bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbivory is related to taxonomic isolation, but not to invasiveness of tropical alien plants
Authors: Dawson Wayne , Burslem David F. R. P. , Hulme Philip E.
Published: October 2008

Aim  The enemy release hypothesis is often invoked to explain why some alien plant species become invasive. Here, we investigated relationships between invasiveness, taxonomic isolation and leaf herbivory for tropical alien plant species introduced to a botanical garden in East Africa.

Location  Amani Botanical Garden, East Usambara mountains, northeast Tanzania.

Methods  We measured the proportion of leaves damaged, and the percentage leaf area damaged on individuals of 28 alien plant species. We extracted data on the presence/absence of native congeners and the number of native confamilial species from an inventory of the East Usambara flora. We also obtained data on planting effort for 26 species, from historical records. Linear and generalized linear models were used to analyse the relationships between invasiveness, herbivory and taxonomic isolation.

Results  Mean proportion of leaves damaged per species was significantly explained by taxonomic isolation; proportion of leaves damaged increased with the number of native confamilial species and was greater, on average, for species with native congeners than those without native congeners. The mean percentage of leaf area damaged per species could not be explained by any variables considered in this study. There was no relationship between the degree of herbivory or taxonomic isolation and alien plant species invasiveness, but more‐invasive species did have a significantly greater planting effort than less‐invasive species.

Conclusions  The role herbivores play in controlling alien plant invasions has been investigated relatively little in the tropics. In this study, although the amount of herbivory suffered by alien plants was related to taxonomic isolation, we found no evidence for leaf‐feeding invertebrates having a significant role in invasion, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for differences in species success.
Computer‐assisted simulations of phosphofructokinase‐1 kinetics using simplified velocity equations
Authors: Roy Harry , Diwan Joyce , D. Segel Leigh , Segel Irwin H.
Published: October 2008

Equations useful for simulating the kinetic behavior of phosphofructokinase are presented. The equations, which are based on the concerted transition (symmetry) model for allosteric enzymes, account for substrate inhibition by MgATP, cooperative binding by F‐6‐P, activation by F‐2, 6‐P2, and deinhibition by AMP. Velocity calculations can be performed using either a spreadsheet program (e.g., MS Excel) or a web‐based program (e.g., Authorware). Both approaches are illustrated. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Developing experimental design and troubleshooting skills in an advanced biochemistry lab
Authors: Roberts Linda M.
Published: October 2008

Two skills critically important to all scientists are the ability to design good experiments and to troubleshoot experiments that do not yield the expected results. In spite of their importance, however, these skills are rarely taught as a part of the undergraduate science curriculum. This deficiency was addressed by creating an advanced biochemistry laboratory course that focuses on the development of experimental design and troubleshooting skills. The course provides students with the opportunity to design and evaluate their own experiments through semester‐long independent projects that have a common theme (in this case, protein purification, but any theme could be used). Students plan their projects and carry through the experiments by consulting the primary research literature. The instructor provides minimal input in troubleshooting situations, instead allowing the student to think through and implement alternative solutions. A 2‐year survey of the course revealed that students were often frustrated but felt the course significantly improved their experimental laboratory skills as well as introducing them to “real‐world” laboratory experience. They further indicated that they preferred the approach used in this course to directed “cook‐book” laboratory experiences. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Structural determinants of mini‐protein stability
Authors: Polticelli Fabio , Raybaudi‐Massilia Gabriella , Ascenzi Paolo
Published: October 2008

Mini‐proteins can be defined as polypeptides shorter than 40–50 residues which nevertheless exhibit a well defined tertiary structure. Mini‐proteins represent simple and useful model systems to study the structural determinants of protein folding and stability and to illustrate such principles within biochemistry and molecular biology educational context. Here, strategies adopted by different classes of mini‐proteins to attain family‐characteristic, well‐ordered, three‐dimensional structures are reviewed. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Water: its importance to life
Authors: Chaplin Martin F.
Published: October 2008

Textbooks increasingly include material concerning the importance of water but this topic is often treated over‐simplistically with insufficient attention being given to the central position of water in life processes. In this article, modern views of the fundamental role that water plays in biochemical function and process are summarized. The importance of water in the structures of nucleic acids and proteins is explained. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analysis of the tetranucleotide polymorphic HUMTH01 microsatellite
Authors: Lajoie‐Mazenc Isabelle , Couderc Bettina
Published: October 2008

The major aim of this practical class in molecular biology is to familiarize students with some common manipulations of DNA (extraction from buccal swabs, electrophoresis, etc.) and to allow them to carry out the polymerase chain reaction, on their own DNA, in order to amplify a sequence containing a tetranucleotide microsatellite (HUMTH01). This class is also providing experience in DNA finger printing by comparing the size of the sequences amplified from each student's DNA. These sequences correspond to tetranucleotide microsatellite polymorphisms. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Using a classical method of vitamin C quantification as a tool for discussion of its role in the body
Authors: Ciancaglini. Pietro , Santos Hérica L. , Daghastanli Katia R. P. , Jr. Geraldo Thedei
Published: October 2008

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of vitamin C present in fruits, beverages or vitamin C tablets, by performing titrations and the necessary calculations.

Dilferent methods are available for this determination but the titration method is proposed as the simplest and low cost experimental procedure that gives an approximate result to the student and allows calculation of the vitamin C amount.

Once the vitamin C in foodstuffs is quantified, students are guided to compare their results to the recommended daily allowance. This leads to discussion about fruits and fresh green vegetables consumption in the human daily diet needs, not only of vitamin C, but also β‐carotene and others. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Truncated hemoglobins: trimming the classical ‘three‐over‐three’ globin fold to a minimal size
Authors: Milani Mario , Pesce Alessandra , Bolognesia Martino , Ascenzi Paolo
Published: October 2008

Truncated hemoglobins (trHbs) host the heme in a ‘two‐over‐two’ α‐helical sandwich which results from extensive editing of the classical ‘three‐over‐three’ globin fold. The three‐dimensional structure of trHbs is based on four main α‐helices, arranged in a sort of α‐helical bundle composed of two antiparallel helix pairs (B/E and G/H). Most notably, trHbs deviate from the conventional globin fold in that they display an extended loop substituting for the heme proximal F‐helix observed in globins. Moreover, since efficient adaptation of a 110–130 amino acid trHb chain to host the porphyrin ring firstly requires specific chain flexibility, trHbs contain three invariant Gly‐based motifs. Inspection of the trHb three‐dimensional trHb structures shows that an apparent protein cavity or tunnel would connect the protein surface to an inner region very close to the heme distal site. Such a structural feature, never observed before in (non) vertebrate globins, may have substantial implications for ligand diffusion and binding properties in trHbs. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article Myoglobin: a pseudo‐enzymatic scavenger of nitric oxide
Authors: Ascenzi Paolo , Brunori Maurizio
Published: October 2008

Myoglobin (Mb) is reported in biochemistry and physiology textbooks to act as an O2 reservoir and to facilitate O2 diffusion from capillaries to mitochondria, to sustain cellular respiration. Recently, it has been proposed that Mb is an intracellular scavenger of bioactive nitric oxide (NO), regulating its level in the skeletal and cardiac muscle and thereby protecting mitochondrial respiration, which is impaired by NO. This novel function of Mb is based on the rapid and irreversible reaction of ferrous oxygenated Mb (MbO2) with NO yielding ferric oxidized Mb (metMb) and nitrate (NO3). The efficiency of this process, which is postulated to depend on the superoxide (O2) character acquired by O2 once bound to the heme iron, may be enhanced by intramolecular diffusion of NO trapped momentarily into cavities of the protein matrix. O2 can also react with ferrous nitrosylated Mb (MbNO), albeit very slowly, leading to metMb and NO3. The O2‐dependent NO‐detoxification process may be considered to be pseudo‐enzymatic given that metMb obtained by the primary reaction of MbO2 with NO is reduced back to ferrous Mb by a specific metMb‐reductase, and can therefore repeat a cycle of NO conversion to harmless nitrate. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article Revision bingo
Authors: Willmott Chris J. R.
Published: October 2008

Bingo can be a versatile and engaging tool for spicing up end‐of‐module revision and other contexts in which course content is being reviewed. Instead of numbers being called out, students are given a verbal clue that fits with one of the answers on their playing grid. Get five correct answers in any straight line (including either of the major diagonals) and they win the game. The interactive and light‐hearted medium of a bingo game can provide motivation for study and enhance learning by the students. Protein revision bingo is included as an example. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aminotransferase from insect cells
Authors: Erwin Hilary , de Ridder Grace , Barton Peter A
Published: October 2008

The presence of transaminase activity is demonstrated in the cultured insect cell line Sf21 (Spodoptera frugiperda) at a level sufficient to enable replacement of rat liver in an undergraduate student experiment designed to demonstrate enzyme activity responsible for amino acid interconversions. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of IUBMB.
The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 and Market Liquidity
Authors: Jain Pankaj K. , Kim Jang‐Chul , Rezaee Zabihollah
Published: October 2008

Investors rely heavily on the trustworthiness and accuracy of corporate information to provide liquidity to the capital markets. We find that the rash of financial scandals caused a severe deterioration in market liquidity in the form of wider spreads, lower depths, and a higher adverse selection component of spreads vis‐à‐vis their benchmark levels. Regulatory responses including the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) had inconsequential short‐term liquidity effects but highly significant and positive long‐term liquidity effects. These liquidity improvements are positively associated with the improved quality of financial reports, several firm‐specific variables (e.g., size), and market factors (e.g., price, volatility, volume).
Torture and Religious Practice1
Authors: Schweiker William
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  This essay explores the connection between religious practices and torture with specific reference to the debate in the USA about ‘waterboarding’ as part of the so‐called War on Terror. After isolating some defining features of torture, the essay examines the historical background of waterboarding in the symbolism of Christian baptism and how this symbolism was used during the Inquisition and the Reformation as part of the torture of heretics and others. Mindful of this sordid use of a Christian rite meant to celebrate new life, the essay thereby clarifies Christian responsibility in the political order. That responsibility requires uncovering the religious roots of some forms of torture, resisting their use by the State, and, further, seeking to render current Christian practice both humane and life giving.
Torture Is the Ticking Time‐Bomb: Why the Necessity Defense Fails
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  The essay asks whether the ‘necessity defense’ can be used to legitimate torture. By modifying the criteria so as to fit the case, it is argued that torture fails to meet the established norms of the historic just‐war tradition, which also underlie international law. ‘Interrogational,’‘terroristic,’ and ‘demonic’ aspects of torture are distinguished along the way. It is concluded that torture admits no necessity by which it can be justified.
Imaginative Faith: Apocalyptic, Science Fiction Theory, and Theology
Authors: McMahon Christopher
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Both pastors and academic theologians have struggled with the place of apocalyptic language and imagery within the modern worldview. Many have dismissed apocalyptic as escapist and have alleged that it is divorced from the political and social concerns at the heart of contemporary theology and practice. Yet, contemporary critical theorists have overcome similar suspicions about science‐fiction and now embrace it as a unique vehicle for thinking about the ills and the promise of contemporary culture. This essay suggests that within contemporary critical theory one finds useful tools for reading and using apocalyptic language and imagery as a means for engaging a world threatened by sin and violence.
A Stark Examination of Prison Culture and Prison Ministry
Authors: Ristad, Jr R.N.
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  This article offers an insightful examination of prison ministry from the inside, from someone who has been involved with this ministry for over forty‐five years. The author discusses four major issues that are particularly costly, both in terms of personal human costs and also financial costs. First, society's misconceptions about prison violence, and the complex, varied ways prisoners experience violence. Second, the false sense of security the current practices of institutionalization create, and the consequences they have on the inmates. Third, the risk factors that can predispose children to ending up in prison, and the lack of care and attention those children often receive. And fourth, the way in which the criminalization of drug abuse has exacerbated many problems with the current prison system. The author concludes his article with some suggestions for reforming the prison system.
Isolated Pulmonic Valve Endocarditis in an Adult Patient with Ventricular Septal Defect and Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis
Authors: Bilen Emine , Saatci Yasar Ayse , Bilge Mehmet , Kurt Mustafa , Karakas Fatih , Aslantas Ugur
Published: October 2008

Ventricular septal defect associated with infundibular pulmonary stenosis is a relatively uncommon congenital cardiac defect. We report the first case of a patient with perimembranous small ventricular septal defect and infundibular stenosis suffered from pulmonary valve endocarditis and septic pulmonary embolism.
Effect of Preload on Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain by 2D Speckle Tracking
Authors: Choi Jin‐Oh , Shin Dae‐Hee , Cho Sung Won , Song Young Bin , Kim Jun Hyung , Kim Yoon Goo , Lee Sang‐Chol , Park Seung Woo
Published: October 2008

Background: Peak systolic longitudinal strain (PSLS) obtained using the 2D speckle tracking method is a novel indicator of the long‐axis function of the left ventricle (LV). We used the 2D strain profile to examine the effect of preload reduction by hemodialysis (HD) on LV PSLS in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Method and results: Twenty‐nine pairs of echocardiographic evaluations were obtained before and after dialysis. Global LV PSLS was −18.4 ± 2.9%, at baseline and decreased to −16.9 ± 3.2% after HD (P < 0.001). Segmental analysis showed that the decrease in PSLS after dialysis was most prominent in mid‐LV segments (−17.1 ± 3.5% vs. −15.4 ± 3.4%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: PSLS obtained from the 2D strain profile is a reliable parameter that may be useful for evaluating LV systolic long‐axis function. However, PSLS should be applied cautiously in ESRD patients because it could be affected by dialysis.
Papillary Muscle Rupture Secondary to Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Nurkalem Zekeriya , Gorgulu Sevket , Orhan Ahmet L. , Demirci Duygu E. , Sargin Murat , Gumrukcu Gulistan
Published: October 2008

Rupture of the mitral papillary muscle due to infective endocarditis is a very rare complication. There is no report regarding anterolateral papillary muscle rupture as a complication of infective endocarditis in the literature. We decided to report a case of anterolateral papillary muscle rupture due to infective endocarditis. Our case, which will be discussed later on, differs also in many ways from that in the literature.
Disproportionately High Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Indo‐Asian Women: A Call for More Studies
Authors: Jafary Fahim H. , Jafar Tazeen H.
Published: October 2008

Objective: Indo‐Asians have one of the highest rates of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Estimates and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in this population are not known. We sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for LVH in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: We conducted a population‐based cross‐sectional study on 320 randomly selected adults from the general population aged 40 years or above. LVH was defined as increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) on echocardiogram (>115 g/m2 in men and >95 g/m2 in women) employing the adjusted Devereux equation. Multivariable models were built and logistic regression analysis was done for the primary outcome of LVH.
Results: Mean age of subjects was 52.7 (10.4) years, 50% were women. Mean LVMI (SD) was 72.0 (19.2) [median 71.1] g/m2 in men and 75.7 (25.9) [median 72.9] g/m2 in women. The overall prevalence of LVH was 21.9% in women and 2.5% in men (P < 0.001). The factors (odds ratio, 95% CI) independently associated with LVH were women versus men (11.35, 3.79–34.02), systolic blood pressure > versus < 140 mmHg (2.70, 1.23–5.93), waist circumference (1.05, 1.02–1.08 for each cm increase) and illiteracy (2.43, 1.07–5.52).
Conclusions: Urban Pakistani women appear to have a disproportionately high risk of LVH compared to men using standard echocardiographic criteria. Further research is needed to verify these results by establishing population‐specific reference values for LVH and correlating cut‐points for increased LVMI with prognosis. Concerted efforts are needed to reduce the high burden of risk factors in Indo‐Asian women.
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Sorrell Vincent L. , Ross William D. , Gregoire Jeff , Ata Imran
Published: October 2008

Article Title: Color M‐Mode Echocardiography is More Reproducible than Conventional M‐Mode Echocardiography for Septal‐to‐Posterior Wall Motion Delay Measurements.
The Zooflagellates Stephanopogon and Percolomonas are a Clade (Class Percolatea: Phylum Percolozoa)
Authors: CAVALIER‐SMITH THOMAS , NIKOLAEV SERGEY
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT. The enigmatic marine protozoan Stephanopogon was first classified with ciliate protozoa because its pellicle also has rows of cilia. As ciliates have nuclear dimorphism with separate germline and somatic nuclei, Stephanopogon with several identical nuclei was regarded as a model for a hypothetical homokaryotic ancestor of ciliates. When electron microscopy revealed radical differences from ciliates this idea was abandoned, but its evolutionary position remains controversial, affinities with three other phyla being suggested. We sequenced 18S rDNA from Stephanopogon aff. minuta and actin genes from it and Stephanopogon apogon to clarify their evolutionary position. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA nest S. aff. minuta and Stephanopogon minuta securely within the protozoan phylum Percolozoa with zooflagellates of the genus Percolomonas, their closest relatives, comprising the clade Percolatea. This supports a previous grouping of Stephanopogon (order Pseudociliatida) with Percolomonas (order Percolomonadida) as a purely zooflagellate class Percolatea within Percolozoa, in contrast to the fundamentally amoeboid Heterolobosea, which are probably ancestral to Percolatea. Stephanopogon actins evolve exceptionally fast: actin trees place them as a long branch within bikont eukaryotes without revealing their sisters. We establish Percolomonadidae fam. n. for Percolomonas, excluding Pharyngomonas kirbyi g., sp. n. and Pharyngomonas
(=Tetramastix=Percolomonas) salina comb. n., which unlike Percolomonas have two anterior and two posterior cilia and a pocket‐like pharynx, like “Macropharyngomonas”, now grouped with Pharyngomonas as a new purely zooflagellate class Pharyngomonadea, within a new subphylum Pharyngomonada; this contrasts them with the revised ancestrally amoeboflagellate subphylum Tetramitia. We discuss evolution of the percolozoan cytoskeleton and different body forms.
Efficacy and cosmetic results of contact gel cooling of the skin during non‐ablative laser procedures
Authors: Bodendorf Marc Oliver , Grunewald Sonja , Simon Jan Christoph , Paasch Uwe
Published: October 2008

Background: Aesthetic laser treatments of the skin result in collateral thermal damage to the adjacent tissue if it is not cooled.A recently developed gel cooling pad is designed to be applied to the treated area and then penetrated by the laser beam during treatment.

Patients and methods: 97 treatments of 61 patients were documented.Vascular malformations (telangiectasia, hemangioma, spider nevi, nevi flammei, scars) were treated 52 times with the LBO laser Idas (532 nm).With the alexandrite laser Arion (755 nm), 13 treatments for hypertrichosis were evaluated. Pigmentation disorders (tattoos,lentigines,segmented melanocytic hyperpla‐sia, nevus of Ota) were treated 32 times with the ruby laser Sinon (694 nm). Additionally, we measured the energy of the laser systems through a glass plate with and without the hydrogel pad. Furthermore, we examined patient satisfaction as well as noting application experiences of the treating doctors.

Results: Our examinations showed a negligible loss of energy in clinical use, with good patient satisfaction and good cosmetic results.

Conclusions:Use of the hydrogel pad is recommended during non‐ablative cosmetic laser treatments of the skin.It is especially convenient for the treatment of vascular malformations of the face.
Leishmaniasis
Authors: Neuber Hubertus
Published: October 2008

Leishmaniasis is a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases, caused by infection with protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The aggressiveness of the individual species, their organ preference and the host immune status determine disease course. This can range from a solitary, spontaneous healing ulcer (cutaneous leishmaniasis), to often destructive mucocutaneous disease to generalized involvement with visceral leishmaniasis which may be lethal if not treated. The protozoa are transmitted by small (2–4 mm) phle‐botomine sand flies. Protection with non‐impregnated mosquito nets is almost impossible. An estimated 12 million people are affected; 60,000 die annually. Every non‐healing ulcer associated with travel to between the 40th parallels should be suspected as possible leishmaniasis. The diagnostic approach should be standardized; one should attempt to directly demonstrate the organism in the edge of the ulcer and then subspeciate it. Both are basis requirements for initiating appropriate therapy. Pentavalent antimony preparations, amphotericin B and miltefosine are licensed in Germany. A number of other off‐label approaches are also commonly employed. Insect repellents, eradication of vectors and control of the animal reservoir are useful to prevent infection.
Systemic therapeutic options for severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: Bußmann Caroline , Bieber Thomas , Novak Natalija
Published: October 2008

Systemic therapy of severe atopic dermatitis (AD) is difficult in some cases, because the use of immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine A, mofetil mycophenolate, tacrolimus, and azathioprine is limited by adverse reactions or contraindications. Recent reports suggest a helpful role for biologics, methotrexate, anti‐IgE antibodies, and immunotherapy. We review the modes of action, as well as advantages and disadvantages of current and new systemic therapeutic options for severe AD.
Contact allergy to topical corticosteroids – results from the IVDK and epidemiological risk assessment
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , De Pádua Cristiane Menezes , Pfahlberg Annette , Nink Katrin , Schnuch Axel , Lessmann Holger
Published: October 2008

Background: Contact allergy (CA) to topical corticosteroids (CS) is relatively rare; however, current data from Germany are not available. Furthermore, valid risk assessment needs to take into account of the actual exposure to CS in the population.

Patients and Methods: The reaction profile of 9 CS included in a “CS test battery” of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) in patients seen in German clinics belonging to the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK; http://www.ivdk.org) between 01/1995 and 12/2004 was analyzed. Applying the “Clinical Epidemiology/Drug Utilization Research” approach, annual incidences of CA to CS in Germany were extrapolated. These estimates were used as numerator for a relative incidence (RI) estimate which used exposure in terms of “defined daily doses” (DDD) to the respective CS as denominator, the latter information collected by the AOK Research Institute (WIdO).

Results: On average, 7.4% of all patients were patch tested with the CS series, mostly yielding < 1% positive reactions. Exceptions included hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate (1.5%), amcinonide (1.6%) and budesonide (2.6%). With a RI of 10.7, 23.6 and 4.9 per 100 000 DDD, respectively, the three CS mentioned classify as moderate topical drug allergens. Clobetasol 17‐propionate and triamcinolone acetonide both yielded a RI of 1.4/100 000 DDD, indicating low sensitization risk. For hydrocortisone, betamethasone, prednisolone and dexamethasone (RI < 1/100 000 DDD) the risk of sensitization appears minute.

Conclusions: The results support and extend previous evidence on the CA risk of CS, adding to a therapeutic index and risk assessment.
Multicenter study „Medical‐Occupational Rehabilitation Procedure Skin – optimizing and quality assurance of inpatient‐management (ROQ)”
Authors: Skudlik Christoph , Weisshaar Elke , Scheidt Reginald , Wulfhorst Britta , Diepgen Thomas Ludwig , Elsner Peter , Schönfeld Michael , John Swen Malte
Published: October 2008

Scientifically based prevention and patient management concepts in occupational dermatology have substantially improved during recent years. Currently the public statutory employers' liability insurance bodies fund a multi‐step intervention approach designed to provide quick preventive help for all levels of severity of occupational dermatoses. An administrative guideline (hierarchical multi‐step intervention procedure for occupational skin diseases –“Stufenverfahren Haut”) insures professional support and optimal patient orientation by the statutory insurers' representatives. For secondary prevention, the so‐called dermatologist's procedure (“Hautarztverfahren”) was recently updated in order to provide more rapid dermatologic consultations which are covered for by the public statutory employers' liability insurance bodies. Additionally, combined outpatient dermatologic and health‐educational intervention seminars (“secondary individual prevention”[SIP]) are offered to affected employees in a nationwide scheme.

For those cases of occupational dermatoses in which these outpatient prevention measures are not successful, interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation measures have been developed (“tertiary individual prevention”[TIP]). TIP requires 3 weeks inpatient treatment including intensive health care instruction and psychological counseling, followed by outpatient treatment by the local dermatologist. In 2005, a German prospective cohort multicenter study (“Medical‐Occupational Rehabilitation Procedure Skin – optimizing and quality assurance of inpatient‐management”–“Medizinisch‐Berufliches Rehabilitationsverfahren Haut – Optimierung und Qualitätssicherung des Heilverfahrens”[ROQ]) started which will further standardize TIP and evaluate scientific sustainability in depth (3‐year dermatological follow‐up of 1,000 patients). The study is being funded by the German Statutory Accident Insurance (Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung [DGUV]).
HHV‐6 infection – not only tertian fever
Authors: Fried Isabella , Daghofer Elisabeth , Aberer Elisabeth
Published: October 2008

The primary infection with the human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 usually occurs before the age of two (95%) and clinically either presents as tertian fever followed by exanthem subitum (10%) or even more often as febrile disease without an exanthem. In adults an active HHV‐6 infection can present as febrile illness. A 19‐year‐old immunocompetent patient presented with high fever, exanthem, swelling of the lymph nodes and pancytopenia and was serologically diagnosed as active HHV‐6 infection with anti‐ HHV‐6‐IgM‐ and ‐IgG antibodies. Since the antibodies were already detectable on day 5 of disease, with persistence of high IgG and undetectable IgM after 4 weeks, a reactivation seemed most likely. There was no evidence for an underlying immunosuppressive disease or reactivation induced by viral co‐infection. Fulminant hepatitis or meningoencephalitis are the most frequent complications in immunocompetent individuals and have to be recognized at an early stage.
Obesity and Sexual Dysfunction in Younger Danish Men
Authors: Andersen Ingelise , Heitman Berit L. , Wagner Gorm
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Proportion of populations that are overweight and obese are on the rise and generally affecting more than 50% of the adult Western male population. It is, therefore, of interest to look at possible associations between obesity and sexual function in a homogeneous population.

Aim

To examine a possible association between sexual disorders (erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorders, and sexual desire disorders) and obesity among younger men born and living in Denmark.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study of sexual health among Danish younger men. Questionnaires were mailed to 3,300 men, aged 20–45 years and divided into six 5-year age cohorts. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression modeling. In total, 863 men (26%) responded anonymously. A similar set of data from 600 older men aged 50–75 years and from same community was used for comparison.

Main Outcome Measures

The associations between self-reported erectile, ejaculatory and desire disorders, and body mass index (BMI) were examined, stratified by age group and smoking status.

Results

The material was found to be generally representative of the Danish population of men of similar age in regard to height, weight, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Erectile dysfunction (ED) was more prevalent among these younger and older men with higher BMI, but only significant among men 20–45 years old, with an odds ratio of 2.74 (95% confidence interval 1.1–6.8). The prevalence of ED was higher among the younger obese nonsmokers than obese smokers. Premature ejaculation, retarded ejaculation, and sexual desire disorders were all unrelated to overweight or obesity.

Conclusion

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) seems associated with ED among younger men aged 20–45 years. Health programs directed toward preventing obesity in younger men may benefit from informing about an almost three-fold occurrence of erectile dysfunction associated with obesity.
The Menopausal Transition—Endocrinology
Authors: Burger Henry
Published: October 2008

Introduction

The Melbourne Women's MidLife Health Project (MWMHP) and related studies have yielded valuable information regarding the endocrine changes of the menopausal transition, which are summarized in this review.

Aim

To describe the endocrinology of the menopause transition.

Main Outcome Measures

Includes changes in inhibins A and B, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol, cross-sectionally in regularly cycling volunteers, and longitudinally (including testosterone) in women passing through the menopause transition.

Methods

Early follicular phase hormone concentrations were measured by well-characterized immunoassays in normal volunteers aged 20–50 years, and in 438 subjects initially recruited between ages 45 and 55 for a longitudinal study of the menopause transition, the MWMHP, in which annual blood samples were obtained. The data summarized here includes the first 6 years of follow-up. These volunteers also recorded menstrual cycle data and responded to detailed annual questionnaires.

Results

In regularly cycling female volunteers aged more than 40 years, it was established that inhibin B is a significant determinant of circulating FSH levels. From the MWMHP, the central endocrine event marking the onset of menstrual irregularity was shown to be a fall in follicular phase inhibin B concentrations, with a nonsignificant rise in FSH and no change in estradiol or inhibin A. Cross-sectional analysis of data from women in the early stages of the MWMHP showed a wide variation in circulating FSH levels, irrespective of menopausal status, indicating that single FSH measurements provide little useful information regarding menopausal status. Based on the prospective determination of the date of final menses (FMP), it was shown that estradiol levels begin to fall and FSH levels to rise about 2 years before FMP. At the time of FMP, FSH levels were approximately 50% of those ultimately reached postmenopausally, while estradiol had fallen by approximately 50% from reproductive age levels. Despite a major decline in sexual function, as women transited the menopause, there was no significant decline in circulating testosterone levels, the decline in sexual function being correlated with the decline in estradiol, not testosterone. Analysis of data from related studies showed that endocrinologically normal ovulatory cycles could be observed in women who had already experienced cycle irregularity, even more than 3 months of amenorrhea, and could occur close to or at the time of FMP.

Conclusion

An extensive database on the endocrinology of the menopause transition, including both cross-sectional and longitudinal information, has been obtained.
Androgen Replacement in Men Undergoing Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rhoden Ernani Luis , Averbeck Márcio Augusto , Teloken Patrick E.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Hypogonadism is a clinical and biochemical syndrome that may cause significant detriment in the quality of life and adversely affect the function of multiple organ systems. With the increase in life expectancy and prostate cancer (PCa) survival, a significant increase in the number of men with hypogonadism who have undergone presumably curative treatment for PCa is anticipated.

Aim

To critically review the literature regarding testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) after PCa treatment with curative intent.

Main Outcome Measures

Review of peer-reviewed literature. There was special focus on the potential implications and safety of TRT in men with hypogonadism who have undergone curative treatment for PCa.

Methods

English-language relevant publications were identified via electronic medical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and DARE).

Results

Despite the wide spread of contraindication of testosterone replacement in men with known or suspected PCa, there is no convincing evidence that the normalization of testosterone serum levels in men with low but no castrate levels is deleterious. In the few available case series describing testosterone replacement after treatment for PCa, no case of clinical or biochemical progression was observed.

Conclusions

Although further studies are necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn, the available evidence suggests that TRT can be cautiously considered in selected hypogonadal men treated with curative intent for PCa and without evidence of active disease.
Is Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Associated with the Severity of the Disease? A Pilot Study
Authors: Onem Kadir , Erol Bulent , Sanli Oner , Kadioglu Pinar , Yalin Ayse S. , Canik Uygar , Cuhadaroglu Caglar , Kadioglu Ates
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) may have a significant negative effect on sexual function.

Aim

To evaluate female sexual function in women with OSAHS.

Methods

Twenty-six patients with OSAHS were evaluated in two groups according to apnea-hypopnea index as mild (5–15, Group I, N = 16) or moderate-severe (≥15, Group II, N = 10). A third group (N = 10) of patients suspected of sleeping disorders other than OSAHS who also underwent polysomnographic studies served as the control group. All women were evaluated with a detailed sexual history including Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Meanwhile, serum levels of estradiol, prolactin, total and free testosterone and dihydroepiandrostenedione-S were determined.

Main Outcome Measures

FSFI, BDI, and serum hormonal levels.

Results

The mean ages and total FSFI scores of Group I, Group II and the control group were 46 ± 7.1, 45 ± 3.8, and 41 ± 5.4 (P > 0.05); 24.7 ± 5.3, 24.5 ± 6.3, and 30.0 ± 2.5 (P < 0.05), respectively. The mean FSFI domain scores were not statistically different between Groups I and II (P > 0.05) (desire, 3.18 ± 1.2 vs. 2.92 ± 1.6; arousal, 3.96 ± 1.1 vs. 3.67 ± 1.2; lubrication, 4.83 ± 1.0 vs. 4.12 ± 1.1; orgasm 4.0 ± 1.1 vs. 5.15 ± 2.9; satisfaction 3.96 ± 1.1 vs. 4.05 ± 1.4 pain; 4.84 ± 1.2 vs. 4.65 ± 1.3). However, the mean scores of desire (3.18 ± 1.2 vs. 3.96 ± 0.7), orgasm (4.0 ± 1.1 vs. 5.0 ± 1.1), and satisfaction (3.96 ± 1.1 vs. 4.76 ± 1.0) domains of Group I were significantly lower than the control group. Meanwhile, the mean scores of desire (2.92 ± 1.6 vs. 3.96 ± 0.7) and lubrication (4.12 ± 1.1 vs. 5.22 ± 0.9) domains were statistically different between Group II and the control group. The mean BDI scores of patients in Group I, Group II and the control group were 19.3 ± 6.3, 20.2 ± 6.6, and 11.0 ± 7.1, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, the mean levels of hormonal parameters were not significantly different from the control group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

OSAHS is associated with a significant decrease in female sexual function. However, severity of OSAHS is not related with the degree of female sexual dysfunction (FSD). This situation reveals that both organic and psychogenic issues are being involved in FSD related with OSAHS.
Perceived Ejaculatory Latency and Pleasure in Different Outlets
Authors: Corty Eric W.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Ejaculatory latencies have been studied in coitus and with masturbation, but not with oral or manual stimulation by a partner.

Aim

The present study extended research on ejaculatory latency to these outlets, and investigated the effect of perceived pleasure on self-reported ejaculatory latency.

Method

A convenience sample of male college students, not selected for sexual dysfunction, completed questionnaires assessing the outcome measures.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-report measures of latency to ejaculation in, and perceived pleasure associated with, four different outlets (vaginal intercourse, oral intercourse, manual stimulation by a partner, and masturbation).

Results

Ejaculatory latencies in partnered activities were predictive of each other. Masturbatory latencies were predictive of coital latencies but not oral or manual stimulation latencies; all the partnered activities were predictive of each other. There was no difference in time to ejaculation among any of the partnered outlets, although ejaculation occurred more quickly with masturbation than with coitus or manual stimulation. In terms of pleasure associated with the outlets, vaginal and oral intercourse were perceived as equally pleasurable, and both were rated as more pleasurable than manual stimulation or masturbation, which did not differ from each other.

Conclusions

These results suggest that rapidity of ejaculation is consistent across outlets for the partnered sexual activities, and that there is little unique—in terms of ejaculatory latency—about vaginal intercourse compared with oral or manual stimulation by a partner. Masturbation, however, does differ from the partnered activities. Although the average correlation, for individuals, between latency and pleasure for the different outlets is near zero, there are subgroups of men who have (i) a negative relation, (ii) a positive relation, or (iii) no relation. Results show that men, for whom greater pleasure is associated with shorter latency, are more likely to be dissatisfied with their intravaginal ejaculatory latencies, regardless of actual latency.
A Woman's History of Vaginal Orgasm is Discernible from Her Walk
Authors: Nicholas Aurelie , Brody Stuart , De Sutter Pascal , De Carufel François
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Research has demonstrated the association between vaginal orgasm and better mental health. Some theories of psychotherapy assert a link between muscle blocks and disturbances of both character and sexual function. In Functional–Sexological therapy, one focus of treatment is amelioration of voluntary movement. The present study examines the association of general everyday body movement with history of vaginal orgasm.

Aim

The objective was to determine if appropriately trained sexologists could infer women's history of vaginal orgasm from observing only their gait.

Methods

Women with known histories of either vaginal orgasm or vaginal anorgasmia were videotaped walking on the street, and their orgasmic status was judged by sexologists blind to their history.

Main Outcome Measure

The concordance between having had orgasms triggered by penile–vaginal intercourse (not orgasm from direct clitoral stimulation) and raters' inferences of vaginal orgasm history based on observation of the woman's walk was the main outcome measure.

Results

In the sample of healthy young Belgian women (half of whom were vaginally orgasmic), history of vaginal orgasm (triggered solely by penile–vaginal intercourse) was diagnosable at far better than chance level (81.25% correct, Fisher's Exact Test P < 0.05) by appropriately trained sexologists. Clitoral orgasm history was unrelated to both ratings and to vaginal orgasm history. Exploratory analyses suggest that greater pelvic and vertebral rotation and stride length might be characteristic of the gait of women who have experienced vaginal orgasm (r = 0.51, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The discerning observer may infer women's experience of vaginal orgasm from a gait that comprises fluidity, energy, sensuality, freedom, and absence of both flaccid and locked muscles. Results are discussed with regard to previous research on gait, the effect of the musculature on sexual function, the special nature of vaginal orgasm, and implications for sexual therapy.
Risk Factors for Emotional and Relationship Problems in Peyronie's Disease
Authors: Smith James F. , Walsh Thomas J. , Conti Simon L. , Turek Paul , Lue Tom
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Peyronie's disease (PD) occurs in 3–9% of all men. Little is known regarding the specific psychological or emotional disruptions to sexuality associated with PD.

Aim

Our primary aim was to identify risk factors associated with psychosocial difficulties in men with PD.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled patients from a single clinical practice. Detailed medical histories, physical examinations, and a PD-specific questionnaire were used to define clinical characteristics. Odds ratios (ORs) were used as a measure of association.

Main Outcome Measures

Emotional and relationship problems were determined by “yes” or “no” answers to two specific questions.

Results

The mean age of all PD patients (N = 245) was 54.4 years (range 19.4–75.6); 62% were married, and 59% presented within 2 years of disease onset. The overall prevalence of emotional and relationship problems attributable to PD was 81% and 54%, respectively. Among men who had relationship problems, the prevalence of emotional problems was 93%. In men with emotional problems due to PD, relationship issues were observed in 62%. Multivariable analysis revealed that emotional difficulties (OR 6.9, P < 0.001) and ability to have intercourse (OR 0.4, P = 0.004) were independently associated with relationship problems. Relationship problems (OR 8.0, P < 0.001) and loss of penile length (OR 2.7, P = 0.02) were significant independent predictors of emotional problems after adjustment for the ability to maintain erections, low libido, and penile pain.

Conclusions

Among men with PD, there is a very high prevalence of emotional and relationship problems. Loss of penile length and inability to have intercourse are strong predictors of these problems and as such make ideal targets for intervention. Medical and surgical therapies may enhance quality of life through their ability to improve sexual function. Further research will characterize the ways in which individual symptoms affect emotional and psychological well-being.