bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metric Transformations and the Filtered Monotonic Polynomial Item Response Model
Authors: Feuerstahler Leah M.
Published: November 2018

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\begin{document}$$\theta $$\end{document} metric in item response theory is often not the most useful metric for score reporting or interpretation. In this paper, I demonstrate that the filtered monotonic polynomial (FMP) item response model, a recently proposed nonparametric item response model (Liang & Browne in J Educ Behav Stat 40:5–34, 2015), can be used to specify item response models on metrics other than the <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">θ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\theta $$\end{document} metric. Specifically, I demonstrate that any item response function (IRF) defined within the FMP framework can be re-expressed as another FMP IRF by taking monotonic transformations of the latent trait. I derive the item parameter transformations that correspond to both linear and nonlinear transformations of the latent trait metric. These item parameter transformations can be used to define an item response model based on any monotonic transformation of the <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">θ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\theta $$\end{document} metric, so long as the metric transformation is approximated by a monotonic polynomial. I demonstrate this result by defining an item response model directly on the approximate true score metric and discuss the implications of metric transformations for applied testing situations.
The quantum drift-diffusion model: Existence and exponential convergence to the equilibrium
Authors: Pinaud Olivier
Published: November 2018

This work is devoted to the analysis of the quantum drift-diffusion model derived by Degond et al. in [7]. The model is obtained as the diffusive limit of the quantum Liouville–BGK equation, where the collision term is defined after a local quantum statistical equilibrium. The corner stone of the model is the closure relation between the density and the current, which is nonlinear and nonlocal, and is the main source of the mathematical difficulties. The question of the existence of solutions has been open since the derivation of the model, and we provide here a first result in a one-dimensional periodic setting. The proof is based on an approximation argument, and exploits some properties of the minimizers of an appropriate quantum free energy. We investigate as well the long time behavior, and show that the solutions converge exponentially fast to the equilibrium. This is done by deriving a non-commutative logarithmic Sobolev inequality for the local quantum statistical equilibrium.
Marketing is Scrambled: All Evidence-Based Theorists Are Invited to Breakfast
Authors: Kennedy Rachel , Hartnett Nicole
Published: November 2018

Shaw and Nowicki (2018) mistakenly suggests that the growing adoption of empirical science by marketing academics and practitioners is a return to an earlier time of treating all customers the same. Fundamental patterns discovered in buying and brand performance data accurately describe differences between buyers (e.g. in category buying rates and in personal brand loyalties), as well as predictable differences in loyalty metrics between rival brands. Theory has been proposed that fits these empirical generalisations; that rival brands largely differ and compete in terms of their mental and physical availability to category buyers ( Sharp 2010 ). An implication is that marketers need to understand the differences between buyers in their category so that they can extend their brand's reach. This contrasts the practice of offering a single marketing mix to the whole market, and it is opposite to the practice of targeting a brand to a single homogeneous segment of the market and again offering a single marketing mix to that segment.
Clostridium difficile infection increases acute and chronic morbidity and mortality
Authors: Olsen Margaret A. , Stwalley Dustin , Demont Clarisse , Dubberke Erik R.
Published: November 2018

Objective

In this study, we aimed to quantify short- and long-term outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the elderly, including all-cause mortality, transfer to a facility, and hospitalizations.

Design

Retrospective study using 2011 Medicare claims data, including all elderly persons coded for CDI and a sample of uninfected persons. Analysis of propensity score-matched pairs and the entire population stratified by the propensity score was used to determine the risk of all-cause mortality, new transfer to a long-term care facility (LTCF), and short-term skilled nursing facility (SNF), and subsequent hospitalizations within 30, 90, and 365 days.

Results

The claims records of 174,903 patients coded for CDI were compared with those of 1,318,538 control patients. CDI was associated with increased risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74–1.81; attributable mortality, 10.9%), new LTCF transfer (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.67–1.82), and new SNF transfer (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 2.46–2.58) within 30 days in matched-pairs analyses. In a stratified analysis, CDI was associated with greatest risk of 30-day all-cause mortality in persons with lowest baseline probability of CDI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.04; 95% CI, 2.83–3.26); the risk progressively decreased as the baseline probability of CDI increased. CDI was also associated with increased risk of subsequent 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year hospitalization.

Conclusions

CDI was associated with increased risk of short- and long-term adverse outcomes, including transfer to short- and long-term care facilities, hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. The magnitude of mortality risk varied depending on baseline probability of CDI, suggesting that even lower-risk patients may benefit from interventions to prevent CDI.
Geomorphic and tectonic implications of the endorheic to exorheic transition of the Ebro River system in northeast Iberia
Authors: Soria-Jáuregui Ángel , Jiménez-Cantizano Francisco , Antón Loreto
Published: November 2018

The Ebro catchment includes a continental foreland basin that underwent an endorheic–exorheic transition. Morphometric studies, including hypsometric curves, hypsometric integrals, asymmetry factor, mountain front sinuosity, normalised stream-length gradient, and normalised concavity indices for the Ebro River and 32 of its tributaries, show the signals of transient response to this major drainage change. The Ebro River, its upper catchment tributaries, and the Pyrenean tributaries have concave-up longitudinal profiles, concave hypsometric curves, and low hypsometric integrals, parameters typical of deeply dissected basins. This suggests a mature stage of development, controlled by the shift of the base level to the Mediterranean Sea. Iberian Range tributaries display low concavity profiles with numerous knickpoints and high values of hypsometric integral, indicating a transient state as a response to tectonic uplift, ratified by the values of mountain front sinuosity surrounding the basin.
Absolute Time Ranges in the Plateau of the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition and the Appearance of Bichrome Pottery in Canaan, Southern Levant
Authors: Asscher Yotam , Boaretto Elisabetta
Published: November 2018

The Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Levant includes the appearance of new material culture that is similar in styles to the Aegean world. In the southern Levant, the distribution of early styles of Aegean-like pottery, locally produced, is limited to the coastal areas of Canaan, making synchronization with the rest of the region difficult. Radiocarbon (14C) dating provides a high-resolution absolute chronological framework for synchronizing ceramic phases. Here, absolute14C chronologies of the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in the sites Tel Beth Shean, Tel Rehov, Tel Lachish, and Tel Miqne-Ekron are determined. Results show that the ranges of transitions vary in an absolute time frame by 50–100 years between different sites and that the range of the Late Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in Canaan spans the 13th–11th centuries BC plateau. These chronologies, based on a site-by-site approach for dating, show that the change between early types of Aegean-like pottery (Monochrome) to developed types (Bichrome), occurred over 100 years in Canaan and that the transition occurred in southern sites prior to sites in the north. These ranges show that not only is the Late Bronze to Iron Age not contemporaneous, but also synchronization between sites based on their ceramic assemblages is problematic.
Racial Attitudes and Health Care Policy Opinion: An Anglx–Latinx Contrast
Authors: Lanford Daniel , Block Ray , Tope Daniel
Published: November 2018

Recent studies confirm that Anglxs’ racial attitudes can shape their opinions about the Affordable Care Act (ACA), particularly when this federal health care policy is linked to Barack Obama. Strong linkages made between Obama and the ACA cue Anglxs to apply their racialized feelings toward Obama to their health policy preferences. This is consistent with a growing body of research demonstrating that “racial priming” can have a powerful impact on Anglxs’ political opinions. Yet few studies have explored racialized policy opinion among minorities, and fewer still have explored racial priming among Latinxs. In this paper, we compare the effect of racial priming on the health policy preferences of Latinxs and Anglxs. Using survey evidence from the 2012 American National Election Study, we find important Anglx–Latinx differences in racialized policy preferences. However, we also find that racial priming has an effect on U.S.-born Latinxs that closely resembles its effect on Anglxs. Results suggest that increasing ethnic diversity in the United States will not necessarily produce increasingly liberal politics as many believe. American politics in the coming decades will depend largely on the ways in which Latinxs’ racial sympathies and resentments are mobilized.
Parasite-specific proliferative responses of chicken spleen cells upon in vitro stimulation with Eimeria tenella antigen
Authors: Wattrang Eva , Thebo Per , Ibrahim Osama , Dalgaard Tina Sørensen , Lundén Anna
Published: November 2018

This study aimed to set up methodology to monitor parasite-specific T-cell activation in vitro using Eimeria tenella-infected chickens. A sonicated E. tenella sporozoite protein preparation was used for the activation of chicken spleen cell cultures. Proliferation assessed by 3H-thymidin incorporation or blast transformation of T-cells assessed by immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry were used as read-outs for activation. Results showed that E. tenella-specific proliferation was detected in cultures of spleen cells collected in a ‘window’ between 8 and 14 days after primary infection. However, due to high variation in proliferative responses between individuals and to high background proliferation, large numbers of observations were needed to obtain significant results. Moreover, the outcome was not improved by increasing the infection dose to chickens or by depletion of T-cell receptor (TCR) γ/δ expressing cells from cultures. An E. tenella-specific blast transformation response was observed for TCRα/β expressing cells within the same ‘window’, confirming the identity of the responding cells as classic T-cells. Thus, it is possible to study the kinetics of E. tenella-specific T-cell responses in vitro. However, more in-depth phenotypic identification of the responding T-cells could improve the methodology.
Neural circuitry and precision medicines for mental disorders: are they compatible?
Authors: Dean Charles E.
Published: November 2018

Given the failure of psychiatry to develop clinically useful biomarkers for psychiatric disorders, and the concomitant failure to develop significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 2010 launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), a framework for research based on the assumption that mental disorders are disorders of identifiable brain neural circuits, with neural circuitry at the center of units of analysis ranging from genes, molecules, and cells to behavior, self-reports, and paradigms. These were to be integrated with five validated dimensional psychological constructs such as negative and positive valence systems. Four years later, the NIMH stated that the ultimate goal of RDoC is precision medicine for psychiatry, with the assumption that precision medications will normalize dysfunctional neural circuits. How this could be accomplished is not obvious, given that neural circuits are widely distributed, have unclear boundaries, and exhibit a significant degree of neuroplasticity, with multiple circuits present in any given disorder. Moreover, the early focus on neural circuitry has been criticized for its reductionism and neglect of the more recent RDoC emphasis on the integration and equivalence of biological and psychological phenomena. Yet this seems inconsistent with the priorities of the NIMH director, an advocate of the central role of neural circuitry and projects such as the Brain Initiative and the Human Connectome Project. Will such projects, at a cost of at least $10 billion, lead to precision medications for mental disorders, or further diminish funding for clinical care and research?
Trends in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in Japan: a population-based study, 1997–2016
Authors: Hagiya H. , Koyama T. , Zamami Y. , Minato Y. , Tatebe Y. , Mikami N. , Teratani Y. , Ohshima A. , Shinomiya K. , Kitamura Y. , Sendo T. , Hinotsu S. , Tomono K. , Kano M. R.
Published: November 2018

Japan is still a medium-burden tuberculosis (TB) country. We aimed to examine trends in newly notified active TB incidence and TB-related mortality in the last two decades in Japan. This is a population-based study using Japanese Vital Statistics and Japan Tuberculosis Surveillance from 1997 to 2016. We determined active TB incidence and mortality rates (per 100 000 population) by sex, age and disease categories. Joinpoint regression was applied to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) in age-adjusted mortality rates and to identify the years showing significant trend changes. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates reduced from 33.9 to 13.9 and 37.3 to 11.3 per 100 000 population, respectively. Also, crude and age-adjusted mortality rates reduced from 2.2 to 1.5 and 2.8 to 1.0 per 100 000 population, respectively. Average APC in the incidence and mortality rates showed significant decline both in men (−6.2% and −5.4%, respectively) and women (−5.7% and −4.6%, respectively). Age-specific analysis demonstrated decreases in incidence and mortality rates for every age category, except for the incidence trend in the younger population. Although trends in active TB incidence and mortality rates in Japan have favourably decreased, the rate of decline is far from achieving TB elimination by 2035.
Capital Flight and Tax Competition after the First World War: The Political Economy of French Tax Cuts, 1922–1928
Authors: FARQUET CHRISTOPHE
Published: November 2018

Using a wide variety of European archival sources, this article analyses the development of financial policies after the First World War. Through studying French politics it demonstrates how, following the significant increase in direct fiscal charges in order to cover the costs of the conflict, international fiscal competition exercised strong pressure on the tax systems of large European countries and, as a result, contributed over the course of the 1920s to a process of lowering the taxes levied on high revenues and fortunes. Significantly, the stabilisation of the French franc in 1926 was supported by a simultaneous alignment of the French tax system and neutral tax havens which in turn enabled the return of previously exported assets.
American Lessons in Mass Production and Mass Consumption: Danish Study Visits to the United States under the Marshall Plan's Technical Assistance Programme
Authors: FOSSAT SISSEL BJERRUM
Published: November 2018

This article discusses the main lessons of the Marshall Plan's Technical Assistance Programme. The point of departure is the Danish case, but the perspective is wider, and the article aims at broadening the somewhat narrow chronology and geography often applied in studies on the history of the Marshall Plan. When following the Technical Assistance up until the mid-1950s in a Scandinavian country it becomes clear that American diplomats didn't just want the Europeans to work harder, but that their drive for productivity also promoted Americanisation in the form of an US-style business and consumer culture. The ‘American Way’ presented through the Technical Assistance Programme, though not uncontested, was a powerful and appealing model for prosperity applicable to all areas of the economy, from agriculture to retail.
Effects of Integrated Polyethylene and Cover Crop Mulch, Conservation Tillage, and Herbicide Application on Weed Control, Yield, and Economic Returns in Watermelon
Authors: Price Andrew J. , Williams Jacob P. , Duzy Leah A. , McElroy J. Scott , Guertal Elizabeth A. , Li Steve
Published: November 2018

A 3-yr watermelon experiment was established in fall 2013 to evaluate cover crop, polyethylene mulch, tillage, and herbicide application components for weed control, yield, and profitability. Conservation tillage, either with a cereal rye cover crop alone or integrated with polyethylene mulch, was compared to the standard industry practice of conventional tillage with bedded polyethylene mulch. The study also used a non-bedded conventional tillage system without polyethylene to determine polyethylene and cover crop residue effects. Within each of the four systems, herbicide treatments comprised halosulfuron applied (1) at 26.3 g ai ha–1PRE, (2) at 26.3 g ai ha–1POST, or (3) sequentially at 26.3 g ai ha–1PRE and POST. Each system also had a nontreated control. In addition, clethodim was applied in all plots twice POST at 140 g ai ha–1, except for nontreated in each system. In 2014, polyethylene or cereal rye cover crop effectively controlled tall morningglory, coffee senna, and carpetweed early season in nontreated plots, whereas the integration of the two was effective at controlling common purslane. Tall morningglory and purslane control was insufficient late season regardless of production system and herbicide application. In 2015, polyethylene effectively controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose, sicklepod, and arrowleaf sida early season in nontreated plots. Yellow nutsedge control was insufficient late season regardless of production system and herbicide application. Utilizing sequential halosulfuron applications did not increase weed control over PRE or POST alone in all years. Polyethylene use resulted in yields higher than systems without in all years. Across all 3 yr, net returns were highest for polyethylene mulch systems. The results of this experiment underscore the need for more progress in developing integrated conservation systems for watermelon production. Effective herbicides, low-disturbance cultivation, and/or hand weeding are most likely the key to success in conservation specialty crop systems.
Field Measurements of Drift of Conventional and Drift Control Formulations of 2,4-D Plus Glyphosate
Authors: Havens Patrick L. , Hillger David E. , Hewitt Andrew J. , Kruger Greg R. , Marchi-Werle Lia , Czaczyk Zbigniew
Published: November 2018

Recent advances in biotechnology have resulted in crops that are tolerant to the synthetic auxin 2,4-D, expanding the weed management versatility of this herbicide. With potential expansions of use, concerns have been raised about the increased risk of herbicide drift, leading to damage to nontarget crops. A field-scale study was conducted with the objective to measure drift deposition and the potential for drift reduction conferred by a proprietary pre-mixture formulation of 2,4-D choline salt plus glyphosate dimethylammonium salt compared to an in-tank mixture of 2,4-D dimethylamine salt plus glyphosate potassium salt. Treatments were made with field-scale spray equipment under typical application conditions in McCook, NE, using three widely used nozzle tips. Deposition was captured in triplicate downwind collector lines and assayed for tracer dye and 2,4-D. In comparison to the in-tank mixture, the pre-mixture formulation exhibited lower downwind depositions when applied through a flat-fan (TeeJet Extended Range; XR) and air induction (TeeJet Air Induction Extended Range; AIXR) nozzles, but not with a pre-orifice (TeeJet TurboTeeJet Induction; TTI) nozzle. Based upon median deposition at 30 m downwind, the pre-mixture formulation reduced drift by 62% and 91%, for the XR and AIXR nozzles, respectively. From a drift reduction perspective, the pre-mixture formulation performance with the AIXR nozzle was equivalent to a much coarser TTI nozzle while still offering sufficient foliar coverage for acceptable weed control.
Alternative Vine Management Programs for Fresh-Market Potatoes
Authors: Lemke Matthew J. , Colquhoun Jed B. , Heider Daniel J. , Rittmeyer Richard A.
Published: November 2018

Economically solvent fresh-market potato production is predominantly dependent on the ability to efficiently produce consistent tuber quality and high yield, and the ability to meet first-to-market demand with early-season potatoes. Unfortunately, these two qualifiers often work against each other in terms of production management. In response, we studied integrated potato vine management programs that support timely early-season potato harvest. Vine management with a flail chopper, roller, and flame burner used alone or followed by diquat was evaluated when initiated 21 or 14 d prior to harvest in 2015 and 2016. Potato varieties included ‘Yukon Gold’ and ‘Dark Red Norland’. Potato leaf and stem management, as well as tuber skinning, stolon separation, grade, and yield were quantified. Among mechanical methods, potato leaf and stem management were poor when vines were rolled or mowed but better when flail chopped. In general, vine management and tuber skin set was better when treatments were initiated 21 d prior to harvest as opposed to 14 d. Vine management, tuber skin set, and yield were comparable when potato vines were flail chopped followed by flame burning and where diquat was applied twice, offering a viable program for smaller scale or organic production.
Critical Period for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Pickling Cucumber
Authors: McGowen Samuel J. , Jennings Katherine M. , Chaudhari Sushila , Monks David W. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Reberg-Horton Chris
Published: November 2018

Field studies were conducted in North Carolina to determine the critical period for Palmer amaranth control (CPPAC) in pickling cucumber. In removal treatments (REM), emerged Palmer amaranth were allowed to compete with cucumber for 14, 21, 28, or 35 d after sowing (DAS) in 2014 and 14, 21, 35, or 42 DAS in 2015, and cucumber was kept weed-free for the remainder of the season. In the establishment treatments (EST), cucumber was maintained free of Palmer amaranth by hand removal until 14, 21, 28, or 35 DAS in 2014 and until 14, 21, 35, or 42 DAS in 2015; after this, Palmer amaranth was allowed to establish and compete with the cucumber for the remainder of the season. The beginning and end of the CPPAC, based on 5% loss of marketable yield, was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz equations to the relative yield data representing REM and EST, respectively. Season-long competition by Palmer amaranth reduced pickling cucumber yield by 45% to 98% and 88% to 98% during 2014 and 2015, respectively. When cucumber was planted on April 25, 2015, the CPPAC ranged from 570 to 1,002 heat units (HU), which corresponded to 32 to 49 DAS. However, when cucumber planting was delayed 2 to 4 wk (May 7 and May 21, 2014 and May 4, 2015), the CPPAC lasted from 100 to 918 HU (7 to 44 DAS). This research suggested that planting pickling cucumber as early as possible during the season may help to reduce competition by Palmer amaranth and delay the beginning of the CPPAC.
Insecticide Seed Treatments Partially Safen Rice to Low Rates of Glyphosate and Imazethapyr
Authors: Martin Steven M. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Scott Robert C. , Hardke Jarrod , Lorenz Gus M. , Gbur Ed
Published: November 2018

Each year there are multiple reports of drift occurrences, and the majority of drift complaints in rice are from imazethapyr or glyphosate. In 2014 and 2015, multiple field experiments were conducted near Stuttgart, AR, and near Lonoke, AR, to evaluate whether insecticide seed treatments would reduce injury from glyphosate or imazethapyr drift or decrease the recovery time following exposure to a low rate of these herbicides. Study I was referred to as the “seed treatment study,” and Study II was the “drift timing study.” In the seed treatment study the conventional rice cultivar ‘Roy J’ was planted, and herbicide treatments included imazethapyr at 10.5 g ai ha–1, glyphosate at 126 g ae ha–1, or no herbicide. Each plot had either a seed treatment of thiamethoxam, clothianidin, chlorantraniliprole, or no insecticide seed treatment. The herbicides were applied at the two- to three-leaf growth stage. Crop injury was assessed 1, 3, and 5 wk after application. Averaged over site-years, thiamethoxam-treated rice had less injury than rice with no insecticide seed treatment at each rating, along with an increased yield. Clothianidin-treated rice had an increased yield over no insecticide seed treatment, but the reduction in injury for both herbicides was less pronounced than in the thiamethoxam-treated plots. Overall, chlorantraniliprole was generally the least effective of the three insecticides in reducing injury from either herbicide and in protecting rice yield potential. A second experiment conducted at Stuttgart, AR, was meant to determine whether damage to rice from glyphosate and imazethapyr was influenced by the timing (15, 30, and 45 d after planting) of exposure to herbicides for thiamethoxam-treated and nontreated rice. There was an overall reduction in injury with the use of thiamethoxam, but the reduction in injury was not dependent on the timing of the drift event. Reduction in damage from physical drift of glyphosate and imazethapyr as well as increased yields over the absence of an insecticide seed treatment appear to be an added benefit.
Komorbidität spezifischer Lernstörungen und psychischer Auffälligkeiten: ein Literaturüberblick
Authors: Visser Linda , Büttner Gerhard , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Übersicht über die Forschung zu Komorbiditäten von spezifischen Lernstörungen (SLS) und psychischen Auffälligkeiten gegeben. Eine Literatursuche erbrachte 1100 Artikel, von denen nach explizierten Kriterien 170 für die weiteren Analysen ausgewählt wurden. Ausgeschlossen wurden u.a. Artikel zu nonverbalen Lernstörungen, Buchrezensionen, Einleitungen zu Sonderheften sowie Fallstudien. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche zeigen, dass die Forschung sich zum großen Teil auf nicht näher spezifizierte Lernstörungen und Lesestörungen bezieht. In Bezug auf Komorbiditäten sind ADHS und sozial-emotionale Probleme die am häufigsten untersuchten Themen. Kinder mit SLS zeigen eine erhöhte Neigung zu externalisierenden und internalisierenden Auffälligkeiten, die jedoch unterhalb eines klinisch relevanten Niveaus liegt. ADHS scheint die am häufigsten auftretende Komorbidität bei Lese- und Rechtschreibstörung zu sein. Das Verhältnis von SLS zu psychischen Auffälligkeiten wird teilweise durch eine mangelnde Effizienz der Funktion des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und Aufmerksamkeitsstörung mediiert. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht insbesondere zur Frage nach Komorbiditäten bei Rechenstörungen. Metaanalysen für den Bereich des Zusammenhangs von SLS und externalisierende Auffälligkeiten stehen noch aus.
Wohl Receives 2018 G. K. Gilbert Award in Surface Processes
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2018

Ellen Wohl will receive the 2018 G. K. Gilbert Award in Surface Processes at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018, to be held 10–14 December in Washington, D. C. The award recognizes a scientist who has made “a single significant advance or sustained significant contributions to the field of Earth and planetary surface processes” and “also promoted an environment of unselfish cooperation in research and the inclusion of young scientists into the field.”
Three Statewide Environmental Ballot Questions to Watch
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2018

Voters today will decide the fate of measures to increase renewable energy use, require larger buffer zones between people and oil and gas development, and establish a statewide carbon emissions fee.
Hydrologic Controls of Methane Dynamics in Karst Subterranean Estuaries
Authors: Brankovits D. , Pohlman J. W. , Ganju N. K. , Iliffe T. M. , Lowell N. , Roth E. , Sylva S. P. , Emmert J. A. , Lapham L. L.
Published: November 2018

Karst subterranean estuaries (KSEs) extend into carbonate platforms along 12% of all coastlines. A recent study has shown that microbial methane (CH4) consumption is an important component of the carbon cycle and food web dynamics within flooded caves that permeate KSEs. In this study, we obtained high‐resolution (~2.5‐day) temporal records of dissolved methane concentrations and its stable isotopic content (δ13C) to evaluate how regional meteorology and hydrology control methane dynamics in KSEs. Our records show that less methane was present in the anoxic fresh water during the wet season (4,361 ± 89 nM) than during the dry season (5,949 ± 132 nM), suggesting that the wet season hydrologic regime enhances mixing of methane and other constituents into the underlying brackish water. The δ13C of the methane (−38.1 ± 1.7‰) in the brackish water was consistently more 13C‐enriched than fresh water methane (−65.4 ± 0.4‰), implying persistent methane oxidation in the cave. Using a hydrologically based mass balance model, we calculate that methane consumption in the KSE was 21–28 mg CH4·m−2·year−1 during the 6‐month dry period, which equates to ~1.4 t of methane consumed within the 102‐ to 138‐km2 catchment basin for the cave. Unless wet season methane consumption is much greater, the magnitude of methane oxidized within KSEs is not likely to affect the global methane budget. However, our estimates constrain the contribution of a critical resource for this widely distributed subterranean ecosystem.
Use of Satellite Soil Moisture to Diagnose Climate Model Representations of European Soil Moisture‐Air Temperature Coupling Strength
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Crow Wade T.
Published: November 2018

Soil moisture‐air temperature coupling (SMTC) strength affects European summer air temperature variability. However, due to a lack of spatially extensive ground‐based soil moisture observations, General Circulation Model predictions of European‐mean SMTC strength have not been adequately verified and contain substantial uncertainties. Here we utilize remotely sensed soil moisture to evaluate estimates of SMTC strength provided by seven Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) General Circulation Models (GCMs). Soil moisture retrievals provided by the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission are shown to be uniquely suited for this purpose. Comparisons to SMAP‐based estimates suggest that CMIP5 GCMs generally underestimate SMTC strengths—particularly in central Europe. This result is consistent with previous modeling work and highlights the value of L‐band soil moisture remote sensing for land surface‐atmosphere coupling analyses.
Global Observational Evidence of Strong Linkage Between Dew Point Temperature and Precipitation Extremes
Authors: Ali Haider , Fowler Hayley J. , Mishra Vimal
Published: November 2018

Using global station‐based observations of precipitation, near‐surface air temperature (SAT), and dew point temperature (DPT), we show that the negative scaling relationship found between extreme daily precipitation and SAT over the tropics is associated with the low seasonality in temperature. When using a binning technique or quantile regression, not accounting for seasonality in temperature produces a negative scaling for the majority of stations in the tropics, with higher temperatures associated with smaller precipitation extremes. After removing temperature seasonality, we find that most locations show a positive (median 5.2%/K) scaling with SAT and 96% of global locations exhibit positive (median 6.1%/K) scaling with DPT. Moreover, about 33% (22%) of the locations show super C‐C scaling (higher than 7%/K) with DPT (SAT). Our results show that the impact of warming on extreme precipitation (especially over the tropics) may be higher than previously thought.
Sediment Characterization at the Equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge From P‐to‐S Teleseismic Phase Conversions Recorded on the PI‐LAB Experiment
Authors: Agius M. R. , Harmon N. , Rychert C. A. , Tharimena S. , Kendall J.‐M.
Published: November 2018

Accurate marine sediment characteristics, for example, thickness and seismic velocity, are important for constraining sedimentation rates with implications for climate variations and for seismic imaging of deeper structures using ocean bottom seismic deployments. We analyze P‐to‐S seismic phase conversions from the sediment‐crust boundary recorded by the Passive Imaging of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary (PI‐LAB) experiment to infer the sediment thickness across the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge covering 0‐ to 80‐Myr‐old seafloor. We find Pds‐P delay times of 0.04–0.37 s, or 5‐ to 82‐m thickness. Sediment thickness increases with age. Thickness agrees with global estimates for young (<15–20 Myr) seafloor but is thinner on older lithosphere. Our result may represent a lower limit on sediment thickness, given that several of our stations are on topographic highs. The sedimentation rate decrease observed from 5 to 1.2 mm/kyr at ∼10 Myr suggests a recent increase in productivity related to climate change, eolian dust fluxes, and/or biogenic marine activity.
A Statistical Analysis of STEVE
Authors: Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Nishimura Y. , Donovan E. , Gillies D. M. , Perry G. W. , Archer W. E. , Nava O. A. , Spanswick E. L.
Published: November 2018

There has been an exciting recent development in auroral research associated with the discovery of a new subauroral phenomenon called STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement). Although STEVE has been documented by amateur night sky watchers for decades, it is as yet an unidentified upper atmosphere phenomenon. Observed first by amateur auroral photographers, STEVE appears as a narrow luminous structure across the night sky over thousands of kilometers in the east‐west direction. In this paper, we present the first statistical analysis of the properties of 28 STEVE events identified using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager and the Redline Emission Geospace Observatory (REGO) database. We find that STEVE occurs about 1 hr after substorm onset at the end of a prolonged expansion phase. On average, the AL index magnitude is larger and the expansion phase has a longer duration for STEVE events compared to subauroral ion drifts or substorms. The average duration for STEVE is about 1 hr, and its latitudinal width is ~20 km, which corresponds to ~¼ of the width of narrow auroral structures like streamers. STEVE typically has an equatorward displacement from its initial location of about 50 km and a longitudinal extent of 2,145 km.
Cooperatives Roles of Dynamics and Topology in Generating the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Disturbances: Case of the Theta Aurora
Authors: Tanaka T. , Obara T. , Watanabe M. , Fujita S. , Ebihara Y. , Kataoka R. , Den M.
Published: November 2018

To understand the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) disturbances, it is necessary to know the change in the null‐separator structure along with the development of convection. The present paper explains this proposition by taking the case of the theta aurora that occurs after the switch of interplanetary magnetic field By and reveals auroral development inside the polar cap. The interplanetary magnetic field change is followed by the reformation of the null‐separator structure to cause a convection transient and a successive deformation of separatrices inside the magnetosphere, where separatrices separate the space into different volumes that include different types of magnetic field lines, and intersections of separatrices form separators that connect nulls. By the reconnection on the separator, energy inflow occurs from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. Convection driven by this energy transports nulls. In the case of theta aurora, two new nulls on the dayside coexist with two old nulls carried toward the tail by convection. Each set of nulls generates two open‐closed boundaries (separatrices) bounded by separators. Thus, open‐closed boundaries are divide into four parts. Separatrices generated by different sets partially become side by side near the nightside stem limes. The theta aurora is generated at the area corresponding to the low‐latitude side with respect to both of two boundaries. Thus, the occurrence of the theta aurora is a natural consequence of a transition in the null‐separator structure. The present example indicates that the global structure of the magnetosphere is almost decided from the skeleton of nulls.
First Time Estimation of Thermospheric Neutral Density Profiles From Seed Perturbations of ESF Triggering: A Novel Evidence for Ionosphere Thermosphere Coupling
Authors: Manju G. , Aswathy R. P.
Published: November 2018

The present study reveals the coupling between the neutral densities, derived from the Global Ultraviolet Imager satellite and the requisite gravity wave seed perturbations for equatorial spread F occurrence (Manju et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.12.019), derived from the ionosonde data at Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E). Further, the relation between the above two parameters is found to have solar flux dependence. The solar activity variations of the coefficients of the empirical relations between the neutral density profiles and the characteristic curves of equatorial spread F triggering have been found out, and general empirical models to estimate the thermospheric neutral densities are established for all seasons. The present model output shows reasonable agreement with the Naval Research Laboratory‐Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar model and Global Ultraviolet Imager‐derived neutral density. The study is relevant since it brings out strong ion‐neutral coupling prevailing in the ionosphere thermosphere system.
Reconstruction of the Electron Diffusion Region of Magnetotail Reconnection Seen by the MMS Spacecraft on 11 July 2017
Authors: Hasegawa H. , Denton R. E. , Nakamura R. , Genestreti K. J. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Hwang K.‐J. , Phan T. D. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. J. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Ergun R. E. , Kitamura N. , Saito Y.
Published: November 2018

We present results from the reconstruction of the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 11 July 2017. In the event, the conditions were suited for the reconstruction technique, developed by Sonnerup et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022430), that produces magnetic field and electron streamline maps based on a two‐dimensional, time‐independent, inertialess form of electron magnetohydrodynamic equation, assuming an approximately symmetric current sheet and negligible guide magnetic field. For such a two‐dimensional and steady structure, the X line orientation can be estimated from a method based on Ampère's law using single‐spacecraft measurements of the magnetic field and electric current density. Our reconstruction results indicate that although the X point was not captured inside its tetrahedron, MMS approached the X point as close as one electron inertial length ~27 km. The opening angle of the recovered separatrix field line, combined with theory, suggests that the dimensionless reconnection rate was 0.17, which is consistent with the measured reconnection electric field 2–4 mV/m. The stagnation point of the reconstructed electron flow is shifted earthward of the X point by ~90 km, one possible interpretation of which is discussed. The energy conversion rate j · E′ in the electron frame tends to be higher near the stagnation point, consistent with earlier observations and simulations, and is not correlated with the amplitude of broadband electrostatic waves observed in the upper‐hybrid frequency range. The latter suggests that the waves did not contribute to energy dissipation in this particular electron diffusion region.
Interconnectivity Between Volume Transports Through Arctic Straits
Authors: de Boer Agatha M. , Gavilan Pascual‐Ahuir Estanislao , Stevens David P. , Chafik Léon , Hutchinson David K. , Zhang Qiong , Sime Louise C. , Willmott Andrew J.
Published: November 2018

Arctic heat and freshwater budgets are highly sensitive to volume transports through the Arctic‐Subarctic straits. Here we study the interconnectivity of volume transports through Arctic straits in three models; two coupled global climate models, one with a third‐degree horizontal ocean resolution (High Resolution Global Environmental Model version 1.1 [HiGEM1.1]) and one with a twelfth‐degree horizontal ocean resolution (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model 3 [HadGEM3]), and one ocean‐only model with an idealized polar basin (tenth‐degree horizontal resolution). The two global climate models indicate that there is a strong anticorrelation between the Bering Strait throughflow and the transport through the Nordic Seas, a second strong anticorrelation between the transport through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Nordic Seas transport, and a third strong anticorrelation is found between the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea throughflows. We find that part of the strait correlations is due to the strait transports being coincidentally driven by large‐scale atmospheric forcing patterns. However, there is also a role for fast wave adjustments of some straits flows to perturbations in other straits since atmospheric forcing of individual strait flows alone cannot lead to near mass balance fortuitously every year. Idealized experiments with an ocean model (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean version 3.6) that investigate such causal strait relations suggest that perturbations in the Bering Strait are compensated preferentially in the Fram Strait due to the narrowness of the western Arctic shelf and the deeper depth of the Fram Strait.
A Coupled Glacier‐Hydrology Model and Its Application in Eastern Pamir
Authors: Ren Zheng , Su Fengge , Xu Baiqing , Xie Ying , Kan Baoyun
Published: November 2018

An energy‐balance glacier‐melt scheme was coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrology model (VIC‐glacier). The coupled model was setup at 30 m × 30 m grids and applied in the Muji basin in eastern Pamir. The model was validated with field measurements of albedo, glacier mass balance, and river runoff. The VIC‐glacier model showed a good correspondence with the observations in incoming shortwave radiation and albedo, with R2 of 0.70 and 0.32, respectively, during August–October 2012. Simulated glacier mass balance exhibited overall good agreements with the observations in ablation seasons, with R2 of 0.89 and root‐mean‐square error of 162.12 mm w.e. during 2011–2015. The model also reproduced discharge records, with R2 of 0.70–0.84, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.56–0.81, root‐mean‐square error of 0.29–0.45 m3/s, and negative relative error of 13.73–18.76% in melt seasons of 2014–2015. The glaciers in Muji basin had a low mean net radiation of 40 W/m2, large negative latent heat fluxes of −32 W/m2, and low melt energy of −21 W/m2 in ablation seasons, resembling the energy partitioning generally found in continental climates. About 60% of the positive energy supply was consumed by latent heat fluxes on the glaciers in Muji basin, while only about 40% of the positive energy supply was used for melting. Glaciers in the Muji basin experienced a mass balance of −812.18 mm over 2011–2015, corresponding to a water release of 4.42 × 106 m3.The VIC‐glacier model has a good potential of broader utility for the large basins with limited meteorological observations.
Microscopic Observations of Core‐Shell Particle Structure and Implications for Atmospheric Aerosol Remote Sensing
Authors: Unga Florin , Choël Marie , Derimian Yevgeny , Deboudt Karine , Dubovik Oleg , Goloub Philippe
Published: November 2018

Although atmospheric aerosol particles can have complex heterogeneous microstructure, simplified homogeneous particle models are often used in remote sensing applications. In this study, the internal structure of individual atmospheric particles was imaged with the aim of parameterizing particle structural heterogeneity. To this end, ambient urban pollution, desert dust, and biomass burning particles were sampled in northern Europe and western Africa and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Among 8,441 observed particles, about 60% of urban and 20% of desert dust particles presented residuals of coating compounds in the form of a halo surrounding a solid core. Graphic outlining of core and halo areas by image analysis revealed a dependence between halo and core dimensions as well as a greater ratio of halos thickness to total particle diameter (core plus halo) for smaller cores than for larger ones. In the case of urban pollution, the mean ratio for submicrometer and supermicrometer size fractions was 0.25 and 0.19, respectively. The corresponding mean values in the desert dust case were somewhat lower (0.22 and 0.14, respectively), but show a similar decreasing trend. Under the assumption that the halo dimension is proportional to the thickness of the particle shell, the obtained core versus shell dependencies were implemented in numerical calculations of aerosol optical characteristics. Different scenarios of the core‐shell dependencies were analyzed with respect to the influence on aerosol optical characteristics, bringing insights into sensitivity to parameterization of the core‐shell particle model in remote sensing algorithms.