bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of the formation of hospitals in the Middle century: ideology and economy
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Oparin O.A. , Rogozhin B.A. ,   Ukrainian Academy of the History of Medicine, Serdyuk O.I. ,   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Blagovishchenska А.V. ,   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Fedchenko Yu.G. ,   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity
Published: December 2023

The article shows that the creation of public hospitals in the early Middle Ages in Europe was the first time in the history of medicine. It was a consequence of the establishment of Christian values in society regarding caring for those who need help. It has been proven that as the institution of the state medieval church in Western Europe was formed and its organization and teaching departed from evangelical principles, the provision of medical care became its full commitment and was used by it as one of the tools of influence on society. It has been established that equating medieval hospitals with the concept of modern hospitals is fundamentally incorrect and unfounded, because medieval hospitals were almshouses for care, and not actual medical institutions. Such a development was impossible in principle at that time. The Church actually forbade its monks to practice medicine. In addition, the level of medical knowledge of that time about diseases made it impossible for the very appearance of hospitals, where the concepts of diagnosis, methods of dynamic observation and treatment would be recognized and available. The appearance of the first hospitals in the medical sense of the word is not related to the activity of the church, but to the development of city self-government and the departure of university education from the control of the church, which allowed city hospitals to introduce medical technologies and become medical institutions. Hospitals of monastic orders during the time of the Crusades show the influence of function on the structure of such organizations, when, on the one hand, the need to provide assistance to wounded soldiers and knights prompted them to have a medical component in their composition, and on the other hand, their further development became impossible, because the activities of their founders changed: monks the orders turned into feudal military and commercial organizations, far from mercy and compassion. The study of the development of the establishment of hospitals clearly illustrates the close relationship between, on the one hand, the need for proper spiritual development and education of society with its understanding of moral criteria and principles, and on the other, the development of a scientific and technical base based on university education. The evolution of the formation of hospitals illustrates the close relationship between the need for proper spiritual development of society, its understanding of moral criteria and principles, and the development of their scientific and technical base based on university education.
Modern understanding of the etiopathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: clarification of key aspects and perspectives
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Oparin O.A. , Kashyrtseva O.M. ,   Kharkiv National Medical University, Oparina T.N. ,   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Sikalo Yu.K. ,   Kharkiv National Medical University
Published: December 2023

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases among gastroenterological pathologies. The relevance of GERD is due not only to medical aspects, but also to economic ones, since the vast majority of patients are young working-age people. The prevalence of GERD ranges from 20% to 30% of the adult population. GERD is associated with a significant decrease in quality of life and the development of Baretta’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERD is a chronic disease with spontaneous repetitive spillage of gastric or duodenal-gastric contents into the esophagus, with typical complaints of heartburn and regurgitation. The pathogenesis is complex and includes the following aspects: decreased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter, diaphragmatic hernia, impaired protective function of the esophageal mucosa and esophageal motility, and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Obesity plays a significant pathogenetic role in the development of GERD. Weight loss is associated with symptom relief and a reduced risk of complications. Diagnosis of GERD is based primarily on typical clinical symptoms and empirical trial therapy with PPI. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery. Еndoscopy and pH monitoring additionally contribute to the correct diagnosis. Further research on pathogenetic mechanisms is needed to implement effective strategies for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications.
Behavioral risk factors’ prevention among children and adolescents in the family physician and pediatrician’ practice
Authors:   I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Botsyuk N.Ye. , Babinets L.S. ,   I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University
Published: December 2023

The medical model of prevention among adolescents in the practice of a family physicians is focused on the medical and social consequences of behavioral risk factors and involves a multidisciplinary approach, interaction with the non-governmental sector, and the development of youth volunteerism. The introduction of new teaching methods, including the «project method», contributes to the formation of professional competence of future family physicians at the undergraduate level. The goal is to analyze the main problems of prevention of behavioral risk factors among adolescent children, the role of the family physician and pediatrician, the effectiveness of implementing the project method in teaching the discipline «general practice-family medicine» at the undergraduate level. Materials and methods. We have analyzed the main components of the family doctor’s preventive work among teenagers. The method of project activity of sixth-year students was implemented in the practical training of students. The basis of the application of project technology was the presence of a problem of medical and social factors affecting the health of a teenager, which requires integrated knowledge and a research search for its solution. Students created and implemented medical and social prevention projects among teenagers. The results. As a result of working on the project, the students found a specific solution to the problem and a specific result suitable for implementation. This approach creates conditions for creative development and self-realization of students, formation of all necessary professional and general life competencies. Conclusion: 1.A comprehensive approach to preventive measures among adolescents is an important component of maintaining the health of adolescents. 2. The problems of medical and social factors affecting adolescent health include not only the work of a family doctor and pediatrician or government regulation, but also interaction with the non-governmental sector and the development of youth volunteerism. 3. Participation in preventive measures among teenagers of sixth-year students through the implementation of the project method helps them master basic knowledge, ensures the formation of professional competences, communicative and social skills, skills, and creative abilities.
“The Other”, Official History, and Memory of the City in Soviet Guidebooks to Chernivtsi
Authors: Kostiv Orest
Published: December 2023

The paper examines attempts to create new interpretations of the memory and history of Chernivtsi during the Soviet era through the prism of guidebooks and tries to deconstruct it. Guidebooks are considered primarily as textual representations of official policies on reconstructing Chernivtsi's past as valuable narrative sources for understanding how the totalitarian state ideologically dominated this culturally diverse city. A linguistic approach based on the theoretical model of newspeak is applied to the study of publications in order to identify discourses and analyze them. Soviet newspeak in guidebooks functions as a means of constructing narratives and an instrument for their internalization in society. The author also examines the guidebooks in the context of official historical and national policies in the post-Stalin USSR, which, in the case of the annexed territories of the Ukrainian SSR in the aftermath of the Second World War, involved the assimilation of new regions by Ukrainians along with the cleansing and demonization of local “Others.” The ideological framework for these actions included discourses on “Old Russian ethnicity” (davnoruska narodnist) as “a cradle of three brotherly peoples,” “Russian-Ukrainian friendship,” “Great Patriotic War,” and others. The study also seeks to understand the motivations of the guidebooks' authors, drawing on their biographies. It concludes that Soviet guidebooks to Chernivtsi, adhering to the official doctrine, create an exclusive and sanitized image of the city's past, aimed at erasing the history and experiences of the local “Others,” represented primarily by Romanians, Jews, and Germans, who, before the Soviet annexation, were demographically dominant ethnic groups in the city. In specific contexts, markers of “Others” create the illusion of presence and agency; however, the guidebook`s texts mostly ignore the multicultural past of Chernivtsi. Simultaneously, when the “Others” are not excluded from the narrative, their very presence in Chernivtsi's history was mainly interpreted as a hostile phenomenon, a historical mistake, and a consequence of colonial oppression in the city declared by the Soviet authorities to be primordially Ukrainian. As publications aimed at tourists and guests of the city, guidebooks appropriately represent Soviet memorials and objects of the symbolic space of Chernivtsi, through carefully crafted textual interpretations. Tourist guides are regarded as significant sources for researching local memory and history policies.
Scientific documents metadata as a component of the system of the “open science” information resources
Authors:   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Zakharova O.V.
Published: December 2023

Open science is a movement that aims to make research results more accessible, including code, data, and scientific papers. It covers many different but often related aspects affecting the entire research life cycle, including open access to publications, open data of research, open source software, open workflows, public science, open educational resources and alternative methods of the research evaluation, including open peer review, expert reviews, etc. The key to effective application and integration of open science resources is their structured description based on the principles of completeness and necessity of meta-information, ease of use and interoperability. The units of such description are metadata. In fact, the quality of open resources begins with the quality of its metadata. This study does not cover the entire wide spectrum of open science resources. Its purposes are to define the system of characteristics that describe general and specific features of various types of scientific documents as a significant part of scientific knowledge of Open Science. To achieve the goal of the research it is defined a taxonomy of resources of open scientific documents and proposes an integrated system of their metadata. Proposed system of metadata is based on several classifier sets. It includes three major groups: internal characteristics – description of explicit features of the object of open knowledge (for example, the size or the type of the file), administrative characteristics – information about the object (authors, executers, etc.) and descriptive characteristics - information about the object’s content, its special features, links to other objects related to this. The metadata system is built based on the analysis of the existing metadata schemas and standards, search engines and digital libraries, and it takes into account similarity and specificity of each type of open documents.
Evidence-based Management of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Torres-Ruiz Gabriel , Mallofré-Vila Nuria , Rojas-Flores Paola , Carrión-Montaner Pablo , Bosch-Peligero Eduard , Valcárcel-Paz Daniel , Cardiel-Perez Ada , Guindo-Soldevila Josep , Martínez-Rubio Antoni
Published: December 2023

Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to the large myocardial mass at risk. Although medical treatment may be an option in selected low-risk patients, revascularisation is recommended to improve survival in the majority of patients presenting with a significant left main stenosis. In the past decade, multiple randomised clinical trials and meta-analyses have compared coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), finding controversial results. The strategy for LMCAD revascularisation is still challenging. Coronary anatomy complexity, clinical features and patient preferences are key elements to be considered by the heart team. The current guidelines define CABG as standard therapy, but the continuous improvements in PCI techniques, the use of intracoronary imaging and functional assessment make PCI a feasible alternative in selected patients, particularly in those with comorbidities and contraindications to CABG. This review analyses the most important studies comparing CABG versus PCI in patients with LMCAD.
Město Zlín v meziválečných letech
Authors: Kolumber David , Kolumber Tereza
Published: December 2023

The topic of the study is the influence of the Baťa Concern on selected areas of everyday life in the town of Zlín. The text aims to describe, explain and interpret how Zlín’s municipal politics and public education in the example of Masaryk’s experimental upper elementary school were influenced by Tomáš Baťa and other representatives of the Concern between 1923 and 1938 (1945). The data were mainly obtained by studying archival documents stored in the State District Archive Zlín. The presented study focuses on municipal politics and elections in which the Baťa electoral list promised to improve and modernize Zlín’s schools. Then, it seeks the circumstances of establishing and developing the experimental public school system in Zlín. The research results show that the election of Tomáš Baťa as mayor of Zlín represented a turning point for Zlín schools. He and other Concern’s officials became direct participants in local public education from their position as councillors. In this way, a private company could legally manage and adapt public schools to its economic interests.
Traductología digital: proyecto de nueva base de datos de traducciones de la literatura checa al español
Authors: Lochman Strnadová Karolína
Published: December 2023

The field of the historiography of literary translation is undergoing a digital revolution, offering new possibilities to explore the history of literary translation from different perspectives. This change not only brings but also demands constant modifications, improvements and refinements to continue progressing and adapting the study to new circumstances. Although Czech translations of literary works from the Spanish speaking world have been plentifully made and researched, the topic of translations of Czech literature into Spanish has not enjoyed so much interest and has only recently begun to be studied (Cuenca Drouhard; Nováková; Vavroušová; Strnadová). Although in the Czech context, there are several databases that include bibliographic information on literary translations, no online database that compiles such data on literary translations from Czech into Spanish and facilitates their consultation in a single digital platform has been created so far. In this regard, at the Institute of Translatology, a project entitled Databáze překladu české literatury do španělštiny (Database of translations of Czech literature into Spanish) is currently underway for the period 2022–2023. The project aims to question the methods of modern historiography, to respond to the needs of digitizing the study material, and finally, to offer a practical digital tool that collects bibliographic data on translations of Czech literature into Spanish that is updatable, freely accessible, and later extendable to other target languages
THE IMPACT OF HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH, MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, AND RESIDENTS ON RAINWATER MANAGEMENT IN GDAŃSK (POLAND) IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTING THE CITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors:   Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Szydłowski Michał , Gulshad Khansa ,   Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Mustafa Andam ,   Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Szpakowski Wojciech ,   Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk Gdańskie Wody (Gdańsk Water company), Kaczeńce 31, 80-614 Gdańsk
Published: December 2023

Aim of the study: The city of Gdańsk faces changing climatic conditions that result in a higher frequency of extreme weather events. In response to the increasingly frequent appearance of flash floods, scientific research was carried out on changes in the probability of the occurrence of maximum daily precipitation in Gdańsk. The purpose of this paper is to show the role of hydrological research (science), decisions of local authorities and the engagement of residents in the process of adapting Gdańsk to climate change. Material and methods: The hydrological analysis was carried out using rainfall observations from the Gdańsk Rębiechowo station (1974-2021). Log-normal distribution was used as a statistical model for the precipitation probability distribution. To show the role of the city authorities’ decisions, the methodology developed and used by Gdańsk Water company for rainwater management was presented. To emphasize the importance of city residents in climate adaptation process, the methods adopted by city authorities to involve citizens in the advisory process are discussed, namely Civic Panels and the Gdańsk Climate Change Forum. Results and conclusions: The probability distributions of maximum precipitation for different periods were developed, showing a substantial increase of precipitation with a probability of p=1%. Consequently, changes were introduced in the rainwater management practices by the company Gdańsk Water. Being aware of rising flood hazard, Gdańsk City Hall has embraced a plan for adapting the city to climatic changes by 2030. The local authorities decided to involve citizens in the decision-making process. To this end, discussion panels were organized, and the Gdańsk Climate Change Forum was initiated.
«Las moradas»: modos de lectura hospitalaria y vida habitante
Authors: G.-Blanco Azucena
Published: December 2023

Este artículo propone un avance en la aplicación del concepto «transsecular», atendiendo a tres de sus rasgos (Bengert y otros, en prensa), a saber: la crítica de la temporalidad progresiva, la crítica de la secularidad como rasgo distintivo de la Modernidad y su hermenéutica sincrética, definida allí como hermenéutica de la hospitalidad. A partir de esta definición, el artículo propone pensar Las moradas de Teresa de Ávila, primero, en relación con la Apología de Sócrates de Platón, dada su coincidencia con el desarrollo parresiástico de sus discursos; y, por otra parte, en relación con el concepto de intelecto como habitus. Como consecuencia de esta lectura transsecular, concluimos que el texto teresiano nos propone un modo de lectura hospitalaria, abierta a todos, haciendo coincidir la lectura literal y la simbólica; y como resistencia, en tanto que la política del texto se enfrenta a la tradición del acceso de una élite a la verdad como enigma.
«Carne del alma»: mística moderna, (nuevo) vitalismo y poética transsecular en Ernestina de Champourcin
Authors: Haase Jenny
Published: December 2023

Esta contribución propone una lectura de las figuraciones del deseo en la poesía de Ernestina de Champourcin de los años 20 y 30 del siglo pasado, desde la perspectiva de la filosofía de la vida de su época y principios actuales del pensamiento vital-materialista. La coincidencia entre deseo corporal, espiritual y poético tiene su modelo histórico- literario en el discurso místico. Situándonos en el marco teórico de los estudios postseculares y proponiendo la noción de lo «transsecular», abordaremos la estrecha relación entre la semántica vitalista y la reflexión metapoética en la poesía de Champourcin. Luego se destacará el motivo del camino como símbolo de una «mística urbana» y de una subjetividad dinámica del devenir. Finalmente, exploraremos la riqueza de significados del deseo, que en Champourcin siempre va más allá de la diferenciación entre una dimensión de los sentidos y una espiritual. Su persona lírica desea una unión universalizante, cósmica con el mundo que se dirige ya a un amado, ya a la naturaleza, a las cosas, a la poesía o también a Dios. Es precisamente la irisación indistinguible del objeto de deseo la que abre la lírica de Champourcin hacia una ética y una estética post-antropocéntrica, transsecular.
Escribir una historia: una experiencia didáctica en tiempos de postpandemia
Authors: De-Navascués-Martín Javier
Published: December 2023

Se expone un conjunto de reflexiones a partir de un proyecto de innovación docente de escritura creativa basado en la colaboración de académicos y escritores. El proyecto «Escribir una historia», puesto en práctica en el diploma de Escritura creativa del grado de Lengua y Literatura españolas de la Universidad de Navarra en el curso 2019-2020, trata de integrar las competencias específicas de la escritura creativa en un marco universitario a partir de la redacción de un proyecto de novela. Así, se presta especial atención a la lectura analítica de novelas contemporáneas como un medio de trasladar recursos narrativos a la propia creación. Con todo, los principales retos docentes pasan por la evaluación de los resultados de aprendizaje, que se realizan desde una pluralidad de voces críticas.
El estoicismo en María Zambrano y su cotejo con la propuesta foucaultiana
Authors: Barroso-Fernández Óscar
Published: December 2023

Se analiza la lectura que María Zambrano realiza del estoicismo entre los años 1937 y 1958, prestando atención a los cambios que se producen en dicha lectura y al valor que la autora otorga al estoicismo, especialmente en su vertiente senequista, como herramienta para comprender la circunstancia española y europea en aquellos años. Además, se defiende la relevancia de la lectura zambraniana del estoicismo a través de su comparación con la realizada por Michel Foucault. Uno de los resultados más interesantes de esta comparación ha sido el descubrimiento del potencial de la filosofía de Zambrano para intervenir productivamente en el debate contemporáneo en torno al humanismo, aportando argumentos para una defensa renovada y crítica del humanismo con respecto a los postulados antihumanistas que el propio Foucault formuló.
STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING THE PLASTICITY OF TUNGSTEN WIRE AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES BY OPTIMIZING THE DRAWING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Vinichenko V. , Yershov A. , Ol'shanetskii V. , Volkov V. , Ivanchenko E.
Published: December 2023

Purpose. The development of a mathematical model for the process of drawing a tungsten-thorium wire for the analysis of the influence of technological factors of the specified process on the plasticity of the material and the recommendations on how to choose their optimal values, from the point of view reaching the plasticity of the wire at the maximum productivity of the wire drawing process.
Research methods. The problem of creating a mathematical model for investigating the influnce of technological parameters into the process of drawing on the plasticity of a tungsten-thorium rod was considered to be based on the theory of experiment, in particular the method of experiment planning. Various material samples were prepared                      using methods of powder metallurgy and pressure treatment, in particular wire drawing. Experiments were carried out in real production conditions using industrial equipment. The plasticity of the tungsten-thorium rod was determined by torsion testing using the K-5 machine.
Results. A mathematical model has been created that adequately describes the impact of technological factors on the plasticity of tungsten wire, which allows thoroughly analyze the physical processes that occur during wire drawing, and, if necessary, correct regimes without conducting a large number of physical experiments.
Scientific novelty. The mathematical model has been proposed as it allows to analyze the impact of technological factors of drawing process on plasticity of tungsten-thorium wire produced at real manufacturing.
Practical value. It can be useful for the technologists for higher productive application of industrial equipment and decrease of expenses for production of experiment consignment.
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTE INCINERATION ASHES (HSWIA) ON LANDFILL LEACHATE FILTRATION
Authors: Da Cunha Moura Maria Cristina , Santos Gemmelle Oliveira , Silva Michael Lima , Silva Roberto Antônio Cordeiro da , Leite Nirlania Diógenes , Bastos Juceline Batista dos Santos
Published: December 2023

The study examines the reuse of hazardous waste incineration ashes in landfill leachate treatment. Its objective is to assess how the particle size distribution of the ashes affects the reduction of physicochemical parameters in leachate at the Caucaia Sanitary Landfill in Ceará, Brazil, thus valorizing them and minimizing their disposal in landfills. Two filtration columns with ashes of different particle sizes (F1 sieved and F2 raw) were set up. Leachate collected from the landfill was analyzed before and after filtration, demonstrating effectiveness in removing parameters such as phosphorus, nitrite, turbidity, nitrate, etc. The characterization of the ashes revealed differences between the samples, including varying levels of oxides and particle sizes. Results suggest potential use in pre-treatment to reduce pollutant loads before the primary treatment of leachate. The study underscores the potential of incineration ashes to enhance leachate treatment and reduce the environmental impact of improper disposal.
Od teologii zastępstwa ku teologii dialogu. Łukasza Kamykowskiego wkład w eklezjogenezę starotestamentalną
Authors: Napiórkowski Andrzej A.
Published: December 2023

Studying the scholarly writings of Lukasz Kamykowski, we discover that he has undoubtedly contributed to some extent to changes in the relationship between the Catholic Church and Israel, at least on the Polish territory. His stance as a promoter of dialogue between Christians and Jews and his activities as a theologian have certainly affected many areas of this relationship. One of these is certainly the study of the Church. In addressing the issues of the relationship between Judaism and ecclesiology, Kamykowsky linked the mystery of the Church and the Synagogue. His stance of scholarly integrity eventually led him to firmly reject replacement theology and move to a position of difficult dialogue. This resulted in many areas. In the article we present, we show that it was thanks to the Krakow professor that the stages of the formation of the Church in the Old Testament were considered. One of the important elements of the post-conciliar doctrine of the Church is the development of Old Testament ecclesiogenesis. This is, on the one hand, the result of capturing the Church as a dynamic, unclosed, constantly becoming reality. And on the other hand: The Church is not so much a Christological (New Testament) event, but above all a Trinitarian one. Thanks to the work of many theologians, including precisely Kamykowski, Catholic ecclesiology has moved away from the thesis that Jesus directly and directly founded the Church. Hence, today we speak clearly of five stages of the Church’s formation: 1. the extra-temporal idea of God the Father, 2. the continuation in the Old Covenant, 3. the establishment by Jesus, 4. the fulfillment since Pentecost, 5. and the current progression to eschatological fullness.
Ulusötesi Sinemada Melodramatik Anlatılar: Ang Lee Sineması Örneği
Authors: GÜLMEZ Bager
Published: December 2023

Ortak yapımlar ve film alışverişiyle uluslararası bir konumda yer alan sinema, küreselleşmenin ve göçün etkisiyle ulusal sınırları daha fazla esneterek ulusötesi bir noktada konumlanır. Özellikle göçmen yönetmenlerin üretmiş olduğu filmler hem yerel hem de egemen kültürleri bir araya getirerek ikisinin de sınırlarını bulanıklaştırır; yeni bir melez kültür yaratır. Tayvan’da doğan sinema yönetmeni Ang Lee de ABD’de yaşayan bir Asyalı olarak filmlerinde Doğu-Batı arasındaki kültürel farklılıkları, insanlık hallerini anlatılarına dâhil eder. Ang Lee’nin kurmuş olduğu bu temel çatışmaya ise çoğunlukla melodramatik ögeler eşlik eder. Betimsel analiz yönteminin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada Ang Lee’nin yönetmenliğini üstlendiği ilk dönem filmlerinden The Wedding Banquet (Düğün Yemeği, 1993) ve yönetmene uluslararası tanınırlık sağlayan Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Kaplan ve Ejderha, 2000) filmleri ulusötesi bir zeminde melodramatik ögeler bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, The Wedding Banquet (1993) filminde, ABD’de yaşayan Tayvanlı bir karakter üzerinden ABD’deki göçmenlik durumu, farklı kimliklerin bir arada yaşayışı, Asyalı bireyler arasındaki kuşak çatışması, bireysel arzular ve geleneksel yapı arasındaki gerilim bir aile melodramı aracılığıyla işlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ang Lee’nin çalışmada incelenen bir diğer filmi Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) filmi Konfüçyüsçülük ve Taoizm gibi Çin kültürüne ait öğretileri ulusötesi bir bağlamda popüler sinema zeminine taşır. Bireylerin gelişiminde farklı yaklaşımları ortaya koyan bu öğretiler, şövalye hikâyeleri olan wuxia anlatısı içerisinde ABD tarihindeki en çok izlenen yabancı film olur. Yapım aşamasında ABD’den Tayvan’a kadar farklı ülkelerden yapılan katkılar ve Asya’nın çeşitli ülkelerinden gelen oyuncularla üretilen film, Çin öğreti ve geleneklerini popüler sinemanın anlatı kodlarıyla birleştirir. Sonuç olarak, Ang Lee sinemasının ulusötesi bir konumda melodramatik ögelerle şekillendiği, anlatılarında Doğu ve Batı kültürlerinin etkileşimiyle yeni bir melez kültürün yaratıldığı ifade edilebilir.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF STUDYING THE EPOS "MANAS"
Authors:   Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabayev, Kanimetov Emil , Toktogaziev Temirbek ,   "Manas Sound" TC, Sarieva Aymeri ,   Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabaev
Published: December 2023

The article analyzes the philosophical and methodological problems of studying the epic "Manas". The study of the epic within the framework of the materialist-Marxist methodological paradigm has made a certain contribution, but in the current conditions, the need to study such cultural phenomena in the context of new philosophical and methodological paradigms and concepts is becoming increasingly obvious. In addition to the relevance of the research problem, the article raises such questions as - is the epic "Manas" a work of art or contains a partial historical truth? What are the reasons for the creation of "Manas" as a heroic epic poem? Within the framework of another philosophical and methodological paradigm. The speech form, style, structure of the text of "Manas", the meaning of words, in general, linguistic features were formed on a historical basis, over a very long period of time. Modern postmodernism as a phenomenon in culture and literature in many of its features in style, comprehension, description of space-time, in the structure of text form, etc., has similarities with folklore, the Manas epic.
USING OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Sverdlovsk District Court, Nazirdinova Cholpon
Published: December 2023

Digitalization today has become not only an important element in almost all spheres of life, but is one of the main trends in the development of modern states. New technologies penetrate into all spheres of life. The judiciary is no exception. The value of an independent, efficient and transparent judiciary is extremely high for a state governed by the rule of law as the Kyrgyz Republic is according to the Constitution. The introduction of digital technologies in the judicial system is one of the priority areas of judicial legal reform. This article outlines the main achievements in the digitalization of justice and further prospects for introduction of digital technologies in the judicial system in Kyrgyzstan, in particular in civil proceedings. The author reveals the advantages and highlights the challenges of using information technology in civil proceedings. This paper was presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “E-justice: Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Era” (September 26-27, 2022, v. Sary -Oi, Issyk-Kul region, Kyrgyzstan) and published with support of Volkswagen Foundation (Germany).
REVIEW OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PLANS
Authors:   Constitutional Court of the Kyrgyz Republic, Shergaziev Chyngyz
Published: December 2023

The article examines the current aspects of development of constitutional justice in the context of digitalization; the processes and prospects of using new information technologies in the activities of the Constitutional Court of the Kyrgyz Republic, the issues of establishing a digital justice, development of legislation and judicial practice reflecting the processes of implementation of digital technologies in judicial activity, as well as the limits and further development of digitalization of constitutional justice. Today, digital transformation makes it possible to bring public administration to the level of maximum transparency, accessible to citizens. During the pandemic, it made it possible to successfully resolve many issues of interaction between citizens and the state in a remote format. Its development will continue further. This paper was presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “E-justice: Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Era” (September 26-27, 2022, v. Sary -Oi, Issyk-Kul region, Kyrgyzstan) and published with support of Volkswagen Foundation (Germany).
Monitoring Changes in Groundwater Resources Due to Increased Surface Water Delivery Efficiencies in the Lower Republican River Basin
Authors: Brookfield Andrea , Layzell Anthony , Zhou Tingxuan , Tian Boyao
Published: December 2023

Groundwater and surface water, including such engineered surface water bodies as irrigation canals and drainage ditches, are connected. As such, changes to the management of these surface water bodies will affect interconnected groundwater systems as well. In the Lower Republican River Basin in Kansas, United States, a regional irrigation district has converted several irrigation canals to buried pipe to reduce water lost to evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, increasing the delivery efficiency of its system. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in local groundwater levels due to this conversion. Seven existing wells in the vicinity of converted or soon-to-be converted irrigation canals were equipped with pressure transducers, and hourly water-level measurements were collected over several years. Average water levels decreased in all wells post-conversion compared to measurements taken between 1970 and 2001. The water levels did not decrease equally, and in several wells, the water-level variance also changed from pre- to post-conversion. It is hypothesized that the observed changes are controlled by many factors, including those related to canal conversion (proximity to the converted canal and time since canal conversion), proximity to other surface water features such as the main stem of the canal and reservoir, and subsurface characteristics that influence the rate of infiltration from precipitation events. This research highlights the interconnectedness of surface and subsurface water resources and how water management decisions need to consider how these interactions may change to support sustainable water use.
Jugoslavenska instrumentalizacija UN-ova ohridskog Seminara o manjinskim pravima iz 1974.
Authors: Kovač Vinko
Published: December 2023

The present study provides an analysis of the two evident parallel agendas prior to and during the Ohrid 1974 Seminar on the Promotion and Protection of the Human Rights of National, Ethnic and Other Minorities and the means whereby these agendas were to be implemented. To answer the main research question as precisely as possible, we draw from research into political history and apply critical discourse analysis, which enable both an in-depth, fine-grained analysis and a broader contextualisation of global politics.
Личность международного преступника (по материалам Нюрнбергского и иных судебных разбирательств)
Authors: Евсеев Александр Петрович
Published: December 2023

В статье рассматривается личность международного преступника как комплексная категория. Отталкиваясь от современных достижений юридической науки, автор отмечает, что данный феномен должен быть изучен не только с позиций собственно международного права, но также смежных юридических дисциплин: криминологии, юридической психологии, социологии права и других. Кроме того, рассмотрение исследуемой проблемы представляется невозможным без обращения к другому комплексному явлению — системной преступности, под которой традиционно понимаются практики совершения массовых беззаконий в рамках политики, поддерживаемой или непосредственно осуществляемой государством. Сутью такого режима является необходимость подчинения приказам, идущим вразрез с современным цивилизованным регулированием. Констатируется, что при совершении массовых беззаконий имеет место специфическая комбинация личности преступника и криминальной ситуации, связанной, как правило, с вооруженным конфликтом, иллюстрируемая тезисом об «обычных людях в необычных обстоятельствах». Как следствие, это рождает ситуацию морального выбора, в которой оказываются потенциальные нарушители норм международного сообщества. Выделяются следующие типы международных преступников: политик-манипулятор, «жертва обстоятельств», бюрократ, «человек долга», садист, извлекатель прибыли. В статье приводятся некоторые личностные характеристики международных преступников, в частности социально-демографические, профессиональные и иные. Автор приходит к выводу: несмотря на то, что учет личности преступника при назначении наказания является нормативным требованием, закрепленным в уставах органов международного уголовного правосудия, научные разработки этого феномена еще не достигли уровня, адекватного его значению. В целом полученные данные позволяют утверждать, что чаще всего международные преступления, особенно на среднем и низовом уровнях, совершаются людьми с определенными дефектами нравственного и правового сознания, главным из которых является конформизм. Причем в случае совершения массовых преступлений он приобретает особый характер, становясь своеобразной психологической предпосылкой готовности индивида к участию или попустительству массовым беззакониям. Констатируется, что современный уровень информатизации общества делает несостоятельной ссылку на неосведомленность субъекта касательно совершения международных преступлений той стороной конфликта, с которой он себя отождествляет. В работе делается итоговый вывод о необходимости формирования специальной области знаний, находящейся на стыке международного права и криминологии —  международной криминологии.
Международно-правовые проблемы установления реальной связи судна и государства флага: торжество формализма над содержанием?
Authors: Андриянов Дмитрий Вадимович
Published: December 2023

В статье рассматривается эволюция международно-правовой нормы, устанавливающей требование обеспечения реальной связи между судном и государством флага. Речь идет о том, какие именно действия государство флага должно предпринять для надлежащего осуществления на судне юрисдикции и контроля. Основной проблемой является то, что предусмотренные в международном праве меры по контролю и обеспечению выполнения соответствующих законов и правил, которые государство флага обязано имплементировать и осуществлять, носят индикативный, неисчерпывающий характер. Автор отмечает, что проблемы установления реальной связи актуальны не только в контексте судов, но и искусственных установок и сооружений, а в еще более широком контексте — имеют отношение к институту гражданства физических лиц. Автор проводит сравнительно-правовой анализ институтов гражданства физических лиц и национальности морских судов. В то время как предоставление гражданства человеку зависит от юридического факта рождения (филиация) или соблюдения определенной законом формальной процедуры (натурализация), отношения между государством и физическим лицом имеют еще и некоторую моральную составляющую (взаимное чувство долга, лояльность). Судно, являясь недвижимой вещью (res), также обладает национальностью, однако отношения между такой вещью и государством основаны на функциональном подходе. Тем не менее схожесть этих двух категорий в современных условиях прослеживается без труда: продажа государствами своей национальности иностранным гражданам (так называемое «инвестиционное гражданство») приближает сущность этого института к некоторой товарности, традиционно присущей национальности судов (регистрация судна в офшорных (открытых) регистрах и приобретение «удобного флага»).

В результате исследования практики предоставления судам национальности автором выявлены две тенденции. Согласно первой, для правомерного приобретения права на флаг достаточно лишь факта регистрации судна в реестре государства флага. По разным оценкам, в мире около 35 государств открытой регистрации предоставляют (продают) «удобный флаг». Другая тенденция заключается в том, что помимо формального внесения в реестр записи, требуется соблюдение ряда условий, обеспечивающих некие фактические отношения государства и судна (реальная связь). Вторая тенденция рассматривается автором как предпочтительная, вследствие чего делается общий вывод о необходимости оценивать, насколько жесткие требования предъявляются к судовладельцам на уровне национального законодательства государства флага, в том числе в таких вопросах как право собственности, гражданство судовладельцев, капитана и членов экипажа, отчетность, транспарентность и др.
Assessment of Damages and Compensation in the Context of ISDS Reform Proposals
Authors: Фоменко Анастасия Ивановна
Published: December 2023

This article discusses the possible reforms in the assessment of damages and compensation in international investment arbitration. The article highlights the challenges of the valuation leading to the need for reforms, such as the inflation of awards issued in investment arbitration cases, the major gap between the damages claimed and damages awarded, and the difficulties posed by the large damages awards for the developing states. Other reasons for reforms include arbitral tribunals’ inconsistency in the valuation, the incorrectness of awards and potential conflicts of interests between arbitrators and damages experts. The author further discusses whether the issues of damages and compensation in investor- state disputes fall within the mandate of the UNCITRAL Working Group III, which is argued to be limited to solely procedural issues. The author concludes that the reforms could and should be developed by the Working Group III. The assessment of damages and compensation in investor-state disputes requires a comprehensive reform process based on procedural solutions as well as substantive suggestions, which the Working Group III can devise. Based on the law and economics theories, the author analyzes the appropriate approach of tackling the quantum issues, concluding that the reforms should be implemented through soft law instruments. The article dwells on viable procedural reforms on the quantification of damages and compensation in investment arbitration. The analysis focuses on the reforms prospecting to address the damages experts’ possible conflict of interest, the divergence in the parties’ experts damages amounts and the anchoring effect of the claimants’ requested amounts on arbitrators, as well as on the option of conducting early damages conferences, drawing on the insights from behavioral economics. Lastly, the article discusses substantive reforms options for the valuation that help promote the consistency and correctness of awards. The author considers the options of clarifying the use of the discounted cash flow method and setting standards that require damages to reflect a balance between the competing interests, providing guidance on the investor’s contributory fault, capping compensation to the actually invested amount and the assessment of contextual factors relevant for the calculation of damages.
Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling: are Health Policy Decisions Reconcilable with the WTO Disciplines?
Authors: Пархоменко Анастасия Александровна
Published: December 2023

Over the past decade, States have increasingly used various forms of front-of-pack nutrition labelling to prevent the proliferation of obesity and related non-communicable chronic diseases. Some forms of front-of-pack nutrition labelling highlight increased amounts of certain nutrients in foods and are mandatory for compliance. The growing popularity of such measures raises serious concerns amongst the Members of the World Trade Organization, since, to date, no position has been formed on the conformity of such labelling with the core disciplines of the WTO. This article attempts to reach that understanding and to suggest how national legislators may adjust their labelling initiatives so as to bring them in line with the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). Section 1 the paper analyses Art. 2.1 of the TBT Agreement (principle of non-discrimination) and concludes that the legislator should take into account all dietary options in order to avoid discriminati on against certain types of foods. Unpackaged goods should also be covered by regulatory interventions, since by nutritional composition they are similar to pre-packaged foods. Section 2 looks at Art. 2.2 of the TBT Agreement (principle of necessity) and summarises that the adopting Member has to be cautious when setting the goals of the labelling measure, since demonstration of its necessity would further require to separately establish what contribution to any of the stated objectives the measure makes. Moreover, the WTO Member must determine how labelling schemes discourage consumption of various nutrients. Otherwise, there may be a problem in demonstrating the expected regulatory results. The anticipated contribution of front-of-pack labelling could be enhanced by creating a supporting environment of regulatory interventions. Section 3 focuses on Arts. 2.4 and 2.5 of the TBT Agreement (harmonisation principle) and concludes that current international standards recognize the relevance and authority of regional studies, including those examining dietary patterns of locals. Nonetheless, this does not exempt the WTO Members from the need to provide a scientific justification for how the measure relates to the consumption of particular foods and nutrients.