bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surround Modulation Properties of Tectal Neurons in Pigeons Characterized by Moving and Flashed Stimuli
Authors: Niu Xiaoke , Huang Shuman , Zhu Minjie , Wang Zhizhong , Shi Li
Published: February 2022

Surround modulation has been abundantly studied in several mammalian brain areas, including the primary visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus (SC), but systematic analysis is lacking in the avian optic tectum (OT, homologous to mammal SC). Here, multi-units were recorded from pigeon (Columba livia) OT, and responses to different sizes of moving, flashed squares, and bars were compared. The statistical results showed that most tectal neurons presented suppressed responses to larger stimuli in both moving and flashed paradigms, and suppression induced by flashed squares was comparable with moving ones when the stimuli center crossed the near classical receptive field (CRF) center, which corresponded to the full surrounding condition. Correspondingly, the suppression grew weaker when the stimuli center moved across the CRF border, equivalent to partially surrounding conditions. Similarly, suppression induced by full surrounding flashed squares was more intense than by partially surrounding flashed bars. These results suggest that inhibitions performed on tectal neurons appear to be full surrounding rather than locally lateral. This study enriches the understanding of surround modulation properties of avian tectum neurons and provides possible hypotheses about the arrangement of inhibitions from other nuclei, both of which are important for clarifying the mechanism of target detection against clutter background performed by avians.
Assessment of Selected Morphological, Physical and Chemical Parameters of the Teeth of the Offspring of Female Rats Exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), Taking into Account the Protective Role of Selected Antioxidants—Preliminary Study
Authors: Dobrzyński Maciej , Nikodem Anna , Klećkowska-Nawrot Joanna , Goździewska-Harłajczuk Karolina , Janeczek Maciej , Styczyńska Marzena , Kuropka Piotr
Published: February 2022

The studies conducted so far indicate a negative effect of dioxins on the structure of the alveolar bone and teeth, especially in the developmental period in rats. The research aimed to analyze the indirect effect of dioxins contained in the body of female rats on the structure of the dental organ in their offspring in the neonatal period and to determine the possibility of reducing potential dioxin disorders of the structure of hard tissues in the offspring of intoxicated mothers by simultaneous administration of vitamin E or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Another goal of the research was to determine the level of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus contained in bone tissue as indicators of the mineralization process of hard tissues in rats, in the case of using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and acetylsalicylic acid or α-tocopherol. The experiment was carried out on eight female rats of the Buffalo strain divided into four groups. From the offspring of eight females, the mandibles were removed from the mandibular joints, and then, after the removal of soft tissues, they were prepared for individual tests. Selected morphological, chemical and physical parameters of the teeth of the offspring of female rats from the experimental groups were analyzed. The analysis showed the effect of vitamin E and ASA on the content of Mg, Ca and P. In combination with TCDD, vitamin E and ASA, they positively inhibit the inflammatory process, preventing the leaching of Ca and Mg from the bones. ASA counteracted this phenomenon much more effectively than vitamin E. Detailed analysis of the tooth morphology showed that the molars’ crowns exhibit shape disturbances under the influence of TCDD. Individual nodules in teeth T1, T2, T3 did not fuse, and the roots showed signs of hypertrophy. The study confirmed the negative effect of TCDD on tooth development. Teeth arising early in development are the most sensitive to the disorders, while the later ones are less exposed to the toxic effects of TCDD transmitted by the mother.
Effect of the Near-Future Climate Change under RCP8.5 on the Heat Stress and Associated Work Performance in Thailand
Authors: Amnuaylojaroen Teerachai , Limsakul Atsamon , Kirtsaeng Sukrit , Parasin Nichapa , Surapipith Vanisa
Published: February 2022

Increased heat stress affects well-being, comfort, and economic activities across the world. It also causes a significant decrease in work performance, as well as heat-related mortality. This study aims to investigate the impacts of the projected climate change scenario under RCP8.5 on heat stress and associated work performance in Thailand during the years 2020–2029. The model evaluation shows exceptional performance in the present-day simulation (1990–1999) of temperature and relative humidity, with R2 values ranging from 0.79 to 0.87; however, the modeled temperature and relative humidity are all underestimated when compared to observation data by −0.9 °C and −27%, respectively. The model results show that the temperature change will tend to increase by 0.62 °C per decade in the future. This could lead to an increase in the heat index by 2.57 °C if the temperature increases by up to 1.5 °C in Thailand. The effect of climate change is predicted to increase heat stress by 0.1 °C to 4 °C and to reduce work performance in the range of 4% to >10% across Thailand during the years 2020 and 2029.
One Year in the Extreme Isolation of Antarctica—Is This Enough to Modulate an “Allergic” Sensitization?
Authors: Feuerecker Matthias , Strewe Claudia , Aumayr Martina , Heitland Tim , Limper Ulrich , Crucian Brian , Baatout Sarah , Choukér Alexander
Published: February 2022

(1) Background: After spending a year wintering in Antarctica, individual expedition members have reported increased or even new allergic reactions to environmental allergens after their return. (2) Methods: Blood samples from five overwintering crews were analyzed using the chip based multiplex ALEX Allergy Explorer (MacroArray Diagnostics GmbH, Austria). (3) Results: About one third of the 39 participants displayed specific IgEs against pollen. In most individuals, kinetics showed a reduction in the specific IgE at the time about nine months after deployment to Antarctica. Five participants had the highest specific IgE levels after returning to the “normal” world. The examination of the specific IgE relative to house dust mites and storage mites showed different kinetics. Six out of 10 had the highest specific IgE concentrations at the inner Antarctic measurement time point. These data corresponded well to the general situation in the stations. At the stations themselves, there were almost no pollen particle load, especially at Concordia. (4) Conclusions: Antarctic long-term confinement can induce an altered immune function, which is in some individuals pronounced after return to the familiar allergen environment. Future prospective studies in larger cohorts are needed to further specify these first results.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters in Neurosecretory Protein GL-Producing Neurons of the Mouse Hypothalamus
Authors: Naito Mana , Iwakoshi-Ukena Eiko , Moriwaki Shogo , Narimatsu Yuki , Kato Masaki , Furumitsu Megumi , Miyamoto Yuta , Esumi Shigeyuki , Ukena Kazuyoshi
Published: February 2022

We recently discovered a novel neuropeptide of 80 amino acid residues: neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), in the hypothalamus of birds and rodents. NPGL is localized in the lateral posterior part of the arcuate nucleus (ArcLP), and it enhances feeding behavior and fat accumulation in mice. Various neurotransmitters, such as catecholamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), produced in the hypothalamus are also involved in energy metabolism. The colocalization of neurotransmitters and NPGL in neurons of the ArcLP leads to the elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of NPGL neurons. In this study, we performed double immunofluorescence staining to elucidate the relationship between NPGL and neurotransmitters in mice. The present study revealed that NPGL neurons did not co-express tyrosine hydroxylase as a marker of catecholaminergic neurons and vesicular glutamate transporter-2 as a marker of glutamatergic neurons. In contrast, NPGL neurons co-produced glutamate decarboxylase 67, a marker for GABAergic neurons. In addition, approximately 50% of NPGL neurons were identical to GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that some functions of NPGL neurons may be related to those of GABA. This study provides insights into the neural network of NPGL neurons that regulate energy homeostasis, including feeding behavior and fat accumulation.
Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with 90Y Glass Microspheres: No Advantage of Voxel Dosimetry with Respect to Mean Dose in Dose–Response Analysis with Two Radiological Methods
Authors: Romanò Chiara , Mazzaglia Stefania , Maccauro Marco , Spreafico Carlo , Gabutti Alejandro , Maffi Gabriele , Morosi Carlo , Cascella Tommaso , Mira Marta , De Nile Maria Chiara , Aliberti Gianluca , Argiroffi Giovanni , Fuoco Valentina , Bhoori Sherrie , Zanette Consuelo , Marchianò Alfonso , Seregni Ettore , Mazzaferro Vincenzo , Chiesa Carlo
Published: February 2022

In this confirmatory study, we tested if a calculation that included the non-uniformity of dose deposition through a voxel-based dosimetric variable Ψ was able to improve the dose–response agreement with respect to the mean absorbed dose D. We performed dosimetry with 99mTc-MAA SPECT/CT and 90Y-PET/CT in 86 patients treated 8 instead of 4 days after the reference date with 2.8 times more 90Y glass microspheres/GBq than in our previous study. The lesion-by-lesion response was assessed with the mRECIST method and with an experimental densitometric criterion. A total of 106 lesions were studied. Considering Ψ as a prognostic response marker, having no Ψ provided a significantly higher AUC than D. The correlation, t-test, and AUC values were statistically significant only with the densitometric method and only with post-therapy dosimetry. In comparison with our previous study, the dose–response correlation and AUC values were poorer (maximum r = 0.43, R2 = 0.14, maximal AUC = 0.71), and the efficacy at a high dose did not reach 100%. The expected advantages of voxel dosimetry were nullified by the correlation between any Ψ and D due to the limited image spatial resolution. The lower AUC and efficacy may be explained by the mega-clustering effect triggered by the higher number of microspheres/GBq injected on day 8.
DNA Methylation in Lung Cancer: Mechanisms and Associations with Histological Subtypes, Molecular Alterations, and Major Epidemiological Factors
Authors: Hoang Phuc H. , Landi Maria Teresa
Published: February 2022

Lung cancer is the major leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Multiple epigenetic factors—in particular, DNA methylation—have been associated with the development of lung cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DNA methylation alterations in lung tumorigenesis, as well as their associations with different histological subtypes, common cancer driver gene mutations (e.g., KRAS, EGFR, and TP53), and major epidemiological risk factors (e.g., sex, smoking status, race/ethnicity). Understanding the mechanisms of DNA methylation regulation and their associations with various risk factors can provide further insights into carcinogenesis, and create future avenues for prevention and personalized treatments. In addition, we also highlight outstanding questions regarding DNA methylation in lung cancer to be elucidated in future studies
Intracranial Response Rate in Patients with Breast Cancer Brain Metastases after Systemic Therapy
Authors: Niwinska Anna , Pogoda Katarzyna , Jagiello-Gruszfeld Agnieszka , Duchnowska Renata
Published: February 2022

Brain metastases are detected in 5% of patients with breast cancer at diagnosis. The rate of brain metastases is higher in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer patients (TNBC). In patients with metastatic breast cancer, the risk of brain metastases is much higher, with up to 50% of the patients having two aggressive biological breast cancer subtypes. The prognosis for such patients is poor. Until recently, little was known about the response to systemic therapy in brain metastases. The number of trials dedicated to breast cancer with brain metastases was scarce. Our review summarizes the current knowledge on this topic including very significant results of clinical trials which have been presented very recently. We focus on the intracranial response rate of modern drugs, including new antibody–drug conjugates, HER2- targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other targeted therapies. We highlight the most effective and promising drugs. On the other hand, we also suggest that further efforts are needed to improve the prognosis, especially patients with TNBC and brain metastases. The information contained in this article can help oncologists make treatment-related decisions.
Prognostic Factors Research in Breast Cancer Patients: New Paths
Authors: Susini Tommaso , Biglia Nicoletta , Bounous Valentina
Published: February 2022

Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor among women worldwide [...]
Understanding Aberrant Signaling to Elude Therapy Escape Mechanisms in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Bochicchio Maria Teresa , Di Battista Valeria , Poggio Pietro , Carrà Giovanna , Morotti Alessandro , Brancaccio Mara , Lucchesi Alessandro
Published: February 2022

Aberrant signaling in myeloproliferative neoplasms may arise from alterations in genes coding for signal transduction proteins or epigenetic regulators. Both mutated and normal cells cooperate, altering fragile balances in bone marrow niches and fueling persistent inflammation through paracrine or systemic signals. Despite the hopes placed in targeted therapies, myeloid proliferative neoplasms remain incurable diseases in patients not eligible for stem cell transplantation. Due to the emergence of drug resistance, patient management is often very difficult in the long term. Unexpected connections among signal transduction pathways highlighted in neoplastic cells suggest new strategies to overcome neoplastic cell adaptation.
The Role of SMAD4 Inactivation in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Plasticity of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: The Missing Link?
Authors: Racu Marie-Lucie , Lebrun Laetitia , Schiavo Andrea Alex , Van Campenhout Claude , De Clercq Sarah , Absil Lara , Minguijon Perez Esmeralda , Maris Calliope , Decaestecker Christine , Salmon Isabelle , D’Haene Nicky
Published: February 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a five-year survival rate of 10% and its incidence increases over the years. It is, therefore, essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote metastasis and chemoresistance in PDAC, which are the main causes of death in these patients. SMAD4 is inactivated in 50% of PDACs and its loss has been associated with worse overall survival and metastasis, although some controversy still exists. SMAD4 is the central signal transducer of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway, which is notably known to play a role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a biological process where epithelial cells lose their characteristics to acquire a spindle-cell phenotype and increased motility. EMT has been increasingly studied due to its potential implication in metastasis and therapy resistance. Recently, it has been suggested that cells undergo EMT transition through intermediary states, which is referred to as epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). The intermediary states are characterized by enhanced aggressiveness and more efficient metastasis. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and analyze the current knowledge on SMAD4 loss in patients with PDAC and to investigate its potential role in EMP in order to better understand its function in PDAC carcinogenesis.
Brentuximab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab Combination in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Massaro Fulvio , Meuleman Nathalie , Bron Dominique , Vercruyssen Marie , Maerevoet Marie
Published: February 2022

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients presenting a relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease are currently managed with salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). However, almost 25–30% of these patients fail to achieve a complete response (CR) with standard salvage regimens. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of a combination of brentuximab vedotin (BV) and pembrolizumab in a series of HL patients presenting with a high-risk, multi-refractory disease. Patients achieving a Deauville score ≤4 proceeded to ASCT consolidation. After ASCT, patients received BV as maintenance for a total of 16 administrations. We collected data from 10 patients with a median age of 30.7 years. At a median follow-up of 16.5 months, we reported a complete metabolic remission (CMR) in eight patients (80%), with seven patients (70%) directly proceeding to ASCT (the other two patients in CMR are still undergoing treatment). BV consolidation was started in six patients and completed by three patients (one ongoing, two interruption). Two patients (20%) presented a progressive disease (PD) and subsequently died, while the others are still in CMR. The BV and pembrolizumab combination is a very effective bridge treatment to ASCT for high-risk R/R HL patients.
Two Types of Liposomal Formulations Improve the Therapeutic Ratio of Prednisolone Phosphate in a Zebrafish Model for Inflammation
Authors: Xie Yufei , Papadopoulou Panagiota , de Wit Björn , d’Engelbronner Jan C. , van Hage Patrick , Kros Alexander , Schaaf Marcel J. M.
Published: February 2022

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are effective anti-inflammatory drugs, but their clinical use is limited by their side effects. Using liposomes to target GCs to inflammatory sites is a promising approach to improve their therapeutic ratio. We used zebrafish embryos to visualize the biodistribution of liposomes and to determine the anti-inflammatory and adverse effects of the GC prednisolone phosphate (PLP) encapsulated in these liposomes. Our results showed that PEGylated liposomes remained in circulation for long periods of time, whereas a novel type of liposomes (which we named AmbiMACs) selectively targeted macrophages. Upon laser wounding of the tail, both types of liposomes were shown to accumulate near the wounding site. Encapsulation of PLP in the PEGylated liposomes and AmbiMACs increased its potency to inhibit the inflammatory response. However, encapsulation of PLP in either type of liposome reduced its inhibitory effect on tissue regeneration, and encapsulation in PEGylated liposomes attenuated the activation of glucocorticoid-responsive gene expression throughout the body. Thus, by exploiting the unique possibilities of the zebrafish animal model to study the biodistribution as well as the anti-inflammatory and adverse effects of liposomal formulations of PLP, we showed that PEGylated liposomes and AmbiMACs increase the therapeutic ratio of this GC drug.
PINK1 Protects against Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis by Interacting with Beclin1 and Impairing Its Pro-Apoptotic Cleavage
Authors: Brunelli Francesco , Torosantucci Liliana , Gelmetti Vania , Franzone Davide , Grünewald Anne , Krüger Rejko , Arena Giuseppe , Valente Enza Maria
Published: February 2022

PINK1 is a causative gene for Parkinson’s disease and the corresponding protein has been identified as a master regulator of mitophagy—the autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria. It interacts with Beclin1 to regulate autophagy and initiate autophagosome formation, even outside the context of mitophagy. Several other pro-survival functions of this protein have been described and indicate that it might play a role in other disorders, such as cancer and proliferative diseases. In this study, we investigated a novel anti-apoptotic function of PINK1. To do so, we used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, a neuronal model used in Parkinson’s disease and cancer studies, to characterize the pro-survival functions of PINK1 in response to the apoptosis inducer staurosporine. In this setting, we found that staurosporine induces apoptosis but not mitophagy, and we demonstrated that PINK1 protects against staurosporine-induced apoptosis by impairing the pro-apoptotic cleavage of Beclin1. Our data also show that staurosporine-induced apoptosis is preceded by a phase of enhanced autophagy, and that PINK1 in this context regulates the switch from autophagy to apoptosis. PINK1 protein levels progressively decrease after treatment, inducing this switch. The PINK1–Beclin1 interaction is crucial in exerting this function, as mutants that are unable to interact do not show the anti-apoptotic effect. We characterized a new anti-apoptotic function of PINK1 that could provide options for treatment in proliferative or neurodegenerative diseases.
Development of a Love-Wave Biosensor Based on an Analytical Model
Authors: Sarry Frédéric , Bonhomme Jeremy , Oudich Mourad , Segura Chavez Pedro Alberto , Beyssen Denis , Elmazria Omar , Md Arshad Mohd Khairuddin , Charette Paul G.
Published: February 2022

The present work deals with the development of a Love-wave biosensor for the diagnosis of the modification of cell viscosity. The relevant device performance such as insertion loss, attenuation, phase velocity, and sensitivity needs to be analysed as a function of the device structure and also regarding the effect of the liquid loading. In this study, we used an analytical model based on the equation of motions for a Love wave propagating in a three-layer structure. We show that the effect of the viscous coupling leads to insertion losses and a phase shift that impact the acoustic ratio. A comparison between experimental and theoretical results showed a good agreement between the behaviours as it was observed for the phase shift vs. the insertion loss with a limited difference in values (3.11/3.09—experimental/simulation for the sensitivity to the viscosity for different insertion losses) due to the assumptions made on the model used.
Adsorption Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide on Ag- and Au-Doped HfS2 Monolayers Based on Density Functional Theory
Authors: Qian Guochao , Dai Weiju , Zhou Fangrong , Ma Hongming , Wang Shan , Hu Jin , Zhou Qu
Published: February 2022

A large amount of power equipment works in closed or semi-closed environments for a long time. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most prevalent discharge gas following a fault in the components. Based on the density functional theory of first principles, the adsorption behavior of CO gas molecules on intrinsic, Ag-doped and Au-doped hafnium disulfide (HfS2) monolayers was systematically studied at the atomic scale. Firstly, the intrinsic HfS2 monolayer, Ag-doped HfS2 (Ag-HfS2) monolayer and Au-doped HfS2 (Au-HfS2) monolayer, with different doping sites, were created. The structural stability, dopant charge transfer, substrate conductivity and energy band structure of different doping sites of the Ag-HfS2 and Au-HfS2 monolayer structures were calculated. The most stable doping structure was selected with which to obtain the best performance on the subsequent gas adsorption test. Then, the CO adsorption models of intrinsic HfS2, Ag-HfS2 and Au-HfS2 were constructed and geometrically optimized. The results show that the adsorption energy of the Ag-HfS2 monolayer for CO gas is −0.815 eV, which has good detection sensitivity and adsorption performance. The adsorption energy of CO on the Au-HfS2 monolayer is 2.142 eV, the adsorption cannot react spontaneously, and the detection sensitivity is low. The research content of this paper provides a theoretical basis for the design and research of gas sensing materials based on HfS2, promoting the development and application of HfS2 in gas sensing and other fields.
Designing a Mobile Health Solution to Facilitate the Transition from NICU to Home: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lakshmanan Ashwini , Sunshine Isabel , Calvetti Sam , Espinoza Juan , Santoro Sofia , Butala Saloni , House Madison , Kipke Michele
Published: February 2022

There is limited information about caregiver and provider perspectives regarding the design of a mobile health solution to facilitate the transition from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to home. Focus groups were conducted with English- or Spanish-speaking families enrolled in an urban high-risk infant follow-up clinic and with their care providers. We generated salient themes using an inductive thematic analysis. Twenty-two participants completed the study. Among caregivers, the infant’s median gestational age (IQR) was 29 (23, 34) weeks and 63% were Hispanic. Among the providers, 55% had practiced for more than 10 years and 18% were bilingual. Key stakeholder (family and provider) priorities for designing a mobile health solution were organized into eight domains, i.e., implementation ideas around user interface and timing, providing path planning and information, increasing support, improving engagement with providers and services, mitigating barriers to care after discharge and strengthening parenting role and confidence. The results from this study suggest that families and healthcare providers prioritize path planning, information and support as the pillars for designing an effective NICU-to-home transition mobile health application. Implications for product development include family empowerment, being a credible source of information and creating a resource for caregiver support and mental health.
Kinetic Energy Density Functionals Based on a Generalized Screened Coulomb Potential: Linear Response and Future Perspectives
Authors: Fabiano Eduardo , Sarcinella Fulvio , Constantin Lucian , Della Sala Fabio
Published: February 2022

We consider kinetic energy functionals that depend, beside the usual semilocal quantities (density, gradient, Laplacian of the density), on a generalized Yukawa potential, that is the screened Coulomb potential of the density raised to some power. These functionals, named Yukawa generalized gradient approximations (yGGA), are potentially efficient real-space semilocal methods that include significant non-local effects and can describe different important exact properties of the kinetic energy. In this work, we focus in particular on the linear response behavior for the homogeneous electron gas (HEG). We show that such functionals are able to reproduce the exact Lindhard function behavior with a very good accuracy, outperforming all other semilocal kinetic functionals. These theoretical advances allow us to perform a detailed analysis of a special class of yGGAs, namely the linear yGGA functionals. Thus, we show how the present approach can generalize the yGGA functionals improving the HEG linear behavior and leading to an extended formula for the kinetic functional. Moreover, testing on several jellium cluster model systems allows highlighting advantages and limitations of the linear yGGA functionals and future perspectives for the development of yGGA kinetic functionals.
RFID Sensors for Monitoring Glazing Units Integrating Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: Węglarski Mariusz , Jankowski-Mihułowicz Piotr , Kamuda Kazimierz , Pyt Patryk , Pitera Grzegorz , Lichoń Wojciech , Chamera Mateusz , Ciejka Cezary
Published: February 2022

The paper focuses on the synthesis of semi-passive RFID transponders-sensors that are intended to integrate with active glazing units with built-in photovoltaic cells. The main purpose of the designed construction of the UHF RFID device is to provide diagnostic information in the monitoring system of a photovoltaic micro-power plant. Furthermore, the RFID sensor is aimed at being implemented at various stages of the product life cycle: production, distribution, storage, installation, common operation, service/maintenance and disposal. In the presented research work, particular attention is paid to several aspects of the RFID sensor synthesis: use of the energy, generated periodically in the PV cells, to power the monitoring device that has to act permanently; specification of the PV module parameters that have to be monitored in the diagnostic process; implementation of data acquisition and energy management models in an electrical circuit; wireless data transfer to the master unit (monitoring host), even in the absence of power supply (e.g., module damage, blackout), using a standardized communication protocol IEC 18000-63 used in the RFID technology; and the design of the antenna system taking into consideration limitations of electronic technology and the material properties of substrates and glasses used in PV modules and RFID sensors. Based on the results of the investigations, the modular structure of the RFID sensor demonstrator is proposed. Moreover, several diagnostic scenarios are analyzed in detail. On the basis of the provided considerations, it is shown that in order to find a malfunctioning component, it is enough to compare the voltages on the photovoltaic modules that are in the close vicinity.
Spatial Premises and Key Conditions for the Use of UAVs for Delivery of Items on the Example of the Polish Courier and Postal Services Market
Authors: Buko Jacek , Bulsa Marek , Makowski Adam
Published: February 2022

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the delivery of courier and postal items has the potential to provide benefits in breaking down terrain barriers and reducing congestion in urban areas. In addition, the trend to move away from polluting fossil fuels prompts delivery companies to invest in low- and zero-emission means of transport. Electric UAVs reduce environmental contamination in the delivery area and can also be directly powered by renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is to identify the premises and conditions of UAV implementation on the example of companies delivering courier and postal items in Poland. The basic research methods used for the preparation of this study are critical analysis of the literature on the subject, synthesis, and generalisation, which led to the authors’ own research conducted through partially categorised oral interviews. The conducted considerations confirm the existence of premises and the ability of UAVs for the effective delivery of items. In Poland, the most important limitation in the implementation and dissemination of this delivery method is the high level of social scepticism, reaching 43%. If actions are not taken to neutralise this attitude of society, this factor may effectively prevent the use of UAVs for delivery services.
Stability Analysis of Open-Loop V/Hz Controlled Asynchronous Machines and Two Novel Mitigation Strategies for Oscillations Suppression
Authors: Carbone Lorenzo , Cosso Simone , Kumar Krishneel , Marchesoni Mario , Passalacqua Massimiliano , Vaccaro Luis
Published: February 2022

Asynchronous machines are always widely used in most industrial applications due to their reliability, flexibility, and manoeuvrability. To achieve variable speed operations, the quite simple open-loop V/Hz control is largely utilized. Under open-loop V/Hz control, the nonlinear interaction is well known to cause current and torque oscillations while operating at low to medium speeds under light loads. This article presents the stability analysis of induction motors at low–medium frequencies under no-load conditions with the V/Hz control. A system representation in the form of state space is discussed, and the region of instability is plotted against the V/f plane. Two novel and refined methods for the mitigation of oscillations in the region of instability are presented. The two proposed algorithms are finally tested and validated through simulation on an inverter-fed induction motor drive system.
Examining the Performance of Implantable-Grade Lithium-Ion Cells after Overdischarge and Thermally Accelerated Aging
Authors: Harding Jonathon R. , Han Binghong , Madden Samuel B. , Horn Quinn C.
Published: February 2022

For implanted medical devices containing rechargeable batteries, maximizing battery lifetime is paramount as surgery is required for battery replacement. In non-life-sustaining applications (e.g., spinal cord stimulators or sacral nerve modulation), these implants may be left unused and unmaintained for extended periods, according to patient preference or in the case of unexpected life events. In this study, we examine the performance of two commercial lithium-ion cells intended for implantable neurostimulators (using lithium titanium oxide (LTO) and graphite as the negative electrode) when subjected to repeated deep overdischarge and to aging at a high state of charge (SOC). The graphite-based cells exhibited significant performance decline and swelling after overdischarge and became unable to store a charge after 42 days at 0 V. In contrast, the LTO-based cells exhibited minimal changes in performance even after 84 days (the length of the study) at 0 V. When subjected to an accelerated aging protocol at 100% SOC, the graphite-based cells were found to age more rapidly than the LTO cells, which exhibited minimal aging over the course of the study period. These results show that practical LTO-based lithium-ion cells are much more tolerant of abuse as a result of neglect and misuse and are worth considering for use in high-value applications where battery replacement is difficult or impossible.
Generalized Control of the Power Flow in Local Area Energy Networks
Authors: Tenti Paolo , Caldognetto Tommaso
Published: February 2022

Local area energy networks (E-LANs) are cyber-physical systems whose physical layer is a meshed low-voltage microgrid fed by a multiplicity of sources, i.e., utilities, energy storage systems, and distributed power sources. The cyber layer includes distributed measurement, control, and communication units, located at end-user premises, as well as centralized supervision and dispatchment control. As compared with standard microgrid, the E-LAN encompasses the ability for end-users to actively contribute to the operation of the microgrid while acting as independent energy traders in the electrical market. Operational goals include active contribution of end-users to power sharing, loss reduction, voltage stability, demand response, fault identification and clearing, isolation of sub-grids for maintenance, islanding, and black start. Economic goals include the possibility, for each end-user, to decide in every moment, based on convenience, how his energy and power capacity is shared with other users, e.g., for demand response or to trade energy in the electric market. This paper introduces a comprehensive theoretical approach of E-LAN control to achieve all the above operational goals while providing a high level of dynamic protection against faults or other events affecting the system functionality, e.g., overloads or fast transients. It shows that meshed microgrids are the necessary infrastructure to implement the desired functionalities.
Design and Optimization of a Novel Microchannel Battery Thermal Management System Based on Digital Twin
Authors: Xu Ziming , Xu Jun , Guo Zhechen , Wang Haitao , Sun Zheng , Mei Xuesong
Published: February 2022

In order to avoid high-temperature and large rate discharge impact on the performance of battery modules, a microchannel liquid cooling battery thermal management system (BTMS) and BTMS virtual model of the microchannel structure based on digital twin (DT) is proposed. On the basis of accurate virtual simulation model, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and the Gaussian process regression algorithm were combined to drive the optimization process in order to improve the cooling capacity of the system. The results show that the microchannel plates can greatly enhance the cooling capacity of the direct cooling system and effectively improve the uniformity of the coolant. The width of the microchannel plates and the side spacing actually represent the amount of coolant flowing through the inside and outside of the battery module, which significantly impacts the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference. Increasing the coolant flow can only effectively improve the cooling capacity of the module to a limited extent. Gaussian process regression based on the DT virtual model is more suitable for analyzing the interaction between multiple factors and obtaining global optimization results. After optimization, the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of the system are reduced by 4.02 °C and 5.05 °C, respectively. The proposed structure and method are expected to provide insights into the design and development of battery thermal management systems.
Design, Build, and Evaluation of an AC Loss Measurement Rig for High-Speed Superconducting Bearings
Authors: Siamaki Mohammad , Storey James G. , Wiesehoefer Lars , Badcock Rodney A.
Published: February 2022

Friction and heat generated in conventional bearings impose a limit on maximum design speed in electrical machines. Superconducting bearings offer the potential for low loss, simplified, and passively stable bearings that can overcome the speed limit and operate at high loads. Although such bearings are contactless and seem to be loss free, AC loss mainly caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity gradually slows down the rotating body. This loss, whose mechanism has not been fully explored, is measured through spin-down tests where the rotational speed of the spinning rotor is measured as a function of time. However, there are some challenges in performing a reliable spin-down test. In this paper, we discuss these challenges as well as the engineering of an experimental test rig that enables us to spin-up, release, and recapture the levitated permanent magnet. We also discuss the specifications of the driving mechanism including the self-aligning coupling, which accommodates permanent magnets of different sizes. Initial test results at 6600 rpm are discussed and further technical improvements to the test rig suggested. This rig will be used as a key tool to explore the AC loss mechanism and inform the design of bearings for high-speed superconducting machines.
SiSEG-Auto Semantic Annotation Service to Integrate Smart Energy Data
Authors: Haghgoo Maliheh , Nazary Aghche Mazary Amirhossein , Monti Antonello
Published: February 2022

In a modern smart energy system, the amount of available data from various sources is growing significantly. Other sectors such as medical or social sectors exhibit the same phenomenon. Due to the amount, complexity and heterogeneity of data, a complex algorithm is required for the integration and analysis of heterogeneous data sources. The Web of Things and semantic-based approaches address the fragmentation of standards, platforms, services and technologies in smart energy and non-energy sectors, and enable heterogeneous data integration and interoperability. This paper presents SiSEG, a semantic annotation service that is developed to automate the process of annotating data and address the problem of heterogeneous data integration in a reusable and extensible way by using the fuzzy method. Moreover, the accuracy of SiGEG has been evaluated.
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Encyclopedia in 2021
Authors:   Encyclopedia Editorial Office
Published: February 2022

Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...]
Impact of Different Pruning Practices on Height Growth of Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112®
Authors: Kadlec Jiří , Novosadová Kateřina , Pokorný Radek
Published: February 2022

We focused on the ability of one-year-old and two-year-old plants of Paulownia Clon in vitro 112® to sprout and grow branches, and on their pruning for their best possible growth on a plantation in Střelice u Brna. Furthermore, we carried out pruning on selected parts that comprised: spring pruning; reduction in the angle between the stem axis and one new growing sprout; and year-long pruning. The sprouting capacity of Paulownia was high—up to 56% (one-year-old plants) and 50% (two-year-old plants). Branches grew on 34% of all one-year-old plants and on 57% of all two-year-old plants. The best possible spring pruning method seems to be the keeping of one stem sprout or one stump sprout for one-year-old plants and one stem sprout for two-year-old plants. The newly growing stem sprout should be formed by bandaging it to the stem, and, as a result of this, the angle between the stem and the sprout can be reduced to 20° in contrast to 50° when the sprout is not bandaged. Our results suggest that it is best to take off the lower ⅓ of the branches and leaves, which leads to faster height growth of the plant.
Effect of Feed Supplementation with Bacillus coagulans on Nrf Gene Family Expression in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Long-Term Exposure to Cd2+
Authors: Jiang Zhou , Li Xuejun , Dong Chuanju
Published: February 2022

Nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf) belongs to the Cap ‘n’ collar basic leucine zipper (CNC-bZIP) family, which plays an important role in the resistance to oxidative stress in the body. In this study, 12 Nrf genes were identified in the common carp genome database. Comparative genomic analysis showed that the Nrf genes of common carp had significant amplification, confirming that the common carp had experienced four genome-wide replication events. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all common carp Nrf clustered with scleractinian fish Nrf, indicating that they were highly conserved during evolution. In addition, tissue distribution results showed that most Nrf genes had a broad tissue distribution but exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, demonstrating functional differences after WGD events. At 30 and 60 days of Cd2+ stress, most of the Nrf genes showed an increase in expression compared with the control group, indicating that they played a key role in the organism’s response to oxidative stress. To find a suitable concentration of Bacillus coagulans to activate the Nrf genes, we added three different concentrations (2.0 × 107 CFU/g, 2.0 × 108 CFU/g, and 2.0 × 109 CFU/g) of B. coagulans into the feed and defined them as L1, L2, and L3 groups, respectively. We investigated the effect of different concentrations of B. coagulans in the feed on the expression level of Nrf genes in the intestine of common carp under Cd2+ stress at 30 and 60 days. The results showed that, compared with the control/stress group, the expression of different Nrf genes was improved to varying degrees at three concentrations, and the effect of the L2 group (2.0 × 108 CFU/g) was the best. This suggests that the L2 group is the optimum concentration for activating Nrf gene expression when subjected to heavy metal Cd2+ stress and may act as an activation switch with a prominent role in the body’s resistance to oxidative stress and immune response.
Rural Ties and Consumption of Rural Provenance Food Products—Evidence from the Customers of Urban Specialty Stores in Portugal
Authors: Figueiredo Elisabete , Forte Teresa , Eusébio Celeste , Silva Alexandre , Couto Joana
Published: February 2022

Consumers’ food preferences increasingly meet concerns of authenticity, health, origin, and sustainability, altogether attributes embodied in rural provenance food products. The dynamics of production, commercialization, and availability of these products in urban centers are growing stronger. This study aims to explore rural provenance food consumption and underlying motivations, the consumers’ images of products and provenance areas, and the influence of rural ties in consumption. Data from a survey directed to 1554 consumers of 24 urban specialty stores located in three Portuguese cities were analyzed. The analysis is based on the differences between frequent and sporadic consumers of Portuguese rural provenance food products. The two groups significantly differ in the reasons provided to acquire the products. Those who buy and consume these products more frequently especially value sensorial features, convenience, national provenance, and the impacts on rural development. Additionally, the motivations to choose rural provenance foods tend to pair with positive images of those products and of their territories of origin. This is intrinsically connected with familiarity, a nuclear notion that encompasses the symbolic images of the products and their origins as actual connections (familiar and otherwise) to rural contexts.
The Effects of Enteral Nutrition on the Intestinal Environment in Patients in a Persistent Vegetative State
Authors: Matsuoka Hiroshi , Tochio Takumi , Watanabe Ayako , Funasaka Kohei , Hirooka Yoshiki , Hartanto Tenagy , Togashi Yuka , Saito Misa , Nishimoto Yuichiro , Mizuguchi Yoshinori , Kumon Masanobu , Sakuragi Chieko , Suda Kouichi , Hirose Yuichi , Morita Isao
Published: February 2022

Enteral nutrition (EN) is a rational approach to providing nutritional intake via the intestines in patients who are unable to tolerate parenteral nutrition. We conducted a preliminary study to investigate the effects of EN on the intestinal environment in 10 patients in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) (n = 5 each in the EN and EN with probiotics; Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588) groups compared with 10 healthy controls. The results of 16S amplicon sequencing of the intestinal microbiota showed that EN led to dysbiosis with a decrease in α-diversity and an obvious change in β-diversity. A particularly significant decrease was seen in useful intestinal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and butyrate-producing bacteria. Analysis of intestinal metabolites also supported these results, showing significant decreases in butyric and pyruvic acid after EN. Although C. butyricumMIYAIRI 588 improved some intestinal metabolites that were decreased after EN, it did not improve the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. These findings indicate that EN causes dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and an imbalance in some intestinal metabolites in patients in a PVS. Moreover, although C. butyricumMIYAIRI 588 improved the imbalance of some intestinal metabolites after EN, it did not prevent dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota.
Vine Shoots as a Source of Trans-Resveratrol and ε-Viniferin: A Study of 23 Italian Varieties
Authors: Noviello Mirella , Caputi Antonio Francesco , Squeo Giacomo , Paradiso Vito Michele , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Caponio Francesco
Published: February 2022

Stilbenes are a family of phenolic secondary metabolites that are known for their important roles in plant protection and human health. Numerous studies show that vine shoots, one of the most abundant winery wastes, could be used as a source of bioactive compounds such as stilbenes. The predominant stilbenoids in vine shoots are trans-resveratrol (Rsv) and ε-viniferin (Vf), whose content varies depending on numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The present work investigates the influence of pre-treatment and variety on stilbene concentration in vine shoots. Vine shoots of the Primitivo and Negroamaro varieties were submitted to four different trials before stilbene extraction (untreated, dried at 50 °C for 24 h, dried at 70 °C for 15 min, and dried at 80 °C for 10 min). The results showed that the heat pre-treatments had a slight impact on the total phenol and stilbene content. In contrast, the variety variable had a stronger impact on stilbene concentration, ranging from 2700 to 6400 mg kg−1 DW for untreated vine shoots of 23 Italian varieties. In all vine shoots, the most abundant stilbene compound was Rsv and the highest content was found in vine shoots of the Nero di Troia (5298.1 mg kg−1 DW) and Negroamaro (5249.4 mg kg−1 DW) varieties.