bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cyclobutane Dimers of 2′‐Deoxyuridine, 2′‐Deoxycytidine, 5‐Methyl‐2′‐Deoxycytidine and 5‐Bromo‐2′‐Deoxyuridine
Authors: Shetlar Martin D. , Chung Janet
Published: May 2012

Irradiation of DNA and RNA pyrimidine nucleosides with UV light in frozen aqueous solution or in solution with acetone often results in the formation of cyclobutane dimers (CBDs). Many of these photodimers have not been characterized. We present here the results of work designed to achieve the isolation, spectroscopic characterization and determination of the stereochemical nature of a number of little studied or previously unstudied CBDs of four 2′‐deoxyribonuclesides. These nucleosides are 2′‐deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2′‐deoxycytidine (dCyd), 5‐methyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐MedCyd) and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (5‐BrdUrd). In particular, we have isolated and characterized six dUrd CBDs, five dCyd CBDs, five 5‐MedCyd CBDs and four 5‐BrdUrd CBDs. Photoproducts were studied by UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, proton NMR spectroscopy and via chemical approaches. Also presented are results from less definitive studies of a number of (6‐4) (or 5‐4) photoadducts of these nucleosides. In addition, results from exploratory photochemical studies of other 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides in frozen solution, as well as some mixtures of two nucleosides, are given. The latter results indicate that 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (5‐IdUrd), 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxycytidine and 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxycytidine each form putative CBDs and that 5‐BrdUrd is capable of forming putative mixed CBDs and (6‐4) and/or (5‐4) adducts with thymidine (Thd); 5‐IdUrd similarly forms a (6‐4) (or (5‐4)) adduct with Thd.
Correlation of Blood Pressure Readings From 6‐Hour Intervals With the Daytime Period of 24‐Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Pediatric Patients
Authors: King‐Schultz Leslie , Weaver Amy L. , Cramer Carl H.
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:396–400. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Shorter‐interval (6‐hour) ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been shown to correlate well with 24‐hour ABPM in adults, but this has not been studied in children. The authors selected 131 patients aged 9 to 18 who underwent 24‐ABPM from 2000–2008. Six‐hour intervals beginning at different start times were compared with the daytime and 24‐hour period, with subset analysis for normotensive and hypertensive patients. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) were used to assess for agreement. Among normotensive patients, the mean difference between daytime and 6‐hour intervals ranged from −0.1 mm Hg to 0.0 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and −1.1 mm Hg to 0.6 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) with CCCs of 0.88 to 0.93 for DBP and 0.93 to 0.96 for SBP. For hypertensive patients, mean difference ranged from −0.6 to 1.3 mm Hg for DBP and −0.8 to 1.1 mm Hg for SBP with CCCs of 0.89 to 0.98 for DBP and 0.86 to 0.95 for SBP. Shorter‐interval monitoring correlates significantly with full daytime monitoring in children, allowing for assessment of blood pressure with improved convenience.
Dyadic Research in Marriage and Family Therapy: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Wittenborn Andrea K. , Dolbin‐MacNab Megan L. , Keiley Margaret K.
Published: May 2012

With training that emphasizes relationship systems, marriage and family therapists are uniquely attuned to interpersonal dynamics, interdependence, and the influence of relationships on individuals’ perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. While recent statistical advances have contributed to a proliferation of resources designed to introduce researchers to dyadic data analysis, guidelines related to the methodological aspects of dyadic research design have received less attention. Given the potential advantages of dyadic designs for examining couple and family relational and therapeutic processes, the purpose of this article is to introduce marriage and family therapy researchers to dyadic research methodology. Using examples from our own research, we discuss methodological considerations and lessons learned related to sampling, measurement, data collection, and ethics. Recommendations for future dyadic research are provided.

Video Abstract
Global Leadership: A Developmental Shift for Everyone
Authors: Holt Katherine , Seki Kyoko
Published: May 2012

Global leaders operate in a context of multicultural, paradoxical complexity in the world—a context that most leaders find themselves facing today. We argue that 4 developmental shifts are required to be effective in this context: developing multicultural effectiveness, becoming adept at managing paradoxes, cultivating the “being” dimension of human experience, and appreciating individual uniqueness in the context of cultural differences. Challenges for industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology are identified in each area. The article concludes by inviting I–O psychologists to integrate competing frameworks, explore related disciplines, revamp leadership competency models, create new tools and frameworks for developing global leaders, and step up to become global leaders ourselves.
Global Leadership to Transform the World
Authors: Seki Kyoko , Holt Katherine
Published: May 2012

Global leadership is sorely needed to transform the world, given trends such as climate change, water scarcity, and social unrest. We need leaders with multicultural sensitivity who will face paradoxes head on, invite new voices into the dialogue, and collaborate across sector and national boundaries to find more sustainable solutions. This response addresses 3 areas that garnered the most commentaries: competency models, paradoxes, and developing global leaders. We point out several neglected perspectives, including “being” and “individual uniqueness,” along with the absence of non-Western voices in the commentary dialogue. We challenge readers to raise their consciousness and shift from enabling status quo leadership to becoming change agents.
Randomized, Single‐Blind, Parallel Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Solifenacin versus Propiverine in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder
Authors: FUKUDA Takehiko , YAMANISHI Tomonori , UCHIYAMA Tomoyuki , KAMAI Takao
Published: May 2012

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness and safety of solifenacin versus propiverine in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB), in a single‐blind, randomized parallel study.

Methods: Sixty‐six patients with OAB (14 men and 52 women) were randomly assigned to groups: solifenacin (5 mg/day) or propiverine (20 mg/day) and treated for 8 weeks. The primary outcome variable was mean change from baseline to end of treatment in urgency of the OAB symptom score (OABSS). Secondary outcomes were bladder diary variables: change over 24 h in the mean number of voids (daytime and nighttime), episodes of micturition urgency and incontinence, and mean volume voided. Patients also completed total OABSS and the King's Health questionnaires.

Results: Group backgrounds were comparable except for the male to female proportion; 11:22 for solifenacin (n = 33) versus 3:30 for propiverine (n = 33). Adverse events were 6 of 29 (21%) for solifenacin versus 14 of 26 (54%) for propiverine (P = 0.017). Three patients were withdrawn for voiding difficulty (one in solifenacin and two in propiverine) and one patient for dry mouth (propiverine group). Change in OABSS urgency score was −2.3 ± 1.4 for solifenacin (n = 28) versus −1.3 ± 1.7 for propiverine (n = 23), (P = 0.0169). Total OABSS and other individual scores, and voiding diary parameters for both drugs showed improvements; however, between‐group difference was not established.

Conclusion: Although both solifenacin 5 mg and propiverine 20 mg were effective in the treatment of OAB, solifenacin appeared to be more effective and tolerable.
Synchronous Subacromial and Subdeltoid Bursal Abscess and Pyomyositis of Rotator Cuff Muscles Caused by Viridans Streptococcus
Authors: Lan Sheng-Min , Lin Cheng-Li , Wang Chien- Kuo , Lo Sheng-Pin , Jou I-Ming , Su Wei-Ren
Published: May 2012

The most common causal organism in septic bursitis and pyomyositis is Staphylococcus aureus. Primary subacromial and subdeltoid abscess caused by viridans Streptococcus infection has never been reported and, to our knowledge, nor has diffuse pyomyositis of the rotator cuff associated with subacromial abscess. We describe the clinical presentation, radiological investigations and strategies for the management of a 56-year-old female who presented with purulent subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis and abscess formation in the rotator cuff muscles as a result of viridans Streptococcus infection. Because of its deep anatomic location, primary subacromial/subdeltoid septic bursitis and pyomyositis of rotator cuff muscles are rarely reported. The immunocompromise caused by diabetes mellitus presented a risk factor for the unusual infection observed in this patient. Magnetic resonance imaging aided the diagnosis. Treatment consisted of surgical debridement and drainage, with antibiotic administration, which resolved the infection without sequelae.
Case of telangiectatic/inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma arising in a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Maylee Hsu , Harada Kenichi , Igarashi Saya , Tohda Gen , Yamamoto Makoto , Ren Xiang shan , Osawa Takeshi , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Takahashi Norio , Nakanuma Yasuni
Published: May 2012

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) have been recently identified as a heterogeneous group, differing based on genotypic as well as morphological characteristics. HCA are most frequently found in women on oral contraception. A type of HCA, inflammatory HCA, is also known as telangiectatic HCA and was previously referred to as telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia. We present the first case of HCA arising from the liver with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This case is a 30‐year‐old man with a past medical history of PSC, ulcerative colitis and diabetes mellitus. A routine ultrasonography for PSC detected the gradually enlarged intrahepatic mass. Liver biopsy could reveal the diagnosis of telangiectatic/ inflammatory HCA by morphological and immunohistochemical analyses. Partial hepatectomy was performed and the resected liver was pathologically diagnosed as the telangiectatic/inflammatory HCA arising in PSC. This is the first case report of such an association and here we review the current developments and published work of this rare tumor and the association with an activated inflammatory related tumorogenic pathway and PSC.
Greener Child Care: Parents’ Pro–environmental Values, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Knowledge and Their Child Care Preferences
Authors: Torres–Antonini Maruja , Vatralova Zuzana
Published: May 2012

This study explores the disconnect between the limited existence of green child care environments, attributed to lack of sufficient parent demand, and literature documenting they can provide children with the best start in life. In light of the value–belief–norm (VBN) theory, the ability of parents, prime consumers of child care services, to discern quality criteria was questioned, and their values and beliefs about the environment, their environmentally significant behaviors, and their understanding of green design practices were brought to bear on their preference for green child care options. The study was exploratory, survey based, and used a two–part survey including closed and open–ended questions based on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system categories cross–referenced with values/beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge dimensions adapted to the existing conditions of two study sites. Statistical treatment of collected data from a sample size N = 66 relied on the ordinary least squares (OLS) method from three sequential linear regression models. A relationship of mutual influence was found between parents’ pro–environmental values and beliefs and their environmentally significant behaviors. Similar influences were found regarding their green design knowledge and their preference for green design in child care. The model ( R2 = .4473) established associations with 99% confidence levels for the pro–environmental values and beliefs, and 95% for the environmentally significant behaviors and knowledge. Although thought to be inaccurate child care evaluators with limited understanding of green design in child care environments, parents demonstrated significant understanding of and preference for green design features. Additional and mutually complementary issues are discussed to address the absence of green child care design in the future.
CO2–Based Demand–Controlled Ventilation and Its Implications for Interior Design
Authors: Lee Seunghae
Published: May 2012

CO2–based demand–controlled ventilation (DCV) is a ventilation method that resets outdoor air supply rates using CO2 as an operating parameter ( ASHRAE, 2007a ). Even though CO2 itself is not harmful, high levels of CO2 concentration in indoor environments displace oxygen in the air and can cause a deficiency of oxygen for breathing. The most important aspect of CO2 in DCV is that it is a good indicator of occupancy in indoor spaces. Therefore, CO2 is an effective parameter for controlling ventilation based on occupancy level. CO2–based DCV has been increasingly used in recent years to optimize the energy consumption in ventilation systems as technological advances make its implementation more feasible and interest in environmentally responsible building design grows. This study aims to provide information about CO2–based DCV and suggest implications for interior design practitioners and educators. To achieve this purpose, this study reviewed previous studies and examined the current practices in CO2–based DCV in order to suggest guidelines for CO2–based DCV implementation for interior designers. The guidelines focused on proper CO2 sensor location design, taking into consideration the activities and other equipment in the room. In addition, a study of CO2–based DCV in the lecture halls of a university campus was conducted. Physical measurements were done in the lecture halls, and trends data were collected from the university's facility management department to compare the measurements. A perceived indoor environmental quality survey was also done to explore the occupants’ responses about CO2–based DCV.
After the Democratic Charter's First Decade: Achievements, Limitations, and Next Steps
Authors: Cameron Maxwell A.
Published: May 2012

This article reviews a number of options to improve the implementation of the Inter‐American Democratic Charter, including a compendium of best practices, a peer review mechanism, a special democracy rapporteur, and a democracy traffic light. These mechanisms could provide elements for a graduated response to democratic developments ranging from positive reforms to serious backsliding. The proliferation of possible solutions should not discourage efforts to reinforce the Democratic Charter, undermine the coherence of democracy defense and promotion activities, or distract attention from the need for clear concepts to guide evidence‐based policy.
The Three Dimensions of Democracy in the Inter‐American Democratic Charter
Authors: Roncagliolo Rafael
Published: May 2012

The Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC) is a milestone in the development of the three dimensions of Latin American democracy: competitive origin, constitutional exercise, and inclusive results. Despite the resiliency of the constraints that can still be seen, from a historical perspective it is important to acknowledge that the Latin American region has been making progress in this field. Such progress mirrors complementary good practices regarding the aforementioned dimensions that are consistent with the Democratic Charter. In turn the IADC could be the basis for more effective action, particularly by strengthening capacities in the areas of prevention and response to adverse situations, by fostering greater collective involvement in the Organization of American States, and by supporting the dynamics proposed by other forums and instruments of regional integration. The emphasis currently being placed on regional integration and social inclusion policies is, in accordance with the spirit and terms of the IADC, a positive sign that the consolidation of democracy is understood as a historical value and a functional reality for Latin American societies.
Cross‐modal facilitation of mental rotation: Effects of modality and complexity
Authors: Aksentijevic Aleksandar , Garcia Laura M.
Published: May 2012

Performance in a visual mental rotation (MR) task has been reported to predict the ability to recognize retrograde‐transformed melodies. The current study investigated the effects of melodic structure on the MR of sequentially presented visual patterns. Each trial consisted of a five‐segment sequentially presented visual pattern (standard) followed by a five‐tone melody that was either identical in structure to the standard or its retrograde. A visual target pattern was either the rotated version of the standard or unrelated to it. The task was to indicate whether the target pattern was a rotated version of the standard or not. Periodic patterns were not rotated but melodies facilitated the rotation of non‐periodic patterns. For these, rotation latency was determined by a quantitative index of complexity (number of runs). This study provides the first experimental confirmation for cross‐modal facilitation of MR.
Are stepfathers’ education levels associated with the intelligence of their stepsons? A register‐based study of Norwegian half‐brothers
Authors: Eriksen Willy , Sundet Jon M. , Tambs Kristian
Published: May 2012

We examined the relationship between the parents’ education levels and the adult intelligence of their children in a population‐based, nationwide sample of Norwegian half‐brothers with different fathers (2,016 pairs of half‐brothers). In a family where the mother has two children with different men, the firstborn child usually lives with the younger child's father during a period of their childhood. This makes it possible to study the non‐genetic effects of paternal education on children's development. Results showed that the education level of the younger half‐brother's father was positively associated with the intelligence score of the older half‐brother. The education level of the older half‐brother's father was not associated with the intelligence score of the younger half‐brother. Firstborn men whose half‐brothers’ fathers had high levels of education had intelligence scores that were 33% (95% confidence interval: 18–47%) of a standard deviation higher than those of firstborn men whose half‐brothers’ fathers had low levels of education, after adjustment for the biological fathers’ education levels, mothers’ education levels, and other background factors. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that a child's family environment exerts an effect on the cognitive abilities of the child that lasts into adulthood.
Activation of neuropeptide S‐expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus by corticotropin‐releasing factor
Authors: Jüngling Kay , Liu Xiaobin , Lesting Jörg , Coulon Philippe , Sosulina L. , Reinscheid Rainer K. , Pape Hans‐Christian
Published: May 2012

Key points

Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its cognate receptor represent a recently discovered transmitter system in the brain modulating anxiety‐ and stress‐related behaviour.

Using a transgenic NPS‐EGFP‐expressing mouse line, the present study shows that NPS‐expressing neurons are situated in close proximity to corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐containing fibres at the locus coeruleus in the brain stem and express the CRF receptor 1 (CRF1).

CRF depolarizes NPS neurons via activation of the CRF1 receptor through two different ionic mechanisms (a decrease in potassium and an increase in cation conductance) involving the cAMP signalling pathway.

After acute immobilization stress, NPS neurons display an increased expression of c‐fos.

This study identifies a mechanism by which stress‐related CRF release might activate NPS neurons in the brain stem, thereby triggering NPS release in target areas such as the amygdala, and functioning as a negative feedback control to buffer stress responsiveness.

Abstract  A recently discovered neurotransmitter system, consisting of neuropeptide S (NPS), NPS receptor, and NPS‐expressing neurons in the brain stem, has received considerable interest due to its modulating influence on arousal, anxiety and stress responsiveness. Comparatively little is known about the properties of NPS‐expressing neurons. Therefore in the present study, a transgenic mouse line expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in NPS neurons was used to characterize the cellular and functional properties of NPS‐expressing neurons located close to the locus coeruleus. Particular emphasis was on the influence of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), given previous evidence of stress‐related activation of the NPS system. Upon acute immobilization stress, an increase in c‐fos expression was detected immunocytochemically in brain stem NPS‐EGFP neurons that also expressed the CRF receptor 1 (CRF1). NPS‐EGFP neurons were readily identified in acute slice preparations and responded to CRF application with a membrane depolarization capable of triggering action potentials. CRF‐induced responses displayed pharmacological properties indicative of CRF1 that were mediated by both a reduction in membrane potassium conductance and an increase in a non‐specific cation conductance different from the hyperpolarization‐activated cation conductance Ih, and involved protein kinase A signalling. In conclusion, stress exposure results in activation of brain stem NPS‐expressing neurons, involving a CRF1‐mediated membrane depolarization via at least two ionic mechanisms. These data provide evidence for a direct interaction between the CRF and the NPS system and thereby extend previous observations of NPS‐modulated stress responsiveness towards a mechanistic level.
Glutamate modulates the firing rate in oculomotor nucleus motoneurons as a function of the recruitment threshold current
Authors: Torres‐Torrelo Julio , Rodríguez‐Rosell David , Nunez‐Abades Pedro , Carrascal Livia , Torres Blas
Published: May 2012

Key points

This study deals with the cellular mechanisms involved in firing rate modulation in vivo in the oculomotor system where there are requirements for high firing rates by motoneurons.

The study demonstrates that glutamate effects depend on the recruitment threshold and, presumably, motoneuron size.

Mid‐ and high‐threshold motoneurons in response to glutamate decrease their voltage threshold and strengthened the tonic and phasic components of the firing rate.

In a functional context, motoneurons could be recruited at lower recruitment threshold and could generate a strong muscle contraction under glutamate modulation to perform saccadic eye movements with different velocities and/or to maintain the eye in different eccentric positions in the orbit.

Our results suggest that the recruitment and firing behaviour of ocular motoneurons can be modified in vivo by glutamatergic synaptic inputs. It provides a link between cellular function and behavioural motoneuron output.

Abstract  Studies in alert preparations have demonstrated that ocular motoneurons exhibit a phasic–tonic firing rate related to eye velocity and position, respectively. The slopes of these relationships are higher in motoneurons with higher recruitment threshold and have been proposed to depend upon synaptic input. To investigate this hypothesis, motoneurons of the rat oculomotor nucleus were recorded in a brain slice preparation in control conditions and during glutamate (5 μm) application to the bath. Glutamate did not affect membrane potential or input resistance, but produced a decrease in rheobase and depolarization voltage as a function of the current needed for generating a maintained repetitive discharge (recruitment threshold current). In addition, glutamate compressed the range of recruitment threshold current (0.1–0.4 nA) as compared to the control (0.15–0.7 nA). Glutamate exposed motoneurons showed an increase in the tonic frequency gain and the peak frequency. Such increments depended on the recruitment threshold current and the last recruited motoneurons almost doubled the tonic frequency gain (35.2 vs. 57.9 spikes s−1 nA−1) and the peak frequency (52.4 vs. 102.6 spikes s−1). Finally, glutamate increased the spike frequency adaptation due to a significant increase in the phasic firing component as compared to the tonic one. In conclusion, glutamate modulates tonic and phasic discharge properties as a function of the recruitment threshold current and, presumably, motoneuron size. These findings contribute to understand the link between cellular functions and motoneuron discharge during oculomotor behaviour.
Translational evidence that impaired autophagy contributes to arterial ageing
Authors: LaRocca Thomas J. , Henson Grant D. , Thorburn Andrew , Sindler Amy L. , Pierce Gary L. , Seals Douglas R.
Published: May 2012

Key points

Advancing age is the major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Arterial endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired endothelium‐dependent dilatation (EDD), is a key antecedent to age‐associated clinical cardiovascular disease.

We tested the hypothesis that changes in autophagy, the process by which cells recycle damaged biomolecules, may be an underlying cause of the age‐related reduction in EDD.

We show that autophagy is impaired in arteries of older humans and mice with reduced EDD, and that enhancing autophagy restores EDD by reducing superoxide‐dependent oxidative stress and inflammation, and increasing nitric oxide bioavailability.

Our results identify impaired autophagy as a potential cause of age‐related arterial dysfunction and suggest that boosting autophagy may be a novel strategy for the treatment of arterial endothelial dysfunction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases with ageing.

Abstract  Ageing causes arterial endothelial dysfunction that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of autophagy, the cellular process of recycling damaged biomolecules, in endothelial dysfunction with ageing. In older humans, expression of autophagy markers in arterial endothelial cells was impaired by ∼50% (P < 0.05) and was associated with an ∼30% (P < 0.05) reduction in arterial endothelium‐dependent dilatation (EDD). Similarly, in C57BL/6 control mice ageing was associated with an ∼40% decrease (P < 0.05) in arterial markers of autophagy and an ∼25% reduction (P < 0.05) in EDD. In both humans and mice, impaired EDD was mediated by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation (P < 0.05). In old mice, treatment with the autophagy‐enhancing agent trehalose restored expression of autophagy markers, rescued NO‐mediated EDD by reducing oxidative stress, and normalized inflammatory cytokine expression. In cultured endothelial cells, inhibition of autophagy increased oxidative stress and reduced NO production, whereas trehalose enhanced NO production via an autophagy‐dependent mechanism. These results provide the first evidence that autophagy is impaired with ageing in vascular tissues. Our findings also suggest that autophagy preserves arterial endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing NO bioavailability. Autophagy‐enhancing strategies may therefore have therapeutic efficacy for ameliorating age‐associated arterial dysfunction and preventing CVD.
Acetylcholine is released from taste cells, enhancing taste signalling
Authors: Dando Robin , Roper Stephen D.
Published: May 2012

Key points

Acetylcholine (ACh), a classical neurotransmitter, stimulates M3 muscarinic receptors on Receptor (Type II) taste bud cells

ACh is synthesized by, and released from Receptor (Type II) taste bud cells during gustatory stimulation.

This muscarinic autocrine feedback amplifies taste‐evoked Ca2+ signals and enhances afferent neurotransmitter (ATP) release from Receptor (Type II) cells.

Taste Receptor cells in mice lacking M3 muscarinic receptors display depressed sensitivity to gustatory stimulation

The findings highlight a new signalling pathway in taste buds and may explain taste disturbances (i.e. side effects) associated with certain anticholinergic drugs.

Abstract  Acetylcholine (ACh), a candidate neurotransmitter that has been implicated in taste buds, elicits calcium mobilization in Receptor (Type II) taste cells. Using RT‐PCR analysis and pharmacological interventions, we demonstrate that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 mediates these actions. Applying ACh enhanced both taste‐evoked Ca2+ responses and taste‐evoked afferent neurotransmitter (ATP) secretion from taste Receptor cells. Blocking muscarinic receptors depressed taste‐evoked responses in Receptor cells, suggesting that ACh is normally released from taste cells during taste stimulation. ACh biosensors confirmed that, indeed, taste Receptor cells secrete acetylcholine during gustatory stimulation. Genetic deletion of muscarinic receptors resulted in significantly diminished ATP secretion from taste buds. The data demonstrate a new role for acetylcholine as a taste bud transmitter. Our results imply specifically that ACh is an autocrine transmitter secreted by taste Receptor cells during gustatory stimulation, enhancing taste‐evoked responses and afferent transmitter secretion.
Design and Performance of Compliant Thrust Bearings With Spiral-Groove Membranes on Resilient Supports
Authors: Licht L. , Anderson W. J. , Doroff S. W.
Published: May 2012

Novel thrust bearings, with spiral-groove, flexible membranes mounted on resilient supports, were designed and their performance convincingly demonstrated. Advantages of surface compliance were thus combined with the superior load-capacity of the spiral-groove geometry. Loads of 127–150N (29–33 lb) were comfortably supported on an area 42 cm2 (6.5 in.2), at speeds 43,000–45,000 rpm and mean clearances 15–20 μm (600–800 μin.), by these self-acting and air-lubricated bearings. Support-worthiness was proved under exacting conditions, when tested in conjunction with foil journal-bearings and a 19N (4.3 lb)-rotor, excited in a pitching mode by a total unbalance of 43 μm.N (6100 μin.oz).
Rubber Surface Squeeze Film
Authors: Hori Yukio , Kato Takahisa , Narumiya Hiromu
Published: May 2012

Numerical solutions for the squeeze film problem, in which one of the surfaces is made of rubber and moves sinusoidally, are presented. Viscoelasticity and in-compressibility of the rubber are taken into account in the numerical procedures. The solutions agree well with the experiments. Variation of the squeeze film shape with time is measured by the moire´ topography. This will be one of the best methods for measuring the film thickness when the lubricating surface is made of soft materials like rubber.
Generation of Squeal/Chatter in Water-Lubricated Elastomeric Bearings
Authors: Krauter A. I.
Published: May 2012

This paper presents results from an investigation concerned with vibrational characteristics of compliant-layer water-lubricated bearings. An experimental apparatus emulates the dynamic interactions between the propeller shaft and a water-lubricated elastomeric bearing stave. A computer model predicts the squeal tendency of the experimental apparatus. Correlations are obtained by using the apparatus to verify the predicted squeal tendency. Utilizing the computer model, the effects of varying system parameters on squeal/chatter are determined quantitatively. From the results obtained, it is found that the slope of the friction-speed curve and the effective structural damping are the most important parameters. It is concluded that the essential features of squeal/chatter have been identified and that the phenomenon can be modelled analytically.
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Offset O-Ring Rotary Seal
Authors: Kalsi M. S.
Published: May 2012

A fundamental research into the lubrication mechanism and operation of a new type of rotary shaft seal has been conducted. Optical interference technique was successfully used to study the film profiles with optically smooth elastomer seals. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication was found to exist over a wide range of operating conditions. A study of the other performance variables for the Offset-Seal define its useful application range to be between the Packing-Gland and Face-Seal.
An Analysis of Mechanical Face Seal Vibrations
Authors: Etsion I. , Dan Y.
Published: May 2012

The motion of a flexibly mounted ring in a mechanical face seal is described in its major three degrees of freedom. The equations of motion include fluid film as well as flexible support forces and moments. These equations are linearized using small perturbation analysis. It is shown that for small perturbation the axial motion is uncoupled with the two angular ones and is always stable. A condition for angular stability is derived relating seal operation conditions to its geometry and other design parameters.
Lubrication of a Melting Slider Under Nonisothermal Conditions
Authors: Bicego V. , Figari A. , Poletti G.
Published: May 2012

A theoretical model is developed for a slider lubricated by its own surface melting. Heat for melting is assumed to be supplied both from viscous dissipation in the liquid film and by conduction from the track at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the slider. The analysis allows prediction of film thickness and the friction coefficient. The overall behavior results to be clearly dependent on which of the two heat sources is prevailing. In particular, thermal conduction appears to be the cause for a generally much lower friction coefficient with respect to an isothermal case.
An Analytical Solution for the Thermal Characteristics of Journal Bearings
Authors: Smith R. N. , Tichy J. A.
Published: May 2012

An analytical solution for the full thermal field in a journal bearing under isoviscous conditions is presented. The results are for adiabatic bearing surfaces and for isothermal bearing surfaces, with isothermal shaft in all cases. The effects of convection and of dissipation in the film are governed by a single dimensionless parameter, Pe = ρcpωc2/k, under the assumption that pressure gradient effects do not influence the thermal field. Results for bulk temperature, heat transfer to bearing surfaces, and for temperature profiles across the film are presented. For small values of Pe, the thermal field is fully-developed, while for large values, dissipation dominates the temperature field and is the primary heat transfer source.
Mobility and Impedance Definitions for Plain Journal Bearings
Authors: Moes H. , Bosma R.
Published: May 2012

A list of mobility and impedance definitions is given for a set of full-journal-bearing solutions, including the finite-length-bearing solution.
Generalized Finite-Volume Theory for Elastic Stress Analysis in Solid Mechanics—Part II: Results
Authors: Cavalcante Marcio A. A. , Pindera Marek-Jerzy
Published: May 2012

In Part I, a generalized finite-volume theory was constructed for two-dimensional elasticity problems on rectangular domains based on a higher-order displacement field representation within individual subvolumes of a discretized analysis domain. The higher-order displacement field was expressed in terms of elasticity-based surface-averaged kinematic variables that were subsequently related to corresponding static variables through a local stiffness matrix derived in closed form. The theory was constructed in a manner that enables systematic specialization through reductions to lower-order versions, including the original theory based on a quadratic displacement field representation, herein called the zeroth-order theory. Comparison of predictions generated by the generalized theory with its predecessor, analytical and finite-element results in Part II illustrates substantial improvement in the satisfaction of interfacial continuity conditions at adjacent subvolume faces, producing smoother stress distributions and good interfacial conformability. While in certain instances the first-order theory produces acceptably smooth stress distributions, concentrated loadings require the second-order (generalized) theory to reproduce stress and displacement fields with fidelity comparable to analytical and finite-element results.
A spiral wave front beacon for underwater navigation: Transducer prototypes and testing
Authors: Dzikowicz Benjamin R. , Hefner Brian T.
Published: May 2012

Transducers for acoustic beacons which can produce outgoing signals with wave fronts whose horizontal cross sections are circular or spiral are studied experimentally. A remote hydrophone is used to determine its aspect relative to the transducers by comparing the phase of the circular signal to the phase of the spiral signal. The transducers for a “physical-spiral” beacon are made by forming a strip of 1–3 piezocomposite transducer material around either a circular or spiral backing. A “phased-spiral” beacon is made from an array of transducer elements which can be driven either in phase or staggered out of phase so as to produce signals with either a circular or spiral wave front. Measurements are made to study outgoing signals and their usefulness in determining aspect angle. Vertical beam width is also examined and phase corrections applied when the hydrophone is out of the horizontal plane of the beacon. While numerical simulations indicate that the discontinuity in the physical-spiral beacon introduces errors into the measured phase, damping observed at the ends of the piezocomposite material is a more significant source of error. This damping is also reflected in laser Doppler vibrometer measurements of the transducer’s surface velocity.
Unification and extension of monolithic state space and iterative cochlear models
Authors: Rapson Michael J. , Tapson Jonathan C. , Karpul David
Published: May 2012

Time domain cochlear models have primarily followed a method introduced by Allen and Sondhi [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 123–132 (1979)]. Recently the “state space formalism” proposed by Elliott et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 2759–2771 (2007)] has been used to simulate a wide range of nonlinear cochlear models. It used a one-dimensional approach that is extended to two dimensions in this paper, using the finite element method. The recently developed “state space formalism” in fact shares a close relationship to the earlier approach. Working from Diependaal et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1655–1666 (1987)] the two approaches are compared and the relationship formalized. Understanding this relationship allows models to be converted from one to the other in order to utilize each of their strengths. A second method to derive the state space matrices required for the “state space formalism” is also presented. This method offers improved numerical properties because it uses the information available about the model more effectively. Numerical results support the claims regarding fluid dimension and the underlying similarity of the two approaches. Finally, the recent advances in the state space formalism [Bertaccini and Sisto, J. Comp. Phys. 230, 2575–2587 (2011)] are discussed in terms of this relationship.
Response to “Comments on ‘A field study of the exposure-annoyance relationship of military shooting noise’ ” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127, 2301–2311 (2010)] (L)
Authors: Brink Mark , Wunderli Jean-Marc
Published: May 2012

This letter is a response to Meyer’s recent paper [“Comment on ‘A field study of the exposure-annoyance relationship of military shooting noise,’ ” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130, 677–678 (2011)]. The authors describe that “explained variance” in noise annoyance surveys can mean different things and that the fit parameters of the statistical models reported in the commented article are well within an expectable range. It is discussed that non-dose-related factors for the prediction of noise annoyance have become increasingly important in the last years and deserve to be more thoroughly studied.
High frequency ultrasound imaging of whole blood gelation and retraction during in vitro coagulation
Authors: Plag Camille , Mofid Yassine , Matéo Tony , Callé Rachel , Ossant Frédéric
Published: May 2012

Blood coagulation is a series of biochemical reactions resulting in the mechanical transformation of liquid blood into a gel. As a consequence, ultrasound, being mechanical waves, can provide specific details on the dynamics of coagulation. In fact, previous high-frequency ultrasound monitoring studies have shown drastic changes in ultrasound velocity and attenuation during whole blood coagulation and a model discussing the observed mechanical transformations was proposed. In this paper, a technique of visualization of the clotting mechanism is introduced, which complements and revises the previous hypotheses. This method is based on the monitoring of scatterers (red blood cells) movement through a time correlation of 20 MHZ rf signals. It allows the computing of both a displacement map revealing local details and disparities and a parameter quantifying the global structural behavior. Qualitative results for two typical samples show that the technique provides new insights on the gelation dynamics. A quantitative analysis computed from 12 healthy subjects found that the changes in the structural parameters are significantly correlated to the changes in velocity and attenuation, both dependent on the mechanical transformations in the sample. The previous model is therefore revised and a new way to measure gel and retraction times is proposed.
About the transition frequency in Biot’s theory
Authors: Kurzeja Patrick S. , Steeb Holger
Published: May 2012

Biot’s theory of wave propagation in porous media includes a characteristic frequency which is used to distinguish the low-frequency from the high-frequency range. Its determination is based on an investigation of fluid flow through different pore geometries on a smaller scale and a subsequent upscaling process. This idea is limited due to the assumptions made on the smaller scale. It can be enhanced for a general two-phase system by three properties: Inertia of the solid, elasticity of the solid, and frequency dependent corrections of the momentum exchange. They become important for highly porous media with liquids.
Survivin Is a Therapeutic Target in Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Arora Reety , Shuda Masahiro , Guastafierro Anna , Feng Huichen , Toptan Tuna , Tolstov Yanis , Normolle Daniel , Vollmer Laura L. , Vogt Andreas , Dömling Alexander , Brodsky Jeffrey L. , Chang Yuan , Moore Patrick S.
Published: May 2012

A targeted therapy for a virus-induced cancer involves blockade of the cellular oncoprotein survivin.
The Brain Says Go!
Authors: Singh Manpreet K.
Published: May 2012

Specific neural networks are associated with impulse control in teenagers.
The Lymphocyte Subset Club: New Members Welcome
Authors: Yipp Bryan G.
Published: May 2012

Pathogen-specific T
H
17 lymphocyte subsets develop unique cytokine profiles to combat different microbial invaders.
Is there a rationale to record lymphatic invasion in node-positive colorectal cancer?
Authors: Betge Johannes , Schneider Nora I , Pollheimer Marion J , Lindtner Richard A , Kornprat Peter , Schlemmer Andrea , Rehak Peter , Langner Cord
Published: May 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion in colorectal cancers that have already spread to regional lymph nodes. 168 patients with node-positive tumours (colon, n=98; rectum, n=70) were retrospectively evaluated. Lymphatic invasion was assessed on H&E stained slides and univariable and multivariable analyses were applied. Lymphatic invasion was detected in 95 (57%) cases and was significantly associated with tumour and node classification and tumour differentiation. Patients with tumours showing lymphatic invasion had decreased progression-free survival (p=0.025) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.082). Stratified by location, lymphatic invasion was significantly associated with decreased progression-free (p=0.010) and cancer-specific (p=0.023) survival in colon cancers, yet not in rectal cancers. Multivariable analysis proved T4 (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.39; p<0.001) and N2 (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.66; p=0.03) as independent predictors of progression-free survival and T4 (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.07; p=0.009), N2 (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.73; p=0.001) and poor tumour differentiation (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.43; p<0.001) as independent predictors of cancer-specific survival, while for lymphatic invasion no influence on outcome was noted. In conclusion, only tumour and node classification, and tumour differentiation proved to be independent prognostic variables in node-positive colorectal cancer and merit special attention in clinical decision-making.
The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in atherosclerosis: Figure 1
Authors: Gao Linggen , Chen Qian , Zhou Xianliang , Fan Li
Published: May 2012

Atherosclerosis is by far the most frequent underlying cause of coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease and peripheral arterial disease, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Hypoxic areas are known to be present in human atherosclerotic lesions, and lesion progression is associated with the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages, increased local inflammation and angiogenesis. The key regulator of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), plays a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis by initiating and promoting the formation of foam cells, endothelial cell dysfunction, apoptosis, increasing inflammation and angiogenesis. The objective of this review is to summarise the pathological role of HIF-1 in the progression of atherosclerosis.
MINIMAL LENGTH IN QUANTUM SPACE AND INTEGRATIONS OF THE LINE ELEMENT IN NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY
Authors: MARTINETTI PIERRE , MERCATI FLAVIO , TOMASSINI LUCA
Published: May 2012

We question the emergence of a minimal length in quantum spacetime, comparing two notions that appeared at various points in the literature: on the one side, the quantum length as the spectrum of an operator L in the Doplicher Fredenhagen Roberts (DFR) quantum spacetime, as well as in the canonical noncommutative spacetime (θ-Minkowski); on the other side, Connes' spectral distance in noncommutative geometry. Although in the Euclidean space the two notions merge into the one of geodesic distance, they yield distinct results in the noncommutative framework. In particular, in the Moyal plane, the quantum length is bounded above from zero while the spectral distance can take any real positive value, including infinity. We show how to solve this discrepancy by doubling the spectral triple. This leads us to introduce a modified quantum length d′L, which coincides exactly with the spectral distance dDon the set of states of optimal localization. On the set of eigenstates of the quantum harmonic oscillator — together with their translations — d′Land dDcoincide asymptotically, both in the high energy and large translation limits. At small energy, we interpret the discrepancy between d′Land dDas two distinct ways of integrating the line element on a quantum space. This leads us to propose an equation for a geodesic on the Moyal plane.