bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Use and Level of Awareness of CAM in Older People - Results from the KORA-Age Study
Authors: Weidenhammer Wolfgang , Lacruz Maria Elena , Emeny Rebecca Thwing , Linde Klaus , Peters Annette , Thorand Barbara , Mielck Andreas , Ladwig Karl-Heinz
Published: September 2014

Background: Despite the growing proportion of older adults in Europe there is only limited knowledge of CAM use among the elderly. This analysis aims to provide estimates for the prevalence of CAM use in persons with an age of ≥65, and to investigate correlations of CAM use with demographic characteristics. Methods: Based on participants of the MONICA/KORA studies S1-S4 who were born before 1944, a random sample of 1,079 was selected for comprehensive medical examinations. Questions were presented in structured face-to-face interviews conducted from February to November 2009. Results: Data on CAM use were available for 1,026 subjects with a mean age of 76 years, ranging from 65 to 93 years. 14% of the participants were unaware of CAM. The overall prevalence of CAM use was estimated 37% with minor differences between age groups, but clear differences between male (29%) and female (44%) participants. 1-year prevalence of CAM use was 22% (16% males, 28% females). 1-year of CAM use was associated with a higher level of education in both men and women; with higher income in men; and with more actual diseases in women. Conclusion: Findings indicate that awareness of CAM is high even among people ≥65 years. Estimates for the prevalence of CAM use confirm the relevance of this treatment sector in the healthcare system for the elderly.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Drug Resistance: Role, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Sui Hua , Zhu Lei , Deng Wanli , Li Qi
Published: September 2014

SummaryChemotherapy is an important therapeutic option for most cancer patients; however, one major obstacle is the occurrence of drug resistance which usually leads to failure of the chemotherapy. Emerging evidence suggests that there are intricate links between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-type cells and drug resistance in tumors. The process of drug resistance can be regulated by a diverse array of cytokines and growth factors, higher apoptotic threshold, aerobic glycolysis, regions of hypoxia, and elevated activity of drug efflux transporters. Moreover, recent reports have indicated that the emergence of drug resistance may occur as a result of EMT. In this regard, most drug-resistant cancers contain a subpopulation of cells with stem-like and mesenchymal features that are resistant to chemotherapy. In this review, we will explain potential mechanisms for the association between EMT induction and the emergence of drug resistance, and discuss new approaches and drugs for the clinical management of drug-resistant cancer induced by EMT.
Preventive Long-Term Effects of a Topical Film-Forming Medical Device with Ultra-High UV Protection Filters and DNA Repair Enzyme in Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Retrospective Study of Eight Cases
Authors: Giustini Sandra , Miraglia Emanuele , Berardesca Enzo , Milani Massimo , Calvieri Stefano
Published: September 2014

Skin cancer is common in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) due to a DNA repair mechanisms genetic defect. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the main cause of increased incidence of actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) observed in XP subjects. Photoprotection is therefore a mandatory strategy in order to reduce skin damage. A topical DNA repair enzyme has been shown to slow down the development of skin lesions in XP. However, there are no data regarding the effects of photoprotection combined with DNA repair strategies in this clinical setting. A ﬁlm-forming medical device containing the DNA repair enzyme photolyase and very high-protection UV ﬁlters (Eryfotona AK-NMSC, Ery) is currently available. We report retrospective data regarding the use of Ery in 8 patients (5 women, 3 men) with a diagnosis of XP treated for at least 12 consecutive months, comparing the rate of new skin lesions (AK, BCC and SCC) during active treatment with Ery and during 12 months just before the use of the product. New AK, BCC and SCC mean lesion numbers during the 1-year Ery treatment were 5, 3 and 0, respectively in comparison with 14, 6.8 and 3 lesions, respectively during the 1-year pre-treatment period. Ery use was associated with a 65% reduction in appearance of new AK lesions and with 56 and 100% reductions in the incidence of new BCC and SCC lesions, respectively. These data suggest that topical use of photoprotection and DNA repair enzyme could help lower skin cancer lesions in XP. Control prospective trials are advisable in this clinical setting.
IL-17 and Th17 Cells in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Taleb Soraya , Tedgui Alain , Mallat Ziad
Published: September 2014

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease driven by both innate and adaptive immune responses to modified lipoproteins and components of the injured vascular wall. Specific T lymphocyte responses driven by T helper-1 or T regulatory cells play distinct and opposing roles in atherosclerosis. More recently, T helper-17 cells, which produce the prototype cytokine interleukin-17, have been characterized and shown to be critical in mucosal host defense against microbial and fungal pathogens. Sustained production of interleukin-17 in an inflammatory context has been linked to the pathology of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, regulatory and protective roles have also been reported in selective disease settings. Studies in atherosclerosis led to conflicting results on the roles of interleukin-17 and T helper-17 cells in disease development and plaque stability. The present review provides a summary of the available evidence and putative mechanisms linking this pathway to atherosclerosis, as well as a perspective on the risks and benefits of interleukin-17–targeted cytokine therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk.
Akt1 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Through FoxO3a and Apaf1 and Protects Against Arterial Remodeling and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Tucka Joanna , Yu Haixiang , Gray Kelly , Figg Nichola , Maguire Janet , Lam Brian , Bennett Martin , Littlewood Trevor
Published: September 2014

Objective—

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis occurs at low levels in atherosclerotic plaques and in vessel remodeling; however, the consequences and mediators of these levels are not known. Akt1 protects against VSMC apoptosis largely through inactivating target proteins such as forkhead class O transcription factor 3a (FoxO3a), but Akt1 signaling is reduced and FoxO3a activity is increased in human atherosclerosis. We therefore sought to determine whether inhibition of VSMC apoptosis via Akt1 activation regulates vessel remodeling and atherogenesis and to identify FoxO3a target proteins that mediate VSMC apoptosis.

Approach and Results—

We generated mice that express an Akt1 protein that can be activated specifically in arterial VSMCs. Akt1 activation did not affect normal arteries, but inhibited VSMC apoptosis and negative remodeling after carotid ligation, indicating that VSMC apoptosis is a major determinant of vessel caliber after changes in flow. Akt1 activation inhibited VSMC apoptosis during atherogenesis and increased relative fibrous cap area in plaques. Microarray studies identified multiple FoxO3a-regulated genes involved in VSMC apoptosis, including apoptotic protease activating factor 1 as a novel target. Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 mediated the proapoptotic activity of FoxO3a, was increased in human atherosclerosis, but reduced by Akt1 activity in vivo.

Conclusions—

Akt1 is a major regulator of VSMC survival in vivo during vessel remodeling and atherogenesis, mediated in large part through inhibition of FoxO3a and its downstream genes, including apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Our data suggest that even the low-level VSMC apoptosis seen during changes in flow determines vessel wall structure and promotes fibrous cap thinning during atherogenesis.
Multidisciplinary Group Clinic Appointments
Authors: Smith Carol E. , Piamjariyakul Ubolrat , Wick Jo A. , Spertus John A. , Russell Christy , Dalton Kathleen M. , Elyachar Andrea , Vacek James L. , Reeder Katherine M. , Nazir Niaman , Ellerbeck Edward F.
Published: September 2014

Background—

This trial tested the effects of multidisciplinary group clinic appointments on the primary outcome of time to first heart failure (HF) rehospitalization or death.

Methods and Results—

HF patients (n=198) were randomly assigned to standard care or standard care plus multidisciplinary group clinics. The group intervention consisted of 4 weekly clinic appointments and 1 booster clinic at month 6, where multidisciplinary professionals engaged patients in HF self-management skills. Data were collected prospectively for 12 months beginning after completion of the first 4 group clinic appointments (2 months post randomization). The intervention was associated with greater adherence to recommended vasodilators (
P
=0.04). The primary outcome (first HF-related hospitalization or death) was experienced by 22 (24%) in the intervention group and 30 (28%) in standard care. The total HF-related hospitalizations, including repeat hospitalizations after the first time, were 28 in the intervention group and 45 among those receiving standard care. The effects of treatment on rehospitalization varied significantly over time. From 2 to 7 months post randomization, there was a significantly longer hospitalization-free time in the intervention group (Cox proportional hazard ratio=0.45 (95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.98;
P
=0.04). No significant difference between groups was found from month 8 to 12 (hazard ratio=1.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–4.1).

Conclusions—

Multidisciplinary group clinic appointments were associated with greater adherence to selected HF medications and longer hospitalization-free survival during the time that the intervention was underway. Larger studies will be needed to confirm the benefits seen in this trial and identify methods to sustain these benefits.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00439842.
Relationship Between Physical Activity and Heart Failure Risk in Women
Authors: Rahman Iffat , Bellavia Andrea , Wolk Alicja
Published: September 2014

Background—

Physical activity is a modifiable health-related behavior shown to be associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. There is some evidence that this could also be the case for heart failure. We investigated whether total physical activity, as well as different domains of physical activity, was associated with heart failure risk.

Methods and Results—

The Swedish Mammography Cohort was used in which 27 895 women were followed up from 1997 to 2011. First event of heart failure was ascertained through the Swedish National Patient Register and Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We also analyzed survival percentiles by applying Laplace regression. During an average follow-up time of 13 years (369 207 person-years), we ascertained 2402 first events of heart failure hospitalizations and deaths. We found that moderate to high levels of total physical activity were associated with a reduced risk of future heart failure. When looking into different domains of physical activity, walking/bicycling >20 minutes/d was associated with 29% lower risk of heart failure (95% confidence interval, −36% to −21%), when investigating survival percentiles this could be translated into 18 months longer heart failure–free survival.

Conclusions—

Our study shows that physical activity could protect against heart failure in women. When looking closer into different domains of physical activity, walking or biking ≥20 minutes every day was associated with the largest risk reduction of heart failure.
Energy Metabolic Reprogramming in the Hypertrophied and Early Stage Failing Heart
Authors: Lai Ling , Leone Teresa C. , Keller Mark P. , Martin Ola J. , Broman Aimee T. , Nigro Jessica , Kapoor Kapil , Koves Timothy R. , Stevens Robert , Ilkayeva Olga R. , Vega Rick B. , Attie Alan D. , Muoio Deborah M. , Kelly Daniel P.
Published: September 2014

Background—

An unbiased systems approach was used to define energy metabolic events that occur during the pathological cardiac remodeling en route to heart failure (HF).

Methods and Results—

Combined myocardial transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling were conducted in a well-defined mouse model of HF that allows comparative assessment of compensated and decompensated (HF) forms of cardiac hypertrophy because of pressure overload. The pressure overload data sets were also compared with the myocardial transcriptome and metabolome for an adaptive (physiological) form of cardiac hypertrophy because of endurance exercise training. Comparative analysis of the data sets led to the following conclusions: (1) expression of most genes involved in mitochondrial energy transduction were not significantly changed in the hypertrophied or failing heart, with the notable exception of a progressive downregulation of transcripts encoding proteins and enzymes involved in myocyte fatty acid transport and oxidation during the development of HF; (2) tissue metabolite profiles were more broadly regulated than corresponding metabolic gene regulatory changes, suggesting significant regulation at the post-transcriptional level; (3) metabolomic signatures distinguished pathological and physiological forms of cardiac hypertrophy and served as robust markers for the onset of HF; and (4) the pattern of metabolite derangements in the failing heart suggests bottlenecks of carbon substrate flux into the Krebs cycle.

Conclusions—

Mitochondrial energy metabolic derangements that occur during the early development of pressure overload–induced HF involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. A subset of the myocardial metabolomic profile robustly distinguished pathological and physiological cardiac remodeling.
The Early Stage of the Atrial Electroanatomic Remodeling as Substrates for Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Yin Xiaomeng , Zhao Yan , Xi Yutao , Cheng Nancy , Xia Yunlong , Zhang Shulong , Dong Yingxue , Chang Dong , Cheng Jie , Yang Yanzong , Gao Lianjun
Published: September 2014

Background

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for atrial fibrillation (
AF
). Recent studies suggest right atrial remodeling in hypertensive patients may be associated with increased inducibility of
AF
. This study sought to characterize the electroanatomic features of left and right atria and pulmonary veins (
PVs
) in hypertensive patients.

Methods and Results

A prospective observational study was conducted on patients who underwent ablation for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or paroxysmal
AF
. Electrophysiological features of the
PV
s and atria, including event‐related potentials, conduction time, and inducibility and vulnerability of
AF
, were characterized during cardiac catheterization. Anatomic and hemodynamic features were assessed by using echocardiographic and computer tomography imaging. When 15 hypertensive patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were compared with 17 normotensive patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, the hypertensive patients had significantly shortened
PV
event‐related potentials with increased dispersions (
P
<0.001) but slightly prolonged atrial event‐related potentials (
P
=
NS
) and had prolonged interatrial and intra‐atrial conduction times (
P
<0.001). Additionally, the hypertensive patients had increased vulnerability and inducibility of
AF
and prolonged duration of induced
AF
(
P
<0.01). All of these changes were more pronounced in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal
AF
. Anatomically, compared with the normotensive patients, the diameters of 4
PV
s in the hypertensive patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were significantly enlarged (
P
<0.01) and became more remarkable in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal
AF
(
P
<0.0001), although the diameter and volume index of the left atrium among 3 groups were similar.

Conclusions

The hypertensive patients showed electroanatomic changes associated with increased vulnerability to
AF
, including shortened event‐related potentials with increased dispersion, prolonged conduction time, and increased
PV
diameter, but these changes were not appreciated in the atria. Additionally, these changes became more dramatic in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal
AF
.
Novel Role of Kallistatin in Vascular Repair by Promoting Mobility, Viability, and Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Gao Lin , Li Pengfei , Zhang Jingmei , Hagiwara Makoto , Shen Bo , Bledsoe Grant , Chang Eugene , Chao Lee , Chao Julie
Published: September 2014

Background

Kallistatin exerts pleiotropic activities in inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Because endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a significant role in vascular repair, we investigated whether kallistatin contributes to vascular regeneration by enhancing EPC migration and function.

Methods and Results

We examined the effect of endogenous kallistatin on circulating EPCs in a rat model of vascular injury and the mechanisms of kallistatin on EPC mobility and function in vitro. In deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt hypertensive rats, we found that kallistatin depletion augmented glomerular endothelial cell loss and diminished circulating EPC number, whereas kallistatin gene delivery increased EPC levels. In cultured EPCs, kallistatin significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor‐α–induced apoptosis and caspase‐3 activity, but kallistatin's effects were blocked by phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor (LY294002) and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor (
l
‐NAME). Kallistatin stimulated the proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation of EPCs; however, kallistatin's actions were abolished by LY294002,
l
‐NAME, endothelial NO synthase–small interfering RNA, constitutively active glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, or vascular endothelial growth factor antibody. Kallistatin also increased Akt, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation; endothelial NO synthase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 synthesis and activity; and NO and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Kallistatin's actions on phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–Akt signaling were blocked by LY294002,
l
‐NAME, and anti–vascular endothelial growth factor antibody.

Conclusions

Endogenous kallistatin plays a novel role in protection against vascular injury in hypertensive rats by promoting the mobility, viability, and vasculogenic capacity of EPCs via enhancing NO and vascular endothelial growth factor levels through activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–Akt signaling. Kallistatin therapy may be a promising approach in the treatment of vascular diseases.
Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Egypt, with new records, descriptions of new species, and a key to species
Authors: ABO-SHNAF REHAM I. A. , Moraes Gilberto J. de
Published: September 2014

The present paper refers to the identification of phytoseiid specimens newly collected by the first author of this paper and her collaborators, as well as to the examination of type specimens of species previously described from Egypt. The taxonomy of phytoseiid mites has been studied in Egypt since 1967. Until now, 78 nominal species have been recorded, of which 60 are valid. One of those species, Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & Fanzago), appears to be based on an incorrect record. An additional species (Typhlodromus hellei Hassan, Afifi & Nawar), described from Egypt, is not sufficiently characterised to allow its correct generic classification and the determination of its validity. Eight new records are reported in this paper, including two new species, Proprioseiopsis ismailiaensis n. sp. and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) fayoumensis n. sp., which are described. Complementary descriptions of 11 known species are given. An updated survey of all species reported from Egypt and a taxonomic key to separate them are also presented. Six new synonymies are proposed.
Martin Luther: ‘Confessional’ Theologian
Authors: Bagchi David
Published: September 2014

The contemporary fame of Martin Luther (1483-1546) rested at least as much on his popular devotional writings as on his public defiance of Pope and Emperor. By re-considering his early struggles and later work in the light of this reputation, he emerges more clearly as a ‘confessional’ theologian, that is, a theologian of the confessional and of spiritual direction. It is argued that this approach provides a healthy corrective to some one-sided views of Luther, and offers a useful complementary approach in its own right for biography and historical theology.
Racial/ethnic differences in HIV-related knowledge among young men who have sex with men and their association with condom errors
Authors: Garofalo Robert , Gayles Travis , Bottone Paul Devine , Ryan Dan , Kuhns Lisa M , Mustanski Brian
Published: September 2014

Objective:

HIV disproportionately affects young men who have sex with men, and knowledge about HIV transmission is one factor that may play a role in high rate of infections for this population. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in HIV knowledge among young men who have sex with men in the USA and their correlation to condom usage errors.

Design:

Participants included an ethnically diverse sample of 344 young men who have sex with men screened from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Eligible participants were between the ages of 16 and 20 years, born male and had previously had at least one sexual encounter with a man and/or identify as gay or bisexual. This analysis is based on cross-sectional data collected at the baseline interview using computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI) software.

Setting:

Chicago, IL, USA

Method:

We utilised descriptive and inferential statistics, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc analysis to assess differences in HIV knowledge by level of education and race/ethnicity, and negative binomial regression to determine whether HIV knowledge was associated with condom errors while controlling for age, education and race/ethnicity.

Results:

The study found that Black men who have sex with men scored significantly lower (average score = 67%; p < .05) than their White counterparts (average score = 83%) on a measure of HIV knowledge (mean difference = 16.1%, p < .001). Participants with less than a high school diploma and those with a high school diploma/general education diploma (GED) only had lower knowledge scores, on average (66.4% and 69.9%, respectively) than participants who had obtained post-high school education (78.1%; mean difference = 11.7% and 8.2%, respectively, ps < .05). In addition, controlling for age, race and level of education, higher HIV knowledge scores were associated with fewer condom errors (Exp B = .995, confidence interval [CI] = 0.992–0.999, p < .05).

Conclusion:

Findings stress the need for increased attention to HIV transmission–related educational activities targeting the social realities and unique risk mechanisms of young men who have sex with men.
Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis of an Enteral Nutrition Protocol for Children With Common Gastrointestinal Diseases in China
Authors: Yang Min , Chen Pei‐Yu , Gong Si‐Tang , Lyman Beth , Geng Lan‐Lan , Liu Li‐Ying , Liang Cui‐Ping , Xu Zhao‐Hui , Li Hui‐Wen , Fang Tie‐Fu , Li Ding‐You
Published: September 2014

Background: A standard nutrition screening and enteral nutrition (EN) protocol was implemented in January 2012 in a tertiary children's center in China. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of a standard EN protocol in hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in the gastroenterology inpatient unit. We included all inpatient children requiring EN from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2013, with common gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Children from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013, served as the standard EN treatment group, and those from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2011, were the control EN group. Pertinent patient information was collected. We also analyzed the length of hospital stay, cost of care, and in‐hospital infection rates. Results: The standard EN treatment group received more nasojejunal tube feedings. There was a tendency for the standard EN treatment group to receive more elemental and hydrolyzed protein formulas. Implementation of a standard EN protocol significantly reduced the time to initiate EN (32.38 ± 24.50 hours vs 18.76 ± 13.53 hours; P = .011) and the time to reach a targeted calorie goal (7.42 ± 3.98 days vs 5.06 ± 3.55 days; P = .023); length of hospital stay was shortened by 3.2 days after implementation of the standard EN protocol but did not reach statistical significance. However, the shortened length of hospital stay contributed to a significant reduction in the total cost of hospital care (13,164.12 ± 6722.95 Chinese yuan [CNY] vs 9814.96 ± 4592.91 CNY; P < .032). Conclusions: Implementation of a standard EN protocol resulted in early initiation of EN, shortened length of stay, and significantly reduced total cost of care in hospitalized children with common GI diseases.
‘Ma’ and a Political Theology of Hindi Cinema
Authors: Osuri Goldie
Published: September 2014

Hindi commercial cinema appears distinctive in its assemblage of earthly law and divine justice or political theology. Historically, Hindi cinema’s mothers have embodied a postcolonial melancholia of the (in)adequacy of law to justice. This blog piece seeks to explain a shift in the relationship between law and justice in recent Hindi films through a rumination on the disappearing melancholic mother.
Opioid modulation of resting-state anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity
Authors: Gorka Stephanie M , Fitzgerald Daniel A , de Wit Harriet , Angstadt Mike , Phan K Luan
Published: September 2014

Individuals misuse oxycodone, a widely prescribed opioid analgesic, in part to self-medicate physical and emotional pain. Physical and emotional pain is thought to be represented in the brain by a ‘pain matrix,’ consisting of the insula, thalamus, and somatosensory cortices, with processing of the affective dimension of pain in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The current study examined oxycodone’s effects on resting-state functional connectivity between the dorsal ACC, rostral ACC, and other regions of the pain matrix using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In a within-subjects, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response design, 14 healthy subjects completed a resting-state scan following ingestion of placebo, 10 mg, or 20 mg of oxycodone. Functional correlations between the dorsal and rostral ACC seed regions and the pain matrix were examined and compared across sessions. Both doses of oxycodone reduced functional coupling between the dorsal ACC and bilateral anterior insula/putamen and the rostral ACC and right insula relative to placebo (no differences between doses). The findings do not withstand correction for multiple comparisons, and thus should be considered preliminary. However, they are consistent with the idea that oxycodone may produce its physical and emotional ‘analgesic’ effects through disruption of ACC-insula and ACC-putamen connectivity.
Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial
Authors: Chagas Marcos Hortes N , Zuardi Antonio W , Tumas Vitor , Pena-Pereira Márcio Alexandre , Sobreira Emmanuelle T , Bergamaschi Mateus M , dos Santos Antonio Carlos , Teixeira Antonio Lucio , Hallak Jaime EC , Crippa José Alexandre S
Published: September 2014

Introduction:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) has a progressive course and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Although no neuroprotective treatments for PD have been found to date, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a promising target.

Methods:

From a sample of 119 patients consecutively evaluated in a specialized movement disorders outpatient clinic, we selected 21 PD patients without dementia or comorbid psychiatric conditions. Participants were assigned to three groups of seven subjects each who were treated with placebo, cannabidiol (CBD) 75 mg/day or CBD 300 mg/day. One week before the trial and in the last week of treatment participants were assessed in respect to (i) motor and general symptoms score (UPDRS); (ii) well-being and quality of life (PDQ-39); and (iii) possible neuroprotective effects (BDNF and H1-MRS).

Results:

We found no statistically significant differences in UPDRS scores, plasma BDNF levels or H1-MRS measures. However, the groups treated with placebo and CBD 300 mg/day had significantly different mean total scores in the PDQ-39 ( p = 0.05).

Conclusions:

Our findings point to a possible effect of CBD in improving quality of life measures in PD patients with no psychiatric comorbidities; however, studies with larger samples and specific objectives are required before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Ameliorative effect of vitamin E to mouse dams and their pups following exposure of mothers to chlorpyrifos during gestation and lactation periods
Authors: Mansour Sameeh Abdel-Kader , Gamet-Payrastre Laurence
Published: September 2014

Pesticides are omnipresent in environment, water, fruits, and vegetables and are considered as risk factors for human health. Consumers are mainly exposed to pesticides through diet, and the main question to be answered concerns the impact of such exposure on health. In this study, we developed a mouse model to mimic consumer exposure. During gestation and lactation periods, the experimental mouse dams (M) received one of the following treatments: (a) diet-free of pesticides; (b) diet enriched with chlorpyrifos (CPF; 44.0 μg kg−1); c) diet + oral vitamin E (vit. E; α-tocopherol; 200 mg/kg/mouse); and (d) diet enriched with CPF (44.0 μg/kg + oral vit. E (200 mg/kg/mouse). At weaning, pups (P) and dams were killed, and organs as well as blood samples were collected. Compared with control results, CPF induced alteration of measured parameters (e.g. organ weight, alkaline phosphatase, urea, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and cholinesterase) either in mouse dams or in their offspring. Also, CPF induced histological impairment in kidney, liver, and ovary. Administration of vit. E in conjunction with CPF clearly alleviated deviation of these parameters than those of control ones. In conclusion, a dietary exposure of mice during gestation and lactation to low dose of CPF led to significant changes in the mother but also in the weaned animals that have not been directly exposed to this pesticide. These biological and histological modifications could be reversed by an oral supplementation of vit. E.
Cell membrane-mimicking coating for blood-contacting polyurethanes
Authors: Butruk-Raszeja Beata , Trzaskowski Maciej , Ciach Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The aim of the present work was to develop simple modification technique for polyurethanes (PUs) intended for use in blood-contacting implants (vascular grafts, heart prosthesis, ventricular assist devices). PU surface was modified with soybean-derived phosphatidylcholine (PC) via one-step dip coating technique. In order to evaluate blood compatibility of the obtained materials, samples were contacted with human blood under static and arterial flow-simulated conditions. The PC-modified surfaces were thoroughly characterized and tested for fibrinogen resistance, the ability to resist platelet adhesion and activation, hemolysis percentage and plasma recalcification time. Results demonstrated significant, more than three-fold reduction in the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed to PC-modified materials as compared to non-modified PU. Analysis of the samples’ surface after incubation with blood showed high reduction in platelet adhesion. The results were confirmed by analysis of blood samples collected after shear-stress tests – the percentage of free (non-aggregated) platelets remaining in blood samples contacted with PC-coated materials exceeded 70%. The same parameter measured for non-modified PU was significantly lower and equaled 28%.
The Perception of Social Support Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Chen Ruijia , Simon Melissa A. , Chang E-Shien , Zhen YingLiu , Dong XinQi
Published: September 2014

Objective: This study examined perceptions and correlates of both positive and negative social support among U.S. Chinese older adults. Method: Data were drawn from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago study, a population-based study of U.S. community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60 years and above in the Greater Chicago area. Results: The findings suggested that U.S. Chinese older adults were more likely to perceive positive and negative spouse and family support than friend support. Younger age, being female, higher levels of education, being married, living with a larger number of people, higher health status, better quality of life, and improved health over the past year were positively associated with positive social support. However, younger age, being male, higher levels of education, being married, having fewer children and grandchildren, living with more people, lower health status, and poorer quality of life were positively correlated with negative social support. Discussion: Chinese older adults perceive a high level of both positive and negative spouse and family support simultaneously. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to better understand the factors and outcomes associated with perceived positive and negative social support.
The Prevalence of Loneliness Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Simon Melissa A. , Chang E-Shien , Zhang Manrui , Ruan Jenny , Dong XinQi
Published: September 2014

Objective: Loneliness is an important indicator of well-being. However, we have limited understanding of loneliness in minority aging populations. This study aims to identify the prevalence of loneliness among U.S. Chinese older adults. Method: Data were drawn from the PINE study, a population-based study of 3,159 U.S. Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area. Results: Our findings indicated that the prevalence of loneliness was 26.2%. Older adults with older age, female gender, and living alone reported higher prevalence of loneliness. Older adults with worsened health status, poorer quality of life, and negative health changes over the past year were also more likely to experience loneliness. Discussion: Loneliness is common among U.S. Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area. Future longitudinal studies are needed to improve the understanding of risk factors and outcomes associated with loneliness in Chinese older adults.
Generalized model for machining and error compensation of polyhedron components
Authors: Hsieh Jung-Fa
Published: September 2014

Compared to conventional circular components such as keys, splices and pins, polyhedron components have many advantages as connecting components in torque transmission systems, including a greater shear strength, an improved fatigue strength and an improved transmission efficiency. However, the performance of such components is critically dependent on the precision of the manufacturing process. Accordingly, this study derives a mathematical model based on the homogeneous coordinate transformation method to facilitate the design, machining and error compensation of generic polyhedron components with n sides. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated numerically using polyhedron components with three, four and five sides. The results confirm that the proposed machining and error compensation method provides a simple yet versatile approach for fabricating a wide range of polyhedron components.
Surface roughness and energy consumption analysis of conventional and peck drilling approaches
Authors: Pervaiz Salman , Deiab Ibrahim
Published: September 2014

Drilling operations are one of the most commonly used operations in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The aim of this article is to compare peck drilling as an alternate approach to the conventional drilling and reaming operations; in terms of energy consumption and machined surface roughness to facilitate the selection of the optimum finishing processes with respect to machined surface quality and energy consumption. The experiments were performed under dry conditions on an Al-6061 using a high-speed steel reamer and drills of 12 mm diameter. The results revealed that peck drilling refined the surface finish of previously drilled steps in most of the cases. The outcome of the energy consumption analysis was used to evaluate the amount of CO2 emissions. The study suggested that surface roughness refinement in peck drilling was better than conventional drilling but was not as efficient as the reaming process. Peck drilling generated surfaces with a roughness value between those of drilling and reaming operations. Less tool wear was observed under peck drilling process when compared with conventional drilling. The investigation also revealed that CO2 emissions produced under peck drilling approach were slightly higher than for combined drilling and reaming approach.
Losartan attenuates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats
Authors: Guo F , Sun YB , Su L , Li S , Liu ZF , Li J , Hu XT , Li J
Published: September 2014

Paraquat (PQ) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world and can cause pulmonary fibrosis in the cases with intoxication. Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, has beneficial effects on the treatment of fibrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of losartan on pulmonary fibrosis in PQ-intoxicated rats. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 32, 180–220 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: (i) control group; (ii) PQ group; (iii) PQ + losartan 7d group; and (iv) PQ + losartan 14d group. Losartan treatment (intragastrically (i.g.), 10 mg/kg) was performed for 7 and 14 days after a single i.g. dose of 40 mg/kg PQ. All rats were killed on the 16th day, and hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining were used to examine lung injury and fibrosis. The levels of hydroxyproline and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (Mmp9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and relative expression levels of collagen type I and III were also detected. PQ caused a significant increase in hydroxyproline content, mRNA expression of TGF-β1, Mmp9, and TIMP-1, and relative expression levels of collagen type I and III (  p < 0.05), while losartan significantly decreased the amount of hydroxyproline and downregulated TGF-β1, Mmp9, and TIMP-1 mRNA and collagen type I and III expressions (  p < 0.05). Histological examination of PQ-treated rats showed lung injury and widespread inflammatory cell infiltration in the alveolar space and pulmonary fibrosis, while losartan could markedly reduce such damage and prevent pulmonary fibrosis. The results of this study indicated that losartan could reduce lung damage and prevent pulmonary fibrosis induced by PQ.
Protective effects of curcumin and vitamin E against chlorpyrifos-induced lung oxidative damage
Authors: Hassani S , Sepand MR , Jafari A , Jaafari J , Rezaee R , Zeinali M , Tavakoli F , Razavi-Azarkhiavi K
Published: September 2014

There are increasing concerns regarding the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on human health. Curcumin (CUR) is a yellow pigment isolated from turmeric ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn., which has been identified as an antioxidant agent. This study was designed to examine the protective effect of CUR and vitamin E (Vit E) on CPF-induced lung toxicity. Rats were divided into seven groups: control, CPF (13.5 mg/kg, orally), CPF + CUR (100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, orally), CPF + α-tocopherol (Vit E, 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), CPF and CUR (100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively) in combination with α-tocopherol. The regimens were administered once daily for 28 days. At the end of the treatment period, lungs were collected for evaluation of oxidative factors and histopathological parameters. CUR and Vit E led to a decrease in lipid peroxidation in the lungs of the CPF-injected animals (48% and 51%, respectively). Glutathione peroxidase inhibited by CPF (91.9 nmol/min/mg protein) was induced again by CUR and Vit E (167.1 and 171.8 nmol/min/mg protein). CUR and Vit E caused a significant induction of superoxide dismutase (103.4 U/mg protein). Catalase activity almost returned to normalcy in CPF-intoxicated rats subjected to CUR + Vit E treatment ( p < 0.001). Lung sections from CPF-treated rats displayed histopathological damages, while coadministration of CUR and Vit E resulted in apparently normal morphology with a significant decrease in injuries ( p < 0.05). Our findings revealed that coadministration of Vit E and CUR to CPF-treated animals prevents the oxidative damages in the lung tissues.
The Effect of Rosuvastatin on Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions in Patients With Impaired Fasting Glucose
Authors: Rizos Christos V. , Kostapanos Michael S. , Rizos Evangelos C. , Tselepis Alexandros D. , Elisaf Moses S.
Published: September 2014

Background:

Prediabetes substantially increases cardiovascular risk. We examined the effect of rosuvastatin on the quantity and quality of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with dyslipidemia having impaired fasting glucose (IFG) compared to normoglycemic patients with dyslipidemia.

Methods:

This was a prospective observational study including patients with dyslipidemia and IFG (IFG group, n = 49) matched with normoglycemic patients with dyslipidemia (control group, n = 64). Study participants, following dietary intervention, were prescribed rosuvastatin 10 or 20 mg/d to achieve LDL-C goals. Baseline as well as 24 weeks posttreatment changes in the serum lipid profile were evaluated. Moreover, analysis of the LDL subfraction profile was conducted using a polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis method.

Results:

Similar effects were observed in lipid profile in both treatment groups. Patients with IFG experienced a greater decrease in the cholesterol concentration of small dense LDL particles (−65.7%, P < .001 vs baseline) compared to controls (−38.5%, P < .001 vs baseline; P = .018 vs patients with IFG). There was no significant difference in the changes of cholesterol concentration of large and buoyant LDL particles in the IFG group when compared to the control group. A greater increase in the mean LDL particle size (+1.5%, P < .001 vs baseline) was noted in the IFG group compared to the control group at 24 weeks (+0.4%, P = .028 vs baseline; P = .008 vs IFG group).

Conclusion:

Targeting dyslipidemia with rosuvastatin was associated with more favorable changes in the LDL subfraction profile in patients with IFG compared to normoglycemic ones.
‘You can never cross the same river twice’: Climbers’ embodied quests for ‘original adventure’ in southern Thailand
Authors: Bott Esther
Published: September 2014

This article presents ethnographic research into individual narratives of adventure in a small, undeveloped bay called Ton Sai in southern Thailand’s Krabi Province. Ton Sai is extremely popular with Western rock climbers and increasingly with other adventure seekers and backpackers questing for ‘authentic’ Thailand, yet is subject to almost no representation in the commercial sense. It is an example of a destination that is not on the corporate ‘radar’, yet, as will be seen, is famed, desired and produced by ‘niche’ tourists seeking very specifically valued tropical adventures. This research aims to interrogate how such a destination becomes, and remains, valued as adventurous by climbers and therefore shed some light on individual, subjective production of adventure in specific Developing World contexts. Drawing on original interview and other ethnographic data collected during winter 2012/2013, this article argues that even when third-party commercial mediators are absent, the powers of quest for authenticity and adventure are powerful enough to turn the wheels of mediation themselves. In the ‘elite circles’ in which this group manoeuvres, notions of ideal adventure space run deep and are reproduced discursively and through embodied performances in an exoticised environment that is valued for its ‘primitive timelessness’. The implications of this for locals are explored.
Plasma renin level and aldosterone to renin ratio are associated with presence of carotid plaques in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Lee Min-Yi , Lai Wen-Ter
Published: September 2014

Introduction:

We aimed to determine the association between plasma aldosterone and renin levels as well as their ratios with carotid plaques in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Materials and methods:

Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque score were evaluated in 111 patients with stable CAD. Plasma renin and aldosterone levels were measured in all patients. Aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) was calculated. All patients were categorized into: Group 1 (normal coronary angiography), Group 2 (patients had CAD but without carotid plaque) and Group 3 (patients had CAD and at least one carotid plaque).

Results:

Renin levels are significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 and 2. ARR was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 and 2. Renin levels were found to be positively correlated with carotid IMT and plaque score but ARR was inversely associated with carotid IMT and plaque score. Renin levels and ARR are independently associated with presence of carotid plaque in CAD patients (OR 1.124, CI 1.021–1.237, p = 0.017 and OR 0.906, CI 0.839–0.978, p = 0.011, adjusted for age, respectively).

Conclusions:

Plasma renin and ARR but not aldosterone are independently associated with presence of carotid plaques in CAD patients. Hence, the linkage between aldosterone and renin plays a more important role than aldosterone alone in carotid atherosclerosis.
Hypnosis in Breast Cancer Care
Authors: Cramer Holger , Lauche Romy , Paul Anna , Langhorst Jost , Kümmel Sherko , Dobos Gustav J.
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Many breast cancer patients and survivors experience pain and emotional stress related to their disease, its diagnostic procedures, or treatment. Hypnosis has long been used for the treatment of such symptoms. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the effectiveness of hypnosis in women with breast cancer, breast cancer survivors, and in women undergoing diagnostic breast biopsy. Methods. PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and CAMBASE were screened through February 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of hypnosis in women with breast cancer or undergoing diagnostic breast biopsy. RCTs on postmenopausal women without a history of breast cancer were also eligible. Primary outcomes were pain, distress, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and hot flashes. Safety was defined as secondary outcome measure. Risk of bias was assessed by 2 reviewers independently using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results. Thirteen RCTs with 1357 patients were included. In women undergoing diagnostic breast biopsy (3 RCTs), hypnosis positively influenced pain and distress; 1 RCT on breast cancer surgery found effects of hypnosis on pain, distress, fatigue, and nausea. For women undergoing radiotherapy (3 RCTs), hypnosis combined with cognitive–behavioral therapy improved distress and fatigue. In 3 RCTs on women with and without a history of breast cancer experiencing hot flashes, hypnosis improved hot flashes and distress. Three RCTs on women with metastatic breast cancer found effects on pain and distress. Conclusions. This systematic review found sparse but promising evidence for the effectiveness of hypnosis in breast cancer care. While more research is needed to underpin these results, hypnosis can be considered as an ancillary intervention in the management of breast cancer–related symptoms.