bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urdu
Authors: Khan Muhammad Moin , Shahzad Khurram , Malik Muhammad Kamran
Published: March 2021

Hate speech is a specific type of controversial content that is widely legislated as a crime that must be identified and blocked. However, due to the sheer volume and velocity of the Twitter data stream, hate speech detection cannot be performed manually. To address this issue, several studies have been conducted for hate speech detection in European languages, whereas little attention has been paid to low-resource South Asian languages, making the social media vulnerable for millions of users. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted for hate speech detection in Roman Urdu text, which is widely used in the sub-continent. In this study, we have scrapped more than 90,000 tweets and manually parsed them to identify 5,000 Roman Urdu tweets. Subsequently, we have employed an iterative approach to develop guidelines and used them for generating the Hate Speech Roman Urdu 2020 corpus. The tweets in the this corpus are classified at three levels: Neutral-Hostile, Simple-Complex, and Offensive-Hate speech. As another contribution, we have used five supervised learning techniques, including a deep learning technique, to evaluate and compare their effectiveness for hate speech detection. The results show that Logistic Regression outperformed all other techniques, including deep learning techniques for the two levels of classification, by achieved an F1 score of 0.906 for distinguishing between Neutral-Hostile tweets, and 0.756 for distinguishing between Offensive-Hate speech tweets.
After-Hours Learning
Authors: Peña Joslenne , Hanrahan Benjamin V. , Rosson Mary Beth , Cole Carmen
Published: March 2021

Many initiatives have focused on attracting girls and young women (K-12 or college) to computer science education. However, professional women who never learned to program have been largely ignored, despite the fact that such individuals may have many opportunities to benefit from enhanced skills and attitudes about computer programming. To provide a convenient learning space for this population, we created and evaluated the impacts of a nine-week web development workshop that was carefully designed to be both comfortable and engaging for this population. In this article, we report how the professionals’ attitudes and skills grew over the course of the workshop and how they now expect to integrate these skills and attitudes into their everyday lives.
From the Editor: Electronics and Photonics Lead the Way
Authors: Rajeshwar Krishnan
Published: March 2021

This particular issue of the magazine features the Electronics and Photonics Division. This Division was formed on April 24, 1931 at the ECS meeting in Salt Lake City; but another two decades elapsed before it really started to grow.
Pennington Corner: “Plus ça change…”
Authors: Calvo Roque J.
Published: March 2021

Several months ago, at a gathering that took place during the ECS meeting in Los Angeles, my family and friends in the Society celebrated my 25 years of service to ECS. The time has passed very quickly and it has been filled with extraordinary accomplishments, which have been achieved through the work of wonderful and talented people.
From the President: The Essential and the Nonessential
Authors: Allendorf Mark
Published: March 2021

Reading the newspaper these days is not a low-stress activity; it’s hard not to become alarmed. Even harder, perhaps, is to know how to respond.
From the President: Doing Science by the Numbers
Authors: Allendorf Mark
Published: March 2021

Society as a whole seems fascinated with attempts to quantify things. The emphasis (some would say overemphasis) on testing as a measure of both student success and quality of schools is one example.
What is Electrochemical and Solid-State Science?
Authors: Rajeshwar Krishnan
Published: March 2021

In 1902, about 30 scientists and engineers founded an organization which we know today as The Electrochemical Society of ECS. The early days of the Society have been well documented in a book and a special issue of this magazine that commemorated the Society’s Centennial in 2002.
The Recent State of Endohedral Fullerene Research
Authors: Dunsch Lothar , Yang Shangfeng
Published: March 2021

Since the last general reviews in the field of endohedral fullerenes by Shinohara in 2000 and by Akasaka and Nagase in 2002, the variety of endohedral structures has been extended tremendously. With the turn of the millennium the world of endohedral fullerenes has changed in all respects.
Electrochemistry as a Nanoscience
Authors: Magnussen O. M.
Published: March 2021

These are exciting times to become an electrochemist. Nanoscience—and to a limited extent even nanotechnology—are here to stay and electrochemistry plays an important part in it. How can we convey this to the students, how can we win them as future researchers for this growing field, and how do we prepare them best for upcoming questions and challenges?
Advanced Electronic Substrates for the Nanotechnology Era
Authors: Mazure Carlos , Celler George K.
Published: March 2021

For the last few decades the performance of silicon integrated circuits has steadily progressed, as anticipated by Moore’s Law, primarily through scaling of all critical device dimensions. This classical scaling is either no longer possible (for example Si02 thickness has reached its limit) or does not allow achieving the targeted device performance increase per technology node.
What is Corrosion?
Authors: Shaw Barbara , Kelly Robert
Published: March 2021

Corrosion is degradation of materials’ properties due to interactions with their environments, and corrosion of most metals (and many materials for that matter) is inevitable. While primarily associated with metallic materials, all material types are susceptible to degradation.
Time-Resolved X-Ray and Neutron Pair Distribution Function Analysis of the Positive Electrode Material Li(NiMn)0.5O2
Authors: Breger Julien
Published: March 2021

The 2006 Joseph W. Richards Summer Research Fellowship Summary Report
Enginearring (Dazzle Kids by Turning Dull Gray Titanium into Colorful Jewelry)
Authors: Nelson Jeff , Jeerage Kavita M.
Published: March 2021

Enginearring was developed for the University of Washington’s Engineering Open House in 2004 and 2005. Audiences learn how electrochemistry creates thin titanium dioxide films on titanium, why the transparent films on titanium, why the transparent films look colorful, and walk away with unique titanium jewelry (earrings or rings).
Electronics and Photonics
Authors: Hoff Andrew M. , Ruzyllo Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Over the past five decades a steady increase in both the quantity and capability of electronic and photonic components that we may interact with on a daily basis has occurred.
Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
Authors: Kamat Prashant V.
Published: March 2021

Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with properties that differ significantly from other forms of carbon such as graphite and diamond.
High Temperature Materials
Authors: Spear Karl , Wuchina Eric , Wachsman Eric D.
Published: March 2021

The interdisciplinary nature of ECS is uniquely reflected within the High Temperature Materials (HTM) Division. Here, scientists and engineers are concerned with the chemical and physical characterization of materials, the kinetics of reactions, the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of systems, the development of new processing methods, and ultimately, the use of materials in advanced technology applications at high temperatures.
Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry: The Fundamental Core of Electrochemistry
Authors: Zawodzinski Tom , Minteer Shelley , Brisard Gessie
Published: March 2021

The common event for all electrochemical processes is that of electron transfer between chemical species; or between an electrode and a chemical species situated in the vicinity of the electrode, usually a pure metal or an alloy.
Research on the Difficulty of Mobile Node Deployment’s Self‐Play in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Wang Huitao , Yang Ruopeng , Yin Changsheng , Zou Xiaofei , Wang Xuefeng
Published: March 2021

Deep reinforcement learning is one kind of machine learning algorithms which uses the maximum cumulative reward to learn the optimal strategy. The difficulty is how to ensure the fast convergence of the model and generate a large number of sample data to promote the model optimization. Using the deep reinforcement learning framework of the AlphaZero algorithm, the deployment problem of wireless nodes in wireless ad hoc networks is equivalent to the game of Go. A deployment model of mobile nodes in wireless ad hoc networks based on the AlphaZero algorithm is designed. Because the application scenario of wireless ad hoc network does not have the characteristics of chessboard symmetry and invariability, it cannot expand the data sample set by rotating and changing the chessboard orientation. The strategy of dynamic updating learning rate and the method of selecting the latest model to generate sample data are used to solve the problem of fast model convergence.
Exosomes from Kartogenin-Pretreated Infrapatellar Fat Pad Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Chondrocyte Anabolism and Articular Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Shao Jiahua , Zhu Jun , Chen Yi , Fu Qiwei , Li Lexiang , Ding Zheru , Wu Jun , Han Yaguang , Li Haobo , Qian Qirong , Zhou Yiqin
Published: March 2021

Objective. To evaluate the effect of Kartogenin-pretreated exosomes derived from infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells on chondrocyte in vitro and articular cartilage regeneration in vivo. Methods. Infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells (IPFP-MSCs) were isolated from rabbits to harvest exosomes. After identification of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes, rabbit chondrocytes were divided into three groups for further treatment: the EXO group (chondrocytes treated with exosomes isolated from infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells), KGN-EXO group (chondrocytes treated with exosomes isolated from infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with KGN), and control group. After processing and proliferation, phenotypic changes of chondrocytes were measured. In the in vivo study, 4 groups of rabbits with articular cartilage injury were treated with KGN-EXO, EXO, IPFP-MSCs, and control. Macroscopic evaluation and histological evaluation were made to figure out the different effects of the 4 groups on cartilage regeneration in vivo. Results. The proliferation rate of chondrocytes in the EXO or KGN-EXO group was significantly higher than that in the control group (

P
<
0.05

). The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of Sox-9, Aggrecan, and Col II was the highest in the KGN-EXO group compared with the EXO group and the control group (

P
<
0.05

). The results of Western blot were consistent with the results of qRT-PCR. In vivo, the cartilage defects in the KGN-EXO group showed better gross appearance and improved histological score than those in IPFP-MSC groups, EXO groups, and control groups (

P
<
0.05

). At 12 weeks, the defect site in the KGN-EXO group was almost completely repaired with a flat and smooth surface, while a large amount of hyaline cartilage-like structures and no obvious cracks were observed. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that the exosomes isolated from infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with KGN have potent ability to induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, effectively promoting the proliferation and the expression of chondrogenic proteins and genes of chondrocytes. The KGN-EXO can also promote the repair of articular cartilage defects more effectively, which can be used as a potential therapeutic method in the future.
Experimental Study on Acoustic Emission and Resistivity Response of Sandstone under Constant Amplitude Cyclic Loading
Authors: Wang Kui , Li Xue , Huang Zheng , Zhao Mingjie
Published: March 2021

A lot of engineering practice shows that, during the construction and operation of rock mass projects, in addition to the static load, the rock is more subjected to cyclic load. Constant amplitude cyclic load is one of the simpler cyclic loading methods. The damage of rocks gradually accumulates under the action of periodic cyclic load, and finally, fatigue damage occurs, which affects the stability of the project. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanical properties of the rock under the action of constant amplitude cyclic load. Acoustic emission (AE) parameters and resistivity are both sensitive to the damage process of the rock and can well describe the damage evolution law of the rock. Under the action of constant amplitude cyclic loading, different loading conditions, different state specimens, and so on, factors will make a big difference to the AE signal and resistivity, such as the difference in stress amplitude, loading rate, and saturation. Therefore, in this paper, the typical sandstone in the Chongqing area is taken as the research object, the AE characteristics and resistivity characteristics of sandstone under different test conditions such as different stress amplitude, different loading frequency, and different saturation are tested, and the evolution of AE is found. It also has a three‐stage rule: in the initial stage, the deformation is faster and the AE signal is strong; in the constant velocity stage, the deformation develops slowly and the AE signal is also stable; in the acceleration stage, the deformation develops sharply and the AE signal also becomes more intense. With the increase of cyclic loading stress amplitude, or the decrease of cyclic loading frequency, or the decrease of rock sample saturation, the acoustic emission signal generated in each cycle will be stronger. The resistivity as a whole shows a rapid decline in the loading phase and a rapid rebound in the unloading phase. The changes in resistivity at different stress amplitudes show differences in the first few cycles; the overall change trend of resistivity at different frequencies is consistent, but the rate of change increases with decreasing frequency, and the variation trend of resistivity is very different under different saturation.
A Lightweight Key Generation Scheme for Secure Device‐to‐Device (D2D) Communication
Authors: Lou Chunwei , Cao Mingsheng , Wu Rongchun , Chen Dajiang , Xu Hua
Published: March 2021

Key agreement is one the most essential steps when applying cryptographic techniques to secure device‐to‐device (D2D) communications. Recently, several PHY‐based solutions have been proposed by leveraging the channel gains as a common randomness source for key extraction in wireless networks. However, these schemes usually suffer a low rate of key generation and low entropy of generated key and rely on the mobility of devices. In this paper, a novel secret key extraction protocol is proposed by using interference in wireless D2D fading channel. It establishes symmetrical keys for two wireless devices by measuring channel gains and utilizing artificial jamming sent by the third party to change the measured value of channel gains. We give a theoretically reachable key rate of the proposed scheme from the viewpoint of the information theory. It shows that the proposed scheme can make hundred times performance gain than the existing approaches theoretically. Experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve a secure key distribution with a higher key rate and key entropy compared with the existing schemes.
BDNF Protein and BDNF mRNA Expression of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, and Hippocampus during Situational Reminder in the PTSD Animal Model
Authors: Chang Shao-Han , Yu Ying Hao , He Alan , Ou Chen Yin , Shyu Bai Chuang , Huang Andrew Chih Wei
Published: March 2021

Whether BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA expression of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; cingulated cortex area 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex (IL)), amygdala, and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG)) was involved in fear of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the situational reminder of traumatic memory remains uncertain. Footshock rats experienced an inescapable footshock (3 mA, 10 s), and later we have measured fear behavior for 2 min in the footshock environment on the situational reminder phase. In the final retrieval of situational reminder, BDNF protein and mRNA levels were measured. The results showed that higher BDNF expression occurred in the Cg1, PrL, and amygdala. Lower BDNF expression occurred in the IL, CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG. BDNF mRNA levels were higher in the mPFC and amygdala but lower in the hippocampus. The neural connection analysis showed that BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA exhibited weak connections among the mPFC, amygdala, and hippocampus during situational reminders. The present data did not support the previous viewpoint in neuroimaging research that the mPFC and hippocampus revealed hypoactivity and the amygdala exhibited hyperactivity for PTSD symptoms. These findings should be discussed with the previous evidence and provide clinical implications for PTSD.
A Conservative Approach to Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Bladder: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Abou Zahr Rawad , Ghabi Elie , Idrissi-Kaitouni Mehdi , Roumeguere Thierry
Published: March 2021

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are particularly rare tumors that have been described in various anatomic locations, of which the urinary bladder is the most common. These benign tumors are amendable to conservative therapy but are notoriously difficult to diagnose given their mimicry of malignant sarcomas and sarcomatoid carcinomas, making an accurate diagnosis paramount to spare a patient radical and unnecessary treatment. We hereby present the case of a 37-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with an IMT of the urinary bladder during workup for painless gross hematuria. Patient was successfully managed with a laparoscopic partial cystectomy and is free of recurrence 5 years after surgery. IMTs are rare benign tumors that share the same clinical presentation as malignant bladder tumors. Deep biopsy and experienced pathologist are crucial in establishing diagnosis and avoiding patient radical treatment. This case is a classical demonstration of a remarkably rare tumor that was adequately managed with conservative therapy, achieving excellent clinical outcomes.
A Spectrum-Efficient Cross-Layer RF Distance Bounding Scheme
Authors: Song Yihang , Li Songfan , Zhang Chong , Lu Li
Published: March 2021

Distance bounding protocols guarantee a credible distance upper bound between the devices which require the spatial distance as a security parameter to defend Mafia Fraud attacks. However, in RF systems, the realization of distance bounding protocol faces obstacles due to low spectrum efficiency, since the distance bound estimation consumes a significant amount of frequency band in existing schemes. This hinders RF distance bounding from being practically deployed, especially in commonly used ISM bands. In this work, we propose an alternative, spectrum-efficient scheme for RF distance bounding. We build the physical layer as well as a protocol design based on SFCW signal and SFCW ranging. Thus, comparing existing schemes that consume many frequency bands, our scheme frees many spectrum resources. We propose solutions to the unique challenges facing such an SFCW-based scheme design, namely, data communication over unintelligent SFCW signals, and secure synchronization in the SFCW-based challenge-response exchange. We evaluate our scheme via the security analysis and physical layer simulations. The results show (i) its resistance to attacks commonly concerned in distance bounding, (ii) the feasibility of the physical layer design such as accurate ranging and data communication function, and (iii) the communication noise tolerance and the ability of multipath signal discrimination.
Graphene Oxide/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite: An Efficient Adsorbent for Co(II) Ion Removal
Authors: Le Thu Dieu , Tran Luyen Thi , Dang Hue Thi Minh , Tran Thi Thu Huyen , Tran Hoang Vinh
Published: March 2021

In this work, an effective nanocomposite-based adsorbent directed to adsorb cobalt (Co2+) ion was successfully synthesized from graphene oxide (GO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles via a coprecipitation technique. The synthesized GO/PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was applied for Co2+ ion removal with the optimized working conditions including 100 min of contact time, 0.01 g of adsorbent dosage, pH of 5.2, and 50°C of temperature. The investigation of adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption of Co2+ ion onto the GO/PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the rate constant k2 being 0.0026 (g mg−1·min−1). The Langmuir model is suitable to describe the adsorption of Co2+ ion onto the GO/PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite with the maximum sorption capacity (qmax) reaching 373.37 mg·g−1. The obtained results also indicated that the GO/PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite can adsorb/regenerate for at least 5 cycles with a little reduction in removal efficiency. Therefore, we believe that the GO/PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite could be used as a potential adsorbent for heavy metal treatment in terms of high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate, and recyclability.
Periodontal Manifestation in a Patient with Kindler Syndrome
Authors: Sari Aysegul , Celik Salih
Published: March 2021

Kindler syndrome is a rare subtype of inherited epidermolysis bullosa. A 42-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with a complaint of tooth mobility. Multiple hypo- and hyperpigmented macules dissipated all over her body, prominent poikilodermatous changes, xerosis of the skin, and atrophy were seen in the clinical extraoral examination. Intraoral examination showed atrophy of the buccal mucosa, limited oral opening, epidermal tissue easily separated from the connective tissue, painful ulcers of the hard palate, severe periodontitis, and keratosis of the lips. All of the teeth showed mobility. After dermatologist consultation, the diagnosis of the patient was clinically identified as “Kindler syndrome.” All of her teeth were extracted due to her progressive periodontal disease and late admission to our clinic. Periodontal treatment might be effective in treating and controlling oral symptoms related to the syndrome and in improving the patient’s quality of life.
Frequency Assignment Model of Zero Divisor Graph
Authors: Radha R. , Rilwan N. Mohamed
Published: March 2021

Given a frequency assignment network model is a zero divisor graph

Γ
=

V
,
E

of commutative ring

R

η

, in this model, each node is considered to be a channel and their labelings are said to be the frequencies, which are assigned by the

L

2
,
1

and

L

3
,
2
,
1

labeling constraints. For a graph

Γ

,

L

2
,
1

labeling is a nonnegative real valued function

f
:
V

G

⟶

0

,

∞

such that

∣
f

x

−
f

y

∣
≥
2
d

if

d
=
1

and

∣
f

x

−
f

y

∣
≥
d

if

d
=
2

where

x

and

y

are any two vertices in

V

and

d
>
0

is a distance between

x

and

y

. Similarly, one can extend this distance labeling terminology up to the diameter of a graph in order to enhance the channel clarity and to prevent the overlapping of signal produced with the minimum resource (frequency) provided. In general, this terminology is known as the

L

h
,
k

labeling where

h

is the difference of any two vertex frequencies connected by a two length path. In this paper, our aim is to find the minimum spanning sharp upper frequency bound

λ

2
,
1

and

λ

3
,
2
,
1

, within

Δ

2

, in terms of maximum and minimum degree of

Γ

by the distance labeling

L

2
,
1

and

L

3
,
2
,
1

, respectively, for some order

η
=

p

n

q
,
p
q
r
,

p

n

where

p
,
q
,
r

are distinct prime and

n

is any positive integer.
Development and Validation of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Soft-Shell Turtle Powder Health Food Supplement
Authors: Ryu EunChae , Park Ji Sung , Giri Sib Sankar , Chang Park Se
Published: March 2021

Soft-shell turtle (SST; freshwater terrapin or tortoise) is a popular and important health functional food (HFF) product in many Asian countries. HFFs containing SST must be safe, but several HFFs have been found to be contaminated with dangerous substances, such as nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs). This finding suggests that the consumption of HFFs results in the regular exposure of vulnerable individuals to hazardous substances. Importantly, nitrofuran antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals since the 1990s by the European Union. Thus, in this study, we propose a reliable and quick method to reduce the time required for the detection of four NFMs in SST powder that conventional methods are unable to quantify. Our method involves the derivatization and hydrolysis of SST powder and was validated in accordance with the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method achieves an apparent mean recovery of 82.2–108.1%, repeatability of 1.5–3.8%, and reproducibility of 2.2–4.8% for 0.5–10.0 μg kg−1 of 1-aminohydantoin, semicarbazide, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone. In addition, linearity was achieved with correlation coefficients of 0.999, and the detection capability (CCβ) and decision limit (CCα) were found to be reliable, indicating that this is a fast and accurate method for the analysis of SST powder. The validated method was successfully applied to detect NFMs in SST powder in commercial HHFs.
A Critical Review on Effect of Nanomaterials on Workability and Mechanical Properties of High‐Performance Concrete
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Lei , Wei Hua , Wang Juan
Published: March 2021

The application of nanomaterials in high‐performance concrete (HPC) has been extensively studied worldwide due to their large surface areas, small particle sizes, filling effects, and macroquantum tunneling effects. The addition of nanomaterials in HPC has great contribution to enhancing the pore size of the cementitious matrix, improving the hydration of cement, and making the matrix much denser. In order to present an exhaustive insight into the feasibility of HPC reinforced with nanomaterials, the new development of HPC was summarized and the influence of different nanomaterials on the properties of HPC was reviewed based on more than 100 recent studies in this literature review. Workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength properties of HPC with nanomaterials were discussed in detail. In addition, nanomaterial‐modified HPC was compared with the traditional concrete and obtained a lot of valuable results. The results in the present review indicate that the addition of various nanomaterials improves the mechanical properties of HPC, while reducing the workability of HPC. However, there is an optimal dosage of nanomaterial for improving the mechanical properties of HPC. Improving the properties of HPC by adding nanomaterials is expected to become a mainstream technique in the future. This literature review can provide comprehensive and systematic knowledge to researchers and engineers working on HPC and promote the application of this new HPC in modern civil engineering.
Pretreatment with mGluR2 or mGluR3 Agonists Reduces Apoptosis Induced by Hypoxia‐Ischemia in Neonatal Rat Brains
Authors: Bratek - Gerej Ewelina , Bronisz Agnieszka , Ziembowicz Apolonia , Salinska Elzbieta
Published: March 2021

Hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) in an immature brain results in energy depletion and excessive glutamate release resulting in excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces apoptotic processes resulting in neuronal death. Activation of group II mGluR was shown to prevent neuronal damage after HI. The application of agonists of mGluR3 (N‐acetylaspartylglutamate; NAAG) or mGluR2 (LY379268) inhibits the release of glutamate and reduces neurodegeneration in a neonatal rat model of HI, although the exact mechanism is not fully recognized. In the present study, the effects of NAAG (5 mg/kg) and LY379268 (5 mg/kg) application (24 h or 1 h before experimental birth asphyxia) on apoptotic processes as the potential mechanism of neuroprotection in 7‐day‐old rats were investigated. Intraperitoneal application of NAAG or LY379268 at either time point before HI significantly reduced the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in the CA1 region of the ischemic brain hemisphere. Both agonists reduced expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein and increased expression of Bcl‐2. Decreases in HI‐induced caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 activity were also observed. Application of NAAG or LY379268 24 h or 1 h before HI reduced HIF‐1α formation likely by reducing ROS levels. It was shown that LY379268 concentration remains at a level that is required for activation of mGluR2 for up to 24 h; however, NAAG is quickly metabolized by glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) into glutamate and N‐acetyl‐aspartate. The observed effect of LY379268 application 24 h or 1 h before HI is connected with direct activation of mGluR2 and inhibition of glutamate release. Based on the data presented in this study and on our previous findings, we conclude that the neuroprotective effect of NAAG applied 1 h before HI is most likely the result of a combination of mGluR3 and NMDA receptor activation, whereas the beneficial effects of NAAG pretreatment 24 h before HI can be explained by the activation of NMDA receptors and induction of the antioxidative/antiapoptotic defense system triggered by mild excitotoxicity in neurons. This response to NAAG pretreatment is consistent with the commonly accepted mechanism of preconditioning.
Resistiendo la interseccionalidad: Reflexiones sobre fatiga racial y de género
Authors: Rodriguez Jenny K.
Published: March 2021

La interseccionalidad ha ganado terreno como uno de los abordajes más innovadores y críticos para el estudio de la desigualdad, desventaja y opresión de género y racial en las organizaciones. Sin embargo, tensiones relacionadas con el momento histórico actual, caracterizado por múltiples quiebres, particularmente fatiga racial y de género, han llevado al cuestionamiento del rol y la relevancia del abordaje interseccional. Este escrito argumenta que la narrativa post-feminista, así como la negación del privilegio racializado son centrales a la resistencia contra la interseccionalidad. El escrito discute el impacto de estas narrativas y reflexiona sobre el futuro de la interseccionalidad.
Androgen Receptor Regulates CD44 Expression in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Sottnik Joseph L. , Vanderlinden Lauren , Joshi Molishree , Chauca-Diaz Ana , Owens Charles , Hansel Donna E. , Sempeck Colin , Ghosh Debashis , Theodorescu Dan
Published: March 2021

The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of both experimental and human bladder cancer. However, the role of AR in bladder cancer growth and progression is less clear, with literature indicating that more advanced stage and grade disease are associated with reduced AR expression. To determine the mechanisms underlying these relationships, we profiled AR-expressing human bladder cancer cells by AR chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and complementary transcriptomic approaches in response to in vitro stimulation by the synthetic androgen R1881. In vivo functional genomics consisting of pooled shRNA or pooled open reading frame libraries was employed to evaluate 97 genes that recapitulate the direction of expression associated with androgen stimulation. Interestingly, we identified CD44, the receptor for hyaluronic acid, a potent biomarker and driver of progressive disease in multiple tumor types, as significantly associated with androgen stimulation. CRISPR-based mutagenesis of androgen response elements associated with CD44 identified a novel silencer element leading to the direct transcriptional repression of CD44 expression. In human patients with bladder cancer, tumor AR and CD44 mRNA and protein expression were inversely correlated, suggesting a clinically relevant AR–CD44 axis. Collectively, our work describes a novel mechanism partly explaining the inverse relationship between AR and bladder cancer tumor progression and suggests that AR and CD44 expression may be useful for prognostication and therapeutic selection in primary bladder cancer.

Significance:

This study describes novel AREs that suppress CD44 and an expected inverse correlation of AR-CD44 expression observed in human bladder tumors.
Simultaneous Inhibition of LSD1 and TGFβ Enables Eradication of Poorly Immunogenic Tumors with Anti–PD-1 Treatment
Authors: Sheng Wanqiang , Liu Yi , Chakraborty Damayanti , Debo Brian , Shi Yang
Published: March 2021

Epigenetic regulators are a class of promising targets in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment, but the impact of the broad effects of perturbing epigenetic regulators on tumor immunotherapy remains to be fully explored. Here we show that ablation of the histone demethylase LSD1 in multiple tumor cells induces TGFβ expression, which exerts an inhibitory effect on T-cell immunity through suppressing the cytotoxicity of intratumoral CD8+ T cells and consequently dampens the antitumor effect of LSD1 ablation–induced T-cell infiltration. Importantly, concurrent depletion of LSD1 and TGFβ in combination with PD-1 blockade significantly increases both CD8+ T-cell infiltration and cytotoxicity, leading to eradication of poorly immunogenic tumors and a long-term protection from tumor rechallenge. Thus, combining LSD1 inhibition with blockade of TGFβ and PD-1 may represent a promising triple combination therapy for treating certain refractory tumors.

SignIficance:

Cotargeting LSD1 and TGFβ cooperatively elevates intratumoral CD8+ T-cell infiltration and unleashes their cytotoxicity, leading to tumor eradication upon anti–PD-1 treatment. Our findings illustrate a duality of epigenetic perturbations in immunotherapy and implicate the combination of LSD1 inhibition with dual PD-1/TGFβ blockade in treating certain poorly immunogenic tumors.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861
Therapeutic Targeting of Checkpoint Receptors within the DNAM1 Axis
Authors: Alteber Zoya , Kotturi Maya F. , Whelan Sarah , Ganguly Sudipto , Weyl Emmanuel , Pardoll Drew M. , Hunter John , Ophir Eran
Published: March 2021

Therapeutic antibodies targeting the CTLA4/PD-1 pathways have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by eliciting durable remission in patients with cancer. However, relapse following early response, attributable to primary and adaptive resistance, is frequently observed. Additional immunomodulatory pathways are being studied in patients with primary or acquired resistance to CTLA4 or PD-1 blockade. The DNAM1 axis is a potent coregulator of innate and adaptive immunity whose other components include the immunoglobulin receptors TIGIT, PVRIG, and CD96, and their nectin and nectin-like ligands. We review the basic biology and therapeutic relevance of this family, which has begun to show promise in cancer clinical trials.

Significance:

Recent studies have outlined the immuno-oncologic ascendancy of coinhibitory receptors in the DNAM1 axis such as TIGIT and PVRIG and, to a lesser extent, CD96. Biological elucidation backed by ongoing clinical trials of single-agent therapy directed against TIGIT or PVRIG is beginning to provide the rationale for testing combination regimens of DNAM1 axis blockers in conjunction with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 agents.
Monstros adaptados: do livro A arte de Tim Burton ao espaço expositivo A Beleza Sombria dos Monstros
Authors: Alves Filho Paulo Edson , Gontijo Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discorrer sobre a transposição de personagens do livro The Art of Tim Burton (2009) para a exposição A Beleza Sombria dos Monstros, recriados em máquinas de visualização inspiradas no pré-cinema. Para a análise, serão utilizadas as teorias da adaptação de Linda Hutcheon (2006), intermidialidade e transmidialidade, de Chiel Kattenbelt (2008) e remediação, de Bolter e Grusin (2000), visando evidenciar suas nuances artísticas em relação às obras originais.
A personagem Éowyn, de O Senhor dos Anéis, sob um viés da crítica literária feminista e dos Estudos da Tradução
Authors: Zanetti Laura Cristina de Souza , Wielewicki Vera Helena Gomes
Published: March 2021

As mulheres integrantes da sociedade nórdica do século X foram, algumas vezes, retratadas como guerreiras, além poderem assumir o papel do marido quando este não estivesse disponível. Diante disso, buscou-se analisar uma possível semelhança entre a mulher nórdica e a personagem Éowyn do romance de J.R.R. Tolkien, O Senhor dos Anéis, publicado entre 1954-1955. Em seguida, pretendeu-se analisar a maneira como a personagem foi ressignificada na adaptação cinematográfica de Peter Jackson de O Senhor dos Anéis: As Duas Torres (2002) e O Senhor dos Anéis: O Retorno do Rei (2003), por meio da teoria de Linda Hutcheon (2006). A teoria de Kate Millet (1970) embasou o estudo e auxiliou na conclusão de que Éowyn desafia os padrões de personagens femininas de sua época e enfrenta o necessário para realizar seu desejo. Éowyn se destaca dentro da narrativa com tamanha intensidade que foi representada, na adaptação cinematográfica, sem grandes mudanças. Finalmente, esta pesquisa proporciona visibilidade a uma personagem feminina que se diferencia por conta de suas atitudes de resistência e contribui para a construção de personagens femininas que quebram estereótipos de representação da mulher.
André Louco, de Bernardo Élis, sob a Ótica de Rosa Berardo
Authors: Souza-Ramos João Vitor de , Ignácio Ewerton de Freitas , Curado Maria Eugênia
Published: March 2021

Concebendo a arte literária e a arte cinematográfica como expressão humana e espelho do ser social e político, o presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar como a tradução cinematográfica de Rosa Berardo, André Louco (1990), dialoga com a novela homônima de Bernardo Élis (1978). Sobremaneira, nos conflitos miméticos responsáveis por disparar o mecanismo do bode expiatório girardiano. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com ênfase na tradução intersemiótica, de Julio Plaza (2003), verticalizada com uma análise das relações sociais, proposta por Girard (2004). Elucidando, assim, o processo de transmutação e composição do foco narrativo conduzido pela ótica de Berardo.
Reoperative Mitral Surgery Versus Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sengupta Aditya , Yazdchi Farhang , Alexis Sophia L. , Percy Edward , Premkumar Akash , Hirji Sameer , Bapat Vinayak N. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Tang Gilbert H. L.
Published: March 2021

Bioprosthetic mitral structural valve degeneration and failed mitral valve repair (MVr) have traditionally been treated with reoperative mitral valve surgery. Transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve (MVIV) and valve‐in‐ring (MVIR) replacement are now feasible, but data comparing these approaches are lacking. We sought to compare the outcomes of (1) reoperative mitral valve replacement (redo‐MVR) and MVIV for structural valve degeneration, and (2) reoperative mitral valve repair (redo‐MVr) or MVR and MVIR for failed MVr. A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted up to July 31, 2020. Thirty‐two studies involving 25 832 patients were included. Redo‐MVR was required in ≈35% of patients after index surgery at 10 years, with 5% to 15% 30‐day mortality. MVIV resulted in >95% procedural success with 30‐day and 1‐year mortality of 0% to 8% and 11% to 16%, respectively. Recognized complications included left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (0%–6%), valve migration (0%–9%), and residual regurgitation (0%–6%). Comparisons of redo‐MVR and MVIV showed no statistically significant differences in mortality (11.3% versus 11.9% at 1 year,
P
=0.92), albeit higher rates of major bleeding and arrhythmias with redo‐MVR. MVIR resulted in 0% to 34% mortality at 1 year, whereas both redo‐MVr and MVR for failed repairs were performed with minimal mortality and durable long‐term results. MVIV is therefore a viable alternative to redo‐MVR for structural valve degeneration, whereas redo‐MVr or redo‐MVR is preferred for failed MVr given the suboptimal results with MVIR. However, not all patients will be candidates for MVIV/MVIR because anatomical restrictions may preclude transcatheter options from adequately addressing the underlying pathology.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Incidence, Mortality, and Association With Oral Anticoagulation Use
Authors: Fernando Shannon M. , Qureshi Danial , Talarico Robert , Tanuseputro Peter , Dowlatshahi Dar , Sood Manish M. , Smith Eric E. , Hill Michael D. , McCredie Victoria A. , Scales Damon C. , English Shane W. , Rochwerg Bram , Kyeremanteng Kwadwo
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Recent epidemiological data on incidence, mortality, and association with oral anticoagulation are needed.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) with ICH in the entire population of Ontario, Canada (April 1, 2009–March 30, 2019). We captured outcome data using linked health administrative databases. The primary outcome was mortality during hospitalization, as well as at 1 year following ICH.

Results:

We included 20 738 patients with ICH. Mean (SD) age was 71.3 (15.1) years, and 52.6% of patients were male. Overall incidence of ICH throughout the study period was 19.1/100 000 person-years and did not markedly change over the study period. In-hospital and 1-year mortality were high (32.4% and 45.4%, respectively). Mortality at 2 years was 49.5%. Only 14.5% of patients were discharged home independently. Over the study period, both in-hospital and 1-year mortality reduced by 10.4% (37.5% to 27.1%,
P
<0.001) and 7.6% (50.0% to 42.4%,
P
<0.001), respectively. Use of oral anticoagulation was associated with both in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 1.37 [95% CI, 1.26–1.49]) and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.12–1.25]) following ICH.

Conclusions:

Both short- and long-term mortality have decreased in the past decade. Most survivors from ICH are likely to be discharged to long-term care. Oral anticoagulation is associated with both short- and long-term mortality following ICH. These findings highlight the devastating nature of ICH, but also identify significant improvement in outcomes over time.
Friendship and Filial Piety: Relational Ethics in Aristotle and Early Confucianism
Authors: Connolly Tim
Published: March 2021

This article examines the origins of and philosophical justifications for Aristotelian friendship (philia) and early Confucian filial piety (xiao
).What underlying assumptions about bonds between friends and family members do the philosophies share or uniquely possess? Is the Aristotelian emphasis on relationships between equals incompatible with the Confucian regard for filiality? As I argue, the Aristotelian and early Confucian accounts, while different in focus, share many of the same tensions in the attempt to balance hierarchical and familial associations with those between friends who are on the same footing.
Ren in the Analects: Skeptical Prolegomena
Authors: King R. A. H.
Published: March 2021

Ren
in the Lunyu is often taken to be virtue; if virtue is taken to be excellence as performing a function, as Plato understands it, this is not persuasive. Nor is it easy to show how ren encompasses or implies all other virtues. Ren is furthermore ambiguous—it is used both in a wide sense and specifically as benevolence; in fact there are at least six accounts of what ren is in the Lunyu. This ambiguity cannot be made harmless by use of speech act theory, since commands, for example, require satisfaction conditions for them to be comprehensible. I conclude on a skeptical note: how ren is to be understood as virtue, if at all, remains unclear.
Zhenzhi and Acknowledgment in Wang Yangming and Stanley Cavell
Authors: Day William
Published: March 2021

This article highlights sympathies between Wang Yangming’s notion of zhenzhi (real knowing) and Stanley Cavell’s concept of acknowledgment. I begin by noting a problem in interpreting Wang on the unity of knowing and acting, which leads to considering how our suffering pain figures in our “real knowing” of another’s pain. I then turn to Cavell’s description of a related problem in modern skepticism, where Cavell argues that knowing another’s pain requires acknowledging it. Cavell’s concept of acknowledgment answers to Wang’s insistence that knowing and acting are one, and corrects Antonio Cua’s very different appropriation of “acknowledgment” to explain Wang’s doctrine.
One Name, Infinite Meanings: Jizang’s Thought on Meaning and Reference
Authors: Ho Chien-Hsing
Published: March 2021

Jizang sets forth a hermeneutical theory of “one name, infinite meanings” that proposes four types of interpretation of word meaning to the effect that a nominal word X means X, non-X, the negation of X, and all things whatsoever. In this article, I offer an analysis of the theory, with a view to elucidating Jizang’s thought on meaning and reference and considering its contemporary significance. The theory, I argue, may best be viewed as an expedient means for telling us how to use words provisionally without any definite understanding of their referents.
Limits to Social Representation of Value: Response to Leroy Little Bear
Authors: Angus Ian
Published: March 2021

In response to Leroy Little Bear’s description of the Blackfoot identity as rooted in place, the article articulates an ecological conception of value based in European thought that can be in close dialogue with the telling aboriginal phrase “I am the environment.” While important similarities are noted, especially the convergence of aboriginal and ecological conceptions of value on a critique of the assessment of value by commodity price, the difficulty of rooting value in Being within the European tradition contrasts with the continuity of human, animal, and cosmic intelligence in aboriginal thought.
Thoughts on the Idea of a World Humanities
Authors: Armour Leslie
Published: March 2021

The humanities create communities of meaning and the means to unify knowledge. Poets and novelists offer new insights into our shared mind. History provides our continuity. Philosophy struggles to unite our scientific knowledge with our understanding of values. Each discipline creates its own perspective and they often turn inward, creating new divisions. Yet a global view of the humanities is our hope of finding the means to live together in peace. But the argument in this article suggests that a philosophical understanding of the basic concepts with which we order our claims about the world can provide a successful response.
Replying to Armour: Certainty and Exceptionalism: Threats to a World-Humanities?
Authors: Christie Gordon
Published: March 2021

This article explores attitudes underscoring arguments I believe are located in Professor Armour’s address in the present special issue. I first show how Armour’s arguments are intertwined with a resolute belief in the existence of a unique form of knowledge, one particularly attuned to the work of humanities scholars, and then go on to argue this certainty is linked to an antecedent attitude, one of exceptionalism. Spelling out what I find to be troubling about this species of argument leads into thoughts around how a world-humanities might unfold. Such a field must develop as a conscious attempt on the part of scholars to bring about dialogue around how humans can find an appropriate place in the natural world.