bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) with Glyphosate Applied at the Bud vs Rosette Stage
Authors: Hunter James H.
Published: May 2019

The interaction of cultivation and photoperiod on the initiation of Canada thistle rosettes, and the effect of growth stage on control of Canada thistle with glyphosate were determined in a series of field experiments. Under the natural photoperiod occurring in the southern Canadian Prairies, rosettes of Canada thistle were initiated by cultivation to remove the shoot growth during the last week of July. Regrowth remained as rosettes without any stem elongation and formed dense clusters of leaves. Application at the “August rosette stage” improved the effectiveness of the glyphosate treatment and resulted in consistent control of Canada thistle with less than half as much herbicide as recommended for control when applied at the bud-stage. The number of shoots of Canada thistle on plots treated with glyphosate was less than on the intensively summer-fallowed check plot. Check plots received 5 cultivations during the summer-fallow season. One year after application of glyphosate at the rosette stage, the reduction in shoot density was 99% compared to the summer-fallowed check. By year three, without glyphosate applications in years two and three, the benefits of applying glyphosate at the rosette stage rather than the bud-stage were very evident. When applied at the bud-stage the shoot density on plots treated with glyphosate at 2.25 kg ha−1was 24 m−2compared to only 10 shoots m−2when applied at the rosette stage, (35% vs 72% control). Glyphosate at 0.9 kg ha−1or less than half of the rate recommended for application at the bud-stage, applied to Canada thistle in the rosette stage, resulted in consistently fewer shoots 2 and 3 yr after treatment. Physical removal of shoot top growth, simulating an in-crop herbicide treatment, improved the consistency of control. Two years after application of 0.9 kg ha−1of glyphosate at the rosette stage, the control of Canada thistle was 98% compared to the summer-fallowed checks.
The Critical Period of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in Field Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Ghosheh Hani Z. , Holshouser David L. , Chandler James M.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 to determine the critical period of johnsongrass control in field corn. Maximum weed-infested and weed-free periods of 0 to 20 wk after corn emergence were maintained by either hand weeding or nicosulfuron application. Interference duration effects on corn grain yield were not affected by johnsongrass control methods. The critical period for johnsongrass control was determined to be between 3 and 6.5 wk after corn emergence to avoid losses above 5% of yield produced by full-season weed-free corn.
Role of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) as a Trap and Catch Crop for Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca and O. cernua
Authors: Hershenhorn Joseph , Goldwasser Yaakov , Plakhine Dina , Herzlinger Geza , Golan Shmuel , Russo Rinat , Kleifeld Yeshayahu
Published: May 2019

The response of pepper varieties to Egyptian broomrape and nodding broomrape was characterized in comparison with tomatoes grown in pots and in aqueous solution, according to two criteria: 1. germination of the parasite's seeds in the presence of the host roots; and 2. the number of parasites per host plant. More than 50% of Egyptian broomrape seeds germinated in the presence of all pepper variety roots except the sweet pepper Maor. However, only a few attached and developed. The two paprika varieties Lehava and Shani were hosts to more parasites than the sweet pepper varieties, and showed as many as 15 parasites per host plant. In contrast, tomato roots induced less then 10% seed germination but were highly susceptible to the parasite (30 parasites per host plant). Damage caused to pepper foliage and fruit was not significant, compared to the heavy damage caused to tomato. Pepper roots stimulated germination of 22 to 26% of nodding broomrape seeds but without the formation of parasitic attachments, whereas tomato roots stimulated germination of less than 10% of the seeds but the plants were then heavily damaged by the parasite. Interplanting of tomato with pepper in nutrient solution did not change the amount of Egyptian broomrape parasites on pepper, hut a fourfold increase in the number of nodding broomrape was observed on tomato roots, compared to the number of parasites on tomato roots when planted without pepper.
SVILUPPO ORGANIZZATIVO DEI NUOVI MOVIMENTI SOCIALI E CONTESTO POLITICO
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nello studio dei movimenti sociali prevalgono ormai due orientamenti: uno incentrato sulla mobilitazione delle risorse e uno incentrato sui processi politici. Il primo approccio si occupa dell'infrastruttura organizzativa dei movimenti sociali, la quale viene considerata il fattore più influente nella loro mobilitazione. Il secondo approccio ha una prospettiva più ampia e situa la mobilitazione dei movimenti sociali all'interno di un contesto politico: la mobilitazione dipende in grande misura dalla struttura delle opportunità politiche che in un dato contesto sono offerte ai movimenti. Sebbene l'approccio basato sui processi politici si sia sviluppato a partire da quello relativo alla mobilitazione delle risorse, rimane carente lo studio dello sviluppo dell'infrastruttura organizzativa dei movimenti sociali in rapporto al contesto politico. La maggior parte degli studi riguardanti i movimenti sociali si è occupata soprattutto delle loro origini, poco del loro sviluppo successivo (McAdamet al.1988). Inoltre, nella misura in cui si è studiato lo sviluppo organizzativo dei movimenti sociali, esso è stato raramente messo in relazione alle strutture di opportunità politica.
IL DEBITO ESTERO IN AMERICA LATINA. ATTORI, CONFLITTI E COALIZIONI
Authors: Fossati Fabio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'obiettivo di questo articolo è l'approfondimento del conflitto distributivo che si è sviluppato sull'applicazione di programmi di aggiustamento economico da parte dei governi dell'America Latina. Tale conflitto ha coinvolto sia gli attori interni che quelli internazionali, e all'interno di questi ultimi, soprattutto i creditori. La crisi del servizio del debito estero dei paesi dell'America Latina negli anni ottanta, ha rappresentato la variabile condizionale determinante dell'aggiustamento, almeno in questa congiuntura storica. L'analisi comparata di tre paesi chiarirà quanto l'influenza di altri fattori, come il ruolo dei governi o degli attori in gioco, abbiano introdotto elementi di diversità rispetto all'evoluzione storica condizionata dalla variabile internazionale, cioè dal debito estero.
The Roman Coins
Authors: Curnow P E
Published: May 2019

Only three Roman coins varying in date from the late third century AD to
about the middle of the fourth century AD were found during the excavations.
These came from superficial deposits within the interior of the enclosure,
in the area covered by the detailed plans, F, G, and H (see Fig. 5), and are
as follows;
Radiocarbon dates from Llwyn Bryn-dinas
Authors: Dresser P. Q.
Published: May 2019

The following radiocarbon determinations were measured in the Radiocarbon Dating laboratory of the Department of Geology, University of Wales College of Cardiff. Calibrations are derived from the University of Washington, Quaternary Isotope Lab., Radiocarbon Calibration Program 1987, Rev. 2.O.
Electrophysiologic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hill Rosamund A. , Chiappa Keith H.
Published: May 2019

Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potential studies are established monitoring tools in the neurological intensive care unit (ICU). These neurophysiologic techniques provide information on physiological state and response to therapy, and may aid diagnosis and prognosis. Serial studies or continuous monitoring may enable changes to be detected prior to irreversible deterioration in the patient's condition. Current computer technology allows simultaneous display and correlation of electrophysiologic parameters, cardiovascular state and intracranial pressure (ICP). Continuous EEG monitoring in the ICU has been shown to have a decisive or contributing impact on medical decision making in more than three-quarters of patients. In addition, continuous EEG monitoring has revealed previously unsuspected non-convulsive seizures in one-third of patients. SEPs and BAEPs can provide useful prognostic information in coma - however, these tests are etiologically nonspecific and must be carefully integrated into the clinical situation. Motor evoked potentials offer a potentially useful tool for evaluating motor system abnormalities in the ICU.
Ethical Issues in Ageing and Biography
Authors: Kenyon Gary M.
Published: May 2019

The increasing use of biographical materials in research and intervention in the field of ageing gives rise to significant ethical issues. In this inquiry, four of these issues are explicated. First, the notion of informed consent is explored in relation to selected contexts of research and intervention in ageing and biography. Second, the issues of autonomy and competence are considered from the point of view of identifying contexts where biography is a prerequisite for ethically responsive action. The third ethical issue concerns respecting the groundrules of various biographical approaches. Finally, the notions of authenticity and truth in lifestories are explored in an attempt to clarify the limitations and expectations of ageing and biography. The discussion of these ethical issues proceeds on the basis of an argument that indicates the fundamental importance of biographical ageing or the stories we are.
Use of Biography in the Development of Applicable Knowledge
Authors: Polkinghorne Donald E.
Published: May 2019

A narrative understanding of clients is needed to supplement traditionally developed research for making clinical judgments about which approaches should be used in working with older adults. Narrative biographical knowledge of clients integrates the historical events and happenings of their lives with the social and cultural contexts through which they attribute meaning to their distresses and symptoms. Applications based on narrative knowledge differ from those based on the conventional model. The conventional model draws on general knowledge of what interventions are likely to be effective in treating particular diagnoses. Narrative understanding is concerned in knowing the configuration of past events and present tasks that compose individual lives. Expert practitioners make use of a narrative understanding of their clients in judging their intervention activities. Development of a narrative understanding of present clients can be assisted by consulting narratives of clients with whom a practitioner has previously worked. Narratives are remembered as stories, retaining the patterns and details of the individual clients’ lives. Through experience, practitioners develop a collection of remembered narratives of the clients they have assisted. A practitioner's experiential collection of narratively known clients can be supplemented with narrative biographies and case studies of clients treated by other practitioners. When working with a new client, practitioners can draw on these narratively retained past understandings by comparing the similarities and differences of their present client to a remembered past client. The process of comparison with past narratively understood clients helps the practitioner compose a new narrative that expressly captures the individual life of the present client. This narrative understanding of the client provides an integrated view of the influence of general social and biological contexts with the unique values, aims, and history of the client.
Communication Between Provider and Patient: Values, Biography, and Empowerment in Clinical Practice
Authors: Clark Phillip G.
Published: May 2019

Communication between elderly people and their health care providers is becoming more important due to the chronic nature of geriatric health problems and their impact on quality of life. At the core of the challenge of improving this dialogue are factors related to essential human values and the clash between two different cultures – one scientific and the other personal. Only by gaining an understanding of this clinical decisionmaking interaction can new approaches to bridge the communication gap be developed. The purpose of this paper is fourfold: (1) to summarise the fundamentally different bases for communication between health care provider and patient, (2) to discuss the shortcomings of various methods (such as advance directives) to embody patients’ wishes about their care, (3) to review new models of geriatric care that have implications for this communication process, and (4) to develop a framework – based on biographical methods and the concept of empowerment – that suggests some potential solutions to these communication problems. Such methods reflect new approaches to developing life stories and themes suggestive of ways to retain the personal life voice of the individual in the development of a clinical partnership with the health care provider.
Basics of Stratifying for Severity of Illness
Authors: Gross Peter A.
Published: May 2019

Conventional wisdom suggests that those who assess healthcare processes and outcomes always should stratify cases by severity of illness; however, infection control personnel should analyze each quality assessment tool with and without severity adjustment and determine whether such adjustment is necessary. This article briefly reviews severity adjustments for diseases or procedures involving specific organ systems, as well as those applicable to all diseases, including the commercially available systems. Also discussed is whether and how these various systems for severity adjustment can be compared. Finally, the article will provide selected references for individuals who will use these scoring systems and need more information.
Elimination of Nasal Carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusin Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kluytmans Jan A.J.W. , Manders Marie-Jose , van Bommel Erik , Verbrugh Henri
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To study the efficacy of mupirocin for the elimination of nasal carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusin hemodialysis patients.

Design:

The efficacy of mupirocin was studied in a prospectively followed cohort. The effect of this intervention on the rate ofS aureusbacteremia was evaluated using a historic control group.

Setting:

Patients on the hemodialysis unit of the University Hospital Rotterdam, a tertiary referral center.

Patients:

The study group consisted of consecutive patients on hemodialysis from February 1, 1992, until November 1, 1993. They were screened by taking nasal cultures monthly during their time on hemodialysis. IfS aureuswas isolated, treatment with mupirocin nasal ointment was initiated. The control group consisted of patients treated on the same hemodialysis unit from January 1, 1990, until January 1, 1992.

Results:

The study group consisted of 226 patients, of whom 172 were evaluated to determine the efficacy of mupirocin. Sixty-seven (39%) were identified as nasal carriers. Following the initial treatment, 66 nasal cultures (98.5%) became negative. After 3 months and 6 months, respectively, 63 (94%) and 61 (91%) of the treated carriers had negative cultures. The rate of bacteremia (defined as the number of episodes of5 aureusbacteremia per patient-year on hemodialysis) was significantly lower among the 226 patients in the study group (0.04 per patient-year) than among the 273 patients in the control group (0.25 per patient year;P<.001). Development of resistance and adverse effects were not observed.

Conclusions:

Mupirocin nasal ointment effectively eliminates nasal carriage of5 aureusin patients on hemodialysis. This was associated with a significant reduction of the incidence of5 aureusbacteremia, as compared to historic controls.
A Prolonged Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Burn Unit of a Tertiary Medical Center
Authors: Meier Patricia A. , Carter Cheryl D. , Wallace Sarah E. , Hollis Richard J. , Pfaller Michael A. , Herwaldt Loreen A.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To report an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in our burn unit and the steps we used to eradicate the organism.

Design And Setting:

Outbreak investigation in the burn unit of a 900-bed tertiary-care medical center.

Outbreak:

Between March and June 1993, MRSA was isolated from 10 patients in our burn unit. All isolates had identical antibiograms and chromosomal DNA patterns.

Control Measures:

Infection control personnel encouraged healthcare workers to wash their hands after each patient contact. The unit cohorted all infected or colonized patients, placed each affected patient in isolation, and, if possible, transferred the patient to another unit. Despite these measures, new cases occurred. Infection control personnel obtained nares cultures from 56 healthcare workers, 3 of whom carried the epidemic MRSA strain. One healthcare worker cared for six affected patients, and one cared for five patients. We treated the three healthcare workers with mupirocin. Subsequently, no additional patients became colonized or infected with the epidemic MRSA strain.

Conclusions:

The outbreak ended after we treated healthcare workers who carried the epidemic strain with mupirocin. This approach is not appropriate in all settings. However, we felt it was justified in this case because of a persistent problem after less intrusive measures.
Randomized Prospective Study of the Impact of Three Needleless Intravenous Systems on Needlestick Injury Rates
Authors: L'Ecuyer Paul B. , Schwab Elizabeth Owens , Iademarco Elizabeth , Barr Norma , Aton Elizabeth A. , Fraser Victoria J.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To determine the impact of three needleless intravenous systems on needlestick injury rates.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

1,000-bed tertiary-care Midwestern hospital.

Participants:

Nursing personnel from general medical, general surgical, and intensive-care units.

Interventions:

From June 1992 through March 1994, a metal blunt cannula (MBC), two-way valve (2-way), and plastic blunt cannula (PBC) were introduced into three study areas, and needlestick injury rates were compared to three control areas using traditional needled devices.

Results:

24 and 29 needlestick injuries were reported in study and control areas. Intravenous-therapy-related injuries comprised 45.8% and 57.1% of injuries in each area. Thirty-seven percent and 20.7% of study and control area needlestick injuries were considered to pose a high risk of bloodborne infection. The 2-way group had similar rates of total and intravenous-related needlestick injuries compared to control groups. The PBC group had lower rates of total and intravenous-related needlestick injuries per 1,000 patient-days (rate ratios [RR], 0.32 and 0.24; 95°% confidence intervals [CI95], 0.12-0.81 and 0.09-0.61;P=.02 andP=.003, respectively) and per 1,000 productive hours worked (RR, 0.11 and 0.08; CI95, 0.01-0.92 and 0.010.69;P=.03 andP=.005, respectively) compared to controls.

Conclusions:

Needlestick injuries continued in study areas despite the introduction of needleless devices, and risks of bloodborne pathogen transmission were similar to control areas. The PBC device group noted lower rates of needlestick injuries compared to controls, but there were problems with product acceptance, correct product use, and continued traditional device use in study areas. Low needlestick injury rates make interpretations difficult. Further studies of safety devices are needed and should attempt greater control of worker behavior to aid interpretation.
Nasal and Cutaneous Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Hemodialysis Patients: The Effect of Nasal Mupirocin
Authors: Boelaert Johan R. , Van Landuyt Herman W. , Gordts Bart Z. , De Baere Yvan A. , Messer Shawn A. , Herwaldt Loreen A.
Published: May 2019

Fifteen of 20 hemodialysis patients who carried Staphylococcus aureus in their nares also carried the organism on their hands; 2 of 20 patients who did not carry S aureus in their nares carried S aureus on their hands (P<.001). Eightyseven percent of patients who carried S aureus in their nares and on their hands carried the same strain at both sites. Intranasal mupirocin eliminated S aureus from both sites.
Emergence of High-Level Mupirocin Resistance in Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIsolated From Brazilian University Hospitals
Authors: Santos Kátia Regina Netto dos , Souza Fonseca Leila de , Gontijo Filho Paulo Pinto
Published: May 2019

Surveillance for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) was implemented in Rio de Janeiro and Uberlândia University Hospitals, which had different policies on use of mupirocin. One hundred fourteen multiresistant MRSA strains were isolated from 62 patients. Mupirocin resistance was observed in 63% of strains in Rio de Janeiro, where there was extensive use of topical mupirocin, and 6.1% in Uberlândia, where its use was rare.
Preventing the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms Through Antimicrobial Use Controls: The Complexity of the Problem
Authors: Jarvis William R.
Published: May 2019

Widespread use of antimicrobials in the inpatient and outpatient setting has been associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. A variety of methods exist to improve the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in the inpatient setting, including guidelines, antimicrobial use evaluations, microbiology laboratory guidance, formulary development and antimicrobial restriction, use of antimicrobial order or automatic stop order forms, and antimicrobial audits. To decrease the selective pressure that leads to development of pathogen resistance and to reduce antimicrobial expenditures, infectious disease, infection control, pharmacy, and administrative staff need to improve clinician use of antimicrobials through development and implementation of antimicrobial use committees. Through the implementation of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to antimicrobial use and development of clinician education programs, inappropriate antimicrobial use can be reduced, patient care can be improved, and substantial cost savings can be realized.
Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusEpidemiology and Control in Belgian Hospitals, 1991 to 1995
Authors: Struelens Marc J. , Ronveaux Olivier , Jans Béatrice , Mertens Raf ,   Groupement pour le Dépistage, l'Etude et la Prévention des Infections Hospitalières
Published: May 2019

Objectives:To describe the Belgian methicillin-resis-tantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) surveillance network, the evolution of methods used in Belgian hospitals for MRSA detection and control, and MRSA incidence from 1994 to1995.

Design, Setting, and Participants:Questionnaire surveys; infection control physicians from acute-care hospitals in Belgium.

Intervention:Publication of national guidelines for MRSA control in 1993.

Results:The participation rate in surveys ranged from 42% to 57% of hospitals. In 1995, 88% of participants detected MRSA strains by disk diffusion tests, with little improvement in standardization since 1991. More centers employed the oxacillin agar screen method (27%), automated systems (29%), or a combination of methods (29%) than in 1991 (P<.005). Between 1991 and 1995, the proportion of hospitals reporting MRSA control measures increased from 68% to 95% (P<.01). Practices that were used increasingly included patient placement in private room (from 50% to 93%,P<.01) and hand decontamination with antiseptic (from 43% to 87%,P<.01). The proportion of centers that reported screening MRSA carriers and treating them topically increased two- and threefold, respectively (P<.05). Surveillance data from 1994 to 1995 showed that MRSA represented a mean of 21.3% ofS aureusclinical isolates (range, 1.6% to 62.4%). The median incidence of nosocomial MRSA acquisition was 2.8 per 1,000 admissions, with a wide range (0 to 13.7 per 1,000 admissions) across hospitals of all sizes. The median incidence decreased over the first three semesters of surveillance in hospitals with continuous participation.

Conclusion:MRSA detection and control measures have improved in Belgian hospitals after publication of national guidelines. However, MRSA incidence rates show the persistence of nosocomial transmission, with large variations between centers. The national MRSA surveillance network should indicate whether control efforts eventually will curb the problem.
Local Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgery
Authors: Martin Claude , Viviand Xavier , Potié Frédéric
Published: May 2019

The perioperative use of antibiotics is an established and accepted technique for the prevention of postoperative infection. Intravenous administration often is preferred, and intramuscular administration is possible, although it has certain drawbacks. This article examines a variety of other routes of administration for delivering antibiotics locally to the surgical site. These techniques merit further study in prospectively randomized trials.
Selected Aspects of the Socioeconomic Impact of Nosocomial Infections: Morbidity, Mortality, Cost, and Prevention
Authors: Jarvis William R.
Published: May 2019

Approximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days for bloodstream infections, and 6.8 to 30 days for pneumonia. The estimated mortalities associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections and pneumonia are 23.8% to 50% and 14.8% to 71% (overall), or 16.3% to 35% and 6.8% to 30% (attributable), respectively. The estimated average costs of these infections are $558 to $593 for each urinary tract infection, $2,734 for each surgical site infection, $3,061 to $40,000 for each bloodstream infection, and $4,947 for each pneumonia. Even minimally effective infection control programs are cost-effective. In countries with prospective payment systems based on diagnosis-related groups, hospitals lose from $583 to $4,886 for each nosocomial infection. As administrators focus on cost containment, increased support should be given to infection control programs so that preventable nosocomial infections and their associated expenditures can be averted.
Comparison of a Rapid Readout Biological Indicator for Steam Sterilization With Four Conventional Biological Indicators and Five Chemical Indicators
Authors: Rutala William A. , Jones Suzanne M. , Weber David J.
Published: May 2019

Objective:In this study, we compare a new biological indicator that provides results within 3 hours with four conventional, 48-hour biological indicators and five chemical indicators.

Design:Biological indicators tested included the conventional Attest 1262, Proof Plus, Assert, and Biosign, and the new Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator. Chemical indicators tested included Comply, Propper, Chemdi, Sterigage, and Thermalog S. Spore survival following 121°C in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change after incubation for 24 and 48 hours at 56°C for the conventional biological indicators, fluorescence at 3 hours for the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator, and color change for the chemical indicators. Each exposure time was replicated 12 times with five samples of each indicator per run (ie, 60 replicates per indicator).

Results:At 48 hours, the conventional biological indicators Attest 1262, Proof Plus, Assert, and Biosign showed 100%, 95%, 88%, and 93% spore survival at 5 minutes' exposure; 0%, 0%, 0%, and 8% at 10 minutes; and all showed 0% survival at 15 minutes' exposure. Following a 3hour incubation, the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator showed fluorescence at 100%, 72%, and 0% at 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. The chemical indicators Comply, Propper, Chemdi, Sterigage, and Thermalog S revealed sterilization failure rates of 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% at 5 minutes' exposure; 0%, 0%, 0%, 92%, and 100% at 10 minutes; and, 0%, 0%, 0%, 3%, and 27% at 15 minutes' exposure, respectively.

Conclusions:The sensitivity of the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator parallels that of conventional biological indicators. These data suggest that a 3hour rapid readout biological indicator is equivalent to a standard 48-hour biological indicator. Some chemical indicators (eg, Thermalog S) failed to indicate adequate sterilization at 15 minutes' exposure. These chemical indicators have the potential of causing unnecessary recall of adequately sterilized items.
Dissolving the Problem of Infectious Medical Waste
Authors: Crow Sue
Published: May 2019

Decisions in purchasing healthcare products are based on fiscal responsibility, employee safety, regulatory agency guidelines, and environmental conservation. One of today's major dilemmas in health care is that of disposing of medical waste. The Isolyser Company of Norcross, Georgia, is one of the first to develop a biocycle system to reduce the problem of contaminated waste. A description of the system is provided, along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Pluralism and the Value of Life
Authors: Kekes John
Published: May 2019

As an initial approximation, pluralism may be understood as the combination of four theses. First, there are many incommensurable values whose realization is required for living a good life. Second, these values often conflict with each other, and, as a result, the realization of some excludes the realization of others. Third, there is no authoritative standard that could be appealed to to resolve such conflicts, because there is also a plurality of standards; consequently, no single standard would be always acceptable to all fully informed and reasonable people. Fourth, there are, nevertheless, reasonable ways of resolving conflicts among incommensurable values.
Intuitive syllabification: universals and language specific constraints
Authors: Gillis Steven , De Schutter Georges
Published: May 2019

Intuitive syllabifications of 50 five- and six- and 50 eight-year-old children are studied in an experimental setting. The children syllabified Dutch disyllabic words with a single intervocalic consonant that were presented orally to them. The aim was to find out if these syllabifications adhered to the universal principles of syllable structure and if the children's syllabifications witnessed an overruling of the universal phonological constraints by language specific ones. Results indicate that universal principles are sufficient to explain syllabifications. Except for obligatory onset formation, other principles act as soft constraints that are influenced by factors such as stress and vowel and consonant quality. A language specific constraint proposed in the phonological literature, namely bimoraic minimality, is hypothesized to be a result of children's familiarization with the spelling conventions.
Linguistic influences on categorization in preschool children: a crosslinguistic study
Authors: Martinez Ivelisse M. , Shatz Marilyn
Published: May 2019

Research on categorization suggests that information conveyed by language may be a guide for children performing classification tasks. In our study we asked whether differences between languages in linguistic form influence this performance. Thirty-five three- and four-year-old monolingual speakers of Spanish and English, languages differing in the way they encode gender, were tested in their native countries on a classification task of familiar objects. This task assessed strategies used in (1) a free sort, (2) a sort with instructions to use natural gender, and (3) one (for the Spanish speakers) with specific instructions to use grammatical gender. Half of both the Spanish and the English groups used animacy as a sorting strategy in the first sort, whereas the majority of both groups sorted by natural gender in the second sort. Most Spanish speakers also used grammatical gender as a categorizing strategy in at least one of the sorts. Results suggest that both instructional context and language-specific experience can influence the ways children classify familiar referents.
Children's understanding of epistemic modals
Authors: Noveck Ira A. , Ho Simon , Sera Maria
Published: May 2019

Prior empirical work in semantic development has produced an impressive finding showing that children can reliably detect a modal's relative force (e.g. that must is stronger sounding than may) by five-and-a-half years of age. We investigate the extent to which a representation of relative force can account for an understanding of epistemic modals when their logical meaning is considered (i.e. when modals are interpretable as expressions of necessary and possible conclusions). Experiment 1 presents a replication of Hirst & Weil's hidden-object task, which originally included the supremely forceful indicative is. Thirty-two five-year-olds were required to find a peanut hidden under one of two containers based on a pair of statements that contrasted is with has to, has to with might, or is with might. Half the children were entitled to search for the peanut upon hearing the two statements and half were required to indicate only where they would look. Results largely confirmed the influence of relative force in this paradigm. Both groups of children usually searched under the container associated with the stronger-sounding term. Experiment 2 employed a modified version of the hidden-object task in which contrasts presented one true and one false modal statement and 32 five-year-olds, 20 seven-year-olds, 16 nine-year-olds and 20 adults were asked to determine which of two statements was correct. Half the contrasts presented a relatively weaker-sounding modal term in the true statement and the other half presented equally forceful modal terms in the two statements. No age group systematically endorsed a false stronger-sounding modal statement over a true weaker-sounding one. The five-year-olds' rate of correct responding overall was above levels predicted by chance. Mature logical modal understanding was found among seven-year-olds who routinely endorsed a contrast's true modal statement. These findings suggest that deductive inference is an early semantic component of modal terms.
How children talk about a conversation
Authors: Özyürek Asli
Published: May 2019

This study investigates how children of different ages talk about a conversation that they have witnessed. 48 Turkish children, five, nine and thirteen years in age, saw a televised dialogue between two Sesame Street characters (Bert and Ernie). Afterward, they narrated what they had seen and heard. Their reports were analysed for the development of linguistic devices used to orient their listeners to the relevant properties of a conversational exchange. Each utterance in the child's narrative was analysed as to its conversational role: (1) whether the child used direct or indirect quotation frames; (2) whether the child marked the boundaries of conversational turns using speakers' names and (3) whether the child used a marker for pairing of utterances made by different speakers (agreement-disagreement, request-refusal, questioning-answering). Within pairings, children's use of (a) the temporal and evaluative connectivity markers and (b) the kind of verb of saying were identified. The data indicate that there is a developmental change in children's ability to use appropriate linguistic means to orient their listeners to the different properties of a conversation. The development and use of these linguistic means enable the child to establish different social roles in a narrative interaction. The findings are interpreted in terms of the child's social-communicative development from being a ‘character’ to becoming a ‘narrator’ and ‘author’ of the reported conversation in the narrative situation.
Punishment and Brutalization in the English Enlightenment
Authors: Cockburn J. S.
Published: May 2019

“As punishments become more cruel, men become more ferocious.” That contention, voiced in this instance by a contributor toThe Gentleman's Magazinein 1786, had been a respected tenet of Enlightenment penal theory since its articulation by Cesare Beccaria twenty years earlier. In the interim, commentators on both sides of the Channel had continued to theorize about the impact of public physical punishments on the temper of society. Repeated public executions, thought one contributor toThe Times, led only to “a shameless apathy”; another cautioned that, “When the wantonness of oppression is made familiar to the eye, the sensibility of the people…degenerates into despondency, degeneracy and stupidity,…” and he repeated Montesquieu's sinister simile likening the tranquility of such a state to the mournful silence of a city that the enemy is about to storm. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, however, such speculation took on the chilling force of prophecy fulfilled, and for the next fifty years a chorus of increasingly alarmed English voices warned of the potential for insurrection inherent in physical punishments. Continued recourse to public executions, a “festival of blood, [was] calculated to shock or brutalize the feelings of man, [to] encourage ferocious habits in the people.” “Revolutions,” trumpeted theMorning Heraldin 1835, “are always most bloody in countries whose laws have most familiarized the people with spectacles of vengeance.”
Colimits in the category DCPO
Authors: Fiech Adrian
Published: May 2019

We establish sufficient and necessary conditions for a natural sink to be a colimit in DCPO. Based on these conditions, we show how to construct a colimit for any functor F from a small category Ω into the category DCPO. This demonstrates that the category DCPO is cocomplete. We also investigate under what conditions the colimit object is algebraic.
Linear time computable problems and first-order descriptions
Authors: Seese Detlef
Published: May 2019

It is well known that every algorithmic problem definable by a formula of first-order logic can be solved in polynomial time, since all these problems are inL(see Aho and Ullman (1979) and Immerman (1987)). Using an old technique of Hanf (Hanf 1965) and other techniques developed to prove the decidability of formal theories in mathematical logic, it is shown that an arbitraryFO-problem over relational structures of bounded degree can be solved in linear time.
Event structures and non-orthogonal term graph rewriting
Authors: Clark David , Kennaway Richard
Published: May 2019

We show that for every term graph in a left-linear but non-orthogonal term graph rewrite system, one can construct an event structure that represents all the possible reductions that can occur in reduction sequences starting from that term graph. Every finite reduction sequence from that graph corresponds to a configuration of the event structure, and Lévy-equivalent sequences correspond to the same configuration.

Garbage collection is modelled in the event structure by an ‘erases’ relation. The asymmetric conflicts that arise in non-orthogonal rewrite systems are modelled by introducing a ‘prevents’ relation. The configurations of the event structure then form the state space of an event automaton. Taking the directed completion of this space yields a prime algebraic domain.
Term graph narrowing
Authors: Habel Annegret , Plump Detlef
Published: May 2019

We introduce term graph narrowing as an approach for solving equations by transformations on term graphs. Term graph narrowing combines term graph rewriting with first-order term unification. Our main result is that this mechanism is complete for all term rewriting systems over which term graph rewriting is normalizing and confluent. This includes, in particular, all convergent term rewriting systems. Completeness means that for every solution of a given equation, term graph narrowing can find a more general solution. The general motivation for using term graphs instead of terms is to improve efficiency: sharing common subterms saves space and avoids the repetition of computations.
The Moral Status of Fetuses in Russia
Authors: Tichtchenko Pavel , Yudin Boris
Published: May 2019

Starting bioethics in Russia we were motivated with the idea of the democratization of our society on a basic micro-social level. The country was swift enough to take several important steps in this direction on the macro-social level, i.e., to adopt a new constitution with guarantees of human rights and rights of ownership of private property, to elect the parliament and the president. But these modernizations in the Russian political facade did not sufficiently change the internal structure of the society–the net of everyday relationships in the home, at work, at school, in hospitals and other places. One of the most brilliant philosophers of the Russian “silver age,” L.S. Frank, wrote in the beginning of the century that a tyrannical state (at his time the czarist state) grows out of tyrannical interpersonal relationships. Political revolution not grounded in a social evolution on the basic level of satisfying “simple” human economic, physical, and psychological needs could reproduce only the same totalitarian pattern under a new ideological label. Events resulting from the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 proved the wisdom of his statement. Russia could suffer the same fate today.
Minority Minors and Moral Research Medicine
Authors: Bonkovsky Frederick O.
Published: May 2019

Treatment of sick children of Jehovah's Witness and Christian Scientist families at times presents significant dilemmas to American medicine and ethics, for modern healthcare professionals rely heavily on active treatment, and withholding of some treatments is a central religious tenet for Witnesses and Scientists. In important instances, physicians, nurses, ethicists, and courts may wish to set aside traditional religious beliefs and values when medical values support treatment to which adherents of these sects at times object.
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Research Misconduct
Authors: Guenin Louis M.
Published: May 2019

“Any bad settlement,” the wise patent litigator Elmer S. Albritton once observed, “is better than a good lawsuit.” Given the notorious strain of court proceedings and the recognition that settlement does not always prove attainable, a popular movement has recently arisen in favor of “alternative dispute resolution” (or ADR). Indeed it has seemed to many who have participated as committee members, witnesses, or respondents in scientific misconduct cases that there ought to be some method of resolving such matters that is less vexing than traditional adjudication.
Ethics Committees at Work: A Family's Right to Know?
Authors: Simon Stephanie
Published: May 2019

In January 1995 we (Social Service Department) received a referral for an in-patient Mrs. B. Mrs. B was a 56-year-old, African-American female who had been admitted to our facility with a diagnosis of R/O cerebral vascular accident. When first seen, Mrs. B evidenced clear cognitive impairments, including slurred speech, decreased concentration and memory, and tangentiality. The history she was able to provide was sketchy, but did Include the following: Mrs. B was a recent widow, her husband having died in a nursing home from. AIDS 2 weeks prior to admission. She had been diagnosed HIV+ in 1992, when she began hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. She believed she had contracted the virus heterosexually from her husband. She denied any history of substance abuse. Mrs. B had seven adult children, none of whom were aware of her HIV diagnosis. Prior to admission, she was living alone. Prior to 1992 Mrs. B had worked as an office cleaner, and later qualified for Social Security and Medicare benefits. She had once previously been seen in our community mental health clinic for depression, and was treated at a nearby satellite dialysis facility for end-stage renal disease.
Global Bioethics: Global Equity and Disabilities: Reflections of a Mother from Hell
Authors: Reed Christine M.
Published: May 2019

“Power is the ability to take one's place in whatever discourse is essential to action” With these words, Carolyn Heilbran urges women to rewrite their lives. Their angry and frustrated voices, heard in the privacy of letters and quiet conversations, tell their true stories, while their public biographies are sentimental and passive. Women, she says, need to learn how to declare their right to public power. With this advice In mind, I recently joined a conversation with colleagues from the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) about issues in global bioethics.
Health Policy Watch: Rappelling on the Slippery Slope: Negotiating Public Policy for Physician-Assisted Death
Authors: d'Oronzio Joseph C.
Published: May 2019

The rock climber and the law share in a common etymological allusion when each reaches a steep, high, and hard place. The climber “appeals” to the mountain by inching down on a rope and the law's “rappel” is similarly a route to more comfortable footing. Each step in this common process is germane to the eventual resolution, for it is to be found in the rappel process itself and in the meaning of each appeal.
Laser Microdissection for Generation of a Human Chromosome Region-specific Library
Authors: He Wei , Liu Yagang , Smith Moyra , Berns Michael W.
Published: May 2019

Abstract: A human chromosome pq34 region-specific, microdissected library was constructed by using laser microdissection techniques. This library contains over 10,000 clones with an average insert size of 450 bp. It has greater coverage of the dissected chromosome region as compared with the needle-dissected chromosome 9q34 library. The laser microdissection technique provides more accurate chromosome targeting and easier operation than existing needle microdissection techniques. To simplify the procedure for chromosome microdissection and chromosome fragment collection, a trapping-cutting system was developed. This technique involves the use of two trapping beams which hold a single chromosome in suspension, and a third cutting beam, which dissects the immobilized chromosome. A collection chamber allowing for the fast collection of dissected chromosome fragments needs to be developed. However, DNA can be cloned from trapped chromosome fragments with an insert size comparable to that of both needle-cut and laser-cut chromosomes.