bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical and Chemical Expertise in English Trials for Criminal Poisoning, 1750–1914
Authors: Watson Katherine D
Published: May 2019

This article contributes to the literature on the history of medico-legal practice by using a survey of 535 poisoning cases to examine the emergence of forensic toxicological expertise in nineteenth-century English criminal trials. In emphasizing chemical expertise, it seeks both to expand upon a limited literature on the history of the subject, and to offer a contrast to studies of criminal poisoning that have tended to focus primarily on medical expertise. Poisoning itself is a topic of abiding interest to historians of forensic medicine and science because (together with insanity) it long tended to attract the greatest attention (and often confrontation) in criminal proceedings. In looking at a wide number of cases, however, it becomes apparent that few aroused true medico-legal controversy. Rather, the evidence from several hundred cases tried as felonies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries indicates that prior to the 1830s few presented any opportunity for “a battle of experts”. While Ian Burney and Tal Golan have shown that this was certainly not the case during the mid and late nineteenth century, this paper goes further by dividing the period under study into three distinct phases in order to show how expert testimony (and experts themselves) changed during the course of the century, and why this process opened a door to the potential for formalized controversy.
Anthrax in South Africa: Economics, Experiment and the Mass Vaccination of Animals, c. 1910–1945
Authors: Gilfoyle Daniel
Published: May 2019

During 1923, the South African government began to issue free vaccine for the immunization of cattle against anthrax. Five years later, it introduced compulsory annual vaccination in parts of the Transkeian Territories, an area reserved for occupation by Africans. Thereafter, the state sought to extend both compulsory and discretionary vaccination. In 1942, scientists at the government's Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute announced that they had issued 6 million doses of vaccine during the previous year. Approximately half the cattle in the country were being immunized annually with a special product which scientists at the Institute had recently devised. The scale of vaccination was unprecedented within the country and the annual issue of anthrax vaccine far surpassed the amount supplied for any other animal disease. It was a major state intervention in rural society. Nevertheless, vaccination against anthrax in South Africa is absent from the historiography, while published contemporary accounts are few.
The Gloucestershire Extension of Medical Services Scheme: An Experiment in the Integration of Health Services in Britain before the NHS
Authors: Gorsky Martin
Published: May 2019

One of the animating beliefs of British health service reformers in the first half of the twentieth century was that delivery would improve if greater co-ordination was imposed over disparate providers. The fundamental divisions were between the voluntary, public and private sectors. Voluntary provision predominantly meant acute care hospitals, but also included a range of other therapeutic and clinical services. The public sector delivered general practitioner (GP) services to insured workers through the state national health insurance (NHI) scheme, while the remit of local government covered environmental health, isolation and general hospitals and a wide range of personal services addressing tuberculosis, venereal diseases, mental illness, and maternity and child welfare. Finally, the private sector provided nursing homes and GP attendance at commercial rates. Within each area there were tendencies towards independent rather than co-operative working. Voluntary hospitals often lacked any mechanism for conferring with neighbouring institutions and the competitive logic of fund-raising enforced an individualistic ethic. In the public sector health responsibilities were dispersed across various agencies: local authority health committees, advised by the county or borough Medical Officer of Health (MOH), oversaw sanitation, hospitals and personal health services; education committees were responsible for the School Medical Service (SMS), whose remit was the compulsory medical inspection and treatment of elementary schoolchildren; the Poor Law provided institutional care either in workhouses or separate infirmaries, although after the 1929 Local Government Act the boards of guardians were broken up; their powers were then transferred to the public assistance committees of local authorities, however these remained distinct from health committees. GP services accessed through the state NHI system were overseen by local insurance committees separate from local government. Private practice co-existed with NHI and doctors tended to prioritize fee-paying rather than panel patients.
μαλακοί and ἀρσενοκοῖται: In Defence of Tertullian's Translation
Authors: Cook John Granger
Published: May 2019

The debate over the translation of μαλακοί and ἀρσενοκοῖται in 1 Cor 6.9 can and should be settled by a non-polemical and complete survey of the material now that comprehensive databases of ancient texts are available. The translation of ἀρσενοκοῖται by Tertullian, several Vetus Latina MSS and the Vulgate has the best evidential foundation. To establish the meaning of this term one has to turn to etymology and usage, a semantic domain of terms for sexual intercourse, and patristic and classical texts. Once the semantics of ἀρσενοκοίτης is better grounded, the ancient Latin translation of μαλακοί becomes the most probable.
Ancient Names for Hebrew and Aramaic: A Case for Lexical Revision
Authors: Penner Ken M.
Published: May 2019

The view expressed in BDAG thatHebraisrefers not to Hebrew but to ‘the Aramaic spoken at that time in Palestine’ derives from a century-old argument that becauseHebraiscould mean either Aramaic or Hebrew, and since the average person could not understand Hebrew,Hebraismust mean Aramaic. This article challenges the view thatHebrais(ti)could mean Aramaic (1) by using an exhaustive list of all instances to show that Aramaic was consistently distinguished from Hebrew, and (2) by explaining the evidence to the contrary: Aramaic-looking words in John, Josephus and Philo that are said to beHebraisti.
Flesh from Heaven: The Text of John 6.52 and its Intertext
Authors: Ferda Tucker S.
Published: May 2019

Most modern commentaries and translations of the Gospel of John take John 6.52 to read: ‘How can this man give us his flesh to eat?’ There is, however, an important variant reading here that lacks the αὐτοῦ (thus: ‘How can this man give us flesh to eat?’), which has received very little attention. This article contends that the shorter reading creates yet another example of Johannine dramatic irony, as the contempt of οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι for Jesus’ teaching echoes the unbelief of the wilderness generation who were ‘given flesh to eat’ along with the manna. The article tentatively concludes that this intertextual reading advances the ‘internal probability’ of the shorter text.
Aneurysmal Surgery in the Presence of Angiographic Vasospasm: An Outcome Assessment
Authors: McLaughlin Nancy , Bojanowski Michel W.
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose:

The timing of aneurysmal surgery for patients presenting within the period at risk for vasospasm (VS) is controversial. The goal of this study is to review our experience of surgically treated patients in the presence of angiographic VS.

Materials and Methods:

From 1990-2004, 894 consecutive patients presented with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and were treated with a policy of early surgery. We retrospectively analyzed the patients that had pre-operative angiographic VS. In this study, symptomatic VS was diagnosed when a decreased level of consciousness and/or focal deficit occurred after SAH in the presence of angiographic VS without confounding factors. Functional outcome was assessed three months after SAH using the Glasgow Outcome Scale.

Results:

Of the 40 patients studied, 62.5% were in good clinical grade Hunt & Hess (H&H 1-2) on admission; 25%, intermediate grade (H&H 3); 12.5%, poor grade (H&H 4-5). Surgery was performed 24 hours or less after initial angiography in 87.5% of patients and less than 48 hours in 97.5%. Pre-operative symptomatic VS was diagnosed in 25%. Postoperatively, angiographic VS was documented in 87.2%. Of the 30% of patients that presented post-operative symptomatic VS, 66.7% also demonstrated pre-operative symptomatic VS. The functional outcome was favorable in 92.5% of the studied patients. Two deaths occurred in patients presenting pre-operative early radiological and symptomatic VS.

Conclusion:

Aneurysmal surgery, especially between 3-12 days following SAH, in the presence of asymptomatic pre-operative angiographic VS can be associated with a good outcome. Early surgery is not contra-indicated and might enable optimal treatment of VS.
Gaussian Message Passing-Based Cooperative Localisation with Bootstrap Percolation Scheme in Dense Networks
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Lian Baowang , Zhang Lin , Zhou Taoyun
Published: May 2019

In dense networks, the tremendous computational complexity and communication overhead of cooperative localisation are the two main bottlenecks that limit practical application. In this study, we introduce a bootstrap percolation scheme into Gaussian message passing-based cooperative localisation for precise positioning, aimed at reducing the system overhead. Considering the uncertainty information and geometric distribution of neighbours, an approximate collinear detection criterion is proposed to detect the possible flip ambiguities in cooperative localisation. According to the detection result and our connection constraint, agents are divided into three categories and are approximated by different distribution families. A message passing rule is designed to control the propagation direction from high precision to low precision, thereby mitigating potential error propagation. Additionally, a layer-by-layer positioning mechanism is established where the agents are located gradually. Analytical and simulation results indicate that when the ranging standard deviation is 0·2 m, 89·3% of the agent nodes can be located within 0·4 m using the proposed algorithm. Compared with the Hybrid Sum-Product Algorithm over A Wireless Network (H-SPAWN), this ratio is increased by 8·4% and the computational complexity is reduced by 72%.
Separation Risk Evaluation Considering Positioning Uncertainties from the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) System
Authors: Zhao Peng , Liu Yongming
Published: May 2019

A probabilistic methodology for separation loss probability assessments is proposed in this paper. The key focus is on the effect of uncertainties from multiple Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) systems on the separation loss probability assessment. First, a brief review of the ADS-B system and its associated uncertainty quantification metrics is discussed. It is found that most existing studies focus on the individual ADS-B uncertainty quantification for a single aircraft, which is not sufficient for separation loss probability assessment when two or more aircraft are involved. Next, a probabilistic positioning model with multiple aircraft is proposed and various types of uncertainties are included in the proposed model. Numerical simulations show that a navigation satellite fault can significantly affect separation error when individual aircraft see different satellite sets. Following this, several demonstration examples are illustrated to show the bounds for separation loss probability estimation. Finally, several conclusions and suggestions are discussed based on this study. One major finding is that the separation risk significantly increases when two nearby aircraft use different satellite sets to navigate. Real-time assessment of this risk should be performed.
An Integrity Monitoring Algorithm for GNSS Satellite Atomic Clocks
Authors: Huang X.M. , Zhao X. , Li J.Y. , Zhu X.W. , Ou G.
Published: May 2019

An algorithm for Global Navigation Satellite System satellite atomic clock integrity monitoring based on an extended measurement model is proposed. A detection statistic achieved by parity transformation is used to detect clock anomalies, and the concept of the optimal accumulation number, with a method to find it, is provided. Numerical simulations are adopted to verify the validity of detecting two typical anomalies.
A High-Sensitivity Acquisition Algorithm for BeiDou Signals with NH Code
Authors: Li Rongbing , Han Zhifeng , Liu Jianye , Wang Yi
Published: May 2019

BeiDou signals are modulated with a Neumann-Hofman (NH) code of 1 kbps. The frequent bit transitions lead to a sensitivity attenuation of classic acquisition algorithms. In order to increase acquisition sensitivity for weak BeiDou signals, a novel algorithm based on modified zero-padding and differential correlation is proposed. First, a zero-padding method is used to weaken the effect of NH code. Second, the differential coherent delay time is modified to 20 ms to remove the influence of data bit transitions. The integration time is extended to 10 ms to increase acquisition sensitivity. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations and real data tests are conducted to analyse the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulated results show that the proposed acquisition algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms under a Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N0s) of 20~38 dB-Hz. The sensitivity of the proposed algorithm is about 10dB higher than traditional 6 ms repeated search algorithms. Real data test results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the traditional method with weak signals. This algorithm can remove the effect of NH code and effectively increase the acquisition sensitivity. The proposed algorithm is suitable for acquisition of weak BeiDou signals.
GMT and Longitude by Lunar Distance: Two Methods Compared From a Practitioner's Point of View
Authors: Romelczyk Eric
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the technique of observing lunar distance - that is, angular distance between the moon and another celestial body - to establish universal time and longitude, from a practitioner's point of view. The article presents a brief overview of the principles underlying the lunar distance observation and its use in celestial navigation. A discussion follows of two different methods for finding universal time by observing lunar distance, Dr. Wendel Brunner's calculator-based method and the specialised inspection tables created by Bruce Stark. The article compares the two methods against each other for ease of use and accuracy. The author concludes that either method will provide satisfactory results, but that the technique of observing lunar distance is unlikely to regain relevance in the modern-day practice of navigation and is primarily useful as a skill-building exercise in making sextant observations.
Introduction
Authors: Urfalino Philippe
Published: May 2019

Les trois articles qui suivent ont une caractéristique remarquable : le médicament est au coeur de leur objet et de leur questionnement. La chose n’est plus exceptionnelle mais elle reste rare. Il y a encore peu de temps, le médicament ne bénéficiait d’un intérêt marqué parmi les sciences sociales ou humaines que chez les économistes et les juristes. Si l’on se cantonne à la sociologie de langue française, l’absence du médicament, non seulement comme objet d’études mais même comme simple élément pertinent d’une réalité plus vaste, dans deux récents manuels de sociologie de la médecine et des maladies1 indique combien la littérature dont ils restituent les principaux apports a pu faire l’impasse sur le remède, aussi bien comme partie prenante des pratiques que comme source d’interrogations et de mobilisations. L’accent dominant, depuis les années 1960, mis par la sociologie de la médecine et de la santé sur les organisations, les interactions et les professions, n’a pas facilité, semble-t-il, l’intérêt pour un objet à la fois industriel, marchand et scientifique, mobile au point de n’être circonscrit à aucun espace institutionnel ou professionnel spécifique.
L’impuissance et son traitement
Authors: Bonetti Emmanuelle
Published: May 2019

Le cas du traitement de l’impuissance permet d’analyser l’impact du médicament sur la maladie à laquelle il est destiné. Cette entreprise exige dans un premier temps une définition du concept de maladie. Nous montrons alors que le médicament exerce un effet direct sur la connaissance du mécanisme pathologique. Cet impact, d’ordre cognitif, est ensuite replacé dans le contexte de la recherche sur l’impuissance. Le désintérêt initial, tant de la communauté médicale que de l’industrie pharmaceutique, est en effet transformé par les connaissances acquises grâce à la découverte de la papavérine, une molécule qui, injectée dans le sexe, induit une érection. Ce médicament implique alors une nouvelle catégorie d’acteurs, les urologues, dont l’engagement dans le traitement de l’impuissance affaiblit l’emprise de la sexologie. Mais l’évolution de la définition de l’impuissance est aussi fortement liée au cadre réglementaire qui guide la mise sur le marché des médicaments. En conclusion, notre lecture de cette histoire souligne les limites des réflexions basées sur le modèle de la médicalisation.
Les trois doigts d’Adam
Authors: Júnior Hilário Franco
Published: May 2019

Un des chapiteaux du cloître aragonais de San Juan de la Peña montre un détail surprenant, sans équivalent dans l’iconographie médiévale et pourtant jamais étudié, peut-être parce qu’il a été vu comme un simple produit de l’imagination arbitraire de l’artiste. Adam, après avoir ingéré le fruit défendu, pose sa main droite entre sa gorge et sa poitrine pour indiquer qu’il restait étouffé par le péché et qu’il s’en repentait, et il fait ce geste avec seulement les trois premiers doigts de la main. Pourquoi ? C’est ce à quoi le présent essai tente de répondre.
Représentation, généralisation, comparaison
Authors: Delille Gérard
Published: May 2019

Toute société produit ses généralisations au travers desquelles elle tend à se décrire et à se représenter. À partir d’un objet d’étude, celui de la parenté et de l’alliance en Europe occidentale, l’article met en évidence les écarts parfois considérables qui peuvent s’établir entre de telles généralisations et les pratiques réelles ; il souligne les difficultés d’ordre méthodologique, d’interprétation, de comparaison avec d’autres sociétés qui en découlent. Le système européen est-il simplement et toujours cognatique, associe-t-il strictement filiation et dévolution des biens, ne présente-t-il, au niveau des alliances, aucune règle, aucune préférence organisatrice, aucun échange direct des femmes et aucun bouclage dans la parenté ? Les réponses à de telles questions ne peuvent être apportées qu’en prenant en compte toute la complexité du fonctionnement réel de ce système.
Social patterning of acute respiratory illnesses in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study 2014–2015
Authors: Malosh Ryan E. , Noppert Grace A. , Zelner Jon , Martin Emily T. , Monto Arnold S.
Published: May 2019

Social patterning of infectious diseases is increasingly recognised. Previous studies of social determinants of acute respiratory illness (ARI) have found that highly educated and lower income families experience more illnesses. Subjective social status (SSS) has also been linked to symptomatic ARI, but the association may be confounded by household composition. We examined SSS and ARI in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study in 2014–2015. We used SSS as a marker of social disadvantage and created a workplace disadvantage score for working adults. We examined the association between these measures and ARI incidence using mixed-effects Poisson regression models with random intercepts to account for household clustering. In univariate analyses, mean ARI was higher among children <5 years old (P < 0.001), and females (P = 0.004) at the individual level. At the household level, mean ARI was higher for households with at least one child <5 years than for those without (P = 0.002). In adjusted models, individuals in the lowest tertile of SSS had borderline significantly higher rates of ARI than those in the highest tertile (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.92). Households in the lowest tertile of SSS had significantly higher ARI incidence in household-level models (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.03). We observed no association between workplace disadvantage and ARI. We detected an increase in the incidence of ARI for households with low SSS compared with those with high SSS, suggesting that socio-economic position has a meaningful impact on ARI incidence.
Each p[ɚ]son does it th[εː] way: Rhoticity variation and the community grammar
Authors: Blaxter Tam , Beeching Kate , Coates Richard , Murphy James , Robinson Emily
Published: May 2019

This paper examines individual differences in constraints on linguistic variation in light of Labov's (2007) proposal that adult change (diffusion) disrupts systems of constraints and Tamminga, MacKenzie, and Embick's (2016) typology of constraints. It is shown that, in pooling data from multiple speakers, some of the complexity in structured community variation may be overlooked. Data on rhoticity from speakers of Bristol English are compared to 34 previous studies of rhoticity in varieties of English around the world. Constraints found to be consistent across varieties are also found to be consistent across speakers of Bristol English, whereas those that differ between varieties also differ between individuals, implying that only those which differ are truly part of the grammar, and that these are indeed disrupted by diffusion.
Assessment of airway abnormalities in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals
Authors: Wise-Faberowski Lisa , Irvin Matthew , Sidell Douglas R. , Rajashekara Sheila , Asija Ritu , Chan Frandics P. , Hanley Frank L. , McElhinney Doff B.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Children with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals (TOF/MAPCAs) are at risk for post-operative respiratory complications after undergoing unifocalisation surgery. Thus, we assessed and further defined the incidence of airway abnormalities in our series of over 500 children with TOF/MAPCAs as determined by direct laryngoscopy, chest computed tomography (CT), and/or bronchoscopy.

Methods:

The medical records of all patients with TOF/MAPCAs who underwent unifocalisation or pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery from March, 2002 to June, 2018 were reviewed. Anaesthesia records, peri-operative bronchoscopy, and/or chest CT reports were reviewed to assess for diagnoses of abnormal or difficult airway. Associations between chromosomal anomalies and airway abnormalities – difficult anaesthetic airway, bronchoscopy, and/or CT findings – were defined.

Results:

Of the 564 patients with TOF/MAPCAs who underwent unifocalisation or pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery at our institution, 211 (37%) had a documented chromosome 22q11 microdeletion and 28 (5%) had a difficult airway/intubation reported at the time of surgery. Chest CT and/or peri-operative bronchoscopy were performed in 234 (41%) of these patients. Abnormalities related to malacia or compression were common. In total 35 patients had both CT and bronchoscopy within 3 months of each other, with concordant findings in 32 (91%) and partially concordant findings in the other 3.

Conclusion:

This is the largest series of detailed airway findings (direct laryngoscopy, CT, and bronchoscopy) in TOF/MAPCAS patients. Although these findings are specific to an at-risk population for airway abnormalities, they support the utility of CT and /or bronchoscopy in detecting airway abnormalities in patients with TOF/MAPCAs.
High Tourniquet Failure Rates Among Non-Medical Personnel Do Not Improve with Tourniquet Training, Including Combat Stress Inoculation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsur Avishai Michael , Binyamin Yaara , Koren Lena , Ohayon Sharon , Thompson Patrick , Glassberg Elon
Published: May 2019

Background:

The rate of failing to apply a tourniquet remains high.

Hypothesis:

The study objective was to examine whether early advanced training under conditions that approximate combat conditions and provide stress inoculation improve competency, compared to the current educational program of non-medical personnel.

Methods:

This was a randomized controlled trial. Male recruits of the armored corps were included in the study. During Combat Lifesaver training, recruits apply The Tourniquet 12 times. This educational program was used as the control group. The combat stress inoculation (CSI) group also included 12 tourniquet applications, albeit some of them in combat conditions such as low light and physical exertion. Three parameters defined success, and these parameters were measured by The Simulator: (1) applied pressure ≥ 200mmHg; (2) time to stop bleeding ≤ 60 seconds; and (3) placement up to 7.5cm above the amputation.

Results:

Out of the participants, 138 were assigned to the control group and 167 were assigned to the CSI group. The overall failure rate was 80.33% (81.90% in the control group versus 79.00% in the CSI group; P value = .565; 95% confidence interval, 0.677 to 2.122). Differences in pressure, time to stop bleeding, or placement were not significant (95% confidence intervals, −17.283 to 23.404, −1.792 to 6.105, and 0.932 to 2.387, respectively). Tourniquet placement was incorrect in most of the applications (62.30%).

Conclusions:

This study found high rates of failure in tourniquet application immediately after successful completion of tourniquet training. These rates did not improve with tourniquet training, including CSI. The results may indicate that better tourniquet training methods should be pursued.

Tsur, AM, Binyamin, Y, Koren, L, Ohayon, S, Thompson; P, Glassberg, E. High tourniquet failure rates among non-medical personnel do not improve with tourniquet training, including combat stress inoculation: a randomized controlled trial.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(3):282–287.
Safety and Efficacy of Prehospital Diltiazem for Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response
Authors: Rodriguez Alexa , Hunter Christopher L. , Premuroso Caitlin , Silvestri Salvatore , Stone Amanda , Miller Stacie , Zuver Christian , Papa Linda
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Atrial fibrillation (AFIB) with rapid ventricular response (RVR) is a common tachydysrhythmia encountered by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Current guidelines suggest rate control in stable, symptomatic patients.

Problem:

Little is known about the safety or efficacy of rate-controlling medications given by prehospital providers. This study assessed a protocol for prehospital administration of diltiazem in the setting of AFIB with RVR for provider protocol compliance, patient clinical improvement, and associated adverse events.

Methods:

This was a retrospective, cohort study of patients who were administered diltiazem by providers in the Orange County EMS System (Florida USA) over a two-year period. The protocol directed a 0.25mg/kg dose of diltiazem (maximum of 20mg) for stable, symptomatic patients in AFIB with RVR at a rate of >150 beats per minute (bpm) with a narrow complex. Data collected included patient characteristics, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm before and after diltiazem, and need for rescue or additional medications. Adverse events were defined as systolic blood pressure <90mmHg or administration of intravenous fluid after diltiazem administration. Clinical improvement was defined as a heart rate decreased by 20% or less than 100bmp. Original prehospital ECG rhythm interpretations were compared to physician interpretations performed retrospectively.

Results:

Over the study period, 197 patients received diltiazem, with 131 adhering to the protocol. The initial rhythm was AFIB with RVR in 93% of the patients (five percent atrial flutter, two percent supraventricular tachycardia, and one percent sinus tachycardia). The agreement between prehospital and physician rhythm interpretation was 92%, with a Kappa value of 0.454 (P <.001). Overall, there were 22 (11%) adverse events, and 112 (57%) patients showed clinical improvement. When diltiazem was given outside of the existing protocol, the patients had higher rates of adverse events (18% versus eight percent; P = .033). Patients who received diltiazem in adherence with protocols were more likely to show clinical improvement (63% versus 46%; P = .031).

Conclusion:

This study suggests that prehospital diltiazem administration for AFIB with RVR is safe and effective when strict protocols are followed.

Rodriguez A, Hunter CL, Premuroso C, Silvestri S, Stone A, Miller S, Zuver C, Papa L. Safety and efficacy of prehospital diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(3):297–302.
Urban birth and risk of schizophrenia: a worrying example of epidemiology where the data are stronger than the hypotheses
Authors: McGrath John , Scott James
Published: May 2019

There is robust and consistent evidence from epidemiological studies showing that urban birth is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that this exposure may be associated with a sizeable proportion of cases. To date the candidate exposures underlying the urban birth risk factor have included infectious agents, low prenatal vitamin D, toxins associated with pollution, and stress. However, in general, the hypotheses proposed to explain the urban birth risk factor have been unsatisfying. In light of the general trend towards increasing urbanization, it is feasible that the attributable fraction of schizophrenia associated with urban birth may increase. The psychiatric research community should have a sense of urgency in exploring the mechanisms linking urban birth and risk of schizophrenia.
Why factors rooted in the family may solely explain the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk estimates
Authors: Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Bo Mortensen Preben
Published: May 2019

Many studies have identified urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk. The underlying cause(s) may hypothetically include toxic exposures, diet, infections, and selective migration. In a recent study, we concluded that some of the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk are rooted in families, but some might also be rooted in individuals. First, we describe temporality as a potential methodological pitfall within this line of research, then we review studies not subject to this pitfall, and finally, we describe why factors rooted in the family may solely explain the urban-rural differences. Although other potential explanations for these differences exist, we focus on this hypothesis as it has not previously been discussed in detail. To determine the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences, we need direct measurements of genetic and/or environmental factors related to urban life.
Depression and stroke: an up-to-date review
Authors: Politi Pierluigi , Sciarini Paola , Lusignani Giovanni Segagni , Micieli Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

Aims – To define the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Post Stroke Depression (PSD) and to evaluate treatment options. Methods – Systematic search using Medline electronic database limited to studies published from year 2000 to 2004, was carried out. Manual search was also performed. Results – Depression after stroke is a common event. The same, stroke incidence in depressed patients is more frequent than by chance. Risk of underdiagnosing a patient with former stroke is high. Disability after stroke is frequent, with compromission of quality of life of patients and relatives. Antidepressants are efficacious in PSD treatment, even if complete remission is difficult to obtain. Conclusions – There is enough evidence concerning epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and therapy to justify psychiatrists' interest on relationship between stroke and depression.

Declaration of Interest: in the past two years PP, GSL, PS have received no fees or other financial support from pharmaceutical companies, GM has received speaker fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Lundbeck, Bayer Health Care, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Mordisk.
What is the impact of socio-economic inequalities on the use of mental health services?
Authors: Amaddeo Francesco , Jones Julia
Published: May 2019

Amartya Sen, who received the Nobel Prize for Economics, has demonstrated that the incidence of deprivation, in terms ofcapability, can be surprisingly high even in the most developed countries of the world. The study of socio-economic inequalities, in relation to the utilisation of health services, is a priority for epidemiological research. Socio-economic status (SES) has no universal definition. Within the international research literature, SES has been related to social class, social position, occupational status, educational attainment, income, wealth and standard of living. Existing research studies have shown that people from a more deprived social background, with a lower SES, are more likely to have a higher psychiatric morbidity. Many studies show that SES influences psychiatric services utilization, however the real factors linking SES and mental health services utilisation remain unclear. In this editorial we discuss what is currently known about the relationship between SES and the use of mental health services. We also make an argument for why we believe there is still much to uncover in this field, to understand fully how individuals are influenced by their personal socio-economic status, or the neighbourhood in which they live, in terms of their use of mental health services. Further research in this area will help clarify what interventions are required to provide greater equality in access to mental health services.
Validity and reliability of the Quality of Life, Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Short Form
Authors: Rucci Paola , Rossi Alessandro , Mauri Mauro , Maina Giuseppe , Pieraccini Fulvio , Pallant Stefano , Camilleri Valeria , Montagnani Maria Sole , Endicott Jean ,   Per Il Gruppo Equip
Published: May 2019

Nell'ultimo decennio la qualita della vita ha acquisito una sempre maggiore rilevanza come misura di esito sociale e clinico (Katschnig, 1997) dei disturbi mentali. Vi e un ampio consenso sul fatto che il costrutto della qualita della vita è multidimensionale e comprende la percezione che il paziente ha delle relazioni sociali, della propria salute fisica, della capacità di svolgere le attivita quotidiane domestiche e lavorative e del proprio benessere in generale (Patrick & Erickson, 1988). Mentre le misure di funzionamento si propongono di quantificare la compromissione in modo oggettivo, le misure della qualita della vita valutano la capacita del soggetto di trarre soddisfazione e piacere da varie attivita e richiedono una valutazione soggettiva. La definizione di qualita della vita del Quality of Life Group dell'Organizzazione
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DEPENDENCE OF INTERREGIONAL RISK SHARING: EVIDENCE FROM RUSSIA
Authors: Fidrmuc Jarko , Degler Moritz
Published: May 2019

We present an analysis of interregional consumption risk sharing in Russia between 1999 and 2009 using novel estimation methods. In addition to standard fixed-effects panel estimations, we use system and difference GMM estimators to reflect time dynamic properties and possible endogeneity between output and consumption. Furthermore, we apply spatial models that control for spatial dependence across regions. The results show that regional consumption deviations from the national average are highly persistent in time and space. Nevertheless, the regional consumption risk sharing in Russia is relatively high with 70%–90% of idiosyncratic risk being smoothed. Finally, fiscal policy and the degree of financial development appear to contribute to the consumption smoothing.
How and Why Different Forms of Expertise Moderate Anchor Precision in Price Decisions
Authors: Frech Marie-Lena , Loschelder David D. , Friese Malte
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Increasing price precision leads to linearly stronger anchoring effects for amateurs, but highly precise anchors can backfire for experts. Previous research focused on experts bargaining about an object within their expertise domain (e.g., real-estate agents negotiated about a house listed at €978,781.63). This leaves unknown whether too much precision backfires for experts because of their (a) general negotiation expertise, (b) domain-specific pricing knowledge, or (c) the combination of general expertise and price-knowledge. Our pre-registered report seeks to replicate the too-much-precision effect and to experimentally separate general negotiation expertise from domain-specific price-knowledge. Seasoned experts (real-estate agents) negotiate about an object either within (house) or outside (motor yacht) their domain of expertise. We measure experts’ willingness to pay (WTP), counteroffer, self-ascribed versus other-ascribed competence, and their self-ascribed versus other-ascribed price-knowledge. Based on responses of 400 professional real-estate agents, we replicate the advantageous anchor precision effect and illustrate that too much precision backfires regardless of whether agents negotiate within (house) or outside (yacht) their domain of expertise. Mediation analysis suggests that, consistent with previous research, the impact of precise anchors is due to the competence attributed to the negotiation opponent. Our results offer insights into the psychological mechanisms and theoretical understanding of anchor precision.
Enhanced Himalayan Glacial Melting During YD and H1 Recorded in the Northern Bay of Bengal
Authors: Weldeab Syee , Rühlemann Carsten , Bookhagen Bodo , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Perez‐Lua Fabiola M.
Published: May 2019

Ocean‐land thermal feedback mechanisms in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) domain are an important but not well understood component of regional climate dynamics. Here we present a δ18O record analyzed in the mixed‐layer dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (sensu stricto) from the northernmost Bay of Bengal (BoB). The δ18O time series provides a spatially integrated measure of monsoonal precipitation and Himalayan meltwater runoff into the northern BoB and reveals two brief episodes of anomalously low δ18O values between 16.3±0.4 and 16±0.5 and 12.6±0.4 and 12.3±0.4 thousand years before present. The timing of these events is centered at Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas, well‐known phases of weak northern hemisphere monsoon systems. Numerical climate model experiments, simulating Heinrich event‐like conditions, suggest a surface warming over the monsoon‐dominated Himalaya and foreland in response to ISM weakening. Corroborating the simulation results, our analysis of published moraine exposure ages in the monsoon‐dominated Himalaya indicates enhanced glacier retreats that, considering age model uncertainties, coincide and overlap with the episodes of anomalously low δ18O values in the northernmost BoB. Our climate proxy and simulation results provide insights into past regional climate dynamics, suggesting reduced cloud cover, increased solar radiation, and air warming of the Himalaya and foreland areas and, as a result, glacier mass losses in response to weakened ISM.
Winter Extratropical Cyclones as a Potential Driver of a Long‐Term Decline of Bacterial Production in the Sargasso Sea Near Bermuda
Authors: Kim Hyewon , Lee Dong Eun , Ducklow Hugh W.
Published: May 2019

Analysis of plankton data sets from the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site (31°40′N, 64°10′W) demonstrates a long‐term decreasing trend of marine heterotrophic bacterial production (BP) in winter (November–February) over the past 24 years (1989–2012). We propose winter extratropical cyclones (storms) as a potential driver of the observed BP trend. Stormy winters were characterized by significantly enhanced phytoplankton biomass and productivity as well as organic carbon pools, as storms induce deeper convective mixing and increased nitrate fluxes into upper mixed‐layer. Counter to expectation, BP was lower by 24% due to storm‐mediated entrainment of cold water into upper mixed‐layer. The frequency of storm‐impacted months has increased over time, driven by a decline of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Our findings suggest that a NAO‐induced southward shift of winter storm tracks contributes to the decreasing BP trend, via temperature‐dependent decoupling of bacteria from phytoplankton, ultimately impacting carbon fluxes and cycling near Bermuda.
Simulated Changes in the Particulate Carbon Export Efficiency due to Diel Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in the North Atlantic
Authors: Gorgues Thomas , Aumont Olivier , Memery Laurent
Published: May 2019

Diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton has been recognized to influence the biological pump by releasing carbon and nutrients at depth. However, uncertainties regarding the magnitude, spatial occurrence, and variability of this “active transport,” as well as its impact on the carbon export, remain. To tackle these questions, a cost‐effective parameterization of the DVM is included into a regional biogeochemical model simulating the North Atlantic. In addition to a reference simulation in which no DVM is simulated, two relative biomasses of migrating zooplankton (30% and 60%) have been tested. It leads to an active to passive export ratio in agreement with published estimations and to an increase in the carbon export efficiency at 1,000 m between 20% and 40%. However, this effect is partially canceled out by a simulated primary production decrease. DVM differently impacts contrasted North Atlantic regions with the largest effect on export efficiency found in the subtropical area.
Effect of Low‐Harmonic Magnetosonic Waves on the Radiation Belt Electrons Inside the Plasmasphere
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , Wang J.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we presented two observational cases and simulations to indicate the relationship between the formation of butterfly‐like electron pitch angle distributions and the emission of low‐harmonic (LH) fast magnetosonic (MS) waves inside the high‐density plasmasphere. In the wave emission region, the pitch angle of relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons becomes obvious butterfly‐like distributions for both events (near‐equatorially mirroring electrons are transported to lower pitch angles). Unlike relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons, energetic electrons (<1 MeV) change slightly, except that relatively low‐energy electrons (<~150 keV) show butterfly‐like distributions in the 21 August 2013 event. In theory, the LH MS waves can affect different‐energy electrons through the bounce resonance, Landau resonance, and transit time scattering. By performing the Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we demonstrate that the bounce resonance with the LH MS waves mainly leads to the butterfly pitch angle distribution of MeV electrons, whereas the Landau resonance and transit time scattering mainly affect energetic electrons in the high‐density region.
Earth’s Ripple Effect
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: May 2019

The ocean’s interactions with land, air, and ice create an intricate planetary dance.
The Utility of Infrequent Snow Depth Images for Deriving Continuous Space‐Time Estimates of Seasonal Snow Water Equivalent
Authors: Margulis Steven A. , Fang Yiwen , Li Dongyue , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Andreadis Konstantinos
Published: May 2019

Snow water equivalent (SWE), particularly in mountains regions, has been an elusive hydrologic measurement. We examine the utility of a data assimilation approach to generate space‐time continuous estimates of SWE from more readily available snow depth (SD) measurements. A multitemporal lidar data set provides a unique opportunity to assimilate single SD images and verify posterior estimates against SD images at nonassimilation times. Application over three water years shows significant improvement in the posterior estimates with an average correlation between estimated and measured SD fields of 0.88 compared to 0.52 for prior estimates that do not benefit from the assimilated SD data. We also show that posterior estimates are consistent with independent in situ SWE and streamflow measurements. This work demonstrates that using high‐resolution/high‐accuracy, but infrequent, SD measurements combined with a data assimilation framework could make significant inroads toward the goal of spatially distributed SWE and snowmelt estimates at the global scale.
How Does Temporal Resolution Influence Geomagnetic Reversal Statistics?
Authors: Buffett B. , Avery M. S.
Published: May 2019

Polarity intervals from marine magnetic anomalies exhibit variability that departs from a Poisson process. The deficit of short polarity intervals is well represented by a Weibull distribution with a shape parameter k>1. Polarity intervals from a stochastic model also obey a Weibull distribution, but the shape parameter is controlled by the temporal averaging used to approximate the resolution of the marine record. Reducing the time averaging yields polarity intervals that are well described by a distribution with k<1, suggesting that short polarity intervals are missing from the marine record. All of these missing polarity intervals are expected to occur when the dipole field is weak relative to the time average, often during transition states. We associate many of these short polarity intervals with frequent changes in the sign of the dipole during the transition. These short polarity intervals should be detectable in high‐resolution observations of magnetic directions.
MEK1/2 inhibitor withdrawal reverses acquired resistance driven by BRAFV600E amplification whereas KRASG13D amplification promotes EMT-chemoresistance
Authors: Sale Matthew J. , Balmanno Kathryn , Saxena Jayeta , Ozono Eiko , Wojdyla Katarzyna , McIntyre Rebecca E. , Gilley Rebecca , Woroniuk Anna , Howarth Karen D. , Hughes Gareth , Dry Jonathan R. , Arends Mark J. , Caro Pilar , Oxley David , Ashton Susan , Adams David J. , Saez-Rodriguez Julio , Smith Paul D. , Cook Simon J.
Published: May 2019

Acquired resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors (MEKi) arises through amplification of BRAFV600E or KRASG13D to reinstate ERK1/2 signalling. Here we show that BRAFV600E amplification and MEKi resistance are reversible following drug withdrawal. Cells with BRAFV600E amplification are addicted to MEKi to maintain a precise level of ERK1/2 signalling that is optimal for cell proliferation and survival, and tumour growth in vivo. Robust ERK1/2 activation following MEKi withdrawal drives a p57KIP2-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest and senescence or expression of NOXA and cell death, selecting against those cells with amplified BRAFV600E. p57KIP2 expression is required for loss of BRAFV600E amplification and reversal of MEKi resistance. Thus, BRAFV600E amplification confers a selective disadvantage during drug withdrawal, validating intermittent dosing to forestall resistance. In contrast, resistance driven by KRASG13D amplification is not reversible; rather ERK1/2 hyperactivation drives ZEB1-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance, arguing strongly against the use of drug holidays in cases of KRASG13D amplification.