bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Long-Chained Auxin Conjugates Influenced Auxin Metabolism and Transcriptome Response in Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis
Authors: Smolko Ana , Repar Jelena , Matković Marija , Pavlović Iva , Pěnčík Aleš , Novák Ondřej , Ludwig-Müller Jutta , Salopek-Sondi Branka
Published: December 2023

Auxin amino acid conjugates are considered to be storage forms of auxins. Previous research has shown that indole-3-acetyl-L-alanine (IAA-Ala), indole-3-propionyl-L-alanine (IPA-Ala) and indole-3-butyryl-L-alanine (IBA-Ala) affect the root growth of Brassica rapa seedlings. To elucidate the potential mechanism of action of the conjugates, we treated B. rapa seedlings with 0.01 mM IAA-, IPA- and IBA-Ala and investigated their effects on the auxin metabolome and transcriptome. IBA-Ala and IPA-Ala caused a significant inhibition of root growth and a decrease in free IAA compared to the control and IAA-Ala treatments. The identification of free auxins IBA and IPA after feeding experiments with IBA-Ala and IPA-Ala, respectively, confirms their hydrolysis in vivo and indicates active auxins responsible for a stronger inhibition of root growth. IBA-Ala caused the induction of most DEGs (807) compared to IPA-Ala (417) and IAA-Ala (371). All treatments caused similar trends in transcription profile changes when compared to control treatments. The majority of auxin-related DEGs were found after IBA-Ala treatment, followed by IPA-Ala and IAA-Ala, which is consistent with the apparent root morphology. In addition to most YUC genes, which showed a tendency to be downregulated, transcripts of auxin-related DEGs that were identified (UGT74E2, GH3.2, SAUR, IAA2, etc.) were more highly expressed after all treatments. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hydrolysis of conjugates and the release of free auxins are responsible for the effects of conjugate treatments. In conclusion, free auxins released by the hydrolysis of all auxin conjugates applied affect gene regulation, auxin homeostasis and ultimately root growth inhibition.
Analysis of Critical Current Dependence on Specimen Length and Crack Size Distribution in Cracked Superconductor
Authors: Ochiai Shojiro , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: December 2023

In order to describe the dependence of critical current on specimen length and crack size distribution in the superconducting tape with cracks of different sizes, a Monte Carlo simulation and a model analysis were carried out, employing the model specimens of various lengths constituted of multiple short sections with a crack per each. The model analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of the two factors on the critical current of a specimen. Factor 1 is the size of the largest crack in a specimen, and Factor 2 is the difference in crack size among all sections at the critical voltage of critical current. Factors 1 and 2 were monitored by the smallest ligament parameter among all sections constituting the specimen and by the number of sections equivalent to the section containing the largest crack at the critical voltage of the critical current of the specimen, respectively. The research using the monitoring method revealed quantitatively that the critical current-reducing effect with increasing specimen length is caused by the increase in the size of the largest crack (Factor 1), and also, the critical current-raising effect is caused by the increase in the difference of crack size (Factor 2). As the effect of Factor 1 is larger than that of Factor 2, the critical current decreases with increasing specimen length. With the present approach, the critical current reducing and raising effects under various crack size distributions were evaluated quantitatively as a function of specimen length, and the specimen length-dependence of critical current obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation was described well.
Effect of Sulfide and Chloride Ions on Pitting Corrosion of Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Groundwater Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Yoo Jin-Seok , Chung Nguyen Thuy , Lee Yun-Ho , Kim Yong-Won , Kim Jung-Gu
Published: December 2023

This study investigates the corrosion resistance of Type 316 stainless steel as a candidate material for radioactive waste disposal canisters. The viability of stainless steel is examined under groundwater conditions with variations in pH, bisulfide ions (HS−), and chloride ions (Cl−) concentrations. Utilizing response surface methodology, correlations between corrosion factors and two crucial response variables, passive film breakdown potential and protection potential, are established. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests and advanced analytical techniques provide detailed insights into the material’s behavior. This research goes beyond, deriving an equation through response surface methodology that elucidates the relationship between the factors and breakdown potential. HS− weakens the passive film and reduces the pitting corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. However, this study highlights the inhibitory effect of HS− on pitting corrosion when Cl− concentrations are below 0.001 M and at equivalent concentrations of HS−. Under these conditions, immediate re-passivation occurs from the destroyed passive film to metal sulfides such as FeS2, MoS2, and MoS3. As a result, no hysteresis loop occurs in the cyclic polarization curve in these conditions. This research contributes to the understanding of Type 316 stainless-steel corrosion behavior, offering implications for the disposal of radioactive waste in geological repositories.
Dynamic Shear Texture Evolution during the Symmetric and Differential Speed Rolling of Al-Si-Mg Alloys Fabricated by Twin Roll Casting
Authors: Cho Jae-Hyung , Lee Geon-Young , Lee Seong-Ho
Published: December 2023

The effects of a reduction in area (RA) and the speed ratio between the top and bottom rolls on a shear strain and the crystallographic texture evolution of Al-Si-Mg (1.0%Si-0.6%Mg) aluminum alloys fabricated by twin roll casting (TRC) were comprehensively examined experimentally and through numerical predictions. Initial twin-roll casted strips had a texture gradient from the surface to the center. ⟨111⟩//ND textures were found in the surface layer, and weak rolling textures existed in the center of the strip. The distributions of shear and plane strain compression (PSC) textures varied with the RA and differential speed ratio. Strong shear textures including a rotated cube, {100}⟨011⟩, were obtained from both the symmetric and differential speed rolling processes. Symmetric rolling with a different reduction in area (SRDRA) produced shear textures mainly in the surface layer. Differential speed rolling (DSR) caused dynamic shear textures along the thickness direction, not limited to the surface. Based on the finite element method and crystal plasticity, the effects of different RA values, differential speed ratios, and friction coefficients on shear strain and texture evolution are discussed in detail. Loads measured from work rolls during DSR decreased with an increase in the speed ratio.
New Rare Triterpene Glycosides from Pacific Sun Star, Solaster pacificus, and Their Anticancer Activity
Authors: Malyarenko Timofey V. , Kicha Alla A. , Kuzmich Alexandra S. , Malyarenko Olesya S. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Popov Roman S. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Ivanchina Natalia V. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: December 2023

Six previously unknown triterpene glycosides, pacificusosides L–Q (1–6), and two previously known triterpene glycosides, cucumariosides B1 (7) and A5 (8), were isolated from an alcoholic extract of Pacific sun star, Solaster pacificus. The structures of 1–6 were determined using 1D and 2D NMR, ESIMS, and chemical modifications. Compound 1 is a rare type of triterpene glycoside with non-holostane aglycon, having a linear trisaccharide carbohydrate chain. Pacificusosides M–P (2–5) have new structures containing a Δ8(9)-3,16,18-trihydroxy tetracyclic triterpene moiety. This tetracyclic fragment in sea star or sea cucumber triterpene glycosides was described for the first time. All the compounds under study exhibit low or moderate cytotoxic activity against colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were assessed by MTS assay. Compound 2 effectively suppresses the colony formation of cancer cells at a non-toxic concentration, using the soft-agar assay. A scratch assay has shown a significant anti-invasive potential of compound 2 against HCT 116 cells, but not against MDA-MB-231 cells.
Pepsin Hydrolysate from Surimi Industry-Related Olive Flounder Head Byproducts Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and In Vivo Zebrafish Model
Authors: Jayawardhana H. H. A. C. K. , Liyanage N. M. , Nagahawatta D. P. , Lee Hyo-Geun , Jeon You-Jin , Kang Sang In
Published: December 2023

Fish head byproducts derived from surimi processing contribute about 15% of the total body weight, which are beneficial to health because they contain essential nutrients. In this study, olive flounder (OF) was the target species in order to maximize the byproduct utilization. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, the seven hydrolysates from OF head byproducts were examined for their inhibitory potential against inflammation and the oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The pepsin hydrolysate (OFH–PH) demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity via the down-regulation of NO production, with an IC50 value of 299.82 ± 4.18 µg/mL. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 to confirm these findings. Additionally, iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions were confirmed using western blotting. Furthermore, the results from the in vivo zebrafish model demonstrated that OFH–PH decreased the LPS-elevated heart rate, NO production, cell death, and intracellular ROS level, while increasing the survival percentage. Hence, the obtained results of this study serve as a platform for future research and provide insight into the mediation of inflammatory disorders. These results suggest that OFH–PH has the potential to be utilized as a nutraceutical and functional food ingredient.
IgA Nephropathy: Beyond the Half-Century
Authors: Shimizu Yoshio , Tomino Yasuhiko , Suzuki Yusuke
Published: December 2023

In 1968, Jean Berger first introduced the medical world to IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Fifty-five years later, its pathogenesis is still unclear, but treatments such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAAS-Is), tonsillectomies, and glucocorticoids are currently used worldwide. There have been great strides in the past 20 years since the discoveries of the specific dysregulation of mucosal immunity, galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), and Gd-IgA1 immune complexes in patients with IgAN. According to these findings, a multi-hit hypothesis was developed, and this multi-hit hypothesis has provided several putative therapeutic targets. A number of novel agents, including molecularly targeted drugs for targets such as APRIL, plasma cells, complement systems, and endothelin, are undergoing clinical trials. Some candidate drugs have been found to be effective, with minimal side effects. Over half a century after the discovery of IgAN, these therapies will soon be available for clinical use.
How to Measure Glycemic Variability? A Literature Review
Authors: Lazar Sandra , Ionita Ioana , Reurean-Pintilei Delia , Timar Bogdan
Published: December 2023

Optimal glycemic control without the presence of diabetes-related complications is the primary goal for adequate diabetes management. Recent studies have shown that hemoglobin A1c level cannot fully evaluate diabetes management as glycemic fluctuations are demonstrated to have a major impact on the occurrence of diabetes-related micro- and macroangiopathic comorbidities. The use of continuous glycemic monitoring systems allowed the quantification of glycemic fluctuations, providing valuable information about the patients’ glycemic control through various indicators that evaluate the magnitude of glycemic fluctuations in different time intervals. This review highlights the significance of glycemic variability by describing and providing a better understanding of common and alternative indicators available for use in clinical practice.
Exploring Surgical Strategies for Uterine Fibroid Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Literature on Open and Minimally Invasive Approaches
Authors: Cianci Stefano , Gulino Ferdinando Antonio , Palmara Vittorio , La Verde Marco , Ronsini Carlo , Romeo Paola , Occhipinti Sara , Incognito Giosuè Giordano , Capozzi Vito Andrea , Restaino Stefano , Vizzielli Giuseppe , Palumbo Marco
Published: December 2023

Background and Objectives: Uterine myomas represent one of the most prevalent pathologies affecting the female population. These benign neoplasms originate from the smooth muscular cells of the uterus, and they can be either single or multiple. Often associated with debilitating symptoms such as pelvic heaviness, pain, constipation, and urinary dysfunctions, the surgical management of myomectomy exhibits considerable variability. This diversity in approaches is influenced by factors such as the number and size of myomas, the patient’s age, and overall clinical conditions. This study aims to elucidate and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different surgical approaches, specifically endoscopic procedures versus open surgery, providing valuable insights for clinical decision making. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive bibliographic search spanning from 2013 to 2023 was systematically conducted across databases including Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The search utilized keywords such as “myomectomy laparoscopic and open”, “myomectomy open and minimally invasive”, “myomectomy open and laparoscopic”, and “myomectomy open vs. laparoscopic.” The research methodology, along with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, was established prior to the search, ensuring a systematic and rigorous approach. Subsequently, data analysis was carried out. Results: Following the study selection process, 25 articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The average numbers of myomas were 3.7 (ranging from 1 to 13.7) and 5.4 (ranging from 1 to 13.5) for the minimally invasive surgery and open surgery groups, respectively. In terms of myoma size, the total averages across studies were 7 cm (ranging from 4.8 to 14) for the minimally invasive group and 8 cm (ranging from 3.9 to 11.2) for the open surgery group. The average pregnancy and delivery rates were 29.7% (ranging from 1.8 to 100) for the minimally invasive group and 28.5% (ranging from 1.8 to 100) for the open surgery group. Regarding complications, the average rate was 14.2% (ranging from 0 to 50) for the endoscopic group and 22.3% (ranging from 0 to 60.3) for the laparotomic group. Conclusions: In conclusion, a critical factor influencing the choice of surgical approach is primarily the size and quantity of fibroids. The mini-laparotomic approach emerges as a viable alternative to endoscopy, demonstrating favorable surgical outcomes and aesthetic results. Interestingly, the type of surgical procedure appears to have no significant impact on the pregnancy rate.
Structural and Material-Based Approaches for the Fabrication of Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Park Hamin , Kim Dong Chan
Published: December 2023

Stretchable displays, capable of freely transforming their shapes, have received significant attention as alternatives to conventional rigid displays, and they are anticipated to provide new opportunities in various human-friendly electronics applications. As a core component of stretchable displays, high-performance stretchable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently emerged. The approaches to fabricate stretchable LEDs are broadly categorized into two groups, namely “structural” and “material-based” approaches, based on the mechanisms to tolerate strain. While structural approaches rely on specially designed geometries to dissipate applied strain, material-based approaches mainly focus on replacing conventional rigid components of LEDs to soft and stretchable materials. Here, we review the latest studies on the fabrication of stretchable LEDs, which is accomplished through these distinctive strategies. First, we introduce representative device designs for efficient strain distribution, encompassing island-bridge structures, wavy buckling, and kirigami-/origami-based structures. For the material-based approaches, we discuss the latest studies for intrinsically stretchable (is-) electronic/optoelectronic materials, including the formation of conductive nanocomposite and polymeric blending with various additives. The review also provides examples of is-LEDs, focusing on their luminous performance and stretchability. We conclude this review with a brief outlook on future technologies.
Beryllium Dimer Reactions with Acetonitrile: Formation of Strong Be−Be Bonds
Authors: Cong Fei , Cai Liyan , Cheng Juanjuan , Pu Zhen , Wang Xuefeng
Published: December 2023

Laser ablated Be atoms have been reacted with acetonitrile molecules in 4 K solid neon matrix. The diberyllium products BeBeNCCH3 and CNBeBeCH3 have been identified by D and 13C isotopic substitutions and quantum chemical calculations. The stabilization of the diberyllium species is rationalized from the formation of the real Be−Be single bonds with bond distances as 2.077 and 2.058 Å and binding energies as −27.1 and −77.2 kcal/mol calculated at CCSD (T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory for BeBeNCCH3 and CNBeBeCH3, respectively. EDA-NOCV analysis described the interaction between Be2 and NC···CH3 fragments as Lewis “acid−base” interactions. In the complexes, the Be2 moiety carries positive charges which transfer from antibonding orbital of Be2 to the bonding fragments significantly strengthen the Be−Be bonds that are corroborated by AIM, LOL and NBO analyses. In addition, mono beryllium products BeNCCH3, CNBeCH3, HBeCH2CN and HBeNCCH2 have also been observed in our experiments.
Structural Studies of Mexican Husk Tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) Fruit Cutin
Authors: Arrieta-Baez Daniel , Quezada Huerta Camila , Rojas-Torres Giovana Simone , Perea-Flores María de Jesús , Mendoza-León Héctor Francisco , Gómez-Patiño Mayra Beatriz
Published: December 2023

Green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) is a specie native to Mexico, and it is known as “tomatillo” or “husk tomato”. The fruit contains vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and steroidal lactones, presenting antimicrobial activity and antinarcotic effects. Therefore, it is not only used in traditional Mexican cuisine, but also in traditional medicine to relieve some discomforts such as fever, cough, and amygdalitis. However, it is a perishable fruit whose shelf life is very short. As a part of the peel, cuticle, and epicuticular waxes represent the most important part in plant protection, and the specific composition and structural characterization are significant to know how this protective biopolymer keeps quality characteristics in fresh fruits. P. ixocarpa cutin was obtained by enzymatic treatments (cellulase, hemicellulose, and pectinase) and different concentrations of TFA, and studied through Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR), Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), and was morphologically characterized by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The main constituents identified under the basis of UHPLC-MS analysis were 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid with 44.7 and 37.5%, respectively. The C16 absence and low occurrence of phenolic compounds, besides the presence of glandular trichomes, which do not allow a continuous layer on the surface of the fruit, could be related to a lower shelf life compared with other common fruits such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
Metabolomics Analysis of Sodium Salicylate Improving the Preservation Quality of Ram Sperm
Authors: Bai Haiyu , Zhang Zhiyu , Shen Wenzheng , Fu Yu , Cao Zhikun , Liu Zibo , Yang Chao , Sun Shixin , Wang Lei , Ling Yinghui , Zhang Zijun , Cao Hongguo
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium salicylate (SS) on the preservation and metabolic regulation of sheep sperm. Under 4 °C low-temperature conditions, SS (at 10 µM, 20 µM, 30 µM, and 50 µM) was added to the semen diluent to detect sperm motility, plasma membrane, and acrosome integrity. Based on the selected optimal concentration of SS (20 µM), the effects of 20 µM of SS on sperms’ antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated, and metabolomics analysis was conducted. The results showed that on the 20th day of low-temperature storage, the sperm motility of the 20 µM SS group was 62.80%, and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.01). The content of Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.01), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05); mitochondrial activity and the total cholesterol (TC) content were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01). An ultrastructural examination showed that in the SS group, the sperm plasma membrane and acrosome were intact, the fibrous sheath and axoneme morphology of the outer dense fibers were normal, and the mitochondria were arranged neatly. In the control group, there was significant swelling of the sperm plasma membrane, rupture of the acrosome, and vacuolization of mitochondria. Using metabolomics analysis, 20 of the most significant differential metabolic markers were screened, mainly involving 6 metabolic pathways, with the amino acid biosynthesis pathway being the most abundant. In summary, 20 µM of SS significantly improved the preservation quality of sheep sperm under low-temperature conditions of 4 °C.
Pharmacological Properties of Shionone: Potential Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemical against Different Diseases
Authors: Jaiswal Varun , Lee Hae-Jeung
Published: December 2023

Shionone is a triterpenoid that is the primary constituent of an important ancient Chinese medicine named Radix Asteris. It has emerged as an attractive candidate against different important diseases, including interstitial cystitis, colitis, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and urinary tract infections, and was found to have a protective effect on multiple organs, including the colon, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bladder. The anti-inflammation activity of shionone may be considered an important property that imparts the positive health outcomes of shionone. Important molecular targets and markers such as TNF-α, STAT3, NLRP3, and NF-κB were also found to be targeted by shionone and were verified in different diseases. This suggests the possible potential of shionone against other diseases associated with these targets. Pharmacokinetic studies also support the therapeutic potential of shionone and provide the initial track that may be pursued for its development. Yet, the compilation of the pharmacological activities of shionone and its important genes and pathway targets are absent in the existing literature, which would direct its development as a therapeutic and/or supplement. Hence, the present review provides a compilation of information concerning pharmacological activities, highlights the existing holes, and proposes a specific direction for the expansion of shionone as a therapeutic against different diseases and conditions.
Unique Bioactives from Zombie Fungus (Cordyceps) as Promising Multitargeted Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Sharma Himadri , Sharma Niti , An Seong Soo A.
Published: December 2023

Cordyceps, also known as “zombie fungus”, is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the victim behave like a “zombie”. These species produce promising bioactive metabolites, like adenosine, β-glucans, cordycepin, and ergosterol. Cordyceps has been used in traditional medicine due to its immense health benefits, as it boosts stamina, appetite, immunity, longevity, libido, memory, and sleep. Neuronal loss is the typical feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) (Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) and neurotrauma. Both these conditions share common pathophysiological features, like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Cordyceps bioactives (adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol, active peptides, and polysaccharides) exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities and display beneficial effects in the management and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. Although a considerable list of compounds is available from Cordyceps, only a few have been evaluated for their neuroprotective potential and still lack information for clinical trials. In this review, the neuroprotective mechanisms and safety profile of Cordyceps extracts/bioactives have been discussed, which might be helpful in the identification of novel potential therapeutic entities in the future.
Maternal Weight Intervention in the Perinatal Period Improves Liver Health in the Offspring of Mothers with Obesity
Authors: Purcell Amanda R. , Rodrigo Natassia , Cao Qinghua , Joseph Olivia , Gill Anthony J. , Saad Sonia , Pollock Carol A. , Glastras Sarah J.
Published: December 2023

Early-life exposure to maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to determine if peripartum weight loss, either through dietary intervention or pharmacological intervention, improved adverse liver health outcomes in the offspring of mothers with obesity. C57Bl/6 dams were fed a chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. HFD-fed mice either continued HFD, transitioned to a chow diet, or were administered liraglutide for 4 weeks. Pregnancy was induced following a one-week washout of liraglutide during which all animals remained on their respective diets. A proportion of HFD-fed mice transitioned to a chow diet during pregnancy. All offspring were weaned to the HFD. Offspring anthropometric, metabolic, and hepatic outcomes were assessed at postnatal week 12. The offspring of mothers with obesity had phenotypic changes consistent with MAFLD. The offspring of mothers that had weight loss with perinatal dietary intervention had reduced insulin resistance (p < 0.001) and hepatic expression of markers of inflammation (p < 0.001), oxidative stress (p < 0.05), and fibrosis (p < 0.05). A similar phenotype was observed in the offspring of mothers with pre-pregnancy weight loss via liraglutide despite ongoing consumption of the HFD during pregnancy. All methods and timing of maternal weight intervention were effective at ameliorating adverse liver effects in the offspring.
Osteoarthritis in the Elderly Population: Preclinical Evidence of Nutrigenomic Activities of Flavonoids
Authors: Naselli Flores , Bellavia Daniele , Costa Viviana , De Luca Angela , Raimondi Lavinia , Giavaresi Gianluca , Caradonna Fabio
Published: December 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is age-related and progressive. It causes the destruction of articular cartilage and underlying bone, often aggravated by inflammatory processes and oxidative stresses. This pathology impairs the quality of life of the elderly, causing pain, reduced mobility, and functional disabilities, especially in obese patients. Phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities may be used for long-term treatment of OA, either in combination with current anti-inflammatories and painkillers, or as an alternative to other products such as glucosamine and chondroitin, which improve cartilage structure and elasticity. The current systematic review provides a comprehensive understanding of the use of flavonoids. It highlights chondrocyte, cartilage, and subchondral bone activities, with a particular focus on their nutrigenomic effects. The molecular mechanisms of these molecules demonstrate how they can be used for the prevention and treatment of OA in the elderly population. However, clinical trials are still needed for effective use in clinical practice.
A Ru(II)-Strained Complex with 2,9-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Ligand Induces Selective Photoactivatable Chemotherapeutic Activity on Human Alveolar Carcinoma Cells via Apoptosis
Authors: Mansour Najwa , Mehanna Stephanie , Bodman-Smith Kikki , Daher Costantine F. , Khnayzer Rony S.
Published: December 2023

[Ru(bipy)2(dpphen)]Cl2 (where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine and dpphen = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (complex 1) is a sterically strained compound that exhibits promising in vitro photocytotoxicity on an array of cell lines. Since lung adenocarcinoma cancer remains the most common lung cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths, the current study aims to evaluate the plausible effect and uptake of complex 1 on human alveolar carcinoma cells (A549) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and assess its cytotoxicity in vitro while considering its effect on cell morphology, membrane integrity and DNA damage. MSC and A549 cells showed similar rates of complex 1 uptake with a plateau at 12 h. Upon photoactivation, complex 1 exhibited selective, potent anticancer activity against A549 cells with phototoxicity index (PI) values of 16, 25 and 39 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in A549-cell rounding and detachment, loss of membrane integrity and DNA damage. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that A549 cells undergo apoptosis when treated with complex 1 followed by photoactivation. In conclusion, this present study suggests that complex 1 might be a promising candidate for photochemotherapy with photoproducts that possess selective anticancer effects in vitro. These results are encouraging to probe the potential activity of this complex in vivo.
The Use of Population Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate Food Effects from Human Adults and Beagle Dogs to the Pediatric Population Illustrated with Paracetamol as a Test Case
Authors: Gasthuys Elke , Sandra Louis , Statelova Marina , Vertzoni Maria , Vermeulen An
Published: December 2023

To date, food–drug interactions in the pediatric population remain understudied. The current food effect studies are mostly performed in adults and do not mimic the real-life situation in the pediatric population. Since the potential benefits of food effect studies performed in pediatrics should be counterbalanced with the burden that these studies pose to the patients, alternative research strategies should be evaluated. The present study aimed to evaluate whether population pharmacokinetics (popPK) using data in beagle dogs and human adults could reliably assess food effects relevant for the pediatric population. PopPK was utilized to understand the performance of paracetamol under different dosing conditions (when the participants were fasted, with a reference meal, and with infant formula) in human adults (n = 8) and beagle dogs (n = 6) by constructing models to derive the pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate the food effects in both species. A two-compartment model with a single input function for the absorption phase best described the profiles of paracetamol in the beagle dogs. In the human adults, a one-compartment model with a dual input function for the absorption phase best described the data. The simulated profiles for the different dosing conditions demonstrated that both the human adults’ and beagle dogs’ simulations were able to acceptably describe the plasma concentration–time profiles of paracetamol observed in a representative pediatric population, which opens up perspectives on pediatric-relevant food effect predictions. However, the obtained results should be carefully interpreted, since an accurate validation of these findings was not possible due to the scarcity of the literature on observed pediatric data.
The Tandem of Liquid Chromatography and Network Pharmacology for the Chemical Profiling of Pule’an Tablets and the Prediction of Mechanism of Action in Treating Prostatitis
Authors: Zhuge Hui , Ge Zhiwei , Wang Jiaojiao , Yao Jianbiao , He Jiayu , Wang Yi , Wang Yingchao , Tang Yu
Published: December 2023

Prostatitis, a prevalent urinary tract disorder in males, has a complex etiology that leads to severe clinical discomfort. Pule’an Tablets, a classic single-component formulation primarily based on rapeseed pollen, have been clinically proven to have a beneficial therapeutic effect on both prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, there is currently a lack of research on the chemical composition and mechanisms of action of Pule’an Tablets in treating prostatitis. In this study, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a total of 53 compounds in Pule’an Tablets were identified, including flavonoids, phenylpropionamides, lipids, glucosinolates, and nucleic acids. Subsequently, through a network pharmacology analysis, potential target genes and their mechanisms of action were predicted accordingly. The results suggested that genes such as LPAR5, LPAR6, LPAR4, LPAR3, LPAR2, LPAR1, F2, ENPP2, MMP9, and TNF, along with pathways like prostate cancer, endocrine resistance, bladder cancer, and the IL-17 signaling pathway, may represent potential pathways involved in the therapeutic effects of Pule’an Tablets. This study represents the first systematic investigation into the chemical composition of Pule’an Tablets, shedding light on the potential mechanisms underlying their efficacy in treating prostatitis. These findings could serve as a valuable reference for future pharmacological research on Pule’an Tablets.
Effect of Phase-Change Nanodroplets and Ultrasound on Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability In Vitro
Authors: Vlatakis Stavros , Zhang Weiqi , Thomas Sarah , Cressey Paul , Moldovan Alexandru Corneliu , Metzger Hilde , Prentice Paul , Cochran Sandy , Thanou Maya
Published: December 2023

Phase-change nanodroplets (PCND;NDs) are emulsions with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) core that undergo acoustic vaporisation as a response to ultrasound (US). Nanodroplets change to microbubbles and cavitate while under the effect of US. This cavitation can apply forces on cell connections in biological barrier membranes, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and trigger a transient and reversible increased permeability to molecules and matter. This study aims to present the preparation of lipid-based NDs and investigate their effects on the brain endothelial cell barrier in vitro. The NDs were prepared using the thin-film hydration method, followed by the PFC addition. They were characterised for size, cavitation (using a high-speed camera), and PFC encapsulation (using FTIR). The bEnd.3 (mouse brain endothelial) cells were seeded onto transwell inserts. Fluorescein with NDs and/or microbubbles were applied on the bEND3 cells and the effect of US on fluorescein permeability was measured. The Live/Dead assay was used to assess the BBB integrity after the treatments. Size and PFC content analysis indicated that the NDs were stable while stored. High-speed camera imaging confirmed that the NDs cavitate after US exposure of 0.12 MPa. The BBB cell model experiments revealed a 4-fold increase in cell membrane permeation after the combined application of US and NDs. The Live/Dead assay results indicated damage to the BBB membrane integrity, but this damage was less when compared to the one caused by microbubbles. This in vitro study shows that nanodroplets have the potential to cause BBB opening in a similar manner to microbubbles. Both cavitation agents caused damage on the endothelial cells. It appears that NDs cause less cell damage compared to microbubbles.
Nanoencapsulation of Organic Phase Change Materials in Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Adam-Cervera Inés , Huerta-Recasens Jose , Gómez Clara M. , Culebras Mario , Muñoz-Espí Rafael
Published: December 2023

This work focuses on the encapsulation of two organic phase change materials (PCMs), hexadecane and octadecane, through the formation of nanocapsules of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) obtained by oxidative polymerization in miniemulsion. The energy storage capacity of nanoparticles is studied by preparing polymer films on supporting substrates. The results indicate that the prepared systems can store and later release thermal energy in the form of latent heat efficiently, which is of vital importance to increase the efficiency of future thermoelectric devices.
Mental Health Biobanks—A Systematic Review on the Prevalence, Creation, and Implementation of Mental Health Biobanks Globally
Authors: Govind Nitika S. , Gillespie Kerri M. , Branjerdporn Grace
Published: December 2023

Biobanks are collections of human biological materials (biospecimens) alongside personal health information that are stored for scientific research. There is a wide range of evidence to show that biomarkers can be linked to psychiatric illnesses. Identification of such biomarkers facilitates clinical diagnosis, early intervention, and compressive treatment. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the methodology of global biobanks focusing on mental illnesses. Six databases were systematically searched. A total of 1363 abstracts were screened, and 21 full texts were assessed for eligibility. The quality of the literature was appraised. Of the six papers included, there were few mental health-specific biobanks globally, with the majority being in European and American countries. Most research was conducted examining depression with scant research on self-harm, personality disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Blood was the most common biological sample collected, and less common samples were hair and saliva. Mental health-specific biobanks support the understanding of biological etiologies of psychiatric diseases. There are gaps in research on certain mental illnesses such as personality disorders and PTSD. More research is required in lower–middle income countries. Despite scientific progress to identify biochemical markers of mental disorders, further research is needed to aid diagnosis and management within this discipline.
Spatial Estimation of Daily Growth Biomass in Paddy Rice Field Using Canopy Photosynthesis Model Based on Ground and UAV Observations
Authors: Yamashita Megumi , Kaieda Tomoya , Toyoda Hiro , Yamaguchi Tomoaki , Katsura Keisuke
Published: December 2023

Precision farming, a labor-saving and highly productive form of management, is gaining popularity as the number of farmers declines in comparison to the increasing global food demand. However, it requires more efficient crop phenology observation and growth monitoring. One measure is the leaf area index (LAI), which is essential for estimating biomass and yield, but its validation requires destructive field measurements. Thus, using ground and UAV observation data, this study developed a method for indirect LAI estimation based on relative light intensity under a rice canopy. Daily relative light intensity was observed under the canopy at several points in paddy fields, and a weekly plant survey was conducted to measure the plant length, above-ground biomass, and LAI. Furthermore, images from ground-based and UAV-based cameras were acquired to generate NDVI and the canopy height (CH), respectively. Using the canopy photosynthetic model derived from the Beer–Lambert law, the daily biomass was estimated by applying the weekly estimated LAI using CH and the observed light intensity data as input. The results demonstrate the possibility of quantitatively estimating the daily growth biomass of rice plants, including spatial variation. The near-real-time estimation method for rice biomass by integrating observation data at fields with numerical models can be applied to the management of major crops.
Impacts of Marine Heatwave Events on Three Distinct Upwelling Systems and Their Implications for Marine Ecosystems in the Northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Liu Sihai , Lao Qibin , Zhou Xin , Jin Guangzhe , Chen Chunqing , Chen Fajin
Published: December 2023

Under global warming, the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves are increasing. However, the inhibition of atmospheric-forcing marine heatwaves (AMHW) on upwelling and their impacts on marine ecosystems remain poorly understood. To address this issue, the satellite sea surface temperature and reanalysis data during 1998–2021 were analyzed in three distinct upwelling systems, in the northwestern South China Sea. The results showed that the coastal tide-induced upwelling in the west (W) of Hainan Island is primarily suppressed by enhanced stratification during the AMHW events, since the coastal tide-induced upwelling is insensitive to wind weakening. Contrarily, the wind-driven upwelling in the east (E) and northeast (NE) of Hainan Island are jointly regulated by wind and stratification during the AMHW. Specifically, the AMHW events have a stronger inhibitory effect on the upwelling and phytoplankton growth in the NE than that in the E. The causes could be the following: (1) the background upwelling in the NE region is stronger than in the E; thus, the NE region has a higher susceptibility to the wind weakening; (2) the wind-driven upwelling begins to be suppressed by AMHW when the high-pressure system is aligned with the coastline of the upwelling. In the NE region, the location of the high-pressure center during the occurrence of AMHW is positioned in closer proximity to the upwelling area. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of wind weakening and stratification enhancing on upwelling changes with the development of the AMHW. Before and during the mature phase of AMHW, stratification and wind jointly inhibit upwelling and phytoplankton growth, while a shift to stratification-dominated (>85%) occurs during the decline phase. This study suggests that MHW has a great impact on the upwelling ecosystem, especially the wind-driven upwelling, which should be given high attention under global warming (with increasing MHW events in the future).
Low-Cost Electronic Nose for the Determination of Urinary Infections
Authors: de la Rica-Martinez Alba , Martínez-Muñoz Gemma , Sanjuan Marta Amoros , Conesa-Celdrán Agustín , Garcia-Moreno Lucía , Estan-Cerezo Gabriel , Oates Martin J. , Gonzalo-Jimenez Nieves , Ruiz-Canales Antonio
Published: December 2023

Currently, urine samples for bacterial or fungal infections require a long diagnostic period (48 h). In the present work, a point-of-care device known as an electronic nose (eNose) has been designed based on the “smell print” of infections, since each one emits various volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can be registered by the electronic systems of the device and recognized in a very short time. Urine samples were analyzed in parallel using urine culture and eNose technology. A total of 203 urine samples were analyzed, of which 106 were infected and 97 were not infected. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using these data. The algorithm was initially capable of correctly classifying 49% of the total samples. By using SVM-based models, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the classification up to 74% when randomly using 85% of the data for training and 15% for validation. The model is evaluated as having a correct classification rate of 74%. In conclusion, the diagnostic accuracy of the eNose in urine samples is high, promising and amenable for further improvement, and the eNose has the potential to become a feasible, reproducible, low-cost and high-precision device to be applied in clinical practice for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections.
A New Framework for Smart Doors Using mmWave Radar and Camera-Based Face Detection and Recognition Techniques
Authors: Akbari Younes , Al-Binali Abdulaziz , Al-Mohannadi Ali , Al-Hemaidi Nawaf , Elharrouss Omar , Al-Maadeed Somaya
Published: December 2023

By integrating IoT technology, smart door locks can provide greater convenience, security, and remote access. This paper presents a novel framework for smart doors that combines face detection and recognition techniques based on mmWave radar and camera sensors. The proposed framework aims to improve the accuracy and some security aspects arising from some limitations of the camera, such as overlapping and lighting conditions. By integrating mmWave radar and camera-based face detection and recognition algorithms, the system can accurately detect and identify people approaching the door, providing seamless and secure access. This framework includes four key components: person detection based on mmWave radar, camera preparation and integration, person identification, and door lock control. The experiments show that the framework can be useful for a smart home.
RT-CLAD: Artificial Intelligence-Based Real-Time Chironomid Larva Detection in Drinking Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Jang Goeun , Yeo Wooseong , Park Meeyoung , Park Yong-Gyun
Published: December 2023

The presence of chironomid larvae in tap water has sparked public concern regarding the water supply system in South Korea. Despite ongoing efforts to establish a safe water supply system, entirely preventing larval occurrences remains a significant challenge. Therefore, we developed a real-time chironomid larva detection system (RT-CLAD) based on deep learning technology, which was implemented in drinking water treatment plants. The acquisition of larval images was facilitated by a multi-spectral camera with a wide spectral range, enabling the capture of unique wavelet bands associated with larvae. Three state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms, namely the convolutional neural network (CNN), you only look once (YOLO), and residual neural network (ResNet), renowned for their exceptional performance in object detection tasks, were employed. Following a comparative analysis of these algorithms, the most accurate and rapid model was selected for RT-CLAD. To achieve the efficient and accurate detection of larvae, the original images were transformed into a specific wavelet format, followed by preprocessing to minimize data size. Consequently, the CNN, YOLO, and ResNet algorithms successfully detected larvae with 100% accuracy. In comparison to YOLO and ResNet, the CNN algorithm demonstrated greater efficiency because of its faster processing and simpler architecture. We anticipate that our RT-CLAD will address larva detection challenges in water treatment plants, thereby enhancing water supply security.
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Indoor Low-Computation Navigation Method Based on Vision and Deep Learning
Authors: Hsieh Tzu-Ling , Jhan Zih-Syuan , Yeh Nai-Jui , Chen Chang-Yu , Chuang Cheng-Ta
Published: December 2023

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have found extensive indoor applications. In numerous indoor UAV scenarios, navigation paths remain consistent. While many indoor positioning methods offer excellent precision, they often demand significant costs and computational resources. Furthermore, such high functionality can be superfluous for these applications. To address this issue, we present a cost-effective, computationally efficient solution for path following and obstacle avoidance. The UAV employs a down-looking camera for path following and a front-looking camera for obstacle avoidance. This paper refines the carrot casing algorithm for line tracking and introduces our novel line-fitting path-following algorithm (LFPF). Both algorithms competently manage indoor path-following tasks within a constrained field of view. However, the LFPF is superior at adapting to light variations and maintaining a consistent flight speed, maintaining its error margin within ±40 cm in real flight scenarios. For obstacle avoidance, we utilize depth images and YOLOv4-tiny to detect obstacles, subsequently implementing suitable avoidance strategies based on the type and proximity of these obstacles. Real-world tests indicated minimal computational demands, enabling the Nvidia Jetson Nano, an entry-level computing platform, to operate at 23 FPS.