bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Church, State, and Nationalism in Ireland
Authors: Rafferty Oliver P.
Published: September 2023

The influence of the Catholic Church in Ireland was felt in every aspect of Irish life. At the beginning of the period the Church was at the zenith of its political power having helped to deliver Catholic emancipation. The Famine came to overshadow all aspects of Irish life and its end coincided with the return to Ireland of Paul Cullen who did much to refashion the ethos of Irish Catholicism. By the 1880s, the hierarchy gave unqualified support to Home Rule in exchange for support over Catholic education, and thus began a symbiotic relationship between the Church and the Irish Party. The Church’s support, however, for the radical turn in Irish politics brought rebukes for Pope Leo XIII. The chapter examines Church and State in Ireland through the ecclesiastical politics of emancipation and Repeal; through the public figure of Paul Cullen and Fenianism; and through the intervention of the papacy.
Irish Diaspora
Authors: Barr Colin
Published: September 2023

The Irish Catholic Church followed Irish Catholics as they spread across the globe. Of the millions who migrated in the nineteenth century, most were settlers. By 1901, some 2.5 million Irish-born people lived permanently elsewhere, some 1.6 million in the United States alone. They formed a Catholic ‘Greater Ireland’ through which the Catholic Irish moved freely, and which shared common cultural, political, and religious characteristics. This chapter examines how the institutional Catholic Church came to serve this population, how the Irish seized ecclesiastical control from their rivals of different ethnicities, and how Irish priests, sisters, and brothers built an enduring and ideologically coherent Catholic Irish culture that survives to the present day. As an Australian archbishop boasted in 1897, ‘the faith of Ireland’s sons, like a golden chain, binds the whole English-speaking world to God.’
Modernity and Anti-Modernism, 1850–1910
Authors: Pierce Andrew
Published: September 2023

In the Catholic Church, the contest between modernity and anti-modernism achieved classical expression in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Modernist Crisis. ‘Modernism’ denoted both a cultural experience as well as the pejoratively defined theology attacked by Pope Pius X in his 1907 encyclical Pascendi. Modernism’s defining feature, as a heresy of the modern age, was its failure to accept the magisterial answer to modernity in allegedly perennial truth as articulated by St Thomas Aquinas. In England, the Modernist Crisis was anticipated in difficulties faced by John Henry Newman in securing a hearing from an ascendant ultramontanism for the ways in which he connected revelation, ecclesiology, history, and the ecclesial agency of the laity. The Church’s response to modernity at Vatican II signalled an opportunity to reappraise this crisis, and to reinterpret the significant theological contributions of George Tyrrell, John Henry Newman, Friedrich von Hügel, and Maude Petre.
Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W.
Published: September 2023

Trust and trustworthiness are core social phenomena, at the heart of most everyday interactions. Yet they are also puzzling: while it matters to us that we place trust well, by trusting people who will not let us down, both also seem to involve morally driven attitudes and behaviours. Confronted by whether I should trust another, this tension creates very practical dilemmas. In Trust, Thomas W. Simpson addresses the foundational question: why should I trust? Philosophical treatments of trust have tended to focus on trying to identify what the attitude of trust consists in. Simpson argues that this approach is misguided, giving rise to merely linguistic debates about how the term ‘trust’ is used. Instead, he focuses attention on the ways that trust is valuable. The answer defended comprises two claims, which at first seem to be in tension. One is a form of evidentialism about trust: normally, your trust should be based on the evidence you have for someone’s trustworthiness. But second, someone’s word is normally enough to settle for you whether you should trust them. Social norms of trustworthiness explain why both are normal. Methodologically innovative, Trust also applies the account, addressing how cultures of trust can be sustained, and the implications of trust in God. While it is a philosophical essay, the book is written in a way that presumes no prior knowledge of philosophy, to be accessible to scholars from the many disciplines also attracted to and puzzled by trust.
Indian Hindu Diasporas in South East Asia
Authors: Ramstedt Martin
Published: September 2023

In the absence of archaeological proof for an ancient Indian colonization that would explain the extent of the early cultural Indianization, or Sanskritization, of the region, we can speak of veritable ‘Indian Hindu diasporas’ in South East Asia only since the beginning of British colonialism expanding into Asia at large. It prompted waves of deployment and displacement of Indian sepoys, plantation workers, merchants, and clerks to Java, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, and—to a much lesser extent—Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. In their trail came Hindu priests, missionaries, and reformers, who disseminated ‘Hinduism’ as a modern transregional religious identity, along with Hindu reform and anti-caste movements. During World War II, recruits to the pro-Japanese and anti-British Indian National Army (INA) hailed from a wide range of Indian communities in Southeast Asia. After INA’s defeat, the capitulation of the Japanese, and ensuing decolonization, the presence of Indians in the region never again reached the size it had before. In Malaysia, where today the Indian presence is the largest, social integration and emancipation of Hindus has been impeded by an adverse national policy favouring ethnic Malays. Moreover, Malaysia’s national identity is intrinsically connected with Sunni Islam, which has exposed local Hindus simultaneously to massive ethnic and faith-based discrimination. Increasing Islamization has likewise disadvantaged naturalized Indian Hindu communities in Indonesia, along with autochthonous religious minorities. However, due to their much smaller size, Indian Hindus in Indonesia have kept a low profile, which has so far enabled them to avert open, violent conflict.
Inter-Asian Hinduism in East Asian Diasporic Nodes through a Material Lens
Authors: Cheuk Ka-Kin
Published: September 2023

East Asia has arguably received the least attention from scholars in comparative and transregional studies of Hinduism and Hindu diasporas. While the Hindu population continues to increase in East Asia, there is still a lack of understanding about the broader analytical significance of this shift. This chapter aims to address this knowledge gap by centring the studies of Hinduism and Hindu diasporas in East Asia in an Inter-Asian research paradigm. Following anthropologist Engseng Ho’s call for reconceptualizing Asia as an Inter-Asian space that is regionally expansive, trans-historical in terms of time, as well as cross-communally interactive, I seek to map out the East Asian diasporic nodes, such as Hong Kong, Yiwu, and Kolkata, in which the material meanings of Inter-Asian Hinduism have been created, transformed, disrupted, and mutated, largely because of the ongoing changes in diasporic flows that could neither be foreseen nor avoided. Precisely due to the transient nature of such diasporic flows, the chapter strategizes a material lens in documenting and analysing the changing meaning of Inter-Asian Hinduism in East Asia, given that concrete materials—including, for example, an abandoned Hindu temple in Hong Kong and made-in-China plastic idols that can be ritually transformed into sacred Hindu objects—are some of the most trackable material objects in the East Asian diasporic nodes.
Hinduism in Suriname
Authors: Strange Stuart Earle
Published: September 2023

Hinduism in Suriname resembles the traditions of neighbouring Guyana and nearby Trinidad and Tobago that share histories of large-scale South Asian indentured labour migration. With 19.9 per cent of Surinamese identifying as Hindu as of 2022, Hinduism is the largest religion of people of South Asian descent (who self-describe as Hindustani), themselves a plurality among Suriname’s highly diverse demographics. With nineteenth- and early twentieth-century migrants’ lives radically upended by harsh labour on sugar plantations in a colony premised on colonial racial capitalism and European cultural and religious supremacy, Hinduism was redefined to be both more universal in its ideologies, more exclusive in its practice and emphasise the Hindu household as the centre of religious life. Separated from the vibrant specificity of local Hindu traditions, Surinamese Hinduism mirrors wider trends in the Hindu diaspora and becomes a kind of paradox: a universalist ethnic religion. The offspring of conciliation, organizational modernism, Brahmanization, and transnationalism, Surinamese Hinduism is consequently a notional unity that masks numerous controversies over practice, interpretation, and identity.
A Global Hindu Tamil Diaspora?
Authors: Trouillet Pierre-Yves
Published: September 2023

At a time when the ideas of ‘global Indian diasporas’ and of a ‘global Hinduism’ are developing, the aim of this chapter is to establish whether it is relevant to speak of a ‘global Hindu Tamil diaspora’, given the cultural and migration specificities of Hindu Tamils and their involvement in the development of overseas Hinduism. To answer this question, this chapter deals with overseas Hindu Tamils as a whole, considering Tamils from India and Sri Lanka jointly. The chapter first examines the history and scope of Tamil migration around the world. Then, it questions the relevance of using the term ‘diaspora’ to refer to the Tamil émigrés and their descendants, based on the criteria of a diaspora proposed by Rogers Brubaker. The third part shows that many specific religious practices are common among Hindu Tamils living in different parts of the world, and that these practices are increasingly connected through transnational networks and exchanges, especially in temple activities. Thus, although all Hindu emigrants of Tamil origin are far from constituting a homogeneous transnational community, it seems appropriate to speak of a global Hindu Tamil diaspora, given the global scale of Tamil emigration, the increasing homeland-orientation and transnational consciousness among overseas Tamils, and the formation of a transnational Tamil Hinduism.
The Global Gujarati Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Lourenço Inês
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers Gujarati Hindu diasporas worldwide, focusing on different migration patterns, strategies of adaptation, and on their various cultural expressions. Gujarati migrants have carried with them, along their multiple journeys, the diversity of practices and beliefs that, in many cases, coexist and overlap with each other. This diversity also reflects the variety of social groups, professional activities, and education options, as well as new ways of living, and worshipping. The transformations resulting from their many journeys and settlement patterns also led to innovative cultural and religious adaptations, by which gender patterns were also transformed. Therefore, particular attention must be paid to the centrality of women in cultural and religious maintenance and reproduction among Hindu Gujarati global diasporas.
Pilgrimage Sites and Procession Rituals in the Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Jacobsen Knut A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses the establishment and presence of Hindu sites of pilgrimage (tīrthas) in the Hindu diasporas. It documents that the sacred geography of Hinduism is no longer limited to an Indian or a South and South East Asian sacred geography but encompasses the whole world. Hindus from South Asia who have migrated to the rest of the world have sacralized the landscapes where they have settled. The chapter suggests that making Hindu sacred sites is one of the ways traditions today identified as Hindu have been expanding historically in South Asia and now are expanding worldwide in the diasporas. The chapter suggests a typology of Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Hindu diasporas and presents significant examples of the different types.
ISKCON and Diaspora Hindus in a Shared Cultural Atmosphere
Authors: Valpey Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter sketches interactional contours between Hindu diasporas and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) from the latter’s founding in 1966 to the present. It is argued that interactions between diaspora Hindu and Western participants in temple and missionizing functions can be fruitfully viewed through the metaphor of a ‘shared cultural atmosphere’. In addition to public interactions between ISKCON and Hindu organizations, a progression of Hindu diaspora private involvement in ISKCON is discernible, from casual curiosity to active involvement, including, for some, full commitment through formal initiation. But with increasing Hindu involvement, new initiatives intended to attract a more diverse patronage can be seen. A bi-directional cultural change can be viewed in ISKCON today with regard to diaspora Hindu presence: one is the ‘Hinduization of ISKCON’, and the other is the ‘ISKCONization of Hindus’. Both directions show potential drawbacks and benefits for non-Hindu and Hindu diaspora participants in ISKCON.
Date
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews evidence that Chaucer probably composed Troilus and Criseyde between c.1382 and 1386. The poem possibly makes contemporary references to Richard II’s marriage to Anne of Bohemia in 1382 and to a rare planetary conjunction in 1385. Other possible contexts include disruptions to Chaucer’s career (with more free time for writing) caused by political factionalism, and also a contemporary emphasis on London’s supposed origins as ‘New Troy’, founded by Trojan exiles. The poem’s completion must precede the death in 1387 of its co-dedicatee, Ralph Strode, whom Chaucer asks for corrections. Chaucer’s Prologue to the Legend of Good Women refers back to contemporary reception of Troilus without mentioning The Canterbury Tales among his works. This situates Troilus at a key mid-point in Chaucer’s poetic development, drawing on his recent exposure to the exciting modern Italian literature of his time.
Sources
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: September 2023

This chapter both identifies Chaucer’s sources for Troilus and Criseyde and analyses the uses that Chaucer makes of them. It begins with Chaucer’s apparent invention of (or conceivably his mistaken attribution to) a bogus source for Troilus by an author whom Chaucer names ‘Lollius’. An introductory section also discusses readers’ alertness to the intertextuality of Troilus. Chaucer’s use of his unacknowledged principal source, Boccaccio’s Il Filostrato, is analysed first, although Filostrato is last and most recent of the tales about Troilus and Criseyde and the Trojan War to which Chaucer also refers back more selectively, as illustrated here. Influences on Troilus from the Roman writers Boethius and Ovid are discussed, as also more contemporary French texts, the tradition of narratives about Thebes, and the model that Chaucer found in Dante.
Genre
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the multi-generic quality of Troilus and Criseyde by analysing features of each genre identifiable in the poem. Chaucer’s distinctive combination of generic features builds into an intertextual critique and commentary between genres and the perspectives on experience that these genres represent. The contribution of the sources and analogues that lie behind Chaucer’s generic inclusiveness is also part of the analysis, including tragedies of the ‘falls’ of princes. Discussion focusses on the generic features in Troilus of epic, romance, history-writing, tragedy, drama and debate, lyric (including song, letter, and complaint), fabliau, allegory, and comedy.
Structure
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses how aspects of the ‘double sorrow’ in Troilus and Criseyde make Chaucer’s accomplishment in form and five-book structure part of the poem’s commentary on its subject. One chapter-section sets out how Chaucer’s fashioning of a symmetrical structure works with the rise and fall in the lovers’ fortunes, with doublings and inversions matching each other across the poem’s mid-point at the lovers’ greatest happiness together. The following section explores the structure provided by the poem’s references to the social and architectural setting of the action, particularly as this influences possibilities for privacy and secrecy. Next comes analysis of the role played by narrative plotting of time, in a mixture of detailed chronology and studied ambiguity. A final section explores the poem’s references to the state of the heavens in relation to the narrative, concluding by reviewing interpretations of the ascent of Troilus’ soul.
Imitation and Allusion
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses responses and references to Chaucer’s Troilus, and to the story of Troilus and Criseyde, from the poem’s early circulation to the present day. Topics for analysis include: treatments of Troilus and Criseyde as stock figures and stereotypes, especially once Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid is mistaken for part of Chaucer’s poem; how Troilus functions as a model for fifteenth-century narrative technique, and as a lexicon and style manual for lovers’ language and epistles; how Troilus is cannibalized to create new short poems and centos, and how it is drawn on in Early Modern drama. As Chaucer’s language comes to seem archaic, the seventeenth century sees attempts to modernize Troilus, but the Canterbury Tales becomes Chaucer’s best-known work at the expense of Troilus, a shift in emphasis that continues until revival of interest in the twentieth century, although Troilus continues to attract readers during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Constitutional Identity in the European Union
Authors: Scholtes Julian
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an account of the role that constitutional identity arguments have played in the European Union and offers a theoretical account of the argument from constitutional identity underpinning constitutional identity claims. It provides a brief conceptual history of the use of constitutional identity, drawing on the case law of the EU Member States and discusses the role and relevance of Article 4(2) TEU to the use of constitutional identity arguments. The second half of the chapter provides a theoretical account of the foundations of the ‘argument from constitutional identity’. Constitutional identity arguments occupy the interstitial space between national and European constitutional orders and help to negotiate the allocation of authority between them. First, an appeal to protecting the constitutional core of the national constitution; and secondly, an appeal to constitutional culture ties this normative core of the constitution to the political community and constitutional culture underlying it.
Relational Abuse of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Scholtes Julian
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the final dimension of the abuse of constitutional identity: the relational dimension. The key argument of this chapter is that the legitimacy of constitutional identity claims against the primacy of EU law is necessarily tied up with the way in which these claims are advanced. They should not be seen as peremptory assertions of final authority, but as arguments for increased relative authority. As both the repercussions of the Hungarian challenge to the Refugee Relocation decision, as well as the Polish ‘muzzle law’ demonstrate, constitutional identity has, in these cases, been used as a reason for disengagement from the European constitutional order. These cases can be differentiated from mere instances of judicial egotism or intransigence. The ‘constitutional solipsism’ on display in both cases is a function of the authoritarianism it is supposed to bolster.
Why? The Purpose of the Universe
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: September 2023

Western thought has been dominated by the dichotomy of traditional religion and secular atheism. But do we have to choose between these options? Philip Goff argues that it is time to move on from both God and atheism. Through an exploration of contemporary cosmology, as well as cutting-edge philosophical research on the nature of consciousness, Goff argues for cosmic purpose: the idea that the universe is directed towards certain goals, such as the emergence of intelligent life. However, in contrast to religious thinkers, Goff argues that the Omni-God (defined as all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good) is a bad explanation of cosmic purpose. Instead, we explore a range of alternative possibilities for accounting for cosmic purpose. Perhaps our universe was created by an evil or morally indifferent designer, or a designer with limited abilities. Perhaps we live in a computer simulation. Maybe cosmic purpose is rooted not in a conscious mind but in natural tendencies towards the good, or laws of nature with purposes built into them. Or maybe the universe is itself a conscious mind which directs itself towards certain goals. Goff scrutinises these options with analytic rigour, laying the groundwork for a new paradigm of philosophical enquiry into the middle ground between God and atheism. The final chapter outlines a way of living in hope that cosmic purpose is still unfolding, involving political engagement and a non-literalist interpretation of traditional religion.
A Conscious Universe
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: September 2023

The mind-body problem is the challenge of explaining how consciousness and the physical world fit together in a single, unified theory of reality. This chapter begins with a defence of panpsychism as the best solution to the mind-body problem. Panpsychism is the view that consciousness pervades the universe and is a fundamental feature of it. Building on this defence of panpsychism, we explore a third account of the source of cosmic purpose: teleological cosmopsychism, the hypothesis that the universe is a conscious mind which directs itself towards certain goals. Whilst taking seriously all three accounts of cosmic purpose defended in this chapter and the last, it is argued that teleological cosmopsychism has the edge due to its ability to secure explanatory depth at little cost. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section presents an argument that the resources of physical science alone cannot fully explain consciousness, and also explores how teleological panpsychism could connect with the pan-agentialist hypothesis defended in Chapter 3.
‘Is it you will undertake to teach the universities?’
Authors: Hettrick J. C. L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the debate emerging around the reform of the University of Oxford in late 1649, focusing on the arguments in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan (1651). The first eight chapters of Leviathan set the ground and the definition of Hobbes’s proposed reform of the university: the replacement of a supposedly Aristotelean curriculum with a scientific and materialistic one. Hobbes’s entire educational practice was dedicated to developing a strategy which would allow men to read their minds, and those of their fellow men, as matter. The chapter then considers Hobbes’s optical theories of light, as well as the concepts of Hobbesian contract, Hobbesian commonwealth, and the ‘hermeneutics of the self’. In Hobbes’s imagery of state, without the universities, the great composite form of the commonwealth would collapse. Learning to read one’s self in materialistic ways and to analyse that scientifically led to a form of behaviour necessary for a Hobbesian civil society. For Hobbes, it was the development of a free and independent reason, albeit guided by materialistic science, which would persuade the populace of the solutions required for a lasting and stable peace.
The Fate of the Soul in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Bailey Natasha
Published: September 2023

This chapter assesses the pedagogic shifts that occurred in the early eighteenth century and forever altered the place of theology within the universities. It studies a draft letter that an undergraduate of St John’s College, Oxford, Ralph Brockman, composed in 1744, revealing a certain tension in the teaching objectives foregrounded in mid-eighteenth-century Oxford. On the one hand, students were given considerable freedom to read what they wanted and were explicitly encouraged to think ‘outside of the box’. On the other hand, they were, by and large, only supposed to do so within and up to the sometimes porous boundaries of the dogmatic framework enshrined in the Thirty-Nine Articles, the truth of which students had to attest to upon matriculation. This tension was exacerbated by the intense, vernacular debates about Christian fundamentals that rocked England during Brockman’s youth. In this context, even young students began to be encouraged to think inventively about how best to combat novel religious heterodoxies, and some even published their retorts to dissenting voices. In undertaking the first kind of ‘liberal’ education, some students (including Brockman) found themselves approaching revelation in more creative ways than their tutors would perhaps have found palpable.
Teaching Race in the German Enlightenment
Authors: Golf-French Morgan
Published: September 2023

This chapter traces the development of racial thought in the German Enlightenment, looking at Christoph Meiners’s Outline of the History of Humanity, a work primarily concerned with his profoundly hierarchical theory of human racial difference. First presented in the Outline, Meiners claimed that humanity is divided into various races, each unequal in moral, physical, and intellectual characteristics. He defended racial slavery, opposed Jewish civic emancipation, and advocated unrestricted European world domination. Investigating Meiners’s position as professor at the Georgia Augusta University of Göttingen sheds important light on the complex relationships between texts, ideas, and institutions in the German Enlightenment. The chapter then draws inferences about Meiners’s expectations for the impact of his racial theory, the empirical limitations to understanding his work as a whole, and the discursive development of racial thought across the period.
The Poverty of the World
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A.
Published: September 2023

The Poverty of the World explores the origins of a conception of “global poverty” in twentieth-century American thought, politics, and culture. Following a group of American intellectuals, policymakers, and activists—John Collier, Oscar Lewis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Michael Harrington, and Sargent and Eunice Shriver, among others—who came into contact with mass poverty because of the profound reshuffling of the international system after 1945, this book argues that these liberals worked to advance a vision of American power in the world that put poverty-fighting at its center. After the war, owing to growing anxieties about the conspicuousness of American affluence and the strategic imperatives of fighting the Cold War, the US government adopted this fight against poverty in the newly independent nations of what came to be called the “Third World.” For liberals, seeing and making sense of deprivation abroad fundamentally altered the way in which they came to understand poverty as a social problem at home. By linking the histories of New Deal and Great Society domestic social programs with those of Cold War–era development programs, the book demonstrates how ideas about and policies addressing poverty in the United States and “underdevelopment” in the Third World became intertwined, fueling a global war on poverty. Their vision of empire ultimately failed, overwhelmed by the empire of force the US government deployed most aggressively in Southeast Asia. Capturing a moment in which many Americans saw poverty-fighting as their nation’s purpose, the book offers a new interpretation of postwar liberalism.
“Challenge to Affluence”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 4 shows how poverty-fighting liberals, struggling to determine what an anti-communist foreign policy should look like in the Cold War, trained their attention on the social costs of affluence at home. John Kenneth Galbraith and other poverty-fighting liberals worked to sharpen an argument about what The Affluent Society—as Galbraith’s bestselling 1958 book called it—owed to its most vulnerable citizens, and to the world. Galbraith, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, and a host of young, activist liberal politicians including Hubert Humphrey and Chester Bowles spent the 1950s working to convince the Democratic Party to embrace America’s singular opportunity to build an empire of affluence. In 1960, they won a convert in an ambitious senator named John F. Kennedy, who captured the presidency and high ground of policymaking.
“The United States Contains an Underdeveloped Nation”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 5 explores the rise of “underdevelopment” in American social science in the postwar decades and the way it conceptually colonized long-standing liberal concerns about poverty. Revisiting socialist writer Michael Harrington’s bestselling jeremiad, The Other America (1962), this chapter shows how Harrington fused Oscar Lewis’s theory of the culture of poverty with the exsting vocabulary of development theory to articulate the problem of poverty in the United States. Even as Harrington identified structural barriers to the poor in the US, he still relied on the language of “underdevelopment” to articulate the problem. Providing a genealogy of “underdevelopment,” the chapter shows how ideas about poverty at home and “underdevelopment” abroad became synonymous among poverty-fighting liberals.
“Living Poor”
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A.
Published: September 2023

Reading images, fictional accounts, and Volunteer memoirs, Chapter 7 explores the ways in which the global war on poverty became visible to everyday Americans. Analyzing the official images that the Peace Corps and War on Poverty planners used to promote their programs, charting the advent of the “Volunteer” as a protagonist of the new genre of young adult fiction, and tracing the way that Returned Volunteers wrote about their experiences on the front lines of poverty, this chapter argues that the most enduring result of the global war on poverty was the creation of an image of a new kind of liberal citizen, one who was cosmopolitan, flexible, idealistic, and entrepreneurial.
Conclusion
Authors: Jahanbani Sheyda F.A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter concludes the narratives of each of the major figures in the book, showing how the US war in Vietnam eclipsed the global war on poverty. Showing how each of the poverty-fighting liberals profiled in the book made sense of their own failures, this chapter concludes that the global war on poverty and the imperial formation it represented was overthrown in the 1970s partly owing to conservative backlash and national decline. But, as this chapter concludes, the demise of the global war on poverty was also rooted in the compromises that poverty-fighting liberals made to enact their vision in policy almost from the beginning of their undertaking.
Physical Therapists’ Social Responsibility in the Philippines Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Palad Yves , Armsby Pauline , Qualter Anne
Published: September 2023

Objective

The study’s objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists’ views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails.

Methods

This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists’ social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people’s access to physical therapy and experience of health.

Conclusion

The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people’s attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health.

Impact

This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.
ESG shareholder engagement and downside risk
Authors: Hoepner Andreas G F , Oikonomou Ioannis , Sautner Zacharias , Starks Laura T , Zhou Xiao Y
Published: September 2023

We show that engagement on environmental, social, and governance issues can benefit shareholders by reducing firms’ downside risks. We find that the risk reductions (measured using value at risk [VaR] and lower partial moments) vary across engagement types and success rates. Engagement is most effective in lowering downside risk when addressing environmental topics (primarily climate change). Further, targets with large downside risk reductions exhibit a decrease in environmental incidents after the engagement. We estimate that the VaR of engagement targets decreases by 9 percent of the standard deviation after successful engagements, relative to control firms.
Comparing a Computerized Digit Symbol Test to a Pen-and-Paper Classic
Authors: Pratt Danielle N , Luther Lauren , Kinney Kyle S , Osborne Kenneth Juston , Corlett Philip R , Powers Albert R , Woods Scott W , Gold James M , Schiffman Jason , Ellman Lauren M , Strauss Gregory P , Walker Elaine F , Zinbarg Richard , Waltz James A , Silverstein Steven M , Mittal Vijay A
Published: September 2023

Background and Hypothesis

Processing speed dysfunction is a core feature of psychosis and predictive of conversion in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Although traditionally measured with pen-and-paper tasks, computerized digit symbol tasks are needed to meet the increasing demand for remote assessments. Therefore we: (1) assessed the relationship between traditional and computerized processing speed measurements; (2) compared effect sizes of impairment for progressive and persistent subgroups of CHR individuals on these tasks; and (3) explored causes contributing to task performance differences.

Study Design

Participants included 92 CHR individuals and 60 healthy controls who completed clinical interviews, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Symbol Coding test, the computerized TestMyBrain Digit Symbol Matching Test, a finger-tapping task, and a self-reported motor abilities measure. Correlations, Hedges’ g, and linear models were utilized, respectively, to achieve the above aims.

Study Results

Task performance was strongly correlated (r = 0.505). A similar degree of impairment was seen between progressive (g = −0.541) and persistent (g = −0.417) groups on the paper version. The computerized task uniquely identified impairment for progressive individuals (g = −477), as the persistent group performed similarly to controls (g = −0.184). Motor abilities were related to the computerized version, but the paper version was more related to symptoms and psychosis risk level.

Conclusions

The paper symbol coding task measures impairment throughout the CHR state, while the computerized version only identifies impairment in those with worsening symptomatology. These results may be reflective of sensitivity differences, an artifact of existing subgroups, or evidence of mechanistic differences.
Aerobic exercise mitigates hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by regulating DAPK1/CDKN2A/REDD1/FoXO1/FasL signaling pathway in D‐galactose‐induced aging mice
Authors: Liu Yang , Guo Wen , Hong Si‐Lu
Published: September 2023

Brain aging is the most important risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, and abnormal apoptosis is linked to neuronal dysfunction. Specifically, studies have found that exercise effectively inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, while the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aerobic exercise on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in aging mice and the potential involvement of DAPK1 and its downstream pathways based on recent data that DAPK1 may be associated with neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. Senescent mice were subjected to 8 weeks of Aerobic training. Following behavioral testing, hippocampal samples were examined histologically and biochemically to detect pathological changes, neuronal apoptosis, and mRNA and protein levels. We found that the exercise intervention improved spatial memory and alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the brain. Notably, exercise down‐regulated DAPK1 expression and inhibited Fas death receptor transactivation and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the hippocampus. These results shed new light on the protective effect of regular exercise against brain aging though modulating the DAPK1 pathway.
Can we nudge to reduce the perioperative low value care? Decision making factors influencing safe practice implementation
Authors: Paz-Martin Daniel , Arnal-Velasco Daniel
Published: September 2023

Purpose of the review

Highlight sources of low-value care (LVC) during the perioperative period help understanding the decision making behind its persistence, the barriers for change, and the potential implementation strategies to reduce it.

Recent findings

The behavioural economics science spread of use through aligned strategies or nudge units offer an opportunity to improve success in the LVC reduction.

LVC, such as unneeded surgeries, or preanaesthesia tests for low-risk surgeries in low-risk patients, is a relevant source of waste and preventable harm, most especially in the perioperative period. Despite the international focus on it, initial efforts to reduce it in the last decade have not clearly shown a sustainable improvement. Understanding the shared decision-making process and the barriers to be expected when tackling LVC is the first step to build the change. Applying a structured strategy based on the behavioural science principles may be the path to increasing high value care in an effective an efficient way. It is time to foster nudge units at different healthcare system levels.
Risk Factors of Screw Malposition in Robot-Assisted Cortical Bone Trajectory
Authors: Nagata Kosei , Glassman Steven D. , Brown Morgan E. , Daniels Christy L. , Schmidt Grant O. , Carreon Leah Y. , Hines Bren , Gum Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2023

Study Design.

Retrospective single-center study using prospectively collected data.

Objective.

To describe the incidence of and identify risk factors for intraoperative screw malposition secondary to skive or shift during robot-assisted cortical bone trajectory (RA-CBT) insertion.

Summary of Background Data.

RA-CBT screw malposition occurs through 2 distinct modes, skive or shift. Skive occurs when a downward force applied to the cannula, drill, tap, or screw, causes the instrument to deflect relative to its bony landmark. Shift is a change in the position of the RA system relative to the patient after registration.

Patients and Methods.

A consecutive series of patients older than 18 years who underwent RA-CBT screw placement between January 2019 and July 2022 were enrolled. Baseline demographic and surgical data, Hounsfield Units (HUs) at L1, and vertebral shape related to screw planning were collected. Skive or shift was recorded in the operating room on a data collection form.

Results.

Of 1344 CBT screws in 256 patients, malposition was recognized intraoperatively in 33 screws (2.4%) in 27 patients (10.5%); 19 through skive in 17 and 14 through shift in 10 patients. These patients had higher body mass index than patients without malposition (33.0 vs. 30.5 kg/m2, P = 0.037). Patients with skive had higher HU (178.2 vs. 145.2, P = 0.035), compared with patients with shift (139.2 vs. 145.2, P = 0.935) and patients without screw malposition. More than half of the screw malposition was observed at the upper instrumented vertebra. At the upper instrumented vertebra, if the screw’s overlap to the bone surface at the insertion point was decreased, skive was more likely (57% vs. 87%, P < 0.001). No patients were returned to the operating room for screw revision.

Conclusions.

Intraoperative screw malposition occurred in 2.4% of RA-CBT. High body mass index was associated with screw malposition, regardless of etiology. Skive was associated with high HU and decreased screw overlap to the bone surface at the insertion point.
The Application of High-frequency Ultrasonic Imaging in Identifying Fillers in the Temporal Region
Authors: Jiang Liya , Yuan Li , Su Xueshang , Zhen Qiaoyuan , Jia Ying , Hu Jintian , Chai Hongli
Published: September 2023

Background:

This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonic manifestations of diversified corium fillers in the temporal region and to provide clinicians with suggestions for diagnosis and treatment.

Methods:

The facial ultrasound images of 116 patients, including 110 women and six men, 20–61years of age, were analyzed at the Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from November 2014 to November 2021.

Results:

We identified 48 cases of polyacrylamide, 31 cases of fat, 27 cases of hyaluronic acid, seven cases of hydroxyapatite, two cases of silicone oil, and one case of prosthesis. Polyacrylamide mainly showed irregular flocculent hypoechoic or fine punctate hypoechoic in ultrasound; it could be aggregated as a cystic hypoechoic area or diffused in the tissue space, and the probe could be pressurized to see the echo floating or dislocation flow. Fat mainly showed lobulated hypoechoic deposition with some hyperechoic linear intervals. Hyaluronic acid mainly showed an anechoic structure with a clear boundary, uniform internal echo, and no obvious blood flow signal. If diffused in the surrounding tissues, it was mainly characterized by anechoic or low-echo areas in the stratified tissues. Hydroxyapatite mainly showed strongly hyperechoic patch areas with posterior acoustic shadowing artifacts. Silicone oil was mostly found under the epidermis, showing a high echo in the form of clouds and causing unclear displays of deep tissue. Prosthesis showed hypoechoic prosthesis structure.

Conclusion:

High-frequency ultrasound had a certain significance in the identification of the fillers of the temporal region.
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENTS DEVOID OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Authors: Salcedo-Ledesma Alfredo , Ledesma-Gil Gerardo , Keshet Yariv , Spaide Richard F.
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

To describe two patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy showing what appeared to be retinal pigment epithelium detachments lacking imaging findings consistent with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over the elevation.

Methods:

The patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including multicolor fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Results:

A 70-year-old man and a 58-year-old man, diagnosed with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, showed pigment epithelium detachment-like lesions that were hypoautofluorescent, suggesting an absence of RPE. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography B scans showed serous, dome-shaped elevations composed of a narrow, mildly hyperreflective band (9–10-µm thick) that demonstrated hypertransmission of light. The material that constituted the elevation was contiguous with the outer portion of the RPE band at the lesion borders.

Conclusion:

Based on the multimodal imaging findings, we hypothesize that these pigment epithelial detachments have lost the RPE. A thin layer of material that could represent a residual layer of basal laminar deposit produced by the RPE remains overlying the detachments, possibly accounting for their dome shape and structural stability.
Randomized trial of intravenous versus bidirectional chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: September 2023

Background:

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare disease that progresses within the peritoneal cavity and only disseminates to systemic sites in the terminal months of the disease. For this malignancy, there are several regimens of chemotherapy that have been accepted as standard, principally intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) and intravenous chemotherapy (IVC); however, there is no standardized method of treatment. Selected patients with MPM who are amenable to cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and are fit for surgery typically undergo resection with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Though individual toxicity and efficacy studies of IPC plus IVC (bidirectional) and IVC chemotherapy for MPM have been conducted, a prospective randomized clinical trial has not been performed for this disease.

Materials and methods:

The study objective is to compare the efficacy and toxicity of normothermic bidirectional (IPC/IVC) chemotherapy versus IVC after CRS and HIPEC for epithelial MPM. The patient population are those individuals undergoing CRS for MPM. Exclusion criteria include previous therapy form mesothelioma. The study design is a randomized, nonblinded, phase II clinical trial comparing multicycle IVC with cisplatin (CDDP) and pemetrexed (PMTX) versus multicycle bidirectional chemotherapy with IVC CDDP and IPC PMTX after optimal CRS and HIPEC with CDDP and doxorubicin. The primary endpoint is 2-year disease-free survival. The secondary endpoint is 30-day post-treatment morbidity. The primary objective is to compare the 2-year rates of disease-free survival in the two treatment arms. The secondary objective is to compare the toxicity of each treatment.

Dissemination:

The prospective randomized trial provides not only a standardized approach to treatment but also a path forward to optimize the survival of patients with MPM. In addition, any increase or decrease in the adverse events associated with PMTX administered as IPC will be demonstrated. Because MPM is a rare disease a multi-institutional implementation of the protocol is required.