bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Review of Spinal Cord Compression Occurrences and Management in Children With Relapsed, Progressing, or Refractory Malignancies
Authors: Nitzan‐Luques Adi , Revon‐Rivière Gabriel , Gandhi Sheila , AlMutawa Abdullah , Grant Ronald , Ahmed Sameera , Keilty Dana M. , Hodgson David C. , Tsang Derek S.
Published: November 2024

Background

Spinal cord compression (SCC) is a severe complication in pediatric patients with relapsed, progressing, or refractory solid malignancies. This study aims to report the presentation, treatment, and role of proactive radiation therapy in these patients.

Methods

This retrospective study reviewed 28 patients with relapsed, progressing, or refractory solid tumors who were referred for radiation therapy consultation due to potential (impending) or actual spinal cord compression (pSCC and aSCC, respectively) over a 12‐year period. Collected data included disease characteristics, details of SCC events, management approaches, and patient outcomes.

Results

Among the 28 patients, 34 SCC events were identified (18 pSCC, 16 aSCC), with neuroblastoma being the most frequent diagnosis (46.4%). No significant differences were noted between pSCC and aSCC groups in pre‐event imaging follow‐up, age distribution, or malignancy status at SCC presentation. However, aSCC patients exhibited significantly more symptoms at diagnosis. Both groups received SCC‐targeted therapy, with no significant differences in functional outcomes, event‐free survival (EFS), or overall survival (OS). Pain assessments post treatment showed comparable improvements in both groups.

Conclusions

Proactive radiotherapy for pSCC did not yield superior outcomes compared to reactive treatment for aSCC. Given the limited benefits observed, proactive RT should be considered on an individual basis, balancing potential QoL improvements against treatment burdens. Further research in larger cohorts is necessary to refine therapeutic strategies for SCC in pediatric oncology.
Aggressive Pediatric Primitive Round Cell Tumors with MN1::ZNF341 Fusion: A Mimic of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Tan Serena Y. , Evans Mark G. , Saab Raya , Gupta Ankur , Reid Jack , Dao Tuan , Rubin Elyssa , Crymes Anthony , Semenova Kapitolina , Shimada Hiroyuki , Livasy Chad , Nael Ali
Published: November 2024

Neuroblastoma is one of the most common tumors in young children, arising from the adrenal medulla or paraspinal sympathetic ganglia. We describe primitive round cell tumors presenting in three patients less than 1.5 years old, with striking clinical and pathologic similarities to neuroblastoma. Unlike neuroblastoma, however, these primitive tumors did not show specific histologic or immunophenotypic evidence of neuroblastic differentiation, and harbored a MN1::ZNF341 fusion. All patients progressed through neuroblastoma therapy and ultimately died of disease. These highly aggressive tumors mimicking neuroblastoma appear to be a novel and distinctive entity in need of further characterization.
Factors affecting negative and positive emotions among spouses caring for patients with psychotic or bipolar disorder
Authors: Ogawa Haruka , Shiraishi Nao , Yatsu Hiroko , Akechi Tatsuo
Published: November 2024

Aim

Spouses experience conflicting emotions when caring for partners with severe mental illnesses. They can have negative emotions while also regarding caregiving as positive and may develop a better marital relationship through the caregiving process. This study investigated factors affecting the negative and positive emotions of husbands and wives acting as caregivers of their spouses with severe mental illnesses.

Methods

An online nationwide survey of 166 spouses caring for partners diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder was conducted. Caregivers' negative and positive emotions, personal and role strains in the care burden, sense of coherence, and patients' disabilities in family communication were assessed. We conducted a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses to evaluate the effects of these factors on the emotions of husbands and wives separately.

Results

Among the 166 spouses, 112 (67%) were husbands and 54 (33%) were wives. Husbands were caregivers to 1.4 times as many individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorder as were wives. The negative emotions of husbands were linked to personal strain, whereas those of wives were associated with patient disability in family communication. Sense of coherence was the only factor predicting positive emotions for both sexes.

Conclusion

Support for spousal caregivers should be adjusted according to sex. A reduction in husbands' personal strain can alleviate their negative emotions, whereas wives' negative emotions can be relieved by improving communication within their families. Regardless of sex, a higher sense of coherence level has the potential to suppress negative emotions and enhance positive emotions.
Mediation effects of subjective social status and personality traits between childhood nurturing experiences and depressive symptoms in adult volunteers
Authors: Nakagawa Yuki , Ono Miki , Morishita Chihiro , Honyashiki Mina , Tamada Yu , Fujimura Yota , Higashi Shinji , Hashimoto Naoki , Inoue Takeshi , Masuya Jiro
Published: November 2024

Aim

Various risk factors, such as childhood nurturing experiences and subjective social status, have been identified to be involved in the onset of depression. However, the mechanism of depression is not yet fully understood. In this study, we hypothesized that nurturing experienced in childhood affects subjective social status and current personality traits, which in turn influence depressive symptoms in adulthood, and verified this hypothesis through structural equation modeling.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted on 404 adults. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted using demographic information and scores for the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, Parental Bonding Instrument, and NEO Five‐Factor Inventory.

Results

Subjective social status was found to mediate the association between nurturing experiences and neuroticism (0.029 for Overprotection and –0.034 for Care). On the other hand, neuroticism was found to mediate the association between subjective social status and depressive symptoms (–0.097 in Care model and –0.103 in Overprotection model), as well as the association between nurturing experiences and depressive symptoms (0.144 for Overprotection and –0.134 for Care). Furthermore, it was also shown that complex paths, in which the association of nurturing experiences with depressive symptoms was mediated by two factors, namely, subjective social status and neuroticism, were statistically significant as indirect effects (0.016 for Overprotection and –0.018 for Care).

Conclusion

In this study, we clarified that nurturing experienced in childhood affects neuroticism in adulthood, which is mediated by subjective social status, and furthermore, the effects of nurturing on neuroticism lead to varying levels of depressive symptoms in adulthood. The mediation effects demonstrated in the present study may contribute towards unraveling the causes of depression and developing effective treatments for depressive symptoms.
Hypospadias Associated With Fetal Growth Restriction: A Multicentric Descriptive and Prognostic Cohort Study
Authors: Marquet Manon , Anselem Olivia , Bouvattier Claire , Vivanti Alexandre J. , Benachi Alexandra , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Picone Olivier , Rosenblatt Jonathan , Salomon Laurent J. , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Athiel Yoann
Published: November 2024

Objective

To determine the prevalence of genetic and endocrine abnormalities and to assess fetal, neonatal and surgical outcomes in cases of hypospadias associated with fetal growth restriction.

Method

A multicentric retrospective study was conducted across five prenatal diagnosis centers in Paris. The cohort encompassed all fetuses diagnosed with the combination of fetal growth restriction < 10th percentile (FGR) and hypospadias from 2013 to 2021. Maternal data, fetal outcome and results of prenatal investigations were collected, along with postnatal data, encompassing endocrinological and genetic assessments, functional aspects and surgical outcomes.

Results

Among the 82 patients included in the cohort, there were 14 (17%) terminations of pregnancy and four (5%) in utero deaths, leaving 64 (78%) live neonates, including five (6%) with early neonatal death. Among the 52 (63%) cases where hypospadias and FGR were considered as ultrasound‐isolated anomalies, six (12%, [3.2%–20.8%]) exhibited chromosomic, genetic, or endocrinological abnormalities diagnosed half prenatally and half postnatally. Fifty percent of the overall hypospadias were proximal. Most children underwent surgical intervention before reaching 2 years of age, with 50% encountering complications and often required reintervention.

Conclusion

The association of FGR and hypospadias should not be underestimated as genetic or endocrinological abnormalities were identified even when hypospadias and FGR initially appear isolated. Additionally, the overall prognosis may be worsened using complex and iterative surgical procedures.
Pedal medial artery calcification score as a prognostic marker for the success of surgical intervention in diabetic foot disease
Authors: Collins Thomas , Hickman Daniel , Amarasena Danuksha K. , Pillai Anand
Published: November 2024

Aims: This study aimed to investigate for a causal link between severity of pedal medial artery calcification (pMAC) and the success of surgical interventions in the treatment of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU). Our secondary aim was to compare pMAC and traditional vascular studies used in the preoperative assessment for surgical interventions in DFU.

Methods: A single‐centre, retrospective observational study was performed for patients undergoing debridement or amputation for DFU between October 2019 and March 2023. Patient pMAC scores were calculated using the Ferraresi classification. Doppler ultrasound studies were recorded to assess for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Patient outcomes were recorded from available follow‐up data.

Results: A total of 70 limbs were identified; 73% had no pMAC, 16% had moderate pMAC and 11% had severe pMAC. Limbs with pMAC were more likely to need multiple surgeries (no pMAC, 37%; moderate pMAC, 55%; severe pMAC, 50%), with amputation twice as likely (42%, n=8) vs the no‐pMAC group (20%, n=10). In addition, 74% of the patients with pMAC had no indication of PAD on Doppler studies.

Conclusions: Our findings show a trend between pMAC severity and prognosis after DFU‐related surgery. We identified worse outcomes from DFU‐related surgery with increasing pMAC severity. Patients were more likely to require multiple surgeries with pMAC and twice as likely to require future amputation. Vascular studies gave inconsistent findings with patient outcomes. The pMAC score is cheap and easy to calculate from routine x‐rays. It has the potential to be an important prognostic indicator for DFU‐related surgery; however, further studies are required.
Formative work for the LEGEND (Low EnerGy diEt iN adolescents with type 2 Diabetes and obesity) study: example of PPIE in research
Authors: Blake Holly , Law James M. , Procter Elizabeth , Barrett Timothy , Sachdev Pooja
Published: November 2024

This study used evidence‐based guidance to report on patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) activities that informed the design of a feasibility trial to explore the use of a low‐energy diet for children and young people (CYP) with type 2 diabetes. Overall, our PPIE work demonstrated the willingness of CYP to engage in these dietary interventions and the feasibility trial research processes. Engagement with stakeholders provided insights into factors influencing intervention participation and engagement, which will be considered in the design and implementation of subsequent trials.
The effects of multisensory exercises on balance control in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review
Authors: Mofateh Razieh , Rahimzadeh Shirin
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to examine the impact of multisensory exercises on balance control in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Articles on multisensory balance training for individuals with DPN were discovered in MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases through targeted key words. Moreover, this review examined the impact of multisensory balance training in isolation or in conjunction with other exercises, using outcome measures that assess balance attributes. A narrative review encompassed seven research studies as corroborating evidence. Six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and one non‐RCT were eligible, including 212 participants. The results supported our assumption that multisensory exercise could enhance balance in people with DPN. This review suggests that multisensory exercises could aid in enhancing balance control in individuals with DPN. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to identify the most beneficial multisensory exercises for enhancing balance in individuals with varying levels of DPN severity and disability.
Inhibitory effects of N‐trans‐cinnamoyltyramine on growth of invasive weeds and weedy rice
Authors: Le Vang V. , Nguyen Ay V. , Luu Danh T. , Fritschi Felix B. , Nguyen Cuong T. , Ho Thi L.
Published: November 2024

N‐trans‐cinnamoyltyramine (NTCT) has been identified from an allelopathic Vietnamese rice accession OM 5930. This study employed bioassays to analyze NTCT's effects on shoot and root growth of multiple test and weed species. NTCT demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on cress, lettuce, canola, palmer amaranth, timothy, barnyardgrass, red sprangletop, and weedy rice, with increasing concentrations leading to substantial reductions in growth in all species. Linear regression analysis of dose response curves revealed ED50 values for NTCT, providing critical insights into the concentration required for 50% growth inhibition in each species. They revealed high sensitivity of the test species cress and lettuce, intermediate sensitivities of barnyardgrass, red sprangletop, timothy, and amaranth, and comparatively lower sensitivity of two weedy rice accessions. The findings underscore NTCT's efficacy in suppressing the growth of a wide range of weeds, including both grasses and broadleaf species. As such, NTCT may hold promise as a tool for sustainable weed management, particularly in addressing herbicide‐resistant weeds in diverse ecological settings.
Significant Effect of Carbon‐Ion Radiation Therapy Combined With Androgen Deprivation on Biochemical Recurrence Rates in High‐Risk Prostate Cancer Patients: A Two‐Center Controlled Trial Compare With X‐Ray External Beam Radiation Therapy
Authors: Zhao Xue , Sakamoto Shinichi , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Yamada Yasutaka , Aoki Shuri , Nakajima Mio , Sato Kodai , Kobayashi Kana , Saito Shinpei , Wakatsuki Masaru , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: November 2024

Objective

To compare the effects of carbon‐ion radiation therapy (CIRT) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) on the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer.

Methods

The effects of initial prostate‐specific antigen (iPSA), clinical Tumor (cT) stage, radiotherapy method, and other clinical factors on the prognosis of 577 patients with radiotherapy were analyzed.

Results

Cox regression analysis showed that CIRT (RR: 0.49, p = 0.0215), cT stage ≥ 3 (RR: 2.72, p = 0.0003), and iPSA ≥ 16 ng/mL (RR: 1.74, p = 0.0347) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence (BCR). After propensity score matching (PSM), CIRT (RR: 0.42, p = 0.0147), cT stage ≥ 3 (RR: 2.55, p = 0.0092), and iPSA ≥ 16 ng/mL (RR: 2.12, p = 0.0366) were still the predictors of univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, CIRT (RR: 0.42, p = 0.015) and cT stage≥ 3 (RR:2.21, p = 0.0332) were independent predictors of BCR. Among them, we used iPSA and cT stages to establish a new radiotherapy selection model based on BCR risk. Patients who met more than one factor (score ≥ 1) and underwent CIRT had significantly better BCR progression‐free survival (PFS) than those who received EBRT (p ≤ 0.01). This was also confirmed by Kaplan–Meier analysis after PSM.

Conclusion

CIRT patients exhibited lower 5‐year BCR rates compared to the EBRT group. Patients with a risk score of our model ≥ 1 undergoing CIRT were more likely to experience BCR benefits compared to those receiving EBRT.
Tunneling Current Calculation Using the Linear‐Bound Potential Model
Authors: Ferreyra Jorge Mario , Bridoux German , Villegas Atuel , Tolosa Martin R. , Villafuerte Manuel
Published: November 2024

A model of the tunneling current through an ultrathin insulating barrier coming from carriers in an inversion layer using a simple linear potential model is presented. This model provides analytical expressions for the wavefunctions of these carriers and simple equations to obtain numerically their corresponding eigenvalues. These expressions can be inserted in the tunneling current equation allowing a more simple understanding of the physics involved in this tunneling problem. As an example, one can fit the experimental results for the leakage current obtained by different authors in planar metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors and also in a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 and a HfO2/Ge bilayer. The modification of the tunneling current when the dielectric constant is increased, a subject of interest in device applications, is explored.
From Light to Logic: Recent Advances in Optoelectronic Logic Gate
Authors: Kim Woochul , Ahn Dante , Lee Minz , Lim Namsoo , Kim Hyeonghun , Pak Yusin
Published: November 2024

This review delves into the advancements in optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) devices, emphasizing their transformative potential in computational technology through the integration of optical and electronic components. OELGs present significant advantages over traditional electronic logic gates, including enhanced processing speed, bandwidth, and energy efficiency. The evolution of OELG architectures from single‐device, single‐logic systems to more sophisticated multidevice, multilogic, and reconfigurable OELGs is comprehensively explored. Key advancements include the development of materials and device structures enabling multifunctional logic operations and the incorporation of in‐memory functionalities, critical for applications in high‐performance computing and real‐time data processing. This review also addresses the challenges that need to be overcome, such as stability, durability, integration with existing semiconductor technologies, and efficiency. By summarizing current research and proposing future directions, this review aims to guide the ongoing development of next‐generation optoelectronic architectures, poised to redefine the landscape of optical computing, communication, and data processing.
Investigation of the Dissolution Behavior of AlN in CaO–Al2O3–MgO Refining Slag and CaO–Al2O3–F–Li2O–BaO Mold Flux
Authors: Wang Jinlong , Xue Zhengliang , Song Shengqiang
Published: November 2024

Low‐density steels have garnered widespread attention as novel lightweight materials. Owing to its high Mn and Al content, brittle AlN inclusions, detrimental to both steelmaking and steel properties, can precipitate directly from the molten steel. Employing slag absorption effectively removes these floating AlN inclusions from the molten steel. Herein, a series of analytical methods are utilized to investigate the dissolution behavior of AlN in CaO–Al2O3–MgO refining slag and CaO–Al2O3–F–Li2O–BaO mold flux. The results indicate that the initial dissolution temperatures of AlN in the slag and mold flux are 1361 and 1080 °C, respectively. The dissolution in the refining slag is attributed to the high‐temperature self‐decomposition of AlN, producing N2(g). In the mold flux, the dissolution reaction involves both the high‐temperature self‐decomposition of AlN and its reaction with Li2O in mold flux, generating N2(g) and Li(g). No reaction interface is observed at the AlN‐slag/mold flux boundary. As the dissolution mass of AlN in the slag/mold flux increases, the Al2O3 content in the slag/mold flux rises. The main phases in slag transition from Ca9(Al6O18) to Ca12Al14O33 and Ca3Al2O6. In the mold flux, the LiBaF3 phase disappears, and the 11CaO·7Al2O3·CaF2 phase, which can degrade the flux's physicochemical properties, becomes the dominant phase.
The emergence of Qatar's diplomacy in a complex world: Balancing soft power in regional affairs
Authors: Ullah AKM Ahsan
Published: November 2024

This article examines the key aspects that contribute to Qatar's influence and soft power and investigates how Qatar strategically utilizes culture, economics, sports diplomacy, and media influence to shape perceptions of Qatar. A focal point of Qatar's soft power tool is Al Jazeera, which serves not only as a media giant but also as a dynamic force to amplify Qatar's influence. The article focuses on the resonance of Qatar's cultural initiatives, tourism sector, and sports and how these elements together contribute to soft power. Against the backdrop of regional challenges, Qatar's strategic posture emerges as a resilient force that positions the country as a key player in shaping regional dynamics.
Effect of non‐invasive neuroelectric stimulation of oral cavity for obstructive sleep apnoea: A systematic review
Authors: Awan Muhammad Ozair , Arif Aahan , Adeel Mohammad , Ahmed Shahzada , Iftikhar Haissan
Published: November 2024

Objectives

With an estimated disease burden of one billion adults aged 30–69, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) offers considerable challenges in terms of both identification and management Neuroelectric stimulation offers benefit with studies showing improvement in both the respiratory disturbance index and apnoea‐hypopnoea index. This systematic review aims to examine the effects of non‐invasive neuroelectric stimulation of the oral cavity utilized in the treatment of OSA.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, EBSCO CINAHL Plus, EBSCO Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source and Wiley Cochrane Library was utilized to identify articles. A total of 4 articles investigating 154 participants were included in the final synthesis. Data was extracted to by two authors (MOA and HI) working independently of each other. Any discrepancies that arose were discussed and resolved.

Results

Our results demonstrated that non‐invasive neurostimulation serves as an avenue for management that can allow for improvements in functionality as well as oxygen saturation amongst patients suffering from mild to moderate OSA.

Conclusion

Due to the dearth of research, it is imperative that further studies are done to investigate the efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation, as these findings cannot be generalized across different populations.
Decoding the role of RNA sequences and their interactions in influenza A virus infection and adaptation
Authors: Sharma Satya P. , Chawla‐Sarkar Mamta , Sandhir Rajat , Dutta Dipanjan
Published: November 2024

Influenza viruses (types A, B, C, and D) belong to the family orthomyxoviridae. Out of all the influenza types, influenza A virus (IAV) causes human pandemic outbreaks. Its pandemic potential is predominantly attributed to the genetic reassortment favored by a broad spectrum of host species that could lead to an antigenic shift along with a high rate of mutations in its genome, presenting a possibility of subtypes with heightened pathogenesis and virulence in humans (antigenic drift). In addition to antigenic shift and drift, there are several other inherent properties of its viral RNA species (vRNA, vmRNA, and cRNA) that significantly contribute to the success of specific stages of viral infection. In this review, we compile the key features of IAV RNA, such as sequence motifs and secondary structures, their functional significance in the infection cycle, and their overall impact on the virus's adaptive and evolutionary fitness. Because many of these motifs and folds are conserved, we also assess the existing antiviral approaches focused on targeting IAV RNA.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Exceeding expectations increases satisfaction among Louisiana waterfowl hunters
Authors: Sullivan Michael C. , Kaller Michael D. , Laborde Lucien P. , Ringelman Kevin M. , Reynolds Larry A.
Published: November 2024

Louisiana surveys waterfowl hunters every 5 years to assess hunter effort, harvest success, demographics, and preferences for proposed regulations and management practices. The 2020 Survey of Louisiana Waterfowl Hunters addressed hunter satisfaction patterns, hunter perceptions on waterfowl migration, associations of field experiences to satisfaction, associations among distribution waves, the efficacy of sample coverage by an email survey, and allowed comparison with hunter satisfaction with surveys in 2005, 2010, and 2015. We distributed a 31‐question survey by email to 73,554 Louisiana waterfowl hunters following the 2019–2020 season. We received 13,483 total responses, of which 8,218 were usable (licensed respondents actively hunting waterfowl during the 2019–2020 season), resulting in a qualified response rate of 12.0%. We compared qualified respondents to the overall population of Harvest Information Program registrants (169,891) and found no significant differences for age class, geographic distribution, and license type. Our results indicated that surveys should be distributed in 3 waves, as the number of days hunted would be overestimated by 7% (mean of 15 days [95% confidence interval = 14.7–15.7] compared to a mean of 14 days [95% confidence interval = 13.7–14.4]) by a single survey. Hunters' satisfaction was independent of which geographic zone they hunted, whether they were members of conservation organizations, or how many waterfowl were seen. Our results also indicated that the probability of greater hunter satisfaction was increased by 98% as the number of waterfowl harvested surpassed 57, by 68% for respondents reporting that their actual harvest exceeded expected harvest by at least one bird, and by 61% for respondents reporting that their actual days hunted exceeded expected days hunted by at least one day.
Comparing winter distribution and harvest rates of transmitter‐marked and banded‐only mallards in western Tennessee
Authors: Masto Nicholas M. , Hagy Heath M. , Blake‐Bradshaw Abigail G. , Highway Cory J. , Feddersen Jamie C. , Keever Allison C. , Cohen Bradley S.
Published: November 2024

The miniaturization of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) transmitters is providing insights into the ecology and management of migratory bird species at biologically‐relevant spatial scales. However, transmitters and their attachment methods could bias inferred behaviors, demographic rates, and resulting management decisions. We evaluated the effects of external harness‐style GPS transmitters by comparing direct harvest rates, winter dispersal distances, and subsequent harvest distributions of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) equipped with GPS transmitters (n = 443) to a tarsal banded‐only control group (n = 1,123) captured in western Tennessee during winters 2019–2022. We found that transmitter‐marked mallards had similar harvest rates, winter dispersal distances, and harvest distributions as banded‐only mallards. Time between capture and harvest predicted dispersal distances but there was no effect of marker type. Specifically, the average time from capture to harvest was 30 (SE = 2) and 31 (SE = 3) days for banded‐only and transmitter‐marked mallards, respectively. Harvest rate () was only 2.2% greater for transmitter‐marked mallards compared to banded‐only mallards overall, but GPS transmitters affected harvest susceptibility of juveniles ( = 14.5%). Based on harvest rates and dispersal distances between transmitter‐marked and banded‐only cohorts, we suggest 7‐ to 10‐day data censoring periods may be warranted, especially for juveniles, as mallards acclimate to GPS transmitters. Overall, we concluded that modern harness‐style GPS transmitters provided reliable information of wintering mallard space use, movements, and harvest mortality and can be used to inform ecology and management of wintering mallards and other dabbling ducks. Future studies should evaluate effects of harness‐style GPS transmitters for other species and during different portions of dabbling ducks' life cycle, such as migration or nesting, when they may experience greater adverse effects.
Loneliness: An Underestimated Public Health Threat
Authors: d’Hombres Béatrice , Mauri Caterina , Schnepf Sylke V.
Published: November 2024

Loneliness has emerged as a prominent concern in recent years, leading to it being described as the ‘epidemic’ of the twenty-first century. The COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the distancing measures implemented to curb its spread, further heightened those worries. This introductory chapter explores the growing emphasis on loneliness in both public discourse and the political arena and discusses the underlying reasons for this increased public attention. It then presents the recent joint project of the European Commission and the European Parliament aimed at generating additional scientific insights into the risk factors and consequences of loneliness, as well as the effectiveness of loneliness interventions in the European Union. Lastly, the chapter explains the structure and organisation of this volume.
Measuring Loneliness: The European Union Loneliness Survey Covering 27 European Countries
Authors: Mauri Caterina , Barjaková Martina , Berlingieri Francesco
Published: November 2024

While Chap. 1 introduces the concept of loneliness as a negative feeling associated with perceived deficiencies in the quantity and quality of social relationships, this chapter focuses on how this concept is operationalised and measured in surveys. We start by discussing the literature on the measurement of loneliness, which often relies on the use of psychometric scales. In large-scale surveys the use of a direct question on loneliness, in which the respondents self-report how frequently they feel lonely, is also common. The chapter discusses existing measures of loneliness used by different surveys administered in the European Union, together with their limitations. The chapter then addresses how loneliness is dichotomised in the analysis of survey data, both for scales based on indirect questions and for direct questions, and the potential issues associated with presenting results on loneliness. Finally, the chapter introduces the recent European Union Loneliness Survey (EU Loneliness Survey), the first ad hoc survey on the topic of loneliness covering all European Union member states. It discusses how this survey measures loneliness, and the modules and questions included. A methodological section focuses on survey design and choices related to data collection, highlighting unique features of the survey and discussing its limitations. The chapter concludes with a comparison of overall levels of loneliness according to different measures used in the EU Loneliness Survey across all 27 EU countries.
Who Feels Lonely in the European Union?
Authors: Berlingieri Francesco , Barjaková Martina , Garnero Andrea , Mauri Caterina
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyses the prevalence of loneliness in the European Union along several dimensions, exploring vulnerabilities within specific demographic groups and mitigating or triggering factors such as meaningful social connections and life events. The first part of the chapter investigates which demographic and socio-economic groups are more vulnerable to loneliness. In particular, it considers characteristics such as age, gender, socio-economic status, sexual orientation, disability, migration background and population density of the place of residence. The second part of the chapter is devoted to shedding light on the relationship between loneliness and social connectedness. Regression analysis is used to investigate how the risk of feeling lonely is associated with a rich set of variables related to respondents’ social interactions and relationships. Finally, the chapter looks into life events that might trigger loneliness. Major life transitions, such as retirement or leaving the education system, may bring disruptions to people’s social networks and thus increase the risk of feeling lonely.
Social Media Use and Loneliness
Authors: d’Hombres Béatrice , Gentile Chiara
Published: November 2024

The growth in popularity of social media platforms all over the world has led to an unprecedented increase in people’s ability to communicate with one another. This has given rise to a number of concerns about the potential social impact of these platforms. The European Union Loneliness Survey contains some useful information on social media consumption in the EU. The first part of this chapter relies on this unique source of information to explore patterns of social media use across EU member states and by age group. It sheds light on the time spent on social media tools as well as on addiction patterns. The second part of the chapter examines the relationship between social media usage and loneliness.
Loneliness, Societal Preferences and Political Attitudes
Authors: Langenkamp Alexander , Stepanova Elena
Published: November 2024

Loneliness and social and civic behaviours are intertwined in complex ways, and only a limited number of studies have explored these relationships. This chapter explains why loneliness and social isolation not only have implications for the health of the individuals affected (which is the focus of Chap. 4) but also can be seen as a threat to the well-being of our societies and to the vitality of our democracies. The chapter illustrates that loneliness and isolation are not just conceptually distinct but are associated with divergent outcomes. We find that behavioural preferences reported by lonely individuals differ widely from those reported by socially isolated individuals for many societal contexts, highlighting that being alone is different from being lonely. Loneliness and social isolation are both correlated with low interpersonal trust and reduced political efficacy (the extent to which a person thinks their voice counts in politics). However, lonely individuals tend to be more inclined to engage in risk-taking behaviours, potentially impacting community safety. Moreover, in contrast to socially isolated individuals, lonely individuals exhibit a greater willingness to donate to good causes and volunteer for charities and non-profit organisations. They also show a more long-term orientation, saying that they prioritise long-term benefits over short-term gains.
Counteracting the Effects of Loneliness: Empirical Research and Policy Interventions
Authors: Casabianca Elizabeth J. , Nurminen Minna
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on policy interventions to tackle loneliness and is divided into three main parts. The first part of the chapter showcases results on loneliness interventions based on the EU Loneliness Survey, which collected information about respondents’ awareness of loneliness interventions in their country and their views about the role different actors should play in supporting lonely people. Findings related to social stigma surrounding loneliness and measures used by lonely people to mitigate their feelings of loneliness are also discussed. The second part of the chapter provides an overview of existing loneliness interventions using categorisations proposed by the literature. To gain insight on how loneliness is addressed in practice, this section also presents examples from the EU-wide Mapping of Loneliness Interventions. The third and final part of the chapter tackles the issue of the effectiveness of loneliness interventions. This section is informed by the literature and exchanges with experts and practitioners in the field, and includes a non-exhaustive list of common success factors in effective loneliness interventions.
Taking Stock of Loneliness in the European Union: A Future Pathway
Authors: Schnepf Sylke V. , Mauri Caterina , d’Hombres Béatrice
Published: November 2024

Looking back at the preceding seven chapters, this chapter reflects on specific features of loneliness risk factors and potential consequences and evaluates the effectiveness of loneliness interventions in the European Union. In addition, the chapter highlights the unique features of the EU Loneliness Survey and suggests avenues for future research. Finally, the authors discuss the importance of monitoring loneliness over time and reflect on policy developments in the European Union and globally.
Introduction
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

Terrorist phenomenon implies complex risks for the urban built environment (BE), due to the combination of perpetrator behaviour, user reaction to possible attacks, and the characterizing features of the BE itself. Among possible scenarios which can attract terrorist acts, outdoor Open Areas (OAs) surely represent critical conditions especially since they are ideal “soft targets”. On one side, OAs can be affected by (over)crowding, as well as can have a symbolic value due to the intended uses hosted outdoors and in the facing buildings. On the other side, OAs are also generally characterized by non-structured protection measures due to the possibility to host public, contrarily to “hard targets”, such as government buildings or critical infrastructures, where restricted access areas, control systems, and security strategies are widely implemented. This chapter traces the principles for understanding terroristic phenomenon in OAs, and provides basic insights to move from the phenomenology of terrorist acts to the definition of Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies according to guidelines and normative framework. The role of user behaviour in such sudden-onset emergencies is also discussed by underlining the connection between the terrorist act, the OAs features and the implemented solutions, since these events can also generally imply the activation of evacuation as one of the most effective protection measures to increase users’ safety levels.
Terrorist Risk in Urban Outdoor Built Environment: Influencing Factors and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

Starting from the established and common principles of the terrorism threat in the cities, this chapter presents the results of the phenomenological analysis in Europe and reorganizes the main literature and international experiences in the prevention, mitigation, and management of the threat in the built environment in order to delineate the factors that influence the risk of outdoor Open Areas (OAs) as “soft targets”. In fact, if several previous experiences have already investigated the effects of events on people involved, the strategies used by perpetrators and tested mitigative strategies in detailed case studies following an “a posteriori” approach, a unique approach to describe and discuss the risk of OAs seems to be still unexplored. The aim is thus reached by merging two levels of details. I) The assessment of events during the last 20 years in Western Europe allows to understand how (the attack type) and why (which uses affect the likelihood of events) OAs are emergent “soft targets”. On the other hand, II) the critical categorization of Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies already experimented and regulated in the international panorama helps in highlighting how such soft targets can be physically improved towards resilient parts of the cities.
User Behaviour in Terrorist Acts to Model the Evacuation in Outdoor Open Areas
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

The resilience of the urban built environment to terrorist acts depends on the interactions among the physical scenario, the attackers, the hosted users, and the mitigation solutions (both structural and non-structural), when implemented. Outdoor Open Areas mainly show a high level of complexity in these terms, and thus, expert risk assessment methods to be applied in such contexts should be also supported by simulation-based approaches, which can be able to manage and describe these interactions in a holistic manner. The behavioural design approach can be used to evaluate the impact of different input conditions on final risk levels depending on the users’ response to the terrorist act. In fact, this approach relies on the experimental-based modelling of user behaviours and individual vulnerability, and on the related simulation in emergency and evacuation scenarios. This Chapter hence traces bases for user behaviour modelling in terrorist acts.
A Case Study Application: Vittorio Veneto Square in Matera, Italy
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

The chapter applies the theories and methods for terrorist risk assessment and behavioural analysis presented in this book to the peculiar case study of Vittorio Veneto Square in Matera, a city in the Basilicata region located in the south of Italy. This outdoor Open Area (OA) is representative in view of the presence of several special buildings, defining a high potential level of attractiveness for terrorist acts. Moreover, the square is characterized by a high level of tourist attraction for the strategic position near the “Sassi”, the UNESCO site of Matera, and this condition increases the relevance as a soft target because of significant users’ exposure. Scenarios for risk assessment are first created, and then behavioural-based assessment is performed thanks to a validated simulation model, considering the current conditions of the square. Scenarios referring to the evacuation of the square (without interactions between the crowd and the perpetrators) are compared with those related to an armed assault with cold weapons, using behavioural-based key performance indicators. Then, selected mitigation strategies based on emergency planning, and thus compatible with the cultural and historical relevance of the place, have been considered and tested according to the same approach. Applying the proposed approach is expected to support decision-makers and, mainly, local administrations while evaluating the OAs resilience towards terrorist acts, thus boosting the risk assessment and mitigation planning.
Conclusions and Perspectives
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

Risk assessment and mitigation again terrorist acts in outdoor Open Areas (OAs) should be based not only on the analysis of possible hazard, physical vulnerability, and perpetrator behaviours and “modus operandi”, but also on joint investigation of the user exposure, vulnerability, and behaviours in emergency conditions. A behavioural design approach relying on the analysis of emergency and evacuation via simulation tools could support these tasks, since it is able to represent complex interactions among these factors and to include users’ reaction and needs to the terrorist event. Indeed, this approach should be supported by quick methods for scenario creation, balancing efforts to manage reliable data and to determine critical phenomena in the OAs. This book offers the definition of a risk assessment and mitigation methodology according to such an approach, applying it to a relevant real-world OA to demonstrate its capabilities in supporting local authorities and their technicians in facing terrorist acts in (over)crowded situations. Different conditions in attack points, users’ exposure and vulnerability and implemented mitigation strategies are derived and tested through simulations, allowing to determine users’ risk levels in emergency and evacuation depending on the combination of such inputs. Nevertheless, the capabilities of the methodology and of its tools should be extended, thus needing further efforts related to both research and practice. This chapter first traces an overview of the main objectives and then suggests future directions for this approach development and application according to both researchers and decision-makers’ standpoints.
Supersymmetric black hole hair and AdS3 × S3
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhodip , Srivastava Yogesh K. , Virmani Amitabh
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The 4D-5D connection allows us to view the same near horizon geometry as part of a 4D black hole or a 5D black hole. A much studied example of this phenomenon is the BMPV black hole uplifted to 6D with flat base space versus Taub-NUT base space. These black holes have identical near horizon AdS3 × S3 geometry. In this paper, we study modes in AdS3 × S3 and identify those that correspond to supersymmetric hair modes in the full black hole spacetimes. We show that these modes satisfy non-normalisable boundary conditions in AdS3. The non-normalisable boundary conditions are different for different hair modes and for different asymptotic completion. We also discuss how the supersymmetric hair modes on BMPV black holes fit into the classification of supersymmetric solutions of 6D supergravity.
Data-driven analysis of the beauty hadron production in pp collisions at the LHC with Bayesian unfolding
Authors: Bai Xiaozhi , Li Guangsheng , Zhang Yifei , Situ Qingyi , Chen Xiaolong
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Heavy flavour production in proton-proton (pp) collisions provides insights into the fundamental properties of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Beauty hadron production measurements are widely performed through indirect approaches based on their inclusive decay modes. A Bayesian unfolding data-driven analysis of the ALICE and LHCb data was performed in this study, which recovers the full kinematic information of the beauty hadrons via different inclusive decay channels. The corresponding beauty hadron production cross sections obtained after the Bayesian unfolding are found to be consistent within their uncertainties. The weighted average open beauty production cross sections are presented as a function of the transverse momentum and rapidity in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 5.02 TeV and $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 13 TeV, respectively. The pT-integrated open beauty production dσ/dy and the total $$ \textrm{b}\overline{\textrm{b}} $$
b

b
¯

cross section $$ {\sigma}_{\textrm{b}\overline{\textrm{b}}} $$

σ

b

b
¯

are also reported. The precision of these results significantly improves upon worldwide measurements, providing valuable validation and constraints on mechanisms of heavy flavour production in pp collisions at the LHC energies.
On the definition of Carrollian amplitudes in general dimensions
Authors: Liu Wen-Bin , Long Jiang , Xiao Hong-Yang , Yang Jing-Long
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Carrollian amplitude is the natural object that defines the correlator of the boundary Carrollian field theory. In this work, we will elaborate on its proper definition in general dimensions. We use the vielbein field on the unit sphere to define the fundamental field with non-vanishing helicity in the local Cartesian frame which is the building block of the Carrollian amplitude. In general dimensions, the Carrollian amplitude is related to the momentum space scattering matrix by a modified Fourier transform. The Poincaré transformation law of the Carrollian amplitude in this definition has been discussed. We also find an isomorphism between the local rotation of the vielbein field and the superduality transformation.