bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress drops and earthquake nucleation in the simplest pressure-sensitive ideal elasto-plastic media
Authors: Alkhimenkov Yury , Khakimova Lyudmila , Podladchikov Yury
Published: November 2024

Abstract. This study explores stress drops and earthquake nucleation within the simplest elasto-plastic media using two-dimensional simulations, emphasizing the critical role of temporal and spatial resolutions in accurately capturing stress evolution and strain fields during seismic cycles. Our analysis reveals that stress drops, triggered by plastic deformation once local stresses reach the yield criteria, reflect fault rupture mechanics, where accumulated strain energy is released suddenly, simulating earthquake behavior. Finer temporal discretization leads to sharper stress drops and lower minimum stress values, while finer spatial grids provide more detailed representations of strain localization and stress redistribution. Our analysis reveals that displacement accumulates gradually during interseismic periods and intensifies during major stress drops, reflecting natural earthquake cycles. Furthermore, the initial wave field patterns during earthquake nucleation are complex, with high-amplitude shear components. The histogram of stress drop amplitudes shows a non-Gaussian distribution, characterized by a sharp peak followed by a gradual decay, where small stress drops are more frequent, but large stress drops still occur with significant probability. This "solid turbulence" behavior suggests that stress is redistributed across scales, with implications for understanding the variability of seismic event magnitudes. Our results demonstrate that high-resolution elasto-plastic models can reproduce key features of earthquake nucleation and stress drop behavior without relying on complex frictional laws or velocity-dependent weakening mechanisms. These findings emphasize the necessity of incorporating plasticity into models of fault slip to better understand the mechanisms governing fault weakening and rupture. Furthermore, our work suggests that extending these models to three-dimensional fault systems and accounting for material heterogeneity and fluid interactions could provide deeper insights into seismic hazard assessment and earthquake mechanics.
Measurement report: size-resolved particle effective density measured by the AAC-SMPS and implications for chemical composition
Authors: Song Yao , Wei Jing , Zhao Wenlong , Ding Jinmei , Pei Xiangyu , Zhang Fei , Xu Zhengning , Shi Ruifang , Wei Ya , Zhang Lu , Jin Lingling , Wang Zhibin
Published: November 2024

Abstract. The effective density (ρeff) is closely associated with the aging process and can serve as a tracer for chemical composition. Recently, studies investigating the effect of particle size on density have been limited. In this study, size-resolved ρeff was characterized with a tandem of an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) system during one month of observation in Hangzhou. The results indicate that the ρeff values of the particles exhibit a unimodal distribution, with average values ranging from 1.47 g/cm3 to 1.63 g/cm3, increasing as the particle diameter increases. The diurnal variation is more pronounced for small particles (dae <350 nm), which generally exhibit lower density during the day and higher density at night. The relationship between ρeff and particle diameter varies under different pollution conditions due to differences in the chemical composition of the particles. additive explanations (SHAPs) revealed good relationships between ρeff and the bulk composition of particles with diameters smaller than 350 nm. Since the size-resolved chemical composition of particles is still challenging, a new method to investigate the size-resolved chemical composition was proposed, in which the size-resolved composition can be derived from the ρeff and fixed material density of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), organic aerosols (OAs) and black carbon (BC).
Accretionary prism deformation and fluid migration caused by slow earthquakes in the Nankai subduction zone
Authors: Tonegawa Takashi , Akuhara Takeshi , Yamashita Yusuke , Sugioka Hiroko , Shinohara Masanao , Takemura Shunsuke , Tsuji Takeshi
Published: November 2024

Abstract. Slow earthquakes induce structural deformation around their source regions and can also be linked to fluid migrations. Both of these phenomena potentially induce temporal variations in the seismic structure; how these two factors behave for a slow earthquake episode remains unknown. In this study, we applied the ambient noise correlation technique to the continuous records acquired at the seafloor in the Nankai subduction zone, and investigate the changes in seismic velocity (dv/v) and heterogeneous (correlation coefficient (CC) representing heterogeneity changes) structures before and after the slow earthquake activity that occurred around the shallow plate interface from the end of 2020. As a result, temporal variations in dv/v and CC show different patterns for the slow earthquake episode. The dv/v variations show a step-like reduction and the reduced velocity was not recovered to the original level until the end of the observation period, whereas the CC variations show transient reductions and were recovered to the original level after the episode. Thus, the dv/v reflects the variation in the aspect ratio of pre-existing cracks and/or newly created cracks due to sediment deformation, where the extensional stresses normal to the trough were induced by the slips of the slow earthquakes, and the updated crack condition persisted even after the episode. We suggest that the CC variations correspond to transient fluid migrations from the source regions to shallow depths, activated by the fracturing of fluid caprocks that resulted from slow earthquakes. Our study indicates that monitoring these two quantities provides useful information to understand the variations in the subsurface structure due to slow earthquakes.
Technical note: Automatic retrieval of wind speed and direction from in situ wave observations of a small buoy
Authors: Björkqvist Jan-Victor , Alari Victor
Published: November 2024

Abstract. This study presents an automatic algorithm for estimating the wind speed and direction from wave observations. The method rests upon the decades old field-validated theory that the energy of a certain part of the wave field is directly proportional to the wind speed. The wind properties were estimated using data from a small wave buoy moored in the sheltered Finnish archipelago and in the exposed Baltic Proper (the Baltic Sea). The estimated wind speed and directions were compared to a nearby weather station (archipelago) and a high-resolution numerical hindcast (Baltic Proper). The algorithm was able to accurately estimate the wind speed (biases 0.3–0.5 m s-1 and root-mean-square-errors 1.5–1.6 m s-1). The wind direction was estimated from the mean wave direction of the shortest waves (1.00–1.28 Hz) and was mostly within 20° of the observed wind direction, with some of the differences clearly explained by land and coastlines tainting the measurements. As an additional measure to previously implemented algorithms, the estimated wind direction was used when determining the wind speed, which is expected to add robustness if strong swell is present. The results of the different places were obtained using slightly different equilibrium level constants, αu, but with otherwise identical algorithm settings, which suggests that the difference is caused by a more fundamental uncertainty of the value of the experimental constant, not the details of the algorithm itself.
On the global geodynamic consequences of different phase boundary morphologies
Authors: Morgan Gwynfor T. , Davies J. Huw , Myhill Robert , Panton James
Published: November 2024

Abstract. Phase transitions can influence mantle convection patterns, inhibiting or promoting vertical flow. One such transition is the ringwoodite-to-bridgmanite plus periclase transition, which has a negative Clapeyron slope and therefore reduces mantle flow between the upper and lower mantle. Interactions between different transitions and significant Clapeyron slope curvature can potentially result in complexities in mid-mantle geodynamics – affecting the stagnation of slabs and free upward motion of plumes. Here, we consider two examples where non-linear phase boundary morphologies have been invoked to explain mid-mantle dynamics: (1) the intersection of the ringwoodite-to-bridgmanite plus periclase transition with the bridgmanite-to-akimotoite and ringwoodite-to-akimotoite plus periclase transitions, forming a 'branching' morphology, and (2) the curvature of the garnet-to-bridgmanite transition. Using simple mantle convection or circulation simulations, we find that the dynamic impact of these example phase transitions are limited by either the uniqueness of thermodynamic state or the low magnitude of the phase buoyancy parameter respectively. Therefore it is unlikely that these phase boundary morphologies will, by themselves, prevent material exchange across the mid-mantle.
Estimation of particulate organic carbon export to the ocean from lateral degradations of tropical peatland coasts
Authors: Kagawa Hiroki , Yamamoto Koichi , Sutikno Sigit , Haidar Muhammad , Basir Noerdin , Koyama Atsushi , Kanno Ariyo , Akamatsu Yoshihisa , Suzuki Motoyuki
Published: November 2024

Abstract. The amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) export to the ocean due to coastal erosion and peat mass movement events on Bengkalis Island, Indonesia, was estimated. The annual flux of POC to the ocean due to coastal erosion along the research area of Bengkalis Island was estimated to be in the range of 2.06 to 7.60 tC m−1 yr−1. POC exports to the ocean by events of peat mass movement along the coast of the northern part of Bengkalis Island were estimated in a range of 1.43 to 5.41 tC m−1, with an average increase of 2.23 tC m-1 from 2010 to 2018. The estimation of the POC flux was carried out by combining the analysis of the peat soil and the estimation of the volume of exported peat using aerial photogrammetry and satellite imagery analysis. A linear relationship was found between the area affected by the landslide and the volume of the peat soil divided by area. Coastal erosion and peat mass movements occurred in a chain of events, confirming that peat from coastal areas was exported to the ocean. Annual export of POC from coastal erosion for 1 m was equivalent to annual carbon emissions from degraded peatlands of 0.41 to 1.52 hectares. The carbon export rate per metre from events of peat mass movement corresponds to carbon emissions produced over one year of 0.29 to 1.08 hectares of degraded peatlands. On a peatland coast with an average length of 3,152 metres, the amount of POC exported to the ocean due to events of peat mass movement was estimated to range from 4.45 to 17.1 ktC, while the POC exported due to coastal erosion was estimated to range from 6.35 to 23.9 ktC yr-1. These lateral carbon exports on the tropical peatland coast indicate a new route of carbon export to the ocean, in addition to the common riverine discharge of organic carbon.
Global and National CO2 Uptake by Cement Carbonation from 1928 to 2024
Authors: Niu Le , Wu Songbin , Andrew Robbie M. , Shao Zi , Wang Jiaoyue , Xi Fengming
Published: November 2024

Abstract. The hydration products of cement materials can absorb atmospheric CO2, and this carbonation process provides an important decarbonization pathway for the cement industry. Global carbon sequestration by cement materials has been reported, but carbon uptake in different countries remains unquantified. Here, we quantify the national cement carbon uptake from 1928 to 2023 based on 58517 activity level data from 163 cement-producing countries and regions worldwide and 6186 carbonation parameters from detailed data records of 42 countries, and project their trend to 2024. The global CO2 uptake by cement materials increases from 7.74 Mt yr-1 (95 % confidence interval, CI: 5.84–9.85 Mt CO2 yr-1) in 1928 to 0.84 Gt yr-1 (95 % CI: 0.71–1.00 Gt yr-1) in 2023, and projected to rise to 0.86 Gt yr-1 (95 % CI: 0.73–1.02 CO2 yr-1) in 2024. The accumulated CO2 uptake from 1928 to 2023 is 21.26 Gt CO2 (95 % CI: 17.93–25.17 Gt CO2), which offsets about 46 % of the cement process emission (46.06 Gt CO2) in past 96 years. Simultaneously, the dominance in cement carbon uptake has shifted from the USA, Japan and some European countries to emerging economies such as China and India, which account for 38.0 % and 9.1 % of total CO2 uptake, respectively, in the last decade (2014–2023). By analyzing the long time-series carbon emission and uptake of the 42 countries with detailed data, we find they contributed 82.1 % of global cement CO2 uptake from 1928 to 2023, including 21 peaked countries and 21 non-peaked countries in cement emissions The annual carbon offset level (the ratio of uptake to process emission in a given year) shows a remarkable decrease due to the temporal lag of cement carbon uptake. This is significant for countries with higher cement imports, for example, the cement industry in Australia and Japan have achieved net-zero when considering the cement carbonation sink. This study provides a precise bottom-up quantification to cement carbonation sinks at national and global levels. All the data described in this study are accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13827861 (Wu et al., 2024).
Is higher resolution always better? Open-access DEM comparison for Slope Units delineation and regional landslide prediction
Authors: Ahmed Mahnoor , Titti Giacomo , Trevisani Sebastiano , Borgatti Lisa , Francioni Mirko
Published: November 2024

Abstract. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) play a key role in slope instability studies, ranging from landslide detection and recognition to landslide prediction. DEMs assist these investigations by reproducing landscape morphological features and deriving relevant predisposing factors, such as slope gradient, roughness, aspect, and curvature. Additionally, DEMs are useful for delineating map units with homogeneous morphological characteristics, such as Slope Units (SUs). In many cases, the selection of a DEM depends on factors like accessibility and resolution, without considering its actual accuracy. In this study, we compared freely available global DEMs (ALOS, COP, FABDEM) and a national DEM (TINITALY) with a reference DEM (local airborne LiDAR) to identify the most suitable DEM for representing fine-scale morphology and delineating SUs in the Marche Region, Italy, for landslide susceptibility mapping. Furthermore, we proposed a novel approach for selecting the optimal SUs partition. The DEM comparison was based on several criteria, including elevation, residual DEMs, roughness indices, slope variations, and the ability to delineate SUs. TINITALY, resampled at a 30x30 m pixel size, was found to be the most suitable DEM for representing fine-scale terrain morphology. It was then used to generate the optimal SUs partition among 18 combinations. These combinations were evaluated using both existing and newly integrated metrics alongside mapped landslide inventories to optimize terrain delineation and produce landslide susceptibility maps.
Leveraging Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Automated Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Drivetrains
Authors: Jamil Faras , Peeters Cédric , Verstraeten Timothy , Helsen Jan
Published: November 2024

Abstract. Wind energy is considered a sustainable renewable energy source; however, it faces the challenge of significant operating and maintenance costs. The research proposes a hybrid fault detection method to combine the physical domain knowledge with the machine learning models to provide an overview of the health of wind turbine drivetrain components. Signal processing indicators are computed from raw vibration signals measured from strategically placed accelerometers over drivetrain components. It produces an immense number of indicators as each indicator is sensitive towards certain types of faults, and manual monitoring becomes an unfeasible task. The machine learning models are trained using signal processing indicators and SCADA data. The normal behaviour modelling technique is employed to learn the healthy operation of the machine from data collected during healthy machine operation. The trained normal behaviour machine learning models label each indicator in a healthy or faulty state over time. The labelled state-of-the-art signal processing indicators are fused to provide a high-level health status overview of wind turbine drivetrain components. It helps to derive the required details from many condition indicators, which is valuable when managing multiple components in a single wind turbine across an entire wind farm. The proposed hybrid fault detection method is validated on an offshore wind farm with multiple years of condition monitoring data. It provides a high-level health overview that is readily understandable for non-expert wind farm operators, and for more detailed fault analysis, experts can conduct a comprehensive inspection.
Adel und Wirtschaftsstrategien. Eine Standes- und Funktionselite im Wandel
Authors: Hyden-Hanscho Veronika
Published: November 2024

The Nobility and Economic Strategies. Noble and Functional Elites in Transition.
Reforms to the state apparatus and tax collection enacted by Empress Maria Theresa challenged existing noble traditions and privileges in the second half of the 18th century. This article examines various narratives concerning the Lower Austrian nobility and reveals economic strategies adopted by them in light of these changes. The main archival sources used are the family cash books of several local noble dynasties. By tracing a variety of income opportunities and career paths over long periods of time, these documents constitute an interesting source on aristocratic economic activity. Strategies of estate management, public office-holding, finances, and investments continued to ensure rising income under changing circumstances. Moreover, the nobility’s relationship to power as a functional elite under the impact of social and political change is illuminated.

Keywords: aristocratic family strategies, household economy, income, estate management, careers in public service
Diferentes experiências vividas a partir da percepção ambiental: o livro de registro e o parque
Authors: Bovo Marcos Clair
Published: November 2024

este artigo apresenta reflexões teóricas com base na Geografia Humanística,
estabelecendo uma relação entre espaço e lugar. Diante disso, a pesquisa tem por
intenção/objetivo identificar e caracterizar a percepção dos usuários do Parque Estadual Vila
Rica do Espírito Santo do município de Fênix-PR, percebida pelas impressões deixadas pelos
sujeitos no memorial do livro de registro do parque, no período de 1990 a 1997. Para tanto,
realizou-se o seguinte questionamento, como interpretar o parque enquanto lugar, espaço e
paisagem com imagens e sentimentos dos visitantes? Para responder esse questionamento,
foram elencadas quatro categorias: a beleza e a riqueza do parque, o poético, o museu
arqueológico e a pesquisa que foram transcritas do livro de registro e interpretadas, levando-se
em consideração as diferentes percepções sobre o parque. Os resultados indicam a presença
de valores afetivos, ecológicos e históricos, os quais são percebidos e vivenciados pelos
visitantes.
The Main Factors and Trends in the Development of Urbanization in Kazakhstan
Authors:   NPJSC «Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University», TURSYNGALIYEVA Kyrmyzy , TUKEEVA Adash ,   Tokmok branch of KSTU named after I. Razzakov, URAZBEKOV Abai ,   NPJSC «Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University»
Published: November 2024

Like many countries of the world, Kazakhstan is considered an urbanized country.
The purpose of the article was to study the main factors that determine the trends, intensity
and features of urbanization processes in Kazakhstan. Data on the number of urban and rural
population in the country were given, and the reason for the gap between the number of urban
and rural residents was explained. The cities have also increased due to migration flows, and
statistical data on migration flows are given. It was also concluded that the uneven distribution
of urbanization processes on the territory of the country, as well as the factors of urbanization,
are reflected in full in Kazakhstan's conditions and determine its trends and intensity. Based
on the identified trends and problems of urbanization, the recommendations for choosing the
main directions and mechanisms for regulating urbanization processes in Kazakhstan are justified.
Experimental Study of a Multi-level Protective Device for an Inverter System
Authors:   NCJSC «M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz Regional University», OMAROV Zhaksylyk , KHOZHAGELDI Bolat ,   NCJSC «M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz Regional University», NALIBAYEV Nurgali ,   NCJSC «M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz Regional University», TASHIMBETOV Murat ,   JSC «Kazakhstan Institute of Oil and Gas», MINAZHOVA Saulesh ,   NCJSC «Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K.I. Satpayev»
Published: November 2024

Solar energy is becoming an increasingly attractive source for electricity production,
and solar power plants (SPPs) are becoming more common around the world. Solar panel
systems typically include inverters, which convert the direct current produced by the solar
panels into alternating current that can be used in electrical systems. However, inverters can
become vulnerable to various problems such as overvoltages, short circuits or grid instability.
Protection of the solar power inverter system plays a key role in ensuring reliable operation of
the system and preventing the negative consequences of possible malfunctions. In this context,
inverter protection includes a range of technologies and activities aimed at detecting and
responding to potential problems, minimizing risks and ensuring the safety of the power system
as a whole. The results of an experimental study of multi-level protection of an inverter
system based on the use of various types of protective devices against faults in the electrical
network are described.
Development of a Methodology for Creating Training Materials for the Digital Environment
Authors:   NCJSC «D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University», SADYKANOVA Oryngul , SEITAKHMETOVA Zhanat ,   NCJSC «Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University», KUMARGAZHANOVA Saule ,   NCJSC «D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University», SMAILOVA Saule ,   NCJSC «D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University»
Published: November 2024

The design of digital instructional content in educational organizations is a crucial
factor in the development of the modern information-educational environment. This study
aims to analyze existing standards for digital instructional materials and develop a methodology
for creating such materials based on the SCORM 2004 standard. An analysis of existing
standards for developing digital instructional materials has shown that SCORM is the most
effective. This study presents a comparative analysis of the structural components of SCORM
across various versions. An algorithm for creating instructional materials based on SCORM
2004 has been developed, including stages of development, selection of tools and technologies,
as well as methods for quality control and effectiveness assessment. The outcome of
the study is a methodology for forming digital content considering the specifics of the SCORM
2004 standard. The results of testing this methodology are presented through the development
and evaluation of the online course «NIS. Computer Science».
Development of Antibiogram Toolkit for Enhancing Empiric Antibiotic Selection in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: G Meghana , Dsa Megan Elita , KN Thejas Yadav
Published: November 2024

Background: A clinical microbiology laboratory at the hospital receives frequent reports on the antibiotic susceptibilities of localized bacterial isolates. Clinicians frequently utilize antibiograms to evaluate regional susceptibility rates, as a tool in choosing initial antibiotic therapy, and to track changes in resistance over time within a facility.
Objectives:
To develop an antibiogram using culture sensitivity data.
To help select empirical antibiotic therapy for suspected infection.
Methodology: A prospective study was conducted in 243 patients with positive culture sensitivity data in the department of microbiology at MVJ medical college and research hospital for a period of 6 months (February 2022-August 2022). Patients of either gender irrespective of the age, diagnosed with bacterial infection and having positive culture sensitivity data with or without comorbid conditions and pregnancy were included. In a case report form that was specially created, all the necessary patient information was gathered. The antibiogram displays the percentage susceptibility of the most frequently isolated bacteria in tabular form.
Results: In our study the most isolated organism was found to be Klebsiella species (30.86%), followed by E. coli (18.52%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.29%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.47%), which showed that Klebsiella species were susceptible to colistin (100%), Fosfomycin (89%) and showed 100% resistance towards PIP/TAZ and ampicillin. E. coli showed susceptibility towards meropenem (100%), nitrofurantoin (95.5%), imipenem (95%), and Fosfomycin (91.7%).
Conclusion: The study's high rates of resistance across both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates highlight the need for accurate anti-microbial sensitivity testing data collected through routine cultures, which can aid in the consistent development and dissemination of antibiograms and guide the use of antibiotics.

Key words: Antibiogram, Antibiotic resistance, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Antimicrobial therapy, Culture sensitivity.
Comprehensive Review of Bioenergy Sustainability: Balancing Economic, Environ-mental, and Social Impacts
Authors: Hasnain Qamar Shabahat Hasnain Qamar , Moazzam Ali Muhammad , Ur Rehman Hafeez
Published: November 2024

This review explores bioenergy's role in the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Bioenergy, derived from biomass like plants and organic waste, promises a reliable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly energy source. However, concerns about its sustainability and feasibility require a com-prehensive assessment of environmental, economic, and social factors.
Construir una cultura científica popularizando la Ciencia Verde: retos y oportunidades
Authors: Ojeda Solarte Mary Luz , Pérez Canencio José Gabriel , Cuero Gamboa Christian Andrés , Guevara Bejarano Jorge Enrique , Pérez Ojeda Miguel Angel
Published: November 2024

Hacer frente al cambio climático representa un reto ambiental sin precedentes, sin embargo, la política climática a nivel mundial ofrece oportunidades importantes. Muchos de los efectos del cambio climático son ya evidentes y por eso es necesario actuar de forma inmediata, pero ¿cómo hacerlo?, ¿cómo crear una cultura del cuidado del planeta y de su biodiversidad?
La biodiversidad es esencial para el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y los beneficios que brindan a la humanidad. Su conservación es importante para la sostenibilidad y se ha convertido en una prioridad para asegurar un futuro equilibrado.
Este artículo aborda los desafíos en la educación y divulgación de la Ciencia Verde, al igual que su integración en los currículos educativos, la formación docente y la falta de recursos. Estos desafíos, junto con la necesidad de compromiso político, requieren una acción concertada por parte de gobiernos y academias. A pesar de las barreras, la alfabetización en Ciencia Verde presenta oportunidades en la academia, la investigación y la educación para sensibilizar y actuar.
Mediante un enfoque metodológico mixto que combina la Ciencia Ciudadana y la Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP), se busca empoderar a las comunidades y facilitar la transferencia bidireccional de saberes. Este enfoque promueve la participación activa de la ciudadanía en la investigación y la educación ambiental, ayudando a enfrentar los desafíos y aprovechar las oportunidades que la Ciencia Verde ofrece para un desarrollo humano equitativo.
Enhancing Science and Climate Literacy in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Cabero Marco , Pérez José , Ojeda Mary Luz , Zhang Zhimin , Lim Tit , Hashmi Imran , Liu Zhenying , De Castro Douglas , Montoya Gonzalo , Wade Desire
Published: November 2024

The Intercontinental meeting on Science Literacy 2024 brought together experts, educators, and policymakers to discuss the changing landscape of science and climate literacy in Latin America and the Caribbean. This document synthesizes the ideas shared at the conference and aims to serve as a resource to promote science literacy measures. Key topics include the impact of digital transformation on education, the integration of climate literacy into school curricula, the importance of cultural relevance, and the challenges of accessibility and misinformation. Opportunities to improve scientific literacy through collaborative networks, public engagement, and supportive policies are also highlighted. The white paper presents strategies to integrate digital tools, promote inclusion, and promote lifelong learning. These recommendations will be integrated into the ongoing development of the Declaration on Science and Climate Literacy, initially published in 2021 by the Andean Road Countries for Science and Technology and its collaborators.
Leveraging Robotics for Sustainable Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis of Africa and the EU’S Food Security Strategies
Authors: A. A. Anya, , K. A. Anya, , A. V. Ishola,
Published: November 2024

The intensifying demand for food production, driven by population growth and climate pressures, has placed a strain on agricultural systems worldwide, particularly in Africa and the European Union (EU). This paper presents a comparative analysis of the adoption of robotics in agriculture across these regions, exploring the current practices, limitations, and advancements shaping the future of sustainable farming. In Africa, limited infrastructure, high costs, and technological barriers hinder the integration of robotics, challenging smallholder farmers and reducing productivity. Conversely, the EU demonstrates more advanced adoption, supported by robust policy frameworks and technology infrastructure, although it faces challenges including workforce aging and the need for ethical guidelines in AI applications. This study highlights significant case studies within the EU, such as those in the Netherlands and Germany, showcasing the economic and environmental impacts of robotics in diverse farming models. The analysis extends to the benefits of robotics in increasing productivity and resource efficiency while reducing labor dependency, contributing to precision farming practices and environmental sustainability. The findings underscore the critical role of robotics in future agricultural systems, suggesting that while Africa faces more immediate barriers to adoption, targeted investments and policy adaptations could bridge these gaps. The study concludes by advocating for tailored, region-specific strategies to achieve sustainable agriculture through robotics, underscoring the technology's potential to address global food security challenges in Africa and the EU.
Assessment of the Effect of Vehicular Emission on Air Quality in Uyo
Authors: H. D. Precious, , O. M. Olatunji, , S. A. Nta,
Published: November 2024

The presence of vehicular traffic in urban city centers due to urban expansion occasioned by rapid population growth has been of immense concern for many years, as emissions from vehicle exhausts pose a major threat to both public health and environmental quality. This trend is expected to continue as ownership of vehicles keeps increasings. In this study, attempts are made to measure the concentration of traffic related emissions, with a view to assess the intricate relationships between vehicular emissions, their effect on surrounding air quality, and their impact on public health by extension, in Uyo metropolis, using USEPA air quality index. Six sampling locations were selected for this analysis. In selecting the study locations, special preference was given to accessibility, availability of open space free from shed, meteorological consideration of upward and downward directions, and areas with minimal local influence from vehicular movement. Also, consideration was given to the sensitivity and stability of the equipment, as well as its capability to reproduce results. The concentrations of the priority pollutants (i.e., CO, H2S, SO2 and O) were measured with highly sensitive digital portable meters (Crowcon Gasman Monitors) in each of the selected locations, at peak traffic periods, and compared with standard air quality ratings. The results of the study showed that locations IRJ, IPJ and NRJ recorded relatively the highest measured concentrations of the pollutants (CO, H2S and SO2) respectively, while IPJ, NRJ and IRJ recorded the lowest measured concentrations of same pollutants respectively. Continuous accumulation of these toxic gases in the air poses greater threat or may add to an already existing health burden of the residents of those locations. Therefore, further and thorough investigation is highly recommended to study the health impact of these contaminants in the residents.
Asymmetric Impact of Carbon Emission, Oil Price Shocks on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1981 – 2022)
Authors: E. A. Ayangbemi, , B. Obi,
Published: November 2024

The study examines the asymmetric impact of carbon emissions and oil prices on economic growth in Nigeria. The research is conducted using annual time series data running from 1986 to 2019. The study employs Nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models (NARDL) as the estimation technique. The variables used in the analysis were Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Carbon Emission (CO2), and Oil Price (OP). The NARDL result shows that carbon emission has a negative and significant impact on economic growth in the long run and the oil price has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in both the short-run and long-run. Based on the empirical outcomes of the result obtained, the following recommendations were offered: The implementation of an economic diversification policy from oil reliance towards dependence on other sustainable energy types (renewable energy resources) should be sustained and strengthened especially. The private sector should also tap into the opportunities that are available in the oil sector, such as the decarbonization programme in order to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuels.
On Comparing the Optimality Criteria Performance of Resolution IV And Resolution V Factorial Designs
Authors: R. M. Ugochukwu, , O. K. Ejiofor, , J. C. Nwanya,
Published: November 2024

This study looks at the optimality criteria performances on the factorial design of Resolution IV and Resolution V. The Comparative studies of Resolution IV and Resolution V design were evaluated using the D, G, and I-optimality criteria. The FDS plots were also used. The results showed that in all the factors k considered, Resolution V has a better factorial design when it comes to D-optimality, G-optimality and I-optimality, but when the interest is on the spread of the scale prediction variance, Resolution IV is preferred. The FDS plots for Resolution IV and V design were relatively the same for factors k = 6 and k = 10.
The Social Representations of Rare Diseases in Cameroon: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study of Ten Mothers of Children Suffering from a Rare Disease in Yaounde
Authors: R-D Ngoumou, , Y. B. Djouda Feudjio,
Published: November 2024

Rare diseases (RD) are challenging complex and sometimes novel health events that give rise to numerous interpretations in society. RDs have very low prevalence and the majority do not have treatments. They are chronic, debilitating and may lead to premature death. Moreover, most of these diseases do not have specific names in many cultural lexicology, making them to be viewed as an abnormal phenomenon. In many cultural areas, a normal disease is one that is known, mastered and especially treatable; when a disease is resistant and persists despite actions engaged to manage it, like RDs, it becomes mysterious and suspicious. The aim of this paper is to describe the social representations of RDs in Cameroon. In this light, data presented here were obtained by applying a qualitative inquiry method which allowed us to explore in-depth descriptions, explanations and narrations of the experience of mothers who have children suffering from a RD. Ten (10) mothers were met in Yaounde through a patients’ organization and they were selected using a non-probability (purposive) sampling from November to December 2021. The theory of social representations by Jodelet was utilized to determine the genesis of knowledge constructed on RDs in Cameroonian context.
A Case for Grassroots Theological Education (GTE) in Moral Development from Daniel 1 for the Nigerian Context
Authors: Umaru Victor
Published: November 2024

This paper discusses the critical need for Grassroots Theological Education (GTE) to promote moral development in Nigeria, focusing on the biblical narrative of Daniel 1. In Nigeria, where moral degradation and ethical challenges such as corruption, violence, and social injustice are pervasive, traditional theological education fails to address these issues effectively at the grassroots level. The problem lies in the gap between formal theological institutions and the moral realities societies face, particularly in rural and underserved areas. This study fills that gap by arguing for implementing GTE, which is community-based, accessible, and contextually relevant for moral formation in Nigerian society. The paper examines the current state of theological education in Nigeria and its shortcomings in addressing moral development. It analyses the narrative of Daniel 1 to draw insights into moral integrity and propose a grassroots model of theological education that can better address Nigeria’s moral challenges. Through an analytical approach, the study employs textual analysis of Daniel 1 and a review of secondary sources on theological education and moral development in Nigeria. The findings reveal that Daniel’s moral courage in the face of cultural and political pressures offers valuable lessons for Nigerian youths and parents struggling with similar ethical dilemmas. Inspired by the narrative, GTE provides practical lessons for moral formation by engaging societies at their level of understanding and need. The paper recommends the establishment of locally-driven theological education that integrates biblical teaching with real-life moral challenges, focusing on practical ethics, leadership, and the promotion of integrity from a young age.
The Pedagogical Significance of Biblical Languages in African Theological Education
Authors: Umaru Victor
Published: November 2024

This study discusses The Pedagogical Significance of Biblical Languages in African Theological Education, focusing on the declining proficiency in biblical languages such as Hebrew and Greek within African theological institutions, using the Baptist College of Theology, Obinze. The problem identified was the increasing marginalisation of these languages, often substituted by more practical or contemporary subjects, resulting in a weakening of biblical exegesis and diminished theological depth in academic and pastoral contexts. The study’s primary objective was to assess biblical languages’ role in enhancing theological education, particularly in African contexts. It investigated how mastery of Hebrew and Greek could significantly improve scriptural interpretation, homiletics, and doctrinal accuracy among African theologians and pastors. The research aimed to demonstrate that proficiency in these languages offers essential insights into the original meaning of biblical texts and a greater connection to their cultural and historical contexts. Methodologically, the study employed discourse analysis and case studies, examining curricula from various African theological institutions and surveying educators and students. It also reviewed theological literature to evaluate biblical languages’ historical and contemporary significance in Christian education. The findings revealed that institutions prioritising biblical language instruction produce graduates with more vital exegetical skills, better equipped for accurate scriptural interpretation and culturally sensitive theological reflection. Based on these findings, the study recommends that African theological institutions reinstate the teaching of biblical languages as a core part of their curricula. These recommendations include creating more accessible language courses, integrating digital learning tools, and emphasising biblical language proficiency’s long-term academic and pastoral benefits. The study advocates for a balanced approach to theological education incorporating biblical languages as a vital component of developing sound theological scholarship and effective ministry in Africa.
Effect of Contraventions of Building Regulations and Informal Land Subdivision on the Quality of Built Environment in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: G. K. O. Okereke, , V. A. Okanya, , J. A. Okereke, , U. Lawal, , A. Yakubu, , C. Ezugwu, , K. Ebiegberi,
Published: November 2024

The study examined the effect of contraventions of building regulations and informal land subdivision on the quality of built environment in Enugu State. The study adopted survey design and was carried out in Enugu State, Nigeria. The population for the study was 88 respondents which comprised 36 building technology lecturers and 52 building technology lab technologists from the Department of Building Technology in Enugu State University of Technology and the Department of Industrial Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka respectively. Due to the manageable size of the population, no sampling was done as the entire population was used as the sample of the study. The instrument for data collection was a 37-item structured questionnaire which was validated by 3 experts. A total of 88 copies of the instrument were administered to the respondents by the researchers with the help of 2 research assistants. The instrument was analyzed using weighted mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance, using t-test statistics. The study found that contraventions of building regulations and informal land subdivisions in Enugu State have greatly affected the built environment negatively. The study recommends that the local authorities in Enugu State should create awareness campaigns on community planning which will be strengthened during plan implementations by capacitating the local leaders in order to reserve and maintain spaces for construction projects and agriculture based livelihood activities.
Melanoma maligno de piel: ¿Es algo de qué preocuparse? Un estudio sobre la tasa de egreso hospitalario entre los años 2018-2021 en Chile.
Authors: Madero Mendoza Carolina , Fuentes Castro Florencia , Perazzo Tornería Fiorella , Jarufe Gayoso Amanda
Published: November 2024

El melanoma es un tipo de cáncer de piel potencialmente mortal que presenta un sostenido incremento a nivel global. Actualmente no existen estudios recientes que muestren la realidad epidemiológica hospitalaria de esta patología en el país. Objetivo: Calcular la tasa de egreso hospitalario e identificar año, sexo y grupo etario con mayor tasa de egreso hospitalario por melanoma maligno de piel en los años 2018 a 2021 en Chile. Metodología: Estudio observacional y descriptivo, utilizando datos de los egresos hospitalarios en los años 2018 a 2021 en Chile, considerando variables sexo, grupo etario y año. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y cálculo de tasa de egreso hospitalario. Resultados: Tasa de egreso hospitalario por melanoma maligno de 4,81 por cada 100.000 habitantes entre los años 2018 a 2021. La mayor tasa de egreso corresponde al sexo masculino en el rango etario 80 y más años. Se observó tendencia al aumento de tasa de egreso hospitalario conforme incrementa edad de los pacientes diagnosticados. Discusión y conclusión: Mayor tasa de egreso hospitalario en Chile en comparación a la incidencia mundial. Durante pandemia disminuyó tasa de egreso hospitalario, probablemente, por reconversión de camas hospitalarias y baja pesquisa de neoplasias cutáneas en controles de salud en este periodo. El sexo masculino fue el mayor afectado por falta de fotoprotección y sus características morfofisiológicas cutáneas. Este trabajo busca aportar a la epidemiología nacional, junto con invitar a la comunidad científica a realizar nuevos estudios e incentivar la educación sobre conductas de riesgo y de protección para melanoma.
Effect of Ternary Hybrid Nanoparticles on Brinkman Type Fluid Flow between Two Walls
Authors: Mubarra Abbass  , Iram Naz
Published: November 2024

The research delves into the intricate study of the fractional model of unsteady and incompressible MHD Brinkman fluid between vertical plates. Various fractional derivatives, along with appropriate boundary conditions, such as Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, Antangna Baleanu, and Prabhakar are applied. The non-dimensional equations are skillfully tackled using the Laplace transform method. The resulting solution for energy and momentum is presented in a series form. The study also delves into the intriguing influence of memory parameters on the temperature and velocity field, visually representing the mathematical outcomes for temperature and velocity fields across different parameters. Furthermore, the study provides insightful comparisons between different fractional derivatives, shedding light on their respective impacts on the temperature and velocity fields.
Deep Learning Mastery through Network Ensemble Fusion for Indian Sign Language Recognition
Authors: Priya K
Published: November 2024

Indian Sign Language (ISL) serves as the primary means of communication for individuals with disabilities in India, yet it remains largely unfamiliar to the general population, hindering effective communication between these individuals and the wider community. Deep learning methodologies, crucial for tasks such as image classification and natural language processing, prioritize accuracy. Ensemble networks, which combine predictions from multiple models, present a promising avenue for enhancing accuracy in such applications. This research rigorously investigates various strategies for implementing ensemble networks and evaluates their efficacy in the domain of ISL recognition. The dataset utilized in this study comprises a comprehensive collection of ISL gesture images, encompassing the alphabet (A-Z) and numeric digits (0-9). Leveraging the robust capabilities of the MediaPipe framework, these images are organized in CSV format for efficient processing. Through extensive experimentation, we systematically examine the performance of ensemble approaches in comparison to individual models. Our findings consistently demonstrate that ensemble techniques exhibit superior performance over standalone models, showcasing a consistent trend towards improved accuracy. We have achieved around 96% for the average ensemble, whereas individually model was giving 95%, 89%, 93% respectively. We also attempted for weighted average ensemble, and we achieved around 97% which outperformed the individual models. This study contributes valuable insights into the utilization of ensemble networks for ISL recognition, highlighting their potential to bridge communication gaps between individuals with disabilities and the broader community.