bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Passive Observer for Motion Estimation in Multi-Axis Precision Motion Control
Authors: Gutierrez Hector , Li Dengfeng
Published: May 2024

A nonlinear passive observer (NPO) for estimating the time-varying velocity vector of a multi-axis high-precision motion control stage is presented. The proposed nonlinear estimation strategy is developed based on a Lyapunov stability analysis, which proves that the NPO is stable. Three test cases are used to investigate the performance of the proposed observer. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed NPO in accurately estimating time-varying velocity during alignment, reciprocating motion, and multi-axis motion in high-precision motion control applications.
Expression of Concern: Ossicini, A. On the Nature of Some Euler’s Double Equations Equivalent to Fermat’s Last Theorem. Mathematics 2022, 10, 4471
Authors:   Mathematics Editorial Office
Published: May 2024

With this notice, the Mathematics Editorial Office states its awareness of concerns regarding the findings of the published manuscript [...]
Health Status Detection for Motor Drive Systems Based on Generalized-Layer-Added Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Chen Qing , Sun Ruiwang , Diao Naizhe
Published: May 2024

Health status detection for motor drive systems includes detecting the working status of the motor and diagnosing open-circuit (OC) faults in the inverter. This paper proposes a generalized-layer-added principle component analysis (GPCA) to determine the load-up/load-shedding status of a motor and diagnose faults in its inverter. Most current methods for detecting OC faults are constrained by changes in the current amplitude and frequency, potentially leading to misjudgments during load-up/load-shedding transient states. The proposed method addresses this issue. Initially, this paper employs a homogenization method to process current data, eliminating the impact of transient processes during motor load-up/load-shedding states on inverter fault diagnosis. Subsequently, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to extract the frequency domain characteristics of the data. If the PCA method is trained with a singular matrix, this can lead to an unreliable result. This paper introduces a generalization layer based on the PCA method, leading to the GPCA method, which enables training with singular matrices. The GPCA method is then developed to compute data features. By presetting thresholds and utilizing the prediction error value and contribution rate index of the GPCA method, the relevant state of the motor drive system can be determined. Finally, through simulations and experiments, it has been demonstrated that the method, using data from the stable working state, can effectively detect the working status of a motor and diagnose OC faults in its inverter, with a diagnostic time of 0.05 current cycles.
Integral Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round IIoTBC-A and Full IIoTBC-B
Authors: Liu Fen , Sun Zhe , Luo Xi , Li Chao , Wan Junping
Published: May 2024

This paper delves into the realm of cryptographic analysis by employing mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a powerful tool for automated cryptanalysis. Building on this foundation, we apply the division property method alongside MILP to conduct a comprehensive cryptanalysis of the IIoTBC (industrial Internet of Things block cipher) algorithm, a critical cipher in the security landscape of industrial IoT systems. Our investigation into IIoTBC System A has led to identifying a 14-round integral distinguisher, further extended to a 22-round key recovery. This significant finding underscores the cipher’s susceptibility to sophisticated cryptanalytic attacks and demonstrates the profound impact of combining the division property method with MILP in revealing hidden cipher weaknesses. In the case of IIoTBC System B, our innovative approach has uncovered a full-round distinguisher. We provide theoretical validation for this distinguisher and uncover a pivotal structural issue in the System B algorithm, specifically the non-diffusion of its third branch. This discovery sheds light on inherent security challenges within System B and points to areas for potential enhancement in its design. Our research, through its methodical examination and analysis of the IIoTBC algorithm, contributes substantially to the field of cryptographic security, especially concerning industrial IoT applications. By uncovering and analyzing the vulnerabilities within IIoTBC, we enhance the understanding of cipher robustness and pave the way for advancements in securing industrial IoT communications.
On Block g-Circulant Matrices with Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms for Transformer-Based Translation Machine
Authors: Asriani Euis , Muchtadi-Alamsyah Intan , Purwarianti Ayu
Published: May 2024

Transformer has emerged as one of the modern neural networks that has been applied in numerous applications. However, transformers’ large and deep architecture makes them computationally and memory-intensive. In this paper, we propose the block g-circulant matrices to replace the dense weight matrices in the feedforward layers of the transformer and leverage the DCT-DST algorithm to multiply these matrices with the input vector. Our test using Portuguese-English datasets shows that the suggested method improves model memory efficiency compared to the dense transformer but at the cost of a slight drop in accuracy. We found that the model Dense-block 1-circulant DCT-DST of 128 dimensions achieved the highest model memory efficiency at 22.14%. We further show that the same model achieved a BLEU score of 26.47%.
Multi-Model Assessing and Visualizing Consistency and Compatibility of Experts in Group Decision-Making
Authors: Srđević Bojan , Srđević Zorica
Published: May 2024

In this paper, an approach is proposed for assessing the performance of experts in the group from two perspectives: (1) individual consistencies and (2) deviations from the group decision. The quality of performance of the experts is based on combining the standard and rough analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). The statistical method CRITIC is used to derive weights for the TOPSIS method before the experts are assessed based on demonstrated consistency and deviations from the group. Common performance indicators, such as consistency ratio, Euclidean distance, compatibility, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient, are proposed for re-grouping experts before making the final decisions. A genetic algorithm enables the efficient solving of this complex clustering problem. Implementing the described approach and method can be useful in comparable assessment frameworks. A critical aspect is conducting a thorough pre-assessment of the competence of potential decision makers, often referred to as experts who may not consistently exhibit apparent expertise. The competence of decision makers (which does not have to be associated with compatibility) is evidenced by selected consistency parameters, and in a way, a pre-assessment of their competence follows Plato’s ‘government of the wise’ principle. In the presented study, the compatibility of individuals in the group with the collective position (group decision) is measured by parameters related to their compatibility with the group solution and statistical deviation while ranking decision elements. The proposed multi-model-based approach stands out for its resilience in conducting thorough pre-assessment of the quality (competence) of potential decision makers, often regarded as experts who might not consistently display evident expertise. The wetland study area in Serbia is used as an example application, where seven measures for reducing the risk of drought were evaluated by twelve experts coming from different sectors and with different backgrounds and expertise.
On Some Properties of Trajectories of Non-Smooth Vector Fields
Authors: Zvyagin Victor , Orlov Vladimir , Zvyagin Andrey
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we study the properties of trajectories of systems of ordinary differential equations generated by the velocity field of a moving incompressible viscoelastic fluid with memory along the trajectories in a domain with multiple boundary components. The case of a velocity field from a Sobolev space with inhomogeneous boundary conditions is considered. The properties of the maximal intervals of existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem corresponding to a given velocity field are investigated. The study assumes the approximation of a velocity field by a sequence of smooth fields followed by a passage to the limit. The theory of regular Lagrangian flows is used.
A Classification of Compact Cohomogeneity One Locally Conformal Kähler Manifolds
Authors: Guan Daniel
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we apply a result of the classification of a compact cohomogeneity one Riemannian manifold with a compact Lie group G to obtain a classification of compact cohomogeneity one locally conformal Kähler manifolds. In particular, we prove that the compact complex manifold is a complex one-dimensional torus bundle over a projective rational homogeneous, or cohomogeneity one manifold except of a class of manifolds with a generalized Hopf surface bundle over a projective rational homogeneous space. Additionally, it is a homogeneous compact complex manifold under the complexification GC of the given compact Lie group G under an extra condition that the related closed one form is cohomologous to zero on the generic G orbit. Moreover, the semi-simple part S of the Lie group action has hypersurface orbits, i.e., it is of cohomogeneity one with respect to the semi-simple Lie group S in that special case.
Assessing Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in University Dormitory Washing Machines
Authors: Chen Wenbo , Zhang Yu , Mi Jiandui
Published: May 2024

University dormitories represent densely populated environments, and washing machines are potential sites for the spread of bacteria and microbes. However, the extent of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) variation in washing machines within university dormitories and their potential health risks are largely unknown. To disclose the occurrence of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from university dormitories, we collected samples from washing machines in 10 dormitories and used metagenomic sequencing technology to determine microbial and ARG abundance. Our results showed abundant microbial diversity, with Proteobacteria being the dominant microorganism that harbors many ARGs. The majority of the existing ARGs were associated with antibiotic target alteration and efflux, conferring multidrug resistance. We identified tnpA and IS91 as the most abundant mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in washing machines and found that Micavibrio aeruginosavorus, Aquincola tertiaricarbonis, and Mycolicibacterium iranicum had high levels of ARGs. Our study highlights the potential transmission of pathogens from washing machines to humans and the surrounding environment. Pollution in washing machines poses a severe threat to public health and demands attention. Therefore, it is crucial to explore effective methods for reducing the reproduction of multidrug resistance.
A Novel View on the Taxonomy of Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium ‘Desulfotomaculum salinum’ and a Description of a New Species Desulfofundulus salinus sp. nov.
Authors: Nazina Tamara N. , Tourova Tatyana P. , Grouzdev Denis S. , Bidzhieva Salimat K. , Poltaraus Andrey B.
Published: May 2024

Two thermophilic spore-forming sulfate-reducing strains, 435T and 781, were isolated from oil and gas reservoirs in Western Siberia (Russia) about 50 years ago. Both strains were found to be neutrophilic, chemoorganotrophic, anaerobic bacteria, growing at 45–70 °C (optimum, 55–60 °C) and with 0–4.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5–1% NaCl). The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, C16:0, and C18:0. In sulfate-reducing conditions, the strains utilized H2/CO2, formate, lactate, pyruvate, malate, fumarate, succinate, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, butyrate, valerate, and palmitate. In 2005, based on phenotypic characteristics and a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains were described as ‘Desulfotomaculum salinum’ sp. nov. However, this species was not validly published because the type strain was not deposited in two culture collections. In this study, a genomic analysis of strain 435T was carried out to determine its taxonomic affiliation. The genome size of strain 435T was 2.886 Mb with a 55.1% genomic G + C content. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values were highest between strain 435T and members of the genus Desulfofundulus, 78.7–93.3% and 25.0–52.2%, respectively; these values were below the species delineation cut-offs (<95–96% and <70%). The cumulative phenotypic and phylogenetic data indicate that two strains represent a novel species within the genus Desulfofundulus, for which the name Desulfofundulus salinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 435T (=VKM B-1492T = DSM 23196T). A genome analysis of strain 435T revealed the genes for dissimilatory sulfate reduction, autotrophic carbon fixation via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, hydrogen utilization, methanol and organic acids metabolism, and sporulation, which were confirmed by cultivation studies.
Covalent Organic Frameworks Based Electrocatalysts for Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Design Principles, Recent Advances, and Perspective
Authors: Qiao Rui , Wang Jinyan , Hu Hongyin , Lu Shuanglong
Published: May 2024

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally friendly oxidant with a wide range of applications, and the two-electron pathway (2e−) of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for H2O2 production has attracted much attention due to its eco-friendly nature and operational simplicity in contrast to the conventional anthraquinone process. The challenge is to design electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity and to understand their structure–activity relationship and catalytic mechanism in the ORR process. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide an efficient template for the construction of highly efficient electrocatalysts due to their designable structure, excellent stability, and controllable porosity. This review firstly outlines the design principles of COFs, including the selection of metallic and nonmetallic active sites, the modulation of the electronic structure of the active sites, and the dimensionality modulation of the COFs, to provide guidance for improving the production performance of H2O2. Subsequently, representative results are summarized in terms of both metallic and metal-free sites to follow the latest progress. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of 2e− ORR electrocatalysts based on COFs are discussed.
Insights into Transfer of Supramolecular Doxorubicin/Congo Red Aggregates through Phospholipid Membranes
Authors: Stachowicz-Kuśnierz Anna , Rychlik Paulina , Korchowiec Jacek , Korchowiec Beata
Published: May 2024

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, from the anthracycline class, which is genotoxic to neoplastic cells via a DNA intercalation mechanism. It is effective and universal; however, it also causes numerous side effects. The most serious of them are cardiotoxicity and a decrease in the number of myeloid cells. For this reason, targeted DOX delivery systems are desirable, since they would allow lowering the drug dose and therefore limiting systemic side effects. Recently, synthetic dyes, in particular Congo red (CR), have been proposed as possible DOX carriers. CR is a planar molecule, built of a central biphenyl moiety and two substituted naphthalene rings, connected with diazo bonds. In water, it forms elongated ribbon-shaped supramolecular structures, which are able to selectively interact with immune complexes. In our previous studies, we have shown that CR aggregates can intercalate DOX molecules. In this way, they preclude DOX precipitation in water solutions and increase its uptake by MCF7 breast cancer cells. In the present work, we further explore the interactions between DOX, CR, and their aggregates (CR/DOX) with phospholipid membranes. In addition to neutral molecules, the protonated doxorubicin form, DXP, is also studied. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the transfer of CR, DOX, DXP, and their aggregates through POPC bilayers. Interactions of CR, DOX, and CR/DOX with model monolayers are studied with Langmuir trough measurements. This study shows that CR may support the transfer of doxorubicin molecules into the bilayer. Both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with lipids are important in this respect. The former promote the initial stages of the insertion process, the latter keep guest molecules inside the bilayer.
Total Syntheses and Antibacterial Studies of Natural Isoflavones: Scandenone, Osajin, and 6,8-Diprenylgenistein
Authors: Dong Hongbo , Che Yufei , Zhu Xingtong , Zhong Yi , Lin Jiafu , Wang Jian , Du Weihong , Song Tao
Published: May 2024

Isoflavones are a class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of interesting biological properties, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Scandenone (1), osajin (2), and 6,8-diprenylgenistein (3) are natural prenylated isoflavones that share the same polyphenol framework. In this research, the key intermediate 15 was used for the synthesis of the natural isoflavones 1–3, establishing a stereoselective synthetic method for both linear and angular pyran isoflavones. The antibacterial activities of 1–3 were also evaluated, and all of them displayed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Among them, 2 was the most potent one against MRSA, with a MIC value of 2 μg/mL, and the SEM assay indicated that the bacterial cell membranes of both MRSA and E. faecalis could be disrupted by 2. These findings suggest that this type of isoflavone could serve as a lead for the development of novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.
Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol and Dry Reforming of Methane with CO2 on Ni/Vermiculite: Stability Improvement via Acid or Base Treatment of the Support
Authors: Mahir Hanane , Benzaouak Abdellah , Mesrar Farah , El Hamidi Adnane , Kacimi Mohamed , Consentino Luca , Liotta Leonarda Francesca
Published: May 2024

In this study, vermiculite was explored as a support material for nickel catalysts in two key processes in syngas production: dry reforming of methane with CO2 and steam reforming of ethanol. The vermiculite underwent acid or base treatment, followed by the preparation of Ni catalysts through incipient wetness impregnation. Characterization was conducted using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM–EDS, FTIR, and temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). TG-TD analyses were performed to assess the formation of carbon deposits on spent catalysts. The Ni-based catalysts were used in reaction tests without a reduction pre-treatment. Initially, raw vermiculite-supported nickel showed limited catalytic activity in the dry reforming of methane. After acid (Ni/VTA) or base (Ni/VTB) treatment, vermiculite proved to be an effective support for nickel catalysts that displayed outstanding performance, achieving high methane conversion and hydrogen yield. The acidic treatment improved the reduction of nickel species and reduced carbon deposition, outperforming the Ni over alkali treated support. The prepared catalysts were also evaluated in ethanol steam reforming under various conditions including temperature, water/ethanol ratio, and space velocity, with acid-treated catalysts confirming the best performance.
Hospital Acquired Sepsis, Disease Prevalence, and Recent Advances in Sepsis Mitigation
Authors: Garvey Mary
Published: May 2024

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, commonly associated with nosocomial transmission. Gram-negative bacterial species are particularly problematic due to the release of the lipopolysaccharide toxins upon cell death. The lipopolysaccharide toxin of E. coli has a greater immunogenic potential than that of other Gram-negative bacteria. The resultant dysregulation of the immune system is associated with organ failure and mortality, with pregnant women, ICU patients, and neonates being particularly vulnerable. Additionally, sepsis recovery patients have an increased risk of re-hospitalisation, chronic illness, co-morbidities, organ damage/failure, and a reduced life expectancy. The emergence and increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial and fungal species has impacted the treatment of sepsis patients, leading to increasing mortality rates. Multidrug resistant pathogens including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, beta lactam-resistant Klebsiella, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species are associated with an increased risk of mortality. To improve the prognosis of sepsis patients, predominantly high-risk neonates, advances must be made in the early diagnosis, triage, and control of sepsis. The identification of suitable biomarkers and biomarker combinations, coupled with machine learning and artificial intelligence, show promise in early detection protocols. Rapid diagnosis of sepsis in patients is essential to inform on clinical treatment, especially with resistant infectious agents. This timely review aims to discuss sepsis prevalence, aetiology, and recent advances towards disease mitigation and control.
Canopy Architecture and Sun Exposure Influence Berry Cluster–Water Relations in the Grapevine Variety Muscat of Alexandria
Authors: Zarrouk Olfa , Pinto Clara , Alarcón Maria Victoria , Flores-Roco Alicia , Santos Leonardo , David Teresa S. , Amancio Sara , Lopes Carlos M. , Carvalho Luisa C.
Published: May 2024

Climate-change-related increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves affect viticulture, leading to losses in yield and grape quality. We assessed whether canopy-architecture manipulation mitigates the effects of summer stress in a Mediterranean vineyard. The Vitis vinifera L variety Muscat of Alexandria plants were monitored during 2019–2020. Two canopy shoot-positioning treatments were applied: vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and modulated shoot positioning (MSP). In MSP, the west-side upper foliage was released to promote partial shoot leaning, shading the clusters. Clusters were sampled at pea size (PS), veraison (VER), and full maturation (FM). Measurements included rachis anatomy and hydraulic conductance (Kh) and aquaporins (AQP) and stress-related genes expression in cluster tissues. The results show significant seasonal and interannual differences in Kh and vascular anatomy. At VER, the Kh of the rachis and rachis+pedicel and the xylem diameter decreased but were unaffected by treatments. The phloem–xylem ratio was either increased (2019) or reduced (2020) in MSP compared to VSP. Most AQPs were down-regulated at FM in pedicels and up-regulated at VER in pulp. A potential maturation shift in MSP was observed and confirmed by the up-regulation of several stress-related genes in all tissues. The study pinpoints the role of canopy architecture in berry–water relations and stress response during ripening.
Effects of Submerged Macrophytes on Demography and Filtration Rates of Daphnia and Simocephalus (Crustacea: Cladocera)
Authors: Espinosa-Rodríguez Cristian A. , Lugo-Vázquez Alfonso , Montes-Campos Luz J. , Saavedra-Martínez Ivan M. , Sánchez-Rodríguez Ma. del Rosario , Peralta-Soriano Laura , Rivera-De la Parra Ligia
Published: May 2024

Macrophytes and cladocerans represent the main antagonistic groups that regulate phytoplankton biomass; however, the mechanism behind this interaction is unclear. In laboratory conditions, we separately evaluated the effects of three submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Stuckenia pectinata), as well as their exudates, and plant-associated microbiota (POM < 25 µm) + exudates on the population growth of Daphnia cf. pulex and Simocephalus cf. mixtus. Living Ceratophyllum, exudates, and POM < 25 µm + exudates exhibited the most robust positive effects on Simocephalus density and the rate of population increase (r). Subsequently, we examined the effects of Ceratophyllum on the filtration and feeding rates of Simocephalus and Daphnia, revealing significant (p < 0.001) promotion of filtration and feeding in Simocephalus but not in Daphnia. To elucidate the specific effects of this macrophyte on Simocephalus demography, we assessed selected life table variables across the same treatments. The treatments involving exudates and living Ceratophyllum resulted in approximately 40% longer survivorship and significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced fecundity. Our findings indicate that exudates from submerged macrophytes positively influence Simocephalus demography by increasing filtration rates, survivorship, and fecundity. This synergy suggests a substantial impact on phytoplankton abundance.
In Vitro Propagation Technology for the Endangered Aquatic Species Nymphoides coronata
Authors: Lin Fei , Kang Yong , Li Yamei , Guo Yuhua , Wang Wei , Yang Guangsui , Yin Junmei , Tang Fenling , Eissa Mamdouh A.
Published: May 2024

Nymphoides coronata is an endangered aquatic plant species with significant medicinal and ecological importance. To preserve N. coronata from going extinct, we need to provide seedlings and efficient multiplication techniques so that it can be extensively studied. This study aimed to identify the most suitable sterilization treatment, growth medium, and substrate for the cultivation and propagation of N. coronata. Ethanol sterilization, fungicide treatment, and sterile water washing were the most important sterilization steps. A combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) was the most suitable medium for bud induction and shoot proliferation. The use of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) increased the rooting rate and rooting time compared to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Increasing the concentration of NAA from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L increased the rooting rate from 78 to 100% and reduced the rooting time from 7 to 5 days. The survival rate of N. coronata seedlings was 100% in a mixture of red soil and sand (1:1, w/w). As a result, the procedure mentioned above could potentially be used to safely propagate this rare species on a large scale. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimal conditions for the successful cultivation and propagation of N. coronata, which can contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of this important rare plant species.
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Plant Height and Branch Number in CCRI70 Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Li Gangling , Che Jincan , Gong Juwu , Duan Li , Zhang Zhen , Jiang Xiao , Xu Peng , Fan Senmiao , Gong Wankui , Shi Yuzhen , Liu Aiying , Li Junwen , Li Pengtao , Pan Jingtao , Deng Xiaoying , Yuan Youlu , Shang Haihong
Published: May 2024

Upland cotton accounts for a high percentage (95%) of the world’s cotton production. Plant height (PH) and branch number (BN) are two important agronomic traits that have an impact on improving the level of cotton mechanical harvesting and cotton yield. In this research, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 250 lines developed from the variety CCRI70 was used for constructing a high-density genetic map and identification of quantitative trait locus (QTL). The results showed that the map harbored 8298 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, spanning a total distance of 4876.70 centimorgans (cMs). A total of 69 QTLs for PH (9 stable) and 63 for BN (11 stable) were identified and only one for PH was reported in previous studies. The QTLs for PH and BN harbored 495 and 446 genes, respectively. Combining the annotation information, expression patterns and previous studies of these genes, six genes could be considered as potential candidate genes for PH and BN. The results could be helpful for cotton researchers to better understand the genetic mechanism of PH and BN development, as well as provide valuable genetic resources for cotton breeders to manipulate cotton plant architecture to meet future demands.
Methyl Jasmonate and Zinc Sulfate Induce Secondary Metabolism and Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis in Barley Seedlings
Authors: Tian Xin , Zhang Renjiao , Yang Zhengfei , Fang Weiming
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to reveal the impact of MeJA and ZnSO4 treatments on the physiological metabolism of barley seedlings and the content of phenolic acid. The results showed that MeJA (100 μM) and ZnSO4 (4 mM) treatments effectively increased the phenolic acid content by increasing the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (PAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in phenolic acid synthesis. As a result of the MeJA or ZnSO4 treatment, the phenolic acid content increased by 35.3% and 30.9% at four days and by 33.8% and 34.5% at six days, respectively, compared to the control. Furthermore, MeJA and ZnSO4 treatments significantly increased the malondialdehyde content, causing cell membrane damage and decreasing the fresh weight and seedling length. Barley seedlings responded to MeJA- and ZnSO4-induced stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and controlling their gene expression levels. Meanwhile, MeJA and ZnSO4 treatments significantly upregulated calcium-adenosine triphosphate, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-related kinase, and calmodulin-dependent protein genes in barley seedlings. This suggested that Ca2+ may be the signaling molecule that promotes phenolic acid synthesis under MeJA and ZnSO4 treatment. This study deepens the understanding of the phenolic acid enrichment process in barley seedlings under MeJA and ZnSO4 treatments.
Wideband Circularly Polarization and High-Gain of a Slot Patch Array Antenna Realized by a Hybrid Metasurface
Authors: Chen Qiang , Yang Jun , He Changhui , Zhang Di , Huang Siyu , Wang Min , Yu Fangli , Dai Guanghua
Published: May 2024

In this paper, a patch array antenna with wideband circular polarization and high gain is proposed by utilizing a hybrid metasurface (MS). A corner-cut slotted patch antenna was chosen as the source due to the possible generation of CP mode. The hybrid MS (HMS), consisting of a receiver MS (RMS) arranged in a 2 × 2 array of squared patches and a linear-to-circular polarization conversion (LCPC) MS surrounding it was then utilized as the superstrate driven by the source. The LCPC MS cell is a squared-corner-cut patch with a 45° oblique slot etched, which has the capability for wideband LCPC. The LCPC unit cell possesses wideband PC capabilities, as demonstrated by the surface current analysis and S-parameter simulations conducted using a Floquet–port setup. The LP EM wave radiated by the source antenna was initially received by the RMS, then converted to a CP wave as it passed through the LCPC MS, and ultimately propagated into space. To further enhance the LCPC properties, an improved HMS (IHMS) was then proposed with four cells cut at the corners, based on the original HMS design. To verify this design, both CMA and E-field were utilized to analyze the three MSs, indicating that the IHMS possessed a wideband LCPC capability compared to the other two MSs. The proposed antenna was then arranged in a 2 × 2 array with sequential rotation to further enhance its properties. As demonstrated by the measurements, the array antenna achieved an S11 bandwidth of 60.5%, a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 2.85 GHz, and a peak gain of 15.1 dBic, all while maintaining a low profile of only 0.09λ0.
Streaming Potential Experiment on Sandstone Core Samples Based on Current Source Model under Different Sodium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Yin Chenggang , Guan Wei , Hu Hengshan
Published: May 2024

The streaming potential effect has a wide range of applications in geophysics. The core streaming potential experiment requires that there is no external circuit at both ends of the core, but a measurement circuit must be introduced to measure the voltage between both ends of the core which will cause an external circuit. In order to analyze the effect of measurement circuits on the streaming potential experiment, this paper proposes a core current source model, i.e., the core in the streaming potential experiment is regarded as a circuit composed of a current source whose output current is equal to the seepage current and the core resistance. By changing the resistance value of the external circuit, it is found that the seepage current is not affected by the external resistance but by the excitation pressure. Experiments on the streaming potential of 20 sandstone cores under distilled water, 0.01 mol/L, 0.02 mol/L, 0.05 mol/L, 0.1 mol/L, 0.2 mol/L, 0.4 mol/L, and 0.6 mol/L sodium chloride solutions revealed that the effect of the external circuit on the streaming potential signal increased with decreasing mineralization. For distilled water-saturated sandstone cores, the effect of the external circuit was about 2%.
High-Density Electroencephalogram Facilitates the Detection of Small Stimuli in Code-Modulated Visual Evoked Potential Brain–Computer Interfaces
Authors: Sun Qingyu , Zhang Shaojie , Dong Guoya , Pei Weihua , Gao Xiaorong , Wang Yijun
Published: May 2024

In recent years, there has been a considerable amount of research on visual evoked potential (VEP)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). However, it remains a big challenge to detect VEPs elicited by small visual stimuli. To address this challenge, this study employed a 256-electrode high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) cap with 66 electrodes in the parietal and occipital lobes to record EEG signals. An online BCI system based on code-modulated VEP (C-VEP) was designed and implemented with thirty targets modulated by a time-shifted binary pseudo-random sequence. A task-discriminant component analysis (TDCA) algorithm was employed for feature extraction and classification. The offline and online experiments were designed to assess EEG responses and classification performance for comparison across four different stimulus sizes at visual angles of 0.5°, 1°, 2°, and 3°. By optimizing the data length for each subject in the online experiment, information transfer rates (ITRs) of 126.48 ± 14.14 bits/min, 221.73 ± 15.69 bits/min, 258.39 ± 9.28 bits/min, and 266.40 ± 6.52 bits/min were achieved for 0.5°, 1°, 2°, and 3°, respectively. This study further compared the EEG features and classification performance of the 66-electrode layout from the 256-electrode EEG cap, the 32-electrode layout from the 128-electrode EEG cap, and the 21-electrode layout from the 64-electrode EEG cap, elucidating the pivotal importance of a higher electrode density in enhancing the performance of C-VEP BCI systems using small stimuli.
Implantable Pressure-Sensing Devices for Monitoring Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Post-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Silva Nuno P. , Amin Bilal , Dunne Eoghan , Hynes Niamh , O’Halloran Martin , Elahi Adnan
Published: May 2024

Over the past two decades, there has been extensive research into surveillance methods for the post-endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms, highlighting the importance of these technologies in supplementing or even replacing conventional image-screening modalities. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of alternative surveillance solutions for endovascular aneurysm repair, while also identifying potential aneurysm features that could be used to develop novel monitoring technologies. It offers a comprehensive review of these recent clinical advances, comparing new and standard clinical practices. After introducing the clinical understanding of abdominal aortic aneurysms and exploring current treatment procedures, the paper discusses the current surveillance methods for endovascular repair, contrasting them with recent pressure-sensing technologies. The literature on three commercial pressure-sensing devices for post-endovascular repair surveillance is analyzed. Various pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the safety and efficacy of these devices are reviewed, providing a comparative summary of their outcomes. The review of the results from pre-clinical and clinical studies suggests a consistent trend of decreased blood pressure in the excluded aneurysm sac post-repair. However, despite successful pressure readings from the aneurysm sac, no strong link has been established to translate these measurements into the presence or absence of endoleaks. Furthermore, the results do not allow for a conclusive determination of ongoing aneurysm sac growth. Consequently, a strong clinical need persists for monitoring endoleaks and aneurysm growth following endovascular repair.
Reimaging Subjugated Voice in Africa: A Battle for Hearts and Minds in Terrorism Studies
Authors: Oando Samwel , Ilyas Mohammed
Published: May 2024

A rare consensus points to the question of normativity, with an inclination towards the Eurocentric Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, which seems to have been central to Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS). Given the universality of knowledge exerting pressure on scholars to conform with traditional theoretical perspectives, terrorism studies pose inequality from Eurocentricity emerging in “the battle for hearts and minds” research. Some of these studies fall to the allure of connivance with the progressively “authoritarian demands of Western, liberal state and media practice”. Consequently, terrorism research risks being dominated by ethical and logical blindness within established research formations. In Africa, for example, some CTS scholars are subdued to cynically use their Africanity to authenticate the neo-colonial and neo-liberal agenda in terrorism research. This article explores the reimaging of subjugated knowledge through decolonisation of methods in CTS. Rooting for cognitive justice and adequate space for alternative knowledge to imperial science, the article contests the battle for Africa’s hearts and minds as a failed process that needs transformation. Consequently, this work is a contribution to epistemological debate between the global North and South, and the subsequent theoretical contestations in CTS. We argue for hybridity by re-constructing alternative frameworks of knowledge production.
The Impact of Partners’ Relative Wages on Couples’ Gender Division of Paid Work after Parenthood across Origin Groups
Authors: Maes Julie , Marynissen Leen
Published: May 2024

The transition to parenthood exacerbates gender inequality in couples’ division of paid work. While this is widely documented for general populations, in particular, potential underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain un(der)explored for couples with different migration backgrounds. Hence, this paper examines how women’s pre-birth relative wage potential affects the gender division of paid work after the transition to parenthood in Belgium among native, Southern-European and non-European origin couples. Our results show that, among all couples, the division of paid work is more gender-equal after childbirth when women’s wage potential is higher than or similar to that of their male partner. However, there is substantial variation by couples’ migration background and relative wage potential in partners’ gender division of paid work and the extent to which it changes after parenthood. These findings suggest that both normative and institutional factors moderate the impact of partners’ relative resources on couples’ division of paid work after parenthood, particularly among non-European origin couples.
The Effect of Motivation on Physical Activity among Middle and High School Students
Authors: Antunes Hélio , Rodrigues Ana , Sabino Bebiana , Alves Ricardo , Correia Ana Luísa , Lopes Helder
Published: May 2024

The study addressed two main objectives: (i) to investigate disparities in motivation dimensions regarding extracurricular physical activity and (ii) to identify the influence of motivation on time spent in formal and informal physical activity. A sample of 704 adolescents (56% girls) from middle (46%) and high school (54%), with an average age of 14.88 ± 2.52, was assessed for different motivation dimensions using the Questionnaire of Motivation for Sports Activities (QMSA). Additionally, participants were categorized based on extracurricular physical activity practice. Multivariate analyses and multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the effect of physical activity type on motivation dimensions and identify predictors of time spent in formal and informal physical activities, respectively. Results indicated that motivation varied significantly with extracurricular physical activity practice (p < 0.05), with students involved in extracurricular activities being more motivated. Sex and age differences were observed, with boys showing higher motivation in certain dimensions (achievement status (p < 0.001); group activity (p = 0.027); contextual (p = 0.004); technical improvement (p = 0.012) and older participants having lower scores in all dimensions. The influence of family and friends was a significant predictor only for boys in formal physical activity (p = 0.039). In terms of time spent in physical activity, group activity was a predictor for informal activities (p < 0.001), while technical improvement was a predictor for formal activities (p < 0.001), with notable sex differences. These findings underscore the importance of considering sex- and age-specific motivations when promoting physical activity among adolescents.
A Review of Remediation Strategies for Diphenyl Ether Herbicide Contamination
Authors: Fan Qingqing , Shen Yi , Yang Yong , Zhang Qingming
Published: May 2024

In agriculture, diphenyl ether herbicides are a broad-spectrum family of pesticides mainly used to control annual weeds in agriculture. Although diphenyl ether herbicides have a long-lasting effect in weed control, they can also be harmful to succeeding crops, as well as to the water and soil environment. Residual herbicides can also harm a large number of non-target organisms, leading to the death of pest predators and other beneficial organisms. Therefore, it is of great significance to control and remediate the contamination caused by diphenyl ether herbicide residues for the sake of environmental, nutritional, and biological safety. This review provides an overview of the techniques used for remediating diphenyl ether herbicide contamination, including biological, physical, and chemical remediation. Among these techniques, bioremediation, particularly microbial biodegradation technology, is extensively employed. The mechanisms and influencing factors of different remediation techniques in eliminating diphenyl ether herbicide contamination are discussed, together with a prospect for future development directions. This review serves as a scientific reference for the efficient remediation of residual contamination from diphenyl ether herbicides.
Association of Prenatal Dietary Toxicants and Inorganic Arsenic Exposure with Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems: ECLIPSES Study
Authors: Kou Xiruo , Canals Josefa , Bulló Monica , Becerra-Tomás Nerea , Jardí Cristina , Arija Victoria
Published: May 2024

Prenatal exposure to dietary toxicants is linked to neurocognitive issues, but its effect on early emotional and behavioral development in children is less clear. To explore the relationship between prenatal intake of As, iAs, Cd, MeHg, Pb, PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and NDL-PCBs and emotional and behavioral issues in four-year-old children. This study included 192 mother–child pairs from the ECLIPSES study, assessing prenatal dietary toxicant exposure through a food-frequency questionnaire and Catalan Food Safety Agency data. Children’s emotional and behavioral scores were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5–5 years. Multivariable regression and logistic models were used, focusing on iAs after finding significant preliminary associations. Increased prenatal dietary intake of iAs was associated with internalizing, externalizing, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems. Higher iAs levels (>4.16 μg/day) significantly increased the risk of total problems (OR = 2.94) and specific issues like anxious/depressed (OR = 4.88), anxiety (OR = 3.27), and oppositional defiant problems (OR = 4.30). High iAs consumption correlated with the intake of meat, eggs, cereals, tubers, fruits, and pulses Prenatal dietary iAs exposure is associated with various emotional and behavioral problems in children. Monitoring and reducing iAs levels in food are crucial for public health.
The Easily Overlooked Effect of Global Warming: Diffusion of Heavy Metals
Authors: Xiao Wenqi , Zhang Yunfeng , Chen Xiaodie , Sha Ajia , Xiong Zhuang , Luo Yingyong , Peng Lianxin , Zou Liang , Zhao Changsong , Li Qiang
Published: May 2024

Since industrialization, global temperatures have continued to rise. Human activities have resulted in heavy metals being freed from their original, fixed locations. Because of global warming, glaciers are melting, carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing, weather patterns are shifting, and various environmental forces are at play, resulting in the movement of heavy metals and alteration of their forms. In this general context, the impact of heavy metals on ecosystems and organisms has changed accordingly. For most ecosystems, the levels of heavy metals are on the rise, and this rise can have a negative impact on the ecosystem as a whole. Numerous studies have been conducted to analyze the combined impacts of climate change and heavy metals. However, the summary of the current studies is not perfect. Therefore, this review discusses how heavy metals affect ecosystems during the process of climate change from multiple perspectives, providing some references for addressing the impact of climate warming on environmental heavy metals.
Does Shrinking Population in Small Towns Equal Economic and Social Decline? A Romanian Perspective
Authors: Vîlcea Cristiana , Popescu Liliana , Clincea Alin
Published: May 2024

Sustainable development has been a global concern worldwide for the last decades now, but only recently have the challenges faced by small towns, especially in regions experiencing population contraction been addressed. (1) Background: This article delves into the case of Romania, a country in Eastern Europe that has witnessed significant demographic, social and economic changes in recent decades. Population contraction in small towns can significantly impact their future development. (2) Methods: The research was conducted in three stages: first, we selected relevant demographic, economic, financial and social indices (16 in total), then we analysed their changes over time, and forecast their values based on statistical data to assess economic development sustainability for 215 small towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants. (3) Results: Following the aggregation of the quantitative indicators and the demographic changes, we identified four categories of small towns. (4) Conclusions: the study underlines the importance of adopting proper policies targeting small towns in Romania to ensure their long-term viability by implementing targeted policies and strategies such as incentives for local businesses, improving educational and healthcare facilities, and promoting entrepreneurship. The ultimate goal is to mitigate the adverse effects of population contraction and pave the way for more sustainable and resilient communities.