bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of carbon black in semicrystalline polypropylene studied by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Feng Jiyun , Li Jianxiong , Chan Chi‐Ming
Published: August 2002

Polypropylene (PP) samples filled with different carbon blacks (CB) were prepared by the conventional melt‐mixing method. The distribution of the CB in the PP matrix was investigated by using the RuO4 vapor‐staining technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results indicate that amorphous regions of PP are sandwiched between the crystalline lamellae. The thickness of individual amorphous layers is a few nanometers. The amorphous region was measured to be about 45 wt % using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thickness of the lamellae is much smaller than the dimensions of the CB particles, and the CB particles or aggregates are dispersed inside the spherulites. There is a thin layer of amorphous PP encapsulating the CB particles and aggregates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 358–365, 2002
Effects of composition and temperature on extrudate characteristics, morphology, and tensile properties of acrylic rubber–blended PVC
Authors: Wimolmala E. , Wootthikanokkhan J. , Sombatsompop N.
Published: August 2002

Poly(vinyl chloride) was blended with acrylic rubber over a range of compositions (5–40 wt % of the rubber), using a twin‐screw extruder. Morphological properties of the blends were investigated as a function of rubber content and blending temperature, using a scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the blends were determined by a tensile test. Smooth extrudates were obtained at the blending temperature of 155°C. At a higher blending temperature (195°C), greater die swell ratio and/or melt‐fractured extrudates were observed, depending on the rubber content. Miscible blends were obtained at low rubber contents (5–10 wt %). A dispersed particle morphology was observed from the extrudates containing the rubber content of 20–40 wt %, at 195°C. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and modulus of the blends decreased with the rubber content. The maximum tensile toughness was obtained for the blend with a rubber content of 20%, at a blending temperature of 155°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2523–2534, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of triallylphenoxytriazine and the properties of its copolymer with bismaleimide
Authors: Fang Qiang , Jiang Luxia
Published: August 2002

A new modifier for bismaleimide (BMI), 2,4,6‐tris(2‐allylphenoxy)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TAPT), with higher yield was prepared by a phase‐transfer catalyzing (PTC) procedure through the reaction of cyanuric chloride with 2‐allylphenol in the presence of aq. NaOH using tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in chloroform. The thermo‐homopolymerization behavior of TAPT was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the results showed that TAPT does not polymerize on heating. The copolymerization reaction of TAPT and 4,4'–(bismaleimidophenyl) methane (BMDPM) was also studied. and the results showed that TAPT can effectively improve mechanical properties of BMDPM. The better results were obtained when the TAPT composition was in the range 30–40 wt %. The glass fabric reinforced TAPT/BMDPM matrix composite with excellent mechanical and electric properties could be prepared by processing the resin (30 wt % TAPT) in dimethylformamide (DMF)/toluene (1:1, v/v) solution. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1248–1257, 2001
Microporous membranes of polyoxymethylene from a melt‐extrusion process: (I) effects of resin variables and extrusion conditions
Authors: Johnson Matthew B. , Wilkes Garth L.
Published: August 2002

A two‐part study utilizing polyoxymethylene (POM) was undertaken to investigate a three stage process (melt extrusion/annealing/uniaxial stretching) (MEAUS) employed to produce microporous films. In this first part, three POM resins (D, E, and F) were melt extruded into tubular films (blowup ratio; BUR = 1), where resin D has a higher weight average molecular weight (Mw) than resin E, but both possess similar and relatively narrow molecular‐weight distributions (MWD). In contrast, resin F is characterized by a distinctly broader MWD while its Mw is slightly higher than resin D. Specific attention was focused upon the morphological and crystal orientation results as a function MWD and Mw. A stacked lamellar morphology was obtained in each case from the melt extrusion; however, the type of stacked lamellar morphology, planar or twisted, and the orientation state was found to depend upon both the resin characteristics and the melt‐extrusion conditions. Atomic force microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering were the main techniques utilized to study the melt‐extruded films while dynamic melt rheometry in conjunction with the Carreau‐Yasuda model aided in differentiating the melt‐flow behavior of the three resins. Small‐angle light scattering (SALS) was also employed to characterize the morphological state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2944–2963, 2001
Anatomy and three‐dimensional reconstructions of the brain of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Marino Lori , Sudheimer Keith D. , Murphy Timothy L. , Davis Kristina K. , Pabst D. Ann , McLellan William A. , Rilling James K. , Johnson John I.
Published: August 2002

Cetacean (dolphin, whale, and porpoise) brains are among the least studied mammalian brains because of the formidability of collecting and histologically preparing such relatively rare and large specimens. Magnetic resonance imaging offers a means of observing the internal structure of the brain when traditional histological procedures are not practical. Furthermore, internal structures can be analyzed in their precise anatomic positions, which is difficult to accomplish after the spatial distortions often accompanying histological processing. In this study, images of the brain of an adult bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, were scanned in the coronal plane at 148 antero‐posterior levels. From these scans a computer‐generated three‐dimensional model was constructed using the programs VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc.). This model, wherein details of internal and external morphology are represented in three‐dimensional space, was then resectioned in orthogonal planes to produce corresponding series of virtual sections in the horizontal and sagittal planes. Sections in all three planes display the sizes and positions of major neuroanatomical features such as the arrangement of cortical lobes and subcortical structures such as the inferior and superior colliculi, and demonstrate the utility of MRI for neuroanatomical investigations of dolphin brains. Anat Rec 264:397–414, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of specific activators of intestinal amino acid transport in Bombyx mori larval growth and nutrition
Authors: Leonardi M. Giovanna , Casartelli Morena , Fiandra Luisa , Parenti Paolo , Giordana Barbara
Published: August 2002

Nutrient absorption and its modulation are critical for animal growth. In this paper, we demonstrate that leucine methyl ester (Leu‐OMe) can greatly increase the activity of the transport system responsible for the absorption of most essential amino acids in the larval midgut of the silkworm Bombyx mori. We investigated leucine uptake activation by Leu‐OMe in brush border membrane vesicles and in the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the midgut incubated in vitro. Moreover, the addition of this strong activator of amino acid absorption to diet significantly affected larval growth. Silkworms fed on artificial diet supplemented with Leu‐OMe reached maximum body weight 12–18 h before control larvae, and produced cocoon shells up to 20% heavier than those of controls. The activation of amino acid absorption plays an essential role in larval development so that larval growth and cocoon production similar to controls reared on an artificial diet with 25% of dry mulberry leaf powder were observed in silkworms fed on an artificial diet with only 5% of mulberry powder. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:190–198, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the etiology of haploinsufficiency
Authors: Veitia Reiner A.
Published: August 2002

The focus of this essay is the phenomenon of haploinsufficiency (HI), a manifestation of genetic dominance that arises when only one allele of a normally diploid locus is present. Specifically, I examine the nature of HI for transcription factor genes. Although the concept of HI applies to many such genes, there is a potentially large variety of mechanisms that underlie it. Even when the phenomenon is linked in all cases to reduced absolute gene expression levels, there are several well‐documented cases where the explanation is not reduced expression per se but altered stoichiometry. I will discuss the notion of haploimbalance in general and evaluate the property of transcriptional synergy within the context of HI. This kind of non‐linear behaviour can probably explain a large proportion of the cases of HI, as well as the variability in most HI phenotypes and the fact that several factors in the same pathway may be dosage sensitive. For the sake of generality, a theoretical analysis of simple non‐linear HI systems is also attempted. This article is certainly another preliminary exploration of the complex matters of HI, which remain an intellectual challenge from many points of view. BioEssays 24:175–184, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of the antitumoral effect of lipid A
Authors: Reisser Danièle , Pance Alena , Jeannin Jean‐François
Published: August 2002

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its active component, lipid A, have been used either alone or as adjuvant in therapeutic anticancer vaccines. Lipid A induces various transcription factors via intracellular signaling cascades initiated by their receptor CD14‐TLR4. These events lead to the synthesis of cytokines, which either have direct cytotoxic effect or stimulate the immune system. Their antitumoral effect has been demonstrated in animal models as well as clinical trials. Studies in animal models showed that their antitumoral effect relies mostly on the generation of an effective immune response. In humans, the antitumoral effect was correlated with an antibody response and cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. So far, some encouraging results have been achieved in phase I and II clinical trials with regards to response and stabilization of the disease, but an expansion of the studies and trials is needed to find the best conditions for their clinical application. BioEssays 24:284–289, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10053
Effect of sodium chloride on the gelatinization of starch: A multimeasurement study
Authors: Chiotelli Eleni , Pilosio Giorgio , Le Meste Martine
Published: August 2002

The effect of sodium chloride on the gelatinization and rheological properties of wheat and potato starches has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and electron spin resonance techniques. All samples contained 60% water (w/w wet starch basis) and the salt content ranged from 0 to 16% (g/100 g starch–water). The presence of salt affected the onset (To), peak (Tp), and end (Te) temperatures of gelatinization, gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH), storage modulus (G′), and rotational mobility coefficient (Drot), and the effect differed by salt concentration. 1H‐NMR was used in parallel in order to elucidate how salts affect the properties of water in starch suspensions and in aqueous salt solutions according to their position on the Hofmeister series classification. The obtained results suggest that the mechanism of starch gelatinization in salt solutions can be attributed to the effect of solute on water properties and direct polymer–solute interactions. These two effects conflict with one another and result in complex effect patterns depending on the concentration of the salts. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 41–58, 2002
Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with defined fatty acid in the sn‐1 position by lipase‐catalyzed esterification and transesterification reaction
Authors: Adlercreutz Dietlind , Budde Heike , Wehtje Ernst
Published: August 2002

The incorporation of caproic acid in the sn‐1 position of phosphatidylcholine (PC) catalyzed by lipase from Rhizopus oryzae was investigated in a water activity‐controlled organic medium. The reaction was carried out either as esterification or transesterification. A comparison between these two reaction modes was made with regard to product yield, product purity, reaction time, and byproduct formation as a consequence of acyl migration. The yield in the esterification and transesterification reaction was the same under identical conditions. The highest yield (78%) was obtained at a water activity (aw) of 0.11 and a caproic acid concentration of 0.8 M. The reaction time was shorter in the esterification reaction than in the transesterification reaction. The difference in reaction time was especially pronounced at low water activities and high fatty acid concentrations. The loss in yield due to acyl migration and consequent enzymatic side reactions was around 16% under a wide range of conditions. The incorporation of a fatty acid in the sn‐1 position of PC proved to be thermodynamically much more favorable than the incorporation of a fatty acid in the sn‐2 position. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 403–411, 2002.
Using isotopomer path tracing to quantify metabolic fluxes in pathway models containing reversible reactions
Authors: Forbes Neil S. , Clark Douglas S. , Blanch Harvey W.
Published: August 2002

As a more complete picture of the genetic and enzymatic composition of cells becomes available, there is a growing need to describe how cellular regulatory elements interact with the cellular environment to affect cell physiology. One means for describing intracellular regulatory mechanisms is concurrent measurement of multiple metabolic pathways and their interactions by metabolic flux analysis. Flux of carbon through a metabolic pathway responds to all cellular regulatory systems, including changes in enzyme and substrate concentrations, enzyme activation or inhibition, and ultimately genetic control. The extent to which metabolic flux analysis can describe cellular physiology depends on the number of pathways in the model and the quality of the data. Intracellular information is obtainable from isotopic tracer experiments, the most extensive being the determination of the isotopomer distribution, or specific labeling pattern, of intracellular metabolites. We present a rapid and novel solution method that determines the flux of carbon through complex pathway models using isotopomer data. This time‐consuming problem was solved with the introduction of isotopomer path tracing, which drastically reduces the number of isotopomer variables to the number of isotopomers observed experimentally. We propose a partitioned solution method that takes advantage of the nearly linear relationship between fluxes and isotopomers. Whereas the stoichiometric matrix and the isotopomer matrix are invertible, simulated annealing and the Newton‐Raphson method are used for the nonlinear components. Reversible reactions are described by a new parameter, the association factor, which scales hyperbolically with the rate of metabolite exchange. Automating the solution method permits a variety of models to be compared, thus enhancing the accuracy of results. A simplified example that contains all of the complexities of a comprehensive pathway model is presented. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 196–211, 2001.
An analytical method for irinotecan (CPT‐11) and its metabolites using a high‐performance liquid chromatography: parallel detection with fluorescence and mass spectrometry
Authors: Sai Kimie , Kaniwa Naoko , Ozawa Shogo , Sawada Jun‐ichi
Published: August 2002

Irinotecan or 7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐(1‐piperidino)‐1‐piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT‐11) is an anticancer pro‐drug used in the treatment of many types of cancer. We describe here the validation of an analytical method for CPT‐11 and its metabolites, including an active metabolite, 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN‐38), its glucuronidated form, SN‐38G, and several cytochrome P450 3A‐mediated products such as 7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐N‐(5‐aminopentanoic acid)‐1‐piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (APC) using a high‐performance liquid chromatography connected to parallel fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection systems. This method is characterized as follows: (1) simple extraction of the analytes from biomaterials with perchloric acid/methanol; (2) sensitive quantitation of major metabolites (SN‐38G, SN‐38 and APC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD), where the limits of quantitation by FLD were 2.5 ng/mL for SN‐38G and APC, 5 ng/mL for CPT‐11 and 1 ng/mL for SN‐38, respectively; (3) parallel selective monitoring of the metabolites including minor metabolites with a mass selected detector (MSD). There was no observed interference by other drugs expected to be co‐administered. This method showed its usefulness by identifying a novel metabolite produced in human hepatic microsomes. The results indicate that this combination of FLD and MSD enables a highly selective analysis of CPT‐11 and its metabolites, and is useful for studies both in vivo and in vitro. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid assay method for catechol‐O‐methyltransferase activity by flow injection analysis
Authors: Aoyama Nozomi , Tsunoda Makoto , Nakagomi Kazuya , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: August 2002

A rapid assay employing flow injection analysis (FIA) to determine the activity of purified catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) from porcine liver is described. The method was based on the determination of normetanephrine, the 3‐O‐methyl metabolite of the substrate norepinephrine. Excess norepinephrine was removed from the incubation mixture by alumina extraction twice to allow normetanephrine to be subjected to flow injection analysis, coulometrical oxidation, fluorogenic reaction with ethylenediamine and fluorescence detection. Km and Vmax values for COMT obtained with the system were 503 µM and 4.51 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The method is suitable for screening of COMT inhibitors or activators, as a large number of samples, up to 200, can be processed in one working day. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the environmental adaptation process in supplier–customer relationships
Authors: Canning Louise , Hanmer‐Lloyd Stuart
Published: August 2002

This paper details the results and managerial implications from four case studies, which examine how the environmental adaptation process (EAP) is managed within business‐to‐business relationships. The research uses models of supplier–customer interaction and inter‐organization cooperation in order to explore inter‐firm relationships and the process of adaptation. The research findings show that either party might pursue adaptations and also establishes features of the process itself as well as identifying factors that can facilitate or hinder the introduction of environmental changes. Arriving at a satisfactory outcome to the adaptation process can be determined by individual company and relationship characteristics, as well as the behaviour and experience of those managers involved in the process. Guidelines for the management of the process of environmental adaptation are proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Dual innervation of the brachialis muscle
Authors: Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Somsarp Vichit
Published: August 2002

A study of the innervation of the brachialis muscle was carried out on 45 male and 31 female Thai cadavers between the ages of 15 and 92 years (mean = 59 years). The dissections revealed that all brachialis muscles received innervation from the musculocutaneous nerve and that 81.6% were also innervated by a branch from the radial nerve. Among the brachialis muscles with a dual nerve supply, two patterns of branching from the radial nerve were observed: in one pattern the branch to the brachialis had a descending course (58%) and in the other pattern the nerve ascended or recurred (42%) to innervate the muscle. The radial nerve branch penetrated the inferolateral part of the brachialis muscle in 83% of cases (103/124) and its middle third in 17% of specimens (21/124). The basis for the dual innervation may result from fusion of two different embryonic muscular primordia: the ventral (flexor) and the dorsal (extensor) muscle masses. In contrast to a brachialis muscle innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve only, a muscle with dual innervation may be spared significant denervation by an anterior approach to the humerus through a longitudinally bisected muscle. In a dually innervated muscle, however, separation of the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles during surgery may put the radial nerve branch to the brachialis at risk. Clin. Anat. 2:206–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting the connection between PLS, Lanczos methods and conjugate gradients: alternative proofs of some properties of PLS
Authors: Phatak Aloke , de Hoog Frank
Published: August 2002

The connection between partial least squares regression (PLS) and Lanczos methods for approximating the extremal eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix has long been known. Less well known, however, is that PLS is in fact identical to a common implementation of the conjugate gradient algorithm for solving the normal equations. In this paper we outline the connections between, on the one hand, PLS and, on the other, Lanczos methods and conjugate gradients. In addition to shedding more light on PLS, these connections allow us to provide alternative and somewhat simpler proofs of two of its well‐known properties: first, that it yields a shrinkage estimator; and second, that it ‘fits better’ than principal component regression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparative resolution of the enantiomers of Tert‐leucine derivatives by simulated moving bed chromatography
Authors: Francotte Eric , Leutert Thomas , La Vecchia Luiggi , Ossola Flavio , Richert Paul , Schmidt Alfred
Published: August 2002

The enantiomers of two different derivatives of tert‐leucine were separated by continuous chromatography on chiral stationary phases applying the simulated moving bed technique. About 1 kg of racemic N‐carbobenzoxy‐tert‐leucine was resolved on the cellulose‐based phase Chiralcel OD using a mixture of heptane/ethanol and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid modifier as the mobile phase, while 520 g of the N‐Boc‐tert‐leucine‐benzylester was resolved on the amylose‐based phase Chiralpak AD with a mixture of heptane/2‐propanol as the mobile phase. In both instances the corresponding enantiomers were obtained in high yield and high optical purity. Chirality 14:313–317, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Denny Lynette , Kuhn Louise , Pollack Amy , Wright Thomas C.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The authors evaluated direct visual inspection of the cervix after the application of 5% acetic acid (DVI) as a cervical cancer screening test for use in low‐resource settings.

METHODS

Four tests were used to screen 2754 previously unscreened women: DVI with and without ×4.5 magnification and differentiating between all lesions and well‐circumscribed lesions; testing for high‐risk types of human papillomavirus DNA using the Hybrid Capture II assay, cervical cytology, and Cervicography™. Women with positive results on any of the four screening tests were referred for colposcopy and histologic sampling. All women were tested for N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and human immunodeficiency virus 1.

RESULTS

Histologically confirmed carcinoma was diagnosed in 21 women (0.8%), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) were diagnosed in 96 women (3.5%), and low‐grade SILs were diagnosed in 102 women (3.7%). The estimated sensitivity of DVI when performed without magnification for high‐grade SILs was 70%, with an estimated specificity of 79%. Magnification did not significantly improve sensitivity for high‐grade SILs (74% with magnification) but significantly reduced specificity (77%). Restricting the definition of a positive DVI test to a well‐defined acetowhite lesion reduced sensitivity and significantly improved specificity. Infection with T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhea, and C. trachomatis did not alter sensitivity or specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirmed the utility of DVI as a primary screening test. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of screening with this low‐cost and simple test in low‐resource settings is necessary. Cancer 2002;94:1699–707. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10381
Serum activin A and inhibin A
Authors: Florio Pasquale , Severi Filiberto M. , Cobellis Luigi , Danero Secondo , Bomè Alice , Luisi Stefano , Petraglia Felice
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Although human placenta is a well established, rich source of proteins, hCG is the only measurement available to date in diagnosing the occurrence of the hydatidiform mole. Serum levels of a new placental protein, immunoreactive inhibin, were high in molar pregnancy, but the inhibin assay never became of clinical use, due to its low specificity and reliability. Since specific assays are now available for inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A, the current study evaluated whether and which of these placental proteins is increased in presence of a molar pregnancy.

METHODS

Serum inhibin A, inhibin B, activin A, and hCG levels were assayed in: A) 6 women with molar pregnancies, before and after evacuation; B) 37 healthy pregnant women; and C) 22 healthy nonpregnant women.

RESULTS

Women with partial hydatidiform moles had significantly higher serum levels of inhibin A (P < 0.001) and activin A (P < 0.001) than healthy pregnant women, several fold higher than the 95% confidence interval of control values. After evacuation, the levels of both inhibin A (P < 0.001) and activin A (P < 0.05) declined significantly to the levels of nonpregnant controls. Molar hCG concentrations were significantly higher than in normal pregnancy (P < 0.001), but some values within the 95% confidence interval of normal values. Despite a significant decrease (P < 0.05) after evacuation, hCG levels were still higher than in nonpregnant women.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data strongly suggest that serum inhibin A and activin A measurement may be of value in diagnosis and short‐term follow‐up of molar pregnancy. Cancer 2002;94:2618–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10524
Morphology and physiology of neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in rat brain slices
Authors: Zhao Min , Wu Shu Hui
Published: August 2002

The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a prominent neuronal group that lies within the auditory pathway connecting the auditory lower brainstem and midbrain. Previous physiologic studies showed that VNLL neurons respond mainly to contralaterally presented sounds and display various firing patterns. To understand better the role that VNLL neurons play in transmitting and processing of auditory information, we examined the morphology of VNLL neurons and their cellular physiology in young rat brain slices. We made whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings and labeled cells intracellularly with neurobiotin to investigate the relation between morphologic neuronal types, intrinsic membrane properties, and postsynaptic responses. VNLL neurons fell into two distinct morphologic groups, i.e., bushy cells and stellate cells, based on their dendritic patterns. Stellate cells were grouped further into stellate I, II, and elongate cells according to soma shape, dendritic branches, and orientation. Bushy cells showed an onset firing pattern and a nonlinear current–voltage relationship. All three subtypes of stellate cells had a linear current‐voltage relationship, but exhibited different firing patterns. Stellate I cells showed regular and onset‐pause firing patterns, whereas stellate II cells showed adapting and elongate cells showed burst firing patterns. Bushy cells and stellate cells responded to stimulation of the lateral lemniscus with excitatory and/or inhibitory synaptic potentials. These results suggest that the VNLL is a heterogeneous neuronal group and that it contains many channels for processing different kinds of auditory information. Neuronal morphology and intrinsic membrane properties contribute to the behavior of individual neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:255–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of catecholamine synthetic enzymes in the caudal ventral pons
Authors: Goodchild Ann K. , Phillips Jacqueline K. , Lipski Janusz , Pilowsky Paul M.
Published: August 2002

The analysis of colocalization of multiple catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata of the rat revealed distinct subpopulations of neurons within the C1 region (Phillips et al., J Comp Neurol 2001, 432:20–34). In extending this study to include the caudal pons, it was shown for the first time that the A5 cell group could be distinguished by the presence of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). A novel cell group was also identified. The cells within this new group were immunoreactive to DBH but not TH, AADC, or phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and will be referred to as the TH‐, DBH+ cell group. The TH‐, DBH+ neurons were not immunoreactive for either the dopamine or noradrenaline transporters, suggesting that these neurons do not take up these transmitters. A5 neurons were immunoreactive for the noradrenaline transporter but not the dopamine transporter (as previously shown). Retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B revealed that the TH‐, DBH+ neurons do not project to the thoracic spinal cord or to the rostral ventrolateral medulla, but A5 neurons do. A calbindin immunoreactive cell group is located in a region overlapping TH‐, DBH+ cell group. However, only a few neurons were immunoreactive for both markers. The physiological role of the TH‐, DBH+ cell group remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:457–467, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fully coupled numerical model for two‐phase flow with contaminant transport and biodegradation kinetics
Authors: Gallo Claudio , Manzini Gianmarco
Published: August 2002

A fully coupled numerical model is presented which describes biodegradation kinetics and NAPL‐aqueous two‐phase flow in porous media. The set of governing partial differential equations is split in two subsystems, the former one in terms of phase pressure and saturations, and the latter one in terms of contaminant concentration and bacterial population distribution. Non‐linear saturation dependence in Brooks–Corey relative permeability functions and capillary pressure effects are incorporated in a mixed‐hybrid finite element model. The non‐linear degradation kinetics à la Monod is taken into account as a source term in the finite‐volume discretization of the equation modelling contaminant transport. The global coupling is performed by using a nested block‐iteration technique. A set of numerical experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of the method. Sensitivity analysis results are also presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further improvements to CIECAM97s
Authors: Hunt R. W. G. , Li C. J. , Juan L. Y. , Luo M. R.
Published: August 2002

The modifications to the CIECAM97s color appearance model suggested by Fairchild5 are reviewed in light of some recent experimental results, and some suggestions are made for refining and extending these modifications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 164–170, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10047
Ascitic fluid cytology of adenosarcoma of the ovary: A case report
Authors: Hirakawa Eiichiro , Kobayashi Shoji , Miki Hiroshi , Haba Reiji , Saoo Kousuke , Yamakawa Keiko , Ohkura Isoharu , Kira Yoshimichi
Published: August 2002

Extrauterine adenosarcoma is very rare and originates in the ovary, adnexa, or myometrium. Cytologic study of ascites is very important to determine clinical staging of malignant ovarian tumors and provide adequate therapy for recurrence. The cytomorphologic features of adenosarcoma have been only rarely described. A 77‐yr‐old woman visited a hospital with a complaint of lower abdominal pain for 1 mo. A tumor originating from the right adnexa in the pelvis, and involving the rectum, was found in surgery. In the ascitic fluid cytology, a few dispersed tumor cells with large cytoplasm and nuclei were oval‐shaped, with nuclear invagination. The chromatin was finely granular; one or two nucleoli were conspicuous. To our knowledge, this is the fifteenth reported case of adenosarcoma of the ovary, and there have been no prior reports describing the cytological features of ascitic fluid cells in adenosarcoma of the ovary. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:343–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of small‐cell carcinoma of the parotid
Authors: Henke Andrew C. , Cooley Michele L. , Hughes Jonathan H. , Timmerman Timothy G.
Published: August 2002

Small‐cell carcinomas arise uncommonly in extrapulmonary sites and are rare primary neoplasms in the salivary glands. We report on the aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical findings of a small‐cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in an 81‐yr‐old man. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:126–129. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Animal models of the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal
Authors: Gatch Michael B. , Lal Harbans
Published: August 2002

Although anxiety is a major feature of ethanol withdrawal (EW) and much of treatment related to EW is focused on amelioration of the anxiety experienced during EW, less attention has been given to the anxiogenic effects of EW than to the convulsant effects. In this article, we review the animal literature on the anxiogenic effects of EW. Both GABAA and serotonin (5‐HT) receptors are important targets in the treatment of anxiety. The roles of each of these two receptors on the anxiogenic effects of EW as well as their potential interrelation are discussed. The contribution of other receptor systems to the modulation of these effects is reviewed. Additionally, males and females show very different levels of anxiety during EW and studies on the role of the HPA axis in mediating these effects are examined. Finally, potential directions for better treatments for EW are discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 54:95–115, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early mesodermal phenotypes in splotch suggest a role for Pax3 in the formation of epithelial somites
Authors: Schubert Frank R. , Tremblay Patrick , Mansouri Ahmed , Faisst Anja M. , Kammandel Birgitta , Lumsden Andrew , Gruss Peter , Dietrich Susanne
Published: August 2002

The paired box containing transcription factor Pax3 is a crucial regulator of dermomyotome and muscle development. However, the allelic series of Pax3/Splotch mutants also displays characteristic vertebral column malformations, which do not result from defective dorsoventral somite pattern. Rather, vertebral column and sclerotomal phenotypes are reminiscent of the phenotypes observed in the segmentation/somitogenesis mutants rachiterata and pudgy. Moreover, rostrocaudal somite pattern and somitic boundaries are disturbed in Splotch as monitored by the expression of Uncx4.1 and Lunatic fringe. Alterations in EphA4, Dll1, and Uncx4.1 expression are evident already in the condensing paraxial mesoderm, correlating with the first phase of Pax3 expression before and during somite formation. This finding suggests an early function of Pax3 during the formation of epithelial somites. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A longitudinal study of the development of dieting among 7–17‐year‐old Swedish girls
Authors: Halvarsson Klara , Lunner Katarina , Westerberg Josefin , Anteson Frida , Sjödén Per‐Olow
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine the extent to which the prevalence of self‐reported dieting and the wish to be thinner changed in 7–15‐year‐old girls over a 3‐year period, and to explore potential differences between cohorts recruited in 1995 and 1999. In addition, changes in eating attitudes (Children’s Eating Attitudes Test [ChEAT]) were compared between 1995 and 1999.

Method

A three‐wave longitudinal study including girls (n = 1,076–1,279) in five age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, the Main Cohort) and an age‐matched cross‐sectional sample consisting of 1,759 girls (the Societal Cohort).

Results

A marked increase of the wish to be thinner was evident in the 10–14‐year‐old age range and significant increases in dieting attempts occurred mainly among 9–13‐year‐old girls. ChEAT scores were significantly higher among 11‐year‐olds in 1999 than in 1995. However, more 7‐year‐olds scored above the ChEAT cutoff (≥15) in 1995 compared with 1999.

Discussion

There was an increasing trend in the wish to be thinner and in dieting attempts among 9–14‐year‐olds. Attitudes and behaviors associated with disturbed eating had increased between 1995 and 1999 only among the 11‐year‐ olds. © 2002 John Wiley& Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 32–42, 2002.
Exercise augments the effects of cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the treatment of binge eating
Authors: Pendleton Victor R. , Goodrick G. Ken , Poston Walker S. Carlos , Reeves Rebecca S. , Foreyt John P.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To evaluate the effects of adding exercise and maintenance to cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) for binge eating disorder (BED) in obese women.

Method

One hundred fourteen obese female binge eaters were randomized into four groups: CBT with exercise and maintenance, CBT with exercise, CBT with maintenance, and CBT only.

Results and Discussion

Eighty‐four women completed the 16‐month study. Subjects who received CBT with exercise experienced significant reductions in binge eating frequency compared with subjects who received CBT only. The CBT with exercise and maintenance group had a 58% abstinence rate at the end of the study period and an average reduction of 2.2 body mass index (BMI) units (approximately 14 lb). BMI was significantly reduced in the subjects in both the exercise and maintenance conditions. The results suggest that adding exercise to CBT, and extending the duration of treatment, enhances outcome and contributes to reductions in binge eating and BMI. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 172–184, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10010
Reversible tubular dysfunction that mimicked Fanconi's syndrome in a patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Alexandridis George , Liamis George , Elisaf Moses
Published: August 2002

Patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit acid‐base and electrolyte disturbances. Hypophosphatemia is commonly found in these patients during nutritional recovery. However, marked, possibly, life‐threatening hypophosphatemia associated with proximal tubular dysfunction has not been previously described. We report a case of anorexia nervosa complicated by a nonacidotic proximal tubulopathy, which was manifested by renal glycosuria, as well as inappropriate phosphaturia and uricosuria resulting in hypophosphatemia and hypouricemia. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 227–230, 2001.
Effect of depression storage capacity on overland‐flow generation for rough horizontal surfaces: water transfer distance and scaling
Authors: Darboux F. , Davy P. , Gascuel‐Odoux C.
Published: August 2002

Overland‐flow triggering on rough surfaces was investigated using an understanding‐oriented model. The model was based on conditioned‐walker technique and developed to simulate and analyse the evolution of puddle connection on numerically generated rough surfaces. The percolation theory gave a theoretical framework to formalize model outputs and to study overland‐flow scaling. Overland‐flow triggering appeared consistent with a percolation process. A scale‐change exponent was suggested. New insights based on the concept of transfer distance of water were emphasized. Transfer distance enabled us to analyse the water redistribution inside a field and helped to define rainfall efficiency when infiltration occurred. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field detection and identification of a bioaerosol suite by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry*
Authors: Snyder A. Peter , Tripathi Ashish , Maswadeh Waleed M. , Ho Jim , Spence Mel
Published: August 2002

Improvements were made to a pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (Py‐GC‐IMS) stand‐alone biodetector to provide more pyrolyzate compound information to the IMS detector module. Air carrier gas flowing continuously through the pyrolysis tube, the rate of air flow, and pyrolysis rate were found to improve the relative quality and quantity of pyrolyzate compounds detected by the IMS detector compared to earlier work. These improvements allowed a greater degree of confidence in the correlation of biological aerosols obtained in outdoor testing scenarios to a standard GC‐IMS biological aerosol dataset. The airflow improvement allowed more biomarker compounds to be observed in the GC‐IMS data domain for aerosols of gram‐negative Erwinia herbicola (EH) and ovalbumin protein as compared to previous studies. Minimal differences were observed for gram‐positive spores of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii (BG) from that of earlier work. Prior outdoor aerosol challenges dealt with the detection of one organism, either EH or BG. Biological aerosols were disseminated in a Western Canadian prairie and the Py‐GC‐IMS was tested for its ability to detect the biological aerosols. The current series of outdoor trials consisted of three different biological aerosol challenges. Forty‐two trials were conducted and a simple area calculation of the GC‐IMS data domain biomarker peaks correlated with the correct bioaerosol challenge in 30 trials (71%). In another 7 trials, the status of an aerosol was determined to be biological in origin. Two additional trials had no discernible, unambiguous GC‐IMS biological response, because they were blank water sprays. Reproducible limits of detection were at a concentration of less than 0.5 bacterial analyte‐containing particle per liter of air. In order to realize this low concentration, an aerosol concentrator was used to concentrate 2000 l of air in 2.2 min. Previous outdoor aerosol trials have shown the Py‐GC‐IMS device to be a credible detector with respect to determining the presence of a biological aerosol. The current series of outdoor trials has provided a platform to show that the Py‐GC‐IMS can provide information more specific than a biological or non‐biological analysis to an aerosol when the time of dissemination is unknown to the operator. The Py‐GC‐IMS is shown to be able to discriminate between aerosols of a gram‐positive spore (BG), a gram‐negative bacterium (EH), and a protein (ovalbumin). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 190–204, 2001
Path analysis of the essential oil‐related characters in Mentha spp.
Authors: Mirzaie‐Nodoushan Hossein , Rezaie Mohammad‐Bagher , Jaimand Kamkar
Published: August 2002

Strategies to increase the leaf and flower essential oil yield of Mentha species would be improved by an understanding of how phenotypic and phenologic characters interact with one another in affecting the essential oil yield. In this study, path analysis was applied within some morphological and phenological characters recorded from field studies conducted in 2000 on four Mentha spp., M. longifolia M. spicata M. piperita and M. aquatica. Several morphological, phenological, and chemical characteristics were recorded on the experimental units, based on a three times replicated completely randomized design. The characteristics recorded on five single plants in each experimental unit were: main stem length, number of lateral branches on main stem, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, flowering date, percentage of flower essential oil, and percentage of leaf essential oil. After a confident result of differences between the species for the characters, path analysis was performed on the data. The analysis on flower essential oil‐related characters revealed that the percentage of leaf essential oil and leaf length had a high direct effect on the dependent variable, flower essential oil yield. Flowering time showed a positive direct effect but a high negative total indirect effect through other independent variables on the dependent variable, resulting in a negative total effect on essential oil yield. The analysis on leaf essential oil‐related characters showed that both stem diameter and flower essential oil yield had almost equal positive direct effects on leaf essential oil yield. Flowering date showed negative direct and total indirect effects on leaf essential oil yield. Stem length had a high positive indirect effect on the leaf essential oil yield through independent variables, counterbalancing negative direct effects to a positive total effect of 0.487. Among the species in the current study, genetic improvement in the stem diameter and length, leaf length and width would have beneficial effects on essential oil yield. Therefore, indirect selection may be done at the field for high essential oil yield based on morphological characters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of essential oils of Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, E. tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson, grown in Cuba
Authors: Pino Jorge A. , Marbot Rolando , Quert Rolando , García Humberto
Published: August 2002

The yields and chemical composition are reported of oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of three species grown in the western region of Cuba: Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. The analyses were made by GC and GC–MS. The oil of E. resinifera was found to contain 1,8‐cineole (68.0%) as the major constituent. In contrast, the oil of E. tereticornis was found to contain 1,8‐cineole (23.2%) and p‐ cymene (13.8%), while that of C. maculata contained α‐pinene (49.7%), α‐eudesmol (18.0%) and β‐eudesmol (11.3%) as major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the enantiomeric ratios of chiral components in absolute jasmine
Authors: Tamogami S. , Awano K. , Kitahara T.
Published: August 2002

Determination of the enantiomeric ratios of chiral components in absolute jasmine, an important raw fragrance material, was studied. Jasmine oils from Egypt, India and France were employed. It was remarkable that the enantiomeric excess of most of these chiral components was not 100% ee. There was a significant difference in the ratios of enantiomers of several characteristic aroma compounds among these products. In particular methyl jasmonate in Indian jasmine oil contains less of the major (1R, 2R)‐isomer compared with those of France and Egypt. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil parent materials and the pottery of Roman Galilee: A comparative study
Authors: Wieder Moshe , Adan‐Bayewitz David
Published: August 2002

The paper presents a comparative micromorphological analysis of the range of soil materials used to make the pottery of the hilly Galilee during the Roman period, and the ceramic products made from these materials. The four soil units that served as raw material for most of the pottery made in this period and region are examined along with pottery derived from each of them. For each soil unit, the soil characteristics and processes are described, followed by a presentation of the micromorphological characteristics of the soil material and those of the pottery made from that material. The contribution of the aeolian dust component to the soil materials is discussed as well as the identification of the tempering materials (nonplastics or other soil materials) added to the pottery paste. The study demonstrates the close correlation in microfabric between the pottery and original soil materials, sheds light on the raw material selection and modification practices of the potters of Roman Galilee, and has significant implications for provenance studies, using chemical analysis, on the pottery of this period and region. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.