bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights into the structure of the trace amine‐associated receptor 2: Homology modelling studies exploring the binding mode of 3‐iodothyronamine
Authors: Cichero Elena , Tonelli Michele
Published: November 2016

Recent studies have further investigated the trace amine‐associated receptor type 2 (TAAR2) pharmacology, revealing its role not only at the olfactory sensory neurons but also at the immune system, being expressed in human leucocytes. In particular, the ability of this receptor to bind the unselective TAAR ligand 3‐iodo‐thyronamine (T1AM) was elucidated, making in the meanwhile the discovery of selective compounds a urgent need to derive much more suitable tools for studying TAARs. In this context, we developed our work on TAAR2 applying a structure‐based computational protocol, including TAAR2 homology modelling and T1AM docking studies. The results were compared with those we previously obtained about TAAR1, in order to point out new insights guiding for selectivity between TAAR1 and TAAR2. The in silico strategy applied allowed us to provide for the first time thorough TAAR2 homology models, which are expected to be useful tools for a further design process of more selective TAAR ligands.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazopyrimidin‐3‐amines as anticancer agents
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Dianat Shima , Khavari Behnaz , Moghimi Setareh , Abdollahi Mohammad , Safavi Maliheh , Mouradzadegun Arash , Kabudanian Ardestani Sussan , Sabourian Reyhaneh , Emami Saeed , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh , Shafiee Abbas , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: November 2016

Groebke–Blackburn–Bienayme reaction has been utilized for the synthesis of new imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives as novel anticancer agents. The cytotoxic activities of compounds were evaluated against human cancer cell lines including MCF‐7, T‐47D, and MDA‐MB‐231, compared with etoposide as the standard drug. Among the tested compounds, hydroxy‐ and/or methoxy‐phenyl derivatives (6a–c and 6k) with IC50 values of 6.72–14.36 μm were more potent than etoposide against all cell lines. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining and DNA fragmentation studies demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl derivative 6c is associated with apoptosis in cancer cells.
Does Reading Cause Later Intelligence? Accounting for Stability in Models of Change
Authors: Bailey Drew H. , Littlefield Andrew K.
Published: November 2016

This study reanalyzes data presented by Ritchie, Bates, and Plomin (2015) who used a cross‐lagged monozygotic twin differences design to test whether reading ability caused changes in intelligence. The authors used data from a sample of 1,890 monozygotic twin pairs tested on reading ability and intelligence at five occasions between the ages of 7 and 16, regressing twin differences in intelligence on twin differences in prior intelligence and twin differences in prior reading ability. Results from a state–trait model suggest that reported effects of reading ability on later intelligence may be artifacts of previously uncontrolled factors, both environmental in origin and stable during this developmental period, influencing both constructs throughout development. Implications for cognitive developmental theory and methods are discussed.
Methadone complications amongst opioid‐dependent patients in Malaysia: A case series
Authors: George Philip , Vicknasingam Balasingam , Thurairajasingam Sivakumar , Ramasamy Parameswaran , Mohd Yusof Haslina , Yasin Mohd Azhar Bin Mohd , Shah Zia U. Bahkt Sultan
Published: November 2016

Introduction and Aims

Opioid dependence remains the main type of illicit substance used in Malaysia, which has an estimated 187 771 opiate users. There are currently 333 active methadone maintenance treatment centres nationwide. Although methadone has proven to be an effective maintenance therapy, it has clinical concerns which can have an impact on its effectiveness and safety.

Design, Methods and Results

A case series of seven patients from Malaysian private and public hospital settings who had an adverse reaction with methadone is discussed.

Discussion and Conclusion

Despite methadone being an effective therapy for opioid dependence, there is a need for other alternative effective therapies, such as naltrexone, buprenorphine and the co‐formulation of buprenorphine‐naloxone, to be made available to physicians in both public and private sectors. There is need for individual treatment consideration to avoid adverse effects, drug–drug interactions, overdosing and in the presence of co‐morbidities. An emphasis on safe storage of takeaway methadone is also needed. [George P, Vicknasingam B, Thurairajasingam S, Ramasamy P, Mohd Yusof H, Yasin MABM, Shah ZUBS. Methadone complications amongst opioid‐dependent patients in Malaysia: A case series. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:147–151]
A State of Fragmentation: Enacting Sovereignty and Citizenship at the Edge of the Indonesian State
Authors: Eilenberg Michael
Published: November 2016

The topic of sovereignty and citizenship helps us to understand post‐authoritarian autonomy movements and resource struggle in Indonesia's borderlands. This article presents a case study of the border district of Kapuas Hulu, where increased regional autonomy gained in the decade that followed the collapse of the authoritarian regime of President Suharto in 1998 has encouraged a scramble for political influence and natural resources. As elsewhere in Indonesia, local engagement in the politics of decentralization presents marginal communities with a chance to assert publicly their role and rights as modern Indonesian citizens, and hence stake their claims to local natural resources and customary territory. Claims to citizenship and resource claims go hand in hand. Although lines of authority have been rearranged through political rupture, continuities with former alliance‐building strategies continue to structure the post‐authoritarian landscape of political representation and resource access. However, when long‐standing informal networks are merged with new institutional arrangements, openings emerge for certain fragments of local society to gain access and control over land and resources. Ultimately, the rupture from authoritarian to post‐authoritarian rule creates new possibilities for claiming citizenship at the edge of the Indonesian state.
Rule and Rupture: State Formation through the Production of Property and Citizenship
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: November 2016

Treating the ‘state’ as a finished product gets in the way of understanding it. The state is always in the making. This article, which acts as the Introduction to a special issue, argues that political authority is (re‐)produced through the process of successfully defining and enforcing rights to community membership and rights of access to important resources. Claims to rights prompt the exercise of authority. Struggles over property and citizenship are therefore as much about the scope and constitution of political authority as they are about access to resources and membership of a political community. The ability to entitle and disenfranchise people with regard to property, and to establish the conditions under which they hold property — together with the ability to define who belongs and who does not, and to establish and uphold rank, privilege and social servitude in its many forms — is constitutive of state power. Thus this essay argues that various moments of rupture (following periods of conflict, of colonial domination, of socialist, liberal, or authoritarian regimes, et cetera) allow us to see that rights do not simply flow from authority but also constitute it. Authority and rights are conceptually tied together by recognition. This article demonstrates how contracts of recognition unfold. It proposes an approach to the systematic investigation of the constitution of authority through the social production of property and citizenship as the recognition of claims to resources and membership. It thereby develops a way to study concrete dynamics of authority or state formation.
The Rupture of Territoriality and the Diminishing Relevance of Cross‐cutting Ties in Somalia after 1990
Authors: Hoehne Markus Virgil
Published: November 2016

The notion of territoriality has changed in the Somali setting. Once it connoted flexibility and was mainly related to economic survival in a harsh environment; today (2016), after more than two decades of civil war, insecurity and foreign intervention, this notion is more rigid and exclusive. Clearly demarcated territory, inhabited by one group or at least under the control of a dominant group, has become a key political resource in an ongoing process of state formation. This article shows that territorialization in Somalia constitutes a complex mixture of bottom‐up and externally driven dynamics. It also shows that new forms of territoriality accompany new forms of sociality in the Somali setting. This is illustrated with regard to the diminishing relevance of cross‐cutting ties among Somali descent groups.
Violence Entrepreneurs, Law and Authority in Colombia
Authors: Grajales Jacobo
Published: November 2016

Local power in Colombia has been profoundly restructured since the mid‐2000s, with the partial demobilization of paramilitary groups and the state's direct presence at the local level. This has led to the articulation of claims to new rights by internally displaced people, paving the way for new conditions of access to property and citizenship. However, paramilitary groups and their political and economic allies remain a de facto power in some areas. This contribution argues that a situation of rupture, seemingly characterized by a re‐monopolization of state violence, does not necessarily lead to the marginalization of criminal actors but to a reconfiguration of the links between statutory institutions and unofficial networks. This argument is based on an ethnographical exploration of claims regarding citizenship and property rights. The analysis of the strategies of rights claimants sheds light on the formation of both political authority and political subjectivity.
The Construction of the ‘Self’ in Conflicts around Land in Contemporary Tarabuco (Bolivia)
Authors: Calvo Verónica
Published: November 2016

In 2009 a brand new constitution was approved in Bolivia which gives indigenous peoples the right to self‐governance according to their customs. The right to self‐governance was incorporated into the Native Indigenous Peasant Autonomy (AIOC) framework. Eleven municipalities across the country elected to adopt the new AIOC framework with a view to institutionalizing their own norms and political practices. However, in most of the municipalities the process led to internal disputes and tensions. This article focuses on the municipality of Tarabuco so as to bring to light the dynamics of these conflicts, and some of their underlying causes. Three different social organizations within the Tarabuco municipality — the peasant union, the indigenous communities and the neighbourhood assemblies — are fighting over the values and norms that should regulate the new social order. Those values and norms are closely linked to different organizational memberships, based on different interpretations of the meaning of land, territory, property, agricultural work and knowledge. The three organizations are competing over material and immaterial resources in a process of conflictive construction of political subjectivities. At the same time, in order to access the rights offered by the new dispensation, the Tarabuco local constitution is required to respond to the identity and identification criteria proposed by the AIOC. This article contributes to an understanding of the manner in which local actors deal with these forms of identity categorization in the design of values and norms of their society.
Risk of epilepsy and autism in full and half siblings—A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Christensen Jakob , Overgaard Morten , Parner Erik T. , Vestergaard Mogens , Schendel Diana
Published: November 2016

Objective

Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often occur together in the same individual. However, it remains unknown whether siblings of children with ASD have an increased risk of epilepsy and vice versa. This study determines the risk of ASD and epilepsy among younger siblings of children with ASD and epilepsy.

Design

The study included all children born in Denmark between January 1, 1980 and 31 December 2006 who participated in follow‐up until December 31, 2012 (1,663,302 children). We used Cox regression to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and the Kaplan‐Meier method to calculate the cumulative incidence.

Results

The overall aHR of epilepsy in younger siblings increased by 70% (aHR 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34–2.16%) if the older sibling had ASD compared with siblings where the older sibling did not have ASD. The cumulative incidence of epilepsy at 20 years of age was 2.54% (95% CI 1.97–3.26%) if the older sibling had ASD, whereas the cumulative incidence of epilepsy at 20 years of age was 1.63% (95% CI 1.60–1.66%) if the older sibling did not have ASD. The overall aHR of ASD in younger siblings increased by 54% if the older sibling had epilepsy (aHR 1.54, 95% CI 1.32–1.80) compared with siblings where the older sibling did not have epilepsy. The cumulative incidence of ASD at 20 years of age was 2.06% (95% CI 1.84–2.32%) if the older sibling had epilepsy, whereas the cumulative incidence of ASD at 20 years of age was 1.27% (95% CI 1.25–1.29%) if the older sibling did not have epilepsy.

Significance

The cross‐disorder sibling risk of epilepsy and ASD was increased for the two disorders, which suggests that genes or environmental factors shared by family members may play a causal role in the co‐occurrence of ASD and epilepsy.
Pronunciation Training Facilitates the Learning and Retention of L2 Grammatical Structures
Authors: Martin Ines A. , Jackson Carrie N.
Published: November 2016

The present study investigated the impact of pronunciation training on the learning and retention of second language (L2) grammatical structures. By drawing on the phonological saliency of stress placement in German separable‐ and inseparable‐prefix verbs, the study explored whether enhancing explicit instruction through pronunciation training can boost learners’ accuracy with the target grammatical form. Learners’ command of separable‐ and inseparable‐prefix verbs was tested prior to and after a grammar lesson using a listening task in which participants identified whether target verbs contained a separable or inseparable prefix and a written production task in which participants described pictures using separable‐ and inseparable‐prefix verbs. Results revealed significant and sustained improvement on both the listening and written production task among the grammar + pronunciation group, which suggests that pronunciation training can facilitate the learning and retention of L2 grammatical structures over and above explicit instruction.
Frequent emergency department visitors are frequent primary care visitors and report unmet primary care needs
Authors: Cunningham Amy , Mautner Dawn , Ku Bon , Scott Kevin , LaNoue Marianna
Published: November 2016

A small percentage of emergency department (ED) visitors account for a disproportionate portion of ED visits. Little is known about their relationships with their primary care providers (PCPs). This study compares frequent and infrequent ED visitors' primary care utilization and perceptions of primary care access, continuity, and connectedness and examines primary care utilization and perceptions as predictors of ED use. Data were obtained from 2 cross‐sectional studies of psychosocial predictors of high levels of utilization at 2 urban hospitals. Data included age, sex, race/ethnicity, number and type of chronic conditions, self‐rated health, and number of primary care and ED visits in the previous 12 months. Participants also answered 8 primary care access, continuity, and connectedness items. Participants with frequent ED visits (N = 70) were younger (43.24 vs 48.34, P = .020), more likely to be African American (61.4% vs 41.8%, P < .001), had a significant chronic illness burden (5.83 vs 2.83 chronic conditions, P < .001), and were more likely to report fair or poor health (65.7% vs 50.4%, P = .009). Frequent ED users were as likely as infrequent users to have a usual source of care, and reported similar primary care access, relationship length, and likelihood of provider knowing them well. Although making twice as many primary care visits, these participants were less likely to report that they could get what they need from their PCP (76.12% vs 92.53%, P < .001). Despite similar primary care access and continuity, frequent ED visitors are less likely to report that they get what they need from their PCPs. Further research should investigate their needs and how primary care can best provide high‐value care to this complex population.
Diversifying the Midwifery Workforce: Inclusivity, Culturally Sensitive Bridging, and Innovation
Authors: Tyson Holliday , Wilson‐Mitchell Karline
Published: November 2016

Midwifery educators and regulators in Canada have begun to address diversity, equity, and inclusion in admission processes and program curricula. Populations served by midwives value internationally educated midwives from their countries of origin. The International Midwifery Pre‐Registration Program at Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, provides assessment, midwifery workplace orientation, and accelerated education for internationally educated midwives on behalf of the regulatory College of Midwives of Ontario. Between 2003 and 2015, midwives from 41 countries participated in the bridging program, and 214 (80%) successfully completed the program and qualified for licensure. Of these 214 graduates, 100% passed the Canadian Midwifery Registration Examination and 193 (90%) were employed full time as midwives within 4 months of graduation. The program curriculum enables the integration of these midwives into health care workplaces utilizing innovative approaches to assessment and competency enhancement. Critical to the bridging process are simulation‐based practices to develop effective psychomotor learning, virtual and real primary care community placements, and coaching in empathetic, client‐centered communication. Cultural sensitivity is embedded into the multiple assessment and learning modalities, and addresses relevant barriers faced by immigrant midwives in the workplace. Findings from the 13 years of the program may be applicable to increase diversity in other North American midwifery settings. This article describes the process, content, outcomes, and findings of the program. Midwifery educators and regulators may consider the utility of these approaches for their settings.
Margatoxin‐bound quantum dots as a novel inhibitor of the voltage‐gated ion channel Kv1.3
Authors: Schwartz Austin B. , Kapur Anshika , Wang Wentao , Huang Zhenbo , Fardone Erminia , Palui Goutam , Mattoussi Hedi , Fadool Debra Ann
Published: November 2016

Venom‐derived ion channel inhibitors have strong channel selectivity, potency, and stability; however, tracking delivery to their target can be challenging. Herein, we utilized luminescent quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to margatoxin (MgTx) as a traceable vehicle to target a voltage‐dependent potassium channel, Kv1.3, which has a select distribution and well‐characterized role in immunity, glucose metabolism, and sensory ability. We screened both unconjugated (MgTx) and conjugated MgTx (QD‐MgTx) for their ability to inhibit Shaker channels Kv1.1 to Kv1.7 using patch‐clamp electrophysiology in HEK293 cells. Our data indicate that MgTx inhibits 79% of the outward current in Kv1.3‐transfected cells and that the QD‐MgTx conjugate is able to achieve a similar level of block, albeit a slightly reduced efficacy (66%) and at a slower time course (50% block by 10.9 ± 1.1 min, MgTx; vs. 15.3 ± 1.2 min, QD‐MgTx). Like the unbound peptide, the QD‐MgTx conjugate inhibits both Kv1.3 and Kv1.2 at a 1 nM concentration, whereas it does not inhibit other screened Shaker channels. We tested the ability of QD‐MgTx to inhibit native Kv1.3 expressed in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB). In brain slices of the OB, the conjugate acted similarly to MgTx to inhibit Kv1.3, causing an increased action potential firing frequency attributed to decreased intraburst duration rather than interspike interval. Our data demonstrate a retention of known biophysical properties associated with block of the vestibule of Kv1.3 by QD‐MgTx conjugate compared to that of MgTx, inferring QDs could provide a useful tool to deliver ion channel inhibitors to targeted tissues in vivo.

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Attenuation of experimental autoimmune neuritis with locally administered lovastatin‐encapsulating poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid nanoparticles
Authors: Langert Kelly A. , Goshu Bruktawit , Stubbs Evan B.
Published: November 2016

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) is an aggressive antibody‐ and T‐cell‐mediated variant of Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS), a prominent and debilitating autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Despite advancements in clinical management, treatment of patients with AIDP/GBS and its chronic variant CIDP remains palliative and relies on the use of non‐specific immunemodulating therapies. Our laboratory has previously reported that therapeutic administration of statins safely attenuates the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), a well‐characterized animal model of AIDP/GBS, by restricting the migration of autoreactive leukocytes across peripheral nerve microvascular endoneurial endothelial cells that form the blood–nerve barrier. Despite these advancements, the clinical application of systemically administered statins for the management of inflammatory disorders remains controversial as a result of disappointingly inconclusive phase trials. Here, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were evaluated as an alternative strategy by which to locally administer statins for the management of EAN. When tested in vitro, lovastatin‐encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles elicited a marked increase in RhoB mRNA content in peripheral nerve microvascular endoneurial endothelial cells, similar to cells treated with activated unencapsulated lovastatin. Unilateral peri‐neural administration of lovastatin‐encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles, but not empty nanoparticles, to naïve Lewis rats similarly enhanced RhoB mRNA content in adjacent nerve and muscle tissue. When administered in this manner, serum levels of lovastatin were below the level of detection. Bilateral peri‐neural administration of lovastatin‐encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles to EAN‐induced Lewis rats significantly attenuated EAN clinical severity while protecting against EAN‐induced peripheral nerve morphological and functional deficits. This study provides the first proof‐of‐concept approach for the application of a nanoparticle‐based local drug delivery platform for the management of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, including AIDP/GBS.

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A PTS EII mutant library in Group A Streptococcus identifies a promiscuous man‐family PTS transporter influencing SLS‐mediated hemolysis
Authors: Sundar Ganesh S. , Islam Emrul , Gera Kanika , Le Breton Yoann , McIver Kevin S.
Published: November 2016

The Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is a Gram‐positive human pathogen that must adapt to unique host environments in order to survive. Links between sugar metabolism and virulence have been demonstrated in GAS, where mutants in the phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) exhibited Streptolysin S (SLS)‐mediated hemolysis during exponential growth. This early onset hemolysis correlated with an increased lesion size and severity in a murine soft tissue infection model when compared with parental M1T1 MGAS5005. To identify the PTS components responsible for this phenotype, we insertionally inactivated the 14 annotated PTS EIIC‐encoding genes in the GAS MGAS5005 genome and subjected this library to metabolic and hemolysis assays to functionally characterize each EIIC. It was found that a few EIIs had a very limited influence on PTS sugar metabolism, whereas others were fairly promiscuous. The mannose‐specific EII locus, encoded by manLMN, was expressed as a mannose‐inducible operon that exhibited the most influence on PTS sugar metabolism, including mannose. Importantly, components of the mannose‐specific EII also acted to prevent the early onset of SLS‐mediated hemolysis. Interestingly, these roles were not identical in two different M1T1 GAS strains, highlighting the possible versatility of the PTS to adapt to strain‐specific needs.
Pimpinella anisum L. ethanolic extract ameliorates the gentamicin‐ induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Changizi‐Ashtiyani Saeed , Seddigh Amirhassan , Najafi Houshang , Hossaini Nasser , Avan Amir , Akbary Ahmad , Manian Mostafa , Nedaeinia Reza
Published: November 2016

Aim

Gentamicin (GM) is one of the commonest causes of drug‐induced nephrotoxicity. Moreover, oxidative stress plays an important role in gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity. The current study aimed to explore the antioxidant and protective effects of Pimpinella anisum (P. anisum) on the alleviation of GM‐induced damage.

Methods

Forty male wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, sham that was administrated normal saline orally and intraperitoneally (i.p.), GM that received 100 mg/kg bw/day i.p., GM and ethanolic extract of P. anisum that was administrated at an oral dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day for 8 days. Creatinine, Na+, K+ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. The levels of ferric‐reducing‐antioxidant‐power (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress induced by GM. Kidney tissues were stained to determine the degree of tissue damage.

Results

The plasma levels of creatinine, BUN, MDA and the absolute excretion of sodium and potassium were increased in the GM group, while FRAP level was reduced compared to the sham group. In addition, congestion of renal Vessels and tubular cell necrosis was observed. We found that 300 mg/kg bw/day P. anisum significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of renal function markers in the group receiving GM (P < 0.05). Additionally, gentamicin‐induced tubule damage was improved by P. anisum.

Conclusion

We demonstrated the potential therapeutic impact of P. anisum to attenuate GM‐induced nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the simultaneous use of ethanolic extract of P. anisum during GM administration is recommended to reduce its nephrotoxicity effects.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐12 deficiency attenuates experimental crescentic anti‐glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis
Authors: Abraham Abu P. , Ma Frank Y. , Mulley William R. , Nikolic‐Paterson David J. , Tesch Greg H.
Published: November 2016

Aim

Matrix metalloproteinase‐12 (MMP‐12; macrophage elastase) is an enzyme that can cleave various extracellular matrix proteins and is required for macrophage infiltration and pulmonary fibrosis in experimental emphysema. We have shown previously that MMP‐12 is highly up‐regulated in experimental anti‐glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether MMP‐12 is required for glomerular macrophage infiltration and crescent formation in anti‐GBM glomerulonephritis.

Methods

Accelerated anti‐GBM disease was induced in groups of MMP‐12 gene deficient mice (MMP‐12−/−) and wild‐type C57BL/6J controls, which were killed 12 days after injection of anti‐GBM serum.

Results

Wild‐type and MMP‐12−/− mice developed glomerular damage and glomerular tuft adhesions to Bowman's capsule. Both groups developed severe proteinuria. Wild‐type mice also developed significant loss of renal function and crescents in 22% of glomeruli, which were associated with macrophage infiltration and Bowman's capsule rupture. In contrast, MMP‐12−/− mice were partially protected from renal function decline, crescent formation and Bowman's capsule rupture. This was associated with reduced macrophage infiltration in both glomeruli and the interstitium, and with reduced expression of CCL2, TNF‐α and iNOS mRNA in MMP‐12−/− kidneys. In addition, KIM‐1 mRNA levels were reduced in MMP‐12−/− mice indicating less tubular damage.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that endogenous MMP‐12 facilitates macrophage accumulation and activation in anti‐GBM glomerulonephritis which is required for glomerular crescent formation, Bowman's capsule rupture, tubular damage and renal function decline.
Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of person‐centred care in different healthcare contexts
Authors: Moore Lucy , Britten Nicky , Lydahl Doris , Naldemirci Öncel , Elam Mark , Wolf Axel
Published: November 2016

Background

To empower patients and improve the quality of care, policy‐makers increasingly adopt systems to enhance person‐centred care. Although models of person‐centredness and patient‐centredness vary, respecting the needs and preferences of individuals receiving care is paramount. In Sweden, as in other countries, healthcare providers seek to improve person‐centred principles and address gaps in practice. Consequently, researchers at the University of Gothenburg Centre for Person‐Centred Care are currently delivering person‐centred interventions employing a framework that incorporates three routines. These include eliciting the patient's narrative, agreeing a partnership with shared goals between patient and professional, and safeguarding this through documentation.

Aim

To explore the barriers and facilitators to the delivery of person‐centred care interventions, in different contexts.

Method

Qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 18 researchers from seven research studies across contrasting healthcare settings. Interviews were transcribed, translated and thematically analysed, adopting some basic features of grounded theory.

Ethical issues

The ethical code of conduct was followed and conformed to the ethical guidelines adopted by the Swedish Research Council.

Results

Barriers to the implementation of person‐centred care covered three themes: traditional practices and structures; sceptical, stereotypical attitudes from professionals; and factors related to the development of person‐centred interventions. Facilitators included organisational factors, leadership and training and an enabling attitude and approach by professionals. Trained project managers, patients taking an active role in research and adaptive strategies by researchers all helped person‐centred care delivery.

Conclusion

At the University of Gothenburg, a model of person‐centred care is being initiated and integrated into practice through research. Knowledgeable, well‐trained professionals facilitate the routines of narrative elicitation and partnership. Strong leadership and adaptive strategies are important for overcoming existing practices, routines and methods of documentation. This study provides guidance for practitioners when delivering and adapting person‐centred care in different contexts.
HT proteins contribute to S‐RNase‐independent pollen rejection in Solanum
Authors: Tovar‐Méndez Alejandro , Lu Lu , McClure Bruce
Published: November 2016

Plants have mechanisms to recognize and reject pollen from other species. Although widespread, these mechanisms are less well understood than the self‐incompatibility (SI) mechanisms plants use to reject pollen from close relatives. Previous studies have shown that some interspecific reproductive barriers (IRBs) are related to SI in the Solanaceae. For example, the pistil SI proteins S‐RNase and HT protein function in a pistil‐side IRB that causes rejection of pollen from self‐compatible (SC) red/orange‐fruited species in the tomato clade. However, S‐RNase‐independent IRBs also clearly contribute to rejecting pollen from these species. We investigated S‐RNase‐independent rejection of Solanum lycopersicum pollen by SC Solanum pennellii LA0716, SC. Solanum habrochaites LA0407, and SC Solanum arcanum LA2157, which lack functional S‐RNase expression. We found that all three accessions express HT proteins, which previously had been known to function only in conjunction with S‐RNase, and then used RNAi to test whether they also function in S‐RNase‐independent pollen rejection. Suppressing HT expression in SC S. pennellii LA0716 allows S. lycopersicum pollen tubes to penetrate farther into the pistil in HT suppressed plants, but not to reach the ovary. In contrast, suppressing HT expression in SC. Solanum habrochaites LA0407 and in SC S. arcanum LA2157 allows S. lycopersicum pollen tubes to penetrate to the ovary and produce hybrids that, otherwise, would be difficult to obtain. Thus, HT proteins are implicated in both S‐RNase‐dependent and S‐RNase‐independent pollen rejection. The results support the view that overall compatibility results from multiple pollen–pistil interactions with additive effects.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSES OF INDIGENOUS BAMBOO AND MODERN BRICK HOUSES IN HOT-HUMID CLIMATE OF MALAYSIA
Authors: Dahlan Nur Dalilah , Ghaffarianhoseini Amirhosein
Published: November 2016

Vernacular houses using indigenous building materials have shown to be a good strategy for sustainable energy consumption without compensating the occupant’s indoor thermal comfort. Bamboo has been identified as the most used building material for vernacular houses in South-East Asia region. However, very little investigation has been conducted to study the passive performance of a bamboo house in maintaining indoor thermal comfort. This study compares the indoor microclimate conditions using thermal comfort Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied models (PMV-PPD) developed by American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers  (ASHRAE) between indigenous bamboo house (H1) and modern  brick house (H2) at a village located in the Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Selangor. Observations on environmental factors and predicted thermal comfort satisfaction level between day and night times were also taken into consideration. The findings suggest that the use of bamboo plus other vernacular house design features such as raising a house on stilts, located on hilly site and providing air permeability in H1 can lead to a thermally comfortable indoor environment, particularly during night time.
KERNEL-BASED EXPONENTIAL GREY WOLF OPTIMIZER FOR RAPID CENTROID ESTIMATION IN DATA CLUSTERING
Authors: Jadhav Amolkumar Narayan , N. Gomathi
Published: November 2016

Clustering finds variety of application in a wide range of disciplines because it is mostly helpful for grouping of similar data objects together. Due to the wide applicability, different algorithms have been presented in the literature for segmenting large multidimensional data into discernible representative clusters. Accordingly, in this paper, Kernel-based exponential grey wolf optimizer (KEGWO) is developed for rapid centroid estimation in data clustering. Here, KEGWO is newly proposed to search the cluster centroids with a new objective evaluation which considered two parameters called logarithmic kernel function and distance difference between two top clusters. Based on the new objective function and the modified KEGWO algorithm, centroids are encoded as position vectors and the optimal location is found for the final clustering. The proposed KEGWO algorithm is evaluated with banknote authentication Data Set, iris dataset and wine dataset using four metrics such as, Mean Square Error, F-measure, Rand co-efficient and jaccord coefficient. From the outcome, we proved that the proposed KEGWO algorithm outperformed the existing algorithms.
Effects of Preferential Concentration on Heat Transfer in Particle-Based Solar Receivers
Authors: Pouransari Hadi , Mani Ali
Published: November 2016

The working principle of particle-based solar receivers is to utilize the absorptivity of a dispersed particle phase in an otherwise optically transparent carrier fluid. In comparison to their traditional counterparts, which use a solid surface for radiation absorption, particle-based receivers offer a number of opportunities for improved efficiency and heat transfer uniformity. The physical phenomena at the core of such receivers involve coupling between particle transport, fluid turbulence, and radiative heat transfer. Previous analyses of particle-based solar receivers ignored delicate aspects associated with this three-way coupling. Namely, these investigations considered the flow fields only in the mean sense and ignored turbulent fluctuations and the consequent particle preferential concentration. In the present work, we have performed three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows coupled with radiative heating and particle transport over a range of particle Stokes numbers. Our study demonstrates that the particle preferential concentration has strong implications on the heat transfer statistics. We demonstrate that “for a typical setting” the preferential concentration of particles reduces the effective heat transfer between particles and the gas by as much as 25%. Therefore, we conclude that a regime with Stokes number of order unity is the least preferred for heat transfer to the carrier fluid. We also provide a 1D model to capture the effect of particle spatial distribution in heat transfer.
On Energy Release Rates and Configurational Forces for Interfacial Propagating Cracks: A Lattice Approach With a Brittle Erosion Technique
Authors: Mohammadipour Amir , Willam Kaspar
Published: November 2016

A numerical 2D lattice approach with an erosion algorithm is employed to analyze bimaterial interface fracture quantities in brittle heterogeneous materials in the context of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The concept of configurational force is elucidated and the importance of nodal configurational changes in a mesh where no stress–strain analyses are needed is investigated. Three fracture problems, i.e., an infinite panel with a bi-material interface crack, a double-lap shear test, and a prenotched four-point bending masonry beam are then considered. Validated by analytical solutions, the lattice model uses two distinct postprocessing approaches to derive the energy release rates and configurational forces directly at bimaterial interface crack tips. While the first method takes advantage of the change of the lattice mesh's global stiffness matrix before and after crack growth without any stress–strain calculations to obtain crack tip driving forces, the second approach analyzes the configurational forces opposing the crack tip motion using the Eshelby stress tensor and local force balance law in cracked and heterogeneous domains. It is demonstrated that the discrete material forces at crack tips are closely equal to the tip driving forces for the three fracture problems, confirming that the lattice is an appropriate numerical tool to analyze fracture properties of evolving interface cracks. Satisfying C1 continuity by including rotational displacements for frame struts, there is also no need for the lattice to update interior computational points in the mesh to eliminate spurious material forces away from the tip.
Robust Generation of Limit Cycles in Nonlinear Systems: Application on Two Mechanical Systems
Authors: Reza Hakimi Ali , Binazadeh Tahereh
Published: November 2016

This paper studies inducing robust stable oscillations in nonlinear systems of any order. This goal is achieved through creating stable limit cycles in the closed-loop system. For this purpose, the Lyapunov stability theorem which is suitable for stability analysis of the limit cycles is used. In this approach, the Lyapunov function candidate should have zero value for all the points of the limit cycle and be positive in the other points in the vicinity of it. The proposed robust controller consists of a nominal control law with an additional term that guarantees the robust performance. It is proved that the designed controller results in creating the desirable stable limit cycle in the phase trajectories of the uncertain closed-loop system and leads to induce stable oscillations in the system's output. Additionally, in order to show the applicability of the proposed method, it is applied on two practical systems: a time-periodic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with parametric errors and a single-link flexible joint robot in the presence of external disturbances. Computer simulations show the effective robust performance of the proposed controllers in generating the robust output oscillations.
Modification of Nóse–Hoover Thermostat to Improve Temperature Response in Molecular Simulations
Authors: Guy Ashley , Bowling Alan
Published: November 2016

This work investigates the modification of the Nóse–Hoover thermostat, a well-known tool for controlling system temperature in nanoscale dynamical simulations. Nóse–Hoover response is characterized by a mean temperature converging to a target temperature. However, oscillations in the actual system temperature consistently appear over time. To reduce these oscillations, the Nóse–Hoover control law is modified to resemble a proportional–derivative controller. The modified thermostat is compared to the standard and shown to significantly reduce deviations. Gains are varied and compared to show effects on response and simulation time. Work–energy calculations show the modified dynamics drive the system to a low-energy state significantly faster than the standard. The behavior of the modified thermostat is illustrated using a simulation of a molten salt solution.
Stabilization of Fractional-Order Systems Subject to Saturation Element Using Fractional Dynamic Output Feedback Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Shahri Esmat Sadat Alaviyan , Alfi Alireza , Tenreiro Machado J. A.
Published: November 2016

This paper addresses the design of a robust fractional-order dynamic output feedback sliding mode controller (FDOF-SMC) for a general class of uncertain fractional systems subject to saturation element. The control law is composed of two components, one linear and one nonlinear. The linear component corresponds to the fractional-order dynamics of the FDOF-SMC, while the nonlinear component is associated with the switching control algorithm. The closed-loop system exhibits asymptotical stability and the system states approach the sliding surface in a finite time. In order to design the controller, a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based procedure is also derived. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the FDOF-SMC strategy.
Development of Cheyletus malaccensis (Acari: Cheyletidae) feeding on mite species found in commercial poultry systems: Megninia ginglymura (Acari: Analgidae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)
Authors: Granich Juliana , Horn Tamara Bianca , Körbes Júlia Horn , Toldi Maicon , Da Silva Guilherme Liberato , Ferla Noeli Juarez
Published: November 2016

Intensive egg production affects the welfare of confined laying hens, which increases the risk of epidemics. Ectoparasitic hematophagous mites and saprophagous feather mites cause low productivity and decreased egg quality. This study aimed to compare the biology of Cheyletus malaccensis (Oudemans) (Prostigmata: Cheyletidae) feeding on the prey Megninia ginglymura (Mégnin) (Astigmata: Analgidae) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae) in order to support the potential use of this predator in biological control strategies in the poultry industry. The study started with 30 eggs of C. malaccensis, isolated in experimental units, which developed into their different stages while feeding on the feather mite M. ginglymura and the stored product mite T. putrescentiae at 25±1ºC, 80±5% relative humidity and 12-hour photoperiod. Immature stages were evaluated three times a day and the adult stage once a day. Adult females were unmated. Cheyletus malaccensis feeding on M. ginglymura resulted in a higher fertility rate, with 310.7±45.8 eggs/female, than with T. putrescentiae as prey, with 32.7±4.5 eggs/female. Furthermore, the oviposition period was higher feeding on M. ginglymura, 53.0±6.3 days, than on T. putrescentiae, 12.6±1.9 days. The net reproductive rate (Ro), the innate capacity for increase (rm), the mean generation time (T) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were higher for the generation fed on M. ginglymura. Cheyletus malaccensis is a likely natural enemy of M. ginglymura, and it is able to develop and reproduce while feeding exclusively on it.
Replication of nanopits and nanopillars by roll-to-roll extrusion coating using a structured cooling roll
Authors: Murthy Swathi , Pranov Henrik , Pedersen Henrik C. , Taboryski Rafael
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates a novel, very high throughput, roll-to-roll (R2R) process for nanostructuring of polymer foils, called R2R extrusion coating. It has the potential to accelerate the integration of nanostructured materials in consumer products for a variety of applications, including optical, technical, and functional surfaces and devices. In roll-to-roll extrusion coating, a molten polymer film is extruded through a flat die forming a melt curtain, and then laminated onto a carrier foil. The lamination occurs as the melt curtain is pressed between a cooling roller and a counter roller. By mounting a nanostructured metal shim on the surface of the cooling roller, the relief structure from the shim can be replicated onto a thermoplastic foil. Among the benefits of Poil, the process are availability of a wide range of commercial extruders, off-the-shelf extrusion grade polymers, functional additives, polymeric materials with good diffusion barrier properties, and the overall maturity of the technology [S. H. Ahn and L. J. Guo, Adv. Mater. 20, 2044 (2008)]. In this article, the authors demonstrate replication of nanopits and nanopillars with diameters between 40 and 120 nm and depth/height of 100 nm. The best replication was achieved in polypropylene, by running at high roller line-speed of 60 m/min, and high cooling roller temperature of 70 °C. Replication in other common polymers like polyethylene and polystyrene was not possible for the parameter range used for the investigation.
Electromigration behavior of Cu metallization interfacing with Ta versus TaN at high temperatures
Authors: Mardani Shabnam , Norström Hans , Smith Ulf , Gustavsson Fredrik , Olsson Jörgen , Zhang Shi-Li
Published: November 2016

High-temperature stability of Cu-based interconnects is of technological importance for electronic circuits based on wide band gap semiconductors. In this study, different metal stack combinations using Ta or TaN as capping- and/or barrier-layer, in the configuration cap/Cu/barrier, are evaluated electrically and morphologically prior to and after high-temperature treatments. The symmetric combinations Ta/Cu/Ta and TaN/Cu/TaN are characterized by a low and stable sheet resistance after annealing up to 700 °C. Asymmetric combinations of Ta/Cu/TaN and TaN/Cu/Ta, however, display an increase in sheet resistance values after annealing at 500 °C and above. This increase in sheet resistance is considered to result from Ta diffusion into the grain boundaries of the Cu film. The preliminary electromigration studies on the TaN/Cu/Ta and TaN/Cu/TaN structures show a twofold higher activation energy and a tenfold longer lifetime for the former, thus suggesting an important role of the interface between Cu and the cap and/or barrier.