bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERSONAL AND STRUCTURAL SECURITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Authors: Netczuk-Gwoździewicz Marzena
Published: March 2022

The subject of the research presented in this publication is personal and structural security in terms
of social sciences. The article characterizes the evolution of the concepts of personal and structural
security in terms of social sciences. The category of security may be found in many fields of science
and its individual disciplines. This makes security a polysemantic concept and acquires diverse
meanings depending on science, discipline or practice [33]. In social sciences, it is situated within the
area of needs and values. Consequently by comparing the above-discussed classifications of security
approaches, one may reasonably conclude that the coupling between personal security (which directly
concerns individual subjects - the person/individual) and structural security (which indirectly
concerns those involved in social relations) has the dimension of a relationship with double connotations.
In the case of certain security systems, when the individual’s sense of security (personal
security) is affected by a threat, the effective functioning of the system (structural security) depends
to a large extent on the ability to act of officers who may be considered as components of individual
subsystems [29]. Their ability to act under threat (personal security) determines the effectiveness of
the specific security system (structural security), and hence the sense of security of ordinary citizens
who expect it to be restored (personal security). The state’s duties with respect to personal security of
the citizens include not only their obligation to recognise hazards, prevent them and eliminate their
consequences but also a special duty to take action to provide soldiers and officers with adequate
equipment for their tasks, training, legal regulations and a system of support in the event of any injury
to health [30]. In the latter area, it is imperative to have an effective medical and psychological support
system organized, both before and after being assigned to particular tasks. It is also essential to
ensure an adequate level of legal safety, indicating precise boundaries of powers and responsibilities
to the entities obliged to perform safety tasks. The results of the analysis discussed in the publication
allow making a presumption that the link between personal security (relating directly to individual
entities - a person / an individual) and structural security (relating indirectly to entities involved in
social relations) has the dimension of a relationship with double connotations.
Electrotherapy and electrophysiology problems of COVID-19 infected patients in bi-disciplinary cardiological and cardiac surgery ward
Authors: Wójcik Mariusz , Wilczyńska Agnieszka , Chlebuś Marcin , Przybylski Andrzej
Published: March 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with cardiac complications including cardiac arrhythmias. Decreased healthcare resources led to a reduction in electrotherapy and electrophysiology procedures and to increased mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. This research aimed to assess the real incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and electrotherapy procedures among COVID-19 patients admitted to our bi-disciplinary cardiological and cardiac surgery ward.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias or the need to carry out procedures associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). We assessed their clinical characteristics, the occurrence of arrhythmias and procedures performed during or after the termination of isolation.
Results: 17% of patients (38 of 227) were hospitalised due to cardiac arrhythmias or implantations, replacements or CIED removal. The most prevalent cause of hospitalisation were atrial arrhythmias (34%), ventricular arrhythmias (21%) and atrioventricular block (13%). During isolation, the most frequently performed procedures were coronarography (16%), electric cardioversion (13%), pacemaker implantation (5%) and temporary cardiac pacing (5%). 53% of patients needed oxygen supplementation. Overall in-hospital mortality was 18%
(7 patients of 38).
Conclusion: Cardiac arrhythmias are one of the major complications of COVID-19 in patients with and without prior cardiovascular disease. They are associated with respiratory failure and high mortality. On the other hand, numerous elective procedures were postponed and led to increased mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, patients, regardless of their infection status, should have access to electrotherapy and electrophysiology procedures. In this article, we show that it is possible within one properly reorganised unit.
Health effects of sodium hypochlorite: review of published case reports
Authors: Chung Insung , Ryu Hyeseung , Yoon Seong-Yong , Ha Jea Chul
Published: March 2022

Sodium hypochlorite is widely used as the main component of cleaners and has an excellent bleaching and sterilizing effect in living and medical environments. In addition to bleaching, it is used for wastewater treatment and for sterilization in food factories, and also for disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzed reports of the health effects of sodium hypochlorite and classified them by toxicity along the exposure pathway. Most case reports described the health effects of acute high-concentration exposure, with a common case being dental exposure, mainly during treatment.
Mining Temporal Exception Rules from Multivariate Time Series Using a new Support Measure
Authors: Amaral Thábata , P. M. de Sousa Elaine
Published: March 2022

Association rules are a common task to discover useful and comprehensive relationships among frequent and infrequent data. Frequent patterns describe a usual behavior, while infrequent ones represent uncommon knowledge. Our interest lies in finding exception rules, a class of infrequent patterns that may have critical effects as a consequence. Existing approaches for exception rules mining usually handle “itemsets databases”, where transactions are organized with no temporal information. However, temporality may be inherent to some real contexts and should be considered to improve the semantic quality of results. Moreover, these approaches implement a non-discriminatory support measure to estimate the relevance of an item, thus interpreting a large volume of data that may be merely occasional as patterns. Aiming to overcome these drawbacks, we propose TRiER (TempoRal Exception Ruler), an efficient method for mining temporal exception rules that not only discover exceptional behaviors and their causative agents, but also identifies how long consequences take to appear. We also present a new support measure to manipulate time series. This measure considers the context in which a pattern occurs, thus incorporating more semantics to the results obtained. We performed an extensive experimental analysis in real multivariate time series to verify the practical applicability of TRiER. Our results show TRiER has lower computational cost and is more scalable than existing approaches while finding a succinct and relevant set of patterns.
SAVIME: An Array DBMS for Simulation Analysis and ML Models Prediction
Authors: L. S. Lustosa Hermano , C. Silva Anderson , N. R. da Silva Daniel , Valduriez Patrick , Porto Fabio
Published: March 2022

Limitations in current DBMSs prevent their wide adoption in scientific applications. In order to make them benefit from DBMS support, enabling Declarative data analysis and visualization over scientific data, we present an in-memory array DBMS system called SAVIME. In this work we describe the system SAVIME, along with its data model. Our preliminary evaluation show how SAVIME, by using a simple storage definition language (SDL) can outperform the state-of-the-art array database system, SciDB, during the process of data ingestion. We also show that it is possible to use SAVIME as a storage alternative for a numerical solver without affecting its scalability, making it useful for modern ML based applications.
Reliable Multipath Flow for Link Failure Recovery in 5G Networks Using SDN Paradigm
Authors: Yasin Qadeer , Iqbal Zeshan , Khan Muhammad Attique , Kadry Seifedine , Nam Yunyoung
Published: March 2022

In modern networks and cloud evolution, as new nodes to internetwork growing rapidly and use of gaming and video streaming over the network require high availability with very small latency rate. 5G networks provides muchfaster services than 4G but link failure occurrence can affect the quality of service. In 5G networks environmentalfactors also affect the efficiency of wireless signals. To overcome such type of issues, base stations are placed indistributed manner around urban areaswhen decision is required for the placement. However, in some scenarioswe can have few similarities, as in general, highways are same. In existed systems signals distribution is performedhomogenously, so it will be generating issues like fractal and environmental. It will be cause of great economicloss. However, being an emerging network paradigm, Software defined Network (SDN) is easy to manage due tological separation of control plane and data plane. SDN supports numerous advantages, one of them is link robustness to avoid service unavailability. To cope with network link failures there are many mechanisms existedlike proactive and reactive mechanisms, but these mechanisms calculate multiple paths and stored in flow tableswithout considering reliability of link. Therefore, it will be cause of high latency rate due to calculation of manymultiple paths and increased traffic overhead too. To overcome these issues, we proposed a new approach in whichmultipath numbers depend on reliability of primary path. Number of alternative paths decreased as reliability oflink increased it leads to less time required to calculate alternative path. In addition, traffic overhead decreases ascompared to existing approaches. Secondly, we also integrate the shortest distance factor with reliability factor,and we get better results than existing approaches. Our proposed system will be helpful in increasing the availability of services in 5G network due to low latency rate and small traffic overhead required in link failure recovery
Ludwig Heinrich v. Jakob und der „Criminal-Codex für das Russische Reich“ von 1813
Authors: Waßmer Martin Paul , Markuntsov Sergey A.
Published: March 2022

The first modern draft of a Russian criminal code, the so-called “Criminal Codes for the Russian Empire” of 1813, was written by German philosopher, political scientist and economist Ludwig Heinrich v. Jakob (1759-1827), who was a member of Imperial Legislative Commission. This article sheds light on v. Jakob’s biography, the historical context, the drafting of the Russian Empire’s Criminal Codex, and its publication in Germany. It further outlines Jakob’s theory of criminal law. The article concludes that v. Jakob, who was inspired by Kant, Smith und Feuerbach, has made a groundbreaking contribution to the modern codification of criminal law in the Russian Empire.
Veränderung deutscher Verwaltungen durch die COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Otto Jana , Schomaker Rahel M.
Published: March 2022

Der vorliegende Artikel adressiert Veränderungsprozesse in Kommunalverwaltungen, welche die Handlungs- und Leistungsfähigkeit im Krisenkontext sicherstellen sollen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den Herausforderungen, denen sich die deutsche Verwaltung seit 2020 durch die COVID-19-Pandemie stellt. Staatliche Institutionen sind im Umgang mit Krisen durchaus erprobt, etwa durch die Hochphase der Fluchtmigration ab 2015 oder regionale Ereignisse wie das Hochwasser im Ahrtal 2021. Reaktionen und Anpassungsprozesse sind dabei dynamisch abhängig von konkreter Situation und Zeitverlauf. Auch die Reaktionen auf die COVID-19-Pandemie lassen Veränderungen im Laufe der unterschiedlichen Pandemiewellen erkennen. Anhand verschiedener Online-Befragungen wird die Entwicklung der Krisenreaktion und -vorsorge der deutschen Kommunalverwaltung sichtbar. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in den Bereichen Strukturveränderung und Netzwerkbildung auf Erfahrungen aus vergangenen Krisensituationen zurückgegriffen werden konnte, jedoch Dokumentation und Wissensmanagement nach wie vor nur schwach ausgeprägt sind.
Benchmarking als Treiber der Digitalisierung für ein modernes Kulturmanagement
Authors: Burghardt Dirk , Schmid Andreas , Graf Rainer
Published: March 2022

Die Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden sind einer der bedeutendsten Museumsverbünde Deutschlands und verfügen über Kunst- und Kulturgegenstände von unschätzbarem Wert. Das Management der SKD ist aufgrund seiner komplexen Struktur, knapper öffentlicher Mittel und Post-Corona-Unsicherheiten herausfordernd. Ein kontinuierlicher Weiterentwicklungsbedarf ist auch vor dem Hintergrund der Digitalisierung angezeigt. Im Rahmen eines Projekts zur Weiterentwicklung der Führungs- und Verwaltungsstrukturen wurden auf Basis von Benchmarks Verbesserungspotenziale abgeleitet, die in ihrer Konsequenz die Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation infrage stellten und wichtige Impulse für die weitere Digitalisierung der Organisation lieferten. Kultureinrichtungen können aus Benchmarks und Industriestandards lernen, was bisher aufgrund der institutionellen Besonderheiten infrage gestellt wird.1 Diese Erkenntnis ist für ein modernes und digitales Kulturmanagement entscheidend, weil bewährte Methoden, Instrumente und Lösungen auf den Kulturbetrieb übertragen werden können - was letztlich existenzsichernd wirkt.
Institutional investors and company market value – the case of Poland
Authors: Bosek-Rak Dominika
Published: March 2022

Institutional investors have contributed to the development of capital markets in transition economies, including Poland’s. Since they leverage detailed fundamental analysis and actively seek the highest possible returns on investments, their decisions are expected to be accurate and are observed carefully, often treated as signals for other investors to follow. As a result, the market valuations of target companies are expected to increase. The objective of this paper is to determine whether the presence of institutional investors in the ownership structure coexists with a higher market valuation of a listed company. The estimation of a panel model with fixed effects (681 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, WSE, between 2014 and 2018) indicates that a higher share of institutional investors in the ownership structure coexists with a higher Price to Book Value (PB).
Neurotoxicity, Types, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Bilge Serap
Published: March 2022

Neurotoxicity is a term that refers to the condition in which the nervous system is exposed to dangerous substances (neurotoxicants) either naturally occurring or created, impairing the nervous system’s normal function. Few of these neurotoxins act directly on neural cells, whereas others impair metabolic processes heavily reliant on the neurological system. Neurotoxicity can occur as a side effect of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, drug therapies, organ transplantation, and vulnerability to heavy metals such as mercury and lead, certain foods, pesticides, industrial products, and solvents used in cleaning cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Additionally, there are a few naturally occurring compounds. Symptoms of intoxication may begin to develop immediately upon exposure or may take time to manifest. These symptoms may include encephalopathy, limb weakness or numbness, cognitive and behavioral impairments. Following the elimination or decrease of exposure to hazardous chemicals, symptomatic and supportive therapy is provided. The prognosis is highly variable and depends on the duration and depth of vulnerability and the degree of the neurological impairment. Neurotoxicant vulnerability can be lethal in rare instances. Patients may survive in some cases despite their failure to heal completely. In other cases, many individuals recover completely following treatment.
A Conceptual Model for Conformance with Accessible Gamification
Authors: Smith Keyonda
Published: March 2022

There currently remains limited Gamification awareness and training for developers on WCAG conformance. Studies indicate an increased interest from developers to raise their acceptance, awareness, and technical abilities for designing accessible digital products. This article explores and presents a conceptual module to improve web developers’ capabilities and knowledge of accessible digital design. By leveraging the standards put forth by WCAG 2.0, developers can create accessible content for users who identify with various forms of abilities. Four primary principles comprise WCAG 2.0 and 12 standards, and 12 standards deliver fundamental objectives as best practices for developers. These guidelines were employed for gaming content design and development, permitting users to regulate reality and Gamification associations whereas immersing in the game. The goal is to apply diverse processes for each stage of the game to allow challenges and motivation for users to determine novel processes while understanding the guidelines. Assistive Technology was used to navigate each stage. To suit independence or self-reliance, the conceptual model supports players’ personalization while completing the game activities. Likewise, employing complex, advanced, and reward dashboards satisfies the proficiency component, and social network communications to other players provide the opportunity for interconnectedness. The conceptual model presented in this paper underpins Gamification and the potential to incorporate evidence-based accessibility principles developed by W3C. The previous examinations focused on instruments (e.g., software, feature, components) to achieve WCAG conformance. This examination presents a distinction from prior studies as this conceptual model recognizes consciousness and self-determination as the initial starting point.
Nietzsche’s Photophilosophy
Authors: Maley Ian ,   DePaul University
Published: March 2022

In reply to Hagi Kenaan’s recent book Photography and Its Shadow, this essay argues for a theory of photography informed by Nietzsche’s perspectivism. It argues that Nietzsche’s perspectivism offers tools for a theory of photography as a way of life and for a positive conception of the inherent nothingness and artificiality of the photographic image. The first part examines Kenaan’s criticism of photography as an agent of post-modern malaise and nihilism in line with Nietzsche’s theory of the death of God. In response, the second part explores perspectivism as a visual and literary mode of thought for creating new horizons for understanding self and world, new relationships between desire and images, and a new conception of truth and falsity. The third part examines the writings of American artist Andy Warhol, who I argue exemplifies a perspectivist approach to photography and cinema in dialogue with the groundlessness and artificiality of images.
Temporal stability of stratifications using different dendrometric variables and geostatistical interpolation
Authors: Reis Aliny Aparecida Dos , Ribeiro Andressa , Mayrinck Rafaella Carvalho , Mello José Marcio de , Batista Anderson Pedro Bernardina , Ferraz Filho Antonio Carlos
Published: March 2022

Stratifying a forest results in more precise and cheaper inventories. This study aimed to select the stratifying variable that estimates more precise and stable inventory over the years for a eucalyptus plantation in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The continuous forest inventory was performed annually from 2.7 to 6.8 years, and based on the field measurements, arithmetic mean diameter (d), height (h), dominant height (Hdom), basal area (G), volume (V), and mean annual increment in volume (MAI) were calculated. Semivariograms were generated and the exponential, spherical and Gaussian models were fit for each stratifying variable for each measurement date. The models were assessed by the reduced mean error and its deviation, being the exponential model selected. Maps showing the spatial distribution of all variables were generated for each measurement age, using ordinary kriging. Next, the study area was divided in four strata based on each stratifying variable for each measurement age. The stability of each stratifying variables for each measurement age were assessed by: 1) coincident strata area; 2) stability of total strata area; 3) plot permanency on each stratum; and 4) inventory error using stratified random sampling procedures. All variables in all ages presented spatial dependence structure. G and Hdom were the stratifying variables that generated the most and the least coincident strata area over the years, respectively. G and height (h and Hdom) were the stratifying variables yielding the least and most plot stratum changes, respectively. The same trend was observed for the total strata area stability. Stratifying based on MAI and V yielded the smaller inventory error, and h and Hdom yielded the largest. G was selected as the best stratifying variable because it yielded small inventory errors and was the most stable variable in terms of coincident strata area, total strata area and plot stratum changes over the years.
Performance da madeira de Acacia mearnsii De Wild para polpação kraft
Authors: Giesbrecht Bruna Mohr , Coldebella Rodrigo , Gentil Marina , Nunes Gabriel Raamon Santana , Finger Matheus Redel , Jardim Juliana , Pedrazzi Cristiane , Cardoso Gabriel Valim
Published: March 2022

O crescente interesse mundial na polpa celulósica produzida a partir da madeira de Acacia mearnsii incentiva estudos que comprovem sua propensão e eficiência para esse fim. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas da madeira de Acacia mearnsii, bem como avaliar seu desempenho na produção de celulose kraft, sob diferentes condições de cozimento. Amostras de madeiras das áreas de produção de sementes (APS) e clones foram avaliados. A polpação kraft foi realizada com fator H constante (1363) e álcali ativo variando de 14% a 24%. A densidade básica das madeiras de clone e APS não diferiram estatisticamente (0,544 g/cm³). A análise química revelou que o conteúdo médio (clone e APS) de extrativos, lignina e carboidratos foi de 4,67%, 16,66% e 77,02%, respectivamente. A condição de polpação mais eficiente foi obtida com álcali ativo de 14%, número kappa 16 e rendimento depurado de 57%. De acordo com os resultados, a madeira de Acacia mearnsii apresentou grande potencial para ser utilizada como fonte de fibra curta na obtenção de polpa celulósica pelo processo kraft.
Making Aliens of Us
Authors: Metcalfe Ella
Published: March 2022

In the first half of the nineteenth century, before Charles Darwin had made even a ripple in Western philosophy, one question seemed to be clattering its way through the minds of many: where is the human place in the natural world? If we were to imagine this role as a walking path laid down by nature long ago, then the humans (or human-representatives) in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s ‘A Vindication of Natural Diet’ and Desmond Stuart’s ‘The Limits of Trooghaft’ have long since strayed from the road. Shelley reveres vegetarianism as a return to a natural diet with the power to resolve this philosophical question, which is a self-indulgent form of vegetarianism that Stewart has no problem mimicking with mocking intent. Drawing upon the irony and anthropocentricism of his genres, Stewart presents an inwardly focused vegetarianism that only succeeds at leading humans as far from nature’s path as alien invaders.
РИМОКАТОЛИЧКО ЖИТИЈЕ КНЕЗА ЛАЗАРА
Authors: Стојковски Борис С.
Published: March 2022

У раду се разматра римокатоличко житије кнеза Лазара које је публиковао 1863. године руски језуита Иван Михајлович Мартинов у свом делу Annus ecclesiasticus Graeco-slavicus. Овај руски научник је сабрао велики број житија српских средњовековних светитеља, па је тако под 15. јуном нашао своје место и кнез Лазар. У раду ће бити дат латински текст каквим га је Михајлов објавио, а поред превода на српски језик биће дати и опсежни коментари. Оно што је посебно важно јесте улажење у траг изворима које је Михајлов користио приликом састављања овог вредног хагиографског записа на латинском језику чиме је кнез Лазар заправо, на одређени начин, преко Annus ecclesiasticus Graeco-slavicus ушао и међу светитеље Римокатоличке цркве. Иако је и међу другим римокатоличким писцима, посебно оним са далматинског подручја и из Дубровника, кнез Лазар и косовски завет и мит већ био увелико познат, ово житије је уистину једини прави хагиогафски спис о кнезу Лазару на латинском језику.
Cold protection allows local cryotherapy in a clinical-relevant model of traumatic optic neuropathy
Authors: Zhang Yikui , Li Mengyun , Yu Bo , Lu Shengjian , Zhang Lujie , Zhu Senmiao , Yu Zhonghao , Xia Tian , Huang Haoliang , Jiang WenHao , Zhang Si , Sun Lanfang , Ye Qian , Sun Jiaying , Zhu Hui , Huang Pingping , Hong Huifeng , Yu Shuaishuai , Li Wenjie , Ai Danni , Fan Jingfan , Li Wentao , Song Hong , Xu Lei , Chen Xiwen , Chen Tongke , Zhou Meng , Ou Jingxing , Yang Jian , Li Wei , Hu Yang , Wu Wencan
Published: March 2022

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is potentially an important therapy for central nervous system (CNS) trauma. However, its clinical application remains controversial, hampered by two major factors: (1) Many of the CNS injury sites, such as the optic nerve (ON), are deeply buried, preventing access for local TH. The alternative is to apply TH systemically, which significantly limits the applicable temperature range. (2) Even with possible access for ‘local refrigeration’, cold-induced cellular damage offsets the benefit of TH. Here we present a clinically translatable model of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) by applying clinical trans-nasal endoscopic surgery to goats and non-human primates. This model faithfully recapitulates clinical features of TON such as the injury site (pre-chiasmatic ON), the spatiotemporal pattern of neural degeneration, and the accessibility of local treatments with large operating space. We also developed a computer program to simplify the endoscopic procedure and expand this model to other large animal species. Moreover, applying a cold-protective treatment, inspired by our previous hibernation research, enables us to deliver deep hypothermia (4 °C) locally to mitigate inflammation and metabolic stress (indicated by the transcriptomic changes after injury) without cold-induced cellular damage, and confers prominent neuroprotection both structurally and functionally. Intriguingly, neither treatment alone was effective, demonstrating that in situ deep hypothermia combined with cold protection constitutes a breakthrough for TH as a therapy for TON and other CNS traumas.
HAYAT MECMUASI NDAN (1926-1930) TARİH DİSİPLİNİ VE ÖĞRETİMİNE İLİŞKİN ÇIKARIMLAR
Authors: Işık Yasemin
Published: March 2022

Toplumların ve insanların zaman ve mekân itibariyle
geçirdikleri gelişmeleri sebep-sonuç ilişkisi içerisinde
inceleyen tarih disiplini, gerçekleri ortaya koyması yönüyle
önem arz etmektedir. Toplumsal gücün sağlanmasının yolu da
“toplumsal hafızayı” teşkil eden tarihî mirasa sahip çıkmaktan
geçmektedir ki gelecekte atılacak adımlar doğru olsun. Nitekim
arz ettiği bu önemden dolayı “tarihin öğretimi” her dönem her
toplum için üzerinde durulması gereken bir mesele olmuş;
toplumsal değişim süreçlerine bağlı olarak da şekil almıştır.
Özellikle modern (millî) devletlerin kurulma ve gelişme
süreçlerinde “eğitim” kurumu araç olarak; “modern toplum
inşası/kimlik inşası” hedefinde “tarih öğretimi” odak noktası
olarak görülmüştür. Tarih öğretiminin en temel amacı da
“siyasal toplumsallaşma” olarak belirlenmiştir.
Yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin kurucusu Mustafa
Kemal Atatürk, tarih ile yakından ilgilenmiş ve yanlış, eksik
bulduğu tarih anlayışını değiştirerek Türk tarihi çalışmalarında
önemli adımlar atmıştır. Devlet’in sesi olarak yayımlanan
Hayat Mecmuası, bu atılan adımların, dönemin tarih anlayışının
kavranması noktasında dikkat çekici bir yayındır. Bu bağlamda
Mecmua’da öne çıkan isimler şöyledir: Mehmet Emin
(Erişirgil), Avni (Başman), Köprülüzade Mehmet Fuat, Zeki
Mesut (Alsan), Mustafa Şekip (Tunç), Ziyaeddin Fahri
(Fındıkoğlu).
Bu çalışma, yöntem olarak nitel araştırmalardan kaynak
taramasına dayanmaktadır. Tarihsel metinlerin
değerlendirilmesinde “içerik analizi” kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın
amacı, bahsi geçen yazarların “tarih disiplininin önemi, tarihsel
metot eleştirisi, yeni ideoloji ve değerlerin aktarımı, siyasi
eğitim, yükseköğretimde tarih” gibi tartışma başlıklarına dair
değerlendirmelerini, Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminin tarih
anlayışı kapsamında ortaya koymaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Tarih
Anlayışı, Hayat Mecmuası, Tarih Öğretimi, Tarih Disiplini
Üzerine Tartışmalar, Yükseköğretimde Tarih.
CAESAR ÜZERİNE: BITHYNIA KRALİÇESİ Mİ YOKSA HER DAİM CAESAR MI
Authors: Üreten Hüseyin
Published: March 2022

Gaius Iulius Caesar (İÖ 100-44), İÖ 81 yılındaki
Mytilenae (bugünkü Midilli) kuşatması sırasında
Roma’nın müttefiki olan Bithynia kralı IV.
Nicomedes’ten kuşatmayı desteklemesi için bir savaş
gemisi filosu almak amacıyla Asia Eyalet Valisi Marcus
Minucius Thermus tarafından Bithynia sarayına
gönderilmişti. Caesar’ın babası yaklaşık on yıl önce bu
eyalete vali atandığından, aile ismi eyalet sakinleri
tarafından bilinmekteydi ve dolayısıyla bölgenin ileri
gelenleriyle kurulmuş önemli ilişkiler de genç adama
miras kalmıştı. Anlatılanlara göre, Thermus’un
contubernales’i arasına kısa sürede girmeyi başaran
Caesar, yurtdışında üstlendiği bu ilk askeri görevi onurlu
bir şekilde sonuçlandırmak için babasını da tanıyan yaşlı
kral IV. Nicomedes’in huzuruna çıktı. Nicomedes’in de
sıcak bir şekilde karşıladığı bu genç adam, ancak ne
yazık ki, kendisine verilen emirleri gerçekleştirmek için
Bithynia sarayında gerekenden çok daha fazla zaman
harcamıştı. Caesar gençti, flamenliği dolayısıyla yaşam
tecrübesi azdı; olasılıkla dünyayı ve Hellen kültürüyle iç
içe olan krallara layık bir yaşamı ilk kez tatmaktaydı.
Üstelik Caesar, oradan ayrıldıktan kısa bir süre sonra,
eski bir kölesinin işleriyle ilgilenmek amacıyla
Bithynia’ya geri dönmüş ve daha ileri bir tarihte de
Nicomedes’in kızı Nysa’yı yasal olarak temsil ettiği bir
duruşmada Bithynia kralına karşı olan borcundan
bahseden etkili bir söylev vermişti. Mytilenae kuşatılmış ve sonunda saldırı sonucu ele
geçirilmiştir. Bu çarpışma sırasında, 19 yaşındaki
Caesar, geleneksel olarak bir vatandaşın hayatını
kurtarmak için kendi hayatını tehlikeye atan askerlere
verilen corona civica nişanına layık görülmüş ve
saygıyla karşılanmıştır. Ancak ne yazık ki, Mytilenae’ye
saldırmadan hemen önce propraetorun onu Bithynia
sarayına göndermesi, Nicomedes’in yanında uzun zaman
harcaması, kralın sevgilisi olduğu dedikodularının
çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Kısa bir süre sonra
Bithynia’ya geri dönmesi ve ileri bir tarihte
Nicomedes’in kızını etkili bir söylevle savunması ise bu
dedikoduları pekiştirmiştir. Sonuçta bu skandal, hayatı
boyunca Caesar’ın peşini bırakmamış, hem yasa
yapmakta hem politik alanda hem de hitabet ve edebiyat
alanlarında başarılı olmasına rağmen ne yazık ki
rakipleri tarafından alenen aşağılanmaktan
kurtulamamıştır.
Bu çalışmamızda, biz, Caesar üzerine bir kez daha
düşüneceğiz, bahsi geçen konuyla ilgili klasik ve modern
yaşamöyküsü yazarlarının kendi aralarındaki çeşitliliği
onun özel yaşamı (cinsel maceraları) hatta dış görünüşü
ışığında gözden geçireceğiz. Bir başka deyişle, Caesar’ın
Bithynia Kraliçesi mi yoksa her daim Caesar mı
olduğunu açıklamaya çalışacağız.
Synthesis of a Stretchable Polyampholyte Hydrophilic Film with Compositional Gradient for Long‐Term Stable, Substrate‐Independent Fouling‐Resistant Coating
Authors: Kim Hogi , Song Younseong , Park Seonghyeon , Kim Youson , Mun Hyeonwoo , Kim Jueun , Kim Seongeun , Lee Kyung G. , Im Sung Gap
Published: March 2022

The prevention of nonspecific biofouling is crucial for technological development in biomaterials and medical devices. Thus, zwitterionic materials have attracted significant attention due to their effective fouling‐resistance, long‐term durability against oxidation, and biocompatibility. However, fabricating a substrate‐independent zwitterionic surface with outstanding fouling‐resistance remains a challenge. In this study, a polyampholyte coating that satisfies the aforementioned requirements is obtained using a vapor‐phase method. The polyampholyte coating consists of a bilayer of poly(1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinyl cyclotetrasiloxane) (pV4D4) and polyampholyte, poly(2‐carboxyethyl acrylate‐co‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) (pCD), stacked with compositional gradient, which are obtained via sequential deposition using initiated chemical vapor deposition. The heavily crosslinked pV4D4 acts as an adhesion promoter layer that may be applied conformally to various substrate materials with high interfacial adhesion. The pCD surface exhibits a long‐lasting, superior fouling‐resistance to proteins (20.3 ± 1.8 ng cm−2 for undiluted human serum) and microorganisms. The pCD‐grad‐pV4D4 films, coupled with the stress‐dissipative gradient interface, are highly stretchable up to 50% without compromising the fouling‐resistance. The fouling‐resistance is maintained after 1 day of sonication, 10 days of water flushing, and 30 days of water shearing. Further, the pCD‐grad‐pV4D4 films are fully transparent and patternable, making them a prospective alternative for future non‐fouling biomedical applications.
On‐Demand Programming of Liquid Metal‐Composite Microstructures through Direct Ink Write 3D Printing
Authors: Haake Aaron , Tutika Ravi , Schloer Gwyneth M. , Bartlett Michael D. , Markvicka Eric J.
Published: March 2022

Soft, elastically deformable composites with liquid metal (LM) droplets can enable new generations of soft electronics, robotics, and reconfigurable structures. However, techniques to control local composite microstructure, which ultimately governs material properties and performance, is lacking. Here a direct ink writing technique is developed to program the LM microstructure (i.e., shape, orientation, and connectivity) on demand throughout elastomer composites. In contrast to inks with rigid particles that have fixed shape and size, it is shown that emulsion inks with LM fillers enable in situ control of microstructure. This enables filaments, films, and 3D structures with unique LM microstructures that are generated on demand and locked in during printing. This includes smooth and discrete transitions from spherical to needle‐like droplets, curvilinear microstructures, geometrically complex embedded inclusion patterns, and connected LM networks. The printed materials are soft (modulus < 200 kPa), highly deformable (>600 % strain), and can be made locally insulating or electrically conductive using a single ink by controlling the process conditions. These capabilities are demonstrated by embedding elongated LM droplets in a soft heat sink, which rapidly dissipates heat from high‐power LEDs. These programmable microstructures can enable new composite paradigms for emerging technologies that demand mechanical compliance with multifunctional response.
Cognitive load during training for out‐of‐department emergency responses
Authors: Dworkis Daniel A. , Jain Aarti , Wolfe Marissa , Sanko Stephen , Arora Sanjay
Published: March 2022

Background

Emergency medicine (EM) physicians sometimes respond to critical events outside the emergency department. To prepare for these complex cases—typically called “rapid responses” (RRs)—EM residents receive simulation‐based training involving four practice tasks and three exam tasks during a 1‐day session. Cognitive load (CL) theory describes how humans function with limited working memories to perform complex tasks. RRs are expected to generate high levels of CL, but the profile of CL across providers and RR cases is not well understood. In this study, we analyzed resident’s CL during RR training. We hypothesized variations in CL across individual and case and that exam cases would cause higher CLs than practice cases.

Methods

Residents anonymously self‐reported CL levels after each case using the Paas scale, a single‐item, 9‐point scale from “very, very low CL” to “very, very high CL.” To examine case‐based differences in CL, data were rescaled by individual residents. “High CL” was defined as a score of 9/9.

Results

Among 18 residents participating, CLs ranged from 4 to 9, with median of 7 and interquartile range of 7–8. While many cases showed bell curve–like distributions of CLs, one case—a bleeding tracheostomy—showed a rightward skew reflecting higher levels of CL. No significant difference was found in CL between practice and exam cases. There were 20 reports (16.5%) of “high” CL with variation across residents (0/7 [0%] to 5/6 [83.3%] cases) and across cases (1/18 [5.6%) to 8/18 [44.4%]).

Conclusions

The CL that EM residents experienced did show considerable interpersonal and intercase variation, but there was no significant difference between practice and exam cases. These results highlight several questions about how to optimally design future training, including how best to balance low and high CL training cases and which cases may require further training.
Enhanced Blue Afterglow through Molecular Fusion for Bio‐applications
Authors: Su Xianlong , Kong Xiaoyan , Sun Kuangshi , Liu Qian , Pei Yuetian , Hu Donghao , Xu Ming , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou
Published: March 2022

Afterglow materials have drawn considerable attention due to their attractive luminescent properties. However, their low‐efficiency luminescence in aqueous environment limits their applications in life sciences. Here, we developed a molecular fusion strategy to improve the afterglow efficiency of photochemical afterglow materials. By fusing a cache unit with an emitter, we obtained a blue afterglow system with a quantum yield up to 2.59 %. This is 162 times higher than that achieved with the traditional physical mixing system and more than an order of magnitude larger than that of the covalent coupling system. High‐efficiency afterglow nanoparticles were obtained and utilized for bio‐imaging with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 131, and for the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) of β‐hCG with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 mIU mL−1. This paves a new way for the construction of high‐efficiency afterglow materials and expands the number of luminescence reporter candidates for disease diagnosis and bio‐imaging.
Influence of morphology on the dynamic and quasi‐static energy absorption of polylactic acid‐based lattice structures
Authors: Verbeek Casparus Johannes Reinhard , Yapa Priyal Madubhashana
Published: March 2022

The aim of this work was to investigate the difference between energy absorption (EA) of a lattice structure under quasi‐static and dynamic loading, as influenced by morphology. Lattices were manufactured from blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), with and without a compatibilizer. Under quasi‐static compression, PLA and blends with low PCL content provided the greatest EA. Above 30% PCL, a drastic decrease in EA was observed as the ductility increased. The morphology of the blends under slower loading played little role in affecting EA, as the lattice's performance was mainly dictated by the ductility of the blend. However, under dynamic loading brittle lattices provided poor EA, however, at 30% PCL, EA was significantly higher, improved further with including a compatibilizer. At 10% PCL an erratic dispersion of PCL in the PLA matrix was observed, whilst at 50% the morphology was co‐continuous. A uniformly, finely dispersed droplet morphology was observed at 30% PCL. The ductility and morphology of the matrix paired with the complex loading scenario led to optimal EA under dynamic loading. The partial bonding between PCL and PLA provided clear improvement to EA, however, this effect was vastly different under quasi‐static loading.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/modified cassava starch blends plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol
Authors: Boonsuk Phetdaphat , Sukolrat Apinya , Chantarak Sirinya , Kelarakis Antonios , Chaibundit Chiraphon
Published: March 2022

A series of blend films comprised 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with native cassava starch (NCS), high‐oxidized cassava starch (HCS), and pre‐gelatinized cassava starch (PCS) was prepared via solution casting. The blends were plasticized with glycerol or glycerol‐sorbitol mixture. The structure of each blend film was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Cross‐sections of the PVA/HCS and PVA/PCS blend films, imaged by scanning electron microscopy, indicated a PVA‐rich/starch‐rich bilayer structure, irrespective of the type of plasticizer in the blend. High degree of swelling of the blend films resulted to the fast degradation. All blend films were completely degraded in soil after 4 days. Significantly, we identified a number of blend films showed greater strength and elongation at break than low density polyethylene, suggesting that these environmentally benign blends could be ideal candidates for widespread applications currently dominated by petroleum‐derived products.
Improving the toughness and flame retardancy of poly (lactic acid) with phosphorus‐containing core‐shell particles
Authors: Dong Xinyi , Wu Zhenggui , Wang Yang , Li Ting , Yuan Hao , Zhang Xuhui , Ma Piming , Chen Mingqing , Huang Jing , Dong Weifu
Published: March 2022

Despite polylactide (PLA) representing one of the most promising biodegradable materials, its applications lag far behind owing to the disadvantages of inherent brittleness and flammability, which is challengeable to simultaneously overcome. In this work, a phosphorus‐containing core‐shell starch nanoparticle (FR‐CSS) was synthesized via soap‐free emulsion polymerization for concurrent improvement of toughness and flame retardancy of PLA. The results revealed that with the incorporation of 10 wt% FR‐CSS, the elongation at break of PLA/10FR‐CSS was prominently improved to 308% while the tensile strength was about 40.0 MPa. Particularly, the toughness of PLA/FR‐CSS was as high as 108.2 MJ/m3, which was 48 times higher than that of neat PLA. Besides, the PLA/10FR‐CSS exhibited improved flame retardancy with a UL‐94 V‐2 rating and a LOI value of 24.5%. These results established an integrated design strategy of incorporating phosphorus‐containing core‐shell nanoparticles to prepare PLA composites combined excellent toughness with enhanced flame retardancy, therefore broadening the application gallery of PLAs.
Are corporate climate efforts genuine? An empirical analysis of the climate ‘talk–walk’ hypothesis
Authors: Coen David , Herman Kyle , Pegram Tom
Published: March 2022

This study conducts machine‐aided textual analysis on 725 corporate sustainability reports and empirically tests whether climate ‘talk’ within the sampled reports translates into performance ‘walk’, proxied by changes in greenhouse gas emissions over a 10‐year period. We find mixed results for the ‘talk–walk’ hypothesis, depending on the type of talk and the associated climate change actors involved. Indeed, our empirical models show that while some climate commitments are genuine, many constitute little more than ‘greenwashing’—producing symbolic rather than substantive action. We attribute this result to false signalling of climate transitioning in order to mislead due to misaligned incentives. An unexpected positive finding of the study is that talk about operational improvements is a significant predictor of climate performance improvement. On the other hand, reactive strategies are consistent with poor climate performance. Our findings highlight the significance of corporate climate strategies other than emissions reductions in assessing the effective contribution of business to the climate transition.
Making Photocatalysis Comparable Using a Modular and Characterized Open‐Source Photoreactor**
Authors: Kowalczyk Daniel , Li Pengcheng , Abbas Amir , Eichhorn Jonas , Buday Philipp , Heiland Magdalena , Pannwitz Andrea , Schacher Felix H. , Weigand Wolfgang , Streb Carsten , Ziegenbalg Dirk
Published: March 2022

Reproducibility and comparability of photocatalytic experiments are still challenging, owing to the large number of experimental parameters and their comprehensive documentation. To overcome this limitation, a modular, adaptable, and extensible photoreactor platform is reported, which enables experiments under well‐characterized, reproducible conditions. Comparability is ensured by comprehensive photonic characterization with chemical actinometry, radiometry and open documentation of the incident photon fluxes in the reaction vessels for different setups as well as the homogeneity of irradiation in multi‐reactor setups. Comprehensive documentation minimizes the need for repeated photonic characterization when modifying the setups. Experimental reproducibility within and across experiments was evaluated with studies of photocatalytic systems for hydrogen evolution, emphasizing the validity of the concept.
Grain yield performance of hybrid rice in relation to inbred cultivars in long‐term multi‐environment tests in India
Authors: Muralidharan Kalambur , Prasad Gogineni S. V. , Rao Chilukuri S. , Sridhar Ranganathan , Siddiq Ebrahim A.
Published: March 2022

We analyzed the yield data of 2,070 rice hybrid F1 genotypes with inbred local cultivars (ILCv) evaluated over 32 yr (from 1988 to 2019) in 2,376 multi‐environment experiments executed at 102 locations in the irrigated ecosystem across India. The genetic gain or loss in yield of hybrid F1 genotypes estimated over the test duration was nonsignificant. The differences were highly significant between the means of group of F1 hybrid genotypes with yields higher than ILCvs in 985 experiments and the group of F1 hybrid genotypes with yields lower than ILCvs in 962 experiments. Hybrids produced 10% more yield (728–2,588 kg ha–1) than ILCvs in 672 experiments at several locations. Our analyses have established that grain yields of 7.0–7.9 Mg ha–1, were harvested in hybrid F1 genotypes with early‐ (110–120 d), mid‐early‐ (121–130 d), and medium‐ (131–140 d) maturity duration, and in those with medium slender grains (130±5 d) at many locations in 374 out of the 985 experiments. A higher level of rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity per day (62–63 kg ha–1) was recorded with the early‐maturing and mid‐early‐maturing hybrid genotypes. Both the hybrid F1 genotypes and ILCvs produced grain yields (≥10 Mg ha–1) similar to values that were recorded previously with commercial inbred cultivars since 1968 at many locations. The attainable grain yield records of ILCvs were not broken by the yields of hybrid F1 genotypes. Hence the doubt arises whether there was any overestimation of hybrid genotypes or an underestimation of inbred yields. Therefore, any genetic gain or loss for grain yields in new genotypes developed in experiments can be estimated only when ILCvs produce their attainable yield recorded previously. There is scope for breeders to limit test locations to represent specific target areas to avoid data loss.