bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parent-Implemented Interventions on Outcomes of Children with Autism: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cheng Wai Man , Smith Timothy B. , Butler Marshall , Taylor Tina M. , Clayton Devan
Published: August 2022

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been shown to benefit from parent-implemented interventions (PIIs). This meta-analysis improved on prior reviews of PIIs by evaluating RCTs and multiple potential moderators, including indicators of research quality. Fifty-one effect sizes averaged moderately strong overall benefits of PIIs (g = 0.553), with studies having lower risk of research bias yielding lower estimates (g = 0.47). Parent and observer ratings yielded similar averaged estimates for positive behavior/social skills (g = 0.603), language/communication (g = 0.545), maladaptive behavior (g = 0.519), and to a lesser extent, adaptive behavior/life skills (g = 0.239). No other study, intervention, or participant characteristic moderated outcomes. PIIs with children with ASD tend to be effective across a variety of circumstances.
Deep-learning systems for diagnosing cleft palate on panoramic radiographs in patients with cleft alveolus
Authors: Kuwada Chiaki , Ariji Yoshiko , Kise Yoshitaka , Fukuda Motoki , Nishiyama Masako , Funakoshi Takuma , Takeuchi Rihoko , Sana Airi , Kojima Norinaga , Ariji Eiichiro
Published: August 2022

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to create effective deep learning-based models for diagnosing the presence or absence of cleft palate (CP) in patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft alveolus (CA) on panoramic radiographs.

Methods

The panoramic images of 491 patients who had unilateral or bilateral cleft alveolus were used to create two models. Model A, which detects the upper incisor area on panoramic radiographs and classifies the areas into the presence or absence of CP, was created using both object detection and classification functions of DetectNet. Using the same data for developing Model A, Model B, which directly classifies the presence or absence of CP on panoramic radiographs, was created using classification function of VGG-16. The performances of both models were evaluated with the same test data and compared with those of two radiologists.

Results

The recall, precision, and F-measure were all 1.00 in Model A. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values were 0.95, 0.93, 0.70, and 0.63 for Model A, Model B, and the radiologists, respectively. The AUCs of the models were significantly higher than those of the radiologists.

Conclusions

The deep learning-based models developed in the present study have potential for use in supporting observer interpretations of the presence of cleft palate on panoramic radiographs.
Investment in roads and traffic safety: linked to economic development? A European comparison
Authors: Navarro-Moreno José , Calvo-Poyo Francisco , de Oña Juan
Published: August 2022

This study analyzes how economic resources invested in roads may affect mortality, depending on the level of economic development of a country. To this end, 23 European countries were classified into two groups—high-income countries and low-income countries—according to their average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita over the period 1998–2016. The economic resources are considered through the investment in construction and the maintenance expenditure. Further variables are included to control for several factors related to the infrastructure, socioeconomics, legislation, and meteorology. Fixed-effects panel data models were built separately for the interurban road network of each group of countries. These models also capture the international inequalities within each group and the country-specific national trend for the study period. The main results indicate a reduction effect on the fatality rate of road maintenance expenditure (in both groups), and of the investment in construction (in the low-income countries). Other variables—such as proportion of motorways, motorization rate, unemployment rate, GDP per capita, alcohol consumption, Demerit Point System, and mean annual precipitation—showed statistically significant results as well. Finally, the country-specific fixed effects and the country-specific trend were mapped geographically, to better reflect national conditions for achieving lower fatality rates in the high-income countries, and greater progress in reducing fatalities in the low-income countries. In the end, this study provides evidence to policy-makers that can help to achieve a safer and more sustainable transport system, namely, how to tackle an ongoing major problem—traffic-related deaths—when attending and allocating the economic resources that road infrastructure needs.
Pragmatischere randomisierte Studien mit Fokus auf Registerbasierung
Authors: Lange Stefan , Lauterberg Jörg
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund

Vom Studiendesign her stark einschränkende randomisiert kontrollierte Studien (RCT) mit hoch selektierten Teilnehmern und Bedingungen liefern Ergebnisse, deren Übertragbarkeit auf die klinische Routineversorgung und Nützlichkeit für Erstattungsentscheidungen bisweilen bezweifelt wird.

Fragestellung

Bieten vor dem erwähnten Hintergrund pragmatisch orientierte RCT und registerbasierte RCT Lösungspotenziale? Welche Chancen und Risiken sind mit pragmatischeren Studien verbunden, und welche methodischen Aspekte sind besonders zu beachten?

Methoden

Der Beitrag zeigt eine narrative Übersicht zu pragmatisch orientierten RCT und registerbasierten RCT mit Vorstellung des PRECIS-2-Ansatzes („pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary“) sowie einer Darstellung von Beispielstudien mit Diskussion methodischer Aspekte.

Ergebnisse

Klinische RCT zur vergleichenden Nutzenbewertung sind auf einem Kontinuum zwischen den Polen „sehr pragmatisch“ und „sehr explanatorisch“ angesiedelt. Eine Grenze, ab der ein RCT als pragmatisch bezeichnet wird, ist nicht konsentiert. Pragmatischere RCT sind häufig gekennzeichnet durch wenig selektierte, aber dafür große Patientengruppen, Einbettung in ein Normalversorgungssetting und patientenrelevante Outcomes. Sie verzichten meist auf nachhaltige Adhärenzsicherung der initial zugeordneten Behandlung, auf Verblindung und aufwendige Zwischenuntersuchungen. Dies kann allerdings zu interpretatorischen Problemen führen, v. a. wenn sich keine Interventionsunterschiede zeigen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Pragmatischere randomisierte Studien und registerbasierte RCT haben das Potenzial, mit ihren Ergebnissen zu wichtigen Entscheidungsgrundlagen für die klinische Praxis, aber auch für die Gesundheitspolitik und Erstattungsfragen zu werden. Um dieses Potenzial zu heben, sind allerdings noch manche Hürden vor allem gesetzlicher Art zu beseitigen.
Activating faith: pro-environmental responses to a Christian text on sustainability
Authors: Ives Christopher D. , Buys Clark , Ogunbode Charles , Palmer Matilda , Rose Aneira , Valerio Ruth
Published: August 2022

With growing attention on the importance of values, beliefs and worldviews in shaping environmental outcomes, there remains little research on religion and sustainability transformations. We explored the impact of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s environmentally themed Lent Book 2020 “Saying Yes to Life” on environmental values, attitudes and behaviours of lay Christians. An online survey administered before and after reading the book assessed environmental values, New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), connectedness to nature and environmental behaviours, and collected open responses to questions about participants’ perceptions. Follow-up focus groups were also held to understand experiences of cognitive and behavioural change. Analysis of paired data revealed significant increases in environmental behavioural intentions after completing the book, especially for energy use, food and recycling. Some evidence for strengthening of NEP scores and connectedness to nature was also found. Open text responses corroborated with quantitative measures of behaviour change. Additionally, the majority of participants reported some form of reinforcement, confirmation, or further development or change in their beliefs and attitudes. This included a reduction in anthropocentric beliefs and greater appreciation of and obligation towards the natural world. Focus group discussions revealed diverse participant experiences, including having pre-existing theological beliefs affirmed, responding with new practical actions, connecting with spiritual experiences, and discovering systemic origins of unsustainability. Findings suggest potential for environmental interventions within religious contexts to shape mindsets, integrate theological views with environmental concerns, activate latent beliefs, and initiate and sustain pro-environmental behaviour. More intentional engagement with religion may facilitate transformative change for sustainability internally and externally, and across individual, organisational and societal domains.
Muscle and Bone Defects in Metastatic Disease
Authors: Pauk Martina , Saito Hiroaki , Hesse Eric , Taipaleenmäki Hanna
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

The present review addresses most recently identified mechanisms implicated in metastasis-induced bone resorption and muscle-wasting syndrome, known as cachexia.

Recent Findings

Metastatic disease in bone and soft tissues is often associated with skeletal muscle defects. Recent studies have identified a number of secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles that contribute to cancer cell growth and metastasis leading to bone destruction and muscle atrophy. In addition, alterations in muscle microenvironment including dysfunctions in hepatic and mitochondrial metabolism have been implicated in cancer-induced regeneration defect and muscle loss. Moreover, we review novel in vitro and animal models including promising new drug candidates for bone metastases and cancer cachexia.

Preservation of bone health could be highly beneficial for maintaining muscle mass and function. Therefore, a better understanding of molecular pathways implicated in bone and muscle crosstalk in metastatic disease may provide new insights and identify new strategies to improve current anticancer therapeutics.
Magnesium Depletion Score Predicts Diabetic Retinopathy Risk among Diabetes: Findings from NHANES 2005–2018
Authors: Chen Yuan , Xiang Xiaoli , Wu Yangyang , Han Shaojie , Huang Zhengru , Wu Miaoqin
Published: August 2022

Magnesium is essential for material and energy metabolism. The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is recognized as a more valuable and reliable predictor of body magnesium status than any other clinical used markers such as serum and urine magnesium. However, research on the relationship between MDS and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is limited. As a result, the current study sought to assess this issue in diabetic samples from a large population-based database in the United States. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018. MDS was calculated, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the presence of association between variables and DR risk. A total of 4308 participants was comprised in this study. Samples with DR consumed less magnesium (259.1 ± 113.6 vs 269.8 ± 113.2 mg, P < 0.001), and their MDS levels differed significantly from non-DR participants (P < 0.001). Increased dietary magnesium was linked to a lower incidence of DR (all P for trend < 0.05), and patients with a high level of MDS were more prone to DR (P = 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that high (Q3) amount magnesium supplements was associated with lower DR risk when MDS was none to low or middle level (both P = 0.02). Our results indicated that MDS levels are associated with DR risk and that magnesium supplementation is benefit to DR prevention.
Ageing and Mental Health in Canada: Perspectives from Law, Policy, and Longitudinal Research
Authors: Cosco T. D. , Randa C. , Hopper S. , Wagner K. R. , Pickering J. , Best J. R.
Published: August 2022

Canada is a relatively young, geographically-diverse country, with a larger proportion of the population aged over 65 than under 15. Increasing alongside the number of ageing Canadians is the number of older adults that live with mental health challenges. Across the life course, one in five Canadians will experience a mental health disorder with many more living with subclinical symptoms. For these individuals, their lived experience may be directly impacted by the contemporary laws and policies governing mental illness. Examining and reviewing the historical context of mental health and older adults, we provide insights into the evolving landscape of Canadian mental health law and policy, paternalistic roots in the infancy of the country, into modern foci on equity and diversity. Progressing in parallel to changes in mental health policy has been the advancement of mental health research, particularly through longitudinal studies of ageing. Although acting through different mechanisms, the evolution of Canadian mental health law, policy, and research has had, and continues to have, considerable impacts on the substantial proportion of Canadians living with mental health challenges.
Eight Hypotheses on Technology Use and Psychosocial Wellbeing: A Bicultural Phenomenological Study of Gaming during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Karhulahti Veli-Matti , Nerg Henri , Laitinen Tanja , Päivinen Antti , Chen Yingrong
Published: August 2022

In this nonconfirmatory qualitative study, we pursued a range of hypotheses regarding how gaming operates in the lives and psychosocial wellbeing of those who actively play videogames during a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Informed by an explorative survey (N = 793), interpretive phenomenological analysis was applied to interview data from actively gaming Chinese (n = 10) and Finnish (n = 10) participants. Our findings demonstrate how the general increase of pandemic-time gaming did not manifest in all player groups, but in some life contexts gaming activity rather decreased along with reformations in subjective meaning hierarchies and values. Ultimately, eight subordinate themes were refined into testable hypotheses. The study encourages policies that promote socially supportive gaming during pandemic-like situations to consider including personally meaningful solitary play in their recommendations and highlighting context-specificity over generalization. Finally, as almost all our data points echoing experiences of decreasing gaming activity came from China, we stress the importance of culturally diverse samples in the psychological study of global phenomena.
Hydrogel-based composites beyond the porous architectures for electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Yang Yunfei , Han Mingrui , Liu Wei , Wu Na , Liu Jiurong
Published: August 2022

With the rapid development of the electronic industry and wireless communication technology, electromagnetic interference (EMI) or pollution has been increasingly serious. This not only severely endangers the normal operation of electronic equipment but also threatens human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop high-performance EMI shielding materials. The advent of hydrogel-based materials has given EMI shields a novel option. Hydrogels combined with conductive functional materials have good mechanical flexibility, fatigue durability, and even high stretchability, which are beneficial for a wide range of applications, especially in EMI shielding and some flexible functional devices. Herein, the current progress of hydrogel-based EMI shields was reviewed, in the meanwhile, some novel studies about pore structure design that we believe will help advance the development of hydrogel-based EMI shielding materials were also included. In the outlook, we suggested some promising development directions for the hydrogel-based EMI shields, by which we hope to provide a reference for designing hydrogels with excellent EMI shielding performance and multifunctionalities.
Fluidization behavior and reduction kinetics of pre-oxidized magnetite-based iron ore in a hydrogen-induced fluidized bed
Authors: Zheng Heng , Daghagheleh Oday , Wolfinger Thomas , Taferner Bernd , Schenk Johannes , Xu Runsheng
Published: August 2022

The influence of different pre-oxidation temperatures and pre-oxidation degrees on the reduction and fluidization behaviors of magnetite-based iron ore was investigated in a hydrogen-induced fluidized bed. The raw magnetite-based iron ore was pre-oxidized at 800 and 1000°C for a certain time to reach a partly oxidation and deeply oxidation state. The structure and morphology of the reduced particles were analyzed via optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reaction kinetic mechanism was determined based on the double-logarithm analysis. The results indicate that the materials with higher oxidation temperature and wider particle size range show better fluidization behaviors. The lower oxidation temperature is more beneficial for the reduction rate, especially in the later reduction stage. The pre-oxidation degree shows no obvious influence on the fluidization and reduction behaviors. Based on the kinetic analysis, the reduction progress can be divided into three stages. The reduction mechanism was discussed combing the surface morphology and phase structure.
New Genera and Species Records of Nicaraguan Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Including a New Species in a New Generic Record for Central America
Authors: Gómez-Zurita Jesús , Maes Jean-Michel
Published: August 2022

In this work, we have examined a large sample of Eumolpinae leaf beetles from Nicaragua and found 18 species reported for the first time in this country, including the new species Caryonoda funebrisn. sp., which also represents a new genus record for Central America, and two genera of Typophorini not reported from Nicaragua so far: Paria LeConte, 1858 and Tijucana Bechyné, 1957. Apart from the description of the new species and taxonomic commentaries on each of the new country records, we also illustrate these species along with drawings of male genitalia and spermathecae when available to assist the interpretation of our taxonomic decisions in the future. We take the opportunity in this work to formalize the combination of Chrysodina cupriceps Lefèvre, 1877 as Chrysodinopsis cupriceps (Lefèvre) n. comb.
Theories on the Link Between Autism Spectrum Conditions and Trans Gender Modality: a Systematic Review
Authors: Wattel Luna L. , Walsh Reubs J , Krabbendam Lydia
Published: August 2022

While research on the prevalence of co-occurring autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and trans gender modality (TGM) is available, less is known about the underlying mechanism of this association. Insight is needed to improve treatment of trans autistic people. This review provides an overview of theories on the ASC-TGM link and the available evidence for/against them published between January 2016 and October 2020. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus. This resulted in 36 studies, in which 15 theories were identified. Results indicate all theories lack substantial empirical support. Unlikely and promising theories were identified. The most promising theories were those on resistance to social norms and weakened sex differences. Future directions are provided.
Chemical Effects on Breast Development, Function, and Cancer Risk: Existing Knowledge and New Opportunities
Authors: Kay Jennifer E. , Cardona Bethsaida , Rudel Ruthann A. , Vandenberg Laura N. , Soto Ana M. , Christiansen Sofie , Birnbaum Linda S. , Fenton Suzanne E.
Published: August 2022

Population studies show worrisome trends towards earlier breast development, difficulty in breastfeeding, and increasing rates of breast cancer in young women. Multiple epidemiological studies have linked these outcomes with chemical exposures, and experimental studies have shown that many of these chemicals generate similar effects in rodents, often by disrupting hormonal regulation. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter the progression of mammary gland (MG) development, impair the ability to nourish offspring via lactation, increase mammary tissue density, and increase the propensity to develop cancer. However, current toxicological approaches to measuring the effects of chemical exposures on the MG are often inadequate to detect these effects, impairing our ability to identify exposures harmful to the breast and limiting opportunities for prevention. This paper describes key adverse outcomes for the MG, including impaired lactation, altered pubertal development, altered morphology (such as increased mammographic density), and cancer. It also summarizes evidence from humans and rodent models for exposures associated with these effects. We also review current toxicological practices for evaluating MG effects, highlight limitations of current methods, summarize debates related to how effects are interpreted in risk assessment, and make recommendations to strengthen assessment approaches. Increasing the rigor of MG assessment would improve our ability to identify chemicals of concern, regulate those chemicals based on their effects, and prevent exposures and associated adverse health effects.
Towards a Tutoring System to Support Robotics Activities in Classrooms – Two Wizard-of-Oz Studies
Authors: Schulz Sandra , McLaren Bruce M. , Pinkwart Niels
Published: August 2022

This paper develops a method for the construction and evaluation of cognitive models to support students in their problem-solving skills during robotics in school, aiming to build a basis for an implementation of a tutoring system in the future. Two Wizard-of-Oz studies were conducted, one in the classroom and one in the lab. Based on the cognitive model, the human wizards gave support to 20 students working in pairs. The studies were video recorded and a qualitative analysis was conducted. This qualitative research approach is described in detail. The evaluation of the studies showed that students reacted mostly positively to the wizards. We also uncovered ways in which students’ problem-solving skills could be improved. Based on the evaluation and observations of the Wizard-of-Oz studies, the paper proposes a design for a future robotics skills tutoring system.
The Cocksure Conundrum: How Evolution Created a Gendered Currency of Corporate Overconfidence
Authors: Ronay Richard , Maddux William W. , von Hippel William
Published: August 2022

Biological differences between men and women mandate that women’s obligatory investment in reproduction is significantly greater than that of men. As a result, women have evolved to be the “choosier” of the two sexes and men have evolved to compete for female choice. To the degree that overconfidence is an effective tool for attracting mates and driving away competitors, greater competition among men suggests that they should express more overconfidence than women. Thus, sexual selection may be the primary reason why overconfidence is typically more pronounced in men than it is in women. Sexual selection may also be a distal, causal factor in what we describe as a cult of overconfidence pervading modern organizations and institutions. Whereas overconfidence was once regulated and constrained by features of ancestral life, levels of social mobility and accountability in contemporary society and modern organizations make it increasingly difficult to keep this gendered bias in check.
Recent Advances in AI for Navigation and Control of Underwater Robots
Authors: Christensen Leif , de Gea Fernández José , Hildebrandt Marc , Koch Christian Ernst Siegfried , Wehbe Bilal
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

The goal of this paper is to review current developments in the area of underwater robotics regarding the use of AI, especially in model learning, robot control, perception and navigation as well as manipulation.

Recent Findings

AI technologies and advanced control techniques are finding their way into robotics systems to deal with complex and challenging conditions and to equip them with higher levels of autonomy.

Although AI techniques and concepts are already a focus area in research on autonomous underwater systems, broad adoption to commercial systems is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, major advances have been done in recent years, especially on integrating different capabilities (perception, navigation, advanced control) in a single system and with first approaches on interaction and autonomous manipulation.
Increased demand for paramedic transports to the emergency department in Ontario, Canada: a population-level descriptive study from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Strum Ryan P. , Drennan Ian R. , Mowbray Fabrice I. , Mondoux Shawn , Worster Andrew , Babe Glenda , Costa Andrew P.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

We examined changes in annual paramedic transport incidence over the ten years prior to COVID-19 in comparison to increases in population growth and emergency department (ED) visitation by walk-in.

Methods

We conducted a population-level cohort study using the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019 in Ontario, Canada. We included all patients triaged in the ED who arrived by either paramedic transport or walk-in. We clustered geographical regions using the Local Health Integration Network boundaries. Descriptive statistics, rate ratios (RR), and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to explore population-adjusted changes in transport volumes.

Results

Overall incidence of paramedic transports increased by 38.3% (n = 264,134), exceeding population growth fourfold (9.4%) and walk-in ED visitation threefold (13.4%). Population-adjusted transport rates increased by 26.2% (rate ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.26–1.27) compared to 3.4% for ED visit by walk-in (rate ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.03–1.04). Patient and visit characteristics remained consistent (age, gender, triage acuity, number of comorbidities, ED disposition, 30-day repeat ED visits) across the years of study. The majority of transports in 2019 had non-emergent triage scores (60.0%) and were discharged home directly from the ED (63.7%). The largest users were persons aged 65 or greater (43.7%). The majority of transports occurred in urbanized regions, though rural and northern regions experienced similar paramedic transport growth rates.

Conclusion

There was a substantial increase in the demand for paramedic transportation. Growth in paramedic demand outpaced population growth markedly and may continue to surge alongside population aging. Increases in the rate of paramedic transports per population were not bound to urbanized regions, but were province-wide. Our findings indicate a mounting need to develop innovative solutions to meet the increased demand on paramedic services and to implement long-term strategies across provincial paramedic systems.
Thermal Analysis of the Role of Condensation in PCR with Capillary Tubes
Authors: Abid Hassan Ali , Ong Jian Wern , Minifie Tristan , Song Zhixiong , Lin Eric Shen , Katariya Mayur , Liew Oi Wah , Ng Tuck Wah
Published: August 2022

Thermal profiling provides the understanding needed to enhance the reliability of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) systems, but is difficult to perform experimentally when the reagents are housed in capillary tubes. The use of 3D numerical simulation with COMSOL here showed that with capillary tubes attached to a slider that moved over 3 differentially heated blocks without slots, the central axis temperature points of the tube provided poorer estimates of the thermal performance of the scheme by as much as 8.5 °C compared with the average cross-sectional temperature. It also showed that a 2-mm-thick slider would be able to improve the thermal response characteristics of a 16.5-mm-thick slider by up to 12 °C. Despite this, the method provided the best immunity to condensation effects in PCR. With the standard stationary heated block method, the temperature profiles in the capillary tubes were found to be highly affected by the amount of water condensate present in the slots. Since condensation is random, this would result in fluctuating PCR thermal behavior. When the tilt method is conducted with slot-guided capillary tubes placed heated blocks, the condensate heat transfer problem remained with stiction also affecting the movements of the capillary tubes.
Advection–diffusion settling of deep-sea mining sediment plumes. Part 2. Collector plumes
Authors: Ouillon Raphael , Muñoz-Royo Carlos , Alford Matthew H. , Peacock Thomas
Published: August 2022

We develop and investigate an advection–diffusion-settling model of deep-sea mining collector plumes, building on the analysis of midwater plumes in Part 1. In the case of collector plumes, deposition plays a predominant role in controlling the mass of sediment in suspension, and thus on setting the extent of the plume. We first discuss the competition between settling, which leads to deposition, and vertical turbulent diffusion, which stretches the plume vertically and reduces deposition. The time evolution of the concentration at the seabed is found to be a highly nonlinear function of time that depends non-trivially on the ratio of diffusion to settling time scales. This has direct implications for the three extent metrics considered, namely the instantaneous area of the seabed where a deposition rate threshold is exceeded, the furthest distance from the discharge where the plume exceeds a concentration threshold and the volume flux of fluid in the water column that ever exceeds a concentration threshold. Unlike the midwater plume, the particle velocity distribution of the sediment has the greatest influence on the extent metrics. The turbulence levels experienced by the plume also markedly affects its extent. Expected variability of turbulence and particle settling velocity yields orders of magnitude changes in the extent metrics.
Surgical site infection rates are higher among elective colorectal surgery patients receiving non–beta-lactam–based antimicrobial prophylaxis: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Fernandes Alisha R. , Farrokhyar Forough , Eskicioglu Cagla , Ciccotelli William , Forbes Shawn S.
Published: August 2022

We compared the odds of acquiring surgical site infection (SSI) for clean-contaminated colorectal surgeries between intravenous β-lactam–based prophylaxis (BLP) versus alternative antimicrobial prophylaxis (AAP). We calculated the odds of acquiring an SSI using logistic regression; adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Increased odds of SSI were detected with AAP versus BLP (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.33–3.50; P = .002).
Shock-induced leading-edge separation in hypersonic flows
Authors: Srinath L. , Sriram R. , Akhilesh P. , Jagadeesh G.
Published: August 2022

We investigate the leading-edge separation, also called negligible boundary-layer thickness separation, induced by an impinging shock on a sharp flat plate. The canonical impinging shock wave/boundary-layer interaction configuration consisting of a wedge and a plate wall, placed in hypersonic free stream, is used for the investigations. We first construct a theoretical model for the leading-edge separated flow field (LESF) which predicts separation bubble geometry and surface pressure distribution as a function of three parameters: free-stream Mach number, wedge angle and the reattached flow turning angle. Markedly different predictions of the separated flow field are obtained for an oblique and a near normal reattachment on the plate surface. Experiments in a shock tunnel at a nominal Mach

$6$

flow, with an impinging shock generated by a wedge of angle

$26.6^{\circ }$

, are used to validate the model. Schlieren flow visualization using a high-speed camera and surface pressure measurements using fast response piezoelectric sensors are the diagnostics employed. For a range of shock impingement locations, the LESFs are observed to be geometrically similar and in good agreement with the LESF model. When the impingement location gets closer to the leading edge, it is observed from experiments that the flow field is no longer geometrically similar, and the separation angle increases as the impingement gets closer to the leading edge beyond the range of similarity. The work thereby offers an elaborate description of the leading-edge separated flow when shock impingement occurs near the plate leading edge.
Convergence and constraint in the cranial evolution of mosasaurid reptiles and early cetaceans
Authors: Bennion Rebecca F. , MacLaren Jamie A. , Coombs Ellen J. , Marx Felix G. , Lambert Olivier , Fischer Valentin
Published: August 2022

The repeated return of tetrapods to aquatic life provides some of the best-known examples of convergent evolution. One comparison that has received relatively little focus is that of mosasaurids (a group of Late Cretaceous squamates) and archaic cetaceans (the ancestors of modern whales and dolphins), both of which show high levels of craniodental disparity, similar initial trends in locomotory evolution, and global distributions. Here we investigate convergence in skull ecomorphology during the initial aquatic radiations of these groups. A series of functionally informative ratios were calculated from 38 species, with ordination techniques used to reconstruct patterns of functional ecomorphospace occupation. The earliest fully aquatic members of each clade occupied different regions of ecomorphospace, with basilosaurids and early russellosaurines exhibiting marked differences in cranial functional morphology. Subsequent ecomorphological trajectories notably diverge: mosasaurids radiated across ecomorphospace with no clear pattern and numerous reversals, whereas cetaceans notably evolved toward shallower, more elongated snouts, perhaps as an adaptation for capturing smaller prey. Incomplete convergence between the two groups is present among megapredatory and longirostrine forms, suggesting stronger selection on cranial function in these two ecomorphologies. Our study highlights both the similarities and divergences in craniodental evolutionary trajectories between archaic cetaceans and mosasaurids, with convergences transcending their deeply divergent phylogenetic affinities.
Efficacy and acceptability of second-generation antipsychotics with antidepressants in unipolar depression augmentation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Yan Yushun , Yang Xiao , Wang Min , Chen Boran , Yin Li , Ma Xiaohong
Published: August 2022

Pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder is often inefficient, and multiple strategies are used for inadequate response to antidepressants. Second-generation antipsychotics are used as augmentation measures in clinical practice; evidence of their efficacy and acceptability is insufficient, and it remains confusing as to which drug should be selected first. In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, we included randomised controlled trials of second-generation antipsychotics used as adjunctive treatment in patients with suboptimal responses. Outcome measures were efficacy (response and remission) and acceptability (dropout due to any reason and adverse events). Thirty-three trials comprising 10 602 participants were included. Regarding efficacy, response rates indicated that all antipsychotics except for ziprasidone were more efficacious than the placebo, with the odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.34 for olanzapine and cariprazine [95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.73 and 1.07–1.67, respectively] to 2.17 for risperidone (95% CrI 1.38–3.42). When considering remission, cariprazine was not effective (OR 1.21, 95% CrI 0.96–1.54). For acceptability, quetiapine (OR 0.68, 95% CrI 0.50–0.91), brexpiprazole (OR 0.69, 95% CrI 0.55–0.86), and cariprazine (OR 0.61, 95% CrI 0.46–0.82) were worse than the placebo. With regards to tolerability, only olanzapine (OR 0.51, 95% CrI 0.25–1.07) and risperidone (OR 0.48, 95% CrI 0.10–2.21) showed no significant differences compared with placebo. The administration of adjunctive antipsychotics is associated with high effectiveness and low acceptability. Risperidone and aripiprazole are more efficacious and accepted than other atypical antipsychotics.
Calum Miller's attempted refutation of Michael Tooley's evidential argument from evil
Authors: Tooley Michael
Published: August 2022

In his article, ‘What's Wrong with Tooley's Argument from Evil?’, Calum Miller's goal was to show that the evidential argument from evil that I have advanced is unsound, and in support of that claim, Miller set out three main objections. First, he argued that I had failed to recognize that the actual occurrence of an event can by itself, at least in principle, constitute good evidence that it was not morally wrong for God to allow events of the kind in question.

Miller's second objection was then that, in attempting to show that it is unlikely that God exists, I had failed to consider either positive arguments in support of the existence of God or possible theodicies, and thus that I was unjustified in drawing any conclusions concerning the probability that theism is true in the light of thetotalevidence available.

Miller's third and final objection was that one of the approaches to logical probability that I employed – namely, that based upon a structure-description equiprobability principle, rather than a state-description equiprobability principle – was unsound since it has clearly unacceptable implications.

In response, I argue that all three of Miller's objections are unsound. The third objection, however, is nevertheless important since it shows that my type of argument from evil cannot be based merely on the evils found in the world. One must also consider good states of affairs, and their relations to bad ones. I show, however, that that deficiency can be addressed in a completely satisfactory manner.
How social identity and social diversity affect judging
Authors: Epstein Lee , Knight Jack
Published: August 2022

Judges like to claim that they are impartial decision-makers fully capable of suppressing their personal proclivities, as the rule of law requires. But a century’s worth of studies undermines that view. Going under the name ‘judicial behaviour’, this vast literature shows that many extraneous (non-legal) factors affect the choices judges make. This article focuses on one strand of that literature – the effect of personal characteristics on judging, with emphasis on social identity and social diversity. We show that the literature is bifurcated: studies focusing on the social identity of individual judges (such as their gender, race, and nationality) generate findings consistent with in-group bias, whereas research on the social diversity of judges sitting in panels suggests that benefits can accrue from socially diverse courts. What the two sets of studies have in common, though, is just as important: both could make profound academic and policy contributions but require far more development if they are to realize their potential. We offer proposals for forward movement.
Exploring the possibility of parents’ broad internalizing phenotype acting through passive gene–environment correlations on daughters’ disordered eating
Authors: O’Connor Shannon M. , Mikhail Megan , Anaya Carolina , Haller Leora L. , Burt S. Alexandra , McGue Matt , Iacono William G. , Klump Kelly L.
Published: August 2022

Twin studies demonstrate significant environmental influences and a lack of genetic effects on disordered eating before puberty in girls. However, genetic factors could act indirectly through passive gene–environment correlations (rGE; correlations between parents’ genes and an environment shaped by those genes) that inflate environmental (but not genetic) estimates. The only study to explore passive rGE did not find significant effects, but the full range of parental phenotypes (e.g., internalizing symptoms) that could impact daughters’ disordered eating was not examined. We addressed this gap by exploring whether parents’ internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depressive symptoms) contribute to daughters’ eating pathology through passive rGE. Participants were female twin pairs (aged 8–14 years; M = 10.44) in pre-early puberty and their biological parents (n = 279 families) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Nuclear twin family models explored passive rGE for parents’ internalizing traits/symptoms and twins’ overall eating disorder symptoms. No evidence for passive rGE was found. Instead, environmental factors that create similarities between co-twins (but not with their parents) and unique environmental factors were important. In pre-early puberty, genetic factors do not influence daughters’ disordered eating, even indirectly through passive rGE. Future research should explore sibling-specific and unique environmental factors during this critical developmental period.
Extracting functional programs from Coq, in Coq
Authors: ANNENKOV DANIL , MILO MIKKEL , NIELSEN JAKOB BOTSCH , SPITTERS BAS
Published: August 2022

We implement extraction of Coq programs to functional languages based on MetaCoq’s certified erasure. We extend the MetaCoq erasure output language with typing information and use it as an intermediate representation, which we call${\lambda^T_\square}$. We complement the extraction functionality with a full pipeline that includes several standard transformations (e.g. eta-expansion and inlining) implemented in a proof-generating manner along with a verified optimisation pass removing unused arguments. We prove the pass correct wrt. a conventional call-by-value operational semantics of functional languages. From the optimised${\lambda^T_\square}$representation, we obtain code in two functional smart contract languages, Liquidity and CameLIGO, the functional language Elm, and a subset of the multi-paradigm language for systems programming Rust. Rust is currently gaining popularity as a language for smart contracts, and we demonstrate how our extraction can be used to extract smart contract code for the Concordium network. The development is done in the context of the ConCert framework that enables smart contract verification. We contribute with two verified real-world smart contracts (boardroom voting and escrow), which we use, among other examples, to exemplify the applicability of the pipeline. In addition, we develop a verified web application and extract it to fully functional Elm code. In total, this gives us a way to write dependently typed programs in Coq, verify, and then extract them to several target languages while retaining a small trusted computing base of only MetaCoq and the pretty-printers into these languages.
Exploring potential reasons for the increase in the East Asian Greylag GooseAnser anserpopulation by assessing habitat use and use of protected areas
Authors: Zhang Junjian , Li Xianghuang , Batbayar Nyambayar , Xu Zhenggang , Cao Lei , Fox Anthony David
Published: August 2022

Among the six sympatric swan and goose species wintering in the Yangtze River floodplain, only Greylag GooseAnser anserand Bean GooseA. fabalisshowed increasing population trends in the last 20 years. Until now, almost nothing was known about the Greylag Geese breeding on the eastern Mongolian Plateau, which we now know mostly winter in the Yangtze River floodplain. We applied GPS transmitters to 20 Greylag Geese in the Yangtze River floodplain and eastern Mongolia, providing complete tracks of their movements in summer, winter, spring and autumn (n= 6, 8, 8, 7). We overlaid these locations on GIS layers of habitat type and national-level protected areas, and modelled their habitat selection. Geese summered in Dauria Region, Huihe National Nature Reserve, and Wulagai Wetlands (from where 55% of GPS fixes were located in protected areas), wintered in Poyang Lake, Longgan Lake, and Anqing Lakes (43%), and staged around Bohai Bay, Xila Mulun River, and Wulagai Wetlands (spring, 48%; autumn, 45%). Geese mainly used natural ecosystems in summer (essentially grasslands and wetlands/water bodies), but in the other three seasons, used croplands between 17% (spring) and 46% (winter) of the time, with most of the rest of the time spent on wetlands/water bodies. Geese were frequently associated with wetlands and areas close to lakes/wetlands in all seasons, and cropland during winter and spring/autumn migration. These results suggest Greylag Geese in this biogeographical sub-population have increasingly shifted to feeding in croplands during the non-breeding season and enjoy the benefit of using protected areas throughout the year. We infer that these factors could have potentially contributed to elevated survival and reproductive success (relatively high among sampled flocks in recent years) which could explain the favourable conservation status of this population of Greylag Geese in recent years compared to other sympatric wintering goose and swan species.
Quantifying the impact of context on the quality of manual hate speech annotation
Authors: Ljubešić Nikola , Mozetič Igor , Kralj Novak Petra
Published: August 2022

The quality of annotations in manually annotated hate speech datasets is crucial for automatic hate speech detection. This contribution focuses on the positive effects of manually annotating online comments for hate speech within the context in which the comments occur. We quantify the impact of context availability by meticulously designing an experiment: Two annotation rounds are performed, one in-context and one out-of-context, on the same English YouTube data (more than 10,000 comments), by using the same annotation schema and platform, the same highly trained annotators, and quantifying annotation quality through inter-annotator agreement. Our results show that the presence of context has a significant positive impact on the quality of the manual annotations. This positive impact is more noticeable among replies than among comments, although the former is harder to consistently annotate overall. Previous research reporting that out-of-context annotations favour assigning non-hate-speech labels is also corroborated, showing further that this tendency is especially present among comments inciting violence, a highly relevant category for hate speech research and society overall. We believe that this work will improve future annotation campaigns even beyond hate speech and motivate further research on the highly relevant questions of data annotation methodology in natural language processing, especially in the light of the current expansion of its scope of application.
Differential response of winter- and summer-emerging accessions of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) to postemergence herbicides in Australia
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Walsh Michael
Published: August 2022

Rigid ryegrass is a problematic weed species in winter crops and winter fallow; however, recently, this weed species has been observed in summer crops and fallow. These observations warrant the evaluation of different postemergence herbicides for its control. Outdoor pot studies were conducted during the spring and summer of 2021 to 2022 to determine the performance of POST herbicides on two summer-emerging (S3 and S6) and two winter-emerging (W3 and W8) accessions of rigid ryegrass. Across all accessions, butroxydim, clethodim, paraquat, and paraquat + amitrole at the field rate provided complete control of rigid ryegrass. Both summer-emerging accessions were found to be resistant to the field rates of glufosinate (750 g ai ha−1), glyphosate (454 g ae ha−1), haloxyfop (52 g ai ha−1), and pinoxaden (30 g ai ha−1). The S6 accession had the highest dose required for a 50% reduction in biomass for these herbicides (glufosinate 1,120 g ai ha−1, glyphosate 1,210 g ae ha−1, haloxyfop 140 g ai ha−1, and pinoxaden 55 g ai ha−1). This summer-emerging accession (S6) was also resistant to iodosulfuron. All four accessions were found susceptible to imazamox + imazapyr (a commercial mixture) and mesosulfuron. The study provides the first evidence of poor control of summer-emerging accessions of rigid ryegrass with different herbicides. Multiple-herbicide-resistant summer-emerging rigid ryegrass accessions would be a challenge to the production of summer crops (e.g., cotton and sorghum) as well as winter crops that rely on weed-free summer fallows for soil moisture retention; therefore these accessions warrant diversified management strategies.