bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Eight Animals in Shakespeare; or, Before the Human
Authors: Shannon Laurie
Published: August 2009

The poverty of the single-digit sum in my title, I trust, raises a brow. After all, the ubiquity of those we conventionally shepherd into the enclosure of the term animals stands out as a feature of both Shakespearean material and early modern texts generally. The animal footprints in this archive result from the frequency with which early moderns encountered living and butchered animals in their daily routines. Hardly an urban, rural, or domestic scene was painted without them. For illustration, Jan van der Heyden's cityscape of Amsterdam's main public square dramatizes the civic visibility of dogs and horses (alongside the town hall and the New Church) and muddies any distinction between beasts of burden and creatures of leisure—especially beneath that vast early modern sky (see next page). In a prescient intimation of modernity, Thomas More's Utopia imagined a noncitizen, butchering class performing its labors, deemed too brutal for citizens to witness, out of sight (75). Early modern humans had more contact with more animals than most of us now do. For a species with weak ears and a terrible nose, out of sight is out of mind.
From Animal to Animality Studies
Authors: Lundblad Michael
Published: August 2009

When Jack London's human characters interact with dogs and wolves in texts such as the call of the wild (1903) and White Fang (1906), erotic fireworks often light up the wild. The love between the dog Buck and his human partner, John Thornton, in The Call of the Wild is characterized as “[l]ove, genuine passionate love. … love that was feverish and burning, that was adoration, that was madness” (59–60). In White Fang, the half wolf of the title experiences a love for Weedon Scott that “manifested itself to [White Fang] as a void in his being—a hungry, aching, yearning void that clamored to be filled. It was a pain and an unrest; and it received easement only by the touch of the new god's presence” (244). Instead of reading these passionate nonhuman characters as “real” animals, literary and cultural critics often read them as “men in furs,” in Mark Seltzer's memorable phrase, leading to interesting and important discussions of, for example, homoerotic interactions between men.
Understudies: Miming the Human
Authors: Griffin Susan M.
Published: August 2009

The title of understudies, Mary Wilkins Freeman's 1901 short story collection, situates us in the realm of theater, of performance—the space where actors and their seconds together learn the grammars of verbal and visual representation.1 On the cover of Understudies, cameo portraits linked by garlands mimic the arrangement of actors' head shots on a playbill (fig. 1). But the profiles are those of a horse, a dog, a parrot, a monkey, a squirrel, and a cat. Freeman's book displays on its face the art of representing animals and humans—and animals as humans. And her title articulates a distinctly turn-of-the-century (if still unresolved) question: who are the understudies and who are the leads—animals or humans?
Emily Dickinson's Animal Pedagogies
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: August 2009

E. Dickinson

Would you instruct me now?

—Emily Dickinson,The Letters of Emily Dickinson(Johnson 449)

In 1866 Emily Dickinson Ended a lapse of eighteen months in her correspondence with Thomas Wentworth Higginson by sending him three lines that connect the major concerns of her work: death, subjectivity, and the conditions of knowledge. When Higginson later published these lines in “Emily Dickinson's Letters,” he explained that the poet would on occasion include “an announcement of some event, vast to her small sphere as this,” the death of her dog who had been her companion for sixteen years (450). In measuring Dickinson's loss biographically by the “small sphere” of her life, Higginson sets aside her ability to “wade grief” (Franklin 312) and situates her letter within the sentimental culture of pet keeping, which had transfigured a predominantly agricultural practice (petinitially referred to a lamb) into a staple of genteel domesticity and bourgeois subjectivity (Mason; Grier; Kete; Ritvo; Thomas). Far from participating uncritically in the roles and relations Higginson projects onto her, Dickinson interrogates the formation and gendering of sentimental subjectivity (Dillon; Blackwood) by placing “Carlo died” in relation to the other two lines—the signature and the call for instruction. “E. Dickinson” refers ambiguously to Emily or to her father, Edward Dickinson (Holland 146). The signature pluralizes the subject; it doubles and ultimately obscures “E.”'s gender. This ambiguous subject hinges on the animal's death as a scene of pedagogy: it stands in the liminal space between the announcement of Carlo's death and the request: “Would you instruct me now?”
Romance Captivities in the Context of Crusade: The Prose Lancelot
Authors: McCracken Peggy
Published: August 2009

The Taking of captives was a common practice in crusade warfare. Although men were more easily ransomed, many women were also taken captive. Women were not combatants on the battlefield, but when the fighting overran crusader camps, women in the camps were likely to be taken. Women were also captured when cities were taken or besieged cities were abandoned by their defenders. Albert of Aachen notes that in 1101 when the crusaders lost the battle at Paphlagonia, they left the undefended women to be captured by their enemies:

The Christians left their tents and all their equipment with all their wagons, with their delicate and beloved wives, with all the goods which are needed by so many nobles and so great an army…. The Turks … cruelly attacked these noble women and eminent matrons, seized them wickedly and held them in fetters, sending over a thousand into barbarous lands where the language was unknown; they plundered them like dumb animals and sent them into perpetual exile … as if they were in a cage or prison. (qtd. in Friedman, “Captivity” 123)
Medieval Mediterranean Literature
Authors: Kinoshita Sharon
Published: August 2009

Always historicize!

—Fredric Jameson,The Political Unconscious

Eurocentricity is a choice, not a viewpoint imposed by history. There are roads out of antiquity that do not lead to the Renaissance; and although none avoids eventual contact with the modern West's technological domination, the rapidly changing balance of power in our world is forcing even Western scholars to pay more attention to non-Latin perspectives on the past.

—Garth Fowden,Empire to Commonwealth

The last decade or so has seen an explosion of interest in “mediterranean studies.” a half century after the original publication of Fernand Braudel'sLa Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II(1949), scholars in a number of disciplines have once again found the Mediterranean a productive category of analysis, as evidenced in a proliferation of conferences, edited volumes, journals, and study centers. This renewal of Mediterranean studies is part of an upsurge of interest in “oceanic studies,” or, alternatively, “the new thalassology” In recent years, as Kären Wigen writes,

[h]istorians of science have documented the discovery of longitude and the plumbing of underwater depths; historians of ideas have mapped the conceptual geographies of beaches, oceans, and islands; historians of labor and radical politics have drawn arresting new portraits of maritime workers and pirates; historians of business have tracked maritime commerce; historians of the environment have probed marine and island ecologies; and historians of colonial regimes and anticolonial movements alike have asserted the importance of maritime arenas of interaction. (717)

In the field of medieval literature, on the other hand, “Mediterranean studies” has found much less purchase. An MLA database search for the keywords “Mediterranean” and “medieval” or “Middle Ages” yields a total of thirty-two entries, over half of which treat topics in intellectual or art history. Taking that asymmetry as a point of departure, this essay explores the different ways “medieval Mediterranean literature” might be conceived; how it would relate to the study of the medieval Mediterranean in other disciplines; and what linguistic, thematic, and theoretical modifications or challenges it would offer to the field of literature as currently configured.
Who Stole Robertson?
Authors: Justice Steven
Published: August 2009

I answer the invitation to consider “medieval studies in the twenty-first century” by considering one of its mysteries in the twentieth. Thirty years ago, the work of D. W. Robertson, Jr. (who retired from Princeton in 1980 and died in 1992), polarized the field: it was the stuff of midnight debates and broken friendships; it gave his department a fearsome notoriety; it made and unmade careers. In a celebrated 1987 stocktaking, Robertson was the problem the field could not shake (Patterson 3–9, 26–39). But from this prominence, he did not dwindle; he vanished. Just as medieval literary studies steered hard into the cultural turn, he disappeared from its stage except for straw-man cameos; by 1999, The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature could spare no breath to mention him. So who stole Robertson?
Arabic in the Medieval World
Authors: Chism Christine
Published: August 2009

Observers of the recent political polarizations of western and Islamic culture might be forgiven for concluding that we are living in a new Middle Ages (Holsinger; Eco). Such narratives as “the clash of civilizations” (Huntington) and “the rise of the modern West” (McNeill; which beguiles with the dangerous fantasy of the fall of the atavistic East) have attained the status of cultural mythologies. Conversely, modern Arab cultures have never forgotten the shock of their first encounters with medieval Europeans in the Levant and al-Andalus: the legacies of crusade, countercrusade, occupation, and re-conquest. Extremists have politicized the orientalist divide described by Edward Said to create their own postcolonial mythologies. We are now in danger of projecting current impasses historically backward until Islam and the West seem always to have been enemies, inimical by nature and throughout history. Doing so would reify East and West and render them monolithic. Most troubling, such mythologies obscure the uneasy, strategic, and often stunningly productive interchanges that enrich what might better be considered as a complex intercultural evolution. The deep roots of the encounter between Islam and Christendom—the influence of Arabic science, literature, and philosophy and of Islamic forms of thought, historiography, economics, and cultural practice—deserve a richer, less politicized examination. It would be useful to try to see medieval Islamic cultures write back, from a time before European hegemony, decentering and defamiliarizing their Western neighbors. What would a medieval world look like if it constructed itself not as a tedious intermission between classical and Renaissance enlightenments, but rather as a heterogeneous fretwork of contact zones, aversions, and transmissions between sophisticated and acquisitive cultures? This medieval world could better serve our own twenty-first-century global culture, whose multiplex networks exceed simple polarization. To this outcome, the study of Arabic writing in the premodern and early modern world is key.
The Prehistory of the Book
Authors: Brantley Jessica
Published: August 2009

Tout, dans l'inscription littéraire médiévale, paraît échapper à la conception moderne du texte, à la pensée textuaire.

—Bernard Cerquiglini,Éloge de la variante(42)

Everything about medieval literary inscription seems to elude the modern conception of the text, of textual thought.

The history of the book is everywhere. Intersecting with the thoroughgoing historicism that has dominated scholarly conversation in the last several decades, the study of material texts has flourished in all fields of literary study. An already vast bibliography is growing exponentially as graduate courses in the history of the book proliferate, universities establish centers for those who study material texts, presses publish series dedicated to book history, and more and more scholars recognize the fascination of studying anything “… and the book.” This field of inquiry has been newly codified, not only within numerous institutional structures but also in the most etymological sense, forcodifyultimately derives, throughcode, fromcodex.Scholars of book history are eager to excavate the codes that are embedded within the codex—that is, more generally, the systems of thought that are both revealed and created by the physical structures through which ideas are expressed. Their true subject is neither the disembodied poem floating free of its material support nor the nuts and bolts of quiring and print runs but “the sociology of texts,” in D. F. McKenzie's memorable phrase (Bibliography). The history of the book thus offers scholars their own kind of system, for it draws methodologies together with theories in a particularly compelling way.
On the Nature of the Bildungsroman
Authors: Morgenstern Karl
Published: August 2009

The term bildungsroman has long been one of the most problematic entries in the lexicon of literary studies. Although it is often used innocuously, to refer to almost any novel that focuses on the development of a young protagonist, matters look rather different in the more secluded world of academic German departments. Here, the Bildungsroman is the object of fierce debates that illustrate how even such arcane fields as classificatory genre studies tenuously float on ideological undercurrents.
Conversion and Coercion in American Prisons
Authors: Rollin Roger B.
Published: August 2009

PMLA invites members of the association to submit letters, printed and double-spaced, that comment on articles in previous issues or on matters of general scholarly or critical interest. The editor reserves the right to reject or edit Forum contributions and offers the PMLA authors discussed in published letters an opportunity to reply. Submissions of more than one thousand words are not considered. The journal omits titles before persons' names and discourages endnotes and works-cited lists in the Forum. Letters should be addressed to PMLA Forum, Modern Language Association, 26 Broadway, 3rd floor, New York, NY 10004-1789.

What obligations does literary scholarship have to its society, culture, and laws? The question arises in Tanya Erzen's “Religious Literacy in the Faith-Based Prison” (123.3 [2008]: 659–64). The problems with this account of Florida's Lawtey Correctional Institution and its religious-right rehabilitation program begin with the essay's title. One would take “religious literacy” to mean something like “competence in religious history and/or religious doctrine,” but in this essay it does not: for here “religious literacy” is a euphemism for total immersion in and complete acceptance of the Southern Baptist belief system. The author calls such brainwashing “religious self-knowledge” (660), though it seems aimed at the obliteration of any vestiges of selfhood. Even the phrase “faith-based prison” is a smokescreen: “faith,” a term that in our highly religious and religiously diverse culture has generally positive associations, here conceals the ugly truth that the only faith that counts at Lawtey is fundamentalist Christianity.
Responses to the cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist, AM251, are more robust with age and with high-fat feeding
Authors: Judge M K , Zhang Y , Scarpace P J
Published: August 2009

Endocannabinoids (EC) are involved in regulating energy homeostasis, particularly in promoting hyperphagia and the consumption of a palatable diet. We have previously shown that rats given a high-fat (HF) diet display a transient hyperphagia that is normalized by a process partially dependent on leptin. We now propose that the induction of this hyperphagia is mediated, at least partially, by the EC signaling system. Obesity, including diet-induced and age-related, is associated with dysregulation of the EC system, and obese rodent models are hypersensitive to a cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor antagonist. This suggests that aged rats will be more responsive to the anorectic effects of a CB1 receptor antagonist. To test this, we examined the responsiveness to CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251, in young and aged rats during two experimental paradigms. First, we administered AM251 simultaneously with the introduction of an HF diet. Second, AM251 treatment began after the establishment of diet-induced obesity. Responses were measured by changes in body weight and composition, calorie intake, serum leptin, and biochemical indicators. The results demonstrated three key findings. 1) CB1 receptor activity contributes to the hyperphagia seen with the introduction of an HF diet. 2) Increased AM251 sensitivity and efficacy is increased with age and HF feeding, with the greatest responsiveness observed in HF-fed, aged rats. 3) AM251 sensitivity is elevated to a greater extent with HF diet than with established obesity. Thus, both age and an HF diet are associated with enhanced anorectic responses to AM251, but the underlying mechanism of these responses remains speculative.
Psychiatric Morbidity and its Effect on the Quality of Life of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Authors: Özkan Mine , Çorapçioglu Aytül , Balcioglu Ibrahim , Ertekin Erhan , Khan Sila , Özdemir Samuray , Karayün Deniz , Ünsalver Bariş Önen , Kocaman Nazmiye , Kaymakglu Sabahattin , Köroglu Gültürk
Published: August 2009

Objective:

The primary aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in a cohort of consecutive chronic hepatitis patients not receiving antiviral therapy. The secondary aim of our study was to determine if psychiatric morbidity, type of hepatitis, and the level of depression correlated with health-related quality of life (HRQL).

Methods:

The study was conducted in collaboration with Hepatology and Infectious Disease Clinics at three-major university hospitals. One hundred seven patients who met the criteria for being diagnosed with either chronic hepatitis B or C, had non-cirrhotic compensated liver disease, had not received antiviral treatment in the preceding 6 months, and had no accompanying physical illness were included in the study. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, the Short Form — 36 for measuring HRQL, and semi-structured interviews for assessing psychosocial variables were used. Sixty-seven healthy adults formed the control group.

Results:

43.9% of the patients had hepatitis B, 56.1% hepatitis C. A psychiatric diagnosis was made in 48.6%, of which 15% was depression. No significant difference was found in the rate of psychiatric diagnosis between hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients. Hepatitis B and C patients were found to vary significantly ( p < 0.001) from the control group on all subcategories of quality of life criteria. Psychiatric morbidity (mainly depression) was the major variable on lowering HRQL ( p = 0.000).

Conclusions:

Chronic hepatitis B and C patients presented a high rate of psychiatric disorder. HRQL was significantly decreased in patients with psychiatric morbidity.
Globalization and the Welfare State in Developing Countries
Authors: Yoon Jungkeun
Published: August 2009

Most of the existing studies of the welfare state have dealt with OECD countries. Moreover, these studies have focused on government partisanship (left versus right), or institutional features under democracy, as primary causal variables. By providing four primary causal mechanisms (the power of popularly based parties, labor strength, democracy, and political instability) that are different from those of OECD countries, I answer the question of whether and why the efficiency or compensation hypothesis holds for developing countries. I show that either the efficiency or compensation thesis can hold for developing countries depending on the type of globalization with which popularly based governments interact.
Reforming Defense Procurement: Lessons from France
Authors: Kapstein Ethan B. , Oudot Jean-Michel
Published: August 2009

Is it possible to generate more efficient outcomes with respect to public procurement in general and defense acquisition in particular? Or are cost overruns inevitable when it comes to major engineering projects, like the development of modern weaponry? In this article, we draw on a unique data set of nearly 50 French armaments contracts in order to examine how one government has reformed its defense acquisition process over the past twenty years. Beginning in the early 1990s, France embarked on a series of policy reforms that enabled the state to contain skyrocketing weapons costs. We emphasize three, inter-related aspects of the defense acquisition environment in France that favored cost containment: first, hard budget constraints; second, the great technical capacity that the French government brought to bear on the weapons acquisition process, coupled with its iterative relationship with a small number of suppliers; and third, the use of contracting techniques that empowered project managers.
Walmart and Values: Painting the Town Red?
Authors: Carden Art , Courtemanche Charles , Meiners Jeremy
Published: August 2009

This essay explores the relationship between commerce and culture in the context of the recent debate over the social effect of Wal-Mart. In spite of much public debate, little is known about how Wal-Mart affects values. Using data collected from multiple sources, we show there is little evidence that Wal-Mart makes communities more conservative or more progressive.
Multilateralism and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Lawton Thomas C. , Lindeque Johan P. , McGuire Steven M.
Published: August 2009

How do multilateral institutions influence the strategic choices and actions of international managers? This paper addresses the question by exploring the impact of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) decision-making process on multinational enterprises (MNEs). We discuss the three phases of the WTO decision-making lifecycle - the formulation of trade rules, the implementation of those rules, and the enforcement of the rules – and propose a strategic adjustment framework for understanding how companies alter their strategies and structures in response to the WTO's rules and operations. We argue that the increased relevance of multilateral rules and enforcement mechanisms – embodied in the WTO - is an important influence on MNE strategies and structures because of the increasing embeddedness of the WTO in national levels of regulation. We illustrate this through examples taken from the pharmaceutical, textiles and sugar industries sectors that have witnessed substantial multilateral regulation.
Treatment with TNF-α and IFN-γ alters the activation of SER/THR protein kinases and the metabolic response to IGF-I in mouse c2c12 myogenic cells
Authors: Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk Katarzyna , Wieteska-Skrzeczyńska Wioletta
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ on the activation of protein kinase B (PKB), p70S6k, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p90rsk, and on IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and protein synthesis in mouse C2C12 myotubes. 100 nmol/l IGF-I stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes by 198.1% and 10 ng/ml TNF-α abolished this effect. Glucose uptake in cells differentiated in the presence of 10 ng/ml IFN-γ increased by 167.2% but did not undergo significant further modification upon the addition of IGF-I. IGF-I increased the rate of protein synthesis by 249.8%. Neither TNF-α nor IFN-γ influenced basal protein synthesis, but both cytokines prevented the IGF-I effect. 10 ng/ml IL-1β did not modify either the basal or IGF-I-dependent glucose uptake and protein synthesis. With the exception of TNF-α causing an 18% decrease in the level of PKB protein, the cellular levels of PKB, p70S6k, p42MAPK, p44MAPK and p90rsk were not affected by the cytokines. IGF-I caused the phosphorylation of PKB (an approximate 8-fold increase above the basal value after 40 min of IGF-I treatment), p42MAPK (a 2.81-fold increase after 50 min), and the activation of p70S6k and p90rsk, manifesting as gel mobility retardation. In cells differentiated in the presence of TNF-α or IFN-γ, this IGF-I-mediated PKB and p70S6k phosphorylation was significantly diminished, and the increase in p42MAPK and p90rsk phosphorylation was prevented. The basal p42MAPK phosphorylation in C2C12 cells treated with IFN-γ was high and comparable with the activation of this kinase by IGF-I. Pretreatment of myogenic cells with IL-1β did not modify the IGF-I-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB, p70S6k, p42MAPK and p90rsk. In conclusion: i) TNF-α and IFN-γ, but not IL-1β, if present in the extracellular environment during C2C12 myoblast differentiation, prevent the stimulatory action of IGF-I on protein synthesis. ii) TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced IGF-I resistance of protein synthesis could be associated with the decreased phosphorylation of PKB and p70S6k. iii) The activation of glucose uptake in C2C12 myogenic cells treated with IFN-γ is PKB independent. iv) The similar effects of TNF-α and IFN-γ on the signalling and action of IGF-I on protein synthesis in myogenic cells could suggest the involvement of both of these cytokines in protein loss in skeletal muscle.
Application of the PTT Model for Capillary Extrusion of Rubber Compounds
Authors: Choi S. H. , Lyu M.-Y.
Published: August 2009

Rubber compounds have high viscoelastic property. One of the viscoelastic behaviors shown in profile extrusion is an extrudate swell and circulation flow at the corner of inside of die. Application of viscoelastic model to a capillary extrusion has been investigated in this study. Experiments and simulations have been performed using Fluidity Tester and commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Polyflow respectively. Die swell of rubber compounds in a capillary die were predicted using a non-linear differential viscoelastic model, Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) model for various relaxation times and relaxation modes. As relaxation time and number of relaxation mode increase, die swell increases. The results of simulations were compared with the experiment. Pressure and velocity distributions, and circulation flows at the corner of reservoir have been analyzed through computer simulation. Two and three relaxation modes with large range of relaxation time examined in this study showed good agreement with experimental results of die swell and well represented circulation flow at the corner of reservoir in the capillary die.
Response of malignant scalp dermatofibrosarcoma to presurgical targeted growth factor inhibition
Authors: Mattox Austin K. , Mehta Ankit I. , Grossi Peter M. , Cummings Thomas J. , Adamson D. Cory
Published: August 2009

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon, locally aggressive, malignant cutaneous tumor that sparingly presents on the scalp. Dermatofibrosarcomas often result from the formation of a fusion oncogene on translocated or supernumerary ring chromosomes 17 and 22, causing the overexpression of PDGFRβ driven by the COL1A1 promoter. Because of uncertainty surrounding appropriate treatment of aggressive scalp DFSP, the authors performed an extensive review of the available data from a MEDLINE (Ovid) search to describe the clinical presentation and treatment options for this rare tumor. Their search identified 39 different cases, including the illustrative case presented in this study.

Adjuvant therapy for this malignant lesion is not universally established in the literature. In the present case, the authors successfully treated a locally invasive scalp DFSP with presurgical therapy that specifically inhibited the PDGFβ receptor. Imatinib significantly shrank the DFSP tumor mass, reduced hypervascularity, reduced metabolic activity on PET scanning, and permitted a safe gross-total resection. Although wide excision and Mohs micrographic surgery remain the standard surgical treatments for DFSP, the authors illustrate that presurgical chemotherapeutic treatment by imatinib provides a critical adjunct to traditional therapy.
Safety of magnetic resonance imaging of deep brain stimulator systems: a serial imaging and clinical retrospective study
Authors: Chhabra Vaninder , Sung Edward , Mewes Klaus , Bakay Roy A. E. , Abosch Aviva , Gross Robert E.
Published: August 2009

Object

With the expanding indications and increasing number of patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS), postoperative MR imaging is becoming even more important in guiding clinical care and practice-based learning; important safety concerns have recently emerged, however. Although phantom model studies have driven conservative recommendations regarding imaging parameters, highlighted by 2 recent reports describing adverse neurological events associated with MR imaging in patients with implanted DBS systems, the risks of MR imaging in such patients in clinical practice has not been well addressed. In this study, the authors capitalized on their large experience with serial MR imaging (3 times per patient) to use MR imaging itself and clinical outcomes to examine the safety of MR imaging in patients who underwent staged implantation of DBS electrodes for Parkinson disease, tremor, and dystonia.

Methods

Sixty-four patients underwent staged bilateral lead implantations between 1997 and 2006, and each patient underwent 3 separate MR imaging sessions subsequent to DBS placement. The first of these was performed after the first DBS placement, the second occurred prior to the second DBS placement, and third was after the second DBS placement. Follow-up was conducted to examine adverse events related either to MR imaging or to DBS-induced injury.

Results

One hundred and ninety-two MR images were obtained, and the mean follow-up time was 3.67 years. The average time between the first and second, and second and third MR imaging sessions was 19.4 months and 14.7 hours, respectively. Twenty-two MR imaging–detected new findings of hemorrhage were documented. However, all new findings were related to acute DBS insertion, whereas there were no new findings after imaging of the chronically implanted electrode.

Conclusions

Although potential risks of MR imaging in patients undergoing DBS may be linked to excessive heating, induced electrical currents, disruption of the normal operation of the device, and/or magnetic field interactions, MR imaging can be performed safely in these patients and provides useful information on DBS lead location to inform patient-specific programming and practice-based learning.
Onset of symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring emergency cerebrospinal fluid diversion following high-voltage electrical burn injury
Authors: Ackerman Laurie L. , Ryken Timothy C. , Kealey G. Patrick , Traynelis Vincent C.
Published: August 2009

High-voltage electrical injuries have been reported to cause a plethora of neurological complications including cognitive, motor, and sensory deficits in an immediate or delayed fashion. In this setting, new-onset symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring CSF shunt placement has not been described. The authors present the case of an 18-year-old man who sustained a high-voltage electrical injury with a calvarial contact point that required emergency CSF diversion within hours of injury and subsequently required placement of a lumboperitoneal shunt. Management of the open calvarial wound, which required rotational flap reconstruction, and the need for ongoing CSF diversion required care and a team approach.
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System Mirena: An Update
Authors: Siddiqui Maruf , Hossain Fawzia , Banu Lailaa
Published: August 2009

Mirena is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Apart from being a reliable contraception, Mirena is now widely indicated for its non contraceptive benefits which include treatment of menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual symptoms, fibroids, adenomyosis, endometriosis etc. It is now used even for hormone replacement therapy. This review article tries to explore different aspects of Mirena for treatment of menorrhagia compared to other available methods based on recent trials.   doi: 10.3329/bjog.v23i1.3054   Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2008; Vol. 23(1) : 25-31
International News: Vol.23(1)
Authors: Begum Firoza
Published: August 2009

doi: 10.3329/bjog.v23i1.3059   Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2008; Vol. 23(1) : 42-43
Chronic Disease Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Whose Business Is It?
Authors: Bischoff Alexander , Ekoe Tetanye , Perone Nicolas , Slama Slim , Loutan Louis
Published: August 2009

Public health specialists and clinicians alike agree that Humanity faces a global pandemic of chronic diseases in the 21st century. In this article we discuss the implications of this pandemic on another global issue, the health workforce. Because both issues are particularly acute in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), we will focus on this region and use Cameroon as a case in point. We first gauge the epidemic of chronic conditions in SSA. We then discuss the implications of chronic conditions for the reshaping of health systems and the health workforce. We conclude by making a strong case for the building up and strengthening the health workforce, insisting on the crucial role of nurses, their training, and involvement in chronic disease management.
Animal Nutrition and Lipids in Animal Products and Their Contribution to Human Intake and Health
Authors: Givens Ian
Published: August 2009

Few EU countries meet targets for saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake. Dairy products usually represent the single largest source of SFA, yet evidence indicates that milk has cardioprotective properties. Options for replacing some of the SFA in milk fat with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) through alteration of the cow’s diet are examined. Also, few people achieve minimum recommended intakes (~450–500 mg/d) of the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of EPA+DHA in poultry meat via bird nutrition is described and how this would impact on habitual intake is discussed.
Operational Ship Monitoring System Based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing
Authors: Margarit Gerard , Barba Milanés José   A. , Tabasco Antonio
Published: August 2009

This paper presents a Ship Monitoring System (SIMONS) working with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. It is able to infer ship detection and classification information, and merge the results with other input channels, such as polls from the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Two main stages can be identified, namely: SAR processing and data dissemination. The former has three independent modules, which are related to Coastline Detection (CD), Ship Detection (SD) and Ship Classification (SC). The later is solved via an advanced web interface, which is compliant with the OpenSource standards fixed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). SIMONS has been designed to be a modular, unsupervised and reliable system that meets Near-Real Time (NRT) delivery requirements. From data ingestion to product delivery, the processing chain is fully automatic accepting ERS and ENVISAT formats. SIMONS has been developed by GMV Aerospace, S.A. with three main goals, namely: 1) To limit the dependence on the ancillary information provided by systems such as AIS. 2) To achieve the maximum level of automatism and restrict human manipulation. 3) To limit the error sources and their propagation. Spanish authorities have validated SIMONS. The results have been satisfactory and have confirmed that the system is useful for improving decision making. For single-polarimetric images with a resolution of 30 m, SIMONS permits the location of ships larger than 40 m with a classification ratio around 50% of positive matches. These values are expected to be improved with SAR data from new sensors. In the paper, the performance of SD and SC modules is assessed by cross-check of SAR data with AIS reports.
U.S. Demand for Organic and Conventional Fresh Fruits: The Roles of Income and Price
Authors: Lin Biing-Hwan , Yen Steven  T. , Huang Chung  L. , Smith Travis  A.
Published: August 2009

Using retail purchase data reported by Nielsen’s Homescan panel this study investigates the U.S. demand for organic and conventional fresh fruits. The study fills an important research void by estimating the much needed income and price elasticities for organic and conventional fruits utilizing a censored demand approach. Household income is found to affect organic fruit consumption. Consumers are more responsive to price of organic fruits than to price of conventional fruits. Cross-price effects suggest that a change in relative prices will more likely induce consumers to “cross-over” from buying conventional fruits to buying organic fruits, while it is less likely that organic consumers will “revert” to buying conventional fruits.
Water: An International and Interdisciplinary Scientific Open Access Journal
Authors: Bridgeman John
Published: August 2009

That water is the world's most precious natural resource cannot be in doubt. Increasing demands for water due to growing population, increasing urbanization and industrial development exemplify its vital role in human life. Water touches us all, from the commercial private sector which either generates or uses the product potable water; through national and international government agencies (policy makers and regulators who attempt to maintain and improve our environment, whilst also making provision for the effective and safe treatment and distribution of potable water, and the collection, treatment discharge of our wastewater); to the general public whose lives depend upon the availability of sufficient quality and quantity. [...]
Limited flooding tolerance of juveniles restricts the distribution of adults in an understory shrub (Itea virginica; Iteaceae)
Authors: Anderson Jill T. , Landi Alicia A. , Marks Peter L.
Published: August 2009

Juvenile plants often have tight microhabitat associations because of specific requirements for seed germination and subsequent establishment. Due to their larger size, adults may be more adept at coping with stress. However, few studies consider the role of ontogeny in structuring plant populations, even though phenotypic expression can change through life history. In cypress–tupelo swamps of the United States, understory species often grow on microsites above floodwaters. In a field survey of one such species,Itea virginica, we found that more than 98% of seedlings occurred on elevated microsites, which were relatively infrequent. However, this strict association relaxed through ontogeny, with nearly 8% of subadults and adults rooted directly on the forest floor. We hypothesized that flooding inhibits juvenile establishment on the forest floor. In greenhouse experiments, we investigated the effects of flooding and substrate onIteaperformance. Seeds had similar germination rates on drained swamp soil and cypress knee wood. Seedling growth was high on unflooded soil, but declined precipitously when submerged. Finally, performance of seedlings, but not older plants, decreased with flood severity. Our results highlight the importance of assessing stress tolerance over multiple life history stages because limitations of juveniles can constrain the distribution patterns of future ontogenetic stages.
Seed fertilization, development, and germination in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Implications for endosperm evolution in early angiosperms
Authors: Rudall Paula J. , Eldridge Tilly , Tratt Julia , Ramsay Margaret M. , Tuckett Renee E. , Smith Selena Y. , Collinson Margaret E. , Remizowa Margarita V. , Sokoloff Dmitry D.
Published: August 2009

New data on endosperm development in the early‐divergent angiosperm Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) indicate that double fertilization results in formation of cellularized micropylar and unicellular chalazal domains with contrasting ontogenetic trajectories, as in waterlilies. The micropylar domain ultimately forms the cellular endosperm in the dispersed seed. The chalazal domain forms a single‐celled haustorium with a large nucleus; this haustorium ultimately degenerates to form a space in the dispersed seed, similar to the chalazal endosperm haustorium of waterlilies. The endosperm condition in Trithuria and waterlilies resembles the helobial condition that characterizes some monocots, but contrasts with Amborella and Illicium, in which most of the mature endosperm is formed from the chalazal domain. The precise location of the primary endosperm nucleus governs the relative sizes of the chalazal and micropylar domains, but not their subsequent developmental trajectories. The unusual tissue layer surrounding the bilobed cotyledonary sheath in seedlings of some species of Trithuria is a belt of persistent endosperm, comparable with that of some other early‐divergent angiosperms with a well‐developed perisperm, such as Saururaceae and Piperaceae. The endosperm of Trithuria is limited in size and storage capacity but relatively persistent.
Implementation of the 6-Week Educational Component in the Res-Care Intervention: Process and Outcomes
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Cayo Jeanne , Galik Elizabeth , Pretzer-Aboff Ingrid
Published: August 2009

A 6-week restorative care educational program (30 minutes weekly) was conducted for nursing assistants. A total of 523 nursing assistants from 12 nursing homes were recruited: 265 were at treatment sites and 258 were at control sites. The mean age of the participants was 38.1 years (
SD
= 12.0). The majority were female (486; 93%) and African American (466; 89%). The nursing assistants had an average of 14.7 (
SD
= 3.8) years of education and 11.5 (
SD
= 8.6) years of experience. Control sites had a single 30-minute in-service on managing behavioral problems commonly associated with dementia. A total of 33% of the nursing assistants who consented to participate at the treatment sites attended all six classes, and 53% of those who did not attend at least three classes received one-on-one review of the class content. Overall, 86% of the nursing assistants who consented to participate attended the 6-week educational program. At the control sites, 18% of the nursing assistants who consented to participate attended the in-service training. There was a significant increase in restorative care knowledge (
SD
= 2.7,
F
= 280.4,
p
< .05) in treatment group participants. The techniques used in this intervention were effective in helping to expose nursing assistants to educational sessions and increase their knowledge of nursing care practices.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(8):353–360.
Lessons Learned While Conducting a Clinical Trial to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice: The Neophyte Researcher Experience
Authors: Brim Carla B. , Schoonover Heather D.
Published: August 2009

Health care is incredibly complex. Now, more than ever, health care providers are being called on to deliver care that is based on evidence and is consistent with current professional knowledge. Educators often struggle to find time when staff are available to participate in scheduled education. The work of nursing staff is to provide patient care. This article describes the journey of neophyte researchers who conducted a clinical trial as a strategy to implement evidence-based practice. Although educational opportunities for the staff were included as part of the trial, there were also many challenges applicable to the neophyte researcher role. Those challenges included the participants' neophyte knowledge and perception of the research process, vendor relationships, data collection methods, staff perceptions, and the culture of the institution itself.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(8):380–384.
Where Do We Go Wrong in Assessing Risk Factors, Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests?: The Problems of Two-by-two Association
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Gibbons Robert D.
Published: August 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Review two-by-two contingency tables.

2.

Express methods for assessing the strength of association between two binary variables.

3.

Explain design, sampling, and estimation issues in assessing risk, prognostic, and diagnostic factors.
Therapies for Pediatric Seborrheic Dermatitis
Authors: Poindexter Gabriele B. , Burkhart Craig N. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: August 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Describe the typical presentation of seborrheic dermatitis in infants and children.

2.

Restate the proposed etiology of seborrheic dermatitis.

3.

Recognize the different medications available for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and when it is best to use them.
Quality of Life Associated with Adult Day Centers
Authors: Molzahn Anita E. , Gallagher Elaine , McNulty Vicki
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this study was to describe the quality of life (QOL) of current adult day center (ADC) clients and their family caregivers in one region of Canada. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 ADC clients and 10 caregivers. Data analysis used a modified constant comparative method. The major categories relating to QOL that emerged in the analysis included Physical Health and Well-Being, Social Networks/Relationships, Aging in Place, Safety, Respite, Activation, Respect and Inclusion, and Adequate Health Care Services. These themes are consistent with those of other studies of QOL of older adults. It was evident that ADCs played an important role in maintaining and improving the QOL of both the older adults and caregivers participating in this study.
Home Again: Small Houses for Individuals with Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Rabig Jude
Published: August 2009

The small house model of elder care emphasizes deinstitutionalization as a strategy to reduce the negative outcomes associated with nursing home care. The small house changes the philosophy, architecture, and organizational design of the institution and has been associated with higher quality of life and good quality of care. The intended benefits to individuals with cognitive impairment include better staff understanding of dementia care, improved physical environment, and safe, familiar patterns of everyday living. Initial research has been conducted, and additional research is underway to determine whether the outcomes match the intentions.
Psychotic Events in Alzheimer's Disease: Application of the PLST Model
Authors: Lindsey Pamela L. , Buckwalter Kathleen C.
Published: August 2009

This article focuses on a review of the literature related to the known prevalence of psychotic events in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and associated aggressive, violent behavior toward family caregivers. It also describes the impact of behavioral disturbances on family caregivers and how use of the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold model and nonpharmacological interventions cited in the literature can help manage these behaviors. Geriatric nurses armed with this information will be better prepared to provide caregivers with much-needed education to better understand psychotic events, as well as strategies to cope with associated behaviors.