bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Multiple, Distinct Representations of the Human Body
Authors: Schwoebel John , Coslett H. Branch
Published: March 2005

Previous data from single-case and small group studies have suggested distinctions among structural, conceptual, and online sensorimotor representations of the human body. We developed a battery of tasks to further examine the prevalence and anatomic substrates of these body representations. The battery was administered to 70 stroke patients. Fifty-one percent of the patients were impaired relative to controls on at least one body representation measure. Further, principal components analysis of the patient data as well as direct comparisons of patient and control performance suggested a triple dissociation between measures of the 3 putative body representations. Consistent with previous distinctions between the “what” and “how” pathways, lesions of the left temporal lobe were most consistently associated with impaired performance on tasks assessing knowledge of the shape or lexical-semantic information about the body, whereas lesions of the dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions resulted in impaired performance on tasks requiring on-line coding of body posture.
Democratic Processes and Present-Day Tasks of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia
Authors:   Harutunian
Published: March 2005

No Abstract
Civil Proceedings in the CIS Countries at the Turn of the Century
Authors:   Reshetnikova
Published: March 2005

No Abstract
Real-Time Forecasting for the Antarctic: An Evaluation of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)*
Authors: Bromwich David H. , Monaghan Andrew J. , Manning Kevin W. , Powers Jordan G.
Published: March 2005

In response to the need for improved weather prediction capabilities in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program’s field operations, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) was implemented in October 2000. AMPS employs the Polar MM5, a version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model optimized for use over ice sheets. The modeling system consists of several domains ranging in horizontal resolution from 90 km covering a large part of the Southern Hemisphere to 3.3 km over the complex terrain surrounding McMurdo, the hub of U.S. operations. The performance of the 30-km AMPS domain versus observations from manned and automatic weather stations is statistically evaluated for a 2-yr period from September 2001 through August 2003. The simulated 12–36-h surface pressure and near-surface temperature at most sites have correlations of r > 0.95 and r > 0.75, respectively, and small biases. Surface wind speeds reflect the complex topography and generally have correlations between 0.5 and 0.6, and positive biases of 1–2 m s−1. In the free atmosphere, r > 0.95 (geopotential height), r > 0.9 (temperature), and r > 0.8 (wind speed) at most sites. Over the annual cycle, there is little interseasonal variation in skill. Over the length of the forecast, a gradual decrease in skill is observed from hours 0–72. One exception is the surface pressure, which improves slightly in the first few hours, due in part to the model adjusting from surface pressure biases that are caused by the initialization technique over the high, cold terrain.

The impact of the higher-resolution model domains over the McMurdo region is also evaluated. It is shown that the 3.3-km domain is more sensitive to spatial and temporal changes in the winds than the 10-km domain, which represents an overall improvement in forecast skill, especially on the windward side of the island where the Williams Field and Pegasus runways are situated, and in the lee of Ross Island, an important area of mesoscale cyclogenesis (although the correlation coefficients in these regions are still relatively low).
Social Representations of Events and People in World History Across 12 Cultures
Authors: Liu James H. , Goldstein-Hawes Rebekah , Hilton Denis , Huang Li-Li , Gastardo-Conaco Cecilia , Dresler-Hawke Emma , Pittolo Florence , Hong Ying-Yi , Ward Colleen , Abraham Sheela , Kashima Yoshihisa , Kashima Emiko , Ohashi Megumi M. , Yuki Masaki , Hidaka Yukako
Published: March 2005

Social representations of world history were assessed using the open-ended questions, “What are the most important events in world history?” and “Who are the most influential persons in world history in the last 1,000 years?”Data from six Asian and six Western samples showed cross-cultural consensus. Historical representations were (a) focused on the recent past, (b) centered around politics and war, and (c) dominated by the events of the World Wars and (d) the individual Hitler, who was universally perceived as negative. (e) Representations were more Eurocentric than ethnocentric.(f) The importance of economics and science was underrepresented.(g) Most cultures nominated people (more than events) idiosyncratic to their own culture. These data reflect power relations in the world and provide resources and constraints for the conduct of international relations. The degree of cross-cultural consensus suggests that hybridity across Eastern and Western cultures in the representation of knowledge may be underestimated.
Dynamic Stereotypes about Women and Men in Latin America and the United States
Authors: Diekman Amanda B. , Eagly Alice H. , Mladinic Antonio , Ferreira Maria Cristina
Published: March 2005

To test the hypothesis that a group undergoing social change is believed to adopt traits associated with its new roles, this study examined perceptions of women and men of the past, present, and future in Brazil, Chile, and the United States. These dynamic stereotypes, which are present-day beliefs about a group as changing its characteristics, followed the specific profile of role change in each nation. The perception of men as increasing in masculine characteristics, which was found only in Chile and Brazil, cohered with changes in their roles following industrialization and democratization. The perception of women as increasing in masculine characteristics, which was found in all three nations, cohered with their increasing participation in public roles.
Structural and Mean-Level Analyses of the Five-Factor Model and Locus of Control
Authors: Rossier Jérôme , Dahourou Donatien , McCrae Robert R.
Published: March 2005

This study examines the Five-Factor Model of personality and locus of control in French-speaking samples in Burkina Faso ( N = 470) and Switzerland ( Ns = 1,090, 361), using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and Levenson’s Internality, Powerful others, and Chance (IPC) scales. Alpha reliabilities were consistently lower in Burkina Faso, but the factor structure of the NEO-PI-R was replicated in both cultures. The intended three-factor structure of the IPC could not be replicated, although a two-factor solution was replicable across the two samples. Although scalar equivalence has not been demonstrated, mean-level comparisons showed the hypothesized effects for most of the five factors and locus of control; Burkinabè scored higher in Neuroticism than anticipated. Findings from this African sample generally replicate earlier results from Asian and Western cultures and are consistent with a biologically based theory of personality.
Working With Difference in Online Collaborative Groups
Authors: Smith Regina O.
Published: March 2005

This qualitative cross-case study explored the experiences that learners describe within online collaborative groups. The study context was a fully online graduate course on adult learning. The findings suggest that the small online groups demonstrated dynamics and process that are characteristic of individual growth and development and group individuation, which mirror the experiences of face-to-face groups. The results of these two developmental processes led to unsafe learning spaces and opportunities for group members to rework their sense of identity as learners and group members. Implications are presented for the use of these kinds of groups in online educational settings.
Extent of Technology Integration in Instruction by Adult Basic Education Teachers
Authors: Kotrlik Joe W. , Redmann Donna H.
Published: March 2005

This descriptive research study examined the extent of technology integration in instruction by adult basic education teachers. Teachers are in the earlier stages of integrating technology and are more active in the area of exploration. However, they are not experimenting with the use of technology at the same level and have not been innovative in integrating technology at the advanced level. Teachers feel some anxiety when it comes to technology integration; however, they perceive they are effective regardless of whether they have integrated technology, and they are encountering barriers. As teachers perceive an increase in barriers, their integration of technology decreases; also, as the availability of student e-mail and the number of computers with Internet connection in the classroom and/or lab increases, their integration of technology increases. Teachers' perceived technology anxiety and their self-perceptions of their teaching effectiveness do not explain the extent of technology integration.
The Complexion of Collaboration
Authors: Holloway Richard L. , David Alan K.
Published: March 2005

The core of the collaborative enterprise between psychologists and primary care physicians is the patient encounter. Individual cases provide opportunities for physicians and psychologists to collaborate effectively; the focus of such collaborations must always remain on the health and well-being of the patient. Any number of collaborative models may be used, depending on the specific situation and specific conditions of the collaboration, coupled with the needs of the patient. Collaboration may range from informal consultation, to formal consultation, to coprovision of care, to cotherapy between physician and psychologist. As an introduction to this special issue, this article outlines these models of collaboration, as well as the importance of agreed-upon goals, ongoing communication, and problem solving to address barriers between collaborative partners.
Panic and the Congenital Heart
Authors: Meit Scott S. , Khurana Sunaina
Published: March 2005

Panic disorder is commonly encountered in primary care and specialty clinics, with prevalence rates of 10%-60%. Frequently, no organic pathology is discovered. When organic conditions are present, they must be addressed both medically and with respect to their contextual relevance to the psychiatric disorder. A collaborative approach is often needed among several professionals and across disciplines. The authors present the case of a young man with comorbid anxiety and tetralogy of Fallot. Coordinated care between family physician, psychologist, and specialists expanded treatment interventions, improved medical prognosis, and contributed to the resolution of panic activity.
Risk-based early prevention in comparison with routine prevention of dental caries: a 7-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial; clinical and economic aspects
Authors: Pienihäkkinen Kaisu , Jokela Jorma , Alanen Pentti
Published: March 2005

Background

The results in an earlier study with 2–5-year-old children indicated that, in comparison with conventional prevention, a risk-based prevention programme was effective in reducing dental caries in a low-caries community. The aim of the present study was to examine the clinical and economic findings seven years after the cessation of the targeted programme, from the perspective of public health care.

Methods

The present material was collected from the dental records of the public health care centres, and included all dental visits after the 5-year examination until the 12-year examination. The groups were compared in relation to clinically detected caries at the age of 12 years, the number of dental visits needed from 5 to 12 years of age, and the estimation of running costs during these years. Statistical analyses included univariate analysis of variance, and calculation of absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat (NNT) values.

Results

At the age of 12 years, DMF was significantly related to the risk category determined ten years earlier, in both study groups. In the risk-based group, the absolute risk reduction for caries in permanent dentition was 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.06 – 0.21), and the associated NNT value was 8 (95% confidence interval 5 – 17). The total number of preventive, as well as restorative visits was lower in the risk-based than in the routine prevention group. The findings indicate that early risk-based prevention can be correctly targeted, clinically effective, and economically profitable also from the long-term point of view.

Conclusion

Early prevention of dental caries also has long-term benefits in a 7-year follow-up perspective. This seems to hold true as regards targeting, as well as clinical and economic effectiveness. Success in risk-based prevention enables successful work division, and consequently, economic effectiveness.
Heterologous expression of the filarial nematode alt gene products reveals their potential to inhibit immune function
Authors: Gomez-Escobar Natalia , Bennett Clare , Prieto-Lafuente Lidia , Aebischer Toni , Blackburn Clare C , Maizels Rick M
Published: March 2005

Background

Parasites exploit sophisticated strategies to evade host immunity that require both adaptation of existing genes and evolution of new gene families. We have addressed this question by testing the immunological function of novel genes from helminth parasites, in which conventional transgenesis is not yet possible. We investigated two such novel genes fromBrugia malayitermedabundant larval transcript (alt), expression of which reaches ~5% of total transcript at the time parasites enter the human host.

Results

To test the hypothesis that ALT proteins modulate host immunity, we adopted an alternative transfection strategy to express these products in the protozoan parasiteLeishmania mexicana. We then followed the course of infectionin vitroin macrophages andin vivoin mice. Expression of ALT proteins, but not a truncated mutant, conferred greater infectivity of macrophagesin vitro, reaching 3-fold higher parasite densities. alt-transfected parasites also caused accelerated diseasein vivo, and fewer mice were able to clear infection of organisms expressing ALT.alt-transfected parasites were more resistant to IFN-γ-induced killing by macrophages. Expression profiling of macrophages infected with transgenicL. mexicanarevealed consistently higher levels of GATA-3 and SOCS-1 transcripts, both associated with the Th2-type response observed inin vivofilarial infection.

Conclusion

Leishmaniatransfection is a tractable and informative approach to determining immunological functions of single genes from heterologous organisms. In the case of the filarial ALT proteins, our data suggest that they may participate in the Th2 bias observed in the response to parasite infection by modulating cytokine-induced signalling within immune system cells.
Regulated expression of platelet factor 4 in human monocytes—role of PARs as a quantitatively important monocyte activation pathway
Authors: Schaffner Andreas , Rhyn Petra , Schoedon Gabriela , Schaer Dominik J
Published: March 2005

Human mononuclear phagocytes have recently been shown to express constitutively and even more so, upon stimulation with bacteria, fungi, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), zymosan, or thrombin platelet basic protein (PBP). This CXC chemokine as well as platelet factor 4 (PF4), which is located genomically at a short distance from the PBP, were previously considered to be specific markers for the megakaryocyte cell lineage. Both chemokines have signaling and antimicrobial activity. In the present studies, transcriptional and expressional regulation of PF4 and related chemokines was studied in human monocytes. As shown by quantitative mRNA analysis, Western blots, radioimmunoprecipitation of cell extracts, and immunofluorescence and quantitatively with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, human monocytes express PF4 in the same order of magnitude as the known, regulated CXC chemokine interleukin (IL)-8. Expression of PF4 is up-regulated at the mRNA and protein level by thrombin and mediated by proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), resulting in a 32- to 128-fold higher mRNA level and leading to an up-to-sixfold increase of the peptide concentration in monocyte culture supernatants. Thrombin and the synthetic ligand of PAR-1 and PAR-2, SFLLRN, also induced comparable increases in the levels of mRNA for PBP, IL-8, regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α and increased synthesis of these chemokines as shown by immunofluorescence or a quantitative immunobead-based method. The induction of increased mRNA levels for all chemokines by SFLLRN was unsurpassed by LPS, zymosan, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-1. Activation of monocytes through PARs represents an alternate activation mechanism, independent from IFN-γ, TNF-α, or other signaling pathways.
A subset of oligodendrocytes generated from radial glia in the dorsal spinal cord
Authors: Fogarty Matthew , Richardson William D. , Kessaris Nicoletta
Published: March 2005

Many oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord are derived from a region of the ventral ventricular zone (VZ) that also gives rise to motoneurons. Cell fate specification in this region depends on sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord and floor plate. There have been suggestions of an additional source(s) of oligodendrocytes in the dorsal spinal cord. We revisited this idea by Cre-lox fate-mapping in transgenic mice. We found that a subpopulation of oligodendrocytes is generated from the Dbx1-expressing domain of the VZ,spanning the dorsoventral midline. Dbx-derived oligodendrocytes comprise less than 5% of the total; they are formed late during embryogenesis by transformation of radial glia and settle mainly in the lateral white matter. Development of Dbx-derived oligodendrocytes in vitro can occur independently of Shh but requires FGF signalling. Dbx-expressing precursors also generate astrocytes and interneurons, but do not contribute to the ependymal layer of the postnatal spinal cord.
Non-canonical functions ofhunchbackin segment patterning of the intermediate germ cricketGryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Mito Taro , Sarashina Isao , Zhang Hongjie , Iwahashi Akihiro , Okamoto Haruko , Miyawaki Katsuyuki , Shinmyo Yohei , Ohuchi Hideyo , Noji Sumihare
Published: March 2005

In short and intermediate germ insects, only the anterior segments are specified during the blastoderm stage, leaving the posterior segments to be specified later, during embryogenesis, which differs from the segmentation process in Drosophila, a long germ insect. To elucidate the segmentation mechanisms of short and intermediate germ insects, we have investigated the orthologs of the Drosophila segmentation genes in a phylogenetically basal, intermediate germ insect, Gryllus bimaculatus(Gb). Here, we have focused on its hunchback ortholog(Gb'hb), because Drosophila hb functions as a gap gene during anterior segmentation, referred as a canonical function. Gb'hb is expressed in a gap pattern during the early stages of embryogenesis, and later in the posterior growth zone. By means of embryonic and parental RNA interference for Gb'hb, we found the following: (1) Gb'hb regulates Hox gene expression to specify regional identity in the anterior region, as observed in Drosophila and Oncopeltus; (2) Gb'hb controls germband morphogenesis and segmentation of the anterior region, probably through the pair-rule gene, even-skipped at least; (3) Gb'hb may act as a gap gene in a limited region between the posterior of the prothoracic segment and the anterior of the mesothoracic segment; and (4) Gb'hb is involved in the formation of at least seven abdominal segments, probably through its expression in the posterior growth zone, which is not conserved in Drosophila. These findings suggest that Gb'hb functions in a non-canonical manner in segment patterning. A comparison of our results with the results for other derived species revealed that the canonical hbfunction may have evolved from the non-canonical hb functions during evolution.
The role of Axin2 in calvarial morphogenesis and craniosynostosis
Authors: Yu Hsiao-Man Ivy , Jerchow Boris , Sheu Tzong-Jen , Liu Bo , Costantini Frank , Puzas J. Edward , Birchmeier Walter , Hsu Wei
Published: March 2005

Axin1 and its homolog Axin2/conductin/Axil are negative regulators of the canonical Wnt pathway that suppress signal transduction by promoting degradation of β-catenin. Mice with deletion of Axin1 exhibit defects in axis determination and brain patterning during early embryonic development. We show that Axin2 is expressed in the osteogenic fronts and periosteum of developing sutures during skull morphogenesis. Targeted disruption of Axin2 in mice induces malformations of skull structures, a phenotype resembling craniosynostosis in humans. In the mutants, premature fusion of cranial sutures occurs at early postnatal stages. To elucidate the mechanism of craniosynostosis, we studied intramembranous ossification in Axin2-null mice. The calvarial osteoblast development is significantly affected by the Axin2 mutation. The Axin2mutant displays enhanced expansion of osteoprogenitors, accelerated ossification, stimulated expression of osteogenic markers and increases in mineralization. Inactivation of Axin2 promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, as the mammalian skull is formed from cranial skeletogenic mesenchyme, which is derived from mesoderm and neural crest, our data argue for a region-specific effect of Axin2 on neural crest dependent skeletogenesis. The craniofacial anomalies caused by the Axin2 mutation are mediated through activation of β-catenin signaling, suggesting a novel role for the Wnt pathway in skull morphogenesis.
Regulation of chemosensory and GABAergic motor neuron development by theC. elegans Aristaless/Arxhomologalr-1
Authors: Melkman Tali , Sengupta Piali
Published: March 2005

Mutations in the highly conserved Aristaless-related homeodomain protein ARX have been shown to underlie multiple forms of X-linked mental retardation. Arx knockout mice exhibit thinner cerebral cortices because of decreased neural precursor proliferation, and also exhibit defects in the differentiation and migration of GABAergic interneurons. However, the role of ARX in the observed behavioral and developmental abnormalities is unclear. The regulatory functions of individual homeodomain proteins and the networks in which they act are frequently highly conserved across species, although these networks may be deployed in different developmental contexts. In Drosophila, aristaless mutants exhibit defects in the development of terminal appendages, and Aristaless has been shown to function with the LIM-homeodomain protein LIM1 to regulate leg development. Here, we describe the role of the Aristaless/Arx homolog alr-1 in C. elegans. We show that alr-1 acts in a pathway with the LIM1 ortholog lin-11 to regulate the development of a subset of chemosensory neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that the differentiation of a GABAergic motoneuron subtype is affected in alr-1 mutants, suggesting parallels with ARX functions in vertebrates. Investigating ALR-1 functions in C. elegans may yield insights into the role of this important protein in neuronal development and the etiology of mental retardation.
The roles of receptor and ligand endocytosis in regulating Notch signaling
Authors: Le Borgne Roland , Bardin Allison , Schweisguth François
Published: March 2005

Cell-cell signaling is a central process in the formation of multicellular organisms. Notch (N) is the receptor of a conserved signaling pathway that regulates numerous developmental decisions, and the misregulation of N has been linked to various physiological and developmental disorders. The endocytosis of N and its ligands is a key mechanism by which N-mediated cell-cell signaling is developmentally regulated. We review here the recent findings that have highlighted the importance and complexity of this regulation.
Ventral migration of early-born neurons requiresDccand is essential for the projections of primary afferents in the spinal cord
Authors: Ding Yu-Qiang , Kim Ji-Young , Xu Yong-Sheng , Rao Yi , Chen Zhou-Feng
Published: March 2005

Neuronal migration and lamina-specific primary afferent projections are crucial for establishing spinal cord circuits, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report that in mice lacking Dcc(deleted in colorectal cancer), some early-born neurons could not migrate ventrally in the spinal cord. Conversely, forced expression of Dcccaused ventral migration and prevented dorsolateral migration of late-born spinal neurons. In the superficial layer of the spinal cord of Dcc–/– mutants, mislocalized neurons are followed by proprioceptive afferents, while their presence repels nociceptive afferents through Sema3a. Thus, our study has shown that Dccis a key molecule required for ventral migration of early-born neurons, and that appropriate neuronal migration is a prerequisite for, and coupled to,normal projections of primary afferents in the developing spinal cord.
Thermodynamic analysis of a coal gasification and split Rankine combined cogeneration plant. Part 2: Exergy analysis
Authors: De S , Biswal S K
Published: March 2005

In continuation of the energy analysis in Part 1 of this paper, an exergy analysis of the conceptualized advanced combined cogeneration plant is discussed in this part of the paper. This exergy analysis at the component level identifies the major sources of destruction of work potential. A parametric study has been carried out, for the same design and operating parameters as in Part 1, to explore the second-law performance of components of the plant against variations in these parameters.
Thermodynamic analysis of a coal gasification and split Rankine combined cogeneration plant. Part 1: Energy analysis
Authors: De S , Biswal S K
Published: March 2005

The aim of this paper is to study the thermodynamic performance of a new combination of a coal gasification topping gas cycle and an ‘externally coupled’, ‘split Rankine’ bottoming steam cycle as a means of advanced clean coal combined cogeneration. Energy analysis of the conceptualized cogeneration scheme is presented in this part of the paper. The effects of the design and operating parameters of both the gas and the steam cycle on the performance of the combined heat and power plant are discussed.
Computer-aided design and optimization of centrifugal pumps
Authors: Asuaje M , Bakir F , Kouidri S , Noguera R , Rey R
Published: March 2005

Improvement in computer power and the development of numerical computational methods over the last few years have allowed the emergence of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes, making possible the numerical simulation of flow and energy transfer in turbomachines. To improve the efficiency of these tools, fast design software must be used. Within the framework of the optimization process of centrifugal pumps, HELIOX software was developed. It is a tool for design and performance analysis of centrifugal pumps. HELIOX allows quick design of new pumps and improvement of existing ones. HELIOX's performance analysis has been validated through many industrial cases: approximately 100 machines of different sizes and mechanical power. Heliox can be linked to quasi-and three-dimensional analysis tools; these tools enable a better understanding of physical phenomena so as to control the flow fields inside pumps.
A computational fluid dynamics model of a solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Sudaprasert K , Travis R P , Martinez-Botas R F
Published: March 2005

In this work a three-dimensional model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been developed and is used to predict the temperature, concentration distribution and velocity profile across the cell. This model employs Users’ Subroutines in a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to simulate the electrochemical reactions. The results show both fuel concentration and current density decreasing along the flow direction. The temperature differences are significant with the hottest point located in middle of the active area. Increasing the operating temperature is shown to reduce the effect of polarization that hampers the cell performance, although other issues such as thermal stresses and reduced material choices are more significant.
Settlement, post‐settlement, and more: Issues in mediating class action cases
Authors: Shaw Margaret L. , Singer Linda R.
Published: March 2005

In the first of two parts, Margaret L. Shaw, of New York, and Linda R. Singer, of Washington, D.C., review the specifics of managing a class action case that is using mediation.
Sequential interpenetrating polymer network of poly(ethyl methacrylate) and carboxylated nitrile rubber: Dynamic mechanical analysis and morphology
Authors: Manoj N.R. , Raut R.D. , Sivaraman P. , Ratna D. , Chakraborty B.C.
Published: March 2005

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and carboxylated nitrile rubber was synthesized. Peroxide crosslinked XNBR was swollen in ethyl methacrylate containing benzoyl peroxide as initiator and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent. A full and sequential IPN is formed by the two independently crosslinked phases of XNBR and PEMA. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the 50/50 XNBR/PEMA IPN shows a single, broad peak whereas a 50/50 blend shows two distinct peaks, indicating the pinning down of a microheterogeneous structure during the IPN formation rather that macrophase separation as in blends. SEM analysis confirms the development of a cocontinuous intimate structure of the IPN. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1487–1491, 2005
Synthesis, characterization, and application of the sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) produced from waste polystyrene cups as an admixture in concrete
Authors: de Assunção Rosana M. N. , Royer Betina , Oliveira Juliana S. , Rodrigues Filho Guimes , de Castro Motta Leila A.
Published: March 2005

Wasted polystyrene (PS) plastic cups were used in the synthesis of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS). The produced polyelectrolyte was water‐soluble. The viscosimetric molecular weight was 126,146 g mol−1. The sulfonation of the polymer was estimated through FTIR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of the number of sulfonic groups. The presence of bands at 1326 and 1188 cm−1 in the infrared spectra was characteristic for sulfonic groups. The polymer was obtained with 60.3% of sulfonation. An aqueous solution of NaPSS was used as an admixture in concrete of portland cement. The results showed that the slump increasing of the concrete was up to 300% with 0.3% content of NaPSS per weight of cement. It was possible to reduce the water content of the concrete in 13.2% using NaPSS solution as an admixture. The compressive strength gain was 23.9% after 28 days of curing. The results indicated that NaPSS, produced from waste PS cups, can be satisfactorily used either as a plasticizer or as an admixture for water reduction in concrete. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1534–1538, 2005
New poly(amide imide)s containing bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl) sulfone and hydantoin moieties in the main chain: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Naghavi Howra
Published: March 2005

Several new poly(amide imide)s were synthesized through the polycondensation reactions of bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl) sulfone [N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylsulfone) bistrimellitimide] with a number of hydantoin derivatives in a medium consisting of thionyl chloride, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, and pyridine. The polycondensations produced a series of novel poly(amide imide)s in high yields with inherent viscosities of 0.20–0.46 dL/g. The resulting poly(amide imide)s were characterized with elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, solubility testing, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the polymers were soluble at room temperature in polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1776–1782, 2005
Kinetic analysis of relaxation process for the epoxy network diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/m‐xylylenediamine
Authors: Fraga F. , Castro‐Díaz C. , Rodríguez‐Núñez E. , Martínez‐Ageitos J. M.
Published: March 2005

The relaxation kinetic of the epoxy network diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (BADGE n = 0) and m‐xylylenediamine (m‐XDA) was analyzed from DSC experimental data, using different theoretical models. Based on a Petrie model, which involved separate contributions of temperature and structure, three characteristic parameters were calculated: a preexponential factor A, an apparent activation energy EH, and a parameter C, which indicate the dependency of relaxation time on structure. This model allowed us to calculate the relaxation function at different ageing temperatures. Another method used to study a relaxation kinetic was the Kovacs–Hutchinson model, which takes into account the dependency of the relaxation time on temperature and structure. The last model used was a two‐parameter equation from Williams–Watts, where the relaxation time is independent of temperature. Using data of characteristic times a master curve for the relaxation function was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1591–1595, 2005
Preparation and properties of microencapsulated octadecane with waterborne polyurethane
Authors: Kim Eun Young , Kim Han Do
Published: March 2005

A series of microencapsulated blends of waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) as a matrix polymer and phase change material octadecane as a domain material were prepared in the presence of emulsifier. Nylon fabrics were coated with the coating materials formulated from microencapsulated blends, thickener, and hardener. The morphology and thermal behaviors of microencapsulated octadecane and WBPU/octadecane‐coated nylon fabrics were investigated using SEM, DSC, and KES‐F7. The size of octadecane microspheres increased with increasing octadecane contents. However, the size of microcsphere (1–6 μm) decreased with increasing emulsifier contents. ΔHfusion, ΔHcrystallization, and their filling efficiencies of octadecane in film samples were found to increase with increasing microencapsulated blends, thickener, and hardener contents. Especially, thickener and hardener could function in trapping microencapsulated octadecane. Thermal characteristic Qmax (J/cm2 s) values of WBPU/octadecane‐coated nylon fabrics are much higher than those of the control nylon fabric and WBPU‐coated nylon fabrics, indicating that the nylon fabrics coated with WBPU/octadecane blends have cooler touch sensation compared with nylon fabrics and WBPU‐coated nylon fabrics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1596–1604, 2005
Thermochromic polyolefin foils
Authors: Seeboth A. , Yin Chun , Kriwanek J. , Lötzsch D. , Schäper R.
Published: March 2005

Novel polyethylene and polypropylene foils were prepared by incorporating a thermochromic composite into the polymer matrices by extrusion technology. The composite is homogeneously embedded in the polymer. Detailed investigations on the optical and surface properties of the prepared Polyolefin foils are reported. The investigations include the concentration and temperature dependence of the ultraviolet–visible spectra as well as the determination of the surface tension by contact‐angle measurements. A linear relationship between the concentration of the composite and the absorption intensity of the foil has been found. In contrast to polyethylene in polypropylene no migration process was observed under the used condition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1789–1792, 2005
Electrical, spectroscopic, and thermal properties of blends formed by PEDOT, PVC, and PEO
Authors: Rinaldi A. W. , Matos R. , Rubira A. F. , Ferreira O. P. , Girotto E. M.
Published: March 2005

This study describes the preparation of blends between an amorphous polymer (PVC) and a crystalline polymer (PEO), with a third polymeric part that presents electronic conduction capacity (PEDOT‐PSS). Binary (PEO/PVC, PEO/PEDOT‐PSS, PVC/PEDOT‐PSS) and ternary (PVC/PEO/PEDOT‐PSS) blends were prepared by changing the concentrations of the constituents and were analyzed by electronic conductivity, Raman spatial resolution, infrared spectroscopies, and thermogravimetric analysis. The Raman and FTIR analyses showed the incorporation of PEDOT‐PSS within the blends. The higher conductivity presented by the ternary blend was 8.6 × 10−6 Scm−1, composed of 24% of PVC, 16% of PEO, and 60% of PEDOT‐PSS. For binary blends the conductivity was proportional to the PEDOT‐PSS content. The thermal stability could be observed through the TG curves of the blends that presented an increase of 19 K in the weight loss temperature at the 10% level when compared to the pure components. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1710–1715, 2005
Recycling of inside upholstery of end‐of‐life cars
Authors: Correnti A. , Bocchino M. , Filippi S. , Magagnini P. L. , Polacco G. , La Mantia F. P.
Published: March 2005

A model study for the recycling of the interior upholstery plastic parts of end‐of‐life cars has been carried out by reprocessing the homogenized scraps of an upholstery farm in the presence of different compatibilizer precursors, such as an ethylene‐glycidylmethacrylate copolymer (EGMA), a maleic anhydride functionalized thermoplastic elastomer (SEBS‐MA), etc. The investigated scraps contained recycled polyethylene (from agricultural uses) and poly(ethylene terephthalate), as the main components, plus minor proportions of polypropylene, polyamide‐6, and other additives, including an ethylene copolymer (EC), probably an ethylene‐acrylic acid copolymer, which is used to compatibilize the carpets' backing and increase their flexibility. The reactive blending experiments were carried out using a Brabender Plasticorder static mixer and a Brabender twin‐screw compounder, and the products were characterized by rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, stress–strain measurements, etc. It was shown that EGMA was most effective for the reactive compatibilization of the polyolefin and poly(ethylene terephthalate) components of the scraps. It was also found, however, that the EC contained in the upholstery backing neutralizes in part the functional epoxy groups of EGMA, thus reducing its compatibilizing efficiency. The results suggest that substitution of EC with an inert flexibilizing agent, such as an ethylene‐propylene copolymer, and use of small amounts (∼ 5%) of an EGMA compatibilizer, might allow recycling of used upholstery into injection moldable plastic articles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1716–1728, 2005
Synergistic effect of short reinforced fibers and gamma rays on the thermal and mechanical properties of waste poly(propylene) composites
Authors: Hassan Medhat M. , El‐Hag Ali Amr , Mahoud Ghada A. , Hegazy El‐Sayed A.
Published: March 2005

Compressed molded waste poly(propylene) was reinforced with short carbon and/or glass fibers for investigation. The prepared composites were γ‐irradiated to estimate the role of the ionizing radiation as a compatibilizing agent. TGA and DSC were used to investigate the influence of exposure dose and the incorporation of short fibers on the thermal parameters of the prepared composites. The mechanical properties of different composites were also studied. It was observed that the mechanical and thermal parameters were highly affected by the kind of incorporated fibers and γ‐irradiation. The structural and morphological studies were made by means of XRD and SEM to investigate the structure change caused by the incorporation of short fibers and exposure to γ‐irradiation. The results show that the irradiation of carbon fiber–containing composite magnified its thermal stability and its tensile strength. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1741–1747, 2005
Thermal and mechanical properties of linear low‐density polyethylene/low‐density polyethylene/wax ternary blends
Authors: Luyt A. S. , Hato M. J.
Published: March 2005

The thermal and mechanical properties of uncrosslinked three‐component blends of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and a hard, paraffinic Fischer–Tropsch wax were investigated. A decrease in the total crystallinity with an increase in both LDPE and wax contents was observed. It was also observed that experimental enthalpy values of LLDPE in the blends were generally higher than the theoretically expected values, whereas in the case of LDPE the theoretically expected values were higher than the experimental values. In the presence of higher wax content there was a good correlation between experimental and theoretically expected enthalpy values. The DSC results showed changes in peak temperature of melting, as well as peak width, with changing blend composition. Most of these changes are explained in terms of the preferred cocrystallization of wax with LLDPE. Young's modulus, yield stress, and stress at break decreased with increasing LDPE content, whereas elongation at yield increased. This is in line with the decreasing crystallinity and increasing amorphous content expected with increasing LDPE content. Deviations from this behavior for samples containing 10% wax and relatively low LDPE contents are explained in terms of lower tie chain fractions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1748–1755, 2005
Erratum: Rubio ME. 2004. Differential distribution of synaptic endings containing glutamate, glycine, and GABA in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus. J Comp Neurol 477:253–272.
Authors: Rubio Maria E. , Juiz José M.
Published: March 2005

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2004) 477:253–272.
p53 is required for spontaneous autoantibody production in B6/lpr lupus mice
Authors: Kuan Anita P. , Cohen Philip L.
Published: March 2005

The p53 tumor suppressor molecule triggers a key pathway of apoptosis in injured cells, in part through induction of Fas. The importance of Fas as a receptor mediating apoptosis is highlighted by the lupus‐like systemic autoimmunity seen in animals and humans with nonfunctional Fas molecules. We set out to see if the absence of p53, superimposed on the Fas defect of lpr mice, might further accelerate or exacerbate their systemic autoimmunity. We generated double mutant mice (p53–/– lpr) having defects in both p53‐ and Fas‐dependent pathways, hypothesizing that animals with lesions in both Fas‐ and p53‐dependent pathways would show reduced ability to delete autoreactive or injured cells, thereby producing more severe autoimmune disease. Surprisingly, these mice have lower autoantibody levels than the single mutant lpr mice. These studies suggest an unanticipated role for p53 in the progression of autoimmunity and the production of autoantibodies.
Antitumor immune response by CX3CL1 fractalkine gene transfer depends on both NK and T cells
Authors: Xin Hong , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Andarini Sita , Ohkouchi Shinya , Suzuki Takuji , Nukiwa Toshihiro , Huqun  , Hagiwara Koichi , Honjo Tasuku , Saijo Yasuo
Published: March 2005

The CX3C chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) exists as both a membrane‐bound form promoting firm cell‐cell adhesion and a soluble form chemoattracting leukocytes expressing its receptor CX3CR1. When adenoviral vector expressing mouse fractalkine (AdFKN) was transduced to the tumor cells, fractalkine was expressed as both membrane‐bound form on the tumor cells and soluble form in the supernatant in vitro. Intratumoral injection of AdFKN (1×109PFU/tumor) into C26 and B16F10 tumors resulted in marked reduction of tumor growth compared to control (C26: 86.5%, p<0.001; B16F10: 85.5%, p<0.001). Histological examination of tumor tissues revealed abundant infiltration of NK cells, dendritic cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes 3 and/or 6 days after treatment with AdFKN. Splenocytes from mice treated by AdFKN developed tumor‐specific cytotoxic T cells, and thereby protected from rechallenging with parental tumor cells. Antitumor effects by AdFKN were completely abrogated in both NK cell‐depleted mice and CD8–/– mice, and partially blocked in CD4–/– mice. These data indicated that fractalkine mediates antitumor effects by both NK cell‐dependent and T cell‐dependent mechanisms. This study suggests that fractalkine can be a suitable candidate for immunogene therapy of cancer because fractalkine induces both innate and adaptive immunity.
The transmission of US shocks to Latin America
Authors: Canova Fabio
Published: March 2005

I study whether and how US shocks are transmitted to eight Latin American countries. US shocks are identified using sign restrictions and treated as exogenous with respect to Latin American economies. Posterior estimates for individual and average effects are constructed. US monetary shocks produce significant fluctuations in Latin America, but real demand and supply shocks do not. Floaters and currency boarders display similar output but different inflation and interest rate responses. The financial channel plays a crucial role in the transmission. US disturbances explain important portions of the variability of Latin American macrovariables, producing continental cyclical fluctuations and, in two episodes, destabilizing nominal exchange rate effects. Policy implications are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing SVARs and SEMs: two models of the UK economy
Authors: Jacobs Jan P. A. M. , Wallis Kenneth F.
Published: March 2005

The structural vector autoregression (SVAR) and simultaneous equation macroeconometric model (SEM) styles of empirical macroeconomic modelling are compared and contrasted, with reference to two models of the UK economy, namely the long‐run structural VAR model of Garratt, Lee, Pesaran and Shin and the COMPACT model. Various styles of impulse response analysis are also compared and contrasted, and used to illustrate model properties. A ‘reverse engineering’ procedure is used to infer long‐run relations of COMPACT comparable to the GLPS cointegrating relations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barriers to conducting a community mobilization intervention among youth in a rural South African community
Authors: Whitehead Kevin A. , Kriel Anita J. , Richter Linda M.
Published: March 2005

In the face of extreme poverty and inequality in South Africa, community mobilization interventions represent an important way in which people can be empowered to improve their life. Successfully conducting community mobilization interventions in rural South African communities requires anticipating and addressing a number of potential barriers in order to maximize the chance of success of the intervention. The aim of this article is to discuss some of these barriers, which were identified through a case study of a youth project conducted in a rural community in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. The potential barriers to the conduct of similar interventions discussed include gaining of access to the community, composition of the project group, issues of inclusion and exclusion, misunderstandings among project partners, language barriers, accuracy and reliability of data, and “ownership” of the project. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 253–259, 2005.