bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breaking the “Adopt, Attack, Abandon” Cycle: A Case for Improvement Science in K–12 Education
Authors: Rohanna Kristen
Published: March 2017

School reform efforts have collectively failed to find sustainable solutions to education's most pressing problems. Researchers and education practitioners have both vocalized these challenges. The difficulty of fitting proven reforms to local school contexts often leads to a cycle of “adopt, attack, and abandon.” This chapter discusses the potential power of improvement science to break the cycle in education. In doing so, the research aims to understand the school leader's perspective when improvement science processes were employed at their sites. The research examined three school cases, as principals used rapid cycles of evaluations, using the improvement science PDSA model. In addition to providing a better understanding of what factors facilitate or constrain the implementation of rapid cycles of evaluation in school sites, the research offers insight into how evaluators can use improvement science methods to adapt interventions or practices to local context.
Controls on spatial and temporal variations in sand delivery to salmonid spawning riffles
Authors: Milan David
Published: March 2017

Fine sediment infiltration into gravel interstices is known to be detrimental to incubating salmonid embryos. Infiltration into spawning riffles can show large spatial variations at the scale of a morphological unit and over time, with significant implications for embryo survival. Furthermore, some process‐based infiltration studies, and incubation‐to‐emergence models assume that fines are delivered to redds via suspension rather than bedload. This process‐based 12‐month study examined spatial patterns of predominantly sand infiltration into gravels in an upland trout stream, using infiltration baskets. An assessment of Rouse numbers for infiltrated sand indicated that it was transported predominantly as bedload at flow peaks. Clear temporal and spatial patterns existed, with highest rates of infiltration strongly associated with higher discharges (r2 = 0.7, p < .05). Seasonal variations in the delivery of different grain sizes were also a feature, with enhanced contributions of 0.5–2 mm sediment during elevated winter flows and 0.125–0.5 mm sediment during spring and summer; the latter is potentially harmful to the later stages of embryo incubation. Clear spatial patterns were also evident across riffles, with highest rates of infiltration tending to occur in areas of lower relative roughness—the areas competent to transport sand for longer periods. Incubation‐to‐emergence models should take into consideration spatial patterns of fine sediment dynamics at the pool–riffle scale, to improve prediction.
Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies
Authors: Krys Kuba , Capaldi Colin A. , van Tilburg Wijnand , Lipp Ottmar V. , Bond Michael Harris , Vauclair C.‐Melanie , Manickam L. Sam S. , Domínguez‐Espinosa Alejandra , Torres Claudio , Lun Vivian Miu‐Chi , Teyssier Julien , Miles Lynden K. , Hansen Karolina , Park Joonha , Wagner Wolfgang , Yu Angela Arriola , Xing Cai , Wise Ryan , Sun Chien‐Ru , Siddiqui Razi Sultan , Salem Radwa , Rizwan Muhammad , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , Nader Martin , Maricchiolo Fridanna , Malbran María , Javangwe Gwatirera , Işık İdil , Igbokwe David O. , Hur Taekyun , Hassan Arif , Gonzalez Ana , Fülöp Márta , Denoux Patrick , Cenko Enila , Chkhaidze Ana , Shmeleva Eleonora , Antalíková Radka , Ahmed Ramadan A.
Published: March 2017

Inequalities between men and women are common and well‐documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies—there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women‐are‐wonderful effect—that women are evaluated more positively than men overall—is also common. Cross‐cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self‐reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women‐are‐wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.
Invisible friends across four countries: Kenya, Malawi, Nepal and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Wigger J. Bradley
Published: March 2017

Cross‐cultural comparisons of the prevalence of invisible/imaginary companions are difficult due to the use of various methods of data gathering and the lack of sampling in developing countries. The present study took place among 443 children (3–8‐year‐olds) in four different countries (Kenya, Malawi, Nepal and the Dominican Republic) employing the same interview method. Among all the children 21% affirmed that they had invisible/imaginary companions at the time of the interview. But the rates between countries varied significantly from a low of 5% in Nepal to a high of 34% in the Dominican Republic. The results suggest that the potential for the phenomenon transcends cultural particularity even as culture plays an important role for supporting or discouraging invisible/imaginary companions.
Thiol‐based copper handling by the copper chaperone Atox1
Authors: Hatori Yuta , Inouye Sachiye , Akagi Reiko
Published: March 2017

Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) plays a crucial role in cellular copper homeostasis. Atox1 captures cytosolic copper for subsequent transfer to copper pumps in trans Golgi network, thereby facilitating copper supply to various copper‐dependent oxidereductases matured within the secretory vesicles. Atox1 and other copper chaperones handle cytosolic copper using Cys thiols which are ideal ligands for coordinating Cu(I). Recent studies demonstrated reversible oxidation of these Cys residues in copper chaperones, linking cellular redox state to copper homeostasis. Highlighted in this review are unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones. Also, summarized are the redox nodes in the cytosol which potentially play dominant roles in the redox regulation of copper chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):246–254, 2017
BEX4 upregulation alters Sertoli cell growth properties and protein expression profiles: An explanation for cadmium‐induced testicular Sertoli cell injury
Authors: Yu Wu , Yaping Liu , Mingjun Wu , Jie Hao , Xiaogang Liao , Gang Li
Published: March 2017

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cadmium (Cd) may induce testicular dysfunction by targeting genes that are expressed in the testis. Here, we demonstrated that BEX4 is expressed in testis Sertoli cells, and its expression was significantly upregulated by CdCl2 treatment through activating the p38 signaling pathway. To investigate whether augmented BEX4 expression affects Sertoli cell growth and function, BEX4‐overexpressing TM4 Sertoli cells were established. Proteomics analysis identified 85 differentially expressed proteins in BEX4‐overexpressing cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the significantly upregulated proteins had functional implications in cellular metabolic processes, whereas those that were downregulated were mostly related to cell cycle and cell communication. Therefore, the present study provides the first evidence that BEX4 upregulation induces alterations in Sertoli cell growth properties and protein expression profiles, which may be an explanation for Cd‐induced testicular Sertoli cell injury.
Kinetics of Absorption of Carbon Dioxide into Sodium Metaborate Solution
Authors: Uysal Duygu , Dogan Özkan Murat , Uysal Bekir Zühtü
Published: March 2017

Carbon dioxide capture potential of sodium metaborate, which is the main product of the process by means of which hydrogen is obtained from sodium borohydride, was investigated. This work aims at both carbon dioxide capture and finding an alternative use for sodium metaborate. The products of this chemical absorption are sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and boric acid; all of which are industrially important chemicals. In this study, the kinetics of the reaction between sodium metaborate and carbon dioxide was investigated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 17 and 50°C while initial sodium metaborate concentration was changed as 0.5, 1, and 2.5 wt%. The frequency factor and activation energy for this reaction were found as 1.97 × 10−3 m3/mol‐s and 18,062 J/mol, respectively.
Polyvalent 2D Entry Inhibitors for Pseudorabies and African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Ziem Benjamin , Rahn Jessica , Donskyi Ievgen , Silberreis Kim , Cuellar Luis , Dernedde Jens , Keil Günther , Mettenleiter Thomas C. , Haag Rainer
Published: March 2017

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in Africa but recently also spread into the Russian Federation and the Eastern border of the EU. So far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. Thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. Another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is Aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV). This article reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel extracellular matrix‐inspired entry inhibitors based on polyglycerol sulfate‐functionalized graphene sheets. The developed 2D architectures bind enveloped viruses during the adhesion process and thereby exhibit strong inhibitory effects, which are equal or better than the common standards enrofloxacin and heparin as demonstrated for ASFV and PrV. Overall, the developed polyvalent 2D entry inhibitors are nontoxic and efficient nanoarchitectures, which interact with various types of enveloped viruses. Therefore they prevent viral adhesion to the host cell and especially target viruses that rely on a heparan sulfate‐dependent cell entry mechanism.

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Hyperbranced Polymers by Photoinduced Self‐Condensing Vinyl Polymerization Using Bisbenzodioxinone
Authors: Aydogan Cansu , Ciftci Mustafa , Kumbaraci Volkan , Talinli Naciye , Yagci Yusuf
Published: March 2017

Branched polymers with different branching densities and their cross‐linked analogues are synthesized by photoinduced self‐condensing vinyl polymerization via benzodioxinone photochemistry. Thus, methyl methacrylate is copolymerized with two different comonomers, namely, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate in the presence of bisbenzodioxinone (BBNZ) under UV light. Upon irradiation, BBNZ undergoes irreversible decomposition leading to the formation of benzophenone photosensitizer and bisketene. The released benzophenone is further photoexcited at the same wavelength to give the initiating radicals through hydrogen abstraction from the inimer. In the case of HEMA, additional branching sites are formed by the reaction of bisketene with the hydroxyl functionalities of HEMA.

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Dual‐Physical Cross‐Linked Tough and Photoluminescent Hydrogels with Good Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Hu Chen , Wang Mei Xiang , Sun Lei , Yang Jian Hai , Zrínyi Miklós , Chen Yong Mei
Published: March 2017

Development of novel photoluminescent hydrogels with toughness, biocompatibility, and antibiosis is important for the applications in biomedical field. Herein, novel tough photoluminescent lanthanide (Ln)‐alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with the properties of biocompatibility and antibiosis have been facilely synthesized by introducing hydrogen bonds and coordination bonds into the interpenetrating networks of Na‐alginate and PVA, via approaches of frozen‐thawing and ion‐exchanging. The resultant hydrogels exhibit high mechanical strength (0.6 MPa tensile strength, 5.0 tensile strain, 6.0 MPa compressive strength, and 900 kJ m−3 energy dissipation under 400% stretch), good photoluminescence as well as biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. The design strategy provides a new avenue for the fabrication of multifunctional photoluminescent hydrogels based on biocompatible polymers.

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Rotigotine Effects on Bladder Function in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Brusa Livia , Petta Filomena , Farullo Giuseppe , Iacovelli Valerio , Ponzo Viviana , Iani Cesare , Stanzione Paolo , Agró Enrico Finazzi
Published: March 2017

Background

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of rotigotine treatment on bladder function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who have urinary urgency.

Methods

in total, 20 patients with PD underwent urodynamic evaluation and completed International Prostate Symptoms questionnaires in off‐rotigotine condition and after 3 months of rotigotine patch monotherapy administration. In both sessions, clinical motor condition was evaluated with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Part III (motor part).

Results

Rotigotine administration significantly ameliorated the first sensation of bladder filling, the neurogenic detrusor overactive contractions threshold and bladder capacity compared with the off‐treatment condition. Moreover, the total score on the International Prostate Symptoms questionnaire revealed a decrease of filling (irritative) symptoms after rotigotine treatment compared with the off‐treatment condition.

Conclusion

The positive effects of rotigotine may be due to its balanced agonism to D1 and D2 receptors and in particular to its stimulation of D1 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex and insula, which are known as areas involved in bladder‐inhibitory functions.
Optimal reconstruction and quantitative image features for computer‐aided diagnosis tools for breast CT
Authors: Lee Juhun , Nishikawa Robert M. , Reiser Ingrid , Boone John M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal representative reconstruction and quantitative image feature set for a computer‐aided diagnosis (CADx) scheme for dedicated breast computer tomography (bCT).

Method

We used 93 bCT scans that contain 102 breast lesions (62 malignant, 40 benign). Using an iterative image reconstruction (IIR) algorithm, we created 37 reconstructions with different image appearances for each case. In addition, we added a clinical reconstruction for comparison purposes. We used image sharpness, determined by the gradient of gray value in a parenchymal portion of the reconstructed breast, as a surrogate measure of the image qualities/appearances for the 38 reconstructions. After segmentation of the breast lesion, we extracted 23 quantitative image features. Using leave‐one‐out‐cross‐validation (LOOCV), we conducted the feature selection, classifier training, and testing. For this study, we used the linear discriminant analysis classifier. Then, we selected the representative reconstruction and feature set for the classifier with the best diagnostic performance among all reconstructions and feature sets. Then, we conducted an observer study with six radiologists using a subset of breast lesions (N = 50). Using 1000 bootstrap samples, we compared the diagnostic performance of the trained classifier to those of the radiologists.

Result

The diagnostic performance of the trained classifier increased as the image sharpness of a given reconstruction increased. Among combinations of reconstructions and quantitative image feature sets, we selected one of the sharp reconstructions and three quantitative image feature sets with the first three highest diagnostic performances under LOOCV as the representative reconstruction and feature set for the classifier. The classifier on the representative reconstruction and feature set achieved better diagnostic performance with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.94 (95% CI = [0.81, 0.98]) than those of the radiologists, where their maximum AUC was 0.78 (95% CI = [0.63, 0.90]). Moreover, the partial AUC, at 90% sensitivity or higher, of the classifier (pAUC = 0.085 with 95% CI = [0.063, 0.094]) was statistically better (P‐value < 0.0001) than those of the radiologists (maximum pAUC = 0.009 with 95% CI = [0.003, 0.024]).

Conclusion

We found that image sharpness measure can be a good candidate to estimate the diagnostic performance of a given CADx algorithm. In addition, we found that there exists a reconstruction (i.e., sharp reconstruction) and a feature set that maximizes the diagnostic performance of a CADx algorithm. On this optimal representative reconstruction and feature set, the CADx algorithm outperformed radiologists.
Influence of the film‐forming process on the nanostructuration of Pebax®/1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate ionic liquid: Consequences on the thermal, mechanical, gas, and water transport properties
Authors: Magana S. , Sudre G. , Gouanvé F. , Cousin F. , Espuche E.
Published: March 2017

1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate ionic liquid (IL) was incorporated in Pebax® MV 3000 copolymer through solvent cast (SC) or melt blending (MB) for composition from 0 to 30 wt % IL. The morphology was investigated by small angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The SC copolymer film exhibited a lower mean correlation distance (D = 87 Å) and smoother transition between the rigid and soft phases in comparison with the MB film (D = 103 Å). By dissolving in the copolymer soft phase, IL acted as a plasticizer, impeded soft segments crystallization and led to linear increase of D. The differences observed in morphology as a function of the film process impacted the mechanical and gas transport properties: below 20 wt % IL, all SC films sustained thermomechanical properties up to 120 °C and exhibited lower permeability than MB films. IL adding made permeability decrease up to 60%, depending on the gas nature and IL amount. Hydration of the films was investigated by sorption and SANS analyses. The impact of water uptake on swelling was similar for all membranes whereas water diffusion depended on the film morphologies and IL amount. Interesting mechanical and transport properties were obtained for IL content up to 20 wt %. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 778–788
Layered structured CoAl/CdS‐LDHs nanocomposites as visible light photocatalyst
Authors: Cai Pingwei , Ci Suqin , Wu Na , Hong Yuan , Wen Zhenhai
Published: March 2017

A reliable method has been developed for the synthesis of nanohybrids with CdS nanoparticles decorating the surface of the interlayer structured CoAl‐layered double hydroxides (CoAl/CdS‐LDHs), which was implemented by combining methods of hydrothermal, anion‐exchange, and gas‐liquid sulfide reaction. The samples were characterized by various techniques, including X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV‐Vis spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The present work presents an efficient route for decorating CoAl‐LDHs with CdS nanoparticles; in this way, the photocatalytic activity of CoAl‐LDHs under irradiation of visible light can be effectively adjusted. The as‐developed strategy may open up a promising avenue for designing and functionalizing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) materials with improved photocatalytic activity.
Memristive Devices with Highly Repeatable Analog States Boosted by Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Wang Changhong , He Wei , Tong Yi , Zhang Yishu , Huang Kejie , Song Li , Zhong Shuai , Ganeshkumar Rajasekaran , Zhao Rong
Published: March 2017

Memristive devices, having a huge potential as artificial synapses for low‐power neural networks, have received tremendous attention recently. Despite great achievements in demonstration of plasticity and learning functions, little progress has been made in the repeatable analog resistance states of memristive devices, which is, however, crucial for achieving controllable synaptic behavior. The controllable behavior of synapse is highly desired in building neural networks as it helps reduce training epochs and diminish error probability. Fundamentally, the poor repeatability of analog resistance states is closely associated with the random formation of conductive filaments, which consists of oxygen vacancies. In this work, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are introduced into memristive devices. By virtue of the abundant oxygen anions released from GQDs, the GQDs can serve as nano oxygen‐reservoirs and enhance the localization of filament formation. As a result, analog resistance states with highly tight distribution are achieved with nearly 85% reduction in variations. In addition the insertion of GQDs can alter the energy band alignment and boost the tunneling current, which leads to significant reduction in both switching voltages and their distribution variations. This work may pave the way for achieving artificial neural networks with accurate and efficient learning capability.
Engineering Bimetallic Ag–Cu Nanoalloys for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysts: A Guideline for Designing Ag‐Based Electrocatalysts with Activity Comparable to Pt/C‐20%
Authors: Wu Xiaoqiang , Chen Fuyi , Zhang Nan , Qaseem Adnan , Johnston Roy L.
Published: March 2017

Development of highly active and stable Pt‐free oxygen reduction reaction catalysts from earth‐abundant elements remains a grand challenge for highly demanded metal–air batteries. Ag‐based alloys have many advantages over platinum group catalysts due to their low cost, high stability, and acceptable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance in alkaline solutions. Nevertheless, compared to commercial Pt/C‐20%, their catalytic activity still cannot meet the demand of commercialization. In this study, a kind of catalysts screening strategy on AgxCu100−x nanoalloys is reported, containing the surface modification method, studies of activity enhancement mechanism, and applied research on zinc–air batteries. The results exhibit that the role of selective dealloying (DE) or galvanic displacement (GD) is limited by the “parting limitation”, and this “parting limitation” determines the surface topography, position of d‐band center, and ORR performance of AgxCu100−x alloys. The GD‐Ag55Cu45 and DE‐Ag25Cu75 catalysts alloys present excellent ORR performance that is comparable to Pt/C‐20%. The relationship between electronic perturbation and specific activity demonstrates that positive shift of the d‐band center (≈0.12 eV, relative to Ag) for GD‐Ag55Cu45 is beneficial for ORR, which is contrary to Pt‐based alloys (negative shift, ≈0.1 eV). Meanwhile, extensive electrochemical and electronic structure characterization indicates that the high work function of GD‐Ag55Cu45 (4.8 eV) is the reason behind their excellent durability for zinc–air batteries.
Helping Students Understand Intersectionality: Reflections from a Dialogue Project in Residential Life
Authors: Claros Sharon Chia , Garcia Gina A. , Johnston‐Guerrero Marc P. , Mata Christine
Published: March 2017

In this chapter, the authors share insights from a dialogue project focused on intersectionality within a residential life setting and discuss additional strategies for helping students understand intersectionality.
A “Nation‐ized” Intersectional Analysis: The Politics of Transnational Campus Unity
Authors: Okazawa‐Rey Margo
Published: March 2017

The author introduces the concept of “nation” as an analytic category in contemporary diversity discourse and intersectional analysis of social relations in U.S. higher educational institutions. She then suggests how an intersectional lens that includes nation can expand possibilities for understanding the experiences of international students and coalitions between them and students born and raised in the United States.
High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies a Subset of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Vascular Regenerative Potential
Authors: Sherman Stephen E. , Kuljanin Miljan , Cooper Tyler T. , Putman David M. , Lajoie Gilles A. , Hess David A.
Published: March 2017

During culture expansion, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentially express aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an intracellular detoxification enzyme that protects long-lived cells against oxidative stress. Thus, MSC selection based on ALDH-activity may be used to reduce heterogeneity and distinguish MSC subsets with improved regenerative potency. After expansion of human bone marrow-derived MSCs, cell progeny was purified based on low versus high ALDH-activity (ALDHhi) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and each subset was compared for multipotent stromal and provascular regenerative functions. Both ALDHl° and ALDHhi MSC subsets demonstrated similar expression of stromal cell (>95% CD73+, CD90+, CD105+) and pericyte (>95% CD146+) surface markers and showed multipotent differentiation into bone, cartilage, and adipose cells in vitro. Conditioned media (CDM) generated by ALDHhi MSCs demonstrated a potent proliferative and prosurvival effect on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) under serum-free conditions and augmented HMVEC tube-forming capacity in growth factor-reduced matrices. After subcutaneous transplantation within directed in vivo angiogenesis assay implants into immunodeficient mice, ALDHhi MSC or CDM produced by ALDHhi MSC significantly augmented murine vascular cell recruitment and perfused vessel infiltration compared with ALDHl° MSC. Although both subsets demonstrated strikingly similar mRNA expression patterns, quantitative proteomic analyses performed on subset-specific CDM revealed the ALDHhi MSC subset uniquely secreted multiple proangiogenic cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor beta, platelet derived growth factor alpha, and angiogenin) and actively produced multiple factors with chemoattractant (transforming growth factor-β, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, 2, and 3 (GRO), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8) and matrix-modifying functions (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotinase 1 & 2 (TIMP1/2)). Collectively, MSCs selected for ALDHhi demonstrated enhanced proangiogenic secretory functions and represent a purified MSC subset amenable for vascular regenerative applications.
Assessing Student Learning in Hybrid Courses
Authors: Stromie Traci , Baudier Josie G.
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes different types of assessments for hybrid learning, outlining the challenges and benefits of assessing in the hybrid classroom, and offers examples of assessments.
Preparing Students for Success in Hybrid Learning Environments with Academic Resource Centers
Authors: Newman Daniel , Dickinson Michael
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes institutional and andragogical best practices for preparing students to succeed in hybrid courses through the programming of academic resource centers, offers information on how to create peer support systems for students, and outlines some of the common pitfalls for students encountering a hybrid course for the first time.
Creating an Online Presence for Hybrid Support
Authors: Jerke Darin , Mosterd Eric
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores the web presence needed for instructors, students, administrators, and staff as hybrid courses are implemented at the institutional level and discusses the physical presence (office(s) and staff) needed to effectively provide and sustain online support for hybrid education.
Supporting Institutional Hybrid Implementations
Authors: Cavanagh Thomas B. , Thompson Kelvin , Futch Linda
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes important considerations for higher education administrators and other leaders as they design, develop, and implement a comprehensive hybrid learning initiative.
Prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor cells and CXCR4 expression as biomarkers for a CXCR4 peptide antagonist in combination with carboplatin-etoposide in small cell lung cancer: exploratory analysis of a phase II study
Authors: Salgia Ravi , Weaver R. Waide , McCleod Michael , Stille John R. , Yan S. Betty , Roberson Stephanie , Polzer John , Flynt Amy , Raddad Eyas , Peek Victoria L. , Wijayawardana Sameera R. , Um Suzane L. , Gross Steve , Connelly Mark C. , Morano Carrie , Repollet Madeline , Sanders Renouard , Baeten Kurt , D’Haese David , Spigel David R.
Published: March 2017

Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in CTCs and tumor tissue were evaluated as prognostic or predictive markers of CXCR4 peptide antagonist LY2510924 plus carboplatin-etoposide (CE) versus CE in extensive-stage disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Methods This exploratory analysis of a phase II study evaluated CXCR4 expression in baseline tumor tissue and peripheral blood CTCs and in post-treatment CTCs. Optimum cutoff values were determined for CTC counts and CXCR4 expression in tumors and CTCs as predictors of survival outcome. Kaplan-Meier estimates and hazard ratios were used to determine biomarker prognostic and predictive values. Results There was weak positive correlation at baseline between CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue and CTCs. Optimum cutoff values were H-score ≥ 210 for CXCR4+ tumor, ≥7% CTCs with CXCR4 expression (CXCR4+ CTCs), and ≥6 CTCs/7.5 mL blood. Baseline H-score for CXCR4+ tumor was not prognostic of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Baseline CXCR4+ CTCs ≥7% was prognostic of shorter PFS. CTCs ≥6 at baseline and cycle 2, day 1 were prognostic of shorter PFS and OS. None of the biomarkers at their respective optimum cutoffs was predictive of treatment response of LY2510924 plus CE versus CE. Conclusions In patients with ED-SCLC, baseline CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue was not prognostic of survival or predictive of LY2510924 treatment response. Baseline CXCR4+ CTCs ≥7% was prognostic of shorter PFS. CTC count ≥6 at baseline and after 1 cycle of treatment were prognostic of shorter PFS and OS.
Simultaneous Enzymatic Transesterification and Esterification of an Acid Oil Using Fermented Solid as Biocatalyst
Authors: Aguieiras Erika C. G. , Cavalcanti‐Oliveira Elisa D. , de Castro Aline M. , Langone Marta A. P. , Freire Denise M. G.
Published: March 2017

This work studied the enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) for potential use as biodiesel via simultaneous esterification and transesterification of acid oil from macaúba in a solvent‐free system. A fermented and dry babassu cake with lipase activity from Rhizomucor miehei was used as biocatalyst. FAEE content above 85% was achieved after 96 h of reaction with enzyme loading of 13 U per g of oil, 120 mmol of hydrous ethanol (95% ethanol and 5% water)/20 mmol of oil (molar ratio ethanol:oil of 6:1), at 40 °C. After two consecutive enzymatic reactions, 90.8 wt% FAEE content was obtained. These results demonstrate a promising transesterification/esterification method for FAEE production from an acid and low‐cost oil and the process has potential to decrease the costs of enzymatic biodiesel production.
The simple query “Do you want more pain medication?” is not a reliable way to assess acute pain relief in patients in the emergency department
Authors: Chauny Jean-Marc , Marquis Martin , Paquet Jean , Lavigne Gilles , Cournoyer Alexis , Manzini Christiane , Daoust Raoul
Published: March 2017

Objective

The management of acute pain constitutes an essential skill of emergency department (ED) physicians. However, the accurate assessment of pain intensity and relief represents a clinically challenging undertaking. Some studies have proposed to define effective pain relief as the patient’s refusal for additional analgesic administration. The aim of this study was to verify whether such a refusal is effectively indicative of pain relief.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included ED patients who received single or multiple doses of pain medication for an acute pain problem. Patients were evaluated for pain relief using one Likert scale and two dichotomous questions: Is your pain relieved? and Do you want more analgesics? Non-relieved patients were further analysed using a checklist as to the reasons behind their refusal for supplemental pain medication.

Results

We have recruited 378 adult patients with a mean age of 50.3 years (±19.1); 60% were women and had an initial mean pain level of 7.3 (±2.0) out of 10. We observed that 68 out of 244 patients who were adequately relieved from pain asked for more analgesics (28%), whereas 51 out of 134 patients who were not relieved from pain refused supplemental drugs (38%). Reasons for refusal included wanting to avoid side effects, feeling sufficiently relieved, and disliking the medication’s effects.

Conclusion

Over a third of ED patients in acute pain were not relieved but refused supplemental pain medication. Patients have reported legitimate reasons to decline further analgesics, and this refusal cannot be used as an indication of pain relief.
De la variation lexicale en franco-ontarien: les données du corpus de Casselman (Ontario)
Authors: Bigot Davy
Published: March 2017

Notre étude traite de l'alternance des formes exprimant les notions de « véhicule automobile » et de « travail rémunéré » dans un corpus d'entrevues recueillies dans le village franco-ontarien de Casselman. Après avoir présenté les études antérieures portant sur la variation lexicale en français laurentien, nous exposons nos hypothèses, les principales caractéristiques de la communauté de Casselman, la méthodologie, puis nos résultats analysés à la lumière des recherches publiées jusqu’à maintenant. Notre objectif est de fournir des données provenant d'entrevues récentes, réalisées auprès d'adultes et d'adolescents franco-ontariens, afin de : 1) dégager les points de convergence et de divergence dans les pratiques linguistiques des Franco-Ontariens observés jusqu’à présent, 2) fournir des preuves supplémentaires appuyant la thèse de l'unité des variétés de français laurentien, et plus globalement, 3) illustrer à nouveau l'intérêt des études lexicales en linguistique variationniste.
St’át'imcets intonation contours: a preliminary study
Authors: Caldecott Marion
Published: March 2017

Acoustic research on the prosody and intonation of Northwest Coast languages has until recently been under-researched. This paper joins the growing body of research on the subject and reports on the results of the first study of intonation in St’át'imcets (Lillooet Salish; Northern Interior Salish). It tests the generalization proposed by Davis (2007) that information structure is not correlated with prosody in Salish languages by comparing the intonation contours of declaratives and yes/no questions. Specifically, I ask two questions: is nuclear accent rightmost? And are yes/no questions associated with higher pitch, as predicted by the Universality of Intonational Meaning? Results are comparable to those reported for other Salish languages, namely Koch (2008, 2011) on Nɬeʔkepmxcín, Jacobs (2007) on Skwxwú7mesh and Benner (2004, 2006) and Leonard (2011) on SENĆOŦEN. Nuclear accent is associated with the rightmost stressed vowel, regardless of focus, and while no speaker signals yes/no questions with a final rise, each has higher pitch within typologically common parameters.
The Shona reflexive as covert anaphora
Authors: Storoshenko Dennis Ryan
Published: March 2017

This paper presents an analysis of reflexives in Shona. Taking seriously the observation that the reflexive morphemezvi-is homophonous with one of Shona's object markers, I argue that this homophony is not accidental. Rather, the morpheme that emerges in reflexive contexts is object marking triggered by a covert anaphor. The analysis rests on two planks: first, establishing thatzvi-is the default agreement form in the language generally; and second, establishing that a covert anaphor may trigger such an agreement. In so doing, a treatment of object marking as the exponence of discourse-givenness is advanced. The analysis is compatible with treatments of object marking in Shona as either an agreement affix or a clitic. Theoretical issues related to default agreement, covert anaphors, and distinctions between discourse-givenness and topicality are also discussed, along with an alternative account treatingzvi-as a valence-reducing derivational affix.
Basque ideophones from a typological perspective
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide
Published: March 2017

Ideophones are described as expressive marked linguistic units with a dramaturgic depictive function. Although commonly regarded in traditional general linguistics as rare and marginal, recent research on this topic has shown that these elements are pervasive in all languages and that they might share some linguistic characteristics across languages. This article analyses Basque ideophones from a typological perspective. The main goal is to describe the structure, meaning and function of Basque ideophones and to discuss how the Basque ideophonic system fits into the cross-linguistic characterisation of these linguistic units.
‘PROCLAIMING IT TO GREEKS AND NATIVES, ALONG THE ROWS OF THE CHEQUER-BOARD’: READERS AND VIEWERS OF ACROSTICH INSCRIPTIONS IN GREEK, DEMOTIC AND LATIN
Authors: Mairs Rachel
Published: March 2017

Hellenistic and Roman acrostich inscriptions are usually full of verbal and visual clues, which point the reader in the direction of the ‘hidden message’ contained in the vertical lines of the text. The authors of such inscriptions want their audiences to appreciate the skill that has gone into their composition. There are several complementary ways in which the presence of an acrostich might be signalled to the reader or viewer and their attention directed towards it. These include direct verbal statements, or more subtle allusions, within the text of the inscription. But, even without having read its text, the viewer of an inscription containing a ‘hidden message’ is often immediately aware that some kind of wordplay is at work. Acrostichs, palindromes and various kinds of word square are all graphically striking, or their appearance may be enhanced to make them more so. Regular spacing, the repetition of the acrostich in a separate column and the use of painted or incised grids are all ways in which the layout of the text on the stone can invite the viewer to play a word game. In some cases, as I will argue in this paper, acrostich makers envisaged—even intended—the participants in this game to include the illiterate as well as the literate.
‘Make the Economy Scream’? Economic, Ideological and Social Determinants of Support for Salvador Allende in Chile, 1970–3
Authors: NAVIA PATRICIO , OSORIO RODRIGO
Published: March 2017

With polling and municipal level data, we analyse the determinants of Salvador Allende's presidential election victory in 1970 and the change in political and electoral support for his government (1970–3). Support for Allende is explained by ideology more than by social class, socio-demographic variables or the economic performance of the country. Allende won in 1970 as an opposition candidate when the outgoing Frei administration enjoyed high approval and the country was experiencing favourable economic conditions. In 1973, when Allende had 49.7% approval, ideology remained the strongest determinant of presidential approval. Economic variables and social class are less important in explaining electoral support for Allende and for his Popular Unity coalition.
Impacts of ambient temperature on the burden of bacillary dysentery in urban and rural Hefei, China
Authors: CHENG J. , XIE M. Y. , ZHAO K. F. , WU J. J. , XU Z. W. , SONG J. , ZHAO D. S. , LI K. S. , WANG X. , YANG H. H. , WEN L. Y. , SU H. , TONG S. L.
Published: March 2017

Bacillary dysentery continues to be a major health issue in developing countries and ambient temperature is a possible environmental determinant. However, evidence about the risk of bacillary dysentery attributable to ambient temperature under climate change scenarios is scarce. We examined the attributable fraction (AF) of temperature-related bacillary dysentery in urban and rural Hefei, China during 2006–2012 and projected its shifting pattern under climate change scenarios using a distributed lag non-linear model. The risk of bacillary dysentery increased with the temperature rise above a threshold (18·4 °C), and the temperature effects appeared to be acute. The proportion of bacillary dysentery attributable to hot temperatures was 18·74% (95 empirical confidence interval (eCI): 8·36–27·44%). Apparent difference of AF was observed between urban and rural areas, with AF varying from 26·87% (95% eCI 16·21–36·68%) in urban area to −1·90% (95 eCI −25·03 to 16·05%) in rural area. Under the climate change scenarios alone (1–4 °C rise), the AF from extreme hot temperatures (>31·2 °C) would rise greatly accompanied by the relatively stable AF from moderate hot temperatures (18·4–31·2 °C). If climate change proceeds, urban area may be more likely to suffer from rapidly increasing burden of disease from extreme hot temperatures in the absence of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Relative palaeointensity and reservoir effect on Lake Esmeralda, Antarctica
Authors: Irurzun M.A. , Chaparro M.A.E. , Sinito A.M. , Gogorza C.S.G. , Nuñez H. , Nowaczyk N.R. , Böhnel H.N.
Published: March 2017

Four cores from the bottom sediments of Lake Esmeralda, Vega Island, Antarctica (60°48'S, 57°37'W) were studied. Analysis of rock magnetics indicates that the main carriers of magnetization are ferrimagnetic minerals, predominantly pseudo-single-domain (titano-) magnetite with a small proportion of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic minerals. The magnetic grain size of the samples is in the range of 1–5 μm and the variation of the interparametric ratios is less than one order of magnitude. Demagnetization of the natural remanent magnetization shows a stable remanent magnetization in most of the samples. Thus, the samples fulfil the necessary conditions to calculate relative palaeointensity (RPI) and the curves obtained correlated with global models enabling dating of the cores. The 250 cm of sediment recovered spans the last 10 200 yr bp. Finally, some samples with high organic matter content were dated by accelerator mass spectrometry 14C. By comparison with the age defined by the RPI curves, a reservoir effect of c. 5200 years is suggested for this region of Vega Island.
Media audit reveals inappropriate promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in South-East Asia
Authors: Vinje Kristine Hansen , Phan Linh Thi Hong , Nguyen Tuan Thanh , Henjum Sigrun , Ribe Lovise Omoijuanfo , Mathisen Roger
Published: March 2017

Objective

To review regulations and to perform a media audit of promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in South-East Asia.

Design

We reviewed national regulations relating to the Code and 800 clips of editorial content, 387 advertisements and 217 Facebook posts from January 2015 to January 2016. We explored the ecological association between regulations and market size, and between the number of advertisements and market size and growth of milk formula.

Setting

Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

Results

Regulations on the child’s age for inappropriate marketing of products are all below the Code’s updated recommendation of 36 months (i.e. 12 months in Thailand and Indonesia; 24 months in the other three countries) and are voluntary in Thailand. Although the advertisements complied with the national regulations on the age limit, they had content (e.g. stages of milk formula; messages about the benefit; pictures of a child) that confused audiences. Market size and growth of milk formula were positively associated with the number of newborns and the number of advertisements, and were not affected by the current level of implementation of breast-milk substitute laws and regulations.

Conclusions

The present media audit reveals inappropriate promotion and insufficient national regulation of products under the scope of the Code in South-East Asia. Strengthened implementation of regulations aligned with the Code’s updated recommendation should be part of comprehensive strategies to minimize the harmful effects of advertisements of breast-milk substitutes on maternal and child nutrition and health.
Left Pessimism and Political Science
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L.
Published: March 2017

I examine why contemporary social scientists on the political left are relatively pessimistic about the public arena and its trajectory. To develop an answer, I explore subsidiary questions: What is the evidence of social scientists’ left pessimism? Why is left pessimism not the only plausible stance? Why is left pessimism problematic, and surprising? Why does it nonetheless occur? How can social scientists counter left pessimism?

My evidence comes mainly from research on American racial and ethnic politics, and on the societal use of genomic science. I explain left pessimism as a result largely of the trajectory of social science research since the 1960s, and of the loss of faith in revolutionary inspiration after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. I call on social scientists to reinvigorate optimistic visions, perhaps especially in a political era fraught with dangers to liberal democracy.
A Discussion of Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2017

Liberal democracy is often viewed by its supporters as a system of government that responds to the informed and rational preferences of the public organized as voters. And liberal democracy is often viewed by its critics as a system that fails to respond to the informed and rational preferences of its citizens. In this book Larry Bartels and Chris Achen draw on decades of research to argue that a “realistic” conception of democracy cannot be centered on the idea of a “rational voter,” and that the ills of contemporary democracies, and especially democracy in the U.S., must be sought in the dynamics that link voters, political parties and public policy in ways that reproduce inequality. “We believe,” write the authors, “that abandoning the folk theory of democracy is a prerequisite to both greater intellectual clarity and real political change. Too many democratic reformers have squandered their energy on misguided or quixotic ideas.”
A Discussion of Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels' Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government
Authors: Sabl Andrew
Published: March 2017

Liberal democracy is often viewed by its supporters as a system of government that responds to the informed and rational preferences of the public organized as voters. And liberal democracy is often viewed by its critics as a system that fails to respond to the informed and rational preferences of its citizens. In this book Larry Bartels and Chris Achen draw on decades of research to argue that a “realistic” conception of democracy cannot be centered on the idea of a “rational voter,” and that the ills of contemporary democracies, and especially democracy in the U.S., must be sought in the dynamics that link voters, political parties and public policy in ways that reproduce inequality. “We believe,” write the authors, “that abandoning the folk theory of democracy is a prerequisite to both greater intellectual clarity and real political change. Too many democratic reformers have squandered their energy on misguided or quixotic ideas.”