bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADULT PLANT RESISTANCE IN WHEAT TO PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA TRITICINA ERIKSS.
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

Nine wheat varieties were studied in two stages of growth, the seedling stage and the heading stage, for their reaction to a number of physiologic races of leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikss. Several varieties susceptible to certain physiologic races in the seedling stage were found to acquire, as they grew to maturity, a resistance to these races. In the adult plant, the resistance was greatest in the uppermost leaves but diminished progressively on lower leaves. The varieties tested fell into three groups on the basis of their rust reaction. (1) Renown and Regent, which developed adult plant resistance to all of the 19 races to which they were tested. In these two varieties, and possibly in other derivatives of H-44 and Hope, adult plant resistance to physiologic races of leaf rust may be a generalized phenomenon comparable to the resistance such varieties show towards stem rust. (2) Thatcher, Apex, Marquis, Reward, and Kenya R.L. 1373, which showed adult plant resistance only to certain physiologic races, a condition not hitherto encountered in other cereal rusts. (3) McMurachy and Warden × Hybrid, each of which reacted somewhat similarly in the seedling and heading stages, the former being susceptible and the latter resistant in both stages.
VARIATION IN NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN TWO PLOTS
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

An experiment was designed to study the combined effect of changes in moisture, dates of sampling, and numbers of colonies per plate on the estimated number of bacteria in the soil of two plots. The data represent 30 replicate estimates on a wheat plot and 30 on a fallow plot, each made from a different dilution on each of 19 dates of sampling from May 21 to September 27, together with moisture determinations for each plot on each date. The statistical treatment consists of a combination of correlation and analysis of variance studies. The results are presented graphically, and in the usual form of analysis of variance. They demonstrate the presence of a basic population in each plot which responds differently to moisture and time in different dilutions.
TOBACCO STREAK
Authors: Berkeley G. H. , Phillips J. H. H.
Published: April 2011

The symptoms of streak, consisting mainly of ring spotting and systemic necrosis, are given in detail on Nicotiana Tabacum L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. rustica L., N. sylvestris Speg. & Comes, N. Langsdorffii Weinm., N. Bigelovii Wats., Nicandra Physalodes (L.) Pers., Datura Stramonium L., Antirrhinum majus Linn., Calendula officinalis Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. var. humilis Alef. It was found impossible to transmit streak to Physalis angulata L., Phytolacca americana L., Capsicum frutescens L., Nicotiana glauca Grah., Callistephus chinensis Nees, Petunia hybrida Vilm., and Sinningia speciosa Benth. & Hook.The incubation period varied from 6 to 14 days and 4 to 10 days when transmitted by patch-grafting and juice transfer methods, respectively.It was found that the streak virus was killed in juice extracts at 53 °C. for 10 min. and in patch sticks at 55 °C. for five minutes, but was viable in patch sticks after treatment at 50 °C. for 15 min. Experimental evidence indicates that streak does not overwinter in the soil under Ontario conditions and that little, if any, mechanical spread occurs under field conditions.Circumstantial evidence has suggested that under field conditions streak may spread from sweet clover to tobacco; this is supported by experimental evidence in that streak was transferred from sweet clover to tobacco and a disease resembling streak was transmitted from tobacco to sweet clover.
A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A CLARIFICATION OF THE TRAMETES SERIALIS COMPLEX
Authors: Nobles Mildred K.
Published: April 2011

The fungus frequently isolated from a destructive, brown, cubical rot in Sitka spruce and Douglas fir, and formerly referred to Trametes serialis Fries has been connected with a fruit body collected on Sitka spruce in the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. By means of morphological, cultural, and interfertility studies it has been shown to be distinct from Trametes serialis, and is described herewith under the name Poria microspora Overholts, n. sp. Similar studies of Poria Sequoiae Bonar, Polyporus palustris Berk., and Poria carbonica Over-holts n. sp., all of which have been confused with Trametes serialis because of similarities between fruit bodies or cultures, have demonstrated the validity of each of the species and have provided criteria for their separation on the basis of cultural characters.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CEREAL GRAINS: II. THE EFFECT OF AGE AND KERNEL SIZE ON THE COURSE OF RESPIRATION OF WHEAT DURING EARLY GERMINATION STAGES
Authors: Leach William
Published: April 2011

Wheat samples that had been previously stored for periods of 6, 18, and 30 months were kept at 25 °C. (a) in contact with water, and (b) in a moisture-saturated atmosphere for 40-hr. periods during which hourly records of their carbon dioxide outputs were made. The lengths of the previous storage periods did not appear to have had any significant effect on the respiratory activities of the samples. Kernel size, however, was found to have a definite effect on respiration on the basis of the quantity of carbon dioxide produced per unit weight of grain, kernels of large average size giving a lower carbon dioxide output per unit weight of grain than kernels of small average size.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XIII. WORT ATTENUATION, VISCOSITY, AND TURBIDITY, AND THEIR INTER-RELATIONS
Authors: Meredith W. O. S. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Determinations of degree of attenuation, viscosity, turbidity at filtration, and turbidity after 24 hr. were made on the worts from 144 malts representing 24 barley varieties grown in 1938 at each of six widely scattered points in Canada.Varietal and station differences are demonstrated in these wort qualities. O.A.C. 21, Mensury, and Olli, acceptable malting varieties, produce worts that are high in degree of attenuation, low in viscosity, and low in turbidity. Two other six-rowed varieties, Brandon 216 and Velvet, are similar to O.A.C. 21 in wort qualities. The remaining 14 six-rowed varieties are deficient in at least one wort quality. Among five two-rowed varieties, Hannchen being used as standard, Rex and Sanalta are similar to Hannchen in the three wort properties, and Charlottetown 80 and Victory are deficient in one or more.Intervarietal relations between the wort properties were examined, and the following observations are made: degree of attenuation and viscosity are inversely related; viscosity is directly related to both initial and final turbidity, and partial correlation coefficients suggest that the material causing final turbidity is mainly responsible for these relations; initial and final turbidity are closely and directly related. No intravarietal relations were examined owing to the small number of stations represented.
THE EFFECT OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON THE QUALITY OF CANNED HERRING
Authors: Charnley F. , Young O. C.
Published: April 2011

The effect of freezing and thawing on the quality of canned herring is investigated by comparing averages of the quality characteristics: firmness, volume of free aqueous liquid, and volume of free oil of treated samples with those of untreated samples. Repeated freezing and thawing definitely impairs the quality of canned herring by causing absorption of an appreciable proportion of the free aqueous liquid and free oil into the interior of the sample and seriously diminishing the firmness of the cooked tissue.
TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT BY WATER DROPS 1 TO 5 μ IN DIAMETER
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The size of the drops formed when water vapour condenses is related to the work performed against the surface tension. For the determination of the size by optical methods, Mie's solution of the electromagnetic equations for the propagation of light of wave-length λ in a medium containing small spherical drops of radius a indicates that as the ratio α = 2πa/λ increases from 0 to 20, the intensity of the light received in the prolongation of the incident beam passes alternately through maximum and minimum values. At distances from the drops greatly exceeding λ, the first maximum lies close to α = 2π, the second is near α = 8.6, and the subsequent peaks are less distinct and tend to repeat themselves at α = (m + 3/4)π. As a result of these fluctuations the light seen through a cloud of particles with diameters greater than about 1 μ is coloured. The theory accounts for the cycles in the changes of colour observed when the diameter increases, and enables a determination of the radius of growing drops. With increasing radius, the influence of the index of refraction m decreases; for m = ∞ the positions and values of the peaks differ only slightly from those obtained with water.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: IV. LYCOPODIUM TRISTACHYUM PURSH
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Besides a small quantity of nicotine, four alkaloids have been isolated from Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. One of these, lycopodine, has been described previously. The remaining three bases appear to be new. They are alkaloid L13 (C16H25ON) also found in L. obscurum, alkaloid L14 (C16H25N), and alkaloid L15 (C20H31O4N).
THE RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SODIUM SOAPS IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of the following factors on the recrystallization of sodium soaps in mineral oils is described: rate of cooling, acidity and alkalinity of the soap, concentration of the soap, unsaturation in the soap, polarity of the oil, effect of a number of additives such as glycerol, and external shearing forces.Non-polar mineral oil acts as an inert diluent and recrystallization is essentially that from a hot melt. The presence of polar compounds results in some solvent action on soap in the mesomorphic states, and the effect of shear on the form of the recrystallized soap in such systems is important.The preparation of a sodium soap lubricating grease is essentially a recrystallization of the soap, and the properties of the grease can be altered over a wide range by suitable adjustment of the factors during the recrystallization.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Stanier R. Y. , Fratkin Sybil B.
Published: April 2011

Aerobacter aerogenes, Aerobacillus polymyxa, and Aeromonas hydrophila, representatives of the three genera characterized by a butanediol fermentation, can all oxidize 2,3-butanediol under aerobic conditions. The configuration of the 2,3-butanediol has considerable bearing on its decomposability: Aerobacter aerogenes is inactive on the l-isomer, but attacks both meso- and d-isomers; Aeromonas hydrophila attacks the meso-isomer but not the l- and probably not the d-isomer; Aerobacillus polymyxa can oxidize both l- and meso-2,3-butanediol, but the rate with the former is many times greater than with the latter. Aerobacter aerogenes oxidizes both 2,3-butanediol and acetoin to carbon dioxide and water, a large part of the substrate being simultaneously assimilated. The other two organisms oxidize 2,3-butanediol to acetoin, but can further oxidize the acetoin thus formed only very slowly, if at all. Both Aerobacter aerogenes and Aerobacillus polymyxa are unable to attack 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethancdiol. However they can oxidize 1,2-propanediol to acetol.
SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CLUB ROOT ORGANISM, PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE
Authors: Ayers G. W.
Published: April 2011

In the present studies on Plasmodiophora Brassicae Wor., attention was focussed principally on the development of the zoosporangium and the formation and discharge of the zoospores.Resting spores, released from thoroughly clubbed tissue by the action of bacteria and fungi, germinated well in tap water at room temperature in 1 to 10 days. Germination was hastened by exposure to frost.The zoospores from the resting spores are biflagellate and heterokont, and vary in size. When such a zoospore comes in contact with root hairs or epidermal root cells of cruciferous seedlings, it settles down as an amoeba and penetrates the cell wall to form a young thallus within the host cell. The thallus may or may not become considerably enlarged before the protoplasm undergoes cleavage and an irregular cluster of zoosporangia is formed. Each zoosporangium contains four to eight zoospores, which, at maturity, are discharged from the root hair if free moisture is present; otherwise the fungal protoplasm disintegrates. At ordinary field temperatures, from four to six days are required from infection of the host to the discharge of zoospores from the zoosporangium. Discharge takes place through small openings at the point of contact of the zoosporangia with the cell wall of the root hair. These zoospores when discharged are not more than one-half the average diameter of the zoospores from germinating resting spores.Controlled temperature, studies have shown that temperatures most favourable for the growth of the host are also most favourable for infection. The optimum temperature for infection was about 70° F., the minimum between 54° and 57° F., and the maximum above 92° F. Only two to two and one-half days were needed for the process.
A STORAGE ROT OF CELERY CAUSED BY ANSATOSPORA MACROSPORA (OSTERW.) NEWHALL
Authors: Truscott J. H. L.
Published: April 2011

Celery grown in muck soil near Thedford, Ont., is subject to a storage rot caused by a fungus, Ansatospora macrospora (Osterw.) Newhall. A 10-year investigation has shown that damage varies from nothing to complete destruction of the stored celery. Losses are usually small during the first two months of storage; they increase with time and may be complete in four months. Most of the losses are caused by lesions that develop in the celery butts.The work reported followed two major courses: the life history of the organism and practical control of the disease. The latter was obtained by dipping the trimmed butts of celery at harvest in a watery mixture of phenylmercuric acetate.
ON THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF CAECAL COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA TENELLA) OF CHICKENS
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

Tests of 2-(p-aminobenzenesulphonamido)-4, 6-dimethylpyrimidine ('Sulphamezathine') as a prophylactic and curative drug for caecal coccidiosis of chickens have confirmed the previous findings of workers in Great Britain and have shown that the disease can be checked even after intestinal haemorrhage has begun.A related compound, 2-sulphanilamido-4-methylpyrimidine ('Sulfamerazine'), and its soluble sodium salt have been found to have comparable value as curative drugs.This work suggests that these sulphonamides, with partly methylated pyrimidine structures, will prove of value as agents for the control of the disease when used in conjunction with other recognized measures. The relationship between the chemical structure and the coccidiostatic effect requires further investigation.
VTTAMTN B AND PHENOTHIAZINE ANAEMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , Mack Jr. George E.
Published: April 2011

Phenothiazine caused a haemolytic anaemia in three dogs used in a total of eight experiments. In one animal a diet deficient in vitamin B greatly intensified the anaemia and jaundice. Addition of vitamin B complex to normal diets did not prevent the anaemia, but it did suppress Heinz body formation and stimulate reticulocytosis. It is indicated that the B complex is necessary for erythropoiesis, but that it may have no direct effect upon the anaemia.One animal died after four courses of the drug totalling 340 gm.; its liver revealed a portal cirrhosis.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XIII. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON COLOUR
Authors: White W. Harold , Grant G. A.
Published: April 2011

Egg powder from two Canadian plants was heated at temperatures from 26.7° to 60.0 °C. (80° to 140° F.). Samples were removed for quantitative colour measurements after periods of three hours to seven days. Initially the powders from the two sources differed significantly with respect to both brightness and colour quality. However, their behaviour with heat treatment was essentially similar. Little change in either total intensity or colour quality was noted at temperatures below 35.0 °C. (95° F.). Above 35 °C. appreciable changes in both brightness and colour quality occurred; the magnitude of these changes increased with increase in temperature and time of treatment. The total intensity decreased, indicating a general darkening of the powder. The amount of light scattered in the green region of the spectrum decreased, while that in the red increased. Some change was also observed in a portion of the violet region.
PHTHALIDE FORMATION
Authors: Charlesworth E. H. , Rennie R. P. , Sinder J. E. , Yan M. M.
Published: April 2011

3,5-Dimethoxy-6-chloromethyl-4-methylphthalide has been produced from 3,5-dimethoxy-p-toluic acid by heating with aqueous formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. A chloromethylphthalide has been produced in a similar reaction from 5-methoxy-m-toluic acid, but its orientation has not been established. By treatment with potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis this chloromethylphthalide has been changed to a phenylacetic acid. Oxidation with permanganate has opened the phthalide ring giving a tricarboxylic acid.When 5-methoxy-p-toluic, 5-methoxy-o-toluic, and 3,5-dimethoxy-o-toluic acids respectively are treated with formaldehyde solution and hydrochloric acid, the normal phthalides are produced. This conclusion has been verified by comparison with phthalides produced from the same acids by the Fritsch method. Hydrobromic or hydriodic acid may replace hydrochloric acid in these reactions. Attempts to employ aliphatic aldehydes other than formaldehyde in the reaction have been unsuccessful owing to polymerization of the aldehydes.
THE ALKALOIDS OF SEDUM ACRE L.
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Two alkaloids have been isolated from Sedum acre L. (Crassulaceae). One is the previously reported sedamine and the other is nicotine, the occurrence of which in this plant is now reported for the first time.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE DE LA 3,3-DIPHÉNYL-l-INDANONE ET DE SES DÉRIVÉS
Authors: Gagnon Paul-E. , Gravel L. , Huot G.-L.
Published: April 2011

not available
A COMPARISON OF FIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING STARCH CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Eva W. J. , Rankin Esther E.
Published: April 2011

Duplicate determinations made on 17 samples of ground wheat, covering a wide range of starch content, gave mean values and standard errors (for single determinations) for five starch methods as follows: Hopkins, 63.3 ± 0.31; Clendenning, 62.8 ± 0.40; Lintner–Schwarcz, 62.9 ± 0.48; malt diastase with acid hydrolysis, 63.6 ± 0.57; Rask, 62.2 ± 0.48. The standard errors include all analytical errors, as duplicate determinations were made in random order and on different days. The Hopkins method may well be the most accurate as well as the most precise, but the Clendenning method is preferred because of its simplicity and rapidity.
LIBERATION OF GROWTH STIMULATING MATERIALS BY ROOTING SALIX CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Physiologically active substances were liberated by rooting willow cuttings and retained by the solution or sand media in which rooting had occurred. Subsequent rooting of willow cuttings in such media affected the number and particularly the length of roots. Stimulation of root growth on dormant cuttings occurred while the effects on non-dormant material were predominantly injurious. Stimulation or inhibition was related to the concentration of the liberated material. The active substance was thermostable and appeared to have effects similar to those of synthetic plant growth stimulants. It has been demonstrated that salicylates were not responsible for the activity.
STUDIES ON THE FUSARIUM OF MUSKMELON WILT: II. INFECTION STUDIES CONCERNING THE HOST RANGE OF THE ORGANISM AND THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON DISEASE INCIDENCE
Authors: Miller John J.
Published: April 2011

The effect of environment on disease incidence was investigated in some detail. A comparison of disease incidence resulting from equal degrees of infestation of sterilized and unsterilized soils led to the conclusion that the factor responsible for the suppression of disease incidence in unsterilized soil was biological. Temperature studies indicated a definite decrease in disease incidence above 30 °C. but no minimum temperature was found below which the host grew well and escaped infection. Low soil moistures appeared to accentuate disease incidence. Seedlings grown in naturally infested soil seldom wilted and since the pathogen was shown to be present in this soil, a protective effect must have been operating. This was found associated with a severe stunting and both appeared due to biological causes. Evidence indicated that the wilt Fusarium was not important with regard to the stunting. Cultural variants of the pathogen were found less virulent than the wild type on all host varieties tested, emphasizing the importance of employing the highly virulent wild type strain when infesting soils for resistance trials.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XIV. NOTE ON SEASONAL PROGRESS OF ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L.
Published: April 2011

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were placed in outdoor propagation frames in early November; 25% of the cuttings had callus formation by the end of the following June and 80% were rooted by mid-July. Percentage rooting increased gradually to the final average value of 95% in early September. In mid-July cuttings had initiated 72% of the final number of roots though there was a gradual increase until early September. Mean root length increased by over 400% during the 20 days from July 18 to Aug. 7, the subsequent rate of increase in root length fell to less than 50% for the following 23 days. By Sept. 23 root growth had ceased; 84% of the final value had been attained by the end of August.
BIO-ASSAY OF VITAMIN C IN ROSE HIPS
Authors: Tuba J. , Cantor M. M. , Hunter G.
Published: April 2011

Rose hips, as a dry powder to ensure uniformity of sampling, have been assayed for vitamin C, guinea pigs being used as the test animal. It is here proved by the curative growth method of Harris and Olliver and by the serum phosphatase method of Gould and Schwachman, that the values given for ascorbic acid by titration with 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol in rose hips are substantially correct.
FORMATION AND GROWTH OF BUBBLES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Bateman J. B. , Lang J.
Published: April 2011

A preliminary study has been made of the evolution of nitrogen and carbon dioxide from various aqueous solutions subjected, in a simple dilatometer, to decreased pressures. The experiments support the view that all aqueous solutions contain a small number of foci for bubble formation. The presence of these foci is shown by a rapid transient evolution of gas immediately following a large rapid reduction of pressure. The nuclei are rather specific in character: the majority of the particles in suspensions of charcoal, blood corpuscles, and various hydrophobic substances, are unable to function in this manner. When decompression occurs in small steps, evolution of gas is mainly attributable to bubbles formed at preferred spots on the vessel wall, and observed variations in rate of growth have been analysed in terms of the nature of the dissolved gases (nitrogen or Carbon dioxide), the pressure gradient, and the relative importance of pure diffusion and convection under various conditions. In particular, the observed effect of carbon dioxide in accelerating the growth of nitrogen bubbles has been attributed mainly to its high absorption coefficient rather than to any specific effect upon the number of gas nuclei.
THE RELATIVE SWEETNESS OF VARIOUS SWEET COMPOUNDS AND OF THEIR MIXTURES
Authors: Cameron A. T.
Published: April 2011

Responses to specific sweet stimuli are specific for any one individual, but for that individual only. Comparisons as to degree of sweetness of different stimuli may vary from individual to individual. Rigid data are probably unattainable; it is only possible to determine the average opinions of a group of individuals.The following solutions were found to be equally sweet by the group of individuals employed:(i) 5.0% sucrose and 8.3% glucose; 10.0% sucrose and 14.4% glucose (which modified the figure previously found, after proper weighting, to 14.6%).(ii) 5.0% galactose and 2.5% sucrose; 10.0% galactose and 6.0% sucrose; 15.0% galactose and 10.0% sucrose.(iii) 5.0% mannitol and 2.47% sucrose; 10.0% mannitol and 5.54% sucrose; 15.0% mannitol and 9.8% sucrose.(iv) 2.0% sucrose arid 0.0049% 'soluble saccharine' (approximate only).(v) 0.0125% dulcine and 3.35% sucrose; 0.025% dulcine and 4.1% sucrose; 0.050% dulcine and 4.6% sucrose (all only approximate).(vi) 5.0% glycine and 3.25% sucrose; 30.0% glycine and 5.5% sucrose.(vii) 3.0% dl-alanine and 3.0% sucrose.While it has been shown earlier that the sweetnesses of sucrose and glucose, sucrose and lactose, glucose and lactose, sucrose and glycerol, and glucose and glycerol are additive when calculated in terms of glucose (but not in terms of sucrose), and it is now shown that this is true also for mixtures of galactose and glucose, and (probably) of dulcine and sucrose, this relationship does not hold for mixtures of glycine and sucrose, alanine and sucrose, and alanine and glycine. In such mixtures the total sweetness is less than that calculated in terms of glucose and usually less than when calculated in terms of sucrose.The relative sweetnesses of the group of compounds glucose, galactose, lactose, glycerol, and mannitol, compared with any one of them, do not change with concentration, within the limits of the experimental method used. On the other hand, the relative sweetnesses of these, and of fructose and dulcine, when compared with sucrose, change with concentration, the relationship being a log-log one. There is a similar log-log relationship when comparisons are made with fructose.A method is described for determining the value of iso-sweet iso-caloric mixtures of glucose and sucrose.A type curve can be constructed relating sweetness to concentration for glucose and the other compounds of its group. The relationship is log-log. A different log-log relationship between sweetness and concentration holds for sucrose.
THE THIAMIN CONTENT OF BREAKFAST CEREALS
Authors: Robinson Allen D. , Hiltz Mary C. , Campbell Rita , Levinson Abigail
Published: April 2011

Breakfast cereals available in Winnipeg stores were analysed for thiamin by the thiochrome method. Oatmeal, whole wheat cereals, and those containing mixtures of many grains are highest in thiamin content. A single serving may provide from 10 to 15% of the recommended daily allowance. Corn, rice, and wheat endosperm cereals are low in thiamin and contribute but slightly to the daily intake. There is little loss on storage. Cooking losses vary but are for the most part less than 20%. The short thiochrome method of Hoffer, Alcock, and Geddes, which is designed for use with flour, does not determine all of the thiamin in breakfast cereals.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STORAGE OF DEHYDRATED PORK
Authors: Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

In an accelerated storage test at 60 °C. fat levels of 20 and 30% were observed to have no effect on keeping quality of dehydrated pork. Measurements on dried product stored in paper-bodied containers for one year at temperatures from −17.8 °C. to 36.7 °C. showed 15.6 °C. to be less desirable than 23.9°, 0°, or −17.8 °C. Dehydrated pork was stored in tin-plate containers for periods of one year at 23.9 °C. and 36.7 °C. with little decrease in palatability. No difference in storage life was demonstrated between cured and uncured pork, or, as a result of differences in drying times, moisture content |or storage temperature. The product prepared on an atmospheric double-drum drier deteriorated a little more rapidly than vacuum–tray- or tunnel–tray-dried material. The effectiveness of container materials, tin-plate, Reynolds' metal A-10, Dewey and Almy P-16, and 300 MST cellophane, was evaluated and their relative value for dehydrated pork fell in that order.
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES FROM SULPHITE WASTE LIQUOR BY PENICILLIUM NOTATUM
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Chase F. E.
Published: April 2011

Sulphite waste liquor, boiled and aerated to remove sulphur dioxide, was found to serve as medium for growth of certain penicillin and notatin producing strains of Penicillium notatum, after suitable adjustment of reaction and addition of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Without added organic nutrients, or with supplementary sugar only, the antibacterial activity of the culture fluid is due largely to notatin production. A supplement of corn steep liquor has the effect of increasing penicillin and suppressing notatin formation, so that in the presence of added lactose the culture may assay as high as 30 Oxford units of penicillin per ml.Utilizing only the sugar present in the sulphite waste liquor one strain of P. notatum produced three Oxford units per ml. of culture, while additions of corn steep liquor gave values as high as 11 units, and together with bran, 15 units per ml. Though the results do not suggest the practical use of sulphite waste liquor for penicillin production, where crude culture fluids of highest potency are desired, they suggest the value of further study with micro-organisms capable of making use of energy now going to waste for the production of useful metabolic products.
SMOKED MEATS: IV. MEASUREMENT OF COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY OF WILTSHIRE BACON
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Woodcock A. H.
Published: April 2011

Colour and colour stability of smoked and unsmoked Wiltshire bacon stored for periods up to 98 days at − 18°, − 9°, − 1°, and 7 °C. were measured by nine- and by three-filter methods. Differences in brightness between bacon sides were appreciable. Decrease in brightness with time was evident after 70 days at 7 °C., but not until after 98 days at freezer temperatures. Smoking increased brightness.There were marked differences in colour quality between bacon sides. Smoking decreased the proportion of red colour in the meat with corresponding increases in blue and green. Colour stability measurements on all samples showed that exposure caused a decrease in the proportion of red and an increase in green and green-blue.
STUDIES ON THE PROCESSING OF WHEAT GERM
Authors: Lusena C. V. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

Processes are described for the controlled treatment of wheat germ with steam or with ethylene dichloride vapours followed by steam. The products are highly palatable and have excellent keeping and baking qualities. The improved quality is associated with the inactivation of proteolytic enzymes, low moisture content, and the removal of odoriferous substances. The treatments destroy a considerable part of the glutathione but do not affect the vitamin E and thiamin content or promote rancidity.To facilitate these studies on processing, a new procedure has been developed for measuring the proteolytic activity of wheat germ, and previous methods have been adapted for the determination of the lipoxidase activity and glutathione content of wheat germ. No relationship is found between the development of off-flavours in wheat germ during storage and the formation of peroxides or lipoxidase activity.
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF DUST-LAYING OILS TO WOOL
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Weatherburn A. S.
Published: April 2011

The treatment of woollen blankets with dust-laying oils for the purpose of reducing dust-borne infection may be accomplished by the use of positively charged emulsions of oil in water. The chemical aspects of this process have been investigated and the influence of the various factors that affect the rate of exhaustion of the treating bath has been studied. It was found that the rate of exhaustion is increased by (a) raising the temperature, (b) raising the pH, and (c) reducing the concentration of emulsifying agent to the minimum amount necessary for stable emulsification of the oil. Traces of soap remaining in the wool after laundering cause a reversal of the electrical charge on the emulsion droplets and therefore prevent complete exhaustion of the treating bath. Suggestions are made regarding the practical application of the process.
THE HEAT CAPACITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID
Authors: Thorvaldson T. , Bailey E. C.
Published: April 2011

The heat capacity of aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid varying in concentration from 0.55 to 48% was determined over the temperature range 18° to 20 °C. The respective values for the specific heat varied between 0.996 and 0.718 cal. per gm. The values obtained are consistent among themselves but differ markedly from those found in the literature. The apparent molal heat capacity of the solute over this range of concentration and temperature was calculated and compared with values obtained from the data of other experimenters.
CHLORINATION BY AQUEOUS SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: April 2011

New instances of nuclear chlorination of benzene derivatives by the action of cold aqueous sodium hypochlorite are reported. The reaction gives good yields of monochloro derivatives when the orientation is favourable.
THE FATTY ACIDS OF HARE'S-EAR MUSTARD SEED OIL
Authors: Hopkins C. Y.
Published: April 2011

The fatty oil of hare's-ear mustard seed (Conringia orientalis L.) was examined. Constants of the oil were determined and a partial separation of the fatty acids was carried out by the methyl ester fractionation method. Palmitic, oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic, erucic, and lignoceric acids were identified. Erucic acid was found to be present in largest amount. The oil resembles rapeseed and other Cruciferae seed oils in this respect. The content of eicosenoic acid is estimated to be not more than 12% of the total fatty acids.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LXI. PROPERTIES OF THE FRACTIONATED NITRATES OF TWO FRACTIONS OF CORN STARCH
Authors: Ashford W. R. , Evans T. H. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Corn starch has been separated into two individual components, arbitrarily designated as amylose (linear fraction) and amylopectin (branched-chain fraction) by means of preferential adsorption on cellulose (Tanret–Pacsu method). These components have been nitrated and their nitrates fractionated by dissolution in ethanol. The relative stabilities and nitrogen contents of the nitrated fractions have been studied.Unfractionated amylose nitrate has greater stability than unfractionated amylopectin nitrate as judged by the Bergmann–Junk test. Dissolution methods of fractionation showed a much higher solubility of the amylopectin nitrate, the greater relative stability of the amylose fractions, and the somewhat greater stabilizing action of ethanol in the case of the latter.The widely different solubilities of amylose and amylopectin nitrates in conjunction with the lower ethanol solubility of whole starch nitrate are in accordance with the theory of a branched-chain structure for amylopectin and the linear type for amylose.
ACETYLATION AND BENZOYLATION OF DIBASIC SUGAR ACIDS
Authors: Adelman M. , Breckenridge J. G.
Published: April 2011

Fully acetylated mucic acid, D-glucosaccharic anhydride, D-mannosaccharic anhydride, and α-D-glucopentahydroxypimelic acid have been prepared by the action of acetyl chloride on the neutral zinc salts of the corresponding acids. Fully benzoylated mucic, D-glucosaccharic, and D-mannosaccharic acids have been prepared in a similar manner. The action of acyl or aroyl halides on the neutral zinc salts of the dibasic sugar acids is proposed as a general method for preparation of the fully substituted derivatives.
THE EFFECT OF DDT ON THE STEM RUST REACTION OF KHAPLI WHEAT
Authors: Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

Seedling leaves of Khapli wheat—a variety highly resistant to physiologic races of wheat stem rust prevalent in North America—became susceptible to stem rust a few days after they had been sprayed with DDT (1 oz. in 5 gal. water). The response to DDT was highly specific, as only one other of the resistant wheats tested (Arnautka) showed any indication of susceptibility consequent on spraying. Specificity of response was also indicated by the development of marked chlorosis on leaves of some varieties, whereas other varieties remained unaffected.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF McINTOSH APPLES DURING THEIR DEVELOPMENT ON TREE AND IN COLD STORAGE: PART 1. GENERAL TRENDS
Authors: Krotkov G. , Helson V.
Published: April 2011

For two consecutive years, weekly samples of apples were taken during the development of fruits on the tree and in subsequent cold storage. Following determination of their respiration, the fruits of each sample were analysed for various forms of carbohydrates and also for their insoluble P content. The last constituent was assumed to represent the 'protoplasmic factor,' Six different physiological stages are distinguished during the ontogeny of apple fruits. These are based on changes in the direction and in the rates of metabolism of various carbohydrates. The first three stages are passed while apples are on tree; the next one is passed either partly or even completely in storage, depending on the date of picking; the last two are passed entirely in storage. At the beginning of storage there was observed a sharp increase in the sugar content or apples. Since there was no corresponding decrease in the alcohol insoluble residue, it was concluded that such sugars must come from some alcohol soluble substances.
ON STAINING FOR VITAMIN C IN TISSUES
Authors: Tuba Jules , Hunter George , Osborne John A.
Published: April 2011

Guinea-pig adrenals were stained for ascorbic acid. In the normal adrenal, staining was found in both cortex and medulla though with greatest density in the zona fasciculata. The stained scorbutic adrenal showed only a few granules.The mosses Mnium cuspidatum and Mnium affine contain ascorbic acid in appreciable amounts. Following staining, fine black granules could be seen in both species. The stain intensity of the granules roughly corresponded to their relative ascorbic acid content.Having satisfactorily established the validity of the staining solution by the above experiments the development of ascorbic acid in the rose hips of R. acicularis was followed throughout the summer. There was found to be some association between the ascorbic acid and chloroplasts. With increasing maturity there developed a gradual accumulation of fine granules in the cells of the tissue as well. These granules showed no apparent relationship to any formed elements in the cells. Staining densities roughly parallel ascorbic acid content.
PROTEIN AND FAT OF THE SALMON EGG AS SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO
Authors: Hollett A. , Hayes F. R.
Published: April 2011

An egg weighing 130 mgm. starts off with 25 mgm. of protein, of which 45% is consumed for energy up to the time of complete yolk sac absorption; for fat the corresponding figures are 9.4 mgm. and 77%. Up to the time of hatching there is no measurable decrease in either protein or fat, although recorded respiratory measurements suggest a probable loss of some 0.6 mgm. of fat. The dried embryo, when the yolk is gone, weighs 17.3 mgm. Expressed as calories, 41% of the yolk becomes living embryo and the rest is used up for metabolic purposes. Carbohydrate plays no appreciable part as an energy source. Nonprotein nitrogen increases steadily throughout development, being stored in the embryo. The carbohydrate, protein, fat sequence of energy sources, said to be of general application, could not be demonstrated; a more likely one is fat, protein, fat, protein.
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL MOTION SICKNESS IN HUMANS
Authors: Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been conducted on the production and treatment of motion sickness on human volunteers. Of 369 men tested after treatment by a placebo, 56.6% vomited. Tests were repeated at weekly intervals on 183 susceptible individuals so that 661 tests were performed. Repeat tests on 24 subjects not susceptible after treatment with a placebo showed that 12% were ill when no treatment was given. Ten susceptible subjects were swung through only one-half the usual degree of swinging. Of these eight vomited. This procedure selected persons of marked susceptibility to motion sickness.The consistency of the time of vomiting was determined by 106 tests on 65 susceptible men. In repeated tests after a placebo only eight were 13 min. more than the control test. For assaying drugs a standard procedure was adopted. Susceptible individuals were classed as those who, after taking a placebo, vomited before 30 min. of swinging. A susceptible individual was considered protected if in a test a week later he did not vomit and remained swinging for 13 min. longer than his control time. Improvement was present if a person vomited but the time was 13 min. longer than the control. In no case was swinging less than 30 min.The effect of a number of barbiturates on swing sickness has been determined. The most effective was V-12, ethyl-β-methylallylthiobarbituric acid, when administered in a divided dose of a total of five grains. In this case 78% were protected or improved. With a single dose of three grains 26% were similarly affected. V-17 (allylisoamylbarbituric acid)—two grains, V-16 (dicrotylbarbituric acid)—three grains, V-15 (allyl-sec-butylbarbituric acid)—one grain, V-14 (ethylcrotylthiobarbituric acid)—two grains, V-9 (n-butyl-1-methylallylthiobarbituric acid)—nine grains, and sodium amytal—one grain, showed less or no effect. Hyoscine hydrobromide in single doses of 0.4 and 0.65 mgm. showed 31 and 50% protected or improved respectively. The R.C.N. remedy gave a figure of 58%. After removal of nicotinic acid from the R.C.N. mixture 60% were benefited. Nicotinic acid alone, or pretreatment with thiamin gave no protection.A combination of three grains of V-12 with hyoscine was more effective than when either drug was used alone. With a dose of five grains of V-12 and hyoscine the results were only slightly better (80%) when compared with the same dose of V-12 alone (78%). It is suggested that the most effective form of administration of V-12 may be by divided doses of two and one-half grains twice daily for at least 24 hr. previous to exposure to motion.
THE EFFECT OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY ON RENAL DAMAGE DUE TO SULPHANILYLGUANIDINE IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Ziegler John A.
Published: April 2011

Certain intestinal bacteria can synthesize some of the B vitamins, and others may synthesize vitamin K. In an attempt to deprive rats, maintained on a riboflavin deficient ration, of riboflavin that might have been synthesized in the intestine, sulphanilylguanidine (sulphaguanidine) was fed with the diet at a level of 0.75% for 78 days. Four groups of animals were used. The control group was maintained on the basal ration; Group 2 on the basal ration plus 0.75% sulphaguanidine; Group 3 on the riboflavin deficient ration; and Group 4 on the riboflavin deficient ration plus 0.75% sulphaguanidine. Growth curves, clotting times, red cell counts, and sulphonamide concentrations in blood, urine, and faeces were determined and chemical analyses of urinary calculi were performed. In addition, microscopic examinations of liver, spleen, kidney, and cornea were made in each animal. Sulphaguanidine added to the basal ration had a negligible effect on growth, but when added to the riboflavin deficient ration a cessation of growth occurred accompanied by anaemia and hypoprothrombinaemia. The symptoms of vitamin K deficiency disappeared upon administration of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Renal damage was observed in every rat that had received sulphaguanidine and was especially severe in the animals comprising Group 4. Urinary calculi were found only in those animals that had received sulphaguanidine and the incidence was highest in Group 4. The data indicate that the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency can be aggravated by sulphaguanidine and conversely that the toxic effects of sulphaguanidine may be aggravated by riboflavin deficiency.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT INFUSION MEDIA IN SHOCK
Authors: Hamilton Jean I. , Hoar W. S. , Haist R. E.
Published: April 2011

A procedure is described for comparing the effectiveness of different infusion media in the prevention of fatal shock. Using this procedure it was found that each of the solutions increased the chances for survival if given in adequate amounts early in shock. While 97% of the animals died without treatment, only 8% died after receiving a transfusion of plasma. Saline gave about one-third as many survivals as plasma, and the solutions of isinglass and polyvinyl alcohol were intermediate in their effectiveness.
EFFECT OF REDUCING AGENTS ON THE VIABILITY OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (EASTERN TYPE)
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: April 2011

The present communication deals with the effect of reducing agents (cysteine hydrochloride, sodium thioglycollate, and sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate) on the viability of equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern type). Cysteine hydrochloride was found to be a valuable reagent in in vitro studies of equine encephalomyelitis virus, because it greatly retards loss of infectivity of the virus under experimental conditions. It was observed that a virus suspension containing cysteine hydrochloride (1:1000) remained infective after exposure to 37 °C. for 14 days, although the guinea-pig titre was reduced from 1:108 to 1:102. The same reduction in the titre of virus suspended in buffered 0.85% sodium chloride solution occurred after exposure to 37 °C. for 120 hr. only, and in unbuffered 0.85% sodium chloride after 24 hr. exposure. Further, equine encephalomyelitis virus, in the presence of cysteine hydrochloride, retains its infectivity without demonstrable loss, over a pH range between 4.8 and 8.2 for 48 hr. at 37 °C. The titre of equine encephalomyelitis virus is maintained at 37 °C. for 48 hr. in a rather wide range of Eh, created with the aid of cysteine hydrochloride, at least in the range between − 0.151 and + 0.02 volts. On the other hand, addition of sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate or sodium thioglycollate to a suspension of equine encephalomyelitis virus does not retard loss of infectivity of the virus. These reagents, therefore, are not suitable for the conservation of infectivity of the virus in vitro.