bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Classical Source for Petrarch’s Conceit of the Binding Knot of Hair: Apuleius’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Caporicci Camilla
Published: August 2021

The conceit of the beloved’s hair ensnaring and binding the poet’s heart and soul is common in Renaissance poetry and particularly widespread in the tradition of Petrarchan love lyric. The topos can be traced back to Petrarch’s canzoniere, or Rerum vulgarium fragmenta, in which Laura’s golden hair is often described in terms of knots and laces tying both the poet’s heart and soul. No classical antecedent has previously been identified for the image. In this study, I propose a possible classical source for the characteristic Petrarchan motif of Laura’s binding hair knot: Apuleius’s Metamorphoses, a manuscript of which the poet owned and which he read and annotated several times. In particular, I show how passages such as Lucius’s celebration of the beauty of women’s hair (Metamorphoses, II.8–9), and especially his declaration of love to Photis, an oath he takes on ʻthat sweet knot of your hair with which you have bound my spiritʼ (ibid., III.23), can be convincingly regarded as a source for Petrarch’s conceit. In addition to the value inherent in the detection of a new source for an influential Petrarchan topos, the present study may have some further implications. It could offer novel arguments for the dating of a series of Petrarchan poems, and it could foster a potentially fruitful reappraisal of the influence of Apuleius’s work on Petrarch’s vernacular poetry.
Can Facebook likes predict the purchase probability of electricity storage systems?
Authors: Poier Stefan
Published: August 2021

This study among owners of photovoltaic systems investigates whether users' Big Five personality traits derived from their Facebook likes contribute to whether or not they adopt an electricity storage. It is based on the finding that the digital footprint, especially the Facebook likes, can in part predict the personality of users better than friends and family. The survey was conducted among 159 Facebook users in Germany who owned a photovoltaic system. For comparison, a control sample with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel with 425 photovoltaic owners among 7286 individuals was used. The results show that, for extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, the mean scores could be sufficiently predicted. However, a positive correlation could only be detected for extraversion. The comparison of the user groups could not provide satisfying results. None of the Big Five personality traits could be used to distinguish the two user groups from each other. Although the results did not support the hypotheses, this study offers insights into the possibilities of combining data mining, personality psychology, and consumer research.
Micrometer Level Control Design of Piezoelectric Actuators: Fuzzy Approach
Authors: Chen Yung-Yue , Gieng Sang-Tac , Liao Wen-Yang , Huang Te-Chuan
Published: August 2021

In this investigation, a fuzzy-based micrometer level control design with a guaranteed trajectory tracking performance for piezoelectric actuators which naturally have hysteresis effects is proposed. Nominal dynamics of the controlled piezoelectric actuators are described by adopting Takagi and Sugeno fuzzy models initially. Via interpolating Takagi and Sugeno local fuzzy model, a robust fuzzy-based controller is developed to eliminate hysteresis, modeling uncertainties and external disturbances. Meanwhile, the tracking error is expected to be reduced as small as possible with respect to all bounded desired trajectories. This proposed fuzzy-based controller has an easy to implement control structure. The trajectory tracking design problem of piezoelectric actuators of this study is transferred to a linear matrix inequality problem, and based on the convex optimization technique, the solution of the trajectory tracking design problem of piezoelectric actuators can be solved efficiently. From the simulation results, it is obvious that this proposed fuzzy-based control design possesses robustness property and can converge tracking errors to zero in micrometer level.
The Place of Voluntary Standards in Managing Social and Environmental Risks in Global Value Chains
Authors: PARTITI Enrico
Published: August 2021

Under the notion of human rights due diligence (HRDD), firms are under a responsibility to account for the social and environmental impact connected to their operations across global value chains. This responsibility intersects with the sphere of operation of voluntary sustainability standards (VSS), which certify production against certain social and environmental criteria. With mandatory European rules on HRDD in the making, the question arises regarding the extent of alignment of VSS with HRDD notions and, consequently, the possibility for this form of transnational private regulation to complement European Union (EU) HRDD legislation. After presenting the regulatory effects of HRDD in global value chains and its current transposition in EU instruments, this contribution examines the relationship between private standards and HRDD. By delving into the substantive requirements and policies of several schemes certifying agricultural commodities, this paper studies the extent to which they manage social and environmental risks in global value chains and the possible support they provide to firms subject to the upcoming HRDD obligations.
Advertisers and American Broadcasting: From Institutional Sponsorship to the Creative Revolution
Authors: Meyers Cynthia B.
Published: August 2021

American broadcasting, unique among media industries, relied on sponsors and their ad agencies for program content from the 1920s through the 1950s. Some sponsors broadcast educational or culturally uplifting programs to burnish their corporate images. By the mid-1960s, however, commercial broadcasting had transformed, and advertisers could only buy interstitial minutes for interrupting commercials, during which they wooed cynical consumers with entertaining soft-sell appeals. The midcentury shifts in institutional power in US broadcasting among corporate sponsors, advertising agencies, and radio/television networks reflected a fundamental shift in beliefs about how to use broadcasting as an advertising medium.
Grace Is a Practice
Authors: Wooden Isaiah Matthew
Published: August 2021

There was certainly much about the hurried switch from in-person to online teaching and learning in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic that inspired angst. The decisions that many colleges and universities made to halt on-campus activities and deconcentrate their communities left scores of us scrambling to pack up some of the things we hoped would help us withstand a few weeks away from our offices and classrooms. When I think back on those frenzied days, I often chuckle at how naive I was about the extent to which the pandemic would radically upend our lives, forcing us to rethink every aspect of our ways of being in the world. I was in the middle of leading a discussion on The Tempest in my dramaturgy course when the official word came down from university administrators that all classes would move online and most students would have to vacate their residence halls. A palpable feeling of dread quickly swept over the stuffy classroom. Students began to weep and to wonder out loud what the news would mean for, say, their senior thesis projects or the department's futuristic mounting of The Tempest, which would have to shutter before its second weekend of scheduled performances. I tried my best to remain optimistic, even as I too began to question what the fast-moving changes would mean for how we would finish out the semester. I felt a special call to offer comfort, reaffirming my commitment to supporting students no matter what was ahead.
Guerrilla War in Portuguese Africa: An Assessment of the Balance of Force in Mozambique
Authors: Opello Walter C.
Published: August 2021

The status of the guerrilla wars in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau has long been a topic of debate. While the coup d'etat in Portugal has affected the struggle for liberation in all three territories, the complexion of the debate appears to have changed most significantly with respect to the hostilities in Mozambique. This article presents an assessment of the balance of military force in Mozambique from the inception of the guerrilla war in 1964 through April 1974. Such an assessment provides an interesting perspective to recent military and political developments in that territory.

Five phases can be discerned in the fighting in Mozambique since the beginning of the war in 1964. The first phase began in September of that year and ran roughly to the end of 1965. This phase was marked by the initial military successes of the nationalists, the Frente de Libertaca'o de Mozambique (FRELIMO), and the loss of some territory and population by the Portuguese in the districts of Cabo Delgado and Niassa. The second phase, which began in 1966 and ended at the close of 1969, was characterized by an increase in the ability of FRELIMO to concentrate military force on more heavily defended Portuguese positions but with a decrease in the limits of the zones of fighting in Cabo Delgado and Niassa. Phase three ran roughly through the twelve months of 1970 and was marked by a change in Portuguese counterinsurgency strategy which began with the launching of a number of highly successful counteroffensives against FRELIMO bases and sanctuaries. The fourth phase, which began in 1971 and ended in the first months of 1973, was characterized by a diminishing of the level of fighting in Cabo Delgado and Niassa and a concomitant shifting of the focus of military activities to the district of Tete. The fifth phase, which began in the summer of 1973, has been characterized by the spread of military activities from Tete to the northern sectors of Vila Pery and Beira districts. Each phase is discussed in detail below.
Frelimo's Victories in Mozambique
Authors: Leonard Richard W.
Published: August 2021

On May 17, 1970, Portuguese colonial forces in Mozambique numbering 50,000 and headed by the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief, General Kaulza de Arriaga launched a sweeping offensive against the areas in northern Mozambique held by FRELIMO, the Mozambique Liberation Front. Operation Gordian Knot was intended to crush the FRELIMO forces which had been operating in Mozambique since 1964. Now, four years after “Gordian Knot,” General de Arriaga has retired from the Portuguese armed forces. Following the coup that rocked Portugal on April 25 the new provisional Portuguese government has opened discussions with FRELIMO in Lusaka on the colonial problem. And FRELIMO forces are operating in strength in five districts of Mozambique—from Niassa and Cabo Delgado in the north, to Tete in the west, to Beira and Vila Pery in central Mozambique. The purpose of this article is to examine the Portuguese military defeat in Mozambique and the growing strength of FRELIMO, to look at the situation as it appears immediately following the coup in Portugal, and to briefly relate these developments to U.S. policy towards Portuguese colonialism.

The most dramatic testimony of the Portuguese military failure is of course the coup in Portugal. Many accounts have noted that General Spinola's book, Portugal and the Future, which heralded the coup, made clear in its analysis that Portugal could not defeat the liberation movements militarily and that a political solution had to be sought. The signs of the erosion of Portugal's position have been evident: the feeling of “hopelessness” among Portuguese youth about the colonial wars; an estimated 100,300 draft resisters and deserters abroad added to the some one million expatriates working outside the country; an increasing tendency for troops in the field “to shy away from contact with the enemy, taking defensive stands only“; fewer than one hundred places taken in the military academy with room for four hundred; the massive discontent within the Portuguese junior officer corps about conditions of service; the growing refusal of military duty (one half of the last class called refused to report).
African Studies and the Study of the Future
Authors: Eleazu Uma O.
Published: August 2021

Imagine a conference of West African heads of state or government held in 1870 to discuss what West Africa would be like in the year 1900. The list of participants at such a conference might well have included Lat Dior, the darnel of Cayor (Senegal), Samouri Toure (Guinea), his enemy Tie-ba of Sikasso, the President of Liberia, Obas of Benin and Lagos, King Gezo, King Gelele, King Tofa (Porto Novo), King Ja-ja (Opobo), Chief Na-na (Itshekiri), Sultan Attahiru of Sokoto, and Asantehene Prempeh.
Western Humanism and African Usage: A Critical Survey of Non-African Responses to African Literature
Authors: Owomoyela Oyekan
Published: August 2021

A general survey of non-African reactions to African literature reveals some characteristic features. First, there are the inexcusable generalizations that fail to take account of the continuity of modern African literature with traditional African modes of expression, and the fact that the study of the multiplicity of cultural groups in the continent, even if the cultures are homologous, must necessarily be of a comparative nature. Second, and this is closely related to the above, non-African scholars with glaring gaps in their knowledge of the continent and its peoples evince a reluctance to acknowledge such gaps—with the result that such scholars often make reprehensibly erroneous assertions.
Polemics and African Studies
Authors: Mittelman James H.
Published: August 2021

Two recent conferences illustrate on-going debates in African studies and dramatically reflect some of the major issues in African politics. Convening in Addis Ababa, December 9-19,1973, the Third International Congress of Africanists adopted a broad theme: “The Economic, Social, Political, Scientific and Cultural Development of Africa.“ The Ninth Annual Social Science Conference of the East African Universities, which met in Dar es Salaam, December 18-20, 1973, focused on “Rural Development.“
Tourism as a Mode of Development
Authors: Jursa Paul E. , Winkates James E.
Published: August 2021

Areas of the world classified as less than developed tend to have a relatively inflexible economic system dominated by an agricultural sector with low levels of productivity, a rudimentary industrial sector plagued by inefficient methods of production utilizing antiquated technologies, a semi-literate population with little chance of bettering itself because of sheer numbers and a rigid social system, a high level of unemployment or underemployment, and a limited infrastructure. All of these characteristics contribute to low real per capita income, difficulties in finding export markets, and an environment of economic stagnation. Modernization, which includes both economic development and social mobilization, is difficult to achieve.
Free Speech, Defamation and South Africa: An american legal view
Authors: Lawrence Church W.
Published: August 2021

Nearly everyone agrees that the protection of free speech is one of the most, perhaps the most, important ingredient in the concept of “democracy,” as that term is conceived in the Western world. It is not the only element within the concept, of course, and it is forced into ceaseless competition with other factors and policies that demand recognition and official protection. Nevertheless, it is possible to predicate a judgment on the degree to which a society is in fact democratic, based on an analysis of the degree to which free speech is there allowed to flourish.
An Inside Look at the Sanctions Campaign
Authors: Lockwood Edgar
Published: August 2021

There are some things in life that do yield visible, satisfying results; in building a room, painting a picture, or baking a cake, we are able to control most of the elements that contribute to the desired result. But if we try to restore sanctions against Rhodesia, we will find the effort frustrated by countless factors which concerned citizens are powerless to regulate.

At the outset of our endeavors to strengthen sanctions legislation, we knew that Administration support was critical particularly in the House of Representatives. We have always needed Republican votes. In 1973, Senator McGee (who in 1972 had initiated the attempt to repeal the Byrd Amendment to the Military Procurement Bill), was reluctant to try again unless he could obtain assurances from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Administration meant business this time.
American Obligations Towards Namibia
Authors: Landis Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2021

The attitude of the United States towards Namibia is somewhat like that of the "Sunday Christian" towards religion: it's great to stand up at intervals to self-righteously denounce sinners and ritually proclaim higher moral purpose – but God forbid that these pieties should interfere with the practical concerns of work-a-day existence.
Politics ’72
Authors: Cefkin J. Leo
Published: August 2021

One positive result of the controversy concerning the mission of the African Studies Association has been the formation of the Committee on Current Issues. The Committee arranged several important panel discussions during the 1971 Annual Meeting in Denver, and it was agreed at that time that a special effort should be undertaken to promote a wider understanding of the situation in southern Africa. The 1972 election campaign provides a unique opportunity for discussion of the emerging crisis in southern Africa and for exploration of useful U.S. responses to that crisis. Richard Sklar, chairman of the Committee, was authorized by the Committee to appoint a subcommittee to plan such an effort for the 1972 election campaign. The work of the subcommittee—referred to as Politics ’72 — constitutes the subject of this article.
The Zimbabwe Crisis: An Analysis of the Anglo-Rhodesia Settlement Proposals
Authors: Murapa Rukudzo
Published: August 2021

Before Sir Alec Douglas-Home made his extended visit to Salisbury in November 1971, an advance British team led by a noted lawyer, Lord Goodman, had made at least four trips to Rhodesia to discuss with the Smith regime the general points which would then form the basis for a settlement. With both Britain and Rhodesia eager to settle the six-year old dispute which had caused injury to the former’s international image (particularly within the commonwealth) and had brought Rhodesia to the brink of economic disaster, Goodman’s mission seemed destined to succeed. In fact, during and following his talks, a lot of optimism said to be founded on leaks of information from well-placed sources in both Salisbury and London was expressed.
Rhodesian Africans and the Anglo-Rhodesian Agreements of November 1971
Authors: Dube Thomas
Published: August 2021

Between December 24, 1971, and January 5, 1972, I visited the Rhodesian cities of Bulawayo, Gwela and Salisbury, and the African rural districts of Essexvale, Gwanda, Filabusi andSeke. I met with chiefs, community and civic leaders, African Members of Parliament, one African lawyer and one African doctor, several businessmen and many ordinary country people. I attended meetings, beerhall sessions and church services. I also came into contact with Europeans at the University of Rhodesia, at the office of the Chief Native Commissioner, top officials in the Ministry of African Education, one Native Commissioner and several lesser European government officials.
France and Africa: “Long Live Neo-Colonialism”
Authors: Wauthier Claude
Published: August 2021

“Yes, of course we are neo-colonialists. The proof lies in the fact that we are trying to help this country: we are granting her financial aid. If that is neo-colonialism, then long live neo-colonialism.”

This outburst of French indignation occurred in January 1972 at a press conference in Fort Lamy. Georges Pompidou had just been asked by a journalist to comment on the slogans which appeared throughout the Chadian capital accusing the French of being neo-colonialists. President Pompidou’s first trip to Chad was drawing to a close, and French troops continued to work with government forces under President Tombalbaye in combatting guerrilla action led by Moslems in the north. The press conference also afforded the opportunity to protest earlier broadcasts from Radio Libya which had urged the people of Chad to boycott Pompidou’s visit. “Those broadcasts bordered on insults,” the President declared. (Le Monde, January 30-31, 1972)
Planning of U.S.-African Policy
Authors: Spiro Herbert J.
Published: August 2021

The planning of United States policy toward Africa is no different from the planning of United States policy toward the other major areas of the world, for which the five regional bureaus of the Department of State have responsibility. Africa competes with Europe, East Asia, Latin America, the Near East and South Asia, for personnel, for resources, and for the attention and energies of those who are involved in the policy flow.
Gulf and Angola
Authors: Farber Stephen B.
Published: August 2021

On April 19 of this year the President and Fellows of Harvard College announced their intention to “send a representative to Angola to provide us first-hand information on Gulf's performance, the problems it faces, and opportunities for constructive new steps, and thereby to help us determine our future actions as a responsible Gulf shareholder.”
The Nature of American Interests in Africa
Authors: Smith Robert S.
Published: August 2021

I am delighted to consider with an audience of academicians a subject as filled with both philosophical and political considerations as is the nature of American interests in Africa. It is a subject with which we in the government are confronted everyday, and to which we have, perforce, given a great deal of attention — even though we may not always articulate these interests as fully and clearly as many students of Africa would wish. As you may be aware the Department of State recently developed a new and more systematic approach to policy analysis and resource allocation in the aftermath of departmental task force recommendations contained in the report, Diplomacy for the 70's - A Program of Management Reform for the Department of State.
Black American Involvement in South Africa's Race Issue
Authors: Keto Clement Tsehloane
Published: August 2021

People of African descent in America occupy a singular position in relation to the race problems faced by Blacks in South Africa. Many Afro-Americans have had firsthand experience with the practice of race discrimination either in its blatant Jim Crow manifestations or in its more covert institutional forms. This common experience with race discrimination in South Africa and the United States makes it possible, for example, to correlate W.E.B. Dubois' description of the warring “double consciousness” of the black American made in 1903 with the expressions of frustration written by Albert Luthuli in 1962. This commonality also establishes a basis from which a meaningful assessment can be made regarding the historical role of black Americans in the race issue of South Africa.
Zambia Seeks a Route to a Fuller Independence
Authors: Leech John
Published: August 2021

There is much about the Central African republic of Zambia to make it indistinguishable to the casual Western observer among the multitude of black independent fragments into which the monolith of colonial Africa was blown by the wind of change. Its borders are all too familiarly arbitrary and just as paradoxically treasured; its population, though of one ethnic group, is divided in loyalty by strong tribal and regional affinities which nurture the ghosts of ancient feuds never entirely laid by the 60-year interregnum of alien rule; its economy is dependent upon primary product export and thus at the mercy of markets well beyond its control; the frailities of the new princes of the political kingdom have become all too clear in the eight years since the last unlamented duty at the midnight stroke in the independence stadium; and the expectations so feverishly aroused in the popular breast in the euphoric march to freedom remain, for many, as distant a prospect as ever.
The Repatriation and Resettlement of the Southern Sudanese
Authors: Holborn Louise W.
Published: August 2021

While the world press has focused over the past year on problems surrounding the creation of still another refugee population in Africa — that of Uganda's Asians — far too little attention has been directed to the remarkable though still fragile process of repatriation and resettlement of hundreds of thousands of Southern Sudanese. This population of displaced persons includes both refugees who fled to other countries and large numbers of homeless who hid in the bush during the civil war that wracked the Sudan for seventeen years, from 1955 through the first months of 1972. Responding to the initiatives of President Gaafar al-Nimeiry of the Sudan, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR), under an explicit mandate from the Secretary- General of the United Nations, has been raising funds, organizing activities on behalf of the most pressing needs and working closely with all local interests to meet overwhelming problems.
White on Chrome: Southern Congressmen and Rhodesia 1962—1971
Authors: Arsenault Raymond
Published: August 2021

In the fall of 1971 the United States Congress startled the international community by voting to allow American corporations to resume chromium ore imports from Rhodesia. Clearing the Senate on October 6 and the House of Representatives on November 10, Section 503 of the 1971 Military Procurement Bill stipulated that the President could no longer restrict the importation of a strategic material from a non-communist country when that same material was being imported from a communist country. The official intent of Section 503 was to reduce American dependence on Soviet chrome imports. However, many outside observers, both foreign and domestic, claimed that this “national security” decision was as much pro-Rhodesian as it was anti-Soviet. In any case, Section 503, popularly known as the Byrd Amendment, committed the United States government to participate in a direct violation of the United Nations' mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia's illegal white minority government.
The Meaning of a Moral Issue
Authors: Sklar Richard L.
Published: August 2021

I had thought to write a substantive introduction to these papers and proceedings, but have decided that a balanced survey of issues would be superfluous and might detract from the overall impact of this record. Those who follow the course of events in Southern Africa may discern in these pages the result of an attempt to bridge the gap between academic and political discourse. They are less likely to find new information than potentially useful insights arising from the clash of divergent opinions. Readers who are less familiar with conditions in Southern Africa may find that great issues are introduced more clearly through diversity of opinion than by any other method.
The Investment of the American Corporation in Southern Africa
Authors: Smith Timothy
Published: August 2021

Southern Africa is now witnessing the struggle of the black majority for independence and majority rule. The growing revolt against white minority rule has taken different forms in each country.
Some Remarks on Cultural Exchange with South Africa
Authors: Munger Edwin S.
Published: August 2021

There are a number of intellectually and morally defensible approaches to cultural exchange with South Africa. A position from which I wish to disassociate myself is that cultural relationships with South Africa can be justified on grounds of the moral justness of its present society, or as a defense of “white Christian civilization,” or that South Africa, however wrong on some counts, represents a “bulwark against Communism.” Those who would advocate or defend cultural exchanges with South Africa primarily on these grounds will have to make their own brief. Indeed, I have long ago stated my conviction in writing that the very term “white Christian civilization,” as used by the late Prime Minister Strijdom of South Africa, is a contradiction in terms.
Cultural Relations and Exchanges Between South Africa and the United States
Authors: Rubin Leslie
Published: August 2021

Cultural exchange is a familiar commodity in the marketplace of international relations. But it is important to bear in mind that it comes in two brands—the authentic and the spurious.
Observations on America's Policy Problems in Southern Africa
Authors: Oudes Bruce
Published: August 2021

Southern Africa is one of the three areas of great regional tension now affecting the conduct of world diplomacy. As our obsession with Southeast Asia diminishes. Southern Africa and the Middle East assume more importance. Because of the generation of peace being negotiated with China and the Soviets (and not in spite of it), we shall grow increasingly mindful of the continuing violence in these areas. Local problems move to the fore as the threat of world war appears to subside. Matters of unfinished business will not be neglected; we have seen them sprout up in Canada with regard to language, in Britain with regard to religion, and in Southern Africa with regard to race.
The Fallacy Of The “Triple Heritage” Thesis: A Critique
Authors: Habtu Hailu
Published: August 2021

Ali Mazrui's “The Semitic Impact on Black Africa: Arab and Jewish Cultural Influences” is interesting reading. That is perhaps the only kind thing one can say about it. As sheer academic exercise, it is its own justification. However, its purpose is much more obscure, its pontifical pronouncements shaky, and its historical allusions as accurate as often as not. The theme of Africa as a “cultural bazaar” where “a wide variety of ideas and values, drawn from different civilizations compete for the attention of African buyers” has been labored to a nauseating degree. Its hidden premise is the existence of an African cultural vacuum, or near-vacuum, destined to be filled by “universalistic” civilizations such as Greco-Roman (Christian, European, Western, etc.) or Judaeo-Arabic (Semitic, Hebraic, Arabic, etc.), although Judaism has not historically exhibited a proselytizing strain, and insularity, on the contrary, appeared to characterize it.
European Adjustment to Economic Reforms and Political Consolidation in Zambia
Authors: Scarritt James R.
Published: August 2021

Europeans came to the area that is now Zambia in small numbers during the first four decades of the twentieth century primarily as missionaries, administrators, farmers, or employees of the copper or lead and zinc mines. The most extensive period of European immigration, however, was the decade and a half following World War II. In 1946 there were 22,000 Europeans in the country, while in 1962 the European population reached a peak of 77,000. The overwhelming majority of Europeans came from South Africa, the Rhodesias (Zambia was then Northern Rhodesia), or Britain— in that order of frequency. Most of those born in the Rhodesias had British and/or South African ancestry. In the immediate preindependence period slightly more than a third of the Europeans were citizens of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, into which Northern Rhodesia was incorporated from 1953 to 1963; most of the rest were approximately evenly divided between British and South African citizenship.
Post-War Writing in Nigeria
Authors: Emenyonu Ernest Nneji
Published: August 2021

The Nigerian civil war is now history. The Republic of Biafra lives in the pages of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. In that form, it is no threat to the people of Nigeria who, in a solemn oath of allegiance in January 1970, pledged to consign Biafra into oblivion and face the task of reconstruction and reconciliation. Biafra is now an issue only for historians who are plagued with the search for an answer to “what might have happened if…” But the war itself has left deep scars not only upon the lives of the survivors, but also on their beliefs and attitudes towards life. Unless he visits the right places in Nigeria, the visitor today may hear nothing and possibly see nothing to remind him of the war.
South Africa in the Contemporary World
Authors: Legum Colin , Legum Margaret
Published: August 2021

Two great changes have been brought by twenty-five years of apartheid rule in South Africa. Its internal contradictions have been sharpened by the simultaneous attempts to divide the country along even more rigid color lines and to stimulate more rapid economic growth; and its external relations have declined to the point where the Republic today has become the “polecat of the world.” These two developments are inextricably linked so that it makes little sense to try and describe the South African situation without focussing on their interrelationship.
After Nkrumah: Continuity and Change in Ghana’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Aluko Olajide
Published: August 2021

Over the nine years since the overthrow of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah’s regime in February 1966, Ghana has come under three different governments: that of the National Liberation Council (February 1966 to October 1969), the Progress government (late 1969 to January 1972), and the government of the National Redemption Council (1972– ). Various views have been expressed in journals and magazines where writers have tried to depict the country’s foreign policy under the different regimes. For instance, Ruth First said that the government of the National Liberation Council (NLC) pursued a pro-West policy, and the Times (London) said a day after the coup d’etat of 24 February 1966 that Ghana had “swung back to reliance on the West.” William Gutteridge, however, maintained that the NLC government had restored a degree of neutralism to the country’s foreign policy rather than abandon the policy of nonalignment and neutralism in entirety. He added that the NLC had opted for more modest pan-African policies following Nkrumah’s pan-African excesses. Other people accused the NLC government of supporting the colonialists in Africa by refusing to allow freedom fighters the opportunity to meet and organize from within Ghana.
Mozambique and the United States: A Decade of Struggle and a Year of Decision
Authors: Isaacman Allen
Published: August 2021

I appreciate this opportunity to document the long struggle of the Mozambican people for independence and to examine United States policies in response to their quest for self-determination. Within this broad framework, I would like to focus on the long-range goals of FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front), the hostile position of the United States toward the liberation movement, and the achievements of the transitional government during the past year. In conclusion I will recommend some fundamental policy changes which are necessary if the United States is to adopt a progressive posture toward Southern Africa.
Statement on South Africa and Namibia
Authors: McHenry Donald F.
Published: August 2021

I appreciate the invitation of the Committee to appear during the Subcommittee’s series of hearings on the situation in southern Africa. The situation and problems of that part of the world, indeed of Africa as a whole, deserve more attention than Americans, including members of the Congress, have given it heretofore. It will be clear from my statement that I believe it necessary to correct a number of aspects of policy which the United States has followed in southern Africa, particularly in recent years. An essential prerequisite for the correction of policy is knowledge and understanding of developments there.
United States Policy Toward South Africa
Authors: Easum Donald B.
Published: August 2021

The decolonization process set in motion by the spectacular change of government in Lisbon in April 1974 produced a geopolitical earthquake across all of southern Africa. Its repercussions were deeply felt in the Republic of South Africa, where the government was forced to undertake a fundamental reassessment of South African relations with Mozambique, with Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and with Namibia (South West Africa).
Political Change in Rhodesia: The South Africa Factor
Authors: Chartrand Philip E.
Published: August 2021

In December 1974, Ian Smith, the leader of the white minority regime in Rhodesia, announced for the first time since declaring his country’s independence from Britain in 1965 that his government was willing to begin direct negotiations with the African liberation movements seeking to achieve majority rule in Rhodesia. The prospect of such talks leading to an end to guerrilla fighting in Rhodesia and a termination of the United Nations authorized sanctions against the illegal Smith regime is dimmed by the fact that the Africans demand African rule for Rhodesia in the near future if not immediately, while Smith and his supporters have refused to consider such a development “in his lifetime.” Still the announcement constituted a step forward which few informed observers would have deemed likely even a few weeks before.
From Pan-Africanism to Socialism: The Modernization of an African Liberation Ideology
Authors: Tsomondo Micah S.
Published: August 2021

The concept of Pan-Africanism has been around for a long time in spite of great historical events. Beginning as the nationalist thought of more or less detribalized Africans in the New World during the era of slavery, Pan-Africanism has survived the impact of such developments as the U.S. Civil War and Reconstruction, the post-Reconstruction era, the rise and fall of the Garvey movement, European colonialism in Africa, the Russian and other socialist revolutions of the twentieth century, and the black freedom movements in Africa, the United States, and the Caribbean since 1945.
Panel on South African Oral Traditions
Authors: Kunene Mazisi , Kunene Daniel , Awoonor Kofi
Published: August 2021

The subject of African oral literature is so vast that it would require more than an hour to present it in an understandable way, particularly to people for whom some of its dimensions may be new or completely unknown. Southern African oral literature is even more difficult to handle because there is not one southern African oral literature, there are several. These are divided not by languages, forms, or types, but rather by geography and history. The Sotho-speaking peoples, for instance, include the Kgatlas, the Ngwatos, the Pedis, and various other subgroups. Sotho literature does not necessarily follow the history of the Sotho nation, because there are several Sotho peoples distributed in different areas who are producing their own unique literatures. So in discussing the oral literature of southern Africa, we are actually discussing several literatures created by several peoples. If you happen to know the literature of one Sotho group, you are not necessarily versed in Sotho literature. You are versed only in the Sotho literature of a particular region. This is very important to understand.
South Africa: The Case for Sanctions
Authors: Wolpe Howard
Published: August 2021

There is a terrible tragedy in the making in South Africa. A blood-bath looms — and all of us are threatened by its consequences. The human costs of a prolonged and violent straggle in South Africa are incalculable both in terms of treasure and of lives — black and white — that it will consume. And the struggle for liberation in South Africa will increasingly affect the United States and the Western World. We cannot run and we cannot hide from the struggle or its consequences. All of our rationalizations for inaction will ring increasingly hollow and will only fuel racial division and conflict in America and throughout the world.
Good News and Bad News: African Studies in American Schools, 1955–1975
Authors: Rich Evelyn Jones
Published: August 2021

The letter above capsules the problems and opportunities of African studies in the mid-1970s. It suggests that American education about Africa is pitifully inadequate, and that it has a long way to go to achieve the objective of a citizenry informed about Africa and one which accepts and appreciates Africa as well as the range of cultures which comprise our modern global society.
Africa and the United States Media
Authors: Segal Aaron
Published: August 2021

Africa and Africans do not get along well with the United States press, radio and television—and vice versa. Most Africans (whether students, individuals, or government officials) who have had some exposure believe it offers of Africa. Most directors of the U.S. media are leery of Africa and would prefer major news events to occur elsewhere. Fraternization and sympathy are mostly limited to African journalists who have lived or traveled in the United States (a considerable number on various exchange grants) and American journalists who have done an African stint. Alcoholically cursing their respective bosses, these two groups usually get on quite well.
Human Rights in Africa: Toward the Definition of the Problem of a Double Standard
Authors: Wiseberg Laurie S.
Published: August 2021

In August 1936, 4,069 athletes from forty-nine countries participated in the Olympic Games in Berlin, hosted by the Nazi Fuehrer. It is true that the full bestiality of the Third Reich was not yet manifest in 1936; the gas ovens, the slave labor camps, and the rape of Europe were yet to come. However, by that year, Nazi ideology had already been articulated: blacks, Jews and gypsies had been declared sub-human; Hitler had issed his Nuremburg Laws depriving Jews of their citizenship and civil rights; German rearmament was well underway; and the National Socialists had brutally consolidated a racist despotism.
American Policy Toward Southern Africa Under a New Administration
Authors: Clark Senator Dick
Published: August 2021

It is both a pleasure and an honor for me to address you tonight, just a few hours after one of our nation’s most important elections and at a time when we are at the threshold of fundamental new choices of policies for the African continent.

I must tell you quite honestly that I’m very pleased that the voters have mandated a change in the administration in America and a new direction for our country. My pleasure goes beyond the fact that I am a Democrat and that a Democrat was elected to the presidency. In fact, it has nothing to do with partisan politics.
The Struggle for Western Sahara
Authors: Hultman Tami
Published: August 2021

Little that happens in Western Sahara is accepted as an indisputable development by all the parties concerned. It is not simply that differing interpretations are advanced. Rather, the facts themselves are in dispute. One such instance is the case of the Djemaa, the tribal assembly established by Spain to serve as a local consultative link with the colonial administration.
Suggestions from an Africanist Job-Seeker
Authors: Ellovich Risa
Published: August 2021

The job market is very bad for academics, especially for those of us just out of graduate school. I wish I could tell you some guaranteed way to land a job or even to get an interview, but I cannot. As an anthropologist recently on the job market, though, I do have some very basic, common sense advice which I believe can help.
The Part-Time Game
Authors: Sigwalt Richard
Published: August 2021

More and more frequently the Africanist who wins a tenure track position (hereafter termed a “real job”) is the one who offers something besides an impressive area expertise. Prestige universities are rarely hiring, and the few jobs opening up nowadays are usually at four-year colleges and two-year institutions which cannot, or firmly believe they cannot, accomodate full-time Africanists however much they may want African offerings in their programs. Faced with declining numbers of majors and insistent administrative demands for high body counts, or Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) students, humanities and social science departments and divisions are looking for versatility in the personnel they hire. Teachers must be able to handle both general education courses attractive to underclassmen and a wide range of electives which will simultaneously challenge majors and attract non-majors looking for courses to fill out their schedules. Successful candidates to such positions have often overcome an academic Catch 22 publicized in many job advertisements—applicants seeking their first real job “must have one or two years prior full-time teaching experience”—by playing the part-time game, which has in recent years taken on many of the attributes of formal internship programs in other professions. For all the game’s drawbacks, the candidate for a real job who has played the part-time circuit well enjoys a major advantage over competitors who have not played it at all or who have played it badly, for a few very strong recommendations from superiors at places where a person has taught part-time can put that candidate in the running even for real jobs advertised as demanding prior full-time experience.
Plenary Address, 20th ASA Annual Meeting
Authors: Lake Anthony
Published: August 2021

I doubt that there are many groups in America which would have so many members who want to discuss foreign policy on a Saturday night. I am impressed with your seriousness and look forward to an interesting discussion after my remarks. I will not reveal whether / would give up a Saturday evening to hear what I am about to say. But I am glad to be here to listen to your comments and discuss your questions.
Swapo Images of a Future Society: Women in Namibia
Authors: Collins Carole
Published: August 2021

In recent months, international attention has focused on southern Africa in response to the accelerated guerrilla wars in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe and Namibia and the intensity of the South African government’s attempts to repress popular unrest by massive bannings of virtually all African political and community organizations. These developments are but a continuation of the long process of decolonization in Africa which began over twenty years ago and which in recent years saw the independence of Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau. Because of the intransigence of Portuguese colonial rule, the struggles for self-determination in the latter three countries took the form of protracted popular guerrilla struggles against colonial rule. The growing success of these struggles over the period of the 1960s and early 1970s brought about significant political changes within Portugal itself and led to the April 1974 coup.
State Power in Mozambique
Authors: Mittleman James H.
Published: August 2021

After winning a war of national liberation, FRELIMO faces the vexing question of whether socialism now can be established. With respect to Guinea-Bissau, Amilcar Cabral emphasized: ‘This depends on the instruments used to effect the transition to socialism; the essential factor is the nature of the state....“ No doubt his statement was premised on the belief that socialism begins with the conquest of the state by the producing classes. They must seize the state apparatus to defeat the ruling class whose power is concentrated there. Both the means of coercion and the forces that reproduce the system itself are part of this domain. It is only by gaining control of state power, which is a political act, that the working classes can subsequently organize a socialist economy.
Transforming Mozambique’s Rural Economy
Authors: Isaacman Allen
Published: August 2021

On June 25, 1975, Mozambique became independent. The transfer of power from Portugal to FRELIMO (The Mozambican Liberation Movement) marked the first phase of national liberation. FRELIMO, unlike many nationalist movements whose exclusive concern was to capture the colonial state, emphasized that independence marked only the beginning of a longer process to dismantle exploitative institutions and transform basic economic and social relationships. The new era of “People’s Democratic Revolution” based on socialist principles envisioned “the construction in Mozambique of a society ... where the material living conditions of the people are constantly improving and where their social needs are increasingly satisfied.”