bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Intratumor Heterogeneity and Breast Tumor Progression
Authors: Li Yao , Van Alsten Sarah C. , Lee Dong Neuck , Kim Taebin , Calhoun Benjamin C. , Perou Charles M. , Wobker Sara E. , Marron J. S. , Hoadley Katherine A. , Troester Melissa A.
Published: June 2024

High intratumoral heterogeneity is thought to be a poor prognostic indicator. However, the source of heterogeneity may also be important, as genomic heterogeneity is not always reflected in histologic or ‘visual’ heterogeneity. We aimed to develop a predictor of histologic heterogeneity and evaluate its association with outcomes and molecular heterogeneity. We used VGG16 to train an image classifier to identify unique, patient-specific visual features in 1655 breast tumors (5907 core images) from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS). Extracted features for images, as well as the epithelial and stromal image components, were hierarchically clustered, and visual heterogeneity was defined as a greater distance between images from the same patient. We assessed the association between visual heterogeneity, clinical features, and DNA-based molecular heterogeneity using generalized linear models, and we used Cox models to estimate the association between visual heterogeneity and tumor recurrence. Basal-like and ER-negative tumors were more likely to have low visual heterogeneity, as were the tumors from younger and Black women. Less heterogeneous tumors had a higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval = 1.22–2.16), and were more likely to come from patients whose tumors were comprised of only one subclone or had a TP53 mutation. Associations were similar regardless of whether the image was based on stroma, epithelium, or both. Histologic heterogeneity adds complementary information to commonly used molecular indicators, with low heterogeneity predicting worse outcomes. Future work integrating multiple sources of heterogeneity may provide a more comprehensive understanding of tumor progression.
Conservatively Perturbed Equilibrium (CPE)—Phenomenon as a Tool for Intensifying the Catalytic Process: The Case of Methane Reforming Processes
Authors: Vilboi Mykhailo O. , Trishch Vitaliy R. , Yablonsky Gregory S.
Published: June 2024

The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed equilibrium (CPE) was applied to the processes of methane reforming (dry and steam reforming) and analyzed using kinetic computer simulations. This phenomenon was studied for two products, CO and H2, at different temperatures. “Unperturbed” species with inlet concentrations equal to the outlet equilibrium concentration experienced unavoidable passing through the temporary extremum (the CPE point), in this case, the maximum. Application of the CPE phenomenon to the complex catalytic methane reforming processes demonstrate two improvements: 1. Achieving the over-equilibrium product concentration. 2. This concentration is achieved at the reactor length that is much shorter than the length corresponding to the vicinity of the complete equilibrium.
Theme Issue in Memory to Professor Jiro Tsuji (1927–2022)
Authors: Kowalska Ewa , Zheng Shuaizhi
Published: June 2024

The importance of catalysis is obvious and unquestionable, especially bearing in mind that about 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some step of their manufacture [...]
Analysis of Virus-Specific B Cell Epitopes Reveals Extensive Antigen Degradation Prior to Recognition
Authors: Ras-Carmona Alvaro , Reche Pedro A.
Published: June 2024

B cell epitopes must be visible for recognition by cognate B cells and/or antibodies. Here, we studied that premise for known linear B cell epitopes that were collected from the Immune Epitope Database as being recognized by humans during microbial infections. We found that the majority of such known B cell epitopes are virus-specific linear B cell epitopes (87.96%), and most are located in antigens that remain enclosed in host cells and/or virus particles, preventing antibody recognition (18,832 out of 29,225 epitopes). Moreover, we estimated that only a minority (32.72%) of the virus-specific linear B cell epitopes that are found in exposed viral regions (e.g., the ectodomains of envelope proteins) are solvent accessible on intact antigens. Hence, we conclude that ample degradation/processing of viral particles and/or infected cells must occur prior to B cell recognition, thus shaping the B cell epitope repertoire.
Trisomy 21 with Maternally Inherited Balanced Translocation (15q;22q) in a Female Fetus: A Rare Case of Probable Interchromosomal Effect
Authors: De Falco Alessandro , Gambale Antonella , Pinelli Michele , Suero Teresa , De Falco Luigia , Iolascon Achille , Martone Stefania
Published: June 2024

Chromosomal rearrangements can interfere with the disjunction and segregation of other chromosome pairs not involved in the rearrangements, promoting the occurrence of numerical abnormalities in resulting gametes and predisposition to trisomy in offspring. This phenomenon of interference is known as the interchromosomal effect (ICE). Here we report a prenatal case potentially generated by ICE. The first-trimester screening ultrasound of the pregnant woman was normal, but the NIPT indicated a high risk for three copies of chromosome 21, thus suspecting trisomy 21 (T21). After a comprehensive clinical evaluation and genetic counseling, the couple decided to undergo amniocentesis. The prenatal karyotype confirmed T21 but also showed a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome 15 (q22) and the long arm of chromosome 22. The parents’ karyotypes also showed that the mother had the 15;22 translocation. We reviewed T21 screening methods, and we performed a literature review on ICE, a generally overlooked phenomenon. We observed that ours is the first report of a prenatal case potentially due to ICE derived from the mother. The recurrence risk of aneuploidy in the offspring of translocated individuals is likely slightly increased, but it is not possible to estimate to what extent. In addition to supporting observations, there are still open questions such as, how frequent is ICE? How much is the aneuploidy risk altered by ICE?
Hydrogel-Integrated Millifluidic Systems: Advancing the Fabrication of Mucus-Producing Human Intestinal Models
Authors: Almalla Ahed , Alzain Nadra , Elomaa Laura , Richter Fiona , Scholz Johanna , Lindner Marcus , Siegmund Britta , Weinhart Marie
Published: June 2024

The luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium is protected by a vital mucus layer, which is essential for lubrication, hydration, and fostering symbiotic bacterial relationships. Replicating and studying this complex mucus structure in vitro presents considerable challenges. To address this, we developed a hydrogel-integrated millifluidic tissue chamber capable of applying precise apical shear stress to intestinal models cultured on flat or 3D structured hydrogel scaffolds with adjustable stiffness. The chamber is designed to accommodate nine hydrogel scaffolds, 3D-printed as flat disks with a storage modulus matching the physiological range of intestinal tissue stiffness (~3.7 kPa) from bioactive decellularized and methacrylated small intestinal submucosa (dSIS-MA). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to confirm a laminar flow profile for both flat and 3D villi-comprising scaffolds in the physiologically relevant regime. The system was initially validated with HT29-MTX seeded hydrogel scaffolds, demonstrating accelerated differentiation, increased mucus production, and enhanced 3D organization under shear stress. These characteristic intestinal tissue features are essential for advanced in vitro models as they critically contribute to a functional barrier. Subsequently, the chamber was challenged with human intestinal stem cells (ISCs) from the terminal ileum. Our findings indicate that biomimicking hydrogel scaffolds, in combination with physiological shear stress, promote multi-lineage differentiation, as evidenced by a gene and protein expression analysis of basic markers and the 3D structural organization of ISCs in the absence of chemical differentiation triggers. The quantitative analysis of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and secreted mucus demonstrates the functional differentiation of the cells into enterocyte and goblet cell lineages. The millifluidic system, which has been developed and optimized for performance and cost efficiency, enables the creation and modulation of advanced intestinal models under biomimicking conditions, including tunable matrix stiffness and varying fluid shear stresses. Moreover, the readily accessible and scalable mucus-producing cellular tissue models permit comprehensive mucus analysis and the investigation of pathogen interactions and penetration, thereby offering the potential to advance our understanding of intestinal mucus in health and disease.
Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals E6 and E7 of HPV 16 Regulate Metabolic Reprogramming in Cervical Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer, and Colorectal Cancer through the PHD2-VHL-CUL2-ELOC-HIF-1α Axis
Authors: Arizmendi-Izazaga Adán , Navarro-Tito Napoleón , Jiménez-Wences Hilda , Evaristo-Priego Adilene , Priego-Hernández Víctor , Dircio-Maldonado Roberto , Zacapala-Gómez Ana , Mendoza-Catalán Miguel , Illades-Aguiar Berenice , De Nova Ocampo Mónica , Salmerón-Bárcenas Eric , Leyva-Vázquez Marco , Ortiz-Ortiz Julio
Published: June 2024

Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) infection is associated with several types of cancer, such as head and neck, cervical, anal, and penile cancer. Its oncogenic potential is due to the ability of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins to promote alterations associated with cell transformation. HPV 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins increase metabolic reprogramming, one of the hallmarks of cancer, by increasing the stability of hypoxia-induced factor 1 α (HIF-1α) and consequently increasing the expression levels of their target genes. In this report, by bioinformatic analysis, we show the possible effect of HPV 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on metabolic reprogramming in cancer through the E6-E7-PHD2-VHL-CUL2-ELOC-HIF-1α axis. We proposed that E6 and E7 interact with VHL, CUL2, and ELOC in forming the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that ubiquitinates HIF-1α for degradation via the proteasome. Based on the information found in the databases, it is proposed that E6 interacts with VHL by blocking its interaction with HIF-1α. On the other hand, E7 interacts with CUL2 and ELOC, preventing their binding to VHL and RBX1, respectively. Consequently, HIF-1α is stabilized and binds with HIF-1β to form the active HIF1 complex that binds to hypoxia response elements (HREs), allowing the expression of genes related to energy metabolism. In addition, we suggest an effect of E6 and E7 at the level of PHD2, VHL, CUL2, and ELOC gene expression. Here, we propose some miRNAs targeting PHD2, VHL, CUL2, and ELOC mRNAs. The effect of E6 and E7 may be the non-hydroxylation and non-ubiquitination of HIF-1α, which may regulate metabolic processes involved in metabolic reprogramming in cancer upon stabilization, non-degradation, and translocation to the nucleus.
Low Levels of IgM Recognizing 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal-Modified Apolipoprotein A-I Peptide and Its Association with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Taiwanese Patients
Authors: Lei Meng-Huan , Hsu Po-Wen , Tsai Yin-Tai , Chang Chen-Chi , Tsai I-Jung , Hsu Hung , Cheng Ming-Hui , Huang Ying-Li , Lin Hung-Tse , Hsu Yu-Cheng , Lin Ching-Yu
Published: June 2024

Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) are associated with cardiovascular disease risks. We aimed to examine the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) modification of ApoA-I in coronary artery disease (CAD) and evaluate the potential risk of autoantibodies against their unmodified and HNE-modified peptides. We assessed plasma levels of ApoA-I, HNE-protein adducts, and autoantibodies against unmodified and HNE-peptide adducts, and significant correlations and odds ratios (ORs) were examined. Two novel CAD-specific HNE-peptide adducts, ApoA-I251–262 and ApoA-I70–83, were identified. Notably, immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-ApoA-I251–262 HNE, IgM anti-ApoA-I70–83 HNE, IgG anti-ApoA-I251–262, IgG anti-ApoA-I70–83, and HNE-protein adducts were significantly correlated with triglycerides, creatinine, or high-density lipoprotein in CAD with various degrees of stenosis (<30% or >70%). The HNE-protein adduct (OR = 2.208-fold, p = 0.020) and IgM anti-ApoA-I251–262 HNE (2.046-fold, p = 0.035) showed an increased risk of progression from >30% stenosis in CAD. HNE-protein adducts and IgM anti-ApoA-I251–262 HNE may increase the severity of CAD at high and low levels, respectively.
Selection of Reference Genes for Expression Normalization by RT-qPCR in Dracocephalum moldavica L.
Authors: Li Shasha , Ge Xiaomin , Bai Guoqing , Chen Chen
Published: June 2024

Dracocephalum moldavica is widely used as an ornamental, medicine, and perfume in industry. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is widely and accurately utilized for gene expression evaluations. Selecting optimal reference genes is essential for normalizing RT-qPCR results. However, the identification of suitable reference genes in D. moldavica has not been documented. A total of 12 reference genes in D. moldavica were identified by PEG6000 (15%) treatment under hypertonia conditions in different tissues (roots, stem, leaves, flower, seeds and sepal) and during three stages of flower development, then used to validate the expression stability. There were four algorithms (delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) used to analyze the stability. Finally, the RefFinder program was employed to evaluate the candidate reference genes’ stability. The results showed that ACTIN, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and EF1α (elongation factor-1α) were stable reference genes under the PEG6000 treatment. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was the most stable gene across different flower development stages. ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) was the most stable gene in different tissues and total samples. This study provides reliable gene expression studies for future research in D. moldavica.
MAFLD Pandemic: Updates in Pharmacotherapeutic Approach Development
Authors: Khaznadar Farah , Khaznadar Omar , Petrovic Ana , Hefer Marija , Gjoni Fabian , Gjoni Stefan , Steiner Justinija , Smolic Martina , Bojanic Kristina
Published: June 2024

With around one billion of the world’s population affected, the era of the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) pandemic has entered the global stage. MAFLD is a chronic progressive liver disease with accompanying metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity which can progress asymptomatically to liver cirrhosis and subsequently to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and for which to date there are almost no approved pharmacologic options. Because MAFLD has a very complex etiology and it also affects extrahepatic organs, a multidisciplinary approach is required when it comes to finding an effective and safe active substance for MAFLD treatment. The optimal drug for MAFLD should diminish steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation in the liver, and the winner for MAFLD drug authorisation seems to be the one that significantly improves liver histology. Saroglitazar (Lipaglyn®) was approved for metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in India in 2020; however, the drug is still being investigated in other countries. Although the pharmaceutical industry is still lagging behind in developing an approved pharmacologic therapy for MAFLD, research has recently intensified and many molecules which are in the final stages of clinical trials are expected to be approved in the coming few years. Already this year, the first drug (Rezdiffra™) in the United States was approved via accelerated procedure for treatment of MAFLD, i.e., of MASH in adults. This review underscores the most recent information related to the development of drugs for MAFLD treatment, focusing on the molecules that have come furthest towards approval.
Perceived Orthodontic Needs and Attitudes towards Early Evaluation and Interventions: A Survey-Based Study among Parents of Italian School-Aged Children
Authors: Di Spirito Federica , Cannatà Davide , Schettino Valentina , Galdi Marzio , Bucci Rosaria , Martina Stefano
Published: June 2024

(1) Background: Parents’ awareness of malocclusion and their attitude towards early evaluation and interventions influence children’s orthodontic management. This cross-sectional study investigates factors that affect the perceived orthodontic needs and the attitude towards interceptive orthodontics among a sample of one-thousand eight-hundred and six (1806) parents of children aged between 6 and 11 years. (2) Methods: The investigation was carried out thought a 18-items online questionnaire divided as follows: characteristics of respondents; perceived child’s orthodontic needs; attitude toward early orthodontic evaluation and interventions. The associations between responses were assessed with a Chi-square test. (3) Results: Two-thirds of the respondents referred to having consulted an orthodontist for their child, and more than half of them initiated the required orthodontic treatment. In 44% of cases, the orthodontic consultation occurred after the age of 7 years. Parents’ higher education and history of orthodontic treatment were associated with a greater awareness of orthodontic needs. Parents’ perception of the impact of teeth on their child’s personality was significantly associated with the decision to start the orthodontic treatment (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Although the parents’ level of awareness of their child’s orthodontic needs was generally satisfactory, the results of the present study pointed out the need for a better education regarding the importance of an early orthodontic assessment.
The Use of Polyurethane Composites with Sensing Polymers as New Coating Materials for Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Chemical Sensors—Part II: Polyurethane Composites with Polylaurylmetacrylate, Polyisobutene, and Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene Fluoride): Coating Results, Relative Sensor Responses and Adhesion Analysis
Authors: Carvalho Mauro dos Santos de , Rapp Michael , Voigt Achim , Dirschka Marian
Published: June 2024

This work presents the application of the methodology for the sensitization of surface acoustic wave-based sensors (SAW), developed in the first part of this work. The strategy of the method is the obtention of sensing layers with tailored chemical environments by taking advantage of the wide variety of chemical composition of the organic polymers, which have been used as sensing polymers, and combining them with polyurethane (PU) to form polymeric composites that show enhanced properties as sensing materials for the SAW sensor technology. In the first part of this work, the ultrasonic and adhesion characterization was correlated to the sensor responses of PU-polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA) composites of different relative concentrations of the sensing polymer (PBMA) and PU. The resulting coating layers obtained with the PU polymer composites improved the chemical and mechanical properties of the sensing layer without interfering with the quality of their sensor responses in comparison to those with the pristine polymer as the sensing material. In this second part of this work, three new polyurethane polymeric composites were analyzed. The new sensing materials were produced using polylaurylmetacrylate (PLMA), polyisobutene (PIB), and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene fluoride) (PCTFE) as the sensing polymers combined with PU. The results of the new PU polymer composites showed consequently different properties depending on the type of sensing polymer used, reproducing, however, the previous features achieved with PU and polybutylmetacrylate (PBMA) composites, like the improvements in the adhesion and the resistance against an organic solvent and preserving, in each case, the sensor response characteristic of each sensing polymer used, as was also observed for the PU-PBMA polymeric composites. The results obtained with the new sensing materials validated the strategy and confirmed its generalization as a very suitable methodology for the sensitization of SAW sensors, strongly indicating the applicability and reliability of the method, which makes possible the choice of virtually any chemical environments for the sensitization of SAW sensor systems.
Recent Development of Abrasive Machining Processes Enhanced with Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Zhu Linghong , He Xiaofeng , Wu Xiaoming , Wu Jixuan , Hong Tao
Published: June 2024

Abrasive machining processes have long been integral to various manufacturing industries, enabling precise material removal and surface finishing. In recent years, the integration of non-Newtonian fluids has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the performance and efficiency of these processes. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on abrasive machining processes, including abrasive lapping, abrasive polishing, and chemical mechanical polishing, and then analyzes in detail the abrasive machining processes enhanced with non-Newtonian fluids. It explores the fundamental principles underlying the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian fluids and their application in abrasive machining, with a focus on shear-thickening fluids. The paper will begin by introducing the abrasive machining processes, including abrasive lapping, abrasive polishing, and chemical mechanical polishing. Then, the current research status of non-Newtonian fluids will be comprehensively analyzed, and we will explore the enhancement of abrasive machining processes with non-Newtonian fluids. Finally, the paper will conclude with a discussion of the future directions and challenges in the field of abrasive machining enhanced with non-Newtonian fluids. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential benefits, limitations, and opportunities associated with the use of non-Newtonian fluids in abrasive machining, paving the way for further research and innovation in this promising area of manufacturing technology.
Aortic Endograft Infections: A Race against Time
Authors: Suárez-Gómez Santiago Andrés , Portilla-Rojas Esteban , Rodríguez María Fernanda , Velásquez-Solarte Natalia , Restrepo Sara , Cabrera-Vargas Luis Felipe , Forero Nicolas , Tarazona Marcos
Published: June 2024

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a highly asymptomatic vascular pathology with an increasing risk of rupture, leading to high mortality. Upon detection, treatment primarily involves lifestyle changes to slow the growth rate. Aneurysm rupture requires immediate surgical intervention due to its high mortality. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a common treatment option, involving stent placement at the aneurysm site. However, the stent is a foreign body; therefore, it is susceptible to immune response and infection. This case series presents patients with infected endovascular stents following a diagnosis of abdominal infrarenal aortic aneurysm and EVAR. The patients’ follow-ups revealed varying prognoses, complications, and treatments post-infection. These findings are compared with outcomes reported in the medical literature. Preventing aortic stent graft infection through proper aseptic techniques is crucial. This practice reduces patient complications, shortens inpatient hospice stays, and, most importantly, enhances patient quality of life.
A One-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study of Ambulatory Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Landscape in Mexico
Authors: Comas-García Andreu , Hernández-Castro Berenice , Hernández-Salazar Ricardo Sebastián , Vitales-Noyola Marlen , Alvarado-Hernández Diana Lorena , Hernández-Sánchez Pedro Gerardo , Sánchez-Rodríguez Ana Elena , González-López Jesús Salvador , Méndez-Ramírez Jaime Enrique , González-Amaro Roberto , Bernal-Silva Sofía
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that causes COVID-19 disease. Although the rate of COVID-19 reinfection is significant, the possible factors associated with this condition remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to identify clinical and serological factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Materials and Methods: We followed up on 120 patients with mild COVID-19 for one year. Various clinical data were collected, and serum levels of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies were tested on days 21, 60, 90, and 180. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was based on symptomatology and the detection of viral RNA in nasal swabs using real-time PCR. Results: We observed eleven episodes of reinfection. Although no clinical or demographic characteristics were associated with reinfection, significantly higher levels of anti-Spike antibodies and a seropositive status at day 90 were significantly associated with the absence of reinfection. Moreover, the symptoms during the COVID-19 episode associated with seropositivity at day 90 were mainly headache, sneezing, anosmia, and runny nose. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is not associated with the clinical or demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the presence and levels of IgG anti-Spike antibodies at day 90 of infection play a protective role against reinfection. Serological immunity at day 90 influences the response to vaccination.
The Impact of Curing Temperature and UV Light Intensity on the Performance of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Devices Exhibiting a Permanent Memory Effect
Authors: Mouquinho Ana , Sotomayor João
Published: June 2024

PDLC films, synthesized via polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) utilizing both temperature and UV monochromatic radiation, were derived from a blend of E7 nematic liquid crystal (LC) and PolyEGDMA875 (polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) oligomers, serving as the precursor for the polymeric matrix. The influence of the curing temperature on thermal polymerization, UV light intensity on photochemical polymerization, and exposure time during these processes on the electro-optical characteristics of PDLC films was thoroughly examined. Observations revealed that employing thermal polymerization during device preparation notably enhanced the permanent memory effect of the PDLC films. Sustained high transparency (TOFF = 45%) over an extended duration at room temperature, even subsequent to voltage cessation, was achieved. This transition initiated from an opaque state (T0 = 0%) through to a transparent state (TMAX = 65%), resulting in a substantial 70% permanent memory effect.
Printing Direction Effects on the Sliding Contact Response of a Binder Jetting 3D-Printed WC-Co Hardmetal
Authors: Cabezas Laura , Berger Christian , Jiménez-Piqué Emilio , Pötschke Johannes , Llanes Luis
Published: June 2024

Binder jetting additive manufacturing offers a promising route to produce complex geometries in cemented carbides (WC-Co), but it may introduce direction-dependent microstructural variations potentially affecting wear resistance. This study investigates the influence of printing direction on the sliding contact response of 3D-printed and subsequently sintered (BJT) WC-12%Co. Prismatic specimens were printed along two orientations and subjected to single and repetitive scratch tests on three orthogonal faces. The microstructure, Vickers and scratch hardness, and wear rate were analyzed. The results showed a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of a matrix of fine carbides where several large particles where embedded. It was different from the homogenous microstructural scenarios exhibited by conventionally pressed and sintered fine- and coarse-grained hardmetals, used as reference for comparison purposes. The influence of printing direction on either the microstructure or mechanical properties of BJT specimens was found to be negligible. Interestingly, BJT samples exhibited superior wear resistance than the reference hardmetals, even though the hardness levels were alike for all the studied hardmetal grades. Such behavior is attributed to the co-existence of coarse and fine carbides within the microstructure, combining the energy absorption capability of the former with the inherent strength of the latter. These findings, together with the intrinsic flexibility and versatility advantages associated with additive manufacturing, highlight the potential of BJT hardmetals to be used in applications where contact load bearing or wear resistance are critical design parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of implementing an iterative sliding contact test for evaluating wear behavior in cemented carbides was also validated.
Mechanical Properties of Ti Grade 2 Manufactured Using Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) with Checkerboard Laser Scanning and In Situ Oxygen Strengthening
Authors: Wysocki Bartlomiej Adam , Chmielewska-Wysocka Agnieszka , Maj Piotr , Molak Rafał Maksymilian , Romelczyk-Baishya Barbara , Żrodowski Łukasz , Ziętala Michał , Nowak Wojciech , Święszkowski Wojciech , Muzyk Marek
Published: June 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have advanced from rapid prototyping to becoming viable manufacturing solutions, offering users both design flexibility and mechanical properties that meet ISO/ASTM standards. Powder bed fusion using a laser beam (PBF-LB), a popular additive manufacturing process (aka 3D printing), is used for the cost-effective production of high-quality products for the medical, aviation, and automotive industries. Despite the growing variety of metallic powder materials available for the PBF-LB process, there is still a need for new materials and procedures to optimize the processing parameters before implementing them into the production stage. In this study, we explored the use of a checkerboard scanning strategy to create samples of various sizes (ranging from 130 mm3 to 8000 mm3 using parameters developed for a small 125 mm3 piece). During the PBF-LB process, all samples were fabricated using Ti grade 2 and were in situ alloyed with a precisely controlled amount of oxygen (0.1–0.4% vol.) to enhance their mechanical properties using a solid solution strengthening mechanism. The samples were fabricated in three sets: I. Different sizes and orientations, II. Different scanning strategies, and III. Rods for high-cycle fatigue (HCF). For the tensile tests, micro samples were cut using WEDM, while for the HCF tests, samples were machined to eliminate the influence of surface roughness on their mechanical performance. The amount of oxygen in the fabricated samples was at least 50% higher than in raw Ti grade 2 powder. The O2-enriched Ti produced in the PBF-LB process exhibited a tensile strength ranging from 399 ± 25 MPa to 752 ± 14 MPa, with outcomes varying based on the size of the object and the laser scanning strategy employed. The fatigue strength of PBF-LB fabricated Ti was 386 MPa, whereas the reference Ti grade 2 rod samples exhibited a fatigue strength of 312 MPa. Our study revealed that PBF-LB parameters optimized for small samples could be adapted to fabricate larger samples using checkerboard (“island”) scanning strategies. However, some additional process parameter changes are needed to reduce porosity.
Sustainable Production and Physicochemical Characteristics of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Prepared from Waste Eggshells
Authors: Seesanong Somkiat , Seangarun Chaowared , Boonchom Banjong , Laohavisuti Nongnuch , Boonmee Wimonmat , Rungrojchaipon Pesak , Phimsirikul Phairat
Published: June 2024

Gypsum products (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4·2H2O) were synthesized through an eco-friendly and low-cost process by two different renewable calcium carbonate sources (CaCO3), hen and duck eggshell wastes, with product yields obtained of 84.73 and 87.74%, respectively. The X-ray fluorescence results indicated that calcium oxide (CaO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are the major elemental components of CaSO4·2H2O prepared from both calcium sources. The Fourier transform infrared results confirmed the vibrational characteristics of SO42− and H2O functional groups in the chemical structure of the prepared samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of CaSO4·2H2O prepared from both calcium sources confirmed the sample’s crystal structure as well as the chemical formula, after comparing them to the standard powder diffraction file. The crystallite sizes of CaSO4·2H2O products were calculated from the experimental diffraction peak through the Scherrer equation and found to be 19–20 nm. The positive preferential growth (Pg) value highlighted the excellent stability of the synthesized CaSO4·2H2O. The scanning electron microscopic results showed the agglomeration particles of hen- and duck-CaCO3 raw agents, whereas plate-like particles were observed for hen- and duck-CaSO4·2H2O products but the particle sizes were different.
Exploring the Interplay between Structure and Electronic Behavior across Pressure-Induced Isostructural and Structural Transitions in Weyl-Type Semimetal NbAs
Authors: Rodrigues João E. F. S. , Mijit Emin , Rosa Angelika D. , Silenzi Laura , Hara Nodoka , Popescu Catalin , Alonso José A. , Irifune Tetsuo , Hu Zhiwei , Di Cicco Andrea
Published: June 2024

NbAs is a Weyl semimetal and belongs to the group of topological phases that exhibit distinct quantum and topological attributes. Topological phases have a fundamentally different response to external perturbations, such as magnetic fields. To obtain insights into the response of such phases to pressure, we conducted a comprehensive study on the pressure-induced electronic and structural transitions in NbAs. We used micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-X-ray spectroscopy (XAS) techniques to elucidate the changes at different atomic and electronic length scales (local, medium, and bulk) as combined with theoretical calculations. High-pressure XRD measurements revealed a rather common compression behavior up to ~12 GPa that could be fitted to an equation of state formalism with a bulk modulus of K0= 179.6 GPa. Complementary Nb K-edge XAS data unveiled anomalies at pressure intervals of ~12–15 and ~25–26 GPa in agreement with previous literature data from XRD studies. We attribute these anomalies to a previously reported topological Lifshitz transition and the tetragonal-to-hexagonal phase transition, respectively. Analysis of EXAFS results revealed slight changes in the mean next-nearest neighbor distance Nb–As(1) (~2.6 Å) at ~15 GPa, while the second nearest neighboring bond Nb–Nb(1) (~3.4 Å) shows a pronounced anomaly. This indicates that the electronic changes across the Lifshitz transition are accommodated first in the medium-range atomic structure and then at the local range and bulk. The variances of these bonds show anomalous but progressive evolutions close to the tetragonal-to-hexagonal transition at ~25 GPa, which allowed us to derive the evolution of vibration properties in this material. We suggest a prominent displacive character of the I41md→P6¯m2 transition facilitated by phonon modes.
Health Economic Evaluation of Lung Cancer Screening Using a Diagnostic Blood Test: The Early Detection of Cancer of the Lung Scotland (ECLS)
Authors: Robles-Zurita Jose Antonio , McMeekin Nicola , Sullivan Frank , Mair Frances S. , Briggs Andrew
Published: June 2024

Background: Diagnostic blood tests have the potential to identify lung cancer in people at high risk. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of a lung cancer screening intervention, using the EarlyCDT®-Lung Test (ECLS) with subsequent X-ray and low-dose chest CT scans (LDCT) for patients with a positive test result, compared to both usual care and LDCT screening for the target population. Methods: We conducted a model-based lifetime analysis from a UK NHS and personal social services perspective. We estimated incremental net monetary benefit (NMB) for the ECLS intervention compared to no screening and to LDCT screening. Results: The incremental NMB of ECLS intervention compared to no screening was GBP 33,179 (95% CI: −GBP 81,396, GBP 147,180) and GBP 140,609 (95% CI: −GBP 36,255, GBP 316,612), respectively, for a cost-effectiveness threshold of GBP 20,000 and GBP 30,000 per quality-adjusted life year. The same figures compared with LDCT screening were GBP 162,095 (95% CI: GBP 52,698, GBP 271,735) and GBP 52,185 (95% CI: −GBP 115,152, GBP 219,711). Conclusions: The ECLS intervention is the most cost-effective screening alternative, with the highest probability of being cost-effective, when compared to no screening or LDCT screening. This result may change with modifications of the parameters, suggesting that the three alternatives considered in the main analysis are potentially cost-effective.
The Effect of Hemithyroidectomy in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with an Exclusive Involvement of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: A Retrospective Study with a Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
Authors: Zhu Feng , Shen Yibin , Zhu Lixian , Chen Linghui , Li Fuqiang , Xie Xiaojun , Wu Yijun
Published: June 2024

Background: Involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is an important prognostic factor and is associated with a higher risk of recurrence. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the outcomes of patients treated with hemithyroidectomy (HT) in PTC patients with an exclusive RLN invasion who could not tolerate staged surgery, did not wish to undergo another operation, or had other reasons. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 163 patients with PTC and exclusive RLN involvement at our institution between 2013 and 2019. Patients were divided into a total thyroidectomy (TT) group and HT group. The clinicopathologic factors and prognostic outcomes were compared between the two groups. A propensity score-matched analysis was carried out to reduce selection bias, with the following covariates: gender, age, tumor size, multifocality, central lymph node metastasis (CLNM), and RLN resection. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for a comparison of recurrence outcomes. Results: In the baseline data of the 163 PTC patients, tumor size (p < 0.001), multifocality (p = 0.011), CLNM (p < 0.001), and RLN resection (p < 0.008) in the TT and HT groups differed significantly, whereas age and gender did not differ between the two groups. The TT group reported significantly higher temporary and permanent hypoparathyroidism than the HT group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.042, respectively). With 72-month median follow-up, 11 (6.7%) patients developed recurrence. After propensity score matching, 24 patients with HT and 43 patients with TT were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the matched samples showed no difference between the TT and HT groups (p = 0.092). Conclusion: Our results indicate that HT may be a feasible treatment for PTC patients with exclusive RLN involvement in specific circumstances without significantly increasing the risk of recurrence. Performing a thorough preoperative examination is crucial to exclude multifocal tumors and lymph node metastasis before undergoing HT.
Integrating Molecular Insights into Biliary Tract Cancer Management: A Review of Personalized Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Ros-Buxó Mar , Mauro Ezequiel , Sauri Tamara , Iserte Gemma , Fuster-Anglada Carla , Díaz Alba , Sererols-Viñas Laura , Affo Silvia , Forner Alejandro
Published: June 2024

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and aggressive malignancies with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. The standard systemic treatment for BTCs has evolved to include immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with gemcitabine–cisplatin as first-line therapies. However, survival rates remain low, highlighting the critical need for personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling. Currently, significant advancements have been made in the molecular characterization of BTCs, where genetic alterations, such as IDH1 mutations and FGFR2 fusions, provide targets for therapy. Molecular profiling is crucial early in the management process to identify potential candidates for clinical trials and guide treatment strategy. The integration of these molecular insights into clinical practice has allowed for the development of targeted therapies, although many of them are still in the phase 2 trial stage without definitive survival benefits demonstrated in phase 3 trials. This integration of comprehensive molecular profile insights with traditional treatment approaches offers a new horizon in the personalized medicine landscape for BTCs, with the aim of significantly improving patient outcomes through precision oncology.
Lung Disease Detection Using U-Net Feature Extractor Cascaded by Graph Convolutional Network
Authors: Rashid Pshtiwan Qader , Türker İlker
Published: June 2024

Computed tomography (CT) scans have recently emerged as a major technique for the fast diagnosis of lung diseases via image classification techniques. In this study, we propose a method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 disease with improved accuracy by utilizing graph convolutional networks (GCN) at various layer formations and kernel sizes to extract features from CT scan images. We apply a U-Net model to aid in segmentation and feature extraction. In contrast with previous research retrieving deep features from convolutional filters and pooling layers, which fail to fully consider the spatial connectivity of the nodes, we employ GCNs for classification and prediction to capture spatial connectivity patterns, which provides a significant association benefit. We handle the extracted deep features to form an adjacency matrix that contains a graph structure and pass it to a GCN along with the original image graph and the largest kernel graph. We combine these graphs to form one block of the graph input and then pass it through a GCN with an additional dropout layer to avoid overfitting. Our findings show that the suggested framework, called the feature-extracted graph convolutional network (FGCN), performs better in identifying lung diseases compared to recently proposed deep learning architectures that are not based on graph representations. The proposed model also outperforms a variety of transfer learning models commonly used for medical diagnosis tasks, highlighting the abstraction potential of the graph representation over traditional methods.
Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Metabolically Healthy Overweight or Obese Adults: Role of LDL-Cholesterol in the Stratification of Risk
Authors: Palatini Paolo , Virdis Agostino , Masi Stefano , Mengozzi Alessandro , Casiglia Edoardo , Tikhonoff Valerie , Cicero Arrigo , Ungar Andrea , Parati Gianfranco , Rivasi Giulia , Salvetti Massimo , Barbagallo Carlo , Bombelli Michele , Dell’Oro Raffaella , Bruno Berardino , Lippa Luciano , D’Elia Lanfranco , Masulli Maria , Verdecchia Paolo , Reboldi Gianpaolo , Angeli Fabio , Cianci Rosario , Mallamaci Francesca , Cirillo Massimo , Rattazzi Marcello , Cirillo Pietro , Gesualdo Loreto , Russo Elisa , Mazza Alberto , Giannattasio Cristina , Maloberti Alessandro , Volpe Massimo , Tocci Giuliano , Iaccarino Guido , Nazzaro Pietro , Galletti Ferruccio , Ferri Claudio , Desideri Giovambattista , Viazzi Francesca , Pontremoli Roberto , Muiesan Maria , Grassi Guido , Borghi Claudio
Published: June 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal association of metabolically healthy overweight/obese adults with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and the effect of LDL-cholesterol levels on this association. This study was conducted with 15,904 participants from the URRAH study grouped according to BMI and metabolic status. Healthy metabolic status was identified with and without including LDL-cholesterol. The risk of MACE during 11.8 years of follow-up was evaluated with multivariable Cox regressions. Among the participants aged <70 years, high BMI was associated with an increased risk of MACE, whereas among the older subjects it was associated with lower risk. Compared to the group with normal weight/healthy metabolic status, the metabolically healthy participants aged <70 years who were overweight/obese had an increased risk of MACE with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.81 (95% CI, 1.34–10.85, p = 0.012). However, when LDL-cholesterol < 130 mg/dL was included in the definition of healthy metabolic status, no increase in risk was found in the overweight/obese adults compared to the normal weight individuals (hazard ratio 0.70 (0.07–6.71, p = 0.75). The present data show that the risk of MACE is increased in metabolically healthy overweight/obese individuals identified according to standard criteria. However, when LDL-cholesterol is included in the definition, metabolically healthy individuals who are overweight/obese have no increase in risk.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Molecular Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alshamrani Abdullah Fahad A.
Published: June 2024

Molecular imaging modalities show valuable non-invasive techniques capable of precisely and selectively addressing molecular markers associated with prostate cancer (PCa). This systematic review provides an overview of imaging markers utilized in positron emission tomography (PET) methods, specifically focusing on the pathways and mediators involved in PCa. This systematic review aims to evaluate and analyse existing literature on the diagnostic accuracy of molecular imaging techniques for detecting PCa. The PubMed, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were searched, identifying 32 studies that reported molecular imaging modalities for detecting PCa. Numerous imaging modalities and radiotracers were used to detect PCa, including 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/computed tomography (CT), 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, 18F-DCFPyL PET/MRI, 18F-choline PET/MRI, and 18F-fluoroethylcholine PET/MRI. Across 11 studies, radiolabelled 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging had a pooled sensitivity of 80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35–93), specificity of 90 (95% CI: 71–98), and accuracy of 86 (95% CI: 64–96). The PSMA-ligand 68Ga-PET/CT showed good diagnostic performance and appears promising for detecting and staging PCa.
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score for Diagnosing Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Tamaki Nobuharu , Takaura Kenta , Higuchi Mayu , Yasui Yutaka , Itakura Jun , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Izumi Namiki , Kurosaki Masayuki
Published: June 2024

Background and aims: The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score is a blood test that combines three markers linked to liver fibrosis. The utility of the ELF score has been demonstrated primarily in Western countries, but whether it is useful in areas with a high number of elderly people suffering from chronic liver disease has yet to be determined. Methods: This is a prospective study that included 373 consecutive patients who underwent a liver biopsy and had their ELF score measured on the same day. The diagnostic accuracy of the ELF score for liver fibrosis and the effect of age on the ELF score were investigated. Results: The median (interquartile) ELF scores in F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 are 8.7 (8.2–9.2), 9.3 (8.8–10.0), 10.1 (9.4–10.7), 10.7 (9.9–11.2), and 12.0 (11.2–12.7), respectively. ELF scores increased with increasing liver fibrosis stage (p < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy of the ELF score and FIB-4 for significant fibrosis (F2–4) and advanced fibrosis (F3–4) was comparable, but the ELF score had a higher diagnostic accuracy for cirrhosis (F4) than FIB-4. When patients were stratified by age of 60 years, the median ELF score did not differ by age in F2, F3, and F4. However, the median FIB-4 increased in patients with ≥60 years compared to those with <60 years in all fibrosis stages. Conclusions: ELF score has high diagnostic accuracy for liver fibrosis, regardless of age, and it could be used as a primary screening method.