bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household Labor, Wage Labor, and the Transformation of the Family
Authors: Kotz David M.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a model of the relation between household labor and wage labor within a Marxian value theory framework. The model is used to show that the male wage laborer/female household laborer form of the family is likely to be advantageous for capitalism in its early stages, but not in its later stages. The model is also used to explore the process of the rise of the dual wage earner family in the post-World War II period and its connection with the decline in real wages and the problem of overwork in the U.S. during the past two decades.
The Comparative Efficiency and Productivity of Labor-Managed and Capital-Managed Firms
Authors: Doucouliagos Chris
Published: March 2007

The available empirical literature comparing the efficiency and productivity of labor-managed and capital-managed firms is reviewed and meta-analysed. The results suggest that labor-managed firms are not less efficient or less productive than capital-managed firns. Labor-managed firms have lower output-to-labor ratios and even lower capital-to-labor ratios. However, the differences in these ratios are not statistically significant. The labor-managed firm's democratic governance, industrial relations climate, and organisational setting do not appear to adversely affect productivity and efficiency
Group Psychotherapy and Disorders of the Self
Authors: Harwood Irene H.
Published: March 2007

In working from the perspective of the psychology of the self, the focus is to understand the uniqueness and subjective experience of each individual self A fixated or regressed self, regardless through which diagnostic label it speaks or through which tongue it rages, can only get back on the road of psychological development if the cause of its disintegration is understood from its own subjective experience (Atwood and Stolorow, 1984; Stolorow, 1987). Group psychotherapy allows the individual self an opportunity to resume its developmental journey. Such evolution is possible when each diagnostic flavour is allowed to emerge, is respected and understood for how it arrived at its destination, while helped to discover in which direction it chooses to grow.
Conflict in the Search for an `Individual Self' as Opposed to a Traditional `Group Self': A Consequence of Undertaking Group-Analytic Training
Authors: Azu-Okeke Okeke
Published: March 2007

In a traditional society collective social interactions become internalized as inner structure. NTey then militate against individual subjective normns, if these endeavour to express and extend their creative energy outside the bounds of the collective group norms. In a social culture in which group norms supersede the normns of individuals so much that the individual is obliged to identify with his or her groups of affiliation totally and in an undifferentiated way, inner conflicts develop within the individuals between their `group self' — the traditional norms and their `individual self' — those norms and values which form their own personal perceptions and understanding of their environment. If the individual embarks on an alien innovation such as training in methods and practices of group analysis, the inner conflicts intensify between a search for the individual self and the group self.
The Group Matrix as a Holomovement and Quantum Field
Authors: Dick Barbara
Published: March 2007

This paper links the new quantum mechanical field theories to Sigmund Freud's concepts of unconscious process, to the collective unconscious and alchemical symbols and archetypes of C.J. Jung, and to the domain of the mystical experience which unites East and West.

Contemporary quantum physicists show mounting evidence to suggest that in the space between all matter, there are waves which release energy in excess of the entire known energy of the universe, and which being atemporal and aspacial create a holistic reality of body, mind and spirit. This paper examines the structure, process and content of an analytic group, with the hypothesis that they are part of a holomovement, a quantum field.
The Group Experienced as Mother: Early Psychic Structures in Analytic Groups
Authors: Foguel Brenda Saul
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the re-creation of early psychic structures in the beginning phase of slow-open analytic psychotherapy groups. Mervin Glasser's theory of the `core complex' is explored as a model for infantile perceptions of emotional abandonment and engulfment that reoccur in the early period of the group. Donald Winnicott's ideas of the `false self and the `facilitating environment' are used to describe the defensive personality responses to early emotional deprivation as seen in the group. Aspects of the peculiar vulnerability of the first six months of group life are examined. These include selection, holiday breaks and dropouts.
Appropriation of Marine Resources: from Management to an Ethical Approach to Fisheries Governance
Authors: Collet Serge
Published: March 2007

The new historical fragility or vulnerability of marine resources and ecosystems, induced by the industrialization process of “fishing down the food webs”, calls for a postmodern governance paradigm aimed at rebuilding the generative capacity of marine ecosystems so as to restore their resilience. In a highly turbulent and bleak context, this daunting task cannot ignore the ethical dimension, defined as the setting in order, the regulation of the human power to act in non-egalitarian and asymmetrical contexts. This process of rearrangement of the modes of use of the res halieutica requires crafting new harmonious relationships with the marine environment, by retailoring the space of the commons. Giving for keeping and the Noun graph suggest a design for a postmodern pathway to healthy fisheries which is particularly well-suited to the Mediterranean Sea.
Toxic metals, preconception and early childhood development
Authors: Levitt Miriam
Published: March 2007

Exposure to lead and other heavy metals is now considered a risk factor in fetal and early childhood developmental deficits, premature birth, low cranial circumference, lower IQ, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders (ADD) or hyperactivity (ADHD), and reduced impulse control. Studies suggest that blood lead levels as low as 10 micrograms per deciliter can result in detectable physical, cognitive, and psychobehavioral deficits in children. According to recent CDC findings, the major sources of lead exposure include deteriorated paint in older housing, and dust and soil that are contaminated with lead from old paint and from past emissions of leaded gasoline. Further, the direct effects of poor diet on children's behavior combined with exposure to toxic metals increase the likelihood of attention deficit disorder (ADD), hyperactivity, and other learning deficits. Poor urban populations and minorities are at increased risk for these effects of neurotoxicity, because the problems of poverty and broken families often co-vary with inadequate diet, housing that contains lead paint and water systems that release lead, inadequate prenatal health care, high rates of bottle feeding, and exposure to industrial pollution.
Social Theory and Global History: The Three Cultural Crystallizations
Authors: Wittrock Björn
Published: March 2007

In the course of their disciplinary consolidation during the 19th and 20th centuries, the social sciences came increasingly to be less historically orientated. Analogously, global history became increasingly a marginal concern for professional historical scholarship. At the present juncture, however, there is a coincidence of a rethinking of the formation of modernity in cultural terms and the need to locate European modernity in a global context. Social theory must be able to provide an account of global historical developments that is less constrained and biased than modernization theory, even in the new garb of globalization studies, but significantly more elaborate in conceptual terms than current contributions to global history. A rethinking of the formation of modernity has already contributed to a greater appreciation of processes of cultural and ideational transformations. It has also suggested new ways of studying institutional change. It must, however, also be able to locate the specific European trajectory in a global context. The core element in such a research programme is the analysis of three major periods of global cultural crystallization, namely the Axial Age, the ecumenical renaissance, and the formation of modernity. The rationale and the contours of this research programme are outlined.
Measuring the Distance: the Case of the Family, 1968-2001
Authors: Ginsborg Paul
Published: March 2007

In its first part the article examines visions of the family during 1968 and the succeeding years. It concentrates in particular on alternative visions of the family, both at a theoretical level (as with David Cooper's Death of the Family), and at the level of social history, with the rise and fall of the commune movement. It does so with reference to a methodology which concentrates on relationships, principally those between the individual and the family, between family and between the family and the state. In the second part it surveys the widespread changes that have beset family relations and family life in the advanced capitalist societies since 1968: the lowering of fertility rates, the gradual decline of marriage, the significant changes in the position of women in the family, the increase in individualisation, as manifested in the growth of single-member households. The article then seeks to explore the relationship, if any, between the movement of 1968 and these transformations in the family. It examines both conservative and progressive interpretations, and suggests that paradoxically the movement left few sediments in the relationship between family and civil society but rather more in that between the state and the family.
Symbols and Sounds of Civilizations: China and Ancient Greece
Authors: West Elinor
Published: March 2007

with every piece of knowledge, one must stumble over stone-hard, ever-lasting words—and one would rather break a bone than a word —Nietzsche
Malaysian Modern or Anti-Anti Asian Values
Authors: Kahn Joel S.
Published: March 2007

Probably the most influential critique of social theorizing about the non-West in recent years has been one emanating from a `subalternist' perspective, by which I mean a critique mounted if not by, then in the name of, peoples/cultures/modes of thought that have been dominated culturally by `the West'. The rapid rise to prominence - economic, political, strategic and cultural - of an increasingly large number of nation states in the Asia-Pacific region poses a rather different kind of challenge to western perspectives on the project of modernity, a challenge to which social theory has yet to formulate an adequate response. Focusing on Malaysia, this paper examines the claims advanced by certain members of the new Asian political elite and intellectuals that Asian countries have discovered divergent trajectories of modernization, and argues that attempts on the part of contemporary western observers to dismiss these claims have so far been unconvincing. This suggests that social theorists need in future to give more serious consideration to the possibility that the `rise of Asia' represents a new kind of modernization.
Making Sense of Nihonjinron
Authors: Sugimoto Yoshio
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to examine Nihonjinron, the popular essentialist genre in Japan, which purports to analyse Japan's quintessence and cultural core by using three concepts - nationality, ethnicity and culture - synonymously. The focus of the paper will be placed on: (1) the widespread political bases of Nihonjinron and its internal divisions; (2) its changing features in the face of globalization; (3) the possible productive uses of Nihonjinron at both conceptual and theoretical levels; and (4) the dilemma of inter-societal and intra-societal cultural relativism, which the Nihonjinron debate has highlighted. The paper presents an outline of an inductive, pluralistic, multicultural model of analysis as a possible alternative.
Paths into Professional School
Authors: Helfrich Margaret L.
Published: March 2007

The literature of occupations and professions implies that there may be different routes into given work activities. However, a typology of different paths and associated conditions has not been explicitly advanced in the literature. In this paper, such a typology for professions is set forth. Four different paths into dental school are described and illustrated, and different conditions are associated with each path. In the context of the changing educational and occupational scene in the American society, multiplicity of paths is going to become even more pronounced in the future than it is currently.
Deprofessionalization and its Sources
Authors: Toren Nina
Published: March 2007

The sociology of professions has focused mainly on identifying the characteristics of the ideal type of profession and the processes whereby an occupation moves toward full professionalization. The reverse trend of development, that of deprofessionalization, has not yet received much systematic attention. It is proposed that current changes in the functions and position of the professions require broadening the scope of analysis to include the concept of deprofessionali zation. It will be argued that the sources of a probable process of deprofession alization stem primarily from the core characteristics of professionalism itself—the knowledge base and the ideal of service.
Occupational Knowledge
Authors: Howell Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Recent findings from the Department of Labor's National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) show that level of occupational knowledge is stronglv influenced bv both social origin and certain family- and school-related factors. Additionally, the pre liminary NLS findmgs suggest that occupational knowledge makes a significant and independent contribution to earlv occupational status attainment and mcome for a national sample of vouth The present analysts develops a causal model with a level of occupational knowledge in the sophomore year of high school as an mtervening variable between background and senior career attitudes and subsequent early status attainment. Using path analysis, the results indicate that occupational knowledge does not contribute to status attainment directly, but has significant "socialization" effects on career attitudes whrch in turn impact positively on attainment Significant nonlinear bivariate relationships between occupatronal knowledge and status attainment indicate that the modicum of direct causal effects mav be masked using a multivariate linear model as developed here Further research regarding the impact of occupational knowledge on the status attainment process is suggested.
Women's Occupational Careers
Authors: Rosenfeld Rachel A.
Published: March 2007

Men tend to move up m status over their work lives; women tend to remain at the same level. Two types of explanation can be used to explain this difference: (1) those focusing on individual characteristics which tend to vary by sex, especially employment patterns, and (2) those focusing on the differences in opportunity structure by sex. Research is reviewed which attempts to examine more directly the effect of individual versus structural factors on occupational achievement. While the evidence is not clear-cut, it does suggest more attention be paid in quantitative research on women's achievements to the structure of opportunity.
The Career Patterns of Mature American Women
Authors: Chenoweth Lillian C. , Maret Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience, this report identifies three major life-career patterns for mature American women: home, labor force, and mixed careers. The research then explores seven hypotheses which pertain to the influence of women's familial investments, familial resources, and human capital investments on their career patterns. The findings provide general support for the hypotheses. High commitment to traditional familial roles and values, high familial resources, and low human capital tend to be reflected in the disproportionate representation of women with home careers. Alternatively, low commitment to traditional familial roles and values, low familial resources, and high human capital investments are associated with careers in the labor force. However, the findings indicate that husbands' attitudes toward wives working outside the home, previous earning levels, and number of children are more strongly related to the observed career patterns of mature women than marital status, respondents' attitudes about women working, husbands' income, or respondents' education. The findings also suggest that mature American women are likely to have experienced substantial involvement in the labor force, i.e., mixed careers, regardless of their familial investments, familial resources, or human capital investments.
Individual Choice and Situational Factors
Authors: Afonja Simi A.
Published: March 2007

This analysis of job satisfaction and job commitment of some Nigerian workers is guided by the action frame of reference developed by Goldthorpe, because of its emphasis on individual choice within the constraints of the social structure. Workers' wants and expectations as derived from their non-work spheres are thus used as important parameters of attitudes to factory employment. The data clearly demon strate how the individual manipulates his or her interests between the different sectors of the economy, with high rates of satisfaction with factory employment that helps to resolve immediate economic problems and provides inputs toward subsequent careers identified outside the manufacturing sector. The resultant instrumentalism of the worker is traced to the structural conditions of a rapidly changing neocolonial society, the high rates of unemployment, and persistent inflation. Low commitment to the factory, on the other hand, is explained in terms of the improved opportunities perceived in the informal sector and in professional and administrative employment.
Work Satisfaction among Women in Nontraditional Occupations
Authors: McILWEE JUDITH S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes sources of work satisfaction and dissatisfaction among a sample of 86 California women entering “nontraditional” (i.e., male-dominated) skilled and semiskilled occupations in 1975. Respondents were interviewed at that time, and again in 1976-1977. The data indicate that the challenge of surviving and succeeding in a nontraditional job—mastering skills, increasing self-confidence, and getting along with (often troublesome) male coworkers and supervisors—was the predominant concern of the respondents in the first year, and was their primary source of both satisfaction and dissatisfaction in their work. In contrast, those women who remained in a nontraditional job one year later had become less concerned with these aspects of the job, and more concerned with the traditional sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction common to blue-collar workers, e.g., the nature of the work itself, working conditions, and relations with management. The findings also suggest that by the second year the perceived advantages of nontraditional work had been counteracted to some extent by the dissatisfactions inherent in those jobs—dissatisfactions that the respondents became more aware of as their nontraditional status in the workplace diminished.
Organizational Commitment
Authors: ANGLE HAROLD L. , PERRY JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

Two models of the factors leading to organizational commitment are compared: the member-based model, which holds that commitment originates in the actions and personal attributes of the organizational member, and the organization-based model, which is based on the premise that commitment reflects a member's reciprocation for the organization's having provided resources that satisfy important needs. Although the latter model received more support from the data, both models explained significant amounts of variance in commitment. Contrary to the preponderance of related research findings, extrinsic aspects of satisfaction were more strongly associated with organizational commitment, than were intrinsic aspects. This finding was attributed to the composition of the respondent sample, a group of blue-collar, unionized employees.
Job Stress among Primary and Secondary Schoolteachers
Authors: SUTTON ROBERT I.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between job-related stress and individual ill-being was explored in a random probability sample of 200 public schoolteachers. The responses of these teachers were used to (1) test the hypothesis that stress is positively related to personal strain; (2) explore the theoretically derived stress categories of role demands, instructional problems, and interpersonal relations as predictors of individual strain; and (3) identify individual stressors within these categories that are predictors of strain. The results indicate that teacher stress is related to strain and that role demands are the most important predictor of strain, followed by instructional problems and then by interpersonal relations. In addition, structural role conflict, interrole conflict, role overload, student discipline, and interpersonal conflict were identified as individual predictors of strain.
Referral in Education and Medicine
Authors: KERR STEPHEN T.
Published: March 2007

Referral is a complex problem for generalist and specialist professionals. This study explored how generalist and specialist physicians and educators handle referrals. A content analysis of interview responses shows: (1) the extent of agreement on grounds for referral and causes of disagreement; (2) how practitioners handle disagreements; and (3) how clients deal with transitions during referral. The results indicate that educators view referral as a legalistic process, that physicians accept a limited specialist role more readily, and that educators have difficulty seeing their peers as responsible professional colleagues. The differences may be explained by the diverse systems of ethics and norms of practice among educators and physicians, and by the different historical roots of these systems.
Organizational Anomie and Worker Consent
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

The normative basis of organizational life is often overlooked in contemporary workplace studies. Current models of the workplace more frequently stress forms of workplace control as determinants of workplace relations. The current article analyzes data taken from the population of organizational ethnographies to illuminate the role of organizational anomie in influencing citizenship and resistance at work. The results indicate that anomic management behavior has greater negative consequences for worker consent than the specific system of workplace control used. A greater focus on the role of normative orders in conditioning workplace behaviors and experiences may help to explain anomalies in the contemporary workplace, such as the simultaneous expansion of worker participation and workforce marginalization, by showing how each evolves from different normative orders.
Damping Characteristics of Fiber Composites with Imperfect Bonding
Authors: Nanada Kishore N. , Ghosh A. , Agarwal B.D.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical investigation is presented in the improvement of damping capacity of low fibre volume fraction composites by deliberate introduction of slip at the filler-matrix interface under transverse loading. A method is developed by which slip, no-slip and separation zones at the interface can be established at various loads and precompressions. The loss factors are calculated from the knowledge of stress fields for various coefficients of fric tion at the interface.
Factors Affecting Moisture Absorption in Polymer Composites Part II: Influence of External Factors
Authors: Rao R.M.V.G.K. , Chanda Manas , Balasubramanian N.
Published: March 2007

The influence of external factors like relative humidity (0) and ambient temperature (T) on the moisture absorption behaviour of permeable (Jute-Epoxy) and impermeable (Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-Epoxy) types of composites were reported. The respective equilibrium moisture contents (Mm and Mm) increased exponentially with relative humidity. The diffusion coefficients of both type of composites (D~'and D,) increased with ambient temperature and could be represented by an Arrhenius relationship. The permeable composite showed a higher exponential power on the relative humidity term than the impermeable composite (2.64 for Jute composite as compared to 2.0 reported by Shen and Springer for a graphite composite) and a lower activation energy for diffusion (0.9 x 101 cal. mole-' for the jute composite as compared to 4.429 x 103 cal. mole-1 obtained for a glass composite). These trends were attributed to the fibre permeability leading to different diffusion barriers in such composites.
Fracture Behavior of Glass-Cloth/Polyester Composite Laminate at Low Temperature
Authors: Defu Xu  , Rongjin Liu  , Jiansheng Xia  , Jianhua Zhao  , Wei Shen
Published: March 2007

The fracture mechanism and fracture toughness of glass-cloth/polyester composite laminate (GPCL) at low temperature (77 °K) were studied by experimental technique. The results show that the fracture toughness of GPCL at 77 °K is much greater than at ambient temperature (300 °K). In addition, the fracture phenomenon of net matrix material and matrix with a few bunches of glass fibers is also researched.
Optimization of Composite Matrices Using Acoustic Emission Analysis
Authors: Caldwell D.L. , Steele D.L. , Guth L.T.
Published: March 2007

Unidirectional glass-reinforced laminates were prepared from nine resin systems. A set of standardized tests was used in combination with acoustic emission analysis (AEA) to determine the suitability of the resins for composites applications. The following physical tests were conducted:
Monitoring Progression of Matrix Splitting During Fatigue Loading Through Acoustic Emission in Notched Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Awerbuch Jonathan , Ghaffari Shahrokh
Published: March 2007

In this paper emphasis is placed on the analysis and characterization of the emission associated with matrix splitting, giving special attention to distinguishing the emission generated by actual damage progression from that generated by friction. For this purpose, double-edge notched unidirectional graphite/epoxy AS/3501-6 specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension-tension (R = 0.1) cyclic loadings. Acoustic emission was monitored using the various AE event intensities, i.e., event amplitude, duration, energy, and counts, which were analyzed in detail.
Relation between Amplitudes and Rupture Mechanisms in Composite Materials
Authors: Berthelot J.M.
Published: March 2007

If in literature, reference is made to the energy released during the failure mechanisms, little attempts have been made to take account of the local time-varying discontinuities in volved by the fracture processes. The objective of this study is to have an approach of the contribution of the dynamic characteristics of the source-event, and of their influence on the amplitude values of acoustic emission signals.
Evaluation of Some Orthopaedic Materials
Authors: Basu Rahul
Published: March 2007

Mechanical properties of some orthopaedic products—Alpha—plast, Barplasty, CFB, and Durament were evaluated. After polymerising into plaques, test samples were ma chined into coupons. Notched specimens were fractured under tension using the IN- STRON. Fracture toughnesses, fracture energies and tensile stresses were subsequently calculated. Fractography revealed that toughness and fracture energy correlated with duc tility and cohesion. Tougher materials tended to show more transgranular fracture, though the intergranular mode was also observed. The KEVEX unit indicated Zr and some Si was present. Dispersed non-spherical particles were also seen in SEM micrographs. Tough nesses and energies were lower than those reported earlier [1] . Voids, incoherent inter faces, larger notch widths, and lubrication by filler particles could result in lowered yield stress and toughness. The method of preparation, initial particle size distribution, and ac tivating agents also affect properties [2-5].
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Crack Growth in Notched Laminates
Authors: Wang A.S.D. , Reddy E.S. , Yu Zhong
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the matrix cracking sequence in a [02/90 2] s graphite epoxy laminate with double-side notches. Experiments were performed on specimens loaded in uniaxial, quasi-static tension. The specimens were inspected at ascending load increments by x-radiography for patterns of matrix cracks caused by stress concentration near the notched region.
Factors Affecting Rib Readout in Sheet Molding Compound Panels
Authors: Kia Hamid G.
Published: March 2007

The presence of integrated ribs in sheet molding compound (SMC) panels causes some degree of deformation (rib readout) on the cosmetic side which makes the panels unacceptable for exterior applications. In this paper, experiments are described which show that: a) the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) normal to the cos metic surface of these panels changes considerably in the area over the ribs (about 25 %) and, hence, has a considerable effect on the magnitude of rib readout; b) the ribs are filled by either "bridging and looping" or "concurrent flow," and the former mechanism causes more rib readout than the latter; c) the painting process has a detrimental effect on the ex tent of rib readout due to the differential thermal expansion of the panels in the vicinity of the ribs coupled with the thermal relaxation of the panels; d) the longer the resin maturates, the greater is the magnitude of rib readout, and since some degree of matura tion is needed for a better molding, one has to optimize the extent of resin maturation in order to achieve minimum rib readout.
Buckling of Generally Anisotropic Shallow Sandwich Shells
Authors: Kollár László P.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents the differential equation system of buckling of shallow sandwich shells with thick faces in the case of general anisotropy. A closed form solution is derived for the determination of the buckling load which can be applied for a wide range of cases. It is also shown that, in the case of isotropic shells, the effect of shearing defor mation can be taken into account in many cases analogously to Föppl's formula.
A Design Study of Thick Multilayered Composite Spherical Pressure Vessels
Authors: Roy Ajit K. , Massard Thierry N.
Published: March 2007

A design study of a multilayered spherical composite pressure vessel is presented. Layers of the vessel are composed of quasi-isotropic lay-ups of composite laminae. For the stress analysis layers are assumed to be homogeneous, having the three- dimensional properties equivalent to that of the quasi-isotropic laminates. The linear theory of elasticity is employed so that the analysis is not limited to any thickness of the vessel. The Tsai Wu failure criterion is found suitable for the strength analysis. Based on coupon tests, the value of interaction term F*yz of the failure criterion is found approx imately to be - 0.84. The failure criterion is applied to each lamina using the lamina con stitutive law and lamination angle. It is found that the first-ply-failure (FPF) controls the final failure. Further, a design study of a spherical vessel for operating at 200 MPa of in ternal pressure is presented. In view of current manufacturing difficulties a design restric tion of b/a ≤ 1.25 (b: outer radius, a: inner radius) was imposed for this design. How ever, a two-layered hybrid sphere of b/a = 1.25 with T300/5208 and IM6/epoxy outside is considered to be an acceptable design. The test data of two vessels are also reported in this study.
An Optimization Study of Randomly-Oriented Composite Laminate Made of Corneal Material Subjected to Plane Stress Condition
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Liang , Huang Tseng , Yeh Hsien-Yang
Published: March 2007

A general class of randomly-oriented composite laminate is presented where the stiffness characteristics are isotropic under in-plane loading condition. A simple random statistical study indicated that a fairly isotropic laminate is reached if the number of lamina with arbitrary orientation is over 40. A corneal material is then reasonably assumed to be macroscopically isotropic with the number of laminae over forty.
Progressive Failure Model for the Analysis of Laminated Composites Based on Finite Element Approach
Authors: Kim Y.W. , Hong C.S.
Published: March 2007

Macroscopic failure models were implemented to a finite element method for the progressive failure analysis of composite laminates with stress concentration. In the finite element analysis, material nonlinearity induced from the nature of damaged ply con stitutive relation was accounted for by the formulation. The stiffness change of matrix cracked lamina was evaluated by utilizing shear lag analysis, and the behavior of fiber directional failure was modeled with the conception of fiber bundle failure. In comparison with the conventional post-failure analysis of composite structure, the present method can address the matrix crack density and the stress state of failed lamina more accurately. Present analysis shows good agreement with experimental results, as opposed to previous simple post-failure analysis for the stress-strain relation of flat specimen. It is expected that the present model can be extended to more complex geometry and loading conditions.
Nonlinear Analysis of Angle-Ply Laminated Strips in Cylindrical Bending
Authors: Gorji M.
Published: March 2007

The nonlinear von Karman plate theory is used to evaluate the effects of shear-bending coupling and the degree of material orthotropy on the static response of antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply plates in cylindrical bending. Numerical results are presented for uniformly loaded, simply supported and clamped plates.
Extreme Environmental Resistance of PEEK Matrix
Authors: Mensitieri G. , Apicella A. , Del Nobile M.A. , Nicolais L.
Published: March 2007

The sorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms of water, methylene chloride, n-heptane and methylene chloride/n-heptane mixtures in glassy amorphous poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) have been investigated. Ideal Fickian diffusion, anomalous non-ideal Fickian diffusion, "Case II" sorption mechanism, and diffusion con trolled swelling were observed depending on temperature, solvent type, and external sol vent activity. Gas-chromatographic analysis performed on PEEK samples contacted with methylene chloride/ n-heptane mixtures indicated that the presence of methylene chloride enhances n-heptane mobility and equilibrium sorbed amount.
Flexural Properties of Reinforced Polyester Concrete Made with Recycled PET
Authors: Rebeiz K.S. , Fowler D.W.
Published: March 2007

The flexural strength of steel-reinforced polymer concrete (PC) beams us ing unsaturated polyester resins based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, is reported in this paper. Investigation included mode of failure, moment-curvature response, variation of neutral axis depth with moments and the effect of tensile and compression steel reinforcement on the strength and ductility of the beams. This evaluation is not only important from the standpoint that resins based on recycled PET were used, but also because very few investigations have been done in this area with steel-reinforced PC using virgin resins.
Teaching Transactional Analysis in a Senior Center
Authors: Kruse Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

An introduction to TA in a senior center is described and analyzed. Approximately 30 people attended the presentations, and evaluated them positively. Among important general considerations in teaching TA to older people are common visual and auditory impairments, wide variation among participants and their level of functioning, and access to senior populations. The importance of using the collective life experience and wisdom of older participants is emphasized.

Ego states, strokes, time structuring, transactions, and life positions were introduced. Specific attention was given to the Parent ego state, stroking and isolation, structuring time in retirement, games in group environments, Parent-Child transactions, and age as related to life positions. It was concluded that more attention should be given to applying TA to older populations.
Senior Centers in Rural Communities: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Ralston Penny A.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on factors that contribute to or hinder the development of senior centers. Observational and interview data reveal that contributing factors include elder leadership, organizational sponsorship, and community support. Inhibiting factors include the image of senior centers, populations underserved by senior centers, and conflict among senior centers in a community.
The Older Consumer in the New Financial Services Market
Authors: Chen Alexander , Jensen Helen H.
Published: March 2007

Recent regulatory reforms have changed the financial services market. We compare views of older consumers and financial institutions to determine the behavior of the older consumer in this new environment. Results indicate that financial institutions have misconceptions of the views and practices of older consumers. Older consumers stress economic considerations, for example, high interest rates, as principal influences on their savings behavior. Further, the older consumer is not taking advantage of the savings services currently being offered, and although information is available, it is uncertain whether it is being used effectively. Although financial institutions view themselves as the main source of financial information, the older consumer continues to rely on family forfinancial advice. A comprehensive education program for both older consumer and financial institution is recommended to assure that benefits of regulatory reform are distributed to all segments of the population.
Breaking Up Rigid Attitudes
Authors: Dreher Barbara B.
Published: March 2007

This small group activity is designed for the confused elderly who show rigid patterns of thinking. Offered as a supplement to reminiscence, life review, and reality orientation, the activity and its goals are described and compared with validation therapy.
Stigma and Alzheimer's Disease: Behavioral Consequences for Support Groups
Authors: Shifflett Peggy A. , Blieszner Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Using Goffman's theoretical work on stigma, we completed an exploration of stigma and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a longitudinal research design, 11 primary caregivers of AD patients were interviewed four times during the first year after diagnosis. Wefound indications of stigma and AD and noted the reactions of support group members. Implications of support group members'reactions to the stigma of AD were reported as to the consequences of the AD patient and the primary caretaker. We note the importance of knowledge of the social psycho logical consequences of AD in the applied setting.
Assessment of the Transportation Needs of Pennsylvania's Elderly Population
Authors: Iutcovich Joyce Miller , Iutcovich Mark
Published: March 2007

We focus on the transportation needs of the elderly as determined by a randomly selected sample of 2,048 elderly Pennsylvania residents. We provide an analysis of those factors that can discriminate between the elderly (1) who express a need for transportation services versus those who do not and (2) who use transportation services and who do not. Car ownership, health status, living arrangement, race, martial status, sex, and age are significantly related to the elderly's perceived need of transportation services. Factors significant in discriminating between users and nonusers of transportation services are perceived need, car ownership, urban-rural residence, age, and living arrangement. Implications of this analysis for policy-makers and researchers are discussed.
Older Adults' Acceptability of Pharmacotherapy and Behavior Therapy for Depression: Initial Results
Authors: Lundervold Duane , Lewin Lewis M.
Published: March 2007

Twenty older adults provided acceptability ratings for two interventions for the treatment of depression-behavior therapy and medication. At Time 1 assessment, subjects received infor mation regarding content of treatment followed by completion of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI). At Time 2 assessment, descriptions of treatment content and side effects were provided, and TEI was completed once again. Results indicated a main effect for treatment with behavior therapy receiving significantly higher acceptability ratings than medication. No main effect for side effects or interaction effects was obtained. These results suggest that older adults are influenced more by information regarding the content of treatments for depression than by side effects. The results also clearly indicate that older adults prefer behavior therapy for treatment of depression compared to medication. This article discusses implications for educat ing older adults and physicians regarding nonpharmacological alternatives for treatment of depression, and implications for older adults' psychological help-seeking behavior.
Recruiting Senior Adult Volunteers for Intergenerational Programs: Working to Create a "Jump on the Bandwagon" Effect
Authors: Kaplan Matt
Published: March 2007

The societal trend toward intergenerational programming refers to structured activities or programs that promote and support skills exchange and meaningful interaction between generations. With the recent surge of intergenerational program initiatives, this phenomenon can be considered an emergent human services movement. One area of intergenerational program development that does not appear to have received adequate attention in the literature, however, is senior adult volunteer recruitment. This article provides an overview of different senior adult volunteer recruitment strategies and addresses the challenge of recruiting a steady flow of motivated volunteers. It argues for reconceptualizing volunteer recruitment as a multistep process, one in which senior adults can sample what it is like to interact with, and learn about, youth before deciding whether to join an intergenerational program.
Socioeconomic Status and Resuscitation Preferences in the Elderly
Authors: Schonwetter Ronald S. , Walker Robert M. , Kramer David R. , Robinson Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

Elderly subjects (N = 166) of varying socioeconomic backgrounds from two sites were given identical resuscitation information and were studied to determine the relationship between socioeconomic status and resuscitation preferences. Resuscitation preferences varied among the four hypothetical scenarios. Univariate analyses revealed that those who were older, male, non-Caucasian, less educated, and had less income desired more cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the scenarios. Multivanate analysis limited significant variables to age, gender, race, and level of education. Thus there appears to be a strong relationship between socioeconomic status and desire for CPR. Future research should evaluate whether the sociodemographic variables represent proxy variables for underlying life values that may influence resuscitation preferences. Implications for CPR decision making and health policy are discussed.
Differences in the Housing Quality of White, Black, and Hispanic U.S. Elderly Households
Authors: Golant Stephen M. , La Greca Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Research has consistently linked minority status with the higher rates of housing problems found among elderly households. Given the projected increase in the relative size of Black and Hispanic elderly population groups, their housing needs are of particular interest to policymakers. Drawing on data from the American Housing Survey, this article assesses how the physical housing conditions of elderly (age 60+) White, Black, and Hispanic homeowners and renters differ and whether these differences persist after controlling for other relevant influences of housing quality. Black elderly households and to a lesser extent Hispanic elderly households were living in worse quality housing than White elderly households. Elderly Hispanic households were also living in overall better housing than elderly Black households. The findings argue for the targeting of elderly Black homeowners and renters and Hispanic owners as housing-deprived groups.
The Medical and Health Status of Older People With Mental Retardation in Australia
Authors: Ashman Adrian F. , Suttie Janene
Published: March 2007

This article reports the health and medical status of participants in an Austrahan study of persons over 55 years of age with mental retardation. Prevalence rates of illness and disease, the relationship between residential setting and health and medical status, and accessibility to health care and needed services were considered. The results indicated differences in prevalence rates for older people with and without mental retardation for conditions of the nervous system and sense organs, mental disorders, and genitourinary diseases. For persons with mental retardation, there were several significant differences in condition prevalence rates based on gender, ability level, and residential circumstances. Although many of these participants receive a high degree of support and medical services, underreporting of some health conditions has been suggested due to poor communication and language skills of people with mental retardation.
A Comparison of Attitudes between Men and Women Police Officers: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Mcgeorge Joann , Wolfe Jerome A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the "occupational culture" of police work on police behavior has been well established. However, past studies have dealt with male officers only, inasmuch as the entry of women into this profession in large numbers is a relatively recent occurrence. Given the difference between the socialization of males and females, there has been speculation that women police officers may not become a part of police occupational culture to the same degree as their male counterparts. This article suggests that this may indeed be the case.
Impact Assessment: A Technique for Evaluating Criminal Justice Programs
Authors: Morash Merry A, , Anderson Etta A.
Published: March 2007

The systems perspective focuses on the importance of considering the linkage between criminal justice institutions in the program evaluation process. This paper reports on a study which employed the technique of social impact assessment to examine the effect of a change instituted by a juvenile justice probation and court agency on police operations. The change was the introduction of a citation procedure for making juvenile misdemeanor arrests and an arbitration session for carrying out the initial screening of cases. The authors used this study to illustrate how impact assessment can be employed to identify a wide range of inter-system effects. The findings that confirm the existence of impacts can be used to modify the initial program innovation or to insure support for successful innovations. The conclusion drawn from the discussion of the utility of such research is that impact assessment is a technique particularly well suited to identifying unexpected and/or unwanted effects of a program innovation on other parts of the justice system.