bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ინდური წარმოდგენები ადამიანის პიროვნების შესახებ (ალან უოტსი; კარელ ვერნერი)
Authors: ბერიძე ვარდო
Published: May 2024

პიროვნებისა და ადამიანისადმი ინტერესი ისეთივე ძვე­ლია, როგორც კაცობრიობის ისტორია. პიროვნების კონცე­პტუა­ლური მნიშვნელობა, გაგება და შესწავლა გლობალურია. პირო­ვნების ცნებასთან, მის სტრუქტურასთან დაკავშირებული საკით­ხები სხვადასხვა მეცნიერების კვლევისა და მსჯელობის საგანია. იგი წარმოადგენს ფილოსოფიის, ფსიქოლოგიის, ისტორიის, სოციალური და პოლიტიკური მეცნიერებების კვლევის სფეროს.
ძველ ინდოეთსა და ჩინეთში იბადება და ვითარდება ფილ­ოსოფიური აზრი ადამიანის შესახებ. მის არსებით მახასია­თებ­ლად ითვლება ადამიანის შინაგანი ბუნების, მისი თავის­უფ­ლ­ების ხარისხის, ცხოვრების მიზნისა და აზრის სრულყო­ფილ­ებაზე ორიენტაციის აღება, მაკრო და მიკროკოსმოსის, ბუნებისა და ადამიანის თავდაპირველი ერთიანობისთვის ყურადღების გამახვილება.
ინდური მიდგომა პიროვნების გაგებისა  გამორჩეული პერ­სპექტივის მატარებელია. იგი არსებითად განსხვავდება დასა­ვლ­ური ფილოსოფიური ტრადიციებისგან.
 ალან უოტსი XX საუკუნის ბრიტანელი მწერალი და ფილ­ოსოფოსი, რომელიც დასავლური აზროვნებისთვის ცნობილია, როგორც აღმოსავლური სიბრძნის ინტერპრეტატორი, თვლის, რომ ინდური საზოგადოება  საინტერესო ჩვეულებისა და ტრა­დ­ი­ციის მატარებელია. იგი წიგნში „აღმოსავლური სიბრძნე და თანამედროვეობა“ პიროვნებას განიხილავს, როგორც ყოველდ­ღიურ ცხოვრებაში მიღებულ სოციალურ ან დრამატულ ნიღაბს და ცდილობს ამ გზით აჩვენოს პიროვნებისადმი ინდური მიდ­გომის განსაკუთრებულობა.
აღმოსავლეთმცოდნე, რელიგიის ფილოსოფიის მკვლევრის კარელ ვერნერის დაკვირვებითა და დასკვნით ადამიანის პირო­ვნების ბუნება ჯერ კიდევ გაუგებარია. მისი აზრით, პიროვნების გონივრული განმარტება ის არის, რომ იგი რთული სტრუქ­ტუ­რის და რთული დინამიური ფუნქციების შემცველია.
  საბოლოოდ, ორივე მათგანის კვლევებიდან იკვეთება ერთი საერთო დასკვნა, რომ ყველაფრის მხარდამჭერი ძალა, რაც არსებობს ფენომენალურ დონეზე და მათ შორის პიროვნებისაც არის  „ბრაჰმანი“. ბრაჰმანის მიხედვით კი, ადამიანი თავად განს­ა­ზღვრავს, ირჩევს გზას და საშუალებას თავისი სრულ­ყოფ­ილე­ბისა და გადარჩენისთვის. მას არ შეუძლია სამყაროს შეცვლა, მას შეუძლია მხოლოდ თავისი თავის შეცვლა.
THE POSSIBILITY OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAFY AND VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS IN THE PATIENS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND OPTICAL NEURITIS
Authors: Nesrullayeva N.A. , Shiraliyeva R.K. , Huseynova S.K.
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of OCT and VEPs in the patients with diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) and optic neuritis (ON). There were 30 (60 eyes) patients under the research with unilateral optical neuritis and diagnosed multiple sclerosis. The average age of patients was 22.9 years. While studying chess patterns test on VEP İn 11 patients with pathological prolongation of the ON observed P100 latency in the range 112 to 143ms, 3 patients showed a reducing in P100 amplitude in the range of 5 to 2mkV. In the investigation of VEPs at chess pattern of paired eyes in 3 patients there was a slight prolongation of the latency to 108 ms, in 4 - to 6 reduction in the amplitude of mkV. In the study of the VEPs to light outbreak in 3 patients noted slowing of conduction of excitation in the form of lengthening the latency of peak P2 in the range 122-147 ms and decreased the amplitude of P2 to 1,5 - 3 mV was observed in 4 patients. We have observed OCT study of 30 patients with unilateral optic neuritis. In 5 patients admitted in the first few days after reduction of noted moderate thickening of the RNFL, which is probably due to the swelling of the optic nerve. There were no changes of the fellow eyes. In 3 patients RNFL was within normal limits. In 7 patients there was thinner RNFL in all three sectors of retinal eye, and ranged from 72 microns to 85 microns. In fellow eyes of OCT examination showed a decrease in RNFL from 103 microns to 109 microns in 7 cases. OCT and electrophysiological studies, in particular, VEP, conducted in patients with ON the background of diagnosed MS, complement each other, allow the monitoring of visual impairment in the process of treatment and observation, contribute not only to confirm the diagnosis of ON in the affected eye, but also identify the most insignificant, not clinically diagnosed, changes in the optic nerve of the fellow eyes. Although, it may be noted that both methods are diagnostically significant in patients with MS and their appropriateness for combined use.
Ethnography of Legal Aid Post-Room: A Review of Equality in Legal Services at the Surabaya Religious Court
Authors: Fahmi Moh. Farih
Published: May 2024

This article explores the opportunities and difficulties that exist for affective control in the Legal Aid Post-Room of the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) of Surabaya. Humans and non-human entities coexist in this space, entwined in a relational way to be present together. The ethnographic methodology was selected to get empirical data gathered via five months of observation and interactive discussion. Regarding interpersonal relationships, language use, and the physical space of the Legal Aid Post or Pos Bantuan Hukum (Posbakum), the paper contends that Legal Aid workers, informants, and guests are all intertwined. The research findings show ethnographically the atmosphere of the service and reporting process in the Posbakum space as part of the performance in the theater of equality and non-discrimination to demonstrate the sympathetic attitude of Legal Aid officers towards informants. These findings ultimately affirm the presence of emotional atmospheres at certain moments in the Posbakum space, necessitating officers to exhibit creativity. The focus on linguistic expressions to approach feelings and atmospheres in the Posbakum space, in turn, can affect the quality of service. The role of material arrangement, semantic content, and affective experience is utilized to serve the impoverished community in shaping their experiences in seeking justice and the semantic content of what is said. The design and atmosphere of the Posbakum Room make every complainant feel comfortable and familiar with sharing information with the officers. The contribution of this research is in the discussion of equal, inclusive, and non-discriminatory legal services with an ethnographic approach to spatial design
Research on the Transformation and Upgrading of China's Manufacturing Export from the Perspective of Global Value Chain
Authors: Gao Xiaoyan
Published: May 2024

With the in-depth development of the global economy, China's manufacturing export is facing an urgent need for transformation and upgrading. From the perspective of global value chain, this paper analyzes the position and challenges of China's manufacturing industry in the global value chain, discusses the motivation and path of export transformation and upgrading, and puts forward corresponding strategic suggestions. The study shows that China's manufacturing industry is gradually climbing from low end to high end in the global value chain, but it still faces problems such as technical bottleneck and brand lack. Therefore, it is necessary to increase investment in technological innovation and brand building, enhance export competitiveness, and realize the sustainable development of manufacturing industry.
Research on the Narrative Strategies and Effects of International Communication of New Mainstream Films
Authors: Xu Huixin , Chen Yiyu
Published: May 2024

The new mainstream film is a new form of the current film, which plays an important role in the international narrative communication. According to the YouTube film transmission data in the platform, a comprehensive analysis of the current new mainstream film in the international narrative strategy, including increasing the film transmission themes, improve the film design imagination, add continuity characters and change spread thinking, according to the relevant movie data, confirm the film international narrative communication effect, for the spread of sustainable proposals.
The Analysis of the Characteristics of Live Broadcasting in the East Selection Room
Authors: Wang Yixuan
Published: May 2024

In 2021, following the implementation of the double reduction policy, New Oriental initiated a transformation and reform process, leveraging the TikTok platform under the name of East Selection to support farmers. This initiative quickly gained immense popularity and attention. As Eastern Selection experienced an explosive growth, its prominent anchors garnered significant attention and traffic. Among them, Dong Yuhui emerged as a top stream anchor after his first live broadcast for Eastern Selection, leading the new development direction of this platform. Given that Eastern Selection has become a popular live streaming room, it is highly feasible to conduct research and analysis on its live broadcasting mode. Dong Yuhui's role as the head anchor makes him particularly suitable for studying this aspect.
Pragmatic Study of Person Dexis in the Speeches of Chinese and American Leaders
Authors: Zhao Haiyun
Published: May 2024

Language not only conveys information, but also reveals information about the speaker’s identity, social status and behavioral motives. This paper focuses on how person dexis in the speeches of Chinese and U.S. leaders convey interpersonal connotations and realize pragmatic purposes. The selected texts are analyzed from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics according to the first, second and third person dexis. The paper is based on a corpus of 11 speeches delivered by President Xi and former U.S. President Donald Trump, in which the frequency of person dexis and the characteristics of the use are recorded. The study is conducive to have a clearer understanding of the interpersonal meanings and pragmatic purposes of different person dexis and the underlying conceptual and cultural factors influencing the usage.
Research on Risk Assessment for Different People
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: May 2024

The traditional idea is that risk aggregation is the operating principle of the insurance industry, sometimes called the insurance principle, which refers to the aggregation of unrelated risk items to reduce risks [1]. Simply put, because insurance companies issue many policies to different customers with independent risk sources, each policy only accounts for a small part of the insurance company's portfolio. With this decentralized approach to achieve the purpose of reducing risk. However, selling more insurance means increasing the risk investment position, and the overall risk will also rise. Therefore, we find that simply increasing the sale of new independent policies cannot explain the insurance industry. Subsequently, we put forward the concept of risk sharing, which is also the basic principle used by the insurance industry, that is, holding a large number of policies in diversification on the basis of controlling the total risk by selling shares to shareholders. Spread a certain amount of risk over many investors, and as the Sharpe ratio increases with the number of policies, the risk per shareholder decreases.
Observations of Prospective Teachers' Experience and Challenges Faced During Teaching Practicum-1
Authors: Asghar Maira , Nida Ali Syeda , Naseem Afshan
Published: May 2024

This paper investigates the provision of insights and comments based on observations made by fifteen prospective teachers throughout their sixteen-week teaching practicum-1 experience in an elementary school. The paper explores, evaluates, and details the professional growth experiences of these fifteen prospective teachers throughout their teaching practicum-1 observation phase using qualitative data from an interview procedure and SWOT analysis. A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was used for the current study. Samples participated on a volunteer basis. The semi-structured interview protocol was developed. The instrument was developed with the help of a literature review and it was validated by the field experts. Thematic SWOT analysis was used. The findings show that the students found this experience significant for their professional development and that they gained a lot from it. The paper also discusses several difficulties and constraints that were faced during their teaching practicum 1. However, this study underscores the importance of hands-on teaching experience in the development of skills and proficiencies of prospective teachers. Thus, this paper provides recommendations based on the outcomes and difficulties experienced during the practicum to help improve the preparation and assistance for future teachers. This work pays much attention to the concept of reflection and practice-based learning in teacher training and development and calls for improvement in the approach to training teachers in the field of education.
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan’s (TTP) Threat Spectrum: Assessing Pakistan’s Counter-Terrorism Policy in Post-US Withdrawal Era
Authors: Bakhsh Noor , Rab Abdul , Faiz Jalal
Published: May 2024

The Afghan Taliban administration has precipitated a substantial shift in regional politics due to the power vacuum left in the wake of the US withdrawal. After the Taliban takeover, Afghanistan has witnessed immense economic challenges, political crises, and security challenges in Afghanistan. Consequently, the chaotic situation in Kabul generated a substantial threat to Pakistan’s security. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) threat spectrum for Pakistan and its Counter-Terrorism Policy in the post-US withdrawal era. This study adopted a purely qualitative method and collected primary data from the relevant experts through semi-structured interviews. Moreover, it comprehensively discusses and analyses Pakistan’s rising security concerns due to the reactivation of TTP in the post-US withdrawal period. The results expose that Pakistan faces various security challenges from Afghan soil in the post-US withdrawal. Unstable Afghanistan and TTP’s reactive mod on the Taliban conquering return some indispensable challenges for Pakistan’s security and stability. Finally, the findings of the study suggest that fostering cordial relations with the Afghan Taliban administration and proactive countering terrorism policies are crucial for Islamabad to preserve its security interests, particularly countering TTP’s threat. Afghanistan and Pakistan should adopt a collaborative approach and prioritize cooperation and mutual trust for eliminating the transborder terrorism to achieve. These practical measures will not only contribute to reducing radicalism, terrorism, and sectarianism but also achieve peace and prosperity on both sides.
Klasifikasi Cardiovascular Diseases Menggunakan Algoritma K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
Authors: Artanti Vera , Faisal Muhammad , Kurniawan Fachrul
Published: May 2024

Penyakit Kardiovaskular (Cardiovascular Diseases) adalah faktor utama kematian global, dengan jumlah korban mencapai 17,9 juta jiwa setiap tahun atau sekitar 32% dari total kematian global (World Health Organization, 2021). Faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular diantaranya faktor usia, semakin bertambahnya usia seseorang, maka semakin tinggi risiko terkena penyakit kardiovaskular. Faktor lain yaitu memiliki riwayat penyakit kardiovaskular dalam keluarga, diabetes, tekanan darah tinggi, obesitas (kegemukan), Pola hidup tidak sehat, dan Stres. (Kemenkes RI, 2021). Masalah pada penelitian ini adalah bagaimana mengetahui model K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) dengan baik melalui perhitungan accuracy, recall, precision, dan f1-score pada klasifikasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Tujuan penelitin ini adalah mengetahui kinerja K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) dengan baik melalui perhitungan accuracy, recall, precision, dan f1-score pada klasifikasi penyakit kardiovaskular. Metode K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) adalah salah satu metode klasifikasi yang memanfaatkan pola-pola data yang ada dalam dataset untuk mengklasifikasi kategori atau kelas dari suatu sampel yang belum diketahui. Hasil klasifikasi data pelatihan menunjukkan akurasi sebesar 85.49%, dengan precision 84,43%, recall 87,04%, dan f1-score 85,71%. Melalui uji coba menggunakan KNN, diperoleh hasil dengan akurasi sebesar 91% dan nilai presisi 90%, recall 93%, dan f1-score 92%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) memiliki hasil yang baik untuk melakukan klasifikasi pada penyakit kardiovaskular yaitu akurasinya 91%.
The Role of School Principals in Improving the Quality of Learning
Authors: Maulana Irwan , Rizal Mz Syamsul , Anas Azwar
Published: May 2024

SMK, an educational institution focused on producing graduates capable of finding employment, pursuing further study, or starting their own business, becomes a strategically crucial educational institution to generate graduates prepared for the workforce. This study clarifies how school principals might raise the standard of instruction at SMKN 1 Ciomas. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed. At SMKN 1 Ciomas Bogor, this study was carried out. The head of the study program, students, the vice principal of curriculum and student affairs, and the principal were all interviewed. Every document about the research issue is examined through document studies. Data reduction, data presentation, data verification, and data collecting are all used in data analysis procedures. As part of his leadership responsibilities, the principal of SMKN 1 Ciomas plans and develops programs for teachers and students. He then works with businesses and industry to implement the programs and provides orientation to goods and services. Finally, he supervises and evaluates the students' learning as it occurs.
The Influence of CAR, FDR, and BOPO
Authors: Jamaludin Jamaludin , Rahmah Siti Ainur , Zakariya Moh Asep , Mutaqqin Moch Zaenal , Alhubufillah M. Alfi , Setiabudi Rahmat
Published: May 2024

One metric used to assess how well a business is performing is profitability. An organization's capacity to turn a profit can be used to measure performance. A high profitability level indicates excellent success for the organization. Return On Assets (ROA) is the ratio used to determine the degree of profitability. At the same time, the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), and Operating Expenses and Operating Income (BOPO) ratios are known to have an impact on the degree of profitability. This research aims to examine how CAR, FDR, and BOPO affect profitability. This quantitative study utilizes information gathered from Bank Muamalat Indonesia's quarterly financial reports issued between 2013 and 2021. This study employed multiple linear regression with the e-views Nine program as the research method. According to the research's findings, the degree of profitability is significantly impacted by the FDR and BOPO variables but not by the CAR variable. Furthermore, the study's findings indicate that the CAR, FDR, and BOPO variables significantly affect the profitability level simultaneously. The findings of the coefficient of determination (R2) analysis, which indicate that CAR, FDR, and BOPO have an impact on the profitability level, which is 98.60% and 1.40% with the influence of other factors from outside the analysis model, support this.
Analysis and Improvement of Production Process Activities of Arikyd 36xx HV Products at PT. Highpolymer Aristek with Manufacturing Cycle Effectiveness and Fishbone Diagram Technique
Authors: Natasya Natasya
Published: May 2024

PT. Aristek Highpolymer is a company engaged in the chemical industry by producing synthetic resins and polyurethanes. In carrying out its business processes, PT. Aristek Highpolymer produces 6 types of products, one of which is arikyd 36xx hv products. In carrying out the production process arikyd 36xx hv there is a delay due to high cycle time that affects effectiveness.  With these problems, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of production process activities in order to find the root cause of delays and solutions that are expected to minimize or reduce delays that occur. In this study, the manufacturing cycle effectiveness (MCE) method will be used to be able to determine and improve production effectiveness and identify non-value-adding activities using Fishbone Diagram. From the results of research using the Manufacturing Cycle Effectiveness (MCE) method, the effectiveness of the production process was obtained by 74%, this shows that in carrying out the production process there are still activities not adding value by 26%. Then the root cause of the problem was identified using the fishbone diagram method and it was known that there were 4 main factors that became the problem of non-value added in the production process, namely: Lack of training in production activities, less ergonomic machines and lack of maintenance, Lack of tools in production process activities and inefficient production process layout.
Customs Broker Services Operational Performance: Basis for the Development of Corporate Strategy
Authors: Sernero Reymer
Published: May 2024

This study investigated the operational performance of customs brokers and its implications for developing a corporate strategy. In total, 277 respondents participated, comprising 121 customs brokers and 156 importers from the Philippines, providing demographic information and responding to selfadministered questionnaires. We evaluated operational performance based on quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost using a 4-point Likert scale. The findings revealed that both groups of respondents highly rated customs brokers in terms of quality, dependability, flexibility, and cost. Specific examples illustrating these high ratings were noted. We analyzed differences based on demographic profiles between customs brokers and importers, including gender, speed, and educational attainment. Significant differences were found based on gender and speed. Additionally, variations in educational attainment were identified regarding dependability and flexibility. A significant difference was observed between customs brokers and importers regarding operational performance objectives in terms of speed, with customs brokers rated higher than importers. Addressing this identified difference by implementing targeted measures to enhance speed can contribute to overall operational improvement, meeting the time-sensitive needs of importers and further strengthening the reputation of customs brokers. These findings have practical implications for developing a strategy to enhance the operational performance of customs broker services. By recognizing their strong performance in quality, dependability, flexibility, and cost, customs brokers can continue to prioritize and maintain high standards in these areas, thereby improving overall service delivery.
Skaitmeninės ekonomikos apmokestinimo problematika
Authors: Venslovaitytė Karolina
Published: May 2024

Pasaulis įžengė į gilų pereinamąjį laikotarpį, kuriame matomas spartus ir neįtikėtinas naujovių vystymąsis. Skaitmeninės ekonomikos augimas dramatiškai pakeitė pasaulinę verslo aplinką, sukeldamas naujų iššūkių mokesčių sistemai. Internetas išstumia laikraščius ir žurnalus, o prekybą materialiomis prekėmis keičia paslaugos, teikiamos skaitmeninėje erdvėje. Skaitmeninė ekonomika naikina laiko, erdvės ir atstumo barjerus. Serveris, kuriame apdorojama operacija, vieta, iš kurios prekės ar paslaugos yra teikiamos ir tokių prekių ar paslaugų teikimo vieta yra skirtingose jurisdikcijose, todėl keliamas klausimas – kur bus apmokestinamas sandoris? Tuo tarpu tarptautinėms mokesčių taisyklėms vis dar „įklimpus“ į XX amžiaus verslo koncepcijas, skaitmeninė ekonomika atveria precedento neturinčias galimybes išvengti mokesčių, nes skaitmeninėje erdvėje veikiančioms įmonėms veiklos vystymui nereikia gamyklų, parduotuvių ar kitos nuolatinės buveinės. Atitinkamai, šiame straipsnyje bus siekiama įvertinti Europos Sąjungos ir tarptautinius standartus nustatančių subjektų pastangas rasti sprendimą dėl sąžiningos skaitmeninės ekonomikos apmokestinimo. Šio straipsnio pirmojoje dalyje siekiama įsigilinti į skaitmeninės ekonomikos sąvoką, esminius bruožus, ypatingai akcentuojant skaitmeninių paslaugų naudotojų atliekamą vaidmenį, kuris yra unikalus ir sudėtingesnis už klientui paprastai tenkantį vaidmenį. Šioje dalyje taip pat išskiriami skaitmeninio ir tradicinio verslo skirtumai, remiantis statistiniais duomenimis parodomas skaitmeninio verslo modelio pranašumas lyginant su tradiciniu verslo modeliu. Antrojoje straipsnio dalyje akcentuojamos priežastys, lėmusios skaitmeninės ekonomikos apmokestinimo būtinumą, aptariamas skaitmeninių paslaugų mokestis, taikomas tam tikrose Europos Sąjungos šalyse bei išskiriamas skaitmeninės buveinės sąvokos trūkumas šalių sudarytose dvigubo apmokestinimo sutartyse. Paskutinėje straipsnio darbo dalyje gilinamasi į Europos Komisijos pateiktus pasiūlymus dėl bendros konsoliduotos pelno mokesčio bazės įvedimo, dėl virtualios nuolatinės buveinės sąvokos įtraukimo į mokesčių sistemą bei naudotojo kuriamos vertės apmokestinimo. Šioje dalyje taip pat analizuojamas tarptautinių organizacijų siūlomas skaitmeninės ekonomikos apmokestinimo modelis. Atsižvelgus į tokio teisinio reguliavimo nebuvimą, šiame straipsnyje taip pat pateikiamos skaitmeninės ekonomikos apmokestinimo rekomendacijos.
Main Principles and Solutions for Acceleration of Energy Efficient Renovation in Latvia
Authors: Vancane Selina , Blumberga Andra , Bazbauers Gatis
Published: May 2024

The European Renovation Wave aims to at least double the annual energy renovation rate by 2030, especially promoting deep renovation. In order to achieve this goal, EU member states need to overcome the existing obstacles in the whole chain of the building renovation process by using certain policy measures and finance instruments. According to the Ministry of Economics of Latvia, the current necessity is to renovate around 26 thousand multi-apartment buildings. Therefore, not only the problem of the lack of additional financing should be solved but also the pace of implementation should be significantly increased. This study starts with an overview of the main obstacles of the building renovation in Latvia and gives an insight into the main challenges in the achievement of the goal. The study includes the review of existing support programmes and financing schemes, designed to improve the energy efficiency of multi-apartment buildings in Latvia. Moreover, the study analyses the existing support mechanisms in Latvia, and reviews different policy measures for regulatory requirements, fiscal and economic incentives and information campaigns in Europe. In addition, the study proposes an assessment of the availability of financial support for the low-income households, and analyses energy poverty solving tools. As a result, the study defines basic principles and examines the solutions for energy efficient renovation in Latvia – including tax incentives, regulatory framework, development of financial schemes and models for acceleration of building renovation. The solutions have been evaluated considering country specific economic, technical, and social aspects, and defined as a set of recommendations for decision makers.
A Showcase for Resilient and Sustainable District Heating in Denmark
Authors: Andersen Anders N. , Murkowska Marta
Published: May 2024

This presentation gives a description of the Danish district heating company, Hvide Sande District Heating, which has become independent of fossil fuels by using wind and solar energy. This has resulted in lower consumer heating prices in a time when other fossil fueled district heating plants are raising their heating prices due to higher fossil fuel prices.Besides participating in the Day-ahead market it also participates in the balancing markets.Hvide Sande is a small fishing town. The district heating plant provides heat to 1,700 consumers. From being a natural gas fired Combined Heat and Power plant, it has in recent years become more resilient by investing in a solar collector, wind turbines, a heat pump, an electrical boiler as well as more large thermal storages, and is now independent of natural gas.The two thermal storages of 2,000 m3 and 1,200 m3, respectively, can store around 200 MWh-heat, which allows flexible market-based productions of the different production units. The heat delivered to consumers can thus be produced many hours or days before delivery.Even in the Day-ahead market, the market-based productions are a challenge to plan. Because of the large thermal storages, the manager must look more days ahead as well as consider the heat amount in the thermal storages, when deciding the hourly bids for tomorrow. Biddings are based on forecasts more days ahead of wind velocity, solar radiation, ambient temperatures, and Day-ahead prices.Besides participating in the Day-ahead market it also participates in the balancing markets. However, to take advantage across more electricity markets of this flexibility, a vast digitalization of the plant using advanced bidding methods has been required. This presentation illustrates examples of the daily earnings the plant has had participating across more electricity markets. It is also important that the manager maintains a digital twin of the plant. The digital twin of the plant will in this presentation be used for simulating the resilience of the plant against large changes in electricity prices and fuel prices.
Attracting Customers to District Heat Supply: The Case of Riga
Authors: Rieksta Madara , Zarins Emils , Brumana Giovanni , Bazbauers Gatis
Published: May 2024

District heating will be important in achieving future climate goals. Possibilities of using waste heat from different sources, e.g. subways, hospitals, shops, data centers, rivers are often discussed. Many district heating companies face the challenge of sufficient coverage of connected consumers in a city or region. To expand the operating area, companies should initially attract objects which are close to heat networks to lower the connection costs. The research question is how to attract existing buildings under construction to the district heating system. The present work uses system dynamics modeling for studying the possibilities of the Riga district heat supply company to increase consumer network. Modeling is based on historical data of residential buildings. The results show that old buildings choose to connect to the district heat supply when these are being renovated, or the individual heat supply equipment is out of order. The older the buildings, the more likely these will be connected to the district heating, however this decision may take at least 70 years. Renovation increases the probability of connection to the district heating, so the impact of subsidies for renovation is important. Regulation that requires connection to the district heating as a priority choice in case of renovation is also important.
Assessment of the Potential for Increasing the Energy Efficiency in the Cooling Sector
Authors: Behmane Evelina , Pakere Ieva
Published: May 2024

Cooling supply to ensure the indoor microclimate is becoming more important as global average air temperatures rise. With growing societal demands for higher thermal comfort and increasing individual cooling solutions in the building sector, global energy consumption for cooling is increasing accordingly. Scientific literature and studies estimate that the demand for cooling energy will have a significant impact on global energy demand in the future. In compliance with the European Union goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, it is essential to find solutions for reducing energy consumption in the building sector, which is already among the largest energy consumers and greenhouse gas emission producers. Replacing individual cooling solutions with district cooling in urban areas where higher energy density can be reached is one of the solutions for decarbonizing the building sector. To spatially assess the feasibility of district cooling in certain areas, energy demand mapping can be performed. Within this research mapping is carried out using a geographical information system (GIS) tool. The purpose of the mapping is to identify the places in the city of Riga with the highest district cooling potential. Spatial assessment using a GIS tool can be done in different ways – mostly it depends on the available data. The spatial data (buildings) of the cadastral information system and additional detailed information about buildings were obtained from the Latvian open data portal. Information on the type of use of the building, indoor area and the age of building was attached to each building on the map. Then building energy certificate data containing information on specific energy consumption for cooling (kWh/m2 per year) was obtained from the same portal. By processing the data of energy certificates of buildings, excluding outliers, a specific index was obtained for different types of buildings. For the residential sector, the age of the building is also used. Using cadastral data on the indoor area of buildings and the type of building use, the theoretical cooling demand in Riga is calculated and results are quantified and displayed visually. By visualizing the results with the GIS tool, hot spots with the highest cooling energy demand were detected. Results can be further used to calculate the technical and economic justification for the district cooling solutions in specific areas as well as assess the energy efficiency that would be provided by implementation of district cooling solutions.
Enhancing the Evaluation of District Heating System Resilience: A Literature Review
Authors: Krīgers Guntars , Pakere Ieva , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: May 2024

Ensuring an uninterrupted supply of energy, electricity, and heat is becoming an increasingly pressing necessity. Energy provides both social and economic growth therefore, the energy systems should be resilient to different external conditions. Resilience is the ability of a system to recover from adversity [1] and in connection with the critical infrastructure - the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents. Several factors influence the resilience of the energy supply system: energy security, reliability, robustness, flexibility, and resilience. If energy resilience has not been well considered or even ignored in the planning, design, and operation stages in district energy communities can lead to system fragility and vulnerability. Therefore, the research assesses the different methods for resilience assessment in energy systems by focusing on district heating.  During climate change mitigation and adaptation energy supply system resilience is unclear. Based on current studies, the energy resilience factor for most is considered in the context of the electricity transmission system, and the heat transmission resilience study is limited. During the research of the literature, it has been concluded that there is no consistent quantitative and quality approach to resilience because there is no consistent treatment of the concept of resilience. The available literature sources about energy resilience are limited in their scope and usability and hence are not amenable for use outside the scope where they have been developed.  The metric and formula used for calculating resilience, if any, and the input data required for such calculations are also dependent on the research scope. There is a need for a fundamental generic quantitative and quality approach for resilience that would be usable and useful across various scopes or sectors in a consistent manner, which can be used for the development of resilient systems and effective resilience strategies for district heating systems.
Waste-Heat Renewable Gasifier Design through Taguchi's Method and MANFIS
Authors: Huang Chung-Neng , Yen Yu-Chang
Published: May 2024

Ensuring a global average temperature increase of no more than 1.5°C is crucial for aligning with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that a 45% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 or a 25% reduction by the same year is necessary to cap the temperature rise at 2°C. Failure to achieve this target by 2030 would necessitate substantial subsequent reductions to compensate for the delayed progress toward net zero emissions, potentially incurring higher costs. Elevating the focus on enhancing energy efficiency has emerged as a key strategy in expediting progress toward these climate goals. Hydrogen, renowned for its high efficiency and emission-free combustion, is anticipated to play a pivotal role in this endeavor. Traditionally, gasifiers have served as the conduit for transforming inexpensive fuels like coal or biomass into hydrogen. However, their energy-intensive nature poses a challenge.Addressing this inherent issue, an innovative approach known as the external-heating gasifier has been proposed and designed. The design of the external-heating gasifier represents a quintessential nonlinear and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) problem. To achieve optimal performance, the integration of Taguchi's method and inverse-model technology has been employed, with a simulation platform developed using the COMSOL Multiphysics software.Initially, Taguchi's method was utilized to determine the minimum number of experiments required for a full-factorial design and identify the most critical factors influencing product performance. Subsequently, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was developed with a MIMO–ANFIS architecture. This system was employed to train an inverse model, facilitating the mapping of relationships between each input and output set. In essence, this approach enables the identification of manufacturing parameters that result in optimal performance. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method, a simulation study on an existing gasifier is presented.
Nature-Inspired Wind Farm Layout Optimization: Harnessing Smart Patterns for Sustainable Energy
Authors: Patel Jaydeep , Patel Vivek , Nagababu Garlapati
Published: May 2024

This research investigates the transformative realm of wind farm layout optimization, with a specific focus on harnessing the efficiency of bio-inspired patterns. The positioning of wind turbine is play a vital role in the maximizing the energy output of a wind farm. If a wind turbine is placed in the wake region of the upstream turbine, the energy produced by the downstream turbine is reduced. Hence, it is imperative to place turbines in such a way that effect of the wake is minimum on a performance of turbines. The conventional grid-based approaches, commonly employed in wind farm layouts, face limitations in capturing the inherent complexity of wind flow dynamics, especially in varied terrains. In contrast, bio-inspired layouts, inspired by patterns observed in natural ecosystem, offer the promising results over the conventional Grid based approach. Our investigation involves the development and implementation of a novel bio-inspired wind farm layout positioning pattern. In the proposed approach, various nature inspired pattern like honeycomb and sunflower seeds pattern is explored for the turbine positioning. Further, the modeling of wind behavior includes both uniform wind speeds and variable wind speeds originating from all directions. The modified passing vehicle search (mPVS) optimization algorithm is used for optimizing the wind turbine placement. The results are obtained for the different wind scenario and compare it with the available results in the literature. The anticipated outcomes of this research include a deeper understanding of the potential benefits and challenges associated with bio-inspired wind farm layouts. The findings aim to contribute valuable insights into optimizing wind turbine placements, maximizing energy capture, and fostering sustainable practices in the wind energy sector.  Results shows that the turbine positioning in the proposed bio-inspired pattern produce the higher power output (6%) compared to the conventional grid based approach. Hence, it can be concluded that the approach present in this study can assist wind farm designers and developers in optimally placing turbines for better performance.
Current Challenges and Future Outlook: Trends and Forecasts in the Mariculture Sector
Authors: Erdmane Ance , Lauka Dace
Published: May 2024

Aquaculture, defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), encompasses the farming of aquatic organisms for food production, offering a promising solution to global food security challenges. Over the past three decades, global aquaculture production has consistently grown at approximately 8% annually, outpacing other major animal food production sectors. Mariculture, a subset of aquaculture focusing on marine organisms, has emerged as a critical component, accounting for a third of global aquaculture production.However, mariculture faces numerous challenges, including environmental impacts, reliance on wild inputs, and concerns about genetic interactions with wild populations. Biotechnological advancements offer potential solutions but must be balanced with considerations of ecosystem health and societal impacts.Integrated mariculture techniques and bioremediation approaches present opportunities to mitigate environmental impacts, but legislative frameworks and monitoring procedures are essential for ensuring compliance and minimizing adverse effects. Collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors are crucial for advancing sustainable practices and unlocking the full potential of the mariculture sector.In conclusion, addressing the challenges facing mariculture requires a comprehensive approach that prioritizes environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance. By embracing sustainable practices and fostering collaboration, the mariculture sector can navigate its challenges and contribute to global food security in a responsible and resilient manner.
Environmental Performance of a Polyamide-Based Thermoplastic Compound with Brominated Flame Retardants
Authors: Baltrocchi Alberto Pietro Damiano , Lotti Davide , Carnevale Miino Marco , Romagnoli Francesco , Torretta Vincenzo
Published: May 2024

Thermoplastic compounds are present in various industrial, domestic and consumer applications thanks to their strength, lightness, flexibility and processing properties. However, thermoplastics are often derived from polymers formed from non-renewable sources, such as petroleum. In addition, the production processes have a high consumption of energy. For this reason, assessing the environmental impacts caused by the production process is of primary importance. This research evaluates the environmental performance of a polyamide-based thermoplastic compound with brominated flame retardants. The objective is to understand which phase of the production process has the most significant impacts. The assessment of environmental impacts was carried out through the Life Cycle Assessment methodology using SimaPro v9.5, Ecoinvent v3.9 database and ReCiPe 2016 v1.07 impacts assessment method. The primary data were generated and collected in a factory in northern Italy, and the Functional Unit considered is 1 kg of final product. The results show that the upstream phase accounts for more than 90% of the environmental profile, especially in human non-carcinogenic toxicity, with more than 56% of the total impacts and fine particulate matter formation with 18% shares. At the climate change level, the product delivers a total impact of 6.17 kg CO2  eq per kg of the final product. This study indicates that most of the impacts are caused by the production of raw materials. For this reason, it is necessary to introduce more sustainable and environmentally friendly raw materials.
Methods for Measuring the Impact of Sustainable Tourism Development on Climate and Environment
Authors: Grizane Tamara , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: May 2024

Climate and environmental change is a growing topic in the post-Covid-1, when tourism growth is recovering. Tourism is a significant polluter of the environment and a rapid response to climate change is needed. Methods for assessing the climate and environmental impact of sustainable tourism development help to measure and communicate the environmental impact of tourism activities, but they are difficult to select and often lack indicators. The aim of the study was to choose methods for assessing the climate and environmental impact of sustainable tourism development in the context of Latvia. The study was based on the analysis of scientific literature, the grouping of methods for assessing the climate and environmental impact of sustainable tourism development according to their functional characteristics i.e. "preventive", "protective", "estimating" and "carbon emission determining" methods. A multi-criteria decision-making method was used for the selection of evaluation methods - Analytical hierarchy process with empirical analysis (AHA) of the obtained weights. By summarising the environmental and climate indicators available for a specific region of Latvia regarding the impact of tourism and experts evaluating the obtained results, the most suitable method for evaluating the impact of tourism development on the climate and environment is the Tourism value chain for low carbon content and efficient use of resources. However, the authors' recommendation for researchers: 1) when evaluating the impact of tourism development on the climate and environment, the choice of method ought to be based on evaluation indicators available for a specific study; 2) in research combinations of  sets of "evaluative" and "carbon emission determining” methods should be used.
Development of Green Alkali-Activated Mortar Based on Biomass Wood Ash
Authors: Du Yiying , Pundiene Ina , Pranckeviciene Jolanta , Korjakins Aleksandrs , Kligys Modestas
Published: May 2024

Portland cement (PC) is the most commonly used binder material for producing concrete. Nonetheless, increasing concerns have been attached to its manufacture which is highly energy-intensive and generates a large quantity of greenhouse gases. Developing cement-free alkali-activated materials as eco-binders is a sustainable replacement for PC, especially the possibility to utilize industrial by-products as precursors significantly reduces the environmental burden due to waste disposal. Many investigations have been reported successfully using coal fly ash, slag, and metakaolin as precursors. However, owing to the low reactivity, studies regarding biomass wood ashes (BWA) in the field of alkali-activated materials are still limited. To produce a green cementless alkali-activated mortar material, in this study, biomass fuel by-products -biomass wood bottom ash (BWBA) at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% as well as biomass wood fly ash (BWFA) at 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%- were binarily used as precursors. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 10 mol/L and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)at 0 and 20% by binder mass were applied together as alkali activators. Recycled sand, substituting natural sand, was adopted as fine aggregate at an aggregate/binder ratio of 2 to reduce the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. The objective is to investigate the influence of various mix ratios of BWFA and BWBA on the produced alkali-activated mortar, and identify the effects of Ca(OH)2. Compressive and flexural strength were tested to evaluate the evolution of mechanical performance. A cradle-to-gate lifecycle assessment was conducted to analyze the environmental impacts. The results reveal that the alkali-activated mortar has less environmental impact compared to the traditional PC mortar. NaOH solution is the primary source of environmental influence and BWA only contributes to very limited impacts. When 50% BWFA and 50% BWBA are binarily used, the greatest mechanical properties are achieved. The usage of Ca(OH)2 effectively improves the mechanical strength by a maximal 350% (flexural strength) and 320% (compressive strength), but meanwhile increases environmental burdens.