio of experiencing food insecurity increased with high WFun score: compared with WFun scores of 13 or less, the OR was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.43–2.43, P < .001) for WFun scores of 14 or more and 3.26 (95% CI: 2.58–4.12, P < .001) for WFun scores of 21 or more.

Conclusions

In addition to labor productivity, the adverse effects of presenteeism on social security-related concerns such as poverty require further attention.
The clinical consequence of using less than four sensory perception examination methods in the Swedish surveillance system for Hand-Arm vibration syndrome
Authors: Antonson Carl , Thorsén Frida , Nordander Catarina
Published: July 2022

Objectives

The Swedish surveillance system aiming to reveal undetected Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) in workers exposed for vibrations is regulated by the provision AFS 2019:3. The goal for the surveillance system is to diagnose HAVS, as well as to find workers at risk for developing HAVS due to other conditions. The national guidelines stipulate examination using at least two out of four hand sensory examination methods (SEM); monofilament (touch), two-point discrimination (discriminative), tuning fork (vibrotactile), and Rolltemp (thermotactile). The aim of this study was to examine the clinical consequence of using less than four of these SEMs.

Methods

We collected data on SEMs from the medical records of all individuals that went through the specific surveillance medical check-up in a large occupational health service for 1 year. We then calculated the number of workers found with HAVS when using one, two, or three SEMs, and compared with the result from using all available SEMs.

Results

Out of 677 examined individuals, 199 had positive findings in at least one SEM. The detection rate for these findings was on average 47% when using one SEM, 71% using two SEMs, and 88% using three SEMs (out of 100% detection when all four SEMs were used).

Conclusions

If fewer than four sensory examination methods are used for surveillance of HAVS, many workers with incipient injuries may stay undetected. This may lead to further exposure resulting in aggravation of injury.
Coptic Language
Authors: Reintges Chris H.
Published: July 2022

Coptic is the vernacular language of Late Antique Egypt, which shares historical and linguistic ties with the ancient Mediterranean world. The linguistic heritage from ancient Egyptian figures equally prominently. The Greco‐Egyptian hybridity of Coptic is the outcome of prolonged asymmetric bilingualism with the politically and culturally dominant language Greek. In replacing hieroglyphic writing and its cursive Hieratic and Demotic variants, the introduction of the Greco‐Coptic alphabet marks a turning point in Egypt's literary history. The Bible translations, which are datable to the late third and early fourth centuriesce, had a bearing on the proliferation of Coptic as a literary language, but the Manichean scholastic and literary traditions also played a role in the shaping of Coptic literature. Coptic emerged from late Roman Demotic in presumably less than three generations. The sudden appearance of a new Egyptian vernacular cannot directly be related to the vicissitudes of the Roman Egyptian religious marketplace and the advent of Christianity in Egypt. Out of the different Coptic dialects three gained supraregional importance: Sahidic, the dialect of Upper Egypt, Lycopolitan, the language of the Manichean literature, and Bohairic in the western Delta and Lower Egypt. In the Middle Ages, Coptic lost ground to Arabic in the course of a large‐scale language shift and was replaced by it in all public domains by the eleventh century. As part of its cultural legacy, the present‐day Coptic Orthodox Church retains a liturgy chanted in medieval Bohairic, while biblical lections are read in both Arabic and Coptic.
Khāravela
Authors: Ghosh Suchandra
Published: July 2022

Khāravela was the king of Kaliṅga (Orissa) in the mid–late first century
bce
. His career and achievements are extolled in the unique
Hāthigumphā
inscription engraved inside the Elephant cave in the Udayagiri hills. The inscription gives a year‐by‐year account of the activities of the ruler, including his military achievements and his benevolent activities. He followed Jainism and was well versed in cultural activities along with currency, finance, etc. When he completed his twenty‐fourth year, he was anointed Mahārājā of Kaliṅga and he assumed the title of
Kaliṅgādhipati
. The inscription indicates the process of state formation in Kalinga in the post‐Maurya phase.
Alchon Huns
Authors: Kumar Ashish
Published: July 2022

The Alchon Huns began invading the Gupta kingdom from the mid‐fifth century
ce
onward and contributed to the withdrawal of Gupta authority from Gujarat and western Malwa in central India. In the early decades of the sixth century
ce
, the Alchon Huns under Toramāṇa (r. ca. 500–520
ce
) and his son Mihirakula (r. ca. 520–550
ce
) established a transregional monarchical kingdom with its base in the Punjab region, which marked the transition of a central Asian nomadic group into a monarchical kingdom that displayed several characteristics of the Gupta polity. Both Toramāṇa and Mihirakula issued coins based on the pattern of the Gupta coinage and assumed Gupta‐type titles and epithets. The Alchon Hun kingdom was relatively short‐lived and after defeats at the hands of Aulikara and Gupta kings, the Alchon Huns' authority was confined to Kashmir and Gandhāran regions of northwestern South Asia.
Aulikaras
Authors: Kumar Ashish
Published: July 2022

In the fourth to sixth century
ce
, several lineages of the Aulikara ruled Daśapura (identified with modern Mandasor in Madhya Pradesh) and fought their adversaries including the Alchon Huns. Having emerged from the background of Mālava
gaṇa‐sangha
, the Aulikaras first established a monarchical kingdom under Mahārāja Naravarman and his successors – Viśvavarman, Bandhuvarman, and Prabhākara – who accepted the Gupta sovereignty. As Gupta authority was eclipsed in Gujarat and western Malwa, another Aulikara lineage under Prakāśadharman and Yaśodharman (also known as Viṣṇuvardhana) came into power in the early decades of the sixth century
ce
and an autonomous Aulikara kingdom was established by Prakāśadharman after the defeat of the Alchon Hun ruler Toramāṇa in 515
ce
. Prakāśadharman's successor, Yaśodharman, retained the Aulikaras' authority over Daśapura and defeated the Alchon Hun king Mihirakula. Presence of other minor Aulikara lineages in northwest Malwa is also attested by the epigraphic evidence.
Divination, China
Authors: Kory Stephan N.
Published: July 2022

Divinatory practices featuring the provocation and interpretation of omens have been documented in China at least since the late Shang oracle bones of the late second millennium
bce
. Omens, however, were not only manually fabricated through solid media in ancient China, but were also calculated through algorithms or more passively observed in the macrocosmic environment or microcosmic bodies. As such, ancient Chinese divination essentially involved the interpretation of inherently ambiguous signs associated with culturally constructed notions of divine power. While many traditional Chinese forms of divination did not emerge until later periods of Chinese history, others, like astrology, calendrical astrology, meteoromancy, pyro‐osteomancy (divination with bone and fire), achilleamancy (divination with yarrow stalks), oneiromancy, portentology, and physiognomy are well attested in ancient Chinese texts and continued to develop and change long after the end of the Han.
Elegies of Chu
(
Chuci
)
Authors: Williams Nicholas Morrow
Published: July 2022

The
Elegies of Chu
is the second major anthology of Chinese poetry after the
Book of Songs
(
Shijing
), and a landmark in the literary, cultural, and religious history of China. The anthology contains seventeen works having diverse origins, but all associated either directly or indirectly with the ancient state of Chu in southern China. The language of the poems often reflects singular features of Chu culture, ranging from local dialect to shamanism. The anthology also contains the first poetic voice attributed to a distinct individual, the courtier Qu Yuan, who is said to have drowned himself in protest against poor governance. Thus the primary interest of the anthology is as an unparalleled source for understanding the concerns of Chu elites during the Warring States era. The majority of the poems in the anthology, however, were compiled during the Han dynasty, and so it is also important as a document of the evolving preoccupations of Han scholars.
Language Use in Medieval Nubia
Authors: Ochała Grzegorz
Published: July 2022

In the multilingual society of medieval Nubia as many as four languages were used in written communication. Apart from the local Old Nubian language, Greek, Sahidic Coptic, and Arabic were also employed for composing texts of both literary and documentary genres. While many texts could be written in any of the four languages, a functional differentiation can be observed regarding certain domains of Nubian literacy. Moreover, throughout centuries of coexistence, the languages interacted with one another resulting in a number of language contact phenomena.
Palaces, Kushite
Authors: Maillot Marc
Published: July 2022

The majority of Kushite urban sites contain a large number of palaces. This is the case in the ancient capital, Meroe, with both buildings M294 and M295 in the “royal city,” and the large structure M750, close to the Amun temple. Palaces are also found in several religious centers such as Jebel Barkal and Naqa. Medium‐sized cities in the Island of Meroe such as Wad ben Naqa, el‐Hassa, and Muweis also contained palaces. Although in many respects these buildings are very different from their Egyptian counterparts, there is, in the current state of research, a relative continuity of the symbolic value of palatial buildings in Sudan. The implementation of a new palace is a major event, because the building represents the creative role of the sovereign and restorer of the world order. The structure must embody these meanings by showing them in its functional aspects. Through a comparative approach, the palatial buildings are placed in the urban network, especially in their relationship with the main temple of the city.
Mind your words: Affective experience during reading mediates the effect of textual valence on comprehension
Authors: Smith Shelby L. , Ward Richard T. , Allen Laura K. , Wormwood Jolie B. , Mills Caitlin
Published: July 2022

In today's society, we are constantly absorbing information via text (e.g., news, social media), much of which may be affectively charged. However, to date, little is known about how the affective framing of the text itself may give rise to various affective experiences during reading. We examined how subtle changes to wording (negatively or positively valenced framing of the same content) influenced affective experiences during reading and subsequent comprehension. Results show that (a) affective framing in text elicited congruent subjective affective states throughout reading, (b) subjective affective valence throughout reading impacted comprehension at various levels, and (c) subjective affective valence mediated the relationship between affective framing and how participants integrated information from the text in their summaries, as well as if they included affect in their summaries. This indicates that even subtle affectively valenced content in text can indirectly influence some aspects of comprehension through eliciting subjective affective experiences in the reader.
Laser Cladding Fe/FeCr Coatings on Continuous Casting Cu Mold
Authors: Zichao Ma , Yijie Shen , Hanyu Lou , Xinying Liu , Mingyu Gao , Weimian Guan , Youtong Fang , Jiabin Liu , Weiping Dong
Published: July 2022

The crystallizer is the key component controlling the solidification process and is mainly made of pure Cu. The poor wear resistance and oxidation resistance of pure Cu limit the working life of the Cu crystallizer. Herein, Fe/FeCr coatings are designed and successfully fabricated on the Cu substrate by laser cladding technique. The composition, microstructure, mechanical, and thermal properties of the Cu–Fe/FeCr composite are investigated. The coating is composed of a body‐centered cubic Fe–Cr alloy phase. The grains on the surface are equiaxed grains with an average diameter of 2 μm. The coating exhibits a tensile strength 3 times of Cu substrate and well elongation thanks to the fine‐grain structure. The interface between coating and substrate is metallic bonding and possesses a shear strength of as high as 200 MPa. The coating shows obvious advantages in wear resistance and antioxidation at high temperatures in comparison to Cu substrate. The laser cladding Cu–Fe/FeCr composite is promising to prolong crystallizer life for continuous casting.
Dynamic Ionic Transport Actuated by Nanospinbar‐Dispersed Colloidal Electrolytes Toward Dendrite‐Free Electrodeposition
Authors: Lim Minhong , Kim Suhwan , Kang Junsik , Jin Dahee , An Hyeongguk , Lee Hyuntae , Park Joonam , Lee Mingyu , Seo Jiyeon , Lee Hochun , Lee Yong Min , Lee Hongkyung
Published: July 2022

Inhibiting uneven dendritic Li electroplating is crucial for the safe and stable cycling of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Homogeneous and fast Li+ transport towards the Li surface is required for uniform and dendrite‐free deposition. However, the traditional ionic transport of static liquid electrolytes involving electromigration and molecular diffusion can trigger a greater disparity in the Li concentration over the Li surface, leading to irregular dendrite growth. Here, a convective Li+ transfer for suppressing dendrite growth through magnetic nanospinbar (NSB)‐dispersed colloidal electrolytes is presented. An ultrahigh‐aspect‐ratio NSB consisting of a paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle array and silica outer coating is synthesized. Manipulating the external electromagnetic force can remotely control the rotation of individual NSBs without dispersion failure, thereby generating mesoscale turbulence inside the cells. Regardless of the electrolyte composition, rotating the NSB can reduce the Li+ diffusion layer thickness from the bulk and evenly redistribute the Li+ flux over the Li surface, thereby suppressing Li dendrite growth. The NSB‐dispersed electrolyte with advanced salt/solvent compositions demonstrates stable cycling of LMBs over 600 cycles with 70% capacity retention, thereby outperforming the NSB‐free cell.
Recent Progress of Y6‐Derived Asymmetric Fused Ring Electron Acceptors
Authors: Zhang Youdi , Ji Yutong , Zhang Yingyue , Zhang Wenqiang , Bai Helong , Du Mengzhen , Wu Han , Guo Qing , Zhou Erjun
Published: July 2022

Symmetric conjugated molecules can be broken through suitable synthetic strategies to construct novel asymmetric molecules, which can largely broaden the material library. In the field of organic solar cells, fused‐ring electron acceptors (FREAs) with the A‐DA'D‐A type backbone structure have attracted much attention and enabled power conversion efficiencies (PCE) exceeding 18%. Among them, Y6 is one of the most classic FREAs that can derive many symmetric and asymmetric molecules and exhibit unique optoelectronic properties. Thus, in this review, the focus is on the recent progress of Y6‐derived asymmetric FREAs containing a dipyrrolobenzothiadiazole segment, which can be classified as the following three categories: asymmetric end group, asymmetric central core and asymmetric side chain. The relationship of the molecular structure, optoelectronic properties, and device performance is discussed in detail. Finally, the future design directions and challenges faced by this kind of photovoltaic materials are given.
A Two‐Step Flexible Ultrasound Strategy to Enhance Tumor Radiotherapy via Metal–Phenolic Network Nanoplatform
Authors: Tian Ye , Sang Wei , Tian Hao , Xie Lisi , Wang Guohao , Zhang Zhan , Li Wenxi , Dai Yunlu
Published: July 2022

The tumor hypoxic microenvironment is a dynamic status that is closely related to tumor growth, metastasis, clearance, and recurrence. Hypoxic conditions are present in almost all tumors, which greatly reduce the clinical effects of tumor therapy. Considering the physical tolerance and dose‐related side effects of clinical cancer radiotherapy (RT) patients, herein, a universal two‐step strategy is designed based on safe, noninvasive, deep penetration, and intensity‐controlled ultrasound method to alleviate hypoxia and enhance tumor RT. The first step is to alleviate the tumor hypoxia by physical stimulation from noninvasive and controllable low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). In the second step, based on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer, PEG‐polyphenols are applied to encapsulate radiosensitizers platinum (Pt) and assembled with sonosensitizers PEG‐purpurin 18 (PEG‐P18) into nanoparticles (NPs) as PP18‐Pt NPs with good biocompatibility and pharmacokinetic properties in combination with RT and sonodynamic therapy to achieve a high level of reactive oxygen species‐mediated tumor oxidative stress. The results show that LIPUS is a safe modality to effectively modulate hypoxia levels. The two‐step strategy based on PP18‐Pt NPs can effectively inhibit the growth of breast cancer tumors and activate the body's antitumor immune response.
Triclinic Metamaterials by Tristable Origami with Reprogrammable Frustration
Authors: Liu Ke , Pratapa Phanisri P. , Misseroni Diego , Tachi Tomohiro , Paulino Glaucio H.
Published: July 2022

Geometrical‐frustration‐induced anisotropy and inhomogeneity are explored to achieve unique properties of metamaterials that set them apart from conventional materials. According to Neumann's principle, to achieve anisotropic responses, the material unit cell should possess less symmetry. Based on such guidelines, a triclinic metamaterial system of minimal symmetry is presented, which originates from a Trimorph origami pattern with a simple and insightful geometry: a basic unit cell with four tilted panels and four corresponding creases. The intrinsic geometry of the Trimorph origami, with its changing tilting angles, dictates a folding motion that varies the primitive vectors of the unit cell, couples the shear and normal strains of its extrinsic bulk, and leads to an unusual Poisson effect. Such an effect, associated with reversible auxeticity in the changing triclinic frame, is observed experimentally, and predicted theoretically by elegant mathematical formulae. The nonlinearities of the folding motions allow the unit cell to display three robust stable states, connected through snapping instabilities. When the tristable unit cells are tessellated, phenomena that resemble linear and point defects emerge as a result of geometric frustration. The frustration is reprogrammable into distinct stable and inhomogeneous states by arbitrarily selecting the location of a single or multiple point defects. The Trimorph origami demonstrates the possibility of creating origami metamaterials with symmetries that are hitherto nonexistent, leading to triclinic metamaterials with tunable anisotropy for potential applications such as wave propagation control and compliant microrobots.
The Energy Level Conundrum of Organic Semiconductors in Solar Cells
Authors: Bertrandie Jules , Han Jianhua , De Castro Catherine S. P. , Yengel Emre , Gorenflot Julien , Anthopoulos Thomas , Laquai Frederic , Sharma Anirudh , Baran Derya
Published: July 2022

The frontier molecular energy levels of organic semiconductors are decisive for their fundamental function and efficiency in optoelectronics. However, the precise determination of these energy levels and their variation when using different techniques makes it hard to compare and establish design rules. In this work, the energy levels of 33 organic semiconductors via cyclic voltammetry (CV), density functional theory, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and low‐energy inverse photoelectron spectroscopy are determined. Solar cells are fabricated to obtain key device parameters and relate them to the significant differences in the energy levels and offsets obtained from different methods. In contrast to CV, the photovoltaic gap measured using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) correlates well with the experimental device VOC. It is demonstrated that high‐performing systems such as PM6:Y6 and WF3F:Y6, which are previously reported to have negligible ionization energy (IE) offsets (ΔIE), possess sizable ΔIE of ≈0.5 eV, determined by PES. Using various D–A blends, it is demonstrated that ΔIE plays a key role in charge generation. In contrast to earlier reports, it is shown that a vanishing ΔIE is detrimental to device performance. Overall, these findings establish a solid base for reliably evaluating material energetics and interpreting property–performance relationships in organic solar cells.
Unraveling the Correlation between Raman and Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2 through Machine‐Learning Models
Authors: Lu Ang‐Yu , Martins Luiz Gustavo Pimenta , Shen Pin‐Chun , Chen Zhantao , Park Ji‐Hoon , Xue Mantian , Han Jinchi , Mao Nannan , Chiu Ming‐Hui , Palacios Tomás , Tung Vincent , Kong Jing
Published: July 2022

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with intense and tunable photoluminescence (PL) have opened up new opportunities for optoelectronic and photonic applications such as light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, and single‐photon emitters. Among the standard characterization tools for 2D materials, Raman spectroscopy stands out as a fast and non‐destructive technique capable of probing material's crystallinity and perturbations such as doping and strain. However, a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between photoluminescence and Raman spectra in monolayer MoS2 remains elusive due to its highly nonlinear nature. Here, the connections between PL signatures and Raman modes are systematically explored, providing comprehensive insights into the physical mechanisms correlating PL and Raman features. This study's analysis further disentangles the strain and doping contributions from the Raman spectra through machine‐learning models. First, a dense convolutional network (DenseNet) to predict PL maps by spatial Raman maps is deployed. Moreover, a gradient boosted trees model (XGBoost) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) to bridge the impact of individual Raman features in PL features is applied. Last, a support vector machine (SVM) to project PL features on Raman frequencies is adopted. This work may serve as a methodology for applying machine learning to characterizations of 2D materials.
Asymmetric CoN3P1 Trifunctional Catalyst with Tailored Electronic Structures Enabling Boosted Activities and Corrosion Resistance in an Uninterrupted Seawater Splitting System
Authors: Wang Xingkun , Zhou Xinkun , Li Cheng , Yao Hanxu , Zhang Canhui , Zhou Jian , Xu Ren , Chu Lei , Wang Huanlei , Gu Meng , Jiang Heqing , Huang Minghua
Published: July 2022

Employing seawater splitting systems to generate hydrogen can be economically advantageous but still remains challenging, particularly for designing efficient and high Cl−‐corrosion resistant trifunctional catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, single CoNC catalysts with well‐defined symmetric CoN4 sites are selected as atomic platforms for electronic structure tailoring. Density function theory reveals that P‐doping into CoNC can lead to the formation of asymmetric CoN3P1 sites with symmetry‐breaking electronic structures, enabling the affinity of strong oxygen‐containing intermediates, moderate H adsorption, and weak Cl− adsorption. Thus, ORR/OER/HER activities and stability are optimized simultaneously with high Cl−‐corrosion resistance. The asymmetric CoN3P1 structure based catalyst with boosted ORR/OER/HER performance endows seawater‐based Zn–air batteries (S‐ZABs) with superior long‐term stability over 750 h and allows seawater splitting to operate continuously for 1000 h. A self‐driven seawater splitting powered by S‐ZABs gives ultrahigh H2 production rates of 497 μmol h−1. This work is the first to advance the scientific understanding of the competitive adsorption mechanism between Cl− and reaction intermediates from the perspective of electronic structure, paving the way for synthesis of efficient trifunctional catalysts with high Cl−‐corrosion resistance.
Light‐Driven Shape Memory of 3D‐Printed PEEK for Programmable Actuations
Authors: Yang Xichen , Chen Wenhui , Liu Haiyang , Yang Baisong , Xie Yu , Wang Ye , Lei Yifeng , Xue Longjian
Published: July 2022

Remotely controllable actuation of engineering polymers is highly demanded in the fast‐developing intelligent society. Here, this work demonstrates that the programmable shape memory of 3D‐printed poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), which is an excellent engineering material, could be driven by both ultraviolet (UV) light and natural sunlight. The shape recovery ratio reaches 97.6% and could be finely regulated by defining the sample thickness, shape programming, way of placement, and light intensity. Light‐induced continuous, sequential, and programed actuations (shape recovery) are further realized in various 3D‐printed PEEK structures. Meanwhile, the coating of a thin layer of gold is proven to be effective in anti‐UV oxidation and the enhancing of shape recovery. Moreover, natural sunlight during daytime is demonstrated to be able to induce the shape recovery of 3D‐printed PEEK in outdoor environment. The work here can pave the way for the use of PEEK as a smart material in the fields such as aerospace and intelligent industry.
Toward Automated Computational Discovery of Battery Materials
Authors: Feng Xiang , Zhang Qianfan , Seh Zhi Wei
Published: July 2022

New rechargeable batteries with high energy density and low cost have been intensively explored, but their commercialization still faces multiple challenges involving battery materials and interfaces. Some difficulties faced by battery materials are that a single material often needs to possess multiple functions, and also needs to be cheap, easy to prepare, safe, and environmentally friendly. Recent developments in workflow managers (WMs) along with continuously increasing computing power have enabled the automated computational workflow method. Using this method, the WM can execute the predesigned research workflow to study tens of thousands of materials and screen out materials that meet the multiple requirements. In this perspective, a critical overview of the automated computational workflows is presented, focusing on the high‐throughput study of battery materials. First, an introduction to the automated computational workflow as well as commonly used WMs will be given. Next, the latest works and methods to build such automated workflows are presented. Finally, an outlook on the existing challenges and future directions to drive computational and experimental developments in this nascent field is provided.
Nano‐Optical Engineering of Anisotropic Phonon Resonances in a Hyperbolic α‐MoO3 Metamaterial
Authors: Ye Ming , Qiang Bo , Zhu Song , Dai Mingjin , Wang Fakun , Luo Yu , Wang Qian , Wang Qi Jie
Published: July 2022

Low‐dimensional α‐phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3), a layered van‐der‐Waals (vdW) semiconductor, has emerged as an attractive natural hyperbolic material supporting mid‐infrared hyperbolic phonon polaritons (PhPs), which exhibit strong spatial confinement and low loss. With the advantages of strong in‐plane optical anisotropy, many efforts have been devoted to investigating the properties of hyperbolic PhPs in α‐MoO3 using scanning near‐field optical microscopy. However, the studies of far‐field controlling of hyperbolic PhPs in α‐MoO3 have been quite limited so far. This work reports the first experimental demonstration of far‐field excitation and manipulation of hyperbolic phonon resonances in metamaterial structures consisting of α‐MoO3 nanodisks and slabs. The excited phonon resonances show a maximum spatial confinement factor (free space wavelength/period) of 32 and a quality factor of 76. It is shown that the in‐plane phonon resonances in α‐MoO3 can be selectively excited in the two Reststrahlen bands featuring hyperbolic dispersion relations along its two crystal directions, by simply controlling the incident polarization. In addition, the relative strength of resonances along different in‐plane crystal directions and the resultant field distributions can be continuously reconfigured by varying the incident polarization angle. These findings pave the way for future development of novel nanophotonic devices based on hyperbolic PhPs in vdW materials.
COVID‐19 test positivity by occupation using the Delphi US COVID‐19 trends and impact survey, September–November 2020
Authors: Cox‐Ganser Jean M. , Henneberger Paul K. , Weissman David N. , Guthrie Garret , Groth Caroline P.
Published: July 2022

Background

The potential for work to be a risk factor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) was recognized early in the pandemic based on the likelihood of work‐related differences in exposures to COVID‐19 in different occupations. Due to intense demands of the pandemic, implementation of recommendations to collect information on occupation in relation to COVID‐19 has been uneven across the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate COVID‐19 test positivity by occupation.

Methods

We analyzed data collected from September 8 to November 30, 2020, by the Delphi Group at Carnegie Mellon University US COVID‐19 Trends and Impact Survey, offered daily to a random sample of US‐based Facebook users aged 18 years or older, who were invited via a banner in their news feed. Our focus was ever testing positive for COVID‐19 in respondents working outside the home for pay in the past 4 weeks.

Results

The major occupational groups of “Production", "Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance,” “Construction and extraction,” “Healthcare support,” and “Food preparation and serving” had the five highest test positivity percentages (16.7%–14.4%). Highest detailed occupational categories (28.6%–19.1%) were “Massage therapist,” “Food processing worker,” “Bailiff, correctional officer, or jailer,” “Funeral service worker,” “First‐line supervisor of production and operating workers,” and “Nursing assistant or psychiatric aide.” Differences in test positivity by occupation remained after adjustment for age, gender, and pre‐existing medical conditions.

Conclusion

Information on differences in test positivity by occupation can aid targeting of messaging for vaccination and testing and mitigation strategies for the current and future respiratory infection epidemics and pandemics. These results, obtained before availability of COVID‐19 vaccines, can form a basis for comparison to evaluate impacts of vaccination and subsequent emergence of viral variants.
Cathodic Radical Cyclisation of Aryl Halides Using a Strongly‐Reducing Catalytic Mediator in Flow
Authors: Folgueiras‐Amador Ana A. , Teuten Alexander E. , Salam‐Perez Mateo , Pearce James E. , Denuault Guy , Pletcher Derek , Parsons Philip J. , Harrowven David C. , Brown Richard C. D.
Published: July 2022

Electro‐reductive radical cyclisation of aryl halides affords the corresponding hetero‐ and carbo‐cycles in an undivided flow reactor equipped with steel and carbon electrodes using an organic mediator. A dissolving metal anode is not needed, and the mediator can be employed in a sub‐stoichiometric amount (0.05 equiv), increasing the practical utility of cathodic radical cyclisation. The methodology is applied to O‐, N‐, and C‐tethers, yielding tricyclic fused and spiro systems. In the absence of mediator, the major pathway is hydrogenolysis of the C−X bond, a 2 e− process occurring at the cathode. Predominance of the radical pathway in presence of a strongly reducing mediator (M) is consistent with homogeneous electron‐transfer in a reaction layer detached from the cathode surface, where the flux of M.− leaving the electrode is such that little aryl halide reaches the cathode.
A CO2‐Masked Carbene Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: He Chang , Si Duan‐Hui , Huang Yuan‐Biao , Cao Rong
Published: July 2022

Free N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are generally prepared by treatment of imidazolium precursors with strong alkali reagents, which usually produces inactive NHC dimers. This treatment would destroy porous supports and thus make supported NHC catalysts difficult to recovery and reuse. Herein, we report the first stable CO2‐masked N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) grafted on a porous crystalline covalent organic framework (COF). The stable NHC‐CO2moieties in the COF‐NHC‐CO2could be transformed in situ into isolated NHCs by heating, which exhibit superior catalytic performances in hydrosilylation and N‐formylation reactions with CO2. The NHC sites can reversibly form NHC‐CO2and thus can be easily recycled and reused while maintaining excellent catalytic activity. Density functional theory calculations revealed that NHC sites can be fully exposed after removal of CO2‐masks and rapidly react with silanes, which endows COF‐NHC with high catalytic activity.
Creating Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Defective Boron Carbon Nitride for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Lin Wenwen , Chen Hao , Lin Gaobo , Yao Siyu , Zhang Zihao , Qi Jizhen , Jing Meizan , Song Weiyu , Li Jing , Liu Xi , Fu Jie , Dai Sheng
Published: July 2022

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) on metal‐free catalysts is an attractive alternative to the industrial Haber–Bosch process. However, the state‐of‐the‐art metal‐free electrocatalysts still suffer from low Faraday efficiencies and low ammonia yields. Herein, we present a molecular design strategy to develop a defective boron carbon nitride (BCN) catalyst with the abundant unsaturated B and N atoms as Lewis acid and base sites, which upgrades the catalyst from a single “Lewis acid catalysis” to “frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) catalysis.” 14N2/15N2 exchange experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that FLPs can adsorb an N2 molecule to form a six‐membered ring intermediate, which enables the cleavage of N2 via a pull–pull effect, thereby significantly reducing the energy barrier to −0.28 eV. Impressively, BCN achieves a high Faraday efficiency of 18.9 %, an ammonia yield of 20.9 μg h−1 mg−1cat., and long‐term durability.
Regioselective Seeded Polymerization in Block Copolymer Nanoparticles: Post‐Assembly Control of Colloidal Features
Authors: Navarro Lucila , Thünemann Andreas F. , Yokosawa Tadahiro , Spiecker Erdmann , Klinger Daniel
Published: July 2022

Post‐assembly modifications are efficient tools to adjust colloidal features of block copolymer (BCP) particles. However, existing methods often address particle shape, morphology, and chemical functionality individually. For simultaneous control, we transferred the concept of seeded polymerization to phase separated BCP particles. Key to our approach is the regioselective polymerization of (functional) monomers inside specific BCP domains. This was demonstrated in striped PS‐b‐P2VP ellipsoids. Here, polymerization of styrene preferably occurs in PS domains and increases PS lamellar thickness up to 5‐fold. The resulting asymmetric lamellar morphology also changes the particle shape, i.e., increases the aspect ratio. Using 4‐vinylbenzyl azide as co‐monomer, azides as chemical functionalities can be added selectively to the PS domains. Overall, our simple and versatile method gives access to various multifunctional BCP colloids from a single batch of pre‐formed particles.
Enhancing Li+ Transport in NMC811||Graphite Lithium‐Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures by Using Low‐Polarity‐Solvent Electrolytes
Authors: Nan Bo , Chen Long , Rodrigo Nuwanthi D. , Borodin Oleg , Piao Nan , Xia Jiale , Pollard Travis , Hou Singyuk , Zhang Jiaxun , Ji Xiao , Xu Jijian , Zhang Xiyue , Ma Lin , He Xinzi , Liu Sufu , Wan Hongli , Hu Enyuan , Zhang Weiran , Xu Kang , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Lucht Brett , Wang Chunsheng
Published: July 2022

LiNixCoyMnzO2 (x+y+z=1)||graphite lithium‐ion battery (LIB) chemistry promises practical applications. However, its low‐temperature (≤ −20 °C) performance is poor because the increased resistance encountered by Li+ transport in and across the bulk electrolytes and the electrolyte/electrode interphases induces capacity loss and battery failures. Though tremendous efforts have been made, there is still no effective way to reduce the charge transfer resistance (Rct) which dominates low‐temperature LIBs performance. Herein, we propose a strategy of using low‐polarity‐solvent electrolytes which have weak interactions between the solvents and the Li+ to reduce Rct, achieving facile Li+ transport at sub‐zero temperatures. The exemplary electrolyte enables LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2||graphite cells to deliver a capacity of ≈113 mAh g−1 (98 % full‐cell capacity) at 25 °C and to remain 82 % of their room‐temperature capacity at −20 °C without lithium plating at 1/3C. They also retain 84 % of their capacity at −30 °C and 78 % of their capacity at −40 °C and show stable cycling at 50 °C.
Revisiting the Dithienophthalimide Building Block: Improved Synthetic Method Yielding New High‐Performance Polymer Donors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Lianghui , Meng Fei , Zhang Ming , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Zhao Dongbing
Published: July 2022

Imide‐functionalized arenes have been one of the most promising acceptor (A) units in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, dithienophthalimide (DPI), a hybrid of thieno‐[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) and bithiophene imide (BTI) units, has not been revisited since its first synthesis, likely owing to the high synthetic cost of the reported method. In this work, we simplified the synthetic procedure of the DPI skeleton with a significant reduction of the synthetic cost by using chromium‐mediated cyclization as the key chemistry. Using this method, two DPI‐based nonhalogenated D–A copolymers are synthesized. The binary OSCs based on pBDTT‐DPI‐Me : Y6 achieves a power conversion efficiency as high as 16.55 %, highlighting DPI as an attractive A‐unit for further exploration in OSCs.
Unusual Electron Donor‐Acceptor Sequenced NIR AIEgen for Highly Efficient Mitochondria‐Targeted Cancer Cell Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Yu Kaiwu , Pan Jiayue , Tian Mei , Zhang Haoke , Jin Chentao , Zhang Hong , Mao Zhengwei , He Qinggang
Published: July 2022

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recognized to be a promising strategy for anticancer treatment. Considering the progressive application of PDT in clinical trials, highly efficient and photostable photosensitizers (PSs) are in strong demand. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) based PSs are promising phototheranostic materials for tumor imaging and PDT due to their high fluorescence efficiency and photostability. Herein, a mitochondria‐targeted PS, TPA‐2TCP with AIE characteristics is developed by adopting an acceptor‐π‐donor‐π‐acceptor (A‐π‐D‐π‐A) structure. The untypical sequence of the electron donors and electron acceptors endows the derived AIE PS with evident redshift of the absorption and emission, and efficient generation of reactive oxygen species. With the positively charged pyridinium groups, nanoparticulated AIE PS (TPA‐2TCP NPs) exhibits high cell binding efficiency towards 4T1 breast cancer cells, leading to the massive cell death via the apoptotic pathway under white light irradiation, demonstrating its potential application in cancer imaging and PDT.
Distributed adaptive generalized Nash equilibrium seeking algorithm with event‐triggered communication
Authors: Cai Xin , Nan Xinyuan , Gao Bingpeng
Published: July 2022

A class of aggregative games with coupled constraints is considered in this paper. The problem of seeking generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) for the game with double‐integrator multi‐agent systems on weight‐balanced directed graphs is studied. To remove the convergence conditions related to the Laplacian matrix of the communication graph, adaptive parameters are introduced in the designed seeking algorithm. Moreover,an event‐triggered broadcasting scheme is designed to reduce communication loads when agents execute the seeking algorithm. It is shown that the designed algorithm can globally asymptotically converge to the GNE of the game and the proposed event‐triggered scheme is free of the Zeno behavior. A numerical example is illustrated to validate the proposed methods.
Framing the evolution of the “environmental strategy” concept: Exploring a key construct for the environmental policy agenda
Authors: Martín‐de Castro Gregorio , Amores‐Salvadó Javier , Díez‐Vial Isabel
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we develop a quantitative review of the evolution of the concept of environmental strategy. We show how it has formed the backbone of the development of firm strategy and the natural environment as a research tradition and how consensus regarding it has evolved in the academic community during the stages of its historical evolution. We us co‐word analyses to address changes in the structure of its definitional landscape and how it has evolved through the analysis of centrality of its core and periphery keywords. Furthermore, we develop, by the first time, a cluster analysis to identify the main definitional factors behind definitions along the two periods analyzed. Finally, four propositions for future development and a consensual definition of environmental strategy are proposed.
The effect of distance on the moral judgment of environmental wrongdoings
Authors: Grolleau Gilles , Ibanez Lisette , Mzoughi Naoufel
Published: July 2022

Environment‐related decisions can be taken in situ or remotely. We discuss theoretically why and how this seemingly irrelevant factor, that is, the distance between the place of decision and the place where it is applied, affects the moral judgment by external third parties. We mobilize the out‐group bias and the construal level theory to predict that distant decisions will be judged more severely than close equivalent ones. Using an experimental survey, we test whether an identical decision regarding an environmental wrongdoing is judged differently when observers are informed that the decision has been taken in situ or remotely. The findings support that the distance between decision centers and application places matters. An increase in spatial distance leads to a more severe judgment of an otherwise identical decision. We draw implications for business environmental strategy and suggest the existence of a liability of distance in the moral domain.