bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Hocharistokratie. Grundbesitz, Karrieren, Lebensräume
Authors: Stekl Hannes
Published: June 2021

The High Nobility. Landed Property, Careers, Living Spaces. This chapter outlines the social position of Lower Austria’s high nobility against the background of social change in the long 19th century. It focuses on the inner structure of the nobility, the dimensions of their landed property, economic management and wealth, professional careers at the court, in diplomacy, administration, the military and the church, and noble living spaces in the Vienna Residence and on the estates. The examination of various facets of a distinctly aristocratic lifestyle points to continuities as well as breaks in traditional patterns of behaviour and values; it also shows the chances and failures of autonomous life plans of women and men. This broad depiction of noble mentalities, ways of life and options for action reveals the ambivalent consequences of the progressive change in elites. Despite the loss of old positions of power, the exploitation of economic opportunities, the formation of networks across boundaries of social class and an unbroken paternalism opened up opportunities for the old high aristocracy to assert itself.
Einverständlich versus uneinverständlich. Scheidungsoptionen katholischer Ehepaare 1783-1868
Authors: Griesebner Andrea , Planer Isabella , Dober Birgit
Published: June 2021

Uncontested versus Contested. Divorce Options for Catholic couples 1783–1868. This chapter considers divorce records of Catholic couples living in Lower Austria during the long 19th century, contrasting the legal situation with court practice. With regard to the development of marriage law between the poles of ecclesiastical and secular responsibilities, we outline the divorce options and analyze the strategies employed by wives and husbands. An excursus on the possibilities of divorce in other European territories contextualizes the four subsequent micro-studies. Doctors and craftspeople from sovereign cities and markets as well as farmers from ecclesiastical or aristocratic domains come into view. Finally, in two micro-studies we analyze the consequences of the transfer of the jurisdiction back to ecclesiastical courts from 1856 onwards. A look at the further legal development and a short summary completes the article.
"[S]ie war männersüchtig, vergnügungssüchtig, unrein, faul ,bis zum Exceß' [...]". Wandel und Kontinuität im häuslichen Dienst
Authors: Richter Jessica , Rütten Tim
Published: June 2021

“[S]he was obsessed with men, sybaritic, impure, lazy to extremes […].” Change and Continuity in Domestic Service. In the 19th century, domestic service became a livelihood almost exclusively of women of the lower social strata. It was, however, characterised by the continuity of unequal power relations. Service legislation stabilised servants’ dependence on their masters and mistresses in the context of the household until the 1920s, a dependence intended to control servants’ behaviour and mobility. Stereotypes of female servants in particular formed the basis of service legislation and supported the dominance of middle- and upper-class as well as agrarian elites. Such gendered perceptions were represented and produced inter alia in popular, political and legal texts. This contribution investigates the entanglement of legislation and discourse from a perspective of gender history and describes their transformation in Vienna and Lower Austria in the course of the long 19th century.
Hilfe für Abgebrannte, ländliche Feste und medizinische Versorgung. Wohltätiges Engagement für Frauen
Authors: Schütz Waltraud
Published: June 2021

Support for Victims of Fire, Rural Festivities and Medical Care. Women’s Char- itable Engagement. Within the framework of 19th-century gendered stereotypes, women were understood to be caring, emotional and, increasingly, pious. The impact of such norms was not solely restrictive; rather, women also began to use them to enter fields of activity that were understood as specifically female. This chapter is concerned with female charity as a social practice and asks to what extent gender-specific norms were used as a resource and who claimed expertise on the matter. Thereby, the Society of Aristocratic Women to Promote the Good and the Useful founded in 1810 is taken into consideration. The “good deed” offered women the opportunity to inscribe themselves in the collective memory of a place or region, to appear in public and to claim expertise, mostly in cooperation with the clergy. Although the apolitical motivation of their activities was and always had to be emphasised, women established themselves as by no means apolitical actors.
Stadtmuseen als kulturelle Praxis. Zur Geschichte eines bürgerlichen Phänomens
Authors: Wawruschka Celine
Published: June 2021

Municipal Museums as Cultural Practice. On the History of a Bourgeois Phenomenon. Research on the history of bourgeois collections in Lower Austria in the long 19th century turns its attention to a regional culture of science and historiography that formed part of the cultural practices that united the increasingly heterogeneous middle classes. Until the mid-19th century, the oldest bourgeois collections were still guided by the ideals of the Enlightenment and hence they closely resembled the contemporary aristocratic and monastic collections. In the second half of the 19th century, the municipal museums focussed on exhibiting local history. Thus municipal museums created, stabilised and represented the identity of the provincial middle classes (Bürgertum) and reflected their emancipatory ambitions. Nevertheless, the elites of the society of orders, the nobility and the clergy, still exerted considerable influence, particularly via the learned societies at the time.
Theater auf dem flachen Land. Bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit zwischen Provinz und Metropole
Authors: Kühschelm Oliver , Langer-Ostrawsky Gertrude
Published: June 2021

Theatre in the Countryside. The Middle Classes and the Public Sphere between the Provinces and the Metropolis. The Archduchy of Austria below the Enns is particularly suited to tracing the development of a provincial theatrical landscape and investigating its relation to the metropolis, since in the crownland’s centre lay Vienna, one of the largest cities in the world around 1900. The article therefore ex- amines the formation of a bourgeois cultural sphere in those parts of Lower Austria that were then known as the “flat countryside” and which roughly correspond to today’s federal state. During the 19th century, there emerged a theatrical landscape whose principal features proved to be long-lasting and which nevertheless remained a precarious phenomenon. This also applies if we discuss theatre as an expression of the bourgeois public sphere – in both its sense as a theatre business sustained by the middle classes and as the promise to enable participation by a broad public beyond the boundaries of classes and estates.
"Sehen und gesehen werden". Die Anfänge der Kino- und Filmkultur
Authors: Moser Karin
Published: June 2021

“To See and to Be Seen”. The Beginnings of Cinema and Film Culture. This chapter examines how and where the new medium of film was introduced, presented and received in Lower Austria around 1900. The three basic aspects of the “cinema public” are considered: assembled audiences, reflexive public spheres and audience segments. Economic considerations, technical developments, official restrictions and moral concerns mutually influenced the respective cinema programmes as well as screening concepts and locations. Cinema enabled new forms of perception of the self and the outside world and expanded one’s own world. Female curiosity in particular irritated “moral authorities”. Travelling cinema operators toured the country, made films on location and became increasingly settled after 1910. With the establishment of permanent venues, a middle-class approach to cinema emerged. Finally, this chapter represents the first study of films shot in or about Lower Austria up to 1918.
Losada, Leandro (2019). Maquiavelo en la Argentina. Usos y Lecturas, 1830-1940. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Katz Editores. 193 páginas.
Authors: Moretti Ignacio Luis
Published: June 2021

El libro  Maquiavelo en la Argentina. Usos y Lecturas, 1830-1940 nos convoca a adentrarnos en las recepciones, circulaciones y lecturas en Argentina de uno de los pensadores políticos que, merced a cierto halo de enigma e incomodidad y al carácter abierto de sus textos, ha sido objeto de una profusa ambivalencia y divergencia en sus lecturas y valoraciones: Nicolás Maquiavelo. Esta profundidad e intensidad es directamente proporcional al cimbronazo que su irrupción ha provocado en el pensamiento político occidental y que, sin ningún lugar a dudas, ha dado a luz a la modernidad política.
PENGEMBANGAN PASAR RAKYAT BERBASIS KEPARIWISATAAN BUDAYA BALI
Authors: Ida Ayu Made Dwi Susanti , Ni Putu Anglila Amaral
Published: June 2021

The people's market is one of the places to distribute and market agricultural, food and non-agricultural products. The people's market is one of the most obvious indicators to see the standard of economic life of the surrounding community. The people's market does not only involve economic actors in the agricultural and food sectors but also non-agriculture. The agricultural sector development approach that is still being carried out today is the approach through the agribusiness system. The People's Market is part of the agribusiness system, which is included in the subsystem of supporting institutions. The supporting institution subsystem provides services for the upstream agro-industry subsystem, downstream agribusiness subsystem, and marketing subsystem so that transactions between producers and consumers can run smoothly.
Evaluación del costo de electrificación rural en Bolivia para alcanzar el ODS 7
Authors: Fernandez Fuentes Miguel , Cardozo Evelyn , Zambrana Vargas Jaime , Peña Gabriela , Balderrama Sergio , Sánchez Claudia , Soto Alejandro , Quoilin Sylvain
Published: June 2021

El presente estudio cuantifica el desafío que supone el logro del objetivo 7 del desarrollo sostenible: Acceso a energía asequible y no contaminante (SDG7) en Bolivia. La solución planteada por el proyecto estima el costo total de provisión de energía eléctrica en todas las poblaciones de Bolivia, considerando factores socioeconómicos relevantes al realizar la planificación de la cobertura total para el país.  El proyecto tiene dos etapas: la primera consiste en la recolección de datos y análisis de la demanda, así como de la percepción/visión de las poblaciones con relación en el uso de la energía; la segunda se centra en el análisis de la información y en la generación de resultados. La recolección de datos de campo que contemplan la demanda energética y el comportamiento en el uso y consumo de la energía se realizó en las comunidades de Raqaypampa (Cochabamba) y El Sena (Pando). Las mismas complementaron información obtenida con anterioridad de El Espino (Santa Cruz) y Toconao (Altiplano frontera con Chile).
El Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales (INCISO), ENERGÉTICA y el Centro de Investigaciones en Energía (CIE), con la información recabada y los datos de indicadores del SDSN, estructuraron la composición estándar de una comunidad rural en Bolivia. Con esta información, el programa de generación de curvas de demanda RAMP simuló las demandas para poblaciones en las zonas bajas y altas de Bolivia, contrastando luego con diferentes tecnologías de electrificación; así se calculó el costo más eficiente de las soluciones encontradas. Finalmente, el costo para electrificar de manera total la población boliviana fue estimado y, en particular para electrificar al 100% de la población aislada y dispersa que alcanza a 587 millones de dólares, dando cobertura a 273 286 familias rurales.
Energía Solar fotovoltaica: Medida de las curvas características de un módulo fotovoltaico utilizando un trazador de curvas I-V a temperatura constante y a irradiación solar constante tomando como base la norma IEC 60904-1:2020.
Authors: Torrico Bravo Juan Alfredo , Gullón Urbano María
Published: June 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación representa el primero de una serie de ensayos, con módulos fotovoltaicos que han sido desarrollados en el Centro de Investigaciones energéticas, medioambientales y tecnológicas (C.I.E.M.A.T.), en la ciudad de Madrid, España. Un módulo fotovoltaico (FV) viene definido eléctricamente por su curva de intensidad-voltaje (I-V). Esta curva depende básicamente de la irradiancia solar incidente. El presente estudio consistió en la medición de las curvas I-V para un módulo fotovoltaico de silicio monocristalino utilizando como herramienta el trazador de curvas I-V “PVPM 1000 CX”, donde el módulo FV se midió a varias condiciones de laboratorio, encontradas en la etapa de operación: a) manteniendo una radiación solar constante de 857 W/m2 en el módulo FV para cinco temperaturas diferentes de 38°C, 40 °C, 44,9 °C, 49,65 °C y 53,4 °C; y b) manteniendo una temperatura constante de 51,4 °C en el módulo para cuatro radiaciones solares diferentes de 857 W/m2, 596 W/m2, 727 W/m2 y 784 W/m2.
Se han elaborado las curvas I-V, se ha analizado el comportamiento del módulo con las condiciones impuestas en lo que respecta a la tensión de circuito abierto (Voc) y la intensidad de corto circuito (Isc). Los resultados obtenidos de las mediciones reproducen la tradicional forma de las curvas I-V para las nueve condiciones de laboratorio, también se demuestra que en ninguno de los ensayos se ha sobrepasado los valores de condiciones estándar (Isc) y (Voc) del módulo fotovoltaico.
Prácticas y resultados en formación investigativa. Semilleros de investigación generando conocimiento
Authors:   CUA - Medellín
Published: June 2021

La investigación formativa, en palabras de Bernardo Restrepo, hace referencia a una manifestación de presencia de la cultura de la investigación en las instituciones de educación (Restrepo, 2003). En este sentido los semilleros de investigación se han consolidado como una estrategia efectiva para la promoción de la investigación en la infancia y la juventud colombiana. Con más de 23 años desde su fundación, la Red Colombiana de Semilleros de Investigación Redcolsi cuenta con 19 nodos que le dan presencia en gran parte del territorio nacional e impacta a más de 16.418 estudiantes solo en el Nodo Antioquia durante el año 2020. Entre los objetivos de la red están: promover la investigación formativa como camino para aportar a la cultura científica, contar con relevo generacional y fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y en red. Los semilleros de investigación han sido una respuesta a la demanda de capital humano que pueda dar respuesta a las exigencias del entorno en cualquier contexto. con las competencias que den cuenta de las habilidades cognitivas y prácticas, motivación, valores, actitudes, emociones y otros componentes sociales y conductuales (Riesco, 2008). Precisamente la publicación realizada por la Corporación Universitaria Americana titulada Prácticas y resultados en formación investigativa. Semilleros de investigación generando conocimiento, se configura como una contribución a la cultura investigativa por medio de la divulgación de propuestas, avances y hallazgos resultados de los procesos investigativos con reflexiones sobre asuntos que suceden en el entorno de los estudiantes y generan nuevas ideas, enfoques y además ejercita el pensamiento crítico de los estudiantes. De esta manera los ejercicios investigativos abarcan temas como el rol del docente hombre como educador, el ejercicio docente de maestros rurales, el fortalecimiento de habilidades científicas, las tecnologías avanzadas e incorporación de metodologías de sistemas de información y seguridad, índices de mortalidad por Covid-19, la racionalización de la energía eléctrica, desarrollo de software para entregas al final del semestre, accesibilidad, la seguridad, el desarrollo, costos e inversión y el comercio en aplicaciones web, derechos patrimoniales en la unión marital de hecho, cumplimiento de la cuota alimentaria, penalización de la inasistencia alimentaria, derechos fundamentales más vulnerados en la comunidad LGBTI, políticas públicas de equidad para las mujeres, actividad edificadora por parte del Estado, reparación a la víctima del proceso de paz en Colombia, maltrato animal, aplicación de la eutanasia e inclusión social. Esta diversidad temática es una muestra evidente que observar una situación problemática, identificar con precisión cuál es la pregunta de investigación y cuál es el camino para obtener una respuesta que aporte a la solución o a la generación de nuevo conocimiento es vital para la formación de cualquier profesional en cualquier área de conocimiento.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE WASTE PROCESSING PROCEDURE OF THE BEER INDUSTRY AND OBTAINING LIPID PREPARATION FROM YEAST BIOMASS
Authors:   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Tofan Elena , Chiselita Natalia ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Chiselita Oleg ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Besliu Alina ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Efremova Nadejda ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Lozan Ana ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, Danilis Marina ,   Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova
Published: June 2021

Currently, special attention is paid to the use of industrial by-products, in particular those obtained in huge quantities in the brewing and wine making process, as a source for the production of natural preparations with high biological value. In this study are presented results related to the recovery of beer yeast biomass from the sediments of the beer industry, by obtaining lipid extracts with valuable biochemical composition. Thus, applying the optimized autolysis method, with the use of sodium phosphate buffer at 45°C for the destruction of the cell wall and fractional extraction with hydric, alkaline and acidic solutions, various liquid and solid fractions were obtained from the biomass of brewer’s yeast with varied lipid content. So, in order to optimize the waste processing process of the beer industry and the complex recovery of yeast biomass, it is reasonable to include the lipid fraction extraction stage in the technological flow, after obtaining protein and mannoprotein extracts, which will be useful and as an additional step of purification of the β-glucan fraction.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN THE SOILS OF THE BALTI URBAN ECOSYSTEM
Authors:   Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, Tugulea Andrian , Bulimaga Constantin ,   Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, Portarescu Anastasia ,   Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova
Published: June 2021

The paper presents the evaluation of the heavy content in the soils of the Balti urban ecosystem. Is predominates typically moderately humiferous chernozem soils. Based on the obtained results, it was established that the soils pH is weak-alkaline. The content of heavy metals in the edaphic component in some research sites exceeded the Alert Threshold for Pb, Cu, Zn. Values of total Pb content ranged from low to very high (18.5-98.61 mg/kg), Cu from low (17.48 mg/kg) to very high (134.63 mg/kg), Zn from low (38.92 mg/kg) to very high (311.34 mg/kg). Greater pollution with these heavy metals was founds in the Central-Western part of the city. For Cr were recorded very low content, and Ni – medium. Because the pH of the soil is weak-alkaline, these concentrations do not pose a danger to biotic components.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON THE CONTENT OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AT THE PRODUCTION OF DRY RED WINE FROM THE CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETY
Authors:   Scientific-practical Institute of Horticulture and Food Technologies, Republic of Moldova, Taran Nicolae , Morari Boris ,   Scientific-practical Institute of Horticulture and Food Technologies, Republic of Moldova, Soldatenco Olga ,   Scientific-practical Institute of Horticulture and Food Technologies, Republic of Moldova
Published: June 2021

This research was focused on the influence of different fermentation-maceration processes for the optimization of the extraction of anthocyanins, tannins and biologically active substances from grapes of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety and their impact on the quality during dry red wine production. It was determined that increasing the duration of the fermentation-maceration process and extracting 20 % of the juice from the must allow the production of dry red wines with high proanthocyanidin content.
PAN HALIPPA, MEMORIALIST AND LITERARY PUBLICIST
Authors:   ", Burlacu Alexandru ,   Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu",   Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova
Published: June 2021

In this article the author examines the memorialism and literary publishing of Pan Halippa (01.08.1883 – 30.04.1979), poet and publicist. Subjective narratives in the intimate diary, memories, autobiography, the chronicle of life, letters, even the steps before the courts are made not to tell his life, but to justify the need for an important fact related to his destiny, to the vagaries of history. Programme articles, studies, conferences, reviews, written over three periods in totally different social-political contexts (tsarist empire, interwar Romania and communist regime), require a differentiated reception, always related to the nuances of one or another cultural event or phenomenon.
THE ART OF THE BLOUSE WITH EMBROIDERY ON THE SHOULDER (ALTIȚĂ) – AN ELEMENT OF CULTURAL IDENTITY (proposed for the registration in the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity UNESCO)
Authors:   National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History, Republic of Moldova, Buzila Varvara
Published: June 2021

Within the identity processes that nowadays occur in our cultural area, society invests many practical and symbolic significances in the traditional blouse with embroidery on the shoulder, which is the most representative item of the traditional costume. Its high prestige and national value served as motivation for recommending The Art of the traditional blouse with embroidery on the shoulder (altiță) – an element of cultural identity of Romania and the Republic of Moldova, for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The UNESCO perspective on the intangible cultural heritage regards the living state of elements, the responsibility assumed by bearer communities, by state institutions and civil society, offering as well new research visions for the academic communities. The paper proposes an outline of the problems of the domain from this perspective.
Standalone Multi-mission Altimetry Processor (SMAP)
Authors: Rieu Pierre , Amraoui Samira , Restano Marco
Published: June 2021

SMAP is a standalone altimeter data processor written in Python 3 (3.7.3). It implements in particular the fully-focused SAR (FF-SAR) processing (both time-domain and frequency-domain algorithms). SMAP is currently able to process Sentinel-3 L1a Ground Segment products. This processor has been developed though studies and projects funded by ESA and CNES.
Optimising the Performance Of Crumb Rubber Modified Concrete
Authors: Purcell Aaron , Forde Michael M , Maharaj Rean , Maharaj Chris
Published: June 2021

The issue of management of end of life tyre (EOLT) rubber or crumb rubber presents major social, environmental and economic challenges especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) such as Trinidad and Tobago. A successful measure in foreign jurisdictions is to utilize this waste
material for civil construction as a substitute for natural aggregate however this strategy has not yet been applied in Trinidad and Tobago. Since the properties of concrete and the influence of additives are dependent on the source and chemical composition of the parent cement, research and
scientific studies utilizing Trinidad Portland cement are necessary but lacking. This paper filled this information gap necessary to develop a rubberized Trinidad Portland Type IP concrete. Crumb rubber (0-10%) rubber was added to concrete as a replacement for fine aggregate using a water
to cement ratio of 0.5 and cured over 3-28 days. Standard compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and slump tests were performed and the results statistically analysed. Microscopic features of adhesion and disruption characteristics were observed using Scanning Electron Micrography
(SEM -EDS). Concrete mixtures using Trinidad Portland cement and crumb rubber at dosages 2 - 4 wt% resulted in a material with properties similar to the unmodified material with compressive strengths achieving the required specification of 20 MPa after 28 days. This study suggests that there
is significant potential in valorising the concept of recycling tyre waste into modified crumb rubber concrete as a sustainable waste management option.
Handling and Illegal Disposal of Excess Household Solid Wastes in Katutura Township of Namibia
Authors: Zeriapi Immanuel , Awofolu Omotayo Rafiu
Published: June 2021

This study examined the modes of handling of generated excess household solid wastes and attitude towards illegal disposal in Katutura township in Windhoek, Namibia. This was particu- larly significant because the capital city, Windhoek was once the cleanest city in Africa. Hence, the
study aimed at generating data that would be of benefit to the local municipality towards review of waste management operational strategies and applicable local byelaw especially in this densely populated low-income township. A mixed method of qualitative (observational) and quantitative survey
through the use of questionnaire was adopted. Presented data was based on a total of two hundred and thirty-four (234) respondents. Results showed that 46.6% of respondents were between the ages of 21-30 (43.7%) and employed with a 92.3% literacy level. About 66.7% were well aware of the concept
of waste management and possessed the knowledge (94%) of its implementation. Majority of respondents (70.9%) generate wastes with- in the 240L waste bin volume per week while those that generate excess handle the wastes in several ways. About 44.3% place excess wastes beside the bin before
municipal collection while a combination of 46.4% engage in different forms of illegal disposal. Ironically, about 77.8% of respondents were aware of what constitutes illegal waste disposal. A good number of respondents (62.1%) were satisfied with the municipal waste management. Suggestions
on further improvements were however provided. Of great concern in this study was the apathetic attitude (50.4%) of respondents towards the illegal waste disposal practices. This might be contributing factor towards the loss of cleanliness ranking by the city.
Stabilization/Solidification of Oily Sludge Of Petroleum Storage Tank in Cement Matrix
Authors: Bellache Dihia , Moussaceb Karim , AIT-Mokhtar Abdel Karim
Published: June 2021

The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether stabilization solidification by hydraulic binders (e.g. Portland cement) can be used as a solution of a particular waste: an oily petroleum sludge originated from petroleum storage tanks. An example of an Algerian refinery is
taken for this purpose. After the waste characterization (X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), four mortars were prepared with different content of waste (0%, 3%, 5% and 9%). The increase in the percentage of waste in mortars increases the initial and final setting time and decrease the mechanical strengths.
The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) have shown a low metal leachability.
Work Experience, Obedience Pressure and Task Complexity on Audit Judgment
Authors: Aida Nur
Published: June 2021

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of variables work experience, obedience pressure and task complexity on audit judgment. This study involved 43 auditors and data collection using a survey method. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, e.g., validity and reliability tests, normality test, multicollinearity test and heteroscedasticity test, and hypothesis testing (multiple linear regression equation test, determination coefficient test, f-test and statistical t-test). Based on the research results, it is concluded that work experience has a positive and significant effect on audit judgment. The more experienced an auditor is, the greater the auditor's ability to solve any existing problems and can assist the auditor in predicting and detecting problems professionally so that the resulting audit judgment is better. Second, the pressure of obedience has a negative and significant effect on audit judgment. The more professionally an auditor conducts an audit, the better the resulting audit quality. Third, task complexity has a negative and significant effect on audit judgment. The auditor carries out the more complex the assignment, the more difficult it is to complete the tasks that must be completed, and it will reduce its performance, and the audit judgment issued will be worse.
Effect of Financial Performance on Stock-Prices in Food and Beverages Firm
Authors: Alam Nur , Aida Nur , Mukhtar Afiah
Published: June 2021

This study examines the effect of financial ratios on Food and Beverage stock prices (F&B). The study uses a sample of Food and Beverage firms listed on the IDX period 2017-2019. By the 31 companies as the population, we decided the sample just 14 F&B companies; the study's total sample was 42 financial statements and annual reports with the purposive sampling method. Hypothesis testing was used in this study using multiple linear regression analysis. This study indicates that Return on Equity (ROE) has a significant positive effect on stock prices. In contrast, Return on Assets (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Debt to Assets Ratio (DAR) partially has no significant effect on stock prices. Therefore, first, the company should pay attention to the level of the company's liability. The ratios related to the comparison with debt tend to be at a safe point from financial distress to increase the company's share price, especially in the food and beverage sub-sector. Secondly, for investors to invest in companies, especially the food and beverage sector, they need to pay attention to Return on Equity (ROE) because it significantly affects its stock price with this ratio.
Design and Implementation of Color Mixing and Painting Automatic Machine
Authors: Mohammed Ali Abdalftah Hamed
Published: June 2021

In this paper we represent a design and implementation of color mixing and painting machine, which shall work automatically, efficiently and lower the cost. The machine mixes Red, Green, and Blue RGB colors with a base to produce the required color defined by the user, and then pumps it through pipes in painting machine with a robotic arm, this painting machine will do the painting job. The model is designed and implemented using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC-S7300) which controls the process of mixing the required color, these colors is filled in container tanks, five tanks, three for each RGB colors, one for the base, and one for the cleaning liquid. The mixer uses a DC motor to rotate mixing fins. Although the robotic arm uses 5 DC motor to move the arm joints.
Performance of Structures with Floating Columns System Subjected to Lateral Loads
Authors: BASHIR ABDELRAHIM ABDALLA
Published: June 2021

Increasing population and scarcity of spaces in commercial districts, especially in the city center where crowding and number of cars require more parking spaces, and also the need for large areas un-interrupted by columns within the building, it was essential to find innovative structural design to fulfill these requirements. This was achieved by abandoning the continuity of some columns and replacing them with transfer beams that transfer their loads to the adjacent columns. In this paper the effect of wind loads on a building containing a floating column has been studied using ETABS program, three buildings of different heights were studied (G+5, G+10 and G+15). The wind loads were assumed to be resisted by the rigid frame system for one case of analysis and by the shear walls system at another case and compared models with others without a floating column to determine the percentage difference between them. Also the results were compared with the permissible limits ​​in a number of parameters such as Drift, P-Delta, Soft Story and Torsional Irregularity. A number of results were obtained, the most important are that there are no major differences between (floating column) building and (normal) building, they behave almost the same. The use of the shear walls system reduces the difference in results, especially in the soft story item. Also, the difference between the results of the floating column building and the normal building were found to decrease as the number of stories increased.
High Impedance Fault Identification in TCSC-Compensated Power Transmission Lines
Authors: Musa Mohammed Hussien Hassan
Published: June 2021

The conventional distance relaying scheme performs poorly under the presence of Thyristors-controlled series capacitors “TCSC”, and during the high impedance fault “HIF”. TCSC provide a variable impedance during an internal/external fault and HIF is undetectable by the conventional overcurrent relaying due to low-current amplitude with non-linear behavior. Therefore, this paper presents a new Method for identifying the high impedance fault in TCSC-compensated transmission line. It is use the square error ration of the current signals during the fault period and current signals during the safe operating period for extracting the fault. The cumulative sum is being used for enlarging the fault features and then output index is obtained in order to perform the high impedance fault. The proposed method has been tested under different fault circumstances such as multiple fault locations, and multiple fault inception time. Moreover, fault happened nearby the terminal, power flow change, and faults in the presence of noise are also being considered. The test results have shown that the proposed method is good in term of time response, and then it is more appropriate for high impedance fault in TCSC-compensated power line.
مبادئ التصميم الأمثلي للخزانات الخرسانية الأسطوانية المفتوحة
Authors: غريب محمد
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to find economic solutions for open cylindrical concrete tanks, in terms of different ratios of tank height, diameter and thickness, under several support conditions.
The equivalent strip method was utilized in the structural analysis procedures. Several numerical examples were presented, in order to clarify different aspects of this study.
التداخل الكهرطيسي وقياس الحقول المشعة
Authors: موسى محمد
Published: June 2021

The intreference from electromagnetic environment and electromagnetic radiotion became of practical importance with the development of telecommunication system and digital technologies.
The paper presents the important measuring system and mechamisms by which electromagnetic fields are generated in an electrical ,electronic products and are propagted to measurement system .
The electromagnetic interface between an .elecrical or electronic system that interacts with its own sub-systems and inevitably also with its environment must be carefully measured and controled in order to avoid a significant mismatchs.
التنفيذ العالي الأداء لمصفوفة استخراج الجذر التربيعي الخليوية
Authors: مازن المحايري محمد
Published: June 2021

Square root is a basic operation in computer graphics and scientific calculation applications. Because of the complexity of square root algorithms, the square root operation is hard to implement on hardware.
This paper shows how a non-restoring integer square root algorithm can be transformed to very efficient hardware (area and speed) .The cellular arithmetical arrays for non-restoring and restoring square root extraction are redesigned .The comparison shows the non-restoring algorithm can be implemented with fewest and result is the fastest circuit among other methods.
Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Quick Estimation of the URBAN Growth in the North Region of Khartoum State
Authors: M. Mohammed Saied Fathi
Published: June 2021

Satellite imagery acquired by IKONOS imaging system in 2003 and the analog map of the study area at scale 1:25000 (1984) have been used to estimate the urban growth taken place in the study area during the period 1984-2003. Remote sensing, digital image processing and GIS techniques were used to map this growth. Different procedures have been applied to the test data to achieve the objectives of this study. Image restoration as well as map projection and rectification operations were adopted to bring the test data at a common geo-reference coordinate system (UTM). Image enhancement and spatial topology processes have been applied and constructed to achieve the virtual representation of the real world. Analysis and overlay process were applied to the test data to model the urban growth in the study area between the year 1984 and the year 2003. The estimated amount of the urban growth was found to be approximately 3.249 Km2. The experimental test, carried throughout this study, proved that integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques have great impact on detecting environmental changes and man-made features variations through time.
Fatigue Behaviour of Nitrided En41A Nitralloy Steel
Authors: A-Hussein Al-Taee Abbas
Published: June 2021

It has been recognized that the fatigue properties of metals are greatly affected by the surface condition. In steel parts a marked improvement in fatigue performance can result from the formation of hard layer on the surface. The processes commonly used for surface hardening are nitridig and carburizing.
The reason for such improvement is attributed to the formation of compressive residual stresses in the hardened layer. Nitriding processes produce higher hardness, hence induces higher compressive residual stresses., which effectively increase fatigue performance.
In this work, a mixture of (NH3 –H2 )) gas was used for nitriding fatigue specimens of En41 A steel. The effect of nitriding condition such as, temperature, ammonia content., nitriding time, hardness, microstructure and the depth of nitrided layer was investigated. The results from fatigue tests were discussed and related with the hardness and the nature of microstructure of nitrided layer. It was found that higher hardness without the formation of Iron-nitride layer ( white layer) gives better fatigue properties.
Fundamental Parameters Affecting Non Linearity of Suspension Bridges
Authors: Gasim Ahmed , A.A.Elboushi Haitham
Published: June 2021

In this research factors affecting the non-linearity of suspension bridges were studied. The fundamental parameters studied are the main and side span lengths, cable sag, tower height, cable x-section and the flexural rigidity of the stiffening girder .The effect of variation of each parameter on the cable tension and the girder moments is studied.
A non-linear 2-dimensional mathematical model of a 3 span, continuous suspension bridge is considered . The solution is based on the second order deflection theory given in a computerized form. It has been found that the degree of effect of these parameters on the results of analysis in a descending order is: the main span length, side span length, cable sag, cable section and the stiffness of the bridge girder.
اختيار نظام لحام صفائح من النيكل بالليزر وتأثير بارامترات هذا النظام في أبعاد الدرزات اللحامية الناتجة
Authors: موسى عصام
Published: June 2021

The effect of Laser welding system’s parameters on the dimensions of Nickel welded joint with thickness not more than (1.0 mm) was studied. The principal parameters of impulsed Laser in this case , which had influence on the welded spot’s dimensions ( spot’s diameter D & penetration h ) , are : the power of Laser beam , impulse time & the focusing distance of Laser beam to the welded joint.
It was resulted that the values of dimension ( h ) increased (with high accelerating ) by the increasing of Laser beam’s power & impulse time & the decreasing of focusing distance , but the values of dimension D increased very slowly by the changes of above – mentioned parameters , and as result the values of melting form’s coefficient (Ψ = D / h ) decreased & reached the minimum when the melting penetration was about 1.0 mm ( the thiclness of Nickel plate ) .
The micro-structure studying of cross sections in the welded joints showed that if the power of Laser beam was so high that the tmperature of welded spot was so high than the meting point of welded metal, the latest one obsorbed a lot of gases from the surrounded atmosphere and variuos defects were noticed in this weld metal. So, it’s too important to use a sheilding gas ( like Argon ) to improve the reaction of these gases with the weld metal .
Theoretical Performance Comparison between Inline, Offset and Twin Crankshaft Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Hassan Taj Elssir , Bilal Abdelfattah , Mohy Eldin Gasim Maisara
Published: June 2021

The twin crankshaft engine is anew configuration of internal combustion engine that introduced to solve the engine liner wear problems, increase the engine efficiency and it has other advantages over conventional engines.
In this research, a computational work was carried out to compare the performance of three l engine configurations, namely, the conventional (inline) engine, the offset crankshaft engine and the twin crankshaft engine, of the same cylinder bore, speed, crank arm, piston mass and heat addition. The performance measured was the side thrust force that causes liner wear and the output torque.
Results showed that the twin crankshaft engine is superior in terms of torque which means it has larger efficiency than the other configurations.
Utilization of Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser in Cutting Acrylic Sheets
Authors: A. Al Muslet Nafie , Hassan Mohammadi Mohammadi , Babiker Haroun Abdel Karim
Published: June 2021

In this work, a Q – switched Nd:YAG laser is used to cut different thicknesses of acrylic sheets with different cutting speeds and laser repetition rates.
The obtained results for the transparent sheets show clearly that it is difficult to cut these sheets completely, this is due to the fact that most of the laser power will be transmitted through them, while some will be absorbed causing the heat affected zone (HAZ), which is inversely proportional to the cutting speed.
On the other hand, cutting of the black sheets, using the same laser parameters showed that the depth of cut is inversely proportional to the cutting speed and the cutting process is easy.
The results showed, also, a linear relation between laser repetition rate and cutting depth. Higher laser repetition rates resulted in an increase in the depth of cut and vice versa.
Long-term Deflections in Balanced Cantilever Prestressed Concrete Bridges
Authors: Onsa Eltayeb Hassan , Adam Elsafi Mohamed , Ahmed Abdalla Khogali , Elbagir Mohamed Elmontasir
Published: June 2021

Long-term deflections in balanced cantilever prestressed concrete bridges are reviewed. Burri and Shambat Bridges are taken as cases study to calculate long-term deflection. The two bridges were constructed at Khartoum State in the years 1972 and 1962, respectively. Due to the shortage of the basic data regarding the two bridges the AASHTO-LRFD is used to estimate and calculate the missing data in the two bridges.
The Moment Area method is used to calculate the long-term deflections due to the dead load, live load and prestressing force. The calculated long-term deflections are compared with measured live load deflections obtained from load tests made by a Chinese contractor requested to evaluate the two bridges.
Remarkable differences between theoretical and measured deflection at the end of cantilevers are encountered. The differences are probably due to the basic assumptions made in the formulations of deflection calculations. Some adjustments in the long-term deflection formulae are suggested to bring the calculated deflections in compatibility with measured ones.
Design and Testing a Remote Laser Listening System
Authors: Al-hity Kasim M. , M.Yousif Albashir Zomrawi
Published: June 2021

Laser listening device is one the modern and powerful techniques in the field of remote sensing. In this research a simple system was developed to remote sensing the audio signals. The reflected laser spot position variation is dependent on the variation in the reflector position. A suitable receiver was designed for receiving and demodulating the audio signal. Light dependence resistance (LDR) was used in the receiver as an optical detector and it was tested in three cases. This system was tested to remote sensing the audio signals up to 5m and it is easy to increase this distance. The results of this research are promising and one can conclude that this system can be used efficiently to sense the microvibrations, but with a careful alignment.
Steel Construction Industry in Sudan
Authors: Mahmood Ahmed Gasim , Yassin Altayeb
Published: June 2021

This paper contains the results of the field survey carried on the different sectors related to construction industry of steelwork in Sudan. The paper disclosed the effect of oil exploration and production in the increasing demand of structural steel. Structural steel gained considerable grounds as structural material due to its uncountable merits. Sudan is very rich with its mineral resources. Iron can be found in many locations all over the country. Governmental support to investment in iron mining is highly required in order to face the demand of development projects.
A Proposed Value Engineering System for the Sudanese Construction Industry
Authors: M.Awadalla Abdallah
Published: June 2021

Value Engineering (VE) is defined as a problem solving methodology which is applied in various parts of the world to the construction industry and it proved its effectiveness in optimizing costs and keeping acceptable levels of quality. A young engineer, Lawerence Miles, at the General Electric Company in U.S.A. developed VE methodology in1947. Instead of focusing on the actual part he was assigned to design, he focused attention on the function that it had to perform. VE system can be described as a choice of alternative components. These components when set together form the VE system. Each country chooses the alternative components that suit its economic and environmental conditions. A VE Standard is developed to provide an ideal benchmark of practice in design, construction, operation and maintenance works. Also, the standard is developed to encourage professionals working in the construction field to adopt this technique for improving the value of their projects. The government is expected to adopt this technique and to encourage the engineering departments to organize the application of VE studies on the engineering projects.
Simulation Performance of CDMA/QA in Mobile Channel
Authors: Bilal Abdalla Khalid Hamid
Published: June 2021

The aim of this work is to study, analyze and evaluate software the link performance of mobile communication system under the impairment of the multiple access schemes, down-link thermal noise and the multipath fading in the mobile channel.
For this purpose, modeling and simulation has been used to study the effects of nonlinearities in mobile channel using spread spectrum for Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access, with Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (DS-CDMA/QAM).
Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method for Extensible Beam Equations
Authors: A. Ishag Khaled , Azhari Okasha Faris
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we apply analytical method (homotopy perturbation transformmethod), for solving extensible beam, we discuss certain initial- boundary value problems for the nonlinear equation. This equation wasproposed by Woiniwsky- Krieger as a model for transverse deflection of an extensible beam of natural length whose ends are held a fixed distance apart.