bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and microcredit in rural agrarian households of Uganda: Match or mismatch between lender and borrower?
Authors: Namayengo Faith , Van Ophem Johan A.C. , Antonides Gerrit
Published: January 2017

The alignment of microfinance programs with the context and expectations of the recipients is critical for ensuring clients’ satisfaction and desired program outcomes. This study sought to investigate the extent to which the objectives and design of the BRAC microfinance program match the expectations, context and characteristics of female borrowers in a rural agrarian setting in Uganda. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to obtain socio-demographic, personality and microenterprise (ME) characteristics of existing borrowers, incoming borrowers and non-borrowers and to obtain information about the microcredit program. We found that BRAC uses a modified Grameen group-lending model to provide small, high-interest rate production loans and follows a rigorous loan processing and recovery procedure. BRAC clients are mainly poor subsistence farmers who derive income from diverse farming and non-farm activities. The major objective to borrow is to meet lump-sum monetary needs usually for school fees and for investment in informal small non-farm businesses. Many borrowers use diverse sources of funds to meet repayment obligations. Defaulting on loans is quite low. The stress caused by weekly loan repayment and resolution of lump-sum cash needs were identified as reasons for women to stop borrowing. The limited loan amounts, the diversions of loans to non-production activities, the stages of the businesses and the weekly recovery program without a grace period may limit the contribution of these loans to ME expansion and increase in income.
Análise das influências intelectuais na produção científica da área de Ciência da Informação: um estudo sobre os bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa (PQ-CNPq)
Authors: Bufrem Leilah Santiago , Silva Fábio Mascarenhas e , Sobral Natanael Vitor
Published: January 2017

Busca investigar as bases intelectuais dos bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico da área de Ciência da Informação por meio das suas citações. Para compor o corpus do estudo, elege a Base Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação, considerando o recorte temporal de 1972 até 2015. Adota como procedimentos metodológicos: (1) identificação dos bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa da área de Ciência da Informação; (2) coleta de dados na Base Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (registros acrescidos das referências); (3) processamento dos dados, por meio de sua padronização, arrolamento e classificação no software VantagePoint; e (4) análise e apresentação de relações entre os citantes, os citados e os temas. Apresenta entre os principais resultados as obras de Castells (1999), Dahlberg (1978), Wersig (1993) e Meadows (1999) como as mais referenciadas pelos pesquisadores estudados. Ao recortar as 35 obras mais citadas, observa que aproximadamente 2/3 são de origem estrangeira, o que demonstra o peso da literatura internacional como referencial do grupo. Constata que 11 das 35 obras mais citadas (31,4%) são dos próprios bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa da área de Ciência da Informação, sendo que 60,6% das citações a essas obras são realizadas pelos congêneres de bolsa, o que sugere a existência de reconhecimento mútuo entre os pares. Por fim, verifica que Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação, Biblioteca, Indexação e Bibliometria são os temas mais representativos, e que a obra de Dahlberg (1978) é a de maior influência nos trabalhos ligados às Ontologias e à Organização do Conhecimento.
Presença digital em portais de periódicos: proposta de análise
Authors: Gulka Juliana Aparecida , Lucas Elaine Rosangela de Oliveira
Published: January 2017

Em um contexto de grande conectividade, um portal de periódicos precisa acompanhar as tendências de presença digital, além de utilizar plataformas e estratégias de forma planejada. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de análise da presença digital — a partir de um referencial teórico do marketing digital — em portais de periódicos. Com o movimento de acesso aberto, o uso de periódicos eletrônicos foi intensificado, de modo que os portais de periódicos também ganharam mais espaço, já que sua implantação propicia questões estratégicas ao contribuir para o aumento da visibilidade e do valor público das instituições, indicando a qualidade da entidade à medida que esta toma para si a responsabilidade pela preservação e disseminação dos periódicos, contribuindo para a expansão da comunicação científica. O marketing digital desponta como a aplicação de estratégias de marketing na internet ou, ainda, em ambiente digital. A proposta apresentada aborda as presenças própria e espontânea, não apresentando formas de análise para a presença digital paga. Como proposta são descritas três etapas: (1) primeira etapa: identificação da presença digital própria; (2) segunda etapa: identificação da presença digital espontânea; e (3) terceira etapa: análise dos dados. A mescla de ferramentas, tipos de metodologias, coletas e softwares apontam para resultados mais amplos das várias faces que as presenças digitais apresentam, já que cada uma possui características peculiares. A proposta apresentada pode ser utilizada para diagnóstico da presença digital de portais de periódicos, apontando melhorias.
Contribuição da estatística multivariada para a avaliação dos programas de pós-graduação no Brasil: um estudo na área da Ciência da Informação
Authors: Gutierres Castanha Renata Cristina , Cabrini Grácio Maria Cláudia
Published: January 2017

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a contribuição de técnicas estatísticas uni-multivariadas como um método de suporte ao entendimento da complexa metodologia de avaliação de programas de pósgraduação realizada pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. De forma mais específica, esta pesquisa busca identificar os agrupamentos dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, gerados pela análise de cluster e os dados gerados pelos gráficos boxplot, com base no conjunto de indicadores presentes na Planilha Comparativa da Avaliação Trienal da área. Posteriormente, comparou-se os grupos de programas de pósgraduação, segundo a nota obtida pela avaliação com o resultado do agrupamento obtido pela análise de cluster, a fim de visualizar a participação e suficiência dos indicadores na atribuição dos conceitos dos programas de pós-graduação. Para os 14 programas de pós-graduação da área de Ciência da Informação, no triênio 2013, analisaram-se os seguintes indicadores: total de teses e dissertações defendidas, média de artigos publicados segundo a estratificação Qualis, média de trabalhos completos publicados em anais de eventos técnico-científicos, livros, capítulos de livro, texto integral, coletâneas, verbetes e outros e produção artística, ponderados por docente permanente. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que, embora os agrupamentos formados apresentem conceitos próximos, apenas os indicadores presentes na Planilha não são suficientes para discerni-los, sendo necessária a inclusão de indicadores qualitativos, uma vez que os indicadores de produção não são suficientes para distinguir os programas de acordo com seus conceitos.
O estado da blogosfera científica brasileira
Authors: Fausto Sibele , Takata Roberto , Moreno Nathai Teresa , Apunike Alexcolman Tochukwu , Bucci Jade Lorena Mariano , Dos Santos Ana Carolina Gonçalves , Da Silva Walas João Ribeiro , Matias Mariane , Kinouchi Osame
Published: January 2017

Este trabalho investiga quantitativamente a trajetória da blogosfera científica brasileira através de dados estatísticos. A amostra é constituída por 346 blogs científicos do banco de dados Anel de Blogs Científicos, que compreende grande parte dos blogs científicos no Brasil, verificando a atividade destes entre as datas da primeira postagem e a postagem mais recente até novembro de 2015. São analisados dados sobre gêneros de blogueiros, temática científica, distribuição regional e tempo de atividade dos blogs, e curva de crescimento dos blogs ativos. Os resultados mostram que em 37% dos blogs participam mulheres e em 74% dos blogs participam homens; a temática predominante é a de Ciências da Vida; a maioria dos blogs se concentra nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país; e a vida média sobre todos os blogs é de 4,8 anos, com um coeficiente de variação de 0,58. Um achado importante é que o número de blogs ativos parece ter diminuído nos últimos anos. Conjecturamos que esse fenômeno é devido à concorrência com outras mídias sociais (Facebook, Twitter e video blogs), entre outras possíveis causas.
Perfil da produção científica em Medicina Tropical na América Latina: análise do termo “Tropical Medicine” na Web of Science
Authors: Sobral Natanael Vitor , Silva Fábio Mascarenhas e , Miranda Zeny Duarte de
Published: January 2017

Objetiva analisar o perfil da produção latino-americana sobre Medicina Tropical na Web of Science (1945 a 2016), especificamente os artigos publicados em periódicos. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram os seguintes: (1) coleta de dados: coletaram-se os dados da Web of Science a partir da consulta do termo “tropical medicine” no campo “tópico”; (2) processamento dos dados utilizando o Vantage Point; (3) identificação temática: os temas foram obtidos nas palavras-chave dos artigos. Foram priorizadas as palavras-chave que indicavam nomes das doenças e seus agentes causadores, haja vista a possibilidade de descobrir quais enfermidades recebem maior atenção dos pesquisadores; (4) análise de relações: esquematizaram-se as relações entre os temas, instituições produtoras de artigos e periódicos científicos por meio do software UCINET/NetDraw. Como principais resultados, percebeu-se que: as relações mais profícuas entre instituições e temas são estabelecidas por instituições brasileiras: Fiocruz (RJ) e leishmaniose (13); Fiocruz (MG) e leishmaniose (8); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e leishmaniose (8) e Universidade de São Paulo e leishmaniose (7). As doenças e agentes causadores com maior índice de aparição na produção analisada foram: leishmaniose (60), doença de Chagas (30), aids (23), malária (21), dengue (19), diarreia (13) e tuberculose (12). Brasil (59%), Peru (9,6%), Venezuela (7,5%) e Cuba (6,9%) são os países latino-americanos mais representativos em termos de produção. As relações de colaboração mais intensas entre os países são estabelecidas entre Brasil e Estados Unidos. O periódico mais representativo foi o Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, sendo o responsável por mais de dois terços da produção indexada.
Distribuição geográfica da produção e colaboração científica brasileira nas Ciências Biomédicas
Authors: Hoppen Natascha Helena Franz , Santin Dirce Maria , Corrêa Maurício de Vargas , Vanz Samile Andréa de Souza
Published: January 2017

As Ciências Biomédicas constituem um importante campo de pesquisa no Brasil, tanto pelo estudo de doenças locais típicas quanto pelo enfoque em temas de interesse universal. Este estudo faz inicialmente um levantamento da institucionalização das Ciências Biomédicas no Brasil e, depois, analisa a distribuição geográfica da produção e da colaboração científica dessas áreas no país, a fim de compreender as configurações atuais do campo e a concentração e dispersão das pesquisas no território nacional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliométrica realizada com base nos artigos publicados na última década (2006– 2015) por pesquisadores brasileiros em periódicos indexados na Web of Science. Os resultados revelam a concentração da produção em poucos estados, com destaque para São Paulo, presente em quase 50% dos artigos e sendo o mais colaborativo com unidades federativas de outras regiões do país. Outro destaque é o estado do Rio de Janeiro, segundo mais produtivo e responsável, junto com São Paulo, pelos cinco periódicos que mais publicaram artigos da área no período estudado. Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e Santa Catarina são os estados seguintes em termos de produtividade. Os clusters de colaboração são formados por estados da mesma região ou próximos geograficamente. Pernambuco e Espírito Santo são também unidades federativas com destaque para seus modos de produção e papel de colaboração em seus clusters. Os estados do norte do país são os menos produtivos, seguidos pelos da região Nordeste, o que aponta necessidade de mais políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento científico dessas regiões. Conclui-se que a proximidade geográfica é um fator importante na colaboração e mesmo na produtividade, tendo em vista que estados mais produtivos estão próximos entre si e se mostram bastante colaborativos.
Application of Data Mining for Quick Root-Cause Identification and Automated Production Diagnostic of Gas Wells With Plunger Lift
Authors: Singh Ajay
Published: January 2017

The paper presents an application of the classification-and-regression-tree (CART) technique as a root-cause identification and production diagnostic tool, and presents case studies from real field data for gas wells using the plunger-lift system. Specifically, regression-tree analysis was performed on the basis of the available operation data. The regression-tree model is data-driven and easy to construct, and does not require all the parameters that a first-principles-based model often requires. Thus, these models are quite useful in cases where real-time data or the required data for a detailed analysis are unavailable. To improve prediction capability, a cross-validation technique was used to optimize tree size. A total of 8 to 10 variables that could potentially affect the gas-production rate was considered, with case studies conducted on actual field data. Questions, such as which group of wells is performing well or poorly, are quickly answered. Regression-tree analysis, when applied at the field level, can identify a group of wells that underperform compared with other wells. As a result, an asset team can prioritize wells identified as poor performers. Further, a statistical analysis helps to gain insight into understanding the causal relationship between the gas-production rate and various operational variables. On the basis of this analysis, recommendations are also provided to improve the gas-production rate of poorly performing wells. Individual-well models were also constructed to identify the root causes for high or low gas production on the basis of operational changes made during a certain period of time. Only a few of the variables were found to have a significant impact on gas production. The interpretation of the decision tree indicated that additional operational variables, such as production time and pressure-buildup time, should be included in the regression-tree analysis to improve the diagnostic process. This paper summarizes these conclusions and recommends future work to improve the prediction capability of the regression-tree analysis.
An Analytical Solution for Pseudosteady-State Flow in a Hydraulically Fractured Stratified Reservoir With Interlayer Crossflows
Authors: Sun Hongliang , Ning Zhengfu , Yang Xiantong , Lu Yunhu , Jin Yan , Chen Kang Ping
Published: January 2017

This work presents an analytical solution for the pseudosteady-state (PSS) flow in a hydraulically fractured stratified reservoir with finite fracture conductivity in the presence of interlayer crossflows. Specifically, a three-layer configuration is considered, with the midlayer hydraulically fractured and sandwiched between two adjacent layers feeding the midlayer by crossflows. The circular drainage area is approximated as elliptical, allowing the problem to be solved in elliptical coordinates analytically. Explicit expressions in the physical-variable space for the dimensionless productivity index (PI) and the wellbore-pressure drawdown for the PSS flow of such a hydraulically fractured system with interlayer crossflows are derived for the first time. Compared with the case without interlayer crossflows, the dimensionless PI is reduced because of additional pressure drawdown occurring in the sandwiching layers; on the other hand, the time rate of increase of the pressure drawdown at the wellbore is also decreased because of the addition of the producible fluid stored in the sandwiching layers. This slower time rate of increase of the wellbore-pressure drawdown prolongs the PSS production period, which can lead to a larger accumulative production. It is also shown that when the layers have comparable thickness, fracturing the higher-permeability layer provides the best performance because the wellbore-pressure drawdown experiences the slowest time rate of increase during the PSS flow period. The analytical solution can also be used for fracture-design optimization as well as production-decline analysis for fractured stratified systems.
The Effects of Perforation Erosion on Practical Hydraulic-Fracturing Applications
Authors: Long Gongbo , Xu Guanshui
Published: January 2017

Predicting perforation erosion and its effects on fracture dimensions, fluid distribution, and pressure drop can be an essential part of successful design of hydraulic-fracturing treatments, especially for massive treatments along the horizontal wells when limited-entry techniques are implemented. Both the perforation diameter D and discharge coefficient Cd increase dynamically as proppant-laden slurries are pumped through perforations, making it necessary to consider the changes of these two variables in terms of time to predict the perforation-erosion effects. In this paper, we conduct a study of the perforation-erosion effects by implementing our new perforation-erosion model derived from experimentally verified abrasion mechanisms to calculate the rate changes of these two variables and the consequent influence on the fracture dimensions, fluid distribution, and downhole pressure during a treatment. The selected parameters affecting the erosion effects in the study include perforation number, perforation-cluster spacing, in-situ stress difference, and fracturing-fluid viscosity. The results demonstrate that our model can predict the perforation-erosion effects on practical hydraulic-fracturing applications in a physically clear and mathematically concise manner under different circumstances by inspecting the simultaneous increases of D and Cd separately, leading to more-appropriate treatment designs, especially with the limited-entry techniques.
REGUŁY PRAWA RZYMSKIEGO DO DZIESIĘCIU PRZYKAZAŃ BOŻYCH
Authors: Zabłocka Maria
Published: January 2017

REGOLE DEL DIRITTO ROMANO ATTINENTI A DECALOGOJohan Oldendorp, autore del trattato Eioaycoyrj juris naturalise in cui sottolineava l’importanza del diritto naturale, nel titolo Quomodo regulae iuris ex naturae praeceptis collectae sint raccolse le regole del diritto Romano che riteneva attinenti ai Dieci Comandamenti. La giustapposizione risulta l’universalita del diritto romano. I suoi principi e regole sono sempiterni. Possono adeguarsi sia alle Tavole mosaiche sia ai tempi moderni. I principi fondamentali professati dai giureconsulti romani, quali: quanto e permesso non sempre e degno; in dubbio applicare Pinterpretazione piu mite; in buona fede non si persegue due volte lo stesso; misurare la frode non con il metro delle conseguenze bensi delle intenzioni; tutto, e prima di tutto il diritto, deve fondarsi sull'equita vigono anche oggi.
RZYMSKA SOCIETAS A PARTNERSHIP SYSTEMU COMMON LAW
Authors: Dziuban Ewa
Published: January 2017

ROMAN SOCIETAS AND THE COMMON LAW PARTNERSHIPThe construction of roman societas in comparison with the common law partnership was the subject of authors inquiry. The idea was to find whether these two contracts, being created in a very different time and situation, with ages of various experiences between them, could, in some way, resemble. In other words - is that possible that the similar aim of the contracts determined the shape of the legal form?Both constructions were analysed stressing their most significant points.The comparison was led due to the pattern established by the author, created to make it more readable.As a result every characteristic was composed of the following parts:1. description of the contract’s nature;2. types of the contract;3. inner relations between partners;4. societas/partnership in relation to outer world;5. dissolving the contract.On this basis author examined the findings.The pointed conclusions seemed to provide a very interesting start for further inquiries. The reason for this is, as it occurred, that between two legal systems, existing in separate ages and conditions, with settled opinion on their incompatibility, more than few similarities can be found.Author did not give a straight answer to the question why these similarities really exist. In fact she provides at least two possible explanations without prejudice.Actually to give a more exact answer deeper studies shall be undertaken. However even at this very early stage it can be said, that both constructions, even though so faraway in various dimensions from each other, developed compatible solutions on their way to find the best idea how the goal can be achieved. And this goal, as it occurred from the contracts’ nature, seemed to be analogous.Is the similar solution a question of reception? Or maybe both systems parallel found the way, which occurred to be the best and, in the same time, convergent? Maybe the catalogue of best solutions is closed and sooner or later every system shall come to it?These questions must be asked. Even if or especially that the answers are neither easy nor immediate.Author finished this first stage of her studies leaving them open but with the reservation that inquiry will be continued.
DIDOMI POLEITEIAN ROMAION. TREŚĆ I ZAKRES NADANIA OBYWATELSTWA W CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIANA
Authors: Gumiela Przemysław
Published: January 2017

DIDOMI POLEITEIAN ROMAION.DIDOMI POLEITEIAN ROMAION. THE CONTENT AND THE EXTENT OF THE CITIZENSHIP GRANT IN THE ‘CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIANA’Summary In orbe Romano qui sunt ex constitutione imperatoris Antonini cives Romani effecti sunt – the mode, in which Ulpianus described the constitutio Antoniniana, does not reflect the importance of this act, the act by which nearly all inhabitants of the Imperium Romanum were granted Roman citizenship. Actually, the edict of Caracalla, released in 212 CE, was a revolutionary one. Nonetheless, due to brevity of antic testimonia, and particularly to the meagre condition of the papyrus Giessensis 42 (which carries the Greek version of the constitutio), numerous problems concerning the content and the extent of the citizenship grant remain yet unresolved. This paper aims at finding satisfactory answers to these questions. This attempt shall consist in a systematic analysis of the papyrus text read in the context of as many surviving sources as possible. A particular emphasis will be laid on the essence and the scope of the citizenship grant. This paper ignores, of necessity, several contextual questions, including those about the circumstances, motives and effects of the release. In fact, these problems are vast enough so as to be recognised separately.
PRZESŁANKI OGRANICZENIA WŁADZY RODZICIELSKIEJ NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH
Authors: Długoszewska Iwona
Published: January 2017

Reasons for Restricting Parental in the Polish LandsSummary This article presents the limits of parental authority and, in particular, the condition of this limitation in historical perspective. The analysis of this institution begins the tenth century, and ends on the current Code and caring family. The primary objective of the article is to present the evolution of the institution of parental restrictions. Various stages of this evolution in Poland have been preceded by a brief general remarks on the regulation of this institution in Europe. The analysis serves primarily to a better understanding of the institution itself limits of parental authority, but also allows the presentation of the history of the Polish legal system over the centuries.
DOPUSZCZALNOŚĆ ROSZCZEŃ REGRESOWYCH INSTYTUCJI ZABEZPIECZENIA SPOŁECZNEGO Z PAŃSTW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ WOBEC POLSKIEGO UBEZPIECZYCIELA OC UBEZPIECZONEGO – ODPOWIEDZIALNEGO ZA SZKODĘ
Authors: Fuchs Dariusz
Published: January 2017

Admissibility of Claims of Social Security Institutions of the European Union Countries to the Polish Insurer of Civil Liability Insured who is Responsible for the DamageSummary The paper contains a general overview of the legal nature and the specific character of the recourse under the EU regulations on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the EU concerning civil liability insurer. It was underlined specific position of the social insurance institutions form EU Members versus Polish insurer. It was expressed that necessity of amendment of the Polish insurance regulation to create a base for recourse as in EU regulation.
WYBÓR I OBJĘCIE URZĘDU PRZEZ CENZORÓW W STAROŻYTNYM RZYMIE
Authors: Tarwacka Anna
Published: January 2017

Elections and Entrance in Office by Censors in the Roman RepublicSummary Censors were major magistrates usually elected every five years for eighteen months. Their elections were held by one of the consuls at the comitia centuriata during which both censors had to get chosen. It was obligatory to postpone the assembly in case only one candidate achieved the majority of votes. After the election had been completed, another comitia centuriata were held in order to vote a lex centuriata confirming it. Only then the censors enetred in office. If during the term of office one of the censors died, the other one was obliged to resign. The office was reserved for patricians until 351 B.C. whereas since 339 B.C. according to the lex Publilia Philonis both censors could be plebeians. The rule considering iteratio impossible in case of censorship was confirmed in a law voted around 265 B.C. The first task awaiting newly elected censors was to contract for the food of the sacred geese and renovation of Juppiter statue.
POWOŁANIE JAKO PODSTAWA NAWIĄZANIA STOSUNKU PRACY DYREKTORA PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWA PAŃSTWOWEGO
Authors: Duraj Tomasz
Published: January 2017

Appointment as the Basis for Establishing Employment Relationship of a Director of a State EnterpriseSummary The subject of this study is a detailed characteristics of the act of appointment as the basis for employment relationship of a director of a state enterprise. The director is the most important managing and executive body of a state enterprise, and the legal status of a director is regulated by the State Enterprises Act of 25 September 1981 .In relation to a director of a state enterprise there is a special situation, within which there is a legal obligation to utilize the employment relationship by appointment as the basis for employment. It is the only admissible legal relation, on the basis of which a director can work for a state enterprise. The employee status of a director of a state enterprise is primarily regulated by the labor code regulations regarding appointment (articles 68-72 of the labor code), while, according to article 69 of the labor code, to this employment relation – with some exceptions –the regulations regarding employment contracts for an unspecified time are also applicable. In this article the author analyses the issue of establishing and terminating the employment relation with a director of a state enterprise. Particular attention ought to be paid to the specific situation of a director of a state enterprise with regard to the stabilization of his or her employment. It is significantly more advantageous as compared to the situation of other employees employed by appointment. According to the regulations in force, there are no reservations to the principle of removing persons from the posts filled within the institution of appointment in any time and without the necessity to indicate any causes. However, this principle is limited with relation to a director of a state enterprise, due to the specific procedures of dismissal of this category of employees statutory by the act of state enterprises as well as additional rights to which a dismissed director is entitled, especially the right for a dismissal allowance.
ZAKAZ ODRZUCENIA POZWU Z POWODU NIEDOPUSZCZALNOŚCI DROGI SĄDOWEJ W SPRAWACH Z ZAKRESU PRAWA PRACY
Authors: Kapela Ilona
Published: January 2017

Interdiction of Dismissal of an Action Due to Inadmissibility of Sueing or Prosecuting in Labour Law CasesSummary Interdiction of dismissal a suit due to inadmissibility of sueing or prosecuting in labour law cases is one of many distinctions between civil process and proceedings before the labour courts. The aforementioned distinction is treated marginally in the literature as it is rarely referred to, which may lead to the conviction that it is not very significant. However, after the careful analysis, it is possible to see its impact on the protection of legitimate interest of an employee. In article 199 of the civil procedure code a certain principle was expressed. It was however modified, indicating that the action shall not be dismissed in situations referred to in the aforementioned article, and shall be applicable to cases where an employee or an insured is a plaintiff. Its aim is to protect claims of an employee and an insured as well as it is a lex specialis norm in relation to the one expressed in article 199 paragraph 1 point 1 of civil procedure code. It is also an exception to the principle defined in article 201 of civil procedure code: “referring the case in terms of jurisdiction shall be limited only to the courts”. Referring the case to another body on the basis of the article 464 of civil procedure code due to inadmissibility of sueing or prosecuting instead of dismissal of an action is one of many conveniences that enables an employee to overcome particular obstacles connected with a process. Moreover it contributes to strengthen care of legitimate interest of an employee and enables to meet the deadline of turning to that body (article 463 paragraph 2 of civil procedure code).
RZYMIANIE I ICH „PRAWO MEDYCZNE” (ASPEKTY PRAWNO-KARNE)
Authors: Amielańczyk Krzysztof
Published: January 2017

ROMANS AND THEIR ‘MEDICAL LAW’ (CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS) Summary Medicine began to be regulated by law already in the antiquity. Securing the public interest, the Roman legislator made attempts to protect his  citizens from certain blameworthy medical practices. There are sources available showing cases of doctors (medics), midwives and pharmacists being criminally prosecuted as a result of the fatal consequences of their medical and quasi-medical activities. The Roman law would impose criminal liability for the acts of administering poison instead of a medicament, bans on sterilization (castration), bans on abortion, criminal liability for causing the death or bodily injury of another man’s slave as a result of his improper treatment (imperitia). Doctors could be divided into private doctors, hired by private persons, and public ones, who were employed and paid by municipalities. Public doctors had to be highly qualified and enjoy an immaculate reputation. Nonetheless, the requirements demanded of doctors did not change the generally negative opinion on medics as held by the Roman society.
PRZESTĘPSTWO DEZERCJI U SCHYŁKU OKRESU REPUBLIKAŃSKIEGO
Authors: Banyś Tomasz J.
Published: January 2017

DESERTION AS A STANDALONE CRIME IN ANCIENT ROMESummary Desertion as a standalone crime in ancient Rome was penalised since the early republican period. While there are a limited number of sources available, certain characteristics of the act of desertion can be established, and so it can be stated to a certainty that absence from the signs or banners of a given military unit without proper authorisation, abandoning an officer, one’s post or the standard, or fleeing from combat were all considered desertion. The pressures of the later republican period demanded increased discipline in the army; therefore Gaius Julius Caesar began to treat the act of abandoning military equipment (weapons) as a form of desertion and introduced proper policy to counter such behavior, encouraging the troops to adorn their equipment so it would seem too precious to be left behind. This very form of desertion has long been considered to have emerged in later times, during the principate, however accounts given by Suetonius and Polyaenus on Caesar’s policy seem to imply the contrary, despite the general lack of development of military law during that time.
‘LONGI TEMPORIS PRAESCRIPTIO’ JAKO ZARZUT DŁUGIEGO OKRESU POSIADANIA
Authors: Ruszkiewicz Beata
Published: January 2017

‘LONGI TEMPORIS PRAESCRIPTIO’ AS A DEMURRER IN THE MATTER OF LONG POSSESSIONSummary During centuries Praescriptio longi temporis has changed its meaning, requirements, application and nature, therefore, it seems to be adequate, to use it as a subject of the conference entitled “Law at the turn of the century”. This term derives from the Greek law. During the Pre-Classical Age it had its specific nature of an usual procedural privilege, granted on the basis of a long lack of action taken from the opposite party. Since the 1st century AD it had been used in Roman provinces and between peregrines. In Justinian’s era, after the combination with usucapio, it gained the acquiring nature. Praescriptio longi temporis, as a system operating according to the Greek conception, was, on the one hand, aimed at the ending of the insecurity of the relations resulting from the long-term provincial property possession, while on the other, it couldn’t lead to acquire their ownership due to the fact that they belonged to the Roman State. As the extinguishing limitation, it resembled the roman exceptio, after the defendant, and rei vindicatio, after the owner. It was set against the owner who revindicates, who would have left the provincial land unsecured for the period of 20 years, if the case had concerned subjects inhabiting different provinces (inter absentes) and for the period of 10 years, if the sides had inhabited the same province (inter praesentes). At the turn of the 3rd and 4th century AD it gained the acquiring effectiveness that convinced Justinian to conduct a fundamental reform by which virtue, from the combination of usucapio and longi temporis praescriptio, ordinary acquisitive prescription originated and extraordinary acquisitive prescription was introduced – longissimi temporis praescriptio.
POJĘCIE ‘CAUSA’ W ŹRÓDŁACH PRAWA RZYMSKIEGO ODNOSZĄCYCH SIĘ DO BEZPODSTAWNEGO WZBOGACENIA
Authors: Sobczyk Marek
Published: January 2017

THE CONCEPT OF ‘CAUSA’ IN THE SOURCES OF ROMAN LAW RELATED TO UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT Summary In this paper I analyze the meaning of causa in the sources of Roman law in fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh title of the twelfth book of Digest’s. The aim of my study is to participate in the contemporary discussion on several crucial issues of Roman conception of unjustified enrichment. In my opinion research into the concept of causa can contribute to the better evaluation of the theories on causa condictionis, causa dandi, causa retinendi, the theory that datio sine causa was the central concept of Roman unjustified enrichment, as well as the theory that datio was a basic precondition of the application of condictio. I come to a general conclusion that causa had several different meanings: a) causa as an qualification of the fact that a benefit is in the hands of another person; b) causa which related to the legal basis of acquisition of a benefit; c) causa which related to the way in which a benefit was acquired; d) causa as a motive or an objective of the performance; e) causa which related to the basis of a promise of performance; f) causa which justified the retention of a benefit. Neither of the abovementioned meanings of causa corresponds to the causa condictionis understood in the abstract way as a ground for claims common to all condictiones, a common idea of the remedy for the recovery of an unjust enrichment. Only the last meaning related to the conception of causa retinendi. The theory that datio sine causa was the central concept of Roman does not seems to be justified.
DOJŚCIE EMISJI PAPIERÓW WARTOŚCIOWYCH DO SKUTKU NA PRZYKŁADZIE EMISJI OBLIGACJI
Authors: Michalski Marek
Published: January 2017

THE MOMENT OF CREATION OF SECURITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BONDS Summary Bonds are a type of securities that are used to raise funds for the financial needs of enterprises. These funds are considered as a money capital coming from external sources, as the bond issuer is obliged to repay the loan up to the date specified in the terms of the issue of the bonds. The process of the bond issue has been greatly simplified, so that bonds become an instrument easy to use on the financial market. The brevity of the provisions regulating the bond issue was intended to ensure that bond issue can be conducted briefly and to release the entire procedure from the burden of unnecessary rigorism. In contrast to shares, issuance of bonds is not subject to any formal restrictions in the form of entering the issue to a public register of any kind. On the other hand, brevity of the Bonds Act of 29 June 1995 leads to significant differences in interpretation. The Act on Bonds does not clearly identify the moment of creation of an effective claim. Whereas there are two legal terms defined in the Act i.e. the hand-over of bond documents, and the moment of the issuance taking place. The are no grounds, in light of the provisions of the Act on Bonds, to eqaute these two concepts. The creation of an effective receivable, i.e., one that may be claimed by legal actions of the creditor is determined by the moment of the issuance taking place, not the hand-over of the bond documents. The second step, namely the hand-over of the bond documents, from the perspective of the Law on Bonds has only a technical meaning and should not be treated as a requirement for the acquisition of the claim by the bondholder. Absence of the bond documents hand-over may affect the position of the bondholder, since it impedes the possibility to dispose of the claim, but does not deprive one of the right. The bondholders claim is created on the earlier stage and ist existance is independent of the bond document hand-over.
WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA WŁASNOŚCI ZABYTKÓW I DZIEŁ SZTUKI W PRAWIE PRL-U
Authors: Jagielska-Burduk Alicja
Published: January 2017

LEGAL STATUS OF CULTURAL PROPERTY AND WORKS OF ART IN THE PRL Summary The article deals with the legal status of works of art and cultural property in the Polish legislation during communism period. Classifying those objects as private property was considered as a very difficult task, because of their material value and the public interest in saving them for future generations. The strict limitations of individuals property were perceived as unusual and as a result a new sort of property – the private cultural property was distinguished. Moreover, the concepts of the common heritage and res extra commercium could be observed in the light of the PRL ideas. It should be emphasized that the above mentioned theories for improving cultural heritage regulations are the most popular in the nowadays’ international discussion.
RELIKT SĄDOWNICTWA ŚREDNIOWIECZNEGO – O JURYSDYKCJI WOJEWODY PŁOCKIEGO NAD SZLACHTĄ W POŁOWIE XVII W.
Authors: Moniuszko Adam
Published: January 2017

A RELIC OF THE MEDIEVAL COURT SYSTEM: A JURISDICTION OF PLOCK VOIVOD OVER THE LOCAL NOBILITY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY Summary This article concerns organisation and functioning of Plock voivod’s court and its jurisdiction over the nobility in the middle of the 17th century. Generally, this type of jurisdiction declined in the late Medieval period and Plock voivodship was the exception. The petty nobility without a privilege of ius non responsivum to monarch’s officials was submitted to this court. Analysis of three, previously unknown, voivod’s court records from period 1645 – 1650 enabled to show some details of this jurisdiction. Basically, its organisation was parallel to Plock land court in terms of division into two separate courts for each land of the voivodship and system of three sessions a year in every county (powiat). Material jurisdiction, which contained civil cases in old-Polish law sense, was likewise similar. Voivod’s court was a lower instance and the parties could appeal to the Crown Tribunal. Jurisdiction was exercised by a voivod’s judge, an official nominated by the voivod. Apart from deciding matters of contestation, voivod’s court had also competences in non-litigious cases, i.e. accepting entries to the records of various legal actions. As far as the latter is concerned, the court was used not only by the gentry submitted to its jurisdiction, but the rest of the local gentry as well. A firm position of the Plock voivod’s court in the local administration of justice system by 1650 proves that it fell in decline not before the second half of 17th century or even later.
DOPUSZCZALNOŚĆ OKAZANIA GŁOSU W ŚWIETLE AKTUALNEJ REGULACJI PRAWNEJ
Authors: Szczepaniec Maria
Published: January 2017

ADMISSIBILITY OF THE PRESENTATION OF THE SPEECH IN LIGHT OF CURRENT LEGAL REGULATION Summary The article discusses the issues concerning the presentation of the speech. This issues is quite seldom discussed in the literature. The basic problem with the presentation of the speech concerns the legal basis to carry out this action. The article presents also the definition and the types of the presentation. Considerations are concentrated on giving of answer on question, if the presentation of the speech is admissible in light of current legal regulation.
OSOBOWE SPÓŁKI JEDNOOSOBOWE
Authors: Szczurowski Tomasz
Published: January 2017

Single – Partner PartnershipSummary The Commercial Companies Code contains regulating of a single – member private limited-liability company and a single – member public company, but partnership can also have single partner. It can not be incorporate as a single – partner partnership, but it is possible that one partner remains in the partnership. First of all, a professional partnership can be single – partner partnerships (art. 98 § 2). However it is the most typical situation, I think that all kind of partnerships may have just one partner. That can happen when the partnership includes two partners and one of them terminates the articles of association or when one of them dies. In this case the partnership would have one partner during liquidation. Although the term of liquidation is unspecified, The Commercial Companies Code does not contains regulating the issue of single – partner partnership. This problem should be solved by applying general norms connecting with liquidation.
PRAWO LEKARSKIE DRUGIEJ RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ W ZARYSIE
Authors: Zieliński Tadeusz J.
Published: January 2017

LAW REGARDING PHYSICIANS IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF POLAND IN OUTLINE Summary Profession of a physician as a key element of the healthcare system was the subject of an intense interest of the legislative power of the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939). The legal acts analyzed in the present paper expressed the far reaching vision formulated at the outset of the reborn Polish state. That vision is particularly exemplified in the Basic Sanitary Act of 1919 r. The law on physicians of mid-war period underwent gradual and intended evolution. Practical implementation of the Act on the Practice and Chambers of Physicians of 1921 contributed towards an enactment of the highly regarded new regulations of the matter in 1932 and 1934. This was accompanied by the formation of the distinct profession of dentists. Legislative order of the President of the Republic on the healthcare institutions of 1928 played a significant role as far as regulation of the market of medical suppliers is concerned. In the 30s quality of legal acts had been clearly improved. Due to determination of the healthcare authorities after more then a decade of the Second Republic’s legislative activity, there were only few remnants of old occupants’ legal regulations in the area of law on physicians. This remarkable achievement was quite suddenly dismantled, since the repeal of majority of the said acts by the Communist authorities after 1945.
OD DEMOKRACJI PRZEDSTAWICIELSKIEJ DO DEMOKRACJI PRAWNICZEJ: KONSTYTUCJA STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH A EWOLUCJA USTROJOWA PAŃSTWA
Authors: Lewicki Zbigniew
Published: January 2017

FROM REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY TO JUDICIAL DEMOCRACY: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Summary The article discusses the process in which the judiciary branch has claimed and maintains its supremacy over the other two branches by practicing the extra-constitutional process of judicial review. Prior precedences under the British or colonial rule can hardly be claimed as they were established in a markedly different system in which the tripartite division of power was not as pronounced as it is under the U.S. Constitution. The real culprit is the U.S. Congress which refrains from making clear rules in controversial matters, such as abortion. The Supreme Court swiftly moved into the void to the point where the beliefs of nine nominated Justices outweigh the views of over five hundred elected representatives of the people, to wit: the flag burning controversy. While the learned opinions of nine learned and respected specialists should not be dismissed lightly, it is a far cry from the Founding Fathers’ intention if one person’s preferences can sway the nation’s political system, as is the case when the Court is divided between four liberals and four conservatives. However, lawyers are unlikely to give up the power they have usurped over time.
PRAWNE GWARANCJE REALIZACJI ZASADY ROZDZIAŁU KOŚCIOŁA OD PAŃSTWA W XVII-WIECZNYM MARYLANDZIE
Authors: Michalik Piotr
Published: January 2017

LEGAL GUARANTEES OF REALIZATION OF THE IDEA OF THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN THE 17TH CENTURY MARYLANDSummary The paper is devoted to an analysis of church – state relations in the seventeenth century Maryland, an English colony founded in America in 1634 a Catholic, by Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore. As far as the paper concernes in seventeenth century Maryland there was not only religious toleration but also the separation of church and state. Although formally Charter of Maryland introduced Anglican establishment in the colony, lords Baltimore sought to realize the idea of the separation of church and state from the very beginning of the history of Maryland till the overthrow of Charles Calvert in 1689. Under the lords Baltimore the separation of church and state in Maryland was in practice guaranteed by several legislative acts enacted by Maryland General Assembly and sanctioned by Lord Baltimore, particularly An Act ordaining certain Laws for the Government of this Province from 1639, An Act for Church liberties from 1640 and An Act Concerning Religion from 1649.
ROLA I MIEJSCE ADMINISTRACJI SPRAW WEWNĘTRZNYCH W SYSTEMIE WŁADZY PAŃSTWOWEJ II RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ
Authors: Misiuk Andrzej
Published: January 2017

ROLE THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS ADMINISTRATION WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT THE IN POLISH SECOND REPUBLIC Summary Basic and primary functions of administration were peacekeeping and regulatory activity. Other, like social, economic and regulatory economic were added in the first half of XIX century. It is safe to say that peacekeeping and regulatory activity were indeed the most important tasks of administrations activity. That was the reason that this predecessor of modern ministry of foreign affairs supervised not only public safety and internal security but also education, relations between state and religion and controlling and audit of other state agendas and local administration. This significant role of ministry of internal affairs remained nearly intact in the Second Republic of Poland. The minister of internal affairs supervised both central administration local administration including controlling over voivodes (centrally-appointed governor of a province in polish voivodeship) and starostas (head of county in polish starostwo).