bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption behavior of antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 on PMMA
Authors: Yoshinari Masao , Kato Tetsuo , Matsuzaka Kenichi , Hayakawa Tohru , Inoue Takashi , Oda Yutaka , Okuda Katsuji , Shimono Masaki
Published: October 2005

Adsorption of antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 on a poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base may serve to prevent biofilm formation, leading to a reduction of denture‐induced stomatitis. This study focused on adsorption behavior of histatin 5 onto PMMA surfaces modified using a cold plasma technique and the effectiveness of histatin 5 adsorption for reducing Candida albicans biofilm formation by the quartz crystal microbalance‐dissipation (QCM‐D) technique. PMMA spin‐coated specimens were treated with oxygen (O2) plasma using a plasma surface modification apparatus. The amount of histatin 5 adsorbed onto the PMMA treated with O2 plasma is more than six times greater than that adsorbed onto untreated PMMA. The degree of histatin 5 adsorption had a negative correlation with the contact angle, whereas that of zeta‐potential showed no significant correlation. XPS analysis revealed that the introduction of the carboxyl and O2 functional groups were observable on the O2 plasma‐treated PMMA. Increased surface hydrophilicity and the formation of the carboxyl could be responsible for histatin 5 adsorption on plasma‐treated PMMA. There is no significant difference between histatin‐adsorbed PMMA and control PMMA for C. albicans initially attached. On the contrary, the amount of C. albicans colonization on histatin‐adsorbed PMMA was significantly less than the control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
A review of the background, operating parameters and applications of microemulsion liquid chromatography (MELC)
Authors: Marsh A. , Clark B. J. , Altria Kevin D.
Published: October 2005

Microemulsions are dispersions of nanometre‐sized droplets of an immiscible liquid within another liquid. Droplet formation is facilitated by the addition of surfactants and often also cosurfactants. Microemulsions are classified as either oil‐in‐water (O/W) (oil droplets such as octane dispersed throughout aqueous buffer) or water‐in‐oil (W/O) (aqueous droplets in oil such as hexane). Both microemulsion types have been used as mobile phases for separation in microemulsion HPLC (MELC). There has been a recent increase of interest in this area with new applications and developments such as gradient elution and optimisation of methods using experimental design. O/W microemulsions have been employed as eluents for RP‐HPLC while W/O microemulsions have been used for normal phase chromatography. Separations can have superior speed and efficiency to conventional HPLC modes while offering a unique selectivity with excellent resolution. The capability for quantitative and stability‐indicating analysis has also been demonstrated. Specific advantages include the ability to operate at low UV wavelengths and elimination of the need for an equilibration rinse between gradients. Operational issues associated with the use of MELC have been identified including the need to add salt to the gradient eluent, relatively high back‐pressures and increased need for equipment cleaning compared to conventional RP eluent. This report details the different microemulsion types and compositions used and their reported applications. The use of gradient and isocratic elution is described. The effects on separations of varying operating parameters such as temperature, oil type and concentration, surfactant type and concentration, sample solvent, column type, and organic solvent addition will be discussed and illustrated.
Methacrylate‐based chromatographic media
Authors: Benes̆ Milan J. , Horák Daniel , Svec Frantisek
Published: October 2005

This review summarizes the preparation and application of chromatographic separation media based on methacrylate monomers with a major focus on highly crosslinked macroporous beads prepared from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, respectively. The effects of process variables such as composition of the polymerization mixture that includes monomers, porogenic solvents, and free radical initiator, suspension stabilizer, reaction temperature, and stirring are detailed for both classical and templated suspension polymerization. In addition, specific features of the preparation of monodisperse beads are also discussed. The performance of methacrylate‐based separation media is demonstrated on numerous separations in a variety of chromatographic modes.
Applications of capillary electrophoresis on microchip
Authors: Dolnik Vladislav , Liu Shaorong
Published: October 2005

CE on microchip is an emerging separation technique that has attracted wide attention and gained considerable popularity. Because of miniaturization of the separation format, CE on chip typically offers shorter analysis time and lower reagent consumption with potential development of portable analytical instrumentation. This review with 143 references is focused on proteins and peptides analysis, DNA separation including fragment sizing, genotyping, mutation detection and sequencing, and also the analysis of low‐molecular‐weight compounds, namely explosive residues and warfare agents, pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse, and various small molecules in body fluids.
Enamel and dentin irradiation with 9.6 μm CO2 and
2.94 μm Er:YAG lasers: bond
strength evaluation
Authors: Marraccini T M , Bachmann L , Wigdor H A , Walsh Jr. J T , Turbino M L , Stabholtz A , Zezell D M
Published: October 2005

Background and objective: The objective of this study
was to evaluate the bond strength between a composite resin and
dental hard tissues, which have been previously irradiated with an
Er:YAG (2.94 μm) or CO2 (9.6 μm) laser. Materials and
methods: A total of 156 bovine teeth were divided into 6 groups:
Group 1 – Enamel control: acid etched enamel (Single Bond); Group
2 – Dentin control: acid etched dentin (Single Bond); Group 3 –
Irradiated enamel (CO2 laser – 3 W) followed by acid etching;
Group 4 – Irradiated dentin (CO2 laser – 3 W) followed by
acid etching; Group 5 – Irradiated enamel (Er:YAG laser –
0.16 W) followed by acid etching; Group 6 – Irradiated dentin
(Er:YAG laser – 0.16 W) followed by acid etching. Results:
Treatment only with acid etching and also the Er:YAG laser
irradiation followed by acid etching showed the highest bond
strength value while the CO2 laser irradiation followed by acid
etching treatment produces the lowest bond strength values in both
tissues. Conclusion: Acid etching of non-irradiated and Erbium YAG
laser irradiated tissues produces better adhesion than acid
etching of CO2 laser irradiated surfaces.
Thermoreversible gelation with hydrogen‐bonded zipper‐like crosslink junctions
Authors: Tamura Yunoshin , Tanaka Fumihiko
Published: October 2005

Thermoreversible gelation of polymer chains bearing hydrogen‐bonding functional groups is studied by off‐lattice Monte Carlo simulation with semiflexible bead‐and‐spring model chains. To see the formation of zipper‐like sequential crosslink junctions (domino effect), we introduce stabilization energy −Δε between the nearest neighboring hydrogen‐bonded beads along a chain in addition to the ordinary pairwise hydrogen‐bond energy −ε. It is found that the condition nθ/$\bar{\zeta}$ = 2 is fulfilled at the sol/gel transition point, where $\bar{\zeta}$ is the average zipper length, θ the zipper content per chain, and n the total number of beads on a chain. It is also shown that, at low temperature, zipper growth dominates the nucleation of new zippers, and as a result, there is another transition from a three‐dimensional network to a pairwisely bound state (network/pair transition). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3331–3336, 2005
Cracking in polylactide spherulites
Authors: Fraschini Carole , Plesu Rodica , Sarasua Jose‐Ramon , Prud'homme Robert E.
Published: October 2005

A polylactide of high optical purity was crystallized between 100 and 140 °C, in‐between two glass slides, and its morphology was investigated by polarizing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, during subsequent heating and cooling cycles between −15 °C and the crystallization temperature. It was found that dark circular rings show up on cooling on top of the spherulites and represent cracks of about 300 nm in width. This phenomenon is completely reversible, and the heating–cooling curves are centered at about 56 °C, which coincide with the Tg of polylactide. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3308–3315, 2005
Investigation of shear failure mechanisms of pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Sosson Franck , Chateauminois Antoine , Creton Costantino
Published: October 2005

We report new experiments investigating the failure mechanisms in shear, of thin layers of acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSA). We have developed a novel experimental device able to shear a soft adhesive layer confined between a rigid hemispherical lens and a rigid glass substrate. Using the resources of in situ contact visualization, the nonhomogeneous deformation of the layer and the shear failure processes were observed optically. Depending on the rheological properties of the adhesive, ratios of the contact radius over the layer thickness of 10–30 were achieved, mimicking well the contact conditions encountered in a thin adhesive layer within a joint. When the adhesive was weakly crosslinked, we observed a fluid‐like behavior and could measure a reasonable value for the viscosity of the PSA, implying that flow can occur in the layer and failure will occur by creep. On the other hand, for a more crosslinked adhesive, closer to what is used in applications, a stick‐slip peeling behavior was observed, which involves a coupling between peeling mechanisms at the leading edge of the contact and interfacial slippage. Such a process suggests a failure by fracture rather than by creep. Interestingly, the peeling mechanisms and the associated stress levels change significantly when the layer becomes as thin as 20 μm, implying a fracture process that is controlled by a critical energy release rate in shear GIIc rather than by a critical shear stress causing failure of the interfacial bonds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3316–3330, 2005
First‐principles study of the pressure‐induced α → ω transition in titanium
Authors: Jona F. , Marcus P. M.
Published: October 2005

The pressure‐induced transition from the α to the ω‐phase of Ti is studied with first‐principles total‐energy calculations by a procedure that finds the equilibrium structures of each phase directly as a function of pressure from minima of the Gibbs free energy. Good to excellent agreement with experiment is found for the lattice parameters of the two phases both at zero pressure and as functions of pressure up to 900 kbar. The Gibbs free energies of the two phases at zero temperature and without zero‐point energy cross at about 500 kbar and then again at 700 kbar. Below 500 and above 700 kbar the α‐phase has the lower free energy. Thus, unlike previous theoretical treatments, but in agreement with experiment, our procedure finds the α‐phase more stable than the ω‐phase below 500 kbar. The α → ω transition pressure of 500 kbar is much higher than observed experimentally. Possible reasons for this discrepancy, as well as for the non‐observance of the re‐entrant α‐phase above 700 kbar are presented. The importance of the zero‐point energy in determining the ground‐state phase and transition pressure is noted. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical anisotropy and gas sensing properties of ordered porphyrin films
Authors: Bussetti G. , Corradini C. , Goletti C. , Chiaradia P. , Russo M. , Paolesse R. , Di Natale C. , D'Amico A. , Valli L.
Published: October 2005

Ordered films of porphyrins are routinely obtained by Langmuir–Blodgett technique, with a thickness control at the level of a single monolayer. The study of their optical anisotropy by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) has evidenced an interesting modification of the spectral line shape around the Soret band of the porphyrin layer after a certain critical thickness has been deposited onto the substrate. This finding has been connected to a structural modification of the film, although a detailed model was lacking until now. Recently, a new theoretical study based on the local field interaction has proposed to explain the RAS spectra in terms of the orientation of the molecules in a layer, that would change from layer to layer as the system is assembled. In order to test the model, we have collected new experimental data studying the modification of the optical anisotropy during exposure of the film to a gas (ethanol), mimicking the application for gas sensing analysis. The results show that the model is adequate to describe the real system: reordering of the layer during or after growth originates the anomalous spectra. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasiparticle and excitonic effects in the optical spectra of diamond, SiC, Si, GaP, GaAs, InP, and AlN
Authors: Hahn P. H. , Seino K. , Schmidt W. G. , Furthmüller J. , Bechstedt F.
Published: October 2005

We demonstrate the potential of recently developed electronic‐structure methods for the calculation of the optical properties of solids. As prototypical examples semiconductors crystallizing in diamond or zinc‐blende structure are studied. The many‐body effects are fully taken into account by a solution of the combined Dyson and Bethe‐Salpeter equations. We show that an initial‐value formulation of the polarization function allows for an efficient numerical calculation of the optical susceptibility. The effect of the renormalization of electrons and holes to quasiparticles is shown for both the band structure and the optical spectrum. In addition, excitonic effects are identified to remarkably influence the optical absorption. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy transition in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films
Authors: Ziese Michael
Published: October 2005

The in‐plane magnetic anisotropy of an epitaxial manganite La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film on SrTiO3 was measured. A rotation of the easy axis direction from [110] below 330 K to [100] above was observed. The first order magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant was determined and shows a zero crossing at 330 K. The coercive field has a plateau‐structure in this temperature range. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cardiac contractility modulation by non‐excitatory currents: Studies in isolated cardiac muscle
Authors: Brunckhorst Corinna B. , Shemer Isaac , Mika Yuval , Ben‐Haim Shlomo A. , Burkhoff Daniel
Published: October 2005

Background:

Myocardial contractility can be altered using voltage clamp techniques by modulating amplitude and duration of the action potential resulting in enhanced calcium entry in the cell of isolated muscle strips (Non‐Excitatory Currents; NEC). Extracellular electrical stimuli delivered during the absolute refractory period (Cardiac Contractility Modulation; CCM) have recently been shown to produce inotropic effects in‐vivo.

Aim:

Understanding the cellular mechanism, underlying the CCM effect, is essential for evaluating its clinical potential. We tested the hypothesis that NEC and CCM modulate contractility via similar cellular mechanisms.

Methods:

Square wave electric currents were applied in the organ bath to isometrically contracting rabbit RV papillary muscle and human failing trabecular muscle during the absolute refractory period (ARP).

Results:

These currents, which did not initiate new action potentials or contractions, modulated action potential duration (shortened or lengthened) and contractility (enhanced or depressed) in a manner that depended upon their amplitude, duration and delay from the pacing stimulus. The contractility modulation effect in the rabbit RV papillary muscle was markedly blunted after exposure to ryanodine, indicating that the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the contractility modulation.

Conclusion:

Like voltage clamping, extracellular currents applied during the ARP can similarly modulate action potential duration in‐vitro and modulate myocardial contractility by similar intracellular mechanisms. This concept provides the potential of a therapeutic strategy in patients with heart failure to enhance contractility.
HKF‐R 10 – Screening for predicting chronicity in acute low back pain (LBP): A prospective clinical trial
Authors: Neubauer Eva , Junge Astrid , Pirron Peter , Seemann Hanne , Schiltenwolf Marcus
Published: October 2005

Study design Prospective cohort study.

Objectives To develop a short instrument to reliably predict chronicity in low back pain (LBP).

Summary of background data Health care expenditures on the treatment of low back pain continue to increase. It is therefore important to prevent the development of chronicity. In Germany, there is at present no early risk assessment tool to predict the risk of developing chronic LBP for patients presenting with acute LBP. Undertaken in an orthopedic practice setting, this study examined known risk factors for chronicity. It resulted in the development of a short questionnaire that successfully predicted the course of chronicity with an accuracy of 78%.

Methods A cohort of 192 orthopaedic outpatients was assessed for clinical, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive parameters bsed on a self‐report test battery of 167 established items predictive for chronicity in LBP. Chronicity was defined as back pain persisting for longer than six months. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of all items significantly associated with the dependent variable.

Results The study found the following items to have the strongest predictive value in the development of chronicity: “How strong was your back pain during the last week when it was most tolerable?” and the question “How much residual pain would you be willing to tolerate while still considering the therapy successful?” These were followed by the variables for “Duration of existing LBP” (more than eight days), the patient's educational level (low levels are related to higher risks of chronicity) and pain being experienced elsewhere in the body.

Other significant factors were five items assessing depression (Zung) and the palliative effect of therapeutic massage (where a positive correlation was found). Female patients have a higher risk for chronicity, as do patients with a high total score on the scales assessing “catastrophizing thoughts” and thoughts of “helplessness”.

Conclusion Using the items listed above, the study was able to predict a patient's risk of developing chronic LBP with a probability of 78%. These items were assembled in a brief questionnaire and were paired with a corresponding evaluative tool. This enables practitioners to assess an individual patient's risk for chronicity by means of a simple calculator in just a few minutes. A validation study for the questionnaire is currently being prepared.

Mini abstract The objective of this study was the development of a brief questionnaire to assess the risk for chronicity for LBP.
Extracephalic tenderness and pressure pain threshold in children with headache
Authors: Metsahonkala Liisa , Anttila Pirjo , Laimi Katri , Aromaa Minna , Helenius Hans , Mikkelsson Marja , Jäppilä Eija , Viander Suvi , Sillanpää Matti , Salminen Jouko
Published: October 2005

Background Sensitisation of the pain detection system has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent headache. In adults, increased sensitivity to pain has been found in patients with chronic tension type headache. Children with migraine or with unspecific headache report non‐headache pains and interictal pericranial muscular tenderness more often than headache‐free children.

Objective To study if children with different types of headache report non‐headache pain more often than children with no headache and if extracephalic muscular tenderness is different in children with headache in comparison to headache‐free children. To find out if interval to the headache episode has influence on the extracranial muscular tenderness.

Design A population‐based sample of 13‐year‐old children with migraine (n = 48), episodic tension type headache (61) or no headache (59) were interviewed for the occurrence and characteristics of headache and fulfilled a questionnaire on non‐headache pain. A structured manual palpation test on muscular tenderness and a pain threshold measurement were done on seven cephalic and three extracephalic points.

Results Children with migraine reported other pains, especially stomach pain and limb pain more often than children with episodic tension type or no headache. There were no significant differences in the extracephalic muscular tenderness or in the pressure pain thresholds between the three groups.

Conclusions Children with migraine experience more non‐headache pains than children with episodic tension type headache and with no headache. However, neither children with migraine nor children with episodic tension type headache show increased interictal extracephalic muscular sensitivity for palpation.
Histologic and clinical significance of atypical glandular cells on pap smears
Authors: Daniel A. , Barreth D. , Schepansky A. , Johnson G. , Capstick V. , Faught W.
Published: October 2005

Objective: To determine the association between atypical glandular cells (AGC) on Pap smear and clinically significant histology, in a large health region. Methods: A cytologic database of over one million Pap smears was reviewed for a result of AGUS/AGC. Cytologic and histologic follow up was obtained to establish the presence of significant histology. Results: 456 patients available for follow up had AGUS/AGC cytology results (0.043% of all Pap smear results). 197(45.2%) patients had a clinically significant diagnosis including 40 with adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix and 48 with endometrial cancer. Conclusion: AGC on a Pap smear is frequently associated with a clinically significant diagnosis.
Does the Fear of Debt Deter Students from Higher Education?
Authors: CALLENDER CLAIRE , JACKSON JONATHAN
Published: October 2005

Concerns over the impact of debt on participation in higher education (HE) have dominated much of the debate surrounding the most recent reforms of financial support for full-time students in England, including the introduction of variable tuition fees. Yet few studies have attempted to explore this issue in a statistically robust manner. This article attempts to fill that gap. It examines the relationship between prospective HE students' attitudes to debt, and their decisions about whether or not to enter HE. Using data derived from a survey of just under 2,000 prospective students, it shows how those from low social classes are more debt averse than those from other social classes, and are far more likely to be deterred from going to university because of their fear of debt, even after controlling for a wide range of other factors. The article concludes that these findings pose a serious policy dilemma for the Westminster government. Their student funding policies are predicated on the accumulation of debt and thus are in danger of deterring the very students at the heart of their widening participation policies.
Textures of Family Life: Further Thoughts on Change and Commitment
Authors: SMART CAROL
Published: October 2005

This article attempts to account for the existence of parallel systems of values in families where grandparents condemn divorce, yet act to support their adult children when they face relationship breakdown. The article seeks to understand the context in which values are formed and how they can gradually become more complex and contradictory as social and personal contexts change. The article explores change across two generations of family relationships in order to add to the debate on whether commitments within families are in decline. It also addresses the question of how policies on families can be formulated given the complexity, and contradictory nature, of the values that family members hold.
Minimum Income Standards: How Might Budget Standards be set for the UK?
Authors: DEEMING CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2005

Britain's New Labour government will spend some 133 billion this year on social protection for vulnerable groups with low incomes such as pensioners, disabled people, and working families with and without children. It also regularly reviews the National Minimum Wage for workers. Although its intentions are laudable, the government can be criticised for setting income floors with little or no grounded assessment of individual welfare requirements. Budget standards, originating in Rowntree's work on poverty at the close of the nineteenth century, offers an alternative for setting minimum incomes. Used by Beveridge in 1942 to rationalise the proposal for social security levels, they have largely been neglected by successive governments and were recently rejected by New Labour in its review of child poverty measures. Academic research, however, continues to identify non-arbitrary income thresholds. The transparency of evidence to maintain a defined standard of living along with the minimal personal costs involved are key attractions. The challenge remains to find a generally acceptable standard. How much emphasis should be given to scientific prescriptions for health compared to popular cultural practices captured by national surveys of poverty and social exclusion or agreed by the consensus of ordinary citizens in focus groups? This article considers the current debate within UK social policy.
cruising a road to nowhere: mechanics and mysteries of the pop moment
Authors: mckinney devin
Published: October 2005

this paper examines key moments from three pop songs – carole king's ‘a road to nowhere’ (1966), eminem's ‘stan’ (2000), and smokey robinson's ‘cruisin” (1979) – and considers the kinds of meanings and ‘un-meanings’ such brief musical snatches might contain or imply. the first is posited as a turning point in carole king's life and career, one bridging her early song-writing achievements and later solo persona; the second as a throwback in disguise, contemporary in voice and attitude but nonetheless invoking the unlikely example of the shangri-las; and the last as an instance of ‘un-meaning’, art which achieves itself not through articulation but through implication, which sensually ‘moves’ rather than intellectually ‘places’ its auditor. throughout the paper, the often radically subjective writings of walter pater are employed as a model of criticism which is open to the imaginative possibilities of intense artistic moments.
‘have a little talk’: listening to the b-side of history
Authors: wald gayle
Published: October 2005

forgotten recordings – such as ‘have a little talk with jesus’, the 1952 sister rosetta tharpe–red foley duet documented in this essay – may reveal a more complex account of popular music history than that which can be compiled from recordings that are remembered and passed on. released as the b-side of a red foley and the sunshine boys 45, ‘have a little talk’ is the product of a then-unprecedented collaboration in nashville of a black woman and a white man, people who couldn't have broken bread in a restaurant in that city at the time. yet ‘have a little talk’ is neither a transcendent record nor the record of a transcendent moment. rather, it attests to the multifaceted story-beneath-the-story of the links between country and gospel artists at a time when the former was consolidating its racial identity as ‘white’ and when major labels like decca faced increasing threats from independents putting out rhythm-and-blues. this essay attests to the challenges of writing the ‘b-side of history’ in the absence of a traditional (i.e. written or published) archive. through self-conscious storytelling based largely on oral histories, it attempts to reconstruct the foley-tharpe collaboration as a ‘magical moment’ in us popular music.
going through the motions: popular music performance in journalism and in academic discourse
Authors: quirk tim , toynbee jason
Published: October 2005

popular music performance raises important questions about music-making as process. these questions are addressed through dealing with a further issue: the difference between music journalism and academic discourse on music. a dialogic structure is adopted. first, in a short paper, tim quirk examines film of the who playing at the isle of wight in 1970. he shows how pete townshend's performance moves through a cycle, from incompetence to the extraordinary: paradoxically, formulaic performance prompts sincerity (and so an extraordinary performance) on the part of townshend. jason toynbee responds by arguing that quirk's writing is able to open up, as journalism, an approach to performance not available to academics. what is at stake is the foregrounding of subjectivity in the writer (quirk) and, through this, the inter-subjectivity of performer and audience. quirk's own response follows, and there is then a second round of responses which develops these issues.
classical puts me to sleep
Authors: goedde brian
Published: October 2005

sometimes i fall asleep right away. even before the orchestra turns the first page of music, i lean my head into my hand, propped up by the armrest, and let my eyelids fall. at first, though, the closing of my eyes comes as something of a shock. i would have just started watching the bows go up and down across the violins and violas and back and forth across the cellos and basses in a grand unison; i would have just started watching the conductor's arms and backside jerk and sway, not precisely with the music but in the slightest anticipation; i would have just started watching the musicians, their eyes fixed onto the papers in front of them, their movements nothing more than those required by the music. upon closing my eyes all this is gone. it is replaced by a dark, reddish-grey curtain, with a large block of faint light in the middle – the ghost image of the stage. my eyes at first search my eyelids with the same focus they used to watch the orchestra, and this large, abstract shape, because of its sudden closeness, makes my eyelids snap back open. upon opening, however, the shock of sudden darkness is replaced by a dull recognition: i immediately see the orchestra, and realise that nothing has changed and nothing is likely to change. the violinists are still sawing away, the conductor still has on his black coat, and the rows of heads in front of me are exactly as i had left them.
these magic moments: pop, writing, and the little stuff
Authors: weisbard eric
Published: October 2005

a couple of years ago, jane music editor jeff johnson began soliciting and compiling what he called ‘sad song scenarios’, a celebration, if you could call it that, of moments when music undoubtedly made a grim day worse. ideally, the whole project unfolds in a powerpoint of strained saccharine and swift kicks in the imagination. but here's one example, courtesy of the novelist sam lipsyte:
gazing hands and blind spots: galileo as draftsman
Authors: bredekamp horst
Published: October 2005

the article deals with the interrelation between galileo and the visual arts. it presents a couple of drawings from the hand of galileo and confronts them with viviani's report that galileo had not only wanted to become an artist in his youth but stayed close to the field of visual arts throughout his lifetime. in the ambiance of these drawings the famous moon watercolors are not in the dark. they represent a very acute and reasonable tool to convince the people who trusted images more than words. the article ends with panofsky's argument that it was galileo's anti-mannerist notion of art that evoked a repulsion of kepler's ellipses. it tries to show that it was again an aesthetical prejudice that hindered einstein from accepting panofsky's theory.
the virgin and the telescope: the moons of cigoli and galileo
Authors: booth sara elizabeth , van helden albert
Published: October 2005

in 1612, lodovico cigoli completed a fresco in the pauline chapel of the basilica of santa maria maggiore in rome depicting apocalypse 12: “a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet.” he showed the crescent moon with spots, as his friend galileo had observed with the newly invented telescope. considerations of the orthodox view of the perfect moon as held by philosophers have led historians to ask why this clearly imperfect moon in a religious painting raised no eyebrows. we argue that when considered in the context of biblical interpretation and the rhetoric of the counter-reformation, the imperfect moon under the woman's feet was entirely consistent with traditional interpretations of apocalypse 12.
gassendi and l'affaire galilée of the laws of motion
Authors: galluzzi paolo
Published: October 2005

in the lively discussions on galileo's laws of motion after the pisan's death, we observe what might be called a new “galilean affair.” that is, a trial brought against his new science of motion mainly by french and italian jesuits with the substantial adherence of m. mersenne. this new trail was originated by gassendi's presentation of galileo's de motu not simply as a perfectly coherent doctrine, but also as a convincing argument in favor of the truth of copernicanism.
Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal
Authors: BAJRACHARYA SIDDHARTHA B. , FURLEY PETER A. , NEWTON ADRIAN C.
Published: October 2005

Community-based approaches to decision-making in the management of protected areas are increasingly being implemented in many areas. However information on the outcome of these approaches for conservation is often lacking. In this study, the effectiveness of community-based approaches for conservation of biodiversity was examined in Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) (Nepal) through a combination of ecological assessments and social surveys undertaken both within and outwith ACA. Forest basal area and tree species diversity were found to be significantly higher inside ACA than in neighbouring areas outside. The mean density of cut tree stumps was significantly lower inside ACA, associated with a decline in use of fuelwood as an energy source over the past decade. Social surveys also indicated that wild animal populations have increased inside ACA since the inception of community-based conservation. Observations of animal track counts, pellet counts and direct observations of selected species such as barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) and Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) indicated higher abundances within ACA. The community-based management has been successful in delivering conservation benefits in ACA, attributable to changing patterns of resource use and behaviour among local communities, increased control of local communities over their local resources, increased conservation awareness among local people resulting from environmental education, and the development and strengthening of local institutions such as Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMC). However, these positive achievements are threatened by the current political instability in Nepal.
Transaction and abatement costs of carbon-sink projects in developing countries
Authors: CACHO OSCAR J. , MARSHALL GRAHAM R. , MILNE MARY
Published: October 2005

Projects in the forestry sector, and land-use change and forestry projects more generally, have the potential to help mitigate global warming by acting as sinks for greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2. However, concerns have been expressed that participation in carbon-sink projects may be constrained by high costs. This problem may be particularly severe for projects involving smallholders in developing countries. Of particular concern are the transaction costs incurred in developing projects, measuring, certifying, and selling the carbon-sequestration services generated by such projects. This paper addresses these issues by reviewing the implications of transaction and abatement costs in carbon-sequestration projects. An approach to estimating abatement costs is demonstrated through four case studies of agroforestry systems located in Sumatra, Indonesia. A typology of transaction costs is presented and related to existing pilot projects. The paper concludes with recommendations to reduce the disadvantages that smallholders may face in capturing the opportunities offered by carbon markets.
Emission abatement versus development as strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate change: an application of FUND
Authors: TOL RICHARD S.J.
Published: October 2005

Poorer countries are generally believed to be more vulnerable to climate change than richer countries because poorer countries are more exposed and have less adaptive capacity. This suggests that, in principle, there are two ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change: economic growth and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Using a complex climate change impact model, in which development is an important determinant of vulnerability, the hypothesis is tested whether development aid is more effective in reducing impacts than is emission abatement. The hypothesis is barely rejected for Asia but strongly accepted for Latin America and, particularly, Africa. The explanation for the difference is that development (aid) reduces vulnerabilities in some sectors (infectious diseases, water resources, agriculture) but increases vulnerabilities in others (cardiovascular diseases, energy consumption). However, climate change impacts are much higher in Latin America and Africa than in Asia, so that money spent on emission reduction for the sake of avoiding impacts in developing countries is better spent on vulnerability reduction in those countries. His last big project in a long career, Jan Feenstra managed the Netherlands Climate Change Assistance Programme through which the Dutch Government sponsors climate change research in developing countries. He hated how climate change detracted from what he considered to be the real issues. This paper is dedicated to his memory.
Evaluating projects that are potentially eligible for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) funding in the South African context: a case study to establish weighting values for sustainable development criteria
Authors: BRENT ALAN C. , HEUBERGER RENAT , MANZINI DUMISANI
Published: October 2005

Development projects that are potentially eligible for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) funding under the Kyoto Protocol, require final approval from the host countries where the projects are to be implemented. The approval requires an evaluation of the positive contribution of the CDM project to sustainable development in the host country. A prototype set of sustainable development criteria is introduced using an evaluation process conducted in South Africa. Weighting values that reflect societal priorities in South Africa are required for these criteria. The paper shows how judgements of industry decision makers and the expenditure trends of the national government (on environmental sub-criteria) can be used to generate a first approximation of such weighting values. The industry judgements are obtained from an Analytical Hierarch Process (AHP) survey. They reflect the perceptions of the automotive supply chain and process industry only, and not other parts of the South African society. A more comprehensive study is required to determine the political and social acceptability of the AHP approach, which should be initiated and managed by the Designated National Authority (DNA) of South Africa.
Civil Renewal and Community Safety: Virtuous Policy Spiral or Dynamic of Exclusion?
Authors: Prior David
Published: October 2005

Civil renewal is an emerging policy priority for the UK government, aiming to build stronger, more cohesive communities and to encourage individual citizens to be active members of such communities. The promotion of social capital and trust relationships is central to this approach. Strategies to improve community safety and reduce crime and disorder are closely related to the drive for civil renewal, with the two sets of policies seen as mutually supportive. This article shows, however, that many community safety initiatives are founded on relationships of suspicion between citizens. This generates a dynamic of exclusion that is likely to undermine attempts at civil renewal.
Individualisation in Couple Finances: Who Pays for the Children?
Authors: Pahl Jan
Published: October 2005

This article examines changing patterns of money management in the UK and elsewhere and argues that couples are becoming more individualised in their finances. It draws on quantitative and qualitative data and considers some of the implications of individualisation, in particular in terms of paying for children and childcare. The conclusion is that independent management of money may give both partners a sense of autonomy and personal freedom – so long as their incomes are broadly equivalent. However, if the woman's income drops, for example when children are born, while her outgoings increase, because she is expected to pay the costs of children, the situation may change. Individualisation in money management can then be a route to inequality, so long as women's earnings are lower than men's and women are responsible for paying for children and childcare.
Introduction: Transnational Social Policy
Authors: Yeates Nicola , Irving Zoë
Published: October 2005

Social policy and the social sciences more generally, have tended to emphasise links, activities and processes occurring ‘within’ nation states to the neglect of those cutting across them. This ‘methodological nationalism’ is increasingly being questioned as transnational processes, be they ‘from above’ or ‘from below’, institutionalised or non-institutionalised, formal or informal, have become more significant over the last half century. The spread of activities, links and ties beyond national borders has become more extensive and the interactions themselves have become more intensive. In the light of these changes, the aim of this themed section is to draw attention to the transnational dimensions of social policy and advance the study of transnationalism in relation to social policy and welfare.
Welfare States as Nation States: Some Conceptual Reflections
Authors: Clarke John
Published: October 2005

Social policy has treated welfare states as nation states. Contemporary processes seem to have unsettled the spatial, scalar and social coherence of nation-states. This article examines the challenge of rethinking the relationships of nation, state and welfare. It argues for a transnational conception of both the current remakings of nation, state and welfare, and of their past formations. Such a view casts doubt on the value of the container model of the nation-state, and makes visible the constitutive or nation-constructing role of welfare states.
Investigating International Health Markets: Methodological Problems and Challenges
Authors: Holden Chris
Published: October 2005

Processes of privatisation and liberalisation around the world would lead us to expect a growth in the private provision of health and social care services, which in turn we would expect to lead to a growth in the international trading of such services. However, the available data are not adequate to allow us to develop a clear and comprehensive picture of the scope and nature of this emerging world market. What data do exist may take a variety of forms and be pitched at different levels of analysis. Such data may be focused at the level of firms providing such services, at the national level; at the level of regional organisations and agreements; or at the level of international organisations and agreements. This article discusses the methodological problems and challenges of attempting to integrate such diverse forms of data and levels of analysis. It is concluded that a comprehensive analysis must not only include all of these levels, but take account of the ways in which processes at different levels may interact to reinforce the tendency towards trade in healthcare services.
What Can Global Perspectives Contribute to Curriculum Development in Social Policy?
Authors: Irving Zoë , Yeates Nicola , Young Pat
Published: October 2005

This article argues the case for the integration of a global perspective within social policy as a means of enriching teaching and learning methods and experiences. We review the various ways in which such a perspective is currently integrated into social policy degrees and address some of the opportunities and challenges for teaching and learning that it involves. We consider current thinking on curriculum development, which, we contend, can facilitate the integration of a global perspective into social policy analysis and the alignment of the various factors influencing student learning.
Review Article: Social Policy and Development in Global Context
Authors: Kwon Huck-ju
Published: October 2005

A. Hall and J. Midgely (2004), Social Policy for Development, Sage, London, 288 pages.

I. Gough and G. Wood (2004), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America, Cambrdige University Press, Cambridge, 363 pages.

E. Rieger and S. Leibfried (2003), Limits to Globalization, Blackwell, Oxford, 402 pages.
Global climatological relationships between satellite biological and physical observations and upper ocean properties
Authors: Wilson Cara , Coles Victoria J.
Published: October 2005

We evaluate the relationships of monthly climatological satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature and chlorophyll‐a to climatological subsurface parameters (mixed layer depth, thermocline depth, and Z2N, the 2 μmol NO3 isocline depth) on a global scale to determine the spatial variability and mechanisms underlying their relationships. The goal is to situate satellite surface data in the context of subsurface processes so that ultimately surface variability on longer timescales can be related to physical processes. There are well‐defined physical regimes in the tropics (20°S–20°N), where surface and subsurface physical parameters are predominantly positively correlated because of the dominance of baroclinic processes, and the extratropics (20°–60° latitude), where they are negatively correlated, and barotropic processes dominate. The biological regimes differ between these regions. Correlations between surface chlorophyll and subsurface parameters are variable in the tropics, positive at midlatitudes (20°–40° latitude) and negative at high latitudes. We interpret these changing relationships in the context of differing underlying biophysical processes: dynamic uplift causing nutrient entrainment into the euphotic zone in parts of the tropics, seasonal entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic zone at midlatitudes, and seasonal controls on light supply at high latitudes. Together with the physical regimes, these biophysical conceptual models explain the relatively complex, broad‐scale relationships between global satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, and chlorophyll‐a on a climatological seasonal basis.