bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fisher information and density functional theory
Authors: Nagy Ágnes
Published: May 2021

Relationship of Fisher information and density functional theory is reviewed. Links between the Fisher and Shannon information, the local wave‐vector and the relative information are displayed. Euler equations for the Fisher and relative Fisher information are presented. A combined information theoretical and thermodynamic view of density functional theory is analyzed. The extremum of the Shannon and Fisher information results a constant temperature and for Coulomb systems a simple relation between the total energy and phase‐space Fisher information. Relations for phase‐spase fidelity, fidelity susceptibility and relative information are also presented.
A case of lipoid pneumonia associated with occupational exposure to solvents in a dry‐cleaning worker
Authors: Park Sunji , Park Ji Eun , Lee Jaehee
Published: May 2021

Lipoid pneumonia can develop from exposure to different types of oil, but occupational exposure is rare. A 58‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital for patchy airspace opacities in the lungs with lower lobe predominance on chest computed tomography. She was diagnosed with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma seven years ago, but was in complete remission. She had mild cough and sputum, but no history of taking any lipid‐containing agents. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed lipid‐laden macrophages with Oil Red O staining, which led to the suspicion of lipoid pneumonia. Re‐evaluation of her personal history revealed that she was a dry‐cleaning worker who worked with organic solvent sprayers. Her condition was successfully managed with corticosteroids and avoidance of further occupational exposure to the substance. This rare case of occupational exogenous lipoid pneumonia in a dry‐cleaning worker suggests the importance of considering a patient's occupational history during diagnosis.
Seasonal and diurnal fluctuations of coarse particulate organic matter transport in a snowmelt‐dominated stream
Authors: Marshall Anna , Iskin Emily , Wohl Ellen
Published: May 2021

We measured coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) transport along a wood‐rich, pool‐riffle mountain stream in the Southern Rockies of Colorado, USA, to examine how spatial variations in storage features and temporal variations in discharge influence the transport of CPOM. Ecologists have found that the majority of annual CPOM export occurs during periods of high discharge. More recently, geomorphologists have begun to examine the transport of CPOM as bedload. There has been, however, little direct sampling of CPOM to evaluate how shorter (diurnal) and longer (seasonal peak flow) variations in discharge affect CPOM transport, and no examination of where CPOM is transported in the water column (primarily in suspension or as bedload). We collected CPOM moving as bedload, in suspension (at 0.6 of the flow depth) and at the surface to evaluate CPOM transport processes. Samples were collected at three sites: (1) in the backwater pool upstream from a channel‐spanning logjam; (2) immediately downstream from the logjam; and (3) in a riffle about 10 bankfull‐channel‐widths downstream from any channel‐spanning logjams. During sample sets, we collected samples over 15‐min increments at approximately 4‐hr intervals over a 24‐hr period. Seven sample sets were distributed over a period of 2 months that spanned the rise, peak, and recession of the annual snowmelt flood. We found that the majority of CPOM is transported in suspension following a clockwise hysteresis loop in which CPOM peaks prior to discharge during the seasonal hydrograph.
Inelastic electron scattering by the gas phase in near ambient pressure XPS measurements
Authors: Pielsticker Lukas , Nicholls Rachel , Beeg Sebastian , Hartwig Caroline , Klihm Gudrun , Schlögl Robert , Tougaard Sven , Greiner Mark
Published: May 2021

X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements in near‐ambient pressure (NAP) conditions result in a signal loss of the primary spectrum as a result of inelastic scattering of photoelectrons in the gas phase. The inelastic scattering of the primary electrons gives rise to a secondary signal that can result in additional and often unwanted features in the measured spectrum. In the present work, we derive equations that can be used to model the resulting signal and provide equations that can be used to simulate or remove the inelastic scattering signal from measured spectra. We demonstrate this process for photoemission spectra of a wide range of kinetic energies, measured from Au, Ag, and Cu, in a variety of gases (N2, He, H2, and O2). The work is supplemented with an open‐source software in which the algorithms described here have been implemented and can be used to remove the gas phase inelastic scattering signal.
Contamination: How much can an individually randomized trial tolerate?
Authors: Hemming Karla , Taljaard Monica , Moerbeek Mirjam , Forbes Andrew
Published: May 2021

Cluster randomization results in an increase in sample size compared to individual randomization, referred to as an efficiency loss. This efficiency loss is typically presented under an assumption of no contamination in the individually randomized trial. An alternative comparator is the sample size needed under individual randomization to detect the attenuated treatment effect due to contamination. A general framework is provided for determining the extent of contamination that can be tolerated in an individually randomized trial before a cluster randomized design yields a larger sample size. Results are presented for a variety of cluster trial designs including parallel arm, stepped‐wedge and cluster crossover trials. Results reinforce what is expected: individually randomized trials can tolerate a surprisingly large amount of contamination before they become less efficient than cluster designs. We determine the point at which the contamination means an individual randomized design to detect an attenuated effect requires a larger sample size than cluster randomization under a nonattenuated effect. This critical rate is a simple function of the design effect for clustering and the design effect for multiple periods as well as design effects for stratification or repeated measures under individual randomization. These findings are important for pragmatic comparisons between a novel treatment and usual care as any bias due to contamination will only attenuate the true treatment effect. This is a bias that operates in a predictable direction. Yet, cluster randomized designs with post‐randomization recruitment without blinding, are at high risk of bias due to the differential recruitment across treatment arms. This sort of bias operates in an unpredictable direction. Thus, with knowledge that cluster randomized trials are generally at a greater risk of biases that can operate in a nonpredictable direction, results presented here suggest that even in situations where there is a risk of contamination, individual randomization might still be the design of choice.
A new regression model for overdispersed binomial data accounting for outliers and an excess of zeros
Authors: Ascari Roberto , Migliorati Sonia
Published: May 2021

Binary outcomes are extremely common in biomedical research. Despite its popularity, binomial regression often fails to model this kind of data accurately due to the overdispersion problem. Many alternatives can be found in the literature, the beta‐binomial (BB) regression model being one of the most popular. The additional parameter of this model enables a better fit to overdispersed data. It also exhibits an attractive interpretation in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient. Nonetheless, in many real data applications, a single additional parameter cannot handle the entire excess of variability. In this study, we propose a new finite mixture distribution with BB components, namely, the flexible beta‐binomial (FBB), which is characterized by a richer parameterization. This allows us to enhance the variance structure to account for multiple causes of overdispersion while also preserving the intraclass correlation interpretation. The novel regression model, based on the FBB distribution, exploits the flexibility and large variety of the distribution's possible shapes (which includes bimodality and various tail behaviors). Thus, it succeeds in accounting for several (possibly concomitant) sources of overdispersion stemming from the presence of latent groups in the population, outliers, and excessive zero observations. Adopting a Bayesian approach to inference, we perform an intensive simulation study that shows the superiority of the new regression model over that of the existing ones. Its better performance is also confirmed by three applications to real datasets extensively studied in the biomedical literature, namely, bacteria data, atomic bomb radiation data, and control mice data.
Development of ReaxFFSFOH Force Field for SF6‐H2O/O2 Hybrid System Based on Synergetic Optimization by CMA‐ES and MC Methodology
Authors: Liu Heng , Wang Jingrui , Li Qingmin , Haddad A. Manu
Published: May 2021

The reactive force field (ReaxFF) based molecular dynamic (MD) simulation provides a new perspective for studying the microscopic decomposition mechanism of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under fault conditions. Since none of the published ReaxFF force fields contains proper interaction relationship between S, F, O and H elements, the development of ReaxFF parameters for SF6‐H2O/O2 hybrid system is urgently needed. In this work, a universal and efficient covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA‐ES) and Monte‐Carlo FF (MCFF) synergetic (CMS) optimization strategy for ReaxFF parameter is proposed. The optimization results for two representative force fields (disulfide and silica) from literature show that under the same number of evaluations, the CMS optimization strategy significantly reduces the optimization error by 22.08 % (disulfide) and 10.3 % (silica) respectively. By applying CMS strategy, the ReaxFFSFOH force field for SF6‐H2O/O2 hybrid system is efficiently obtained. Through multi‐dimensional force field performance verification, we find that the bond length calculation error between ReaxFF and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results is mainly concentrated within ±0.05 Å, and the bond angle error is mostly within ±5°. In addition, the trends of relative energy changes during chemical reaction processes calculated by ReaxFF are basically consistent with the DFT results. This work lays a solid foundation for the in‐depth study of the microscopic influence mechanism of trace H2O and trace O2 in the decomposition process of SF6.
Introducing Bacteria and Synthetic Biomolecules along Engineered DNA Fibers
Authors: Burns Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology enables user‐defined structures to be built with unrivalled control. The approach is currently restricted across the nanoscale, yet the ability to generate macroscopic DNA structures has enormous potential with applications spanning material, physical, and biological science. To address this need, I employed DNA nanotechnology and developed a new macromolecular nanoarchitectonic assembly method to produce DNA fibers with customizable properties. The process involves coalescing DNA nanotubes under high salt conditions to yield filament superstructures. Using this strategy, fibers over 100 microns long, with stiffnesses 10 times greater than cytoskeletal actin filaments can be fabricated. The DNA framework enables fibers to be functionalized with advanced synthetic molecules, including, aptamers, origami, nanoparticles, and vesicles. In addition, the fibers can act as bacterial extracellular scaffolds and adhere Escherichia coli cells in a controllable fashion. These results showcase the opportunities offered from DNA nanotechnology across the macroscopic scale. The new biophysical approach should find widespread use, from the generation of hybrid‐fabric materials, smart analytical devices in biomedicine, and platforms to study cell‐cell interactions.
Controlled Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis of High‐Performance LiFePO4 for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zhaojin , Yang Jinxing , Guang Tianjia , Fan Bingbing , Zhu Kongjun , Wang Xiaohui
Published: May 2021

The sluggish Li‐ion diffusivity in LiFePO4, a famous cathode material, relies heavily on the employment of a broad spectrum of modifications to accelerate the slow kinetics, including size and orientation control, coating with electron‐conducting layer, aliovalent ion doping, and defect control. These strategies are generally implemented by employing the hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, as reflected by the hundreds of publications on hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis in recent years. However, LiFePO4 is far from the level of controllable preparation, due to the lack of the understanding of the relations between the synthesis condition and the nucleation‐and‐growth of LiFePO4. In this paper, the recent progress in controlled hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis of LiFePO4 is first summarized, before an insight into the relations between the synthesis condition and the nucleation‐and‐growth of LiFePO4 is obtained. Thereafter, a review over surface decoration, lattice substitution, and defect control is provided. Moreover, new research directions and future trends are also discussed.
Display of Rich Reactivities of Endo‐ and Exocyclic Unsaturated Sugars that Parallel the Native Sugars
Authors: Jayaraman Narayanaswamy
Published: May 2021

Unsaturated monosaccharides expand the scope of reactivities in a sugar, directly leading to the development of newer methodologies, molecular structures and functional entities. The unsaturation as a reactive moiety can either be within the molecule, namely, endocyclic, or as a pendant moiety around the molecule, namely, exocyclic. One carbon homologations aided by reactions at the unsaturated moiety expand the molecular structures in both endo‐ and exocyclic sugars and lead to structures that are largely hitherto unknown. Molecular shifts and rearrangements permit interchanging the reactivities from one carbon to the other in unsaturated sugars. Activations of exocyclic unsaturated sugars also find newer possibilities to reactions central to the sugar chemistry, namely, the glycosylations. The personal reflections result from a couple of decades of explorations that traverse through the unsaturated sugars from different vantage points.
The MLO1 powdery mildew susceptibility gene in Lathyrus species: The power of high‐density linkage maps in comparative mapping and synteny analysis
Authors: Santos Carmen , Polanco Carlos , Rubiales Diego , Vaz Patto Maria Carlota
Published: May 2021

Powdery mildews are major diseases for a range of crops. The loss of function of specific Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes has long been associated with pre‐haustorial plant resistance to powdery mildew and has proven to be durable in several species. Erysiphe pisi is the major causal agent of powdery mildew in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and in the closely related Lathyrus sativus L. and Lathyrus cicera L. PsMLO1 has been extensively studied in pea. However, no MLO gene family members have been isolated and characterized in Lathyrus species so far. In this study, MLO1 genes were isolated and characterized in L. sativus and L. cicera genotypes with varied levels of partial resistance against powdery mildew. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Lathyrus MLO1 belongs to Clade V, like all dicot MLO proteins associated with powdery mildew susceptibility. A L. sativus recombinant inbred line population (RIL) was genotyped by sequencing to develop a high‐density L. sativus genetic linkage map. DNA sequence polymorphisms between the analyzed genotypes allowed the location of MLO1 in the newly developed L. sativus RIL genetic linkage map. Subsequent comparative mapping between L. sativus and L. cicera genetic maps and P. sativum, Lens culinaris Medik., and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. reference genomes revealed important aspects of the conservation of the MLO1 locus position and of the overall chromosomal rearrangements occurring during legume evolution, with relevance to legume disease resistance breeding programs.
Status of the Implementation of Industry 4.0 in SMEs and Framework for Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Rauch Erwin , Matt Dominik T.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, we explore after 10 years of Industry 4.0 the status of the application in manufacturing companies and especially in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on literature and previously conducted research we present guidelines and a modular framework for implementing smart manufacturing in SMEs. In addition, a stage model is illustrated to support SMEs in breaking down the framework from a design level to an implementation and operational level. Finally, an outlook is given on the future challenges that SMEs will face in the coming years when they want to reach the next level of Industry 4.0 in their own company.
Toward SME 4.0: The Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on SMEs’ Business Models
Authors: Sauer Philipp C. , Orzes Guido , Davi Laura
Published: May 2021

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) transforms current production paradigms and raises an inherent need to integrate this with a firm’s rational of creating, delivering, and capturing value, i.e., the business model. The resource intensive I4.0 technology implementation challenges any organization and especially small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To provide theoretical and practical support for this, our chapter first conducts a systematic literature review on business models and I4.0 technologies with a qualitative investigation and a quantitative contingency analysis. The chapter then analyses secondary data from 30 SMEs of an innovative Italian manufacturing cluster for which business model elements are modified while implementing specific I4.0 technologies. To guide future practice and research, 13 propositions and 4 research directions are developed on how implementing individual I4.0 technologies can modify specific business model elements for SMEs 4.0.
Implementation Strategies for SME 4.0: Insights on Thailand
Authors: Sopadang Apichat , Ramingwong Sakgasem , Anantana Tanyanuparb , Tamvimol Krisana
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents how SMEs or companies can implement Industry 4.0 based on case studies in Thai SMEs. Additionally, the chapter examined implementation strategies to convert a company successfully to SME 4.0. The implementation process includes identifying business trends, foresight strategy, gap analysis, industrial research and capacity development, and technology blueprint development plan. By working closely as the triple helix with universities and tech-development agencies, the inside-out and outside-in approaches are used. There can be several challenges during the implementation, such as the requirement of new skills, new technology, and investment needs. The challenges can be addressed by setup and implement the appropriate strategy for developing workers’ skill sets, making investments in the new technologies, and improving the efficiency of the production process.
Readiness Model for Integration of ICT and CPS for SMEs Smart Logistics
Authors: Ramingwong Sakgasit , Ramingwong Lachana , Thaiupathump Trasapong , Chompu-inwai Rungchat
Published: May 2021

Although it is an extremely important step to gain sustained competitive advantage in the era of Industry 4.0, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) for smart logistics can be challenging. In order to successfully implement such technologies, it is crucial, particularly for SMEs, to self-evaluate their own readiness for integrating technologies for smart logistics. This research proposes a readiness model which can be used as a guideline before implementing technologies for smart logistics at the SMEs level. It describes essential elements in the integration of ICT and CPS for smart logistics, as well as the potential five stages of implementation, which are initial, trial, organized, automated, and optimized.
A Case Study: Industry 4.0 and Human Factors in SMEs
Authors: Zsifkovits Helmut , Woschank Manuel , Pacher Corina
Published: May 2021

There is a number of barriers for smaller companies when starting the journey toward Industry 4.0. When implementing new technology and processes, there are often strong mental barriers from people that have been doing the work in a certain manner over the years. In addition to technological challenges, organizational adaptations are required, and a change in mindsets. Using the case of one machining services company, the implementation scenario is described, with the steps necessary to ensure an effective implementation of new technology. The management of visibility is critical for the adoption and success of new systems. Neglecting the human factor will inevitably result in failure. Derived from the case, the chapter draws some conclusions for Industry 4.0 implementation in SMEs in a human-centered manner.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy is associated with reduced retinopathy progression compared with multiple daily injections of insulin
Authors: Reid Laura J. , Gibb Fraser W. , Colhoun Helen , Wild Sarah H. , Strachan Mark W. J. , Madill Karen , Dhillon Baljean , Forbes Shareen
Published: May 2021

Aims/hypothesis

We aimed to compare diabetic retinopathy outcomes in people with type 1 diabetes following introduction of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy with outcomes in people receiving continuing therapy with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI).

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study using the Scottish Care Information – Diabetes database for retinal screening outcomes and HbA1c changes in 204 adults commenced on CSII therapy between 2013 and 2016, and 211 adults eligible for CSII during the same period but who continued on MDI therapy. Diabetic retinopathy progression (time to minimum one-grade worsening in diabetic retinopathy from baseline grading) was plotted for CSII and MDI cohorts using Kaplan–Meier curves, and outcomes were compared using multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, baseline HbA1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking status and socioeconomic quintile. Impact of baseline HbA1c and change in HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy progression was assessed within CSII and MDI cohorts.

Results

CSII participants were significantly younger, were from less socially deprived areas, and had lower HbA1c and higher diastolic BP at baseline. There was a larger reduction in HbA1c at 1 year in those on CSII vs MDI (−6 mmol/mol [−0.6%] vs −2 mmol/mol [−0.2%], p < 0.01). Diabetic retinopathy progression occurred in a smaller proportion of adults following commencement of CSII vs continued MDI therapy over mean 2.3 year follow-up (26.5% vs 18.6%, p = 0.0097). High baseline HbA1c (75 mmol/mol [9%]) was associated with diabetic retinopathy progression in the MDI group (p = 0.0049) but not the CSII group (p = 0.93). Change in HbA1c at follow-up, irrespective of baseline glycaemic status, did not significantly affect diabetic retinopathy progression in either group.

Conclusions/interpretation

CSII was associated with reduced diabetic retinopathy progression compared with continued MDI therapy, and may be protective against diabetic retinopathy progression for those with high baseline HbA1c. Progression of diabetic retinopathy over 3 years was not associated with a change in HbA1c.

Graphical abstract
Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) as Biomonitors of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Areas of Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Guzmán-Velasco Antonio , Ramírez-Cruz Javier I. , Ruiz-Aymá Gabriel , Rodríguez-Sánchez Iram P. , Garza-Ocañas Lourdes , Treviño-Alvarado Victor M. , González-Rojas José I. , Olalla-Kerstupp Alina
Published: May 2021

Heavy metals exposure has been linked to severe health problems. In Mexico, the Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA) is considered one of the most polluted industrial regions. Because birds have been used successfully as environmental biomonitors, the levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in feathers of Great-tailed grackles (Quiscalusmexicanus) from two sites within and one site outside the MMA were determined. One hundred birds were captured, samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Ciudad Universitaria had the highest mean values of lead and cadmium, 11.91 ppm d.w. and 1.66 ppm d.w., respectively. This was at least, 10- and 8-times higher than the two other sample sites. We believe that using Great-tailed grackles as bioindicators in conjunction with air pollutants sampling from meteorological stations in Monterrey City could help in making decisions when applying environmental remediation measures as well as in the selection of places for housing, school and work among others.
Influence of process parameters for sheet lamination based on laser micro-spot welding of austenitic stainless steel sheets for bone tissue applications
Authors: Cedeño-Viveros Luis D. , Vázquez-Lepe Elisa , Rodríguez Ciro A. , García-López Erika
Published: May 2021

The laser micro-spot welding process was studied to implement a sheet lamination process-based methodology for the fabrication of austenitic stainless steel scaffolds. AISI 302 sheets with a thickness of 254 μm were laser cut and laser welded. Experimental tests were carried out with different values of average laser power (i.e., 180, 200, and 220 W) and different exposure times (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 ms). The micro-spot welds were visually inspected according to the ISO 13919-1 Class B requirements. Spot welds were qualitatively characterized, and weld dimensions were measured (i.e., penetration depth, top, middle, and bottom width and the heat-affected zone (HAZ)) to identify the cross-sectional shape. Furthermore, process efficiencies (i.e., coupling, melting, and process) were studied. A seam welding model was adapted to calculate the required exposure time and was used to obtain a micro-spot weld to accomplish the quality requirements of the scaffold. A scaffold prototype was designed and manufactured using the selected parameters by experimental trials and using the mathematical model (i.e., a laser power of 220 W and an exposure time of 45 ms).
Impact of intravenous alteplase on sub-angiographic emboli in high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging following successful thrombectomy
Authors: Broocks Gabriel , Meyer Lukas , Kabiri Reza , Kniep Helge C. , McDonough Rosalie , Bechstein Matthias , van Horn Noel , Lindner Thomas , Sedlacik Jan , Cheng Bastian , Thomalla Götz , Schön Gerhard , Fiehler Jens , Hanning Uta , Schönfeld Michael H.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Thrombus microfragmentation causing peripheral emboli (PE) during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) may modulate treatment effects, even in cases with successful reperfusion. This study aims to investigate whether intravenous alteplase is of potential benefit in reducing PE after successful MT.

Methods

Patients from a prospective study treated at a tertiary care stroke center between 08/2017 and 12/2019 were analyzed. The main inclusion criterion was successful reperfusion after MT (defined as expanded thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (eTICI) scale ≥ 2b50) of large vessel occlusion anterior circulation stroke. All patients received a high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) follow-up 24 h after MT for PE detection. Patients were grouped as “direct MT” (no alteplase) or as MT plus additional intravenous alteplase. The number and volume of ischemic core lesions and PE were then quantified and analyzed.

Results

Fifty-six patients were prospectively enrolled. Additional intravenous alteplase was administered in 46.3% (26/56). There were no statistically significant differences of PE compared by groups of direct MT and additional intravenous alteplase administration regarding mean numbers (12.1, 95% CI 8.6–15.5 vs. 11.1, 95% CI 7.0–15.1; p = 0.701), and median volume (0.70 mL, IQR 0.21–1.55 vs. 0.39 mL, IQR 0.10–1.62; p = 0.554). In uni- and multivariable linear regression analysis, higher eTICI scores were significantly associated with reduced PE, while the administration of alteplase was neither associated with numbers nor volume of peripheral emboli. Additional alteplase did not alter reperfusion success.

Conclusions

Intravenous alteplase neither affects the number nor volume of sub-angiographic DWI-PE after successful endovascular reperfusion. In the light of currently running randomized trials, further studies are warranted to validate these findings.

Key Points

• Thrombus microfragmentation during endovascular stroke treatment may cause peripheral emboli that are only detectable on diffusion-weighted imaging and may directly compromise treatment effects.

• In this prospective study, the application of intravenous alteplase did not influence the occurrence of peripheral emboli detected on high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging.

• A higher degree of recanalization was associated with a reduced number and volume of peripheral emboli and better functional outcome, while contrariwise, peripheral emboli did not modify the effect of recanalization on modified Rankin Scale scores at day 90.
Prognostic relevance and putative histogenetic role of cytokeratin 7 and MUC5AC expression in Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinoma
Authors: Arpa Giovanni , Vanoli Alessandro , Grillo Federica , Fiocca Roberto , Klersy Catherine , Furlan Daniela , Sessa Fausto , Ardizzone Sandro , Sampietro Gianluca , Macciomei Maria Cristina , Nesi Gabriella , Tonelli Francesco , Capella Carlo , Latella Giovanni , Ciardi Antonio , Caronna Roberto , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , Ciccocioppo Rachele , Barresi Valeria , Malvi Deborah , D’Errico Antonietta , Rizzello Fernando , Poggioli Gilberto , Mescoli Claudia , Rugge Massimo , Luinetti Ombretta , Paulli Marco , Di Sabatino Antonio , Solcia Enrico
Published: May 2021

Most Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinomas (CrD-SBCs) are diagnosed in advanced stage and have poor prognosis. To improve diagnosis and therapy, a better knowledge of tumour precancerous lesions, histotypes and prognostic factors is needed. We investigated histologically and immunohistochemically 52 CrD-SBCs and 51 small bowel carcinomas unrelated to inflammatory disease, together with their tumour-associated mucosa, looking for Crohn-selective changes. Histologic patterns and phenotypic markers potentially predictive of CrD-SBC histogenesis and prognosis were analysed. Cytokeratin 7 or MUC5AC-positive metaplastic changes were found in about half of investigated CrD-SBCs, significantly more frequently than in CrD-unrelated SBCs. They correlated with metaplastic changes of their associated mucosa, while being absent in normal ileal mucosa. Histologic patterns suggestive for progression of some cytokeratin 7 and/or MUC5AC-positive metaplastic lesions into cancer of the same phenotype were also observed. Patient survival analyses showed that tumour cytokeratin 7 or MUC5AC expression and non-cohesive histotype were adverse prognostic factors at univariable analysis, while cytokeratin 7 and non-cohesive histotype were also found to predict worse survival in stage- and age-inclusive multivariable analyses. Besides conventional dysplasia, hyperplasia-like non-conventional lesions were observed in CrD-SBC-associated mucosa, with patterns suggestive for a histogenetic link with adjacent cancer. In conclusion the cytokeratin 7 and/or MUC5AC-positive metaplastic foci and the non-conventional growths may have a role in cancer histogenesis, while tumour cytokeratin 7 and non-cohesive histotype may also predict poor patient survival. Present findings are worth being considered in future prospective histogenetic and clinical studies.
Teaching and assessing intra-operative consultations in competency-based medical education: development of a workplace-based assessment instrument
Authors: Gomes Marcio M. , Driman David , Park Yoon Soo , Wood Timothy J. , Yudkowsky Rachel , Dudek Nancy L.
Published: May 2021

Competency-based medical education (CBME) is being implemented worldwide. In CMBE, residency training is designed around competencies required for unsupervised practice and use entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as workplace “units of assessment”. Well-designed workplace-based assessment (WBA) tools are required to document competence of trainees in authentic clinical environments. In this study, we developed a WBA instrument to assess residents’ performance of intra-operative pathology consultations and conducted a validity investigation. The entrustment-aligned pathology assessment instrument for intra-operative consultations (EPA-IC) was developed through a national iterative consultation and used clinical supervisors to assess residents’ performance at an anatomical pathology program. Psychometric analyses and focus groups were conducted to explore the sources of evidence using modern validity theory: content, response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences of assessment. The content was considered appropriate, the assessment was feasible and acceptable by residents and supervisors, and it had a positive educational impact by improving performance of intra-operative consultations and feedback to learners. The results had low reliability, which seemed to be related to assessment biases, and supervisors were reluctant to fully entrust trainees due to cultural issues. With CBME implementation, new workplace-based assessment tools are needed in pathology. In this study, we showcased the development of the first instrument for assessing resident’s performance of a prototypical entrustable professional activity in pathology using modern education principles and validity theory.
Integrated analysis of programmed cell death ligand 1 expression reveals increased levels in high-grade glioma
Authors: Hölzl Dorothee , Hutarew Georg , Zellinger Barbara , Schlicker Hans U. , Schwartz Christoph , Winkler Peter A. , Sotlar Karl , Kraus Theo F. J.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors of adults. Despite intensive research, there are still no targeted therapies available. Here, we performed an integrated analysis of glioma and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in 90 samples including 58 glioma and 32 control brain tissues.

Methods

To identify PD-L1 expression in glioma, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) using the clinically valid PD-L1 22C3 antibody on 90 samples including controls and WHO grade I–IV gliomas.

Results

We found that PD-L1 is highly expressed in a subfraction of glioma cells. Analysis of PD-L1 levels in different glioma subtypes revealed a strong intertumoral variation of PD-L1 protein. Furthermore, we correlated PD-L1 expression with molecular glioma hallmarks such as MGMT-promoter methylation, IDH1/2 mutations, TERT promoter mutations and LOH1p/19q.

Conclusion

In summary, we found that PD-L1 is highly expressed in a subfraction of glioma, indicating PD-L1 as a potential new marker in glioma assessment opening up novel therapeutic approaches.
Prevalence of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars from Brandenburg, Germany
Authors: Kästner Carolyn , Bier Nadja Seyhan , Mayer-Scholl Anne , Nöckler Karsten , Richter Martin Heinrich , Johne Annette
Published: May 2021

Since 2002, Alaria (A.) alata mesocercariae (AM) have been found during routine Trichinella inspection of wild boars in many European countries. To date, human infection with AM through consumption of undercooked or raw AM infested wild boar meat cannot be excluded. In Germany, data on the parasite’s prevalence in wild boars are scarce. To better understand temporal and spatial fluctuations of this parasite, this study investigated the prevalence of AM in wild boars in the German federal state of Brandenburg during three hunting seasons from 2017 to 2020. In total, 28.3% (100/354, 95% CI: 23.3–33.3%) of all wild boars sampled in eight counties of Brandenburg were tested positive for AM by Alaria alata mesocercariae migration technique (AMT). AM were detected in wild boars from seven different counties. Samples from one county (Havelland) tested completely negative for AM (0/16). Prevalences of the seven AM positive counties of Brandenburg ranged from 11.5 (3/26, 95% CI: 2.5–30.1%) in Märkisch-Oderland to 64.1% (25/39, 95% CI: 47.2–78.8%) in Uckermark. An association between sex and A. alata positivity could not be determined. A statistically significant increase in frequency of older AM positive wild boars was observed (p = 0.001). For a nationwide assessment of the prevalence of A. alata in wild boars and the risk for consumers of ingesting viable AM by consumption of raw or undercooked AM infested wild boar meat, further long-term studies in different regions of Germany are needed.
Haematological and biochemical abnormalities in hunting dogs infected with Acanthocheilonema reconditum, associated risk factors, and a European overview
Authors: Pacifico Laura , Ferrari Nicola , Romeo Claudia , Buono Francesco , Varuzza Paolo , Sgroi Giovanni , Neola Benedetto , Buch Jesse , Beall Melissa , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Chandrashekar Ramaswamy , Veneziano Vincenzo , Piantedosi Diego
Published: May 2021

Acanthocheilonema reconditum is a filarial parasite transmitted by arthropods (fleas, lice, and ticks) that infect dogs. There is minimal published data available to date on potential haematological and biochemical changes associated with this parasitic infection. Study aims were (i) provide an overview of A. reconditum in Europe, (ii) define A. reconditum prevalence and risk factors in a specific dog population (hunting) from southern Italy, and (iii) assess the frequency of haemato-biochemical abnormalities associated with infection. Blood samples collected from 3020 dogs were tested by a modified Knott’s technique to count and identify microfilariae. Eighty-four dogs were infected by A. reconditum (2.78%; 95% CI 2.19–3.37%). Microfilariae ranged from 1 to 212/ml. Based on clinical examination, all but six dogs with non-specific symptoms were healthy. Haematological abnormalities included leucocytosis (n = 15), with eosinophilia (n = 14) and monocytosis (n = 13). Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased total serum proteins (n = 19), albumins (n = 7), total globulins (n = 14), ALT (n = 1), and ALP (n = 1); one dog was hypoalbuminemic, and BUN was mildly increased in 2 dogs. Risk factors included the province origin (Napoli, OR=5.4, 95%CI: 2.1–14.0; Caserta, OR=5.1, 95%CI: 2.5–10.6), hunting wild mammals (OR=2.8, 95% 95%CI: 1.6–4.8), and ectoparasite infestation (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 1.1–3.1). There was a negative correlation between microfilaraemic load and decreased albumin level (−0.37; p=0.021). Our results showed that A. reconditum circulates within the hunting dog population of southern Italy, with seemingly low pathogenic potential.
Rapid molecular syndromic testing for aetiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections and targeted antimicrobial prescription: experience from a reference paediatric hospital in Spain
Authors: Castany-Feixas Marta , Simo Silvia , Garcia-Garcia Selene , Fernandez de Sevilla Mariona , Launes Cristian , Kalkgruber Marlene , Gene Amadeu , Muñoz-Almagro Carmen , Brotons Pedro
Published: May 2021

Aetiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections is challenging since a wide range of bacteria, parasites and viruses can be causal agents and derived clinical manifestations appear quite similar. Our aim was to evaluate contribution of the novel QIAstat-DxGastrointestinal Panel (GIP) to aetiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections and rational antimicrobial prescription in a reference paediatric hospital. Evaluation included comparison of diagnostic yield and agreement of results of QIAstat-Dx GIP and conventional microbiological methods. Parallel testing was performed on stool samples collected prospectively from children admitted to Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Hospital (Spain) during the period February–March 2019. Influence of the panel test use on antimicrobial prescription was assessed using a pre–post study design. Eighty-six (68.8%) out of 125 specimens were positive by QIAstat-Dx GIP versus 44 (35.2%) positive by a composite of conventional methods (p<0.001). Global agreement of panel test results with rotavirus-adenovirus antigen detection (92.8%) and a two-step antigen/toxin and PCR-based algorithm for toxigenic Clostridioides difficile detection (87.5%) was greater than that with bacterial culture (76.0%) and parasite microscopic identification (64.3%). Panel test results orientated antimicrobial prescription changes in 18 (14.4%) patients, including antimicrobial start in 11 cases initially untreated, targeted antimicrobial prescription in 5 and discontinuation in 2 cases empirically treated. Results showed that QIAstat-Dx GIP significantly expanded aetiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections compared to conventional microbiological methods while orientating a more judicious use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitalised children.
Stand delineation based on laser scanning data and simulated annealing
Authors: Sun Yusen , Wang Weifang , Pukkala Timo , Jin Xingji
Published: May 2021

The use of airborne laser scanning (LS) is increasing in forestry. Scanning can be conducted from manned aircrafts or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The scanning data are often used to calculate various attributes for small raster cells. These attributes can be used to segment the forest into homogeneous areas, called segments, micro-stands, or, like in this study, stands. Delineation of stands from raster data is equal to finding the most suitable stand number for each raster cell, which is a combinatorial optimization problem. This study tested the performance of the simulated annealing (SA) metaheuristic in the delineation of stands from grids of UAV-LS attributes. The objective function included three criteria: within-stand variation of the LS attributes, stand area, and stand shape. The purpose was to create delineations that consisted of homogeneous stands with a low number of small stands and a regular and roundish stand shape. The results showed that SA is capable of producing stand delineations that meet these criteria. However, the method tended to produce delineations where the stands often consisted of disconnected parts and the stand borders were jagged. These problems were mitigated by using a mode filter on the grid of stand numbers and giving unique numbers for all disconnected parts of a stand. Three LS attributes were used in the delineation. These attributes described the canopy height, the height of the bottom of the canopy and the variation of echo intensity within 1-m2 raster cells. Besides, a texture variable that described the spatial variation of canopy height in the proximity of a 1-m2 raster cell was found to be a useful variable. Stand delineations where the average stand area was about one hectare explained more than 80% of the variation in canopy height.
The Mw5.4 Zagreb (Croatia) earthquake of March 22, 2020: impacts and response
Authors: Atalić Josip , Uroš Mario , Šavor Novak Marta , Demšić Marija , Nastev Miroslav
Published: May 2021

This paper highlights the principal features of the Mw5.4 Zagreb earthquake. Located within the city limits at a depth of 10 km, the earthquake generated a peak ground acceleration of more than 0.2 g and a maximum spectral acceleration of about 0.6 g at 0.1 s in the historic downtown area. The situation was particularly challenging since the event occurred amid a partial Covid-19 lockdown at temperatures close to 0 °C, emphasizing the extensive and complex vulnerability of the local communities and individuals. 27 people were reported severely injured, one of which later died. The surprisingly high economic costs, needed to achieve a full reconstruction of damaged buildings and infrastructure in the affected area, are currently evaluated at more than 10B euros. Description of the organization of the emergency response in the first days and the observed damage to buildings is given with typical examples. The focus is on the performance of older masonry residential and cultural heritage buildings in the historic downtown, their inspection and evaluation of damage to structural and non-structural components. This information provides the basis for understanding of the negative impacts and clarifies the overall context identifying the enablers and barriers to the still ongoing recovery process. It also helps to increase the awareness of the seismic vulnerability of European cities with similar construction practices.
To What Extent Can Digitally-Mediated Team Communication in Children’s Physical Health and Mental Health Services Bring about Improved Outcomes? A Systematic Review
Authors: Jones Lauren Stephanie , Russell Ailsa , Collis Emma , Brosnan Mark
Published: May 2021

Digital communication technologies can be used for team consultation, case management, and information sharing in health and mental health services for children and young people (CYP). The objective of the systematic review was to investigate the evidence as to whether digitally-mediated team communication for CYP improves outcomes. We searched PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for relevant studies. Results were synthesised narratively. Seven studies were identified from 439 initial records. Analysis highlighted that digitally-mediated team communication is generally valued by professionals for supporting practice and that there is overall satisfaction with the process. There was preliminary evidence (from one study) that clinical outcomes from digitally-mediated team communication are comparable to those achieved by a collaborative service model with direct specialist care to service users via digital communication technology. There is a need for further high-quality research into clinical outcomes and service user experience, as well as financial implications.
Cognitive and Electrophysiological Correlates of Working Memory Impairments in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Pobric Gorana , Taylor Jason R. , Ramalingam Hemavathy M. , Pye Emily , Robinson Louise , Vassallo Grace , Jung JeYoung , Bhandary Misty , Szumanska-Ryt Karolina , Theodosiou Louise , Evans D. Gareth , Eelloo Judith , Burkitt-Wright Emma , Hulleman Johan , Green Jonathan , Garg Shruti
Published: May 2021

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a single gene disorder associated with working Memory (WM) impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate P300 event-related potential (ERP) associated with WM in NF1. Sixteen adolescents with NF1 were compared with controls on measures of WM and EEG was recorded during a WM nback task. The NF1 group showed poorer performance on measures of WM as compared to the control group. No group differences were observed in P300 amplitude at Pz, but P300 latency was shorter in the NF1 group. Topographic analyses of P300 amplitude showed group differences indicating neural processing differences in the NF1 group relative to controls, which possibly contribute to the cognitive deficits seen in this population.