bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genomics and Biosynthetic Cluster Analysis of Antifungal Secondary Metabolites of Three Strains of Streptomyces albidoflavus Isolated from Rhizospheric Soils
Authors: Gonzalez-Silva Adilene , San Juan-Mendo Magali , Delgado-Prudencio Gustavo , Hernández-García Juan Alfredo , Larios-Serrato Violeta , Aguilar César , Villa-Tanaca Lourdes , Hernández-Rodríguez César
Published: December 2024

Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content. It remains attractive for studying and discovering new antibiotics, antifungals, and chemotherapeutics. Streptomyces genomes can contain more than 30 cryptic and expressed biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoding secondary metabolites. In this study, three Streptomyces strains isolated from jungle rhizospheric soil exhibited supernatants that can inhibit sensitive and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. The genomes of the strains Streptomyces sp. A1, J25, J29 ori2 were sequenced, assembled de novo, and analyzed. The genome assemblies revealed that the size of the genomes was 6.9 Mb, with linear topology and 73.5% GC. A phylogenomic approach identified the strains with high similitudes between 98.5 and 98.7% with Streptomyces albidoflavus SM254 and R-53649 strains, respectively. Pangenomic analysis of eight genomes of S. albidoflavus strains deposited in the Genomes database recognized 4707 core protein orthogroups and 745 abundant accessory and exclusive protein orthogroups, suggesting an open pangenome in this species. The antiSMASH software detected candicidin and surugamide BGC-encoding polyene and octapeptide antifungal secondary metabolites in other S. albidoflavus. CORASON software was used to compare the synteny, and the abundance of genes harbored in the clusters was used. In conclusion, although the three strains belong to the same species, each possesses a distinct genome, as evidenced by the different phenotypes, including antifungal and extracellular enzymatic activities.
Inhibitory Effects of Sulfur Derivatives on Leishmania tarentolae Cell Viability and Secreted Acid Phosphatase In Vitro
Authors: Shang Henry H. , Zelaya Zaryna Z. , Hamaker Christopher G. , Jones Marjorie A.
Published: December 2024

Sulfonamide drugs were the original class of antibiotics, demonstrating the antibacterial potential of dithiocarbazate and thiosemicarbazone Schiff base derivatives of syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde. We synthesized unique Schiff bases via the condensation of the aldehydes with hydrazine derivatives, which allows for the easy synthesis of several related compounds. These Schiff base derivatives were tested for antileishmanial properties against the parasitic protozoan Leishmania tarentolae. The inhibitory properties of these sulfur compounds were tested using a series of cell viability and secreted acid phosphatase (SAP) assays. The results demonstrated that compounds ZZ1-04 and ZZ1-20 had potent inhibitory effects on parasite cell viability and SAP, an enzyme that may play a role in infectivity. These results increase our understanding of the role of sulfur in inhibiting Leishmania, providing more knowledge of the structural activity relationships that may prove critical for their development into possible antileishmanial treatments.
Water Redistribution in Vein Quartz Under Progressive Deformation (During Plastic Deformation): μFTIR and EBSD Study (Western Transbaikalia, Russia)
Authors: Kungulova Elvira N. , Bibko Artem A. , Shendrik Roman Y. , Moskvichev Evgeny N. , Lychagin Dmitry V. , Tishin Platon A.
Published: December 2024

Water distribution in the structure of vein quartz formed as a result of successive plastic deformations associated with dislocation slip and subsequent recrystallization was estimated using infrared microspectroscopic (μFTIR) mapping. Water contained in quartz demonstrates a broad absorption band in the IR range at 2800–3750 cm−1, which indicates its molecular state and suggests the presence of water bearing water inclusions. In addition to water, the presence of an absorption band located at 2341 cm−1 seems to be due to the presence of carbon dioxide in a molecular state. A necessary step before assessing the distribution of volatile components in the quartz structure was to calibrate the boundaries obtained by calculating the intensity ratios of the peaks at 1118 and 1160 cm−1 in the reflectance spectrum and using electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). A variety of fluid distributions in different elements of the structure was observed. At medium temperatures and medium strain rates, dislocation mass transfer is effective during dislocation slip. At low strain rates and elevated temperatures, the contribution of diffusion creep gradually increases, which facilitates the interaction of volatile components with migrating boundaries. It was found that in the process of successive rearrangements, migration of fluid components occurs within the main elements of the structure due to the redistribution of dislocations between defects of different scale levels. Redistribution of fluid from fluid inclusions as a result of plastic deformations in the quartz structure is one of the ways of relaxing intracrystalline stresses during strengthening of the structure.
Towards Novel Antiplasmodial Agents—Design, Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Second-Generation β-Carboline/Chloroquine Hybrids
Authors: Penava Ana , Marinović Marina , de Carvalho Lais Pessanha , Held Jana , Piantanida Ivo , Saftić Dijana Pavlović , Rajić Zrinka , Perković Ivana
Published: December 2024

As the resistance of Plasmodium to the existing antimalarials increases, there is a crucial need to expand the antimalarial drug pipeline. We recently identified potent antimalarial compounds, namely harmiquins, hybrids derived from the β-carboline alkaloid harmine and 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, a key structural motif of chloroquine (CQ). To further explore the structure−activity relationship, we synthesised 13 novel hybrid compounds at the position N-9 of the β-carboline ring and evaluated their efficacy in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains (CQ sensitive and multi-drug resistant, respectively). All compounds exhibit persistent antimalarial activity against both strains of P. falciparum. The most interesting derivatives had low nanomolar activity against both strains (IC50 (33) = 4.7 ± 1.3 nM against Pf3D7 and 6.5 ± 2.5 nM against PfDd2; IC50 (37) = 4.6 ± 0.6 nM against 3D7 and 10.5 ± 0.4 nM against Dd2). Resistance indices (RIs) ranged from 0.9 to 5.3 compared to CQ (RI = 14.4), highlighting their superior consistency in activity against both strains. The cytotoxicity screening performed on HepG2 revealed over 3 orders of magnitude higher IC50 for most of the compounds, with SIs from 711.0 to 8081.8. Spectroscopic studies explored the affinities of newly synthesised compounds for DNA, RNA, and HSA. Both tested hybrids, 34 and 39, were intrinsically fluorescent in an aqueous medium, characterised by remarkable Stokes shifts of emission maxima (Δλ = +103 and +93 nm for 34 and 39, respectively). Fluorimetric experiments revealed that compound 34, with its shorter and more flexible linker, exhibited at least an order of magnitude higher affinity toward ds-DNAs versus ds-RNA and two orders of magnitude higher affinity toward GC-DNAs compared to 39. The behaviour of the investigated compounds upon binding to HSA is very similar, showing a strong hypsochromic shift of the emission maximum (almost Δλ = −70 nm) and demonstrating their effectiveness as fluorimetric probes for distinguishing between DNA/RNA and proteins.
Maximizing Nano-Silica Efficiency in Laboratory-Simulated Recycled Concrete Aggregate via Prior Accelerated Carbonation: An Effective Strategy to Up-Cycle Construction Wastes
Authors: Lu Cheng-Gong , Zhang Xiu-Cheng , Chen Xue-Fei
Published: December 2024

Herein, the study explores a composite modification approach to enhance the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in sustainable construction by combining accelerated carbonation (AC) and nano-silica immersion (NS). RCA, a major source of construction waste, faces challenges in achieving comparable properties to virgin aggregates. Nano-silica, a potent pozzolan, is added to fill micro-cracks and voids in RCA, improving its bonding and strength. AC pretreatment accelerates RCA’s natural carbonation, forming calcium carbonate that strengthens the aggregate and reduces porosity. Due to the complexity of the original RCA, a laboratory-simulated RCA (LS-RCA) is used in this study for the mechanism analysis. Experimental trials employing the composite methodology have exhibited noteworthy enhancements, with the crushing index diminishing by approximately 23% and water absorption rates decreasing by up to 30%. Notably, the modification efficacy is more pronounced when applied to RCA derived from common-strength concrete (w/c of 0.5) as compared to high-strength concrete (w/c of 0.35). This disparity stems from the inherently looser structural framework and greater abundance of detrimental crystal structures in the former, which impede strength. Through a synergistic interaction, the calcium carbonate content undergoes a substantial increase, nearly doubling, while the proportion of calcium hydrate undergoes a concurrent reduction of approximately 30%. Furthermore, the combined modification effect leads to a 15% reduction in total porosity and a constriction of the average pore diameter by roughly 20%, ultimately resulting in pore refinement that equates the performance of samples with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 to those with a ratio of 0.35. This remarkable transformation underscores the profound modification potential of the combination approach. This study underscores the efficacy of harnessing accelerated carbonation in conjunction with nano-silica as a strategic approach to optimizing the utilization of RCA in concrete mixes, thereby bolstering their performance metrics and enhancing sustainability.
Sensory Quality, Volatile Compounds, and Physical Properties of Sheep’s Milk Cheese with Herbs (Allium ursinum L.)
Authors: Pluta-Kubica Agnieszka , Najgebauer-Lejko Dorota , Domagała Jacek , Lakatošová Jana , Šnirc Marek , Golian Jozef
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of wild garlic leaves on the sensory quality, volatiles, color, and texture of sheep milk soft rennet-curd cheese. The sensory evaluation of color, appearance, texture, odor, and taste was performed using a 5-point scale. The intensity of selected taste and odor discriminants was also assessed. Volatiles were analyzed by the GC-MS method. Color and textural characteristics were determined instrumentally. The wild garlic addition had no effect on the sensory characteristics of the cheese (p > 0.05). However, cheese with herbs exhibited a less intensive sour odor (p ≤ 0.05), sheep’s milk odor, and taste (p ≤ 0.01). (E)-7-methyl-4-decene, dichloroacetic acid undecyl ester, and 3,5-dimethyl-octane, described as creamy, acetic, and acid pungent in smell, were not detected in the cheese with wild garlic while they were present in the natural one. Moreover, herbal cheese was more piquant (p ≤ 0.01). PCA showed that the differences in volatiles resulted both from the use of wild garlic and the time of storage. Herbal addition affected almost all color characteristics, except for the hue angle (h), but caused an increase only in hardness and chewiness. In conclusion, wild garlic leaves can be recommended as an additive in the production of soft sheep’s milk rennet-curd cheese.
Antemortem and Postmortem Diagnosis of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)—A Case Report
Authors: Doboși Anca-Alexandra , Paștiu Anamaria Ioana , Bel Lucia-Victoria , Pop Romelia , Tăbăran Alexandru-Flaviu , Pusta Dana Liana
Published: December 2024

Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits represents a true challenge in both diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This study aims to describe and analyze all methods of identifying the presence of the microsporidian in a rabbit through antemortem and postmortem methods. The patient manifested clinical signs of vestibular disease and mild renal symptoms with no significant improvement under treatment, which finally led to euthanasia. Serological and molecular tests confirmed positivity for E. cuniculi in serum and urine, feces, brain, kidney and urinary bladder, respectively. Histopathological findings showed suggestive inflammatory lesions of encephalitis and nephritis and no changes in the eye globe and liver, but with no identification of microsporidian spores. This is the first complete case report of E. cuniculi in a rabbit in Romania, as well as the first report of urinary bladder molecular testing with a positive result, which facilitates for further diagnosis exploration for rabbits.
Tracing the Origin, Spread, and Molecular Evolution of Dengue Type 1 Cases That Occurred in Northern Italy in 2023
Authors: Romano Greta , Ferrari Guglielmo , Pitrolo Antonino Maria Guglielmo , Rovida Francesca , Piralla Antonio , Baldanti Fausto
Published: December 2024

The dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to many tropical and subtropical regions. Over the past few decades, the global incidence of dengue has risen dramatically, with the virus now present in over 100 countries, putting nearly half of the world’s population at risk. This increase is attributed to several factors, including urbanization, climate change, and global travel, which facilitate the spread of both the virus and its mosquito vectors. While dengue is primarily associated with tropical regions, outbreaks in temperate areas are becoming increasingly common due to the spread of Aedes albopictus, a competent vector for DENV that can adapt to cooler climates. This study investigates the molecular dynamics and geographic evolution of DENV type 1 (DENV-1) strains isolated from 13 patients during an autochthonous outbreak in Lombardy, Northern Italy, between August and September 2023. Additionally, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes were collected from a neighboring area to assess their potential role in the outbreak. A metagenomic approach was used to recover DENV-1 consensus sequences from clinical samples. Genotype classification and phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian methods and a comprehensive dataset of DENV-1 sequences from other countries. The Italian autochthonous strains clustered with South American strains collected between 2020 and 2023, specifically those belonging to genotype V, subtype D. Bayesian analysis estimated a mean evolutionary substitution rate of 8.234 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (95% HPD interval: 7.1448 × 10−4–9.3343 × 10−4), with the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) dating back to 1972 (95% HPD interval: 1968–1976). These findings suggest the likely introduction of the virus into the region from endemic areas in South America, followed by local transmission. This study offers valuable insights into the dynamics of the DENV-1 outbreak in Lombardy, underscoring the importance of genomic surveillance in monitoring viral spread and evolution. The findings emphasize the critical need for enhanced molecular and entomological surveillance to detect and respond to emerging autochthonous DENV cases in temperate regions where competent vectors, such as Aedes albopictus, are present. Public health strategies should prioritize integrated vector management, real-time genomic monitoring, and awareness campaigns to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. These measures are essential to address the growing threat posed by the geographic expansion of the dengue virus.
Bandwidth-Tunable Optical Amplifier with Narrowband Filtering Function Enabled by Parity-Time Symmetry at Exceptional Points
Authors: Zhu Kunpeng , Zhou Xiaoyan , Zhang Yinxin , Huang Zhanhua , Zhang Lin
Published: December 2024

Integrated optical amplifiers are the building blocks of on-chip photonic systems, and they are often accompanied by a narrowband filter to limit noise. In this sense, a bandwidth-tunable optical amplifier with narrowband filtering function is crucial for on-chip optical circuits and radio frequency systems. The intrinsic loss and coupling coefficients between resonator and waveguide inherently limit the bandwidth. The parity-time symmetric coupled microresonators operating at exceptional points enable near zero bandwidth. In this study, we propose a parity-time symmetric coupled microresonators system operating near EPs to achieve a bandwidth of 46.4 MHz, significantly narrower than bandwidth of 600.0 MHz and 743.2 MHz achieved by two all-pass resonators with identical gain/loss coefficients. This system also functions as an optical bandwidth-tunable filter. The bandwidth tuning ranges from 175.7 MHz to 7.8 MHz as gain coefficient adjusts from 0.2 dB/cm to 0.4 dB/cm. Our scheme presents a unique method to obtain narrow bandwidth from two broadband resonators and serves as an optical bandwidth-tunable filter, thereby paving a new avenue for exploring non-Hermitian light manipulation in all-optical integrated devices.
Enhanced Chaos Generation in Mid-Infrared Interband Cascade Lasers Under Amplitude-Modulated Optical Injection
Authors: Han Hong , Xu Jiada , Jia Zhiwei , Zhang Jianguo , Huo Mingming , Shore K. Alan
Published: December 2024

We numerically investigate the dynamics of an interband cascade laser (ICL) subjected to amplitude-modulated optical injection from a directly modulated master ICL. In comparison with steady-state optical injection, the proposed modulated optical injection significantly enlarges the chaos region. In excess of 10 GHz broadband mid-infrared chaos is obtained at large bias currents and with a high gain stage number for the appropriate choice of master-slave detuning, modulation frequency, and modulation depth.
Ecophysiological and Molecular Analysis of Contrasting Genotypes for Leaf Senescence in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Under Differential Doses of N in Soil
Authors: Becheran Daniela E. , Corzo Melanie A. , Ploschuk Edmundo L. , Nicosia Salvador , Moschen Sebastian , Bengoa Luoni Sofia , Di Rienzo Julio , Heinz Nicolas , Álvarez Daniel , Fernandez Paula
Published: December 2024

Leaf senescence in plants is the last stage of leaf development and is characterized by a decline in photosynthetic activity, an active degeneration of cellular structures, and the recycling of accumulated nutrients to areas of active growth, such as buds, young leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. This process holds economic significance as it can impact yield, influencing the plant’s ability to maintain an active photosynthetic system during prolonged periods, especially during the grain filling stage, which affects plant weight and oil content. It can be associated with different stresses or environmental conditions, manifesting itself widely in the context of climate change and limiting yield, especially in crops of agronomic relevance. In this work, we study the stability of two widely described sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes belonging to the INTA Breeding Program against differential N conditions, to verify their yield stability in control conditions and under N supply. Two inbred lines were utilized, namely R453 (early senescence) and B481-6 (late senescence), with contrasting nitrogen availability in the soil but sharing the same ontogeny cycle length. It was observed that, starting from R5.5, the B481-6 genotype not only delayed senescence but also exhibited a positive response to increased nitrogen availability in the soil. This response included an increase in intercepted radiation, resulting in a statistically significant enhancement in grain yield. Conversely, the R453 genotype did not show significant differences under varying nitrogen availability and exhibited a tendency to decrease grain yield when nitrogen availability was increased. The response to nitrogen can vary depending on the specific genotype.
Defense-Related Enzyme Activities and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal Differentially Accumulated Metabolites and Response Pathways for Sheath Blight Resistance in Rice
Authors: Yang Xiurong , Yan Shuangyong , Li Yuejiao , Li Guangsheng , Zhao Yujiao , Sun Shuqin , Su Jingping , Cui Zhongqiu , Huo Jianfei , Sun Yue , Yi Heng , Li Zhibin , Wang Shengjun
Published: December 2024

Rice sheath blight (RSB), caused by the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, poses a significant threat to global food security. The defense mechanisms employed by rice against RSB are not well understood. In our study, we analyzed the interactions between rice and R. solani by comparing the phenotypic changes, ROS content, and metabolite variations in both tolerant and susceptible rice varieties during the early stages of fungal infection. Notably, there were distinct phenotypic differences in the response to R. solani between the tolerant cultivar Zhengdao22 (ZD) and the susceptible cultivar Xinzhi No.1 (XZ). We observed that the activities of five defense-related enzymes in both tolerant and susceptible cultivars changed dynamically from 0 to 72 h post-infection with R. solani. In particular, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were closely associated with resistance to RSB. Metabolomic analysis revealed 825 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between the tolerant and susceptible varieties, with 493 DAMs responding to R. solani infection. Among these, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organoheterocyclic compounds, and organic acids and their derivatives were the most significantly enriched. One DAM, P-coumaraldehyde, which responded to R. solani infection, was found to effectively inhibit the growth of R. solani, Magnaporthe grisea, and Ustilaginoidea virens. Additionally, multiple metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, are likely involved in RSB resistance. Our research provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between rice and R. solani.
Potential Use of the Fungus Trichoderma sp. as a Plastic-Reducing Agent and Electricity Generator in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Segundo Rojas-Flores , Rocío Pimentel-Castillo , Luis Cabanillas-Chirinos , Angelats Silva Luis M.
Published: December 2024

The mismanagement of plastic waste, organic waste, and the shortage of electricity in remote villages has created significant challenges for industries and governments. Therefore, this research aims to utilize the fungus Trichoderma sp. as a catalyst in microbial fuel cells, where the novelty of the research is the generation of electricity and the degradation of plastic simultaneously. In this study, single-chamber microbial fuel cells were constructed using carbon (anode) and zinc (cathode) electrodes. The substrate consisted of 20 gr of potato waste and 1.5 × 1.5 cm samples of plastic waste, all combined in 390 mL of Bushnell broth, into which Trichoderma sp. was inoculated. The highest electrical readings were recorded on day 23, showing values of 5.648 ± 0.093 mA and 0.479 ± 0.025 V. On the same day, the pH level was measured at 7.046 ± 0.314, and the substrate’s electrical conductivity was found to be 155.135 ± 2.569 mS/cm. Over the 45-day monitoring period, the chemical oxygen demand decreased by 78.67%. The microbial fuel cells achieved a maximum power density of 68.140 ± 2.418 mW/cm2 at a current density of 4.719 mA/cm2, with an internal resistance of 23.647 ± 1.514 Ω. Analysis of the plastic using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) revealed a decrease in the intensity of spectral bands associated with hydroxyl groups, C-H structural groups, methyl groups, and C=C bonds. Additionally, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images demonstrated a reduction in the thickness of the plastic film and the formation of voids and sheets, highlighting the potential of Trichoderma sp. for plastic degradation.
Research Metrics in Architecture: An Analysis of the Current Challenges Compared to Engineering Disciplines
Authors: Asfour Omar S. , Al-Qawasmi Jamal
Published: December 2024

The Hirsch index (‘h-index’) is a widely recognized metric for assessing researchers’ impact, considering both the quantity and quality of their research work. Despite its global acceptance, the h-index has created some uncertainty about appropriate benchmark values across different disciplines. One such area of concern is architecture, which is often at a disadvantage compared to the fields of science and engineering. To examine this disparity, this study compared the citation count and h-index in architecture with those of other engineering disciplines. Data were collected extensively from Scopus database, focusing on the top 50 universities. The analysis revealed that architecture consistently recorded lower citation counts and h-index values than the selected engineering fields. Specifically, the average h-index for faculty members at the associate and full professor ranks was found to be 7.0 in architecture, compared to 22.8 in civil engineering and 25.6 in mechanical engineering. The findings highlight that a universal h-index benchmark is impractical, as research areas significantly vary in terms of research opportunities, challenges, and performance expectations. Thus, this study proposes the adoption of an additional relative h-index metric, ‘hr-index’, which accounts for the deviation of individual researchers from the average h-index value within their fields of knowledge. This metric can serve as a complement to the standard h-index, providing a more equitable and accurate assessment of researchers’ performance and impact within their areas of expertise.
Machine Learning-Based Modeling of pH-Sensitive Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) for Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
Authors: Ayadi Nabil , Lale Ahmet , Hajji Bekkay , Launay Jérôme , Temple-Boyer Pierre
Published: December 2024

The development of ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensors based on silicon nanowires (SiNW) has recently seen significant progress, due to their many advantages such as compact size, low cost, robustness and real-time portability. However, little work has been done to predict the performance of SiNW-ISFET sensors. The present study focuses on predicting the performance of the silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based ISFET sensor using four machine learning techniques, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP), nonlinear regression (NLR), support vector regression (SVR) and extra tree regression (ETR). The proposed ML algorithms are trained and validated using experimental measurements of the SiNW-ISFET sensor. The results obtained show a better predictive ability of extra tree regression (ETR) compared to other techniques, with a low RMSE of 1 × 10−3 mA and an R2 value of 0.9999725. This prediction study corrects the problems associated with SiNW -ISFET sensors.
The Presence/Absence of an Awake-State Dominant EEG Rhythm in Delirious Patients Is Related to Different Symptoms of Delirium Evaluated by the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC)
Authors: Shinba Toshikazu , Fujita Yusuke , Ogawa Yusuke , Shinba Yujiro , Shinba Shuntaro
Published: December 2024

(1) Background: Delirium is a serious condition in patients undergoing treatment for somatic diseases, leading to poor prognosis. However, the pathophysiology of delirium is not fully understood and should be clarified for its adequate treatment. This study analyzed the relationship between confusion symptoms in delirium and resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum (PS) profiles to investigate the heterogeneity. (2) Methods: The participants were 28 inpatients in a general hospital showing confusion symptoms with an Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) score of 4 or above. EEG was measured at Pz in the daytime awake state for 100 s with the eyes open and 100 s with the eyes closed on the day of the ICDSC evaluation. PS analysis was conducted consecutively for each 10 s datum. (3) Results: Two resting EEG PS patterns were observed regarding the dominant rhythm: the presence or absence of a dominant rhythm, whereby the PS showed alpha or theta peaks in the former and no dominant rhythm in the latter. The patients showing a dominant EEG rhythm were frequently accompanied by hallucination or delusion (p = 0.039); conversely, those lacking a dominant rhythm tended to exhibit fluctuations in the delirium symptoms (p = 0.020). The other ICDSC scores did not differ between the participants with these two EEG patterns. (4) Discussion: The present study indicates that the presence and absence of a dominant EEG rhythm in delirious patients are related to different symptoms of delirium. Using EEG monitoring in the care of delirium will help characterize its heterogeneous pathophysiology, which requires multiple management strategies.
Soil Water Status Monitoring System with Proximal Low-Cost Sensors and LoRa Technology for Smart Water Irrigation in Woody Crops
Authors: Dafonte Jorge , González Miguel Ángel , Comesaña Enrique , Teijeiro María Teresa , Cancela Javier J.
Published: December 2024

Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content. Commercial solutions were either too expensive or did not meet our needs. This challenge led us to design the low-cost sensor system that fulfilled our requirements. This node is based on the ESP32 chip, and communication between the nodes and the gateway is carried out by LoRa technology. The gateway is also based on the ESP32 chip. The gateway uploads the data to an FTP server using a Wi-Fi connection with a 4G router while simultaneously storing the data on a memory card. The programming of the code for the nodes and the gateway is performed using the Arduino IDE. The equipment developed is proven to be effective and for managing vineyard irrigation based on the built-in sensors, with replicable results. It is, however, essential to calibrate the capacitive sensors for measuring soil water content in each soil type in order to enhance their ability to produce reliable results. In addition, the limits marking the beginning and end of irrigation tasks must be adjusted to local conditions and according to the producer’s specific vineyard objectives.
Comparison of EEG Signal Spectral Characteristics Obtained with Consumer- and Research-Grade Devices
Authors: Mikhaylov Dmitry , Saeed Muhammad , Husain Alhosani Mohamed , F. Al Wahedi Yasser
Published: December 2024

Electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a pivotal tool in both research and clinical practice due to its non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide real-time monitoring of brain activity. Wearable EEG technology opens new avenues for consumer applications, such as mental health monitoring, neurofeedback training, and brain–computer interfaces. However, there is still much to verify and re-examine regarding the functionality of these devices and the quality of the signal they capture, particularly as the field evolves rapidly. In this study, we recorded the resting-state brain activity of healthy volunteers via three consumer-grade EEG devices, namely PSBD Headband Pro, PSBD Headphones Lite, and Muse S Gen 2, and compared the spectral characteristics of the signal obtained with that recorded via the research-grade Brain Product amplifier (BP) with the mirroring montages. The results showed that all devices exhibited higher mean power in the low-frequency bands, which are characteristic of dry-electrode technology. PSBD Headband proved to match BP most precisely among the other examined devices. PSBD Headphones displayed a moderate correspondence with BP and signal quality issues in the central group of electrodes. Muse demonstrated the poorest signal quality, with extremely low alignment with BP. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering device-specific design constraints and emphasizes the need for further validation to ensure the reliability and accuracy of wearable EEG devices.
Enhancing Greenhouse Efficiency: Integrating IoT and Reinforcement Learning for Optimized Climate Control
Authors: Platero-Horcajadas Manuel , Pardo-Pina Sofia , Cámara-Zapata José-María , Brenes-Carranza José-Antonio , Ferrández-Pastor Francisco-Javier
Published: December 2024

Automated systems, regulated by algorithmic protocols and predefined set-points for feedback control, require the oversight and fine tuning of skilled technicians. This necessity is particularly pronounced in automated greenhouses, where optimal environmental conditions depend on the specialized knowledge of dedicated technicians, emphasizing the need for expert involvement during installation and maintenance. To address these challenges, this study proposes the integration of data acquisition technologies using Internet of Things (IoT) protocols and optimization services via reinforcement learning (RL) methodologies. The proposed model was tested in an industrial production greenhouse for the cultivation of industrial hemp, applying adapted strategies to the crop, and was guided by an agronomic technician knowledgeable about the plant. The expertise of this technician was crucial in transferring the RL model to a real-world automated greenhouse equipped with IoT technology. The study concludes that the integration of IoT and RL technologies is effective, validating the model’s ability to manage and optimize greenhouse operations efficiently and adapt to different types of crops. Moreover, this integration not only enhances operational efficiency but also reduces the need for constant human intervention, thereby minimizing labor costs and increasing scalability for larger agricultural enterprises. Furthermore, the RL-based control has demonstrated its ability to maintain selected temperatures and achieve energy savings compared to classical control methods.
Dynamic Road Anomaly Detection: Harnessing Smartphone Accelerometer Data with Incremental Concept Drift Detection and Classification
Authors: Ferjani Imen , Alsaif Suleiman Ali
Published: December 2024

Effective monitoring of road conditions is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient transportation systems. By leveraging the power of crowd-sourced smartphone sensor data, road condition monitoring can be conducted in real-time, providing valuable insights for transportation planners, policymakers, and the general public. Previous studies have primarily focused on the use of pre-trained machine learning models and threshold-based methods for anomaly classification, which may not be suitable for real-world scenarios that require incremental detection and classification. As a result, there is a need for novel approaches that can adapt to changing data environments and perform effective classification without relying on pre-existing training data. This study introduces a novel, real-time road condition monitoring technique harnessing smartphone sensor data, addressing the limitations of pre-trained models that lack adaptability in dynamic environments. A hybrid anomaly detection method, combining unsupervised and supervised learning, is proposed to effectively manage concept drift, demonstrating a significant improvement in accuracy and robustness with a 96% success rate. The findings underscore the potential of incremental learning to enhance model responsiveness and efficiency in distinguishing various road anomalies, offering a promising direction for future transportation safety and resource optimization strategies.
Extracting Optimal Number of Features for Machine Learning Models in Multilayer IoT Attacks
Authors: Sukhni Badeea Al , Manna Soumya K. , Dave Jugal M. , Zhang Leishi
Published: December 2024

The rapid integration of Internet of Things (IoT) systems in various sectors has escalated security risks due to sophisticated multilayer attacks that compromise multiple security layers and lead to significant data loss, personal information theft, financial losses etc. Existing research on multilayer IoT attacks exhibits gaps in real-world applicability, due to reliance on outdated datasets with a limited focus on adaptive, dynamic approaches to address multilayer vulnerabilities. Additionally, the complete reliance on automated processes without integrating human expertise in feature selection and weighting processes may affect the reliability of detection models. Therefore, this research aims to develop a Semi-Automated Intrusion Detection System (SAIDS) that integrates efficient feature selection, feature weighting, normalisation, visualisation, and human–machine interaction to detect and identify multilayer attacks, enhancing mitigation strategies. The proposed framework managed to extract an optimal set of 13 significant features out of 64 in the Edge-IIoT dataset, which is crucial for the efficient detection and classification of multilayer attacks, and also outperforms the performance of the KNN model compared to other classifiers in binary classification. The KNN algorithm demonstrated an average accuracy exceeding 94% in detecting several multilayer attacks such as UDP, ICMP, HTTP flood, MITM, TCP SYN, XSS, SQL injection, etc.
Research Progress of MEMS Gas Sensors: A Comprehensive Review of Sensing Materials
Authors: Wu Yingjun , Lei Ming , Xia Xiaohong
Published: December 2024

The MEMS gas sensor is one of the most promising gas sensors nowadays due to its advantage of small size, low power consumption, and easy integration. It has been widely applied in energy components, portable devices, smart living, etc. The performance of the gas sensor is largely determined by the sensing materials, as well as the fabrication methods. In this review, recent research progress on H2, CO, NO2, H2S, and NH3 MEMS sensors is surveyed, and sensing materials such as metal oxide semiconductors, organic materials, and carbon materials, modification methods like construction of heterostructures, doping, and surface modification of noble metals, and fabrication methods including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering deposition (SD), etc., are summarized. The effect of materials and technology on the performance of the MEMS gas sensors are compared.
Enhancing Biophysical Muscle Fatigue Model in the Dynamic Context of Soccer
Authors: Skoki Arian , Ivić Stefan , Ljubic Sandi , Lerga Jonatan , Štajduhar Ivan
Published: December 2024

In the field of muscle fatigue models (MFMs), the prior research has demonstrated success in fitting data in specific contexts, but it falls short in addressing the diverse efforts and rapid changes in exertion typical of soccer matches. This study builds upon the existing model, aiming to enhance its applicability and robustness to dynamic demand shifts. The objective is to encapsulate the complexities of soccer dynamics with a streamlined set of parameters. Our refined model achieved a slight improvement in the R2 score in the maximum hand-grip test, increasing from 0.87 to 0.89 compared to the existing model. It also demonstrated dynamic change robustness in a soccer-specific 1 min drill and 15 min treadmill protocol extracted from the literature. Through individualized fitting on a 10-repetition 80 m sprint test for a soccer player, the model exhibited R2 scores between 0.62 and 0.80. Furthermore, when tested with actual soccer match data, it maintained a robust performance, with the average R2 scores ranging from 0.70 to 0.72. The proposed approach holds the potential to advance the understanding of tactical decisions by correlating them with real-time physical performance, offering opportunities for more informed strategies and ultimately enhancing team performance.
Occurrence of Injuries in Different Phases of Judo Matches: Analysis Based on International Competitions
Authors: Błach Wiesław , Gaweł Dawid , Cynarski Wojciech J. , Rydzik Łukasz , Borysiuk Zbigniew , Kostrzewa Maciej
Published: December 2024

Background: The specificity of the technical actions that are performed in judo may be dependent on and vary during particular phases of the combat, thus possibly impacting injury prevalence. Therefore, towards the betterment of athletes’ safety and considering the importance of the issue of injury prevention in judo, the main goal of this study was to identify the injury occurrence during respective combat phases, i.e., the (a) first half, (b) second half, (c) last minute, and (d) golden score. Methods: A total of 26,862 elite judo athletes, including 15,571 men and 11,291 women, participated in the study. The subjects competed in 128 international tournaments of the European Judo Union (EJU) in 2005–2020. The EJU medical questionnaire was utilized to gather information from each injured athlete according to the aforementioned inclusion criteria. Results: Several statistically significant relationships were found between the differences in the number of injuries between particular combat phases and the athlete’s sex. Conclusions: A significantly higher number of injuries occurred during the combined second half and the last minute of the judo combat. Males suffered more injuries during the first and second half of the combat compared to females, however, during the last minute of the combat, the number of injuries was greater among women.
Detecting the Corrosion of a Steel Rebar Using the Eddy Current Testing Method
Authors: He Dongfeng
Published: December 2024

The corrosion of the steel reinforcing bar (rebar) reduces the strength capacity of concrete structures. Corrosion detection at the early stage of steel rebar implementation is important for the maintenance of concrete structures. Using the eddy current testing method, we developed a portable system to evaluate the corrosion of steel rebars. An AC current was sent to the excitation coil to produce an AC magnetic field and an eddy current was induced in the steel rebar. A detection coil was used to detect the signal produced by the eddy current. A lock-in amplifier was used to obtain the same phase signal and a 90-degree phase difference signal and an X-Y graph was plotted. From the slope of the X-Y graph, the corrosion of the steel rebar or steel wire can be evaluated. We examined the effects of excitation frequency, coil type, and coil size on the experimental results to optimize the system. The signal-to-noise ratio and the detection depth were improved with a specially designed probe.
Microelement Integration Drives Smart Manufacturing: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Li Chenguang , Gong Jingtong , Fu Tao , Liang Zhiguo
Published: December 2024

Smart manufacturing is an important initiative to promote the transformation and upgrading of industries and the high-quality development of the economy. However, the current situation of digitalized smart transformation in manufacturing enterprises is not optimistic, which is primarily attributed to the ambiguity surrounding the pathways. This study is based on the technology-organization-environment-individual (TOE-I) analytical framework; it selects 20 case studies of advanced manufacturing enterprises; and employs case studies and necessary condition fuzzy set qualitative comparative research methods (NCA and fsQCA) to investigate the pathways through which technology, organization, the environment, and individual microelements synergistically drive smart manufacturing from a configurational perspective. The study reveals that digital technology breakthroughs, digital infrastructure, digital talent, digital sharing, organizational resilience, organizational culture, and the entrepreneurial spirit are the core influencing factors in advancing smart manufacturing for manufacturing enterprises, and four implementation paths driven by smart manufacturing are analyzed. Among them, digital technology breakthroughs and digital infrastructure have a potential substitutive relationship in the “technology + talent” empowerment organizational model. Organizational resilience, organizational culture, and the entrepreneurial spirit are important safeguards for successful advancements in smart manufacturing. In contrast, digital infrastructure plays a more indirect, supporting role. Accordingly, this paper provides theoretical reference and practical guidance.
Research on the Structure of Disciplinary Knowledge Systems from the Perspective of a Knowledge Behavior Strategy
Authors: Zhang Huiying , Chang Le , Yang Zuguo , Lu Juan
Published: December 2024

Examining the structure and acquisition mechanisms of a disciplinary knowledge system through the framework of knowledge behavior can greatly enhance science education and stimulate innovation in higher education in the long term. Within this framework, a disciplinary knowledge system can theoretically be segmented into a basic knowledge system and a knowledge network system. Drawing from knowledge structure theory and the philosophy of science, a basic knowledge system is characterized by a pyramid structure. When integrated with ecosystem research perspectives, the knowledge network system assumes a “center-periphery” circle structure which reveals the underlying meanings within the structure of disciplinary knowledge systems. On this basis, using energy chemical engineering as a case study, this paper examines a disciplinary knowledge system by analyzing citations and author collaborations in leading academic papers and explores interconnections within disciplinary knowledge systems. This process provides a methodological reference for other disciplines to identify the structure of their own knowledge systems. This study significantly contributes to educational reform and the development and innovation of academic disciplines by offering a robust framework for understanding and advancing the knowledge structures within various fields.
Multi-Antigen Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) mRNA Vaccine Induces Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses in Mice
Authors: Watts Jessica R. , Clinton Jennifer L. Spencer , Pollet Jeroen , Peng Rongsheng , Tan Jie , Ling Paul D.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) causes lethal hemorrhagic disease (HD) in Asian and African elephants in human care and the wild. It is the leading cause of death for young Asian elephants in North American and European zoos despite sensitive diagnostic tests and improved treatments. Thus, there is a critical need to develop an effective vaccine to prevent severe illness and reduce mortality from EEHV-HD. We generated a multi-antigenic EEHV mRNA vaccine to address this need that encodes the EEHV1A-subtype glycoproteins gB, gH, gL, and gO. These conserved proteins are the entry machinery for several herpesviruses in the betaherpesvirus subfamily and elicit humoral and cellular immunity in naturally infected elephants. Methods: Outbred CD-1 mice were vaccinated with two doses of an mRNA vaccine comprising modified EEHV1A gB, gH, gL, and gO mRNAs encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles. Humoral and T-cell immunity was assessed three weeks after the first dose or three weeks after the booster dose using luciferase immunoprecipitation system assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Results: The CD-1 mice vaccinated once had detectable antibody titers against gB, gH, and gL that increased significantly three weeks after a booster dose. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting cytokines associated with a TH1 response were induced against all four glycoproteins. No adverse effects were observed following one or two doses of the vaccine. Conclusions: We found that gB, gH, gL, and gO as a multivalent vaccine stimulated robust humoral and cell-mediated immunity. This is a critical step for moving this candidate EEHV1A mRNA vaccine into clinical trials in Asian elephants.