bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eruption associated with amoxicillin in a patient with infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Leung Alexander K. C. , Rafaat Massoud
Published: December 2004

A 9‐year‐old boy presented with a history of fever, malaise, and sore throat for 1 day. He was seen by his family physician who diagnosed tonsillitis. The past medical history was unremarkable. There was no previous history of allergy to medications. After a throat swab had been taken and sent for bacterial culture, the patient was started on amoxicillin, 250 mg three times daily.

Two days later, the child developed an extensive pruritic eruption over the body. We were consulted at this point. On examination, the child was afebrile. His pulse rate was 74/min and his blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg. An erythematous, maculopapular eruption was noted on the face, neck, trunk, buttocks, and extremities (Fig. 1). The palms and soles were also involved, but to a lesser extent. The pharynx and tonsils were erythematous. Yellowish exudates were seen in the tonsillar area. There were shotty lymph nodes in the cervical area. The spleen and liver were not palpable. The rest of the physical examination was normal.

An erythematous maculopapular eruption on the extremities

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A provisional diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was made. In the meantime, the throat swab culture came back as negative. Amoxicillin therapy was discontinued. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride, 10 mg four times daily as required, was given to relieve the itchiness.

Laboratory investigations showed a hemoglobin of 125 g/L, white blood cell count of 12 × 109/L with 75% lymphocytes, 23% neutrophils, 5% monocytes, and 2% eosinophils, and a platelet count of 200 × 109/L. Many atypical lymphocytes were seen in the peripheral smear. Monospot test was positive, confirming the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.

The child was reassessed 7 days later. By then, the pruritus had subsided and the eruption had cleared without desquamation. The pharynx and tonsils looked normal and there was no cervical lymphadenopathy.

The child was seen by his family physician 5 months later because of a left‐sided earache. He was diagnosed with left otitis media and was treated with amoxicillin, 250 mg three times daily for 7 days. No skin eruption was noted with the use of amoxicillin on this occasion.
Dyskeratosis congenita with esophageal and anal stricture
Authors: Arca Ercan , Tüzün Ahmet , Tastan H. Bülent , Akar Ahmet , Köse Osman
Published: December 2004

A 20‐year‐old man presented with skin lesions on his forearms and legs that had started to appear at 3 years of age. On exposure to the sun, his skin became red. He suffered from dysphagia and dysdefecation. His parents’ marriage was not consanguineous, and they were well. His five brothers and sister were also well. He stated that one of his aunt's sons and his uncle's son had the same lesions, but we were unable to examine them.

Physical examination revealed a reticulated pattern of atrophy, pigmentation, erythema, and telangiectasia on the neck (Fig. 1), shoulders, popliteal fossa, and limbs. Atrophic lesions were also present on the extensor aspects of the elbow and knees, and on the dorsum of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of both hands (Fig. 2). Oral mucosal examination showed leukokeratosis on the dorsum and sides of the tongue. There was mild hyperkeratosis on the dorsum of the feet and hands. Sclerodactyly of the hands and feet was also present. The patient had no fingerprints. The nails were thickened and rough, and had longitudinal and transverse ridges. Hairs on the legs, forearms, and trunk were sparse. There was no splenomegaly or genital abnormalities.

Patient's neck showing reticulated, hyperpigmented, and atrophic skin lesions and telangiectasias

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Thin and atrophic skin of the dorsum of the hands and dystrophic fingernails

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Laboratory tests were as follows (normal values in parentheses): white blood count, 10,000/mm3 (4000–10,000/mm3), with 66% neutrophils and 34% lymphocytes; red blood cell count, 5.68 × 106/µL; hemoglobin, 10.6 mg/dL; hematocrit, 35.4%; mean corpuscular volume, 62.2 fL; platelet count, 419 × 103/µL; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 4 mm/h (0–13 mm/h); vitamin B12, 285 pg/mL (211–911 pg/mL); folic acid, 6.4 ng/mL (1.1–20 ng/mL); ferritin, 3.7 ng/mL (22–322 ng/mL). There was mild anisocytosis, microcytosis, and hypochromic anemia in a peripheral blood smear. Liver transaminase levels were normal. There was a mild monoclonal gammopathy, with a serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) of 1630 mg/dL (normal, 751–1560 mg/dL) and a C3 of 155 mg/dL (normal, 79.2–152 mg/dL). The IgM and IgA levels were normal.

Chest X‐ray was normal, and there was no evidence of abnormal calcification on skull X‐ray.

An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy demonstrated a stricture at the upper esophageal sphincter. Esophagography clearly revealed an esophageal stricture at the proximal esophagus (Fig. 3). Sigmoidoscopy could not be performed because of the significant anal stricture, nor could a digital rectal examination.

Esophagographic image demonstrating an esophageal stricture at the proximal esophagus

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Histopathology of a biopsy specimen from the skin of the shoulder showed flattening of the epidermis, a mild infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells and melanophages, and dilated capillaries in the dermis.
Xeroderma pigmentosum with limited involvement of the UV‐exposed areas: a case report
Authors: Mirshams‐Shahshahani Mostafa , Namazi Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2004

A 21‐year‐old woman with skin type IV, who had developed photophobia and brown, spotty, hyperpigmented lesions on her face from early childhood, presented to our center for treatment of her facial lesions.

Examination on admission revealed numerous, freckle‐like, hyperpigmented macules and actinic keratoses over the central part of the face, with sparing of the forehead, chin, and peripheral area (Fig. 1). The area involved was approximated to be around 2% of the total body surface. The dorsal parts of the hands showed no lesions (Fig. 2), but guttate hypomelanotic lesions were apparent on both forearms.

Limitation of xeroderma pigmentosum lesions to the center of the face

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Hands are devoid of any lesions

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Histologic examination of biopsies from four different facial lesions revealed them to be keratoacanthoma (1.5 × 2.5 cm ulcerative nodule on the right cheek), sclerosing basal cell epithelioma (nasal lesion), lentigo simplex, and hypertrophic actinic keratosis.

Corneal clouding, conjunctival injection, loss of lashes, and atrophy of the lids were apparent on ophthalmologic examination.

Other parts of the physical examination, including examination of the oral cavity, were nonsignificant. In addition, except for the presence of mild eczema in a sibling, the patient's family history regarding the presence of any similar problem and also any other important dermatologic or general disorder was negative.
Reconstruction of epidermis by grafting of keratinocytes cultured on polymer support – clinical study
Authors: Dvořánková Barbora , Holíková Zuzana , Vacík Jiří , Königová Radana , Kapounková Zuzana , Michálek Jiří , Přádn Martin , Smetana Karel
Published: December 2004

Background Extensive wound coverage still represents a challenge for contemporary medicine. We demonstrate the results of a clinical trial of the grafting of cultured keratinocytes directly on a polymer cultivation support in the treatment of skin defects in seriously burned patients and in patients with trophic ulcers.

Methods Wound closure was evaluated clinically. The morphology and phenotypic pattern of the reconstructed epidermis, including the basal lamina, as well as the presence of Langerhans cells, were evaluated immunocytochemically using a panel of monoclonal antibodies.

Results All layers of the reconstructed epidermis were normally differentiated (cytokeratin immunocytochemistry). The basal lamina contained collagen type IV and laminin. The reconstructed epidermis was extensively colonized by Langerhans cells.

Conclusions The results of the described technology are encouraging, especially in patients after a burn injury. The described procedure is suitable for the treatment of skin defects in clinical practice.
Argyria associated with colloidal silver supplementation
Authors: McKenna Jeffrey K. , Hull Christopher M. , Zone John J.
Published: December 2004

A 65‐year‐old male presented for skin examination and was incidentally noted to have discoloration of the fingernails. These findings were completely asymptomatic. The patient had been taking colloidal silver supplementation (Silverzone™ 140 p.p.m. silver Gifts of Nature, St. George, UT, USA) for 2 years as therapy for diabetes. He first noticed the onset of nail discoloration 1 year ago. His past medical history included type II diabetes and hypertension. His current medications were metformin, glyburide, and benazepril. Physical examination revealed slate‐gray discoloration involving the lunulae of the fingernails (Fig. 1). The skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae were unaffected.

Slate‐blue pigmentation of the lunula of an affected nail

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A skin cancer education initiative at a professional baseball game and results of a skin cancer survey
Authors: Jungers Emily Ann , Guenthner Scott Thomas , Farmer Evan R. , Perkins Susan M.
Published: December 2004

Background It is important to develop an understanding of what the public knows about skin cancer and what sun safety precautions they are taking. Research on the evaluation of skin cancer education targeting adults is minimal.

Aim To assess the knowledge and behavior related to skin cancer and sun exposure, and to determine if an informal interaction between dermatologists and the public could promote skin cancer awareness and precautions.

Methods In May 2000, a dermatologist‐staffed educational booth was set up at an Indianapolis Indians baseball game. Attendees were educated through discussions and handouts. Attendees completed a self‐administered questionnaire prior to this interaction and a mailed follow‐up questionnaire in August 2000.

Results One hundred and thirty‐six attendees participated in May, and 60 completed the second questionnaire in August. The May results revealed that 92% believed that sun exposure caused skin cancer; 37% used sunscreens “sometimes” and 29%“never.” There was a significant decrease in the number of hours spent outdoors per week during the summer of 2000 compared to 1999.

Conclusions Frequent and unprotected sun exposure occurs despite awareness of the adverse effects. Although the number of subjects in our study was small, informal education at public events has the potential to influence behavior.
Transient effect of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with imiquimod
Authors: Seeberger Josef , Daoud Saleh , Pammer Johannes
Published: December 2004

Background Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis can be painful and protracted and cosmetic results are often unsatisfying. The immune modulator imiquimod has been reported to be suitable for the treatment of a variety of infectious skin diseases and neoplasias.

Objective We investigated the efficacy of topical application of imiquimod in the treatment of old world leishmaniasis in a placebo‐controlled prospective study.

Methods Twelve patients were treated with imiquimod cream using a standard protocol, i.e. topical application three times a week, and a further three served as control group.

Results Lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis regressed within the first 2–4 weeks in 10 of the 12 patients, whereas in two patients no change was observed. However, after 8 weeks all lesions showed progression.

Conclusion Our results thus demonstrate that topical application of imiquimod alone is ineffective in treating old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Further studies are required to demonstrate a possible benefit of imiquimod in combination with other, preferably orally administered medicines.
Developmental instability in Brassica campestris (Cruciferae): fluctuating asymmetry of foliar and floral traits
Authors: Evans A. S. , Marshall M.
Published: December 2004

The degree of fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral traits provides a measure of developmental instability, which can be influenced by genetic as well as environmental stress. We studied genetic variation between and within two populations of the mustard Brassica campestris for asymmetry of foliar (cotyledon width) and floral (petal length and width) traits as well as for phenological (germination and flowering) and performance (biomass and flowering) traits. The two populations differed in mean expression of most traits, including asymmetry. However, within‐population estimates of genetic variability tended to be lower for asymmetry than other traits. Asymmetry was greater in the population that had lower biomass accumulation and flower production, which supports the idea that population‐level asymmetry may be indicative of population‐level performance. However, within each population, evidence that performance was negatively correlated with asymmetry was equivocal. Within populations there was little or no concordance among estimates of asymmetry based on different structures, i.e., plants that had highly asymmetrical cotyledons did not tend to have highly asymmetrical petals. The lack of a general buffering capacity at the individual level may be explained by developmental processes (e.g., action of different genes or morphogens) as well as evolutionary processes (e.g., selection on asymmetry of different traits).
Phenotypic plasticity in morphological traits in two populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Noach E. J. K. , De Jong G. , Scharloo W.
Published: December 2004

Isofemale lines of two populations of Drosophila melanogaster, originating from France and Tanzania, were examined over a range of temperatures. Morphological traits showed distinct patterns in phenotypic plasticity; flies of the two populations differed in shape.

Genotype‐by‐Environment (G*E) interactions were frequently found in the Tanzania population, but were hardly present in the France population. If G*E interaction was present over temperature, estimates of additive genetic variance and additive genetic covariance were made to compare theoretical models with our data. The conclusion is that in France Drosophila melanogaster has been selected over a wider range of temperatures, resulting in parallel reaction norms of more optimal slope. In contrast, selection must have taken place over a narrower temperature range in Tanzanian flies, and will have exerted no direct influence on the slope of the reaction norm.
Alternative mating strategies, partial sibmating and split sex ratios in haplodiploid species
Authors: Greeff J. M.
Published: December 2004

It is shown that when females can adjust their offspring sex ratios conditionally to the identity of their mates, i.e. sib or non‐sib, split sex ratios are expected. These split sex ratios result from variation in relatedness between females and their daughters. Haplodiploid females' relatedness to their daughters increases as their relatedness to their mates increases. Therefore, sibmated females' optimal progeny sex ratio is more female biased than that of outbred females. Inbreeding depression that can result from complementary sex determination (CSD) is also considered. The genetic load caused by CSD can be so costly to sibmated females that they switch to the production of males only. The evolutionarily stable sex ratios for a sibmating model is found to be of a weak type. These weak equilibria and split sex ratios can lead to high variation about the mean and are an incentive for further studies on sex ratio variation in conjunction with mating behaviour. The occurrence of split sex ratios in haplodiploid taxa is important because it favours the evolution of eusociality. Partial local mating and alternative mating strategies can thus eventually lead to the evolution of eusociality.
Developmental stability in flowers of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae)
Authors: Sherry R. A. , Lord E. M.
Published: December 2004

Developmental instability of floral traits is examined in four populations of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae) with different natural outcrossing rates. Developmental instability is estimated using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and within plant variance. The results are coupled with those from a previous study of leaf traits.

In the first experiment, flowers were collected from the same growth chamber‐grown plants that had been previously used to estimate leaf developmental stability in two C. tembloriensis populations. These populations differed in FA for only one floral trait, long filament length. After adjusting for organ size differences, we found floral FA values were about half those of leaves. These are the first quantitative data indicating that flowers are more developmentally stable than leaves.

In a second experiment, greenhouse grown plants from two other C. tembloriensis populations (one highly outcrossing and one predominantly self‐pollinating) did not differ significantly in floral FA or in within‐plant variance of floral traits, though earlier studies of the same populations revealed significant differences in FA of leaf traits.

In both experiments, FA values of different floral traits were uncorrelated.

We attribute the lack of significant differences in floral stability between populations to the greater canalization of floral organs and to the magnification of measurement error that occurs when calculating FA. We also found that the shorter styles of selfers are the greatest difference in flower form between predominantly self‐pollinating and predominantly outcrossing populations of C. tembloriensis.
Sibling species and cryptic speciation in the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera)
Authors: Gómez A. , Snell T. W.
Published: December 2004

An attempt is made to identify sibling species within the Brachionus plicatilis complex (Rotifera). Allozyme and morphological data for nine strains from all over the world are provided. Although the analysis of morphological data classified individuals from nine strains into two groups, cluster analysis using genetic distance data obtained from allozyme data revealed at least three groups. A male choice design is described for the first time in rotifers and was used to test for male mating preferences among sympatric strains belonging to three distinct species. The results suggest that the B. plicatilis complex is actually composed of more than three sibling species.
Environmental and genetic determinants of reproduction in the house sparrow: a transplant experiment
Authors: Krogstad S. , Sæther B.‐E. , Solberg E. J.
Published: December 2004

A transplant experiment was carried out to examine whether genetic differentiation can explain geographical variation in the reproductive strategies of house sparrows Passer domesticus. Individuals from an inland and a coastal population in Central Norway were released on a small island, near the coastal area. No directional selection was found on any of the morphological characters from the release to the onset of breeding, but the proportion of the inland males that remained to start breeding on the island was smaller than that of the coastal males. The new environment influenced the time of egg laying which was, relative to the source populations, more delayed among the introduced inland females than among the coastal females. In 1992, chicks raised by inland females grew faster and were fed more frequently than chicks raised by coastal females. No difference was found between birds of inland and coastal origins in their breeding success and their relative number of surviving recruits. Transplanted parents from the inland fed their offspring more frequently than transplanted parents from the coastal area. This experiment shows that the plasticity of reproductive traits in combination with stochastic factors in the environment may lead to an establishment of introduced genes in small populations.
Response of Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka
Authors: De Costa W. A. J. M. , Weerakoon W. M. W. , Herath H. M. L. K. , Abeywardena R. M. I.
Published: December 2004

Increasing atmospheric CO2 is recognized as a major aspect of global climate change that would have a significant impact on the productivity of major agricultural crops. Two field experiments were done, with the objective of quantifying the response of a short‐duration rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the low elevation, subhumid zone of Sri Lanka. The experiment contained three treatments. In the elevated CO2 treatment, rice was grown at a CO2 concentration of 570 µmol/mol within open top chambers (OTC s). The ambient CO2 treatment included crops grown within OTC s, but maintained at the ambient CO2 concentration of 370 µmol/mol. The third treatment was a crop grown in the open field under ambient CO2 concentration.

Grain yields of rice crops grown under elevated CO2 were 24 % and 39 % greater than the respective ambient treatments in the maha (January – March 2001) and yala (May – August, 2001) seasons. Significant increases in total biomass at harvest (23 % and 39 %, respectively, in maha and yala) were more responsible for the above yield increases than the slight increases in the harvest index (4 % and 2 %). Yields of the ambient and open field treatments did not differ significantly. Among the yield components, the number of panicles per hill was significantly higher in the elevated treatment and showed significant positive correlations with grain yield in both seasons. In addition, grain yield showed significant positive correlations with the percentage of filled grains in maha and the number of grains per panicle in yala. Significant increases in the number of tillers per hill under elevated CO2 were responsible for its greater leaf area index and the greater numbers of panicles per hill. Crops under elevated CO2 accumulated biomass faster than those grown under ambient CO2 during the vegetative and grain‐filling stages. The results of this study demonstrate that elevated CO2 causes significant yield increases in rice, even when it is grown in warm, subhumid tropical climates.
Effect of Water Stress at Various Growth Stages on Some Quality Characteristics of Winter Wheat
Authors: Ozturk A. , Aydin F.
Published: December 2004

A field experiment was carried out in Erzurum (Turkey) on winter wheat to analyse the effect of water stress at different growth stages – fully irrigated (FI), rainfed (R), early water stress (EWS), late water stress (LWS) and continuous water stress (CWS), on some quality characteristics – in the 1995–96 and 1996–97 cropping seasons. Water stress had a substantial effect on most of the quality characteristics. As averages of cropping seasons, CWS, EWS, R and LWS treatments decreased grain yields by 65.5, 40.6, 30.5 and 24.0 %, respectively, compared with the FI treatment. CWS increased grain protein content by 18.1 %, sedimentation volume by 16.5 %, wet gluten content by 21.9 % and decreased 1000‐kernel weight by 7.5 g compared with FI treatment. LWS caused an increase of 8.3 % in grain protein content, 8.7 % in sedimentation volume, 10.8 % in wet gluten content and a reduction of 3.8 g in 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. EWS and R increased sedimentation volume and wet gluten content, but decreased 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. The effect of LWS on grain quality was more significant than that of EWS. The results suggest that soil moisture conditions increase grain yield and kernel weight of winter wheat but decrease its quality.
Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat Genotypes under Field and Lysimeter Conditions
Authors: Noulas Ch. , Stamp P. , Soldati A. , Liedgens M.
Published: December 2004

Lysimeters and neighbouring fields were used from 1998 to 2000 to assess parameters of N use efficiency of three Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. An old (Albis), a new (Toronit) and an experimental genotype (L94491) were compared with no and ample (250 kg N ha−1) N fertilizer supply. N fertilization increased biomass, grain yield and grain N concentration of all genotypes in all years and in both testing systems (field, lysimeters) but only a few genotype × N interactions were observed. Generally, Toronit was superior in producing biomass and grain yield and L94491 in accumulating N in the grain resulting in identical N biomass yields. Albis showed the lowest and Toronit the highest fertilizer recovery, irrespective of the method of calculation (15N or difference method). The medium yielding L94491 recovered similar amounts of fertilizer N as Toronit, mainly due to the high N concentration in the biomass. The ranking of the genotypes for the investigated traits was similar in both testing systems and results comparable with those reported in the literature, indicating that the lysimeter facility is suitable for investigations of agronomic traits on soil–plant relationships, where a constant recording of the soil properties is required.
Using pedigree information to monitor genetic variability of endangered populations: the Xalda sheep breed of Asturias as an example
Authors: Goyache F. , Gutiérrez J. P. , Fernández I. , Gomez E. , Alvarez I. , Díez J. , Royo L. J.
Published: December 2004

The aim of this work is to highlight the need of monitoring small populations to conserve their genetic variability by using a set of parameters to characterize both the structure of populations and management practices. As a representative example we analyse the pedigree information of the endangered Xalda sheep breed of Asturias. The herdbook of Xalda sheep included a total of 805 animals and 62 herds. The number of founders was 329. Nowadays, there are 562 live animals and 26 active herds. The breed is in risk of losing genetic diversity because of the abusive use of certain individuals as parents. The effective number of founder animals is 81.1. The effective number of founder herds is 9.9. The average value of inbreeding in the whole Xalda population was 1.5%. The average relatedness (AR) coefficient reached 1.8% in the whole pedigree. The genetic representation of the lines of founders is unbalanced. Inbreeding trends and effective size do not provide realistic information concerning the risk of loss of diversity as a result of the shallowness of the genealogical information. We suggest the monitoring of the breed using AR to unbalance the genetic contributions of specific individuals, equalizing the genetic representation of the founders and lines in the population. In addition, AR can suggest the introduction of new, under‐represented animals in herds showing high average AR values relative to the population. Our results can be useful to improve the development of conservation initiatives involving open herdbooks to avoid the risk of loss of genetic diversity caused by incorrect management practices.
Characterization of ovine PrP gene promoter activity in N2a neuroblastoma and ovine foetal brain cell lines
Authors: O'Neill G. T. , Donnelly K. , Marshall E. , Cairns D. , Goldmann W. , Hunter N.
Published: December 2004

In this study, we have analysed the DNA sequence and promoter activity of a 522 base pair non‐coding region of the sheep PrP gene representative of exon I and 440 bases upstream of the exon I start site. DNA sequence analyses of the PrP promoter region from Cheviot sheep identified a C/G dimorphism that created a SP1 transcription factor binding site. Additionally, a new T/C dimorphism was identified within Motif 1, one of four highly conserved sequence motifs common to all PrP promoter gene sequences. In vitro gene promoter activity was analysed by chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene transfection assays in murine N2a cells and sA80BR, a permanently transformed cell line derived from a foetal Cheviot sheep brain. The minimal PrP gene sequences required for CAT reporter gene expression in N2a and sheep sA80BR cells were found to be 75 bases and 131 bases proximal to the exon I start site, respectively. No significant differences in PrP gene promoter activity was observed following the sequential deletion of the four conserved motifs though an initial loss of promoter activity was observed following the deletion of the first 99 bases of the promoter sequence.
The influence of selection on reaction to stress in mice. IX. Effect of dietary protein level on activity of lysosomal enzymes in liver and kidney
Authors: Jóźwik A. , Śliwa‐Jóźwik A. , Bagnicka E. , Kołątaj A.
Published: December 2004

The studies were carried out on 48 8‐week‐old Swiss male mice. The animals were divided into those selected for body weight gain (experimental) and an unselected (control) group. Twelve selected and unselected mice received a high protein diet (40%) during 14 days while the remaining 12 selected and 12 controls received a low protein feed (10%). In the lysosomal fraction of the liver and kidney, the activities of alanyl aminopeptidase, leucyl‐aminopeptidase, cathepsin D, L, acid phosphatase, lysosomal esterase, lysosomal lipase, beta‐galactosidase, beta‐glucosidase, beta‐glucuronidase, N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosaminidase were measured. The results obtained suggest that the different dietary protein levels (10 and 40%) and selection changed the activity of lysosomal enzymes studied in the liver and kidney of experimental mice.
A model for determination of the numbers of pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.) (Col., Nitidulidae) per plant in oil‐seed rape crops (Brassica napus L.) by estimating the percentage of plants attacked by pollen beetles
Authors: Hansen L. M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus F) are common pests of oil‐seed rape crops (Brassica napus L) in Denmark, causing serious yield losses (>80% reduction). In consequence, the crop is treated with pesticides in most years. To estimate the need for insecticide treatment it is desirable to develop a method, which, in a simple and very labour‐saving way, can estimate the number of pollen beetles in oil‐seed rape crops. Incidences of pollen beetles were recorded in 105 spring and winter oil‐seed rape fields. From the coherent values of the percentage of plants infested with pollen beetles (Y) and the number of pollen beetles per plant (X) the following model was deduced: Y = 43.3 × X0.47.
Communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: attractiveness and characterization of male‐produced sonic aggregation signals
Authors: Takács S. , Mistal C. , Gries G.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  We tested the hypothesis that the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lep., Tineidae), uses sonic signals in addition to pheromonal signals for communication. To record sound from individual or groups of moths of either or both sexes, we used a digital recording system, microphones sensitive to sonic and/or ultrasonic frequencies, and speakers capable of emitting sonic and ultrasonic sound. In a soundproof environment, male T. bisselliella produced sounds of 27 decibels (dB, sound pressure level; 0 dB corresponds to 20 μPa), with a base frequency of 40–50 Hz and a harmonic frequency of 80–100 Hz. Sound intensity and frequency increased to 55 dB and 65–75 Hz (with ≥3 harmonic frequencies), respectively, when calling males were near (<2 cm) conspecifics of either sex. There was no evidence that females produce sound and no evidence for ultrasonic sound production by either sex. In Y‐tube bioassay experiments, virgin male and female T. bisselliella preferred played‐back sonic signals from males to silent control stimuli, whereas mated females showed no preference for either stimulus. In arena bioassay experiments, males as well as virgin and mated females preferred played‐back sonic signals from males over a white noise control. Use of pheromonal and sonic signals by T. bisselliella would be adaptive, because the capacity for sonic communication persists even if sensory adaptation or habituation to pheromonal signals occurred. This hypothesis is consistent with the fact that other inhabitants of enclosed microhabitats, such as the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., and Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hb.), have also evolved analogous multimodal communication systems.
An assessment method for the quantification of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hem., Phylloxeridae) populations in the field
Authors: Porten M. , Huber L.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Grape phylloxera is a plant parasite that has started to become a pest again in European viticulture in spite of the use of grafted rootstocks. Since the middle of the 1980s, there have been various reports of vine damage caused by phylloxera. It was shown that in some cases there is no direct correlation between the occurrence of phylloxera and vine damage. In this context, phytopathogenic microorganisms, especially fungi, are mentioned in literature. To investigate the possible interactions it is necessary to be able to assess phylloxera populations in the field, e.g. to correlate phylloxera abundance with the vigour of the vines. Because of the non‐homogenous distribution of the grape roots in the soil and of phylloxera on the roots, a method that meets these conditions was established. For the root sampling, a method that ensures reproducible numbers and a high probability of root detection was developed. The second component of the method is a ranking system for the visual assessment of the populations. For the validation of the assessment system, the absolute number of phylloxera feeding sites, all phylloxera instars and phylloxera eggs were related to the weight of fresh and dry roots. The statistical analysis has shown a significant differentiation between the assessment classes (P ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, a correlation (R2 = 0.732) between the phylloxera populations, assessed with this method, and soil temperatures could be shown. Such a correlation was shown in various studies and, therefore, supports the validity of the assessment system presented in this paper.
Ingested particles reduce susceptibility of insect larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Ben‐Dov E. , Saxena D. , Wang Q. , Manasherob R. , Boussiba S. , Zaritsky A.
Published: December 2004

Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis of mosquito and lepidopteran larvae is affected by feeding behaviour and nutritional value of the available food. Reduced mortality is attributed to feeding inhibition and dilution of the pathogen in the presence of nutritional and inert particles, which limit the amount of ingested toxin. These reasons are, however, not sufficient to explain the data presented here. Values of LC50 (the concentration that kills 50% of exposed population) of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Berliner) against Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae and of B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (Berliner) against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae were about 20–217 and 2.3–44‐fold higher, respectively, in the presence of nutritional or biologically inert (non‐nutritional) particles than without. The number of B. thuringiensis spores in carcasses of B. thuringiensis ‐killed A. aegypti and S. littoralis larvae were between 1.9 and 5.6‐fold and between 8.5 and 12‐fold higher, respectively, in the presence of particles than without. In all cases, non‐nutritional particles better protected the exposed larvae than nutritious particles. We propose that another basic mechanism exists, that ingested particles protect midgut epithelial cells by covering their surface and thus preventing availability of the toxin to the gut receptors. Understanding the defence mechanisms of insects against B. thuringiensis toxicity may lead to improved pest management methods.
Influence of starvation and blood meal‐induced moult on the susceptibility of nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hem., Triatominae) to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. infection
Authors: Luz C. , Fargues J. , Romaña C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The influence of starvation and nutritional status on the time–mortality response of nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hem., Reduviidae) contaminated with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) was determined. Because of the induction of the moulting process by the blood meal, first‐instar nymphs were less susceptible on day 12, when they were in pre‐moult. Starvation did not affect nymphal susceptibility to B. bassiana up to a period of 1 month. There was no significant difference in time–mortality responses between unfed nymphs and blood‐engorged nymphs. This information is discussed for microbial control of vectors with respect to the importance of periods of starvation in triatomines under natural conditions.
Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae) and its predators relationship in Italy's Emilia‐Romagna region
Authors: Civolani S. , Pasqualini E.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Sampling techniques for Cacopsylla pyri adults and its predators (Anthocoris nemoralis, Coccinellidae spp. and Chrysopidae spp.) were comparatively studied over autumn–winter 2000 in three pear orchards of Ferrara Province in northern Italy's Emilia‐Romagna Region. Bating tray (or frappage), yellow sticky traps and corrugated cardboard traps were employed for insect monitoring while water pan traps were used for the phenological timing of leaf fall. The beating tray provided a more representative sampling method to evaluate the population dynamics and density of C. pyri and its predators than the yellow sticky traps; the corrugated cardboard proved a reliable tool to assess the predator population dynamic in overwintering refuges. Along with climate (temperature) and plant physiological (leaf fall) data, the results reported provide useful information for the scheduling of winter treatments, also in case to control the spread of the mycoplasma‐like organism (pear decline) in spring.
Antifeeding activity of limonoids from Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae)
Authors: Abdelgaleil S. A. M. , Nakatani M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Fifteen B,D‐secolimonoids of mexicanolide, rearranged phragmalin, methyl angolensate and glycoside types have been isolated from ether and acetone extracts of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.). The antifeedant activity of the isolated compounds was assessed by conventional choice leaf disc method on the third‐instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Khayalactol, 1‐O‐acetylkhayanolide A, 2‐hydroxyseneganolide, khayanolide A, khayanolide D and methyl angolensate displayed strong antifeedant activity at 1000 μg/ml with antifeedant percentages of 83.8, 61.9, 60.1, 59.5, 57.1 and 55.7, respectively. 2‐Hydroxyseneganolide and khayanolide D showed high activity at 500, 300 and 200 μg/ml while 1‐O‐acetylkhayanolide A was the only compound that revealed antifeedant activity at a concentration as low as 100 μg/ml. Antifeedant activity was dose‐dependent in some of the isolated compounds. Correlation between antifeedant activity of the isolated compounds and chemical structure was discussed.
Alcohol dehydrogenase allele frequencies in Bactrocera oleae (Dipt., Tephritidae): effect of ethanol addition in larval diet
Authors: Konstantopoulou M. A. , Raptopoulos D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The effect of ethanol in larval medium on Bactrocera oleae larvae was examined at four concentrations. Ethanol exerted a differential effect on the three alcohol dehydrogenase allele frequencies. While originally being at equilibrium under laboratory conditions, after three generations of larval development in a diet containing ethanol at 1% concentration, Adh‐F allele frequency increased, that of Adh‐I dropped significantly and the frequency of Adh‐S remained unaltered. Adh‐S allele seems to be adapted in nature where only minor quantities of alcohol are present in the insects’ natural host, while Adh‐I is best adapted in the alcohol‐free laboratory culture medium. The frequency of Adh‐F allele remains unaltered when feral populations are introduced in the laboratory.
Effects of aqueous extract of neem seed kernel and azadirachtin on the fecundity, fertility and post‐embryonic development of the melonfly, Bactrocera cucurbitae and the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Singh Shivendra
Published: December 2004

Aqueous extract of neem seed kernel (NSKE) was tested for its effect on the fecundity and post‐embryonic development of Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera dorsalis, when fed as water source. Comparisons were made with pure azadirachtin to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. Three oviposition dates (10, 15 and 20) after adult emergence were chosen. In the 10 day experiment no egg laying was recorded at a concentration of 0.25% NSKE for both the species. By the 20th day, mean number of eggs laid were 93 for B. cucurbitae and 100 for B. dorsalis at the same concentration as compared with 241 and 243 eggs in respective controls. This pattern of recovery was observed for the first time using neem extracts on B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis. Effect on fertility were evident as the per cent egg‐hatch in the 10‐day experiment ranged from 56 to 72 and 61 to 75% for B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis respectively, compared with 99 and 99% in controls. The overall egg hatch ranged between 56 and 85% for both the species, covering the reproductive age of the flies. There was no significant effect on pupation. Per cent pupation of the hatched larvae was >90%, while the adult emergence calculated from the number of larvae that pupated was >62%, for both the species, however, when calculated from the initial number of eggs laid the post‐embryonic effects were evident. The effects on fecundity, fertility and adult emergence were confirmed with pure azadirachtin. As with NSKE, pupation was not much affected, however, significant effects on adult emergence and behaviour were recorded. The post‐embryonic effects of neem seed kernel extracts on the two species of fruit flies was confirmed for the first time. Being safe, cheap and renewable, neem extract can be effectively used as an excellent alternative to synthetic insecticides.
Influence of corn, Zea mays, phenological stages in Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lep. Crambidae) oviposition
Authors: Moré M. , Trumper E. V. , Prola M. J.
Published: December 2004

Diatraea saccharalis F. is a major pest to maize, sorghum and sugarcane crops in Latin America and the most damaging insect pest of maize in Argentina. Female moths lay their eggs on lower and upper sides of leaves and sheaths of corn plants. Oviposition behaviour of different species of corn stem borers is influenced by host plant phenology in different ways. Host pubescence affects oviposition behaviour in different species of caterpillars. Oviposition preferences for phenological stages, leaf surface and vertical distribution in corn plants were investigated. Corn plots of 120 m2 were sown with a Pioneer pubescent cultivar in six planting dates, each one replicated three times according to a completely randomized design. Throughout the season 14 samplings were carried out, during which plants were randomly chosen within each of the six treatments and exhaustively examined in order to count the number of egg masses and their location in the leaf surface and in the vertical structure of the plant. Diatraea saccharalis preferred laying their eggs on the lower sides of leaves located in the middle stratum of corn plants whose phenological stages were older than V10. Our study suggests that attention should be paid to the influence of crop phenological stage in the location of egg masses in futures studies, as oviposition preference can change through plant maturation.
Application of the cognitive therapy model to initial crisis assessment
Authors: Calvert Patricia , Palmer Christine
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

This article provides a background to the development of cognitive therapy and cognitive therapeutic skills with a specific focus on the treatment of a depressive episode. It discusses the utility of cognitive therapeutic strategies to the model of crisis theory and initial crisis assessment currently used by the Community Assessment & Treatment Team of Waitemata District Health Board on the North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand. A brief background to cognitive therapy is provided, followed by a comprehensive example of the use of the Socratic questioning method in guiding collaborative assessment and treatment of suicidality by nurses during the initial crisis assessment.
De‐escalating aggression and violence in the mental health setting
Authors: Cowin Leanne , Davies Rhian , Estall Graham , Berlin Theresa , Fitzgerald Maria , Hoot Sandra
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Aggressive and violent incidents in the health‐care setting are increasing phenomena around the world. The evidence from current literature suggests that changes in health‐care access, nursing staff shortages and patient acuity are some of the possible causes. De‐escalation is a valuable intervention that can be used by nurses to help counter the growing problems of aggression and violence. The de‐escalation project, discussed in the present paper, aimed to explore de‐escalation as an important therapeutic process and is an event of considerable potential in the management of aggression and violence. While de‐escalation is not a new tool, particularly in the mental health‐care setting, an educative programme aimed at renewing nurses’ knowledge and skills in de‐escalation is a timely project. The final de‐escalation kit included a large glossy poster, a nursing staff survey, an in‐service education session and a literature‐based discussion paper. The de‐escalation kit can be of considerable benefit to those nurses who are transient within the workplace, such as casual and agency nurses.
Information for assistants of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Khan Umeed , Rosa Moacyr A. , George Mark S.
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an exciting new technology being used in psychiatric and neurological research in many centres around the world. rTMS has been accepted as a routine treatment of depression in Canada and Israel. To this point, it has been exclusively conducted by medical officers. As knowledge and experience grows, it is probable that professionals with other backgrounds will have the opportunity to play a role. The aim of this paper is to provide information that will be valuable to assistants. Electromagnetic principles are harnessed to deliver electric currents to localized regions of the cortex. rTMS does not involve anaesthesia or seizure. Side‐effects appear to be few. Much remains uncertain, however, even including the most appropriate treatment parameters.
Women's experiences of Caesarean section and vaginal birth after Caesarian: A Birthrites initiative
Authors: Fenwick Jennifer , Gamble Jenny , Mawson Jackie
Published: December 2004

This paper reports the findings of a small pilot study undertaken to identify women's perceptions of their Caesarean section and/or their experience of attempting to achieve a vaginal birth after Caesarean. Fifty‐nine women replied to a survey designed and distributed by the consumer organisation Birthrites. The survey consisted of 22 closed and open‐ended questions. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data. Six major factors that impacted on women's perceptions of their birthing experience were identified: (i) ‘being supported’; (ii) ‘violated expectations’; (iii) ‘loss of control’; (iv) ‘health professionals’ language, attitudes and care practices’; (v) ‘the labour experience and the cascade of intervention’; and (vi) ’surgical birth and the separation from the baby’. The results support previous work in this area and demonstrate that some women suffer from psychological trauma following an emergency Caesarean section. The experiences of the women in this small study indicate a need for health professionals to not only better understand the distress that may occur but to also develop a greater understanding of the impact of their interactions with women. The study also provides a consumer ‘voice’ on current routine hospital policies surrounding vaginal birth after Caesarean and confirms the importance of choice, control and continuity of care for all women regardless of their ‘risk’ status.