bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantitation of DTPA and other aminocarboxylate chelating agents in bar soaps by HPLC
Authors: Goldstein M. M. , Lok W. P.
Published: January 2007

A high pressure liquid chromatography method is described for the identification and quantitation of aminocarboxylate chelating agents in bar soaps. The method involves reacting the sample with cupric sulfate which precipitates the soap and forms a water soluble aminocarboxylate‐copper complex. The complex is identified and quantified versus suitable standards by HPLC using an anion exchange column with dilute sulfuric acid mobile phase and UV measurement at 254 nm. The method is specific and sensitive with a detection limit of approximately 0.005%. Average recoveries of about 85% were obtained for soap samples spiked with individual chelating agents in the range of 0.01% to 0.10%.
Alkylphosphinic surfactants with C14–C16 fatty chain
Authors: Herranz C.
Published: January 2007

Alkylphosphinates with fatty acid chains are a group of not well known anionic phosphorus‐containing surfactants. This group of products has the hydrophobic chain linked directly to the phosphorus atom through a P‐C bond.

An alkyl (C14–C16) phosphinate has been prepared by direct reaction between sodium hypophosphite and a commercial α‐olefin with detergent range C14–C16, using tert‐butyl perbenzoate as reaction initiator. The alkyl phosphinate (25% active matter) obtained has 2.79% of nonphosphinated substance. The surface tension of the sodium salt is 31.9 dynes/cm at 1 g active product/l at pH=8 and has a moderate foaming power. No significant wetting power has been found.
Proteolysis in structural analysis of αs1‐casein adsorbed onto oil surfaces of emulsions and improvement of the emulsifying properties of protein
Authors: Kaminogawa Shuichi , Shimizu Makoto , Ametai Akio , Lee Soo Won , Yamauchi Kunio
Published: January 2007

αs1‐Casein has a unique amphiphilic structure which may provide excellent emulsifying properties. Structural analysis of αs1‐casein adsorbed to emulsified oil globules and improvement of the emulsifying properties of αs1‐casein were undertaken by using proteolysis. Enzymic cleavage of αs1‐casein adsorbed to oil globules of the emulsion was compared with that dissolved in an aqueous solution by using trypsin and chymotrypsin. Thirteen peptide bonds of the adsorbed αs1‐casein in the emulsion were hardly cleaved and were probably among definite regions inaccessible to the proteases. Based on the results, a preliminary model is proposed for the structure of αs1‐casein at an oil/water interface. Emulsifying activity (EA) of αs1‐casein was increased by pepsin digestion. A peptide fraction (PF) separated from the peptic hydrolysate, being composed of αs1‐CN(fl‐23) and a small amount of other peptides, showed an EA similar to that of αs1‐casein at neutral pH. Removal of the small amount of the peptides from PF resulted in a marked decrease of EA. However, the addition of the removed peptides to αs1‐CN(fl‐23) restored the EA. Some synergistic effect between αs1‐CN(fl‐23) and the other peptides in emulsification was suggested.
Functional properties of oat proteins modified by acylation, trypsin hydrolysis or linoleate treatment
Authors: Ma C. ‐Y. , Wood D. F.
Published: January 2007

Proteins extracted from defatted oats were chemically modified by acylation (succinylation and acetylation), potassium linoleate treatment or partial hydrolysis with trypsin. Total essential amino acid content was slightly lowered by acetylation, but unaffected by succinylation. Gel filtration chromatography showed some dissociation of oat polypeptides by succinylation, while trypsin hydrolysis caused considerable breakdown of the protein. Solubility and emulsifying properties were significantly improved by all the modifications. Fat binding capacity was improved by acylation and linoleate treatment, while water hydration capacity and foaming properties were improved by trypsin and linoleate modifications. The gelling property was improved by acylation. When meat protein was substituted with oat protein in model wieners, there was a decrease in cook yield, cohesiveness and firmness. However, when compared to the unmodified oat protein, succinylation led to an improvement in performance in an emulsified meat system.
Fractionation of blackcurrant seed oil
Authors: Traifler H. , Wille H. J. , Studer A.
Published: January 2007

Blackcurrant seed oil is known to be one of the richest natural sources of γ‐linolenic (allcis‐6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic) acid, with values of up to 20% of this acid. These concentrations are sufficient for most applications of the oil, but some utilizations require higher concentrations of γ‐linolenic acid. Blackcurrant seed oil also contains up to 14%α‐linolenic (allcis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic) acid. Different fractionation techniques have been evaluated to separate γ‐linolenic acid specifically from the other fatty acids present in the oil and, in particular, fromα‐linolenic acid.

Distillation as well as fractionated crystallization at various temperatures did not give any reasonable results. Surprisingly enough, urea fractionation in methanol gives a specific separation ofα‐ and γ‐linolenic acid, whereas stearidonic (allcis‐6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic) acid, which is present at around 3% in the blackcurrant seed oil, cannot be separated by urea fractionation.

Stearidonic acid, like γ‐linolenic acid, has a double bond in the Δ6 position, which makes these two acids unique in this respect. This most probably explains their similar behavior toward urea‐occlusion.

Further semi‐industrial preparative HPLC separations allowed us to obtain fractions of 95% γ‐linolenic acid.
Ultrasound in lipid chemistry, cyclopropanation of unsaturated fatty esters and triglycerides
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Lam Wilson L. K.
Published: January 2007

Concomitant ultrasonic irradiation during the Simmons‐Smith reaction facilitated the cyclopropanation of ethylenic fatty esters and triglycerides. Methyl ricinoleate furnished predominantly the corresponding hydroxy cyclopropanoid ester when the reaction was carried out at 85–95 C under ultrasound in the presence of zinc, while a C18 furanoid fatty ester gave a novel tricyclo derivative (methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐9,10;11,12‐dimethanooctadecanoate).
Regeneration of oils used for deep frying: A comparison of active filter aids
Authors: Yates R. A. , Caldwell J. D.
Published: January 2007

A number of products are promoted for the purpose of regenerating used frying oils. These materials are referred to as “active” filter aids. They are purported to adsorb polar compounds, which are the products of oil degradation, and to retain them for removal by filtration. To evaluate some of these materials, portions of a used oil were treated with each of several “active” filter aids and filtered in a commercial‐type recirculating oil filter. The triglycerides and any adsorbed compounds were extracted from the filter cake with a series of increasingly polar organic solvents. The composition of each of the filter cakes was quantitatively determined. The materials tested in this study were diatomaceous earth, acid‐activated bleaching earth, activated aluminas, silica, carbon and synthetic magnesium silicate. Significant differences in the adsorbent characteristics of the materials were found. Adsorption of polar oil degradation compounds ranged from 2 mg of polar compounds per gram of diatomaceous earth to about 200 mg/g magnesium silicate.
Quantitation of potent odorants of virgin olive oil by stable‐isotope dilution assays
Authors: Guth Helmut , Grosch Werner
Published: January 2007

The potent odorants of four olive oil samples differing in flavor were quantitated, and their odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated by dividing the concentrations of the odorants in the oil samples by the flavor threshold values in the oil. The odorants with higher OAVs were contrasted with the different notes of the flavor profiles of the olive oils. It was concluded that the following compounds contributed mainly to the flavor notes given in parentheses: (Z)‐3‐hexenal (green), ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl cyclohexanoate (fruity), (Z)‐2‐nonenal (fatty) and 4‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐2‐butanethiol (black‐currant‐like). The results showed that the calculation of OAVs is an approach to objectify the flavor differences of olive oil samples.
Synthesis of 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Subbarao R.
Published: January 2007

We report the synthesis of 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (DOD), which has recently also been reported from bioconversion of oleic acid. One hydroxyl of 1,7‐heptanediol was protected as tetrahydropyranyl ether, and the other hydroxyl was used for chain extension by two carbonsvia Wittig reaction to give ethyl 9‐tetrahydropyranyloxy‐2(E)‐nonenoate, an α,β‐unsaturated ester, which on Dibal‐H reduction offered allylic alcohol. The epoxidation at the double bond followed by conversion of the hydroxyl group to chloro gave 9‐tetrahydropyranyloxy‐2,3‐oxirane‐1‐chlorononane. Treatment of this epoxy nonyl chloride with excess of LiNH2/liquid NH3; followed by addition of 1‐nonanal, gave 18‐tetrahydropyranyloxy‐9, 12‐dihydroxy‐10‐octadecyne. The lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the conjugated hydroxy acetylenic bond, protection of hydroxyl groups as benzoates and oxidation of the primary ether group, followed by removal of benzoate groups, gave DOD.
Conversion of oleic acid to 10‐ketostearic acid by aStaphylococcus species
Authors: Lanser A. C.
Published: January 2007

In the course of using microorganisms to produce value‐added products from soybean oil or its fatty acids, a culture contaminant was isolated and tentatively identified as aStaphylococcus species. This microorganism converts oleic acid (cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid) to 10‐ketostearic acid (10‐keto‐octadecanoic acid) in growing cultures. Bioconversion was studied in two different media at temperatures from 30 to 41°C, with shaking at 150 rpm. Cells were grown in 50 mL of media for 24 h and then incubated with 0.25 g oleic acid for 24 h. Optimum conditions have allowed better than 90% conversion with 85% recovery. Unreacted oleic acid and 10‐hydroxystearic acid (10‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid) are the only other compounds present in the ethyl ether extract of the fermentation broth.
Effects of feedingCuphea oil to three generations of CBA/2 and C57B1/6 mice
Authors: Hendrich S. , Lii C. K. , Myers R. , Dupont J.
Published: January 2007

Three generations of CBA/2 and C57B1/6 mice were reared on semipurified diets containing either 17.2% beef tallow and 3.5% corn oil or 8.6% beef tallow, 8.6% crudeCuphea oil and 3.5% corn oil. TheCuphea oil contained 76% decanoic acid; therefore, health effects of long‐term feeding of moderate amounts of medium‐chain triacylglycerols were evaluated. The reproductive performance of both strains of mice varied little with diet but, compared with the F1 generation, survival of F2 and F3 pups was diminished. At several time points during 13 wk,Cuphea feeding suppressed body weights and food intakes of males of three generations of both strains. But during long‐term feeding of males (5–12 mon),Cuphea did not suppress body weight or food intake. Mice of both strains developed fatty livers. Mice of the CBA/2 strain had hepatic nodular hyperplasia.Cuphea oil feeding caused no specific pathological changes. Although medium‐chain triacylglycerols have been reported to be hypocholesterolemic, the substitution ofCuphea for half of the dietary beef tallow did not suppress serum cholesterol concentrations in males aged 4–13 mon. The effects of long‐term substitution of medium‐chain triacylglycerols for beef tallow do not differ from feeding the beef tallow diet. Long‐term and multigenerational feeding of crudeCuphea oil does not cause any specific toxic effect in mice.
Production of an eicosapentaenoic acid‐containing oil by a Δ12 desaturase‐defective mutant ofMortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Jareonkitmongkol Saeree , Shimizu Sakayu , Yamada Hideaki
Published: January 2007

A Δ12 desaturase‐defective mutant of an arachidonic acid (AA)‐producing fungus,Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, converted α‐linolenic acid (18:3ω3) to 5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). On submerged cultivation at 20°C for 10 d in a 5‐L fermentor containing medium comprising 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract and 3% (vol/vol) linseed oil, EPA production amounted toca. 1 g/L culture broth (64 mg/g dry mycelium), which accounted forca. 20% of the total mycelial fatty acids. AA content was 26 mg/g dry mycelium (0.4 g/L), accounting for 7.8% of the total mycelial fatty acids. The other major mycelial fatty acids were palmitic acid (4.5%), oleic acid (20.4%), linoleic acid (10.0%), 18:3ω3 (20.3%) and lignoceric acid (4.3%). Most of the EPA produced (ca. 90 mol%) was in triglyceride form.
Determination of physicochemical properties of some fatty acid methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Husain Sajid , Sarma P. Nageswara , Swamy G. Y. S. K. , Devi K. Sita
Published: January 2007

Physicochemical data such as vapor pressures (p0), heats of vaporization (ΔHv), activity coefficents at infinite dilution (γ∞) and excess partial molar entropy (ΔSe0) are considered important for conducting unit processes and designing reactor equipment. Scanty information regarding such data is available in the literature for the higher fatty acid methyl esters. The objective of this research was to determine the physicochemical properties of higher fatty acid methyl esters (C11–C23) by a gas‐liquid chromatographic technique with SE‐30 and diethylene glycol adipate as stationary phases. Correlations between carbon numbers and various thermodynamic properties have indicated definite trends, which could be useful in predicting the properties of unknown fatty acid methyl esters. The data generated may be useful to chemical engineers in the construction of storage tanks, solvent extractors and distillation columns.
Effect of low‐dose γ‐radiation on individual phospholipids in aqueous suspension
Authors: Tinsley P. W. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

A series of individual phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylglycerols) containing either saturated or unsaturated fatty acid chains was irradiated at 9.66 kGy and 0–4°C in aqueous suspension. The phospholipids were analyzed by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on a silica column with an evaporative light scattering detector. Phospholipid disappearance and production of two radiolytic products, phosphatidic acid and the lysophospholipid, after irradiation were quantitated from calibration curves of synthetic standards. Dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid and monopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine from irradiated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were identified by liquid secondary‐ion mass spectrometry.
Water accumulation in the alcohol extraction of cottonseed
Authors: Abraham G. , Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Wan P. J.
Published: January 2007

The critical moisture content of cottonseed flakes extracted with an aqueous alcohol solvent can be defined as that flake moisture level at which the flakes lose no moisture during extraction. This study shows that the critical moisture content for aqueous ethanol (92%, w/w) is 3%. For aqueous isopropanol (88%, w/w) this value is 6%. If the moisture contents of the flakes are above these levels, then the solvents pick up moisture. For moisture contents below this level, the flakes adsorb moisture and actually dry the alcohol. It is proposed that this latter capability can be used as a basis for a method to control water accumulation in aqueous alcohol solvent extractions.
Adsorptive gossypol removal
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Hron R. J. , Abraham G.
Published: January 2007

Gossypol is extractable from cottonseed by using aqueous ethanol. The equilibrium between undissolved gossypol in cottonseed and that dissolved in the solvent determines the residual gossypol. To move the equilibrium toward extraction from the seeds, the dissolved gossypol needs to be removed from the gossypol‐solvent‐oil mixture. Gossypol removal from the mixture by adsorption on alumina, silica and molecular sieve 5Å was tested. Experimental results indicated that gossypol was more selectively adsorbed than triglycerides by these adsorbents. Alumina and silica had higher gossypol adsorption capacities than molecular sieve 5Å.
Synthesis and properties of erucic acid triacylglycerols
Authors: Grewal Virinder S. , Ramamurthi Suresh , McCurdy Alan R.
Published: January 2007

The chemical synthesis of high‐erucic acid triacylglycerols by a direct esterification approach was investigated in this study. A two‐stage process was adopted in which reactants (without any catalyst) were heated at 160±5°C for 4 h, followed by heating at 250±10°C for 8 h. Purification of the esterified product was achieved by alkali refining, followed by alumina column chromatography. A greater than 85% yield of pure triacylglycerols was obtained, which contained ≈90% erucic acid, by using a 5% molar excess of erucic acid in the reaction. Oils containing erucic acid ranging from 45 to 91% were prepared by chemically interesterifying native high‐erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil and the synthetic high‐erucic acid triacylglycerols. The melting point, cloud point, pour point, titer and viscosity of all oils exhibited positive correlations with the erucic acid content, whereas saponification value, iodine value and refractive index showed negative correlations. Randomization of native HEAR oil resulted in an increase in the melting point, cloud point and pour point.
The composition of hydrogenated fats by high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gunstone Frank D.
Published: January 2007

The high‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of twelve hydrogenated fats have been examined. Each spectrum contains 50–100 signals and reveals much about the nature of the acyl chains of both double‐bond position and configuration. The signals for the ω1, ω2 and ω3 carbon atoms give information on thecis andtrans isomers of the Δ15, Δ14, Δ13 and Δ12 18:1 esters, respectively. Allylic signals distinguish betweencis andtrans esters, and the proportion of totalcis to totaltrans isomers can be obtained from these. Olefinic signals are the most informative, and most of these have been assigned. This leads to a semi‐quantitative estimate of the various 18:1 isomers present. Assignments are based mainly on information already in the literature, but some were confirmed after urea fractionation of the acids from a hydrogenated oil in whichcis andtrans monoene acids were separately concentrated.
Frying stability of soybean and canola oils with modified fatty acid compositions
Authors: Warner K. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Pilot plant‐processed samples of soybean and canola (lowerucic acid rapeseed) oil with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding and/or hydrogenation were evaluated for frying stability. Linolenic acid contents were 6.2% for standard soybean oil, 3.7% for low‐linolenic soybean oil and 0.4% for the hydrogenated low‐linolenic soybean oil. The linolenic acid contents were 10.1% for standard canola oil, 1.7% for canola modified by breeding and 0.8% and 0.6% for oils modified by breeding and hydrogenation. All modified oils had significantly (P<0.05) less room odor intensity after initial heating tests at 190°C than the standard oils, as judged by a sensory panel. Panelists also judged standard oils to have significantly higher intensities for fishy, burnt, rubbery, smoky and acrid odors than the modified oils. Free fatty acids, polar compounds and foam heights during frying were significantly (P<0.05) less in the low‐linolenic soy and canola oils than the corresponding unmodified oils after 5 h of frying. The flavor quality of french‐fried potatoes was significantly (P<0.05) better for potatoes fried in modified oils than those fried in standard oils. The potatoes fried in standard canola oil were described by the sensory panel as fishy.
Liquefied gases and supercritical fluids in oilseed extraction
Authors: Mangold H. K.
Published: January 2007

Soybean oil and numerous other vegetable oils can be extracted from crushed seeds by means of liquefied gases or supercritical fluids. The oils are recovered by lowering the pressure or increasing the temperature, or both. Supercritical carbon dioxide is ideally suited for the food industry as it is nontoxic and nonflammable. Moreover, it can be removed easily from the oil as well as the meal. The oils extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide contain much lower proportions of phospholipids than those obtained by conventional processing with hexane. The addition of acetone or another carrier or entrainer aids in the fractional extraction of lipids differing in polarity. The range of applicability of liquefied gases and supercritical fluids in the extraction and fractionation of lipids should be explored further to develop industrial processes using these solvents.
A look at the future
Authors: Heilman J. E.
Published: January 2007

The crushing industry is in a period of overcapacity. Recovery from it will be quicker in Europe and in other countries in which government intervention improves margins. Long‐term increases in protein and oil demand will balance the overcapacity with a more efficient industry resulting. Technological improvements will center on efficiency.
Finished product formulation
Authors: Lefebvre J.
Published: January 2007

Rules of formulation are discussed. Some characteristic properties of raw materials and finished products can be instrumentally determined, others more empirically. Such approach applies to raw material interchangeability as well. Formulation problems will differ according to the type of finished product: margarines, shortenings, salad dressings, deep frying fats, specialty fats. They will also vary depending on the user: household, catering, manufacturer or food industry. Modern methods for formulation are then described.
Effect of packaging on oil product quality
Authors: Leo D. A.
Published: January 2007

To maximize shelf life, entrained and headspace oxygen are to be minimized. Light exposure must also be kept to a minimum. Knowledge of the required residence time in the market and cost information on package alternatives must be available and assessed. Escalating prices for metal cans and for energy to produce glass continue to drive up the price of the containers. Fuel costs to transport the finished product continue to escalate. The trend toward light‐weight plastic bottles will increase. Information on the expected performance of alternative plastic materials becomes more important. We must continue to seek out those materials which maximize protection while minimizing container costs. A final decision can be made when the critical factors are known. The ultimate decision to accept a particular package is dependent upon product protection, cost, convention and convenience. Our goal is acceptance by the consumer.
Palm oil
Authors: Maclellan M.
Published: January 2007

Since its arrival in Malaysia as an ornamental plant in 1897, the oil palmEleais guineensis has achieved a position of economic significance to Malaysia. With a current annual production of 2.8 million tons, palm oil has ceased to be traded as a true primary commodity since it is predominantly traded in semi‐ and fully processed forms. Although palm oil may be handled by classical refining techniques, steam‐refining is gaining in popularity for economic and environmental reasons. With the application of physical refining techniques, due attention must be paid to the consequences of mishandling the minor constituents present in palm oil if consistent product integrity is to be achieved and maintained.
Automation in a vegetable oil extraction plant
Authors: Jokinen K. , Sakko J. , Stenlund L.
Published: January 2007

Based on the experience in erecting an automated extraction plant, this paper discusses why automation is used in an extraction plant, process design and the choice of automation level, the choice of a microprocessor, demands on system hardware, the use of a micro‐processor for security control, the cost of automation, maintenance costs for an automated system, and personnel factors when planning to use automation.
Influence of genotype on diet‐induced changes in membrane phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine composition of splenocytes, liver nuclear envelope and liver mitochondria
Authors: Venkatraman J. T. , Tiwari R. K. , Cinader B. , Flory J. , Wierzbicki T. , Clandinin M. T.
Published: January 2007

Inbred congenic mice of strains MRL/Mp‐lpr/lpr (lpr/lpr) and MRL/Mp‐+/+ (+/+) were fed nutritionally adequate semipurified diets containing 20% (w/w) fat and differing in linoleic acid content. Levels of linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) and arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) in phospholipids of splenocytes, liver mitochondria and liver nuclear envelopes were determined. Membranes of lpr/lpr mice exhibited significantly lower levels of 18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6 in phospholipids compared with the +/+ strain. The high linoleic acid diet increased incorporation of 18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6 in most phospholipid fractions of these membranes. These observations indicate that genotype as well as dietary 18∶2n−6 content significantly influenced incorporation of 18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6 into membrane phospholipids. The results also suggest that membrane compositional abnormalities found in the lpr/lpr mice, which develop lymphoma and age faster than +/+ mice, are not restricted to the immune system but also extend to other organs. Differences observed in phospholipid fatty acid composition in splenocytes and liver subcellular membranes for mice fed diets differing in linoleic acid content suggest that the early expression of the lpr gene resulting in progression of autoimmunity may be delayed through dietary manipulation.
The effects of dietary protein on the fatty acid composition and Δ6 desaturase activity of rat hepatic microsomes
Authors: Lindholm Marie , Eklúnd Anders
Published: January 2007

Recently, significant differences between rats fed a casein diet and rats fed a soybean protein diet have been observed in hepatic phospholipid fatty acid patterns (Sjöblom, L., and Eklund, A.,Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1004, 187–192, 1990). The influence of these two diets on the Δ6 desaturase activity was investigated in the present study because the hepatic desaturase system is a source of unsaturated fatty acids. The rats fed a casein diet showed higher desaturase activity than those fed soybean protein when using either linoleic acid (P<0.005) or oleic acid (P<0.05) as substrates. The phosphatidylcholine fraction of hepatic microsomes showed increases in oleic acid (P<0.005) and 20∶3ω9 (P<0.001) levels as well as decreases in stearic acid (P<0.001), linoleic acid (P<0.005) and arachidonic acid (P<0.005) levels in rats which were fed casein rather than soybean protein. Similar differences between the two groups were also observed in the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol fractions. These data indicate that the qualitative properties of the dietary protein source may influence the fatty acid pattern of rat hepatic microsomes by interfering with Δ6 desaturase activity.
Effect oftrans fatty acids on plasma lipids, platelet function and systolic blood pressure in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Chiang M. T. , Otomo M. I. , Itoh H. , Furukawa Y. , Kimura S. , Fujimoto H.
Published: January 2007

To investigate the effect oftrans fatty acids on plasma lipid levels and systolic blood pressure, hydrogenated corn oil was fed to SHRSP (stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats) and WKY (Wistar‐Kyoto) rats for 30 days. Significantly lower systolic blood pressure and plasma total cholesterol were observed in SHRSP rats fedtrans fatty acids when compared with rats fedcis fatty acids from olive oil. In addition, higher HDL cholesterol and lower VLDL plus chylomicron cholesterol levels were found in SHRSP rats fedtrans fatty acids. Although no significant changes of systolic blood pressure and plasma total cholesterol levels were observed in WKY rats aftertrans fatty acids treatment, WKY rats fedtrans fatty acids had lower plasma LDL cholesterol and higher HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, platelet aggregation induced by collagen was decreased in WKY rats fedtrans fatty acids. It is interesting thattrans fatty acids increased the activity of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in both SHRSP and WKY rats. The observed influence oftrans fatty acids on plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure and platelet aggregation suggests thattrans fatty acids might prevent thrombotic disorders in SHRSP rats.
Enhanced β‐oxidative utilization of [1‐14C]Palmitate during active myelinogenesis in developing rat brain under nutritional stress
Authors: Padmini S. , Rao P. Srinivasa
Published: January 2007

Food restriction was found to impair the incorporation of [1‐14C]palmitate into myelin membrane lipids of developing rat brain. An attempt was made to determine whether this phenomenon is due to differences in the rate of utilization of the labelled precursor or to its enhanced degradationvia β‐oxidative pathways. Undernutrition in pups was imposed by food restriction during gestation and lactation. β‐Oxidation by brain region homogenates using [1‐14C]palmitate was monitored at days 7, 14 and 21 of postnatal age. There was a significant increase in β‐oxidation in the brain regions of undernourished pups, with the cerebrum and cerebellum being more affected than the brain stem. Because developing brain possesses the enzymic potential to utilize ketone bodies, the data may indicate increased usage of palmitate as an energy source in the developing brain of undernourished animals.
Comparison of the effect of six compactin‐related compounds on cholesterol synthesis in five human cell types
Authors: Sviridov D. D. , Endo A. , Pavlov M. Yu. , Repin V. S. , Smirnov V. N.
Published: January 2007

We have investigated the effect of six compactin‐related compounds—mevinolin, compactin, ML‐236A, monacolin X, monacolin L and dihydromonacolin L—on cholesterol synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human small intestine epithelial cells, human hepatoma cell line HEP G2, normal human skin fibroblasts and in skin fibroblasts from a patient with familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was found to depend on both the cell type and the type of compound used. The most effective compounds were mevinolin and compactin. Monacolin X, monacolin L and ML‐236A were less effective, and dihydromonacolin L was the least efficacious. Endothelial and epithelial cells were sensitive to very low concentrations of inhibitors (IC50=1.0–30 pg/mL), HEP G2 cells required higher concentrations (IC50=0.01–66 ng/mL) and fibroblasts needed even higher concentrations (IC50=0.1–200 ng/mL). Lactone and acid forms of the inhibitors were equally active. None of the inhibitors had any effect on either protein or fatty acid synthesis in any of the cell types studied. It can be concluded that different compactin‐related compounds show a range of potencies as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors and a dose‐dependent tissue‐selectivity.
A method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of alkylacylglycerol and diacylglycerol
Authors: Warne Thomas R. , Robinson Mitchell
Published: January 2007

We describe a method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol as their diradylglycerobenzoate derivatives. Synthetic internal standards were used to provide quantitative determinations of the low levels of diacylglycerol and alkyl‐acylglycerol and their individual molecular species in cultured cells. Diradylglycerols were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), converted to their benzoate derivatives and separated into subclasses by TLC. The molecular species of each subclass were analyzed by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thirty‐six species of diglyceride‐type molecules were identified in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. These cells were shown to contain 7.88 nmoles of diacylglycerol and 3.97 nmoles of alkylacylglycerol per μmole of phospholipid. Both subclasses contain predominantly monoenoic and saturated species. This technique should be valuable for studies examining the origin and metabolism of these important intracellular mediators.
Availability of linoleic acid from cereal‐pulse diets
Authors: Ghafoorunissa
Published: January 2007

Cereals and pulses alone provide nearly two‐thirds of the daily linoleic acid requirement in habitual Indian diets. Two‐thirds of the lipids present in cereals is in bound form. To investigate to what extent the essential fatty acids (EFA) present in cereals and pulses are biologically available, weanling rats were fed rice‐pulse based diets either without supplementation or supplemented with one of three vegetable oils—coconut, palmolein or groundnut oil. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was used to assess the EFA status, with ratios of eicosatrienoic/arachidonic acids (20∶3n−9/20∶4n−6) above 0.2, indicating linoleic acid deficiency. In the unsupplemented group, the levels of linoleic and arachidonic acids were low as compared to the groundnut oil fed group. However, the ratio of 20∶3n−9/20∶4n−6 was less than 0.2, indicating that there was no linoleic acid deficiency. This shows that the linoleic acid present in rice and pulse may be readily available.
Glycerolysis of linseed oil: A compositional study
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Bergseth R. , Sreenivasan B.
Published: January 2007

Sodium hydroxide catalyzed glycerolysis of linseed oil is greatly enhanced by increase in temperature but only moderately by increase in catalyst concentration. That the active catalyst under these conditions is the glyceroxide ion and not the hydroxide ion was confirmed by performing the reaction with freshly prepared sodium glyceroxide. In all cases alcohol solubility is reached before the reaction attains equilibrium. Component glycerides analysis at these points shows that the monoglycerides content at alcohol solubility is about 35% and at equilibrium about 45%. Further, there are about twice as many 1,3‐diglycerides as either 1,2‐diglycerides or triglycerides. Component fatty acid analysis of these individual glycerides shows that all the fatty acids of the parent oil are present in every one of these glyceride types and in about the same proportions. Monoglycerides in the early stages of reaction are richer in saturated fatty acids indicating that the catalyst attacks the primary alcoholic ester portion of glycerides first. Similarities in the fatty acid compositions of 1‐and 2‐monoglycerides at these early stages indicate that the latter are formed by acyl migration from the former. Based on these observations a mechanism for glycerolysis has been proposed.
Studies of long term administration of aflatoxin to rats as a natural food contaminant
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Aftergood Lilla , Hernandez H. Joseph , Stern Elizabeth , Melnick Daniel
Published: January 2007

The effect of feeding aflatoxin, as a natural food contaminant, to rats over long periods of time was studied using multigeneration and longevity tests. The test animals in the multigeneration study consisted of three groups of rats fed diets containing 0, 1 and 10 ppb of aflatoxin (predominantly B1) continued over four generations, with animals of the first and fourth generation fed the diets for 104 weeks. These diets were in proper nutritional balance and included 35% ground roasted peanut products; the ration with 0 ppb aflatoxin excluded the peanuts usually discarded; the one with 1 ppb had the roasted discards returned, while the ration with 10 ppb included the discards in amount 10 times that which had been initially removed. Another longevity study was also performed in which rats were fed diets containing aflatoxin at a level of 80 ppb. In this case, the test peanuts, also fed as a simulated peanut butter at 35% concentration, consisted entirely of roasted peanut discards. Control diets provided no peanut components. Animals fed the low levels of aflatoxin grew as well and actually had a higher percentage survival at 104 weeks than did the animals on the control, aflatoxinfree diets. Organ weights, liver total lipid and cholesterol levels were comparable in all groups. Pathological abnormalities, e.g., hemorrhagic and opaque spots and mottling in some of the livers, were attributed to the aging process since the abnormalities appeared in the control as well as the experimental groups. In the animals fed the aflatoxin at 80 ppb, which has been reported by several investigators to produce well‐defined hepatomas in rats, there was liver involvement and some biochemical changes occurred that were not noted in the controls. However, no hepatomas were observed in these animals even after 21 months on this diet. The liver lesions, indicative of a toxic effect, have not been associated with the development of hepatomas. It is possible that some components of the diet used in these experiments may have protected the animal against hepatoma formation. Our studies indicate that there may be a tolerance for aflatoxin as judged by results in one species of rats when whole ground roasted peanuts provide the natural contaminant.
Characteristics and biosynthesis of seed lipases in maize and other plant species
Authors: Huang Anthony H. C. , Lin Yon‐hui , Wang Shue‐mei
Published: January 2007

Oilseed lipases from diverse plant species exhibit differences in their substrate specificity, pH for optimal activity, reactivity toward sulfhydryl reagents, hydrophobicity and subcellular location. Seed lipase from a certain plant species is relatively specific for the native triacylglycerols or triacylglycerols containing the major fatty acids of the storage triacylglycerols of the same species. This substrate specificity can be exploited in lipid biotechnology. In most seeds, with the known exception of castor bean, lipase activities are absent in ungerminated seeds and increase in postgermination. The biosynthesis of seed lipase has been studied only in maize. The maize enzyme is synthesized on free polyribosomes in postgermination. The newly synthesized enzyme is then transferred, without apparent coor posttranslational modification, to the membrane of the lipid bodies.
Rapid transesterification and mass spectrometric approach to seed oil analysis
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Clifton James , Afolabi Oladapo A. , Shepard Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid composition of seed oil is determined in less than one hr using a quantitative one‐vial technique. The method of analysis requires alcoholic solutions of sodium methoxide mild enough for epoxy and polyunsaturated oils. Separation and characterization of component fatty acids were accomplished by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.

Using this method,Vernonia galamensis seed oil is shown to contain 79–80% vernolic (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid.Amaranthus cruentus, a West African vegetable crop, is shown to contain 17.3% palmitic acid, 3.2% stearic acid, 22.7% oleic acid, 54.7% linoleic acid and 2.1% linolenic acid.
Effect of heme compounds on lipid oxidation
Authors: Hirano Y. , Olcott H. S.
Published: January 2007

By polarographic oxygen analyzer, the rate of oxidation of linoleate solutions was catalyzed by low concentrations of heme and heme‐proteins and inhibited by higher concentrations. High concentrations of these substances also inhibited lipoxygenase catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Manganese and cobalt salts inhibited heme‐catalyzed linoleate oxidation. These combined effects may reflect the oxidative synthesis of antioxidants from heme compounds.
Trace metals and the flavor stability of margarine
Authors: Mertens W. G. , Swindells C. E. , Teasdale B. F.
Published: January 2007

Traces of copper, iron and other metals are present in the oil and the salt used for margarine. The presence of these metals, which act as powerful catalysts for fat oxidation, decreased the flavor stability. Analyses were done by atomic absorption spectroscopy after ashing of 400 g oil and margarine samples. Storage tests are reported with laboratory samples to which different amounts of trace metals had been added, and also with plant production samples. Levels of 0.1 ppm copper led to rapid flavor deterioration. In order to expect good flavor stability, the maximum copper amounts which can be tolerated are about 0.02 ppm. Aside from the importance of having all equipment free of copper, the use of salt low in trace metals or the additions of metal chelating agents are ways to extend the shelf life. The addition of 75–100 ppm EDTA salts as sequestering agents was found to increase the flavor stability of margarine samples significantly.
Cost analyses for new products and processes developed in USDA laboratories
Authors: Sohns V. E.
Published: January 2007

Cost analyses frequently help to implement the research and development program on new products and processes from farm crops. Having cost data available encourages early adoption and application by industry of products and processes that are developed. Furthermore, cost estimates provide information that can serve as a guideline for developing an effective plan of work for research projects. The procedures used to compile cost estimates at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory follow those generally recommended by most cost engineers with appropriate modifications to fit particular situations. Accuracy of an estimate depends upon the quantity and quality of the process data made available to the cost engineer. Both order of magnitude estimates prepared shortly after studies on a process are initiated on a laboratory scale and preliminary cost estimates prepared either from extensive laboratory studies or from process engineering studies in the pilot plant have found application in research investigations. A typical example of such appications is found in our program for evaluating the industrial potential of several nylons which can be produced fromCrambe abyssinica oil.
Chlorinated long chain fatty acids—their properties and reactions: III. Solvent effects in the dehydrohalogenation of sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate in dilute alkaline solutions
Authors: Ketola M. , Pihlaja K.
Published: January 2007

The first stage of the alkaline dehydrohalogenation of sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate (DCO) has been studied in ethylene glycol‐water mixtures and in pure water at 90 C. The rate of the reaction was found to decrease rapidly with increasing water concentration. The rate of removal of the first chlorine from sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate was determined as a function of the water concentration in various ethylene glycol‐water mixtures. The rate coefficient (kOH) in pure water solution was 1.4·10−4 kg·mole−1·min−1 as compared to the maximum value of 2.7·10−2 kg·mole−1·min−1 in 19 wt % solution. The effects of temperature and base concentration on the reaction rate were also investigated.
Salmonella ecology
Authors: Foltz V. D.
Published: January 2007

Control of the cyclic phenomena of salmonellosis will be effective only when all sources ofSalmonella are attacked simultaneously. Salmonella ecology must be studied to clarify the problem. Studies at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station related to salmonella ecology have been conducted, in part, in the following areas: (1) Convenience foods studied have shown a decreased incidence of salmonella contamination from 1962–65. (2) The examination of fishes recovered from sewage‐polluted streams reveals a high percentage harboring salmonellae in the intestinal tract. Per os inoculation of catfish demonstrated viability of salmonellae in the stomach and intestine for at least 29 days. We believe this indicates a demand for salmonella‐free fish food for commercial fish rearing. (3) Human salmonella carriers can develop following contact with cold‐blooded animal pets. Food workers in critical areas should be carefully examined as potential carriers of salmonellae. We have shown the potential danger of carrier development in our cold‐blooded pet survey.
The salmonella problem from an enforcement standpoint
Authors: Lennington Kenneth R.
Published: January 2007

The importance and significance of salmonella contamination in foods and drugs are discussed. Products presenting the greatest problems in the last two years have been dried milk, egg products, drug and enzyme substances of animal origin, basic protein feed ingredients of animal origin such as fish meal, meat scrap, rendered tankage and related substances. Prepared ready‐to‐eat foods, dried yeast, chocolate and similarly processed foods have more recently been identified as potential vectors, thus compounding the problem. Gaps in knowledge concerning mechanism of man to man, man to animal, and animal to man infections present handicaps to effective control measures. Lack of data on survival of the organism, conditions favorable to proliferation, and the avenues of contamination in various food and drug processes further complicate control.
Modification of AOCS chromatographic procedure for neutral oil determination
Authors: Velasco James
Published: January 2007

The AOCS chromatographic procedure for neutral oil determination, Ca 9f‐57, has been modified through use of a newly designed flask. This modified procedure increases the efficiency and standardization of neutral oil determination by: permitting automatic transfer of weighed crude oil samples onto alumina columns; converting column operation to a semiautomatic level thus reducing cost of operation; and allowing the chromatographic procedure to be performed in laboratories which are not air‐conditioned. As a result of collaborative studies the AOCS Fats and Oils Subcommittee for neutral oil investigation has recommended that this procedure be adopted officially by the Uniform Methods Committee.
Synthesis of 11cis, 15cis‐ and 10cis, 15cis‐Octadecadienoic acid, the probable precursors of 4cis‐heptenal in autoxidized butterfat
Authors: Pabon H. J. J. , Van Dorp D. A.
Published: January 2007

11cis,15cis‐ and 10cis,15cis‐Octadecadienoic acid are considered to be precursors of 4cis‐heptenal occurring in autoxidized butterfat. The synthesis of these acids was carried out as follows. In liquid ammonia, 1‐sodio‐1,5‐octadiyne was coupled with 1‐chloro‐9‐iodononane and 1‐sodio‐1,6‐nonadiyne with 1‐chloro‐8‐iodooctane. The 1‐chloro‐10,14‐and ‐9,14‐heptadecadiynes thus obtained were converted into 11,15‐ and 10,15‐octadecadiynoic acid. Stereospecific partial hydrogenation of the 11,15‐diynoic acid, or of the methyl 10,15‐diynoate, and subsequent saponification, yielded the acids desired.
High temperature heat transfer equipment
Authors: magnuson E. E.
Published: January 2007

Various alternative methods of high temperature heat transfer in the range of 300 to 750 F, such as direct firing, forced circulation of heat transfer fluids such as water, oil, Therminol, Dowtherm and other fluids are outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Important considerations include design of heaters, temperature uniformity, heat transfer rates, safety precautions, hardware required, control sequences, fluid degradation and velocities.