bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Rabbits during Orthostasis
Authors: Mokrý J. , Remeňová T. , Javorka K.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the changes of respiratory rate, systemic blood pressure and heart rate variability parameters (HRV) during orthostasis in anaesthetized rabbits. Furthermore, these changes were influenced by affecting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system and autonomic nervous system (ANS) to study the mechanisms participating in activity of spectral frequency bands of HRV in rabbits. Ten adult rabbits (Chinchilla) were anaesthetized by ketamine and flunitrazepam. The systemic blood pressure, tidal volume and respiratory rate were measured. HRV was evaluated by microcomputer system VariaPulse TF3E. The R-R intervals were derived from the electrocardiogram signal from subcutaneous needle electrodes. The evaluation of HRV in very low (VLF; 0.01-0.05 Hz), low (LF; 0.05-0.15 Hz) and high frequency bands (HF; 0.15-2.0 Hz) was made and parameters of frequency and time analysis were calculated. The measurements were made in horizontal (supine) position, in orthostasis (the angle of 60 °) and again in supine position before and after enalapril (0.5 mg/kg b.w.), metipranolol (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), and after subsequent bilateral cervical vagotomy. The orthostasis in anaesthetized rabbits is accompanied by depression of respiratory rate reversed only by vagotomy. Furthermore, decrease of systemic blood pressure, unchanged heart rate and increased characteristics of heart rate variability were found, with predominant increase of spectral power in LF and VLF bands. This elevation can be eliminated only by complete blockade of ANS. Although the participation of ANS or RAA system in modification of individual HRV frequency bands is not as specific as in humans, we confirmed the participation of RAA system in determination of the VLF band.
Glatiramer acetate in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a multinational, multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Wolinsky Jerry S. , Narayana Ponnada A. , O'Connor Paul , Coyle Patricia K. , Ford Corey , Johnson Kenneth , Miller Aaron , Pardo Lillian , Kadosh Shaul , Ladkani David ,   PROMiSe Trial Study Group
Published: February 2007

Objective

To determine whether glatiramer acetate (GA) slows accumulation of disability in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Methods

A total of 943 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis were randomized to GA or placebo (PBO) in this 3‐year, double‐blind trial. The primary end point was an intention‐to‐treat analysis of time to 1‐ (entry expanded disability status scale, 3.0–5.0) or 0.5‐point expanded disability status scale change (entry expanded disability status scale, 5.5–6.5) sustained for 3 months. The trial was stopped after an interim analysis by an independent data safety monitoring board indicated no discernible treatment effect on the primary outcome. Intention‐to‐treat analyses of disability and magnetic resonance imaging end points were performed.

Results

There was a nonsignificant delay in time to sustained accumulated disability in GA‐ versus PBO‐treated patients (hazard ratio, 0.87 [95% confidence interval, 0.71–1.07]; p = 0.1753), with significant decreases in enhancing lesions in year 1 and smaller increases in T2 lesion volumes in years 2 and 3 versus PBO. Post hoc analysis showed that survival curves for GA‐treated male patients diverged early from PBO‐treated male subjects (hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.95]; p = 0.0193).

Interpretation

The trial failed to demonstrate a treatment effect of GA on primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Both the unanticipated low event rate and premature discontinuation of study medication decreased the power to detect a treatment effect. Post hoc analysis suggests GA may have slowed clinical progression in male patients who showed more rapid progression when untreated. Ann Neurol 2007;61:14–24
Inside Cover: NMR Study of Water Molecules Confined in Extended Nanospaces (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7/2007)
Authors: Tsukahara Takehiko , Hibara Akihide , Ikeda Yasuhisa , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: February 2007

In confined spaces water shows unique properties that are not seen on the bulk scale. In their Communication on page 1180ff., T. Kitamori and co‐workers describe the local structural and dynamic properties of water confined in spaces extending from tens to several hundreds of nanometers on a glass chip. NMR data is used to propose a model for the interfacial phase consisting of loosely coupled water molecules between the surface and the bulk (see picture). The results are important for implementing micro‐ and nanofluidic devices on a chip.
Aluminum phthalocyanine: an active and simple catalyst for cyanosilylation of aldehydes
Authors: Rajagopal Gurusamy , Kim Sung Soo , George Soney C.
Published: February 2007

Aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) in the presence of Ph3PO acts as a highly effective catalyst for cyanosilylation of various aldehydes to the corresponding cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers. The reaction proceeds smoothly with 5 mol% catalyst loading at room temperature, giving up to 96% yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tb[N(CN)2]3×2H2O and Eu[N(CN)2]3×2H2O: Two New Luminescent Rare‐Earth Dicyanamides.
Authors: Nag Abanti , Schmidt Peter J. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of a New Molybdenum—Oxygen Cluster: [Ni(en)3] 2(H3BO3) (MoO4)2×(6H2O).
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Hong , Li Hong‐juan
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2,6‐Dibromo‐3,5‐dimethylpyridine and 2,6‐Diiodo‐3,5‐dimethylpyridine.
Authors: Pugh David
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dirhodium Tetracarboxylates Derived from Adamantylglycine as Chiral Catalysts for Enantioselective C—H Aminations.
Authors: Reddy Ravisekhara P. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Immobilization Method of Enzymes Using a Hydrophilic Polymer Support.
Authors: Kobayashi Juta , Mori Yuichiro , Kobayashi Shu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Addition of sec‐Alcohols to Alkynes Through a Radical Process Using NHPI/Co(II)/O2 System.
Authors: Oka Ryouhei , Nakayama Masami , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Titanocene‐Mediated Homolytic Opening of Epoxysilanes.
Authors: Puljic Nicolas , Albert Matthias , Dhimane Anne‐Lise , Fensterbank Louis , Lacote Emmanuel , Malacria Max
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Methylpyrolidin‐2‐one Hydrotribromide (MPHT) as a New and Efficient Reagent for the Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones.
Authors: Joseph Jomy K. , Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Propargylic Fluorides from Allenylsilanes.
Authors: Carroll Laurence , Pacheco M. Carmen , Garcia Ludivine , Gouverneur Veronique
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Triethylgallium as a Nonnucleophilic Base to Generate Enolates from Ketones.
Authors: Nishimura Yoshio , Miyake Yutaka , Amemiya Ryo , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simplification of the Mitsunobu Reaction. Di‐p‐chlorobenzyl Azodicarboxylate: A New Azodicarboxylate.
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Chung David W. , Rich Brian , Corrall Ricardo
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cucurbit[7]uril: A Simple Macrocyclic, pH‐Triggered Hydrogelator Exhibiting Guest‐Induced Stimuli‐Responsive Behavior.
Authors: Hwang Ilha , Jeon Woo Sung , Kim Hee‐Joon , Kim Dongwoo , Kim Hyunuk , Selvapalam Narayanan , Fujita Norifumi , Shinkai Seiji , Kim Kimoon
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Endoperoxide Isomerizations: A Convenient Entry into 2‐Vinyl‐2‐cyclopentenones from Saturated Fulvene Endoperoxides.
Authors: Erden Ihsan , Oecal Nueket , Song Jiangao , Gleason Cindy , Gaertner Christian
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Trifluoromethyl‐Radical‐Mediated Carbonylation of Alkanes Leading to Ethynyl Ketones.
Authors: Uenoyama Yoshitaka , Fukuyama Takahide , Morimoto Keisuke , Nobuta Osamu , Nagai Hidefumi , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Environmentally Benign Process for the Hydrogenation of Ketones with Homogeneous Iron Catalysts.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Hagemann Bernhard , Erre Giulia , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Electrochemical Transformation of Diazonium Salts into Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Otero M. Dolores , Batanero Belen , Barba Fructuoso
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reductive Activation of Arenes. Part 19. Mechanism and Some Synthetic Applications of the Alkylation of Phthalodinitrile Radical Anion.
Authors: Panteleeva E. V. , Vaganova T. A. , Luk'yanets E. A. , Shteingarts V. D.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pd(OAc)2‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions of 1‐Chloro‐2‐haloarenes and 2‐Haloaryl Tosylates with Hindered Grignard Reagents via Palladium‐Associated Arynes.
Authors: Dong Cheng‐Guo , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improvement and Simplification of Synthesis of 3‐Aryloxy‐1,2‐epoxypropanes Using Solvent‐Free Conditions and Microwave Irradiations. Relation with Medium Effects and Reaction Mechanism.
Authors: Pchelka Beata K. , Loupy Andre , Petit Alain
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: An Efficient Catalyst for the Ring‐Opening Reaction of Aziridine with Acid Anhydride.
Authors: Sun Xiaoyu , Ye Shengqing , Wu Jie
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Synthetic Approach to Novel Spiro‐β‐lactams.
Authors: Bhalla Aman , Venugopalan Paloth , Bari Shamsher S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Alkenyl‐3‐(alkoxycarbonyl)furans Based on Feist—Benary Cyclocondensation of (2,4‐Dioxobutylidene)phosphoranes with α‐Haloketones and α‐Chloracetaldehyde.
Authors: Mross Gerson , Holtz Edith , Langer Peter
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Alkoxysubstituted Indoles.
Authors: Clawson Ronald W. Jr. , Deavers Robert E. III , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Soederberg Bjoern C. G.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Elimination—Fixation Reaction of 6‐Methoxycarbonyloxy‐2,4‐hexadien‐1‐ols.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Ohsawa Yusuke , Ihara Masataka
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Regioselective Synthesis of 3′H,4H‐Spiro[chromene‐3,2′‐[1,3,4]thiadiazol]‐4‐one Containing Compounds.
Authors: Hegab Mohamed I. , Girgis Adel S. , Ahmed‐Farag I. S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Epoxidation Studies of 2‐Styrylchromones Using Jacobsen′s Catalyst and Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodosylbenzene as Oxidants.
Authors: Santos Clementina M. M. , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S. , Patonay Tamas , Levai Albert
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General Synthetic Route to 6,6‐Substituted‐6H‐dibenzo[b,d]pyrans from Dibenzofuran.
Authors: Wang Bin , Li Minxiong , Xu Shansheng , Song Haibin , Wang Baiquan
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected trans‐ and cis‐4‐Aminopipecolic Acid.
Authors: Szatmari Istvan , Kiss Lorand , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Rearrangement of 1‐Substituted 3‐Aminoquinoline‐2,4‐diones in Their Reaction with Urea and Nitrourea Synthesis and Transformations of Reaction Intermediates.
Authors: Klasek Antonin , Lycka Antonin , Holcapek Michal , Kovar Michal , Hoza Ignac
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Mild and Practical Method for the Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Acylated 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ones. New Acyl Transfer Reagents.
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Sukhdeep
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Aripiprazole Derivatives.
Authors: Ge Hai‐Xia , Wang Li‐Chen , Jiang Zhen‐Zhou , Ni Sheng‐Liang
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silver‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Wile Bradley M. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Syntheses of Tetrahydrocarbazolones as Advanced Intermediated to Carbazole Alkaloids.
Authors: Scott Tricia L. , Yu Xiaomei , Gorugantula Sobha P. , Carrero‐Martinez Grissell , Soederberg Bjoern C. G.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of α‐Conhydrine (I).
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Kung Yung‐Hua , Chen Shui‐Tein
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Emerging Chemical Patterns: A New Methodology for Molecular Classification and Compound Selection.
Authors: Auer Jens , Bajorath Juergen
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molybdenum Compounds
Authors: Cotton F. Albert
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Molybdenum Oxide Based Materials: Strategy and Structural Chemistry
Authors: Michailovski Alexej , Patzke Greta R.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Design of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Inhibitors Against Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Kajimoto Tetsuya , Node Manabu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polymers with Well‐Defined Structures by Novel Ring‐Opening Reactions of Oxetanes
Authors: Nishikubo Tadatomi , Kameyama Atsushi , Kudo Hiroto
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Report of Selective Small Molecule Melanocortin‐5 Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Mitchell Lorna H. , Li Jie Jack
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Chemistry of Quadricyclane
Authors: Petrov Viacheslav A. , Vasil'ev Nikolai V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Impact of Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis in Drug Discovery
Authors: Mavandadi Farah , Pilotti Aake
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acidity and Basicity of Cyclobutanes
Authors: Quintanilla Esther , Davalos Juan Z. , Abboud Jose Luis M. , Alkorta Ibon
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biosensing Using Silver Nanoparticles and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering
Authors: Graham Duncan , Faulds Karen , Smith W. Ewen
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mimicking Molecular Receptors for Antibiotics ‐ Analytical Implications
Authors: Fernandez‐Gonzalez Alfonso , Guardia Laura , Badia‐Laino Rosana , Diaz‐Garcia Marta Elena
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Cyclobutanes
Authors: Kuck Dietmar
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Geminin: A good prognostic factor in high‐grade astrocytic brain tumors
Authors: Shrestha Prabin , Saito Taiichi , Hama Seiji , Arifin Muhamad T. , Kajiwara Yoshinori , Yamasaki Fumiyuki , Hidaka Toshikazu , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Kurisu Kaoru
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND.

Geminin is a nuclear protein that belongs to the DNA replication inhibitor group. It inhibits DNA replication by preventing Cdt1 from loading minichromosome maintenance protein onto chromatin, as is required for DNA replication. For this study, the authors investigated geminin expression in high‐grade astrocytic tumors, including anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a view to predicting clinical outcomes on this basis in patients with these malignant brain tumors.

METHODS.

Immunohistochemistry was used to detect geminin expression in 51 patients with high‐grade astrocytic tumors (19 AA and 32 GBM). Samples were categorized by taking the median value as the cut‐off point for constructing Kaplan‐Meier curves. The relation of geminin expression to clinical outcome in these malignant brain tumors was analyzed by using the Kaplan‐Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

RESULTS.

Geminin was expressed in all high‐grade astrocytomas (mean geminin labeling index [LI], 24.90%). Kaplan‐Meier curves showed that the group with higher geminin LI (≥22.50%) had a better prognosis than the group with lower LI (<22.50%; P = .0296). Similarly, the Cox regression analysis showed that geminin expression has a significant correlation with survival in patients with high‐grade astrocytoma (P = .0278), especially in an early stage.

CONCLUSIONS.

Although it is an inhibitor of DNA proliferation and, thus, is a cell cycle inhibitor, geminin expression was found in all malignant astrocytic tumors. The geminin LI was a significant predictive factor of outcomes in patients with high‐grade astrocytoma, with higher expression indicating a good prognosis. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of oxaliplatin compared with 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin in adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer in the US
Authors: Aballéa Samuel , Chancellor Jeremy V.M. , Raikou Maria , Drummond Michael F. , Weinstein Milton C. , Jourdan Sophia , Bridgewater John
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND.

The MOSAIC trial demonstrated that oxaliplatin/5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin (FU/LV) (FOLFOX4) as adjuvant treatment of TNM stage II and III colon cancer significantly improves disease‐free survival compared with 5‐FU/LV alone. For stage III patients the 4‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) was 69% in the FOLFOX4 arm vs 61% in the LV5FU2 arm, P = .002). The cost‐effectiveness of FOLFOX4 in stage III patients was evaluated from a US Medicare perspective.

METHODS.

By using individual patient‐level data from the MOSAIC trial (median follow‐up: 44.2 months), DFS and overall survival (OS) were estimated up to 4 years from randomization. DFS was extrapolated from 4 to 5 years by fitting a Weibull model and subsequent survival was estimated from life tables. OS beyond 4 years was predicted from the extrapolated DFS estimates and observed survival after recurrence. Costs were calculated from trial data and external estimates of resources to manage recurrence.

RESULTS.

Patients on FOLFOX4 were predicted to gain 2.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63, 3.37) years of DFS over those on 5‐FU/LV. The predicted life expectancy of stage III patients on FOLFOX4 and 5‐FU/LV was 17.61 and 16.26 years, respectively. Mean total lifetime disease‐related costs were $56,300 with oxaliplatin and $39,300 with 5‐FU/LV. Compared with 5‐FU/LV, FOLFOX4 was estimated to cost $20,600 per life‐year gained and $22,800 per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) gained, discounting costs and outcomes at 3% per annum.

CONCLUSIONS.

FOLFOX4 is likely to be cost‐effective compared with 5‐FU/LV in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio compares favorably with other funded interventions in oncology. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Second order governance: learning processes to identify indicators
Authors: Spangenberg Joachim H.
Published: February 2007

At the C3ED‐UVSQ, a new methodology for assessing corporate social responsibility has been developed to better deal with a situation where top‐down and command‐and‐control ways of management (first order governance) fail.

The method suggested and tested is a second order governance process combining phases of ‘opening up’ and ‘closing down’. Opening up includes stakeholder involvement and closing down scientific input and management responsibility in indicator development. This way, indicators can be derived that are generic, locally meaningful and accepted by management and stakeholders while conforming to the international standards of indicator development.

In the case study presented, this methodology has been modified and applied to one of Germany's major aluminium processing sites, with staff, management, suppliers, customers and local stakeholders involved.

The sets of 10 indicators each derived for the economic, environmental, social and institutional dimensions are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Plasma homocysteine levels in female patients with eating disorders
Authors: Levine Joseph , Gur Eitan , Loewenthal Ron , Vishne Tali , Dwolatzky Tzvi , van Beynum Ingrid M. , Sela Ben‐Ami , Vered Iris , Yosef Galit , Stein Daniel
Published: February 2007

Objective:

To examine plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate levels in females with restricting and bingeing/purging eating disorders (EDs).

Method:

Adolescent and adult female patients were compared to appropriate control groups with regard to plasma homocysteine levels.

Results:

The plasma homocysteine level of the adult ED patients was higher than that of controls for all age groups examined. In adolescents, no significant difference was found comparing ED patients younger than 16 years of age to control data, whereas in the 16–20 year age group, the plasma homocysteine level was significantly higher among the ED group, regardless of the type of ED. Vitamin B12 and folate levels were within normal limits in all ED groups.

Conclusion:

Elevated plasma homocysteine levels were found in adult and older adolescent female ED patients (but not in younger adolescents) compared to controls. This finding is not related to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Analysis of flavonoids by CE using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Bachmann Stefan , Huck Christian W. , Bakry Rania , Bonn Günther K.
Published: February 2007

A CE method employing capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D) compared to indirect UV‐detection was developed for the analysis of phytochemically relevant flavonoids, such as 6‐hydroxyflavone, biochanin A, hesperetin and naringenin. To ensure fast separation at highest selectivity, sensitivity and peak symmetry, the pH value and the concentration of the running BGE had to be optimized regarding both co‐ and counter‐EOF mode. Optimum conditions were found to be 1.0 and 5.0 mM chromate BGE (pH 9.50) in the counter‐ and co‐EOF mode, respectively. Validation of the established CE‐C4D method pointed out to be approximately seven times more sensitive compared to indirect UV‐detection applying the same conditions. The lower LOD defined at an S/N of 3:1 was found between 0.12 and 0.21 µg/mL for the analytes of interest using C4D and between 0.77 and 1.20 µg/mL using indirect UV‐detection. Compared to an earlier published CE method employing direct UV‐detection, C4D was found to be approximately two times more sensitive. Due to the lower baseline noise, C4D showed an excellent regression coefficient >0.99 compared to 0.93 when using indirect UV detection calibrating within a concentration range between 1 and 10 µg/mL. The influence of the sugar moiety on the conductivity of a flavonoid was studied upon the analysis of the aglycon hesperetin and the rutinosid hesperidin. The sugar moiety in hesperedin shows a higher conductivity compared to hesperetin. Finally, the optimized established CE‐C4D method was applied to the determination and quantification of naringenin in Sinupret®.
Water fluxes at a fluctuating water table and groundwater contributions to wheat water use in the lower Yellow River flood plain, China
Authors: Yang Jianfeng , Wan Shuqin , Deng Wei , Zhang Guangxin
Published: February 2007

Capillary upflow from and deep percolation to a water table may be important in crop water supply in irrigated areas of the lower Yellow River flood plain, north China. These fluxes at the water table and the variations of the capillary upflow in relation to crop evapotranspiration need to be investigated to quantify the effect of a water table on soil water balance and to improve agricultural water management. A large weighing lysimeter was used to determine daily crop evapotranspiration, daily capillary upflow from and daily percolation to a fluctuating water table during a rotation period with wheat growing in a dry season and maize in a rainy season. The water table depth varied in the range 0·7–2·3 m during the maize growth period and 1·6–2·4 m during the wheat growth period. Experimental results showed that the capillary upflow and the percolation were significant components of the soil water balance. Three distinctly different phases for the water fluxes at the water table were observed through the rotation period: water downward period, the period of no or small water fluxes, and water upward period. It implied that the temporal pattern of these water fluxes at the water table was intimately associated with the temporal distribution of rainfall through the rotation period. An empirical equation was determined to estimate the capillary upflow in relation to wheat evapotranspiration and root zone soil water content for local irrigation scheduling. Coupled with the FAO‐Penman–Monteith equation, the equation offers a fast and low cost solution to assess the effect of capillary upflow from a water table on wheat water use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options for water saving in tropical humid and semi‐arid regions using optimum compost application rates
Authors: Ngoundo Molengar , Kan Chun‐E. , Chang Yu‐Chuan , Tsai Shiow‐Long , Tsou I.
Published: February 2007

Water saving technology interests crop producers in both the humid and semi‐arid regions of the tropics. The amount of irrigation water use could be substantially reduced by the application of compost. The objective of this study was to assess irrigation application and water saving through the optimum rate of compost application. Results show that in both tropical humid and semi‐arid regions, compost application on some of the “thirstiest” cash crops is a reliable way of saving water. The net irrigation depths were substantially raised from the soil treated with chemical fertilizer to the compost‐amended soil, and as a consequence, lowered the number of irrigation applications in amended soil. The difference of the number of irrigation ranged from 1 to 2 and 1 to 5 applications in tropical humid and semi‐arid regions, respectively. With rainfall, supplemental irrigation was only necessary for rice and cabbage in tropical humid regions, while in semi‐arid regions, irrigation constitutes the main source of crop water supply. Without rainfall, the quantity of water saved was estimated at 15.4 and 14.5% of the total water need in tropical humid and semi‐arid regions respectively; with rainfall it was 54.7 and 34.9%. In Chad (a semi‐arid region), this accounted for about 1.6% on average of the total Lake Chad annual inflow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of local drought frequency in central Poland using the standardized precipitation index SPI
Authors: Łabędzki Leszek
Published: February 2007

Poland is situated in a transitory temperate climate zone; nonetheless droughts occur, posing a serious economic, social and environmental problem. The central part has the lowest precipitation in the country, where frequent meteorological and agricultural droughts occur. To estimate meteorological drought frequency in the region, the SPI methodology is used. The analysis is made using the long‐term record of precipitation from 1861 to 2005 for the Bydgoszcz area, at 3‐, 6‐, 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐month timescales. The detailed characterization of chosen meteorological and agricultural droughts in 1991–2005 is presented in this paper.

The results show that the frequency of months in which drought was identified at 3‐, 6‐, 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐month time scales, is about 30%. According to the equation as proposed in this study, the number of droughts of different duration in 100 years statistically is from 8 for the 48‐month drought to 120 for the 3‐month drought. On the basis of the analysis of the meteorological and agriculture drought in 2000, it has been shown that the 1–3 month SPI better reflects agricultural drought development than the 6‐month SPI.

To better understand and characterize droughts in agricultural areas additional indices should be used for the evaluation impacts of meteorological drought. Other indices need to be investigated to form a system of indices giving the best evaluation of droughts in a given region. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of lime admixture into trench backfill on the variation of phosphorus in drainage outflow
Authors: Šaulys Valentinas , Bastienė Nijolė
Published: February 2007

One of the tasks of environmental protection is to achieve good ecological status of water bodies and reduce agricultural non‐point pollution. As the drainage outflow may be identified as the leading source of water quality, reduction of nutrient transport through drains is therefore of great importance.

The field studies on the impact of lime admixture into trench backfill on the amount of phosphorus contained in drainage outflow were conducted in a site located in south‐western Lithuania. Heavy‐textured clay loam soils prevailed in the catchment. The site was drained by a composite subsurface drainage system with drain spacing of 16 and 24 m. To improve water permeability, drainage trenches were backfilled with soil mixed with 0.6% CaO. Results of seven‐year studies (1999–2005) on water quality are reported in this paper.

The significant differences between orthophosphate concentrations in control drainage outflow and the treatments with lime added into the trench backfill were estimated. In water of the control drainage these concentrations were found to be 2.8 times higher. A slightly decreasing trend of total phosphorus (r = 0.49) and orthophosphates (r = 0.54) was determined in the stream where drainage water discharged. Annual median phosphorus concentrations have generally remained steady in the outflow of limed drainage treatments. Lime admixture reduces the annual load of total phosphorus and orthophosphate by two and three times respectively, compared with a conventional drainage system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efforts to establish an animal model of Fanconi syndrome after ifosfamide administration to rats
Authors: Appenroth D. , Werner T. , Lupp A. , Patzer L. , Misselwitz J. , Fleck C.
Published: February 2007

About 10% of children develop Fanconi syndrome (FS) a few months after ifosfamide (IFO) treatment. To establish an animal model, IFO was injected as 4 or 5 treatment courses (TCs, once daily for 3 consecutive days), to adult female rats (AF, 8 mg 100 g−1 body wt, 4 TCs), to young female rats (YF, 8 mg 100 g−1 body wt, 5 TCs) and to male rats (M, 6 mg 100 g−1 body wt, 4 TCs).

In the adult female rats, polyuria with electrolyte and albumin wasting occurred acutely, 2 days after the first treatment course. After the third treatment course, 30% of the rats died, but survivors showed a reduced excretion of electrolytes and glucose. The body weight increase was significantly diminished in adult female and male rats by about 25% or 70%, respectively. Up to 5 months after 5 TCs in young female rats, 15% of the animals died but the survivors did not show any sign of renal failure. In males, 28% of the rats died and in surviving animals the excretion of electrolytes, proteins and glucose as well as GFR were reduced 7 weeks after the last treatment course. There were no pathomorphological changes in kidney and liver. Determination of renal and hepatic cytochrome P450 activities indicated that results of adult female and male rats could be caused by starving, known as a common side effect of IFO, and not by its nephrotoxicity. Altogether, it was not possible to establish a model of a Fanconi syndrome persisting after cessation of IFO treatment in our rat strain, whereas acute, FS‐like IFO effects on the kidney could be shown. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Onset of synaptogenesis in the plexiform layers of the chick retina: A transmission electron microscopic study
Authors: Drenhaus Ulrich , Voigt Tilman , Rager Günter
Published: February 2007

The presently acknowledged onset of synaptogenesis in the chick retina from embryonic day 12 (E12) onward stands in contrast with the appearance of spontaneous electrical activity, of presynaptic proteins, or of neurotransmitters during early formation of the inner (E6–E8) and outer (E9) plexiform layers. Therefore, we investigated the chick retina from E6 to E12 at which age first synapses appear by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study provides evidence that synaptogenesis in the chick retina begins shortly after the plexiform layers have started to emerge. The first synapses are electrical synapses, which appear on E7, one day after the future inner plexiform layer emerged, and towards the end of E8 in the nascent outer plexiform layer. Conventional chemical synapses appear in both plexiform layers on E8, in the inner plexiform layer (stage 34) only a few hours earlier than in the outer plexiform layer (stage 35). The first synapses are formed close to the apex of the optic fissure and their frequency increases rapidly with age. The onset, the topography, and the developmental course of synaptogenesis correlate with the chronotopic course of maturation of retinal neurons and the age when spontaneous electrical activity occurs in the retina. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy costs constrain the evolution of gene expression
Authors: Wagner Andreas
Published: February 2007

Changes in gene expression affect the energy budget of a cell. A previous contribution estimated the energetic cost of yeast mRNA and protein expression from very limited information on protein half‐lives. Using recently published genome‐scale measurements of protein half‐lives, I here confirm that even small increases in gene expression are opposed by natural selection. In small organisms with large effective population sizes, the evolution of transcription and translation rates are thus not evolutionarily neutral processes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:322–324, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plastic‐embedded semithin cross‐sections as a tool for high‐resolution immunofluorescence analysis of the neuromuscular junction molecules: Specific cellular location of protease‐activated receptor‐1
Authors: Lanuza Maria A. , Besalduch Núria , Garcia Neus , Sabaté Mar , Santafé Manel M. , Tomàs Josep
Published: February 2007

In the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), three cellular elements (nerve ending, postsynaptic muscle component, and teloglial Schwann cell) are closely juxtaposed and functionally interdependent. It is important to determine the precise location of the relevant molecules involved in structural stability and neurotransmission at the three cellular components of this synapse in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying NMJ formation, maintenance, and functionality. In this paper, we show that plastic‐embedded 0.5‐μm semithin cross‐sections from whole‐mount multiple‐immunofluorescence‐stained muscles provide a simple and sensitive high‐resolution procedure for analyzing the cellular and subcellular distribution of molecules at the NMJ. We have used this procedure to resolve the location of protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR‐1). Previously, by immunohistochemistry we had detected PAR‐1 in muscle fibers concentrated in the synaptic area but could not determine whether PAR‐1 is expressed only in the muscle fiber at the NMJ. Our present results demonstrate that PAR‐1 is concentrated in the postsynaptic region but not in the presynaptic terminal and that the labelling pattern for PAR‐1 overlapped with Schwann cell staining. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of body temperature on chondroitinase ABC's ability to cleave chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Tester Nicole J. , Plaas Anna H. , Howland Dena R.
Published: February 2007

Chondroitinase ABC (Ch'ase ABC) is a bacterial lyase that degrades chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This enzyme has received significant attention as a potential therapy for promoting central nervous system and peripheral nervous system repair based on its degradation of CS GAGs. Determination of the stability of Ch'ase ABC activity at temperatures equivalent to normal (37°C) and elevated (39°C) body temperatures is important for optimizing its clinical usage. We report here data obtained from examining enzymatic activity at these temperatures across nine lots of commercially available protease‐free Ch'ase ABC. CS GAG degrading activity was assayed by using 1) immunohistochemical detection of unsaturated disaccharide stubs generated by digestion of proteoglycans in tissue sections and 2) fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) and/or high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate and quantify unsaturated disaccharide digestion products. Our results indicate that there is a significant effect of lot and time on enzymatic thermostability. Average enzymatic activity is significantly decreased at 1 and 3 days at 39°C and 37°C, respectively. Furthermore, the average activity seen after 1 day was significantly different between the two temperatures. Addition of bovine serum albumin as a stabilizer significantly preserved enzymatic activity at 1 day, but not 3 days, at 39°C. These results show that the CS GAG degrading activity of Ch'ase ABC is significantly decreased with incubation at body temperature over time and that all lots do not show equal thermostability. These findings are important for the design and interpretation of experimental and potential clinical studies involving Ch'ase ABC. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretreatment with low nitric oxide protects osteoblasts from high nitric oxide‐induced apoptotic insults through regulation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/c‐Jun‐mediated Bcl‐2 gene expression and protein translocation
Authors: Tai Yu‐Ting , Cherng Yih‐Giun , Chang Chia‐Chen , Hwang Yi‐Ping , Chen Jui‐Tai , Chen Ruei‐Ming
Published: February 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pretreatment with a low concentration of NO on osteoblast injuries induced by a high level of NO and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of osteoblasts to 0.3 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, slightly increased cellular NO levels without affecting cell viability. SNP at 2 mM greatly increased the levels of cellular NO and reactive oxygen species, and induced osteoblast death. Thus, osteoblasts were treated with 0.3 and 2 mM SNP as the sources of low and high NO, respectively. Exposure of osteoblasts to high NO decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. With low‐NO pretreatment, the high NO‐induced cell insults were significantly ameliorated. When the culture medium was totally replaced after pretreatment with low NO, the protective effects obviously decreased. Administration of high NO significantly decreased c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and nuclear c‐Jun levels. Meanwhile, pretreatment with low NO significantly alleviated the high NO‐induced reduction in activation of JNK and c‐Jun. Sequentially, high NO inhibited Bcl‐2 mRNA and protein synthesis. After pretreatment with low NO, the high NO‐induced inhibition of the production of Bcl‐2 mRNA and protein significantly decreased. Imaging analysis from confocal microscopy further revealed that high NO decreased translocation of the Bcl‐2 protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. However, pretreatment with low NO significantly ameliorated the high NO‐induced suppression of Bcl‐2′s translocation. Exposure of human osteoblasts to high NO significantly decreased ALP activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with low NO significantly lowered the high NO‐induced alterations in ALP activity, cell viability, and cell apoptosis. This study shows that pretreatment with low NO can protect osteoblasts from high NO‐induced cell insults via JNK/c‐Jun‐mediated regulation of Bcl‐2 gene expression and protein translocation. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:625–635, 2007