bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mismatch or misunderstanding? Calculation and qualculation among economists and consumers in their framings of the electricity market
Authors: Aune Margrethe , Godbolt Åsne Lund , Sørensen Knut H
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on a study of how economists engaged in energy policymaking and household consumers frame the electricity market, based on interviews with prominent energy economists and focus group interviews with household consumers. Drawing on economic sociology, and above all the contribution of Michel Callon, we analyse framing processes involved in the sense-making with regard to the electricity market, including electricity consumption and the understanding of how households act with respect to the market. It was found that the economists drew predominantly on a framing of the electricity market according to their theoretical understanding of markets, considering consumers as calculative agents in a strict sense. In contrast, the consumers argued a more inclusive and complex framing of the electricity market by also emphasising moral, social and political issues. Thus, the consumers appeared to be qualculative rather than just calculative agents. This different framing did not emerge from consumers’ misunderstandings or their being misinformed about market mechanisms. Rather, we observed a mismatch between the energy economists and the household consumers regarding the underlying rationality of their framings, how they perceived consumption of electricity, and what they included and excluded in the framing of the market.
Laser Scanning-Assisted Tip-Enhanced Optical Microscopy for Robust Optical Nanospectroscopy
Authors: Yano Taka-aki , Tsuchimoto Yuta , Mochizuki Masahito , Hayashi Tomohiro , Hara Masahiko
Published: July 2016

Laser-scanning-assisted tip-enhanced optical microscopy was developed for robust optical nanospectroscopy. The laser-scanning system was utilized to automatically set and keep the center of a tight laser-focusing spot in the proximity of a metallic tip with around 10 nm precision. This enabled us to efficiently and stably induce plasmon-coupled field enhancement at the apex of the metallic probe tip. The laser-scanning technique was also applied to tracking and compensating the thermal drift of the metallic tip in the spot. This technique is usable for long-term tip-enhanced optical spectroscopy without any optical degradation.
Organizational processes and ontological (in)security: Torture, the CIA and the United States
Authors: Steele Brent J
Published: July 2016

This paper builds upon previous work that has sought to use ontological security to understand problematic and violent state practices, and how they relate to the securitizing of identity. Yet like much (although not all) work which has utilized it in International Relations theory, the application of ontological security theory (OST) to state ‘drives’ has provided only a superficial unpacking of ‘the state’. Further, while OST scholars have examined environmental or background conditions of ‘late modernity’, and how these conditions facilitate anxiety and uncertainty for agents, the content of such factors can be further explicated by placing OST in conversation with one particular systemic account. Alongside ‘the state’ and ‘late modernity’, the paper therefore explores several complementary sites shaping the ontological security seeking process of, within and around states. The paper reads the 2000s re-embrace of torture by the United States by examining ontological security alongside: (1) the structural level via Laura Sjoberg’s ‘gender–hierarchical’ argument; (2) the routinized organizational processes (via Graham Allison) of the US intelligence community and specifically the Central Intelligence Agency; and (3) the narrated interplay between public opinion and elite discourses.
Using a Multidimensional IRT Framework to Better Understand Differential Item Functioning (DIF): A Tale of Three DIF Detection Procedures
Authors: Walker Cindy M. , Gocer Sahin Sakine
Published: July 2016

The theoretical reason for the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) is that data are multidimensional and two groups of examinees differ in their underlying ability distribution for the secondary dimension(s). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how much the secondary ability distributions must differ before DIF is detected. Two-dimensional binary data sets were simulated using a compensatory multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model, incrementally varying the mean difference on the second dimension between reference and focal group examinees while systematically increasing the correlation between dimensions. Three different DIF detection procedures were used to test for DIF: (1) SIBTEST, (2) Mantel–Haenszel, and (3) logistic regression. Results indicated that even with a very small mean difference on the secondary dimension, smaller than typically considered in previous research, DIF will be detected. Additional analyses indicated that even with the smallest mean difference considered in this study, 0.25, statistically significant differences will almost always be found between reference and focal group examinees on subtest scores consisting of items measuring the secondary dimension.
Attentional Effort of Beginning Mindfulness Training Is Offset With Practice Directed Toward Images of Natural Scenery
Authors: Lymeus Freddie , Lundgren Tobias , Hartig Terry
Published: July 2016

Mindfulness involves curious and detached attention to present experience. Long-term mindfulness practice can improve attentional control capabilities, but practice sessions may initially deplete attentional resources as beginners struggle to learn skills and manage distractions. Without using skills or effort, people can have mindful experiences in pleasant natural environments; natural scenery may therefore facilitate mindfulness practice. Twenty-seven participants completed an 8-week mindfulness course; 14 served as waiting-list controls. We tested participants’ attention every other week before and after 15-min sessions of conventional mindfulness practice, mindfulness practice with nature images, or rest with nature images (controls). Mindfulness practice incurred attentional effort; it hampered performance gains seen in controls during practice/rest sessions, and attentionally weak participants completed fewer course exercises. Viewing nature images during practice increasingly offset the effort of mindfulness practice across the 8 weeks. Bringing skill-based and nature-based approaches together offers additional possibilities for understanding and facilitating mindfulness and restorative states.
Towards a multiscale model for flax composites from behaviour of fibre and fibre/polymer interface
Authors: Panamoottil SM , Das R , Jayaraman K
Published: July 2016

The foundations for a multiscale numerical framework for composites, that can assist in the design of composites structures, have been laid in this study. Fibre tensile and shear properties were investigated experimentally, and subsequently modelled using the laminate theory. The interface properties of a flax/polypropylene and a flax/epoxy system were determined using microbond tests combined with micromechanical models, and properties from transverse tensile tests. These properties were used in numerical models of the microbond test, and good agreement with experiments was obtained for both systems. When the interface and fibre properties were used in numerical models of single flax yarns impregnated with polypropylene or epoxy resin, the stiffness behaviour showed good agreement with experiments for flax/polypropylene and flax/epoxy systems. The peak stress prediction from the flax/polypropylene numerical model was only 6.2% lower than the experimental average of 24.33 MPa. The flax/epoxy model, however, predicted a peak stress value of 85.6 MPa which was 20.6% higher than the experimental value of 70.9 MPa. The properties obtained from this study, along with the methodology, can be used to estimate macro-scale strengths of composite members in structures for different layups and loading conditions.
Land Inequality and Rural Unrest
Authors: Albertus Michael , Brambor Thomas , Ceneviva Ricardo
Published: July 2016

What is the relationship between landholding inequality and rural unrest? And why does land reform that ostensibly addresses rural grievances sometimes exacerbate unrest? We advance the understanding of these longstanding questions by shifting the emphasis from how landholding inequality fuels rural grievances to how it captures the collective action capacity of landowners. Using municipal-level data from Brazil’s large land reform program from 1988 to 2013, we demonstrate that the relationship between landholding inequality and unrest is conditional. Isolated threats to landed elites in the form of land invasions are difficult to repel, generating a positive relationship between landholding inequality and one-off land invasions. By contrast, sustained, broader local threats triggered by nearby land reforms catalyze landowner organization to repel land invasions, leading to the reverse relationship. The findings provide a novel answer for why a straightforward link between land inequality and rural unrest is elusive and may generalize to a broad range of similar cases.
A preliminary evaluation on the national drug intervention in Thailand
Authors: Khruakham Seksan , Lee Jonathan
Published: July 2016

Thailand initiated national drug intervention across 10 regional police jurisdictions in 2001. Despite the alleged overall success, its impact has not been explored with empirical data. This study examines monthly crime data from 1995 to 2008 using interrupted time series modelling. On average across all regions, the drug crime rate significantly dropped immediately following the initiation. However, its trajectory shows a regression to the pre-intervention level over the course of 60 months. Methodological limitations and policy implications are discussed.
Air-flow characteristics and yarn whipping during start-up stage of air-jet weft insertion
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Chen Shenyang , Liu Yisheng , Hu Xudong
Published: July 2016

Air-jet weaving is a weaving technique with high production rate. However, efficiency decreases if instabilities in the motion of the weft yarn leader occur causing weft insertion failure. A 2D geometrical model was developed for the main nozzle of the air-jet loom and a mathematical model employing the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) technique was used to simulate the air-flow and whipping action of the leader in the air flow at the exit of the main nozzle. With numerical results, the resultant force normal to the yarn determined by the yarn shape and the air-flow field has a significant influence on this whipping action. Starting with an initial gravity-induced drooping leader, a large normal force exerted by the air flow subsequently leads to a strong whipping action. To verify the validity of the numerical analysis, an experimental apparatus with a high-speed camera attached was constructed to observe the leader trajectory under different air supply conditions. The experimental results show that during weft insertion the motion is more stable with an initially straight leader than one initially drooping.
Sex and work on the move: Money boys in post-socialist China
Authors: Kong Travis SK
Published: July 2016

China’s reconfiguration of the state and the market in its reform era has created new spaces and opportunities that have attracted millions of rural migrants to urban centres in search of freedom, wealth and new identities. However, the new space and the self both remain constricted by post-socialist parameters and the market. Based on ethnographic research on the male sex industry in post-socialist China (2004–2014), this article studies one such group of the rural-to-urban migrant population, namely male sex workers, or ‘money boys’ in the local parlance. Building on existing migration and prostitution literatures in China and my previous work, this article examines the ways they become money boys and manage three stigmatised identities – rural-to-urban migrant, men who sell sex and men who have sex with men – in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. This article concludes that money boys represent a group of the new migrant generation with distinct needs and desires, which is simultaneously embedded in the neoliberal discourse of development and empowerment, and at risk of dislocation and isolation.
Take It or Leave It
Authors: Wisecup Allison K.
Published: July 2016

This study employs a cross-sectional design to explore sociology majors’ attitudes toward research methods. Survey data from a convenience sample of students enrolled in 16 departments are used to compare the attitudes of students who have and have not completed a research methods course. Despite consistent anecdotal claims that students harbor disdain or anxiety about research methods, the results indicate that students’ attitudes are lukewarm, at worst. Completion of a research methods course is associated with more positive affect toward research methods and feelings of greater cognitive competence in research methods knowledge and skills. The results also indicate that completion of a research methods course is not associated with being more interested in research methods or feeling the subject is less difficult.
Severe Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Associated With Poor Growth in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Piper Hannah G. , Di Fan  , Coughlin Laura A. , Ho Evi X. , McDaniel Margaret M. , Channabasappa Nandini , Kim Jiwoong , Kim Minsoo , Zhan Xiaowei , Xie Yang , Koh Andrew Y.
Published: July 2016

Background: Children with short bowel syndrome (SBS) can vary significantly in their growth trajectory. Recent data have shown that children with SBS possess a unique gut microbiota signature compared with healthy controls. We hypothesized that children with SBS and poor growth would exhibit more severe gut microbiota dysbiosis compared with those with SBS who are growing adequately, despite similar intestinal anatomy. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected from children with SBS (n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 3) over 3 months. Gut microbiota populations (16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and metagenomic shotgun sequencing) were compared, including a more in‐depth analysis of SBS children exhibiting poor and good growth. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann‐Whitney, Kruskal‐Wallis, and χ2 tests as appropriate. Results: Children with SBS had a significant deficiency of the commensal Firmicutes order Clostridiales (P = .025, Kruskal‐Wallis) compared with healthy children. Furthermore, children with SBS and poor growth were deficient in beneficial bacteria known to produce short‐chain fatty acids and had expansion of proinflammatory Enterobacteriaceae (P = .038, Kruskal‐Wallis) compared with children with SBS who were growing adequately. Using metabolic function analyses, SBS/poor growth microbiomes were deficient in genes needed for gluconeogenesis but enriched in branched and aromatic amino acid synthesis and citrate cycle pathway genes. Conclusions: Patients with SBS, particularly those with suboptimal growth, have a marked gut dysbiosis characterized by a paucity of beneficial commensal anaerobes, resulting in a deficiency of key metabolic enzymes found in the gut microbiomes of healthy children.
Whistleblowing, Parrhesia and the Contestation of Truth in the Workplace
Authors: Weiskopf Richard , Tobias-Miersch Yvonne
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we develop an approach to the study of whistleblowing as a critical practice that is involved in the contestation of truth and power in the workplace. We situate our analysis in the context of practice-based thinking and specify the social practice of whistleblowing with reference to Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘parrhesia’ (frank speech). We then introduce the case of Guido Strack, a former European Union official who worked as section leader at the Office des Publications Officielles des Communautés Européenne from 1995 to 2002. Strack spoke out against malpractice in the EU in 2001 and officially reported alleged financial misconduct in 2002. In our analysis, we focus on the interplay between and effects of different modes of truth-telling in the context of this specific organization – a context marked by the uneasy coexistence of different normative and discursive frames. We argue that the parrhesiastic modality of truth-telling threatens the established ‘working solutions’ that reconcile the tensions inherent in the regime of practices and thus introduces a ‘critical opening’ that harbours the potential for both personal and organizational transformation. We conclude by highlighting the potential of a nuanced understanding of parrhesia for studying ‘critical practices’ more generally.
Effects of Covering Surgical Wounds with Polyglycolic Acid Sheets for Posttonsillectomy Pain
Authors: Miyaguchi Shin‐ichi , Horii Arata , Kambara Rumi , Takemoto Norihiko , Akazawa Hitoshi , Takahashi Nao , Baba Hironori , Inohara Hidenori
Published: July 2016

Postoperative pain is a remaining issue in tonsillectomy. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a biocompatible material used for absorbent suture reinforcement, and its sheet has been applied for covering defects after resection of oral carcinoma. The aim of this study is to examine whether the attachment of a PGA sheet to surgical wounds would reduce posttonsillectomy pain. In this prospective single‐blind study, 17 consecutive adult patients were recruited who needed to undergo tonsillectomy, mainly due to habitual tonsillitis. Following bilateral tonsillectomies, a PGA sheet was attached with fibrin glue to only 1 side, without notification to patients of which side. Postoperative pain of each side was separately evaluated with a visual analog scale at 4 time points: before each meal and before sleep. Postoperative pain of both the PGA sheet–attached and nonattached sides was most severe before breakfast among 4 time points. Postoperative pain measured before breakfast was significantly more severe in the PGA sheet–attached side than the nonattached side. As such, this study provided solid data on the negative effects of PGA sheeting on posttonsillectomy pain.
Italian Studies, Italian Theory and the politics of trans-lation
Authors: Minca Claudio
Published: July 2016

Italian Theory has emerged as the result of the search for new conceptual frameworks in the face of a series of international political events concerning not only the proliferation of states of exception but also of new forms of politicization of life related to biomedical science and the biosecurization of spaces. In this essay, I consider how Italian Theory has come into existence in Western academia and beyond through its productive travels among area studies, the humanities, and the social sciences. In particular, I reflect on how US-based Italian Studies—joining forces with scholars in other fields on the two sides of the Atlantic—engage in practices of trans-lation that fundamentally contribute to the “packing” of contemporary Italian political philosophy as “Italian Theory”. Such practices have significantly impacted on Human Geography and the social sciences in general, and influenced how highly theoretical work originated outside the Anglophone “academic core” is (re)produced, legitimated, and circulated internationally.
“Race doesn’t matter”
Authors: Brummett Erin A.
Published: July 2016

This study examines constructions of racial differences within online stories narrated by individuals involved in interracial romantic relationships. A dialogic analysis of the stories ( n = 76) revealed that interracial romantic partners challenged difference by positioning racial dissimilarity as problematic, contrasting differences with partner similarities, devaluing difference in the evaluation of relational success, and erasing difference or refuting an interracial relational identity altogether. The marginalization of difference in contrast to the dominance of similarity in individuals’ talk suggests that interracial partners participate in a great deal of discursive work to legitimize their relationships.
Neural changes induced by antipsychotic administration in adolescence: A review of studies in laboratory rodents
Authors: Moe Aung Aung Kywe , Scott James G , Burne Thomas HJ , Eyles Darryl W
Published: July 2016

Adolescence is characterized by major remodelling processes in the brain. Use of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in adolescents has increased dramatically in the last 20 years; however, our understanding of the neurobiological consequences of APD treatment on the adolescent brain has not kept the same pace and significant concerns have been raised. In this review, we examined currently available preclinical studies of the effects of APDs on the adolescent brain. In animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders, adolescent APD treatment appears to be protective against selected structural, behavioural and neurochemical phenotypes. In “neurodevelopmentally normal” adolescent animals, a range of short- and long-term alterations in behaviour and neurochemistry have been reported. In particular, the adolescent brain appears to be sensitive to long-term locomotor/reward effects of chronic atypical APDs in contrast with the outcomes in adults. Long-lasting changes in dopaminergic, glutamatergic and gamma-amino butyric acid-ergic systems induced by adolescent APD administration have been observed in the nucleus accumbens. A detailed examination of other potential target regions such as striatum, prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area is still required. Through identification of specific neural pathways targeted by adolescent APD treatment, future studies will expand the current knowledge on long-term neural outcomes which are of translational value.
Regional hypoxic cerebral vasodilation facilitated by diameter changes primarily in anterior versus posterior circulation
Authors: Mikhail Kellawan J , Harrell John W , Roldan-Alzate Alejandro , Wieben Oliver , Schrage William G
Published: July 2016

The inability to quantify cerebral blood flow and changes in macrocirculation cross-sectional area in all brain regions impedes robust insight into hypoxic cerebral blood flow control. We applied four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging to quantify cerebral blood flow (ml • min−1) and cross-sectional area (mm2) simultaneously in 11 arteries. In healthy adults, blood pressure, O2 Saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal CO2 were measured at baseline and steady-state hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.11). We investigated left and right: internal carotid, vertebral, middle, anterior, posterior cerebral arteries, and basilar artery. Hypoxia (SpO2 = 80±2%) increased total cerebral blood flow from 621±38 to 742±50 ml • min−1 ( p < 0.05). Hypoxia increased cerebral blood flow, except in the right posterior cerebral arteries. Hypoxia increased cross-sectional area in the anterior arteries (left and right internal carotid arteries, left and right middle, p < 0.05; left and right anterior p = 0.08) but only the right vertebral artery of the posterior circulation. Nonetheless, relative cerebral blood flow distribution and vascular reactivity (Δ%cerebral blood flow • ΔSpO2−1) were not different between arteries. Collectively, moderate hypoxia: (1) increased cerebral blood flow, but relative distribution remains similar to normoxia, (2) evokes similar vascular reactivity between 11 arteries, and (3) increased cross-sectional area primarily in the anterior arteries. This study provides the first wide-ranging, quantitative, functional and structural data regarding intracranial arteries during hypoxia in humans, highlighting cerebral blood flow regulation of microcirculation and macrocirculation differs between anterior and posterior circulation.
You Only Die Once: Accounting for Multi-Attributable Mortality Risks in Multi-Disease Models for Health-Economic Analyses
Authors: Hoogenveen Rudolf T. , Boshuizen Hendriek C. , Engelfriet Peter M. , van Baal Pieter H. M.
Published: July 2016

Mortality rates in Markov models, as used in health economic studies, are often estimated from summary statistics that allow limited adjustment for confounders. If interventions are targeted at multiple diseases and/or risk factors, these mortality rates need to be combined in a single model. This requires them to be mutually adjusted to avoid ‘double counting’ of mortality. We present a mathematical modeling approach to describe the joint effect of mutually dependent risk factors and chronic diseases on mortality in a consistent manner. Most importantly, this approach explicitly allows the use of readily available external data sources. An additional advantage is that existing models can be smoothly expanded to encompass more diseases/risk factors. To illustrate the usefulness of this method and how it should be implemented, we present a health economic model that links risk factors for diseases to mortality from these diseases, and describe the causal chain running from these risk factors (e.g., obesity) through to the occurrence of disease (e.g., diabetes, CVD) and death. Our results suggest that these adjustment procedures may have a large impact on estimated mortality rates. An improper adjustment of the mortality rates could result in an underestimation of disease prevalence and, therefore, disease costs.
The EU Cohesion Policy in context: Does a bottom-up approach work in all regions?
Authors: Crescenzi Riccardo , Giua Mara
Published: July 2016

This paper looks at the European Union as a laboratory to study how ‘spatially targeted’ policies (i.e. the European Union Cohesion and Rural Development Policies) interact with sectoral ‘spatially blind’ policies (i.e. the Common Agricultural Policy), jointly shaping regional growth dynamics. The analysis of the drivers of regional growth shows that the European Union Cohesion Policy has a positive influence on economic growth in all regions. However, its impact is stronger in the most socio-economically advanced areas and is maximised when its expenditure is complemented by Rural Development and Common Agricultural Policy funds. The top-down funding of the Common Agricultural Policy seems to be able to concentrate some benefits in the most deprived areas of the Union. This suggests that bottom-up policies are not always the best approach to territorial cohesion. Top-down policies may – in some cases – be effective in order to channel resources to the most socio-economically deprived areas. Territorial cohesion requires the flexible integration and coordination of both bottom-up and top-down approaches.
Anatomic Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Knee Leads to Overconstraint at Any Fixation Angle
Authors: Schon Jason M. , Moatshe Gilbert , Brady Alex W. , Serra Cruz Raphael , Chahla Jorge , Dornan Grant J. , Turnbull Travis Lee , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most common injuries among athletes. However, the ability to fully restore rotational stability with ACL reconstruction (ACLR) remains a challenge, as evidenced by the persistence of rotational instability in up to 25% of patients after surgery. Advocacy for reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) is rapidly increasing because some biomechanical studies have reported that the ALL is a significant contributor to internal rotational stability of the knee.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ALL reconstruction (ALLR) graft fixation angle on knee joint kinematics in the clinically relevant setting of a concomitant ACLR and to determine the optimal ALLR graft fixation angle. It was hypothesized that all fixation angles would significantly reduce rotational laxity compared with the sectioned ALL state.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten nonpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees underwent a full kinematic assessment in each of the following states: (1) intact; (2) anatomic single-bundle (SB) ACLR with intact ALL; (3) anatomic SB ACLR with sectioned ALL; (4) anatomic SB ACLR with 7 anatomic ALLR states using graft fixation angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°; and (5) sectioned ACL and ALL. Internal rotation during a 5-N·m internal rotation torque and anterior translation during an 88-N anterior load were recorded at 15° flexion intervals between 0° and 120°. Axial plane translation and internal rotation during a simulated pivot-shift test (combined 5-N·m internal rotation and 10-N·m valgus torques) were recorded between 0° and 60°. Kinematic changes were measured and compared with the intact state for all reconstructed and sectioned states.

Results:

Anatomic ALLR at all graft fixation angles significantly overconstrained internal rotation of the knee joint beyond 30° of flexion and at 45° and 60° during the pivot-shift test. Furthermore, there were no significant knee kinematic differences between any tested graft fixation angles during anterior drawer, pivot-shift, and internal rotation tests.

Conclusion:

Anatomic ALLR in conjunction with an ACLR significantly reduced rotatory laxity of the knee beyond 30° of knee flexion. However, ALLR, regardless of fixation angle, resulted in significant overconstraint of the knee.

Clinical Relevance:

ALLR at any fixation angle overconstrained native joint kinematics and should be performed with careful consideration. Further investigation into the application and target population for ALLR is strongly recommended.
Satisfaction of Discharged Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Castle Nicholas , Engberg John , Men Aiju
Published: July 2016

The psychometric properties of The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) Nursing Home survey: Discharged Resident Instrument (NHCAHPS-D) are examined. A random sample of 550 nursing homes was selected from across the United States and 365 agreed to participate (participation rate = 66%). From 7,020 surveys sent to discharged residents, 4,926 were returned (response rate = 70%). The psychometric properties of the resident responses and the survey items were robust. Confirmatory factor analyses model fit statistics met the criterion for good conformance. Five of the initial NHCAHPS-D instrument domains were identified (environment, care, communication and respect, autonomy, and activities), along with a sixth (transitions) added by the authors. The standardization and reliability that NHCAHPS-D provides could facilitate the same benefits we have seen in other industries for the CAHPS family of instruments (i.e., quality improvement, reimbursement, public reporting, and benchmarking) and also become an industry standard.
Hydrocarbon time–temperature curve under airjet perturbation: An in situ method to probe char stability and integrity in reactive fire protection coatings
Authors: Naik Anil D. , Duquesne Sophie , Bourbigot Serge
Published: July 2016

Intumescent coatings are the present-day state-of-art techniques to protect steel structures and other structural materials from fire hazards. Thermal insulation properties of such protective materials are normally deduced from standard fire tests, however, with least reference to char integrity and strength. This work proposes a simple and resourceful in situ experimental protocol to evaluate char strength of intumescent coatings on steel panels during hydrocarbon time–temperature fire test (at about 1200°C). It is based on in-process monitoring the physical integrity, mechanical stability, and thermal insulation capacity of fully developed char under a stream of air (airjet) before steel plate reaches its critical temperature. A bench-scale furnace designed in our laboratory to reproduce hydrocarbon fire scenario (UL1709) was upgraded to simulate air turbulence to impact the char strength. Silicone- and epoxy-based coatings on steel panels were tested under these conditions. Silicone-based coatings are found to have several interesting advantages over the latter. Furthermore, this protocol was extended to investigate the compositional influence on char strength in a set of silicon-based coatings.
Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset by using a design thinking approach in entrepreneurship education
Authors: Daniel Ana Dias
Published: July 2016

Entrepreneurship education has generated considerable interest in recent decades, largely attributable to the evidence of the positive impact of small and medium-sized enterprises on economic growth, job creation, innovation and wealth generation. Since the first entrepreneurship course was held in 1947 at Harvard University, countless courses and programmes have been developed and implemented throughout the world. Nevertheless, there is still much discussion about the scope, objectives and methodologies that are most appropriate for the promotion of an entrepreneurial mindset. This article addresses the suitability of ‘design thinking’ as a teaching approach in entrepreneurship education by using case study research methodology. During the academic year 2012/13, a new one-semester curricular unit was offered to 66 undergraduate students across five courses, using a teaching methodology adapted from the design thinking process. Students’ assessments of the unit were elicited through a questionnaire at the end of the semester. The findings suggest that design thinking had a positive influence on their motivation and their satisfaction with their overall performance.
Commercial transfer – A business model innovation for the entrepreneurial university
Authors: Gaus Olaf , Raith Matthias G.
Published: July 2016

While knowledge-intensive societies rely heavily on universities for the creation of knowledge, its translation into economic value is typically performed by firms in the market. Since universities increasingly depend on additional funds for new and expensive research, current policies urge them to interact proactively with the market. The authors analyse how an entrepreneurial university creates, delivers and captures value by characterizing its business model. They develop a business model of the university as a research and teaching institution, with which they contrast purely private and purely public universities as two business model archetypes to show how these archetypes determine incentive and governance structures. They examine how the inclusion of commercial transfer as the ‘third mission’ affects the university’s income structure and thereby its objective and incentive structure. Within their business model framework, the authors derive strategic implications for the implementation of commercial transfer and the transition to the new business model.
Start-up entrepreneurs and university students in a co-learning mode
Authors: Saukkonen Juha , Nukari Jussi , Ballard Sharon , Levie Jonathan
Published: July 2016

Start-up companies have been recognized as key drivers of wealth and job creation. Many students now in universities will therefore find their future employment in start-up companies, or will found them. Success in the start-up environment requires a specific set of skills. There is a growing supply of university education for new venture creation and an increasing demand for interaction between universities and start-up ventures so that knowledge can be transferred between them. This article evaluates the potential of a programme designed to enable holistic collaborative entrepreneurial learning between start-up companies and students. The authors measure the impacts of the programme on participants’ self-assessment of their capabilities and of critical capabilities for start-up success, comparing assessments before the start of the programme, at its end and 1 year subsequently. The results show that an impact on such assessments can be achieved and that the two distinct groups can learn together, but questions remain with regard to the retention of learning.
Starting up a firm or not
Authors: Varamäki Elina , Joensuu Sanna , Viljamaa Anmari
Published: July 2016

Entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and their antecedents have been extensively studied in student populations. The results suggest that higher education does not promote the formation of EI in students. This article examines the antecedents of intentions in two different student populations: those who are currently starting a firm and those who are not. Gender and entrepreneurial role models are used as control variables. Further, the article examines the utility of applying intention measures for individuals already acting on their intention. As a framework, the authors use Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour. Data from 3754 responses were collected through a self-administered questionnaire in seven universities of applied sciences from students representing eight different study fields. The results show that Ajzen’s model performs better when explaining the intentions of those who are not in the process of starting a firm than of nascent entrepreneurs.
Reconstruction of unknown automata designs of Blossoming Flower Clock in Forbidden City
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsun , Yan Hong-Sen
Published: July 2016

The Blossoming Flower Clock is an ingenious timepiece made in the 18th century and now preserved in Beijing Palace Museum, China. It generally cannot be disassembled and examined due to its historical value, and hence the inner mechanisms of the clock are unknown. This study provides a systematic design approach for reconstructing the five automata in the clock, namely time keeping, music playing, ducks swimming, flowers blossoming, and figures posturing. For the first two automata, practicable mechanical structures are inferred based on a classification and analysis of known technological customs and practice at the time. A total of seven feasible mechanisms are proposed for the time-keeping automaton, while three possible mechanisms are presented for the music-playing automaton. For the remaining automata, the structural characteristics and design constraints of the associated mechanisms are derived by means of a systematic motion analysis. By applying the concepts of generalization and specialization, a total of seven feasible mechanisms are synthesized for the ducks-swimming automaton, while six mechanisms are presented for the flowers-blossoming automaton and figures-posturing automaton. The proposed methodology is formalized in the form of a flow chart. Overall, the present results suggest that the proposed method provides a useful approach for reconstructing the unknown internal workings of mechanical devices.
Optimal patterns of dynamic soaring with a small unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Liu Duo-Neng , Hou Zhong-Xi , Guo Zheng , Yang Xi-Xiang , Gao Xian-Zhong
Published: July 2016

Like albatross, unmanned aerial vehicles can significantly make use of wind gradient to extract energy by the flight technique named dynamic soaring. The research aims to develop a general optimization method to compute all the possible patterns of dynamic soaring with a small unmanned aerial vehicle. A direct collocation approach based on the Runge-Kutta integrator is proposed to solve the trajectory optimization problem for dynamic soaring. The optimal dynamic soaring trajectories are classified into two patterns: closed trajectory pattern and travelling trajectory pattern by applying terminal constraints of zero horizontal displacement and a certain travelling direction, respectively. Using different terminal constrains for heading angle and initial guesses in the optimization process, the former pattern can be divided into two subtypes: O-shaped and 8-shaped trajectories, while the latter one is divided into C-shaped, α-shaped, S-shaped and Ω-shaped trajectories. The characteristics of these patterns and the correlation among patterns are analyzed and discussed.
Liquid-propellant rocket engine online health condition monitoring base on multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making
Authors: Nie Yao , Cheng Yuqiang , Wu Jianjun
Published: July 2016

This study reports multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making for liquid-propellant rocket engine online health condition monitoring to improve reliability and safety, especially for next-generation reusable engines. Fusing multi-algorithm detection information to judge liquid-propellant rocket engine condition is multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making main task, and multi-algorithm judgment problem is its central issue; i.e. how to make a global judgment from judgment results of different fault detection methods. Considering opportune fault detection, adequate rocket engine information exploitation, and reliable condition judging, the multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making framework for problem definition is presented along with a multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making judgment model. For more reliable, efficient global judgment, a method based on the Bayes’ risk function integrating multi-algorithm prior information is adopted. The proposed approach is validated with liquid-propellant rocket engine ground testing data. The results show that the multi-algorithm parallel integrated decision-making judgment model gives very effective and reliable performance relative to the voting method, successfully solving multi-algorithm judgment problems and meeting practical engineering needs.
Outbreak or illusion: consequences of ‘improved’ diagnostics for gonorrhoea
Authors: Bennett Amy , Jeffery Katie , O’Neill Eunan , Sherrard Jackie
Published: July 2016

The sexual health service in Oxford introduced gonorrhoea nucleic amplification acid testing using the BD Viper XTR™ System. For practical reasons, a confirmatory nucleic amplification acid testing using a different platform was not used initially. Following the introduction of nucleic amplification acid testing, the rates of gonorrhoea increased threefold. Concerns were raised that this increase represented an outbreak. A retrospective review of cases over six months suggested that there may have been a number of false-positive results. A prospective study was then undertaken over six months, where all gonorrhoea positive samples were sent for confirmatory testing. This evaluation of all gonorrhoea cases in an English county found that the overall presumptive false-positive rates for gonorrhoea nucleic amplification acid testing using BD Viper XTR™ in our population are significant at 27% of female samples, 13.2% of heterosexual male samples, 3.5% of anogenital multiple site men who have sex with men samples and 62.8% of pharyngeal only men who have sex with men samples. The data demonstrate the need for confirmatory testing using a second nucleic acid target, as per BASHH/Public Health England guidelines, especially in low-prevalence settings and extragenital sites, due to cross-reactivity with commensal Neisseria species and low positive predictive values.
The use of new ICTs in trade union protests – five European cases
Authors: Rego Raquel , Sprenger Wim , Kirov Vassil , Thomson Greg , Nunzio Daniele Di
Published: July 2016

Despite the interest in the use of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) by trade unions, little is known about how new ICTs have changed trade union protest. In a period of austerity, in which new groups – including labour-related ones – have shown impressive mobilization using social media, we focus on a cross-country approach, looking at the impact of trade union strikes and protest in the public sector. Our findings show that new ICTs are being used at all stages of strike action and union protests in general, but do not allow us to assert that unions have changed the way they act in a fundamental way.
Enhancing suicide risk assessment: a novel visual metaphor learning tool
Authors: Alyami Mohsen , Alyami Hussain , Sundram Frederick , Cheung Gary , Haarhoff Beverly A , Lyndon Mataroria P , Hill Andrew G
Published: July 2016

Objective:

Suicide risk assessment is variably taught and learnt by health professionals. The literature indicates that training programs of this fundamental competency need to be enhanced. To facilitate teaching and learning of this core clinical skill, we propose a novel visual metaphor in order to conceptualize suicide risk factors. The design of the proposed visual metaphor was informed by the Cognitive Load Theory to enhance deep learning of the various suicide risk factors.

Conclusion:

The visual metaphor depicting suicide risk factors can potentially improve memory and recall. It activates prior knowledge and is based on educational theory informed design principles.
Lifetime rates and correlates of crime victimisation in young people with mental ill-health
Authors: Purcell Rosemary , Harrigan Susy
Published: July 2016

Objective:

Research on crime victimisation in the mentally ill has focused on middle aged cohorts with long-standing illness and functional disability. The rates and correlates of victimisation in young cohorts is largely unknown.

Methods:

Participants ( n=776) were aged 12–25 years attending headspace centres in Australia, who consented to a clinical interview and provided self-reported data regarding lifetime victimisation.

Results:

A quarter of the sample (24.5%) reported crime victimisation, including 18.5% who experienced violent victimisation (mainly physical or sexual assault) and 14.1% non-violent crime. Both forms of victimisation were associated with illicit substance use, sexual orientation, and young adult age, while male gender was specifically associated with non-violent victimisation. Participants who reported violent victimisation were significantly more impaired both functionally and clinically than those reporting non-violent victimisation or no victimisation.

Conclusions:

Young people with mental ill-health are vulnerable to criminal victimisation, particularly violent assaults, although the lifetime rates of victimisation are substantially lower than those observed in older cohorts with serious mental illness. Effective, early intervention to address modifiable factors may reduce the risk of further victimisation.
Fan-structure wind energy harvester using circular array of polyvinylidene fluoride cantilevers
Authors: Bai Fengxian , Song Guoliang , Dong Weijie , Guan Lijuan , Bao Huayu
Published: July 2016

A fan-structure piezoelectric energy harvester was proposed and tested in order to collect wind energy. Polyvinylidene fluoride was chosen due to its flexibility and longevity when compared to lead zirconate titanate. The impact-induced piezoelectric energy harvester consists of a stator and a rotor and a circular array of four cantilevers, utilize the rotor blades’ periodic impact on the free end of the cantilevers to generate oscillatory motion of cantilevers. A circular array of polyvinylidene fluoride cantilevers was fixed around the rotor in order to increase output power, save space at the same time. Static and transient characteristics of different cantilevers were investigated using finite element method and the result showed that polyvinylidene fluoride triangular cantilever performs the best in output voltage and power. Under the condition of optimal impedance and optimal overlap distance, a sum AC output power of four cantilevers without connection to each other approach to 0.75 mW was measured at the wind speed of 7 m/s when the blade number of rotor is 7 or 9. Two branches 0.27 mW DC output power was obtained when each two cantilevers in parallel connection in the case of full-wave rectification of each cantilever at the wind speed of 7 m/s.