bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do individual cognitions mediate the association of socio-cultural and physical environmental factors with adolescent sports participation?
Authors: van der Horst Klazine , Oenema Anke , te Velde Saskia J , Brug Johannes
Published: September 2010

Objective

To examine the associations of perceived physical environmental factors (availability of physical activity (PA) attributes at home, PA facilities in the neighbourhood, neighbourhood pleasantness and safety) and social environmental factors (parental sports behaviour and parental rule regarding sports participation) with adolescent leisure-time sports participation, and to explore whether the associations found were mediated by individual cognitions as derived from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

In schoolyear 2005/2006 adolescents from seventeen schools in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, completed a questionnaire during school hours that included self-reported measures of leisure-time sports participation, perceived physical environmental factors and TPB variables. Information about parental sports behaviour and parental rule was obtained from a questionnaire that was completed by one parent of the adolescents.

Subjects

Data were collected from 584 adolescent–parent combinations.

Results

Data were analysed with multi-level logistic regression analyses. Availability of PA attributes at home (OR = 1·26), parents’ sports behaviour (OR = 2·03) and parental rule (OR = 1·64) were associated with a higher likelihood of adolescents’ leisure-time sports participation. These associations were partly mediated by attitude and intention.

Conclusions

Adolescents were more likely to engage in leisure-time sports when PA attributes were available at home, when parents participated in sports activities and had a rule about their offspring participation in sports activities. These associations were partly mediated by attitude and intention. These results suggest that parents can importantly promote sports participation among their offspring by making sports activities accessible and a family routine.
VÖLKERPSYCHOLOGIEAND THE APPROPRIATION OF “SPIRIT” IN MEIJI JAPAN
Authors: REITAN RICHARD
Published: September 2010

Conceptions of Geist (mind/spirit) associated with German Romanticism shaped ideologies of national folk, not only in Europe but elsewhere in the world. In Meiji Japan (1868–1912) psychologists drew upon Volkerpsychologie (folk psychology) and Geist to create a narrative of Japanese folk mind/spirit. Here, spirit functioned as a “hidden essence” which substantiated the integrity of the folk, positioned the folk hierarchically in opposition to other societies, and explained (and presented correctives to) the fragmentation of Japanese society. Japanese psychologists, I argue, appropriated the narrative form of Geist discourse, retaining its ideological power even as they altered its substance by divesting German psychology of its orientalist and Christian content. Attention to Japan's engagement with nineteenth-century German psychology will contribute to a more thorough account of the production of “spirit” in Meiji Japan and to a critique of present-day exclusionary ideologies of Japanese spirit and identity.
FROM THE FRONTIER TO GERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIALISM, INDIANS, AND AMERICAN WESTWARD EXPANSION
Authors: GUETTEL JENS-UWE
Published: September 2010

This article argues that positive perceptions of American westward expansion played a major (and so far overlooked) role both for the domestic German debate about the necessity of overseas expansion and for concrete German colonial policies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During and after the uprising against colonial rule (1904–7) of the two main indigenous peoples, the Herero and the Nama, of German South-West Africa (Germany's only settler colony), colonial administrators actively researched the history of the American frontier and American Indian policies in order to learn how best to “handle” the colony's peoples. There exists a substantial literature on the allegedly exceptional enchantment of Germans with American Indians. Yet this article shows that negative views of Amerindians also influenced and shaped the opinions and actions of German colonizers. Because of its focus on the importance of the United States for German discussions about colonial expansion, this article also explores the role German liberals played in the German colonial project. Ultimately, the United States as a “model empire” was especially attractive for Germans with liberal and progressive political convictions. The westward advancement of the American frontier went hand in hand with a variety of policies towards Native Americans, including measures of expulsion and extinction. German liberals accepted American expansionism as normative and were therefore willing to advocate, or at least tolerate, similar policies in the German colonies.
REPOSSESSING THE COZZENS–MACDONALD IMBROGLIO: MIDDLEBROW AUTHORSHIP, CRITICAL AUTHORITY, AND AUTONOMOUS READERS IN POSTWAR AMERICA
Authors: RUBIN JOAN SHELLEY
Published: September 2010

Dwight Macdonald's 1958 attack on James Gould Cozzens's novelBy Love Possessedposited that the book's popularity was an “episode” in “The Middlebrow Counter-Revolution” then under way among American critics. That conclusion neglected the strategies of publishing, advertising, and authorial stance that Cozzens and his wife, the agent Sylvia Baumgarten, wielded to create a best seller. Macdonald also did not see how he and Cozzens shared a high-culture aesthetic and competed for power over readers threatening to make criticism irrelevant. Each tried to consolidate that power by depicting his adversary as socially inferior: as Jew, queer, or feminized “middlebrow.” Although Macdonald's appropriation of Cozzens's own values succeeded in damaging Cozzens's reputation, the authority that Macdonald hoped to preserve was likewise about to collapse under pressure from mass culture and postmodern relativism. The Macdonald–Cozzens imbroglio thus provides a useful example of the provisional nature of cultural hierarchy at any given historical moment.
HUMANIST PRETENSIONS: CATHOLICS, COMMUNISTS, AND SARTRE'S STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENTIALISM IN POSTWAR FRANCE
Authors: BARING EDWARD
Published: September 2010

This article reconsiders Sartre's seminal 1945 talk, “Existentialism is a Humanism,” and the stakes of the humanism debate in France by looking at the immediate political context that has been overlooked in previous discussions of the text. It analyses the political discussion of the term “humanism” during the French national elections of 1945 and the rumbling debate over Sartre's philosophy that culminated in his presentation to the Club Maintenant, just one week after France went to the polls. A consideration of this context helps explain both the rise, and later the decline, of existentialism in France, when, in the changing political climate, humanism lost its centrality, setting the stage for new antihumanist criticisms of Sartre's work.
THE CRISIS OF SECULARISM IN INDIA
Authors: MAJEED JAVED
Published: September 2010

In the early 1960s, Donald Smith's India as a Secular State questioned the credentials of the Indian state's secularism. Since then the issue of what constitutes secularism in India has loomed large in Indian political thought. Like a number of other key categories in political history, such as nationalism, the debate has centred on the question whether the Indian state's version of secularism is viable in its own right or not, and if it is viable, whether it extends the concept of secularism in new and innovative directions. The other possibility is to see this secularism as a “derivative discourse” (to adopt a phrase from Partha Chatterjee), confusedly echoing Western notions of secularism, with the caste and communal complexities of Indian society and the structuring role of religion in everyday life at odds with any coherent or recognisable notion of secularism.
What does ‘local’ mean in the grocery store? Multiplicity in food retailers' perspectives on sourcing and marketing local foods
Authors: Dunne Jonnie B. , Chambers Kimberlee J. , Giombolini Katlyn J. , Schlegel Sheridan A.
Published: September 2010

Local food systems are comprised of networks of actors that work to ensure the sustainability of food supplies within communities. While local food has typically been promoted through direct marketing strategies such as farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture (CSA), retail stores are increasingly carrying and marketing local foods in response to consumer demand and market potential. Given the frequency with which consumers shop at grocery stores, as well as the portion of consumers' food purchases made at these locations, these stores may play a significant role in the success of local agriculture and the shaping of ideology about what is ‘local’. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with representatives of food retailers known to source and market local foods in the four major urban centers of Oregon's Willamette Valley. Our results reveal that grocers' perceptions of local food vary significantly from one another. Additionally, our results differed in comparison to the published literature on consumers' and producers' ideas of what constitutes local. Food retailers identified varying distances (frequently a region including several states) that they consider local, as well as diverse reasons for choosing to source and market local foods (most commonly supporting the local economy). Some trends in the variation of responses relate to how the size and form of ownership of the grocery stores influence the level at which decisions are made. These wide-ranging perceptions outline many of the realities of the local food movement, as well as opportunities for change.
THE FUNCTIONS OF RUSSELL’S NO CLASS THEORY
Authors: KLEMENT KEVIN C.
Published: September 2010

Certain commentators on Russell’s “no class” theory, in which apparent reference to classes or sets is eliminated using higher-order quantification, including W. V. Quine and (recently) Scott Soames, have doubted its success, noting the obscurity of Russell’s understanding of so-called “propositional functions.” These critics allege that realist readings of propositional functions fail to avoid commitment to classes or sets (or something equally problematic), and that nominalist readings fail to meet the demands placed on classes by mathematics. I show that Russell did thoroughly explore these issues, and had good reasons for rejecting accounts of propositional functions as extralinguistic entities. I argue in favor of a reading taking propositional functions to be nothing over and above open formulas which addresses many such worries, and in particular, does not interpret Russell as reducing classes to language.
Flexures: simply subtle
Authors: Henein S.
Published: September 2010

Flexures are enjoying a new boom in numerous high-precision and extreme-environment applications. This paper presents some general aspects of flexure design, showing simple principles, and also some subtler issues concerning kinematic design, stiffness compensation, large reduction ratios and rectilinear as well as circular movements.
Crystal structure of quenched and in-field electroluminescent phosphors
Authors: Fern G. R. , Ireland T. , Harris P. , Silver J. , Withnall R. , Salimian A. , Santra P. K. , Leoni M. , Erko A. , Lennie A. , Tang C. C.
Published: September 2010

Electroluminescent zinc sulfide doped with copper and chloride (ZnS:Cu, Cl) powder was heated to 400°C and rapidly quenched to room temperature. Comparison between the quenched and non-quenched phosphors using synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) (λ = 0.828692 Å) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was made. XRPD shows that the expected highly faulted structure is observed with excellent resolution out to 150° 2θ (or to (12 2 2) of the sphalerite phase). The quenched sample compared to the unheated sample shows a large change in peak ratios between 46.7° and 46.9°, which is thought to correspond to the wurtzite (0 0 6), (0 3 2) and sphalerite (3 3 3)/(5 1 1) peaks. Hence, a large proportion of this sphalerite diffraction is lost from the material upon rapid quenching, but not when the material is allowed to cool slowly. The Zn K-edge XAS data indicate that the crystalline structures are indistinguishable using this technique, but do give an indication that the electronic structure has altered due to changing intensity of the white line. It is noted that the blue electroluminescence (EL) emission bands are lost upon quenching: however, a large amount of total EL emission intensity is also removed, which is consistent with our findings. We report the XRPD of a working alternating-current electroluminescence device in the synchrotron X-ray beam, which exhibits a new diffraction pattern when the device is powered in an AC field even though the phosphor is fixed in the binder. Significantly, only a few crystals are required to yield the diffraction data because of the high flux X-ray source. These in panel data show multiple sharp diffraction lines spread out under the region, where capillary data show broad diffraction intensity indicating that the phosphor powder is comprised of unique crystals, each having different structures.
Sind Vergleiche im Depressions- und Somatisierungsausmaß zwischen Migranten und Deutschen möglich?
Authors: Mewes Ricarda , Christ Oliver , Rief Winfried , Brähler Elmar , Martin Alexandra , Glaesmer Heide
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. Zur Erfassung der psychischen Gesundheit von Migranten im Vergleich zu Deutschen sind Untersuchungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung zentral. Für diesen Ansatz hat sich die Verwendung des Depressivitäts- und des Somatisierungsmoduls des Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, PHQ-15) bewährt. Es ist jedoch unklar, ob diese Module bei Migranten das Gleiche messen wie bei Deutschen (Messäquivalenz). Dadurch bleibt es fraglich, ob die Ergebnisse vergleichender Studien richtig interpretierbar sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden PHQ-9 und PHQ-15 anhand einer großen Stichprobe (je N=271) von Migranten und Deutschen auf Messäquivalenz überprüft. Sowohl für den PHQ-9 als auch für den PHQ-15 wurde Messäquivalenz gefunden. Mittelwertsvergleiche zwischen Migranten und Deutschen sind unter Verwendung dieser Instrumente möglich. Die Voraussetzung für die Interpretation vergleichender Daten in Bezug auf Migranten und Deutsche mit dem PHQ-9 und PHQ-15 ist gegeben. Dies ist eine gute Basis für weitergehende Studien im Bereich der Migrationsforschung.
Die Bedrohlichkeit elterlicher Konflikte aus Sicht der Kinder
Authors: Schwarz Beate , Siffert Andrea
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. Nehmen Kinder die Konflikte der Eltern als bedrohlich für sich und den Zusammenhalt der Familie wahr, so hat dies negative Auswirkungen auf ihr Befinden und Verhalten. Dies belegen vor allem US-amerikanische Studien. Um die Auswirkungen der wahrgenommenen Bedrohlichkeit der Elternkonflikte im deutschsprachigen Raum zu untersuchen, fehlt zurzeit jedoch ein geeignetes Erhebungsinstrument. Im Rahmen einer schweizer Längsschnittstudie wurde eine deutsche Übersetzung der Skala Threat aus der Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale an 192 Kindern im Alter von M = 10.62 Jahren (SD = 0.41) getestet. Die Reliabilität des aus sechs Items gebildeten Instruments, die konvergente, inkrementelle sowie Konstruktvalidität waren zufriedenstellend.
Zum Verhältnis von Biologie und Psychologie
Authors: Jäncke Lutz , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. In der Öffentlichkeit und im akademischen Umfeld entsteht zunehmend der Eindruck, dass psychologische Probleme durch neurowissenschaftliche und/oder biologische Befunde erklärt werden. Wird durch die zunehmende Dominanz der biologischen und neurowissenschaftlichen Erklärungsansätze die originär akademische Psychologie überflüssig? Gerät sie in Gefahr, ihre Eigenständigkeit zu verlieren? Wie sind die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Biologie/Neurowissenschaften und Psychologie? Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages diskutieren wir die aktuellen Probleme des Verhältnisses von Biologie/Neurowissenschaften und Psychologie. Wir thematisieren auch problematische Grenzüberschreitungen zwischen Biologie und Psychologie, fragen uns, ob biologische Messwerte wirklich immer von Vorteil sind, und diskutieren die Suggestionskraft von Hirnbildern. Trotz der problematischen Einflüsse der Biologie/Neurowissenschaften auf die Psychologie sehen wir allerdings Chancen und gleichfalls Herausforderungen für die akademische Psychologie, die uns veranlassen, einige Empfehlungen an die akademische Psychologie zu formulieren, um die Auseinandersetzung mit der Biologie/Neurowissenschaft effizienter zu gestalten.
Psychologie, Biologie, kognitive Neurowissenschaften
Authors: Mausfeld Rainer
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. Die Psychologie weist zur Biologie, von der Genetik bis zur Ethologie, vielfältige fruchtbare und in der Sache unproblematische Beziehungen auf. In den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften sind jedoch Vorstellungen problematisch, denen zufolge einer neurophysiologischen Analyseebene eine privilegierte Stellung für das Verständnis mentaler Prozesse zukomme. Der Beitrag zeigt noch einmal auf, dass derartige Vorstellungen auf tiefgehenden Missverständnissen naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungsprinzipien beruhen und für die explanatorischen Aufgaben psychologischer Theoriebildung unfruchtbar sind. Er identifiziert zwei Kategorien von Ursachen, warum dennoch neuroreduktionistische Positionen gegenwärtig einen so großen Einfluss in der Psychologie haben. Die wissenschaftspsychologischen Ursachen liegen in der Natur unseres alltäglichen Erklärungskonzeptes mit seiner Vorliebe für konkrete, sinnlich manifeste Wirkfaktoren sowie in unserer Alltagskonzeption psychischer Phänomene. Die wissenschaftssoziologische Ursache liegt in der gegenwärtigen Form der internen Organisation der Forschung auf der Basis ,einfacher’ und ,objektiver’ Evaluationsindizes, durch die kurzfristig angelegte Forschungsarbeiten, die einen raschen Ertrag an visibility versprechen, sich in höherem Maße rentieren als langfristig angelegte Beiträge zu einer kumulativen Theorieentwicklung.
Hirnforschung: sinnvolle Ergänzung oder überflüssiges Anhängsel der Psychologie?
Authors: Jäncke Lutz
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. Die Hirnforschung ist eine für die akademische Psychologie wichtige aber auch herausfordernde Wissenschaftsdisziplin. Ihr Nutzen zur Beantwortung psychologischer Fragestellungen wird zunehmend kritisch diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Ausführungen wird versucht, das Verhältnis zwischen Hirnforschung und akademischer Psychologie kritisch aber auch konstruktiv zu beleuchten. Zusammenfassend wird vorgeschlagen, dass sich die akademische Psychologie den Neurowissenschaften öffnet, ohne dass sie dabei ihre wesentliche Aufgabe, nämlich die Erforschung des Erlebens und Verhaltens aus dem Blickwinkel verliert. Der Einbau neurowissenschaftlicher Methoden und Untersuchungsansätze kann zu einer konzeptuellen Weiterentwicklung der akademischen Psychologie oder zumindest zur Weiterentwicklung der biologisch orientierten Psychologiefächer werden. Darüber hinaus würde eine Öffnung der akademischen Psychologie für die Neurowissenschaften verhindern, dass die neurowissenschaftlich orientierte Psychologie in andere Disziplinen (z.B. Medizin und Neurobiologie) abwandert. Ein erster Schritt wäre die Einbindung der Psychologie gemeinsam mit der Biologie unter dem Zelt der Strukturwissenschaften. Damit müsste sich die Psychologie allerdings auch den Methoden und Theorien, welche die Strukturwissenschaft anbietet öffnen und sich von dem Vorbild der Physik lösen. Damit würden auch die verschiedenen Psychologiedisziplinen ohne erkennbare Disziplingrenzen am gleichen Thema arbeiten und sich mehr als gemeinsame Disziplin zur Erforschung des menschlichen Erlebens und Verhaltens begreifen.
Reinforcement, Arousal and Temporal Factors in Procedural Learning
Authors: Beattie Elaine K. , Corr Philip J.
Published: September 2010

An experiment examining the effects of reinforcement and personality on a procedural learning task tested H. J. Eysenck’s (1968 , 1979 ) incubation theory of the development of fear, relating to a “reminiscence” effect during a rest pause. Eysenck’s arousal-based personality predictions for enhanced learning were contrasted with J. A. Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality. Measures of Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N) and Trait Anxiety were taken. Participants completed six blocks of a procedural learning task, under either punishment or control (no reinforcement) in one of two training conditions: (a) spaced training (four blocks of the task in the first session followed by retest on one block in two subsequent sessions, 24 h and 5 days later); or (b) massed training (six blocks of the task in a single session). Results showed that, under punishment, high trait anxiety led to enhanced learning in both training conditions; however, this increase was not predicted by Eysenck’s arousal-based personality theory, but rather high anxiety facilitated learning in a manner consistent with RST predictions. There was no effect of spaced vs. mass training: Procedural learning increased over the course of the testing sessions under both conditions. Results failed to support Eysenck’s predictions for reminiscence as a function of personality but suggested that learning was enhanced under punishment in line with RST’s predictions for high anxiety. The implications of these data for current theories of personality are discussed.
Applying a Psychobiological Model of Personality to the Study of Leadership
Authors: O’Connor Peter J. , Jackson Chris J.
Published: September 2010

Cloninger’s psychobiological model of temperament and character is a general model of personality that has been widely used in clinical psychology, but has seldom been applied in other domains. In this research we apply Cloninger’s model to the study of leadership. Our study comprised 81 participants who took part in a diverse range of small group tasks. Participants rotated through tasks and groups and rated each other on “emergent leadership.” As hypothesized, leader emergence tended to be consistent regardless of the specific tasks and groups. It was found that personality factors from Cloninger, Svrakic, and Przybeck’s (1993) model could explain trait-based variance in emergent leadership. Results also highlight the role of “cooperativeness” in the prediction of leadership emergence. Implications are discussed in terms of our theoretical understanding of trait-based leadership, and more generally in terms of the utility of Cloninger’s model in leadership research.
Estimation of channel characteristics of narrow bipolar events based on the transmission‐line model
Authors: Zhu Baoyou , Zhou Helin , Ma Ming , Lv Fanchao , Tao Shanchang
Published: September 2010

Narrow bipolar event (NBE) is a distinct class of intracloud lightning discharge, which is associated with the strongest radio frequency emissions and produces typical narrow bipolar radiation field waveforms. On the basis of the transmission‐line model, we introduce a direct technique to measure the time taken by the current front to propagate along the channel from distant radiation field pulses; the channel length of the NBE can then be estimated by multiplying this time by an assumed propagation speed. Our method involves integrating over the initial half cycle of narrow bipolar waveform of the NBE. The ratio of the integral result to the initial peak amplitude makes a good approximation to the time taken by the current front to travel along the channel, even though the current amplitude suffers heavy attenuation along the propagating channel. This method can be applied to all NBEs which produce narrow bipolar radiation field waveforms. Besides, if both the far radiation field and the near‐electrostatic field measurements were available, one could combine the method here and that of Eack (2004) to obtain the channel length of the NBE.
Analytical description of ELF transients produced by cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges
Authors: Kułak A. , Nieckarz Z. , Zięba S.
Published: September 2010

Measurements of extremely low frequency (ELF) transients can be used to obtain model parameters and rates of the strong cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning discharges that generate them. In this study, we present an analytical description of a CG lightning discharge which takes into account both a return stroke and a continuing current. Using quasi‐TEM (q‐TEM) solutions for the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide for distances within the near zone we show that the ELF spectrum of transients strongly depends on the percentage contribution of the continuing current to the discharge process. It is supposed that during typical observational conditions the only parameter of an ELF transient that can be measured sufficiently accurately is the impulse amplitude. In relation to the observational conditions the consequences of the calibration of ELF receivers on the measured ELF impulse amplitude are discussed, particularly the role of antialias filters. It is demonstrated that measurements of the ELF transient amplitude at a known distance to the source allows the total dipole moment of the discharge to be calculated and allows contributions of the return stroke and continuing current to this process to be estimated. Furthermore, some techniques of the signal spectral filtration that enable independent measurements of the return and continuing phase of the discharge are discussed.
Aerosol temporal characteristics and its impact on shortwave radiative forcing at a location in the northeast of India
Authors: Pathak Binita , Kalita Gayatry , Bhuyan K. , Bhuyan P. K. , Moorthy K. Krishna
Published: September 2010

Measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and mass concentration of composite and black carbon (BC) aerosols made with collocated instruments over Dibrugarh in Northeast India are used to estimate the aerosol radiative forcing for the period June 2008 to May 2009. AOD shows seasonal variation with maximum in premonsoon (0.69 ± 0.13 at 500 nm in March 2009) and minimum in the retreating monsoon (0.08 ± 0.01 at 500 nm in October 2008). Ångström coefficients α and β are highest in monsoon and premonsoon season and are lowest in premonsoon and retreating monsoon, respectively. The size segregated mass concentration is minimum in the monsoon season for all the three modes nucleation, accumulation, and coarse and maximum in winter for accumulation and coarse and in premonsoon for nucleation mode. The BC mass concentration is highest 16.3 ± 1.4 μg m−3 in winter and lowest 3.4 ± 0.9 μg m−3 in monsoon. The estimated aerosol radiative forcing of the atmosphere, using Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) outputs as inputs for Santa Barbara Discrete Ordinate Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART), is maximum in premonsoon followed by that in winter and minimum in retreating monsoon. Negative forcing is observed at the surface, whereas the top of the atmosphere (TOA) forcing is nearly zero in retreating monsoon and is negative in rest of the seasons. The forcing efficiency and heating rate were highest during winter and premonsoon, respectively.
Evaluation of midlatitude clouds in a large‐scale high‐resolution simulation using CloudSat observations
Authors: Greenwald Thomas J. , Lee Yong‐Keun , Otkin Jason A. , L'Ecuyer Tristan
Published: September 2010

The vertical representation, cloud radiative effects (CREs) and radiative heating rates of midlatitude clouds in a large‐scale cloud‐resolving model simulation were examined using CloudSat observations. Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) reflectivity profiles were generated from model output and compared objectively to observed CPR profiles by applying cluster analysis to joint histograms of height and reflectivity (H‐dBZ). Results of the analysis identified four distinct cloud regimes for both the simulation and observations. Simulated patterns of H‐dBZ joint histograms correlated well with observations for all four cloud regimes, i.e., (1) cirrus and low‐level cloud, (2) thick cirrus, (3) midlevel convection, and (4) frontal precipitation. The simulation also reproduced well the relative frequency of occurrence of all cloud regimes and their latitudinal dependence. Using a CloudSat radiative flux‐heating rate simulator, net CREs at the top of atmosphere, bottom of atmosphere, and for the atmosphere as a whole were found to be in relatively good agreement with observations for cloud regime 1, which occurred over 60% of the time, but were significantly biased for other regimes. While both simulation and observations showed a net column radiative cooling for all cloud regimes, the simulated heating rates indicated much less variation with height. These differences were attributed mainly to errors in the simulated water content profiles and to a lesser extent possible deficiencies in certain ice conversion processes occurring within the model for frontal cloud systems.
Nonlinear modulation of O3 and CO induced by mountain waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during terrain‐induced rotor experiment
Authors: Moustaoui M. , Mahalov A. , Teitelbaum H. , Grubišić V.
Published: September 2010

We analyze and explain distributions of trace gases (O3, CO) and potential temperature observed in aircraft measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the terrain‐induced rotor experiment. These distributions show fluctuations induced by mountain waves, with phases and amplitudes that are modulated and correlations that reverse sign along legs of the aircraft at constant altitudes. It is demonstrated that the observed correlations and distributions of gas traces can be explained by reversible processes induced by interactions between mountain waves with different wavelengths evolving on top of a mean vertical profile of ozone that is perturbed by synoptic scale motion. A wave with a large wavelength displaces the air column, causing horizontal variations in the vertical mean gradients. The short waves evolving in these modulated gradients induce wave signatures in O3 and CO, with amplitudes and phase relationships that depend on the vertical gradients encountered along the path of the aircraft. The proposed explanation is confirmed by reconstructed tracer variations deduced under this dynamical process. This is further supported by nonlinear analytical calculations that use background mean profiles from the observations, where the tracer variations induced by mutual wave‐wave interaction are investigated.
CO2 fluxes at northern fens and bogs have opposite responses to inter‐annual fluctuations in water table
Authors: Sulman Benjamin N. , Desai Ankur R. , Saliendra Nicanor Z. , Lafleur Peter M. , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Sonnentag Oliver , Mackay D. Scott , Barr Alan G. , van der Kamp Garth
Published: September 2010

This study compares eddy‐covariance measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes at six northern temperate and boreal peatland sites in Canada and the northern United States of America, representing both bogs and fens. The two peatland types had opposite responses of gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) to inter‐annual fluctuations in water table level. At fens, wetter conditions were correlated with lower GEP and ER, while at bogs wetter conditions were correlated with higher GEP and ER. We hypothesize that these contrasting responses are due to differences in the relative contributions of vascular plants and mosses. The coherence of our results between sites representing a range of average environmental conditions indicates ecosystem‐scale differences in resilience to hydrological changes that should be taken into account when considering the future of peatland ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration under changing environmental conditions.
Testing and improving ENSO models by process using transfer functions
Authors: MacMynowski Douglas G. , Tziperman Eli
Published: September 2010

Some key elements of ENSO are not consistently well captured in GCMs. However, modifying the wrong parameters may lead to the right result for the wrong reason. We introduce “transfer functions” to quantify the input/ output relationship of individual processes from model output, to compare them to the corresponding observed processes. Two key transfer functions are calculated: first, the relationship between western Pacific Rossby waves and the reflecting Kelvin waves; second, the frequency‐dependent relation between Kelvin waves traveling toward the eastern boundary and sea surface temperature response. These are estimated for TAO array data, the Cane‐Zebiak model, and the GFDL CM2.1 coupled GCM. Some feedbacks are found to be biased in both models. Re‐tuning parameters to fit observed transfer functions leads to a deteriorated solution, implying that compensating errors lead to the seemingly accurate simulation. This approach should be broadly useful in making climate model improvement more systematic and observation‐driven.
Winds and the orientation of a coastal plane estuary plume
Authors: Xia Meng , Xie Lian , Pietrafesa Leonard J.
Published: September 2010

Based on a calibrated coastal plane estuary plume model, ideal model hindcasts of estuary plumes are used to describe the evolution of the plume pattern in response to river discharge and local wind forcing by selecting a typical partially mixed estuary (the Cape Fear River Estuary or CFRE). With the help of an existing calibrated plume model, as described by Xia et al. (2007), simulations were conducted using different parameters to evaluate the plume behavior type and its change associated with the variation of wind forcing and river discharge. The simulations indicate that relatively moderate winds can mechanically reverse the flow direction of the plume. Downwelling favorably wind will pin the plume to the coasts while the upwelling plume could induce plume from the left side to right side in the application to CFRE. It was found that six major types of plumes may occur in the estuary and in the corresponding coastal ocean. To better understand these plumes in the CFRE and other similar river estuary systems, we also investigated how the plumes transition from one type to another. Results showed that wind direction, wind speed, and sometimes river discharge contribute to plume transitions.
West African Monsoon water cycle: 1. A hybrid water budget data set
Authors: Meynadier R. , Bock O. , Guichard F. , Boone A. , Roucou P. , Redelsperger J.‐L.
Published: September 2010

This study investigates the West African Monsoon water cycle with the help of a new hybrid water budget data set developed within the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses. Surface water and energy fluxes are estimated from an ensemble of land surface model simulations forced with elaborate precipitation and radiation products derived from satellite observations, while precipitable water tendencies are estimated from numerical weather prediction analyses. Vertically integrated atmospheric moisture flux convergence is estimated as a residual. This approach provides an advanced, comprehensive atmospheric water budget, including evapotranspiration, rainfall, and atmospheric moisture flux convergence, together with other surface fluxes such as runoff and net radiation. The annual mean and the seasonal cycle of the atmospheric water budget are presented and the couplings between budget terms are discussed for three climatologically distinct latitudinal bands between 6°N and 20°N. West Africa is shown to be alternatively a net source and sink region of atmospheric moisture, depending on the season (a source during the dry season and a sink during the wet season). Several limiting and controlling factors of the regional water cycle are highlighted, suggesting strong sensitivity to atmospheric dynamics and surface radiation. Some insight is also given into the underlying smaller‐scale processes. The relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation is shown to be very different between the Sahel and the regions more to the south and partly controlled by net surface radiation. Strong correlations are found between precipitation and moisture flux convergence over the whole region from daily to interannual time scales. Causality is also established between monthly mean anomalies. Hence, precipitation anomalies are preceded by moisture flux convergence anomalies and followed by moisture flux divergence and evapotranspiration anomalies. The results are discussed in comparison to other studies.
Associations of diurnal temperature range change with the leading climate variability modes during the Northern Hemisphere wintertime and their implication on the detection of regional climate trends
Authors: Wu Qigang
Published: September 2010

This study examines associations of diurnal temperature range (DTR) changes in observations at the global, hemispheric, subcontinental, and grid box scales with five leading climate variability modes, including the Arctic Oscillation (AO), hemispheric Pacific–North America (PNA)–like mode, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) during the Northern Hemisphere winter season (Jan–Mar). Winter DTR variability in most subcontinental regions is significantly related to variations in either the AO, or hemispheric PNA‐like mode, or ENSO index in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the DTR variability appears closely coupled with variations in the ENSO and AAO. From 1951 to 2000, variations in the circulation patterns account for a significant fraction of the DTR increase at all scales although the strength of these associations varies geographically. After removing the linearly congruent component of leading climate variability modes from the total wintertime DTR trends in the observations, statistically significant residual trends in DTR are still found at the global, hemispheric, and most subcontinental regions. Ensemble mean multimodel averaged DTR trends to major anthropogenic and natural forcing are significantly smaller than not only observed total DTR trends but also residual trends at these large scales. The implication of changes in the leading climate variability modes on the detection of regional DTR trends is discussed. We find that the detection of the regional response to combined anthropogenic and natural forcing is robust to the exclusion of trends related to changes of the five modes considered here.
Statistical analysis of eight surface ozone measurement series for various sites in Ireland
Authors: Tripathi O. P. , Jennings S. G. , O'Dowd C. D. , Coleman L. , Leinert S. , O'Leary B. , Moran E. , O'Doherty S. J. , Spain T. G.
Published: September 2010

Data from various stations having different measurement record periods between 1988 and 2007 are analyzed to investigate the surface ozone concentration, long‐term trends, and seasonal changes in and around Ireland. Time series statistical analysis is performed on the monthly mean data using seasonal and trend decomposition procedures and the Box‐Jenkins approach (autoregressive integrated moving average). In general, ozone concentrations in the Irish region are found to have a negative trend at all sites except at the coastal sites of Mace Head and Valentia. Data from the most polluted Dublin city site have shown a very strong negative trend of −0.33 ppb/yr with a 95% confidence limit of 0.17 ppb/yr (i.e., −0.33 ± 0.17) for the period 2002−2007, and for the site near the city of Cork, the trend is found to be −0.20 ± 0.11 ppb/yr over the same period. The negative trend for other sites is more pronounced when the data span is considered from around the year 2000 to 2007. Rural sites of Wexford and Monaghan have also shown a very strong negative trend of −0.99 ± 0.13 and −0.58 ± 0.12, respectively, for the period 2000−2007. Mace Head, a site that is representative of ozone changes in the air advected from the Atlantic to Europe in the marine planetary boundary layer, has shown a positive trend of about +0.16 ± 0.04 ppb per annum over the entire period 1988−2007, but this positive trend has reduced during recent years (e.g., in the period 2001−2007). Cluster analysis for back trajectories are performed for the stations having a long record of data, Mace Head and Lough Navar. For Mace Head, the northern and western clean air sectors have shown a similar positive trend (+0.17 ± 0.02 ppb/yr for the northern sector and +0.18 ± 0.02 ppb/yr for the western sector) for the whole period, but partial analysis for the clean western sector at Mace Head shows different trends during different time periods with a decrease in the positive trend since 1988 indicating a deceleration in the ozone trend for Atlantic air masses entering Europe.
Duration and extent of large electric fields in a thunderstorm anvil cloud after the last lightning
Authors: Stolzenburg Maribeth , Marshall Thomas C. , Krehbiel Paul R.
Published: September 2010

A series of balloon electric field (E) soundings and time‐correlated radar scans through the balloon locations are used to examine the evolution of charge and reflectivity inside a dissipating thunderstorm anvil. The soundings cover a 75 min period during and after the final lightning flash in distant convection. The first sounding measured large E magnitudes (maximum 65 kV m−1) and significant charge densities of both polarities (maximum +2.5 nC m−3) within and screening the anvil. Little change in the maximum E values occurred in the 30 min between the first and third soundings, although altitudes and densities of some charge regions decreased with time (maximum +0.6 nC m−3). Screening charge regions were observed in close coincidence with 12 dbZ radar reflectivity contours, and interior positive charge was found in the reflectivity maxima of both anvil decks. The fourth sounding ascended through visible but optically less dense cloud, and no enhanced E values were detected. Overall, the data indicate the interior positive charge region of the main anvil contained about 150 C and covered at least 250 km2 nearly 30 min after the last lightning flash. Potentially hazardous E values of 30–35 kV m−1 were measured at 9.9–10.2 km altitude, a common jet aircraft cruising altitude, more than 20 km away from and 32 min after the final lightning flash. About 50 min after the last flash, the main positive charge region contained an estimated 50 C, and potentially hazardous E values associated with the anvil extended over at least 220 km2.
An ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont association between Burkholderia gut symbionts and their heteropteran hosts
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshitomo , Hosokawa Takahiro , Fukatsu Takema
Published: September 2010

Here, we investigated 124 stinkbug species representing 20 families and 5 superfamilies for their Burkholderia gut symbionts, of which 39 species representing 6 families of the superfamilies Lygaeoidea and Coreoidea were Burkholderia-positive. Diagnostic PCR surveys revealed high frequencies of Burkholderia infection in natural populations of the stinkbugs, and substantial absence of vertical transmission of Burkholderia infection to their eggs. In situ hybridization confirmed localization of the Burkholderia in their midgut crypts. In the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs, development of midgut crypts in their alimentary tract was coincident with the Burkholderia infection, suggesting that the specialized morphological configuration is pivotal for establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic association. The Burkholderia symbionts were easily isolated as pure culture on standard microbiological media, indicating the ability of the gut symbionts to survive outside the host insects. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the gut symbionts of the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs belong to a β-proteobacterial clade together with Burkholderia isolates from soil environments and Burkholderia species that induce plant galls. On the phylogeny, the stinkbug-associated, environmental and gall-forming Burkholderia strains did not form coherent groups, indicating host–symbiont promiscuity among these stinkbugs. Symbiont culturing revealed that slightly different Burkholderia genotypes often coexist in the same insects, which is also suggestive of host–symbiont promiscuity. All these results strongly suggest an ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont relationship between the lygaeoid/coreoid stinkbugs and the Burkholderia gut symbionts. Possible mechanisms as to how the environmentally transmitted promiscuous symbiotic association has been stably maintained in the evolutionary course are discussed.
Relationships Between IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐1 and Adiposity in Obese African‐American and Latino Adolescents
Authors: Alderete Tanya L. , Byrd‐Williams Courtney E. , Toledo‐Corral Claudia M. , Conti David V. , Weigensberg Marc J. , Goran Michael I.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine interrelationships between insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and adiposity in 49 African‐American and 77 Latino obese adolescents (15.3 ± 0.1 and 15.4 ± 0.2 years; BMI: 33.0 ± 0.7 and 35.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2, respectively). Immunoradiometric assays were used to measure IGF‐1, IGFBP‐1, and IGFBP‐3. Total fat and soft lean tissue were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. IGF‐1 levels were 23.1% higher and IGFBP‐1 were 40.4% higher in African Americans compared to Latinos after adjustment for total lean and total fat mass. IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐1 were inversely correlated with BMI, total fat mass, VAT, and HFF (r = −0.20 to −0.33, P < 0.05) while IGFBP‐1 was inversely correlated with SAAT (r = −0.22, P < 0.05). These relationships did not differ by ethnicity, however, the relationship between IGF‐1 and SAAT, as well as IGFBP‐1 and HFF, differed by ethnicity. Predicted mean IGF‐1 levels were 30.7% higher for African Americans at the 75th compared to 25th percentile of SAAT and only 11.7% higher for Latinos. Predicted mean IGFBP‐1 levels were 158% higher for African Americans at the 25th compared to the 75th percentile of HFF while IGFBP‐1 levels were 1.7% higher for Latinos at the 75th compared to the 25th percentile. These results demonstrate that the relationship between IGF‐1 and SAAT as well as IGFBP‐1 and HFF are different in African‐American and Latino adolescents and may contribute to the higher IGF‐1 levels in African‐Americans.