bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychophysiological Laboratory
Authors: Curtin John J , Lozano David L , Allen John J B
Published: November 2023

Psychophysiological measures have come out of the closet. A half century ago, psychophysiological tools were used by a highly specialized a group of scientists with specialized training and esoteric laboratories that resembled an electronics parts emporium. Today, however, such measures are used widely by nonspecialists as just one of many tools, in much the way they would select an implicit attitudes test, a behavioral coding scheme, or even a hierarchical linear model to address their research questions. In emotion research, the range of psychophysiological measures available is vast, including, as examples, skin conductance responses as measures of arousal (e.g., Hare, 1965) or fear conditioning (e.g., Öhman & Soares, 1994); myriad cardiovascular correlates of emotion (e.g., Chambers & Allen, 2002; Shalev et al., 1998); facial muscle activity as subtle measures of emotional valence (e.g., Cacioppo, Petty, Losch, & Kim, 1986); emotion-modulated startle responses (e.g., Curtin, Lang, Patrick, & Stritzke, 1998; Vrana, Spence, & Lang, 1988); electroencephalographic activity as a moderator or mediator of emotional response (e.g., Coan & Allen, 2004; Harmon-Jones, Sigelman, Bohlig, & Harmon-Jones, 2003); and event-related brain potentials to index various aspects of emotional stimulus processing (e.g., Curtin, Patrick, Lang, Cacioppo, & Birbaumer, 2001; Schupp, Cuthbert, Bradley, Cacioppo, Ito, & Lang, 2000).
The Fountain of Youth
Authors: Post Stephen G , Binstock Robert H
Published: November 2023

A wide variety of ambitions and measures to slow, stop, and reverse phenomena associated with ageing have been part of human culture since early civilization. From alchemy to cell injections to dietary supplements, the list of techniques aimed at altering the processes of ageing continues to expand. Charlatans, quacks and entrepreneurs proffering anti-ageing products and practices have always exploited uniformed customers and instilled doubt and apprehension toward practices intended to extend life. Recently, however, the pursuit of longevity has developed into a respectable scientific activity. Many biologists are substantially funded by the government and the private sector to conduct research that they believe will lead to effective anti-ageing interventions. While many embrace this quest for “prolongevity” - extended youth and long life - others fear its consequences. If effective anti-ageing interventions were achieved, they would likely bring about profound alterations in the experiences of individual and collective life. What if ageing could be decelerated to the extent that both average life expectancy and maximum life span would increase by forty percent? What if all humans could live to be centenarians, free of the chronic diseases and disabilities now commonly associated with old age? What if modern scientists could find the modern equivalent to the Fountain of Youth that Ponce de León sought? This book addresses these questions by exploring the ramifications of possible anti-ageing interventions on both individual and collective life. Through a series of essays, it examines the biomedical goal of prolongevity from cultural, scientific, religious and ethical perspectives, offering a sweeping view into the future of ageing.
Extending Life: Scientific Prospects and Political Obstacles
Authors: Miller Richard A
Published: November 2023

In the two decades, biogerontologists have established that the pace of aging can be decelerated routinely in mammals by dietary or genetic means. These discoveries, still largely unappreciated by the lay and scientific public alike, overturn the common assumption that human aging is likely to be unalterable and raise the question of whether we can make use of our growing knowledge about aging to produce 90-year-old adults who are as healthy and active as today’s 50-year-olds. This chapter deals with three related issues: first, why discussions of anti-aging medicines are no longer silly; next, why the development of anti-aging strategies is making so little headway; and lastly, whether further work in this area would be a good thing to do.
Nonlinear regression choices
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Nonlinear regression fits a model to your data. In most cases, your goal is to get back the best-fit values of the parameters in that model. If so, it is crucial that you pick a sensible model. If the model makes no sense, even if it fits the data well, you won’t be able to interpret the best-fit values. In other situations, your goal is just to get a smooth curve to use for graphing or for interpolating unknown values. In these cases, you need a model that generates a curve that goes near your points, and you won’t care whether the model makes scientific sense.
The first five questions to ask about nonlinear regression results
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Nonlinear regression programs can produce lots of output, and it can be hard to know what to look at first. This chapter explains the first five questions you should ask when interpreting nonlinear regression results. The next chapter explains the rest of the results. The whole point of nonlinear regression is to fit a model to your data-to find parameter values that make the curve come near your data points. The first step in evaluating the results, therefore, is to look at a graph of your data with the superimposed curve.
Using simulations to understand confidence intervals and plan experiments
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Chapter 17 explained how to use Monte Carlo simulations to create confidence intervals. You start with best-fit results from fitting one particular data set, and use the simulations to create confidence intervals for that data set. Monte Carlo simulations can also be used more generally to help you decide how to design experiments and to help you figure out how to express the model.
How should you compare models--AICc or F test?
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Before comparing models statistically, use common sense. Only use statistical comparisons to compare two models that make scientific sense, and where each parameter has a sensible best-fit value and a reasonably narrow confidence interval. Many scientists rush to look at statistical comparisons of models too soon. Take the time to ask whether each fit is sensible, and only rely on statistical comparisons when both models fit the data well.
Reading unknowns from standard curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Standard curves are used to determine the concentration of substances. First you perform an assay with various known concentrations of a substance you are trying to measure. The response might be optical density, luminescence, fluorescence, radioactivity, or something else. Graph these data to make a standard curve-concentration on the X axis, and assay measurement on the Y axis.
Refractory Tremor Syndromes: “Medications Don’t Help My Tremor!”
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Parkinsonian tremor typically is controlled with levodopa and sometimes with dopamine agonist therapy. Usually it is not completely abolished but is markedly attenuated. In many cases, it tends to creep back at times, but is mostly quiescent and much less obtrusive. The primary exception is when stress or excitement sabotage tremor control, seemingly overriding the effect of medications. This chapter focuses on people with prominent tremor that is poorly responsive to levodopa and dopamine agonist therapy. This may occur in one of several settings: • Inadequate medication dosing • Breakthrough tremor (tremor comes and goes) • Only partial tremor control (despite maximum treatment) • “Benign tremulous parkinsonism” • Not PD, but a variant of essential tremor • Combination of PD and essential tremor
The First Few Years on a Dopamine Agonist Drug (Pramipexole, Ropinirole, or Pergolide)
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

In chapter 15 you read about how things typically go during the first few years of carbidopa/levodopa treatment. What if you started a dopamine agonist rather than carbidopa/levodopa after you were first diagnosed? Will the problems be the same? Will it go as smoothly? Will the dose need to be changed? Will carbidopa/levodopa be necessary and if so, when? In this chapter we will focus on these and other questions that arise when your only drug for PD is pramipexole, ropinirole, or pergolide. Parkinsonism tends to slowly worsen over months to years. This is never rapid but insidious. The dopamine agonist drugs are not as effective as carbidopa/ levodopa and they may become inadequate after one to a few years. Sometimes a dosage change is sufficient to overcome the problem, whereas in other cases, the addition of carbidopa/levodopa may be necessary.
Dizziness and Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

“Dizziness” is a common word in our vocabulary and is often used by those with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to describe one of their symptoms. However, the term dizziness has more than one meaning. There are three basic types of dizziness and each may be experienced by those with PD. It is crucial to distinguish these since the causes and treatments are quite different. The three categories of dizziness are: • Imbalance • Vertigo • Faintness due to low blood pressure (hypotension) The concepts behind these dizziness subtypes are summarized in table 21.1. To avoid confusing these terms, let’s consider each type of dizziness in detail.
Crazy Ideas, Visions, and Behavior: Hallucinations, Paranoia, Delusions, and Hypersexuality
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Most people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) do not experience hallucinations. However, they do develop in a distinct minority, usually later in the course of PD. These are not necessarily reflective of dementia and if they develop, this does not necessarily imply that you are becoming demented. Medications for PD may be responsible in some cases. Most importantly, they are treatable. Hallucinations experienced by people with PD are varied. In the mildest and simplest form, they are spots, dots, lines, or other small shapes in your field of vision. More troubling are hallucinations of people, animals, bugs, and so on. Hallucinations that I have commonly heard described include the following: • Animals in the yard • Children playing outside the window • Family, friends, or strangers sitting in the living room • Bugs crawling on the refrigerator (or countertop, floor, etc.)
Problems with Swallowing, Saliva, and Speaking
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

“Dysphagia” is the physician’s term for difficult swallowing. This is rarely a major problem early in the course of PD. Even after many years, significant swallowing problems may never develop. If dysphagia is an early and prominent symptom, this may be a red flag for a condition other than PD (see chapter 6). Dysphagia in PD is typically due to slowness and hesitancy initiating the act of swallowing. This is analogous to the general slowness of body movement that occurs in PD. Food and liquid tend to pool in the mouth. Severe dysphagia may lead to pneumonia (infection of the lungs). Normally swallowed food or liquid passes down the tube-like esophagus to the stomach. However, the passageway to the lungs (trachea) is right in front of the esophagus. If swallowing is impaired and food or liquid goes down the wrong pipe, it ends up in the lungs. This usually triggers coughing, which is a protective reflex that tends to expel this material out of the lungs. Hence frequent coughing during eating is often a sign of aspiration—food or liquid passing into your lungs.
Managing Digestive Problems and Constipation
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction makes a substantial contribution to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously considered one such problem, orthostatic hypotension. Now we will address impairment of bowel movement and digestion caused by autonomic malfunction. Digestion starts with the breakdown of food in the stomach. This food is attacked by stomach enzymes, which chemically cut it into smaller components that can subsequently be absorbed by the small intestine. Fluids are necessary to keep things mobile and flowing. A valve between the stomach and the small intestine controls the exit of food. As the stomach fills, this valve reflexively opens, allowing food products to pass into the small intestine where absorption into the body begins (see figure 26.1).
Using the Combined Etic-Emic Approach to Develop a Measurement of Interpersonal Subiective Well-Being in Chinese Populations
Authors: Ho Samuel M Y , Cheung Mike W L
Published: November 2023

Positive psychology originated in the West and is gaining a lot of interest among psychologists in different parts of the world. As positive psychology moves East, a major challenge for many positive psychology researchers in Asia is how to define and measure positive psychological constructs (e.g., subjective well-being, flow, gratitude, etc.) properly. The easiest approach is to translate the Western instruments and use them directly in non-Western populations. However, many researchers have raised issues on the comparability of the instruments across cultures (e.g., Cheung, Leung, & Ben-Porath, 2003). The key issues are the equivalence of translations, cultural relevance, measurement equivalence of the constructs, and the validity of the adapted instruments (Lonner & Berry, 1986).
Overcoming Secondary Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: November 2023

Physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals working in today's health care settings must be prepared to offer support in dangerous times despite staffing shortages, financial pressures, and complex legal requirements. Overcoming Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice: A Guide to Professional Resilience and Personal Wel-Being is a concise guide for all medical professionals who face these demands. This book: * Provides critical information about the dangers of compassion fatigue/burnout and vicarious post-traumatic stress disorder in health care settings · Introduces a newly-developed "Medical-Nursing Professional Secondary Stress Self-Awareness Questionnaire" that can be profitably self-administered at each phase of one's career and reflected upon in private, with one's mentor, or in a small group setting * Includes a unique section on strengthening one's inner life through the use of three core spiritual wisdom approaches drawn from a world religion perspective * Provides a description of four types of "voices" one needs to have in one's circle of friends to ensure that balance, perspective, growth, and challenge are fostered in one's personal and professional life * Describes how physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals can formulate a personally-designed self-care protocol for themselves Lastly, this book offers an extensive and up-to date bibliography of recent research, clinical papers, and books on medical-nursing practice and secondary stress. Overcoming Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice is an indispensable resource for medical and nursing professionals, students, and the counselors and therapists who work with them.
Interview with the Brother
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

ESS: Here we go. How much older than Arthur are you? BRO: I was born 24 months before Arthur. ESS: Please tell me about him. BRO: [Sigh] It’s hard to know where to begin. I was a couple of years older than Arthur, and we were a close family growing up, but Arthur and I fought a lot. I am somewhat ashamed and regretful of the fact that I bullied him a bit growing up, and I was regretful about that before he died. He and I. I guess I’ll skip over stuff and go back.
Consultation by Ronald Maris, Ph.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

Death and suicide can be postponed but not prevented. “We’ve all got it coming,” as Clint Eastwood reminds us in Unforgiven. Like most people who commit suicide, Arthur was done in prematurely by a variety of developmental, biological, and interactive bad luck.
Interview with the Psychotherapist
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

PSY: Basically, I knew him at three different phases of his life. I originally met him when he was a young boy and the parents brought him in to me because he was having a lot of difficulties. He was an angry, unhappy, difficult child, and I saw him. He might have been around 8 or so. He was one of the angriest children that I have seen in over 30 years of practice. In the beginning, he was physically almost unmanageable at times. I would have to hold him and restrain him. He once punched me in the groin so hard he doubled me over. He tried to pull my bookcases down. He ran off one time, and I had to carry him back for several blocks. In some respects, he was one of the most difficult children I have ever seen. My under- standing at the time was that much of this was a reaction to his parents’ relatively contentious divorce. There was no love lost between the parents. Treatment went well. He improved dramatically, and we terminated treatment ultimately because things were going well, and he was in a good place and things were going well in school.
Interview with the Psychiatrist
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

MD: The circumstances were two suicides among present or recent medical students, which prompted the chairman to talk with me to see if we were missing something. In looking at it, medical students with problems were being treated by psychiatric residents, and we felt that they might not be able to pick up the subtleties that were required and, therefore, made a decision that all medical students and recent graduates would be treated by faculty. And so Arthur was the first patient that I saw under this program wherein only faculty members would treat young doctors. He was referred to me. He came in to see me, and I vividly remember his first visit because my impression was, clearly, that someday he was going to commit suicide.
Coping
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

In addition to chronic and recurrent problems of living, loss and threat of loss are major sources of stress in the lives of aging persons. And when a major loss appears imminent, it can be a difficult time for that person and others close to him or her. It is not just the amount of stress itself that is important, however, but how one copes with it. Effective coping allows people to keep stress levels moderate and to live with stress without significant psychic and physiological damage.
Institutional Decline
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

Eight Years Or More In The Making, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 was signed into law by President George W. Bush on April 20, 2005. But in the weeks leading up to its effective date of October 17, the reaction to the impending law was not the usual mix of dread and anticipation. Instead, there was a mad political scramble in the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The changes in the law make filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy harder for individuals, as they are required to undergo a means test and produce such documents as tax returns to prove their economic status. “How does the means test apply in a situation where you’ve lost your job due to the hurricane and you don’t know whether you’re going to be employed?” asked Lawrence Anderson, a Louisiana bank-ruptcy lawyer.
Conclusion
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

It Is Easy And Tempting to romanticize the past and demonize the present. The “Good Old Days” were rarely as beneficent as old-timers remember them, and the problems of the day seldom seem as awful or intractable with the passage of time or comparison to other eras. But we are both convinced that the Congress we have observed and experienced in recent years is qualitatively different than its predecessors in important and dismaying ways. To be sure, the change was not abrupt. It did not begin with the election of a Republican Congress in 1994 or the elevation of George W. Bush to the White House in 2000. Cracks in the institution began to show in the 1980s and early 1990s, during the last decade of the forty-year hegemony of Democrats in the House. They were exacerbated during that time by the appearance of a Democratic president, Bill Clinton, after a full twelve years of Republican control of the White House.
Lanny, or the Silence of the Mad Child
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

René Diatkine was fond of saying, “The worst may not happen.” Sometimes, even though a successful outcome seems unlikely, when there are obvious signs that a course of treatment may be discontinuous or irregular or may even be aborted, something nevertheless can be achieved as long as the therapist is aware of these untoward possibilities. This was what happened with Lanny.
Louis, or Shared Monologue
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

Louis was a boy of five, devoid of language. As a result of the combined efforts of several therapists, he managed to come to language. The most striking thing about this was the way he did it. In general, when a child starts to speak, his first words serve to convey his surprise and his desires and to make known his demands. With Louis, however, things were different. Initially, his language was a single long monologue, saying nothing about his desires but describing whatever he could see in front of him or things and events that this reminded him of. It was as though words could come to him only when he was in the presence of things, as though language could never be anything but a game played in solitude, divorced from exchange and communication. Curiously enough, it was through simulation and narration that he gradually developed the ability to use language to ask something of me.
The Fourth Power
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

Today, even as America asserts itself globally, it lacks a grand strategy to replace “containment of communism.” In this short, sharp book, Gary Hart outlines a new grand strategy, one directing America’s powers to the achievement of its large purposes. Central to this strategy is the power of American ideals, what Hart calls “the fourth power.” Constitutional liberties, representative government, press freedom - these and other democratic principles, attractive to peoples worldwide, constitute a resource that may prove as important to national security and the national interest in this dangerous new century as traditional military, economic and political might. Writes Hart: “The idea that government exists to protect, not oppress, the individual has an enormous power not fully understood by most Americans who take this principle for granted from birth. Far more nations will follow us because of the power of this ideal than the might of all our weapons.” Against those who view America’s noblest values as an inconvenience or even hindrance to the exertion of influence abroad, Hart warns that we ignore principle only at our peril. Such an approach may serve short-term goals, but there are costs; among them is the compromising of a crucial strategic asset, America’s fourth power. Certain objectives require a military response--few serious people would disagree. The question is “whether America’s purposes are best achieved through empire and force or through principle and persuasion.” To suggest the former, Hart argues, is to misread both history and our current revolutionary age, one where terrorism, the internationalization of markets, information technology, eroding nation-state authority and other realities demand not doctrines of superstate unilateralism and preemption but rather appreciation for new collective security structures, international regulatory bodies, even forms of collaborative sovereignty. Applying the best insights of strategy to statecraft, Hart finds fuzziness, overreaching, and “theological” simplicity in America’s current foreign policy. Nor does he believe the war on terror, necessary in the near term, will itself serve to chart America’s larger strategic course. A bracing vision of an America responsive to a full spectrum of global challenges, The Fourth Power calls for a deeper understanding both of the threats we face and the profound strengths at our disposal to fight them.
Covert Imitation:How the Body Schema Acts as a Prediction Device
Authors: Wilson Margaret
Published: November 2023

The body schema can interact with perception, cognition, and behavior in a variety of ways. In some cases, the body schema is used as a representational device in service of higher cognitive functions. Examples include covert articulation in working memory, mentally counting on one’s fingers to assist with internal calculations, and mentally rotating one’s hand or one’s whole body during a spatial reasoning task. In other cases, the body schema provides a bridge between perception and action, treating perceived objects as things to be manipulated with the body. This has been explored in the literatures on perception-for-action and the “how” system of visual processing. In still other cases, the body schema again interfaces with perception, but does something rather different with the input. Instead of planning interactive or manipulative behaviors, the body schema may encode the stimulus essentially by copying it. This may occur in particular with stimuli that, in some relevant way, match our own bodies. When we see other people sitting, standing, and moving, we are perceiving a stimulus that is isomorphic to the body that we ourselves inhabit and cause to move.
Representing Intentional Relations and Acting Intentionally in Infancy:Current Insights and Open Questions
Authors: Moore Chris
Published: November 2023

Humans are natural psychologists par excellence. They interpret the activity of their conspecifics as caused by psychological states-perceptions, beliefs, emotions, intentions, and so on. These psychological categories are used both to explain past action and to predict future action. The idea of “theory of mind,” which took the field of developmental psychology by storm from the mid-1980s to the rnid-1990s has now left few areas of the psychological sciences untouched. A keyword search on theory of mind picks up articles not only in developmental psychology, but also in comparative psychology, adult social psychology, psychopathology, both developmental and adult, and cognitive neuroscience. Two rather broad theoretical approaches to theory of mind dominated thinking through the 1980s and 1990s. One was theory theory (e.g., Gopnik & Wellman, 1992), which essentially said that social understanding was a purely conceptual matter, with concepts of mental states constructed by observation of the behavior of others and the self and by abstracting out the principles governing the contexts and causes of those behaviors. In opposition to theory theory, others (e.g., Goldman, 1992; Harris, 1991) proposed that social understanding proceeds through simulation of others’ psychological states and also one’s own noncurrent psychological states by using the current psychological states of the self as a model and then adjusting various default settings appropriately to model the different circumstances of the other person or the self at another time.
Complexity Theory and Applications
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

Nam P. Suh focussed his axiomatic design theories on methods to understand and deal with complexity. Suh is a well-respected designer and researcher in the fields of manufacturing and composite materials. He is best known for his systems that aim to speed up and simplify the process of design for manufacturing. The ‘axioms’ in axiomatic design refer to a process to help engineers reduce design specifications down to their simplest components, so that the engineers can produce the simplest possible solution to a problem. Complexity, besides being a key area of burgeoning research in disciplines interested in complex systems and chaos theory (like computer science and physics), is a complicating factor in engineering design that many engineers find difficult to overcome. Suh’s multidisciplinary exploration of complex systems is meant to eliminate much of the confusion and allow engineers to accommodate complexity within simple, elegant design solutions.
Fundamentals of Axiomatic Design
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, a brief introduction to axiomatic design was given. This chapter presents a more comprehensive description of axiomatic design using many examples. Axiomatic design has been used in designing a variety of different things: machines, software, organizations, systems, materials, manufacturing, complicated large systems and processes, and a variety of mechanical/electrical products. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad overview, which should help in understanding the materials presented in chapters 12–15. 11.2 Current State of Design Practice The ‘‘project of the first decade of the 21st century’’ may be the development of the Orbital Space Plane (OSP) of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA). It is currently being designed to transport people and cargo from earth to the International Space Station (ISS) beginning in 2010. The OSP must be safe and robust, and satisfy all the functional requirements (FRs) of the mission. It must be developed in a relatively short period of time at a fraction of the cost that was incurred when NASA developed the Space Shuttle three decades ago. It must be able to perform its missions without extensive maintenance so as to eliminate the need to rebuild the vehicle each time it returns from its mission. (The current Space Shuttle requires 6 months of ‘‘maintenance’’ at a cost of over $350 million after each mission.) It is increasingly becoming apparent to NASA and a major aerospace company that the OSP cannot be designed and developed using the old paradigm. The old paradigm was an experience-based development process with repetitive ‘‘design– build–test’’ cycles repeated until the product no longer breaks down. The old paradigm of product development is not only expensive, but produces products that are unreliable and hard to maintain. An astronautics company is now applying axiomatic design in designing the OSP to reduce the time for development, lower the cost of development, and increase reliability, safety and maintainability, and robustness of the OSP. Axiomatic design is a rational way of developing a complicated system that satisfies FRs and constraints at low cost and on time.
Axiomatic Design of Materials and Materials-Processing Techniques
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s, airplane manufacturers were developing composite parts using the autoclave vacuum bag degassing method, which was discussed in chapter 2. However, the empirical approach they used encountered many problems. One of the problems was that sometimes the cured part would have a large void inside the composite structure, because the resin was depleted during the curing process. Resin depletion occurred because the viscosity of the resin initially decreased before the resin in the prepregs began to crosslink. Therefore, when a laminate consisting of prepregs and a honeycomb structure were heated in the autoclave, the resin began to flow out of the composite structure when the gelation of the resin did not occur quickly. Similarly, automotive companies spent many years developing sheet molding compound (SMC) parts that did not require hand-polishing of the surface of the cured parts. They ultimately developed the in-mold coating process that coated the rough surface with a thin layer of resin.
An Ethical Framework for Research
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

What actions are right and should be done? What character traits will help us to know and do what is right? What processes should be followed in determining what is right in social contexts? These three questions form the heart of ethical inquiry.
Making a Difference: Behind the Scenes
Authors: Dodson Debra L
Published: November 2023

In the first of three chapters that explore the evidence for and implications of institutional gendering, Debra L. Dodson uses the words of women legislators, lobbyists, and staff members of the U.S. Congress during both Democratic and Republican dominance (the 103rd and 104th Congresses) to show the ways women’s distinctive contributions can be enhanced or diminished. Drawing from the experiences of those on the front lines, Dodson offers five “lessons” to maximize women’s potential to make a difference in public policy. One intriguing lesson is that a strong and vibrant women’s movement can raise the consciousness of both women voters and legislators and can fuel gender gap pressures that reinforce women’s policy priorities.
Creating Active Citizens
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

After describing his experiences using the G.I. Bill, John Mink commented, “Those who became the movers and shakers came from backgrounds that had been oppressed before the war. It created a whole new United States. It really changed the dynamics.” Military service itself had broadened the outlook of men of his generation, he reasoned, by taking them out of the “isolated environments” in which they had grown up and “thrusting everyone into situations they would never have experienced before, dealing with people, different people.” Upon his return home, the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits were “probably one of the greatest advantages I ever experienced, as our whole generation did.” Somehow that sequence of events, Mink reasoned, prepared his generation to become active participants in postwar democracy. What was it about the G.I. Bill that made recipients more likely to participate in the activities of self-governance and community life? We now come to the crux of our investigation, to assess how the education and training benefits—through their actual and perceived effects, which we have observed over the last few chapters—affected veterans’ subsequent participation in public affairs.
The Unfinished Work
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The men who benefited from the G.I. Bill have been, at least until recently, all around us in every walk of life. Legions of famous Americans rank among those who used the education and training provisions after military service in either World War II or the Korean War, including former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush and Gerald Ford; Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justices John Paul Stevens and Byron R. White; Senators Dale Bumpers, John Glenn, Ernest Hollings, Daniel K. Inouye, Spark Matsunaga, George Mitchell, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Bob Dole, and Alan K. Simpson; numerous U.S. representatives including John Conyers, Ronald Dellums, Bill McCollum, G. V. “Sonny” Montgomery, Charles Rangel, and Gerald Solomon; Virginia governor Douglas Wilder; Secretary of State Warren Christopher; journalists and commentators David Brinkley, Art Buchwald, and John Chancellor; entertainers Harry Belafonte, Johnny Cash, Ossie Davis, Clint Eastwood, Paul Newman, Jonathan Winters, and Walter Matthau; and scholars Clifford Geertz and Howard Zinn, just to name a few. For every one of these high-profile beneficiaries of the G.I. Bill, there are tens of thousands more whose names are unrecognizable to a national audience but who were often well known within their local communities for their active and lifelong participation in civic life. They threw themselves into civic associations, took politics seriously, and treated the right to vote as a hallowed obligation. They cared deeply about the public good and considered participation in American democracy to be both a privilege and a duty.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Worried About Everything
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

What do adolescents have to worry about, anyway? They don’t have full-time jobs or mortgages or bills, and they certainly don’t have the responsibility of raising a teenager. Yet it turns out that adolescents, like adults, have plenty of things weighing on their minds—everything from grades and pimples to gangs and drugs to war and terrorism. Indeed, teens today face so many stresses and pressures that a little worrying now and then is perfectly normal and realistic. It’s only when the worry grabs hold of a teen’s mind and won’t let go that there may be a serious problem. The hallmark of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is exaggerated worry and tension that are unfounded or out of proportion to the situation. Teens with GAD always expect the worst. They worry about all kinds of things—schoolwork, appearance, money, friends, health, the future, and their performance in a wide range of situations, to name just a few common concerns. This state of constant, gnawing worry lasts for months or even years. After a while, it can start to take a harsh toll on a teen’s mental and physical health.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Caught in a Mind Trap
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

It’s common to hear people refer to themselves as “obsessed” with a hobby or “compulsive” about housecleaning. Everyone understands that it’s just a figure of speech. Sure, you may find yourself preoccupied with the woodworking project in your garage or the unfinished novel on your desk when you should be concentrating on work. Or you may like the shirts in your closet arranged just so or your bed made a particular way. But these thoughts, habits, and quirks aren’t doing you any serious harm, and you can usually set them aside if they get to be too much trouble.
Call to Action: Fighting Stigma, Empowering Your Teen
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in young people. Yet they are still widely misunderstood. Relatives, friends, teachers, and society at large are sometimes quick to condemn and slow to grasp the causes and consequences of intense, persistent anxiety. As one frustrated parent puts it, “They don’t have a lot of empathy for it, because they don’t understand it.” As the parent of a child with an anxiety disorder, you’re on the front line of the battle against stigma. Perhaps the most important thing you can do is to counter misinformation with facts. Most people would never judge someone harshly for having diabetes or arthritis. Yet these same people seem to forget that the brain is part of the body, and like other organs, susceptible to disease and dysfunction. Often, they’re less judgmental about anxiety disorders once they realize that the emotional and behavioral symptoms are related to physiological changes in the brain.
Observing and Studying Tiger Beetles
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

In addition to their beautiful colors, intricate designs, and usefulness as surrogates for understanding how to protect habitats, tiger beetles also have become popular because they can be so easily found and observed in the wild. Although often wary and easily flushed by normal movements, they can be approached to within a meter or less by careful movements. This will permit close observation of various behaviors or close-up photography. In the field, adult tiger beetles will become accustomed to you if you remain motionless or make a very slow and smooth approach. They will return to normal behavior within a few minutes after having been disturbed, and then you can watch them at close quarters. However, some species are more difficult to approach because of the thick mud, wet rocks, or other slippery substrate surfaces of their habitats. Close-focusing binoculars (generally less than 6 power) help make possible detailed observation of these more elusive species.
How to Recognize a Tiger Beetle
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

Tiger beetles form a distinct group of species within the Order Coleoptera, which contains all the beetles. They are included by some authors as a distinct subgroup (subfamily Cicindelinae or Tribe Cicindelini) within the family of ground beetles called Carabidae. Most entomologists, however, consider tiger beetles to form their own family, Cicindelidae, and they share many characters in common with and are most closely related to the predaceous ground beetles (Carabidae), predaceous diving beetles (Dytiscidae), whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae), and crawling water beetles (Haliplidae). These five families and a few others are placed together as a suborder called Adephaga.
Death by Design
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

How can otherwise normal, moral persons - as citizens, voters, and jurors - participate in a process that is designed to take the life of another? In DEATH BY DESIGN, research psychologist Craig Haney argues that capital punishment, and particularly the sequence of events that lead to death sentencing itself, is maintained through a complex and elaborate social psychological system that distance and disengage us from the true nature of the task. Relying heavily on his own research and that of other social scientists, Haney suggests that these social psychological forces enable persons to engage in behavior from which many of them otherwise would refrain. However, by facilitating death sentencing in these ways, this inter-related set of social psychological forces also undermines the reliability and authenticity of the process, and compromises the fairness of its outcomes. Because these social psychological forces are systemic in nature - built into the very system of death sentencing itself - Haney concludes by suggesting a number of inter-locking reforms, derived directly from empirical research on capital punishment, that are needed to increase the fairness and reliability of the process. The historic and ongoing public debate over the death penalty takes place not only in courtrooms, but also in classrooms, offices, and living rooms. This timely book offers stimulating insights into capital punishment for professionals and students working in psychology, law, criminology, sociology, and cultural area studies. As capital punishment receives continued attention in the media, it is also a necessary and provocative guide that empowers all readers to come to their own conclusions about the death penalty.
Nested Designs
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

The term nesting refers to a hierarchical arrangement among factors. Until now, we have considered only designs in which the factors are connected in the symmetrical relationship called crossing; that is, each level of each factor is paired with each level of every other factor. In a design with nesting, on the other hand, each level of the nested factor is paired with only one level of the superior factor. A superior factor is not in any sense better, of course; it is merely one under which another factor is nested. This terminology is perhaps less confusing than “nestor” and “nestee.” Nesting is used when it does not make experimental sense to cross factors completely.
Confounded Designs
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

In our discussion of nested designs, we encountered the concept of a design that was not fully crossed. We saw that because of the lack of crossing, certain interactions could not be estimated. In this chapter, the sacrifice of interactions is extended. Experimental designs that are far from complete factorials are introduced. For example, consider the following trio of treatment combinations: A1B1, A2B1, A2B2. Here we have two factors, each with two levels, yet there are only three combinations rather than the expected four. The effect of factor A can be measured by comparing the responses to the first two combinations, while the effect of factor B can similarly be assessed by comparing the latter pair. Three cells yield 2 treatment df, and so we can ask two separate questions of the data. Normally the treatment combination A1B2 would also be included in a two-factor design, and then the AB interaction would be estimable as well. Without that fourth cell, we cannot estimate the interaction, but our estimates of the main effects are sensible.
Be1innin1 IPT
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

During the first few visits your IPT therapist will begin to know you and then will collect information about your symptoms in order to insure that you have a clinical depression. If you have not had a physical examination recently and especially if you are over the age of 40, one may be recommended to rule out any physical explanations for your symptoms.
An Integrative Approach to Changing Children’s Intergroup Attitudes
Authors: Cameron Lindsey , Rutland Adam
Published: November 2023

The words of Rashne, a refugee seeking asylum in the United Kingdom, indicate that prejudice is not uncommon on the school playground. This is in line with psychological research that has found unfavorable intergroup attitudes in several domains including ethnicity, gender, nationality, and disability (see Abrams, Rutland, & Cameron, 2003; Krajewski & Hyde, 2000; Powlishta, Serbin, Doyle, & White, 1994). Attempts have been made to tackle these attitudes using school-based interventions (e.g., Salzman & D’Andrea, 2001), but these programs are often ineffective (see Bigler, 1999, for reviews), perhaps because interventions are often designed without any consideration of psychological theories and research findings (Aboud & Levy, 2000; Bigler, 1999; Oskamp, 2000; Stephan, 1999). In this chapter we maintain that prejudice-reduction interventions should incorporate psychological theories. Moreover, in order to be effective, they should consider theories and research findings from both social and developmental psychology.
Independence, Unity, and the American Way of Life
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

The American Way of Life is Much Older than the United States. In fact, the United States was founded to preserve it. The United States of America was established during the American War of Independence of 1775–83. The American Union subsequently was solidified by the adoption of the federal Constitution of 1787 and rescued by the defeat of the Southern attempt at secession in 1861–65.
Averting a Balance of Power in North America: Power Politics and American Expansion
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

Forget the Covered Wagon, when you think of the expansion of the United States in the nineteenth century. Think instead of ships. Sailing ships. The present-day United States was assembled from bits and pieces of coastline that contained strategically important seaports like New Orleans, San Francisco, and San Diego. To be sure, these strips of coastline came with huge continental territories attached. With the purchase of New Orleans from France, the United States got the Mississippi River Valley as a bonus.
The Cold War
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

On January 11, 1944, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Ivan Maisky sent a memorandum to Soviet dictator Josef Stalin. The memo by Maisky, who had served as Soviet ambassador to Britain from 1932 to 1943, argued that prospects were favorable for Soviet world domination following the end of World War II.