bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliable Evaluation of Ignition Delay Time of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Green Hypergolic Propellants by a Novel Theoretical Approach
Authors: Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza , Zohari Narges , Sheibani Nasser
Published: May 2019

A novel quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) modelling method developed for predicting the ignition delay time of 31 hypergolic imidazolium ionic liquid derivatives which is WFNA (white fuming nitric acid) used as their oxidizer. Chemical structures of these ILs were encoded into several sets of molecular descriptors, representing various physical and chemical properties of these molecules. A total number of 1447 molecular descriptor with different types (e.g., constitutional, functional group counts, and geometrical descriptors) were selected and calculated, then the combination of stepwise and best subset regression approaches was used to determine the molecular descriptors which have significant effects on ignition delay time of hypergolic imidazolium ionic liquid derivatives, finally the response plot of PLS regression approach applied to the selected descriptors, to choose the best number of them. The final derived model displayed a good predictive ability arising from the determination coefficient corresponding to the leave one out cross validation technique (R2=0.9925 and
=0.9834). The predictive power of the proposed method is evaluated using several different techniques and this method can be used as a reliable tool for designing novel hypergolic ILs.
Lathyrus sativus diamine oxidase counteracts histamine‐induced cell proliferation, migration and pro‐angiogenic mediators release in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco‐2
Authors: Pietrangeli Paola , Seguella Luisa , Annunziata Giuseppe , Casano Fabrizio , Capuano Riccardo , Pesce Mirella , De Conno Barbara , Gigli Stefano , Sarnelli Giovanni , Pesce Marcella , Mateescu Mircea Alexandru , Esposito Giuseppe , Marcocci Lucia
Published: May 2019

Because histamine is a modulator of cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness, this study aimed at investigating the effect of Lathyrus sativus–derived diamine oxidase (LSAO) and its mechanism of action on Caco‐2 cell line, considering that LSAO catalizes the oxidative deamination of histamine to the corresponding aldehyde, NH3 and H2O2. Histamine (0.01–1 μM) caused a proliferative effect on Caco‐2 cells promoting cell migration, invasion and nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor release. Histamine (1 μM) stimulus also down regulated occludin expression, favouring up regulation of pro‐proliferative nuclear protein Ki67. Incubation with LSAO (0.004–0.4 μM) resulted in a significant inhibition of histamine‐induced effects. LSAO rescued occludin expression and down regulated Ki67, and it inhibited histamine‐induced increase of both MMP‐2 and 9 expression. Histamine effects were mediated by RhoA‐GTP down regulation and inversely related to phospho‐p38MAPK/p50/65 up regulation. These effects were counteracted by LSAO incubation. Histamine catabolism by LSAO accounts for a significant down regulation of proliferation and invasiveness of Caco‐2 cells. This study highlights the importance to control histamine levels in contrasting pro‐angiogenic and metastatization capability of colon cancer cells and expands the knowledge about the diamine oxidase from L. sativus seeding as a phytotherapeutic approach for colon cancer.
A chemically characterized ethanolic extract of Thai Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton fruits (nutlets) reduces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in human hepatoma (HuH7) cells
Authors: Paradee Narisara , Howes Melanie‐Jayne R. , Utama‐ang Niramon , Chaikitwattna Anan , Hider Robert C. , Srichairatanakool Somdet
Published: May 2019

Perilla frutescens is cultivated in East Asian countries including Thailand, and the nutlets (single‐seeded fruits) are used as traditional and medicinal food. Perilla nutlets extracted by ethyl acetate (EA), 80% ethanol (Eth), and hot water (HW) sequentially were chemically characterized using high‐resolution accurate liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry with the main compounds detected assigned as rosmarinic acid and derivatives of the flavones apigenin and luteolin, with the more diverse chemical composition observed with the Eth extract. All extracts showed dose‐dependent free‐radical scavenging activity, with the Eth extract the most potent (IC50 = 3.43 mg/ml for ABTS• scavenging and 0.27 mg/ml for DPPH• scavenging). The Eth extract also inhibited AAPH‐induced hemolysis (IC50 = 0.07 mg/ml) more potently than did the HW (IC50 = 0.38 mg/ml) and EA extracts (IC50 = 1.63 mg/ml). An MTT test revealed all the extracts were noncytotoxic at concentrations up to 200 μg/ml. Only the Eth and EA extracts showed protective effects against the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in FeCl3‐induced HuH7 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Our findings suggest the Eth extract of Thai perilla nutlets, containing rosmarinic acid and flavones and their derivatives, may have potential to provide protection against oxidative stress in hepatic disorders.
Ripple dynamics over various microtopographical roughness elements and their implications for river management
Authors: Hauer Christoph , Lichtneger Petr , Holzinger Jacob , Schobesberger Johannes , Habersack Helmut , Sindelar Christine
Published: May 2019

Specific problems in connection with the sediment regime have arisen in the granite and gneiss area in the northern part of Austria due to the increased sediment supply of coarse sand and fine gravel as a product of rock weathering. One of the physical characteristics of these sediments is their high mobility in form of ripple bedforms along the surface. In these rivers, the microtopographical structures of the bed surface are hydraulically active, especially in the initial stages when ripples have not overtopped the largest elements of the bed's roughness elements. There is a lack of detailed studies of the impacts of these microtopographical structures on ripple dynamics. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of various microtopographic roughness elements on ripple movement. This study was performed using a 1:1‐scaled physical laboratory experiment. The results showed, in all repetitions of the experiment with variable grain sizes, that the higher the microtopographical variability of the river substrate and turbulence was, the higher the measured transport velocities of the ripples were. The expected hidden impacts on sediment transport were not documented. Important implications for sediment management were discussed, as river sections with high accumulation rates of coarse sand and fine gravel are prone to additional degradation as downstream transport decreases over smooth ripple–dune morphologies. Additionally, structural elements such as exposed rocks may increase the downstream transport due to the increased variability in turbulence.
3‐3: The effect of larger field‐of‐view on visual search times for world‐locked augmented reality objects
Authors: Gaspar John M. , Hoffman David M. , Citron Daniel , Odell Dan
Published: May 2019

Augmented reality systems supplement human vision, allowing virtual objects to be placed within the real world; however, a small field‐of‐view can limit this experience. This work documents how field‐of‐view affects visual search times for augmented reality objects, showing improving search performance for larger field‐of‐view up to a plateau.
3‐5: Late‐News Paper: Visual Fatigue Reducing 3D Glasses by Extending Depth of Field of Eyes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yuta , Ono Takumi , Miyajima Yasushi , Kato Kazutoshi , Takaki Yasuhiro
Published: May 2019

This work proposes three‐dimensional (3D) glasses, constructed from a combination of phase plates and conventional 3D glasses, which can extend the depth of field of eyes and reduce visual fatigue caused by the vergence–accommodation conflict. A subjective evaluation validated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
4‐1: Invited Paper: Micro‐LED displays: can the monolithic approach produce full‐color?
Authors: Lau Kei May
Published: May 2019

Mature LED technologies for large area LED displays and general lighting are now commonplaces. The use of miniaturized LEDs in high‐resolution and micro‐displays is attracting more attention recently, for direct view or projection applications. LEDs have advantages in terms of efficiency, brightness, lifetime, temperature stability and robustness, compared with other existing micro‐display technologies. The most significant is visibility under bright day‐light.

A few years ago, we reported the fabrication of high‐resolution truly monolithic micro‐displays with decent visual quality. We have developed two different approaches to illustrate high resolution micro‐displays with excellent bonding yield. A 1700 pixel per inch (PPI) passive‐matrix and a 400 x 240 active‐matrix micro‐LED arrays bonded on ASIC have been demonstrated.

Realization of a monolithic full color LED micro‐display remains the biggest challenge because it is not straightforward (nor practical) to selectively grow three different epi‐layers emitting at different wavelengths on a single substrate for three primary colors. Dedicated for projection display application, we demonstrated a novel 3LED light engine that can project full color video on screen. 3LED consists of a trichroic prism that combines RGB images generated from three LED micro‐displays based on AIGalnP (Red) and GaN (Green and Blue) materials. For near‐to‐eye display application, RGB quantum dots were printed on micro‐LED array by aerosol jet printing, achieving full color LED micro‐displays with high image quality.

To maximize the throughput and minimize the light‐guiding effect of the transparent sapphire substrate, we use LED epilayers grown on Si substrates that can be removed using a simple and low‐cost SF6‐based RIE etching process. Moreover, Si has been used for GaN growth for over two decades due to its low cost and large scale. In this talk, we report an AMLED micro‐display system consisted of micro‐LEDs array using GaN‐on‐Si epilayers and a CMOS driver. Various recent approaches to achieve full‐color micro‐LED displays and a comparison of the pros /cons of the different methods will be discussed.
4‐2: Distinguished Student Paper: High Efficiency Color‐Converted Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Gou Fangwang , Hsiang En-Lin , Tan Guanjun , Lan Yi-Fen , Tsai Cheng-Yeh , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2019

With funnel‐tube array, the optical efficiency of the color‐converted micro‐LED display is improved by ~3X, while the crosstalk is eliminated. After optimization of the taper angle, the ambient contrast ratio is also improved due to higher light intensity.
4‐4: Flexible Quantum Dot Color Converter Film for Micro‐LED Applications
Authors: Bai Xue , Yang Hongcheng , Zhao Bingxin , Zhang Xiaoli , Li Xiang , Xu Bing , Wei Feng , Liu Zhaojun , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: May 2019

This paper introduces a flexible and uniformly‐dispersed quantum dot (QD) color converter (QDCC) fabricated for micro‐LED based on photolithography. Compared to the original QDCC, the modified QDCC (chemical compatible to photoresist) exhibited high quantum yield (QY) up to 60%‐70%, and a high optical density（OD）over 1.5.
5‐3: 3‐Stacked Top‐Emitting White OLEDs with Super‐Wide Color Gamut and High Efficiency
Authors: Song Wenfeng , You Juanjuan , Wu Chang-Yen , Wang Linlin , Shen Yongqi , Bo Bin , Quan Wei , Luo Chengyuan , Yu Donghui , Li Wei , Shih Huai-Ting , Wu Zhongyuan
Published: May 2019

A set of top‐emitting OLED with wide‐color gamut and high‐efficiency were successfully fabricated by using 3‐stacked B/RG/B tandem structure and color filter. Optimization of MgAg and Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) composite structure made the devices with IZO served as capping layer almost identical to the devices with conventional organic capping layer. On the whole, they exhibited 90% color gamut coverage of the ultra‐high definition display standard BT.2020, while maintaining high efficiency of red 15.5 cd/A, green 26.6 cd/A, blue 3.5 cd/A. The impressive properties make them applicable to a variety of occasions, such as the medium‐sized notebook monitors, emerging high‐specification virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies, and special medical displays.
9‐2: Flexible Sensors and Memory Integration Toward Electronic Wallpaper
Authors: Takei Kuniharu
Published: May 2019

Human‐interactive electronics have a great attractive attention for wearable devices and robotic applications due to growing Internet of Things concept One of interesting applications we propose in this target may be a wallpaper to monitor room environment and to memorize some information such as handwriting memos as a message board electrically. To show the possibility of this electronic wallpaper (e‐wallpaper) concept, in this study, we demonstrate a flexible nonvolatile floating gate random access memory (FGRAM) integrated with a tactile touch sensor. In addition, temperature sensor sheet is laminated to measure room temperature distributions. As a proof‐of‐concept, e‐wallpaper is demonstrated to show the functionality of memorizing and deleting tactile pressure information. Although more sensor functionalities and system integration are required to be practical, this concept may lead the flexible loT application as well as the future flexible electronics.
9‐4: Late‐News Paper: Alleviation of Recoverable Residual Image Phenomenon of Flexible Organic Light‐emitting Diode Display
Authors: Hong Seonghwan , Hwang Han Wook , Hwang Sang Soo , Kim Ki Woo , Ha Yong Min , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: May 2019

Electric field shielding (EFS) layer inserted low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistor was suggested to alleviate recoverable residual image phenomenon in organic light‐emitting diode display using polyimide substrate. It was found that the recoverable residual image was strongly attributed to charge distribution inside polyimide, and it can be inhibited by EFS.
10‐1: Can We Overcome the Challenges on the Path to Consumer Adoption of AR Headsets?
Authors: Bouhamri Zine , Virey Eric , Mukish Pars
Published: May 2019

This paper will give an overview of what are the requirements for consumer adoption, and address the technical challenges associated with displays and optical systems to better explain the projected trends for the upcoming years for consumer adoption.
10‐2: Waveguide Manufacturing for AR Displays: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Waldern Jonathan , Morad Ratson , Popovich Milan
Published: May 2019

Current AR waveguide fabrication processes, including Surface Relief Gratings (SRG), holographic and cascaded mirrors, are reviewed. We present DigiLens's Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG)‐based manufacturing process which transforms classical holographic contact copying into a versatile, cost‐effective printing process for AR waveguides of any size and field‐of‐view.
11‐2: Micro LEDs Efficiency Targets for Displays
Authors: Ahmed Khaled
Published: May 2019

Micro Light emitting diode (µLED) emissive displays have emerged as promising solution for low power mobile displays. In this work, we discuss the prospects of µLED displays for mobile display applications through physics‐based simulations. Our aim is to assess the possible achievable performance of µLED displays for low power applications. We compare simulated power consumption of µLED displays to experimental data obtained on state‐of‐the‐art mobile devices with OLED displays to determine the minimum required µLED efficiencies to achieve at least 2× lower emitter power. Surprisingly, it is found that, in comparison to state‐of‐the‐art OLED displays, µLED displays can exhibit two times lower emitter power consumption using modest values of µLED power efficacies for red (~10 lm/W), green (~100 lm/W) and blue (~10 lm/W) µLEDs. The simulation results show that µLED displays are a promising candidate for ultralow power mobile displays that are currently being heavily investigated by the industry.
11‐3: Overlooked Challenges for microLED Displays
Authors: Virey Eric H. , Baron Nicolas , Bouhamri Zine
Published: May 2019

MicroLED is a promising display technology. There are however still many technical challenges that need to be tackled before it is ready for consumer products. Mass transfer of the microLED chips is the elephant in the room, but many others could prove as challenging and possibly even derail the microLED roadmap.
12‐3: A Highly Mass‐producible Nano‐lens Array Technology for Optically Efficient Full‐color Organic Light Emitting Diode Display Applications
Authors: Park Young-Sam , Han Kyung-Hoon , Cho Doo-Hee , Cho Nam Sung , Han Yoonjay , Lee Jonghee , Lee Hyunkoo , Yu Byounggon , Lee Jeong-Ik , Kim Jang-Joo
Published: May 2019

Recently, we have reported that a nano‐lens array (NLA) technology using a very simple and fab‐compatible vacuum deposition process contributes to highly efficient and color stable green and blue organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, the technique is applied to red OLEDs. With NLA, the increase ratio of current efficiency is about 1.57 which is similar to those of green and blue OLEDs (1.56, 1.59). Furthermore, color coordinate change measurement values of red OLEDs in a wide viewing angle ranging from 0° to 60° are reduced as green and blue OLEDs do, indicating that NLA has a great potential for the development of the optically efficient full‐color OLED displays composed of three color OLED pixels.
13‐3: Development of High‐performance TFT‐LCDs using Optically‐Isotropic Nano‐size Encapsulated Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kim Kyeong-Jin , Hwang Jung-Im , Ha Kyung-Su , Choi Min-Geun , Jeon Ji-Na , Lee Sang-Wook , Lee Eun-Woo , Park Sung-Yeoul , Jun Myung-Chul , Kang In-Byoung
Published: May 2019

We propose an optically transparent nano‐encapsulated IPS TFT‐LCD, it shows features as follows: (1) a single‐substrate fabrication IPS mode by a simple coating method, and (2) a high‐performance of IPS mode with optically‐isotropic nature in the voltage‐off state. So that, the nano‐encapsulated IPS TFT‐LCDs have a potential for the market of current LCD products and future flexible LCD applications.
14‐4: Effect of Anti‐Glare Coating on Driver Monitoring Camera Optical Transfer Function
Authors: Murzyn Pawel , Spurr Michael
Published: May 2019

Novel safety features like driver monitoring systems (DMS) are becoming more prevalent in vehicles. They are typically integrated with digital instrument clusters that may include an Anti‐Glare (AG) coating, which can adversely impact DMS performance. In the following paper we evaluate the effect of AG on the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the DMS camera.
16‐3: Investigation of Mechanical Stress and Gate Bias Stress on Flexible Dual‐gate a‐IGZO Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Yang Jianwen , Zhang Qun , Chang Ting-Chang , Liao Po-Yung
Published: May 2019

The effects of mechanical stress and gate bias stress on dual‐gate a‐IGZO thin‐film transistors on a flexible substrate were investigated. Both tensile and compressive stresses increased free electrons and deep states in a‐IGZO. More deep defects will be formed under strong tensile stress, while small compressive stress can repair defects in the relatively poor quality etch‐stop layer. Moisture still influence the stability even for the TFTs with etch stop layer and passivation layer under gate bias stress test.
18‐2: Ultra‐Fine High Efficiency MicroLEDs with Testability and Transferability Using Layer‐Transfer Technology
Authors: Lee Dong , Cherekdjian Sarko , Kang Sien , Mishra Kamal , Ong Philip , Xu Xiaoqing
Published: May 2019

Layer‐transferred high quality GaN and GaAs QMAT templates make LED efficiency enhancements for super thin (<2um) and ultra‐fine (<5um) microLED structures. Templates have pre‐patterns which minimize sidewall loss, eliminate dry etch damage, and intrinsically control street width and die size.
19‐1: Invited Paper: Atom Probe Tomography for Understanding OLED Morphology
Authors: Zimmerman Jeramy D. , Jaskot Matthew B. , Proudian Andrew P. , Vincent Galen
Published: May 2019

We have recently demonstrated that atom probe tomography (APT) can be applied to Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) materials. APT can measure the mass and position of molecules in a film with sub‐Dalton and sub‐nm resolutions, allowing for morphology measurements of OLED systems. We will discuss the technique and key results in emissive guest‐host systems.
19‐3: Examination in Application of TOF‐SIMS with MS/MS to a Degradation Analysis of OLED
Authors: Shirakura Daichi , Suzuki Aki , Okamura Shinji , Akiyama Takeshi , Shibamori Takahiro , Miyamoto Takashi , Sameshima Junichiro
Published: May 2019

TOF‐SIMS with MS/MS was applied to degradation analyses of OLEDs. Photoluminescence and GCIB‐TOF‐SIMS revealed a degraded layer and molecular weights of degradation products. MS/MS by TOF‐SIMS gave more detailed structural information of degradation products than conventional TOF‐SIMS, which demonstrated effectiveness of TOF‐SIMS with MS/MS for degradation analyses of OLEDs.
20‐1: Fast Switching Twisted‐Vertically Aligned Mode Reflective LCD using Mortar‐shaped Pixel Structure
Authors: Kuge Yutaro , Ishinabe Takahiro , Shibata Yosei , Fujikake Hideo
Published: May 2019

We have developed fast switching twisted‐vertically aligned mode reflective LCD using mortar‐shaped pixel structure. We realized axially symmetric pretilt angle in each pixel by the mortar‐shaped pixel structure fabricated by the UV pattern exposure and achieved high quality reflective LCD with high reflectivity and wide viewing angle range.
20‐2: Novel LCD Frame Frequency Switching Method with Minimized Flicker
Authors: Chida Mitsuru , Kitagawa Makoto , Fujimoto Hideki , Nishihara Yusuke , Hashimoto Yoshito
Published: May 2019

Variable frame frequency driving such as driving at 120 Hz to 1 Hz is valuable for satisfying both moving picture quality and low power consumption. When driving frequency is switched in LCDs, flickering of images could arise due to fluctuation in the DC voltage component. We report a novel frame frequency switching method for minimizing image flicker after frame frequency switching.
20‐4: High‐Performance and Low‐Power Full Color Reflective LCD for New Applications
Authors: Hakoi Hiroyuki , Ni Ming , Hashimoto Junichi , Sato Takashi , Shimada Shinji , Minoura Kiyoshi , Itoh Akiko , Tanaka Kohei , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Otsubo Masashi
Published: May 2019

We have developed a reflective LCD with full color video image and low power consumption. By combining a new twisted VA‐LC mode, a silver alloy electrode with micro reflective structure (MRS), and IGZO‐TFT technology, a 22‐inch prototype has achieved excellent optical properties and flicker‐less 1Hz driving.
26‐1: Invited Paper: Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Comprising Ultrastable Glass Layers
Authors: Will Paul-Anton , Lenk Simone , Reineke Sebastian
Published: May 2019

In our previous work, we investigated the effects of the formation of ultrastable glasses within monochrome phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes.1 The ultrastable glasses are fabricated by heating the glass substrate to about 85% of the glass transition temperature while evaporation of the material. We observed significant enhancements of the external quantum efficiency (in the range of 20%) and device lifetime (up to 4x). These improvements are attributed to a denser packaging of the organic molecules resulting in reduced non‐radiative rates of the emitters. The change in the nano‐morphology can also have impact on the charge transport, the radiative rates of the emitter, and emitter orientation. For those properties, we have not identified a significant impact on the device performance. In this paper, we apply our concept to a green thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitter in a proof of principle device series. We find that insufficient energy transfer to the emitter holds back our devices from achieving state‐of‐the‐art efficiencies.
28‐4: Fabrication and Operation of an Energy‐Harvesting Color Projector
Authors: Fujieda Ichiro , Kohmoto Takamasa , Yunoki Kohei , Shigeta Mitsuhiro , Tsutsumi Yasuhiro
Published: May 2019

We have fabricated a 50mm x 50mm x 10mm waveguide that contained an array of stripe‐shaped luminescent materials for three primary colors. By exciting these stripes with a modulated blue laser light, color images are displayed. Solar cells attached to its edge surface generate electric power by collecting photoluminescence photons not utilized for displaying images. The first device recovers only a very small fraction of the incoming optical power (about 1/4000) because the photons are scattered and lost during wave‐guiding. This fraction would approach the theoretical limit of 0.75 by eliminating the scattering event.
29‐2: Simultaneous Optimization of Halftoning Image Quality and TFT Power Consumption for Multi‐tonal E‐papers
Authors: Wang Hsin-I , Qin Zong , Tien Pei-Lin , Liu Mei-Hwa , Liu Shu-Cheng , Hung Chi-Mao , Tsai Chuan-Chuan , Huang Yi-Pai
Published: May 2019

Considering halftoning images cause extra current consumption in TFT e‐papers, we conduct a model to estimate the current consumption from image content and develop a localized halftoning algorithm regarding visual saliency. The mean current during refreshing is decreased by more than 35 mA and the image quality is well kept.
31‐2: Measuring Interocular Geometric Distortion of Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: Penczek John , Hasan Monirul , Denning Bruce S. , Calpito Robert , Austin Richard L. , Boynton Paul A.
Published: May 2019

The evaluation of geometric distortion is presented for near‐eye displays with binocular vision. The true distortion with eye rotation is compared with pupil rotation using a reference goniometer for monocular vision. The left and right eye distortion data is then used to determine the distortion observed for binocular vision.
31‐4: Invited Paper: 3D Eyebox in Augmented and Virtual Reality Optics
Authors: Cakmakci Ozan , Hoffman David M. , Balram Nikhil
Published: May 2019

The eyebox volume is a key design parameter in the optical design of augmented and virtual reality optics. The extent of the eyebox volume determines the experience of a user in seeing the entire virtual magnified image. Furthermore, a 3D description of eyebox facilitates the design of augmented and virtual reality products for a population of users. We define 3D eyebox and discuss visualization approaches to communicate it within interdisciplinary product design groups focused on research and development of augmented and virtual reality optics.
32‐1: Invited Paper: Review of Micro‐light‐emitting‐diode Technology for Micro‐display Applications
Authors: Jung Taeil , Choi Jung Hun , Jang Seung Ho , Han Seung Jun
Published: May 2019

In this paper, some of the technological bottlenecks of the micro‐light‐emitting diode (µLED) for a micro‐display were reviewed. Although there remain other issues, the µLED technology has a potential for some micro‐display applications which especially demand high brightness and reliability such as augmented reality (AR) display, automotive head‐up display (HUD), and so on. The efficiency of µLED needs to be improved, and an integration technology for active matrix driving and technologies for full‐color realization as well as defective pixel control must be developed. An optimum specification of a µLED display was proposed to maximize reality in micro‐display products.
33‐3: TADF Emitter Selection for Deep‐Blue Hyper‐Fluorescent OLEDs
Authors: Baumann Thomas , Budzynski Matthias , Kasparek Christian
Published: May 2019

Blue fluorescent OLEDs are still the bottleneck for the power consumption in today's OLED panels. In recent years, the TADF technology has shown fast progress towards high‐efficiency deep‐blue emitter systems. The TADF technology can be used in a self‐emitting or in a co‐emitting (or hyper) approach. To make the co‐emitting system work efficiently, the combination of TADF and fluorescent emitter has to be chosen carefully. In this paper, we will discuss how to match TADF and fluorescent emitter combinations for the co‐emitting approach. We will also show results for highly efficient deep‐blue hyper‐fluorescent devices.
37‐1: Liquid Crystal Display Panel with a Pixel Including Oxide Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistor Memory (Pixel AI)
Authors: Kusunoki Koji , Kawashima Susumu , Watanabe Kazunori , Toyotaka Kouhei , Hatsumi Ryo , Yoshitomi Shuhei , Ishitani Tetsuji , Katayama Masahiro , Adachi Hiroki , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: May 2019

A liquid crystal display including oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (OS FET) memory in a pixel was fabricated. The memory retained weighting data and added the data to display data. This proposed memory and configuration can be adopted for a liquid crystal with a high driving voltage, reducing power consumption.
39‐1: A Low‐Power Reflective LCD Based on a‐Si:H TFT Process
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Mingwei , Zhou Liang , Kong Xiangjian , Liu Jine , Qin Feng
Published: May 2019

Developed a 1.28inch 64‐color low‐power reflective LCD based on the a‐Si:H TFT process. This display achieves a minimum frame rate of 1 Hz and a corresponding power consumption of less than 75 uW. The maximum frame rate is 58 Hz, at which a smooth dynamic picture can be displayed. We overcome the flicker issue of low frame rate by adopting new pixel and drive design. After 240 hours of 60 ° C / 90% RH dynamic reliability testing, the flicker is still within the visually acceptable range.
40‐2: Invited Paper: Polymer‐Diluted Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors with Extreme Thermal Stability
Authors: Giebink Noel C.
Published: May 2019

We show that diluting small molecule hole transport materials through co‐evaporation with the amorphous fluoropolymer Teflon AF dramatically improves their thermal stability and lowers their refractive index without sacrificing electrical performance.
40‐3: Highly Stable Deep‐Blue OLED Achieved by Hole‐Transport Material with Deep HOMO Level
Authors: Okuyama Takumu , Hashimoto Naoaki , Takita Yusuke , Sasaki Toshiki , Yamagata Sachiko , Ogita Kaori , Suzuki Tsunenori , Seo Satoshi , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: May 2019

Our developed hole‐transport materials (HTMs) with deep HOMO levels improve a lifetime of a deep‐blue OLED in 85°C operation. Furthermore, a deep‐blue OLED with these HTMs achieved an LT95 of 360 h in room temperature operation (50 mA/cm2). These HTMs are also applicable for red and green devices.
41‐2: Invited Paper: An Advanced High‐Dynamic‐Range LCD for Smartphones
Authors: Zheng Binyi , Deng Zhuo , Zheng Jianping , Wu Ling , Yang Wenbin , Lin Zongwei , Wang Hailiang , Shen Poping , Li Junyi
Published: May 2019

An advanced high dynamic range LCD with the excellent performance was developed. The HDR LCD technology is mainly about mini LED local dimming design which includes LED pitch, optical field distribution, and optical film stack. Improved methods about HDR LCD were studied, which make it a promising technique for a smartphone.
41‐3: Mini‐LED Enhanced LCD for High Dynamic Range Displays
Authors: Huang Yuge , Tan Guanjun , Li Ming-Chun , Lee Seok-Lyul , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2019

We propose a high dynamic range (HDR) mini‐LED enhanced liquid crystal display (LCD) system. Through both numerical simulations and human visual perception experiments, we find that the halo effect (light leakage between adjacent black and bright pixels) can be suppressed to unnoticeable level by optimizing the LCD contrast ratio, number of local dimming zones, LED light expansion and local light confinement. The benefits and problems of each solution are discussed in detail. Additionally, with the merits of low power consumption, freeform panel shape and thin profile, mini‐LED backlit LCDs is emerging as a strong contender for next‐generation HDR displays.
42‐4: 360‐Degree Tabletop Type 3D Screen System Using Linear Blending of Viewing Zones and Spatially Imaged Iris Plane
Authors: Makiguchi Motohiro , Takada Hideaki , Kawakami Tohru , Sasai Mutsumi
Published: May 2019

We propose a 3D screen system that provides 360‐degree smooth motion parallax. We implemented a prototype using 60 projectors, which is one fifth the number for the conventional method, and the display area has a diameter of 1,200 mm. We show the optical configuration and the visual mechanism of depth perception.
47‐2: A Calibrated Simulation of Electroluminescent QD‐LEDs
Authors: Dimmock James A. R. , Boardman Edward A. , Smeeton Tim M.
Published: May 2019

We present charge transport simulations for electroluminescent quantum dot LEDs (QD‐LEDs). The simulations operate by propagating carriers between sites via hopping, with a frequency determined from experimental mobility values. Excellent agreement with experiments is observed for devices with various layer structures. The results provide insight into charge transport in QD‐LEDs.
48‐1: Impact of Carrier Glass Substrate Characteristics on Flexible OLED Display Production
Authors: Hayashi Kazutaka , Hamada Yuya , Akiyama Jun , Fujita Sanae , Kato Yasumasa , Kunigita Masaya
Published: May 2019

The impact of the characteristics of carrier glass substrate on flexible OLED display production was studied. Non‐negligible thermal shrinkage was observed even though heating temperature is relatively low. In addition, deformation of the substrate was found to be caused by dividing into two or more sheets.
48‐3: Edge Strength Measurement of Ultra‐Thin LCD Panels
Authors: Jang Bosun , Priestley Richard , Tremper Amber , Ono Toshihiko , Shu Yin , Sundaram Balamurugan M.
Published: May 2019

The feasibility of using Corning's edge strength measurement system (ESMS) for ultra‐thin LCD panels has been demonstrated. Panels were used to validate the load‐to‐stress correlation: digital image correlation, finite element analysis and mirror radius measurement all showed good agreement, supporting the robustness of the strength measurement. The edge strength of panels was measured by both static and dynamic ESMS. Test results revealed that dynamic ESMS is advantaged over static in better capturing the relevant flaw population owing to its larger test area. Accurate edge strength measurement via ESMS coupled with selective fracture analysis on the weakest flaws will assist in improving the edge strength of ultra‐thin LCD panels
51‐1: Novel Pixel Structure for 8K QUHD LCD Panel with the Enhanced Optical Performances
Authors: Bae Kwang Soo , Oh Minjoeng , Park Beomsoo , Cho Young Je , Cho Sang Hwan , Kim Donghwan
Published: May 2019

We report on novel pixel architecture for improving the transmittance and reducing the gamma distortion to minimize the color shift in an 8K QUHD LCD panel with the hG‐2D technology. In our LCD panel, each pixel has a unique electrode structure which is mixed with conventional micro‐slits and reversed those. It is named “multi‐domain reversed‐slit VA mode (MRS‐VA)”. This MRSVA‐LCD has the excellent transmittance by matching the LC distortions on the vertical electrode and two data lines which is asymmetrically positioned. Besides, by shielding the LC distortion line at the oblique viewing angle, the gamma distortion can be effectively suppressed. Through our pixel structure, superior performances to conventional LCD could be clearly proved (GDI value: 0.345 and panel transmittance (T): 3.7%). Additionally, by demonstrations of overcoming the crosstalk and bruising defects, we demonstrated that MRSVA‐LCD could be applied to the commercial 8K panels manufactured by the mass production.
51‐2: Pixel Design Solutions for Transmittance Improvement in 8k VA LCD
Authors: Zhang Yinfeng , Li Xuan , Zhang Yihe , Cao Wu , Zhang Qi , Lin Yunglun , He Jhenwei , Chiu Chung-yi , Lin Ray , Zhang Min
Published: May 2019

The transmittance loss with development of UD and low frame rate to 8k and high frame rate in high‐specification display has been an increasing urgency. Attempts have been made through domain reduction design to improve the transmittance and positive feedback has been received in the 65 inch and 75 inch 8k VA LCDs. Some variable domain designs are furthermore demonstrated to be impressively effective to modify the dark fringe and contribute to the transmittance improvement. A representative display sample adopting domain reduction design is displayed.
53‐4: Rigid/Soft/Rigid type cover window for foldable display
Authors: Kim Kang-Han , Lee Youngwoo , Jeong Yong-Cheol
Published: May 2019

We present rigid/soft/rigid (RSR) type cover window for the foldable display. We investigated the synthesis of flexible nanosol through sol‐gel reaction and fabricated RSR cover window sample with a home‐made slot die coater. Furthermore, coating thickness uniformity, surface hardness, folding reliability were explored.
54‐3: Bright Quantum Dots LEDs Enabled by Imprinted Random Nanostructures
Authors: Chen Hao , He Ziqian , Zhang Dandan , Wu Shin-Tson , Dong Yajie
Published: May 2019

Super‐bright quantum dots LEDs (QLEDs) are achieved by imprinting speckle image holography structures inside the devices. Red QLEDs with imprinted structures can reach up to a luminance of 146,000 Cd/cm2 at 8V, 1.76 times to that of control devices with planar architecture, setting a new brightness record for all‐solution processed inverted red QLEDs.
55‐3: Distinguished Paper: Development of G6 Exposure Tool for 1.2 µm Resolution
Authors: Nagano Kouhei , Yabu Nobuhiko , Hakko Manabu , Ando Miwako , Izumi Nozomu , Osaki Yoshinori
Published: May 2019

We have proposed exposure method using Deep UV (DUV) exposure light to realize high resolution and high productivity in FPD lithography. [1] Here we show development concepts for our new G6 exposure tools with DUV light sources, and exposure test results with a test exposure tool.
55‐4: XTPL approach to print conductive structures in microscale for next‐generation displays
Authors: Wiatrowska Aneta , Kowalczewski Piotr , Dusza Michał , Zięba Maciej , Fiączyk Karolina , Cichoń Przemysław , Fijak Krzysztof , Granek Filip
Published: May 2019

Printing a wide range of nanomaterials and making the process scalable is the central problem for industries that are shaping the technological landscape of the XXI century. In this regard, the XTPL technology can be transforming for display industry. We mainly focus on three key aspects: repair of open defects, fabrication of transparent conductive films (TCFs), and deposition of quantum dots, which offers tremendous advantages of additive manufacturing.
56‐1: A Multiplane Holographic HUD Using Light Selectivity of Bragg Grating
Authors: Coni Philippe , Bardon Jean-Luc , Damamme Natacha , Coe-Sullivan Seth , Dimov Fedor I.
Published: May 2019

A Multi‐plane Head‐Up Display (MHUD) using the spectral and angular selectivity of Bragg Grating is presented.

Most of today's automotive HUDs display information at a short distance, about 2 meters. However, a key challenge of augmented reality is to have a longer projection distance to superimpose graphics on the external landscape, without parallax issues, while keeping vehicle information at a shorter distance. As a result, the HUD needs to have at least two image planes.

Existing methods to build such a multiplane lightfield HUD are complex and bulky. In this paper, we propose a new principle, using a dual PGU an then a single PGU, fitted with HOE working with the spectral dimension of the light.
56‐4: High‐Heat‐Resistant Nano/Micro‐Structured Optical Elements Fabricated by Sol‐Gel Imprinting
Authors: Takeshita Ayano , Goto Masanao , Toriyama Shigetaka
Published: May 2019

The authors present high‐heat‐resistant inorganic optical elements with nano/micro structures for high power applications such as high‐lumen projectors. The nano/micro structures were fabricated by a high‐productivity sol‐gel based imprinting process. We sought to determine the optimal conditions for preparing the precursor sol for use in a sol‐gel based imprinting process. As a proof of concept, we used the technology to create form‐birefringent wave plates, micro lens arrays and holographic diffusers.
59‐1: Liquid Crystal Technology for Solving Key Optical Challenges in Virtual and Augmented Realities
Authors: Lu Lu , Peng Fenglin , Wang Mengfei , McEldowney Scott , Silverstein Barry
Published: May 2019

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) smart glasses require breakthroughs in displays and optics. In the liquid crystal field, recent progress shows promising results for solving key optical challenges in AR/VR near to eye displays, such as vergence‐accommodation conflict, high resolution foveated display, occlusion, and compact optical combiners. Combining liquid crystal technology with conventional optical tools could enable truly comfortable AR/VR head mounted displays that meet size, weight, and efficiency specs.
59‐4: Fast‐response polarization volume gratings for AR/VR displays
Authors: Chen Ran , Lee Yun-Han , Zhan Tao , Yin Kun , An Zhongwei , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate an active driving, self‐organized, high‐efficiency (~100%) polarization volume grating (PVG) for augmented reality and virtual reality displays. By using a dual‐frequency liquid crystal host with a chiral dopant, our reflective PVG exhibits a 5.54‐ms turn‐on time and 0.36‐ms turn‐off time.
61‐1: Invited Paper: Enhanced Viewing Experience Considering Chromatic Adaptation
Authors: Wu Jiaying , Zhang Lu , Isikman Serhan , Chen Cheng
Published: May 2019

We describe the advanced chromatic adaptation model and framework employed in Apple's True Tone Displays. Combining the theoretical model and empirical user study results, True Tone Display is able to deliver a more color consistent viewing experience.
63‐4: Invited Paper: New Optical Films for Next Generation AR Head Up Displays (HUDs)
Authors: Derlofske John Van , Pankratz Steve , Johnson Matt , Franey Eileen
Published: May 2019

In an effort to improve safety by reducing driver distraction, vehicle manufacturers are migrating to Head Up Displays (HUDs) that incorporate augmented reality (AR), potentially into two or more visual planes. While much of the basic technology underlying AR HUDs is well known, widespread migration has been limited in large part by degraded image visibility through polarized sunglasses, visual artifacts (e.g. ghosting) caused by layered windshield safety glass, and the high operating temperatures within picture generation units (PGUs). Recent advances have led to new multilayer optical films that improve HUD image visibility, reduce visual artifacts, and decrease the thermal load at the PGU.
64‐3: An intelligent system for vision screening and training
Authors: Li Xiaoke , Li Kunyang , Zhang Hantao , Chen Xuehao , Sun Weitong , Deng Dongyan , Dai Hanhong , Liang Haowen , Zhou Jianying
Published: May 2019

with the development of virtual reality technology, a new system related to vision would have been proposed, which not only enable myope people to screen their vision independently but also makes it possible to improve people's vision. In addition, it will reduce labor and medical consumables in the visual acuity screening.
65‐1: Invited Paper: Narrow Spectrum Deep Red Emitters for OLED Lighting and Display
Authors: Margulies Eric A. , Boudreault Pierre-Luc T. , Adamovich Vadim I. , Alleyne Bert D. , Weaver Michael S. , Brown Julie J.
Published: May 2019

We report narrow lineshape phosphorescent emitters enabling high luminous efficacy deep red emission for automotive lighting applications. As a result of the narrow 43nm FWHM and high efficiency, we achieve 16cd/A LE and 55,000hr LT95 at 1,000nits with a 640nm peak and 625nm dominant wavelength in a bottom emission device.
65‐2: Invited Paper: Enabling Technology for MicroLED Display Based on Quantum Dot Color Converter
Authors: Kang Jin-Ho , Han Jung
Published: May 2019

In this study, red colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were loaded into nanoporous (NP) Gallium Nitride (GaN) with vertical and horizontal nanopores. Strong light scattering effect induced by NP GaN greatly enhanced absorption of blue pumping light by QDs. 74% of light conversion efficiency is achieved.
67‐2: 5.5 inch Full Screen Flexible High‐Resolution OLED Display Fabricated by Ink Jet Printing Method
Authors: Zhao Dejiang , Huang Wei , Dong Liwen , Jin Qian , Tian Yu , Yuan Guangcai , Ryu Jaiil , Wang Lu
Published: May 2019

A 5.5 inch full high definition (FHD, 1920 × 1080) printed flexible OLED display (high resolution up to 402ppi) was fabricated with inkjet printing technology. Special sub‐pixel arrangement of Green‐Green‐Blue (GGRB) was employed to show the potential of inkjet printed top‐emission OLED in mobile display application. The electro‐luminance performance of both bottom‐emission and top‐emission printed OLED was investigated.
68‐1: A Machine Learning Approach to Objective Image Quality Evaluation
Authors: Ribera Javier , Cook Gregory W. , Stolitzka Dale , Xiong Wei
Published: May 2019

Subjective Test Scoring is the gold standard for evaluating visual lossless image compression, but its high cost and long lead time prohibits testing more than a few images. Here, we model the display and human eye and use Machine Learning models of increased complexity, achieving a Pearson correlation of 0.95.
68‐2: Data‐driven Image Enhancement Using Deep Neural Networks for a Display Image Pipeline
Authors: Na Sewhan , Jang Woohyuk , Lim Hyunwook , Lee Jaeyoul , Kang Imsoo
Published: May 2019

A data‐driven image reproduction algorithm on the conventional simple image pipeline with deep neural networks is proposed. The deep neural networks determining the pipeline parameter values are learned by end‐to‐end training of the pipeline. The algorithm is efficient because the network operates in low‐resolution mode and the image operators for the pixel‐wise image full‐resolution transfers are ready in most of display image pipeline hardware. A user study on the challenging images indicates that the model performs well on complicated content‐dependent image enhancement transformation: the image appearance is preferred to several other methods.
68‐4: Speedy and Quantitative Evaluation of Luminance Non‐Uniformity Based on Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Tsutsukawa Kazuki , Tabata Nobunari , Bamba Yusuke
Published: May 2019

We developed a method for automated evaluation of display luminance non‐uniformity using an auto‐encoder. Usually, a reconstruction loss of auto‐encoder is used for abnormality detection. In our method, we used reconstruction loss as the main indicator and cosine similarity as a secondary indicator. Our method succeeded in the non‐uniformity evaluation.
69‐1: Etch Properties of Silicon Nitride Films Using a New In‐Line Equipment with Atmospheric Glow Plasma for the OLED Flexible Display
Authors: Park Jang-Sick , Heo Yoon-Suk , Kang Bang-Kwon , You Byoung-Gon , SeongWook Yoo
Published: May 2019

DBD non‐thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NAPP) is suitable for the OLED display manufacturing process using flexible substrate because it is low‐temperature atmospheric pressure process, low cost process and does not need a vacuum system. High dynamic etch rate of 220À·cm/s in Si3N4 thin films was obtained in flow rate ratio (O2/CF4) of 0.13, rf 480W, the speed of 10mm/s in a 200mm new inline NAPP system. About 5% increase of dynamic etch rate by N2 gas injection was conformed. Etch profile of Si3N4 film with patterned PR shows perfectly isotropic without undercut because the species such as CF3, COF2, F and O have low energy and chemical reaction.
70‐2: Invited Paper: Developments in Electroactive Lens Technology for Vision Correction
Authors: Milton Harry E , Van Heugten Anthony
Published: May 2019

Liquid crystal lenses are of great interest for a variety of applications, from augmented reality, to electronic contact lenses and intraocular lenses, to correcting visual deteriorations of astronauts. eVision Smart Optics is currently developing a next generation of contact lenses, IOLs and spectacle lenses for vision correction, which promise to significantly improve the treatment of presbyopia, the age‐related deterioration of the eye. This includes a contact lens device which switches focus in less than 100 milliseconds and can provide 3 Diopters or more of optical power, and a large area 30 mm diameter liquid crystal lens for spectacle lens implementation, each with unique challenges and design considerations.