bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masturbation in the light of Islam and Christianity - allowed or not?
Authors: Assad Salman , Shahbaz Mujtaba , Ajam Yousaf
Published: June 2016

One of the interesting and intention seeking topic most commonly discussed all over the world regarding its allowance in Islam and Christianity. Masturbation has been thought as one of the means for releasing stress. However, wanking frequently because of lust obviously has some side an effect medically about which a lot of research works still needs to be done. Some medical experts believe that it may lead to infertility if performed frequently; with decreased sperm count, volume and density. Islam has forbidden the act of masturbating and considered it an act of sin. The reason it is called a sin is due to the overwhelming probability that the individual could get involved in adultery. Both religions endorse the fact that marriage helps to avoid adultery. However, masturbating temporarily decreases sperm count, that is why, if you visit fertility clinics for sperm analysis, they ask you not to masturbate or have sexual intercourse for more accurate assessment. The only time where reduction in sperm per ejaculate becomes an issue clinically is if a couple is having difficulty to conceive, in which case the first suggestion a physician would make is for the man to abstain from masturbation between sessions of sexual intercourse (if there is any concern that this is contributing to fertility issues). Frequent masturbation may also lead to auto-erotic asphyxia. Autoerotic or sexual asphyxia, a potentially lethal sexual practice, refers to sexual arousal that is produced while reducing the oxygen supply to the brain.
Type III CRISPR complexes from Thermus thermophilus.
Authors: Szychowska Marta , Siwek Wojciech , Pawolski Damian , Kazrani Asgar Abbas , Pyrc Krzysztof , Bochtler Matthias
Published: June 2016

Pathogen-specific acquired immunity in bacteria is mediated by the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas systems. Thermus thermophilus strain HB8 contains CRISPR systems of several major subtypes (type I, IIIA and IIIB), and has become a widely studied model for CRISPR biology. We have selected two highly expressed CRISPR spacers, crRNA 2.1 and crRNA 2.2, and have enriched endogenous T. thermophilus proteins that co-purify with these crRNAs. Mass spectroscopy indicates that the chromatography protocol enriches predominantly Csm complex subunits, but also Cmr subunits. After several chromatographic steps, size exclusion chromatography indicated a molecular mass of the crRNA associated complex of 265±69 kDa. In agreement with earlier work, crRNAs of different lengths (containing the selected spacers) were observed. Most of these were completely lost when several T. thermophilus csm genes were ablated.
Gestão de resíduos sólidos: um estudo sobre a coleta e destinação na esfera municipal
Authors: Da Rocha Garcia Editinete André , Diniz Gleison Mendonça
Published: June 2016

O trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a coleta e a destinação dos resíduos sólidos em 65 dos 184 municípios do Estado do Ceará. O objetivo geral foi identificar a forma de realização da coleta dos resíduos sólidos, além de sua destinação pelos municípios. A pesquisa insere a urgente necessidade de frear o desequilíbrio ambiental do planeta a partir de políticas públicas. Para responder a questão de pesquisa, realizou-se o levantamento dos dados por meio de um formulário aplicado pelo Tribunal de Contas dos Municípios do Estado do Ceará referente ao sistema de coleta municipal de resíduos sólidos. Para tratamento dos dados foram utilizados os softwares IBM SPSS 21 e Microsoft Excel 2012, juntamente à técnica de análise de conglomerados. Constatou-se que todos os municípios da amostra pesquisada realizavam coleta regular de resíduos sólidos, mas apenas 8% declararam efetuar a coleta seletiva, enquanto 85% realizavam a coleta diária, porém sem a utilização de veículos apropriados. Verificou-se também agressão ao meio-ambiente com a presença de queimadas em lixões dos municípios. O estudo demonstrou, portanto, uma realidade preocupante, considerando a concentração de resíduos hospitalares em lixões, problemas no transporte, inexistência de coleta seletiva, além de efeitos ambientais indesejáveis para as futuras gerações.
Amlodipine‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth With Unusual Presentation as a Gingival Mass and Rapid Regression After Dose Reduction
Authors: Gopal Vinitha , Quo Brian C. , Chainani‐Wu Nita
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Gingival overgrowth, a known side effect of calcium channel blockers, particularly nifedipine, usually presents as a diffuse overgrowth. An unusual presentation of amlodipine‐induced gingival overgrowth is presented here, with a large, erythematous gingival mass as the most prominent feature, and rapid, almost complete resolution of the mass after reduction of amlodipine dosage.

Case Presentation: A boy, aged 7 years, presented with a gingival mass first noticed a week previously, with no associated discomfort or bleeding. His medical history was significant for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, bone marrow transplant 5 years previously, and subsequent development of severe chronic graft‐versus‐host‐disease. His medication included: 1) amlodipine; 2) enalapril; 3) tacrolimus; 4) sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; 5) voriconazole; 6) hydrocortisone cream; and 7) intravenous immunoglobulin infusions. Allergies included: 1) vancomycin; 2) metoclopramide; 3) clonidine; and 4) latex. Examination revealed mild generalized gingival overgrowth and the presence of a large, erythematous, sessile, soft, non‐tender mass on the mandibular right gingiva between the primary lateral incisor and canine, resembling a pyogenic granuloma. No suppuration, bleeding on probing, or radiographic abnormalities were noted. A recommendation was made to the physician of the patient to replace amlodipine with a different class of antihypertensive. In response, amlodipine dosage was decreased by 50% to 2.5 mg daily. At a 2‐week follow‐up visit, considerable reduction in size of the gingival mass had occurred, and shortly after complete resolution was reported by his parents. No other intervention, such as scaling or excision, had been performed.

Conclusion: Discontinuation or reduction of the amlodipine dose to <5 mg daily prior to any surgical intervention should be considered in patients taking amlodipine presenting with a gingival mass.
Social Presence And Cultural Competence In The Online Learning Environment (OLE): A Review Of Literature
Authors: Soper Tracey , Ukot Eme
Published: June 2016

In recent years growth in new technology has altered the way in which students interact with both teachers and classmates. Despite the high flexibility in online learning, Allen & Seaman (2011) explained that there is a higher dropout rate for online students as compared to a traditional classroom setting. It was found that there is lack of teacher-immediacy, teacher presence, and student interaction with teachers that may cause the high attrition rates (Martin et al., 2012). One university college of nursing has been able to combat this problem by introducing a follow-up process into the curriculum, supporting how faculty interact with each other and with their students.
Empowering Patients With A Hotline To The Chief Nursing Officer
Authors: Crouch Suzanne J. , Ripper Karen
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this nursing research study was to explore the perceptions of patients who were provided with a direct line of communication via a “hotline” to the Chief Nursing Officer in order to provide them with a voice in decisions which directly involve their care.Qualitative analysis revealed recurring themes identifying the “hotline” as reassuring, and offering a level of security. Another theme involved the patients relating situations that needed to be remedied including noise within the hospital environment, waiting for pain medication or using the call light without receiving assistance in a timely manner. Some calls to the hotline centered on compliments for the nursing staff. The findings from this phenomenological study which viewed the hospital world through the lens of patients' eyes have many implications for nursing practice. Implications for nursing practice include enhanced communication among nurses and patients, increased patient satisfaction with their health care experience and improved staff satisfaction in the acute care environment. A hotline to the chief nursing officer is only one way to ensure that the patients’ voices are heard and acted upon but this direct line of communication was found to be an effective tool.
What Is The Impact Of Job Burnout Antecedents On Georgia Nursing Home Administrators?
Authors: Wilson Felicia L.
Published: June 2016

Retaining effective and qualified nursing home administrators is becoming a daunting task. With the increase of elderly people in America, the nursing home industry is being forced to address the leadership crisis in the industry. Participants in the study were licensed nursing home administrators (N = 363) who are employed in the state of Georgia. 141 completed surveys were returned for a response rate of 38%. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of job burnout antecedents: workload, control, rewards, community, fairness, and values on Georgia nursing home administrators?
Editor's Note: JAESE's Initial Aim, Scope And Business Model
Authors: Slater Timothy F.
Published: June 2016

It is my professional privilege and personal pleasure to welcome you to the first issue of the new Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education. This journal is the direct result of the discipline-based science education research community coming together to explore new publishing options and business models to better connect theory, research, and practice of teaching and learning to improving Earth sciences science education at all levels, K-to-grey (kindergarten to senior citizens). Such action has taken tremendous courage by many parties to try something bold and new, as well as hold dear a commitment to honoring science education research traditions of the past. The initial direction and structure of JAESE has been guided by a highly-experienced editorial advisory and review board who have enthusiastically volunteered their time, expertise, and credibility to help this journal come to fruition.
Editors Note: JAESEs Manuscript Review Criteria
Authors: Slater Timothy F.
Published: June 2016

Authors submitting manuscripts to the Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education, JAESE, need to be aware that each submission that judged as potentially viable for JAESE is electronically checked for plagiarism before being reviewed by at least two peer reviewers. Each peer reviewer is instructed to provide a formative assessment of the article and a confidential summative recommendation to the Editor. The five specific criteria the Editor and Peer Reviewers use for evaluating manuscripts are the extent to which each submitted manuscript: (i) makes an important contribution to the discipline;  (ii) has a clearly stated research question that is adequately motivated by the existing scholarly literature base; (iii) has study methods and participants tightly and appropriately aligned with the research question; (iv) presents evidence that clearly supports the conclusions forwarded; and (v) has an accessible writing style, grammar, syntax and voice for a wide audience of scholarly readers.
A New Comparison Of Active Learning Strategies To Traditional Lectures For Teaching College Astronomy
Authors: LoPresto Michael C. , Slater Timothy F.
Published: June 2016

Although traditional lectures are still the dominant form of undergraduate instruction, there have been relatively few studies comparing various learner-centered and active learning teaching strategies to one another in order to guide professors in making informed instructional decisions. To study the impact of different active learning approaches, pre-test to posttest learning gains for students receiving instruction on introductory astronomy solar system topics through a combination of collaborative learning activities and formative assessment-driven activities were compared to the gains of students being taught the same topics by traditional lectures only. After traditional lectures, students improved from a pre-test score of 42% (n=144) to 49% (n=49). After lecture tutorials and classroom voting response systems improvement was to 73% (n=72) Using a multiple-group comparison approach, similar earning gains were also observed when using visual-assessment and tutorial activities. Moreover, data from a Likert-style attitude survey of 264 undergraduates showed that, although they did not report a clear preference for one instructional mode over the other, the majority of students believed that the active and collaborative nature of the activities helped them learn.  The results of this study add weight to the notion that most modern pedagogies are superior to traditional lecture, and that although the relative impacts of particular pedagogies are mostly indistinguishable from one another, they are all are better than traditional lecture alone.
Modelling soil water content and grapevine growth and development with the stics crop-soil model under two different water management strategies
Authors: Valdés-Gómez Héctor , Celette Florian , García de Cortázar-Atauri Iñaki , Jara-Rojas Francisco , Ortega-Farías Samuel , Gary Christian
Published: June 2016

Background and aims: Many models have been developed to evaluate crop growth and development, but few are capable of simulating grapevine systems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of the STICS model to represent grapevine phenology, biomass production, yield and soil water content in two situations differing with respect to rainfall distribution and water management strategies.

Methods and results: Simulations were performed for an irrigated vineyard in Chile and an irrigated and a non-irrigated vineyard in France. The crop model gave a good estimation of the main stages of grapevine phenology (less than six days difference between simulated and observed values). Soil water content was the best simulated variable (R2 = 0.99), whereas grapevine evapotranspiration observed only in Chile (R2 = 0.43) and leaf area index observed only in France (R2= 0.80) were the worst simulated variables. Biomass production, yield and their components were correctly simulated (within the 95 % Student confidence interval around the mean observed value). A comparison of the fraction of transpirable soil water and vine water potential measurements with the water stress indices calculated by the STICS model showed that the time and duration of the grapevine water stress period was correctly estimated.

Conclusions: Therefore, the STICS model was reasonably successful in simulating vine growth and development, and identifying critical periods concerning the vine water status.

Significance of the study: The STICS model can be used to evaluate various water management strategies and their impacts on grape production.
Presence and uses of wild grapevine (Vitis spp.) in the central region of Veracruz in Mexico
Authors: Cruz-Castillo Juan Guillermo , Franco-Mora Omar , Famiani Franco
Published: June 2016

Aim: The aim of this study was to localize and conserve wild grapevines (Vitis spp.) in the central area of the State of Veracruz, Mexico and to record their uses.

Methods and results: The wild grapevines were localized in the central area of the State of Veracruz using GPS, and information on local uses was obtained by interviewing people. A total of 63 wild grapevines were localized and propagated. They were found from 20 m to 2,664 m altitude. The morphological traits (i.e. leaf shape and colour) of the vines differed from one another. A number of uses was recorded, such as production of juice to alleviate health problems, wine, desserts and hair shampoo.

Conclusion: The differences in the morphology of the genotypes indicate a great biodiversity of the genus Vitis in the area considered. Several uses for wild grapevines were found.

Significance and impact of study: The exploration of Vitis spp. in the area studied raises the possibility of finding new hybrids or multi-hybrids between species. Wild grapevines could be used to produce natural products that could be sold on the market.
Methyl jasmonate/ethephon cotreatment synergistically induces stilbene production in "Vitis vinifera" cell suspensions but fails to trigger resistance to "Erysiphe necator"
Authors: Faurie Bertrand , Cluzet Stéphanie , Corio-Costet Marie-France , Mérillon Jean-Michel
Published: June 2016

Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether methyl jasmonate and ethylene could synergistically induce grapevine foliar cuttings (Vitis vinifera) defense mechanisms and enhance resistance to Erysiphe necator.

Methods and results: We cotreated grapevine foliar cuttings (Cabernet- Sauvignon) with ethylene-releasing ethephon in association with methyl jasmonate. However, this cotreatment did not improve resistance to powdery mildew induced by MeJA or ethephon, alone. Quantitative PCR analysis performed on grape cell suspensions showed that the association ethephon/MeJA triggered an enhancement of phytoalexin biosynthesis by synergistically inducing PAL and STS genes. This gene expression was correlated with accumulation of stilbenes (antimicrobial compounds), assessed by HPLC analysis. However, ethephon seemed to inhibit MeJA-dependent induction of PR protein gene expression mainly for the first eighteen hours.

Significance and impact of study: Since methyl jasmonate and ethephon can separately enhance grapevine resistance to Erysiphe necator, it was interesting to study the effect of the association of the two molecules on it. Although we observed a synergistic effect on phytoalexin production, no improved resistance against the fungus was obtained. These results can be exploited for the development of new pest control strategies in vineyard.
Influence of different commercial fining agents on proanthocyanidin fraction and antioxidant activity of a red wine from Baga grapes
Authors: Gonçalves Fernando Jorge , Jordão António Manuel
Published: June 2016

Aims: Evaluate the impact of different commercial fining agents (egg albumin, bentonite, gelatine, potassium caseinate and isinglass) and their concentration on proanthocyanidin fraction content (monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric) and antioxidant activity of a red wine from Baga grape variety. Additionally establishment of correlations between the antioxidant activity and the different proanthocyanidin fraction content were also an other aim of this work.

Methods and results: The fractionation of wine proanthocyanidins was made according to their polymerisation degree: catechins (monomers), oligomeric (degree of polymerisation ranging from 2 to 12-15) and polymeric (degree of polymerisation > 12-15). For antioxidant activity of red wine, two analytical methods were used: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay. In general the different commercial fining agents applied induced a decrease of the wine total phenols and the different proanthocyanidin fraction content studied. The monomeric flavanols were significantly depleted by egg albumin and isinglass (specially using the highest concentration), while for oligomeric fraction only the highest egg albumin, gelatine and isinglass concentration induced a decrease on the values.

Conclusion: The commercial fining agents analyzed in the present study affected the monomeric and the oligomeric proanthocyanidin. At same time some fining agents (specially in high concentrations), such as egg albumin, isinglass and gelatine induced a reduction of antioxidant activity of red wines too.

Significant and impact study: The knowledge of the impact of the commercial fining agents in proanthocyanidin content and antioxidant properties of red wines is important for red wine fining optimisation and consequently for the red wine quality. This study is particular important when the « antioxidant power » of the foods, in this case in red wine, is an expression of its capability both to defend the human organism from the action of the free radicals and to prevent degenerative disorders deriving from persistent oxidative stress.
Application of a very detailed soil survey method in viticultural zoning in Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Ubalde Josep Miquel , Sort Xavier , Poch Rosa Maria
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this study was to implement a very detailed soil survey methodology in 1,243 ha of vineyards in Catalonia (Spain) and analyse its suitability for viticultural zoning.

Methods and results: The Soil Taxonomy at series level was used as the basis for classifying soils and delineating soil map units at 1:5,000 scale. A principal component analysis showed that most of the variability of soil properties, which was explained by factors related to water stress, iron chlorosis and vegetative growth, was not reflected exactly in the soil map unit classification. A k-means clustering analysis was proposed in order to group soils according to their potential for vine growing.

Conclusion: A very detailed soil survey method, based on Soil Taxonomy, could be used as a basic map for viticultural zoning, when was directed at the differentiation of zones of distinct suitability for vineyard growing, by means of cluster analysis.

Significance and impact of study: This study showed how very detailed soil maps, which can be difficult to interpret and put into practice, can be valorised as viticultural zoning maps by means of a simple methodology.
Development for a procedure for the determination of 2-phenylethanol in Hellenic wine distillates (Vitis vinifera L.) and their changes during distillation
Authors: Gerogiannaki-Christopoulou Maria
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this work was to study the concentration, during distillation, of 2-phenylethanol, an aromatic compound, in different fractions of wine spirits and in a traditional copper alambic. Its contribution as an odorant is important due to its quality and olfactory character. This aromatic alcohol is valuable for the distilleries in order to collect the fractions with the higher participation of this compound and to specify the grape variety which gives the best results. Wine distillates or brandies are important spirits in the commercial world and are produced in many countries. The differences in the concentration of 2-phenylethanol in combination with the other congeners makes a great difference with respect to the quality of produced brandy.

Methods and results: Twenty nine red and white monovarietal wine distillates (Vitis vinifera L.) 15 red and 14 white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), have been analysed after double distillation of monovarietal wine samples, a liquid–liquid continuous extraction with dichloromethane and an analysis by gas chromatography(FID). Pentan-3-ol was used as an internal standard. The content of 2-phenylethanol which introduces a pleasant aroma to wine distillates, resembling to rose, was determined. The concentration of this alcohol in different fractions during distillation in traditional alambic has important technological consequences.

Conclusion: The commercial fining factors in the present research affected the knowledge of the attitude of 2-phenylethanol in monovarietal spirits from selected grapes (Vitis vinifera L).This compound with this unique character of roses, plays an important organoleptioc role in commercial wine spirits, especially for the consumers which enjoy the mystagogue of brandies in order to improve the distillation technique and knowledge in wine spirits.

Significant and impact study: The knowledge of the impact of the commercial fining agent in 2-phenylethanol content during the distillation in different fractions is important for monovarietal wine spirits in order to produce qualified wine brandies. This study is also particular important for brandies production in commercial distilleries in order to separate at the right alcoholic strenght and to take fractions with the higher concentration of this alcohol which in combination of course with the minor and major other congeners gives an qualified organoleptic character.
Chemical and volatile composition of three italian sweet white Passito wines
Authors: Giordano Manuela , Rolle Luca , Zeppa Giuseppe , Gerbi Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

Aims: This study was designed to gain knowledge of three Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) Italian sweet white Passito wines (Caluso Passito DOC, Cinque Terre Sciacchetrà DOC and Passito di Pantelleria DOC) produced in several areas of Italy from grapes dried with different systems and vinification techniques.

Methods and results: Physico-chemical and chromatic characteristics, sodium, potassium, gluconic acid, glucono-γ-lactone, acetaldehyde, sorbitol, laccase, organic acids and semi-quantitative free volatile profile were determined on these wines. Caluso Passito DOC wines presented higher contents of organic acids (above all, malic acid), main metabolites from noble Botrytis cinerea (laccase, glycerol, gluconic acid and benzaldehyde) and low contents of total polyphenols. Among the volatile components, normal fatty acid ethyl esters (ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate), branched-chain esters (ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl 3-methylbutyrate) and benzaldeyde characterized this Passito wine. Cinque Terre Sciacchetrà DOC wines showed the lowest total acidity with a lower amount of malic acid and a higher content of polyphenols. This wine was characterized by some predominant acetates (isoamyl acetate), alcohols, benzaldehyde and an isoprenoid, ß-damascenone. Passito di Pantelleria DOC wines presented higher amounts of ashes resulting in higher pH values compared to the other two Passito typologies. Due to its production from aromatic grapes, it showed several varietal components such as terpenes, while ethyl esters/acetates and alcohols were less represented.

Conclusion: This survey provides information allowing the characterisation of three Passito dessert wines at high commercial value.

Significance and impact of the study: This study provides oenological information to be utilised to protect and valorise the Controlled Denomination of Origin sweet wine production and contributes to the preservation of traditional and terroir productions and their commercialization.
Vine water status is a key factor in grape ripening and vintage quality for red Bordeaux wine. How can it be assessed for vineyard management purposes?
Authors: Van Leeuwen Cornelius , Trégoat Olivier , Choné Xavier , Bois Benjamin , Pernet David , Gaudillère Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2016

Aims: The impact of water deficit stress on vine shoot growth, berry weight, grape composition and overall vintage quality was investigated in Bordeaux vineyards. Methods for assessing water deficit stress were compared.

Methods and results: Vine water status was assessed on three soil types during four vintages by means of stem water potential and carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar. Regional water deficit was compared for a range of over 30 vintages by means of water balance modelling. It was shown that water deficit stress anticipated shoot growth slackening, limited berry weight and enhanced berry anthocyanin content. Berry sugar content was greatest when water deficit was mild. It was shown that stem water potential measurements and carbon isotope discrimination are accurate tools for assessing vine water status at plot scale. Seasonal water deficit at a regional scale can be correctly estimated by water balance models. Vintage quality in Bordeaux is determined by the intensity of water deficit stress rather than by the level of the temperatures.

Conclusions: Vine phenology and grape ripening are highly dependent on water uptake conditions. Mild water deficit stress enhances grape quality for the production of red wines. Vine water status can accurately be assessed by means of stem water potential or carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugars. Quality losses through severe water stress can be avoided through the use of drought-adapted plant material, appropriate canopy management, yield reduction or the implementation of deficit irrigation.

Significance and impact of the study: This study shows the key role of water deficits in the production of quality grapes for red wine production. Methods for assessing vine water status are compared and discussed. Among many existing methods, the accuracy of stem water potential, carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar and water balance modelling are emphasized.
New filter aids for wine filtration
Authors: Boittelle Caroline , Milisic Vuk , Mietton-Peuchot Martine
Published: June 2016

Aims: In a real concern to improve the quality and to reduce the pollution, the concept of « ecological filtration » based on the use of a regenerable filter aid is developed.

Methods and results: Polyamide particles were tested as new filter aids for wine filtration. The particles were characterized with regard to water permeability and specific surface area. Filtration experiments were carried out at pilot scale under industrial operating conditions. Two test runs were performed using different suspensions and three grades of polyamide particles.

Conclusions: In the first precoat filtration tests, the impact of polyamide particles on wine quality was determined by the chemical characteristics of the wine. Enological analyses showed that the precoat filtration of wine with polyamide particles did not affect wine quality and improved turbidity (97%), fouling index (80%) and the filtrate flux (compared to the usual precoat filtration with diatomites) . In the second test run, polyamide particle regeneration tests proved that these particles could be re-used as filter aids several times.

Significance and impact of study: Polyamide particles used as filter aids in wine filtration were found to be very effective. Moreover, these particles are available in several sizes allowing their application at different stages of the wine-making process.
Combined effects of soil-applied and foliar-applied nitrogen on the nitrogen composition and distribution in water stressed "Vitis vinifera L." cv Sauvignon blanc grapes
Authors: Jreij Rana , Kelly Mary T. , Deloire Alain , Brenon Emmanuel , Blaise Alain
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this work is to test the effects of soil-applied nitrogen (N) at budbreak and subsequent foliar-applied N at veraison on the N composition and partitioning in berries of water stressed Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc vines.

Methods and results: N fertilizer was applied to the soil at budbreak at doses of 30 or 60 kg N/ha, while the control did not receive any treatment. This did not increase N content of leaves and the vines showed symptoms of N deficiency from the beginning of the season. In order to overcome this deficiency, N foliar sprayings were applied at veraison at doses of 2.5 or 5 kg N/ha to vines having received 30 or 60 kg N/ha of soil-applied N, respectively. Total N of berry flesh responded to N foliar fertilization more than that any other berry part, whereas amino acids in skins were the more affected by N foliar fertilization than those of other berry parts. Only the 60 soil/5 foliar N treatment produced a measurable increase in the total, assimilable and amino N in berry juices at maturity. Assimilable N was a better indicator for N summer uptake by the vine than total N. Of all amino acids, arginine showed the highest increases following N fertilization and could be considered among the better indicators to distinguish between N summer fertilization treatments.

Conclusion: In conditions of severe water deficit and N deficiency, fertilization at a dose of 60 kg/ha soil-applied N combined with 5 kg/ha foliar-applied N improved fruit fermentability. Results support the use of foliar fertilization at veraison as a tool for enhancing grape quality and to a certain extent the style of wine.

Significance and impact of study: This work helps to provide insight into the effect of N soil fertilization along with foliar fertilization on waterstressed vines. This may be useful in fertilization programs in the Mediterranean area and may help to choose the type and the rate of the N fertilization in case of severe vine water deficit. Also, we provide information of utmost importance on the distribution of summer foliarapplied N in grape tissues.
Phenolic characterization of thirteen red grape cultivars from Galicia by anthocyanin profile and flavanol composition
Authors: Río Segade Susana , Orriols Ignacio , Gerbi Vincenzo , Rolle Luca
Published: June 2016

Aims: Phenolic compounds, extractable from grape skins and seeds, have a notable influence on the quality of red wines. Therefore, in this work the phenolic composition of 13 red grape cultivars, grown in one of the most traditional Spanish vine zones, was studied in order to identify significant varietal differences.

Methods and results: Anthocyanin concentration and profile, total proanthocyanidin and flavanol contents in berry skins and seeds were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The highest concentrations of total anthocyanins was found in the Loureira Tinta, Sousón and Ferrol varieties, while Ferrol was rich in proanthocyanidins in berry skin and Caíño Bravo was rich in proanthocyanidins and flavanols in berry seeds. Malvidin-3-monoglucoside was usually the major anthocyanin. Nevertheless, the anthocyanin profile was characterized mainly of di-substituted molecules for Albarello, Brancellao and Caíño da Terra grapes. Ferrol, Loureira Tinta and Sousón grapes showed the highest values of primitive anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin derivatives).

Conclusion: Many differences in the phenolic composition of the cultivars studied were found. The results of the phenolic characterization can be utilized in winery in order to apply the most appropriate maceration and winemaking techniques to the processed grapes.

Significance and impact of study: Knowledge of the biodiversity of the grape varieties of Galicia (North-West Spain) is still scarce. This study, on phenolic composition, provides oenological information that can be useful to improve the quality of the wines produced.
Physical dynamics of sludges during wine fermentation in liquid phase
Authors: Casalta Erick , Aguera Evelyne , Liénard Philippe , Salmon Jean-Michel
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of the sludge particles during wine fermentation in liquid phase.

Methods and results: Ninety L of Sauvignon blanc enriched with 1.8% (v/v) of sludges, inoculated with a commercial strain of S. cerevisiae, were fermented in a transparent 100 L-fermentation tank. Results showed that the physical behavior of the sludge particles is dependent on the yeast CO2 production activity. Sludge dynamics can be divided in three phases clearly linked to the yeast fermentative activity. Although a complete dispersion of the sludges occurred during the fermentation, it could be observed that either at the surface or at the bottom of the tank, the medium turbidity never ranges the initial turbidity level, due to the disruption of the medium/gross particles into fine particles during the growth phase. Fine particles rapidly re-aggregated into medium/gross particles during the stationary phase.

Conclusions: From these results, it appears that the evolution of must turbidity during fermentation is much more complex than previously expected. Sludges are only dispersed in the fermenting must during a very short phase after the initiation of cell growth.

Significance and impact of the study: This study raises the questioning of the relationship between initial must turbidity and nutrient availability in trouble musts, since sludges are completely deposited at the onset of both cell growth and fermentation. Further research works are therefore needed to study the factors which can impact sludge particle size modification and consequently sludge nutrient accessibility for yeast growth.
Role of Glycosidic Aroma Precursors on the odorant profiles of Grenache noir and Syrah Wines from the Rhone valley. Part 1: sensory study
Authors: Segurel Marie A. , Baumes Raymond L. , Riou Christine , Razungles Alain
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the volatile compounds, arising from glycosidic precursors contained in the berries of Vitis vinifera L.cv Syrah and Grenache noir varieties, on wine aromas from these varieties.

Methods and results: The sensory analysis was used to compare Grenache noir and Syrah wines. The role played by the glycosidic precursors on the future odorant profile of the wines from both varieties was demonstrated in an experiment by increasing their natural content in glycosides. Then, odorant compounds were generated by aging treatments, heating at 45 °C for 3 weeks, preceded or not by enzyme addition, or natural aging for 18 months. The wines were then submitted to a selected and trained panel. Samples were compared using triangular test. Furthermore, a quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the aroma attributes describing and discriminating the wines from the two varieties.

Conclusion: The glycoconjugates increased the global aromatic complexity, and enhanced the fruity aromas in Grenache wines and the leather or olive aromas in Syrah wines. The use of glycosidase enzymes led to a stewed fruit character in Grenache wines, whereas in Syrah wines, the samples enriched with glycosides differed according to the « terroir ».

Significance and impact of study: This study showed the impact of the glycosidic fraction of the grapes on the varietal aroma of wines. Furthermore, comparisons of the results obtained by both aging techniques highlight the experimental interest of the aging model but also its limits.
Kajian Kualitas Air Sungai Condong yang terkena Buangan Limbah Cair Industri Batik Trusmi Cirebon
Authors: Supenah Pipin , Widiastuti Endang , Priyono Rawuh Edy
Published: June 2016

The aims of this study were to assess the water quality of the River Condong and Condong River Quality Statebased on physical, chemical and biological parameters. Sampling was carried out in seven stations with 3 repetitions at intervals of one month. Water quality were analyzed descriptively by reference raw Water Quality Standard.  Determination of the stateof water quality using methods Storet. Results of laboratory tests showed that the water quality of the River Condong exceed the Water Quality Standard Group II based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 and in particular textile waste quality standard TSS, DO, BOD5, COD, NH3, sulfide, Cr (VI), phenols, oils and fats, Biological parameters using makrobentos diversity index (H ') obtained a low value that is from 0 to 1.7077.  Quality state based Storet method, the value of  > -31. It can be concluded that the condition of physical, chemical and biological parameters, Condong River water showed waters not appropriate the Quality Standard for agricultural irrigation, freshwater fish breeding and infrastructure or water recreation facilities before and after the discharge of liquid waste of batik. Condong River quality state before and after the liquid waste of batik is heavily polluted.
Aktivitas Enzim Peroksidase dan Kadar Klorofil pada Daun Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) sebagai Peneduh Jalan yang terpapar Timbal
Authors: Ferdhiani Anjar Astuti , Lestari Sri , Proklamasiningsih Elly
Published: June 2016

One of emissions in the air that’s harmful to human  health is lead ( Pb ). The negative effects caused  by lead  and then required solutions for reducing the metal, its called phytoremediation. The Plant which acts as an agent of phytoremediation is Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.). Research to find out the lead content in Angsana’s leaf at four locations, knowing the influence of exposure to lead against the activity of an enzyme peroxydases and chlorophyll content in the Angsana’s leaf. The location for collection of samples conducted in four  location at Purwokerto (1) H.R Bunyamin, (2) Ovis Isdiman, (3) Gerilya, and (4) Dr. Soeharso. A method of the sample used purposive sampling.  Sample were analysed  using wet digestion method, then were analysed using Atomic Absorbance Spectrofotometer (AAS). The activity of peroxydases and levels of chlorophyll were analysed using spectrophotometer Uv Vis. Result showed that the lead content in Angsana’s leaf  is  0,1 – 0, 25 mg/L, the activity of peroxidases is  600- 1250 unit/g  and  chlorophyll content  is 9,0- 21,0 mg/L. The conclusion was no relations about chlorophyll content with levels of  lead content and the relations about activity of enzymes peroxydases and lead content is low . Content of  lead on Angsana’s leaf of  research has been done do not reach 1000 mg/L.
What Influences the Organisational Commitment of Employees working in NGOs?
Authors: Singh Tisha
Published: June 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of emotional intelligence on psychological well being and further identifying the impact of psychological well being on various dimensions of organisational commitment viz, affective, normative and continuous commitment. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 200 employees working in NGOs of west delhi region (Capital of India) on the bases of purposive sampling. Statistical techniques like CFA and SEM were used to analyse the data. Further, reliability and validity tests were also performed. Findings - The study suggests that emotional intelligence has a positive and significant impact over psychological well being. Further, psychological well being has a greater impact over affective commitment followed by normative and continuous commitment among employees working in NGOs. Originality/value - This work is the first that investigates the individual impact of psychological well being over the three dimensions of organisational commitment. Study also explores the significant impact of emotional intelligence on psychological well being in context of NGOs. Paper type - Empirical Paper
Causes and Impacts of Early and Forced Marriages on the Muslim Girls and Women in Bangladesh: A Case Study
Authors: Khanam Arobia
Published: June 2016

This study was conducted to find out the causes and impacts of early and forced marriages on the Muslim females in Bangladesh. The representative area was Uttar Khamer Village under Gazipur District of Bangladesh. A total of 40 respondents were selected as a sample for the survey through purposive sampling technique for collecting data. A structured interview schedule was used to collect the relevant information. The result of this research focused that less education is the cause of early and forced marriages; the opinion is given by the lawyers whereas the physicians think that early and forced marriages cause many diseases, sometimes it may be turned into lunacy, maternal mortality. On the other hand, Judges believe that unconsciousness is one of the prime reasons for early and forced marriages, so to publicize the bad effects of early and forced marriages; the members of the family planning can play an important role for stopping or reducing this bad practice. However, the influence of Mullah may be one of the major factors of early and forced marriages. Moreover, Muslim females in Bangladesh cannot express their opinion in accordance with their own wishes which will be a bar to their empowerment. As a result, it could be rationale that lack of well education, knowledge about laws, unawareness, ignorance and negative attitudes are responsible for early and forced marriages.
First Harvest Timing and Nitrogen Application Rate Effects on Chemical Composition and Ethanol Yield of Switchgrass
Authors: Seepaul Ramdeo , Macoon Bisoondat , Reddy K. Raja , Evans William B.
Published: June 2016

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) chemical composition dynamics must be evaluated if dual‐purpose use as both forage and feedstock is to be considered. This 2‐year study, conducted at the Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Raymond, MS, quantified first harvest timing (HT) and nitrogen (N) rate effects on forage nutritive value, feedstock chemical composition, and ethanol yield of both primary and aftermath harvests of ‘Alamo’ switchgrass. Treatments were factorial combinations of six HT (monthly intervals from May to October) and four N application rates (0, 35.7, 71.2, and 107.1 lb/acre) in a randomized complete block design. Aftermath was harvested in November. In both years, first harvest acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose concentrations of aboveground biomass, stems, and leaves increased with HT from May to October while aftermath harvest concentrations decreased with shorter regrowth after the first harvest. Stems had greater concentrations than leaf. Crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) decreased with plant maturity and were greatest in the leaf component. Concentrations of major sugars increased with maturity and were greatest in the most mature stand in the aftermath. Ethanol yield was greatest in the least mature stands; however, ethanol production increased with maturity, largely because of greater biomass harvested. Nitrogen rate had no effect on forage nutritive value or feedstock composition in either the primary or aftermath harvests. These results provide information that can guide potential utilization of switchgrass as forage in early season and harvesting for biofuel feedstock at the end of the season.
Coexistence and Market Assurance for Production of Non–Genetically Engineered Alfalfa Hay and Forage in a Biotech Era
Authors: Putnam Daniel H. , Woodward Tim , Reisen Peter , Orloff Steve
Published: June 2016

The introduction of genetically engineered (GE) alfalfa requires a mechanism for producers to successfully grow and market alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay destined for GE‐sensitive markets such as organic and export. A process of coexistence includes elements of respect for diverse agricultural systems, improved communication, scientific knowledge, and market clarity. A definition for “non‐GE alfalfa forage” is proposed, along with suggested production protocols. These protocols include securing non‐GE‐detect seed, steps to reduce the probability of gene flow in hay fields, equipment sanitation, hay‐lot identification, and hay testing for low‐level presence. The largest risk for low‐level presence in hay is likely to originate from unwanted GE presence in the planting seed. Secondary risks include accidental mixing of hays during harvest or storage, followed by gene flow between forage fields. The tolerance for low‐level presence in non‐GE hay must meet specific market sensitivities. Promoting absolute zero GE hay (e.g., GMO free) is a practical and analytical impossibility, creates difficulties for farmers, and makes no sense for a nontoxic, unwanted market factor. Regulatory‐based tolerances, driven largely by countries that do not permit a GE trait, may require non‐GE determination to a limit of detection of approximately 0.1%. Market‐based tolerance thresholds may differ greatly depending on the sensitivity of markets. For market purposes, a definition of non‐GE alfalfa as having a low‐level presence of less than 0.9% of dry matter is suggested. Coexistence strategies for alfalfa forage require an understanding of the sources of low‐level presence, market tolerances of diverse markets, and market assurance processes.