bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Pressure Transient Interpretation for Unconventional Reservoirs Utilizing the Transient Drainage Volume
Authors: Mohamed Ismail , King Michael J.
Published: November 2024

In unconventional reservoirs, rate transient analysis is routinely used to interpret production for reservoir and well characteristics, and for the prediction of economic reserves. With the inclusion of pressure data, we have developed a novel analysis based upon sequential Pseudo Steady State (PSS) flow and a modified flowing material balance plot, from which a richer set of information can be inferred: the transient drainage volume, the instantaneous recovery ratio, the transient well productivity, and the instantaneous shut-in pressure.

Unconventional reservoir production analysis challenges many of the assumptions of routine pressure transient analysis (PTA) and rate transient analysis (RTA). For PTA analysis, the near well reservoir region is often over-pressurized due to hydraulic fracturing operations and the initial reservoir pressure is not known. For RTA analysis, the bottomhole flowing pressure may take months to stabilize and reservoir scale boundary dominated flow is never attained. We introduce a novel methodology and a modified flowing material balance plot based upon a transient extension to boundary dominated flow (TBDF). It is applicable if both pressure and rate information is available, and resolves the limitations listed above.

A model of transient boundary dominated flow (TBDF) is used to relate the transient bottomhole flowing pressure, flow rate, and cumulative production from the beginning of the analysis period (the observations) to a transient drainage volume, the average pressure at the beginning of the transient and the well productivity (an interpretation). When applied to early time data the model can determine the initial near well reservoir pressure from which we obtain the bottomhole flowing pressure drop, and which allows the use of routine PTA analysis. During production, the model infers an instantaneous shut-in pressure, and the transient productivity and drainage volume of the well. A modified flowing material balance plot based on the pressure normalized rate will predict the economic ultimate recovery (EUR) and can be used to assess the impact of gas lift operations, for instance, on the EUR. The methodology is validated using numerical flow simulation models and demonstrated on field data sets, including data drawn from the SPE data repository (https://www.spe.org/en/industry/data-repository/). Details are provided on the methods found most effective in filtering and smoothing the field data, to aide in the technology transfer of the novel analysis methodology.

The proposed methodology introduces a novel transient boundary dominated flow analysis which is used to determine the initial average reservoir pressure in the near well region, the transient drainage volume of a well during production, the average reservoir shut-in pressure in that region, and the transient well productivity. A modified flowing material balance plot can be used to determine the EUR and to assess the impact of gas lift operations on the EUR.
Tank Level Monitoring Using Thermal Video Processing Model
Authors: Korjani Mehdi , Ramezani Elena , Chung Jae Yoon , Conley David , Smith Mark
Published: November 2024

The conventional method of using liquid-level sensors like guided wave radar (GWR) for liquid level detection in oil tanks poses significant safety and environmental concerns. The process of opening the tank hatch for maintenance and calibration exposes workers to hazardous gasses and increases the risk of explosions. Additionally, the release of harmful substances during calibration contributes to environmental pollution. To address these challenges, we developed a non-intrusive approach using thermal video processing model as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to GWR.

The model utilizes thermal videos captured by a thermal camera and employs advanced deep Learning image processing techniques to detect thermal differences between the full and empty parts of the tank. By accurately estimating the liquid level based on these thermal patterns, the non-intrusive approach eliminates the need for physical access to the tank, thereby mitigating safety risks and minimizing environmental impact.

The performance of the thermal video processing model is evaluated by collecting data from multiple tanks and comparing the results with those obtained from guided wave radar. We evaluated the model in different edge cases including different weather conditions like snow, storm, rain, and also different temperatures. We also evaluated the model in shadow, camera shake, and blocking objects like tanker trucks, pipes or other tanks.

The results of this work demonstrate that the thermal video processing model achieves comparable accuracy to guided wave radar for liquid level detection in oil tanks. The model successfully identifies and differentiates thermal patterns with more than 94% accuracy, enabling precise estimation of the liquid level with 98% accuracy. By eliminating the need to open the tank hatch, this method ensures worker safety by minimizing their exposure to hazardous gasses and reducing the risk of explosions and release of harmful substances to air.

The deep learning video processing model performing tank level detection is very robust to edge cases including different temperature or weather conditions. It is also very resilient to shadow during the day and can detect levels even when less than 10% of the tank is visible. The findings demonstrate the potential of thermal image processing as a viable and efficient approach, offering a safer and more sustainable solution for the oil industry.
Leveraging Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 3D Digital Outcrop Reconstruction and Characterization
Authors: Agbor Yannick , Tishechkin Dmitriy
Published: November 2024

This study continues SPE-216868-MS and adds a novel application of Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) for digital outcrop modeling and rock characterization. NeRF as an open-source AI/ML framework, enables the synthesis of high-fidelity 3D reconstructions from 2D images. We leverage NeRF to create the high-fidelity, real world 3D scenes of the rocks and outcrops. We use a combination of field observations, photographs, and LiDAR scans to create a large dataset of outcrop samples from various locations. Our methodology consists of three main steps: data preprocessing, training an optimized NeRF model, and analysis of the resulting outputs. In the first step, we preprocess and align the collected imaging data to ensure consistent lighting conditions and remove any noise and artifacts. Next, we train the NeRF model using the preprocessed data, which enables us to reconstruct the 3D geometry and appearance of the outcrops. Finally, we analyze the trained models to extract rock features, such as texture, porosity, permeability, and mineralogy. Multi-view geometry and incorporated physical constraints reconstruct the 3D geometry and appearance of the rock sample.

This use case and the workflow above demonstrated how the subsurface data can be made accessible to the broad audience, independent of its technical proficiency or familiarity with the specific region of the data itself. The whole workflow is designed with almost no coding, chaining together open source tools with easy-to-use no-code interfaces on the cloud. Once the initial solution is setup, it is also easily extensible to additional scenarios and data types. The solution saves engineer’s time and resources and leads to more accurate geological interpretations and increased exploration success. By integrating multi-view geometry and incorporating physical constraints, our method faithfully reconstructs the 3D geometry and appearance of the rock sample, capturing intricate features at sub-millimeter scales. This rock models can be taken further to the numerical simulations or AI/ML models to calculate various reservoir properties such as fluid saturation, pore pressure, and more.
Overcoming Practical Artificial Lift Challenges to Produce Extra-Heavy Oil from a Deep Reservoir in Northern Kuwait
Authors: Al-Murayri M. T. , Akther S. , Baroon B. , Soltani A. , Garifullin R. , Delamaide E. , Rousseau D.
Published: November 2024

Extra-heavy oil reserves in the Abdali field in Northern Kuwait exhibit a viscosity ranging from 6,000 to more than 15,000 cP at depths of ~9000 ft. Assuming a fully isolated tubing, the theoretical natural flow rate is less than 1.0 bbl/d. The viscosity profile shows an exponential trend inside the well reaching millions of centipoises at surface conditions. This paper investigates the lifting challenges and possible solutions for the efficient, practical and commercial production of these reserves. The study builds upon the findings presented in two previously published papers by Al-Murayri et al. (2024).

A compositional EOS with a Pedersen (1987) viscosity model was used to accurately describe the properties of the oil, liquid solvent, and their mixture at different pressures and temperatures inside a vertical well. A correct fluid property description from PVT flash calculations was key for modelling the weight of the column, friction losses and the pressure distribution along the well.

Jet Pump and ESP were considered. Other pumps were discarded either because of their incompatibility with the reservoir depth or due to their environmental footprint. Nodal analysis combined with advanced analytical calculations and numerical simulations were necessary to find feasible operating points for different well configurations.

Abdali's oil must be diluted with liquid solvent at the bottomhole to reduce the viscous friction losses. Adding 70% mass fraction of liquid solvent reduces in-situ oil viscosity from 6,300 cP to 9 cP, and the viscosity at surface conditions from 3,000,000 cP to 65 cP. The proposed Jet Pump used the liquid solvent as power fluid. Its configuration ensured the desired BHP and liquid rate with good efficiency. The key parameters were the ratio of power fluid to the reservoir fluid, the pressure discharge, and the pump Nozzle diameter. ESP lifting necessitates a concentric tubing or a capillary tube for liquid solvent injection. A direct solvent injection into the annulus showed higher than target BHP due to the cumulative impact of the hydrostatic solvent column weight and the topside injection pressure. For the capillary tube, Bernoulli's equation proved that the hydraulic weight of the column is partially compensated with friction losses resulting in the desired BHP. It was shown that numerical simulations are necessary for nodal analysis of such a complex lift design.

Prominent industrial well modelling packages cannot handle extra-heavy oil blends with liquid solvents due to a lack of EOS integration in their artificial lift design. This paper investigated a novel approach combining advanced analytical calculations with nodal analysis and numerical simulations to prove the feasibility of lifting a complex fluid mixture from a deep reservoir while capturing the flow dynamics from the bottomhole to the wellhead.
Empowering Frontliners to Work Effectively for HSECES Equipment Through Introducing Cost-Effective E-Inspection Digital Solution
Authors: Alzahmi Abdulazeiz M. , Mohammed Abdalla O. , Khateri Abdulla A. Al , Nadakkavil Noufal
Published: November 2024

The essence of maintaining Health Safety Environment Critical Equipment & Systems (HSECES) is paramount for the safe operation of production facilities. The HSECES management standard necessitates that minimum assurance tasks (MAT) for each HSECES category or tag level are performed and documented to confirm that the HSECES are functioning correctly and as intended. Historically, the process for executing MATs or HSECES maintenance jobs during planned maintenance was unsystematic, with data being uploaded to SAP as handwritten scanned documents or Excel files, resulting in poor data quality and inconsistency.

This paper presents a novel solution: a mobile application that integrates seamlessly with SAP, enabling frontliners to record MAT or HSECES maintenance job results directly on-site and automate the workflow approval process. Additionally, a web application is included for viewing, completing, approving, and generating automated MAT reports summarizing the maintenance activities with the assurance value for each related tag. The web application also acts as a data repository, storing all historical HSECES data for further review and analysis. The solution was developed internally, utilizing existing resources (connected worker devices and PCs), and incurred no initial costs.

The implementation of this solution has eliminated the need for paper printouts, thereby reducing environmental waste associated with maintaining critical equipment. It has simplified the process flow for frontliners, improving their efficiency and freeing up their time for other tasks. The digitization of essential processes has led to better record-keeping and opened up possibilities for detailed analysis and integration with other systems.

Furthermore, the solution includes additional features that enhance HSECES management, such as automatic notifications, the ability to capture missed HSECES tags, and the capability to update minimum assurance tasks instantly across company sites. This solution exemplified a progressive approach improved frontliner effectiveness, automated essential processes, and promoted a greener environment.
How to do Fast-Track Projects
Authors: MacDonald D. , Lau B. , Bue H. , Kane L.
Published: November 2024

The ever-increasing fast paced economy brings the need for faster project development and construction. This has led to a term known as "fast-tracked projects" in which the schedule is reduced by shortening and overlapping the design, procurement and construction phases.

The objective of this paper will be to provide a practical guideline to project managers and engineers who have been tasked with executing a fast-track project, with particular focus on brownfield projects in the process industry. The scope will cover project management and engineering for fast-track projects, during the concept to detailed design phases.

The approach to the paper starts with a literature review of past journal research published on fast-tracked projects and review of the experiences that Hatch has had with fast-tracked projects.

Case studies have been prepared, to highlight project management and engineering decisions which succeeded in accelerating the schedule. Pitfalls and recommendations will be identified and future tools to aid fast-track projects will be discussed.

The results of analysis of historical vendor quotations and procurement show typical lead times for equipment and materials, allowing engineers to identify long lead equipment and items which need early focus.

Observations from the case studies have shown that success in fast-track projects involves setting a fixed basis of design early in the project and making key project scoping decisions as early as possible in the project to minimise changes.

Observations have been made on historical projects and how many of the key fast-track practices (from the literature review) were implemented as part of successful fast-tracking; lessons learned and recommendations have been shared in the paper.

Observations have also been made about projects which attempted to fast-track by removing of project stage decision gates and/or jumping design stages, which then led to increased re-work/change scope.

The cost-quality-schedule of a project can be represented as the three corners of a triangle, which are key drivers on a project. The main conclusion is that the Project Manager and Engineering Teams must plan carefully and have buy-in from all key stakeholders in the project from an early stage on all the key decisions, otherwise one portion of the cost-quality-schedule triangle will always fall behind the others, with the most concerning one being quality, as it is often linked to safety. Clients may have to accept a feasible, fit for purpose design, rather than an optimised design in order to meet a fast-track schedule.

There are currently limited engineering guidelines for how to execute the design of a fast-track project. The paper provides additive information in the form of case study examples, practical engineering guidance for the process industry and identifying new technologies, which may aid fast-track projects in the future.
Digital Outage: Maintenance Planning with 4d Simulation
Authors: Bianco Francesco Amore
Published: November 2024

Oil & Gas facilities needs proper planned maintenance to ensure the equipment and surrounding areas remains to fully operable safe conditions, to maximize operational efficiency of the plant, to reduce unnecessary expenses caused by major breakdowns and to meet legal and environmental regulations.

Field experience has shown how maintenance work and planned outage duration can be adversely affected by a lack of appropriate tools and planning methodologies. Part of the equipment have been operating for decades in harsh environment, resulting in oxidation, deformation and corrosion. Oil& Gas operators are going through tough decisions on rejuvenate the equipment and often they face upgrade shutdowns with complex scope. Based on literature, retrofit and upgrade outages can pose more risk than normal maintenance execution as planning of retrofit projects have the added challenge of having to take existing structures, piping, etc. into account. These projects often encounter scope revisions, heavy field reworks, and schedule delays, all of which originate from not having accurate as-built information for design or construction planning. When preparing for a shutdown, accurate technical surveys and outage simulations are crucial for good execution. Simple maintainability surveys can identify many of the complexities of a plant, however the information collected during these surveys may be incomplete or insufficient for a comprehensive site-specific solution.

The complexity of assets and maintenance scopes make maintenance planning a considerable challenge.
First Installation of Expandable Anchor System in ERD Multilateral Well for UAE
Authors: Pedraza J. C. , Sudan N. , Butler B. , Lukmanovich K. , Khadr M. , Hrab L. , Mirza O. , Al Hajri S. S. , Abdalla Z. M. , Alzaabi A. A. , Saqib T. , Alblooshi E. H.
Published: November 2024

The use of multilateral technology provides a major increase in recovery and economic viability of oil and gas reserves. This is provided by increasing reservoir exposure, optimizing production rates, reducing CAPEX by enabling more laterals per surface slots, and giving the ability to add branches to existing wells in mature fields. Multilateral technology provides two means for reliably placing a junction; the Latch Coupling which is run in new wells, and the Expandable Anchor Packer (XAP) which is installed in existing casing. The XAP has various benefits, such as retrofitting existing wells, reducing trips by deployment of lower completion on the anchor, and the ability to anchor multilateral equipment without rotation. The XAP system was first developed and deployed in 2019 with now 50 installations worldwide. This paper will aim to discuss the first installation of this system in a dual lateral well in the UAE.

The well casing architecture presented the challenge of high free rotating torque due to the high junction depth, which caused challenges for the latch-in operations using the Latch Coupling option. A solution on short notice was needed to overcome this challenge, and the 9-5/8″ XAP was recognized as the best for the application and was globally sourced and procured in time for the operation. The completion design for the well required a means of isolating the lower drain while the upper drain was being drilled. A glass disk was installed in the tail of 9-5/8″ XAP, with ports above it to provide means for circulation while positioning the 9-5/8″ XAP. The ports were then isolated after the anchor was set.

This successful installation provided the first XAP for the operator and the UAE, and the deepest multilateral junction in Middle East at 14,578 ft MD. Another innovative tool design was the utilization of a three-way cross-over adapter below the XAP to overcome the buckling effects of tubing movement during well injection load case. The well was safely completed with zero non-productive time (NPT) during multilateral operations.

This multilateral well represents the use of an innovative dual string design, allowing for dual interventions in both legs. It has set the stage for future projects to implement lower completion on the XAP, thereby decreasing installation time.
Ai-Driven Workforce Transformation Model
Authors: Al Yahmadi Abeer , Al Mahrouqi Shabib , Al Hinai Nadir , Al Jabri Saoud , Al Hinai Nadir
Published: November 2024

A leading oil and gas company in Sultanate of Oman is pioneering HR digitization with an AI-driven Workforce Transformation tool. This solution addresses the challenge of redeploying redundant Sultanate of Omani personnel within the company's contracting community. By upskilling and redeploying this workforce, the tool aligns with Sultanate of Oman's Vision 2040, which emphasizes future-ready skills. In 2023, the tool transitioned over five hundred Sultanate of Omani personnel, showcasing its impact in the current economic climate.

The tool analyzes expiring contracts, identifies at-risk Sultanate of Omani personnel, and detects skills gaps within this workforce. This enables strategic redeployment across the contracting community. It creates tailored upskilling, reskilling, or multi-skilling programs based on comprehensive needs assessments, collaborating with industry experts for relevance. The tool employs a diverse delivery model, including competency matching, experience level requirements, gap assessments, and various training methods such as classroom instruction, direct training, mentoring, and coaching. It also provides post-training support with job placement assistance and follow-up assessments. This process is continuously monitored and evaluated for data-driven improvements, ensuring a cost-optimized model with zero direct costs to the company.

The AI-driven Workforce Transformation tool demonstrates its value in retaining skilled Sultanate of Omani personnel within the company's contracting community. By analyzing expiring contracts and identifying skills gaps, the AI tool matches redundant personnel with suitable redeployment opportunities, minimizing layoffs. Observations highlight the importance of targeted skills development programs for smooth workforce transitions. The tool's success lies in initiative-taking workforce management, data-driven skills matching, and economic stability. Its achievements underscore the potential of AI-driven solutions to foster a sustainable workforce while aligning with Sultanate of Oman's Vision 2040.

This paper will discuss the AI tool's development and the process to manage the redeployment of redundant Sultanate of Omani workers in the contracting community, focusing on developing future skills. It will provide insights into the program's methods, procedures, and continuous improvements, including the sustainability of over five hundred employment opportunities. The paper will contribute to the existing literature by presenting a case study of a successful program that has enhanced human capacity and capability, making significant changes within the company's contracting community in a brief period.
Enhance CAPEX and Reliability by Optimizing Replacement of Refrigeration Unit
Authors: Al Awadhi Ibrahim , Sharma Ashok , Karim Twana
Published: November 2024

Objective/Scope

One of the main concerns and factors of Oil & Gas Plants is how to ensure plant operation, maintainability, and reliability. At one of our process plants, there was a concern in one of the main refrigeration units which cooling the Instrument Air Compressor lube oil system were reported continue tripping during summer peak time. This paper presents a number of solutions and innovative practices that were adopted to solve the issue of performance for refrigeration units.

Methods, Procedures, Process

Initial study was performed as per code and standard to evaluate the issue of refrigerant unit performance which concluded existing unit is inadequate and will require replacement. However, due to the high cost, the approach was revisited, and an in-house technical study was conducted. The following activities were carried out as part of study evaluation.

Results, Observations & Conclusions

Based on available operating data, evaluation proposed new condenser unit running with R-134A taking into consideration original design data and actual data recorded during system refrigerant retrofitting in August 1997. The study concluded that to propose a new condenser unit capacity of 16TR total instead of the original capacity of 8TR.

Based on in-house study, below aspects were recommended

Implementation of above unique and innovative approach were carried-out by completing installation/commissioning of two condenser units and evaluating overall system performance based the data recorded at site during month of August 2023 and found chiller has performed at high ambient temperature (48ºC) without mechanical failure.

Further analysis confirmed the performance of modified chiller even with ambient temperature of 53ºC. Finally, implementing the new condenser replacement potentially achieved CAPEX saving by $1.7M for two units while at the same time improving chiller performance, reliability and ensure plant maintainability.

Novel/Additive Information

In line with ADNOC way by sustaining plant operation, ensure reliability, and maintainability, initiative was taken to explore all possible life extension options by adopting system retrofitting instead of full replacement which can enhance CAPEX/OPEX efficiency while ensuring reliable performance. The project also addressed other ADNOC values and resulted in intangible benefits in respect of ICV enhancement, people development and being responsible/resilient. This approach can be followed by other operator companies to realize benefits.
Conversion and Customization of Conventional Platform Support Vessel into Well Stimulation Offshore Vessel; A Case Study from UAE Offshore
Authors: Bakir Hamadeh , Elsayed Hany
Published: November 2024

Offshore well stimulation is a critical and sophisticated operation in the oil and gas industry. It involves injecting various fluids and chemicals into wells to improve their production rates. These operations are complex, costly, and require meticulous planning and execution. A significant part of this planning involves ensuring that the necessary equipment and resources are available and effectively deployed.

The focus of this paper is the conversion and customization of a conventional platform support vessel (PSV) into a well-stimulation offshore vessel. This case study, set in the UAE offshore, explores the detailed process, challenges, and results of this conversion. The primary objective was to create a vessel capable of supporting large-scale well stimulation operations, ensuring safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.

The offshore environment in UAE presents unique challenges due to its remote locations and the harsh marine conditions. Efficient well stimulation operations in such settings require vessels that are robust, reliable, and equipped with advanced technology to handle the demanding tasks. The conversion of a PSV into a well-stimulation vessel offers a practical solution, leveraging the existing capabilities of PSVs and enhancing them with specialized equipment and modifications.
Innovative Real-Time Diagnostic E-Line Milling and Fishing Technologies for Enhanced Downhole Fishing Operations
Authors: Altarelli C. , Tassone G. , Mazzocchi M. , Spitaleri A. , Mangione A. , Rafaat A. , Farhan M. , Harthi S. Al
Published: November 2024

This paper outlines a case study of a fishing operation that effectively resolved the issue of a stuck and parted tubing wall plug without remaining fishing neck for conventional pulling tool. The operation employed advanced E-line milling and fishing technologies, showcasing their successful application in the field. The results of the operation demonstrate the effectiveness of these cutting-edge technologies in retrieving stuck tubing wall plug, offering valuable insights for similar scenarios in the future.

The methodology and techniques employed in this operation will be discussed, highlighting the innovative approaches utilized to overcome the challenge. The latest advancements in E-line milling tools include the utilization of multiple parameters, measured throughout the milling process in real time, including direct measurements and automatic fine tune of weight on bit and rate of penetration. This operative approach minimizes milling time offering flexibility in adapting to changes in geometry and material properties. In addition, the deployment of an electrically operated fishing tool, capable of engagement and disconnection on command, has proven highly effective to have control during fishing operations.

On first fishing attempt, despite a successful latch with the electrical fishing tool, applying the maximum possible force, using an E-line hydraulic stroker, the fish did not come free. Decision was then taken to release the fishing tool by electrical command and proceed with milling operation. The E-line milling tool precisely removed the barrel slips thereby freeing it from its stuck position.

Subsequently the E-line hydraulic stroker tool combined with electrical fishing tool were deployed again and after a series of strokes, the plug was retrieved to surface successfully. The entire milling & fishing operation took 10 days.

The successful retrieval of the fish not only enabled the operator to carry out crucial P&A operations but also demonstrated how light but robust, precision robotic fishing tools with real-time diagnosis could replace heavy, conventional fishing methods and enable the retrieval of a wide array of different types of fish that might otherwise be permanently lost or stuck in a well.

This innovative approach has demonstrated exceptional proficiency in effectively tackling a wide range of challenges encountered during fishing operations, such as long length to mill without effective circulation, milling effectiveness and precisely fishing engagement and forces control. The operation strategy to overcome these specific challenges could also be considered as possible alternative approach in similar challenges scenarios where the conventional system (i.e slickline or some case CT) is not sufficient to solve the problem. Comparing the footprint E-line vs CT, this strategy could be a potential solution also for platforms with lack of space.
Using Red Mud to Achieve Sustainable Well Cement with Balanced Performance and Eco-Friendliness
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Abdulhamid , Elkatatny Salaheldin
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating red mud, a byproduct of aluminum manufacturing, into oil well cement production to promote sustainability in the oil and gas industry. The research involved creating cement slurries by mixing Saudi Class G cement with red mud in an 85/15 ratio. The primary objective was to assess whether red mud could be used as a sustainable alternative raw material in cement production without compromising quality. To achieve this, the study involved fine-tuning the slurry's properties by adjusting the proportions of viscosifiers and fluid loss additives, aiming to balance viscosity and fluid retention effectively. The target was to produce a lightweight cement slurry with a density of 13.5 pounds per gallon (ppg), suitable for shallow casing cementing and fragile formations. Comprehensive evaluations were conducted to assess the slurry's rheological behavior, free water content, and thickening time. Initial results indicated that the properties of the slurry, when composed solely of Class G cement and red mud, did not meet industry standards. However, the strategic addition of viscosifiers and fluid loss additives led to a significant improvement in performance, aligning with the rigorous requirements for oil well cements. These findings highlight the potential of red mud as a sustainable component in cementing solutions for the oil and gas industry, offering an eco-friendly alternative without sacrificing quality or performance. This research positions red mud as a viable, sustainable material for the sector.
Molecular Evaluation of the Temperature Role on the Wettability of Carbonate/Brine/Gas Systems: Unlocking UAE's Underground Hydrogen Potential
Authors: Adam Abdelateef M. , Bahamon Daniel , Al Kobaisi Mohammed , Vega Lourdes F.
Published: November 2024

Rock wetting characteristics directly affect the storage size, security, and fluid flow behavior in Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS). This study evaluates the impact of temperature variations on the wetting behavior of the UAE carbonate reservoirs in UHS environments and its implications for carbonates' structural and residual trapping capacities. A molecular-level discussion on the impact of temperature variation on UAE carbonates' wetting behavior during UHS implementation is presented for the first time. To obtain molecular insights into the storage process, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on carbonate/brine/H2+ cushion gas systems. A calcite substrate was used as a representative of the carbonate surface, and CO2 was selected as a cushion gas. Then, the wettability of calcite/brine/H2+CO2 was evaluated at a fixed pressure of 50 MPa, a temperature range of 323 to 388 K, and a fixed salt concentration of 15 wt. %, mirroring the typical reservoir conditions found in the UAE. We report that, at low temperature (323 K), the presence of CO2 in the gas stream (i.e., H2+CO2 mixture) leads to a reduction in the hydrophilicity of calcite due to the higher intermolecular van der Waals attraction found between the calcite and CO2 molecules, leading to CO2 aggregation at the calcite surface. With increasing temperature, the calcite-CO2 interactions diminish, and the calcite surface becomes perfectly water-wet. It can be concluded that due to the higher interactions between calcite-CO2 compared to calcite-H2 interactions, the utilization of CO2 as a cushion gas enhances the carbonate's ability to trap H2 gas by filling the smaller pores with brine and dissolved CO2 molecules while leaving the larger pores available for injected hydrogen. Additionally, introducing CO2 before injecting H2 reduces the amount of hydrogen that can be residually trapped, resulting in an enhanced H2 recovery process.
Robots for Automating 3D Reconstruction of Digital Twins in the Energy Industry
Authors: Agostino A. , Schillaci G. , Pencelli M. , Fiorucci M. , Bonacchi L. B. , De Magistris G. , Politano A.
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces an innovative automatic 3D reconstruction method tailored for digital twin creation, employing robotic systems to enhance asset monitoring and maintenance within the energy industry. Utilizing depth images and LiDAR scans, our method constructs real-time, voxel-based 3D maps, crucial for the autonomous navigation and interaction of robots with their environment.

The core of our approach involves a Truncated Signed Distance Function (TSDF) and a Euclidean Signed Distance Function (ESDF), stored within a voxel grid to facilitate accurate environment meshing and path planning. This reconstruction is vital for creating detailed digital twins, allowing for precise representation and monitoring, which is crucial for operational efficiency and safety in complex industrial settings. Our method has been rigorously tested across various benchmark datasets and hardware configurations (GPUs and CPUs), highlighting its high precision and fidelity in digital twin generation. The resultant digital twins enable better predictive maintenance by providing a real-time asset condition assessment and facilitating anomaly detection.

However, the current reconstruction accuracy is limited in capturing minute details of small objects, indicating a need for further refinement for specific use cases involving detailed micrometric analysis. Despite these limitations, our method significantly reduces the time and cost associated with digital twin creation, enhancing decision-making and minimizing human intervention through improved remote monitoring capabilities.

Moreover, by integrating real-time data from diverse sources such as sensors, drones, and robots with digital twin models, stakeholders can gain comprehensive insights into asset performance, fostering improved collaboration and informed decision-making. This integration not only enhances the operational efficiency but also ensures the safety and productivity of energy facilities by enabling prompt and effective interventions.

In conclusion, our work not only advances the technological capabilities in automated 3D reconstruction for digital twin creation but also addresses the practical implications of such advancements in the energy sector, paving the way for more autonomous and efficient asset management practices.
A Methodology for Precise Flow Contribution and Allocation in Multi-lateral Wells
Authors: Alanazi A. A. , Alharthi A. , Ogunsanwo T. , Amjad B.
Published: November 2024

Production allocation and optimization in multi-lateral wells is an industry-wide challenge that impacts sweep efficiency, water survival rate, and economic metrics among other key parameters. The challenge is more prevalent in heterogeneous reservoirs where both lateral and vertical heterogeneity impact production performance.

Robust understanding of the complex interaction between reservoir geology and wellbore flow dynamics is pivotal to making informed reservoir management decisions to optimize offtake from each lateral, refine lateral count, and reservoir exposure. This paper presents an integrated workflow for evaluating flow contribution and production allocation in multi-lateral wells to optimize production performance and maximize economic value. The workflow combines flow control valves, permanent downhole pressure monitoring systems, individual and commingled rate testing, with mathematical wellbore modeling to accurately evaluate flow contribution.

These optimizations are key to ensuring uniform pressure differentials among different laterals to prevent premature water breakthrough and uneven sweep patterns. This approach enables accurate production allocation without the need for frequent production logging. Moreover, the methodology enables a continuous feedback loop to evaluate the accuracy of implemented optimizations and provide guidance on further enhancements. The integrated workflow was applied in a successful field trial application, where a production log was conducted to verify the estimated production parameters. The test yielded a 95% match in fractional flow and productivity index estimation. Thus, the estimates were considered reliable and utilized for additional analysis.

When implemented at scale, the workflow has the potential to optimize the wells performance and prolong production lifecycle through making timely, effective, and well-informed decisions. In addition, it will reduce operating expense and eliminate high risk routine wireline and coiled tubing logging operations.
Flammable and Toxic Gas Risk Reduction by 3D Gas Detection Mapping Study
Authors: Jadeja S. , Haris N.
Published: November 2024

Gas detection systems are crucial for alerting and mitigating the risks associated with flammable or toxic gas leaks. Detecting gas releases early is key to preventing potential explosions or toxic hazards either by isolating the source promptly or manual intervention. Properly placed detectors are essential for effective gas detection. To achieve this, determining the optimal quantity and location of gas detectors is critical.

Traditional methods of detector placement have often relied on past experiences, engineering judgement, common practices, and standards. Whilst these approaches are not incorrect, they may lead to unnecessary costs and limited effectiveness in mitigating specific risks due to overlooking various factors such as different gas release scenarios, wind conditions, and obstructions. This limitation hinders users from fully optimizing their gas detection assets and accurately assessing the effectiveness of their current detection systems.

To address these challenges, a risk-based methodology for gas mapping, based on industry best practices like ISA-TR84.00.07, has been established. This methodology aims to enhance the evaluation of gas risks within a process facility and reduce these risks to an acceptable level by considering the facility's unique characteristics.

A detailed case study is presented in this paper to demonstrate how this risk-based approach can assist in evaluating gas risks and optimizing detector placement. By utilizing Influx CFD 3D Mapping Software, this methodology can help verify the preliminary locations and quantities of gas detectors proposed during the early stages of Front-End Engineering Design (FEED). The graphical results generated in 3D by the software can showcase residual risks, recommend detector placements, and provide numerical estimates of detection coverage within each fire zone, ensuring effective gas detection within each fire zone and throughout the facility.
Engineering and Operational Solutions to Drill a Challenging Hpht Exploratory Well Through a Salt Dome in Mca
Authors: Cruz A. , Ivanov R. , Juaristi J. , García J. , Salinas N. , Contreras J.
Published: November 2024

Due to the continuous growth of high demand for energy within the oil and gas industry in Mexico, the research for new reservoirs have led to exploring zones with high pressure and high temperature conditions (HPTH), demanding construction of wells over 150°C and 10,000 psi at their deepest point. Along with that, exploration drilling always deals with geological uncertainty, which has an impact in well placement, well trajectory, casing setting depths, geomechanics drilling fluid window, etc. which are translated mostly in an increase in costs for the project, reducing its feasibility.

Some of the most successful reservoirs in southeastern Mexico correspond to Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian dolomites (naturally fractured reservoirs). The work presented here aims to share the challenges faced to drill a HPHT well through a salt dome to reach Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian, and the solutions executed to overcome them.
The Characteristics of Meso-Scale Natural Fractures in Deep Shale Reservoirs and their Geo-Engineering Significance
Authors: Wu J. F. , Tong Y. M. , Gou Q. Y. , Wang G. G. , Xu E. S. , Ren X. X. , Chen J. J. , Chen Y. , Yu T.
Published: November 2024

Having in-depth understanding of meso-scale natural fractures in deep shale reservoirs of southern Sichuan Basin is of great importance for the effective shale gas development since natural fractures may cause real time casing deformation and decide optimal fracturing design. Existing studies mostly emphasize macro-scale natural fracture prediction using seismic data, but this is not enough anymore for current extensive development stage which demands more detailed analysis of meso-scale natural fractures. Based on multi-resolution data, i.e. cores, image logs, seismic structures and fracture-related attributes, the characteristics of meso-scale natural fractures are analyzed detailedly, including fracture distribution by zones, fracture type and dip angle, fracture intensity distribution and fillings, and fracture strike. Then the genesis of natural fractures and seismic predictability are inferred based on their characteristics and strike comparison with the trending of nearby seismic structures and seismic fracture prediction attributes. At last, the slip tolerance of all natural fractures with all attitudes from image logs is figured out based on 3D mechanical earth model (MEM) and Moor-Coulomb criterion. The conclusions in this paper provide solid geological foundation for more accurate seismic fracture prediction, 3D discrete fracture modeling, geological stability analysis and numerical simulation, which will improve the effective development of deep shale reservoirs.
A Fully Autonomous Flare Control Through Well Management System
Authors: Alharthi S. , Alawi A. , Musalhi A. , Al-lawati Z. , Sulaimi A. , Kumar N.
Published: November 2024

Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is dedicated to implementing sustainable practices through digitalization of oil and gas operation, with a current focus on reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Corporate goal is to minimize emissions from Gas lift (GL) wells, ensuring environmental responsibility while maintaining production efficiency. To achieve production targets while preventing unnecessary flaring, high (Gas Oil Ratio) GOR wells are closed or partially choked by Operation engineers manually but being vigilant hasn't proven to give optimum results.

This paper details the successful implementation of autonomous flare control at a single station utilizing a well management system (WMS). Following the effective execution of the Flare Limit Control project within the WMS, a comprehensive change management strategy was deployed. Operations engineers were empowered to configure, update, and remove wells from the automated flare control scope within the WMS. Autonomous well control was achieved through continuous flare monitoring in the WMS. High Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) wells were closed when the flare limit was exceeded, and the last closed wells were automatically reopened once the flare was reduced. Through meticulous analysis, significant improvements were noted in reducing hydrocarbon emissions, saving on deferment and huge time saving following the project's implementation. The total yearly benefit is estimated to be around 185,000 USD from increased wells' uptime and time saving from one station. An additional 0.08% cost saving is estimated from additional CAPEX to reduce CO2 emissions as per PDO corporate target. Following improvements have contributed to value estimation from automated flare control: 8% more uptime from wells which are part of flare control logic.4% engineers' time saving33% of flare reduction

The Flare control HMI (Human Machine Interface) screen offers Operation engineers a user-friendly interface, equipped with essential and informative details. The interface empowers them to effectively control flare automatically, ensuring not only minimal emissions but also reducing deferment and time saving.

The implementation of new technologies has supported in overcoming operational challenges and efficiently managing the flare. An autonomous and intelligent logic has been introduced for controlling flare in real-time taking a bold step in digital transformation journey of PDO.
Insights on Managing Generational Diversity at Workplace
Authors: Srivastava Siddhi Jitendra
Published: November 2024

In the fast-moving, globalized, and competitive environment of today, four distinct generations are active in the workforce: Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. Ranging in age from 18 to 74 years, these groups span over 50 years and each has its unique challenges, strengths, and expectations. Recognizing and adapting to these generational differences is crucial for successfully managing a diverse team.

Generations can be thought of as age cohorts—groups of people who have had similar life experiences due to growing up during the same period. There are five recognized and documented age cohorts with their commonly accepted classifications as given below: Traditionalists / Silent Generation – Born before 1946Baby Boomers – Born between 1946 and 1964Generation X – Born between 1965 and 1980Millennials – Born between 1981 and 1998Generation Z – Born after 1998