bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Italian Performance Practices in Seventeenth-Century English Song
Authors: Kenny Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the role of performer additions in mid-seventeenth-century English song. It re-examines the relationship between delivery of a poetic text and musical performance. The ‘Hilton’ Songbook, BL Additional Manuscript 11608, demonstrates how a group of professional singers learned their ornamentation techniques from Italian sources such as Giulio Caccini, and how vocal expressivity could be achieved by breaking the customary rules of verbal rhetoric. Songs by Henry and William Lawes, Nicholas Lanier and Thomas Brewer, as well as theatrical music by Robert Johnson, are seen in varying stages of textual completion, allowing performers to insert themselves into the relationship between poets and composers. The results contradict the prevailing view of simplicity, artlessness and even musical decline that have often characterised descriptions of mid-seventeenth-century English song.
From Tragicomedy to Opera? John Marston’s A NTONIO AND M ELLIDA
Authors: King Ros
Published: May 2022

John Marston’s tragicomedy Antonio and Mellida, written for the St Paul’s boys’ company, is full of music: seven songs; two ballads; dances; dumbshows; sennets, flourishes, sound effects and musical images all underscore and sometimes prompt stage action. The songs, however, appear merely as stage directions – ‘they sing’. Without words or settings, it is impossible to evaluate them adequately.
There are a number of songs whose lyrics closely match the dialogue and scene structures surrounding the song spaces in the play. Composed by Robert Jones, they were published shortly after the play appeared. Separately, play and songs can seem incomplete, bizarre, or merely misogynistic. Together, they enhance each other, offering indications of staging and implications for meaning.
This analysis offers new understanding of the cultural aesthetic of boys’ company performance, with dramas that exploit the particular sound qualities of their actors’ singing voices and instrumental playing. The extremes of emotion displayed – from sublime to ridiculous – and the integration of words and music suggest an art form that veers towards opera.
Learning to Lament: Opera and the Gendering of Emotion in Seventeenth-Century Italy
Authors: Heller Wendy
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores laments in seventeenth-century Italian opera and the vital role that gender played in the formation of the genre. Both the recitative monologues of early opera and the arias that became the norm by the middle of the seventeenth century became vehicles for an exaggerated, heightened rhetoric in which sharp distinctions were made between the laments of heroic men (Orpheus or Ulysses) and those of the abandoned women of classical antiquity (Ariadne or Penelope), thus providing vital lessons in the appropriate modes of expression according to early modern gender ideology.
Ottone’s lament from Act II, scene 5 of Handel’s Agrippina (1709) demonstrates some of the ways in which the castrato hero had access to the same kind of rhetoric as his female counterparts, underscoring as well the extent to which the pleasure of opera emerges in no small part from the eloquent suffering of women.
The Eighteenth-Century English Novel and Music: Virtuous Performers and Well-Mannered Listeners
Authors: Wiley Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores aspects of the role played by music in the mid- to late-eighteenth-century novel in England, exemplified by Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1747–8), and Frances Burney’s Evelina (1778) and Cecilia (1782). Richardson’s depictions of private, functional amateur music-making focus on music as the act of performance, whereas Burney’s scenes of professional opera and concert performances for public consumption offer extended narratives of music as a listening experience. Issues raised include contemporary social expectations for young women to be virtuous (but not virtuoso) musicians, and the general conduct of audiences of the time at public performances. A concluding section briefly considers the wider contexts for some of these literary themes, looking ahead to Burney’s later novels and those of Jane Austen.
Music, Passion and P AROLE in Eighteenth-Century French Philosophy and Fiction
Authors: Cuillé Tili Boon
Published: May 2022

The French philosophers’ critique of contemporary culture, in which music and language derived not from nature but from convention, stemmed from their growing concern that French had gradually lost its power to persuade, or to convey the passions. They sought to compensate for the perceived limitations of written language by invoking the vocal inflections of speech and song. Rousseau, Diderot and Staël sought to enhance the expressive capacity of the written word by transcending the national divisions that opposed French and Italian, harmony and melody, serious and comic opera. This cosmopolitan ideal informed their vision of the modern novel.
Introduction
Authors: Sousa Correa Delia da
Published: May 2022

This introduction explains the main features of the relations between literature and music in the nineteenth-century and outlines key recent developments in the interdisciplinary study of literature and music of the period.
An important shift in relations between literature and music became firmly established in the nineteenth century following Romantic veneration of music as the highest art form. This introduction also highlights how music featured significantly within the overarching discourses of science, philosophy, history and aesthetics and in debates about education and gender. For poets and other writers, music became the transcendent ideal after which they aspired; meanwhile composers increasingly turned to literary narrative for their models.
Nelson Goodman: An Analytic Approach to Music and Literature Studies
Authors: Prieto Eric
Published: May 2022

Nelson Goodman’s Languages of Art, although little discussed by word-and-music scholars, offers a powerful set of concepts for understanding the relations between music and literature. Goodman addresses the relationship between the arts by considering them in terms of a more general theory of symbolisation, one that foregrounds such apparently mundane tasks as measuring, labelling, sampling, and comparing. Although initially disconcerting, this approach has the advantage of reframing historically intractable questions of musico-literary aesthetics in ways that make them easier to analyse. For example, if music, as a presentational art, does not re-present in the manner of language, how does it convey meaning? Goodman’s answers to such questions are exemplary for their clarity, simplicity, and power. At the heart of Goodman’s theory are his three basic categories of symbolisation: denotation, exemplification, and expression.
Music in Woolf’s Short Fiction
Authors: Sutton Emma
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the role of music in selected short fictions from the 1920s by Virginia Woolf – primarily ‘Moments of Being: “Slater’s Pins Have No Points”’, but also ‘A Simple Melody’ and ‘The String Quartet’. The close readings explore music’s influence on some of Woolf’s formal experiments in narrative technique, repetition and the representation of subjectivity, and the relationship between music and the texts’ socio-political vision. The chapter considers, for example, Woolf’s representations of queer desire; the gender politics of music lessons and musical education more widely; and the relationship between commerce and Aestheticism. Identifying parallels between these early creative ‘diversions’ and Woolf’s later fiction, it suggests some of the principal characteristics of music’s political and aesthetic significance to Woolf’s and other modernist prose.
Music in Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Hoene Christin
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the aesthetics of music in contemporary novels by Vikram Seth (A Suitable Boy and An Equal Music), Janice Galloway (Clara), Ian McEwan (Amsterdam), Amit Chaudhuri (The Immortals), and Kirsty Gunn (The Big Music). The music featured in these novels ranges from Western classical music (An Equal Music, Clara, and Amsterdam) to North Indian classical music (A Suitable Boy and The Immortals) to classical Scottish bagpipe music (The Big Music). In their own ways, all authors write against the perceived cultural centrality and aesthetic universality of European art music. While Seth in An Equal Music, Galloway, and McEwan undermine the aesthetic ideal of absolute music propounded by Eduard Hanslick, Seth in A Suitable Boy, Chaudhuri, and Gunn appropriate it for Hindustani music as a non-Western classical tradition and ceòl mór as a marginalised Western classical tradition. This, then, marks an act of decentring Western classical music and its self-perceived universal aesthetic validity, and is contrasted with the narrow range of music that E. M. Forster thought worthy of being considered sublime.
‘High Fidelity’, ‘Added Value’ and the Aesthetics of Sound Technology in Literary Modernism
Authors: Halliday Sam
Published: May 2022

Compton Mackenzie, founder of the journal The Gramophone, wrote that gramophones fall into ‘two broad divisions’, ‘romantic’ and ‘realist’, and always highlight some features of recordings at the expense of others; without high fidelity, they may offer added value.
In Woolf’s Between the Acts, the novel’s gramophone yields added value in the form of meta-musical ‘meanings’, italicised within the narrative, and presented as conceptual correlates of the music played. In a Hemingway story, added value from listening to radio broadcasts takes a different form, the listener ‘travelling’ to his visualisation of the cities the broadcasts are coming from. In Dorothy Richardson’s 1921 novel Deadlock, a woman listening to music on a gramophone for the first time welcomes the experience, despite non-musical intrusions of noise and poor fidelity, as ‘absolutely perfect’. For her, the very failure of ‘high fidelity’ gives ‘added value’. In a 1950 post-disaster story by Walter van Tilburg Clark, a salvaged gramophone is the only remaining link to a whole culture of music, giving ‘tragically heightened recollections’ to those listening to it.
Words in Popular Songs
Authors: Griffiths Dai
Published: May 2022

There are many modes of critical engagement with popular songs. Words may be ignored altogether in analysing the music; at the other extreme, word-led discussions can be in danger of treating the words in song as though they were page poems.
An examination of different approaches to writing about song is followed by discussion of the words to five songs: Neil Diamond’s ‘I’m a Believer’ as recorded by the Monkees; James Taylor’s ‘Fire and Rain’; ‘Hey Jack Kerouac’ by 10,000 Maniacs, its words by Natalie Merchant being described as ‘anti-lyric’; ‘New World Water’ by Mos Def; and ‘Hän’ by the Finnish singer-songwriter J. Karjalainen.
Introduction
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This introductory outline of the book’s argument, provides the critical context for its emergence, taking issue with critics who have found short-form poetry to be limited in intellectual scope. It suggests that readings of Modernist poetry have paid insufficient attention to the quality of brevity, whether achieved through curtailment, compression, or ellipsis. It is argued that the short-lined and short poem achieves particular effects, and that a significant line of poets explored the communicative potential of brevity in dynamic and complex ways.
Ezra Pound, H.D. and Imagism
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the impact of the ideas of Hulme and Flint on the young Pound and looks at French, classical and oriental antecedents. Such techniques as using ‘no superfluous word’, shunning the abstract in favour of the concrete and Pound’s practice of ‘condensare’ are read critically alongside the poetry of Pound and H.D. The chapter discusses the complex relationship of imagism to symbolism, noting the ‘pathos of insufficiency’ that the latter bequeathed to the former. In the discussion of H.D. she is situated as the most rigorous exponent of imagist principles.
Larry Eigner
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Eigner’s minute attention to the local, in which a distinctive observational aesthetic emerges. In Eigner’s writing it is possible to observe, in halting narration, the emergence of the world in poetry that is both modest and ambitious. His phenomenologically inflected poems are populated by the birds, sky and trees in immediate view but they are never constrained by his intensely speculative mode of suburban pastoral. This section of the chapter develops the book’s discussion of the relationship between language, object and cognition in the short-form poem of this tradition.
James Joyce and Cinematicity
Authors: Williams Keith
Published: May 2022

This book investigates how the cinematic tendency of Joyce’s writing developed from popular media predating film. It explores Victorian culture’s emergent 'cinematicity' as a key creative driver of Joyce’s experimental fiction, showing how his style and themes share the cinematograph’s roots in Victorian optical entertainment and science. The book’s scope reveals and elucidates Joyce's references to optical toys, shadowgraphs, magic lanterns, panoramas, photographic analysis and film peepshows; while abundant close analysis shows how his techniques elaborated and critiqued their effects on modernity’s ‘media-cultural imaginary’, making Joyce’s writing appear in advance of the narrative forms of early film itself.
The introduction historicises the visual culture during Joyce’s youth, as well as optical science, Dublin’s first screenings and the context of his Volta Cinematograph. Chapter 1 focuses on the key role of magic lantern themes and techniques in Dubliners’ breakthrough into Modernist style and form. Chapter 2 how experiments in photographic analysis and reanimation of movement furnished a model for Joyce’s representation of the dynamic development of consciousness through the three versions of A Portrait of the Artist. Chapter 3 demonstrates how Joyce created a literary equivalent to the moving panorama in Ulysses, providing an influential template for immersive representations of the city in both Modernist fiction and film. Finally, a Coda qualifies ‘radiophonic’ readings of Finnegans Wake arguing instead that it extends Joyce’s interest in the history and future of cinematicity, through ‘verbal dissolves’ and engaging with the emergent medium of television.
‘Building-Vision-Machine’: Ulysses As Moving Panorama
Authors: Williams Keith
Published: May 2022

Deals with another influential medium: panoramas implied visual mastery and transmitted Britain’s colonial worldview by virtual teleportation. Its spectacle evolved into ‘scrolling’ forms as ‘moving picture’ events, incorporating ‘dioramic’ animations. Ulysses challenges their role in the media-cultural imaginary, typifying another category alongside their material forms: the ‘discursive panorama’ as textual representation. Erkki Huhtamo identifies three evolutionary phases in textual panoramas and the chapter demonstrates how they fed into Ulysses, bringing together other strands of Joycean cinematicity. The original tour d’horizon descended into the ‘moving panorama’ of the flâneur’s street-level viewpoint, often reflecting the medium’s vehicular simulations remediated in filmic ‘phantom rides’. Within this, there is a proto-Joycean sense of using characters as mobile ‘camera-eyes’. Hence the third phase explains how Ulysses added intensely subjective focalisation. Figuring perception and memory as moving panorama converged with the ‘stream of consciousness’. Hence images experienced by Joyce’s characters and replaying in their internal vision suggest moving panoramas, lantern shows or even early films. Ulysses’ triple-level method – panoptic, street-level and subjective - is demonstrated through ‘Wandering Rocks’ simultaneous impression of built, lived and thought environment, creating a model for Modernist urban ‘psychogeography’ in both fiction and film.
Phases of the Moon
Authors: Mann Craig Ian
Published: May 2022

Horror monsters such as the vampire, the zombie and Frankenstein's tragic creature have long been the subjects of in-depth cultural studies, but the werewolf has often been considered little more than the 'beast within': a psychoanalytic analogue for the bestial side of man. This book, the first comprehensive history of the werewolf in cinema, redresses the balance by exploring over 100 years of werewolf films, from The Werewolf (1913) to Wildling (2018) via The Wolf Man (1941), The Curse of the Werewolf (1961), Werewolves on Wheels (1971), The Howling (1981) and WolfCop (2014). Revealing the significance of she-wolves and wolf-men as evolving metaphors for the pervading fears and anxieties of their times, Phases of the Moon places its case studies in their immediate historical context to make clear that the hirsute horrors at the centre of the werewolf film have engaged with issues of race, class, gender, sexuality, crime, war and any number of other social and political concerns. It thus serves as a companion and a counterpoint to existing scholarship on the werewolf in popular culture, and illustrates how we can begin to understand one of our oldest mythical monsters as a rich, diverse and constantly shifting cultural metaphor.
Wolves at the Door
Authors: Mann Craig Ian
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 discusses the theme of cultural xenophobia common to the earliest werewolf movies. It begins with an exploration of three silent films, all of which were inspired by Native American rather than European folklore. Using detailed plot synopses for lost films, it argues that these narratives use werewolves to demonise America's indigenous peoples. It then discusses the earliest werewolf film of the sound period, Werewolf of London (1935), in the context of the ‘yellow peril’ and suggests that it is symptomatic of Western fears surrounding immigration in the 1930s. Finally, it considers Universal’s ‘Wolf Man’ films as products of World War II and posits that they collectively form a wartime horror story in which a tragic all-American werewolf is forced to do battle with monsters of European origin.
ReFocus: The Films of Teuvo Tulio
Authors: Bacon Henry , Laine Kimmo , Seppälä Jaakko
Published: May 2022

Teuvo Tulio (1912–2000) was one of the most original directors in Finnish film history. Growing up in the newly independent Finland, he lived most of his life in the Finnish cultural and social context, yet he always remained something of an outsider and ended up as a total recluse. This is the first English-language study on this innovative director, exploring Tulio’s unique style and the extent and effect of his obsessive recirculation of story elements and stylistic patterns. The authors analyse how Tulio created his own brand of excessive melodrama, and follow the strange trajectory of his career from within the studio system to the outsider status of an independent producer-director
Representing the Language of Liverpool; or, the (Im)possibility of Dialect Writing
Authors: Crowley Tony
Published: May 2022

Written representations of the language of Liverpool date from the mid-to-late nineteenth century; they are generally found in novelistic discourse and largely conform to the established, conventional use of non-specific non-standard features to index regional and class speech. From the start of the 1950s, however, increased interest in, and reflexivity about, Liverpool speech prompted the ‘discovery’ of ‘Scouse’, which was then enregistered in journalism and popular lexicography. This period is also important in that it evinced the first serious and sustained attempts to represent Liverpool English in literature, a development which led to the use of ‘Scouse’ in the work of early twenty-first century novelists. This chapter traces this long history of representing the spoken language of Liverpool, and considers the theoretical and empirical questions it raises, including the complexity of representing a specific form of speech, indexicality, and the (im)possibility of dialect writing.
‘Did She Say Dinner, Betsey, at This Taam o'Day?': Representing Yorkshire Voices and Characters in Novels 1800-1836
Authors: Hodson Jane
Published: May 2022

This chapter draws on the Dialect in British Fiction 1800-1836 project to trace the ways in which Yorkshire dialects are represented in sixteen novels published between 1800 and 1836. It explores both the linguistic and literary dimensions of ‘Yorkshire English’, finding evidence for an emergent set of ‘Yorkshire’ features. Nevertheless, it also finds that, with a few notable exceptions, there is simply not much Yorkshire English represented in these novels, and that where Yorkshire characters do appear they are stereotyped as isolated and comically stupid. On the few occasions where more detailed and positive representations occur, these tend to correlate with authors who would have had the opportunity to develop either a personal or professional connection to Yorkshire. Overall, the chapter argues that, in order to understand processes of enregisterment, it is methodologically important to pay attention to not just qualitatively exceptional outliers but to broader patterns of (non) representation.
Augustus De Morgan (1806–71), His Reading and His Library
Authors: Attar Karen
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins by discussing the formation and constitution of the famous mathematician De Morgan’s library. It then examines how he used his books and what we learn about his reading from various sources: his notes in his books; his published writings (especially his bibliography, Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the Present Time (1847), Budget of Paradoxes (1872) and articles in the Penny Cyclopaedia); and biographical knowledge. In so doing, it examines through De Morgan the relationship between the books he owned and the books he read, emphasising the importance of looking at various sources to establish a person’s reading. Finally, it explores the pitfalls of assuming that a collection is static, or that a personal collection equates to the one subsequently fossilised in an institution, arguing that, for De Morgan, neither assumption is true.
America and the world
Authors: Harrington Clodagh , Waddan Alex
Published: May 2022

Here, the focus will turn to Obama’s international legacy, and his administration’s acceptance of a more limited US world role. The pivot to China, resetting relations with Russia, among other examples, will be considered in terms of their success or lack thereof, and the extent and manner in which Trump moved to undo the paths of his predecessor. In addition, there were some specific actions by the Obama administration that did change US policy and which can legitimately be described as aspects of his legacy such as the Iran deal and renewal of diplomatic relations with Cuba. Both of these came under fire by conservative critics.
Celebrating the Sacraments
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

The frequency of Communion was an issue in episcopal times; and continued to be so after 1690. The ‘occasion’ as civic ‘theatre’ in Stirling is described in detail and shows that the social status of elders was a factor in what roles they assumed. The responses of participants are considered although evidence is slim. The texts preached from and the effects of a communion season on the local economy are also considered. The potential for disorder at Communion services is acknowledged but no evidence seems to survive of its actually happening. The Sacrament of Communion is shown to be a symbolic ritual emphasising the centrality of the church to society. Baptism is shown to be a much more private, understated affair but a sacrament much more frequently celebrated. The surviving records can be used both to give a guide to the support for the new regime when numbers are shown to rise after an episcopal incumbent is deposed, and also to show the effect of the famine years of the 1690s where the birth rate (though not the marriage rate) dropped significantly. Clandestine baptisms and a local parody of baptism are also considered.
The Survival of Episcopacy
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

Four parishes retained episcopal ministers until at least 1709; the circumstances that made this possible and the efforts to remove them are examined. The well documented transfer in Alva is described, together with the rabblings that occurred in Logie and Stirling. The latter was known to be a split community with a strong Jacobite element and the ongoing struggle to close down episcopalian meeting-houses is shown through church and civil court records. Networks of deposed episcopal clergy are identified, but with no input from bishops. Clandestine marriages and baptisms were a useful source of income, and the arrangements made by the schoolmaster in Dunblane noted. The 1708 Jacobite rising involved some of the episcopalian landowning families and more were to be involved in 1715. The Anglicisation of landowners was beginning to be evident by the end of the period.
Church Discipline and the Law
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

This chapter starts by considering how little discipline cases changed between the episcopal and presbyterian periods. It is shown that witchcraft cases were unknown during the period despite two local ministers being involved in high-profile cases elsewhere. Charming and similar offences were known but not much taken account of. There is discussion of the cases likely to go to presbytery rather than kirk session, and of the tension between civil and church law. The varying levels of punishment and restitution between different parishes, with some of the rituals being described. The effect of a long period of discipline on individuals is also considered. Exceptional cases are also mentioned; heritors, church servants and elders all found themselves in trouble periodically and such cases are discussed. The oath of exculpation used as a means to complete a case where evidence is not clear is described, together with the ritual which surrounded it, with a note that both men and women could take the oath, but few women did. The relationship between church and civil law changed after 1707; many cases referred to civil courts by the church were abandoned, with a resultant dilution of the church’s authority.
Contemporary Property Theory: A Story, a Myth, a Principle, and a Hypothesis
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that rights-based justifications of unequal private property systems rely on an empirical claim that the authors call, “the individual appropriation hypothesis.” That is, if people were allowed to appropriate resources, in the absence of interference, an unequal, individualistic property rights system would develop. It essentially means that the private property rights system is natural and that collective property systems are unnatural and tend to be established only by interfering with individually appropriated property rights. Propertarians who try to distance themselves from empirical claims tend either to fall back on this claim or to fall into tautology and/or special pleading.
Property Systems in Stateless Farming Communities
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: May 2022

One appropriation criterion, the requirement that appropriators mix their labor with the land, bypasses nomadic foragers and gives the first ownership claims to the first people to clear and farm the land. This ubiquitous appropriation story uses this ethical principle in tandem with the empirical claim that the first farmers established private land ownership systems to support the claim that private property is a natural development. The evidence presented in this chapter shows it is not so. The origin of private property occurred long after the origins of agriculture. Private ownership and individual appropriation play no role in small-scale stateless farming communities. Small-scale swidden agriculturalists clear the land together and choose to establish nothing like the supposedly natural private property system. Early farming societies had complex, overlapping, flexible, nonspatial, and at least partly collective land-tenure systems with a significant commons in the sense that individuals retained one or another kind of access rights to land for different purposes.
Could Rhythm Become a New Scientific Paradigm for the Humanities?
Authors: Michon Pascal
Published: May 2022

This chapter by French theorist Pascal Michon, adapted from his keynote speech for the Rhythm as Pattern and Variation conference organised by the editors at Goldsmiths in 2016, follows the milestones of the recent reawakening of interest in rhythm and rhythmanalysis. Michon presents here rhythm, intended as rhuthmos, as a new paradigm implying diversity of approaches and flexible articulations.
Rhythm and Textural Temporality
Authors: Wei Sha Xin , Johnson Garrett Laroy
Published: May 2022

This chapter opens up a posthumanist and radical empiricist approach to rhythm. This approach suspends commitment to a particular notion of the anthropic subject, whether phenomenological, psychological or cognitive. In this sense, it shares with pragmatism and process philosophy the proposition of experience without a subject. The chapter presents a set of examples from the work produced by the Topological Media Lab and the Synthesis Centre at Arizona State University in order to offer a definition of rhythm ‘without a subject’. Rhythm requires variation of matter – in a perfectly homogeneous experience of a perfectly homogeneous world there can be no rhythm. Furthermore, rhythm as a feature of experience (rather than an abstract pattern) arises from a body encountering variation in matter – in other words, movement. Thus, corporeal movement and irregularities in matter are necessary to rhythmic experience. Moreover, rhythm is a feature of lived experience, and thus inextricably a part of phenomena rather than data.
A Cracked Gaze: Pablo Larraín’s Cultural Context 1
Authors: Márquez-Gómez Arturo
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes how Pablo Larraín’s gaze is forged by radical and avant-garde artistic projects developed during and after the dictatorship. His first three films Fuga, Tony Manero, and Post mortem are informed not only by global and national cinema, but also by dissident artistic experiences. This chapter shows that escena de avanzada, the photography of Paz Errázuriz, the texts and the persona of Pedro Lemebel, and the insightful theatrical techniques inaugurated by the theater company La Memoria are crucial to situate and appreciate Larraín’s cinematic project in the contested cultural context of the post-dictatorship in Chile.
Conclusion: Taking Badfilms Seriously
Authors: Bartlett Becky
Published: May 2022

This chapter reflects on the arguments presented throughout the book and considers the extent to which the framework proposed in relation to American badfilms from the 1950s and 1960s can be applied to films made after 1970. It does this by drawing on recent badfilm scholarship and a range of contemporary badfilms including The Room, Birdemic: Shock and Terror, Ben & Arthur and Children of the Living Dead. Through these case studies, intentionality, failure, incompetence and cult receptions are explored, alongside consideration of industrial and other developments that have the potential to complicate how cinematic badness is understood. Finally, the chapter offers some suggestions regarding the future of badfilm studies, and failure studies more broadly.
Law Reports as Legal Authorities in Early Modern Belgian Legal Practice
Authors: Wijffels Alain
Published: May 2022

Within the fragmented political system of the (Southern) Habsburg Netherlands, there was no major incentive or momentum towards building a common Belgian law. No single court of justice could claim to be an overarching appellate court for the whole personal union, where the importance of local and regional customary laws was comparable to that in the northern French pays de coutume. As a result, law reports from the superior courts enjoyed only a relative authority, not unlike reports from foreign jurisdictions. Ius commune did not fill the gap, as only few authors developed anything approaching a Belgian usus modernus.
Introduction: Ageing Women and British Cinema
Authors: Mortimer Claire
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the book’s focus on female ageing and British cinema, establishing the historical, social and cultural contexts and methods informing the case studies. The chapter goes on to explore the importance of the ageing actress to British cinema, both as star and in a supporting role. The personae and roles taken by mature actresses offer iterations of ageing identities rooted in traditions of popular cultural and recurrent myths of ageing femininity. An overview is offered of key social and historical developments during the mid-twentieth century which would have an impact on representations of female ageing. The chapter examines the problematic concept of older female stardom and the importance of the character actress to British film.
The Origins and Establishment of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, 659–701/1261–1302
Authors: Banister Mustafa
Published: May 2022

This chapter, in the wake of the Mongol conquest of Baghdad, discusses the installation of a new line of Abbasid caliphs in Cairo supported through the cooperation of the political and religious elite within the social context of the (Mamluk) Sultanate of Cairo in the late thirteenth century. The reigns of the first and second Abbasid caliphs in Cairo are discussed at length based on contemporary Arabic historical sources and debates in modern scholarship.
The Qalawunids and the Caliphate, 701–63/1302–63
Authors: Banister Mustafa
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the first Cairo-born Abbasid, Sulaymān al-Mustakfī, and his immediate successors as the caliphal office normalised and became an ongoing part of the socio-political vista during the early Qalawunid period of the Cairo Sultanate. This chapter discusses the Abbasid Caliphate alongside other languages of power used to generate and reproduce the normative dynastic order of the Qalawunids in the second half of the fourteenth century. In this time, the sultanate of Cairo was essentially a delicate grouping of military households dominated by different Qalawunid leaders, none of whom were able to consolidate their positions at the expense of their peers. Thus, the Qalawunid household, buttressed to a lesser degree by caliphal delegation, remained the only option for elite consensus.
Flirtations with Power and Political Intrigue, 763–815/1362–1412
Authors: Banister Mustafa
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the fifty-year period covering the reigns of the Cairene Abbasid caliphs al-Mutawakkil and his son al-Mustaʿīn which unfolded during the Barquqid era of the Cairo Sultanate (1382-1412). During this time the caliphate increased its political importance and emerged as an important symbol that could be used to run as a counter-current to the office of the sultanate. The caliph also served as an arbiter in this period, who served as a high-profile messenger that represented royal authority and conveyed unspoken meanings to political actors. As Chapter 3 demonstrates, politics frequently forced the caliphs of the late fourteenth/early fifteenth centuries to participate against their will. This chapter discusses Tamerlane’s brutal invasion of Syria, and the six-month period in 1412 in which the caliph al-Mustaʿīn briefly became a sultan.
The Cairo Caliphate in Medieval Arabic Historiographical Literature
Authors: Banister Mustafa
Published: May 2022

This chapter enhances the contemporary view of the late medieval Abbasid caliphate through a discussion of medieval Arabic chronicles and biographical literature. The chapter demonstrates the continuing evolution of what was already a centuries-old Islamic institution and idea for socio-political organisation and examines the attempts of medieval historians to transmit the Abbasid Caliphate of their own time to posterity. By examining an array of descriptions composed by the professional classes, yet another multifaceted perception of the Cairo Caliphate emerges. Members of both the military and civilian elite of the Cairo Sultanate wrote on a multitude of topics whether discussing the organisation of government or chronicling the history of Islam down to their own times. Authors of historical works described the social practices involved in the textual performance of the caliphate and occasionally offer useful commentary. Authors assessed in this chapter include: Abū Shāma (d. 1268), Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir (d. 1292), Ibn Wāṣil (d. 1298), Baybars al-Manṣūrī (d. 1325), Shāfiʿ ibn ʿAlī (d. 1330), al-Yūnīnī (d. 1326), Abū al-Fidāʾ (d. 1331), al-Jazarī (d. 1338), al-Birzālī (d. 1339), al-Dhahabī (d. 1348), al-Ṣafadī (d. 1363), Ibn Kathīr (d. 1373), al-Maqrīzī (d. 1442), Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 1449), Ibn Taghrībirdī (d. 1470), al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505), and Ibn Iyās (d. 1524).
Caliphal Investiture Documents and the Ideality of a Cairo Caliphate
Authors: Banister Mustafa
Published: May 2022

The first of two chapters that analyse the functional aspects and formal expectations for the Cairene Abbasids based on existing investiture and succession documents to examine the caliphal institution in the context of politics and religion in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Syro-Egypt. In the light of the varied opinions of the authors and historians presented in Chapters 6 and 7, it is clear that the Abbasid caliphs, divested of genuine power, played only a marginal role in politics and day-to-day administration. To refine the analysis of the caliph’s position in the political, administrative and social systems of the period, it is necessary to conduct a thorough survey of the surviving documentary evidence in the form of documents, sermons, coins and inscriptions. Chapters 8 and 9 seek to explain the gap between the ideality and reality of the Abbasid Caliphate in late medieval Cairo Sultanate.
Principles of Radical CV Phonology
Authors: van der Hulst Harry
Published: May 2022

Based on 30 years of research, this book presents a theory about the ‘speech sounds’ that occur in human spoken and signed languages. A central task is to identify the ultimate elements that speech sounds consist of. Van der Hulst proposes a radical theory that recognizes only two elements: |C| and |V|. Based on a small set of first principles, the book explains what is a possible speech sound, providing explicit structures for all speech sounds that occur in the world’s languages, with numerous examples from hundreds of languages. It also deals with the organization of speech sounds in syllables.
The Paired Columned Entrance of Holyroodhouse as a Solomonic Signifier
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: May 2022

Like many European monarchs, the Stuarts regarded Solomon as the exemplar of kingship. Campbell and Mackechnie (2011), noting that William Schaw’s Chapel Royal at Stirling of 1594 was built as a copy of Solomon's Temple, argued that its entrance, framed by an arch with paired columns, is based on Roman coins showing the Second Temple of Jerusalem. There is also an association of paired columns with royalty which first seems to emerge in the mid-sixteenth century with triumphal arches both temporary and permanent for Habsburg and Valois monarchs. YwesPauwels has argued that paired columns were subsequently reserved for royal buildings in France. This chapter explores these motifs focusing on Sir William Bruce’s entrance to Holyroodhouse, which, it is argued, has the same Solomonic connotations as the chapel entrance at Stirling.
Exiting Europe? The Royal Works in the Age of 1689 Revolution and 1707 Union
Authors: MacKechnie Aonghus
Published: May 2022

European countries in the early modern period had normally a monarchy, royal palaces, and a royal architect chosen for his skills. Scotland was no different, with its Master of Work, and both Sir William Bruce (c.1625-1710) and Master James Smith (c.1645-1731) are well known for occupying that role. This chapter shows how the situation in Scotland reversed from that European norm following the anti-Catholic rejection of James VII/II in 1689 and his replacement by King William II/III. The change in monarchy prompted military uprising which the new order would win, and royal interest in Scottish architecture moved from building royal palaces to building forts, creating militarised zones to suppress dissent.
William Adam and Formal Landscape Design in Scotland, 1720–45
Authors: Humm Louisa
Published: May 2022

William Adam, the pre-eminent Scottish architect of his generation, was also important as a designer of gardens and formal landscapes, many of which were created for his country house patrons. This chapter investigates how his work relates to contemporary and earlier fashions in British garden design, including the work of Sir John Vanbrugh and contemporary treatises by Stephen Switzer and others. Particular reference is made to the recently-defined ‘Scottish Historical Landscape’: the importance of the use of vistas to historic sites and topographical landmarks, which is explored both in Adam’s work and in other gardens of the period.
Edinburgh and Venice: Comparing the Evolution in Communal Living in Geographically Challenged Mercantile Communities
Authors: Guidicini Giovanna
Published: May 2022

Through a comparison with the urban and residential solutions employed in the city of Venice in the period 1500-1780, this chapter provides a reasoned contextualisation of the Scottish tenement within a broader European scenario. In Edinburgh, this typology evolved from organic and self-organised juxtaposition of private and semi-private spaces, vertical accesses, and commercial spaces in the Old Town, to its structured and respectable reinterpretation as New Town building-block. This is in turn compared with the parallel evolution of its Venetian counterpart, the residential and commercial casa fondaco, also an experimentation with and progressive optimisation in the design of compact, high-rise, mixed-use urban dwellings. While Edinburgh embraced expansion and the potential of the tenement model - once regularised and restructured - to offer accommodation in the modern context of the New Town, Venice was unable to transform a way of life bound by the social, economic, and spatial constraints, leading to further fragmentation. The strength of the Scottish tenement model lay in its flexibility rather than in its exceptionality;it celebrates its successful transformation from organic agglomerate to codified, respectable residence - a transformation which, the Venetian case study reveals, is not to be taken for granted.
William Adam’s Public Buildings
Authors: MacKechnie Aonghus
Published: May 2022

William Adam was Scotland’s foremost architect during the second quarter of the eighteenth century.A supporter of the Whig ascendancy, he is primarily celebrated for his country houses, but Scotland’s civic leaders commissioned him to design many public buildings, often very ambitious in their style and scale, to cement the 1707 union and reflect their aspirations for the Scottish people, particularly those least fortunate.Adam drew inspiration from visits to England and the Low Countries, and publications by his fellow Scots, James Gibbs’ Book of Architecture and Colen Campbell’s Vitruvius Britannicus, as well as French and Italian architecture which he knew from folios; this approach reflected the attitudes of his clients, who looked beyond Scotland to better understand what characterized an Enlightened society.Some schemes were expedited through philanthropic fortunes, but elsewhere Adam’s proposals galvanized fund-raising amongst ordinary people in Scotland and abroad, gifts of building materials and voluntary labour.This chapter examines schemes for the town houses of Aberdeen, Dundee, Sanquhar and Haddington, Robert Gordon’s College and Glasgow University Library, Hamilton Parish Church, the unbuilt Surgeons’ Hospital and three major Edinburgh institutions, the Orphan Hospital, George Watson’s and the Royal Infirmary, besides identifying the Charity Workhouse as Adam’s design.
Burns and Music Hall
Authors: Maloney Paul
Published: May 2022

Music hall’s emergence in mid-nineteenth century Scotland brought enormous change in urban entertainments, as older pre-industrial traditions faced an influx of new cosmopolitan styles. This chapter explores how Burns was performed in the new urban contexts of Scottish music hall and its successor, variety theatre. These contexts included 1860s free-and-easies and singing saloons where Burns songs and recitations offered both continuity with older Scottish song traditions and subjects for parodies and satirical updating; his championing by Scotch comics and concert singers of the 1880s, like James Houston and WF Frame, who maintained working-class engagement with Burns through performances at temperance and trades union soirees; popular concerts, rural tours, illustrated lantern shows and comic sketches; Burns tribute songs; Burns songs in Rob Roy; and the promotion, from the 1890s, of Burns’s diasporic appeal by Scottish comedians performing to Canadian and US expatriate audiences. The chapter argues that, while music hall played a significant part in mediating and shaping the changing place of Burns in popular culture, by Scottish variety’s twentieth-century heyday Burns was elided into a constructed ‘national’ performance, predicated on tartan, Highland music and dance where, paradoxically, the lowland Burns emerged as the central bardic voice.
Enactments and Representations of the National Bard: Burns and the Folk Context
Authors: Campbell Katherine
Published: May 2022

The chapter examines the performance of Burns's songs in folk tradition drawing on two major sources of evidence: 'The Greig-Duncan Folk Song Collection' from Northeast Scotland and the Tobar an Dualchais/Kist o Riches website of archival audio recordings. It finds that Burns's songs could vary substantially from their original form as a result of the reworkings of folk tradition.  In particular, the tune Burns desired was quite often not used once the song entered the tradition, with singers instead sometimes turning to something with which they were already familiar.
Performing the Work of Robert Burns
Authors: Wellington Sheena
Published: May 2022

One of Scotland's leading folk singers from the 1960s onwards recounts highlights of her performing career at Burns Suppers, cultural festivals and gigs. She discusses the humorous and serious themes in Burns's songs from her personal perspective, audience expectation and response, and the importance of occasion. She explains that the nature of different venues and individual feedback from listeners have very much contributed to her own understanding of Burns's song oeuvre.