bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Relevance of Personality Characteristics in Persons With Dementia: A Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Twigg Prudence , Burgener Sandy C. , Popovich Ann
Published: March 2007

Studies of personality and outcomes in persons with dementia (PWD) have focused primarily on disease stages or change from premorbid personality following diagnosis. Data from a longitudinal study of 96 caregiver/PWD dyads was used to evaluate psychometric properties of two personality measures: one rated by proxies, the other by PWD. Proxy ratings indicate change in strength of personality traits across disease stages; self-ratings were stable, excepting decreased extroversion. Items detracting from reliability of some subscales reflected disease-related changes in PWD rather than true shifts in personality. Findings support importance of collecting both proxy and self-ratings of personality, examining individual items contributing to low reliability, and evaluating change in personality within the context of expected changes inherent in dementia.
A Case Study of Resistiveness to Care and Elderspeak
Authors: Cunningham Jacqueline , Williams Kristine N.
Published: March 2007

Resistiveness to care (RTC) by persons with dementia significantly adds to subjective and objective burden for caregivers and may be triggered by environmental factors, including communication. This case study evaluated behavioral responses of a nursing home resident with dementia to nursing staff use of elderspeak communication (infantilizing speech). Four videotaped staff-resident interactions that were previously recorded were coded for staff elderspeak communication and resident RTC. Total elderspeak scores (M= 29.5,SD= 25.74) and RTC scores (M= 8.75,SD= 13.79) were correlatedr= 0.93,p= .03. This preliminary single-subject observational study suggests a relationship between staff elderspeak communication and RTC in a nursing home resident with dementia that warrants further investigation. Limitations include the use of a convenient case study sample with inability to control time of day, medications, different care activities, staff characteristics, and other factors. Knowledge about communication in dementia care may inform nursing care practices to overcome behavioral symptoms such as RTC and improve quality of life for individuals with dementia and working conditions for nursing staff.
Reframing Person-Centered Nursing Care for Persons With Dementia
Authors: Penrod Janice , Yu Fang , Kolanowski Ann , Fick Donna M. , Loeb Susan J. , Hupcey Judith E.
Published: March 2007

Alzheimer’s dementia manifests in a complex clinical presentation that has been addressed from both biomedical and phenomenological perspectives. Although each of these paradigmatic perspectives has contributed to advancement of the science, neither is adequate for theoretically framing a person-centered approach to nursing care. The need-driven dementia-compromised behavior (NDB) model is discussed as an exemplar of midrange nursing theory that promotes the integration of these paradigmatic views to promote a new level of excellence in person-centered dementia care. Clinical application of the NDB promotes a new level of praxis, or thoughtful action, in the care of persons with dementia.
Mother-Father Concordance on Treatment Choices in the Care of Sick Children under Five Years of Age in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Olaogun A. A. E. , Brieger W. R. , Obianjuwa P. O. , Ayoola A. B. , Adebayo S. O.
Published: March 2007

Communication and agreement between spouses has been found to be an important factor in terms of acceptance and use of family planning services and supplies. Therefore, it is likely that agreement between spouses may play an important role in other aspects of family health, including care of childhood illness. This study, based in a rural and an urban community in Osun State, Nigeria, set out to determine the agreement between mothers and fathers on the illness experience and care provided to their preschool age children. Among the 550 couples studied, most mothers (98%) and fathers (94%) reported that they “did something” to help during their child's recent illness. The illness was recognized first by the mothers according to 83% of respondents. Overall, 81% of couples concurred that the mother was the first to discover the illness. Concurrence was greater in urban areas and where fathers read a newspaper frequently. Only 45% concurred on who took the decision for first action to address the illness, which again was greater in the urban area and in families where the father read a newspaper frequently. Parents also were not in full agreement about the name of the child's illness, but concurrence was greater in the case of malaria/fever. Finally, concurrence on the actual first form of treatment care reached only 36%. Most concurrent couples and non-concurrent mothers mentioned drug shops/chemists as the first source of care, while non-concurrent fathers placed government clinics first. While mothers are likely to be the main caregivers, fathers do have decision making and financial roles. Not only should health education for appropriate and prompt care of child illnesses be aimed equally are both parents, it should also recognize that fathers may have different perceptions from mothers. Education should also encourage better couple communication.
Women, Museums, and the Public Sphere
Authors: Malt Carol
Published: March 2007

As more women enter the museum profession in the MENA countries, they are using their influence as instruments of change to put forward issues of women’s equality in museum programs, displays, and publications and thus ultimately help shape the future image and status of women.
Engendering or Endangering Politics in Algeria? Salima Ghezali, Louisa Hanoune and Khalida Messaoudi
Authors: Cheref Abdelkader
Published: March 2007

When, in the early 1990s, Ali Benhadj, the most media-exposed Algerian opponent and the second-in-command in the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), declared that “Louisa Hanoune is the only man in the Algerian opposition,” he meant to deride the rest of the opposition to the regime in Algeria. Equally, he acknowledged the rise of active women who have been fighting to make their voices heard and to break into the public sphere, which has so often been judged as men’s sphere.

Armed with professional expertise, social science data, and political commitment, these women campaigned for sociopolitical change and denounced injustices, abuses of power, and political violence. Yet, women like Salima Ghezali, Louisa Hanoune and Messaoudi Khalida developed different definitions and visions of sociopolitical progress, and those differences led to conflict. Paradoxically, these divisions multiplied the forms of their activism and thereby expanded their influence in the public sphere.

Of course, not all these women activists were critical; fundamental tendencies in a postcolonial context, I want to make a clear-cut distinction between “functional women activists,” who serve to reproduce and legitimate the values of the regime, and “criticaloppositional women,” who oppose and combat the existing order. This paper also explores the ways the Algerian regime has tried to maneuver women’s organizations, such as the main state association, whose raison d’être supposedly represents women’s needs within a gendered civil society, and how many women leaders have been instrumental in keeping a modern façade.
The Centrality and Marginalization of Women in the Political Discourse of Arab Nationalists and Islamists
Authors: Browers Michaelle
Published: March 2007

A series of forums have put Arab nationalists and Islamists in dialogue and contributed to the construction of discursive frames that facilitate cooperation in mobilizing support and in confronting various issues of common concern. However, the “women question” presents a consistent point of contention—and one that continually emerges, despite attempts to avoid or shelve the issue. This article examines how the discursive frames that sustain this cross-ideological alliance both hinder a substantial engagement of women and women’s interests at that same time that they render the issue of women unavoidable. In the context of a cross-ideological oppositional alliance in Yemen that has been largely fostered by the conferences, this enduring tension over women seems to have created just enough space to push the issue of women’s right to representation as political candidates forward among all the parties to the alliance.
Criminal-Women and Mother-Women: Sociocultural Transformations and the Critique of Criminality in Early Post-World War II Iran
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes one of the first book-length Iranian treatises on female criminality, Qadisih Hijāzi’s Barrisi-yi jarā’im-i zan dar Irān (1962), to show how in the eyes of contemporary Iranian cultural critics and social scientists, female criminality was prefigured by gender deviance. The “criminal-woman” was a failed “mother-woman”: female criminality was seen to be a recent phenomenon, the ultimate result of the presumably negative transformative impact of modern life on gender roles, marriage patterns, and family structures. Hijāzi’s premise that modern life is a danger makes her text part of a general critique of the rapid sociocultural transformation of modern urban society, linking it to a presumably biological but essentially social definition of women as mothers.
Trauma and Maturation in Women’s War Narratives: The Eye of the Mirror and Cracking India
Authors: Rastegar Kamran
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of Liana Badr’s The Eye of the Mirror and Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India shows that these two novels present intriguingly similar feminist frameworks through which the traumas of war and communal violence may be addressed. They do so by erasing the distinction between literary work and critical social history, producing what we may term counterhistories of the Lebanese Civil War and the Partition of India. In both of these novels, a girl upon the verge of sexual maturation sees the eruption of violence in the society around her to be fundamentally analogous to the inherent violence that accompanies the new social role she is being thrust into as a woman—this is achieved through the presentation of the narrative from the character’s “naïve perspective.” These and the other literary strategies in the texts destabilize what is anticipated in the predominant war narrative, by linking the political, oft en nationalist violence of these stories to the intimate violence sustaining the structures of patriarchal social institutions within which the characters exist.
(Some) Turkish Transnationalism(s) in an Age of Capitalist Globalization and Empire
Authors: Arat-Koç Sedef
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes that regional feminisms would be productive in avoiding some of the problems of “global feminism” or the co-opted shapes feminist transnationalism might take when it serves the priorities of international organizations or imperial powers. While Middle Eastern feminists would especially benefit from regional transnational links—given the nature of the social, economic, political, and geopolitical challenges that face the women and the people of the region in an age of capitalist globalization and empire—the paper warns that some dominant feminisms in the region may not be up to the task. The focus of the paper is on “white Turk” identity and ideology which have emerged in Turkey since the 1980s and have significantly influenced political and intellectual orientations among intellectuals, including liberal feminists. It is argued that this influence negatively impacts the capacity of liberal feminism both to articulate inclusive analysis and politics that would address different groups of Turkish women and to relate to other feminist groups in the Middle East.
Dispersed Nationalism
Authors: Mojab Shahrzad , Gorman Rachel
Published: March 2007

In this paper we provide an analysis of Kurdish women’s organizing in the diaspora, highlighting the tension between “homeland” and “host-land” nationalisms, patriarchy, and feminism. This is the first feminist-transnational study of the experience of Kurdish women participating in a modern nation-building process in the Kurdish region of northern Iraq in the period of 1991–2003. The study is based on fieldwork among Kurdish women in Canada, Britain, Sweden, and Iraqi Kurdistan. We have analyzed the activities of four women’s organizations in the diaspora and have traced the impact of these organizations on the events and politics unfolding in the region. We have also observed and documented the impact of homeland politics on these diaspora organizations, paying special attention to the gendered influence exerted by Kurdish political parties. The theoretical contributions of this paper are twofold: One, we argue that diaspora should be understood as a historical rather than only a cultural phenomenon. Second, diaspora and transnationalism are both historical and political categories of social organization which involve a complex of national, international, and transnational political-economic relations.
Product and Producer of Palestinian History
Authors: Sayigh Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This paper examines representations of “self” embodied in the life histories of women members of a Palestinian refugee camp community in Lebanon. Stereotypes of “self” are inherently ambivalent (Guttman 1988) as sites of both subjection and resistance. This ambivalence is strongly exemplified around the Palestinian refugee identity (to submit or to resist?); and again, though in different terms, for women members of refugee communities. (In camps, gender conservatism was multi-sourced, forming a link with Palestine, a boundary differentiating Palestinians from the “host” population, and resistance to coercive change.) The Palestinian resistance movement, like other twentieth-century anti-colonialist national movements, rigidified gender “tradition” as a key element of cultural nationalism, while political and economic mobilization gave women new scope for action and for “voice.” The life stories of women of Shatila camp, recorded soon after its destruction during the “Battle of the Camps” (1995–98), reveal “self” stereotypes that express historic continuity with Palestine as well as the specificity of Lebanon as diaspora region, characterized by PLO autonomy from 1970 to 1982, and high levels of violence against camp Palestinians in particular. Analysis of the “self” stereotypes (and of their absence) points to a “collectivization” of personal narratives, as well as factors such as social status, age, educational level and degree of patriotism that differentiate the speakers in terms of presentation of the “self” and narrative coherence. Clear challenges to gender ideology are present in two of the life stories.
Feeds and Feed Additives, Pet Foods
Authors: Corbin James ,   Updated by Staff
Published: March 2007

Studies have provided extensive information about the nutritional requirements of dogs and cats. Commercial pet food is available in canned, semimoist, and dry forms; dry food may be either pelleted or extruded. Pet food formulations contain as many as 50 nutrient (amino acids, fats, fibers, etc) and nonnutrient (antioxidants, flavor enhancers, etc) additives. The Association of American Feed Control Officials has developed nutrient profiles for dog and cat foods. Labeling regulations as well as the safety of pet food is included.
Thermal Pollution
Authors: Coutant Charles C.
Published: March 2007

Thermal pollution is the addition of heat to water bodies by human activities, particularly by thermal electricity generating stations. This heat raises water temperatures, which can affect aquatic life in many ways, including survival, growth, activity, reproduction, and community composition. Many of these effects are sufficiently understood to indicate thermal limits for aquatic‐life protection. Efforts to control high temperatures can lead to other risks related to water use (eg, physical effects of entrainment and impingement or several effects of closed‐cycle cooling), resulting in a need to balance risks. There are potential beneficial uses of waste heat, ranging from heating buildings to warm‐water agriculture and aquaculture. With adequate planning, the location and design of power stations can maximize benefits and minimize ecological risks.
Systematic changes in the rate of instruction during driver training
Authors: Groeger John A. , Clegg Benjamin A.
Published: March 2007

Relatively little empirical evidence exists concerning variations in the quantity of instruction across learning in complex, real‐world tasks. Examination of driving instructors' remarks to pupils during actual lessons indicated the rate of comment declined in a coherent fashion across training, most consistent with a power function. The presence of a power law is reminiscent of learning functions found from studies in other skill domains when using indexes of performance, and suggests that quantity of instruction therefore might be used to assay the performance in complex tasks. The implications of these findings, for both basic and applied research, are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Mound to Sponge: How Peter Cook Explores Landscape Buildings
Authors: Spens Michael
Published: March 2007

While his fellow Archigram designers were hooked into new technologies, Peter Cook was heading his own private investigation into landscape. Michael Spens traces Cook's preoccupation with site from the aptly named Mound of 1964 through to his Sponge City earthscape of 1974. The project continues with Cook's recent Oslo Patch. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Architectural Horizons
Authors: Pallasmaa Juhani
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the over‐intellectualisation of architecture has detached it ‘from its experiential, embodied and emotive ground’. Juhani Pallasmaa provides a template for architecture and landscape design that enables a stronger continuum between our outer and inner landscapes, drawing on historic and modern artistic inspirations alike. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban American Landscape
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: March 2007

Landscape architecture has emerged from the deep sleep it entered during the Modernist period and remained in for most of the 20th century. Now, valued because of the environmental movement, stimulated by collaborations with architects and artists, and presented with opportunities to transform abandoned industrial sites, landscape architects are enthusiastically producing new kinds of parks on brownfields, along waterfronts, even on rooftops and in garbage dumps. Jayne Merkel here looks at ways the designed landscape is creating outdoor public space in a country where it has not always been valued. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toronto Waterfront Revitalisation
Authors: Stanwick Sean
Published: March 2007

Sean Stanwick, the co‐author with Jennifer Flores of a new defining book on Toronto – Design City Toronto, published by John Wiley & Sons – describes how West 8 and Canadian practice du Toit Allsopp Hillier (DTAH) are reviving the city's engagement with its waterfront. Could the lakeshore scheme be aspiring to a new waterside on a par with those of its North American neighbours such as New York and Chicago? Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operationalising Patch Dynamics
Authors: Marshall Victoria , McGrath Brian
Published: March 2007

Victoria Marshall and Brian McGrath have developed and transferred the ecological model of ‘patch dynamics’ to urban landscape design. It is an approach that stresses the resilient, flexible and adaptable nature of cities, interacting with a ‘notion of disturbance ecology rather than a benign nature’. Here they apply their design approach to Hoboken, on the New Jersey Gold Coast, which, only a hop and a skip from Manhattan, directly across the Hudson from the Financial District, remains culturally and economically diverse. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Works by Bernard Lassus
Authors: Conan Michel
Published: March 2007

At the forefront of innovative French landscape design, Bernard Lassus has developed a uniquely modern ethos. Working in the context of a multicultural society, he sets out to create ‘rational approaches that anchor the lives of men and women in nature and history’. Michel Conan describes how this is played out in his projects for the new town area of Sarcelles, the landscaping of the French motorways and in the gardens of an international headquarters in Boulogne‐Billancourt, near Paris. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep Explorations Into Site/Non‐Site: The Work of Gustafson Porter
Authors: Spens Michael
Published: March 2007

Light and water are generally regarded as the signature elements of Kathryn Gustafson's work. Michael Spens highlights here how in recent projects with London‐based partner Neil Porter, Gustafson has also developed a particular sensitivity to the specifics of site and context. This has led to strong narrative interpretations that are most apparent in the use of memory and history in their two projects for Beirut and their evocation of natural ecosystems in the Gardens by the Bay for Singapore. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landscapes of the Second Nature: Emptiness as a Non‐Site Space
Authors: Spens Michael
Published: March 2007

For Florian Beigel and Philip Christou of the Architecture Research Unit (ARU), based at London Metropolitan University, an experimental project in Leipzig proved formative in the gestation of ideas for a much larger‐scale project in South Korea. The Paju Book City near Seoul is nothing less than a city of publishers, encompassing production houses, printers, warehouses and editorial offices on a wetland site surrounded by mountains. Michael Spens describes this remarkable project here and finds its only conceivable precedent in the narrative‐based poetics of place evoked by Italo Calvino in the fable of Invisible Cities.1 Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impressions of New Orleans
Authors: Spens Christiana
Published: March 2007

In August 2005, 80 per cent of New Orleans was devastated by flood damage precipitated by Hurricane Katrina. Christiana Spens was on a college exchange in Memphis when the hurricane hit. Here she gives her impressions of the city in the wake of the storm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is There a Digital Future Landscape Terrain?
Authors: Holm Lorens , Guzzardo Paul
Published: March 2007

Lorens Holm and Paul Guzzardo speculate on a future landscape enriched by digital culture. Rather than provide sanctuary or comfort zones in the event of global environmental collapse, laser\net is a model for exploring landscape terrains that establish ‘agora’‐like meeting places as a basis for electronic exchange and progression. Re‐mix platforms thus become collaborative sites for all who seek to engage in this rurality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dosson in Casier, Italy
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: March 2007

Valentina Croci describes a sensitive local housing scheme at Dosson in Casier, near Treviso in northeastern Italy, by Amaca Architetti Associati. Designed jointly with adjacent green spaces in a system integrating housing units and the countryside, it is a perceptive piece of urban planning that is as responsive to the natural landscape as the existing architecture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Night Pilgrimage Chapel
Authors: Moffatt Laura
Published: March 2007

Laura Moffatt describes how Gerold Wiederin's chapel in Locherboden, Austria, has been built as a focus for nocturnal Masses, giving architectural expression to a pilgrimage spot that was previously no more than a clearing in the forest. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rayon Flock: A New Cause of Respiratory Morbidity in a Card Processing Plant
Authors: Antao Vinicius C.S. , Piacitelli Chris A. , Miller William E. , Pinheiro Germania A. , Kreiss Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Background

Following employee respiratory concerns, we investigated the health effects of rayon flock exposure at a card manufacturing plant.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey including environmental evaluation, standardized questionnaires, spirometry, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity testing, and methacholine challenge testing.

Results

From a total of 239 participants, 146 (61%) reported working at least 1 hr per week in areas where flock‐coated cards are processed (“flock workers”) and 47 (20%) reported cleaning equipment with compressed air. These workers had generally higher prevalences of respiratory symptoms. Flock workers and employees with longer tenure at areas where flock‐coated cards are processed were more likely to have restrictive impairment of lung function. Although dust and fiber samples were largely below the detection limits, peak exposures to airborne particulate occurred during cleaning with compressed air.

Conclusions

Working with rayon flock and cleaning with compressed air were associated with health effects in workers at this plant. Am. J. Ind. Med. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Repackaged pharmaceuticals in the California workers' compensation system: From distribution and pricing options to physician and retail dispensing
Authors: Gitlin Matthew , Wilson Leslie
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The California Workers' Compensation (WC) pharmaceutical pricing system cannot price 60% of National Drug Codes (NDCs) (mostly repackaged pharmaceuticals). This study will estimate the lost savings due to repackaged pharmaceuticals and potential cost savings associated with alternative pharmacy fee schedules for repackaged pharmaceuticals. In addition, we will determine what characteristics explain repackaged costs to identify reasons for repackaged pharmaceutical use.

Methods:

All pain‐related repackaged pharmaceuticals were identified by NDC using claims data from the California Workers' Compensation Institute (CWCI) database during 2002.

Results:

Repackaged pharmaceuticals represented 55% of all NDCs and 92% of all Medi‐Cal non‐equivalent NDCs, but only 22% ($8,494,297/$38,968,233) of total pharmacy costs. Total repackaged pharmaceutical costs could be reduced by 36% ($3,059,177) using an alternative formula based on Medi‐Cal. Compared with Medi‐Cal priced manufacturer‐packaged pharmaceuticals, repackaged pharmaceuticals are approximately 85% more expensive on a cost‐per‐pill basis.

Conclusion:

We propose limiting the generous pricing of repackaged pharmaceuticals. However, Medi‐Cal payment rates may be extreme, and more moderate repricing might compensate physician‐dispensing time more fairly and preserve patient access. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Mapping the Landscape of Potentially Primordial Informational Oligomers: Oligodipeptides and Oligodipeptoids Tagged with Triazines as Recognition Elements (Angew. Chem. 14/2007)
Authors: Mittapalli Gopi Kumar , Reddy Kondreddi Ravinder , Xiong Hui , Munoz Omar , Han Bo , De Riccardis Francesco , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan , Eschenmoser Albert , Osornio Yazmin M. , Guerrero Miguel A.
Published: March 2007

2,4‐Dioxo‐ und 2,4‐Diaminoderivate von 5‐Aminopyrimidin, die an ein Oligodipeptid‐Rückgrat gebunden sind, zeigen eine umgekehrte Reihenfolge der Basenpaarungsstärke mit komplementärer DNA und RNA als entsprechende 2,4‐Diamino‐ und 2,4‐Dioxotriazinderivate. In ihren Zuschriften auf S. 2522 und 2530 ff. decken R. Krishnamurthy, A. Eschenmoser und Mitarbeiter einen bemerkenswerten Zusammenhang zwischen Paarungsstärke und ΔpKa‐Werten der Paare komplementärer Basen auf.
Innentitelbild: Multiplication of Human Natural Killer Cells by Nanosized Phosphonate‐Capped Dendrimers (Angew. Chem. 14/2007)
Authors: Griffe Laurent , Poupot Mary , Marchand Patrice , Maraval Alexandrine , Turrin Cédric‐Olivier , Rolland Olivier , Métivier Pascal , Bacquet Gérard , Fournié Jean‐Jacques , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Poupot Rémy , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2007

Humane periphere mononukleäre Blutzellen (weiße Blutzellen), die in Gegenwart von Dendrimeren mit Phosphonat‐Endgruppen kultiviert wurden, ergeben eine selektive Vervielfältigung von natürlichen Killerzellen (NK‐Zellen). In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 2575 ff. beschreiben A.‐M. Caminade, R. Poupot, J.‐P. Majoral und Mitarbeiter die Synthese verschiedener Phosphazen‐Dendrimere und deren Wirkung auf NK‐Zellen, die eine zentrale Rolle in der Entwicklung von Antitumorimmunität spielen. Das Bild zeigt die fluoreszenzmikroskopische Aufnahme einer NK‐Zelle (rot) im Kontakt mit Krebszellen (grün).
Towards memory supporting personal information management tools
Authors: Elsweiler David , Ruthven Ian , Jones Christopher
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors discuss reretrieving personal information objects and relate the task to recovering from lapse(s) in memory. They propose that memory lapses impede users from successfully refinding the information they need. Their hypothesis is that by learning more about memory lapses in noncomputing contexts and about how people cope and recover from these lapses, we can better inform the design of personal information management (PIM) tools and improve the user's ability to reaccess and reuse objects. They describe a diary study that investigates the everyday memory problems of 25 people from a wide range of backgrounds. Based on the findings, they present a series of principles that they hypothesize will improve the design of PIM tools. This hypothesis is validated by an evaluation of a tool for managing personal photographs, which was designed with respect to the authors' findings. The evaluation suggests that users' performance when refinding objects can be improved by building personal information management tools to support characteristics of human memory.
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in the vitreous gel of sheep and goat
Authors: Skandalis Spyros S. , Theocharis Dimitrios A. , Noulas Argiris V.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, the amounts and the fine structural characteristics of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) present in sheep and goat vitreous gels were determined. The results showed that in both examined species hyaluronan was the predominant glycosaminoglycan (GAG), whereas CSPGs were present in minor amounts. CSPGs were identified as versican and collagen IX with versican being the predominant PG type. Fine structural characterization indicated that the CS chains of versican in both mammalian species were of smaller size than those found in collagen IX. The difference in the sulphation pattern of CS chains between versican and collagen IX was also of particular interest. The results indicated that the predominant disaccharide type in CS side chains of versican and collagen IX from both sheep and goat vitreous gels was the 4‐sulphated disaccharide. CS chains of versican were found to be richer in 4‐sulphated disaccharide units than those in collagen IX, which also contained a significant proportion of non‐sulphated disaccharides. These findings showed that, firstly, the CS content and the hydrodynamic size of the CS chain and, secondly, the sulphation pattern of CS chains from versican and collagen IX in both sheep and goat vitreous gels are PG type‐dependent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of seven bioactive components in Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Qian Zheng‐Ming , Li Hui‐Jun , Li Ping , Chen Jun , Tang Dan
Published: March 2007

This study presents a new HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of seven major components, namely chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, loganin, sweroside, secoxyloganin, rutin and luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside in Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal herb derived from the caulis of Lonicera japonica Thunb. These seven compounds, belonging to the chemical types of phenolic acids, iridoids and flavonoids, were separated on a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) with the column temperature at 30°C. The mobile phase was composed of (A) aqueous acetic acid (0.4%, v/v) and (B) acetonitrile using a gradient elution of 10% B at 0–12 min, 10–17% B at 12–25 min and 17% B at 25–35 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength was set at 245 nm. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 µg/mL and the limit of quantification (S/N = 10) ranged from 0.69 to 3.56 µg/mL. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9990) within the test ranges. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions as determined from sample solutions were below 1.24 and 2.28%, respectively. The recoveries for seven compounds were found to range from 94.2 to 103.6%. This verified method has been successfully applied to evaluation of commercial samples of Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae from different markets in China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a Novel Ceramide Analogue and its Use in a High‐Throughput Fluorogenic Assay for Ceramidases
Authors: Bedia Carmen , Casas Josefina , Garcia Virginie , Levade Thierry , Fabriàs Gemma
Published: March 2007

Several investigations have shown that acid ceramidase inhibitors are potential antiproliferative and cytostatic drugs for cancer chemotherapy. The combinatorial chemistry approach for the discovery of acid ceramidase inhibitors requires the availability of a high‐throughput enzyme assay. The synthesis of a novel fluorogenic ceramidase substrate, and its processing both in vitro and in cultured cells in a microtiter plate layout, are reported in this article. This coumarinic substrate was hydrolyzed in vitro (rat liver lysosomes) with Km and Vmax values of 113 μM and 3.6 pmol min−1 mg−1, respectively. Similarly, hydrolysis occurred in intact cultured cells that overexpressed acidic ceramidase. The assay was validated for the identification and characterization of acidic ceramidase inhibitors by using several α‐ketoamide ceramide analogues, whose inhibitory activity had been previously described.
Protonation Patterns in Tetracycline:Tet Repressor Recognition: Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Aleksandrov Alexey , Proft Juliane , Hinrichs Winfried , Simonson Thomas
Published: March 2007

Resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline (Tc) is regulated by its binding as a Tc:Mg2+ complex to the Tet Repressor protein (TetR). Tc:TetR recognition is a complex problem, with the protein and ligand each having several possible conformations and protonation states, which are difficult to elucidate by experiment alone. We used a combination of free‐energy simulations and crystallographic analysis to investigate the electrostatic interactions between protein and ligand and the possible role of induced fit in Tc binding. Tc in solution was described quantum mechanically, while Tc:TetR interactions were described by a recent, high‐quality molecular‐mechanics model. The orientations of the amide and imidazole groups were determined experimentally by a careful analysis of Debye–Waller factors in alternate crystallographic models. The agreement with experiment for these orientations suggested that the simulations and their more detailed, thermodynamic predictions were reliable. We found that the ligand prefers an extended, zwitterionic state both in solution and in complexation with the protein. Tc is thus preorganized for binding, while the protein combines lock‐and‐key behavior for regions close to the ligand's amide, enolate, and ammonium groups, with an induced fit for regions close to the Mg2+ ion. These insights and the modeling techniques employed should be of interest for engineering improved TetR ligands and improved TetR proteins for gene regulation, as well as for drug design.
Mechanistic Studies on Peroxide Activation by a Water‐Soluble Iron(III)–Porphyrin: Implications for OO Bond Activation in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents
Authors: Wolak Maria , van Eldik Rudi
Published: March 2007

The reactions of a water‐soluble iron(III)–porphyrin, [meso‐tetrakis(sulfonatomesityl)porphyrinato]iron(III), [FeIII(tmps)] (1), with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), iodosylbenzene (PhIO), and H2O2 at different pH values in aqueous methanol solutions at −35 °C have been studied by using stopped‐flow UV/Vis spectroscopy. The nature of the porphyrin product resulting from the reactions with all three oxidants changed from the oxo–iron(IV)–porphyrin π‐cation radical [FeIV(tmps.+)(O)] (1++) at pH<5.5 to the oxo–iron(IV)–porphyrin [FeIV(tmps)(O)] (1+) at pH>7.5, whereas a mixture of both species was formed in the intermediate pH range of 5.5–7.5. The observed reactivity pattern correlates with the E°′ versus pH profile reported for 1, which reflects pH‐dependent changes in the relative positions of E°′ and E°′ for metal‐ and porphyrin‐centered oxidation, respectively. On this basis, the pH‐dependent redox equilibria involving 1++ and 1+ are suggested to determine the nature of the final products that result from the oxidation of 1 at a given pH. The conclusions reached are extended to water‐insoluble iron(III)–porphyrins on the basis of literature data concerning the electrochemical and catalytic properties of [FeIII(P)(X)] species in nonaqueous solvents. Implications for mechanistic studies on [Fe(P)]‐catalyzed oxidation reactions are briefly addressed.
Supramolecular Cobalt Cages and Coordination Polymers Templated by Anion Guests: Self‐Assembly, Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Amouri Hani , Desmarets Christophe , Bettoschi Alexandre , Rager Marie Noelle , Boubekeur Kamal , Rabu Pierre , Drillon Marc
Published: March 2007

We report the anion‐templated syntheses of a variety of supramolecular assemblies of CoII. Remarkably in the presence of a weakly coordinating ion such as BF4−, a discrete three‐dimensional cage [BF4⊂(BF4)2Co2(L1)4][BF4] (2) is formed with three coordinated BF4− ions, a rare example in supramolecular chemistry (L1=di(benzimidazole)‐1,4‐phenylene). Switching to stronger coordinating ions, such as NO3− or Cl−, a one‐dimensional coordination polymer [{Co(L1)(NO3)2}n] (3) and a metallomacrocycle [Co2(L1)2(Cl)4] (5) were formed, respectively. These results illustrate the powerful effect of the anion‐templating chemistry. Finally the magnetic properties of these assemblies 1 b, 2, 3, and 5 are presented and discussed.
Molecular identification and localization of cellular titin, a novel titin isoform in the fibroblast stress fiber
Authors: Cavnar Peter J. , Olenych Scott G. , Keller Thomas C. S.
Published: March 2007

We previously discovered a large titin‐like protein—c‐titin—in chicken epithelial brush border and human blood platelet extracts that binds α‐actinin and organizes arrays of myosin II bipolar filaments in vitro. RT‐PCR analysis of total RNA from human megakaryoblastic (CHRF‐288‐11) and mouse fibroblast (3T3) nonmuscle cells reveal sequences identical to known titin gene exon sequences that encode parts of the Z‐line, I‐band, PEVK domain, A‐band, and M‐line regions of striated muscle titins. In the nonmuscle cells, these sequences are differentially spliced in patterns not reported for any striated muscle titin isoform. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against expressed protein fragments encoded by the Z‐repeat and kinase domain regions react with the c‐titin band in Western blot analysis of platelet extracts and immunoprecipitate c‐titin in whole platelet extracts. Immunofluorescent localization demonstrates that the majority of the c‐titin colocalizes with α‐actinin and actin in 3T3 and Indian Muntjac deer skin fibroblast stress fibers. Our results suggest that differential expression of titin gene exons in nonmuscle cells yields multiple novel isoforms of the protein c‐titin that are associated with the actin stress fiber structures. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunostimulatory CpG Oligonucleotides Form Defined Three‐Dimensional Structures: Results from an NMR Study
Authors: He Guangyu , Patra Amritraj , Siegmund Karsten , Peter Mirjam , Heeg Klaus , Dalpke Alexander , Richert Clemens
Published: March 2007

The DNA eicosamer 5′‐TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT‐3′ is known to stimulate the innate immune system of vertebrae. The immunostimulatory activity is based on the activation of Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9). While it is known that the CG dinucleotide of the eicosamer has to be unmethylated, the structural basis of the recognition of the DNA through the receptor remains unclear. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing the sequence of the eicosamer, or a portion thereof, ranging in length from hexamer to pentaeicosamer were studied by1H NMR spectroscopy. Based on two‐dimensional NMR spectra, a number of resonances could be unambiguously assigned. For all oligonucleotides, structural transitions were detected upon heating, as monitored by the line width and chemical shift of low‐field resonances. This includes the TC dinucleotide of the 5′‐terminal portion, which does not have any clear base‐pairing partners. The melting transitions, together with the NOESY cross‐peaks, demonstrate that structure formation occurs well beyond the core hexamer 5′‐GACGTT‐3′, a fact that may be important for understanding the molecular recognition by the Toll‐like receptors of the innate immune system.
The Importance of Tetrahedrally Coordinated Molecules for the Explanation of Liquid Water Properties
Authors: Ludwig Ralf
Published: March 2007

Ab initio calculations on molecular clusters and a quantum statistical model are used to probe the structure of liquid water and its anomalies. Characteristic temperature dependent mixtures of ring and three‐dimensional, voluminous water clusters provide the famous density maximum. The mixture model also reproduces the shift of the density maximum as a function of pressure and isotopic substitution. This finding is consistent with femtosecond spectroscopy data suggesting that two distinct molecular species exist in liquid water. The given structures also reproduce the oxygen–oxygen pair correlation function and the vibrational IR spectrum of liquid water. The results underline the importance of three‐dimensional, tetrahedrally coordinated structures for the understanding of water anomalies and the existence of two liquid phases in the supercooled region.
Hyperchaos from two coupled Wien‐bridge oscillators
Authors: Li Qingdu , Yang Xiao‐Song
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a simple inductorless approach to generating hyperchaos by coupling two Wien‐bridge oscillators with a resistor and a diode. The whole circuit is investigated both numerically and experimentally. Also, its hyperchaotic dynamics is studied theoretically by a topological horseshoe with two‐directional expansions which provides an immediate evidence of hyperchaos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy for evaluation of BR96 antibody cancer cell targeting and internalization
Authors: Feridani Amir H. Iranpour , Holmqvist Bo , Sjögren Hans‐Olov , Strand Sven‐Erik , Tennvall Jan , Baldetorp Bo
Published: March 2007

Background:

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are important tools in the management of tumor disease, and the discovery of antibodies with both specific cancer cell targeting and capacity to enter the cells by internalization are critical to improve the therapeutic efficacy.

Method:

Antibody cancer cell targeting and internalization properties of fluoroscein‐conjugated mAb made against Lewis Y (BR96) were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by means of flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively, on cells from a rat tumor cell line (BN7005‐H1D2).

Results:

The study demonstrated a specific binding of BR96 to LewisY (LeY) located in the cell membrane and as BR96/LeY immunocomplexes (BR96/LeY) internalized into the cytoplasm. BR96/LeY was internalized into about 15% of the cells, usually distributed throughout the cytoplasm, but also located close to the nuclei. Cytotoxic effects by BR96 were indicated, and CLSM visualized subpopulations containing cells with bound or internalized BR96/LeY that possessed morphologically pyknotic nuclei and disrupted DNA.

Conclusion:

The spatial‐temporal pattern by BR96 cell targeting and internalization processes of BR96/LeY into the cancer cells expressing LeY was demonstrated by FCM and CLSM. Used together, the FCM and CLSM techniques provide a valuable tool for preclinical analyses of antibody targeting and their capacities as carriers of cytotoxic conjugates for the use in cancer therapy. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Evaluation of malignant and benign gastric biopsy specimens by mRNA expression profile and multivariate statistical methods
Authors: Galamb Orsolya , Sipos Ferenc , Molnar Bela , Szoke Dominika , Spisak Sandor , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: March 2007

Background:

mRNA expression array and multivariate statistical analysis of gastric biopsies can yield insight into the molecular biology basis of local alterations, supporting expression‐based identification of morphological alterations.

Methods:

From 11 patients with erosive gastritis(EG), 5 with adenocarcinoma (GC), 11 with atrophic gastritis (AG) gastric biopsies were collected, total RNA isolated, T7 amplification and expression analysis of 1047 mRNAs was performed using commercial glass arrays (Clontech, USA). After microarray quality control, applicable data were available from 7 EG, 4 GC, and 5 AG. Multivariate statistical and cell functional analysis were performed. Real‐time RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were used for validation.

Results:

GC was characterized by overregulated v‐raf, v‐erb‐a, BCL2‐associated‐ athanogene, immediate‐early‐response‐3, Polo‐like kinase, CDK‐2, cyclin‐C, Pin1 genes, and downregulated ADP‐ribosyltransferase, sialophorin and DCC. AG cases had increased PDGF‐receptor, TGF‐β‐receptor‐3, and decreased death‐associated‐protein‐3, β‐1‐catenin, topoisomerase‐1 levels. In EG upregulation of IGF‐receptor‐1, CD9, transferrin receptor, integrins, and underexpression of keratin‐5, caspase‐4 was found. Discriminant analysis could reclassify all samples correctly using four parameters.

Conclusions:

mRNA expression array analysis of gastric biopsies yields previously known and new data in the evaluation of local gastric alterations. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
On the application of forking nodes to product‐form queueing networks
Authors: Elhafsi Essia H. , Molle Mart , Manjunath D.
Published: March 2007

We define a ‘forking node’ as a service centre with one input feeding two outputs (each served by its own queue) under the control of an internal path‐selection (PS) policy. We assume that both outputs lead to paths through which a packet reaches its final destination. However, the mean downstream delays on the two paths may be different and the PS policy should favour the path with the lower downstream delay. Using simulation, we compare the performance of this system under a variety of random, deterministic, state‐dependent PS policies, including threshold‐based and join‐shortest‐queue with bias (JSQ + b). We show that JSQ + b has better performance than the other alternatives. Moreover, if the input process to the forking node is Poisson, standard time series analysis techniques show that its two outputs are very close to being independent Poisson processes. Thus, if we find an accurate and efficient ‘offline’ analytical performance model for JSQ + b forking node, we can extend the applicability of product‐form queueing networks to include such forking nodes. For this reason, we present several ways of modelling the performance of a JSQ + b node, using bounds, and compare their results on example networks. We establish a closed‐form expression relating the bias b and the delays of the downstream paths. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.