bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Nutritional Conditioning: Why, When and How
Authors: Borloni Birgit , Huettner Hendrik , Schuerholz Tobias
Published: September 2019

Background: Malnutrition is a frequent finding in patients undergoing cancer surgery, especially in the elderly. The decreased nutritional status leads to increased complications and to delayed recovery after the surgical procedure. While established concepts of enhanced recovery after surgery and rehabilitation aim at improving the patient after surgery, the concept of prehabilitation is targeting the phase before surgery. This multimodal concept incorporates preoperative nutritional support. Summary: Nutritional conditioning targets an increase in the functional reserve preoperatively to optimize recovery in the postoperative period. Routinely, it is combined with an exercise program according to the patient’s state. Individualized meal plans help to meet the patient’s requirements and should start approximately 4 weeks prior to surgery. An important part of the nutritional conditioning is to guarantee a daily protein intake of at least 1.2 g/kg body weight. This may be realized by commercially available whey proteins in particular or milk proteins in general. Key Messages: All specialists involved in the care of cancer patients should recognize the care continuum that starts when the need for surgery is identified and aims at increasing the functional capacity throughout the pre-, peri- and postoperative phase by means of prehabilitation, enhanced recovery programs and rehabilitation.
Tengo miedo torero, de Pedro Lemebel: pasodoble e melodrama
Authors: Hosiasson Laura Janina
Published: September 2019

Nos anos 80, Pedro Lemebel surgia no Chile como uma extravagância, como uma brincadeira licenciosa e imoral que se deixava abater sobre um meio social, cultural e politicamente estreitado. No espaço minado da ditadura, as performances, os programas de rádio e as crônicas foram as armas com as quais Lemebel exerceu sua política de resistência. Se no deboche dos espetáculos de Las Yeguas del Apocalipse (1987-1993), a denúncia do constrangimento político e sexual se propunha de uma maneira teatralizada, na escrita ela irá acolher uma diversidade de perspectivas pelas quais o problema se constrói no cainho de uma revisão histórica. Neste seu único romance, Tengo miedo torero (2001), a ditadura militar é penetrada pelo prisma do olhar periférico e marginal de um velho homossexual travesti. Lemebel convoca o expediente do cancioneiro musical do radinho de pilha da sua infância para combiná-lo acertadamente com o ritmo de melodrama. O resultado aponta para um binarismo antitético, preto no branco.
Editorial
Authors: Da Silva Anderson Gonçalves , Otsuka Edu Teruki , Mazzari Marcus Vinicius , Titan Jr. Samuel
Published: September 2019

Editorial da edição de número 29 da revista Literatura e Sociedade
Targeted VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Therapy Induces Long-Term Renal Recovery in Chronic Kidney Disease via Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Engel Jason E. , Williams Erika , Williams Maxx L. , Bidwell Gene L. , Chade Alejandro R.
Published: September 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) universally associates with renal microvascular rarefaction and inflammation, but whether a link exists between these 2 processes is unclear. We designed a therapeutic construct of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) fused to an ELP (elastin-like polypeptide) carrier and show that it improves renal function in experimental renovascular disease. We test the hypothesis that ELP-VEGF therapy will improve CKD, and that recovery will be driven by decreasing microvascular rarefaction partly via modulation of macrophage phenotype and inflammation. CKD was induced in 14 pigs, which were observed for 14 weeks. At 6 weeks, renal blood flow and filtration were quantified using multidetector computed tomography, and then pigs received single intrarenal ELP-VEGF or placebo (n=7 each). Renal function was quantified again 4 and 8 weeks later. Pigs were euthanized and renal microvascular density, angiogenic and inflammatory markers, fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, and phenotype were quantified. Loss of renal hemodynamics in CKD was progressively recovered by ELP-VEGF therapy, accompanied by improved renal microvascular density, fibrosis, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Although renal macrophage infiltration was similar in both CKD groups, ELP-VEGF therapy distinctly shifted their phenotype from proinflammatory M1 to VEGF-expressing M2. Our study unravels potential mechanisms and feasibility of a new strategy to offset progression of CKD using drug-delivery technologies. The results indicate that renal recovery after ELP-VEGF therapy was largely driven by modulation of renal macrophages toward VEGF-expressing M2 phenotype, restoring VEGF signaling and sustaining improvement of renal function and microvascular integrity in CKD.
Increased Vascular Contractility in Hypertension Results From Impaired Endothelial Calcium Signaling
Authors: Wilson Calum , Zhang Xun , Buckley Charlotte , Heathcote Helen R. , Lee Matthew D. , McCarron John G.
Published: September 2019

Endothelial cells line all blood vessels and are critical regulators of vascular tone. In hypertension, disruption of endothelial function alters the release of endothelial-derived vasoactive factors and results in increased vascular tone. Although the release of endothelial-derived vasodilators occurs in a Ca
2+
-dependent manner, little is known on how Ca
2+
signaling is altered in hypertension. A key element to endothelial control of vascular tone is Ca
2+
signals at specialized regions (myoendothelial projections) that connect endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This work describes disruption in the operation of this key Ca
2+
signaling pathway in hypertension. We show that vascular reactivity to phenylephrine is increased in hypertensive (spontaneously hypertensive rat) when compared with normotensive (Wistar Kyoto) rats. Basal endothelial Ca
2+
activity limits vascular contraction, but that Ca
2+
-dependent control is impaired in hypertension. When changes in endothelial Ca
2+
levels are buffered, vascular contraction to phenylephrine increased, resulting in similar responses in normotension and hypertension. Local endothelial IP
3
(inositol trisphosphate)-mediated Ca
2+
signals are smaller in amplitude, shorter in duration, occur less frequently, and arise from fewer sites in hypertension. Spatial control of endothelial Ca
2+
signaling is also disrupted in hypertension: local Ca
2+
signals occur further from myoendothelial projections in hypertension. The results demonstrate that the organization of local Ca
2+
signaling circuits occurring at myoendothelial projections is disrupted in hypertension, giving rise to increased contractile responses.
Neomicrambe subgen. nov. of Micrambe Thomson, 1863 (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae) from East Africa
Authors: OTERO JOSÉ CARLOS , PEREIRA JOSÉ MANUEL
Published: September 2019

The isolation of a small group of species of the genus Micrambe Thomson, 1863 (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae) in the eastern mountains of Africa, together with the exclusivity of habitat and the characteristics of their aedeagus have led to proposing a new subgenus, which we have called Neomicrambe subgen. nov. The differential diagnosis is established in relation to a group of other species of the genus. Two species are new records for Kenya.
A new species of Odontothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Fars province, Iran
Authors: HAKIMARA MAHSA , MINAEI KAMBIZ
Published: September 2019

Mound and Palmer (1981) included the following eight genera in Megalurothrips genus-group: Ceratothrips, Ceratothripoides, Craspedothrips, Lefroyothrips, Megalurothrips, Odontothripiella, Odontothrips, and Projectothrips. However, a series of shared morphological characters, as well as their shared host-plant association with members of the plant family Fabaceae, indicates that Megalurothrips, Odontothrips, and Odontothripiella are particularly closely related (Xie et al. 2010). The species of these three genera all have a pair of dorso-apical setae on the first antennal segment, a character state that distinguishes them from most Thripinae (Zhang et al. 2018). Of these, Odontothrips is the most species-rich genus with 34 species distributed in the Palaearctic (ThripsWiki 2019). In Iran only 5 species (O. confusus, O. iranensis, O. loti, O. meliloti, O. phlomidinus) have been recorded (Minaei 2017). Despite more than 60 years since O. phlomidinus was described from Iran, this species remains known only from the type series (Priesner 1954). In this paper, a new species of the genus is described from southern Iran that seems to be close to O. phlomidinus. Moreover, a provisional key is provided, based on females, for six species recorded from Iran. Authority names are available on the web (ThripsWiki 2019).
Does Insurance Status Impact Delivery of Care with Upper Airway Stimulation for OSA?
Authors: Patel Jena , Topf Michael C. , Huntley Colin , Boon Maurits
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To understand differences in patient demographics, insurance-related treatment delays, and average waiting times for Medicare and private insurance patients undergoing upper airway stimulation (UAS) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of all Medicare and private insurance patients undergoing upper airway stimulation (UAS) from 2015 to 2018 at a single academic center. Primary outcomes were insurance-related procedure cancellation rate and time from drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and UAS treatment recommendation to UAS surgery in Medicare versus private insurance patients.

Results:

In our cohort 207 underwent DISE and were recommended treatment with UAS. Forty-four patients with Medicare and 30 patients with private insurance underwent UAS procedure. Patients with Medicare undergoing UAS were older (67.4 ± 11.1 years) than patients with private insurance (54.9 ± 8.1 years). Medicare patients had a shorter mean wait time of 121.9 ± 75.8 days (range, 15-331 days) from the time of UAS treatment recommendation to UAS surgery when compared to patients with private insurance (201.3 ± 102.2 days; range, 33-477 days). Three patients with Medicare (6.4%) and 8 patients with private insurance (21.1%) were ultimately denied UAS.

Conclusion:

Medicare patients undergoing UAS have shorter waiting periods, fewer insurance-related treatment delays and may experience fewer procedure cancellations when compared to patients with private insurance. The investigational status of UAS by private insurance companies delays care for patients with OSA.

Level of Evidence:

4
Look Back: The feds, the states, and Kappan
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: September 2019

Across the decades, the balance of power between the federal government, states, and local districts has shifted numerous times, and Kappan authors have weighed in on each of those shifts. Kappan Managing Editor Teresa Preston traces those shifts, beginning with the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which gave the federal government a larger role in public education. Further expansion occurred under the Carter administration, with the launch of the new federal Department of Education. As the new department continued operations under Reagan, its priorities expanded, but actual decision-making authority reverted to states. States, in turn, began involving themselves more with instructional and curricular matters, a trend that eventually made its way back to the federal level, with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Under NCLB, federal mandates had the effect of requiring state and local levels to take on additional responsibilities, without necessarily having the capacity to do so. This capacity issue remains a concern under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA).
The essence of ESSA: More control at the district level?
Authors: Edgerton Adam Kirk
Published: September 2019

Using a national database of state education policies related to the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), as well as data from surveys, interviews, and site visits, Adam Edgerton describes how ESSA has shifted relationships among state education agencies (SEAs) and school districts. Some states have not changed their policies much despite the flexibility afforded under the law, although some states have adjusted what measures are included in their accountability systems. States also expressed concern about how to meet requirements for English language learners and students with disabilities. Overall, SEAs are designing more targeted interventions for underperforming districts, and they are focusing on providing supports rather than punishments. But in this era of increased flexibility, it is possible for states to move from one extreme — punitive test-based accountability — to another — laissez-faire leadership.
Going all in on college counseling: Successes and trade-offs
Authors: Ilic Gorana , Rosenbaum James E.
Published: September 2019

While many high schools reproduce social inequalities in college access, little is known about the schools that successfully reduce them. To this end, Gorana Ilic and James E. Rosenbaum studied an urban high school that expressed a strong commitment to supporting all students’ college applications. In this article, they describe the organizational conditions and supports that enabled the school’s counselors to achieve ambitious college-enrollment rates, and they consider what sacrifices and challenges might have emerged in the process and ways to address these challenges.
Career Confidential: Teacher feels micromanaged
Authors: Fagell Phyllis L.
Published: September 2019

A teacher feels that the principal is micromanaging, without any clear reason why. An instructional coach believes that teachers resent being assigned to receive coaching. A principal struggles to give teachers honest feedback about how they can improve.
Governing Adolescent Reproduction in the ‘Developing World’: Biopower and Governmentality in Plan’s ‘Because I’m a Girl’ Campaign
Authors: Potvin Jacqueline
Published: September 2019

In this article, I analyse the discursive construction of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing as a development ‘problem’ in Plan’s ‘Because I’m a Girl’ campaign. I draw on existing scholarship that configures teenage pregnancy prevention campaigns in the ‘developed’ world as a site of biopolitics that seeks to maximise the well-being of the population by governing adolescent girls’ reproductive and sexual behaviours. Identifying Plan’s campaign as part of a larger turn towards adolescent girls in development discourse and policy, I also draw on a growing body of scholarship that examines how campaigns targeting adolescent girls reinforce neo-liberal understandings of ‘development’ as achievable through the empowerment of individuals rather than through structural change. I argue that by discursively constructing adolescent pregnancy and parenthood as risky, Plan’s campaign reinforces reproductive norms of delayed reproduction and sexual debut, according to which adolescent girls in the ‘developing’ world are expected to comply. The campaign’s goal of ‘empowerment’ thus acts as a means of constructing adolescent girls as responsible reproductive decision makers who will break the ‘cycle of poverty’ by making rational reproductive and sexual choices. Thus, although Plan’s ‘Because I’m a Girl’ campaign addressed important issues, including adolescent girls’ right to reproductive autonomy, their focus on empowerment operates as a form of biopower that pursues the project of development through the regulation of girls’ reproduction and sexuality.
Feminist Dilemmas: How to Talk About Gender-Based Violence in Relation to the Middle East?
Authors: Al-Ali Nadje
Published: September 2019

The article charts my trajectories as a feminist activist/academic seeking to research, write and talk about gender-based violence in relation to the Middle East. More specifically, I am drawing on research and activism in relation to Iraq, Turkey and Lebanon to map the discursive, political and empirical challenges and complexities linked to scholarship and activism that is grounded in both feminist and anti-racist/anti-Islamophobic politics. While reflecting on my positionality, the article aims to challenge the binary of activism and academia as well as Western and Middle Eastern contexts in terms of knowledge production.
Unwarranted and Invasive Scrutiny: Caster Semenya, Sex-Gender Testing and the Production of Woman In ‘Women’s’ Track and Field
Authors: Pastor Aaren
Published: September 2019

This article discusses the imbrication of racialising and sexualising scientific practices of gender testing and verification in elite athletics competition, and their intersection with social politics, using as a theoretical frame the feminist, anti-racist work of Hortense Spillers (2003), Judith Butler (1990, 1993a, 1993b, 2004) and Anne Fausto-Sterling (2000), among others. It traces the practice of sex-gender testing of ‘women’ at sanctioned International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and International Olympic Committee (IOC) track and field competitions in order to contextualise South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya’s experiences at the 2009 Berlin World Championships and the subsequent spectacularisation of her body through the discursive practices of representation.
Influence of reservoir properties on the methane adsorption capacity and fractal features of coal and shale in the upper Permian coal measures of the South Sichuan coalfield, China
Authors: Bao Yuan , Ju Yiwen , Yin Zhongshan , Xiong Jianlong , Wang Guochang , Qi Yu
Published: September 2019

Pore structure plays an essential role in the reservoir heterogeneity and methane adsorption capacity. Significant progress has been made in the pore structure classification of porous materials (such as coal and shale). Considering the pore structure characterization of the coal measures and the measuring range of high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry and low-pressure N2/CO2 gas adsorption, an integrated classification for coal and shale is provided. They are micropore (<2 nm), mesopore (2–100 nm), macropore A (100 nm–1 µm), macropore B (1–10 µm), and micro-fracture (>10 µm). For coal and shale samples from Guxu mining area, the micropores and mesopores largely control the gas adsorption while micro-fractures and macropore B are significant for the storage and flow of free gas. The fractal dimensions calculated from limited N2 adsorption data are not suitable for the coal samples which are not developed in mesopore and macropore A; these samples are precisely corresponding to the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of group B (reversible isotherm). Furthermore, the main factors influencing the methane adsorption capacity of coal and shale in the coal measures are micropore frequency, micro-fracture width, clay mineral composition, and total organic carbon content.
Gentlewomen in Colonial Calcutta: Experiences of Schooling
Authors: Paul Nilanjana
Published: September 2019

This article shows how two pioneering institutions for female education in colonial Bengal, Bethune and Sakhawat Memorial Girls’ Schools, made significant contributions to female education at a time when women’s education was mostly restricted to home teaching. The study brings out the underlying contradictions between traditional and modern approaches towards education displayed in the goals, admission process and curriculum structure of these two schools. Analysing their respective contributions demonstrates that Bethune and Sakhawat Memorial Girls’ schools produced the modern Bengali bhadramahila (well-educated woman) who secured higher education, but was also rooted in traditional values. The final section illustrates how with the expansion of education in the twentieth century, the boundaries of the reformist zeal gradually blurred, so that educated women in Bengal could fight for greater equality.
The impacts of actual and perceived nicotine administration on insula functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens
Authors: Perry Robin N , Schlagintweit Hera E , Darredeau Christine , Helmick Carl , Newman Aaron J , Good Kimberley P , Barrett Sean P
Published: September 2019

Background:

Changes in resting state functional connectivity between the insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as well as between the insula and nucleus accumbens have been linked to nicotine withdrawal and/or administration. However, because many of nicotine’s effects in humans appear to depend, at least in part, on the belief that nicotine has been administered, the relative contribution of nicotine’s pharmacological actions to such effects requires clarification.

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of perceived and actual nicotine administration on neural responses.

Methods:

Twenty-six smokers were randomly assigned to receive either a nicotine inhaler (4 mg deliverable) or a nicotine-free inhaler across two sessions. Inhaler content instructions (told nicotine vs told nicotine-free) differed across sessions. Resting state functional connectivity between sub-regions of the insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens was measured using magnetic resonance imaging before and after inhaler administration.

Results:

Both actual and perceived nicotine administration independently altered resting state functional connectivity between the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, with actual administration being associated with decreased resting state functional connectivity, and perceived administration with increased resting state functional connectivity. Actual nicotine administration also contralaterally reduced resting state functional connectivity between the anterior insula and nucleus accumbens, while reductions in resting state functional connectivity between the mid-insula and right nucleus accumbens were observed when nicotine was administered unexpectedly. Changes in resting state functional connectivity associated with actual or perceived nicotine administration were unrelated to changes in subjective withdrawal and craving. Changes in withdrawal and craving were however independently associated with resting state functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and insula.

Conclusions:

Our findings highlight the importance of considering non-pharmacological factors when examining drug mechanisms of action.
The presence of a social stimulus reduces cocaine-seeking in a place preference conditioning paradigm
Authors: Sampedro-Piquero Patricia , Ávila-Gámiz Fabiola , Moreno Fernández Román D , Castilla-Ortega Estela , Santín Luis J
Published: September 2019

Background:

One challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders is to re-engage the interest toward non-drug-related activities. Among these activities, social interaction has had a prominent role due to its positive influence on treatment outcome.

Aims and methods:

Our aim was to study whether the presence of a social stimulus during the cocaine-induced conditioned place preference test was able to reduce the time spent in the drug-paired compartment. For that purpose, mice were trained for four days on a conditioned place preference task with one compartment paired with cocaine and the opposite with saline. On the test day, we introduced an unfamiliar juvenile male mouse into the saline-conditioned compartment (inside a pencil cup) to analyse the animal preference towards the two rewarding stimuli (cocaine vs mouse). Additionally, to discard the possible effect of novelty, as well as the housing condition (social isolation) on social preference, we decided to include a novel object during the test session, as well as perform the same conditioned place preference protocol with a group of animals in social housing conditions.

Results:

The social stimulus was able to reduce the preference for cocaine and enhance the active interaction with the juvenile mouse (sniffing) compared to the empty pencil cup paired with the drug. The introduction of a novel object during the test session did not reduce the preference for the cocaine-paired compartment, and interestingly, the preference for the social stimulus was independent of the housing condition. c-Fos immunohistochemistry revealed a different pattern of activation based on cocaine-paired conditioning or the presence of social stimulus.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that social interaction could constitute a valuable component in the treatment of substance use disorders by reducing the salience of the drug.
The motif of Uzziah’s צרעת‎ in the Deuteronomistic History, Chronicles, and beyond
Authors: Cranz Isabel
Published: September 2019

This article explores how the motif of Uzziah’s צרעת‎ in 2 Kgs. 15:1-7 has inspired the Chronicler, Josephus, and rabbinic commentators. In the Book of Kings, Uzziah’s disorder is used to explain an abnormal political arrangement in which the crown prince served as co-regent. The Chronicler, by contrast, takes Uzziah’s disorder as an opportunity to expound on the king’s sacrilegious behavior. The Chronistic tradition is further developed by Josephus and the rabbis who reinterpret Uzziah’s צרעת‎ as sign of an abnormal emotional life. Consequently, each source displays its own understanding of צרעת‎ and its implications concerning the king’s conduct and character. These differences in the depiction of Uzziah’s disease point to dissimilar frameworks of interpretation which are motivated by different attitudes toward the temple and the Davidic Dynasty.
Leveraging an Implementation– Research Partnership to Improve Effectiveness of Nutrition-Sensitive Programs at the World Food Programme
Authors: Olney Deanna K. , Marshall Quinn , Honton Geraldine , Ogden Kathryn , Hambayi Mutinta , Piccini Sarah , Go Ara , Gelli Aulo , Bliznashka Lilia
Published: September 2019

Background:

Nutrition-sensitive programs can accelerate progress in addressing malnutrition. However, evidence gaps exist related to their effectiveness and how to optimize program design and implementation.

Objective:

We present the process the International Food Policy Research Institute and the World Food Programme (WFP) used to develop nutrition-sensitive program guidance and plans for improving program effectiveness and contributing to the evidence base through rigorous evaluations.

Methods:

A 5-step process, using principles of design thinking (a systematic, iterative analytical approach to problem solving), was used to develop, test, and refine WFP’s nutrition-sensitive guidance. The guidance focuses on improving nutrition outcomes for nutritionally vulnerable groups across the life cycle: women and children in the first 1000 days, preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents.

Results:

Through iterative consultations, we created WFP’s nutrition-sensitive guidance that includes harmonized theories of change across WFP’s programs; 7 opportunities to enhance the programs’ nutrition-sensitivity; and mapping of these opportunities to WFP programs and key evidence gaps. This guidance has been rolled out to WFP’s offices worldwide to support improved nutrition outcomes. Finally, several evaluation designs have been proposed to fill identified evidence gaps.

Conclusions:

By leveraging our implementation–research partnership, we expect that WFP’s programs will be more effective and cost effective for improving nutrition. This can be assessed through coupling newly designed nutrition-sensitive programs with rigorous evaluations. Evaluation results will be used to refine WFP’s nutrition-sensitive guidance and improve their programs globally. This guidance, and creation process, could be useful for others interested in designing nutrition-sensitive programs and increasing program effectiveness for nutrition.
Value of magnetic resonance/computed tomography peritoneography technique in the evaluation of dialysate leakage and hernia following peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Theodorou Daphne J , Theodorou Stavroula J , Mantzoukis Fotios , Androulaki Marianthi , Kokkolou Elissavet , Andrikos Emilios , Sferopoulos Georgios
Published: September 2019

Magnetic resonance and computed tomography peritoneography are diagnostic imaging procedures that involve the intraperitoneal administration of a mixture of contrast material and dialysate for direct visualization of the peritoneal cavity and assessment of the integrity of peritoneal membrane. In a clinical series of patients with end-stage renal disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, who presented with genital or low abdominal edema, advanced peritoneographic imaging studies allowed direct visualization of the dialysate leakage and peritoneal hernias. Both magnetic resonance and computed tomography peritoneographic procedures allowed accurate diagnosis of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis–related complications that may need to be addressed promptly so that the effectiveness of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is not compromised.
Family Outcomes and Perceptions of End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit: A Mixed-Methods Review
Authors: Chen Chiahui , Michaels Jacqueline , Meeker Mary Ann
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this review was to evaluate end-of-life care (EOLC) in the intensive care unit (ICU) from the perspective of family members. Sandelowski’s segregated approach from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Mixed-Methods Systematic Reviews guided this review. A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and ProQuest databases and identified 50 papers (33 quantitative, 15 qualitative, and 2 mixed-methodology studies). Five synthesized themes (distressing emotions, shared decision-making, proactive communication, personalized end-of- life care, and valuing of nursing care) were identified. For quantitative results, study methodologies and interventions were heterogeneous and did not always improve family members’ perceived quality of care and family members’ psychological distress. Configuration of qualitative and quantitative data revealed ICU end-of-life interventions were ineffective because they were not guided by family members’ reported needs and perceptions. To fulfill the family members’ needs for the patients’ EOLC in the ICU, researchers should develop a theory to explicitly explain how the family members experience ICU EOLC and implement a theory-based intervention to improve family psychological outcomes.
Assessing the impact of health and clinical research in British Columbia health authorities
Authors: Waterhouse Dawn , Chunick Susan , Lauzon Julia , Battersby Lupin , Fleming Terri , Smith Craig
Published: September 2019

This article describes results of a healthcare research impact survey conducted in two health authorities in British Columbia. A tailored research impact framework formed the basis for the survey created and used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a sample of employees and academic faculty who had completed research in both health authorities. In all, 178 responses were collected for a combined response rate of 34%. Although there are differences between the two health authorities, the data confirm that the majority of respondents were successful in disseminating their research; 30% of both Island and Fraser Health studies reported improved safety, whether through avoidance of adverse drug effects, or reduced nosocomial infections, and as high as 26% of studies reported a reduction in morbidity or mortality. We conclude with recommendations that build on existing research capacity infrastructure to enhance the generation, implementation, and evaluation of research evidence within healthcare organizations.
Shipbuilding and repair in eighteenth-century Suriname
Authors: Fatah-Black Karwan
Published: September 2019

Suriname’s pre-modern economy was entirely dependent on water transport. While shipbuilding in the colony itself was not encouraged by the directors of the Suriname Company (1683–1795) in Amsterdam there was a need to support the colony’s transoceanic, regional and local transport. This article finds that Suriname certainly had an infrastructure for shipbuilding and repair, but its existence has been neglected in the historiography. Since there is no literature on shipbuilding in colonial Suriname this article explores a wide variety of primary sources to piece together the various types of shipbuilding and repair conducted in the colony. We have found that there was a modest-sized barge wharf, as well as the production of small vessels on the plantations, and among the maroons and indigenous people in the interior. The colony furthermore procured ships on an ad hoc basis from the regional North American shipping connections with Suriname.
Aggregate statistics on trafficker-destination relations in the Atlantic slave trade
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , van den Heuvel Wilco
Published: September 2019

The available aggregated data on the Atlantic slave trade in between 1519 and 1875 concern the numbers of slaves transported by a country and the numbers of slaves who arrived at various destinations (where one of the destinations is ‘deceased’). It is however unknown how many slaves, at an aggregate level, were transported to where and by whom; that is, we know the row and column totals, but we do not known the numbers in the cells of the matrix. In this research note, we use a simple mathematical technique to fill in the void. It allows us to estimate trends in the deaths per transporting country, and also to estimate the fraction of slaves who went to the colonies of the transporting country, or to other colonies. For example, we estimate that of all the slaves who were transported by the Dutch only about 7 per cent went to Dutch colonies, whereas for the Portuguese this number is about 37 per cent.
Hebdomadal Patterns of Compensatory Behaviour: Weekday and Weekend Housework Participation in Canada, 1986–2010
Authors: Kolpashnikova Kamila , Kan Man-Yee
Published: September 2019

Quantitative housework research focused on aggregate weekly hours, which are inadequate in revealing hebdomadal compensatory behaviour in housework participation because such behaviour is likely to occur on weekends when couples have more time to do housework. This article extends the existing theoretical frameworks by accounting for the hebdomadal patterns in routine and non-routine housework tasks. Employing five time-use waves of the Canadian General Social Survey, our study shows that the hebdomadal compensatory behaviour applies both to women and men. Equal-earner and breadwinner wives compensate for their low levels of weekday housework participation by doing more routine housework on weekends. Similarly, husbands also increase their time on routine housework on weekends. Therefore, compensatory behaviour is more likely to depend on hebdomadal time availability rather than on the neutralisation of gender deviance in the labour market (gender deviance neutralisation). Some evidence of the gender deviance neutralisation, however, cannot be completely ruled out.
Periprosthetic fracture morphology of a femoral neck prosthesis: An in vitro study
Authors: Tsitlakidis Stefanos , Vot Leo , Westhauser Fabian , Jaeger Sebastian , Klotz Matthias C
Published: September 2019

Femoral neck prostheses have been developed for the treatment of osteoarthritis in young and active patients. The concept combines a bone-conserving and minimal invasive technique with proximal load transferring by metaphyseal anchoring, which results in a more physiological loading pattern. However, little is known about the morphology of periprosthetic fractures. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe fracture patterns and to determine patient-specific factors favoring periprosthetic fracture. This study was performed as a biomechanical experimental study using 10 fresh frozen femora and 10 Silent-Hip femoral neck implants (DePuy International Ltd., Leeds, UK). In order to simulate physiological loading, a static muscle reconstruction (abductor muscles and iliotibial band) and a dynamic simulation of the gait cycle were applied. During biomechanical testing (50% and 100% of normal weight-bearing), three periprosthetic fractures with two different morphologies occurred. The first pattern corresponds to an abrupt breakaway. The second type was of spiral configuration extending to the diaphyseal region and emerging from an initial fissure. Specimen-specific factors favoring periprosthetic fracture were body mass index and varus angle of the implant. Periprosthetic fractures may extend to the subtrochanteric/diaphyseal region and may be of spiral configuration. According to the finding of this study, body mass index and varus/valgus position of the implant are important factors influencing the risk of periprosthetic fractures. Furthermore, partial weight-bearing as part of the postoperative regimen may be favorable.
Experimental and numerical static failure analyses of total hip replacement interfaces
Authors: Kocak Sait , Sekercioglu Tezcan
Published: September 2019

In joint replacement surgery, the critical point in the success of cemented implants is the stabilisation between the implant and bone. The stronger the interlocking achieved on both the implant–cement interface and the cement–bone interface, the more durable is the surgical intervention. However, to date, it has not been possible to prevent aseptic loosening of hip implants, thus making a revision surgery necessary after a period of about 10 years. In this study, the tensile and shear strengths of the implant–cement and cement–bone interfaces and factors which can affect these strengths such as sandblasting parameters and implant material choice were investigated experimentally. The stresses on the total hip replacement interfaces were then determined via finite element analysis and the findings compared with the strength values obtained from the mechanical tests. The total hip replacement prosthesis was designed using SolidWorks software, and material properties and boundary conditions were modelled with the ANSYS Workbench software. Stresses due to the loads applied to the femur head had exceeded the highest tensile and shear strength values obtained by the classical test methods and damaged the contact surfaces in some regions. In light of these findings, the damage sites of the interfaces were determined.
Material–temporal registers of belonging: Theorising the interplay between temporality and the built environment
Authors: Lewis Camilla , May Vanessa
Published: September 2019

This paper explores the interplay of temporality and the built environment in diverging discourses of belonging at Claremont Court, a modernist housing scheme in Edinburgh which was designed in 1958 by Sir Basil Spence, a key figure of post-war architecture. It explores belonging to place as a complex temporal process, in which the individual is connected to the built environment through various material–temporal registers. While existing analyses of belonging demonstrate that it is a fundamentally temporal experience, not enough is known about belonging as a temporal phenomenon. To fill this gap, our analysis reveals how multiple temporalities of the built environment are entwined with residents’ biographies, everyday life and future aspirations, which shape their varied sense of belonging. To conclude, we argue not only for theorising the temporal nature of belonging, but also how the temporality of the built environment shapes people’s sense of belonging. In doing so, we extend the literature on belonging by theorising the relationship between temporality and the built environment with the help of the concept of material–temporal registers.
A temporal gaze towards academic migration: Everyday times, lifetimes and temporal strategies amongst early career Chinese academic returnees
Authors: Wang Bingyu
Published: September 2019

Drawing on semi-structured in-depth biographical interviews with 60 early career Chinese academic returnees, this paper examines the temporal challenges involved in the personal and professional lives of mobile scholars. The key premise is that academic migration process may create temporal resources and opportunities for scholars to pursue career progressions and upward social status, but can also generate temporal constraints in their everyday life, bringing disruptions and discontinuities into their life course timelines. This paper highlights the temporal consequences of academic migration in relation to two perspectives: everyday times and individual lifetimes. Particularly, it also investigates how some returnees exercise agency and employ temporal strategies to alleviate the temporal dissonance produced in and through their moving process. This paper aims to demonstrate whether and how individual scholars confront temporal struggles on a daily basis and reconfigure life course trajectories while negotiating uneven academic mobility regimes. In doing so, the paper develops a temporally sensitive theoretical approach and unpack the multiple kinds of temporalities of academic labour in a cross-border setting, thus further advancing two streams of literature—academic migration and time in migration. Furthermore, it has drawn attention to the growing trend of temporariness and precariousness occurring in modern academia, especially in the context of migration. By examining the temporal tensions academic migrants encounter, this paper answers the call to reconsider the overly romantic engagements with academic mobilities and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the mobility experiences of the highly skilled.
Engineering design tools for shape memory alloy actuators: CASMART collaborative best practices and case studies
Authors: Wheeler Robert W , Benafan Othmane , Calkins Frederick T , Gao Xiujie , Ghanbari Zahra , Hommer Garrison , Lagoudas Dimitris , Martin Daniel , Nicholson Douglas E , Petersen Andrew , Phillips Francis R , Stebner Aaron P , Turner Travis L
Published: September 2019

One of the primary goals of the Consortium for the Advancement of Shape Memory Alloy Research and Technology is to enable the design of revolutionary applications based on shape memory alloy technology. To advance this goal and reduce the development time and required experience for the fabrication of shape memory alloy actuation systems, several modeling tools were developed for common actuator types and are discussed along with case studies, which highlight their capabilities and limitations. Shape memory alloys have many potential applications as reliable, lightweight, solid-state actuators given their ability to sustain high stresses and recover large deformations. In this article, modeling frameworks are developed for three common actuator designs: wires, lightweight, low-profile, and easily implemented; coiled springs, offering actuation strokes upward of 200% at reduced mechanical loads; and torque tubes, which can provide large actuation torques in small volumes and repeatable low-load actuation. Although the design and integration of a shape memory alloy–based actuation system requires application- and environment-specific engineering considerations, common modeling tools can significantly reduce the investment required for actuation system development and provide valuable engineering insight. This analysis presents a collection of Consortium for the Advancement of Shape Memory Alloy Research and Technology collaborative best practices to allow readers to utilize the available design tools and understand their modeling principles.
Tapered galloping energy harvester for power enhancement and vibration reduction
Authors: Wang Lingzhi , Tan Ting , Yan Zhimiao , Yan Zhitao
Published: September 2019

The cantilever beam was commonly designed with uniform cross-section for the galloping energy harvesters. To improve its performance, two tapered galloping energy harvesters are proposed in this work. In the first tapered design, the beam’s thickness is linearly changed with constant width. In the second tapered design, both the beam’s thickness and width are linearly varied. A generalized fluid–structure–electricity coupled distributed-parameter model is established by the Hamilton principle and Gauss law for the tapered galloping energy harvesters. By means of the properties of the Bessel function and the modal analysis method, the exact analytical modal shape of the tapered beam is derived. The effects of the tapered ratio on the beam mass, bending stiffness, electrical field, electromechanical coupling, and piezoelectric capacitance are accounted by the proposed theoretic model. Finite element analyses and wind tunnel experiments are performed, and the results show good agreement with the proposed beam modal shape, corresponding natural frequency and harvested power. The tapered ratio is tuned to realize the even distribution of the piezoelectric strain along the beam length. Compared with the uniform design, the tapered galloping energy harvester exhibits merits on up to [Formula: see text] power enhancement and [Formula: see text] vibration deduction.
Effect of interfacial imperfection on shear wave propagation in a piezoelectric composite structure: Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin asymptotic approach
Authors: Kumar Pulkit , Mahanty Moumita , Chattopadhyay Amares , Singh Abhishek Kumar
Published: September 2019

The primary objective of this article is to investigate the behaviour of horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave propagation in piezoelectric composite structure consisting of functionally graded piezoelectric material layer imperfectly bonded to functionally graded porous piezoelectric material half-space. The linear form of functional gradedness varying continuously along with depth is considered in both functionally graded piezoelectric material layer and functionally graded porous piezoelectric material half-space. The interface of the composite structure is considered to be damaged mechanically and/or electrically. Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin asymptotic approach is adopted to solve the coupled electromechanical field differential equations of both functionally graded piezoelectric material layer and functionally graded porous piezoelectric material half-space. An analytical treatment has been employed to determine the dispersion relations of propagating SH-wave for both electrically short and electrically open conditions, which further reduced to the pre-established and classical results as special case of the problem. The effect of various affecting parameters, namely, functional gradedness, wave number, mechanical/electrical imperfection parameters in the presence and absence of porosity on the phase velocity of SH-wave, has been reported through numerical computation and graphical demonstration. In addition, the variation of the coupled electromechanical factor with dimensionless wave number and cut-off frequency with different modes of propagation of wave for electrically short and electrically open cases has also been discussed.