bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between lipid and carotenoid synthesis and photosynthetic capacity in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under high light and nitrogen deprivation stress
Authors: Liang C. , Zhai Y. , Xu D. , Ye N. , Zhang X. , Wang Y. , Zhang W. , Yu J.
Published: April 2015

Recently, H. pluvialis has been demonstrated to have significant potential for biofuel production. To explore the correlation between total lipid content and other physiological parameters under s tress conditions, the responses of H. pluvialis to high light intensity (HL), nitrogen deprivation (-N), and high light intensity with nitrogen deprivation (HL-N) were investigated. The total lipid content in the control cells was 12.01% dw, whereas that of the cells exposed to HL, -N, and HL-N conditions was 56.92, 46.71, and 46.87% dw, respectively. The fatty acid profile was similar under all conditions, with the main components including palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. A good correlation was found between individual carotenoid and total lipids, regardless of culture conditions. P hotosynthetic parameters and lipid content were also found to be well-correlated.
Nutritional enrichment of vegetable oils with long-chain n-3 fatty acids through enzymatic interesterification with a new vegetable lipase
Authors: Sousa J. S. , Torres A. G. , Freire D. M.G.
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present work was to produce vegetable oils enriched with long-chain n-3 fatty acids of nutraceutical interest, through an enzyme-catalyzed interesterification with a new lipase, from physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). The Vegetable Lipase Powder (biocatalyst) called VLP, which has never been applied in functional foods, was obtained from the physic nut seed, and efficiently hydrolyzed the 95% of waste fish oil in 24 h. Urea precipitation was used to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and was further interesterified with oils of different sources by means of enzymatic catalysis. After the interesterification reaction, which was also catalyzed by the VLP, the PUFA content in coconut oil increased almost ten-fold from 1.8% to 17.7%. In palm oil, the PUFA content increased two-fold from 10.5% to 21.8%, while in olive oil the level of PUFA increased from 8.6% to 21.3%. The mixture of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3.7% to 3.9%) was incorporated into the triacylglycerol fraction of each of the coconut, palm and olive oils. Through the hydroesterification (hydrolysis followed by interesterification) all the interesterified vegetable oils tested presented sufficient EPA and DHA levels to satisfy the levels recommended for intake by human adults in one tablespoon.
Determination of pesticide residues in olives by liquid extraction surface analysis followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Gómez-Almenar M. C. , García-Mesa J. A.
Published: April 2015

Nowadays, pesticides are essential in modern agriculture for crop protection, however, this use supposes a potential risk for human health and the environment. Traditional techniques of pesticide determination require the use of laborious and complex extraction methods to separate pesticides from the matrix, above all in fatty matrices like olives. For this reason, a new simple, rapid, cheap and selective method for the extraction and quantification of the most frequently used pesticides in olive growing has been developed. Pesticide determination was carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Mean recoveries were found in a range between 73 and 114% with relative standard deviations lower than 20% in most pesticides evaluated and the limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were lower than 4 μg· kg-1 and 8 μg· kg-1, respectively. Finally, this method was applied to the analysis of 25 olive samples where Dimethoate and Terbuthylazine were detected in some cases, but their results were lower than 15 μg· kg-1.
Análisis comparativo entre el método por elementos finitos (FEM) y el método clásico (MC) en la estimación de asientos y cálculo del coeficiente de balasto para el diseño de losas de cimentación en zonas afectadas por cavidades naturales o antrópicas
Authors: Escolano-Sánchez F. , Bueno-Aguado M. , Fernández-Ordóñez D.
Published: April 2015

Las cimentaciones directas con elementos continuos «losas», tienen ventajas sobre las cimentaciones directas con elementos aislados «zapatas» y sobre las cimentaciones profundas «pilotes», frente a la presencia de terrenos problemáticos. Las losas se diseñan de forma habitual con modelos bidimensionales que representan su forma en planta, apoyada en un medio elástico y lineal, representado por un módulo de balasto. En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis comparativo, para la estimación de asientos, entre el Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) y el Método Clásico (MC), para la elección de los módulos de balasto que se utilizan en el diseño de losas de cimentación en terrenos con blandones y cavidades naturales o antrópicas. Este análisis considera el peligro de la presencia de una de estas cavidades dentro de su diseño, de esta forma, el riesgo de fallo puede ser valorado por ambos métodos.
No Vacancy: How Beneficial Microbes Cooperate with Immunity To Provide Colonization Resistance to Pathogens
Authors: Sassone-Corsi Martina , Raffatellu Manuela
Published: April 2015

The mammalian intestine harbors a community of trillions of microbes, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which coevolved with the host in a mutually beneficial relationship. Among the numerous gut microbial species, certain commensal bacteria are known to provide health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts and, as such, are labeled “probiotics.” We review some of the mechanisms by which probiotics and other beneficial commensals provide colonization resistance to pathogens. The battle for similar nutrients and the bacterial secretion of antimicrobials provide a direct means of competition between beneficial and harmful microbes. Beneficial microbes can also indirectly diminish pathogen colonization by stimulating the development of innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the function of the mucosal barrier. Altogether, we gather and present evidence that beneficial microbes cooperate with host immunity in an effort to shut out pathogens.
Naive T Cell Maintenance and Function in Human Aging
Authors: Goronzy Jörg J. , Fang Fengqin , Cavanagh Mary M. , Qi Qian , Weyand Cornelia M.
Published: April 2015

In studies of immune aging, naive T cells frequently take center stage. Describing the complexity of the human naive T cell repertoire remains a daunting task; however, emerging data suggest that homeostatic mechanisms are robust enough to maintain a large and diverse CD4 T cell repertoire with age. Compartment shrinkage and clonal expansions are challenges for naive CD8 T cells. In addition to population aspects, identification of potentially targetable cellular defects is receiving renewed interest. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in identifying genetic and biochemical pathways that are pertinent for aging in general and that are instructive to understand naive T cell dysfunction. One hallmark sets naive T cell aging apart from most other tissues except stem cells: they initiate but do not complete differentiation programs toward memory cells. Maintaining quiescence and avoiding differentiation may be the ultimate challenge to maintain the functions unique for naive T cells.
School-Based Diabetes Interventions and Their Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Pansier Bénédicte , Schulz Peter J.
Published: April 2015

Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases, while type 2 diabetes in children is increasing at alarming rates globally. Against this backdrop, the school is a critical environment for children with diabetes. They continue to face barriers to education that may lead to depression, poor academic performance, and poor quality of life. To address these challenges, diabetes interventions have been implemented in school and the goal was to systematically review these interventions and their outcomes between 2000 and 2013. Fifteen studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Education of school personnel was the main focus before 2006. Studies reported gains in knowledge and perceived confidence of school staff. Since 2006, more comprehensive interventions have been developed to promote better care coordination and create a safe school environment. These studies reported improved diabetes management and quality of life of students. Assessment tools varied and study design included randomized controlled trials, quantitative and qualitative methods. Although many of the studies reported a significant difference in the parameters measured, it was not possible to determine optimal ways to improve the health, quality of life and academic performance of children with diabetes, given the disparity in scope, assessment tools and measured outcomes. Experimental designs, longer follow-up studies, larger sample sizes, and a higher number of participating schools are critical issues to consider in future studies. Most of the research was conducted in North America and further research is needed in other parts of the world.
Peat moss in Canada
Authors: Swinnerton A A
Published: April 2015

This report describes the formation, properties and uses of peat moss, the methods of operation in the peat moss industry, and includes a statistical summary of production and trade. It is intended to supply general information to those interested in the
development and use of this natural resource.
Aerosol optical hygroscopicity measurements during the 2010 CARES campaign
Authors: Atkinson D. B. , Radney J. G. , Lum J. , Kolesar K. R. , Cziczo D. J. , Pekour M. S. , Zhang Q. , Setyan A. , Zelenyuk A. , Cappa C. D.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Measurements of the effect of water uptake on particulate light extinction or scattering made at two locations during the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) study around Sacramento, CA are reported. The observed influence of water uptake, characterized through the dimensionless optical hygroscopicity parameter γ, is compared with calculations constrained by observed particle size distributions and size-dependent particle composition. A closure assessment has been carried out that allowed for determination of the average hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) at 85% relative humidity and the dimensionless hygroscopicity parameter κ for oxygenated organic aerosol (OA) and for supermicron particles (defined here as particles with aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 2.5 microns), yielding κ = 0.1–0.15 and 0.9–1.0, respectively. The derived range of oxygenated OA κ values are in line with previous observations. The relatively large values for supermicron particles is consistent with substantial contributions of sea-salt-containing particles in this size range. Analysis of time-dependent variations in the supermicron particle hygroscopicity suggest that atmospheric processing, specifically chloride displacement by nitrate and the accumulation of secondary organics on supermicron particles, can lead to substantial depression of the observed GF.
On the comparisons of tropical relative humidity in the lower and middle troposphere among COSMIC radio occultations and MERRA and ECMWF data sets
Authors: Vergados P. , Mannucci A. J. , Ao C. O. , Jiang J. H. , Su H.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The spatial variability of the tropical tropospheric relative humidity (RH) throughout the vertical extent of the troposphere is examined using Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPSRO) observations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission. These high vertical resolution observations capture the detailed structure and moisture budget of the Hadley Cell circulation. We compare the COSMIC observations with the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis Interim (ERA-Interim) and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) climatologies. Qualitatively, the spatial pattern of RH in all data sets matches up remarkably well, capturing distinct features of the general circulation. However, RH discrepancies exist between ERA-Interim and COSMIC data sets that are noticeable across the tropical boundary layer. Specifically, ERA-Interim shows a drier Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) by 15–20% compared to both COSMIC and MERRA data sets, but this difference decreases with altitude. Unlike ECMWF, MERRA shows an excellent agreement with the COSMIC observations except above 400 hPa, where GPSRO observations capture drier air by 5–10%. RH climatologies were also used to evaluate intraseasonal variability. The results indicate that the tropical middle troposphere at ±5–25° is most sensitive to seasonal variations. COSMIC and MERRA data sets capture the same magnitude of the seasonal variability, but ERA-Interim shows a weaker seasonal fluctuation up to 10% in the middle troposphere inside the dry air subsidence regions of the Hadley Cell. Over the ITCZ, RH varies by maximum 9% between winter and summer.
Data rescue of national and international meteorological observations at Deutscher Wetterdienst
Authors: Kaspar F. , Tinz B. , Mächel H. , Gates L.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) houses in Offenbach and Hamburg huge archives of historical handwritten journals of weather observations. They comprise not only observations from Germany, but also of the oceans and land stations in many parts of the world. DWD works on the digitization and quality control of these archives. The current status is presented here.
On the use of the post-closure methods uncertainty band to evaluate the performance of land surface models against eddy covariance flux data
Authors: Ingwersen J. , Imukova K. , Högy P. , Streck T.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The energy balance of eddy covariance (EC) flux data is normally not closed. Therefore, at least if used for modelling, EC flux data are usually post-closed, i.e. the measured turbulent fluxes are adjusted so as to close the energy balance. At the current state of knowledge, however, it is not clear how to partition the missing energy in the right way. Eddy flux data therefore contain some uncertainty due to the unknown nature of the energy balance gap, which should be considered in model evaluation and the interpretation of simulation results. We propose to construct the post-closure methods uncertainty band (PUB), which essentially designates the differences between non-adjusted flux data and flux data adjusted with the three post-closure methods (Bowen ratio, latent heat flux (LE) and sensible heat flux (H) method). To demonstrate this approach, simulations with the NOAH-MP land surface model were evaluated based on EC measurements conducted at a winter wheat stand in southwest Germany in 2011, and the performance of the Jarvis and Ball–Berry stomatal resistance scheme was compared. The width of the PUB of the LE was up to 110 W m−2 (21% of net radiation). Our study shows that it is crucial to account for the uncertainty in EC flux data originating from lacking energy balance closure. Working with only a single post-closing method might result in severe misinterpretations in model–data comparisons.
Characteristics and controls of variability in soil moisture and groundwater in a headwater catchment
Authors: McMillan H. K. , Srinivasan M. S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Hydrological processes, including runoff generation, depend on the distribution of water in a catchment, which varies in space and time. This paper presents experimental results from a headwater research catchment in New Zealand, where we made distributed measurements of streamflow, soil moisture and groundwater levels, sampling across a range of aspects, hillslope positions, distances from stream and depths. Our aim was to assess the controls, types and implications of spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture and groundwater tables. We found that temporal variability in soil moisture and water table is strongly controlled by the seasonal cycle in potential evapotranspiration, for both the mean and extremes of their distributions. Groundwater is a larger water storage component than soil moisture, and this general difference increases even more with increasing catchment wetness. The spatial standard deviation of both soil moisture and groundwater is larger in winter than in summer. It peaks during rainfall events due to partial saturation of the catchment, and also rises in spring as different locations dry out at different rates. The most important controls on spatial variability in storage are aspect and distance from the stream. South-facing and near-stream locations have higher water tables and showed soil moisture responses for more events. Typical hydrological models do not explicitly account for aspect, but our results suggest that it is an important factor in hillslope runoff generation. Co-measurement of soil moisture and water table level allowed us to identify relationships between the two. Locations where water tables peaked closer to the surface had consistently wetter soils and higher water tables. These wetter sites were the same across seasons. However, patterns of strong soil moisture responses to summer storms did not correspond to the wetter sites. Total catchment spatial variability is composed of multiple variability sources, and the dominant type is sensitive to those stores that are close to a threshold such as field capacity or saturation. Therefore, we classified spatial variability as "summer mode" or "winter mode". In "summer mode", variability is controlled by shallow processes, e.g. interaction of water with soils and vegetation. In "winter mode", variability is controlled by deeper processes, e.g. groundwater movement and bypass flow. Double streamflow peaks observed during some events show the direct impact of groundwater variability on runoff generation. Our results suggest that emergent catchment behaviour depends on the combination of these multiple, time varying components of storage variability.
Critical behavior in earthquake energy dissipation
Authors: Wanliss J. , Muñoz V. , Pastén D. , Toledo B. , Valdivia J. A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We explore bursty multiscale energy dissipation from earthquakes flanked by latitudes 29 and 35.5° S, and longitudes 69.501 and 73.944° W (in the Chilean central zone). Our work compares the predictions of a theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions with nonstandard statistical signatures of earthquake complex scaling behaviors. For temporal scales less than than 84 h, time development of earthquake radiated energy activity follows an algebraic arrangement consistent with estimates from the theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions. There are no characteristic scales for probability distributions of sizes and lifetimes of the activity bursts in the scaling region. The power-law exponents describing the probability distributions suggest that the main energy dissipation takes place due to largest bursts of activity, such as major earthquakes, as opposed to smaller activations which contribute less significantly though they have greater relative occurrence. The results obtained provide statistical evidence that earthquake energy dissipation mechanisms are essentially "scale-free," displaying statistical and dynamical self-similarity. Our results provide some evidence that earthquake radiated energy and directed percolation belong to a similar universality class.
Cannibal Tropes in Gilman's Narrative of Discovery:
Authors: Sands Peter
Published: April 2015

In Charlotte Perkins Gilman's novel of 1915, Herland, three men seek to find and conquer a fabled “womanland” somewhere in the mysterious interior of an unnamed but not “civilized” area of the world. Herland is “discovered,” and the three men—and readers of the novel—learn about its utopian social structures, most of which are intimately tied to the parthenogenetic reproduction that sustains and shapes this women-only country. This essay addresses Herland's tropes of consumption, particularly cannibalism, which place it squarely in the tradition of narratives of discovery and exploration in the Americas. Figures of cannibalism and incorporation underlie Gilman's vision of transformation from a male-dominated psychology and society to one that is dominated by what she presents as either female or simply “People.” Gilman uses tropes from the literature of discovery and exploration to power her narrative of discovery and co-optation in which the usual story of male discovery, penetration, and domination becomes one in which the “discovered” become the colonizing force.
Radical Acts of Cultivation:
Authors: Rouyan Anahita
Published: April 2015

Ruth Ozeki structures the narrative of All Over Creation around the cultivation of a transgenic food crop, which provokes a debate exploiting a number of widespread representations of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The article focuses on the anti-GMO rhetoric, which offers a utopian discourse of agriculture clearly embedded within the pastoral convention, with genetic modification techniques represented as an intrusive “machine in the garden” and the mythological figure of the farmer exploited to fit the scope of the American context of the story. Exposing the conventions and mythologies behind the environmentalist narrative against the genetic engineering of plants, Ozeki's text demonstrates how the contrasting anti-GMO utopianism and pro-GMO techno-utopianism are both deeply rooted in the Western tradition, with its cultural and linguistic tendencies to objectify nature and conceptualize it as a female. Examining the value of genetically modified crops to different social groups, Ozeki's narrative accurately represents the complexities surrounding the contemporary practice of agriculture and opens up a discursive space for reformulating the rarely explored human–plant relationship, suggesting that neither kind of utopianism can serve as a conceptual framework for assessing the potential dangers and benefits of the introduction of GMOs into ecosystems and human bodies.
From Montgomery to Tahrir Square:
Authors: Zaki Hoda M.
Published: April 2015

Decolonization movements in Africa and Asia, Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance, and Christian pacifism merged in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s. I discuss key individuals involved and the tactics they developed to popularize a nonviolent confrontation of segregation, including the use of a comic book. These writers and activists developed new and transformative notions of solidarity and tactics of nonviolent resistance, which continue to influence movements for social justice around the world.
It Takes More than a Mandate: Factors that Contribute to Increased Rates of Article Deposit to an Institutional Repository
Authors: Zhang Hui , Boock Michael , Wirth Andrea A
Published: April 2015

INTRODUCTION Many institutions have open access (OA) policies that require faculty members to deposit their articles in an institutional repository (IR). A clear motivation is that a policy will result in increased self-archiving. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to compare the impact of a campus-wide OA policy and mediated solicitation of author manuscripts, using quantitative analysis to determine the rate of article deposits over time. METHODS Metadata for faculty articles published by authors at Oregon State University between 2011 and 2014 was produced by integrating citation metadata from a bibliographic database and the IR. Author names, affiliations, and other metadata were parsed and matched to compare rates of deposit for three separate time periods relating to different OA promotional strategies. RESULTS Direct solicitation of author manuscripts is more successful in facilitating OA than an OA policy—by number of articles deposited as well as the number of unique authors participating. Author affiliation and research areas also have an impact on faculty participation in OA. DISCUSSION Outreach to colleges and departments has had a positive effect on rate of deposit for those communities of scholars. Additionally, disciplinary practice may have more influence on its members’ participation in OA. CONCLUSION Until more federal policies require open access to articles funded by grants, or institutional policies are in place that require article deposit for promotion and tenure, policies will only be as effective as the library mediated processes that are put in place to identify and solicit articles from faculty.
Energetic, relativistic, and ultrarelativistic electrons: Comparison of long‐term VERB code simulations with Van Allen Probes measurements
Authors: Drozdov A. Y. , Shprits Y. Y. , Orlova K. G. , Kellerman A. C. , Subbotin D. A. , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D.
Published: April 2015

In this study, we compare long‐term simulations performed by the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code with observations from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer and Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes satellites. The model takes into account radial, energy, pitch angle and mixed diffusion, losses into the atmosphere, and magnetopause shadowing. We consider the energetic (>100 keV), relativistic (~0.5–1 MeV), and ultrarelativistic (>2 MeV) electrons. One year of relativistic electron measurements (μ = 700 MeV/G) from 1 October 2012 to 1 October 2013 are well reproduced by the simulation during varying levels of geomagnetic activity. However, for ultrarelativistic energies (μ = 3500 MeV/G), the VERB code simulation overestimates electron fluxes and phase space density. These results indicate that an additional loss mechanism is operational and efficient for these high energies. The most likely mechanism for explaining the observed loss at ultrarelativistic energies is scattering by the electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves.
MESSENGER observations of multiscale Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices at Mercury
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Raines Jim M. , Slavin James A. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Sundberg Torbjörn , Boardsen Scott A. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Solomon Sean C.
Published: April 2015

Observations by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft in Mercury's magnetotail demonstrate for the first time that Na+ ions exert a dynamic influence on Mercury's magnetospheric system. Na+ ions are shown to contribute up to ~30% of the ion thermal pressure required to achieve pressure balance in the premidnight plasma sheet. High concentrations of planetary ions should lead to Na+ dominance of the plasma mass density in these regions. On orbits with northward‐oriented interplanetary magnetic field and high (i.e., >1 cm−3) Na+ concentrations, MESSENGER has often recorded magnetic field fluctuations near the Na+ gyrofrequency associated with the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability. These nightside K‐H vortices are characteristically different from those observed on Mercury's dayside that have a nearly constant wave frequency of ~0.025 Hz. Collectively, these observations suggest that large spatial gradients in the hot planetary ion population at Mercury may result in a transition from a fluid description to a kinetic description of vortex formation across the dusk terminator, providing the first set of truly multiscale observations of the K‐H instability at any of the diverse magnetospheric environments explored in the solar system.
The 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami wavefront mapping across offshore Southern California
Authors: Lin Fan‐Chi , Kohler Monica D. , Lynett Patrick , Ayca Aykut , Weeraratne Dayanthie S.
Published: April 2015

The 11 March 2011 (Mw = 9.0) Tohoku tsunami was recorded by a temporary array of seafloor pressure gauges deployed off the coast of Southern California, demonstrating how dense array data can illustrate and empirically validate predictions of linear tsunami wave propagation characteristics. A noise cross‐correlation method was used to first correct for the pressure gauge instrument phase response. Phase and group travel times were then measured for the first arrival in the pressure gauge tsunami waveforms filtered in narrow bands around 30 periods between 200 and 3000 s. For each period, phase velocities were estimated across the pressure gauge array based on the phase travel time gradient using eikonal tomography. Clear correlation was observed between the phase velocity and long‐wavelength bathymetry variations where fast and slow velocities occurred for deep and shallow water regions, respectively. In particular, velocity gradients are pronounced at the Patton Escarpment and near island plateaus due to the abrupt bathymetry change. In the deep open ocean area, clear phase velocity dispersion is observed. Comparison with numerically calculated tsunami waveforms validates the approach and provides an independent measure of the finite‐frequency effect on phase velocities at long periods.
Temporal and spatial variability of biological nitrogen fixation off the upwelling system of central Chile (35–38.5°S)
Authors: Fernandez Camila , González Maria Lorena , Muñoz Claudia , Molina Veronica , Farias Laura
Published: April 2015

Although N2 fixation could represent a supplementary source of bioavailable nitrogen in coastal upwelling areas and underlying oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), the limited data available prevent assessing its variability and biogeochemical significance. Here we report the most extensive N2 fixation data set gathered to date in the upwelling area off central Chile (36°S). It covers interannual to high frequency time scales in an area of about 82,500 km2 in the eastern South Pacific (ESP). Because heterotrophic N2 fixation may be regulated by DOM availability in the ESP, we conducted experiments at different oxygen conditions and included DOM amendments in order to test diazotrophic activity. Rates in the euphotic zone showed strong temporal variability which resulted in values reaching 0.5 nmol L−1 d−1 in 2006 (average 0.32 ± 0.17 nmol L−1 d−1) and up to 126.8 nmol L−1 d−1 (average 24.75 ± 37.9 nmol L−1 d−1) in 2011. N2 fixation in subsurface suboxic conditions (1.5 ± 1.16 nmol L−1 d−1) also occurred mainly during late summer and autumn while virtually absent in winter. The diversity of diazotrophs was dominated by heterotrophs, with higher richness in surface compared to OMZ waters. Rates in oxygen depleted conditions could exceed values obtained in the euphotic layer, but rates were not dependent on the availability of dissolved organic matter. N2 fixation also showed a positive correlation with total chlorophyll and the C:N ratio of phytoplankton, but not to the P excess compared to N. We conclude that the diazotrophic community responds to the composition of phytoplankton rather than the extent of N deficiency and the availability of bulk DOM in this system.
Glider observations of the North Equatorial Current in the western tropical Pacific
Authors: Schönau Martha C. , Rudnick Daniel L.
Published: April 2015

The North Equatorial Current (NEC) of the Pacific Ocean advects subtropical, subpolar, and tropical water masses. Repeat underwater glider observations of the NEC from June 2009 to January 2014 along 134.3°E provide absolute zonal geostrophic velocity, transport, and water mass structure at length scales of 10–1000 km. The NEC is strongest near the surface and persistent eastward undercurrents are identified deeper than potential density surface 26 kg m−3 at 9.6°N and 13.1°N. Mean transport from the surface to 27.3 kg m−3 and 8.5°N–16.5°N is 37.6 Sv (106 m3 s−1), with a standard deviation of 15.6 Sv. The transport variability is greatest deeper than 26 kg m−3 due to undercurrent variability. Wavelet analysis at scales of 10–80 km reveals extrema of fine‐scale salinity variance along isopycnals (spice variance). High spice variance is found in the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), with a spice variance minimum between water masses at 25.5 kg m−3. A horizontal Cox number, CH, relates salinity variance at fine scales (10–80 km) to that at greater length scales (120–200 km). As a function of density, CH is nearly vertically uniform, indicating that the stirring of mean salinity gradients enhances fine‐scale salinity variance. NPTW, with an estimated horizontal eddy diffusivity of order 104 m s−2, is a useful tracer for the region and may be used to relate the fine‐scale salinity variance to an eddy diffusivity.
Rainfall hotspots over the southern tropical Andes: Spatial distribution, rainfall intensity, and relations with large‐scale atmospheric circulation
Authors: Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Chavez Steven , Ronchail Josyane , Junquas Clémentine , Takahashi Ken , Lavado Waldo
Published: April 2015

The Andes/Amazon transition is among the rainiest regions of the world and the interactions between large‐scale circulation and the topography that determine its complex rainfall distribution remain poorly known. This work provides an in‐depth analysis of the spatial distribution, variability, and intensity of rainfall in the southern Andes/Amazon transition, at seasonal and intraseasonal time scales. The analysis is based on comprehensive daily rainfall data sets from meteorological stations in Peru and Bolivia. We compare our results with high‐resolution rainfall TRMM‐PR 2A25 estimations. Hotspot regions are identified at low elevations in the Andean foothills (400–700 masl) and in windward conditions at Quincemil and Chipiriri, where more than 4000 mm rainfall per year are recorded. Orographic effects and exposure to easterly winds produce a strong annual rainfall gradient between the lowlands and the Andes that can reach 190 mm/km. Although TRMM‐PR reproduces the spatial distribution satisfactorily, it underestimates rainfall by 35% in the hotspot regions. In the Peruvian hotspot, exceptional rainfall occurs during the austral dry season (around 1000 mm in June–July–August; JJA), but not in the Bolivian hotspot. The direction of the low‐level winds over the Andean foothills partly explains this difference in the seasonal rainfall cycle. At intraseasonal scales in JJA, we found that, during northerly wind regimes, positive rainfall anomalies predominate over the lowland and the eastern flank of the Andes, whereas less rain falls at higher altitudes. On the other hand, during southerly regimes, rainfall anomalies are negative in the hotspot regions. The influence of cross‐equatorial winds is particularly clear below 2000 masl.
Menopause (primates)
Authors: Fedigan Linda Marie , Pavelka Mary S. M.
Published: April 2015

Menopause, the universal midlife cessation of reproductive ability in females, is unique to humans. In all other primate species the vast majority of females continue to reproduce until the end of their lives. There are three possible explanations for the perplexing evolution of reproductive cessation long before the end of the lifespan: the antagonistic pleiotropy or trade‐off hypothesis; the physiological constraint hypothesis; and the grandmother hypothesis. That the mammalian female reproductive system might be physiologically constrained to function for only fifty to fifty‐two years, despite the evolution of much longer lifespan in humans, is quite likely. However there is also some evidence that nonreproductive human grandmothers can improve the fitness of descendants by provisioning them with food—a situation that is simply too rare in nonhuman primates to have favored the evolution of menopause.
Moche Sex Pots
Authors: Weismantel Mary J
Published: April 2015

Peruvian Moche ceramic vessels produced between 200 and 800 C.E. captured the imagination of scholars due to their variety of sexual themes including fellatio, masturbation, and anal sex, with anal sex the most predominant. Various perspectives and theories on these ceramics in historical context are discussed including relativistic interpretations, structural, symbolic anthropology, feminism, queer studies, and comparative ethnology. Androcentrism influenced archaeological interpretations of artifacts in South America as well as in the classical world. Feminist theory and feminist archaeology present an alternative interpretation of the Moche sex pots of South America.
Neurology and sex
Authors: Komisaruk Barry R. , del Cerro Maria Cruz Rodriguez
Published: April 2015

This article reviews selected aspects of the role of the nervous system in human sexual response. We address the division of labor of the nerves conveying sensory information from specific genital regions in women and men to activate the brain, and how the brain then generates the response of the genital components to sexual arousal and orgasm. Then we address neural pathologies (diabetes, spinal cord and brain injury, autonomic dysreflexia, epilepsy, parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis) that affect sexual response, and finally we address interventions (brain surgery, hysterectomy, prostatectomy) that affect sexual response. Questions raised by recent findings are presented as grist for further research.
Nudism
Authors: Barcan Ruth
Published: April 2015

Nudism is the practice of public social nudity, often in mixed‐sex groups, as part of a self‐conscious philosophy or lifestyle. Nudism arose in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s and spawned a proselytizing literature. Nudism's other common name, naturism, signals its core contention that the naked body is natural and that modesty and shame are cultural impositions with deleterious effects on psychological, sexual, and social wellbeing. Early nudism was in dialogue with sexology and feminism, its proponents believing that it was a practice that could combat social inequality, including sexual inequality. As a socially marginal practice based on the naturalness of nakedness, nudism has, however, always had a complicated relationship with sexuality and pro‐sex discourses.
Oophorectomy
Authors: Fuh Katherine C. , Berek Jonathan S.
Published: April 2015

An oophorectomy involves removing one or both ovaries depending on the indication for the surgery. Removing one ovary does not usually affect sexual function, but removing both ovaries may affect sexual function. Long‐term health risks after oophorectomy at younger age (e.g., before age 50 years) include higher rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke.
Parents of lesbians and gays
Authors: Pettinen Katja
Published: April 2015

The contemporary lesbian and gay identities center on a discourse of “coming out” whereby the individuals verbally articulate the nature of their sexuality. Parents and other family members are commonly among the first ones to witness this articulation of identity. Over the previous decades, many parents in North America have been distraught by the fact that their child has come to identify as a lesbian or gay. As a result, a rich self‐help discourse has risen, including numerous books and publications, as well as a number of support and advocacy groups, such as the Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays. The parental experiences and narratives form a rich area of research and theorization over the ways in which sexual identities become mediated and responded to through kinship and ideologies of family.
Parenting effort
Authors: Meehan Courtney
Published: April 2015

Parental effort refers to the costs associated with rearing offspring. How parents allocate this effort is a key component of a species’ life history. While all species face trade‐offs or “decisions” in how to allocate their effort across their lifetime, human parenting is unique in several ways: our children are born helpless; children remain dependent for an extended period; and mothers reproduce again prior to initial children becoming independent. Combined, these characteristics result in parental effort costs beyond what mothers alone can contribute. Biparental care and human cooperative breeding, however, have buffered our “expensive” children. Human cooperation and allomaternal (nonmaternal) care enables humans to successfully rear children to independence despite our fast pace of reproduction and lengthy childhood dependency.
Penile enhancement
Authors: Hakky Tariq S. , Baumgarten Adam S. , Suber Jessica , Smith David , Yang Chris , Carrion Rafael E.
Published: April 2015

Penile length and girth continue to be a source of anxiety for men. Here, we present the history of penile enhancement and an overview of the various techniques performed to enhance penile length and girth.
People with disabilities and sexuality
Authors: Linroth Ronna
Published: April 2015

People with disability are sexual beings and deserve access to information and protection of their sexual rights. The range of intellectual, physical, and emotional capability in people with disability requires a multimodal approach to facilitating learning in regard to sexuality and sexual activity.
Personal ads
Authors: Phua Voon Chin
Published: April 2015

Personal ads are a form of communication where individuals seek out others with similar goals. They have also become a valuable source of data to examine mate preferences. With changes in technology, personal ads are no longer restricted to the print version, but appear on the Internet, or concurrently appear in print and on the Internet. Personal ads allow the advertiser to be more explicit about their preferences without in‐person awkwardness. However, there is little control over how truthful the advertisers are when describing themselves or their intent. The resulting contact might turn out to be dangerous.
Pheromones
Authors: Oberzaucher Elisabeth , Mühlhauser Alexandra
Published: April 2015

There is ongoing debate about the importance of olfactory communication in humans. Pheromones are defined as chemical substances that trigger physiological and/or behavioral responses in the receiver. Metabolites of testosterone seem to function as male pheromones, affecting both the physiology and the behavior of men and women. Female vaginal secretions show pheromone‐like effects on men. Body odor plays an important role in mate choice. Individual body odor is connected to the immune genes, and allows for choosing a mate whose immune genes optimally complement one's own. Furthermore, body odor is correlated with physical attractiveness. Female odor production and perception are modulated by hormones; ovulating women smell more attractive and have different preferences.
Pollution, sexual
Authors: Stevens Phillips
Published: April 2015

Ritual or mystical pollution results from taboo violation, the mixing of two or more powers or essences that should remain separate, and can cause interruptions in communication with the divine and result in human societal misfortune. The male and female powers of reproduction are especially potent, and potentially polluting, around the world. Semen and sexual intercourse may pollute temporarily; menstrual blood is highly polluting and dangerous. Menstruating women are isolated. Childbirth is severely polluting in some traditional areas of the world. Anthropology has recently provided some evidence that the genitals themselves emanate dangerous polluting power, which may help to explain the worldwide avoidance of their exposure.
Polyamory
Authors: Klesse Christian
Published: April 2015

This entry discusses the emergence of polyamory as a distinctive relationship and love style in the second half of the twentieth century. Polyamory functions as an umbrella term for various forms of consensual nonmonogamy or multipartner relationships. Polyamorous identities and relationships are marginalized and oppressed in societies, which treat monogamy as a core value within sexual and relational ethics.
Pompeii
Authors: Clarke John R.
Published: April 2015

Consideration of the contexts for “pornographic” paintings and sculptures excavated at Pompeii since 1748 reveals that ancient Roman attitudes toward sexuality differed markedly from those of today. Explicit paintings of sex between beautiful couples belonged in proper homes for all to see. In contrast, a series of paintings from a bath get their humor by showing the sexual acts that were taboo for the Romans. Representations of the phallus in many forms protected public streets and were installed in shops and homes to bring prosperity to the owners and to protect them from the Evil Eye.
Pornography, history of
Authors: Ruzgyte Edita
Published: April 2015

Pornography refers to the depiction of sexual behavior in a variety of art formats and a broad range of presentation methods. Sexual depictions were first found in the Paleolithic era and continued to be expressed in most subsequent civilizations. The historical development of pornography is intertwined with the evolution of societies, battles in the legal and moral systems, as well as changes that came with innovations in technology. Mass production augmented interest in pornography and marked the beginning of debates over societal mores and personal freedom. The short list of historic events and legal cases illustrates the transition of the genre of pornography.
Pregnancy: relationships advice
Authors: Boynton Petra M.
Published: April 2015

AbstractRelationships and sex advice during pregnancy are largely confined to a small range of self‐help books and features in mother and baby magazines and websites. They repetitively cover a limited range of topics, are heterosexist, and Euro‐American centric.
Prostitution and sexuality
Authors: Sawyer Steven P.
Published: April 2015

Prostitution is found in many cultures and societies over much of recorded history. It is described in terms of religious, moral, and sociological events. Prostitution developed out of agrarian societies. Descriptions often include stories about the women who are often referred to with negative terminology and rarely are the male customers the focus of sociological attention, until the twentieth century. In more recent times there has been increased attention paid to the negative impact on women and the motivations and psychological traits of the men who pay for sex. While not entirely a “men pay for sex with women” phenomenon, the majority of writings do focus on adult heterosexual prostitution. This focus ignores the other dimensions, including men seeking men, women seeking men, and adults seeking children.
Prostitution, archaeology of, North America
Authors: Yamin Rebecca
Published: April 2015

The archaeology of prostitution in the United States is the archaeology of brothels that have been excavated during cultural resource management projects, mainly in cities. While prostitution in American cities has been studied by numerous social historians of the nineteenth century, the reality of prostitutes’ everyday lives comes into focus through the excavated artifacts and sites. A major insight is the contrast between the artifacts associated with work—fancy dishes, expensive cuts of meat, elaborate glassware, cosmetics, and clothing—and artifacts associated with the prostitutes’ private lives. Venereal disease and contraception were major concerns, and artifacts (e.g., syringes, douches) associated with both have been recovered. Clay pipes, probably smoked in off hours, sewing paraphernalia, and decorative items suggest the world that prostitutes constructed when they were not working. Children's toys and china also belong to that world. The archaeological finds throw light on the agency and independence of women who sought a decent living through prostitution, but they also reveal the negative and difficult aspects of that choice.
Race and sexology
Authors: Klesse Christian
Published: April 2015

Sexology stands for the scientific study of sexual behavior. Sexology emerges as a scientific discipline in the heydays of European colonialism. Sexuality research derives many of its methods and theories from related disciplines, such as medicine, biology, criminology, and anthropology. Scientific racism was an integral part of strategies of pathologization. Anthropometric normativity, psychiatric pathology, racial evolutionism, and ethnographic culturalism were important cornerstones of complex theories on racial/sexual deviation. Racist and anti‐Semitic stereotypes are pervasive in sexological definitions of anomalous or “perverted” sexualities.