bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Pain and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes for a Behavioral Telehealth Intervention
Authors: Holden Gary , Bearison David J. , Rode Diane C. , Fishman-Kapiloff Merri , Rosenberg Gary , Onghena Patrick
Published: October 2003

Objectives: This study sought to explore the utility of using single system designs (SSD) in an optimal set of circumstances. The effects of a computer network intervention on three outcomes (pain intensity, pain aversiveness, and anxiety) were examined. Method: Meta-analysis of three studies using restricted alternating treatment designs was conducted. Results: Children reported significantly less pain intensity, pain aversiveness, and anxiety in the SBW condition than in the GPM condition. Both sex and age moderated these effects. Conclusions: An SSD/meta-analysis approach can provide multiple views of the impact of an intervention.
Sicker and Poorer—The Consequences of Being Uninsured: A Review of the Research on the Relationship between Health Insurance, Medical Care Use, Health, Work, and Income
Authors: Hadley Jack
Published: October 2003

Health services research conducted over the past 25 years makes a compelling case that having health insurance or using more medical care would improve the health of the uninsured. The literature's broad range of conditions, populations, and methods makes it difficult to derive a precise quantitative estimate of the effect of having health insurance on the uninsured's health. Some mortality studies imply that a 4% to 5% reduction in the uninsured's mortality is a lower bound; other studies suggest that the reductions could be as high as 20% to 25%. Although all of the studies reviewed suffer from methodological flaws of varying degrees, there is substantial qualitative consistency across studies of different medical conditions conducted at different times and using different data sets and statistical methods. Corroborating process studies find that the uninsured receive fewer preventive and diagnostic services, tend to be more severely ill when diagnosed, and receive less therapeutic care. Other literature suggests that improving health status from fair or poor to very good or excellent would increase both work effort and annual earnings by approximately 15% to 20%.
Determination of VA Health Care Costs
Authors: Barnett Paul G.
Published: October 2003

In the absence of billing data, alternative methods are used to estimate the cost of hospital stays, outpatient visits, and treatment innovations in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The choice of method represents a trade-off between accuracy and research cost. The direct measurement method gathers information on staff activities, supplies, equipment, space, and workload. Since it is expensive, direct measurement should be reserved for finding short-run costs, evaluating provider efficiency, or determining the cost of treatments that are innovative or unique to VA. The pseudo-bill method combines utilization data with a non-VA reimbursement schedule. The cost regression method estimates the cost of VA hospital stays by applying the relationship between cost and characteristics of non-VA hospitalizations. The Health Economics Resource Center uses pseudo-bill and cost regression methods to create an encounter-level database of VA costs. Researchers are also beginning to use the VA activity-based cost allocation system.
Average Cost of VA Rehabilitation, Mental Health, and Long-Term Hospital Stays
Authors: Yu Wei , Wagner Todd H. , Chen Shuo , Barnett Paul G.
Published: October 2003

This article describes the development of a database for the cost of inpatient rehabilitation, mental health, and long-term care stays in the Department of Veterans Affairs from fiscal year 1998 forward. Using “bedsection,” which is analogous to a hospital ward, the authors categorize inpatient services into nine categories: rehabilitation, blind rehabilitation, spinal cord injury, psychiatry, substance abuse, intermediate medicine, domiciliary, psychosocial residential rehabilitation, and nursing home. For each of the nine categories, they estimated a national and a local (i.e., medical center) average per diem cost. The nursing home average per diem costs were adjusted for case mix using patient assessment information. Encounter-level costs were then calculated by multiplying the aver-age per diem cost by the number of days of stay in the fiscal year. The national cost estimates are more reliable than the local cost estimates.
“You Just Give them what they Want and Pray they don't Kill You”
Authors: Dalla Rochelle L. , Xia Yan , Kennedy Heather
Published: October 2003

Using both qualitative (in-depth, personal interviews) and quantitative (self-report survey indices) techniques, data were collected from 43 women involved in streetwalking prostitution. The purpose of the investigation was to examine exposure to violence and victimization among a particularly vulnerable female population across the life span. A secondary goal was to apply stress theory as an organizing framework for examining personal resources (e.g., social support, locus of control) and coping behavior. Results from both data collection strategies are presented, and implications for intervention are described.
Nonoffending Mothers of Sexually Abused Children
Authors: Bolen Rebecca M.
Published: October 2003

A recent national study found that females offended in 44% of all cases of child sexual abuse reported to child protective services, and that mothers offended in 53% of all cases of parental incest. These findings contradict other data suggesting that the percentage of females and mothers who commit sexual abuse is much lower. The purpose of this article is to explore the historical conceptualization of nonoffending mothers of sexually abused children and the development of child abuse and neglect policies and statutes for the purpose of providing insight into the overidentification of mothers in cases of identified sexual abuse.
Assessment of Criminal Recidivism Risk with Adolescents who have Offended Sexually
Authors: Worling James R. , Långström Niklas
Published: October 2003

The assessment of criminal recidivism risk among adolescents who have offended sexually is a complex task with significant implications for the adolescent and the community. We reviewed the empirical and professional literature on factors associated with criminal recidivism in adolescents who have offended sexually. Sup-ported, promising, possible, and unlikely risk factors are presented and findings are contrasted against the extensive data available for adults who offend sexually and adolescent criminality in general. Limitations with the existing literature are noted, such as shortage of validated risk factors for qualitative aspects of reoffending and research specifically with females and ethnic minorities. Recent attempts to combine evidence-based risk factors with case-specific clinical considerations into structured professional or empirically guided judgment formats are presented. We conclude with suggesting practical strategies for the assessment and communication of recidivism risk.
Inflammation as Cause for Scar Cancers of the Lung
Authors: Ardies C. Murray
Published: October 2003

The molecular and cellular basis of inflammation has become a topic of great interest of late because of the association between mechanisms of inflammation and risk for cancer. Inflammatory-mediated events, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of growth factors (for wound repair), and the altering of signal-transduction processes to activate cell-proliferation (to replace necrotic/apoptotic tissue cells), events that also can occur independently of inflammation, are all considered to be components of risk for a variety of cancers. Using scar cancer of the lung as an example, mechanisms of inflammation associated with recurring infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosisare discussed in the context that they may, in fact, be the major or sole cause of a cancer. Production of ROS, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines in pulmonary tissues is greatly enhanced due to a cell-mediated immune response against macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis. These responses lead to the extensive fibrosis associated with recurring infections, possibly leading to decreased clearance of lymph and lymph-associated particles from the infected region. They also will enhance rates of cell division by inhibiting synthesis of P21, leading to enhanced progression from G0 arrest to G1 phase, from G1 to Sphase, and from G2 to M phase of the cell cycle. By increasing rates of oxidative DNA damage and inhibiting apoptosis by enhancing synthesis of BCL-2, mutagenesis of progeny cells is enhanced, and these effects coupled with enhanced angiogenesis stimulated by COX-2 products lead to an environment that is highly conducive to tumorigenesis. Based on the evidence, it appears that but for an inflammatory response to recurring infections, some cases of scar cancer would not exist. By making appropriate lifestyle and dietary changes, a variety of anti-inflammatory effects can be produced, which should attenuate inflammation-induced risk for cancer.
Decision-Making Control: Why Men Decline Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Authors: White Margaret A. , Verhoef Marja J.
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative analysis of decision-making control by men with prostate cancer who refuse conventional cancer therapies. The transcripts for 8 prostate cancer patients from a larger qualitative study were analyzed separately to explore in depth the factors related to decision-making control. Results. Most men were newly diagnosed when they made the decision to forgo conventional cancer treatment in favor of alternative approaches. Five areas were identified in which patients took control over the treatment process. These include control over (1) the timing of treatment, (2) information about conventional treatment and risk assessment, (3) designing an alternative treatment plan, (4) coordination of cancer care, and (5) monitoring and evaluation of disease progression. Clinicians can support patients who delay or forgo treatment for prostate cancer by helping them maintain a sense of control over the treatment process. This can be achieved by supporting patients' efforts to integrate complementary therapies into their cancer care, by addressing fears related to treatment early in the decision-making process, and by encouraging open communication about the reasons for seeking alternatives to conventional treatment. Findings from this study need to be evaluated in a larger, quantitative study.
Blueprints for Violence Prevention
Authors: Mihalic Sharon F. , Irwin Katherine
Published: October 2003

As science-based programs become more readily available to practitioners, the need for identifying and overcoming problems associated with the process of implementation becomes critical. A major goal of the Blueprints for Violence Prevention initiative has been to enhance the understanding of program implementation by studying the influence of human- and systems-level factors that challenge the successful implementation of programs. This article describes the results of a process evaluation focused on discovering common implementation obstacles faced by 42 sites implementing eight of the Blueprints programs. This evaluation revealed that most sites involved in the project faced many challenges when implementing in real-world settings. Using regression analyses to identify the most important of these factors, findings revealed that the quality of technical assistance, ideal program characteristics, consistent staffing, and community support were important influences on one or more measures of implementation success.
School Shootings and the Man-Bites-Dog Criterion of Newsworthiness
Authors: Lawrence Richard , Mueller David
Published: October 2003

School shootings have received considerable media attention in recent years. These widely publicized crimes have provoked fear among parents, school staff, and the public at large despite data indicating that school violence has not significantly increased. This article examines the ways in which school shootings are depicted in the media and contrasts these images with official sources of juvenile crime data. The findings indicate that media reports of school shootings lead to grossly distorted perceptions of the potential for victimization. Recommendations are offered to help provide more accurate and balanced coverage of these tragic events.
Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment (Creasat)
Authors: Watson Donnie W. , Bisesi Lorrie , Tanamly Susie , Mai Noemi
Published: October 2003

This article describes an alternative treatment model for adolescent substance abusers confined to a residential juvenile correction facility. Substance abuse trends among youth and the connection between substance use and juvenile delinquency are explored. Essential components of effective adolescent substance abuse treatment programs are outlined with particular attention to arts-based delinquency intervention programs. Specifically, this article describes the program philosophy and program components of a model treatment program for juvenile offenders—Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment (CREASAT). An integral piece of the CREASAT program is The Matrix Institute addictions model for adolescent treatment, which takes into account the developmental factors that initiate and/or maintain substance use. This comprehensive model is based on social learning theory, cognitive behavioral principles, and the adolescent's environment and readiness for change. Finally, the importance of cultural skills for substance abuse treatment professionals in the juvenile justice system is discussed.
Revolutionary Critical Education
Authors: Holst John D.
Published: October 2003

This article is a response to the debate opened by Marcia Moraes's interview with Peter McLaren, which was published in the April 2003 issue of JTE . As such, this article expands on the need for transformative educators to use Marxist political economy to analyze the role of education and schooling in capitalist societies. Specifically, the article provides an introduction to Marx's analysis of value production, argues that transformative educators need to take seriously the educational work of revolutionary organizations, and presents the analysis of value production of one such organization.
A role for nitric oxide in hypoxia-induced activation of cardiac KATP channels in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Cameron John S. , Hoffmann Kristin E. , Zia Cindy , Hemmett Heidi M. , Kronsteiner Allyson , Lee Connie M.
Published: October 2003

Hypoxia-induced shortening of cardiac action potential duration (APD) has been attributed in mammalian hearts to the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Since KATP channels are also present at high densities in the hearts of vertebrate ectotherms, speculation arises as to their function during periods of reduced environmental oxygen. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO)plays a role in cardiac sarcolemmal KATP channel activation during hypoxia in a species with a high degree of tolerance to low oxygen environments: the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Conventional intracellular and patch-clamp recording techniques were used to record responses from excised ventricles or isolated ventricular myocytes and inside-out patches, respectively, from fish acclimated at 21°C. During moderate, substrate-free hypoxia (6.1±0.2 kPa), ventricular APD was significantly shortened at 50% and 90% of full repolarization, a response that was reversible upon reoxygenation and blocked by the KATP channel antagonist BDM. Under normoxic conditions, APD was also reduced in the presence of the NO-donor SNAP (100 μmol l-1). In cell-attached membrane patches, sarcolemmal KATP channel activity was enhanced after 10 min hypoxia, an effect that was reduced or eliminated by simultaneous exposure to BDM, to the guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ or to the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME. In cell-free patches, KATP channel activity was abolished by 2 mmol l-1 ATP but increased by SNAP; the cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP (200 μmol l-1) also enhanced activity, an effect that was eliminated by BDM. Our data indicate that NO synthesized in cardiac myocytes could enhance sarcolemmal KATP channel activation during moderate hypoxia in goldfish. This response may serve a cardioprotective role by helping to conserve ATP or by reducing intracellular Ca2+ accumulation.
How strong is the Mayor of London?
Authors: Sweeting David
Published: October 2003

English

This article addresses the question ‘How strong is the Mayor of London?’ from two perspectives: the distinction between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ mayors that emerged from American urban political analysis; and the strength of mayors outside the formal confines of their office in governance. It is argued that, while the Mayor of London is strong in the Greater London Authority, he is weak in London governance, as the Mayor has limited local autonomy, is heavily reliant on central government for funding, has no party connections, and as yet he has not harnessed latent governmental or nongovernmental capacity in London.
Employers, recruitment and offenders: underlining the limits of work-focused welfare?
Authors: Fletcher Del Roy
Published: October 2003

English

The US and the UK are currently reforming welfare policy to emphasise work. It is in this context that UK policy makers have increasingly seen ‘demand-led’ programmes as a key component of welfare-to-work policies. This article draws upon the findings of research conducted for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, which examined how employers respond to job applications from offenders, to discuss the challenges faced by policy makers engaged in welfare reform. A key finding is that the demand-led approach has inherent weaknesses which limit its ability to help offenders into work.
Short-Course Oral Antiviral Treatment for Recurrent Genital Herpes
Authors: Sharp Randall P , Gales Barry J
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the literature regarding short-course oral therapy for recurrent genital herpes.

DATA SOURCES:

Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–March 2003), IOWA Drug Information Service (1966–March 2003), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1966–March 2003). DATA SYNTHESIS: Data are available describing short-course (2 or 3 d) therapy with acyclovir and valacyclovir. Short-course acyclovir therapy was superior to placebo. Three- and 5-day regimens of valacyclovir were equivalent. Early initiation of therapy may be more important than duration of therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

More head-to-head studies are needed to determine the most efficacious and cost-effective short-course regimens for recurrent genital herpes.
Meta-Analysis of Placebo Rates in Major Depressive Disorder Trials
Authors: Stolk Pieter , Berg Maarten J ten , Hemels Michiel EH , Einarson Thomas R
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND:

Placebo effects in major depressive disorder (MDD) have received much interest in the medical literature. However, few quantitative analyses have been done in homogeneous populations.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine efficacy rates for placebo in patients with MDD; to quantify the correlation between efficacy and publication year, as well as between placebo and drug response rates.

DESIGN:

Searching MEDLINE (1966–December 2000), EMBASE (1998–February 2001), HealthSTAR (1975–December 2000), and Cochrane (1980–December 2000) databases, randomized, placebo-controlled trials were retrieved including patients with MDD as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd and 4th editions criteria, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ≥18 or Montgomery—Asberg Depression Rating Scale score ≥16, reporting successes as 50% decreases in scores after 6–8 weeks of treatment. Response rates were summarized using a random effects meta-analysis for per protocol (PP) and intent-to-treat (ITT) results.

RESULTS:

We included 24 of 134 potential studies examining 4459 patients, 1786 on placebo and 2673 on an antidepressant. Placebo response rates were 45.5% (PP) and 26.9% (ITT). Correlations were significant between year and rates (PP rho 0.448, p = 0.042; ITT rho 0.557; p = 0.006), but not for active drugs. Placebo and drug rates were correlated (PP r 0.397, p = 0.020; ITT r 0.539; p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS:

These placebo rates confirm those reported previously, but were from a homogeneous population. Although statistically significant, the correlation between drug and placebo rates was lower than others reported. During the study period, placebo rates increased linearly; active drugs did not. Correlations between placebo and drug response rates reflected moderate to strong effect sizes. We suggest that current methodology has been unsuccessful in achieving unbiased double-blind conditions not influenced by extra-trial factors, including time.
Tests of both corollaries of social identity theory's self‐esteem hypothesis in real group settings
Authors: Houston Diane M. , Andreopoulou Alexia
Published: October 2003

The present study tests both corollaries of the self‐esteem hypothesis from social identity theory derived by Abrams and Hogg (1988). Greek students completed a pre‐test collective self‐esteem (CSE) measure and then rated Greek students and either American or Turkish students. They then completed a post‐test collective self‐esteem measure. Inconsistent with Corollary 2, higher prior CSE was associated both with higher in‐group ratings and higher out‐group ratings, but not with bias. Consistent with Corollary 1, change in CSE was positively associated with bias, positively associated with in‐group ratings and negatively associated with out‐group ratings. There were no differences due to type of out‐group. The findings are consistent with the idea that, for specific comparisons between real groups, individual differences in self‐esteem may affect the zone within which bias occurs rather than the amount of bias. However, achieving increases in self‐esteem depends on establishing positive distinctiveness for the in‐group in the context of a specific intergroup comparison.
Combining classificatory and discursive methods: Consistency and variability in responses to the threat of crime
Authors: Tulloch Marian I.
Published: October 2003

This paper explores the implications for social psychology of an integration of classificatory and discursive methodologies through quantitative and qualitative analysis of responses to questions about the threat of violent crime. A total of 133 adults completed a set of standard questions followed by open‐ended prompts enabling elaboration on their responses. Cluster analysis of a set of fear of crime measures distinguished four groups of respondents. Interview transcripts were analysed to identify discourses around crime deployed within each cluster in order to justify risk/anxiety judgments. Four participant positions emerge: the well‐protected position, the vigilant position, the tactical risk manager and the besieged position. Further analysis of inconsistency and variability within interviews reveals the interactional discursive processes involved in the construction of criminal threat. Despite the diversity of participant positions available in constructing criminal threat and managing anxiety, discourses revolve centrally around issues of agency and uncontrollability.
Targeting tourists with state branding programs
Authors: Patterson Paul M. , Burkink Timothy J. , Lipsey Rozlyn S. , Lipsey Jason , Roth Richard W. , Martin Mary Kay
Published: October 2003

The value tourists place on state of origin, as conveyed through a state brand or a description of origin, was evaluated for restaurant menu items and gift shop items. The implicit prices for the Arizona Grown logo and an Arizona origin description were determined through a conjoint analysis experiment. It was determined that tourists do value information on the local origin of their menu selections. Similarly, buyers of salsa and candy also value local origin. These findings suggest new marketing opportunities for Arizona farmers and retail outlets. They also provide some justification for charging a licensing fee for participants in a branding program. [EconLit citations: Q130, M300]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 525–538, 2003.
Aktivierung von Bor‐ und Siliciumreagentien bei stereokontrollierten Allylierungen
Authors: Kennedy Jason W. J. , Hall Dennis G.
Published: October 2003

Bor‐ und Silicium‐Allylierungsreagentien sind bei stereokontrollierten Synthesen zwar weit verbreitet, ihre Anwendung unterliegt aber einer Reihe von Einschränkungen, die ihre Weiterentwicklung als Synthesereagentien für nucleophile Additionen an Carbonylverbindungen und Iminderivate verzögert haben. Zu diesen Einschränkungen gehören die geringe Reaktivität und Diastereoselektivität von Allyltrialkylsilanreagentien und das Fehlen von Katalysatoren für die Aktivierung und substöchiometrische Kontrolle der Enantioselektivität bei Additionen von Allylborreagentien. Um wirksamere und allgemein anwendbare Methoden zur Kontrolle der absoluten Konfiguration in den entstehenden Homoallylalkoholen zu entwickeln, sind neue Ansätze erforderlich, die sich auf das Problem der Aktivierung von Allylbor‐ und Allylsiliciumreagentien konzentrieren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt eine Reihe neuer Methoden, die zur Lösung dieses Problems entwickelt wurden.
Rheumatology patients' use of complementary therapies: Results from a one‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Rao Jaya K. , Kroenke Kurt , Mihaliak Kimberly A. , Grambow Steven C. , Weinberger Morris
Published: October 2003

Objective

To examine the natural history of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and its impact on outcomes within a cohort of rheumatology patients.

Methods

Consecutive patients were recruited from 3 university and 3 private rheumatology practices. Baseline chart reviews provided demographic information and rheumatic diagnoses. Patients answered questions on CAM use and health status during 1 year. We identified correlates of 4 CAM usage patterns (started, maintained, stopped, nonuse) and compared outcomes among these groups.

Results

Of 232 baseline participants, 203 (87%) and 177 (76%) responded to the 6‐ and 12‐month surveys. In each survey, approximately 34% reported currently using CAM. During the year, 44% of patients remained nonusers whereas 12% started, 22% maintained, and 22% stopped use. The most frequent reasons for stopping CAM were lack of effectiveness and expense. CAM users and nonusers had no difference in outcomes.

Conclusions

Arthritis patients' usage behavior varied substantially, but CAM use was not associated with a difference in outcomes.
Moberg picking‐up test in patients with inflammatory joint diseases: A survey of suitability in comparison with button test and measures of disease activity
Authors: Stamm Tanja Alexandra , Ploner Alexander , Machold Klaus Peter , Smolen Josef
Published: October 2003

Objective

To assess and compare the suitability of Moberg pickup test (MPUT) and button test (BT) as indicators for functional impairment in patients with inflammatory joint diseases.

Methods

Measurements for 369 patients attending a rheumatology outpatient clinic were collected. In addition to MPUT and BT, measurements collected were grip strength, tender and swollen joint counts, visual analog scales for pain and disease activity, Health Assessment Questionnaire, C‐reactive protein levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.

Results

We found a significant relationship between MPUT and BT. Both tests show the same pattern of correlations with the other parameters, although all correlations are higher for MPUT. There is a significant sex and learning effect for the BT, which implies a confounding of hand function and motor abilities. A significantly higher proportion of patients was unable to complete BT.

Conclusion

MPUT and BT measure comparable aspects of hand function. In several theoretical and practical aspects, MPUT seems superior to BT in arthritis. It is necessary to evaluate its value in long‐term followup.
Physical capacity in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome: A controlled study
Authors: Strömbeck Britta , Ekdahl Charlotte , Manthorpe Rolf , Jacobsson Lennart T. H.
Published: October 2003

Objective

To examine physical capacity (aerobic capacity, joint mobility, muscle function, and standing balance) in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (primary SS) and to examine the correlation of aerobic capacity with fatigue, functional disability, and mental aspects (anxiety and depression).

Methods

Fifty‐one women who fulfilled the European Community criteria for primary SS and who had anti‐SSA/SSB antibodies or a positive lip biopsy were compared with 51 age‐matched controls. Physical capacity, fatigue, functional disability, anxiety, and depression were investigated by means of questionnaires and clinical examinations.

Results

The women with primary SS had significantly decreased aerobic capacity (VO2max= 28.7 versus 32.4 ml/kg/minute;P= 0.013), shoulder mobility (58 versus 59 scale points;P= 0.003), grip strength (214 versus 259 N;P= 0.000), isokinetic strength of the knee flexors (51 versus 56 Nm;P= 0.049), endurance of the knee flexors (620 versus 712 J;P= 0.008), and standing balance (25 versus 28 seconds;P= 0.006) when compared with the reference group. For the primary SS patients, greater effort was needed to carry out the test of aerobic capacity, and they experienced more pain during the shoulder mobility test. Aerobic capacity correlated with the fatigue experienced (r = –0.33,P= 0.022) but not with functional disability or mental aspects.

Conclusion

The results indicate that women with primary SS have decreased physical capacity, which may be related to the experience of fatigue.
Developing Community College Faculty as Leaders
Authors: Cooper Joanne E. , Pagotto Louise
Published: October 2003

The authors consider the current need for faculty leadership, the motivation to lead, and the challenges and problems faculty encounter in their leadership roles and provide a sampling of leadership development initiatives across the nation.
Influence of the Transport Properties of the Crystal/Heat Transfer Surface Interfacial on Fouling Behavior
Authors: Bohnet M.
Published: October 2003

One method to reduce fouling is to extend the induction time by a defined modification of the interfacial interactions between the heat transfer surface and the crystalline deposit. Since these interactions are a result of both molecular and mechanical forces, two approaches for fouling mitigation have been developed: (a) Modification of the energy related properties of the heat transfer surface and (b) Modification of the geometry related properties of the heat transfer surface.
Trivalent Boron as an Acceptor in Donor–π–Acceptor‐Type Compounds for Single‐ and Two‐Photon Excited Fluorescence
Authors: Liu Zhi‐qiang , Fang Qi , Wang Dong , Cao Du‐xia , Xue Gang , Yu Wen‐tao , Lei Hong
Published: October 2003

The synthesis, structure, and fluorescence properties of a series of new donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) type compounds, with a trivalent boron, protected by two mesityl groups, as acceptor, and with various typical donors and different π‐conjugated bridges, are reported. All these stable organoboron compounds show intense single‐photon excited fluorescence (SPEF) and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) in a wide spectral range from blue to green, with the spectral peak position of the SPEF being basically the same as that of the TPEF. The remarkably strong CB(mesityl)2 bonding, and the well‐conjugated π‐system, shown in X‐ray crystal structures of two compounds, indicate some charge transfer features of the ground state. Meanwhile, spectral data indicate that the charge transfer from donor to acceptor is greatly enhanced in the excited states. Based on typical structural data and comprehensive spectral data, the following structure–property relationships can be drawn: 1) the moderate arylamino donor can more effectively enhance the SPEF and TPEF intensities than can the strong alkylamino donor; 2) stilbene is a better π‐bridge than styrylthiophene for its capability of enhancing and blue‐shifting the SPEF and TPEF of the corresponding D–π–A compounds; and 3) when compared to its boron‐free precursors and other analogues, ‐B(mesityl)2 invariably and consistently acts as an effective SPEF and TPEF fluorophore in all this series of organoboron compounds, which may result from its strong π‐electron‐withdrawing and charge transfer‐inducing nature in the ground‐state and, more dominantly, in the excited‐state. Combining all the above positive structure factors, trans‐4′‐N,N‐diphenylamino‐4‐dimesitylborylstilbene (compound 3) stands out as the optimized green SPEF and TPEF emitter. This compound exhibits an SPEF quantum yield Φ of 0.91 at 522 nm in THF, a TPEF cross‐section σ′ that is an order of magnitude larger than that of its boron‐free precursor upon excitation by 800 nm femto‐second laser pulses, and a two‐photon absorption section σ of 3.0×10−48 cm4 s. In the blue light region, trans‐4′‐N‐carbazolyl‐4‐dimesitylboryl‐stilbene (compound 4) shows significant SPEF and TPEF properties, with Φ=0.79 at 464 nm in THF and a large σ′ value, which is five times that of fluorescein upon excitation by 740 nm femto‐second laser pulses.
The Hetero‐Diels–Alder Addition of Sulfur Dioxide: The Pseudo‐Chair Conformation of a 4,5‐Dialkylsultine
Authors: Markovic Dean , Roversi Elena , Scoppelliti Rosario , Vogel Pierre , Meana Rubén , Sordo José A.
Published: October 2003

Even unsubstituted butadiene adds to sulfur dioxide in the hetero‐Diels–Alder mode more rapidly than in the chelotropic mode. The sultine can be observed in equilibrium with the diene and the sulfur dioxide only at low temperature and in the presence of CF3COOH. Crystals of 4,5‐dialkyl‐sultine resulting from the SO2 addition to 1,2‐dimethylidenecyclohexane have been obtained at −100 °C and analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. Quantum chemical calculations have shown that hyperconjugative interactions within the sulfinyl moiety are responsible for the anomeric effects observed in sultines that prefer pseudo‐chair conformations with pseudo‐axial SO bonds.
Characterisation of Four New Two‐Dimensional Lithium Beryllofluoro‐Layered Compounds
Authors: Gerrard Lee A. , Weller Mark T.
Published: October 2003

Four new amine‐templated materials, containing two‐dimensional lithium beryllofluoride sheets of the stoichiometry [LiBeF4]−, have been synthesised under hydrothermal and ambient pressure conditions. [LiBeF4][C6H4(CH3)CH2NH3] (1), [LiBeF4][C6H4CH2NH3Cl] (2), [LiBeF4]2[NH3CH2CH2CH2NH3] (3), and [LiBeF4][C6H5CH2CH2CH2NH3] (4) all contain well‐separated anionic sheets containing two different topologies with the ′inter‐layer′ regions comprising of organoamine templating species. Use of the different organoamine templating agents results in compounds possessing very different relative arrangements of the lithium beryllofluoride sheets. The materials crystallise in P‐centred orthorhombic and monoclinic cells; for 1 (templating agent: 3‐methylbenzylamine) Pca21; for 2 (4‐chlorobenzylamine) Pbca; for 3 (1,3‐diamminopropane) Pccn, and for 4 (3‐phenyl‐1‐propylamine) P21/c. Hydrogen bonding exists between ions situated on the protonated amine groups on the templating species and electronegative fluoride ions, on MF4 tetrahedra (where M=Li and Be).
A New Family of Insulin‐Mimetic Vanadium Complexes Derived from 5‐Carboalkoxypicolinates
Authors: Gätjens Jessica , Meier Beate , Kiss Tamás , Nagy Eszter M. , Buglyó Peter , Sakurai Hiromu , Kawabe Kenji , Rehder Dieter
Published: October 2003

The reaction of 5‐carboalkoxypicolinic acid (5 ROpicH, R=Me, Et, iPr, sBu; 1 a–d) with vanadyl sulfate yielded the complexes [VO(H2O)(5 ROpic)2], 2 a–d, with H2O and one of the picolinato ligands in the equatorial positions, and the second picolinate occupying equatorial (N) and axial (O) positions. Reaction of 1 a with [NH4][VO3] yielded [NH4][VO2(5 MeOpic)2], [NH4]‐3, in which the N functions of the picolinates are trans to the doubly bonded, cis‐positioned oxo groups. Complexes 1 a⋅H2O, 1 b, 1 c, 2 a⋅3.5 H2O and [NH4]‐3⋅4 H2O have been structurally characterised. A detailed pH‐potentiometric solution speciation analysis of the system VO2+‐1 a revealed a dominance of VO(5 OMepic)2 between pH 2 and 6, with the same coordination pattern, evidenced by EPR spectroscopy, as in the crystalline solid state. In ternary systems containing physiological concentrations of the low molecular mass biogenic binders (B) lactate, oxalate, citrate or phosphate, ternary species of general composition VO(5 MeOpic)B dominate at physiological pH, with citrate being the most effective competitor for picolinate. All of the complexes trigger glucose uptake and degradation by simian virus modified mice fibroblasts at non‐toxic concentrations (<100 μM), with 2 a, [VO2(pic)2]− and [VO2(dipic)]− being at least as effective as insulin. Vanadium uptake by the cells is most effective in the case of 2 a. 2 a also effectively inhibits free fatty acid release by rat adipocytes treated with epinephrine, thus mimicking the inhibition of lipolysis by insulin.
Chirality Transfer from Guest Chiral Metal Complexes to Inorganic Framework: The Role of Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Jihong , Li Yi , Shi Zhan , Xu Ruren
Published: October 2003

The structure elucidation of a new zinc phosphate [CoII(en)3][Zn4(H2PO4)3(HPO4)2(PO4)(2 H2O)2] (1) reveals that the racemic cobalt complex templates the zinc phosphate framework in such a way that the local C2 point symmetry of the structural motif of the inorganic framework conforms with that of the cobalt complex pairing with it, in essence transferring its chirality to the inorganic host. An analysis of hydrogen bonding between the guest molecules and the inorganic host framework reveals that hydrogen bonding is responsible for the stereospecific structural arrangement. Upon examining previously reported chiral metal‐complex‐templated structures of metal phosphates, it is revealed that such hydrogen bonding is the common origin for inducing chirality transfer in metal–phosphate frameworks templated with chiral metal complexes. Crystal data of 1: orthorhombic, Pbcn (no. 60), a=10.4787(8) Å, b=20.0091(14) Å, c=14.9594(10) Å, and Z=2.
Fabrication of Self‐Supported Patterns of Aligned β‐FeOOH Nanowires by a Low‐Temperature Solution Reaction
Authors: Xiong Yujie , Xie Yi , Chen Shaowei , Li Zhengquan
Published: October 2003

Self‐supported patterns of oriented alignment of β‐FeOOH nanowires are fabricated through a simple solution reaction from the complex [Fe(phen)3]2+ at 60 °C. The alignment of nanowires with a diameter of 40 nm and length of 6 μm is relatively uniform. HRTEM studies show that the growing direction of β‐FeOOH nanowires is perpendicular to the orientation plane of self‐formed β‐FeOOH flake‐like substrates. In the reaction and crystal growth process, the precursor [Fe(phen)3]2+ is undoubtedly vital to the formation of nanowire alignment. In detail, the formation of aligned nanowires is thought to be realized by controlling two competing reactions. Electrochemical and UV‐visible measurements suggest that the product might have potential applications in lithium batteries and semiconductor electronics. This synthetic process is simple, mild, clean, reproducible, and free of any template; it provides a novel pathway for the low‐temperature growth of nanowires and their simultaneous oriented alignment.
Validity of the linear mixing rule for strongly coupled ionic fluids
Authors: DeWitt H. , Slattery W.
Published: October 2003

Monte Carlo simulations have given a precise equation of state for the classical One Component Plasma (OCP) for point charges Z in a uniform background for both the strongly coupled fluid and crystalline phases. The corresponding MC simulations of binary ionic mixtures in a uniform background, Z1 and Z2 at densities n1 and n2 have indicated that the equation of state of the mixture is given to remarkable accuracy by the linear mixing rule. We have performed a long series of MC studies on mixtures of Z1 = 1, Z2 = 2, 3, and 5 to obtain the very small deviations from linear mixing. The results allow us to obtain an equation of state for mixtures of accuracy comparable to that of the OCP, and to confirm the validity of the spindle shaped phase diagram. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of Hall, DC and HF conductivity of nonideal plasma
Authors: Mintsev V.B. , Shilkin N.S. , Zaporoghets Yu.B. , Dudin S.V. , Gryaznov V.K. , Fortov V.E.
Published: October 2003

The results of measurements of the Hall resistivity, static conductivity and reflectivity of nonideal plasma of argon and xenon are presented. The plasma was generated behind front of powerful shock waves with the help of explosively driven technique. In the experiments with the magnetic field the dense plasma was studied in the region of partial ionization at pressures of 30‐650 MPa and temperatures of 6000‐17000 K. The experiments on plasma reflectivity on the wave length 694 nm were performed at densities of 1‐4 g/cc, pressures of 4‐20 GPa and temperatures of 30000 K. The comparison of experimental results with different theoretical models of dense plasma is carried out. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The physics of quark‐gluon plasma and relativistic charged particle systems
Authors: Röpke G.
Published: October 2003

QED and QCD describe different systems, but show similar features. An interesting issue is the formation of bound states and their dissolution at high densities, what is described as metallization (plasma phase transition) in Coulomb systems or as hadron to quark‐gluon phase transition in nuclear matter. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum kinetic approach to transport processes in dense laser plasmas
Authors: Schlanges M. , Bornath Th. , Kremp D. , Hilse P.
Published: October 2003

Using nonequilibrium Green's functions techniques, transport properties of dense plasmas under the influence of laser radiation are investigated. The approach goes beyond the linear response theory, i.e., it can be applied to strong fields assuming the nonrelativistic case. Quantum statistical expressions for the energy absorption rate are derived including nonlinear field phenomena as well as quantum and correlation effects. The influence of these effects on collisional absorption in high frequency fields is discussed. Furthermore, we compare with molecular dynamic simulations which were performed using quantum potentials. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanosecond electric explosion of wires: from solid superheating to nonideal plasma formation
Authors: Norman G. E. , Stegailov V. V. , Valuev A. A.
Published: October 2003

The conception is developed which distinguishes initial stages of the fast (nanosecond) electric explosion of wires: the superheating of the solid conductor, its spontaneous (spinodal) decay and the successive formation of the nonideal plasma column. The molecular dynamics simulation approach is used to simulate homogeneous nucleation at a constant heating rate. The subsequent evolution of the fluid column and the axial plasma uniformity are considered. The results are compared with the experimental data on nanosecond wire explosions. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of Elimination Voltammetry to the Resolution of Adenine and Cytosine Signals in Oligonucleotides. I. Homo‐oligodeoxynucleotides dA9 and dC9
Authors: Trnková Libuše , Jelen František , Postbieglová Irena
Published: October 2003

Elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) has been applied to the resolution of reduction signals of adenine and cytosine in short synthetic homo‐oligodeoxynucleotides (dA9 and dC9). In comparison with the common electrochemical methods (linear sweep, differential pulse, and square‐wave voltammetry) EVLS enables one to resolve the overlapped signals by using the function which eliminates the charging and kinetic currents (Ic, Ik) and conserves the diffusion current (Id). For the adsorbed electroactive substance, this elimination function gives a good readable peak‐counterpeak which has successfully been utilized to the analysis of overlapped reduction signals of adenine and cytosine on hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The height and potential of signals studied were affected by the dC9/dA9 ratio, the time of accumulation, the stirring speed during the adsorption, and pH. Our results showed that EVLS in connection with the adsorption procedure is a useful tool for qualitative and quantitative studies of short oligonucleotides.
Detecting low‐quality markers using map expanders
Authors: Ekstrøm Claus Thorn
Published: October 2003

Genetic marker data play a crucial role in gene mapping, and genotyping errors may have substantial influence on the power to detect and the precision to locate disease loci. Statistical methods can identify individuals, markers, or pedigrees with a high likelihood of containing genotyping errors, and the putative erroneous genotypes can then be rechecked and either verified, removed, or corrected to reduce the loss of power introduced by errors. We present a method to identify genetic markers with a high genotyping error rate. Genotyping errors are likely to appear as double recombinations which expand the genetic map around the marker. Markers flagged as map expanders (i.e., having an excessive number of double recombinations) can then be reread or regenotyped, or a replacement marker of higher quality can be used instead. The proposed method can be applied to any type of pedigree. Simulation studies of nuclear pedigrees and sib‐pairs show that the proposed method generally has high power to identify map expanders when the set of markers is reasonably dense (average intermarker distance of 5 cM), even when the nominal genotyping error rate is low (2%). Not surprisingly, the power to detect map expanders increases with marker heterozygosity and genotyping error rate, and is reduced with increasing intermarker distance. When the method was applied to a real dataset consisting of 56 nuclear pedigrees genotyped for 20 microsatellite markers on chromosome 4, the method diagnosed three markers as map expanders. Subsequent examination of these markers proved that they all had high genotyping error frequencies. Genet Epidemiol 25:214–224, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface Texture Design to Generate Specific Sizes and Shapes of UHMWPE Wear Particles
Authors: Fang H. W. , Hsu S. M. , Sengers J. V.
Published: October 2003

Osteolysis induced by UHMWPE wear particles has emerged as the critical failure mechanism of artificial joints. However, the detailed mechanism of osteolysis and bone resoprtion induced by wear particles leading to the loosening of the total joint replacement is still not clear. To investigate the effects of size and shape of particles on biological response, particles with controlled size and shape are needed. The paper describes a novel technique where controlled size and shape of UHMWPE wear particles can be generated through rubbing against a textured surface.

The basic principles of surface texturing to generate different size and shape of wear particles through rubbing have been developed. The surface features are fabricated through conventional semiconductor microfabrication techniques. Various designs were attempted and the results suggested that micro‐cutting mechanisms of a visco‐elastic material are complex but can be controlled through three dimensional surface features. Specific length of UHMWPE particles can be generated by controlling the cutting‐edge length of a surface wedge. The particle width can be controlled by the cutting‐edge height, normal load, and the sliding speed. With appropriate surface‐texture design, UHMWPE particles can be generated with desired sizes and shapes.