bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-threshold anisotropic polychromatic emission from monodisperse quantum dots
Authors: Tan Yangzhi , Fu Wai Yuen , Lin Hemin , Wu Dan , Sun Xiao Wei , Choi Hoi Wai , Wang Kai
Published: September 2024

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are solution-processable semiconductor nanocrystals with favorable optoelectronic characteristics, one of which is their multi-excitonic behavior that enables broadband polychromatic light generation and amplification from monodisperse QDs. However, the practicality of this has been limited by the difficulty in achieving spatial separation and patterning of different colors as well as the high pumping intensity required to excite the multi-excitonic states. Here, we have addressed these issues by integrating monodisperse QDs in multi-excitonic states into a specially designed cavity, in which the QDs exhibit an anisotropic polychromatic emission (APE) characteristic that allows for tuning the emission from green to red by shifting the observation direction from perpendicular to lateral. Subsequently, the APE threshold under 300-ps pulsed excitation has been reduced from 32 to 21 μJ cm−2 by optimizing the cavity structure. Based on the manipulation of multi-excitonic emission and angle-dependent wavelength selectivity of the developed cavity, we have fabricated a full-color micro-pixel array with a pixel size as small as 23 μm by combining cavity-integrated monodisperse QDs and blue backlight. Furthermore, the threshold of APE under quasi-continuous-wave pumping was as low as 5 W cm−2, indicating its compatibility with commercial LEDs and/or laser diodes. Since APE arises from the multi-excitonic behavior of QDs that supports optical gain, its unprecedentedly low threshold suggests the feasibility of the diode-pumped colloidal QD laser. This work demonstrates a novel method of manipulating the QDs’ optical properties beyond controlling their size, composition or structure, and reveals great potential for achieving full-color emission using monodisperse QDs.
Rapid aqueous-phase dark reaction of phenols with nitrosonium ions: Novel mechanism for atmospheric nitrosation and nitration at low pH
Authors: Cai Baohua , Wang Yixiang , Yang Xin , Li Yanchen , Zhai Jinghao , Zeng Yaling , Ye Jianhuai , Zhu Lei , Fu Tzung-May , Zhang Qi
Published: September 2024

Dark aqueous-phase reactions involving the nitrosation and nitration of aromatic organic compounds play a significant role in the production of light-absorbing organic carbon in the atmosphere. This process constitutes a crucial aspect of tropospheric chemistry and has attracted growing research interest, particularly in understanding the mechanisms governing nighttime reactions between phenols and nitrogen oxides. In this study, we present new findings concerning the rapid dark reactions between phenols containing electron-donating groups and inorganic nitrite in acidic aqueous solutions with pH levels <3.5. This reaction generates a substantial amount of nitroso- and nitro-substituted phenolic compounds, known for their light-absorbing properties and toxicity. In experiments utilizing various substituted phenols, we demonstrate that their reaction rates with nitrite depend on the electron cloud density of the benzene ring, indicative of an electrophilic substitution reaction mechanism. Control experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that the nitrosonium ion (NO+) is the reactive nitrogen species responsible for undergoing electrophilic reactions with phenolate anions, leading to the formation of nitroso-substituted phenolic compounds. These compounds then undergo partial oxidation to form nitro-substituted phenols through reactions with nitrous acid (HONO) or other oxidants like oxygen. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism for swift atmospheric nitrosation and nitration reactions that occur within acidic cloud droplets or aerosol water, providing valuable insights into the rapid nocturnal formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds with significant implications for climate dynamics and human health.
Cognitive control: exploring the causal role of the rTPJ in empathy for pain mediated by contextual information
Authors: Hartmann Helena , Orlando Egle M , Borja Karina , Keysers Christian , Gazzola Valeria
Published: September 2024

Empathy determines our emotional and social lives. Research has recognized the role of the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) in social cognition; however, there is less direct causal evidence for its involvement in empathic responses to pain, which is typically attributed to simulation mechanisms. Given the rTPJ’s role in processing false beliefs and contextual information during social scenarios, we hypothesized that empathic responses to another person’s pain depend on the rTPJ if participants are given information about people’s intentions, engaging mentalizing mechanisms alongside simulative ones. Participants viewed videos of an actress freely showing or suppressing pain caused by an electric shock while receiving 6 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the rTPJ or sham vertex stimulation. Active rTMS had no significant effect on participants’ ratings depending on the pain expression, although participants rated the actress’s pain as lower during rTPJ perturbation. In contrast, rTMS accelerated response times for providing ratings during pain suppression. We also found that participants perceived the actress’s pain as more intense when they knew she would suppress it rather than show it. These results suggest an involvement of the rTPJ in attributing pain to others and provide new insights into people’s behavior in judging others’ pain when it is concealed.
Exploring the relationship between temporomandibular disorders and sexual function
Authors: Leonid Kalichman
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass various conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint and surrounding structures, often presenting with pain, limited movement, and functional impairments. TMDs may affect kissing and oral sex, in addition to influencing sexual function, as any other chronic pain condition.

Objective

The study sought to examine the connection between TMDs and sexual function.

Methods

A literature review was conducted, synthesizing evidence from various disciplines, including dentistry, physical therapy, psychology, and sexual medicine. Relevant studies were analyzed to elucidate the multifaceted nature of TMDs and their potential impact on sexual health.

Results

Emerging evidence suggests a complex relationship between TMDs and sexual function, with chronic pain, psychological distress, and physiological factors potentially contributing to sexual dysfunction.

Conclusion

Understanding the interconnectedness of TMDs and sexual function is essential for providing comprehensive care. Further research is needed to assess the association between TMDs and sexual dysfunction, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and develop targeted interventions that address both TMD symptoms and sexual health concerns.
The illegality defence in Singapore Trust Law: a refined Ochroid test
Authors: Jing Hui
Published: September 2024

In the Singapore High Court decision of Lau Sheng Jan Alistair v Lau Cheok Joo Richard and Sng Gek Hong Cynthia, Goh Yihan JC, who delivered the judgment, addressed three issues: the rule in Saunders v Vauntier, the sham trust, and the illegality defence. Goh Yihan JC’s examination of the rule in Saunders v Vauntier and the sham trust adhered to well-established principles, resulting in limited originality in that part of the analysis. In contrast, Goh Yihan JC’s exploration of the illegality defence marked the first Singapore High Court decision to investigate the application of the Ochroid test within the context of trust law. This article responds to Goh Yihan JC’s analysis of the aforementioned three issues, with a primary focus on his reasoning surrounding the illegality defence. In this comment, both the strengths and weaknesses associated with Goh Yihan JC’s reasoning are explicitly emphasised.
Disclosure of Violence against Women and Girls in Senegal
Authors: Peterman Amber , Dione Malick , Le Port Agnes , Briaux Justine , Lamesse Fatma , Hidrobo Melissa
Published: September 2024

Measures of violence against women and girls (VAWG) are widely collected in surveys, yet estimates are acknowledged to be lower bounds of the true prevalence. This study reports on a survey experiment randomly assigning 3,400 women and girls to either face-to-face interviews or audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI), a modality that increases privacy and confidentiality of responses. Results show the ACASI group discloses higher prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence by 4 to 7 percentage points compared to face-to-face interviews. Differences in disclosure for nonpartner VAWG are even larger, ranging from 6 to 12 percentage points. Tests for correlates of characteristics that might lead to increased disclosure show few notable patterns. Overall results suggest ACASI are a promising way to encourage disclosure, however trade-offs include limits in the complexity of questions that can be asked and higher time costs associated with development and implementation of surveys.
Greenhouse Results Suggest that Disease Severity in Soybean (Glycine max), Caused by Diaporthe longicolla as Both a Stem and Seed Pathogen, May Not Be Correlated
Authors: Sureshbabu Bijula Mankara , Gillen Anne M. , Smith James R. , Mukaila Taofeek , Markell Samuel G. , Mathew Febina M.
Published: September 2024

Diaporthe longicolla causes Diaporthe (Phomopsis) seed decay, as well as pod and stem blight in soybean ( Glycine max L.) in the United States. However, our understanding of the genetic basis of resistance to D. longicolla is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the relationship between stem and seed infection caused by D. longicolla. Separate experiments were conducted to determine stem and seed infection, both using a completely randomized design. Thirty-nine accessions were screened against a single isolate of D. longicolla in both experiments. In the stem experiment, one mycelial plug was placed on the wound created on the stem at the second trifoliate stage, and the inoculated plants were incubated at 24 ± 3°C with 90% humidity for 7 days. In the seed experiment, seeds of each genotype were surface-sterilized, soaked in a mycelial suspension for 4 h, plated on 2% water agar, and incubated at 23 ± 2°C for 7 days. At 7 days postinoculation, significant differences in disease severity were observed among the genotypes in both the stem ( P < 0.0004) and seed ( P < 0.0001) experiments. Twenty-nine genotypes showed significantly less susceptibility to D. longicolla as a stem pathogen compared with the susceptible check ‘Hawkeye’, while 24 genotypes were significantly less susceptible compared with ‘LG03-4561-14’ in the seed experiment. However, there was no significant correlation between the disease severity caused by D. longicolla on the stem and seeds ( P > 0.05). These findings indicate that further research on the genetic resistance mechanisms associated with D. longicolla is important for the development of resistant cultivars.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Proteomic analysis and in vivo visualization of extracellular vesicles from mouse oviducts during pre‐implantation embryo development
Authors: Stephens Kalli K. , Finnerty Ryan M. , Grant DeAna G. , Winuthayanon Sarayut , Martin‐DeLeon Patricia A. , Winuthayanon Wipawee
Published: September 2024

Pre‐implantation embryonic development occurs in the oviduct during the first few days of pregnancy. The presence of oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs, also called oviductosomes) is crucial for pre‐implantation embryonic development in vivo as oEVs often contain molecular transmitters such as proteins. Therefore, evaluating oEV cargo during early pregnancy could provide insights into factors required for proper early embryonic development that are missing in the current in vitro embryo culture setting. In this study, we isolated oEVs from the oviductal fluid at estrus and different stages of early embryonic development. The 2306–3066 proteins in oEVs identified at the different time points revealed 58–60 common EV markers identified in exosome databases. Oviductal extracellular vesicle proteins from pregnant samples significantly differed from those in non‐pregnant samples. In addition, superovulation changes the protein contents in oEVs compared to natural ovulation at estrus. Importantly, we have identified that embryo‐protectant proteins such as high‐mobility protein group B1 and serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor were only enriched in the presence of embryos. We also visualized the physical interaction of EVs and the zona pellucida of 4‐ to 8‐cell stage embryos using transmission electron microscopy as well as in vivo live imaging of epithelial cell‐derived GFP‐tagged CD9 mouse model. All protein data in this study are readily available to the scientific community in a searchable format at https://genes.winuthayanon.com/winuthayanon/oviduct_ev_proteins/. In conclusion, we identified oEVs proteins that could be tested to determine whether they can improve embryonic developmental outcomes in vivo and in vitro setting.
Optical microsensing reveals spatiotemporal oxygen dynamics in cornea wounds that affect healing via reactive oxygen species
Authors: Ma Li , Ferreira Fernando , Reid Brian , Guo Liang , Zhao Min
Published: September 2024

Oxygen (O2) metabolism plays a critical role in cornea wound healing, regeneration, and homeostasis; however, the underlying spatiotemporal mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we used an optical sensor to profile O2 flux in intact and wounded corneas of mouse eyes. Intact corneas have unique centrifugal O2 influx profiles, smallest flux at the cornea center, and highest at the limbus. Following cornea injury, the O2 influx profile presents three distinct consecutive phases: a “decreasing” phase from 0 to 6 h, a “recovering” phase from 12 to 48 h, and a ‘peak’ phase from 48 to 72 h, congruent to previously described healing phases. Immediately after wounding, the O2 influx drops at wound center and wound edge but does not change significantly at the wound side or limbus. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the decreasing phase significantly reduces O2 influx, decreases epithelial migration and consequently delays healing. The dynamics of O2 influx show a positive correlation with cell proliferation at the wound side, with significantly increased proliferation at the peak phase of O2 influx. This study elucidates the spatiotemporal O2 dynamics in both intact and wounded rodent cornea and shows the crucial role of O2 dynamics in regulating cell migration and proliferation through ROS metabolism, ultimately contributing to wound healing. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the micro‐optrode in the characterization of spatiotemporal O2 dynamics. Injury‐induced changes in O2 metabolism and ROS production modulate O2 dynamics at wound and control cell migration and proliferation, both essential for proper wound healing.
You Get What You Reward: A Qualitative Study Exploring Medical Student Engagement in 2 Different Assessment Systems
Authors: Jauregui Joshua , McClintock Adelaide H. , Schrepel Caitlin , Fainstad Tyra , Bierer S. Beth , Heeneman Sylvia
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Educational impact is dependent on student engagement. Assessment design can provide a scaffold for student engagement to determine the focus of student efforts. Little is known about how medical students engage with assessment. Therefore, we asked the following research question: How do medical students engage with the process of assessment and their assessment data in 2 clinical assessment systems?

Method

This multi-institutional, cross-sectional constructivist grounded theory study of fourth-year undergraduate medical students at the University of Washington and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine assessed 2 different assessment systems: traditional tiered grading, in which clerkship grades were summative, and programmatic assessment, in which students received low-stake, narrative feedback across clerkships with progress based on aggregated performance data in student portfolios. All fourth-year students were invited to participate in one-on-one semistructured interviews guided by student engagement theory between September 2022 and January 2023. Verbatim transcripts underwent iterative, qualitative analysis.

Results

Twenty-two medical students were interviewed, 13 from a traditional grading assessment system and 9 from a programmatic assessment system. Three major ways in which assessment systems affected how students engaged with their assessments were categorized into the affective, cognitive, and behavioral domains of engagement: as a sociocultural statement of value, as the cognitive load associated with the assessment system and practices themselves, and as the locus of power and control in learning and authentic practice.

Conclusions

Medical students’ beliefs about assessment goals, cognitive burden of assessment, and relationships with others significantly affected their engagement with their assessments. In assessment systems that reward grading and an archetypal way of being, students report engaging by prioritizing image over learning. In programmatic assessment systems, students describe more fully and authentically engaging in their assessment for and as learning. Systems of assessment communicate what is rewarded, and you get what you reward.
Championing Civility in the Clinical Learning Environment: Evaluation of a Novel Training Program
Authors: Shofer Sharon L. , Gagliardi Jane P. , Bryant Stephanie , Khedagi Apurva M. , Mohottige Dinushika , Gregory Ada , Zaas Aimee K. , Truong Tracy , Staples Betty B.
Published: September 2024

Problem

Incivility in the health care workplace is increasing and negatively impacts everyone in the environment, including health care team members and the patients and families they serve. This study examined the efficacy and impact of Civility Champions (CCs), a novel training program for a multidisciplinary cohort of faculty and graduate medical education (GME) trainees based in principles of trauma-informed care, nonviolent communication, and restorative practices.

Approach

Participants were 39 faculty and GME trainees representing 6 departments in a major academic medical center. The concurrent, mixed-methods study employed the Kirkpatrick New World Model as a framework for the creation of the evaluation tools as well as to analyze and report the results of the study. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis examined participants’ reactions, perceived learning, workplace use of the skills following training, and initial indicators of whether the program is on track to meet its goals.

Outcomes

Participants found CCs training to be valuable (84.6% agree or strongly agree that training was relevant and would recommend it to others). Post-training, CCs felt an increased sense of confidence and commitment using the skills and knowledge learned as indicated by a positive average change score (P < .05) on all measures. At the 6-month survey, 70% of CCs had employed the skills. Results on the implementation of the CCs program found that key success factors include improving program visibility, providing opportunities for skill refreshment, and fostering a supportive community.

Next Steps

This study expanded a novel training program to multidisciplinary departments and provided early evaluation of the efficacy of the training in the health care workplace. CCs training showed significant measurable benefit using both quantitative and qualitative measures. Future iterations will include training interdisciplinary cohorts and will attempt to assess the program’s impact on institutional culture.
Systematized Serendipity
Authors: Crowder C. Michael , Forman Stuart A.
Published: September 2024

Most of science involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing those hypotheses, to form valid conclusions. However, a distinct, longstanding, and very productive scientific approach does not follow this paradigm; rather, it begins with a screen through a random collection of drugs or genetic variations for a particular effect or phenotype. Subsequently, the identity of the drug or gene is determined, and only then are hypotheses formed and the more standard scientific method employed. This alternative approach is called forward screening and includes methods such as genetic mutant screens, small molecule screens, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics. This review explains the rational for forward screening approaches and uses examples of screens for mutants with altered anesthetic sensitivities and for novel anesthetics to illustrate the methods and impact of the approach. Forward screening approaches are becoming even more powerful with advances in bioinformatics aided by artificial intelligence.
Full Endoscopic Bilateral Discectomy at L5/S1 Level
Authors: Liu Xinchun
Published: September 2024

Study Design:

Technical report.

Objective:

This report aimed to describe a 3-step unilateral uniportal interlaminar circum-dural approach for entire spinal canal inspection and bilateral discectomy at L5/S1 level.

Summary of Background Data:

Treatment of lumbar disc herniation with bilateral symptoms at L5/S1 level is complicated in full endoscopic surgeries. Unilateral interlaminar approaches have been used for bilateral discectomy at L5/S1 level through a uniportal ventral dural approach or a biportal dorsal dural approach. Despite the reporting of successful clinical outcomes, inspection and manipulation of the entire spinal canal via a unilateral approach remain challenging.

Methods:

The 3-step inspection of the entire spinal canal includes the ipsilateral side, the midline, and the contralateral side. Two typical cases are provided to further demonstrate the technique. In case 1, bilateral symptoms were caused by bilateral multifocal herniations. In case 2, bilateral symptoms were caused by a huge midline herniation.

Results:

The surgical purposes were achieved as intended in both of the 2 cases. The herniations were successfully removed and the pain was relieved immediately after surgery.

Conclusions:

As indicated by the preliminary application, the present technique, integrating the advantages of both the ventral and the dorsal dural approaches, is probably an ideal choice for bilateral discectomy at L5/S1 level.
Active and Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cervical Cancer: Analysis of the NHANES 2007–2016
Authors: Capps Natalie Pate , Rhoads Sarah Jane , Barone Claudia Protzman , Wright Patricia , Selig James P. , Rojo Martha
Published: September 2024

Background:

Cervical cancer is the third most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Despite efforts to reduce cervical cancer through human papillomavirus vaccination, a significant problem remains. Active smoking is a cofactor for cervical cancer, but the data are mixed regarding the role of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) in cervical cancer pathogenesis.

Objective:

To examine the relationship between cervical cancer and smoke exposure (active and SHSE).

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was employed on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. This nationally representative dataset yielded a total sample of 13 396 women ≥20 years old. Cervical cancer history and smoke exposure (self-reported and biochemically measured) were used in a logistic regression model.

Results:

Women who lived with more household smokers and those who were active smokers had significantly higher odds of cervical cancer, controlling for covariates.

Conclusion:

In addition to active smoking status, assessment of smokers in the household may be a clinically important assessment tool in women at risk for cervical cancer. Further analysis is needed to clarify the role of SHSE in cervical cancer pathogenesis.

Implications for Practice:

Health care providers must assess an individual’s smoking status and provide smoking cessation education about the risk of cervical cancer from smoking, especially to household smokers and women exposed to secondhand smoke.

Foundational:

This study provides an understanding imperative to the health and wellness of patients. Smoke exposure remains pervasive worldwide and understanding the relationship between smoke exposure and cervical cancer is important.
Decision-making in Nasal Dorsum Reconstruction in Revision Rhinoplasty
Authors: Anco Norman , Caballero Gonzalo C. , Valverde Karen , Nuñez José
Published: September 2024

Background:

The approach to revision rhinoplasty is a challenge that plastic surgeons often face. The objective of this communication is to describe a surgical algorithm for patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty based on the stability of the nasal dorsum.

Methods:

The study included 18 patients, six men and 12 women, aged 19–54 years, who had previously undergone rhinoplasty and who visited our clinic to request a new procedure due to unsatisfactory results in those procedures. A surgical algorithm developed by the main author (N.A.) was followed for revision rhinoplasty, and then a validated rhinoplasty outcome evaluation questionnaire was applied 1 year after surgery to assess aesthetic outcomes.

Results:

The questionnaire was applied to all participants, showing a significant increase in patient satisfaction. Before surgery, a minimum value of six and a maximum of 21 (mean of 12) were found. After revision rhinoplasty following the proposed surgical algorithm, a minimum value of 21 and a maximum of 30 (mean of 29) were found, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The surgical algorithm used for nasal dorsum reconstruction in patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty improved patient satisfaction and could be a feasible procedure to approach patients who have previously undergone rhinoplasty.
Sex Differences in Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Additional Health Outcomes Following Exercise Training in Adults With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Vidal-Almela Sol , Marçal Isabela R. , Wong Jennie , Terada Tasuku , Nguyen Bao-Oanh , Joensen Albert M. , Mills Mark T. , Bittman Jesse , Prud’Homme Denis , Reed Jennifer L.
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

Improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) through exercise training is associated with lower morbidity and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Smaller CRF improvements have been suggested in females than males with cardiovascular disease following exercise training. This systematic review compared changes in CRF (primary) and additional physical and mental health outcomes following exercise training between females and males with AF.

Review Methods:

Five bibliographic databases were searched to identify prospective studies implementing exercise training in patients with AF. The mean difference (MD) in the change following exercise training was compared between sexes using random-effects meta-analyses.

Sex-specific data were obtained from 19 of 63 eligible studies, with 886 participants enrolled in exercise training (n = 259 [29%] females; female: 68 ± 7 years, male: 66 ± 8 years). Exercise training was 6 weeks to 1 year in duration and mostly combined moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic and resistance training, 2 to 6 d/wk. Changes in CRF did not differ between sexes (MD = 0.15: 95% CI, −1.08 to 1.38 mL O2/kg/min; P = .81; I
2 = 27%). Severity of AF (MD = 1.00: 95% CI, 0.13-1.87 points; I
2 = 0%), general health perceptions (MD = −3.71: 95% CI, −6.88 to −0.55 points; I
2 = 22%), and systolic blood pressure (MD = 3.11: 95% CI, 0.14-6.09 mmHg; I
2 = 42%) improved less in females than in males. Females may benefit from more targeted exercise training programs given their smaller improvement in several health outcomes than males. However, our findings are largely hypothesis-generating, considering the limited sample size and underrepresentation of females (29% females in our review vs 47% females with AF globally).
Inadvertent Orbital Mitomycin C Injection as a Cause of Ptosis and Ophthalmoplegia from Orbital Necrosis
Authors: Mason Ryan H. , Chang Kenneth , Nassrallah Georges , Yan David B. , DeAngelis Dan D.
Published: September 2024

Mitomycin C is an alkylating agent with the ability to suppress fibroblast proliferation and activity, making it a powerful antifibrotic. It has therefore become popular in glaucoma filtering surgeries, used both intraoperatively during bleb formation and postoperatively as an adjunct to bleb needling. This report presents a rare but serious risk of bleb needling with Mitomycin C at the slit lamp, where inadvertent movement of the patient resulted in an orbital injection. The patient quickly developed focal tissue inflammation and necrosis, presenting one day after the procedure with complete ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and a palpable orbital mass. After appropriate imaging and an excisional biopsy to exclude infectious, infiltrative, and neoplastic causes, this was managed with close observation and continued improvement, and resolution of most orbital sequelae.
Transition in Quality Of Life Among Older Patients With Bladder Cancer and Its Association With Treatment: A Clustering Approach
Authors: Golzy Mojgan , Beheshti Mohammad , Henslee Brandon , Rosen Geoffrey , Murray Katie S.
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

To classify older patients with bladder cancer (BC) based on quality-of-life (QoL) measures and explore the clusters transitions over a 2-year period and patient characteristics, BC stages, and treatment. Patients with BC report a significant decline in functional status and QoL. The association of this transition and patient characteristics and treatment over time is not known. We aim to explore this association.

Methods:

Data were obtained from patients with BC in the SEER-MHOS database (1998-2021).

Unsupervised cluster analysis was employed to identify homogeneous clusters of patients with similar functionality based on age, physical and mental component score, and ability to perform activities of daily living. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess the association of patient characteristics and treatment on cluster transitions over a 2-year interval.

Results:

The final cohort consisted of 2934 (age 65 or older) older patients with BC. We identified 3 distinct clusters: 67.9% in Cluster 1; 25.4% in Cluster 2; and 6.7% in Cluster 3. After 2 years, 11.7% patients showed improvement and 14% experienced a decline. Cancer/treatment characteristics were not associated with cluster transition. Younger age and being married were identified as factors associated with improvement. Older age, non–homeownership, and last-year fall were associated with transition to less healthy cluster.

Conclusions:

Over a 2-year interval after BC diagnosis, a quarter of patients will have substantial changes in QoL. No significant association was observed between cluster transition and BC characteristics. Age as well as marital, fall, and homeowner status do impact this transition.
Spectrum of Respiratory Viruses Identified from SARS-CoV-2 Negative Human Respiratory Specimens in Watansoppeng, Indonesia
Authors: Idris Irfan , Wahid Isra , Antonjaya Ungke , Johar Edison , Kleib Fiqry Hasan , Sriyani Ida Yus , Dewantari Aghnianditya Kresno , Daming Oderna , Duharing Mustakim , Sappe Fatmawati , Hasan Hajar , Yudhaputri Frilasita Aisyah , Syafruddin Din , Myint Khin Saw Aye
Published: September 2024

Respiratory infections account for millions of hospital admissions worldwide. The etiology of respiratory infections can be attributed to a diverse range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungi. SARS-CoV-2 negative specimens from Wattansoppeng city, South Sulawesi were analyzed to study the spectrum of respiratory viruses. Samples were screened for influenza virus, Enterovirus, Paramyxoviridae, Nipah virus, Coronaviridae, and Pneumoviridae. Of 210 specimens, 19 were positive for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-A, RSV-B, human parainfluenza (HPIV)-1 virus, HPIV-2, human rhinovirus (HRV)-A, HRV-B, HRV-C, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza A virus, and CV-A6. Influenza virus was of seasonal H3N2 subtype. The HMPVs were of genotype B1 and A2a, while one of the RSV-A was ON-1 genotype. The viruses mostly affected children with unknown severity.
Transfer of Thermobacterium salinum Chen et al. 2023 to the genus Luteirhabdus Ren et al. 2022 as Luteirhabdus salina comb. nov.
Authors: Huang Zhaobin , Lai Qiliang
Published: September 2024

The 16S rRNA gene of Thermobacterium salinum TK19130T had the highest sequence similarity to that of Luteirhabdus pelagi A3-108T (99.7%). Phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences indicated that T. salinum TK19130T and L. pelagi A3-108T are closely related, and represented an independent clade. Whole genome comparisons showed that T. salinum TK19130T and L. pelagi A3-108T shared average amino acid identity of 95.3%, indicating they could be merged into the same genus. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between T. salinum TK19130T and L. pelagi A3-108T were 52.5 and 93.3%, respectively. These values were below the recommended threshold values of prokaryotic species delineation. Thus, based on the principle of priority, we proposed the transfer of Thermobacterium salinum Chen et al. 2023 to the genus Luteirhabdus Ren et al. 2022 as Luteirhabdus salina comb. nov.
Endogenous retroviruses activate MARCO-mediated inflammatory response to block retroviral infection
Authors: Hu Xuming , Guo Wang , Wu Huixian , Liu Jinlu , Chen Xujing , Han Xiao , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yang , Cao Zhengfeng , Bao Qiang , Chai Wenxian , Chen Shihao , Zhao Wenming , Chen Guohong , Cui Hengmi , Xu Qi
Published: September 2024

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections and can profoundly affect the host antiviral innate immune response, although the mechanisms by which these changes occur are largely unknown. Here we report that chicken-specific ERVs exert genetic resistance to exogenous retrovirus infection. Mechanistically, chicken-specific ERVs activated the scavenger receptor MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure)-mediated TLR3-IL-1β inflammatory response in macrophages. Under the presence of MARCO, macrophages response to viral infection through inducing TLR3-IL-1β inflammatory response. Conversely, lack of MARCO increased the viral replication levels and attenuated the antiviral inflammatory response. MARCO-mediated ligand delivery enhances TLR3-IL-1β antiviral response, and IL-1β expression is responsible for viral inhibition. Restoring MARCO or IL-1β expression overcomes viral infection in macrophages. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the host defense against exogenous retroviruses infection and may have important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against retroviruses infection.
Olfactory Mucosa-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiate Towards a Schwann Cell-Like Phenotype Towards Sourcing for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Neuman Katelyn , Koppes Abigail N. , Koppes Ryan A.
Published: September 2024

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising source of stem cells for treating peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we present the first investigation of differentiation of olfactory mucosa-derived MSC (OM-MSC) towards a Schwann Cell (SC)-like phenotype. OM-MSCs are an advantageous potential source of SCs for peripheral nerve repair, as isolation can be accomplished with a minimally invasive procedure compared to autologous nerve harvest and isolation. Here, Schwann Cell Conditioned Media (SCCM) or a defined growth factor supplemented media (GF) was applied to OM-MSC for twenty-one days. The differentiation process and resulting populations were characterized by immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR. Functionality of differentiated populations was assessed in anin vitroco-culture model to evaluate interaction with sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia) juxtaposed to native SCs. Compared to undifferentiated MSCs, differentiation protocols resulted in significant changes in morphology, gene expression, and functionality using SCCM and GF media, representing key characteristics of SCs. Specifically, differentiated populations exhibit elongated, spindle-like morphologies, a high degree of eccentricity, increased S-100, CD44, and NGF expression, and colocalization of myelin basic proteins with neurites in the co-culture model. In conclusion, this work highlights the potential of OM-MSCs to be expanded and differentiated to SCs to improve synthetic scaffolds or for use in decellularized allografts for nerve repair.
The small MAF transcription factor MAFG co-opts MITF to promote melanoma progression
Authors: Vera Olga , Martinez Michael , Soto-Vargas Zulaida , Wang Kaizhen , Xu Xiaonan , Ruiz-Buceta Sara , Mecozzi Nicol , Chadourne Manon , Posorske Benjamin , Angarita Ariana , Bok Ilah , Liu Qian , Murikipudi Harini , Kim Yumi , Messina Jane L. , Tsai Kenneth Y. , Major Michael B. , Lau Eric K. , Yu Xiaoqing , Ibanez-de-Caceres Inmaculada , Karreth Florian A.
Published: September 2024

Transcription factor deregulation potently drives melanoma progression by dynamically and reversibly controlling gene expression programs. We previously identified the small MAF family transcription factor MAFG as a putative driver of melanoma progression, prompting an in-depth evaluation of its role in melanoma. MAFG expression increases with human melanoma stages and ectopic MAFG expression enhances the malignant behavior of human melanoma cells in vitro, xenograft models, and genetic mouse models of spontaneous melanoma. Moreover, MAFG induces a melanoma phenotype switch from a melanocytic state to a more dedifferentiated state. Mechanistically, MAFG interacts with the lineage transcription factor MITF which is required for the pro-tumorigenic effects of MAFG. MAFG and MITF co-occupy numerous genomic sites and MAFG overexpression influences the expression of genes harboring binding sites for the MAFG∼MITF complex. These results establish MAFG as a potent driver of melanomagenesis through dimerization with MITF and uncover an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation.

Significance statement

MITF is critically involved in melanoma progression and phenotype switching. We discovered that MAFG interacts with MITF to influence expression of MITF target genes and facilitate a shift toward a dedifferentiated melanoma cell state. This study demonstrates that MAFG promotes melanomagenesis by influencing MITF activity, an unappreciated mechanism of MITF regulation.
Flexible use of conserved motif vocabularies constrains genome access in cell type evolution
Authors: Chai Chew , Gibson Jesse , Li Pengyang , Pampari Anusri , Patel Aman , Kundaje Anshul , Wang Bo
Published: September 2024

Cell types evolve into a hierarchy with related types grouped into families. How cell type diversification is constrained by the stable separation between families over vast evolutionary times remains unknown. Here, integrating single-nucleus multiomic sequencing and deep learning, we show that hundreds of sequence features (motifs) divide into distinct sets associated with accessible genomes of specific cell type families. This division is conserved across highly divergent, early-branching animals including flatworms and cnidarians. While specific interactions between motifs delineate cell type relationships within families, surprisingly, these interactions are not conserved between species. Consistently, while deep learning models trained on one species can predict accessibility of other species' sequences, their predictions frequently rely on distinct, but synonymous, motif combinations. We propose that long-term stability of cell type families is maintained through genome access specified by conserved motif sets, or 'vocabularies', whereas cell types diversify through flexible use of motifs within each set.
Serial Two-Photon Tomography Imaging of the whole marmoset brain for neuroanatomical analyses
Authors: Watakabe Akiya , Tani Toshiki , Abe Hiroshi , Skibbe Henrik , Ichinohe Noritaka , Yamamori Tetsuo
Published: September 2024

Serial Two photon tomography (STPT) imaging is a technique to image a mass of tissue in its three-dimensional shape by combining two-photon imaging with automatic stage control and microtome slicing. We successfully implemented this technique for tracing the axonal projections in the marmoset brain. Here we describe the detailed experimental procedures that realized reliable volumetric imaging of the whole marmoset brain. We also introduce auxiliary histological techniques including visualization of myelin structure by simple light reflection, and immunological detection of non-fluorescent anterograde and retrograde tracers, which further enhance the utility of STPT data.
Beyond the (log)book: Comparing accelerometer non-wear detection techniques in toddlers
Authors: Letts Elyse , da Silva Sarah M , Cristofaro Natascja Di , King-Dowling Sara , Obeid Joyce
Published: September 2024

Background

Accelerometers are increasingly used to measure physical activity and sedentary time in toddlers. Data cleaning or wear time validation can impact outcomes of interest, particularly in young children who spend less time awake. However, no study has systematically compared wear time validation strategies in toddlers. As such, the objective of this study is to compare different fully-automated methods of distinguishing wear and non-wear time (counts and raw data algorithms) to the semi-automated (counts with logbooks) criterion method in toddlers.

Methods

We recruited 109 toddlers (age 12-35 mos) as part of the iPLAY study to wear an ActiGraph w-GT3X-BT accelerometer on the right hip for ∼7 consecutive days (removed for sleep and water activities). Parents completed a logbook to indicate monitor removal and nap times. We tested 15 nonwear detection methods grouped into 4 main categories: semi-automated logbook, consecutive 0 counts, modified consecutive 0 counts (Troiano and Choi), and raw data methods (van Hees and Ahmadi). Using logbooks as the criterion standard (all wear and wake-time only wear), we calculated the accuracy and F1 scores and compared overall wear time with a two one-sided test of equivalence.

Results

Participant daily wear time ranged from 556 to 684 minutes/day depending on method. Accuracy and F1 score ranged from 86 to 95%. Five methods were considered equivalent to the AllWear nonwear criterion (true wear time including sleep-time wear), with only one equivalent to the AwakeWear criterion. Mean absolute differences were lower for the AllWear criterion but ranged 49 to 192 minutes/day

Conclusions

The 5min0count, 10min_0count, 30min_0count, Troiano60s, and Ahmadi methods provide high accuracy and equivalency when compared to semi-automated cleaning using logbooks. This paper provides insights and quantitative results that can help researchers decide which method may be most appropriate given their population of interest, sample size, and study protocol.
Development and initial evaluation of a conversational agent for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Castano-Villegas Natalia , Llano Isabella , Villa Maria Camila , Martinez Julian , Zea Jose , Urrea Tatiana , Bañol Alejandra Maria , Bohorquez Carlos , Martinez Nelson
Published: September 2024

Background

Conversational Agents have attracted attention for personal and professional use. Their specialisation in the medical field is being explored. Conversational Agents (CA) have accomplished passing-level performance in medical school examinations and shown empathy when responding to patient questions. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the progression of cognitive and somatic decline. As the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, it is the subject of continuous investigations, which result in a constant stream of new information. Physicians are expected to keep up with the latest clinical guidelines; however, they aren’t always able to do so due to the large amount of information and their busy schedules.

Objective

We designed a conversational agent intended for general physicians as a tool for their everyday practice to offer validated responses to clinical queries associated with Alzheimer’s Disease based on the best available evidence.

Methodology

The conversational agent uses GPT-4o and has been instructed to respond based on 17 updated national and international clinical practice guidelines about Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease. To approach the CA’s performance and accuracy, it was tested using three validated knowledge scales. In terms of evaluating the content of each of the assistant’s answers, a human evaluation was conducted in which 7 people evaluated the clinical understanding, retrieval, clinical reasoning, completeness, and usefulness of the CA’s output.

Results

The agent obtained near-perfect performance in all three scales. It achieved a sensitivity of 100% for all three scales and a specificity of 75% in the less specific model. However, when modifying the input given to the assistant (prompting), specificity reached 100%, with a Cohen’s kappa of 1 in all tests. The human evaluation determined that the CA’s output showed comprehension of the clinical question and completeness in its answers. However, reference retrieval and perceived helpfulness of the CA reply was not optimal.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the potential of the agent and of specialised LLMs in the medical field as a tool for up-to-date clinical information, particularly when medical knowledge is becoming increasingly vast and ever-changing. Validations with health care experts and actual clinical use of the assistant by its target audience is an ongoing part of this project that will allow for more robust and applicable results, including evaluating potential harm.
TheZymoseptoria triticieffector Zt-11 contributes to aggressiveness in wheat
Authors: Karki Sujit Jung , Pilo Paola , Lawless Colleen , Mastrodimos Nikolaos , Tiley Anna M. M. , Burke James , Feechan Angela
Published: September 2024

Zymoseptoria triticiis an ascomycete fungus and the causal agent of Septoria tritici leaf blotch (STB) in wheat.Z. triticisecretes an array of effector proteins that are likely to facilitate host infection, colonisation and pycnidia production. In this study we demonstrate a role for Zt-11 as aZ. triticieffector during disease progression.Zt-11is upregulated during the transition of the pathogen from the biotrophic to necrotrophic phase of wheat infection. Deletion ofZt-11delayed disease development in wheat, reducing the number and size of pycnidia, as well as the number of macropycnidiospores produced byZ. tritici. This delayed disease development by the ΔZt-11mutants was accompanied by a lower induction ofPRgenes in wheat, when compared to infection with wildtypeZ. tritici. Overall, these data suggest that Zt-11 plays a role inZ. triticiaggressiveness and STB disease progression possibly via a salicylic acid associated pathway.