bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flavor Development of Individually Vacuum-Packaged Beef Steaks During Extended Wet Aging
Authors: Barker Samantha N. , Brooks J. Chance , Bachler Jordan T. , Woerner Dale R. , Legako Jerrad F.
Published: April 2023

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of extended aging on the flavor development of various muscles, individually stored in vacuum rollstock packaging. Strip loins, paired tenderloins, and top sirloin butts (n=48) from USDA Low Choice carcasses (Small00 to Small100 marbling score, n=16). Subprimals were wet-aged in the absence of light for 28 d postmortem before fabrication into 2.54 cm steaks representing the longissimus lumborum (LL), psoas major (PM), and gluteus medius (GM). Steaks were individually packaged in vacuum rollstock packaging and assigned to an additional aging time of 28, 35, 42, 49, or 56 d. Cut steaks (n=240/test) were designated to trained descriptive panel analysis or volatile compound analysis. No interactions occurred for trained sensory analysis, but a main effect of days of age (P≤0.033) showed the greatest effect on negatively associated attributes, including liver-like, oxidized, fishy, bitter, and sour, after 42 d of aging. A main effect of muscle type also occurred (P≤0.040) for flavor attributes, in which GM and PM samples scored higher in off-flavor attributes compared with LL samples, including flavors such as liver-like, oxidized, and sour. An interaction between muscle type and days of age occurred for 2-pentyl-furan (P=0.021). One compound—3 hydroxy-2 butanone—was affected by muscle type (P=0.009). However, most compounds were affected by days of age (P≤0.046), in which compounds related to off-flavors increased in concentrations the most after 49 d. Additionally, discriminant function analyses were performed, suggesting the most effective aging time for individual steaks to be under 49 d when considering loadings for volatile compounds and flavor attributes corresponding with days of age. Overall, these data suggest individual packaging of GM, LL, and PM muscles is most optimal for up to 42 or49 d of age without a large impact from the presence of off-flavors, thus providing food service establishments the opportunity to individually package beef steaks for an extended period while maintaining consumer satisfaction through optimal flavor.
Prenatal Development of Muscle and Adipose and Connective Tissues and Its Impact on Meat Quality
Authors: Du Min
Published: April 2023

The abundance of intramuscular fat (marbling) and tenderness are 2 key determining factors of beef quality,whereas muscle growth determines the meat production efficiency. Marbling accumulation is due to both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intramuscular fat cells (adipocytes). On the other hand, intramuscular fibroblasts are major contributors for the formation of connective tissue and its cross-linking, which are responsible for background toughness of beef.Interestingly, muscle cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts are derived from a common pool of mesenchymal progenitors during embryonic development. In the early embryos, a portion of progenitor cells in anlage commit to the myogenic lineage,whereas nonmyogenic cells become adipo-fibrogenic cells or other cells. These myogenic cells proliferate extensively and further develop into primary and secondary muscle fibers and satellite cells, whereas adipo-fibrogenic cells form the stromal-vascular fraction of muscle where intramuscular adipocytes and fibroblasts reside. Strengthening prenatal myogenesis and muscle development enhances lean growth, whereas promoting intramuscular adipocyte formation elevates marbling. Because the abundance of progenitor cells in animals declines as their development progresses, it is more effective to manipulate progenitor cell differentiation during early development. Maternal nutrition and other environmental factors affect progenitor cell commitment, proliferation, and differentiation, which programs muscle growth and marbling fat development of offspring, affecting the quantity and quality of meat production.
THE POSSIBILITY OF PROMOTING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF SERBIA THROUGH A CULTURAL ROUTE OF FORTIFIED TOWNS
Authors: Marjanović Miloš , Marković Rastko S , Tomić Nemanja , Golubović Ninoslav , Langović Zlatko , Radivojević Aleksandar R
Published: April 2023

The promotion of fortified towns, as Serbia’s significant cultural heritage, represents a major element of tourism development. The main goals of this paper are to highlight the tourism potential of fortifications in Serbia and to investigate the prospect of creating a cultural route of fortified towns. The route is comprised of six fortresses. This article applies CREM (Cultural Route Evaluation Model) to assess the tourism potential of fortified towns and the possibility of linking them in a thematic route. The CREM model provided principal information about the possibilities of developing cultural routes, and details about the sites’ requirements. Furthermore, it identified the main areas in need of improvement at each fortress to be visited by a substantial number of tourists in the upcoming period.
CodePartner: A Platform to Find Like-Minded Programmers
Authors: Pauly Alvin , Sawsakde Chaitanya , Patankar Rishi , Ghosal Prof. Debarati
Published: April 2023

Abstract: CodePartner is a global platform that connects programmers to compatible coding partners based on their language, skills, experience, and project preferences. The platform aims to solve the challenge of finding the right coding partner, particularly for those new to the industry or working remotely. CodePartner uses a matching algorithm that considers various factors, including programming languages and project interests, to ensure optimal partner-pairings that work well together. The platform also features a messaging system that allows partners to communicate in real-time and collaborate seamlessly, regardless of their location. CodePartner enables programmers to expand their network, enhance their skills, and produce highquality projects effortlessly. Whether experienced programmers seeking new collaborators or beginners looking for guidance, CodePartner offers the ideal platform to conn .ect with the right partner and achieve their coding goals.
Implementation of Quantum Key Distribution Algorithm in Real Time IBM Quantum Computers
Authors: Balakumar Arvind , Nandakumar Harish , Bhuvaneswari Mrs. V.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: We are Currently in the NISQ(noisy intermediate scale quantum) era. Current Quantum computers have a high noise error rate. With the increasing number of qubits every year we can develop fault tolerant quantum systems which have immense power to change our current computing power. Current quantum systems have shown to have the potential to break the classical RSA algorithm using shors algorithm. With more development and increase in number of qubits available it could easily break the current security systems of our computing. In future we could transmit data safely using the same quantum principles in the post quantum cryptography era. Quantum key distribution could be the future protocol used to transfer our secure information without getting hacked even by using quantum computing and break other quantum principles like shors algorithm which can break current encryption techniques like the RSA algorithms. We need to develop Quantum network infrastructure so we can implement the quantum key distribution algorithm in the future to enable secure transmission of data.
Modeling Radiologist Decision Making for Paediatric Elbow Fractures by Deep Learning Multiview
Authors: Kalyankar Aditya , Harkude Ganesh Aravind , Sumanth Lekkala Sai
Published: April 2023

Abstract: To detect an elbow fracture, patients typically need to take frontal and side views of diagnostic elbow radiographs. For the classification of elbow fracture subtypes, we propose a multiview deep learning technique in this work. Our strategy makes advantage of transfer learning by first training two individual models, one for the top view and another for the lateral position, and then moving the values to the relevant layers in the proposed multiview network design. Quantitative medical data has also been included into the training phase using a specific curriculum architecture that lets the model to initially learn from "easier" examples and then advance to "harder" examples to attain improved performance. Furthermore, our multiview network can work with both two simultaneous views as well as a single view as input. Using a database of 1,964 photographs for the classification of elbow fracture, we rigorously evaluate our methods. Results show that our technique may enhance the effectiveness of the tested methods and perform better than two comparable methods on broken bones investigation under various conditions.
Implementation of Pipelined Multi_Precision (1, 2 and 4) Floating-point Arithmetic Operations
Authors: Bhagya Prof. , S Ramanagowda G , S Rohan , R Soundarya D , K Yogitha
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The implementation of pipelined multi-precision-based arithmetic operations are carried out. In the existing system, the floating-point operation is based on single precision and is implemented on a divider. The proposed design has been implemented using single, double and quad precision using the universal piece-wise linear (PWL) approximation method and a modified Goldschmidt algorithm. The proposed design performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using the universal PWL method to reduce maximum error. Small multipliers are used in the modified Goldschmidt algorithm. The pipelining process has been used in order to improve the speed of execution and accuracy. This pipelined architecture is described in Verilog and timing performance is measured with Xilinx timing analyser.
Robotic Pool Cleaning Machine Using Arduino
Authors: Devi Ms. K Brunda
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Plastic, thermocol and metal usage contributing to water plugging, which is causing problems and promoting diseases like typhoid and intestinal illness. Manually cleaning the wastes would not be sufficient because it frequently entails a large amount of work and effort and there is a chance that the irresistible germs present in the sewage could cause various illnesses. This study includes a suggested design for a garbage collection system that is practical and efficient for cleaning up trash from rivers, channels, and lakes. The system for collecting trash is specifically designed to work with applications for picking up a variety of material, including gliding litter, trash bags, discarded tyres, and others. IoT technology which has the ability to track and control the entire process, is utilized as part of the integrated system. The watercraft was developed in response to the need for cleaning contaminants in the rivers territory and to meet the requirement of working in locations other than the seaward zone, providing more options for the use of cleaning trash and waste from the aquatic environment.
Waste Slag Management with help of Air Blaster in CFBC Boiler
Authors: Saini Dharamraj , Waraich Gareema , Kumar Chandan , Unninathan Rupesh , Kumari Emarti
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This research paper addresses the issue of excess ash content in CFBC boilers when lower quality fuel, such as the lower or upper layer of lignite, is supplied. The increase in ash content leads to the continuous draining of bed ash and often results in the restriction of bed material flow in the furnace inlet pipe to the slag cooler. While this may not have a significant impact on the required load in normal conditions, it can severely affect the unit's load capacity in the case of poor-quality coal. The paper proposes a solution for waste slag management using air blasters in 135 MW CFBC boiler, which can effectively prevent the choking of inlet pipes and ensure uninterrupted operation at the required load capacity. The implementation of this solution has the potential to significantly improve the operational efficiency and reliability of CFBC boilers, particularly when using lower quality fuels.
Returing Image-The Captcha Initiator
Authors: Sathe Ruchitha , Nalam Sangamithra , Dharavath Bhoomika , S Divya
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The CAPTCHA is used to provide the security against the malicious software by generating a test which only a human can complete. The CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell computer and human apart. Currently, we are using CAPTCHA are image and text-based data. The reusable CAPTCHA security engine will provide a better way to generating the data for CAPTCHA and will increase the difficulty in bypassing the system by use of improved algorithm. CAPTCHAs are designed to prevent bots – programs that pose as humans on the Internet – from abusing internet services. Bots, driven not to dominate but to sell, sign up for thousands of free email accounts every minute, sending millions of spam messages from them. Such reading-based CAPTCHAs exploit the large gap between humans and machines in their ability to read images of text.
Design of BMS for Lithium-Ion Battery Used for P.V Solar System
Authors: Holey Prof. Devendra
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The evolving global landscape for electrical distribution and use created a need area for energy storage systems, making them among the fastest growing electrical power system products. A key element in any energy storage system is the capability to monitor, control, and optimize performance of an individual or multiple battery modules in an energy storage system and the ability to control the disconnection of the module(s) from the system in the event of abnormal conditions. This management scheme is known as “battery management system (BMS)”, which is one of the essential units in electrical equipment. The battery management system (BMS) plays an important role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of lithium-ion batteries used in photovoltaic (PV) panels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to the development of BMS for lithium-ion batteries used in PV panels. The paper discusses the challenges associated with the use of lithium-ion batteries in PV systems and highlights the importance of BMS in mitigating these challenges. Additionally, the paper presents a research methodology used to evaluate the performance of BMS, presents the results of a study, and discusses the managerial implications, limitations, and future scope of the study. The battery management system board is used to protect the battery from overcharge, overvoltage, under – voltage, temperature variation, and unbalanced conditions, and also monitor the state of charge of battery, state of health etc.
Impact of Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Chauhan Rashi
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Customer relationship management becomes the important part to run the organization effectively for every sector. The CRM strategy is extremely important in the financial service sector, given the number of customers and their changing and evolving needs. In this study, author is analyzing how customer relationship management affects/ impacts the competition among the banking sector.
Design of Sub-6 GHz Antenna using Negative Permittivity Metamaterial for 5G Applications
Authors: Bhaskar Sambaldevi Chandra , Kumar Tejavathu Dheeraj , Naveen Boda , Pradeep Pendli
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The objective of the presented article is to design a compact metamaterial-based dual-band antenna that meets the frequency requirement of 5G. The antenna consists of a Circular Split Ring Resonator structure with a defective ground plane and slots to enhance the bandwidth and gain parameters. Metamaterial-based Microstrip patch antenna produces unique electromagnetic properties that allow us to control over the antenna parameters with a compact size. FR-4 epoxy is used as a substrate its dielectric constant is 4.4 and its loss tangent is 0.02. Dimensions of the antenna are 20 x 12 x 1.6mm3 with a very compact size and cost-effective. The proposed metamaterial-based antenna resonates at dual bands at 3.24GHz and 5.46 GHz respectively. The peak gains at resonant frequencies 3.45GHz and 5.46 GHz are 0.9 dB and 2dB respectively. The proposed antenna shows S-parameters at S11, which is -12.13dB at frequency of 3.45 GHz and -15.165 at a frequency of 5.46 GHz. The proposed antenna can effectively work for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna covers the frequency spectrum from 2 GHz to 8 GHz with a centre frequency of 5 GHz. The proposed antenna is cost-effective
Security Robot and Surveillance
Authors: Deshmukh Shreyas , Patil Parag , Nighot Atharva , Wagh Nikhil , Gaikwad Mr. H. M.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: From the recent years, robotics has turned outto be an ingredient over which many people had showntheir interest. Robotics has gained popularity due to theadvancement of many technologies of computing and nano technologies. So, we have decided to design something that can make humans life easier and comfortable. There are many possibilities a fire can start in an industry or in any remote area. For example, in cotton mills, garments, fuel storages, etc., electric leakages can lead to huge damage. Fire incident is a disaster thatcan potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. Fire fighters often exposed to higher risks. With the advent of technology, humans are replaced with robots in life-threatening situations. We aim to design a robot capableof detecting fire and smoke. By designing andimplementing a security robot capable of detecting fire,disasters can be avoided with minimal risk to human life
CÓMO UTILIZAR LA ENFERMERÍA BASADA EN LA EVIDENCIA.
Authors: Caballero Muñoz Erika , Hernández Cortina Abdul
Published: April 2023

La Enfermería basada en la evidencia se ha incorporado con fuerza en el mundo sanitario, su aplicación se basa en la necesidad de dar un cuidado de enfermería más seguro y de alta calidad, desafío que se hace necesario en esta sociedad del conocimiento, donde las enfermeras y enfermeros deben poseer competencias de búsqueda, organización, interpretación, evaluación critica y validación de información, aplicación de la evidencia en la práctica y evaluación de la efectividad, eficacia en latoma de decisiones con juicio clínico crítico. Así como competencias para la propia gestión del conocimiento y aprendizaje continuo. El presente artículo conceptualiza la enfermería basada en la evidencia y sus elementos, las limitaciones y la forma de enfrentarlas. Se analizan los pasos metodológicos desde la formulación de la pregunta clínica hasta la evaluación de la implementación de la evidencia.
Store music and customer loyalty to the store: Negative emotion as a mediator
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Yang Heping
Published: April 2023

Increasing customer store loyalty is a vital issue for retailers because maintaining an existing customer costs less than attracting a new customer in the service industry. We conducted an empirical study to examine the connections between store music, customers' negative emotion, and
store loyalty. Data were collected through a paper-and-pencil survey of 405 customers who were shopping at a supermarket located in a major metropolitan area in China. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. Results showed that store music indirectly affected customers' store
loyalty through negative emotion. That is, store music inhibited negative emotion, thereby enhancing store loyalty. The findings will assist managers in understanding the effect of store music on customers' loyalty.
Níveis séricos de vitamina D e alterações hepáticas em pacientes com malária na região Amazônica
Authors: Setto Janaina Maria , Libonati Rosana Maria Feio , Ventura Ana Maria Revoredo da Silva , Chaves Tânia do Socorro Souza , Sequeira Carina Guilhon , Martins Filho Arnaldo Jorge
Published: April 2023

Vários estudos sugerem a importância da vitamina D – 25(OH)D – na evolução clínica dos pacientes com malária. Entretanto, a prevalência de deficiência de 25(OH)D na população amazônica é pouco conhecida, havendo também poucos estudos com pacientes diagnosticados com malária. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D em pacientes com malária e sua relação com dados epidemiológicos, parasitológico e provas de função hepática. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico com um grupo de pacientes com malária e um grupo controle no município de Itaituba (PA), Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2018 a outubro de 2019. Elaborou-se um protocolo para avaliação dos dados sociodemográficos, parasitológicos e laboratoriais, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de deficiência de 25(OH)D foi observada nos pacientes com malária (28,5%) e no grupo controle (24,6%), sem diferença estatística; porém, entre os residentes no garimpo, os níveis séricos foram estatisticamente menores nos pacientes com malária. Os níveis séricos de transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica (TGP) apresentaram correlação inversa com os de 25(OH)D. As provas de função hepática foram significativamente maiores no grupo com malária. Dessa forma, este estudo evidenciou a deficiência de 25(OH)D em Itaituba. Alterações hepáticas pela infecção plasmodial podem ter contribuído para a correlação inversa observada entre os níveis de TGP e 25(OH)D.
Perfil epidemiológico e funcional de idosos atendidos em uma unidade de estratégia de saúde da família
Authors: Sant'Ana Schinaider Ana Paula , Poersch Karla
Published: April 2023

Introdução: O envelhecimento progressivo da população brasileira traz consigo a necessidade de planejamento de cuidados em saúde voltados para a população idosa. Com base no princípio de territorialização, a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) é responsável pela atenção à saúde de todas as pessoas idosas que estão em sua área de abrangência, uma vez que o envelhecimento está associado à redução da vitalidade, ao processo de fragilização e à perda da funcionalidade. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico e funcional de idosos adscritos ao território de uma ESF, bem como verificar a associação entre as variáveis de força muscular, risco de sarcopenia e funcionalidade. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em uma Estratégia Saúde da Família da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS. A coleta de dados consistiu em um questionário com aspectos demográficos, avaliação da independência e da autonomia por meio do Índice de Katz, sinais de sarcopenia por meio do questionário Sarc-Calf, força muscular de preensão palmar por dinamometria e coleta de medidas antropométricas. A análise estatística foi realizada no SPSS versão 26.0 e o nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram deste estudo 61 idosos com média de 70,9 ± 80,7 anos e com predominância do sexo feminino (68,9%). Embora os idosos apresentassem status de funcionalidade semelhantes, observou-se diferença significativa na força muscular (p<0,0001) e na presença de sinais sugestivos de sarcopenia (p<0,0001) quando comparados indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino. Os indivíduos com maior risco de sarcopenia apresentaram piores resultados na funcionalidade (p<0,006). Conclusão: Disfunções como a sarcopenia podem impactar a funcionalidade de indivíduos idosos.
BUILDING OF ALLOYED SURFACE LAYER DURING ELECTRIC SPARK TREATMENT OF STEEL 35 BY THE RHENIUM
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, IVANOV VALERIY , GORDIENKO PAVEL ,   Institute of Chemistry of Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, KONEVTSOV LEONID ,   Khabarovsk Federal Research Center Institute of Materials Science of Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PANIN EVGENIY ,   Far Eastern Geological Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, KАRАBTSOV ALEKSANDR
Published: April 2023

The results of the study of the effect of the composition and structure of the alloyed layer on the surface of steel 35 during electric spark alloying using rhenium anode material were shown. (Research purpose) The research purpose is investigating the effect of the electric spark alloying of steel with rhenium on the composition and structure of the alloyed layer. (Materials and methods). Rhenium Re (99.99 percent) was used as the anode material, steel 35 was used as the cathode. As equipment - BIG-1, Elitron-22-AM with AG-2 unit, IMEIL installation; SEM EVO-50 XVP "S.ZEISS", RigakuMiniFlex-II diffractometer (Japan), Cu-Ka radiation, ICDD database; VLO-200, VLR-220 scales; PMT-3M microhardometer. The samples were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. (Results and discussion) The composition and structure of the alloyed layer were investigated. The change in the elemental content of the alloyed layer in depth showed a high Re content near the outer surface of the alloyed layer and at a depth of up to 10-15 micrometers, which rapidly decreased with an increase in depth to 27-30 micrometers in the opposite phase to Fe. It was determined that the formation of the obtained phases in the melt microvanna was accompanied by high temperatures during electric mass transfer. (Conclusions) The results of the study of the effect of the modes of electric spark alloying of 35 rhenium steel on the phase composition and efficiency were shown. They proposed an energy indicator, gave its assessment in comparison with others. It is of interest to continue the study of electrospray doping with rhenium, to clarify the modes that increase efficiency.
ENGINE DIAGNOSTICS BASED ON QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF CRANKCASE GAS BREAKTHROUGH
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, BAGANOV NIKOLAY , ALEKSEENKO VITALIY , SIDELNIKOV DMITRIY , ISAEV NIKITA , RADCHENKO ARTEM
Published: April 2023

During the operation of tractor and combine engines, technical and economic indicators are constantly changing. This fact leads to a change in the composition of the fuel-air mixture and to a change in the composition of the components in the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder and in its crankcase. As a result, the wear of the engine and its systems increases, therefore, diagnosis and timely diagnosis of processes occurring in the combustion chamber is important and relevant. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine theoretically the effect of the composition of crankcase gases on the excess air coefficient and possible relationships with the indicators of exhaust gas toxicity. (Materials and methods) Crankcase gases consist of a combustible mixture, as well as products of complete and partial combustion, the occurrence of malfunctions will change the coefficient of excess air directly in the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder, thereby changing the composition of crankcase and exhaust gases. (Results and discussion) The flow of broken gases through the cylinder-piston group leaks directly into the intake manifold, changing the composition of the working mixture in the combustion chamber and the composition of crankcase and exhaust gases. These circumstances lead to a change in the viscosity of the oil and wear of the main engine mechanisms, which reduces its service life. (Conclusions) Timely determination of the presence of hydrocarbons in the crankcase gases in the form of fuel vapors that dilute engine oil will prevent oil foaming and the appearance of an emulsion that makes it difficult for oil to flow to rubbing surfaces. The manifestation of symptoms and diagnostic signs will make it possible to assess not only the technical condition of the engine, but also the possible presence of other malfunctions in its systems and mechanisms.
PROPERTIES OF THE COMBINED COATING FOR THE RESTORATION OF WORN CYLINDER LINERS
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, POPOV NIKITA , CHAVDAROV ANATOLIY
Published: April 2023

The service life of the cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine after repair caused by wear of the internal working surface has a shorter service life than a new one. This circumstance necessitates the search for a method of applying a more wear-resistant coating. The possibility of using a combined coating to restore worn cylinder liners by applying a layer of aluminum alloy by cold gas-dynamic spraying followed by micro-arc oxidation of the working surface was investigated. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the life of cylinder liners by applying a combined coating using cold gas-dynamic spraying and micro-arc oxidation of the inner working surface of the cylinders. (Materials and methods) Conducted studies on the adhesive and cohesive strength of the coating and comparative tribological tests to determine the suitability of the coating under study for the repair of cylinder liners. We performed studies according to the standards of OST 90148-74 and GOST 23.224-86, respectively. (Results and discussion) The values of adhesive and cohesive strength were determined for various modes of coating with cold gas-dynamic spraying on a cast-iron base. The optimal loading parameters for accelerated wear resistance tests were identified and the run-in rate, the factor and the wear intensity for the studied and reference coatings were calculated. It was established that the adhesive and cohesive strength is sufficient for the application of this method in practice, the wear resistance of the coated sample exceeds the wear resistance of the reference sample. (Conclusions) The combined coating has sufficient strength indicators and high wear resistance indicators compared to the standard, which makes their use in cylinder liners possible and appropriate, however, further investigation of the coating properties is necessary.
EXCURSION TO THE HISTORY OF TRACTOR BUILDING AND THE INTRODUCTION OF TRACTORS IN AGRICULTURE
Authors:   History of Natural Science and Technology named S.I. Vavilov Russian Academy of Sciences, KARASEV ANDREY
Published: April 2023

Attempts to build steam plows have been made since the XIX century. By the middle of the century, steam traction engines began to appear in the fields. (Research purpose) The research purpose is making a brief overview of the initial period of the history of agricultural mechanization in order to highlight the designs of machines that initiated new directions in this field, to determine the chronology of the main stages of the development of motorcycle culture in industrial countries, to identify factors that had a significant impact on the course of world tractor development. (Materials and methods) Studied literary sources, publications in periodicals, patents on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability accepted in the history of technology. (Results and discussion) It was noted that the mechanization of agriculture began in the era of steam, as soon as it became possible to create mobile engines. It was shown that at the end of the XIX century, internal combustion engines began to be used to drive cars. It was determined that the path to mass tractor farming was not easy, it took a quarter of a century; the number of tractors was significantly inferior to the number of cars. The agrotechnical revolution began with the introduction of automotive technologies into tractor construction during the First World War. The interaction of tractor builders with farmers, open competition contributed to the development of the most effective types of tractors, which led to the beginning of mass tractor farming. (Conclusions) In the history of motorization of agricultural work, the following stages can be distinguished: the beginning of the steam era since the forties of the XIX century; the beginning of the era of internal combustion engines since 1890; the introduction of automotive technologies in tractor construction since 1917; the development of the most efficient types of tractors for plowing by 1920; mass tractor farming in the early 20s of the XX century. The decisive role in the widespread introduction of the tractor into land processing was rendered by the World War, which caused an acute shortage of food, workers, draft animals in agriculture.
DIAGNOSING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF MOBILE POWER EQUIPMENT USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KATAEV YURIY V.
Published: April 2023

Research aimed at creating and implementing modern methods of diagnosing agricultural machinery, allowing to improve diagnostics and increase the reliability of assessing the technical condition of machines in real time using modern digital technologies, is relevant at the present time. (Research purpose) The research purpose is evaluating the possibilities of diagnosing high-power agricultural machinery using digital technologies. (Materials and methods) Materials and methods based on the use of intelligent information technologies, automated control systems and management of the technical condition of agricultural machinery were used. An electronic control unit with a CAN bus was used to identify the technical condition of the object. The article shows that reducing maintenance and repair costs and increasing the level of efficiency of agricultural machinery significantly contribute to an integrated approach to the development of methods, tools and technologies for diagnostics and automated control systems based on digital technologies with minimal requirements for the controllability of the machine. The expansion of the nomenclature of methods and equipment for obtaining information about the operational reliability of high-energy equipment makes it possible to conduct systematic research on technical diagnostics. (Results and discussion) The results and analysis of this work consists in a comprehensive approach to conducting diagnostic studies using digital technologies through an electronic control unit, assessing the level of technical condition using this diagnostic method, which allows fixing malfunctions based on the received output signals from energy-saturated equipment. (Conclusions) The introduction of diagnostic elements of mobile power facilities via the CAN bus allows you to receive current information about the technical condition of the machine in real time, which does not allow its parameters to exceed permissible limits during the operation of energy-saturated equipment, thereby reducing its downtime.
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE SHORT-TERM LEASE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KATAEV YURIY , GERASIMOV VALERIY , TISHANINOV IGOR
Published: April 2023

He paper presents a scientific and practical justification of the possibilities of short-term lease (rental) of agricultural machinery. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the provision of agricultural machinery to the agro-industrial complex and to reveal the essence of the problem of organizing a mechanism for short-term rental of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) Indicated that the technical equipment of the agro-industrial complex remains at the level of 60-65 percent of the regulatory requirement to date. According to the Department of Crop Production, Mechanization, Chemicalization and Plant Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2020, the need to purchase only energy-saturated agricultural machinery is: tractors 70 thousand, combine harvesters 38 thousand, forage harvesters 3 thousand. The use of the mechanism of short-term lease of agricultural machinery will improve the provision of equipment, especially during periods of intense agricultural work (sowing, harvesting). (Results and discussion) The analysis and calculations of economic efficiency have shown the possibility of using this type of replenishment of the machine and tractor fleet for all categories of agricultural producers. It will be of interest in terms of financial costs (rent), tax and depreciation benefits during the operation of short-term lease of agricultural machinery. (Conclusions) As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the organization of short-term rental (rental) of agricultural machinery in the agro-industrial complex of Russia, especially in the face of large-scale economic sanctions from the EC countries, the USA and Canada, will serve as an effective measure to ensure the machine and tractor fleet.
EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION OF DIESEL POWER MEANS TO GAS-DIESEL OPERATION MODE
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, ZAKHARIN ANTON , LEBEDEV PAVEL , PAVLYUK ROMAN , DORONINA NATAL'YA , TSIBIN NIKOLAY
Published: April 2023

Today, the use of compressed natural gas as fuel for internal combustion engines is becoming a global trend. Stavropol Krai is one of the leaders among all regions of Russia in this matter, the level of gasification of which is 99.8 percent. Such a high level of gasification of the region serves as a catalyst for the leadership of the region in the use of natural gas as a motor fuel. (Research purpose) The research purpose is determining the effectiveness of the transfer of mobile agricultural machinery and stationary equipment to gas engine fuel. (Materials and methods) Developed the program "Calculation of efficiency of conversion of diesel power facilities to gas-diesel mode of operation". The initial data concerning the specific operating conditions of agricultural machinery are entered for the operation of the program. As a result, the program analyzes the input data and issues a calculation. (Results and discussion) It is possible to output data in the table and determine the most appropriate brands of equipment to transfer them to the gas-diesel mode of operation in the first place. The program provides general recommendations on the organization of the provision of gas-diesel equipment with compressed natural gas, taking into account the individual characteristics of the location of the farm and the brand composition of gas-diesel equipment. (Conclusions) The developed software tool allows you to answer the most pressing questions of an applied nature at both the economic and logistical level; significantly simplify the transfer of diesel power facilities to the gas-diesel mode, as well as reduce the risks of unplanned costs associated with the need to organize the provision of equipment with gas using means of delivery and storage of compressed natural gas.
RESTORATION OF "LEMKEN" PLOUGHSHARE KNIVES BY THE METHOD OF HEAT-STRENGTHENED COMPENSATING ELEMENTS
Authors: MIKHALCHENKOV ALEKSANDR , FESKOV SERGEY , KOZHUKHOVA NELLI
Published: April 2023

The constructive and technological design of the "Lemken's" ploughshares knives allows providing a resource of up to 35-40 hectares when plowing heavy soils. Complex manufacturing technology, high market price (up to 8 thousand rubles per unit) and a certain shortage of branded knives in the spare parts market necessitates the restoration of these parts. However, the information about wear, their numerical value and geometry available in the public domain is insufficient and does not allow a reasonable approach to the development of technology to eliminate shape defects. There is no information about the use of the repair dimensions method when using technologies based on the method of heat-strengthened compensating elements. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the linear wear of the knives of the "Lemken" composite ploughshares to determine the possibility of their restoration by the method of heat-strengthened compensating elements using repair groups. (Materials and methods) It was noted that the technical condition of the knives after their operation was assessed by the residual dimensions: the width of the part in several sections; the distance from the first mounting hole to the toe; the thickness at several points of the part in accordance with the developed scheme. (Results and discussion) It was revealed that the maximum wear of the toe of the knives does not exclude the possibility of their further use. The maximum wear of knives in thickness also cannot be a reason for their decommissioning. The reason for the extreme condition of the knives is wear in width. (Conclusions) Proposed to divide worn knives into three repair groups. The use of the repair size method allows us to obtain a number of positive solutions that simplify the technology.
DEVELOPING OF A PORTABLE MICROWAVE CONVECTIVE DRYING PLANT FOR GRAIN STORED IN BULK
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, BUDNIKOV DMITRIY , VASIL'EV ALEKSEY , SHARKO ANTON
Published: April 2023

The data of the analysis of the application of electrophysical influences are presented and the choice of using a microwave field for the intensification of heat and mass transfer is justified; the results of a numerical experiment on the propagation of a microwave field and dissipated power in a dense grain layer at different material humidity when microwave energy is supplied through slit radiators combined with the duct of a ventilation installation. The development of combined grain drying modes in a dense stationary layer requires taking into account the maximum levels of permissible heating and the pattern of propagation of thermal fields during exposure. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing the design of a portable ultra-high-frequency convective installation for drying grain stored in bulk. (Materials and methods) Presented a model of a portable installation for combined ultrahigh-frequency convective processing. A model of a waveguide-emitter was given for numerical simulation. (Results and discussion) A numerical experiment was conducted to determine the propagation of the microwave field in a layer of wheat of different humidity. (Conclusions) It was revealed that the results of modeling the distribution of the microwave field intensity in the grain mass can be used to develop modes of combined grain drying, taking into account the peculiarities of the propagation of thermal fields, power dissipation and the operation of field sources. It has been shown that as an intensifying factor of heat and mass transfer processes for a stationary grain layer, it is advisable to use a microwave field in a pulsed mode of operation combined with active ventilation. It was established that in order to influence the grain layer, it is necessary to use a microwave field with a frequency of 915 Megahertz, however, the absence of commercially available microwave field sources with a power of 200-1000 watts with air cooling limits this possibility. It was determined that the use of sources operating at a frequency of 2.45 Gigahertz as a microwave field is possible taking into account the development of pulsed modes of microwave field supply. It was stated that the use of an air duct with slit radiators allows for the supply of microwave energy to the required level in the height of the treated layer.
IIOT HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL COMPLEXES
Authors:   Russian Biotechnological University, RYLOV SERGEY ,   MIREA - Russian Technological University
Published: April 2023

Currently, the classical hardware architecture of their construction has been established in distributed control systems for continuous technological processes and productions in various agricultural complexes and industries. Such an architecture has a number of disadvantages, in particular, the presence of a large number of different data bus standards at different levels of the platform architecture, which often complicates the integration of individual parts of the system. Modern automation systems are developing rapidly, which leads to the need for new system functionality that classical architecture cannot provide. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a concept of hardware architecture of distributed control systems for continuous industrial production and agricultural complexes using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of Things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and industrial Internet of Things, domestic and foreign scientific publications. The following methods were applied: decomposition by automation levels; decomposition by functionality performed by individual hardware components of the system; generalization of information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of the hardware structure in the form of circuit diagrams. (Results and discussion) We have proposed a basic hardware diagram of the IIoT platform for a distributed control system based on IIoT industrial Internet of Things technologies. We have made the main vector in the development of the architecture based on the use of the Ethernet data bus at all levels of the platform, as well as on the implementation of modern and necessary IIoT functions. (Conclusions) It has been shown that the classical hardware architecture of distributed management systems for agricultural complexes and continuous production has proven itself well, however, the need to introduce new functionality and awareness of the need to use unified data transmission buses at all levels of the enterprise leads to the development and gradual transition to new IIoT architectural models for the design and development of such systems. We analyzed the existing global trends in this area and proposed an up-to-date and modern concept of the hardware architecture of IIoT distributed systems.
EFFICIENCY OF USING AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Authors:   Chuvash State Agrarian University, DMITRIEV YURIY , DMITRIEV SERGEY , ANDREEV VLADIMIR , MAKSIMOV ALEKSEY , DMITRIEVA OLGA ,   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM,   Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov
Published: April 2023

To reduce emissions of industrial gases, which are the main cause of global warming, the task is currently being set to increase natural alternative energy sources: solar, wind, water, bioenergy. (Research purpose) The research purpose is selecting the optimal parameters and justification of the efficiency of installing a wind generator at an agricultural enterprise, based on the available data for monitoring wind speed in a given area. (Materials and methods) Carried out wind load monitoring for one month in the branch of the enterprise of JSC “Chuvashkhleboprodukt” - Tyurleminsky grain receiving enterprise, Kozlovsky district of the Chuvash Republic, Tyurlem station. The horizontal component of wind movement was taken as the research material. A cup anemometer MS-13 was used to measure wind speed. The measurement time is March 6 - April 8, 2022 from 8:00 to 19:00 hours daily with an interval of one hour. Processed the data in Excel. Graphical dependences of wind speed on the time of day and days of the week were built. (Results and discussion) It was established that the average wind speed was 5 meters per second, the minimum wind speed was 0.8 meters per second, and the maximum wind speed was 19.4 meters per second. (Conclusions) It was revealed that the most attractive from the point of view of wind load are Kozlovsky, Mariinsko-Posadsky, Cheboksary and Tsivilsky districts of the Chuvash Republic. We determined that from the point of view of efficiency in the near future, we must wait for fundamentally new solutions in the development of wind energy. It was stated that the use of vortex effects in the design of wind turbines seems promising, which makes it possible not only to start generating energy in the winds at a speed of 3.0-4.0 meters per second, but also will make it possible to work from ascending heat flows, as well as rid the environment of low-frequency noise components inherent in any blade wind turbine.