bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Ascorbate Oxidase Genes and Their Response to Cold Stress in Citrus sinensis
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Miao Xingchen , Deng Naiyi , Liang Mengge , Wang Lun , Jiang Lijuan , Zeng Shaohua
Published: September 2024

Ascorbate oxidase (AAO) plays an important role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, thereby influencing plant growth, development, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there has been no systematic characterization of AAO genes in Citrus, especially their roles in response to cold stress. In the present study, nine AAO genes were identified in C. sinensis through bioinformatics analyses, exhibiting uneven distribution across four chromosomes. All CsAAOs possessed three conserved domains and were predicted to localize in the apoplast. The CsAAO gene family displayed varied intron–exon patterns. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the CsAAO family into three main clades (Clade A–C), suggesting distinct biological functions. Collinearity and Ka/Ks analysis revealed three duplicate gene pairs within the CsAAO gene family, with all duplicated CsAAOs primarily evolving under purifying selection. Analysis of cis-acting elements showed the presence of multiple hormone response elements and stress response elements within the CsAAO promoters. The computational analysis of microRNA target transcripts suggested that CsAAO9 may be a target of csi-miR156. RNA-Seq data demonstrated high expression levels of CsAAOs in roots and young fruits, while qRT-PCR analysis showed significant upregulation of six CsAAOs in response to cold treatment. Furthermore, the activities of CsAAOs exhibited a pattern of initial decrease followed by an increase after exposure to low temperatures. These findings offer important insights into the role of CsAAOs in response to cold stress. Furthermore, AAOs could be target genes for breeding crops with better cold resistance.
Enhancing In Situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives for Food and Agriculture in Lithuania
Authors: Labokas Juozas , Lisajevičius Mantas , Uogintas Domas , Karpavičienė Birutė
Published: September 2024

The crop and crop wild relative (CWR) checklist of Lithuania was created containing 2630 taxa. The checklist comprises 1384 native taxa including archaeophytes and 1246 neophytes. In total, 699 taxa (26.6%) are defined for food and forage use. A list of 144 CWR priority species with 135 native species and archaeophytes and 9 naturalized species was generated. In total, 53 genera of food and forage species belonging to 15 families are represented by the priority CWR. Two approaches for CWR genetic reserve selection have been employed in this study: (1) CWR-targeted evaluation of preselected sites, including Natura 2000 sites, national protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), such as ancient hillfort sites and ecological protection zones of water bodies; (2) analysis of large georeferenced plant databases. Forty-five potential genetic reserve sites have been selected by the first approach covering 83 species or 57.6% of the national CWR priority list. With the second approach, the in situ CWR National Inventory database has been created by combining data from the Database of EU habitat mapping in Lithuania (BIGIS), Herbarium Database of the Nature Research Centre (BILAS), Lithuanian Vegetation Database (EU-LT-001), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Hotspot analysis of CWR species richness and number of observations suggested that higher CWR diversity is more likely to be found in protected areas. However, Shannon diversity and Shannon equitability indices showed that the areas outside of the protected areas are also suitable for CWR genetic reserve establishment.
The Indica Hybrid Rice Containing an OsNRAMP5 Knockout Exhibits Better Adaptability Compared to Its Paternal Parent in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Li Yaokui , Tang Li , Huang Guolong , Liu Longsheng , Dong Chunling , Liu Haiping , Mao Bigang , Zhao Bingran , Xiao Yinghui
Published: September 2024

OsNRAMP5 is a pivotal gene involved in the uptake and transport of cadmium and manganese in rice plants. While the knockout of OsNRAMP5 has significantly decreased cadmium accumulation in rice grains, its impact on the adaptability of indica hybrid rice and its paternal parent still needs to be more adequately explored. This study conducted a three-year field experiment with two of the OsNRAMP5 knockout lines (indica hybrid rice LYDG-1 and its paternal parent DG-1) and their wild-type at four distinct locations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Their adaptability was evaluated by cadmium and manganese accumulation, yield traits, and grain quality. The findings reveal that OsNRAMP5 knockout lines, when grown in mildly and moderately Cd-contaminated paddies, exhibit significantly and stably lower cadmium and manganese accumulation compared with the wild-type. However, there were no significant differences in cadmium and manganese content between LYDG-1 and DG-1. Regarding yield traits, OsNRAMP5 knockout lines did not show a significant reduction compared with the wild-type, except for DG-1 in soil with lower manganese content. For grain quality, the quality of the appearance of OsNRAMP5 knockout lines significantly improved compared with the wild-type. However, the milling quality of DG-1 significantly reduced compared with the wild-type, while this negative impact for LYDG-1 was only observed in soils with lower manganese content. Overall, the indica hybrid rice with an OsNRAMP5 knockout exhibits better adaptability than its paternal parent in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential application and promotion of OsNRAMP5 mutant rice varieties in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
Onion (Allium cepa) Profit Maximization via Ensemble Learning-Based Framework for Efficient Nitrogen Fertilizer Use
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Kim Sumin , Kim Sojung
Published: September 2024

Onion (Allium cepa) is a major field vegetable in South Korea and has been produced for a long time along with cabbage, radish, garlic, and dried peppers. However, as field vegetables, including onions, have recently been imported at low prices, the profitability of onion production in South Korea is beginning to be at risk. In order to maximize farmers’ profits through onion production, this study develops onion yield prediction models via an ensemble learning-based framework involving linear regression, polynomial regression, support vector regression, decision tree, ridge regression, and lasso regression. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is considered an independent variable in the development of the yield prediction model. This is because the use of nitrogen fertilizers accounts for the highest production cost (13.47%) after labor cost (41.21%) and seed cost (17.42%), and it also directly affects onions yields. For the model development, five research datasets on changes in onion yield according to changes in the use of existing nitrogen fertilizers were used. In addition, a non-linear optimization model was devised using onion yield prediction models for the profit maximization of onion production. As a result, the developed non-linear optimization model using polynomial regression enables an increase in profits from onion production by 67.28%.
Identification and Antagonistic Potential of Bacillus atrophaeus against Wheat Crown Rot Caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum
Authors: Guo Shengzhi , Tariq Arneeb , Liao Jun , Yang Aowei , Jiang Xinyan , Yin Yanling , Shi Yuan , Li Changfu , Pan Junfeng , Han Dejun , Shen Xihui
Published: September 2024

Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg) is a significant pathogen responsible for fusarium crown rot (FCR) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a disease with devastating impacts on crop yield. The utilization of biocontrol bacteria to combat fungal diseases in plants is a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable strategy. In this trial, an endophytic bacterial species, designated as SW, was isolated from the roots of wheat. The strain exhibited potent antagonistic effects against Fpg and reduced the FCR disease severity index by 76.07 ± 0.33% in a greenhouse pot trial. Here, 106 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL of the SW strain was determined to be the minimum dose required to exhibit the antagonism against Fpg. The strain was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus using genome sequencing and comparison with type strains in the NCBI database. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that SW harbors genes for siderophores, antifungal metabolites, and antibiotics, which are key contributors to its antagonistic activity. Additionally, the strain’s ability to utilize various carbon and nitrogen sources, successfully colonize wheat root tissues as an endophyte, and form biofilms are critical attributes for promoting plant growth. In summary, these findings demonstrate the ability of Bacillus atrophaeus to control FCR disease in wheat in a sustainable agricultural setting.
Escin’s Action on Bradykinin Pathway: Advantageous Clinical Properties for an Unknown Mechanism?
Authors: Marcianò Gianmarco , Vocca Cristina , Dıraçoğlu Demirhan , Sevgin Rotinda Özdaş , Gallelli Luca
Published: September 2024

Escin, extracted from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) has anti-edema and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to treat several clinical conditions, including venous insufficiency, pain, inflammation, and edema. Considering escin’s pharmacodynamic, the inhibition of the bradykinin pathway represents a particular effect, decreasing the local edema and conferring an advantage in comparison to other compounds. In this narrative review, we described the effects of escin considering its effects on bradykinin pathway.
YOLOv8-E: An Improved YOLOv8 Algorithm for Eggplant Disease Detection
Authors: Huang Yuxi , Zhao Hong , Wang Jie
Published: September 2024

During the developmental stages, eggplants are susceptible to diseases, which can impact crop yields and farmers’ economic returns. Therefore, timely and effective detection of eggplant diseases is crucial. Deep learning-based object detection algorithms can automatically extract features from images of eggplants affected by diseases. However, eggplant disease images captured in complex farmland environments present challenges such as varying disease sizes, occlusion, overlap, and small target detection, making it difficult for existing deep-learning models to achieve satisfactory detection performance. To address this challenge, this study proposed an optimized eggplant disease detection algorithm, YOLOv8-E, based on You Only Look Once version 8 nano (YOLOv8n). Firstly, we integrate switchable atrous convolution (SAConv) into the C2f module to design the C2f_SAConv module, replacing some of the C2f modules in the backbone network of YOLOv8n, enabling our proposed algorithm to better extract eggplant disease features. Secondly, to facilitate the deployment of the detection model on mobile devices, we reconstruct the Neck network of YOLOv8n using the SlimNeck module, making the model lighter. Additionally, to tackle the issue of missing small targets, we embed the large separable kernel attention (LSKA) module within SlimNeck, enhancing the model’s attention to fine-grained information. Lastly, we combined intersection over union with auxiliary bounding box (Inner-IoU) and minimum point distance intersection over union (MPDIoU), introducing the Inner-MPDIoU loss to speed up convergence of the model and raise detection precision of overlapped and occluded targets. Ablation studies demonstrated that, compared to YOLOv8n, the mean average precision (mAP) and F1 score of YOLOv8-E reached 79.4% and 75.7%, respectively, which obtained a 5.5% increment and a 4.5% increase, while also reducing the model size and computational complexity. Furthermore, YOLOv8-E achieved higher detection performance than other mainstream algorithms. YOLOv8-E exhibits significant potential for practical application in eggplant disease detection.
Digital 3D Hologram Generation Using Spatial and Elevation Information
Authors: Aralov Jumamurod Farhod Ugli , Narzulloev Oybek Mirzaevich , Coffin Matteo , Gentet Philippe , Hwang Leehwan , Lee Seunghyun
Published: September 2024

The evolution of cartography poses challenges in representing three-dimensional terrain accurately on traditional two-dimensional maps. Providing an accurate 3D view of the area, coupled with essential geographic information, is vital for rapid and accurate decision-making in emergency management and response. Holography offers a promising solution by providing immersive three-dimensional visualizations. The field of hologram mapping, although novel, is still developing. Given its nascent stage, several limitations are evident. This study addresses one such limitation—inaccuracies in distance measurement—by presenting a hologram map that integrates two-dimensional and three-dimensional information. Accurate distance information on maps is critical for operational success. We aimed to improve hologram maps by integrating contour lines. Our approach allows users to measure distances from near-perpendicular angles while viewing 3D features from other perspectives. We review current advancements in hologram mapping, highlight existing limitations, and introduce our innovative solution designed to enhance both accuracy and usability. Our experiment resulted in a hologram map that accurately depicts a 3D environment, integrates contour lines, and allows for distance and slope angle measurements. The hologram map fills the research gap by providing accurate 3D visualization and distance measurement, signifying a major advancement in hologram mapping.
Expanding Ground Vehicle Autonomy into Unstructured, Off-Road Environments: Dataset Challenges
Authors: Price Stanton R. , Land Haley B. , Carley Samantha S. , Price Steven R. , Price Stephanie J. , Fairley Joshua R.
Published: September 2024

As with the broad field of deep learning, autonomy is a research topic that has experienced a heavy explosion in attention from both the scientific and commercial industries due to its potential for the advancement of humanity in many cross-cutting disciplines. Recent advancements in computer vision-based autonomy has highlighted the potential for the realization of increasingly sophisticated autonomous ground vehicles for both commercial and non-traditional applications, such as grocery delivery. Part of the success of these technologies has been a boon in the abundance of training data that is available for training the autonomous behaviors associated with their autonomy software. These data abundance advantage is quickly diminished when an application moves from structured environments, i.e., well-defined city road networks, highways, street signage, etc., into unstructured environments, i.e., cross-country, off-road, non-traditional terrains. Herein, we aim to present insights, from a dataset perspective, into how the scientific community can begin to expand autonomy into unstructured environments, while highlighting some of the key challenges that are presented with such a dynamic and ever-changing environment. Finally, a foundation is laid for the creation of a robust off-road dataset being developed by the Engineer Research and Development Center and Mississippi State University’s Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems.
A Novel Visual System for Conducting Safety Evaluations of Operational Tunnel Linings
Authors: Jin Yuhao , Yang Shuo , Guo Hui , Han Lijun , Su Shanjie , Shan Hao , Zhao Jie , Wang Guixuan
Published: September 2024

Based on the lining structure of an operational tunnel, the AHP and Fuzzy mathematical models were used to determine the weight of the evaluation index and solve the membership matrix. The weighted-average Fuzzy comprehensive function was used to combine the two, and the Fuzzy–AHP evaluation model was built and programmed. According to the self-developed Fuzzy–AHP evaluation-programmed model, a visualized structure safety evaluation system for operational tunnels was developed by using MATLAB. The system’s functional design, program development, and computational visualized interface were implemented, and key codes were provided. The system can be divided into four modules: data management, fuzzy computation, predictive analysis and key disease indexes to focus on. In addition, the system can easily edit and modify the evaluation function, which includes not only the Fuzzy evaluation but also other types of evaluation functions applicable to other practical engineering projects, improving the applicability of the system. After that, the system was applied to the structure safety evaluation of a mountain tunnel, which provided the evaluation results and key indexes to focus on in the tunnel. Finally, the rationality of the system design was verified by constructing the corresponding BP–RBF combined neural network. This study provides a reference for the establishment of an intelligent structure safety warning system for operational tunnels.
Falls: Risk, Prevention, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Nagano Hanatsu
Published: September 2024

Life expectancy has dramatically increased over the past half-century owing to advancements in healthcare systems and continuous research [...]
Generative AI-Enabled Energy-Efficient Mobile Augmented Reality in Multi-Access Edge Computing
Authors: Na Minsu , Lee Joohyung
Published: September 2024

This paper proposes a novel offloading and super-resolution (SR) control scheme for energy-efficient mobile augmented reality (MAR) in multi-access edge computing (MEC) using SR as a promising generative artificial intelligence (GAI) technology. Specifically, SR can enhance low-resolution images into high-resolution versions using GAI technologies. This capability is particularly advantageous in MAR by lowering the bitrate required for network transmission. However, this SR process requires considerable computational resources and can introduce latency, potentially overloading the MEC server if there are numerous offload requests for MAR services. In this context, we conduct an empirical study to verify that the computational latency of SR increases with the upscaling level. Therefore, we demonstrate a trade-off between computational latency and improved service satisfaction when upscaling images for object detection, as it enhances the detection accuracy. From this perspective, determining whether to apply SR for MAR, while jointly controlling offloading decisions, is challenging. Consequently, to design energy-efficient MAR, we rigorously formulate analytical models for the energy consumption of a MAR device, the overall latency and the MAR satisfaction of service quality from the enforcement of the service accuracy, taking into account the SR process at the MEC server. Finally, we develop a theoretical framework that optimizes the computation offloading and SR control problem for MAR clients by jointly optimizing the offloading and SR decisions, considering their trade-off in MAR with MEC. Finally, the performance evaluation indicates that our proposed framework effectively supports MAR services by efficiently managing offloading and SR decisions, balancing trade-offs between energy consumption, latency, and service satisfaction compared to benchmarks.
Smear Layer Removing and Pulp Dissolving Ability of Sodium Hypochlorite Mixed with Two Etidronate-Containing Irrigants in Continuous Chelation Technique
Authors: Mikheikina Anna , Babina Ksenia , Polyakova Maria , Doroshina Vladlena , Zaytsev Alexandr , Makeeva Irina , Novozhilova Nina
Published: September 2024

The study aimed to assess the effect of two etidronate-containing irrigants and EDTA on the ability of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to remove the smear layer and dissolve organic tissues. This study evaluated the following solutions: distilled water, 3% NaOCl, 3% NaOCl + EDTA, and 3% NaOCl mixed with etidronate powder from two manufacturers [Dual Rinse, (DR); IsraDent, (ID)] to obtain 9%, 15%, and 18% solutions. To assess the proteolytic activity, bovine muscle tissue samples (56.1 ± 5.4 mg; n = 10 per group) were immersed in the tested solutions for 15 min. Absolute weight changes and percentages of weight changes (wt%) were calculated. To assess smear layer removal, the root canals of human wisdom teeth were instrumented, irrigated with the tested solutions (n = 10 per group), and evaluated using SEM. Statistical analysis employed an ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey test and paired t-test, the Kruskal–Wallis test with a pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test, and the Friedman test with a pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The mean weight loss in the NaOCl group comprised 17.3 mg (32 wt%). Sequential use of NaOCl and EDTA resulted in a significant increase in proteolytic activity of the former (57 wt%), while mixing these solutions led to a reduction of proteolytic activity (17 wt%). All NaOCl/DR groups exhibited a significantly greater dissolution activity than that of NaOCl alone, with the mean weight loss ranging from 23.3 mg (40 wt%) to 24 mg (41 wt%). ID9% and ID15% significantly decreased the proteolytic activity of NaOCl. In most groups, the apical thirds of the root canals demonstrated a significantly heavier smear layer compared to the middle and coronal thirds. The most effective smear layer removal was observed after irrigation with NaOCl combined with EDTA or DR (all concentrations); however, in the NaOCl + EDTA and DR18% groups, it was accompanied by moderate to severe erosion. Irrigation with ID did not result in smear layer removal or dentin erosion. In conclusion, the smear layer removal and pulp dissolving effects of continuous chelation using etidronate were manufacturer/composition-dependent. DR9% combined with NaOCl demonstrated the most promising results.
Flash Floods Hazard to the Settlement Network versus Land Use Planning (Lublin Upland, East Poland)
Authors: Gawrysiak Leszek , Baran-Zgłobicka Bogusława , Zgłobicki Wojciech
Published: September 2024

There has been an increase in the frequency of hazards associated with meteorological and hydrological phenomena. One of them is flash floods occurring episodically in areas of concentrated runoff—valleys without permanent drainage. In the opinion of residents and local authorities, these are potentially safe areas—they are not threatened by floods and are therefore often occupied by buildings. The importance of addressing flash floods in land use planning is essential for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction. The objective of this research was to assess the level of the hazard and to evaluate its presence in land use planning activities. This manuscript fills a research gap, as to date flash flood threats have not been analyzed for individual buildings located in catchments of dry valleys in temperate climates. More than 12,000 first-order catchments were analyzed. The study covered an upland area located in East Poland, which is characterized by high population density and dispersed rural settlement. Within the 10 municipalities, buildings located on potential episodic runoff lines were identified. Qualitative assessment was applied to ascertain the susceptibility of catchments to flash floods. Such criteria as slopes, size, shape of the catchment area, and land cover, among others, were used. Between 10 and 20% of the buildings were located on episodic runoff lines, and about 900 sub-catchments were highly or very highly susceptible to flash floods. The way to reduce the negative effects of these phenomena is to undertake proper land use planning based on knowledge of geohazards, including flash floods. However, an analysis of available planning documents shows that phenomena of this type are not completely taken into account in spatial management processes.
A Watermark-Based Scheme for Authenticating JPEG 2000 Image Integrity That Complies with JPEG Privacy and Security
Authors: Lee Jinhee , Kwon Oh-Jin , Yaseen  , Choi Seungcheol
Published: September 2024

Network development has made it easier to access multimedia material and to change it by allowing the collection, modification, and transmission of digital data. Additionally, this has led to a rise in malicious use, including unauthorized data distribution and copying. As the quantity of evil activities increases, security issues such as unauthorized use and image forgery are rising. While security solutions for JPEG-1 images are widely available, there remains a significant gap in protection for JPEG 2000 images. In this paper, we propose a new watermark-based forgery detection method to comply with the JPEG Privacy and Security standards and to authenticate JPEG 2000 image integrity in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain. The method proposed divides JPEG 2000 images into groups of blocks (GOBs) within the DWT domain. The watermark is generated by collaborating with the neighboring GOBs and is embedded in the GOBs. It enables you to respond to the collage attack. Experimental results using various sample images show the superiority of the proposed method, showing negligible visual differences between the original and watermarked JPEG 2000 images.
The Petrogenesis and Geological Implications of the Sanggeda Gabbros, Southern Tibet: Insights from the Amphibole Crystal Population
Authors: Jiang Xiumin , Luo Zhaohua , Liu Xiao
Published: September 2024

Amphibole is an important mineral during the differentiation of arc magmas but rarely as a phenocryst in arc lavas or eruptive pyroclastic rocks. The Sanggeda complex, intruded into the ophiolite of the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (IYZSZ), Zedong, southern Tibet, mainly consists of amphibole-rich, fine-grained, and porphyritic gabbros. The complex provides an opportunity to study the differentiation of arc magmas through amphibole crystals. Four distinct amphibole crystal populations can be recognized according to petrographic observations, EMPA, and LA–ICP–MS analysis. The first ones (Type 1) are fined-grained and euhedral, are crystallized during ascent, and are the product of the shallow emplacement of host magma. The second ones (Type 2) are euhedral, with slight negative Eu and Sr anomalies, and crystallize from an evolved magma that previously experienced plagioclase fractionation. Type 3 amphiboles have similar morphological characteristics to Type 2 but are without Eu and Sr anomalies. Type 4 crystals are shown as pseudomorphs, formed by the reaction–replacement between the clinopyroxene and melt. Type 1 crystals are autocrysts. Other amphiboles within host magma, whether presented as phenocrysts or cumulate nodules, are antecrysts. Based on the amphibole crystal population developed in the complex, in this study, a trans-crustal magma plumbing system is proposed, containing at least three magma reservoirs located at different crust depths: the shallow emplaced crust (~4.8 km), the mid-crust (~12.9 km), and the lower crust (~21.8–24.9 km). Early amphibole crystallization is an effective process to generate silicic residual melts. Gravity could help in that sense. Precursor amphibole and clinopyroxene can efficiently delaminate back into the mantle and promote the generation of silicic continental crust.
Allelopathic Activity of Leaf Wastes of Liriodendron tulipifera for Sustainable Management
Authors: Kato-Noguchi Hisashi , Hayashi Kota , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: September 2024

Logging operations of Liriodendron tulipifera L., as timber trees, and fallen leaves in autumn from ornamental trees produce a large amount of leaf waste. In this study, the allelopathy of L. tulipifera fresh and fallen leaves was investigated for the development of potential applications of leaf waste. The extracts of fresh and fallen leaves of L. tulipifera showed growth inhibitory activity against weed species, Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., and Lolium multiflorum Lam., under laboratory conditions. The powder of L. tulipifera fresh and fallen leaves also inhibited the germination of E. crus-galli under greenhouse conditions. A potent allelochemical was isolated from fresh and fallen leaf extracts through a bioassay-guided separation process, and was identified as lipiferolide. Lipiferolide inhibited the growth of L. multiflorum and Lepidum sativum in a concentration-dependent manner. This investigation suggests that the leaf waste of L. tulipifera from logging operations and fallen leaves is potentially useful for the purpose of weed control, such as through the use of soil additive materials from leaves or the creation of foliar spray from leaf extracts. The development of weed control materials using L. tulipifera leaf waste may be a means with which to minimize waste, reducing environmental impacts and economic concerns.
Studies of Phase Transformation Kinetics in the System of Nanocrystalline Iron/Ammonia/Hydrogen at the Temperature of 350 °C by Means of Magnetic Permeability In Situ Measurement
Authors: Arabczyk Walerian , Pelka Rafał , Brzoza-Kos Agnieszka , Kocemba Ireneusz , Rokicka-Konieczna Paulina , Skulmowska-Polok Katarzyna , Klimza Kamila , Lendzion-Bieluń Zofia
Published: September 2024

The kinetics of phase transformations in the nitriding process α-Fe → γ’-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N of the pre-reduced iron ammonia synthesis catalyst was investigated under in situ conditions (atmospheric pressure, 350 °C) by measuring changes of mass, gas phase composition, and magnetic permeability in a differential tubular reactor. The iron nanocrystallite size distribution according to their specific active surface areas was measured, and it was found that the catalyst is bimodal as the sum of two Gaussian distributions, also differing in the value of the relative magnetic permeability. Relative magnetic permeability of small α-Fe crystals in relation to large crystals is higher by 0.02. In the area of α → γ’ transformation, the magnetic permeability dependencies change, proving the existence of two mechanisms of the α-Fe structure change in the α-Fe → γ’-Fe4N transformation. In the first area, a solution of α-Fe (N) is formed with a continuous and insignificant change of the crystal lattice parameters of the iron lattice. In the second area, there is a step, oscillatory change in the parameters of the iron crystal lattice in FexN (x = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mol/mol). In the range of γ’-Fe4N → ε-Fe3-2N transformation, a solution is formed, with nitrogen concentration varying from 0.25–0.45 mol/mol. During the final stage of the nitriding process, at a constant value of the relative magnetic permeability, only the concentration of nitrogen in the solution εr increases. The rate of the phenomenon studied is limited by a diffusion rate through the top layer of atoms on the surface of iron nanocrystallite. The estimated value of the nitrogen diffusion coefficient varied exponentially with the degree of nitriding. In the area of the solution, the diffusion coefficient is approximately constant and amounts to 5 nm2/s. In the area of oscillatory changes, the average diffusion coefficient changes in the range of 3–11 nm2/s, and is inversely proportional to the nitrogen content degree. The advantage of the research method proposed in this paper is the possibility of simultaneously recording, under reaction conditions, changes in the values of several process parameters necessary to describe the process. The research results obtained in this way can be used to develop such fields of knowledge as heterogeneous catalysis, materials engineering, sensorics, etc.
Comprehensive Review of Traffic Modeling: Towards Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Łach Łukasz , Svyetlichnyy Dmytro
Published: September 2024

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize transportation by offering safer, more efficient, and convenient mobility solutions. As AV technology advances, there is a growing need to understand and model traffic dynamics in environments where AVs interact with human-driven vehicles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the modeling techniques used to simulate and analyze autonomous vehicle traffic. It covers the fundamental principles of AVs, key factors influencing traffic dynamics, various modeling approaches, their applications, challenges, and future directions in AV traffic modeling.
Simultaneous Instance and Attribute Selection for Noise Filtering
Authors: Villuendas-Rey Yenny , Tusell-Rey Claudia C. , Camacho-Nieto Oscar
Published: September 2024

The existence of noise is inherent to most real data that are collected. Removing or reducing noise can help classification algorithms focus on relevant patterns, preventing them from being affected by irrelevant or incorrect information. This can result in more accurate and reliable models, improving their ability to generalize and make accurate predictions on new data. For example, among the main disadvantages of the nearest neighbor classifier are its noise sensitivity and its high computational cost (for classification and storage). Thus, noise filtering is essential to ensure data quality and the effectiveness of supervised classification models. The simultaneous selection of attributes and instances for supervised classifiers was introduced in the last decade. However, the proposed solutions present several drawbacks because some are either stochastic or do not handle noisy domains, and the neighborhood selection of some algorithms allows very dissimilar objects to be considered as neighbors. In addition, the design of some methods is just for specific classifiers without generalization possibilities. This article introduces an instance and attribute selection model, which seeks to detect and eliminate existing noise while reducing the feature space. In addition, the proposal is deterministic and does not predefine any supervised classifier. The experiments allow us to establish the viability of the proposal and its effectiveness in eliminating noise.
Qualitative Outcomes on Monotone Iterative Technique and Quasilinearization Method on Time Scale
Authors: Çetin Şahap , Yılmaz Yalçın , Yakar Coşkun
Published: September 2024

In this paper, a nonlinear dynamic equation with an initial value problem (IVP) on a time scale is considered. First, applying comparison results with a coupled lower solution (LS) and an upper solution (US), we improved the quasilinearization method (QLM) for the IVP. Unlike other studies, we consider the LS and US pair of the seventh type instead of the natural type. It was determined that the solutions of the dynamic equation converge uniformly and monotonically to the unique solution of the IVP, and the convergence is quadratic. Moreover, we will use the delta derivative (Δγ) instead of the classical derivative (dγ) in the proof because it studies a time scale. In the second part of the paper, we applied the monotone iterative technique (MIT) coupled with the LS and US, which is an effective method, proving a clear analytical representation for the solution of the equation when the relevant functions are monotonically non-decreasing and non-increasing. Then an example is given to illustrate the results obtained.
The Geometry of Dynamic Time-Dependent Best–Worst Choice Pairs
Authors: Adikari Sasanka , Diawara Norou , Bar Haim
Published: September 2024

There has been increasing interest in best–worst discrete choice experiments (BWDCEs) in health economics, transportation research, and other fields over the last few years. BWDCEs have distinct advantages compared to other measurement approaches in discrete choice experiments (DCEs). A systematic study of best–worst (BW) choice pairs can be traced back to the 1990s. Recently, new ideas have been introduced to the subject. Calculating utility helps measure the attractiveness of BW choices. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we extend the idea of the BW choice pair to include dynamic, time-dependent transition probability and capture utility at each time and for each choice pair. Second, we used the geometry of BW choice pairs to capture the correlations among them and to characterize and clarify the BW choice pairs in the network, where properties can be derived within each class. This paper discusses BWDCEs, the probability transition matrix of choices over time, and the utility function. The proposed network classification for BW choice pairs is laid out. A detailed simulated example is presented, and the results are compared with the classical K-means classification.
Connexin Expression Is Altered in the Eye Development of Yotari Mice: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Skelin Ljubica , Racetin Anita , Kelam Nela , Ogorevc Marin , Znaor Ljubo , Saraga-Babić Mirna , Filipović Natalija , Katsuyama Yu , Pogorelić Zenon , Vukojević Katarina
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to explore how Dab1 functional silencing influences the expression patterns of different connexins in the developing yotari (yot) mice eyes as potential determinants of retinogenesis. Using immunofluorescence staining, the protein expression of Dab1, Reelin, and connexin 37, 40, 43, and 45 (Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45) in the wild-type (wt) and yot eyes at embryonic days 13.5 and 15.5 (E13.5 and E15.5) were analyzed. Different expression patterns of Cx37 were seen between the wt and yot groups. The highest fluorescence intensity of Cx37 was observed in the yot animals at E15.5. Cx40 had higher expression at the E13.5 when differentiation of retinal layers was still beginning, whereas it decreased at the E15.5 when differentiation was at the advanced stage. Higher expression of Cx43 was found in the yot group at both time points. Cx45 was predominantly expressed at E13.5 in both groups. Our results reveal the altered expression of connexins during retinogenesis in yot mice and their potential involvement in retinal pathology, where they might serve as prospective therapeutic targets.
Effects of Plant Meristem-Cell-Based Cosmetics on Menopausal Skin: Clinical Data and Mechanisms
Authors: Korkina Liudmila , Kharaeva Zaira , Shokarova Albina , Barokova Elena , Mayer Wolfgang , Trakhtman Ilya , Dal Toso Roberto , De Luca Chiara
Published: September 2024

A randomised open clinical/laboratory study was performed to evaluate the safety and cosmetic efficacy of facial cosmetics for females during the menopausal period. The cosmetics contain active ingredients of meristem cells derived from the medicinal plants Leontopodium alpinum, Buddeleja davidii, Centella asiatica, and Echinacea angustifolia. Recently, the major bioactive molecules of these medicinal plants (leontopodic acid, verbascoside, asiaticoside, and echinacoside, respectively) have been thoroughly evaluated in vitro for molecular pathways and cellular mechanisms and their preventive/curative effects on human skin cells exposed to factors promoting premature skin ageing and cellular senescence. Nevertheless, clinical data on their safety/efficacy to ageing human skin are scarce. This clinical study enrolled 104 Caucasian females in pre-menopause, menopause, or post-menopause periods. They applied cosmetic serums daily for 1 month. Questionnaires and instrumental and biochemical methods were used to assess dermatological/ophthalmological safety and cosmetic efficacy through changes of the skin physiology markers characteristic of ageing/menopause (elasticity, barrier functions, moisture, sebum, ultrasonic properties, and collagen content and structure). Quantitative microbiological tests were carried out for skin microbiota fluctuations. Data showed that the cosmetics were safe, and they shifted the skin physiology parameters to a younger biological age, enhanced collagen synthesis, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and favoured normal microbiota.
Exploring the Antibacterial and Regenerative Properties of a Two-Stage Alginate Wound Dressing in a Rat Model of Purulent Wounds
Authors: Atepileva Aliya , Ogay Vyacheslav , Kudaibergen Gulshahar , Kaukabaeva Guldarigash , Nurkina Assiya , Mukhambetova Ainur , Balgazarov Serik , Batpen Arman , Saginova Dina , Ramazanov Zhanatay , Balgazarov Amanzhol , Akhmetkarimova Zhanar
Published: September 2024

Chronic wounds complicated by infection pose significant clinical challenges, necessitating comprehensive treatment approaches. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant microorganisms, complicating traditional therapies. This study aims to develop and evaluate modified alginate wound dressings with enhanced antimicrobial and regenerative properties. Alginate dressings were synthesized with silver nanoparticles, cefepime, and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). The two-stage therapy involved an initial antibacterial dressing followed by a regenerative dressing. In vitro tests demonstrated high antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa (41.3 ± 0.4 mm) and S. aureus (36.6 ± 1.8 mm). In vivo studies on rats with purulent wounds showed significant healing progression in the experimental group. Histological analysis revealed complete re-epithelialization, thicker neoepithelium, dense collagen deposition, and minimal inflammation in treated wounds. These findings suggest that the modified alginate dressings significantly enhance the reparative process and are promising for treating chronic infected wounds in both veterinary and medical practices.
Comparisons of Inverse Dynamics Formulations in a Spatial Redundantly Actuated Parallel Mechanism Constrained by Two Point Contact Higher Kinematic Pairs
Authors: Cheng Chen , Yuan Xiaojing , Li Yenan , Liu Jian
Published: September 2024

A spatial redundantly actuated parallel mechanism (RAPM) constrained by two point contact higher kinematic pairs (HKPs) has been designed, arising from the inspiration of mastication in human beings: the end effector is the lower jaw, the six kinematic chains are the primary chewing muscles, and the constraints at HKPs are the temporomandibular joints. In this paper, firstly, the constrained motions of the mechanism are described in detail; thereafter, five models are formulated by the well-known Newton–Euler’s law, the Lagrangian equations, and the principle of virtual work, to explore its rigid-body inverse dynamics. The symbolic results show that the model structures based on these approaches are quite different: the model via the Newton–Euler law well reflects the nature of the mechanism in terms of the constraint forces from HKPs with six equations and eight unknowns, and the existence of reaction forces at the spherical joints is tightly dependent on the number of kinematic chains. In comparison, from the latter two methods, the constraint forces and the reaction forces at spherical joints do not appear in the four models in which there are only four equations and six unknowns. Further, by using the dynamics model of the non-redundantly actuated counterpart as the core in both the second models from the energy and virtual work-related methods, their computational cost is only about 16.7% and 36.63% of the two first models, respectively. Finally, the comparisons between the dynamics models of the RAPM and its counterpart clarify that the HKP constraints greatly alter the model structures and raise the technical difficulties.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces of Tandem Flapping Wings with Different Forewing Kinematics
Authors: Chen Zengshuang , Xie Yuxin , Meng Xueguang
Published: September 2024

Dragonflies can independently control the movement of their forewing and hindwing to achieve the desired flight. In comparison with previous studies that mostly considered the same kinematics of the fore- and hindwings, this paper focuses on the aerodynamic interference of three-dimensional tandem flapping wings when the forewing kinematics is different from that of the hindwing. The effects of flapping amplitude (Φ1), flapping mean angle (ϕ1¯), and pitch rotation duration (Δtr1) of the forewing, together with wing spacing (L) are examined numerically. The results show that Φ1 and ϕ1¯ have a significant effect on the aerodynamic forces of the individual and tandem systems, but Δtr1 has little effect. At a small L, a smaller Φ1, or larger ϕ1¯ of the forewing can increase the overall aerodynamic force, but at a large L, smaller Φ1 or larger ϕ1¯ can actually decrease the force. The flow field analysis shows that Φ1 and ϕ1¯ primarily alter the extent of the impact of the previously revealed narrow channel effect, downwash effect, and wake capture effect, thereby affecting force generation. These findings may provide a direction for designing the performance of tandem flapping wing micro-air vehicles by controlling forewing kinematics.
Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Allosteric Transcription Factors (aTFs) for Pb2+ Detection
Authors: Yu Ningkang , Zhao Chen , Kang Xiaodan , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Xi , Li Chenyu , Wang Shang , Xue Bin , Yang Xiaobo , Li Chao , Qiu Zhigang , Wang Jingfeng , Shen Zhiqiang
Published: September 2024

Exposure to Pb2+ in the environment, especially in water, poses a significant threat to human health and urgently necessitates the development of highly sensitive Pb2+ detection methods. In this study, we have integrated the high sensitivity of electrochemical techniques with allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) to develop an innovative electrochemical biosensing platform. This biosensors leverage the specific binding and dissociation of DNA to the aTFs (PbrR) on electrode surfaces to detect Pb2+. Under the optimal conditions, the platform has a broad linear detection range from 1 pM to 10 nM and an exceptionally low detection threshold of 1 pM, coupled with excellent selectivity for Pb2+. Notably, the biosensor demonstrates regenerative capabilities, enabling up to five effective Pb2+ measurements. After one week of storage at 4 °C, effective lead ion detection was still possible, demonstrating the biosensor’s excellent stability, this can effectively save the cost of detection. The biosensor also achieves a recovery rate of 93.3% to 106.6% in real water samples. The biosensor shows its potential as a robust tool for the ultrasensitive detection of Pb2+ in environmental monitoring. Moreover, this research provides new insights into the future applications of aTFs in electrochemical sensing.
Microfluidic Gastrointestinal Cell Culture Technologies—Improvements in the Past Decade
Authors: Teo Adrian J. T. , Ng Siu-Kin , Khoo Kaydeson , Wong Sunny Hei , Li King Ho Holden
Published: September 2024

Gastrointestinal cell culture technology has evolved in the past decade with the integration of microfluidic technologies, bringing advantages with greater selectivity and cost effectiveness. Herein, these technologies are sorted into three categories, namely the cell-culture insert devices, conventional microfluidic devices, and 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Each category is discussed in brief with improvements also discussed here. Introduction of different companies and applications derived from each are also provided to encourage uptake. Subsequently, future perspectives of integrating microfluidics with trending topics like stool-derived in vitro communities and gut–immune–tumor axis investigations are discussed. Insights on modular microfluidics and its implications on gastrointestinal cell cultures are also discussed here. Future perspectives on point-of-care (POC) applications in relations to gastrointestinal microfluidic devices are also discussed here. In conclusion, this review presents an introduction of each microfluidic platform with an insight into the greater contribution of microfluidics in gastrointestinal cell cultures.