bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular Surface Changes in Patients Treated with Oral Antidiabetic Drugs or Insulin
Authors: Çakır Burçin Köklü , Katırcıoğlu Yasemin , Ünlü Nurten , Duman Sunay , Üstün Hüseyin
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To describe and compare ocular surface changes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with either oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) or insulin.

Methods

Forty eyes of 20 patients treated with OAD, 40 eyes of 20 patients treated with insulin, and 10 nondiabetic controls seen at Ministry of Health Ankara Educational and Research Hospital, 1st Eye Clinic, were studied. All subjects underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, Schirmer test, tear film break-up time analysis, and conjunctival impression cytologic analysis. Patients treated with OAD or insulin and a control group were compared for tear function parameters, goblet cell density, and squamous metaplasia grade. The relation between status of retinopathy and ocular surface disorder and serum HbA1c levels of diabetic patients were also noted.

Results

The tear film break-up time values were significantly lower in patients treated with OAD (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in Schirmer test results of the 3 groups. Goblet cell density and squamous metaplasia grade were similar in all groups. The median grade was grade 1, in which epithelial cells are slightly larger, more polygonal, have eosinophilic staining cytoplasm, and goblet cells are decreased in number. Status of retinopathy did not seem to relate to ocular surface disorder. The serum HbA1c level of diabetic patients treated with insulin or OAD was similar (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Precorneal tear film stability was worse in patients treated with OAD; however, impression cytology analysis and Schirmer test results were similar in all groups.
Tunneled Central Venous Catheter Exchange: Techniques to Improve Prevention of Air Embolism
Authors: Rossi Umberto G. , Torcia Pierluca , Rigamonti Paolo , Colombo Francesca , Giordano Antonino , Gallieni Maurizio , Cariati Maurizio
Published: December 2015

Malfunctioning tunneled hemodialysis central venous catheters (CVCs), because of thrombotic or infectious complications, are frequently exchanged. During the CVC exchanging procedure, there are several possible technical complications, as in first insertion, including air embolism. Prevention remains the key to the management of air embolism. Herein, we emphasize the technical tricks capable of reducing the risk of air embolism in long-term CVC exchange. In particular, adoption of a 5 to 10 degrees Trendelenburg position, direct puncture of the previous CVC venous lumen for guide-wire insertion, as opposed to guide-wire introduction after cutting the CVC, a light manual compression of the internal jugular vein venotomy site after catheter removal. The Valsalva maneuvre in collaborating patients, valved introducers, and correction of hypovolemia are also useful precautions. Principles of air embolism diagnosis and treatment are also outlined in the article.
Lady Hamilton, Nelson's Enchantress, and the Creation of Pygmalion
Authors: Hellman Jesse M.
Published: December 2015

Could Lady Hamilton, the play Nelson's Enchantress, and Stella Campbell, all connected by Vandeleur Lee and Shaw's mother, have influenced the creation of Pygmalion? Emma Lyon was born in poverty in 1765. As a girl, she was tutored in the arts and social graces by Charles Greville, a man who regarded her as little more than a project. Going on to marry an ambassador, Sir William Hamilton, she became one of the most famous women in Europe. In 1897 Shaw reviewed Risden Home's 1897 play Nelson's Enchantress, starring Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Forbes Robertson. Within months he had written of Robertson that he was planning a play for that “rapscallionly flower girl of his.” It has been long known that his remark referred to Stella Campbell. This essay shows not only that it was referencing a scene in Nelson's Enchantress, but that in Pygmalion we see similarities to Emma Hart's and Charles Greville's personalities, attitudes, and relationship. Shaw was both fascinated and repelled by women like Lady Hamilton. Did his ambivalent attitudes find a resolution in Eliza Doolittle?
That’s Not What I Bargained For: Legislative Materials, Comparative Intent, and the Nature of Statutory Bargains
Authors: Land Chris
Published: December 2015

Statutory interpretation is quickly becoming the primary function of our courts. Ambiguity, unexpected scenarios, and drafting errors in legislation compound this challenging task, obliging many judges to turn to debate transcripts and other legislative materials in search of our elected representatives’ intent.

Legislatures are intrinsically the products of the societies that create them, however, with each possessing a diverging structure and rules of procedure. These institutional differences affect bills’ drafting, consideration, and passage, and represent the mechanical process of how legislative bargains are translated into binding statutory text.

Through the lenses of the United Kingdom Parliament and the United States Congress, the fundamental logic behind these institutions’ legislative bargains will be explored, assessing the impact of procedure and the interests that shape the enacting process. Parliamentary tradition emphasizes the foundational role of Her Majesty’s Government in managing virtually all legislation, maintaining a unity of purpose without compromise, amendment, or purposefully ambiguous provisions. Conversely, unique procedures and the multiplicity of veto players within Congress necessitates that compromise is a de facto requirement for passage. The diverging logic behind these legislative bargains offers powerful evidence that institutional characteristics have a dispositive impact on the utility of legislative materials in statutory interpretation.
Structure of Legislation: A Paradigm for Accessibility and Effectiveness
Authors: Onoge Elohor
Published: December 2015

Structure of Legislation: A Paradigm for Accessibility and Effectiveness

The aim of this article is to examine how the structure of legislation can nurture accessibility and effectiveness of legislation.

It explores whether the legislative drafter in carrying out the task of drafting can nurture effective communication of the policy maker’s intent to the targeted audience by making use of the structure of legislation as a tool, to ensure the legislation is accessible to the end user, and foster effectiveness.

The third and fourth stage of Thornton’s stages of the drafting process – design and composition – would be examined and also Peter Butt’s types of structure, which relates to the drafting of legal documents but would be applied in this paper, to the drafting of legislation.
Ouderen als slachtoffer van criminaliteit
Authors: Akkermans M.
Published: December 2015

Victimization and elderly people. A quantitative view on the Dutch situation

Older people are less frequent a victim of violence, crime against property, vandalism as well as cybercrime. This probably can partly be explained by the fact that elder people find themselves relatively less often in situations (think of public space, cyberspace) where the stakes of being victimized are high. Almost half of the older victims of violence know their offenders. Mostly they are from the same neighborhood. The majority of the violent offences against older people thereby occur in their everyday surroundings. Even though older people experience criminal offences less often, their attitude, the way they look at crime and adapt their behavior accordingly does – in most cases – not differ from the average Dutchman. Their fear of being victimized is equal to other age groups as is their assessment of the risk of being victimized and their behavior in avoiding unsafe places in their neighborhood.
You can talk the talk but can you walk the walk?
Authors: Jansen P.
Published: December 2015

Een nieuwe golf van economisch patriottisme doet de vraag rijzen in hoeverre het Unierecht een keurslijf vormt voor publieke belangen die, in het kader van fusies en buitenlandse investeringen, kunnen worden ingeroepen ter onttrekking van nationale regelingen aan de vrije mededinging. In dit artikel zal deze kwestie benaderd worden vanuit het perspectief van het internemarktrecht. Daarbij zal worden ingegaan op de vraag of – en zo ja, wanneer – lidstaten op grond van het Unierecht nationale mechanismen mogen instellen en/of toepassen.
Timab Industries S.A.: eerste ‘hybride zaak’ doorstaat eerste rechterlijke toetsing
Authors: Vinken S.M.M.C. , Jongmans M.W.J.
Published: December 2015

Het Gerecht heeft in het arrest Timab Industries en Compagnie Financière et de participations Roullier (Timab) voor het eerst uitspraak gedaan over het hybride karakter van de schikkingsprocedure op grond van Verordening (EG) nr. 622/2008. Het hybride karakter is gelegen in de omstandigheid dat alle karteldeelnemers behoudens Timab de zaak met de Commissie hebben geschikt. In de tweede plaats is het arrest van belang, omdat aan Timab een boete werd opgelegd die aanzienlijk hoger was dan de bovengrens van de bandbreedte van boetes die haar door de Commissie in de schikkingsprocedure was voorgehouden. In dit artikel worden de overwegingen van het Gerecht met betrekking tot deze onderwerpen besproken en van kort commentaar voorzien.

Gerecht 20 mei 2015, zaak T-456/10, Timab Industries, ECLI:EU:T:2015:296 (hogere voorziening verzocht: C-411/15P)
Isolation and Characterization of Streptomycetes with Plant Growth Promoting Potential from Mangrove Ecosystem
Authors: Shrivastava Pooja , Kumar Rajesh , Yandigeri Mahesh , Malviya Nityanand , Arora Dilip
Published: December 2015

A total of 66 actinomycetes isolates were isolated from mangroves of Andhra Pradesh, India, using various enrichment techniques and pre-treatments. The samples were collected from Coringa mangrove ecosystem and pre-treated by enrichment with CaCO3, sodium dodecyl sulphate and phenol, plated on the media supplemented with cycloheximide (50 mg/ml), nystatin (25 mg/ml) and nalidixic acid (50 mg/ml). The population count of actinomycetes fluctuated from 1.9×105 to 8.0×105/g soil. Out of the isolated 66 actinomycetes, 8 isolates possessing plant growth promoting potential were further studied and characterized by physiological and biochemical traits and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as different species of Streptomycetes genera.
Molecular Methods for Identification of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium Strains
Authors: Madajczak Grzegorz , Dera-Tomaszewska Bożena , Szych Jolanta , Chróst Anna , Wasiak Monika
Published: December 2015

Two molecular biology methods were used to differentiate Salmonella enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- strains: “Salmonella Check&Trace microarray” (CT) and multiplex PCR (mPCR). For 92 strains in CT result “Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-“ were obtained. Those strains were confirmed in mPCR as monophasic fljB-lack Salmonella Typhimurium. For 17 strains, which in CT assay were recognized as Salmonella Typhimurium, the same identification was obtained in mPCR. Reference Salmonella strains: Lagos, Agama, Tsevie, Glocester and Tumodi in CT were recognized as Salmonella genovar, in mPCR – as Salmonella O:4, H:i other than Salmonella Typhimurium, the same like Salmonella Farsta, recognized incorrectly in CT as Salmonella Typhimurium.
Emerging semantics to link phenotype and environment
Authors: Thessen Anne E. , Bunker Daniel E. , Buttigieg Pier Luigi , Cooper Laurel D. , Dahdul Wasila M. , Domisch Sami , Franz Nico M. , Jaiswal Pankaj , Lawrence-Dill Carolyn J. , Midford Peter E. , Mungall Christopher J. , Ramírez Martín J. , Specht Chelsea D. , Vogt Lars , Vos Rutger Aldo , Walls Ramona L. , White Jeffrey W. , Zhang Guanyang , Deans Andrew R. , Huala Eva , Lewis Suzanna E. , Mabee Paula M.
Published: December 2015

Understanding the interplay between environmental conditions and phenotypes is a fundamental goal of biology. Unfortunately, data that include observations on phenotype and environment are highly heterogeneous and thus difficult to find and integrate. One approach that is likely to improve the status quo involves the use of ontologies to standardize and link data about phenotypes and environments. Specifying and linking data through ontologies will allow researchers to increase the scope and flexibility of large-scale analyses aided by modern computing methods. Investments in this area would advance diverse fields such as ecology, phylogenetics, and conservation biology. While several biological ontologies are well-developed, using them to link phenotypes and environments is rare because of gaps in ontological coverage and limits to interoperability among ontologies and disciplines. In this manuscript, we present (1) use cases from diverse disciplines to illustrate questions that could be answered more efficiently using a robust linkage between phenotypes and environments, (2) two proof-of-concept analyses that show the value of linking phenotypes to environments in fishes and amphibians, and (3) two proposed example data models for linking phenotypes and environments using the extensible observation ontology (OBOE) and the Biological Collections Ontology (BCO); these provide a starting point for the development of a data model linking phenotypes and environments.
Volatile anesthetics suppress glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 cells by inhibiting glucose-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
Authors: Suzuki Kengo , Sato Yoshifumi , Kai Shinichi , Nishi Kenichiro , Adachi Takehiko , Matsuo Yoshiyuki , Hirota Kiichi
Published: December 2015

Proper glycemic control is one of the most important goals in perioperative patient management. Insulin secretion from pancreaticβ-cells in response to an increased blood glucose concentration plays the most critical role in glycemic control. Several animal and human studies have indicated that volatile anesthetics impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). A convincing GSIS model has been established, in which the activity of ATP-dependent potassium channels (KATP) under the control of intracellular ATP plays a critical role. We previously reported that pimonidazole adduct formation and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) were detected in response to glucose stimulation and that MIN6 cells overexpressing HIF-1αwere resistant to glucose-induced hypoxia. Genetic ablation of HIF-1αor HIF-1βsignificantly inhibited GSIS in mice. Moreover, we previously reported that volatile anesthetics suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF activationin vitroandin vivo.To examine the direct effect of volatile anesthetics on GSIS, we used the MIN6 cell line, derived from mouse pancreaticβ-cells. We performed a series of experiments to examine the effects of volatile anesthetics (sevoflurane and isoflurane) on GSIS and demonstrated that these compounds inhibited the glucose-induced ATP increase, which is dependent on intracellular hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activity, and suppressed GSIS at a clinically relevant dose in these cells.
IMPORTÂNCIA DO PREÇO FRENTE AOS VALORES OFERTADOS PELA ESTRATÉGIA DE RESPOSTA EFICIENTE AO CONSUMIDOR (ECR)
Authors: Ramuski Carmen Lídia
Published: December 2015

To many authors, price is one of the most important -- if not the most important -- value for consumers. That value, however, has received little attention in ECR (Efficient Consumer Response) literature and is not included among the values presented in ECR: efficient product assortment, introduction, promotion and reposition.. This article reports the results of an exploratory study carried out in supermarkets in the city of São Paulo involving 300 consumers of biscuits and detergents. The main objective was to verify if price is less important for consumers than the values presented by ECR strategies, thus explaining its absence among those values. The results of the study demonstrate, however, that price remains a very important value for consumers, surpassing in importance other values offered, which suggests that it should be included as a new ECR strategy. Key words: Efficient Consumer Response. ECR Strategy. Price.
Geologic evolution of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Denny Alden R. , Kelley Deborah S. , Früh‐Green Gretchen L.
Published: December 2015

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) is a novel serpentinite‐hosted vent field located on the Atlantis Massif southern wall. Results of 2 m resolution bathymetry, side scan, and video and still imagery, integrated with direct submersible observations provide the first high‐resolution geologic map of the LCHF. These data form the foundation for an evolutionary model for the vent system over the past >120,000 years. The field is located on a down‐dropped bench 70 m below the summit of the massif. The bench is capped by breccia and pelagic carbonate deposits underlain by variably deformed and altered serpentinite and gabbroic rocks. Hydrothermal activity is focused at the 60 m tall, 100 m across, massive carbonate edifice “Poseidon,” which is venting 91°C fluid. Hydrothermal activity declines south and west of the Poseidon complex and dies off completely at distances greater than 200 m. East of Poseidon, the most recent stage of hydrothermal flow is characterized by egress of diffuse fluids from narrow fissures within a low‐angle, anastomosing mylonite zone. South of the area of current hydrothermal activity, there is evidence of two discrete previously unrecognized relict fields. Active venting sites defined by carbonate‐filled fissures that cut the carbonate cap rock at the summit of the massif mark the present‐day northernmost extent of venting. These spatial relationships reflect multiple stages of field development, the northward migration of venting over time, and the likely development of a nascent field at the massif summit.
Gravity increase before the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake
Authors: Chen Shi , Liu Mian , Xing Lelin , Xu Weimin , Wang Wuxing , Zhu Yiqing , Li Hui
Published: December 2015

The 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8) ruptured a segment of the Himalayan front fault zone. Four absolute gravimetric stations in southern Tibet, surveyed from 2010/2011 to 2013 and corrected for secular variations, recorded up to 22.40 ± 1.11 μGal/yr of gravity increase during this period. The gravity increase is distinct from the long‐wavelength secular trends of gravity decrease over the Tibetan Plateau and may be related to interseismic mass change around the locked plate interface under the Himalayan‐Tibetan Plateau. We modeled the source region as a disk of 580 km in diameter, which is consistent with the notion that much of the southern Tibetan crust is involved in storing strain energy that drives the Himalayan earthquakes. If validated in other regions, high‐precision ground measurements of absolute gravity may provide a useful method for monitoring mass changes in the source regions of potential large earthquakes.
Spatial analysis of trends in primary production and relationship with large‐scale climate variability in the Ross Sea, Antarctica (1997–2013)
Authors: Schine Casey M. S. , van Dijken Gert , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: December 2015

Recent studies have documented an increase in sea ice extent and the duration of the ice season in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. We conducted a satellite‐based study to quantify changes in net primary production (NPP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in response to the observed changes in ice dynamics in the Ross Sea south of 60°S. Our study covers a 16 year time period (1997–2013) and incorporates both the shelf and off‐shelf regions of the Ross Sea. We observed significant secular changes in NPP from 1997 to 2013 in the off‐shelf region, with NPP increasing on the eastern side and decreasing on the western side of our study area. The changes we observed in NPP are consistent with the changes we observed in sea surface temperature (SST) and open water days (OWDs), decreasing (increasing) on the western (eastern) side of our study area. Finally, we examined the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), on SST, OWDs, Chl a, and NPP in the Ross Sea and observed a significant relationship between the state of the SAM and ENSO and SST, OWDs, and NPP across the study region. The response of OWDs, SST, and NPP to atmospheric forcing by SAM and ENSO was opposite for the shelf and off‐shelf regions, such that during a positive phase of SAM or negative phase of ENSO (La Niña), SST, OWDs, and NPP increased on the shelf and decreased in the off‐shelf region.
A global ground truth view of the lunar air pressure tide L2
Authors: Schindelegger Michael , Dobslaw Henryk
Published: December 2015

A comprehensive model of the lunar air pressure tide L2 is developed on the basis of 2315 ground truth estimates from land barometers and moored buoys. Regional‐scale features of the tide and its seasonal modulations are well resolved by the in situ scatter and gridded to a 2° mesh through multiquadric interpolation. The resulting climatologies serve as an independent standard to validate the lunar semidiurnal tidal signal that is present in ERA‐Interim reanalysis products despite the absence of L2‐related gravitational forcing mechanisms in the prescribed model physics. Inconsistencies between the reanalysis solution of the barometric lunar tide and its empirical account are generally small, yet when averaged over the period 1979–2010, ERA‐Interim underestimates the 100 μbar open ocean tidal amplitude in the Tropics by up to 20 μbar and produces times of peak pressure that are too early by 10 lunar minutes. Large‐amplitude features of the reanalysis tide off the coast of Alaska, the eastern U.S., and Great Britain are evidently spurious, introduced to the analysis system by assimilating marine pressure data at an invariant reference surface instead of properly accounting for vertical sensor movements associated with the M2 ocean tide. Additionally, a credible L2 signal is documented for the ERA‐20C pilot reanalysis of the twentieth century. The fact that this model rests upon input data from mere surface observations provides an unambiguous indication that the lunar tidal oscillation in atmospheric analysis systems is closely tied to the assimilation of conventional pressure measurements from stations and marine objects.
Automated detection of unstable glacier flow and a spectrum of speedup behavior in the Alaska Range
Authors: Herreid Sam , Truffer Martin
Published: December 2015

Surge‐type glaciers are loosely defined as glaciers that experience periodic alterations between slow and fast flow regimes. Glaciers from a variety of mountain ranges around the world have been classified as surge type, yet consensus of what defines a glacier as surge type has not always been met. A common source of dispute is the lack of a succinct and globally applicable delimiter between a surging and nonsurging glacier. The attempt is often a Boolean classification; however, glacier speedup events can vary significantly with respect to event magnitude, duration, and the fraction of the glacier that participates in the speedup. For this study, we first updated the inventory of glaciers that show flow instabilities in the Alaska Range and then quantified the spectrum of speedup behavior. We developed a new method that automatically detects glaciers with flow instabilities. Our automated results show a 91% success rate when compared to direct observations of speedup events and glaciers that are suspected to display unstable flow based on surface features. Through a combination of observations from the Landsat archive and previously published data, our inventory now contains 36 glaciers that encompass at least one branch exhibiting unstable flow and we document 53 speedup events that occurred between 1936 and 2014. We then present a universal method for comparing glacier speedup events based on a normalized event magnitude metric. This method provides a consistent way to include and quantify the full spectrum of speedup events and allows for comparisons with glaciers that exhibit clear surge characteristics yet have no observed surge event to date. Our results show a continuous spectrum of speedup magnitudes, from steady flow to clearly surge type, which suggests that qualitative classifications, such as “surge‐type” or “pulse‐type” behavior, might be too simplistic and should be accompanied by a standardized magnitude metric.
A gridded global data set of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposit thicknesses for regional and global land surface modeling
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Broxton Patrick D. , Hazenberg Pieter , Zeng Xubin , Troch Peter A. , Niu Guo‐Yue , Williams Zachary , Brunke Michael A. , Gochis David
Published: December 2015

Earth's terrestrial near‐subsurface environment can be divided into relatively porous layers of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposits above unweathered bedrock. Variations in the thicknesses of these layers control the hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of landscapes. Currently, Earth System Models approximate the thickness of these relatively permeable layers above bedrock as uniform globally, despite the fact that their thicknesses vary systematically with topography, climate, and geology. To meet the need for more realistic input data for models, we developed a high‐resolution gridded global data set of the average thicknesses of soil, intact regolith, and sedimentary deposits within each 30 arcsec (∼1 km) pixel using the best available data for topography, climate, and geology as input. Our data set partitions the global land surface into upland hillslope, upland valley bottom, and lowland landscape components and uses models optimized for each landform type to estimate the thicknesses of each subsurface layer. On hillslopes, the data set is calibrated and validated using independent data sets of measured soil thicknesses from the U.S. and Europe and on lowlands using depth to bedrock observations from groundwater wells in the U.S. We anticipate that the data set will prove useful as an input to regional and global hydrological and ecosystems models.
Active Nanophotonic Circuitry Based on Dielectric‐loaded Plasmonic Waveguides
Authors: Krasavin Alexey V. , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: December 2015

Surface plasmon polaritons provide a unique opportunity to localize and guide optical signals on deeply subwavelength scales and can be used as a prospective information carrier in highly integrated photonic circuits. Dielectric‐loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides present a particular interest for applications offering a unique platform for the realization of integrated active functionalities. This includes active control of plasmonic propagation using thermo‐optic, electro‐optic, and all‐optical switching as well as compensation of propagation losses. In this review, the principles and performance of such waveguides are discussed and the current status of the related active plasmonic components which can be integrated in silicon or other nanophotonic circuitries is summarized. A comparison of dielectric‐loaded and other plasmonic waveguides is presented and various material platforms and design pathways are discussed.
Hendrickson‐Reagent‐Mediated Conversion of N‐Boc Carbamates to Isocyanates: Applications for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐ones and Ureas
Authors: Cho Hyunkyung , Lee Jeong Ok , Hwang Soonho , Seo Jae Hong , Kim Sanghee
Published: December 2015

An efficient method for isocyanate formation from N‐Boc carbamates was developed utilizing a Hendrickson “POP” reagent as a dehydrating agent. By using this reagent, isocyanates were formed preferentially from N‐Boc carbamates over other carbamates. The reaction could be paired with successive reactions such as Friedel–Crafts‐type cyclization and urea formation.
Untersuchung der Substratselektivität und Zusammensetzung endogener Histondeacetylase‐Komplexe durch chemische Sonden
Authors: Dose Alexander , Sindlinger Julia , Bierlmeier Jan , Bakirbas Ahmet , Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Einsele‐Scholz Stephanie , Hartl Markus , Essmann Frank , Finkemeier Iris , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: December 2015

Histon‐Deacetylasen (HDACs) regulieren die Funktion und Aktivität von zahlreichen zellulären Proteinen durch die Entfernung von Acetylgruppen an regulatorisch aktiven Lysinen. Wir haben peptidbasierte HDAC‐Sonden entwickelt, die Hydroxamat‐funktionalisierte Aminosäuren enthalten. Die Hydroxamat‐Bausteine unterscheiden sich in der Seitenkettenlänge und ersetzen modifizierte Lysine an bekannten Acetylierungsstellen. Das Wechselwirkungsprofil aller humanen HDACs wurde mithilfe von drei unterschiedlichen Sätzen an Sonden analysiert, die von verschiedenen Acetylierungsstellen abgeleitet wurden. Es konnte dabei ein starker Einfluss des Sequenzkontextes auf die Substraterkennung und die Zusammensetzung der HDAC‐Komplexe gezeigt werden. Durch die Untersuchung der Acetylierung an K382 des Tumorsuppressors p53 konnten wir zudem zeigen, dass das Wechselwirkungsprofil die katalytischen Aktivitäten der entsprechenden HDACs widerspiegelt.
Ansteigende Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeiten bei zunehmendem Donor‐Akzeptor‐Abstand
Authors: Kuss‐Petermann Martin , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: December 2015

Elektronentransfers können über lange Distanzen (>15 Å) erfolgen. Normalerweise nehmen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten mit zunehmender Entfernung zwischen einem Donor und einem Akzeptor ab. Theoretischen Voraussagen zufolge sollte jedoch unter geeigneten Bedingungen die Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeit mit zunehmendem Donor‐Akzeptor‐Abstand ansteigen. Solch kontraintuitives Verhalten kann aus dem Wechselspiel zwischen Reorganisationsenergie und elektronischer Kopplung hervorgehen, allerdings ist es bislang nicht gelungen, diesen Effekt experimentell zweifelsfrei zu beobachten. Hier berichten wir über eine homologe Serie von starren Donor‐Brücke‐Akzeptor‐Verbindungen, in denen die Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeit beim Verlängern der Donor‐Akzeptor‐Distanz von 22.0 auf 30.6 Å um den Faktor 8 ansteigt, bevor eine weitere Verlängerung auf 39.2 Å eine Verlangsamung um den Faktor 188 bewirkt. Dieser Effekt ist relevant für die Umwandlung von Sonnenenergie in chemisch gespeicherte Energie.
Combining Organocatalysis with Central‐to‐Axial Chirality Conversion: Atroposelective Hantzsch‐Type Synthesis of 4‐Arylpyridines
Authors: Quinonero Ophélie , Jean Marion , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Roussel Christian , Bonne Damien , Constantieux Thierry , Bressy Cyril , Bugaut Xavier , Rodriguez Jean
Published: December 2015

Suitably substituted enantioenriched 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐pyridines prepared by an organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition were oxidized with MnO2 into axially chiral 4‐arylpyridines with central‐to‐axial chirality conversion. Moderate to complete percentages (cp) were observed, and a model for the conversion of chirality is discussed.
Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Structure of the Stable Enol Tautomer Polymorph of Barbituric Acid at 224 and 95 K
Authors: Marshall Madalynn G. , Lopez‐Diaz Valerie , Hudson Bruce S.
Published: December 2015

The thermodynamically stable enol crystal form of barbituric acid, previously prepared as powder by grinding or slurry methods, has been obtained as single crystals by slow cooling from methanol solution. The selection of the enol crystal was facilitated by a density‐gradient method. The structure at 224 and 95 K confirms the enol inferred on the basis of powder data. The enol has bond lengths that are consistent with the expected bond order and with DFT calculations that include treatment of hydrogen bonding. In isolation, the enol is higher in energy than the tri‐keto form by 50 kJ mol−1 which must be more than compensated by enhanced hydrogen bonding. Both crystal forms have four normal H‐bonds; the enol has two additional H‐bonds with O–O distances of 2.49 Å. Conversion into the enol form occurs spontaneously in the solid state upon prolonged storage of the commercial tri‐keto material. Slurry conversion of tri‐one to enol in ethanol is reversed in direction in ethanol‐D1.
Synthesis, Properties, and Two‐Dimensional Adsorption Characteristics of 5‐Amino[6]hexahelicene
Authors: van der Meijden Maarten W. , Gelens Edith , Quirós Natalia Murillo , Fuhr Javier D. , Gayone J. Esteban , Ascolani Hugo , Wurst Klaus , Lingenfelder Magalí , Kellogg Richard M.
Published: December 2015

A convergent synthesis of racemic 5‐amino[6]hexahelicene is described. Cross‐coupling reactions are used to assemble a pentacyclic framework, and a metal‐catalyzed ring‐closure comprises the final step. The enantiomers were separated by means of chromatography and the absolute configurations were assigned by comparison of the CD spectra with hexahelicene. The t1/2 value for racemization at 210 °C was approximately 1 hour. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements were carried out on enantiopure and racemic samples of aminohelicene on Au(111) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions.
Progress in Polyarsolyl Chemistry
Authors: Heindl Claudia , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2015

The synthesis of heteroatom analogues of the cyclopentadienyl anion Cp− is a fascinating and challenging field of research. The replacement of methine moieties by phosphorus is well investigated for the synthesis of mono‐, tri‐ and pentaphospholyl ligands. On the other hand, arsenic derivatives are rare and 1,2,4‐triarsolyl and tetraarsolyl salts are unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis of Cs[E3C2(trip)2] (1 a: E=P; 1 b: E=As; trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) and Cs[E4C(trip)] (2 a: E=P; 2 b: E=As). Compound 1 b represents the first 1,2,4‐triarsolyl and 2 b the first tetraarsolyl anion. All salts are obtained in one‐pot syntheses using E(SiMe3)3, 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzoyl chloride and CsF. The products 1 a⋅2 C4H8O2, 2 a⋅Et2O and 2 b⋅3 C4H8O2 were characterized by X‐ray structural analysis, which revealed planar heterocycles. Nucleus‐independent chemical shifts (NICS) confirmed the aromaticity of these anions. Notably, compound 2 a⋅Et2O is only the second tetraphospholyl ligand which is structurally characterized.
Comparing social entrepreneurship across nations: An exploratory study of institutional effects
Authors: Puumalainen Kaisu , Sjögrén Helena , Syrjä Pasi , Barraket Jo
Published: December 2015

Institutional and cultural contexts shape social entrepreneurship differently. This paper explores the roles of culture, socioeconomic development, and governance institutions on the prevalence of social entrepreneurship. The empirical results are based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, including 49 countries across the globe. The results indicate that the negative effect of the level of development holds for entrepreneurial activity in general, but there is no such effect on social entrepreneurship. Of Hofstede's () cultural dimensions, power distance is negatively related to all types of entrepreneurship, and Inglehart's () secular‐rational values are positively related to established entrepreneurship. Self‐expressive values relate positively with established social entrepreneurship. The results imply that the existence of social problems and/or market failures does not result in higher levels of social entrepreneurship unless the formal institutions are sufficiently developed. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for estimating radial gas holdup profiles in bubble columns from chordal densitometry measurements
Authors: Yadav Ashutosh , Kushwaha Ashish , Roy Shantanu
Published: December 2015

γ‐ray densitometry (also referred to as “column scanning” in industrial troubleshooting applications) is a non‐invasive, simple, and relatively inexpensive technique for measuring time‐averaged holdup profiles in multiphase flow systems. Most often, the projection data measured in densitometry is “chordal,” and not “radial,” owing to limitations of experimentation, particularly in challenging industrial environments. However, most of the theory of design and scale‐up is based on “radial profiles” of phase holdups and velocity. The inter‐conversion of chordal profiles to radial profiles is non‐trivial and often prone to error propagation, particularly when the number of projection scans is small.

In this work, we propose an algorithm for estimating radial gas holdup profiles, which is not subject to error propagation since we use only the direct (forward) Abel transformation process. Details of the algorithm are discussed. As a test case, γ‐ray densitometry experiments performed on a bubble column are presented.
Chiral Cobalt(III) Complexes as Bifunctional Brønsted Acid–Lewis Base Catalysts for the Preparation of Cyclic Organic Carbonates
Authors: Rulev Yuri A. , Larionov Vladimir A. , Lokutova Anastasia V. , Moskalenko Margarita A. , Lependina Ol'ga L. , Maleev Victor I. , North Michael , Belokon Yuri N.
Published: December 2015

Stereochemically inert cationic cobalt(III) complexes were shown to be one‐component catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide at 50 °C and 5 MPa carbon dioxide pressure. The optimal catalyst possessed an iodide counter anion and could be recycled. A catalytic cycle is proposed in which the ligand of the cobalt complexes acts as a hydrogen‐bond donor, activating the epoxide towards ring opening by the halide anion and activating the carbon dioxide for subsequent reaction with the halo‐alkoxide. No kinetic resolution was observed when terminal epoxides were used as substrates, but chalcone oxide underwent kinetic resolution.
Directional Energy Transfer in Nanocrystals of [Ru(2,2′‐bipyridine)3]­[NaCr(oxalate)3]
Authors: Previtera Elia , Tissot Antoine , Hauser Andreas
Published: December 2015

Size‐controlled nanocrystals (140 and 670 nm) and microcrystals (2.5 μm) of the three‐dimensional oxalate network [Ru(bpy)3][NaCr(ox)3] (ox = oxalate, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) were prepared by the reverse micelle technique. The photophysical properties of the [Cr(ox)3]3– chromophores in the nanocrystals at low temperatures are significantly different from those of the same chromophore in 4 μm crystallites prepared by fast precipitation. For the latter, the absorption in the region of the R lines of the 4A2→2E transition is characterized by a sharp doublet. For the nanocrystals, the inhomogeneous broadening of the two lines is considerably larger and they have tails on the low‐energy side. The 4 μm crystallites at low temperatures show equally sharp emission from the R1 line, whereas the emission intensity from the nanocrystallites is shifted into the low‐energy tail. Time‐resolved fluorescence line‐narrowing spectra and luminescence decay curves demonstrate that this is due to efficient directional energy migration from the center of the nanocrystals towards the surface.
When and how forgiving benefits victims: Post‐transgression offender effort and the mediating role of deservingness judgements
Authors: Strelan Peter , McKee Ian , Feather N. T.
Published: December 2015

For all the well‐established benefits of forgiveness for victims, when and how is forgiving more likely to be beneficial? Three experimental studies found that forgiving is more likely to be beneficial when victims perceived reparative effort by offenders such that offenders deserve forgiveness. Deservingness judgements were elicited by manipulating post‐transgression offender effort (apology/amends). When offenders apologized (Study 1; recall paradigm) or made amends (Study 2; hypothetical paradigm) and were forgiven—relative to transgressors who did not apologize/make amends but were still forgiven—forgiving was beneficial. These findings—that deserved forgiveness is more beneficial for victims than undeserved forgiveness—were replicated when forgiving itself was also manipulated (Study 3). Moreover, Study 3 provided evidence to indicate that if a victim forgives when it is not deserved, victim well‐being is equivalent to not forgiving at all. Of theoretical and practical importance is the mediating effect of deservingness on relations between post‐transgression offender effort and a victim's personal consequences of forgiving.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Levels in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa after Oral Re‐alimentation: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta‐analysis
Authors: Solmi Marco , Veronese Nicola , Luchini Claudio , Manzato Enzo , Sergi Giuseppe , Favaro Angela , Santonastaso Paolo , Correll Christoph U.
Published: December 2015

Oxidative stress markers seem to be higher in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) than healthy controls, but the potentially beneficial effects of weight gain is not known. We calculated random effects standardised mean differences (SMDs) as effect size measures of oxidative stress marker changes after re‐alimentation reported in two or more studies, summarising others descriptively. Seven longitudinal studies (n = 104) were included. After a median follow‐up period of 8 weeks, AN patients significantly increased their body mass index (15.1 ± 2.1 to 17.1 ± 2.2, p < 0.0001). This weight gain was followed by a significant increase in serum levels of the antioxidant albumin (studies = 6, SMD = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.18; 0.82, p = 0.002; I2 = 16%) and a significant decrease in the oxidative stress marker Apolipoprotein B (studies = 2, n = 19, SMD = −0.85, 95%CI = −1.53; −0.17, p = 0.01; I2 = 0). In one study, catalase and total antioxidant capacity increased, whilst superoxide dismutase significantly decreased. In conclusion, oral re‐alimentation, even without full‐weight normalisation, seems to improve oxidative stress in people with AN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Accumulation of 2,4-dinitroanisole in the earthworm Eisenia fetida from chemically spiked and aged natural soils
Authors: Lotufo Guilherme R. , Coleman Jessica G. , Harmon Ashley R. , Chappell Mark A. , Bednar Anthony J. , Russell Amber L. , Smith Jared C. , Brasfield Sandra M.
Published: December 2015

An initiative within the US military is targeting the replacement of traditional munitions constituents with insensitive munitions to reduce the risk of accidental detonation. The bioavailability and bioaccumulative potential of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) to Eisenia fetida was assessed in soils with different geochemical characteristics. Prior to exposure, soils were chemically spiked with DNAN and aged for 1 wk or 29 wk. Transformation products 2- and 4-amino-nitroanisole (2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN) occurred in aged soils and their porewater but never at concentrations higher than the residual DNAN. The sum of DNAN, 2A-4NAN, and 4A-2NAN (sumDNAN) in soil decreased with aging, likely by irreversible binding. Both clay and organic matter contents of the soil appeared to affect the bioavailability of DNAN. The sumDNAN body residues of earthworms approached apparent steady state after 1 d and remained relatively constant through to day 7. Higher concentrations of 2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN measured in worm tissues relative to those in soil suggest reductive transformation of DNAN in the tissues. Mean bioaccumulation factors (ratio of tissue to soil concentrations) varied from 1.2 to 4.3, whereas mean bioconcentration factors (ratio of tissue to porewater concentrations) ranged from 1.4 to 3.2. Porewater seems to play a significant role in the accumulation of DNAN in earthworms, consistent with equilibrium partitioning theory. The concentration of DNAN in soil porewater could serve as an indicator of bioavailability as well as a predictor of the concentration of that compound in earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1835–1842. Publlished 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Experimental determination of wettability and heterogeneity effect on CO2 distribution in porous media
Authors: Lv Pengfei , Liu Yu , Jiang Lanlan , Song Yongchen , Wu Bohao , Zhao Jiafei , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2015

The geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered a promising technology for CO2 emissions. However, accurate estimation of the storage capacity for CO2 remains a challenge owing to the effect of capillary pressure variation. The CO2‐salty aqueous contact angle and sub‐core scale heterogeneity are the major factors that influence capillary pressure. This paper reports the results of CO2/brine two‐phase flow experiments in porous media by using an X‐ray computed tomography (CT) technique at 40°C and 8 Mpa and examines the strong influence of wettability and sub‐core scale heterogeneities on the spatial distribution of CO2. Gas injection experiments were conducted at flow rates of 0.1 mL/min, 0.2 mL/min, and 0.5 mL/min, and the porous media were packed with feldspar, quartz, or dolomite. This study indicates that at the core scale, the wettability of porous media is a crucial factor in determining CO2 saturation. Capillary fingering and low CO2 saturation occurred with high water wettability. Sub‐core scale heterogeneities controlled the CO2 distribution and saturation variation along the porous media, particular that with small pore sizes. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Activation of local inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus by adult‐born neurons
Authors: Drew Liam J. , Kheirbek Mazen A. , Luna Victor M. , Denny Christine A. , Cloidt Megan A. , Wu Melody V. , Jain Swati , Scharfman Helen E. , Hen René
Published: December 2015

Robust incorporation of new principal cells into pre‐existing circuitry in the adult mammalian brain is unique to the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). We asked if adult‐born granule cells (GCs) might act to regulate processing within the DG by modulating the substantially more abundant mature GCs. Optogenetic stimulation of a cohort of young adult‐born GCs (0 to 7 weeks post‐mitosis) revealed that these cells activate local GABAergic interneurons to evoke strong inhibitory input to mature GCs. Natural manipulation of neurogenesis by aging—to decrease it—and housing in an enriched environment—to increase it—strongly affected the levels of inhibition. We also demonstrated that elevating activity in adult‐born GCs in awake behaving animals reduced the overall number of mature GCs activated by exploration. These data suggest that inhibitory modulation of mature GCs may be an important function of adult‐born hippocampal neurons. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diurnal dynamics of streamflow in an upland forested micro‐watershed during short precipitation‐free periods is altered by tree sap flow
Authors: Deutscher Jan , Kupec Petr , Dundek Peter , Holík Ladislav , Machala Martin , Urban Josef
Published: December 2015

Diurnal variations in streamflow are becoming acknowledged as a way of analysing how changing climatic conditions and land use affects watersheds but also as a way to understand watersheds as a whole. Yet not many studies from uplands below 900 mm mean annual precipitation zone are available from European countries. During the 2012 growing season, a sampling campaign took place in an upland forested micro‐watershed, Czech Republic (65 ha). Tree sap flow, rainfall and temperature were measured continuously, while streamflow at the discharge point and soil moisture were estimated from short‐term measurements. Short precipitation‐free periods lasting several days were identified for evaluation of trends in diurnal dynamics of both sap flow and streamflow. The results demonstrated that during these periods, the main factor altering streamflow was almost exclusively tree sap flow. A decrease in streamflow was observed during the day and an increase at night. The decline in sap flow after sunset was accompanied by a continuous increase in streamflow throughout the night up to its initial maximum in the morning. The amplitude in diurnal variations reached 18%. The observed time lag between the diurnal variations of sap flow and streamflow was approximately 2 h. Relatively low changes in diurnal dynamics of streamflow pointed out a strong regulatory role of the forest in buffering water discharge from the catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.