bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sheep abortion associated with Neospora caninum in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Pinto Ana Paula , Bacha Flávia B. , Santos Bethania S. , Driemeier David , Antoniassi Nadia A.B. , Ribas Nickolly L.K. de Sá , Lemos Ricardo A.A.
Published: September 2012

Canids are the main hosts of Neospora caninum, but cattle, (sheep, goats and horses may serve as intermediary hosts. N. caninum infection of pregnant intermediary hosts may provoke abortion and neonatal infections. This study is the first to report lamb abortion associated with N. caninum in Mato Grosso do Sul. Epidemiological data were obtained from interviews with sheep producers. For microscopic examination, fragments of different organs removed from 4 sheep fetuses, aborted and necropsied, were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and subjected to the hematoxylin-eosin staining protocol and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to test for N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The abortion outbreak studied was reported from a herd of 268 Santa Inês sheep (including 186 pregnant ewes), with 10 abortion cases in the last third of gestation. Four fetuses were examined, 3 from a same ewe. At necropsy, one fetus exhibited crackling in the lung and all its organs were reddish. Histological findings detected mononuclear cell infiltrates among myocardium fibers and around blood vessels, in addition to circular structures with basophilic points resembling protozoans. IHC tests revealed strongly positive staining for N. caninum and weakly positive for T. gondii, characterizing N. caninum infection.
Ectoparasitos em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) cativos no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte
Authors: Pereira Josivania S. , Carvalho Leonardo C.A. , Soto-Blanco Benito , Oliveira Moacir F. , Ahid Sílvia M.M.
Published: September 2012

Os roedores silvestres quando criados em cativeiro podem ser acometidos por ectoparasitos que afetam a sua sanidade. Este trabalho objetivou identificar a ectofauna natural do preá Galea spixii criado nas condições de cativeiro no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte e estudar o comportamento da dinâmica comportamental do ectoparasitismo mais prevalente. Utilizou-se 40 espécimes de spixii cativos do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. Os exemplares foram anestesiados e examinados para busca de ectoparasitos, durante os meses de março a outubro de 2010. Os preás estudados apresentaram Amblyomma sp., Demodex sp. e Gliricola quadrisetosa. Os dados de frequência de G. quadrisetosa, espécie de maior prevalência, revelaram que a média de piolhos recuperados nas distintas áreas corporais, foi maior para exemplares fêmeas (p=0,0498). O período climático não influenciou na frequência de G. quadrisetosa recuperada dos animais (p>0,05). Da ectofauna identificada em G. spixii, notifica-se Demodex sp. como primeiro registro neste roedor nas condições semiáridas do Brasil. Os dados sugerem que a área corporal e o período não interferiram na infra população de Gliricola quadrisetosa encontrada em Galea spixii.
Rins de Baleia Minke (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): arquitetura e estrutura
Authors: Sarmento Carlos A.P. , Ferreira Amanda O. , Rodrigues Elaine A.F. , Lesnau Giuliano G. , Rici Rose Eli G. , Abreu Dilayla K. , Biasi Caio , Miglino M. Angelica
Published: September 2012

Entre os mamíferos marinhos, a baleia é um dos animais que mais desperta atenção, especialmente no atinente ao seu sistema urinário. Este sistema segue o padrão entre os mamíferos quanto a sua constituição, entretanto, difere na morfologia renal, em número de lobos, que por sua vez, forma renículos completos, aglutinados às centenas. Esta estrutura é sustentada por tecido conjuntivo fibroso, mas altamente capaz de manter o equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Foram dissecados 6 pares de rins de baleia Minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), colhidos em 1982, Cabedelo, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, na última pesca autorizada. Estes rins estavam conservados em formol 10% e apresentaram uma camada histológica de colágeno muito grande circundando a parede medular. O duto coletor urinário forma cálices papilares, desembocando num único centro coletor que desemboca no ureter. Verificou-se que o rim da baleia Minke apresenta característica lobulada possuindo em média 700 renículos, cada renículo possui características anatômicas e funcionais de um rim unipiramidal, com uma camada interna (medula), e uma camada externa (córtex), e irrigação independente, com formação das artérias arqueadas individualmente, como observadas em mamíferos terrestres unipiramidais. Entretanto, o conjunto destes renículos constitui ao final um rim multilobular e polipiramidal, contrariando a morfologia da maioria dos mamíferos terrestres. Não foi possível distinguir ao nível de microscopia de luz as estruturas do córtex renicular da baleia Minke. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível visualizar uma camada cortical que fica localizada entre duas cápsulas fibrosas. Esta junção por sua vez é feita por tecido conjuntivo o qual juntamente com uma camada de colágeno e fibras elásticas, separa o córtex da medula , foram visualizados os glomérulos renais, completamente tomados pelos vasos glomerulares e dispostos em várias camadas. Percebe-se que a cavidade glomerular é praticamente um espaço virtual para onde o filtrado glomerular é drenado, não apresentando o formato globular. A vascularização intensifica-se ao chegar à região medular. A diferença entre rins de mamíferos terrestres e marinhos está na disposição dos componentes morfológicos, favorecendo a fisiologia do órgão.
Violência contra a pessoa idosa: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde - Brasil, 2010
Authors: Mascarenhas Márcio Dênis Medeiros , Andrade Silvânia Suely Caribé de Araújo , Neves Alice Cristina Medeiros das , Pedrosa Ana Amélia Galas , Silva Marta Maria Alves da , Malta Deborah de Carvalho
Published: September 2012

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever notificações de violência contra os idosos (> 60 anos) captadas pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - versão net (Sinan Net) em 2010. Realizou-se estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, com dados analisados no Stata versão 11. Estimaram-se razões de proporção (RP) de violência segundo variáveis selecionadas. Das 3.593 notificações de violência contra idosos, 52,3% eram referentes ao sexo feminino. A violência física foi significativamente mais frequente no sexo masculino (RP = 0,82), no grupo com 60 a 69 anos, fora do domicílio, praticada por agressores que não eram filhos, com suspeita de ingestão de bebida alcoólica. A violência psicológica foi mais frequente entre idosas (RP = 2,17), no domicílio, infligida pelos filhos, com suspeita de uso de bebida alcoólica e de maneira crônica. A negligência predominou no sexo feminino (RP = 1,24), no grupo a partir de 70 anos, no domicílio, perpetrada pelos filhos e recorrente. A violência sexual foi mais comum no sexo feminino (RP = 5,21), por agressores que não eram filhos, mas que consumiram bebida alcoólica. O conhecimento das diferentes manifestações da violência contra idosos subsidia ações para o seu enfrentamento, identificando características de vulnerabilidade onde as redes de apoio podem intervir.
Prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas nas capitais do Brasil - principais resultados do Vigitel 2010
Authors: Iser Betine Pinto Moehlecke , Yokota Renata Tiene de Carvalho , Sá Naiza Nayla Bandeira de , Moura Lenildo de , Malta Deborah Carvalho
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: descrever os principais fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas com dados do inquérito telefônico de 2010. METODOLOGIA: entrevistas telefônicas realizadas em amostra probabilística dos adultos residentes nas capitais do Brasil e Distrito Federal com telefone fixo residencial. As prevalências foram estratificadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade. RESULTADOS: Foi verificado alto consumo de refrigerantes (28%), de carne com gordura (46%) e de consumo abusivo de álcool (18%), e baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças (18%) e de atividade física no lazer (15%). Aproximadamente metade da população referiu ter excesso de peso e não se proteger da radiação solar. A inatividade física e o tabagismo atingem cerca de 15% dos adultos. Fatores de risco foram mais prevalentes em homens, adultos jovens e de menor escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados apontam diferentes comportamentos em saúde da população segundo características sociodemográficas. Essa variabilidade deve ser considerada nas ações de promoção de saúde.
Práticas que integram a saúde mental à saúde pública: o apoio matricial e a interconsulta
Authors: Silveira Elaine Rosner
Published: September 2012

Este artigo é um desdobramento da Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Tem como objetivo abordar a histórica dissociação entre a saúde mental e a saúde pública mais ampla bem como as práticas que propõem sua integração, examinando o contexto científico que produz esta dissociação bem como os documentos nacionais e internacionais na saúde que referem à necessidade de integração. Foram analisados a partir de Rose os documentos e entrevistas com profissionais da saúde sobre as práticas de Apoio Matricial e Interconsulta formuladas pelo Ministério da Saúde e pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre (RS), que pretendem relacionar a saúde mental com a Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estes documentos e práticas da saúde propõem aos profissionais novas subjetivações. Enfatizam a interdisciplinaridade e a não hierarquização de serviços e saberes, e estão em consonância com a forma de organização social contemporânea, que propõe que se assumam decisões horizontais e democráticas, em vez de impostas por uma autoridade vertical típica dos modelos patriarcal e biomédico.
Factors associated with the incidence of malaria in settlement areas in the district of Juruena, Mato Grosso state, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Irani Machado , Yokoo Edna Massae , Souza-Santos Reinaldo , Galvão Noemi Dreyer , Atanaka-Santos Marina
Published: September 2012

Factors associated with the incidence of malaria in the Vale do Amanhecer settlement, Juruena, Mato Grosso in 2005 were analyzed. Two hundred settlers of both genders and aged 18 years and above were interviewed. The prevalence of malaria reported in 2005 was 33%. The prevalence ratio showed that the highest prevalence of malaria was found in individuals involved in gold mining activities (67%); who came from non-endemic areas (43%); had inadequate knowledge about the time of greatest activity of the vector (71%); and who reported being outside after 5 p.m. (59%). It was concluded that in the Vale do Amanhecer settlement, factors such as occupation, origin, inadequate knowledge about where malaria is transmitted, inadequate knowledge about the time the mosquito usually bites and individual practices in relation to the peak period of mosquito activity were associated with malaria in 2005.
Relations between Depression, Alcohol and Gender in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Prado Juliana de Almeida , Kerr-Corrêa Florence , Lima Maria Cristina Pereira , Silva Giovanni Gurgel Aciole da , Santos Jair Lício Ferreira
Published: September 2012

As part of the GENACIS project, this paper sought to assess the prevalence of depression in an urban sample in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, as well as the association between depression and alcohol abuse according to gender. To achieve this, an epidemiological survey was conducted using a stratified probability sample, including 2,083 adults. CIDI SF was used to identify depression. The Rao Scott test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The response rate was 74.9%. Females (58.3%) under 40 years of age (52%) were predominant. The prevalence of depression was 28.3% for women and 12.7% for men. Most men declared being drinkers (61.1%) in the last year. Depression was associated with an alcohol drinking pattern, mostly binge drinking, in addition to the occurrence of problems derived from alcohol use. Most women declared being abstainers (69.5%). Depression was associated with cohabiting with spouses with alcohol-related problems. Results reveal that the association between depression and alcohol consumption is distinct between genders.
Mobilidade e risco de quedas de população idosa da comunidade de São Carlos
Authors: Aveiro Mariana Chaves , Driusso Patricia , Barham Elizabeth Joan , Pavarini Sofia Cristina Iost , Oishi Jorge
Published: September 2012

Avaliar a mobilidade e o risco de quedas, da população idosa da área de abrangência da Estratégia Saúde da Família (EsSF) de São Carlos, e identificar alguns fatores associados ao risco de quedas. Estudo transversal que apresenta dados de 739 idosos (idade média 69,90 ± 7,20) cadastrados no banco de dados do Grupo de Pesquisa Saúde e Envelhecimento. Dados relacionados a sexo, idade, ocorrência de quedas no ano anterior; mobilidade, por meio do teste Timed Up & Go (TUG) e alterações cognitivas pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) foram analisados. Foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado e não paramétricos ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney U. Foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. O grupo de caidores apresentou um desempenho pior no TUG em comparação ao grupo de não-caidores (p < 0,001). Foi encontrada uma maior prevalência de mulheres entre os caidores (p < 0,001). Não houve associação significativa entre idosos caidores e status cognitivo, avaliado pelo MEEM (p = 0,11). O desempenho no TUG apresentou diferença significativa entre as diferentes faixas etárias (p < 0,001). A população idosa da área de abrangência da EsSF São Carlos apresentou menor mobilidade e maior risco de quedas em comparação a uma população idosa sem doenças em estágios limitantes e independente para as atividades de vida diária.
Quality assessment of the Website for Eating Disorders: a systematic review of a pending challenge
Authors: Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe Rocío , Sanz-Valero Javier , Wanden-Berghe Carmina
Published: September 2012

A Systematic review of articles from peer-reviewed journals was conducted, studying the complete texts in all cases. The key words selected were: "Eating Disorders" and "Internet." Descriptive analysis was performed on the variables selected, and Fisher's Exact test was used to analyze the presence of a linear relationship between qualitative variables. Of the 7 studies reviewed, 5 (71.42%) focused on content criteria and 2 (28.57%) examined both documentary and content criteria. Documentary quality was evaluated using two assessment instruments developed by two of the authors, comprising a set of 20 different variables, 5 of which were common to both studies (25% observed percentage agreement). Fisher's Exact test revealed significant differences between the two questionnaires (p = 0.049). Studies assessing Website content used 30 different topics to classify the subject matter, of which 6 were common to 2 studies. Although generic instruments for assessing the quality of Websites devoted to eating disorders were found, no validated questionnaire was found. This research did not locate any checklist or simple tool which could be used by consumers of health information available on the Web.
Efeito da redução de ninhada sobre as respostas autonômicas e metabólicas de ratos Wistar
Authors: Rinaldi Wilson , Ribeiro Tatiane Aparecida da Silva , Marques Angélica Sbrolini , Fabricio Gabriel Sérgio , Tófolo Laize Peron , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Mendes Fagner Cordeiro Vilar , Mathias Paulo Cezar de Freitas
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o perfil lipídico e a atividade elétrica dos nervos parassimpático (vago superior) e simpático (localizado na região esplâncnica) de ratos obesos oriundos de ninhada reduzida. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisados dois grupos distintos, com 12 animas cada um: ninhada padrão, padronizado em nove filhotes por ninhada, e ninhada reduzida, três filhotes por ninhada. O consumo de ração e peso corporal foi acompanhado do desmame até o final do protocolo experimental. Aos 90 dias de idade, os animais foram anestesiados com (Thiopental®) e submetidos ao registro da atividade elétrica dos nervos simpático (vago) e parassimpático (da região esplâncnica); em seguida, foram sacrificados e retiradas e pesadas as gorduras retroperitoneal e periepididimal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagens de glicemia, insulinemia, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. RESULTADOS: Os ratos de ninhada reduzida apresentaram aumento da ingestão alimentar, peso corporal e tecido adiposo branco, quadros de hiperglicemia, hiperinsulinemia e hipercolesterolemia, aumento dos triglicérides e redução do lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto à atividade do nervo vago, os ratos ninhada reduzida apresentaram um aumento significativo em relação aos ratos ninhada padrão, e mesmo não havendo diferença na atividade simpática, o modelo ninhada reduzida mostrou-se eficaz para indução da obesidade, dislipidemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperinsulinemia, hiperglicemia e desequilíbrio autonômico em roedores.
Consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores do risco cardiovascular em adultos do estado de Pernambuco
Authors: Pinho Cláudia Porto Sabino , Diniz Alcides da Silva , Arruda Ilma Kruze Grande de , Lira Pedro Israel Cabral de , Cabral Poliana Coelho , Siqueira Leopoldina Augusta Souza , Batista Filho Malaquias
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores do risco cardiovascular e os fatores associados na população adulta do Estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, envolvendo 1.820 adultos de 25 a 59 anos. Foram constituídos 3 grupos de alimentos: fontes em fibras (protetores), em carboidratos simples e em gorduras saturadas (risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ganho excessivo de peso). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar com mensuração convertida em escores. O modelo conceitual considerou variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, comportamentais e antropométricas. RESULTADOS: O escore médio do consumo de alimentos-fonte em carboidratos simples foi maior que o consumo de alimentos-fonte de fibras e gorduras saturadas (p<0,001). Um menor consumo do grupo de alimentos de risco foi observado em indivíduos de maior idade, provenientes de área rural, com menor renda e escolaridade. Maior consumo de carboidratos simples foi identificado entre indivíduos com baixo peso, e o consumo mais elevado de gorduras saturadas foi verificado em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles que relataram o consumo de álcool. O consumo de fibras foi superior em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles de maior renda e escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: O maior consumo de carboidratos simples, em detrimento do consumo de fibras, está relacionado à suscetibilidade do indivíduo a doenças provocadas pela má alimentação e configura o processo de transição nutricional experimentado pelo Brasil nas últimas décadas.
Planejamento de cardápios para escolas públicas municipais: reflexão e ilustração desse processo em duas capitais brasileiras
Authors: Gabriel Cristine Garcia , Costa Larissa da Cunha Feio , Calvo Maria Cristina Marino , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de
Published: September 2012

Objetivos Refletir sobre o planejamento dos cardápios do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, e apresentar o procedimento em Florianópolis (SC) e Belém (PA). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado por entrevistas com nutricionistas do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e análise de cardápios de 2010 da rede municipal de ensino fundamental. Utilizou-se como referência a Resolução nº38/2009, expedida pelo gestor federal do programa. RESULTADOS: Em Belém, encontraram-se cardápios padronizados para as escolas e baixa oferta de frutas/hortaliças; em Florianópolis, cardápios elaborados segundo critérios da gestão, conforme as particularidades das escolas, com maior oferta de frutas/hortaliças. Nas duas capitais, a utilização de alimentos regionais mostrou-se pequena, com ausência de compra direta de agricultores familiares. CONCLUSÃO: Observaram-se muitas peculiaridades nas capitais, refletindo a diversidade na execução do programa após a municipalização. Apontam-se a necessidade de maior inclusão de alimentos regionais nos cardápios e a efetivação de instrumentos legais que viabilizem a entrada dos pequenos produtores locais no mercado.
Coesão discursiva nos Estudos de execução transcendental de Liszt: as últimas sete peças
Authors: Bento Daniel
Published: September 2012

Parece urgente a investigação dos processos de coesão nos Estudos de execução transcendental de Franz Liszt: a emergência de um todo unificado é sugerida já no plano tonal que os coordena. O exame de outros aspectos que pudessem garantir unidade - vinculados aos materiais específicos das composições - constitui o foco do presente trabalho. Seu recorte é o subconjunto formado pelas últimas sete peças do grupo, justificado pelo fato de elas demonstrarem uma afinidade particular, o salto de sexta ascendente antecedido por diferentes formas de ênfase. O fundamento teórico adotado é uma adaptação do conceito de subtematismo de Dahlhaus, que nutre o procedimento metodológico: a abordagem analítica. Os resultados mostram conexões baseadas não apenas em fenômenos harmônicos, mas também na recorrência de materiais flexíveis que sofrem transformações. Com isso, confirma-se a coesão dos recortes e a pertinência dos processos de integração no volume de Liszt.
Night Fantasies de Elliott Carter: estratégias de aprendizagem e performance
Authors: Cardassi Luciane
Published: September 2012

Este texto é um relato de minha experiência de aprendizagem e performance da obra Night Fantasies de Elliott Carter. Discuto neste artigo os problemas técnico-pianísticos que encontrei e as estratégias de que lancei mão a fim de superar tais dificuldades, além de algumas questões analíticas e históricas da obra e do compositor que julgo importantes para a performance criteriosa desta peça para piano.
Modelling of EDL effect on chloride migration in cement-based materials
Authors: Friedmann Hubert , Amiri Ouali , Aït-Mokhtar Abdelkarim
Published: September 2012

The shortcomings of the geometrical approach for studying the chloride ingress through cement-based material have been highlighted previously. Improving this approach requires taking into account the electrical double layer (EDL) occurring at the interface between the pore walls and the pore solution. This is the aim of the present work. First, it is shown that the viscoelectric effect of EDL depends on pore diameter and zeta potential. Second, the decelerating effect of EDL is seen to induce a decrease in co-ions flux and an increase in counter-ions flux. Finally, the proposed macroscopic model is validated through monitoring of current densities during chloride migration tests carried out on cement mortars. Simulated current densities are found to be in good agreement with measured values.
Inelastic behaviour and ductility capacity of circular hollow reinforced concrete bridge piers under earthquake
Authors: Cheon Ju-Hyun , Kim Tae-Hoon , Lee Byung-Ju , Lee Jae-Hoon , Shin Hyun Mock
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inelastic behaviour and ductility capacity of circular hollow reinforced concrete bridge piers based on various design parameters. The ultimate strength and ductility of these bridge piers varied with the amount and arrangement of lateral reinforcement, the ratio of the inside to outside diameter of the column sections, the axial load ratio and longitudinal steel percentage. A total of eight solid and hollow circular reinforced concrete bridge piers with these design variables was tested under a constant axial load and cyclically reversed horizontal load. A computer program, the RCAHEST (reinforced concrete analysis in higher evaluation system technology), was used to predict the inelastic behaviours of circular hollow reinforced concrete bridge piers. Also, the modified lateral confining effect model was adopted and incorporated into the structural element library for RCAHEST. The proposed numerical method for the inelastic behaviour and ductility capacity of circular hollow reinforced concrete bridge piers is verified by comparing the analytical results with test data developed by the authors.
Flowing ability of self-consolidating concrete and its binder paste phase including palm oil fuel ash
Authors: Safiuddin Md. , Salam Md. Abdus , Jumaat Mohd Zamin
Published: September 2012

The flowing abilities of different self-consolidating concrete (SCC) mixes and their binder paste phases including palm oil fuel ash (POFA) are presented in this paper. SCC mixes were produced with several water/binder (W/B) ratios and POFA contents. The binder pastes were formulated from their parent SCC mixes. The flowing abilities of SCC mixes were measured with respect to slump flow, T50 slump flow time, inverted slump cone flow time and V-funnel flow time. The flowing abilities of binder pastes were determined with regard to the flow times at various dosages of high-range water reducer (HRWR). The experimental results revealed that the W/B ratio, POFA content and HRWR dosage have significant influences on the flowing abilities of both SCC and binder paste. The research findings also showed that excellent correlation exists between the flowing abilities of SCC and its binder paste phase.
Experimental research on the surface protection of concrete by polymer sulfur composite
Authors: Książek Mariusz
Published: September 2012

This paper presents the results of experimental research and analyses regarding the usefulness of polymer sulfur composites in the protection against corrosion of concrete. A literature review is given regarding, among other things, the use polymer sulfur composites in buildings, the methods of the surface protection against corrosion of concrete and the methods of the evaluation of the protection layer on these materials. The research comprises the compositions and the conditions for the formation of materials. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer sulfur composites are evaluated. After the analysis of the initial results the optimum compositions of the experimental research are chosen. The experimental programme comprised: adhesion of the composite to the standard mortar and concrete, the loss of the composites or ordinary concrete in acid solutions, alkaline and salt solutions and in water. The paper evaluates the usefulness of polymer sulfur composites in the surface protection against corrosion of concrete.
Semi-circular notched beam testing procedure for hot mixture asphalt
Authors: Abu Abdo Ahmad M. , Eckwright Frank , Jung S. J. , Bayomy Fouad , Nielsen Richard
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to facilitate and improve the methodology used for hot mixture asphalt fracture evaluation and to establish a procedure to overcome the difficulty of preparation of hot mixture asphalt beam samples for fracture testing. This research investigated and compared the stress intensity factor (KIC) determined by two test set-ups: the semi-circular notched beam and the single edge notched beam tests. In addition, the temperature effect was evaluated by the determination of KIC at different temperatures. Two Superpave mixtures were used for experimental verifications. Results illustrated that there was no significant difference between KIC determined by semi-circular notched beam and single edge notched beam tests within the acceptable statistical margin of error. Finite-element and discrete-element models were created to aid in the verification of the results from the laboratory tests. Further, the evaluation of KIC by semi-circular notched beam at different temperatures showed a similar pattern for all tested mixtures. It was observed that the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory restrictions were not violated when determining KIC for all testing conditions. Overall results suggested that the semi-circular notched beam test can be used for fracture evaluation of hot mixture asphalt, as a screening tool for weak mixtures due to its simplicity and repeatability.
Modeling the Effect of Moisture on the Reflectance of Crop Residues
Authors: Wang Chang‐kun , Pan Xian‐zhang , Liu Ya , Li Yan‐li , Zhou Rui , Xie Xian‐li
Published: September 2012

Models of crop residue reflectance under changing moisture conditions are required to better quantify management of crop residue in agricultural fields by remote sensing. In this study, reflectance spectra (400–2400 nm) of four different crop residues were measured in the laboratory under various moisture conditions. Crop residue reflectance decreased with increasing water content across all wavelengths, especially in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) region. For each crop residue, both linear and exponential models were capable of quantifying the relationship between reflectance and mass water content (MWC) with high accuracy [e.g., coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.9 and root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.025 at each wavelength in the SWIR]. The best‐fitting parameters of the two models could be directly derived from the reflectance of dry and saturated crop residues and saturated water content, which simplified the construction of the models. The results of regression analyses between the predicted MWC calculated by the inversion of the two models and measured MWC indicated that MWC could be estimated with high accuracy (R2 > 0.9, RMSE < 0.15, slope close to 1.0, and intercept close to 0.0) at nearly every wavelength in the SWIR. To construct a general model, the reflectance was normalized, and the results suggested that this method was valid. The results of this study help to quantify the effect of water on the spectral reflectance of crop residue and should contribute to better correct the effects of water on remote sensing estimation of crop residue cover in the future.
Popping and Yield Characteristics of Nuña Bean Lines Developed for Temperate Climates
Authors: Pearson Calvin H. , Barry Ogg J. , Brick Mark A. , Berrada Abdel
Published: September 2012

Nuña bean is a special market class of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indigenous to the Andean mountains of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Nuña bean is often referred to as “popping” or “pop” beans because the seed expands rapidly when heated in oil. South American nuña bean cultivars are not adapted to production in the United States because they are photoperiod sensitive and have an aggressive climbing, indeterminate growth habit. The popping characteristic from nuña bean was successfully introgressed into 10 dry bean lines with determinate growth habit and adaptation to the temperate climates of North America. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nuña breeding lines for yield, popping ability, and seed size at three locations in Colorado. Two lines, CO49956 and CO49957, had the highest popping frequency (70 and 68%, respectively) among the lines tested. Mean seed yield among lines varied from 1321 to 1794 kg ha−1 and mean seed size varied from 34 to 44 g 100 seeds−1. All lines had determinate growth habit with Type I architecture. Our findings indicate that four of the lines, CO49956, CO49957, CO50004, and CO49991, were the most productive and had the highest popping frequency. Nuña popping bean has potential for commercial on‐farm production in suitable temperate locations and as a commercial product to the American consumer.
Growth of Corn Roots and Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Are Affected by Long‐Term Tillage and Phosphorus Fertilization
Authors: Sheng Min , Lalande Roger , Hamel Chantal , Ziadi Noura , Shi Yichao
Published: September 2012

Phosphorus deficiency is a major constraint for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Cropping practices, such as tillage, modify corn P absorption, but the underlying mechanism must be assessed. A study was conducted at a long‐term (18‐yr) experimental site in Quebec, Canada, to evaluate the effects of tillage and P fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, soil properties, root attributes, corn growth, and corn P concentration. Soil (0–10 cm) and plant samples were collected at the 8 to 10 leaf stage from plots under moldboard plow (MP) and no till (NT) fertilized with 0, 17.5, or 35 kg P ha−1. Tillage increased soil bulk density, vesicular colonization, shoot and root biomass, root surface area, average diameter, volume, total root length density, and the percentage of medium‐sized roots; it decreased total soil C and N concentrations, specific root length, percentage of fine roots, and arbuscular and total AM fungal colonization. Phosphorus fertilization reduced total AM fungal colonization, enhanced soil Mehlich‐3 P level, total root length density, and the percentage of fine roots. Corn shoot and root P concentrations, reduced by tillage, were positively correlated with the percentage of fine roots and arbuscular colonization, but negatively correlated with vesicular colonization and the percentage of medium‐sized roots. Overall, P fertilization reduced total AM fungal colonization and increased root length density, and tillage decreased arbuscular development in roots and fine root growth in soil resulting in the low corn P concentration.
Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Response to Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Zhu Qing , Schlossberg Maxim J. , Bryant Ray B. , Schmidt John P.
Published: September 2012

Within the range of environmental conditions for which creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is adapted, cultural management significantly influences golf course putting green (PG) growth and quality. The experimental objective was to identify PG quality and growth response to rate, type, and/or timing of foliarly‐applied N fertilizer. In 2009 and 2010, three independent fertility trials were conducted on a sand‐based PG established to a 1:1 blend of Penn A‐1 and Penn A‐4 creeping bentgrass. Excepting the zero‐N control, treatments were prepared using amine or salt 15–0–7 liquid fertilizer comprising wholly‐soluble nutrient forms and applied at 24.5+24.5, 37, or 49 kg N ha−1. Clipping yields were collected weekly and digested for N content. Canopy reflectance was used to calculate normalized differential vegetative (NDVI) and dark green color (DGCI) indices. Nitrogen rate directly influenced PG mean NDVI, DGCI, clipping yield, and N removal. Likewise, the amine supported greater mean PG quality than the salt fertilizer. Availability of fertilizer, estimated by PG growth and N removal rate, declined dramatically over the 6‐wk experiments. Initial PG growth response to the single 49‐kg N application significantly exceeded the 24.5+24.5 kg N “split” application. However, beneficial response to split applications, relative to the single 49 kg N treatment, was observed in latter weeks. While commercially‐available liquid fertilizers vary in their suitability, managers are recommended to employ a <15‐d reapplication interval in meeting the 15 to 49 kg N ha−1 monthly creeping bentgrass PG requirement.
Processing Tomato Nitrogen Utilization and Soil Residual Nitrogen as Influenced by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Additions with Drip‐Fertigation
Authors: Zhang T. Q. , Liu K. , Tan C. S. , Warner J. , Wang Y. T.
Published: September 2012

Timely sufficient water supply through drip irrigation or fertigation may increase nutrient demand of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) due to increases in yield production. However, excessive nutrient application could result in crop luxury uptake and enrichment in soil profile, especially mineral N, with the latter potentially causing environmental concerns. A study was conducted to determine the responses of crop N utilization and post‐harvest soil profile mineral N to fertilizer N and P additions under drip fertigated processing tomato in sandy loam soils from 2003 to 2005. Across the 3 yr, both fruit N removal and plant total N uptake were either linearly or quadratically related to fertilizer N rate, with 187 kg N ha−1 of fruit removal and 268 kg N ha−1 of plant total N uptake obtained at the maximum yield. Nitrogen uptake efficiency and apparent N recovery decreased linearly with increases in N rate. At the maximum fruit yield, N uptake efficiency was 0.71, and apparent N recovery was 51.7%. Post‐harvest soil profile (0–100 cm) mineral N increased with increases in fertilizer N rate, and at greater rates with fertilizer N applied at rates above those required for maximum fruit yield production. Of the soil residual N, 62% remained in the top 40‐cm soil layer. Addition of fertilizer P had no effects on plant N uptake, N uptake efficiency and post‐harvest mineral N in soil profile, presumably due to the high levels of soil test P. Beneficial management practices need to be developed to prevent soil N losses during the non‐growing season following production of processing tomato with drip fertigation.
Chemical Differences in Soil Organic Matter Fractions Determined by Diffuse‐Reflectance Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Calderón Francisco J. , Reeves James B. , Collins Harold P. , Paul Eldor A.
Published: September 2012

We performed mid‐infrared (MidIR) spectral interpretation of fractionated fresh and incubated soils to determine changes in soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry during incubation. Soils from four sites and three depths were processed to obtain the light fraction (LF), particulate organic matter (POM), silt‐sized (silt), and clay‐sized (clay) fractions. Our results show that the LF and clay fractions have distinct spectral features regardless of site. The LF is characterized by absorbance at 3400 cm−1, as well as between 1750 and 1350 cm−1 The clay fraction is distinguished by absorption near 1230 cm−1, and absorption at 780 to 620 cm−1 The POM, like the LF, absorbs at the broad peak at 1360 cm−1 High SOM soils are characterized by absorbance at 1230 cm−1, a band for aromatics, possibly associated with resistant C. Soils from different sampling depths have specific spectral properties. A band at 1330 cm−1 is characteristic of shallow depths. Because of their low organic matter (OM) content, the deeper samples are characterized by mineral bands such as quartz, clays, and carbonate. Spectroscopic data indicates that the clay fraction and the LF suffered measurable chemical transformations during the 800‐d incubation, but the POM and silt fraction did not. As the LF decomposes, it loses absorbance at 3400, 1223, and 2920 to 2860 cm−1 The band at 1630 cm−1 increased during incubation, suggesting a resistant form of organic C. The clay fraction suffered changes that were opposite to those of the LF, indicating that LF decomposition and clay decomposition follow different chemistries.
Comparison of Reactivity of Nanoscaled Zero‐Valent Iron Formed on Clay Surfaces
Authors: Jia Hanzhong , Gu Cheng , Boyd Stephen A. , Teppen Brian J. , Johnston Cliff T. , Song Cunyi , Li Hui
Published: September 2012

Clay minerals were used as template‐supporting matrices to synthesize nanoscaled zero‐valent iron (ZVI). The size and distribution of the synthesized ZVI particles were related to clay structure, origin of negative charges, and surface charge density. The average particle size ranged from 0.5 nm (perpendicular to the clay layers) for the ZVI intercalated in smectite interlayers, to 1 to 2 nm for the ZVI residing on kaolinite and pyrophyllite surfaces, and ∼5 nm for the ZVI formed on illite and smectite external surfaces. The reactivity of the ZVI was evaluated based on the rate and extent of reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. The results revealed that the reactivity of ZVI decreased with increasing particle size, and the ZVI intercalated in smectite clay manifested the highest reactivity. The reaction efficiency of the ZVI associated with smectite clay was estimated to be as high as 90% based on the equivalency of electron transfer from ZVI to nitrobenzene. The great reactivity and high efficiency of smectite‐intercalated ZVI, along with many other advantageous properties of smectite (e.g., a layer structure that protects ZVI from aggregation and oxidation), warrants its potential utilization in the development of in situ remediation and treatment technologies for inorganic and organic contaminants.
Long‐Term Effects of Semisolid Beef Manure Application to Forage Grass on Soil Mineralizable Nitrogen
Authors: Sharifi Mehdi , Zebarth Bernie J. , Burton David L. , Rodd Vernon , Grant Cynthia A.
Published: September 2012

Livestock manure is an important source of N for forage grass production. The long‐term effects of semisolid beef manure application to forage grass on potentially mineralizable N (N0), mineralizable N pools, and field estimates of soil N supply were evaluated in dike‐land (heavy textured, poorly drained) and upland (medium‐textured) soils in Nova Scotia, Canada. Treatments included an unfertilized control, annual spring application of 100 kg N ha−1 mineral fertilizer or annual applications of 75, 150, or 300 kg total Kjeldhal N ha−1 as manure (M75, M150, and M300, respectively) from 1995 to 2004. Soil samples collected in fall 2004 were used to estimate N0 using a 44‐wk aerobic incubation at 25°C. The N0 values were 62 and 49% higher in the M300 treatment (324 and 480 kg N ha−l) than the other manure treatments (199 and 323 kg N ha−1) for the upland and dike‐land soils, respectively. The mineralization rate coefficient ranged from 0.045 to 0.082 wk−1 Manure application increased the readily mineralizable N pool (Pool I); higher rates of application resulted in higher values in both soils. The intermediate and stable mineralizable N pools were increased only by the M300 treatment in the upland soil but not in the dike‐land soil. Long‐term manure application of the M300 treatment resulted in high N0 with no yield benefits, which can increase the risk of N losses to the environment in both soils, whereas Pool I was responsive to all manure application rates.
Role of Natural Nanoparticles in Phosphorus Transport Processes in Ultisols
Authors: Rick Allison R. , Arai Yuji
Published: September 2012

Labile P is a well‐recognized nonpoint source pollutant in agroecosystems. Predicting the fate and transport of P in watershed systems is critical in protecting water quality. In this case study, we investigated the role of soil nanoparticles in P release in South Carolina agricultural soils. Batch desorption experiments were coupled with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM) and x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to better assess the reactivity of soil nanoparticles. The surface soils contained a total P concentration of 260 to 940 mg kg−1, approximately 40 to 60% of which was ammonium oxalate extractable P. The 30‐d desorption experiments showed that P desorption was initially rapid, followed by a slow continuous release at pH 5.5 and 7. It was generally not correlated with the release of soil nanoparticles (operationally defined as 10–200 nm). Phosphorus was not readily retained on these nanoparticles at pH 4 to 7. These nanoparticles were rich in Si and S, and coated with Fe and C and trace amounts of P, Ca, Na, Mg, and Al. The EM images of nanoparticle morphology showed C‐associated globular formations as well as assembled platelets and spherical nanoparticles. The colloid‐ and nanoparticle‐facilitated P release has often been suggested as one of the important pathways for P transport in the soil‐water environment. This study presents a new aspect of nanoparticle reactivity in the soil environment, however: nanoparticles do not always contribute to P transport processes.
Kinetics of Glyphosate Desorption from Mobilized Soil Particles
Authors: Gjettermann B. , Petersen C. T. , Hansen S. , Koch C. Bender , Styczen M.
Published: September 2012

Desorption kinetics of chemical compounds can be important both for their mobility in soil and for the significance of particle‐facilitated transport. We studied desorption of glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] on mobilized particles from two soil columns (50‐cm height, 30‐cm diameter), i.e., particles leached by free drainage from the bottom and particles mobilized by splash erosion and collected next to the top of the column. Leaching and splash erosion were driven by three, 30‐mm irrigation events following surface application of 14C‐labeled glyphosate. Fresh leachate samples were investigated within 30 min of sampling, and desorption from splash‐eroded particles in suspension (100 mg solid L−1) was followed for 48 h (starting 2.0 min after immersion). Glyphosate concentrations were determined by measuring the 14C activity using liquid scintillation counting. Similar fractional amounts of glyphosate (on average, 10–20% in 20 min) desorbed from leached and from splash‐eroded particles (>20 nm) shortly after leaching or immersion, respectively, indicating that the processes of desorption from the different sources of particles were similar. In leachate, about 45 to 79% remained particle bound after 20 min, while calculated values at equilibrium were 20% or less. Equilibrium was established after about 5 to 10 h in suspensions with splash‐eroded particles, except for one sample. These direct observations, supported by estimated values of the Damköhler number, lead to the conclusion that desorption kinetics are important for evaluating the significance of dissolved and particle‐facilitated transport of glyphosate. To quantify particle‐facilitated glyphosate transport, the water and solid phases in the leachate should consequently be separated within a few minutes after leaching.
Vertical and Lateral Variations of Soil Immobile Water Fraction in Two Tillage Systems
Authors: Alletto L. , Coquet Y. , Vachier P. , Labat C.
Published: September 2012

A better understanding of water and solute movement in soils is crucial to limit the environmental impact of agricultural practices. The objective of this study was to compare preferential flow in soil due to mobile–immobile water partitioning at various depths in two tillage systems. Since 2000, an agricultural field has been divided into two plots cultivated using two tillage systems: conventional tillage with moldboard plowing (CT) and conservation tillage with disk harrowing (MT). The hydraulic conductivity at −1‐cm matric head, K−1, and the immobile water content of different soil compartments identified with a morphological description in each tillage system were measured using tension disk infiltrometers and a Br− tracer. Measurements were performed in 2005. A higher spatial variability of K−1 was observed in the CT plot than in the MT plot. The immobile water fraction at −1‐cm matric head under CT ranged from 0.039 to 0.947 with a mean of 0.524 (CV = 55%). Under MT, the immobile water fraction ranged from 0.216 to 0.882 with a mean of 0.631 (CV = 30%). Soil structure variation due to plowing was found to significantly influence the soil immobile water fraction under CT, while it was more uniform under MT at the 1‐m observation scale.
Effects of Saturation on Slope Stability: Laboratory Experiments Utilizing External Load
Authors: Germer Kai , Braun Juergen
Published: September 2012

Failure of natural slopes may result in considerable damage to both human health and real estate properties. The conditions “necessary” for a slope to fail have been investigated thoroughly in the past. Additional work is still necessary regarding the causes that trigger a slope to move and that may in the long run even be helpful to predict the failure of a slope. We conducted experiments to investigate the influence of various groundwater conditions on slope stability. Our results showed that the position of the groundwater table and especially a variation in pore water pressure greatly affect the slope stability under loaded conditions. Moreover the results showed that slope failures are preceded by an abrupt decrease in pore water pressure. We suggest that a monitoring of the fluctuation of pore water pressure in a real slope may give an indication of its inherent stability.