bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INDICATION OF PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IN FANCONI'S ANEMIA
Authors: PEDERSEN F. KARUP , HERTZ H. , LUNDSTEEN C. , PLATZ P. , THOMSEN M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A girl with various congenital malformations developed pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow at the age of 6 years. A chromosome study of lymphocytes showed numerous breaks, gaps and rearrangements, allowing the diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia. Treatment with corticosteroids and splenectomy did not result in hematologic remission. Repeated immunologie studies showed increasingly deficient T cell function as judged by lymphocyte transformation studies and skin test reactivity, whereas T cell number, T/B cell ratio, immunoglobulins, complement factors and neutrophil function were normal. A severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis developed, but was successfully treated with pentamidine, sulfametoxazole with trimetoprim and transfer factor. Improvement of T cell function followed transfer factor therapy. Combined therapy with corticosteroids and androgens caused partial remission of the hematoiogic abnormalities. The probability of a primary immune deficiency in the patient is discussed.
FAMILIAL DYSAUTONOMIA IN A NON–JEWISH CHILD
Authors: ØRBECK HARALD , OFTEDAL GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Few documented cases of Riley‐Day syndrome fulfilling current diagnostic criteria have been recognized in non‐Jews. In our case the diagnosis was established in a Norwegian child despite the absence of Jewish origin. It represents a report of this syndrome with bilateral pathological changes in the hypothalamus in addition to extensive abnormal findings in the spinal cord and the autonomic ganglia. These findings may have significance with regard to the pathogenesis of the disease.
SYNTHETIC PATHS TO INSULIN
Authors: MARKUSSEN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The methods for synthetizing insulin molecules are surveyed and listed in four categories. Illustrative examples in each category are described.
PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF DIAZEPAM AND N‐DESMETHYLDIAZEPAM IN NEWBORN INFANTS AFTER INTRAVENOUS, INTRAMUSCULAR, RECTAL AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: LANGSLET A. , MEBERG A. , BREDESEN J. E. , LUNDE P. K. M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Five newborn infants (birth weight 2900–3600 g) were given diazepam (Valium®, LaRoche) for convulsive disorders in 4 equal doses intravenously, intramuscularly, rectally and orally with at least 24 hours intervals. Three infants were given doses of 1 mg diazepam/kg body weight, and 2 0.5 mg/kg. The parenteral solution of the drug was given intravenously, intramuscularly and rectally. Powder of tablets was given orally. After intravenous administration very high peak values of plasma‐diazepam concentration were obtained (5775–10800 ng/ml after 1 mg/kg, 2750 and 6450 ng/ml after 0.5 mg/kg). Next to intravenous administration rectal administration caused the most rapid increase in plasma‐diazepam concentration. Presumed anticonsulsive concentrations (150–300 ng/ml) were obtained within 5 min with 1 mg/kg as well as 0.5 mg/kg rectally. Rectal administration therefore could be a suitable treatment for seizures in the newborn infant. Accumulation of the main depressive metabolite N‐desmethyldiazepam occurred in all infants. This phenomenon must be taken into account when repeated doses of diazepam are administered.
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF KANAMYCIN AND INCUBATION IN NEWBORN CHILDREN WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Authors: WINKEL S. , BONDING P. , LARSEN P. KILDEGÅRD , ROOSEN J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: In an acoustico‐vestibular follow‐up investigation of 91 four‐ to six‐year‐old children with birth weight below 2 000 g, the same incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (19 %) was found in 54 children treated with kanamycin in the neonatal period as in a group of 37 infants not treated with kanamycin. When comparing a group of children treated with both kanamycin and incubator (54 children) with a group treated with incubator only (16 children), no definite signs of synergism between incubator noise and kanamycin were found. However, the 5 cases of moderate or severe hearing loss all belonged to the group treated with both incubator and kanamycin. These 5 children had more severe neonatal complications, especially apnea, cyanotic spells and hyperbilirubinemia, which may increase the severity of the hearing loss.

Among 56 incubator treated children with normal hearing (ISO standards) 52% had an audiogram pattern suggesting minor noise‐provoked cochlear lesions. Among 18 non‐incubator treated children with normal hearing only one child (6%) had a similar pattern. It should be stressed, however, that these children had no clinical symptoms of hearing loss.
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDHOOD IN AN AFRICAN CITY
Authors: HAILEMESKEL H. , TAFARI N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In a retrospective study of 120 children aged 1 month and above with bacterial meningitis confirmed by positive CSF culture, 88.4 % were found to be due to three common organisms: H. influenzae, Str. pneumoniae and N. meinigitidis. Gram‐negative enteric organisms accounted for 10% of the infections. Despite intensive antibiotic and ancillary therapy, there has been no significant change in case fatality and sequelae over the past decade in this institution. The present study confirms that factors related to the organism and the host are important in determining the outcome of therapy. H. influenzae and Str. pneumoniae infections are associated with statistically significant rise in case fatality rate and neurologic sequelae at the end of therapy. The presence of neurological abnormality at the time of diagnosis significantly increases case fatality rate while delay in diagnosis appears to primarily influence the frequency of neurological sequelae. Protein‐energy malnutrition increases the frequency of neurological sequelae and death from bacterial meningitis without significantly influencing the pattern of bacterial aetiology. The finding of enteric Gram‐negative meningitis in association with diarrhoeal disease in the present study adds a new dimension to one of the most prevalent health problems in developing countires and needs to be confirmed.
ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA TREATED WITH PARENTERAL AND ORAL VITAMINS A AND E, AND WITH MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES
Authors: AZIZI EYOB , ZAIDMAN JACOB L. , ESHCHAR JERACHMIEL , SZEINBERG ARYEH
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. An 11‐year‐old girl with abetalipoproteinemia was treated with parenteral vitamin A and vitamin E for two and a half years. Some improvement in neurological and visual deficits was noted. On changing to oral vitamin E and later with addition of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) to the diet, a considerable improvement in her general wellbeing, neuromuscular lesions and ophthalmological symptoms was noted. This regimen is being adhered to for five and a half years. The condition is stable with no further improvement.
FACTOR VIII ACTIVITY AND ANTIGEN IN SICK NEWBORNS WITH PATHOLOGICAL PROTEOLYSIS IN BLOOD
Authors: HENRIKSSON P. , HOLMBERG L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Factor VIII clotting activity (VII:C) and factor VIII related antigen (VIII:R:AG) were determined in 12 sick newborn infants with pathological proteolysis in their circulation. A marked discrepancy was noted between VIII:R:AG and VIII:C, the ratio in sick infants being, on average, 2: 1, while no discrepancy was seen in healthy newborns. The finding in the sick infants resembled a low grade plasminogen activation, which was studied experimentally. It is concluded that demonstration of a marked discrepancy between VIII: R: AC, and VIII:C is a useful indication of pathological proteolysis in sick newborns.
THE INFLUENCE OF AMPHETAMINE ADDICTION ON PREGNANCY AND THE NEWBORN INFANT1
Authors: ERIKSSON MARGARETA , LARSSON GUNILLA , WINBLADH BIRGER , ZETTERSTRÖM ROLF
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. influence of amphetamine addiction on pregnancy and the newborn infant has been studied retrospectively in 23 cases. Six of the mothers claimed to have discontinued their abuse in early pregnancy, while the remaining 17 mothers continued throughout. In comparison with the average number of visits by pregnant Swedish women to maternal health centres, the 17 women who continued their abuse made significantly fewer visits, although there was a wide variation. Complications related to pregnancy and delivery were few, however. One child with a myelomeningocele was stillborn. Six children were preterm and three were small for gestational age. Two full‐term children were extremely drowsy and in need of tube feeding, symptoms that might be due to the maternal abuse. Eight of the ten mothers, who had previous children placed in foster homes by the Social Welfare Department, left the hospital with their newborn infant in their care as well as all the eleven primiparae.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN NORWEGIAN ADOLESCENT SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: ASKEVOLD R. , HØSTMARK A. T. , VELLAR O. D. , BRYN M. VON KRÆMER , GLATTRE E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The frequency distribution of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in 172 boys and 232 girls, 13–16 years, from four elementary schools in Oslo has been determined. The cholesterol values were significantly higher for girls 15–16 years than for boys of the same age group. In the case of triglycerides boys 15–16 years had significantly higher values than boys 13–14 years. Otherwise no statistically significant differences with regard to sex and age were observed. The 85th percentiles have been suggested as appropriate upper normal limits. In all groups the 85th percentile for plasma cholesterol was slightly below 6 mmol/l. The corresponding plasma triglyceride value was below 2 mmol/l.
PHENOBARBITAL METABOLISM IN ADULTS AND IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: BORÉUS L. O. , JALLING B. , KÅLLBERG N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two adult volunteers and four newborn infants were given a single dose of phenobarbital. The output in the urine of unchanged phenobarbital and of the two main metabolites p‐hydroxy phenobarbital and conjugated p‐hydroxy phenobarbital was followed during 8 days in the newborns and during 2 or 4 weeks in the adults. The plasma levels were also determined and some pharmacokinetic constants calculated. It was found that the newborn patients excreted unchanged phenobarbital and p‐hydroxy phenobarbital in the same proportions relative to dose as did the adult volunteers, i.e. 16–17 % unchanged drug and 9–10 % of the metabolite during the first 8 days after administration. On the other hand, there was a clear‐cut age difference in output of conjugated metabolite where the newborns excreted only 5% of the given dose during the 8‐day observation period. The corresponding value for the adults was 15%. It is concluded that a poor conjugating capacity in the newborn may not have any serious consequences with a drug like phenobarbital where major alternative routes of excretion exist (unchanged drug and unconjugated metabolite). The clinical significance of immature drug metabolism in the newborn cannot be determined unless the excretion of all major metabolites and of unchanged drug is taken into consideration.
TOTAL BODY POTASSIUM FAT FREE WEIGHT AND MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER IN CHILDREN WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: DAVIES C. T. M. , von DÖBELN W. , FOHLIN L. , FREYSCHUSS U. , THORÉN C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Body Composition and aerobic work performance have been studied in 5 boys and 10 girls suffering from anorexia nervosa. The average ages of the two groups of children were 15.4 (boys) and 15.2 (girls) years respectively. Measurements of body composition included height, weight (W), body potassium (40K), skinfold thickness (SFT) at triceps and subscapularis, blood volume (BV) and femoral condylar and radioulnar breadths. From these measurements estimates of fat free weight (FFW), skeletal weight (S) and lean body mass (LBM) were made. Work performance was assessed by measurement of the maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). The patients had lost on average 26 % of their former body weight. The boys had on average >7 % of their body weight as fat compared with >9 % in the girls. However, the loss of weight was not solely due to loss of body fat, but could also be ascribed to a decrease in soft fatfree tissue. LBM or FFW could be estimated as well from SFT as from 40K. VO2 max averaged 1.43 1/min (35.1 ml/kg/min) in the anorexic boys and 1.24 1/min (33.2 ml/kg/min) in the girls and was associated with FFW and LBM. However, Vo, max was lower in relation to LBM than in healthy children of the same age. Thus it was suggested that the emaciation in anorexia is directly attributable to loss of both fat and muscle and accounts in part for the reduction of aerobic power observed. However, an important factor may be the debilitating effect of starvation on the patient, particularly in its advanced and later stages, which reduces his/her level of habitual physical activity.
BLOOD VOLUME OF CHILDREN WITH LEUKEMIA
Authors: LINDERKAMP O. , LAU B. , RIEGEL K. P. , BETKE K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.Blood volume was measured using125iodinated human serum albumin in 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in 7 children with various types of leukemia. Total blood volume was normal in patients without marked enlargement of spleen and liver, and increased progressively as spleen and liver size increased. The hypervoiemia was entirely due to expansion of plasma volume. In the children with marked hepatosplenomegaly, only hematocrit (but not red cell mass) was below the normal range in most cases. Both hematocrit and red cell mass were subnormal in the majority of patients without considerably enlarged spleen and liver. Therefore, anemia in children with marked hepatosplenomegaly may be partly caused by hemodilution of red blood cells in expanded plasma volume.
LIPID AND TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF HUMAN MILK
Authors: BELAVADY B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The recent work on lipids and trace elements in human milk has been reviewed. Lipids in human milk are specially important for the development of the central nervous system of the infant, in addition to being a source of nutrients. Recent studies revealed that the concentration of total lipids was low in milk samples from Indian women belonging to the low socio‐economic group: linoleic acid constituted a high percent of the fatty acids. The bile‐stimulated lipase activity of milk was higher in Ethiopian than in Swedish milk samples. Vitamin D sulphate, the water soluble conjugate of vitamin D, was present in higher concentrations than that reported for vitamin D in lipid fraction; however, the antirachitic activity of vitamin D sulphate is yet to be studied. Copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were high in samples obtained during the first month of lactation. Copper and zinc levels continued to fall gradually till the end of one year lactation. The mean concentrations of zinc and copper in mature milk samples from Indian mothers were similar to those in American samples, though both the samples showed wide variation. A high proportion of zinc in milk was bound to proteins.
RENAL FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION IN THE REMNANT KIDNEY IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL AGENESIS AND IN PATIENTS NEPHRECTOMIZED IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: APERIA A. , BROBERGER O. , WILTON P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The renal response to volume expansion was determined in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to unilateral renal agenesis (URA) and in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to nephrectomy (Nz). Four healthy controls were also studied. The studies were performed during water diuresis and following i.v. infusion of isotonic saline solution. Conventional clearance techniques were used. GFR and PAH clearence were increased to about the same extent in Nz and in URA. Fractional Na+ excretion was highest in the Nz group and lowest in the control group. It was higher in the Nz group than in the URA group. Fractional water excretion (V/GFR) and free water clearance (Ch2o) were also determined and the results indicate that the high fractional excretion of Na+ from the hypertrophied kidney can be attributed to reduced fractional re‐absorption of filtrated Na+ both in the proximal and the distal tubules. The fractional Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule appears to be higher in URA than in Nz. It is concluded that glomerular tubular balance for Na+ is more similar to that found in healthy controls if the stimulus to hypertrophy occurs prenatally than if it occurs postnatally.
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH IN COPENHAGEN 1956–1971 II. Social Factors and Morbidity
Authors: BIERING‐SØRENSEN FIN , JØRGENSEN TORBEN , HILDEN JØRGEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Biering‐Sørensen, F., Jørgensen, T. and Hilden, J. (Municipal Agency of Infant Health Visitors, Copenhagen, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark). Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956–71. II. Social factors and morbidity. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 1, 1979.—131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among infants born in the Municipality of Copenhagen during 1956‐71 were analysed on the basis of data collected prospectively by the infant health visitors and abstracted from police reports. Compared with controls, a significantly larger number of SIDS infants had been born out of wedlock, were living only with their mother, had parents in a less secure occupation, lived in more crowded, poor‐quality dwellings and districts. The “home standard” was lower among the SIDS families, including a lower standard of infant care, a higher percentage of not keeping the appointments with the infant health visitors, and a lower mental capacity in the mothers; there was no difference with respect to the mother's physical capacity. More congenital malformations and more cases of asphyxia were found among the SIDS infants, and a significantly larger number of the SIDS infants had been admitted to hospital, with a tendency to being kept there longer. It is concluded that a relationship exists between poor social conditions, increased morbidity, and SIDS. At the same time, it is pointed out that during recent years the differences between cases and controls as regards certain of the social parameters studied have decreased.
FREE AND BOUND TRYPTOPHAN IN HUMAN PLASMA DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD
Authors: TRICKLEBANK M. D. , PICKARD F. J. , SOUZA S. W. DE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The concentration of tryptophan and the degree of binding of the amino acid to protein were examined in human plasma during the perinatal period. Both total and unbound (free) tryptophan were higher in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation, the concentration gradient being approximately 1: 2. The proportion of the total plasma tryptophan concentration that was not bound to protein was less in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation. After birth the proportion in infant plasma fell significantly. Both total and free tryptophan fell during the first 24 hours of postnatal life. Total tryptophan returned to the cord vein plasma level 6–8 days after birth whilst free tryptophan failed to increase during the period of the observations. In premature infants total and free tryptophan also declined in concentration 12–24 hours after birth, suggesting the phenomenon to be related to birth rather than to gestational age. Phenylalanine remained unchanged whilst tyrosine increased in concentration during the first 80 hours of postnatal life. Thus, the availability of tryptophan to the tissues appears to decline during the immediate postnatal period and the results suggest that the requirement for tryptophan during this time may exceed the supply from standard artifical milk preparations.
ROLE OF PROLONGED BREAST FEEDING IN INFANT GROWTH
Authors: SAARINEN U. M. , SIIMES M. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The growth of 238 healthy full‐term infants was followed under a carefully monitored nutritional protocol during the first year of life. The infants were weaned at different ages either to a proprietary infant milk formula or to a home‐prepared cow's milk formula. Solid foods were introduced at 3.5 months of age. The 56 infants who were breast‐fed for a period of at least 6 months were compared to infants weaned prior to one month of age to one of the two milk regimens. In the breast‐fed infants, the weight, weight‐for‐height‐age, and skinfold thickness were similar to values in the proprietary formula‐fed infants but were lower than the corresponding values in the cow's milk‐fed infants at 6 months of age and subsequently. By using weight‐for‐height‐age as a criterion, no obesity was found among any of the 238 infants, and only 1.7% were considered to be overweight. The results indicate that present recommendations for infant feeding in Finland—including prolonged breast feeding, the use of proprietary milk formulas after weaning, and later introduction of solid foods—prevent over‐nutrition.
INCIDENCE OF COELIAC DISEASE AND TRANSIENT GLUTEN INTOLERANCE IN CHILDREN IN A SWEDISH URBAN COMMUNITY
Authors: BERG N. O. , LINDBERG T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The incidence of coeliac disease in children in the city of Malmö, South Sweden, was 1: 982 during 1966 to 1975. The diagnostic criteria were: flat intestinal mucosa on gluten‐containing diet, free of symptoms, and improvement in mucosal morphology on gluten‐free diet, and morphological and/or evident clinical relapse (three times) on gluten challenge. 6 (12 %) of 49 children with initially a flat mucosa still had a normal mucosa on a gluten‐containing diet for two years or longer, having so‐called transient gluten intolerance.
PARTIAL TRISOMY 15 AND INTRACTABLE SEIZURES
Authors: TAYSI K. , DEVIVO D C. , SEKHON G. S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The clinical and cytogenetic findings of a case with partial trisomy of chromosome 15 are presented. Dysmorphic features of this newly recognized syndrome are too nonspecific and mild to permit the physician to make clinical diagnosis or to consider obtaining cytogenetic studies in eary life. However, the present case indicates that seizures represent an important part of the clinical presentation of this rare chromosomal syndrome, in addition to severe mental retardation.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL COURSES OF BREAST FEEDING
Authors: SJÖLIN STIG , HOFVANDER YNGVE , HILLERVIK CHARLOTTE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A prospective study of the course of breast feeding was carried out in 75 randomly selected women. Weekly interviews were performed from the day after delivery until the termination of breast feeding, but in no case for longer than 6 months. In each case a detailed analysis was made of the factors leading to transient lactation crises or to complete cessation of breast feeding. A second group of 71 mothers, also randomly selected, was interviewed in retrospect only, 6 months after delivery, and served as controls. Twenty‐four weeks after delivery 47% of the mothers in the weekly interview group were still breast feeding. The corresponding figure in the control group was 38%. In both groups only few mothers terminated lactation for medical reasons, while about one fourth stopped for some other reason and about one half because of a combination of factors. Brief case reports are presented to illustrate how varying the factors were that threatened breast feeding.
SCREENING FOR HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA IN 10 000 DANISH NEWBORNS Follow‐up Studies in 522 Children with Elevated Cord Serum VLDL‐LDL‐Cholesterol
Authors: ANDERSEN GUNNAR E. , LOUS PER , FRIIS‐HANSEN BENT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Among 10440 newborns, 522 with upper 5 percentile values for very low‐low density lipoprotein cholesterol in cord serum were selected for follow‐up studies. Follow‐up was possible in 446 of these 522 families (85%) and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was diagnosed in 11. In 273 of the 522 children, serum lipids were determined between the ages of 1 and 2 years and were now found to be normal, except in the 11 children with FH. Furthermore the serum lipids were compared in subgroups of these 273 children divided according to obstetric complications (i.e. low birth‐weight, perinatal asphyxia and antepartum betamethasone treatment), which may cause a rise in serum lipids at birth. No differences were found between these subgroups at the age of 1–2 years.
MALE HYPOSPADIAS, 625 CASES, ASSOCIATED MALFORMATIONS AND POSSIBLE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Authors: SVENSSON J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Records from 625 patients with hypospadias have been reviewed, with reference to associated malformations. Cryptorchidism was found to be the most common associated malformation and was present in 6% of cases with hypospadias. The highest incidence of cryptorchidism was found in the more severe forms of hypospadias. Other concomitant genital malformations, such as bifid scrotum, hypoplasia of penis and remnants of the Müllerian system showed the same pattern. The recorded incidence of bifid scrotum and hypoplasia of the penis was 4% and 8% respectively. A high incidence of abnormalities in the lower urinary tract was found; 50 % of 84 patients investigated. The hypothesis of hypospadias being a result of testicular hormone insufficiency is discussed.
ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN PUBERTY Serum ACTH, Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone in Girls and Boys
Authors: APTER D. , PAKARINEN A. , HAMMOND G. L. , VIHKO R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Serum ACTH, Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were determined in 200 girls and 80 boys. In girls, serum DHEA showed significant increases between all bone age groups from the youngest one, 7.5 years, to 12.5 years. A plateau was then seen up to 15.5 years of age, followed by a continuous increase to the oldest group (18.5 years). In boys, a progressive increase in DHEA was also seen from the youngest age group (8.5 years), but a period of a more rapid increase did not commence until after 12.5 years of age and it then continued to the oldest group. The level of DHEA in boys was significantly lower than in girls until the oldest group, in concert with the earlier pubertal development in girls. The importance of DHEA in initiating the early physical signs of normal puberty seems also to be different in the two sexes, since serum DHEA in girls was almost double that seen in boys, when compared according to the stage of pubic hair growth. Serum Cortisol showed a small progressive increase in girls, the concentrations postmenarche being significantly higher than premenarche. In boys, a decrease was seen up to 12.5 years of age and an increase occurred from 16.5 years onwards. In both sexes, ACTH and Cortisol levels showed an inverse but nonsignificant relationship to each other. Serum ACTH levels in the different age groups showed no significant changes.
DELETION OF THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 11 A Clinical Entity
Authors: FELDING I. , MITELMAN F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 11, an aberration undetectable in conventional chromosome staining, was identified with Giemsa banding in a female infant with multiple congenital anomalies. A survey is given of the clinical findings in the few cases so far reported.
THE STATE OF HEALTH OF SWEDISH CHILDREN
Authors: SJÖLIN S. , SMEDBY B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Sjölin, S. and Smedby, B. (Departments of Paediatrics and Social Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). The state of health of Swedish children. An attempt is made briefly to describe the present health problems of Swedish children. The report is based on data available in official statistics or collected from special studies. It is concluded that the general state of health of Swedish children is good when assessed by commonly used criteria. The mortality pattern is dominated by perinatal and accidental deaths, but also neoplasms are of importance. There are indications that genetic and handicapping disorders, and psychosocial maladjustment will receive more attention in the future.
PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS IN SWEDEN: With Special Attention to the Work of the Joint Committee for Prevention of Accidents
Authors: BERFENSTAM R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Berfenstam, R. (Department of Social Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Prevention of childhood accidents in Sweden. In the industrialized countries accidents constitute one of the greatest threats to children and Sweden was no exception to this. A joint committee was thus formed in 1954 to co‐ordinate preventive work. Official bodies for health and education, safety organizations, some professional groups and voluntary organizations, were members of the Committee from the beginning. The Committee's role has been to stimulate investigations and research in safety, to work for a safer environment through planning and safety regulations and to provide information to parents and other key‐groups. An important part of the preventive effort has been research, which has emphasized the seriousness of the problem and provided a basis for safety work and subsequent information. Information has been channeled through the mass media as well as child welfare centres, schools and local groups which have become involved in safety matters. In order to make the environment safer the Swedish Board for Consumer Policy has a programme to test household equipment. The National Board of Urban Planning has drawn up regulations for the design of homes and their immediate surrounding. There seems to be a better understanding today of this important health problem. A tendency toward a lower number of fatal accidents can also be seen through the last few decades.
CHILD‐ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISORS—A NEW STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS
Authors: GUSTAFSSON L. H. , HAMMARSTRÖM A. , LINDER K. , STJERNBERG E. , SUNDELIN C. , THULIN C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Gustafsson, L. H. et al. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Child‐environment supervisors—a new strategy for prevention of childhood accidents. This paper is a provisional report from an ongoing field experiment in Uppsala, Sweden, with the aim to reduce the number of serious childhood accidents. Groups of parents have been systematically trained to function as child‐environment supervisors. The experiences have been very positive so far. The child‐environment supervisors have proved to possess good knowledge about how to prevent accidents. A large number of hazards have been detected and successfully eliminated. The groups are now taking an active part in the planning of new housing estates. The findings also indicate that the Child Health Organization should be able to play a more active role in the work of environmental improvement for the safety of children. A suggestion for a collective strategy for such activity has been worked out.
DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS OF THYROID FUNCTION IN HYPOTHYROID INFANTS DIAGNOSED BY SCREENING
Authors: HULSE J. A. , JACKSON DOREEN , GRANT D. B. , BYFIELD P. G. H. , HOFFENBERG R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hulse, J. A., Jackson, D., Grant, D. B., Byfield, P. G. H. and Hoffenberg, R. (Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London W.C.1). Different measurements of thyroid function in hypothyroid infants diagnosed screening. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 227: 21, 1979.—Different measurements of thyroid function including I123 thyroid scanning were performed in 16 hypothyroid infants diagnosed by a TSH screening project. These results were then related to the clinical presentation and the bone age. Although T3 levels were preferentially maintained, it was the best single measure of the severity of hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin may have a role in the diagnosis of athyrosis. Scanning showed that athyrosis was uncommon (12.5%) but an ectopic gland occurred in 40%, and accounts for many of the less severely affected cases found on screening. Some of these measurements may have prognostic significance.
D‐PENICILLAMINE, A NON‐BILIRUBIN‐DISPLACING DRUG IN NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Authors: BRODERSEN R. , LAKATOS L. , KARMAZSIN L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Brodersen, R., Lakatos, L. and Karmazsin, L. (Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, Denmark, and Pediatric Clinic, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary). D‐penicillamine, a non‐bilirubin‐displacing drug in neonatal jaundice. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:31, 1980.—D‐penicillamine, a drug used clinically for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, was tested for interference with the binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin by three methods: 1) The peroxidase technique, investigating the effect of D‐penicillamine on the equilibrium concentration of unbound bilirubin in a solution containing a molar excess of albumin; 2) the MADDS method, measuring the concentration of vacant bilirubin binding site on albumin in a solution of pure albumin, or infant blood serum, with added D‐penicillamine; and 3) injection of D‐penicillamine into Gunn rats and determination of any decrease of plasma biiirubin which would be caused by displacement of the pigment. Results were negative in all cases. Quantitatively, the doses of D‐penicillamine used clinically cannot displace bilirubin from its binding to albumin. The ameliorating effect on hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn must be due to some other mechanism
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN NEWBORN INFANTS: II. Pulmonary and neuro‐developmental sequelae in relation to original diagnosis
Authors: LINDROTH M. , SVENNINGSEN N. W. , AHLSTöRM H. , JONSON B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Lindroth, M., Svenningsen, N. W., Ahlström, H. and Jonson, B. (Neonatal Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Evaluation of mechanical ventilation in newborn infants. II. Pulmonary and neuro‐developmental sequelae in relation to original diagnosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 151, 1980.—The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and neuro‐developmental sequelae in 135 infants surviving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in the newborn period were studied in relation to primary disorders requiring IPPV. The rate of BPD increased over the 6‐year study period in hyaline membrane disease survivors from 14% to 28%, but decreased in infants with apnoea repetens from 38% to 13%. Immaturity seemed to be one important factor for development of BPD. The incidence of neuro‐developmental sequelae in IPPV treated infants fell from 22% to 13% over the years. In infants with birth weight below 1501 g the rate of neurological handicaps was 11%.
GROWTH PATTERNS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURES AND CHANGES IN SYSTOLIC TIME INTERVALS IN THE NEWBORN AND INFANT: A Longitudinal Echocardiographic Study
Authors: OBERHäNSLI I. , BRANDON G. , LACOURT G. , FRIEDLI B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Oberhänsli, I., Brandon, G., Lacourt, G. and Friedli, B. (Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland). Growth patterns of cardiac structures and changes in systolic time intervals in the newborn and infant. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 239, 1980.—A longitudinal study was undertaken in 21 newborns to determine cardiac growth pattern by echocardiography over the course of the first year of life. Most cardiac structures increased in size as a linear function of age and weight; however, the right ventricular end‐diastolic diameter remained unchanged so that the RV/LV ratio decreased as a parabolic function of age. Left and right ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTI, LVSTI) after birth were also studied. The ratio of left ventricular preejection period (LVPEP) to left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased markedly immediately after birth and subsequently remained at a constant mean value (0.30 ± 0.04) for the rest of the study period. Right ventricular systolic time interval ratios (RVPEP/RVET) decreased rapidly and significantly during the first days of life (from a mean value of 0.39 ± 0.08 in the first 24 hours to 0.28 ± 0.05 on the 6th day of life). Constant values of 0.24 ± 0.03 were found from the 3rd month of life onwards. The decrease in RVPEP/RVET in the first days of life followed a parabolic function reflecting the physiological decrease of pulmonary vascular resistance after birth.
PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD IN NEWBORN INFANTS AND THEIR MOTHERS COMPARED WITH THE AMOUNT OF EXTRA PYRIDOXOL TAKEN DURING PREGNANCY AND BREAST FEEDING
Authors: EJDERHAMN J. , HAMFELT A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ejderhamn, J. and Hamfelt, A. (Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Sundsvalls Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden.) Pyridoxal phosphate concentration in blood in newborn infants and their mothers compared with the amount of extra pyridoxol taken during pregnancy and breast feeding, Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:327, 1980.—The concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate have been estimated in cord blood and capillary blood samples taken at 3 hours, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days and 6 weeks of age, from eleven fullterm infants. Pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were also determined in venous blood samples taken from the mothers at delivery. A highly significant correlation between pyridoxal phosphate in cord whole blood and venous whole blood taken from the mothers at delivery was found. Infants whose mothers had taken extra pyridoxol during pregnancy had a higher concentration of pyridoxal phosphate at 3 hours of age compared with infants whose mothers had not taken extra pyridoxol. During the first week of life the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in capillary blood decreases strikingly. At 6 weeks of age the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate is in the same range as that of normal adults. Findings are also discussed which indicates that: 1) Vitamin B6 is transported in breast milk; 2) The giving of supplemental pyridoxol during pregnancy in ordinary doses (2–6 mg/day) does not have an antilactogenic effect. No correlation between the erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activation with pyridoxal phosphate in vitro and pyridoxal phosphate concentration in plasma was found during the first 6 weeks of life.
CHESTWALL COMPLIANCE IN FULL‐TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: GERHARDT TILO , BANCALARI EDUARDO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Gerhardt, T. and Bancalari, E. (Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Florida, U.S.A.) Chestwall compliance in full‐term and premature infants. Acta Pediatr Scand, 69: 359, 1980.—Chestwall compliance was determined in 26 premature infants (BW 1 320±410 g, gest. age 32 weeks) and in 10 full‐term infants (BW 3 155±810 g) who were ventilated mechanically. Chestwall compliance in premature infants was 6.4 ml/ (cmH2O×kg), decreasing with advancing gestational age to 4.2 ml/(cmH2O×kg) in full‐term infants. There was a linear correlation (r= 0.95 and 0.79 respectively) between tidal volume and the pressure transmitted to the esophagus throughout the tidal volume range. The portion of airway pressure transmitted to the esophagus depended on the infant's lung compliance. Only 5% was transmitted in infants with hyaline membrane disease, 12% in newborns with a patent ductus arteriosus, 17 % in normal prematures and 25% in normal full‐term infants. The findings suggest that during mechanical ventilation the high chestwall compliance and low lung compliance of premature infants prevent a significant rise in intrapleural pressure which could interfere with central venous return and cardiac output. However, using high inspiratory pressures and continuous distending airway pressure in the absence of lung pathology may result in a decreased cardiac output. The highly compliant chestwall of the premature infant may exert insufficient outward recoil and might be one of the causes of a low functional residual capacity and chronic pulmonary failure in the premature infant.
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE (VIP)‐PRODUCING GANGLIONEUROMA IN A CHILD WITH CHRONIC DIARRHEA
Authors: HANSEN LARS PETER , LUND HANS T. , FAHRENKRUG JAN , SØGAARD HELMER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hansen, L. P., Lund, H. T., Fahrenkrug, J. and Søegaard, H. (The Department of Paediatrics, Central Hospital, Randers, The Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, and the Department of Pathology, Municipal Hospital, Árhus, Denmark). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)‐producing ganglioneuroma in a child with chronic diarrhea. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 419, 1980. In a 2½‐year‐old girl with persistent watery diarrhea a retroperitoneal tumour and lymph node composed of benign ganglioneuroma cells were found. The histological picture was compatible with an original metastasizing neuroblastoma which has passed through a stage of late maturation. Electron microscopy of the ganglioneuroma showed cytological evidence of increased secretory activity. The tumour contained large amounts of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and preoperative plasma concentration of this peptide was increased. Postoperatively the VIP concentration was normalized, and the diarrhea ceased. Analysis of catecholamine metabolites in urine was normal. The findings suggest that the watery diarrhea was due to the benign VIP‐producing neural crest tumour.
GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbAtc) AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN JUVENILE ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: POLLAK A. , WIDHALM K. , HAVELEC L. , FRISCH H. , SCHOBER E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Pollak, A., Widhalm, K., Havelec, L., Frisch, H. and Schober, E. (Division of Neonatology and Congenital Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Institute for Medical Statistics and Documentation, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma lipoproteins in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:475, 1980.—Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and hemoglobin A1c. estimates of diabetic control were measured in 19 juvenile‐onset diabetics (8 girls and 11 boys) upon admission (day 1) and at the end (day 25) of a 4‐week summer camp, where the patients were put on a controlled diet with a daily linoleic acid intake of about 16 g. Lipoproteins were also measured in 64 healthy controls. When values on day 25 were compared with those of day one, a slight but significant decrease in mean hemoglobin Ate (10.4±0.3 vs. 9.8±0.4% of total Hb; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.05) was noted, as well as an increase in mean high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.0±0.07 vs. 1.3±0.1 mmol/l; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.02) and a decrease in mean triglycerides (1.2±0.1 vs. 0.7±0.04 mmol/l; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.001). A linear correlation was found between hemoglobin A1c on day 25 and urine glucose excretion during the camping period (p < 0.01). However, no relationship was noted between hemoglobin A1c and either lipids or lipoproteins. Other factors, e.g. the controlled intake of saturated fat or physical activity could have been responsible for the changes in triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels noted by the end of the camp
THE AARSKOG SYNDROME
Authors: OBERITER V. , LOVRENc'I MAGDA KADRNKA , SCHMUTZER LJERKA , KRAUS O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Oberiter, V., Kadrnka Lovrenc'i, M., Schmutzer, Lj. and Kraus, O. (Department of Paediatrics and Department of Urology, Dr. Mladen Stojanovi University Hospital, Zagreb, Yugoslavia). The Aarskog syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 567, 1980.—The Aarskog syndrome is characterized by short stature, peculiar facies, shawl scrotum, cryptorchism, broad, short hands and hyperextensibility of the proximal interphalangeal joints. A boy with typical features of the Aarskog syndrome is presented. The proband's mother, sister and grandmother were short and strongly resembled him. Palmar dermatoglyphics showed the presence of whorls in the interdigital areas of the affected mother and son and the absence of this pattern on the palms of the sister.
DIALYSIS ENCEPHALOPATHY IN A NON‐DIALYSED URAEMIC BOY TREATED WITH ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE ORALLY
Authors: NATHAN E. , PEDERSEN S. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Nathan, E. and Pedersen, S. E. (Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Denmark). Dialysis encephalopathy in a non‐dialysed uraemic boy treated with aluminium hydroxide orally. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 793, 1980.—Brain aluminium concentration has been found significantly higher in patients dying with dialysis encephalopathy than in uraemic patients without this syndrome, and it has previously been reported only in haemodialysed patients. We report a case of high brain aluminium concentration in a uraemic boy showing symptoms of severe encephalopathy. He was never dialysed but only treated with aluminium hydroxide orally. Baluarte reported corresponding symptoms in non‐dialysed uraemic children, but brain aluminium concentrations were not reported. His patients as well as ours had very high levels of parathormone which may play a role in the resorption and distribution of aluminium. Aluminium preparations should be avoided in children with renal failure.
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION OF PREMATURE NEWBORN RABBITS; EFFECTS OF POSITIVE END‐EXPIRATORY PRESSURE ON LUNG MECHANICS AND LUNG MORPHOLOGY
Authors: NILSSON R. , GROSSMANN G. , ROBERTSON B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Nilsson, R., Grossmann, G. and Robertson, B. (Department of Paediatric Pathology and Department of Paediatrics, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden). Artificial ventilation of premature newborn rabbits; effects of positive end‐expiratory pressure on lung mechanics and lung morphology. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 597, 1980.—44 premature newborn rabbits, removed by hysterotomy on day 27 of gestation, were ventilated with positive pressure under differing standardized conditions, with or without application of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP; 5 cm H2O). After 10 min ventilation, compliance of the lung‐thorax system was significantly higher in fetuses ventilated with PEEP than in controls. The application of PEEP also resulted in a significantly lower maximal expiratory air flow compared to controls in groups ventilated with standardized tidal volume. Morphometric evaluation revealed bronchiolar epithelial lesions to be less prominent in fetuses treated with PEEP. Our findings show that application of PEEP has a beneficial effect on lung mechanics during artificial ventilation and that it reduces the risk of epithelial damage to the airways, presumably by promoting uniform expansion of the lung parenchyma.
CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: UHARI M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Uhari, M. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland). Changes in blood pressure during the first year of life. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:613, 1980.—Changes in blood pressure during the first year of life were investigated in a one‐year follow‐up study. The blood pressures were measured at the age of one day from 245 newborns, at the age of four or five days from 224 infants, at the age of four months from 105 infants, and at the age of one year from 68 infants. Blood pressure increased considerably during the first five days. The increase of mean systolic blood pressure was markedly bigger, from 59 to 90 mmHg, than that of mean diastolic blood pressure, which was from 43 to 55 mmHg. The correlations of blood pressure were calculated with prenatal history, physical measurements and parental blood pressure. Significant correlations were found with physical factors but not with the prenatal history or parental blood pressure. The tracking of the blood pressure was not good. The distribution of the blood pressure values was normal. It is concluded that for the time being there are no reliable predictive factors to hypertension which could be found in early infancy.