bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute respiratory viral infections: possibilities of symptomatic therapy of patients
Authors: Nikiforova G. N. , Svistushkin V. M. , Zolotova A. V. , Morozova M. A.
Published: April 2021

Acute respiratory viral infections are widespread in the human population. High contagiosity, a wide variety of pathogens, the possibility of rapid changes in the genotype of the virus and, accordingly,cause the development of drug resistance, make it possible to develop epidemics, and sometimes pandemics of SARS.The clinical picture of all acute respiratory diseases consists of local and general manifestations. Local symptoms include difficulty in nasal breathing, rhinorrhea, pain and discomfort in the throat, cough, hoarseness, stuffy ears, and lacrimation. General manifestations of SARS indicate the onset of viremia, and include an increase in body temperature, general weakness, fatigue, malaise, and headache. The mechanism of SARS development determines the  treatment tactics, including etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy.Domestic and international clinical recommendations indicate the  possible use of  symptomatic agents for  SARS and influenza.Symptomatic treatment is one of the areas of therapy for patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections and allows you to alleviate the general condition, accelerate recovery and improve the quality of life of patients. The use of combined drugs is safer for patients thenthanmonocomponent drugs, and is safe for patients, in case the instructions for use are strictly observed. Such complex medicines, which provides control of the symptoms of colds and flu within 24 hours, as domestic drug are used for patients with SARS. Due to its components, drughas antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-allergic, angioprotective and vasoconstrictive effects. The synergism of the components of the combined drug allows to increase the effectiveness of therapy of patients with acute respiratory viral infections.
The role of vaccine prophylaxis in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in menopausal women
Authors: Ermakova E. I.
Published: April 2021

Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) are one of the most common manifestations of the genitourinary menopausal syndrome and occur in more than 20% of peri- and post-menopausal women. The most common risk factor for RUTI in peri- and post-menopausal women is sex steroid deficiency. The urinary and genital tracts share a common embryonic origin due to the presence of α- and β-estrogen receptors, progesterone and androgen receptors in all structures of the urogenital tract: lower third of the ureters, urinary bladder, vascular plexus, urothelium, pelvic floor muscles, pelvic ligamentous apparatus. Patients with RUTI are treated in two stages: treatment of exacerbations and prevention of relapses. During exacerbations, short courses of antibiotic therapy are administered according to the sensitivity of the bacterial agent. If microbiological testing of urine samples is not possible, antibiotics are selected empirically, taking into account the most common pathogens of a UTI. Vaccine prophylaxis is the leading method of preventing a UTI recurrence. The efficacy and safety of E. coli bacterial extracts have been proven in numerous RCTs. The Uro-Vaxom vaccine reliably reduces the incidence of cystitis recurrence, reduces the need for antibacterial drugs, and therefore improves the quality of life of menopausal women with RUTIs. Vaccine prophylaxis in menopause can be administered as monotherapy or in combination with topical estrogen therapy, which also plays a positive role in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
Modern approaches to the correction of the gut microbiota
Authors: Sturov N. V. , Popov S. V. , Zhukov V. A.
Published: April 2021

The article presents modern data on the formation, structure, functions and possibilities of correction of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a collection of living organisms that inhabit the human intestine and form a complex microecological system that performs many functions. It is known that the composition and state of the gut microbiota is influenced by both environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, and the human body, including genetic predisposition. A violation in this system (dysbiosis) can provoke the development of a number of diseases and pathological conditions, in which the correction of the gut microbiota may be a promising therapeutic strategy. The most common methods of correcting dysbiosis are dieting, the use of pro-and prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. The diet affects the qualitative and quantitative composition and functions of the gut microbiota, the activity of its individual representatives. Probiotics are used to modulate, preserve the gut microbiota in dysbiosis, as well as to prevent its development. Fecal microbiota transplantation is performed by transferring the microbiota from a healthy donor. This method is one of the most effective ways to treat Clostridium difficile infection. This review article also presents the results of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic encephalopathy. It is shown that after transplantation, there is a rapid change in the composition of the gut microbiota, which becomes similar to the microbiota of a healthy donor. Each of these methods of correction demonstrates a different degree of influence on the gut microbiota, and their therapeutic effectiveness depends on the direct characteristics of the methods used, as well as the specific disease and requires further study.
Local anti-inflammatory therapy for osteoarthritis with high comorbidity
Authors: Krasivina I. G. , Dolgova L. N. , Dolgov N. V.
Published: April 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread disease, the leading symptom of which is pain in the load-bearing joints, and the incidence increases with age. Many patients with OA have several comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Currently, there are different approaches to the treatment of OA with and without comorbidity. In particular, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not recommended for OA with high comorbidity. The literature review discusses the prospects and popularity of the use of local forms of NSAIDs associated with their equal analgesic efficacy relative to oral drugs, but with a smaller number of adverse events. Data on transcutaneous forms of diclofenac are analyzed, which can provide at least oral equivalent analgesia, improved physical function and reduced stiffness in  osteoarthritis of  the  hands and knee joints, while showing fewer systemic adverse events. This feature of  topical NSAIDs allows them to be considered as an effective first-line treatment option, especially in elderly patients and those with severe comorbidity. Topical medications containing diclofenac as the main active ingredient are popular among both patients and doctors, and their use has an extensive evidence base. Diclofenac ethylenediamine salt has advantages over sodium salt in its penetrating properties, and the form of an emulsion gel containing a hydrophobic phase that slows down the drying of the substance applied to the skin provides ease of use and improves the consumer properties of agents for local antiinflammatory therapy of osteoarthritis.
Stage stratification of pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia
Authors: Tezikov Yu. V. , Lipatov I. S. , Azamatov A. R. , Zumorina E. M. , Amosov M. S.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Pre-eclampsia (PE) continues to be the leading problem in obstetrics. The existing methods for predicting PE show insufficient efficiency, and therefore the search for new predictors of PE remains relevant.

The goal of the study. To develop a method for staged stratification of pregnant women to the risk of PE according on the basis of the revealed dismetabolic features of the pathogenesis of this complication of gestation.

Material and methods. A dynamic clinical and laboratory examination of 180 pregnant women with independent factors of high risk of PE was carried out. PE was revealed in 89 women who made up group I. Group II (control) consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women with the physiological gestation.

Results and discussion. A statistically significant increase in diabetogenic and atherogenic changes characteristic of physiological pregnancy, changes in hormonal, endothelial-hemostasiological, pro-inflammatory and placental parameters aimed at the energy and plastic supply of the fetus was revealed in women with PE. The results of laboratory examination, statistical data processing showed that the most significant pathogenetic mechanisms of development of PE are pathological insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia (HI), which act as the basic link and initiate atherogenic transformation of the lipid profile, pro-inflammatory and immunometabolic disorders, prothrombotic status, hyperleptinemia, hyperuricemia, antiangiogenic state and endothelial dysfunction, which indicates a  pronounced pathogenetic and clinical similarity of  PE and metabolic syndrome. The  revealed features of the pathogenesis of PE were reflected in the method of staged risk stratification of pregnant women: the models for assessing the individual risk of PE implementation included the levels of insulin, PlGF, PAMG-1, and TNF-α at 11–14 weeks of gestation; levels of insulin, uric acid, TNF-α, and mean platelet volume at 18-21 weeks of gestation (I trimester – AUC = 0.886, Se = 86.7%, Sp = 84.3%; II trimester - AUC = 0.874, Se = 83.3%, Sp = 87.2%, р < 0.001).

Conclusion. Practical application of the developed pathogenetically substantiated method of staged stratification of pregnant women by the risk of PE implementation will justify the appointment and enhancement of preventive measures, reduce the incidence of severe and complicated forms of PE, and improve gestational and perinatal outcomes.
The value of toll-like receptors in predicting the activation of latent herpesvirus infection during pregnancy
Authors: Savchenko T. N. , Ozolinya L. A. , Agayeva M. I. , Shmorgunova M. Yu. , Golovko E. D.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Recurrent pregnancy loss is a pathological condition characterized by inevitable miscarriage before 22 weeks of pregnancy or at birth of a fetus below 500 g of weight. The causes of miscarriage are quite diverse, and viral infections, including herpesvirus infection (HVI), is one of the important etiological factors for the development of this pathology. Activation of herpesvirus infection (HVI) has an extremely adverse effect on the course of pregnancy. The issue of the mechanism of reactivation of herpes viruses (HS) and the role of toll-like receptors (TLR) in predicting the activation of latent HVI during pregnancy has been insufficiently studied until the present. The study is aimed at evaluating the possibilities of predicting the activation of latent herpesvirus infection during pregnancy.

Materials and methods. A total of 110 pregnant women with different courses of HVI were examined. The examination included the study of the TLR expression level and measurement of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Results and discussion. Given the high specificity of TLR8 and the interferon system (IFN) against viral antigens, it can be assumed that the activation of TLR and the development of early cytokine reactions prior to the detection of specific antibodies in patients with latent HVI are predictors of advanced herpes infection. The levels of TLR8 expression and concentration of IFN-γ and IL-10 at the local level in patients with latent BBVI can be regarded as predictors of the transition of HBV from the latent phase of the life cycle to the lytic phase.

Conclusion. If HVI develops actively during pregnancy, the antiviral immune response cascade that underlie the natural immune response starts at the local level, regardless of the localization of the antigen, and only a breakdown of the compensatory and adaptive mechanisms leads to the implementation of a systemic antiviral immune response. This suggests the important role of HVI, especially of its active forms, in the suppression of immunity during pregnancy.
Immunology and immunotherapy in the complex treatment of malignant tumors
Authors: Semiglazov V. F. , Tseluiko A. I. , Baldueva I. A. , Nekhaeva T. L. , Artemyeva A. S. , Kudaybergenova A. G. , Protsenko S. A. , Novik A. V. , Semiglazov V. V. , Donskikh R. V. , Semiglazova T. Yu. , Pesotskiy R. S. , Apollonova V. S. , Krivorotko P. V. , Belyaev A. M.
Published: April 2021

Immuno-oncology is a rapidly developing field in medicine. Drug combination therapies have already been studied in many clinical trials of different types of tumours. In recent years, a checkpoint inhibition therapy with monoclonal antibodies that target cytological T-lymphocytes has been developed. Thus, inhibition of two regulator genes CTLA 4 and PD1 or PD-L1 ligand to it is able to restore mediated T-cell tumour regression in its many localizations. The article considers a number of key fields of immunology and immunotherapy through a specific example of breast cancer (BC): the role of T-lymphocytes, vaccines, biomarkers of immunotherapy. The treatment used by the authors was based on an innovative technology of autologous dendritic cell-based vaccine based on highly immunogenic cancer/testis antigens (CTA) for immunotherapy of malignant tumours. The technology of specific CTA+-activated autologous dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy was chosen as an innovative solution for the treatment of breast cancer patients. The treatment results showed that a clinically significant anti-tumour effect was achieved in 73.7% of patients. Median disease-free survival was 8.3 months (95% Cl 6.5-9.9 months), no grade 3-4 complications were recorded, grade 1-2 complications were observed in 57% of patients. The immunological effect in laboratory tests was recorded in 92% of patients. Thus, autologous DCs loaded with cancer/testis antigens can be considered as palliative dendritic vaccine therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have exhausted standard treatment options. Also, the authors presented the results of immunological studies of the prognostic and predictive significance of the immunological response from the perspective of pathomorphology and general immunology, including tumour-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs, CD3, CD4, CD8), their quantitative ratio and correlation with regulatory genes (PD-1, PD- L1, FOX-P3). The results of overall analysis comprising data of 2,148 patients from 9 centers confirmed the strong prognostic role of stromal tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) in early triple-negative breast cancer.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and arterial hypertension: drug interaction-adjusted management of patients
Authors: Muratov K. M. , Shikh E. V. , Lapidus N. I. , Sizova Zh. I.
Published: April 2021

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs in clinical practice and account for 5–10% of all drugs prescribed each year. However, the use of this group of drugs is associated with the risk of a wide range of side effects, most of which are cardiovascular complications. In addition, NSAIDs interact with other drugs, for example, their effect on antihypertensive therapy has recently been recognized as particularly important. Improvement of not only efficacy, but also safety is another important principle of rational pharmacotherapy. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) can very often result from underlying genetic factors of the human body. In this regard, a personalized approach suggesting the prescription of drugs according to the individual characteristics of patients is especially important. In such cases, pharmacogenetic testing is the most promising method that identifies the genetic factors of patients and allows to predict patients’ responses to specific drugs. This applies especially to a large range of drugs metabolised via the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. Results from numerous studies show that the effect of P450 family gene polymorphism determines the individual sensitivity to antihypertensive drugs, as it is these isozymes that are involved in the metabolism of drugs used to treat arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, the cytochrome (CYP) 450 isoenzyme is one of the basic enzymes involved in the biotransformation of losartan, an angiotensin receptor antagonist. Therefore, the CYP2C9 gene polymorphism largely determines the pharmacological response to NSAIDs and affects the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy due to the change in the drug metabolism, as well as the structure and function of the receptors, on which they have an effect.
Comparative characteristics of the options for conservative therapy of chronic tonsillitis of toxic-allergic form I
Authors: Kriukov A. I. , Pal’chun V. T. , Gurov A. V. , Dubovaya T. K. , Ermolaev A. G. , Murzakhanova Z. V.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The high incidence of chronic tonsillitis (CT), as well as the high risk of complications, make research in this area very relevant. The ambiguity of approaches to conservative therapy determines the need to search for new, reasonably effective, chemotherapy regimens.

Objective. To carry out a comparative characteristic of various options for conservative therapy of chronic tonsillitis of toxicallergic form (TAF) I degree (CT TAF I).

Materials and methods. The study included patients with CT TAF I according to the classification of B.S. Preobrazhensky and V.T. Palchun. The patients were divided into three clinical groups, depending on the therapy. Patients of the first group underwent a course of washing the lacunae of the tonsils with 1% dioxidine solution. Patients of the second group were prescribed antibiotic therapy with a retard form of clarithromycin. Patients of the third group underwent complex treatment – washing the lacunae of the palatine tonsils and simultaneously taking antibiotic therapy. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by comparing the dynamics of changes in complaints, pharyngoscopic symptoms of CT, regional lymph nodes, and laboratory parameters.

Results. Complex conservative therapy of CT TAF I provides early relief of patients’ complaints (in 93.2% of patients on the 7th day from the start of treatment), the maximum decrease in the severity of local CT symptoms (up to 1 point on the VAS at the end of treatment, with the exception of the Zak sign — 1.4 points) and the greatest positive dynamics of laboratory parameters.

Conclusions. The analysis showed that for patients with CT TAF I, complex therapy, including a course of washing the lacunae of the palatine tonsils with 1% dioxidine solution and simultaneous administration of antibacterial therapy with a retard form of clarithromycin, is the most optimal therapeutic tactic that allows to achieve an earlier and stable reduction in the severity of symptoms HT, patient complaints, as well as the normalization of laboratory parameters.
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches targeting stable angina: simple solutions to complex problems
Authors: Sizova Zh. M.
Published: April 2021

Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are the leading cause of disability; various registry data show that the annual mortality rate of such patients is 2–3%. This explains the interest of practitioners in the pharmacotherapy of stable forms of coronary artery disease using current progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and treatment compliance. Features of the pathogenesis of CHD in the form of increased myocardial oxygen demand, increased pre- and afterload on the performance of the heart necessitate the prescription of rhythm-reducing drugs such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ivabradine or their combinations, as well as nitric-containing drugs; trimetazidine, ranolazine for the purpose of myocardial cytoprotection. However, the use of hemodynamic drugs (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) does not always effectively relieve the symptoms of angina pectoris, even when used in combination with other drugs. This dictates the need to improve the drug effect on the ischemic myocardium with due account for the hypoxia-induced metabolic dysfunction of cardiac myocytes. In this regard, the use of trimetazidine at the initial stages of ischemia  – at the level of  metabolic dysfunction does not allow for the development of delayed complications: contractile disfunction of cardiac myocytes and myocardium in general. A wealth of clinical experience has been gained in the use of trimetazidine to treat stable angina pectoris in elderly patients, left ventricular dysfunction and symptoms of chronic heart failure. Drugs with a patient-friendly dosage regimen have been created to improve treatment compliance in patients with coronary artery disease. One of these drugs is once-daily modified release matrix tablets of myocardial cytoprotector Deprenorm OD, 70 mg. The creation of drugs with a patient-friendly dosage regimen will help boost patient compliance to medication and, as a result, reduce the frequency of angina attacks and improve the quality of life in this category of patients.
Cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors
Authors: Pizova N. V. , Pizov N. A. , Pizov A. V.
Published: April 2021

A new 2019 coronavirus disease has been spreading worldwide for more than a year, with a high risk of infection and death. Various sequelae and complications can develop in COVID-19 survivors, lasting from several weeks to several months after initial recovery, affecting different organs and systems. Various sequelae and complications can occur in COVID-19 survivors not only in adults and the elderly, but also in young people. A wide range of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are now described in the available literature. The incidence of selected neurological symptoms, syndromes and nosological forms in individuals both in the acute period of COVID-19 disease and in the short- and long-term follow-up of these patients is presented. In this article, cognitive impairments occurring in individuals who have had coronavirus disease are discussed in depth. Data on the prevalence of cognitive impairment in different regions and at different periods of the disease are presented. The main possible pathophysiological processes and risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment in COVID-19 are described. Possible ways of drug and non-drug rehabilitation of patients with cognitive impairment in coronavirus infection that is a new problem of modern medicine are considered. Attention is also paid to neuroprotection as one of the therapy areas.
Cryptogenic stroke. Part 1: Aorto-arterial embolism
Authors: Kulesh A. A. , Demin D. A. , Vinogradov O. I.
Published: April 2021

The article discusses the concept of embolic stroke from an unspecified source and the role of aorto-arterial embolism in its development. Potential causes of embolic cryptogenic stroke such as aortic atheromatosis, non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the cervical arteries, carotid web and intracranial atherosclerosis are discussed in detail. The discussion of each cause covers epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current approaches to diagnosis and secondary prevention. The diagnostic search is presented in the form of an algorithm. To identify aorto-arterial sources of embolism and to determine their clinical significance, a comprehensive examination including CT angiography with targeted assessment of the aortic arch, transesophageal echocardiography, MRI of the arterial wall and transcranial Doppler is required. When mechanical thrombectomy is performed, histological examination of the thromboembolus is advisable. Given that atherosclerosis is usually systemic, the search for a possible cause of aorto-arterial embolism should be a diagnostic priority in patients with cryptogenic stroke and other arterial (coronary, lower extremity) lesions. With regard to secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke in the presence of potential sources of aorto-arterial embolism, the principle ‘the more embologenic the source, the more aggressive the prevention’ applies. The arsenal of secondary prevention includes strategies such as strict control of vascular risk factors, achieving target blood pressure, short- and medium-term dual antiplatelet therapy, and intensive hypolipidemic therapy. Surgical prophylaxis is warranted for stroke against a carotid background, the efficacy of which in non-stenotic atherosclerosis requires early evaluation in randomised trials. Each potential cause of cryptogenic stroke considered is illustrated by a clinical example.
The pandemic, Russia and the West
Authors:   University of Kent, Sakwa Richard
Published: April 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic represented a major event in world history, although its political character remains disputed. It is too early to tell what long-term impact the coronavirus will have on international affairs, but its immediate results are clear. The article examines the context of the pandemic and some of the salient effects, noting that it has acted as an accelerant rather than a game changer. The paper then contextualises these changes into the larger pattern of Russian foreign policy, noting the way that the pandemic only deepened and in parts accelerated existing tendencies and trends. International politics remain trapped between post-war patterns in the Atlantic power system and the emergence of new challenges, above all the nascent bipolarity between the United States and China. Russia seeks to manoeuvre in this new constellation, including by advancing its civilisational autonomy. Instead of introducing greater flux into international affairs, the pandemic only confirmed and intensified the existing impasse, and the long-anticipated multipolarity remains more of an aspiration than a reality. The stasis in international affairs remains in place.
Cross-border cooperation of Russia and China: Сhaotic prosperity and ordered degradation
Authors:   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far-Eastern branch of RAS, Pestsov Sergey
Published: April 2021

Throughout most of the history of the Russian state, the task of “exploration and and development” of the remote eastern territories, which remain on the country’s underdeveloped border periphery, continues to be relevant. One of the possible and quite effective tools for solving this problem in modern conditions is cross-border cooperation. Having conceptually taken shape within the framework of the developing European integration process, the idea and practice of cross-border cooperation was adopted by many states with common borders, even those not connected with each other by integration obligations. At the same time, it is recognized that neither the presence of a common border nor the willingness of the national governments of neighbour states to cooperate are a guarantee of the success of cross-border cooperation and, moreover, progress in the development of border areas. This article examines the evolution of cross-border cooperation in the Russian Far East, which is almost exclusively represented by Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation. The recent history of cross-border cooperation on the Russian-Chinese border is in this sense a remarkably interesting case, the study of which makes it possible to better understand both the general laws of this kind of interaction and their specific features in the context of contemporary relations between Russia and China. The dominant trend of this cooperation can be characterized as a movement from chaotic prosperity to ordered degradation. Its determining factor was and remains the persistent desire of the Russian leadership to maintain tight control over remote territories, including through the centralization and concentration of all types of their interactions with neighbouring countries at the interstate level.
Crimes against information security of minors committed through information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet)
Authors:   The Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Bukalerova Liudmila A. , Ostroushko Alexandr V. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Criez Olga ,   University of the Cote d’Azur Nice-Sophia Antipolis
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes crimes against information security of minors, committed through information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet), infringing upon such rights and interests of children as the right to life, health, sexual integrity, normal sexual, physical development and moral education, honor, and dignity. The increasing number of infringements on the information security of minors leads to the fact that the legislator formulates additional articles in the Criminal Code, or makes changes to the wording of existing ones. The authors note that there is a negative tendency in such activity, when the legislator focuses his activity only on the prompt counteraction to the emerging risks. This approach is not sufficient in order to effectively combat cybercrime, it requires complex cross-sectoral solutions. The information security of a person will not be fully ensured only by supplementing the already existing articles of the criminal law with the qualifying feature “committed through information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet). The types of information crimes, including against the interests of minors, have a steady tendency to increase. Given the importance of the problems posed in the article, it is necessary to talk about the need for a thorough scientific, technical, organizational study of the problems of cybercrimes against minors. The time has come to unify criminal and information legislation. The article concludes that there is a need to introduce into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation the article “Dissemination of information that is harmful to the health and (or) development of children”.
Grounds for the cancellation or amendment of court decisions in criminal cases on appeal
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Panokin Aleksandr M.
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the legal regulation and practice of applying the grounds of appeal. The positive and negative sides of the statutory recognition of the grounds of appeal are revealed. The author comes to the conclusion that when establishing such grounds in the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, the rules of formal logic and systematization of legislation were violated. The grounds of appeal do not form a unified system, they do not cover all possible violations that entail the delivery of unjust court decisions. As a result of the study, it can be affirmed that the absence of appeal grounds will protect the rights of the individual in criminal proceedings to the maximum extent by maximizing the extension of the subject of the appeal and verification of court decisions, and it will provide ample opportunity for the court of appeal to identify and eliminate any violations committed. In addition to this, it is necessary to increase the requirements for the reasoning of appeals, representations of professional participants in criminal procedures and the quality of the justification and motivation of decisions by courts of appeal. The absence of the grounds of appeal makes it necessary to provide a detailed answer to the arguments of the subjects of the appeal set out in the complaints, as a result of which the decision of the court of appeal becomes not only legal, reasonable, motivated and fair, but also convincing. Equally, the absence of such grounds guarantees the independence of judges and their high professionalism, as well as the demand for creative potential when reviewing court decisions. In turn, the consolidation in the criminal procedure law of various grounds for reviewing court decisions that have entered into legal force will make it possible to limit separate control and verification stages of the criminal process from each other.
The “concentration of public elements” theory and the arbitrability of disputes in Russia
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Skvortsov Oleg Yu.
Published: April 2021

This article is devoted to the analysis of the theory of concentration of public elements. The author explains the causes of this theory and its influence on the arbitrability of disputes in Russia. The causes of this jurisdictional theory are illustrated in the development of substantive law. The work emphasizes that the two sectors of civil turnover regulation, which have developed in Russia, largely affect the formation of dispute resolution mechanisms. This also applies to the issue of determining the range of disputes that the arbitral tribunal is entitled to accept for its consideration. The author stresses that there are no norms in the legislation on which the theory of concentration of public elements is based. It is generated exclusively by judicial decisions, which are not always consistent. This is evidenced by the fact that, despite the precedent nature of one of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the arbitrability of procurement disputes for the needs of certain types of legal entities, lower cassation courts refuse to recognize the arbitrability of this category of disputes. At the same time, they refer to the violation of public order when considering procurement disputes by arbitration courts. This is seen as some manipulation in which a conservative approach to the activities of arbitration courts is provided by the arbitrary involvement of various doctrines that have no basis in the law. The author predicts the negative consequences of the development of this doctrine, which will take place in the form of limiting the arbitrability of disputes considered by commercial arbitrations and in relation to other categories of cases in which a public element will be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.
The content and process of adopting amendments to the Constitution of China in 2018
Authors:   Beijing Institute of Technology, Song Lei
Published: April 2021

The article discusses current theoretical issues concerning the process of adopting amendments to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and their content. The Constitution of the PRC is the fundamental law of China. It plays a crucial role in the socialist legal system with Chinese specifics in the new era. From September 29, 2017 to March 11, 2018, the fifth draft amendments to the Constitution of the PRC in 1982 were formed and adopted within 6 months. This is a great event in China, and it also carries a landmark and historical significance for the development of Chinese legislation. The draft amendments were supposed to make 21 changes to the current Constitution of the PRC. The content of the changes is provided as: affirming the scientific approach to the development of the state and society, Xi Jinping’s ideas about socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era have become the main reference point in the socio-political life of the country; regulation of the full implementation of the general plan for the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics; improving actions to govern the country in accordance with the law and to implement legislation; full improvement of the essence of the development of the revolution and the construction of the country; full enhancement of the content of the United Patriotic Front and interethnic relations; filling the direction of peaceful diplomatic policy with content; providing support and strengthening the leadership of the Communist Part of China; emphasizing the role of basic socialist values; changes to the previously established terms of office of the President of the state; expansion of the regulation of local legislation of cities of central subordination; expansion of the regulations for the relevant inspection commissions.
“Life space” in the context of psychology of everyday life: To the 130th anniversary of Kurt Lewin
Authors:   Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education, Guseltseva Marina
Published: April 2021

The psychology of everyday life is one of the actively developing areas of modern Russian psychology. The leading theoretical and methodological sources of its development are history, anthropology and sociology of everyday life at the general scientific level of knowledge. Sources at the specific scientific level are the psychopathology of everyday life by Sigmund Freud, the field theory of Kurt Lewin, and the psychological concept of Hans Thomae. The demand for the ideas of Lewin is determined today by transformations of modernity, bringing to the fore the issues of socio-cultural dynamics and polymotivation of an individual, the clash of values and the subject’s conscious choice of a life path, formation of identity in changing life situations, and diversity of lifestyles in a complicated society. Everyday life is multi-layered, variegated, and heterogeneous. It presents the dynamics of the visible and invisible, real and surreal, modern and archaic. To detect gradual and imperceptible changes, it is often necessary to change the methodological toolkit. Lewin’s construct of “life space” in the context of the psychology of everyday life allows one to configure various aspects of human development in a situation of sociocultural transformations where social space can be both supportive and suppressive, and the spheres of private and public, personal and professional, mix. This results in a loss of normative boundaries. Cultural-psychological time in a common geographic space flows differently for people and communities, which not only creates risks of potential conflicts by drawing fault lines in the social fabric, but also poses the problem of a description language capable of combining nomothetic (revealing trends and patterns) and idiographic (directed analysis of unique cases) discourses. Lewin solved similar methodological and socio-political problems. It seems that his approach is very productive for the diagnosis and treatment of cultural and psychological trauma in Russian society. In the article, it is emphasized that the strategy of Lewin’s “action research” is close to the social constructivism of the Russian intellectual tradition, which makes it possible to comprehend the work of a psychologist as a solution to the problems of humanizing society and the education system.
Memory for the source of solutions in remote associate tasks: The role of generation effect and the Aha!-experience
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Gershkovich Valeria , Moroshkina Nadezhda ,   St. Petersburg State University, Fedosova Victoria ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: April 2021

The aim of the current work is to study the role of the Aha!-experience in remembering the source of solutions, either self-generated or externally presented. In memory studies there are specific source-monitoring errors, which occur whenever a participant claims to have generated an idea that was derived from different sources (unconscious plagiarism). Several previous studies have shown that experiencing the feeling of Aha! during either problem-solving or the presentation of the correct solutions can have a beneficial relationship to the subsequent recall of the material with the processing of which it was associated. However, studies of the Aha!-experience on the source monitoring task (self-generated solutions vs presented solutions) have not been conducted. In the authors’ study, the hypothesis that the feeling of Aha!, associated with the task being solved, can affect source-monitoring accuracy. During the first stage of the experiment, participants (80 people) had to solve Compound Remote Associates Task items and to estimate whether they had a feeling of Aha!, when either generating the solution or being presented with it in case they failed to generate it. At the second stage, conducted a week later, participants had to recall if the solution was generated by themselves or just presented. The results confirm the generation effect, which manifests itself in successfully recalling problems for which a solution was found (sufficient generation) compared to problems with no-solutions found (fail-to-generate). Participants quite accurately recognized the source of the solution a week later, attributing generated solutions to themselves, while attributing fail-to-generate solutions to the presented ones. However, the authors did not find any additional impact of the Aha!-experience on the problem’s recognition, nor on the sourcemonitoring task performance. In the conclusion of the article, the contradictions of different experimental data concerning the influence of the Aha!-experience on long-term memory and further areas of research is discussed.
Features of mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns in connection with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Mamaychuk Irina , Milanich Julia ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: April 2021

Mothers of newborns with central nervous system pathology tend to experience more severe psychological distress and difficulty in forming a favourable relationship to their child than mothers of healthy infants. To provide psychological assistance, there is a need to better understand the features of the experience that parents find stressful and which ones are positive, in order to cope with stress. The objective of the research was to study mothers’ emotional experience during the hospitalization of newborns with hypoxic affection of the central nervous system (CNS). The research included 40 women admitted together with their children to the newborn pathology department: 22 mothers of full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), 18 mothers of preterm infants (29–34 weeks) with hypoxic-ischemic injury (grade II and III), intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II and III), and combined ischemic and hemorrhagic damage. Women responded to the questions of the original clinical-psychological interview and the data was processed qualitatively and quantitatively. The article describes the factors and content of negative and positive emotions of mothers in the period of hospitalization. The data on the contradictory nature of mothers’ reports of their feelings is presented: answers to direct questions are chiefly of a positive or ambivalent emotional background, while answers to projective questions primarily reflect a negative emotional background. It is shown that with a combination of prematurity and hypoxic affection of the child’s CNS, women have a more negative emotional background than that of the respondents who had delivered a full-term child. Conclusions are made about the effect of attitude on a “socially desirable” response during the description of the emotional experience, about less favorable emotional experience of mothers who delivered children prematurely with the pathology of the CNS.
Ordinary media communication as a socio-speech sphere: The problem statement and the boundaries of manifestation
Authors:   Kemerovo State University, Golev Nikolai D. , Shpil’naia Nadezhda N. ,   Altai State Pedagogical University
Published: April 2021

The object of consideration in the article is the communicative space of the linguistic community, which can be represented as a set of socio-speech spheres. The subject of the research of the article is the ordinary media communication as a socio-speech sphere with its inherent discursive practices and genre forms of their implementation. The article defines the boundaries of the manifestation of everyday media communication. The sphere of ordinary media communication is differentiated on the basis of two oppositions, taking into account a type of linguistic personality and a type of communicative context: a professional/nonprofessional linguistic personality, a natural/artificial communicative context. On this basis, the following manifestations of ordinary media communication are distinguished as follows: nonprofessional everyday media discourse, pseudo-media discourse, everyday professional media discourse. On the basis of the typology of speech events as narrative, declarative and representative, discursive practices are distinguished into event-ideas, referential and textual events. Narrative discursive practices actualize textual events. They recreate a textual event as a communicative event that is delayed in time. These discursive practices are implemented in the genres of everyday conversation and private history. The declarative discursive practices are related to the actualization of the referential events. This is a manifestation of the reflective activities of native speakers, the result of which is their judgments on the media activities: issues of media activity, about their work, etc. These discursive practices are implemented in the genres of media myths and superstitious media features. The representative discursive practices actualize event-ideas, presenting an interpretation of various media events. The article considers such genres of their implementation as media anecdotes, media commentary and the media “note” genre as the implementation of pseudo-media discourse.
The post-truth phenomenon in coverage of the gender-based violence issue in Spain’s pandemic media space (on the material of ABC)
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Simonova Maria V.
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of post–truth in the modern media space, particularly in Spain. For the first time, the neologism “post-truth” was recorded in the explanatory dictionaries of the Spanish language in 2017. It was nominated for the “word of the year”. Interest in studying this phenomenon is growing every year as post-truth has become an integral part of the modern media space around the world. The phenomenon is widely studied in modern science. The research material for the article is the daily social and political newspaper ABC, which is considered one of the leading publications related to quality press in Spain. The author examines the phenomenon of post-truth on the material of newspaper publications devoted to the problem of violence against women during the state of emergency in Spain (from March 14 to June 21) due to COVID-19. The analysis of the published material in the newspaper (more than 250 articles) showed that journalists are actively using linguistic techniques of manipulative influence on the reader — exaggeration of facts or their distortion/inaccuracy, use of affective vocabulary, vivid and memorable phraseological units, epithets, comparisons, reference to unreliable sources and appeal to civil liability. All these linguistic methods contribute to the formation of a distorted picture of the actual situation in Spanish society regarding gender-based violence. The author revealed that the statistics in the newspaper do not correspond to the official data. All this testifies to the phenomenon of post-truth in the modern media space in Spain. The findings confirm that modern journalism plays on people’s emotions and feelings to attract the reader.