bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Wage Rigidity: The European Union and United States Compared
Authors: Baddeley Michelle , Martin Ron , Tyler Peter
Published: March 2003

In recent years it has been pointed out that regional unemployment disparities are much more entrenched across member states of the European Union (E.U.) than they are in the U.S. A ‘conventional wisdom' has emerged to the effect that this difference is due in part to the greater degree of wage rigidity in E.U. regions. In this paper we explore this issue by estimating short run and long run real wage (in)flexibility for the regions in five core E.U. countries (Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) and for the U.S. states for the period 1976–1994. We find that real wage (in)flexibility varies across regions both in the E.U. and the U.S., but that, on average, regional wages are no less flexible in E.U. core regions than in U.S. states. The paper also examines some of the possible correlates ofregional variations in wage (in)flexibility.
Calculating Confidence Intervals for Regional Economic Impacts of Recreation by Bootstrapping Visitor Expenditures
Authors: English Donald B. K.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I use bootstrap procedures to develop confidence intervals for estimates of total industrial output generated per thousand tourist visits. Mean expenditures from replicated visitor expenditure data included weights to correct for response bias. Impacts were estimated with IMPLAN. Ninety percent interval endpoints were 6 to 16 percent above or below the original sample's point estimate depending on the calculation method. Due to the linearity of input‐output a shortcut method that estimates confidence interval endpoints from the distribution of mean expenditure profiles yields nearly identical results.
The Impact of Agglomeration Economies on Estimated Demand Thresholds: An Extension of Wensley and Stabler
Authors: Henderson James W. , Kelly Thomas M. , Taylor Beck A.
Published: March 2003

Central place theory predicts that geographic markets located in rural areas have lower demand thresholds, and, therefore, a higher frequency of business establishments relative to areas that are more proximate to urban centers, other things equal. Wensley and Stabler (1998) confirm this prediction using data on the location and frequency of business activities in rural Saskatchewan. We demonstrate that this relationship may not always hold true depending on the existence and magnitude of agglomeration economies. If average cost differences associated with being located in an urbanized area are sufficiently large, then the relationship between urban proximity and number of establishments may be reversed. We provide evidence of this reversal using 1996 cross‐sectional data on hospital services in Texas.
Some Further Perspectives on the Development of Applied Linguistics: AResponse to Bialystok
Authors: Brown H. Douglas
Published: March 2003

Metaphors have a way of elucidating phenomena that defy empirical description. I was pleased to see that Ellen Bialystok had borrowed one of my favorite metaphors in her description of the growth of applied linguistics over the fifty years of Language Learning's existence. Some years ago (Brown, 1978) I chose the human development metaphor to describe processes of change in the language teaching profession. With this implicit permission, let me add some of my own perspectives to what Bialystok has already offered on the development of applied linguistics in the first section of the paper.
Field Dependence as a Factor in Second Language Communicative Production
Authors: Johnson Janice , Prior Suzanne , Artuso Mariangela
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the hypothesis that a more field‐dependent cognitive style may be adaptive for certain components of second language proficiency. Native English speakers (n = 28) or students of English as a second language (ESL; n = 29) completed measures of language proficiency (formal and communicative) and field dependence–independence (FDI). Native English speakers performed better than ESL students on language measures, but not on FDI measures. As predicted, measures of FDI correlated negatively with measures of communicative production in the ESL group: A more field‐ dependent style was associated with better performance on second language communicative measures. FDI scores were not related to native English speakers' language. Results support a bipolar cognitive‐style conception of FDI. Theoretical models of the FDI construct are discussed.
Learning Disabilities and Foreign Languages: A Curriculum Approach to the Design of Inclusive Courses
Authors: Arries Jonathan F.
Published: March 2003

Most universities require 1 or 2 years of foreign language (FL) study in at least 1 program as part of their general education requirements, yet many students with learning disabilities (LDs) find it extremely difficult to complete traditional FL courses. In this paper I describe some of the salient characteristics of these learners and common pedagogical assumptions of FL faculty that may make it difficult for students with LDs to complete the FL general education requirement. I list specific strategies that, according to students with LDs that I have interviewed, address some of their needs as FL learners. I then propose a systems approach to instructional design that faculty teams could use to redesign beginning Spanish language classes in order to accommodate students with LDs. I conclude that faculty, with administrative support, can collaborate in the design of inclusive FL courses in which all students—both those with LDs and those without—can experience success.
Quebec French: A Canadian Response
Authors: Dickinson Barbara
Published: March 2003

This article is written in response to Jean‐Marie Salien's editorial, “Quebec French: Attitudes and Pedagogical Perspectives” MLJ, 82, 95–102. This article describes circumstances that have led to the general acceptance of Quebec French by teachers and students of French as a second language in Canada and corrects some of Salien's misconceptions, particularly with respect to joual. The article suggests effective ways of introducing American teachers of French and their students to Quebec French—either through traditional print materials, or through the audio and print resources of the World Wide Web.
The Role of Negative and Positive Feedback in the Second Language Acquisition of the Passé Composé and Imparfait
Authors: Ayoun Dalila
Published: March 2003

This study tests the effectiveness of written recasts versus models in the acquisition of the aspectual distinction between two past tenses in French, the passé composé and the imparfait with a pretest, repeated exposure, and posttest design. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: R (recasting: implicit negative feedback), (modeling: pre‐emptive positive evidence), and G (grammar: explicit positive evidence and negative feedback). The M and R groups read a different story with illustrations each week: (a) In the M condition, participants were shown a sentence corresponding to the illustration for 3 seconds, then were asked to answer a related question; (b) in the R condition, participants formed a sentence with given elements based on the illustration, then were exposed to the correct answer for 3 seconds; (c) the G group read traditional grammar lessons, took a short practice, and were presented with the answer key. Posttest results reveal that the R group performed significantly better than the G group but not the M group, partially supporting the hypothesis that recasting is the most effective form of feedback.
Devitt’s Realism and Truth
Authors: Cleve James Van
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Michael Devitt, Realism and Truth
A Structured Light System For Measuring Wounds
Authors: Plassmann P. , Jones B. F. , Ring E. F. J.
Published: March 2003

The lack of an accepted method of accurate and objective measurement of wound dimensions is a major obstacle to the assessment of effective wound management regimes. This paper addresses the problems associated with wound measurements and introduces a new instrument based on the principle of coded structured light. The instrument projects a sequence of parallel stripes of light onto the surface of the lesion. These patterns are observed by a video camera which is linked to a computer system where the images can be stored and processed. Using the positions of the focal points of the camera and the stripe projector, the computer calculates a three dimensional map of the observed scene by triangulation. This map is then used to reconstruct the original, healthy skin surface by cubic spline interpolation. The area of the reconstructed surface is the area of the wound. Its volume is sandwiched between the measured and the reconstructed surface. The system also calculates the depth and the circumference of the wound. The instrument measures the volume of the wound with a precision of about 5 per cent provided that the ratio of volume to area is greater than 4 mm.
Mapping Towards the 21st Century
Authors: Waterman J. B.
Published: March 2003

Communication between the photogrammetrist and the land surveyor is essential for the overall success of a large scale mapping project, but each will have individual responsibility for specific stages of the project. Liaison is also required to achieve the maximum accuracy for heighting. Other interface areas between photogrammetry and surveying include the use of scanned images, airborne GPS and the development of the GIS market. The author emphasizes that co‐operation will be vital for 21st century mapping, not only between technical disciplines, but also between the commercial, government and academic sectors of the mapping industry.
Space Intersection From Ers‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Images
Authors: Chen P. H. , Dowman I. J.
Published: March 2003

derivation of spatial data from European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS‐1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery is briefly described in this paper. A rigorous algorithm for space intersection applied in different geometric configurations and combinations, including the “same‐side” image pair and the “opposite‐side” pair, is illustrated. A simple error model is proposed by the authors to validate the error from different radargrammetric configurations. The experimental results show the possibilities and the limitations of obtaining three dimensional information from spaceborne SAR imagery with or without using ground control points. At the present stage, as a supplementary role in space cartography, the ERS‐1 SAR imagery not only provides a new way to see the earth through clouds but also makes available an alternative tool to map the planet.
Multiplotting With Images from the Kodak DCS420 Digital Camera
Authors: Warner W. S. , Slaattelid B. R.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the potential of a digital camera to produce multiple images suitable for plotting. The objective was to build a three dimensional database by linking triangulated images from a Kodak DCS420 digital camera with a computer aided measurement system. The system then supplied X, Y, Z data from x, y image co‐ordinates captured off two or more images. Relative accuracy in object space was around 1;50 000.
Digital Photogrammetry for Automatic Close Range Measurement of Textureless and Featureless Objects
Authors: Singh R. , Chapman D. P. , Atkinson K. B.
Published: March 2003

Diffraction grating based simultaneous projection of a large number of distinct and circular laser dots was adopted to solve correspondence and accuracy problems during automatic three dimensional measurement of a textureless and featureless object at close range. After rigid placement of the projector over the telescope of a geodimeter, accurate calibration and derivation of a camera model of the virtual active camera (the projector) was done without a control field and using a bundle adjustment procedure. While automatic detection and labelling of the actively placed target points over any given object remained a problem, algorithms were developed to locate and label these target points placed over a nearly flat and textureless surface. A conventional thresholding method was combined with least squares matching (LSM) to provide automatic subpixel image co‐ordinate measurement of the target points placed over a textureless object but, considering the real object conditions, semi‐automatic image co‐ordinate measurement was done by LSM. The system provided an intersection parallax of 0.3 mm during a laboratory test scan of a planar object at 4.5 m distance.
Low Cost Digital Rectification on A PC
Authors: Georgopoulos A. , Makris G. N.
Published: March 2003

Digital photogrammetric techniques have opened fresh horizons and have enabled photogrammetry to become a more user friendly tool for a wide range of applications. However cost remains a critical issue, because new digital photogrammetric workstations and their related software are considered expensive. This paper examines the problem of digital rectification and presents low cost solutions involving the use of commercial off the shelf software packages, which include graphics and painting software, image processing tools and a CAD system. Additionally, specially developed software performing vector rectification is described and discussed. All the packages have been used for rectifying digital images and the results are presented. An attempt is also made to assess the accuracy and reliability of the results. Finally, several alternative digital products are presented, mainly concerning the use of the methods described in the restitution of cultural monuments.
Engineering a Remote Survey of Jet's Divertor Structure Under Conditions of Restricted Access Using Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Macklin B. , Brade R. , Hurd F. , Mills S. F , Sanders S. , Stokes R. , Tait J.
Published: March 2003

JET (Joint European Torus) Joint Undertaking is currently planning to install its new Gasbox Divertor remotely. In line with JET's policy and philosophy, it was decided to survey the divertor structure remotely to confirm its position, shape and integrity prior to installing the new tile configuration. A survey to metrology standards with sub‐millimetre accuracy is required. While remote surveys have been carried out in the past, they have not been to this level of accuracy.

Digital photogrammetry (the evolution of photogrammetry, using CCD cameras) in conjunction with “targetless” software was selected as being the most suitable technique. It was seen as the natural evolution of the survey techniques already developed for use at JET, as well as having the potential to assist in preparations for future remote handling operations. Photogrammetry requires a large number of retroreflective targets to ensure accurate results. Clearly it would not be practical to fit targets remotely to the divertor structure. However, a technique has been developed at JET which uses a combination of targeted and targetless photogrammetry. A number of frames fitted with targets will be remotely positioned on the divertor structure. When surveyed these targets allow accurate determination of camera positions. Specially developed software allows the selection of untargeted features of components in the digital pictures. Their co‐ordinates can be determined by triangulation from the known camera positions. Trials have shown that accuracy of ±0.6 mm is achievable.

This paper will describe the development of this concept, the design of the necessary equipment, the testing to prove the accuracy and feasibility and the trials carried out in JET's In‐vessel Training Facility. These included remote handling of the six million pixel camera and other equipment, data handling and download via an ethernet link through the remote handling articulated boom, development of survey techniques, optimization of analysis techniques using coded targets for fast processing and finally the engineering assessment of the divertor structure based on survey results.
Practical Influences of Geometric and Radiometric Image Quality Provided By Different Digital Camera Systems
Authors: Robson S. , Shortis M. R.
Published: March 2003

Imaging systems founded on current digital camera technology are finding widespread use in high precision measurement applications. A single digital CCD camera, or an array of such cameras, equipped with ring lighting equipment is commonly used to acquire imagery of high contrast retroreflective targets placed on the object at discrete locations to signalize points of interest. The precise and accurate measurement of each imaged target location is a fundamental requirement if suitable measurement tolerances are to be obtained. Whilst such systems are undoubtedly capable of producing excellent results, the practical effects of target image quality on the photogrammetric measurement process is in need of careful consideration. This paper revisits some fundamentals of the optical imaging of retrotargets and investigates some abilities of a range of digital camera systems to provide images of retrotargets that are appropriate to the measurement process. Some experimental results are presented including the imaging of planar arrays of differing sized retrotargets at differing angles and exposures and a series of network analyses in which the level of target image intensity has been varied systematically.
Responses to Users: The Continuing Evolution of Commercial Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Walker A. S.
Published: March 2003

Although well established, digital photogrammetry continues to change. More sources offer imagery which can be treated photogrammetrically. Users need improved scanner performance as they attempt to offset costs by feeding clusters of workstations or establishing bureau services; increased speed, variable pixel size, use of roll film and “on the fly” dodging are desirable scanner characteristics. On the workstation side, the demand for the Windows NT platform has been irresistible. New applications and the quest for higher productivity have resulted in demands including output of orientation data to analytical plotters, processing of data from airborne GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU), triangulated irregular network (TIN) DTMs, automated radiometric balancing in mosaicking, smoother operation within feature collection and batch processes. Moreover, the market place itself changes, with suppliers, their customers and the end users all competing for position.
Image Analysis for GIS Data Acquisition
Authors: Heipke H. , Pakzad K. , Straub B. M.
Published: March 2003

The automatic interpretation of aerial and satellite imagery by means of image analysis is currently one of the major research tasks in photogrammetry and related disciplines. The primary goal is the automatic extraction of visible, spatial topographic objects from imagery. The extracted objects represent one possible form of input for creating geographic databases. In this paper, different aspects of image analysis are discussed and a framework is provided for scene interpretation, which is based on the integration of image analysis and a GIS data model. Two examples concerned with the combined extraction of roads and trees, and with the multitemporal interpretation and monitoring of moorland, are given to illustrate the research.
Pavement Deformation Monitoring in a Rolling Load Facility
Authors: Mills Jon P. , Newton Ian , Peirson Guy C.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes work undertaken to measure deformation of a pavement within the Newcastle University Rolling Load Facility (NUROLF). Precise three dimensional measurements of the pavement have been produced from stereo‐imagery taken with diVerent cameras, using both analytical and digital photogrammetric instrumentation. The photogrammetric measurements, and those from the existing system consisting of an array of linear voltage displacement transducers, have been compared with measurements produced using a digital level. Encouraging results have been achieved and photogrammetry has been shown to be capable of producing a similar accuracy to the existing system. There are many advantages associated with a photogrammetric survey but attempts to establish a permanent, automated photogrammetric system for the rolling load facility at a reasonable cost have so far been unsuccessful. It is anticipated that, with the falling cost of high resolution digital sensors, such a system will soon be possible.
Surface Matching and Change Detection Using a Modified Hough Transformation for Robust Parameter Estimation
Authors: Habib Ayman F. , Lee Yong‐Ran , Morgan Michel
Published: March 2003

Many photogrammetric and GIS applications, such as city modelling, change detection and object recognition, deal with surfaces. Change detection involves looking for differences between two surface models that are obtained from different sensors, for example an optical sensor and a laser scanner, or by the same sensor at different epochs. Surfaces obtained through a sampling process may also have to be compared for future processing (for example transformation parameter estimation and change detection). Surface matching is therefore an essential task in these applications. The matching of surfaces involves two steps. The first step deals with finding the correspondences between two surface points and/or patches. The second step requires the determination of transformation parameters between the two surfaces. However, since most surfaces consist of randomly distributed discrete points and may have different reference systems, finding the correspondences cannot be achieved without knowing the transformation parameters between the two surfaces. Conversely, deriving the transformation parameters requires the knowledge of the correspondence between the two point sets. The suggested approach for surface matching deals with randomly distributed data sets without the need for error prone interpolation and requires no point‐to‐point correspondence between the two surfaces under consideration. This research simultaneously solves for the correspondence and the transformation parameters using a Modified Iterated Hough Transform for robust parameter estimation. Several experiments are conducted to prove the feasibility and the robustness of the suggested approach, even when a high percentage of change exists.
Buying in a Businesslike Fashion— And Paying More?
Authors: Besselman Joseph , Arora Ashish , Larkey Patrick
Published: March 2003

The government, particularly the Department of Defense (DoD), is undergoing yet another wave of acquisition reforms, which are intended to bring commercial buying practices to DoD's purchasing operations. This research shows that, prior to these reforms, the DoD's buying practices were superior to commercial practices in terms of prices paid for a large number of electronic and engine parts. The research compares DoD and purchasing of more than 676,000 identical items costing more than $60 million with commercial purchasing of the identical items. It finds that the DoD's purchasing superiority holds even when purchasing costs are considered. The DoD achieved these results because it was already using commercial practices commonly followed by large firms: aggregating purchases, using cost data, and negotiating aggressively in markets with few suppliers. Some of the recent reforms will undermine the DoD's ability to exploit these common commercial practices and will raise the government's costs.
Who Institutionalizes Institutions? The Case of Paternity Establishment in the United States
Authors: Crowley Jocelyn Elise
Published: March 2003

Objective. Many researchers have cited the importance of institutional legacies to explain why legislators resist transferring tasks from one agency to another but leave undefined exactly what constitutes these legacies. This analysis concretely defines institutional legacies as organized interests who shape the range of options available for programmatic implementation. Methods. Using a pooled, time‐series ordered probit model for the U.S. states from 1988 to 1995, this article focuses on the transition from court‐based systems to administrative agencies in making paternity determinations. Results. Lawmakers are less likely to move to administrative systems in states where there are family courts, elected judges, and a large number of lawyers organized into the American Bar Association. The presence of women legislators, however, can mitigate these legacy effects and move the process of innovation onward. Conclusions. Institutional legacies are best conceptualized as strong, organized interests who resist relinquishing any part of their authority, even when confronted with more effective ways of achieving policy goals.
Gender, Feminism, and Partisanship among Women's PAC Contributors
Authors: Day Christine L. , Hadley Charles D. , Brown Megan Duffy
Published: March 2003

Objective. We examine the political attitudes and priorities of contributors to two prominent women's PACs for evidence of a gender gap. Methods. A survey of contributors to EMILY's List and to WISH List shows that contributors to both organizations are overwhelmingly women. However, because EMILY's List is so large, there is a sufficient number of men to compare to the two groups of women using percentages and difference‐of‐means tests. Results. Partisanship is the overriding influence on political priorities and attitudes toward economic and social welfare policy. However, partisanship and gender interact to influence political attitudes in at least two areas. First, EMILY's List men are more supportive of militarism and use of force than are EMILY's List women, but they are less supportive than WISH List women. Second, the women of EMILY's List are more staunchly feminist than either EMILY's List men or WISH List women. Conclusions. We conclude that the source of each group's financial commitment to women's political equality and reproductive rights is different: for EMILY's List women, it is liberal feminism; for WISH List women, it is libertarianism; and for EMILY's List men, it is general egalitarianism.
Adolescent Self‐Rejection and Adult Social Action: A Conditional Relationship
Authors: Kaplan Howard B. , Liu Xiaoru
Published: March 2003

Objective. Theoretically informed models of the relationship between stigmatized personal identities and participation in collective social action are tested. Methods. Data from a longitudinal study of participants (N = 4,169) followed between adolescence and the fourth decade of life are used to estimate structural equation models. Results. The data support hypotheses that perceived rejection during adolescence anticipates participation in social action under conditions when respondents reported during adolescence (1) that many of the kids at school participated in social movements (p< .10) and (2) that they perceived themselves as having personal control over adverse outcomes (p< .05), but not under mutually exclusive conditions. In all models, gender, mother's education, and minority status were specified as control variables. Conclusions. Early experiences of rejection and failure dispose people to engage in collective social action if they perceive social support for such action and anticipate that action will be effective.
The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Motor Vehicle Fatalities in the United States
Authors: Calkins Lindsay Noble , Zlatoper Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article assesses the effectiveness of mandated seat belt usage. The theory of offsetting behavior asserts that when drivers feel safer, they compensate by driving less cautiously. As a consequence, any lifesaving effects from mandated safety devices such as seat belts could be significantly diminished or entirely offset. Methods. This article uses regression analysis and two years (1988 and 1997) of state‐level data to test for the presence of offsetting behavior by estimating models explaining total and nonoccupant motor vehicle deaths. In addition to accounting for several factors generally acknowledged as being determinants of highway deaths, the models control for the impact of primary and secondary seat belt laws. Results. The findings suggest the existence of offsetting behavior by drivers of motor vehicles. Conclusions. We need to recognize the probability of such compensatory behavior and direct our efforts at ways of ameliorating the adverse effects.
Case Law Historiography in American Peace History
Authors: Howlett Charles F.
Published: March 2003

This article offers a discussion of the utility of using case law in the classroom as a means to teach more effectively key issues relating to peace/antiwar activism in American society in the twentieth century. An important area of discussion includes the evolution of “conscientious objection” during World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. Resistance to the draft and the overall militarization of American society can also be traced through a study of court cases. The author recommends developing classroom plays as a device to bring pivotal cases to life for students.
The Communist‐Led World Peace Council and the Western Peace Movements: The Fetters of Bipolarity and Some Attempts to Break Them in the Fifties and Early Sixties1
Authors: Wernicke Günter
Published: March 2003

Drawing widely on archive material, including previously inaccessible German Peace Council documents, the paper examines links between Western pacifists and the World Peace Council (WPC), initiated by communist parties in Eastern Europe, from the WPC's foundation until the mid‐1960s, when discussion about European security and detente began. From the angle of an East German peace historian and activist, the author describes contradictions in the WPC as it sought to become a broad world movement while being instrumentalized increasingly to serve foreign policy in the Soviet Union and nominally socialist countries. In both East and West bloc, prejudices simmered despite attempts at concerted action. Divided Germany was a pivot which crystallized many tensions. This is illustrated by the 1961 Peace March, due to pass through Berlin just as the Wall went up.
The Old Country Service School: Gender, Class, and Identity and the YWCA's Training of Immigrant Women in International Social Welfare Philosophy, 1919
Authors: Ford Nancy Gentile
Published: March 2003

In April 1919, the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) created the Old Country Service School (OCSS) to train foreign‐born women in American social welfare philosophy. The YWCA expected OCSS students to help rebuild war‐torn Europe. A study of the school's curriculum and students provides an interesting examination of gender, class, and identity as they related to international peace efforts during the interwar years.
Resisting Regimentation: The Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women
Authors: Stovall Holly
Published: March 2003

During the Second World War, some U.S. leaders proposed the conscription of women for production work. Pacifists reacted by forming the Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women. The controversy that followed revealed the extent to which government leaders believed, and political activists were prepared to assert, that motherhood was the most important value to be preserved during wartime.
Peace Activism and Social Justice: The Minnesota Branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1939–1940
Authors: Meerse Katherine C.
Published: March 2003

The Minnesota branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom sponsored two volunteer work camps for college students in 1939 and 1940. This article traces the group's commitment to economic justice and racial equality as it evolved during those camp experiences. More broadly, it provides a fuller understanding of the peace movement's social justice activism in the years between two world wars.
Projecting Peace in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Taylor Rupert , Cock Jacklyn , Habib Adam
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes what it meant to pursue “peace” in apartheid South Africa, and shows that a clear and coherent strategy of achieving “peace with justice” was pursued —in the 1980s—by a network of non‐governmental organizations which were seeking to build a non‐racial democratic South Africa by building the future in the present. This approach added to the orthodox repertoire of non‐cooperation anddefiance, and played a crucial role in making a democratic South Africa possible.
The Federalism Papers: Commentary on the History of Federalism
Authors: Chatfield Charles
Published: March 2003

The articles in this special section address quite distinct aspects of the history of world federalism that, taken together, point to federalism (beyond an ideal, ideology, or social movement) as a process. It was one of many transnational social movements that can be understood as players in global politics. In this sense the federalist movement participated in the process it idealized—the creation of world governance beyond states.
Haunted by the 1960s
Authors: Gilbert James
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Brian Balogh (ed.), Integrating the Sixties: The Origins, Structures and Legitimacy of Public Policy in a Turbulent Decade

James J. Farrell, The Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism
Unravelling Reconciliation and Justice? Land and the Potential for Conflict in Namibia
Authors: Pankursy Donna
Published: March 2003

This article uses the case study of Namibia to illustrate three key aspects of the implementation of peace settlements in Africa. First it reveals the ways in which a complex issue such as land can become oversimplified. Second, it illustrates the way in which a set of inaccurate, ideologically driven views about land issues still holds sway over land policy in much of Africa. Third, itshows how prioritising reconciliation at the time of a peace settlement, at the cost of some form of redistributive or social justice, can continue to influence and constrain government policy choices for years afterwards.
Toward an Understanding of Nonlethality
Authors: Rappert Brian
Published: March 2003

In recent times, growing attention has been given to the possible role “nonlethal” technology might play in helping to resolve contemporary security challenges. The concept of nonlethality offers the possibility of reducing suffering through the application of weapons designed and intended to minimize unnecessary harmful effects. Despite this promise and the accompanying expansion of literature on nonlethal weapons, there are basic disagreements about the nature of nonlethality. This article considers how we should conceive of the effects of nonlethal weapons and the underlying notions of lethality and nonlethality. An approach is proposed for elucidating how their characteristics and effects could be understood.
From Pacifism to War Resistance
Authors: Atack Iain
Published: March 2003

Pacifism is often interpreted as an absolute moral position that claims it is always wrong to go to war. As such, it is often rejected on the grounds that it excludes or overlooks other moral considerations, such as an obligation to resist aggression or defend fundamental human rights. Vocational pacifism, restricted to those who choose nonviolence as a way of life, is one version of pacifism that might overcome some of the objections connected to its moral absolutism. Contingent pacifism, on the other hand, acknowledges the complexities of moral reasoning connected to decisions concerning the use of armed force while retaining pacifist objections to war and preparations for war. Even contingent pacifism is limited by its individualism or voluntarism as a moral position, however. War resistance contributes its analysis of the political or structural factors responsible for war or preparations for war while retaining pacifism's moral impetus for action.
The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1939: The Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Libæk Ivar , Sveen Asle , Stenersen Øivind
Published: March 2003

This analysis of the decision‐making process involved in Nobel Peace Prizes prior to the Second World War is illustrated with a dozen case studies. An independent Norwegian Nobel Committee chosen by the Storting, or Norwegian parliament, awards prizes. In this period its decisions reflected the dynamics among its members and advisers, all of whom were prominent political figures, some closely tied to the popular peace movement in Norway and abroad. Representatives of the Liberal party dominated the committee, although it also responded to the contesting views of other elements in the Storting. Nobel awards generally paralleled the orientation of Norwegian foreign policy, with its traditional bias toward peace.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee and the Bomb, 1945–1999
Authors: Njølstad Olav
Published: March 2003

Since 1945 a total of nine persons and organizations have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize partly or wholly in recognition of their work against nuclear weapons. This article explains how these awards came about. The Norwegian Nobel Committee’s view on nuclear weapons evolved from a state of indifference—if not outright approval—in the first decade after the Second World War, through a period of growing concerns in the 1950s, sixties and seventies, to an increasingly clear stand in favor of nuclear disarmament in the 1980s and nineties, a process, it is argued, that was driven by both domestic political factors and international developments.
The Political Education of Vietnam Christian Service, 1954–1975
Authors: Bush Perry
Published: March 2003

From Reinhold Niebuhr in the 1930s to Guenter Lewy in the 1980s, a number of ethicists and scholars have called pacifists to engage only in apolitical service ventures divorced from any attempt to address systemic causes of injustice. Attempts to address political questions from a pacifist position, Niebuhr charged, amounted to “heresy.” This analysis of the Protestant relief effort called Vietnam Christian Service from 1954 to 1975 reveals the inadequacy of Niebuhr’s formulation. Even as they tried to remain apolitical, many Christian relief workers in Vietnam gradually discovered that any efforts to serve the poor in a context of guerilla war inexorably drew them into work with an undeniably political nature. In the end the educational process undergone by Vietnam Christian Service rendered it impossible to imagine that anyone could offer up simple acts of service without fully entering the ambiguous and compromised world of politics.
Healing History's Wounds: Reconciliation Communication Efforts to Build Community Between Minnesota Dakota (Sioux) and Non‐Dakota Peoples
Authors: Dowlin Sheryl L. , Dowlin Bruce
Published: March 2003

This article describes the moral conflict involved when two incompatible social worlds collided on America's Frontier in Minnesota in 1862. The result was the bloodiest and costliest Indian war and the largest mass execution in our history. The residue of hatred and misunderstanding persist to this day but is being ameliorated by long‐term efforts toward reconciliation. These relationship building efforts are illustrated by a model and with examples of dialogue, collaboration, and communally shared experiences between the dominant culture and the Dakota people. It is believed that these efforts are gradually having an impact in healing the deep wounds between these estranged cultures.
What Should American Peace Activists Know About the Balkans?
Authors: Jokić Aleksandar
Published: March 2003

Peace activists wanting to immerse themselves in helping activities in a remote region often fall victims to ideology and political correctness pushed by powerful states engaged in the pursuit of their own geopolitical goals in the area. The main source of this tragic gullibility is in the language employed to describe a specific conflict. In this respect the language of “human rights” and “democracy” can be particularly dangerous. Nowhere is this more evident than in the case of recent Balkan conflicts in the former (and current) Yugoslavia. Exposing several of these “word games” pertaining to Yugoslavia, as they have unfolded in Western politics, media, and scholarship, illustrates a wider problem. The importance of language cannot be understated, given the subtle ways it can be used to affect what peace activists, perhaps mistakenly, may find an appropriate course of action.
The Peace and Justice Movement in the South in the 1980s
Authors: Novotny Patrick
Published: March 2003

The “peace and justice movement” has been an important chapter in the evolving character of overall peace organizing in the last several decades. Combining social justice concerns with antimilitarist sentiment, the peace and justice movement was particularly strong in the American South during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Leaders were found in a variety of community groups, statewide networks and clearinghouses, and religious organizations. This article explores the dimensions of the peace and justice movement and describes the activities of such groups as the Institute for Southern Studies, the Clergy and Laity Concerned, the Southeast Network on Human Needs and Peace, the Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice, and the Gulf Coast Tenants Organization.
Nonviolent Intervention and the Peace Team Idea
Authors: Coy Patrick G.
Published: March 2003

Gandhi's Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacekeeping, by Thomas Weber

Keeping the Peace: Exploring Civilian Alternatives in Conflict Prevention by Lisa Schirch
The Political Psychology of Evil
Authors: Alford C. Fred
Published: March 2003

Fifty‐eight subjects were interviewed about their concepts of evil. They include students, retirees, white collar workers, and 18 prison inmates. Many defined evil not as a moral category but as an experience of impending doom. This definition reflects and affects how many subjects experience evil as an ethical problem, leading them to “privatize” evil—experiencing it in terms of their own terror. Many have considerable difficulty connecting this experience with issues of morality and goodness. An education about evil must respectfully confront this private dimension. The same conclusion applies to how we study evil on a larger scale, such as the Holocaust. This is revealed by subjects' responses, some quite troubling, to questions about the Nazis.
Historical Analogies and the Cognitive Dimension of Domestic Policymaking
Authors: Houghton David Patrick
Published: March 2003

Established models of the domestic policymaking process accord some role to the individual decision‐maker, but they usually fail to show how policy decisions are ultimately influenced by the character of the information available to the policymakers concerned. Drawing on one prominent model of decision‐making developed by analysts of foreign policy—the analogical reasoning approach—this article proposes that individual‐level approaches are most useful in domestic policy analysis where decision‐makers must confront a discrete policy “episode” in which perceived levels of cognitive uncertainty and ambiguity are high. An analysis of decision‐making by political leaders during the 1967 Detroit riots reveals that these leaders made widespread use of historical analogies at various stages of the policymaking process. Policymakers can probably be expected to rely on analogizing under circumstances and contexts that make cognitive demands similar to those observed in the Detroit case.
Leadership Image‐Building: After Clinton and Watergate
Authors: Just Marion , Crigler Ann
Published: March 2003

Leadership images are built collectively by leaders and their relevantconstituencies—elected officials, the news media, and the public. The process of buildingleadership image rests on prior expectations about the leader, policy outputs, the course ofevents, and the disposition of political resources. In building images of leadership, each of thethree constituencies puts more weight on some aspects of image‐building than on others: Thepublic sees the president primarily in terms of his previous behavior, the media view thepresident through the lens of immediate events, and other elected officials focus on politicalresources. One of the president's most important resources is his public image. It can helphim to maintain the loyalty of other officials, which in turn contributes to balanced newscoverage, even in times of crisis. President Clinton was able to preserve his public image throughthe impeachment debacle in large part because of low public expectations about his personalmoral behavior and satisfaction with his economic leadership. Conversely, President Nixon wasforced to resign because of high public expectations about his personal probity anddisappointment with his management of the economy.
Undergraduate Education in Political Psychology
Authors: Levin Shana
Published: March 2003

This article describes ways in which political psychology can be incorporated into undergraduate course curricula. The challenges of teaching political psychology to undergraduate students are discussed, and possibilities for the content and structure of undergraduate courses in political psychology are examined in the context of active learning. Suggestions for the development of an undergraduate major in political psychology are offered.
Political Contacts: Analyzing the Role of Similarity in Theories of Prejudice
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Lopez Gretchen E.
Published: March 2003

Over the last 50 years, many theories of prejudice reduction in social psychology have embraced the premise that intergroup contact allows people to recognize similarities between themselves, and that this perceived similarity overwhelms the social distance associated with intergroup antipathy. Given the mixed empirical evidence, however, we suggest that the positive effects of perceived similarity have been overemphasized. Although similarity may be sufficient for improved intergroup relations, the relationship between similarity and intergroup relations is far more complex than the literature usually suggests. Moreover, studying difference in intergroup contexts may yield new ways to resolve intergroup conflict and address group inequalities.
Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to the Mycotoxin Ochratoxin A in Food
Authors: Gauchi Jean‐Pierre , Leblanc Jean‐Charles
Published: March 2003

This article presents the methodology and the simulation results concerning the quantitative assessment of exposure to the fungus toxin named Ochratoxin A (OA) in food, in humans in France. We show that is possible to provide reliable calculations of exposure to OA with the conjugate means of a nonparametric‐type method of simulation, a parametric‐type method of simulation, and the use of bootstrap confidence intervals. In the context of the Monte Carlo simulation, the nonparametric method takes into account the consumptions and the contaminations in the simulations only via the raw data whereas the parametric method depends on the random samplings from distribution functions fitted to consumption and contamination data. Our conclusions are based on eight types of food only. Nevertheless, they are meaningful due to the major importance of these foodstuffs in human nourishment in France. This methodology can be applied whatever the food contaminant (pesticides, other mycotoxins, Cadmium, etc.) when data are available.