bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initial coin offerings (ICOs): market cycles and relationship with bitcoin and ether
Authors: Masiak Christian , Block Joern H. , Masiak Tobias , Neuenkirch Matthias , Pielen Katja N.
Published: May 2019

We apply a vector autoregression (VAR) model to investigate the market cycles of Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) as well as their relationships with bitcoin and ether. Our sample covers 104 weekly observations between January 2017 and December 2018. Our results show that ICO market cycles exist and that shocks to the growth rates of ICO volumes are persistent. In addition, shocks in cryptocurrency returns have a substantial and positive effect on ICO volumes. In contrast, the volatility of cryptocurrency returns does not significantly affect ICO volumes. Our results are robust to using (i) the number of successfully completed ICO campaigns instead of ICO volumes and (ii) ICO data from a different data source. Our study has implications for financial practice, in particular for cryptocurrency investors and entrepreneurial firms conducting ICOs.
Teleology and mentalizing in the explanation of action
Authors: Peters Uwe
Published: May 2019

In empirically informed research on action explanation, philosophers and developmental psychologists have recently proposed a teleological account of the way in which we make sense of people’s intentional behavior. It holds that we typically don’t explain an agent’s action by appealing to her mental states but by referring to the objective, publically accessible facts of the world that count in favor of performing the action so as to achieve a certain goal. Advocates of the teleological account claim that this strategy is our main way of understanding people’s actions. I argue that common motivations mentioned to support the teleological account are insufficient to sustain its generalization from children to adults. Moreover, social psychological studies, combined with theoretical considerations, suggest that we do not explain actions mainly by invoking publically accessible, reason-giving facts alone but by ascribing mental states to the agent.
Test-Retest Measurement Invariance of the Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale in Two Countries: A Preliminary Longitudinal Study
Authors: Stavropoulos Vasileios , Bamford Luke , Beard Charlotte , Gomez Rapson , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: May 2019

The reliable longitudinal assessment of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) behaviors is viewed by many as a pivotal clinical and research priority. The present study is the first to examine the test-retest measurement invariance of IGD ratings, as assessed using the short-form nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS9-SF) over an approximate period of 3 months, across two normative national samples. Differences referring to the mode of the data collection (face-to-face [FtF] vs. online) were also considered. Two sequences of successive multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were calculated to longitudinally assess the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF using emergent adults, gamers from (i) the United States of America (USA; N = 120, 18–29 years, Meanage = 22.35, 51.6% male) assessed online and; and (ii) Australia (N = 61, 18–31 years, Meanage = 23.02, 75.4% male) assessed FtF. Configural invariance was established across both samples, and metric and scalar invariances were supported for the USA sample. Interestingly, only partial metric (factor loadings for Items 2 and 3 non-invariant) and partial scalar invariance (i.e., all thresholds of Items 1 and 2, and thresholds 1, 3, for Items 4, 6, 8, and 9 non-invariant) were established for the Australian sample. Findings are discussed in the light of using IGDS9-SF to assess and monitor IGD behaviors over time in both in clinical and non-clinical settings.
Effect of hydrate anti-agglomerants on water-in-crude oil emulsion stability
Authors: Azizi Azlinda , Johns Michael L. , Aman Zachary M. , May Eric F. , Ling Nicholas N. A. , Husin Hazlina
Published: May 2019

Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the interface of water droplets in water-in-oil emulsions. Such hydrate formation can enable downstream agglomeration and slurry viscosification, thus increasing the risk of hydrate blockage. Therefore, emulsion stability represents a critical parameter in understanding this overall flow behaviour. In this study, the impact of three common and widely-used industrial anti-agglomerants from three different suppliers (AA-1, AA-2 and AA-3—exact composition is commercially sensitive) on 30 wt% water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion stability was investigated. Bench-top nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods were used to measure the droplet size distributions (DSDs) of the W/O emulsions as a complement to bottle stability test. In the absence of hydrate anti-agglomerants, based on visual observation, 85% of the original W/O emulsion remained after 10 h. In the presence of AA-1 and AA-2, 94% of the original emulsion was retained; in contrast, AA-3 acted to destabilise the emulsion with only 64% of the original emulsion visually evident after 10 h. These results were substantiated by PFG NMR measurements which showed substantial changes in droplet size as a function of sample height for the W/O emulsion formulated with AA-3. Interestingly the W/O emulsion formulated with AA-1, while very stable, was characterised by comparatively very large water droplets, indicative of a complex multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion microstructure. AA-2 forms stable emulsion with small droplets of water dispersed in the oil phase. Our results provide insight into a wide range of potential impacts of AA addition on an industrial crude oil pipeline, in which AA-1 resulted in a complex W/O/W multiple emulsion, AA-2 behaved as an emulsifier and AA-3 behaved as a demulsifier.
Impact of wet supercritical CO2 injection on fly ash geopolymer cement under elevated temperatures for well cement applications
Authors: Ridha Syahrir , Setiawan Riau Andriana , Pramana Astra Agus , Abdurrahman Muslim
Published: May 2019

An alternative cement system created through geopolymerization of fly ash offers favorable properties such as able to resist acidic fluids and possess high compressive strength. However, the application of fly ash geopolymer as wellbore cement under carbon dioxide (CO2) environment at elevated temperature is not well recorded in the literature. This paper characterizes the fly ash-based geopolymer cement and experimentally investigates its mechanical and microstructure changes after exposed to CO2 under elevated temperature. Microstructure identification on the altered cement paste was conducted by the analysis of XRD and SEM. In this study, fly ash-based alkali-activated cement was made using 8 molal sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkali activators. The results found that crystal-like shape identified as calcium carbonate was formed at the surface of spherical fly ash particle after carbonation formation. The strength of geopolymer cement was found not to be decreased although carbonation process was occurred. Microstructure analysis revealed that zeolite was formed during CO2 acid exposure for geopolymer cement which contributes to the strength development.
Surfactant and a mixture of surfactant and nanoparticles to stabilize CO2/brine foam, control gas mobility, and enhance oil recovery
Authors: Al Yousef Zuhair A. , Almobarky Mohammed A. , Schechter David S.
Published: May 2019

Injecting carbon dioxide into oil reservoirs has the potential to serve as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique, mitigating climate change by storing CO2 underground. Despite the successful achievements reported of CO2 to enhance oil recovery, mobility control is one of the major challenges faced by CO2 injection projects. The objective of this work is to investigate the potential of using surfactant and a mixture of surfactant and nanoparticles to generate foam to reduce gas mobility and enhance oil recovery. A newly developed anionic surfactant and a mixture of the surfactant and surface-modified silica nanoparticles were used to assess the ability of generating a stable foam at harsh reservoir conditions: sc-CO2 and high temperature. Dynamic foam tests and coreflood experiments were conducted to evaluate foam stability and strength. To measure the mobility of injected fluids in sandstone rocks, the foam was generated by co-injection of sc-CO2 and surfactant, as well as a mixture of surfactant and nanoparticles at 90% quality. The coreflood experiments were conducted using non-fractured and fractured sandstone cores at 1550 psi and 50 °C. The use of surfactant and mixture was able to generate foam in porous media and reduce the CO2 mobility. The mobility reduction factor (MRF) for both cases was about 3.5 times higher than that of injecting CO2 and brine at the same conditions. The coreflood experiments in non-fractured sandstone rocks showed that both surfactant and a mixture of surfactant and nanoparticles were able to enhance oil recovery. The baseline experiment in the absence of surfactant resulted in a total recovery of 71.50% of the original oil in place. However, the use of surfactant was able to bring oil recovery to 76% of the OOIP. The addition of nanoparticles to surfactant, though, resulted in higher oil recovery, 80% of the OOIP. In fractured rocks, oil recoveries during secondary production mechanisms for the mixture, the surfactant alone, and sc-CO2 alone were 12.62, 8.41, and 7.21% of the OOIP, respectively. Huge amount of oil remains underground following the primary and secondary oil production schemes. CO2 has been widely used to enhance oil recovery. However, its high mobility might result in unfavorable and unsuccessful projects. The use of specially designed surfactants and the synergistic effect of surfactant and nanoparticles may provide a solution to stabilize CO2/brine foam at harsh reservoir conditions and, therefore, reduce the gas mobility and, consequently, enhance oil recovery.
Modeling of Longitudinal Factors Under-Age Five Children Body Mass Index at Bahir Dar Districts: First Order Transition Model
Authors: Alemu Alebachew Abebe
Published: May 2019

The body mass index (BMI) is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by square height in meters ($$ \frac{\text{kg}}{{{\text{m}}^{2} }} $$kgm2). Its formula was developed by Belgium Statistician Adolphe Quetelet, and was known as the Quetelet Index (Adolphe Quetelet in BMI formula was developed. Belgium Statistician, 1796–1874.http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.htm). It provides a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen weight categories that may lead to health problems. BMI is an internationally used measure of health status of an individual. This study was modeling of longitudinal factors under-age five children BMI at Bahir Dar Districts using First Order Transition Model. This study was based on data from 1900 pre four visits (475 per individual) children enrolled in the first 4 visits of the 4-year Longitudinal data of children in Bahir Dar Districts. First order transition model was used to describe the relationships between children BMI and some covariates accounting for the correlation among the repeated observations for a given children. There were statistically significant (Pvalue < 0.05) difference among children BMI variation with respect to time, Sachet (plump nut), age, residence, Antiretro-Viral Therapy, diarrhea and pervious BMI. But, fever, cough, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference and sex were statistically insignificant (pvalue > 0.05) effect on children BMI. According to the findings of this study about 29.28% were normal weight, 67% were under weight, 2.52% were overweight and only 1.21% were obesity. Consequently, the study suggests that concerned bodies should focus on awareness creation to bring enough food to under-age five children in Bahir Dar Districts especially in rural areas.
Dating Persistent Short-Term Human Activity in a Complex Depositional Environment: Late Prehistoric Occupation at Saruq al-Hadid, Dubai
Authors: Weeks Lloyd , Cable Charlotte M , Karacic Steven , Franke Kristina A , Price David M , Newton Claire , Roberts James , Al Ali Yaaqoub Youssef , Boraik Mansour , Zein Hassan
Published: May 2019

The archaeological site of Saruq al-Hadid, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, presents a long sequence of persistent temporary human occupation on the northern edge of the Rub’ al-Khali desert. The site is located in active dune fields, and evidence for human activity is stratified within a deep sequence of natural dune deposits that reflect complex taphonomic processes of deposition, erosion and reworking. This study presents the results of a program of radiocarbon (14C) and thermoluminescence dating on deposits from Saruq al-Hadid, allied with studies of material remains, which are amalgamated with the results of earlier absolute dating studies provide a robust chronology for the use of the site from the Bronze Age to the Islamic period. The results of the dating program allow the various expressions of human activity at the site—ranging from subsistence activities such as hunting and herding, to multi-community ritual activities and large scale metallurgical extraction—to be better situated chronologically, and thus in relation to current debates regarding the development of late prehistoric and early historic societies in southeastern Arabia.
On the Dvoretzky-Rogers theorem
Authors: Andreu Fuensanta
Published: May 2019

The classical Dvoretzky-Rogers theorem states that ifEis a normed space for whichl1(E)=l1{E} (or equivalently, thenEis finite dimensional (see [12] p. 67). This property still holds for anylp(l<p<∞) in place ofl1(see [7]p. 104 and [2] Corollary 5.5). Recently it has been shown that this result remains true when one replacesl1by any non nuclear perfect sequence space having the normal topology (see [14]). In this context, De Grande-De Kimpe [4] gives an extension of the Devoretzky-Rogers theorem for perfect Banach sequence spaces.
Focal Sets in Certain Riemannian Manifolds
Authors: Bruce J. W. , Hurley D. J.
Published: May 2019

In recent years the geometry of generic submanifolds of Euclidean space has been theobject of much study. Thorn hinted in [7] that the focal set of such a submanifold couldprofitably be studied by using the family of distance squared functions on thesubmanifold from points of the ambient space. For a generic submanifold the focal set isthe catastrophe or bifurcation set of this family. The key to obtaining results on thelocal structure of this focal set is a transversality theorem of Looijenga [5]; for analternative exposition see [8].
Staple Land Equivalent Ratio for Assessing Yield Advantage from Intercropping
Authors: Narayana Reddy M. , Ramanatha Chetty C. K.
Published: May 2019

The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has been generally accepted as an agronomically sound index for assessing yield advantages derived from an intercropping practice. However, LER takes no account of the fact that, in subsistance agriculture, it is usually important to maintain a certain minimum percentage of the pure stand yield of the staple crop component in an intercropping system. A new measure ‘Staple Land Equivalent Ratio’ (SLER) is proposed in this paper which takes account of this requirement. Yield data from intercropping experiments are used to show how SLER can be effective in comparing the yield advantages of intercrop treatments in agronomic experiments.
The Failure of British Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914
Authors: Hiley Nicholas P.
Published: May 2019

In June 1907 Arthur Balfour, the Conservative leader of the opposition, was visited at home by a group of civilian strategists. They were led by Charles Á Court Repington, the military correspondent of The Times, and had come to enlist his support for an official inquiry into the threat of a German attack on Great Britain. Balfour was presented with a lengthy memorandum of ‘Notes on Invasion…’ which explained their case, and described how the situation had changed since the committee of imperial defence had reported to him as prime minister on the French threat in 1903. This document explained that in the new circumstances invasion was not only possible, but could be rendered certain if Germany carried out her preparations in total secrecy and at great speed. Under the heading ‘Chances of a Surprise’, the paper noted that circumstances favoured Germany, because the assembly of an invading force could be explained ‘as part of the normal yearly training, manoeuvres, &c.’, and even the concentration of a strong fleet near Heligoland was no longer considered unusual.
Factual Tests for Identification of Volitional Insanity
Authors: Feller S. Z.
Published: May 2019

A. Soundness of mind at the time of committing an offence is complementary to mental maturity as a condition for the criminal capacity of the perpetrator and is thus a condition for the criminality of his act. Accordingly, the perpetrator's mental disorder limits the criminality of his act, although not every such disorder has such radical legal consequences. If the disorder is cognitive, it must be such as to prevent the person from understanding the physical or social meaning of his conduct: if it is volitional, it must be such as to prevent him, at the time of his act, from choosing between performing the act and refraining from doing so. These are symptoms of mental disorder that negatives the criminal capacity of a person, and each of them is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition. It is essential that this be due to a disease of the mind or an organic defect of reason. The disorder in question is therefore a radical one, and one that is also chronic if not permanent in nature, as opposed to temporary or less deep-rooted conditions such as a disturbed state, a trauma or emotional condition, impulsiveness in certain matters or urges that deviate from the normal in certain areas.

B. The following remarks are confined to the absence of criminal capacity on the volitional level, to which we shall refer in short as “volitional insanity’. This is the case where the person at the time of his act did not have a choice between acting or not acting due to a disease affecting his mind. This case is also referred to as the commission of an act as a result of an irresistible morbid impulse.
Rescission and its Effect on Restitution
Authors: Deutch Sinai
Published: May 2019

Rescission is one of the most important activities in the law of contract. The right or the possibility to rescind is no less important than the right to specific performance or damages. Indeed, in many cases, when specific performance is either undesired or impossible, and no harm entitling damages has been caused, it will be the major right.

Despite this importance, Israeli contract laws have left many questions regarding rescission open (e.g. the character of the rescission, its range, contents and results regarding both contracting parties and third parties). The silence of the Israeli legislature in these matters is typical of Israeli civil law legislation in which major areas of law are condensed into a few laconic provisions. This attitude leaves much room for construction of the statute and for judicial legislation.
Protein antigens ofPlasmodium knowlesiclones of different variant antigen phenotype
Authors: Howard R. J. , Kao Vivien , Barnwell J. W.
Published: May 2019

Mature asexual stages of the malaria parasitePlasmodium knowlesisynthesize proteins of Mr180 000–225 000 that are expressed on the outer membrane of infected erythrocytes and which vary antigenically such that different parasite clones are specifically agglutinated with homologous antibody. Other non-agglutinable clones have been prepared which fail to express variant antigen on infected cells. Two agglutinable clones of different variant antigen phenotypes and a non-agglutinable clone were examined to determine the proportion of total malarial proteins represented by variant antigens. Malarial proteins were labelled with various radioactive amino acids and the sodium dodecyl sulphate—polyacrylamide gel patterns for the three clones compared by fluorography. The patterns were indistinguishable, the variant antigens being undetectable in analyses of total malarial proteins. Furthermore, these antigens were not detected by Coomassie Blue-staining of total cellular proteins after electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 extracts of labelled cells were immunoprecipitated using a panel of sera of defined agglutination specificity. The variant antigens could not be detected in the fluorographic patterns of total malarial antigens immuno-precipitated by these sera. In contrast, after lactoperoxidase catalysed radio-iodination of intact schizont-infected cells, the125I-variant antigens on the cell surface were identified by demonstrating their accessibility both to antibody and to trypsin with intact cells. Thus, the variant antigens are quantitatively very minor malarial proteins that can only be detected by methods which selectively analyse the subset of proteins on the erythrocyte surface.
Maturation of the scolex syncytium in the metacestode ofHymenolepis diminuta, with special reference to microthrix formation
Authors: Richards K. Sylvia , Arme C.
Published: May 2019

The entire surface of the early developmental stages of the cysticercoid ofHymenolepis diminutabears microvilli. Posteriad differentiation produces a microthrix-bearing surface on the presumptive scolex region, commencing before scolex retraction in cysticercoids inTenebrio molitorkept at 26°C. During sucker development, the scolex syncytial cytoplasm possesses electron-dense discoidal bodies, aligned parallel to the surface. They become associated with the apical membrane, domes are formed and electron-dense spine-like profiles become apparent. Elevation on short shafts follows, and multilaminate baseplates are then discernible. Fewer microvilli are now present and vesicles with asymmetric membranes (denser inner leaflet) occur within the syncytial cytoplasm. Before scolex retraction, this differentiation extends to the level of the suckers; thus the neck, which becomes reflected on retraction, still possesses only microvilli. After retraction, differentiation proceeds rapidly with increased growth of existing microtriches, discoidal bodies possibly contributing to the shaft support material; the reflected neck develops microtriches and the microvilli are shed into the scolex retraction cavity. The ‘asymmetric’ vesicles increase numerically, some fusing with the apical membrane and releasing their contents. Concurrently, apical membrane asymmetry (denser outer leaflet) becomes apparent. The adult-type surface is formed by 3 days post-scolex retraction, coinciding with the earliest time that the metacestode is infective to the final host.
Chlorsulfuron Effects on Shoot Growth and Root Buds of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Donald William W.
Published: May 2019

The effect of 67 g ai/ha chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] root bud growth was examined in a series of greenhouse trials in which potted plants were treated with foliar sprays. Injury to root buds was assayed by determining their ability to form secondary shoots. Added surfactant, 0.2% (v/v) oxysorbic [oxysorbic (20 POE) polyethylene sorbitan monooleate], did not enhance chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition of parent shoot growth, but it increased root bud injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Cuttings taken from controls formed more secondary shoots than did chlorsulfuron-treated plants 2 weeks following spraying. However, root fresh weight and final secondary shoot growth from cut roots were unchanged 3 weeks after chlorsulfuron treatment compared to the time of spraying. Foliar treatment or a combination of foliar and soil treatment inhibited root fresh weight accumulation and secondary shoot growth equally 1 month following treatment relative to harvest controls. Soil treatment alone did not reduce either root fresh weight gains or secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds. Foliar treatment of vegetative Canada thistle with chlorsulfuron inhibited subsequent secondary shoot outgrowth from root buds more than did treatment at flowering.
Interactions Between Selected Herbicides and Protectants on Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse studies were initiated to determine the efficacy of four herbicide antidotes as protectants of corn (Zea maysL., ‘DeKalb XL72AA’ and ‘DeKalb XL67′) against injury from preemergence or early postemergence applications of the herbicides chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide}, fluazifop-butyl {butyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoate}, or BAS 9052 OH {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one}. NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride) was the most effective of the four antidotes in protecting corn against injury from preemergence applications of chlorsulfuron. CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoxy)-imino-benzeneacetonitrile] and CGA-92194 [α-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-imino-benzeneacetonitrile] partially protected corn from chlorsulfuron injury, whereas R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide] was the least effective. R-25788 offered partial to good protection to corn against injury from preemergence applications of fluazifop-butyl and BAS 9052 OH. NA, or CGA-43089, and CGA-92194 partially protected corn from fluazifop-butyl injury but their efficacy against BAS 9052 OH injury to corn was limited. In general, all four antidotes offered better protection to the thiocarbamate-tolerant ‘XL72AA’ hybrid than to the thiocarbamate-susceptible ‘XL67’ hybrid. With the exception of NA, which partially protected corn from postemergence-applied chlorsulfuron, none of the four herbicide antidotes was effective in protecting corn against injury from postemergence applications of any of the three herbicides.
Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control with Diclofop in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Stahlman Phillip W.
Published: May 2019

The methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied at 0.8 to 1.4 kg ai/ha and incorporated prior to seeding winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) better than when applied preemergence at 1.7 kg/ha in 2 of 4 yr. The emulsifiable concentrate and a granular formulation of diclofop performed similarly. Controlling downy brome improved wheat yields 3 of 4 yr. However, preplant-incorporated applications of diclofop at 1.4 kg/ha reduced wheat yield 1 of 4 yr. Greenhouse data indicated that diclofop dissipated more rapidly in moist soil than in air-dry soil.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control in Soybeans (Glycine max) with BAS 9052 OH, KK-80, and Ro-13-8895
Authors: Waldecker Mark A. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Postemergence applications of BAS 9052 OH {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one} and Ro-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl-oxy] phenoxy] propionyl]oxime} at 0.3 kg/ha selectively controlled four- to five-leaf-stage quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯3AGRRE] 75 and 80%, respectively, 105 days after treatment (DAT). KK-80 {4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy) phenoxy]-2-pentenoic} at the same rate and stage of growth controlled quackgrass only 45%. None of the herbicides had preemergence activity on quackgrass. All herbicides applied at 0.8 kg/ha controlled two- to three- or four- to five-leaf-stage quackgrass an average of 88%, whereas applications at the six- to seven-leaf stage controlled quackgrass only 27%, 105 DAT. Cultivation alone 1 DAT provided quackgrass control that gave soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] yields equal to any herbicide or herbicide plus cultivation treatment In a greenhouse experiment, BAS 9052 OH killed 50-bud rhizome systems in 1 day, whereas KK-80 and Ro-13-8895 required 14 and 7 days of translocation, respectively, to provide similar control.
Effects of CO2Enrichment on Competition Between a C4Weed and a C3Crop
Authors: Patterson David T. , Flint Elizabeth P. , Beyers Jan L.
Published: May 2019

The C4weed johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯3SORHA] and the C3crop soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’] were grown separately and in inter- and intraspecific competition at 350 and 675 ppm CO2in controlled environment chambers with 29/23 C day/night temperatures and 950 μE·m-2· s-1PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density). In the absence of competition, the higher CO2concentration stimulated dry matter accumulation, leaf area expansion, net assimilation rate, and leaf area duration of soybean more than that of johnsongrass. The plant relative yield (PRY) of soybean in competition with johnsongrass increased, and the PRY of johnsongrass in competition with soybean decreased, as the CO2concentration was increased from 350 to 675 ppm. Thus, the competitiveness of the C3crop with the C4weed increased with increasing CO2concentration. Relative yield totals were not significantly different from 1.0, indicating that the two species were competing for the same resources. With the increases in global atmospheric CO2concentration predicted for the next 50 to 100 yr, the competitiveness of C3crops with C4weeds could be increased.
Absorption, Translocation, and Activity of Fluazifop-Butyl as Influenced by Plant Growth Stage and Environment
Authors: Kells James J. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of14C-fluazifop-butyl {butyl ester of (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoate} was compared in susceptible quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯3AGRRE] and tolerant soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Foliar absorption was more rapid in soybeans with 75% of the recovered14C absorbed 6 h after treatment compared to 36% in quackgrass. Translocation of the radiolabel occurred in both soybean and quackgrass with no significant difference between the species. Differential absorption and translocation did not contribute to the selectivity of fluazifop-butyl. Herbicidal activity was lower on quackgrass plants at the five- to six-leaf stage when compared to the two- to three-leaf stage. Greater quackgrass control was observed at 30 than at 20 C. Foliar absorption of14C-fluazifop-butyl was significantly greater at 30 than at 20 C. Translocation of the radiolabel was greater in plants exposed to full light as compared to shade. Moisture stress significantly reduced quackgrass control with fluazifop-butyl.
Factors Influencing Control of Annual Grasses with Sethoxydim or RO-13-8895
Authors: Chernicky Jon P. , Gossett Billy J. , Murphy Tim R.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to measure the foliar activity of sethoxydim (BAS 9052 OH) {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[D-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy] phenoxy] propionyl] oxime} as affected by adjuvants, soil moisture, and growth stage of grasses, and to compare the responses of three grass species to these herbicides. The activity of both herbicides was increased by adjuvants. The activity of sethoxydim was not significantly affected by soil moisture. Goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. ♯3ELEIN] and broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla(Griseb. ♯ BRAPP) Nash] control was greater with RO-13-8895 at the high than at the low soil moisture level. Soil moisture did not influence large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. ♯ DIGSA] control, since it was relatively tolerant to RO-13-8895. Both herbicides gave greater control at early than at late growth stages. When averaged over all variables, sethoxydim gave greater large crabgrass control than RO-13-8895, but RO-13-8895 gave greater goosegrass and broadleaf signalgrass control than sethoxydim.
Tebuthiuron Effects on Artemisia Spp. and Associated Grasses
Authors: Whitson Thomas D. , Alley Harold P.
Published: May 2019

Tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} was evaluated on three Wyoming soil types for control of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana Pursh.), and phytotoxic effects on associated vegetation. Big sagebrush was controlled with tebuthiuron at application rates of 0.6 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, whereas silver sagebrush was not completely controlled. Prairie junegrass [Koeleria pyramidata (Cam.) Beauv.], western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb. ♯3 AGRSM), needleandthread (Stipa comata Trin. ♯ STDCO), and green needlegrass (Stipa viritdula Trin. ♯ STOVI) were not significantly reduced with tebuthiuron up to 1.1 kg ai/ha. Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K. ♯ BOBGR), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L. ♯ BROTE), plains pricklypear (Opuntia polyacantha Haw. ♯ OPUPO), and broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh.) Britt. and Rugsby, ♯ GUESA] were tolerant to tebuthiuron at rates up to 1.1 kg ai/ha.
Effects of Seed Size and Weight on Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Seed Germination, Emergence, and Host-Parasitization
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Eplee Robert E. , Norris Rebecca S.
Published: May 2019

Seed size and weight significantly affected witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze =S. luteaLour. ♯4STRLU] seed germination, witchweed emergence, and host-parasitization. Witchweed seed were divided into four groups for testing; large (> 149 microns in diameter) and heavy (specific gravity greater than one) (LH), large and light (specific gravity less than one) (LL), small (< 125 microns in diameter) and heavy (SH), and small and light (SL). Germination percentages were 87, 84, 58, and 26 for LH, LL, SH, and SL, respectively. Corn (Zea maysL.) was planted in pots containing soil infested with these four seed categories. The total number of witchweed plants (submerged plus emerged) per pot containing LH, LL, SH, and SL witchweed seed was 65, 12, 0, and 0, respectively, and the number of witchweed plants that emerged was 19, 4, 0, and 0 per pot. There were no significant differences in shoot weights of corn grown in the pots either between kinds of witchweed seed infesting the soil or between plants grown in infested soil and plants grown in soil that did not contain witchweed seed. Roots of corn plants grown in soil infested with LH seed were significantly heavier than those grown in soil infested with any other seed class and heavier than those from soil that did not contain witchweed seed. No other seed class significantly affected root weight.
The Response of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) andAvena sterilisAccessions to Photoperiod and Temperature
Authors: Somody Carol N. , Nalewaja John D. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: May 2019

Twenty-nine wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯3AVEFA) andAvena sterilisL. ♯ AVEST accessions having various areas of origin and/or growth characteristics were grown to maturity in controlled environmental chambers. The four environments consisted of a 16-h photoperiod until 3 weeks after emergence, when the photoperiod was decreased (DP) 1 h per week for 8 weeks at a constant 14, 20, or 26 C (DP 14, DP 20, or DP 26); and an 8-h photoperiod until 3 weeks after emergence, when the photoperiod was increased (IP) 1 h per week for 8 weeks at a constant 20 C (IP 20). The relative growth rate of the accessions was similar in each environment. The length of the second leaf was up to 15 cm greater under 8- than 16-h day length at 20 C for some accessions, but was similar under both day lengths for other accessions. The width of the second leaf was greater under 14 than 20 C and was narrower with a 16-h than an 8-h photoperiod. Tiller initiation was slower in the DP 14 and IP 20 than in the DP 20 and DP 26 environments. Days to panicle emergence for individual accessions ranged from 10 to 57 days higher in the DP 14 than in the DP 20 environment. Seed produced on plants grown at 14 C had lower germination in water and 1500 ppm gibberellic acid than seed from plants grown at 20 C. Wild oat accessions varied in morphological characteristics, days to panicle emergence, and dormancy, and responded differently to changes in photoperiod and temperature. Wild oat morphological characteristics, days to panicle emergence, and dormancy did not consistently relate to species or area of origin.
Decline of Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) Seeds in Soil under Various Cultural and Chemical Practices
Authors: Warnes Dennis D. , Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

The decline in the natural soil population of seeds of wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler ♯ SINAR] under nine cultural and chemical practice treatments was studied under field conditions. Wild mustard plants were not allowed to produce seeds in any treatment. After seven growing seasons, treatments in which the soil was not disturbed (continuous grass sod or continuous chemical fallow) had approximately 50% of the original population of wild mustard seeds remaining. In contrast, less than 3% of the original population of wild mustard seeds remained in a treatment that involved plowing three times a year with additional tillage throughout the growing season. This 3%, however, was equivalent to 2.4 million seeds/ha in the plow layer. Eradication of wild mustard from an infested field may be impractical with currently available techniques.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Interference on Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Young Frank L. , Wyse Donald L. , Jones Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] density and soil moisture on corn (Zea maysL.) growth and yield. Quackgrass densities ranging from 65 to 390 shoots/m2reduced corn yield 12 to 16%. A quackgrass density of 745 shoots/m2reduced corn yields an average of 37% and significantly reduced corn height, ear length, ear-fill length, kernels/row, rows/ear, and seed weight. In the soil moisture study, quackgrass was shorter than corn throughout the growing season, and analyses of corn leaf tissue indicated that quackgrass did not interfere with the nutrient status of the corn. In 1979, soil moisture was not limiting and corn yields were similar in all treatments regardless of irrigation or the presence of quackgrass. In 1980, soil moisture was limited and irrigation increased the yield of quackgrass-free corn. Irrigation also increased the yield of quackgrass-infested corn to a level similar to irrigated corn. When light and nutrients are not limiting factors, an adequate supply of soil moisture can eliminate the effects of quackgrass interference on the growth, development, and yield of corn.
A Comparison of Various Growth Parameters of Cell Suspension Cultures to Determine Phytotoxicity of Xenobiotics
Authors: Davis David G. , Stolzenberg Rosa L. , Dusky Joan A.
Published: May 2019

An assessment was made of various parameters to measure growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Wilkin’] and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) cell suspension cultures to establish convenient methods of screening the effects of chemicals. Methods assessed were settled cell volumes, packed cell volumes, absorbance at 525 nm of sonicated aliquots, dry weights (of aliquots or entire flask contents), and electrical conductivity and pH of the culture medium. Settled cell volumes, conductivity, and dry-weight changes were the most useful of the methods tested for determining the phytotoxicity of a nonionic linear alcohol ethylene oxide detergent (an adduct of 1-dodecanol containing eight ethylene oxide units) and the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Because 3 to 4 weeks were required to assess whether the cultures could grow out of the initial inhibition by the detergent or herbicide, none of the methods was rapid. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and their relative values for screening compounds are described.
Weed Control in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) with Desmedipham and Phenmedipham
Authors: Anderson Monte D. , Arnold W. Eugene
Published: May 2019

Desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate(ester)] controlled wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯3SINAR) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) more effectively than phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate). A synergistic interaction occurred with all tank-mix combinations of the two herbicides for wild mustard control, except combinations containing 0.71 kg ai/ha of desmedipham. The magnitude of the synergism decreased as the rate of desmedipham was increased and increased as the rate of phenmedipham increased. Both herbicides caused injury symptoms of leaf necrosis and height reduction to sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.). Crop injury and sunflower heights were affected more by desmedipham than by phenmedipham. Injury effects were temporary and had no influence on sunflower yields.
Multichemical Granules Formulated with Gum Xanthan, Loess, and Tung Oil
Authors: Dale Jim E.
Published: May 2019

Multiherbicide granules were formulated containing 1.3% fluazifop {(±)-butyl 2-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoate} (w/w) in polymerized tung oil overlaid on a granular matrix of gum xanthan-loess containing 2.7% linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide). Under greenhouse conditions the granules were as effective in selective control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH), hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory ♯ SEBEX], corn (Zea maysL. ♯ ZEAMX), and red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] as when the herbicides were sprayed separately. When applied preemergence at 0.56 to 0.14 kg ai/ha, tung oil-encapsulated fluazifop on loess granules killed 100% of stolon bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ♯ CYNDA] and was as effective as sprayed fluazifop.
Utilization of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Sheep
Authors: Landgraf Barbara K. , Fay Peter K. , Havstad Kris M.
Published: May 2019

The forage selection and grazing behavior of sheep in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L. ♯3 EPHES)-infested pastures was examined in a 3-month grazing study conducted during the summer, 1981. No definite preference for or avoidance of leafy spurge was detected. An initial 1- to 3-week avoidance was observed, followed by a steady increase in leafy spurge consumption. A maximum intake of 40 to 50% of the diet per animal was observed. Weight gain by ewes in pastures infested with leafy spurge was not significantly different from weight gain by ewes in pastures free of leafy spurge. Results from these studies indicate that leafy spurge may be classified as a forage for sheep. Sheep will consume a significant amount of vegetation while suffering neither harmful internal effects nor a significant loss of body weight. Sheep can be considered an effective biological control agent for leafy spurge.
Potential for Adventitious Regeneration of Selected Weed Species
Authors: Langston Vernon B. , Harger Thomas R. , Johnsey Paulette S.
Published: May 2019

The potential of several common weed species to produce adventitious shoots when the plants were excised approximately 1.0 cm below the cotyledonary node at the cotyledon growth stage and at the four true-leaf stage is reported. Indian jointvetch (Aeschynomene indica L. ♯3 AESIN), northern jointvetch [Aeschynomene virginica (L.) B.S.P. ♯ AESVI], and wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L. ♯ EPHHL) produced adventitious shoots at both growth stages after shoot excision. Adventitious and vegetative regeneration of wild poinsettia damaged by herbicides was similar to that from decapitation.
Growth of Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) in Hydrosoils of Different Composition
Authors: Steward Kerry K.
Published: May 2019

Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata(L. f.) Royle ♯ HYLLI] was cultured in flowing water in outside aquaria on rooting media differing in fertility and texture. Nutrient content was determined for rooting media at the beginning of the experiment and for plant tissues at harvest. Growth, as measured by rates of stem elongation, areal coverage of aquaria by plants, and biomass accrual, was highly related to N-, P-, and K-fertility of rooting media. Rooting media were the most important source of phosphorous since water supplies were not adequate to support plant growth. There was evidence of P-deficiencies in plants grown on infertile rooting media. Both N and K were adequately supplied from either water, rooting media, or both. Production of plant biomass was most closely related to P-levels in tissues which were closely related to supplies in rooting media. Pretest soil N (comparable to preestablishment conditions) was best related to biomass production, indicating that growth and establishment of hydrilla may be predictable through assessment of hydrosoil fertility. The need for sampling and analytical procedures to assess fertility is emphasized.
Leaf Wash Techniques for Estimation of Foliar Absorption of Herbicides
Authors: Devine Malcolm D. , Bestman Hank D. , Hall Chris , Vanden Born William H.
Published: May 2019

Three wash techniques, each with 1, 10, or 95% (v/v) ethanol:water were used to measure foliar absorption of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine],14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn. ♯3FAGTA], Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR], and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Galt’). For the herbicides and species tested, the most suitable common procedure for determining absorption consisted of a double or triple rinse with or immersion in 10% ethanol. Wiping the treated leaves with cotton balls moistened with the solvent was much less effective. Efficiency of herbicide removal by a given solvent was not related consistently to solubility of the herbicide in the solvent.
Comparison of Ropewick Applicators for Control of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with Glyphosate
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Carter Charles H. , Thullen Robert J. , Miller John H.
Published: May 2019

Three annual applications of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] with three ropewick applicators were compared to hoeing and cultivation for the control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯3SORHA] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′) in 1980 and 1981. The three applicators provided about equal control of johnsongrass. Averaged over treatments, years, and dates of application, plots treated with glyphosate contained 83% fewer live johnsongrass shoots (14/m2) than cultivated control plots (84/m2) 2 to 3 weeks after each application. Glyphosate-treated plots yielded an average of 81% more seed cotton (2010 kg/ha) than cultivated control plots (1110 kg/ha). However, yields of treated plots averaged 33% less than plots maintained weed-free by hoeing. Although applications of glyphosate reduced johnsongrass populations 83%, the competitive effect of johnsongrass on cotton prior to the initiation of treatments, plus the competition from escape plants between treatments, prevented cotton from yielding normally.