bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
`My Chief Source of Worry': An Assistant Provost Marshal's View of Relations between 2nd Canadian Division and Local Inhabitants on the Western Front, 1915-1917
Authors: Gibson Craig
Published: August 2007

The British Expeditionary Force's landing in France in August 1914 brought it into contact with allied civilians. Relations between soldiers and inhabitants during the war's opening months were amicable, as a depiction in the French weekly L'Illustration accurately portrays. Using the detailed war diary of the assistant provost marshal (APM), 2nd Canadian Division, this article shows that relations during the years of trench warfare were fundamentally different from those characterizing the war's opening months. Focusing on the period September 1915-August 1916 (but also including material up until May 1917), when 2nd Division occupied the Kemmel sector in Flanders, the article examines liaison organizations, claims settlement, the consumption and sale of alcohol, perceptions of the Flemish and the administration of military justice. It concludes that the local Flemish, who from the APM's perspective were greedy, sullen and a threat to security, resented the intrusion of a military presence which controlled their mobility, regulated their businesses, damaged their fields and farms and stole from their estami-nets. This mutual incomprehensibility and incompatibility would have mattered much less, however, if officers commanding had fulfilled their role in the administration of British military justice.
The Construction of Regiments in the Indian Army: 1859-1913
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: August 2007

Indian soldiers fought for the British not because the Indian army was integrated with colonial society, and not because of superior British military expertise, but because of British managerial skill. Particularly after 1857, the British succeeded in incorporating sepoys into a professionalized combat organization by constructing ethnic and military identities for groups that were deemed `martial races', and then amalgamating these constructed groups into a regimental system that reinforced pride of race while providing an institutional identity - Edmund Burke's `little platoons' - for the soldiers. Details of uniform differentiated among regiments and introduced distinctions among communities. Different titles and different badges, different ways of winding pugris, or the fact that Gurkha regiments wore caps and hats instead, served to make the Indian army a network of self-referencing organizations that could neither combine for purposes of mutiny nor submerge themselves in a wider whole. That army nevertheless performed effectively in battle until the mass casualties of the First World War destroyed the intricate clan and family networks that had grown within the regiments.
Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938
Authors: Lary Diana
Published: August 2007

Early in the war of resistance against Japan, the Chinese military command used a tragic version of scorched-earth tactics: they denied access to the Japanese imperial army to a vast stretch of China not by literally scorching it but by drowning it. In June 1938 the Chinese command turned the ultimate symbol of Chinese civilization, the Yellow River, into a weapon of war. The southern dyke of the River was breached at Huayuankou (Flower Garden Mouth) in Henan, 30 miles to the west of the Japanese vanguard. A cataclysmic flood swept through the breach, killing by the lowest estimate half a million people and turning millions of others into refugees.

The breach of the dyke was an attempt at strategic interdiction, to limit the mobility of the Japanese army and stop it moving further west. The waters of the River were to do what soldiers had not been able to do: to halt the Japanese advance. The breaching was a strategic move born of desperation. As the Japanese armies continued their relentless advance across China, sober strategic thinking in the Chinese command gave way to a mood close to panic, in which any conceivable action could be taken to stop the Japanese advance.
The Battle of Tanga, 2-5 November 1914
Authors: Anderson Ross
Published: August 2007

The battle of Tanga, lasting from 2 to 5 November 1914, between the British and Germans was the opening clash in a relatively little-known campaign that was to last over four years. It was conceived as part of a wider plan to ensure British maritime superiority in the Indian Ocean as well as depriving the Germans of their system of overseas wireless transmission stations. However, through a lack of considered analysis and departmental ambitions, it evolved into an ill-thought-out attempt to seize the whole of German East Africa with two brigades of the Indian army. The landings at Tanga were compromised by the need to renounce a local truce, followed by the dilatory disembarkation of the fighting troops. A rapid attempt to take the town was bloodily repulsed by the German defenders and a second, more deliberate attack was similarly defeated. Fearing a greater catastrophe, the British force withdrew to British East Africa and assumed a defensive posture. The affair highlighted a number of weaknesses and defects in British training and operational readiness for modern war.
War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218
Authors: Marvin Laurence W.
Published: August 2007

The Albigensian crusade represents a classic but largely neglected example of the most common type of war in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the siege. An analysis of the sieges helps correct the current absence of work on the military aspects of the Albigensian crusade. Such an analysis places the crusade more firmly in the context of the siege warfare paradigm for the middle ages as well as in the historiography of warfare in western Europe during the High Middle Ages.

The crusaders participated in at least 45 sieges but fought only four field battles between 1209 and 1218. Aside from the storming of Béziers in 1209, the outcome of most sieges in the crusade was the result of negotiation rather than of assault. Though siege machines could play an important role in the wearing down, capture or negotiated surrender of strong points, they sometimes played a small part or none at all. Most of the major sieges required the judicious use of siege devices or the threat of them to be successful, however. Luck, resolve, aggressiveness and Simon de Montfort’s military reputation were the most important factors, and it was these things that sustained the crusade in the south of France for nine years.
Sold(i)ering Masculinity
Authors: Adelman Rebecca A.
Published: August 2007

This article is a consideration of the nexus of photography, masculinity, and American nationalism in the traumatic post-9/11 context of the war in Iraq. It begins by outlining a theoretical framework for the interpretation of contemporary images of men at war. This background informs the rest of the argument, which is structured around an analysis of a particular collection of images from a commemorative photo history of the ongoing conflict. The photos are freighted with particular narratives about the shape and meaning of militarized and imaged masculinity in the global war on terrorism, particularly as it intersects with race, ethnicity, and sexuality. Ultimately, the article contends that the relationships between visuality, nationalism, and masculinity are intimate, and that attention to this imbrication is essential to an understanding of the discourses and politics of the war.
Bayesian modeling for genetic association in case-control studies: accounting for unknown population substructure
Authors: Zhang Li , Mukherjee Bhramar , Ghosh Malay , Wu Rongling
Published: August 2007

A two-stage parametric Bayesian method is proposed to examine the association between a candidate gene and the occurrence of a disease after accounting for population substructure. This procedure, implemented via a Markov chain Monte Carlo numerical integration technique, first estimates the posterior probability of different unknown population substructures and then integrates this information into a disease-gene association model through the technique of Bayesian model averaging. The model relaxes certain assumptions of previous analyses and provides a unified computational framework to obtain an estimate of the log odds ratio parameter corresponding to the genetic factor after allowing for the allele frequencies to vary across subpopulations. The uncertainty in estimating the population substructure is taken into account while providing credible intervals for parameters in the disease-gene association model. Simulations on unmatched case-control studies that mimic an admixed Argentinean population are performed to demonstrate the statistical properties of our model. The method is also applied to a real data set coming from a genetic association study on obesity.
Cell tracing reveals a dorsoventral lineage restriction plane in the mouse limb bud mesenchyme
Authors: Arques Carlos G. , Doohan Roisin , Sharpe James , Torres Miguel
Published: August 2007

Regionalization of embryonic fields into independent units of growth and patterning is a widespread strategy during metazoan development. Compartments represent a particular instance of this regionalization, in which unit coherence is maintained by cell lineage restriction between adjacent regions. Lineage compartments have been described during insect and vertebrate development. Two common characteristics of the compartments described so far are their occurrence in epithelial structures and the presence of signaling regions at compartment borders. Whereas Drosophila compartmental organization represents a background subdivision of embryonic fields that is not necessarily related to anatomical structures, vertebrate compartment borders described thus far coincide with, or anticipate, anatomical or cell-type discontinuities. Here, we describe a general method for clonal analysis in the mouse and use it to determine the topology of clone distribution along the three limb axes. We identify a lineage restriction boundary at the limb mesenchyme dorsoventral border that is unrelated to any anatomical discontinuity, and whose lineage restriction border is not obviously associated with any signaling center. This restriction is the first example in vertebrates of a mechanism of primordium subdivision unrelated to anatomical boundaries. Furthermore, this is the first lineage compartment described within a mesenchymal structure in any organism, suggesting that lineage restrictions are fundamental not only for epithelial structures, but also for mesenchymal field patterning. No lineage compartmentalization was found along the proximodistal or anteroposterior axes, indicating that patterning along these axes does not involve restriction of cell dispersion at specific axial positions.
Behavioural indexes of callosal functioning in Williams syndrome
Authors: Santos Andreia , Rondan Cécilie , Mancini Josette , Deruelle Christine
Published: August 2007

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurogenetic disorder that stems from a microdeletion on chromosome 7. Recent anatomical studies have found evidence for corpus callosum abnormalities in WS. However, to date, the impact of these structural differences on callosal functionality remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate interhemispheric communication and hemispheric asymmetry in individuals with WS relative to mental age‐matched controls. This was assessed using bilateral and unilateral presentations of visual stimuli in a picture‐naming task. Results found both groups to exhibit a bilateral field advantage and a left visual advantage on unilateral presentations. However, while a significant performance increase with age was found for controls, no such correlation was found for individuals with WS. Taken together, these findings suggest that despite some evidence for an atypical developmental pathway in WS, both interhemispheric communication and hemispheric asymmetry are functionally intact in this population.
A novel technique for the quantitative assessment of apraxic deficits: Application to individuals with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Crutch Sebastian J. , Rossor Martin N. , Warrington Elizabeth K.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to apply two novel quantitative assessments of apraxia to issues surrounding the cognitive profile of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who are at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, it was wished to determine whether such quantitative assessment techniques can detect minor degrees of impairment at a stage in the putative disease process before apraxia has become clinically obvious. A total of 23 individuals with MCI and 75 healthy controls were assessed on two 3‐item sequential movement tasks involving either meaningful or meaningless actions. A traditional rating scale assessment of gesture‐to‐command was also administered. MCI patients took significantly longer than control subjects to complete the sequential movement tasks despite unimpaired performance on the traditional gesture production tasks. Furthermore, retrospective analyses revealed that, at the group level, only MCI patients who subsequently proceeded to a clinical diagnosis of AD were significantly slower than controls at the initial assessment. These findings provide the first evidence that the neuropsychological deficits associated with MCI may extend to the domain of praxic functions. Consequently, this work contributes to the growing literature questioning the clinical usefulness of the concept of MCI and the appropriateness of current diagnostic criteria for distinguishing this condition from mild AD.
Bimanual circling in deafferented patients: Evidence for a role of visual forward models
Authors: Mechsner Franz , Stenneken Prisca , Cole Jonathan , Aschersleben Gisa , Prinz Wolfgang
Published: August 2007

The present study investigated the role of ideation and visual feedback, and their interaction in movement control in the absence of somatosensory feedback, with the hypothesis that visual imagery and internal visual models may play a crucial role in performance even without feedback. Two chronically deafferented participants, GL and IW, circled bimanually two occluded cranks first without vision and then with hand‐congruent and hand‐incongruent visual feedback provided by visible flags. Without vision, GL was unable to circle the cranks. In contrast, IW performed spontaneously a symmetric pattern. Again without feedback, IW performed an instructed symmetric crank pattern well, but was unable to perform anti‐phase cranking. With hand‐congruent visual feedback, GL and IW were able to perform both symmetric and anti‐phase movements, with symmetry being more accurate. Visual feedback during preceding trials made possible trials without visual feedback in GL and improved anti‐phase trials in IW. Frequency‐transformed incongruent visual feedback resulted in poor performance in part due to unsuitable hand‐related strategies. However, IW improved in the latter task after detailed explanations of the condition. In conclusion, we suggest that both participants use visual imagery and visual forward models to control their hand movements. Visual updating of the forward model also improves performance with no vision. In addition, IW seemed to have been able to move from a focus on hand position to one on the transformed visual feedback to improve movement control in the incongruent feedback/movement condition.
Postcollection Synthesis of Ethyl Glucuronide by Bacteria in Urine May Cause False Identification of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Helander Anders , Olsson Ingrid , Dahl Helen
Published: August 2007

Background: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor ethanol metabolite used as a specific marker to document recent alcohol consumption; confirm abstinence in treatment programs, workplaces, and schools; and provide legal proof of drinking. This study examined if bacterial pathogens in urine may enable postsampling synthesis of EtG and ethyl sulfate (EtS) from ethanol, leading to clinical false-positive results.

Methods: Urine specimens with confirmed growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae were stored at room temperature in the presence of ethanol. Ethanol was either added to the samples or generated by inoculation with the fermenting yeast species Candida albicans and glucose as substrate. EtG and EtS were measured by LC-MS.

Results: High concentrations of EtG (24-h range 0.5–17.6 mg/L) were produced during storage in 35% of E. coli-infected urines containing ethanol. In some specimens that were initially EtG positive because of recent alcohol consumption, EtG was also sensitive to degradation by bacterial hydrolysis. In contrast, EtS was completely stable under these conditions.

Conclusions: The presence of EtG in urine is not a unique indicator of recent drinking, but might originate from postcollection synthesis if specimens are infected with E. coli and contain ethanol. Given the associated risks for false identification of alcohol consumption and false-negative EtG results due to bacterial degradation, we recommend that measurement of EtG be combined with EtS, or in the future possibly replaced by EtS.
A Mandate for Honesty: Jeff Young's No Bullshit Therapy
Authors: Findlay Ron , Young Jeff
Published: August 2007

Jeff Young talks about having been trained to be formal with clients, and his gradual realisation that he could return to the more direct ways of speech he learned as a child, and combine that with warmth. He found that clients and fellow professionals welcomed a therapist who did not ‘beat around the bush’. Together, Jeff and Ron talk about when directness is appropriate, and how directness needs to be modified for particular clients.
‘Screwed for life’: Examining identification and division in addiction narratives
Authors: Jodlowski Denise , Sharf Barbara F , Nguyen Loralee Capistrano , Haidet Paul , Woodard Lechauncy D
Published: August 2007

In this study, we investigate the use of narrative in online conversations among persons suffering from chronic opiate addiction and evaluate both its positive and negative uses. Illness narratives, as argued by sociologist Arthur Frank and psychiatrist/medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman, enable patients to give order to life experiences and receive support from others. We wished to explore under what circumstances online support coalesces and breaks apart. The narratives we examined exemplify two topics frequently discussed on the message board: the recovery process and what it means to be ‘clean’. To better understand these narratives from a theoretically based approach, we used the work of rhetorical theorist Kenneth Burke. Burke's description of two human motives, suffering and perfection, led us to an understanding of how unification and division happened within the online community. We found that the recovery narrative primarily embodied the author's suffering and, consequently, received support from other members of the message board. The second narrative centered on what it means to be ‘clean’ through a discussion of the author's desire to court temptation, revealing what Burke calls the rotten nature of perfection. As a result, the author of the narrative provoked disagreements and did not receive support.
No less a man: Reconstructing identity after prostate cancer
Authors: Bokhour Barbara G , Powel Lorrie L , Clark Jack A
Published: August 2007

Few diagnoses present as great a challenge to one's life as cancer. Many men each year are confronted with a diagnosis of early stage prostate cancer and find themselves making decisions about treatment in the face of side effects that present often devastating effects, including problems controlling one's urine and an inability to perform sexually. In this paper, we explore the narratives of men who, having chosen and undergone treatment for early stage prostate cancer, are living with the consequences. Faced with what Charmaz calls an ‘identity dilemma’, how do these men linguistically construct their identities in the face of challenges to their bodily, personal, and social integrity? Drawing upon theories of social languages and Discourses, we examine how men linguistically resolve the identity dilemmas they encounter and in turn construct an identity in response to a question about the quality of their lives in the face of the adverse event of prostate cancer. We present an analysis of the interview narratives of two men and show how they ‘re-collage’ an identity in the face of fundamental changes in their functioning as men. We argue that these men draw upon alternative discourses to construct themselves as whole, competent, and ‘no less a man'.
Crosscurrents: Social Movements and the Anthropology of Science and Technology
Authors: HESS DAVID J.
Published: August 2007

Along with growth and acceptance of the anthropology of science and technology has come a narrowing of focus both topically and methodologically. An alternative topic of inquiry (social movements) and an alternative method (a limited return to nomothetic inquiry) offer potential for research that is relevant to both social change actors and social scientists such as sociologists and political scientists. A comparative analysis of existing anthropological research on science, technology, and social movements provides the basis for limited generalizations regarding the types and circumstances of charged cultural repertoires that both social movements and elites invoke.
VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: CASEY JOANNA
Published: August 2007

Ghanaian Video Tales. Tobias Wendl, dir. 60 min. DVD. Goettingen: IWF Wissen und Medien gGmbH, 2005.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: REYNOLDS JENNIFER F.
Published: August 2007

Language, Culture, and Society: Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language 23.. Christine Jourdan and Kevin Tuite, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 310 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MARIE ANSELMI LISA
Published: August 2007

Measuring Time with Artifacts:. History of Methods in American Archaeology. R. Lee Lyman and Michael J. O'Brien. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 346 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: N. ANDERSON EUGENE
Published: August 2007

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. Charles R. Menzies, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 273 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: CHAMBERS ERVE
Published: August 2007

Travels in Paradox: Remapping Tourism. Claudio Minca and Tim Oakes, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. 286 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MELVIN AIKENS C.
Published: August 2007

Archaeology, Society and Identity in Modern Japan. Koji Mizoguchi. Cambridge Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 183 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: P. DANIELS TIMOTHY
Published: August 2007

The Tenants of East Harlem. Russell Leigh Sharman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 243 pp.
Life on the Water: A Historical‐Cultural Model of African American Fishermen on the Georgia Coast (USA)
Authors: Blount Ben G.
Published: August 2007

A challenge in fisheries research is development of a rigorous and reliable method for representing local fishing knowledge. One solution is to elicit knowledge initially in semistructured interviews and then to model information held in common among groups of fishermen. Content analysis of interviews using keywords, the terms by which fishermen talk about and organize their knowledge topically and thematically, allows for the identification of discourse content and for its hierarchical organization in the form of cultural models. Cultural model analysis shows how fishermen construct and organize the central components of their lives as fishers. Results of a case study are reported here, based on interviews conducted in 1999 with elderly African American fisherman on the coast of Georgia, focusing on the history of their participation in coastal fisheries. Keyword analysis showed that the basic cultural model of the African Americans was of life on the water, which contains a number of submodels that elaborate the content and meaning of life on the water. The cultural model shows that the way of life based on making a living from fishing has become increasingly difficult and may be nearing an end. The loss of means of livelihood raises ethical considerations about access to natural resources.
Using Oral History Techniques in A NOAA Fisheries Service (NMFS) Education and Outreach Project: Preserving Local Fisheries Knowledge, Linking Generations, and Improving Environmental Literacy
Authors: Abbott‐Jamieson Susan
Published: August 2007

Oral historical interviews are a core activity in a successful outreach and education project piloted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in two Maine high schools between 2003 and 2005. Through interviews with local fishermen and others in fishing‐related industries, Local Fisheries Knowledge (LFK) Pilot Project students have explored the connections between fisheries, the marine environment, their communities, and their own lives, while documenting and preserving the knowledge and experiences of local residents for future generations. This article describes the pilot project's use of oral history methods, and discusses the project's role in three agency interest areas: (1) public outreach, (2) education, and (3) documenting fishing communities' lifeways and local fisheries knowledge.
The Community Panels Project: Citizens' Groups for Social Science Research and Monitoring
Authors: Hall‐Arber Madeleine
Published: August 2007

A collaborative project in the Northeast region of the United States explored the potential for community‐based data collection and analysis to help address the scarcity of social science data on the fishing industry and fishing communities. Community panels were established in six fishing ports in Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Each panel was comprised of 10 to 12 individuals, a cross section of harvesters, processors, shoreside business owners, and other members of the fishing communities. The panels identified issues of concern to their ports, and with the help of coordinators and the principal investigators, gathered data through interviews and focus group meetings, then drafted and reviewed reports. The project was successful in addressing topics of immediate concern in the region such as the impacts of changes in fishery management plans, particularly on fishing industry infrastructure. Although more time consuming than data collection by a sole applied anthropologist, the collaboration between social scientists and community stakeholders led to the incorporation of local knowledge that might otherwise have been missed. Furthermore, participants in the project learned about each other's values and goals. Such information is significant, an important aspect in negotiating decisions that will affect the future.
Social Indicators and Measurements of Vulnerability for Gulf Coast Fishing Communities
Authors: Jepson Michael
Published: August 2007

Social indicators as measures of economic or social well‐being have existed since the early 1970s. It is only recently that the use of social indicators have become of some utility to fisheries management. Prior to the revision of the Magnuson‐Stevens Act and the addition of National Standard 8, there were only a handful of studies that collected the types of data that could be used to create such indices. However, with the addition of a provision to define and identify fishing communities in the Act (National Standard 8), the ongoing collection of census and other statistical data on fishing communities has been instituted. This article describes the creation of a “vulnerability index” consisting of measures of employment opportunity and community well‐being from census and other data sources that was used as part of the social impact discussion. The index provides an indication of which fishing communities might be affected the most by the choice of several management alternatives included in a recent Environmental Impact Statement for the Essential Fish Habitat Amendment for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. This article concludes with a discussion of the need for improved data and methods to assist fishery managers with social impacts and the personnel to write and review such assessments, as fishing communities in the Gulf of Mexico are rapidly changing.
Genetic Screens forCaenorhabditis elegansMutants Defective in Left/Right Asymmetric Neuronal Fate Specification
Authors: Sarin Sumeet , O'Meara M Maggie , Flowers Eileen B , Antonio Celia , Poole Richard J , Didiano Dominic , Johnston Robert J , Chang Sarah , Narula Surinder , Hobert Oliver
Published: August 2007

We describe here the results of genetic screens for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants in which a single neuronal fate decision is inappropriately executed. In wild-type animals, the two morphologically bilaterally symmetric gustatory neurons ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER) undergo a left/right asymmetric diversification in cell fate, manifested by the differential expression of a class of putative chemoreceptors and neuropeptides. Using single cell-specific gfp reporters and screening through a total of almost 120,000 haploid genomes, we isolated 161 mutants that define at least six different classes of mutant phenotypes in which ASEL/R fate is disrupted. Each mutant phenotypic class encompasses one to nine different complementation groups. Besides many alleles of 10 previously described genes, we have identified at least 16 novel “lsy” genes (“laterally symmetric”). Among mutations in known genes, we retrieved four alleles of the miRNA lsy-6 and a gain-of-function mutation in the 3′-UTR of a target of lsy-6, the cog-1 homeobox gene. Using newly found temperature-sensitive alleles of cog-1, we determined that a bistable feedback loop controlling ASEL vs. ASER fate, of which cog-1 is a component, is only transiently required to initiate but not to maintain ASEL and ASER fate. Taken together, our mutant screens identified a broad catalog of genes whose molecular characterization is expected to provide more insight into the complex genetic architecture of a left/right asymmetric neuronal cell fate decision.
Genetic Analysis of the Histidine Utilization (hut) Genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25
Authors: Zhang Xue-Xian , Rainey Paul B
Published: August 2007

The histidine utilization (hut) locus of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 confers the ability to utilize histidine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Genetic analysis using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chromosomally integrated lacZ fusions showed the hut locus to be composed of 13 genes organized in 3 transcriptional units: hutF, hutCD, and 10 genes from hutU to hutG (which includes 2 copies of hutH, 1 of which is nonfunctional). Inactivation of hutF eliminated the ability to grow on histidine, indicating that SBW25 degrades histidine by the five-step enzymatic pathway. The 3 hut operons are negatively regulated by the HutC repressor with urocanate (the first intermediate of the histidine degradation pathway) as the physiological inducer. 5′-RACE analysis of transcriptional start sites revealed involvement of both σ54 (for the hutU–G operon) and σ70 (for hutF); the involvement of σ54 was experimentally demonstrated. CbrB (an enhancer binding protein for σ54 recruitment) was required for bacterial growth on histidine, indicating positive control of hut gene expression by CbrB. Recognition that a gene (named hutD) encoding a widely distributed conserved hypothetical protein is transcribed along with hutC led to analysis of its role. Mutational and gene fusion studies showed that HutD functions independently of HutC. Growth and fitness assays in laboratory media and on sugar beet seedlings suggest that HutD acts as a governor that sets an upper bound to the level of hut activity.
A Genetic Screen Identifies Novel Polycomb Group Genes in Drosophila
Authors: de Ayala Alonso Andrés Gaytán , Gutiérrez Luis , Fritsch Cornelia , Papp Bernadett , Beuchle Dirk , Müller Jürg
Published: August 2007

Polycomb group (PcG) genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressors that are required for the long-term silencing of particular developmental control genes in animals and plants. PcG genes were first identified in Drosophila as regulators that keep HOX genes inactive in cells where these genes must remain silent during development. Here, we report the results of a genetic screen aimed at isolating novel PcG mutants in Drosophila. In an EMS mutagenesis, we isolated 82 mutants that show Polycomb-like phenotypes in clones in the adult epidermis and misexpression of the HOX gene Ubx in clones in the imaginal wing disc. Analysis of these mutants revealed that we isolated multiple new alleles in most of the already- known PcG genes. In addition, we isolated multiple mutant alleles in each of ten different genes that previously had not been known to function in PcG repression. We show that the newly identified PcG gene calypso is required for the long-term repression of multiple HOX genes in embryos and larvae. In addition, our studies reveal that the Kto/Med12 and Skd/Med13 subunits of the Med12·Med13·Cdk8·CycC repressor subcomplex of Mediator are needed for repression of the HOX gene Ubx. The results of the mutant screen reported here suggest that the majority of nonredundant Drosophila genes with strong classic PcG phenotypes have been identified.
Effect of Adjuvants and Urea Ammonium Nitrate on Bispyribac Efficacy, Absorption, and Translocation in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). I. Efficacy, Rainfastness, and Soil Moisture
Authors: Koger Clifford H. , Dodds Darrin M. , Reynolds Daniel B.
Published: August 2007

Bispyribac is registered for postemergence control of broadleaf, sedge, and grass weeds in rice. Bispyribac inhibits the acetolactate synthase enzyme in sensitive plants. Herbicides in this class of chemistry require a spray adjuvant to achieve optimal efficacy, often achieve different levels of weed control according to the spray adjuvant used, and typically have rainfast periods of at least 6 to 8 h. Efficacy and rainfastness of bispyribac can be affected by spray adjuvant and the addition of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of spray adjuvant type, addition of UAN, and soil moisture on bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. Control of barnyardgrass was improved when UAN was added to bispyribac at 0.4 or 0.8 g ha−1plus an organosilicone-based nonionic surfactant (OSL/NIS) or methylated seed oil/organosilicone (MSO/OSL) spray adjuvant. The type of adjuvant added to the spray solution affected bispyribac efficacy on barnyardgrass. The addition of UAN decreased the rainfast period from 8 h (registered rainfast period) to 1 or 4 h (99 to 100% control) when either the OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant was applied with bispyribac, respectively. Applying UAN and OSL/NIS or MSO/OSL adjuvant with bispyribac enhanced efficacy and reduced the time period required between bispyribac application and washoff during a rainfall event. Increasing soil moisture conditions resulted in greater efficacy from bispyribac when applied with and without UAN.
Mechanism of Antagonism of Mesotrione on Sulfonylurea Herbicides
Authors: Schuster Christopher L. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Dille J. Anita
Published: August 2007

Studies were conducted to determine if altered absorption, translocation, or metabolism were the basis for the reduction in sulfonylurea herbicide efficacy on foxtail species when mesotrione was mixed with a sulfonylurea herbicide. Green foxtail and yellow foxtail plants were grown in the greenhouse and treated at the four-leaf stage with14C-labeled nicosulfuron or rimsulfuron, applied alone or with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine. Absorption of nicosulfuron was greater in green foxtail and yellow foxtail 7 d after treatment (DAT) when applied alone, compared with absorption when mixing the herbicide with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine. When nicosulfuron was applied alone, 9% more of the nicosulfuron in green foxtail was translocated at 7 DAT, as compared with when nicosulfuron was applied in combination with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine. Translocation of nicosulfuron in yellow foxtail, however, was similar when nicosulfuron was applied alone or in combination with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine. The addition of mixing rimsulfuron with mesotrione did not reduce the absorption of rimsulfuron in green foxtail 7 DAT, but the addition of mesotrione + atrazine resulted in a 20% decrease in rimsulfuron absorption 7 DAT compared with absorption of rimsulfuron applied alone. Yellow foxtail absorption of rimsulfuron at 7 DAT was decreased by 11 or 20% when mixed with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine, respectively. Application of rimsulfuron alone resulted in 6% more herbicide being translocated to the treated tiller in green foxtail at 7 DAT, compared with an application of mesotrione + atrazine and rimsulfuron. Translocation of rimsulfuron in yellow foxtail was similar when applied alone or in combination with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine. Nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron metabolism in foxtail species was similar when applied alone or in combination with mesotrione or mesotrione + atrazine.
Coexpression of prodynorphin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone in the rat central amygdala: Evidence of two distinct endogenous opioid systems in the lateral division
Authors: Marchant Nathan J. , Densmore Valerie S. , Osborne Peregrine B.
Published: August 2007

The lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) comprises two groups of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that express corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and enkephalin. Regulation of the expression and release of these neuropeptides by glucocorticoids and other factors has been suggested to have a regulatory function on the diverse somatic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses that are coordinated by the CeA. Because another opioid peptide, dynorphin, has been reported to be also expressed by neurons in the lateral CeA, this study examined the neuronal expression of this kappa‐opioid (KOP) receptor‐preferring ligand by using immunohistochemistry for the precursor peptide prodynorphin. Prodynorphin neurons in the extended amygdala were observed mostly in the medial and central regions of the lateral CeA and the oval of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). About one‐third of the prodynorphin neurons in the CeA coexpressed CRH, whereas no coexpression with CRH was detected in the BST. Prodynorphin was not expressed by calbindin neurons in the medial part of the lateral CeA, and indirect evidence suggested that it was not expressed by enkephalin neurons. Coexpression of prodynorphin in extrahypothalamic CRH neurons in the CeA could provide an anatomical basis for regulation of the stress responses and other CRH‐related functions by the brain dynorphin/KOP receptor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:702–715, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Rds abundance on cone outer segment morphogenesis, photoreceptor gene expression, and outer limiting membrane integrity
Authors: Farjo Rafal , Fliesler Steven J. , Naash Muna I.
Published: August 2007

We examined the molecular, structural, and functional consequences on cone photoreceptors of the neural retinal leucine zipper knockout (Nrl−/−) mice when only one allele of retinal degeneration slow (Rds) is present (Rds+/−/Nrl−/−). Quantitative RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis were used to assess the expression levels of several phototransduction genes; electroretinography was used to assess quantitatively the retinal responsiveness to light; and immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis were used to examine retinal protein distribution and morphology, respectively. In Rds/Nrl double‐null mice, S‐cones form dysmorphic outer segments that lack lamellae and fail to associate properly with the cone matrix sheath and the outer limiting membrane. In Rds+/−/Nrl−/− mice, cones form oversized and disorganized outer segment lamellae; although outer limiting membrane associations are maintained, normal interactions with cone matrix sheaths are not, and photoreceptor rosette formation is observed. These retinas produce significantly higher photopic a‐wave and b‐wave amplitudes than do those of Rds−/−/Nrl−/− mice, and the levels of several cone phototransduction genes are significantly increased coincidently with the presence of Rds and partial lamellae formation. Thus, as in rod photoreceptors, expression of only one Rds allele is unable to support normal outer segment morphogenesis in cones. However, cone lamellae assembly, albeit disorganized, concomitantly permits outer limiting membrane association, and this appears to be linked to photoreceptor rosette formation in the rodless (cone‐only) Nrl−/− retina. In addition, photoreceptor gene expression alterations occur in parallel with changes in Rds levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:619–630, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of transient heat transfer during quenching of a vertical hot surface with a falling liquid film
Authors: Matsueda Hiroaki , Monde Masanori , Matsuda Shoichi
Published: August 2007

An experimental study has been conducted to elucidate characteristics of transient heat transfer during quenching of a vertical hot surface with a falling liquid film. The experiment was done at atmospheric pressure for the following conditions: an initial surface temperature from 200 to 400°C, a subcooling of 20– 80 K, average velocity of 0.52– 1.24 m/s, and the block material is copper and carbon steel. The surface temperature and heat flux are estimated from the measured temperatures in the block during the quench by a two‐dimensional inverse solution. It follows that as the position of wetting advances downward, the position at which the heat flux becomes a maximum also advances downward. The time at which the position of maximum heat flux begins to move is one of the most important parameters and can be predicted by a proposed correlation. In addition, it is revealed that the maximum heat flux for copper depends on the length to which it occurs from the leading edge. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 345– 360, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20167
Theoretical research of convective condensation heat transfer for mixture gas on a horizontal tube
Authors: Wu Dongmei , Jia Li
Published: August 2007

The mechanism of convective condensation heat transfer of moist mixed gas across a horizontal tube was studied in this paper. The models referring to how the liquid film flows and the heat transfers on the tube are set up by combining modified film model and Nusselt condensation theory. The effects of Re number, wall temperature, and water vapor concentration on condensation heat transfer are discussed. Results predict that the film thickness profile on the tube is influenced greatly by vapor shear force on liquid film. Local Nusselt number depends remarkably on gas phase heat resistance, which is different from pure vapor and very similar to single‐phase gas. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 324–333, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20169
Human metabolic interactions of environmental chemicals
Authors: Hodgson Ernest , Rose Randy L.
Published: August 2007

Investigations utilizing recombinant human xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes as well as human hepatocytes have revealed a number of interactions not only between different environmental chemicals (ECs) but also between ECs and endogenous metabolites. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) are potent inhibitors of the human metabolism of carbaryl, carbofuran, DEET and fipronil, as well as the jet fuel components, nonane and naphthalene. OPs are potent irreversible inhibitors of testosterone metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and of estradiol metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. All of these CYP inhibitions are believed to be due to the release of reactive sulfur during CYP‐catalyzed oxidative desulfuration. It has also been shown that the esterase(s) responsible for the initial step in permethrin metabolism in human liver is inhibited by both chlorpyrifos oxon and carbaryl. A number of pesticides, including chlorpyrifos, fipronil and permethrin, and the repellent, DEET, have been shown to be inducers of CYP isoforms in human hepatocytes, with fipronil being the most potent. Several agrochemicals, including fipronil and the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, show toxicity toward human hepatocytes with fipronil being the most potent in this regard. Endosulfan‐α, which has shown promise as a model substrate for phenotyping CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes, is also an inducer of CYP2B6, acting through the PXR receptor. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:182–186, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20175
Genetic variability in the cytochrome P450–paraoxonase 1 (PON1) pathway for detoxication of organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Furlong Clement E.
Published: August 2007

Detoxication of organophosphorus (OP) compounds is affected by genetic and environmental modulation of a number of enzymes involved in the process. For organophosphorothioate insecticides, different P450 isozymes and variants carry out two reactions that have quite different consequences; (1) they bioactivate their parent compounds to highly toxic oxon forms that are many times more toxic than the parent compounds, and (2) concurrently, they dearylate the parent OP compounds, generating much less toxic metabolites. The ratios at which these different P450s carry out bioactivation versus dearylation differ among the P450 isozymes. The detoxication of the oxon forms of diazinon and chlorpyrifos is achieved by hydrolysis to the respective aromatic alcohols and diethyl phosphates primarily by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a plasma enzyme tightly associated with high‐density lipoprotein particles and also found in liver. Stoichiometric binding to other targets also contributes to the detoxication of these oxons. PON1 is polymorphically distributed in human populations with an amino acid substitution (Gln/Arg) at position 192 of this 354‐amino acid protein (the initiator Met residue is cleaved on maturation) that determines the catalytic efficiency of hydrolysis of some substrates. In addition to the variable catalytic efficiency determined by the position 192 amino acid, protein levels of PON1 vary by as much as 15‐fold among individuals with the same PON1192genotype (Q/Q; Q/R; R/R). The generation of PON1 null mice and transgenic mice, expressing each of the human PON1192alloforms in place of mouse PON1, has allowed for the examination of the physiological function of the PON1192alloforms in OP detoxication. Sensitivity to diazoxon exposure is primarily determined by the plasma level of PON1, whereas for chlorpyrifos oxon exposure, both the plasma PON1 level and the position 192 amino acid are important—PON1R192is more efficient in inactivating chlorpyrifos oxon than is PON1Q192. The availability of PON1 null mice provides an opportunity to examine the contribution of other enzymes in the OP detoxication pathways without PON1 interference. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:197–205, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20181