bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerosis in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Apolipoprotein A-II
Authors: Warden Craig H. , Hedrick Catherine C. , Qiao Jian-Hua , Castellani Lawrence W. , Lusis Aldons J.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) are inversely correlated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. The two most abundant protein constituents of HDL are apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (apoA-I and apoA-II). ApoA-I is required for assembly of HDL and, when overexpressed in transgenic mice, confers resistance to early atherosclerosis. The present studies reveal that transgenic mice that overexpress mouse apoA-II had elevated HDL-cholesterol concentrations but, nevertheless, exhibited increased atherosclerotic lesion development as compared to normal mice. The HDL in the transgenic mice was larger and had an increased ratio of apoA-II to apoA-I. Thus, both the composition and amount of HDL appear to be important determinants of atherosclerosis.
Interleukin-1 Type II Receptor: A Decoy Target for IL-1 That Is Regulated by IL-4
Authors: Colotta Francesco , Re Fabio , Muzio Marta , Bertini Riccardo , Polentarutti Nadia , Sironi Marina , Giri Judith G. , Dower Steven K. , Sims John E. , Mantovani Alberto
Published: October 2006

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) interacts with cells through two types of binding molecules, IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1R I) and IL-1R II. The function of IL-1R II is unknown. In studies using monoclonal antibodies, IL-1 prolonged the in vitro survival of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) through IL-1R I, and IL-4 antagonized the action of IL-1 by inducing expression and release of IL-1R II. Dexamethasone also induced expression and release of the IL-1R II in PMN. These results, together with the effect of antibodies to IL-1R on IL-1-induced production of cytokines in monocytes, indicate that IL-1 acts on myelomonocytic cells through IL-1R I and that IL-1R II inhibits IL-1 activity by acting as a decoy target for IL-1. The existence of multiple pathways of regulation emphasizes the need for tight control of IL-1 action.
Disappearance of the Lymphoid System in Bcl-2 Homozygous Mutant Chimeric Mice
Authors: Nakayama Kei-ichi , Nakayama Keiko , Negishi Izumi , Kuida Keisuke , Shinkai Yoichi , Louie Marjorie C. , Fields Larry E. , Lucas Phillip J. , Stewart Valerie , Alt Frederick W. , Loh Dennis Y.
Published: October 2006

The
bcl-2
proto-oncogene can prevent the death of many cell types. Mice were generated that were chimeric for the homozygous inactivation of
bcl-2
. Lymphocytes without Bcl-2 differentiated into phenotypically mature cells. However, in vitro, the mature T cells that lacked Bcl-2 had shorter life-spans and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids and γ-irradiation. In contrast, stimulation of CD3 inhibited the death of these cells. T and B cells with no Bcl-2 disappeared from the bone marrow, thymus, and periphery by 4 weeks of age. Thus, Bcl-2 was dispensable for lymphocyte maturation, but was required for a stable immune system after birth.
Subunit Identification and Reconstitution of the N-Type Ca
2+
Channel Complex Purified from Brain
Authors: Witcher Derrick R. , De Waard Michel , Sakamoto Junshi , Franzini-Armstrong Clara , Pragnell Marlon , Kahl Steven D. , Campbell Kevin P.
Published: October 2006

Calcium channels play an important role in regulating various neuronal processes, including synaptic transmission and cellular plasticity. The N-type calcium channels, which are sensitive to ω-conotoxin, are involved in the control of transmitter release from neurons. A functional N-type calcium channel complex was purified from rabbit brain. The channel consists of a 230-kilodalton subunit (α
1B
) that is tightly associated with a 160-kilodalton subunit (α
2
δ), a 57-kilodalton subunit (β
3
), and a 95-kilodalton glycoprotein subunit. The complex formed a functional calcium channel with the same pharmacological properties and conductance as those of the native ω-conotoxin-sensitive calcium channel in neurons.
Altered Specificity of DNA-Binding Proteins with Transition Metal Dimerization Domains
Authors: Cuenoud Bernard , Schepartz Alanna
Published: October 2006

The bZIP motif is characterized by a leucine zipper domain that mediates dimerization and a basic domain that contacts DNA. A series of transition metal dimerization domains were used to alter systematically the relative orientation of basic domain peptides. Both the affinity and the specificity of the peptide-DNA interaction depend on domain orientation. These results indicate that the precise configuration linking the domains is important; dimerization is not always sufficient for DNA binding. This approach to studying the effect of orientation on protein function complements mutagenesis and could be used in many systems.
Immune Response in Mice that Lack the Interferon-γ Receptor
Authors: Huang Sui , Hendriks Wiljan , Althage Alana , Hemmi Silvio , Bluethmann Horst , Kamijo Ryutaro , Vilček Jan , Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Aguet Michel
Published: October 2006

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) exerts pleiotropic effects, including antiviral activity, stimulation of macrophages and natural killer cells, and increased expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens. Mice without the IFN-γ receptor had no overt anomalies, and their immune system appeared to develop normally. However, mutant mice had a defective natural resistance; they had increased susceptibility to infection by
Listeria monocytogenes
and vaccinia virus despite normal cytotoxic and T helper cell responses. Immunoglobulin isotype analysis revealed that IFN-γ is necessary for a normal antigen-specific immunoglobulin G2a response. These mutant mice offer the possibility for the further elucidation of IFN-γ-mediated functions by transgenic cell- or tissue-specific reconstitution of a functional receptor.
Programmed Cell Death Induced by Ceramide
Authors: Obeid Lina M. , Linardic Corinne M. , Karolak Linda A. , Hannun Yusuf A.
Published: October 2006

Sphingomyelin hydrolysis and ceramide generation have been implicated in a signal transduction pathway that mediates the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other agents on cell growth and differentiation. In many leukemic cells, TNF-α causes DNA fragmentation, which leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). C
2
-ceramide (0.6 to 5 μM), a synthetic cell-permeable ceramide analog, induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which was inhibited by zinc ion. Other amphiphilic lipids failed to induce apoptosis. The closely related C
2
-dihydroceramide was also ineffective, which suggests a critical role for the sphingolipid double bond. The effects of C
2
-ceramide on DNA fragmentation were prevented by the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which suggests the existence of two opposing intracellular pathways in the regulation of apoptosis.
Intermediate Filament Formation by a Yeast Protein Essential for Organelle Inheritance
Authors: McConnell Stephen J. , Yaffe Michael P.
Published: October 2006

Intermediate filaments are abundant cytoskeletal components whose specific cellular functions are poorly understood. The
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
protein MDM1 displays structure and solubility properties that are similar to those of intermediate filament proteins of animal cells. Yeast cells that have a mutant form of MDM1 exhibit temperature-sensitive growth and defective transfer of nuclei and mitochondria to daughter cells during incubation at the nonpermissive temperature of 37°C. The purified, wild-type MDM1 protein readily forms 10-nanometer-wide filaments at either 4°C or 37°C. In contrast, the purified, mutant protein forms filaments at 4°C but fails to form such structures at 37°C. These results suggest that intermediate filament proteins are universal components of eukaryotic cells.
On the Crawling of Animal Cells
Authors: Stossel Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

Cells crawl in response to external stimuli by extending and remodeling peripheral elastic lamellae in the direction of locomotion. The remodeling requires vectorial assembly of actin subunits into linear polymers at the lamella's leading edge and the crosslinking of the filaments by bifunctional gelation proteins. The disassembly of the crosslinked filaments into short fragments or monomeric subunits away from the leading edge supplies components for the actin assembly reactions that drive protrusion. Cellular proteins that respond to lipid and ionic signals elicited by sensory cues escort actin through this cycle in which filaments are assembled, crosslinked, and disassembled. One class of myosin molecules may contribute to crawling by guiding sensory receptors to the cell surface, and another class may contribute by imposing contractile forces on actin networks in the lamellae.
Laser Fluorimetry: Subpicogram Detection of Aflatoxins Using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Diebold Gerald J. , Zare Richard N.
Published: October 2006

The use of high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence detection permits the analysis of trace fluorescent species at new limits of sensitivity. This technique was applied to the carcinogens aflatoxins B
1
, B
2
, G
1
, and G
2
, which were linearly quantitated to 7.5 × 10
-13
gram. The procedure consists of forming more fluorescent aflatoxin derivatives, eluting the aflatoxins from a reverse-phase column, focusing the 325-nanometer output of a helium-cadmium ion laser into a suspended droplet of the eluent, and measuring the resulting fluorescence using phase-sensitive detection.
Carrier-Mediated Photodiffusion Membranes
Authors: Schultz Jerome S.
Published: October 2006

Reversible photochromic reactions can be coupled to carrier-mediated transport processes in membranes to bring about the separation or concentration of selected permeants. Carbon monoxide has been pumped against a fourfold concentration gradient by differentially illuminating a hemoglobin membrane. The extent of concentration of photochromic ligands increases with light intensity and is reversible. Nonphotochemically sensitive ligands can also be transported by coupling with photosensitive carrier-mediated systems.
Corneal Endothelium Damage with Intraocular Lenses: Contact Adhesion Between Surgical Materials and Tissue
Authors: Kaufman Herbert E. , Katz Jeffrey , Valenti John , Sheets John W. , Goldberg Eugene P.
Published: October 2006

Intraocular lenses destroy corneal endothelial cells by contact adhesion between the acrylic lens and endothelial surfaces during cataract surgery. Glass and rubber surgical glove surfaces produce similar cell damage. This phenomenon may be important in many surgical procedures and appears to be preventable if a hydrophilic polymer interface is interposed between contacting tissue and the surfaces of materials used.
Acetylcholine Hot Spots: Development on Myotubes Cultured from Aneural Limb Buds
Authors: Bekoff Anne , Betz William J.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that neural induction plays a role in the development of acetylcholine hot spots (high-sensitivity regions) was tested by electrophysiological mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine sensitivity of myotubes derived from aneural hindlimb buds of chick embryos. Hot spots were found. Therefore, hot spot development is not dependent on prior contact with nerve processes.
Plasma Membrane Vesiculation: A New Technique for Isolation of Plasma Membranes
Authors: Scott Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Monolayer cell cultures of macrophages, monocytes, myoblasts, and density-inhibited and transformed fibroblasts form and release cell surface membrane vesicles following exposure to formaldehyde, related low-molecular-weight aldehydes, and disulfide blocking agents. Vesicles have a unique composition of proteins and lipids. They show enrichment of cholesterol and sphingomyelin content and a seven-to tenfold enrichment of 5′-nucleotidase activity. Vesicles also contain intramembranous particles and show a trilamellar unit membrane and no ultrastructural evidence of contamination with other cytoplasmic organelles. The technique is proposed as a novel method for isolating plasma membrane vesicles from cells in culture.
TIME-DEPENDENT CURRENT-DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY APPLIED TO ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Authors: VAN FAASSEN M.
Published: October 2006

We review time-dependent current-density-functional theory with the Vignale–Kohn (VK) functional. Historic background and an extensive discussion of the underlying theory is given. In particular, we focus on the application of VK to atoms and (large) molecules in electric fields. Results obtained with VK are shown and the successes and failures of this functional discussed.
MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF MOUNT St. HELENS SEISMICITY AS A TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING ERUPTIVE ACTIVITY
Authors: CARUSO FILIPPO , VINCIGUERRA SERGIO , LATORA VITO , RAPISARDA ANDREA , MALONE STEPHEN
Published: October 2006

We present a multifractal analysis of Mount St. Helens seismic activity during 1980–2002. The seismic time distribution is studied in relation to the eruptive activity, mainly marked by the 1980 major explosive eruptions and by the 1980–1986 dome building eruptions. The spectrum of the generalized fractal dimensions, i.e. Dqversus q, extracted from the data, allows us to identify two main earthquake time distribution patterns. The first one exhibits a multifractal clustering correlated to the intense seismic swarms of the dome building activity. The second one is characterized by an almost constant value of Dq≈ 1, as for a random uniform distribution. The time evolution of Dq(for q = 0.2), calculated on a fixed number of events window and at different depths, shows that the brittle mechanical response of the shallow layers to rapid magma intrusions, during the eruptive periods, is revealed by sharp changes, acting at a short time scale (order of days), and by the lowest values of Dq(≈ 0.3). Conversely, for deeper earthquakes, characterized by intense seismic swarms, Dqdo not show obvious changes during the whole analyzed period, suggesting that the earthquakes, related to the deep magma supply system, are characterized by a minor degree of clustering, which is independent of the eruptive activity.
Association of mitochondrial SOD deficiency with salt-sensitive hypertension and accelerated renal senescence
Authors: Rodriguez-Iturbe Bernardo , Sepassi Lili , Quiroz Yasmir , Ni Zhenmin , Vaziri Nosratola D.
Published: October 2006

Mitochondria are the major source of superoxide (O2−) in the aerobic organisms. O2− produced by the mitochondria is converted to hydrogen peroxide by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Mice with complete SOD2 deficiency (SOD2−/−) exhibit dilated cardiomyopathy and fatty liver leading to neonatal mortality, whereas mice with partial SOD2 deficiency (SOD2+/−) show evidence of O2−-induced mitochondrial damage resembling cell senescence. Since earlier studies have provided compelling evidence for the role of oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial inflammation in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that partial SOD2 deficiency may result in hypertension. Wild-type (SOD2+/+) and partial SOD2-deficient (SOD2+/−) mice had similar blood pressures at 6–7 mo of age, but at 2 yr SOD2+/− mice had higher blood pressure. Oxidative stress, renal interstitial T-cell and macrophage infiltration, tubular damage, and glomerular sclerosis were all significantly increased in 2-yr-old SOD2+/− mice. High-salt diet induced hypertension in 6-mo-old SOD2-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. In conclusion, partial SOD2 deficiency results in oxidative stress and renal interstitial inflammation, changes compatible with accelerated renal senescence and salt-sensitive hypertension. These findings are consistent with the pattern described in numerous other models of salt-sensitive hypertension and resemble that commonly seen in elderly humans.
Activation, Proliferation and Commitment of Endogenous Stem/Progenitor Cells to the Oligodendrocyte Lineage by TS1 in a Rat Model of Dysmyelination
Authors: Espinosa-Jeffrey Araceli , Zhao Paul , Awosika Wole , Wu Nanping , Macias Fernando , Cepeda Carlos , Levine Michael , de Vellis Jean
Published: October 2006

Wild-type and myelin-deficient rats received a single intraparenchymal injection of TS1, a specific combination of IGF-1 and transferrin (Tf), into their corpus callosum at postnatal day 4. The fate of endogenous stem cells in the brain was examined by the expression of the stem cell marker nestin, together with Tf, neurofilaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein from 2 to 14 days after injection. Treated mutants lacked nestin expression in the ventricular wall and had an increase in nestin-labeled radial cell processes in the subventricular regions, and extended into the parenchyma. The subventricular zone was populated by healthy new oligodendrocytes (OLs). BrdU incorporation showed that these cells originated by proliferation and were identified as OLs based upon Tf expression. Thus, TS1 is an effective treatment to promote endogenous subventricular zone progenitor proliferation, migration and OL lineage specification. This strategy offers for the first time the possibility of myelin restoration to treat myelin disorders.
Didelphic Uterus and Obstructed Hemivagina: Recurrent Hematometra in Spite of Appropriate Classic Surgical Treatment
Authors: Donnez Olivier , Jadoul Pascale , Squifflet Jean , Donnez Jacques
Published: October 2006

We report the case of a young girl with uterus didelphys, obstructed vagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis treated by diagnostic laparoscopy and resection of the vaginal septum by a vaginal approach in order to drain the distended uterus. Despite classic surgery, the myometrium on the treated side never recovered its normal function, with subsequent persistence of recurrent hematometra. Laparoscopic subtotal hemihysterectomy had to be performed to avoid retention of hematometra and secondary pelvic inflammatory disease.
Secondary Anetoderma Associated with Mastocytosis
Authors: Kalogeromitros Dimitris , Gregoriou Stamatis , Makris Michalis , Georgala Sofia , Kempuraj Duraisamy , Theoharides Theoharis C.
Published: October 2006

Background: Mastocytosis represents a wide spectrum of proliferative disorders of mast cells in the bone marrow, skin and/or internal organs. The most common manifestation is urticaria pigmentosa (UP), which is characterized by small or large brown-red maculopapules on the skin. Occasionally, elastic and collagen fibers in the lesions degenerate and result in a lax area of skin termed anetoderma. Methods: We report a 21-year-old male patient with multiple cutaneous anetodermic lesions, present since infancy, at UP sites confirmed with histochemistry. Results: Urinary N-methyl 24-hour histamine levels were elevated, but serum tryptase levels were within normal limits. Radiologic examination of long bones was unremarkable, as well as all other blood results. UP biopsy showed absence of epidermal involvement and increased number of mast cells located perivascularly. There was fragmentation of elastic fibers in the papillary dermis. Conclusions: A patient with multiple cutaneous anetodermic lesions, presented since infancy, led to the diagnosis of UP. Such an association is rare and raises intriguing questions concerning the pathogenesis of anetoderma.
Addressing the Shortage of Rural School Psychologists via Technology
Authors: Lahman Maria K. E. , D’amato Rik Carl , Stecker Steffanie , Mcgrain Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

For decades Colorado, USA, has had a shortage of school psychologists, especially in rural areas. The program ‘Giving Rural Areas Access to School Psychologist’ (GRAASP) was developed to meet this need by offering a technology based distance education program that trained candidates from remote sites across the state. Through the use of in-depth interviews the authors sought to answer the following question: What are the student-candidate perceptions of the GRAASP program? Students’ perceptions of their experiences added significantly to our understanding of the effectiveness of the GRAASP program. This article offers insight to educators of school psychologists and others who are considering the use of technology to train learners in remote areas to meet current shortages of qualified personnel in education and related areas.
Competitive Surfing Injuries
Authors: Nathanson Andrew , Bird Shark , Dao Leland , Tam-Sing Kelly
Published: October 2006

Background

Surfing is a sport that has been growing rapidly in popularity, yet little is known about surfing injuries.

Purpose

To calculate an accurate injury rate for competitive surfing and to describe the relative frequency, mechanisms, and risk factors for acute surfing injuries.

Study Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods

This prospective study of acute competitive surfing injuries was carried out at 32 professional and amateur surfing contests worldwide between 1999 and 2005. All acute injuries sustained during competition were recorded by on-site medical personnel. The wave size, type of seafloor, and number of surfing heats were also recorded for each day. The total number of injuries was divided by the total number of athlete exposures to determine injury rates. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for injury.

Results

There were 116 injuries documented, 89 of which occurred during competition. There were 15 675 athlete exposures, yielding an injury rate of 5.7 per 1000 athlete exposures, or 13 per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. There were 6.6 significant injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. Risk of injury was 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.9) times greater when surfing in waves overhead or bigger relative to smaller waves and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.2) times greater when surfing over a rock or reef bottom relative to a sandy bottom.

Conclusion

There were 13 acute surfing injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. The risk of injury was more than doubled when surfing in large waves or over a hard seafloor.
Relapsing polychondritis — REPORT OF TEN CASES
Authors: Damiani Joseph M. , Levine Howard L.
Published: October 2006

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease of unknown etiology. There are approximately 211 reported cases in the world literature. This is a report of ten cases from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

McAdam's diagnostic criteria for R.P. were reviewed and modified. For diagnosis, all patients had to have 1. at least three or more diagnostic criteria, histologic confirmation not necessary; 2. one or more of McAdam's signs with positive histologic confirmation; or 3. chondritis in two or more separate anatomic locations with response to steroids and/or Dapsone.

Chondritis of the auricles (9/10 patients) and arthropathy (8/10 patients) are the most common presenting signs. Chondritis was also seen in the nose (6/10) and the upper respiratory tract involving the larynx and trachea (4/10). Cochlear and vestibular damage and ocular inflammation were each seen in 5/10 patients.

Patients were treated with steroids and/or Dapsone. Both drugs were reliable in abating episodes of activity and in decreasing recurrences. These results further support Dapsone as an alternate form of treatment for RP.
An unusual foreign body of the tongue masquerading as malignancy
Authors: Shugar Martin A. , Kelly James H. , Glinski Edward J. , Strome Marshall
Published: October 2006

Foreign bodies within the tongue are a rare finding. The history is often not helpful as it is usually remote. Presented is a case of an unusual foreign body in the tongue which masqueraded as a malignancy. The differential diagnosis of an asymptomatic tongue swelling or tongue pain should include foreign body.
The effect of nasal obstruction in infancy and early childhood upon ventilation
Authors: Konno Akiyoshi , Togawa Kiyoshi , Hoshino Tadahiko
Published: October 2006

To evaluate the effect of nasal obstruction in infants and young children upon ventilation during sleep, change of ventilation was followed by polygraphic recordings of esophageal pressure, tidal volume and percutaneous oxygen tension when the nostrils were mechanically obstructed in 10 subjects; 3 types of ventilatory changes were noted. In 4 subjects periodic breathing appeared in which hypoventilation was alternated with occasional hyperventilation. Esophageal pressure, tidal volume and PO2 showed concomittant fluctuation. PO2 lowered during hypoventilatory phase was compensated by periodic hyperventilation. In 5 subjects upper airway obstruction was compensated for by increased respiratory endeavor and tidal volume and PO2 remained normal in spite of markedly increased esophageal pressure. In 1 subject tidal volume and PO2 remained decreased with marked increase of esophageal pressure. Largest airway obstruction was noted between the upper and the lower lips.
Permanent middle ear aeration: Long‐term follow‐up of transosseous ventilating tubes
Authors: Haberkamp Thomas J. , Silverstein Herbert L.
Published: October 2006

A technique for achieving permanent middle ear aeration by inserting a flanged silicone tube (SPAT) through a hole drilled in the external auditory canal was introduced in 1970.

Since 1970, we have used the transosseous procedure in 36 patients (11%) of cases that required middle ear ventilation. The average length of time the transosseous SPAT functioned was 51 months (range 0–138). Best results were obtained in patients over 16 years of age, when chronic ear surgery was not performed simultaneously. Transient otorrhea occurred in 23% of cases. Forty‐four percent of tubes became blocked and required removal or were extruded. No patient developed facial weakness, middle ear cholesteatoma, or persistent tympanic membrane perforation. In selected cases, the transosseous SPAT provides long‐term middle ear aeration without the risk of permanent tympanic membrane perforation.
Current clinical and pathological features of round window diseases
Authors: Paparella Michael M. , Goycoolea Marcos V. , Schachern Patricia A. , Sajjadi Hamed
Published: October 2006

The round window niche and membrane can be involved in clinical problems including perilymphatic fistulas, sensorineural hearing loss in otitis media, and a variety of others. The background of these problems is documented by a review of the literature and recent experimental evidence on round window grafting and tracer studies. Clinical pathological correlates including recent clinical experience are discussed for perilymphatic fistulas (sudden deafness, chronic progressive fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, and association with Meniere's disease), sensorineural hearing loss in acute and chronic otitis media, and findings in round window membrane including absent round window reflex in cases of exploratory tympanotomy and otosclerosis. In addition, a new syndrome termedperilymphatic hypertensionis described as seen in a subset of patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
North-South partnerships in development research: an institutional approach
Authors: Baud I.S.A
Published: October 2006

In order to challenge the global knowledge divide, knowledge-producing systems in the South need to become more integrally linked to international research networks as full partners in knowledge accumulation and international exchanges. This paper raises some issues for discussion on
how North-South partnerships can contribute to supporting such processes. The paper draws evidence from the literature, existing Dutch programmes for North-South research cooperation, and recent innovative Dutch partnerships in North-South research, which emphasise a greater equitable exchange
with partners in the South. It shows that joint programmatic research builds up more cumulative patterns of capacity enhancement and international networks, although capacity retention remains a long-term problem in the South. New initiatives give more space to equal exchanges and learning
in the programmes than older established programmes. In the final section, five important issues that need to be explored in future studies of North-South research partnerships are discussed briefly.
Influence of Processing Temperature on Microcellular Injection‐Moulded Wood–Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Bledzki Andrzej K. , Faruk Omar
Published: October 2006

Summary: Microcellular wood fibre reinforced polymer materials are significant because of their possibility to reduce the density of automotive components through microcellular structure, process and product part advantages, and as a new development with bio‐fibre strengthened plastics. Soft wood fibre reinforced PP composites in box part and panel shape were prepared by an injection moulding process. Polymeric microspheres as a chemical foaming agent (endothermic) were used to produce the microcellular composites. The influence of injection moulding processing temperature on the microcellular structure and properties (tensile and flexural properties, notched charpy impact strength) was investigated by varying the temperature over the 150–170 °C, 160–180 °C and 170–190 °C. A comparative study of cell morphology, weight reduction and mechanical properties was conducted between box part and panel. Microcell morphology, cell size, shape and distribution were investigated using scanning electron micrographs. The results indicated that the lower processing temperature should be below the range of 170–190 °C and processing temperature at 160–180 °C, where the composites showed finer cellular structure compared to other processing temperatures. The mechanical properties did not differ with the variation of processing temperature regardless of composite types (box part or panel). Cellular structure changes in the box part were found considering near or far from injecting point.

Microcellular injection‐moulded box part (geometry: 150 × 100 × 70 mm3 in size) of soft wood fibre–PP composites.

magnified image

Microcellular injection‐moulded box part (geometry: 150 × 100 × 70 mm3 in size) of soft wood fibre–PP composites.
Adoption and economic impact of improved wheat varieties in the developing world
Authors: DIXON J. , NALLEY L. , KOSINA P. , LA ROVERE R. , HELLIN J. , AQUINO P.
Published: October 2006

During the past century wheat breeders have produced a large number of genetically improved wheat lines and varieties. This activity has led to widespread adoption of improved varieties, a steady increase in average wheat yields during the past 4–5 decades and major contributions to food security and poverty reduction. The rate of generation and adoption of improved varieties, and therefore the time lag from varietal release to widespread use, varies across regions. The remarkable success of wheat improvement hinges on the decisions of millions of farmers to adopt, or replace older wheat varieties with superior material. The present paper summarizes studies on the determinants of adoption. Because adoption is a necessary but not sufficient condition for economic impact, the present paper synthesizes key assessments of impact from different farming systems in developing countries.
Extrahepatische Manifestationen bei Lebererkrankungen: Niere
Authors: Gerbes  , Gülberg
Published: October 2006

Bei Lebererkrankungen ist ein Nierenversagen meist funktioneller Natur. Es handelt sich um eine prärenale Niereninsuffizienz oder ein hepatorenales Syndrom (HRS). Dies muss von organischen Nierenschäden (meist akut-tubuläre Nekrose, ATN) unterschieden werden. Um ein funktionelles Nierenversagen zu vermeiden, ist eine vorsichtige Diuretikatherapie wie auch eine intravenöse Albuminsubstitution nach Parazentese wichtig. Zur Prophylaxe des hepatorenalen Syndroms soll eine spontan bakterielle Peritonitis zusätzlich zu Antibiotika auch mit Albumininfusion behandelt werden. Patienten mit hepatorenalem Syndrom, insbesondere Typ I, haben eine sehr schlechte Prognose. Die Lebertransplantation ist die einzige Therapie mit erwiesenem Langzeiterfolg; Patienten können zur Überbrückung mit einem transjugulären intrahepatischen portosystemischen Shunt (TIPS) oder Vasokonstriktoren (Terlipressin) und Albumin behandelt werden.
Vaskulitiden bei Lebererkrankungen
Authors: Spangenberg  , Blum
Published: October 2006

Extrahepatische Manifestationen bei Lebererkrankungen vor allem bei der Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV)-Infektion und Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV)-Infektion können während der akuten Phase aber auch bei der chronischen Virushepatitis auftreten. Neben einem der Serumkrankheit ähnlichen Syndrom mit Fieber, Arthralgien und Urtikaria kommen vor allem hämatologische Veränderungen mit transienter Knochenmarksuppression und Kryoglobulinämie vor. Das Auftreten von Vaskulitiden ist selten. Die HCV-assoziierte Vaskulitis ist eine kryoglobulinämische Vaskulitis, die sich als systemische Erkrankung mit Purpura, Arthritis, peripherer Polyneuropathie, Glomerulonephritis und Abgeschlagenheit präsentiert. Bei der HBV-Infektion ist eine Assoziation mit der Panarteritis nodosa beschrieben, die durch lösliche Immunkomplexablagerungen in den Gefässwänden hervorgerufen wird. In Abhängigkeit von der Schwere der Erkrankung kommen immunsuppressive und antivirale Therapien bei beiden Krankheitsbildern zum Einsatz.
Dynamics of the 193nm photodissociation of dichlorocarbene
Authors: Shin Seung Keun , Dagdigian Paul J.
Published: October 2006

The dynamics of the 193nm photodissociation of the CCl2 molecule have been investigated in a molecular beam experiment. The CCl2 parent molecule was generated in a molecular beam by pyrolysis of CHCl3, and both CCl2 and the CCl photofragment were detected by laser fluorescence excitation. The 193nm attenuation cross section was estimated from the reduction of the CCl2 signal as a function of the photolysis laser fluence. The internal state distribution of the CCl photofragment was derived from analysis of laser fluorescence excitation spectra in the AΔ2-XΠ2 band system. Most of the energy available to the CCl(XΠ2)+Cl fragments appears as translational energy. The CCl fragment rotational energy is much less than predicted in an impulsive model. The excited electronic state appears to dissociate indirectly, through coupling with a repulsive state arising from the ground-state CCl(XΠ2)+Cl asymptote. The identity of the initially excited electronic state is discussed on the basis of what is known about the CCl2 electronic states.
Fluorine passivation in poly-Si∕TaN∕HfO2 through ion implantation
Authors: Zhang M. H. , Zhu F. , Lee T. , Kim H. S. , Ok I. J. , Thareja G. , Yu L. , Lee Jack C.
Published: October 2006

Fluorine (F) passivation in poly-Si∕TaN∕HfO2∕p-Si gate stacks through gate ion implantation has been studied. It has been found that when the TaN thickness was less than 15nm, the mobility and subthreshold swing improved significantly in HfO2 n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. Cross-section electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping shows that F atoms were distributed in both TaN and HfO2 layers, indicating that it is necessary to have a thin TaN layer.
Use and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity
Authors: AKÇAKAYA H. RESIT , BUTCHART STUART H. M. , MACE GEORGINA M. , STUART SIMON N. , HILTON‐TAYLOR CRAIG
Published: October 2006

Recent attempts at projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity have used the IUCN Red List Criteria to obtain estimates of extinction rates based on projected range shifts. In these studies, the Criteria are often misapplied, potentially introducing substantial bias and uncertainty. These misapplications include arbitrary changes to temporal and spatial scales; confusion of the spatial variables; and assume a linear relationship between abundance and range area. Using the IUCN Red List Criteria to identify which species are threatened by climate change presents special problems and uncertainties, especially for shorter‐lived species. Responses of most species to future climate change are not understood well enough to estimate extinction risks based solely on climate change scenarios and projections of shifts and/or reductions in range areas. One way to further such understanding would be to analyze the interactions among habitat shifts, landscape structure and demography for a number of species, using a combination of models. Evaluating the patterns in the results might allow the development of guidelines for assigning species to threat categories, based on a combination of life history parameters, characteristics of the landscapes in which they live, and projected range changes.
INFLUENCE OF CREATINE AND ETHANOLAMINE ON THE PHOSPHATE METABOLISM OF RABBIT CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES IN VITRO*
Authors: Lin Sping , Cohen Maynard M.
Published: October 2006

The use of cortical slices in the study of cerebral metabolism permits a wide range of experimentation, and yields information not readily obtainable from in situ preparations. The incubation media principally employed for such in vitro systems have been variations of the Krebs‐Ringer solutions (Krebs and Henseleit, 1932; Mcilwain,1959a; Heald, 1960). Although capable of supporting adequate respiration of the separated tissue, such media do not sustain all metabolic responses comparable to in vivo conditions (Mcilwain, 1959b). This paper is concerned with the effects of added creatine and ethanolamine on the metabolism of their phosphates in rabbit cerebral cortex slices in vitro. These compounds were chosen because of the sensitivity of phosphoryl creatine to metabolic deficiency as well as its important involvement in energy metabolism, and because of the rather wide‐spread presence of phosphoryl ethanolamine in animal tissues (Shaw, 1955; Long, 1961; Cohen and Lin, 1962). Some experiments were also done with slices from very young rabbits for comparative purposes.
LIPID CLASS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE FROM NORMAL AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS‐POISONED CHICKENS*
Authors: Berry James F. , Cevallos William H.
Published: October 2006

The demyelination which attends tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate (TOCP) or di‐isopropyl‐fluorophosphonate (DFP) administration in chickens has been well characterized histologically (Fenton, 1955; Cavanaugh, 1954) as resembling Wallerian degen‐ eration. However, no study of lipid class composition of chicken nerve degenerating after TOCP poisoning has been reported comparable to classical studies of Johnson, Mcnab band Rossiter (1949a) and of Brante,(1949) who described the lipid class changes in transected sciatic nerve. Webster (1954) observed no change in lipid phosphorus concentration or rZP]‐ phosphate incorporation into lipids in the sciatic nerves of TOCP‐poisoned hens, while NELSONand BARNUM(1960) noted a decrease in [32P]phosphate incorporation into the brain lipids of DFP‐poisoned mice. These findings were in contrast to those of Magee and Rossiter (1954) who noted an increase in the incorporation of p2P]‐ inorganic phosphate into the lipids of sciatic nerve degenerating after section. In the present study, individual lipid classes were isolated, identified, quantitated, and their fatty acid compositions determined in normal and organophosphorus‐ poisoned chickens. These results are compared with a parallel study (Berry, Cevallos and Wade, 1965) on normal and sectioned cat sciatic nerve in order to determine whether the two types of demyelination were chemically similar.
OCCURRENCE OF N‐ACETYL‐l‐GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE HUMAN BRAIN
Authors: Auditore Joseph V. , Wade Littleton , Olson Erik J.
Published: October 2006

A substance apparently identical with N‐acetyl‐l‐glutamic acid was isolated from an aqueous extract from human brain by a combination of paper and ion exchange chromatography. The isolated substance does not react with ninhydrin reagent but yields glutamic acid upon acid hydrolysis. Acetyl hydrazide was identified by paper chromatography of hydrazinolysates of the isolated substance and N‐acetyl‐l‐glutamic acid. The configuration was determined with l‐specific hog kidney acylase.
STOFFWECHSELUNTERSUCHUNGEN DES CEREBRALEN ANFALLSGESCHEHENS
Authors: Wiechert P. , Göllnitz G.
Published: October 2006

Zusammenfassung—

Die Aktivität der Glutamat‐Decarboxylase im Gehirn von Ratten während und vor experimentell ausgelösten cerebralen Anfällen wird der von Kontroll‐ratten gegenübergestellt. Es konnte eine Hemmung der Enzymaktivitat im tonischen Krampf nach i.c. Injektion von l‐Glutamat, Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat, nach audiogener Reizung, nach intraperitonealer Injektion von Pentamethylentetrazol und im Elektrokrampf beobachtet werden. Im prakonvulsiven Stadium ist das Enzym nach i.c. Injektion von l‐Glutamat, l‐Aspartat und nach audiogener Reizung stark gehemmt. Lediglich nach i.c. Injektion von Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat ist die Enzymaktivitat gegeniiber von Kontroll‐ratten unverändert. Insbesondere wird auf die unterschiedliche Wirkung auf l‐Glutamat und Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat in vivo und in vitro auf die Glutamat‐Decarboxylase hingewiesen. Die Hemmung dieses Enzyms in vivo wird als eine der moglichen Ursachen für die Entstehung cerebraler Anfälle vermutet.
LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF MARINE VERTEBRATES
Authors: Galli C. , Fumagalli R.
Published: October 2006

—The lipid composition of the central nervous system of some marine vertebrates and two mammalian species (rat and man) was analysed by one‐ and two‐dimensional quantitative thin‐layer chromatography, and the cerebroside fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography.

The concentrations of sphingomyelin and cerebrosides are higher in mammals than in fishes, while no significant differences are observed for other lipid classes.

Furthermore, in mammals the ratio between hydroxy and normal fatty acids in the cerebrosides is much higher than in fishes. The cerebrosides of mammals contain more very long chain fatty acids than those of marine vertebrates.
IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE FORMS OF AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN : SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION
Authors: Waksman A. , Bloch M.
Published: October 2006

—(1) At least four distinct molecular forms of 4‐aminobutyrate: 2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase from mouse and rat brain, have been separated by electrophoresis on paper, cellogel, agargel, silicagel and by immunoelectrophoresis.

(2) The existence of specific typical electrophoretic profiles in mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartments was shown.

(3) A differential effect of pH on the anionic and cationic 4‐aminobutyrate:2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase transaminase activities has been shown.

(4) The possible consequences of the 4‐aminobutyrate: 2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase isozyme compartimentation on the local availability of γ‐aminobutyric acid pools has been discussed.
EFFECT OF PENTAMETHYLENE TETRAZOLE (METRAZOL) ON RAT BRAIN PHOSPHORYLASE IN VITRO
Authors: Biswas C. , Talwar G. Y.
Published: October 2006

—1. The effect of pentamethylene tetrazole (PTZ) or metrazol on rat brain phosphorylase (E.C.2.4.1.1.) was studied in vitro. The inhibitory action of PTZ was dependent on its concentration, being most marked in about 4 mM concentration. The inhibitory effect could be reversed to a great extent by inclusion of 5’AMP in the preincubation mixture. GMP, UMP and pyridoxal phosphate had no protective action under similar conditions.

2. PTZ did not appear to be a general inhibitor of enzymes. It had no effect on the activity of rat brain guanine deaminase, E. coli RNA‐polymerase, or E. coli aspartate kinase. The inhibition of rat liver phosphorylase activity by PTZ was of a lower order (20 per cent) in comparison with that of brain phosphorylase (56 per cent).

3. Megimide, another convulsant drug, also inhibited the brain phosphorylase in vitro, but the effect of Nikethamide was not so pronounced. Pentothal sodium (a sedative drug) had very little effect on the brain phosphorylase activity.
EFFECT OF ION REMOVAL ON THE SOLUBILITY OF RAT BRAIN PROTEINS IN CHLOROFORM‐METHANOL MIXTURES*
Authors: Lees† Marjorie B.
Published: October 2006

—The amount of chloroform‐methanol‐soluble protein obtained from rat brain tissue homogenates which have been subjected to washing by repeated contrifugation or dialysis is a several‐fold greater than that obtained from untreated homogenates. The increase consequence of the removal of loosely bound electrolytes during the process of centrifugation or dialysis: little or no increase is observed upon (a) the addition of the supernatant, the ashed supernatant, or the diffusate to the washed homogenate; (b) the addition of inorganic salts to the washed homogenate; or (c) washing of the homogenate with a salt solution.

The previously observed effect of sucrose in increasing the amount of chloroform–methanol‐soluble protein obtained from subcellular fractions is apparently superimposed upon the effect of the removal of salts.
ENZYMES OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM DURING RAT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Salway J. G. , Harwood J. L. , Kai M. , White G. L. , Hawthorne J. N.
Published: October 2006

—The activities of four enzymes concerned with inositol lipid metabolism have been determined in homogenates of rat brains of different ages. The enzymes are CDP‐diglyceride inositol phosphatidate transferase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, diphosphoinositide kinase and triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase. The activities of all the enzymes increased with age. Phosphatidylinositol kinase activity rose most sharply well before myelination, reaching a maximum at about 6 days of age. Diphosphoinositide kinase and triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase activities increased most rapidly during myelination. The increase in CDP‐diglyceride inositol phosphatidate transferase showed no definite association with any period of development. It is concluded that triphosphoinositide metabolism is associated with myelin or a closely related structure.
SPHINGOLIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN MICROSOMES AND MYELIN FROM NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL BRAINS
Authors: Cumings J. N. , Thompson E. J. , Goodwin H.
Published: October 2006

—Myelin and microsomes were separated from human cerebral white matter and cortex respectively using the technique of 15% caesium chloride and their sphingolipid and phospholipid contents estimated. Normal brains as well as cerebral material from cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy, Krabbe's disease and Tay‐Sachs’disease were studied.

Gangliosides were not present in normal myelin but were found in microsomes and in myelin from the pathological material. The ratio of cerebroside to sulphatide in myelin was 4 to 1 in normal, 1 to 20 in metachromatic and 7 to 1 in Krabbe's disease.

The results in the human material are briefly discussed.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN HUMAN BRAIN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
Authors: Singh M. , Bachhawat B. K.
Published: October 2006

—Five distinct glycosaminoglycan fractions have been isolated from human brain of various age groups, by employing an improved fractionation procedure. Analysis of these fractions showed that human brain contains hyaluronic acid, chondroitin‐4‐sulphate, chondroitin‐6‐sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and two unidentified low sulphated fractions. The pattern of variation of these compounds with age, indicates that they may be playing an important role in the process of myelination and brain maturation.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Guroff G. , Hogans Alice F. , Udenfriend S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The incorporation of uridine into RNA in brain slices was studied. Optimal conditions for uridine incorporation were determined. The characteristics of the product suggest that de novo DNA‐directcd synthesis of fairly high molecular weight material takes place. Incorporation into RNA of several areas of brain was studied. The incorporation was also studied as a function of the age of the animal. Finally, an apparent correlation was observed between the decrease in uridine incorporation with age and the increase of the enzyme uridine nucleosidase which hydrolyses uridine to uracil, a material which cannot be incorporated into RNA.