bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuantificación y caracterización de las comunidades marginadas y aisladas de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú
Authors: Herrero Olarte Susana
Published: January 2017

Isolated and Marginalized Communities (CMA) in Latin America, and particularly in the Andes, have some characteristics that generate the need to design policies to improve their living conditions. In order to define their situation, this paper relied on primary and secondary sources of information are defined and quantified the CMA in the three Andean countries. Then basic demographic data of the CMA compared with national averages are presented. In all cases similar indicators are reported among CMA but substantially different when compared with national averages, always above.
Estudio de precios y rentabilidad de la vivienda en el Guayaquil metropolitano
Authors: Macías Rendón Washington , Mendieta Rubio María José , Ullauri Ulloa Nadia Narcisa
Published: January 2017

Housing market prices in the metropolitan Guayaquil were analyzed, using the price-to-earnings ratio (PER) and derived return measures. The PER is interpreted as the number of years it takes to recover the investment in housing, through its annual rent. A sample of 507 houses, distributed in seven geographic areas, was used. The results show that the highest price per square meter is located in Samborondón, but, according to the PER, the most expensive area is the highway Terminal Terminal - Pascuales. The average PER in the city is 11.5, much lower than PER levels observed in economies where the housing bubble phenomenon was present.
Desigualdad y apertura comercial. un análisis econométrico para la economía ecuatoriana
Authors: Morán Chiquito Diana
Published: January 2017

This paper aims to measure the impact of reforms on trade liberalization on income inequality in the ecuadorian economy since the nineties. Through a VAR model the relationship between economic growth, trade liberalization and inequality is studied. The findings suggest that trade liberalization determines the inequality. An increase in the foreign trade generates an increase in income inequality.
Disonancia cognitiva en el proceso de compra: caso smartphone.
Authors: Rosero Christian Xavier
Published: January 2017

The paper examines the various theories of pre-decisional dissonance, and the variables that explain it. Exposes cognitive dissonance as a motivating factor in consumer decision making. To test the theoretical model a sample of 250 cases of smartphone users in the city of Guayaquil was used, a factor analysis was performed and the different levels of dissonance identified market. In the results six latent classes that explain 73% of variations were found dissonance.
Estudio de correlación de las variables significativas analizadas en el censo económico 2010
Authors: Álvarez Guale Raúl
Published: January 2017

This  article  presents  a  study  of  correlation  analysis  about  the  most  significant  variables presented  by  the  National  Institute  of  Statistics  and  Census  of  economical  census  in  2010. The study makes focus using the linear correlation of Pearson and it is pretended to eliminate nonsense correlations found in this analysis by the use partial correlations
El impacto de la dolarización en la economía ecuatoriana, once años después de su implementación
Authors: Ordeñana Rodríguez Xavier
Published: January 2017

El impacto de la dolarización en la economía ecuatoriana, once años después de su implementación
El fenómeno del emprendedurismo en El Salvador: análisis comparativo con países GEM. The Entrepreneur Phenomenon in El Salvador: comparative analysis among GEM countries
Authors: Gutiérrez Montoya Guillermo
Published: January 2017

Los emprendimientos en El Salvador se desarrollan en un 60,8% por una necesidad (consumo familiar) y en un 37,6% por aprovechar una oportunidad. Además, el 57,8% del total de emprendimientos son administrados por mujeres, en tanto que el 42,4% son administrados por varones. Entre otros factores, el estudio concluye que un emprendimiento motivado por la “oportunidad” tiene mayores perspectivas de permanecer en el mercado y acceder al éxito que un emprendimiento movido por la “necesidad”. Esto conlleva a que en el país deben desarrollarse programas de fomento de emprendimientos que aprovechen una oportunidad en el mercado, para que las empresas se posicionen y crezcan a mediano y largo plazo, incrementando el empleo y la competitividad nacional.
La planificación tributaria internacional. The international tax planning
Authors: Carpio Rivera Romeo
Published: January 2017

La planificación tributaria internacional se ha desarrollado fundamentada en la globalización y tiene su principal asidero en los múltiples beneficios que el propio legislador ha incorporado en la legislación, en su afán de atraer a los países inversión extranjera directa. Existe una gama muy variada de definiciones sobre la planificación tributaria, la elusión y la evasión.
Modelo de evaluación de la calidad para instituciones financieras obtenidas por medio de un análisis de correspondencia y de clúster. Quality evaluating model for finances institutions obtained by means of a correspondence and clúster analysis
Authors: Álvarez Guale Raúl
Published: January 2017

Este artículo presenta un estudio del análisis de correspondencia y de clúster para obtener un modelo de evaluación de la calidad del servicio destinado para ser incorporadas a las instituciones financieras de la ciudad de Guayaquil en Ecuador. El análisis expone los resultados correlacionales de las variables cruzadas de las 8 P’s del Marketing de Servicios, las diez dimensiones genéricas utilizadas por los clientes para evaluar la calidad del servicio, y las siete áreas del modelo Malcolm-Baldrige que mide la calidad del servicio.
La capacidad fiscal de los municipios como gobiernos autónomos descentralizados en Ecuador. ¿Gestión tributaria o pereza fiscal?. Fiscal capacity from municipalities as autonomous descentralized governments in Ecuador. Taxing management or fiscal laziness
Authors: Oyervide Tello Fernando
Published: January 2017

La gestión fiscal municipal entendida como la capacidad o potestad constitucional de generar ingresos tributarios es posible en nuestro país, pero en la realidad esta potestad en la mayoría de municipalidades se realiza a medias, privándose de registrar mayores ingresos afectando a la obra pública, es decir, no lograr indicadores óptimos de gestión financiera y de ejecución, por lo cual es necesario contar con herramientas de seguimiento para la evaluación de la gestión pública.
La universidad en la cultura tributaria. The university at tax culture
Authors: Quintanilla Gavilánez Jorge
Published: January 2017

Hoy Ecuador tiene que ir camino hacia la adopción de una cultura tributaria, es necesario insistir en el intento de la concientización, más aún cuando de por medio se encuentra nuestra idiosincrasia, no tanto como un desmedro de nuestra autoestima sino por la ancestral costumbre por la evasión, por tanto, el tributo visto desde la acepción pura de la palabra es un imperativo de las sociedades civilizadas, donde todos conscientemente debemos contribuir con el estado para mejorar el nivel de vida. El tributo es un gravamen que data desde siglos atrás, incluso hay citas bíblicas que así lo expresan. Hasta Jesucristo se refirió a él y cuando le pidieron su opinión expresó: “Dad al César lo que es del César y a Dios lo que es de Dios”.
El Teletrabajo como tendencia del Mercado Laboral. Telecommuting as a labor market tendency
Authors: Martínez Sánchez Rebeca
Published: January 2017

El artículo presenta al teletrabajo como la última trasformación del trabajo a través de la historia del pensamiento económico. Se analiza desde diversos aspectos tales como su concepto y propuesta de clasificación, el derecho laboral, la motivación y el perfil de los teletrabajadores así como sus áreas de aplicación.El teletrabajo es una tendencia laboral actual que está trasformando la idea de que el ser humano debe salir de casa y trasladarse físicamente a un lugar para trabajar, hoy día el trabajo puede realizarse en cualquier lugar en el que se cuente con computadora e internet, este hecho requiere analizar los cambios en materia económica, administrativa y jurídica que conlleva.
La insolvencia personal o familiar en España. El código de buenas prácticas bancarias sobre hipotecas The personal or family insolvency in Spain The code of good banking practices on mortgages
Authors: López Jiménez David , Castillo Girón Víctor Manuel
Published: January 2017

A lo largo de su historia reciente, España ha pasado por diversas crisis económicas. Ahora bien, ninguna de dimensiones tan colosales como la actual. Entre las causas más significativas, ocupa una posición muy destacada una de carácter interno, cual es, entre otras, la burbuja inmobiliaria. De hecho, durante la gestación de la misma, seconstituyeron numerosas operaciones hipotecarias sobre bienes cuyo valor de tasación era sensiblemente superior al real. En este escenario, debido a la dramática situación que impera, gran parte de los consumidores y/o usuarios, nacionales y extranjeros, en España no pueden hacer frente a los compromisos contractuales inicialmente acordados con las entidades bancarias. Aunque se han arbitrado diferentes medidas normativas, para paliar esta difícil situación, las mismas no parecen ser suficientes. La última de ellas, como veremos, es el código de buenas prácticas bancarias sobre hipotecas.
Las trabas al emprendimiento en Ecuador The obstacles of enterprises in Ecuador
Authors: Andrade Espinoza Xavier
Published: January 2017

Los emprendimientos en Ecuador crecen en gran medida y cada vez más toma mayor importancia la formación de auténticos emprendedores en nuestro país, sin embargo hay situaciones que se escapan de las manos de los empresarios y que muchas veces impiden su mejor desempeño, sobre todo de aquellos que desean empezar un negocio. En la actualidad Ecuador se encuentra en la posición 139 de 185 países en el Indice Doing Bussines, esto quiere decir que el ambiente de negocios no es el adecuado, pero esto nos da un resultado claro de hacia donde deberían ir las reformas, se puede seguir el ejemplo de otros países para disminuir el número de trámites que hacen falta para empezar una empresa, trece en la actualidad, y además el costo que representa el cual está alrededor de los $1300, los que representan cerca del 40% de lo necesario para empezar a operar.
Impacto de la normativa actual en el mercado de valores ecuatoriano The impact of present regulations on the Ecuadorian market value
Authors: De la Torre Mauricio
Published: January 2017

El análisis versa sobre las actuales responsabilidades y los efectos que se producen por los costos operativos que tienen en sus estructuras actuales los entes participantes que intervienen directa e indirectamente en el Mercado de Valores ecuatoriano, como resultado de la obligatoriedad del cumplimiento de la normativa legal vigente, para poder establecer si actualmente el Mercado de Valores ecuatoriano carece de seguridad jurídica y, por ende, falta de seguridad para los inversionistas, constituyentes, beneficiarios, originadores, fideicomitentes, emisores, promotores, etcétera, según corresponda.
Regulación de los créditos de vivienda y vehículos. ¿Disminuirá nuestra opción de contar con estos bienes? Home and vehicle credit regulation. Will our options to obtain these goods be reduced?
Authors: Montero Tamayo Pedro
Published: January 2017

Una vez que se publicó la Ley Orgánica para la Regulación de los Créditos para la Vivienda y Vehículos se encendió un arduo debate respecto a la afectación de esta Ley en la concesión de operaciones crediticias, pues se considera como alternativa la entrega en dación en pago de los bienes financiados y en garantía para cancelar las obligaciones.La principal preocupación por parte de los integrantes de la Asociación de Bancos Privados del Ecuador fue que la nueva ley originaría una desaceleración de la expansión crediticia, aunque no observada necesariamente en forma inmediata, pudiera, en el mediano plazo, haber mayores precauciones para el otorgamiento de créditos disminuyendo con ello el volumen de operaciones.Han transcurrido ya algunos meses luego de promulgada la Ley y, sin embargo, se continúa con el financiamiento tanto de vivienda como de vehículos. La Ley, hasta el momento, no ha ocasionado los efectos negativos augurados por las instituciones financieras. La razón pudiera estar en que la concesión de operaciones crediticias, en nuestro país, siempre ha tenido muchos controles para minimizar el riesgo y esto ayuda a que los casos de devolución de los bienes financiados sean mínimos.En definitiva, la Ley fue emitida para proteger a los deudores que atraviesan épocas de crisis y que no pueden atender oportunamente sus obligaciones.
USO DE LOS SPOTS TELEVISIVOS EN LAS ELECCIONES: LA CAMPAÑA POLITICA DE PAUL GRANDA PARA LA ALCADIA DE CUENCA - 2009
Authors: De Santis Andrea
Published: January 2017

El presente estudio pretende demostrar la importancia del uso de spots televisivos en campaña electoral, como parte de estrategias profesionales que cambian el escenario donde diferentes candidatos se disputan los votos de las y los ciudadanas/os. Partiendo de la realidad del contexto político ecuatoriano, en particular de la ciudad de Cuenca, se analizan cinco spots televisivos utilizados por el candidato Paul Granda en su primer intento de ganar la Alcaldía de Cuenca, y símbolo del cambio que marca la forma de hacer campaña electoral en Ecuador, de tradicional a profesional. La maquinaria propagandística puesta en marcha por el Movimiento PAIS, obliga los otros partidos y candidatos a dar un giro radical a su estrategia electoral, produciendo un fuerte impacto en los públicos votantes, y consagrando el consenso que los ecuatorianos habían manifestado por el Presidente Rafael Correa en 2006.  En el estudio se muestra este cambio a través de la campaña del candidato Granda, de la dependencia del movimiento y de los contrastes que provocan viejas y nuevas herramientas en el desarrollo de campañas profesionales que miden y planifican impactos, percepciones y preferencias.
LowC SDS-PAGE v1
Authors: Wiegard Anika , Ilka Maria Axmann not provided
Published: January 2017

SDS-PAGEusing gels with low crosslinking of acrylamide and bisacrylamide. This protocol can be used to separate phosphorylation forms of KaiC proteins.
Gibson Assembly v1
Authors: Vandova Gergana
Published: January 2017

Gibson assembly is a simple, robust method for assembling multiple DNA fragments without restriction-ligation cloning. Our group routinely uses this method for assembling multiple fragments of DNA into larger constructs, in one step. We generally use Gibson assembly for assemblies of up to ~5 fragments and final construct size of ~20kb; for larger assemblies we usually use yeast homologous recombination. The method Introduction from Daniel Gibson, et. al., is as follows:"An isothermal, single-reaction protocol for assembling multiple, overlapping DNA molecules by the concerted actions of a 5’-exonuclease, a DNA polymerase, and a DNA ligase is described. The DNA fragments are first recessed to produce ssDNA overhangs that are specifically annealed, and then they are covalently joined. This assembly protocol can be used to seamlessly construct synthetic and natural genes, genetic pathways, and entire genomes. This method could be a very useful molecular engineering tool." The original Gibson assembly protocol is here: http://www.nature.com/protocolexchange/protocols/554 The following protocol has minor modifications/optimizations developed that were developed at the Stanford Genome Technology Center (SGTC). They are marked with an asterisk (*) and the reasoning is in italics.
Yeast Organic Extraction for LC-MS v1
Authors: not provided GNPN
Published: January 2017

Method Overview This protocol outlines a quick and simple procedure for extracting all organic compounds from a yeast culture for subsequent analysis via Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It is suitable for quickly assessing the presence of products from small sample preps. Materials: Organic solvents: Ethyl Acetate, Acetone, Acetic Acid and Methanol
Centella asiatica increases B-cell lymphoma 2 expression in rat prefrontal cortex
Authors: Kuswati Kuswati , Prakosa Djoko , Wasita Brian , Wiyono Nanang
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND
Stress is one of the factors that cause apoptosis in neuronal cells. Centella
asiatica has a neuroprotective effect that can inhibit apoptosis. This study
aimed to examine the effect of Centella asiatica ethanol extract on B-cell
lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein expression in the prefrontal cortex of rats.

METHODS
An experimental study was conducted on 34 brain tissue samples from male
Sprague Dawley rats exposed to chronic restraint stress for 21 days. The
samples were taken from following groups: non-stress group K, negative
control group P1 (stress + arabic gum powder), P2 (stress + C.asiatica at
150 mg/kgBW), P3 (stress + C.asiatica at 300 mg/kg BW), P4 (stress +
C.asiatica at 600 mg/kg body weight) and positive control group P5 (stress
+ fluoxetine at 10 mg/kgBW). The samples were made into sections that
were stained immunohistochemically using Bcl-2 antibody to determine the
percentage of cells expressing Bcl-2. Data were analyzed using one way
ANOVA test followed by a post - hoc test.

RESULTS
There were significant differences in mean Bcl-2 expression between the
groups receiving Centella asiatica compared with the non-stress group and
stress-only group (negative control group) (p<0.05). The results were
comparable to those of the fluoxetine treatment group.

CONCLUSION

The Centella asiatica ethanol extract was able to increase Bcl-2 expression
in the prefrontal cortex of Sprague Dawley rats exposed to restraint stress.
This study suggests that Centella asiatica may be useful in the treatment of
cerebral stress.
Albendazole increases serum retinol concentration in primary schoolchildren with low serum retinol
Authors: Kalumpiu Jane Florida , Djuardi Yenny , Supali Taniawati
Published: January 2017

Background
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is still a health problem in Indonesia. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is often found together with STH. The effect of the deworming program on the vitamin A status of primary school children is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of albendazole on serum retinol concentrations in primary school children.

Methods
An experimental study of pre-post test design without control was carried out on 118 children from grades 3-5 at one primary school in North Jakarta, from July to September 2014. Flotac examination was used to determine STH infections and high performance liquid chromatography was performed to measure serum retinol concentration. Stool and blood samples were taken twice: before and three weeks after treatment with albendazole 400 mg single dose for three consecutive days given to all children either infected or uninfected. Paired t-test was used to analyze the data.

Results
Of the 118 children, the prevalence of STH was 71.2%. The prevalence of low retinol serum (<1.05 mmol/L) was 17 (17.2%) and of mild VAD was 2 (2.0%). Albendazole given in 3 consecutive days could not increase serum retinol concentrations (p=0.055). Serum retinol concentration significantly increased after albendazole treatment in children with low retinol serum at baseline (p=0.001).

Conclusions
In children with low serum retinol concentration, treatment with albendazole increased retinol concentration. Integrated deworming and vitamin A supplementation strategies should be evaluated in this population.
Incidence of malaria is clustered and buffers around plantations: a spatial analysis
Authors: Wibowo Yudhi , Laksana Agung Saprasetya Dwi , Mulyanto Joko , Wicaksono Madya Ardi , Purnomo Agus Y
Published: January 2017

Background
Malaria is re-emerging because of imported cases and the presence of potential vectors that can transmit and spread malaria. Malaria is a health problem in Banyumas District. Mapping the spread of infectious diseases is epidemiologically important. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the variables and the epidemiology of malaria that were spatially modeled using the geographic information system (GIS).

Methods
This was a case-control study with ratio of 1:1. Cases were malaria-positive patients and controls were people without malaria, as diagnosed by microscopic examination. Minimum sample size was 139 per group and total sample size was 282 people. Chi-square was used to test the relationship between the variables, and GIS modeling to determine the spatial distribution of malaria cases.

Results
There were significant relationships between level of income below minimum wage, not using mosquito nets, not using wire netting, not using insect repellents, habit of going out at night, history of malaria, cattle sheds not located between woods and residential area, history of going to endemic areas, residence at distances <1000 m from plantations, bushes, swamps and puddles, with incidence of confirmed malaria (p<0.001). The group of cases living <1000 meters from plantations numbered 141 (100%).

Conclusions
Malaria incidence is clustered and buffers around plantations at <1000 m. Malaria hot spots are displayed as risk maps that are useful for monitoring and spatial targeting of prevention and control measures against the disease.
Blood viscosity increases the degree of coronary stenosis in coronary heart disease
Authors: Indrianto Antonius Ferika , Samsuria Indranila Kustarini , Kurniawan Kusmiyati Deddy
Published: January 2017

Background
Endothelial dysfunction and associated increased blood viscosity (BV) play an important role in the formation of atherosclerosis during inflammatory processes. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammation with an active role in endothelial dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis that is marked by degree of coronary stenosis (CS). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of BV and CRP with varying degrees of CS among coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.

Methods
This cross-sectional study involved 24 subjects taken consecutively among patients with CHD who underwent angiography. Blood viscosity levels were determined using an Ostwald viscometer, with reference limits of 1.5 to 1.72 (cP). C-reactive protein was determined by turbidimetric immunoassay, with a normal reference value of <3 mg/L. Degree of CS was examined with angiography, where 0% = no stenosis; <50% = nonsignificant stenosis; > 50% = significant stenosis. Data was analyzed using non-parametric Spearman correlation test.

Results
There were 17 male and 7 female subjects, with mean age of 55.96 ± 7.29 years. The angiography results were: non-significant stenosis in 2 subjects (8.3%), significant stenosis in 22 subjects (91.7%) and none with normal stenosis. Statistical analysis of the relationship of BV with degree of CS found a moderate significant positive relationship (r=0.549; p=0.005). A poor significant positive relationship was found between CRP and degree of CS (r=0.481; p=0.017).

Conclusion
Blood viscosity increased the degree of CS in CHD patients. Therapy should target both BV-associated risk and angiographically evident stenosis.
Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 in male elderly with low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D
Authors: Pusparini Pusparini , Merijanti Lie Tanu , Sudharma Novia I.
Published: January 2017

Background
One of the extra-skeletal roles of vitamin D for health is associated with cardiovascular disease. Poor vitamin D status has been associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. There were controversial results about the association between vitamin D deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) concentration. The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentrations of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D] in an elderly population and to find any association between 25(OH)D and MMP-9 concentrations.

Methods
This study was of cross-sectional design involving 160 male and female subjects aged 55–65 years, in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Determination of MMP-9 and 25(OH)D concentrations was done concurrently on subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria after all study subjects had been selected. 25(OH)D and MMP-9 concentrations were assessed by direct competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Statistical analysis used chi square and t tests.

Results
Mean 25(OH)D concentration in the study subjects was 14.4 ± 6.4 ng/mL. A total of 68.8% of subjects had a 25(OH)D level of <20 ng/mL, and 31.2 % had a 25(OH)D level of >20 ng/mL.There was an increased MMP-9 concentration in male subjects with a 25(OH)D level of <20 ng/mL compared with subjects with 25(OH)D level of >20 ng/mL (p=0.011), but not among female subjects (p=0.809).

Conclusion
The MMP-9 concentration was increased among male subjects with low level of (OH)D. This study confirmed that 25(OH)D concentration may have a potential role in endothelial function.
Black sugarcane decoction reduces rat brain ischemia
Authors: Handayani Ety Sari , Nugraha Zainuri Sabta , Nurmasitoh Titis , Kuswati Kuswati , Ahsani Dwi N. , Nanda Ajeng G.
Published: January 2017

Background
There are people in Yogyakarta, who use black sugarcane decoction (BSD) to prevent stroke. BSD contains policosanol and antioxidants. It has been proven that policosanol can reduce global ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BSD on brain ischemia in a rat stroke model.

Methods
A laboratory experiment using eighteen 3-month old male Wistar rats without any defects, of 175-250 g body weight. Brain ischemia was produced by a 20-minute bilateral carotid communis artery oclusion (BCCAO).  Using a rat stroke model, brain ischemia was produced by a 20-minute BCCAO. The rats were randomized into three groups: BSD treated stroke model rats (group 1), non treated stroke model rats (group 2), and sham operated rats (group 3). BSD was administered by gavage for 1 week before BCCAO. Decapitation of rats was performed two hours post BCCAO. Brain tissues were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Ischemic areas were analyzed using Image J softwere. Statistical analysis was conducted by one way ANOVA test.

Results
The mean percentages of rat brain ischemic area differed between group 3 (0.0 ± 0.0%), group 2 (3.13 ± 0.59%) and group 1 (1.15 ± 0.47%) p =0.001). Post hoc test showed that there was no difference between group 3 with group 1. Instead, there was a significant difference between  group 2 and the other groups.

Conclusion
The administration of BSD reduced rat brain ischemia after bilateral carotid artery ligation.
Smoking tends to decrease glutathione and increase malondialdehyde levels in medical students
Authors: Safyudin Safyudin , Subandrate Subandrate
Published: January 2017

Background
Smoking is the act of introducing toxic substances into the body. Cigarette smoke contains chemicals that may cause several disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toxic substances in cigarette smoke have the potential to increase free radicals, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and to decrease endogenous antioxidant (glutathione/GSH) levels. This study aims to determine the relationship of smoking with plasma GSH and MDA levels in medical students.

Methods
This study was analytical observational with cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted from April to December 2015. The subjects in this study were medical students, consisting of 20 smokers and 20 nonsmokers. Plasma GSH and MDA levels were determined biochemically using Sigma GSH Assay Kit and Sigma MDA Assay Kit. Data was analyzed using the independent t test.

Results
The results showed that there was no significant difference between mean GSH in smokers (1.74 ± 0.91 mmol/L) and nonsmokers (2.42 ± 1.19 µmol/L) (p=0.441). Mean smokers MDA level of 2.06 ± 1.39 nmol/mL was not significantly different compared with mean nonsmokers MDA level (1.32 ± 0.90 nmol/mL) (p=0.092).

Conclusions
Smoking tends to decrease plasma GSH levels and increase plasma MDA levels in medical students. Smoking history could be evidence of oxidative stress and an impaired oxidant defense system. In particular, young smokers should quit promptly before health problems arise, so as to have the optimal benefits of cessation.
Obesity contributes toward hypertension in young and older adult
Authors: Pradono Julianty , Sintawati Sintawati
Published: January 2017

Background
Obesity and hypertension are independent risk factors in the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The proportion of obesity in Indonesia has increased in the last 5 years according to the National Health Survey. The purpose of this research was to obtain the contribution of obesity toward hypertension in the age group of 18 years and above.

Methods
An observational study of cross-sectional design was conducted using the National Basic Health Research 2013 population data. The total sample of subjects was 2,741,297 from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, blood pressure measurement, and anthropometry. Analysis of categorical data was by means of the chi-square statistical test, followed by calculation of the attributable fraction in the population, and analysis of factors influencing the impact fraction.

Results
The prevalence of general obesity (BMI>25 kg/m2) was 31.5% in males and 48.0% in females, while central obesity was 20.9% in males and 42.5% in females. In females with general obesity the risk of hypertension was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.82-1.86) times higher than in those with normal BMI. If general obesity and central obesity can be reduced, the prevalence of hypertension may be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females.

Conclusion
The prevalence of hypertension in the age group of 18 years or more can be reduced by 2.9% in males and by 12.2% in females, by overcoming the contribution of obesity. Therefore efforts should be geared towards promoting healthy eating habits and maintaining a healthy weight through health education.
Stereochemical Peculiarities of the Products of Condensation of Piperidine-4-one with Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: Ospanov M.A. , Turmukhanova M.Zh. , Abilov Zh.A. , Langer Peter
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the results of investigations on conformation peculiarities of the condensation products of piperidine-4-ones containing arylidene, hydroxyarylmethyl as well as both arylidene and hydroxyarylmethyl substituents. Synthesized α, β-unsaturated ketones can be used to investigate conformation of cycles fixing a conjugated system of carbonyl and double bonds. Synthesis of α, β-unsaturated piperidine-4-ones was carried out according to the reaction of Claisen-Schmidt by condensation of piperidine-4-ones with aromatic aldehydes. The reaction was carried out in methanol medium in the presence of an alkaline agent. High resolution 1H and 13C NMR resonance assignments and conformational assignments were carried out for four 3- arylidene or hydroxyarylmethyl and 3-arylidene-5- hydroxyarylmethyl substituted piperidine-4-ones (1-4). As a result of the initial aldol condensation of piperidine-4-ones with aromatic aldehydes an aryloxymethyl group in the intermediate compound can have both an equatorial and axial position. Conformation of a conjugated system proved to be electronically effected by the presence of nitrogen atom in the heterocycle. At the same time, conformation peculiarities of α, β-unsaturated ketones under study are developed at the stage of their synthesis. This is explained by the fact that in the course of the reaction there appears a new sp2-centre, this resulting in our case in the change of the conformation of “a chair”. There takes place flattening of the structure and fixation of s-cis conformation. Furfurilidene substituent is conjugated with a carbonyl group, there forms a planar structure including 2, 3, 4 and 5 atoms of hydrogen of piperidine cycle and furfurilidene substituent and there exist two isomers with cis- (A) and trans- (B) position of a furyl ring at double bond in relation to a carbonyl group.
Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and o-Xylene by Carbon-Based Adsorbents
Authors: Baimatova N. , Derbissalin M. , Kabulov A. , Kenessov B.
Published: January 2017

This study explored the possibility of applying different carbon-based adsorbents for removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) from indoor air in static and dynamic modes. To determine BTEX removal effectiveness, the approach based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. In static mode, removal effectiveness of BTEX from indoor air using different carbon-based adsorbents (shungite, walnut shell, saxaul, apricot pits, activated charcoal, Tenax, carbon black) varied from 80% to 100%. Optimal preparation conditions for shungite-based adsorbent are no activation and addition of NaOH at 1:0.8 ratio. Shungite-based adsorbent was not able to remove BTEX from polluted indoor air at the flow rate 300 mL/min corresponding to the linear flow rate 25 cm/s, a minimum value for most commercial air purification systems. At the flow rate 75 mL/min (6.25 cm/s), a saturation time of shungite-based adsorbent made up 368 min for benzene and 437 min for toluene. At this flow rate, BTEX adsorption capacities of the shungitebased adsorbent were 0.3, 2.1, 0.2 and 0.3 μg/g, respectively. Compared to shungite, activated charcoal allowed the complete removal of BTEX at both flow rates in the whole studied time frame. Thus, shungite-based adsorbents are not recommended for BTEX removal from air because of much greater efficiencies of classic activated charcoal adsorbents. Applied methodology based on SPME-GC-MS allowed simple, fast and inexpensive collection of data and can be recommended as the analytical for developing new adsorbents and systems for air purification.
Effect of Additive of Polymetallic Ores’ Tailin gs on Properties of Composite Cements
Authors: Aymenov A.Zh. , Sarsenbayev N.B. , Khudyakova T.M. , Sarsenbayev B.K. , Batyrkhanov A.T. , Kopzhassarov B.Т.
Published: January 2017

The article analyzes the use of polymetallic ores’ tailings as a basis for production of composite cements and concrete, having protective properties against gamma and X-rays radiation, as well as high strength and lifetime. The main practically significant result is: the development of scientific and technological production bases of new high-tech type of multicomponent hydraulic binders for concretes – composite cements; the identification of new hydration products in composite cements with addition of polymetallic ores’ tailings; the development of optimal compositions of composite cements for concretes. It is established that the composite cements, that developed by us on the basis of polymetallic ores’ tailings, meet modern requirements i.e. its improve the construction-technical properties of material, have positive effect to the environment situation and allow to reduce the production cost of the final product. Their technology is low metal-intensive and
power-consuming. Studies of physical-chemical processes of composite cements structure formation with addition of polymetallic ores’ tailings have been conducted using methods such as chemical, X-ray phase, differential-thermal and electronmicroscopic analysis methods.
The Role of the Popes in the Invention of Complementarity and the Vatican’s Anathematization of Gender
Authors: Case Mary Anne
Published: January 2017

This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of complementarity, arguing that the doctrine of complementarity, under which the sexes are essentially different though not unequal, is an invention of the twentieth century untraceable in earlier centuries, but developed by, among others, the Popes from Pius XII through Benedict XVI, in part as a response to feminist claims, including those recently anathematized by the Vatican under the term ‘gender.’ After exploring some difficulties with the application of the doctrine of complementarity as Catholic orthodoxy, the article concludes by compiling preliminary evidence as to the extent Pope Francis will continue his predecessors’ approach to complementarity.
Sexual Politics and Religious Actors in Argentina
Authors: Pecheny Mario , Jones Daniel , Ariza Lucía
Published: January 2017

This article examines the role of religious actors in sexual politics in Argentina. Sexual politics has become a critical battlefield when it comes to the role of religion in the Argentinean liberal-democratic regime, while gender and sexuality have been the main political targets of religious institutions since the 1980s and 1990s. In this context, progressive legislation on gender, sexual, and reproductive rights was passed, including same-sex marriage and the recognition of transgender identities, despite the opposition of the Catholic Church. Paradoxically, abortion remains largely illegal, allowed only in exceptional circumstances.
Gender and the Problem of Universals: Catholic Mobilizations and Sexual Democracy in France
Authors: Fassin Éric
Published: January 2017

In the 1980s, John Boswell analyzed the controversy between ‘essentialists’ and ‘constructionists’ in gay and lesbian studies in the light of the medieval ‘problem of universals.’ This paper revives this analogy to understand the controversy launched by Catholic authorities against the (so-called) ‘theory-of-gender’ pitted against gender studies at the risk of equating God with Nature.
AFTEREFFECTS OF HEAD INJURY
Authors: Lihterman L. B. , Potapov A. A. , Klevno V. A. , Kravchuk A. D. , Ohlopkov V. A.
Published: January 2017

Based on a multi-year experience of the Burdenko neurosurgical institute and Moscow region forensic medical examination Bureau for the first time there has been developed the conception of head injury sequelae. Definitions of “head injury sequelae” and “head injury complications” are given. Clinical and morphological classification has been developed with special emphasis being placed on tissue changes, CSF dynamics and vascular sequelae of head injury. A detailed clinical, CT and MRI analysis of each of the outlined forms of head injury alongside with the conceptual approaches of their treatment is presented. Criteria of adequate forensic medical examination of this frequent posttraumatic pathology are given by the authors.
Perfil socioeconômico e ambiental da pesca artesanal de Macaé/RJ
Authors: Silva Natalia Raposo da , Azevedo Alexandre , Ferreira Maria Inês Paes
Published: January 2017

No Brasil a pesca artesanal tem recebido ao longo do tempo poucos incentivos governamentais, embora ainda tenha grande importância social e econômica, sendo responsável por um elevado número de empregos nas comunidades costeiras. No município de Macaé-RJ, a situação não é diferente. Até o final da década de 70, a pesca era considerada a principal atividade socioeconômica na região. Porém, a partir de 1978, com a instalação da sede regional da Petrobras para exploração de petróleo, esse quadro muda radicalmente. Partindo da hipótese de que os meios tradicionais de uso e apropriação dos recursos pesqueiros na região vêm sendo alterados pelo aquecimento econômico propiciado pela economia do petróleo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi evidenciar a importância sociocultural e ambiental da pesca artesanal para o município de Macaé. Foram entrevistados 27 pescadores que desembarcaram no entreposto de Macaé. Para tanto foi utilizado o questionário semiestruturado, aliado às técnicas de análise bibliográfica e documental. A observação participante foi a opção metodológica selecionada. Os resultados apontam informações acerca das principais artes de pescas praticadas no município, o perfil socioambiental dos pescadores e as relações de trabalho e comercialização do pescado. Foi estabelecido o seguinte perfil para os pescadores artesanais de Macaé: são do sexo masculino; possuem entre 30 e 40 anos de idade; a maioria não concluiu o ensino fundamental; 89% são casados; 56% são macaenses; atuam na pesca em média há 27 anos; a arte de pesca de emalhar é a mais praticada; 82% comercializam a produção através dos intermediários; sua renda mensal média é de R$ 900,00 obtidos exclusivamente da pesca. Conclui-se que o município está baseado em apenas uma atividade econômica, a cadeia produtiva da pesca deu lugar à indústria do petróleo, e o crescimento econômico gerado pela indústria do petróleo não está sendo utilizado para consolidar uma economia local forte, estável e com vários pilares. Portanto, torna-se necessária a criação de políticas públicas eficientes e artifícios para a manutenção da qualidade ambiental, proporcionando melhorias sociais para a população, principalmente a que depende da pesca.
Diminished CD103 (aEb7) Expression on Resident T cells from the Female Genital Tract of HIV-positive women
Authors: Moylan David C. , Goepfert Paul A. , Kempf Mirjam-Colette , Saag Michael S. , Richter Holly E. , Mestecky Jiri , Sabbaj Steffanie
Published: January 2017

Background:Tissue resident memory T cells (TrM) provide an enhanced response against infection at mucosal surfaces, yet their function has not been extensively studied in humans, including the female genital tract (FGT).Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied TrM cells, defined as CD62L-CCR7-CD103+CD69+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosa-derived T cells from healthy and HIV-positive women.Results: We demonstrate that TrM are present in the FGT of healthy and HIV-positive women. The expression of the mucosal retention receptor, CD103, from HIV-positive women was reduced compared to healthy women and was lowest in women with CD4 counts < 500 cells/mm3. Furthermore, CD103 expression on mucosa-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with antigen-specific IFN-γ production by mucosal CD4+ T cells and was inversely correlated with T-bet from CD8+CD103+ mucosa-derived T cells.Conclusions: These data suggest that CD4+ T cells, known to be impaired during HIV-1 infection and necessary for the expression of CD103 in murine models, may play a role in the expression of CD103 on resident T cells from the human FGT.
Wood density as a proxy for vulnerability to cavitation: Size matters
Authors: Rosner Sabine
Published: January 2017

In this study, vulnerability to cavitation, P50 (i.e. the water potential causing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity), of Norway spruce trunkwood at different cambial age was related to wood density. Wood density was calculated from mass in the oven dry state related either to volume at the oven-dry state (dry wood density) or to volume at full saturation (basic wood density). Dry wood density and basic wood density were strongly linearly related (r² = 0.99); there was however a shift from the 1:1 reference line with increasing dry wood density. Dry wood density as well as basic wood density had similar high predictive qualities for P50 (r² = 0.85). The quadratic regression lines took however a quite different course below -4 MPa because volume shrinkage increased with increasing dry wood density. For Norway spruce sapwood with high dry wood density, mixing up different wood density traits would thus result in a predicted overestimation or underestimation of vulnerability to cavitation. Gravimetrically wood density measurements at different moisture contents (starting at full saturation) are easily to achieve on standard size specimens and the conversion curves obtained will be of high value for future ecological studies on other species and across species.
Ultrastructural leave features of grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)
Authors: Konlechner Christoph , Sauer Ursula
Published: January 2017

Aim: To investigate and compare of Vitis vinifera Linné subsp. vinifera leaves of cultivars important for the Austrian wine producers in order to learn more about their surface architectures in the microand nanoscale.

Methods and results: Atomic force microscopy, binocular fluorescence microscopy, contact angle measurements, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were employed in order to assess physicochemical features of fresh plant material. Erect and prostrate trichomes are the most characteristic features present on the epidermal surfaces of grapevine leaves. These hairs occur in rather different densities from none to densely covering the whole surface. Contact angels are highly affected by these hairs, resulting in individual cases in values >150° in the presence of a high reclining hair density. On nanoscopic scale blades of the varieties differ with respect to their wax structures, in orientation, shape and size. Cuticular striae and epicuticular waxes, mostly granules and platelets, are the most conspicuous characteristics of grapevine leaf ultrastructure.

Conclusion: The microscopy techniques applied are complementary, enabling morphological analysis at different scales. They are not only efficient tools for descriptive botanics and finding morphological adaptions to the environmental conditions, they provide also an insight into the habitat of leaf colonizing microbes, pathogenic as well as beneficial ones and may add to the understanding of the conditions they find on leaf surfaces.

Significance and impact of the study: Leaf surface structures and chemicals are part of the defence system of the plant. Water-repellency can be advantageous for the plant as it creates unfavourable conditions for the successful colonization of pathogens. The knowledge of wetting properties of leaf surfaces will advance the insight in the interaction with additives, promoting the secure and optimal use of plant protection agents applied by spray deposition, especially under difficult weather conditions. The application of such research will be better contact and or penetration, better adhesion of pesticides and other plant protecting agents but also improved adhesion of plant promoting bacteria in biocontrol applications.