bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Ault Toby R. , Smerdon Jason E.
Published: February 2015

Evidence suggests that Western North America will be drier at the end of the 21st century than any period of the last 1000 years.
A unique chromatin complex occupies young α-satellite arrays of human centromeres
Authors: Henikoff Jorja G. , Thakur Jitendra , Kasinathan Sivakanthan , Henikoff Steven
Published: February 2015

Young α-satellite tandem dimers dominate functional human centromeres and precisely position pairs of 100-bp CENP-A nucleosomes.
The role of the geophysical template and environmental regimes in controlling stream-living trout populations
Authors: Penaluna Brooke E. , Railsback Steve F. , Dunham Jason B. , Johnson Sherri , Bilby Robert E. , Skaugset Arne E.
Published: February 2015

The importance of multiple processes and instream factors to aquatic biota has been explored extensively, but questions remain about how local spatiotemporal variability of aquatic biota is tied to environmental regimes and the geophysical template of streams. We used an individual-based trout model to explore the relative role of the geophysical template versus environmental regimes on biomass of trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). We parameterized the model with observed data from each of the four headwater streams (their local geophysical template and environmental regime) and then ran 12 simulations where we replaced environmental regimes (stream temperature, flow, turbidity) of a given stream with values from each neighboring stream while keeping the geophysical template fixed. We also performed single-parameter sensitivity analyses on the model results from each of the four streams. Although our modeled findings show that trout biomass is most responsive to changes in the geophysical template of streams, they also reveal that biomass is restricted by available habitat during seasonal low flow, which is a product of both the stream’s geophysical template and flow regime. Our modeled results suggest that differences in the geophysical template among streams render trout more or less sensitive to environmental change, emphasizing the importance of local fish–habitat relationships in streams.
Scheduling Jobs with Truncated Exponential Sum-of-Logarithm-Processing-Times Based and Position-based Learning Effects
Authors: Lu Yuan-Yuan , Teng Fei , Feng Zhi-Xin
Published: February 2015

In this study, we consider a scheduling problem with truncated exponential sum-of-logarithm-processing-times based and position-based learning effects on a single machine. We prove that the shortest processing time (SPT) rule is optimal for the makespan minimization problem, the sum of the θth power of job completion times minimization problem, and the total lateness minimization problem, respectively. For the total weighted completion time minimization problem, the discounted total weighted completion time minimization problem, the maximum lateness minimization problem, we present heuristic algorithms (the worst-case bound of these heuristic algorithms are also given) according to the corresponding single machine scheduling problems without learning considerations. It also shows that the problems of minimizing the total tardiness, the total weighted completion time and the discounted total weighted completion time are polynomially solvable under some agreeable conditions on the problem parameters.
Topologically massive Yang–Mills theory and link invariants
Authors: Yildirim Tuna
Published: February 2015

Topologically massive Yang–Mills theory is studied in the framework of geometric quantization. Since this theory has a mass gap proportional to the topological mass m, Yang–Mills contribution decays exponentially at very large distances compared to 1/m, leaving a pure Chern–Simons theory with level number k. In this paper, the near Chern–Simons limit is studied where the distance is large enough to give an almost topological theory, with a small contribution from the Yang–Mills term. It is shown that this almost topological theory consists of two copies of Chern–Simons with level number k/2, very similar to the Chern–Simons splitting of topologically massive AdS gravity. Also, gauge invariance of these half-Chern–Simons theories is discussed. As m approaches to infinity, the split parts add up to give the original Chern–Simons term with level k. Reduction of the phase space is discussed in this limit. Finally, a relation between the observables of topologically massive Yang–Mills theory and Chern–Simons theory is shown. One of the two split Chern–Simons pieces is shown to be associated with Wilson loops while the other with 't Hooft loops. This allows one to use skein relations to calculate topologically massive Yang–Mills theory observables in the near Chern–Simons limit.
The multi-messenger picture of compact binary mergers
Authors: Rosswog Stephan
Published: February 2015

In the last decade, enormous progress has been achieved in the understanding of the various facets of coalescing double neutron star and neutron black hole binary systems. One hopes that the mergers of such compact binaries can be routinely detected with the advanced versions of the ground-based gravitational wave detector facilities, maybe as early as in 2016. From the theoretical side, there has also been mounting evidence that compact binary mergers could be major sources of heavy elements and these ideas have gained recent observational support from the detection of an event that has been interpreted as a "macronova", an electromagnetic transient powered by freshly produced, radioactively decaying heavy elements. In addition, compact binaries are the most plausible triggers of short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) and the last decade has witnessed the first detection of a sGRB afterglow and subsequent observations have delivered a wealth of information on the environments in which such bursts occur. To date, compact binary mergers can naturally explain most — though not all — of the observed sGRB properties. This paper reviews major recent developments in various areas related to compact binary mergers.
Damping Estimation by 2D dr_APES and its Application to a Real Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Dan Dan-Hui , Gong Jiong-Xin , Sun Li-Min , Cheng Wei
Published: February 2015

Introduced herein is a new structural damping identification approach based on a two-dimensional (2D) amplitude and phase estimation (APES) method. The original APES method is suitable for application to an undamped and complex harmonic vibration signal. Hence, it has to be modified for application to real damped vibration signals such as the vibration test signals in engineering structures. This modified approach will be named as dr_APES. It can transform one-dimensional (1D) signals in time domain into their corresponding signals in the 2D domain of frequency and damping factor. By applying this dr_APES approach, the three-dimensional (3D) amplitude spectrum, with peaks corresponding to the vibration modes, can be obtained for any given vibration signals. By accurately locating the coordinates of the peaks, modal frequencies and damping factors can be identified. Owing to the high-resolution of the location of 2D ordinates of the spectral line and the value of spectrum, the accurate location of peaks can be estimated, and therefore, the modal frequencies and damping factor can be accurately determined. This is demonstrated by a numerical case study. Moreover, by applying the proposed approach to a real onsite dynamic test on two cables in a cable-stayed bridge, the inherent damping of the two cables was identified accurately, thereby verifying the ability of proposed damping identification approach in meeting the requirement of weak damping characteristics identification in flexible structures such as naked cables.
INTEGRATING FUZZY C-MEANS AND MAHALANOBIS METRIC CLASSIFICATION FOR EXUDATE DETECTION IN COLOR FUNDUS IMAGING
Authors: TASGAONKAR MADHURI , KHAMBETE MADHURI
Published: February 2015

Diabetes affects retinal structure of a diabetic patient by generating various lesions. Early detection of these lesions can avoid the loss of vision. Automation of detection process can be made easily feasible to masses by the use of fundus imaging. Detection of exudates is significant in diabetic retinopathy (DR) as they are earlier signs and can cause blindness. Finding the exact location as well as correct number of exudates play vital role in the overall treatment of a patient. This paper presents an algorithm for automatic detection of exudates for DR. The algorithm combines the advantages of supervised and unsupervised techniques. It uses fuzzy-C means (FCM) segmentation on coarse level and mahalanobis metric for finer classification of segmented pixels. Mahalanobis criterion gives significance to most relevant features and thus proves a better classifier. The results are validated using DIARETDB0 and DIARETDB1 databases and the ground truth provided with it. This evaluation provided 95.77% detection accuracy.
Entanglement entropy in quasi-symmetric multi-qubit states
Authors: Li Zhi-Hua , Wang An-Min
Published: February 2015

We generalize the symmetric multi-qubit states to their q-analogs, whose basis vectors are identified with the q-Dicke states. We study the entanglement entropy in these states and find that entanglement is extruded towards certain regions of the system due to the inhomogeneity aroused by q-deformation. We also calculate entanglement entropy in ground states of a related q-deformed Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick (LMG) model and show that the singularities of entanglement can correctly signify the quantum phase transition points for different strengths of q-deformation.
Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Science Program
Authors: McKeown R. D.
Published: February 2015

The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) and associated experimental equipment at Jefferson Lab are presently being upgraded, which will enable a new experimental program with substantial discovery potential to address important topics in nuclear, hadronic, and electroweak physics. Further in the future, it is envisioned that the Laboratory will evolve into an electron-ion colliding beam facility.
Color Entanglement in Hadronic Processes for Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution Functions
Authors: Buffing M. G. A. , Mulders P. J.
Published: February 2015

In the description of protons, we go beyond the ordinary collinear parton distribution functions (PDFs), by including transverse momentum dependent PDFs (TMDs). As such, we become sensitive to polarization modes of the partons and protons that one cannot probe without accounting for transverse momenta of partons, in particular when looking at azimuthal asymmetries.

Hadronic processes require the inclusion of gluon contributions forming the gauge links, which are path-ordered exponentials tracing the color flow. In processes with two hadrons in the initial state, such as Drell-Yan (DY), the gauge links from different parts of the process get entangled. We show that in color disentangling this gauge link structure, one becomes sensitive to this color flow. After disentanglement, particular combinations of TMDs will require a different numerical color factor than one naively might have expected. Such color factors will even play a role for azimuthal asymmetries in the simplest hadronic processes such as DY.
Phenomenological Implementations of TMD Evolution
Authors: Boglione M. , Melis S. , Gonzalez Hernandez J.O. , Prokudin A.
Published: February 2015

Although the theoretical set-up of TMD evolution appears to be well established, its phenomenological implementations still require special attention, particularly as far as the interplay between perturbative and non-perturbative contributions is concerned. These issues have been extensively studied in Drell-Yan processes, where they seem to be reasonably under control. Instead, applying the same prescriptions and methodologies to Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic (SIDIS) processes is, at present, far from obvious. Some of the controversies related to the applications of TMD Evolution to SIDIS processes will be discussed with practical examples, exploring different kinematical configurations of SIDIS experiments.
Quark Orbital Angular Momentum and Final State Interactions
Authors: Burkardt Matthias
Published: February 2015

Definitions of orbital angular momentum based on Wigner distributions are used to discuss the connection between the Ji definition of the quark orbital angular momentum and that of Jaffe and Manohar. The difference between these two definitions can be interpreted as the change in the quark orbital angular momentum as it leaves the target in a DIS experiment. The mechanism responsible for that change is similar to the mechanism that causes transverse single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering.
Observables for Quarks and Gluons Orbital Angular Momentum Distributions
Authors: Liuti Simonetta , Courtoy Aurore , Goldstein Gary R. , Hernandez J. Osvaldo Gonzalez , Rajan Abha
Published: February 2015

We discuss the observables that have been recently put forth to describe quarks and gluons orbital angular momentum distributions. Starting from a standard parameterization of the energy momentum tensor in QCD one can single out two forms of angular momentum, a so-called kinetic term – Ji decomposition – or a canonical term – Jaffe-Manohar decomposition. Orbital angular momentum has been connected in each decomposition to a different observable, a Generalized Transverse Momentum Distribution (GTMD), for the canonical term, and a twist three Generalized Parton Distribution (GPD) for the kinetic term. While the latter appears as an azimuthal angular modulation in the longitudinal target spin asymmetry in deeply virtual Compton scattering, due to parity constraints, the GTMD associated with canonical angular momentum cannot be measured in a similar set of experiments.
Future Prospects of di-jet Production Constraining Δg(x) at Low x in Polarized p + p Collisions at RHIC
Authors: Surrow Bernd
Published: February 2015

One of the main objectives of the high-energy spin physics program at RHIC at BNL is the precise determination of the polarized gluon distribution function, Δg(x). Polarized [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] GeV and at [Formula: see text] GeV at RHIC provide an unique way to probe the proton spin structure. Inclusive measurements, such as inclusive jet and hadron production, have so far been the prime focus of various results at [Formula: see text] GeV constraining Δg(x) for 0.05 < x < 0.2. A recent global analysis provides for the first time evidence of a non-zero value of the gluon polarization [Formula: see text]. First results of di-jet production at [Formula: see text] GeV by the STAR collaboration will allow a better constraint of the underlying event kinematics. Extending the current program to smaller values of x is a key goal for the future high-energy spin physics program at RHIC. Forward di-jet production measurements at STAR beyond the current acceptance from -1 < η < +2 to +2.5 < η < +4, in particular those carried out at [Formula: see text] GeV, provides access to low x values at the level of 10-3 where current uncertainties of Δg(x) remain very large. Those measurements will eventually be complemented by a future Electron-Ion Collider facility probing Δg(x) in polarized [Formula: see text] collisions.
Automating organic synthesis
Authors: Kirkpatrick Keith
Published: February 2015

A machine that could create organic molecules on demand awaits appropriate software and analytical components.
Functions of Ribosomal Proteins in Assembly of Eukaryotic Ribosomes In Vivo
Authors: de la Cruz Jesús , Karbstein Katrin , Woolford John L.
Published: February 2015

The proteome of cells is synthesized by ribosomes, complex ribonucleoproteins that in eukaryotes contain 79–80 proteins and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) more than 5,400 nucleotides long. How these molecules assemble together and how their assembly is regulated in concert with the growth and proliferation of cells remain important unanswered questions. Here, we review recently emerging principles to understand how eukaryotic ribosomal proteins drive ribosome assembly in vivo. Most ribosomal proteins assemble with rRNA cotranscriptionally; their association with nascent particles is strengthened as assembly proceeds. Each subunit is assembled hierarchically by sequential stabilization of their subdomains. The active sites of both subunits are constructed last, perhaps to prevent premature engagement of immature ribosomes with active subunits. Late-assembly intermediates undergo quality-control checks for proper function. Mutations in ribosomal proteins that affect mostly late steps lead to ribosomopathies, diseases that include a spectrum of cell type–specific disorders that often transition from hypoproliferative to hyperproliferative growth.
Natural Photoreceptors as a Source of Fluorescent Proteins, Biosensors, and Optogenetic Tools
Authors: Shcherbakova Daria M. , Shemetov Anton A. , Kaberniuk Andrii A. , Verkhusha Vladislav V.
Published: February 2015

Genetically encoded optical tools have revolutionized modern biology by allowing detection and control of biological processes with exceptional spatiotemporal precision and sensitivity. Natural photoreceptors provide researchers with a vast source of molecular templates for engineering of fluorescent proteins, biosensors, and optogenetic tools. Here, we give a brief overview of natural photoreceptors and their mechanisms of action. We then discuss fluorescent proteins and biosensors developed from light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV) domains and phytochromes, as well as their properties and applications. These fluorescent tools possess unique characteristics not achievable with green fluorescent protein–like probes, including near-infrared fluorescence, independence of oxygen, small size, and photosensitizer activity. We next provide an overview of available optogenetic tools of various origins, such as LOV and BLUF (blue-light-utilizing flavin adenine dinucleotide) domains, cryptochromes, and phytochromes, enabling control of versatile cellular processes. We analyze the principles of their function and practical requirements for use. We focus mainly on optical tools with demonstrated use beyond bacteria, with a specific emphasis on their applications in mammalian cells.
From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle
Authors: Avouac Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2015

Understanding the partitioning of seismic and aseismic fault slip is central to seismotectonics as it ultimately determines the seismic potential of faults. Thanks to advances in tectonic geodesy, it is now possible to develop kinematic models of the spatiotemporal evolution of slip over the seismic cycle and to determine the budget of seismic and aseismic slip. Studies of subduction zones and continental faults have shown that aseismic creep is common and sometimes prevalent within the seismogenic depth range. Interseismic coupling is generally observed to be spatially heterogeneous, defining locked patches of stress accumulation, to be released in future earthquakes or aseismic transients, surrounded by creeping areas. Clay-rich tectonites, high temperature, and elevated pore-fluid pressure seem to be key factors promoting aseismic creep. The generally logarithmic time evolution of afterslip is a distinctive feature of creeping faults that suggests a logarithmic dependency of fault friction on slip rate, as observed in laboratory friction experiments. Most faults can be considered to be paved with interlaced patches where the friction law is either rate-strengthening, inhibiting seismic rupture propagation, or rate-weakening, allowing for earthquake nucleation. The rate-weakening patches act as asperities on which stress builds up in the interseismic period; they might rupture collectively in a variety of ways. The pattern of interseismic coupling can help constrain the return period of the maximum- magnitude earthquake based on the requirement that seismic and aseismic slip sum to match long-term slip. Dynamic models of the seismic cycle based on this conceptual model can be tuned to reproduce geodetic and seismological observations. The promise and pitfalls of using such models to assess seismic hazard are discussed.
Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Tract Models
Authors: Williams C.F. , Walton G.E. , Jiang L. , Plummer S. , Garaiova I. , Gibson G.R.
Published: February 2015

The human gut is a complex ecosystem occupied by a diverse microbial community. Modulation of this microbiota impacts health and disease. The definitive way to investigate the impact of dietary intervention on the gut microbiota is a human trial. However, human trials are expensive and can be difficult to control; thus, initial screening is desirable. Utilization of a range of in vitro and in vivo models means that useful information can be gathered prior to the necessity for human intervention. This review discusses the benefits and limitations of these approaches.
Pickering Emulsions for Food Applications: Background, Trends, and Challenges
Authors: Berton-Carabin Claire C. , Schroën Karin
Published: February 2015

Particle-stabilized emulsions, also referred to as Pickering emulsions, have garnered exponentially increasing interest in recent years. This has also led to the first food applications, although the number of related publications is still rather low. The involved stabilization mechanisms are fundamentally different as compared to conventional emulsifiers, which can be an asset in terms of emulsion stability. Even though most of the research on Pickering emulsions has been conducted on model systems, with inorganic solid particles, recent progress has been made on the utilization of food-grade or food-compatible organic particles for this purpose. This review reports the latest advances in that respect, including technical challenges, and discusses the potential benefits and drawbacks of using Pickering emulsions for food applications, as an alternative to conventional emulsifier-based systems.
Multiscale Simulation of Plasticity in bcc Metals
Authors: Weygand Daniel , Mrovec Matous , Hochrainer Thomas , Gumbsch Peter
Published: February 2015

Significant progress in our understanding of plasticity in body-centered cubic (bcc) metals during the last decade has enabled rigorous multiscale modeling based on quantitative physical principles. Significant advances have been made at the atomistic level in the understanding of dislocation core structures and energetics associated with dislocation glide by using high-fidelity models originating from quantum mechanical principles. These simulations revealed important details about the influence of non-Schmid (nonglide) stresses on the mobility of screw dislocations in bcc metals that could be implemented to mesoscopic discrete dislocation simulations with atomistically informed dislocation mobility laws. First applications of dislocation dynamics simulations to studies of plasticity in small-scale bcc single crystals have been performed. Dislocation dynamics simulations inspired the development of continuum models based on advanced 3D dislocation density measures with evolution equations that naturally track dislocation motion. These advances open new opportunities and perspectives for future quantitative and materials-specific multiscale simulation methods to describe plastic deformation in bcc metals and their alloys.
Predicting and Designing Optical Properties of Inorganic Materials
Authors: Rondinelli James M. , Kioupakis Emmanouil
Published: February 2015

Modern first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and related techniques enable the predictive modeling of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of materials without adjustable or empirical parameters. Today, atomistic calculations are an indispensable tool by which to understand the interrelationship between the underlying structure and the measured optical properties and are particularly suited for the design of new materials with desirable optical responses and performance. In this article, we discuss the first-principles design methodology, and we review recent results from the literature that exemplify the predictive power of the method for numerous inorganic materials and nanostructures. We also discuss topics of active research and future opportunities that will enable the wider adoption of atomistic simulation techniques for predictive materials design.
The Scope of Comparative Political Theory
Authors: von Vacano Diego
Published: February 2015

The article examines the emergence and implications of comparative political theory (CPT). It distinguishes theorizing based on travel and observation from that based on contemplation. Tracing the rise of the term CPT to 1997, it explains the academic, geopolitical, and cultural transformations that gave rise to some of the earlier work in the field. The acceleration of globalization also led to the rapid appearance of new intercultural and transnational approaches to political theory that move beyond the West. The article proceeds to analyze the methodological variety and alternatives within CPT work, arguing that we ought to take a broad, ecumenical approach to non-Western and cross-cultural theorizing rather than posit one single method as best. It presents two broad categories of CPT, one that is normative and another that is interpretive. The article closes by examining regional contributions in CPT, critiques, and supporting stances for CPT.
Elevated Plasma Level of Leukotrienes in Bronchial Asthma Patients: A Possible Clinical Relevance
Authors: Mansour Mahmoud , Farouk Nabil , El Maragy Abbas , Radwan Ibrahim , El-Ahmady Omar
Published: February 2015

Plasma from bronchial asthma patients and healthy controls was investigated for the content of lipoxygenase products. After lipid extraction using SEP‐PAK C18 Cartridges, the lipoxygenase products were measured by Enzyme‐Immunoassay. Elevated chemotactic B4 was found in plasma from asthmatic patients with mean value (483±75) pmoUL, while the mean value in normal healthy donors was (140± 12.1) pmol/L (M±SE). The levels of spasmogenic cysteinyl containing leukotrienes were also very high in the bronchial asthma patients. Elevations of leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl containing leukotrienes were detected during attacks of bronchial asthma. These results suggest that leukotriene B4 may be important in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and confirmed that peptidoleukotrienes playa role as chemical mediators during the asthmatic attack.
Investigations of the Toxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Mammalian Cell Lines
Authors: Sambale F. , Wagner S. , Stahl F. , Khaydarov R. R. , Scheper T. , Bahnemann D.
Published: February 2015

Silver nanoparticles are widely used for many applications. In this study silver nanoparticles have been tested for their toxic effect on fibroblasts (NIH‐3T3), on a human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A‐549), on PC‐12‐cells, a rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line, and on HEP‐G2‐cells, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The viability of the cells cultivated with different concentrations of silver was determined by the MTT assay, a photometric method to determine cell metabolism. Dose‐response curves were extrapolated and IC50, total lethal concentration (TLC), and no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) values were calculated for each cell line. As another approach, ECIS (electric‐cell‐substrate‐impedance‐sensing) an automated method to monitor cellular behavior in real‐time was applied to observe cells cultivated with silver nanoparticles. To identify the type of cell death the membrane integrity was analyzed by measurements of the lactate dehydrogenase releases and by determination of the caspase 3/7 activity. To ensure that the cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles is not traced back to the presence of Ag+ ions in the suspension, an Ag+ salt (AgNO3) has been examined at the same concentration of Ag+ present in the silver nanoparticle suspension that is assuming that the Ag particles are completely available as Ag+ ions.
Oxymatrine DownregulatesHPV16E7Expression and Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Hep-2 Cells In Vitro
Authors: Ying Xin-Jiang , Jin Bin , Chen Xin-Wei , Xie Jin , Xu Hong-Ming , Dong Pin
Published: February 2015

Objective. To investigate the possible mechanisms of oxymatrine’s role in anti laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods. We examined the effects of oxymatrine on the proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, apoptosis, and the protein and mRNA expression levels ofHPV16E7gene in laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells in vitro. TheHPV16E7siRNA inhibition was also done to confirm the effect of downregulatingHPV16E7on the proliferation in Hep-2 cells.Results. Oxymatrine significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of Hep-2 cells in a dose-dependence and time-dependence manner. Oxymatrine blocked Hep-2 cells in G0/G1 phase, resulting in an obvious accumulation of G0/G1 phase cells while decreasing S phase cells. Oxymatrine induced apoptosis of Hep-2 cells, whose apoptotic rate amounted to about 42% after treatment with 7 mg/mL oxymatrine for 72 h. Oxymatrine also downregulated the expression ofHPV16E7gene, as determined by the western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Knockdown ofHPV16E7effectively inhibited the proliferation of Hep-2 cells.Conclusions. Oxymatrine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells, which might be mediated by a significant cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and downregulation ofHPV16E7gene. Oxymatrine is considered to be a likely preventive and curative candidate for laryngeal cancer.
Establishment of Hairy Root Cultures ofRhaponticum carthamoides(Willd.) Iljin for the Production of Biomass and Caffeic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Skała Ewa , Kicel Agnieszka , Olszewska Monika A. , Kiss Anna K. , Wysokińska Halina
Published: February 2015

The aim of the study was to obtain transformed roots ofRhaponticum carthamoidesand evaluate their phytochemical profile. Hairy roots were induced from leaf explants by the transformation ofAgrobacterium rhizogenesstrains A4 and ATCC 15834. The best response (43%) was achieved by infection with A4 strain. The effects of different liquid media (WPM, B5, SH) with full and half-strength concentrations of macro- and micronutrients on biomass accumulation of the best grown hairy root line (RC3) at two different lighting conditions (light or dark) were investigated. The highest biomass (93 g L−1of the fresh weight after 35 days) was obtained in WPM medium under periodic light. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3and HPLC-PDA analyses of 80% aqueous methanol extracts from the obtained hairy roots revealed the presence of eleven caffeoylquinic acids and their derivatives and five flavonoid glycosides. The production of caffeoylquinic acids and their derivatives was elevated in hairy roots grown in the light. Only light-grown hairy roots demonstrated the capability for the biosynthesis of such flavonoid glycosides as quercetagetin, quercetin, luteolin, and patuletin hexosides. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and a tentatively identified tricaffeoylquinic acid derivative were detected as the major compounds present in the transformed roots.
Detection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from Cattle and Pigs Slaughtered in Abattoirs in Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Tanih Nicoline F. , Sekwadi Eunice , Ndip Roland N. , Bessong Pascal O.
Published: February 2015

Pathogenic food‐borne bacteria have been associated with severe morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli present in cattle and pigs slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Vhembe District and at determining the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics. A total of 176 swab samples (28 cattle and 16 pigs) of the rump, flank, brisket, and neck of the animals were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. E. coli isolates were genotyped to detect pathogenic strains. Of the 176 samples, 104 (67.5%) were positive for E. coli and 50 (32.5%) for S. aureus. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the isolation rate from the different animal parts or abattoirs. Overall, 14/104 (13.46%) of the E. coli isolates were pathogenic strains which included enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (bfpA) 1.9%, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (LT) 3.8%, and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (aaiC) 7.6%. E. coli isolates were resistant (100%) to vancomycin and bacitracin. S. aureus (100%) were resistant to oxacillin and nalidixic acid. The presence of resistant strains of these bacteria in food of animal origin could serve as important vehicles transmitting these bacteria to humans. This finding is of epidemiological significance.
Effects of Modified Multistage Field Test on Performance and Physiological Responses in Wheelchair Basketball Players
Authors: Weissland Thierry , Faupin Arnaud , Borel Benoit , Berthoin Serge , Leprêtre Pierre-Marie
Published: February 2015

A bioenergetical analysis of manoeuvrability and agility performance for wheelchair players is inexistent. It was aimed at comparing the physiological responses and performance obtained from the octagon multistage field test (MFT) and the modified condition in “8 form” (MFT-8). Sixteen trained wheelchair basketball players performed both tests in randomized condition. The levels performed (end-test score), peak values of oxygen uptake(VO2peak), minute ventilation(VEpeak), heart rate(HRpeak), peak and relative blood lactate (Δ[Lact−] = peak – rest values), and the perceived rating exertion (RPE) were measured. MFT-8 induced higherVO2peakandVEpeakvalues compared to MFT (VO2peak: 2.5 ± 0.6 versus 2.3 ± 0.6 L·min−1andVEpeak: 96.3 ± 29.1 versus 86.6 ± 23.4 L·min−1;P<0.05) with no difference in other parameters. Significant relations betweenVEpeakand end-test score were correlated for both field tests(P<0.05). At exhaustion, MFT attained incompletelyVO2peakandVEpeak. Among experienced wheelchair players, MFT-8 had no effect on test performance but generates higher physiological responses than MFT. It could be explained by demands of wheelchair skills occurring in 8 form during the modified condition.
Polymorphisms in the IFNγ, IL-10, and TGFβGenes May Be Associated with HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Bonfim Freitas Felipe , Souza Lima Sandra , Feitosa Rosimar Neris Martins , Azevedo Vânia Nakauth , Ishak Marluísa de O. Guimarães , Ishak Ricardo , Vallinoto Antonio Carlos R.
Published: February 2015

Objective.This study investigated possible associations between the TNFα-308G/A, IFN+874A/T, IL-6-174C/G, IL-10-1082A/G, and TGFβ-509C/T polymorphisms with HIV-1 infection, in addition to correlation of the polymorphisms with clinical markers of AIDS progression, such as levels of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes and plasma viral load.Methods.A total of 216 individuals who were infected with HIV-1 and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 294 individuals from the uninfected control group were analyzed.Results.All individuals evaluated were negative for total anti-HBc, anti-HCV, anti-T. pallidum, and anti-HTLV-1/2. The polymorphisms were identified by PCR-RFLP. Individuals presenting the IFN+874A allele as well as the AA genotype were more frequent in the HIV-1 infected group compared to the control group (P<0.05), in addition to having lower levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The CD8+ T lymphocytes count was significantly lower in individuals with the IL-10-1082 GG genotype. The TGFβ-509TT genotype was associated with higher plasma viral load.Conclusions.The results suggest that the presence of the IFN+874A allele confers susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and a decrease in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition, the genotype associated with high serum levels of TGFβmay be associated with an increase in plasma viral load.
Teleultrasound: Historical Perspective and Clinical Application
Authors: Ferreira Adilson Cunha , O’Mahony Edward , Oliani Antonio Hélio , Araujo Júnior Edward , da Silva Costa Fabricio
Published: February 2015

The health care of patients in rural or isolated areas is challenged by the scarcity of local resources, limited patient access to doctors and hospitals, and the lack of specialized professionals. This has led to a new concept in telemedicine: teleultrasonography (or teleultrasound), which permits ultrasonographic diagnoses to be performed remotely. Telemedicine and teleultrasonography are effective in providing diagnostic imaging services to these populations and reduce health care costs by decreasing the number and duration of hospitalizations and reducing unnecessary surgical procedures. This is a narrative review to present the potential clinical applications of teleultrasonography in clinical practice. The results indicate that although barriers persist for implementing teleultrasonography in a more universal and routine way, advances in telecommunications, Internet bandwidth, and the high resolution currently available for portable ultrasonography suggest teleultrasonography applications will continue to expand. Teleultrasound appears to be a valuable addition to remote medical care for isolated populations with limited access to tertiary healthcare facilities and also a useful tool for education and training.
Impact of Kefir DerivedLactobacillus kefirion the Mucosal Immune Response and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Carasi P. , Racedo S. M. , Jacquot C. , Romanin D. E. , Serradell M. A. , Urdaci M. C.
Published: February 2015

The evaluation of the impact of probiotics on host health could help to understand how they can be used in the prevention of diseases. On the basis of our previous studies andin vitroassays on PBMC and Caco-2 ccl20:luc reporter system presented in this work, the strainLactobacillus kefiriCIDCA 8348 was selected and administrated to healthy Swiss mice daily for 21 days. The probiotic treatment increased IgA in feces and reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators in Peyer Patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, where it also increased IL-10. In ileum IL-10, CXCL-1 and mucin 6 genes were upregulated; meanwhile in colon mucin 4 was induced whereas IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-1βgenes were downregulated. Moreover, ileum and colon explants showed the anti-inflammatory effect ofL. kefirisince the LPS-induced increment of IL-6 and GM-CSF levels in control mice was significantly attenuated inL. kefiritreated mice. Regarding fecal microbiota, DGGE profiles allowed differentiation of experimental groups in two separated clusters. Quantitative PCR analysis of different bacterial groups revealed only significant changes inLactobacilluspopulation. In conclusion,L. kefiriis a good candidate to be used in gut inflammatory disorders.
Polymorphisms rs12998 and rs5780218 inKiSS1Suppressor Metastasis Gene in Mexican Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Cruz Quevedo Edhit Guadalupe , Mimendi Aguilar Gabriela Monserrat , Juárez Aguilar Luis Anselmo , Gutierrez Rubio Susan Andrea , Flores Martínez Silvia Esperanza , Dávalos Rodríguez Ingrid Patricia , Sánchez Corona José , Torres Morán Martha Isabel , Rosales Gómez Roberto Carlos , Morán Moguel María Cristina
Published: February 2015

Aims. KiSS1is a metastasis suppressor gene associated with inhibition of cellular chemotaxis and invasion attenuating the metastasis in melanoma and breast cancer cell lines. Along theKiSS-1gene at least 294 SNPs have been described; however the association of these polymorphisms as genetic markers for metastasis in breast cancer studies has not been investigated. Here we describe two simple PCR-RFLPs protocols to identify the rs5780218 (9DelT) and the rs12998 (E20K)KiSS1polymorphisms and the allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic frequencies in Mexican general population (GP) and patients with benign breast disease (BBD) or breast cancer (BC).Results.The rs5780218 polymorphism was individually associated with breast cancer(P=0.0332)and the rs12998 polymorphism shows statistically significant differences when GP versus case (BC and BBD) groups were compared(P<0.0001). The H1 Haplotype (G/-) occurred more frequently in BC group (0.4256) whereas H2 haplotype (G/T) was the most prevalent in BBD group (0.4674).Conclusions.Our data indicated that the rs5780218 polymorphism individually confers susceptibility for development of breast cancer in Mexican population and a possible role as a genetic marker in breast cancer metastasis for H1 haplotype (Wt/variant) inKiSS1gene must be analyzed in other populations.
Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Żyła Tomasz , Kawala Beata , Antoszewska-Smith Joanna , Kawala Maciej
Published: February 2015

Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated byActinomycesspp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.
Linguistic Weighted Aggregation under Confidence Levels
Authors: Zhang Chonghui , Su Weihua , Zeng Shouzhen , Zhang Linyun
Published: February 2015

We develop some new linguistic aggregation operators based on confidence levels. Firstly, we introduce the confidence linguistic weighted averaging (CLWA) operator and the confidence linguistic ordered weighted averaging (CLOWA) operator. These two new linguistic aggregation operators are able to consider the confidence level of the aggregated arguments provided by the information providers. We also study some of their properties. Then, based on the generalized means, we introduce the confidence generalized linguistic ordered weighted averaging (CGLOWA) operator. The main advantage of the CGLOWA operator is that it includes a wide range of special cases such as the CLOWA operator, the confidence linguistic ordered weighted quadratic averaging (CLOWQA) operator, and the confidence linguistic ordered weighted geometric (CLOWG) operator. Finally, we develop an application of the new approach in a multicriteria decision-making under linguistic environment and illustrate it with a numerical example.
A Novel Demodulation System Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform
Authors: Fang Lanting , Wu Lenan , Zhang Yudong
Published: February 2015

Considering the problem of EBPSK signal demodulation, a new approach based on the wavelet scalogram using continuous wavelet transform is proposed. Our system is twofold: an adaptive wavelet construction method that replaces manual selection existing wavelets method and, on the other hand, a nonlinear demodulation system based on image processing and pattern classification is proposed. To evaluate the performance of the adaptive wavelet and compare the performance of the proposed system with the existing systems, a series of comprehensive simulation experiments is conducted under the environment of uniform white noise, colored noise, and additive white Gaussian noise channel, respectively. Simulation results of different wavelets show that the system using adaptive wavelet has lower bit error rate (BER). Moreover, simulation results of several systems show that the BER of the proposed system is the lowest among all systems, such as amplitude detection, integral detection, and some continuous wavelet transform systems (specific scales and times and maximum lines). In a word, the adaptive wavelet construction proposed in this paper yields superior performances compared with the manual selection, and the proposed system has better performances than the existing systems. Index terms are signal demodulation, adaptive wavelet, continuous wavelet transform, and BER.
In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of Root Extracts ofSansevieria libericaGerome and Labroy (Agavaceae)
Authors: Akindele Abidemi J. , Wani Zahoor A. , Sharma Sadhana , Mahajan Girish , Satti Naresh K. , Adeyemi Olufunmilayo O. , Mondhe Dilip M. , Saxena Ajit K.
Published: February 2015

Introduction. Sansevieria libericaGerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) is a perennial plant widely distributed in tropical Africa. Preparations of the plant are commonly used across Nigeria for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Based on the fact that herbal medicine is a strong component of integrative medicine, this study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer activity of root extracts ofSansevieria liberica. Methods.Sulforhodamine B (SRB) in vitro cytotoxicity assay, Sarcoma-180 (S-180) ascites and solid tumor, and L1210 lymphoid leukemia in vivo models were used in this study.Results.SL-A002 (IC5023 µg/mL with HeLa), SL-A003 (IC5022 µg/mL with HCT-116), and SL-A004 (IC5023 and 18 µg/mL with A549 and THP-1, resp.) demonstrated significant activity in the SRB cytotoxicity assay. Potency was highest with the following pairs of extract : cancer cell line: SL-A002 : HeLa (IC5023 µg/mL), SL-A003 : HCT-116 (IC5022 µg/mL), and SL-A004 : THP-1 (IC5018 µg/mL). SL-A002 demonstrated significant dose-dependent antitumor activity in the Sarcoma-180 (S-180) ascites model with peak effect produced at the dose of 120 mg/kg (i.p.) with inhibition of 89.36% compared to 97.96% for 5-FU (20 mg/kg i.p.). The inhibition of tumor growth by SL-A002 in the S-180 solid tumor model was 47.40% compared to a value of 50.18% for 5-FU. SL-A002 was also significantly active in the L1210 lymphoid leukemia model with 158.33% increase in mean survival time, the same value for 5-FU.Conclusions.The hydroethanolic extract ofSansevieria liberica, SL-A002, possesses significant anticancer activity to warrant further extensive study to identify, isolate, and characterize the specific bioactive molecules responsible for the observed antitumor activity and the precise mechanism(s) of action.
Occurrence of Pregnancies among HIV Infected Indian Women: Does Knowledge about HIV Status Make a Difference?
Authors: Darak Shrinivas , Hutter Inge , Kulkarni Sanjeevani , Kulkarni Vinay , Janssen Fanny
Published: February 2015

This is the first study to examine the behavioural effect of HIV on fertility among HIV infected women in India. Retrospective calendar data from ever-married HIV infected women between 15 and 45 years of age, attending a specialized HIV clinic in Pune, Western India (N=560), were analysed. Directly standardized overall and parity-specific pregnancy rates were compared among HIV infected women before and after coming to know about their HIV status. The age- and parity-standardized pregnancy rates and age-standardized parity-specific pregnancy rates were statistically significantly lower after knowing about HIV status as compared to before the HIV status was known. Analysis of parity-specific rates suggested lower likelihood of HIV infected women to progress to higher parity. The clear behavioural impact of HIV on fertility observed should be taken into account while estimating HIV infected pregnant women in the country. Ensuring access to information and services for PMTCT to HIV infected couples is essential to support informed reproductive decision making among them.