bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fas promoter polymorphisms: genetic predisposition to sarcoidosis in African‐Americans
Authors: Wasfi Y. S. , Silveira L. J. , Jonth A. , Hokanson J. E. , Fingerlin T. , Sato H. , Parsons C. E. , Lympany P. , Welsh K. , Du Bois R. M. , Newman L. S. , Maier L. A. ,   the ACCESS Research Group
Published: June 2008

Apoptosis may perpetuate some forms of inflammation. Of the apoptotic pathway proteins, Fas is particularly overexpressed in sarcoidosis. We hypothesized that Fas promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to the development and severity of sarcoidosis. Associations of known Fas promoter SNPs (−670, −690 and −1377) and deduced haplotypes with sarcoidosis and sarcoidosis severity were evaluated using matched case–control (n = 656 pairs) and case–comparison (n = 656) studies, respectively, using conditional logistic regression. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was confirmed for all three polymorphisms in African‐Americans (AA), and for the −670 and −1377 in whites. Genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between whites and AA. Race‐stratified analysis revealed that a common haplotype, −1377G/−690T/−670G, was associated with sarcoidosis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, P = 0.05] only in AA. The haplotype −1377G/−690C/−670A was negatively associated with sarcoidosis (OR = 0.39, P = 0.03) only in AA. In conclusion, the consistency of these findings suggests that Fas promoter genetic variants may be related to sarcoidosis disease risk in AA.
A novel HLA‐DRB1*135002 allele was identified in a cord blood donor
Authors: Yan L.‐X. , Zhu F.‐M. , He Y.‐M.
Published: June 2008

We report here the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen‐DRB1*135002 allele that was detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing.
Novel alleles at the HLA‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 loci
Authors: Lazaro A. M. , Xiao Y. , Masaberg C. , Lebeck L. , Ng J. , Hurley C. K. , Posch P. E.
Published: June 2008

Twelve novel human leukocyte antigen class II alleles are described; eight DRB1 alleles and four DQB1 alleles. Nine of the variants are single nucleotide substitutions from their most homologous allele, of which six result in amino acid changes (DRB1*0459, *1156 and *1522; DQB1*0205, *0320 and *0321) and three are silent substitutions (DRB1*030105 and *040304, and DQB1*030104). The remaining alleles (DRB1*0906, *1464 and *1468) differ from their most similar alleles by two to three nucleotide substitutions which alter one to two amino acids.
Reproductive compensation
Authors: GOWATY PATRICIA ADAIR
Published: June 2008

The reproductive compensation hypothesis says that individuals constrained by ecological or social forces to reproduce with partners they do not prefer compensate for likely offspring viability deficits. The reproductive compensation hypothesis assumes that (i) pathogens and parasites evolve more rapidly than their hosts, (ii) mate preferences predict variation in health and viability of offspring, (iii) social and ecological factors keep some individuals from mating with their preferred partners (some are constrained to mate with partners they do not prefer), (iv) all individuals may be induced to compensate, so that (v) variation in compensation is due to environmental and developmental factors affecting between‐individual abilities to express compensatory mechanisms. Selection favouring compensation may act through variation in prezygotic physiological mechanisms, zygotic mechanisms, or parental care to eggs or young that enhance offspring health, increasing the likelihood that some offspring survive to reproductive age, often at a survival cost to the parents. Compensation may be through increased number of eggs laid or offspring born, a compensatory effort working during a single reproductive bout that sometimes will match the number of offspring surviving to reproductive age produced by unconstrained parents during the same bout. The reproductive compensation hypothesis therefore predicts trade‐offs in components of fitness for breeders, such that parents constrained to mating with a nonpreferred partner, but who compensate sometimes match their current productivity (number of offspring at reproductive age) to unconstrained parents (those breeding with their preferred partners), and, when all else is equal, die faster than unconstrained parents. The reproductive compensation hypothesis emphasizes that reproductive competition is not just between constrained and unconstrained individuals, but also among constrained individuals who do and do not compensate. The reproductive compensation hypothesis may thus explain previously unexplained between‐population and within‐population, between‐individual variation in reproductive success, survival, physiology and behaviour.
Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA from children patients with acute and fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology in Vietnam: Genomic characterization of Vietnamese HAV strain
Authors: Hoang Phuc Le , Trong Khanh Huu , Tran Tung Thanh , Huy Tran Thien Tuan , Abe Kenji
Published: June 2008

Background: Although it is thought that Vietnam is a high endemic region of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, there is no report on genomic characterization of HAV spread in Vietnam. The purpose of the present paper was therefore to identify various virus infections from 33 children with acute or fulminant hepatitis of unknown etiology admitted to Children’s Hospital No.1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Methods: Anti‐HAV IgM and IgG were assayed by ELISA. Viral RNA and DNA were determined by PCR method. HAV genes isolated by PCR were sequenced and characterized by phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Anti‐HAV IgM was detected in 18 of 26 acute hepatitis (69.2%) and one of seven (14.3%) fulminant hepatitis patients. Furthermore, HAV‐RNA in serum was identified in five of 26 acute (19.2%) and two of seven (28.6%) fulminant hepatitis patients, respectively, on nested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Among the seven HAV‐RNA‐positive patients tested, two (28.6%) were negative for anti‐HAV IgM. We also obtained seven isolates containing the HAV genome with the viral protein 1 (VP1) region sequence. All Vietnamese HAV isolates formed a cluster and belonged to genotype IA according to phylogenetic analysis based on the short sequences of VP1‐2A junction region.

Conclusion: HAV is an important agent with regard to fulminant hepatitis among children in Vietnam. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report on Vietnamese HAV strain confirmed on sequencing.
Neurological presentations of conversion disorders in a group of Singapore children
Authors: Teo Wan‐yee , Choong Chew‐Thye
Published: June 2008

Background:Neurological presentations of conversion disorders in children are not uncommon. Conversion disorders mimicking neurological conditions constitute a group of underdiagnosed conditions.

Methods:This was a retrospective study of 13 children with neurological presentations of conversion disorders who were admitted to hospital. Patients were followed for 1–4 years.

Results:Paralysis was the most common neurological symptom, patients presented with multiple, complex conversion symptoms and other neurological symptoms such as seizures and headache. The affected children underwent complete physical, neurological examination and psychological evaluation. Investigations included blood tests, cranial imaging and electroencephalography. Most common external environmental factors detected were school stress and change in family situation. Five of 13 patients had family members who were reported to have medical conditions with presentations similar to patients’ neurological and psychological problem. All the patients were admitted, five patients required multiple admissions. Ten patients eventually had good outcome in terms of academic grades and social functioning.

Conclusion:Diagnosis of conversion disorders mimicking neurological conditions can be challenging. There is a need to heighten awareness of this entity for early recognition and diagnosis. Awareness of this entity coupled with a high index of suspicion can facilitate accurate and earlier diagnosis.
Birth size effect on pulmonary functions and atopic sensitization in preadolescence
Authors: Bostanci İlknur , Dilli Dilek , Dallar Yıldiz
Published: June 2008

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to examine whether low birth size is associated with reduced pulmonary function and increased atopic sensitization in preadolescence.

Methods: A cohort of 25 small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants and an age‐ and sex‐matched comparison group of 29 appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) infants born in 1993/94 were studied in preadolescence. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow when 25–75% of FVC is expired (FEF25–75%) were measured using a spirometer. Atopic sensitization was assessed on serum total IgE levels and skin prick tests (SPT) to common allergens.

Results: There were positive correlations among FEV1 (r = 0.30, P = 0.001), FVC (r = 0.20, P = 0.03), and FEF25–75% (r = 0.5, P = 0.001) and ponderal index (PI), although the FEV1/FVC ratio was not correlated with birth size. Mean value of serum total IgE was higher in SGA (106.0 ± 73.4 IU/mL) than AGA children (71.4 ± 67.1 IU/mL; P = 0.02). PI under 10th centile was associated with high IgE levels (P = 0.04, odds ratio, 3.2; 95%CI: 1.0–9.8). The overall prevalence of atopy was 14.8% and there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: Preadolescents who were born SGA with low birth size compared to controls had reduced pulmonary function. In preadolescence the prevalence of atopy is not higher in SGA than AGA children, although low PI at birth is associated with high IgE levels. Further follow up of this cohort is required to establish the pattern of pulmonary functions and atopic sensitizations in relation to birth size.
Investigation of age‐related developmental differences of button ability
Authors: Ohtoshi Taro , Muraki Toshiaki , Takada Satoshi
Published: June 2008

Background: There is little standardized information on simple and easy‐to‐use evaluation of fine motor skills in disabled children. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between unbuttoning and buttoning ability and age and sex difference.

Methods: One hundred and forty‐four children (63 boys and 81 girls; age range, 36–83 months) and 14 young adults took part in the present study. The children were categorized into four groups according to age. Every subject went to nursery school and/or kindergarten. On the basis of Montessori education system, unbuttoning and buttoning were performed. The time from beginning to end was measured individually. All the participants were instructed to do the task in the same way.

Results: The mean time required for unbuttoning activity was decreased until 4 years old, while that for buttoning was also reduced until 5 years old, respectively. There were no significant differences between boys and girls except in unbuttoning activity at the age of 3 years.

Conclusion: More attention should be paid to unbuttoning and buttoning activities in children. It might be a simple and easy‐to‐use evaluation method in the clinical setting.
Visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in children with headache
Authors: Unay Bulent , Ulas Umit Hidir , Karaoglu Baki , Eroglu Erdal , Akin Ridvan , Gokcay Erdal
Published: June 2008

Background: Headache is a common problem in the pediatric population. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate visual evoked potentials (VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in children with headache.

Methods: Thirty‐seven children fulfilling the International Headache Society Criteria for a diagnosis of migraine, 35 children with tension‐type headache and 40 healthy children (control group) were enrolled in the study.

Results: The mean age of patients and controls was 10.4 years. P100 latency and amplitudes of migraine patients were significantly higher than children with tension‐type headache and control subjects. Children with tension‐type headache also had higher P100 latency and amplitude values than control subjects but there was no statistical difference. BAEP responses were similar between all groups.

Conclusion: Measurement of VEP latency and amplitude is a valuable and reliable test for the diagnosis of migraine and can be used safely in childhood.
Estimation of fracture toughness using miniature chevron‐notched specimens
Authors: SARKAR R. , RAY K. K.
Published: June 2008

An approach for determining fracture toughness of materials using miniature chevron‐notched specimens is reported here for the first time. An outline of the principle and the experimental procedure for the test is depicted using results generated on eutectoid steel. Fracture toughness values of soft annealed and fully annealed eutectoid steels with inter‐lamellar spacing 167 nm and 549 nm are found to be 76 and 56 , respectively. The estimated fracture toughness values from miniature specimens are found to be in good agreement with the ones reported for similar bulk materials.
Determining the accuracy of caudal needle placement in children: a comparison of the swoosh test and ultrasonography
Authors: RAGHUNATHAN KARTHIK , SCHWARTZ DONALD , CONNELLY NEIL ROY
Published: June 2008

Background:  The aim of the present study was to compare two confirmatory tests ‐ the ‘swoosh’ test (auscultation during caudal injection) and real time ultrasound imaging (both transverse 2D imaging and color flow Doppler imaging) in pediatric patients receiving a caudal epidural block.

Methods/Materials:  This was a retrospective observational study of caudal injections administered to 83 pediatric patients (0–11 years) presenting for elective surgery over a 4 month time period. While injecting small aliquots of local anesthetic, a standard stethoscope was placed over the lower lumbar spine to auscultate for the ‘swoosh’ test. An ultrasound machine (Sonosite Titan, Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) was then utilized for real‐time visualization of caudal injectate. Each test performed during the caudal injection (swoosh, turbulence on 2D imaging, or color flow on Doppler imaging) was recorded as positive, negative or equivocal.

Results:  Eighty out of 83 patients (96.4%) had a successful caudal block based on minimal or no perioperative narcotic use, minimal or no response to surgical stimulation, the presence of motor blockade and patient comfort in the PACU. Ultrasound was significantly superior to ‘swoosh’ for sensitivity (96.3% vs 57.5%), negative predictive (40% vs 5.6 value) % and likelihood ratio (2.89 vs 1.73). Specificity and positive predictive value were not different between ‘swoosh’ and ultrasound. Of the ultrasound tests, turbulence was more sensitive than color flow Doppler (95.0% vs 78.8%).

Conclusion:  Ultrasonography is superior to the ‘swoosh’ test as an objective confirmatory technique during caudal block placement in children. We found the presence or absence of turbulence during injection within the caudal space to be the best single indicator of caudal success. We think ultrasonography should be used, if available, when teaching this technique.
Grain aphid population structure: no effect of fungal infections in a 2‐year field study in Denmark
Authors: Jensen A. B. , Hansen L. M. , Eilenberg J.
Published: June 2008

1 Sitobion avenae (F.) is a serious pest in Danish cereal crops. To understand the population genetic structure, aphids were sampled in seven different winter wheat (Triticum sativum Lamarck) fields throughout Denmark. The aphids were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers. In total, 2075 aphids were collected and 1203 of these were genotyped.

2 The Danish S. avenae populations displayed very high genotypic diversity, high percentages of unique genotypes and low linkage disequilibria; this is likely to be a result of genetic recombination encompassed by their holocyclic lifestyle. The populations showed very limited differentiation and no sign of isolation by distance. Almost all the genetic variation was ascribed within the populations rather than between populations, probably due to a high migration rate at approximate 10% per generation.

3 Seasonal changes in clonal diversity and distribution of asexual summer generations of S. avenae within the infestation period in a single winter wheat field were followed over two consecutive years by weekly sampling from 60 plots each of 20 × 20 m. Clonal diversity was high in all samples with no dominant clonal lineages and no significant difference in the genotypic diversity between weeks or between years. However, a temporal genetic differentiation effect, throughout the infestation, suggests that selective factors or high temporal migration play an important role in shaping the genetic structure S. avenae.

4 Analyses of fungal infected and uninfected aphids were performed to test whether some clonal linage were more often infected by fungi from the Entomophthorales under field conditions. In total, 54 progeny from aphids with Entomophthorales were genotyped and compared with 422 uninfected aphid genotypes. The Entomophthorales‐infected aphid genotypes did not cluster out together, suggesting that these fungal pathogens did not affect the population differentiation or clonal distribution of S. avenae in a Danish agroecosystem.

5 Our findings indicate that S. avenae populations can be controlled using conservation biological control
Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration in diabetic hypertensive patients
Authors: Bell D. S. H. , Bakris G. L. , McGill J. B.
Published: June 2008

Context:  Vasoconstricting beta‐blocker use is associated with a reduction in HDL cholesterol, higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, whereas carvedilol, a vasodilating beta‐blocker, has not been associated with these effects.

Objective:  To compare in a randomized, double‐blind study, the effects of the beta 1‐blocker metoprolol tartrate with the combined alpha 1, beta‐blocker carvedilol on serum lipid concentrations.

Methods:  A prospective randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial compared the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on total cholesterol, triglycerides, calculated LDL, HDL and non‐HDL cholesterol levels at baseline and after 5 months of therapy as a secondary objective in the Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol‐Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensive (GEMINI) study. In this study, 1235 participants with type 2 diabetes and hypertension who were receiving renin‐angiotensin system blockers were randomized either to carvedilol, receiving 6.25–25 mg twice daily, or to metoprolol tartrate, receiving 50–200 mg twice daily. If needed, hydrochlorothiazide and a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker were added to achieve blood pressure goals.

Results:  In the metoprolol tartrate group, triglycerides and non‐HDL cholesterol increased and both the LDL and the HDL cholesterol levels decreased. In the carvedilol group, total LDL and HDL cholesterol decreased, non‐HDL cholesterol was unchanged and triglycerides increased. Comparing the carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate groups, there was no statistically significant difference in LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, but there was a significantly greater decreases with carvedilol in total cholesterol [−2.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −4.60 to −1.15, p < 0.001], triglycerides (−9.8%, 95% CI −13.7, −5.75%, p < 0.001) and non‐HDL cholesterol (−4.03%, 95% CI −6.3 to −1.8, p < 0.0006). At the end of the study, significantly more participants in the metoprolol tartrate group had had initiation of statin therapy or the statin dose increased than those in the carvedilol group (11 vs. 32%, p = 0.04).

Conclusions:  In patients with type 2 diabetes currently receiving a renin‐angiotensin blocker, compared with metoprolol tartrate, the addition of carvedilol for blood pressure control resulted in a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol levels. The use of metoprolol resulted in a significantly greater rate of initiation of statin therapy or an increase in the dose of existing statin therapy when compared with carvedilol utilization.
Effects of fat supplementation on glycaemic response and gastric emptying in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lodefalk M. , Åman J. , Bang P.
Published: June 2008

Aims  To compare the glycaemic response to meals with different fat content in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to investigate associations with gastric emptying.

Methods  In this randomized, cross‐over study, paired results were obtained from seven adolescents with T1DM who ingested on different days two meals with the same carbohydrate and protein content, but different fat and energy content (2 and 38 g fat, 320 and 640 kcal, respectively). Paracetamol was mixed into the meals and gastric emptying was estimated by the paracetamol absorption method. All subjects were normoglycaemic and given 7 IU insulin aspart at commencement of ingestion. Postprandial blood samples were taken during 4 h.

Results  The areas under the curves for plasma glucose and serum paracetamol concentrations were larger after the low‐fat than after the high‐fat meal during the first 2 h (P = 0.047 and P = 0.041, respectively). The difference between meals in time‐to‐peak in glucose and paracetamol concentrations did not reach statistical significance (high‐fat vs. low‐fat meal: 210 min (120–240) vs. 120 min (50–240), P = 0.080 and 120 min (75–180) vs. 60 min (60–120), P = 0.051, respectively). Changes in glucose concentrations correlated with simultaneous changes in paracetamol concentrations (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  For the first time, we have shown that the initial glycaemic response is reduced after a meal with higher compared with a meal with lower fat content in adolescents with T1DM given a rapid‐acting insulin analogue preprandially. The type and dose of preprandial insulin may need adjustment to the fat content of the meal to reach postprandial normoglycaemia.
The Aid Paradigm for Poverty Reduction: Does It Make Sense?
Authors: Weiss John
Published: June 2008

Thinking on economic policy for development has undergone many shifts in response to the perceived weak results of earlier adjustment reforms. A new donor consensus has emerged based around the central themes of economic growth, good governance and social development. This article examines the logic behind this new aid paradigm, revealing a nuanced story with country circumstances playing a critical role and particular interventions varying in impact. For example, growth does not always lead to gains for the poor that match the national average; public expenditure needs to be targeted to achieve social development, but effective targeting is difficult; governance reform may be critical but there is no simple governance blueprint, and the corruption‐growth association need not always be negative.
Innovations to Make Markets More Inclusive for the Poor
Authors: Mendoza Ronald U. , Thelen Nina
Published: June 2008

Market failures, government failures and some of the characteristics of both the poor and business actors as well as their environment can act as barriers preventing the poor from participating more actively in markets, both as consumers and as producers. Private actors ‐ including for‐profit and not‐for‐profit entities, often in partnership with the public sector ‐ have been able to mitigate some of these constraints through innovations that have helped to make markets more inclusive for the poor, enabling them not just to gain access, but also to participate in ways that enhance their economic empowerment and human development. This article identifies the strategies and innovations used and devises a possible typology for them.
Roads to Poverty Reduction? Exploring Rural Roads' Impact on Mobility in Africa and Asia
Authors: Bryceson Deborah Fahy , Bradbury Annabel , Bradbury Trevor
Published: June 2008

Within current poverty reduction programmes, focus on the social‐welfare millennium development goals is widening to embrace a concern with infrastructural investment, particularly for remote areas. The previously popular assumption that rural disadvantage can be remedied by road‐building is resurfacing. Using survey data from Ethiopia, Zambia and Vietnam, this article explores how effective such investment is in addressing mobility and social‐service accessibility in rural areas. The findings indicate that, in extremely remote areas, road improvements may catalyse the expansion of social‐service provision, as evidenced in Ethiopia. However, given the poor's relative lack of motor vehicles and ability to pay for public transport, they are, by no means, a sufficient condition for enhancing the mobility of the rural poor.
Identification of Persistent Cycles in Non‐Gaussian Long‐Memory Time Series
Authors: Boutahar Mohamed
Published: June 2008

Abstract.  Asymptotic distribution is derived for the least squares estimates (LSE) in the unstable AR(p) process driven by a non‐Gaussian long‐memory disturbance. The characteristic polynomial of the autoregressive process is assumed to have pairs of complex roots on the unit circle. In order to describe the limiting distribution of the LSE, two limit theorems involving long‐memory processes are established in this article. The first theorem gives the limiting distribution of the weighted sum,
image

is a non‐Gaussian long‐memory moving‐average process and (cn,k,1 ≤ k ≤ n) is a given sequence of weights; the second theorem is a functional central limit theorem for the sine and cosine Fourier transforms
image
Nematode resistance
Authors: Fuller Victoria L. , Lilley Catherine J. , Urwin Peter E.
Published: June 2008

Plant‐parasitic nematodes are major pests of both temperate and tropical agriculture. Many of the most damaging species employ an advanced parasitic strategy in which they induce redifferentiation of root cells to form specialized feeding structures able to support nematode growth and reproduction over several weeks. Current control measures, particularly in intensive agriculture systems, rely heavily on nematicides but alternative strategies are required as effective chemicals are withdrawn from use. Here, we review the different approaches that are being developed to provide resistance to a range of nematode species. Natural, R gene‐based resistance is currently exploited in traditional breeding programmes and research is ongoing to characterize the molecular basis for the observed resistant phenotypes. A number of transgenic approaches hold promise, the best described being the expression of proteinase inhibitors to disrupt nematode digestion. The application of plant‐delivered RNA interference (RNAi) to silence essential nematode genes has recently emerged as a potentially valuable resistance strategy.

Contents

Summary
27

I.
Introduction
28

II.
Root‐knot and cyst nematode parasitism
28

III.
Natural resistance genes
29

IV.
Transgenic proteinase inhibitor (PI)‐based control of plant‐parasitic nematodes
34

V.
Other anti‐nematode proteins
36

VI.
In planta RNAi to target plant‐parasitic nematodes
38

VII.
Concluding remarks
39

Acknowledgements
40

References
40
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibition prevents neuronal NMDA receptor‐stimulated arachidonic acid mobilization and prostaglandin production but not subsequent cell death
Authors: Taylor Ava L. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Uliasz Tracy F. , Hewett James A. , Hewett Sandra J.
Published: June 2008

Phospholipase A2(PLA2) enzymes encompass a superfamily of at least 13 extracellular and intracellular esterases that hydrolyze thesn‐2 fatty acyl bonds of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The purpose of this study was to characterize which phospholipase paralog regulates NMDA receptor‐mediated arachidonic acid (AA) release. Using mixed cortical cell cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes, we found that [3H]‐AA released into the extracellular medium following NMDA receptor stimulation (100 μM) increased with time and was completely prevented by the addition of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801 (10 μM) or by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Neither diacylglycerol lipase inhibition (RHC‐80267; 10 μM) nor selective inhibition of Ca2+‐independent PLA2[bromoenol lactone (BEL); 10 μM] alone had an effect on NMDA receptor‐stimulated release of [3H]‐AA. Release was prevented by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) (5 μM) and AACOCF3(1 μM), inhibitors of both cytosolic PLA2(cPLA2) and Ca2+‐independent PLA2isozymes. This inhibition effectively translated to block of NMDA‐induced prostaglandin (PG) production. An inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB 203580 (7.5 μM), also significantly reduced NMDA‐induced PG production providing suggestive evidence for the role of cPLA2α. Its involvement in release was confirmed using cultures derived from mice deficient in cPLA2α, which failed to produce PGs in response to NMDA receptor stimulation. Interestingly, neither MAFP, AACOCF3nor cultures derived from cPLA2α null mutant animals showed any protection against NMDA‐mediated neurotoxicity, indicating that inhibition of this enzyme may not be a viable protective strategy in disorders of the cortex involving over‐activation of the NMDA receptor.
Historical Geography in New Zealand, 1987–2007
Authors: Roche Michael
Published: June 2008

This article reviews historical geography in New Zealand over the period 1987 to 2007. It indicates that research in the 1980s and 1990s has filled some of the gaps identified by earlier reviewers while more recent research has used new approaches to pose new questions such as those surrounding post colonialism. A feature of historical geography research over the last 15 years has been a number of collaborative projects, most notably a national historical atlas. The future for historical geography in New Zealand arguably calls for a stronger re‐engagement with human geography.
Impact of Surgeon Selection on Access Placement and Survival Following Preoperative Mapping in the “Fistula First” Era
Authors: Choi Kenneth L. , Salman Loay , Krishnamurthy Gururaj , Mercado Carlos , Merrill Donna , Thomas Ian , Artikov Shukrat , Contreras Gabriel , Khan Rao Ali Hashim , Warda Ali , Asif Arif
Published: June 2008

According to the “Fistula First Initiative” surgeon selection should be based on best outcomes, willingness, and ability to provide access services. This analysis presents arteriovenous access placement and outcomes in 75 patients when surgery was performed by one of two dedicated high‐volume vascular access surgeons (community [surgeon I] and academic medical center [surgeon II]). Preoperative vascular mapping was performed in all the patients. Demographic characteristics were similar except that patients referred to surgeon I (n = 40) were older (52.7 ± 16.2 years vs. 45.4 ± 13.7 years; p = 0.04) and tended to have more previously failed accesses (50% vs. 29%; p = 0.06) and black race (65% vs. 43%; p = 0.055) including a history of previously failed accesses (50% for surgeon I and 29% for surgeon II; p = 0.06). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the size of forearm ([surgeon I: 2.0 ± 1.0 mm], [surgeon II: 1.9 ± 0.8 mm]; p = 0.45) or upper arm veins (cephalic vein: surgeon I = 3.2 ± 1.4 mm, surgeon II = 2.9 ± 1.2 mm, p = 0.34; basilic vein: surgeon I = 5.0 ± 1.2 mm, surgeon II = 4.7 ± 1.3 mm, p = 0.25). Fistulae placement occurred in 98% vs. 71% (p = 0.001) for surgeon I and II, respectively. Characteristics predictive of fistula placement over an arteriovenous graft were surgeon selection (odds ratio [OR] = 19.52; p = 0.01) and no history of diabetes (OR = 7.61; p = 0.016). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed 6 and 12 months overall access survival rates of 82%, 58% and 82% and 47% for surgeon I and II, respectively (p = 0.007). This analysis demonstrates that surgeon selection can have a significant impact on the rate of fistula placement and its overall survival despite similar findings on preoperative vascular mapping.
Predictors of Central Venous Catheter Use at the Initiation of Hemodialysis
Authors: Wasse Haimanot , Speckman Rebecca A. , Frankenfield Diane L. , Rocco Michael V. , McClellan William M.
Published: June 2008

Central venous catheter (CVC) use at hemodialysis (HD) initiation remains high, despite reports of CVC‐associated morbidity and mortality, and efforts at early arteriovenous fistula placement. In order to determine predictors of CVC use at the start of HD, data from the end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Project was linked to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medical Evidence (2728) Form. Of the 4071 incident hemodialysis patients in study years 1999–2003, 71.6% used a CVC at dialysis initiation. After controlling for demographic and co‐morbid variables, patients with a CVC were 24% more likely to be female (p = 0.006), and 38% more likely to have ischemic heart disease (p = 0.002), while those with obesity (BMI ≥30) were 24% less likely to start dialysis with a CVC (p = 0.006). Pre‐ESRD hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl) was associated with a twofold higher risk of CVC use (p = <0.001), while patients with pre‐ESRD anemia (hgb <11 g/dl) were 29% more likely to use a CVC at dialysis initiation (p = 0.006) compared to those with hemoglobin ≥11 g/dl. Patients receiving predialysis erythropoietin had a 41% lower odds of CVC use at dialysis initiation (p = <0.001). Finally, dialysis year was predictive of CVC use; in 2002, 76% of patients initiated dialysis with a CVC compared with 66% in 1998 (p < 0.001). Overall, female gender, ischemic heart disease, lack of obesity, factors suggesting poor pre‐ESRD care, and successive year of dialysis initiation were predictive of CVC use at hemodialysis initiation.
Discrete Toll‐like receptor agonists have differential effects on alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells
Authors: Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Roback John D. , Hillyer Christopher D. , Easley Kirk A. , Zimring James C.
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Factors influencing alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells (RBCs) are not well understood. Utilizing a murine model, we have recently reported that RBC alloimmunization is enhanced by recipient treatment with viral‐like polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). To determine whether a different subtype of inflammation also enhances RBC alloimmunization, we investigated the effects of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on alloimmunization.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Mice were treated with poly(I:C) or LPS; in select experiments, the precursor frequency of naïve antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells was increased using T cells from T‐cell receptor transgenic mice. Recipients were transfused with leukoreduced RBCs expressing the membrane‐bound hen egg lysozyme (mHEL) antigen, and alloimmunization was measured by anti‐HEL immunoglobulin G responses using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric cross‐match. Costimulatory molecule expression was examined on antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) by flow cytometry.

RESULTS: Increased expression of costimulatory molecules on APCs was seen after treatment with either poly(I:C) and LPS. In contrast to the enhancement of RBC alloimmunization observed after treatment with poly(I:C), LPS not only failed to enhance but also actively suppressed alloimmunization, even in the presence of increased mHEL‐specific CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001 LPS vs. control).

CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the regulation of RBC alloimmunization by inflammatory stimuli is complex, including enhancement by a viral‐like stimulus and suppression by a bacterial‐type stimulus. The mechanism(s) are unlikely to involve variation in the costimulatory molecules studied, because only subtle differences on APCs were observed after treatment with poly(I:C) and LPS.
Clinical and clinicopathologic effects of plateletpheresis on healthy donor dogs
Authors: Callan Mary Beth , Appleman Elizabeth H. , Shofer Frances S. , Mason Nicola J. , Brainard Benjamin M. , Groman Reid P.
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: The safety and feasibility of plateletpheresis using a commercially available apheresis system (COBE Spectra, Gambro BCT) were evaluated in donor dogs, with characterization of its clinical and clinicopathologic effects.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fourteen adult dogs (18‐27.7 kg) underwent a plateletpheresis procedure. Complete blood counts were obtained at baseline, 2 hours after apheresis, and daily for 1 week. Blood was collected every 15 minutes for acid‐base and electrolyte analysis and measurement of serum citrate concentration. Dogs were monitored by continuous electrocardiogram and indirect blood pressure measurement. All dogs received prophylactic calcium (Ca) supplementation (10% Ca gluconate infusion at 15 mL/hr [139.5 mg Ca ion/hr]; the rate was increased based on serial measurement of ionized Ca [iCa] concentration).

RESULTS: A high‐quality platelet concentrate (PC) was collected, with a mean total yield of 3.3 × 1011 platelets (PLTs). The mean donor PLT count decreased from 356 × 109 to 159 × 109 per L after apheresis. The procedure was generally well tolerated, with no evidence of hypotension. Serum citrate concentration progressively increased, causing the ionized magnesium concentration to decrease by 45 percent and iCa to decrease to less than 1 mmol per L (mean baseline, 1.2 mmol/L) in 10 dogs, despite receiving 0.9 mg of Ca ion per mL acid‐citrate‐dextrose formula A. Lip licking was noted in 3 dogs, and generalized tremors and ventricular ectopy were noted in 1 dog.

CONCLUSION: Canine plateletpheresis using the COBE Spectra is a feasible option for production of a PC. Hypocalcemia, however, is a potential serious adverse effect of plateletpheresis in dogs. Ca supplementation is recommended to limit clinical signs of hypocalcemia during the procedure.
Transfusion recipient epidemiology and outcomes research: possibilities for the future
Authors: Hillyer Christopher D. , Blumberg Neil , Glynn Simone A. , Ness Paul M. ,   for the members of the NHLBI Working Group in Transfusion Recipient Epidemiology and Outcomes Research
Published: June 2008

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) supports major research programs related to the field of transfusion medicine, which encompass blood banking, the practice of transfusion medicine itself, and cellular therapies. Specific programmatic elements have included 1) the Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Trials Network (TMH CTN) charged with conducting clinical trials in transfusion medicine and hemostasis; 2) the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study–II (REDS‐II), which includes domestic and international efforts dedicated to blood donor safety and blood availability issues; 3) the Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research (SCCOR) in Transfusion Biology and Medicine that include two major projects, the Biologic and Immunologic Aspects of Transfusion Medicine Program and the Transfusion and Lung Injury Program, and 4) the Transfusion Therapy Trial for Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip Fracture Repair (FOCUS), a Phase III clinical trial that has as its major goal to determine whether a more aggressive transfusion strategy in surgery patients with cardiovascular disease (or risk factors) is associated with improved functional recovery and decreased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. Notably, none of these programs supports epidemiologic and clinical outcomes research focused on transfusion recipients. Thus, on October 31, 2007, a Working Group on Transfusion Recipient Epidemiology and Outcomes Research was convened by the NHLBI. This group was asked to discuss the current status of the field, identify critical research needs, and make recommendations to the NHLBI program staff.
Sebaceoma of the external ear canal: an unusual location. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: El Demellawy Dina , Escott Nicholas , Salama Samih , Alowami Salem
Published: June 2008

Sebaceous neoplasms of the external ear canal are extremely rare. Only two cases of sebaceous neoplasms have been reported in the English literature, a sebaceous carcinoma and a sebaceous adenoma. We report a case of sebaceoma of the external ear canal. To the best of our knowledge, sebaceoma of the auditory canal has not been reported previously. We highlight the differential diagnosis, particularly sebaceous carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation. Awareness of the possible occurrence of sebaceoma in the auditory canal may prevent the diagnostic pitfall of misidentifying this tumor.
The effect of butyric acid on adhesion molecule expression by human gingival epithelial cells
Authors: Takigawa S. , Sugano N. , Nishihara R. , Koshi R. , Murai M. , Yoshinuma N. , Ochiai K. , Ito K.
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Short‐chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are detected in periodontal pockets and are thought to be involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. In the present study, we examined the effects of butyric acid on adhesion molecule expression by human gingival epithelial cells.

Material and methods:  The human gingival carcinoma cell line, Ca9‐22, was cultured in media that contained different concentrations of butyric acid.

Results:  Cell numbers were significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner by butyric acid at concentrations of ≥ 0.2 mm. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 mRNA was significantly increased 6 h after stimulation. By contrast, the expression levels of integrins α6 and β4 were decreased. Similar results were obtained by flow cytometry.

Conclusion:  The results of the present study indicate that butyric acid alters the expression of adhesion molecules by Ca9‐22 cells. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of butyric acid on the periodontium may help to clarify several aspects of the onset and progression of periodontal disease.
Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum‐induced interleukin‐8 expression in oral epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang G. , Chen R. , Rudney J. D.
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Oral epithelial cells may be invaded by a polymicrobial intracellular flora, including pathogens together with commensals. Various oral pathogens can induce the production of interleukin‐8, a potent neutrophil chemotractant, in oral epithelial cells. Evidence from the gut suggests that commensal species may modulate inflammatory responses to pathogens. The aim of this study was to examine the interleukin‐8 responses of oral epithelial cells to an oral pro‐inflammatory species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, in combination with an oral commensal, Streptococcus cristatus.

Material and methods:  KB, TERT‐2, TR146 and SCC15 cells were cocultured with F. nucleatum and S. cristatus, either alone or in combination, at 37°C in 5% CO2 under various conditions. The mRNA expression of interleukin‐8 was analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and protein secretion was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:  F. nucleatum alone evoked a potent interleukin‐8 response, whereas S. cristatus alone did not induce significant interleukin‐8 expression in oral epithelial cells. When present together, S. cristatus attenuated the F. nucleatum‐induced interleukin‐8 production in the four oral epithelial cell lines to varying degrees. The inhibitory effect of S. cristatus was independent of its viability and its co‐aggregation with F. nucleatum, was not related to soluble bacterial products and appeared to require bacterial contact with epithelial cells. Similar effects were seen with several other species of oral streptococci.

Conclusion:  Our data suggest that S. cristatus may exert immunomodulatory effects on the interleukin‐8 response of oral epithelial cells to F. nucleatum challenge.
Relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in young Japanese adults
Authors: Ekuni D. , Yamamoto T. , Koyama R. , Tsuneishi M. , Naito K. , Tobe K.
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Obesity has been implicated as a risk factor for several chronic health conditions. Recent studies have reported a relationship between obesity and periodontitis, but few studies have investigated this relationship in adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition (i.e. body mass index and body fat) and periodontitis in university students in Japan.

Material and methods:  Medical and oral health data were collected in a cross‐sectional examination conducted by the Health and Environment Center of Okayama University. Students aged 18–24 years (n = 618), who were interested in receiving an oral health examination, were included in the analysis. The community periodontal index was used to assess periodontal status. Subjects with a community periodontal index score of 0–2 were considered as controls and those with a community periodontal index score of > 2 were considered to have periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between body mass index and periodontitis.

Results:  The body mass index of all subjects was < 30 kg/m2. Age and body mass index were significantly associated with the community periodontal index. Logistic regression analysis revealed a 16% increased risk for periodontitis per 1‐kg/m2 increase in body mass index (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.31; p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Body mass index could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among healthy young individuals (i.e. those with a body mass index of < 30 kg/m2). It may be useful to include an evaluation of body mass index on a regular basis in university general and oral health examinations.
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induces tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 secretion, and CCL25 gene expression, in mouse primary gingival cell lines: interleukin‐6‐driven activation of CCL2
Authors: Ekhlassi S. , Scruggs L. Y. , Garza T. , Montufar‐Solis D. , Moretti A. J. , Klein J. R.
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  Porphyromonas gingivalis infection is strongly associated with periodontitis. Although P. gingivalis is known to elicit a strong inflammatory response, details of that remain fragmentary. To understand the local response to P. gingivalis, primary cell lines derived from mouse gingival tissues were exposed to P. gingivalis or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, and the production of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α was measured. CCL25 gene expression was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cells stimulated with combinations of interleukin‐6, soluble interleukin‐6 receptor and/or soluble gp130 were assayed for CCL2 and tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion.

Material and Methods:  Primary cell lines were generated from mouse gingival tissues. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine cytokine levels, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify CCL25 gene expression.

Results:  Exposure to P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide resulted in significantly elevated levels of both interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, and stimulation with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide also upregulated CCL25 gene expression. In one of three experiments, interleukin‐6 induced CCL2 secretion, whereas interleukin‐6 plus soluble interleukin‐6 receptor induced CCL2 secretion in all three experiments, suggesting that both direct interleukin‐6 signaling and interleukin‐6 trans‐signaling may be involved. However, because soluble gp130 did not inhibit trans‐signaling, and because direct stimulation of gingival cells with soluble gp130 resulted in CCL2 secretion, the possibility exists that soluble gp130 forms binary complexes with soluble interleukin‐6 receptor that promote direct interleukin‐6 stimulation.

Conclusion:  These findings define a pathway in which exposure of gingival cells to P. gingivalis induces the release of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α; interleukin‐6, in turn, induces CCL2 secretion.