bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study to Determine the Requirement of Ureteral Stent after Uncomplicated Ureteroscopy for Ureteric Stones
Authors: Ahmad Nisar , Farhan Muhammad , Rehman Ijaz Ur , Rashidullah Mohammad , Ullah Sami , Ullah Mohib
Published: March 2022

Aim: The purpose of the study is to determine the necessity of using a ureteral stent later to uncomplicated ureteroscopy in ureteral stones with intracorporeal lithotripsy. Methods: For ureteric stones 170 cases were planned for ureteroscopic lithotripsy at the Urology Department of Sahiwal Teaching hospital, Sahiwal and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi for two-years duration from July 2019 to June 2021. 170 patients were encompassed in the analysis after stones fragmentation. The patients were divided randomly into 2 groups: the 1st group (80 patients with a stent) was inserted postoperatively with ureteral stents, while the second group had no stent (90 patients without a stent). Two weeks apart; stents were removed. Each group patients were evaluated for duration of surgery, success, postoperative pain, voiding irritating symptoms, stricture formation and hematuria. Results: Both groups of patients were similar in relation of sex, age and mean size of stones. The mean surgery duration was 40 minutes (15-55) in the stent group and 35 mints (20-45) for the stent-less group. Irritation symptoms during urination were observed in 33.7% in the group with stents and 26.7% in the group without the stent. 23(28.7%) patients in the group placed with stents and 13(14.4%) in the stentless group required two or more analgesics per day immediately after surgery. One patient in the stentless group required re-hospitalization for pain control. Hematuria developed in 11 patients (13.7%) and 9 patients (10%) in the stented and non-stented groups, correspondingly. The stricture formation and stone-free rate did not differ amongst the both groups. Conclusion: Ureteral stenting is not essential after uncomplicated ureteroscopy in the ureteral stone’s treatment with intracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. While placing the stent in the ureter does not provide any additional benefit, it is inconvenient for the patient in terms of cost and subsequent recovery. Keywords: Ureteral stent, Ureteroscopy, Ureteral calculus.
Compare the Efficacy and Safety between Onlay Versus Sublay Mesh Repair for Para-Umbilical Hernia
Authors: Khurram Zia Muhammad , Younis Sarmad , Ashraf Aqeel , Afridi Shahid Khan , Subhan Fazli , Sadiq Muhammad Attique
Published: March 2022

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety between onlay mesh technique and sublay mesh technique in patients undergoing paraumbilical hernia repair. Study Design: Retrospective/Observational Place & Duration: In the department of surgery, Muhammad Teaching Hospital, Peshawar and Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi and conducted during the period from March 2021 to August 2021. Methods: A total of 166 patients with both genders having ages 18 to 65 years who were undergoing para-umbilical hernia repair were included. Patients demographic including age, gender were recorded after informed consent. Patients were equally divided into two groups Group O and Group S. Group O (83 patients) received onlay mesh technique and Group S (83 patients) received sublay technique. Outcomes such as post-operative pain, wound infection, seroma formation and hospital stay were recorded and compare the results between both groups. Results: In group O 48 (57.83%) patients and in group S 47 (56.63%) patients were females while 35 (42.17%) and 36 (43.37%) patients were males in group O and S. There was significant difference in term of post-operative pain 6.01+2.26 vs 3.58+1.44 (P-value <0.05). In group O 14 (16.87%) patients and in group S 4 (4.82%) patients had wound infection. 8 (9.64%) patients in Group O and 2 (2.40%) patients in Group S had seroma. Mean Hospital stay in days was high in Group O compared to Group B 5.32+1.74 vs 2.46+1.38 days (p=<0.05). There was a statistical significant difference regarding efficacy between both procedures with p-value 0.036. Conclusion: We concluded that sublay mesh technique for para-umbilical hernia repair was safe and effective with very low rate of complications as compared to onlay mesh procedure. Keywords: Paraumbilical Hernia Repair, Onlay Mesh Technique, Sublay Mesh Technique, Outcomes.
Outcome of Corticosteroid Injection in Reducing the Intensity of Pain in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Khan Abdus Samad , Ahmad Tariq , Ismail Arif Muhammad , Aftab Ayesha , Askari Raza , Laghari Ahmed Raza
Published: March 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the outcomes of corticosteroid injection in reducing the intensity of pain in patients with plantar fasciitis. Study Design: Descriptive study Place and Duration: Orthopaedic surgery department of Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan for the duration of 6 months fromJanuary 2021 to June 2021. Methods: Sixty patients of both genders with ages 20-70 years were presented in this study. Age, gender, and BMI were all recorded after informed written permission obtained from those who were volunteer to participate. Patients who met the inclusion criteria for plantar fasciitis were given a single intra-heel injection of triamcinolone, and they were followed up in the outpatient department at intervals of three, six and nine weeks. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated in terms of pain reduction as determined by the Visual analogue scale (VAS). The full data set was analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 edition. Results: In our study most of the cases were males 38 (63.3%) and rest 22 (36.7%) were females. Age with mean standard deviation was 37.55±17.13 years and had body mass index 25.13±10.43 kg/m2. Majority of the patients 21 (35%) were from age group 31-40 years followed by age group 41-50 in 18 (30%) cases. Pre injection mean pain score was 7.34±7.5 reduced to 1.03±4.9 after nine months of follow up. Recurrence of pain was found among 2 (3.3%) cases. Conclusion: In this study we concluded that corticosteroid injection in reducing the intensity of pain in patients with plantar fasciitis was effective and useful with only 3.3% recurrence rate. Keywords: Plantar fasciitis, Pain, VAS, Corticosteroid
Aetiology of Failure of Total Knee Arthroplastyand Functional Outcome of Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Ahmad Tariq , Samad Khan Abdus , Asghar Kamran , ahmed Waseem , Askari Raza , Laghari Ahmed Raza
Published: March 2022

Objective:The aim of this study is to determine the aetiology of TKA failure and to measure the functional outcome of patients underwent revision TKA. Study Design:Prospective study Place and Duration:In the department of Orthopedic, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi and Muhammad Medical Hospital, Mirpurkhas for duration of one year August 2020 to July 2021. Methods:Total sixty patients of both genders were presented in this study. Age of the patients was between 25-75 years.This research included all patients who had previously had a primary total knee replacement and had subsequently had a revision total knee arthroplasty. Revision arthroplasty was warranted based on the evidence. WOMAC questionnaire was used to evaluate the functional outcomes of revision total knee arthroplasty after 8 months of follow-up treatment. Pre and post-operative WoMAC scores were compared using the Student-t test and a P value was determined. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of 0.05 or less. We used SPSS 20.0 to analyze all data. Results:There were majority females 48 (80%) and 12 (20%) patients were males.Mean of the patients was age 61.5±4.45 years and had mean Body mass indexwas 26.31±7.42 kg/m2. Majority of the cases 42 (70%) had left knee revision arthroplasty. Bilateral revision was performed in 9 (15%) cases and unilateral revision was done in 51 (85%) cases. Before revision arthroplasty function score, stiffness score and WOMAC pain score was significantly higher 70.8±6.12, 10.1±3.17 and 20.5±6.14 as compared to post revision 11.7±6.19, 4.1±6.3 and 3.0±5.11 with p value <0.05.We found infection was the most common aetiology of revision found in 27 (45%) cases followed by stiffness in 15 (25%), loosening in 13 (21.7%) cases and periprosthetic fracture found in 5 (8.3%) cases. Conclusion: The results of our investigation led us to the conclusion that infection was the most prevalent reason for revision arthroplasty in our study population. When we performed revision arthroplasty, the majority of our patients had satisfactory functional outcomes. Keywords: Revision TKA, Aetiology, Outcomes
Knowledge of Danger Obstetric Signs among Pregnant Women Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Khan Safia , Anwar Sadia , Sattar Fahmida , Bashir Humaira , Almas Uzma
Published: March 2022

Background: Maternal mortality is still very high in Pakistan. Knowledge regarding danger sings is one the most essential step for appropriate and timely referral. It is essential to create awareness among pregnant women about obstetric danger signs which can reduce maternal mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate or test the knowledge of pregnant women regarding danger obstetric signs. Materials & Methods: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Federal Government Poly Clinic Hospital (FGPC), Islamabad. This was a Descriptive cross sectional study conducted from May 7, 2016 to Nov, 6, 2016. Sample size was 150 and Sample technique is Purposive (non probability sampling) Results: There were 34 (22.67%) patients have good awareness about danger signs of pregnancy in our study. Conclusion: It can be stated that most of patients undergoing pregnancy have not good level of awareness regarding danger sign of pregnancy in our setup. Keywords: Pregnancy, Knowledge, Danger, Obstetric Signs
A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study on the Incidence of Osteoporosis among Adults
Authors: Mahmood Arfa , Kashif Muhammad , Afzaal Areeb , Anjum Shakeel
Published: March 2022

Introduction:Osteoporosis is a communal metabolic bone disease categorized by augmented bone fragility, although it has not been properly diagnosed or treated. As the life expectancy of the population increases, it becomes aserious and urgentuniversal epidemic. It is anavoidableconditionand has no clinical symptoms tilloccurrence of fracture. Primary treatment and diagnosis are very important. Therefore,our study aim was to determine the osteoporosisincidence in adults admitted to the Rheumatology department. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the Medicine and Rheumatology departments of Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Mayo hospital Lahore and Niazi Medical Complex Teaching hospital Sargodha for one-year duration from August 2020 July 2021. Methods:Afterconsent from the Ethical board appropriate sampling had been performed. The collection of data and input was performed in Microsoft Excel; point estimation was calculated with confidence interval of 95% along with coefficient and frequency for binary data.All the patients aged 20 years with or without orthopedic problems were recruited. We excluded all the patients with diagnosed calcaneum fracture and any other pathology especially osteomyelitis of the right calcaneum. Initially, a sample size of 400 patients was taken however after convenient sampling this sample size was reduced to 245 patients for final analysis. Results: The total osteoporosisincidenceamong245 participants was diagnosed in26 (10.6%) with the confidence interval of 95%(5.8-11.2%). Among the patients, 102 (41.6%) are men and 143 (58.4%) are women. The participants mean age was 40.40 ± 15.20 years. Conclusions: The osteoporosisincidence in this analysis is high and is constant with various studies in South Asia. Primaryrecognition of osteoporosis with quantifiable ultrasound of the calcaneus can be a virtuous tool of screening.
Efficacy of Intralesional Vitamin D3 Injection in Cutaneous Warts
Authors: Shaikh Samreen Dost , Soomro Naeem Ahmed , Shaikh Shumaila , Kumari Rakhi , Sohail Sorath , Shaikh Irfan Ahmed
Published: March 2022

Background: Cutaneous warts are common dermatological viral infection caused condition which causes cosmetic problems besides it primary morbidity like pain and discomfort. Intralesional vitamin D3 derivatives therapy is recent and effective modality for treatment of cutaneous warts. Objective: To determine the efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 injection in cutaneous warts in local patients. Methods and patients: A descriptive case series study conducted from June to December 24, 2019 at Dermatology OPD, SMBBMU- Larkana.A sample of 65 patients with cutaneous warts, either gender, age 20-50 years, 3 months to 6 months history were included after taking a valid informed/ written consent. Pregnant and lactating women, patients on immunosuppersive therapy, signs of any systemic or local inflammation or infection, history of pasthma allergic skin disorders meningitis or convulsions, history of hypersensitivity to Vitamin D3 were excluded. The injections of vitamin D3 (vials containing 6,00,000 IU of cholecalciferol in 1 ml = 15 mg)were given at 2 weekly intervals for a maximum of four injections.A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and study related data. Data analysis was performed through SPSS Version-21. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Stratification was done and post stratification chi square test was applied. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 27.9±5.1 with C.I (26.63-29.16) years. The Mean ± SD of duration was 4.4±1.9 with C.I (3.92-4.87) months. The Mean ± SD of number of warts was 14.3±4.2 with C.I (13.25-15.34). Out of 65 patients, 35 (53.8%) were malewhile 25 (38.5%) patients were belong to urban areas. Primary outcome of this study i-e; the efficacy was n=54 (83.1%). Stratified analysis revealed that younger age (20 – 30 years), male gender, urban residence, 3-5 mm size, 2-3 months duration (p value = 0.009) were associated with more efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 injection in cutaneous warts. Conclusion:This study clearly demonstrates that recalcitrant plantar warts can be treated successfully with intralesional vitamin D3 injection. The immunotherapy of injection vitamin D3 has better patient compliance, good therapeutic response without cosmetic disfigurement and capable of preventing recurrences. Keywords: Efficacy, Intralesional Vitamin D3, Cutaneous Warts, Treatment,Immunotherapy
Association of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia with Lower Ferritin Level of New Born among Pregnant Women
Authors: Baber Rubina , Bashir Humaira , Shahwar Durri , Rafique Iram , Khan Sabeeha , Taskeen Rehana
Published: March 2022

Objective: Aim of current study is to determine the prevalence maternal iron deficiency anemia with lower ferritin level of new born among pregnant women. Study Design:Cross-sectional study Place and Duration:The study was conducted at Gynae and Obs department of Mufti Mehmood Teaching Hospital, D I Khan for duration of six months from January 2021 to June 2021. Methods: There were one hundred and thirty pregnant women were included in this study. Women were aged between 18-45 years. Data on enrolled patients' ages, BMIs, and educational attainment levels were collected after informed written consent was obtained. At birth, the umbilical cord and the mother's blood were taken for a Complete Blood Count (CBC) to measure haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in both the mother's and her baby's bloodstream.SPSS 23.0 used to analyze complete data. Results: The mean age of the females were 29.14±5.87 years with mean BMI 25.4±7.44 kg/m2. Most of the females were not educated 80 (61.5%). Mean hemoglobin level of mothers were 116.9±34.66 g/L and with mean serum ferritin level 19.6±8.52 ng/mL. Frequency of iron deficiency anemia (Hb< 110 g/L ) was found among 70 (53.8%) cases with low serum ferritin < 15 ng/mL). Among 70 cases, 40 (57.1%) cases had mild anemia, moderate anemia found in 18 (25.7%) patients and severe anemia found in 12 (17.1%) cases. Among anemia patients mean ferritin level was 13.9±16.6 ng/mL with mean hemoglobin 87.5±12.34 g/L. Mean gestational age of new born were 36.8±12.43 weeks. Mean weight of the infants were 2534.23±5.2 grams. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that strongly association of iron deficiency anemia with low ferritin level. Maternal anemia is a serious health problem in which life of pregnant women and her child are endangered. Keywords: Anemia, Pregnant Women, Serum Ferritin, Hemoglobin, New born
Attitude of Primigravida towards Breastfeeding in Ha’il City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khan Farida Habib , Alkwai Hend M. , Hassan Elhaj Abeer , Iqbal Naveed , Parveen Nuzhat , Hussain Rania Abdeen , Mohammad Shahin Mona Madboul , Bashir Ibrahim Somaia Ibrahim
Published: March 2022

Background: Breast-feeding practice is one of the main determinants that influence Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). To adopt this practice, mothers’ attitude plays a pivotal role. Attitude depends upon socio-cultural and economical factors. Objective: To assess factors affecting the attitude of primigravida towards Breastfeeding in Ha’il City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 156 primigravida were recruited by using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected by awell-structured, closed-ended questionnaire. Results: Majority (51.3%) of our respondents were working ladies (employed, labor, self-employed), and had a high educational level (40.3%). More than half (54.5%) of the primigravida were willing to breastfeed their newborns. Thirty percent of respondents had the intention to practice exclusive breast feeding until 6 months. Majority (43.6%) hadplanned to give mixed feed as a large percentage, considered breast-feeding practices embarrassing and old fashioned. Higher educational level was significantly associated with; number of antenatal visits (according to the prescribed schedule), willingness to breastfeed after resuming the job, right time to have the 1st antenatal visit and willingness to continue exclusive breast feeding until 6 months of the newborn’s age. Although 90% of respondents were breast fed by their own mothers but there was a highly significant association (p≤0.001) of willingness to breastfeed newborns in those respondents whose mother in law breast-fed. Conclusion: Education is found as a main determinant that affects the attitude of primigravida towards breastfeeding. Other variable that influences attitude is the attitude of surrounding people regarding breast-feeding practices. Hence, it is recommended that health education programs on breastfeeding should be incorporated in female adolescent education programs, which will result in the building up of a positive attitude of future mothers towards breastfeeding practices. Keywords: Attitude, Primigravida, Breast-Feeding
Frequency and Severity of Hyponatremia in Children Seeking Emergency Care
Authors: Shaikh Saima Zeb , Hussain Aqueel , Qureshi Rizwana , Kousar Tasneem , Memon Iqbal , Arif Fahmina
Published: March 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency and severity of hyponatremia in children seeking emergency care at tertiary care Hospital. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at Pediatric emergency civil Hospital Karachi from May 2012 to November 2012. All patients of either sex coming to pediatric emergency, ages from 2 months to 12 years who did not receive any treatment during this illness were included. All patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated for sodium concentration through serum sodium concentration. Informed consent was obtained from the parents or attendant. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of enrolled participants was 4.1±2.7 year. Of 188 enrolled participants, 144 (76.6%) were male and 44 (23.4%) were female with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1, mean weight 12.87±3.5 kg and mean serum sodium level of 134.64±3.7mEq/L. The frequency of hyponatremia was in 61(32.4%) cases and out of these 61 patients, 18.9% had severe hyponatremia. The frequency of hyponatremia was statistically insignificant according to age and gender (p->0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the frequency of hyponatremia in sick children presented to emergency department was 32.4%. Key words: Hyponatremia, Children, Emergency department
Comparison of Transverse Cancellous Lag Screw and Ordinary Cannulated Screw Fixations in Treatment of Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Rahman Mohamed Abdel , Abdelazim Haytham , Ishak Sherif , Desoky Ahmed A.
Published: March 2022

Aim of the Work: To compare the clinical therapeutic effect of transverse cancellous lag screw (TCLS) fixations and ordinary cannulated screw (OCS) fixations for vertical femoral neck fractures. Patients and Methods: This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in Ain Shams University hospitals and El-Zaitoun hospital in Cairo. It included twenty two cases, who sustained femoral neck fractures. Patients were divided into 2 groups; Group A: using ordinary cannulated screws as a method of fixation. Group B: using transverse lag screws as a method of fixation. A randomized controlled study involved twenty two cases, who complained of fracture neck femur femoral neck fractures. Results: There was statistically significant slightly improved in TCLS group compared to OCS group. The results showed 5 patients out of 22 having complications, 2 patients (18.2%) belong to TCLS Group compared to 3 patients (27.3%) belong to OCS group, with avascular Necrosis 1 patient (9.1%) in TCLS regarding Neck Shortening 1 patient (9.1%) in TCLS and 2 patients (18.2%) OCS group. Regarding Non Union 1 patient (9.1%) in OCS group, there were high complications in OCS group compared to TCLS group but insignificant. Conclusion: A new study suggests that using the TCLS method to treat vertical femoral neck fractures may improve hip function and reduce neck shortening rates. Type III femoral neck fractures in Pauwels patients may benefit from this study's findings. Keywords: transverse cancellous lag screw, ordinary cannulated screw, fixation, vertical femoral neck, fractures
Different Patterns of Ocular Trauma Presentation in Nishtar Hospital Multan
Authors: Rao Rashad Qamar , Mehmood Wamiq , Hassan Ahmad , Sajjad Waseem , Fatima Noor , Mehmood Wamiq
Published: March 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of ocular trauma among gender and different age groups. And to determine various causative factors and the impact of trauma on ocular structures and visual acuity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Ophthalmology department of Nishtar Medical University and Hospital, Multan, Pakistan from May 2021 to August 2021. Data were collected from 142 patients. A questionnaire was devised. Data were analyzed using SPSS V26. Results: Out of 142 patients that were admitted in Ophthalmology ward, 36 (25.40%) were female patients and 106 (74.60%) were male patients with mean age of 15.9 years with standard deviation of 14.5. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female patients (p value=0.2). Cornea was most commonly injured structure and mechanical factors were the most common cause of ocular trauma. Out of 142 patients, 4 (2.80%) got just medical management and 138 (97.20%) patients required surgical intervention while they were also given topical and oral antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusion: Ocular Trauma is most prevalent among children. Males were affected more than females. The cornea was the most commonly affected structure. Ocular Trauma is one of the leading causes of monocular blindness. Most of the ocular traumas were due to some mechanical factors. Keywords: Ocular Trauma, Multan, Nishtar Hospital, South Punjab
Detection of Anti-Erythropoietin Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Farhad Sadia , Llah Inam-U- , Babu K. Suresh , Wali Sidra , Tahreem Bushra , Amjad Izba , Khalid Sana , Saeed Muthanna Fares Mohammed
Published: March 2022

Background: Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidney, activates the bone marrow upon demand. Recombinant erythropoietin can be subcutaneously injected to maintain red blood cell counts in chronic renal failure patients. Some time being recognized as foreign antigens, the patient occasionally produces antibodies against erythropoietin. Objective of current study was to investigate the existence of Anti-Erythropoietin Antibodies in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) affected individuals during hemodialysis. Methods: The current study was performed at the Pathology Department, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. After the assent of ethical committee, data collection was initiated to carry out the study. All the patients filled the informed consent proforma. The blood sample was collected in two EDTA and Gel tubes for complete blood count and for anti-EPO-antibodies respectively. ELISA tests for anti-EPO antibodies were performed on all patients who were classified into two groups based on whether antibodies were present or not. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: In this study, 150 patients suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease on dialysis were included in which 79 (52.7%) were males. Moreover, age-wise group 41-60 years (n=93, 62%) were more suffering as compared to age group 21-40 years (n=24, 16%). In our study, hypertension was found to be a leading cause of death for 65(43.3%), diabetes 32(21.3%), hypertension and diabetes mellitus 10(6.7%), and miscellaneous accounted for 28.7%. There were 56(37.3%) patients who received dialysis twice a week, and 94 patients (62.6%) received it three times a week. Patients had transfusion history were 136(90.7%), while 92 (61.3%) patients were found to have anti-EPO antibodies. Conclusion: Anti-EPO antibodies are frequently demonstrated in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. Due to the lack of correlation between antibody levels and Hb or reticulocyte counts, these antibodies might not be neutralizing antibodies. Keywords: Anti-EPO antibodies, Chronic Renal Failure, Hypertension, Peshawar.
Prevalence of Kennedy’s Classes in Partial Edentulism – A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bukhari Jaffar Hussain , Zafar Rabia , Javed Iqbal Muhammad , Rafiq Mehwish , Abdullah Uzma , Noreen Romana
Published: March 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequencies and pattern of partial edentulism according to Kennedy’s classification in local population and its association with gender or arch type. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 214 patients who visited Outpatient department, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan from 15-31st January, 2022. Non-probability consecutive sampling was employed. Partially dentate patients of age groups from 21 year onward were included in the study whereas completely edentulous patients or having fixed-prosthesis were not. Pattern of edentulism was evaluated by inspection and visual examination of the patient. Classification of arches was done according to Kennedy’s classification in combination with Applegate’s rules. To avoid complications, modifications were not considered. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 was used to analyze data and, frequencies and percentages were calculated along with association between the Kennedy’s class and other variables. Results: Of the 214 subjects, 108 (50.5%) were male and 106 (49.5%) were female. Majority (25.2%, n=54) of the patients were in their 30s followed by 24.8% in their forties (fig 1). In majority (65.4%, n=140) of the patients Kennedy’s class III was seen (fig 2). There was no significant association of Kennedy’s class with arch type (p=0.09) or gender (p=0.78). Conclusion: Kennedy’s class III was the most found partial edentulism pattern. No significant association was found between Kennedy’s class and gender or arch type. Key Words: Partial edentulism, Kennedy’s classification, Applegate’s rule, tooth loss
A Research Study on Clinical Education, Psychology Teaching and Discussion on Techniques, Difficulties, and Current Practice
Authors: Sajjad Sania , Salam Abdus , Manzoor Khizra , Bangulzai Attaullah , Nisar Muhammad , Haider Quratulain
Published: March 2022

Aim: Our current research paper discusses the importance of psychology for nurses as well as problems surrounding its adoption as a required component of nursing school. There are significant worldwide differences in amount to whom psychology is included in nursing education, indicating that further debate and thought on this issue. The purpose of this study is to (a) investigate in addition remark on academic literature in English speaking the psychological of nursing in teaching, and (b) describe and report on the sample of psychology education in a Pakistani school of nursing. Methods: Over through course of a year, a study of literature was conducted, that involved the search of several records and an examination of developing thinking for nursing textbooks. The results served as a basis for introspection on a local case. Results: The examination of literature generated a plethora of commentaries, conversation papers, textbook evaluations, and editorials, but relatively little actual researches. Three areas evaluated recognized as occurring most regularly in nonfiction: significance of psychology in nursing curriculum, the amount in addition substance of covering, as well as whether blended or separated psychology training must be adopted. Conclusion: The results suggest that the average significance of psychology to nursing teaching is not questioned, nonetheless arguments have evolved over in what way to integrate and integrate psychology. At the moment, the conclusions among those arguments are mainly ambiguous. Keywords: Psychology for nurses, nursing school, integrate psychology.
Is There a Connection between Tooth loss and Gastrointestinal Disorders?-A Mini Review
Authors: Khan Umar Farooq , Rafiq Amir , Zeshan Fazila , Mehdi Syed Zuhair , Tiwana Madeeha Nazar , Tai Daud
Published: March 2022

Objective: This mini review intended to study association between tooth loss and gastrointestinal disorders. Data Sources: There was a manual search of major journals and references in the reference list as well as electronic databases such as Springer Link, Science Direct, and PubMed. Duration: January 2000 and December 2021 Methods and Results: A total of 116 papers covering 17 categories of decontamination procedures were included in this evaluation. Among the decontamination techniques used were coatings, mechanical cleaning, laser treatment and photodynamic therapy, as well as air polishing and anodizing. Other techniques included radiation, sonication and thermal treatment. Biofilm generation and decontamination on titanium implants may be prevented and eliminated using most of the disinfection techniques studied. For future study in the creation of novel dental implants and decontamination processes, this narrative systematic review gives a description of methodologies. Keywords: Tooth loss, gastrointestinal diseases, chewing efficiency, nutritional intake and nutrition are some of the topics covered in this article.
Tribocorrosion of Dental Implants A Systematic Review
Authors: Rana Muhammad Faisal , Bukhari Jawad , Idrees Esha , Akram Adnan , Yousaf Lubna , Anwar Ammara
Published: March 2022

Objective: This systematic review seeks to analyze the impact of the concentration, size, and location of corrosion particles on oral tissues and different surface treatments of implants to increase their durability in the oral cavity. Methodology: An electronic search was conducted using the database of PubMed. In addition, manual search of the papers cited in relevant studies was also undertaken. Only human studies published in the last decade were included. Conclusion: This study concluded that apart from established functional and metabolic factors, implants also undergo wear and tribocorrosion when subjected to the oral environment. These tribological factors not only contribute to the eventual failure of implants but also instigate certain biological responses. Keywords: Corrosion, Allergy, Hypersensitivity, Implant, Dental Implant
Law, information, and contemporary finance in the United States: a sociological perspective
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G
Published: March 2022

The global financial system has become remarkably complex as it combines high transaction volumes with growing speed. Financial transactions depend critically on information to mitigate uncertainty and vulnerability, and such transactions are therefore affected by recent developments in information technology, driven by fintech firms and commonly termed ‘big data’. The volume, velocity and variety of information is unprecedented and poses new challenges for governance. Legal rules for data ownership, privacy, security and usage are becoming obsolete and ineffective in the context of algorithmic information processing and decision-making. Yet some types of information remain embedded in financial contracts and regulations, relatively unaffected by these developments. This variation challenges simplistic claims about big data and underscores how some of the historical particularities of the United States have gained global significance.
Could alternative econo-legal futures be made more possible and probable through prefigurative design? Insights from and for Cyprus
Authors: Perry-Kessaris Amanda
Published: March 2022

This article draws attention to how designerly ways, especially prefigurative design, might make alternative relationships between law and economic life more possible and probable in Cyprus and elsewhere. In so doing it draws attention to how designerly ways might support the development of more socialised, less determinate, understandings of law and economic life more generally.
ÚLCERA DE MARJOLIN E AMPUTAÇÃO DE MEMBRO INFERIOR COMO TERAPÊUTICA INSTITUÍDA: UM RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Costa Ruth Silva Lima da , Oliveira Ricardo Felipe Melo de
Published: March 2022

O câncer de pele caracteriza-se por divisão anormal de células cutâneas, compreendendo o tipo mais comum de neoplasia no mundo e se configurando como um sério problema de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, o carcinoma espinocelular tem significativa importância por representar boa parte dos casos e apresentar potencial para lesão tecidual e metástase. De forma rara a prática médica se depara com uma forma especial deste tipo de tumor: a Úlcera de Marjolin. Objetivou-se relatar a clínica, tratamento e evolução após amputação de membro inferior de paciente diagnosticado com carcinoma espinocelular originado em sítio cicatricial residual a uma lesão térmica. Trata-se de um relato de caso de um indivíduo do sexo masculino, 52 anos, que percebeu aos 40 anos o surgimento de uma lesão crostosa que posteriormente tornou-se ulcerativa sobre tecido cicatricial proveniente de queimadura sofrida na infância na região poplítea esquerda. Somente após 12 anos de evolução concluiu-se o diagnóstico e instituiu-se tratamento com amputação transfemoral no membro inferior esquerdo. A úlcera de Marjolin, quando diagnosticada e tratada adequadamente e de forma precoce, compreende um bom prognóstico a pacientes acometidos por esta entidade clínica. Evidenciou-se um desfecho desfavorável que se deu motivado pelo atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento da neoplasia.
Técnicas inteligentes na classificação do Transtorno do Espectro Autista: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: De França Matheus Henrique Medeiros , Oliveira Jonas Henrique Batista , Lima Náthalee Cavalcanti de Almeida , Nascimento Samara Martins
Published: March 2022

O Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo é um transtorno mental caracterizado por dificuldades na socialização, comportamentos repetitivos, dificuldades na fala e comunicação não verbal. Entender as necessidades dos pacientes é uma das tarefas mais desafiadoras para os cuidadores. Porém, por meio do diagnóstico precoce, o tratamento pode ser iniciado mais cedo, garantindo resultados mais eficazes quando comparado aos pacientes diagnosticados de forma tardia. O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura baseada no protocolo de Kitchenham e Charters (2007), cujo principal objetivo é analisar e qualificar trabalhos que utilizem técnicas de inteligência artificial na classificação do Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo. Foram analisados 167 trabalhos, de cinco diferentes bases de dados. Desses trabalhos, foram extraídas e sintetizadas informações que responderam 6 questões de pesquisa definidas neste estudo, as quais abrangeram conceitos acerca das técnicas inteligentes abordadas.
Effect on injectable platelet rich fibrin in augmentation of thin gingival biotype
Authors: Tiwari Vaibhav , Agarwal Sangita , Goswami Varsh , Gupta Bharat , Khiraiya Nupoor , Soni Varsha Rani
Published: March 2022

Aim - This study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of i-PRF on thin gingival biotype. Methodology – For this study, systemically healthy patients were enrolled. 13 sites with thin periodontal phenotypes were selected and injected with i-PRF at baseline, 1 week and 2 week using microneedle. Clinical periodontal measurements, including GT and KTW were assessed at baseline, one month and three months after the final injections. Results- At baseline mean GT and KTW were 0.65 and 3.76 respectively. At one month and three months follow up, there was statistically significant difference seen in GT and KTW. Mean GT increased to 0.96mm and 1.0 mm at 1month and 3months respectively. Conclusion - The results suggest that application of i-PRF can be non-surgical approach for increasing gingival thickness.
Usage of coconut oil as a biofriendly xylene substitute in tissue processing and staining
Authors: Tanwar Mamta , Sharma Manish , Karthikeyan R. , Kumar Manish , Tyagi Vineet
Published: March 2022

Background: Xylene is colorless flammable liquids that is extensively used in stock pathology, however it is carcinogenic & neurotoxic. Hence, need to identify safer substitute of xylene is necessary. Aim: The aim of study was to determine efficacy of Coconut oil as a biofriendly substitute for Xylene as a clearing and dewaxing agent. Materials and methods: 70 soft tissue specimens were divided into equal halves which were processed simultaneously in xylene and coconut oil as clearing agents. Samples obtained after processing were observed for following parameters:- Rigidity, Tissue shrinkage and Translucency. Paraffin blocks were prepared and two serial sections were obtained from each block. During sectioning tissue samples were observed for Nicks and Ribbons. After sectioning, one section was stained by standard hematoxylin and eosin using xylene while other section was stained by standard hematoxylin and eosin using Coconut oil as dewaxing and clearing agent. Tissue were evaluated using following parameters:- cytoplasmic staining, Nuclear staining, Uniformity of staining, Clarity of staining, Crispness of staining and cell morphology criteria by 3 independent oral pathologists. Kappa test and Chi-square test were done.
Infestation of Viscum Album Linn. on Robinia Pseudo-Acacia Linn.
Authors: Chandra Anup
Published: March 2022

A survey was carried out in the Rohru district, Himachal Pradesh. It was observed that R. pseudo-acacia was infested with mistletoes. It was identified as Viscum album. Infestation was observed almost all the trees. Hence, suitable management practices should be undertaken to check the spread of V. album.
A Framework for creating a Safety and Security Management System (SSMS)
Authors:   Cyber Technology Institute, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Gateway House, Leicester, LE19BH, Kemp Robert ,   Cyber Technology Institute, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Gateway House, Leicester, LE19BH, Smith Richard
Published: March 2022

Safety and security risks to critical infrastructure organizations are well known, and incidents in both fields have taken place. To help critical infrastructure organizations manage these areas, safety and security standards have been created. The main aim of this paper is to present a framework that has been created to manage both safety and security by providing guidance on how to create a Safety and Security Management System (SSMS). The framework identifies and remediates conflicts and issues between IT, OT, safety, and security. While also creating processes that can combine safety and security compliance to standards to reduce duplication of work and allow one process to manage both areas. A survey was carried out to understand if the framework would be of use to organizations and to better understand the issues users have with managing safety and security and how they manage conflicts that can occur. The survey showed key areas of concern for organizations and how the framework can be of use to them. It identified six themes from the research and identified improvements opportunities for the framework that can be implemented.
The research on the effect on stock price of executives' selling behavior in Chinese GEM
Authors:   Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Ma Xiao
Published: March 2022

This paper empirically analyzes the impact of executives' reduction on stock price by taking the listed companies on Chinese GEM as research samples. The results show that the behavior of senior executives reducing their holdings will significantly reduce the stock price, and the effect changes in an inverted U-shape with the proportion of stocks reduced. Further research shows that for the companies with higher earnings per share and absolute price, the behavior of executives reducing their stock holdings will do more harm to the stock price.
What Happens When UN & NGOs Encounter Refugees?
Authors:   Durham University, Zhang Tianyan
Published: March 2022

UN and NGOs are often criticized of being inertia for failing to solve or even relieve the refugee problem. However, refugee problem is dynamic and overintricate. This article reviewed the transmutation of the refugee problem, and achievements that UN and NGOs have done.
Corporate bonds pricing in China—Base on the Vasicek model and credit spread
Authors:   Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Ma Xiao , Zhao Weixuan ,   Price Certification Center of National Development and Reform Commission
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we use Vasicek model to determine the pricing of corporate bonds under the risk-free interest rate, and adjust it through the credit spread to make it suitable for the pricing of corporate bonds with default risk. Furthermore, this paper tests the bond pricing model based on the bond data of three companies, and the results show that the model can well capture the bond price trend, but it is difficult to accurately capture the price fluctuation.
Globalization and Inequality
Authors:   Durham University, Zhang Tianyan
Published: March 2022

From the beginning of globalization, the world was bound together, and became more and more inseparable. There was a great amount of differences around the world before globalization started, while globalization eliminated it. Although experience rises and falls, overall, both the political aspect and technological aspect keep developing, which drives the global market to become more efficient. Simultaneously, people in academia started focusing on inequality as a problem. Especially for economic inequality, including the visual gap of rich and poor and the difference of opportunity costs for different social classes, are greatly affected by globalization. However, how do the effects work and how to value the effects is the popular question without consensus. The minority, whether they think it’s a good thing or not, acknowledge that globalization reduced the social inequality among the countries but exacerbated inequality within the countries. This paper focuses on the complicated relationship between globalization and inequality by comparing and contrasting recent studies and ideologies in this area. The core problem within globalization appears to be the existence of the gap between political globalization and economic globalization. As economic globalization keeps integrating all of the countries around the world, the political globalization process is still suffocated by the national boundary lines in every country.
Volume-based credentialing: Practical steps to promote high quality, safe care
Authors: Shute Keith M. , Zarone Philip , McCluan Erin
Published: March 2022

All hospitals engage in credentialing to evaluate the qualifications of practitioners who request clinical privileges. Credentialing always includes verifying an applicant’s education, training, licensure and board certification, and evaluating information provided by references who have worked with the applicant. Far fewer hospitals consider whether a practitioner’s volume of cases is sufficient to demonstrate proficiency in a specialty area. This is surprising, given the well-established relationship in the medical literature between volume and proficiency. The authors identified several reasons for hospitals’ reluctance to use volume-based credentialing. These include the fear of lawsuits by physicians and the practical difficulties of satisfying volume requirements in smaller hospitals with fewer patients. The authors conclude that legal challenges to volume-based credentialing are unlikely to be successful and that techniques exist to enable small hospitals to use volume-based credentialing to promote high quality and safe care.
A Discourse of Integrative Fabric of Sita and Characteristics of Indian Women
Authors: Balamurali E , Hariharasudan A , Hassan Ahdi
Published: March 2022

The iconic global woman, the Indian representative of cultural integration and patience, Sita has been explored in a new dimension in this study. The process of social development has been greatly affected owing to the discriminatory treatment applied to ladies nearly in each sphere of life. Sita’s motherly affection, simplicity, and love for all have inspired millions of people across generations in this country. This research is an attempt to investigate the integrative nature of Sita’s love, affection, and bonding with patience, and how she continues to inspire Indian women. This research explores those characteristics and features that are a part of Indian women. This research explains the behaviour of Indian women and disseminates the problems of gender bias. This study firmly concludes that she would continue to integrate and fabricate Indian culture and ethos with her sublime qualities and character, which will continue to be reflected in Indian women of the future.
Strategies in Enhancing Speaking Skills of EFL Students
Authors: Alsaraireh Mohammad Yousef
Published: March 2022

Speaking has traditionally been regarded as the most challenging of the four competencies required of language students. Most recent research has stressed the importance of being able to communicate well. Learners may improve their speaking abilities by using a variety of tools, owing to the widespread use of technology in today's environment. Consequently, it is vital to identify the learners' learning approaches for speaking skills in the new learning setting. This study looked at the most widely utilized language learning approaches for enhancing speaking ability. The papers were published between 2017 and 2021 and were located in ERIC and Google Scholar. The basis for this study is PRISMA 2020. According to the research, metacognitive and cognitive tactics were the most often utilized approaches for improving speaking abilities, followed by compensatory and social procedures. Memory and emotional tactics were the least popular approaches among students. The results may help instructors choose the most successful teaching strategy for their students in today's learning environment. Future research might include a detailed study of learning approaches for various educating abilities.