bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear of a Cataract Operation in Aged Persons
Authors: Fagerström Ritva
Published: August 2011

Self-reports of fear from 100 patients (25 men and 75 women 71 to 76 years old) having two cataract operations were investigated. 33% of the patients reported having fear and 32% felt tension about the operation performed on the first eye. Women feared the operation significantly more than men. Fears were significantly associated with hypochondriasis, hysteria, and hypomania (unadjusted) as indicated by correlations with scores on the Mini-Mult MMPI. The cataract operation restored sufficient visual acuity for reading (minimum E-test value 0.40 or 1.8-cm high letters at a distance of 6 meters) to 79% of the subjects. The experience of a good operation result on the first eye significantly reduced the fear of the cataract operation on the second eye and at the same time the fear of becoming blind. Other factors reducing fear included positive experiences of a safe and painless cataract operation.
Self-Monitoring and Ethnic Group Membership
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas
Published: August 2011

In support of theorising about differences in cultural conditioning with regards to self-presentation in social situations, the self-monitoring scores of 105 Chinese and 124 New Zealand students were compared. As predicted, Chinese reported significantly higher self-monitoring than New Zealanders and the effect was independent of sex and socioeconomic status.
The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students: A Comment
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The factor structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale for Filipino women did not match the pattern reported for Egyptian women.
Drinking Games and Problems Related to Drinking among Moderate and Heavy Drinkers
Authors: Engs Ruth C. , Hanson David J.
Published: August 2011

The playing of drinking games, the quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption, and various problems related to drinking were assessed among a national sample of 3,830 alcohol consuming students from 58 American colleges and universities during the 1990–1991 academic year. Among Light-Moderate drinkers, a significantly higher proportion of students who had played a drinking game experienced 15 of 17 drinking-related problems. On the other hand, among Heavy drinkers there was little difference between game and nongame players. A higher percentage of game players had experienced five of the problems. Generally, for many problems, more than twice as many Heavy drinkers among both game and nongame players had exhibited the problem compared to more moderate drinkers. It was concluded that game playing appeared to increase problems related to alcohol primarily among more moderate drinkers whereas those who were heavy drinkers were exhibiting more problems regardless of their game-playing status. Education about the effect of game playing among students who are moderate drinkers should be addressed.
Relation between Humor and Generativity
Authors: Hampes William P.
Published: August 2011

Since humor has been found to facilitate such generative pursuits as psychotherapy, teaching, and nursing, and been associated with intimacy, it was hypothesized that high levels of humor are associated with high levels of generativity. The Measures of Psychosocial Development (measuring generativity), Situational Humor Response Questionnaire, and Coping Humor Scale were given to 56 subjects. Those scoring high on generativity scored significantly higher on both measures of humor than those scoring low in generativity It was conjectured that humor may facilitate generativity through such mediating variables as intimacy and creativity as well as through stress reduction.
Students' Self-Concepts and Perceived Behaviors and Their Relationship with Professors' Perceived Behaviors
Authors: Parish Robert V. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: August 2011

In an earlier study Parish in 1988 found that children's perceived hateful behaviors of their parents were associated with diminished self-concepts of their college-age children. In the present study, students' perceptions of hateful behaviors by professors likewise were associated with diminished self-concepts of their college students ( r = .18) as well as how hatefully these students acted toward their professors ( r = .39). Finally, how hatefully students acted toward their professors was also significantly related to how negatively they perceived themselves (i.e., developed a low self-concept) ( r = .17). Explanations and possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Attitudes towards and Observations of Nonverbal Communication in a Psychotherapeutic Greeting Situation: III. An Interview Study of Outpatients
Authors: Åström Jan , Thorell Lars-Håkan , D'Elia Giacomo
Published: August 2011

An interview study of 50 Swedish nonpsychotic outpatients treated by some kind of psychotherapy was performed to investigate their attitudes towards and observations of nonverbal communication in a greeting situation according to the Questionnaire on Nonverbal Communication (psychotherapy patients' version) in relation to background factors such as gender, age, education, and profession, interest in psychological matters, “reading articles and books in psychology,” duration of professional help for psychological troubles, number of occasions waiting for a new therapist, and number of therapeutic sessions before the interview. The greeting situation was the first time a patient and a therapist met in a waiting room. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was larger for items about observation of nonverbal communication than for those about attitudes. Face communication (eye contact and smile) was considered by the subjects to constitute the most important nonverbal communication in the greeting process. The importance of the face in communication was stressed when the patient believed that such communication corresponded to more than 50% of the total communication in general, was female, was elderly, or reported special interest in nonverbal communication in the greeting situation. Some effects of bias were discussed. The analyses also showed a considerable consciousness and observation in the greeting situation by many psychotherapeutic outpatients.
On Choosing a Baby's Sex: What the Future Generation Thinks, a Preliminary Survey
Authors: Green Adrian , Wray Cheryl , Baluch Bahman
Published: August 2011

The new biomedical techniques of reproduction, such as predetermination of a baby's sex, are gradually being initiated into formal practice in some countries such as Britain. This paper surveyed the attitudes of 60 academic and 60 nonacademic men and women between 18 and 20 years on whether they supported the idea of choosing a baby's sex. More than 75% of all participants rejected the idea of choosing a baby's sex, whilst only 20% agreed with the latter issue and a negligible number (4%) offered no opinion. Neither sex differences nor differences between academic/nonacademic population were significant. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on differences in attitudes between genders in academic and nonacademic settings.
Animal Learning and Motivation and Addictive Drugs
Authors: Logan Frank A.
Published: August 2011

Highlights of a systematic analysis of the abstracts of over 1700 publications dealing with addictive drugs (primarily alcohol) in the context of animal learning and motivation are summarized under two main headings. The behavioral effects of drugs vary with the nature of the drug, the dosage, and the behavioral baseline; behavioral tolerance frequently results from continued practice in the drug state. The paradigmatic effects show that drugs can function effectively as conditional stimuli, unconditional stimuli, responses, and reinforcers. As a result, drug habits develop their own motivational support, leading to conditioned tolerance and conditioned addiction. It is contended that principles of animal behavior can provide a basis for a theory of human drug use and abuse, but that voluntary control of addictive behavior requires uniquely human cognitive processes.
The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students: A Reply
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Beshai J. A.
Published: August 2011

Reply to Lester's comments on the varied, i.e., not universal, factor structures for groups of Filipino and Egyptian women rests on both an ontic or experiential level and an ontological level.
Strategies of Resistance by Type-A Scoring Mexican-American College Students
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Furno-Lamude Diane
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 134 Mexican-American college students, Type-A scores were positively correlated with active but not passive and third-party-appeal strategies of resistance to teachers' classroom on-task activity.
Suicide and Homicide Rates during Presidential Terms as a Function of Economic Conditions
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For 9 presidential terms (1949–1988) correlations were small and nonsignificant for Barro's misery index with suicide and homicide rates during those years.
The Critical Mass Theory of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

It was reported in 1987 that nations with higher suicide rates in 1970 experienced greater increases by 1980. The present study did not replicate this phenomenon for the period of 1975 to 1985 using a sample of 32 nations with available data.
Perceived Crime, Fear of Crime, and Walking Alone at Night
Authors: Forde David Robert
Published: August 2011

This study examined longitudinal patterns in public opinion about crime, fear of crime, and walking alone at night. Data sets from the Winnipeg Area Study of 4050 randomly selected adults who were interviewed in their homes were used. The data reflect high concern by respondents for increasing crime rates. Analysis suggests that perceived crime in the city and in Canada were not associated with fear of crime and walking alone at night; perceived crime in respondents' neighborhoods showed a weak association. Implications for measures of perceived crime are discussed.
Suicide and Social Status among Native Americans
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: August 2011

An analysis of unpublished secondary data on suicide rates for U.S. Indian Health Service areas did not provide cross-cultural support for the social control hypothesis that high-status categories have higher suicide rates than low-status categories.
California Psychological Inventory and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Deniston William M. , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

The generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model was tested using the California Psychological Inventory, with the Interpersonal Adjective Scales Revised—B5 and the NEO-Personality Inventory scales as markers for the five major personality factors. The three inventories were completed by 88 male and 99 female undergraduates. Results provided strong empirical evidence for the generality of four factors (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness) but not for the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model.
Stereotypes of Black in-Group Attractiveness in Advertising: On Possible Psychological Effects
Authors: Strutton David , Lumpkin James R.
Published: August 2011

Evidence suggests a disproportionately large percentage of advertisements with black models possessing features more Caucasian than Negroid; however, psychological ramifications have previously held an almost taboo status among academic researchers as the issue is contentious in nature. This note addressed this issue with the goal of raising awareness and stimulating research into the psychological effects associated with current advertising practices.
Perspective Reports of Corporal Punishment by Pupils in Lesotho Schools
Authors: Monyooe Lebusa A.
Published: August 2011

This study surveyed reports of practices of corporal punishment at secondary schools in Lesotho by 60 randomly selected pupils. There were 34 males and 26 females, whose mean age was 21 years, with a range between 14 and 29 years. Responses to a questionnaire confirmed that punishment was associated with pupils' reports of academic impairment, psychological damage, and physical injury.
Milgram's Obedience Film and Attributions of Responsibility
Authors: Drout Cheryl , Vander Tracy
Published: August 2011

114 psychology students at SUNY-Fredonia read scenarios based upon Milgram's heart disturbance studies with the altered outcome that the learner suffered a heart attack and died. Scenarios involved an experimenter and obedient teacher or an experimenter alone. Students read scenarios with and without exposure to the Obedience film. While students who had not seen the film held the experimenter significantly more responsible for the events than the obedient teacher, those who had seen the film believed the two shared the responsibility more equally. Despite the effects of the film upon attributions of responsibility, subjects persisted in responding more harshly to the experimenter than the obedient teacher when recommending punishment, even after viewing the film. Results are discussed in relation to Kelman and Hamilton's 1989 distinction between ‘role-based motives’ and ‘deed-based consequences.’
Overwhelming Remembrance of Things Past: Proust Portrays Limbic Kindling by External Stimulus—Literary Genius Can Presage Neurobiological Patterns of Puzzling Behavior
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: August 2011

Proust detailed inexplicable behavior long before the neurobiologists Goddard and McIntyre in 1972 demonstrated that intermittent repetition of harmless stimuli can cause “kindling” of a seizure (with or without motor convulsions). Such brief seizures can occur especially in the evolutionarily old limbic system which mediates basic drives, their concomitant emotions, and certain aspects of memory. It appears that in humans the influence of specific external stimuli that revive the memory of repeated past experiences may “kindle” a transient episode of limbic overactivation. Thereupon the normal balance between the limbic and frontal lobe systems is disturbed (for a few minutes) as are normal human decision making and control of action. Linked with such a transient frontolimbic imbalance is out-of-character behavior, psychosis (hallucinations or delusions), autonomic activation, and severe distortion of affect and of action, culminating in extreme cases in a “Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction,” as proposed by Pontius in 1981, in motiveless homicidal acts with mostly preserved consciousness and memory for the acts.
Scaling the Construct Androgyny: Reply to Willemsen
Authors: Miller Susan M. , Kottke Janet L.
Published: August 2011

Miller and Kottke reply to Willemsen's 1993 critique of Kottke's 1988 paper. We believe that Willemsen may have overstated the purpose of Kottke's study Kottke's intention was not to develop a new measure of androgyny or to provide a definitive answer to whether masculinity and femininity are bipolar concepts but rather to show that the concept of androgyny requires additional theoretical and empirical clarification, particularly in its measurement.
Education and Suicide: The Quality of Life among Modern Americans
Authors: Saucer Patrick R.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from 1976 on education as reported in the U.S. Census and on suicide and homicide rates as reported in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1978 showed, contrary to earlier findings, that amount of education was not associated with the suicide and homicide rates among Americans.
Swimming Laps: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

An informal inquiry consisting of 105 observations suggested that, when given a choice, most swimmers will opt to swim laps in shallow rather than deep water. Such a preference may well be related to their security need.
The Ethical Climate Questionnaire: An Assessment of its Development and Validity
Authors: Cullen John B. , Victor Bart , Bronson James W.
Published: August 2011

The Ethical Climate Questionnaire measures the ethical climates at individual and organizational levels of analysis. With 1,167 individuals tested across three surveys the results at the individual level have suggested strong support for the validity and reliability of the questionnaire However, given the limited number of organizations ( n = 12) surveyed, the presence of organizational-level ethical climates remains contestable. This paper reports on the development of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire, includes the results of the latest survey, and contrasts these results with previous findings.
Divorce and Dating Violence Revisited: Multivariate Analyses Using Straus's Conflict Tactics Subscores
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Notebaert Nicole L.
Published: August 2011

514 men and 891 women college students provided information concerning behaviors both they and their partners used within the prior six months to resolve conflicts in their relationships. Multivariate analyses assessed whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents would be associated with respondents' report of their own or their partners' conflict behaviors. Students from divorced families reported higher scores for their own behavior on the Violence subscale only, while they reported higher scores for their partners on both the Verbal Aggression and Violence subscales. These results suggest that coming from a divorced family may have lasting effects on later relationships of these individuals, particularly in conflict resolution.
Language in Differential Diagnosis of a Teenage Schizophrenic Girl with Aspects of Multiple Personality
Authors: Hersh Mindy , Atlas Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2011

Diagnosis of a teenage schizophrenic girl showed many features of her language and behavior mimicked the presentation of a Dissociative Personality Disorder. These aspects were secondary to the primary schizophrenic disorder and treated via a multimodal approach combining pharmacotherapy, individual, family, and milieu therapy. Implications are drawn for tailoring verbal interventions to such overdetermined conditions.
Manipulations of Evaluative Rating Scales to Increase Validity
Authors: Klockars Alan J. , Hancock Gregory R.
Published: August 2011

Standard five-point rating scales often do not allow raters to capture perceived differences between objects or individuals within a relatively narrow band of the evaluative dimension. In the frequency domain, using a longer rating scale or packing the rating scale with labels from a particular portion of the dimension of interest have both been shown by Hancock and Klockars in 1991 to increase rating validity for differentiating among a narrow range of performances. The present study investigates the effect of similar manipulations on the validity of ratings from evaluative rating scales. The correlations of evaluative ratings with experimentally manipulated (and hence known) performance tended to be fairly high regardless of the evaluative scale used.
Estimating Pattern Similarity for Correlation Matrices from Differing Neuropsychiatric Populations
Authors: Fowler Patrick C. , MacCiocchi Stephen N. , Ranseen John D.
Published: August 2011

The present example illustrates a method for assessing pattern similarity for correlation matrices from populations known to differ in clinically important respects. The data underlying previously published confirmatory factor analyses of neuropsychological traits are presented in two methods for assessing whether the matrices are similar enough to justify their aggregation into a single composite matrix. The significance of this procedure for research in applied neuropsychology is commented upon in terms of the benefits to model diagnostics.
Hematological Changes and Severity of Aggression in Black and White Forensic Patients
Authors: Spitz Reuben T. , Foster Hilliard G. , Hillbrand Marc
Published: August 2011

Analysis of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and red blood-cell count for a group of 46 black and 59 white male forensic patients showed significant hematological differences between the groups, with white patients demonstrating higher mean values for all four measures.
Violations of Human Rights and Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 28 nations, the extent of human rights violations was associated with homicide rates but not with suicide rates.
Nondirective Counseling Interventions with Schizophrenics
Authors: Gerwood Joseph B.
Published: August 2011

Counseling interventions with paranoid schizophrenics can be daunting. While chemical, directive, and behavioral controls often are considered important, nondirective counseling techniques used by the therapeutic staff may help schizophrenic patients explore their thoughts and feelings. Several nondirective concepts pioneered by Carl Rogers are examined. These methods, which represent basic concepts of the person-centered approach, are empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. A brief illustration of an interaction with a patient diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic is presented to suggest the effectiveness of Rogerian counseling.
Economists' Uses for Cognitive Dissonance: An Interdisciplinary Note
Authors: Davis William L.
Published: August 2011

Since its publication in 1957, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Festinger has generated much discussion and debate among psychologists. In recent years economists have begun employing this theory to explain economic behavior and various other economic issues. This research note summarizes some of the economic studies in which cognitive dissonance has been employed. As discussed, the application of this theory is gaining some popularity with economists.
Depressive Symptomatology and Interaction Behaviors of Mothers Having a Child with Disabilities
Authors: Smith Timothy B. , Innocenti Mark S. , Boyce Glenna C. , Smith Cindy S.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has indicated that parents who raise children having disabilities report greater emotional distress than other parents. To investigate the association between symptoms of depression and maternal behaviors, interactions between 48 mothers and children having disabilities were rated. Measures of maternal depression and child functioning were also administered. Analyses indicated that mothers reported a relatively large number of symptoms often associated with depression. However, reports of depressive symptomatology were not meaningfully related to the children's developmental status or parent-child interaction behaviors.
Strategic Clarity in Banking: Role of Top Management-Team Demography
Authors: Bantel Karen A
Published: August 2011

The relationship between the demographic composition of the top management team and strategic clarity was analyzed using data from a sample of retail banks. The demographic characteristics of education, homogeneity in age and tenure, and heterogeneity in educational major and functional background were analyzed. Controlling for organizational size and firms' performance, banks with a clear strategy are characterized by top management teams that are heterogeneous on education major and functional background. These results suggest support for the benefits of cognitive diversity for top managers engaged in strategic decision making.
Social Desirability Correlates for Acceptance of Rape Myth
Authors: Spohn Rebecca B.
Published: August 2011

To examine the social desirability correlates for acceptance of rape myths, university students, 134 women and 56 men, completed the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The mean score on the former was 98.8 and for the latter 14.3. Over-all, scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were not significantly correlated with scores on the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale ( r = .10). Values were .03 for women and .16 for men.
Further Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear Questionnaire: Responses of College Students
Authors: Osman Augustine , Barrios Francisco X. , Osman Joylene R. , Markway Kathy
Published: August 2011

This study presents evidence for the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Fear Questionnaire for college undergraduates. Fit indices of the 4-and 5-factor models identified previously were inadequate. Exploratory principal components analysis identified three factors, using data from Sample 1 ( n = 208). LISREL confirmatory factor analyses supported generalizability of the three-factor model to Sample 2 ( n = 200). Satisfactory reliability coefficients were obtained for the factor-derived subscales. Significant gender differences were obtained on 4 of the 15 items but not on the factor subscales. Finally, we examined the correlations between scores on the scale and on other measures of social anxiety, social desirability, and general psychological distress of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Present results suggest that the Fear Questionnaire is a valuable research instrument for a nonclinical sample.
The Depression-Happiness Scale
Authors: McGreal Rita , Joseph Stephen
Published: August 2011

It is argued that there is a need for a measure which can quantify a continuum of affect and which is able to assess current frequency of mood for use in survey research with the general population. In a preliminary attempt to develop such a scale, a 40-item questionnaire containing items thought to tap feelings of depression and happiness was completed by 200 young people whose mean score on the Beck Depression Inventory was within that expected of a normal population. On the basis of factor analytic data, the 25 highest loading items were selected for inclusion into a bipolar Depression-Happiness Scale which was shown to have good internal reliability and concurrent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory.
Social Motives and the Use of Influence Attempts
Authors: Betz Brian
Published: August 2011

30 cooperators and 30 competitors were allowed to send a variety of influence attempts to a simulated other during a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Cooperators preferred the use of promises, whereas competitors preferred the use of threats.
A Factor Analysis of Advertising Practitioners' Perceptions of Advertising Ethics
Authors: Pratt Cornelius B. , James E. Lincoln
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the perceptions of advertising ethics among 460 members of the American Advertising Federation. A principal components factor analysis of members' perceptions, measured by 17 statements, produced four factors of “agencies' standards,” “active public responsibility,” “advertising claims,” and “agencies' social responsibility.” These factors, then used as composite independent variables in a forward stepwise multiple-regression analysis, showed that Factor 3 (“advertising claims”) was the best predictor of the application of deontological (or nonconsequential) ethics to ethically troublesome situations in advertising. Implications of these results for advertising ethics are outlined and suggestions for further research are offered.
Vulnerability to Psychologial Distress: Empirical and Conceptual Distinctions between Measures of Neuroticism and Negative Affect
Authors: McLennan Jim , Bates Glen W.
Published: August 2011

In two studies, 97 and 176 individuals (47 men and 50 women, M age 34.2 yr.; and 88 men and 88 women, M age 34.8) known to have experienced a recent period of psychological distress were compared with otherwise similar individuals who reported no such experience on measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and positive and negative affect. In both studies the neuroticism measure was a significant independent discriminator between the groups while the negative affect measure was not. This suggests that (a) measures of neuroticism tap factors additional to those tapped by scales measuring only levels of characteristic negative affect and (b) these factors are related to individual differences in vulnerability to psychological distress.
A Test of the Performance Implications of Locus of Control and Task Orientation in the Not-for-Profit Sector
Authors: Adeyemi-Bello Tope
Published: August 2011

The effects of locus of control and task orientation on performance were examined for 29 Southern Baptist ministers. The Leadership Style Questionnaire and Rotter's scale measured task orientation and locus of control, respectively. Multiple-regression analysis indicated that the pastors with internal locus of control and high task orientation were more likely to have growing parishes.
Scale for the Prediction of Aggression and Dangerousness in Psychotic Patients, an Introduction
Authors: Bjørkly Stål
Published: August 2011

The design and theoretical bases of the Scale for the Prediction of Aggression and Dangerousness in Psychotic Patients (PAD) are described. The scale is based on an interactional understanding of aggressive behaviour in psychotic patients. This model emphasizes detailed analyses of each patient's situational and interactional vulnerability, in addition to personality variables, for improved prediction of aggressive behaviour. Situational vulnerability is thus defined as increased likelihood to act aggressively towards others in a given interaction. Based on 29 items grouped in 7 main categories, the PAD scores describe a patient's profile of interactional vulnerability. Empirical data from the clinical and research application of PAD at a special secure unit for dangerous patients are presented.
Heinz Dilemma? Let the Subject Choose!
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Pitts Shane
Published: August 2011

This description of a novel approach for studying the validity of Kohlberg's sequential and hierarchical theory of moral development involved 138 boys and 113 girls (14 to 18 years old) choosing a solution among 12 to Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma instead of being assigned one by an interviewer. The results were not supportive of the theory. The methodology of research on moral development needs to be examined.
Psychosocial Modifiers of Psychopathology for Domestically Violent and Nonviolent Men
Authors: Hastings James E. , Hamberger L. Kevin
Published: August 2011

Personality characteristics of 99 domestically violent and 71 nonviolent men were studied, using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and controlling for premorbid history. Men with poor premorbid backgrounds from 3 groups ( ns = 66, 12, and 23) showed more elevations on the Millon inventory than men with good premorbid backgrounds ( ns = 33, 20, and 48). However, over-all, batterers showed more Millon elevations than nonviolent men. These findings point to the need to control psychosocial variables when studying personality characteristics of batterers.
Gender Differences and Similarities in Coping Responses to Anticipated Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Burley Kim A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships among gender, coping, and anticipated work-family conflict for career-bound men and women. 256 university students enrolled in a university in northern Louisiana participated. Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to examine (a) potential gender differences with respect to anticipated work-family conflict and work-family coping mechanisms and (b) the role coping processes may play in mediating the relationship between gender and anticipated work-family conflict. The results indicated significant differences between the sexes with respect to anticipated work-family conflict as well as to expected use of various coping strategies to manage anticipated work-family conflict. Contrary to expectations, coping strategies did not mediate the relationship between gender and work-family conflict. The issue of coping as a mediator variable as well as the study's primary implications for students and professional educators are addressed.
Methods of Suicide Used by Irish and Japanese Samples: A Cross-Cultural Study from 1964 to 1979
Authors: Snyder M. L. , Capello H.
Published: August 2011

In this study were compared 8 methods of suicide by sex in three different nations over a 16-yr. period. Frequencies by sex showed statistically significant preference for method of suicide. Trend analyses by method of suicide by sex and nation indicated 19 were statistically significant.
Anal Personality Traits and Science A-Levels: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

The relationship between anal personality traits and choice of science A-levels was examined in 23 Hindu, 48 Muslim, and 36 Protestant sixth-form students (plus 31 others) to replicate and extend the 1971 findings of Kline. Subjects were administered questionnaire measures of anal personality traits and assigned to either a science or art group depending on A-levels studied. No significant mean differences were found on the obsessional measure between the science and the art students within any of the religious groups, or in the total sample. Kline's findings were not replicated.
Validity of the MMPI-2 Depression Content Scale with Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Boone Daniel E.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent and construct validity of the MMPI-2 Depression content scale was examined for a group of 62 psychiatric inpatients. Correlation coefficients with other measures of depression, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and suicide ideation ranged from .58 to .66 and were statistically significant. Also, the Depression content scale successfully differentiated patients according to psychiatric diagnosis (depressed versus nondepressed) and assessed suicide risk (at risk versus not at risk). Thus, the concurrent and construct validities of the scale were supported.
Reducing Bias in Personnel Selection Decisions: Positive Effects of Attention to Irrelevant Information
Authors: Gibbs Travis R. , Riggs Matt L.
Published: August 2011

173 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Group 1 ( n = 43) received a description of general objective criteria for the job of police officer. Group 2 ( n = 43) received additional information describing variables relevant to the valid prediction of job performance and were instructed to pay attention to those variables. Group 3 ( n = 46) received additional information describing those variables not valid for job selection and were instructed to attend to those. Group 4 ( n = 41) received the descriptions of and instructions to focus on both relevant and irrelevant variables. All subjects then rated 4 fictitious job applicants on the basis of application materials that were manipulated in reference to both their relevant/valid qualifications and their irrelevant/stereotypical fit to the job. Analysis indicated that subjects attending to irrelevant information rated applicants more objectively. Assuming these results generalize to cognitive processes that occur among actual personnel managers, findings suggest that training raters to attend to rather than ignore irrelevant information may help reduce bias in personnel selection.
Validating the Street Survival Skills Questionnaire
Authors: Janniro Frances , Sapp Gary L. , Kohler Maxie P.
Published: August 2011

The utility of the Street Survival Skills Questionnaire was investigated using a sample of 18 trainable mentally retarded males attending public schools. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed among the total scores, four standard scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale—Survey Form, and three Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised IQs. The Street Skills scores correlated significantly with Vineland Daily Living scores and WISC—R Full Scale and Performance IQs; however, nonsignificant relationships were obtained with WISC—R Verbal IQs, Vineland Composite scores, Communication Domain scores, and Socialization Domain scores. The use of the questionnaire in assessment of adaptive behavior was supported but within a narrow scope, i.e., daily or functional living knowledge.
Change in the Feminist Movement: From Freedom to Puritanism
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

The early days of the feminist movement supported freedom, but contemporary feminism presents a strong puritanical streak, fostered by emphasis on sexual harassment and pornography.
Cross-Validating a Causal Model Relating Attributional Style, Self-Esteem, and Depression: An Heuristic Study
Authors: Romney David M.
Published: August 2011

Pillow, West, and Reich, using path analysis in 1991, were unable to confirm the causal model predicted from the reformulated learned helplessness theory of Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale which links the dimensions of attributional style with self-esteem and depression. Because their failure to confirm the model may have been due to their using normal subjects instead of psychiatric patients, the model was retested in the present study on psychiatric patients, many of whom had been diagnosed as depressed. Although the Abramson, et al. model was once again not confirmed, neither was the alternative model proposed by Pillow, et al. The model that fitted the data best in this study differed from both of these models and indicated that all three attributional dimensions affect depression solely through the mediation of self-esteem.
Pregnancy Termination, Perceived Control, and Perinatal Grief
Authors: Hunfeld J. A. M. , Wladimiroff J. W. , Passchier J.
Published: August 2011

In a group of 30 women who underwent induced delivery after they had been informed of a lethal fetal anomaly, 18 women reported that this was the outcome of a clear decision process and 12 reported that they had no choice. In contrast to findings in other research areas, the experience of having perceived control was not associated with lower grief scores three months after perinatal loss.
Comparison of Indonesian and American College Students' Attitudes toward Homosexuality
Authors: Kyes Kelly B. , Tumbelaka Ligaya
Published: August 2011

Indonesian and U.S. college students were compared to assess whether an interaction of sex of subject by sex of target on attitudes toward homosexuals would be replicated cross-culturally. The Indonesian sample was expected to hold more traditional attitudes toward women's gender-role behavior which was expected to override the interaction of sex of subject by sex of target. Knowledge of AIDS was expected to be correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals. Analysis showed that the interaction of sex of subject by sex of homosexual target was present in both samples. Knowledge of AIDS was correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals for the U.S. sample but not for the Indonesian sample. Attitudes toward women's gender-roles were correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals in both samples.
Social Acceptance by Their Peers of Children with Mental Retardation
Authors: Rothlisberg Barbara A. , Hill Ruth , D'Amato Rik Carl
Published: August 2011

Students' willingness to befriend a child with mental retardation was investigated using written vignettes of students said to be enrolling in the subjects' school. In the control condition, all stories described the incoming students as non-labeled peers. In the experimental condition, half of the descriptions of new classmates included the addition of the label mentally retarded. Subjects were asked to make a behavioral commitment to befriend an incoming student assuming that the child would be joining their class. Chi-squared analysis indicated that the addition of the label to a description of a child significantly reduced the frequency of that child's being selected by subjects, particularly boys. The data suggested that the label may inhibit students' willingness to accept labeled peers socially.
GPA and Preference in Conditioning Live vs Computer Rats
Authors: Roeckelein Jon E.
Published: August 2011

A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed to study the influence on laboratory animal conditioning of student-experimenters' grade point average (GPA) and preference for type of rat (live vs computer). Analysis of data from research methods classes showed significant main effects of type of rat on conditioning scores. Preference for live rats was associated with better conditioning scores when working with live rats than when working with computer rats. It is suggested that experimenters' characteristics such as expectancy and personal preference for type of laboratory animal are important variables in laboratory conditioning studies.
Category-Based versus Piecemeal Processes Underlying Evaluations of Restaurants
Authors: Lee Moonkyu
Published: August 2011

This study tested Fiske and her colleagues' impression-formation model in the evaluations of stores. 280 undergraduate students in a business school served as subjects. As the inconsistency between a store and its associated category schema increased, the store was evaluated more slowly, fewer categorization responses were generated, more attribute-oriented responses were produced, the correlation between over-all judgments and category affect became lower, and the correlation between over-all judgments and attribute evaluations became higher, so the results generally supported the prior model of Fiske, et al.
Role of Behaviorally Descriptive Adjectives in Description of Personality
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Fava Joseph L.
Published: August 2011

Behaviorally descriptive adjectives and personality trait terms have been analyzed periodically by many psychological researchers and practitioners during the last half of this century. This analysis of personality-descriptive adjectives and terms has led to the development of several widely used adjective checklists for personality assessment and the postulation and the construct validation of several personality models. Foremost among the adjective checklists have been the 1948 Activity Vector Analysis (AVA), the 1950 Adjective Check List (ACL), and the more recent Personality Adjective Check List (PACL) in 1987. The first descriptions and reports of their developmental and validation research appeared in the professional refereed literature, respectively by Clarke in 1956, Gough in 1960, and Strack in 1987. The ACL contains 300 adjectives, various forms of the AVA contain 81 to 87 adjectives, and the PACL contains 153 adjectives. The dimensionality of personality models and the number of scales interpreted in the protocols from these instruments have either remained stable as in the case of AVA (4 dimensions, 6 scales) or have been quite variable over time. For example, the ACL was originally 5-dimensional with 6 scales being interpreted. Currently, the ACL yields 37 interpretable scales, and the PACL perhaps a 5-factor structure.
Bulimic Women's Perceptions of Interaction within Their Families
Authors: Waller Glenn
Published: August 2011

The association between women's perceptions of the interaction within their families and symptomatology related to eating was investigated in a case series of 81 women suffering from bulimic disorders. Bingeing was more frequent when the family was perceived to have poor problem-solving skills but was less frequent when the women perceived their families as having a more cohesive style. In contrast, abnormal restriction of intake was linked, although not significantly, to the converse pattern of perceived interaction within the family—greater when the family was relatively cohesive and lower when the family had good problem-solving skills The same family characteristics appear to be ‘risky’ for some symptoms and ‘protective’ against others.
Applicability of the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines to Hospitalized Adolescents
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Postelnek Jill
Published: August 2011

Administration of the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines to 14 adolescent girls showed that the 10 who had chart diagnoses of Borderline Personality Disorder or such features earned significantly higher scores than the 4 nonborderline adolescents. The small sample warrants replication but results suggest the interview seems appropriate in research with adolescent girls.
Gender Differences in Dream Perspectives
Authors: Soper Barlow , Rosenthal Gary T. , Milford Gary E.
Published: August 2011

A study exploring gender differences in self-reported dream perspectives was performed with 282 college students. Significantly more of the 164 women reported dreaming exclusively in first person and more of the 114 men exclusively in third person Also, gender differences were found for those who dreamed in mixed perspective, a combination of first- and third-person points of view. Possible reasons for these differences were suggested and further research posited.
Reconceptualizing Support Systems for Persons with Challenging Behaviors
Authors: Parette Howard P. , Holt Judith M. , Smith Tom E. C.
Published: August 2011

As human service systems attempt to integrate persons with disabilities, particularly those with challenging behaviors, into the mainstream of society, use of positive behavioral supports must be implemented. Training of persons in the formal and informal support systems must also be reconceptualized in the context of using positive behavioral supports. This paper addresses some current issues related to the use of such supports and training in the delivery of human services.
Influence of Sexual Preference Cues on Rating Applicants for a Teaching Position
Authors: Lyons Arthur , Atwood Julie Anderson
Published: August 2011

Subjects differentially evaluated one excellently qualified candidate for a teaching position in Grade 4 as a function of varied informal notes attached to an application. The three variations were heterosexually cued behaviors, homosexually cued behaviors, and no cues. This application was presented along with four other standardized applications to which informal notes were also attached. The application was rated most favorably by the subjects when the heterosexually cued behaviors were present, and least favorably when homosexually cued behaviors were present. In addition, men displayed more discriminative behaviors in their ratings than did women.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory—II
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur , Magner Nace R.
Published: August 2011

Confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 7 of data from 1,219 managers on the 28 items of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory–II provided support for the convergent and discriminant validities of this instrument which measures the styles of handling interpersonal conflict and their invariance across referent roles and organizational levels.
An Analysis of Categorization Style in Preschoolers
Authors: Morgan James T. , Greene Terry R.
Published: August 2011

The main objective of this study was to assess age differences in the formation of conceptual categories by preschool children. Specifically, a sorting task, a categorization task, and a verbal task were administered to test the role of verbal mediation in the categorization style of children of two age groups: 2- to 3-yr.-olds and 4- to 5-yr.-olds. When provided only perceptual information, both groups of children categorized objects according to visual similarity. When verbal information was also provided, the 4- to 5-yr.-old group ignored visual similarity and categorized conceptually; verbal mediation had a minimal effect on the 2- to 3-yr.-old group. Children in both age groups categorized items conceptually when only verbal information was provided. These data suggest that children as young as 2 to 3 years old understand conceptual categorization but may prefer to categorize perceptually. Thus, categorization style may be a function of task demands as well as competence. A second objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of using videotaped presentations of material to young children in place of more traditional modes of presentation. The results suggested that the use of videotape appears to be an attractive alternative because it has the advantage of maintaining attention for significant periods of time without performance decrement.