bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of palaeo‐burial history and pore fluid pressure in foothill areas: a sensitivity test in the Hammam Zriba (Tunisia) and Koh‐i‐Maran (Pakistan) ore deposits
Authors: Benchilla L. , Guilhaumou N. , Mougin P. , Jaswal T. , Roure F.
Published: December 2004

The burial and pore fluid pressure history of fluorite ore deposits is reconstructed: (i) at Hammam Zriba–Djebel Guebli along the eastern margin of the Tunisian Atlas; and (ii) at Koh‐i‐Maran within the northern part of the Kirthar Range in Pakistan. Both the deposits are hosted by Late Jurassic carbonate reservoirs, unconformably overlain by Late Cretaceous seals. Microthermometric analyses on aqueous and petroleum fluid inclusions with pressure–volume–temperature–composition (PVTX) modeling of hydrocarbon fluid isochores are integrated with kinematics and thermal 2D basin modeling in order to determine the age of mineralization. The results suggest a Cenozoic age for the fluorite mineralization and a dual fluid migration model for both ore deposits. The PVTX modeling indicates that the initial stage of fluorite cementation at Hammam Zriba occurred under fluid pressures of 115 ± 5 bars and at a temperature close to 130°C. At Koh‐i‐Maran, the F3 geodic fluorite mineralization developed under hydrostatic pressures of 200 ± 10 bars, and at temperatures of 125–130°C. The late increase in temperature recorded in the F3 fluorites can be accounted for by rapid rise of hotter fluids (up to 190°C) along open fractures, resulting from hydraulic fracturing of overpressured sedimentary layers.
The origin of overpressure in ‘old’ sedimentary basins: an example from the Cooper Basin, Australia
Authors: Van Ruth P. , Hillis R. , Tingate P. , Swarbrick R.
Published: December 2004

Overpressure in ‘old’ sedimentary basins that have not undergone rapid, recent sedimentation cannot be easily explained using traditional burial‐driven mechanisms. The last significant burial event in the Cooper Basin, Australia, was the Late Cretaceous deposition of the Winton Formation (98.5–90 Ma). Maximum temperature in the basin was attained during the Late Cretaceous, with cooling beginning prior to 75 Ma. Hence, overpressure related to rapid burial or palaeomaximum temperatures (e.g. hydrocarbon generation) must have developed prior to 75 Ma. Retaining overpressure for 75 Ma in ‘old’ basins such as the Cooper Basin requires extremely low seal permeabilities. An alternative explanation is that overpressure in the Cooper Basin has been generated because of an increase in mean stress associated with an increase in horizontal compressive stress since Late Cretaceous times. Structural observations and contemporary stress data indicate that there has been an increase in mean stress of approximately 50 MPa between Late Cretaceous times to that presently measured at 3780 m. The largest measured overpressure in the Cooper Basin is 14.5 MPa at 3780 m in the Kirby 1 well. Hence, disequilibrium compaction driven by increasing mean stress can explain the magnitude of the observed overpressure in the Cooper Basin. Increases in mean stress (tectonic loading) may be a feasible mechanism for overpressure generation in other ‘old’ basins that have undergone a recent increase in horizontal stress (e.g. Anadarko Basin).
Patterns and costs of printed and online journal usage
Authors: Obst Oliver
Published: December 2004

This study in an academic medical sciences library setting examines the correlation of usage of a matched set of print and online titles, the validity of e‐journals usage statistics and the impact of online journals on print journal usage. The print and online usage was determined for 270 journals, both versions of which were available. Print usage was determined annually since 1997 using the reshelving and the error‐copies method. Online usage statistics were delivered by five publishers and corrected for redundant multiple accesses. Print journal usage decreased by 22.3 and 30.2% respectively over each of 2 years after the introduction of online journals. Journals published both in print and online lost 30.4% of their print usage within 2 years. The total loss of usage of print‐only titles in the same period was somewhat higher, at 45.8%. The average correlation between online and print usage is 0.60 and 0.67 respectively. For the examined titles, users accessed the online versions ten times as often as the print version. Two clearly distinguishable groupings emerged: while with Academic Press and Elsevier, e‐journal usage exceeded print usage by a factor of 3 or 4, the e‐journals of Blackwell, HighWire and Springer were used on average 14.6 times as frequently as the corresponding print journals. Each usage of a print article cost 2.79–50.82 €, each usage of an online article 0.31–15.10 €, depending on the publisher. On average, the usage of an online article was 5.4 times cheaper. Within 2–3 years the usage of online journals has outstripped that of print titles by a factor of ten, but the specific spectrum of usage remains much the same as when only print journals alone existed. Print titles not available online suffer a greater decline in usage compared with print/online journals. This confirms that what is read or purchased is determined primarily by ease of access and that there is a steady tendency to reduce the multiplicity of access modes to a manageable few. The availability of journals online seems to have created a new clientele, at least in the case of the German‐language Springer journals. The connection between supplier and supply is much less clear with e‐journals than it is with print titles. Therefore it is very important to stress and encourage the role of the library as the supplier of this sort of information in the university environment. Collection building issues are discussed in the light of the results.
Sulphate‐reducing bacteria induce low‐temperature Ca‐dolomite and high Mg‐calcite formation
Authors: Van Lith Yvonne , Warthmann Rolf , Vasconcelos Crisogono , Mckenzie Judith A.
Published: December 2004

In this study, we demonstrate that sulphate‐reducing bacteria induce anoxic low‐temperature Ca‐dolomite formation both in situ in Lagoa Vermelha and Brejo do Espinho, two neighbouring, dolomite‐precipitating hypersaline lagoons in Brazil, and in laboratory culture experiments. The metabolic activity of sulphate‐reducing bacteria facilitates dolomite formation under anoxic conditions, as demonstrated with experiments using dialysis bags. Overall changes in the chemical conditions of the medium exclusively, without the presence of bacteria, did not result in carbonate precipitation. Only pure cultures of metabolizing sulphate‐reducing bacteria induced Ca‐dolomite and high Mg‐calcite precipitates, indicating that the carbonate nucleation takes place in the locally changed microenvironment around the sulphate‐reducing bacterial cells. Not all pure strains, however, produced Ca‐dolomite under similar conditions, suggesting that the bacterial metabolism, activity and the rate of mineral precipitation have an influence on the type of carbonate formed.
A critical stage in the formation of acid mine drainage: Colonization of pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under pH‐neutral conditions
Authors: Mielke Randall E. , Pace Danielle L. , Porter Tim , Southam Gordon
Published: December 2004

A dominant Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ssp. was isolated from the supergene copper deposit in Morenci, Arizona, USA. Washed bacterial suspensions (108 MPN per treatment), in pH‐neutral buffer, were inoculated onto pyrite cubes for 24 h. Heterogeneous bacterial absorption onto the pyrite removed approximately 90% of the viable bacteria from the inoculum. At T = 0, the bacteria were observed primarily in regions enriched in phosphorus. Over 30 days, the bacterial population on the pyrite cubes increased from 1.3 × 107 to 2.9 × 108 bacteria cm−2. During this growth stage, low levels of thiobacilli (228 ± 167 MPN mL−1) were also recovered from the fluid phase; however, this population decreased to zero within 30 days. Growth on pyrite occurred as micrometre‐scale planar microcolonies, a biofilm, coating the mineral surfaces. These microcolonies possessed viable thiobacilli, even after 4 months at ‘circumneutral pH’. Imaging the pyrite cubes using SEM‐EDS and scanning force microscopy demonstrated that the thiobacilli grew as iron oxy‐hydroxide‐cemented cells, leading to the formation of mineralized microcolonies. Removing the iron oxy‐hydroxides with oxalic acid did not dislodge the bacteria, demonstrating that the secondary minerals were not responsible for ‘gluing’ the bacteria to the pyrite surface. Removing organic material, i.e. the cells, by an oxygen plasma treatment revealed the presence of corrosion pits the size and shape of bacteria. Because of the inherent geochemical constraints on pyrite oxidation at neutral pH, the colonization of pyrite under circumneutral pH conditions must be facilitated by the development of an acidic nanoenvironment between the bacteria and the pyrite mineral surface.
Problems in prescribing malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers
Authors: Dupouy‐Camet Jean , Yera Hélène , Tourte‐Schaeffer Claudine
Published: December 2004

To offer effective malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers in a country, the physician must know the precise status of malaria there (frequency, resistance), determine the degree of exposure to mosquito bites, evaluate the precise clinical condition of the traveler, and improve the traveler's compliance with treatment by providing good information on potential side‐effects. These side‐effects, sometimes overemphasized in the media, lead to poor compliance, particularly after returning home, and, consequently, increase the risk of acquiring malaria. The recently approved Malarone® could overcome these drawbacks. But its cost is high and its wide use could also lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Therefore, training professionals in travel medicine is important in malaria prevention and decrease the prescription of abusive or inaccurate prophylaxis (e.g., most tourists traveling in organized tours in Asia, with no stay in remote malaria endemic areas, do not need any prophylaxis). In addition, prevention of mosquito bites with repellents, impregnated bed nets, and indoor insecticide‐dispensing devices is still an important tool for controlling malaria in travelers.
Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Minodier Philippe , Retornaz Karine , Horelt Alexia , Garnier Jean‐Marc
Published: December 2004

The leishmaniases are protozoan diseases caused by Leishmania parasites. The first‐line treatment of its visceral forms is pentavalent antimony (meglumine antimoniate or sodium stibogluconate), but toxicity is frequent with this drug. Moreover antimony unresponsiveness is increasing in Leishmania infantum and L. donovani foci, both in immunocompetent and in immunosuppressed patients. Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that binds to sterols in cell membranes. It is the most active antileishmanial agent in use. Its infusion‐related and renal toxicity may be reduced by lipid‐based delivery. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®; Gilead Science, Paris, France) seems to be less toxic than other amphotericin B lipid formulations (Amphocil®; Liposome Technology Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA, Amphotec®; Ben Venue Laboratories Inc., Bedford, OH, USA). Optimal drug regimens of AmBisome® vary from one geographical area to another. In the Mediterranean Basin, a total dose of 18 mg/kg (3 mg/kg on days 1–5 and 3 mg/kg on day 10) could be used as first‐line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, especially those co‐infected with HIV, relapses are frequent with AmBisome®, as with other drugs.
Parasitic diarrhea in normal and malnourished children
Authors: Gendrel D. , Treluyer J.M. , Richard‐Lenoble D.
Published: December 2004

Diarrhea is only one of the many manifestations of intestinal parasites. Environmental influences are inescapable, regardless of an individual's state of health: in a highly endemic region, intestinal parasitic colonization is almost the rule. The clinical expression of the parasitoses, however, is largely determined by host defenses; and when they are weakened, parasitic diarrhea is frequent and severe. Protein‐energy malnutrition is by far the most important cause of immune deficiency in developing countries. Diarrhea caused by Strongyloides or Giardia is common and severe in malnourished children, while well‐nourished children remain healthy carriers. These parasites require specific treatment in the malnourished; and the well‐nourished should have preventive treatment when they are to receive corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents. Diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. may be severe in malnourished or immunodeficient children, and recovery is achieved only after renutrition or treatment of the immunodeficiency.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between metoprolol and dronedarone in extensive and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers healthy subjects
Authors: Damy Thibaud , Pousset Françoise , Caplain Henri , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Lechat Philippe
Published: December 2004

As dronedarone a new noniodinated antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to amiodarone could inhibit CYP2D6 and is planned to be associated with β‐blockers, interactions with CYP2D6 metabolized β‐blockers such as metoprolol, have to be studied. Forty‐nine healthy male subjects genotyped for CYP2D6 were included in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Metoprolol was administrated during 13 days (200 mg/day). After the initial 5 days, subjects received placebo (n = 12), 800 mg (n = 6), 1200 mg (n = 9), or 1600 mg (n = 17) of dronedarone daily during eight additional days. Pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol were investigated at day 5 and at day 13 in 44 subjects, 39 extensive metabolizers and five poor metabolizers for CYP2D6. Cardiac contractility function was evaluated by the rate‐corrected electromechanical systole duration (QS2i) and the mean velocity of endocardial circumferential fiber shortening (Vcfmean). Cmax and AUC0‐‐24 h of metoprolol increased from days 5 to 13 in proportion to dronedarone dose only in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers genotyped subjects (P < 0.001). In all subjects, from days 5 to 13, Vcfmean decreased and QS2i significantly increased in dronedarone groups. The Vcfmean changes were however significant only with the 1600 mg dronedarone dose compared with placebo while QS2i changes induced by addition of dronedarone were significant compared with placebo at all dose levels. Between days 5 and 13, QS2i and Vcfmean changes were significantly correlated with both dronedarone concentrations at day 13 and with metoprolol concentration changes between days 5 and 13. Plasma metoprolol concentrations were highest in poor metabolizer subjects and dronedarone did not further increase their level but increased QS2i in the two subjects receiving the 1600 mg dose. Addition of dronedarone (800–1600 mg daily) to metoprolol (200 mg daily) increases bioavailability of metoprolol in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers and induces an additive dronedarone dose‐dependent negative inotropic effect. Nevertheless at 800 mg daily (anticipated therapeutic dose) these effects were modest.
Vasopressin‐induced vasoconstriction is dependent on MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation
Authors: Streefkerk Jörn O. , Hoogaars Willem M.H. , Christoffels Vincent M. , Sand Carsten , Pfaffendorf Martin , Peters Stephan L.M. , van Zwieten Pieter A.
Published: December 2004

To investigate the involvement of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 (MAPKerk1/2) in the vasopressin‐mediated vasoconstriction in the rat aorta. Vasopressin‐induced vasoconstriction was measured in isolated rat thoracic aortae in the presence or absence of MAPKerk1/2 kinase (MKKmek1/2) inhibitors. Thereafter the MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation in the rat aorta was quantified using Western blot analysis. Vasopressin (1–300 nm) induced a concentration‐dependent vasoconstriction, which could be inhibited concentration dependently by the selective MKKmek1/2 inhibitors, PD 98059 (10 and 100 μm) and U 0126 (10 and 100 μm). Western blot analysis revealed a 2.7 ± 0.6‐fold increase in the MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation induced by vasopressin (300 nm). This phosphorylation could be dose dependently prevented by both PD 98059 (100 μm) and U 0126 (10 and 100 μm). These results indicate that vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin is partly regulated by the MAPKerk1/2 pathway.
Revisiting Autonomic Dysfunction in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients
Authors: Jocemir R. Lugon  , Elias A. Warrak  , Adriano S. Lugon  , Bruno A. Salvador  , Antonio C. L. Nobrega
Published: December 2004

Background: Autonomic dysfunction is frequent in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but both the relative involvement of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches and the role of antihypertensive drugs in this setting are still controversial. The present study addressed these issues employing a battery of standard noninvasive cardiovascular autonomic tests.

Methods: Sympathetic (S) function was evaluated by responses of both systolic blood pressure (BP) to passive tilting and diastolic BP to handgrip; parasympathetic (P) function, through the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test and the heart rate response to the 4‐s unloaded exercise test. Additional tests influenced by both branches of the autonomic system (P + S) were accomplished by the assessment of heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver, handgrip, and tilting.

Results: Studied subjects belonged to one of the three groups: ESRD patients not requiring BP medications (n = 11; 8 men, 3 women); ESRD patients receiving antihypertensive therapy (n = 36; 21 men, 15 women); and apparently healthy controls (n = 15; 10 men, 5 women). When the variables grouped according to the branch of the autonomic nervous system predominantly probed were analyzed, only the frequency of impaired sympathetic autonomic responses was higher in ESRD patients not receiving BP drugs compared to controls (55 vs. 23%, P = 0.040). In contrast, when ESRD patients receiving BP drugs were compared to controls, the differences became significant in S, P, and P + S tests (46 vs. 23%, P = 0.045; 22 vs. 3%, P = 0.020; and 34 vs. 13%, P = 0.010, respectively). With the criterion of more than one positive finding in any of the variables examined for diagnosing autonomic dysfunction, the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction was 20% in controls, 64% in ESRD patients not receiving BP drugs (P = 0.005 vs. controls), and 67% in ESRD patients receiving BP drugs (P = 0.043 vs. controls).

Conclusions: ESRD continues to be associated with a high prevalence of autonomic dysfunction. ESRD patients receiving BP drugs were found to have detectable impairment in the entire autonomic system in contrast to those not receiving BP drugs in whom inadequate responses were restricted to the sympathetic branch.
Molecular Cloning of p53 cDNA of Mongolian Gerbil and Establishment of Yeast p53 Functional Assay System
Authors: Ishizuka Jun , Sugiyama Toshiro , Aoyama Tetsuya , Hirayama Fumihiro , Tada Mitsuhiro , Kato Mototsugu , Moriuchi Tetsuya , Asaka Masahiro
Published: December 2004

abstract

Background. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and human gastric carcinogenesis. A Mongolian gerbil model has demonstrated that H. pylori infection induced gastric carcinoma. However, the disadvantage of this animal model is a lack of information regarding the cellular genes involved in oncogenesis. Mutation of the p53 gene is one of the most common steps in gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to clone the p53 gene of the Mongolian gerbil and detect the functional mutations in H. pylori‐infected animals.

Materials and Methods. The p53 complementary DNA (cDNA) of Mongolian gerbil was cloned by the methods of reverse‐transcribed polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends.

Results. The p53 cDNA of Mongolian gerbil has a 78.8% homology to that of humans. A novel yeast p53 assay system was established and enabled to detect the functional mutations of the p53 gene in the stomach of the Mongolian gerbil.

Conclusions. This is the first report of the complete sequence of wild‐type p53 cDNA of the Mongolian gerbil. This genetic information and an assay system designed to detect the functional mutations of the p53 gene are useful for further investigations of gastric oncogenesis in this animal model.
Profiling and Identification of Eubacteria in the Stomach of Mongolian Gerbils With and Without Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Sun Yi‐Qian , Monstein Hans‐Jürg , Nilsson Lennart E. , Petersson Fredrik , Borch Kurt
Published: December 2004

abstract

Background. Mongolian gerbils are frequently used to study Helicobacter pylori‐induced gastritis and its consequences. The presence of an indigenous bacterial flora with suppressive effect on H. pylori may cause difficulties with establishing this experimental model.

Aim. The aim of the present study was to determine bacterial profiles in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils with and without (controls) H. pylori infection.

Methods. Gastric tissue from H. pylori ATCC 43504 and CCUG 17874 infected and control animals were subjected to microbial culturing and histology. In addition, gastric mucosal samples from H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals were analyzed for bacterial profiling by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), cloning and pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA variable V3 region derived PCR amplicons.

Results. Oral administration of H. pylori ATCC 43504, but not CCUG 17874, induced colonization and gastric inflammation in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and partial 16S rDNA pyrosequencing revealed the presence of DNA representing a mixed bacterial flora in the stomach of both H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals. In both cases, lactobacilli appeared to be dominant.

Conclusion. These findings suggest that indigenous bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, may have an impact on the colonization and growth of H. pylori strains in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils.
Familial Cluster Headache: A Series of 186 Index Patients
Authors: El Amrani Mohammed , Ducros Anne , Boulan Pauline , Aidi Saadia , Crassard Isabelle , Visy Jean Marc , Tournier‐Lasserve Elisabeth , Bousser Marie Germaine
Published: December 2004

Objective.—To investigate the familial occurrence of cluster headache in a series of French patients fulfilling the International Headache Society diagnosis criteria.

Methods.—One hundred eighty‐six index patients and 624 first‐degree relatives were surveyed.

Results.—A positive family history of cluster headache was found in 20 index patients (10.75%) with 22 affected first‐degree relatives (3.4%). In multiplex families 6 of the 68 second‐degree relatives that were contacted had cluster headache.

Conclusion.—No precise mode of inheritance could be drawn from the observed repartition of cases within multiplex families.
Application of the 1988 International Headache Society Diagnostic Criteria in Nine Italian Headache Centers using a Computerized Structured Record
Authors: Gallai Virgilio , Sarchielli Paola , Alberti Andrea , Pedini Mauro , Gallai Beatrice , Rossi Cristiana , Cittadini Elisabetta , The Collaborative Group for the Application of IHS Criteria
Published: December 2004

Background.—The actual application of the current International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria in clinical practice has not been investigated thoroughly.

Objectives.—To develop a computerized, structured, medical record based exclusively on the IHS classification system.

Design and Method.—We tested the computerized structured record by entering and analyzing data reported on the case sheets of 500 consecutive patients attending nine headache centers in Italy. All clinical diagnoses in the study were made according to current IHS criteria. The rate of concordance between the diagnosis provided by the computerized structured record and that reported by clinicians on the case sheets was calculated, and reasons for any discrepancies between the two diagnoses were analyzed.

Results.—Concordance between the two diagnoses was found in 345 of 500 cases examined (69%). In the remaining 155 cases, diagnoses reached with the computerized structured record and case sheets were impossible or discordant with respect to the diagnoses made by the clinician. In 144 of these cases (28.8%), this was due to missing information or errors in the diagnosis recorded by the clinicians on the patient case sheet. In particular, the diagnosis could not be reached using the computerized structured record in 105 cases (20.6%) because of a lack of one or more data needed in formulating a correct diagnosis according to the IHS operational criteria for one of the primary headache disorders. In the remaining 41 cases some data were missing, but the data available were sufficient to reach a diagnosis according to the IHS criteria. Moreover, the diagnoses reached using the computerized structured record were not in agreement with those made by the clinicians in another 39 cases (7.9%) due to an incorrect interpretation by the clinicians of the data reported on the patients' case sheets. In only 2.2% of the cases (n  =  11) misdiagnoses were due to errors of the program that were promptly corrected.

Conclusions.—The present study suggests that incorrect application of IHS criteria for the diagnosis of primary headache may occur in as many as one third of patients attending headache centers and that use of a computerized structured record based exclusively on current IHS criteria may overcome this deficiency.
Familial Occurrence of Migraine With Aura in a Population‐Based Study
Authors: Cologno D. , De Pascale A. , Manzoni G.C.
Published: December 2004

Objective.—To better define a possible genetic basis for migraine with aura (MWA).

Methods.—We investigated the familial occurrence of migraine with aura in a sample of (MWA) subjects recruited from an epidemiologic study of migraine with aura involving the general population. The sample with migraine with aura (n  =  26) was selected out of a total of 1392 subjects (842 women and 550 men) representative of the general population aged 18 to 65 years in the southern Italian town of San Severo. A family history of migraine with aura was determined via direct interviews with all living first‐degree relatives of the 26 subjects who could be reached by investigators, 119 people: 71 women and 48 men. The diagnosis of migraine with aura was made according to the 1988 International Headache Society (IHS) criteria.

Results.—Of the 26 subjects with migraine with aura, 7 (6 women and 1 man) had a positive family history, with a total of 7 first‐degree relatives affected by the disease (1 mother, 2 fathers, 1 brother, 1 sister, and 2 children). Based on the lifetime prevalence rate of migraine with aura (1.6%) in the San Severo general population, the relative risk of migraine with aura in the first‐degree relatives of the subjects was 3.68 (4.16 for women and 2.77 for men).

Conclusion.—Our subjects' relative risk rate for familial occurrence of migraine with aura was similar to that reported by one investigator, but markedly lower than that reported by another group.
Platelet Aggregation Profiles in Cluster Headache
Authors: D'Andrea Giovanni , Granella Franco , Cadaldini Morena
Published: December 2004

Background.—Platelets are activated in patients with cluster headache, during both the remission period and the active cycles.

Objective.—To delineate more clearly the origin of platelet activation in cluster headache.

Methods.—Platelet aggregation induced by collagen (0.5 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL), adenosine diphosphate (10−5 M and 10−6 M), and platelet‐activating factor (10−6 M and 10−7 M) was determined by the Born's method in 26 patients with cluster headache and 24 sex‐ and age‐matched controls.

Results.—The platelets of patients with cluster headache aggregated significantly less to collagen at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL compared to those of controls (P  =  .04). The extent of platelet aggregation obtained with a higher dose of collagen (2 μg/mL) was in the same range in both groups. Platelet aggregation obtained via adenosine diphosphate at a concentration of 10−6 M was significantly reduced in patients with cluster headache in comparison to controls (P  =  .002), but no differences were found at a concentration of 10−5 M. In contrast, the platelets of patients with cluster headache aggregated significantly more to platelet‐activating factor at both the concentrations of 10−6 M (P  =  .001) and 10−7 M (P  =  .00001) compared to those of controls.

Conclusions.—This study suggests that platelet aggregation is impaired in patients with cluster headache during the active phase of the disease. We found hypoaggregation in response to low doses of collagen and adenosine diphosphate, and hyperaggregation when platelets were stimulated with platelet‐activating factor. Any interpretation of these results can only be speculative. It may be that impairment of platelet aggregation with collagen and adenosine diphosphate may indicate a derangement of nitric oxide function, while the hypersensitivity to platelet‐activating factor may be due to fluctuations in its plasma levels.
Clinical, Anatomical, and Physiologic Relationship Between Sleep and Headache
Authors: Dodick David W. , Eross Eric J. , Parish James M.
Published: December 2004

The intimate relationship between sleep and headache has been recognized for centuries, yet the relationship remains clinically and nosologically complex. Headaches associated with nocturnal sleep have often been perceived as either the cause or result of disrupted sleep. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of both conditions allows for a clearer understanding of this complex relationship and a more rational clinical and therapeutic approach. Recent biochemical and functional imaging studies in patients with primary headache disorders has lead to the identification of potential central generators which are also important for the regulation of normal sleep architecture.

Medical conditions (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea, depression) that may disrupt sleep and lead to nocturnal or morning headache can often be identified on clinical evaluation or by polysomnography. In contrast, primary headache disorders which often occur during nocturnal sleep or upon awakening, such as migraine, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, and hypnic headache, can readily be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and managed with appropriate medication. These disorders, when not associated with co‐morbid mood disorders or medications/analgesics overuse, seldom lead to significant sleep disruption.

Identifying and classifying the specific headache disorder in patients with both headache and sleep disturbances can facilitate an appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Patients with poorly defined nocturnal or awakening headaches should undergo polysomnography to exclude a treatable sleep disturbance, especially in the absence of an underlying psychological disorder or analgesic overuse syndrome. In patients with a well defined primary headache disorder, unless there are compelling historical or examination findings suggestive of a primary sleep disturbance, a formal sleep evaluation is seldom necessary.
SUNCT Syndrome: diagnosis and treatment.
Authors: Pareja JA , Caminero AB , Sjaastad O
Published: December 2004

8: CNS Drugs. 2002;16(6):373‐383

Short‐lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT) is a syndrome predominant in males, with a mean age of onset around 50 years. The attacks are strictly unilateral, generally with the pain persistently confined to the ocular/periocular area. Most attacks are moderate to severe in intensity and burning, stabbing or electrical in character. The mean duration of paroxysms is 1 minute, with a usual range of 10 to 120 seconds (total range 5 to 250 seconds). Prominent, ipsilateral conjunctival injection and lacrimation regularly accompany the attacks. Nasal stuffiness/rhinorrhoea are frequently noted. In addition, there is subclinical forehead sweating. During attacks, there is increased intraocular pressure on the symptomatic side and swelling of the eyelids. No changes in pupil diameter have been observed. Attacks can be triggered mostly from trigeminally innervated areas, but also from the extratrigeminal territory. There are also spontaneous attacks. An irregular temporal pattern is the rule, with symptomatic periods alternating with remissions in an unpredictable fashion. During active periods, the frequency of attacks may vary from <1 attack/day to>30 attacks/hour. The attacks predominate during the daytime, nocturnal attacks being seldom reported. A SUNCT‐like picture has been described in some patients with either intra‐axial or extra‐axial posterior fossa lesions, mostly vascular disturbances/ malformations. In the vast majority of patients, however, aetiology and pathogenesis are unknown. In SUNCT syndrome, there is a lack of persistent, convincingly beneficial effect of drugs or anaesthetic blockades that are generally effective in cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, trigeminal neuralgia, idiopathic stabbing headache (Äjabs and jolts syndrome'), and other headaches more faintly resembling SUNCT syndrome. Single reports have claimed that carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, corticosteroids or surgical procedures may be of help. However, caution is recommended when assessing any therapy in a disorder such as SUNCT syndrome, in which the rather chaotic and unpredictable temporal pattern makes the assessment of any drug/therapeutic effect per se a particularly difficult matter.

Comment: Another excellent review article. If you want to learn about the rare, short trigeminal autonomic cephalgia (TAC), this is a thorough and thoughtful place to start. SJT
Ergotamine‐induced anorectal strictures: report of five cases.
Authors: Sayfan J
Published: December 2004

Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Feb;45(2):271‐2

Purpose: Ergotamine tartrate suppositories are used for treatment of migraine headache attacks. Chronic abuse may lead to severe anorectal complications such as ulceration, stricture, and rectovaginal fistula. These complications are rare, and only sporadic reports may be found. Nevertheless, awareness of this entity on the part of prescribing physicians and treating colorectal surgeons is essential for a successful outcome, because withdrawal of this medication is an inherent part of treatment.

Patients: Five female patients were referred for treatment of symptomatic strictures of the anal canal and lower rectum. All of these patients admitted prolonged, nearly daily use of three to seven ergotamine tartrate suppositories.

Results: Three patients with severe stenosis of the anal verge and anal canal were treated by Y‐V anoplasty, and two patients with circular stricture of the lower third of the rectum had balloon dilatations. In all patients the use of ergotamine suppositories was stopped, and alternative medication was instituted. Long‐term follow‐up (3‐12 years) showed complete resolution of symptoms.

Conclusion: In view of the availability of new effective drugs for treatment of migraine headache (serotonin agonists) and considering the potentially severe complications of chronic use of ergotamine, the use of this medication should be abandoned.

Comment: Ergotamine users beware of the sting in the tail! DSM.
Long‐term changes within the invertebrate and fish communities of the Upper Rhône River: effects of climatic factors
Authors: Daufresne M. , Roger M. C. , Capra H. , Lamouroux N.
Published: December 2004

There is increasing evidence that the global climate change is already having measurable biological impacts. However, no study (based on actual data) has assessed the influence of the global warming on communities in rivers. We analyzed long‐term series of fish (1979–1999) and invertebrate (1980–1999) data from the Upper Rhône River at Bugey to test the influence of climatic warming on both communities. Between the periods of 1979–1981 and 1997–1999, the average water temperature of the Upper Rhône River at Bugey has increased by about 1.5°C due to atmospheric warming. In the same period, several dams have been built from 12.5 to 85 km upstream of our study segment and a nuclear power plant has been built on it. Changes in the community structure were summarized using multivariate analysis. The variability of fish abundance was correlated with discharge and temperature during the reproduction period (April–June): low flows and high temperatures coincided with high fish abundance. Beyond abundance patterns, southern, thermophilic fish species (e.g. chub, and barbel) as well as downstream, thermophilic invertebrate taxa (e.g. Athricops, Potamopyrgus) progressively replaced northern, cold‐water fish species (e.g. dace) and upstream, cold‐water invertebrate taxa (e.g. Chloroperla, Protoneumura). These patterns were significantly correlated with thermal variables, suggesting that shifts were the consequences of climatic warming. All analyses were carried out using statistics appropriate for autocorrelated time series. Our results were consistent with previous studies dealing with relationships between fish or invertebrates and water temperature, and with predictions of the impact of climatic change on freshwater communities. The potential confounding factors (i.e. dams and the nuclear power plant) did not seem to influence the observed trends.
A screen for genes induced in the amygdaloid area during cat odor exposure
Authors: Kõks S. , Luuk H. , Nelovkov A. , Areda T. , Vasar E.
Published: December 2004

The aim of a present study was to identify the genes activated or inactivated in the amygdaloid area after the exposure to cat odor. Cat odor exposure was used to induce the ethologically relevant anxiety reaction in male rats. Differential expression of genes was analyzed using the cDNA Representational Difference Analysis (cDNA RDA). Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified by sequencing combined with database search and subsequently verified by dot blot analysis. Exposure of rats to cat odor induced avoidance of odor stimulus and suppressed the exploratory activity of animals. We found that during the cat odor exposure several genes with various functions were activated in the amygdaloid area of rat. Moreover, reverse subtraction resulted in a different set of genes that are inactivated during anxiety response. These genes can be classified according to their function as the neurotransmission related, enzymes, cell cycle regulating proteins and transcription factors. We found that during anxiety response the genes participating directly or indirectly in the synthesis of neurotransmitters (carboxypeptidase E, tyrosine 3‐monooxygenase/tryptophan 5‐mono‐oxygenase activation protein, wolframin) were up regulated. Moreover, a number of genes involved in the signal transduction (Rho GTPase, neurochondrin, Ca/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase) were also activated. Additionally, reverse subtraction in control animals identified several up regulated genes having the antagonistic action to these genes (nischarin, Rab geranylgeranyl transferase). In conclusion, we were able to define the possible pathways linked to the regulation of anxiety response.
Linking genes to brain, behavior and neurological diseases: what can we learn from zebrafish?
Authors: Guo S.
Published: December 2004

How our brain is wired and subsequently generates functional output, ranging from sensing and locomotion to emotion, decision‐making and learning and memory, remains poorly understood. Dys‐regulation of these processes can lead to neurodegenerative, as well as neuro‐psychiatric, disorders. Molecular genetic together with behavioral analyses in model organisms identify genes involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, the execution of behavior and mechanisms involved in neuro‐pathogenesis. In this review I will discuss the current progress and future potential for study in a newly established vertebrate model organism for genetics, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Where available, schemes and results of genetic screens will be reviewed concerning the sensory, motor and neuromodulatory monoamine systems. Genetic analyses in zebrafish have the potential to provide important insights into the relationship between genes, neuronal circuits and behavior in normal as well as diseased states.
Precursor Studies in an Electromagnetically Driven Shock Tube
Authors: Lubin M. J. , Resler E. L.
Published: December 2004

Precursor waves have been studied in an electromagnetic shock tube of the T configuration. The precursor velocity, electron density, and current content were determined over a pressure range of 1 to 1000μ Hg, for electrode discharge voltages of 3 to 17 kV in hydrogen and argon. A longitudinal nanosecond microwave technique was used in conjunction with a semi-infinite microwave cavity measurement to measure the precursor velocity and attendant detailed electron density structure. The current associated with the precursor has been deduced from transverse magnetic field measurements made with an external pickup coil. The precursor exhibits a definite wave structure with front thicknesses of the order of 2 to 5 cm.
Rayleigh Problem in a Radiating Compressible Gas I. Plate Mach Number Finite
Authors: Solan Alexander , Cohen Ira M.
Published: December 2004

The flow of a compressible, viscous, heat-conducting, radiating gray gas near a flat plate set impulsively in motion in its own plane is considered. The plate Mach number is assumed to be sufficiently large so that dissipation cannot be neglected but not so large that the orders of magnitude of the thermophysical properties are changed. Asymptotic expansions are made for large ratio of the photon to molecular mean free path, N, and general values of the Boltzmann number Bo. In the limit N → ∞ with Bo finite and plate temperature equal to the temperature of the gas at rest, the asymptotically optimal scalings split the problem into an optically thin, compressible, viscous boundary layer with radiative emission but no self-absorption and an optically finite, inviscid, acoustic flow with full radiative interaction. The equations in the boundary layer and in the inviscid region are solved numerically for several representative cases. In the boundary layer the velocity profile is only weakly affected by radiation, whereas the temperature is substantially reduced below the radiationless value. In the inviscid region an acoustic wave propagates normal to the plate and is dispersed by long-range radiative interaction.
Low-Frequency Microscopic Fluctuations in a Bounded Plasma
Authors: Weinstock Jerome
Published: December 2004

Low-frequency electron density fluctuations of a bounded homogeneous plasma are determined at large wavelengths. It is shown that, when the wavelengths are large, the frequency spectrum of fluctuation is determined by the mean square displacement of an electron in a time interval t, 〈Δ(t)2〉. Using a Brownian motion model for 〈Δ(t)2〉 which is exact at large t (as well as at small t), the frequency spectrum can then be evaluated by the method of steepest descents. The resulting spectrum is exact at zero frequency and provides a method for local measurements of diffusion cofficients by light scattering or direct probe measurement techniques. The results are valid regardless of the number of particles in a Debye sphere or of the extent of ionization.
Causal Behavior of Forced Plasma Oscillations
Authors: Gelman Harry
Published: December 2004

The linearized response of a collisionless plasma model to external applied fields is calculated and examined with respect to its causal behavior. It is found that causality is not automatically fulfilled but must be imposed. The Titchmarsh theorem of complex analysis is used as a guide in imposing causality. Alternatively, it is shown that causality can be achieved by adding a damping term to the model and allowing the damping rate, which this term introduces, approach zero.
Impossibility of Three Confluent Shocks in Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow
Authors: Breed B. R.
Published: December 2004

The configuration where three shocks separate three uniform regions is impossible. This has been proved by Courant and Friedrichs for materials having a polytropic equation of state. A proof independent of the form of the equation of state is presented. The conditions of mass and momentum conservation are incompatible for this configuration. For the configuration which occurs in Mach reflection the material flowing across the two shocks attains a greater velocity than that portion flowing across only one. This result holds even if the flow is considered isentropic.
The Discrete Ordinate Method for Unsteady Linearized Boltzmann Bhatnazar-Gross-Krook Equation
Authors: Huang A. Ben , Giddens Don P.
Published: December 2004

The discrete ordinate method for unsteady linearized Boltzmann Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook equation is established. For the simplest case when n = 1, the result reduces immediately to that previously discussed by Broadwell for Rayleigh problem.
Ballooning of β = 1 Plasmas with Sharp Boundaries
Authors: Morse Richard L.
Published: December 2004

The stability of a bumpy θ pinch is studied by assuming that the plasma and field are separated by a thin boundary and that the plasma is collisionless. The unstable modes have the largest displacement from equilibrium in the regions of ``bad'' surface curvature.
Wave-Wave Scattering of Quasi-Longitudinal Waves in Magnetoactive Plasmas with Different Electron and Ion Temperatures
Authors: Kropotkin A. P. , Poustovalov V. V.
Published: December 2004

Equations are given for the time history of noise energy spectra, due to wave-wave scattering of quasi-longitudinal plasma oscillations for the case of a magnetoactive plasma with different electron and ion temperatures. An example of such a process is presented.
Note on Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Nakayama Toshio
Published: December 2004

A functional equation for a weak plasma turbulence is solved neglecting the three-point correlation function. Its solution is a generalized Gaussian distribution. The solution for a quasilinear theory is obtained by an assumption similar to Bogoliubov's on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.
Alternate Forms of the Herivel-Lin Variational Principle
Authors: Stephens J. J.
Published: December 2004

The div-invariance of the Lagrangian density is used to determine the canonical form of the energy-momentum tensor for the Herivel-Lin spatial variational principle and to show the formal equivalence of the principles due to Herival and Bateman.
Drag on a Cylinder between Parallel Walls in Stokes' Flow
Authors: Harper Edward Y. , Chang I. -Dee
Published: December 2004

The drag on a two-dimensional cylinder located unsymmetrically between parallel planes is calculated for low Reynolds numbers. The presence of the walls has the mathematical effect of rendering Stokes' approximation uniformly valid. In physical terms, the drag is shown to be independent of the Reynolds number and dependent on cylinder diameter, channel width, and relative fluid velocity at the cylinder axis. The drag is calculated by perturbation methods and is shown to be independent of the fluid shear to the order of approximation given. Thus the solution is applicable to a wide range of boundary conditions. The analysis is compared with the results of two experimental investigations employing radically different shear flows.
Damping Correction for Oscillating Cylinder and Sphere
Authors: Hussey R. G. , Vujacic Peter
Published: December 2004

The solutions obtained by Stokes in 1851 for the linear oscillations of a sphere and a cylinder in a viscous fluid are corrected for damping. The effect of damping is to increase both the added mass coefficient k and the damping coefficient k′ above the results of Stokes. The correction factors are essentially the same for both cylinder and sphere as well as for the oscillating plane, which suggests that this correction is independent of geometry.