bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of Screening for Common Dental Diseases by Hygiene-Therapists
Authors: Macey R. , Glenny A. , Walsh T. , Tickle M. , Worthington H. , Ashley J. , Brocklehurst P.
Published: January 2015

Regularly attending adult patients are increasingly asymptomatic and not in need of treatment when attending for their routine dental examinations. As oral health improves further, using the general dental practitioner to undertake the “checkup” on regular “low-risk” patients represents a substantial and potentially unnecessary cost for state-funded systems. Given recent regulatory changes in the United Kingdom, it is now theoretically possible to delegate a range of tasks to hygiene-therapists. This has the potential to release the general dental practitioner’s time and increase the capacity to care. The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic test accuracy of hygiene-therapists when screening for dental caries and periodontal disease in regularly attending asymptomatic adults who attend for their checkup. A visual screen by hygiene-therapists acted as the index test, and the general dental practitioner acted as the reference standard. Consenting asymptomatic adult patients, who were regularly attending patients at 10 practices across the Northwest of England, entered the study. Both sets of clinicians made an assessment of dental caries and periodontal disease. The primary outcomes measured were the sensitivity and specificity values for dental caries and periodontal disease. In total, 1899 patients were screened. The summary point for sensitivity of dental care professionals when screening for caries and periodontal disease was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.87) and 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92), respectively. The summary point for specificity of dental care professionals when screening for caries and periodontal disease was 0.87 (0.78 to 0.92) and 0.75 (0.66 to 0.82), respectively. The results suggest that hygiene-therapists could be used to screen for dental caries and periodontal disease. This has important ramifications for service design in public-funded health systems.
Staining of undyed fabrics when washed with dyed cotton fabrics using alkyl polyglucoside mixtures with anionic surfactant
Authors: Carrión Fité Francesc Xavier
Published: January 2015

The increasingly widespread use of non-ionic surfactants as main ingredients in domestic detergent formulations requires an understanding of their performance during washing, not only as separate products but also as binary mixtures with anionic surfactants. In order to attain acceptable levels of biodegradability and toxicity, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) have appeared on the market. These non-ionic surfactants, obtained from natural substances (saccharides), are 100% biodegradable and have very attractive features for application to washing. They are highly soluble, only slightly sensitive to the presence of electrolytes and rarely affected by water hardness. The aim of our work was to analyze behavior in the staining of undyed cotton fabric with the dye desorbed in the washing of cotton fabric previously dyed and finished with resin and softened, by means of the use of the surfactant APGs with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, separately and in mixtures in different proportions. Likewise, the staining of undyed diacetate, polyamide, polyester, acrylic, cotton and wool fabrics was obtained. The cotton was previously dyed with red, orange and blue direct dyes. The behavior of the discoloration of dyed and finished and unfinished cotton fabric and the staining of undyed fabrics in washing were related to the zeta potentials of the fabrics obtained by the streaming potential method in the presence of the surfactants and their mixtures used After washing, the undyed fabric with the anionic surfactant showed a greater difference in color than non-ionic surfactant and when the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant in the mixture was increased the color difference decreased. The zeta potentials (absolute values) of undyed and dyed and finished cotton fabric in the presence of these surfactants gave the same order values, which increased with the surfactant concentration.
Study of drafting force variability and sliver irregularity at the break draft zone of a draw frame
Authors: Siddiqui Qasim , Abro Zamir , Yu Chongwen
Published: January 2015

To produce an evener fiber assembly, it is important to understand fiber dynamic behavior during the drafting process. Drafting force and its variability is an alternative approach to understand the fiber’s velocity–friction characteristics, representing a combined effect of multiple fiber properties. In this study, online drafting force and its variability was measured with different break draft ratios and back roller gauges to analyze its effect on sliver short-term evenness. Drafting force variability well correlated with sliver evenness with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.81. The coefficient of variation (CV%) of drafting force was highest (2.3%) at low break draft 1.1–1.2, and then reduced gradually to its minimum value (1.5%) around a break draft of 1.6–1.7. The minimum variability of drafting force well corresponds with lower irregularity of sliver at certain break draft ratios. This indicates that a stable drafting force promises better fiber distribution along the sliver length. The variability of drafting force and sliver irregularity also increased as the back gauge increased from 43 to 51 mm. Furthermore, the impact of short fiber content on the drafting force was investigated at three back gauges. The increase in short fiber content gives higher magnitude of drafting force. Drafting force was also compared with the number of neps and change in fiber length in sliver for each break draft. Better nep opening and improved fiber lengths were also found around (1.6–1.7) break draft and follow the same trend of variability of drafting force as the break draft changed.
Wicking behavior and dynamic elastic recovery properties of multifunction elastic warp-knitted fabrics
Authors: Yu Zhi-Cai , Zhang Jian-Fei , Lou Ching Wen , He Hua-Ling , Chen An-Pang , Lin Jia-Horng
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the moisture transport and dynamic elastic recovery (DER) properties of the multifunction elastic warp-knitted fabric that may be used in electromagnetic shielding personal protective clothing (PPC) to protective wearers from electromagnetic radiation and other occupational hazards. The wicking behaviors of the produced elastic warp-knitted fabrics in terms of vertical wicking, horizontal wicking, transfer wicking, and siphon wicking abilities were discussed. The obtained results showed that increasing the amount of crisscross-section polyester yarns had a significant influence on the wicking behavior of the produced elastic warp-knitted fabrics. Moreover, the stretch and recovery properties of the produced elastic warp-knitted fabric caused by bodily movement were also assessed in terms of DER values at different extension levels of the fabric. The results indicated that increasing the extension level would affect the residual energy in the fabric and increase the stress values to the skin. These results provide a better understanding of the characteristics of these elastic knitted fabrics prior to use for tight-fit PPC.
Variation and relationship of quality and near infrared spectral characteristics of cotton fibers collected from multi-location field performance trials
Authors: Liu Yongliang , Todd Campbell B , Delhom Chris , Martin Vikki
Published: January 2015

Standardized instrument for testing of cotton (SITC) and advanced fiber information system (AFIS) measurements are increasingly being utilized as primary and routine means of acquiring fiber quality data by cotton breeders and fiber processors. A significant amount of information regarding fiber and yarn qualities is present, but little information exists about the compositional and chemical structure difference of cotton fibers harvested at different locations. Such information could prove useful in attempts to understand the variety selection of cotton cultivars. The purpose of this study was to characterize the fiber SITC and AFIS quality and also yarn skein strength of cottons harvested from various locations, and also to unravel the near infrared (NIR) spectral response to these differential environments. Moderate positive or negative relationships among fiber properties were observed. However, these relationships varied across experimental locations and years. Further, the analysis of variance tests indicated substantial variations among genotypes for most fiber properties, but less detectable variation among genotypes for yarn tenacity. Interestingly, principal component analysis of NIR spectra enhanced the similarity or dissimilarity of cotton fibers harvested at differing locations, implying the feasibility of the NIR technique for site selection in future cotton variety trials.
Adjusting the mechanical behavior of embroidered scaffolds to lapin anterior cruciate ligaments by varying the thread materials
Authors: Hahner Judith , Hinüber Claudia , Breier Annette , Siebert Tobias , Brünig Harald , Heinrich Gert
Published: January 2015

Traumatic rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can cause local destabilization and loss of mobility. Reconstruction using engineered ACL grafts is rarely successful due to sub-optimal material choice and mechanical performance.

Thus, the presented work demonstrates the fabrication of various embroidered single- and bi-component scaffolds made of two commercially available monofilament threads (polydioxanone, poly(lactic acid-co-ɛ- caprolactone)) as well as a novel melt spun poly(L-lactic acid) multifilament and their mechanical analysis by tensile tests and under cyclic loading.

Selected scaffolds, adjusted by material composition and textile parameters, revealed a load–strain behavior comparable to native lapin ACL tissue exhibiting a sufficient amount of elastic deformation within the toe-region of 1.7%, scaffold stiffness of 123 N/mm and adequate maximum tensile load (300 N) and strain (20%). Therefore, the design of resorbable embroidered bi-component scaffolds represents a promising approach to replace artificial non-resorbable ligament grafts and allows for innovative tissue engineering strategies.
Effect of electrospinning process parameters of polycaprolactone and nanohydroxyapatite nanocomposite nanofibers
Authors: Doustgani Amir
Published: January 2015

Electrospinning is the process of producing polymer nanofibers through the action of an external electric field imposed on a polymer solution or melt. Nanofibrous composites of polycaprolactone (PCL) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were fabricated in this study and the effects of most important process parameters, such as polymer concentration, applied voltage, spinning distance and flow rate, on the mean fiber diameter (MFD) of prepared nanofibers were investigated. The fiber morphology and MFD of nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Nanofibers were subjected to detailed analysis for chemical properties by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the MFD of fibers was in the range of 300–650 nm, which increased with decreasing spinning distance and decreased with reducing flow rate. Initially, the MFD decreased with increasing nHA concentration and voltage and then increased. FTIR analysis demonstrated good intramolecular interactions between the molecules of PCL/nHA. The results indicate that prepared nanofibers could be suitable candidates for tissue engineering applications.
Effects of variation in wool fiber curvature and yarn hairiness on sensorial assessment of knitted fabrics
Authors: McGregor Bruce A , Doughty Amanda , Thompson John , Naebe Maryam , Tester David
Published: January 2015

Previous investigations have shown that prickle discomfort sensations of wool fabrics are primarily determined by the mean fiber diameter of the wool. It is also known that differences in wool fiber curvature (crimp) affect softness of handle of greasy wool and of wool textiles. In a replicated experiment, we investigated if wearers could detect the effect of using 17 µm superfine wool of low (74°/mm) or high (114°/mm) fiber curvature, and when the wools were blended with 17 µm cashmere (fiber curvature 49°/mm) in differing proportions, on four comfort sensations. Eight single jersey knitted fabrics were assessed under a controlled protocol using forearm sleeves made of the test fabric and a control fabric. Data (37 sensorial assessments of high curvature wool fabrics; 38 sensorial assessments of low curvature wool fabrics) were analyzed using linear mixed model analysis (restricted maximum likelihood), which included fixed effects for wool type and blend ratio and a random effect for participant. The use of a control sleeve fabric reduced variance due to participant effects by providing an anchor for each sensation over time. Wool fiber curvature affected participant assessment of breathability, comfort, feel after exercise (damp/dry) and skin feel (prickly/soft), with preferred values associated with high curvature (crimp) superfine wool. Increasing the proportion of cashmere in fabrics increased skin feel (better assessed softness). Skin feel was strongly associated with the evaluation of the fabrics by the Wool ComfortMeter and with increasing hairiness of yarns.
The impacts of urban pricing on social and spatial inequalities: The case study of Lyon (France)
Authors: Souche Stéphanie , Mercier Aurelie , Ovtracht Nicolas
Published: January 2015

With the aim of making a city sustainable, this paper evaluates the impact of setting up urban toll on inequalities. We use several indicators (Gini, Theil and Atkinson indices) to measure changes in the concentration of incomes and gravity-based accessibility. In the case of the Lyon Metropolitan Area (France), we simulate a cordon pricing and evaluate its impacts on inequalities. We adopt a comparison-based approach to reduce the bias resulting from the spatial division. In agreement with the literature, we show that different inequality indicators produce contrasted and sometimes contradictory results, both at the scale of zones or metropolitan level. Results from Theil and Atkinson indicators point out introducing a toll can reduce inequalities in the most peripheral zones. Although we observe an accessibility improvement, particularly for central zones, the first ring (adjacent to the toll zone) is the most adversely affected by toll.
Is ‘gentrification’ an analytically useful concept for Vietnam? A case study of Hanoi
Authors: Yip Ngai Ming , Tran Hoai Anh
Published: January 2015

Despite the rapid transformation in the urban landscape of Vietnam, a simple and uncritical application of the ‘gentrification’ concept out of the specific spatial and temporal context of the country is problematic. Not only does the phenomenon progress in a highly compressed temporal scale compared with similar processes in cities in the Global North, it is also embedded within a paradigmatic shift of the entire socio-economic system. This paper attempts to explore the process of urban redevelopment in Vietnam and critically examines whether this concept, with its origin from the Global North, is capable of offering a conceptually robust lens through which the processes and outcomes of redevelopment can be consistently analysed. This helps to shed light on our understanding of the usefulness of the concept of gentrification in Vietnam and in transitional economies in Asia in general.
Compatibilization of silica-filled natural rubber compounds by combined effects of functionalized low molecular weight rubber and silane
Authors: Saramolee Prachid , Sahakaro Kannika , Lopattananon Natinee , Dierkes Wilma K , Noordermeer Jacques WM
Published: January 2015

Epoxidized low molecular weight natural rubber (ELMWNR) with 28 mol% epoxide groups and weight average molecular weight of 49,000 g mol−1 was prepared by oxidative degradation of epoxidized natural rubber (NR) using periodic acid in the latex state. ELMWNR-28 was used at 10 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) loading in combination with bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) as the silane coupling agent in the range of 0–4.5 phr in silica-reinforced NR compounds. The use of TESPT in combination with ELMWNR-28 gives lower mixing torques and compound viscosities compared with the use of TESPT alone and the system without any compatibilizer. The bound rubber content, modulus, and tensile strength of the compounds with only TESPT strongly depend on the TESPT loading. The use of ELMWNR-28 as a compatibilizer clearly improves such properties compared with the non-compatibilized systems. By adding TESPT into the compound with ELMWNR-28, the properties further improve with increasing TESPT loading. The combined effect of ELMWNR-28 at 10 phr with a small amount of TESPT at 1.5 phr results in compounds with superior processability (i.e. low Mooney viscosity and Payne effect), and only slightly lower modulus and reinforcement index (M300/M100) compared with the use of the optimum content of TESPT. This compatibilizer/TESPT combination has the environmental benefits that the ELMWNR is a naturally based product, and that the reduced amount of TESPT silane coupling agent emits a greatly reduced amount of ethanol during processing.
Polymer–filler interactions in a tire compound reinforced with silica
Authors: Gheller Jordão , Ellwanger Manoela V , Oliveira Vinícius
Published: January 2015

Elastomers, usually, are reinforced with reinforcing filler in order to improve their mechanical properties like tensile strength and abrasion resistance. The efficiency of this reinforcement is correlated with different factors like filler structure, surface area, and polymer–filler interactions. This study presents a methodology to quantify the bound rubber attached to the reinforcing filler silica using the thermogravimetric analyzer. Three typical rubber compounds used in tread tire were studied. In the samples tested, the silica content was kept constant, varying only the percentage of the coupling agents. Considering the results of the thermal analysis, physical, mechanical, and rheological tests, the thermogravimetric analysis has proved to be a very useful technique in evaluating the interaction of filler and polymer.
Culturally Tailored Diabetes Prevention in the Workplace
Authors: Brown Sharon A. , García Alexandra A. , Steinhardt Mary A. , Guevara Henry , Moore Claire , Brown Adama , Winter Mary A.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The purpose was to conduct focus groups with Hispanic employees to obtain input into adaptation of previous DSME interventions for use as a workplace diabetes prevention program.

Methods

From a list of interested Hispanic employees who attended a local health fair (n = 68), 36 were randomly selected to participate in focus groups held during supper mealtime breaks. An experienced bilingual moderator directed the sessions, using interview guidelines developed by the research team.

Results

Participants’ ages ranged from 22 to 65 years (mean = 50.4, n = 36, SD = 10.7), 7 males and 29 females attended, and 53% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Employees expressed a keen interest in diabetes classes and recommended a focus on preparing healthier Hispanic foods. Primary barriers to promoting healthier lifestyles were work schedules; many employees worked 2 part-time or full-time jobs. Administrators and direct supervisors of the employees were highly supportive of a workplace diabetes prevention program.

Conclusions

The consistent message was that a workplace program would be the ideal solution for Hispanic employees to learn about diabetes and healthy behaviors, given their busy schedules, family responsibilities, and limited resources. If found to be effective, such a workplace program would be generalizable to other service employees who have disproportionate diabetes rates.
Prevalence of Underprescription or Overprescription of Energy Needs in Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Adults as Determined by Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Tatucu‐Babet Oana A. , Ridley Emma J. , Tierney Audrey C.
Published: January 2015

Background: Underfeeding and overfeeding has been associated with adverse patient outcomes. Resting energy expenditure can be measured using indirect calorimetry. In its absence, predictive equations are used. A systematic literature review was conducted to determine the prevalence of underprescription and overprescription of energy needs in adult mechanically ventilated critically ill patients by comparing predictive equations to indirect calorimetry measurements. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched in May 2013 to identify studies that used both predictive equations and indirect calorimetry to determine energy expenditure. Reference lists of included publications were also searched. The number of predictive equations that underestimated or overestimated energy expenditure by ±10% when compared to indirect calorimetry measurements were noted at both an individual and group level. Results: In total, 2349 publications were retrieved, with 18 studies included. Of the 160 variations of 13 predictive equations reviewed at a group level, 38% underestimated and 12% overestimated energy expenditure by more than 10%. The remaining 50% of equations estimated energy expenditure to within ±10 of indirect calorimetry measurements. On an individual patient level, predictive equations underestimated and overestimated energy expenditure in 13–90% and 0–88% of patients, respectively. Differences of up to 43% below and 66% above indirect calorimetry values were observed. Conclusions: Large discrepancies exist between predictive equation estimates and indirect calorimetry measurements in individuals and groups. Further research is needed to determine the influence of indirect calorimetry and predictive equation limitations in contributing to these observed differences.
Pride at Work
Authors: Kelly Maura , Lubitow Amy
Published: January 2015

Collaborations between labor and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) organizations represent opportunities for both movements to increase their membership base, expand their circle of influence, and more fully embrace an intersectional framework for understanding social and economic justice. Drawing from interviews and participation with Pride at Work, an LGBT labor organization, we explore how coalitions that include LGBT and labor organizations can potentially benefit and strengthen both the labor movement and the movement for LGBT rights.
‘Religious citizens’ in Post-secular democracies
Authors: Winandy Julien
Published: January 2015

For the past two decades, philosophers of religion have paid close attention to the debates on public reason taking place within the context of political philosophy. Some thinkers claim that religious arguments should play a very limited role in political discourse, as this would amount to a politically sanctioned imposition of religious beliefs on people with different religious or non-religious worldviews. Others claim that excluding religious reasons would lead to an unfair exclusion of religious citizens from democratic processes. Underlying these positions is a highly problematic idea of what it means to be a religious citizen. On the one hand, religious citizens are conceptualized as highly self-reflective theologians. Others instead imagine religious citizens to be wholly incapable of such self-reflection and of distinguishing between public and non-public spheres. In my article I attempt to criticize these underlying assumptions and point towards a more nuanced conception of the religious citizen.
Personalizing Immigrant Sacrifices
Authors: Kang Hyeyoung , Raffaelli Marcela
Published: January 2015

This research explored Korean American (KA) young adults’ experiences related to their sense of indebtedness toward their parents and perceptions of how indebtedness affected their behavior toward parents. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 KA young adults from immigrant families. Most respondents narrated their sense of indebtedness to parents, verbally acknowledging appreciation for parents’ hardship and sacrifice; however, they differed in how much they internalized indebtedness, varying in level of personalization and perception of salience of indebtedness. Similarly, youth did not differ in how they described the role of their felt indebtedness in shaping their behavior toward parents (including filial responsibility, desire for success, and promoting positive interactions) but their motivations and interpretations of these behaviors differed depending on the degree of internalization of sense of indebtedness. Taken as a whole, findings suggest within-group variations in how KA young adults deal with collective cultural norms regarding intergenerational obligations and relationships.
Virtual information training for a global business
Authors: Frisendahl Bonnie Ranvild
Published: January 2015

This article shares the experiences of Novo Nordisk Global Information & Analysis’ efforts within virtual training. Virtual training is live training in a virtual classroom and focuses on engaging participants through exercises and peer-to-peer learning. Virtual training can be an efficient tool for information professionals to reach their end users globally and cut costs at the same time. However, it also poses some challenges, which demand that information professionals consider competency development, understanding of the virtual classroom and virtual etiquette.
Content curation
Authors: Dale Stephen
Published: January 2015

Content creation is no longer the exclusive domain of journalists, newspapers and advertisers. As Clay Shirky1 has famously pointed out, publishing is no longer a job or an industry, it’s a button. We’re all creating content, as originators or commentators, which is then shared and re-shared many times over. The resulting cascade of information requires new content organization and consumption techniques, and the disciplines, competencies and skills of content curation are now critical. This article argues that effective content curation requires real-time technology and tools used by knowledge domain experts who can interpret and add insight to content. It explores the content curation process, introduces five laws for the curation economy, presents models of content curation and assesses the essential curation skills.
Out-of-the-box
Authors: James Roger
Published: January 2015

Whilst my objective in Out-of-the-Box is to discuss the exciting new technologies set to transform our lives, we are never far from the real story which is about people. It is people who are variously flummoxed, fooled, facilitated or fascinated by the (technological) tools they use. Indeed the best definition of advanced technology is the technology that was introduced after you started work. There is a heady pace of technology advancement and a recurrent theme of the tensions as the technology clock and human clock move out of sync.

In this article I take a look back at around half a professional life and, in a performance coach review, look at what we have achieved to help calibrate the challenges ahead. The centrepiece of this story is one of the editors of Business Information Review – Sandra Ward. Our joint history suggests the interleaved prospects for information science and information technology and the shape of things to come.
Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with virtual reality for improving gait in children with spastic diparetic cerebral palsy: a pilot, randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial
Authors: Collange Grecco Luanda André , de Almeida Carvalho Duarte Natália , Mendonça Mariana E , Galli Manuela , Fregni Felipe , Oliveira Claudia Santos
Published: January 2015

Objective:

To compare the effects of anodal vs. sham transcranial direct current stimulation combined with virtual reality training for improving gait in children with cerebral palsy.

Design:

A pilot, randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial.

Setting:

Rehabilitation clinics.

Subjects:

A total of 20 children with diparesis owing to cerebral palsy.

Interventions:

The experimental group received anodal stimulation and the control group received sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex during virtual reality training. All patients underwent the same training programme involving a virtual reality (10 sessions). Evaluations were performed before and after the intervention as well as at the one-month follow-up and involved gait analysis, the Gross Motor Function Measure, the Pediatric Evaluation Disability Inventory and the determination of motor evoked potentials.

Results:

The experimental group had a better performance regarding gait velocity (experimental group: 0.63 ±0.17 to 0.85 ±0.11 m/s; control group: 0.73 ±0.15 to 0.61 ±0.15 m/s), cadence (experimental group: 97.4 ±14.1 to 116.8 ±8.7 steps/minute; control group: 92.6 ±10.4 to 99.7 ±9.7 steps/minute), gross motor function (dimension D experimental group: 59.7 ±12.8 to 74.9 ±13.8; control group: 58.9 ±10.4 to 69.4 ±9.3; dimension E experimental group: 59.0 ±10.9 to 79.1 ±8.5; control group: 60.3 ±10.1 to 67.4 ±11.4) and independent mobility (experimental group: 34.3 ±5.9 to 43.8 ±75.3; control group: 34.4 ±8.3 to 37.7 ±7.7). Moreover, transcranial direct current stimulation led to a significant increase in motor evoked potential (experimental group: 1.4 ±0.7 to 2.6 ±0.4; control group: 1.3 ±0.6 to 1.6 ±0.4).

Conclusion:

These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with virtual reality training could be a useful tool for improving gait in children with cerebral palsy.
Osteogenic cell sheets reinforced with photofunctionalized micro-thin titanium
Authors: Ishijima Manabu , Hirota Makoto , Park Wonhee , Honda Masaki J , Tsukimura Naoki , Isokawa Keitaro , Ishigami Tomohiko , Ogawa Takahiro
Published: January 2015

Cell sheet technology has been used to deliver cells in single-sheet form with an intact extracellular matrix for soft tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we hypothesized that titanium-reinforced cell sheets could be constructed for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. Fifty-µm-thick titanium plates containing apertures were prepared and roughened by acid etching, some of which were photofunctionalized with 12 min of UV light treatment. Cell sheets were prepared by culturing rat calvarial periosteum-derived cells on temperature-responsive culture dishes and attached to titanium plates. Titanium-reinforced osteogenic cell sheet construction was conditional on various technical and material factors: cell sheets needed to be double-sided and sandwich the titanium plate, and the titanium plates needed to be micro thin and contain apertures to allow close apposition of the two cell sheets. Critically, titanium plates needed to be UV-photofunctionalized to ensure adherence and retention of cell sheets. Single-sided cell sheets or double-sided cell sheets on as-made titanium contracted and deformed within 4 days of incubation. Titanium-reinforced cell sheets on photofunctionalized titanium were structurally stable at least up to 14 days, developed the expected osteogenic phenotypes (ALP production and mineralization), and maintained structural integrity without functional degradation. Successful construction of titanium-reinforced osteogenic cell sheets was associated with increased cell attachment, retention, and expression of vinculin, an adhesion protein by photofunctionalization. This study identified the technical and material requirements for constructing titanium-reinforced osteogenic cell sheets. Future in vivo studies are warranted to test these titanium-reinforced cell sheets as stably transplantable, mechanically durable, and shape controllable osteogenic devices.
Are Interpersonal Violence Rates Higher Among Young Women in College Compared With Those Never Attending College?
Authors: Coker Ann L. , Follingstad Diane R. , Bush Heather M. , Fisher Bonnie S.
Published: January 2015

Estimates of sexual violence and partner violence rates among young women are generated primarily from college samples. Few studies have data to compare rates among similar-aged women attending college with those who never attended college. This study aims to estimate rates of partner violence by type (sexual, physical, and psychological) and severity (mild, moderate, severe), sexual harassment, and knowing or suspecting that someone put a drug in a drink (drugged drink) among a national sample of 959 young women aged 18 to 24 in an intimate relationship in the past 12 months who were either currently in college (college; n = 272) or never attended college (non-college; n = 687). After adjusting for demographic differences between these two groups, no significant differences were found in rates of sexual partner violence (28.4% non-college, 23.5% college), physical partner violence (27.9% non-college, 26.3% college), psychological partner violence ( M score: 6.10 non-college, 5.59 college), sexual harassment (15.5% non-college, 14.1% college), or drugged drink (8.5% non-college, 7.8% college). Finding high rates of interpersonal violence among young women who are and are not currently attending college indicates the need to target all young adults with violence prevention interventions in educational, workplace, and other community-based settings.
Similar Mechanisms? A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Violence and Victimization
Authors: Sullivan Christopher J. , Ousey Graham C. , Wilcox Pamela
Published: January 2015

This study analyzes the extent to which there are similar patterns of violent offending and victimization in a panel of adolescents. Three explanatory perspectives are assessed: population heterogeneity, state dependence, and a mixed model. Data are drawn from a four-wave panel study of 3,976 adolescents. The main study measures comprise self-report indices for victimization and delinquency. Theoretical perspectives are specified through three distinct statistical approaches—latent growth curve, autoregressive simplex, and autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) models. The analysis then incorporates the effects of relevant time-stable and time-varying influences. A mixed perspective, represented by the ALT model, best fits the data for both violent victimization and offending. Covariates drawn from the two perspectives have similar effects as well. The findings provide some support for a similar mechanisms hypothesis.
Gendered work–family conflict in Germany: do self-employment and flexibility matter?
Authors: König Stefanie , Cesinger Beate
Published: January 2015

Applying a demands–resource approach, the present empirical study among 1395 individuals researches how flexibility and self-employment affect work–family conflict in Germany. Specifically, gender differences regarding work interference with the family and family interference with work are examined on a strain-based and time-based level. The multivariate results reveal a differentiated but surprisingly non gendered picture of the effect of self-employment and job flexibility regarding work–family conflict. Due to greater flexibility, self-employed people perceive a slightly lower time-based work-to-family conflict while their strain-based work-to-family conflict is higher than among employees. Regarding family-to-work conflict, self-employment leads to a higher level of time-based conflict, possibly because of higher expectations regarding availability. Thus, self-employment can be seen as a demand or a resource depending on the type of conflict. This study therefore contributes to a more refined understanding of the role of flexibility and self-employment in the light of literature on demands and resources.
Transient thermal response of a highly porous ventilated brake disc
Authors: Mew Timothy D , Kang Ki-Ju , Kienhöfer Frank W , Kim Tongbeum
Published: January 2015

The transient thermal response of a newly developed ventilated brake disc cored with a porous medium (wire-woven bulk diamond) is compared with those of a solid brake disc and a conventionally ventilated brake disc with pin fins. The best-performing brake disc vis-à-vis the operating temperature is dependent on the duration of braking: for a short braking event, T(solid) < T(pin-finned) < T(porous); however, for extended braking T(porous) < T(pin-finned) < T(solid). These experimental results are explained in terms of the governing thermophysical parameters using a classical first-order unsteady-state differential equation. The initial rate of increase in the brake disc temperature is dominated by the thermal capacity term; hence, for a short braking event, solid discs with a large thermal capacity operate at a low temperature. However, for extended braking, ventilated discs run cooler and reach lower steady-state temperatures than solid rotors do owing to the increased convective surface area and the forced convection in the ventilated channels. With the wire-woven bulk diamond core which allows a slightly lighter disc than the conventional pin-finned disc, a substantially lower steady-state temperature can be achieved, resulting from promoted flow mixing by three-dimensional wire-woven bulk diamond ligaments which enhance convection.
Downhill safety assistance control for hybrid electric vehicles based on the downhill driver’s intention model
Authors: Luo Yugong , Han Yunwu , Chen Long , Li Keqiang
Published: January 2015

Assisting the control of a vehicle’s speed while driving downhill improves the vehicle’s safety and reduces the driver’s workload in both internal-combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. The current technology widely used in internal-combustion engine vehicles is a hill descent control system. However, hill descent control can be achieved only at lower speeds, but it may also lead to thermal wear of the brake components during prolonged intensive braking. There is currently no effective downhill safety assistance control technology for hybrid electric vehicles that is effective across the full range of speeds and can take advantage of regenerative braking. To address the limitations of previous studies, a novel downhill safety assistant control strategy for hybrid electric vehicles, which adapts to the characteristics of different drivers and takes advantage of all braking subsystems of hybrid electric vehicles, is proposed in this paper to improve the vehicle safety, the fuel economy and the ride comfort for the full range of speeds. To adapt to the characteristics of different drivers, the downhill driver’s intention model is established on the basis of a statistical data analysis of questionnaires and experiments, which is used to determine the control mode’s switching conditions and the control objective for downhill safety assistant control. To improve the vehicle safety, the fuel economy and the ride comfort for the full speed range, a coordinated control strategy for the electric motor’s braking subsystem, the engine’s braking subsystem and the hydraulic braking subsystem is developed, which includes six braking assistant modes, an identifying strategy and torque control of the electric motor based on coordinated control strategies. Simulations and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy improves the vehicle safety, the fuel economy and the ride comfort of hybrid electric vehicles during downhill driving.
Who’s the cleanest of them all? Sanitation scores in Indian cities
Authors: Vedachalam Sridhar , Riha Susan J
Published: January 2015

Urban India is struggling to provide adequate water and sanitation services to its citizens. Open defecation, insufficient wastewater treatment, and mixing of untreated wastewater with stormwater and drinking water supplies are contributing to a severe health and economic crisis. Recent government measures such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) are steps in the right direction. We draw on sanitation scores awarded to 421 cities under NUSP to identify factors that explain the heterogeneity in city-level scores. Our estimates suggest the higher scores are partly a result of city location. Population is non-linearly associated with sanitation score. Consistent with recent literature, we show that increased presence of household toilets does not impact city-level sanitation outcomes. Further, smaller cities perform differently than medium and large cities, pointing to a need for customized policy prescriptions for different classes of cities, preferably designed by municipal governments.
“All we want are toilets inside our homes!”
Authors: Nallari Anupama
Published: January 2015

This paper describes how lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities affects the lives of adolescent girls in urban poor India. It draws specifically on the experiences of four adolescent girls, each living in one of four settlements in Bengaluru, India, and conversations with a larger group of girls. Findings reveal that where sanitation facilities are sorely lacking, adolescent girls face many deprivations (education, free time, privacy and independent mobility) and risks (sexual harassment and assault, health risks, etc.), and that this inadequacy can be a structural pathway for cyclical gender-based disempowerment and injustice.
Analytical and experimental study of vibrations in simple spatial structures
Authors: Mei C , Sha H
Published: January 2015

A wave-based analytical method is applied to study vibrations in simple spatial structures. From the wave vibration standpoint, vibrations are described as waves propagating along uniform structural elements and being reflected and transmitted at structural discontinuities. Coupled in- and out-of-plane bending, axial, and torsional vibrations are studied based on classical vibration theories. Both free and forced vibrations are studied. Natural frequencies, modeshapes, as well as frequency responses due to various external excitations are obtained. The results obtained using the wave vibration approach are verified both experimentally and through comparison to results available in the literature. Good agreements have been reached. This study provides not only exact analytical solutions to complex vibration problems in spatial structures that have mostly been relying on numerical tools, but also a benchmark to existing numerical solutions.
Decentralized active control of turbulent boundary induced noise and vibration: a numerical investigation
Authors: Yuan Ming , Ohayon Roger , Qiu Jinhao
Published: January 2015

Noise and vibration induced by turbulent boundary layer (TBL) wall pressure is a widespread issue for aircrafts and vehicles. One way to alleviate this problem is to enhance the structure’s sound isolation performance using active structural acoustic control. It is often difficult and costly to generate TBL excitation in laboratories for academic research, especially when the convection velocity is high. Thus, a numerical investigation in the early stages of research is appropriate. This paper proposes a prototyping method. The updated TBL semi-empirical model is chosen through a detailed survey of relevant literature. A tensioned panel used as a control target is intended to simulate realistic aircraft flight conditions. Decentralized control law is considered for active control. A finite element model is built which takes into account the property of TBL excitation. A model reduction technique is also adopted to decrease the order of the analysis model. Numerical simulation results show that the pre-stress effect and the hydrodynamic coincidence have a significant influence on plate vibro-acoustic performance and control channel number selection. Decentralized control of the tensioned plate structure under the pressure of TBL excitation is revealed in this work. A virtual prototyping loop justifies the control law’s effectiveness for analyzing TBL excitation. Finally, the procedure proposed may be extended to use in other models or real-life applications.
Fractional oscillator equation: analytical solution and algorithm for its approximate computation
Authors: Blaszczyk Tomasz , Ciesielski Mariusz
Published: January 2015

In this paper the fractional oscillator equation in a finite time interval is considered. The fractional equation with derivatives of order [Formula: see text] is transformed into its corresponding integral form, by using the symbolic calculus method, in which the binomial expansion of the inverse integral operator is used. A new fractional integral operator is introduced. A numerical algorithm to approximate the solution of the considered equation is proposed. In the final part of this paper examples of numerical solutions of this equation are given.
Theory of generalized thermoelasticity with fractional order strain
Authors: Youssef Hamdy M
Published: January 2015

In this work, a new theory of thermoelasticity has been derived based on fractional order of strain (fraction order Duhamel-Neumann stress-strain relation). A new unified system of differential equations that govern seven different models of thermoelasticity in the context of one temperature type and two-temperature types (14 different models of thermoelasticity) has been constructed. The second part of this work, applications of thermoelasticity with fractional order strain for an isotropic and homogenous one-dimensional elastic half-space based on one-temperature thermoelasticity of Biot, Lord-Shulman, Green-Lindsay and Green-Naghdi type II models have been solved.
Instructor Misbehaviors as Digital Expectancy Violations
Authors: MacArthur Brenda L. , Villagran Melinda M.
Published: January 2015

This study examines students’ motives for communicating with their instructors when the instructor exhibits inappropriate or unprofessional online behavior. To understand the relationship between what we call instructors’ digital expectancy violations and students’ motives for communicating with instructors, students’ levels of task, social, and physical attraction are measured. Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships among the presence of digital expectancy violations, motives to communicate, and attraction. Results revealed that students’ motivation to communicate with instructors who commit digital expectancy violations differs based on preexisting social, physical, and task attraction to the instructor.
Writing Media History Articles
Authors: Smith Jeffery A.
Published: January 2015

Editors of academic journals make general statements about criteria for accepting submissions, but more specific advice is often needed. What are the standards for history manuscripts in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, especially now that its documentation style is being changed to American Psychological Association (APA)? The journal’s history articles are useful examples of how to set substantial purposes and present perceptive interpretations. As they contribute to knowledge, such studies can stimulate thought about human experience and possibilities.
ArchiveKSA
Authors: Knifton Robert
Published: January 2015

Traditional archives of historic artefacts were not systematically acquired by Kingston School of Art during its formative years. To address the significant discrepancy between the historic practice of the art school and its material representation within holdings, ArchiveKSA emerged as a digital archiving platform. As researcher on ArchiveKSA, I am at the nexus of several alumni, student and staff communities. Collecting for ArchiveKSA involves nurturing these nascent online communities to connect personal narratives and virtual artefacts in Webs of social relations. Using ArchiveKSA as a case study, this article examines theories of online community-fostered archives and compares their functioning to traditional archives. The positioning of digital archives within memory frameworks and the possibilities of multivocality in online and physical display are areas considered, with the similarities and differences between the digital and physical versions of the archive thrown into relief.