bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Healthy Eating Index (HEI) in drug users living in three U.S. East Coast cities
Authors: Tang Alice , Hendricks Kristy , Skinner Sally , Dong Kimberly , Sheehan Heidi , Wanke Christine
Published: June 2021

This cross‐sectional analysis seeks to characterize the dietary quality of current and former drug users (DUs). We computed HEI‐2005 scores, ranging from 0 (worst quality) to 100 (best quality), from 24 hour recalls collected on 282 HIV‐positive and 237 HIV‐negative DUs living in Baltimore, Boston, and Providence between 2005–2007. The mean HEI score in the population was 47±12. We examined quartiles of HEI to determine characteristics associated with better and worse diet quality. DU's with the best quality diet (HEI‐Q4) were more likely to be Hispanic, food secure, and live in Boston; while DU's with the worst diet quality (HEI‐Q1) were more likely to be currently using drugs and drinking alcohol at least once per day. In a multivariate logistic regression model, living in Boston (OR=3.5; 95%CI: 2.3, 5.5), being food secure (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.5), and using drugs (OR=0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.9) remained significantly associated with HEI‐Q4. Among HIV‐positive DUs, poorer quality diet was associated with lower CD4 counts (p<.001) and more HIV symptoms (p=.01). Diet quality was not associated with HIV status, gender, age, education, housing security, smoking, BMI, or depression. Examination of nutrition services available to DU's in the three cities could provide clues as to why diet quality was better in Boston. Among those with HIV, nutrition support should be targeted to those with more advanced disease.
Physiological Changes in Japanese Students During a One‐Year Study Abroad Program in the United States
Authors: Cahill Caroline R. , Stavrianeas Stasinos
Published: June 2021

We investigated changes in health and nutritional intake in a group of Japanese international students engaged in a one‐year study abroad program at a small college in the Pacific Northwest. 47 students (n= 15 M, age=19.85 and n= 32 F, age= 20.02) completed a survey that recorded changes in eating patterns, general health, and physical activity. Additionally, height, weight, BMI, body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), blood pressure, and blood lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and TC/HDL ratio) were recorded at 3 time points: upon the students’ arrival, at 10 weeks and 20 weeks. Students self‐reported limited food consumption due to concerns about their health and meal point budgeting. Average weight increased (1.67±2.71 kg, p<0.01) after 7 months; most students recognized that their food intake was greater than in Japan. HDL cholesterol decreased during the same time frame (59.938±16.2 vs 48.625±16.6 mg/dL, p<0.001). 97% of students did not meet the ACSM/AHA weekly physical activity guidelines; lack of time, energy, and motivation were cited as reasons for not exercising. The results of this study indicate that it is important for host institutions to develop supportive, culturally responsive environments to enhance international students’ success while abroad and encourage healthy lifestyle behaviors through outreach interventions.

Supported by a Willamette University Carson Grant to CRC.
Spatial characteristics of BMI among women in Kurdistan, Iraq
Authors: Curtin Kevin M. , Pawloski Lisa , Rasheed Taban K. , Ahmad Hamdia
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe the spatial patterns concerning BMI among women living in Kurdistan, Iraq.

Methods

Anthropometric and geographic data were collected by the researchers from a sample of 1023 women working and/or studying at the University of Salahhadin in Erbil, Iraq in the spring of 2010. Spatial relationships were examined concerning BMI. These relationships included spatial statistical measures of clustering of the segments of the sample, in addition to inspection of location of significant clusters.

Results

44% were found to be either overweight or obese. The spatial statistics further support the findings revealing spatial patterns of obesity and home location. There was strong evidence that high BMI values (obese women) exhibit spatial clustering.

Conclusions

The findings are significant in that no such analyses have been conducted in Kurdistan concerning the nutritional status of women, nor have they been conducted using geographic methods. Further, this study suggests the need for further geographic analyses concerning the potential factors which influence nutritional status in this population. This research was supported by the Center for Global Studies, and the Provost's Office, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
Process Evaluation of a Community‐Based Pilot Intervention for Chronic Disease Prevention in Guatemalan School‐Aged Children
Authors: Letona Paola , Gittelsohn Joel , Chacon Violeta , Ramirez‐Zea Manuel , Caballero Benjamin
Published: June 2021

We examined the implementation of ¡Pilas!, a community‐based intervention aimed to reduce risk factors for chronic diseases (unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco use) in school‐age children. The intervention consisted of three components (school, food kiosk and community) that were implemented by teachers, children, food vendors, religious leaders, and government workers in two poor communities and two public schools in Guatemala City. Intervention activities included a classroom‐based program (4th–6th grade), active games during school recess, healthy recipes and marketing strategies to promote healthy foods in kiosks, and community events. Quantitative and qualitative methods (structured observations, surveys, logs) were used to examine process indicators, which included the extent of delivery (reach), proportion received by target audience (dose), fidelity of intervention protocol, and context. The school component was implemented with high reach, dose and fidelity. The kiosk component was implemented with moderate dose and fidelity, and low reach. The community component was implemented with low dose and reach. Lack of communication and organizational difficulties were identified as barriers to implementation in the kiosk and community components. These findings will be used to plan a randomized controlled trial in Guatemala City.

Grant Funding Source: NHLBI ‐ HHSN 268200900028C
Prevalence and Determinants of Hyperhomocysteinemia in School Aged Children in Rural Nepal
Authors: Schulze Kerry Jean , Yakub Mohsin , Christian Parul , Stewart Christine Patricia , West Keith Parker
Published: June 2021

Limited data are available on hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in school aged children in South Asia. We determined prevalence of HHcy (>;12μmol/l) and its association with vitamins B12, B6, and folate and dietary patterns in 6–8 y old children in rural Nepal. Homocysteine and B‐vitamins were assessed in plasma samples from 1000 children, randomly selected from a bioarchive of 3524 children born to mothers who had previously participated in an antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial. Prevalence of HHcy was 18.4%, and vitamin B12 deficiency (<150 pmol/L), low folate (<13.6 nmol/L), and vitamin B6 deficiency (pyridoxal phosphate < 20 nmol/L) occurred in 18%, 6%, and 43% of children, respectively. HHcy increased with vitamin B12 deficiency [OR=5.8, 95%CI=4.0–8.3; P<0.001] and low folate [OR=2.21, 95% CI=1.28–3.92, P=0.004] but not vitamin B6 deficiency [OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.52–1.01; P=0.06]. Food consumption data for the week prior to sample collection was assessed using factor analysis, revealing three distinct dietary patterns. Highest intakes of one pattern were protective against HHcy, while another conferred risk of HHcy. Dietary patterns and micronutrient deficiencies contribute to HHcy, which was unexpectedly high in these children, potentially signaling future cardiovascular disease risk. Support: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grants 614 and 5241.
Relationships between overweight, inflammation, and iron status in women in the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)
Authors: Luna Sarah V. , Haas Jere D. , Shamah Tere , Villalpando Salvador
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the relationships between iron status, inflammation, and body size in a nationally representative sample of Mexican women.

Methods

Iron status (hemoglobin, ferritin, TfR), inflammation (CRP), and anthropometric indices (BMI, waist circumference) were determined for 1353 women (18–35 y) as part of the 2006 ENSANUT survey. Linear and binomial regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between markers of iron status and body size controlling for age and demographic variables. Different criteria for overweight and obesity were tested as well as different indicators of iron deficiency.

Results

27% of the women were iron deficient (<15μg/l). 29% were overweight (25<BMI<30), and 35% were obese (BMI>;30). Odds of having CRP>;5mg/L were 7.53 (95% CI: 5.31,10.67) for obese and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.75,3.58) for overweight compared to normal weight women. Ferritin values were significantly higher for obese (29.80 μg/l) but not overweight (24.62 μg/l) compared to normal weight women (23.18μg/l). TfR values did not differ by weight status.

Conclusion

Overweight and obesity in Mexican women contribute to elevated CRP and ferritin values but not TfR values.

Grant Funding Source: Cornell University
Low meats and sweets diet attenuates the effect of overweight duration on glucose levels among Filipino women
Authors: Duazo Paulita , Lee Nanette , Bas Isabelita , Largado Fe , Borja Judith , Adair Linda
Published: June 2021

Overweight (OW) duration and diet affect glucose levels. We examined whether diet modified the effect of OW duration on fasting glucose and having impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes (IFG/DM: FG>;=110mg/dL) in 1,887 women (ages 35–68y) in the 2005 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. OW (BMI>;=25kg/m2) duration was categorized as >;=10 y (25%), < 10 y (17%), had a history but not currently OW (10%) and never OW (48%). Using factor analysis, we identified 3 diet patterns: meats/sweets, vegetables/grains, and processed seafoods. Mean FG was 99.6 mg/dL; 14% had IFG/DM. For FG, linear regression results showed significant interaction between OW duration and the meats/sweets pattern (LR test p<0.04). OW duration was not significantly associated with FG among women who consumed low meats/sweets (lowest quartile): 1.6 (−10.1, 13.2) [COEFF (95% CI)] for women OW <10 yrs and 2.6 (−10.8,15.9) for women OW >;10yrs. For women who consumed higher amounts of meats/sweets, compared to never OW women, FG was 4.5 (− 2.0,11.4) and 18.8 (11.0, 26.5) mg/dL higher for women OW < 10y and OW >;=10y, respectively. Similarly, we found increased effect of OW duration on having IFG/DM among women who consumed greater meats/sweets. Results underscore the benefit of controlling meats and sweets consumption, especially among those who have been chronically OW. R01TW008288
Understanding the formulation process of the Mexico and Spain school‐feeding policies
Authors: García Katia Y , Frongillo Edward A , Dresser Anahí C , Orozco Emanuel , Rodríguez Guadalupe
Published: June 2021

Concern about health in school‐age children has led to formulation of national policies which confront technical, operational, and socio‐political challenges. This study aimed to contrast the formulation processes of the Mexico and Spain school‐feeding policies. We conducted a total of 22 in‐depth interviews with Mexican and Spanish academics, and examined the notes published from October 2004 to July 2012 in four national newspapers and two civil association websites. Analysis was done separately by country to examine the policy‐formulation process, contextual factors, actors, and content for the formulation processes. Data were triangulated by comparing and contrasting information from the interviews and published notes. Academics’ participated in the formulation processes as providers of scientific evidence, but the academics’ work was not taken fully into account by other stakeholders. Improving child health was not the only value for the formulation of the school‐feeding policies; the policy was promoted primarily with economic interests in Mexico and with political interests in Spain. The influence in Mexico of the food and beverage industry in establishing the nutrient criteria of the policy was the main factor differentiating the contexts in the two countries. Funded by Conacyt.

Grant Funding Source: Nutrition
Shifts in the fecal microbial community composition are associated with dietary fiber solubility
Authors: Yang Fang , Chia Nicholas , Schook Lawrence B , White Bryan A
Published: June 2021

The impact of diet on the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract has been well documented. However, quantitation of the role of diet in shaping microbial composition has been difficult due to the presence of factors such as host genetics and environment. We used two genetically identical pigs housed together as a system for isolating diet‐induced changes in the microbiome. We used a withdrawal design across four 14‐d periods with two diets having different solubility of dietary fiber to study the fecal microbial community by 454‐pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Shifts in the fecal microbial community composition were assessed with respect to dietary correlations. Similarity analysis revealed that the gut microbiomes from the two different diets clustered separately. Taxa‐based approaches detected significantly different bacteria composition in two different diets. Diversity analysis showed that bacterial diversity was associated with the level of dietary fiber solubility. To conclude, the impact of diet on gut microbiome composition was isolated from host genetics and environment. Diet‐induced changes in gut microbiome composition were observed and found to be reversible within a short time. Our results show that genetically identical pigs can be used as a model system for assessing the influence of diet and other variables on the composition of the gut microbial community.

Grant Funding Source: University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA AG 2008–34480‐19328, USDA AG 2008–34480‐19328, USDA/ARS AG 58–5438‐7–317l, USDA/ARS AG 58–5438‐2–307
Long term supplement AGV‐Isomaltooligosaccharides drink into water can moldulate the gut microflora in rats
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chuan , Hsu Chin‐Ping , Peng Meng‐Sheng , Lin Shin‐Wen , Huang Hui‐Yu
Published: June 2021

Isomaltooligosaccharides ( IMO) is general term for such oligosaccharides. Previous study demonstrated that IMO can be a useful components for the intestinal flora improvement. The objective of this study was to investigate the AGV‐ IMO drink ( AGV‐IMO) whether has prebiotics potential on gastro intentinal (GI) protective effect in rat. Sprague Dawley rats ( n=40)were divided into four groups, such as control (con), positive control (PC), low dose of AGV‐IMO(LD), and high does of AGV‐IMO (HD). AGV‐IMO was added into daily water for 8 weeks. Changes in whole bodyweights and daily food intake were monitored throughout the study, and found no significant different among the groups. For the microflora analysis, viable cell counts of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, total anaerobic bacteria counts, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens were determined from the feces and cecum of rats. The results reveled that AGV‐IMO significantly enhanced the beneficial effects on gut microflora, but suppressed the bacterial pathogens in the feces and cecum. Findings from our study suggest that long term add AGV‐IMO drink into daily water is a potential source of prebiotic in rat.
Associations between urinary soy isoflavones and inflammatory markers in adults in the United States in 2005–2008
Authors: Nicastro Holly L. , Mondul Alison M. , Rohrmann Sabine , Platz Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2021

We aimed to determine the association between urinary isoflavones and blood markers of inflammation in US adults using NHANES 2005–2008 (n=1683). Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate geometric mean serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and white blood cell counts (WBC) and to estimate the odds of high CRP (≥3mg/L) and of high WBC (≥7,900/μL) by quartile of urinary genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAZ), Odesmethylangolensin (O‐DMA), and equol. The highest quartile of GEN and third quartile of DAZ were associated with significantly decreased odds of high CRP compared to the lowest quartile (OR GEN: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.99 and OR DAZ: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35– 0.98). The sum of DAZ, O‐DMA and equol was significantly associated with decreased CRP concentrations (p‐trend = 0.017). Increasing equol was associated with decreased WBC (p‐trend <0.0001). O‐DMA was the only isoflavone whose excretion was significantly associated with a decrease in both inflammation markers (p‐trend CRP = 0.024, p‐trend WBC <0.0001). These results suggest a possible inverse association between soy isoflavones and inflammation.

Support: NIH/JHSPH
Comparative bioavailability of tableted water‐soluble olive polyphenols with and without phospholipid micelle incorporation in humans
Authors: Templeton Jenna A , Goldfine Howard , Schneider Erik , McKinnon Toni , Cuomo John , Dixon Brian M , Levy Mark A
Published: June 2021

Health benefits of the Mediterranean diet have been partly attributed to antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of olivebased polyphenols. We currently employ a USANA‐patented extraction process to concentrate water‐soluble olive polyphenols (WSOP) into a tablet. Recently, we incorporated these polyphenols into a phospholipid micelle (PM) and hypothesized that this may enhance their bioavailability, based on a recent study which demonstrated this effect with a curcuminoid mixture. Hence, the aim of this project was to determine if incorporation of WSOP into a PM would enhance bioavailability compared to the free forms in humans. These two treatments consisted of 100 mg verbascoside, 23 mg hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 1.5 mg tyrosol (T) and were administered to 9 subjects in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study. Bioavailability was evaluated by comparing levels of five polyphenol metabolites—HT; 3,4‐diphenylhydroxyacetic acid (34); T; homovanillyl alcohol (HVOH), and homovanillic acid (HVA)—in 24‐hour urine samples. Levels of HT, 34, and HVOH were not different between treatments, but levels of T and HVA were 2‐ to 3‐fold higher in subjects consuming the free‐form polyphenols. To confirm this data and better understand the pharmacokinetics of these compounds, a plasma‐based assay is currently under development.
Effect of dairy intake on bone mineral density (BMD) is only beneficial with higher vitamin D (VitD) intakes: the Framingham Original Cohort
Authors: Sahni Shivani , Tucker Katherine L. , Kiel Douglas P. , Quach Lien , Casey Virginia , Hannan Marian T.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate associations of milk, yogurt, cheese, cream & total dairy intakes with 4y% change in BMD at femoral neck‐FN, trochanter‐TR & lumbar spine‐LS in the Framingham Cohort; also whether VitD intake modified associations.

Methods

802 participants had valid FFQ & BMD (1988–89, g/cm2); while 597 had follow‐up BMD (1992–93). Multivariable linear regression estimated adjusted β‐coefficients & P values. Analyses were then split by VitD intake (lower quartiles: Q1–Q3 vs highest: Q4) & by VitD supplement use (Y/N).

Results

Mean age of 77y±5, milk intake of 5.9±6.5 serv/wk & VitD intake of 333±285 IU/d. No relations were seen for dairy intakes & % change in any BMD (P range: 0.26–0.91). For Q4 of VitD intake, higher milk & total dairy intakes were protective against TR‐BMD loss (Table). While in Q1–Q3, total dairy was linked with TR‐BMD loss. VitD supplement users showed similar results. Cream intake was related with FN‐BMD loss but no relations were seen in supplement non‐users or other BMD sites.

Conclusions

We found milk & dairy intake to protect against TR‐BMD loss in Q4 of VitD intake. VitD supplement users (not non‐users) showed similar results. The relation of dairy intake with BMD appears dependent on VitD intake.

Funding support: NIH AR # 053205; AR/AG41398, Framingham Heart Study (N01‐HC‐25195) & General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition
Are Physical Activity Levels Linked to Nutrient Adequacy? Implications for Cancer Risk
Authors: Csizmadi Ilona , Kelemen Linda E , Speidel Thomas , Yuan Yan , Dale Laura C , Friedenreich Christine M , Robson Paula J
Published: June 2021

Cancer prevention guidelines recommend a healthy BMI, physical activity and nutrient adequacy from food rather than supplements. Sedentary individuals may restrict energy intake to prevent weight gain and in so doing may compromise nutritional intake. We conducted a cross‐sectional study to determine if adequacy of micronutrients is linked to physical activity levels (PALs) in healthy‐weight adults. Tomorrow Project participants in Alberta, Canada (n=5333) completed past‐year diet and physical activity questionnaires. The percent of participants meeting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) was reported across low and high PALs and the relation between PAL and percent achieved DRI was determined using multiple linear regression analyses. Overall, <50% of healthy‐weight participants met DRIs for folate, calcium and vitamin D. Percent achieved DRI increased linearly with increasing PAL in both genders (P<0.01). An increase in PAL from 1.4 to 1.9 was associated with DRI intake that was 8%–13% higher for folate and vitamin C (men) and 5%–15% higher for calcium and iron (women). Healthy‐weight adults at higher PALs appear more likely to meet DRIs for potential cancer‐preventing nutrients. The cancer prevention benefits of higher PALs may extend beyond the usual benefits attributed to physical activity by facilitating energy balance at higher levels of energy and nutrient intakes.

Funding for the Tomorrow Project was provided by the Alberta Cancer Foundation and the Alberta Cancer Prevention Legacy Endowment Fund.
Factors associated with adherence to the dietary management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , León‐Robles Ruth Verónica , Vásquez‐Garibay Edgar , Hunot‐Alexander Claudia , Vizmanos‐Lamotte Bárbara , Aguirre‐Salas Liuba
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify factors associated with adherence to the dietary management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) attending the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study in 57 patients with DM1. Adherence to dietary management was assessed through two 24‐ hour recall dietary surveys and the instrument “Diabetes self care activities measure”; glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured. We compared the characteristics of those with better vs poorer adherence in the consumption of energy recommendations, servings of carbohydrate (CH) and number of meal times during the day, with the chi square and student T tests. The protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee.

Results

Mean age 12 ± 2.9 years. The average HbA1c was above 9%; 23% reported attending a diabetes education group. 24% reported adequate energy intake and 60% omitted one or more meal times during the day, collations were those more often omitted. Consumption of CH servings was poor in 70% of patients and in no case was excessive. An association was found between those who meet the prescribed servings of CH and do not omit meal times with a better match of energy recommendations.

Conclusions

The dietary adherence was poor, qualified through the fulfillment of the prescribed eating plan, self perception of compliance, and HbA1c levels.
Higher dairy calcium intake compared to other dietary sources of calcium is associated with decreased whole body and regional adiposity in adolescent girls
Authors: Vassallo Danielle Marie , Laddu Deepika , Lee Vinson , Blew Rob , Going Scott
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (SMFI) is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. Insufficient calcium (Ca) intake is common in youth and has been associated with the development of obesity and lower bone mineral content. Dairy calcium (DC) is better absorbed compared to other dietary sources of calcium (OC) and has been linked to decreased adiposity.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the cross‐sectional (CS) and longitudinal (L) relationships between DC and OC intake with BMI, total body fat percentage (BF), android percent fat (AF), and SMFI in 201 healthy girls aged 8–13 years.

METHODS

Muscle density (MD) (mg/cm3), an index of fat infiltration, was measured at the 66% tibia and 20% femur sites using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. BF and AF were measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. DC and OC were assessed using the Harvard youth adolescent questionnaire (YAQ).

RESULTS

Multiple linear regressions with DC and OC, maturity, total energy intake, ethnicity, and activity (PYPAQ) were used to predict adiposity. In CS analysis, DC was inversely associated with BMI (P ≤ 0.05, partial r (ρ)= −0.16, β= −0.17), BF (P ≤ 0.05, (ρ)= −0.15, β= −0.17), AF (P ≤ 0.01, (ρ)= −0.18, β= −0.17), and SMFI (positively associated with MD of the calf (P ≤ 0.01, (ρ)=0.21, β=0.24) and thigh (P ≤ 0.01, ρ=0.17, β=0.20 )). OC was not significantly associated with adiposity. In L analysis, neither baseline DC or OC predicted significant measures of adiposity at 3 years.

CONCLUSION

Higher DC consumption may be associated with decreased adiposity in young girls.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NICHD #HD‐050775
Anthropometric Measurements, Dietary Intakes, Mealtime and Other Behaviors of Children with Autism
Authors: Ekvall Shirley Maxine , Fugazzi Patricia , Stevens Florence , Ekvall Valli
Published: June 2021

During a one year period 87 children with autism were nutritionally evaluated and later compared to the general population(GP). Ages of the 87 children with autism were: 26% 16 months to 3 years, 58% 3 to 5 years, and 16% 5 to 13 years. Anthropometric measures were obtained according to standardized procedures. Population ethnicity was: 60% Caucasian, 33% African American, and 7% Other. Eighty% were male and 20% female. Mothers(58%)were 21 to 30 years of age. During pregnancy, 24% used tobacco and 21% used alcohol or drugs. Only 32% of theses children consumed a multivitamin/mineral supplement in comparison to 38.8% in the GP. Anthropometric measures followed the GP growth curve for age and sex. Fruits and vegetables were low in 74% in comparison to 51.1% in the GP, and whole grains were low in 68% vs 40% in the GP. Favorite foods were chicken nuggets (vs hamburgers in the GP), bananas (vs fruit juices in the GP), and green beans (vs corn in the GP). Soft drinks and candy were equally favorites in both groups. Behaviorally mothers reported 72% were uncooperative and 62% had feeding skill delays in children with autism (The desire for sameness of food intake appeared to carry over in these children). Since nutritionally‐dense food intake is less in children with autism in comparison to the children in the GP, nutritional assessment and counseling skills appear needed for this high risk pediatric population with autism.
Contrubution of Snacks to Total Nutrient Intake by Normal and Overweight Puerto Rican Children at Three Different School Levels
Authors: Preston Alan M , Venegas Heidi , Velez‐Rodriguez Rose M , Rodriguez Cindy A , Rodriguez Natalie
Published: June 2021

Snacking is a common practice and depending upon content, can either contribute to or counteract the widespread incidence of our nation's obesity epidemic. The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of snacks to total daily nutrients in a population of normal and overweight children at 3 different school levels, both during week days and weekend days. To this effect, we have performed multiple 24 hr dietary recall interviews with normal weight (N) and overweight (O) (BMI at the 85th percentile) children in Elementary (E) n = 101, Intermediate (I) n = 116 and High (H) n = 105 schools of metropolitan San Juan, collecting information from week days and from weekend days. E students reported highest rate of snacking, followed by I students with H students having the lowest rate. Weekend snacking was less frequent with E and I children but about the same in H children. Results from macronutrient content show that snacks accounted for 23% of calories for E children, 34% of calories for I children and 28% of calories for H children with O children having slightly higher %'s than N children. Patterns of snacks on weekends closely resembled those of weekdays. Overall, these data provide information that could be used to determine if the content of snacks in our population weighs for or against the overall obesity problem. Financial support: National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service, Grant number 2003–35200‐13590.
Association of body mass index and waist circumference with metabolic alterations in children from Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Vásquez‐Garibay Edgar M. , Miranda‐Rios Lizzete , Nuño‐Cosío Ma. Eugenia
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with metabolic abnormalities in children attending schools in the city of Arandas.

Methods

180 children were included through a multistage and random sampling. A personal interview was conducted, and measurements of weight, height (to calculate BMI; kg/m2) and WC were collected. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, glucose and insulin were determined in blood samples; HOMA was calculated. Mean values of biochemical parameters were compared according to the presence of overweight, obesity or abdominal obesity. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Guadalajara.

Results

Mean age 8.1 ± 2.3 years, 52.2% male. Overweight in 21.7% and obesity in 6.7%; 8.4% with abdominal obesity (WC>; 75th percentile). We identified significant differences in all biochemical parameters (except TC) in children with normal weight vs. overweight or obesity; and with the presence of abdominal obesity (except for LDL and glucose). A positive correlation (negative for HDL) of BMI with all variables except glucose was found; WC correlated positively with VLDL, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and HOMA.

Conclusions

BMI shows better association with metabolic abnormalities in this group of school children with a low prevalence of abdominal obesity.
Relationship between Green Eating and Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors in College Students
Authors: Vandeputte Elizabeth , Nash Jessica T , Weller Katie , Greene Geoffrey W , Lofgren Ingrid E
Published: June 2021

Green Eating (GE) is consuming a predominantly plant‐based diet and choosing fair trade, certified organic products or local foods. These pro‐environmental behaviors may reduce greenhouse gases and prevent farmland erosion. It was hypothesized with this secondary data analysis that university students who perceive the environment as positive or important are more likely to practice GE behaviors. The previously validated GE survey (106 items) was administered to students online (n = 954). Participants were 19.3±1.3 years with a mean BMI of 23.3±3.6 kg/m2. The GE Behavior scale (GEB: 6‐items, α=0.81) showed a linear increase in GE behaviors across GE Stages of Change (SOC) (F=113.05, p<.001). Environmental perception scales were evaluated: environmental importance (EI: 9‐items, α=.92), positive environmental attitudes (PE: 6‐items, α=.77), negative environmental attitudes (4‐items, α=.66). EI (F=35.27, p<.001) and PE (F=39.32, p<.001) were higher across GE SOC. GEB was positively correlated with EI (r=.34, p<.001) and PE (r=.34, p<.001). Findings suggest there is a higher order environmental construct, thus students who perceive the environment as positive or important are more likely to practice GE behaviors. Future research should focus on exploring this construct and tailoring interventions to GE SOC in the context of broader environmental perceptions.
Assessing issue awareness and messaging on purchasing behavior of fresh fruits and vegetables in low‐income populations
Authors: Huang Yancui , Wuchner Brittany , Thomas Sarah , Park Eunyoung , Edirisinghe Indika , Burton‐Freeman Britt
Published: June 2021

Low income populations are less likely than the general population to achieve recommended intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables (F/V). Individual beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, availability and budget are among the major impacts on purchasing F/V. Organic (Org) F/V are touted as healthier and safer than conventionally (Conv) grown. The impact of this message along with associated ‘Org vs Conv’ messages on attitudes and purchasing behaviors of F/V in low income groups (LIG) is not well understood. Therefore, this study was to assess issue awareness, attitudes, and Org vs Conv messaging on self‐reported purchasing of F/V in men and women (>;18 y) meeting low income criteria less than 250% above the poverty level (PL, n=510): 66% were less than 150% above PL. In this cross‐sectional survey conducted in Chicago, IL, the major factors influencing F/V purchasing behaviors were cost, nutrition, and food safety concerns. Sixty one percent indicated the media encourages consumers to buy Org F/V. Change in likelihood to purchase Conv F/V decreased after message testing (78% to 71%, p<0.05) whereas likelihood to purchase Org F/V increased (66% to 74%, p<0.05). The results indicated that messaging about Conv and Org F/V can influence likelihood of F/V purchases. These data provide new insight into understanding how predisposition and messaging could potentially impact F/V consumption in LIG.

Supported by various donor funds
Anti‐hyperglycemic Effect of Arginyl‐fructose and Arginylfructosyl‐ glucose in db/db Mice Model
Authors: Ha Kyoung‐Soo , Jo Sung‐Hoon , Apostolidis Emmanouil , Lee Chong M , Kim Young‐Ho , Lee1 Mee sook , Jang Hae‐Dong , Kwon Young‐In
Published: June 2021

During the heat processing of raw ginseng to produce red ginseng, amino acid derivatives such as arginyl‐fructose (AF) and arginyl‐fructosyl‐ glucose (AFG) are formed at high levels through Amadori rearrangement. However, limited information is available about the anti‐diabetic activities of these compounds. In our previous study, AF and AFG significantly reduced the postprandial blood glucose levels after starch or sucrose loading in SD rat. Therefore, in this study, the potency of glucose‐lowering effects of AF and AFG was evaluated in diabetic db/db mice model. To test whether AF or AFG play a role in the blood glucose lowering in db/db mice, db/db mice were randomly assigned to high‐carbohydrate diets (66.1% corn starch), in AF or AFG contents (4% in diet) for 6 weeks. Changes in body weight, blood glucose level, and food intake were measured daily for 42 days. Administration of AF resulted in a significant decrease of blood glucose level and body weight. The level of HbA1c relevant to seriousness of diabetes was also significantly decreased during 6 weeks. Administration of acarbose¢ç (0.04% in diet), positive control, also significantly alleviated the level of blood glucose, HbA1c, and body weight. These results indicate that AF and AFG, Maillard reaction products, may have anti‐diabetic effect by suppressing carbohydrate absorption in the gastrointestinal level.

Grant Funding Source: National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) (2011–0014860)
Oat usage in food production as a bioactive component source
Authors: Gocmen Duygu , Aydin Emine , Kilci Asli Yukselci , Aydin Merve
Published: June 2021

Despite oats’ early acceptance, the crop became widely accepted only as animal fodder. Having more nutritional value and functional properties, in recent years oats and oat products started to use for human diet. Oat is useful for the control of diabetes, lipid profile, total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Oat grain contains high amounts of dietary fiber (DF), especially β‐glucan. The antioxidant potential of oats has also been recognized for many years. Ferulic and caffeic acid derivatives were proposed to be the source of the antioxidant activity of oat. Phenolic acids, alk(en)ylresorcinols, and avenanthramides are phenolic compounds typically found in grain products, with avenanthramides only in oats. Antioxidants can also provide health benefits against those free radicals in vivo associated with membrane damage, aging, heart disease, and cancer in humans. These all nutritional and functional benefits attributed to dietary fiber, β‐glucan and phenolic compounds have recently greatly increased interest in oat as a human food. In this review, nutritional and functional properties and health benefits of oat products have been briefly discussed.
Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure and with changes in mood
Authors: Kien Craig Lawrence , Bunn Janice Y. , Tompkins Connie L. , Dumas Julie A. , Crain Karen I. , Ebenstein David B. , Koves Timothy R. , Muoio Deborah M.
Published: June 2021

The Western Diet has been linked to obesity, an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure. Studies have emphasized how dietary composition affects energy intake. However, we investigated if lowering the palmitic acid (PA)/oleic acid (OA) ratio of this diet would impact physical activity (PHYS ACTIV) and resting energy expenditure (REE) in 2 cohorts of 18 and 12 young adults, enrolled in separate randomized, double‐masked, cross‐over trials comparing 3‐week diets: high PA (HPA) and low PA/high OA (HOA). Since mood might alter executive functions, affecting PHYS ACTIV, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered (Cohort 2). During HOA, PHYS ACTIV increased in 15/17 in Cohort 1 (P = 0.01) (mean 12% higher; P = 0.01) and 12/12 in Cohort 2 (mean 15% higher; P = 0.003), and REE was 3% higher for Cohort 1 (fed state) (P < 0.01) and 4.5% higher for Cohort 2 (fasted) (P = 0.04). During HOA, the mean Anger‐ Hostility score was lower (P = 0.007) (10/12 lower, P = 0.005), and the Total Mood Disturbance score trended lower in 8/12 (P = 0.06). Replacing dietary PA with OA was associated with increased PHYS ACTIV and REE and less anger and may affect behavior and cognition. (Support: NIDDK).
Effects of a Dietary and Tai Chi Intervention on Body Composition in Obese Older Women
Authors: Bekke Jillian , Letendre Jonathan , Beebe Nowen , Xu Furong , Lofgren Ingrid , Delmonico Matthew J.
Published: June 2021

Tai Chi is an alternative exercise that has not been thoroughly investigated as an intervention strategy in this population when combined with dietary weight loss. A 16‐week non‐randomized intervention using Tai Chi and behaviorally‐based weight loss (TCWL, n=29) in older (68.2±1.5 yrs) obese (BMI=35.4±0.8kg/m2) women was conducted while using a control group (CON, n=9; BMI=38.0±1.5 kg/m2; age=65.5±2.7 yrs). Primary outcome measurements included total body mass, BMI, percent fat (via bioelectrical impedance analysis), body mass, hip and waist circumferences. Participants in the TCWL group engaged in twice weekly Tai Chi sessions (~45 min) and once weekly behaviorally‐based dietary weight loss meetings. The CON group was asked to continue with their daily routines during the intervention. The TCWL group lost 1.6±2.9 kg (P=0.006) and the CON group showed no change (−1.2±1.9 kg; P=0.11). BMI did not change in either the TCWL group (−0.7±1.0 kg/m2, P>;0.0017) or in the CON group (−0.5±1.0 kg/m2, P>;0.1896). There were no changes in fat mass or waist circumference in either group (both P>;0.05). The results from this preliminary study show that the combination of Tai Chi and dietary weight loss may not be effective in altering key measures of body composition in obese older women but further study is needed with more substantial weight loss.
High Plasma Homocysteine Increases Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in 6 to 8 Year Old Children in Rural Nepal
Authors: Yakub Mohsin , Schulze Kerry J. , Christian Parul , Stewart Christine P. , West Keith P.
Published: June 2021

Little attention has been given to the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) with adverse metabolic conditions in children, particularly in South Asia where development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a concern. We evaluated the association between elevated Hcy (>; 12 mmol/L) with MetS in children 6 to 8 y of age in rural Nepal. In 2006–2008, 3524 children whose mothers had participated in an antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial in 1999–2001 were assessed for lipid profiles, fasting glucose (FG), blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC). Homocysteine was assessed in 1000 randomly selected children. There was an increased risk of low high density lipoproteins (HDL < 0.9mmol/L) [OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.08–2.88; P=0.02] and higher systolic or diastolic BP (≥90th percentile) [OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.1–2.46; P=0.015] with elevated Hcy, but no difference in elevated triglycerides (TG ≥1.7mmol/L), FG (≥85th percentile) or WC (≥85th percentile). Overall prevalence of MetS was 8.6% when MetS was defined as any 3 of the following: elevated BP, TG, FG or WC, or low HDL. There was an increased risk of MetS with elevated Hcy (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.05–2.9; P=0.029). Elevated Hcy is associated with MetS that may have implications for chronic disease later in life. Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation (Grant 614).
Zinc (Zn) absorption from SprinklesTM is not affected by iron (Fe) in Kenyan infants in malaria endemic area
Authors: Krebs Nancy F , Hambidge K Michael , Ikemeri Justus E , Westcott Jamie E , Kemp Jennifer , Lei Sian , Miller Leland V , Liechty Edward , Esamai Fabian
Published: June 2021

Interference with Zn absorption is one proposed explanation for adverse effect of Fe supplements in Fe‐replete subjects in malaria endemic areas. We determined the effect of Fe on Zn absorption and size of exchangeable Zn pool (EZP) after 3 mo of micronutrient (MN) home fortification with SprinklesTM in maize‐based diets in rural Kenyan infants.

Methods

6 mo old infants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: MN+Zn (5 mg) + Fe (12.5 mg); MN+ Zn (5 mg); or placebo. At 9 mo, fractional absorption of Zn (FAZ) was measured by a dual isotope tracer ratio method, using extrinsic labels (67Zn) added to SprinklesTM meal, and to all other meals excluding breast milk (70Zn); 68Zn was administered IV. EZP was calculated from urine 68Zn enrichment. Zn intake (ZI) was measured by duplicate diet analyses. Absorbed Zn (AZ) = FAZ × ZI.

Results

AZ from non‐SprinklesTM meals = 0.2 mg/day in all groups. AZ from SprinklesTM meals and EZP by group were:

Group (n)
ZI (mg)
FAZ
AZ (mg)
EZP (mg/kg)

MN+Zn +Fe (10)
5.1 (0.02)*
0.12 (0.12)
0.60 (0.6)
3.7 (1.2)

MN+Zn (8)
5.2 (0.26)
0.14 (0.21)
0.70 (1.1)
4.0 (1.2)

Placebo (9)
0.1 (0.03)
0.25 (0.11)
0.02 (0.01)
3.0 (1.9)

Mean (SD) ANOVA indicated no significant differences for any variable.

Conclusions

Although increased Fe intake was not associated with impaired Zn absorption or EZP size, the low AZ relative to estimated physiologic requirement suggests higher doses of Zn in SprinklesTM may be desirable. Supported by NIH K24DK083772 and IAEA.
Public beliefs about involvement of religious institutions with obesity
Authors: Stiles Sarah , Sobal Jeffery
Published: June 2021

While some social institutions, including medicine, government, and education, have mobilized to deal with obesity, it is unclear what role religious organizations play. Little is known about what the public thinks religious organizations should be doing about obesity. We analyzed the nationally‐representative, cross‐sectional 2011 Cornell National Social Survey (n=997) to examine public opinion about whether religious institutions should play a role in addressing obesity. We examined whether opinions were predicted by religiousness, political ideology, and body weight, controlling for sociodemographics. Overall, 8% of respondents strongly agreed that religious organizations should help to deal with obesity in the US, 21% agreed, 16% were uncertain, 29% disagreed, and 26% strongly disagreed. People with higher religious attendance were more likely to agree, but political ideology, religious affiliation, and body weight were not predictive of opinions about this issue. Results from this study suggest that the public is divided over whether religious organizations should deal with obesity and may suggest a lack of public consensus about the type of involvement these organizations should have.

Grant Funding Source: No grant funding
Low Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Status in Residents of the Guatemalan Pacific Coastal Plain
Authors: Campos Raquel , Soto‐Méndez María José , Bailey Eileen , Detlefsen Michelle , Kraemer Klaus , Salem Norman
Published: June 2021

Background

With the exception of a dietary survey in schoolchildren showing lower‐than‐recommended intakes of essential fatty acids (EFAs), little is known about EFAs status in Guatemala.

Objective

To assess FA profiles in red cell membranes from adult women and school children in villages on the southern coastal plain of Guatemala.

Methods

BHT‐protected red cell samples were prepared at the follow‐up collection period of an intervention study of a fat‐free fortified beverage from 158 women aged 15–49 y and 135 schoolchildren aged 6–11 y. Fatty acids were identified and quantified using gas‐liquid chromatography and reported in weight percent (Wt%).

Results

With respect to the EFAs, children were significantly lower than the women in RBC membrane content for 20:3n6, 22:4n6 and 20:5n3, but had higher levels of 18:2n6, 20:4n6, 22:5n6, 22:5n3 and 22:6n3. The overall median omega‐3 proportion (EPA + DHA asWt%) was 3.58 Wt%, with 3.37 in women and 3.77 in children (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Specifically for PUFAs, the indicators point to a less than optimal status for the n‐3 series in both subsamples.

Funded by Cabcorp, Guatemala, Sight & Life, Basel and DSM Nutritional lipids of Columbia, MD.
Tri‐docosahexaenoic but not Tri‐eicosapentaenoic Acid‐Rich Emulsions are Neuroprotective after Cerebral Hypoxic‐ Ischemic Injury in Mice
Authors: Mayurasakorn Korapat , Ten Vadim S. , Deckelbaum Richard J.
Published: June 2021

We previously showed a neuroprotective role of n‐3 rich triglyceride (TG) intravenous emulsions (48% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) after hypoxicischemic (H/I) injury (ischemic stroke) in 4 different rodent models, while n‐6 TG did not provide neuroprotection. We now questioned the specificity of TGs made with only EPA or DHA on post H/I neuroprotection in C57BL/6J neonatal mice. H/I was induced by right carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% O2. Mice then received 2 intraperitoneal administrations of TG containing only DHA (Tri‐DHA) or EPA (Tri‐EPA) at doses of 0.1 and 0.375 g n‐3 TG/kg, administered immediately after H/I at different time points. n‐3 TG (Tri‐DHA) significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume by 47% as compared to saline control (p < 0.05). Post‐H/I treatment with Tri‐DHA at both doses significantly showed similar reduced (~ 50 %) cerebral infarct volumes when administered at 0, 1, or 2 hr after H/I by 51%, by 46% and 51%, respectively (p < 0.05), while Tri‐EPA showed no neuroprotective effect. No protective effect from Tri‐DHA was observed with injection at 4 hr after H/I. We conclude that n‐3 TG emulsions rich in DHA in mice are protective against H/I induced cerebral infarction when administered up to 2 hr after H/I injury. Acute Tri‐ DHA emulsion injection may prove to be an effective therapy after ischemic stroke in humans.

Supported in part by NIH grants HL 40404 (RJD), NS 056146 (VST)