bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development and Establishment of Ball Games in the Ancient World
Authors: Petrenko Hennadii
Published: December 2017

The article deals with the data concerning the genesis, establishment and development of ball games in Ancient Greece and Rome. Their essence and social functions have been defined. The consecrated and ceremonial character of ball games peculiar to ancient civilizations has been emphasized (a ball as a sacred item created by gods impersonated the Sun, the Moon and the Earth). In the classical antiquity a ball was both the acquisition of gods and the point of all the social spheres. It was treated as a toy for children, a means of physical education and training, an effective way to revitalize the human body in health-related and free-time activities. Thus, ball games have been proved to execute significant social functions. The aim of the research is to outline the role of ball games for the citizenry of Ancient Greece and Rome, to characterize the essence and functions of ball games. The tasks of the research are to investigate and analyze artifacts that are connected with ball games of the Classical Antiquity in a direct or roundabout way and to reveal the consistent patterns of their development and establishment in all life spheres. The content is provided with archaeological, ethnographic and literary data and items of fine arts, whereas the research methods comprise the analysis and summarizing of historic data, defining historical analogy, contrasting and comparing. The research results have enabled the following conclusions. Ball games were treated as a vital phenomenon in the Classical Antiquity and left a legacy for the common humanity heritage and physical education alike. A ball and ball games can be accentuated as both a social phenomenon evolving constantly and one of the favourite entertaining kinds of ancient Greeks and Romans.
LEGAL BASIS OF SCHOOL SPORTS IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1947–1997 – SELECTED ASPECTS
Authors: Rejman Aneta
Published: December 2017

After almost six years of a consumptive Poland, World War II, the Polish society began to rebuild the basic, destroyed structures of the country. Deep political transformations have undergone fundamental state structures, including education and sport. The National Council was involved in issues of Physical Education was already involved in 1945. At its 9th session, proposals about protection of health and physical education were presented. They were at a time when the Temporary Government of National Unity had already introduced decrees: the creation of offices and boards of physical education and military adoption, and the universal obligation of physical education and military adoption. The establishment of the Seym in early 1947 resulted in further changes in organizational structures of physical culture. The Act on the Universal Obligation of Vocational Enrollment, Physical Education and Youth Adoption, and the Organization of Physical Culture and Sports, was the impetus for major changes. In 1949, another resolution dissolved all the hitherto centralized institutions of physical culture by appointing the Main Committee of Physical Culture in their place. The aim of this article is to discuss issues related to the statutes adopted during that period and the ordinances which regulated all matters related to the development of widely understood school sport in Poland since 1947 to 1997.
HISTORY OF WOMEN'S FOOTBALL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP IN 1991–2007
Authors: Soroka Andrzej
Published: December 2017

The aim of this article was to show the initial stage of development of women's world football through the analysis of first five tournaments within the World Championships. Such beginning in the form of world class tournaments has allowed strengthening the position of women's football in the world, giving it international prestige. First tournament took place in China in 1991. Joao Havelange, a then FIFA president, was a great promoter of the establishment of the FIFA World Cup. The next world championships were played in Sweden. It was a perfect tournament in terms of organization. A turning point in women's football was a tournament played in 1999 in the United States. It was a great media success of women's football. This tournament broke the audience record of sport competitions involving women, as the final match was watched by more than 90 thousand spectators at the stadium. The next championships strengthened the position of football in the world. Currently, there is a need to monitor and register important events in women's football, as it happens in men's football.
EFFECTS OF ACTIVE SPORTS ACTIVITIES ON THE ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE BODY OF STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Authors: Hliebova Tetiana , Ushsko Natalia , Vintonyak Mariya , Mashkova Oksana , Mashkov Roman
Published: December 2017

The problem of adaptation of the student's body, timely diagnosis, prevention and correction of transitional states is one of the most important issues in biology, physiology, medicine, pedagogy and sports. In connection with this, studies of the functional state of the body, psychophysiological determination of quality and quantity of health are relevant. Goal of research: the purpose of the study was to evaluate the adaptive capabilities of the bodies of students engaged and not engaged in active sports. Methods of research: the study involved 47 students aged 19-24 years. To assess the functional state of the body, the sports and medical tests were used which allow to directly characterize the state of the cardiovascular and nervous system, as those systems of the human body  respond most quickly to emotional and physical stress. Students were divided into two groups: 1 – was not engage in active sports during the summer; 2 – was engaged in active sports. Research results:the results of the study showed a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the body at the end of the school yearin the subjects of the 1st and 2nd groups. An increase in the adaptive capacity of the organism with the most pronounced effect is observed among the students of the 2nd group who were engaged in active sports during the summer. Summary: the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the influence of active sports classes on the adaptive capabilities of the bodies of students. They have a positive effect on the tolerance of excessive psycho-emotional loads during the school year.
THE STATE OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY AND HEALTH OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Sabirov Oleksandr , Pantik Vasyl , Shevchuk Andriy
Published: December 2017

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the individualization of students’ physical education has occupied a prominent place in scientific studies. The goal of the research is to study the state of the functional capacity and health of students of higher educational institutions. Materials and methods of the research: аnalysis and generalization of literary resources, testing and surveys. Results are as follows: the average group parameters of systolic and diastolic blood pressure level of students are within normal limits. The vital capacity of lungs of young men is within the range of 3,98 – 4,3 liters. Conclusions of the research: the obtained data testify that 2,5 % of students have a low level of physical capacity and health, 5,1 %  – have a below midium level of physical capacity and health. Most of the boys (70,9 %) are referred to the normal level of physical capacity and health, 20 % have an above medium level of physical capacity and health and only 1,5 % have a high level of physical capacity and health.
THE HISTORY OF VOLEYBALL DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE
Authors: Galytska Anna
Published: December 2017

The relevance of the investigation is determined by the need of studying the regularities of volleyball development in Ukraine. Methods of research: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and archival data, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical and logical methods. Results of the work. Volleyball was organized in Kharkiv in 1925. Only three years after the introduction of the game, Ukrainian volleyball players reached the highest levels of the pedestal of the All-Union Spartakiad in 1928. Volodymyr Blyakh played a leading role in the rapid development of volleyball. He is a doctor of medical sciences, a professor. The real triumph was the performance of the national teams of Ukraine in 1956 at the 1st Spartakiad of the USSR: gold medals were won by men. The development of volleyball allowed residents of Kharkiv Yuri Vengerovsky, and Yuriy Poyarkov, a resident of Odesa Eduard Sybiryakov as part of the Soviet team to win gold medals at the Olympic Games in 1964. Four years later, seven Ukrainian volleyball players (Vasylius Matushevas, Yuriy Poyarkov, Volodymyr Belyaev, Yevhen Lapynsky, Victor Mykhalchuk, Volodymyr Ivanov, Borys Tereshchuk) reached the highest step of the pedestal. In total, Ukraine has 14 Olympic champions, 11 world champions, 27 winners of European forums. Conclusions. Volleyball began its expansion in Ukraine in the early twentieth century. Sport teams, sport clubs, and competitions were organized. A large number of Ukrainian athletes have become famous all over the world, being part of teams at the Olympic Games, world championships and European championships.
Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Kerjasama Berbasis Web Studi Kasus: Pada SEAMOLEC
Authors: Sugianto Castaka Agus , Aulia Iqna
Published: December 2017

South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Open Learning Centre (SEAMOLEC) merupakan salah satu instansi yang memiliki 500 mitra kerjasama baik dalam dan luar negeri. Saat ini data kerjasama pada SEAMOLEC belum terintegrasi dengan baik. Data antara pihak penyelenggara kerjasama atau dalam hal ini disebut mitra SEAMOLEC dicatat dalam bentuk file berupa excel/word yang terpisah. Proses penyusunan dan pencarian data instansi yang melangsungkan kerjasama dalam periode waktu tertentu membutuhkan proses dan waktu yang lama. Selain itu work plan kerjasama masih mengalami kendala, pihak SEAMOLEC harus menanyakan dan mencatat keinginan work plan masing-masing pihak dan mengumpulkan laporan kegiatan dari tiap work plan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan merancang sistem informasi kerjasama berbasis website untuk memudahkan penyusunan dokumen kerjasama, membantu mempercepat pencarian arsip dan memantau rencana kegiatan (work plan). Metode yang digunakan adalah waterfall. Perancangan database menggunakan MySQL dan bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan PHP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya sistem informasi kerjasama maka dapat membantu dalam penyusunan dokumen, mempercepat pencarian arsip dan memantau work plan secara online sehingga lebih terkontrol. Hasil pengujian sistem menggunakan metode black box menunjukkan hasil bahwa semua fitur sistem berjalan dengan baik dan hasil pengujian User Acceptance Test (UAT) sistem ini memperoleh nilai dengan presentasi 94%.
Bayesian Estimation of Multivariate Latent Regression Models: Gauss Versus Laplace
Authors: Culpepper Steven Andrew , Park Trevor
Published: December 2017

A latent multivariate regression model is developed that employs a generalized asymmetric Laplace (GAL) prior distribution for regression coefficients. The model is designed for high-dimensional applications where an approximate sparsity condition is satisfied, such that many regression coefficients are near zero after accounting for all the model predictors. The model is applicable to large-scale assessments such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), which includes hundreds of student, teacher, and school predictors of latent achievement. Monte Carlo evidence suggests that employing the GAL prior provides more precise estimation of coefficients that equal zero in comparison to a multivariate normal (MVN) prior, which translates to more accurate model selection. Furthermore, the GAL yielded less biased estimates of regression coefficients in smaller samples. The developed model is applied to mathematics achievement data from the 2011 NAEP for 175,200 eighth graders. The GAL and MVN NAEP estimates were similar, but the GAL was more parsimonious by selecting 12 fewer (i.e., 83 of the 148) variable groups. There were noticeable differences between estimates computed with a GAL prior and plausible value regressions with the AM software (beta version 0.06.00). Implications of the results are discussed for test developers and applied researchers.
Clinique infantojuvénile et co-créativité. Entre critères d’évaluation et guides de bonnes pratiques, comment ouvrir et garantir un espace de cocréativité dans l’interrelation ?
Authors: Mille Christian , Delhaye Mehdi , Bon Saint Côme Marie
Published: December 2017

La référence systématique à la CIM 10 et à des recommandations de bonne pratique dans les considérations diagnostiques thérapeutiques, suscite des objections chez de nombreux professionnels des secteurs infanto-juvéniles, qui craignent une fermeture de la rencontre, ainsi qu’une sclérose de l’inventivité. Il convient d’interroger cette antinomie posée a priori entre les conceptions dites « scientifiques » et la pratique théorico-clinique des praticiens de formation psychodynamique, en envisageant ces nouveaux outils selon le « mode créatif de perception » défini par Winnicott. La confrontation à ces nouvelles perspectives, loin de devoir tarir la créativité des cliniciens, semble plutôt la susciter, en fournissant un matériel qu’il leur faudra articuler à leur expérience et leur pratique pour en permettre l’accommodation aux nouvelles données de la clinique.
Recherches et pratiques sur la fratrie de la personne en situation de handicap : bilan et perspectives
Authors: Poujol Anne-Laure , Dayan Clémence , Davtian Hélène , Scelles Régine
Published: December 2017

Après un rappel des fonctions et fondements des liens fraternels, de l’enfance à l’âge adulte, les auteurs, praticiens et chercheurs exposent les travaux et les avancées théoriques sur l’impact du handicap et de la maladie mentale sur les liens fraternels. Cet état des lieux permet de dégager, à la fin de l’article, trois thèmes qui mériteraient, à l’avenir, d’être approfondis : la maltraitance intrafraternelle, la période de l’âge adulte et, surtout, celle du vieillissement des personnes en situation de handicap, et, enfin, la nécessité de mieux connaître et, donc, de prendre en compte, le vécu subjectif de la personne en situation de handicap dans le cadre de ses relations et interactions avec ses frères et sœurs, tout au long de sa vie.
Vers une disparition de la guerre ?
Authors: Paillat Sylvie
Published: December 2017

À l’instar du titre de la pièce de Jean Giraudoux, La guerre de Troie n’aura pas lieu , on pourrait même affirmer que la guerre n’aura plus lieu. En effet, depuis 1945 en Europe, la paix semble s’être définitivement installée. Ainsi, allons-nous peut-être « vers la fin de Mars » selon le philosophe Michel Serres, c’est-à-dire vers la fin de la guerre et la fin du guerrier, en dépit des attentats. Mais Jusqu’à quel point peut-on tenir pour vrai l’idée d’une disparition de la guerre, du moins de son concept, sans tomber dans un discours utopique ou irénique ? N’assiste-t-on pas plutôt aujourd’hui à un changement dans la forme et la stratégie guerrières qui bouleversent sa conception classique, remettant en cause ses unités de lieu, de temps et d’action ? Les drones en témoignent. Nous sommes en route vers une guerre atopique.
Du terrorisme à la guerre civile ? Notes sur David Galula et sa pensée de la contre-insurrection
Authors: Jolly Édouard
Published: December 2017

Le terrorisme est-il une forme de guerre ? Quelle est sa finalité ? Dans les années 1950, pendant la guerre d’Algérie, David Galula théorisa le rapport entre terrorisme et guerre à partir du concept d’insurrection dont il tira lui-même un traité de contre-insurrection. L’objectif de cet article vise à reconstituer la perspective de Galula, d’abord en se replaçant dans le contexte de l’élaboration du droit d’exception français dit « état d’urgence », puis ensuite en synthétisant les modèles d’insurrection décrits par cet auteur. L’intérêt, enfin, est de faire apparaître la fonction politique du terrorisme dans le cadre d’une insurrection qui en fait son moyen d’action.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF HERITAGE OBJECTS
Authors: Tumeliene E. , Nareiko V. , Suziedelyte Visockiene J.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Cultural heritage is an invaluable example of human culture and creativity. The majority of them can become unstable or can be destroyed due to a combination of human and natural disturbances. In order to restore, preserve, and systematize data about architectural heritage objects, it is necessary to have geodetic, photogrammetric measurements of such data and to constantly monitor condition of the objects. The data of immovable cultural objects for many years are stored in photogrammetric data archives. Such archives have Germany, Lithuania, England and other countries. The article gives a brief introduction of the history of data archives formation and presents a photogrammetric and modern methods of modelling the spatial geometric properties of objects currently used to reveal immovable cultural properties and to evaluate geometric sizes. The pilot work was done with the Concept Capture simulation program that was developed by the Bentley company with photos of the Blessed Virgin Mary painting in Pivašiūnai of Trakai district. A shot from the ground with 12.4 MP resolution Pentax K-x camera was done using lenses with different focal lengths. The painting of the Blessed Virgin Mary is coordinated by 4 reference geodesic points and therefore after the modelling work it was possible to evaluate the accuracy of the created model. Based on the results of the spatial (3D) model, photo shooting and modelling recommendations are presented, the advantages of the new technology are distinguished.
¿Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán, duque de Medina de las Torres, o Beltrán Vélez de Guevara, marqués de Campo Real? Re-identificación de un retrato ecuestre de Massimo Stanzione
Authors: Minguito Palomares Ana , Visdomine Lozano J. Carmelo
Published: December 2017

En este trabajo se cuestiona la identificación tradicional de uno de los dos retratos ecuestres ejecutados por Massimo Stanzione (1585-1656), proponiéndose una identidad diferente. Hasta ahora estaba acreditada la identidad de uno de estos dos retratos en la persona de Iñigo Vélez de Guevara, VIII conde de Oñate, mientras del otro retrato se venía suponiendo que se trataba de Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán, duque de Medina de las Torres. Gracias al análisis documental, histórico e iconográfico que desarrollamos a continuación, llegamos a la conclusión de que el personaje representado no es Medina de las Torres, sino Beltrán Vélez de Guevara, marqués de Campo Real, y hermano del VIII conde de Oñate.
Martha Gellhorn’s “Zoo in Madrid”: Hope and Betrayal in the Span-ish Civil War
Authors: Aguilera-Linde Mauricio D.
Published: December 2017

Published in the late spring of 1937 as a literary journalism piece and included in Martha Gellhorn’s second volume of short fiction, Heart of Another (1941), “Zoo in Madrid” poses engaging questions about the journalist’s role as a war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War and her allegedly objective reportage method. In the following article, I propose to decode some of the elusive symbols of the story, built up on Hemingway’s iceberg principle of writing, in connection with its propaganda message. My contention is that the zoo, a clear symbol of the total institution, operates as a microcosmic reflection of the city under siege. However, Gellhorn’s portrayal of the animals’ conditions in the zoo is one which, unlike her contemporaries’ grim reports, enhances images of fertility and procreation immersed in an Edenic enclave that, however, fails to banish death and betrayal. In addition to a detailed revision of some of the pre-war, war and post-war reports of the Madrid zoo, I will endeavor to elucidate the biblical and literary allusions and echoes scattered in the story with a view to understanding the American journalist’s ambivalent view of the Spanish conflict.
Archivos y documentos en la era digital.
Authors: Pons Anaclet
Published: December 2017

Este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre algunas de las características del nuevo orden digital. En particular, se centra en las mutaciones que afectan a los conceptos de archivo y documento, así como a sus rasgos más destacados. Partiendo del hecho de que estos registros son fundamentales para cualquier estudioso del pasado, indaga sobre las consecuencias de su desmaterialización. Se examina el significado de ese espacio en algunas de sus dimensiones y se subraya la evidente paradoja que supone conservar y estudiar objetos o datos que son efímeros por naturaleza y que, en su mayoría, nacieron para morir rápidamente.
Espejos Metafóricos de Occidente: China en la Prensa Económica Británica
Authors: Tang Minyao
Published: December 2017

Las metáforas son claves para construir puentes mnemónicos con las mediaciones del pasado. Este artículo explorará este proceso usando las representaciones metafóricas de China en la prensa económica británica en la era contemporánea y evaluará en qué medida esta cobertura se basa sobre los estereotipos más antiguos de China. El poder de las metáforas estereotipadas de China radica en la utilización y aplicación de nuestro entendimiento compartido y de la imaginación nacionalmente específica de China. Las metáforas que conceptualizan a China como una ejemplificación prototipo del concepto occidental del Otro se asocian sistemáticamente con justificaciones ideológicas para los recuerdos y los imaginarios nacionales de China en los medios británicos.
Profit Maximization Does Not Necessitate Profit Prioritization
Authors: White Robert
Published: December 2017

One of the grounds on which profit maximization has been morally condemned is the claim that businessmen are led by the logic of profit maximization to prioritize profit above all other values, including human life. Thus, while business critics claim that they object to profit maximization, what, at least some of them, in fact object to is profit prioritization. Drawing upon Ayn Rand's distinction between the intrinsic and objective theories of value, this article unpackages profit maximization and profit prioritization, arguing that businessmen can maximize profit without having to prioritize profit above all other values.
Advertisement call of Brachycephalus albolineatus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)
Authors: Bornschein Marcos R. , Ribeiro Luiz Fernando , Rollo Jr. Mario M. , Confetti André E. , Pie Marcio R.
Published: December 2017

Brachycephalus are among the smallest terrestrial vertebrates in the world. The genus encompasses 34 species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, occurring mostly in montane forests, with many species showing microendemic distributions to single mountaintops. It includes diurnal species living in the leaf litter and calling during the day, mainly during the warmer months of the year. The ecology of the vast majority of the species is unknown, particularly their advertisement call (AC), which has been described only for seven species of the genus. In the present study, we describe the AC of Brachycephalus albolineatus, a recently described microendemic species from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. We analyzed 34 advertisement calls (ACs) and 554 notes from 20 individuals of B. albolineatus, recorded between 5–6 February 2016 in the type locality of the species. We collected five individuals as vouchers (they are from the type series of the species). Eight individuals we recorded 2–4 times. Brachycephalus albolineatus have a long advertisement call of 40–191 s (mean of 88 s) composed of 7–26 notes (mean of 14 notes) emitted at a rate of 6–13 notes per minute (mean of 9 notes per minute) and at a dominant frequency of 5–7 kHz (mean of 6 kHz). Advertisement calls are composed of isolated notes and note groups (two notes involved in each particular note group); the former is composed by one to three pulses and the note groups by two or three pulses in each note. Most ACs present both isolated notes and note groups, with a few cases showing only the former. Note groups are emitted invariably in the last third of the AC. Most isolated notes escalate their number of pulses along the AC (1 to 2, 1 to 3 or 2 to 3). Note duration of isolated notes varies from 0.002–0.037 s (mean of 0.020 s) and duration of note group vary from 0.360–0.578 s (mean of 0.465 s). We show that there is intra-individual variation in several parameters [(1) duration and rate of the AC; (2) number of pulses and notes, as well as of isolated notes and note groups, per AC; and (3) in dominant frequency]. Individuals apparently expend progressively more energy along their emission of the AC because the AC normally escalates, incorporating note groups and pulses per note. Individual variation analysis also demonstrated that less structured ACs (i.e. with notes with fewer pulses) are not fixed individually and can represent temporal variation. It is possible that isolated notes and note groups could have distinct purpose, perhaps territorial defense and mating, respectively. Recently, it was demonstrated that B. ephippium and B. pitanga are insensitive to the sound of their own calls. However, these species usually call above the leaf litter and belong to a distinct group that B. albolineatus, who call only under the leaf litter. It is possible that species of the genus that only call underneath the leaf litter still retain their hearing capacity.
Why Historiography Matters
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter stresses the importance of a history of the study of objects as historical evidence. It argues that there is more depth to the use of objects as evidence than we might think, and a more sophisticated inventory of approaches and arguments on which to draw than we might imagine. To expand on this point, the chapter introduces a brief background into the history of antiquarianism, with special emphasis on how people have thought about studying objects as evidence and with reference to antiquarian ideas and practices dating back to Ancient Greek times. The chapter also details the author's own explorations and extrapolations of the rich history of material culture.
History and Things in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This chapter details notable instances of artistic and intellectual engagements with material culture during the twentieth century, including poetic ruminations on the metaphysical nature of objects as well as their value in artistic tradition. It portrays these material engagements not as a marginal phenomenon relegated to the sidelines of history, but as active influences which have pervaded some of the most significant cultural creation of the twentieth century. Thus, when academics started using the term “material culture” in the last decades of the twentieth century, they were joining a conversation that had been going on for a long time, although this phenomenon somehow remained largely neglected in more contemporary discussions.
The Development of Students’ Cognitive Self-Study While Teaching Reading in FL Training
Authors: Andrianova Natalia S. , Nizamieva Liliya R. , Nazarova Gulnara I. , Ostroumova Olga F. , Leblanc Cecile
Published: December 2017

In the informational society while teaching foreign languages the development of students’ skills aimed at searching, analyzing, critical thinking, processing and using the obtained information in the productive speech activity is in demand. In this context, the problem of students’ cognitive self-study development, aimed at “revealing” knowledge while reading, is becoming increasingly important as reading while teaching foreign languages not only contributes to self-development and self-reflection, but also to the formation of a cross-cultural and linguistic personality, which is a priority of linguistic education. The solution of the above-mentioned problems has defined the aim of our research: it is the development and implementation of technologies for optimizing students’ self-study in teaching reading. In the course of our experimental work the implementation of the principle of multi-level approach in the form of five interrelated elements in teaching reading – from the level of mastering reading techniques to the level of critical reading and stylistic comprehension reading – contributed to the ultimate development and improvement of students’ constructive-creative self-study. During the experimental work while testing the effectiveness of our methods of cognitive-practical activities, we concluded that in the process of teaching foreign languages, these methods are an effective way of teaching reading, activating students’ self-study, forming linguistic creativity, which manifests itself in the ability to produce oral and written discourses based on the creative potential development of a linguistic personality. The results obtained in the experiment can be used in educational process while creating and implementing the algorithm of organizing students’ self-study while teaching foreign languages.
Direct Observation of Heavy‐Tailed Storage Times of Bed Load Tracer Particles Causing Anomalous Superdiffusion
Authors: Bradley D. Nathan
Published: December 2017

A consensus has formed that the step length distribution of fluvial bed load is thin tailed and that the observed anomalous superdiffusion of bed load tracer particles must arise from heavy‐tailed resting times. However, heavy‐tailed resting times have never been directly observed in the field over multiple floods. Using 9 years of data from a large bed load tracer experiment, I show that the spatial variance of the tracer plume scales faster than linearly with integrated excess stream power, indicating anomalous superdiffusion. The superdiffusion is caused by a heavy‐tailed distribution of observed storage times that is fit with a truncated Pareto distribution with a tail parameter that is predicted by anomalous diffusion theory. The heavy‐tailed distribution of storage times causes the tracer virtual velocity to slow over time, indicated by a sublinear increase in the mean displacement that is predicted by the storage time distribution tail parameter.
Strong Dependence of U.S. Summertime Air Quality on the Decadal Variability of Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures
Authors: Shen Lu , Mickley Loretta J. , Leibensperger Eric M. , Li Mingwei
Published: December 2017

We find that summertime air quality in the eastern U.S. displays strong dependence on North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, resulting from large‐scale ocean‐atmosphere interactions. Using observations, reanalysis data sets, and climate model simulations, we further identify a multidecadal variability in surface air quality driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). In one‐half cycle (~35 years) of the AMO from cold to warm phase, summertime maximum daily 8 h ozone concentrations increase by 1–4 ppbv and PM2.5concentrations increase by 0.3–1.0 μg m−3over much of the east. These air quality changes are related to warmer, drier, and more stagnant weather in the AMO warm phase, together with anomalous circulation patterns at the surface and aloft. If the AMO shifts to the cold phase in future years, it could partly offset the climate penalty on U.S. air quality brought by global warming, an effect which should be considered in long‐term air quality planning.
A Taylor Expansion‐Based Adaptive Design Strategy for Global Surrogate Modeling With Applications in Groundwater Modeling
Authors: Mo Shaoxing , Lu Dan , Shi Xiaoqing , Zhang Guannan , Ye Ming , Wu Jianfeng , Wu Jichun
Published: December 2017

Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) for groundwater modeling are challenging because of the model complexity and significant computational requirements. To reduce the massive computational cost, a cheap‐to‐evaluate surrogate model is usually constructed to approximate and replace the expensive groundwater models in the GSA and UQ. Constructing an accurate surrogate requires actual model simulations on a number of parameter samples. Thus, a robust experimental design strategy is desired to locate informative samples so as to reduce the computational cost in surrogate construction and consequently to improve the efficiency in the GSA and UQ. In this study, we develop a Taylor expansion‐based adaptive design (TEAD) that aims to build an accurate global surrogate model with a small training sample size. TEAD defines a novel hybrid score function to search informative samples, and a robust stopping criterion to terminate the sample search that guarantees the resulted approximation errors satisfy the desired accuracy. The good performance of TEAD in building global surrogate models is demonstrated in seven analytical functions with different dimensionality and complexity in comparison to two widely used experimental design methods. The application of the TEAD‐based surrogate method in two groundwater models shows that the TEAD design can effectively improve the computational efficiency of GSA and UQ for groundwater modeling.
Intercultural Communication Competence
Authors: Arasaratnam‐Smith Lily A.
Published: December 2017

Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is generally known as effective and appropriate communication between persons from different cultures. This entry introduces ICC, presents a brief history of research in ICC, and discusses the major theories and measures of ICC and the variables associated with it. Additionally, the question whether ICC can be learnt is discussed, and examples of ICC in applied contexts are provided. Potential directions for future research in intercultural communication competence are presented and further readings suggested.
Intergroup Threat Theory
Authors: Stephan Walter G. , Stephan Cookie White
Published: December 2017

The overwhelming majority of intercultural interactions are impacted by real or perceived intercultural threats. Most of these threats are either realistic (concern about potentially negative tangible outcomes) or symbolic (concern about potential threat to the ingroup's values, norms, or beliefs). Perceptions of threat are caused by prior or current intercultural relations, personality traits, and other personal characteristics (e.g., ingroup identity), negative attitudes toward the other cultural group and related negative cognitions, lack of prior personal contact with individuals from the other culture, and situational factors (e.g., competition between the cultural groups). When threats are perceived to exist, they can lead to negative emotional and physiological reactions, negative attitudes and intercultural biases, negative verbal and nonverbal behaviors, and overt hostile behavior. This entry ends with a discussion of techniques that could be used to reduce the negative effects of intercultural threats on intercultural interactions.
Othering and Otherness
Authors: Chawla Devika
Published: December 2017

This entry offers a general understanding of the meanings of Other in contemporary social and cultural thought. It provides a brief genealogy of Othering in the Western world, looking at the different ways that human beings have been “Othered” and how “Othering” as a process has been transformed over different historical periods—by the Greeks and Romans, by medieval thinkers, by Renaissance and Enlightenment travelers and philosophers—to how it has taken on a pejoratively political location in contemporaneous anthropological understandings of identity. The entry concludes with a discussion of different forms of racial and colonial Otherness, including a discussion of Orientalism as a form of abiding intellectual Otherness that has sustained colonial binaries.
Team‐Meeting Behaviors in Germany and the United States
Authors: Lehmann‐Willenbrock Nale , Meinecke Annika L.
Published: December 2017

Intercultural theories describe core differences between the German and US cultures, and team meetings provide a context for examining such differences. This entry summarizes theoretical approaches to differences between Germany and the US and recent empirical findings on different team interactions in German and US American teams. These findings show that German teams focus more on problem analysis, whereas US teams focus more on solution production. Moreover, German team meetings are characterized by more procedural communication than US team meetings. Finally, US teams show more positive socioemotional meeting behavior such as providing support or encouraging participation than German teams. Recommendations for improving social interactions in intercultural teams are provided.
Pd/Mn Bimetallic Relay Catalysis for Aerobic Aldoxime Dehydration to Nitriles
Authors: Zhang Dongliang , Huang Yaping , Zhang Erlei , Yi Rong , Chen Chao , Yu Lei , Xu Qing
Published: December 2017

A Pd/Mn bimetal system was found to be an effective catalyst for dehydration of aldoximes to the useful nitriles under mild aerobic conditions. Different to the known metal‐catalyzed aldoxime dehydration reactions, this reaction very possibly proceeded via an alternative mechanism of Pd/Mn bimetal relay catalysis involving a Mn‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldoximes to nitrile oxides by air and a Pd‐catalyzed oxygen transfer from the nitrile oxides to the solvent acetonitrile. This method tolerates a variety of substrates including sterically bulky ones and also the natural product derivative.

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Direct Asymmetric Michael Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Two Secondary Amine Catalysts
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Umekubo Nariyoshi
Published: December 2017

A direct asymmetric Michael reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and ketones proceeded in the presence of two pyrrolidine‐type catalysts, a diphenylprolinol silyl ether and hydroxyproline, to afford synthetically useful δ‐keto aldehydes with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Although there are several iminium ions and enamines in the reaction mixture, the iminium ion generated by the former catalyst reacts preferentially with the enamine generated by the latter catalyst.
Cobalt(II)‐based Metalloradical Activation of 2‐(Diazomethyl)pyridines for Radical Transannulation and Cyclopropanation
Authors: Roy Satyajit , Das Sandip Kumar , Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb
Published: December 2017

A new catalytic method for the denitrogenative transannulation/cyclopropanation of in‐situ‐generated 2‐(diazomethyl)pyridines is described using a cobalt‐catalyzed radical‐activation mechanism. The method takes advantage of the inherent properties of a CoIII‐carbene radical intermediate and is the first report of denitrogenative transannulation/cyclopropanation by a radical‐activation mechanism, which is supported by various control experiments. The synthetic benefits of the metalloradical approach are showcased with a short total synthesis of (±)‐monomorine.
A simple and rapid HPLC‐UV method for the determination of retigabine in human plasma
Authors: Franco Valentina , Baruffi Katia , Gatti Giuliana , Marchiselli Roberto , Fattore Cinzia , Canevini Maria Paola , Crema Francesca , Perucca Emilio
Published: December 2017

A simple and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the quantitative determination of retigabine, known also as ezogabine, in human plasma. The assay uses a simple solid‐phase extraction for sample preparation and direct injection of the extract into the chromatograph. Flupirtine is used as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation is achieved on a C18 Chromolith column (Chromolith Performance, 100 × 4.6 mm i.d.), using as mobile phase water/acetonitrile/methanol (72:18:10 v/v/v) mixed with 0.1% of 85% phosphoric acid. Isocratic elution is conducted at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min−1. The total duration of a chromatographic run is 7 min. Calibration curves are linear over the 25–2000 ng mL−1 concentration range, with a limit of quantitation of 25 ng mL−1. Other performance characteristics include high precision (intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation ≤12.6%) and high accuracy (99.7%–108.7%). The method is suitable for the investigation of concentration–response relationships in patients receiving therapeutic doses of retigabine.
Not Oligomers but Amyloids are Cytotoxic in the Membrane‐Mediated Amyloidogenesis of Amyloid‐β Peptides
Authors: Itoh Naoya , Takada Eri , Okubo Kaori , Yano Yoshiaki , Hoshino Masaru , Sasaki Akira , Kinjo Masataka , Matsuzaki Katsumi
Published: December 2017

The formation of neurotoxic aggregates by amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is considered to be a key step in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. It is widely accepted that oligomers are more neurotoxic than amyloid fibrils in the aqueous‐phase aggregation of Aβ. Membrane‐mediated amyloidogenesis is also relevant to the pathology, although the relationship between the aggregate size and cytotoxicity has remained elusive. Here, aggregation processes of Aβ on living cells and cytotoxic events were monitored by fluorescence techniques. Aβ formed amyloids after forming oligomers composed of ≈10 Aβ molecules. The formation of amyloids was necessary to activate apoptotic caspase‐3 and reduce the ability of the cell to proliferate; this indicated that amyloid formation is a key event in Aβ‐induced cytotoxicity.
Direct and Enantioselective Synthesis of N−H‐Free 1,5‐Benzodiazepin‐2‐ones by an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed [3+4] Annulation Reaction
Authors: Fang Chao , Cao Jing , Sun Kewen , Zhu Jindong , Lu Tao , Du Ding
Published: December 2017

An NHC‐catalyzed formal [3+4] annulation of α,β‐unsaturated acylazoliums with protecting‐group‐free aryl 1,2‐diamines was developed for a direct and highly enantioselective synthesis of 4‐aryl N−H‐free 1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones. This methodology offers an efficient and rapid access to a wide range of enantioenriched target compounds from easily accessible starting materials. The protocol is also scalable and the desired products can easily undergo subsequent N‐functionalization to afford diverse N‐substituted derivatives. Additionally, a mechanism was proposed to explain the high enantioselectivity in this process.
Linkage Scrambling in Branched Chain Polymercury Compounds: Nitrides from the Mercury‐Mediated Disproportionation of N2O3
Authors: Rosadiuk Kristopher A. , Stein Robin S. , Bohle D. Scott
Published: December 2017

A novel nitride‐polymercury nitrate, Hg4N(NO3)3, 1, crystallizes spontaneously from the room temperature reaction of mercury metal and solvent‐stabilized N2O3. In addition to an unusual synthesis, composition, and structure, this compound is rare among metal nitrates for its lack of reactivity with water. Analysis by IR, single and powder X‐ray crystallography, XPS, NMR, DSC, and cyclic voltammetry demonstrates its unique composition and places it at the nitrogen‐rich end of the range of [X(Hg4)](NO3)3, X = O, OH, or N, polymercurys.
Allostatic load but not medical burden predicts memory performance in late‐life bipolar disorder
Authors: Vaccarino Sophie R. , Rajji Tarek K. , Gildengers Ariel G. , Waters Sarah E.S. , Butters Meryl A. , Menon Mahesh , Blumberger Daniel M. , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Miranda Dielle , Mulsant Benoit H.
Published: December 2017

Objective

Older patients with bipolar disorder (BD) present with variable degrees of cognitive impairment. Over time, stress, mood episodes, and comorbidities increase the body's allostatic load. We assessed the extent to which allostatic load vs more traditional measures of medical burden account for the heterogeneity in cognition in this population.

Methods

Thirty‐five older euthymic patients with BD and 30 age‐equated, gender‐equated, and education‐equated comparison participants were administered a comprehensive assessment including a neuropsychological battery, and 9 physiological measures to determine allostatic load. The relationship among allostatic load, medical burden, and cognition was assessed.

Results

Compared with the mentally healthy comparators, patients were impaired globally, and in 4 cognitive domains—information‐processing speed / executive functioning, delayed memory, language, and visuomotor ability, and presented with greater medical burden but not a different allostatic load. Allostatic load, but not medical burden, was associated with delayed memory performance both in a correlational analysis and in a multivariate regression analysis.

Conclusion

Euthymic older patients with BD are impaired on several cognitive domains and have high medical burden. Their memory performance is more strongly associated with allostatic load than with traditional measures of medical burden. These findings need to be replicated and extended longitudinally.
A novel report of MiR‐4301 induces cell apoptosis by negatively regulating DRD2 expression in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Gholipour Naghmeh , Ohradanova‐Repic Anna , Ahangari Ghasem
Published: December 2017

In several cancers, microRNA (miRNAs) play vital roles in tumor initiation, drug resistance, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression levels of miR‐4301 in human breast cancer and investigate whether its potential roles involved targeting Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2). Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was also used to examine the expression levels of miR‐4301 in human breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231, MCF‐7, and SKBR3. In these cell lines, MTT assay, immunofluorescence staining, caspase assay, proliferation assay, and flow cytometry were conducted to explore the potential functions of miR‐4301. The effects of modulating miR‐4301 on transcription levels of DRD2 were subsequently confirmed via qRT‐PCR. miR‐4301 expression levels were significantly decreased in human breast cancer specimens and cell lines (P < 0.05). Transfection of miR‐4301 in breast cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Expression analysis indicated that miR‐4301 was inversely correlated with DRD2 expression in breast cancer specimens. qRT‐PCR showed that miR‐4301 negatively regulated DRD2 expression. Downregulation of DRD2 expression in MDA‐MB‐231, MCF‐7, and SKBR3 cells suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.
Association of rno‐miR‐183‐96‐182 cluster with diethyinitrosamine induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats
Authors: Chandel Rajeev , Saxena Roli , Das Ashim , Kaur Jyotdeep
Published: December 2017

Chronic liver injury due to various etiological factors including environmental carcinogens results in development of liver fibrosis. Numerous studies showed role of miRNAs in liver fibrosis. In the present study, we determined the rno‐miR‐183‐96‐182 cluster expression during hepatic fibrosis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treated Wistar rats and its association with plasma levels of circulating rno‐miR‐96, rno‐miR‐182, rno‐miR‐183, liver function test and lipid profile, aiming to identify their potential for histological stratification and early diagnosis of liver fibrosis. We found significant upregulation in the hepatic expression of rno‐miR‐183‐96‐182 cluster upon development of fibrosis in a DEN treated rats. Interestingly, the hepatic expression of this miRNA cluster correlates positively with the progression of fibrosis. Univariate analysis showed that hepatic expression of rno‐miR‐182‐5p and rno‐miR‐183‐5p and plasma activity of ALT are significant predictors of fibrosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a panel of rno‐miR‐182‐5p and ALT that can discriminate F2‐F3 from F0‐F1 (AUC = 0.87; P‐value < 0.001), F4‐F5‐F6 from F0 to F1 (AUC = 0.981; P‐value < 0.001), and F4‐F5‐F6 from F2 to F3 (AUC = 0.824; P‐value < 0.001). A significant positive correlation of rno‐miR‐183‐96‐182 cluster members was also observed with plasma activities of ALT, AST, ALP, and levels of total cholesterol, HDLc and LDLc during fibrosis progression in DEN treated Wistar rats. Thus, it can be concluded that rno‐miR‐183‐96‐182 cluster being significantly up regulated and associated with chronic liver disease might play a role in fibrosis maintenance and progression. A panel of rno‐miR‐182‐5p and ALT being significant predictors of fibrosis might improve histological stratification of fibrosis staging.