bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HDAC inhibitors overcome immunotherapy resistance in B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Wang Xiaoguang , Waschke Brittany C. , Woolaver Rachel A , Chen Samantha M. Y. , Chen Zhangguo , Wang Jing H.
Published: March 2020

Immunotherapy has been applied successfully to treat B-cell lymphomas in preclinical models or clinical settings. However, immunotherapy resistance is a major challenge for B-cell lymphoma treatment. To overcome this issue, combinatorial therapeutic strategies have been pursued to achieve a better efficacy for treating B-cell lymphomas. One of such strategies is to combine immunotherapy with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. HDAC inhibitors can potentially increase tumor immunogenicity, promote anti-tumor immune responses, or reverse immunosuppressive tumor environments. Thus, the combination of HDAC inhibitors and immunotherapy has drawn much attention in current cancer treatment. However, not all HDAC inhibitors are created equal and their net effects are highly dependent on the specific inhibitors used and the HDACs they target. Hence, we suggest that optimal treatment efficacy requires personalized design and rational combination based on prognostic biomarkers and unique profiles of HDAC inhibitors. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which B-cell lymphomas acquire immunotherapy resistance and the effects of HDAC inhibitors on tumor cells and immune cells that could help overcome immunotherapy resistance.
Initiation of antipsychotics after moving to residential aged care facilities and mortality: a national cohort study
Authors: Harrison Stephanie L. , Sluggett Janet K. , Lang Catherine , Whitehead Craig , Crotty Maria , Corlis Megan , Wesselingh Steve , Inacio Maria C.
Published: March 2020

Background

There is a high burden of antipsychotic use in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) and there is concern regarding potential inappropriate prescribing of antipsychotics in response to mild behavioural symptoms. Antipsychotic use has been associated with a higher risk of mortality in community-dwelling older adults with dementia, but few studies have examined associations upon RACF entry.

Aims

To examine associations between incident antipsychotic use and risk of mortality for people with and without diagnosed dementia in RACFs.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study, employing a new-user design (individuals did not receive an antipsychotic 6 months before enrolment) of 265,820 people who accessed RACFs in Australia between 1/4/2008 and 30/6/2015 was conducted. Cox regression models were used to examine adjusted associations between antipsychotic use in the first 100 days of RACF entry and mortality.

Results

In the 100 days after entering care, 29,455 residents (11.1%) were dispensed an antipsychotic. 180,956 (68.1%) residents died [38,249 (14.4%) were related to cerebrovascular causes] over a median 2.1 years (interquartile range 1.0–3.6) follow-up. Of the residents included, 119,665 (45.0%) had a diagnosis of dementia. Incident antipsychotic use was associated with higher risk of mortality in residents with dementia (adjusted hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.18–1.22) and without dementia (1.28, 1.24–1.31).

Conclusion

Initiation of antipsychotics after moving to RACFs is associated with a higher risk of mortality. Careful consideration of the potential benefits and harms should be given when starting a new prescription for antipsychotics for people moving to RACFs.
On the go-and-stop motion of the discontinuous precipitation front
Authors: Chronowski M. , Zięba P.
Published: March 2020

The growth of lamellar structure during discontinuous precipitation occurs frequently by so-called go-and-stop fashion. The results of simulation combined with the changes of Cahn’s parameter C revealed two types of such motion. The process takes place in the successive stages which can be distinguished judging from the value of C parameter. For lower values of linear growth rate (v = 10÷20 nm/s) and smaller α lamella thickness (100÷200 nm), the full cycle with relaxation takes 4–6 s. The faster movement of the reaction front (v = 30 nm/s) resulted in dramatic decrease of the full cycle to τ
total = 0.8 s. The same behavior is observed if the α lamella thickness increases beyond 200 nm at constant v equal to 10 nm/s. Both predicted types of go-and-stop motion can experimentally be observed during growth or dissolution of discontinuous precipitates. What is the reason that particular type prevails is unknown, and this is invitation for further studies especially using high-resolution transmission electron microscope operating in in situ mode.
Le graphe, la trace et les fragments: L’apport des méthodes quantitatives et des outils numériques à l’étude des élites civiques athéniennes
Authors: Karila-Cohen Karine
Published: March 2020

Résumés

Dans le monde grec antique, il s’avère souvent difficile d’identifier les individus et de retrouver leurs parents, non seulement à cause de la documentation, mal datée et offrant peu de séries continues, mais aussi à cause du système onomastique qui repose sur le nom unique, sans attacher l’individu à une lignée au-delà du nom du père. Cependant, ce mode de nomination s’avère être un atout pour la reconstitution d’un type de lien : quand un individu est identifié comme l’enfant de son père, le nom porte au moins un lien de filiation explicite. En mettant en œuvre une suggestion d’Alain Bresson datant de 1984, nous proposons de mener, sur le corpus attique, une analyse de réseaux bâtie sur ce lien de filiation entre deux noms, afin de voir si les groupes cohésifs qu’ils révèlent sont de réels réseaux de parenté. L’article entend ainsi construire une nouvelle méthode d’étude des élites civiques. Il s’interroge sur la possibilité de construire des réseaux onomastiques qui évitent les biais méthodologiques et documentaires dans le nouveau contexte d’accessibilité des données numériques. Après avoir démontré qu’il est possible d’utiliser à des fins prosopographiques les données mises en ligne par leLexicon of Greek Personal Names, l’article explore les modes d’enquête et de mise en récit induites non seulement par le corpus documentaire, mais aussi par l’outil réseau.
Saving Lives Now From Ebola in Africa
Authors: Hodge James G. , Fleming Hannah-Kaye
Published: March 2020

In his letter, Peace is a better focus than Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), David M. Brett-Major provides a vital reminder of the tragic undercurrent of violence and political instability dominating African regions currently impacted by the second worst Ebola outbreak in modern history. He characterizes health-centric activities as a “common mistake” to remedy the “vicious cycle” of endemic violence and disease outbreaks in DRC and surrounding areas. What is truly needed is a “concerted peace and development process, with health as a voice in a chorus – not alone.”
A DREAM OF THE SELF: IDENTITY IN THE “INNER CHAPTERS” OF THEZHUANGZI
Authors: Hamm Matthew James
Published: March 2020

This article examines self and identity in the “Inner Chapters” (neipian內篇) of theZhuangzi莊子. Previous scholarship on this topic has tended to support its arguments by defining the “Way” (dao道) as either a normative order or an objective reality. By contrast, this article argues that the Way is a neutral designation for the composite, ever-changing patterns of the cosmos that does not provide normative guidance.

Within this cosmos, the human “self” (shen身) is likewise defined as a composite, mutable entity that displays “tendencies” (qing情) of behavior and thought. Two of these tendencies include the positing of unitary agents and the creation of “identities” (ming名)—imaginative constructs used for self-definition. As a result of combining and reifying the two tendencies, most humans conflate their identities with their larger selves. The result is a simplified vision of an essential self that gives rise to normative judgements, blinds humans to the changing cosmos, and creates problematic social structures.

The text advocates that one should retrain the tendency toward identity by cultivating an inviolate “sense of self” or “virtue” (de德) that is empty of specific identity. Virtue acts as an emotionally safe space in which the mirror-like mind can temporarily take on the identities of other creatures. This practice increases practitioners’ empathetic understanding of the world, detaches them from destructive social structures, and has the potential to generate new versions of human society.
Global health's durable dreams: ethnography, ‘community health workers’ and health without health infrastructure
Authors: McKay Ramah
Published: March 2020

Tracing the persistence of community health workers (CHWs) as a key category in both global health policy and anthropological representation, this article asks how enduring scholarly investments in CHWs can reveal changing political stakes for both health work and ethnographic research. Amid renewed calls for a focus on health systems and universal health coverage, the article suggests that the durability of attention to CHWs is instructive. It simultaneously points to the imbrication of health with political and social relations and clinical and technological infrastructures as well as to how ethnographic investments in health systems can sometimes obscure the ambivalent politics of health. Drawing on fieldwork with CHWs, NGO staff and public health officials, and on public health literature on CHWs, it argues for greater attention to the political ambivalence of health labour. It suggests that the experiences of health workers themselves can serve as analytical examples in this regard, pointing to analyses that begin not with normative notions of health systems or the conceptual boundaries of global health ‘projects’ but with a focus on the contested relations through which health labour is realized over time. Such attention can also indicate possibilities for health beyond dreams of projects, clinics or health systems.
Greying mutuality: race and joking relations in a South African nursing home
Authors: Golomski Casey
Published: March 2020

This article describes how residents and staff of an eldercare and Alzheimer's home in a small South African town joke with each other. Residents are mostly white and staff mostly black, but there are exceptions, and both groups are multilingual. Jokes between the two groups in the home are racialized, if not sometimes racist, in light of historical and contemporary post-apartheid socio-political and economic circumstances. Yet the relations between these two groups are forged mostly in joking about residents’ diminished cognitive and bodily abilities, staff work, multilingualism and interpersonal ties. In describing joking encounters in three ethnographic scenes, the article traces the ways in which age and race combine in institutionalized relationships of dependency to innovate social theory about human mutuality from the vantage point of multiracial, multicultural, postcolonial Africa.
FINITE GROUPS WITH COMPLEMENTED 2-MINIMAL -SUBGROUPS
Authors: ZENG YU
Published: March 2020

For a given prime$p$, we investigate the finite groups all of whose 2-minimal$p$-subgroups are complemented.
Petrogenesis of the Carboniferous Ghaleh-Dezh metagranite, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: constraints from new zircon U–Pb and40Ar/39Ar ages and Sr–Nd isotopes
Authors: Shabanian Nahid , Davoudian Ali Reza , Azizi Hossein , Asahara Yoshihiro , Neubauer Franz , Genser Johan , Dong Yunpeng , Lee James K.W.
Published: March 2020

The Ghaleh-Dezh metagranites in the northern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) in western Iran are found in a 0.5 km long by 0.3 km wide unit emplaced within the older Precambrian basement. New zircon U–Pb ages confirm that crystallization and emplacement of the protolith of the metagranites occurred at 312 ± 10 Ma and 298 ± 17 Ma in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) – Early Permian, which is consistent with the ages of recently discovered Palaeozoic granites in the northern SaSZ. The studied metagranitic body has been metamorphosed at lower greenschist facies and deformed in ductile–brittle regime due to subsequent reheating events during the Mesozoic. The rocks are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous granites with an A2-type affinity. Initial87Sr/86Sr ratios andεNd(t) contents vary from 0.7037 to 0.7130 and −0.70 to 0.34, respectively.143Nd/144Nd(i)values for the granitic rocks are fairly uniform at ∼0.5123. The geochemical and isotopic evidence indicates that these rocks were generated from a mantle magma with crustal contamination and fractional crystallization. Rb–Sr isochron and40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar ages are 274 Ma and 60–70 Ma, respectively. The older event,c.270 Ma, was likely related to the opening of Neotethys, whereas the younger ages likely relate to collisional events in the region during the closure of Neotethys.
Understanding urbanicity: how interdisciplinary methods help to unravel the effects of the city on mental health
Authors: Krabbendam Lydia , van Vugt Mark , Conus Philippe , Söderström Ola , Abrahamyan Empson Lilith , van Os Jim , Fett Anne-Kathrin J.
Published: March 2020

Twenty-first century urbanization poses increasing challenges for mental health. Epidemiological studies have shown that mental health problems often accumulate in urban areas, compared to rural areas, and suggested possible underlying causes associated with the social and physical urban environments. Emerging work indicates complex urban effects that depend on many individual and contextual factors at the neighbourhood and country level and novel experimental work is starting to dissect potential underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes findings from epidemiology and population-based studies, neuroscience, experimental and experience-based research and illustrates how a combined approach can move the field towards an increased understanding of the urbanicity-mental health nexus.
Other-repetition sequences in Finland Swedish: Prosody, grammar, and context in action ascription
Authors: Huhtamäki Martina , Lindström Jan , Londen Anne-Marie
Published: March 2020

This study examines other-repetitions in Finland Swedish talk-in-interaction: their sequential trajectories, prosodic design, and lexicogrammatical features. The key objective is to explore how prosody can contribute to the action conveyed by a repetition turn, that is, whether it deals with a problem of hearing or understanding, a problem of expectation, or just registers receipt of information. The analysis shows that large and upgraded prosodic features (higher onset, wider pitch span than the previous turn) co-occur with repair- and expectation-oriented repetitions, whereas small, downgraded prosody (lower onset, narrower pitch span than the previous turn) is characteristic of registering. However, the distinguishing strength of prosody is mostly gradient (rather than discrete), and because of this, other concomitant cues, most notably the speakers’ epistemic positions in relation to the repeated item, are also of importance for ascribing a certain pragmatic function to a repetition. (Repetition, other-repetition, action ascription, prosody in conversation, repair, epistemics, conversation analysis, interactional linguistics, Finland Swedish)*
Another claim for cognitive history
Authors: Cowles Henry M. , Kreiner Jamie
Published: March 2020

History can help refine the resource-rational model by uncovering how cultural and cognitive forces act together to shape decision-making. Specifically, history reveals how the meanings of key terms like “problem” and “solution” shift over time. Studying choices in their cultural contexts illuminates how changing perceptions of the decision-making process affect how choices are made on the ground.
Generalization of the resource-rationality principle to neural control of goal-directed movements
Authors: Dounskaia Natalia , Shimansky Yury P.
Published: March 2020

We review evidence that the resource-rationality principle generalizes to human movement control. Optimization of the use of limited neurocomputational resources is described by the inclusion of the “neurocomputational cost” of sensory information processing and decision making in the optimality criterion of movement control. A resulting tendency to decrease this cost can account for various phenomena observed during goal-directed movements.
Opportunities and challenges integrating resource-rational analysis with developmental perspectives
Authors: Persaud Kimele , Bass Ilona , Colantonio Joseph , Macias Carla , Bonawitz Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Lieder and Griffiths present the computational framework “resource-rational analysis” to address the reverse-engineering problem in cognition. Here we discuss how developmental psychology affords a unique and critical opportunity to employ this framework, but which is overlooked in this piece. We describe how developmental change provides an avenue for ongoing work as well as inspiration for expansion of the resource-rational approach.
Representing utility and deploying the body
Authors: Spurrett David
Published: March 2020

Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.
Opportunities for emotion and mental health research in the resource-rationality framework
Authors: Russek Evan M. , Moran Rani , McNamee Daniel , Reiter Andrea , Liu Yunzhe , Dolan Raymond J. , Huys Quentin J.M.
Published: March 2020

We discuss opportunities in applying the resource-rationality framework toward answering questions in emotion and mental health research. These opportunities rely on characterization of individual differences in cognitive strategies; an endeavor that may be at odds with the normative approach outlined in the target article. We consider ways individual differences might enter the framework and the translational opportunities offered by each.
Beginning with biology: “Aspects of cognition” exist in the service of the brain's overall function as a resource-regulator
Authors: Theriault Jordan E. , Coleman Matt , Feldman Mallory J. , Fridman Joseph D. , Sennesh Eli , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Quigley Karen S.
Published: March 2020

Lieder and Griffiths rightly urge that computational cognitive models be constrained by resource usage, but they should go further. The brain's primary function is to regulate resource usage. As a consequence, resource usage should not simply select among algorithmic models of “aspects of cognition.” Rather, “aspects of cognition” should be understood as existing in the service of resource management.
Cognitively bounded rational analyses and the crucial role of theories of subjective utility
Authors: Lewis Richard L. , Howes Andrew
Published: March 2020

We agree that combining rational analysis with cognitive bounds, what we previously introduced as Cognitively Bounded Rational Analysis, is a promising and under-used methodology in psychology. We further situate the framework in the literature, and highlight the important issue of a theory of subjective utility, which is not addressed sufficiently clearly in the framework or related previous work.
Advancing rational analysis to the algorithmic level
Authors: Lieder Falk , Griffiths Thomas L.
Published: March 2020

The commentaries raised questions about normativity, human rationality, cognitive architectures, cognitive constraints, and the scope or resource rational analysis (RRA). We respond to these questions and clarify that RRA is a methodological advance that extends the scope of rational modeling to understanding cognitive processes, why they differ between people, why they change over time, and how they could be improved.
Causation, Responsibility, and Harm: How the Discursive Shift from Law and Ethics to Social Justice Sealed the Plight of Nonhuman Animals
Authors: HÄYRY MATTI
Published: March 2020

Moral and political philosophers no longer condemn harm inflicted on nonhuman animals as self-evidently as they did when animal welfare and animal rights advocacy was at the forefront in the 1980s, and sentience, suffering, species-typical behavior, and personhood were the basic concepts of the discussion. The article shows this by comparing the determination with which societies seek responsibility for human harm to the relative indifference with which law and morality react to nonhuman harm. When harm is inflicted on humans, policies concerning negligence and duty of care and principles such as the ‘but for’ rule and the doctrine of double effect are easily introduced. When harm is inflicted on nonhumans, this does not happen, at least not any more. As an explanation for the changed situation, the article offers a shift in discussion and its basic terminology. Simple ethical considerations supported the case for nonhuman animals, but many philosophers moved on to debate different views on political justice instead. This allowed the creation of many conflicting views that are justifiable on their own presuppositions. In the absence of a shared foundation, this fragments the discussion, focuses it on humans, and ignores or marginalizes nonhuman animals.
Can Knowledge Itself Justify Harmful Research?
Authors: SEBO JEFF , DEGRAZIA DAVID
Published: March 2020

In our paper, we argue for three necessary conditions for morally permissible animal research: (1) an assertion (or expectation) of sufficient net benefit, (2) a worthwhile-life condition, and (3) a no-unnecessary-harm/qualified-basic-needs condition.1 We argue that these conditions are necessary, without taking a position on whether they are jointly sufficient. In their excellent commentary on our paper, Matthias Eggel, Carolyn Neuhaus, and Herwig Grimm (hereafter, the authors) argue for a friendly amendment to one of our three conditions.2 In particular, they argue for replacing the first condition—expectation of sufficient net benefit (ESNB)—with an expectation of knowledge production (EKP).3 In this reply, we will explain why we are open to this proposed amendment, but not yet convinced.
Malnutrition in all its forms and socioeconomic status in Bolivia
Authors: Miranda M , Bento A , Aguilar AM
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition and excess BMI) among children under the age of 5 years and women of reproductive age in Bolivia considering three socioeconomic indicators: wealth, education and ethnicity.

Design:

We used the 2008 nationally representative Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Malnutrition’s prevalence was estimated by wealth, ethnicity and educational level. Wealth index was measured based on the DHS methodology and nutritional status by using WHO standards and indicators. Education level (EL) was categorized by years of formal education.

Setting:

Bolivia.

Participants:

In total, 5·903 children <5 years, 3·345 adolescent women (15–19 years) and 12·297 women (20–49 years) with available information on anthropometric measurements·

Results:

A disproportionate prevalence of malnutrition was observed among different wealth groups: lower wealth tertiles show the higher prevalence of stunting (>30 %) and anaemia (>40 %) in all ages· The prevalence of overweight and obesity tends to rise with age from childhood (10·02–11·60) to adolescence (27·9–31·03), reaching highest levels in women of reproductive age (56·02–57·76). According to wealth tertiles, higher prevalence of overweight and obesity was found in children of high tertile (12·23), adolescent women of low (32·56) and adult women of medium tertile (63·08).

Conclusions:

The present study shows that currently Bolivia is in a transitional stage, faces not only the problem of undernutrition but also those of overnutrition, showing strong inequalities according to socioeconomic and education status. This study calls for state-specific policies keeping in view of the nature of inequality in malnutrition in the country and its differential characteristics across wealth status.
Introducing and Controlling Water Vapor in Closed-Cell In Situ Electron Microscopy Gas Reactions
Authors: Unocic Kinga A. , Walden Franklin S. , Marthe Nelson L. , Datye Abhaya K. , Bigelow Wilbur C. , Allard Lawrence F.
Published: March 2020

Protocols for conducting in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reactions using an environmental TEM with dry gases have been well established. However, many important reactions that are relevant to catalysis or high-temperature oxidation occur at atmospheric pressure and are influenced by the presence of water vapor. These experiments necessitate using a closed-cell gas reaction TEM holder. We have developed protocols for introducing and controlling water vapor concentrations in experimental gases from 2% at a full atmosphere to 100% at ~17 Torr, while measuring the gas composition using a residual gas analyzer (RGA) on the return side of the in situ gas reactor holder. Initially, as a model system, cube-shaped MgO crystals were used to help develop the protocols for handling the water vapor injection process and confirming that we could successfully inject water vapor into the gas cell. The interaction of water vapor with MgO triggered surface morphological and chemical changes as a result of the formation of Mg(OH)2, later validated with mass spectra obtained with our RGA system with and without water vapor. Integrating an RGA with an in situ scanning/TEM closed-cell gas reaction system can thus provide critical measurements correlating gas composition with dynamic surface restructuring of materials during reactions.
Integrated spectroscopy of extragalactic Globular Clusters
Authors: Sakari Charli M.
Published: March 2020

Integrated light (IL) spectroscopy enables studies of stellar populations beyond the Milky Way and its nearest satellites. In this paper, I will review how IL spectroscopy reveals essential information about globular clusters and the assembly histories of their host galaxies, concentrating particularly on the metallicities and detailed chemical abundances of the GCs in M31. I will also briefly mention the effects of multiple populations on IL spectra, and how observations of distant globular clusters help constrain the source(s) of light-element abundance variations. I will end with future perspectives, emphasizing how IL spectroscopy can bridge the gap between Galactic and extragalactic astronomy.
Chemical composition of globular clusters in dwarf galaxies
Authors: Larsen Søren S.
Published: March 2020

This contribution gives an update on on-going efforts to characterise the detailed chemical abundances of Local Group globular clusters (GCs) from integrated-light spectroscopy. Observations of a sample of 20 GCs so far, located primarily within dwarf galaxies, show that at low metallicities the [α/Fe] ratios are generally indistinguishable from those in Milky Way GCs. However, the “knee” above which [α/Fe] decreases towards Solar-scaled values occurs at lower metallicities in the dwarfs, implying that GCs follow the same trends seen in field stars. Efforts are underway to establish NLTE corrections for integrated-light abundance measurements, and preliminary results for Mn are discussed.
Galactic Globular Clusters: A new catalog of masses, structural parameters, velocity dispersion profiles, proper motions and space orbits
Authors: Hilker Michael , Baumgardt Holger , Sollima Antonio , Bellini Andrea
Published: March 2020

We collected radial velocities of more than 50.000 individual stars in 156 Galactic globular clusters (GGC) and matched them with HST photometry and Gaia DR2 proper motions. This allowed us to derive the GGC’s mean proper motions and space velocities. By fitting a large set of N-body simulations to their velocity dispersion and surface density profiles, combined with new measurements of their internal radially dependent mass functions, we have determined their present-day masses and structural parameters, and for 144 GGCs their internal kinematics. We also derive the initial cluster masses by calculating the cluster orbits backwards in time applying suitable recipes to account for mass-loss and dynamical friction. The new fundamental parameters of GGCs are publicly available via an online database, which will regularly be updated.
The VISCACHA survey – deep and resolved photometry of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Dias Bruno , Maia Francisco , Kerber Leandro , dos Santos João F. C. , Bica Eduardo , Armond Tina , Barbuy Beatriz , Fraga Luciano , Hernandez-Jimenez Jose A. , Katime Santrich Orlando J. , Oliveira Raphael A. P. , Pérez-Villegas Angeles , Piatti Andrés E. , Quint Bruno , Sanmartin David , Angelo Mateus S. , Souza Stefano O. , Vieira Rodrigo G. , Westera Pieter , Parisi Celeste , Geisler Doug , Minniti Dante , Saito Roberto , Bassino Lilia P. , De Bórtoli Bruno J. , Figueiredo André , Rímulo Leandro
Published: March 2020

The VISCACHA (VIsible Soar photometry of star Clusters in tApii and Coxi HuguA†) Survey is an ongoing project based on deep and spatially resolved photometric observations of Magellanic Cloud star clusters, collected using the SOuthern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope together with the SOAR Adaptive Module Imager. So far we have used >300h of telescope time to observe ∼150 star clusters, mostly with low mass (M < 104M⊙) on the outskirts of the LMC and SMC. With this high-quality data set, we homogeneously determine physical properties using deep colour-magnitude diagrams (ages, metallicities, reddening, distances, mass, luminosity and mass functions) and structural parameters (radial density profiles, sizes) for these clusters which are used as a proxy to investigate the interplay between the Magellanic Clouds and their evolution. We present the VISCACHA survey and its initial results, based on our first two papers. The project’s long term goals and expected legacy to the community are also addressed.
Searching Gaia for extended structure in Globular Clusters
Authors: Kuzma Pete B. , Ferguson Annette M. N. , Peñarrubia Jorge
Published: March 2020

A growing number of studies are revealing that many Milky Way globular clusters possess extended stellar structures beyond their traditional boundaries. Just how ubiquitous these structures are, and how they originate, are key questions to explore. In this contribution, we present a Bayesian technique that we have developed to separate probable members of globular clusters from the dominant Milky Way fore/background at large clustercentric radii and hence facilitate quantitative analyses of these intriguing structures. We demonstrate the promise of our method by showing how it recovers the known extended features around Palomar 5 and NGC 7089.
Imprints of evolution on the internal kinematics of Globular Clusters
Authors: Watkins Laura L. , van der Marel Roeland P. , Bellini Andrea , Libralato Mattia , Anderson Jay
Published: March 2020

Globular clusters are collisional systems, meaning that the stars inside them interact on timescales much shorter than the age of the Universe. These frequent interactions transfer energy between stars and set up observable trends that tell the story of a cluster’s evolution. This contribution focuses on what we can learn by studying velocity anisotropy and energy equipartition in globular clusters with Hubble Space Telescope proper motions.
The connection between stellar and nuclear clusters: Can an IMBH be sitting at the heart of the Milky Way?
Authors: Arca Sedda Manuel
Published: March 2020

A vast number of observed galactic nuclei are known to harbour a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). In their early lifetime, these systems might have witnessed the strong interaction between the SMBH and massive star clusters formed in the inner galactic regions. Due to the strong tidal field exerted from the SMBH, clusters are likely to undergo tidal disruption, releasing their stars all around the SMBH, and possibly driving the formation of a nuclear cluster (NC). This mechanism can contribute to populate galactic nuclei with intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH). Interactions with the central SMBH can lead to the formation of tight massive BH binaries (MBBH) that undergo coalescence via gravitational waves (GW) emission. We discuss this mechanism in the context of the Milky Way centre, exploring the possibility that SgrA*, the Galactic SMBH, has an IMBH companion.
Globular clusters and their link with stellar populations in the Milky Way
Authors: Yong David
Published: March 2020

Observations of stellar chemical compositions enable us to identify connections between globular clusters and stellar populations in the Milky Way. In particular, chemical abundance ratios provide detailed insight into the chemical enrichment histories of star clusters and the field populations. For some elements, there are striking differences between field and cluster stars which reflect different nucleosynthetic processes and/or chemical evolution. The goal of this talk was to provide an overview of similarities and differences in chemical compositions between globular clusters and the Milky Way as well as highlighting a few areas for further examination.
A unified construction of stellar evolution and chemical evolution models for the multiple populations in globular clusters
Authors: Jang Sohee , Kim Jenny J. , Lee Young-Wook
Published: March 2020

Recent investigations of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters (GCs) suggest that the horizontal-branch (HB) morphology and mean period of type ab RR Lyrae variables are mostly sensitive to helium abundance, while the star formation timescale has the greatest effect on our chemical evolution model constructed to reproduce the Na-O anti-correlation of GCs. Therefore, by combining the results from synthetic HB model with those from chemical evolution model, we could put better constraints on star formation history and chemical evolution in GCs with multiple populations. From such efforts made for four GCs, M4, M5, M15, and M80, we find that consistent results can be obtained from these two independent models.
GEP I: A globular cluster in the center of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Andromeda XXV?
Authors: Cusano Felice , Garofalo Alessia , Clementini Gisella
Published: March 2020

Looking for variable stars in the M31 dwarf spheroidal satellite Andromeda XXV (And XXV), which we have observed with the LBC at the LBT, we serendipitously discovered a clustering of stars (Gep I) of 12 arcsec in diameter, near the center of And XXV. This is one of the very few clusters known to be associated with a dwarf spheroidal galaxy. The half light radius (rh) of Gep I at the distance of And XXV corresponds to 25 pc in linear extension. Radius and absolute V (MV∼ −4.9 mag) magnitude place Gep I in the region of the MV-rh plane that seems to be forbidden to ordinary globular clusters (GCs). The seeing-limited resolution of our photometry could resolve only a few bright stars in Gep I. The CMD of these sources is compatible with an old stellar population placed at a heliocentric distance of ∼750–800 kpc, thus confirming a real concentration of old stars. The ground-based CMD of Gep I is severely incomplete. Future high resolution imaging and spectroscopy of the brightest stars will permit to disentangle the puzzle on the real nature of Gep I.
Globular cluster tidal interactions and mergers in the Galactic disc
Authors: Mastrobuono-Battisti Alessandra , Khoperskov Sergey , Di Matteo Paola , Haywood Misha
Published: March 2020

The Galactic globular cluster system went and is still going through dynamical processes that require to be explored in detail. Here we illustrate how primordial massive globular clusters born in the Milky Way’s disc evolved by stripping material from each other or even merging very early during their lives. These processes might explain the puzzling presence of star-by-star spreads in iron content observed in massive globular clusters and should be taken into account when studying globular cluster stellar populations. In this context, we show how the direct comparison between the predictions provided by our direct N-body simulations and observations can shed light on the origin and chemo-dynamical evolution of globular clusters.
The building blocks of the Milky Way halo using APOGEE and Gaia or Is the Galaxy a typical galaxy?
Authors: Schiavon Ricardo P. , Mackereth J. Ted , Pfeffer Joel , Crain Rob A. , Bovy Jo
Published: March 2020

We summarise recent results from analysis of APOGEE/Gaia data for stellar populations in the Galactic halo, disk, and bulge, leading to constraints on the contribution of dwarf galaxies and globular clusters to the stellar content of the Milky Way halo. Intepretation of the extant data in light of cosmological numerical simulations suggests that the Milky Way has been subject to an unusually intense accretion history at z ≳ 1.5.
Kinematical evolution of Globular Clusters
Authors: Tiongco Maria A. , Vesperini Enrico , Varri Anna Lisa
Published: March 2020

We present several results of the study of the evolution of globular clusters’ internal kinematics, as driven by two-body relaxation and the interplay between internal angular momentum and the external Galactic tidal field. Via a large suite of N-body simulations, we explored the three-dimensional velocity space of tidally perturbed clusters, by characterizing their degree of velocity dispersion anisotropy and their rotational properties. These studies have shown that a cluster’s kinematical properties contain distinct imprints of the cluster’s initial structural properties, dynamical history, and tidal environment. Building on this fundamental understanding, we then studied the dynamics of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters, with attention to the largely unexplored role of angular momentum.
Perspectives on the Future of Land Surface Models and the Challenges of Representing Complex Terrestrial Systems
Authors: Fisher Rosie A. , Koven Charles D.
Published: March 2020

Land surface models (LSMs) are a vital tool for understanding, projecting, and predicting the dynamics of the land surface and its role within the Earth system, under global change. Driven by the need to address a set of key questions, LSMs have grown in complexity from simplified representations of land surface biophysics to encompass a broad set of interrelated processes spanning the disciplines of biophysics, biogeochemistry, hydrology, ecosystem ecology, community ecology, human management, and societal impacts. This vast scope and complexity, while warranted by the problems LSMs are designed to solve, has led to enormous challenges in understanding and attributing differences between LSM predictions. Meanwhile, the wide range of spatial scales that govern land surface heterogeneity, and the broad spectrum of timescales in land surface dynamics, create challenges in tractably representing processes in LSMs. We identify three “grand challenges” in the development and use of LSMs, based around these issues: managing process complexity, representing land surface heterogeneity, and understanding parametric dynamics across the broad set of problems asked of LSMs in a changing world. In this review, we discuss progress that has been made, as well as promising directions forward, for each of these challenges.
Simulated Trends in Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Climate Due to Predicted Main Magnetic Field Changes From 2015 to 2065
Authors: Cnossen I. , Maute A.
Published: March 2020

The strength and structure of the Earth's magnetic field is gradually changing. During the next 50 years the dipole moment is predicted to decrease by
3.5%, with the South Atlantic Anomaly expanding, deepening, and continuing to move westward, while the magnetic dip poles move northwestward. We used simulations with the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model to study how predicted changes in the magnetic field will affect the climate of the thermosphere‐ionosphere system from 2015 to 2065. The global mean neutral density in the thermosphere is expected to increase slightly, by up to 1% on average or up to 2% during geomagnetically disturbed conditions (
). This is due to an increase in Joule heating power, mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. Global mean changes in total electron content (TEC) range from
3% to +4%, depending on season and UT. However, regional changes can be much larger, up to about
35% in the region of
45°S to 45°N and 110°W to 0°W during daytime. Changes in the vertical
drift are the most important driver of changes in TEC, although other plasma transport processes also play a role. A reduction in the low‐latitude upward
drift weakens the equatorial ionization anomaly in the longitude sector of
105–60°W, manifesting itself as a local increase in electron density over Jicamarca (12.0°S, 76.9°W). The predicted increase in neutral density associated with main magnetic field changes is very small compared to observed trends and other trend drivers, but the predicted changes in TEC could make a significant contribution to observationally detectable trends.
Observations of Turbulence at a Near‐Surface Temperature Front in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Koenig Zoé , Fer Ilker , Kolås Eivind , Fossum Trygve O. , Norgren Petter , Ludvigsen Martin
Published: March 2020

High‐resolution ocean temperature, salinity, current, and turbulence data were collected at an Arctic thermohaline front in the Nansen Basin. The front was close to the sea ice edge and separated the cold and fresh surface melt water from the warm and saline mixed layer. Measurements were made on 18 September 2018, in the upper 100 m, from a research vessel and an autonomous underwater vehicle. Destabilizing surface buoyancy fluxes from a combination of heat loss to the atmosphere and cross‐front Ekman transport by down‐front winds reduced the potential vorticity in the upper ocean. Turbulence structure in the mixed layer was generally consistent with turbulence production through convection by heat loss to atmosphere and mechanical forcing by moderate winds. Conditions at the front were favorable for forced symmetric instability, a mechanism drawing energy from the frontal geostrophic current. A clear signature of increased dissipation from symmetric instability could not be identified; however, this instability could potentially account for the increased dissipation rates at the front location down to 40 m depth that could not be explained by the atmospheric forcing. This turbulence was associated with turbulent heat fluxes of up to 10 W m−2, eroding the warm and cold intrusions observed between 30 and 60 m depth. A Seaglider sampled across a similar frontal structure in the same region 10 days after our survey. The submesoscale‐to‐turbulence‐scale transitions and resulting mixing can be widespread and important in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Infrasound and Gravity Waves Over the Andes Observed by a Pressure Sensor on Board a Stratospheric Balloon
Authors: Poler Guerman , Garcia Raphaël F. , Bowman Daniel C. , Martire Léo
Published: March 2020

The study of infrasound (acoustic) and gravity waves sources and propagation in the atmosphere of a planet gives us precious insight on atmosphere dynamics, climate, and even internal structure. The implementation of modern pressure sensors with high rate sampling on stratospheric balloons is improving their study. We analyzed the data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ultra Long Duration Balloon mission (16 May to 30 June 2016). Here, we focus on the balloon's transit of the Andes Mountains. We detected gravity waves that are associated to troposphere convective activity and mountain waves. An increase of the horizontal wavelengths from 50 to 70 km with increasing distance to the mountains is favoring the presence of mountain waves. We also report on the detection of infrasounds generated by the mountains in the 0.01–0.1 Hz range with a pressure amplitude increase by a factor 2 relative background signal. Besides, we characterized the decrease of microbaroms power when the balloon was flying away from the ocean coast. These observations suggest, in a way similar to microseisms for seismometers, that microbaroms are the main background noise sources recorded in the stratosphere even far from the ocean sources. Finally, we observed a broadband signal above the Andes, between 0.45 and 2 Hz, probably associated with a thunderstorm. The diversity of geophysical phenomena captured in less than a day of observation stresses the interest of high rate pressure sensors on board long‐duration balloon missions.
Arctic Sea Ice Loss as a Potential Trigger for Central Pacific El Niño Events
Authors: Kim Hyerim , Yeh Sang‐Wook , An Soon‐Il , Park Jae‐Heung , Kim Baek‐Min , Baek Eun‐Hyuk
Published: March 2020

Little attention has been paid to the influence of Arctic sea ice loss on climate variability in the tropical Pacific. By analyzing observational data sets, we hypothesized that anomalous Arctic sea ice concentration variations have the potential to influence tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability via atmosphere‐ocean coupled processes in the eastern subtropical North Pacific. To test this hypothesis, we conducted idealized model experiments with 15 ensembles in which historical SSTs for 1951–2016 were restored in the Arctic only with different initial conditions. We found that a positive phase of North Pacific Oscillation‐like atmospheric circulation, which is modulated by a sea ice reduction in the Pacific Arctic sector, triggers El Niño‐like warming in the central tropical Pacific. This implies that connections between the Arctic and the tropics should be considered for further understanding of changes in El Niño and other tropical Pacific climate variability in a changing climate.
Programming effects of maternal stress on the circadian system of adult offspring
Authors: Yun Seongsik , Lee Eun Jeong , Choe Han Kyoung , Son Gi Hoon , Kim Kyungjin , Chung Sooyoung
Published: March 2020

Maternal stress has long-lasting influences on the brain functions of offspring, and several brain regions have been proposed to mediate such programming. Although perinatal programming of crosstalk between the circadian and stress systems has been proposed, the functional consequences of prenatal stress on the circadian system and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether exposing pregnant mice to chronic restraint stress had prolonged effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which bears the central pacemaker for mammalian circadian rhythms, of offspring. SCN explants from maternally stressed mice exhibited altered cyclic expression patterns of a luciferase reporter under control of the mouse Per1 promoter (mPer1::LUC), which manifested as a decreased amplitude and impaired stability of the rhythm. Bioluminescence imaging at the single-cell level subsequently revealed that impaired synchrony among individual cells was responsible for the impaired rhythmicity. These intrinsic defects appeared to persist during adulthood. Adult male offspring from stressed mothers showed advanced-phase behavioral rhythms with impaired stability as well as altered clock gene expression in the SCN. In addition to affecting the central rhythm, maternal stress also had prolonged influences on the circadian characteristics of the adrenal gland and liver, as determined by circulating corticosterone levels and hepatic glycogen content, and on canonical clock gene mRNA expression in those tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that the SCN is a key target of the programming effects of maternal stress. The widespread effects of circadian disruptions caused by a misprogrammed clock may have further impacts on metabolic and mental health in later life.