bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ficção da nação entre sonhos e pesadelos
Authors: Olivieri-Godet Rita
Published: June 2011

Na Argentina, como em outros países do continente americano, a figuração literária da alteridade ameríndia se intensifica, a partir da década de 1980, em textos de grande qualidade estética. O romance Una vaca ya pronto serás de Néstor Ponce insere-se nesse contexto literário que corresponde à ampliação do espaço da metaficção historiográfica. Apropriando-se livremente de fatos históricos para explorar o imaginário do contato entre europeus e índios, focado nas relações identidade/alteridade, o romance coloca em cena o enfrentamento dos discursos subjacente à formação da nação. Constrói assim, um relato comovedor, a partir da história da espoliação e do extermínio das populações indígenas que habitavam o território da atual Argentina. Ao fazê-lo, o romance trava um intenso diálogo com os intertextos sociais e literários, explora novas modalidades narrativas, desafiando as fronteiras do gênero e tematizando a experiência da escrita. Nossa leitura interroga a fatura do texto romanesco. Focaliza a maneira como ele encena o processo de construção da nação. Procura mostrar como o romance, através da  mise-en-scène do aniquilamento do Outro - os povos indígenas representados enquanto instância da alteridade -, discute o substrato de violência que engendra as formas bárbaras e arbitrárias de exercício do poder tecendo relações entre o passado e o presente histórico.
Cardeña, Pedro de Barcelos y la Genealogía del Cid
Authors: Bautista Francisco
Published: June 2011

Este trabajo se centra en un texto genealógico sobre el Cid para el que contamos con el testimonio publicado por Juan de Velorado, abad de Cardeña, dentro de los apéndices a la Crónica particular del Cid (1512), y trata de rastrear sus huellas en algunos textos medievales, en particular en las obras de Pedro de Barcelos. Las coincidencias que se registran entre estos textos, que afectan a asuntos o episodios como el linaje del Cid, los Jueces de Castilla o la leyenda de los Infantes de Lara, y la alusión de don Pedro a una crónica de Cardeña permiten concluir que una versión anterior de la genealogía cidiana publicada por el abad de Cardeña fue conocida por el autor portugués. Después de señalar brevemente algunas posibles implicaciones de la localización de esta fuente para el análisis de los pasajes de Pedro de Barcelos en que fue usada, se exploran los rasgos más importantes de la genealogía cardeñense del Cid, el contexto en que pudo llevarse a cabo su redacción original, su significado y algunos aspectos de la actualización posterior.
Overexpression of Ste20-Related Proline/Alanine-Rich Kinase Exacerbates Experimental Colitis in Mice
Authors: Yan Yutao , Laroui Hamed , Ingersoll Sarah A. , Ayyadurai Saravanan , Charania Moiz , Yang Stephen , Dalmasso Guillaume , Obertone Tracy S. , Nguyen Hang , Sitaraman Shanthi V. , Merlin Didier
Published: June 2011

Inflammatory bowel disease, mainly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by epithelial barrier disruption and altered immune regulation. Colonic Ste20-like proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) plays a role in intestinal inflammation, but its underlying mechanisms need to be defined. Both SPAK-transfected Caco2-BBE cells and villin-SPAK transgenic (TG) FVB/6 mice exhibited loss of intestinal barrier function. Further studies demonstrated that SPAK significantly increased paracellular intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran. In vivo studies using the mouse models of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid showed that TG FVB/6 mice were more susceptible to DSS and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment than wild-type FVB/6 mice, as demonstrated by clinical and histological characteristics and enzymatic activities. Consistent with this notion, we found that SPAK increased intestinal epithelial permeability, which likely facilitated the production of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo, aggravated bacterial translocation in TG mice under DSS treatment, and consequently established a context favorable for the triggering of intestinal inflammation cascades. In conclusion, overexpression of SPAK inhibits maintenance of intestinal mucosal innate immune homeostasis, which makes regulation of SPAK important to attenuate pathological responses in inflammatory bowel disease.
IFN-α Confers Resistance of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis to Therapy in NZB/W F1 Mice
Authors: Liu Zheng , Bethunaickan Ramalingam , Huang Weiqing , Ramanujam Meera , Madaio Michael P. , Davidson Anne
Published: June 2011

The critical role of IFN-α in the pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus has been highlighted in recent years. Exposure of young lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice to IFN-α in vivo leads to an accelerated lupus phenotype that is dependent on T cells and is associated with elevated serum levels of BAFF, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased splenic expression of IL-6 and IL-21, formation of large germinal centers, and the generation of large numbers of short-lived plasma cells that produce IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibodies. In this study, we show that both IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibodies are pathogenic in IFN-α–accelerated lupus, and their production can be dissociated by using low-dose CTLA4-Ig. Only high-dose CTLA4-Ig attenuates both IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibody production and significantly delays death from lupus nephritis. In contrast, BAFF/APRIL blockade has no effect on germinal centers or the production of IgG anti-dsDNA Abs but, if given at the time of IFN-α challenge, delays the progression of lupus by attenuating systemic and renal inflammation. Temporary remission of nephritis induced by combination therapy with cyclophosphamide, anti-CD40L Ab, and CTLA4-Ig is associated with the abrogation of germinal centers and depletion of short-lived plasma cells, but relapse occurs more rapidly than in conventional NZB/W F1 mice. This study demonstrates that IFN-α renders NZB/W F1 relatively resistant to therapeutic intervention and suggests that the IFN signature should be considered when randomizing patients into groups and analyzing the results of human clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Water availability and forest growth in coarse-textured soils
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Lee Barbour S. , Elshorbagy Amin , Zettl Julie , Cheng Si Bing
Published: June 2011

Huang, M., Barbour, S. L., Elshorbagy, A., Zettl, J. D. and Si, B. C. 2011. Water availability and forest growth in coarse-textured soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 199–210. A method of evaluating the influence of soil layering and climatic variability on plant available water for forest growth is presented. This method enables species-specific levels of maximum sustainable plant transpiration to be evaluated. A calibrated HYDRUS-1D model was used with a 60-yr meteorological record to simulate actual evapotransipration (ETa) of dominant tree species with different values of leaf area index (LAI) for three sites in northern Alberta. A probability distribution of ETa was developed for each case. The relationships between LAI, plant above-ground primary production (ANPP), and ETa were used to estimate the minimum water demand to support plant growth at specific sites. The developed frequency curves of ETa and the minimum water demand can be used to determine the maximum sustainable LAI and the risk associated with revegetating a particular site with a dominant tree species. The effect of different tree species on the minimum water demand and the maximum sustainable LAI was also illustrated. The results indicated that layering of coarse-textured soils can provide more plant available water and support a higher maximum sustainable LAI than homogeneous soils of a similar texture.
Scale-dependent covariance of soil physical properties above and below a soil horizon interface: Pedogenic versus anthropogenic influences on total porosity
Authors: Dyck M. F. , Kachanoski R. G.
Published: June 2011

Dyck, M. F. and Kachanoski, R. G. 2011. Scale-dependent covariance of soil physical properties above and below a soil horizon interface: Pedogenic versus anthropogenic influences on total porosity. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 149–159. The basic unit of soil – the pedon – is described as the minimum, three-dimensional unit of soil representative of the variability of soil horizon dimensions and morphology. Pedogenic processes responsible for soil horizon and soil profile formation are primarily hydrologic in nature. The spatially variable distribution of soil horizons (i.e., the variation among pedons within catenae or landscapes) is likely a reflection of the inherent variability of the soil parent material and the spatial variability of hydrological/pedogenic processes. This paper explores the spatial variability and spatially scale-dependent covariance between a basic soil property (porosity) above and below an A/B horizon interface under adjacent disturbed (cultivated) and undisturbed (forested) conditions. A combination of scale-dependent variance and Fourier-domain spectral analysis shows that the scale-dependent covariance of A and B horizon porosity varies significantly between the cultivated and forested sampling transects. The majority of these observed differences between the scale-dependent covariance of A and B horizon porosity under contrasting land uses is attributed to tillage. These results suggest that anthropogenic activities such as tillage may not only alter the surface horizons, but the nature of the spatial covariance between surface and underlying horizons which likely influences current soil hydrological processes.
Spatial and seasonal variability of phosphorus risk indexes in cultivated organic soils
Authors: Guérin Julie , Parent Léon-Étienne , Si Bing
Published: June 2011

Guérin, J. É., Parent, L.-É. and Si, B. C. 2011. Spatial and seasonal variability of phosphorus risk indexes in cultivated organic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 291–302. Many reports have attributed phosphorus (P) leaching from cultivated organic soils and the eutrophication of adjacent surface waters to P fertilization exceeding the P sorption capacity of the soil. The index of phosphorus saturation (IPS) using the Mehlich III method (M-III) has been proposed to define an agri-environmental threshold of P saturation in cultivated organic soils. The spatial and temporal variability of IPSM-IIImust be documented and related to the risk of P pollution to recommend more efficient fertilization practices. The objective of this research was to measure spatial and seasonal variation patterns of P in cultivated organic soils and to evaluate the losses of soil test extractable P between autumn and the following spring. Composite soil samples were taken on a 25-× 25-m grid within 7-ha areas in three representative types of cultivated organic soils of southwestern Quebec in fall 2006 and spring 2007. Soil P, iron, and aluminum were extracted in duplicate using the M-III and the acid ammonium oxalate methods (OX). The spatial analysis of organic soils showed that the PM-IIIand the IPSM-IIIwere spatially autocorrelated and that the experimental semivariograms can be described by linear to sill or spherical models with ranges of 68 to 168 m. There was a high seasonal variability among the PM-IIIand the IPSM-IIIvalues. The IPSM-IIIvalues were generally higher than the environmental threshold of 0.05 across sites and sampling periods. Losses of M-III and OX extractable P averaged 41 kg PM-IIIha−1and 84 kg POXha−1, respectively, between fall and the following spring, suggesting substantial contribution of cultivated organic soils to the pollution of downstream surface waters.
Parents' Perceptions of Adolescent Gambling: A Canadian National Study
Authors: Campbell Colin , Derevensky Jeffrey , Meerkamper Eric , Cutajar Joanna
Published: June 2011

Previous unsubstantiated reports by children and adolescents suggest tacit parental acceptance of their gambling behaviour. A Canadian national survey of parents with teens between the ages of 13 and 18 revealed that in general parents view adolescent gambling as a relatively unimportant issue compared to other potentially risky behaviours. Parental attitudes toward youth gambling, their knowledge and awareness of youth gambling prevention programs, and their gambling behaviours with their children suggest that gambling has become normalized, with few parents being aware of the potential seriousness of youth gambling. The results are interpreted with the aim of improving harm minimization and prevention initiatives.
Approaching problem gambling with a discursive sensibility
Authors: Strong Tom
Published: June 2011

In this paper, I outline some aspects of what I describe as a "discursive sensibility." Drawing from discourse theory and research, I consider problem gambling in terms of this sensibility: an appreciation for and flexibility in working with differences in how language is used in describing and addressing gambling. I look specifically at how this discursive sensibility can be reflected in particular approaches to practice and research.
Cognitive Profile Difference Between Allen Cognitive Levels 4 and 5 in Schizophrenia
Authors: Su Chwen-Yng , Tsai Pei-Chun , Su Wei-Lieh , Tang Tze-Chun , Yi-Jung Tsai Athena
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE. We compared the pattern of cognitive deficits exhibited by people with schizophrenia at Allen Cognitive Level (ACL) 4 with that of people at Level 5.

METHOD. Participants were classified into two groups on the basis of their ACL Screen scores: ACL 4 (n = 35) and ACL 5 (n = 41). We assessed cognitive functions and psychotic symptoms in all participants.

RESULTS. Multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for gender and negative symptoms revealed that people at ACL 4 performed significantly worse than those at ACL 5 on processing speed, verbal memory, and working memory. The discriminant analysis with all cognitive variables produced a classification accuracy of 78% in differentiation of cognitive levels.

CONCLUSION. We verified the validity of the hierarchy of cognitive disability for ACLs 4 and 5 in people with schizophrenia.
Could periodic patterns in human mortality be sensitive to solar activity?
Authors: Díaz-Sandoval R. , Erdélyi R. , Maheswaran R.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Seasonal behaviour of human diseases have been observed and reported in the literature for years. Although the Sun plays an essential role in the origin and evolution of life on Earth, it is barely taken into account in biological processes for the development of a specific disease. Higher mortality rates occur during the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere for several diseases, particularly diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This increment has been associated with seasonal and social causes. However, is there more behind these correlations, in particular in terms of solar variability? In this paper we attempt to make a first step towards answering this question. A detailed wavelet analysis of periodicities for diseases from England and Wales seem to reveal that mortality periodicities (3 days to half a year) could be due to the Earth's position around the Sun. Moreover, crosswavelet and wavelet coherence analysis show common features between medical diseases and solar proxies around solar maximum activity suggesting that this relation, if any, has to be searched in times of high solar activity.
A fault detection and isolation filter design method for Markov jump linear parameter‐varying systems
Authors: Gagliardi Gianfranco , Casavola Alessandro , Famularo Domenico
Published: June 2011

A fault detection and isolation (FDI) filter design method is proposed for linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems, which are subject to abrupt changes in their structure. Such a phenomenon is modeled by a finite state Markov chain whose outcome is supposed to be directly available along with its rates transition matrix. The FDI filter is designed as a bank of ℋ︁−/ℋ︁∞ Luenberger observers, derived by optimizing frequency conditions that ensure guaranteed levels of disturbance rejection, fault sensitivity and are capable to discriminate anomalous events belonging to different fault classes. It is proved that, by resorting to stochastic stability concepts, the design method can be recast as a linear matrix inequality programming program in the observer bank gains. The resulting residual generator is a jump parameter‐dependent observer jointly exploiting the available measures on the deterministic plant parameter and on the instantaneous Markov chain realization. An FDI threshold logic is also proposed in order to reduce the generation of false alarms. The effectiveness of the design technique is illustrated via a numerical example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary effects on development of the human mandibular corpus
Authors: Holmes Megan A. , Ruff Christopher B.
Published: June 2011

The extent to which the mandibular corpus exhibits developmental plasticity has important implications for interpreting variation in adult and juvenile mandibular morphology in the archaeological and paleontological record. Here, we examine ontogenetic changes in mandibular corpus breadth, rigidity, and strength in two population samples with contrasting diets: late prehistoric Tigara from Point Hope, Alaska, characterized by a very demanding masticatory regime, and proto‐historic Arikara from the Sully Site in South Dakota, with a less demanding regime. A total of 52 juvenile and 11 adult Tigara, and 32 juvenile and 10 adult Arikara were included in the study. Juveniles ranged in age from 1 to 17 years, with good representation of younger (1–6‐year‐old) juveniles (20 Arikara, 18 Tigara). Superoinferior and buccolingual external and cortical bone breadths of mandibles were measured at the Pm4‐M1 and M1‐M2 junctions using calipers and biplanar radiographs, respectively. An asymmetrical hollow beam model was employed to reconstruct cross sections and calculate bending rigidities and strengths in the sagittal and transverse planes. Among adults, Tigara have greater transverse corpus width, bending rigidity, and strength, and ratios of transverse to sagittal dimensions than Arikara. This shape difference develops gradually during growth, with only weak trends among young juveniles, increasing to near‐adult contrasts among adolescents. These results support a role for functional mechanical loading of the mandible during growth in producing adult differences in mandibular corpus morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of chemical modification of oil fly ash and compatibilization on the rheological and morphological properties of low‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Khan Muhammad J. , Al‐Juhani Abdulhadi A. , Ul‐Hamid Anwar , Shawabkeh Reyad , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A.
Published: June 2011

In this study, the effect of oil fly ash (OFA), a by‐product of oil fuel power plants, on the rheological and morphological behavior of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) is investigated. As received and acid‐functionalized OFA (COOH‐OFA) are used to examine the effect of surface modification of OFA on polymer–filler composites. LDPE/OFA composites were prepared by melt mixing with filler loading in the range 1–10 wt %. The results are compared with pure LDPE. The effect of polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA) as a compatibilizer was also studied. Both viscous and elastic properties of composites increased with OFA loading especially at low frequency. The surface modification of OFA has influenced the properties of OFA. As‐received OFA showed some agglomeration at high loading that resulted in two‐phase system as described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Cole–Cole plot. Field emission‐SEM (FE‐SEM) images showed improvement in the dispersion of COOH‐LDPE/OFA composites. In addition, the surface modification reduced the size of agglomeration. In general, the COOH modification of OFA improved both the dispersion and rheological properties of OFA. With chemical modification, the concentration of the filler can be increased to 10% without compromising the properties of the composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Mutually reinforced multicomponent polysaccharide networks
Authors: Hyland Laura L. , Taraban Marc B. , Hammouda Boualem , Bruce Yu Y.
Published: June 2011

Networks made from chitosan and alginate have been utilized as prospective tissue engineering scaffolds due to material biocompatibility and degradability. Calcium (Ca2+) is often added to these networks as a modifier for mechanical strength enhancement. In this work, we examined changes in the bulk material properties of different concentrations of chitosan/alginate mixtures (2, 3, or 5% w/w) upon adding another modifier, chondroitin. We further examined how material properties depend on the order the modifiers, Ca2+ and chondroitin, were added. It was found that the addition of chondroitin significantly increased the mechanical strength of chitosan/alginate networks. Highest elastic moduli were obtained from samples made with mass fractions of 5% chitosan and alginate, modified by chondroitin first and then Ca2+. The elastic moduli in dry and hydrated states were (4.41 ± 0.52) MPa and (0.11 ± 0.01) MPa, respectively. Network porosity and density were slightly dependent on total polysaccharide concentration. Average pore size was slightly larger in samples modified by Ca2+ first and then chondroitin and in samples made with 3% starting mass fractions. Here, small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) was utilized to examine mesh size of the fibrous networks, mass‐fractal parameters and average dimensions of the fiber cross‐sections prior to freeze‐drying. These studies revealed that addition of Ca2+ and chondroitin modifiers increased fiber compactness and thickness, respectively. Together these findings are consistent with improved network mechanical properties of the freeze‐dried materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 840–851, 2011.
Diverse role of conformational dynamics in carboxypeptidase A‐driven peptide and ester hydrolyses: Disclosing the “Perfect Induced Fit” and “Protein Local Unfolding” pathways by altering protein stability
Authors: Shushanyan Mikhael , Khoshtariya Dimitri E. , Tretyakova Tatyana , Makharadze Maya , van Eldik Rudi
Published: June 2011

Catalytic mechanisms of carboxypeptidase A (CPA) are well known for their diversity and the relative inaccessibility for a decisive comprehension. Recent encouraging attempts through modern computational techniques promoted new challenges for the complementary experimental endeavors. In this work, we have applied the stopped‐flow technique and the method of reaction progress curve fitting to extract kinetic parameters for the CPA‐catalyzed hydrolyses of smaller (typical) peptide and ester substrates, known for their strong activating/inhibiting impact, thus to which the traditional method of “initial rates” is not applicable. Our approach that innately implies the overall constancy of the affecter (substrate plus “active” product) concentration, made it possible to rigorously determine the physically meaningful “effective” values for the catalytic and Michaelis constants under diverse experimental conditions including variable temperature and urea or trimethylamine N‐oxide concentrations. Analysis of the obtained results allowed for: (i) the further substantiation of diverse mechanistic patterns for archetypal specific peptide and ester substrates, (ii) testing and disclosure of intrinsic links between the stabilizing/destabilizing and activating/inhibiting effects for the important model enzyme, CPA, and (iii) tentative explanation of a distinct activating/inhibiting impact of these substrates through the strong specific interaction of their benzyl (Bz) moiety with the substrate binding S3 subsite of CPA. We have demonstrated that stabilization of CPA either through the interaction with an extra Bz moiety (belonging to another substrate or to the product) leads to the increase of its catalytic power with respect to the specific peptide substrate and to its decrease with respect to the counterpart ester substrate. We conjecture that the catalytic mechanisms operating in these two cases include: (a) the “promoted water” mechanism for the peptide substrate that, seemingly, provides the almost “perfect induced fit” (low‐barrier conformational adaptation), and (b) presumably, the “anhydride intermediate” mechanism for the ester substrate that, anyway, requires substantial conformational rearrangement (in fact, “partial or local unfolding”) of the protein environment in the course of the rate‐determining step. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 852–870, 2011.
Practical implications of implementing a unit record system on a community college campus
Authors: Offermann Joe , Smith Ryan
Published: June 2011

Little attention has been paid to the practical implications of implementing a unit record system on a community college campus. Potential benefits include the ability to capture student success and track outcomes for external compliance and internal planning efforts, but potential issues could impact the ability of a community college to manage the implementation of a system, including privacy, security, dealing with students who opt out, integration with current systems, data verification, and agency coordination. This chapter addresses the challenges and opportunities of implementing a unit record system on campus by addressing potential costs, benefits, and integration with already existing data and accountability processes.
Faculty leadership and instructional technologies: Who decides?
Authors: Barber Bob
Published: June 2011

Discussion of leadership functions and practices in the realm of instructional technology in community colleges cannot be limited to the administrative side. Faculty members and faculties as collective bodies have influenced or attempted to influence the use of instructional technology and can claim professionally to have the right to participate heavily in decision making.
What is next? Futuristic thinking for community colleges
Authors: Ramage Thomas
Published: June 2011

Today's society is marked by massive political, social, and scientific transformations on a daily basis. However, these transformations are rarely discussed in the context of what it means to be an educated person. Our efforts to forecast, even for periods as little as five or ten years out, have been predicated on the assumption that the current rate of progress will continue into the future. A brief analysis of data—at all scales and scopes, in different time scales, and for a wide variety of technologies ranging from the electronic to the biological—illustrates that our notion of static rates of change is incorrect: Change, progress, and advancement are all happening at an accelerating rate. This chapter provides a presidential perspective on these trends to suggest that students of tomorrow must be educated in very different ways our institutions must adapt to be ready.
Redispersion Microreactor System for Phase Transfer Catalyzed Esterification
Authors: Jovanović Jovan , Hengeveld Wessel , Rebrov Evgeny V. , Nijhuis Tjeerd A. , Hessel Volker , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: June 2011

Ein Interdigital‐Mikromischer/Redispergierkapillare‐Aufbau soll die in anderen Mikroreaktoren übliche Tropfenkoaleszenz für Flüssig/Flüssig‐Strömungen verhindern oder minimieren. Die Redispergierkapillare beinhaltet 1 mm lange Einschnürungen mit 0,25 mm innerem Durchmesser, die jeweils in Abständen von 0,5 m entlang der Kanallänge positioniert werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Systems wurde anhand der phasentransferkatalysierten Veresterung zu Benzylbenzoat getestet. Mithilfe der Einschnürungen konnte die Koaleszenz verhindert werden, was zu einer besseren Reproduzierbarkeit der Versuchsergebnisse führte. Durch die Einstellung der Gesamtflussrate und des Verhältnisses von wässriger zu organischer Phase wurden Oberflächen/Volumen‐Verhältnisse von bis zu 230 700 m2m–3 erreicht. Im Vergleich zur konventionellen phasentransferkatalysierten Veresterung konnten durch den Konti‐Betrieb im Interdigital‐Mikromischer/Redispergierkapillare‐Aufbau das Lösungsmittel, der Basenzusatz sowie ein energieintensiver Destillationsschritt eliminiert werden, während die Prozesssicherheit erhöht wurde.
Multiscale Description of Mass Transfer Processes for Gas‐Liquid Reactions
Authors: Kück Ulf D. , Kröger Michael , Bothe Dieter , Räbiger N. , Schlüter Michael , Warnecke Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2011

Der skalenübergreifende Stofftransport an frei aufsteigenden, kugelförmigen Gasblasen mit überlagerter chemischer Reaktion wird untersucht. Dazu wird der aus numerischen Simulationen und experimentellen Untersuchungen berechnete Sauerstoff‐Stofftransport ohne chemische Reaktion quantitativ verglichen und der Einfluss der Sulfit/Sulfat‐Reaktion auf das Konzentrationsfeld qualitativ gezeigt. Die numerischen Simulationen liefern detaillierte Informationen über das Geschwindigkeitsfeld während die Experimente eine hochaufgelöste Analyse des Konzentrationsfeldes erlauben. Die Ergebnisse zu Strömungs‐ und Konzentrationsfeldern aus Simulationen und Experimenten werden gegenseitig validiert und so kombiniert, dass ein ausreichend hoher Detaillierungsgrad für die Berechnung von lokalen Sauerstoffmassenströmen erreicht wird.
Etude de l'élimination des ions Cu (II) de la solution aqueuse par sorption sur la zéolithe a study of the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution by sorption on Zeolite A
Authors: Rida Kamel , Goutas Warda , Medjetena Imane
Published: June 2011

L'objectif de cette étude est de présenter les résultats d'élimination du cuivre par le procédé de sorption sur la zéolithe A. Les expériences en batch ont été effectuées aussi bien pour les cinétiques que pour les isothermes de sorption. Les variables expérimentales étudiées étaient le pH, le temps de contact à différentes concentrations initiales, la quantité de sorbant, la température et la vitesse d'agitation. La capacité de sorption dépend du pH et de la masse de sorbant, alors que la température et la vitesse d'agitation ne montrent aucune influence. Plusieurs mécanismes de rétention du cuivre sur la zéolithe pourraient être compétitifs (échange d'ions, complexation ou précipitation et sorption). La modélisation des données expérimentales relatives aux cinétiques a montré que le modèle de pseudo‐second ordre décrit d'une façon satisfaisante la sorption sur la zéolithe, et que l'étape limitante de la vitesse est la diffusion intraparticule. L'analyse statistique des constantes relatives a l'équation de Langmuir‐Freundlich a montré que ce modèle semble être le plus approprié pour décrire le présent phénomène de sorption, ce qui indique l'hétérogénéité de la surface de sorption de la zéolithe. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Toward the Discovery of Novel Anti‐HIV Drugs. Second‐Generation Inhibitors of the Cellular ATPase DDX3 with Improved Anti‐HIV Activity: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis, Cytotoxicity Studies, and Target Validation
Authors: Maga Giovanni , Falchi Federico , Radi Marco , Botta Lorenzo , Casaluce Gianni , Bernardini Martina , Irannejad Hamid , Manetti Fabrizio , Garbelli Anna , Samuele Alberta , Zanoli Samantha , Esté José A. , Gonzalez Emmanuel , Zucca Elisa , Paolucci Stefania , Baldanti Fausto , De Rijck Jan , Debyser Zeger , Botta Maurizio
Published: June 2011

A hit optimization protocol applied to the first nonnucleoside inhibitor of the ATPase activity of human DEAD‐box RNA helicase DDX3 led to the design and synthesis of second‐generation rhodanine derivatives with better inhibitory activity toward cellular DDX3 and HIV‐1 replication. Additional DDX3 inhibitors were identified among triazine compounds. Biological data were rationalized in terms of structure–activity relationships and docking simulations. Antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of selected DDX3 inhibitors are reported and discussed. A thorough analysis confirmed human DDX3 as a valid anti‐HIV target. The compounds described herein represent a significant advance in the pursuit of novel drugs that target HIV‐1 host cofactors.
Cell‐type‐specific consequences of reelin deficiency in the mouse neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
Authors: Boyle Maureen P. , Bernard Amy , Thompson Carol L. , Ng Lydia , Boe Andrew , Mortrud Marty , Hawrylycz Michael J. , Jones Allan R. , Hevner Robert F. , Lein Ed S.
Published: June 2011

Strict segregation of layerspecific molecular markers in adult mouse somatosensory cortex. Pseudocolored overlay of serial brain sections labeled using fluorescent in situ hybridization for layer‐specific cortical markers Ctgf (layer 6b, purple), TC1460681 (Igh6, layer 6, green), Etv1 (layer 5, yellow), Rorb (layer 4, red), and Rgs8 (layer 2/3, light blue). The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 519, Number 11, pages 2061–2089.
Structural and Size Effects on the Spectroscopic and Redox Properties of CdSe Nanocrystals in Solution: The Role of Defect States
Authors: Amelia Matteo , Impellizzeri Stefania , Monaco Simone , Yildiz Ibrahim , Silvi Serena , Raymo Françisco M. , Credi Alberto
Published: June 2011

Two series of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with different diameters are prepared, according to frequently used protocols of the same synthetic procedure. For each sample the photophysical properties and the potentials for the first reduction and oxidation processes in organic solution are determined. The band gap obtained from electrochemical experiments is compared with that determined from the absorption and luminescence spectra. While the optical band gap decreases upon increasing the nanocrystal diameter, as expected on the basis of quantum confinement, the redox potentials and the electrochemical band gap are not monotonously related to the QD size. For both series, the smallest and largest QDs are both easier to oxidize and reduce than mid‐sized QDs. In fact, the latter samples exhibit very broad voltammetric profiles, which suggests that the heterogeneous electron‐transfer processes from/to the electrode are kinetically hindered. Conversely, the electrochemical band gap for the smallest and largest particles of each series is somewhat smaller than the optical band gap. These results indicate that, while the optical band gap depends on the actual electron–hole recombination within the nanocrystal, and therefore follows the size dependence expected from the particle‐in‐a‐box model, the electrochemical processes of these QDs are strongly affected by other factors, such as the presence of surface defects. The investigations suggest that the influence of these defects on the potential values is more important for the smallest and largest QDs of each series, as confirmed by the respective luminescence bands and quantum yields. An interpretation for the size‐dependent evolution of the surface defects in these nanocrystals is proposed based on the mechanism of their formation and growth.
Multisensing Emissive Pyrimidine
Authors: Sinkeldam Renatus W. , Marcus Paul , Uchenik Dmitriy , Tor Yitzhak
Published: June 2011

Fluorescent nucleoside analogs, commonly used to explore nucleic acid dynamics, recognition and damage, frequently respond to a single environmental parameter. Herein we address the development of chromophores that can simultaneously probe more than one environmental factor while having each associated with a unique spectroscopic signature. We demonstrate that an isomorphic emissive pyridine‐modified 2‐deoxy‐uridine 1, containing multiple sensory elements, responds to changes in acidity, viscosity, and polarity. Protonation of the pyridine moiety (pKa 4.4) leads to enhanced emission (λem=388 nm) and red‐shifted absorption spectra (λabs=319 nm), suggesting the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the neighboring pyrimidine carbonyl. This “locked” conformation can also be mimicked by increasing solvent viscosity, resulting in a stark enhancement of emission quantum yield. Finally, increasing solvent polarity substantially impacts the chromophore’s Stokes shift [from 5.8×103 cm−1 at ET(30)=36.4 kcal mol−1 to 9.3 ×103 cm−1 at ET(30)=63.1 kcal mol−1]. The opposite effect is seen for the impact of solvent polarity of the protonated form. The characteristic photophysical signature induced by each parameter facilitates the exploration of these environmental factors both individually and simultaneously.
Initial spectrum access control with QoS protection for active users in cognitive wireless networks
Authors: Zhang Jianmin , Zhang Zhaoyang , Luo Haiyan , Wang Wei , Yu Guanding
Published: June 2011

In this paper, an initial spectrum access control algorithm for cognitive wireless networks was studied. The objective was to maximize the number of admitted secondary users (SUs) under the constraints of interference temperature at multiple measurement points (MPs), while providing active SUs' QoS protection (AQP). Here, AQP means that the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratios (SINRs) of all active SUs will not fluctuate below some predefined thresholds during a new SU's initial spectrum access process. To this end, we proposed a new distributive power control algorithm in conjunction with a simple alarm mechanism that ensures the interference temperatures at multiple MPs to be always below their thresholds during the initial spectrum access process. Then, two realizations of the spectrum access algorithms, namely, D‐AQP and C‐AQP, according to whether the MPs can act as local controllers or not, were presented. In the D‐AQP algorithm, each SU updates its transmit power distributively based on the local information including the current SINR, the QoS requirement, and the indicator from the MPs so that the resultant SINRs of the active SUs are able to stay above the predefined thresholds. Whereas in the C‐AQP algorithm, apart from the same procedure as mentioned, each MP is supposed to be able to decide which new SU should quit the initial spectrum access process so as to protect the communication quality of the primary system. Finally, the performances of the proposed algorithms were validated by extensive simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small fibre neuropathy: role in the diagnosis of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Authors: Malik R. A. , Veves A. , Tesfaye S. , Smith G. , Cameron N. , Zochodne D. , Lauria G. ,   on behalf of The Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: June 2011

Small fibres constitute 70–90% of peripheral nerve fibres and regulate several key functions such as tissue blood flow, temperature and pain perception as well as sweating, all of which are highly relevant to the clinical presentation and adverse outcomes associated with foot ulcerations in patients with diabetes. Recent studies demonstrated significant abnormalities in the small fibres in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, despite normal electrophysiology, suggesting that the earliest nerve fibre damage is to the small fibres. Unfortunately, guidelines and consensus statements focus on large fibres and continue to advocate electrophysiology as a diagnostic modality and as a primary end point for the assessment of therapeutic benefit. (In part, this reflects the difficulties in quantifying small fibre dysfunction and damage.) We have therefore critically assessed currently available techniques that measure small fibre dysfunction in diabetic neuropathy, using quantitative sensory and sudomotor testing. We have assessed the role of identifying structural damage by quantifying intraepidermal nerve fibre density in skin biopsies and corneal nerve morphology using corneal confocal microscopy. Finally, we propose a definition for diabetic neuropathy that incorporates small fibre damage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic polyneuropathies: update on research definition, diagnostic criteria and estimation of severity
Authors: Dyck Peter J. , Albers James W. , Andersen Henning , Arezzo Joseph C. , Biessels Geert‐Jan , Bril Vera , Feldman Eva L. , Litchy William J. , O'Brien Peter C. , Russell James W. ,   on behalf of The Toronto Expert Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: June 2011

Prior to a joint meeting of the Neurodiab Association and International Symposium on Diabetic Neuropathy held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 13‐18 October 2009, Solomon Tesfaye, Sheffield, UK, convened a panel of neuromuscular experts to provide an update on polyneuropathies associated with diabetes (Toronto Consensus Panels on DPNs, 2009). Herein, we provide definitions of typical and atypical diabetic polyneuropathies (DPNs), diagnostic criteria, and approaches to diagnose sensorimotor polyneuropathy as well as to estimate severity. Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN), or typical DPN, usually develops on long‐standing hyperglycaemia, consequent metabolic derangements and microvessel alterations. It is frequently associated with microvessel retinal and kidney disease—but other causes must be excluded. By contrast, atypical DPNs are intercurrent painful and autonomic small‐fibre polyneuropathies. Recognizing that there is a need to detect and estimate severity of DSPN validly and reproducibly, we define subclinical DSPN using nerve conduction criteria and define possible, probable, and confirmed clinical levels of DSPN. For conduct of epidemiologic surveys and randomized controlled trials, it is necessary to pre‐specify which attributes of nerve conduction are to be used, the criterion for diagnosis, reference values, correction for applicable variables, and the specific criterion for DSPN. Herein, we provide the performance characteristics of several criteria for the diagnosis of sensorimotor polyneuropathy in healthy subject‐ and diabetic subject cohorts. Also outlined here are staged and continuous approaches to estimate severity of DSPN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Spallone Vincenza , Ziegler Dan , Freeman Roy , Bernardi Luciano , Frontoni Simona , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Stevens Martin , Kempler Peter , Hilsted Jannik , Tesfaye Solomon , Low Phillip , Valensi Paul ,   on behalf of The Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: June 2011

The Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) Subcommittee of the Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy worked to update CAN guidelines, with regard to epidemiology, clinical impact, diagnosis, usefulness of CAN testing, and management. CAN is the impairment of cardiovascular autonomic control in the setting of diabetes after exclusion of other causes. The prevalence of confirmed CAN is around 20%, and increases up to 65% with age and diabetes duration. Established risk factors for CAN are glycaemic control in type 1 and a combination of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. CAN is a risk marker of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, and possibly a progression promoter of diabetic nephropathy. Criteria for CAN diagnosis and staging are: (1) one abnormal cardiovagal test result identifies possible or early CAN; (2) at least two abnormal cardiovagal test results are required for definite or confirmed CAN; and (3) the presence of orthostatic hypotension in addition to abnormal heart rate test results identifies severe or advanced CAN. Progressive stages of CAN are associated with increasingly worse prognosis. CAN assessment is relevant in clinical practice for (1) diagnosis of CAN clinical forms, (2) detection and tailored treatment of CAN clinical correlates (e.g. tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, non‐dipping, QT interval prolongation), (3) risk stratification for diabetic complications and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and (4) modulation of targets of diabetes therapy. Evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of CAN testing is lacking. Apart from the preventive role of intensive glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes, recommendations cannot be made for most therapeutic approaches to CAN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The classical CD14++CD16− monocytes, but not the patrolling CD14+CD16+ monocytes, promote Th17 responses to Candida albicans
Authors: Smeekens Sanne P. , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Joosten Leo A. B. , Jacobs Liesbeth , Jansen Trees , Williams David L. , van der Meer Jos W. M. , Kullberg Bart Jan , Netea Mihai G.
Published: June 2011

In the present study, we investigated the functional differences between cluster of differentiation (CD)14++CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocytes during anti‐Candida host defense. CD14++CD16− are the “classical” monocytes and represent the majority of circulating monocytes in humans, while CD14+CD16+ monocytes patrol the vasculature for maintenance of tissue integrity and repair. Both monocyte subsets inhibited the germination of live Candida albicans, and there was no difference in their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida. Although production of IL‐6 and IL‐10 induced by C. albicans was found to be similar between monocyte subsets, IL‐1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was higher in CD14++CD16− compared with CD14+CD16+ monocytes. In line with the increased production of IL‐1β and PGE2, central mediators for inducing Th17 responses, CD14++CD16− monocytes induced greater Th17 responses upon stimulation with heat‐killed C. albicans yeast. The percentage of cells that expressed mannose receptor (MR) was higher in the CD14++CD16− monocyte subset, and MR‐specific stimulation induced higher Th17 responses only in co‐cultures of CD14++CD16− monocytes and CD4 lymphocytes. In conclusion, both monocyte subsets have potent innate antifungal properties, but only CD14++CD16− monocytes are capable of inducing a potent Th17 response to C. albicans, an important component of antifungal host defense.
Electrosynthesis of Halogenated δ‐Lactones
Authors: Quintanilla Gloria , Pérez Iván , Záková Lenka , Uth Christina , Barba Fructuoso
Published: June 2011

The cathodic reduction of 2,2‐disubstituted‐3‐oxopropyl trichloroacetates in dichloromethane/tetraethylammonium chloride yields 3,3‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxy‐5,5‐disubstituted‐tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones or alternatively, depending on the workup, 3‐chloro‐4‐hydroxy‐5,5‐disubstituted‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones. The charge consumption is 2 Faradays per mol. The aldol trichloroacetates, required for the reduction, are obtained in a one‐step synthesis based on commercially available compounds.
Foldamers Based on Oxazolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Tomasini Claudia , Angelici Gaetano , Castellucci Nicola
Published: June 2011

Foldamers are artificial molecules capable of organization into well defined secondary structures such as helixes, β sheets and turns. The essential requirement for an oligomer to qualify for inclusion in the foldamer family is to possess a well defined, repetitive secondary structure, imparted by conformational restrictions imposed by the monomeric unit. These compounds may be composed of subunits of any kind, but most of them contain unusual amino acids and/or aromatic units. We describe the synthesis, the conformation analysis and the physical properties (in the solid state) of pseudopeptide foldamers containing imido‐type functions, obtained by coupling the nitrogen of a 4‐carboxy oxazolidin‐2‐one unit with the carboxylic acid moiety of the next unit, which may be another 4‐carboxy oxazolidin‐2‐one or an amino acid. Such an imido‐type function is characterized by a nitrogen atom connected both to an endocyclic and to an exocyclic carbonyl group, and tends always to adopt the trans conformation. As a consequence of this remarkable property, which causes local constraint, these imido‐type oligomers are forced to fold in ordered conformations. In combination with interactions of other kinds (H bond, apolar interactions, etc.), these lead to the formation of supramolecular materials. The synthetic approach is highly tuneable with endless variations, so materials with required properties may be prepared “on demand”, simply by changing the design and the synthesis.