bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights from the animal kingdom
Authors: Morwitz Vicki G.
Published: February 2014

Just as we have learned a great deal in consumer psychology by focusing on understanding how different sub‐groups of humans think, this paper suggests that we can also learn from examining how different types of animals think. To that end, this manuscript offers a review of literature on topics in animal cognition that have also been investigated by consumer researchers. It first reviews research that has identified ways in which animals and humans are similar and then reviews research that has identified ways in which animals differ from humans, with a focus on ways in which some animals have been shown to outperform humans. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of opportunities for future research.
Dynamics of large-scale circulation of turbulent thermal convection in a horizontal cylinder
Authors: Song Hao , Brown Eric , Hawkins Russell , Tong Penger
Published: February 2014

A systematic study of the effects of cell geometry on the dynamics of large-scale flows in turbulent thermal convection is carried out in horizontal cylindrical cells of different lengths filled with water. Four different flow modes are identified with increasing aspect ratio$\Gamma $. For small aspect ratios ($\Gamma \leq 0.16$), the flow is highly confined in a thin disc-like cell with a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) large-scale circulation (LSC) in the circular plane of the cell. For larger aspect ratios ($\Gamma >0.16$), we observe periodic switching of the angular orientation$\theta $of the rotation plane of LSC between the two longest diagonals of the cell. The sides of the container along which the LSC oscillates changes at a critical aspect ratio$\Gamma _{c}\simeq 0.82$. The measured switching period is equal to the LSC turnover time for$\Gamma \leq \Gamma _c$, shows a sharp increase at$\Gamma _{c}$and decays exponentially to the LSC turnover time with increasing$\Gamma $. For$\Gamma \geq 1.3$, a periodic rocking of LSC along the long axis of the cylinder is also observed. The measured probability density function$P(\theta )$of the LSC orientation$\theta $peaks at the two diagonal positions, and its shape is described by a phenomenological model proposed by Brown & Ahlers (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 2008b, 075101; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 638, 2009, pp. 383–400). Using this model, we describe the dynamics of the LSC orientation$\theta $by stochastic motion in a double-well potential. The potential is predicted from a model in which the sidewall shape produces an orientation-dependent pressure on the LSC. This model also captures key features of the four flow modes. The experiment reveals an interesting array of rich dynamics of LSC in the horizontal cylinders, which are very different from those observed in the upright cylindrical convection cells. The success of the model for both upright and horizontal cylinders suggests that it can be applied to different geometries.
Development and validation of a Food Choices Score for use in weight-loss interventions
Authors: Grafenauer Sara J. , Tapsell Linda C. , Beck Eleanor J. , Batterham Marijka J.
Published: February 2014

Weight loss results from an energy deficit, although the quality of food choices making up the diet may also be important. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a diet quality tool based on food categories to monitor dietary change in clinical weight-loss settings. The Food Choices Score (FCS) was based on seventeen food categories, each scoring up to five points, totalling 85. In addition to content validity, the tool was validated using (1) two energy-deficit diet models (6500 and 7400 kJ) assuring nutrient and food-group targets and (2) dietary data from two weight-loss trials (n 189). First, the diet models confirmed that an optimal score of 85 was achievable. Second, change in scores was compared with weight loss achieved at 3 months. The trial data produced a mean FCS of 42·6 (sd 8·6), increasing to 49·1 (sd 7·6) by 3 months. Participants who lost weight achieved a higher FCS at 3 months than those who did not (P= 0·027), and there was an even greater improvement in the FCS (P= 0·024) in participants losing ≥ 5 % body weight than in those losing < 5 %. A greater change in the FCS (Δ ≥ 7) resulted in a greater change in BMI (P =0·044), and score change was correlated with weight change (P= 0·023). Participants with the highest scores ( ≥ 56 v. ≤ 44/85) consumed more fruit (P< 0·001) and low-fat dairy foods (P =0·004), less fatty meat (P< 0·001), non-whole-grain cereals (P< 0·001), non-core foods and drinks (NCFD) (P< 0·001), less energy (P =0·018), less dietary fat (P< 0·001) and more dietary fibre (P= 0·013). Weight loss was 35·5 % less likely to be achieved with every increase in the serves of NCFD (P =0·004) in the study sample. The FCS is a valid tool for assessing diet quality in clinical weight-loss settings.
The 1935 Labour Dispute at theAmsterdam Newsand the Challenges Posed by the Rise of Unionism in Depression-Era Harlem
Authors: Ayers Oliver
Published: February 2014

The eleven-week dispute at theAmsterdam Newsin Harlem was the first time in US history that black workers were successful in a labour dispute with black management. Some contemporaries argued that the event represented a triumph for the class-inspired activism of the left, an interpretation in line with the historiography of the long civil rights movement. This article argues that the dispute actually demonstrated the challenges inherent in pursuing labour-based protest strategies. Success was achieved by a concentrated group of workers who used their collective power and propitious geographical and social standing to harness the support of a cross-section of leadership groups. This moment of apparent unity concealed enduring divides over interracial activism, not only between nationalist groups and the radical left but also within mainstream groups like the NAACP. Temporary success could be achieved when workers like theAmsterdam Newsstaff managed to bridge these divides. Supporters, however, proved unable to avoid the subsequent dismissal of union instigators by the newspaper's new owners. More broadly, the problems of coordinating activism to target the different groups who controlled black employment continued to bedevil subsequent protests during the transformative era of the New Deal.
Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk
Authors: Valmaggia L. R. , Day F. L. , Jones C. , Bissoli S. , Pugh C. , Hall D. , Bhattacharyya S. , Howes O. , Stone J. , Fusar-Poli P. , Byrne M. , McGuire P. K.
Published: February 2014

Background

Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder but the temporal relationship between cannabis use and onset of illness is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the influence of cannabis use on transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for the disorder.

Method

Lifetime and continued cannabis use was assessed in a consecutively ascertained sample of 182 people (104 male, 78 female) at UHR for psychosis. Individuals were then followed clinically for 2 years to determine their clinical outcomes.

Results

Lifetime cannabis use was reported by 134 individuals (73.6%). However, most of these individuals had stopped using cannabis before clinical presentation (n = 98, 73.1%), usually because of adverse effects. Among lifetime users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after presentation were all associated with an increase in transition to psychosis. Transition to psychosis was highest among those who started using cannabis before the age of 15 years and went on to use frequently (frequent early-onset use: 25%; infrequent or late-onset use: 5%; χ21 = 10.971, p = 0.001). However, within the whole sample, cannabis users were no more likely to develop psychosis than those who had never used cannabis (cannabis use: 12.7%; no use: 18.8%; χ21 = 1.061, p = 0.303).

Conclusions

In people at UHR for psychosis, lifetime cannabis use was common but not related to outcome. Among cannabis users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after clinical presentation were associated with transition to psychosis.
Discretionary Decision-Making in a Changing Context of Activation Policies and Welfare Reforms
Authors: JESSEN JORUNN THERESIA , TUFTE PER ARNE
Published: February 2014

Street-level bureaucrats are considered to be subject to bureaucratic managerial regimes and threatened by stronger regulation and a reduction in their ability to exercise control over their work. Contrary to the managerial approach, predicting curtailment of professional autonomy, theorists foretell the continuing importance of discretion in the translation of social objectives into actual service delivery. Given such opposite predictions, what is the perceived direction of change and scope for independent decision-making for front-line workers? This paper empirically investigates the contradictory hypotheses predicting continuing or declining opportunities for street-level discretion in a context of activation policies and welfare reforms. The data come from two surveys conducted among practitioners and local managers in the Norwegian employment and welfare services in 2004 and 2011. Despite managerial control and bureaucratic procedures that regulate many decisions, discretion still remains a characteristic of front-line work. Continued discretion is closely related to the implementation of activation goals and the merging of tasks and integrated services following the whole-of-government reform. The findings confirm the role of managers as key players in implementing policies at the local level. Concurrently, the discretionary power of trained social workers is decreasing and challenged by the push for uniform practices and a managerially regulated role.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN AN ARGENTINEAN PROVINCE: ADAPTING EXISTING TOOLS
Authors: Brisson Maria Eugenia , Schapochnik Norberto
Published: February 2014

Objectives: This study reports on the development of a critical process for health technologies incorporation concerning an Argentinean Provincial Ministry of Health (MOH) in collaboration with the University of Lanús from 2008 to 2010.

Methods: We describe the approach developed to adapt selected international experiences to provincial scenario. Bibliographic review, regulations examination, key informants interviews and iterative adjustments after various stages of consultation and consensus building with main local players, contribution from foreign experts, and piloting of process and instruments for ultimate fine-tuning are described. We examine final proposal in the light of new updated studies.

Results: Analysis of regulations revealed that rules governing the provincial system were historically linked to administrative resolutions in relation to procurement with poor consideration to clinical, epidemiological, organizational, and health policy aspects. Key informants from hospitals, MOH, and other governmental agencies agreed on the lack of a process capable of guaranteeing a decision about health technology incorporation based on a transparent use of the best available information, ready to deal with competitive pressures. This adaptation provided a structured and explicit process (introduction, implementation, and development) as well as essential and supporting tools.

Conclusions: MOH adopted the proposal for its progressive implementation while institutional evaluation capacity develops. Further studies are needed on the value placed on health technology assessment–based processes and recommendations by clinicians, managers, policy makers, and patients.
‘An Explosive Performing Force’: the Actor in Dylan Thomas
Authors: Edwards Gwynne
Published: February 2014

From his childhood in Swansea until his death in New York in 1953, Dylan Thomas was an instinctive actor. During his teenage years he acted in more than twenty-three stage productions, thirteen of them as a member of Swansea's Little Theatre Company. Although his roles were essentially English and his speaking style somewhat mannered, the latter was strongly influenced by the rhythms of the Welsh language spoken by family members and experienced in the chapels of his childhood. Subsequently, radio broadcasts of his poetry and short stories were very much those of an actor, the emphasis on the voice and, in the stories, on the presentation of many varied characters, of which his play for voices, Under Milk Wood, is the supreme example. But Thomas also carried his love of performance into his everyday life, playing the fool and acting outrageously at parties and in pubs. The comment of one of his contemporaries that ‘Dylan was an actor; he acted practically every moment of every day’ could not be nearer the mark. Gwynne Edwards is Emeritus Professor in the Department of European Languages at Aberystwyth University. He is also a playwright, and two of his adaptations of short stories by Dylan Thomas – ‘The Peaches’ and ‘Extraordinary Little Cough’ – have recently been performed by the Swansea Little Theatre Company as part of the Dylan Thomas centenary celebrations.
Shakespeare, Globalization, and the Digital Revolution
Authors: Wells Stanley , Refskou Anne Sophie Haahr
Published: February 2014

In an interview given during a lecture tour in Scandinavia organized by the universities of Copenhagen, Bergen, and Aarhus in October and November, 2012, Stanley Wells talks about his own career in Shakespeare studies and discusses past and present major changes and issues within the field, including his own Oxford Complete Works of 1986, co-edited with Gary Taylor et al., revision and collaboration theories, global Shakespeare, and new challenges for Shakespearean scholars. He shares thoughts on his own current and future research projects, which include a new monograph on Shakespearean actors through time, and he also comments on the relationship between academic scholars and theatre practitioners, and ways in which to understand the ever-shifting concept of a Shakespearean play in relation to performance, reading, and personal and critical responses. Following a long career of many publications and editions, Stanley Wells is now Professor Emeritus of the University of Birmingham, and Honorary President of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Anne Sophie Haahr Refskou is a Doctoral Fellow in English and Dramaturgy at Aarhus University, Denmark. She works with Shakespearean acting and dramaturgy, focusing on the relationship between text and performance, particularly in relation to the actor's body and physical expressions.
The Choreography of Space: Towards a Socio-Aesthetics of Dance
Authors: Stanger Arabella
Published: February 2014

With its emphasis on the socially constructed and mobile nature of ‘space’, Henri Lefebvre's theory of spatial production presents rich possibilities for a sociocultural analysis of choreography. In this article Arabella Stanger uses an examination of social space and spatial aesthetics as a basis upon which to develop a socio-aesthetics of dance – an approach in which the societal contexts and the aesthetic forms of choreography are understood to be fundamentally interrelated. Borrowing from Lefebvre's The Production of Space (1974) and Maria Shevtsova's sociology of the theatre and performance, Stanger establishes the theoretical parameters and methodological steps of such an approach, and locates a short illustrative example in the socio-spatial formations of Aurora's Act III variation from Marius Petipa's The Sleeping Beauty (1890). Ultimately extending a bridge between formalist and contextualist strands of dance studies, the article argues for the use of a particular concept of space in understanding choreographic practice as social practice. Arabella Stanger is Lecturer in Dance at the University of Roehampton. Having trained in classical ballet, she completed her MA and PhD studies at Goldsmiths, University of London, and has published on the work of Merce Cunningham, Michael Clark, and William Forsythe.
Diversity of Malaysian insectivorous bat assemblages revisited
Authors: Lim Lee-Sim , Mohd-Adnan Adura , Zubaid Akbar , Struebig Matthew J. , Rossiter Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

To what extent tropical forest persisted in the Malay-Thai Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum, or contracted southwards with subsequent post-glacial expansion, has long been debated. These competing scenarios might be expected to have left contrasting broad spatial patterns of diversity of forest-dependent taxa. To test for a post-glacial northward spread of forest, we examined latitudinal clines of forest-dependent bat species at 15 forest sites across Peninsular Malaysia. From captures of 3776 insectivorous forest bats, we found that low richness characterized the north of the study area: predicted richness of 9–16 species, compared with 21–23 in the south. Predicted species richness decreased significantly with increasing latitude, but showed no relationship with either seasonality or peninsula width. Analyses of beta-diversity showed that differences between communities were not related to geographical distance, although there was evidence of greater differences in species numbers between the most distant sites. Assemblages were consistently dominated by six cave-roosting species from the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, while another 16 species were consistently rare. We suggest that these observed patterns are consistent with the hypothesized northward expansion of tropical rain forest since the Last Glacial Maximum, but emphasize that more surveys in the extreme north and south of the peninsula are required to support this assertion.
First comparison of quantitative estimates of termite biomass and abundance reveals strong intercontinental differences
Authors: Dahlsjö Cecilia A.L. , Parr Catherine L. , Malhi Yadvinder , Rahman Homathevi , Meir Patrick , Jones David T. , Eggleton Paul
Published: February 2014

Termite species and functional groups differ among regions globally (the functional-diversity anomaly). Here we investigate whether similar differences in biomass and abundance of termites occur among continents. Biomass and abundance data were collected with standardized sampling in Cameroon, Malaysia and Peru. Data from Peru were original to this study, while data from Cameroon and Malaysia were compiled from other sources. Species density data were sampled using a standardized belt transect (100 × 2 m) while the biomass and abundance measurements were sampled using a standardized protocol based on 2 × 2-m quadrats. Biomass and abundance data confirmed patterns found for species density and thus the existence of the functional diversity anomaly: highest estimates for biomass and abundance were found in Cameroon (14.5 ± 7.90 g m−2 and 1234 ± 437 ind m−2) followed by Malaysia (0.719 ± 0.193 g m−2 and 327 ± 72 ind m−2) and then Peru (0.345 ± 0.103 g m−2 and 130 ± 39 ind m−2). The biomass and abundance for each functional group were significantly different across sites for most termite functional groups. Biogeographical distribution of lineages was the primary cause for the functional diversity anomaly with true soil-feeding termites dominating in Cameroon and the absence of fungus-growing termites from Peru. These findings are important as the biomass and abundance of functional groups may be linked to ecosystem processes. Although this study allowed for comparisons between data from different regions further comparable data are needed to enhance the understanding of the role of termites in ecosystem processes on a global scale.
Fire resistance in a Caribbean dry forest: inferences from the allometry of bark thickness
Authors: Wolfe Brett T. , Saldaña Diaz Gabriel E. , Van Bloem Skip J.
Published: February 2014

Trees’ resistance to fire-induced mortality increases with bark thickness, which varies widely among species and generally increases with stem diameter. Because dry forests are more fire-prone than wetter forests, bark may be thicker in these forests. However, where disturbances such as hurricanes suppress stem diameter, trees may not obtain fire-resistant bark thickness. In two hurricane-prone Caribbean dry-forest types in Puerto Rico—deciduous forest and scrub forest—we measured bark thickness on 472 stems of 25 species to test whether tree species obtain bark thicknesses that confer fire resistance, whether bark is thicker in the fire-prone scrub forest than in the deciduous forest, and how bark thickness in Caribbean dry forest compares with other tropical ecosystems. Only 5% of stems within a deciduous-forest stand had bark thickness that would provide < 50% probability of top-kill during low-intensity fire. In contrast, thicker-barked trees dominated the scrub forest, suggesting that fires influenced it. Compared with trees of similar diameter in other regions of the tropics, bark in Caribbean dry forest was thinner than in savanna, similar to other seasonally dry forests, and thicker than moist-to-wet forests. Dry-forest species appear to invest more in fire-resistance than species from wetter forests. However, Caribbean dry forests remain highly vulnerable to fire because the trees rarely reach large enough diameters to be fire resistant.
A Case Study of How Natural Phenomena Were Justified in Medieval Science: The Situation of Annular Eclipses in Medieval Astronomy
Authors: Mozaffari S. Mohammad
Published: February 2014

Argument

The present paper is an attempt to understand how medieval astronomers working within the Ptolemaic astronomical context in which the annular eclipse is an unjustified and impossible phenomenon, could know, define, justify, and later make attempts that led to success in predicting annular solar eclipses. As a context-based study, it reviews the situation of annular eclipses with regard to the medieval hypotheses applied to the calculation of the angular diameters of the sun and the moon, which was basic for contemplating the possibility of annular eclipses. This gives the premises and the preliminary insights that were necessary to clarify the complex situation of the annular eclipse in the late medieval Islamic period and to explain the historical mechanisms leading to justifying the phenomenon during that period. This was, first due to a convincing and efficient observational evidence which, of course, was available only to a number of medieval astronomers and significantly for only a limited time period, and, second, the result of an amazing interaction amongst various astronomical traditions available to them. At a more general level, the research aims to inspect or, at least, to give some impressions of the essential conditions, i.e., identification of phenomenon, empirical evidence, and the justifying underlying tradition, under which it became possible in the tradition-based science of the `medieval period to permit a not-already-defined and tradition-opposed phenomenon to be posed and justified.
Problematic “Idiosyncrasies”: Rediscovering the Historical Context of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson's Science of Form
Authors: Esposito Maurizio
Published: February 2014

Argument

D’Arcy Thompson has often been portrayed as a loner. His science of form has frequently been labeled anachronistic, idiosyncratic, and unconnected to his contemporary biology. This article aims to challenge this interpretation. Thompson's representation as a loner did not lie in the idiosyncrasies of his science, but in our own historiography. Through the use of unedited archival sources, this study shows that Thompson's biology was well-connected to an international research program – a program mainly shared by developmental biologists, physiologists, and morphologists. In addition, this article also aims to propose a new interpretation of Thompson'sOn Growth and Form. Drawing on his private correspondence and published sources, the paper re-contextualizes the contents and conclusions of Thompson's seminal work. We will see that Thompson defended a particular kind of organismal biology. The bio-science he supported stemmed not only from Aristotle's zoology or Pythagorean mathematics, but had many allies among twentieth-century naturalists.
Habitat fragmentation reduces occupancy of nest boxes by an open-country raptor
Authors: BROWN JESSI L. , COLLOPY MICHAEL W. , SMALLWOOD JOHN A.
Published: February 2014

Despite the recent rapid decline of many grassland bird species, the relative importance of habitat configuration to population persistence is unclear. We used Southeastern American KestrelsFalco sparverius paulusin north-central Florida as a model system to explore the relative influence of landscape structure components on site occupancy patterns at two spatial scales, and for two different time periods. We focused on the dynamic processes of site-level population expansion or contraction. We modelled the occupancy of 131 American Kestrel nest boxes with Bayesian state-space dynamic occupancy models that considered both the partially observed process of true occupancy and the probability of detection of occupancy. We used reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithms to identify variables that described the continued occupancy of nest boxes, or ϕ, and the probability of colonisation of nest boxes between time periods, or γ3. Changes in open habitat patch isolation at a fine scale, as estimated by the variability of nearest neighbour distance, predicted site colonisation between decades, and patch shape variability was related to ϕ during the early time period (1992–93). We found no strong effects of landscape structure on ϕ during the later time period (2008–2010). We also found no evidence for effects of loss of open habitat on box occupancy or colonization. Our results indicate that continued habitat fragmentation would be deleterious for this threatened subspecies. Additionally, certain land cover management practices recommended for the Florida sandhills, such as frequent low-intensity controlled burns, will likely help conservation attempts.
‘Suitable lodgings for students’: modern space, colonial development and decolonization in Nigeria
Authors: LIVSEY TIM
Published: February 2014

This article argues that development and modernity have had spatial manifestations. It considers understandings of modern space in colonial and post-colonial Nigeria through the study of University College Ibadan, the country's first university institution founded in 1948. It contends that the university was shaped by existing West African conceptions of modern space and university buildings took on new meanings with the shifting politics of decolonization. The article also suggests that colonial development involved a range of groups and forms of knowledge. It seeks to recognize the strength of colonial institutions and cultures but also the limits to and contingencies in late colonial power.
Structural nativization, typology and complexity: noun phrase structures in British, Kenyan and Singaporean English
Authors: BRUNNER THOMAS
Published: February 2014

Two much-cited explanations for linguistic innovations in varieties of New Englishes are cross-linguistic influence (see Gut 2011) and simplification (see Schneider 2007: 82). Using these two notions as starting points, the present study seeks to detect effects of structural nativization in noun phrase (NP) modification in two varieties of English whose substrate languages differ strongly from a typological point of view: Singaporean and Kenyan English. The results yielded by the comparison of random samples extracted from the relevant components of theInternational Corpus of Englishin the first part of the study show striking correspondences between the preferred NP structures in the varieties at hand and NP structures in the local languages concerned, which, in the light of Mufwene's (2001, 2008) ecological theory of language change, can be interpreted as effects of language contact. The second part of the study shows that the NPs from the three varieties also differ in terms of variables which can be viewed as measures of NP complexity. What is more, the different degrees of complexity found in the samples correspond closely to predictions about the evolutionary status of the varieties at hand made by Schneider's (2007) Dynamic Model.
There is no such thing as a free combination: a usage-based study of specific construals in adverb–adjective combinations
Authors: ERMAN BRITT
Published: February 2014

The study is aimed at revealing collocational adverb–adjective patterns in the British National Corpus (BNC). The adverbs selected for the study include the maximizers absolutely, completely, entirely, fully, perfectly, totally, utterly, wholly. The study involves searches on both the selected adverbs and the adjectives they modify in a bi-directional fashion. It is claimed that only a cognitive and usage-based approach in terms of underlying conceptual structures can provide an accurate description of collocational patterns. The results show that a large proportion of the adjectives have strong bonds with particular maximizers. This is explained through the basic conceptual structure of Boundedness/Scalarity, i.e. the degree to which the adjective lends itself to a bounded or a scalar construal and the adverb is biased towards a totality construal (which is the kind of construal to be expected from maximizers). The results support the hypothesis that a substantial part of the adverb–adjective combinations investigated are (semi)-prefabricated units, presumably easily accessed by native speakers because the combinations are the result of specific construals and their members have close associative and conceptual links in the mental lexicon.
Jumping off of the Great Gatsby curve: how institutions facilitate entrepreneurship and intergenerational mobility
Authors: BOUDREAUX CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: February 2014

Income inequality is often attributed to declines in income mobility following the Great Gatsby curve, but this relationship is of secondary importance in determining the factors of income mobility if one considers that changing rules is more important than changing outcomes under defined rules. Rather, improvements in institutional quality are hypothesized to increase income mobility by allowing entrepreneurs the freedom to pursue their dreams. This paper is the first to empirically analyze the institutional determinants behind entrepreneurship, and their effect on income mobility. The findings from a cross-country analysis suggest that secure property rights and less corruption are associated with less income persistence, leading to higher income mobility, independent of the Great Gatsby effect. This suggests that reducing corruption and protection of property rights increase income mobility through the channels of entrepreneurship.
Patientenedukation in der Praxis
Authors: Rusch Simone
Published: February 2014

Durch das jahrelange Versäumnis, pflegerische Beratung in das professionelle Selbstverständnis der Pflege zu integrieren, können junge Lernende kaum praktische Erfahrungen im stationären Alltag erfahren. Wie es erfolgreich gelingen kann, Lernenden die Patientenedukation näher zu bringen, zeigt eindrucksvoll folgender Bericht.
Ergebnisqualität in der sportpsychologischen Beratung und Betreuung
Authors: Kleinert Jens , Ohlert Jeannine
Published: February 2014

Die Erfassung von Ergebnisqualität als ein Teilaspekt von Qualitätssicherung (QS) von sportpsychologischer Betreuung kann sich auf die Qualität der Betreuungssituation, die Qualität psycho-sozialer Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten und die Qualität von Leistungen oder persönlicher Entwicklung beziehen. Ein Befragungsinstrument, welches diese drei Ergebnisebenen erfasst, wurde entwickelt, empirisch erprobt und in ersten Schritten validiert. Ein expertengenerierter Fragebogen mit 17 Items (QS17) wurde von 177 jugendlichen Leistungssportlern (Durchschnittsalter M = 15.6 Jahre) nach sportpsychologischer Einzel- oder Gruppenbetreuungen ausgefüllt. Es wurden Reliabilitätsanalysen sowie eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt. Die angenommene dreifaktorielle Struktur konnte bestätigt werden. Die internen Konsistenzen und die Plausibilität der deskriptiven Daten waren gut. Der QS17 erwies sich als ein praktikables und aussagekräftiges Verfahren im Rahmen der QS sportpsychologischer Betreuung. Die Daten bestätigen auch die angenommene dreigliedrige Struktur von Ergebnisqualität. Der QS17 sollte nun an weiteren Stichproben erprobt und wenn möglich normiert werden.
Validierung einer deutschen Version des ATHLETE Fragebogens für Hochleistungssportlerinnen
Authors: Thiemann Pia , Legenbauer Tanja , Vocks Silja , Platen Petra , Herpertz Stephan
Published: February 2014

Der ATHLETE ( Hinton & Kubas, 2005 ) ist ein speziell für Sportlerinnen entwickelter Fragebogen, der sportspezifische psychosoziale Risikofaktoren für gestörtes Essverhalten erfasst. Ein vergleichbares deutschsprachiges Instrument existiert bisher nicht. Die vorliegende Studie entwickelte eine deutsche Version des ATHLETE und überprüfte dessen Faktorenstruktur und psychometrische Kennwerte für Hochleistungssportlerinnen. Daten von 103 deutschen Athletinnen wurden mittels mehrerer Fragebögen und klinischem Interview an zwei Messzeitpunkten erhoben. Mit drei der ursprünglichen und drei neuen Faktoren weicht die Faktorenstruktur des deutschen ATHLETE von der der Originalversion ab. Reliabilität und konvergente Validität der Skalen sind akzeptabel bis sehr gut. Ergebnisse zur Kriteriumsvalidität fallen heterogen aus: Skalen zu Sportleridentität, Misstrauen, Perfektionismus und Elternverhalten zeigen keine oder mäßige Zusammenhänge zu Essstörungsproblemen. Nur die neuen Skalen Körper und Sport und Training zur Gewichtsregulation überzeugen als Maße zur Abschätzung der Gefährdung für gestörtes Essverhalten. Sie sind Prädiktoren für die Essstörungspsychopathologie nach 12 Monaten.
Gut microbiome composition and function in experimental colitis during active disease and treatment-induced remission
Authors: Rooks Michelle G , Veiga Patrick , Wardwell-Scott Leslie H , Tickle Timothy , Segata Nicola , Michaud Monia , Gallini Carey Ann , Beal Chloé , van Hylckama-Vlieg Johan E T , Ballal Sonia A , Morgan Xochitl C , Glickman Jonathan N , Gevers Dirk , Huttenhower Curtis , Garrett Wendy S
Published: February 2014

Dysregulated immune responses to gut microbes are central to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gut microbial activity can fuel chronic inflammation. Examining how IBD-directed therapies influence gut microbiomes may identify microbial community features integral to mitigating disease and maintaining health. However, IBD patients often receive multiple treatments during disease flares, confounding such analyses. Preclinical models of IBD with well-defined disease courses and opportunities for controlled treatment exposures provide a valuable solution. Here, we surveyed the gut microbiome of the T-bet−/−Rag2−/− mouse model of colitis during active disease and treatment-induced remission. Microbial features modified among these conditions included altered potential for carbohydrate and energy metabolism and bacterial pathogenesis, specifically cell motility and signal transduction pathways. We also observed an increased capacity for xenobiotics metabolism, including benzoate degradation, a pathway linking host adrenergic stress with enhanced bacterial virulence, and found decreased levels of fecal dopamine in active colitis. When transferred to gnotobiotic mice, gut microbiomes from mice with active disease versus treatment-induced remission elicited varying degrees of colitis. Thus, our study provides insight into specific microbial clades and pathways associated with health, active disease and treatment interventions in a mouse model of colitis.
Nitrite ion-induced fluorescence quenching of luminescent BSA-Au25nanoclusters: mechanism and application
Authors: Unnikrishnan Binesh , Wei Shih-Chun , Chiu Wei-Jane , Cang Jinshun , Hsu Pang-Hung , Huang Chih-Ching
Published: February 2014

A BSA-Au NC (bovine serum albumin stabilized gold nanocluster)-modified nitrocellulose membrane (BSA-Au NC/NCM) has been fabricated for detection of nitrite in urine.
Platinum catalyzed sequential hydroboration of decaborane: a facile approach to poly(alkenyldecaborane) with decaborane in the mainchain
Authors: Yu Xing-Hua , Cao Ke , Huang Yawen , Yang Junxiao , Li Jing , Chang Guanjun
Published: February 2014

Sequential homo-hydroboration of poly(alkenyldecaborane) containing decaborane in the mainchain.
Enantioselective formal α-allylation of nitroalkanes through a chiral iminophosphorane-catalyzed Michael reaction–Julia–Kocienski olefination sequence
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Nakamura Shinji , Sasaki Hitoshi , Konakade Yuki , Ooi Takashi
Published: February 2014

A chiral iminophosphorane-catalyzed Michael addition–Julia–Kocienski olefination sequence for the asymmetric formal α-allylation of nitroalkanes is developed.
Bio-inspired engineering of a zinc oxide/amino acid composite: synchrotron microstructure study
Authors: Brif Anastasia , Bloch Leonid , Pokroy Boaz
Published: February 2014

The presence of intracrystalline molecules has been shown to produce strains in synthetic ZnO crystals and alter the microstructure. These structural distinctions are accompanied by alteration of the band-gap of the semiconductor host.
Palladium-catalysed inter- and intramolecular formation of C–O bonds from allenes
Authors: Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques
Published: February 2014

This review highlights the Pd-catalysed formation of a C–O bond from allenes via the inter- or intramolecular reaction.
Self-assembled coordination cages based on banana-shaped ligands
Authors: Han Muxin , Engelhard David M. , Clever Guido H.
Published: February 2014

The self-assembly of concave bis-monodentate ligands with square-planar metal cations into discrete [MnL2n] cage structures is reviewed. Simple topologies, knots and interpenetrated dimers are treated.
Fast magnetic isolation of simple sequence repeat markers in microfluidic channels
Authors: He Shibin , Yu Xu , Wang Xiangwu , Tan Junjun , Yan Shihan , Wang Pu , Huang Bi-Hai , Zhang Zhi-Ling , Li Lijia
Published: February 2014

We present a novel magnetic system in microfluidic channels for fast and effective isolation of simple sequence repeat markers.
Discovery of selective 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based photoaffinity probes for glyoxalase I
Authors: Zhou Yiqing , Guo Tianlin , Li Xitao , Dong Yi , Galatsis Paul , Johnson Douglas S. , Pan Zhengying
Published: February 2014

L1-Bpyne was discovered as a potent inhibitor and cell permeable probe of glyoxalase I.
Photodynamic effect of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes: a potential sensitizer for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Wang Lei , Shi Jinjin , Liu Ruiyuan , Liu Yan , Zhang Jing , Yu Xiaoyuan , Gao Jun , Zhang Chaofeng , Zhang Zhenzhong
Published: February 2014

SWNTs composite has a great potential as sensitizer for PDT.
Mesoporous nano/micro noble metal particles: synthesis and applications
Authors: Yang Shengchun , Luo Xiao
Published: February 2014

Porous noble metal particles are types of nanostructured materials that have fascinating properties to generate great potentials for various applications.
Synthesis of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) charm bracelet decorated with a photomobile α-cyclodextrin charm
Authors: Qiu Xing-Ping , Korchagina Evgeniya V. , Rolland Jessica , Winnik Françoise M.
Published: February 2014

Cyclic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with an interlocked α-cyclodextrin was prepared using supramolecular interactions with an azobenzene group inserted in the PNIPAM ring.
Switchable fluorescence by click reaction of a novel azidocarbazole dye
Authors: Hörner Anna , Volz Daniel , Hagendorn Tobias , Fürniss Daniel , Greb Lutz , Rönicke Franziska , Nieger Martin , Schepers Ute , Bräse Stefan
Published: February 2014

Smart materials: A demand for switchable tags led us to the design of a new class of pre-fluorophores. We achieved this by using a non-fluorescent N-(4-azidophenyl)-carbazole tag which turns fluorescent by click reaction with alkynes and cyclooctynes. Syntheses and spectral properties were investigated.
Theory of mass transport in sodium alanate
Authors: Michel Kyle Jay , Ozoliņš Vidvuds
Published: February 2014

A quantitative model for mass transport is developed which shows that Na vacancy diffusion in Na3AlH6 is the rate-limiting process in the de- and re-hydrogenation of Ti-doped sodium alanate.
Shear dynamics of nanoconfined ionic liquids
Authors: Federici Canova Filippo , Matsubara Hiroki , Mizukami Masashi , Kurihara Kazue , Shluger Alexander L.
Published: February 2014

The solid–liquid interfacial structure of ILs, determined by their molecular shape, results in different flow dynamics and friction under shear stress.
Enriching physisorption of H2S and NH3 gases on a graphane sheet by doping with Li adatoms
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Panigrahi Puspamitra , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: February 2014

We have used density functional theory to investigate the adsorption efficiency of a hydrogenated graphene (graphane) sheet for H2S and NH3 gases.
Phase-segregated Pt–Ni chain-like nanohybrids with high electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation reaction
Authors: Wang Li-Li , Zhang Dong-Feng , Guo Lin
Published: February 2014

We report the fabrication of phase-segregated Pt-Ni chain-like nanohybrids composed of monometallic counterparts attached to each other, which exhibit high catalytic activities towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR).
Synthesis and properties of organic/inorganic hybrid branched-graft copolymers and their application to solid-state electrolytes for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Shim Jimin , Kim Dong-Gyun , Lee Jin Hong , Baik Ji Hoon , Lee Jong-Chan
Published: February 2014

A series of organic/inorganic hybrid branched-graft copolymers (BCPs) were synthesized via RAFT polymerization for application to solid polymer electrolyte materials in high-temperature lithium-ion batteries.
Redox-active gold nanoclusters immobilized ZnO nanorod electrodes for electrochemical sensing applications
Authors: Baek Green , Pandurangan Prabhu , Ko Eunsol , Mo Yirong , Lee Dongil
Published: February 2014

Well-defined composite electrodes were fabricated by combining redox-active Au25 nanoclusters with highly oriented ZnO nanorods.
Hyperbranched polydendrons: a new controlled macromolecular architecture with self-assembly in water and organic solvents
Authors: Hatton Fiona L. , Chambon Pierre , McDonald Tom O. , Owen Andrew , Rannard Steven P.
Published: February 2014

A new macromolecular architecture comprising multiple linear-dendritic hybrid copolymer sub-units is presented – hyperbranched polydendrons. The materials are very high molecular weight and disperse but undergo extremely uniform self-assembly behaviour.
Resveratrol promotes degradation of the human bile acid transporter ASBT (SLC10A2)
Authors: Chothe Paresh P. , Swaan Peter W.
Published: February 2014

The sodium/bile acid co-transporter ASBT [apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter; SLC10A2 (solute carrier family 10 member 2)] plays a key role in the enterohepatic recycling of the bile acids and indirectly contributes to cholesterol homoeostasis. ASBT inhibitors reportedly lower plasma triglyceride levels and increase HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. RSV (resveratrol), a major constituent of red wine, is known to lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of ASBT in RSV-mediated cholesterol-lowering effects. We demonstrate that RSV inhibits ASBT protein expression and function via a SIRT1 (sirtuin 1)-independent mechanism. The effect was specific to ASBT since other transporters involved in cholesterol homoeostasis, NTCP (SLC10A1), OSTα (SLC51A) and ABCG1 (ATP-binding cassette G1), remained unaffected. ASBT inhibition by RSV was reversed by proteasome inhibitors (MG-132 and lactacystin) and the ubiquitin inhibitor LDN57444, suggesting involvement of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Immunoprecipitation revealed high levels of ubiquitinated ASBT after RSV treatment. Phosphorylation at Ser335 and Thr339 was shown previously to play a role in proteosomal degradation of rat ASBT. However, mutation at corresponding residues in rat ASBT revealed that phosphorylation does not contribute to RSV-mediated degradation of ASBT. Combined, our data indicate that RSV promotes ASBT degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway without requiring phosphorylation. We conclude that regulation of ASBT expression by RSV may have clinical relevance with regard to the observed cholesterol-lowering effects of RSV.
Studies on the regulation of the human E1 subunit of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, including the identification of a novel calcium-binding site
Authors: Armstrong Craig T. , Anderson J. L. Ross , Denton Richard M.
Published: February 2014

The regulation of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is central to intramitochondrial energy metabolism. In the present study, the active full-length E1 subunit of the human complex has been expressed and shown to be regulated by Ca2+, adenine nucleotides and NADH, with NADH exerting a major influence on the K0.5 value for Ca2+. We investigated two potential Ca2+-binding sites on E1, which we term site 1 (D114ADLD) and site 2 (E139SDLD). Comparison of sequences from vertebrates with those from Ca2+-insensitive non-vertebrate complexes suggest that site 1 may be the more important. Consistent with this view, a mutated form of E1, D114A, shows a 6-fold decrease in sensitivity for Ca2+, whereas variant ∆site1 (in which the sequence of site 1 is replaced by A114AALA) exhibits an almost complete loss of Ca2+ activation. Variant ∆site2 (in which the sequence is replaced with A139SALA) shows no measurable change in Ca2+ sensitivity. We conclude that site 1, but not site 2, forms part of a regulatory Ca2+-binding site, which is distinct from other previously described Ca2+-binding sites.
Lexical and Phonological Variability in Preschool Children With Speech Sound Disorder
Authors: Macrae Toby , Tyler Ann A. , Lewis Kerry E.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The authors of this study examined relationships between measures of word and speech error variability and between these and other speech and language measures in preschool children with speech sound disorder (SSD).

Method

In this correlational study, 18 preschool children with SSD, age-appropriate receptive vocabulary, and normal oral motor functioning and hearing were assessed across 2 sessions. Experimental measures included word and speech error variability, receptive vocabulary, nonword repetition (NWR), and expressive language. Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients were calculated among the experimental measures.

Results

The correlation between word and speech error variability was slight and nonsignificant. The correlation between word variability and receptive vocabulary was moderate and negative, although nonsignificant. High word variability was associated with small receptive vocabularies. The correlations between speech error variability and NWR and between speech error variability and the mean length of children's utterances were moderate and negative, although both were nonsignificant. High speech error variability was associated with poor NWR and language scores.

Conclusion

High word variability may reflect unstable lexical representations, whereas high speech error variability may reflect indistinct phonological representations. Preschool children with SSD who show abnormally high levels of different types of speech variability may require slightly different approaches to intervention.