bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law and Domination
Authors: Menke Christoph
Published: January 2019

The program of Marx’s social critique of law is to reveal the social logic of law, the structural nexus between its normative content and the basic forms of social domination. In this chapter, Menke sketches a critique of the social critique of law. He argues that the fundamental premises of Marx’s legal theory lead him to reduce bourgeois law to private law, neglecting the separate and equiprimordial formation of social law. His alternative proposal is a conception according to which the tension between private and social law is constitutive of the bourgeois legal formation. This conception allows us to understand the law in bourgeois society as not only the “different form” of social domination but also the object, medium, and scene of a struggle of antagonistic relations of power.
“Post-Foucault”: The Critical Time of the Present
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Deutscher argues for a different understanding of Foucauldian critique and of the possibilities for transformation of the present with which his concept of critique is typically associated. Foucauldian critique, she argues, is “cumulative.” By exploring the diversity of analyses offered by Foucault, she shows that a number of the forms of power he described did not replace each other chronologically in a linear progression. Instead, as Wendy Brown has emphasized, forms of power coincide. But instead of coinciding a mere contingent assemblages, Foucault shows that modes of power redeploy elements belonging to other modes. His analysis thus reveals that such elements are forces of immanent contestation lying in the present. As such, Foucault’s cumulative understanding of critique proves itself timely when contemporary modes of governmentality (including omnipresent neoliberalism) appear to be particularly intransigent.
Introduction
Authors: Klooster Wim , Oostindie Gert
Published: January 2019

While one reason for writing The Second Dutch Atlantic, 1680-1815 was simply that this history is too often neglected in general overviews of Atlantic history, there is also a deeper motive with relevance to the wider historiography. Precisely Dutch Atlantic history illustrates how strongly the early modern Atlantic relied on the circulation of goods, people and ideas across the lines drawn by the various metropolitan states. Much of the historiography of the Dutch Atlantic has tended to look at this imperial sub-entity only, and even more to focus on one of its constituent parts only. We attempt to move beyond the conventional focus on only one or two Dutch Atlantic locations and the emphasis on economic history by also engaging with politics, migration and demography, and social and cultural history.
China
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter chronicles Kennan’s and Davies’s central and successful role in formulating US policy toward China on behalf of Secretary of State Marshall during 1947-49. Their focus was on justifying gradual disengagement from US involvement in the Chinese civil war and retreat to a policy of minimum aid to the Koumintang (KMT or Nationalist) government of Chiang Kai-shek, on the grounds that Chiang’s regime was a lost cause and China was strategically expendable. The chapter discusses Kennan’s and Davies’s relative assessments of the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and the prolonged debate over China policy between the State Department and the US military establishment (the Defense Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff).
Japan
Authors: Heer Paul J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter chronicles Kennan’s pivotal and successful role in redirecting US policy toward Japan during 1947-48. Kennan largely engineered the “reverse course” in US occupation policy away from a postwar punitive approach and toward economic reconstruction and stabilization, which was aimed at making Japan the centerpiece of the US security posture in East Asia. This required Kennan to personally confront occupation commander General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo to secure his support for the shift in policy. The chapter discusses the subsequent policy deliberations that ultimately approved the “reverse course,” and assesses the division of labor between Kennan and Undersecretary of the Army William Draper in effecting the policy change.
The Demise of the Chengdu Teahouse Guild and the Fall of Small Business
Authors: Wang Di
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the fate of local trade organizations in the early 1950s. By examining the transformation and demise of the existing, older Teahouse Guild in Chengdu, we see how the state could manipulate such organizations to achieve control of small businesses. Once the socialist agenda was put into motion and the state used the organizations to gain total control over all aspects of business, it greatly diminished their functioning as open public spaces, nearly destroying the latter aspect. The fate of the Teahouse Guild after 1949 was a reflection of the attempted elimination of an urbane and culture-filled “society” overall and the attendant public sphere. In the city, all organizations at all levels, from streets to danwei, became parts of the state administration and under the control of a new type of officialdom. During the early and middle 1950s, the CCP launched a collectivization movement through which most privately owned teahouses in Chengdu were forcibly brought under collective ownership.
Setting the Boundaries for Legitimate Experimentation
Authors: Vanderputten Steven
Published: January 2019

Reviewing the normative evidence, this chapter argues that Carolingian reformers of the early ninth century did not, as is commonly assumed, create two homogeneous 'cohorts' of female religious. Instead, they showed female religious, their associates and their patrons where lay the outer boundaries of legitimate experimentation, allowing for a great deal of variation between individual communities. To make these points it considers, in order, the decrees of the Aachen reform synods of the 816 decrees, the context in which they originated, their impact on subsequent prescriptive and legislative texts, and finally their reception in female religious contexts. These observations allow reassessing, in chapters 2 and 3, the concrete situation of female communities in ninth- and early-tenth-century Lotharingia.
Are You a Crusader?
Authors: Honeck Mischa
Published: January 2019

Moving into the postwar period, this chapter demonstrates how the figure of the endangered and civically engaged boy was mapped onto U.S. constructions of a Cold War citizenry prepared to protect the “free world” from Soviet aggression and the menace of a nuclear holocaust. Tripling its membership with the influx of the baby boomers, the BSA was ideally positioned to marshal the rising generation around the project of a liberal empire in pursuit of domestic and global order. An updated version of “world brotherhood” presented patriotism and peace as indistinguishable duties, recast the exercise of U.S. power as benevolent support for an ailing planet, and taught American Scouts that assuming global responsibilities would earn them the friendship and gratitude of foreign youths. Cold War Scouting’s insistence on paternal authority and religiosity, to be sure, depended on the active participation of boys growing up to the sounds and images of a modern teen culture and a swelling civil rights movement.
Innocents Abroad
Authors: Honeck Mischa
Published: January 2019

This chapter glances outward again to show how the postwar internationalization of the BSA worked hand in hand with its militarization. This correlation manifested itself most clearly in the rising presence of U.S. servicemen and their families on the outer frontiers of the Cold War. Starting in the early 1950s, Boy Scout troops sprang up on every major military base in Western Europe and East Asia, giving boys the opportunity to enact both the goodwill and resolve of U.S. intervention. Still, the ideals of a military masculinity and of young ambassadors projecting amity and democracy did not go together easily. Not only did frequent redeployment and the self-contained nature of U.S. military communities hamper intercultural exchange; the celebrated practice of American Scouts earning their badges on the “frontiers of freedom” also bred paternalistic attitudes towards local allies.
The Mountain Deity and the State
Authors: Makley Charlene
Published: January 2019

Set during the early years of the Develop the West campaign (2000-2007), this chapter introduces readers to the battle for fortune as a fundamental struggle over types of moral persons and their relationships to land and territory in an affluent and urbanizing lowland village. Taking the village’s Tibetan Communist party secretary and its mountain deity medium to be commensurate subjects in a village conflict over temple construction and state-led land appropriation, the chapter explores the dilemmas facing local state officials and deity mediums amidst overlapping divine and state administrative geographies. The chapter thus sets the stage for the intensifying battle for fortune in Rebgong under new post-Mao development efforts that played out especially in the spectacles and silences of top-down urbanization.
Peace Treaties in Civil War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter asks: why has the use of peace treaties to conclude civil wars increased in recent years? The main argument of the chapter is that the international community – which often provides critical support to both states and rebels fighting civil wars – has developed a taste for peace treaties. Rebel groups are likely to be willing to sign peace treaties because having a seat at the table accords them some legitimacy. States, while less interested in concluding peace treaties in civil wars, do so under pressure from the international community. But peace treaties are not always an inherent good in that they are not always associated with peace.
Introduction: The Spatial Politics of Marketplaces
Authors: Seligmann Linda J.
Published: January 2019

This essay provides an overview of how development ideologies catalyze diverse displacement and resettlement dynamics among market traders in Vietnam. Case studies presented by authors in this section analyze the kinds of policies and practices that structure market space and the different ways that traders themselves engage the efforts of bureaucrats and state authorities to transform them into malleable citizens. The ethnic identities of traders, their sociopolitical networks, knowledge of complex temporal cycles of trade and spatial mobility, as well as the state’s contradictory objectives create margins in which traders resist state control. The effects of scale, biopolitics, and the power of discourse on the part of traders’ ability to pursue more sustained political mobilization constitute significant future research directions.
A Mobile Trading Network from Central Coastal Vietnam: Growth, Social Network, and Gender
Authors: Luong Hy Van
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the significant growth of a mobile Vietnamese trading network in the past two decades, from Ho Chi Minh City to the entire southern half of Vietnam. The prominence of villagers from one lowlands village in the central coastal province of Quảng Ngãi in this trading niche highlights the importance of social network in Vietnamese political economy. About half of the traders in this trading network are male, and half, female, in contrast to the common dominance of women in Vietnamese petty trade. In relation to the literature on gender and trade in Vietnam and the rest of Southeast Asia, the chapter also examines how malleable gender is in Vietnamese trading activities.
Moralities of Commerce in a Northern Vietnamese Trading Community
Authors: Horat Esther
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines small-scale entrepreneurial morality in a trading village in northern Vietnam through the lens of three local moral discourses. In particular, it attempts to understand why, in spite of thorough socioeconomic transformation, traders’ moral discourses between the 1990s and the 2010s have remained strikingly similar. Traders’ use of a moral identity is a strategic response to the ambiguous economic and political situation in which they find themselves. The creation of this moral uncertainty is an important element of state governance.
Small Escapes
Authors: Rachamimov Iris
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the prisoner of war (POW) camps of the First World War that became the temporary homes of officers. POWs creatively sustained prewar class and gender roles through the production and use of domestic objects and clothing in internment camps. Indeed, letters of the POW officers portray almost without exception the attempts to structure daily activities according to civilian patterns. Amidst the uncertainties and dislocations of captivity, POW officers and civilian internees relied on artifacts to perform meaningful social scripts and deployed them to articulate a range of emotions and identities. Although these scripts had multiple collective and personal meanings, many of them were aimed at sustaining prewar notions of “normalcy,” “respectability,” and productive masculinity. However, because these social scripts emanated from the prewar bi-gender world, recreating them in one-gender settings often led to transgressions of respectable masculinity.
The Bricolage of Death
Authors: Benninga Noah
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on elite prisoners in Nazi concentration camps, where block elders and other elite prisoners appropriated clothing and personal goods stolen from other inmates to instantiate their social status in the camp. Differences among prisoners existed and were integral to the Nazi socio-racial planning and running of the camp. To survive, prisoners had to “make a career,” that is, to achieve success in the terms of the camp. Using survivor accounts, the chapter then explores the ways in which fashion and dress manifested in a social world on the precipice of immediate death. Even though it developed autonomously, prisoner fashion was ultimately one of the tools with which the SS created a “ruling class” of prisoners who acted in their stead. It was the prisoner elite that reflected these negative ideals and values into the depths of the camp, from which the SS tried to keep a healthy distance.
Lisa’s Things
Authors: Jonker Gerdien
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at Lisa Oettinger's trunks, the contents of which unravel not one but two family stories, which Lisa purposefully joined: her own German-Jewish past and that of her husband's family, which is rooted in reformist Islam. The suitcases are therefore filled with the relics of German/Jewish/Muslim/South Asian bourgeois life and reflect one woman's efforts to make sense of her displacement by collecting objects from Germany and South Asia that “matched” or mirrored one another. Indeed, the carefully preserved intimate items are the material traces of a quite extraordinary migration story. Ultimately, Lisa Oettinger's collection saved two families from being forgotten: the Oettingers from Marienwerder and the Ur-Rahmans from Lahore. The collection allows them not only to live on in their things but also to join their family traditions in one box. For that reason, her collection is neither specifically Jewish nor specifically Muslim. It is in-between.
Circuitous Journeys
Authors: Wallen Jeffrey , Pomerance Aubrey
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the objects given to the Jewish Museum Berlin. The domestic items that have returned to Germany after having been sent into forced exile with their Jewish owners in the 1930s and early 1940s have now settled into their new home. Their transfer to the museum signifies nonetheless a further displacement, although this time voluntary and not forced, as was the case six to seven decades earlier. Passing out of the hands of the family, the object is now resituated in a collection or exhibition that reflects back on its earlier uses and meanings. Yet for a great majority of these objects, their entrustment to the museum constitutes a resuscitation after years of disuse and disregard as well as the loss of meaning, mostly for the descendants but sometimes for the original owners as well.
Epilogue
Authors: Auslander Leora , Zahra Tara
Published: January 2019

This epilogue argues that war is a profound reminder of human materiality and fragility. Conflicts are made and decided through the interaction of human beings and the material world. The inquiries started in this book offer the foundation for a historically informed investigation of this interaction in the new forms of warfare in an age in which the virtual often seems to have more presence than the material. Indeed, new technologies have radically changed the materiality of war. Rather than physically encountering the enemy on the battlefield or entering homes as they invade enemy territory, for example, many soldiers are now sitting thousands of miles away launching missiles or operating drones that do first the reconnaissance and then the killing for them.
The Belligerents
Authors: Kamrava Mehran
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the foreign policies of six key actors in the Persian Gulf in light of middle power rivalries and sectarian tensions. The actors include Iran and Saudi Arabia, which the chapter argues are today perhaps the Middle East’s most significant middle powers, in addition to Turkey of course. There are two other states in the area with aspirations of being middle powers, namely Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, despite their small geographic size and equally small populations.
Insecurity in the Persian Gulf
Authors: Kamrava Mehran
Published: January 2019

Since the early years of the twentieth century, the Persian Gulf has been viewed as a strategically vital waterway, both for the global economy in general and for the continued prosperity of advanced economies in particular. In the process, the region has become an arena for the emergence of multiple and often overlapping security challenges, many of them indigenous to the area and many imported from abroad. Up until the 2011 Arab uprisings, most of these security challenges revolved around territorial, political, and military competitions and conflicts within and between actors from the region itself and from the outside. While threats and challenges to human security were also present, they were often overshadowed by more immediate and more tangible threats to territorial sovereignty and those posed by various forms of political and military competition between state actors.
GPs’ motivation for teaching medical students in a rural area—development of the Motivation for Medical Education Questionnaire (MoME-Q)
Authors: Adarkwah Charles Christian , Schwaffertz Annette , Labenz Joachim , Becker Annette , Hirsch Oliver
Published: January 2019

Background

The establishment of a medical education program in the rural area of Siegen is planned to be the first step against a shortage of physicians in this region. General practitioners (GPs) will be extensively involved in this program as Family Medicine (Allgemeinmedizin) will become a core subject in the curriculum nationwide. Based on this situation we aim to figure out GPs motivation to participate in medical education. For this purpose, we had to construct and test a new questionnaire.

Methods

A survey was conducted among general practitioners (GPs) in the region of Siegen-Wittgenstein regarding their motivation to participate in medical education. For this purpose, the Motivation for Medical Education Questionnaire (MoME-Q), a 24-item questionnaire, was developed. Structural characteristics of GPs, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire (WSQ) were used for validation purposes.

Results

A representative number of GPs took part in the study (53.8%). Although the majority had no connection to a university (86%), 83% can imagine participating in the education of medical students. The items of the MoME-Q load on two factors (commitment and personal benefit). The confirmatory factor analysis shows a good model fit. Subscales of the MoME-Q were able to differentiate between physicians with and without authorization to train GP residents, between practices with and without a specialized practice nurse, and between physicians with and without previous experience in medical education. The MoME-Q subscale “commitment” correlated significantly with all three subscales of the MBI. Correlations were in the medium range around |.30|.

Conclusion

The MoME-Q seems to be an appropriate tool to assess motivation to participate in medical education of GPs. In our sample, a large number of GPs was motivated to participate in the education of medical students. Future studies with larger number of GPs should be carried out to validate and confirm our findings. Whether the MoME-Q is also appropriate for other specialties should also be shown in further empirical studies.
Accessible molecular phylogenomics at no cost: obtaining 14 new mitogenomes for the ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae from public data
Authors: Vieira Gabriel A. , Prosdocimi Francisco
Published: January 2019

The advent of Next Generation Sequencing has reduced sequencing costs and increased genomic projects from a huge amount of organismal taxa, generating an unprecedented amount of genomic datasets publicly available. Often, only a tiny fraction of outstanding relevance of the genomic data produced by researchers is used in their works. This fact allows the data generated to be recycled in further projects worldwide. The assembly of complete mitogenomes is frequently overlooked though it is useful to understand evolutionary relationships among taxa, especially those presenting poor mtDNA sampling at the level of genera and families. This is exactly the case for ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) and more specifically for the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae, a group of arboreal ants with several cases of convergent coevolution without any complete mitochondrial sequence available. In this work, we assembled, annotated and performed comparative genomics analyses of 14 new complete mitochondria from Pseudomyrmecinae species relying solely on public datasets available from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). We used all complete mitogenomes available for ants to study the gene order conservation and also to generate two phylogenetic trees using both (i) concatenated set of 13 mitochondrial genes and (ii) the whole mitochondrial sequences. Even though the tree topologies diverged subtly from each other (and from previous studies), our results confirm several known relationships and generate new evidences for sister clade classification inside Pseudomyrmecinae clade. We also performed a synteny analysis for Formicidae and identified possible sites in which nucleotidic insertions happened in mitogenomes of pseudomyrmecine ants. Using a data mining/bioinformatics approach, the current work increased the number of complete mitochondrial genomes available for ants from 15 to 29, demonstrating the unique potential of public databases for mitogenomics studies. The wide applications of mitogenomes in research and presence of mitochondrial data in different public dataset types makes the “no budget mitogenomics” approach ideal for comprehensive molecular studies, especially for subsampled taxa.
Sociomedical problems of overwork-related deaths and disorders in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Masaya
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CCVDs) and mental disorders, including suicide, are prevalent among overworked individuals in Japan. The 2014 legislation regarding the prevention of overwork-related deaths and disorders has accelerated the research in this field and ultimately the implementation of preventive actions.

Methods

To understand the current problematic situations, the Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, conducted analyses of compensated claims for overwork-related CCVDs and mental disorders that were recognized from January 2010 to March 2015.

Results

The majority of CCVD cases were the men in their 50s. Transport and postal activities was the highest risk industry. Cerebrovascular cases were higher than cardiovascular ones. Long working hours was the principal factor for CCVDs. The mental disorder cases comprised approximately 70% men and affected younger age groups (peak in the third decade) with various industries at risk. In men, there was an almost equal number of F3 (Mood [affective] disorders) and F4 (Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders) diagnoses according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. A larger number of women were diagnosed to have F4. The mental disorder cases were associated not only with long working hours, but also with injuries and disasters as well as interpersonal conflict at work.

Conclusions

Multiple, simultaneous actions need to be made by employees, employers, researchers, and the authorities to achieve the goal of reducing the number of workers suffering from the overwork-related CCVDs and mental disorders.
Blind working time in visual display terminal users
Authors: Fujita Hiroki , Sano Kenji , Baba Tomio , Tanaka Tadashi , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Blind working (BW) time (time during which vision is not required), the interblink interval (IBI), and subjective symptoms were investigated in workers using visual display terminals (VDTs).

Subjects and Methods

To investigate BW time, 10 VDT users were instructed to close their eyes when this did not interfere with their work. They were video recorded for 60 minutes using a webcam attached to the display on which they were engaged in regular data input tasks, and BW time was measured. The values of the IBI during the final 20 minutes of the BW experiment and during the final 20 minutes of normal working without BW were compared. A questionnaire was administered to investigate subjective symptoms using a visual analogue scale.

Results

The total BW time during the final 20-minute period was 20.6-121.0 seconds (1.7%-10.1%). The mean IBI of 5.5 ± 4.5 seconds during the BW experiment was not significantly different from that of 6.2 ± 5.6 seconds during normal working, and the mean of three IBIs immediately after BW during the BW experiment was 2.7 ± 1.0 seconds, significantly shorter than the 6.2 ± 5.6 seconds during normal working. Dry eye, ocular fatigue, and blurred vision during normal working improved when subjects were engaged in BW.

Conclusions

VDT users could engage in BW during VDT work, the IBI was shorter immediately after BW, and subjective symptoms improved. These results suggest that BW may provide a more effective measure for the management of VDT working time.
Teaching and Learning Critical Studies
Authors: Hickman Richard
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the pedagogical aspect of learning about art, rather than making art. It presents a brief overview of historical developments in the UK (particularly England) and the USA, focusing in the main upon trends in the secondary (i.e., ages 11–18) aspect of education. In addition to drawing upon some of the key texts to inform my overview, some personal anecdotes are included to give some color to the account. Pedagogical strategies designed to facilitate learners' engagement with visual form are described; this is done within the context of discussion about learner‐centered and subject‐centered approaches to teaching and learning about art.
Visual Proficiency: Perspectives in Art Education
Authors: Bering Kunibert , Niehoff Rolf
Published: January 2019

The intense use of media – visual images on smartphones, in computer games, in videos, or in other digital media – is rightly cited as a key formative trait of contemporary adolescents' lives. Precisely in this context, we encounter severe problems of identities caught between trans‐ or multicultural ways of life and regional everyday realities. It is imperative that art classes teach “visual proficiency.” Concerning the task of school education to equip students with complex “cultural proficiency,” this means that images represent key content. Six dimensions are important. The first and second are the structural and content‐related dimensions of studying formal structures, which include colors, lines, forms, and materials. Third, the biographical dimension of the production of images is dependent upon creators' life stories and upon the images' interpretation by different recipients. Fourth, the relation between image and language is analyzed using the comparative dimension. Finally, it is also necessary to pay attention to the cross‐media dimension and the historical dimension.
An Encounter between Grey Jay Trickster and an Indigenous A/r/tographer
Authors: Robinson Jocelyne V.
Published: January 2019

Transformation and simultaneity are at play as an artographical encounter ensues when following Grey Jay Trickster's journey to reencounter the author of this chapter at the Big Water and their reminiscence concerning the Algonquin Ekwânamo Matrix Project (AEMP). The omniscient trickster reencounters the AEMP researcher, thereby illustrating the complex and unique flexibility encompassed within an Indigenous research project that interfaces with the frameworks of storywork, a/r/tography, implicate order, and the AEMP itself, which scaffold the research form to incorporate data, identity, and audience. In this holistic process‐oriented research, an Indigenous epistemological and ecological consciousness unfolds through dream/narrative, dream/story, and dream/song in the realms across time and space of the Indigenous genius. This informs/transforms how we view educational design models that integrate Indigenous pedagogies. In the AEMP, cycles of renewal and “multiple lookings” or perspectives inform processes and representations of scholarly inquiry in science education.
Assessment in Art and Design Education: An Analysis of Practices in Botswana Primary Schools
Authors: Mannathoko Magdeline C. , Mamvuto Attwell
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the integration of assessment processes and procedures of expressive arts under the Creative and Performing Arts (CAPA) curriculum in Botswana. It focuses on how the Botswana primary school education system has incorporated means of profiling artistic learning and how teachers have operationalized this curricula requirement. We observe that, while the curriculum suggests comprehensive assessment procedures, no significant progress has been made toward learner assessment since the inception of the program, mainly due to teachers' limited knowledge of the arts and the recommended assessment processes. The organizational structure of the CAPA curriculum is also a constraining factor as teachers find it hard to be competent in all the discrete CAPA subjects. Teachers possess limited understanding of the aesthetic domain underlying art and how it can be assessed. This chapter recommends a revision of assessment procedures so that assessment includes both process and product and self and peer assessment.
Skilled Knowledge, Pedagogy, and Craft
Authors: Mason Rachel
Published: January 2019

Modern art was unfriendly toward the term “craft” and tended to denigrate skills. However, this chapter posits skilled knowledge or craft as the most important dimension of art and design pedagogy. The chapter begins with a broad definition of craft knowledge and the traditional apprenticeship model of education. Then it investigates current thinking about craft‐based pedagogy in art and design educational settings, focusing in particular on how learners acquire craft knowledge through practice and observation, and how this learning is scaffolded through instruction in action. In the last part of the chapter, the instructional modalities of embedded demonstration and guided action are examined in detail, drawing on Scandinavian studies of sloyd and personal research into a printmaking course.
Basic Design: The Pedagogy ofVictorPasmore andRichardHamilton
Authors: Yeomans Richard
Published: January 2019

The Basic Design course at Newcastle University, UK, in the 1950s and 1960s was intimately bound up with the creative interests of the course directors, Victor Pasmore and Richard Hamilton. Inspired by the Bauhaus and the pedagogical writings of Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee, Pasmore initiated the Basic Course as a means of introducing students to an understanding of abstract art. Hamilton's art was informed by the scientific world; his interests in visual perception, semiology, and information theory; and his close friendship with Marcel Duchamp. The Basic Course as it evolved initially reflected the abstract preoccupations of Pasmore, but, as it progressed, Hamilton's contribution augmented its formal content and extended the course to address wider possibilities in the visual world, popular culture, and new approaches to figuration.
The Multiple Personalities of Art Education: A History of Art Education in theUnitedKingdom
Authors: Robb Anna
Published: January 2019

The justification of art education in school curricula and the teaching approaches that should be employed in the UK have been the subject of much debate since the eighteenth century. Primarily, the debate can be distilled down to the following competing paradigm dyads: utilitarian versus libertarian; self‐expression versus tradition; and education in art versus education through art. However, rather than drawing conclusions, the debate is ongoing, fueled by the political and economic context of the times, with the result of a never‐ending see‐sawing from one opinion to the other. Beginning with the rise of industrial art education and the Great Crystal Palace Exposition of 1851 and culminating in the dominance of creativity and culture in creating a sustainable future, the aim of this chapter is to present a concise history of the debate in art education in the UK, demonstrating the inextricable relationship with politics and economics and the constant focus on creating a successful but unknown future for children.
Learning Spaces: A Historiography of Art and Design Education inCanada and theUnitedStates
Authors: Funk Clayton
Published: January 2019

This history of the histories of art education in Canada and the USA is configured according to Richard Cary's questions as to who receives art instruction, who gets what kind of instruction, who decides, who is favored, and who is not served. Histories of art and design education in Canada and the USA are mapped to bring out their relation to: (1) formal schooling and higher education and the hierarchies of education and training; (2) art and design education outside of formal educational institutions (families as educators; museums, libraries, and popular culture; issues of race and gender); and (3) mass media and communications where formal and informal art and design education have emerged in new virtual spaces.
I
slamic and Other Influences on Art and Design Education in the Middle
E
ast and
N
orth
A
frica
Authors: Al‐Amri Mohammed
Published: January 2019

Art and design education in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa began to have its influence around the end of the nineteenth century. As a result of Islamic and other influences on art and design education, modernism began to predominate, and sometimes replace, the traditional arts in this region. This had a direct impact on making and teaching art and design, which in the countries with an Eastern culture adopted a Western form as a role model. This chapter aims to provide some indications about the history and philosophy of art and design education in the Middle East and North Africa with references to current changes and developments in the region. It focuses on Islamic cultural and other influences that relate to art itself and art education in particularly. Both Western and Eastern influences on the Middle East and North Africa are discussed and analyzed to provide context for the history and philosophy of art and design education in this vast region.
Art and the Educational Threshold: The Aporia of Access
Authors: Ruitenberg Claudia W.
Published: January 2019

The recognition that some people perceive the world of visual art as inaccessible remains an important point of departure. However, in the desire to open up the world of visual art to people who may perceive it as inaccessible, some art educators may get in the way of the art. This chapter frames the concept of “access” to worlds of art through Jacques Derrida's ethic of hospitality, an aporetic ethic in which those in the role of host give place to newcomers but do not predetermine newcomers' experience. Art education as advocated in this chapter provides access from the sense of responsibility to open up to others what was never ours to begin with, while recognizing the aporetic space in which art educators always do too much and too little at the same time.
What If? Art Education beyond Expression and Creativity
Authors: Biesta Gert
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers reflections on the potential of the arts for navigating the complex realities of contemporary education, steering a course in between the Scylla of the high instrumentalization of the arts in education and the Charybdis of educational expressivism. The educational significance of the arts, and perhaps the educational urgency of the arts, lies in art education
beyond
expressivism and creativity. On the assumption that education needs to be concerned with the ways in which children and young people can be encouraged to exist in and with the world in a grown‐up way, the chapter explores the potential of the arts in meeting the world, meeting one's desires toward the world, and working through the transformation of desires so that they can sustain grown‐up ways of existing.
Kenotic Art, Eschatological Education: Art as Immanent Education
Authors: Rocha Samuel D.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a philosophical and theological overview of art in relation to death and eternity, along with a final glossary of terms to help the nonspecialist follow the claims and arguments. The educational mission of the chapter is to radically reframe the terms of art and show how this more radical vision of art opposes the natural attitude within education today surrounding STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), economized learning, and even art itself.
Art Education in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Hsu Li‐Hsuan
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses art education in nonprofit organizations through four main emphases. First, it addresses the context, purpose, and function of art education in nonprofit organizations to examine how art education in these settings is structured and developed. Second, it discusses the ways in which multiple stakeholders who are aligned with these organizations influence the focus of the art education curriculum and policies from a number of perspectives, including community, cultural, and social contexts; and identifies diverse factors both within and outside organizations that create and shape the dynamics of art education in communities. Third, it describes typical types of art curricula in nonprofit organizations. And, finally, it examines partnerships and collaborations between schools and nonprofit organizations that could strengthen the possibilities of art education.
Visual Culture and Visual Literacy
Authors: Freedman Kerry
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the contemporary broadening of art and design curriculum to include all forms of visual and material arts, including historical and contemporary fine arts, popular arts, and designed objects, and the concept of visual literacy with regard to curriculum. The chapter has three sections. The first section describes the realm and forms of visual and material culture, referred to here as visual culture. The second section provides a synopsis of curriculum issues and debates related to visual culture approaches to art and design education. Visual culture curricula take many forms internationally, several examples of which are mentioned here, and involve an underlying criticality as well as an emphasis on production and analysis. Learning in and through visual culture requires increasing levels of visual literacy, which is discussed in the third section of the chapter.
Performance and the Event of Art Curriculum
Authors: Garoian Charles R.
Published: January 2019

The paradoxical mode of address of performance art has the potential of affecting curricular practices in dynamic ways. The incongruous encounters, alliances, and movements between and among its disparate cultural images, ideas, materials, and actions in relation to the body unsettle and resist reductive educational representations and standardizations. What might be learned from performance art that can potentially inform art and design curriculum? To address this question in this chapter, I conceptualize ways in which the paradoxical entanglements of “the event” of curriculum as performance art unsettle and reconstitute dualistic understandings in thinking and performing curriculum otherwise.
Semiotics and the Art Curriculum
Authors: Smith‐Shank Deborah L.
Published: January 2019

As contemporary culture becomes more and more visually mediated, it's important to consider the plethora of visual signifiers that serve as both informal and formal pedagogy and how teachers and students make sense of them. Semiotics, the boundary‐crossing interdisciplinary field focusing on the study of signs and symbols, can be used to understand our visual landscape. Signs are the things that, either subtly or overtly, carry messages, including written and spoken words, gestures, objects, clothing, facial expressions, and artifacts. Because signification and meaning‐making are central to art curricula, semiotics is a useful discipline for understanding traditional art, as well as material and visual culture artifacts. Contexts are central to understanding art objects as they always influence their meanings. This chapter focuses on the ways in which semiotics can be used to prepare art students to understand their art‐making as well as to confront the complex and ubiquitous visual signifiers both inside and outside of the classroom, with reference to empirical, philosophical, and theoretical semiotic research. Because semiotics is such a wide field with multiple avenues of exploration, it is impossible to cover all of its aspects. Therefore, in this chapter, a brief history of semiotics is followed by a pragmatic consideration of social semiotics, which is most relevant to art curricula in the contemporary era.
Design in the Secondary Curriculum
Authors: Granville Gary
Published: January 2019

Design education is seen variously as a process through which specific disciplinary objectives are realized; as a concept through which teaching and learning establish understanding and make meaning across the curriculum; as an approach to education driven by real‐world problem‐solving; and as the very process of education itself, that is, the conscious effort to impose meaningful order on and to make sense of the world. This broad range of understandings constitutes both the strength and the weakness of design education in the secondary curriculum. This chapter provides, first, an overview of the evolution of design education within the curriculum, then analyzes the emergence of design thinking, teaching, and learning as distinctive practices in pedagogy over recent decades. Finally, it raises some critical questions about interpretations of design education and their implications for curriculum planning.
Art and Design Curriculum in the
N
ordic Countries
Authors: Kallio‐Tavin Mira
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of art and design education in the Nordic countries: Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. The cultural, educational, political, and historical similarities and differences, traditions and ideologies, and their effects on art and design education in each country are discussed. For example, these ideologies are attached to broad ideas about social justice, democracy, and equality, and at the same time identified with small countries with specific art, architecture, and design profiles. The discussion on ideologies includes a critique of the idealization of Nordic life, focusing on myths and truths about social welfare, democracy, and economic competitiveness. While the chapter's emphasis is on curricular issues and current and past situations in each country, it discusses Finnish art education and its response to artistic, social, cultural, design, and educational conditions in depth.
Middle Eastern Art and Design Curriculum
Authors: Erişti Suzan Duygu Bedir
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents three factors that influence the art and design curriculum of the Middle East: culture, tradition, and religion. Curriculum development and opportunities for international education in art and design are also influenced by the social goals of Middle Eastern countries.
A multicenter real‐world review of 10 kHz SCS outcomes for treatment of chronic trunk and/or limb pain
Authors: Stauss Thomas , El Majdoub Faycal , Sayed Dawood , Surges Gernot , Rosenberg William S. , Kapural Leonardo , Bundschu Richard , Lalkhen Abdul , Patel Nileshkumar , Gliner Bradford , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar , Rotte Anand , Edgar Deborah R. , Bettag Martin , Maarouf Mohammad
Published: January 2019

Objectives

High‐frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF‐SCS) at 10 kHz has proven to be efficacious in the treatment of chronic back and leg pain in a randomized, controlled, trial (SENZA‐RCT). However, large observational studies have yet to be published. Therefore, we performed a real‐world, multicenter, retrospective, review of therapy efficacy in 1660 patients with chronic trunk and/or limb pain.

Methods

Data were collected in a real‐world environment and retrospectively sourced from a global database. Included patients were trialed and/or permanently implanted with HF‐SCS at 10 kHz between April 2014 and January 2018. We evaluated responder rates at 3, 6, and 12 months post‐implantation. Response was defined as ≥50% pain relief from baseline. A last visit analysis included responder rate along with overall change in function, sleep, quality of life, and medication intake versus baseline.

Results

Eighty‐four percent of our HF‐SCS‐treated patients had both chronic back and leg pain. At least 70% of patients reported response to therapy throughout 12 months of follow‐up. This sustained responder rate was corroborated by the last visit value (74.1%). Most patients reported concomitant improvements in function (72.3%), sleep (68.0%), and quality of life (90.3%) at their last visit versus baseline. Thirty‐two percent of patients reported decreased medication intake at their last visit.

Interpretation

Sustained and effective pain relief was experienced by >70% of our HF‐SCS‐treated patients, consistent with the findings of a previously published randomized, controlled, trial. Our review provides complementary evidence to support the treatment of chronic back and leg pain with this therapy.