bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DOCTRINAL IMPACT OF SOCIAL CONTRACT CATEGORY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF LEGAL SCIENCES
Authors: Hrynyuk R. F. , Hotsuliak Yu. V.
Published: October 2021

The article researches the peculiarities of the social contract theory influence on the philosophical foundations of legal science. The author analyzes the classical doctrines of T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau, who created the theory of social contract, the article substantiates the influence of this theory on the interpretation of certain legal principles, the function of law and the initial legal origins. It is studied the nature of the legal compromise between public and state legal principles. It is stated the scientific position that the contract as a legal attribute and negotiability as a legal property of the person are the order ontological foundations (instead of simply a civil category). T. Hobbes's theory of the social contract defends the position that the renunciation and transfer of absolute freedom and absolute "right to everything" is a transition from the individual to the general legal state of society, which makes it possible to answer questions about internal legal formation and human development as a legal entity. Locke demonstrates the concentration of legal meanings not in supernatural principles, but in man himself, since it is a person who is the source of legal potential. According to the position of J. Locke, individuals are endowed with equal freedom and as a consequence, equality in the perception of each other without any renunciation, and thus, are capable of legal compromise. Therefore J. Locke's theory of social contract allows to doctrinally substantiate key legal principles as innate integral legal attributes of human existence. The theory of social contract makes it possible to look at the nature of power, as well as communication between the sovereign and the people from a purely legal and anthropological point of view, to distinguish their logic unlike the theological approach and its principle of «given». Order as a key legal characteristic is revealed through bargaining power as the ability to obey established requirements. This theory for the first time reveals some inalienable legal meanings: the legal capacity of legal consciousness, mutual restraint, subjugation, generality.
INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF STATE SUPERVISION (CONTROL) OF COMPLIANCE WITH LABOR LEGISLATION
Authors: Bailo O. V.
Published: October 2021

The article considers the problematic issues of the organization of state supervision (control) over the observance of labor legislation. The urgency of the research topic is determined by the dependence of the state of human rights on the effectiveness of supervision and control by the state. The relevance of the study of legal relations in the field of state supervision (control) is determined by the fact that state control (supervision) over compliance with labor legislation and other regulations containing labor law is considered in the science of labor law as a jurisdictional way to protect labor rights and freedoms. The study of case law shows the ineffectiveness of state supervision (control) in the field of labor in connection with the violation of the procedure for such measures. The vast majority of court proceedings on administrative claims of business entities to the Territorial Departments of the State Labor Service on the recognition of illegal and revocation of the decision are decided in favor of business entities. The article pays special attention to the problematic issues of the procedure of implementation of measures of state supervision (control) in the field of labor, namely the grounds for the implementation of such unscheduled measures (inspection visits). During the inspection of an business entity, the State Labor Service must in any case follow the procedure for appointing and conducting such inspection, established by the legislation of Ukraine. Convention no. 81 (1947) does not provide for exceptions to bring business entities to justice based on the results of inspections violation of the procedure established by national law and the results of which do not give rise to legal consequences for business entities. The provisions of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine on the organization of state supervision over compliance with labor legislation are analyzed. On the basis of the analyzed normative-legal acts, amendments to the legislation are developed and offered, which will eliminate shortcomings in the organization and activity of subjects of supervision and control over observance of the labor legislation that as a whole will promote realization of the state policy in the field of effective employment.
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATION OF THE VOLUNTARY HEALTH INSURANCE CONTRACT UNDER UKRAINIAN LAW
Authors: Korzh D. E. , Svyatoshnyuk A. L.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the legal consequences of violation of the contract of voluntary medical insurance under the legislation of Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the legal consequences of violation of the contract of voluntary medical insurance, such as: unilateral refusal of the contract, modification of the contract, payment of a penalty. The legal positions of the jurisprudence on the issues under consideration are given. The study of the legal consequences of breaching the health insurance contract is important in connection with the following. Such an appropriate form of mutual expression of the will of two or more persons is of scientific interest in view, firstly, of the increase in the share of the said contract in the structure of insurance and, secondly, of the direction of development of state policy in modern conditions in the field of health care. In the article there are specified the features of the medical insurance contract. There are also specified its peculiarities. Examining the legal consequence of a violation of a voluntary health insurance contract, such as a unilateral refusal, it was established that the Civil Code of Ukraine grants certain freedom to the parties in the event of termination of the contract. However, the legislation establishes certain restrictions in case of unilateral refusal of the insurer from the personal insurance contract. Cases of the insured's refusal to make insurance compensation are summarized in the category: those caused by the intentional behavior of the insured person (submission of false information about the fact of the occurrence of the insured event, as well as intentional actions of the insured person (insured person) aimed at the occurrence of an insured event, noncompliance with the prescriptions of the attending physician, which led to a complication of the disease)as well as those whose reasons do not depend on the insured's will (insured person) (receiving services that exceed the insured amount, suffering injuries or illnesses due to force majeure or receiving medical services that are not included in the insurance program). Having considered the judicial practice in cases of unilateral refusal of the contract, it was established that in case of violation of the contract of voluntary medical insurance, it is common for the insured to inattentive study the circumstances in which the insurer is obliged to make certain payments, as well as a false belief that they are not covered by the insurance case.
SUBJECTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS IN CONFLICT AND NON-CONFLICT ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Mikheiev M. V. , Mikheiev M. V.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the range of participants in administrative proceedings, depending on which of the two groups of proceedings they belong to: conflict or non-conflict. It is noted that for the terminological designation of participants in non-conflict proceedings, special attention should be paid to the procedural position they perform in administrative proceedings. The article defines two groups of participants in non-conflict proceedings, the first of which consists of state executive bodies and local governments and their officials who consider and resolve administrative cases. The second group of participants in non-conflict proceedings consists of individuals and legal entities, as well as, under certain conditions, associations of citizens without the status of a legal entity, who protect personal rights and legitimate interests in the administrative process. The laws establishing the procedure for conducting administrative proceedings do not contain standard procedural terms for designating individuals and legal entities as participants in administrative proceedings in Ukraine. It is proposed to analyze the subjects of conflict proceedings depending on the type of proceedings in which they participate, that is, focusing on such types of administrative proceedings as: administrative-tort proceedings, disciplinary proceedings, proceedings on complaints of citizens, administrative proceedings by way of administrative proceedings. The authors concluded that system of subjects of conflict and non-conflict proceedings is complex and branched, what affects the flexibility of the mechanism of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens as a whole today. It is considered to reform the system of conflict proceedings and to minimize of authorized bodies with broad competence. Also, the need for a unified approach to the terminological definition of participants in non-conflict proceedings is a significant problem in law enforcement that needs to be addressed urgently.
FEATURES OF CONFLICT-OF-LAWS REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL WORK RELATIONS
Authors: Buriak K. M.
Published: October 2021

The article provides a comprehensive legal study of the basic principles of conflict-oflaws and legal regulation of work, complicated by a foreign element. It is determined that work relations complicated by a foreign element include: work of local citizens with foreign employers outside their country; foreign business trips of citizens to work abroad; work at enterprises owned by foreign entrepreneurs on the territory of their state; work of foreigners in the host state. It is noted that conflict-of-laws issues in the field of work relations complicated by a foreign element arise due to the specifics of the national legislation of each of the countries and the inconsistency of private international law in this area. The article analyzes the peculiarities of work of foreigners in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, USA, Tunisia, Hungary, Ukraine, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the working conditions of emigrants are regulated by Public Law Regulations, which are mandatory and less humane in their content than the general conditions established by the general labor legislation and collective agreements. Foreign workers are directly dependent on entrepreneurs due to threats of expulsion, language difficulties, lack of professional training and other reasons. It is characterized by free overtime work, non-provision of vacations and sick leave. The article describes the conflict-of-laws bindings, which regulate work relations complicated by a foreign element, namely: the law of the autonomous will of the parties, the law of the place of performing of work, the law of the location of the employer, the law of the place of conclusion of an employment contract, the principle of the employer's personal law, the law of citizenship (domicile), the law of the flag, the principle of the closest connection. The features of the operation of conflict-of-laws bindings regulating work relations complicated by a foreign element in countries of different legal families are considered
LEGAL STATUS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN UKRAINE
Authors: Sizokrylov M. V.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of the legal status of political parties in Ukraine, as a  necessary mechanism for regulating their activities. The need for a comprehensive study of  the features of the legal status of political parties in Ukraine is due to the need for knowledge  about the main legislative acts that regulate their activities, as well as the functioning of the  political and party systems of Ukraine. Undoubtedly, this issue is one of the most relevant for  this period of time, since the issues that are explored in this article are the main ones in the implementation of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, and, accordingly, affect the life  of citizens. The legal framework for the functioning of political parties and the party system  in Ukraine is not perfect today, but there is some progress in this direction through the use of  foreign experience.  The imperfection of the legal framework for the functioning of political parties in Ukraine  and the party system of Ukraine in general can be explained by certain specifics of our state.  It consists in the fact that for seventy years Ukraine has been within the framework of a oneparty  totalitarian system. Under such conditions, there can be no question of any legal basis  for regulating the activities of political parties. because the Constitution of the Soviet Union  officially enshrined that the ruling Communist Party was the only one in the country.  Prior to the establishment of Soviet rule for three years, there were some steps towards  advancing Ukraine's party system, but they were all offset by the fact that Ukraine lost its  independence and found itself under the rule of the northern neighbor's dictatorship for 70  years. It is clear that during this short period there was no question of any legal aspect, only  political.  As can be seen from the concrete facts, with the gaining of independence in 1991, no  great strides were made in this important issue. The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted only  for 5 years of independence, and a separate law regulating the activities of political parties in  Ukraine was adopted only in 2001, ie 10 years after independence. Some slow steps towards  progress have been made since 2014, but much remains to be done to say that Ukraine's legal  framework for regulating political parties is the same as Europe's.
PLEDGE AS A PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: SOME PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS
Authors: Denysiuk P. D.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzed court statistics on the consideration of requests for the application of precautionary measures by the courts of first instance and it is established that detention remains one of the most common. Was emphasized that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights suggest that detention should be an exceptional precautionary measure. An alternative to it may be a pledge. The characteristics of pledge were described as precautionary measures, which are defined in the relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The problematic issue of determining the amount of the pledge is considered. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed and the main rules for determining the amount of pledge are highlighted: application of a differentiated approach; justification of the amount of pledge not only during the initial consideration of the request for the application of a measure of restraint, but also during the decision on the need to continue detention; accounting the amount of damages for which this person is accused. It was stated that the norms of the criminal procedure legislation in this part correspond to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, and the amount of pledge is correlated with such indicators as the circumstances of the criminal offense; property status of the suspect, accused; data on his identity; the presence of risks of concealment, possible influence on the participants in criminal proceedings and various ways of obstructing the pre-trial investigation, referred to in article 177 Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The issues of discussion regarding the maximum size of pledge and it is concluded that in Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine are expanded list of conditions that the court considers the election of a preventive measure, and therefore the court will be able, within the statutory amount of pledge, to choose the one that can ensure a balance between the private interests of the person (won’t be excessive) and the interests of justice (ensure that suspects and accused perform their duties). It is argued that clarifying the legality of the origin of pledge and expanding the list of objects that can be recognized as pledge in the sense of a precautionary measure can only complicate the procedure for applying pledge.
SECURITY (GUARANTEE) PAYMENT AS AN INNOMINATED ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS
Authors: Kanzafarova I. S. , Fedorko M. S.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to clarifying the features of a security (guarantee) payment as an innominated method of securing the enforcement of an obligation. As a result of the study, there are provisions that can serve as a basis for constructing a sub-institution of a security (guarantee) payment in the obligation law of Ukraine. The conclusion is justified that a security (guarantee) payment is possible only when the material objects of the main and accounting obligations are homogeneous. Homogeneity in security payments is that the subject matter and mode of performance of the principal obligation can be replaced by the same performance, but at the expense of reserved funds. A monetary security payment cannot provide non-monetary obligations in an obligation, since their fulfillment cannot be replaced by a monetary provision. It is proved that the security (guarantee) payment must have separate characteristics of the deposit, pledge, and predetermined losses. A distinctive feature of a security (guarantee) payment, in comparison with other methods of securing the performance of the obligation, is the weakened emphasis, which manifests itself at the stage of the occurrence of the obligation, allows to ensure obligations arising in the future. The regulatory fixation of a security payment in the Civil Code of Ukraine, of course, will be a logical result of its application in practice as an innominated method of ensuring the fulfillment of an obligation. The conclusion is justified that a security (guarantee) payment can perform a punitive function only indirectly: through the application of civil liability measures. In other words, a security payment is only a financial source of satisfaction for claims for forfeiture or damages, but unlike the mentioned measures of liability, a security payment does not have a punitive mechanism in its structure. A security payment is characterized by the existence of a compensation function that aims to restore the property sphere of the creditor, and not acting as a means of punishing the debtor. Attention is drawn to the need to introduce a certain mechanism for allocating funds from the estate of the person to whom they are transferred as a security payment. This mechanism will balance the interests of participants in civil traffic, leveling the risk of their non-return for the person who transferred money as a security payment.
CUSTOMS FORMALITIES FOR FOREIGN WARSHIPS, THEIR ARMS AND CREWS IN THE UKRAINIAN PORTS
Authors: Koval N. A.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to determining the current state and ways to improve the legal  regulation of customs formalities for foreign warships, their arms and crews in the Ukrainian  ports. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to find the optimal model of legal  regulation for such activities in Ukraine as the state port and the fragmentation of current  legal research in the field of custom port formalities. The purpose of the article is to define  the current state of organizational and legal regulation for the implementation of customs  formalities for foreign warships, their arms and crews in the Ukrainian seaports, outlining  possible ways to update and improve it. The methodological basis of the research is formed by  general scientific and special legal methods of scientific knowledge (dialectical, analysis and  synthesis, scientific abstraction, forecasting). The task of the article is to develop proposals  for improving the legal regulation of customs formalities applicable to foreign warships in  the Ukrainian ports. The article characterizes and analyzes the provisions of law, regulations  and local acts in force in the Ukrainian seaports. It is noted that the current legislation of  Ukraine, according to the established practice of navigation and customary norms embodied  in international treaties, defines a special procedure for customs formalities in respect of  foreign warships, their arms and crews. The characteristic feature of such legislation is that  almost identical rules on such formalities are placed in different normative acts of different  legal force. This specifies the necessity to develop a universal normative document that would  define all aspects of entry, stay and leaving the inland waters for foreign warships, in particular  to the waters of the Ukrainian seaports.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ASSETS AS OBJECT OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Authors: Kukhariev O. Ye.
Published: October 2021

The article is focused on identifying specific features of assets as object of civil rights by defining and characterizing its features. Revealing the essence of assets through the composition as a set of rights and obligations that belonged to the ancestor at the time of assets’ opening and were not ceased as a result of the death, most adequately reproduces the specifics of this object. Specific features of assets are determined by a set of features: 1) local character; 2) clearly defined temporal boundaries of existence; 3) a complex object; 4) limited civil circulation, since Book 6 of the Civil Code of Ukraine enshrines a closed list of transactions that may be implemented in respect to assets; 5) the composition of assets is determined at the time of opening assets and covers only those rights and obligations, which were carried by the ancestor during his lifetime; 6) a limited range of subjects for assets as for an object of civil rights; 7) the only procedure for acquiring the inheritance right is succession. Normative regulation of assets is characterized by discretionary nature, since the law defines an open (non-exhaustive) list of rights and obligations that make up its composition. In some cases the composition of assets also includes certain legal entities that have not acquired the form of subjective civil right at the time of assets’ opening. For example, a person started the process of privatizing his / her berth and did not have time to complete the process due to his / her death. In such cases, lawful heirs have the right to complete the process of privatization of berth started by the ancestor and become the owner of the property. Since the ancestor managed to express his / her will to privatize the berth during his lifetime (submitted the relevant documents), but died, the right to privatization was transferred into the stage of realization, being stopped on the way to subjective right, and therefore may become the object of succession. It has been argued that the obligations are additional elements of assets’ composition, since they pass to the lawful heir only together with the ancestor’s rights. In turn, rights are the key element of assets’ composition.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF WAR AND MILITARY CRIMES IN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW
Authors: Sadova T. S.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the study of military (crimes against the established order of military service) and war crimes. Particular attention is paid to the concept and features of these phenomena. The sources of both international and national law were also considered for the comparative characteristics of military and war crimes in order to understand their meaning and avoid the shift of these concepts. We have explored various aspects of the concept of war crimes. They are violations of the laws and customs of war. War crimes are serious violations of international law. They are violations of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949. There is a list of war crimes in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This list is contained in Аrt. 8. The list of war crimes is contained in Art. 18 of the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Humanity too. International jurisprudence shows that there is a special subject of war crimes. The author of the article studied the draft Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Application of International Criminal and Humanitarian Law”. This bill proposes to exclude certain articles on military crimes and to introduce new articles on war crimes into the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The new war crimes articles contain a list of war crimes. This list is substantially similar to the list of war crimes contained in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The concept of war and military crimes is given. The main differences between military and military crimes are revealed. Identical signs of war and military crimes have been studied. As a result, the author of the article has made a conclusion about the relationship between war and military crimes under international and national law.
Message from Executive Editor
Authors: Celik Nur Demirbas
Published: October 2021

As an international journal that finds fulfilment in providing quality reading materials for our readers, we are delighted to publish the Volume 11, Number 2 issue of our highly respected journal “Global Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Current Perspectives”. The aim of this issue is to present the findings of research that was conducted by our seasoned researchers in the areas of cyber counselling, family counselling and Gender counselling.

With most of our countries opening up after the global slow-down due to the pandemic, we deem it necessary to address the selected topics in this issue. We believe the topics will address individual’s concerns across the globe and help individuals to be better prepared for life after COVID.  This issue which covers topics from four different continents of the world is rich in information and would guide our readers as well as researchers in the field of guidance and counselling.

Enjoy reading!!

 

 

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Demirbas Celik, Executive Editor

Alanya Alaadin Keykubat University, Turkey
The Drivers of Medium-Scale Farms and the Emerging Synergies and Contradictions Among Socially-Differentiated Farmers in Northern Ghana
Authors: Yaro Joseph , Wahab Ibrahim , Afful-Mensah Gloria , Awenam Michael Ben
Published: October 2021

Since the turn of the century, agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has been undergoing rapid transformation. Ghana is experiencing an agrarian revolution with increasing farmland sizes, increased mechanisation of production and external input usage, and high levels of commercialisation. In this paper we show the growth of farm sizes, the major drivers of increasing farm sizes, and emerging relations between different scales of farmers. The paper discusses the synergies and contradictions emerging from the processes of agricultural commercialisation in the context of rising farmland sizes and the implications for different social groups.
Can Tax Agents Support Tax Compliance in Low-Income Countries? A Review of the Literature and some Preliminary Evidence from Uganda
Authors: Occhiali Giovanni , Kalyango Fredrick
Published: October 2021

Since the late 1970s, many countries have based their tax systems on self-assessment – taxpayers are expected to evaluate their liabilities autonomously, and voluntarily remit their tax due. If the tax system is perceived as fair and easy to navigate, with credible threat of penalisation for non-compliance, self-assessment reduces the cost of tax administration without significant revenue losses (Barr et al. 1977; Teviotdale and Thompson 1999; James and Alley 2004). On the other hand, self-assessment entails an increase in compliance costs for taxpayers, at the very least in terms of time spent complying with their obligations. However, none of the conditions mentioned above – fairness, simplicity and credibility – is easy to meet. Hence, initial moves towards self-assessment were met in many countries with an increased focus on what type of deterrence measures would increase taxpayer compliance (Forest and Sheffrin 2002), following the prevalent theoretical approach of the time (Allingham and Sandmo 1972). By the late 1990s, the focus was shifting to the perceived fairness and complexity of the tax system, increasingly seen as both a direct and indirect obstacle to compliance (Slemrod and Venkatesh 2002; Forest and Sheffrin 2002; Eichfelder and Schorn 2012). Intuitively, a taxpayer who does not understand their tax obligations has a hard time complying with them, and might well decide not to try at all – especially if penalisation is seen as unlikely.
Land use impacts on Boswellia dalzielii Hutch. an African frankincense tree in Burkina Faso
Authors: SABO Prospère , OUÉDRAOGO Amadé , GBEMAVO D. S. J. Charlemagne , SALAKO Kolawolé Valère , GLÈLÈ KAKAï Romain
Published: October 2021

Boswellia dalzielii Hutch., an African frankincense tree, is a socio-economically important aromatic and medicinal tree. It is currently threatened by uncontrolled exploitation, and therefore requires action to ensure its sustainable management. This study assessed the population structure and regeneration of its natural stands across three land use types in Burkina Faso: woodlands, fallows and farmlands. Sixty, fifty and fifty 50 m × 20 m plots were established respectively in woodlands, fallows and farmlands. All the plots were surveyed for adult tree (dbh ≥ 5 cm) density, dbh, total height and health conditions. Data on regeneration density (dbh < 5 cm), source (generative, stem shoots, suckers), total height and collar diameter were also collected. The results show similar total tree heights (7.0 m-9.0 m) but significantly (p < 0.05) smaller tree dbh in woodlands (mean ± SD: 20.5 ± 0.49 cm) and fallows (29.3 ± 0.64 cm) than in farmlands (32.8 ± 0.15 cm). Adult tree density (trees/ha) was 1.3 and 2.7 times higher in woodlands (82.37 ± 6.57) than in fallows (62.00 ± 3.98) and farmlands (30.02 ± 1.63), respectively. The density of regeneration in woodlands was 28 and 6 times higher than in fallows and farmlands, respectively. The majority (> 50%) of regenerating plants were suckers and no seedling regeneration was found in farmlands. The distribution of trees in diameter classes was J-shaped in woodlands, bell-shaped in farmlands and positive asymmetric in fallows, indicating recruitment bottlenecks. We found that 80.18% of individuals encountered were unhealthy. Intensive debarking and cutting were the main threats to the species and no conservation strategy was in place in the study region. We suggest measures to reduce intensive debarking and cutting, which should contribute to better management of the species.
Application of the BDq method to complex tropical mixed forest ecosystems in Nigeria
Authors: OGANA Friday Nwabueze , GORGOSO-VARELA José Javier , ONEFELI Alfred Ossai
Published: October 2021

The absence of management practice/silvicultural treatments in the complex tropical mixed forests of Nigeria has led to uncontrolled logging in natural forest stands and loss of biodiversity. To sustain production, protection and conservation in these complex tropical mixed stands, this study proposes the application of a selection method – the BDq method (B: basal area, D: maximum diameter, q-ratio) to manage these stands. Two strata were used as a pilot test: stratum 1 consisted of 15 plots and stratum 2 of 7 plots, each with an area of 0.25 ha. Only trees with a diameter at breast height (d) ≥ 10.0 cm were considered in this study. Harvesting with the BDq method was quantified, by setting B at 20 m2, 25 m2 and 30 m2/ha corresponding respectively to intensive, medium and light harvesting regimes. D was set at 65 cm and the q-ratio was computed for each plot. The results showed that the three BDq regimes prescribed (intensive, medium and light) yielded reasonable felling intensities (FI), derived as the percentage of extracted volume (Vext) and biomass (Wext). The Vext and FI for stratum 1 ranged from 39.94-62.30 m3/ha and 11.22-18.18%; the results for stratum 2 were 30.44-51.33 m3/ha and 10.02-17.57%. For biomass, the Wext and FI ranged from 18.46-29.82 t/ha and 9.40-15.95% for stratum 1 and 14.16-24.82 t/ha and 9.73-17.50% for stratum 2. These findings show that applying the BDq method to the complex tropical mixed forests of Nigeria would yield attractive stands.
Features of hip fractures diagnostics among children (literature review)
Authors: GORELKIN Dmitry O. , MYALIN Victor N.
Published: October 2021

We reviewed domestic and foreign scientific works published in public electronic specialized medical journals devoted to the study of the issues of diagnosing hip fractures of various localization among children. Over the past fifty years, the diagnostic capabilities in traumatology and orthopedics have expanded significantly. However, the child’s musculoskeletal system has many features due to the growth and development processes of the child’s body. In this regard, the course of various pathological processes and their clinical manifestations can have many variations. That is the reason that some clinical forms of femoral fracture among pediatric patients can still cause serious difficulties, which leads to diagnostic errors. We consider the clinical manifestations of possible forms of hip fractures among children, the currently relevant methods of instrumental research, such as radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography and others methods that contribute to the diagnosis of these forms, as well as promising sector of diagnostic techniques development that in the near future can be able to significantly simplify the diagnosis, in particular, methods of computer modeling.
Accuracy of temporal characteristics of visual-motor reaction to moving object of athletes with different adaptation specifics to muscle activity and functional state of cardiorespiratory system
Authors: SHURALEVA Elena V. , SOKOLOVA Anastasia V. , NIZOVIBATKO Oksana B. , VARFOLOMEEVA Liudmila G.
Published: October 2021

Recently, the interest of domestic and foreign researchers in studying the dynamics of the functional state of the sensorimotor systems of the human body in various spheres of its activity has significantly increased due to the practical demands of solving a number of tasks related to the management of the functional state, training, attention and other human functions that arise in pedagogy, psychology and medicine, in production and in sports, as well as in connection with the development of robotics and other branches of science. In these studies, special importance is attached to the study of the dynamics of the visual-motor reaction to a moving object in a person in the process of adaptation to muscle activity. As far as known, a person in the field of work, training and sports, when solving various visual-motor tasks, has to control the movements of not only his body, but also mobile objects. The essence of these tasks consists in determining the location of a moving object, bringing it to the desired point in space with a set accuracy and at a certain point in time. The process of implementing these tasks is a complex spatio-temporal reaction to a moving human object, the nodal mechanism of which is a conditioned reflex. To solve this problem, a number of experimental studies were conducted in order to study the functional state of a person in ontogenesis and in the process of adaptation to muscle activity. The greatest attention in this work is paid to the method of reflexometry used in the physiology of labor and sports – the study of the accuracy of the time characteristics of the reaction of the visual-motor system in human activity. In the human body, the manifestation of physiological patterns and mechanisms is determined by the purpose of labor or sports activity. In the course of the study, the effect on the functional state of the subjects was applied and blood pressure and heart rate were taken into account by individual measurement before the experiment and after each dosed physical activity. The differences in the magnitude of the reaction deviation to a moving object were carried out by comparing the results using the method of mathematical statistics.
Listening to music during indoor cycling elicits higher internal loads during prolonged endurance exercise
Authors: Dos Santos Milena A. , Carpes Felipe P.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Dissociation by music may impact the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), which is an indicator of internal loads during exercise. However, it is not clear how music affects the RPE, neuromuscular, and cognitive responses to exercise.
AIM: To determine whether listening to preferred music during indoor endurance exercise influences RPE, neuromuscular, and cognitive responses in healthy individuals.
METHOD: Thirteen healthy adults performed sessions of prolonged indoor cycling at moderate intensity while listening or not to preferred music. Reaction time, selective attention, and memory were evaluated before, during, and/or after the exercise sessions. RPE, heart rate, muscle activation, pedaling torque, and cadence were recorded during the exercises.
RESULTS: RPE (P = 0.004, d = 0.40), heart rate (P = 0.048, d = 0.53) and cadence (P = 0,043; d = 0.51) were higher in the music session compared to no music. Selective attention (P = 0.233), simple reaction time (P = 0.360), working and short-term memory (P > 0.05), as well as torque (P = 0.262) and muscle activation (RMS and MDF, P > 0.05) did not differ between music and no music sessions.
CONCLUSION: Indoor cycling while listening to preferred music elicited higher internal loads, which we consider a result of higher cardiovascular demand. However, the effects of music on neuromuscular and cognitive responses were not evident. We conclude that music can be helpful to improve demand during indoor exercise.
Haptic contact with a walking dog improves human balance during a quiet tandem task with various levels of difficulty
Authors: Mauerberg-deCastro Eliane , Figueiredo Gabriella A. , Iasi Thayna P. , Campbell Debra F. , Moraes Renato
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: When a person walks a dog, information from variables of their own postural control is integrated with haptic information from the dog’s movements (e.g., direction, speed of movement, pulling forces).
AIM: We examined how haptic information provided through contact with a moving endpoint (here, the leash of a dog walking on a treadmill) influenced an individual’s postural control during a quiet tandem standing task with and without restricted vision and under various elevations of the support surface (increased task difficulty levels).
METHOD: Adults performed a 30-second quiet tandem stance task on a force platform while holding a leash attached to a dog who walked on a treadmill parallel to the force platform. Conditions included: haptic contact (dog and no-dog), vision constraint (eyes open, EO, and eyes closed, EC), and surfaces (4 heights).
RESULTS: Interaction between haptic condition and vision showed that contact with the dog leash reduced root mean square (RMS) and mean sway speed (MSS). RMS showed that the highest surface had the greatest rate of sway reduction during haptic contact with EC, and an increase with EO.
CONCLUSION: The dog’s movements were used as a haptic reference to aid balance when eyes were closed. In this condition, contact with the dog’s leash reduced the extent of sway variability on the higher surfaces.
Validity and reliability of standing balance control measurement on the left unilateral spatial neglect model
Authors: Meidian Abdul C. , Yige Song , Lesmana Syahmirza I. , Amimoto Kazu
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: The present study developed a head-mounted display with the visual direction of a web camera modified to the right as a left unilateral spatial neglect (USN) model with respect to postural balance control.
AIM: We aimed to estimate the validity and reliability of center of pressure (CoP) measurements in static standing balance (SSB) and dynamic standing balance (DSB) of healthy participants were using the USN model and to examine whether this model's use influenced postural balance control.
METHOD: A portable CoP force plate was used to quantify postural balance control in 64 healthy participants as the model. The CoP displacement of the non-USN and USN models in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) planes, CoP length, and bilateral load ratio in SSB and DSB to the right (R) and left (L) were evaluated.
RESULTS: Regression analysis indicated that most CoP measurements have excellent concurrent validity. Bland–Altman plots showed good agreement between the non-USN and USN models in the CoP measurements. Test-retest reliability estimation between two times measurements varied in the frontal and sagittal planes. A Comparison of the results demonstrated that the CoP-AP and CoP length changed (-1.40% and 7.67%, respectively) significantly in SSB (P<0.05). Moreover, the CoP-AP changed very significantly in DSB-R and DSB-L (-1.50% and 1.86%, respectively) in opposite directions (P<0.01) when the subjects performed as the model.
CONCLUSION: CoP measurements are valid and reliable to quantify standing balance control in both non-USN and USN models that appear to modulate changes in postural adaptation and adjustment.
Medical ethics in relationship with moribund patient
Authors: Shabalin V. N. , Shatokhina S. N.
Published: October 2021

The continuous changes in the basic values of modern society are based on transformations in the field of intellectual communication, an avalanche-like increase in the volume of new knowledge, the emergence of new medical technology, and a sharp increase in attention to human rights. These processes exacerbate deontological problems, which are most difficult to manifest when a doctor comes into contact with a dying patient. Purpose of the study. To improve the quality of medical care for a patient in a terminal state. Research results. For most people, death is associated with severe physical and spiritual suffering. The doctor can alleviate this suffering only with a deep understanding of the phenomenon of death, both from scientific and religious positions. The article analyzes the philosophical foundations of medical ethics, knowledge of which is necessary for a doctor when communicating with a dying patient. The modern understanding of death as a natural event necessary to support the development of living nature is given. It is shown that our society has not yet developed the principles of the culture of death. In connection with the development of modern medical technologies, it became necessary to search for new criteria for death. The modern legal and moral interpretation of the human right to death with dignity is considered. The difficulty of communicating information about a fatal diagnosis to a patient is noted: when a bitter truth is possible, and when a “holy” lie is needed. The proposition is put forward that the complexity and contradictory nature of the problem of euthanasia is solved by providing the terminal patient with high-quality palliative care. Conclusion. Despite all the wonderful judgments about the necessity and importance of death in the development of mankind, the tragedy of personal death cannot be removed even by the most optimistic philosophy. However, a doctor, armed with modern knowledge, possessing modern deontological methods, endowed with high moral qualities, can significantly reduce the level of feeling of this tragedy. Death is an important stage in a person's life, the confidence of all living people that their terminal period will be provided with proper care and attention, will greatly improve the quality and the entire period of a person's life.
Serotonin level in biological fluids as a marker of neuroorthopedic diseases diagnostics and treatment efficiency
Authors: Winderlich M. E. , Shchekolova N. B.
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the issues of studying the dynamics of changes in serotonin in biological fluids as a marker in various neuro-orthopedic diseases in patients of different ages. For this, an analysis of clinical practice has been carried out. It is concluded that changes in serotonin levels can be considered as an indicator of pain sensations and control of ongoing therapy in neuro-orthopedic pathologies. The need for a further indepth study of the existing practice of assessing changes in the level of serotonin in biological fluids during conservative treatment and after surgery in various cases of neuro-orthopedic diseases in patients of different ages is indicated.
Isolation Of Dermatophytes From Infected Stray Cats In Selangor
Authors: Ridzuan P.M , Ruth Manuel , Siti-Arffah Kamarulzaman
Published: October 2021

Background: Dermatophytosis is the most prevalent fungal infection found in cats and one of the most serious infectious skin diseases that affect this species. Dermatophytosis can be endemic in cats, particularly in poor environments, and it is difficult to eradicate in such cases. Purpose: The aim of this research was to determine the macroscopic and microscopic identification of various types of dermatophytes present in stray cats. Methods: The research was designed as a laboratory-based study. The sample was determined through physical examination of stray cats infected with fungi and was selected based on the infection site (nail, hair, and skin) of infected cats. A total of 125 samples were collected from infected stray cats through skin scraping, haircutting, and nail clipping. The collected samples were then cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and incubated for two weeks at 26°C. Following incubation, fungi were stained using Lacto-phenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) for microscopic identification. Results: The identification showed that Trichophyton spp. is the most common isolated fungal species on the hair, nails, and skin of stray cats. This is followed by Aspergillus spp. and Microsporum spp. The least common dermatophytes include Curvularia spp., Absidia spp., Epidermophyton spp., Neosytallidium spp., Alternaria spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Mucor spp., and Penicillium spp. Conclusion: The research focussed exclusively on stray cats with clinical evidence of mycotic lesions and confirmed the role of stray cats in transmitting dermatophytosis through their hair, nails, and skin. The prevalence of dermatophytes on stray cats was identified in the Selangor region.