bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of thermo-responsive ionic liquids (TRILs)
Authors: Abdullah M. A. M. , Man M. S. , Abdullah S. B. , Saufi Syed Mohd
Published: March 2020

Normally, an ionic liquids (ILs) is classified as hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on its composition, whether it is miscible or immiscible with water. Nevertheless, this classification is ambiguous, since the miscibility of some ILs with water is strongly depending on temperature change. There are two classifications of thermo-responsive ionic liquids (TRILs) which are lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior types. The aim of this study is to synthesis and characterize tetrafloroborate-based (BF4
−) anion with different alkyl chain of imidazolium- based cations ([Emim], [Bmim], [Hmim], [Omim]) and trifloroacetate (CFOO−) anion with different cations (ammonium, anilinium, pyridinium and phosphonium). The prepared ILs were mixed with water (30:70 wt %) and the resulting solutions were stirred vigorously for certain period of time. These solutions were cooled to 00C and then gradually heated to 70 0C. When the solution was found to be phase-separated upon heating, this mixture undergoes the LCST- type phase transition but its contrary with UCST behavioral. The TRILs were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to identify the functional group and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in confirming the structure. Due to the special property of TRILs that became phase separation by changing the temperature, it can be recovered easily and reused for many recycles in wide range of application.
Incorporation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) matrix for membrane mechanical stiffness
Authors: Daud S S , Norddin M A , Jaafar J , Sudirman R
Published: March 2020

Development of promising polymer based material for the membrane of the fuel cell was crucial to improve its performance and lifetime. The sulfonated polymer physicochemical properties depend on the degree of sulfonation (DS). High DS of sPEEK exhibits high performance, but poor in mechanical properties due to high water absorption. So, this present study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) at different content toward improvement of high DS sPEEK mechanical properties and ion conduction. The blending approach was used to mix the sPEEK with PVDF (content: 5 wt%; 10 wt%; 15 wt% and 20 wt%). The blended sPEEK/PVDF membrane were prepared by casting and drying the solution using the phase inversion technique. The result showed that the incorporation of PVDF in sPEEK matrix had improved the mechanical properties by reducing water uptake, swelling degree, and dimensional change. Other than that, the tensile strength of blended membranes also higher than neat sPEEK. The proton conductivity of sPEEK/PVDF 15 (7.23 mS/cm) was quite higher and comparable with neat sPEEK (10.31 mS/cm) and Nafion membrane (12 mS/cm). In summary, the incorporation of PVDF in high DS of sPEEK had improved the mechanical properties with promising ionic conduction.
Development of mixed matrix membrane comprising titanium (IV) oxide dispersed with octaisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Tan G Y E , Oh P C , Lau K K , Low S C
Published: March 2020

In designing mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) to improve gas separation performance, inorganic fillers such as titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are commonly added due to their excellent intrinsic properties and high affinity towards CO2. However, the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles causes the formation of agglomerates which deteriorate the gas separation properties of the membrane due to their high surface energy and Van der Waals forces. In this study, MMMs comprising octaisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPOSS) incorporated with TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully developed using phase inversion technique. MMMs were synthesized at different loadings of TiO2 and OPOSS. The effectiveness of OPOSS as a dispersant was determined by using SEM, EDS and single gas permeation analysis. The optimum amount of TiO2-OPOSS in the THF/DMAc casting solution was at 4wt% TiO2 and 2wt% of OPOSS, as the agglomeration of nanoparticles did not occur based on the morphology and gas separation performance. The membrane with the highest performance was achieved by 4/2-T/OPOSS, which is at 1.8 of CO2/CH4 gas selectivity. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the OPOSS did play an important role in enhancing the dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles in the polymer matrix as the TiO2 agglomerates were not seen upon addition of OPOSS.
Swelling kinetic behavior of biochar-graft superabsorbent polymer composites
Authors: Noordin N , Jamari S , Ghazali S
Published: March 2020

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are crosslinked three dimensional structures that poses high swelling capacity in aqueous medium. Its application in agriculture beneficial as it is able to retain moisture in soil. SAPs incorporated with bio-char have been prepared via solution polymerization of polyacrylic acid with co-monomer of polyacrylamide in the presence of bio-char using methylenebisacryalmide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. In this research, the swelling kinetic behavior of SAP with biochar was studied on the effect of biochar percentage loading from 0-0.8wt. SEM imaging of sap icorporated biochar shows a porous structure which influences water absorbency. The maximum of water absorbency capacity reached an optimum value of 129.89 g/g at 0.4 % before decreasing with increasing bio-char loading. Mathematical model of kinetic diffusivity also revealed that the SAP-biochar incorporated follows a second order kinetic. The presence of bio-char could enhance physical properties by increasing the water-holding capacity, enhancing its water absorbency ability. Application of SAP incorporated biochar not only able to retain water, it could also help to fertilize agriculture.
The shear strength of soft clay reinforced with single and group crushed brick column
Authors: Hasan M , Wei O C , Ler L Y , Pahrol F-H , Hyodo M
Published: March 2020

Soft Clay is often known to be a problematic soils in construction because of its low strength and high compressibility characteristic. Before construction begins, ground improvement needs to be done to improve the soil bearing capacity so that the superstructure can be placed on top of it and reduce settlement and consolidation. In this study, the soft clay is going to be reinforced with crushed brick column which is part of construction waste produced during construction stage to achieve sustainable construction. This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of single and group crushed brick column in improving the shear strength by using laboratory scale model. Kaolin is being used as soil sample while crushed brick as the reinforced column. Few laboratory tests are conducted to determine the properties of kaolin clay and crushed brick. Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) also used to test the shear strength of the reinforced kaolin samples The improvement of shear strength of single crushed brick column with area replacement ratio of 4.00% (10mm column diameter) are 3.34%, 4.60% and 1.07% at sample penetration ratio, Hc/Hs of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 respectively while for area replacement of 10.24% (16 mm column diameter) are 7.56%, %, 16.37% and 4.97% at the same penetration ratio.. The result shows that the improvement shear strength for height penetration ratio of 1.0 is 13.33% which was the highest, while 0.6 and 0.8 are 12.31% and 9.79% respectively for group crushed brick columns with diameter 10mm. The improvement of shear strength is highest for height penetration ratio of 1.0 with 16.10% improvement which was slightly higher than 0.6 and 0.8 which were 13.49% and 11.35% respectively in sample reinforced with grouped columns with diameter 16mm. It can be concluded that the shear strength of soft clay could be improved by installation of single and group crushed brick column.
Effects of storage conditions on total anthocyanin content of
Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)
Authors: Pham T N , Le X T , Nguyen P T N , Tran T H , Dao T P , Nguyen D H , Danh V T , Anh H L T
Published: March 2020

The aim of this research is to evaluate the stability of anthocyanins in extracts
obtained from the flower of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria
ternatea L.). Different combinations of solvents were created by
mixing ethanol 50%, distilled water and different amounts of acids (ethanol 50
%, ethanol 50 % with 1.5N HCL, ethanol 50 % with 1.5N CH3COOH,
distilled water, distilled water with 1.5N HCL, distilled water with 1.5N
CH3COOH). To evaluate the stability of extracted pigment, it was kept for 3
months in oven at 45°C, ambient 25°C and refrigerated conditions
at 10 °C. The temperature exerted dramatic effects on the total
anthocyanins properties of the butterfly pea flower when stored in these
conditions. The retained anthocyanin content of all treated samples was all
higher than 60%, with distilled water 50% of 1.5N HCl (61.93%) and distilled
water with 1.5 N CH3COOH (65.59%).
Assessment on antioxidant activity and physical characteristics of spray dried Mahkota Dewa fruit extracts
Authors: Kathiman M N , Abdul Mudalip S K , Gimbun J , Che Man R , Arshad Z I M , Sulaiman S Z , Md Shaarani S
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the encapsulation of Phaleria Macrocarpa Scheff. Boerl or Mahkota Dewa extracts with maltodextrin using spray drying. The extracts of dried Mahkota Dewa fruit was obtained using subcritical water extraction process. The inlet dry air temperatures of the spray drying process was investigated at 100 °C, 125 °C, 150 °C, 175 °C and 200 °C. The spray dried powder was characterised for antioxidant activity, moisture content analysis and particle size distribution analysis. Results showed that the increased of inlet air dry temperature decreased the value of antioxidant activity, moisture content and mean diameter of the particles. The inlet air dry temperature of 200°C produced 92.19±0.18% antioxidant activity, 6.82% moisture content and 8.38 μm mean diameter particle size. Thus, can be suggested as the best inlet air temperature to encapsulate Mahkota Dewa extracts with maltodextrin using spray drying technique.
Assessment of preliminary phytochemical screening, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa Linn.)
Authors: Nguyen M T , Nguyen V T , Le V M , Trieu L H , Lam T D , Bui L M , Nhan L T H , Danh V T
Published: March 2020

Annona squamosa Linn. (custard apple) has been used extensively in India traditional medicine for treatment of dysentery, cardiac problems, fainting, worm infections, constipation, hemorrhage, dysuria, fever. This study assessed the phytochemicals present in the leaves of A. squamosa. The phytochemical was extracted separately with distilled water and 96% ethanol. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols, and saponins were found to present in the leaves of A. squamosa. However, terpenoids and phlobatannins were absent in this plant. This study also assessed the contents of phenolics and flavonoids for their in vitro antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol content of ethanol extract of A. squamosa measured by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent in terms of gallic acid equivalent achieved 242.88±6.13 mg GAE/g. The flavonoid content of the plant sample as quercetin equivalent achieved 82,61±0.82 mg QE/g. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of A. squamosa was correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid content with values IC50 of 132.96±1.33 μg/ml, 64.74±0.52 μg/ml for DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity, respectively.
A significant review on beam optimization for boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Shalbi S , Sazali N , Wan Salleh W N
Published: March 2020

The thermal column at the TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) research reactor can produce thermal neutron. However, the optimization on the thermal neutron flux produced should be performed to gain a sufficient thermal neutron for boron neutron capture therapy purpose. Thus, the objective of this review is to optimize the thermal neutron flux by designing the collimator with different materials at the thermal column. In order to fulfil the requirement, set by the IAEA standard, the study of BNCT around the world was being reviewed to study the suitable measurement, material, design, and modification for BNCT at the thermal column of TRIGA MARK-II, Malaysia. Initially, the BNCT mechanisms and history was review. Then, this paper review on the design and modifications for BNCT purpose around the world. Based on this review, suitable material and design can be used for the BNCT in Malaysia. Moreover, this paper also reviews the current status of BNCT at the RTP with the measurement of the thermal neutron flux was conducted along the thermal column at 250 kW. The thermal column of RTP was divided into 3 phases (Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3) so that an accurate measurement can be obtained by using gold foil activation method. This value was used as a benchmark for the neutron flux produced from the thermal column. The collimator was designed using different types of materials, and their characteristic towards gamma and neutron flux was investigated. The reviewed demonstrated that the final thermal neutron flux produced was significantly for BNCT purpose. Lastly, this paper recommends the future research can be conducted on BNCT at RTP.
Removal of Waste Volatile Solvents Using Hot Bubbles
Authors: Srisurat T , Kokoo R , Swadchaipong N
Published: March 2020

Water pollution is a serious problem affecting the quality of life and environment. Wastewater treatment is necessary for solving this problem. A bubble column or bubble gas reactor is one of the most widely used in the chemical industries. Volatile organic compounds can be absorbed via gas bubbles in the column. Furthermore, the advantage of the bubble column is highly mass transfer and heat transfer rates. The performance of bubble column depends on bubble size, flow regime, gas hold-up and operating conditions i.e., pressure and temperature. This research focused on hot air bubbles to remove volatile solvents in the solution. CFD simulation was used to study the temperature distribution of gas bubbles within the bubble column. The experiments were carried out to reduce the volatile solvents in contaminated solution using hot air bubbles. The simulation results can be used to predict the performance of the bubble column and the optimal operating conditions for laboratory or industrial scale.
Remediation on underground water pollution using Fenton Oxidation Method
Authors: Chok Jing Chern , Hamzah Zahidi bin , Ma Jun , Ho Yeek-Chia
Published: March 2020

Fenton oxidation, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP), has high efficiency in the eradication of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), including those persistent organic compounds, with minimal time. Fenton oxidation is employed for further study in the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater sample collected from site. In this study, the efficiency of Fenton Oxidation is investigated toward the degradation of hydrocarbon in groundwater samples. The percentage removal of hydrocarbon, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in different operating condition for Fenton oxidation of contaminated groundwater was determined. The treatment parameters were selected by carrying out Factorial Design in which pH 3 to 6, concentration of hydrogen peroxide 0.01 mg/L to 0.1 mg/L, concentration of ferrous ions 0.01 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L, and Reaction Time 30 minutes to 120 minutes were proven to be significant model terms.
Modeling the effect of hypothetical chlorine leakage from Malay-Sino Chemical Industries using ALOHA software and development of an emergency evacuation route around Teluk Kalong industrial area
Authors: Law W P , Gimbun J
Published: March 2020

Malay-Sino Chemical Industries in Teluk Kalong is the largest chlor-alkali manufacturer in Malaysia, which may potentially affect the safety of plant workers and nearby residential area in the event accidental chlorine leakage. The dispersion of a hypothetical chlorine leakage from Malay-Sino Chemical Industries in Teluk Kalong industrial area was modelled using ALOHA. The effect of different wind direction, wind speed and time in the meteorological mesoscale area was evaluated. The wind speed ranging from 1.55 to 11.1 m/s obtained from a local weather station was considered. Heavy gas dispersion model was used to determine the concentration of chlorine plume within the area of concern. The leakage rate was set at 702 kg/h. The result showed that the residential area R5 (Kampung Bukit Kuang, and Kampung Sungai Terjun) is affected by the plume dispersed by northern wind at night. A greater hazard zone can be formed under the wind speed below 1.55 m/s. A suitable safety evacuation routes were proposed to reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous gas. Finding from this work is useful to understand the risk of hazardous gas dispersion around Teluk Kalong industrial area.
Climate change impact on tropical cyclone evolution and storm surge severity in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mohd Anuar N , Shafiai S H , Hashim A M
Published: March 2020

Analysing sound information and vast amount of reliable data on tides, waves and tropical cyclone genesis require tireless effort and a great deal of research time, in an ever changing climate conditions. Here, we investigate the strong monsoon wave height in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia using more than 20 years of hindcasted wave and tide level data collected at selected locations. A correlation analysis performed on maximum wave heights and surge levels indicated a weak strength of dependency but shown high occurrence during Northeast Monsoon period, concurred with previous storm surge data analysis. We use historical report of West-North Pacific tropical cyclone and global sea surface temperature information to elicit historic patterns of extreme storm tracks and passing distance to understand the trends over the collective years (1986-2012) and to project a concurrent events between the cyclone and surge data. The distance of passing cyclone in closer range does not gives the expected surge height in three out of five selected tide stations, but tropical cyclones in greater distance than 500 km seems to inject a high surge in the east coast. This paper provides a case study of effective cross-sector data analysis in a natural hazard context.
Thermal Effect of Short-term Overload on High-voltage Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Cable Insulation
Authors: Zhu Wenwei , Wang Xiangbing , Liang Aiwu , Zhao Yifeng , Fan Xinghui , Liu Gang
Published: March 2020

This paper describes changes on micro-structure and aggregation structure of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) with different thermal histories after different times of overheating treatment to analogize the short-term fault or emergency overload in actual operating cables. 5, 10 and 20 times overheating treatment were conducted on a spare cable and a retired cable with service years of 32, whose insulation were analyzed by the diagnostic measurements of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The results show that the spare cable has presented a trend of improvement on the insulation properties after overheating treatment below 20 times, but slight deterioration occurs after 20 times overheating treatment; the retired cable with service years of 32 has presented a trend of degradation on the insulation properties at the first 5 times overheating treatment, and a severe deterioration occurs after 20 times overheating treatment.
Experimental Research on the Heat Transfer Characteristics on Train Body of Bullet Train
Authors: Shi Weibing , Li Li , Li Mengmeng , Zeng Xiao
Published: March 2020

In order to know the characteristic of heat transfer performance on train body, the DRH-300 instrument was used to investigate equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient of hollow-structure aluminum of bullet train “Fuxing”. It was analyzed that the same hollow-structure aluminium was under different temperature difference; while the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient with different position of train body was under same temperature difference. The experimental results showed that the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient of the same hollow-structure aluminum was the same under different temperature difference; the impact of the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient on different hollow-structure aluminum was different under the same temperature difference. It showed that heat convection in the hollow was tiny, compared with heat conduction. On the practical application, the reasonable structure was selected in accordance with practical needs, so as to reduce heat transfer and energy consumption of train.
Research on the Durability of Tools and the Burrs of Workpiece When Milling T700 Carbon Fibre-reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Wang Dazhen , Feng Peifeng
Published: March 2020

This research aimed to analyse the life and the wear of the coated tools with a diamond thin film, the uncoated cemented carbide tools, and the quality of machined surface, respectively, when milling T700 carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite using the optimal cutting parameters. The results indicate that (1) in the same cutting condition, the wear resistance of the coated tools with CVD diamond thin film is better, whose life is 7.5 times that of the uncoated cemented carbide tools. (2) The life of tools directly affects the quality of the machined surface. The size and density of burrs on the machined surface are proportional to the width of blade wear of tool when carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite was machined. The coated tools with diamond thin film by Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) can effectively prevent the chemical wear and diffusion wear of tools, which will make the blade wear of tools slow and uniform. (3) In practice, based on the quality, efficiency and processing economy, the tools need to be regularly checked when the workpiece is cut to 5.4m, 40.5m length for uncoated tools and coated tools, respectively.
Analysis of Climatic Characteristics and Multiple Corrosion Factors of Salty Spray Environment in Shenzhen
Authors: Liu Jun , Hu Lu , Song Yingqiu
Published: March 2020

In the coastal salt fog area, there are many sources of atmospheric corrosion in the ocean. For the concrete structure, the effects of carbonization, sulfate, chloride and other complex effects should be considered. The experiment was carried out by setting up a station in the coastal salt fog area of Shenzhen, and the carbon dioxide and chloride ion content in the atmosphere were observed on the spot. The study found that the coastal environment of Shenzhen has the characteristics of high temperature and high humidity, and the rainfall is large. The average temperature in the past five years has reached 23.5 degrees Celsius and the average humidity has reached 75.4%. The atmospheric carbon dioxide content in the coastal salt spray area is higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer and autumn. The atmospheric chloride ion concentration in the coastal salt spray area is characterized by high winter and low summer temperatures throughout the year, and the annual chloride ion concentration fluctuates greatly.
Effect of Particle Flow Rates on Erosion Ratio in Particle Impingement Experiments
Authors: Lin Nan , He Renyang , Zhang Hao , Wang Junqiang , Ma Honglian , Huang Hui
Published: March 2020

Erosion caused by solid particles could not be neglected in oil and gas transportation industry, especially in gathering gas pipelines. Particles with small size may also erode the inner wall of pipelines after cumulative impacting and even lead to the leakage. Normally, a lot of solid particles are carried in the gathering gas before filtrating. Additionally, corrosion productions may fall off the wall as the gas flowing. Researches on erosion of pipeline caused by solid particles are important for predicting the remaining wall thickness, which can be a guide for pipeline inspection and safety protection. However, effect of particle flow rates on erosion ratio is normally omitted in studies on erosion ratio calculations. It was observed that particle flow rates have a great influence on the mass loss of specimens in the impingement experiments of this work. According to groups of Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) results obtained under various conditions, the particle velocity decreased when the particle flow rate was larger under the same experimental condition and the mass loss of the specimen became lower. Relations between particle velocity and particle flow rate under different experimental conditions were calculated according to the PTV results. Further, relations between erosion ratio and particle flow rate were purposed in this work. It is better to consider effect of particle flow rate while calculating solid particle erosion of pipelines in industry.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine Aluminum Phosphate Powder in CTAB System
Authors: Wu Zhifu , Guo Guiquan , Hu Liyun , Chen Hui
Published: March 2020

The phosphoric acid and aluminum hydroxide and CTAB reagents are used as raw materials. The ulrafine aluminum phosphate is prepared by liquid phase method. The sample composition and scanning electron microscope are used to observe the sample. Morphological characteristics were used to analyze the effects of CTAB and temperature of calcination on the morphology of aluminum phosphate powder.
Stress Analysis of the Circular Pier Anti-collision Box Made of Sandwich Plate with Stiffening Rib
Authors: Liu Wenfang , Shan Chenglin
Published: March 2020

The pier anti-collision box made of steel-polyurethane sandwich plate with stiffening ribs can withstand greater impact force. In order to ascertain the influence of stiffening ribs to anti-collision box, the static equivalent method is adopted to numerically calculate the stress and impact depth of the anti-collision box in the conditions of no stiffening rib and the different forms and amount of stiffening ribs. The results show that it can reduce the stress and deformation of anti-collision box to set vertical or horizontal stiffening rib separately, and the effect of the former is much better than the latter, but the decrease degree of vertical stress is different from horizontal stress. The stiffening rib in the box should not be too many; especially horizontal rib and vertical rib should be considered mainly. The anti-collision box with horizontal rib and vertical rib is mainly to reduce collision deformation; however, it can reduce little than the box with only vertical rib in the aspect of stress.
Flexible Wire Based on Silver Nanowires and Elastomer
Authors: Zhou Jianhui , Cao Jianguo , Cheng Chunfu
Published: March 2020

In order to solve the problem that the wire is difficult to have both elasticity and conductivity, a novel method for producing flexible wires based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) and elastomer has been proposed. This type of flexible wire is fabricated using a pre-stretching process and a glass sheet transfer process. Stretching test shows that after 50 times 0-30%-0 cycles of tensile test, the resistance growth rate relative to initial resistance is only 510%. The flexible wire can be widely used in flexible electronic devices.
Research on the Path Following Control of Intelligent Vehicle with Method of Added Planning Layer
Authors: Tang Chuanyin , Zhao Yafeng , Hou Jiahui , Chen Simin , Hu Quansheng , Gong Jue
Published: March 2020

Aimed at intelligent vehicles operating in complex driving environment, the paper is described on the basis that the reference trajectory has been determined. According to the vehicle running state and obstacle information, the vehicle’s running track can be adjusted in real time to solve the path planning problem and according to the re-planned reference track, the following control is carried out in the paper to avoid obstacles. Firstly, a point mass model is established which ignores the car body size. Secondly, on the premise that the size of obstacles is smaller than the car body size, according to the obstacle information obtained by the sensor and the established point mass model, the obstacle avoidance penalty function is established, then the objective function of the path planner is established. Finally, two working conditions: single obstacle and two obstacles, are set up to simulate and verify the designed obstacle avoidance trajectory following system. By observing the distance between the actual track and obstacles under different simulated speeds, varied range of front wheel angle and centre of mass side deflection angle, different range of angular velocity of lateral swing and lateral acceleration to verify whether the vehicles can successfully avoid obstacles with different speed and numbers of obstacles in order to maintain good driving stability in the process. Simulation results show that, under the control of the path following system added to the planning layer, intelligent vehicles in a complex driving environment can autonomously plan their paths, avoid obstacles, follow the path, and ensure good driving stability meanwhile.
A Fractal Prediction Model for Evaluating Normal Contact Stiffness of Micro-pitting Gear
Authors: Wang Xiaopeng , Liu Shijun
Published: March 2020

Estimating normal contact stiffness of micro-pitting is one important subject to study the dynamic fault characteristics of gear system. Combined with the fractal parameters of surface morphology and the distribution area of contact points on the microscopic scale, a fractal model of joint surface with normal contact stiffness was established by investigated the elastic-plastic contact mechanical properties of micro-convex. The estimated fractal parameters for micro-pitting characteristic was established with the macroscopic physical dimension of involute gear and microscopic physical cause of micro-pitting, to investigate normal contact stiffness of involute gear under different machining technology of tooth surface and different levels of micro-pitting. The result shows that the surface microscopic elements have different effects on normal load and normal contact stiffness. The surface contact coefficients are different along with the engagement point of the tooth profile, and improving the accuracy of the tooth surface (reducing the roughness) can improve the normal contact stiffness of meshing tooth surface. The normal contact stiffness of tooth is lower significantly with micro-pitting. The simulation results are consistent with the actual engineering. The proposed mathematical model of micro-pitting can be used as a basis for an analysis of dynamic response and expansion of micro-pitting.
Biocompatibility, Morphology, and Chemical Elements Composition of Indigenous Indonesian Wild Silkmoth Cocoon for Future Application in the Field of Biomaterial
Authors: Nindhia T. G. T. , Knejzlik Z. , Nindhia T. S. , Surata I W. , Ruml Tomas
Published: March 2020

Morphology of two indigenous Indonesian wild silkworm cocoons from the species of Cricula trifenestrata and Attacus atlas were identified and compared with common silkworm cocoon of Bombyx mori that was also grown in Indonesia. The equipment that was utilized for identification processes was scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBs) was used to identify the elements composition in the respective silkworm cocoon. The cell from the Type of U-2 OS was used for test of biocompatibility of the silkworm cocoon under cell culturing. The morphologies are presented in the report and the chemical element compositions are reported respectively. It is Interesting to be explored that both Indonesian wild silkworm cocoon have good biocompatibility as the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori.
The Misfit Strain Energy Collapse during Precipitation in Solid Transformations
Authors: Lei Liu , Qi Lai , Liang Li , Qiaochu Liu
Published: March 2020

The misfit strain energy collapse (MSEC) which results in the dendritic or split γ’ precipitating particles during solid transformations in Ni-base alloys is discovered. Three parameters of the MSEC function, the MSEC delay, the MSEC rate, and the initial value of the MSEC function, are correlated to the persistence of the isothermal cooling, the rate during the continuous cooling, and the initial misfit strain during nucleation respectively. The MSEC point is the intersection of the two crystal lattice parameters 𝑎𝛾’(T) and 𝑎𝛾(T) of the two different phases.
Facile preparation of magnetic carbon nanofiber composite from nata de coco for removal of methylene blue dye from water
Authors: Thaveemas P , Chuenchom L , Techasakul S , Watcharin W , Dechtrirat D
Published: March 2020

The facile synthesis of a magnetic 3D structured carbon nanofiber composite from nata de coco was demonstrated. Nata de coco was used as a readily available and renewable source of carbon in this study because of its high cellulose content in the form of nanofibers. Fe3+ was utilized as the magnetic particle source and as a pore activating agent. Nata de coco was freeze-dried, infiltrated with Fe3+solution, and subsequently pyrolyzed at 700 °C to prepare the magnetic carbon nanofiber composite. The resulting composite was then characterized via scanning electron microscopy, surface area and pore size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. A magnetic carbon composite with a 3D fibrous and porous structure and a high surface area of 584 m2/g was successfully obtained. When used as an adsorbent, the sample completely adsorbed 10 ppm of methylene blue (MB) dye within 1 min. The composite can be simply regenerated using ethanol and can thus be reused. The excellent magnetic properties of the sorbent allow it to be readily separated from aqueous solutions by applying an external magnet. Hence, the sorbent is practical to use in real systems.
Effects of post-gamma irradiation on swelling and mechanical properties of gamma vulcanized natural rubber latex (GVNRL) films
Authors: Wicha G , Intharaprasit K , Wimolmala E , Markpin T , Saenboonruang K
Published: March 2020

Gamma vulcanized natural rubber latex (GVNRL) films have shown promising properties for various applications that require less hazardous chemicals used or released during manufacturing and/or utilization. Examples of potential applications include the uses as chemical-free latex gloves in medical or food-related facilities and as stretchable latex covers for food and agricultural products. However, due to possible degradation on swelling and mechanical properties of these films from post-gamma irradiation used for sterilization, thorough investigations are required in order to fully understand their possible changes and/or degradations in properties of interest. As a result, this work investigated on effects of post-gamma irradiation on swelling and mechanical properties of natural rubber latex (NRL) films, which were pre-vulcanized using 12-kGy and 24-kGy gamma irradiation. The properties of interest in this work included tensile modulus at 300% elongation, tensile strength, and elongation at break, as well as other related physical properties such as swelling ratios and crosslink densities. The results showed that, for samples before post-gamma irradiation, the GVNRL films with 24-kGy vulcanizing dose had higher tensile modulus, tensile strength, and crosslink density, but lower elongation at break and swelling ratio, than the films with 12-kGy vulcanizing dose. However, after post-gamma irradiation at the accumulated dose of 24 kGy, the films with 12-kGy vulcanizing dose showed significant improvements in the values of tensile modulus, tensile strength, and crosslink density, whereas the films with 24-kGy vulcanizing dose showed noticeably degradation in these properties. Hence, the overall results suggested that, while higher gamma vulcanizing doses could initially produce NRL films with higher mechanical strength, they were more negatively affected by post-gamma irradiation such that mechanical degradation could be observed.
The effect of hydroxylamine sulfate on the storage hardening of natural rubber
Authors: Promhuad Khwanchat , Smitthipong Wirasak
Published: March 2020

Natural rubber (NR) consists of rubber and non-rubber components, which is mostly cis-1, 4-polyisoprene. The main non-rubber components are proteins and phospholipids which are attached at each end of the NR chains. If we store NR for prolong period, the proteins and phospholipids promote formation of a NR network. This causes the gel formation with increasing the Mooney viscosity of NR, and this is called storage hardening. The objective of this work is to study the effect of hydroxylamine sulfate on the storage hardening of natural rubber. Three types of natural rubber sample were prepared: pure NR, NR with 0.2 phr of hydroxylamine sulfate, and NR with 2.0 phr of hydroxylamine sulfate. Samples were characterized immediately (time 0) and after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature. We found that gel content and Mooney viscosity of NR without hydroxylamine sulfate are increased with the storage hardening for 12 weeks. However, both NR samples with hydroxylamine sulfate represent constant viscosity values because hydroxylamine sulfate inhibits the network and gel formation in NR. This is important as the stabilization of NR properties in the function of time is required by rubber industry.
Effect of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber on the properties of silica-reinforced natural rubber
Authors: Sengloyluan K , Sangampai O , Uthaipan N , Tanrattanakul V
Published: March 2020

The effect of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as a compatibilizer in silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) is studied. NBR, Emulcril 3380 with 32-34%, was various at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 part per hundred parts of rubber (phr) to be used as a compatibilizer for silica-filled NR. The use of NBR as a compatiblizer can improve cure time (T90), cure rate index (CRI), and Mooney viscosity of silica-filled NR compounds, but the re-agglomeration of filler still observes. The use of NBR does not show significantly effect on bound rubber contents. However, tensile strength, reinforcement index and tear strength are increased with increasing amount of NBR contents due to a presence of some rubber-filler interaction through acrylonitrile groups of NBR and silanol groups on the silica surface. It leads to observe more surface roughness on tensile fractured surfaces.
The effect of non-rubber components on mechanical properties of TESPD silane coupling agent in silica-filled rubber compounds
Authors: Kaewsikoun S , Kumarn S , Sakdapipanich J
Published: March 2020

Silica is reinforcing filler with high polarity, leading to the difficulty to get the homogenous mixing with a natural rubber (NR) compound, which normally becomes silica agglomeration. A silane coupling agent is applied in a silica-filled NR compound in order to enhance compatibility between silica and rubber. Moreover, non-rubber components, especially proteins, are believed to have competition with silane coupling agent during a silanization [1, 2]. In this work, the interaction between the silane coupling agent and silica-filled NR materials was investigated to show the components influencing in the filler-filler and filler-rubber interaction as well as mechanical properties. The rubber types with different non-rubber components such as fresh NR, deproteinized NR (DPNR) and polyisoprene rubber (IR), absence of non-rubber constituents were mixed with bis-triethoxysilylpropyl disulfide (TESPD) and silica by using an internal mixer at high temperature. Payne effect of the unvulcanised rubber samples were characterized to study silica dispersion, respectively. A swelling test was used to determined crosslink density in the rubber samples after a vulcanisation system. In addition, the effect of non-rubber components on mechanical properties of rubbers was investigated to find the relationship between the crosslink density and filler-rubber network.
Transmission of charge ion in Single-walled Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Charoenpakdee J , Hutem A , Boonchui S
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the chiral structure of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) on the probability that an electron is transmitted (or reflected) through SWCNT. We adopt the charge density calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method [New J. Phys. 18 (2016) 023029] to investigate the transmission of an electron through potential barriers from the charge density. We find that the alpha-electron density in SWCNT for the chiral structures (9, 0), (9, 2) and (9, 3) causes resonant tunneling of electrons through potential barriers. For the chiral structures (9, 1), (9, 4) and (9, 5), we obtain transmission and reflection as same as scattering at a finite potential barrier.
A development of automatic builder machine for retreaded tire manufacturing
Authors: Kamyat C , Raksiri C , Masakasin R
Published: March 2020

Tread building is one of tire retreading process that used tire from buffing process to formed a retreaded tire. Building process was required high expertise worker because most builder machine required worker to work with machine in any point of process. For this reason, it is difficult to control processing time and quality of products. The objective of this research is to develop an automatic builder machine in retreaded tire manufacturing which is available with a variety of size of rubber tires and reduce the workforce. The results of this research are composed of the design and installation of automatic tire loading system, tread loading system, tire rotating and tire pressing system. The results showed that building cycle time of proposed automatic builder machine is average 8 min per tire and improved the repeatability. Another advantage of proposed system was related with consistent quality. It also affects to the number of workers and make fewer operated machines. Since it is produced by automation system, it can transmit the production information to next operation and can support the strategy of Thailand 4.0.
The utilization of wastewater of Thai fermented rice noodle (Kanom-jeen) manufacturing process for the production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinim TISTR 975
Authors: Pongjinapeth T , Sudying P , Jaturapiree P
Published: March 2020

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a naturally produced as an exopolysaccharide from some bacteria. It has excellent properties over the plant cellulose and has numerous applications in many fields including food, pharmaceutical, textile, paper manufacturing and other industries. However, a major limitation of bacterial cellulose production is the high cost of carbon substrate. The study aims to reduce the cost of bacterial cellulose using a cheap carbon source. This study presents feasibility in the production of bacterial cellulose using the starchy effluent waste from the Thai fermented rice noodle manufacturing process as a low-cost substrate by Acetobacter xylinum TISTR 975. The optimizations of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production were also investigated under static culture. The results indicated that starchy effluent waste from the Thai fermented rice noodle manufacturing process performs well for the production of bacterial cellulose by supplementing with 50 g/L sucrose and 2% olive oil under the static condition. The structure and physical properties of bacterial cellulose were characterized using SEM, FTIR and XRD. In summary, the starchy effluent waste from the Thai fermented rice noodle manufacturing process can be used to produce bacterial cellulose which is a high value-added, sustainable and green product.
Bio-based composite from poly(butylene succinate) and peanut shell waste adding maleinized linseed oil
Authors: Hongsriphan N , Kamsantia P , Sillapasangloed P , Loychuen S
Published: March 2020

Nowadays, the biobased plastic products have become one of the worldwide topics that people give the attention. Applications of bio-based poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) is interesting since it is fully biodegradable. However, the resin cost is expensive compared to olefins so that it is not widely used. This research attempted to produce cost-effective composite sheets from PBS and peanut shell powder (PSP) with particle size of 100 mesh in the weight ratio of 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 wt% using a twin-screw extruder and then a compression molding. In addition, maleinized linseed oil (MLO) of 3 phr was used as a compatibilizer for the composites. It was found that the obtained composites had higher Young’s modulus and Shore D hardness with respect to the PSP content, but elongation at break was reduced. The impact resistance by means of the falling dart impact test also reduced with the higher PSP content. Adding MLO into the PBS/PSP composites increased elongation at break and impact resistance, but reduced the rigidity due to plasticizing effect. Due to lignocellulosic nature of PSP, the thermal stability of the composites was decreased and MLO did not have significant influence on it. After the weathering testing for 60 h, mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites were reduced significantly implying that these bio-based composites could degrade faster compared to pure PBS sample.
Development of a manual for rubber plantation owners and rubber wood consumers in Thailand for obtaining international forest management certification
Authors: Duangsathaporn K , Prasomsin P , Omule Y , Palakit K , Lumyai P
Published: March 2020

Currently, the export situation of rubber wood products in Thailand is at a high risk of price and market competition. All relevant organizations in Thailand hope to solve these problems sustainably. One of the important ways is to increase the value of rubber wood products and marketing channels for exporting to more countries besides China. However, Thailand still faces a significant obstacle to the export of rubber wood products, that is, most of the rubber plantations have not yet been certified for international forest management. Forest certification is one mechanism to prevent and manage global environmental problems including air, soil, water, biodiversity and the reduction of forest areas. Previous research [1] indicated that most rubber plantation owners and rubber wood consumers in Thailand did not fully understand the principles, criteria, and indicators of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and that in Forest Management (FM) certification auditors need to process a request for Corrective Action Requests (CARs) or suspend certificates in some cases. Therefore, this research aimed to develop an appropriate manual for rubber plantation owners and rubber wood consumers in Thailand for obtaining the FSC standards. Secondary data of the forest management certification system at the international level, including organizations, certification process, and FSC certification standards, were analysed and related to data at the national level (i.e., laws, regulations and status of rubber plantations in economic, social and environmental dimensions). The consistency and limitations of FSC principles, criteria, and indicators in certificates issued in Thailand were also analysed. A manual, with recommendations for compliance with FSC standard, was developed. It consists of five chapters: 1) FSC definition; 2) FSC scoping; 3) FSC evaluation and surveillance; 4) FSC scoping assessment; and 5) implementations in accordance with FSC standards. This knowledge had been shared through workshops with the rubber plantation owners, rubber wood consumers, staff of the Rubber Authority of Thailand, and other organizations. In total, over 150 people attended the workshops in the following locations: Songkla, Surat Thani, Rayong, and Bangkok. The workshops aimed to develop the participant skills to request for FSC: FM certification.