bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined effects of chemical reaction and temperature dependent heat source on MHD mixed convective flow of a couple-stress fluid in a vertical wavy porous space with travelling thermal waves
Authors: Muthuraj R. , Srinivas S. , Immaculate Lourdu
Published: January 2012

A mathematical model is developed to examine the effect of chemical reaction
on MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer flow of a couple-stress fluid
in vertical porous space in the presence of temperature dependent heat
source with travelling thermal waves. The dimensionless governing equations
are assumed to be made up of two parts: a mean part corresponding to the
fully developed mean flow, and a small perturbed part, using amplitude as a
small parameter. The analytical solution of perturbed part have been carried
out by using the long-wave approximation. The expressions for the
zeroth-order and the first order solutions are obtained and the results of
the heat and mass transfer characteristics are presented graphically for
various values of parameters entering into the problem. It is noted that
velocity of the fluid increases with the increase of the couple stress
parameter and increasing the chemical reaction parameter leads suppress the
velocity of the fluid. Cross velocity decreases with an increase of the
phase angle. The increase of the chemical reaction parameter and Schmidt
number lead to decrease the fluid concentration. The hydrodynamic case for a
non-porous space in the absence of the temperature dependent heat source for
Newtonian fluid can be captured as a limiting case of our analysis by
taking, and ?1?0, Da??, a??.
Tire Surface Vibration and Sound Radiation Resulting from the Tire Cavity Mode
Authors: Jessop A. M. , Bolton J. S.
Published: January 2012

It is well-known that acoustical modes exist in tire cavities. Previous research on tire cavity modes has focused on the transmission of structure-borne noise to the vehicle interior due to the force that the tire cavity mode exerts on the wheel hub. In contrast, here the major concern is the identification of the tire surface vibration and the sound radiation from the tire surface that can be attributed to the tire cavity mode. The surface normal vibration of a point-driven tire has been measured over a complete circumference by using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. When the space-frequency data is transformed to the wave number-frequency domain, a clear feature that can be attributed to the tire cavity mode becomes visible. Although the magnitude of the surface vibration resulting from the tire cavity mode is small, its radiation efficiency is high owing to the high phase speed of the acoustical waves that create the tire cavity mode. It has also been found, that, as expected, tire vibration features associated with the tire cavity mode disappear when the tire is filled with fibrous, sound-absorbing material. Finally, measurements of sound radiation from a tire driven by a steady-state, point-input, and from a tire driven by a uniform impact over the contact patch area are presented, and the features associated with the tire cavity mode are highlighted.
Tire Burst Phenomenon and Rupture of a Typical Truck Tire Bead Design
Authors: Michel L. , Vadean A. , Benoit R.
Published: January 2012

Even though relatively rare, the tire failures are very dangerous. An example of tire failure is over-pressurization that usually occurs during inflation of the tire, when the latter is inflated well beyond the pressure recommended by the tire manufacturer. When inflating tires, personnel assigned to vehicle repair and maintenance are likely to suffer severe injuries if several safety rules are ignored.

Experimental data on tire burst is somewhat rare in the open literature. In order to determine the strength limits of a typical truck tire and describe the mechanism of the tire burst phenomenon, a hydrostatic burst test was first conducted on an 11R22.5 tire. From this test, tire burst pressure was determined. Over pressurizing the tire results in a high tension in the steel wire beads. As the total strain this kind of steel can withstand is rather low, their fracture will be source of the general failure. Then, an x-ray inspection and microscopic analysis were performed on the tire beads in order to characterize their behavior and failure.

Furthermore, a finite element analysis was also conducted using material properties from the available literature to determine the inflation pressure resulting in failure of a new tire. The model was able to well predict the tire burst pressure by identifying the pressure at which the maximal plastic strain of steel bead wires is reached.

Finally, the various tests and finite element analysis allowed to understand why, where, when, and how a truck tire fails when over pressurized.
Directionality of Tangential Force Variation in High Speed Uniformity
Authors: Li Desheng
Published: January 2012

Tire nonuniformity may affect vehicle ride comfort quality especially while vehicles are running at highway speeds. Spindle force variations in the radial, tangential, and lateral directions are normally used as parameters evaluating tire high speed uniformity performance. An interesting physical phenomenon—directionality of tangential force variation has been observed for many tires. The directionality of tangential force variation means that tangential force variation is different when a tire is measured in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions under the same test conditions. In this paper, a theory is developed to explain the interesting physical phenomenon. Simulation and analysis are conducted using a dynamic tire model. It is found that the directionality of tangential force variation is caused by the interaction of different types of nonuniformities in tires such as mass and geometry variations.
From Homophonic to Polyphonic Organization: European Team Sports Clubs in Transformation
Authors: Storm Rasmus
Published: January 2012

From Homophonic to Polyphonic Organization: European Team Sports Clubs in Transformation

Several European sports - especially association football - have rapidly evolved from amateur status into high-income professional sports in the last two decades or so. During this development the scope and objectives of the clubs have been broadened as the clubs to a growing degree serve several concurrent goals such as striving for profit maximization, a high winning percent, fan loyalty, spectator attendance and TV viewers, coupled with satisfying demands from the environment for various kinds of community engagement and sometimes even social or cultural aspects. Taking this development as its point of departure, this paper aims at deploying a theoretical framework capable of better understanding the objectives of European football clubs as they have developed into a complex situation of professionalism. This is done by deploying a systems theoretical approach, thus regarding the clubs as evolving from homophonic towards polyphonic organization.
Gender Specific Developmental Dynamics between Physical Education Task Values and Physical Activity during Junior High School
Authors: Yli-Piipari Sami , Jaakkola Timo , Liukkonen Jarmo
Published: January 2012

Gender Specific Developmental Dynamics between Physical Education Task Values and Physical Activity during Junior High School

This study investigated the gender specific developmental dynamics of students' physical education task values and physical activity across junior high school. A total of 812 (430 boys, 382 girls, Mage = 12.31, age range = 11 to 13) students' were examined three times during their transition from Grade 7 to Grade 9. Furthermore, their physical activity at Grade 6 was measured. Multivariate simplex-model analyses found degreasing pattern of student' physical education task motivation and physical activity. The decrease of students' task values leveled off at Grades 8 and 9, whereas students' physical activity for both genders continued to decrease across Grades 7 to 9. In addition, students' physical education task values predicted their subsequent physical activity when previous levels of values and activity as well as physical activity at Grade 6 were controlled. Although boys' valued physical education more and they were more physically active, there were no gender differences in the pattern of development of physical education task values and physical activity. These findings indicate that the development of students' physical activity might be affected by fostering their values toward physical education.
Physical Education and Special Educational Needs in North-West England
Authors: Maher Anthony
Published: January 2012

Physical Education and Special Educational Needs in North-West England

The paper examines the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream secondary schools from the perspective of physical education (PE) teachers. The findings of this case study, which used individual interviews and was undertaken in the North-West of England, suggest that team games are activities which teachers find particularly difficult to plan and deliver in an inclusive way. Specifically, many teachers suggested that there was limited opportunity for individual planning during team games and that they found it difficult to develop and implement rules and adapt games to make them more inclusive. Moreover, there was an expressed feeling among teachers that, first, their initial teacher training (ITT) had not prepared them adequately for their day-to-day endeavours to include pupils with SEN in PE; and, second, that the schools in which they work are not providing them with any inclusion training. Finally, there was a general feeling among PE teachers that they are not receiving enough support from special educational needs coordinators (SENCOs) and learning support assistants (LSAs) whose role is, lest we forget, to enable teachers to include pupils with SEN in the mainstream education system.
The Turnovers Analysis to the Women's National League Basketball Games
Authors: Fylaktakidou Anastassia , Tsamourtzis Evangelos , Zaggelidis Georgios
Published: January 2012

The Turnovers Analysis to the Women's National League Basketball Games

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the turnovers efficacy to the result of a basketball game. For the purpose of this study forty-three (n=43) women A1 National league basketball games were videotaped and video-analyzed. Statistical analysis of this data included the presentation of frequencies in a double table and the application of x2. The results showed that a) 19,1% of the possessions stop after a turnover, b) the most common turnover to the women basketball is the passing errors (40,2%). Travelling (23,6%) and fault ball handling (23,9%) follow, c) most of the turnovers happen during the set play, d) most of the fault passes take place from the area around the three point line to the opposite base line, most of the traveling and the fault ball handling to the area around the basket and inside the three point line, e) the ability to defeat the zone defense is of a real importance because the women basketball teams use to play this defense and most of the turnovers seems to happen under these circumstances (winners 16,5% - losers 22,2%).
Checklist Model to Improve Work Practices in Small-Scale Demolition Operations with Silica Dust Exposures
Authors: Muianga Custodio , Rice Carol , Lentz Thomas , Lockey James , Niemeier Richard , Succop Paul
Published: January 2012

A systematic approach was developed to review, revise and adapt existing exposure control guidance used in developed countries for use in developing countries. One-page employee and multiple-page supervisor guidance sheets were adapted from existing documents using a logic framework and workers were trained to use the information to improve work practices. Interactive, hands-on training was delivered to 26 workers at five small-scale demolition projects in Maputo City, Mozambique, and evaluated. A pre-and-post walkthrough survey used by trained observers documented work practice changes. Worker feedback indicated that the training was effective and useful. Workers acquired knowledge (84% increase, p < 0.01) and applied the work practice guidance. The difference of proportions between use of work practice components before and after the intervention was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Changes in work practices following training included preplanning, use of wet methods and natural ventilation and end-of-task review. Respirable dust measurements indicated a reduction in exposure following training. Consistency in observer ratings and observations support the reliability and validity of the instruments. This approach demonstrated the short-term benefit of training in changing work practices; follow-up is required to determine the long-term impact on changes in work practices, and to evaluate the need for refresher training.
Laterally substituted symmetric and nonsymmetric salicylideneimine-based bent-core mesogens
Authors: Findeisen-Tandel Sonja , Weissflog Wolfgang , Baumeister Ute , Pelzl Gerhard , Murthy H N Shreenivasa , Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V
Published: January 2012

Bent-core mesogens have gained considerable importance due to their ability to form new mesophases with unusual properties. Relationships between the chemical structure of bent-core molecules and the type and physical properties of the formed mesophases are relatively unknown in detail and differ strongly from those known for calamitic liquid crystals. In this paper symmetric and nonsymmetric five-ring salicylideneaniline-based bent-core mesogens are presented, and the effect of lateral substituents attached at the outer phenyl rings (F, Cl, Br) or the central phenyl ring (CH3) on the liquid-crystalline behaviour and on the physical properties is studied. Corresponding benzylideneaniline-based compounds were additionally prepared in order to study the influence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. The occurring mesophases were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarising microscopy, X-ray diffraction and dielectric and electro-optical measurements. The paper reports on new findings with respect to the structure–property relationships of bent-core mesogens. On one hand, the disruptive effect of laterally substituted halogen atoms, F, Cl and Br, on the mesophase behaviour of three isomeric series was much lower than expected. On the other hand, an increase of the clearing temperature by 34 K was observed, caused by small lateral substituents. The electro-optical behaviour, especially the type of polar switching and corresponding molecular movements, is sensitive to variations in the molecular structure.
Les contagions « filmi » : le spectateur et l'art de mêler les plans dans le cinéma de Bombay
Authors: Grimaud Emmanuel
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le rapport entre le cinéma hindi et son public est le plus souvent glosé en termes d’imitation ou d’influence (à tel point qu’on dit d’une personne qu’elle se comporte de manière filmi , qu’elle parle ou qu’elle s’habille filmi ), partageant le public indien en deux : d’un côté, le spectateur qui sait faire la différence entre la fiction et la réalité et, de l’autre, le spectateur « automate », qui confond les deux et répète volontiers ce qu’il a vu. On a choisi d’explorer plusieurs cas où le spectateur, en dehors de la projection, soumet le cinéma et son public à une véritable mise à l’épreuve. Celle-ci admet plusieurs formes : test de contagion , de ressemblance , de vigueur , de viabilité et de vraisemblance. Les variantes de ce test seront autant de moyens d’enrichir et de « retemporaliser » la relation cinématographique, car entre la projection et la conversation, et de la conversation à la reproduction (dont on sait qu’elle n’a jamais lieu « à l’identique »), il n’y a pas confirmation seulement d’une connivence cognitive établie dans l’intimité du rapport à l’écran. Changer de moment, c’est aussi d’une certaine manière changer de rapport au cinéma et à sa multiplicité d’objets reproductibles.
Habiter à Dûwîqa au Caire. Dedans et dehors d'une société de proximité
Authors: Puig Nicolas
Published: January 2012

Résumé Création réglementaire provisoire destinée à héberger une population pauvre ne disposant pas des moyens de se maintenir dans son quartier d’origine, la cité de Dûwîqa est devenue une réalité résidentielle et sociale plus durable. Grâce à une vie sociale intense et intégrative, les habitants sont désormais enracinés dans une communauté de quartier. Ce dernier est, en effet, un lieu majeur de socialisation et de prescription normative. Toutefois, loin de refléter un enfermement, cette inscription territoriale s’articule avec des mobilités quotidiennes importantes en direction des autres lieux de la ville. De l’ancrage dans l’espace de résidence aux « passages » vers les autres lieux de la ville, une double dimension de l’expérience urbaine des habitants de Dûwîqa est ainsi décrite.
Phenotypic Analysis of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Specific B Cells
Authors: Khaskhely Noor , Mosakowski Jason , Thompson Rebecca S. , Khuder Sadik , Smithson S. Louise , Westerink M. A. Julie
Published: January 2012

The phenotype of B cells responsible for the production of anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide Ab has been unclear. Although individuals that respond poorly to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) vaccine, Pneumovax, such as children <2 y, the asplenic, and a subset of common variable immunodeficiency patients, are profoundly deficient or lack IgM memory cells (CD27+IgM+), they are also deficient in the switched memory (CD27+IgM−) compartment. Direct characterization of PPS-specific B cells has not been performed. In this study, we labeled PPS14 and PPS23F with fluorescent markers. Fluorescently labeled PPS were used in FACSAria flow cytometry to characterize the phenotype of PPS-specific B cells obtained from 18 young adults pre- and postimmunization with Pneumovax. The labeled PPS were capable of inhibiting binding of Ab to the native PPS. Similarly, the native PPS were able to inhibit binding of PPS-specific B cells in a flow cytometric assay demonstrating specificity and functionality. Phenotypic analysis of unselected B cells, pre- and postimmunization, demonstrated a predominance of naive CD27−IgM+ cells accounting for 61.5% of B cells. Likewise, the PPS-specific B cells obtained preimmunization consisted primarily of naive, CD27− B cells, 55.4–63.8%. In contrast, the PPS-specific B cells obtained postimmunization were predominantly IgM memory cells displaying the CD27+IgM+, 54.2% for PPS14 and 66% for PPS23F, significantly higher than both unselected B cells and PPS-specific B cells. There was no significant difference in switched memory B cell populations (CD27+IgM−) between groups. These results suggest a dominant role of IgM memory cells in the immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharides.
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Arising in a Wound of the Postoperative Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Kusunoki Takeshi , Ikeda Katsuhisa
Published: January 2012

We report a case of a neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in a wound of the postoperative maxillary sinus that was difficult to distinguish from a postoperative maxillary cyst. The patient was a 65-year-old Japanese woman who complained of left exophthalmos with cheek swelling and eye movement disorders. In past history, she had, 40 years previously undergone operation on the bilateral maxillary sinus by Caldwell-Luc’s method. In a preoperative computed tomography, a mass occupied the left maxillary sinus showing irregular densities with destruction of the posterior bone walls and invasion into the left orbital. Both TI and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed low intensities and unevenness in the mass. We performed a biopsy of the maxillary tumor according to Caldwell-Luc’s method. Histological examination diagnosed neuroendocrine carcinoma. Radiation therapy (total 66Gy) resulted in partial response for this tumor. However, sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma has been identified as highly aggressive, with a high probability of recurrence and metastasis.
First evaluation of MyOcean altimetric data in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Cheng Y. , Andersen O. B. , Knudsen P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The MyOcean V2 preliminary (V2p) data set of weekly gridded sea level anomaly (SLA) maps from 1993 to 2009 over the Arctic region is evaluated against existing altimetric data sets and tide gauge data. Compared with DUACS V3.0.0 (Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System) data set, MyOcean V2p data set improves spatial coverage and quality as well as maximum temporal correlation coefficient between altimetry and tide gauge data. The estimated amplitude of sea level annual signal and linear sea level trend from MyOcean data set are evaluated against altimetry from DUACS and RADS (Radar Altimeter Database System), the SODA (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation) ocean reanalysis and tide gauge data sets from PSMSL (Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level). The results show that the MyOcean data set fits in-situ measurements better than DUACS data set with respect to amplitude of annual signal and linear sea level trend. However, the MyOcean V2p data set exhibits an unrealistic large linear sea level trend compared with that from other data sources.
Prediction of Outcomes for Emergency Cervical Cerclage in the Presence of Protruding Membranes
Authors: Deb Purnima , Aftab Nighat , Muzaffar Shabana
Published: January 2012

The aim of our study is to verify whether some maternal features are related to pregnancy outcomes of emergency cerclage when membranes are protruding through the dilated cervix. We present a retrospective review of 20 cases of emergency cervical cerclage performed over a 3-year period at Al Wasl hospital, a tertiary level centre in Dubai. Analysis shows presence of membrane prolapse with infection causing rupture of membranes, to be the strongest predictor of poor outcome. Analysis also reveals a significant association between initial white blood cell count and perinatal outcome. This information is helpful in decision making and counseling patients regarding the likely outcome.
Neonatal Deaths in Rural Southern Tanzania: Care-Seeking and Causes of Death
Authors: Mrisho Mwifadhi , Schellenberg David , Manzi Fatuma , Tanner Marcel , Mshinda Hassan , Shirima Kizito , Msambichaka Beverly , Abdulla Salim , Schellenberg Joanna Armstrong
Published: January 2012

Introduction.We report cause of death and care-seeking prior to death in neonates based on interviews with relatives using a Verbal Autopsy questionnaire.Materials and Methods.We identified neonatal deaths between 2004 and 2007 through a large household survey in 2007 in five rural districts of southern Tanzania.Results.Of the 300 reported deaths that were sampled, the Verbal Autopsy (VA) interview suggested that 11 were 28 days or older at death and 65 were stillbirths. Data was missing for 5 of the reported deaths. Of the remaining 219 confirmed neonatal deaths, the most common causes were prematurity (33%), birth asphyxia (22%) and infections (10%). Amongst the deaths, 41% (90/219) were on the first day and a further 20% (43/219) on day 2 and 3. The quantitative results matched the qualitative findings. The majority of births were at home and attended by unskilled assistants.Conclusion.Caregivers of neonates born in health facility were more likely to seek care for problems than caregivers of neonates born at home. Efforts to increase awareness of the importance of early care-seeking for a premature or sick neonate are likely to be important for improving neonatal health.
Efficacy of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Fava Andrea , Wung Peter K. , Wigley Fredrick M. , Hummers Laura K. , Daya Natalie R. , Ghazarian Sharon R. , Boin Francesco
Published: January 2012

Objective

The RhoA/Rho kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in cold‐induced vasoconstriction, vascular smooth muscle cells function, and vascular homeostasis. This study evaluates the efficacy of fasudil, a RhoA/Rho kinase inhibitor, to reverse cold‐induced vasospasm in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) secondary to systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma).

Methods

This is a single‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, 3‐period crossover study of oral fasudil (40 mg or 80 mg) or placebo administered 2 hours before a standardized cold challenge. The fall in skin temperature after the cold challenge and time to recover 50% and 70% of prechallenge digital skin temperature were used as primary outcomes. Digital blood flow assessed by laser Doppler, time to minimum skin temperature, and rate of skin cooling were also measured.

Results

A total of 17 patients with SSc and RP completed the study. After the cold challenge, skin temperatures and the average time (minutes) to recover 50% (7.9 minutes for placebo, 7.5 minutes for fasudil 40 mg, and 8.2 minutes for fasudil 80 mg; P = 0.791) and 70% (18.2 minutes for placebo, 15.0 minutes for fasudil 40 mg, and 17.1 minutes for fasudil 80 mg; P = 0.654) of prechallenge skin temperature were not significantly different across the 3 groups. The digital blood flow measurements were higher in fasudil‐treated groups than placebo, but differences were not significant (P = 0.693).

Conclusion

Fasudil administered at a single oral dose of 40 mg or 80 mg was not associated with significant benefit in terms of the skin temperature recovery time and the digital blood flow after the cold challenge.
Link between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in patients with early arthritis: Results from a French Multicenter Cohort
Authors: Boyer Jean‐Frédéric , Bongard Vanina , Cantagrel Alain , Jamard Bénédicte , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric , Mariette Xavier , Davignon Jean‐luc , Ferrières Jean , Ruidavets Jean‐Bernard , Dallongeville Jean , Arveiler Dominique , Cambon‐Thomsen Anne , Constantin Arnaud
Published: January 2012

Objective

To compare the characteristics of traditional cardiovascular risk factors for untreated patients with early arthritis (EA) and healthy subjects, and to look for a link between cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in EA patients.

Methods

This multicenter case–control study enrolled 607 patients with EA (ESPOIR cohort) and 1,821 age‐ and sex‐matched controls (World Health Organization MONICA survey). Lipid levels, blood pressure, glucose levels, and exposure to smoking were characterized in patients and controls. Systemic inflammation was quantified in EA patients. Traditional cardiovascular risk factor characteristics were compared between patients with EA and controls. The link between cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation was assessed in EA patients.

Results

Mean ± SEM total cholesterol (2.14 ± 0.022 versus 2.34 ± 0.017 gm/liter; P < 0.001), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (0.60 ± 0.011 versus 0.63 ± 0.007 gm/liter; P = 0.020), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (1.28 ± 0.025 versus 1.51 ± 0.016 gm/liter; P < 0.001) were lower in EA patients than in controls. Triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL ratio, and pulse pressure were higher in patients with EA. Diastolic blood pressure and glucose levels were lower in EA patients. Former or current smokers were more frequent in patients with EA. Total and HDL cholesterol levels were negatively associated with C‐reactive protein or serum interleukin‐6 levels.

Conclusion

Total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, glucose, and triglycerides/HDL ratio differ between patients with EA and controls. Some of these risk factors appear to be linked to systemic inflammation. Such initial differences could modulate the risk of cardiovascular events later in the course of arthritis.
A study of liquid droplet disintegration for the development of nanostructured coatings
Authors: Tabbara H. , Gu S.
Published: January 2012

Thermal spray coatings produced from a liquid feedstock are receiving an increasing level of interest due to the advanced, nanostructured coatings which are obtainable by these processes. In this article, a high‐velocity oxy‐fuel (HVOF) thermal spray system is computationally investigated to make a scientific assessment of the liquid droplet behavior on injection. An existing liquid‐fuelled HVOF thermal spray gun is simulated using the computational fluid dynamic approach. The steady‐state gas‐phase dynamics are initialized by the introduction of liquid kerosene and oxygen which react within the combustion chamber producing a realistic compressible, turbulent jet. Discrete‐phase water droplets are injected at the powder injection port. On injection, the water droplets breakup and vaporize, while being entrained through the acceleration barrel of the HVOF system. The results obtained give an insight to the mechanism which control the water droplet sizes and disintegration process, and serve as a fundamental reference for future development of liquid feedstock devices. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
How culture shapes the body: Cultural consonance and body mass in urban brazil
Authors: Dressler William W. , Oths Kathryn S. , Balieiro Mauro C. , Ribeiro Rosane P. , Dos Santos José Ernesto
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

The aim of this article is to develop a model of how culture shapes the body, based on two studies conducted in urban Brazil.

Methods:

Research was conducted in 1991 and 2001 in four socioeconomically distinct neighborhoods. First, cultural domain analyses were conducted with samples of key informants. The cultural domains investigated included lifestyle, social support, family life, national identity, and food. Cultural consensus analysis was used to confirm shared knowledge in each domain and to derive measures of cultural consonance. Cultural consonance assesses how closely an individual matches the cultural consensus model for each domain. Second, body composition, cultural consonance, and related variables were assessed in community surveys. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association of cultural consonance and body composition, controlling for standard covariates and competing explanatory variables.

Results:

In 1991, in a survey of 260 individuals, cultural consonance had a curvilinear association with the body mass index that differed for men and women, controlling for sociodemographic and dietary variables. In 2001, in a survey of 267 individuals, cultural consonance had a linear association with abdominal circumference that differed for men and women, controlling for sociodemographic and dietary variables. In general, as cultural consonance increases, body mass index and abdominal circumference decline, more strongly for women than men.

Conclusions:

As individuals, in their own beliefs and behaviors, more closely approximate shared cultural models in socially salient domains, body composition also more closely approximates the cultural prototype of the body. Am. J. Hum. Biol. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body mass index versus dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry‐derived indexes: Predictors of cardiovascular and diabetic disease risk factors
Authors: Sharp Dan S. , Andrew Michael E. , Burchfiel Cecil M. , Violanti John M. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

The body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight/height2, dominates estimation of adiposity in population studies. BMI, however, does not distinguish among fat, muscle, or bone mass. Accordingly, its usage to assess and manage obesity in the population is limited. This study compares the use of BMI with direct measures of fat‐ and lean‐mass to predict established cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors: blood pressure, lipids, and glucose.

Methods:

The entire Buffalo Police Department was the object of recruitment to a baseline study of physiological and psychological stress. Four hundred nine officers constitute the sample for this analysis. Regression methods focusing on explained variance in blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood glucose compare the use of BMI to that of fat‐ and lean‐mass indexes derived from dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

Results:

DEXA indexes explain 1.6%–3.3% (P < 0.05, all risk factors) more variance than BMI. Fat mass drives the association for blood pressure, trunk lean mass for HDL cholesterol, and both for blood glucose. High degrees of multicollinearity complicate interpretation of predictive models jointly containing BMI and DEXA indexes.

Conclusions:

In police officers, DEXA indexes are better predictors of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. However, populations with different distributions of fitness, diet, and health conditions may demonstrate differentfeatures. In contrast to BMI, DEXA‐derived measurements suggest avenues to explore metabolic processes, which relate to an index's underlying association with risk and may suggest more effective intervention strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Notch‐1 mediates hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gao Wei , Sweeney Catherine , Connolly Mary , Kennedy Aisling , Ng Chin Teck , McCormick Jennifer , Veale Douglas J. , Fearon Ursula
Published: January 2012

Objective

To examine the effect of hypoxia on Notch‐1 signaling pathway components and angiogenesis in inflammatory arthritis.

Methods

The expression and regulation of Notch‐1, its ligand delta‐like protein 4 (DLL‐4) and downstream signaling components (hairy‐related transcription factor 1 [HRT‐1], HRT‐2), and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (1–3%) were assessed in synovial tissue specimens from patients with inflammatory arthritis and controls and in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) by immunohistology, dual immunofluorescence staining (Notch‐1/factor VIII), Western blotting, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo synovial tissue oxygen levels (tissue PO2) were measured under direct visualization at arthroscopy. HDMEC activation under hypoxic conditions in the presence of Notch‐1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), the γ‐secretase inhibitor DAPT, or dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) was assessed by Matrigel tube formation assay, migration assay, invasion assay, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2)/MMP‐9 zymography.

Results

Expression of Notch‐1, its ligand DLL‐4, and HRT‐1 was demonstrated in synovial tissue, with the strongest expression localized to perivascular/vascular regions. Localization of Notch‐1 to synovial endothelium was confirmed by dual immunofluorescence staining. Notch‐1 intracellular domain (NICD) expression was significantly higher in synovial tissue from patients with tissue PO2 of <20 mm Hg (<3% O2) than in those with tissue PO2 of >20 mm Hg (>3% O2). Exposure of HDMECs to 3% hypoxia induced HIF‐1α and NICD protein expression and DLL‐4, HRT‐1, and HRT‐2 messenger RNA expression. DMOG directly induced NICD expression, while Notch‐1 siRNA inhibited hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α expression, suggesting that Notch‐1/HIF‐1α signaling is bidirectional. Finally, 3% hypoxia–induced angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell invasion, and proMMP‐2 and proMMP‐9 activities were inhibited by Notch‐1 siRNA and/or the γ‐secretase inhibitor DAPT.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that Notch‐1 is expressed in synovial tissue and that increased NICD expression is associated with low in vivo tissue PO2. Furthermore, Notch‐1/HIF‐1α interactions mediate hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis and invasion in inflammatory arthritis.
Regulation of inflammatory responses and fibroblast‐like synoviocyte apoptosis by calcineurin‐binding protein 1 in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Yi Jun‐Koo , Kim Hei‐Jung , Yu Dong‐Hoon , Park Seo‐Jin , Shin Mi‐Jung , Yuh Hyung‐Soo , Bae Ki‐Beom , Ji Young‐Rae , Kim Na‐Ri , Park Si‐Jun , Kim Jae‐Young , Lee Hyun‐Shik , Lee Sang‐Gyu , Yoon Du Hak , Hyun Byung‐Hwa , Kim Wan‐Uk , Ryoo Zae‐Young
Published: January 2012

Objective

Calcineurin‐binding protein 1 (CABIN‐1) regulates calcineurin phosphatase activity as well as the activation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS), which actively participate in the chronic inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism of action of CABIN‐1 in FLS apoptosis is not clear. This study was undertaken to define the regulatory role of CABIN‐1 in FLS from mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

Transgenic mice overexpressing human CABIN‐1 in joint tissue under the control of a type II collagen promoter were generated. Expression of human CABIN‐1 (hCABIN‐1) in joints and FLS was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analysis. The expression of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and apoptosis‐related genes in FLS was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, gelatin zymography, and RT‐PCR, respectively. Joints were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase for histologic analysis.

Results

Human CABIN‐1–transgenic mice with CIA had less severe arthritis than wild‐type mice with CIA, as assessed according to hind paw thickness and histologic features. The milder arthritis was accompanied by significantly enhanced apoptosis in transgenic mice, evidenced by a significantly greater number of TUNEL‐positive cells in synovial tissue. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in the transgenic mice with CIA was reduced, and they exhibited decreased Akt activation and increased expression of p53, caspase 3, caspase 9, and Bax.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that hCABIN‐1 plays a critical role in promoting apoptosis of FLS and in attenuating inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction in RA. These results help elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of RA and suggest that CABIN‐1 is a potential target for treatment of this disease.
Disruption of embryonic vascular development in predictive toxicology
Authors: Knudsen Thomas B. , Kleinstreuer Nicole C.
Published: January 2012

Toxicity testing in the 21st century is moving toward using high‐throughput screening assays to rapidly test thousands of chemicals against hundreds of molecular targets and biological pathways, and to provide mechanistic information on chemical effects in human cells and small model organisms. First‐generation predictive models for prenatal developmental toxicity have revealed a complex web of biological processes with many connections to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. This review examines disruption of embryonic vascular development as a potential adverse outcome pathway leading to developmental toxicity. We briefly review embryonic vascular development and important signals for vascular development (local growth factors and cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor‐A and TGF‐beta, components in the plasminogen activator system, and chemotactic chemokines). Genetic studies have shown that perturbing these signals can lead to varying degrees of adverse consequences, ranging from congenital angiodysplasia to fetal malformations and embryolethality. The molecular targets and cellular behaviors required for vascular development, stabilization and remodeling are amenable to in vitro evaluation. Evidence for chemical disruption of these processes is available for thalidomide, estrogens, endothelins, dioxin, retinoids, cigarette smoke, and metals among other compounds. Although not all compounds with developmental toxicity show an in vitro vascular bioactivity signature, many ‘putative vascular disruptor compounds’ invoke adverse developmental consequences. As such, an adverse outcome pathway perspective of embryonic vascular development can help identify useful information for assessing adverse outcomes relevant to risk assessment and efficient use of resources for validation. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 93:312–323, 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying Firm Capabilities as Drivers of Environmental Management and Sustainability Practices – Evidence from Small and Medium‐Sized Manufacturers
Authors: Hofmann Kay H. , Theyel Gregory , Wood Craig H.
Published: January 2012

Firms increasingly need to consider environmental issues as a result of stricter governmental regulation and due to growing pressures from a broad range of stakeholders. The literature on environmental management is vast but not much is known about firm‐specific capabilities that facilitate the adoption of environmental practices and environmental collaboration. Drawing on the dynamic capabilities literature, this study identifies the adoption of advanced technology, experiences with inter‐firm relations and capacity for product innovation as three capabilities that support firms' efforts to become ‘greener’. Descriptive statistics portray the diffusion of the related management practices among 294 small and medium‐sized manufacturers from the United States. Based on regression analysis, the authors provide evidence for a relationship between the underlying capabilities and environmental management practices. Consequently, the results point to additional benefits of known strategic capabilities and suggest how firms should approach sustainability initiatives by developing certain competencies first. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Defining Eco‐efficiency: A Case Study on the Finnish Forest Industry
Authors: Koskela Marileena , Vehmas Jarmo
Published: January 2012

Environmental reporting is a tool of corporate environmental management that can also be used as research material. The aim of this paper is to produce a comprehensive definition of eco‐efficiency based on the literature and then compare it with definitions identified in the environmental reports published by selected companies. In addition, this paper presents a conceptual framework of the relationship between environmental and economic performance in the companies. Three Finnish companies in the forest industry are selected as case companies. This analysis reviews environmental reports published by the companies from 1998 to 2007. In short, eco‐efficiency can be seen either as an indicator of environmental performance, or as a business strategy for sustainable development. The case companies very seldom give an exact definition of eco‐efficiency in their environmental reports. However, different aspects of eco‐efficiency are often referred to. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Biosorption and desorption of lanthanum(III) and neodymium(III) in fixed‐bed columns with Sargassum sp.: Perspectives for separation of rare earth metals
Authors: Oliveira Robson C. , Guibal Eric , Garcia Oswaldo
Published: January 2012

Rare earth (RE) metals are essentials for the manufacturing of high‐technology products. The separation of RE is complex and expensive; biosorption is an alternative to conventional processes. This work focuses on the biosorption of monocomponent and bicomponent solutions of lanthanum(III) and neodymium(III) in fixed‐bed columns using Sargassum sp. biomass. The desorption of metals with HCl 0.10 mol L−1 from loaded biomass is also carried out with the objective of increasing the efficiency of metal separation. Simple models have been successfully used to model breakthrough curves (i.e., Thomas, Bohart‐Adams, and Yoon‐Nelson equations) for the biosorption of monocomponent solutions. From biosorption and desorption experiments in both monocomponent and bicomponent solutions, a slight selectivity of the biomass for Nd(III) over La(III) is observed. The experiments did not find an effective separation of the RE studied, but their results indicate a possible partition between the metals, which is the fundamental condition for separation perspectives. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
PEGylation of bovine serum albumin using click chemistry for the application as drug carriers
Authors: Li Xiao‐Yuan , Li Tai‐Hang , Guo Jin‐Shan , Wei Ying , Jing Xia‐Bin , Chen Xue‐Si , Huang Yu‐Bin
Published: January 2012

Monomethyl poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)‐modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates (BSA‐mPEG) were obtained by the mild Cu(I)‐mediated cycloaddition reaction of azided BSA (BSA‐N3) and alkyne‐terminated mPEG. The structure and characteristics of BSA‐mPEG conjugates were thoroughly investigated. There were about two PEG chains conjugated onto each BSA molecule as determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis. The intrinsic nonspecific binding ability of BSA was used for adsorption and sustained release of both rifampicn and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The helical structures of BSA were preserved to a large extent after modification and drug adsorption on BSA was confirmed via circular dichroism spectroscopy. Drugs adsorbed onto the conjugated formulation to a lesser extent than on BSA due to mPEG modification. The in vitro release of both rifampicin and 5‐FU, however, indicated that BSA‐mPEG can function as a drug carrier. Overall, the click reaction provided a convenient tool for the pegylation of BSA. The biological activity of the BSA‐mPEG conjugates, including the drug transportation capacity and biocompatibility, were largely retained. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog.,, 2012
A rapid analytical method for monitoring the enantiomeric purity of chiral molecules synthesized in ionic liquid solvents
Authors: Zhao Qichao , Twu Pamela , Anderson Jared L.
Published: January 2012

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely used as reaction solvents in asymmetric synthesis due to their interesting physical and chemical properties. However, monitoring reactant‐to‐product conversion and the enantiopurity of formed stereoisomers often involves a tedious extraction step before chromatographic analysis. In this study, a rapid and sensitive sampling method using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to chiral gas chromatography was developed for the “on‐line” analysis of chiral molecules in the IL solvent. Three different SPME sorbent coatings, namely polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, and a polymeric ionic liquid‐based fiber, were examined in this study. The analytical performance of the developed method was evaluated in terms of reproducibility, slope of calibration curve, linear range, calibration linearity, and the determination of detection limits. The SPME method was successfully applied in the determination of enantiomeric excess from selected mixtures of chiral molecules. A preliminary study was performed using an “on‐fiber” derivatization approach revealing that the stereoisomers extracted by the SPME fiber can be efficiently derivatized using a short “on‐fiber” derivatization step. The developed SPME method eliminates the need of sequestering the reaction, separating the compounds of interest from the IL solvent, and the addition of a derivatizing reagent. Chirality, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chiral separation of vinpocetine using cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Ibrahim Wan Aini Wan , Wahib Siti Munirah Abd , Hermawan Dadan , Sanagi Mohd Marsin , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2012

A cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD‐MEKC) technique has been developed for enantioseparation of vinpocetine using an inexpensive 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD (HP‐β‐CD) as the chiral selector (CS). The best chiral separation was achieved using 40 mM HP‐β‐CD as the CS in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) consisting of 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a separation temperature and separation voltage of 25°C and 25 kV, respectively. To the author's best knowledge, this is the first CD‐MEKC study able to successfully separate the four stereoisomer of vinpocetine in separation time of 9.5 min and resolution of 1.04–3.87. Chirality, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.