bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GAMBARAN PERSEPSI PASIEN USIA 19-24 TAHUN TENTANG PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN INFEKSI TERHADAP IMPLEMENTASI PELAYANAN KESEHATAN SELAMA MASA PANDEMIK COVID-19 DI KOTA TANGERANG SELATAN TAHUN 2020
Authors: AYU GLADIS , MUSTAKIM MUSTAKIM , HANDARI TRI , ARIASIH ARUM
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh jenis corona virus yang baru ditemukan. Dapat menyebabkan kematian. Kasus COVID diseluruh dunia hingga tanggal 5 Mei 2020 mencapai 3.517.345 kasus dengan kematian mencapai 243.401 jiwa. Implementasi pelayanan kesehatan selama masa pandemik COVID-19 harus diperhatikan agar tidak terjadi penularan COVID-19 di pelayanan kesehatan. Pengendalian bahaya transmisi COVID-19 di pelayanan kesehatan dengan menerapkan beberapa hirarki pengendalian bahaya, yaitu pengendalian teknis, pengendalian administratif dan alat pelindung diri. Metode Penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional dengan jumlah responden dalam penelitian yaitu 97 sampel. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner melalui sebaran angket dalam bentuk google form. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 48,5% responden memiliki persepsi bahwa implementasi pengendalian teknis di pelayanan kesehatan kurang sesuai, sebagaian besar yaitu 55,7% memiliki persepsi bahwa implementasi pengendalian administratif dan alat pelindung diri di pelayanan kesehatan sudah sesuai. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini bahwa responden yang memiliki persepsi bahwa implementasi pengendalian teknis dipelayanan kesehatan kurang sesuai dan sebagian besar yang memiliki persepsi bahwa implementasi pengendalian administratif dan alat pelindung diri di pelayanan kesehatan sudah sesuai. Selain itu, saran bagi pelayanan kesehatan diharapkan dapat melaksanakan program pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi secara konsisten sesuai dengan pedoman dan melakukan kontrol secara rutin.
PENERAPAN TERAPI THOUGHT STOPPING UNTUK MENGATASI REMAJA PECANDU MINUMAN KERAS
Authors: YANI SUTRI , PUTRI LIZA
Published: February 2021

Pendahuluan: Minuman Keras banyak menimbulkan masalah. Pemerintah dan masyarakat harus bekerjasama untuk membuat larangan tentang minuman keras. Khususnya para remaja, sehingga dapat mengurangi penyimpangan pada remaja salah satunya minuman keras dengan menerapkan terapi thought stoppping. Thought stopping adalah suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk menyembuhkan pemikiran negatif yang merusak diri dengan mengatakan “STOP” dan mengganti negatif menjadi pikiran positif. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan quantitative dengan design quasai eksperemet. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Remaja pecandu minuman keras. Hasil: Hasil didapatkan nilai P value = 0,001, yang bearti terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pemberian terapi thought stopping untuk mengatasi frekuensi remaja minum-minuman keras.Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukan terapi thought stopping menghentikan pikiran negatif sangat efektif dalam merubah proses pikir pada remaja pecandu minuman keras.
Risk Factors Associated with Mortality among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Regular Hemodialysis Presenting in Emergency Services
Authors: Shrestha TM , Bhusal L , Neupane RP , Ghimire R , Prasad PN
Published: February 2021

Background: With the increasing number of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), emergency visit of these patients is also increasing. This study tried to find some of the reasons for which patients with CKD visit the emergency room and the reasons for their mortality. Method: A cross-sectional study was done in the emergency room of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. We conducted this study from 1 May 2018 to 31 October 2018 among the adult CKD patients under regular hemodialysis. We used a convenience sampling method. Three hundred patients were included. We studied the following variables: patient’s age, sex, risk factors, laboratory parameter during the emergency visit (viz. hemoglobin, pH, serum bicarbonate level, and potassium level), emergency hemodialysis, blood transfusion, and clinical outcome during emergency room stay. Result: We enrolled 300 patients in the study. The mean age was 45.04 years in the mortality group and 45.69 years in the survival group 152 (50.7%) of patients had hypertension. Mean hemoglobin was 6.52gm% (SD = 1.93). Mean hemoglobin in survivor and the non-survivor group was 6.59 gm% and 5.58 gm% respectively. Serum creatinine was 1220.87 mmol/L and 1064.01 mmol/L in mortality and survivor group respectively. Likewise, serum potassium was 6.13 mEq/l and 5.74 mEq/l among mortality and survivor groups respectively. Binary logistic regression showed significant association (p <0.05) of anemia, emergency dialysis and presence of sepsis with the mortality. There was significant correlation of presence of comorbidities, anemia, serum creatinine, serum potassium level, and sepsis with mortality. Area under the Receiver Operating Curve to predict mortality among CKD patients was 0.660 for potassium and 0.598 for serum creatinine. Conclusion: Anemia, increased serum creatinine, and hyperkalemia was significantly correlated with mortality in chronic kidney disease and were causes of frequent visits in the emergency room. Therefore, we should address these factors during the management of CKD patients.
Nooindustrial production: a step towards non-economic development
Authors:   Institute for New Industrial Development n. a. S.Yu. Vitte, Bodrunov S.D. ,   Free Economic Society of Russia
Published: February 2021

Considers the role of core components, i. e. individual, society and production, in the development of twenty-first century economy; the influence of intense market competition on humans as bio(zoo)beings; and the need to abandon the zootrend in civilizational development and pursue a different path targeting the creation of a new type of wants, values, and incentives -and, ultimatley, the new Individual. The author describes the transition from postindustrialism to knowledge-based NIS.2 followed by progress towards nooproduction and noonomy. Bodrunov analyzes public production as a system under the noonomy and emphasizes that nooproduction will focus on the production of the Individual per se. Cultural progress will underlie shifts in the structure of noowants.
Optimal Location and Sizing of Shunt Capacitors with Distributed Generation in Distribution Systems
Authors: Salkuti Surender Reddy
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a novel approach to determine an optimal location and sizing of shunt capacitors for reactive power compensation in distribution systems with distributed generation. Here, the optimal location for installing the shunt capacitors is determined using the loss sensitivity factor approach. The stochastic nature of distributed generation (i.e., wind and solar PV powers) has been considered in this paper. Optimal sizing of shunt capacitors has been determined by considering the power loss minimization as objective function and this problem is solved using the differential evolution algorithm (DEA). The results obtained with DEA are also compared with genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. The effectiveness of this proposed approach has been simulated on the IEEE 15, 33, 69 and 85 bus test systems.
Synthetic meroterpenoids based on terpene alcohols: synthesis, self-assembly, and membranotropic properties
Authors:   Kazan Federal University, Akhmedov Alan A. , Shurpik Dmitriy N. ,   Kazan Federal University, Latypova Zainab R. ,   Kazan Federal University, Gamirov Rustem R. ,   Kazan Federal University, Stoykov Ivan I. ,   Kazan Federal University
Published: February 2021

Currently, targeted drug delivery is of great interest in the field of medicine. The study of compounds capable of permeating cell membranes is a major problem in this area. The synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds includes the formation of structures with various combinations of pharmacophore fragments and properties. Amphiphilic compounds tend to exhibit membranotropic activity. From this point of view, the modification of natural products, especially terpenoids, is of particular interest. Terpenoid structures are used as membrane anchors in the development of modulators for membrane-integrated proteins or structures for creating nanocontainers. In this paper we synthesized a number of water-soluble amphiphilic meroterpenoids containing a charged pyridinium fragment on the basis of acyclic terpene alcohols. Residue of terpene alcohols – geraniol (monoterpenol), farnesol (sesquiterpenol), and phytol (diterpenol) – were used as the hydrophobic part of the amphiphilic structure. Linear acyclic alcohols are commercially available reagents and have a structure similar to that of polyprenols in archaeal lipids, which made it possible to obtain synthetic lipid-like meroterpenoids capable of self-assembly in aqueous solutions. The charged pyridinium fragment, which is included in numerous natural compounds, was of interest as a polar component. This meroterpenoids are synthetic analogs of archaeal lipids. It was shown that the studied meroterpenoids form nanosized aggregates in aqueous solutions by the method of dynamic light scattering and the Doppler microelectrophoresis method. Turbidimetric titration on model dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles revealed that the synthesized compounds are embedded into the bilayer membrane without destroying it. Self-assembled aggregates of synthesized compounds in water can find application for drug delivery – in the creation of nanocontainers containing membrane anchors capable of interacting with the outer surface of the cell (lipid membrane).
Effect of acidity on the properties of silica-aluminas synthesized by sol-gel method
Authors:   Belgorod State National Research University, Furda Lyubov V. , Tarasenko Evgenia A. ,   Belgorod State National Research University, Dudina Sofya N. ,   Belgorod State National Research University, Lebedeva Olga E. ,   Belgorod State National Research University
Published: February 2021

In the present work amorphous silica-aluminas were synthesized by the coprecipitation method during the hydrolysis of an alcohol solution of tetraethoxysilane (with a tetraethoxysilane: alcohol mass ratio of 1: 1) and 6% aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate at pH values of 1, 3, and 10. The Si/Al molar ratio for all synthesized samples were 4.72 (± 0.29). The amorphous character of the investigated materials was confirmed by X-ray phase analysis. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the resulting powders have particles with a size of 1-20 μm. It was shown that the conditions of synthesis affected the specific surface area and porosity of the materials under study. By the method of low-temperature adsorption-thermodesorption of nitrogen it was established that silica-aluminas obtained under acidic conditions were microporous materials. For the sample obtained under alkaline conditions (pH = 10), the contribution of macropores is very significant. A decrease in surface area is observed as the pH of the synthesis increases. The Hammett indicator method was used to identify and quantify surface centers of different acidity. All studied silica-aluminas are characterized by the presence of both Brønsted basic (pKax from 7 to 12.8) and acidic (pKax from 0 to 7) centers, and Lewis basic (pKax from -4.4 to 0) with a pronounced maximum at pKax = 1.02. It was found that the synthesis conditions had a significant effect on the concentration of active centers. The values of the Hammett function are practically the same for the 3 studied silica-aluminas and describe the studied samples as materials of medium acidity. The variety of Lewis and Brønsted centers on the surface indicates the amphoteric properties of the materials under study. This gives the samples the properties of polyfunctional sorbents and catalysts.
DFT study of elementary acts of supercritical water oxidation by the example of the catalytic reaction of radical water dissociation with the participation of model cluster Fe4O6
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Kourdioukov Alexandre I. , Gumerov Farid M. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Gabitova Asia R. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Zaripov Zufar I. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Aetov Almaz U. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Mingaliev Aynur F. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Uryadov Vladimir G. ,   Butlerov Scientific Foundation, Ofitserov Evgeny N. ,   D.I. Mendeleev Russian University of Chemical Technology
Published: February 2021

This report details aspects of the reactivity of the products of catalytic dissociation of water as applied to the description of the nature of supercritical water oxidation and other oxidative SCF processes in general. It has been shown quantum chemically that the products of thermodynamically nonequilibrium to one degree or another dissociation of water on the surface of a model Fe4O6 cluster of different multiplet nature can act as effective agents for interaction with atmospheric oxygen and organic compounds. The antiferromagnetic forms of iron oxides can actively participate in radical reactions. It is shown using a model cluster Fe4O6 as an example. The radical reactions are able to easily change their multiplet state by simple chemisorption of 3O2 on their surface. In combination with the ability of water to dissociate on the model Fe4O6 cluster by the ionic type, the latter can easily transform into a triplet system, which, accordingly, leads to the emergence of an equilibrium biradical water dissociation formally even at room temperature. Hydrate-oxygen interactions on the surface of the Fe4O6 cluster lead to the generation of either an extremely reactive iron-hydroperoxide complex or a hydroperoxyl radical capable of conducting oxidative processes under SCF conditions in the volume of the corresponding fluid. It is shown the dissociative chemisorption of a water molecule on a Fe4O6 cluster in a triplet state (initiated, for example, by chemisorption of 3O2), in contrast to the heterolytic dissociation of water (whose thermodynamic equilibrium is shifted towards the molecular form of water), is practically a thermodynamically equilibrium process. It is this fact allowed us to consider the hydride-hydroxyl form of the Fe4O6 triplet cluster as one of the real agents for the oxidation of propylene glycol by the example of its first stage of catalytic dehydrogenation.
Study of structural characteristics of vitrinites of Kuznetsk basin coals
Authors:   Federal Research Center on Coal and Coal Chemistry, Popova Anna N.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to research of the main structural parameters of vitrinites of bituminous coals of various metamorphism degrees carried out by methods of X-ray phase and X-ray structural analysis. Vitrinite concentrates were obtained from coal of the Kuznetsk Basin. The main X-ray structural parameters were estimated: the number of carbon atoms in the lamellae (natC), the longitudinal size of the lamellae, and the height of their stacking (La and Lc), the number of polyaromatic layers in the package (N), and the packing density of the lamellae (ρ). It is shown in the work that in vitrinite concentrates, an increase in all analyzed structural parameters (Lc, La, natC, N, ρ) is observed with an increase in the degree of metamorphism, at the same time, a decrease in the value of the interplanar distance (d002) is observed. The XRD analysis showed that for the average number of layers in a package and carbon atoms per monolayer, in the samples of vitrinite concentrates of bituminous coals of high stages of metamorphism (Ro, r = 1.41%) varies from 7 to 8 and 14-15, respectively. It was found a correlation between the linear nature of the number of polyarene-layers and the height of their stacking. The results obtained were in good agreement with the literature data given for coals of various deposits.
Use of plasma treated basalt fiber as a concrete additive
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Amerkhanova Gulnara I. , Khatsrinov Alexey I. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Zenitova Lyubov A. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University
Published: February 2021

The paper investigates the effect of plasma treatment of basalt fiber on its hydrophilic behavior, which was estimated by contact angle. The pre-chopped basalt fiber was put in a soft polyethylene container to prevent fiber particles from being carried away by a flow of plasma gas, and to protect outlet gas ducts against clogging. It was evaluated what effect the plasma modification had on the strength properties of BST V40 P2 concrete. As the treatment time increases the contact angle becomes higher until treatment time reaches 10 minutes. The contact angle-treatment power dependence passes through a maximum. The highest value has been observed at a treatment power of 0.6 kW both on the day of treatment and after a 5-day rest period. The wettability of basalt fiber after 5 days of exposure after the first wetting leads to lower results, but remains at a fairly high level. The retreatment after a 5-day curing period yields lower results, but the level remains sufficiently high. The highest contact angle has been observed at a treatment power of 0.6 kW, gas flow rate (G) of 0.04 g/s, chamber pressure (P) of 20 Pa, with air/argon mixture (1:1) as plasma gas. Were tested samples of concrete BST V 40 P 2 with the addition of plasma-treated basalt fiber in the amount of 0.5 and 3% of the mass. on the strength index under two modes of basalt fiber processing: in mode 1 the treatment time was 10 minutes, the treatment power was 1.5 kW; and in mode 2 the treatment time was 5 minutes, the treatment power was 0.6 kW, with the addition of plasma treated basalt fiber (0.5 and 3 mass percent). It was found that the plasma treatment of basalt fiber before chopping gave concrete a higher strength than plasma treatment followed by chopping. Concrete has the highest strength when basalt fiber (3 mass percent) is subjected to plasma treatment in mode 2. Furthermore, the strength increased by 23 mass percent in comparison with the reference sample.
The physicochemical parameters influence on the hydrogen sorption evolution from multicomponent mixtures
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Shcherbakov Vladimir V. , Goltsev Andrey V. ,   STF "BACS" Ltd, Kurbatova Svetlana V. ,   Samara National Research University
Published: February 2021

The results of a study of the physicochemical parameters influence on the evolution of hydrogen from a multicomponent mixture are presented. It is shown that the search for alternative energy sources is currently one of the urgent tasks in various fields of science, industry and ecology. The most promising under the current conditions is the transition to the use of hydrogen fuel. At the same time, hydrogen is used both as a caloric additive to hydrocarbon fuel to reduce the toxicity of combustion products, and for independent use as a fuel. The relevance of the study of the problem of the use of hydrogen is associated with the possibility of obtaining a greater amount of energy than when using a similar amount of gasoline, as well as with its widespread use in the chemical, electronic, pharmaceutical industries, in the automotive industry, metallurgy, etc. The work showed that to obtain pure hydrogen from gas mixtures, mainly three main processes of hydrogen concentration are used: selective filtration through polymer membranes; short cycle adsorption; cryogenic separation. The choice of one or another method of hydrogen evolution depends, as a rule, on economic indicators and technology flexibility. In this case, the most widely used in the production of high-purity hydrogen are adsorption methods, which feature are a high degree of extraction of impurities, as well as low operating costs and comparative ease of implementation. Typical substances associated with hydrogen are nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, methane. A problem in the adsorption production of hydrogen is also the high selectivity of the sorbents used to the components of mixtures of hydrogen-containing gases associated with hydrogen. Promising materials for these purposes are sorbents with a molecular sieve effect – molecular sieves and carbon molecular sieves of various production, but the choice of a specific material for this task is a very acute analytical task, since the material should have many positive characteristics. The influence of such physicochemical parameters on the process of adsorption of hydrogen from a multicomponent mixture, such as the concentration of production hydrogen, the velocity of the gas mixture in the adsorber, and the pressure at the adsorption stage, is studied.
Study of structural characteristics of the FePt nanosystem by TEM
Authors:   Federal Research Center on Coal and Coal Chemistry, Zaharov Yury A. , Zaharov Nikita S. ,   Federal Research Center on Coal and Coal Chemistry, Popova Anna N. ,   Federal Research Center on Coal and Coal Chemistry, Russakov Dmitry M. ,   Federal Research Center on Coal and Coal Chemistry
Published: February 2021

In this work, using the example of a bimetallic nanoscale system FePt, a new approach to the assessment of the structural parameters of nanoscale mono- and polymetallic systems by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is proposed. The data obtained by the TEM method are compared with the data obtained by the method of X-ray structural analysis. Some crystallographic parameters, such as the interplanar distances, average sizes, and phase compositions of the studied nanoparticles of the FePt system are calculated. The most widespread method for obtaining information about the crystal structure of nanosized particles is the method based on the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction. It allows one to determine the phase composition and perform structural analysis of a substance, as well as to estimate the size of the resulting particles. In this method, crystallographic information arises due to X-ray diffraction from the entire surface of the powder. Thus, the researcher sees an integral diffraction pattern. In this case, the study of individual nanoparticles by X-ray structural analysis is extremely difficult. However, the number of methods for assessing structural parameters is not limited to X-ray diffraction methods. In this work, an approach is made to study the structural characteristics of FePt nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), since high-resolution microimages obtained by the TEM method provide a unique opportunity to distinguish individual atoms of the crystal lattice of the objects under study.
Adsorption of antibiotics on hydroxyapatite
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Grishin Vladimir V.
Published: February 2021

Hydroxyapatite has properties to sorb various substances. When examining the surface of the tooth enamel, the interaction of enamel hydroxyapatite with various medicinal substances was found. One of the main issues was the possibility of creating protective adsorption films on the tooth enamel to protect against bacterial insemination. These films in the experiment are kept for a short time and do not withstand the processes of eating. The adsorption process is reversible and no chemical interaction with hydroxyapatite was observed. Since the adsorption process takes place on the surface of crystals and is caused by physical-chemical interactions, an increase in the adsorption surface can lead to the accumulation of a medicinal substance in the weight unit of the base. The experiments performed on dispersed hydroxyapatite showed the perceptivity of this area, but it was necessary to increase the dispersion of crystals Mechanical and physical-chemical methods did not help to achieve the results. Chemical method for obtaining hydroxyapatite in an aqueous solution was chosen as an optimal one. Chemical synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite was performed. Hydroxyapatite without additional purification and isolation was forced to interact with a solution of the appropriate antibiotic. To control the interaction process, a spectrophotometric method of analysis in the ultraviolet range was chosen. Conducted studies of the interaction of hydroxyapatite with antibiotics by spectrophotometric method showed a change of the products of interaction of a suspension of hydroxyapatite with an antibiotic solution compared to the spectrum of the original antibiotic in the spectra in the ultraviolet range. Biological activity was tested on a culture of Staphylococcus aureus in comparison with a pure antibiotic. In comparison with a pure antibiotic, its complex with hydroxyapatite showed a delayed effect, but did not change the nature of the antibiotic in relation to the microorganism.
Years of Growth
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores Moses Mendelssohn's formative years. It first takes a look at his childhood in Dessau, Germany, before tracking his early journeys to the capital city of Berlin. From there, the chapter explores Mendelssohn's first brushes with philosophy, including non-Jewish philosophy and theology. His philosophical undertakings matured further after his first meeting and subsequent friendship with Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Both men had many things in common—and here, Lessing was able to bring out the best of Mendelssohn's talents. With Lessing, Mendelssohn was able to develop his metaphysics further before both men parted ways. From there on, Mendelssohn cultivated his philosophic leanings and steadily transformed into a bel esprit as he went on to join the “Learned Coffeehouse”—a society of scholars and artists. Finally, the chapter traces the publication of Mendelssohn's Kohelet Mussar (“Preacher of Morals”), a Hebrew weekly meant for Jewish youth.
Maturity and Fame
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes some important major milestones in Moses Mendelssohn's life, as framed by two of the most important relationships of his life. It first describes his engagement and subsequent marriage to his wife, Fromet Gugenheim. The chapter then turns to a man who had more of a direct influence on Mendelssohn's works in philosophy—Thomas Abbt. In many ways, his friendship with Abbt could be compared to that with Lessing's. However, as the chapter shows, Mendelssohn was able to show a different and more mature side of himself to Abbt, particularly as the latter was younger than Mendelssohn by nine years and was not quite as learned as Lessing. The chapter goes on to portray the ways in which Mendelssohn settled into the role of a guide and mentor to Abbt, and how he in turn would be challenged by Abbt's intellectual honesty.
Changes in the Pattern of Life
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines a period of prolonged illness in Moses Mendelssohn's life. Toward the end of the 18th century, Mendelssohn suffered attacks of what is likely paroxysmal auricular tachycardia. This was a heart condition which caused weakness and congestion in the individual, and was usually brought on by stress. Mendelssohn's doctors, unable to cope with a disease they could not understand, blamed it on mental stress and prescribed an “intellectual diet” for him. Though illness cast a large shadow upon Mendelssohn's life, there were bright spots and happy interludes that helped to sustain his morale. In tracing the course of events from 1771 to 1778, the chapter reveals new friendships created—including his later correspondence with the physician Albert Heinrich Reimarus and his sister, Elise—and old ones deepened. Enforced abstinence from literary activity allowed Mendelssohn to give these human relationships their full due. It also facilitated a reappraisal of his life and a reorientation toward new goals. Far from being tedious or barren, the years of illness were both dramatic and rich in terms of inwardness.
Strains and Stresses
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter returns the focus to Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. It first discusses the final phase of his friendship with Moses Mendelssohn, as shown through their correspondence regarding his final work. Lessing's youthful comedy The Jews had helped to initiate his friendship with Mendelssohn. His last play, Nathan the Wise, became the crown and glory of their relationship. Lessing died in 1781, leaving behind a distraught Mendelssohn. However, Mendelssohn could bear the loss somewhat because he had so integrated the image of Lessing, his “friend and judge,” into his own being that death could not rob him of it. Aside from Lessing, the chapter also turns to another individual—Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi—with whom Mendelssohn would have a rather tense relationship, particularly on the matter of Lessing's own work.
The Henry Subscription 1898-9
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the Henry Subscription, which was organized by the antisemitic daily La Libre Parole at the end of 1898 and the start of 1899. The subscription list, which the newspaper published, provides a unique sample of antisemitic and anti-Dreyfusard opinion. The interpretation of this subscription list raises the problem of spontaneity. How far can it be taken as a genuine expression of popular attitudes? How far was it a simple propaganda exercise on the part of La Libre Parole? The state of symbiosis between subscriber and newspaper does not simply call into question the value of the subscription list as an expression of “spontaneous” opinion. It accurately reflects a fundamental characteristic of antisemitism, and of other sets of attitudes, in this period. Antisemitism was becoming more structured, and found its most developed expression in the press and in books, which were the agents of the transformation of scattered popular attitudes into a more coherent body of ideas. The subscription list illustrates a significant stage in this process, and is valuable as such. It should be pointed out, moreover, that a significant gap still remained between antisemitic ideology, as expressed in the press and in books, and the more directly “popular” expression of opinion in the subscription list, for the latter was both less explicitly coherent and its tone was often considerably more extreme than that of La Libre Parole's editorial and news copy.
The Antisemitic Movement in Algeria: French Antisemitism in Decline
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies the antisemitic movement in Algeria, which had its own distinct make-up and raison d'être that explain its peculiar success and virulence. It had its own political organization in the Ligue Anti-Juive d'Alger, founded in 1892. Physical and verbal violence against Jews was also an Algerian tradition by the end of the century, and the “pogroms” of the late 1890s were only a repetition or an escalation of similar demonstrations in the 1880s. The extraordinary development of antisemitism in Algeria can be explained by a combination of factors: the presence of an old and important Jewish community in a territory with a corrupt political system; a large European immigrant population; a recently conquered native population; and a lopsided “colonial” economy. Ultimately, the Algerian antisemitic movement was of definite Left-wing complexion; its leaders were Radicals and Socialists, and they were also anticlerical. The chapter then looks at the decline of the antisemitic movement in France.
Social Antisemitism: “A Kind of Socialism”
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyses social antisemitism. Antisemitism was also a protest against a social system, and the expression of social tension and conflict. “The important cause of antisemitism,” according to Cesare Lombroso in 1899, was “the antagonism between the poor and the rich.” However, although it did have features that justified the label in the context of the 1890s, and although it clearly reflected social unrest, the function of antisemitism, based as it was on a mistaken and “irrational” social diagnosis, and having a fundamentally conservative aim, was rather to mask class conflict and to divert resentments into a channel that did not threaten the existing social system. In the words of Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, it was “a kind of socialism sui generis, a socialism of the Right.” There is no doubt that many antisemites saw themselves as engaged in a movement of social protest, a protest of the poor against the rich, as Lombroso suggested, and also of the individual against the system. The example of Edouard Drumont, by far the most popular exponent of antisemitism in the period, is instructive.
Racial Anti Semitism: “A Race Apart”
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates racial antisemitism. Antisemites were concerned to establish the otherness of the Jews; this otherness, this difference, was expressed in racial terms. It was frequently claimed that the Jews were a race with special and indelible qualities that distinguished them from the French and marked their inferiority. They could not be assimilated; on the contrary, they represented a foreign body in French society, which was believed to be suffering from their corrupting and dominating presence. The racial colouring of French antisemitism at the end of the nineteenth century is reflected in the use of the term “antisémitisme.” The term “Semite” included both Arabs and Jews, and antisemitism was directed against both. In practice, however, the term “antisémitisme” was used to apply almost exclusively to the Jews. From the late 1880s, Aryan-Semitic terminology was increasingly used by antisemites. The chapter then considers how racial arguments provided a means by which Catholics could attack the Jews without ostensibly attacking Judaism or religion in general. Catholic antisemites either avoided racial terminology of the modern type, or sought to qualify it.
The Ethical Views of Maimonides within the context of Islamicate Civilization
Authors: Berman Lawrence V.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the ethical views of Maimonides. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics had a decisive influence on Maimonides’ views, as did concepts found in biblical, talmudic, and post-talmudic literature. A major topic discussed in the Ethics is the goal for man, in general and in particular, aside from the importance of this subject for determining the kind of life the individual should pursue. A second major theme of the Ethics is the nature of the excellences or virtues of man in relation to practical activity and thinking. An underlying theme of the Ethics is that the happiness of the individual is ensured by proper laws which habituate the individual to proper behaviour in accordance with man’s nature. Maimonides’ principal works are his Commentary on the Mishnah, his Code of Jewish Law (Mishneh Torah), and his Guide of the Perplexed. In these works, which span Maimonides’ productivity over the course of his lifetime, the influence of the Ethics is marked. Thus, one sees how a central figure of Islamicate civilization, heir to the best in that civilization of an intellectual cast, was none the less receptive to the important influence of the Ethics. The chapter then discusses Maimonides’ concept of the ideal man in the light of the Ethics.
The True Perplexity: The Guide of the Perplexed Part II, Chapter 24
Authors: Langermann Tzvi
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on part II, Chapter 24 of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed, which discusses the incompatibility of the models used by professional astronomers with the basic tenets of the Aristotelian world-view. On the one hand, the epicycles and eccentrics employed by astronomers seem to violate the principle that the motion of the heavenly bodies be uniform, circular, and about a fixed centre. On the other hand, the results achieved through the use of these very devices are startlingly precise. This, Maimonides says, is the ‘true perplexity’. The chapter then looks at three aspects of this true perplexity. It also compares the views expressed in the Guide with the rules laid down in the third chapter of the ‘Laws Concerning the Basic Principles of the Torah’, which forms the first section of the Mishneh Torah. It is particularly concerned with two questions: did Maimonides consider the true configuration of the heavens to be inscrutable? And can a close reading of both texts offer any clues about this true configuration? Finally, the chapter considers the views of some of Maimonides’ followers on these questions.
Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed on Forbidden Food in the light of his own Medical Opinion
Authors: Levinger Jacob
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses the prohibitions concerning food found in Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed. If one sums up the reasons given in the Guide for the prohibitions concerning food, concentrating on the medical arguments for forbidding various kinds of food, one finds the following: (1) all forbidden food is harmful nourishment; (2) among all the foods forbidden by the Torah, only with regard to the pig and fat is there room for any doubt that they are harmful from the medical viewpoint; (3) blood and the carcasses of beasts that have died a natural death are also forbidden by the Torah; and (4) the prohibition of the Torah against cooking ‘a kid in the milk of its mother’ is explained in the Talmud as a prohibition against either cooking or eating meat with milk in any form whatsoever. The question is, do these medical arguments really represent Maimonides’ medical opinion? Or are they merely given in order to make the prohibitions more palatable to the common people? The chapter explains that what Maimonides says in the Guide seems to agree fully with the opinions he expresses in the rest of his works, and especially in his medical writings. It then considers Maimonides’ The Regimen of Health.
Maimonides and Eretz Yisrael: Halakhic, Philosophic, and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Twersky Isadore
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes Maimonides’ attitude and attachment to Eretz Yisrael. The difficulty of a discussion concerning Maimonides and Eretz Yisrael is threefold: the complexity of the man and the problematic nature of his teaching; the delicacy of the subject and the importance of its implications; and the scarcity or fragmentation of sources. The chapter then suggests an indirect approach to the subject, via consideration of a number of central topics in Maimonides’ thought, topics which are, in any case, central to Jewish thought in general, and specifically to see what place Eretz Yisrael holds and what its function is in the formation of Maimonides’ attitudes. A wide range of topics that are worthy of consideration and will shed light on the subject may be noted. These topics include the history of religion — the principle focus being the spread of monotheism — and the history of the halakhah, particularly the appearance of controversy in the Oral Law and the growth of custom, as well as the compilation of the Mishnah and the Talmud despite the prohibition against writing down the Oral Law. Other topics are the history of philosophy, prophecy, prayer, the Hebrew language, and the religious establishment. In all of these, the influence of the territorial dimension, or the lack thereof, and its replacement by another historical dimension, needs to be investigated.
Plato: Republic X
Authors: Halliwell S.
Published: February 2021

This edition offers a full and up-to-date commentary on the last book of the Republic, and explores in particular detail the two main subjects of the book: Plato's most famous and uncompromising condemnation of poetry and art, as vehicles of falsehood and purveyors of dangerous emotions, and the Myth of Er, which concludes the whole work with an allegorical vision of the soul's immortality and of an eternally just world-order. The commentary gives careful and critical attention to the arguments deployed by Plato against poets and artists, relating them both to the philosopher's larger ideas and to other Greek views of the subject. The sources and significance of the Myth of Er are fully studied. Among other topics, the Introduction places Republic 10 in the development of Plato's work, and makes a fresh attempt to trace some of the influences of the book's critique of art on later aesthetic thinking. Greek text with facing translation, commentary and notes.
Tusculan Disputations II
Authors: Douglas A. E. , Douglas A. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides the original text and translation of Book II of Cicero's Tusculans. It explains how Roman oratory is in decline and points out why it is time to seize philosophy from the Greeks, arguing both sides of each case and appealing to a sophisticated literary public by paying proper attention to style. It also follows Philo in separating formal rhetorical instruction from the philosophical disputation. The chapter mentions the interlocutor in Book II, who speaks of the great benefit he has gained from the preceding day's discussion of death. It analyses how benefits of the discussion of death come to a person of suitable character.
Xenophon: Hellenika I-II.3.10
Authors: Krentz Peter
Published: February 2021

The Peloponnesian War, according to Thucydides, was the result of the growth of Athenian power. Beginning with the battle of Abydos in 411, this edition covers the Ionian or Dekeleian War, whose end in 404 also brings to a close the Peloponnesian War as a whole. The narrative is all the more valuable for the fact that Xenophon is likely to have been present at a number of the events described. In his very first sentence he mentions a naval battle in which the Athenians are defeated, and in doing so heralds their eventual defeat in the war. It is a tale of decline, and of expansionism gone awry.
Greek Orators VI: Apollodorus Against Nearia
Authors: Carey C.
Published: February 2021

Rational persuasion and appeal to an audience's emotions are elements of most literature, but they are found in their purest form in oratory. The speeches written by the Greek orators for delivery in law courts, deliberative councils and assemblies enjoyed an honoured literary status, and rightly so, for the best of them have great vitality. There is no crude, primitive stage of development: the earliest speeches are perfect in form and highly sophisticated in technique. They inform the reader about aspects of Greek society and about their moral values, in a direct and illuminating way not paralleled in other literature.
Republic 5
Authors: Halliwell S.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides the original text and translation of the fifth book of Plato's Republic, which replaces J. Burnet's apparatus criticus with a deliberately minimal apparatus. It looks at passages where Burnet diverges from the main messages, printed conjectures, and alternative readings of some note. It also checks Burnet's apparatus against other sources of information, and in a few places have supplemented it. For the readings of minor manuscripts, this chapter refers to Borer's monograph. It emphasizes that the translation is intended as a reasonably close guide to the sense of the Greek and balances it against the aim of providing a version that is tolerably readable.
Plutarch: The Malice of Herodotos
Authors: Bowen A. J.
Published: February 2021

The Malice of Herodotus can perhaps best be described as the world's earliest known book review. But it is much more than that, for in the course of 'correcting' with considerable vituperation what he saw as Herodotus' anti-Greek bias, Plutarch tells us much about his own attitude to writing history. So that together with Lucian's How to Write History, it forms a basic text for the study of Greek historiography. It is also perhaps the most revealing example of Plutarch's prose style with its rhetorical variety and energy and odd mixture of good and bad argument. But in citing lost works, Plutarch has preserved valuable fragments which don't exist elsewhere and need to be assessed by all students of the Persian Wars. The book presents Greek text with translation, introduction and commentary.
Sophocles: Ajax
Authors: Garvie A. F.
Published: February 2021

Ajax, perhaps the earliest surviving tragedy of Sophocles, presents the downfall and disgrace of a great hero whose suicide leads to his rehabilitation through the enlightened magnanimity of one of his enemies. This edition attempts to show that Sophocles offers no easy answer to the question of why Ajax falls, and no simple solution to the problem of how we ought to live so as to avoid tragedy in our own lives. The introductory chapter focuses on Ajax, as one of the major characters in Homer's Iliadand the only hero in the story that never received direct help from a god. It looks into the Odyssey, which provides the earliest reference of Sophocles being concerned with Ajax. The next chapter provides the original text of Sophocles's play about Ajax. It talks about how the play began with the death of Achilles and Ajax's desire to be rewarded with his armor. It also mentions Ajax's shame and intention of suicide after killing Agamemnon and Menelaus when they gave Achilles's armor to Oddyseus. The chapter discusses the ending of the play in which Odysseus insisted that Ajax should be buried properly. The final chapter gives the commentary for the play. It talks about how Sophocles began his plays with dialogue in order to provide the audience with information about the story. It also mentions the introduction of Odysseus and reveal of Athena as the goddess in the beginning of the play. This chapter analyses the relationships among Ajax, Odysseus, and Athena. The book presents Greek text with facing-page English translation, introduction and extensive commentary.
Aristotle: On Sleep and Dreams
Authors: Gallop David
Published: February 2021

This work is designed to make Aristotle's three essays on sleep and dreams (De Somno et Vigilia, De Insomniis and De Divinatione per Somnum) accessible in translation to modern readers, and to provide a commentary with a contemporary perspective. It considers Aristotle's theory of dreams in historical context, especially in relation to Plato. It also discusses neo-Freudian interpretations of Aristotle and contemporary experimental psychology of dreaming. Aristotle's account of dreaming as a function of the imagination is examined from a philosophical perspective. The edition presents the Greek text, with facing-page English translation, introduction, notes and commentary.
Sigla
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: February 2021

* e.g. because it has been obliterated by a correction, or because a page has been tom. (This convention does not apply to papyri: where the text of a papyrus is wholly lost or illegible at the relevant point, the papyrus is normally not mentioned at all in the apparatus.)...
Introduction
Authors: Richardson J. S.
Published: February 2021

This chapter talks about Appian's Wars of the Romans in Iberia or the Iberike, which is an ambitious attempt to chronicle the whole of the Roman Empire. It points out how Appian has been treated as a source of historical information and as a means of access to the lost works of earlier historians. It also explores Iberike as one of Appian's twenty-four books that provides the only continuous narrative of important sections of Roman history. The chapter details Appian's coherent account of the Roman wars in Spain and Portugal from their arrival at the beginning of the Hannibalic wars in 218 BC down to the capture of the Celtiberian city of Numantia in 133 BC. It examines Appian as a man of his own times, whose ideas provided a distinctive way for the history of Rome and its empire to be written.