bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Medieval Beverley
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: August 2005

Late medieval Beverley: traditional churches in a traditional culture. The medieval churches of Beverley (in Yorkshire, England) are examined as representative of traditional church design. Attention focuses mainly on Beverley Minster (an important center of pilgrimage and the focus of a particularly well developed custom of sanctuary for criminals) and Saint Mary’s (a parish church, originally a chapel dependent on the Minster). Other churches and chapels in the city are also discussed, including the local Dominican church and friary. These buildings are noteworthy for their richness of symbolic association and (at least in the two major churches) their aesthetic power. The crucial questions are whether the partitioning of processional space diminishes the spatial dynamics of these churches, and whether the multiplication of altars and devotional sites distracts from a meaningful centering focus.
Chicago
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: August 2005

Chicago: traditional churches in a modern culture. The churches built in Chicago between the great fire of 1871 and the First World War were almost all built in revival styles: the Gothic revival was accepted as the norm in many denominations, while Roman Catholics also built in Romanesque, Renaissance, and other revival styles. Within Roman Catholicism, these styles served as markers of ethnic distinction, but then American Colonial style could be used to counteract the ethnicity of specific national churches. While classic sacramental design was taken for granted in Roman Catholic circles, the altar rail served as a strong boundary between clerical and lay space, and churches were used less for procession than for intercession. In Protestant circles, auditorium churches closely resembling contemporary theaters became prominent, serving for worship in which proclamation was of paramount importance. The high church movement in the Episcopal Church led to churches with extended chancels (in which choirs with choir stalls were placed between the congregation in the nave and the priest at the altar); other denominations sometimes borrowed this design. Orthodox immigrants built in a manner long established in their home countries, with large icon-screens that clearly limited visibility of the altar and served a form of worship largely centered on mediation.
Rapture Culture
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson
Published: August 2005

Examines the readership of the contemporary best-selling series Left Behind, drawing on a qualitative study of readers. Rapture Culture asks what role an anti-worldly theory like dispensationalism plays in contemporary evangelicalism when evangelicals have gained increasing social and political power. The book argues that apocalyptic stories are a form of social relationship. They shape identity not only through agreement and a sense of belonging, but also through disagreement and dissent. The most urgent message of the rapture for readers of Left Behind is that the end of time could come soon, and therefore a decision about personal salvation is necessary. While it is true that the Left Behind series plays on readers’ fears, the primary fear is not so much a social or political fear as a personal one—a fear that the reader himself or herself might be left behind. The primary purpose of the Left Behind series is to promote evangelism. Readers feel convicted by the books of the need to tell their loved ones about Christ and to seek the conversion of others. In addition, the story of rapture and tribulation provides a lens through which readers can interpret the chaotic and sometimes disconcerting events of the world. The popularity of the Left Behind series and its diffusion into mainstream culture leads the book to conclude with the suggestion that evangelicalism is wrongly understood as a “subculture” and instead needs to be conceived as a broad and fluid part of dominant popular culture in the United States. Rapture Culture urges its readers to take seriously both the fears and the desires about social life present in the testimonies of Left Behind’s readership and to consider popular fiction reading as a complex and dynamic act of faith in American Protestantism.
Conclusion
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D.
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It identifies three challenges that remain in the construction of a naturalistic epistemology. First, an effective epistemology needs to continue to discover handy new heuristics that help us reason reliably about significant matters. Second, we need to identify with more effectiveness what is involved in human well-being. A third project essential to the development of a prescriptive, reason-guiding epistemology is social epistemology.
Testing the Flexibility Paradigm: Canadian Labor Market Performance in International Context
Authors: Stanford Jim
Published: August 2005

Like most of Europe, Canada experienced high levels of unemployment from the early 1980s through the late 1990s. It responded by introducing significant labor market reforms aimed at implementing OECD-style flexibility. In chapter 4, Jim Stanford points out that based on standard indicators of flexibility, like employment shifts across sectors, geographic mobility, and the levels of part-time work and self-employment, Canada gets high scores. He argues that the real objective of Canadian reforms has not been greater labor market flexibility per se, but greater labor market discipline through deregulation He finds that it is aggregate demand conditions, not labor market institutions, which best accounts for differences in labor market performance between the United States and Canada.
Is Labor Market Regulation at the Root of Unemployment?: The Case of Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Schettkat Ronald
Published: August 2005

While the Netherlands experienced high unemployment in the late 1980s, it outperformed the United States in the early 1990s and has done so since 1997. Germany’s high unemployment is entirely a post-unification phenomenon; it was not until 1993 that Germany’s unemployment rate was higher than that of the United States. The author argues that despite Dutch reforms, by the late 1990s their regulations still tended to be stronger and social protection spending more generous than Germany’s. Wage and skill dispersion are quite similar, as are the unemployment benefit systems. The answer lies elsewhere. The Netherlands has been distinguished by high levels of part-time employment, particularly among women, and has experienced substantially slower wage growth (partially compensated for by tax cuts), which contributed to an export boom. The key to the Dutch success has been a consistent mix of monetary, fiscal and wage policies. In contrast, in Germany the politics of the unification process helped produce both large public debts and substantial growth in real wages. The response was fiscal austerity, tight monetary policy, and a rise in social security payments levied on both employers and employees. The chapter concludes that the policy debate has greatly overemphasized the role of supply-side work incentives (regulations and benefits) and neglected the role of consistent wage bargaining, tax, and macroeconomic policies.
Managing Pension and Retirement Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This book discusses the different financial issues surrounding pension plans. It covers the different types of pension plans, fiduciary responsibilities, investment policy, performance monitoring, risk management, and cost control. The book is divided into five parts. Part I introduces the two main types of pension plans (defined benefit and defined contribution plans), then presents an overview of fiduciary responsibilities and regulatory compliance. Part II focuses on the different aspects of Defined Benefit plans. Part III focuses on Defined Contribution plans and hybrid plans. Part IV discusses the measurement, evaluation, and improvement of investment performance. Part V addresses the management of the decision-making process, asset managers, and costs.
An Introduction to Pension Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents an overview of the two major types of pension plans: defined benefit (DB) plans and defined contribution (DC) plans. Under DB plans, the employee receives an annuity at retirement and in which the payment level depends on a formula specified by the plan. DC plans are individual account plans in which a person’s retirement benefit depends on contributions and on investment returns. The discussion of DB plans will focus on how benefits accrue over an employee’s career. The discussion of DC plans will differentiate among the several varieties of this plan type.
What Pension Plans Do
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the five basic justifications for pension plans: (i) they have significant tax advantages, (ii) they help people save for retirement, (iii) they help employers recruit the type of workers they want, (iv) they can be used as severance pay, to help restructure the workforce, and (v) they can increase productivity. Pension plans offer more qualitative than quantitative advantages for employers and employees. The features that employers want to emphasize should be manifested in the type and design of pension plans.
Designing the Best Pension Plan
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the two-layer process in designing pension plans. The first involves choosing the best plan structure. A decision must be made whether the plan will offer defined benefits or defined contributions, or a hybrid of both. Once the plan type is selected, the various features of the plan must be defined based on the needs of both sponsors and employees. Boards of directors or government officials as well as senior management and the finance and human resources teams must accept a leadership role in forming and structuring pension plans.
The Prudent Pension Fiduciary: A Pragmatic View
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the fiduciary obligations of sponsors and managers of pension funds. Pension plan fiduciaries have a clear obligation to invest prudently and for the exclusive benefit of plan beneficiaries. However, the definition of both prudence and “exclusive benefit” remains the focus of considerable legal and regulatory debate and uncertainty. What is clear is that fiduciaries must be familiar with the issues surrounding their investment strategies and their specific implementation.
Improving Pension Fund Investment Performance
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

Improving the investment performance of pension fund asset pools begins with a careful evaluation of the current performance of the plan, and then taking action to improve future performance. This chapter discusses how performance measurement techniques may be used to evaluate pension fund performance, and some important limitations of performance measurement. It reviews the evidence on money managers’ abilities to perform and looks at the issue of using historical performance to select managers.
Risk Management Strategies Using Derivative Securities
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter describes the main types of derivatives used by pension funds to manage risk. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using derivatives to carry out various risk management strategies, and presents some hedging and return enhancement strategies that use derivatives. It explains how plan sponsors, administrators, trustees, managers, and other decision makers can decide when to use derivatives, how to choose from among the many alternatives available, and how to control their use.
Selecting and Managing Asset Managers
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

The effective management of a pension plan involves selecting, monitoring, compensating, and if necessary, replacing money managers. Such decisions are typically made by pension plan boards or senior management. Sponsoring organizations must decide whether to manage the pension plan internally or seek external managers. Once a decision is made, the plan sponsors must implement the decision by finding the most suitable money managers, establishing appropriate control procedures to ensure that the job is done in accordance with policy, and developing policies for such matters as manager compensation and the termination of money managers.
The Path to Better Pension Plan Management
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents a synthesis of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. Sensible pension management begins with a clear understanding of the purpose of the plan. The second step is establishing policies that govern investment and management activities. The primary purpose of policy is to provide useful guidelines for decision making and to communicate unambiguously to all parties what the plan is trying to do and how it is going about it. The issues of prudent behavior, investment management, managing plan investment managers, performance monitoring and evaluation, risk management, and success factors in pension management are discussed.
Creating the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

This book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of the history of unprecedented technical advances that took place in Europe and North America during the three pre-WWI generations and of their truly epochal consequences. It takes a close look at four classes of fundamental innovations: formation, diffusion, and standardization of electricity-generating systems and the distribution and uses of this most versatile form of energy; invention and rapid adoption of internal combustion engines, the dominant prime mover in transportation; the unprecedented pace of the introduction of new materials and industrial chemical syntheses; and the birth of a new information age thanks to the new means of communication. These chapters are followed by an evaluation of the lasting impact these advances had on the 20th century, that is, the creation of high-energy societies engaged in mass production aimed at improving standards of living.
The Great Inheritance
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

No other period in history has brought so many fundamental technical advances in such a short period of time. This Age of Synergy (1867-1914) saw a rapid introduction of science-based innovations, their prompt commercialization and improvement and their interaction to create a new knowledge-based economy and a high-energy civilization. This unprecedented technical progress laid the lasting foundations for modern societies: it created not only the basic material, economic, consumption, and social patterns of the 20th century but it will determine our fortunes for generations to come.
Imbricating Faith and Learning: The Architectonics of Christian Scholarship
Authors: Downing Crystal L.
Published: August 2005

Communities of faith and other communities of discourse police the use of language within their ranks to prevent linguistic “allergens” from disturbing established forms of thought and life. Using postmodern and Anabaptist insights, Downing critiques this control of language and argues for a more open-ended exchange of ideas in both church and academy. Her preferred metaphor for the relationship of faith and learning is “imbrication,” by which she means a pattern of complex and sometimes random overlapping of academic and faith concerns.
Is There a Christian History of Science?
Authors: Davis Edward B.
Published: August 2005

This essay argues that the history of science and faith is not one of ongoing conflict. While earlier historiographers like Andrew Dickson White portrayed a triumphal science engaged in “warfare” with theology, that view has been largely replaced by a much more nuanced story of mutual influence. Davis concludes that historians of science, whether Christians or not, largely share the same goal: to document the complexity of this story without prejudicing the case either for or against faith.
Contours and Contexts of Christian Scholarship
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt
Published: August 2005

The intermingling of faith and learning that takes place in Christian scholarship is often unpredictable, usually multi-directional, and always complex. Because of that, Christian scholars, whether Catholic or Protestant, will sometimes find themselves caught between the differing expectations of church and academy. But done well, faith-informed scholarship and academically shaped faith can be a boon to both the churches and the academy.
EPILOGUE: CAMPUS CLIMATE AND CHRISTIAN SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: Phipps Kim S.
Published: August 2005

This essay discusses the challenges for administrative leadership at church-related and other Christian colleges which desire to facilitate dialogue about faith and scholarship. Intellectual hospitality and inclusive conversation are defined and then applied to practical issues such as promotion and tenure. The goal is “to nurture campus cultures that acknowledge, affirm, and celebrate the many varieties of Christian scholarly vocation. ”
The Evolutionary Ethics of Alfred C. Kinsey
Authors: Churchill Frederick B.
Published: August 2005

As a student of William Morton Wheeler, Kinsey made his first contributions to biology, and adapted the taxonomic methods he had used in research on gall wasps to the study of human sexuality. The research for which he is famous was fueled not just by scientific curiosity, but also by a conviction that a scientific understanding of the varieties of sexual behavior should have an impact on the value judgments society makes about sexuality. He was less successful in this enterprise, in part because he may not have understood the logical and philosophical difficulties, such as those involving the naturalistic fallacy and the argument de animalibus, that beset any attempt to devise an evolutionary ethics.
When Science Teaching Becomes a Subversive Activity
Authors: Hoodbhoy Pervez
Published: August 2005

This chapter describes the unfortunate effects of attempts in Pakistan to produce Islamic science, promoted in part by Western authors such as Maurice Bucaille. Islamic fundamentalism is extremely intransigent, in part because the Qur’an is held to be the literal, spoken words of God. Passages that speak of natural phenomena must take precedence over science textbooks, and scientific explanations invoking cause and effect must give way to talk of Allah’s will.
Postmodernism, Hindu Nationalism, and “Vedic Science”
Authors: Nanda Meera
Published: August 2005

Indian intellectuals influenced by postmoderism such as Ashis Nandy and Vandana Shiva, put local folk beliefs on a par with science. Hindu nationalists, especially members of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, following the lead of the historical figure Swami Vivekananda and the contemporary Subhash Kak, have developed what they call “Vedic Science”, including Vedic astrology and Vedic creationism. Although India welcomes new technology, it has for the most part rejected the values of modern science, thus embracing a stance of what might be called reactionary modernism.
Religion and Reading in Early America
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the historical context that produced an entrepreneur of religion and reading such as missionary Samuel Mills. It describes how the interplay of Protestant doctrine and New England family and social organizations nurtured a linking for print. Although early Puritans did not believe that God’s grace could be summoned by human agency, they did believe that reading the word was a means through humankind received God’s grace.
Millennial Print
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines the beginnings of missionary publishing societies in the years following the American Revolution. It focuses on how ideology — the will to print — begat organizational practice. It describes how a new millennial spirit in the early republic encouraged a rising faith among religions leaders, especially in New England, in human agency, and human institutions. It presents stories of the first American missionary societies and their ventures into publishing. It discusses the creation of the New England Tract Society in 1814, which served as a non-commercial wholesale publisher with genuine national reach.
The New Mass Media
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the business organization strategies of religious publishers. Although the American Bible Society, American Tract Society, and American Sunday School Union had developed the technological capacity for universal mass media by 1830, they lacked the organizational ability to distribute these books to all the people who needed them. Focusing on the work of the American Bible Society and American Tract Society in the 1830s and 1840s, it is shown how the religious publishers created new structures and strategies of business organization to do, through the invisible hand of administration, what invisible hand of the market could not do.
How Readers Did Read
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the actual practices of ordinary readers. Readers’ reactions to the flood of Bibles, tracts, and books from national religious publishing societies in the 1840s and 1850s are described, drawing on the statistical and descriptive information collected by the American Tract Society and Presbyterian Board of Publication. It tells the story of change from scarcity to abundance in the realm of cheap religious publications, and how readers responded to this change.
Occupying the City
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Anti-Catholic fervor inspired a new round of institution-building among conservative Protestants. A concerted campaign on behalf of beleaguered street preachers gave rise to the Evangelistic Association of New England in 1887, a para-denominational organization that trained and placed evangelists around the region. In 1889, A. J. Gordon and his associates opened a Missionary Training School (which eventually became Gordon College and Gordon-Conwell Seminary), aimed at sending young men and women to evangelize the world in the shadow of an impending Second Coming.
The Stranger's Sabbath Home
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Organized in 1838, Tremont Temple was the leading downtown Protestant church at the turn of the century. Ardently committed to abolitionism in its early days, the Baptist congregation was organized on a free church model instead of the traditional pew rent system. By the late 19th century, it had developed into a revivalist preaching centers, typical of many other large urban congregations of that time. The members were predominantly young, often single men and women, many of them immigrants from the Canadian Maritimes. Fundamentalism of a particular type took root there, stressing personal piety more than social confrontation and, because of the constant need to generate income through rental of building space, relatively open to strategic compromises.
Brimstone Corner
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Park Street Congregational church was founded in 1809 as a bastion of Protestant orthodoxy during a time of Unitarian growth. Over the course of the 19th century the church stuck to its theological agenda, but charted a more uncertain course in a changing urban environment. At the brink of closing its doors in 1900, Park Street revitalized under the leadership of A.Z. Conrad and his insistence on a strong conservative, evangelistic program. By the 1930s, Park Street was the center of a regional movement, spurred by the aggressive leadership of pastor Harold John Ockenga and the entrepreneurial zeal of the New England Fellowship, an organization dedicated to worldwide revival.
Michael Polanyi
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) was born to a Viennese family living in Hungary. After obtaining a medical degree, he served in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I, then chose Austrian citizenship in the aftermath of the war. While on sick leave, he wrote an article on the adsorption of gases that became the foundation for his doctoral research in physical chemistry at Karlsruhe in Germany. In his later work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and the University of Manchester in England, Polanyi also worked on crystallography and reaction kinetics. After fleeing to England from Nazi Germany, Polanyi gradually turned away from physical chemistry to studies in economics, social and political analysis, philosophy, theology, and aesthetics. The biography traces the development of Polanyi's theory of tacit, personal knowledge and shows how his scientific career shaped his philosophy of science and his view of religion in general and Christianity and Judaism in particular.
The Fiber Institute: 1920–1923
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

Fritz Haber hired Polanyi to work in the Fiber Chemistry Group of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. Polanyi helped develop the rotating-crystal method of X-ray crystallography, made solid contributions to understanding the structure of cellulose, pressed forward with his work on adsorption catalysis and electrostatic dipoles, laid the foundation for transition rate theory in reaction kinetics, and investigated the bond strength of crystals; he was also forced to give up a cherished theory about quantum jumps in reaction kinetics, which taught him an important lesson about how scientists work together to distinguish real discoveries from mistaken surmises. Polanyi married Magda Kemeny on February 21, 1921, in a civil ceremony; their first child, George Michael Polanyi, was born on October 1, 1922.
The Last Years: 1971–1976
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

In his declining years, Polanyi worked with Harry Prosch to pull together his insights into aesthetics, epistemology, theology, and culture. Meaning was published shortly before Polanyi's death on February 22, 1976. This chapter presents a retrospective on Polanyi's relationship to Christianity and argues that his commitment to "ultimate concerns" (Tillich) such as truth, justice, freedom, charity, and beauty mark him as a man of faith even though he identified with no particular Christian communion.
Seekers and Setting
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

The author describes the setting, entry into the field, and the difficulty of writing an ethnography about a group with an unusual worldview. She meets members, who are called students, and the coordinator named Antares. The students explain their science and their belief in past-life therapy, cycles, and recovered memories. They glean knowledge from channeling, inspiration, and the practice of psychodrama. The 2001 millennial prophecy speaks of the arrival of a fleet of flying saucers that will lead an age of spiritual and scientific transformation.
How Prophecy Never Fails
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

The discussion takes issue with Leon Festinger’s When Prophecy Fails and cognitive dissonance theory by providing alternative explanations of disconfirmed prophecy. Ernest Norman lays the groundwork for Ruth Norman with visions and channeled messages from outer space. The evolution of Unarian prophecies and their failures shows how members come to view the phenomenon as a reliving of past lives and a healing process. Melvin Pollner’s theory of mundane reason indicates that believers find errors in the interpretations of others rather than seeing the flaws in their own logic.
Self‐Determination
Authors: Chappell Vere
Published: August 2005

This chapter focuses on self-determination. For many 17th-century thinkers, self-determination is the mark of free agency: a free agent is one who determines himself, and conversely. The doctrine of self-determinism was usually formulated in terms of the will. The positions of Locke, Bramhall, and Cudworth on self-determination are discussed.
Kant on Science and Experience
Authors: Friedman Michael
Published: August 2005

This chapter argues that since Kant's model of properly scientific knowledge is the Newtonian theory of universal gravitation, Kant's view of science is not predicated on a sharp distinction between the “scientific image” and the “manifest image” of the world such as that familiar today. For Kant, the scientific image is simply a more precise and determinate version of the manifest image, and our contemporary opposition between scientific and ordinary experience — based, as it is, on a fundamental divergence between these two images — appears as entirely anachronistic and misplaced. For this reason, Kant's own examples of objects of experience — heavy bodies, houses, ships, freezing water, the earth, the moon, and the heavenly bodies, water rising due to capillarity, a stone being warmed by illumination of the sun, and so on — constitute what looks to us like a quite indiscriminate mix of “ordinary” and “scientific” cases.
Animal Rights
Authors: Yarri Donna
Published: August 2005

This chapter argues that on the basis of the reality of animal minds and animal sentience that animal rights exist and should be protected. Just as humans are granted rights, even marginal humans, so too should animals. Not only should animals have moral rights, but legal rights as well. The rights which should exist in animal experimentation are as follows: freedom from unnecessary pain and suffering, not to have liberty so restricted, not to have their lives unnecessarily shortened, to engage in species-specific behavior, and to be treated with respect as individuals.
Jesus' Followers and the Roman Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: August 2005

Paul writes within the biblical tradition, regarding the state as God’s minister for God’s purposes: therefore the state’s authority is legitimate but open to prophetic challenge. Paul urges Christians to pay tax and respect the state’s right to execute “wrath.” Probably he also urges wealthy Christians to benefaction, thereby seeking the good of the city. All this is with a view to the new age that Paul believes is dawning in Christ. Much rhetoric of Pauline proclamation—Jesus as “lord” and “son of God”—resonates with Roman imperial rhetoric: such resonance does not necessarily imply confrontation and may imply approval. Suggestions that Christians’ claims to heavenly “citizenship” were denials of their Roman citizenship involve a failure to understand metaphor. Mere constraints of language obliged Paul to use at times the same vocabulary to speak of the divine as did others. Paul writes only once directly of the Roman state (Rom 13.1–7), and there he is generally positive.
Truth Rehabilitated
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay examines the scepticism about the concept of truth in the past century. It argues that although correspondence, coherence, pragmatic, and epistemic theories of truth are all failures, this does not mean that the concept of truth can be dismissed as a useless concept. In fact, the concept of truth plays a key role in understanding the world and the minds of agents.
The Folly of Trying to Define Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay argues that the concept of truth as well as related subjects of philosophical inquiry such as knowledge, belief, intention, and memory cannot be reduced to more elementary concepts, since these are the most elementary ones available. Tarski’s truth theory is examined, and a radical alternative to the truth theories considered in the preceding essay is proposed to identify the empirical connections between the concept of truth and observable human behaviour. A methodological model for this project is Frank Ramsey’s decision theory for constructing subjective probability.
Dialectic and Dialogue
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay argues that the Socratic elenchus is a crucible in which some of our most important words, and the concepts they express are tested, melted down, reshaped, and given a new edge. It is a microcosm of the ongoing process of language formation itself, though a sophisticated and self-conscious microcosm which takes advantage of rich and complex linguistic and cultural institutions already in existence. To illustrate this point, a feature of elementary language learning is compared with the cooperative reworking of verbal usage that occurs in a dialectical exchange.
The Beginnings of Rapprochement
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Begins by discussing the relations between Church and Emperor between 360 and 378. The period as a whole is marked by a gradual coalescing of a ‘pro-Nicene’ theological position in which different theologies come to recognise Nicaea as a standard of orthodoxy. The same theologies also come to a common theological grammar which recognises the unity of God and the irreducibility of the persons. Explores this emergence of a pro-Nicene theology in Athanasius and in Latin theology in the early 360s. Ends with a more detailed treatment of Hilary’s theology.
On the Contours Of Mystery
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

The first of three that offer a summary of the shared pro-Nicene theological culture. Begins by defining the author’s use of ‘culture’ and then sketches some of the fundamental shared principles in pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. God is one in nature, power, and activity while the three persons are irreducible. The persons act inseparably ad extra. God is distinct from the world, simple, and unique. The author argues, following David Burrell’s discussion of Aquinas, that simplicity here functions not as one among many divine attributes, but as a ‘formal feature’ defining the manner in which all attributes must be understood. The clarity of distinction between divine and created existence that follows forms the context for pro-Nicene understanding of analogy and of all attempts to distinguish persons and nature.
In Spite Of Hegel, Fire, and Sword
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Modern systematic theology makes use of unsustainable and simplistic narratives about pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. In this last chapter, the author argues that simply trying to correct these narratives will not produce better engagement with the pro-Nicene legacy. The culture of modern systematic theology – particularly, its understandings of what counts as authoritative argument – is unable to sustain the methods and theological culture that produced pro-Nicene Trinitarianism. Thus, with some exceptions, modern Trinitarian theology wishes to appropriate principles from pro-Nicene theology but is unable to appropriate the theological practice that was understood as the necessary context for understanding those principles. In the second half of the chapter, the author offers some suggestions on how authority in theology and theological practice might be re-conceived to enable better engagement with the legacy of Nicaea. Rethinking the place of the scriptural text within theology lies at the heart of these suggestions.
Error in Variables
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This chapter analyses the standard regression model with errors in variables. It covers measurement error bias and unobserved heterogeneity bias, instrumental variable estimation with panel data. It presents estimates from Bover and Watson (2000) concerning economies of scale in a firm money demand equation.
Covariance Structures for Dynamic Error Components
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This chapter analyses the time series properties of panel data sets, focusing on short panels. It discusses time effects and moving average covariances. It presents estimates of covariance structures and tests the permanent income hypothesis.
The Japanese Employment System
Authors: Rebick Marcus
Published: August 2005

This book examines the current state of the Japanese employment system from an economic perspective. It also looks at how the changing economy and demography, including the prolonged recession and the rapid ageing of the population, has affected the labour market and its institutions. The main focus of the book is on the increased use of non-standard forms of labour, especially in the labour market for youth. This is seen to be partly a by-product of the long recession, but also a longer-run change in the human resource management strategy of firms. The book also examines the implications these developments will have on the income distribution in the future as many young men in this male-breadwinner society no longer have access to stable long-term jobs. Other topics examined in the book include the impact of increased educational attainment and anti-discrimination legislation on the labour market for women, the declining importance of labour unions, the low rate of immigration into Japan, and the success Japan has had in keeping older workers employed. The final conclusion of the book is that many of the aspects of the employment system for regular, full-time workers remain in place, although the system has become more flexible.
Women in the Labour Market
Authors: Rebick Marcus
Published: August 2005

This chapter focuses on the treatment of women and the women’s labour market. Looks at the problem of gender discrimination in the labour market in Japan and at government efforts to resolve this situation. In particular, the author looks at the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, the Angel plans to provide better childcare facilities and efforts to promote the family-friendly firm. The author finds that it is the internal labour market structure in Japan that remains as the largest barrier to gender equality. The gender gap in pay for full-time employees is found to be narrowing, especially in small and medium-sized firms.
Logic, Graded Belief, and Preferences
Authors: Christensen David
Published: August 2005

Defends probabilistic coherence as a logical constraint on graded belief. Standard Dutch Book and Representation Theorem arguments seek to defend coherence by positing very tight—even definitional—connections between graded beliefs and preferences, which are not clearly within the epistemic domain; thus they seem to change the subject away from epistemology proper. Argues that defining graded belief in terms of preferences requires an insupportable metaphysics of belief. Nevertheless, the arguments can be ’depragmatized’—reworked in a way that employs intuitively plausible normative principles connecting preference with beliefs, eliminating the need for positing implausible metaphysical or definitional connections. Thus, probabilistic coherence can be defended without making beliefs into something they are not.
Prolegomena
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Contains the building blocks of the subsequent theoretical analysis. Kaushik Basu’s model of the market for adult-equivalent labour explains child labour essentially as a consequence of binding subsistence requirements. Gary Becker’s dynastic model explains fertility decisions, and transfers from parents to children, as a consequence of altruism. The present authors explain fertility decisions, and transfers between parents and children, with the possible existence of self-enforcing family constitutions. In all three models, child labour (transfers to children) can be inefficiently high (low).
Child Labour Effects of Access to Basic Utilities
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Access to basic utilities can influence household decisions relative to the allocation of the children’s time. The need to provide the household with basic commodities like water and fuel increases the opportunity cost of the children’s time. Micro-econometric evidence from five countries shows that access to basic utilities does indeed play an important role in determining the supply of child labour. The authors use a methodology based on propensity score matching to identify a causal link between access to water and electricity, and child labour. The results highlight the role of cross-sectoral policies in addressing child labour.
Overview: Causes, Costs, and Prediction
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Presents an overview of Part 1 of the book—reviewing the key models in the theoretical and empirical literature on financial crises. Discusses how existing approaches can be reconciled using the literature on global games and the literature on leading economic indicators of crisis.
Fundamentals-Based Models
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Explores the role played by fundamental factors in driving financial crises. The model of optimal banking crises by Allen and Gale (1998) is explored in detail, as is the first-generation currency crisis model of Krugman (1979). A key insight is that the welfare costs of crisis are associated with the inefficient liquidation of assets and sub-optimal risk sharing, rather than crises per se.
Reconciling the Two Views
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Articulates the basics of global games. Applies the global game arguments of Morris and Shin (1998, 2000) to sovereign liquidity crises and shows how the fundamental and sunspot views of crisis can be reconciled. Highlights the welfare costs of coordination failure and explores how policy options such as sovereign debt standstills, liquidity management, and capital controls may help mitigate these costs.
ASSET PRICES IN A SINGLE-PERIOD MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard
Published: August 2005

‘Asset Prices in a Single-period Model’ derives asset prices in a one-period model. The authors derive a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) using a complete market, state-contingent claims approach. They define the forward pricing kernel and then use the assumption of joint normality of the cash flows and Stein's lemma to establish the CAPM. They then derive the pricing kernel in an equilibrium representative investor model.
Policy implementation
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines policy developments from the mid-1980s to 2003 in terms of growth, macroeconomic stability, cohesion, and budget. The discussion on growth covers the Single Market, and competition and trade policies; Macroeconomic stability covers monetary and fiscal policies. Cohesion policies are grouped into three categories: a policy aimed at promoting regional convergence by allocating development funds to countries and regions on a non-competitive basis; social policy which aims to develop an active labour market policy; and agricultural policy which serves as a instrument for interpersonal redistribution.
Economic trade-offs
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter analyses trade-offs or complementarities in the relationship between the EU’s three main economic objectives: growth, stability, and cohesion. It examines how trade-offs and complementarities can be improved for higher sustained growth in a macroeconomically stable and cohesive enlarged union. Despite the significant progress made towards economic and monetary integration, the EU economic system was unable to achieve satisfactory growth performance. However, a high degree of cohesion has been maintained and high macroeconomic stability achieved.
Economic governance in the European Union
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines the approaches to economic governance in the European Union. There are currently four basic approaches to governance: delegation, commitment, coordination, and autonomy. Four key weaknesses in governance have been identified: institutional complexity, a tension between responsibilities and instruments, a persistent difficulty in making commitment and coordination methods deliver, and uneven implementation and enforcement. These weaknesses undermine the economic performance of the current EU with 15 members, and may be more damaging in a Union with 25 members.
Making a bigger Europe work
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines the challenges posed by an enlarged European Union. These challenges are classified into three categories: implications for growth and cohesion, implications for macroeconomic stability, and implications for EU governance. It is argued that the EU must either abandon some of the ambitions that it is unable to commit to deliver or address governance weaknesses. A streamlined, scaled-down Union would focus on providing monetary stability, a pro-competitive environment, and development assistance.
Sacrament and Enchantment
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2005

The first half of this chapter explores why the world is no longer seen as ‘enchanted’ or God-filled, and challenges whether religion in the West is not itself partly to blame for the disenchantment or secularisation of large areas of what once were regarded as the natural preserve and concern of religion. The religious element in the ancient Olympic Games is discussed, and set against Feng-shui and other forms of pseudo-religion in the modern world, to illustrate how different things once were. The second half of the chapter then argues that a return to the older notion of the sacramental could help with exploring such issues. The history of the word over the centuries is examined in some detail, including wider usages advocated elsewhere in twentieth-century thought.
The Natural World
Authors: Brown David
Published: August 2005

Here landscape art is used as a way of exploring the implications of the fact that all experience of the divine through the natural world is conditioned. Seven types of approach across the centuries are distinguished and the degree of their conditioning assessed: ‘Sacramental Placing’ looks at Aboriginal dream painting; ‘Symbolic Reminder’ at the use of animals as pointers to the divine; ‘Cosmic Order’ at artists such as Poussin; ‘Transcendent Awe’ in Friedrich and Cole; ‘Mystic Immanence’ in Rubens, Palmer, and Constable; ‘Vibrant Colour’ in van Gogh and Cézanne; and ‘Deep Form’ in Mondrian, Kandinsky and Klee. Throughout, it is maintained that the visual can constitute an argument for the nature of the divine no less forceful than one expressed in words. To that end, the last three artists are used to illustrate how each wrestled with the problem of evil and came up with alternative ‘solutions.’
1 REALITY AND VALUE
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents a map of the territory in which the varieties of realism and antirealism are located. Topics covered include realism, the connection between realism and truth, presuppositional fulfilment, mind-independence, irreducibility, and causal networking. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.