bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects of Identity-Construction and Cultural Mimicry among Dalmatian Sailors in the Roman Navy
Authors: Dzino Danijel
Published: July 2016

C. Ravonius Celer was a sailor of the Misene fleet from Dalmatia.

C. Ravonius Celer qui et Bato Scenobarbi (f.) from Naples (CIL 10.3618 = Dessau 2901):

D(IS) M(ANIBUS) / C(AIUS) RAVONIUS CELER QUI ET BATO SCE / NOBARBI NATION(E) DAL[M(ATA)] / MANIP(U)L(ARIS) EX (TRIREME) ISID[E MIL(ITAVIT) ANN(IS)] XI VIXIT [ANN(IS) …] / P(UBLIUS) AELIUS V[…] I VENER[(E)…]

This inscription from his tombstone provides important evidence about the process of construction of individual identities in the period of the early principate, for it reveals the parallel existence of Roman and indigenous identity in a funerary context, commemorating C. Ravonius Celer, who is also at the same time Bato, a son of Scenobarbus of the Dalmatian ‘nation’. This inscription records the two identities of C. Ravonius Celer/Bato, which were incorporated into his personality as an essential part of who he was, revealing both his private and public self.
Plato, Socrates and the Mysteries: A Note
Authors: Hawtrey R. S. W.
Published: July 2016

In his article ‘Clouds, Mysteries, Socrates and Plato’ (Antichthon 4 [1970], 13-24), Professor A.W.H. Adkins starts from the agreed fact that certain passages of the Clouds compare entry to the phrontisterion to initiation to mysteries. He argues from this (and here I should not necessarily disagree with him) that Socrates was in the habit of using initiation-language when speaking of philosophy and that Aristophanes, shocked by such blasphemy, ‘used it as one more weapon against Socrates and the New Thought in his Clouds’ (24).
Solar Motifs or, Something New Under The Sun
Authors: McKay K. J.
Published: July 2016

Our level of tolerance of solar and lunar symbolism is now much lower than it was when devotees went questing in the fields of mythology in the nineteenth century. Should a scholar now appear automatically to equate an epiphany of Apollo with the rising of the sun, he will find it hard to carry conviction, and rightly so. At the other pole is the thesis of J.E. Fontenrose, recently accorded the accolade by G. Karl Galinsky as neither to be ‘ignored nor disputed’. He argues that, while Diana was clearly identified with the moon in Roman literature of the first century B.C. because of her association with Hecate in the triformis dea, Apollo was never equated with the sun until the Imperial period.
Libertas Populi: the Introduction of Secret Ballot at Rome and its Depiction on Coinage
Authors: Marshall B.A.
Published: July 2016

The sovereignty of the people, itslibertas, is the key concept in the civic and political vocabulary of republican Rome. One of the periods in which it was particularly emphasised was the last thirty or forty years of the second century B.C., to judge from the later comments made on the series ofleges tabellariaepassed in this period, and from the types and themes which appeared on coins issued by the relatives and descendants of those responsible for proposing the laws.
Political Trials under Alexander the Great and his Successors
Authors: O'Neil James L.
Published: July 2016

In 1931 F. Granier argued that treason trials and other matters of major political importance were heard by meetings of the Macedonian army assembly and this view received wide acceptance. However in the 1970s it was challenged by R. Lock and R.M. Errington, who concluded that there was no right of the army to be consulted in such cases, but that the king might seek to win the troops' approval before undertaking controversial actions, such as executing popular officers. More recently, N.G.L. Hammond has revived the view that the Macedonian army had the right to hold trials in cases of treason.
Playing with the Play: Theatrical Self-consciousness in Aristophanes
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: July 2016

The breaking of the dramatic illusion in Aristophanes is a well-known phenomenon, that has often been commented upon, and that many have been able to take for granted. It seems to me, however, that there is still some confusion surrounding its function in Aristophanic comedy, and that since it has an important bearing on the nature of this kind of drama, there is warrant for raising the matter again.
The March of Mucianus
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: July 2016

Vespasian was proclaimed at Alexandria on July 1 of the year 69, in Judaea on July 3, and the legions of Syria under Licinius Mucianus quickly followed suit. After a meeting at Berytus to make plans for the war Mucianus set out with an army. The Historiae of Tacitus furnish no details of time or place for defining the itinerary – only the mention of Byzantium.

Meanwhile the Flavian partisans in the Balkan and Danubian lands, Antonius Primus in the forefront, had moved to rapid action. Not content with holding the Julian Alps, they decided, in a council of war held at Poetovio, to launch an invasion of northern Italy. They defeated the Vitellian forces in battle outside Cremona on October 24, they captured Rome on December 20. By good fortune, the first date is correct to within a day, and the second is certified.
Pliny, Epistulae iv 22
Authors: McDermott William C.
Published: July 2016

Pliny’s basic practice in Books i-ix was to introduce a single topic in each of his published letters, but this letter to Sempronius Rufus seems to include two items connected only by the chance appearance of Junius Mauricus in both anecdotes. The first concerns the presence of Pliny and Mauricus as members of a consilium principis, and was surely written soon after the event, since Pliny was very proud of consiliar attendance. The second concerns a dinner party given by Nerva at a time earlier than 104-105, the date of the letter
The Treaty of Apamea and the Later Seleucids
Authors: Paltiel Eliezer
Published: July 2016

, gloated Roman soldiers after the battle of Magnesia. To the historian they have left the task of assessing the ex-greatness of the Seleucid empire under the shadow of the victor. That all subsequent Seleucid rulers were compelled to play to the Roman audience when acting on the Mediterranean stage needs no emphasis. However to gauge more precisely the degree of their dependence is much more difficult.

Prima facie, the literary tradition offers at least one document that clearly delineates the extent of Roman control over Seleucid affairs. The Treaty of Apamea established φιλία (= amicitia) between the Roman people and King Antiochos III , and it is widely assumed that this treaty governed relations between Rome and the Seleucids during the subsequent half-century. However, a cursory reading of the literary sources immediately reveals two or three striking facts that contradict this assumption.
Antiochos IV and Demetrios I of Syria
Authors: Paltiel Eliezer
Published: July 2016

Antiochos Epiphanes, King of the Seleucid empire, began his political career as a hostage, sent by his father to Rome in 188. About a decade later, when Antiochos’ elder brother Seleukos sent his own son Demetrios to Rome, Antiochos was permitted to leave the city.

He went to Athens, and it was probably there that he learned of his brother’s sudden death. Seleukos purportedly fell victim to a palace conspiracy. The king’s syntrophos Heliodoros, accused by Appian of heading the plot, assumed power in Antioch. Inevitably, Antiochos presented a claim to the throne. He was undoubtedly supported by Athenian diplomacy. The Attalid kings of Pergamum, who had not been on good terms with Seleukos, supplied Antiochos with money and an army. In a matter of weeks he was King in Antioch.
Deianeira’s ‘Deception Speech’
Authors: Hester D. A.
Published: July 2016

In theAjaxof Sophocles Ajax, deprived of his intended revenge over the Greek leaders who deprived him of the arms of Achilles, has resolved on suicide. Tecmessa has sought to dissuade him, appealing to the need to care for their baby son; Ajax has rejected her, saying that he is too old to be taught lessons. But suddenly all is apparently changed. He re-enters and talks of the changes brought by time and seasons; he himselfhaslearnt his lesson, and will purify himself, bury his sword, and seek reconciliation with his enemies. The speech is a very vexed problem in the interpretation of theAjax, especially since, when he next appears, Ajax seems to have forgotton all about it, and proceeds with his suicide without any reference to his previous change of mind, if such it was. But this is a complex problem, requiring full discussion elsewhere.
Hecubaand Tragedy
Authors: Gellie George
Published: July 2016

HecubaandThe Trojan Womenhave much of their material in common. Both plays have a chorus of captive Trojan women who are waiting at or near Troy just before they sail with their new masters to Greece. Both groups sing at some length about their slave condition, about the question of where precisely in Greece they will be taken and about the night of Troy’s fall. Hecuba is the protagonist of both plays and they are largely concerned with the destruction of her family. InHecubaPolydorus is killed before the play’s opening (though Hecuba does not know this) and the cruel killing of Polyxena engages our attention for a considerable time; in TheTrojan WomenPolyxena is killed before the play’s opening (though Hecuba does not know this) and the cruel killing of Astyanax engages our attention for a considerable time. In both plays Talthybius is the sympathetic announcer of brutal Greek decisions and Odysseus (whether on or off the stage) is the cynical politician whose pressure is held responsible for the deaths of Polyxena and Astyanax respectively.
The Occasion and Date of Panegyric VIII (V), and the Celebration of Constantine’s Quinquennalia
Authors: Nixon C. E. V.
Published: July 2016

In this paper I argue that Panegyric VIII (V) was delivered on 25 July 311, at the completion of the celebration of Constantine’s Quinquennalia, and that Constantine always regarded 25 July as his dies imperii.

The purpose of Panegyric VIII (V) is to thank the Emperor Constantine for benefactions to the speaker’s civitas Autun. It adheres closely to its theme, offering few allusions to events unconnected with these benefactions, unlike, for example, Mamertinus’ Panegyrics II (X) and III (XI), which retail the recent achievements of his Emperors. What is the occasion and date of its delivery? The answers to these questions will be seen to have a wider significance.
The Reception of Censorinus, De Die Natali, in Pre-Renaissance Europe
Authors: Thomson R. M.
Published: July 2016

De Die Natali is an obscure little treatise on human life, the influence of the planets and the divisions of time, written by the Roman grammarian Censorinus and dedicated to Q. Caerellius for his forty-ninth birthday in A.D. 238. It was not a very popular work before the fifteenth century, and there is no reason why it should have been. Even its Italian revival was probably due to its brevity, which encouraged its copying as an adjunct to the larger, more interesting works which accompanied it in the earliest manuscripts. The increasing popularity of astrology may also have influenced its dissemination during the Renaissance. It was not, however, completely lost from sight during Europe’s first millennium. The study of its early transmission and use throws some interesting light upon the revival of classical literature in that period, though it is unlikely to improve the state in which the text has come down to us.
‘I Know You — By Your Rags’ Costume and Disguise in Fifth-century Drama
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: July 2016

In Euripides’ Bacchae, first produced in the last five years of the fifth century, that is, after the tragedian’s death, there is a remarkable sequence of scenes which constitutes the turning point of the play. In the first of these scenes (787-861), making the last section of the great central epeisodion, the god Dionysus, masquerading as a mortal, tries to persuade Pentheus that in order to spy on the maenads on Mt. Cithaeron, he must put on woman’s dress, or rather, allow himself to be dressed in female garb by Dionysus himself (827). The elements of the ϑῆλνς στολή are detailed in advance at 830 ff. — long flowing locks, skirts down to the feet, a μίτρα for his head, and as the special equipment of the bacchant, a thyrsus and a dappled fawnskin. Pentheus strongly rejects the stranger’s suggestion, though fascinated by it, and when he goes indoors at the end of the scene he has not yet committed himself to the plan. However, it is clear to the audience from Dionysus’ speech to the chorus after Pentheus has left the stage that Pentheus, in his last attempt to exercise control and freedom of action, will not be able to withstand the power of the god. In order to fulfil the god’s plan of vengeance Pentheus must be driven out of his right mind, since only then will he accept the female disguise. When the two main characters return after the third stasimon all this has happened. Dionysus calls Pentheus out of the palace to display himself as a bacchant, and Pentheus looks to Dionysus for approval of his costume. As adjustments are made to it each element of the disguise is spotlighted — the curls and the μίτρα (928-9), the girdle and the long dress (936-7) and the thyrsus (941-2). In keeping with his costume Pentheus must learn to play the part of the bacchant, and Dionysus instructs him in the correct wielding of the thyrsus (943-4) before the two set out for Mt. Cithaeron.
Dialectic, Eclectic and Myth (?) in Horace, Satires 2.6
Authors: Bond R.P.
Published: July 2016

Commentators have agreed that this poem is among the finest, if not the finest of Horace’s Satires. Naturally, therefore, it has been accorded much critical attention. One of the most penetrating analyses is that of Brink, who quite properly places considerable emphasis on the complex nature of the relationship between Horace and Maecenas. Rudd too adopts this line, relating Satires 2.6 to the sixth satire of Book 1, which describes the beginning of Horace’s association with Maecenas.
Theokritos’ Bacchantes Re-examined
Authors: McKay K.J.
Published: July 2016

‘I have omitted Idylls xxiii and xxvi, because they are dull, stupid and worthless poems, and certainly not by Theocritus.’ R.C. Trevelyan’s words in the introduction to his translation of Theokritos (Cambridge, 1947, but the introduction significantly dates from 1925) make quaint reading today. I present no brief for the Erastes (Idyll xxiii), but even before the contribution made to the complexity of the Bacchantes (Idyll xxvi) by Pap. Antin. (3 in Gow’s sigla), it should have been obvious to the reader that the poem had the texture of quicksand and that its curious description of Pentheus’ offence and death, no less its elaborate protestations of piety, cried caution to the confident strider. But if there is tragedy in the failure to detect quicksands, the traveller can scarcely feel more secure in the services of three professional guides who have recently plotted three different courses for him.
Dositheans, Resurrection and a Messianic Joshua
Authors: Crown A.D.
Published: July 2016

One of the unsolved mysteries of Samaritan history is the problem of the Dosithean sect and its relationships with other Samaritan groups and with Christian and Gnostic sects. Of particular interest, in view of controversy over the history of Samaritan eschatology, is the question of whether the Dositheans believed in the resurrection of the dead and in a Messiah in the person of Joshua. It is more than fifty years since these questions were last examined in any detail and in the light of recent evidence accruing about the Samaritans the time would now seem to be opportune for a fresh evaluation of the evidence relating to Dositheanism.
The Empirical Element in the Methods of Early Greek Medical Writers and Herodotus: a Shared Epistemological Response
Authors: Lateiner Donald
Published: July 2016

Today one expects a truth or the truth to be characterized by objectivity, communicability, and unity. It should be testable, precisely expressed, consistent, and logical. To be all this, the truth must conform to the world of observation, and it must be based on data that can verify or falsify it. A truth may be general or particular, and research in different disciplines, of course, will pursue information and truths by different methods.

Some thinkers express dissatisfaction with the narrowness of this concept of truth, which is largely based on the specific needs of the inductive model of the natural sciences. It makes us uncomfortable, however, to say that the poet has one kind of truth, the philosopher another, the doctor, the physicist, and the geographer still others, and the historian another, yet autonomous truth. History is among the fields of study most subject to misapprehension, for it lies between human sciences and human arts, also between cases and laws.
The Garrisoning of Mesopotamia in the Late Antonine and Early Severan Period
Authors: Kennedy D.L.
Published: July 2016

The garrison of Mesopotamia in the later second century is unknown. What follows, therefore, is inevitably somewhat speculative. Nevertheless, with little likelihood of any foreseeable accretions of much new epigraphic or archaeological evidence, it may not be unproductive to resume such evidence as is available and consider the probabilities by reference to other comparable regions.
The Seleucids and the Greek Cities of Western Asia Minor
Authors: Atkinson K.M.T.
Published: July 2016

The most vivid general impression which results from reading the inscriptions of the Greek cities within this part of the Seleucid dominions—of the Koina into which these cities still grouped themselves for half-religious, half-political purposes, and texts of the royal letters and decrees addressed to these recipients–is that all these cities were in a constant ferment of anxiety and activity concerning the retention of their much-prized ‘autonomy’. To seek fresh promises and guarantees on this score was perhaps the main purpose of their frequent and costly embassies to the king during the Seleucid period, and the embassies always seem to have involved the bestowal of ‘crowns’ (that is, gold wreaths) in addition to the numerous complimentary titles and honours–divine and otherwise, temples, monthly (sic) royal birthdays and the like–which they constantly begged him to accept.
Archons and Strategoi
Authors: Badian E.
Published: July 2016

Athenian history in the fifth century B.C. has, on the whole, become a battlefield where only the trained hoplite ran compete. By contrast, the period from Cleisthenes down to 480 is one where the mere peltast still has an honest chance. There are—at least in internal history—practically no facts known, and ingenuity and imagination have been limited only by what the audience has been ready to believe. These limits have traditionally been generous. And the state of affairs has tended to permit and even to encourage what philosophers call the ‘conspiracy theory’ of history. This, of course, has many aspects; but the one that interests us here may be formulated as follows: ‘All historical events happen because someone planned that they should happen; and all historical events happen just as someone planned that they should happen, unless they are upset by the counter-plans of someone else. It is the duty of the historian to elucidate these plans and counter-plans, and in doing so he is explaining the events.’ Students of ancient history have always tended to adhere to this theory, perhaps because they are exceptionally rational people, or perhaps because most of them, in the past, grew up in an atmosphere like that of The Masters, where this theory can most profitably be applied. But in any case: the fewer the attested facts, the easier—and the more tempting—to combine them all in a grand design, successful or (at the worst) frustrated. And nowhere do these conditions more obviously obtain than in the period I have mentioned. The plans and counter-plans of Cleisthenes, Miltiades, Aristides and Themistocles fill the pages of our standard works with such exciting goings-on that the student ceases to be receptive to the still, small voice recalling him to the extent of our evidence. It is the purpose of this paper to examine one very small item of evidence, well known to us all, and to make as little as possible of it.
The Lex Plotia Agraria
Authors: Marshall B.A.
Published: July 2016

In a speech, delivered early in 59 B.C. and recorded by Dio, Pompey supported Caesar’s agrarian proposal. At the beginning of the speech, as recorded in Dio xxxviii 5. 1-2, Pompey mentioned a proposal, approved by the Senate on a former occasion, which related to the provision of land allotments for his own troops and those of Metellus:
Vim fieri veto: Apropos of a Recent Work
Authors: Bauman R.A.
Published: July 2016

Luigi Labruna makes a number of proposals, in his recent Vim fieri veto: alle radici di una ideologia, of considerable importance to both the legal and the political history of the later Republic. The basic theme of the work is the possessory interdict uti possidetis, but in furtherance of his avowed purpose of illuminating the juridical, political, economic and social background to this early possessory remedy the author moves freely and knowledgeably in a number of fields. It is well that it should be so. The delimitation of the boundaries of Roman private law in a purely juridical setting is and will always be an indispensable and rewarding discipline, but it is more and more coming to be realized that the law of a given society needs also to be seen in a wider ambit, not only for the better understanding of the law but also for the better understanding of the society. His successful application of this wider approach to the rather austere problems of the possessory interdicts marks Labruna’s work out as one of considerable significance and merit.
Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto(Terence,Heauton timorumenos77)
Authors: Jocelyn H.D.
Published: July 2016

One of the verses of classical poetry frequently quoted by those who have had a traditional upbringing is still an iambic senarius originally uttered by an old man in a comedy by Terence:

homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto.

Few would be willing to interpret it closely. Some would see in it, as Michel de Montaigne did, a man’s confession of his emotional and spiritual weakness. Others, like John of Salisbury, perceive an expression of Christian charity. Others again make it a disavowal of intolerance and prudery in regard to human behaviour. Most would say that it had to do with being ‘humane’ in some very positive sense of this much used word and claim to hear in it a tone both elevated and elevating. The association with knowledge of literature and the fine arts which Varro and Cicero sometimes gave the abstracthumanitasstill exercises a powerful influence and not surprisingly the verse turns up time and again in the public discourses of University professors and in the mottos of institutions concerned with education.
Lex Provinciae and Governor’s Edict
Authors: Hoyos B.D.
Published: July 2016

The administrative framework of a newly annexed Roman province is generally taken to conform to a regular and predictable pattern. The conquering general, with the help of ten commissioners sent from Rome, laid down a basic lex for the new territory; the edict of each successive governor confirmed or modified details of administrative and legal business.

But Roman conquests were often haphazard affairs. A procedure as schematic as this is not, in fact, warranted by our evidence: lex and edict not only resembled each other much more closely, but (as will be argued in this paper) can often be regarded as essentially the same type of ordinance. Their relationship in turn reveals considerable flexibility in Roman provincial rule.
The Philosophic Notion of Women in Antiquity
Authors: Geddes Anne
Published: July 2016

Aristotle said that the association between male and female was the most natural form of association and he treated it as the first of the elementary units of society. Like many of Aristotle’s confident assertions this one looks unimportant, though true; but it deserves some attention. The association between male and female might seem to have a timeless reference. We might think that we know exactly what we mean by the words, and that Aristotle could have thought no differently. In fact there are many possible relationships between males and females and the ancient world was well aware of it.
The Demonstrative Adjectives in Herodotus
Authors: Treweek A.P.
Published: July 2016

The year 1960 was something of a vintage for Greek word order; at least four relevant books appeared, the most specific being that of Jonas Palm, the most general that of Dover. Dover in his opening chapter shrewdly points out the dangers in customary procedure for the examination of the topic. Heeding his warning, I hope that I have steered a safe course between the Scylla of the particular and the Charybdis of the general, and that I have not been sailing in circles.
Further Inspiration for Tiberius Gracchus?
Authors: Adshead K.
Published: July 2016

The force of example is nowhere greater than in the adaptation of institutions observed abroad and modified for local conditions. Is it not possible, that in addition to his Stoic mentors, in addition to the radical ideals of Agis and Cleomenes, Tiberius Gracchus may have had the practical inspiration of a contemporary system of land settlement before him? It is my suggestion that Ptolemaic Egypt offered Roman agrarian reforms in the second century B.C. an example worthy of imitation, either in part or whole, and that such nobiles as M. Aemilius Lepidus, Laelius, Aemilianus and, not least, Tiberius Gracchus himself were attracted by the way the Ptolemies ran the rural sector of their economy.
The Competitive Position of Southern Commodities: Some Trends and Underlying Forces
Authors: Sumner Daniel A.
Published: July 2016

My assignment is to ask what has been happening to the position of southern agriculture in national and world markets, and why. I do not have to answer the whole “why” question because the part of the answer relating to marketing institutions and policy is being handled by the other panelists. But I am sure you will agree that even the left-over bits are more than can be treated—at least by me—in a single paper.
Domestic and International Agricultural Policy Interfaces
Authors: Chambers Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Since 1981, American agricultural export earnings have plummeted from $43 billion to around $29 billion for 1985, a 37 percent decline. Many factors have been offered as partial explanations for this phenomenon: a strong dollar, the continued fallout from the grain embargo placed by the Carter Administration on the Soviet Union, poor American marketing practices in international agricultural markets, debt problems in heretofore rapidly developing third-world countries that had been among our fastest growing export markets, and uncompetitive practices spawned by the foreign trade policies of our major competitors in international agricultural markets.
The Competitive Position of Southern Commodities in International Markets: A Synopsis
Authors: Polopolus Leo C.
Published: July 2016

International markets have been important to Southern agriculture since the 17th century. During that early period, the colonization of the South was primarily oriented to the production of such crops as rice, tobacco, forest products, and cotton for export to Europe (McPherson and Langham). In more recent times, the South has also been an important source of exports of wheat, corn, and soybeans.
The Role of Extension in Dealing with Farm Families in Financial Crisis
Authors: Love Ross O.
Published: July 2016

The first noun used in the Smith-Lever Act (Cooperative Extension's enabling Legislation) is “people”. The first verb in the act is “aid.” In 1944, M. L. Wilson wrote (Kelsey and Heame) “Extension is a partnership agency in which the officials of government federal, state, and county sit in council with rural people and together analyze local conditions, take stock of their resources, and make and help to carry out programs for the financial, educational, and social benefit of the community and its individual members.”
Microcomputer Budget Management System
Authors: McGrann James M. , Olson Kent D. , Powell Timothy A. , Nelson Ted R.
Published: July 2016

The enterprise budget, whole farm cash flow, and income statement are fundamental tools of farm and ranch management. The “Microcomputer Budget Management System” (MBMS) is a microcomputer software package that facilitates the storage and use of information for crop and livestock budgeting. It performs the calculations for several1 enterprise budgeting formats and for preparation of whole farm resource use reports and financial statements. The MBMS also includes internal machinery and irrigation cost calculation routines.

MBMS was developed for use by extension staff, researchers, lenders, consultants, and operators of diversified farms and ranches with many enterprises that use enterprise and whole farm budgeting for analysis and planning activities. The flexibility and detailed nature of the program requires the user to have knowledge of enterprise budgeting and operation of complex computer programs. This paper presents a discussion of the features and capabilities of the software and the computational procedures used in the cost calculations.
Urbanized Society Needs Met by Rural People
Authors: Taylor Lee
Published: July 2016

There are no viable social structures in urbanized society that prevent urban people from providing their own needs in terms of food, fiber and recreation. Therefore, rural people will have to make a concerted effort if they are to fulfill any of the future needs of an urbanized society.

In the social institutional organization of urbanized society, food and fiber production are primarily integrated parts of general economic production of goods and services. In the United States, unlike many areas of the world, a major social equilibrium problem is over production of food and fiber. People and land are moved out of this area of economic activity. The affluent resources of the society are increasingly transferred to other social institutional areas.
Policy Requirements in the Seventies: A Farmer's Viewpoint
Authors: Cartwright George C.
Published: July 2016

A desire for betterment is basic to humanity. Such longings envision betterment not only for a current generation but more deeply seek for posterity a manner and quality of life that fully rationalizes man as a creature of God. It is in man's moments of silence, his periods of meditation, his time of dreaming that hopes and aspirations and ideals take shape and gain form and substance. And though they be folly to some, history adequately documents that the dreams of one generation become the goals of another and the realities of yet a third. Those of us in agriculture are no different from the rest; we have ideals and goals and hopes and dreams that can be realized or thwarted by federal agricultural policy. As society is not static, neither is agriculture; and if it is to be a full contributor in this dynamic age, renewal must come from debate and argument to produce the melding of ideas essential to progress.
Production Organization Implications of Agricultural Industrialization
Authors: Walker Odell L.
Published: July 2016

An implicit theme of industrialization in agriculture has run throughout much of the literature in agricultural economics since 1950. Maybe we have been lulled by the future tense used in the literature. Industrialization is here and much of the process has taken place without an update on patterns of thought or assessment of implications for present or future agricultural business environment. Possibly, those of us in agricultural economics research, teaching or extension at land grant colleges have undergone much less impact and reorientation than those we serve, and, theoretically, lead in thought.
University Assistance in Building Agricultural Research Institutions in Southeast Asia – A Case Analysis
Authors: Smith Eldon D.
Published: July 2016

Providing a sustained flow of improved physical, biological and social technology applicable to the country or region is essential in the strategy of agricultural development. Building research institutions, which have the capacity to supply this flow, has accounted for a large proportion of Land Grant University overseas technical assistance effort. Several papers and broad spectrum studies have attempted to review the experience to date with a view to inducing more productive effort. We shall (a) identify the main issues relating to required features of effective research institutions, (b) examine the history of American reasearch institutions for insight into the bases of effectiveness, (c) inventory institution-building attempts in Asian situations with regard to presence of these bases of effectiveness and (d) evaluate and interpret alternative policies of foreign assistance to build effective research programs in agriculture. Primary attention is focused upon one organizational aspect which appears to be both limitational and neglected – the engineering of dependable responsiveness of the institutions to the problems of their respective regions.
Off-Farm Income of People Involved in Farming
Authors: Reinsel Edward I.
Published: July 2016

Two years ago, in his presidential address, Dr. C. E. Bishop told members of the American Agricultural Economics Association that “… our preoccupation with the problems of the farm firm has resulted in little or no attention to problems that are much more important to the majority of the rural population”.

Preoccupation with the farm firm is evident in our traditional approach to the study of incomes of farm people. There is still a tendency to look at the incomes of farm firms rather than at the incomes of people who farm. Present income statistics are oriented to the farm firm in a way that makes it fairly difficult to study the economic well-being of people involved in farming.
A Numerical Example of the Practical Use of Dummy Variables
Authors: Sappington Charles
Published: July 2016

Although the use of dummy variables in regression analysis is quite common, the implications of alternative models for incorporating dummy variables are not generally understood. References dealing with the use of dummy variables are numerous but scattered in the literature. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, using numerical examples, the implications and interrelationships among various models which incorporate dummy variables. Five separate models are considered.
Implementation of Effective Pollution Control by Food Processors
Authors: Crosswhite William M.
Published: July 2016

Over the past two years, a national commitment to reduce pollution has emerged. Firms and governmental units will be required to internalize most, if not all, costs associated with pollution control. This will move us in the direction of reducing the social costs associated with environmental quality deterioration. The subject of social costs or “externalities” has been widely discussed by economists [5].
Formal Training Requirements for Future Managers of Commercial Agriculture
Authors: Williams Willard F.
Published: July 2016

The title of this article restricts our discussion to training for commercial farm management. As most are aware, however, the structure of the entire agricultural business complex has changed greatly in recent years. We have seen a sharp growth in the number and size of commercial farms with resource capabilities far beyond those of traditional family farms, the transition in some agricultural industries (as in broiler production and cattle feeding) to factory types of operation, and vertical integration of food and feed companies toward agriculture and even into farm production. We are also observing the development of agricultural corporations. Some of these are integrating into agribusiness operations and in conglomerate patterns. For example, some of our Texas cattle feeding corporations have now merged with chemical companies or oil firms, and one has acquired a large scale broiler enterprise. A number own and operate ranches or meat packing plants. One or two have established subsidiary credit corporations.
Toward a More Complete Comparison of Farm and Nonfarm Proprietorship Income
Authors: Carlin Thomas A. , Reinsel Edward I.
Published: July 2016

Several methods are available to agricultural economists for appraising the income position of farm proprietors. However, most analyses concentrate on a single measure and give little attention to alternative techniques. We suggest that a better understanding of the income situation of a group can be gained by using a combination of techniques.

Income of farm proprietors is often compared with that of other broad industrial groups. Such a procedure can partly mask differences and similarities that exist between the farm sector and other businesses. In this paper we compare farm proprietor incomes with those of nonfarm proprietors.
Financial Intermediation in Agriculture: A Suggested Analytical Model
Authors: Barry Peter J. , Hopkin John A.
Published: July 2016

Money and capital markets exist to provide an exchange system for debt and equity instruments-money substitutes with time dimensions. This financial intermediation process is a two-way flow. The funds-flow originates with savers and terminates with the ultimate borrowers or users of the saved funds. The securities flow originates with ultimate borrowers and ends with primary savers. In addition to savers and borrowers, the principal participants are the financial intermediaries: those firms in which (a) claims on and to others dominate among assets and liabilities and (b) economic activities center upon the purchase and sale of such claims.
Some Measurement Criteria for Community Service Output and Costs: The Case of Fire Protection in Texas
Authors: Hitzhusen Fredrick J.
Published: July 2016

Considerable use has been made of per capita (or per unit of income) expenditures of various community or local government services to indicate size economies and inter-community service quality and fiscal effort differentials. Indiscriminate use of these per capita measures (particularly those including only operating expenditures) may lead to very questionable policy recommendations on local government consolidation, state and federal grant-in-aid formulas, etc. Many related public and private costs are not included in most per capita expenditure data. In addition, expenditure figures are seldom adjusted for price or service “quality” differentials between governmental units.
Costs of Solid Waste Management in Rural Texas Communities
Authors: Hall J. Patrick , Jones Lonnie L.
Published: July 2016

Nationally, expenditures for solid waste collection and disposal are exceeded only by spending on schools and roads [3, p. 1]. In Texas, recent legislation which establishes minimum acceptable standards for disposal of municipal solid wastes materially affects the future costs of operating solid Waste management systems for smaller rural communities.

The 1969 amendment to the Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act establishes the minimum legal standards for disposal operations in rural communities. The State Department of Health was given the responsibility for enforcement of regulations involving the collection, handling, storage and disposal of municipal solid wastes. After January 1, 1973, data presented in support of the disposal operations in Texas communities larger than fifteen hundred people must be prepared by a registered professional engineer and submitted to the State Department of Health for approval. Under the auspices of this act all towns with a population of between three thousand and five thousand are required to operate a sanitary landfill with compaction and cover at least twice per week.
Economic Effects of an Exhaustible Irrigation Water Supply: Texas High Plains
Authors: Osborn James E.
Published: July 2016

Specialization by a region is determined primarily by resources available and the available markets for the products. In addition, specialization in the production of a product or in an industry is an initial stage of regional development but may not be sufficient. As firms locate in a region to produce with the available resources, a derived demand will develop for substitute and complementary resources.

Input supply firms will locate in the region to satisfy the derived demand for resources. In addition, other firms will locate in the region to process some of the output of the emerging industry. As associated industries locate in the area, an interdependency will develop between the industry's supply requirements and/or markets for their products. Consequently, regional development has a tendency to include firms that are interdependent.
An Analysis of Pond Raised Catfish Production in Texas
Authors: Lacewell Ronald D. , Nichols John P. , Jambers T. Harold
Published: July 2016

Many farm operators strive to increase and stabilize the net returns of their farming operation. The opportunity to affect annual net returns may lie in the reorganization of products and inputs, firm growth and introduction of non-traditional enterprises. There has been considerable research on reorganization and firm growth. However, since new enterprises adaptable to a farm firm organization are often based on technological innovations, economic research usually lags behind for these new enterprises. This implies some farm operators may become involved in a non-traditional farm enterprise before the economic status of the enterprise is established.
More Realistic Single Equation Models Through Specification of Random Coefficients
Authors: Langham Max R. , Mara Michael
Published: July 2016

Regression analysis with its many modifications and extensions plays a dominant role as an analytical tool in economic research. The linear regression model with random coefficients (hereafter RCR for random coefficient regression) provides a generalization of the classical linear regression model and permits a more realistic specification of the real world than does the classical model. As a consequence RCR will probably play an increasingly important role in econometric analysis of a wide class of problems-particularly as probabilistic micro-economic theory develops.
Effects of Location Basis Variability on Hedging of Slaughter Hogs in The South
Authors: Bobst Barry W.
Published: July 2016

The location basis variability aspect of hedging commodities in futures should be of especial concern to Southern hog producers who might contemplate hedging in the live hog futures market. Location basis variability affects hedgers who, like Southern hog producers, are distant from designated futures contract delivery points and cannot, as a practical matter, make (or take) physical delivery to discharge their obligation under a futures contract. To liquidate hedges, Southern producers would have no real alternative but to market hogs locally and purchase offsetting futures contracts. Any change in the spatial relationship of hog prices between the time a hedge was placed and when it was lifted causes a disparity between the intended and actual outcome of the hedge, hence, the term location basis variability. Hedgers with access to a delivery-point market are more or less insulated from its effect, because of the delivery option. Since hedging is presumably conducted to reduce the effects of price variability on the enterprise, location basis variability stands as a potential barrier to the usefulness of hedging to Southern hog producers.
Sources of Job Information for Migrants
Authors: Bordeaux A. Frank , Morgan Larry C.
Published: July 2016

Perhaps the degree of accuracy with which migration has been recorded and studied in the U.S. is unique to the relative youth of the nation in historical terms. However, many of the phenomena associated with migration that have economic significance are still very poorly understood. One of these is the functioning of the rural-urban labor market in the migration process. This particular aspect of the migration process is examined in this paper.

Specific information on the job research process of 396 migrants from Eastern Kentucky is reported and compared with previous research findings - with subsequent generalizations regarding the policy implications of observed patterns of job search activity.
Derived Demand for Irrigation Water: The California Aqueduct
Authors: Shumway C. Richard
Published: July 2016

Estimation of the demand function for area resources is a major concern of many regional economic analyses. Resource demand is dependent upon several variables, including the nature of demand for the products, supply of other inputs, degree of substitutability of inputs, the time period available for adjustment, and market structure. A major problem is how to explicitly consider these important variables in a reasonable manner with limited research means. This paper reports the application of one approach, a regional linear programming allocation model for California, to the derivation of demand for irrigation water as a productive input to agriculture in one developing subregion – the West Side of the San Joaquin Valley.
A New Look at Beef Cattle Price Reporting Classifications
Authors: Huffman Donald C. , Schupp Alvin R.
Published: July 2016

Beef production has become a series of highly specialized enterprises, consistent with technological and temporal developments throughout agriculture. Technological developments in forage and grain production, feed processing, feedlots, and transportation systems have helped physically transform the beef production industry and altered the flow patterns of beef cattle and carcass beef throughout the United States. A weanling calf produced in Virginia may be hauled to southern Georgia or Louisiana to be wintered on pasture, shipped to a Colorado feedlot for finishing, slaughtered in Colorado and the carcass shipped to Pennsylvania to a retail chain which services stores in Virginia.
What can the Public School do to Reduce Dropout Numbers?
Authors: Debertin David L. , Huie John M.
Published: July 2016

Rural youth who fail to complete high school often experience a great deal of difficulty when competing for available jobs. All rural youth cannot hope to find employment at satisfactory wage levels in the local community. Many must leave. It has long been known that economic mobility is highly related to the educational level of an individual. Dropping out of school at an early age poses a substantial deterrent to educational attainment and subsequent mobility.

It has been proposed that the number of dropouts can be reduced by pumping more money into the public schools. Educators have contended that inexperienced, poorly trained, and low-paid teachers often found in rural areas can lead to large numbers of dropouts. The analysis that follows was therefore designed to isolate determinants of dropout numbers from public schools. The model construes the formal educative process in a production function context as have other studies. Minimization of the number of dropouts is assumed to be one of the goals of the local school administrator. Hence, the dropout rate is one possible measure of an output. Inputs to the production process consist of characteristics of the school and community believed to have an influence on a student's decision whether or not to stay in school.
Agricultural Economics 1950–2000
Authors: Schertz Lyle P.
Published: July 2016

In the past 25 years, agricultural economists have made significant progress, but have experienced substantial turmoil and great anxiety. These years have been a period of great introspection during which we have asked: “What are the fundamental purposes of our profession?” During this quarter century, rural America's practical problems important to our profession have changed rapidly. This rate will likely quicken in the future. Increasingly, we and our institutions will be challenged to “keep up” and to adjust. How well we respond and serve society will depend greatly on (1) our ability to preceive and to anticipate important issues, and (2) the flexibility of ourselves, our discipline, institutions and funds to accommodate to continual and increasing change.