bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific differences in benefits from feeding in mixed‐species flocks
Authors: Hino Teruaki
Published: November 2003

The Madagascar Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone mutata and Common Newtonia Newtonia brunneicauda frequently form two‐species flocks in the deciduous dry forest of western Madagascar. In T. mutata, some males have long tails, while other males and females have short tails. When foraging in mixed flocks, each type of bird captured prey more rapidly than otherwise, but the degree of increase in feeding rate was smaller in long‐tailed males. When in mixed flocks, all T. mutata caught prey on leaves in the canopy where N.brunneicauda foraged. Long‐tailed males changed feeding habits from sallying when not in mixed flocks, whereas short‐tailed birds showed no change of feeding habit. The elongated tails of long‐tailed males may have made their foraging less efficient owing to decreased agility in the canopy. N. brunneicauda is monomorphic and often formed groups of three to five individuals. In monospecific flocks, subordinates fed at low rates on branches owing to frequent hostile encounters. When foraging in mixed flocks, however, subordinates foraged among leaves, and their feeding rates increased because the frequency of intraspecific interference decreased greatly. Dominants did not show any difference in feeding pattern with social situation. Thus, heterospecific flocking was more advantageous for subordinates.
Testosterone does not affect basal metabolic rate or blood parasite load in captive male White‐plumed Honeyeaters Lichenostomus penicillatus
Authors: Buttemer William A. , Astheimer Lee B.
Published: November 2003

We examined physiological and morphological responses of reproductively active male White‐plumed Honeyeaters Lichenostomus penicillatus to exogenous testosterone (T). Birds used in the experiment were held in captivity for two weeks and then were given subcutaneous implants which were either empty (controls) or T‐filled silastic capsules (T‐treated). Basal metabolic rates (BMR) measured just prior to implantation and again 4‐weeks later were not affected by treatment and were indistinguishable from BMR measured in free‐living White‐plumed Honeyeaters, averaging 3.2 ml O2/g/h. Plasma T levels measured at the time of the final BMR evaluation were 1.2, 1.8, and 5.5 ng/ml in free‐living, control, and T‐treated birds, respectively. Body mass was unaffected by T treatment. All captive birds used in the experiment displayed Haemoproteus sp. infection, but blood parasite loads did not differ temporally between T‐treated and control birds during their 6‐week captivity. Corticosterone secretion during a 60‐min capture‐handling protocol did not differ between control and T‐treated birds, but corticosterone levels at each sampling period in captive birds were significantly lower than those of free‐living males. Three morphological variables of White‐plumed Honeyeaters were affected by T treatment: T‐treated birds had significantly higher haematocrits and larger testes than control birds and also showed no change in bill colour. Control birds, by contrast, showed substantial lightening of the proximal half of their bills. We conclude that BMR, resistance to Haemoproteus infection, and stress responsiveness are not directly affected by T levels in male White‐plumed Honeyeaters.
Parent Barn Swallow fluctuating asymmetry and offspring quality
Authors: Cadée Niels
Published: November 2003

Fluctuating asymmetry may impair locomotion but may also reflect intrinsic phenotypic quality. I tested whether fluctuating asymmetry of adult Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica negatively influenced offspring quality, by estimating the relationship between parental asymmetry and offspring size, condition and immunocompetence during three breeding seasons. Controlling for timing of breeding, brood size and the size of a secondary sexual character (tail length), wing and outermost tail feather asymmetry of male and female parents was not significantly correlated with offspring size, condition and immunocompetence. This was the case in spite of clear differences in nestling quality among years. In addition, parents with extreme asymmetries due to tail feather damage (not representing fluctuating asymmetry) did not have nestlings of lower quality than parents with undamaged tail feathers. These results indicate that there is only a weak relation between parental asymmetry and offspring quality.
Female wing plumage reflects reproductive success in Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
Authors: Ruusila Vesa , Pöysä Hannu , Runko Pentti
Published: November 2003

Recent studies on the function of female plumage characteristics have yielded ambiguous results. Some studies have found an association between different physiological, ecological or behavioural traits and female plumage, while others have found no association and interpret female plumage as neutral in function. We observed a high variance among females in both wing plumage and breeding success in female Common Goldeneyes Bucephala clangula, a sexually plumage‐dimorphic diving duck. We studied the association between female wing plumage and hatching date. Principal component analysis of four wing patch area measurements derived a single factor describing wing plumage. Wing plumage was strongly associated with hatching date, which is the most important determinant of goldeneye recruit production; irrespective of age, females with more white in the wing bred earlier than individuals with more black in the wing. We propose that the wing pattern in Common Goldeneye females reflects individual quality.
Hatching asynchrony and maternal androgens in egg yolks of House Wrens
Authors: Ellis Lisa A. , Borst David W. , Thompson Charles F.
Published: November 2003

Synchronously and asynchronously hatching clutches of House Wrens Troglodytesaedon usually do not differ in reproductive success. Thus late‐hatching nestlings in asynchronously hatching clutches somehow overcome any age‐ and size‐related disadvantages of hatching after their nest‐mates. One possible way for them to do this is for female House Wrens to add maternal androgens to the yolk of late‐hatching eggs. We tested this hypothesis in a wild population of House Wrens that produces both asynchronously and synchronously hatching clutches. Yolks of eggs from both types of clutches were biopsied and the eggs returned to their nests to hatch. Radioimmunoassays revealed that total androgen levels in the yolk varied within and among clutches. However, total androgen levels in yolks did not vary predictably with egg position in either synchronously or asynchronously hatching clutches. Thus, deposition of androgens in yolk did not follow the expected pattern based on the potential for sibling competition in House Wrens.
Satellite tracking of Swedish Ospreys Pandion haliaetus: autumn migration routes and orientation
Authors: Hake Mikael , Kjellén Nils , Alerstam Thomas
Published: November 2003

Autumn migration routes and orientation of Swedish Ospreys Pandion haliaetus were studied by satellite tracking of 18 birds. Of these, 13 could be followed during the entire migration (6 females, 5 males and 2 juveniles). Most birds migrated across western and central Europe to winter in tropical West Africa. However, one juvenile flew to Cameroon and one female used a very easterly route and reached Mozambique. On average, the birds travelled a total distance of about 6700 km, with little variation except for the female wintering in Mozambique, who travelled more than 10 000 km. Of 21 stopovers (of >1 day), only five were made south of 45°N; three of these in Africa. Females departed before males and juveniles and flew to a stopover site they probably were familiar with. After 3–4 weeks there, they continued to their wintering grounds. Also males and juveniles usually made one or more stopovers. Adults seemed to travel to a known wintering site, where they remained stationary, whereas juveniles were more mobile after reaching tropical regions, probably looking for good wintering sites. Males generally left the breeding area in directions similar to the mean migratory direction, whereas a few females departed in diverging initial directions. Apart from these diversions, adult Ospreys followed very straight migratory routes, with overall mean directions of 185–209° and with mean angular deviations of 6–33°. Some juveniles also departed in diverging directions. Moreover, young birds tended to show a larger variability in orientation. Thus, the Ospreys kept a fairly straight direction and did not avoid geographical obstacles such as mountain ranges and desert areas. However, they seemed reluctant to cross large water bodies. There was no correlation between angular deviation and length of the migrational segment, indicating that the principles of orientation by vector summation may not be valid for Osprey migration. Moreover, the geographic direction of migration did not vary in accordance with variations in the magnetic declination, suggesting that the Ospreys did not orient along magnetic loxodromes.
Identification of parasitized nests by using egg morphology in the Common Goldeneye: an alternative to blood sampling
Authors: Pöysä Hannu , Runko Pentti , Ruusila Vesa , Milonoff Markku
Published: November 2003

We used data from three Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula populations in Finland to study if the variation between females in egg morphology, as measured using a method developed by Eadie (1989), can be used to identify parasitized clutches. Eadie's method is based on z‐score standardized measures of length, width, and weight of eggs. Using these measures, Euclidean distance for each pair of eggs within a clutch was calculated. Euclidean distance between the two most dissimilar eggs (maximum Euclidean distance, MED) was used as the criterion to identify parasitized clutches. Test clutches of 3 eggs that included one egg from each of three different females had a higher MED (2.80) than 3‐egg clutches that included eggs from one female only (2.05), proving that there is statistically significant variation in egg morphology between females. Test clutches that included three eggs from each of three different females (9 eggs in all) had a mean MED of 4.51. The mean MED of naturally parasitized clutches (4.83) was higher than that of nonparasitized clutches (2.12). Further analyses suggested that MED>3.0 can be used as a conservative and reliable criterion to identify parasitized clutches. Our results confirm that Eadie's method is reliable enough to identify parasitized clutches in Common Goldeneyes.
Molecular evidence for phylogenetic relationships among buntings and American sparrows (Emberizidae)
Authors: Grapputo Alessandro , Pilastro Andrea , Baker Allan J. , Marin Guglielmo
Published: November 2003

To help clarify controversial phylogenetic relationships within the family Emberizidae, we sequenced 1238 bp of mitochondrial DNA from the cytochrome b gene and a flanking portion of ND5. Although the longspurs (Calcarius) and the snow buntings (Plectrophenax) have been grouped with the Old World buntings (Emberiza) in traditional classifications, our molecular phylogenies constructed with maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony place these genera basal to a clade in which the Old World buntings and North American sparrows are sister groups. Contrary to the hypothesis that the radiation within Emberiza is recent following a westward expansion of emberizid stock into Eurasia from North America, we found that the level of genetic divergence among Old World buntings approximates those among different genera in North American sparrows. Thus the radiation of the Emberizidae seems to have occurred at roughly the same time in the Palaearctic and Nearctic. Our results are consistent with earlier analyses of allozymes, but sequences from multiple genes and new morphological analyses are required to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships within the Emberizidae.
Morphology and foraging behaviour of Siberian Phylloscopus warblers
Authors: Forstmeier Wolfgang , Keßler André
Published: November 2003

There are seven species of Phylloscopus warblers breeding sympatrically in Central Siberia. In general they are very similar in morphology and behaviour. Slight differences in morphology, however, are often interpreted as having arisen through adaptation to distinct foraging ecologies, thereby mediating species coexistence. We studied the morphology and foraging behaviour of these warblers, taking into account phylogenetic relationships using Felsenstein's method of independent contrasts. Striking correlations were found between morphology and foraging techniques, as well as between morphology and microhabitat selection. Species with large hind limbs and short wings foraged in dense vegetation near the ground using gleaning techniques. In contrast, species with long wings and large bills favoured open vegetation, and foraged using sallying manoeuvres. Independently of these trends, small species foraged at higher levels in the vegetation, and used hoverflight more often than did larger species. Foraging methods were highly correlated with vegetation structure. Coniferous trees were exploited using hoverflight when they had short needles and gleaning when needles were long. Sallying predominated in light deciduous vegetation whereas gleaning was used most in dense, deciduous bushes. After controlling for the effects of vegetation structure on foraging behaviour, species differences became less pronounced, but were still significant. It is therefore concluded that morphology may be regarded as having adapted to enable more efficient exploitation of certain microhabitats. A preference for these microhabitats then further increases the observed behavioural differences between species. Morphology may therefore partly determine a species’ ability to colonise new habitats.
The concepts and terminology of bird navigation
Authors: Able Kenneth P.
Published: November 2003

As understanding of the processes and mechanisms of bird navigation has increased, older conceptual frameworks and terminology have become inadequate. Terminology used to refer to orientation and navigation behaviour have acquired varied and divergent meanings. Here I present a unified set of terminology that I hope will help clarify thinking and communication in the field.
Water temperature sampling by foraging Brünnich's Guillemots with bird‐borne data loggers
Authors: Watanuki (correspondence) Yutaka , Mehlum Fridtjof , Takahashi Akinori
Published: November 2003

We describe the features of waters where seabirds were feeding by sampling vertical water temperature profiles with data loggers mounted on five Brünnich's Guillemots in Svalbard, Norway. The guillemots foraged in a cold water (−0.5–0.5°C SST (sea surface temperature)) by making 1.8 dive bouts in short trips (32–257 min duration) as well as in moderate (0.5–2.0°C SST) and warm waters (2.5–4.0°C SST) by making 6.0 dive bouts during long trips (411–688 min duration). Judging from outbound flying time (15.7–24.4 min), time between dive bouts (23.9–43.3 min) and water types, the birds probably fed in fjord or coastal waters during short trips and in both coastal and offshore waters during long trips. Water temperature and diving behaviour can be simultaneously recorded by small data loggers, which therefore will provide useful information on marine features and foraging activity of top predators.
Avian forensics: predicting body fat and body mass from wing remains
Authors: Guglielmo Christopher G. , Burns James G.
Published: November 2003

We describe the development of a method to predict percent body fat of killed birds from the percent fat in the most distal wing tissue, which is often left uneaten by aerial predators. When combined with a measure of body structural size, such as tarsus, culmen or keel length, percent wing fat can be used to predict fresh body mass at the time of death. These techniques may prove useful in field studies of mass‐dependent predation risk.
Vaginal myeloperoxidase and flora in the pig‐tailed macaque
Authors: AB Lichtenwalner , DL Patton , SJ Klebanoff , CM Headley , SL Hillier
Published: November 2003

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme in neutrophils and monocytes which reacts with H2O2 and chloride to kill microbes
after phagocytosis. Instillation of MPO into the vagina may augment
vaginal defenses against sexually transmitted diseases, since the normal
vaginal flora is characterized by the presence of
H2O2‐producing lactobacilli. We assessed the
menstrual cycle stage, vaginal flora, pH, macroscopic appearance, and
endogenous MPO in the adult female pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca
nemestrina) at baseline (n=26; 60 observations) and at 0, 4, and 24
hours in untreated animals (n=6) or in animals treated with intravaginal
MPO gel at time 0 (n=5). Baseline MPO levels were highly variable, and
there was no detectable effect of cycle stage. In untreated animals,
there was no significant effect of vaginal swab collection on vaginal
flora or MPO levels. MPO treatment did not reduce vaginal
H2O2‐producing organisms, and vaginal MPO levels tended to increase at 4 hours in treated animals. Vaginal/cervical colposcopic changes were not detected in either group.
Dilative cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure in a male squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Tolwani Ravi J. , Waggie Kim S. , Green Sherril L. , Tolwani Ashita J. , Lyons David M. , Schatzberg Alan F.
Published: November 2003

A 17‐year‐old, 1‐kg, colony‐housed, male squirrel monkey (Saimiri
sciureus) developed clinical signs of congestive heart failure. The monkey presented with lethargy, increased heart and respiratory rates, and mild abdominal distention. The clinical history, laboratory analysis, and radiographic findings were consistent with heart failure due to dilative cardiomyopathy. Gross and microscopic examination of the heart confirmed a dilative cardiomyopathy. This is the first report describing congestive heart failure caused by dilative cardiomyopathy in a squirrel monkey. Spontaneous dilative cardiomyopathy may be infrequently observed in the squirrel monkeys because they are not routinely housed in the research environment during their advancing years.
Ultrasonography of the normal kidney in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): morphologic and Doppler findings
Authors: Gaschen Lorrie , Menninger Klaus , Schuurman Henk‐Jan
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study was to obtain sonographic measures of normal kidneys in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The kidneys
of 27 healthy female cynomolgus monkeys were examined with
two‐dimensional, duplex and power Doppler under sedation or general
anesthesia. Except for shape and sinus echogenicity, the kidneys of the
cynomolgus monkey are morphologically similar to those of humans. Left
kidney volume estimations (mean, 5.1 cm3) were significantly
smaller (P<0.001) than those of the right (mean, 5.9
cm3), and both increased significantly with increasing body
weight (P<0.05, r=0.408). The mean resistive index (RI) of ketamine‐sedated monkeys was 0.54, with an upper limit of 0.74 for the renal artery. The mean RI under general anesthesia was 0.65, with an upper limit of 0.77. Morphologic and Doppler ultrasound assessments of the kidneys can be consistently performed in the conscious cynomolgus monkey, and anesthesia can have hemodynamic effects that alter the Doppler arterial waveform.
Chemotherapy of haemobartonellosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Michel Jean‐Claude , De Thoisy Benoît , Contamin Hugues
Published: November 2003

Splenectomised Saimiri sciureus squirrel monkeys are being used
increasingly as an experimental host for human malarial studies, notably
for the assessment of candidate vaccines against Plasmodium
falciparum blood‐stage infection. Recently, we have reported that
colony‐reared S. sciureus monkeys are asymptomatic carriers of
Haemobartonella sp. and that patent Haemobartonella
infection, activated following splenectomy, may interfere with the course
of P. falciparum parasitaemia in these animals. For several
years, splenectomised S. sciureus monkeys were routinely submitted
to oxytetracycline therapy before their use in malarial studies in order
to prevent a possible spontaneous Haemobartonella infection.
However, we report here that such antibiotic therapy is often ineffective
and that neoarsphenamine chemotherapy may be considered as an alternative
to cure both latent and patent haemobartonellosis in S. sciureus monkeys.
Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations across the life span of laboratory‐housed rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kemnitz J.W. , Roecker E.B. , Haffa A.L.M. , Pinheiro J. , Kurzman I. , Ramsey J.J. , MacEwen E.G.
Published: November 2003

Cross‐sectional studies of humans have shown that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) peaks shortly after sexual maturation and declines thereafter, suggesting that the progressive reduction in DHEAS may play a role in the aging process and in the development of age‐related morbidity. The present study examines changes in DHEAS concentrations across the life span of rhesus monkeys as part of the development of this primate model for studies of aging. Serum concentrations of DHEAS were measured in 792 laboratory‐housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 0.5–36 years (527 females, 265 males). DHEAS concentrations in all monkeys were used to formulate an equation that describes two levels of decline of DHEAS with age. The most rapid decline occurs from infancy until approximately 5 years of age. The decline then occurs gradually with increasing age. There were no signs of an andrenarche just prior to sexual maturation, as is seen in humans or the great apes. This equation can be used to predict the expected mean serum DHEAS concentration and normal ranges of male or female rhesus monkeys at any age greater than 5 months.
Adrenal cortex and stomach lesions associated with stress in wild male African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the post‐capture period
Authors: Suleman M.A. , Wango E. , Farah I.O. , Hau J.
Published: November 2003

The objective of this study was to look for early pathological changes in stress target organs, adrenal glands, and stomachs in captured wild African green monkeys (AGMs). Three wild‐caught male AGMs and seven singly housed wild AGMs were euthanized on day 1 and day 45 post‐capture, respectively, and compared with four wild males euthanized with a rifle as controls. Morphometric analyses of the adrenal cortices and the cortical zones were done using an image analyzer. By day 45, the confined animals were clinically healthy, but had lost 47% mean body weight despite ad libitum feeding. The width of zona fasciculata in the controls was significantly smaller compared with that of 45‐day monkeys (P<0.05). Numerous acidophilic, hyperplastic and hypertrophic cells were present in the zona fasciculata of the 1‐day confined AGMs. In the 45‐day monkeys, there was glandular hyperplasia in the zona glomerulosa and the acini were distended and vacuous; yellow, granular pigmentation was distributed in the zona fasciculata. Acute stomach lesions represented by petechiation were seen in one monkey on day 1. Deep, circular, mucosal erosions, one to five in number and measuring from 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter, were present in three monkeys on day 45 post‐capture. There were no adrenal cortex or stomach lesions in the rifle‐shot monkeys. In conclusion, pathological lesions in the adrenal glands, and stomachs of the wild AGMs and weight loss occurred within the initial 45‐day period following capture and confinement.
Failure to induce tumors in the large intestine of Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) by using 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Sánchez Negrette M. , Borda J.T. , Montenegro M.A. , Lertora W.J. , Gimeno E.J.
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study was to produce tumors in the large intestine of Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella) by the administration of the colonotropic carcinogen 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The subjects were 12 monkeys, all males, age 30 months, with a mean weight of 2.858 kg. The DMH was administered subcutaneously to six of the monkeys at a dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight once a week for 16 weeks; control monkeys received an equivalent volume of the stock solution without DMH. Twenty months after administration of the first dose, the animals were sacrificed. None of the monkeys showed intestinal tumors. Samples of the gastrointestinal tract were removed, fixed, and stained according to standard histological techniques. Histological changes were seen in all of the DMH‐treated animals; these consisted of glandular hyperplasia and hyperplasia of the epithelium overlying the lymphoid nodules. In addition, foci of dysplasia were found in three of the animals. Our results suggest that the DMH induced preneoplastic changes, characterized by hyperplasia and dysplasia, in the mucosa of the large intestine.
Ultrasound detection of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in three cynomolgus monkeys after renal transplantation and cyclosporine immunosuppression
Authors: Gaschen Lorrie , Schuurman Henk‐Jan
Published: November 2003

Purpose: To describe the early detection of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with ultrasound in three clinically normal cynomolgus monkeys post‐renal transplantation and immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Materials and methods: The monkeys in this report were treated with cyclosporine (Neoral®) after receiving renal transplants. In addition to clinical and laboratory (hematology, serum chemistry) monitoring, renal allografts were monitored every 2 weeks with ultrasound and ultrasound‐guided allograft biopsies were performed. Results: Enlarged renal hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes were detected with ultrasound in three monkeys on days 36, 49 and 134 post‐transplantation. Sonographically the lymph nodes were inhomogeneous, of low echogenity and rounded. In two animals, the spleen was sonographically enlarged and inhomogeneous. All three monkeys were symptom‐free at the time of ultrasound detection and NHL was diagnosed histologically. Conclusion: Ultrasound provides a rapid, non‐invasive means of early detection of NHL in animal transplantation models prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of disease.
Longitudinal comparison of virus load parameters and CD8 T‐cell suppressive capacity in two SIVcpz‐infected chimpanzees
Authors: Ondoa Pascale , Kestens Luc , Davis David , Vereecken Chris , Willems Betty , Fransen Katrien , Vingerhoets Johan , Zissis Georges , Ten Haaft Peter , Heeney Jonathan , Van Der Groen Guido
Published: November 2003

In a longitudinal study we address the hypothesis that resistance to disease progression in lentivirus‐infected chimpanzees is related to potent non‐cytotoxic suppression of virus replication. In a long‐term follow‐up, the viral suppressive capacity in two simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)cpz‐infected chimpanzees was correlated with two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐ and two culture‐based virus load measurements. In both animals, quantitative virus isolation (QVI) tended to decline slowly, whereas in vitro virus suppression was sustained or increased over time. In general, plasma virus loads in SIVcpz‐infected animals were maintained for extended periods of time. Based on current assays that measure virus suppressive capacity in peripheral blood, it was not possible to conclude that virus suppression played a major role in the maintenance of the disease‐free state in lentivirus‐infected chimpanzees.
La préface du roman épistolaire féminin au début du XIXe siècle
Authors: Paquin Éric
Published: November 2003

Au XVIIIe siècle, le roman épistolaire, un genre en vogue, débute presque toujours par une préface dénégative, dans laquelle l'auteur se fait passer pour un simple éditeur prétendant que la correspondance est authentique. Au début du XIXe siècle, alors que ce genre romanesque est réputé tombé en désuétude et qu'il est majoritairement pratiqué par des femmes – parmi lesquelles Adèle de Souza, Mme de Genlis, Sophie Cottin – le texte est dorénavant présenté comme une fiction, précédé par une préface authentique. L'auteure, qui s'y présente comme telle, n'y trouve cependant pas un lieu privilégié d'expression sur son travail de création ; elle tente plutôt d'y justifier, d'y excuser son œuvre. Un premier lieu commun de ces préfaces est le but moral qu'elle dit avoir poursuivi : l'héroïne vertueuse doit être prise comme exemple, la fin édifiante du roman est un avertissement, le roman tout entier vise à montrer à l'éventuelle lectrice la voie à suivre. Un second lieu commun est aussi la seule qualité que la romancière se permet d'attribuer à son livre : son naturel ou sa simplicité, véritable assimilation des préjugés traditionnels en matière de littérature féminine qui veulent que celle‐ci soit presque toujours autobiographique. Toutes les préfaces invoquent en effet l'absence de travail et de recherche dans l'écriture et supposent le «bonheur» de la femme dans le choix de mots simples et dans le naturel des situations représentées – l'« expérience » féminine renvoyant dans ce cas exclusivement aux expériences de vie et non au travail littéraire. Dans tous les cas étudiés, il s'agit donc essentiellement de légitimer l'acte d'écrire par des considérations extralittéraires.
The End of King John
Authors: Hartby Eva
Published: November 2003

The usual censure of Shakespeare's King John for being badly constructed and lacking a proper conclusion is due to a misunderstanding of its plot. It has hitherto been taken for granted that the king is poisoned by a monk, and that the rebels who swear revenge on John for murdering Arthur, his innocent nephew, return to their king to save their lives when endangered. The following analysis shows that the reason why no motive is given for the said monk's crime is that it does not take place, but is presented as a mere rumour. Furthermore, it is argued that the rebelling lords' ‘return’ to John does not imply submission but a change of strategy and, in conclusion, that the main concern of the play is the causal relation between King John's misgovernment, above all his crime against Arthur, the people's revolt against the tyrannical King, and his eventual murder. Read and directed that way the play will have a coherent and effective plot.
Derrida's Defence of Paul de Man's Wartime Writings: A Deconstructionist Dilemma
Authors: Freundlieb Dieter
Published: November 2003

Derrida's attempt at a defence of Paul de Man's wartime writings put him in a difficult position. Had he remained loyal to his usual deconstructionist practice of interpretation, he would have been unable to defend de Man in a politically effective way. Derrida therefore chose a hybrid form of interpretation that is neither purely deconstructionist nor easily classifiable in any other way. Faced with a case in which a purely deconstructionist reading would not have achieved his aim of minimising the political damage caused by the discovery of de Man's wartime writings, Derrida opted for an interpretive approach which allowed him to read into de Man's texts what he wanted to get out of them, ignoring what seems obvious to less biased readers.
“Allegory of the theologians” or “allegory of the poets”: Allegory in Dante's Commedia
Authors: Cecchini Leonardo
Published: November 2003

To define the nature of the allegory in Dante's Commedia has always been one of the main objectives of Dante research. What is the immediately detectable difference between the allegory in the Commedia and that of the traditional allegorical‐didactic poems? What kind of allegory did Dante have in mind when writing the Commedia? This article is my contribution to a possible solution of this problem. My assumption is that Dante wanted to give the Commedia a complex polysemous structure: a structure that, in a new and original way, unites the two traditional medieval forms of allegory, the poetical and the theological (according to Dante's own terminology in Convivio“allegory of the theologians” and “allegory of the poets”). The article is divided into four parts: first a synthetic presentation of the concept of allegory; an analysis of the most important passages where Dante treats the problem theoretically (this includes especially some passages from Convivio, and the much discussed Epistle XIII); a discussion of some of the most important positions within the Dante research; and finally a possible solution to the problem.
Outside Looking In: Material Culture in Gaskell's Industrial Novels
Authors: Lindner Christoph
Published: November 2003

This essay looks at material culture from the production end of the economic cycle in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton and North and South where, as an elusive luxury glimpsed only in passing, the consumption of commodities remains oddly and conspicuously absent. Gaskell's writing, that is, shows not so much commodity culture, but the industrial and social conditions required to underwrite it, the human machinery of an industrial market economy. In particular, the essay examines Gaskell's response to the reifying influence of the commodity on productive society and the ways in which industrial conditions serve as a matrix for human relations. In Gaskell, the commodity and its attendant cultural practices have an alienating and dehumanizing influence on society's productive membership. The novels, however, resist that influence every step of the way, investigating ways in which to restore humanity and so reconcile a fractured society.
Balzac ou la séduction du corps passant
Authors: Nesci Catherine
Published: November 2003

This essay addresses Balzac's modern drama of detection by focusing on the body under surveillance as semioticized in Théorie de la démarche, Physiologie du mariage, and Ferragus. These works forged an urban myth of passion, centered on the seduction of the female passing body, which encompasses a new configuration of experience. This inquiry is framed by an exploration of the conjunction of bodies in pain and femininity in Ferragus and Le Lys dans la vallée, uncovering the finitude of the female body as an allegory of writing, modernity and memory.
Passions of Realism
Authors: Larsen Svend Erik
Published: November 2003

Dans l'œuvre de Balzac on trouve une oppostion qui appartient à la fois aux textes littéraires et à leur contexte culturel primaire, celui de la ville. C'est l'opposition insurmontable entre l'infinitude des détails perçus et constamment changeants et les différents systèmes perceptuels et conceptuels qui, vainement, sont introduits pour rassembler l'infinitude. Ce contraste devient, dans son irrémédiabilité, un principe productif et dynamique dans l'univers textuel de Balzac. A partir des lectures notamment de Facino Cane et l'Avant‐Propos mais aussi de La cousine Bette et Modeste Mignon, l'article propose la passion comme centre de ce dynamisme.
Les Scènes de la vie privée ou le regard interdit
Authors: Baron Anne‐Marie
Published: November 2003

The pre‐cinematographic conception of space in Balzac leads us to predict the distinction made by Eric Rohmer between pictorial and architectural space or between ‘entre champ’ and ‘hors‐champ’. In Scènes de la vie privée there is a permanent play on private space as an accessible ‘hors‐champ.’ The difficulties exasperate the desire and pleasure of looking while also increasing its fascination. Balzac's narrative strategy can be defined as a prefiguration of the filmic relationship between a field of vision and a field of blindness with the effect of a valorisation of fantasmatic objects, most often the female body.
Realisms: Images of the body in Balzac, Flaubert, and Proust
Authors: Tygstrup Frederik
Published: November 2003

L'article propose que l'œuvre de Balzac, Flaubert et Proust se réunit sous l'étiquette du ‘réalisme’ dans un sens quasi‐phénoménologique: leur préoccupation de situer la présence de l'être humain dans un contexte historique. Le point de focalisation est les stratégies littéraires dont se servent le trois auteurs pour construire symboliquement le corps. La perspective de cette investigation est de suggérer des aspects généraux de l'histoire des inventions littéraires du corps qui continue jusqu'au culture somatique actuelle.
Aestheticized Politics,1 or the Long Shadow of Ernst Jünger's “Old Testament?”
Authors: Hasselbach Karlheinz
Published: November 2003

In his “Old Testament,” inasmuch as its legacy crystallizes in the essay The Worker (1932), Jünger conceives of an anti‐bourgeois, technological society whose signature is the rule of soldier cum technocrat. Without renouncing its theories, the author appears to reverse himself in his subsequent writings, notably in the fictitious works On the Marble Cliffs (1939) and Heliopolis (1949). However, the aestheticism of the essay also informs his later fiction, both casting doubt on the nature of the reversal and handicapping a proper appreciation of the author's politics. It will be argued that, while Jünger's aesthetic perception of reality has evolved intact from his “Old Testament,” there is sufficient evidence in both his writing and conduct to contradict the captivating notion that aestheticized politics equals fascism.
Anton Chekhov and English Nostalgia
Authors: Klimenko Svetlana O.
Published: November 2003

Anton Chekhov is the most frequently performed foreigner on the British stage, and, significantly, he is also the most often rewritten playwright in British drama. However, we still seem to be lacking a scholarly insight into this established phenomenon, dubbed in modern theatre history ‘British Chekhov’. The remarkable quantity and quality of reincarnations of Chekhov in English are still interpreted by the academic community in terms of either sheer statistics or pure sentiment. Even more significantly, there appears to be no link between the ever revolutionary, and dispersed, developments in modern British drama – with playwrights finding ever new modes of looking back in anger– and the proliferation of British Chekhov, a body of a few repeatedly recycled plays, produced by the same playwrights, looking back in nostalgia. The present article offers a textually based and contextually informed analysis of Chekhov's metamorphoses in English. The analysis demonstrates the ways in which the transmigration of Chekhov's grammar, syntax and discourse structure from Russian to English brings out the essential nostalgic motif in his drama and elevates it to the level of universal human longing. The consideration of Anton Chekhov's fate in Britain, thus, transgresses the limits of a mere case study in the impossibility of translation, and opens up a discussion of the impossibility of representation itself as a common, and growing, concern of all twentieth century art.
From Ennui to Extinction in Rimbaud’s ‘Nocturne vulgaire’
Authors: Macklin Gerald Martin
Published: November 2003

This article analyses Rimbaud’s poem ‘Nocturne vulgaire’ (Illuminations). The paper concerns itself with the structural development of the poem, tracing its evolution from a failed imaginative journey of the self to a more satisfying one. Essentially, the study argues that the text reinvents itself and ultimately represents not one poem, but two – a phenomenon seen passim in the Illuminations. Close reference is made to how ‘Nocturne vulgaire’ adopts and deviates from Alfred de Vigny’s poem ‘La Maison du berger’. Finally, the article considers the indebtedness of the piece to both music and painting and asks in what ways the Rimbaldian nocturne redefines these sources of inspiration.
Antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in a murine abscess model – involvement of gingipains and responses to re‐infection
Authors: Yoneda Masahiro , Hirofuji Takao , Motooka Noriko , Anan Hisashi , Hamachi Takafumi , Miura Mayumi , Ishihara Yoshihisa , Maeda Katsumasa
Published: November 2003

Background:  Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important periodontopathogens. It produces cysteine proteinases named gingipains. We previously examined the effect of gingipains on abscess formation in a murine model. The rgpA rgpB double and kgp mutants induced smaller abscesses than the wild type. Moreover, the rgpA rgpB kgp triple (gingipain‐null) mutant hardly showed lesion formation at all under the experimental conditions used, indicating that genes encoding gingipains are important for P. gingivalis virulence.

Objectives:  Here, we further report the humoral immune responses induced by P. gingivalis strains.

Methods:  After the lesions were apparently cured, sera were collected from the mice and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the whole cell antigens of wild‐type P. gingivalis were measured.

Results:  Wild‐type strain was found to induce a strong antibody reaction. On the other hand, the rgpA rgpB kgp triple and kgp mutants induced significantly lower antibody responses compared to the wild type. Western blotting analysis confirmed the differences in antibody production. Next, these mice were re‐infected with wild‐type strain. Mice that were first infected with wild‐type strain showed significantly smaller lesion formation than control mice that were first infected with medium only. On the other hand, mice that were first infected with mutant strains devoid of gingipain activities did not show resistance to re‐infection and immunoglobulins directed against gingipains may be protective.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that gingipains play an important role in abscess formation in mice, and humoral immune responses seem to be partly responsible for the resistance to re‐infection by P. gingivalis.
Proteases augment the effects of lipopolysaccharide in rat gingiva
Authors: Ekuni D. , Yamamoto T. , Yamanaka R. , Tachibana K. , Watanabe T.
Published: November 2003

Objectives:  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteases have been implicated as important factors in the initiation and progression of human periodontal diseases. A single application of LPS or proteases is insufficient to induce periodontal pocket formation or periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of lipopolysaccharide and proteases on rat periodontal tissues, and create a periodontal disease model.

Materials and methods:  Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: combination group (treated with both LPS and proteases solutions); LPS group; proteases group; and control. Each solution was introduced daily into the palatal gingival sulcus of maxillary molars for 8 weeks. The tissues were evaluated histometrically and immunohistochemically.

Results:  In the LPS group, elongation of rete ridge, apical migration of junctional epithelium (JE), increased numbers of B cells in connective tissue, and resorption of alveolar bone were observed. In the proteases group, the increase in the number of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and blood vessels in the connective tissue was greater than that of the LPS group.

Conclusions:  The effects of LPS on periodontal tissues differed from those of proteases. The addition of proteases augmented and increased the effects of LPS, which were apical migration, intraepithelial cleavage of JE, and increased B cell density. The lesions in the combination group resembled established lesions of human periodontitis, with the exception of the low density of plasma cells.
Effects of growth/differentiation factor‐5 on human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Nakamura Toshiaki , Yamamoto Matsuo , Tamura Masato , Izumi Yuichi
Published: November 2003

Objectives:  Growth/differentiation factor‐5 (GDF‐5), a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, shows a close structural relationship to bone morphogenetic proteins and plays crucial roles in skeletal, tendon, and ligament morphogenesis. The mRNA encoding GDF‐5 is also expressed during odontogenesis, especially in dental follicle tissue. While this suggests that GDF‐5 participates in the formation of alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament, cementum, and dental root, the physiologic role of GDF‐5 in these tissues in adulthood remains unclear. We therefore investigated GDF‐5 effects upon cultures of human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells.

Material and methods:  HPDL cells were obtained from healthy periodontal ligaments of individuals. Tetrazolium reduction assay was carried out for cell proliferation assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was estimated by measuring light absorbance at 405 nm. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and northern analysis were performed for gene expression in cultured HPDL cells. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis was evaluated by histochemical staining and a quantitative dye‐binding method.

Results:  Expression of GDF‐5 and its receptor was demonstrated in HPDL cells by RT‐PCR. ALP activity in HPDL cells was significantly decreased by addition of rhGDF‐5 at 10–1000 ng/ml (p < 0.05). Although northern analysis showed little change in gene expression for collagen α2(I) in rhGDF‐5‐stimulated HPDL cells, rhGDF‐5 dose‐dependently enhanced cell proliferation. This proliferative effect persisted for 16 d. Alcian blue staining and dye‐binding assays indicated that sGAG synthesis was enhanced by rhGDF‐5.

Conclusion:  rhGDF‐5 may provide an environment fostering periodontal healing or regeneration by affecting extracellular matrix metabolism.
Evidence for melatonin synthesis in mouse and human bone marrow cells
Authors: Conti Ario , Conconi Stefano , Hertens Elisabeth , Skwarlo‐Sonta Krystyna , Markowska Magda , Maestroni Georges J.M.
Published: November 2003

Recently, it was demonstrated that inbred strains of mice have a clearcut circadian rhythm of pineal and serum melatonin. Moreover, it is known that melatonin is involved in many immunoregulatory functions. Among them, hematopoiesis is influenced by the action of melatonin via melatonin‐induced opioids on kappa‐opioid receptors, which are present on stromal bone marrow cells. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the presence of melatonin in the bone marrow in which immunocompetent cells are generated. Specifically, we aimed at answering the following question: are bone marrow cells involved in melatonin synthesis? In the present study, we demonstrate that (1) bone marrow cells contain high concentrations of melatonin; (2) bone marrow cells have a N‐acetyltransferase activity and they express the mRNA
encoding hydroxy‐O‐methyltransferase and (3) bone marrow cells cultured for a prolonged period exhibited high levels of melatonin. Results presented here suggest that mouse and human bone marrow and bone marrow cells are capable of de novo synthesis of melatonin, which may have intracellular and/or paracrine functions.
Demonstration of hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase (HIOMT) mRNA expression in pineal parenchymal tumors: Histochemical in situ hybridization
Authors: Tsumanuma Itaru , Tanaka Ryuichi , Ichikawa Tomio , Washiyama Kazuo , Kumanishi Toshiro
Published: November 2003

The expression of hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase (HIOMT), an enzyme catalyzing the final step of melatonin biosynthesis, was examined in three pineoblastomas and five pineocytomas by in situ hybridization analysis. Distinct hybridization signals for HIOMT mRNA, though weaker than in normal pineal gland pinealocytes, were detected in two of the three pineoblastoma and three of the five pineocytoma cases. Of the pineoblastomas, hybridization signals were observed in most tumor cells of one case, while in another, signals were detected in occasional cells clustered or scattered throughout the neoplastic field. Of the pineocytomas, signals were detected in most tumor cells of two cases, while in one case, signals were detected only in occasional cells. Among these specimens, one pineoblastoma and one pineocytoma were also analyzed using northern blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses. In the northern blot analysis, an apparently single band corresponding to the size of HIOMT mRNA was detected in both pineoblastoma and pineocytoma RNA blots. In the RT‐PCR analysis, three species of HIOMT mRNA generated via alternative splicing were detected in both tumors. These results suggest that the neoplastic cells of pineoblastomas and pineocytomas often retain the ability to express HIOMT mRNA, as in normal pinealocytes, and that HIOMT is a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis of pineal parenchymal tumors.