bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“They Give No Cordials to Heighten the Fever”: Lady Mary, Corruption, and the Problem of Royal Influence
Authors: McQuigge Alexis
Published: December 2014

This article considers the relationship between Mary Wortley Montagu’s letters from Turkey and her subsequent support for smallpox inoculation, her public criticism of the Royal College of Physicians and their approach to managing the outbreak of 1721, and her reputation as a woman of sexual excesses long before she left her husband in 1739. I argue that Montagu’s vilification in the press following her return from Turkey had little do to with any imagined sexual misconduct while travelling, but was rather the consequence of her vocal and insistent engagement in debates about inoculation during the 1720s. I attribute continued opinions about Montagu’s early years, including those expressed by her family after her death, to a combination of her desire for a public voice and the influence of her son-in-law, Lord Bute, whose opposition to the publication of the Turkish Embassy Letters after her death was directly tied to his own, rather than her, troubles with the public.
Mobility on the Move
Authors: Steele M. William
Published: December 2014

The rickshaw initiated an explosion in personal mobility in Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Invented in Japan in 1869, by 1872 there were forty thousand and by 1875 over one hundred thousand of the new two-wheel vehicles on the streets of Tokyo. The number reached a peak in 1896 with 210,000 countrywide. The rickshaw (in Japanese, jinrikisha) quickly spread to Asia, to Shanghai and Hong Kong in 1874, to Singapore and Calcutta in 1880. By 1900, the rickshaw had spread throughout the continent, bringing with it new mobility to an emerging urban middle class. Moreover, for many people in Asia, the rickshaw alongside the locomotive, came to symbolize modernity. This article will explore routes of diffusion, focusing on the role played by Akiha Daisuke and his adopted son, Akiha Daisuke II, Japan's largest exporters of rickshaws, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Glacier status and contribution to streamflow in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA
Authors: Riedel J.L. , Wilson Steve , Baccus William , Larrabee Michael , Fudge T.J. , Fountain Andrew
Published: December 2014

The Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA, currently holds 184 alpine glaciers larger than 0.01 km2 and their combined area is 30.2 ± 0.95 km2. Only four glaciers are >1 km2 and 120 of the others are <0.1 km2. This represents a loss of 82 glaciers and a 34% decrease in combined area since 1980, with the most pronounced losses occurring on south-facing aspects and in the more arid northeastern part of the range. Annual rate of loss in glacier area for seven of the largest glaciers accelerated from 0.26 km2 a−1 (1900–80) to 0.54 km2 a−1 (1980–2009). Thinning rates on four of the largest glaciers averaged nearly 1 ma−1 from 1987 to 2010, resulting in estimated volume losses of 17–24%. Combined glacial snow, firn and ice melt in the Hoh watershed is in the range 63–79 ± 7 × 106 m3, or 9–15% of total May–September streamflow. In the critical August–September period, the glacial fraction of total basin runoff increases to 18–30%, with one-third of the water directly from glacial ice (i.e. not snow and firn). Glaciers in the Elwha basin produce 12–15 ± 1.3 × 106 m3 (2.5–4.0%), while those in the Dungeness basin contribute 2.5–3.1 ± 0.28 × 106 m3 (3.0–3.8%).
Climate Migration and the State’s Duty to Protect
Authors: Campagna Norbert
Published: December 2014

Climate change will have as a consequence a more or less important rise of global sea levels. For some countries, this is likely to mean their total disappearance, if no measures are taken. Some of these measures might be too costly for the country to finance and its population will have no other choice but to migrate to another country. This contribution considers this kind of problem from the point of view of political philosophy. My arguments will rest on two fundamental assumptions. On the one hand, we find the state’s duty to protect its citizens against internal and external dangers, and on the other, the individual’s right not to have to migrate. Each state must protect its own citizens against foreign dangers. It will also be assumed that no state has a right to endanger the very existence of another state. The contribution aims to show some of the major consequences of these assumptions for the ethical problem of migration due to the consequences of human-induced climate change.
Dynamic Changes in Numbers and Properties of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Potential Applications
Authors: Tseng Ju-Yu , Yang Chih-Yung , Liang Shu-Ching , Liu Ren-Shyan , Jiang Jeng-Kai , Lin Chi-Hung
Published: December 2014

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be detected in the blood of different types of early or advanced cancer using immunology-based assays or nucleic acid methods. The detection and quantification of CTCs has significant clinical utility in the prognosis of metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. CTCs are a heterogeneous population of cells and often different from those of their respective primary tumor. Understanding the biology of CTCs may provide useful predictive information for the selection of the most appropriate treatment. Therefore, CTC detection and characterization could become a valuable tool to refine prognosis and serve as a “real-time biopsy” and has the potential to guide precision cancer therapies, monitor cancer treatment, and investigate the process of metastasis.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Reveal Genes Involved in Wheat Hybrid Necrosis
Authors: Zhang Yong , Cheng Yan , Guo Jiahui , Yang Ennian , Liu Cheng , Zheng Xuelian , Deng Kejun , Zhou Jianping
Published: December 2014

Wheat hybrid necrosis is an interesting genetic phenomenon that is found frequently and results in gradual death or loss of productivity of wheat. However, the molecular basis and mechanisms of this genetic phenomenon are still not well understood. In this study, the transcriptomes of wheat hybrid necrosis F1 and its parents (Neimai 8 and II469) were investigated using digital gene expression (DGE). A total of 1300 differentially expressed genes were identified, indicating that the response to hybrid necrosis in wheat is complicated. The assignments of the annotated genes based on Gene Ontology (GO) revealed that most of the up-regulated genes belong to “universal stress related”, “DNA/RNA binding”, “protein degradation” functional groups, while the down-regulated genes belong to “carbohydrate metabolism” and “translation regulation” functional groups. These findings suggest that these pathways were affected by hybrid necrosis. Our results provide preliminarily new insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of hybrid necrosis and will help to identify important candidate genes involved in wheat hybrid necrosis.
Thinking about The Information Age
Authors: Bryant Antony
Published: December 2014

In late October 2014, a new exhibition opened at The Science Museum in London. Titled “The Information Age: Six Networks That Changed Our World” [1], the exhibition received widespread publicity when it was opened by Queen Elizabeth who used this as the opportunity to send her first tweet, using the account @BritishMonarchy.[...]
Design and Synthesis of a Series of Truncated Neplanocin Fleximers
Authors: Zimmermann Sarah , O'Neill Elizaveta , Ebiloma Godwin , Wallace Lynsey , De Koning Harry , Seley-Radtke Katherine
Published: December 2014

In an effort to study the effects of flexibility on enzyme recognition and activity, we have developed several different series of flexible nucleoside analogues in which the purine base is split into its respective imidazole and pyrimidine components. The focus of this particular study was to synthesize the truncated neplanocin A fleximers to investigate their potential anti-protozoan activities by inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase). The three fleximers tested displayed poor anti-trypanocidal activities, with EC50 values around 200 μM. Further studies of the corresponding ribose fleximers, most closely related to the natural nucleoside substrates, revealed low affinity for the known T. brucei nucleoside transporters P1 and P2, which may be the reason for the lack of trypanocidal activity observed.
Radiometric Cross Calibration of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
Authors: Mishra Nischal , Haque Md , Leigh Larry , Aaron David , Helder Dennis , Markham Brian
Published: December 2014

This study evaluates the radiometric consistency between Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) using cross calibration techniques. Two approaches are used, one based on cross calibration between the two sensors using simultaneous image pairs, acquired during an underfly event on 29–30 March 2013. The other approach is based on using time series of image statistics acquired by these two sensors over the Libya 4 pseudo invariant calibration site (PICS) (+28.55°N, +23.39°E). Analyses from these approaches show that the reflectance calibration of OLI is generally within ±3% of the ETM+ radiance calibration for all the reflective bands from visible to short wave infrared regions when the ChKur solar spectrum is used to convert the ETM+ radiance to reflectance. Similar results are obtained comparing the OLI radiance calibration directly with the ETM+ radiance calibration and the results in these two different physical units (radiance and reflectance) agree to within ±2% for all the analogous bands. These results will also be useful to tie all the Landsat heritage sensors from Landsat 1 MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS) through Landsat-8 OLI to a consistent radiometric scale.
An invasive plant alters pollinator‐mediated phenotypic selection on a native congener
Authors: Beans Carolyn M. , Roach Deborah A.
Published: December 2014

• Premise of study: Recent studies suggest that invasive plants compete reproductively with native plants by reducing the quantity or quality of pollinator visits. Although these studies have revealed ecological consequences of pollinator‐mediated competition between invasive and native plants, the evolutionary outcomes of these interactions remain largely unexplored.

• Methods: We studied the ecological and evolutionary impact of pollinator‐mediated competition with an invasive jewelweed, Impatiens glandulifera, on a co‐occurring native congener, I. capensis. Using a pollinator choice experiment, a hand pollination experiment, and a selection analysis, we addressed the following questions: (1) Do native pollinators show preference for the invasive or native jewelweed, and do they move between the two species? (2) Does invasive jewelweed pollen inhibit seed production in the native plant? (3) Does the invasive jewelweed alter phenotypic selection on the native plant's floral traits?

• Key results: The pollinator choice experiment showed that pollinators strongly preferred the invasive jewelweed. The hand pollination experiment demonstrated that invasive pollen inhibited seed production in the native plant. The selection analysis showed that the presence of the invasive jewelweed altered phenotypic selection on corolla height in the native plant.

• Conclusions: Invasive plants have the potential to alter phenotypic selection on floral traits in native plant populations. If native plants can evolve in response to this altered selection pressure, the evolution of floral traits may play an important role in permitting long‐term coexistence of native and invasive plants.
EMPLOYEES’ KNOWLEDGE DETERMINANTS IN SMES: THE CASE OF SLOVENIA
Authors: Gomezelj Doris Omerzel , Antončič Boštjan
Published: December 2014

This paper presents various definitions of knowledge as human capital, and analyses some fundamental challenges regarding the measurement of employees’ knowledge of a firm, especially in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The paper reviews the literature pertaining to the assessment of knowledge assets, proceeds to develop a model of SME employees’ knowledge, and presents the results of an empirical test conducted among 173 Slovenian SMEs. Scales were tested for reliability and validity. A structural equation modelling technique was used to verify the theoretically proposed model of the employees’ knowledge. The multidimensionality of the developed SME knowledge construct was confirmed. The proposed model of the employees’ knowledge consists of five main dimensions: innovation capabilities and willingness to learn, attitude, job qualification, formal education, and work experience. To verify and confirm the proposed model, an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The new construct and concept developed in this study offers a near complete picture that can be used as a research framework in future examinations of the importance of knowledge for SME performance.
A NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC THEORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Yung Ping
Published: December 2014

The theories of project management are not well developed despite the existence of extensive literature on the topic. This paper derives a New Institutional Economic theory of project management. It is suggested that project management encompasses both the discipline of operational management and that of economics. The operational management part deals with optimization of project processes. The basic postulation of the economic part is that human beings will maximize their benefits under constraints. Constraints are converted to either price or cost to facilitate the application of the law of demand. Three examples are used to demonstrate how refutable hypotheses can be derived when changes in constraints lead to changes in behaviours. The functions of project management are discussed in the contexts of this theoretical framework. A synthesis with existing theories is also given.
IMPACTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON TRANSFORMATION FROM EFFICIENCY TO INNOVATION-DRIVEN BUSINESS
Authors: Laužikas Mindaugas , Dailydaitė Simona
Published: December 2014

The present article is focused on impacts of social capital on transformation from efficiency to innovation-driven business. Such aspects of social capital as social relations, usage of human capital in innovation processes, expertise in market analysis are often ignored by entrepreneurs. The research purpose is to analyse the relation between social capital and transformation from efficiency to innovation-driven business. Main aspects of this relation are revealed by interpreting findings of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which is to examine how different factors encourage economic development globally via entrepreneurship. Relying on a solid GEM methodology, which combines quantitative adult survey and qualitative expert interviews, various transformation problems of catching-up countries are analysed while paying a special attention to effects of social capital and illustrating them by the case of Lithuania. The role of human capital is measured by such factors as anticipated growth of headcount within respondents’ firms; social relations refer to social image of entrepreneurs (as it is impossible to have a strong social image without good social relations with stakeholders), while information/ knowledge diffusion is analysed via such effects as a number of companies that deliver innovative products and/or services, a number of customers who appreciate and want to try innovative products and/or services as well as a number of expected competitors in the market (it is impossible to be innovative and competitive in the market without information/ feedback collection system established).
A RULE BASED FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION METHOD FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PIPELINE TRANSPORT
Authors: Liu Yutao , Hu Hao , Zhang Di
Published: December 2014

Integrity Management Program (IMP) for oil and gas pipeline system demands a robust risk assessment method, which needs fully utilize the expert knowledge on the empirical data and the ambiguous cause(s) – effect(s) failure mechanism and then keep a good balance between precision and practicality. A new method, Rule Based Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (RB-FSE) which combines Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) with Fuzzy Logic (FLo) is proposed in this paper. It is applied to the pipeline risk assessment for Third-Party Damage (TPD). The proposed method is compared with scoring-type method in a case study. Results indicate that the relative assessment values from RB-FSE model could better support risk-ranking and decision-making in the IMP.
UNDERSTANDING SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS IN THE CONTEXT OF PORT LOGISTICS: AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK
Authors: Herz Nico , Flämig Heike
Published: December 2014

In academia as in practice, seaports are increasingly viewed as elements in supply chains. It is argued that seaports should add value to shippers by aligning their own business activities with shippers’ Supply Chain Management (SCM) strategies and requirements. The implications of this ‘port-SCM’ philosophy are not fully explored, however. In this context, it is especially important to create mutual understanding between shippers, in terms of their SCM strategies, and port actors, in terms of services provided. In this paper a framework is developed, which aims to improve mutual understanding between shippers and port actors from a SCM point of view. It thereby aims to contribute to the dialogue on how the port logistics system can be better integrated into shippers’ SCM strategies. Three SCM reference models are analysed and twelve SCM subsystems identified that represent broad design areas of shippers’ SCM strategies. Further, the seaport system is discussed in terms of system boundaries and the actors involved. Port actors and SCM subsystems are then combined into one explanatory framework, the SCM-port actor matrix. Finally, applying the matrix, three cases retrieved from academic and trade literature in which port actors are actively involved in conducting shippers’ supply chain strategies are discussed. The paper concludes with a brief outlook on future research needs.
AFFINITY PROPAGATION CLUSTERING IN DEFINING LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA OF URBAN STREETS
Authors: Bhuyan Prasanta Kumar , Mohapatra Smruti Sourava
Published: December 2014

Defining Level Of Service (LOS) criteria is very important as this is the first step of LOS analysis but this is not well defined in Indian context. The analysis followed in India is basically adaptation of Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2000) methodology which is more suitable for developed countries having homogenous traffic pattern. An attempt has been made in this study to define LOS criteria of urban streets for developing countries having heterogeneous traffic flow condition. Defining LOS is basically a classification problem and to solve it Affinity Propagation (AP), a very recently developed cluster algorithm is used. Inventory details and the required speed data are collected from five major street corridors of Greater Mumbai Region in India through the application of Trimble GeoXT Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Six validation parameters are used on Free Flow Speed (FFS) data to find the optimal number of clusters, which is required for the classification of street segments into number of classes. After that speed data collected during both peak and off-peak hours are averaged over street segments and clustered into six groups to get the speed ranges of different LOS categories. Using validation parameters, considering the physical and surrounding environmental characteristics it is found that street segments can be classified into four classes in Indian context as mentioned in Highway Capacity Manual 2000. However, the FFS range for urban street class IV (urban design category) is significantly lower because of varying road geometric characteristics. The speed ranges of LOS categories under urban street classes are proportionately lower to that values mentioned in HCM 2000 because of highly heterogeneous traffic flow on urban Indian roads. The travel speed data collection procedure using GPS is simple and accurate. In addition, AP clustering is highly efficient in terms of time saving and provides a very accurate solution to classification problems. Hence, both GPS and AP techniques can be applied in other countries to define the speed ranges of LOS categories considering the local conditions.
THE EFFECT OF DIESEL-BIODIESEL BLENDS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DIRECT INJECTION OFF-ROAD DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: Mickevičius Tomas , Slavinskas Stasys , Wierzbicki Slawomir , Duda Kamil
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the diesel engine performance and emission characteristics, when operating on diesel fuel and various diesel-biodiesel (B10, B20, B40, B60) blends, at various loads and engine speeds. The experimental tests were performed on a four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct injection, naturally aspirated, 60 kW diesel engine D-243. The in-cylinder pressure data was analysed to determine the ignition delay, the Heat Release Rate (HRR), maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum pressure gradients. The influence of diesel-biodiesel blends on the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfc) and exhaust emissions was also investigated. The bench test results showed that when the engine running on blends B60 at full engine load and rated speed, the autoignition delay was 13.5% longer, in comparison with mineral diesel. Maximum cylinder pressure decreased about 1–2% when the amount of Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) expanded in the diesel fuel when operating at full load and 1400 min–1 speed. At rated mode, the minimum bsfc increased, when operating on biofuel blends compared to mineral diesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency sustained at the levels from 0.3% to 6.5% lower in comparison with mineral diesel operating at full (100%) load. When the engine was running at maximum torque mode using diesel – RME fuel blends B10, B20, B40 and B60 the total emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased. At full and moderate load, the emission of carbon monoxide significantly raised as the amount of RME in fuel increased.
MEASURING BANK EFFICIENCY: DEA APPLICATION
Authors: Titko Jelena , Stankevičienė Jelena , Lāce Nataļja
Published: December 2014

The paper aims to improve the methodology of measuring efficiency of Latvian banks. Efficiency scores were calculated with application of non-parametric frontier technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input-oriented DEA model under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) assumption was used. Potential model variables were selected based on the intermediation and profitability approach. Fourteen alternative models with different inputs-outputs combinations were developed for the research purposes. To substantiate the variables selection for DEA model the received data was processed, using such methods, as correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, analysis of mean values, and two-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The research results assisted the authors in providing general recommendations about the variables selection for DEA application in the Latvian banking sector. The present research contributes to the existing analytical data on bank performance in Latvia. The empirical findings provide a background for further studies, in particular, the efficiency of Latvian banks could be analysed in the extended time period.
ON REFERENCE STAR RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Zariņš Ansis , Janpaule Inese , Kaminskis Jānis
Published: December 2014

The paper deals with a research in the area of automation of positional star observations. In order to fully employ recent progress in imaging technologies, star image recognition and reference star identification process should gain comparable level of automation. A software package for this purpose has been developed in the Institute of Geodesy of the University of Latvia. It is capable of near-real-time image processing, star identification and astrometric position determination.
PARAMETERS FOR AUTOMATED STAR IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Balodis Jānis , Zariņš Ansis , Haritonova Diāna , Janpaule Inese
Published: December 2014

The determination of parameters for identifying stars sensed by charge-coupled device (CCD) is discussed. Numerical experiments are summarized which support the parameter space bound estimation practicality of the proposed star pattern recognition and identification by matching with coordinate list in star catalogue. The parameter analysis performed to apply them for proper identification algorithm which is developed and used at the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics. This algorithm is applied for identification of large volume star sets.
ERRATUM
Authors: Chaurasia Kuldeep , Garg Pradeep Kumar
Published: December 2014

"Erratum on the article ‘The role of texture information and data fusion in topographic objects extraction from satellite data’" Geodesy and Cartography.
Revisiting the European Social Model(s) Debate : Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Whyman Philip B. , Baimbridge Mark , Mullen Andrew
Published: December 2014

Une des caractéristiques spécifiques du processus d’intégration politique et économique européen d’après-guerre est le débat au sujet de l’émergence d’un modèle social européen (MSE). Partisans et opposants se sont disputés sur la signification précise du concept d’EMS, s’il en existe une forme particulière et significative, et s’il confirme ou infirme – par une justification théorique – la trajectoire néolibérale actuelle de l’Union européenne. Bien que certains éléments considérés comme faisant partie du MSE existent ou ont été adoptés, cet article considère qu’ils ne constituent pas une alternative cohérente au modèle libéral dominant et ont favorisé l’intégration négative qui caractérise l’Union européenne depuis les années quatre-vingt. En outre, les évolutions actuelles ont encore accru les différences entre ces approches, au détriment des forces sociales progressistes qui visent à construire un véritable MSE.
Exploring the Constitutional Possibilities for a European Social Model
Authors: Rodríguez Gonzálvez Francisco Jorge
Published: December 2014

Le modèle social européen (MSE) est un concept plutôt vague, généralement utilisé pour définir une certaine combinaison entre préoccupations sociales et la nécessité d’amélioration et d’efficacité économique. Ce manque de précision implique une conceptualisation faible, ce qui en conséquence influence la perception de la conjoncture socio-économique actuelle et l’intégration européenne. Cet article vise à identifier des contenus spécifiques de conceptualisation du modèle européen, que l’on trouve dans un certain nombre de principes ou des valeurs communes contenues dans les constitutions européennes. Il vise également à explorer la dynamique entre les éléments de protection libérale et sociale qui constituent un point de départ commun pour une évaluation comparée. On trouve en particulier un processus de convergence des principes constitutionnels, sur base de la migration constitutionnelle de certains concepts à différents moments de l’histoire. L’induction de catégories communes à partir de ces concepts permet de prendre en compte de potentiels dénominateurs communs européens, tels que la dualité entre un marché libre et ses limitations liées à des questions sociales.
(Re) peupler les SES !
Authors: Martinache Igor , Thibault Nicolas
Published: December 2014

La démographie fait partie des savoirs disciplinaires que nous mobilisons dans le cadre des SES. D’une part, au croisement des différentes sciences sociales quantitatives, il y a l’exigence de catégoriser les êtres humains pour les compter. D’autre part, les questions de population permettent d’introduire le raisonnement en SES au travers d’objets qui intéressent les élèves et qui s’inscrivent dans le débat public. Pourtant, la démographie a connu une quasi éclipse de 20 ans, où le programme ne faisait plus référence explicitement à elle.
Comment la démographie influe-t-elle sur l'économie ?
Authors: Martinache Igor
Published: December 2014

Qu’il s’agisse de fécondité ou de migrations, les dynamiques démographiques sont incontestablement au cœur des débats publics, aujourd’hui comme hier. C’est que leurs implications économiques et sociales sont loin de faire consensus et font l’objet de nombreuses prénotions. Si l’opposition entre malthusiens et natalistes est quelque peu réductrice, elle continue néanmoins de structurer nombre de débats depuis la publication par le pasteur anglais de ses Principes de population en 1798, portant d’abord sur ses implications sur la croissance économique, mais aussi, de nos jours, sur la protection sociale et l’écologie. D’où l’intérêt de revenir sur ces enjeux, comme y invite le programme de l’option d’économie approfondie en classe de terminale ES. Vous trouverez ici quelques ressources documentaires qui vous permettront d’aborder ces questions avec vos élèves.
Les aventures d'un Boeing dans l'économie globalisée
Authors: Anota Martin
Published: December 2014

La production mondiale se structure de plus en plus en « chaînes de valeur mondiales », au travers desquelles les tâches nécessaires pour fabriquer un bien sont fragmentées et réalisées dans différents pays. Comme les biens intermédiaires traversent plusieurs fois les frontières, les statistiques traditionnelles du commerce international sont de moins en moins pertinentes pour évaluer la valeur créée par chaque pays.
La Revue de métaphysique et de morale et les congrès internationaux de philosophie (1900-1914) : une contribution à la construction d'une Internationale philosophique
Authors: Soulié Stéphan
Published: December 2014

En organisant, en 1900, le premier congrès international de philosophie et en participant activement à la « fabrication » des congrès suivants, la Revue de métaphysique et de morale a contribué à la constitution d'une communauté philosophique internationale. La nationalisation des discours, avant 1914, impose un effort de diplomatie intellectuelle. Alors que les relations se crispent avec l'Allemagne, Xavier Léon cultive l'amitié franco-italienne. L'entreprise congressiste demeure dans son esprit liée aux intérêts de sa publication et au rayonnement de la philosophie française.
Le long et monotone chapelet de l'Esprit universel. Disciplinarisation et internationalisation dans les congrès de philosophie
Authors: Bianco Giuseppe
Published: December 2014

À travers l'analyse des quatre premiers congrès internationaux de philosophie, cet article tente d'isoler trois traits propres à cette nouvelle forme de sociabilité intellectuelle en philosophie : 1) une tentative de standardiser les pratiques et d'optimiser les échanges de données, 2) un lien entre échanges de marchandises et échanges de biens symboliques, 3) un contexte conflictuel à la fois sur le plan national et international. Sur cette base, l'article tente de fournir quelques éléments de réponse au dysfonctionnement de cette forme.
Langevin ou le paradoxe introuvable
Authors: During Élie
Published: December 2014

C'est à l'occasion de sa conférence au congrès de philosophie de Bologne de 1911 que le physicien Paul Langevin présente le célèbre « paradoxe des jumeaux » désormais associé à son nom. C'est du moins ce qui se dit. En réalité, la version qu'il en donne alors ne comporte ni jumeaux ni paradoxe. D'Einstein (1905) à Bergson (1922), le paradoxe s'est constitué et consolidé à travers une série de relais. On en retrace ici l'histoire tout en reconnaissant l'importance du « moment Langevin » pour la réception philosophique de la théorie de la relativité.
Paul Otlet, Otto Neurath, Le Corbusier : un projet pour la paix perpétuelle
Authors: Tega Walter
Published: December 2014

Après la Première Guerre mondiale, trois grands hommes travaillent au projet du « Mundaneum » : un philanthrope déjà promoteur de la Conférence mondiale pour la paix et partisan de la création d'une Société des Nations (Paul Otlet), un philosophe qui s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une Encyclopédie internationale des sciences unifiées au service de l'homme et de la paix (Otto Neurath) et un protagoniste de l'architecture contemporaine (Le Corbusier). Bien que leur projet de paix perpétuelle n'ait pas été destiné au succès, les principes de l'universalisme et du cosmopolitisme qui l'ont inspiré sont loin d'être depassés.
Simmel et la guerre. De 14 à 18
Authors: Thouard Denis
Published: December 2014

L'étude (partiellement présentée ici) cherche à éclairer la faillite de l'internationalisation philosophique après août 1914. Elle interroge le paradoxe du cas de Georg Simmel qui pouvait, avec sa « sociologie du conflit » (1908) et sa philosophie de la culture, interpréter la guerre. On présente une étude analytique de ses différentes interventions, puis de la composition du livre La Guerre et les décisions de l'esprit en 1917, suivie d'un essai d'interprétation qui tente de rapporter certaines prises de position de Simmel aux évolutions de sa philosophie de la temporalité.
La imagen de la familia en la prensa religiosa de Murcia en los inicios del siglo XX
Authors: Crespo Sánchez Francisco Javier
Published: December 2014

En el inicio del siglo XX, Murcia será ejemplo del proceso de consolidación de la prensa católica de provincias. Transmisora de las ideas de la capital, la Iglesia utilizará este medio para promocionar su modelo ideal de familia en la sociedad en una etapa de marcada conflictividad social y política. A través de los artículos recogidos en la prensa, comprobaremos la construcción y difusión de un discurso basado en la perpetuación de la familia cristiana en el hogar, la exaltación del matrimonio y la definición del rol de los cónyuges.
Fight against Ebola disease: strengthening laboratory framework in low resource settings
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh R. , Shrivastava Prateek S. , Ramasamy Jegadeesh
Published: December 2014

Not available.
Recent and Ancient Death-assemblages of Molluscs in Lakes Eğirdir and Beyşehir (SW Anatolia, Turkey)
Authors: Girod Alberto
Published: December 2014

In the summer of 2000 samples of beach deposits on the shore of Lake Eğirdir were collected. Subsequently, in August 2002, further samples were taken from a sequence exposed near Lake Beyşehir that was composed of carbonatic and gyttja layers containing abundant aquatic molluscs; these were dated to the end of the Middle Pleistocene. Species identification was made difficult by the fact that anatomical studies could not be made, and also because the taxonomy of Turkish molluscs still suffers from the effects of the once widespread habit of identifying Anatolian species as similar European species. The latter difficulty is well on the way to be resolved.
For much of the Middle-Upper Pleistocene and Holocene, Lake Eğirdir had characteristics similar to those of the large Beyşehir-Suğla Basin: a piedmont location enclosed by mountain ranges, large size and north-south orientation, maximum depth of about 15 m, variable water level and nutrient concentration (occasionally becoming a large pond), and probable increases in salinity. The qualitative and quantitative study of both malacofaunas, together with taphonomic observations on the shells,gave deeper insight into the formation processes of natural lacustrine shell accumulations and certain aspects of zooarchaeological interest, improving our understanding of such phenomena.
Lygistopterus anorachilus Ragusa, 1883 (Coleoptera, Lycidae), morphological and faunistic remarks
Authors: Fanti Fabrizio , Vitali Francesco
Published: December 2014

The differential characters of the Italian endemism Lygistopterus anorachilus Ragusa, 1883 and Lygistopterus sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1758) are revised. New morphological characters concerning head and prothorax and, for the first time, male genitalia are provided. The Italian distribution of Lygistopterus anorachilus is updated.
Single-Dose Indigenous Liposomal Amphotericin B in the Treatment of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Phase 2 Study
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Singh Anup , Rai Madhukar , Chakravarty Jaya
Published: December 2014

Liposomal amphotericin B is an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we used a higher-dose regimen of an indigenously manufactured liposomal amphotericin B (FUNGISOME; L-AmBL), which was intended to improve the efficacy in terms of long-lasting cure rate. Thirty men and thirty women between 12 and 60 years old with parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis were enrolled in two cohorts of 15 patients each. Subjects in cohort I were administered one dose (10 mg/kg body weight) of L-AmBL intravenously. After the safety at this dose was confirmed in cohort I, patients were recruited in cohort II. They received one infusion of an escalated dose (15 mg/kg body weight). The safety of these two doses was evaluated over a period of 30 days, and efficacy was assessed for initial cure at day 30 and definitive cure at 6 months. FUNGISOME was found to be safe, with an initial cure rate of 100% at day 30 and a definitive cure rate of 93.3% at the 6-month follow-up in both the cohorts.
Laminated sediments in the Bering Sea reveal atmospheric teleconnections to Greenland climate on millennial to decadal timescales during the last deglaciation
Authors: Kuehn H. , Lembke-Jene L. , Gersonde R. , Esper O. , Lamy F. , Arz H. , Kuhn G. , Tiedemann R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. During the last glacial termination, the upper North Pacific Ocean underwent dramatic and rapid changes in oxygenation that lead to the transient intensification of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), recorded by the widespread occurrence of laminated sediments on circum-Pacific continental margins. We present a new laminated sediment record from the mid-depth (1100 m) northern Bering Sea margin that provides insight into these deglacial OMZ maxima with exceptional, decadal-scale detail. Combined ultrahigh-resolution micro-X-ray-fluorescence (micro-XRF) data and sediment facies analysis of laminae reveal an alternation between predominantly terrigenous and diatom-dominated opal sedimentation. The diatomaceous laminae are interpreted to represent spring/summer productivity events related to the retreating sea ice margin. We identified five laminated sections in the deglacial part of our site. Lamina counts were carried out on these sections and correlated with the Bølling–Allerød and Preboreal phases in the North Greenland Ice Core (NGRIP) oxygen isotope record, indicating an annual deposition of individual lamina couplets (varves). The observed rapid decadal intensifications of anoxia, in particular within the Bølling–Allerød, are tightly coupled to short-term warm events through increases in regional export production. This dependence of laminae formation on warmer temperatures is underlined by a correlation with published Bering Sea sea surface temperature records and δ18O data of planktic foraminifera from the Gulf of Alaska. The rapidity of the observed changes strongly implies a close atmospheric teleconnection between North Pacific and North Atlantic regions. We suggest that concomitant increases in export production and subsequent remineralization of organic matter in the Bering Sea, in combination with oxygen-poor waters entering the Being Sea, drove down oxygen concentrations to values below 0.1 mL L−1 and caused laminae preservation. Calculated benthic–planktic ventilation ages show no significant variations throughout the last deglaciation, indicating that changes in formation rates or differing sources of North Pacific mid-depth waters are not prime candidates for strengthening the OMZ at our site. The age models established by our correlation procedure allow for the determination of calendar age control points for the Bølling–Allerød and the Preboreal that are independent of the initial radiocarbon-based chronology. Resulting surface reservoir ages range within 730–990 yr during the Bølling–Allerød, 800–1100 yr in the Younger Dryas, and 765–775 yr for the Preboreal.
A contribution to the selection of tsunami human vulnerability indicators: conclusions from tsunami impacts in Sri Lanka and Thailand (2004), Samoa (2009), Chile (2010) and Japan (2011)
Authors: González-Riancho P. , Aliaga B. , Hettiarachchi S. , González M. , Medina R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. After several tsunami events with disastrous consequences around the world, coastal countries have realized the need to be prepared to minimize human mortality and damage to coastal infrastructures, livelihoods and resources. The international scientific community is striving to develop and validate methodologies for tsunami hazard and vulnerability and risk assessments. The vulnerability of coastal communities is usually assessed through the definition of sets of indicators based on previous literature and/or post-tsunami reports, as well as on the available data for the study site. The aim of this work is to validate in light of past tsunami events the indicators currently proposed by the scientific community to measure human vulnerability, to improve their definition and selection as well as to analyse their validity for different country development profiles. The events analyzed are the 2011 Great Tohoku tsunami, the 2010 Chilean tsunami, the 2009 Samoan tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The results obtained highlight the need for considering both permanent and temporal human exposure, the former requiring some hazard numerical modelling while the latter is related to site-specific livelihoods, cultural traditions and gender roles. The most vulnerable age groups are the elderly adults and the children, the former having much higher mortality rates. Female mortality is not always higher than male and not always related to dependency issues. Higher numbers of disabled people do not always translate into higher numbers of victims. Besides, it is clear that mortality is not only related to the characteristics of the population but also the buildings. A high correlation has been found between the affected buildings and the number of victims, being very high for completely damaged buildings. Distance to the sea, building materials and expected water depths are highly determining factors regarding the type of damage in buildings.
Characterization and interaction of driving factors in karst rocky desertification: a case study from Changshun, China
Authors: Xu E. Q. , Zhang H. Q.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. As the most severe ecological issue in southwest China, karst rocky desertification (KRD) has both threatened and constrained regional sustainable development. Comprehensively understanding the relationship between the evolution of KRD and relevant driving data would provide more information to combat KRD in such complex karst environments. Past studies have been limited in quantifying the relative importance of driving factors influencing fine-scale KRD evolution, and have also lacked insight into their interactive impacts. To address these issues, we have used geographical information system techniques and a geographical detector model to explore the spatial consistency of driving factors and their interactions in relation to the evolution of KRD. Changshun County in China was selected as a representative area for the study. Nine relevant driving factors, including both natural and anthropogenic factors, were studied in regard to their relationships with KRD transformation between 2000 and 2010. Our results demonstrate the relative importance of driving data in influencing the improvement and deterioration of KRD. Lithology, soil type and road influence are identified as the leading factors. Interestingly, to our study at least, there is no significant difference between the impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors influencing KRD improvement, and even natural factors have a higher impact on KRD deterioration. Factors were found to enhance the influence of each other for KRD transformation. In particular, the results show a non-linearly enhanced effect between driving factors, which significantly aggravates KRD. New information found in our study helps to effectively control and restore areas afflicted by KRD.
Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of dilute pyroclastic density current deposits: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves
Authors: Douillet G. A. , Taisne B. , Tsang-Hin-Sun È. , Müller S. K. , Kueppers U. , Dingwell D. B.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Soft-sediment deformation produces intriguing sedimentary structures and can occur in diverse environments and from a variety of triggers. From the observation of such structures and their interpretation in terms of trigger mechanisms, valuable information can be extracted about former conditions. Here we document examples of syn-eruptive deformation in dilute pyroclastic density current deposits. Outcrops from 6 different volcanoes have been compiled in order to provide a broad perspective on the variety of structures: Ubehebe craters (USA), Tungurahua (Ecuador), Soufrière Hills (Montserrat), Laacher See (Germany), Tower Hill and Purrumbete lake (both Australia). Isolated slumps as well as sinking pseudonodules are driven by their excess weight and occur after deposition but penecontemporaneous to the eruption. Isolated, cm-scale, overturned beds with vortex forms have been interpreted to be the signature of shear instabilities occurring at the boundary of two granular media. They may represent the frozen record of granular, pseudo Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Their recognition can be a diagnostic for flows with a granular basal boundary layer. The occurrence of degassing pipes together with basal intrusive dikes suggest fluidization during flow stages, and can facilitate the development of Kelvin–Helmholtz structures. The occurrence at the base of flow units of injection dikes in some outcrops compared with suction-driven local uplifts in others indicates the role of dynamic pore pressure. Variations of the latter are possibly related to local changes between depletive and accumulative dynamics of flows. Ballistic impacts can trigger unconventional sags producing local displacement or liquefaction. Based on the deformation depth, these can yield precise insights into depositional unit boundaries. Such impact structures may also be at the origin of some of the steep truncation planes visible at the base of the so-called "chute and pool" structures. Finally, the passage of shock waves emanating from the vent may be preserved in the form of trains of isolated, fine-grained overturned beds which may disturb the surface bedding without occurrence of a sedimentation phase in the vicinity of a vent. Dilute pyroclastic density currents occur contemporaneously with seismogenic volcanic explosions. They are often deposited on steep slopes and can incorporate large amounts of water and gas in the sediment. They can experience extremely high sedimentation rates and may flow at the border between traction, granular and fluid-escape boundary zones. These are just some of the many possible triggers acting in a single environment, and reveal the potential for insights into the eruptive mechanisms of dilute pyroclastic density currents.
Exposure Diversity Reconsidered
Authors: Napoli Philip M.
Published: December 2014

Concerning media diversity, should policymakers be more concerned about the choices consumers of information make than what sources are available to them? Dr. Napoli argues that with all of the information outlets currently available, focusing on source and content diversity is becoming less important than understanding the information that is actually consumed by media users. If audiences choose to focus their attention selectively on only a few sources that reflect their tastes and preferences, are policy interventions called for? Dr. Napoli discusses the kinds of research needed to begin to answer this question.