bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic analysis of rabbit production: On farm research approach
Authors: Okojie L. O. , Ayinde I. A. , Alli A. O.
Published: February 2021

Many studies have justified rabbit production as a desirable and profitable venture. Most of these research investigations projected their results based on data collected through farm surveys that greatly relied on the memory recall capabilities of the respondents. These data apart from being prone to biasedness, may not be too insightful as to depict the true situation on ground. It is on this premise that this study was conceived to ascertain the cost and revenue structure as well as the profitability and efficiency of rabbit production, through actual production process using On-farm Research Approach the findings of the study were then compared with a similar one that made use of data collection through farm survey. Three does and one buck were used as start-off for the on farm research using the prevalent small scale traditional backyard method of rabbit production. Two cycles of production were monitored and used to project five cycle which is the average for subsistent rabbit production in the tropics. The results re-emphasize rabbit production as a profit and efficient productive venture. Two hours of labour time was found to be necessary to produce 1 kg of rabbit meat. The rate of return to investment was found to be 152% (that is, ₦1.52 return to every ₦1.00 invested). That for fixed cost was 1299% (that is ₦12.99 return to every ₦1.00 incurred on fixed asset) while the rate of return on variable cost was 274.5% that is ₦12.75 return to every: ₦1.00 invested on variable inputs). These were quite higher when compared with a similar research investigation that depended on farm survey. The technical data derived from this indicate that technical data are more efficient and dependable in determining production outcomes on the filed relative to survey data. As a result of this, on farm research was thus suggested as a way by which correct information on cost, returns and profitability of agricultural production could be obtained especially for baseline data collection.
Effects of graded levels of kolanut husk on the performance of cockerels
Authors: Babatunde B. B. , Hamzat R. A.
Published: February 2021

Eighty black Nera cockerel chicks were randomly alloted to four dietarey treatmants containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% kolanut husk meal (KHM) for twelve weeks. Significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were observed. Dietary inclusion of KHM depressed (P<0.05) growth rate feed conversion ratio and nutrition uilization of cockerels birds. There were linear reduction (P>0.05) in nitrogen retention and apparent crude fibre digestibility (ACFD) of  cockerels birds at each incremental KHM dietary levels. This indicated that KHM could be effeciently utilized by cockerels up to 205 dietary level above which the depression in growth rate occurs.
Heterosis and recipocal effects for growth traits in crosses of New zealand white, Dutch and chinchilla breeds of rabbit.
Authors: Ibe S. N. , Obasi V. N. , Ojewola G. S. , Nwachukwu E. N.
Published: February 2021

Records of body weight (BW) and linear body measurement (LBMs), namely body length (BL), body width (bwh), heart girth (hg), height-at withers (HW), shoulder-to-tail drops (ST), ear lenght (EL), head-to-shoulder (HS), lenght of fore limb (LFL), lenght of hind limb (LHL) and head circumference (HC) taken on 72 kits produced through complete dialled crosses were used to estimate heterosis and recipocal effects. The crosses involved New Zealand White (NZW), Dutch (DT) and Cchinchilla (CH) breeds of rabbit. Only NZW x DT and CH x DT crosses showed heterosis for BWs, indicating that non-additive sults for all effects of genes could be important for the LBMs were generally similar. Recipocal effect was not significant (p<0.05) for all traits. suggesting that any of the breeds may be used as sire or dam in planned crossesbreeding programmes.
Growth and replacement of the ovarian follicles during the estrous cycle in philippine water buffaloes
Authors: Smith O. F.
Published: February 2021

Six normally cycling Philippine buffaloes were selected from a herd after showing normal estrous cycle length. Follicular development was monitored using a simple fiberscope. This procedure allowed the chance to follow the pattern of growth and the population of the surface follicles at specified days (3,6,9,12,15,18 and 21) of the estrous cycle. The following endpoints were used for each ovary: diameter of surface follicles and population of the various sized follicles. The follicles were classified into small-sized follicles (1-3mm), medium-sized follicles (4-7mm) and large sized follicles (>8mm). The results of the growth and replacement of follicles showed that the mean number of small - sized follicles (1-3mm) was greater (P<.01) on days 3,9,12,15,18 and 21. The medium-sized follicles (4-7mm) were greater in number on days 12,15,18 and 21 while the large sized follicles (8mm) were observed to be different (P<.01) on days 15,18 and 21.
Live weight changes during lactation and its relationship with milk off-take and yield in West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats intensively managed within the humid zone of Nigeria
Authors: Bemji M. N. , Osinowo O. A. , Ozoje M. O. , Adebambo A. M. , Aina A. B. J.
Published: February 2021

This study focused on changes in doe live weight during lactation in West African dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats intensively managed within the humid zone of South-western Nigeria. The data analysed was based on 202 weekly records. from  17 lactations of 8 WAD and 9 RS goats from year 2000-2002. Mean live weight for RS does (21.16+0.34 kg) was higher (P<0.001) than the estimate (18.15+0.34 kg) for WAD does. Live weight decreased (P>0.05) from parturition up to fourth week and increased (P> 0.05) thereafter till the 12th week of lactation. There was no significant interaction between breed and week of lactation. Cumulative mean weight changes of 0.16+4119 kg for WAD and 0.38+0.22 kg for RS were not significantly different, Does had higher (P<0.001) body weights during the late- wet and early-dry seasons than during late-thy and early-wet seasons.. Live weight increased .significantly (P<0.001) with parity of doe, the trend being maintained with regards to cumulative weight change. Does that suckled male kids were less superior in body weights. This was reflected by a negative cumulative weight change. Live weight was positively con-elated with milk yield (rp = 0.24; P<0.05,4 estimated at 270.61+13.48 ml and 281.98+ 13. 17 ml respectively for RS and WAD goats (P>0.05). Corresponding values for milk off-take were (.14.09+3.64 and 16,45+3.56 ml; P>0.05), Milk off-take was lowly correlated with live weight (rp= 0_06; P>0.05) while its relationship with milk yield was positive and significant (rp= 0.40: P<0.001).
Quality properties of yoghurt produced from cow milk and soymilk
Authors: Muhammad B. F. , Abubakara M. M. , Adegbola T. A. , Oyawoye. E. O.
Published: February 2021

The effect of base materials (whole cow milk, powdered milk and soymilk) on the physicochemical,

microbial and organopletic properties of yoghurt were determined in a nested procedure of completely randomized experimental design. The results showed that significantly (P < 0.001) higher titratable acidity and total fats values of 2.09% and 3.07% were recorded on whole cow milk yoghurt (WCMY) and lower values of 1.46% and 2.07% recorded on soymilk yoghurt (SMY), respectively The total solids of 13.40% obtained on SMY was significantly different (P < 0.001) from 16.00% and 15.74% obtained on WCMY and powdered milk yoghurt (PMY), respectively. The total protein of PMY (3.48%) was the highest and significantly different from the 3.03% obtained on WCMY, which was also different from the 2.96% obtained on SMY. No significant difference was recorded on total microbial load due to base material. The Ca values of WCMY (1.704 to 2.086 g/ 0 were higher than those (1.101 to 1.282 gll) of PMY, which were higher. than those (0.512 to 0.564 gi0 of SMY (P < 0.05). The concentration of Cu in SMY produced with 2.5 g/l inoculant was significantly the highest. The taste of PMY rated pleasant (3.4) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of WCMY rated fair (2.5) and SMY rated indifferent (2.0). Also the overall acceptability rating of 3.5 (between fair and pleasant) for PMY was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than ratings for WCMY and SMY (2.5 and 2.1, respectively). It was concluded that qualitative and acceptable yoghurt could be produced from the three base materials.
Evaluation of early growth performance of backcross progenies from crossbred gilts mated with their native parents
Authors: Nwaku P. E. , Otuma M. O.
Published: February 2021

The pre weaning growth performance of piglets from four different cross bred dams mated back to their native parents was studied in the Breeding and Research Farm of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Parameters like body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency as well as linear body measurements of body length, heart girth and height  at withers were taken and observed for growth between birth and weaning age of eight weeks. Results Results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between the main backcross N x (N x LR) and the three other genotypes of N x (N x LW), N x (LR x N) and N x (LW x N) in all parameters. The mean birth weight of the progenies ranged from 1.00±0.60 to 1.60±5kg while the weaning weights were 10.5±0.4 to 16.0±1.0kg respectively. Results further revealed that body weight at weaning correlated responsively with all parameters and these include body length (r=0.858), heart girth (r= 0.446) and height at the withers (r= 0.946). Similarly, body length has a positive correlation with heart girth (r= 0.477) and height at the withers (r= 0.827) whereas hear girth correlated positively with the height at the withers (r= 0.494). Similar trend were obtained in the regression of each of the body measurements on the other in which bodyweight changes depended more on that of body length (0.86) than on heart girth (0.45). Judging from the observed variations existing among the piglets resulting from differnt crossbreed dams in their pre-weaning growth performance, maternal rather than paternal influences appeared to be more important in the traits studied.
The effect of fibre sources on the performance of young rabbits
Authors: Johktan G. E. , Alawa J. P. , Adeyinka I. A. , Adamu A. M.
Published: February 2021

A feeding trial lasting 84 days was conducted using 45 weaned rabbits (with weught range 643-652g) to investigate the effect of using millet husk (MH), Rice bran (RB) and Sorghum panicle (SP) as fibre sources for growing rabbits in a completely randomized design. Forty-five young rabbits were randomly assigned to 3 different groups. Fifteen rabbits per treatment. MH, RB, and SP were randomly incorporated at the rate of 150g/kg of diets. The diets were isonitrogenous (16% CP). The effect of these fibre sources on average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency nutrient digestion was determined. Results of the study showed that rabbits on MH based diets had a significantly higher (P>0.05) ADFI, feed efficacy and final weight. Though the results of the ADG and average daily crude fibre intake was highest in the MH diet, it was not significantly (P>0.05) different from the results obtained for RB. The RB diet had a better digestibility of all nutrients. This was however not reflected in the performance of  the rabbit. It was concluded that different sources of fibre affect the performance of rabbits differently. In this study, MH was superior to MB and SP as a fibre source for growing rabbits. It is therefore necessary to study the effect of the different fibre sources before incorporating them in concentrate diets.
Effect of raw and cooked mucuna seed meal based diets on the performance, nutrient digestibility and haematology of weaned rabbits
Authors: Taiwo A. A. , Adejuyigbe A. D. , Talabi E. O. , Okumakuma G. , Adebowale E. A.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted for eight weeks to determine the effects of raw and cooked mucuna seed meal (MSM) based diets on the performance and haematological characteristics of cross-bred weaned rabbits. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain: 0% MSM (control diet A), X raw MSM (diet B) and 20% cooked MSM (diet C). Twelve cross-bred weaned rabbits with mean initial live-weight of about 550 g were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments. The experimental design was completely randomized arrangement. The feed intakes (115.12, 114.44, 116.15g/day) and weight gains (17.19, 12.72, 14.28g/day) for diets A, B and C respectively were similar (P>0.05) for the three treatments. Rabbits fed the control diet A had the best (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (6.68). The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HB), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) values obtained for the three treatments were not statistically different (P>0.05) from one another. The HB, RBC, WBC values of rabbits fed on 20% cooked MSM based diet had comparable values to those on the control diet. Based on the weight gain and the haematology, 20% cooked mucuna seed meal can be included in the diet of weaned rabbits.
Effect of stocking rate on Rhodes grass-stylo pasture in Northern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria 3. Chemical composition
Authors: Onifade O. S.
Published: February 2021

A grazing trail was conducted to evaluate the effect of five stocking rates 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 sheep/ha) on the chemical composition of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)- Stylo (Stylosanthes guinanensis) pastures in Nigeria. The pastures were set stocked for 154-210 days over five grazing periods. Stocking rate had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium Mg) contents of the pasture components. The concentrations of CP, K and Ca declined as plants matured while the levels of CP, P and Ca in the stewm were short of the recommended levela for rams. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) and fibre (ADF) were not affected by stocking rate but the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of the components increased with stocking rate. The non-persistence of Style beyond one grazing period lowered the chemical composition of the pasture thus the need to incorporate more persistent legume(s) with the grass.
Small holder herd structure of West African Dwarf goats in a derived savannah environment area of Nigeria
Authors: Adedeji T. A. , Ojedapo L. O. , Ojebiyi O. O. , Olayeni T. B. , Akinwumi A. O.
Published: February 2021

The herd structure of small holder farmers engaged in the keeping of West African dwarf goats in Surulere Local government area of Ogbomosho, a derived Savannah zone of Oyo State, Nigeria was surveyed. 30 flock owners having a total of 273 goats were randomly selected and studied using structured questionnaire, on farm visit and personal interviews. The parameters measured include age, sex and occupation of the farmers; Age, sex and number of animals kept, sources of foundation stock, housing type; major problems facing the farmers; time, mode, ease, peak and age of animal disposal. The result indicated that middle age men and married women were more into goat rearing. The herd size ranged from 6.67 – 12.33 goats per farmer with an overall average of 9.10. Goats kept were fairly young. In most cases, stock foundation were acquired through gift and purchase from neighbours. Semi-intensive system of management was mostly embraced because it is less risky, low labour and cost inputs were involved. The major limiting factor is the health problem.
ANALYSES OF GROWTH CURVE PARAMETERS OF N’DAMA CATTLE RAISED IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Authors: Ozoje M. O. , Peters S. O. , Ojikuku S. I.
Published: February 2021

Individual growth curve parameters are suitable phenotypic variable for the assessment of growth course and early maturity. This study focused on the analyses of growth curves parameters of N’Dama cows derived from the Richarads growth function. Data consist of field records of weight measurements from birth to 36 months old of 98 N’Dama cows born and raised between 1992 and 1998. The coefficient of variation was moderately high in both the curve and predicted parameters except for point of inflation (m). The estimates of heritability for maturing traits ranged from 0.18 to 0.30. While those for body weights and growth traits ranged form 0.21 to 0.47. High correlation coefficients were observed between mature weight parameter (A) and body weight at 180 days. 365days and 550days of age. A negative relationship was observed between A and maturing rate index k,(0.51) and between A and all maturing parameters associated with stages of growth (degrees of maturity and relative growth rates). Sire variation was an important source of variation (P < 0.05) for all the parameters studies except for residual means squares (RMS). Year of birth was also a significant (P < 0.05), source of variation for A, K, RMS, degrees of maturity at 180days of age and the relative growth rates at 180days and 365 of age, while age of dam significantly (P < 0.05) affected the constant of integration b, the maturing rate index k, body weight and degree of maturity at 180days of age. Season of birth affected the point of inflation (m) RMS body weight at 180day and absolute growth rate at 365days of age. The interaction between year of birth and age of dam was significant (P < 0.05), affecting only the A and the K parameters
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE BLOOD MINERAL STATUS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP AND GOATS MANAGED UNDER EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Sowande O. S. , Fasae O. A. , Ojedokun O. J. , Okunola O. S. , Aina A. B. J.
Published: February 2021

A total of eighty (80) animals comprising of forty (40) each of West African  Dwarf sheep and goats, averagely weighting 25.33 ± 2.50kg and 15.13 ± 1.0kg, respectively were used in an experiment at the Small Ruminant Unit of the Teaching and Research Farms of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Olugbo village via Odeda in Odeda Local Government area of Ogun State. The forty animals from each species were divided into two groups of twenty (20) animals each and were randomly selected and managed under extensive system (ES)and semi intensive system (SIS0. 10ml) of blood sample from individual animal was drawn from each animal and analyzed for their mineral concentration of Ca, P, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn. The main effect of the system of management significantly influenced the concentration of both major and trace minerals of sheep and goats except P and Cu. Sheep and goats under ES had higher (P < 0.05) concentration of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn. The concentrations of K and Na were higher (P < 0.05) in sheep and goats under SIS. No significant (P > 0.05) interaction effect on Ca and P concentration was 0bserved, although goats raised under both systems exhibited higher Ca and P concentrations than sheep. However, significant interactions (P < 0.05) of animal special and management systems was observed in the plasma concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn with no noticeable trend being following. It was concluded that irrespective of the animal species (Sheep or goats) and management systems, Ca and P supplementation is necessary to ensure optimum productivity of the animals
CONSUMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR MEAT FROM FOOD ANIMALS IN HE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Authors: Eyo E. O.
Published: February 2021

This paper assesses the consumers’ preference for food animas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The questionnaire was used to obtain information in a cross sectional study involving 470 respondents. The method of data analyses includes descriptive statistical tools and the consumers’ Preference profit (CPP). The results showed that there was no significant difference in preference between beef and goat meat. Goat meat was considered to be more nutritious, tastes better, cooks faster, even though less available, more costly and so not suitable for ceremonial cooking. However, beef was preferred to goat meat because its products are perceived to be affordable, readily available, and better for ceremonial use; and it is clearly preferred to other meat types in terms of all the attributes considered.
POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF SULPHONAMIDE COCCIDIOSTATS WITH ENHANCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHICKEN TO INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE
Authors: Okiki P. A.
Published: February 2021

Infections bursal disease (IBD) outbreak in 3 commercial poultry farms were reported. The diagnosis of the disease was based on clinical signs and pathological lesions, following by laboratory confirmation by the Ouchterlony agar precipitation test. All the affected chickens were from vaccinated flocks. Very high mortality and morbidity were recorded: 61% mortality form flocks where coccidiosis were used compared with 31% and 32% mortalities from flocks where coccidiosis vaccines were used. A retrospective and prospective investigation of mortality patterns in the rearing flocks of these three farms, without IBD outbreak between 1999 and 2002 indicated 8.3% average mortality when sulphonamide coccidiostats were used as against 4.3% average mortality when coccidiosis vaccines were used. It is suggested that sulponamide coccidiostats administration might be a precipitating factor of the heavy losses recorded during IBD outbreak.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF YOGHURT SAMPLES FROM GOATS AND COWS MILK AND COMMERCIAL RETAIL OUTLET
Authors: Obatolu V. A. , Adebowale E. A. , Omidokun F. , Farinde E. O.
Published: February 2021

This paper compared the chemical (Proximate and mineral), acidity, microbial count and organoleptic properties of yoghurt samples produced from Nigeria locally bred goat and cow milk with commercially retail yoghurt during 14days of refrigerated storage. Yoghurt production was conducted by inoculation of the milk samples at 43oC for 6hrs with 2% of streptococcus thermophillus and lactobacillus bulgarus active culture. The total ash content of yoghurt ranges from 0.23g/100g in the commercial yoghurt sample to 0.84g/100g in yoghurt from goat  milk which is considered significantly higher than that observed for yoghurt from cow milk. The commercially retail yoghurt had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total solid matter than yoghurt from goat and cow milk. Calcium and phosphorus contents were significantly (P < 0.05) lowest in the commercial yoghurt (0.28%) to a significant higher value of 0.28% in goat milk. A statisitically significant drop in pH values was observed in the commercial yoghurt sample after one and two week storage compared to yoghurt from goat and cow milk. High lactic acid bacteria were observed in yoghurt from cow milk with lactococci group being higher than the lactobacilli group throughout the storage period. The yeast count range from a significant low (P < 05) value of 2.22 cfu/ml-1 in commercial yoghurt sample to 3.22 and 3.24 in goat and cow milk respectively on day zero of storage. By the 7days of storage, the commercially retail yoghurt was significant (P < 0.05) least desirable with respect to colour, taste and overall acceptability while there was no significant difference in the consistency of all the yoghurt samples.
The performance of finisher-broilers under subsistence free range system of production
Authors: Meremikwu V.N. , Udedibie A.B.I.
Published: February 2021

The growth and survival rate of finisher broilers (with minor feed supplementation) were determined under subsistence free-range poultry production in Nigeria. Three types of feed supplements (maize meal, full-fat soybean meal, and commercial grower ration) were used. A 4th group (the control) was fed intensively on commercial broiler finisher ration. After four weeks of brooding, the finisher broilers of equal weights were randomly selected and distributed to twelve households in each of the two selected locations (10 birds per household) for onward rearing on free-range for eight weeks. The control group was replicated four times (10 birds per replicate). Growth rate was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the control intensive group and least for the free-range maize meal supplement group. The survival rate was 80-100%, with the maize meal supplement group on the lowest range while the free-range commercial grower supplement was 100%. Cost/kg live weight was least for the group on free-range commercial grower supplement and highest for the group on free-range maize meal supplement. This research has demonstrated the worth of providing finisher broiler chicks to farmers, rather than the day-old chicks traditionally purchased. This increases the survival rate of free-range chickens substantially and provides for vaccination programmes that may be too costly for farmers who only buy a small number of birds.
Growth performance of growing rabbits fed graded levels of Acacia Albida Pods
Authors: Igwebuike J.U. , Anugwa F.O.I. , Ehiobu N.G , Ikurior S.A , Raji A.O.
Published: February 2021

The effect of feeding up to 40% of Acacia albida pods (AAP) on the growth performance of growing rabbits was investigated. Sixty crossbred (Dutch x New Zealand white) rabbits; 7-8 weeks old were used for the 12-week study. The rabbits were individually weighed and assigned to the 5 diets in groups of 12 rabbits per treatment. The experimental diets contained 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% AAP in diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The crude protein and energy levels of the diets were maintained at 18% and at least 3100kcal/kg respectively. The diets and drinking water were offered ad libitum. The crude fibre (CF) of the diet ranged from 11.22% in diet 1 10 14.84% in diet 5. The CF levels appreciated with increasing levels of AAP. A similar trend was observed for ether extract (4.78 to 6.90%), tannins (0.099 to 1.09%) and phyrins (128.58 10 285.71 mg). Feed intake did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the groups on diets 1 (57.80g), 2 (55.89g), 3 (58.53g) and 4 (55.92g) hut was significantly (p<0.05) lower for those on diet 5 (53.07g/d). Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of rabbits on all the diets do not differ significantly (p>0.05), though rabbits on diet 5 had slightly lower daily weight gain which cumulated into significantly lower final body weight of 1389.16g compared to 1605.83g for diet 1. Daily weight gain, FCR and PER were better in the first eight weeks compared to weeks 9 to 12. The corresponding values were 9.63 to 12.68 Vs 2.14 to 3.70g/d for daily weight gain, 4.73 to 5.78 Vs 14.22 to 22.11 for FCR and 0.90 to 1.20 Vs 0.23 to 0.41 for PER Thus, 20% AAP can be included in diets of rabbits without adverse effect on biological performance.
Raw Pigeon seed meal in Weaner Rabbit Diet: Effect of Methionine Supplementation
Authors: Etuk E.B. , Abaoja O.N. , Esonu B.O.
Published: February 2021

Effect of graded levels of methionine supplementation on the performance of weaner rabbits fed diets containing raw pigeon pea seed meal were studied in a 42-day feeding trial. Four experimental weaner rabbit diets were formulated such that raw pigeon pea seed meal (RPSM) made up 300.0g kg-1 in each diet. Methionine was respectively supplemented at 0.0, (control diet), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g kg-1 in the four weaner rabbit diets. These diets and water were offered ad libitum to 3 replicates of 2, six weeks old mixed breed rabbits. The results indicated that the daily weight gains were 2.62, 2.85, 5.23 and 4.64 for rabbits fed 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5g kg-1 methionine supplemented diets respectively. Feed intake of rabbits fed 7.55 kg-1 methionine supplemented diets was significantly (P<0.05) lower than other treatment groups except the control. Rabbits fed 0.0 and 2.5 g kg-1 methionine supplemented diets recorded significantly (p<0.05) poorer feed conversion ratio than rabbits fed 5.0 and 7.55 kg-1 methionine supplemented diets. The feed cost per kg weight gains were ₦363.58, ₦351.49, ₦197.64, ₦204.38 for rabbits fed 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g kg-1 methionine supplemented diets respectively. It would appear that weaner rabbits performed best on 300.0g kg-1 raw pigeon pea seed meal diet when supplemented with methionine at 5.0g kg-1 diet.
Comparative value of kola testa, corn-bran and rice- bran with maize for mature african giant land snail (Archachatina marginata)
Authors: Hamzat R.A. , Omole A J. , Babatunde B.B. , Adejumo M.O. , Longe O.G
Published: February 2021

This study was designed to compare the effect of kola testa, which is rich in fibre with maize the conventional energy source and other sources of fibre such as corn bran and rice bran. A total of two hundred and forty African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) with an average live weight of 177.69 ± 10.87g were assigned to four dietary treatments: a maize-based diet (Diet 1) served as control, in a completely randomized design. The other diets were kola testa - based (Diet 2), corn bran-based (Diet 3) and rice bran-based (Diet 4) diets. The percentage of each test ingredient and that of maize was 31.30g/100g Each treatment consisted of sixty growing snails, which were subdivided into 3 replicates of 20 snails each. The snails received the diets over a period of 20 weeks. Weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the kola testa-based diet in comparison with the corn and rice bran-based diets. Depression of magnesium and iron in the shell, flesh and fluid of snails fed corn and rice bran diets was observed. The trial revealed that kola testa-based diet compared favorably well with the corn and rice bran-based diets.
Differences in the spermatozoa and ova of two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina)
Authors: Abiona J.A. , Osinowo O.A. , Ozoje M. O. , Eruvbetine D. , Abioja M.O. , Abe O.S.
Published: February 2021

A comparative study of the gametes of two species of Giant African Land Snails; Archachatinu marginata and Achatina achatina was carried out. Three groups of snails weighing 80-100,101-150 and 151-250 g were used in a 3x2 factorial design, with 5 replicates, involving a total of 30 snails. Albumen gland, little hermaphrodite duct, spermotheca and ovo-testis were examined for the presence of ova and spermatozoa. The morphology of the spermatozoa and ova of both species Was studied. Ova were found in the albumen gland and ovo-testis. Spermatozou were only found in the little hermaphrodite duct. Spermatozoa head and tail lengths were not significantly (P>0.05) different between species, while the mid-piece length was significantly (P<0.05) different. Liveweight group 101-150 g had the highest number of spermatozoa and ova count in both species. Morphologically, spermatozoa head, collar and mid-piece crest differed between species Archachatina marginata spermatozoa had pointed head, longer collar and highest number of mid-piece crests compared to Achatina achatina. Ova seen in the ovo-testis of A. marginata were larger compared to those seen in A. achatina. It was concluded from the study that there are differences in the morphology and dimensions of their germ cells.
Analysis of participation of farmers in participatory poultry production research in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Apantaku S. O.
Published: February 2021

The aim of the study was to analyze participation of farmers in participatory poultry research (PPR) in Lagos State, Nigeria. The sample selected through a combination of purposive and random sampling. included 20 poultry researchers and IO0 poultry farmers. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule and questionnaire, and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The study concluded that there are too few elements of farmer-researcher participatory poultry research (PPR) in Lagos State, farmers are more involved in contract and consultative participation than collaborative and collegiate, even though farmers' participation in all of them is very low and the level of use of PPR by researchers is very lo. However, both farmers and researchers are highly willing to participate in and use PPR If the enabling environment and conditions are right. The constraints that militate against the use of PPR by researchers are inadequate motivation of researchers to use PPR by their organizations, the need for extra fund to execute PPR and adequate skills and knowledge of researchers in using PPR. It is recommended that research institutes and universities should design and implement policies and programmes aimed at encouraging and motivating researchers in using PPR. Research institutes in collaboration with extension gencies should conduct training and workshops for farmers to build and increase their capacities, skills and knowledge to actively participate in PPR
Nutritional evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) peel in the diet of weaner pigs
Authors: Onyimonyi A. E. , Okeke G. C.
Published: February 2021

Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous weaner diets for pigs in which maize was progressively replaced with 0,5,10 and 15% of fermented and sundried cassava peel meal (CPM) were formulated. The four treatment diets 1,2,3 and 4 were fed to twenty-four weaner pigs averaging 5.64 +0.09kg at eight weeks of age for 56 days. Results showed that there was a progressive decline (P<0.05) in average daily gain (kg) and protein efficiency ratio as the level of CPM in the diets increased. Pigs performance in terms of these parameters was the same for the control, 5 or 10% CPM diets (P>0.05). Significant difference (P<0.05) only showed up when CPM was fed at 15% level. Pigs on the 10% CPM diet had significantly (P<0.05) better feed conversion ratio and feed cost /kg gain. Haematological examination revealed that the effect of treatments on packed cell volume, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils and monocyte levels were significant (P< 0.05). The results revealed that CPM could replace 10% of maize in a diet for weaner Pigs.
Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on the performance of growing pullets
Authors: Sobayo R. A. , Oguntona E. B. , Osinowo O. A. , Eruvbetine D. , Bamgbose A. M. , Adeyemi O. A. , Olomola A. , Oso A. O. , Usman J. M.
Published: February 2021

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional effects of supplementary ascorbic acid (AA) at levels of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg in the diets of growing pullets reared at different seasons (dry season and rainy season).240 eight weeks-old Harco pullet chicks were used in each trial, they were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments in three replications of twenty chicks per replicate. Each trial lasted 12 weeks (84 days) during which data were collected and a 2 X 4 factorial arrangement was employed in the analysis of data collected. Both ascorbic acid and season significantly affected (P<0.05) growth rate with better growth rate reported in the dry season. Body weights at first lay exhibited a linear reduction with increasing concentration of ascorbic acid (P<0.05). Seasonal variation significantly affected (P<0.05) age and egg weight at first lay with higher values obtained in the rainy season. The cost-benefit analysis of supplementary ascorbic acid in the diet of experimental birds revealed that inclusion of the graded levels of ascorbic acid increased the cost of feed in a linear fashion across the dietary treatments. At the growing stage, cost of feed per kg weight gain was found to be lowest in birds fed 0 mg/kg AA. It was evident that at the growing stage, optimum response occurred with supplementation of 300 mg/kg AA.
Adoption of improved goat production practices in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adeokun O. A. , Oladoja M. A. , Adisa B. O.
Published: February 2021

The study examines adoption level of improved goat production practices by women farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria using Ikenne and Ijebu-Ode zones of the Ogun State Agricultural Development Project (OGADEP) as case studies. A total of 150 respondents were selected for the study using multi-stage random sampling technique. Information was obtained from the women through structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed with the use of frequency counts and percentages while correlation coefficient (r) was used to test the stated hypothesis. Results of data analysis revealed that most of the women were still in active ages of between 40 and 59 years (62%) with 91% of them married and majority (71%) educated. While 6 percent of the women did not adopt improved practices, 40.67% showed low adoption; 33.33% - moderate adoption level and 20% demonstrated high adoption level. Result of hypothesis testing indicated significant relationship between level of adoption and marital status (r = 10.21) and cosmopoliteness(r = 0.30) at 0.05 level of significance and critical level of 0.19.
Short Communication The effect of crude oil contaminated feed on semen characteristics of cocks
Authors: Udeh I. , Mmereole F. U. C. , Bratte I. , Oritseserundede M.
Published: February 2021

Data from 32 Isa Brown (layer hype) cocks aged 10 months were used to determine the effect of crude oil contaminated feed on their semen quality. There were four treatment groups with pro replicates each. Treatment T1 which received crude oil free diet served as control. Treatments T2, T3, and T4 received crude oil contaminated feed at the rate of 1.0ml, 2.0ml and 3.0ml per kg of feed, respectively. Both feed and water were provided ad libitum. The experiment lasted for five weeks during which each cock ejaculated two times a week using the massage technique. The results indicated a highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in semen volume from treatments T1 to T4 while significant (P<0.05) decreases in sperm concentration and sperm motility were observed from treatments T1 to T4 Results also showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in percentage dead sperm and total abnormal sperm from treatments T1 to T4 The effect of weeks was significant on body weight, semen volume, sperm concentration and percentage dead sperm. Treatment by week interaction was significant (P<0.05) only on body weight. It was concluded that crude oil contaminated poultry feed had a deleterious effect on semen quality of cocks.
Performance of broiler finishers fed graded levels of processed castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal supplemented with DL-methionine
Authors: Ani A. O. , Okorie A. U.
Published: February 2021

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of dehulled and cooked castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal (CBM) and supplementary DL-methionine on growth performance and certain blood parameters of broiler finishers. One hundred and eighty 6-week old broiler birds (Anak strain) were randomly divided into 12 groups of 15 birds each. The groups were randomly assigned to 12 isocaloric (2.90 Mcal/kgME) and isonitrogenous (21.00%CP) diets in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement involving a control (0%), three cooked castor oil bean meal levels (10,15 and 20%) and three DL-methionine levels (0,0.25 and 0.5%). Each treaiment was replicated thrice with 5 birds each. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum from 42 to 70d of age. The results showed that above 15% CBM inclusion level, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily weight gain (ADWG) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. There were also significant reductions (P<0.05) in efficiencies of feed and protein utilization, and in apparent retention of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). While packed cell volume was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by CBM or DL-methionine, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was significantly (P<0.05) increased at 20% CBM level. Supplementation with DL-methionine improved (P<0.05) weight gain at the 15 and 20% levels of CBM inclusion; improved Hb and efficiencies of feed and protein utilization at the 20% level of CBM inclusion, improved nitrogen retention at the 0% level of CBM inclusion; improved EE retention at the O and 20% levels of CBM inclusion, and improved NFE retention at the 15% level of CBM inclusion. The results of this study indicate that processed CBM can be included in broiler finisher diet at 15% level with DL-methionine supplementation to obtain normal growth in broiler birds.
production of milk yield from udder circumference and distance between teats in West African Dwarf and red Sokoto goats
Authors: Benji M.N. , Osinowu O.A
Published: February 2021

Udder circumference (UD) and distance between teats (DBT) measured before and after  milking were used to determine CUC (UC before milking minus UC after milking) and CDT (DBT before milking minus DBT after milking).  All four parameters were utilized as independent variables in two milk yeild from 202 weekly records of 17 lactating does, consisting of 8 West African Dwarf (WAD) and 9 Red sokoto (RS) goats. WAD and RS goats hadsimilar mean values for daily milk yield ( 270.34±12.47 ml vs 245.26±14.51 ml) and UC(28.49±0.33 vs 28.49± 0.13 cm). Both models had significant ( P<0.001) R2 values ranging from 0.244 to 0.757. UC was the best index of milk yeild (R2=0.688) followed by CUC (R2=0.467) in the linear regressionequation while DBT and CDT yeilded lower R2 Values (0.244 vs 0.258).  Inclusion of all four parameters in the multiple linear regression equation yeilded the highest R2 (0.757). The predictive equation was Y= 441.443 + 25.739X1 + 23.349-21.265X2 +61.080X4 in which Y is milk yeilded, Xi , X4  represent UC, CUC, DBT and CDT respectively. Positive and significant (P<0.001) phenotypic correlations were observed between UCand milk yeilded (0.759), CUC and milk yeilded (0.690). DBT and milk yield (0.498), CDT and milk yield(0.508). In the current practice of collecting collecting weekly records, early prediction of future milk production from udder circumference measured prior to milking will be accurate using linear regression predictive equation. Alternatively, if more traits related to udder size such as UC, CUC,DBT and CDT are incorporated as independent variables in multiple linear regression equation, milk production would be predicted with better accuracy.
Variation in growth performance of pure and crossed meat type chickens
Authors: Adebambo A. O. , Ikeobi C. O. N. , Ozoje M. O. , Adebambo O. A.
Published: February 2021

Genetic variation from a combination of four breeds of chickens (Anak Titan, Alpha, Giriraja and Normal indigenous chickens) were examined for importance of sire, dam, season and sex on growth traits using a Mixed-model Least-Squares and Maximum LIkelihood computer program. The results show that sire and dam genotypes significantly (P<0.05) affected growth. Anak Titan cocks and hens performed best in body weight (BW) with values ranging from 38.45±0.74g and 40.21±0.66g at day old to 1135.93  35.67g and 953.38  35.38g at week 12 respectively. Normal indigenous and Alpha improved indigenous performed better in linear body parameters. Genetic correlation coefficients among parameters for all the breeds were generally high. Positive estimates ranged from 0.15 for breast girth (BG) and keel length (KL) at week four to 0.99 for BG-KL at week tweve while negative values ranged from -0.783 for body weight (BW) and wing length (WL) at week four to -0.99 for BW-BG at week twelve. Heritability estimates for body weight ranged from 0.14 at week one to 0.63 at week four. It can be concluded that appreciable variation exists for growth traits among the strains of chickens. Such variations can be utilized for improvement in the present emvironment.
Nutrient Intake and digestibility of Rabbit does fed varying levels of concentrate and lablab during pregnancy
Authors: Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T. , Sekoni A. A. , Esievo L. O.
Published: February 2021

Nulliparous crossbred does were used to study the effects of concentrate:lablab ratio (CL) and stage of pregnancy on nutrient intake and digestibility. Treatments consisted of four concentrate and lablab combinations on a gram:gram basis: 20:130, 40: 110, 80:70 and 100:50 and two stages of pregnancy: second and fourth week of pregnancy Concentrate intake increased as level increased up to 80g/day offered while lablab intake increased from 50 to 130g/day offered. Doe weight and metabolic size were similar for all treatments. Total feed intake was not affected by concentrate and lablab levels. Dry matter intake was lower for 100:50 CL than other treatments. Ether extract and crude fibre intakes decreased with increase in concentrate levels. Dry matter and nitrogen free extract digestibility were higher for 80:70 CL than other combinations. Crude fibre digestibility was higher for 80:70 than 40:110 and 100:50 CL Crude protein retention was higher for 80:70 than 20:130 and 100:50 CL. Fetal growth requirement, total protein requirement and balance of protein were high at 80:70 and 100:50 CL. During pregnancy, dry matter and all nutrients intake were higher in the second than fourth week. Ether extract, crude protein and nitrogen free extract digestibilities were lower in the second than fourth week of pregnancy. Fetal growth requirement and balance of protein were higher in the second than fourth week of pregnancy relationship between feed intake (g DM/day) and nutrient digestibility was negative. The relationship between feed intake (g DM/kg body weight/day) and feed intake (g DM/kg LW0.75/day) was however, positive for all the nutrients except crude protein. For the small scale rabbit producer in developing countries, it is feasible to maintain rabbits on combinations of concentrate and lablab during pregnancy
Performance of Rabbits Fed Stylo (Stylosanthes hamata) and Groundnut Hauls (Arachis hypogea)
Authors: Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T. , Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T.
Published: February 2021

Forty eight crossbred rabbits were used to study the performance of different age groups of rabbits fed stylo and groundnut haulms supplemented with 50g concentrate. The rabbits were allocated to three treatments: Stylosanthes hamata (stylo), Arachis hypogea (groundnut) haulms and 50.50 mixture (stygnut) of stylo and groundnut haulms, and four age groups: weaner, grower pubertal and adult in a 3 x 4 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design for six weeks. 150g forage and 50g concentrate were supplied to the rabbits in separate feeders in the morning at 08. 00hr. Initial and final weight of rabbits fed stylo, groundnut haulms and combination of stylo and groundnut haulms was similar. Concentrate, forage and total feed intake of rabbits were similar for the treatments, however, total weight gain was higher for combination of stylo and groundnut haulms and lowest on stylo. Rabbit performance on sole and combination forages was similar except for feed conversion ratio which was significantly higher for stylo. Though feed cost was similar for the treatments, cost/kg gain was higher for stylo than combination of stylo and groundnut haulms. For the rabbit groups, concentrate, forage and total feed intake were similar however; total weight gain was double for weaners than growers, pubertal and adult rabbits. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher for weaners than growers, pubertal and adult rabbits. Feed cost and cost/kg gain was significantly higher for adult rabbits than weaners but similar with growers and pubertal rabbits. This study shows the potential of feeding several legumes to rabbits and also implies that studies with feed resources should extend beyond weaner and/or grower phase to give practical insight into the performance of rabbits up to market weight.