bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four Old Testament Books as Inspired and Inspiring
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the inspired composition and inspiring impact of four Old Testament books (Genesis, Psalms, Isaiah, and Sirach). Biblical texts came from many anonymous persons (e.g. Genesis and the Psalms) and from known individuals (e.g. Sirach). In both cases, the Holy Spirit effected the formation of the final texts, and the subsequent use of such symbolic stories as that of Adam and Eve by biblical and patristic authors (e.g. Paul in Romans; Irenaeus), and in Christian art and literature (e.g. icons and Masaccio; Donne and Milton). The Psalms and Prophets fed into the preaching of Jesus and the New Testament (e.g. Paul’s letters). After the Psalms, Isaiah was the book most quoted by New Testament authors, proving a reservoir for their understanding of God. Ben Sira, author of Sirach, was aware of his authority within the wisdom-literature tradition but not of being inspired by God in writing his book.
Five More Characteristics of Biblical Inspiration
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

Some biblical authors were conscious of the divine authority of their writings (e.g. Paul), but others were not conscious of being inspired (e.g. Ben Sira, the author of 2 Maccabees, and Luke). When the Scriptures were being prepared and written, the Holy Spirit was always actively present but did not necessarily make that presence felt. The Scriptures could come from a solo author (e.g. Paul) or from many years of elaboration by different persons (e.g. Book of Isaiah). We should not compare the work of the sacred authors (with the religious responsibility of their writing) too closely with modern authors. The Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments were providentially aimed towards the foundation of the Church. Their inspiring effect is visible in the history of Christianity and beyond. The Spirit inspired the writing of the Scriptures in the past and continues to make them inspiringly effective in the present.
Schröder Asserts the German National Interest, 1999–2003
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how Gerhard Schröder, leader of Germany's Social Democratic Party, proposed to delay the euro's birth rather than start with members who had not achieved the required fiscal discipline. Campaigning to replace Helmut Kohl as chancellor in March 1998, Schröder observed that some countries would struggle to survive the rigors of the monetary union. However, once Schröder was elected chancellor in October, his hands were tied. In April 1998, the Bundestag had already authorized Germany's shift from the deutsche mark to the euro, Germany had made commitments to its European partners, and preparation for launch of the euro was in full swing. Ultimately, the euro was born uneventfully on January 1, 1999. Schröder continued the narrative of Europe's eventual political awakening; he even called for greater European “political union.” To the contrary, Schröder quickly developed a confrontational relationship with European institutions.
Introducing the CART Principles
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Impact is an often misunderstood concept. Many organizations attempt to measure it through tallies of goods or services provided, anecdotes about program participants, or comparisons of the circumstances before and after program delivery. However, to measure impact, one ought to have some measure of what would have happened had participants not been a part of a program or received a product or service. A randomized control trial (RCT) is one way to tackle this challenge. But prospective studies like RCTs can be costly in terms of time, organizational capacity, and money, and they do not work under all circumstances, making them inappropriate in many situations. This chapter argues that all organizations should collect monitoring data to help manage and improve programs, but that impact evaluation is not always appropriate for an organization. As desirable as it is to try to measure one’s impact, sometimes it is best to say no. This chapter introduces the CART principles, which aim to guide organizations to only collect data that are credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable.
The Institutional Donor Perspective
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the perspective of institutional donors like foundations and government in right-fit monitoring and evaluation. Institutional donors may have different data needs than the organizations they fund. This may occur when a donor wants to use the same metrics across its entire portfolio; when a donor supports organizations addressing different aspects of a broad social problem; when donors and organizations have different levels of trust in organizational staff; when they have different views on how to best apply the CART principles; when they have different levels of risk tolerance or place different levels of priority on generating transportable knowledge; or, when donor data requirements create internal tension within organizations. The chapter then examines how Pay for Success (PFS) programs can help to harmonize funder and fundee data incentives, as well as some of the drawbacks of the PFS approach.
Concluding Thoughts and (Hopefully) Helpful Resources
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This chapter concludes The Goldilocks Challenge, summarizing key lessons about when and when not to collect data and how to build evidence systems for learning and improvement. The chapter also identifies areas for future work related to right-fit data, including social enterprise, organizational behavior, government contracting, and responsibility in the era of “big data.” Lastly, the chapter introduces Innovation for Poverty Action’s (IPA) “Goldilocks Initiative” and the Goldilocks Toolkit, efforts to help organizations apply the Goldilocks principles. The Goldilocks Initiative will complement IPA’s traditional randomized evaluation work with an aim of helping organizations find the right-fit in their monitoring and evaluation systems. The initiative provides resources and consulting services for organizations, donors, and governments seeking to design and support the implementation of cost-effective, appropriately sized monitoring and evaluation systems.
Ethnography
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

Ethnography (Understanding Qualitative Research) provides a comprehensive guide to understanding, conceptualizing, and critically assessing ethnographic research and its resultant texts. Through a series of discussions and illustrations, utilizing both classic and contemporary examples, the book highlights distinct features of ethnography as both a research methodology and a writing tradition. It emphasizes the importance of training—including familiarity with culture as an anthropologically derived concept and critical awareness of the history of ethnography. To this end, it introduces the notion of ethnographic comportment, which serves as a standard for engaging and gauging ethnography. Indeed, ethnographic comportment issues from a familiarity with ethnography’s problematic past and inspires a disposition of accountability for one’s role in advancing ethnographic practices. Following an introductory chapter outlining the emergence and character of ethnography as a professionalized field, subsequent chapters conceptualize ethnographic research design, consider the practices of representing research methodologies, discuss the crafting of accurate and evocative ethnographic texts, and explain the different ways in which research and writing gets evaluated. While foregrounding interpretive and literary qualities that have gained prominence since the late twentieth century, the book properly situates ethnography at the nexus of the social sciences and the humanities. Ethnography (Understanding Qualitative Research) presents novice ethnographers with clear examples and illustrations of how to go about conducting, analyzing, and representing their research; its primary purpose, however, is to introduce readers to effective practices for understanding and evaluating the quality of ethnography.
Drumming Asian America
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

With its dynamic choreographies and booming drumbeats, taiko has gained worldwide popularity since its emergence in 1950s Japan. Harnessed by Japanese Americans in the late 1960s, taiko’s sonic largesse and buoyant energy challenged stereotypical images of Asians in America as either model minorities or sinister foreigners. While the majority of North American taiko players are Asian American, more than four hundred groups now exist across the United States and Canada, and these groups are comprised of people from a variety of racial and ethnic identities. Using ethnographic and historical approaches combined with performance description and analysis, this book explores the connections between taiko and Asian American cultural politics at the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality. Based on original and archival interviews, as well as the author’s extensive experience as a taiko player, this book highlights not only the West Coast but also the Midwest as a site for Asian American cultural production and makes embodied experience central to inquiries about identity. The book builds on insights from the fields of dance studies, ethnomusicology, performance studies, and Asian American studies to argue that taiko players from a variety of identity positions “perform Asian America” on stage, as well as in rehearsals, festivals, and schools and through interactions with audiences. While many taiko drummers play simply for the love of the form’s dynamism and physicality, this book demonstrates that politics is built into even the most mundane aspects of rehearsing and performing.
Introduction
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

The introduction places North American taiko in the context of Asian American identity, the Asian American movement of the 1960s and 1970s, and the history of taiko in Japan. The chapter further defines the scope and aims of the study, explaining how the book seeks to highlight gender, race, and sexuality as key lenses through which taiko can be understood. The chapter defines and complicates what “Asian America” means and how it intersects productively with embodied performance, ultimately arguing that taiko players from a range of backgrounds perform Asian America through their involvement in the art form. The chapter provides a brief history of taiko in the United States and offers an overview of the remaining chapters of the book.
A New Taiko Folk Dance
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

One of the first groups in the United States, San Jose Taiko has influenced North American taiko significantly through its performances, leadership, and philosophies. This chapter interrogates the group’s movements on two levels: by examining its connections to the Asian American movement and by analyzing its musical and choreographic repertoires. To that end, the chapter provides an analysis of P. J. Hirabayashi’s participatory taiko folk dance “Ei Ja Nai Ka?” in a variety of performance contexts and its implications for re-membering pre-internment Japanese American histories and honoring immigrant labor. It further demonstrates how the group navigates the sometimes Orientalist strategies that agents and presenters use to market the group, despite its efforts to emphasize its identity as an Asian American group.
Practicing Ambivalence
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

The chapter uses autoethnography and personal interviews to illustrate the experiences of white and black women in taiko. Given that a majority of taiko players in the United States are Asian American, taiko is a rare site in which white bodies are seen not as normal but rather as remarkable. Some black women, however, are seen as more American than their Asian and Asian American groupmates. In addition to the impact of racial identity, white and black women also experience taiko as open to a range of gender expressions and as an empowering art form. The chapter examines the ways white, black, and Asian American performers are triangulated and how taiko players experience whiteness and blackness as embodied, lived experience. The chapter traces the history of Iris Shiraishi’s song “Torii” to suggest that taiko has potential to forge productive cross-racial intimacies.
Locating the Politics of Reform
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

The chapter presents the case study and the research design. It presents India with its federal structure as a natural experiment to evaluate the political dynamics of labour market reform. It provides an overview of the labour market in India with its structural and institutional dimensions. This discussion is followed by the subnational comparative model where four states are selected on the basis of their institutional and economic similarities but perceptible variations in the labour market. A detailed analysis of regulations and operation of labour market is presented to substantiate the variations. The selection of the cases is based on the logic of most-alike cases, where Gujarat and Maharashtra represent high growth, high per capita, and high FDI states, while Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal are medium growth, moderate per capita, and moderate FDI states. The chapter concludes with discussion on the limitations of conventional explanations of reform variation and alternative political explanation of negotiated reform.
China’s Evolving Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean Region
Authors: Kondapalli Srikanth
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the author examines the various elements of China’s security presence in the Indian Ocean. He argues that while a ‘flag-following-trade’ policy was visible earlier, China’s policy today is to influence the structure of maritime power in the Indian Ocean region through strengthening its offshore defence capabilities. This involves the development of semi-military alliances, dual-use port facilities, stationing of non-combat troops initially abroad, Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) missions and arms transfers to the region. He concludes that while China has succeeded in entering into the Indian Ocean region, it faces formidable challenges from the United States, India and others and the limitations on China’s power projection capabilities are becoming increasingly clear.
India’s Evolving Maritime Domain Awareness Strategy in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Baruah Darshana M.
Published: May 2018

Darshana Baruah, an emerging Indian maritime security analyst, examines India’s heightened focus on improving maritime domain awareness in the coastal domain, EEZ and far seas. This is increasingly being driven by growing naval presence in the Indian Ocean. Of particular concern is India’s ability to monitor the passage of PLA Navy submarine passages to Pakistan and elsewhere in the Indian Ocean. Despite improved maritime situational awareness in coastal waters, India still has difficulty in tracking surface and subsurface vessels transiting its EEZ or neighbouring waters. This will likely require coordination and collaboration with friendly states. Baruah concludes that despite India’s traditional attachment to strategic autonomy, the difficulties in any one country developing maritime domain awareness across the Indian Ocean will be a key driver in greater defence cooperation with the United States and its allies.
The Maritime Silk Route and India
Authors: Li Zhu
Published: May 2018

Zhu Li, a leading expert on China’s economic engagement with the Indian Ocean region, gives a Chinese perspective on the impact of China’s Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative on South Asia. Li considers the differing Chinese and Indian perspectives on MSR, particularly what he calls the ‘cognitive divergence’ between China’s economic perspectives and India’s tendency to see Chinese initiatives in highly securitized terms. Li then examines India’s main options in responding to the MSR. Li argues that it will be in India’s interests to play an active role in the project. India has only to gain in economic terms from participating and the MSR could well become a focus for cooperation between the two countries. On the other hand, while the MSR would be negatively affected by India’s non-participation the MSR would not end. India does not have a veto over the MSR.
The Problems of Ignorance and Uncertainty
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 9 turns to further epistemic barriers for decision makers: the problems of (nonmoral) ignorance and (nonmoral) uncertainty. The concepts of “ignorance” and “uncertainty” are elucidated, the problem of uncertainty is defined, and it is argued that the problem of ignorance should be treated as a special case of the problem of uncertainty. The three salient attempts to solve the problem are the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid approaches. Combined solutions to the problem of error and the problem of uncertainty are explored, and it is argued that the only feasible approaches marry the Austere Response to the problem of error with the Hybrid Response to the problem of uncertainty in a two-tier system. The top-tier code provides the correct theoretical account of right and wrong, while the lower-tier rules provide associated decision-guides. Consistency requires that different normative terms be used by the top-tier rules and by the lower-tier rules.
The Hybrid Solution to the Problems of Error and Uncertainty
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 10 investigates whether the combined Austere and Hybrid two-tier system, now re-labeled the “Hybrid solution,” provides an effective response to the problem of uncertainty. Criteria of adequacy for a solution to this problem are articulated, and versions of the approach offering a single decision-guide at the lower tier are assessed. Popular guides, such as “Perform the act most likely to be obligatory,” “Maximize expected value,” and “Try to perform the obligatory act,” along with more sophisticated guides proposed by Fred Feldman and John Pollock, are each shown to be inadequate, partly because they demand a richer set of beliefs than many agents possess. The chapter concludes that a Hybrid system offering multiple decision-guides for uncertainty seems far better positioned to solve the problem of uncertainty.
Developing the Hybrid Solution
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 12 further develops the Hybrid approach to the problem of uncertainty. It begins by exploring definitions for an agent’s ability to indirectly use an objective moral theory by selecting an action that is prescribed by an appropriate decision-guide. Rejecting initial definitions which imply that an agent lacks this ability if she is uncertain which decision-guide is the best one for her to use, the chapter seeks alternative solutions. The first attempted solution, the Low Bar approach, is abandoned because it makes it too easy for such an uncertain agent to count as having the ability to indirectly use a moral theory’s Code C. The remedy is the Expanded Moral Theory approach, which includes more levels of guides (precepts, maxims, and counsels), each designed to issue prescriptions for agents suffering from uncertainty about available lower-level guides as well as about which act complies with Code C.
Classics in their Own Right
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the reception of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s and Charles Kingsley’s mid-nineteenth-century myth collections for children (A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, Tanglewood Tales, and The Heroes) over a century-long period during which they dominated the field and came to be viewed as classics in their own right. It treats the general cultural impact of these works, their role as gift books, and their progressive transformation as they were republished in varying formats and with illustrations by an array of distinguished artists; it includes detailed analyses of selected illustrations by Frederick Church, Milo Winter, Arthur Rackham, Charles Kingsley, William Russell Flint, H. M. Brock, Joan Kiddell-Monroe, and Charles Keeping.
The Ancient Prehistory of Modern Adults
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers some of the ways in which the association between childhood and antiquity has been conceptualized and elaborated in works for adults, particularly in the early decades of the twentieth century. Memories of formative encounters by the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and the poet and novelist H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) set the stage for a discussion of Freudian psychoanalysis, the scholarly theories of Jane Harrison, and the works of James Joyce, H.D., Mary Butts, Naomi Mitchison, and Virginia Woolf. The practice of archaeology and the knowledge of Greek emerge as key elements in distinctly gendered visions of the relationship between modern lives and the classical past.
Epilogue
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

The preceding work is summed up as a study of adults’ attempts over a century-long period to make sense of their own childhood experiences of antiquity and to recreate those experiences for new generations through the medium of absorbing pleasure reading. Such experiences are valued for their capacity to stimulate the imagination, to expand moral understanding, to pave the way for further education, and to bring renewal or redemption to the disturbed modern world. The chapter ends with a brief survey of developments in classical mythology and historical fiction for children and young adults from the mid-1960s until the present, including the emergence of new forms of fantasy literature and the role of new media such as video games and fan fiction.
Getting There, Staying There
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Gaining and holding office is the fundamental requirement for all prime ministers. This chapter explores their routes to power, by winning elections or by replacing an incumbent, and then assesses the differences the alternative routes make to the prime ministers’ fortunes. It asks how vulnerable prime ministers are to being replaced by rivals from their own party and shows how different institutional rules shape the strategic choices for those who want the top job. In Australia and New Zealand they must fight; in Canada they often flee; in Britain they fulminate but have difficulty in striking. A change in rules changes both the strategic options of the ambitious and the levers available to incumbent prime ministers.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Russia possesses one of the richest and most admired literatures of Europe, reaching back to the eleventh century. Our History of Russian Literature provides a comprehensive account of Russian writing from its earliest origins in the monastic works of Kiev up to the present day, which is still rife with the creative experiments of post-Soviet literary life. Readers will find here accounts of genres, including heroic lays and spiritual poetry (...
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Part II contextualizes the literary developments of the second half of the seventeenth century, including the changes in education and print culture. The Part examines works of narrative (vision tales, stories, chronicles, saints lives, and autobiography) as responses to the dynastic crisis at the turn of the century, known as the Time of Troubles, and the religious conflict, or the Schism, beginning in the 1660s. Literature closely reflected the gradual disintegration of the narrative of Holy Russia from a paradise to a paradise lost. Humor and escapism were new features developed with the rise of popular fiction based on oral tales. Orthodox proponents of neo-humanist culture from Ruthenia augmented Muscovite court culture by introducing theater and new forms of ceremonial. Poetry as a means of self-expression among the learned also became ensconced among a notable group of clerks in the Moscow chanceries.
National narratives
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Within the context of the Enlightenment’s broader commitment to progress, the chapter considers the treatment of absolutism and the debate about the legacy of Peter the Great, an important theme in Russian writing in the Catherine period. Eighteenth-century writers also used literature (including works about travel) to explore the question of cultural progress and civilization. In the eighteenth century, progress and Enlightenment framed the idea of nation, and questions of national identity were evaluated with reference to Europe. New forms of writing developed to keep pace with these enquiries, and the chapter contains a case study on Nikolai Karamzin’s The Letters of a Russian Traveler, while another case study explores the relationship between literature, biography, and the idea of a philosophical life as examined by Aleksandr Radishchev.
Institutions
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter examines the emergence of literature from coteries and domestic routine. It describes how male poetic circles, held together by friendship and common intellectual interests, produced the interconnected institutions of literature necessary to literature. While early in the century, women writers mostly worked privately, they eventually moved into more public venues such as the salon. An interest in subjectivity, the self, and friendship networks, which were also reading communities, fostered the creation of a performative and reflective self that gave rise to literary heroes to satisfy the new interests and demands of writers and readers.
Types
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Beginning in mid-nineteenth century, Russian writers make use of type as a principle of character construction, creating personalities conditioned by social codes. From Romanticism onward, outcasts, superfluous men, geniuses, madmen, little men, and provincials appear in fiction to express the writers’ responses both to literature and society. Most nineteenth-century novels and stories reflect the reality of Russian life by portraying representatives of different classes and their interactions and specifying the social practices to which these characters were subjected. The chapter pays attention to how critics of different persuasions reacted to new literary works and each other’s opinions about them.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Part V explores the relationship between the dramatic history of the twentieth century and the transformations of Russian literary culture and poetics, arguing that the story is one of unexpected continuities as much as rupture. The Part outlines the development of Russian modernism and the avant-garde in the Silver Age (1890s–1917), moving on to the avant-garde poetics and institutions reinvented in late Soviet (1960s–early 1980s), and treating underground and post-Soviet literature (since 1991), as well as the émigré literature of Russia Abroad. Émigré and Soviet literature are shown to follow some similar patterns and themes, just as official and underground literature alike explore ways to represent the century’s catastrophes, and to test the responsibilities of the intelligentsia. The desire to break with the past emerges as a theme, as does a struggle over forms of cultural continuity. Women writers play key roles across multiple time periods, locales, and aesthetic forms. Part V analyzes the workings of political and aesthetic censorship during the domination of Socialist Realism, and it explores poetry as a discourse of subjectivity. It includes attention to utopian/dystopian and national narratives, and ends with an account of the intelligentsia’s cultural and historical self-identification.
Mother and Child
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 assesses Greek and Roman medical treatises on pregnancy, maternal health, birth, and the early nurture of an infant to explore the Roman perception of the foetus and the developing infant. It presents archaeological and epigraphic evidence for birth and death in childbirth, and it analyses published skeletal studies to gain insight into differing weaning practices and methods of infant care in different regions and social environments. Finally, it examines artefactual and religious evidence connected with fertility and the birth and health of infants to understand how parents sought divine help for their children.
Picturing Infants and Families in Roman Art
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

The focus of Chapter 5 is on visual images of infants and very young children. A variety of media and formats are considered, including portrayals of children in marble reliefs and on coins and objects of personal adornment. The chapter discusses the introduction and development of the motifs of birth, breast-feeding and baby-care with parents, wet-nurses and others, images that give us insight into family life and the socialization of children. The chapter also explores the ways in which Italian children and barbarian offspring are represented in Roman art.
Discovering What Justice Is in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The chapter argues that Plato makes Socrates abandon the search for a definition of justice after Republic 1. He then adopts a different approach that neither requires nor expects a definition, but instead investigates an iconic instance of justice—here, an exemplary city. In Republic 4, we find Socrates discovering not justice itself (the form, the concept), or a definition of justice (as many have supposed), but merely the city’s justice (a token case), complementing its other virtues. Consequently it transpires that one should not read the so-called analogy between soul and state as others often read it, nor is it vulnerable to their classic objections. Instead, by taking seriously Plato’s metaphor of rubbing sticks to make a spark, we discover what the author calls Plato’s iconic method, whereby we refine our grasp of the concept by attention to just one or two rather different iconic examples in different domains.
Platonic Method
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

Using evidence from the Republic, the chapter shows how Plato thought that his iconic method could work. It focuses on some famous methodological remarks concerning the longer and shorter routes, and on Socrates’ diagram of the Divided Line which shows how one’s enquiries at each stage can use items from a level below to generate an understanding of the ones next above, in a continuous sequence of closer approximation to the truth (described as degrees of ‘clarity’). It argues that every level of enquiry is conducted by this method, which crucially involves the image–original relation. This allows the philosopher to investigate the forms by starting from particulars, and then at a later stage to consider the forms as shadows of higher, less accessible forms such as the Good itself.
Introduction and Summary for Part IV: Plato’s Theaetetus
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The chapter summarizes the results of Part IV and explains and introduces the work on the Theaetetus in Chapters 10, 11, and 12. It explains what misguided assumptions undermine all Theaetetus’s attempts to define knowledge (focusing especially on the reductionist assumptions throughout the dialogue). Second, it examines the significance of the motif of the midwife, whose task is twofold: first to provide life-saving aids for each failing infant, and then to judge its viability once those aids are in place. The dialogue therefore manifests an alternating sequence of constructive work, to prop up failing theories, and destructive work to prove their non-viability. Third, it explains the importance of the search for ousia (being) and its relation to the quest for ‘what it is’ about a concept.
“Orders from the House”
Authors: Lurie Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter takes its title from an essay about The Shining by Fredric Jameson, “Historicism in the Shining,” which, for all its acuity about the film’s awareness of economic history, demonstrates a notable blind spot around issues of race and the violence subtending America’s past in regions like the U.S. west. It shows a troubling alliance between Jack Torrance’s will to mastery and director Stanley Kubrick’s unique wielding of cinematic omniscience, suggesting the film’s awareness of the frontier as both a space of supposed white sovereignty and aesthetic spectacle. It employs key visual tropes and verbal details as well as the film’s stylistic excesses to suggest the history of genocide embedded in both the Overlook Hotel’s history and in American historical concepts such as manifest destiny. Its conclusion utilizes Gilles Deleuze’s model of the time-image to describe an apprehensible historicity in the film’s dual ending.
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: van Driel Willemien J. , Koole Simone N. , Sikorska Karolina , Schagen van Leeuwen Jules H. , Schreuder Henk W. R. , Hermans Ralph H. M. , de Hingh Ignace H. J. T. , van der Velden Jacobus , Arts Henriëtte J. , Massuger Leon F. A. G. , Aalbers Arend G. J. , Verwaal Victor J. , Kieffer Jacobien M. , van de Vijver Koen K. , van Tinteren Harm , Aaronson Neil K. , Sonke Gabe S.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2018;378:230–240)

The majority of patients with ovarian cancer (OC) receive an initial diagnosis of advanced disease that has spread from the ovaries to the peritoneal surface. The most effective treatment for patients with advanced disease is cytoreductive surgery followed by systemic chemotherapy.
Associations Between Childbirth and Urinary Incontinence After Midurethral Sling Surgery
Authors: Bergman Ida , Söderberg Marie Westergren , Lundqvist Andrea , Ek Marion
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:297–303)

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disorder in women. Its highest prevalence in women is between 25 and 49 years of age.
Has Noninvasive Prenatal Testing Impacted Termination of Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates of Infants With Down Syndrome?
Authors: Hill Melissa , Barrett Angela , Choolani Mahesh , Lewis Celine , Fisher Jane , Chitty Lyn S.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Prenat Diagn 2017;37:1281–1290)

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has become widely available and popular for detection of Down syndrome (DS) because of its high sensitivity (99%) and specificity (99.5%). The acceptance of NIPT as an alternative to the first-trimester combined test has greatly reduced the use of invasive prenatal diagnostic testing.
Gonadotrophins Versus Clomifene Citrate With or Without Intrauterine Insemination in Women With Normogonadotropic Anovulation and Clomifene Failure (M-OVIN): A Randomized, Two-by-Two Factorial Trial
Authors: Weiss Nienke S. , Nahuis Marleen J. , Bordewijk Esmee , Oosterhuis Jurjen E. , Smeenk Jesper M. J. , Hoek Annemieke , Broekmans Frank J. M. , Fleischer Kathrin , de Bruin Jan Peter , Kaaijk Eugenie M. , Laven Joop S. E. , Hendriks Dave J. , Gerards Marie H. , van Rooij Ilse A. J. , Bourdrez Petra , Gianotten Judith , Koks Carolien , Lambalk Cornelis B. , Hompes Peter G. , van der Veen Fulco , Mol Ben Willem J. , van Wely Madelon
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Lancet 2018;391:758–765)

Clomifene citrate has long been used as a first-line ovulation induction agent for women wishing to conceive who have normogonadotropic anovulation (absent or irregular ovulation). Women who ovulate but do not conceive after several cycles with clomifene citrate are usually switched to ovulation induction with gonadotrophins, with or without intrauterine insemination.
Delayed Versus Immediate Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants
Authors: Tarnow-Mordi William , Morris Jonathan , Kirby Adrienne , Robledo Kristy , Askie Lisa , Brown Rebecca , Evans Nicholas , Finlayson Sarah , Fogarty Michael , Gebski Val , Ghadge Alpana , Hague Wendy , Isaacs David , Jeffery Michelle , Keech Anthony , Kluckow Martin , Popat Himanshu , Sebastian Lucille , Aagaard Kjersti , Belfort Michael , Pammi Mohan , Abdel-Latif Mohamed , Reynolds Graham , Ariff Shabina , Sheikh Lumaan , Chen Yan , Colditz Paul , Liley Helen , Pritchard Margo , de Luca Daniele , de Waal Koert , Forder Peta , Duley Lelia , El-Naggar Walid , Gill Andrew , Newnham John , Simmer Karen , Groom Katie , Weston Philip , Gullam Joanna , Patel Harshad , Koh Guan , Lui Kei , Marlow Neil , Morris Scott , Sehgal Arvind , Wallace Euan , Soll Roger , Young Leslie , Sweet David , Walker Susan , Watkins Andrew , Wright Ian , Osborn David , Simes John
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2017;377:2445–2455)

Systemic reviews have shown that delaying the time of umbilical cord clamping can improve outcomes of preterm newborns. One such study found enhanced placental transfusion through delayed cord clamping, cord-palpation, or a combination of the 2 practices caused a lower infection and mortality rate when compared with immediate clamping.
The potential role of pharmacogenomics and biotransformation in hypersensitivity reactions to paracetamol
Authors: Agúndez José A.G. , Gómez-Tabales Javier , Ruano Francisco , García-Martin Elena
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

The aim of the present review is to discuss recent advances supporting a role of paracetamol metabolism in hypersensitivity reactions to this drug.

Recent findings

Recent developments in the identification of novel paracetamol metabolites, as well as in allele frequencies and functional effects of genetic variation leading to the bioavailablity of reactive paracetamol metabolites, have led to the identification of potential pharmacogenomic and metabolomic targets in studies seeking mechanisms involved in hypersensitivity reactions caused by this drug. Particularly relevant are identification of araquidonate metabolites, identification of specific-binding sequences for reactive paracetamol metabolite-protein adducts, and studies on the frequencies and the functional impact of duplication or multiduplication of genes involved in the formation of reactive metabolites, as well as complete gene deletion or deleterious mutations in genes involved in the detoxification of paracetamol reactive metabolites. In addition, recent evidence points to sex, ethnic origin and age as relevant factors in the production of reactive paracetamol metabolites.

High inter-individual variability in the production of reactive paracetamol metabolites exists, and factors leading to increased bioavailability of reactive paracetamol metabolites are being uncovered. Additional research is required to link these factors to paracetamol-induced hypersensitivity reactions.
Use of Outcome Measures Among Prosthetists and Orthotists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Young Joshua , Rowley Lynne , Lalor Simon
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Outcome measures (OMs) are an important aspect of clinical practice, but there is limited information available on practice concerning OMs among prosthetists and orthotists. This preliminary study aims to identify OMs used, frequency of OM use, and barriers to OM use among prosthetists and orthotists in the United Kingdom (UK).

Materials and Methods

This study is a cross-sectional survey. A 34-item online questionnaire was devised and administered via the Web site of the British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists.

Results

A total of109 complete responses were received. Results indicate that the majority of prosthetists and orthotists in the UK use OMs; however, only 28% are routine users. Use of OMs is affected by factors including education, work environment, and clinical specialty. Lack of training, availability of clinical time for review appointments, and motivation are reported as barriers to the routine use of OMs.

Conclusions

A picture of current practice concerning OMs among UK prosthetists and orthotists is presented.
Assessing the Degree of Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Among Critical Care, Oncology, and Charge Nurses
Authors: Al-Majid Sadeeka , Carlson Nika , Kiyohara Melody , Faith Merideth , Rakovski Cyril
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess the degree of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue (CF) among critical care, oncology and charge nurses.

BACKGROUND

Cumulative grief resulting from caring for critically/terminally ill patients may result in CF, leading to lower quality care and higher nurse attrition.

METHOD

Data were collected from 38 direct care nurses and 10 charge nurses, using the Professional Quality of Life.

RESULTS

Charge nurses had higher secondary traumatic stress (STS) than direct care nurses. Nurses with less than 10 years of experience had lower CS than experienced nurses. Higher levels of burnout (BO) and STS were reported among charge nurses, whereas less direct care nurses had average to high BO and STS ratings.

CONCLUSIONS

Previous studies focused on direct care nurses; our findings suggest that CF is prevalent among charge nurses as well. Interventions should be considered for clinical providers and charge nurses including debriefing, stress reduction, peer support, and team building.
Top-of-License Nursing Practice, Part 2
Authors: Loversidge Jacqueline , Yen Po-Yin , Chipps Esther , Gallagher-Ford Lynn , Genter Lynne , Buck Jacalyn
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to describe differences in associate degree (ADN) and baccalaureate degree–prepared (BSN) nurses' perceptions of top-of-license (TOL) practice.

BACKGROUND

To date, no empirical work has examined whether ADN and BSN nurses approach TOL practice nursing activities differently.

METHODS

We conducted a qualitative pilot study with focus groups to explore the perceptions of a group of ADN- and BSN-prepared nurses concerning nursing activities and their relation to TOL practice.

RESULTS

Subthemes emerged differentiating how ADN and BSN nurses perceived their responsibilities related to critical thinking, communication, and patient education. For professional nursing care, 5 subthemes further emerged: (a) approaches to assessment, (b) chart review, (c) psychosocial patient care, (d) documentation, and (e) handoff.

CONCLUSIONS

The differences identified in approaches to TOL practice activities by educational preparation have implications for staffing patterns that can optimize the contribution of ADN- and BSN-prepared nurses. Further research is indicated.
Nurse Preceptor Perceptions of Nursing Student Progress Toward Readiness for Practice
Authors: Rusch Lorraine , Manz Julie , Hercinger Maribeth , Oertwich Ann , McCafferty Kandis
Published: May 2018

New nurses are often perceived as not meeting expectations for safe nursing practice. Nurse educators need to identify student learning and professional development needs as students progress toward practice. The purpose of the study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of senior-level nursing students related to readiness for practice before graduation. Using a descriptive, exploratory design, nurse preceptors evaluated the degree to which their assigned senior nursing student was meeting expectations for readiness for nursing practice. Survey items were organized into affective, cognitive, and psychomotor domains and general readiness. This evaluation occurred at the beginning of the final practicum to assess student progress toward readiness for practice. Students scored highest in professional attributes but lowest in time management, prioritization, management of multiple patients, and pharmacology knowledge. Results can be used to inform teaching strategies, strengthen academic-clinical partnerships, and promote readiness for entry-level practice.
Chronic Pelvic Pain in an Interdisciplinary Setting: 1-Year Prospective Cohort
Authors: Allaire Catherine , Williams Christina , Bodmer-Roy Sonja , Zhu Sean , Arion Kristina , Ambacher Kristin , Wu Jessica , Yosef Ali , Wong Fontayne , Noga Heather , Britnell Susannah , Yager Holly , Bedaiwy Mohamed A. , Albert Arianne Y. , Lisonkova Sarka , Yong Paul J.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:114.e1–114.e12)

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common clinical problem among women. Its etiology is complex and involves an interplay of gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and psychosocial comorbidities.
Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: Current Management Strategies
Authors: Glenn Tanya L. , Bembry James , Findley Austin D. , Yaklic Jerome L. , Bhagavath Bala , Gagneux Pascal , Lindheim Steven R.
Published: May 2018

Importance

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) has a high rate of morbidity with nonspecific signs and symptoms making identification difficult. The criterion-standard treatment of CSEP has been subject to debate.

Objective

This review defines CSEP, discusses pathogenesis and diagnosis, and compares treatment options and outcomes.

Evidence Acquisition

A literature review was performed utilizing the term cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy and subsequently selecting only meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Only articles published in English were included. Relevant articles within the reviews were analyzed as necessary.

Results

Five basic pathways have been identified in treatment of CSEP: expectant management, medical therapy, surgical intervention, uterine artery embolization, or a combination approach. Expectant management has the highest probability of morbid outcomes, including hemorrhage, uterine rupture, and preterm delivery. Medical management often requires further treatment with additional medication or surgery. Different surgical methods have been explored including uterine artery embolization; dilation and curettage; surgical removal via vaginal, laparoscopic, or laparotomic approach; and hysterectomy. Each method has various levels of success and depends on surgeon skill and patient presentation.

Conclusions

Recent research supports any method that removes the pregnancy and scar to reduce morbidity and promote future fertility. Laparoscopic and transvaginal approaches are options for CSEP treatment, although continued research is required to identify the optimal approach.

Relevance

As cesarean delivery numbers rise, a subsequent increase in CSEPs can be anticipated. The ability to accurately diagnose and treat this morbid condition is vital to the practice of any specialist in general obstetrics and gynecology.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to delineate the signs and symptoms of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP), recall the ultrasound findings that are diagnostic for CSEP, list common complications, and discuss the relative effectiveness management options for CSEP.