bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed event-triggered for adaptive neural network containment control of uncertain Euler–Lagrange systems with external disturbances
Authors: Wang Qiangde , Zhang Yang , Wei Chunling
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the containment control problem for multiple Euler–Lagrange systems with unknown time-varying disturbances over directed graphs, in which the dynamics of leaders and followers are heterogeneous. First of all, the expected output signals of leaders can only be acquired by some subsystems owing to the limited communication conditions, and the output adjustment errors are obtained indirectly by other subsystems through the network connection. In consequence, a compensator based on relative output information is designed to estimate a trajectory inside the convex hull spanned by states of the leaders. Second, a fully distributed event-triggered adaptive control scheme is proposed, and a disturbance estimator is designed to achieve interference suppression. In addition, the design of the overall control protocol does not use the relative speed of the followers. Finally, a dual-axis manipulator is taken as an example to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
An Indigenous Community’s Fight for Cultural Continuity and Educational Equity With/In and Against a New England School District
Authors: Washington Shaneé Adrienne
Published: May 2022

Background/Context:

Indigenous communities of the “Americas” have a long history of exercising sovereignty over and self-determination in the education of their children that predates colonial invasion. This was disrupted by the advent of colonial education and its assimilationist aims, and Indigenous communities have been in an ongoing battle to reclaim and recenter Indigenous knowledge, culture, and values in teaching and learning. This research describes one community’s fight for cultural revitalization and educational equity in the schools their children attend.

Focus of Study/Research Questions:

This study explored Indigenous parents’ and community leaders’ engagement within, against, and beyond the public schools their children attend, centering their perspectives, priorities, and practices. It explored the questions: What are Indigenous parents’ and community leaders’ engagement practices? Are their engagement practices culturally sustaining/revitalizing? How so, and/or why not?

Setting:

The research site was a small New England school district and town that is home to a Wampanoag tribe that has inhabited the area for 12,000 years and whose children represent the largest group of students of color in the local public schools.

Research Design:

This qualitative, exploratory case study foregrounded, privileged, and normalized Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing in research using Indigenous protocols, such as relationality and relational accountability, and Indigenous methodologies that included semi-structured conversations and talking circles.

Findings/Results:

Together, Native parents, through their focus on inequitable and exclusionary practices, and Native community leaders, through their mission to expand language and culture-centric curricula and programming, are challenging and fighting to change the overall objectives of colonial education in the schools their children attend. Separately, Native parents are experiencing more resistance from educators for their failure to comply with racialized and classist rules and expectations of engagement. Moreover, the advocacy efforts of Native leaders may be hampered by a lack of parent and student voice and contributions.

Conclusions/Recommendations:

We learned from the participants in this study that merging efforts and collectively holding schools accountable may be an essential move in creating and sustaining an education system that meets all their wishes and needs. This includes viewing parents and students as valuable knowledge holders who should be consulted and listened to in matters that concern and impact them. In addition, local school districts must do more than just respond affirmatively to and support community members’ initiative(s); they must also be the initiators and funders of changes that dismantle policies, practices, curricula, programming, and instruction that uphold a colonized school system.
From Pedagogies to Research: Engaging With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families of Students With Dis/Abilities
Authors: Cioè-Peña María
Published: May 2022

For decades, educational research has focused on centering the experiences of children of color. From this research arose culturally relevant pedagogies (CRPs) and culturally sustaining pedagogies (CSPs). However, as countless teachers focus on developing more inclusive classroom practices, the cultural needs of parents continue to be ignored. One reason for this is that, while being manifestations of funds of knowledge, CRP and CSP are rooted in the classroom and not the home. As such, there is a need for culturally sustaining research that supports/affirms parents. This article presents how testimonios gathered in Spanish with Spanish-dominant mothers serve as counter-narratives to research that positions them as disengaged. The article also features the ways in which mothers subvert attempts to minimize their parental presence. A preliminary framework for culturally sustaining research is also shared. Participants included 10 Spanish-dominant Latinx mothers from a large immigrant community in New York City. Mothers qualified for inclusion if their child (a) attended a local public elementary school, (b) was in Grades 2 to 6, (c) was classified as having a disability, and (d) was classified as an English language learner by their school. Qualifying children were receiving services in one of three special education settings: bilingual inclusive classrooms, transitional bilingual special education, or monolingual inclusive education. This study employed a combination of qualitative research methods and consisted of two phases. During the first phase, 10 mothers took part in two narrative interviews. For the second phase, three focal mothers, chosen from the larger sample, took part in ethnographic case studies consisting of five additional interviews, two home observations, one communal recollection, and sharing of artifacts. (a) Mothers of emergent bilinguals labeled as disabled (MoEBLADs) are systematically excluded from their child’s education at both the school and district levels. (b) MoEBLADs internalize these experiences and fault themselves for their limited participation in their children’s learning. (c) MoEBLADs subversively make space for themselves in their children’s educational experiences by focusing on contributions they can make outside of school. Research about MoEBLADs typically frames them as unwilling to support and/or incapable of supporting their children academically, signaling that many of the deficit-grounded perspectives MoEBLADs encounter in schools are also present in research. Researchers must address how the language of research contributes to the reinforcement and maintenance of deficit-grounded perspectives calling for a need to shift from inclusive research to culturally sustaining research.
Pan-Diversity Integration as an Equity Trap: Lessons From Preservice Teachers’ Preparation for Teaching English Language Learners in a Predominantly White Institution in the United States
Authors: Li Guofang , Jee Youngeun
Published: May 2022

Background:

Nationally, there is an overwhelming body of research that has revealed a systemwide underpreparedness of both pre- and in-service teachers who are predominantly White and monolingual for teaching English language learners (ELLs) throughout the United States. Despite various responses to address preservice teachers’ underpreparedness to teach ELLs, there has been a lack of transformative change in White mainstream preservice teachers’ preparation to teach ELLs, due to teacher education programs’ indiscriminate, pan-diversity approach to diversity as inclusive of all forms of difference, without explicitly attending to any form of difference such as those confronted by ELLs. This pan-diversity approach endorses generic fairness as sameness practices that may lead to equity traps that shape preservice teachers’ patterns of thinking and behavior that hinder the possibilities for creating equitable schools for children of color, including ELLs.

Purpose:

The widespread underpreparedness of teachers for ELLs suggests an urgent need to reexamine how teacher education programs are providing opportunities for learning about ELL-related knowledge and practice. The goal of this study is to understand 433 preservice teachers’ experiences of learning to teach ELLs in a predominantly White teacher education program under a pan-diversity framework.

Research Design:

A mixed-methods design that includes surveys and interviews was used to address two central research questions: What are preservice teachers’ perceptions of learning to teach ELLs in a predominantly White teacher education program that utilizes a pan-diversity framework? How do their opportunities to learn ELL-related content differ across subprogram groups? Quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used to analyze the data generated from the survey and interviews.

Findings:

Triangulation of our quantitative and qualitative data revealed systemic neglect of ELLs in both coursework and field practice in the teacher education curriculum, resulting in underpreparedness among the preservice teachers across the subprograms. The results indicate that the current pan-diversity integration approach has served as an “equity trap” that will preclude the preservice teachers from becoming successful with their future ELLs.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates the critical need to eliminate the pan-diversity equity trap to systemically incorporate ELL issues within teacher education to not only transform preservice teachers’ deficit thinking about ELLs but also fill their knowledge and skill gaps for working with ELLs. The study has significant implications for teacher education programs to transform ELLs’ status from invisibility to rightful prominence in the program.
Are Schools Deemed Effective Based on Overall Student Growth Also Closing Achievement Gaps? Examining the Black–White Gap by School
Authors: Soland James
Published: May 2022

Background/Context:

Closing achievement gaps is a major concern in U.S. education. These gaps can develop in a wide range of ways over the course of a student’s schooling. Yet, research on school effectiveness and accountability policies for schools often focuses on rank orderings of schools based on value-added models, which could mask those complex gap trends altogether.

Purpose:

In this study, schools’ contributions to student growth were estimated for Black versus White students such that some of the complex trends in how gaps develop can be disaggregated. Research questions were the following: (1) How different are the rank orderings of schools for Black versus White students? (2) Does relying on rank ordering alone mask any differences in how schools contribute to achievement gaps, including whether or not schools are (a) closing gaps, (b) preparing students for college differentially by race, and (c) generating comparable growth for White and Black students?

Sample:

Students in the sample, who ranged from roughly 92,000 to 139,000 in number depending on the year, all took a vertically scaled achievement test in math/reading and were followed longitudinally.

Research Design:

Rather than simply fit lag score models common in the value-added literature, growth curve models were estimated in a multilevel modeling framework.

Conclusion:

Results show that focusing on rank orderings of schools alone can mask troubling trends in relative achievement over time, including masking differential rates of progress toward college readiness for minoritized students.
“Pragmatic, Complacent, Critical–Cynical, or Empathetic?” Youth Civic Engagement as Social Appraisal
Authors: Perez-Manjarrez Everardo
Published: May 2022

Background/Context:

Many studies have systematized the wide range of youth civic engagement mechanisms identified to date; however, how young people deal with a complex flux of sociocultural and personal variables which condition their scope of engagement has received less attention.

Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study:

This article analyzes youths’ appraisal of social issues and how this assessment influences the ways in which they engage with those issues. It also examines the elements of their inner worlds and their cultural settings that they consider deciding whether to get involved in one way or another.

Research Design:

A narrative discourse analysis is completed on two hundred Mexican and Spanish adolescents’ explanations of an advertisement that sparked discussion on issues of undocumented immigration, discrimination, and past territorial disputes between the U.S.A. and Mexico. Youth civic engagement is categorized through ‘ways of engagement,’ a category that comprises the assessment of social issues performed by adolescents based on four constructs: civic knowledge, morals, discourse, and positioning. The analysis shows that four ‘ways of engagement’ are common to all the participants: pragmatic, complacent, critical-cynical, and empathetic.

Findings/Results:

The findings show how the participants assess the advertisement’s possible intentions, positioning, and moral implications; at the same time, they explain the potential solutions they see possible while taking their own stands toward the advertisement. This type of personal appraisal makes them decide in what way they engage with this issue.

Conclusions:

Finally, reflections on the possible implications of the four ‘ways of engagement’ for citizenship education are presented.
“Friendship Brought Me Into it, but Commitment Bought Me Into it”: Civic Engagement Motivations Among Highly Engaged Asian American Youth
Authors: Cheung Amy
Published: May 2022

Background/Context:

There is currently a dearth of research on Asian American civic engagement broadly, and the scholarship on Asian American youth is even more limited. The lack of research contributes to opacity in understanding how Asian Americans fit into the civic landscape.

Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study:

This study offers a window into the civic engagement experiences of a group of Asian American youth and differentiates the motivations that initiated their civic engagement from the motivations that sustained it. The research questions are: (a) How do these Asian American adolescents describe the motivations behind their civic engagement? (b) How do they make choices among different kinds of civic engagement? (c) What do they describe as the impact of their civic engagement?

Research Design:

Participants in this study were 14 highly engaged Asian American youth, 16 to 18 years of age, from a small city in the Northeast. I conducted semistructured interviews with the participants, examining their descriptions of civic involvement. Knowledge of youth civic engagement has tended to emanate from survey studies that count and categorize civic participation as opposed to investigating youth’s own meaning-making of their civic activities. Thus, to answer the “why” of civic participation, I took a grounded theory approach to explore youth’s own constructions of what motivated their civic involvement.

Findings/Results:

Participants initiated civic involvement with instrumental motivations to “look good for college” and socialize with friends, whereas continuing civic engagement was supported by a deep relational commitment to teenage colleagues in their civic endeavors, a sense of self-efficacy engendered through complex civic work, and pride in making a tangible impact on their community. Asian American youth in this study demonstrated sophisticated capabilities as civic actors and sustained their civic engagement through organizations that scaffolded the development of such capabilities.

Conclusions/Recommendations:

Participants’ experiences illustrate how civic engagement motivations can change. While individuals were the unit of analysis in this study, participants’ experiences point strongly to the integral role of organizations in supporting continued, rather than intermittent, civic engagement. Specifically, organizations can support youth in continuing their civic involvement in the long term by facilitating conditions for young people to build deep relationships in furtherance of common goals and appealing to identities that can be bolstered through civic participation.
Linked data for libraries: Creating a global knowledge space, a systematic literature review
Authors: Gaitanou Panorea , Andreou Ioanna , Sicilia Miguel-Angel , Garoufallou Emmanouel
Published: May 2022

The Semantic Web in general and the Linked Open Data Initiative, in particular, are a growing movement for organisations to make their existing data available in a machine-readable format. Thus, institutions are highly encouraged to publish, share and interlink their data publicly. The more data are opened on the Web (Open Data), the more integrated sets of data will be connected in the Semantic Web (Linked Open Data). Within this context, libraries can complement their data by linking it to other, external data sources. The purpose of this article is to identify papers that refer to linked data in libraries, emphasising the ways that linked data empower libraries to put their knowledge in the context of the open-world, thus enhancing semantic technology innovations. The study considered papers published between 2008 and 2019 in English and presents the collected literature by grouping it according to the topic each paper refers to. The results show that libraries are facing a period of continuing change which present several challenges and indicate that they are moving towards developing new practices, policies and services.
Sources of campaign funding for incumbents versus challengers in list proportional representation systems: The case of Colombia
Authors: Put Gert-Jan , Maddens Bart , Muyters Gertjan
Published: May 2022

Previous work on candidate campaign finance in list proportional representation systems has focused on differential electoral returns of spending for incumbent and challenger candidates. This article asks whether incumbents and challengers in these systems fund election campaigns from different sources. We hypothesize that incumbents receive more: (a) contributions from individual and corporate donors; and (b) financial support from party organizations, as party elites strategically deploy resources to constrain intra-party competition. The analysis is based on a dataset on campaign funding sources of candidates for two legislative elections in Colombia (2014 and 2018). The results confirm that party organizations transfer more financial resources to incumbents than to challengers. Contrary to expectations, parties do not specifically support the electorally most vulnerable incumbents. We also find that challengers receive higher levels of non-corporate private donations than incumbents. These findings provide insights into individual campaigns and demonstrate how parties coordinate intra-party competition through campaign funding.
Campaign expenditures and electoral outcomes in Israeli legislative primaries – A financial gender gap?
Authors: Atmor Nir , Harsgor Liran , Kenig Ofer
Published: May 2022

The last decade has seen an expansion of party primaries as a means of selecting legislative candidates. Since primaries are rarely subsidized, well-resourced candidates have a considerable advantage, which has an impact on equality, diversity and representation. This article focuses on the well-regulated legislative primaries in Israel, examining the gender gap in campaign expenditures, and its implication for the success of women candidates. The analysis is based on data regarding 365 candidates (97 women and 268 men) who competed in seven primary contests in three parties between 2008 and 2015. Our findings show that male candidates spend on average more than female candidates do. However, this difference is pronounced among new candidates only. Moreover, we find that men do better than women in terms of electoral success and that this electoral advantage is explained by the differences in campaign expenses and the share of incumbents between women and men.
Aerosol Generation During Nasal Airway Instrumentation
Authors: Sayahi Tofigh , Workman Alan D. , Kelly Kerry E. , Ardon‐Dryer Karin , Presto Albert A. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Airborne aerosol transmission, an established mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2 spread, has been successfully mitigated in the health care setting through the adoption of universal masking. Upper airway endoscopy, however, requires direct access to the face, thereby potentially exposing the clinic environment to infectious particles. This study quantifies aerosol production during rigid nasal endoscopy (RNE) and RNE with debridement (RNED) as compared with intubation, a posited gold standard aerosol‐generating procedure.

Study Design

Prospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Subspecialty single‐center clinic and surgical study.

Method

Three aerosol detectors (NANOSCAN‐3910, OPS‐3330, and APS‐3321) with a particle size sensitivity of 10 to 20,000 nm were utilized to detect particulate production during the clinical care of 209 patients undergoing RNE/RNED and 25 patients undergoing intubation.

Results

RNE and RNED produced statistically significant particles over baseline in 29.3% and 51.0% of subjects (P = .003‐.049 and .002‐.047, respectively). Intubation produced statistically significant particles in 31.2% (P = .001‐.015). The mean ± SD particle diameter in all tests was 69.9 ± 10.5 nm with 99.7% <300 nm. There were no statistical differences in particle production among RNE, RNED, and intubation. The presence of concomitant cough, sneeze, or prolonged speech similarly did not significantly affect particle production during any procedure.

Conclusions

Instrumentation of nasal airway produces airborne aerosols to a similar degree of those seen during intubation, independent of reactive patient behaviors such as cough or sneeze. These data suggest that an improved understanding is necessary of both the definition of an aerosol‐generating procedure and the functional consequences of procedural aerosol generation in clinical settings.
Differences in social brain function in autism spectrum disorder are linked to the serotonin transporter: A randomised placebo-controlled single-dose crossover trial
Authors: Wong Nichol ML , Dipasquale Ottavia , Turkheimer Federico , Findon James L , Wichers Robert H , Dimitrov Mihail , Murphy Clodagh M , Stoencheva Vladimira , Robertson Dene M , Murphy Declan G , Daly Eileen , McAlonan Grainne M
Published: May 2022

Background:

Alterations in the serotonergic control of brain pathways responsible for facial emotion processing in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be a target for intervention. However, the molecular underpinnings of autistic-neurotypical serotonergic differences are challenging to access in vivo. Receptor-Enriched Analysis of functional Connectivity by Targets (REACT) has helped define molecular-enriched functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain networks based on a priori information about the spatial distribution of neurochemical systems from available PET templates.

Methods:

We used REACT to estimate the dominant fMRI signal related to the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) distribution during processing of aversive facial emotion in adults with and without ASD. We first predicted a group difference in baseline (placebo) functioning of this system. We next used a single 20 mg oral dose of citalopram, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, to test the hypothesis that network activity in people with and without ASD would respond differently to inhibition of SERT. To confirm the specificity of our findings, we also repeated the analysis with 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptor maps.

Results:

Using REACT with the SERT map, we found a baseline group difference in the SERT-enriched response to faces in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A single oral dose of citalopram ‘shifted’ the response in the ASD group towards the neurotypical baseline but did not alter response in the control group. Similar differences in SERT-enriched response were observed after controlling for other 5-HT maps.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that the SERT-enriched functional network is dynamically different in ASD during processing of socially relevant stimuli. Whether this acute neurobiological response to citalopram in ASD translates to a clinical target will be an important next step.
Enabling environmental innovation via green supply chain integration: A perspective of information processing theory
Authors: Zhou Cong , Xia Weili , Feng Taiwen , Jiang Jijiao
Published: May 2022

Although green supply chain integration (GSCI) is important, its influence on environmental innovation remains inconclusive. Based on information processing theory, we explore how the two dimensions of GSCI (i.e. green supplier and customer integration) affect two types of environmental innovation (i.e. incremental or radical environmental innovation) via information sharing and information redundancy, as well as the moderating role of knowledge combination. We test hypotheses using two-waved survey data from 206 Chinese manufacturers and structural equation model analysis. The results indicate that information sharing with customer mediates the impact of green customer integration on radical environmental innovation, while information redundancy mediates the effects of green supplier integration on environmental incremental and radical innovation. In addition, information sharing with supplier negatively affects information redundancy, while information sharing with customer positively affects information redundancy. We also find that knowledge combination strengthens the positive effects of information sharing with supplier and customer on incremental environmental innovation and the negative impact of information redundancy on radical environmental innovation. Our findings contribute to GSCI and environmental innovation literature.
Theoretical and numerical studies on compressible flow around a subsonic evacuated tube train
Authors: Li Tian , Song Jiayuan , Zhang Xiaohan , Jiye Zhang  , Weihua Zhang
Published: May 2022

Based on one-dimensional inviscid isentropic theory, the equations of flow parameters around a subsonic evacuated tube train are derived. In choked condition, the flow of tube throat reach the speed of sound and mass flow will not increase for a fixed upstream pressure and temperature. The flow around the subsonic evacuated tube train is a non-choked or a choked flow, under different operating speeds and blockage ratios. The flow parameters inside the tube can be solved. The theoretical results are compared and verified by numerical simulation using the overset mesh technique. The results show that the error between the theoretical and numerical results in the non-choked condition is within 2%. The maximum relative error in the choked state is 6.6%. When using the overset mesh technique for transient simulations, the initial speed of the train in the numerical simulation causes a higher intensity of shock and expansion waves inside the tube, but does not affect the results in other regions. In summary, the theoretical equation can predict the characteristics of compressible flow around a subsonic evacuated tube train.
Forest ecosystem development in European nemoreal-boreal forest (NE Poland) over the last 2200 years: Impact of human activity and climate change
Authors: Gałka Mariusz , Obremska Milena , Feurdean Angelica
Published: May 2022

Long-term ecological studies can provide useful information on forest ecosystem resilience against past climatic change and human caused disturbances. Here, we present a high-resolution 2200-year-long record of forest development in north-eastern Poland, Suwalki region, using paleobotanical proxies (pollen, plant macrofossils, and charcoal). We show that the pollen abundance of deciduous trees was higher than that of coniferous trees, indicating a near pristine state until 900 AD and a semi-natural forest state until 1500 AD. After 1500 AD, the proportion of coniferous tree taxa surpassed that of deciduous trees and have since remained the dominant forest component. The 17th century experienced massive deforestation coupled with a new phase of human colonization in the area that led to the continued and significant decline of deciduous tree cover, for example, Carpinus, Quercus, and Tilia. Cooling associated with the Little Ice Age may have played a role in Picea’s expansion in this area after 1450 AD. Despite significant climatic shifts associated with the warmer Roman Period or Medieval Climate Anomaly and colder Migration Period, as well as a more sustained human impact, Quercus remained a stable forest component until 1500 AD. The stability of Quercus is an important aspect for forest management strategies as future projections suggest warmer conditions and increased frequency of climate extremes will impact forest composition and structure. Our long-term data suggest that forests in the Suwałki region should contain more abundant deciduous tree species, that is, Quercus, whereas conifer cover should be reduced. We also show clear regional differences in the forest development in the Suwałki region, highlighting the importance of local hydrology, geomorphology, and degrees of human activity on the forest composition.
STS and science communication: Reflecting on a relationship
Authors: Davies Sarah R.
Published: May 2022

This brief commentary considers the relation between science communication research and practice and the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). It outlines some key aspects of STS approaches, from an emphasis on exploratory research to considerations of normativity and the political, and discusses what they can bring to science communication. It ends by arguing for methodological and disciplinary diversity in science communication research.
Public understanding of science: Communicating in the midst of a pandemic
Authors: Abdool Karim Salim S.
Published: May 2022

While Covid-19 created unprecedented transparency with real-time reporting across the globe, the pandemic’s politically charged environment made public communication of scientific information particularly challenging. Scientists, as authoritative voices, were thrust into the public eye to explain the evidence amid uncertainty, a changing virus, distrust in government and concerns about their self-interest and hidden agendas. Honest communication that provides the public with enough easy-to-understand information to make up their own minds is essential during the pandemic; the public deserves nothing less.
More engagement but less participation: China’s alternative approach to public communication of science and technology
Authors: Jia Hepeng
Published: May 2022

This essay critically traces the development of public engagement with science in China in the past decade and relevant scholarly studies. While confirming the country’s tremendous progress in the field achieved either by official efforts or by social media empowerment, it argues that science communication advances have not realized the public engagement with science ideal of enabling the public to participate in constructive dialogue for policymaking. However, citing recent studies on the specifics of China’s science communication, ranging from scientists’ reliance on their organization, to the consequences of attitudinal polarization, this article appeals to an alternative research agenda to broaden our understanding of the dynamic science communication process in the world’s most populous nation.
Family Caregivers’ Challenges in Cancer Pain Management for Patients Receiving Palliative Care
Authors: Chi Nai-Ching , Nakad Lynn , Han Soojeong , Washington Karla , Hagiwara Yuya , Riffin Catherine , Oliver Debra Parker , Demiris George
Published: May 2022

Context

Family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients play a crucial role in managing their care partner’s pain, but little research has examined FCs’ specific challenges regarding the provision of pain management (PM) to cancer patients receiving palliative care.

Objectives

To determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of FCs who encounter challenges in PM and to elucidate the specific challenges that FCs face when managing pain for their care partner with cancer.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of 40 interview transcripts of FCs who were caring for persons with cancer. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis.

Results

The three major identified challenges to PM for FCs of persons with cancer were: (1) communication and teamwork issues, (2) caregiver-related issues, and (3) patient-related issues. Communication and teamwork issues encompassed caregivers’ receipt of inadequate information regarding PM, and inappropriate and ineffective communication from the healthcare team. Caregiver issues pertained to caregivers’ fear and beliefs, concurrent responsibilities, and lack of pain-related knowledge and skills. Patient issues related to their own fear and beliefs, psychological and physiological well-being, adherence to medications, and reluctance to report pain.

Conclusion

Findings of this study have implications for future research and practice related to cancer PM in palliative care. Results suggest the need for FC training in PM as well as clear clinical practice guidelines and resources to help providers prepare, educate, and communicate with FCs regarding PM.
Realization, Self-View, and Disclosure of Pedophilia: A Content Analysis of Online Posts
Authors: Jimenez-Arista Laura E. , Reid Duncan B.
Published: May 2022

In order to treat individuals with pedophilia 1 who are at risk of committing offenses, disclosure of the attraction must first take place. The aim of this study was to understand processes of initial recognition of pedophilic attraction, disclosure, and help-seeking. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of online posts from self-identified individuals with pedophilia, finding four categories: (1) Awareness and Initial Self-View (with emotions including denial, shame, and fear), (2) Disclosure (typically made to family, friends, or therapists, but also done online in an anonymous way), (3) People’s Reactions to Disclosure (ranging from rejection to support), and (4) Current Self-View (including minimization, distortions, despair, resignation, and non-offending/anti-contact commitment). Our findings highlight the internal process experienced by individuals with pedophilia when first recognizing their attraction to minors, what is involved in disclosure, the importance of others’ reactions after disclosure, and the factors that can reinforce a non-offending commitment. Clinical and social implications are discussed.
Thermoelastic interactions on the propagation of surface waves in a piezoelectric half-space: A comparative analysis of GN-III type and three-phase-lag model
Authors: Rakshit Sharmistha , Lakshman Anirban , Mistri Kshitish Ch
Published: May 2022

This study elucidates the propagation of surface (Rayleigh type) waves in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic, piezothermoelastic half-space subjected to stress free, electrically open or shorted, and thermally insulated or isothermal boundary conditions, based on GN-III type and three-phase-lag thermoelastic models. Plane harmonic wave solutions are employed to find the mechanical displacements, electrical potential, and temperature change. With the aid of these expressions, stresses, electrical displacement, and temperature gradient are derived. Based on different boundary conditions, four secular equations are derived in the considered half-space. Path of the surface particles traces an elliptic path in vertical plane parallel to the direction of wave propagation and the eccentricity of the ellipse is calculated. Particle path degenerates a straight line when there is no phase difference between vertical and horizontal components of displacements. A pre-established analysis is discussed as a particular case of this study. Effect of various characteristics of waves like phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, and specific loss is demonstrated graphically for the GN-III type and three-phase-lag thermoelastic models engaging cadmium selenide (6 mm class) material of hexagonal symmetry. This mathematical framework may be utilized to design and develop temperature sensors, and other piezoelectric surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices.
Is Parents’ ADHD Symptomatology Associated With the Clinical Feasibility or Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Program Targeting Their Children’s ADHD?
Authors: Lindström Therese , Kierkegaard Suttner Axel , Forster Martin , Bölte Sven , Hirvikoski Tatja
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To examine if the clinical feasibility and effectiveness of a psychoeducational program targeting children’s ADHD differ between parents with varying ADHD symptom severities.

Method:

An open trial analyzed data from 549 parents of children with ADHD aged 3 to 17 years, who participated in psychoeducation at an outpatient habilitation/disability clinic. In all analyses, parents were stratified into three symptom severity groups (low/middle/high) based on scores on an ADHD screening scale.

Results:

Parental ADHD symptom severity was not associated with results on any outcome, although the odds of having incomplete data were higher in parents reporting higher symptom severity. Across the entire sample, we observed high program completion rates, positive acceptability ratings and large increases in parental knowledge.

Conclusions:

Psychoeducation may be beneficial regardless of the participating parent’s ADHD symptomatology. Further research is needed to examine whether these results are generalizable to parents diagnosed with ADHD, an underrepresented group in our study.
The awareness and usage of orthodontic apps and social media by orthodontists in the UK: A questionnaire-based study
Authors: Prithiviraj Dharshini , Siddiqui Nausheen R , Smyth Robert SD , Hodges Samantha J , Sharif Mohammad Owaise
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To assess the awareness and usage of mobile apps and social media among orthodontic clinicians to support patients with orthodontic treatment, support the professional development of orthodontists, and identify any relevant apps and social media platforms currently recommended to patients.

Design:

Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study.

Setting:

United Kingdom.

Methods:

A questionnaire was developed and distributed to members of the British Orthodontic Society (BOS). To increase the response rate, the questionnaire was circulated at three time points between January and March 2020.

Results:

A total of 149 orthodontists responded to the questionnaire (15% response rate) with 113 orthodontists completing all questions (11.4%). Of those who answered, 81% (n = 111) had been qualified for >10 years, 35% worked in practice (n = 48), 34% worked in a hospital (n = 47) and 26% worked in both hospital and practice (n = 36). The results indicated that 20% of clinicians (n = 22) used apps to support patients and 33% (n = 37) reported using apps for professional purposes. Brush DJ appeared to be the most popular patient focused app (39%, n = 18) whereas the IOTN (17%, n = 8), Invisalign (17%, n = 8) and Dental Monitoring apps (9%, n = 4) were the most popular clinician-focused apps. With regard to social media, 53% (n = 60) of respondents reported that they used social media to communicate generic orthodontic information and promote their practice to patients. The most commonly used social media platforms were Facebook and Instagram. Of respondents, 96% expressed a willingness to recommend an evidence-based mobile app to patients if available, and 88% were willing to recommend an evidence-based social media platform.

Conclusions:

Orthodontic clinicians are utilising mobile apps and social media to support both patients and their own professional development. There is a willingness to increase the use of evidence-based platforms and apps to support patients.
Confronting Islamophobia and its consequences in East London in a context of increased surveillance and stigmatisation
Authors: Balazard Hélène , Peace Timothy
Published: May 2022

Islamophobia is an issue faced by Muslims across Europe. In the UK, there is a growing acceptance that the government’s counter-terrorism policy, Prevent, has led to increased discrimination. Current research is split on whether discrimination among Muslims is leading to disengagement and a retreat from public life or whether this has inspired a feeling of responsibility to participate more actively and engage in politics or alternative forms of political resistance. This paper presents the results from the London case study of a larger comparative project which seeks to assess the political consequences of the experience of discrimination by evaluating the individual and collective responses of Muslims in terms of political participation and representation. Based on qualitative research including semi-structured interviews and participant observation in Tower Hamlets (East London), we show how Muslim individuals, including civil society actors, have responded to Islamophobia, and the discrimination associated with it, in a context of increased surveillance after the introduction of the ‘Prevent Duty’ in 2015. We focus on individual responses to confronting discrimination and stigmatisation and include a case study of an initiative by the campaigning group Citizens UK which sought to explore the potential for collective responses and wider coalitions against discrimination faced by Muslims. We investigate the emerging strategies that are being adopted as a reaction to discrimination and examine the extent to which responses constitute a means of ‘fighting back’ through political participation and engagement and whether this new climate has fostered either mobilisation or demobilisation. Our findings indicate that individual forms of resistance are more prominent than mass mobilisation and some evidence of Muslims retreating from political engagement.
Escape? But where? About ‘escape tourism’
Authors: Chylińska Dagmara
Published: May 2022

Escape tourism seems to be difficult to define. It is related to many different kinds of tourism, including the so-called Robinson tourism. Given that escape tourists’ motives, ways of travelling and activities vary widely, the article deals with general conditions which may trigger the decision to undertake escape tourism. It also examines geographical spaces that are potential destinations for escapees thanks to their remote location or specific features. The article applies theoretical considerations to the consideration of Poland’s tourist space as a source of possible ‘escape destinations’, finding that geographical spaces traditionally considered suitable for escape tourism – borderlands, peripheries or geographical extremes – have decreased in importance as the phenomenon migrates towards less obvious places and forms of psychological refuge.
Elevated SARS-CoV-2 in peripheral blood and increased COVID-19 severity in American Indians/Alaska Natives
Authors: Perkins Douglas J , Yingling Alexandra V , Cheng Qiuying , Castillo Amber , Martinez Janae , Bradfute Steven B , Leng Shuguang , Edwards Jeremy , Guo Yan , Mertz Gregory , Harkins Michelle , Unruh Mark , Worsham Anthony , Lambert Christophe G , Teixeira J Pedro , Seidenberg Phillip , Langsjoen Jens , Schneider Kristan , Hurwitz Ivy
Published: May 2022

Epidemiological data across the United States show health disparities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality by race/ethnicity. While the association between elevated SARS-CoV-2 viral loads (VLs) (i.e. upper respiratory tract (URT) and peripheral blood (PB)) and increased COVID-19 severity has been reported, data remain largely unavailable for some disproportionately impacted racial/ethnic groups, particularly for American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. As such, we determined the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 VL dynamics and disease severity in a diverse cohort of hospitalized patients. Results presented here are for study participants ( n = 94, ages 21–88 years) enrolled in a prospective observational study between May and October 2020 who had SARS-CoV-2 viral clades 20A, C, and G. Based on self-reported race/ethnicity and sample size distribution, the cohort was stratified into two groups: (AI/AN, n = 43) and all other races/ethnicities combined (non-AI/AN, n = 51). SARS-CoV-2 VLs were quantified in the URT and PB on days 0–3, 6, 9, and 14. The strongest predictor of severe COVID-19 in the study population was the mean VL in PB (OR = 3.34; P = 2.00 × 10−4). The AI/AN group had the following: (1) comparable co-morbidities and admission laboratory values, yet more severe COVID-19 (OR = 4.81; P = 0.014); (2) a 2.1 longer duration of hospital stay ( P = 0.023); and (3) higher initial and cumulative PB VLs during severe disease ( P = 0.025). Moreover, self-reported race/ethnicity as AI/AN was the strongest predictor of elevated PB VLs ( β = 1.08; P = 6.00 × 10−4) and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in PB (hazard ratio = 3.58; P = 0.004). The findings presented here suggest a strong relationship between PB VL (magnitude and frequency) and severe COVID-19, particularly for the AI/AN group.
Machine learning to combat cyberattack: a survey of datasets and challenges
Authors: Prasad Arvind , Chandra Shalini
Published: May 2022

The ever-increasing number of multi-vector cyberattacks has become a concern for all levels of organizations. Attackers are infecting Internet-enabled devices and exploiting them to carry out attacks. These devices are unwittingly becoming part of carrying out cyberattacks. Many studies have proposed machine learning–based promising solutions to stamp out cyberattacks preemptively. We review the machine learning techniques and highlight some promising solutions in recent studies. This study provides the advantage of experimenting with the developed solutions on modern datasets. This survey aims to provide an insightful organization of current developments in cybersecurity datasets and give suggestions for further research. We identified the most frightful cyberattacks and suitable datasets having records related to the attack. This paper discusses modern datasets such as CICIDS2017, CSE-CIC-IDS-2018, CIC-DDoS2019, UNSW-NB15, UNSW-TonIOT, UNSW-BotIoT, DoHBrw2020, and ISCX-URL-2016, which include records of recent sophisticated cyberattacks. This paper will focus on these modern datasets, retrieve detailed knowledge, and experiment with the most commonly used machine learning algorithms. We identify datasets as a significant centric topic that can be addressed with innovative machine learning approaches and solutions to defend against cyberattacks.