bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the precise Mode of Accumulation and Derivation of the Moel-Tryfan Shelly Deposits; on the Discovery of Similar High-level Deposits along the Eastern Slopes of the Welsh Mountains; and on the Existence of Drift-zones, showing probable Variations in the Rate of Submergence
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: October 2009

M
any
years′ observations along the east coast of the Irish Sea, from the Solway Frith southwards to the estuary of the Dee, have led me to conclude (as stated in former papers published in this Journal) that while the Upper Boulder-clay is a remarkably persistent and homogeneous formation, and while the line of separation between it and the cleanly washed, obliquely laminated, and boulderless sand and gravel (where the two formations are present) is always distinctly marked, the Lower Boulder formation varies both
vertically
and
horizontally
from compact stony clay to loam, gravel, and sand. This is more especially the case in the neighbourhood of the mountains and at comparatively high levels. Around the mountains of the Lake District (where it is called
pinnel
) it is often interstratified with or replaced by well-laminated and often contorted sand and gravel, as at Ulverston Railway station, between Ulverston and Arrad Foot, &c. In the neighbourhood of Bangor, though a stiff Boulder-clay may here and there be seen lying under stratified sand and gravel, the two kinds of drift may quite as often be found in
horizontal
succession; and they both agree in containing boulders.(see VII.1 and 2).

II. M
oel
-T
ryfan
D
eposits
, &c.

1.
Brief History of Discovery
.—In 1871, and again ill 1880 (lastyear), I had opportunities of tracing the drift-deposits of Caernarvonshire from the neighbourhood of Bangor to the top of Moel Tryfan, and of observing a number of facts connected with the Moel-Tryfan deposits which would appear to have escaped the notice
Notes on a Mammalian Jaw from the Purbeck Beds at Swanage, Dorset
Authors: Willet Edgar W. , Willett Henry
Published: October 2009

The rarity of the fossil remains of mammals in Mesozoic strata is a palæontological fact so well known to the Members of this Society, that it would be superfluous in me to do more than allude to it.

All needful information will be found in the exhaustive monograph (by one of the greatest living authorities on comparative anatomy, Prof. Owen) published in 1871 by the Palæontographical Society. From it I gather that in 1828 Mr. Broderip first discovered
Didelphys
in the Stonesfield-Slate quarry.

In 1858 the teeth of
Microlestes
were discovered by Mr. Moore in a breccia of Rhætic bone-bed and limestone filling a fissure in the Mountain Limestone at Frome, in Somersetshire.

In 1864 my friend Prof. Dawkins discovered a worn molar of a Marsupial mammal in the Rhsetic beds at Watcher, in Somersetshire,called by him
Hypsiprimnopsis rhœeticus (Microlestes rhœetitus)
. But it was to the personal energy and perseverance of Samuel Beckles, Esq., F.R.S., that science was indebted for the discovery of the great variety of these interesting fossils, the descriptionof which occupies the largest portion of Prof. Owen's work (
loc. cit
.). My own imagination was excited by a popular account of Mr. Beckles's labours, written about 1858 by the late lamented Canon Kingsley; and the desire for further discovery caused me to pay several visits to the “Dirt-beds” at Swanage, in the hope of making further additions to the catal6gue of Mammalian remains. Although I must have spent altogether many hours in search on several occasions, aided
On the Microscopic Structure of Devitrified Rocks from Beddgelert and Snowdon; with an Appendix on the Eruptive Rocks of Skomer Island
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

The specimen from the south side of the Capel Curig road, about ¼ mile from Beddgelert, which was collected by Mr. George
G. Butler, and which he kindly placed at my disposal, is a rather dark greenish-grey rock,
spotted with pale greenish-grey spherules, some of which are over
⅛ inch in diameter, and which, besides occurring isolated and
in approximately spherical forms, have also coalesced, forming bands from
⅛ inch in breadth. On a smoothly cut surface they afford, by their pale tint, a strong contrast to the dark matrix.
The isolated spherules and spherulitic bands are shown in fig. 3 (Pl. XXI.) as they appear when
magnified about 6 diameters. A thin section, when examined between crossed Nicols, is seen to be
studded all over with small doubly refracting specks. By ordinary transmitted light, and under a
power of 25 diameters, a marked difference is visible in the microscopic characters of the
spherules and the matrix, the former being almost colourless, save for a few pale greenish
flecks, which become more closely aggregated at the margins of the spherules, forming a somewhat
darker border, while the matrix appears to consist of a closely matted or granulated deep-green
substance resembling chlorite, through which are interspersed a great number of clear spots
consisting of nearly colourless matter, similar to that which composes the spherules. Between the
spherules and the matrix, forming
Notes on the Fish-remains of the Bone-bed at Aust, near Bristol; with the Description of some new Genera and Species
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: October 2009

I am indebted for the material on which the following paper is based to Mr. W. T. Ord, of Bristol, to the Council of the Geological Society at London, who have kindly placed their collection at my disposal, and to Mr. Sollas, Professor of Geology at the University College, Bristol.

The specimens are in good preservation, the smaller ones, consisting principally of teeth, being unbroken; the larger bones, as for example, ribs or other bones of Saurians, the larger spines of Fishes, &c., are generally found in a more or less fragmentary and broken condition.

From the occurrence of the teeth which are characteristic of the older Carboniferous rocks, such as
Psammodus porosus, Helodus
,and
Psephodus magnus
of the Mountain Limestone, and
Ctenoptychius
, which has hitherto been found in the Carboniferous series, and more especially in the Coal-measures, it appears probablethat some of the fossil remains found in the Rhmtic beds at Aust have been derived from the disintegration of the older rocks.Either this must have been the case, or the genera of fishes named had a considerably longer period of existence than has hithertobeen supposed. It may be objected that the remains are in a very perfect state of preservation (as, indeed, they are in most cases) and do not appear to have been exposed to much attrition by being washed on the shore or bed of the sea or a lake. It is probable,however, that the area over which the bone-bed was deposited was composed, in the neighbourhood of
On certain Quartzite and Sandstone Fossiliferous Pebbles in the Drift in Warwickshire, and their probable Identity, lithologically and zoologically, with the true Lower Silurian Pebbles with similar Fossils in the Trias at Budleigh Salterton, Devonshire
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

Special interest and some little difficulty attaches to the history and origin of certain quartzite and other pebbles in the Drift in a limited portion of the Midland Counties, which it is desirable, if possible, to determine. With this object I beg leave to lay a few-more additional particulars before the Society, which will form a supplement to my previous paper in the Quarterly Journal, vol. xxiii. p. 210, 1867. It seems probable that the Keuper sandstones and marls in the more central parts of England were at one time much thicker, before denudation had reduced them, and that the pebble-beds existed in them as at Budleigh Salterton, and were afterwards broken up and the pebbles (like the flints of the Chalk) scattered about in all directions by powerful currents of water, helping to form a large proportion of the Drift in this and other parts of the Midlands. In a short notice in the Geological Magazine (July 1878), Mr. S. G. Percival supposes that the quartzose and many other pebbles in the Drift of the Midland Counties were originally derived from the Bunter conglomerate. This may be probable in some slight degree; and Mr. Jennings, in the Geological Magazine (May 1878, No. 167), states that he has found
Orthis redux (budleighensis)
in a supposed Bunter pebble near Nottingham, where a careful search should be made for other fossils which may occur there
in situ
, both in the Conglomerate and the Drift—viz. the gigantic
Linguiœ
so characteristic of the lower.
The Date of the last Change of Level in Lancashire
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: October 2009

In estimating geological time the difficulty always lies in getting a reliable unit to measure with. Having surveyed and mapped out, on a scale of 6 inches to the mile, the whole series of Postglacial deposits between Liverpool and the mouth of the river Douglas, I have often asked myself, Can the age of any of these deposits be translated from mere sequence into years? Observation has led me to believe that an approximation may be made in the case of the blown sand; and this, as I will presently show, bears upon the title of my paper.

A reference to the map (1 inch to the mile) and section, figs. 1 & 2, and to those accompanying my paper on the Post-Glacial Geology of Lancashire and Cheshire, in the ‘Proceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society’ 1871–2, will explain the order and sequence of the deposits; and it will be seen that the last movement of the land in Lancashire was downwards. Submarine forests at the Alt mouth, the Rimrose brook, the Liverpool and Garston docks show that subsidence has taken place; and (which is perhaps quite as good evidence) sections of stream gullies, cut in the Boulder-clay and filled with recent silt, at levels far below high water, are frequently met with in dock-excavations.

Upon the superior peat-and forest-bed, which is an extension inland of the submarine forests, rests, as on a platform, some 22 square miles of blown sand, in some cases rising 75 feet above Ordnance datum
On Plant-remains from the Base of the Denbighshire Grits
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: October 2009

Early in the present month Dr. Hicks brought for my inspection several slabs of micaceous sandstone, having upon their surfaces numerous fragments of carbonaceous matter, which possessed no definite shape or apparent structure. Their general appearance, in some cases, was that of decomposed coniferous wood, in others, resembling bundles of finely striated black or dark-brown carbon, brittle or tough, the black portions being by far the most brittle; the lighter and darker remains, however, undoubtedly belong to the same plant, but differently mineralized. Hitherto, in Britain, no true plant-remains are known to occur below the Upper Ludlow, and the only recognized species in that formation is
Pachytheca
, or
Pachysporangium
. Between the Upper Ludlow and the base of the Denbighshire Grits no traces whatever of plant-remains have yet occurred in British Silurian strata.

Dr. Dawson, as far back as 1859, in his paper upon the “Fossil Plants from the Devonian Rocks of Canada”, described, amongst other things, a new genus which he called
Prototaxites
, and the species
Logani
; he considered this to be the oldest known fossil tree in America, and, as such, gave it the name of
Prototaxites
, believing that it belonged to the Taxineæ. Subsequently (1863), in vol. xix. of our Journal, he described other fossil plants from the Gaspé Devonians; and apparently the same or a similar fossil is again described under the name of
Nematoxylon crassum
.

Specimens of this plant
(Prototaxites)
were subsequently examined by Win. Carruthers, Esq., :F.R.S., who pronounced it to be a colossal Alga,
On the Correlation of the Upper Jurassic Rocks of England with those of the Continent.—Part I. The Paris Basin
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: October 2009

In former papers on the Portland Rocks, the Kimmeridge Clay†, and the Corallian Rocks‡, as developed in our own country, it has been pointed out that, while the normal deposits of the period commencing with the Oxford Clay and continuing to the close of the Jurassic era were essentially argillaceous, the uniformity has been broken by certain episodes which have resulted in the formation of distinct kinds of rocks, but that, in spite of these episodes, there is a continuousness both in the physical and biological features, uniting the whole into one great group, to which the term
Upper Jurassic
is appropriated. The present study ought therefore, logically, to include a correlation of the Oxford-Clay series; but though the upper portions of that series come to be incidentally examined, the far wider range and greater constancy of the lower portion would render its examination a more arduous and less interesting task; and it is found convenient to have for base a thick mass of clay, which may almost everywhere be recognized, however much the upper part may be encroached upon lithologically by the various preludes to the Corallian series. In point of fact, the rocks hitherto called Corallian in England comprise much that is placed in the Oxfordian by the French geologists; and our correlation is therefore only stopped when the rocks universally called Oxfordian are reached.

The Upper Jurassic rocks of France lie in two distinct areas.The more northern is that which is drained by the Seine and the
Note on the Gosau Beds of the Neue Welt, west of Wiener Neustadt
Authors: Suess Edward
Published: October 2009

The Gosau beds have been deposited in
preexisting
valleys of the Triassic and Rhæetic portion of our North-eastern Alps, and have suffered so much subsequent folding and dislocation that in the valley of the “Neue Welt,” the spot where the bones were gathered which I sent to you, several shafts pass twice through one and the same seam of coal. The Gosau beds usually form green slopes at the foot of the great mural precipices of Triassic and Rh~etic limestone. In the Gosau valley, near Halstatt, exposures are offered by a series of ravines; in the “Neue Welt” (south of Vienna, west of Wiener Neustadt) a number of coal-mines give the opportunity of following the succession of beds, although they are highly disturbed here; and I believe that the succession is not very different in the two valleys, notwithstanding their distance apart.

The base of the Gosau beds is formed by a calcareous breccia of variable thickness, evidently the consolidated ddbris of the surrounding mountains.

Then follows a series of freshwater beds, sandstones, marls and a few seams of coal, accompanied by freshwater Mollusca such as
Melanopsis, Dejanira, Boysia, Tanalia, Cyclas
, and
Unio
, and the remains of a highly heterogeneous flora, comprising a true Palm, together with
Pecopteris Zippi , Microzamia, Cunninghamites
, and leaves of a dicotyledonous tree resembling Magnolia, &e., evidently the mingling of the younger dicotyledonous type with a number of surviving older types. It is this horizon which has yielded the reptilian bones.

Deposits of a brackish
Note on the Caudal Vertebra of a Cetacean discovered by Prof. Judd in the Brockenhurst beds, indicative of a new Type allied to
Balænoptera
(
Balænoptera Juddi
)
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

The vertebra submitted to me by Professor Judd belongs to the caudal region; and although in a new type there may be some doubt concerning the exact place in the series, it may be affirmed to have been about the eighth caudal, and certainly not later than the twelfth. The vertebra is probably distinct from all recent and fossil genera; but its characters are altogether in harmony with the Balænidæ; and the specimen indicates a genus much more closely related to
Balænoptera
than to
Balæna
, so far as can be judged from a single vertebra. This affinity is especially shown in the character of the base of the centrum, which had the facets for the chevron bones very small, and also in the general character of the neural arch, which is much less massive than in
Balæna
. The differences from the great
Balænoptera musculus
on the other hand are clearly defined, and appear to consist in the remarkably forward position of the neural arch (fig. 2), since in
Balænoptera
it does not usually reach the anterior sutural margin. The depressed transversely ovate outline of the neural canal (fig. 3) is another distinctive character, since in
Balænoptera
the neural canal is higher than wide. The neural spine also appears to be much less developed than in the recent genus, though, as the hinder part of the neural arch is broken away, this character cannot be positively affirmed. The centrura is relatively much shorter (fig. 2) ; the facets and ridges on
Description and Correlation of the Bournemouth Beds. Part II. Lower or Freshwater Series
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: October 2009

About two years ago I had the honour of laying before this Society a description of the marine beds of the Middle Bagshot, exposed between Highcliff and Bournemouth. In continuation of my former paper, I now propose completing the description of the Eocene cliffs of this part of Hampshire, as far as Poole Harbour.
On the Genus
Stoliczkaria
, Dunc, and its Distinctness from
Parkeria
, Carpenter
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

The last scientific work of Stoliczka, whose name will be always associated with the palæontology of India, was performed during the return of the second Yarkand expedition. A few days before his death he crossed the Karakoram Pass, and, travelling on, traversed the last geological scene he ever described. He wrote in his journal:—“At last we descended into a narrow gorge, the sides o: which, for fully a mile, consisted of a limestone conglomerate, the boulders of white, grey, or black limestone being well rounded and worn, and cemented together by a stiff bright red clay. Upon this followed dolomitic limestones, rather indifferently bedded, massive and white; and these were overlain by bluish shales and well-bedded limestones extending from about six miles north of Burtri to the camp. The limestones appear to be Triassic; they are compact with layers full of small Gasteropods, among which I noticed a
Nerinæa
. The so-called ‘Karakoram stones’ occur in dark shales below the limestones, which are capped by a yellowish-brown limestone, well bedded, but of unascertained age. The whole series dips north-west at a moderate angle”.

It is to a group of the Karakoram stones that I venture to draw the attention of the Society.

The stratigraphical position of the stones is lower than the Lias; and they may he Rhætic or Triassic in age.
The Torridon Sandstone in relation to the Ordovician Rocks of the Northern Highlands
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: October 2009

The late Sir R. I. Murchison and his co-worker. Prof. A. Geikie, came to the conclusion that the Sutherland quartzites rested unconformably upon the Torridon Sandstone, and from this break in the succession they inferred that the latter was the equivalent of the Longmynd or Harlech series, the Upper Cambrian being wanting. In some localities the sections, seen from a distance, seem to confirm their opinion; but a careful and detailed examination made last summer convinced me that, in some localities at least, this appearance is deceptive, and that the sandstone passes up with perfect conformity into the quartzite. I was accompanied during my work by Mr. G. H. Bailey, B.Sc., of Tettenhall College, to whom I am indebted for much intelligent and active assistance.
The Precambrian (Archæan) Rocks of Shropshire. Part II
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: October 2009

Summary of Results

1.

On a south-south-west line running between Pontesbury and Linley Hall are seven distinct elevations, composed wholly or in part of Archæan rocks.

2.

This line corresponds with a great fault, on the east side of which Longmynd rocks dip easterly, and on the west Tremadoc shales dip westerly.

3.

The prevailing rock-types are purple rhyolites at the north end of the chain, purple hornstone (or hälleflinta) in the middle, and purple and green hornstone (or hälleflinta), with some indurated grits, partly derived from a gneissic series, at the south.

4.

The Precambrian age of these rocks is proved by their close lithological affinities with known Salopian types, and by the almost universal occurrence of fragments of the purple rhyolites in the Longmynd series. The strike, also, is usually more or less transverse to the strike of the Cambrian deposits.

5.

The rocks of this axis belong exclusively to the younger of the two Salopian Archæan groups, no traces of granitoid or gneissic rocks, except as included fragments, having been detected.
On the Red Clay of the Aberdeenshire Coast and the direction of the Ice-movement in that quarter
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F.
Published: October 2009

T
he
more we know of the Glacial period the more evident it becomes that it embraces a long and complicated series of changes which will require much patient study to understandl and some districts are found valuable as presenting clear evidence of certain events which cannot be discovered from the appearances we find in other quarters.

The Aberdeenshire coast is one of those districts. On the eastern side of that county we find a well-marked bed of red clay, which covers much of the low ground along the coast between Aberdeen and Peterhead, and extends some distance to the north of the latter town (see Map, fig.1). It ranges from the sea-level up to an altitude of 300 feet, but is scarecely seen at heights beyond that, althought there are here and there some indications of it at a higher level. It stretches inland along the course of the various streamlets which come down to the coast, and appears to have subsided most thickly in the depressions patches of it are found of great thickness and purity. A depth of twenty or thirty feet may occur in which few stones or pebbles of any kind are to be seen. These masses, however are usually of very limited extent; and commonly the clay is much thinner and coarser, with some pebbles and occasionally large boulders interpersed through it, while sometimes it is so coarse as to assume the character of a Boulder-clay.
On a Proposed Devono-Silurian Formation
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

To briefly recapitulate, I include, therefore, under the name “Devono-Silurian” the following:—

(1)

The grits, conglomerates, and slates lying at the base of the Lower Devonian series of Belgium, &c. (“système Gedinnien”).

(2)

The foreland Grits and Slates of Devonshire.

(3)

The “Passage-beds” of South Wales, Hereford, &c., including the Downton Sandstone and the beds of the ridge of the Trichrag.

(4)

The Dingle and Glengariff Grits and Slates of the south of Ireland.

(5)

The Fintona-beds of the north of Ireland.

(6)

The so-called “Lower Old Bed Sandstone” of Scotland, belonging to several basins.
On some Sections of Lincolnshire Neocomian
Authors: Keeping H.
Published: October 2009

During the excavations in some of the heavy cuttings required for the Louth and Lincoln railway I had the good fortune, in 1872, to discover a rich locality for the fossils of the Ironstone of this district. The fossils found were deposited for the most part in the Woodwardian Museum, though some were contributed to other collections.

I have revisited the locality at various times, once in company with my son, Mr. W. Keeping, M.A., now of York Museum; so that I have had good opportunities for the study of the fauna of these beds.

As it has been suggested to me that the cuttings must be getting obscure, through the growth of grass on their slopes, and that it would be desirable to put on record the facts observed, I again last summer visited the railway-cuttings and also the excavations for iron-ore near Claxby. The state in which these openings now are, the rapid way in which the beds are becoming hidden by over-growth, has convinced me that the notes which we have made on the exposures may probably be worth preservation, notwithstanding their incompleteness. They are offered therefore without hesitation, but at the same time with a full sense of their partial and cursory character.
On Fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Mount Gambier, South Australia
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm.
Published: October 2009

The fossils which have been at my disposal for the present communication consist, first, of a pill-box full of Bryozoa, in the possession of the London Geological Society, which they kindly lent me for description; and, secondly, the collection made on the spot by Mr. Etheridge, Jun., who very obligingly lent it to me when I was preparing my paper on South-west Victorian Chilostomatous Bryozoa. The material belonging to the London Geological Society was sent over by Mr. J. E. Tenison Woods, probably at the time he wrote his paper for the Geological Society “On some Tertiary Rocks in the Colony of South Australia,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. 1860.
The Geology of Madeira
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: October 2009

The geology of Madeira has already formed the subject of three communications to this Society, and the present notes are therefore brief.

The island, it is well known, is almost wholly composed of basaltic rocks, which rise more or less precipitously from the sea and culminate in a central ridge of some 5000 or 6000 feet in height. Including the Desertas, which are separated by a narrow channel, only 400 feet in depth, its extreme length may be roughly stated at 50 miles, and its greatest breadth at 17 miles; yet so broken is the surface that some 250 miles must be traversed in order to become well acquainted with its varying scenery. The oldest of the basalts are considered to have been of submarine formation, and the only palæontological evidence as to their age consists of a small patch of coralline limestone included towards the north-west of the isle, and referred to the Upper Miocene; while a hitherto undescribed bed, with fossil plants, shows that volcanic activity was continued until the most recent period. There are; however, no traces of either hot springs, fumaroles, or sulphur deposits, though some of the lava-streams appear as unweathered as when newly formed; and immediately west of Funchal there are parasitic cones so little altered that it seems difficult to imagine them completely extinct. Madeira, since its discovery, has been profoundly quiescent; if any movement takes place, it is one of slow elevation.
On the Exploration of two Caves in the Neighbourhood of Tenby
Authors: Jones Ernest L.
Published: October 2009

The object of the present paper is to give a short account of some facts recently brought to light during the exploration of two caves in the neighbourhood of Tenby.

The first of these, the cave of the Coygan, near Laugharne, was described by Dr. Hicks, who visited it some years ago; but, until recently, it had never been thoroughly explored, nor had it afforded any evidence of the presence of man. During the past summer it was examined by Mr. Laws, of Tenby, and myself with more success.

Before giving the results of our exploration, it may be advisable first of all to describe the fissure itself. The cave (fig. 1) is situated at the summit of an outner of Mountain Limestone, which overlooks Caermarthen Bay, and forms a part of an ancient line of sea-cliffs. It is about 250 feet above the level of the sea. The entrance to the cave is below the level of the adjacent rocks, so that, in order to enter the cave, you have to descend a small pit or depression at the summit of the outlier. On entering, the passage is found to descend at an angle of about 30°, until a lofty cavern is reached at a distance of about 30 feet from the entrance. In the widest part the passage is about 30 feet across.
On some Nodular Felsites in the Bala Group of North Wales
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

The great group of felsites associated, contemporaneously with sedimentary deposits of Bala age has been admirably described by Sir A. Ramsay in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, and its extent is indicated on their maps. Some peculiar structures exhibited here and there in these ancient lava-flows have, I believe, remained hitherto undescribed, except by an incidental notice in that volume (pp. 93, 94), and in the Catalogue of Rock-specimens in the Jermyn-Street Museum. During the last two years I have devoted some time to the study of their microscopic structure, the results of which are perhaps of sufficient interest to be laid before the Society.
On the Relations of
Hybocrinus, Baerocrinus,
and
Hybocystites
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: October 2009

The Crinoids from the Lower Silurian of Canada for which the genus
Hybocrinus
was established by Billings in 1856 are remarkable for the protuberance of the anal side of the cup, so that it has somewhat of a humpbacked appearance, as is expressed in Billings's generic name. Resting on the stem are five pentagonal basals, above and alternating with which is a row of five plates (fig. I. a, and Pl. XI. figs. 3, 4, 5). Four of these are arm-bearing radials. The fifth is a hexagonal “anal,” or (as I prefer to call it) azygos plate, on the right upper edge of which rests a small arm-bearing radial, while its left upper edge bears a smaller and true anal plate.

These characters are well shown in fig. I. a, which is a copy of Billings's original diagram of the genus; and also in Pl. XI. figs. 3, 4, and 5, which represent the left, right, and anal sides of a specimen from the upper part of the Trenton beds of Mercer County, Kentucky, U. S. A.
Notes on the Annelida Tubicola of the Wenlock Shales, from the Washings of Mr. George Maw, F.G.S.
Authors: Vine George Robert
Published: October 2009

The bibliography of this very interesting group of animal remains is comparatively scanty if compared with the literature of some other groups. In his celebrated ‘Petrefacten’ (1820) Schlotheim founded the genus
Cornulites
for the inclusion of “certain Silurian fossils of somewhat doubtful affinities, but apparently most nearly allied to the tubicolar annelids”. In the ‘Silurian System,’ published in 1839, species found in the Upper and Lower Silurian were identified with species described by Schlotheim; and since then authors have referred specimens to either
Tentaculites
or
Cornulites
. In ‘Siluria,’ and also in the ‘Cambridge Catalogue,rs Sailer rectified somewhat the earlier errors by showing that some at least of the casts of specimens had been referred to as separate species. In his ‘British Palæozoic Fossils’ M'Coy redefines and limits the species of previous authors; but he adds little to our knowledge of the group generally. It is to Prof. Nicholson, whilst working amongst the American Palæozoic fauna, that we owe the most detailed account of Tubicolar Annelida, and that from material collected by himself. In working over the species which had previously been identified as
Tentaculites
he first saw the necessity of founding new genera for their reception.
Tentaculites
was redefined and limited, and Prof. Nicholson separated this group from ordinary Tubicolar Annelida; but I am not prepared to say that
Tentaculites
belongs to the Pteropoda. Following, however, the example set by Nicholson, I shall keep them separate, and deal with their structural peculiarities further on. The new genera founded by Nicholson are
Conchicolites
and
Ortonia
.
On the Madreporaria of the Interior Oolite of the Neighbourhood of Cheltenham and Gloucester
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: October 2009

In 1878 I made known through the pages of the Geological Magazine some genera of Madreporaria from the Inferior Oolite of Crickley Hill, Gloucestershire, which, although not new, were nevertheless not only new to the beds under consideration, but also to this country; and I at the same time increased the number of species from that locality, observing that the paper would serve as a basis to which additions and corrections could from time to time be made.

Since then a very extensive series of corals from the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire has come into my hands, and has enabled me to add very greatly to my previous paper, not only in the number of species, but by the addition of genera not hitherto recognized as appertaining to the Oolite of England.

I have also, by the acquisition of more abundant material, been able to correct some errors into which I, as well as others, had fallen, and to reduce some of the hitherto acknowledged species to the position of synonyms only. The list of species I am now enabled to give is rather remarkable for the great number of genera as well as species it contains which are peculiar to the locality. But when we remember the number of new forms discovered by MM. Edwards and Haime from the very limited collection submitted to their inspection, we need not be surprised that, with the advantage of much more abundant material from the same locality, the coral-fauna should prove to be very distinct from that of other corallian deposits of the Inferior Oolite.
On
Thecospondylus Horneri
, a new Dinosaur from the Hastings Sand, indicated by the Sacrum and the Neural Canal of the Sacral Region
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

Dr. A. C. Horner, of Tonbridge, has obtained from the quarry at Southborough in the Hastings Sand, and intrusted to me, what I believe to be a unique specimen, so far as this country is concerned, exhibiting a mould of the entire neural cavity of the sacral region of a Dinosaur. But the specimen is nevertheless peculiarly tantalizing, since the quarryman states that it is the only specimen of any kind that he has ever found in the quarry, and enough remains of bony tissue upon the cast to render it certain that the external mould of the sacrum, if not the bony tissue itself, might have been preserved. It its imperfect both anteriorly and posteriorly, but measures exactly 60 centimetres in length. The vertebræ which are complete are five in number; each is 11 centim. long; but there is a small fragment in front which appears to show that there was another vertebra anteriorly (fig. 2, 1), while the fragment of the posterior vertebra (fig. 2, 7) admits of no question. We have thus a sacrum which certainly included six or seven vertebræ, and may have comprised more. The bony tissue is preserved only upon the right side of three consecutive vertebræ. It is a thin film closely adherent to the cast, showing a cancellous structure external to the thin interior layer (fig. 1,
b
).
The Hornblendic and other Schists of the Lizard District, with some additional Notes on the Serpentine
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

I.
Preliminary
.

In my paper on the serpentine and associated rocks of the Lizard district, I made a few remarks only on the hornblendic and other schists, as the investigation of that series was foreign to the purpose then in hand, and in the concluding paragraphs I incidentally mentionedm it as being “probably about Lower Devonian age.” Soon after the publication of that paper I began to pay special attention to the structure of metamorphic rocks of sedimentary origin, and before long to feel the gravest doubts as to the possibility of the great mass of schists associated with the Lizard serpentines being of the same age as the slaty and little-altered Cornish strata, which belong mainly, if not altogether, to the later Palaeozoic period. Each year's experience with the microscope and in other regions did but strengthen this conviction, which of late I have ventured to express frequently ; but it was not until last Easter vacation that I was enabled to revisit the Lizard. In about ten days of hard work I examined with considerable care the coast sections of “hornblende schists,” as indicated on Sir H. De la Beche's map, from the Lizard Head to Porthalla on the east, and to Polurrian Cove on the west. During the major part of this time I had the advantage of being accompanied by my friend and former colleague the Rev. E. Hill, Tutor of St. John's College, Cambridge, whose friendly aid I most gratefully acknowledge. A large series of
Notes on some Upper Jurassic Astrorhizidæ and Lituolidæ.
Authors: Häusler Rudolf
Published: October 2009

The latest researches on the arenaceous types of the Reticularian Rhizopoda from the Swiss Jurassic formation, especially from the zones of
Ammonites transversarius
and
A. bimammatus
, have yielded so many unexpected results concerning the relationship of certain species and varieties with recent forms, that a few preliminary notes on some important species may be of interest, as adding to the knowledge of the arenaceous Foraminifera in general, and giving new proofs of their wide geological range.

If we examine the various works on Swiss Jurassic Foraminifera, the small number of arenaceous forms.recorded must surprise us. It may to some extent be attributed to the little attention which was formerly paid to many sandy species, and fee imperfect knowledge of the simpler forms, but probably still more to the great difficulties attending a careful examination of the hard marls and limestones.

Most of the species are of comparatively small size and very fragile, whereby they easily escape observation.

The total number of determined arenaceous species is about 60 for the whole Swiss Jurassic formation, if we include the Textulariidœ; but, to judge from doubtful specimens and fragments, their number must become considerably greater by further researches.

These species, with an almost unlimited number of varieties, belong to the following genera:−

sammosphæra.

Astrorhiza.

Rhabdammina.

Marsipella.

Hyperammina.

Lituola.

Reophax.

Haplophragmium.

Haplostiche.

Placopsilina.

Trochammina.

mmodiscus.

Hormosina.

Webbina.

Thurammina.

Textularia (Plecanium).

Bigenerina.

Valvulina.

By far the greatest number have been found in the lowest beds of the zone of
Ammonites transversarius
, from which all the specimens figured in this paper are taken.
On the Mechanics of Glaciers, with especial Reference to their supposed Power of Excavation
Authors: Irving A.
Published: October 2009

Opinion as to the kind and extent of work done by glaciers upon the rocks over which they move seem still to be very divided in the geological world. On the one hand it is still maintained that these agents are capable of excavating basin-like hollows, such as those which are now (or have been) filled with lakes; on the other hand we find such high authorities as Profs. Bonney and Credner rejecting the hypothesis of
excavation
, while they fully recognize (as every Alpine observer must do)the scouring, grooving, striating and polishing work done by glaciers upon the floors and sides of valleys previously formed by ordinary valley-erosion, as well as their indirect, action in contributing to the formation of lakes by the dams which their moraines tbrm (
e. g
. at the southern end of Lake Garda) in some eases across valleys. Amid this diversity of opinion I may be pardoned for atteml)ting to add something to the discussion of this interesting subject.

The whole discussion would seem to narrow itself, theoretically, to the answer to be given to the question,
Can a glacier dig or excavate basin-like hollows ?

Those who answer in the affirmative seem in their arguments to assume that the ice of the glacier mov.es as a rigid mass. If it did so, its scooping-out power would be enormous ; but that it does not has been shown by Prof. Tyndall, in his little work ‘Forms of Water’ and elsewhere, and demonstrated experimentally by
Note on the Lithological Characters of a Series of Scotch Rocks collected by Dr. H. Hicks, F.G.S.
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

In the following remarks it is not my intention to attempt an exhaustive analysis of the microscopic characters of the rock-specimens which Dr. Hicks has been good enough to entrust to me for description. This seems to me hardly necessary after the full descriptions of rocks, in many respects similar, which have already been published by Mr. T. Davies and by myself. Hence, in order to avoid burdening the pages of our Journal, I have, as far as possible, noticed in detail only the points in which these specimens differed from those already familiar to me.

In examining these Highland rocks (and I might say others also) I have observed three rather well-marked types, indicating stages of metamorphism. In the first it is obvious that many of the constituents noticed in the slide, especially those of larger size, with most of, if not all, the felspar, are original. Still many of the quartz-grains present somewhat irregular pcripheries, and appear clotted or agglutinated together, as in.the most highly altered quartzites, instead of presenting the definite outlines of ordinary fragments ; sometimes the smaller grains have even a chalcedonic aspect, as if of secondary origin. It is often doubtful whether the larger flakes of mica are endogenous or not, and it is quite certain that a minute flaky to fibrous mineral has been produced subsequently to the deposition of the rock. This is probably, in part at least, a hydrous potash- or soda-mica (very like that which has been recognized as sericite)
Descriptions of Fossil Sponges from the Inferior Oolite, with a Notice of some from the Great Oolite
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: October 2009

Since up to this time the lists of palæontologists afford no instance of a fossil sponge from the Inferior Oolite of this country, we are the more indebted to my friend Mr. Whidborne for the rich representative collection of these forms amassed by his researches.

A preliminary account of this collection is published in the Report of the British Association for 1882, p. 534. I now proceed to offer a more detailed description of its contents.

HEXACTINELLIDÆ.

DICTYONINA
.

Euretid
æ

Emploca
, gen. nov.

A cylindrical or ovate sponge, with thick walls surrounding the main excurrent canal, which, as a cylindrical tube, extends axially almost to the base of the sponge, and opens unconstrictedly at the summit in a circular oscule. The sponge walls are traversed by two sets of smaller canals, one incurrent, which, commencing in small round ostia evenly dispersed on the external surface, continue inwards obliquely downwards towards the axis; the other excurrent, which, crossing the incurrent canals, run more or less parallel to the curved upper margin of the sponge and finally open into the main excurrent canal. Skeleton Euretid,
i.e.
a simple Dicytonine network with imperforate nodes ; dermal skeleton not preserved.

The genus agrees in general form and in the characters of the canal system with the Hexactinellid Porocypdlia, the Lithistid
Siphonia
, and an undescribed Renierid sponge. It differs from
Porocypellia
in the imperforate character of its nodes and in the absence of a staurodormal covering.

Emploca ovata
, Sp. nov. (Plate XX. figs. 1-6.)

The species
On some new or imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Coral Rag and Portland Oolite of the Counties of Wilts, Oxford, Cambridge, and York
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: October 2009

Introduction—I much regret that in the preparation of the present paper I have not, as on the occasion of my former contribution towards the history of the Madreporaria of the Jurassic formation, had the advantage of repeated personal investigations of the strata from which the specimens were obtained. This expression of regret, however, may perhaps seem unnecessary after the appearance of the very ample and able paper on the Corallian rocks of England by Messrs. Blake and Hudleston; but I would observe that as their conclusions were drawn rather from the study of the Mollusca and Echinodermata than from that of the Corals, we are yet in ignorance respecting the exact stratigraphical position of the latter. Consequently it is not by any means certain that the conclusions arrived at by these geologists might not have undergone some modification if the Corals had received more careful examination. Possibly more than one Coralliferous period might have been observed in the Corallian beds, just as more than one has been pointed out in the Inferior Oolite; and as some Madreporarian forms are peculiar to the Coral Rag, it would be interesting to know more fully than we at present do their range in time.

It has always been a matter of some surprise that while the Coral Rag of this country fulfils so completely the conditions of a Coralliferous deposit, and is in so many places crowded with Corals, the number of species should be so small. MM. Milne-Edwards and number of species
The Estuaries of the Severn and its Tributaries; an Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of their Tidal Sediment and Alluvial Flats
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: October 2009

The tidal channel of the Severn is notorious for its mud. At high tide it is filled with a sea of turbid water, thick and opaque with tawny-coloured sediment; as the tide ebbs a broad expanse of shining mud flats is revealed fringing the coast; but so like is the water to the mud that, seen from a distance, it is often hard to tell where the sea ends and the shore begins. It is the same with its tributaries, the Wye, the Usk, Ely, and Rhymney on the Welsh side, the Avon, Yeo, Parrot, and others on the English coast.

The source of this mud has been made a subject of much dispute.

That it is chiefly supplied by the rivers themselves to their respective estuaries might sound to geologists like an obvious truth ; but such is certainly not the opinion of those who have most closely inquired into the matter. Engineers like Mr. C. Richardson and Mr. Howard have long been of opinion that the sediment of the tidal Avon is furnished to it by the Severn ; the like is asserted of the Parrot, and I do not think one stands in any fear of contradiction when stating as a general truth that all the estuaries opening into the Severn derive their mud at least immediately from the main channel. This being so, whence then has the Severn obtained it? The answers given to this inquiry by engineers are various: some attribute it to the
Appendix
Authors: Topley W.
Published: October 2009

The foregoing paper is a brief notice of the main results arrived at by Mr. Diller when attached as geologist to the United States Assos Expedition. The field-work extended through two summers, and was supplemented by researches in the petrological laboratory of Heidelberg. A MS. draft of Mr. Diller's geological map (scale 1 : 100,000) was sent to me for the service of the new Geological Map of Europe (and its borders) which is now being prepared by a Committee of the International Geological Congress. The map here given is a reduction of this map; but some of the igneous rocks are grouped, and some other details are necessarily omitted. The heights are inserted from various sources—the English Admiralty Charts, the Austrian Military map, and others.

The map has been prepared in England, and Mr. Diller has not seen a proof; he is therefore not responsible for errors or imperfections therein.

The Assos Expedition was sen tout by the Archæological Institute of America, and was under the direction of Mr. J. T. Clarke. The archæological work was mainly confined to Assos, on the southern coast of the Troad, and hence Mr. Diller's work is more complete there than elsewhere. Preliminary Reports have already been printed, but the present paper gives fuller information as regards the classification of the igneous rocks, the result of microscopical examination at Heidelberg. The Reports, on the other hand, deal more fully with the sedimentary rocks and with the physical geography, which are only briefly alluded to here.