Forms of degeneration of blood cells, their physiological and clinical significance, mechanisms of formation, shadows of cells in blood smears of birds
Authors: Kolesnik E. A. , Derkho M. A. , Rebezov M. B. 
Published: January 2024

Relevance. An overview is presented of the patterns of appearance, physiological and clinical significance of shadows of cells, a comparative experimental cytomorphological analysis using the example of polychromatophilic erythroblasts (PolyErythro), shadows of erythroblast (ShadErythro) and undifferentiated shadows cells of in peripheral blood smears of chickens Gallus gallus L.

Methods. The studied individuals were divided into four groups (n = 40) depending on the age of the chickens (Postembryonalis — P1, P7, P23, and P42): 1, 7, 23, and 42 days of postembryonic ontogenesis) of a factory herd. ShadErythro apoptotic changes, undifferentiated cell shadows were characterized. Were calculated and characterized the morphophysiological parameters of PolyErythro, ShadErythro and unidentified shadows of cells by high-resolution color microphotographs in blood smears of birds (Pappenheim stained); a total of 158 (n = 158) microphotographs were analyzed.

Results. The structured ShadErythro were able in chromatinolized. Unidentified shadows of cells were in a state of cytolysis, fragmentation of the cytoplasm, karyopycnosis and karyorrhexis, chromatin fragmentation, and karyolysis were noted. Structured of ShadErythro and undifferentiated shadows of cells were light purple with a reddish tint. Significant difference in the area of ShadErythro (Sshadow, μm2) was recorded in the ascending area of PolyErythro (Scell, μm2), within 25% (p ≤ 0.001), an increase in the percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the ShadErythro area (Pshad.-cell-differ.-min-max,%) of Pcell-differ.-min-max,% PolyErythro was 36% (p ≤ 0.001). The difference in the percentage difference between the minimum and maximum values of the area of the nucleus of erythroblasts (Pnucleus-differ.-min-max) and the shadows of the nucleus of erythroblasts (Pshad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max) is significantly less than the analogous values (noted above) for cells and shadows erythroblasts, for example, Pnucleus-differ.-min-max exceeded Pshad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max by only 21% (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio ShadErythro (PN/C Ratio-shad.-cell) significantly exceeded the analogous value of PolyErythro (PN/C Ratio) within 64% (p ≤ 0.001). At the same time, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of PolyErythro (N/C Ratio) and ShadErythro (N/C Ratio-shad.-cell) had a relatively minimal difference. The ShadErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio-shad.-cell) exceeded the PolyErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio) by only 12% (p ≤ 0.001). ShadErythro is maximally represented in chickens aged P1 — 40% and up to 30% (p ≤ 0.05) in P23. In P7, the amount of ShadErythro decreased by 30% (p ≤ 0.05), in P42, a decrease in ShadErythro to 20% (p ≤ 0.05) was recorded. The described dynamics of ShadErythro is due to physiological adaptive processes in the body of broiler chickens in the early period of postembryonic ontogenesis. The data obtained by us from a comprehensive comparative morphophysiological analysis of forms of degeneration of blood cells will be useful in the clinical diagnosis of animal pathologies, experimental and theoretical studies of cellular adaptations of the functional blood system and the whole organism.