bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Sparse Generalized Longitudinal Observations with Latent Gaussian Processes
Authors: Hall Peter , Müller Hans-Georg , Yao Fang
Published: May 2008

In longitudinal data analysis one frequently encounters non-Gaussian data that are repeatedly collected for a sample of individuals over time. The repeated observations could be binomial, Poisson or of another discrete type or could be continuous. The timings of the repeated measurements are often sparse and irregular. We introduce a latent Gaussian process model for such data, establishing a connection to functional data analysis. The functional methods proposed are non-parametric and computationally straightforward as they do not involve a likelihood. We develop functional principal components analysis for this situation and demonstrate the prediction of individual trajectories from sparse observations. This method can handle missing data and leads to predictions of the functional principal component scores which serve as random effects in this model. These scores can then be used for further statistical analysis, such as inference, regression, discriminant analysis or clustering. We illustrate these non-parametric methods with longitudinal data on primary biliary cirrhosis and show in simulations that they are competitive in comparisons with generalized estimating equations and generalized linear mixed models.
Non‐Monotonicity of the Tversky‐Kahneman Probability‐Weighting Function: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Ingersoll Jonathan
Published: May 2008

Cumulative Prospect Theory has gained a great deal of support as an alternative to Expected Utility Theory as it accounts for a number of anomalies in the observed behavior of economic agents. Expected Utility Theory uses a utility function and subjective or objective probabilities to compare risky prospects. Cumulative Prospect Theory alters both of these aspects. The concave utility function is replaced by a loss‐averse utility function and probabilities are replaced by decision weights. The latter are determined with a weighting function applied to the cumulative probability of the outcomes. Several different probability weighting functions have been suggested. The two most popular are the original proposal of Tversky and Kahneman and the compound‐invariant form proposed by Prelec. This note shows that the Tversky‐Kahneman probability weighting function is not increasing for all parameter values and therefore can assign negative decision weights to some outcomes. This in turn implies that Cumulative Prospect Theory could make choices not consistent with first‐order stochastic dominance.
What's New in Finance?
Authors: Keloharju Matti
Published: May 2008

This paper prepares a list of the 300 most cited articles published in the area of Finance during the period 2000–2006. The articles are ranked based on the ratio of the number of citations and the number of years since publication, as of August 2007. Citation data come from Google Scholar and cover all articles in 29 Finance journals and Finance articles in 21 Economics, six Accounting, and two Operations research journals. The paper also reports the number of highly cited articles by number of authors, journal, research area, and institution.
The basal level of intracellular calcium gates the activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt signaling by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in cortical neurons
Authors: Zheng Fei , Soellner Deborah , Nunez Joseph , Wang Hongbing
Published: May 2008

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates survival and neuroplasticity through the activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt pathway. Although previous studies suggested the roles of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, phospholipase C‐γ‐mediated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) increase, and extracellular calcium influx in regulating Akt activation, the cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. We demonstrated that sub‐nanomolar BDNF significantly induced Akt activation in developing cortical neurons. The TrkB‐dependent Akt phosphorylation at S473 and T308 required only phosphoinositide 3‐kinase, but not phospholipase C and mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity. Blocking NMDA receptors, L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels, and chelating extracellular calcium by EGTA failed to block BDNF‐induced Akt phosphorylation. In contrast, chelating [Ca2+]i by 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N ′,N ′‐tetraacetic acid‐acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA‐AM) abolished Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, sub‐nanomolar BDNF did not stimulate [Ca2+]i increase under our culture conditions. Together with that NMDA‐ and membrane depolarization‐induced [Ca2+]i increase did not activate Akt, we conclude that the basal level of [Ca2+]i gates BDNF function. Furthermore, inhibiting calmodulin by W13 suppressed Akt phosphorylation. On the other hand, inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by okadaic acid and tautomycin rescued Akt phosphorylation in BAPTA‐AM and W13‐treated neurons. We further demonstrated that the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase‐1 did not correlate with Akt phosphorylation at T308. Our results suggested novel roles of basal [Ca2+]i, rather than activity‐induced calcium elevation, in BDNF‐Akt signaling.
Association of serotonin transporter promoter regulatory region polymorphism and cerebral activity to visual presentation of food
Authors: Kaurijoki Salla , Kuikka Jyrki T. , Niskanen Eini , Carlson Synnöve , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Pesonen Ullamari , Kaprio Jaakko M. , Rissanen Aila , Tiihonen Jari , Karhunen Leila
Published: May 2008

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have revealed links between genetic polymorphisms and cognitive and behavioural processes. Serotonin is a classical neurotransmitter of central nervous system, and it is connected to the control of appetite and satiety. In this study, the relationship between the functional variation in the serotonin transporter gene and the activity in the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a brain area activated by visual food stimuli was explored. Thirty subjects underwent serial fMRI studies and provided DNA for genetic analyses. Subjects homozygous for the long allele exhibited greater left PCC activity in the comparison food > non‐food compared with individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the short allele. The association between genotype and activation was linear, the subjects with two copies of the long allele variant having the strongest activation. These results demonstrate the possible genetically driven variation in the response of the left PCC to visual presentation of food in humans.
Plasma levels of natriuretic peptide type B and A in children with heart disease with different types of cardiac load or systolic dysfunction
Authors: Westerlind Andreas , Wåhlander Håkan , Berggren Håkan , Lundberg Per‐Arne , Holmgren Daniel
Published: May 2008

Natriuretic peptide levels B (BNP) and A (ANP) have been described in children with different diagnose of congenital heart defects (CHD). However, the impact of the type of cardiac loadper seon natriuretic peptide levels, irrespective of diagnosis, has not been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of BNP and ANP in children with congenital and acquired heart disease according to different types of cardiac load. Plasma BNP and ANP were analysed in 137 children with CHD/heart disease, median age 2·9 (0·3–16·7) years. Haemodynamic load was classified as:no overload,pressure overload,volume overloadof right and/or left ventricle andsystolic ventricular dysfunction.Twenty‐three children without heart disease served as controls for the natriuretic peptide measurements. The highest BNP and ANP values were observed in thesystolic dysfunction, 613 ng l−1(81·8–3910) and 431 (43·8–1990), andvolumegroups, 29·8 (5·5–352) and 93·0 (15·9–346), respectively, whereas the values in thepressure, 17·9 (0·7–315) and 51·9 (8·7–210), andno overloadgroups, 10·3 (0·2–28·1) and 28·6 (8·6–105), respectively, were only slightly higher than those in the controls 4·7 (0·0–17·7) and 32·9 (11·7–212·2), respectively. The highest BNP and ANP values were seen in children with systolic dysfunction, while volume overload in the absence of heart failure resulted in higher levels than pressure overload.
Role of retrograde flow in the shear stimulus associated with exercise blood flow
Authors: Gonzales Joaquin U. , Thompson Benjamin C. , Thistlethwaite John R. , Scheuermann Barry W.
Published: May 2008

To test the hypothesis that retrograde flow influences the shear stimulus of exercise blood flow, eight healthy men [25·6 ± 3·1 years (SD)] performed 20 min of single‐leg knee‐extension exercise at two contraction velocities: fast (FR, 1·5 m s−1) and slow (SR, 0·4 m s−1). Contraction frequency (30 cpm) and workload (5 kg) were kept constant resulting in a work rate of 15·25 W for both contraction velocities. Common femoral artery diameter and blood velocity were measured at rest and during exercise using ultrasound Doppler. Mean blood flow was not different between contraction velocities while antegrade (2012·4 ± 379·9 versus 1745·6 ± 601·5 ml min−1; P = 0·05) and retrograde (121·7 ± 43·0 versus 11·2 ± 6·6 ml min−1; P<0·001) flows were higher during FR than SR contractions, respectively. Despite the similar mean blood flow response, vascular resistance was lower during FR than SR contractions (0·06 ± 0·01 versus 0·08 ± 0·03 units; P = 0·03) and was closely related to shear rate (pooled data: r = −0·77, P<0·01). Retrograde flow was associated with a lower vascular resistance during exercise (pooled data: r = −0·48, P≤0·05). In addition, calculated oscillatory flow indices were higher during FR than SR contractions and were significantly correlated to retrograde flow, shear rate and vascular resistance. These results indicate that retrograde blood flow influences the shear stimulus of exercise blood flow by enhancing the oscillatory behaviour of flow.
The Impact of Medicare Coverage Policies on Health Care Utilization
Authors: Foote Susan Bartlett , Virnig Beth A. , Town Robert J. , Hartman Lacey
Published: May 2008

Objective. To determine whether Medicare coverage policies affect utilization of services in Medicare.

Data Sources. We constructed an analysis data set for eight different procedures using secondary data obtained from Medicare claims (1999–2002) and Medicare coverage policies posted on Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services website.

Study Design. We analyzed the impact of coverage policies using difference‐in‐difference approach in a regression framework.

Principal Findings. We found that in only one case (transesophageal echocardiography) out of eight did utilization change (reduced by 13.6 percent) after the effective date of the local policies. There is no systematic pattern that policies affect utilization, and the type of coverage policy does not seem to play an important role in its impact.

Conclusions. Coverage policies have the potential but do not consistently impact utilization as policy makers intend and expect them to do. These findings raise significant policy questions about the effectiveness of Medicare coverage policies, which deserve further study.
Quality control in nonstaple food markets: evidence from India
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel , Hill Ruth Vargas , Minten Bart
Published: May 2008

Using original survey data collected on growers, traders, processors, markets, and village communities, we will compare the situation in four states: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa. We examine the way that information about crop attributes is conveyed (or not) along the value chain. We find that little information circulates about unobservable crop characteristics. Growers receive a price premium when they dry, grade, and pack their produce, but we find no evidence that information about crop salubrity or agricultural practices circulates through the value chain or that growers are encouraged to follow specific agricultural practices for quality purposes. Market infrastructure is deficient regarding sanitation, with few public toilets, inadequate drainage, and no coordinated pest control.
Would Indian farmers benefit from liberalization of world cotton and sugar markets?
Authors: Mittal Surabhi , Reimer Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2008

Rich‐country support programs for cotton and sugar producers are frequently claimed to be detrimental for developing‐country farmers. This study investigates whether a reduction in protectionist policies for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development cotton and sugar producers would have a measurable effect on the welfare of Indian farmers. The fact that these sectors are intensively regulated within India might suggest that any such effect will be small. However, this study shows econometrically that prices in Indian rural markets closely follow world prices, and that Indian farmers are flexible in the medium to long run in changing production according to price signals from these markets. Depending on the crop and the nature of liberalization, producer surplus increases from 4.2% to 22.3% in the long run.
The effects of NCPB marketing policies on maize market prices in Kenya
Authors: Jayne T. S. , Myers Robert J. , Nyoro James
Published: May 2008

The Government of Kenya pursues maize marketing policy objectives through the National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB), which procures and sells maize at administratively determined prices, and stores maize as a contingency against future shortages. A private sector marketing channel competes with the NCPB. This article estimates the effects of NCPB activities on the historical path of private sector prices in Kenyan maize markets between 1989 and 2004. The analysis is carried out using a reduced form vector autoregression model (VAR) estimated with sparse data and imposing only minimal identification restrictions. Results show that NCPB activities have stabilized maize market prices in Kenya, reduced price levels in the early 1990s, and raised average price levels by roughly 20% between 1995 and 2004. Over the past decade, the price‐raising activities of the NCPB have transferred income from urban consumers and a majority of small‐scale farm households that are net buyers of maize to a relatively small number of large‐ and small‐scale farmers who are sellers of maize.
Regional obesity determinants in the United States: a model of myopic addictive behavior in food consumption
Authors: Miljkovic Dragan , Nganje William
Published: May 2008

Obesity is considered one of the largest public health problems in the United States today. The premise for our study is a body of results from medical research showing that sweetened foods, i.e., an increased consumption of sugars, leads first to sugar addiction and second to carbohydrate addiction and increased consumption of fats. The latter feature is actually responsible for the increase in body mass index (BMI), but the trigger that produces cravings for extra calories is sugar and sweeteners. Based on our results, a myopic model of addictive behavior in food consumption seems to capture the food consuming habits and related outbreak of obesity among the American population. Our results indicate that lower current and past real prices of sugar contribute significantly to higher values of BMI, and increase the likelihood of becoming obese in the United States.
Long‐term effects of a community intervention for early identification of first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Cassidy C. M. , Schmitz N. , Norman R. , Manchanda R. , Malla A.
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To assess whether an Early Case Identification Program (ECIP) for first‐episode psychosis (FEP), which showed no significant short‐term effects, has a delayed impact on duration of untreated psychosis (DUP).

Method:  Using a historical control design, FEP patients were assessed on clinical variables over three consecutive phases, 2 years prior, 2 years during and 3 years after implementation of the ECIP. Additional analyses were conducted on non‐affective and schizophrenia spectrum psychoses cases only.

Results:  There was no overall significant difference in DUP across the three phases. For cases treated within the first year of illness a nonsignificant reduction in DUP to less than 2 months observed during the active phase was sustained post‐ECIP.

Conclusion:  In some jurisdictions community‐wide early case detection may fail to have an immediate or delayed effect on DUP, especially for cases who normally present for treatment with DUP >1 year.
Automated MRI parcellation study of regional volume and thickness of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in antipsychotic‐naïve schizophrenia
Authors: Venkatasubramanian G. , Jayakumar P. N. , Gangadhar B. N. , Keshavan M. S.
Published: May 2008

Objective:  Prefrontal cortical dysfunction is considered to be critical in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on the PFC have yielded inconsistent results because of various confounding factors.

Method:  In this study we examined the volume and thickness abnormalities of the PFC in antipsychotic‐naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 51) in comparison with age‐, sex‐, and handedness‐matched (as a group) healthy comparison subjects (n = 47) using a newly described automated MRI parcellation analysis.

Results:  Schizophrenia patients showed i) significant volume deficits in bilateral lateral orbitofrontal and left medial orbitofrontal cortices as well as bilateral pars triangularis; and ii) significant thickness deficit in bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortices. Negative syndrome score had a significant negative correlation with the thickness of the left medial orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusion:  The study findings emphasize that prefrontal deficit in schizophrenia is differential and involves primarily the regions essential for ‘social cognition’.
Clinical efficacy of a chlorhexidine‐delivering toothbrush
Authors: Van Strydonck Danielle A. C. , Timmerman Mark F. , Van der Velden Ubele , Van der Weijden Fridus
Published: May 2008

Objectives: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of an experimental toothbrush with a slow‐release system of chlorhexidine (CHX) and determine its ability to inhibit plaque, bleeding, staining and oral tissue abnormalities during 6 weeks of use.

Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the Test Brush group with a template slow‐delivery system of CHX (Ttb), the Control Brush group without CHX (Ctb) and the Control Brush group without CHX but rinsing post‐brushing with a 0.2% CHX mouthrinse (Ctb+R). At baseline as well as at 3 and 6 weeks, all clinical parameters were assessed. Following the baseline assessment, a supragingival prophylaxis was provided.

Results: One hundred and forty subjects completed the study. The Ctb+R group had lower plaque and bleeding scores than the Ttb and the Ctb group and significantly (p=0.0001) higher stain scores. There were no significant differences in plaque, bleeding and stain scores between the Ttb and the Ctb group. No differences were detected in oral tissue changes, except for discoloration of the tongue.

Conclusions: In the present study, no beneficial effect could be demonstrated for the experimental CHX‐releasing toothbrush. The use of a 0.2% CHX mouthrinse (in combination with brushing) remains the gold standard for additional chemical plaque control.
Melatonin ameliorates calcium homeostasis in myocardial and ischemia–reperfusion injury in chronically hypoxic rats
Authors: Yeung H. M. , Hung M. W. , Fung M. L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Chronic hypoxia (CH) leads to the deterioration of myocardial functions with impaired calcium handling in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which may be mediated by oxidative stress. We hypothesized that administration of antioxidant melatonin would protect against cardiac and ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury by ameliorating SR calcium handling. Adult Sprague–Dawley rats that had received a daily injection of melatonin or vehicle were exposed to 10% oxygen for 4 wk. The heart of each rat was then dissected and perfused using a Langendorff apparatus. The ratio of heart‐to‐body weight, ventricular hypertrophy and hematocrit were increased in the hypoxic rats compared with the normoxic controls. Malondialdehyde levels were also increased in the heart of hypoxic rats and were lowered by the treatment of melatonin. The hearts were subjected to left coronary artery ischemia (30 min) followed by 120‐min reperfusion. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage before ischemia, during I/R and infarct size of the isolated perfused hearts were significantly elevated in the vehicle‐treated hypoxic rats but not in the melatonin‐treated rats. Spectroflurometric studies showed that resting calcium levels and I/R‐induced calcium overload in the cardiomyocytes were more significantly altered in the hypoxic rats than the normoxic controls. Also, the hypoxic group had decreased levels of the SR calcium content and reduced amplitude and decay time of electrically induced calcium transients, indicating impaired contractility and SR calcium re‐uptake. Moreover, there were reductions in protein expression of calcium handling proteins, markedly shown at the level of SR‐Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) in the heart of hypoxic rats. Melatonin treatment significantly mitigated the calcium handling in the hypoxic rats by preserving SERCA expression. The results suggest that melatonin is cardioprotective against CH‐induced myocardial injury by improving calcium handling in the SR of cardiomyocytes via an antioxidant mechanism.
Serotonin transporter gene variation in sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Opdal Siri Hauge , Vege Åshild , Rognum Torleiv Ole
Published: May 2008

Aim: To investigate polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) gene in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and controls, and further to elucidate a possible relationship between 5‐HTT genotypes and external risk factors for SIDS.

Method: The subjects investigated consist of 163 SIDS cases and 243 controls. Polymorphisms in both the promoter and intron 2 of the 5‐HTT gene were investigated, and the genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis.

Results: In the promoter, there was a tendency for the L allele and L/L genotype to be found more often in the SIDS cases than in the controls (p = 0.05 and p = 0.07, respectively). Regarding the intron 2 polymorphism, there were no differences between the groups, and the SIDS cases were not found to have a higher frequency of either the L/L‐12/12 genotype or the L‐12 haplotype than the controls. When investigating possible correlations between genotype and risk factors for SIDS, there was a tendency towards different distribution of the promoter genotypes in cases found dead prone compared to cases found dead in other sleeping positions (p = 0.06).

Conclusion: Polymorphisms in the promoter of the 5‐HTT gene may be of importance with regard to SIDS.
Antioxidant capacity of human milk: effect of thermal conditions for the pasteurization
Authors: Silvestre Dolores , Miranda Maria , Muriach Maria , Almansa Inmaculada , Jareño Enrique , Romero Francisco Javier
Published: May 2008

Aim: Pasteurization is the thermal treatment usually applied in milk banks to eliminate the risk of transmission of infectious agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing upon the antioxidant properties of human milk.

Methods: Milk samples collected from 31 healthy women were subjected to two different pasteurization techniques: Holder pasteurization (63°C for 30 min) and high pasteurization (75°C for 15 sec) and oxidative stress markers (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity) were determined in comparison to fresh milk.

Results: Malondialdehyde concentration was the same in all samples, while there was a decrease in glutathione concentration and total antioxidant capacity in milk samples subjected to thermal processing versus fresh milk samples. However, the drop in these parameters was seen to be significantly greater when applying Holder pasteurization. Both thermal treatments induced considerable and similar loss of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Conclusion: Thermal processing of human milk implies a decrease in its antioxidant properties but, when necessary, high pasteurization should be the election method in terms of milk oxidative status.
Genetic affinity of two south Indian ethnic groups with other populations
Authors: Jasti S. , Rakh S. , Pantula V. , Murthy K. J. R. , Valluri V. L.
Published: May 2008

Humans appear to have spread to several parts of the Indian subcontinent by the middle Paleolithic period. It also provided a major passage for the distribution of modern humans. For the first time generic human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II (DRB1) genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) (low‐resolution) technique in two endogamous groups (Hindu‐Brahmins and Sunni‐Muslims) from the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in order to decipher the genetic affinity between them and with other populations. Calculation of genetic distances, construction of neighbour‐joining dendograms and principal‐component (P‐C) maps were executed using HLA allelic frequencies. The present study reveals the genetic affinity of the Brahmin and Muslim populations from the state of Andhra Pradesh. The dendograms demonstrated that Indian populations form a separate cluster with oriental populations on one side and the eastern and the western Mediterranean populations on the other side. The principal component maps showed the clustering of Indian populations in the lower‐right quadrant, where in the Sunni‐Muslims occupied a position more closely to the north Indian Brahmins and the Bhargavas than to the geographically related south Hindu‐Brahmin group. The study hypothesizes that unlike Brahmins who can be considered as an immediate stock of the Caucasians, the ancestors of Muslims might have been the result of an admixture between the Indo‐Europeans and proto‐Dravidians.
A META‐ANALYSIS OF WORK DEMAND STRESSORS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: EXAMINING MAIN AND MODERATING EFFECTS
Authors: GILBOA SIMONA , SHIROM ARIE , FRIED YITZHAK , COOPER CARY
Published: May 2008

We quantitatively integrated 169 samples (N= 35,265 employees) that have been used to investigate the relationships of the following 7 work‐related stressors with job performance: role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, work–family conflict, environmental uncertainty, and situational constraints. Overall, we obtained a negative mean correlation between each job performance measure and each stressor included in our analyses. As hypothesized, role ambiguity and situational constraints were most strongly negatively related to performance, relative to the other work‐related stressors. Analysis of moderators revealed that (a) the negative correlation of role overload and performance was higher among managers relative to nonmanagers; (b) publication year moderated the relation of role ambiguity and role overload with performance, although in opposite directions; (c) the correlations obtained for published versus unpublished studies were not significantly different; and (d) using the Rizzo et al. scale of role ambiguity and role conflict decreased the magnitude of the correlations of these stressors with performance, relative to other scales. Theoretical contributions, future research directions, and practical implications are discussed.
MEAN RACIAL‐ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYEE SALES PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF DIVERSITY CLIMATE
Authors: McKAY PATRICK F. , AVERY DEREK R. , MORRIS MARK A.
Published: May 2008

Using data from a sample of 6,130 workers employed in 743 stores of a large, U.S. retail organization, this study assessed whether diversity climate moderated mean racial‐ethnic differences in employee sales performance. Findings indicated Whites exhibited significantly higher sales performance than Hispanics but not Blacks, as moderated by diversity climate. As hypothesized, racial‐ethnic disparities disfavoring Blacks and Hispanics were largest in stores with less supportive diversity climates and smallest in stores with highly pro‐diversity climates. Financial analysis of these interactions revealed sizable increments in sales per hour in response to effective diversity management, with strong organizational bottom‐line implications. Limitations of the study and future research needs are noted.
Claude Bourgelat
Authors: Barber‐Lomax J. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A note on the life and work of Claude Bourgelat, 1712–1778. Bourgelat founded the first veterinary school in the world at Lyons, France in 1762. His difficulties at Lyons and later at Alfort, Paris, in 1766, where he established a second school are discussed.

Résumé— Un commentaire sur la vie et I'oeuvre de Claude Bourgelat, 1712–1778. Bourgelat fonda la première école vétérinaire au monde à Lyon en 1762. Les obstacles qu'il a rencontrés, d'abord à Lyon puis plus tard à Alfort près de Paris, où il établit une deuxième école, sont discutés.

Zusammenfassung— Eine Aufzeichnung über das Leben und Schaffen von Claude Bourgelat (1712–1778). Bourgelat gründete in Lyons, Frankreich, im Jahre 1762 die erste Veterinärschule. E werden die Schwierigkeiten beschrieben, denen er in Lyons und später, im Jahre 1766, in Alfort, Paris, wo er eine zweite Schule einrichtete, begegnete.
The Accident Case—III. First Aid and Reception by Lay Staff
Authors: Young M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The author discusses the employment of lay staff, intelligence, appearance, manner and approach to the client and patient. A review is also given on the instructions to be given to lay staff as to the application of first aid in the absence of veterinary advice, enumerating the many types of emergency with which lay staff may be confronted when on duty in an average small animal practice.

Résumé— L'auteur discute des problèmes se rapportant à l'emploi de personnel non qualifié, à l'intelligence de ce personnel, son allure, sa conduite et son abord du client et de l'animal malade. Il examine également la question de l'instruction du personnel non qualifié en ce qui concerne les soins d'urgence à apporter en cas d'absence du vétérinaire et énumère également les différentes urgences auxquelles doit faire face le personnel non qualifié de garde dans une consultation moyenne.

Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser spricht über die Einstellung von Laienpersonal, über deren Intelligenz, ihr Auftreten, Benehmen und ihre Verhaltenswiese gegenüber den Klienten und Patienten. Ausserdem wird ein Überblick über die dem Laienpersonal zu gebenden Anleitungen, wie die Anwendung von erster Hilfe in Abwesenheit jeglichen fachmännischen Rates, gegeben. Dabei werden die vielen Arten von Notfällen erwähnt, denen der Laie im Dienst in einer normalen Kleintierpraxis begegnen kann.
The Accident Case—IV. The Significance and Estimation of Damage to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Palmer A. C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The effects of mechanical injury to the brain and spinal cord are considered, special reference being given to the correlation of clinical manifestations with localization of lesions. Emphasis is placed on the importance of vascular interference in the genesis of central nervous injury.
Orthopaedic Equipment Checklist*
Authors: Vaughan L. C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A checklist is given of equipment required for orthopaedic surgery in small animals. The items are listed under instruments and implants, including care and selection of size of implants (screws, plates and medullary pins).

Résumé— Une Iiste est fournie du matériel nécessaire en chirurgie orthopédique chez l'animal de petite taille. Les articles sont classés sous les rubriques instruments et pièces d'implantation, com‐prenant des indications quant au maintien et au choix de ces dernières (vis, plaques et clous médul‐laires).

Zusammenfassung— Es wird eine Prüfliste der für die Orthopädie kleiner Tiere notwendigen Geräte gegeben. Die Einzelgegenstände werden unter den Sammelbegriffen Instrumente und Implanate aufgezählt. Letztere Gruppe umfasst auch die sorgfältige Auswahl der Grösse der Im‐planate (Schrauben, Platten und Medullarstifte).
Post Mortem Examination of Mink*
Authors: Mansi W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— An outline is presented of the procedure to be followed when performing a post‐mortem examination to establish the cause of death in mink.

Résumé— L'auteur présente un aperçu de la procédure à suivre lorsqu'une autopsie est pratiquée pour déterminer la cause de mort chez le vison.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Abriss der Arbeitsweise gegeben, die bei der zur Feststellung der Todesursache eines Nerzes auszuführenden Obduktion zu befolgen ist.
Treatment of Otitis Media in the Dog
Authors: Spreull J. S. A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The author reviews the literature on otitis media in the dog. Based on a study of 100 normal dogs, the structural variations and appearance of the tympanic membrane are described and compared with the changes that were observed in 100 otitic ears, fifty of which were recent cases and fifty longstanding cases which were treated surgically. The incidence of otitis media is given in the two otitic groups studied. The equipment and techniques used in examination, the criteria for diagnosis, the pathology and the treatment are described and discussed.
Le Traitement De L'Otite Moyenne Chez Le Chien
Authors: Spreull J. S. A.
Published: May 2008

Résumé— L'auteur passe en revue la littérature se rapportant à l'otite moyenne chez le chien. En se basant sur 1'étude de 100 chiens normaux, les variations structurales et l'apparence de la membrane du tympan sont décrites et comparées aux modifications observées chez 100 chiens atteints d'otite, dont 50 cas aigus et 50 cas chroniques traités chirurgicalement. L'incidence d'otite moyenne suppurée est indiquée dans les dew: groupes d'otite étudiés. L'auteur décrit et discute le matériel et les techniques utilisés dans I'examen, Ies critères diagnostiques, la pathologie et le traitement.
Die Behandlung Der Mittelohrentzundung (Otitis Media) Beim Hund
Authors: Spreull J. S. A.
Published: May 2008

Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser gibt einen Überblick über die Literatur uber die Mittel‐ohrentzündung beim Hund. In dieser Arbeit, die sich auf eine Untersuchung von 100 normalen Hunden begründet, werden die strukturellen Abweichungen und das Aussehen des Trommelfells beschrieben und mit den Veränderungen verglichen, die in 100 otitischen Ohren beobachtet wurden, von denen 50 neue Fälle und 50 alte Fälle sind, die chirurgisch behandelt worden sind. Die Häufigkeit der Mittelohrentzündung wird in den zwei otitischen Gruppen, die untersucht worden sind, angegeben. Die bei der Untersuchung gebrauchten Geräte und Verfahren, die Kriterien für eine Diagnose, die Pathologie und die Behandlung werden beschrieben und erörtert.
A Case of Nephrolithiasis in the Dog
Authors: Pepper R. T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A case of nephrolithiasis in a young boxer bitch is described and the surgical approach outlined.

Résumé— L'auteur décrit un cas de lithiase rénale chez une jeune chienne de race boxer et présente les grandes lignes de la thérapeutique chirurgicale.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird der Fall eines Nierensteinleidens bei einer jungen Boxerhündin beschrieben und ein Abriss des chirurgischen Eingriffs gegeben.
Repair of Total Transverse Fracture of the Maxilla and Palatine Bones in a Whippet
Authors: Hime J. M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— An account is given of the repair of transverse fracture of maxillary and palatine bones in a Whippet using transfixing pins and Plaster of Paris cast.

Résumé— –Exposé de la réduction et de la contention d'une fracture transverse du maxillaire et des os palatins chez un Whippet par des chevilles transfixiantes et un appareil plâtré

Zusammenfassung— Ein Bericht über die Heilung eines Querbruches des Kieferknochens und Gaumenbeines bei einem “Whippet” (Kreuzung zwischen Windhund und Terrier) unter Ver‐wendung von Haltestiften und einem Gipsverband.
Rabies Symposium—III. Aspects of Rabies in Man
Authors: Smith C. E. G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The author reviews rabies in man. Reference is made to sources of infection, the course of the disease in man, prophylactic vaccination, post‐infection prophylaxis and possible complications.

Résumé— –L'auteur examine la question de la rage chez l'homme: sources d'infection, évolution de la maladie, vaccination prophylactique, prophylaxie après contage et complications possibles.

Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser bespricht das Auftreten von Tollwut bei Menschen. Er weist auf die Infektionsquellen hin, beschreibt den Verlauf der Krankheit bei Menschen, vorbeugende Impfungen, Vorbeugungsmassnahmen nach einer Infektion und mögliche Komplikationen.
The R.A.N.A. Scheme and Small Animal Practice—I. Integrating the R.A.N.A. Trainee and Graduate into Practice
Authors: Leach J. L. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Calling on his own experience, the author reviews the position regarding the employment of lay helpers in small animal veterinary practice before the introduction of the Registered Animal Nursing Auxiliary Scheme.

The provisions of the scheme are broadly commented on and the various practical aspects of the employment of the trainee and graduate are discussed.

Résumé— –Se référant à sa propre expérience, l'auteur fait la critique de la situation relative à l'emploi d'aides non vétérinaires en médecine vétérinaire pour les petits animaux, avant l'introduction du projet sur les Auxiliaires Vétérinaires Diplômés.

Il discute grosso modo les articles du projet, ainsi que les divers aspects pratiques résultant de l'emploi des élèves Auxiliaires et des Auxiliaires Diplômés.

Zusammenfassung— Der Autor spricht aus eigener Erfahrung über die vor der Einführung des Systems der registrierten Tierpflegehelfer übliche Einstellung von Laiengehilfen in der Kleintier‐praxis.

Es wird allgemein über die Bestimmungen des Systems, sowie über die verschiedenen praktischen Gesichtspunkte der Einstellung von studierenden oder ausgebildeten Helfern gesprochen.
The R.A.N.A. Scheme and Small Animal Practice—III. A Challenge
Authors: Singleton W. B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The Registered Animal Nursing Auxiliaries Scheme is considered in the light of current trends in small animal practice, particularly in connection with practice management. The point is made that re‐organization may be required to integrate nursing auxiliaries in the best possible way and to ensure that veterinary surgeons give themselves the maximum time to devote to truly professional matters.

Résumé— –Le projet sur les Auxiliairs Vétérinaires Diplômés est considéréà la lumière de l'exercice de l'art vétérinaire sur les petits animaux, particulièrement en ce qui regarde les questions d'organisa‐tion. Il se pourrait qu'une réforme soit requise pour intégrer les Auxiliaires du mieux possible et permettre ainsi aux vétérinaires de consacrer le maximum de leur temps aux véritables questions professionnelles.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird das System der Einstellung von registrierten Rierpflegehelfern im Hinblick auf die gegenwärtige Kleintierpraxis, besonders was die Praxisverwaltung betrifft, besprochen. Dabei wird hervorgehoben, dass eventuell eine Umorganisation nötig wäre, um die Hilfspfleger auf die best mögliche Art einzusetzen und dadurch zu gewährleisten, dass die Tierärzte den grössten Teil ihrer Zeit den reinen Berufsangelegenheiten widmen können.
Intrathoracic Anaesthesia with Pentobarbitone Sodium in Cats
Authors: Strande Anders
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A total of 110 intrathoracic injections with 5% pentobarbitone sodium were given to seventy‐seven cats. The most suitable site of injection appeared to be in the 12th or 13th intercostal space just lateral to the dorsal musculature of the back. The depth and duration of the anaesthesia were investigated. In young healthy cats a dose of 30–35 mg/kg body weight can be given. The anaesthetic has some local irritant effect on the pleura. The method is completely practicable, but not ideal as it cannot be regulated, and an anaesthetic that is rather less irritant to tissue is desirable.

Utdrag— Pá syttisju katter er det gitt ialt etthundreogti intrathoracale injeksjoner med pentho‐barbitone sodium 5%. Det best egnede sted for injeksjonen synes á vaere i 12te eller 13de inter‐costalrom like lateralt for den dorsale ryggmuskulatur. Anestesiens dybde og varighet er undersôkt. Pâ unge friske katter kan en gi 30–35 mg/kg legemsvekt. Anestesimidlet virker noe lokalirriterende pá pleura. Metoden er fullt brukbar men ikke ideell da den ikke er regulerbar og en kunne ônske et mer vevsvennlig anestesimiddel.

Résumé— –On donna 110 injections intra‐thoraciques d'une solution à 5% de pentobarbiturate de sodium à soixante‐dix‐sept chats. Le lieu d'injection le plus convenable sembla etre le 12éme ou le 13éme espace intercostal à la limite externe des muscles para‐vertébraux. On étudia le degré et la durée de l'anesthesia. Chez de jeunes chats en bonne santé, on peut donner une dose de 30–35 mg/kg de poids corporel. L'anesthésique présente un effet légérement irritant sur le plévre. La méthode est parfaitement practicable, mais non pas idéale, car Fabsorption de l'anesthésique ne peut étre contrôlée et il serait souhaitable d'employer une substance moins irritante pour les tissues.

Zusammenfassung— Siebenundsiebzig Katzen wurde insgesamt 110 intrathorakale Injektionen, die je 5% Funfwertiges Natrum‐Acidum‐Diaethylobarbituricum enthielten, gegeben. Die für die Einspritzung am besten geeignete Stelle schien im 12. oder 13. Interkostalraum, seitlich von der dorsalen Muskulatur des Rückens, zu liegen. Tiefe und Dauer der Betäubung wurden untersucht. Jungen gesunden Katzen kann eine Dosis von 30–35 mg/kg Körpergewicht gegeben werden. Das Betäubungsmittel ruft eine lokale Reizwirkung auf das Rippenfell hervor. Die Methode ist praktisch einwandfrei auszuführen, kann jedoch nicht als ideal bezeichnet werden, da sie nicht regulierbar ist. Aussberdem ist es wunschenswert, ein Betäubungsmittel mit einer geringeren Reizwirkung auf das Gewebe zu besitzen.
The Urinary Excretion of Thiamine by the Gat Including Measurement of the Response to Test Doses of the Vitamin*
Authors: Partington H. , Waterhouse C. E. , Taylor T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The experiments described represent an attempt to define the thiamine (vitamin B1) requirement of the cat when housed in a metabolism cage under standard conditions. The daily excretion of thiamine under these conditions, when employing a standard diet of known thiamine content, is given. The response of the cat to single and multiple test doses of thiamine is also described.

The determination of thiamine in cat urine presents difficulties which are not encountered in the analysis of human urine or of the urine of other animal species so far examined. A probable explanation for this finding lies in the presence of substances peculiar to cat urine. The normal analytical procedures have been modified to give satisfactory results.

Résumé— Les expériences décrites représentent une tentative pour déinir les besoins en thiamine (vitamine B1) du chat logé dans une cage à métabolisme dans des conditions type. L'article donne le taux de l'excrétion journalière en thiamine chez des chats placéts dans de telles conditions et nourris avec un régime dont le teneur en thiamine est connue. On y décrit aussi les réactions du chat à une dose d'essai unique et à des doses multiples de thiamine.

Le dosage de la thiamine dans Turine du chat présente des difficultés qu'on ne rencontre pas dans I'analyse de Purine de l'homme ou des autres espéces animales examinées jusqu'à présent. Une explication vraisemblable en serait la présence de substances particulières à l'urine du chat. Les precédés usuels d'analyse ont été modifiés pour donner des résultats satisfaisants.

Zusammenfassung— Die hier beschriebenen Experimente stellen den Versuch dar, den Thiamin‐(Vitamin B1‐Bedarf einer Katze, die sich unter normalen Bedingungen in einem Käfig befindet, in dem der Stoffwchsel ständig überprüft werden kann, zu bestimmen. Die Menge des unter diesert Bedingungen täglich von der Katze, die eine Standärddiat von bekanntem Thiamingehalt erhielt, ausgeschiedenen Thiamins wird angegeben. Auch die Reaktion der Katze auf einfache und zusam‐rnengesetzte Thiamin‐Versuchsdosen wird beschrieben.

Bei der Bestimmung von Thiamin im Urin der Katze treten Schwierigkeiten auf, denen man bei der Analyse des menschlichen Urins oder des von anderen bisher untersuchten Tierrassen nicht begegnet. Diese Feststellung lasst sich möglicherweise mit der Anwesenheit von dem Katzenurin eigenen Substanzen erklären. Die normalen analytischen Verfahrensweisen sind daher zur Erzielung zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse abgeändert worden.
Some of the Major Problems of Budgerigar Pathology
Authors: BEACH J. E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A review is given of some of the major problems concerning the pathology of the more common diseases of budgerigars. Special mention is made of thyroid disease, fatty degeneration of the liver, gout and disease of the kidneys, diseases of the alimentary tract including necrotic inflammation of the crop, french moult, infectious diseases and neoplasia.

Résumé— L'auteur passes en revue quelques‐uns des problèmes les plus importants concernant la pathologie des maladies les plus communes chez les perruches inséparables. II signale spécialement une maladie de la thyroîde, la dégénérescence graisseuse du foie, la goutte et une maladie des reins, ainsi que les maladies du tractus digestif y compris I'inflammation nécrotique du jabot, la mue, les maladies infectieuses et les néoplasies.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Überblick iiber einige der wichtigsten Probleme in Bezug auf die Pathologie der üblicheren Krankheiten von Wellensittichen gebracht. Besonders erwähnt werden in diesem Zusammenhang Schilddrüsenerkrankungen, Leberverfettung, Gicht und Niercnerkrankungen, Krankheiten des Verdauungskanals, einschliesslich nekrotischer Entzündungen des Kropfes, Mausern, Infektionskrankheiten und Geschwulstbildung.
Superficial Indolent Ulcer of the Cornea in Boxer Dogs*
Authors: ROBERTS SEYMOUR R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The characteristic appearance of superficial corneal ulcer as seen in twenty‐nine Boxer dogs (thirty‐seven ulcers) is described, together with a graphic table showing age of onset, sex distribution and duration of clinical course. Our findings would suggest that this is a specific disease of the Boxer. The histopathology and treatment is discussed.

Résumé— Les auteurs décrivent l'aspect caractéristique de l'ulcère superficiel de la cornée tels qu'ils l'ont observé chez vingt‐neuf chiens boxers (trente‐sept ulcères), et présentent un tableay graphique où sont inscrits l'âge du début de la maladie, sa distribution selon le sexe et la durée de son évolution clinique. Leurs constatations tendraient à prouver qu'il s'agit là d'une maladie spécifique du boxer. Ils en discutent lihistopathologie et le traitement.

Zusammenfassung— Die charakteristische Erscheinungsform des overflächlichen Ulcus corneae, beobachtet an neunundzwanzig Boxerhunden (siebenunddreissig Ulcera) wird beschrieben und in einer graphischen Darstellung das Lebensalter beim Auftreten, die Verteilung auf die Geschlechter und die Dauer der klinischen Behandlung gezeigt. Ihre Ergebnisse lassen darauf schliessen, dass es sich um eine spezifische Krankheit der Boxerhunde handelt. Die Histopathologie und die Behandlung werden besprochen.
Tonometry in the Dog and Cat
Authors: BRYAN GARY M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A review is presented of the methods, procedure and value of the use of tonometry in the dog and cat.

Résumé— L'auteur passe en revue les méthodes, les techniques et la valeur de l'emploi de la tonométric chez le chien et le chat.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird eine Übersicht über die Methoden, das Verfahren und die Bedeutung der Tonometrie bie Hund und Katze gegeben.