bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a mouse monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all four dengue virus serotypes
Authors: Rajamanonmani Ravikumar , Nkenfou Celine , Clancy Paula , Yau Yin Hoe , Shochat Susana Geifman , Sukupolvi-Petty Soila , Schul Wouter , Diamond Michael S. , Vasudevan Subhash G. , Lescar Julien
Published: March 2009

The flavivirus envelope glycoprotein (E) is responsible for viral attachment and entry by membrane fusion. Its ectodomain is the primary target of the humoral immune response. In particular, the C-terminal Ig-like domain III of E, which is exposed at the surface of the viral particle, forms an attractive antigen for raising protective monoclonal antibodies (mAb). 9F12, a mouse mAb raised against a dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 recombinant domain III, cross-reacts with corresponding domains from the other three DENV serotypes and also with West Nile virus. mAb 9F12 binds with nanomolar affinity to a conserved epitope that maps to the viral surface comprising residues 305, 307, 310 and 330 of the E protein. mAb 9F12 neutralizes all four DENV serotypes in plaque reduction assays. We expressed a single-chain Fv from 9F12 that retains the binding activity of the parent mAb. Adsorption and fusion inhibition assays indicate that mAb 9F12 prevents early steps of viral entry. Its virus inhibition activity and broad cross-reactivity makes mAb 9F12 a suitable candidate for optimization and humanization into a therapeutic antibody to treat severe infections by dengue.
Measles virus modulates chemokine release and chemotactic responses of dendritic cells
Authors: Abt Marion , Gassert Evelyn , Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle
Published: March 2009

Interference with dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function is considered to be central to measles virus (MV)-induced immunosuppression. Temporally ordered production of chemokines and switches in chemokine receptor expression are essential for pathogen-driven DC maturation as they are prerequisites for chemotaxis and T cell recruitment. We found that MV infection of immature monocyte-derived DCs induced transcripts specific for CCL-1, -2, -3, -5, -17 and -22, CXCL-10 and CXCL-11, yet did not induce CXCL-8 (interleukin-8) and CCL-20 at the mRNA and protein level. Within 24 h post-infection, T cell attraction was not detectably impaired by these cells. MV infection failed to promote the switch from CCR5 to CCR7 expression and this correlated with chemotactic responses of MV-matured DC cultures to CCL-3 rather than to CCL-19. Moreover, the chemotaxis of MV-infected DCs to either chemokine was compromised, indicating that MV also interferes with this property independently of chemokine receptor modulation.
Diverse cis factors controlling Alu retrotransposition: What causes Alu elements to die?
Authors: Comeaux Matthew S. , Roy-Engel Astrid M. , Hedges Dale J. , Deininger Prescott L.
Published: March 2009

The human genome contains nearly 1.1 million Alu elements comprising roughly 11% of its total DNA content. Alu elements use a copy and paste retrotransposition mechanism that can result in de novo disease insertion alleles. There are nearly 900,000 old Alu elements from subfamilies S and J that appear to be almost completely inactive, and about 200,000 from subfamily Y or younger, which include a few thousand copies of the Ya5 subfamily which makes up the majority of current activity. Given the much higher copy number of the older Alu subfamilies, it is not known why all of the active Alu elements belong to the younger subfamilies. We present a systematic analysis evaluating the observed sequence variation in the different sections of an Alu element on retrotransposition. The length of the longest number of uninterrupted adenines in the A-tail, the degree of A-tail heterogeneity, the length of the 3′ unique end after the A-tail and before the RNA polymerase III terminator, and random mutations found in the right monomer all modulate the retrotransposition efficiency. These changes occur over different evolutionary time frames. The combined impact of sequence changes in all of these regions explains why young Alus are currently causing disease through retrotransposition, and the old Alus have lost their ability to retrotranspose. We present a predictive model to evaluate the retrotransposition capability of individual Alu elements and successfully applied it to identify the first putative source element for a disease-causing Alu insertion in a patient with cystic fibrosis.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 inhibitor RO‐3306 enhances p53‐mediated Bax activation and mitochondrial apoptosis in AML
Authors: Kojima Kensuke , Shimanuki Masaya , Shikami Masato , Andreeff Michael , Nakakuma Hideki
Published: March 2009

Cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 1 and the murine double minute 2 homolog (MDM2)–p53 interaction are potential therapeutic targets in cancer, and their inhibition has been reported to be more proapoptotic in malignant cells compared to normal cells. We investigated the effect of CDK1 inhibition on p53 signaling after simultaneous dual blockade using the CDK1 inhibitor RO‐3306 and the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin‐3 in AML. Treatment of growing AML cells with RO‐3306 induced G2/M‐phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. We found that RO‐3306 acts cooperatively with Nutlin‐3 to induce mitochondrial apoptosis in a cell cycle‐independent fashion. RO‐3306 downregulated expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl‐2 and survivin and blocked p53‐mediated induction of p21 and MDM2. CDK1 siRNA experiments showed that reduced CDK1 expression affects p53‐induced p21 transactivation. We suggest that RO‐3306 actively enhances downstream p53 signaling to promote apoptosis and that a combination strategy aimed at both inhibiting CDK1 and activating p53 signaling is potentially effective in AML, where TP53 mutations are rare and downstream p53 signaling is intact. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1128–1136)
Stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1‐positive breast cancers are characterized by negative estrogen receptor, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2, and high Ki67 expression
Authors: Morimoto Koji , Kim Seung Jin , Tanei Tomonori , Shimazu Kenzo , Tanji Yoshio , Taguchi Tetsuya , Tamaki Yasuhiro , Terada Nobuyuki , Noguchi Shinzaburo
Published: March 2009

Recently, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1 has been identified as a reliable marker for breast cancer stem cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells. In addition, the distribution of ALDH1+ tumor cells was compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis with that of estrogen receptor (ER)+, Ki67+, or human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)+ tumor cells by means of double immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1 was applied to 203 primary breast cancers, and the results were compared with various clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancers including tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastases, lymphovascular invasion, ER, progesterone receptor, HER2, Ki67, and topoisomerase 2A as well as prognosis. Immunohistochemical double staining of ALDH1 and ER, Ki67, or HER2 was also carried out to investigate their distribution. Of the 203 breast cancers, 21 (10%) were found to be ALDH1+, and these cancers were significantly more likely to be ER− (P = 0.004), progesterone receptor− (P = 0.025), HER2+ (P = 0.001), Ki67+ (P < 0.001), and topoisomerase 2A+ tumors (P = 0.012). Immunohistochemical double staining studies showed that ALDH1+ tumor cells were more likely to be ER−, Ki67−, and HER2+ tumor cells. Patients with ALDH1 (score 3+) tumors showed a tendency (P = 0.056) toward a worse prognosis than did those with ALDH1− tumors. Breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells posses biologically aggressive phenotypes that tend to have a poor prognosis, and ALDH1+ cancer stem cells are characterized by ER−, Ki67−, and HER2+. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1062–1068)
β1‐integrins shedding in a guinea‐pig model of chronic asthma with remodelled airways
Authors: Bazán‐Perkins B. , Sánchez‐Guerrero E. , Vargas M. H. , Martínez‐Cordero E. , Ramos‐Ramírez P. , Álvarez‐Santos M. , Hiriart G. , Gaxiola M. , Hernández‐Pando R.
Published: March 2009

Background
A hallmark of airway remodelling in asthma is subepithelial fibrosis, but its relation with airway dysfunction is still controversial.

Objective
To describe airway functional abnormalities and subepithelial remodelling induced by repetitive antigenic challenges.

Methods
Nine inhaled antigenic challenges were applied every 10 days to guinea‐pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA). Antigen‐induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AI‐AHR) to histamine and its immunohistopathological relationship was evaluated at the first, third and ninth OVA challenges.

Results
From the first challenge on, OVA induced acute transient bronchoobstruction followed by development of AI‐AHR. A progressive rise in baseline Penh (a bronchoobstruction index) and granulocyte airway infiltration was also observed. After the ninth OVA challenge, the amount of extracellular matrix in the subepithelial region (SER) of bronchi and bronchioles was increased. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that this SER fibrosis was associated to β1‐integrin subunit overexpression, even in acellular areas. Immunoelectronmicroscopy corroborated the location of β1‐integrin in extracellular matrix, essentially in types l and II collagen fibres. Presence of α1‐ and α2‐integrin subunits in these areas was also corroborated. AI‐AHR was correlated with degree of SER increment, cell infiltration, and β1‐integrin expression.

Conclusion
Our data suggested that β1‐integrin shedding produced by repetitive allergen challenges in guinea‐pigs was associated with collagen deposition in SER of bronchi and bronchioles, along with inflammatory cells infiltration and AI‐AHR development.
Maternal thyroid hormone concentration during late gestation is associated with foetal position at birth
Authors: Wijnen Hennie A. , Kooistra Libbe , Vader Huib L. , Essed Gerard G. , Mol Ben W. , Pop Victor J.
Published: March 2009

Objective  To evaluate whether there is an association between maternal thyroid hormone and foetal cephalic head position at term gestation.

Context  Rotation and flexion of the head enables the foetus to negotiate the birth canal. Low‐normal range thyroid hormone concentrations in euthyroid pregnant women constitute a risk of infant motor abnormality. We hypothesized that low normal maternal thyroid hormone levels are associated with increased risk of abnormal foetal position at delivery.

Design  In 960 healthy Dutch women with term gestation and cephalic foetal presentation, thyroid parameters [foetal T4 (FT4), TSH and thyroid peroxidase antibody] were assessed at 36 weeks of gestation, and related to foetal head position (anterior cephalic vs. abnormal cephalic) and delivery mode (spontaneous vs. assisted delivery).

Results  Women presenting in anterior position (n = 891) had significantly higher FT4 levels at 36 weeks of gestation than those with abnormal cephalic presentation (n = 69). There were no between‐group differences for TSH. Regression analyses indicated that the risk of abnormal head position decreased as a function of increasing FT4 [single odds ratio (OR) = 0·87, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0·77–0·98; multivariate OR = 0·88, 95% CI 0·72–0·99)]. A similar inverse relationship between maternal FT4 and risk of assisted delivery was obtained (OR = 0·86, 95% CI 0·79–0·95; OR = 0·91, 95% CI 0·84–0·98).

Conclusion  The lower the maternal FT4 concentration at 36 weeks of gestation, the higher the risk of abnormal cephalic foetal presentation and assisted delivery.
Kisspeptin serum levels in girls with central precocious puberty
Authors: De Vries L. , Shtaif B. , Phillip M. , Gat‐Yablonski G.
Published: March 2009

Objective  Central precocious puberty (CPP) causes early epiphyseal maturation, and early initiation of treatment improves final height. Unfortunately, there is no one parameter that can distinguish CPP from premature thelarche (PT), which is self‐limited and requires no therapy. In animal models, kisspeptin, the ligand for the G‐protein coupled receptor GPR54, was found to induce precocious activation of the gonadotrophic axis. Data on kisspeptin levels in girls with precocious puberty or in healthy prepubertal girls are lacking. We measured blood kisspeptin levels in girls with CPP and evaluated its potential as a clinical marker for CPP.

Design  This was a case–control study.

Patients  Thirty‐one girls clinically diagnosed with CPP and 14 prepubertal age‐matched healthy controls.

Measurements  Kisspeptin blood levels.

Results  Kisspeptin levels were significantly higher in the girls with CPP than in the controls: 14·62 ± 10·2 pmol/l vs. 8·35 ± 2·98 pmol/l, P < 0·05. Within the CPP group, there were no significant differences between the girls with a peak LH >5·0 IU/l and those with a peak LH ≤5·0 IU/l regarding kisspeptin or any of the clinical, laboratory or ultrasound parameters, or in Tanner stage. No correlation was found between kisspeptin and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI‐SDS) or height‐SDS (Ht‐SDS) for the entire cohort, or when analysed separately for the CPP group and the control group.

Conclusions  Although kisspeptin is significantly higher in girls with true CPP than in age‐matched prepubertal controls, the evident overlap limits its use as a single diagnostic tool until further data obtained in larger studies should prove otherwise.
The effects of stream canopy management on macroinvertebrate communities and juvenile salmonid production in a chalk stream
Authors: RILEY W. D. , PAWSON M. G. , QUAYLE V. , IVES M. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  The effects of changes in shading (through riparian canopy removal and re‐growth) on juvenile salmon, Salmo salar L., trout, Salmo trutta L., and grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.) populations, and macroinvertebrate biomass and species composition in a chalk stream in southern England were examined. Low levels of in‐stream weed growth, because of shading by closed tree canopy, diminished macroinvertebrate production and diversity. 0+ salmon and trout had lower densities under closed canopy, relative to adjacent open sites with substantial weed cover, where fish were also found to be larger. Canopy removal positively affected the growth of aquatic macrophytes and the availability of potential prey for juvenile salmonids. The findings have implications for the management of chalk streams, in particular, that riparian tree canopy should be managed to prevent complete closure, and excessive cutting of weed should be avoided where salmon production is below sustainable levels.
The Matrix Model of dual diagnosis service delivery
Authors: GEORGESON B.
Published: March 2009

The Matrix Model is essentially a strategy for managing dual diagnosis across a range of agencies. It is a way of implementing partnership working across services and commissioning structures. The Matrix Model was born out of hard experience at the coalface of dual diagnosis treatment at a tier four service in Bristol. A very common experience, which many may recognize, was that clients with complex mental health and addiction needs were being sent from ‘pillar to post’ in their treatment. Things needed to change. Here is a method of how things can change. Briefly, professionals in the drug/alcohol and mental health fields co‐locate, working with clients in each other's workspaces. In doing this, they create nodes of integration. These nodes of integration link through parallel‐working to create a matrix. Outcome and key recommendation is that professionals in the drug/alcohol and mental health fields co‐locate in each other's agencies, adopting an assertive outreach approach to working with dual diagnosis/complex‐needs clients.
Teladorsagia circumcincta in the sheep abomasum: defining the role of dendritic cells in T cell regulation and protective immunity
Authors: MCNEILLY T. N. , DEVANEY E. , MATTHEWS J. B.
Published: March 2009

Parasitic nematodes of the small‐ruminant gastrointestinal tract pose a problem worldwide. The impact of these pathogens is worsened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance to all three available classes of drugs. In addition to causing considerable economic loss, these parasites are detrimental to the health and welfare of sheep and goats. Vaccination offers an alternative approach to drug‐based control and a great deal of investment has gone into the investigation of protective antigens for some of these nematode species. However, attempts at vaccination are hindered by a lack of understanding of how best to promote protective immunity to nematode species, such as Teladorsagia circumcincta, which inhabits the abomasum of sheep. This situation contrasts with that in murine models of gastrointestinal nematode infection, where the basis of protective immunity is increasingly well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the immune effector mechanisms elicited by T. circumcincta and consider the probable role of dendritic cells in the initiation of both effector and regulatory responses in the abomasum.
CLINICAL STUDY: Attentional bias in alcohol‐dependent patients: the role of chronicity and executive functioning
Authors: Loeber Sabine , Vollstädt‐Klein Sabine , Von Der Goltz Christoph , Flor Herta , Mann Karl , Kiefer Falk
Published: March 2009

It has been suggested that the attention towards alcohol‐related stimuli increases with the duration of drinking and alcohol dependence. The present study aimed to assess whether an attentional bias was present in detoxified alcohol‐dependent patients, and if the magnitude of the attentional bias depended on the subject's drinking history and variables of executive functioning. Attentional bias was assessed in 30 alcohol‐dependent patients using a visual dot‐probe task with a picture presentation time of 50 ms. In addition, patients completed a variety of different cognitive tasks such as attention, continuous performance, working memory, set shifting and inhibitory control tests. Based on correlation analysis we split the patient sample on the median with regard to the duration of alcohol dependence and our results indicated a significant attentional bias towards alcohol‐associated pictures in patients dependent for less than 9 years, but not in patients with a longer duration of dependence. The two patient samples differed significantly with regard to attention and working memory functioning with patients who were dependent for more than 9 years showing a greater impairment. When impairment of attention and working memory were controlled for, the group differences in attentional bias were no longer significant. Our results indicate that differences with regard to drinking‐related variables as well as cognitive functioning seem to modulate attentional bias and need to be taken into account in models of drinking maintenance.
HEPATITIS C AND ADDICTION: Retention rate and side effects in a prospective trial on hepatitis C treatment with pegylated interferon alpha‐2a and ribavirin in opioid‐dependent patients
Authors: Ebner Nina , Wanner Christian , Winklbaur Bernadette , Matzenauer Christian , Jachmann Crispa Aeschbach , Thau Kenneth , Fischer Gabriele
Published: March 2009

Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is present in 30 to 98% of intravenous drug users. Intravenous substance abuse represents the main route of HCV transmission in industrialized countries. A multi‐centre, randomized, controlled, prospective study assessed sustained virological response (SVR), adverse events such as depressive episodes and retention rate of HCV treatment in opioid‐dependent patients. Stabilized, opioid‐dependent patients with chronic HCV infection (genotype 2 or 3) received pegylated interferon alpha‐2a in combination with ribavirin 800 mg/day (Group A) or 400 mg/day (Group B). Participants were randomized, blocked and stratified by genotype and viral load. A standardized psychiatric assessment, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Van Zerssen's list of complaints were administered at each study visit. In 31 months, 300 opioid‐dependent patients were screened; 190 (63.3%) were hepatitis C antibody positive. According to study protocol, out of 75 ‘potential‐to‐treat’ patients with genotype 2 or 3, 17 stable patients (22.6%) were included in the study. All participants completed the study. Significant haemoglobin decreases occurred in both Groups A (P = 0.001) and B (P = 0.011). All the patients had an end‐of‐treatment (week 24) HCV RNA negativity. Fifteen (88.2%) achieved SVR at week 48. Overall, 52.9% developed depressive symptoms during treatment. Because of the prompt initiation of antidepressant medication at first appearance of depressive symptoms, no severe depressive episodes occurred. Our data show a high retention rate and reliability, and good viral response for both treatments. Hepatitis C treatment in stable opioid‐dependent patients was efficacious, suggesting that addiction clinics can offer antiviral therapy in combination with agonistic treatment as part of multi‐disciplinary treatment.
Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema
Authors: West Christina E. , Hammarström Marie‐Louise , Hernell Olle
Published: March 2009

A reduced microbial load early in life has been suggested to be linked to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in the industrialized world. Some studies have indicated that probiotics may be effective in the prevention of eczema. In vitro studies indicate that probiotics have immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning on the incidence of eczema and Th1/Th2 balance. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized intervention trial, infants were fed cereals with (n = 89) or without Lactobacillus F19 (n = 90) from 4 to 13 months of age. We assessed the cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months of age. The ratio of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) to interleukin 4 (IL4) mRNA expression levels in polyclonally stimulated peripheral blood T cells was used as a proxy for immune balance. Total and specific IgE serum levels were also assessed. The cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months was 11% (4–17%, 95% CI) and 22% (13–31%, 95% CI) in the probiotic and placebo groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The number needed to treat was 9 (6.5–11.5, 95% CI). At 13 months of age, the IFN‐γ/IL4 mRNA ratio was higher in the probiotic compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no differences between groups in serum concentrations of IgE. In summary, feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning could be an effective tool in the prevention of early manifestation of allergy, e.g., eczema. The higher Th1/Th2 ratio in the probiotic compared with the placebo group suggests enhancing effects of Lactobacillus F19 on the T cell‐mediated immune response.
Blood Groups in Leukaemia and the Reticuloses
Authors: KAY H. E. M. , SHORTER R. G.
Published: March 2009

La répartition des groupes sanguins ABO, MN.S, P et Rh (C, c, D, E) chez ‐125 malades souffrant de leucémieu ou de réticuloses est examinée, et les résultats obtenus discutés.

Die Verteilung der Blutgruppen ABO, MN.S, P und Rh (C, c, D, E) bei 125 Kranken mit Leukämie oder Retikulose werden zusammengesteut und die Resdtate diskutiert.
A Year's Experience in the Production of Lyophilized Single Donor Plasma
Authors: HEIZ R.
Published: March 2009

In February 1955, the Blood Transfusion Service of the Swiss Red Cross adopted a new method for the production of dried human plasma which involves separate processing of every blood unit. With this method, the risk of transmission of serum hepatitis is reduced to the same level as that incurred in whole blood transfusion. The technical aspects of the method are outlined and the experience gathered during the first year of its application is summarized. The incidence of early transfusion reactions to single donor plasma was 1.46%.

Depuis le commencement de l'année 1955 le Laboratoire Central du Service de Transfusion de la Croix‐Rouge Suisse a introduit la fabrication de plasma desséché provenant d'un seul donneur, dans le but de réduire au minimum le risque de transmission de l'hépatite sérique. Les détails techniques de la méthode sont décrits et les résultats obtenues durant une année sont discutées. Le pourcentage des réactions précoces par transfusion de plasma provenant d'un seul donneur a été de 1.46%.

Um das Risiko von Hepatitisübertragungen durch Trockenplasmn auf dasjenige von Vollblutkonserven herabzusetzen, wurde im Zentrallaboratorium des Blutspendedienstes des Schweizerischen Roten Kreuzes anfangs 1955 die Herstellung von Einzelspendertrockenplasma aufgenommen. Die technische Durchführung wird beschrieben, und die während eines Jahres gesammelten Erfahrungen werden mitgeteilt. Die Anzahl der Frühreaktionen bei der Transfusion von Einzelspenderplasma betrug 1,46%.
Hémagglutination passive des hématies tannées et recouvertes d'une substance plasmatique présente dam la fraction I et ses rapports avec la fibrinolyse ducaillot
Authors: DAUSSET J. , BERGEROT‐BLONDEL Y. , COLIN M.
Published: March 2009

Addition of diluted and inactivated human serum to coagulated blood considerably accelerates fibrinolysis of the clot.

A close correlation was found in certain diseases, and in normal individuals under particular conditions, between the fibrinolytic activity of the serum and its ability to agglutinate erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and coated with Cohn's plasma fraction I.

The hemagglutinin is liberated by the clot during lysis. It is found in the gamma globulin fraction of the serum.

It is active only after heating at 56° C for 1/2 hour. It is presumably produced by the action of plasmin on fibrin.

The substance with which the tanned erythrocytes are coated may be: a) fibrinogen, or b) antiplasmin, or c) some other component of fraction I.

La fibrinolyse a été recherché par une technique personnelle: l'addition de sérum humain dilué et inactivé accélérant considérablement la lyse.

Une corrélation étroite a été observée en pathologie et dans certaines circonstances à l'état normal entre une tendance fibrinolytique accrue et la positivité de la réaction d'hémagglutination des hématies tannées et recouvertes d'une substance plasmatique présente dans la fraction I.

II a été montré que la substance hdmagglutinante est libérée du caillot en voie de lyse. Cette substance est retrouvée dans la fraction gamma‐globulinique. Elle ne provoque l'hémagglutination qu'aprés chauffage de 30 minutes A 56° C. Elle est vraisemblablement le produit de la réaction de la plasmine sur la fibrine.

Quant à la substance qui sensibilise les hématies tannées elle peut être 1*deg; soit le fibrinogéne lui‐même, 2° soit l'antiplasmine 3° ou encore un autre composant de la fraction I.

Durch Zusatz von verdünntem inaktiviertem Serum zum Blut gelingt es, die Fibrinolyse des Gerinnsels erheblich zu beschleunigen.

Seren, welche tanninbehandelte und mit Fraktion I nach Cohn beladene Erythrozyten agglutinieren, zeigen meistens eine verstarkte Fibrinolyse des Gerinnsels.

Die hämagglutinierende Substanz bildet sich während der Lyse des Gerinnsels. Sie findet sich in der Gammaglobulinfraktion des Serums und vermag die Hämagglutination nur nach vorgängiger Envärmung (30 Minuten 56°) auszulösen. Es handelt sich wahrscheinlich um eine Substanz, welche bei der Einwirkung von Plasmin auf Fibrin gebildet wird.

Beim aktiven Prinzip der Fraktion I handelt es sich entwedar um Fibrinogen, um Antiplasmin oder um ein noch unbekanntes Teil‐produkt dieser Plasmafraktion.
The Value of Fresh Serum in the Detection and Use of Anti‐Jka Antibody
Authors: STRATTON F.
Published: March 2009

La meilleure manière de conserver les sérums contenant l'anticorps anti‐Jka est de les lyophiliser aussitôt obtenus. Si l'on trouve qu'un sérum anti‐Jka, conservé à l'état congelé, a perdu de son activité, celle‐ci peut être restaurée par l'addition de sérum frais. Le facteur contenu dans le sérum frais, qui produit cet effet, est thermolabile, et il semble possible qu'il s'agisse de certaines fractions du complément. D'autre part, la propriété Jka des érythrocytes se conserve le mieux dans le sang coagulé ou défibriné.

Seren, welche Anti‐Jka enthalten, erhalten am besten ihre Aktivität, wenn sie sofort nach Gewinnung lyophilisiert werden. Haben die Seren durch Lagerung an Wirksamkeit eingebüßt, so kann ihre Aktivität durch Zugabe von Frischserum erhöht werden. ‐ Die Jka‐Eigenschaft ihrerseits kann am besten mit Hilfe von aus geronnenem oder definibriertem Blut gewonnenen Erythrocyten nachgewiesen werden.
The Haemagglutinins of Crotalaria Striata
Authors: BIRD G. W. G.
Published: March 2009

Les phythémagglutinines de Crotalaria striata se montrent actifs contre les érythrocytes des groupes A1, A2 et B, mais pas contre ceux du groupe O. Cette activité, qui est maximale contre le groupe A1, minimale contre le groupe B, est diseutée par rapport au facteur hypothétique C.

Phythämagglutinine der Crotalaria striata wurden untersucht. Sie sind in fallender Stärke gegen A1‐, A2‐ und B‐Erythrocyten wirksam, nicht aber gegen die der Gruppe O. Dieses Phänomen wird im Zusammenhang mit dem hypothetischen Faktor C diskutiert.
Molecular Weight of Cold Hemagglutinins*
Authors: WEBER Rolf
Published: March 2009

Les agglutinines de 5 cas d'anémie hémolytique chronique avec autoanticorps froids ont été examinées dans l'ultracentrifugeur. Les valeurs de s20 étaient de 17.6–18.0. Pour le poids moléculaire des agglutinines une valeur de 330 000 à 350 000 fut trouvée.

Bei 5 Fällen von chronischer Kälteagglutininkrankheit wurden die Kälteagglutinine angereichert. Bei der Sedimentationsanalyse wurden Werte von s20 = 17,6–18,0 ermittelt. Durch zusätzliche Diffusionsmessung wurde in einem Fall das Molekulargewicht des Kälteagglutinins zu 330 000 bis 350 000 bestimmt.
The Demonstration of a Haemoglobin E‐Like Compound in Some Cases of Thalassaemia
Authors: CROWLEY Mary F. , McSORLEY J. G. A. , AKSOY M. , LEHMANN H.
Published: March 2009

A haemoglobin E‐like component has been demonstrated by paper electrophoresis in 14 individuals from Cyprus and Turkey. Thalassaemia major was found in four, and thalassaemia minor in seven. In two no evidence of thalassaemia was found, but family studies ascertained the presence of the thalassaemia gene in one, and made it likely in the other.

In one instance sickle‐cell thalassaemia disease was found. The demonstration of the haemoglobin E‐like component in a person heterozygous for the genes for haemoglobin A and S, suggests that the formation of the component is under a different genetical control from that of haemoglobin E itself.

Une substance semblable à l'hémoglobine E a été mise en évidence par électrophorèse sur papier chez 14 individus originaires de Chypre et de Turquie. Une thalassémie majeure se trouva chez 4 de ces personnes, une thalassémie mineure chez 7 autres. 2 individus ne montraient aucun signe de thalassémie, mais l'un d'eux possédait certainement, l'autre probablement le gène de la thalassémie.

Une des personnes était malade de thalassémie à trépanocytes. La mise en évidence de la substance semblable à l'hémoglobine E chez une personne hétérozygote pour les gènes de l'himoglobine A et S fait penser que la formation de cette substance est réglée par un mécanisme héréditaire différent de celui qui s'applique à l'hémoglobine E elle‐même.

Bei 14 Zyprioten und Türken gelang es, mit Hilfe der Papierelektrophorese eine dem Hämoglobin E nahestehende Hämoglobinkomponente nachzuweisen. 4 dieser Individuen litten an Thalassaemia major, 7 an Thalassaemia minor. Bei 2 Individuen konnten keine Thalassämiesymptome nachgewiesen werden. Auf Grund der Untersuchung ihrer Familien ist aber anzunehmen, daß es sich bei diesen 2 Individuen um symptomlose Träger des Thalassämiegens handelte. Bei einem Individuum wurde eine Sichelzellthalassämie gefunden. Der Nachweis dieser Hämoglobin E‐ähnlichen Komponente bei einem Individuum mit Hämoglobin A und S spricht dafür, daß diese Komponente einen vom eigentlichen Hämoglobin E unterschiedlichen Erbgang aufweist.
Preparation and Properties of a Stable Human Plasma Protein Solution*
Authors: KRIJNEN H. W. , MASTENBROEK G. G. A.
Published: March 2009

The preparation of a heat‐stable human plasma protein solution by the ethanol fractionation method at low temperatures is described.

The effect of heating for 10 hours at 60° C. on some properties of this protein solution has been investigated.

La préparation d'une solution de protéines plasmatiques humaines thermostabile par la méthode de fractionnement à l'éthanol à basse température est décrite, et le comportement de certaines propriétés de cette solution lorsqu'elle est chauffée à 60° C pendant 10 heures a été étudié.

Die Herstellung einer wärmestabilen Plasmaproteinlosung wird beschrieben. Sie beruht auf einer Modifikation der Alkoholfraktionierungsmethode bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Der Einfluß der zehnstündigen Wärmebehandlung bei 60° C auf die Eiweiße dieser Lösung wurde untersucht.
Rh Antibodies in the Serum of Two ‐D‐/‐D‐ People*
Authors: HACKEL Emanuel
Published: March 2009

Separation of the antibodies contained in two sera from persons of the Rh genotype ‐D‐/‐D‐ is described. The separation was accomplished by a series of absorptions and elutions and both sera were found to contain the following antibodies: anti‐C, anti‐c, anti‐E, anti‐e and anti‐f. In addition to the foregoing types of antibody, the evidence also supports the following mixed types: anti‐Cc, anti‐Ee and anti‐CCw. The suggestion that existing antigens in an individual exert a canalizing effect on immune response, first made by Race, Sanger and Selwyn in 1951, is supported by the evidence gathered in this investigation.

Les anticorps contenus dam le sérum de 2 personnes possédant le génotype Rh ‐D‐/‐D‐ ont été éxaminés. Par le moyen d'une série d'absorptions et d'élutions il a été possible de distinguer dans chacun des deux sérums les anticorps suivants: anti‐C, anti‐c, anti‐E, anti‐e et anti‐f. Il semble aussi qu'en plus des anticorps sus‐mentionnés il y avait dans ces sérums des anticorps mixtes, soit anti‐Cc, anti‐Ee et anti‐CCw. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec la thèse, émise en 1951 par Race, Sanger et Selwyn, selon laquelle les antigènes que possède un individu exercent un effet modérateur et canalisateur sur la formation d'anticorps par cet individu.

Die Trennung der im Serum von zwei ‐D‐/‐D‐Individuen enthaltenen Isoantikörper wird beschrieben. Durch wiederholte Absorption und Elution gelang es, folgende Antikörper nachzuweisen: Anti‐C, Anti‐c, Anti‐E, Anti‐e und Anti‐f. Zusätzlich zu diesen Antikörpern enthielten diese Seren wahrscheinlich noch die folgenden Mischantikörper: Anti‐Cc, Anti‐Ee und Anti‐ CCw. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen bestätigen die 1951 von Race, Sanger und Selwyn geäußerte Ansicht, daß die Spezifität von antierythrozytären Isoantikörpern durch die in den Erythrozyten des Antikörperbildners enthaltenen Antigene beeinflußt wird.
The Changing Pattern of Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (1948–1957)
Authors: Walker W.
Published: March 2009

We have reviewed our management of haemolytic disease of the newborn in Northumberland and Durham in the ten years 1948–1957.

In particular we have considered the selection of cases for exchange transfusion, the need to repeat exchange transfusion, the techniques employed and the results obtained.

We have considered the problem of this disease in relation to the family and have briefly considered the role and value of premature induction in those families with a bad previous history.

Les auteurs ont analysé leur traitement de la maladie hémolytique du nouveau‐né dans les régions de Northumberland et de Durham pendant les 10 années de 1948 à 1957.

Ils discutent en particulier les points suivants: indication pour l'exsanguino‐transfusion, nécessité d'exsanguino‐transfusion répétée, techniques employées et résultats obtenus.

Ils ont aussi examiné le problème que pose cette rnaladie pour les familles touchées et discutent brièvement la valeur que peut avoir l'accouchement prématuré dans les familles avec des antécédents défavorables.

Auf Grund von in den Distrikten Northumberland und Durham in den Jahren 1948–1957 gesammelten Erfahrungen wird zum Problem des Morbus haemolyticus neonatorurn kritisch Stellung genommen. Im besonderen wird die Indikationsstellung der Austauschtransfusion, die Frage ihrer Wiederholung, die angewandte Methodik und die damit erzielten Behandlungsergebnisse besprochen. Außerdem wird kurz auf die Problematik dieser Krankheit in bezug auf die betroffenen Familien sowie die Frage der vorzeitigen Geburtseinleitung bei Fällen mit belasteter Schwangerschaftsanamnese kurz eingegangen.
The Incidence, Distribution and Life History of the Anti‐A and Anti‐B Haemolysins in the General Population: An Investigation of 90,000 Blood Samples
Authors: Tovey A. D.
Published: March 2009

The incidence of anti‐A and anti‐B haemolysins in 90,185 blood samples is reported. There is a slight but significantly higher incidence in civilian blood donors than in donors of H. M. Forces.

The effect of the donor's age, sex, past history of blood donations, or geographical and seasonal incidence did not appear to account for this observed difference in incidence, or for the great variation noted at successive donor sessions.

The life history of anti‐A and anti‐B haemolysins was also studied.

La fréquence d'hémolysines anti‐A et anti‐B dans 90,185 échantillons de sang est donnée. Celle‐ci est plus grande chez les donneurs de sang civils que chez les donneurs de l'armée, mais la différence, quoique sigdcative, n'est que 1égère. Cette différence ne semble pas ětre due à l'influence de l'ǎge, du sexe, ou du nombre antérieur de saignées du donneur, ni à des facteurs géographiques ou saisonniers. Tous ces facteurs ne semblent pas non plus influencer la forte variabilité dans la fréquence des hémolysines chez les měmes groupes de donneurs de saignée à saignée.

La variabilité des hémolysines anti‐A et anti‐B chez le měme individu avec le temps a aussi été étudiée.

Die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Anti‐A‐ und Anti‐B‐Isohämolysinen wird auf Grund der Untersuchung von 90185 Blutproben mitgeteilt. Bei zivilen Blutspendern wurden Isohämolysine etwas häuiufiger gefunden als bei den Angehörigen der Armee.

Das Alter und Geschlecht der Spender, die Anzahl ihrer früheren Spenden, ihr Wohnsitz sowie die Jahreszeit der Spenden vermochte die unterschiedliche Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Isohämolysinen in den beiden Bevölkerungsgruppen nicht zu erklären. Möglicherweise beruht der Unterschied auf einer Zufallsverteilung, wie sie bei den verschiedenen Spendeterminen oft beobachtet werden kann.

Die «Lebensgeschichte» der Anti‐A‐ und Anti‐B‐Isohämolysine wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
Studies on Iron Metabolism in Blood Donors
Authors: de Vries S. I. , de Potter E.
Published: March 2009

From an investigation of the iron metabolism of 297 voluntary donors it has been shown that after ten bleeds significant differences may appear on comparing male and female donors. In about 22 per cent of the latter an increase of the unsaturated iron binding capacity was noted, associated with a reduced iron saturation.

Determination of the haemoglobin content alone is insufficient for the demonstration of this disturbance. The risk of a latent sideropenia makes it desirable to consider prophylactic measures in females who have been bled ten times. For the present, a reduction in the frequency of donations for women to once a year would seem the procedure to be recommended.

Le métabolisme du fer chez 297 donneurs de sang a été étudié et l‘on a observé qu'après 10 saignées il peut se produire des diffénces significatives entre hommes et femmes. Chez environ 22 pour cent des femmes on a trouvé une augmentation de la capacité d'absorption du fer allant de pair avec une réduction de la concentration effective de fer.

La détermination du taux d'hémoglobine ne suffit pas à elle seule pour révéler ce dérangement. II faudrait donc combattre par des mesures prophylactiques le danger d'une sidéropénie latente, chez les femmes qui ont été saignées 10 fois. Les auteurs recommandent de réduire à une fois par an la fréquence des données de sang chez les femmes.

Anläßlich von Eisenstoffwechselstudien bei 297 freiwilligen Spendern wurde nach der 10. Spende ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen männlichen und weiblichen Spendern beobachtet. Ungefähr 22 Prozent der weiblichen Spender zeigten eine Erhöhung der ungesättigten Eisenbindungskapazität des Serums.

Die Hämoglobinbestimmung allein ist unzureichend, um eine larvierte Sideropenie zu erkennen. Es ist angezeigt, bei Frauen, die mehr als 10 mal Blut gespendet haben, prophylaktische Maßnahmen durchzuführen. Dabei ist es am zweckmäßigsten, solche Frauen nur mehr einmal jährlich zur Blutentnahme aufzubieten.
A Blood Factor, Possibly New, Detected by Extracts of Arachis Hypogaea*
Authors: Boyd William C. , Green Dorothy M. , Fujinaga Dorothy M. , Drabik John S. , Waszczenko‐Zacharczenko Eugenia
Published: March 2009

Saline extracts of the common peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinate the albumin‐suspended erythrocytes of certain individuals and do not affect others. Determination of the reactions with the cells of a panel of donors of known blood group suggests that the agglutinogen detected is not identical with A, B, H, M, N, S, s, P, C, D, E, c, e, V, Lua, Lub, K, k, Lea, Leb, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb, or Js. The agglutinin in the extracts is not removed by absorption with positively reacting erythrocytes, but can be specifically inhibited by certain carbohydrates. Two extracts displayed a distinct tendency to react with most A, B, and AB bloods, but the majority did not. The anti‐A, B activity of these atypical extracts could be neutralized by the addition of blood group A substance.

Des extraits salins de l'arachide commune (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinent en milieu albumineux des érythrocytes de certains individus et n'agissent pas sur les érythrocytes de certains autres. Des réactions pratiquées avec des érythrocytes‐test provenant de donneurs dont les antigènes érythrocytaires sont connus laissent supposer que l'agglutinogène mis en évidence n'est pas identique aux antigènes A, B, H, M, N, S, s, P, C, D, E, c, e, V, Lua, Lub, k, K, Lea, Leb, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb ou Js. Des érythrocytes donnant une réaction positive avec l'extrait n'absorbent pas l'agglutinine; celle‐ci, par contre, peut être inhibée spécifiquement par certains hydrates de carbone. Parmi les extraits fabriqués, deux préparations ont présenté la propriété d'agir sélectivement sur les sangs A, B et AB. L'activité anti‐A et anti‐B de ces extraits atypiques a pu être neutralisée par l'adjonction de substances de groupes A.

Kochsalzextrakte der gewôhnlichen Erdnuß (Arachis hypogaea) enthalten ein Agglutinin, welches im Albuminmilieu die Erythrozyten gewisser Individuen agglutiniert und diejenigen anderer Individuen unbeeinflußt läßt. An Hand der Untersuchung von Erythrozyten mit bekannter Antigenstruktur gelang es zu zeigen, daß dieses Agglutinin mit einem Agglutinogen reagiert, welches niche identisch ist mit den folgenden Blutgruppenantigenen: A, B, H, M, N, S, s, P, C, D, E, c, e, V, Lua, Lub, K, k, Lea, Leb, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb oder Js. Es gelingt nicht, dieses Agglutinin durch Absorption mit positiv reagierenden Erythrozyten aus den Extrakten zu entfernen. Es gelingt hingegen, diese Reaktion mit bestimmten Kohlenhydraten zu unterdrücken. Zwei Extrakte reagierten mit der Mehrzahl der untersuchten A‐, B‐ und AB‐Blutproben; diese Reaktion blieb nach Zugabe von gelöster A‐Substanz zu den Extrakten aus.
Hétéroagglutinines animals: I Hétéroagglutination par le sérum de «Vipera aspis»
Authors: Fine J. M.
Published: March 2009

In the serum of vipers several heteroagglutinins active against the red cells of many animal species can be distinguished. These agglutinins represent mixtures of antibodies of more or less strict specificity. Some are specific for human or equine blood groups, others are only species‐specific, and still others are specific for antigenic patterns common to several species. It is interesting to note that, among the antibodies reacting with several antigens, some, such as those reacting with the human A and B antigens, are found in the serum of a wide variety of species (fish, reptiles, birds, domestic mammals such as rabbits, dogs, cattle, or wild mammals, such as monkeys).

It has thus been shown that the serum protein molecules which have been the object of the present immunological studies possess at least one property in common, namely that of agglutinating certain red cell antigens.

On peut dénombrer, dans le sérum de vipère, un certain nombre d'hétéroagglutinines actives sur les hématies de nombreuses espèces animales.

Ces agglutinines sont un mélange d'anticorps de spécificité plus oumoins étroite. Les unes sont spécifiques d'antigèes définissant des groupes sanguins chez l'homme ou le cheval, d'autres ne reconnaissent que «l'espèce», d'autres enfin ne décèlent que des motifs antigéniques communs à plusieurs espèces. Parmi cette diversité des structures protéiques capables de réagir avec de nombreux antigénes, il est intéressant de noter que certains motifs, tels que ceux réagissant avec les antigènes A et B humains, se rencontrent dans le sérum d'espèces les plus variées (poissons, reptiles, oiseaux, mammifèes domestiques: lapin, chien, bæufs ou sauvages: singes).

Les études immunologiques permettent dans ce cas de reconnaître des molécules protéiques présentant au moins entre elles un caractère commun, à savoir l'agglutination de certains antigènes érythrocytaires.

Das Serum von Vipern enthält eine Reihe von Heteroagglutininen gegen Erythrozyten verschiedener Tierarten. Bei diesen Agglutininen handelt es sich urn ein Antikörpergemisch mit mehr oder minder ähnlicher Spezifität. Die einen Antikörper reagieren mit BhtgruppenMerkmalen des Menschen und des Pferdes. Andere reagieren artspezifisch; wiederum andere reagieren mit Antigenen, die bei mehreren Tierarten vorkommen.

Darüber hinaus wird darauf hingewiesen, daß die Seren zahlreicher verschiedener Tiere (Fische, Reptilien, Vögel, Säugetiere (Kaninchen, Hund, Rind, Wildtiere, Affen) Antikörper enthalten, welche mit den A‐ und 3‐Antigenen des menschlichen Serums reagieren.

Auf Grund solcher Versuche ist es möglich, in den Seren der verschiedensten Tiere Proteine zu erfassen, welche das gemeinsame Merkmal der Heteroagglutination von Erythrozyten aufweisen.