bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting typhoon-induced storm surge tide with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and artificial neural network model
Authors: Chen W.-B. , Liu W.-C. , Hsu M.-H.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Precise predictions of storm surges during typhoon events have the necessity for disaster prevention in coastal seas. This paper explores an artificial neural network (ANN) model, including the back propagation neural network (BPNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithms used to correct poor calculations with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model in predicting storm surge height during typhoon events. The two-dimensional model has a fine horizontal resolution and considers the interaction between storm surges and astronomical tides, which can be applied for describing the complicated physical properties of storm surges along the east coast of Taiwan. The model is driven by the tidal elevation at the open boundaries using a global ocean tidal model and is forced by the meteorological conditions using a cyclone model. The simulated results of the hydrodynamic model indicate that this model fails to predict storm surge height during the model calibration and verification phases as typhoons approached the east coast of Taiwan. The BPNN model can reproduce the astronomical tide level but fails to modify the prediction of the storm surge tide level. The ANFIS model satisfactorily predicts both the astronomical tide level and the storm surge height during the training and verification phases and exhibits the lowest values of mean absolute error and root-mean-square error compared to the simulated results at the different stations using the hydrodynamic model and the BPNN model. Comparison results showed that the ANFIS techniques could be successfully applied in predicting water levels along the east coastal of Taiwan during typhoon events.
Linking glacier annual mass balance and glacier albedo retrieved from MODIS data
Authors: Dumont M. , Gardelle J. , Sirguey P. , Guillot A. , Six D. , Rabatel A. , Arnaud Y.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Albedo is one of the variables controlling the mass balance of temperate glaciers. Multispectral imagers, such as MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the TERRA and AQUA satellites, provide a means to monitor glacier surface albedo. In this study, different methods to retrieve broadband glacier surface albedo from MODIS data are compared. The effect of multiple reflections due to the rugged topography and of the anisotropic reflection of snow and ice are particularly investigated. The methods are tested on the Saint Sorlin Glacier (Grandes Rousses area, French Alps). The accuracy of the retrieved albedo is estimated using both field measurements, at two automatic weather stations located on the glacier, and albedo values derived from terrestrial photographs. For summers 2008 and 2009, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between field measurements and the broadband albedo retrieved from MODIS data at 250 m spatial resolution was found to be 0.052 or about 10% relative error. The RMSD estimated for the MOD10 daily albedo product is about three times higher. One decade (2000–2009) of MODIS data were then processed to create a time series of albedo maps of Saint Sorlin Glacier during the ablation season. The annual mass balance of Saint Sorlin Glacier was compared with the minimum albedo value (average over the whole glacier surface) observed with MODIS during the ablation season. A strong linear correlation exists between the two variables. Furthermore, the date when the average albedo of the whole glacier reaches a minimum closely corresponds to the period when the snow line is located at its highest elevation, thus when the snow line is a good indicator of the glacier equilibrium line. This indicates that this strong correlation results from the fact that the minimal average albedo values of the glacier contains considerable information regarding the relative share of areal surfaces between the ablation zone (i.e. ice with generally low albedo values) and the accumulation zone (i.e. snow with a relatively high albedo). As a consequence, the monitoring of the glacier surface albedo using MODIS data can provide a useful means to evaluate the interannual variability of the glacier mass balance. Finally, the albedo in the ablation area of Saint Sorlin Glacier does not exhibit any decreasing trend over the study period, contrasting with the results obtained on Morteratsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps.
Metabolic and Hormonal Alterations with Diacylglycerol and Low Glycemic Index Starch during Canine Weight Loss
Authors: Mitsuhashi Yuka , Nagaoka Daisuke , Bigley Karen E. , Umeda Tomoshige , Otsuji Kazuya , Bauer John E.
Published: December 2012

Obesity increases insulin resistance and disregulation of glucose homeostasis. This study investigated low glycemic index starch (LGIS)/diacylglycerol (DAG) diet on plasma insulin and circulating incretin hormones during canine weight loss. Obese Beagle dogs were fed one of four starch/oil combination diets (LGIS/DAG; LGIS/triacylglycerol (TAG); high glycemic index starch (HGIS)/DAG; and HGIS/TAG) for 9 weeks during the weight loss period. At weeks 1 and 8, fasting plasma insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were determined. Weight loss did not affect fasting insulin, glucose, and NEFA, but fasting GIP increased and GLP-1 decreased. LGIS affected postprandial insulin at both times and glucose was similar to insulin, except 60 min postprandially with DAG at week 8. NEFA lowering was less with the LGIS diets initially but not thereafter. At 60 min postprandially on week 8, GIP was significantly elevated by DAG, while GLP-1 was increased only with the HD diet. LGIS suppressed insulin and glucose responses up to 180 min postprandially at both sample times. DAG increased incretin hormones as did the DAG/HGIS combination but only at week 8. This latter finding appeared to be related to the glucose response but not to insulin at 60 min.
Nomoto Indices for Constant-Depth Zigzag Manoeuvres of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Azarsina Farhood , Williams Christopher D.
Published: December 2012

A two-dimensional simulation code is used to study the characteristics of constant-depth zigzag manoeuvres of the axisymmetric autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) MUN Explorer. Sea trials data for several manoeuvres with the AUV have been reported during the past four years; however, to obtain a more complete understanding of the vehicle's hydrodynamics, additional towing tank tests and computer simulation were performed. The present work, based on the towing tank test results and sea-trials data, utilizes computer simulations to predict the performance of the MUN Explorer AUV during horizontal zigzag manoeuvres. Next, the Nomoto indices for this AUV during constant-depth zigzag manoeuvres are estimated using the simulation results, and, then, Nomoto's first-order model for the rate of turn of the vehicle during horizontal zigzag manoeuvres in response to a square-wave input for the rudder deflection angle is analytically solved. The paper investigates the validity of the simplified yaw equation to predict a zigzag manoeuvre. Results of this research are a first step to understand the details of zigzag manoeuvres of an AUV such as duration of the first execute, yaw-checking ability, and duration of the overshoot.
Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Are Improved by the Daily Consumption of Almonds or Sunflower Kernels: A Feeding Study
Authors: Richmond Korina , Williams Sheila , Mann Jim , Brown Rachel , Chisholm Alexandra
Published: December 2012

Dietary guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes advocate the regular consumption of nuts and seeds. Key lipid abnormalities associated with diabetes include raised LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TAG concentrations and decreased concentrations of HDL-C. The fatty acid profiles of nuts and seeds differ and may potentially influence lipid outcomes in people with diabetes differently. To examine the effects of nut or seed consumption on lipid and lipoprotein markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), we added almonds (AD) or sunflower kernels (SKD) to a recommended diet in a randomised crossover feeding study. Twenty-two postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes consumed personalised diets, with the addition of 30 g/d of either almonds or sunflower kernels. All food was supplied for two periods of three weeks, separated by a four-week washout. There was a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerol (TAG), and apolipoprotein (apo) A1 and B100 on the SKD compared to the AD. Total (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly on both diets from baseline, with no difference between diets. A diet with the addition of either almonds or sunflower kernels has clinically beneficial effects on lipid- and lipoprotein-mediated CVD risk.
Impact of Improving Quality of Dialysis Fluid on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Elkabbaj Driss , Bahadi Abdelali , Cherrah Yahia , Errasfa Mourad , Eljaoudi Rachid
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress marker in the same hemodialysis patients after changing the quality of dialysate with ultrapure dialysis fluid. Methods. This prospective study concerns hemodialysis patients; all patients were in the first step treated with conventional dialysate, and in the second step (three months later) the same patients were treated with online produced ultrapure dialysis fluid. The malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, fibrinogen, and albumin were quantified before the two steps. Results. Thirty-seven patients completed the study. Ultrapure dialysis fluid reduced but not significantly the malondialdehyde concentrations. Both dialysis fluids were associated with improvement in the malondialdehyde level before and after the hemodialysis session. In lipid parameters, there was a significant decrease with conventional dialysis fluid versus ultrapure dialysis fluid of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein in patients’ blood. Instead, the level of low-density lipoprotein, fibrinogen, albumin, and C-reactive protein does not change significantly. Conclusion. The lipid parameters were improved for triglycerides and total cholesterol. Malondialdehyde increases following the hemodialysis session, and the conventional dialysate increased malondialdehyde levels more than the ultrapure dialysis but the differences were not statistically significant.
Perfil dos hipertensos da Unidade de Saúde da Família Cidade Nova 8, município de Ananindeua-PA
Authors: Freitas Leidian Coelho de , Rodrigues Gizele Moreira , Araújo Fernando Costa , Falcon Elias Bruno Santana , Xavier Narjara Fontes , Lemos Edna Lamar da Costa , Pires Carla Andréa Avelar
Published: December 2012

A Hipertensão Arterial é um grave problema de saúde pública pela sua alta prevalência e morbimortalidade. Neste sentido, medidaspreventivas e corretivas são essenciais para o controle de agravos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil clínicoepidemiológicodos hipertensos cadastrados em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família do município de Ananindeua, Pará. O estudo foi do tipoobservacional, transversal, descritivo e de natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionárioem visitas domiciliares. A amostra foi de 124 hipertensos, sendo 70,16% idosos (idade média de 64,9 anos); 66,13% mulheres; 54,84%casados; 77,42% pardos; 39,52% possuem o ensino fundamental incompleto; 34,68% pertencem à segmentação econômica C2,equivalente a R$ 933,00; 34,68% estavam com a pressão controlada. Entre os problemas de saúde relatados, destacam-se inchaço/dores nas pernas (41,13%); diabetes (33,06%); dislipidemia (33,06%). O IMC médio foi de 27,84, e observou-se associação significativaentre tabagismo e aumento dos níveis de pressão arterial. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de se implementar ações de promoçãoà saúde, direcionadas para a educação na prevenção dos fatores de risco.
A relação médico-paciente e a formação de novos médicos: análises de vivências de hospitalização
Authors: Chinato Igor Bruno , D'Agostini Carmen Lúcia , Marques Roberto Reinert
Published: December 2012

O estudo e o ensino da relação médico-paciente é uma estratégia valiosa para promover o encontro com valores fundamentais ao ser médico, além de superar o desencontro da medicina com sua essência. A criação de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de comunicação e promoção de empatia é fundamental para a educação médica, tanto no cenário da assistência primária ao paciente, na medicina familiar e comunitária, bem como em ambientes hospitalares, uma vez que são conhecimentos transversais. O objetivo principal deste estudo é desvendar as percepções dos estudantes do Curso de Medicina da Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina sobre a Vivência Hospitalar, atividade prática de ensino do componente curricular Relação Médico-paciente, no qual os alunos passam um dia internados no hospital escola para conhecerem de maneira prática como é ser um paciente. O método utilizado foi o de análise de conteúdo dos relatórios de internação, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. O instrumento de pesquisa foram os relatórios de internação realizados pelos estudantes, com amostragem de 225 relatórios. Depois do processo de leituras e codificação das expressões-chave, bem como a contagem da frequência com que essas expressões se repetiam, os resultados puderam ser agrupados em categorias principais de significados que coincidem com os temas mais relevantes que surgiram após o processo de leitura e análise. As categorias são: sintomas, sentimentos, interações com outros pacientes, interações com o hospital escola, empatia, avaliação da experiência e “os alunos-pacientes”. Foi possível concluir que a atividade pode ser uma ferramenta importante para a união da teoria e prática durante o ensino de técnicas de comunicação interpessoal e das relações entre médicos e pacientes.
A homeopatia na rede pública do Estado de São Paulo: facilitadores e dificultadores
Authors: Galhardi Wania Maria Papile , Barros Nelson Filice de , Leite-Mor Ana Cláudia Moraes Barros
Published: December 2012

Introdução: O desafio da integralidade na atenção à saúde, como configuração funcional e estrutural do cuidado, levou a Organização Mundial da Saúde a propor a incorporação das Medicinas Tradicionais e Medicinas Alternativas e Complementares para comporem a atenção à saúde, principalmente para os países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, a oferta de práticas não ortodoxas nos serviços de atenção básica não é recente, mas em maio de 2006 foi publicada a Portaria nº 971 que propõe diretrizes para a incorporação das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, sobretudo no nível primário. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os fatores facilitadores e dificultadores da implementação da homeopatia no Sistema Único de Saúde dos municípios de São Paulo. Metodologia: Em 2008 foram identificados no DATASUS os municípios que ofereceram consultas homeopáticas de 2000-2007; estes dados foram analisados quantitativamente e, desencadearam questionamentos que foram utilizados para entrevistas com os gestores dos municípios, cujos resultados foram trabalhados quantiqualitativamente para a análise. Resultados: Dos 645 municípios de São Paulo, 47 ofertaram homeopatia e os gestores de 42 foram entrevistados. Estas últimas entrevistas indicaram que os fatores facilitadores estão relacionados à presença de médicos homeopatas no serviço; à adesão e disponibilidade do gestor em desenvolver a homeopatia; haver demanda de usuários perceptivos para a homeopatia; à ação dos Conselhos de Saúde; haver serviços de referência capazes de acolher a terapêutica homeopática e o baixo custo dos medicamentos homeopáticos. E, os dificultadores, com empecilhos como falta de estudos para a orientação dos gestores para a contratação de médicos homeopatas; a questões relacionadas à aquisição dos medicamentos; à priorização de outras especialidades médicas; ao desconhecimento da racionalidade médica homeopática; e preconceitos e dificuldades na implantação daquilo que é novo. Conclusão: os fatores facilitadores estão subsumidos às dificuldades apresentadas.
Interface saúde da família & saúde mental: uma estratégia para o cuidado
Authors: Binotto André Luiz , Santos Luciane Loures dos , Lourosa Quitéria de Lourdes , Sant’Anna Sonia Camila , Zanetti Ana Carolina Guidorizzi , Marques João Mazzoncini de Azevedo
Published: December 2012

Estudos internacionais mostram que a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) realiza a maioria dos atendimentos psiquiátricos, pois, mesmo nos países que mais investem em saúde mental, existe uma lacuna entre a oferta e a demanda por serviços especializados. No Brasil, preconiza-se que a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) assista aos pacientes com problemas de saúde mental e o apoio matricial é uma ferramenta para qualificar esse trabalho. Objetivamos conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos usuários atendidos conjuntamente por uma equipe de ESF e sua equipe matriciadora de Saúde Mental, durante dois anos, por meio da revisão dos prontuários desses pacientes. De um total de 203 atendimentos realizados nesse período, 74% eram de mulheres entre 50 a 59 anos (33%); os diagnósticos mais comuns foram Episódio Depressivo Maior (61%), Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (33%), Esquizofrenia e Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (11% cada). Trinta e cinco por cento dos pacientes foram encaminhados, sendo a maioria para psicoterapia (94%) e o restante para um ambulatório secundário de Saúde Mental (6%). Os psicofármacos mais prescritos foram os inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina (76%), anti-histamínicos (37%), benzodiazepínicos (37%) e antipsicóticos típicos (26%). Esta interface representou um acesso facilitado e eficaz para o usuário com transtorno mental de maior gravidade/complexidade e abriu portas para a integralidade da atenção e a interdisciplinaridade no trabalho cotidiano.
Curso ‘Uso de evidências na gestão municipal da saúde’: uma experiência pioneira
Authors: Barreto Jorge Otavio Maia , Souza Nathan Mendes , Abdala Carmem Veronica Mendes , Panisset Ulysses , De Melo Gilvânia , Pinto Rosemeire Rocha
Published: December 2012

É apresentada a experiência do curso Uso de evidências na gestão municipal da saúde, realizado durante o XXVI Congresso do CONASEMS com o objetivo de promover a incorporação da evidência científica como subsídio do processo de tomada de decisão de gestores e profissionais de saúde. O curso foi concebido, planejado e realizado no âmbito das parcerias institucionais da EVIPNet Brasil e seus resultados apontam aspectos relevantes para discussão acerca das estratégias e ferramentas para disseminação e utilização de evidências de pesquisa em saúde na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil.
Necessidades educacionais dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF): possibilidades de Educação em Saúde no município de Fortaleza (CE)
Authors: Fiúza Tatiana Monteiro , Ribeiro Marco Túlio Aguiar Mourão , Gomes Kilma Wanderley Lopes , Pequeno Mayrá Lobato , Barreto Ivana Cristina de Holanda Cunha , Miranda Alcides Silva de , Oliveira Pedro Renan Santos de , Montenegro Junior Renan Magalhães
Published: December 2012

As reformas curriculares e a mudança do perfil na formação de profissionais da saúde apresentam muitos desafios. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as necessidades educacionais em saúde percebidas e representadas pelos profissionais de nível superior que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Fortaleza/CE, recém-aprovados em concurso de âmbito municipal. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com duas etapas. Um estudo transversal em 2006 com aplicação de inquérito para aferição das necessidades de Educação em Saúde, e a segunda etapa em 2011 com a análise documental sobre as ações realizadas para educação permanente dos profissionais da rede municipal de saúde pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza. O instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi um questionário semiestruturado, aplicado a profissionais médicos, enfermeiros e odontólogos. Do universo de 900 profissionais recém-concursados, nossa amostra de conveniência contou com 375 respondentes. Observou-se, no estudo, que, quanto ao desejo de realização de pós-graduação, o mestrado profissional, a residência em medicina de família e comunidade, a residência multiprofissional em saúde da família, que são modalidades de pós-graduação que ocorrem em serviço, são necessidades manifestadas por significativa parte dos profissionais. Por outro lado, profissionais também assinalaram a necessidade de cursos de 40 horas de forma pontual. A educação permanente é apontada pela literatura e pelo atual estudo como um caminho para melhoria na qualidade da ESF, por centrar nos processos de trabalho a construção do processo educativo. Para a educação em Saúde gerar efetivos processos de reflexão-ação-reflexão no cotidiano de trabalho, deve-se promover a ligação política com a mudança da formação de perfil profissional e, para isso, colocar em evidência as necessidades educacionais dos profissionais é fundamental.
Generalized Augmentation for Control of the k-Familywise Error Rate
Authors: Farcomeni Alessio
Published: December 2012

When performing many hypothesis tests at once a correction for multiplicity is needed to both keep under control the number of false discoveries and be able to detect the true departures from the null hypotheses. A recently introduced method which has been proved to be useful in genomics, neuroimaging and other fields consists in probabilistically controlling that the number of falsely rejected hypotheses does not exceed a pre-specified (low) . We introduce a new multiple testing procedure which is based on the idea of generalized augmentation: at first a number of hypotheses is rejected without any correction, then this number is adjusted by adding or removing rejections. The procedure is shown to keep under control the probability of  or more false rejections. We show a small simulation study which suggests that the new procedure is very powerful, especially when the number of tests at stake is large. We conclude with an illustration on a benchmark data set on classification of colon cancer.
Hemoglobin: A Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase
Authors: Gardner Paul R.
Published: December 2012

Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2migration to the heme pocket, O2binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
Synthesis of a North‐Methanocarba‐Thymidine (N‐MCT) Analog
Authors: Thompson Andrew , Marquez Victor E.
Published: December 2012

A detailed protocol for the synthesis of North‐methanocarba‐thymidine (N‐MCT), a potent antiviral nucleoside with a restricted bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane pseudosugar conformation, is presented. The process is described in two parts. The first basic protocol deals with the synthesis of the carbobicyclic pseudosugar precursor that can be utilized in the syntheses of other bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane nucleosides with natural and non‐natural nucleobases. The second basic protocol describes the specific construction of the thymine base in a linear fashion from the carbobicyclic intermediate. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 51:1.29.1‐1.29.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of Nucleoside Polyphosphates and Their Conjugates Using Sulfonyl Imidazolium Salts
Authors: Mohamady Samy , Taylor Scott D.
Published: December 2012

This unit describes a method for preparing nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates such as nucleoside triphosphates, symmetrical and unsymmetrical dinucleoside polyphosphates and sugar nucleotides. The protocols employ sulfonyl imidazolium salts (SnISs) as coupling reagents. These reagents are prepared in two steps in very high yield from commercially available materials and can be stored for at least 1 year at −20°C. The tetra‐n‐butylammonium salts of nucleoside mono‐, di‐, or triphosphates are reacted with the SnISs to form reactive phosphoryl imidazolium donors. These donors are reacted with the tetra‐n‐butylammonium salts of pyrophosphate, nucleotide mono‐ or diphosphates or sugar‐1‐phosphates to give the nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates in excellent yields. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 51:13.11.1‐13.11.24. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generating and Analyzing Germ‐Free Mice
Authors: Arvidsson Carina , Hallén Anna , Bäckhed Fredrik
Published: December 2012

The normal gut microbiota has evoked many investigators' interest over the years and the pioneering work of James Reyniers in the 1920s generated the first germ‐free guinea pigs. Comparing the physiology between germ‐free and conventionally raised animals has provided invaluable insights on how the gut microbiota affect host biology. Today we know that the gut microbiota modulate the immune system, epithelial cell proliferation, intestinal angiogenesis, hormone production, energy absorption, and behavior. Furthermore, recent data have demonstrated that obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota, and a direct role for the microbiota in disease development was demonstrated by the use of germ‐free mice. Here we are presenting protocols for maintaining and generating germ‐free mice. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:307‐316 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Models of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Yin Deng Ping , Boyd Kelli L. , Williams Phillip E. , Abumrad Naji N. , Wasserman David H.
Published: December 2012

Morbid obesity is linked to increased incidence of glucose intolerance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, various forms of liver disease, and specific forms of cancer. Treatment of obesity by lifestyle modifications (i.e., changes in diet and exercise) and drug therapy is generally ineffective. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective means of treating obesity and related disorders. We as well as others have developed surgical procedures for application to genetic mouse models that mimic an array of human bariatric surgical procedures used in the treatment of obesity. The application of bariatric surgery to genetic mouse models will broaden our understanding of the role of the gut in metabolic disease. Models that have been developed include gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with a complete exclusion of the stomach, duodenal‐jejunal bypass (DJB), and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). The detailed methods of these procedures are provided. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:295‐306 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bone Mineral Content and Density
Authors: Esapa Christopher T. , Bassett J.H. Duncan , Evans Holly , Croucher Peter I. , Williams Graham R. , Thakker Rajesh V.
Published: December 2012

The availability of high‐throughput biochemical and imaging techniques that can be used on live mice has increased the possibility of undertaking longitudinal studies to characterize skeletal changes such as bone mineral content and density. Further characterization of bone morphology, bone quality, and bone strength can also be achieved by analyzing dissected bones using techniques that provide higher resolution. Thus, the combined use of high‐throughput [e.g., biochemical analysis of plasma, radiography and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA)] and secondary phenotyping techniques (e.g., histology, histomorphometry, Faxitron digital X‐ray point projection microradiography, biomechanical testing, and micro‐computed tomography) can be utilized for comprehensive characterization of bone structure and quality and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms giving rise to musculoskeletal disorders. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:365‐400 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of velaglucerase alfa in Gaucher disease type 1 patients previously treated with imiglucerase
Authors: Zimran Ari , Pastores Gregory M. , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna , Hughes Derralynn A. , Elstein Deborah , Mardach Rebecca , Eng Christine , Smith Laurie , Heisel‐Kurth Margaret , Charrow Joel , Harmatz Paul , Fernhoff Paul , Rhead William , Longo Nicola , Giraldo Pilar , Ruiz Juan A. , Zahrieh David , Crombez Eric , Grabowski Gregory A.
Published: December 2012

Velaglucerase alfa is a glucocerebrosidase produced by gene activation technology in a human fibroblast cell line (HT‐1080), and it is indicated as an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for the treatment of Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1). This multicenter, open‐label, 12‐month study examined the safety and efficacy of velaglucerase alfa in patients with GD1 previously receiving imiglucerase. Eligible patients, ≥2 years old and clinically stable on imiglucerase therapy, were switched to velaglucerase alfa at a dose equal to their prior imiglucerase dose. Infusion durations were 1 hr every other week. Forty patients received velaglucerase alfa (18 male, 22 female; four previously splenectomized; age range 9–71 years). Velaglucerase alfa was generally well tolerated with most adverse events (AEs) of mild or moderate severity. The three most frequently reported AEs were headache (12 of 40 patients), arthralgia (9 of 40 patients), and nasopharyngitis (8 of 40 patients). No patients developed antibodies to velaglucerase alfa. There was one serious AE considered treatment‐related: a Grade 2 anaphylactoid reaction within 30 min of the first infusion. The patient withdrew; this was the only AE‐related withdrawal. Hemoglobin concentrations, platelet counts, and spleen and liver volumes remained stable through 12 months. In conclusion, adult and pediatric patients with GD1, previously treated with imiglucerase, successfully transitioned to velaglucerase alfa, which was generally well tolerated and demonstrated efficacy over 12 months' treatment consistent with that observed in the velaglucerase alfa Phase 3 clinical trial program. Am. J. Hematol. 88:172–178, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The epidemiology of cancer among police officers
Authors: Wirth Michael , Vena John E. , Smith Emily K. , Bauer Sarah E. , Violanti John , Burch James
Published: December 2012

Background

This review summarizes peer‐reviewed studies examining cancer risks among police officers. It provides an overview of existing research limitations and uncertainties and the plausible etiologic risk factors associated with cancer in this understudied occupation.

Methods

Previous cancer studies among police officers were obtained via a systematic review of the MEDLINE, CABDirect, and Web of Science bibliographic databases.

Results

Quality observational studies of cancer among police officers are sparse and subject to limitations in exposure assessment and other methods. Results from three studies suggested possible increased mortality risks for all cancers, and cancers of the colon, kidney, digestive system, esophagus, male breast, and testis, as well as Hodgkin's disease. Few incidence studies have been performed, and results have been mixed, although some associations with police work have been observed for thyroid, skin, and male breast cancer.

Conclusions

Police are exposed to a mix of known or suspected agents or activities that increase cancer risk. Epidemiologic evidence to date is sparse and inconsistent. There is a critical need for more research to understand the biological and social processes underlying exposures and the suggested disproportionate risks and to identify effective prevention strategies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:439–453, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing Chemical Exposures in Nail Salons through Owner and Worker Trainings: An Exploratory Intervention Study
Authors: Quach Thu , Varshavsky Julia , Von Behren Julie , Garcia Erika , Tong My , Nguyen Tuan , Tran Alisha , Gunier Robert , Reynolds Peggy
Published: December 2012

Background

Nail salons represent a rapidly growing industry with mainly Vietnamese immigrant workers. Workers routinely handle nail products containing hazardous compounds, yet have limited accessible information to minimize workplace exposures.

Methods

We conducted a culturally appropriate pilot intervention on workplace chemical exposure reduction strategies. We trained eight Vietnamese owners, who then trained Vietnamese workers in their salons. We conducted pre‐, mid‐, and post‐intervention assessments with workers, including an in‐person survey and personal air monitoring of volatile compounds.

Results

Survey results suggested statistically significant increases for chemical knowledge and behavioral changes in glove and mask use, and a reduced prevalence of nose, throat, and skin irritations. Air monitoring results showed a net reduction for methyl methacrylate and total volatile organic compounds, but not for toluene.

Conclusions

Worker education disseminated through salon owners to their workers can improve work‐related knowledge, behavior, health symptoms, and exposures for select air contaminants, although more research is warranted. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:806–817, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors, health behaviors, and injury among adults employed in the transportation, warehousing, and utilities super sector
Authors: Helmkamp James C. , Lincoln Jennifer E. , Sestito John , Wood Eric , Birdsey Jan , Kiefer Max
Published: December 2012

Background

The TWU super sector is engaged in the movement of passengers and cargo, warehousing of goods, and the delivery of services. The purpose of this study is to describe employee self‐reported personal risk factors, health behaviors and habits, disease and chronic conditions, and employer‐reported nonfatal injury experiences of workers in the TWU super sector.

Methods

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data for 1997–2007, grouped into six morbidity and disability categories and three age groups, were reviewed. Demographic characteristics and prevalence estimates are reported for workers in the TWU super sector and the entire U.S. workforce, and compared with national adult population data from the NHIS. Bureau of Labor Statistics employer‐reported TWU injury data from 2003 to 2007 was also reviewed.

Results

An average of 8.3 million workers were employed annually in the TWU super sector. TWU workers 65 or older reported the highest prevalence of hypertension (49%) across all industry sectors, but the 20% prevalence is notable among middle age workers (25–64). TWU workers had the highest prevalence of obesity (28%), compared to workers in all other industry sectors. Female TWU workers experienced the highest number of lost workdays (6.5) in the past year across all TWU demographic groups.

Conclusions

Self‐reported high proportions of chronic conditions including hypertension and heart disease combined with elevated levels of being overweight and obese, and lack of physical activity—particularly among TWUs oldest workers—can meaningfully inform wellness strategies and interventions focused on this demographic group. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:556–568, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ligand‐ and solvent‐free synthesis of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles by copper‐catalyzed tandem reaction of 2‐haloanilines with isothiocyanates
Authors: Yao Ruiya , Liu Haiyi , Wu Yichao , Cai Mingzhong
Published: December 2012

We report an environmentally friendly, efficient and practical method for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles by a copper(II)‐catalyzed tandem reaction of 2‐haloanilines with isothiocyanates under ligand‐ and solvent‐free conditions in air. The developed methodology conforms to the principles of 'green chemistry' and addresses the shortage of such methods for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles. The reaction is quite general and generates a variety of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles in good to excellent yields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hox transcriptional specificity despite a single class of cofactors: Are flexible interaction modes the key?
Authors: Merabet Samir , Hudry Bruno
Published: December 2012

Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays ftz Evolution: Findings, hypotheses and speculations (response to DOI 10.1002/bies.201100019) Abstract

On the border of the homeotic function: Re‐evaluating the controversial role of cofactor‐recruiting motifs Abstract

Control of DNA replication: A new facet of Hox proteins? Abstract

Classification of sequence signatures: a guide to Hox protein function Abstract
Antonio gimbernat y arbós: An anatomist‐surgeon of the enlightenment (in the 220th anniversary of his “a new method of operating the crural hernia”)
Authors: Arráez‐Aybar Luis‐Alfonso , Bueno‐López José‐Luis
Published: December 2012

This article focuses on Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós (1734–1816), with particular attention paid to his famous publication “Nuevo método de operar en la hernia crural” (2013 marking its 220 anniversary), which was translated into English by Thomas Beddoe two years later (A new method of operating for the femoral hernia Translated from the Spanish of Don Antonio de Gimbernat, To which are added, with plates by the translator, queries respecting a safer method of performing inoculation). Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós, a Spanish anatomist and surgeon, was one of the pioneers during the “Age of Dissection” (late 18th Century). He was a man of great willpower, bright, thorough, and unique. From his careful anatomical study in the inguinal region, he made a detailed description of the lacunar ligament, which John Hunter called the Gimbernat's ligament in his honor. Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós also proposed an advanced treatment for strangulated femoral hernias. He acquired extraordinarily broad surgical skills with therapeutic orientation, conservative, not aggressive, based on the knowledge he had gained through dissection. Furthermore, though this is less well known nowadays, Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós was also relevant organizer of education and health‐services — as it was the custom of the great physician of this time. Consequently, Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós is truly representative of the great figures of the anatomists‐surgeons of the Enlightenment. Clin. Anat. 26:800–809, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary Metabolites and Biological Properties of Gesneriaceae Species
Authors: Verdan Maria Helena , Stefanello Maria Élida Alves
Published: December 2012

The family Gesneriaceae comprises ca. 150 genera and 3000 species, distributed in the tropics around the world. It is constituted of herbs, lianas, or shrubs, frequently with ornamental potential, due to the beauty of their flowers. Some species have been used in traditional medicine, mainly against fever, cough, colds, snakebite, pains, and infectious and inflammatory diseases. Although Gesneriaceae are a large family, only few species were chemically investigated, and this took place mainly in the last decade. In the present work, chemical and pharmacological studies on Gesneriaceae are reviewed based on original articles published. Altogether 300 compounds have been reported in Gesneriaceae species, including flavonoids, terpenes and steroids, phenolic glucosides, simple phenolics, quinones, lignans, xanthones, and compounds with unusual skeletons. Several species had been used in folk medicine, and some constituents have shown biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti‐inflamatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties.
Sesquiterpene Lactones from Centaurea zuccariniana and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Ćirić Ana , Karioti Anastasia , Koukoulitsa Catherine , Soković Marina , Skaltsa Helen
Published: December 2012

Twenty‐nine compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of the Greek plant C. zuccariniana DC. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by means of NMR‐ (1H,1H‐COSY, 1H,13C‐HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and ROESY) and mass‐spectral analyses. These compounds comprise 13 sesquiterpene lactones, 14 flavonoids, two lignans, and one simple lactone. Among the isolated sesquiterpene lactones, three are new, namely one heliangolide, (1E,4Z)‐15‐hydroxy‐8α‐O‐(4′‐acetoxy‐3′‐hydroxy‐2′‐methylidenebutanoyl)‐6βH,7αH‐germacra‐1,4,11(13)‐trien‐6,12‐olide; and two eudesmanolides, 8α‐(4′,5′‐diacetoxyangeloyl)sonchucarpolide and one unusual eudesmanolide with an oxygenated bridge linking C(1) and C(4), named zuccarinin. The main sesquiterpene lactones were malacitenolide, cnicin, and 4′‐O‐acetylcnicin. These results are in agreement with those obtained from the previously studied Greek Centaurea sp. belonging to the section Acrolophus (Cass.) DC.; this finding could be of chemotaxonomic significance for the genus Centaurea.

The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the isolated new sesquiterpene lactones were against eight bacteria and eight fungal species. A 96‐well microbioassay procedure for fast and easy evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities was applied to compare these compounds with commercial antibiotic and fungicide standards, and with previously isolated analogous sesquiterpene lactones tested by the same bioassay. All of the compounds tested showed moderate antibacterial, but significant antifungal activities; the present results corroborate with previous data, indicating that these types of compounds exhibit low or moderate antibacterial, but potent antifungal activities. The unusual eudesmanolide zuccarinin proved to be the most potent among the present tested sesquiterpene lactones, as well as among all previously tested eudesmanolides isolated from Greek Centaurea sp.
Diterpenoids and a Diarylheptanoid from Hedychium coronarium with Significant Anti‐Angiogenic and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Zhan Zha‐Jun , Wen Yan‐Tao , Ren Feng‐Yun , Rao Gui‐Wei , Shan Wei‐Guang , Li Cheng‐Ping
Published: December 2012

Two new labdane diterpenoids, namely hedycoronals A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium, together with eight known diterpenoids, 4–11, and a known diarylheptanoid, 3. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed interpretation of their 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra and HR‐ESI‐MS data. Inhibitory activities against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUMECs) proliferation and cytotoxic activities against four cancer cell lines were assessed for all the isolates. Most of these metabolites showed moderate or potent cytotoxic activities against four cancer cell lines. Moreover, compounds 3 and 8 exhibited promising inhibitory activities against HUMECs with the IC50 values of 6.4 to 3.3 μM.
Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil of Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata from Algeria
Authors: Bekhechi Chahrazed , Atik Bekkara Fewzia , Consiglio Danaë , Bighelli Ange , Tomi Félix
Published: December 2012

The chemical composition of 50 samples of leaf oil isolated from Algerian Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata L. harvested in eight locations (littoral zone and highlands) was investigated by GC‐FID (in combination with retention indices), GC/MS, and 13C‐NMR analyses. The composition of the J. phoenicea var. turbinata leaf oils was dominated by monoterpenes. Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses confirmed the chemical variability of the leaf oil of this species. Indeed, three clusters were distinguished on the basis of the α‐pinene, α‐terpinyl acetate, β‐phellandrene, and germacrene D contents. In most oil samples, α‐pinene (30.2–76.7%) was the major compound, associated with β‐phellandrene (up to 22.5%) and α‐terpinyl acetate (up to 13.4%). However, five out of the 50 samples exhibited an atypical composition characterized by the predominance of germacrene D (16.7–22.7%), α‐pinene (15.8–20.4%), and α‐terpinyl acetate (6.1–22.6%).
NO Bond as a Glycosidic‐Bond Surrogate: Synthetic Studies Toward Polyhydroxylated N‐Alkoxypiperidines
Authors: Malik Gaëlle , Ferry Angélique , Guinchard Xavier , Cresteil Thierry , Crich David
Published: December 2012

A series of novel polyhydroxylated N‐alkoxypiperidines has been synthesized by ring‐closing double reductive amination (DRA) of highly functionalized 1,5‐dialdehydes with various hydroxylamines. The required saccharide‐based dialdehydes were prepared efficiently from sodium cyclopentadienylide in seven steps. A two‐step protocol has been developed for the DRA; it led, after deprotection, to isofagomine, 3‐deoxyisofagomine, and numerous other N‐alkoxy analogues. The barrier to inversion in these polyhydroxylated N‐alkoxypiperidine derivatives was found by variable‐temperature NMR methods to be approximately 15 kcal mol−1. With the exception of N‐hydroxyisofagomine itself, none of the compounds prepared showed significant inhibitory activity against sweet almond β‐glucosidase.
Biobased Glycerol – a New Feedstock for Chemical Industry?
Authors: Reinhardt Guido Andreas , Paulsch Detlev , Keller Heiko
Published: December 2012

Als Nebenprodukt der Biodieselherstellung anfallendes Glycerin ist ein Rohstoff biologischen Ursprungs, der nicht die Nachteile fossiler Ressourcen hat und auch nicht als Nahrungsmittel verwendet werden kann. Ob eine Verwendung in der chemischen Industrie Umweltvorteile mit sich bringt, wurde in einer Ökobilanz untersucht. Die Ökobilanz von Nutzungsoptionen für Glycerin aus der Biodieselproduktion zeigt die konventionelle stoffliche Nutzung ohne Umsetzung als ökologisch günstigste Variante. Allerdings ist absehbar, dass bei steigender Biodieselproduktion nicht alles Glycerin derart genutzt werden kann. Innovative biotechnologische Umsetzungen von Glycerin zu n‐Butanol oder 1,3‐Propandiol wie auch energetische Nutzungen können in diesem Fall ökologische Vorteile aufweisen, wenn insbesondere die Energie‐ und Ressourceneffizienz weiter optimiert werden.
Adsorptive Removal of Sulfurous Components from Natural Gas
Authors: Steuten Bastian , Pasel Christoph , Luckas Michael , Bathen Dieter
Published: December 2012

Bei der technischen Nutzung von Erdgas müssen toxische und korrosive Verbindungen entfernt werden. Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Adsorption verschiedener Schwefelverbindungen, CO2 und Wasser aus einem Trägergas (CH4 oder N2) an einem Festbett werden vorgestellt. Die Versuche wurden an zwei industriell eingesetzten Adsorbentien (Silica‐Alumina‐Gel, 5A‐Zeolith) bei 298 K und 1,3 bar (abs.) im Spurenbereich bis 2000 Mol‐ppm durchgeführt. Aus den experimentellen Durchbruchskurven wurden mittels Massenbilanzen Adsorptionskapazitäten für die Adsorptive bestimmt und an bekannte Isothermengleichungen angepasst. Zur Modellierung der dynamischen Vorgänge im Festbett wurde ein einfacher Linear‐driving‐force‐Ansatz gewählt, mit dem eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Modellierung gefunden wurde.
Drei mal drei
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2012

Die Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion, bei der drei Doppelbindungen einen Reigen tanzen und einen neuen Ring schließen, ist ein altbekannter Klassiker. Allerdings wurde erst jetzt entdeckt, dass sie auch mit drei Dreifachbindungen funktioniert und viele nützliche Synthesewege ermöglicht.