bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SODA‐LIME CONSUMPTION IN THE HAFNIA RESPIRATORY CIRCUIT
Authors: Petersen B. Brandt , Jorgensen S.
Published: December 2008

The soda‐lime consumption in three modifications of the Hafnia respiratory circuit was investigated. The absorber consisted of a Waters can‐nister 15 cm in lengdi and 8 cm in diameter. The charge was 675‐685 g of Durasorb Indicating Soda Lime, void space approximately 575 ml. The tidal volume in diis model investigation was 500 ml, the respiratory rate 20, the CO2 addition to the system being 290‐300 ml per minute.

It was demonstrated that the position of the exhaust valve and the flow direction in die system are of considerable importance for the clinical life of die soda‐lime charge.

The cannister will give efficient CO2 absorption for 5‐11 hours, depending on the volume of fresh gases from the anaesdietic apparatus, provided that the exhaust valve is on the expiratory side together with the breathing bag and die fresh‐gas inlet on die inspiratory side of die circuit.

Es wurde der Atemkalkverbrauch bei den drei Modifikationen des Hafnia‐Kreislaufsystems untersucht. Der Absorber bestand aus einem Waters‐Kanister von 15 cm Länge und 8 cm Durchmesser. Als Füllung wurde 675‐685 g Durasorb‐Indikatorkalk gegeben mit einem intergranularen Raum von etwa 575 ml. Das Atemvolumen bei dieser Modelluntersuchung war 500 ml, die Atemfrequenz 20. Pro Minute stromten 290‐300 ml CO2 in das System ein.

Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Position des Überlaufventils und die Strömungsrichtung im System von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung für die Dauer der Verwendbarkeit des Atemkalkes unter klinischen Bedingungen sind.

Eine Kanisterfüllung gibt ausreichende CO2‐Absorption für 5‐11 Stunden in Abhängigkeit vom zugeführten Frischgasvolumen, vorausgesetzt, dass das Überlaufventil auf der Exspirationsseite zusammen mit dem Atembeutel gelegen ist und das Frischgas auf der Inspirationsseite des Zirkelsystems einströmt.
A NEW TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE
Authors: Lomholt Niels
Published: December 2008

It is well‐known that tracheostomy tubes may produce lesions of the trachea and its mucosa. The causes of their development are discussed, and it is concluded that the constant pressure of the tube on the mucosa is the main reason.

The inside pressure and volume of elastic cuffs cannot be used to estimate the pressure on the mucosa.

A tracheostomy tube is described in which the cuff pressure on the mucosa can be controlled. The cuff was made of a thin inelastic Teflon film, which inside the trachea will be lying in folds on the wall. It is shown that the pressure of the cuff on the mucosa is identical with the inside cuff pressure. Preliminary clinical results are reported.

Es ist wohlbekannt, dass Tracheostomiekanülen Läsionen der Trachea und ihrer Schleimhaut setzen können. Die Gründe für deren Entstehun werden diskutiert und daraus der Schluss gezogen, dass der konstante Druck des Tubus auf die Mucosa die Hauptursache darstellt.

Der Innendruck und das Volumen in elastischen Manschetten können nicht verwendet werden, um den Druck auf die Mucosa abzuschätzen.

Es wird ein Tracheostomietubus beschrieben, bei welchem der Druck der Manschette auf die Schleimhaut unter Kontrolle gehalten werden kann. Die Manschette besteht aus einem diinnen unelastischen Teflonfilm, welcher sich innerhalb der Trachea in Falten an der Wand anlegt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Druck der Manschette auf die Mucosa mit dem Manschetteninnendruck iden‐tisch ist. Vorlaufige klinische Resultate werden dargestellt.
Effects of Fentanyl on Cerebral Cortical Blood Flow and Eeg in the Cat
Authors: Freeman James , Ingvar David H.
Published: December 2008

The effect of intravenous fentanyl on the blood flow and EEG in a circumscribed part of the cerebral cortext was investigated in 13 artificially ventilated cats.

The drug caused a reduction in cortical blood flow and mean EEG frequency in cerveau isolé preparations, and an insignificant reduction in cats in phenobarbitone anaesthesia. Subsequent intravenous nalorphine increased the cortical blood flow and mean EEG frequency to above control values.

Cortical blood flow increased with increasing total dosage of fentanyl (0.005‐0.02 mg/kg) in intact cats without central anaesthesia. A small increase in the mean EEG frequency also occurred. Electrographic seizures followed doses of 0.02‐0.08 mg/kg.

The results suggest that fentanyl has an excitatory action which is mediated through the reticular system of the brain stem. When this system is eliminated or depressed, a depressant action of the drug is seen.

Bei 13 kiinstlich beatmeten Katzen wurde die Wirkung von intravenös verabreichtem Fentanyl auf die Durchblutung und das EEG in einem urn‐schriebenen Teil der Gehirnrinde untersucht.

Das Mittel verursachte eine Verminderung der kortikalen Durchblutung und der mittleren EEG‐Frequenz in isolierten Hirnpräparationen, sowie eine nicht signifikante Verminderung bei Katzen in Phenobarbitalanaes‐thesie. Die nachfolgende intravenöse Verabreichung von Nalorphin erhöhte die kortikale Durchblutung und die mittlere EEG‐Frequenz über die Kon‐trollwerte hinaus.

Die kortikale Durchblutung erhöhte sich mit steigenden Gesamtdosen von Fentanyl (0,005‐0,02 mg/kg) bei intakten Katzen ohne zentrale Anaesthesie. Es kam auch zu einem geringen Anstieg der mittleren EEG‐Frequenz. Do‐sen von 0,02‐0,08 mg/kg waren von elektrographischen Krampfzuständen gefolgt.

Die Resultate scheinen darauf hinzuweisen, dass Fentanyl eine erregende Wirkung hat, die durch das retikuläre System des Hirnstamms geleitet wird. Wenn dieses System ausgeschaltet und gedämpft wird, hat das Mittel eine depressorische Wirkung.
Postoperative Serum Glutamic‐Oxalacetic Transaminase and Glutamic‐Pyruvic Transaminase Changes in Biliary Patients
Authors: Hollmén Arno , Saukkonen Juhani
Published: December 2008

Serum GOT and GPT levels in 145 patients were followed postoperatively for three days. The series was divided into three groups, one consisting of patients subjected to cholecystectomy (Group A), one comprising complicated cases of biliary surgery (Group B), and a control group, including orthopaedic and gynaecological operations as well as gastric resections (Group C). No changes in enzyme activities occurred in die control group. In Group A, GOT and GPT values rose on the first postoperative day, but returned to normal on the second to third postoperative days. In Group B, the rise in GOT and GPT levels was highest on the first postoperative day, but values remained pathologically high even on the second and third postoperative days, to the extent that third‐day values again showed definite rising tendencies (fig. 1). The elevated enzyme activity on the first postoperative day is attributable to liver‐cell lesions caused by operative trauma. The causes of the elevated GOT and GPT values in Group B occurring on the third day are discussed. During the first three days after biliary surgery complicated by acute cardiac infarction, GOT values are unreliable. On the other hand, after operations of the same type as those in Group C, GOT may reliably be used as a diagnostic aid in cardiac infarction.

Bei 145 Patienten (Gruppe A: einfache Cholecystektomie, Gruppe B: Ein‐griffe an den Gallenwegen, Gruppe C: orthopädische und gynäkologische Operationen, Magenresektionen, als Kontrollgruppe) wurden durch 3 Tage nach der Operation GOT und GPT bestimmt. Während die Kontrollgruppe keine Veränderung der Enzymaktivitäten zeigte, fand sich bei Gruppe A ein Anstieg am ersten postoperativen Tage mit folgender Rückkehr zur Norm. In Gruppe B fand sich deutliche Erhöhung am ersten postoperativen Tag, die Werte blieben jedoch weiter hoch oder stiegen sogar an. Die erhöhte Enzym‐aktivität am ersten postoperativen Tage ist durch das operativ gesetzte Lebertrauma bedingt. Die Ursachen der bestehenbliebenden Fermentspiegelerhöhung in Gruppe B werden diskutiert. Bei einem im postoperativen Verlauf auftretenden Herzinfarkt sind nach Galleneingriffen die GOT‐Werte nicht verwertbar, nach anderen Operationen jedoch zur Sicherstellung der Diagnose durchaus brauchbar.
Halothane‐Induged Heat Loss and Shivering in Rats
Authors: Nikki P. , Tammisto T.
Published: December 2008

Factors which might affect halothane‐induced heat loss and shivering have been studied in rats. Hypothermia and shivering were correlated to the depth of anaesthesia, and the duration of shivering corresponded to the length of the rewarming phase. Prevention of hypothermia by anaesthetizing the rats in an ambient temperature of 32° C inhibited shivering. Local heat application to the head partly counteracted shivering. Cold‐adapted rats seemed to regain normothermia more quickly. Shivering was intensified by noise and handling. Hypercarbia, hyperventilation and hypoxia all intensified die hypothermia. Hypercarbia increased the duration of shivering during anaesthesia, whereas hyperventilation and hypoxia rather counteracted it. Shivering after anaesthesia and the return of normothermia were not affected by these measures. Potentiation of anaesthesia with d‐tubocurarine or pethidine prolonged the rewarming phase and reduced die intensity of shivering. Copper, which potentiates experimental extrapyramidal tremor, reduced die intensity of shivering and prolonged hypothermia without potentiation of anaesthesia. Medioxyflurane‐induced hypothermia was comparable to that occurring during halothane anaesthesia, but of longer duration. The shivering was less violent, but lasted longer.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN

Faktoren, die den halothanbedingten Wärmeverlust und das Frösteln beeinflussen könnten, wurden an Ratten untersucht. Hypothermic und Frösteln standen in Übereinstimmung zur Narkosetiefe, und die Dauer der Fröstel‐reaktion stimmte mit der Länge der Wiedererwärmungsphase überein. Vermeidung einer Hypothermie durch anaesthesieren der Ratten bei einer Umgebungstemperatur von 32° C verhütete die Fröstelreaktion. Lokale Wärme‐applikation auf den Kopf wirkte dem Frösteln teilweise entgegen. Ratten, die an Kälte adaptiert waren, schienen rascher normotherm zu werden. Das Frösteln wurde durch Lärm und Berührung verstärkt. Hyperkarbie, Hyperventilation und Hypoxie intensivierten die Hypothermic Hyperkarbie verlängerte die Frösteldauer während der Narkose, während Hyperventilation und Hypoxie dieser eher entgegen wirkten. Frösteln nach der Narkose und die Rückkehr zur Normothermie wurde diese Massnahme nicht beeinflusst. Verstärkung der Narkose mit d‐Tubocurarin oder Pethidin verlängerte die Wiedererwärmungsperiode und verminderte die Intensität des Fröstelns. Kupfer, welches den experimentellen extrapyramidalen Tremor potenziert, verminderte die Intensität des Fröstelns und verlängerte die Hypothermic ohne Verstärkung der Narkose. Die durch Methoxyfluran erzeugte Hypothermie war der während einer Halothannarkose auftretenden vergleichbar, jedoch von kürzerer Dauer. Die Fröstelreaktion war weniger stark, dauerte aber länger.
OXYGEN TENSION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF DOGS IN HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK AND ITS CHANGES AFTER OXYGEN THERAPY
Authors: Vránová Z. , Keszler H. , Vrána M.
Published: December 2008

Tissue oxygen tension in the cerebral cortex diminishes in experimental shock in dogs. This is probably due to diminished local blood flow since PaO2 either remains unchanged or shows a slight increase. It is likely that the decrease in local flow is in part due to changes in PaC02 because a fall in arterial CO2 tension is frequently observed.

TThe inhalation of pure oxygen always results in increased tissue 02 tension in the cerebral cortex of shocked animals.

It may therefore be concluded that 02 therapy is probably useful in shock, at any rate from the point of view of improving the oxygen supply to the brain.

Im experimentellen Schock bei Hunden kommt es zu einer Abnahme der Gewebssauerstoffspannung in der Hirnrinde. Dies ist wahrscheinlich durch die verminderte lokale Durchblutung bedingt, da der arterielle Sauerstoffdruck entweder unverändert bleibt oder sogar leicht ansteigt. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die Abnahme der lokalen Durchblutung teilweise auf PaCO2 Veränderungen beruht, da ein Abfall der arteriellen Kohlensäurespannung häufig beobachtet wird.

Die Inhalation von reinem Sauerstoff führt bei den Schocktieren immer zu einer erhöhten Gewebssauerstoffspannung in der Hirnrinde.

Man kann deshalb den Schluss ziehen, dass zumindest von Gesichtspunkt einer Verbesserung der Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns die Sauerstofftherapie beim Schock niitzlich ist.
The Chemical Basis for the Intolerance of the Brain to Anoxia
Authors: Reichelt K. L.
Published: December 2008

Nervous tissue depends on oxygen consumption because the anaerobic formation of energy‐rich intermediates is insufficient for obligatory metabolic needs. The enzyme activities, and therefore the metabolic pathways, are unable to be adjusted to anoxia with sufficient rapidity. The effects of anoxia are probably more pronounced in certain cells or brain structures than in others. Overall chemical changes of the brain will therefore not necessarily disclose the crucial lesion in localized anoxia.
The Effect of Regional Sympathetic Blocks in the Treatment of Herpes Zoster: A Survey of 300 Cases
Authors: Colding August
Published: December 2008

In our experience, regional sympathetic blocks is a therapy that ought to be resumed as it seems to be very efficient in the treatment of pain due to acute, idiopathic zoster.

In addition, this therapy apparently prevents the lesion from progressing into the postherpetic syndrome.

However, if favourable results are to be obtained, it is absolutely necessary that the patients are treated in a very early stage of the disease.

In the treatment of the postherpetic syndrome, sympathetic blocks seem to be without any effect.

Unserer Erfahrung nach sollten regionale Sympathikusblockaden wegen ihrer guten Wirksamkeit in der Schmerzbehandlung beim akuten ideopathischen Zoster wieder eingeführt werden.

Überdies verhindert diese Behandlungsmethode anscheinend auch das Fortschreiten der Laesion in ein postherpetisches Syndrom.

Allerdings ist es absolut notwendig, daβ die Patienten in einem sehr frühen Stadium der Erkrankung zu behandeln begonnen werden, wenn man günstige Resultate erzielen will.

Zur Behandlung des postherpetischen Syndroms sind Sympathikusblockaden anscheinend wirkungslos.
Clinical Experience of Disinfection of the Engstrom Respirator by Ultrasonic Nebulized Ethyl Alcohol
Authors: Gullers K. , Malmborg A.‐S. , Nyström B. , Norlander O. , Peterson N.
Published: December 2008

A method of disinfecting the Engström respirator by means of ultrasonic nebulized ethyl alcohol, by the method of Peterson and Rosdahl, was tested in clinical practice. HNE nebulizers with oscillating frequencies were used. The disinfection procedure was carried out by regular members of the ward staff. The results were controlled bacteriologically. Satisfactory disinfection was obtained with two nebulizers in the system and a disinfection time of two hours.

The standard humidifying unit of the Engström respirator was filled with a sterile solution of chlorhexidine 0.1% in water. No growth of vegetative micro‐organisms occurred in the standard humidifying unit with this method, and no toxic reactions were observed in the patients.

Eine von Peterson und Rosdahl beschriebene Desinfektionsmethode für den Engström‐Respirator mittels, durch Ultraschall vernebelten, Äthylalkohol wurde in der klinischen Praxis erprobt. HNE‐Vernebler mit oszillierenden Frequenzen wurden dabei verwendet. Die Desinfektionsprozeduren wurden vom ständigen Stationspersonal durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden bakterio‐logisch kontrolliert. Zufriedenstellende Desinfektion wurde erzielt, wenn zwei Vernebler im System eingeschaltet waren und wenn die Desinfektionszeit zwei Stunden betrug.

Die Standard‐Befeuchter‐Einheit des Engström‐Respirators wurde mit einer sterilen Lösung von 0,1% Chlorhexidin in Wasser gefüllt. Bei dieser Methode kam kein vegetativer Mikroorganismen zustande, und bei den Patienten wurde keine toxischen Reaktionen beobachtet.
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL WORK CAPACITY IN RATS FOLLOWING SEVERE HAEMODILUTION WITH COLLOID AND CRYSTALLOID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Elb S. , Arturson G.
Published: December 2008

Non‐anaesthetized rats were severely haemodiluted by bleeding through a polyediylene tube placed in the right atrium and immediate replacement with colloid and crystalloid solutions. The survival rate, the physical work capacity and the ability of the rats to increase the heart rate in response to induced work were then investigated. The results show that colloids are superior to crystalloid solutions in all respects studied, probably due to better oxygentransport capacity caused by higher cardiac output. Equally good results were obtained with pooled rat plasma and dextran 70, 6% in 0.9% NaCl. The results suggest that blood loss without increased capillary permeability in the acute phase may be best substituted with colloids. In protracted blood loss and in combination with increased capillary permeability colloids combined with crystalloid solutions may be the therapeutic choice.

Nichtnarkosierte Ratten wurden durch Blutabnahmen und sofortige Volumsauffüllung mit kolloidalen oder kristallinen Lösungen über einen in den rechten Vorhof eingelegten Polyaethylenkatheter einer schweren Haemodilution unterzogen. Sodann wurden die Überlebensquote, die körperliche Arbeitskapazität und die Fähigkeit der Tiere, die Herzfrequenz in Beantwortung der ihnen aufgezwungenen Arbeit zu erhöhen, festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kolloide den Kristallösungen in jeder Hinsicht überlegen sind, wahrscheinlich zufolge der besseren Sauerstofftransportkapazität, bedingt durch das höhere Herzzeitvolumen. Ebensogute Ergebnisse wurden mit gesammelten Rattenplasma und mit 6%igem Dextran 70 in 0,9%iger Kochsalzlösung erzielt. Die Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass Blutverluste ohne erhöhte Kapillarpermeabilität in der akuten Phase am besten mittels Kolloidlösungen ausgeglichen werden können. Bei protrahiertem Blutverlust und in Verbindung mit erhöhter Kapillarpermeabilität könnten Kolloide kombiniert mit kristallinen Lösungen die Therapie der Wahl sein.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF BETA‐RECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN MAN
Authors: Jorfeldt Lennart , Löfström Bertil , Möller Jan , Rosén Anders
Published: December 2008

Fifteen patients anaesthetized with halothane were given a beta‐adrenergic receptor blocking substance intravenously, either propranolol or l‐alprenolol.

The drugs usually induced an insignificant drop in blood pressure, a slight bradycardia, and a small reduction in cardiac output in patients not subjected to concomitant surgery. In one patient, the reaction was more pronounced. The immediate administration of atropine seemed to restore the circulatory state.

Nine patients were subjected to surgery during the administration of the beta‐blocking agents. Pronounced hypotension resulted in seven of them. This effect was observed both after propranolol and l‐alprenolol. Again, atropine reversed the hypotension.

These observations suggest that the administration of beta‐adrenergic receptor blocking agents during anaesthesia should be limited by very strict indications, and be used under carefully controlled conditions.

15 mit Halothan narkotisierte Patienten erhielten i.v. einen Beta‐Rezep‐torenblocker, und zwar entweder Propanolol oder 1‐Alprenolol.

Diese Mittel fiihrten in der Regel zu einem nicht‐signifikanten Blutdruck‐abfall, zu einer geringgradigen Bradykardie und einer leichten Verminderung des Herzminutenvolumens bei Patienten, die nicht gleichzeitig operiert wurden. Bei einem Patienten war die Reaktion dramatischer. Die sofortige Gabe von Atropin schien den Kreislaufzustand wieder zu normalisieren.

Neun Patienten erhielten Betablocker wahrend einer Operation. Bei sieben von ihnen kam es zu ausgepragten Blutdruckabfall. Diese Wirkung wurde sowohl nach Propranolol als auch nach 1‐Alprenolol beobachtet.

Diese Beobachtungen geben Grund zur Empfehlung, Betarezeptoren‐blocker wahrend der Narkose nur bei strengster Indikation zu verabreichen und sie nur unter sorgfaltig kontrollierten Bedingungen anzuwenden.
EFFECTS OF PROPANIDID (EPONTOL®) AND METHOHEXITAL (BRIETAL®) ON THE CONTRACTILE FORCE OF THE ISOLATED GUINEA‐PIG HEART
Authors: Åström A. , Bernhoff A. , Persson N.‐Å.
Published: December 2008

Propanidid (Epontol®), like methohexital (Brietal®), has a direct, cardio‐depressant action on the isolated heart. The negative chronotropic and inotropic actions of propanidid are about 0.6 times that of methohexital (whereas the anaesthetic potency of propanidid is about one third of that of methohexital).

The Walton‐Brodie strain‐gauge arch technique for recording changes in the myocardial contractile force was compared with an intraventricular balloon technique. It was concluded that the two techniques give identical results, but that the balloon technique for the isolated heart has many practical advantages.

Propanidid (Epontol®) und Methohexital (Brietal®) haben eine direkte cardiodepressive Wirkung auf das isolierte Herz. Die negativ chronotropen und inotropen Wirkungen des Propanidid sind etwa 0,6 mal so stark wie die des Methohexital (wobei zu beachten ist, dass Methohexital eine 3 mal starkere anaesthetische Wirkung hat als Propanidid).

Die Walton‐Brodie Dehnstreifengebertechnik zur Registrierung von Ver‐anderungen der Kontraktionskraft des Herzmuskels wurde mit einer intraven‐tricularen Ballontechnik verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass beide Methoden iden‐tische Resultate ergeben, die Ballontechnik jedoch am isolierten Herzen viele praktische Vorteile hat.
PLASMA LIDOCAINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH POTENTIAL INDUCERS OF MICROSOMAL ENZYMES
Authors: Heinonen Jussi , Takki Seppo , Jarho Leo
Published: December 2008

Plasma lidocaine levels were studied in epileptics and control subjects after slow intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg. Two experiments were made on the epileptics: one when they were on their usual antiepileptic and/or sedative drugs and the other after phenobarbital treatment of 4 weeks' duration. The plasma lidocaine levels were somewhat lower in the epileptics than in the control subjects at 30 and 60 minutes after starting the lidocaine injection, and the differences were statistically significant. Phenobarbital treatment did not cause further lowering in the plasma lidocaine levels of the epileptics. It is concluded that patients who have taken phenobarbital or some other potential inducers of the microsomal drug‐metabolizing enzymes may have a somewhat increased tolerance to the systemic effects of cumulative doses of licocaine.

Bei Epileptikern und Kontrollpersonen wurden die Plasmakonzentrationen von Lidocain nach langsamer i.v. Injektion von 2 mg/kg untersucht. Bei den Epileptikern wurden zwei Untersuchungen angestellt: Eine unter der iiblichen antiepileptischen und/oder sedativen Therapie, die andere nach 4‐wochiger Phenobarbitalbehandlung. 30 und 60 Minuten nach dem Beginn der Lido‐caininjektion waren die Plasmakonzentrationen bei den Epileptikern etwas niedriger als bei den Kontrollpersonen; die Unterschiede waren statistisch signifikant. Die Phenobarbitalbehandlung fiihrte nicht zu einer weiteren Ver‐minderung der Plasmakonzentrationen von Lidocain bei den Epileptikern. Es kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass Patienten, die Phenobarbital oder einen anderen potentiellen Anreger der mikrosomalen drogenabbauenden Enzyme eingenommen haben, eine etwas erhohte Toleranz gegen die Systemwirkungen kumulativer Dosen von Lidocain haben durften.
Molecular Diversity and Assessment of Biological Characteristics of Greek Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Populations
Authors: Bardas George Apostolos , Koutita Olga , Tzavella‐Klonari Kate
Published: December 2008

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates collected in Greece were characterized by the temperature effect on their biological characteristics (mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germinability) and by molecular diversity revealed by RAM and ERIC–BOX PCR analysis. The temperature effect on the assessed biological characteristics resulted in a similar classification according to the origin and virulence patterns of isolates. Colletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates originating from the areas of Nevrokopi and Vrodou showed better adaptation at the lower temperatures exposure (12 and 18°C) compared to isolates originating from the Municipality of Hrisoupolis, which showed better adaptation at the highest temperature tested (24°C). Molecular diversity was detected using RAM and ERIC–BOX PCR primers. Both methods revealed, in a similar way (r = 0.58, P = 0.05), two main clusters of isolates, in agreement with previous findings using RAPD and RFLP analysis. The majority of the tested isolates were grouped in the same main cluster (29 out of 35 Greek isolates for both methods) underlying high levels of genotypic similarities between Greek populations of C. lindemuthianum. This study, an extension of previous research, provides further information on population diversity of C. lindemuthianum required for developing more efficient control strategies of bean anthracnose disease.
Monoclonal Antibodies against the Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus and its Application in Virus Detection
Authors: Wu Jianxiang , Yu Cui , Yang Cuiyun , Zhou Xueping
Published: December 2008

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the tospovirus genus and causes significant losses in a wide range of economically important ornamental and vegetable crops worldwide. The nucleocapsid gene, located on the ambisense S RNA segment of TSWV was expressed in Escherichia coli using pET‐32a as vector and correct expression of recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blot using an anti‐TSWV monoclonal antibody (MAb). The recombinant protein was purified using Ni‐NTA agarose and the purified protein was used for the production of MAbs. Three murine MAbs against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein were produced. Triple antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunocapture RT‐PCR methods were then established for reliable and efficient detection of TSWV using the produced MAbs.
Resistance to Ergot in Self‐incompatible Germplasm Resources of Winter Rye
Authors: Mirdita Vilson , Miedaner Thomas
Published: December 2008

The poor progress in breeding for resistance to ergot (Claviceps purpurea [Fr.] Tul.) in rye (Secale cereale L.) is attributed to the lack of appreciable genotypic variation for this trait. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to evaluate 52 indigenous and exotic genetic resources and 13 open‐pollinated cultivars for ergot resistance. These 65 self‐incompatible populations were evaluated in four environments with each entry plot surrounded by wheat plots on four sides. Inoculation with a pathogen mixture was done thrice during flowering and harvesting was done early by hand. Resistance traits were ergot incidence and severity. Logit‐transformed data were subjected to analyses of variance. The lowest disease severity in any environment was 0.18%, and that was still higher than the official threshold of 0.1% for feed. In the pooled analysis across environments, significant genotypic differences as well as genotype × environment interaction were present. The correlation between ergot severity and pollen shedding was not significant indicating that genotypic differences were not affected by pollen shedding. Broad‐sense heritability (h2) estimates were moderate (0.54–0.65). ‘Halo’, an old German cultivar, and the genetic resources ‘Schmidt‐Roggen’ and ‘Dukat’, had low ergot severity (Halo having the lowest severity) as well as low disease incidence. The results document a significant, but moderate genotypic variance for ergot resistance among self‐incompatible rye that can be exploited to breed ergot‐resistant rye.
Dipsacus fullonum: an Alternative Host of Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus in Argentina
Authors: Giolitti Fabián , Bejerman Nicolás , Lenardon Sergio
Published: December 2008

Dipsacus fullonum L. is a biennial weed that is widely spread in the Pampean region of Argentina. Plants of this species showing leaf mosaic symptoms were collected near sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops infected with Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV). Symptomatic plants were tested by biological, serological and molecular assays. Sunflower and Nicotiana occidentalis L. plants mechanically inoculated with extracts from symptomatic D. fullonum leaves developed typical SuCMoV symptoms. Samples were DAS‐ELISA positive when probed with a SuCMoV antiserum. RT‐PCR was used to amplify the whole coat protein gene of the infecting virus. An 807 bp fragment was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence (EU606023) shared 96% amino acid identity with the SuCMoV sequence (AF255677). These results indicate that D. fullonum mosaic is caused by an isolate of SuCMoV. Thus, this finding has epidemiological relevance as the weed may act as a natural virus reservoir.
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF LEONURINE IN NEONATAL RAT HYPOXIC CARDIOMYOCYTES AND RAT INFARCTED HEART
Authors: Liu Xin‐Hua , Xin Hong , Hou Ai‐Jun , Zhu Yi‐Zhun
Published: December 2008

Previous studies have shown that extracts of Herba leonuri, predominantly containing the phytochemical components leonurine and stachydrine, provide protective effects in the ischaemic myocardium by acting as free radical scavengers and inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species.

The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of 10−6 mol/L leonurine on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with hypoxia plus serum deprivation, a component of ischaemia, and to determine the mechanisms underlying the protective effects with regard to cardiac anti‐oxidant enzymes and apoptosis genes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with leonurine 8 h prior to exposure to hypoxia. In addition, we investigated the effects of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg leonurine, administered to rats i.p. for 7 days prior to left coronary artery ligation, on subsequent infarct size of the ischaemic heart.

Leonurine significantly increased the viability of cardiomyocytes injured by hypoxia. In the leonurine‐treated group, gene expression levels of pro‐apoptotic genes, namely Bax and Fas, were significantly downregulated (by 0.95‐ and 0.72‐fold, respectively; P < 0.001) compared with the hypoxic control group, whereas the expression of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xl was upregulated following leonurine treatment (by 1.03‐ and 1.07‐fold, respectively; P < 0.05). Correspondingly, leonurine treatment increased Bcl‐2 protein levels and decreased Bax protein levels. Assays investigating cardiac anti‐oxidant enzymes provided further evidence for a protective effect of leonurine, as indicated by the induction of the anti‐oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Furthermore, leonurine decreased infarct size in ischaemic rat heart.

The results of the present study suggest that the mechanisms of action of leonurine in hypoxic neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and infarcted rat heart may be related to its anti‐oxidant and anti‐apoptotic properties.
An Autopsy Case Combined With So‐called Masson Bodies of Lung, Necrotizing Angitis of Gall Bladder and Subacute Glomerulonephritis—Pathologic and Histochemical Studies on the‘Bourgexons Conjonctifs’ (Masson,—
Authors: Asano Masahide
Published: December 2008

The Masson body termed by Masson, Riopelle and Martin in 1937, and periarteritis nodosa termed by Kusmaul and Maier in 1866 are both diseases recongnized as representing an allergic reaction.

I have studied an autopsy case of subacute glomerulonephritis, which also represents an allergic reaction, associated with Masson body and periarteritis nodosa.
Spontaneous Perforation of the Gastric Wall in Newborn Infants: An Autopsy Report of a Pair of Twins
Authors: Noda Kiichiro , Hirama Masayoshi
Published: December 2008

Perforations are seldom found in the stomach of newborns in the first month after birth. No more than 15 cases having been reported in foreign countries and only one in Japan since Siebold's(1) first report in 1825. Recently, we had the opportunity to dissect a pair of binovular twins that had died in succession showing conspicuous distension of the abdomen, and have found perforations in the gastric walls of both of them. Upon histo‐pathological examination of the cases, we have succeeded in obtaining some observations that might contribute in elucidating the cause and mechanism that induces such perforations.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOCRINE CELLS TO GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CHANGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GASTRIC CANCER
Authors: Tahara Eiichi , Haizuka Shojiro , Kodama Teturo , Yamada Akira
Published: December 2008

Using advanced gastric adenocarcinoma and carcinoid as human material and gastric adenocarcinoma in rats induced by MNNG and in mice by localized X‐irradiation of the stomach as experimental material, a pathological study was made on the relationship of gastric endocrine cells to gastric cancer. The results of the present study suggest that most of the endocrine cells in the cancer tissue are derived from the didte rentiation of cancer cells. Therefore, the following three may be given as the aformentioned relationship, that is, 1) carcinoid of endocrine cell origin, 2) endocrine cell carcinoma showing undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, and 3) endocrine cell cloning developed from the differentiation of cancer cell of adenocarcinoma. There is the possibility that most of 2) are of 3) origin and thus 2) and 3) should be discriminated from 1), having a functioning tumor in rare cases. The significance of reactive hyperplasia of endocrine cells in the non‐metaplastic mucosa of the stomach around cancer and atypical epithelium is not yet determined, but that of EC cell seems at least to be related with the development of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa.
A TRANSPLANTABLE PULMONARY TUMOR LINE IN MOUSE FORMING BONE AND CHONDROID TISSUE
Authors: Kawada Kenji
Published: December 2008

A spontaneous papillary adenocarcinoma was found in the lung of an A/St female mouse 20 months of age, and its transplantable line forming bone and chondroid tissue was established. The basic patterns changed from papillary adenocarcinoma to anaplastic carcinoma or a flbrosarcoma‐like pattern through tubular adenocarcinoma. Osseous tissue appeared in the 1st transplant generation and increased with serial transplanta tions. In the 5th transplant generation, abundant osseous tissue was seen, a flbrosarcoma‐like pattern became predominant and chondroid tissue appeared. Morphologically, the flbrosarcoma‐like pattern was proved to be epithelial in nature.

Marked alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the spindle‐shaped tumor cells, and the activity obviously elevated in the serum of hosts bearing tumors which included more spindle‐shaped cells and osseous tissues than chondroid ones. It is presumed that the osseous and chondroid tissues formed by carcinoma cells did not result from meta plasia in the strict sense of the word but rather from pseudometaplasia or metamorphosis.
RETICULOSARCOMATOSIS ORIGINATING FROM SKIN—A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Okayasu Isao , Okayasu Noriko , Mori Wataru , Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Matsubara Sho
Published: December 2008

The case is that of a 65 year‐old male with reticulosarcomatosis originating from the skin. There were multiple tumors composed of reticulum cells located only in the skin, particularly around the large joints. The entire course of illness was three years and five months, during which period regression by irradiation, recurrence, or new forma tion of tumors were repeatedly seen. At the end systemic tumor spread not only of the skin but also in various visceral organs including lymph nodes occurred.

From histological and electron microscopic examinations repeatedly performed with biopsy materials, and finally with autopsy materials it was ascertained that the tumor cells had become smaller in size with less lymphoid cell infiltration at the terminal stage.
CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN FAMILIAR HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Authors: Miyasaki Kichihei , Hatani Hajimu
Published: December 2008

Autopsy findings of a 36‐year‐old male with familiar hypercholester‐olemia were reported and discussed. Hyperlipoproteinemia found in this case might belong to the type IIa in the classification of hyperli poproteinemia while there was no skin lesion such as xanthoma and hypertension. Remarkable strictures due to atherosclerotic plaques in the lumens of the right and left coronary arteries and wide‐spread myo‐cardial infarction in the left ventricle were found. In the aorta just above the aortic valve there were atherosclerotic plaques in which foam cells could be seen. From the histological Andings of the aortic valve the possibility that the thickening of the valve might have been induced by a similar mechanism as that of aorta and coronary arteries was suggested.
CREUTZFELDT‐JAKOB DISEASE WITH KURU‐LIKE PLAQUES IN JAPAN
Authors: Yagishita Saburo
Published: December 2008

Four autopsy cases of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with kuru‐like plaques are presented. The plaques are widely distributed throughout the brain and their morphology seems to be very similar, if not identical, to kuru plaques. The histological and ultrastructural features of the plaques are described, compared with kuru plaques and senile plaques. The comparison between Japanese CJD with kuru‐like plaques and similar cases in foreign countries and their nosological problem are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF CREUTZFELDT‐JAKOB DISEASE TO GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Chino Fumitoshi
Published: December 2008

Brain material used in this experiment was from a 47‐year‐old woman autopsied 5 hours after death. The brain was markedly atrophic weighing 750 g. Histopathologically, a spongy state was extensive from cortex to medulla with fibrous astrocytosis and neuronal loss. This brain tissue was aseptically removed at autopsy and a 20% emulsion was prepared. Intracranially 0.1 ml and intraperitoneally 0.2 ml of the emulsion were inoculated into each guinea pig. Five and three of them were killed 10 and 22 months later, respectively, nevertheless showing no clinical signs. The brains from these guinea pigs did not reveal any changes as seen in the human autopsy brain both macroscopically and microscopically. However, all the brains indicated ultrastructural changes characterized by vacuolation with curled membranes in dendrites and free membranes with cellular debris in extracellular space. These changes were not found in guinea pigs inoculated with material from normal guinea pig brain or uninoculated guinea pigs, but similar to those observed in the human autopsy brain used as inoculum. Therefore, it could be considered that Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease was transmitted from man to guinea pig to present an early stage of the lesion. Several organs were observed ultrastructurally after whole bleeding in monkeys. Curled membranes were generated only in the vacuoles of dendrite from 2 1/2 hours after bleeding and not in those of other organs. This may explain at least a part of the pathogenesis of spongiform changes restricted in the central nervous system.
FINE STRUCTURE OF CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLODES WITH REFERENCE TO SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS
Authors: Horie Akio
Published: December 2008

The fine structure of the stromal component of cystosarcoma phyllodes was compared with that of intracanalicular fibroadenoma, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. The stromal cells of fibroadenoma was intermediate between fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells and may be designated as myofibroblasts. The stromal cells of cystosarcoma phyllodes have fulfilled the ultrastructural criteria for smooth muscle cells. Therefore, cystosarcoma phyllodes should be regarded as smooth muscle tumors or those of myoepithelial origin.
TWO SIBLINGS, INCLUDING A FETUS, WITH TAY‐SACHS DISEASE
Authors: Yamada Eiji , Matsumoto Masao , Hazama Fumitada , Momoi Toru , Sudo Masakatsu
Published: December 2008

This report consists of a morphological study on two siblings of Tay‐Sachs disease. One is a girl of 3 years of age and the other is a 23‐week fetus. In the first case, the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex showed histochemically abnormal accumulation of glycolipids and electron microscopically numerous membranous cytoplasmic bodies characteristic to gangliosidosis. In the fetal case, the nerve cells in the brain stem were well differentiated and here abnormal inclusions were found by histochemical study. The cortical neurons were immature in structure and inclusions were not demonstrated by histochemical study. In electron microscopic study, the cortical neurons also showed a small number of intracytoplasmic inclusions which contained electron dense granules and/or membranous structures. Causes of the differences in amount of abnormal lipid accumulation in the brain stem and the cerebral cortex were discussed.
MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA OF BONE ASSOCIATED WITH FOCAL HEMANGIOPERICYTOMATOUS PATTERN
Authors: Terashima Kazuo , Suda Akio , Imai Yutaka , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Kasajima Takeshi , Matsuda Mikio , Dobashi Michio
Published: December 2008

A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the tibia of a 49‐year‐old Japanese farmer was presented. The patient was diagnosed as malignant hemangiopericytoma by biopsy, wheseas the amputated material showed a marked pleomorphism representing features of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Ultrastructurally, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, intermediate cells between the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and fibroblastic cells, fibroblastic cells and histiocytoid cells including bizarre giant cells were confirmed in a broad modulating spectrum. The hemangiopericytomatous lesion was predominated by intermediate cells, the ultrastructure of which bore a close resemblance to that of pericytes, and was regarded to be resulted from a differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells towards the pericyte.
CYSTADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS MANIFESTED AS A SPLENIC CYST
Authors: Matsumoto Masao , Kawamura Yukako , Ishiguro Minora , Nagai Tsunemoto
Published: December 2008

The case of a 69‐year‐old man with a multicystic splenic tumor was reported. The tumor occupied about half of the spleen. It was composed of multiple cysts and histologically confirmed as a cyst adenocarcinoma. Invasion was observed in the splenic flexure of the colon. A small portion of the pancreatic tail was also involved in the tumor. As to the histogenesis of this “splenic cystic tumor”, two possible viewpoints, that is, a growth as a secondary metastasis of a cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreatic tail, and a development on the basis of an aberrant pancreatic tissue in the spleen, were proposed. Regardless of its histogenetical aspects, such a splenic lesion as the present case seems to occur extremely rarely, and only one instance similar to our case could be found in the literature.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ORIGIN OF FOAM CELLS IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Watanabe Teruo , Hattori Fumitada , Tanaka Kenzo
Published: December 2008

Masugi nephritis Induced in cholesterol‐fed rabbits is characterized by accumulation of foam cells in glomeruli which vary in number almost in parallel with the natural course of the disease. From electron microscopic appearances these foam cells are apparently derived from migrant blood monocytes and mesangial cells, but not from endothelial cells. Location of monocytic foam cells is extremely variable, though most often observed in the subendothelial space. In addition, monocytes undergo transformation into multinucleated giant cells including Touton type's. Lipid deposits filling the cytoplasm of foam cells seem to be in two forms, free cytoplasmic droplets and membrane‐bounded structures partly containing membranous debris or myelin figures. The latter accumulates preferentially in the cytocentrum and is considered to originate from lysosomes. It seems unlikely that glomerular lesions in Masugi nephritis are aggravated by foam cell accumulation.
TRANSMISSION AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE TUMORS OF NEUROBLASTOMA GROUP
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: December 2008

Ultrastructural study of neuroblastoma group tumors including 7 neuroblastomas, 4 ganglioneuroblastomas, and 2 ganglioneuromas was performed by using both TEM and SEM. Tumor cells showed a wide variation comparable to the developmental stages of nerve cells and were classified into four types according to the neuritic process projections; namely apolar, monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar. Neuroblastoma was composed of small cells of apolar, monopolar, and bipolar types with few multipolar cells. Tumor cells of ganglio‐neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma were multipolar type. SEM observation demonstrated characteristic varicosities in the elongated neuritic processes, and by TEM examination the dilated portions of these varicosities revealed disruption or disappearance of parallel runnings of the microtubules and microfilaments. TEM examination demonstrated presence of Schwann cells in ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma, and satellite cells and perineurial cells in ganglioneuroma. The hitherto undescribed cells with caveolar structure which are thought to be a precursor of these stromal elements were disclosed in ganglioneuroblastoma. In order to evaluate the maturation and prognosis of tumors of this group, stromal differentiation seems to be equally important as ganglionic differentiation because both stromal elements and tumor cells have a common origin of neural crest.
FATE OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED RAT ASCITES HEPATOMA CELLS IN THE LUNG OF CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC MICE
Authors: Kinjo Mitsuru , Naito Seiji , Tanaka Kenzo
Published: December 2008

Formation of hematogenous metastasis in the congenltally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) and their heterozygous ones (nu/+) was compared 2 weeks after an intravenous injection of xenogeneic tumor cells of rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH 130) with high thromboplastic activity. AH 130 cells formed large numbers of metastatic foci in the lungs of nu/nu recipients, while they developed into only temporary growth of metastatic foci with subsequent regression in nu/+ mice. Cellular reaction to arrested tumor cells in the pulmonary vessels was composed of large monouclear cells, and was extensive and prominent in nu+/ mice in comparison with nu/nu mice 3 days after the injection of the tumor cells. The results suggest that mononuclear cells reaction is closely related to suppression of growth of micrometastasis. This is considered as a model that highly immunogenic tumor cells attenuated and could be rejected in relation to immunological mechanisms. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 32: 437∼443, 1982.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON GLYCOGEN MAGROMOLECULES FROM ASCITES HEPATOMA AH 13 CELLS
Authors: Iwamasa Teruo , Hamada Tetsuo , Fukuda Seiji , Ninomiya Nobuyuki , Takeuchi Tadao
Published: December 2008

Glycogen extracted from rat ascites hepatoma AH 13 cells was compared with that from adult rat liver, adult rat muscle, and fetal rat liver 3 days before delivery, by electron microscopic, biochemical and physicochemical techniques. The ascites hepatoma AH 13 glycogen revealed two major different types of glycogen macromolecules by sucrose discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The glycogen of the light fraction was very similar to rat muscle glycogen macromolecules in its size and shape except that it exhibited a stronger Cotton effect on measurement of the optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism than the muscle glycogen. Furthermore, this light material different from normal muscle glycogen. The other glycogen which also included very small amounts of irregular particles of glycogen macromolecules was contained in the heavy fraction was very similar to the adult rat liver glycogen macromolecules which did not display the Cotton effect. Electron micrographs showing the ultrastructure of the glycogen particles extracted from the AH 13 cells by negative staining revealed a variety of size and shape, and they contained two types of glycogen macromolecules with the smaller muscle types and larger adult type of liver glycogen macromolecules. The glycogen macromolecules also formed varied irregular structures in conformation. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 32: 461∼471, 1982.