bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycotoxins in cocoa: causes, detection and control
Authors:   Southern Cross University, Australia, Egbuta Mary A.
Published: August 2018

Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by various species of filamentous fungi, and may affect many agricultural crops and products. The potential health risks associated with these chemical compounds mean that significant attention has been given to their detection and control. However, most study has so far been dedicated to mycotoxin contamination of agricultural crops such as cereals, with less attention given to cocoa. This chapter presents an overview of the current understanding of mycotoxin contamination of cocoa. The main groups of mycotoxins are discussed, followed by a summary of three methods of detection. There follows an explanation of various methods of controlling mycotoxins in cocoa, including recommendations at the stages of production, processing and fermentation and discussion of attempts to decontaminate infected crops. It is concluded that there is a need for more research into the different mycotoxins affecting cocoa and methods of reducing their presence and impact.
Analysing sensory and processing quality of cocoa
Authors:   The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, Sukha Darin A. , Ali Naailah A. ,   The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago
Published: August 2018

Flavour is a critical facet of cocoa quality, impacting to a large extent the value and end use of traded cocoa beans. This chapter provides a road map towards bridging the knowledge gap that currently exists between industry and cocoa producers by defining approaches for analysing sensory and processing quality of cocoa. The chapter describes the quality criteria for cocoa being developed and communicated to cocoa farmers around the world with varying levels of depth, clarity and consistency into one harmonised and pragmatic approach. It links quality with the genetic expression of flavour potential and is informed by existing recognised international standards, experiences and recent research output. The chapter also highlights the evolution of sensory evaluation as a science and the use of physical and sensory evaluation as a tool to drive improvements in the cocoa value chain.
Organic cocoa cultivation
Authors:   De Montfort University, UK, Berlan Amanda
Published: August 2018

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatically increased demand for organically produced goods. As a crop, cocoa can be grown successfully using organic methods, and demand for organic chocolate has risen in line with the overall growth in the organic market. This chapter offers a summary of current issues in the production of organic cocoa. I discuss production trends, acknowledging some of the challenges in accurately monitoring such trends, before considering some of the issues surrounding different cultivation methods, and the certification and pricing of organic cocoa. Finally, the chapter considers different techniques for controlling pests and diseases without the use of chemical inputs. A number of conclusions are presented, such as the importance of farmer acceptance of methods, the need for integrated pest management strategies and the challenges of highly variable markets.
Cocoa sustainability initiatives: the impacts of cocoa sustainability initiatives in West Africa
Authors:   Wageningen University, The Netherlands, Ingram Verina , Waarts Yuca ,   Wageningen University, The Netherlands, van Rijn Fedes ,   Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Published: August 2018

Sustainability initiatives, including associations, platforms and networks, voluntary sustainability standards, corporate and non-governmental and civil society initiatives, have all been developed as solutions to the multiple, long-running challenges facing cocoa growers and producers. Largely implemented by cocoa farmers and groups, these initiatives are often supported by traders, government agencies, certification organisations and other not-for-profit organisations. This chapter examines the different sustainability initiatives and their social, economic and environmental impacts on cocoa farmers, farms and ecosystems. The chapter provides detailed case studies of impacts in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The chapter also looks ahead to future research trends in this area and provides detailed guidance for further reading on the topic.
Supporting smallholders in achieving more sustainable cocoa cultivation: the case of West Africa
Authors:   World Cocoa Foundation, USA, Macek Paul , Husain Upoma ,   Georgetown University, USA, Werner Krystal ,   Georgetown University, USA
Published: August 2018

Sustainability initiatives, including associations, platforms and networks, voluntary sustainability standards, corporate and non-governmental and civil society initiatives, have all been developed as solutions to the multiple, long-running challenges facing cocoa growers and producers. Largely implemented by cocoa farmers and groups, these initiatives are often supported by traders, government agencies, certification organisations and other not-for-profit organisations. This chapter examines the different sustainability initiatives and their social, economic and environmental impacts on cocoa farmers, farms and ecosystems. The chapter provides detailed case studies of impacts in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The chapter also looks ahead to future research trends in this area and provides detailed guidance for further reading on the topic.
STATIN ADVERSE EFFECTS: MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Dyadyk A. I. , Kugler T. E. , Suliman Y. V. , Zborovskyy S. R. , Zdykhovskaya I. I.
Published: August 2018

Statins are one of the most common lipid-lowering drugs in clinical practice. The purpose of this review was to systemize the most frequent statin adverse effects, including mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The frequency of statin-associated muscle symptoms is significantly higher in registries and observational studies than in randomized controlled trials. Diagnosis of muscle symptoms is difficult because it is subjective. The serum creatine kinase is often normal or slightly elevated. Association between statin use and the risk of new cases of diabetes mellitus was demonstrated in numerous studies. The drug interaction of statins, high dosage and concomitant diseases can lead to a persistent and clinically significant increase of hepatic enzymes. Basic glycemic tests, hepatic enzymes and serum creatine kinase have been necessary done before statin administration to identify patients with high risk of intolerance. The risk of hemorrhagic strokes after statin therapy is ambiguous due to randomized controlled trials. It is suggested that statins can inhibit cancerogenesis by inducing apoptosis or reducing cell growth, angiogenesis, and invasion. However, the results of preclinical and clinical studies are conflicting. The majority of the studies are observational or of retrospective nature. It is necessary to provide a larger prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials with a long follow-up. Any doctor should know the potential negative consequences of statins taking into account their expansion. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of statins is important for the safety of patients. Dosages, metabolism and risk factors of drug interactions should be considered to minimize statin adverse effects.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF DAN GAYA BERPIKIR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR
Authors: Khambali Khambali
Published: August 2018

The objective of this research was to investigate comprehensively the effect of learning model and studentâ€™s thinking style on the Arabic reading achievement of the second semester student of the Islamic Studies Program, the Institut of Islamic Studies of Indonesia Jakarta, academic year 2016/2017.

This was an experimental research using a two-factor ANOVA at 0,05 and 0,01 significance level. The data was collected using the Arabic reading test and thinking style questionaire.

 The findings above led to a conclusion that the result of arabic reading in cooperatif of MM was higher than cooperatif of NHT, Students who has divergen thinking style was higher than student who has covergent thinking, and its happened an interaction between cooperatif model teaching and thinking style to the result of arabic reading.
أوزان جمع التكسير وأصل مفردها وصيغها في الموسوعة العربية العالمية
Authors: Samsiyah Winda
Published: August 2018

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الحصول على معرفة أوزان جمع التكسير وأصل مفردها وصيغها في الموسوعة العربية العالمية ليسهل الطلاب والمعلّمين اللغة العربية أن يفهموا عميقا علم الصرف خاصة عن جمع التكسير. إن هذا البحث من ضمن الدراسة المكتبية.  ويستخدم البحث الطريقة الوصفية بأسلوب تحليل المحتوى عن أوزان جمع التكسير في نصوص الموسوعة العربية  العالمية.  وبناء على تحليل البيانات الذي قد قامت به الباحثة فتستلخص الباحثة أن في الموسوعة العربية العالمية توجد 21 وزنا  من 134 شاهدا في الموسوعة العربية العالمية. وهي  أَفْعِلَاء مفردها صيغة (فَعِيْل) , وأَفْعَال 4 صيغ (فَعَل,فَعْل, فِعْل, فَعَلَة, فَعْلَة, فُعْل, فَاعِل), وفَوَاعِل صيغتان (فَاعِل, فَوْعَل, فَاعِلَة), وفُعُوْل 5 صيغ (فَعْل, فَعَل, فَعَلَة, فِعْل, فُعْل, فَعِل, فَاعِل), وفَعَلَة صيغة (فَاعِل), وفِعَال صيغتان (فَعْلَة, فَعِيْل, فَعَل, فَعْل, فِعْل, فَعُل), وأَفْعِلَة 3 صيغ (فَعَال, فِعَال, فَعَال, فَاعِل), وفَوَاعِيْل صيغة (فُفْعُول, فَاعُوْل), وفَعْلَى صيغة (فَعِيْل), وفُعَلَاء صيغتان (فَاعِل, فَعِيْل), وأَفَاعِل 3 صيغ (, وفَعَائِل, وأَفْعُل, وتَفَاعِيْل, وفِعْلَان, ومَفَاعِلَة, وأَفَاعِل, وفُعَّال, وفُعُل, وفَعَالِل, وفُعْلَان.
A New K-Shell Decomposition Method for Identifying Influential Spreaders of Epidemics on Community Networks
Authors: Gong Kai , Kang Li
Published: August 2018

An efficient method for the identification of influential spreaders that could be used to control epidemics within populations would be of considerable importance. Generally, populations are characterized by its community structures and by the heterogeneous distributions of out-leaving links among nodes bridging over communities. A new method for community networks capable of identifying influential spreaders that accelerate the spread of disease is here proposed. In this method, influential spreaders serve as target nodes. This is based on the idea that, in k-shell decomposition method, out-leaving links and inner links are processed separately. The method was used on empirical networks constructed from online social networks, and results indicated that this method is more accurate. Its effectiveness stems from the patterns of connectivity among neighbors, and it successfully identified the important nodes. In addition, the performance of the method remained robust even when there were errors in the structure of the network.
Hydrodynamic modes of homogeneous and isotropic fluids
Authors: de Boer Jan , Hartong Jelle , Obers Niels , Sybesma Watse , Vandoren Stefan
Published: August 2018

Relativistic fluids are Lorentz invariant, and a non-relativistic
limit of such fluids leads to the well-known Navier–Stokes equation.
However, for fluids moving with respect to a reference system, or in
critical systems with generic dynamical exponent
zz,
the assumption of Lorentz invariance (or its non-relativistic version)
does not hold. We are thus led to consider the most general fluid
assuming only homogeneity and isotropy and study its hydrodynamics and
transport behaviour. Remarkably, such systems have not been treated in
full generality in the literature so far. Here we study these equations
at the linearized level. We find new expressions for the speed of sound,
corrections to the Navier–Stokes equation and determine all dissipative
and non-dissipative first order transport coefficients. Dispersion
relations for the sound, shear and diffusion modes are determined to
second order in momenta. In the presence of a scaling symmetry with
dynamical exponent zz,
we show that the sound attenuation constant depends on both shear
viscosity and thermal conductivity.
A Proposed Syllabus for EFL Writing Class at University
Authors: Sundari Hanna , Febriyanti Rina Husnaini , Saragih Gustaman
Published: August 2018

This present study intended to develop the first draft syllabus for writing course in English Education major. Particularly in teaching writing as foreign language, syllabus became one of the key factors for teachers before and while delivering thelesson. The research was carried out by initial steps of research and development approach (R and D). The respondents were the students from writing classes, writing lecturers, and the stakeholders in one university in Jakarta. In collecting data, the instruments were the questionnaire and in-depth interview. After analyzing the data from need analysis descriptively, the researchers have modeled a developed layout of the syllabus for writing class. The syllabus is developed in a set of concepts and rationale, general and specific objectives or outcomes of the course as competences, teaching methods, materials and content, practices and activity, and evaluation.
[Woman]’s World Portrayed in Literary Works of Jane Austen
Authors: Praminatih Gusti Ayu , Nafiah Homsatun
Published: August 2018

The researchers conducted research on Jane Austen literary works since she was a prominent female novelist with mostly discussed novels. The aim of this research was investigating how Jane Austen portrayed [woman] in the18th century through literary works. Six major novels were used as data. Hence qualitative method was employed. The novels were converted using AntConc. Then, the researchers identified the 50 highest collocations of [woman] based on three main categories in part of speech namely adjective, noun, and verb. The results reveal that Jane Austen portrays [woman] in the 18th century with positive and negative aspects; internal and external qualities that reflected through adjectives. Jane Austen often uses concrete and abstract nouns related to domestic property collocated with the word [woman]. Furthermore, the verbs that collocate with [woman] in Jane Austen’s literary works are productive verbs. The researchers find that the adjectives, nouns, and verbs that attach to [woman] in Jane Austen novels are related to the domestic sphere and their quality of being strong, logical, and intellectual.
Characterization of nano- and microparticles in Swiss waters and their role in potable water production
Authors: Pronk W. , Sinnet B. , Meylan S. , Boller M.
Published: August 2018

Particles in lake water samples originating from the Swiss lakes of Zurich and Constance were analysed, showing an exponential increase of particle number with decreasing particle size down to the detection limit (350 nm). Investigation of nanoparticles in Lake Zurich by microscopic methods showed that relatively large numbers of clay particles are present with different Al/Si composition and sizes. The small-sized clay particles (ca. 80 nm) tend to build aggregates with a size of 500–1,000 nm. In karstic spring water, the particle count and size distribution is strongly dependent on the precipitation rate. At high precipitation rates, channel flow occurs in the subsoil, leading to high particle counts among the whole size range and a larger average particle size. In membrane treatment by microfiltration and ultrafiltration this leads to membrane fouling due to pore blocking and cake formation, the latter being associated with the presence of organic compounds.
Solid/liquid separation behavior of alum and polyaluminium chloride coagulation flocs
Authors: Gorczyca B. , Zhang G.
Published: August 2018

Properties of alum and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) flocs were analyzed in order to explain solid/liquid separation behavior of these aggregates in dissolved air flotation and gravity settling. PACl flocs settle better and are less sensitive to changes in water temperature than alum flocs. Therefore, PACl flocs may be more suited for gravity separation, especially in cold waters, and alum flocs may be preferred for flotation. At an optimum coagulant dose for dissolved air flotation the logarithmic mean size of alum flocs was close to the size of the air bubbles (30 μm) and the proportion of flocs smaller than 20 μm was about 30.5%.
Removal of clay and blue-green algae particles through zeta potential and particle size distribution in the dissolved air flotation process
Authors: Kwak D.H. , Kim S.J. , Jung H.J. , Won C.H. , Kwon S.B. , Ahn H.W. , Lee J.W.
Published: August 2018

The raw water characteristics of a water treatment plant in Korea are mainly dependent on two major factors: the clay particles attributed to rainfall and blue-green algae in reservoirs. In this work, zeta potential and particle size distributions of clay and algae particles, which are the important parameters affecting their removal efficiency, were measured to investigate the behavior and removal characteristics of particles under various conditions. The results showed that the zeta potential of blue-green algae was more sensitive to treatment conditions than clay, and it fluctuated highly with coagulant dosage, suggesting that the control of zeta potential is important for effective removal of algae particles. On the other hand, the range of particle size distribution that remained from the preliminary sedimentation tank was generally smaller than for flotation. However, the zeta potential of the remaining particles was either close to the isoelectric point or positive, and the particles were not so hard to remove for that reason. In the final analysis, for simultaneous removal of clay and algae particles, a sufficient zeta potential difference must be formed not only for algae particles but also for small clay particles from the sedimentation tank in the dissolved air flotation process.
Influence of denitrification on suspended solids and phosphorus removal in multimedia filters
Authors: Miska V. , van der Graaf J.H.J.M. , de Koning J.
Published: August 2018

Due to more stringent WWTP-effluent requirements in The Netherlands, caused by adoption of the European legislation, the characteristics of WWTP-effluents need to be improved. For existing wastewater treatment plants extended nutrient removal will be required with final effluent concentrations of Ptot≤0.15 mg/L and Ntot≤2.2 mg/L.

For suspended solids and phosphorus removal flocculation-filtration is used frequently as advanced treatment technique. Simultaneous denitrification would provide a tertiary treatment step for combined nutrient removal under the condition that simultaneous denitrification has no adverse effects on suspended solids and phosphate removal.

Pilot-scale experiments have been carried out at the WWTP in Utrecht and lab-scale investigations at the WWTP in Beverwijk, both in the Netherlands. The removal efficiencies for phosphorus and suspended solids in multimedia filters, operated under optimal denitrifying conditions, had been evaluated by phosphorus analyses and particle counting. It is examined that denitrifying biomass has no negative effect on the removal efficiencies.
Tracing membrane foulants in membrane bioreactors by filtration characterisation and fractionation
Authors: Geilvoet S.P. , Remy M. , Evenblij H. , Temmink H. , van der Graaf J.H.J.M.
Published: August 2018

A pilot MBR was fed with two different influent loading conditions, namely dry weather flow (DWF) and DWF with an additional discharge of wastewater from a local cheese factory. For both situations sludge was sampled from different tanks of the pilot (predenitrification, denitrification, nitrification and membrane tank). All sludge samples and the supernatant of sludge from the membrane tank were filtered under exactly the same conditions with a filtration characterisation unit. Besides this all samples were subdivided in different fractions (supernatant, 0.45 and 0.03 μm, 500, 100, 10 and 1 kDa) and analysed for their EPS concentrations (proteins and polysaccharides). The results show that the filterability of the sludge changes with the sampling point and differs between the two influent loading conditions. Contrary to DWF conditions, for cheesy influent conditions sludge from the membrane tank has better filterability than its supernatant. This suggests that the sludge forms a cake layer that protects the membrane against fouling by particles in the free water. No clear relation between filterability and EPS concentrations of the different fractions was found.
A smart device for particle separation in water using ultrasonic standing waves
Authors: Lee Y.S. , Kwon J.H.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents the theory, design, and evaluation of a smart device for the enhanced separation of particles mixed in fluid. The smart device takes advantage of the ultrasonic standing wave, which was generated by the operation of a piezoceramic PZT patch installed in the smart device. The details of the device design including the electro-acoustical modelling for separation and PZT transducer are described. Based on this design, the separation device was fabricated and evaluated. In the experiments, an optical camera with a zoom lens was used to monitor the position of interested particles within the separation channel layer in the device. The electric impedance of the PZT patch bonded on the separation device was measured. The device shows a strong levitation and separation force against 50 μm diameter particles mixed with water at the separation channel in the device. Experimental results also showed that the device can work with both heavy and light sand particles mixed with water due to the generated standing wave field in the separation channel.
Modelling and simulation of membraning dynamic membrane
Authors: Li F. , Deng C.-H. , Chen J.-H.
Published: August 2018

Analysis of the formation of a dynamic membrane (DM) was conducted in detail; based on a great deal of experiments, a practical model was proposed to characterize the formation process of the dynamic membrane. In order to validate the model, the following experiments were done: effects of crossvelocity and transmembrane pressure on the formation process of DM were examined with kaolins of 1,250 mesh and 6,000 mesh as DM materials respectively. The experimental results showed that the experimental values approached the theoretical values in steady state and unsteady state when the system constant of k0 was 2 and 10 respectively. But differently from the model, the filtrate flux was still declining with time in the steady state.
Decolorization of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by zirconium oxychloride as a novel coagulant: optimization through response surface methodology
Authors: Sonal Sonalika , Singh Astha , Mishra Brijesh Kumar
Published: August 2018

The aim of the present study was to investigate the performance of a novel coagulant, i.e. ZrOCl2, for the removal of anthraquinone-based reactive dye from aqueous solution. An ideal experimental setup was designed based on central composite design using response surface methodology to determine the individual and interactive effects of different operational variables (i.e. pH, coagulant dose and dye concentration) on treatment performance in terms of dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. Total 92.58% dye and 85.33% COD removal were experimentally attained at optimized conditions at low coagulant dose, i.e. 156.67 mg/L for the dye concentration of 105.67 mg/L at pH 2. To validate the working pH of the metal coagulant, the static charge of ZrOCl2 was measured using Eh value. The performance of the coagulant was validated with experimental and predicted values in the selected data set, and R2 values for both responses were found to be 0.99 and 0.95 respectively, which shows the reliability of the experimental design. Further, the toxicity of the coagulant was assessed and no such toxicity was found even up to the concentration of 500 mg/L, proclaiming the disposal of sludge may not exhibit any threat to humans. Experimental results suggested that the ZrOCl2 could be used as an eco-friendly coagulant for dye wastewater treatment.
Using image processing for determination of settled sludge volume
Authors: Mullins Darragh , Coburn Derek , Hannon Louise , Jones Edward , Clifford Eoghan , Glavin Martin
Published: August 2018

Determination of the sludge volume index is key to describing the settling characteristics of sludge in the aeration process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The two core components of this calculation are the settled sludge volume (SSV) and suspended solids. While the measurement procedure for SSV is generally defined by national or international standards, in practice a wide variety of vessel sizes and shapes are used by operators to monitor WWTP performance. Furthermore, differences in how these tests are carried out can lead to poor data, inefficient WWTP operation and a lack of comparable metrics for WWTP operational monitoring. Thus, there is a requirement to improve operational performance of WWTPs to meet the increasingly stringent legislation regarding discharge limits. The aim of this study was to utilise a novel image-processing system (AutoSSV) to (i) determine its efficacy in describing SSV and (ii) measure and compare different methodologies for measurement of SSV. The AutoSSV system was tested using samples from various WWTPs and the results compared to those determined by standard manual measurement. Both standard and modified settlement tests were conducted on 30 mixed liquor samples, with modified settlement tests consistently resulting in lower SSV measurements. Results from the study showed a strong correlation between the SSV measurements provided by the AutoSSV system and results obtained from current manual measurement methods. The proposed technique would help to standardise the measurement in practice and increase the frequency of monitoring, particularly in small-scale rural WWTPs where there may not be permanent operators on site, and thus provide sufficient performance monitoring for efficient and effective operation.
On-site single-stage constructed wetland fed by raw wastewater: performances and resilience of the system
Authors: Dubois V. , Molle P.
Published: August 2018

On-site sanitation systems in Europe are evaluated through a CE marked procedure done on a platform test under a specific schedule of loads. Nevertheless, the test procedure conditions do not represent the real conditions of treatment systems in terms of wastewater characteristics and loads. On another angle, in France, systems implemented for capacities above 20 p.e. do not need the CE marked procedure but have to comply with performance requirements. French on-site treatment regulations lead to a paradoxical situation where constructed wetlands (CW) designed for 21 p.e. can be more compact than for 15 p.e. Here we focus on a single-stage vertical flow CW treating raw wastewater from a six-person house. Working with a (compact) community CW design, the objectives were to evaluate, in real-world conditions, the limits of the system and its ability to handle the high hydraulic and organic load variations found in on-site sanitation. Concentrations and fluxes showed high inter-day and intra-day variability, confirming the necessity for treatment systems to be robust enough for on-site sanitation. The compact CW appeared very efficient and stable for organic pollutants and nitrification (average removal rates of more than 98%, 99%, 94% and 97% for TSS, BOD5, COD and TKN, respectively). Denitrification has been optimized to reach 70% of TN removal, but seems unable to go higher due to a lack of carbon.
Evaluasi Sistem Surveilans Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular Berbasis Posbindu di Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2017
Authors: Renyaan Erna Yati , Rahayujati Theodola Baning , Dharmawidjaja Isa
Published: August 2018

Latar belakangWHO mencatat 36 juta jiwa pertahun (63%) penyebab kematian didunia adalah penyakit tidak menular (PTM). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 dan 2013 menunjukkan 61% dari total kematian karena PTM. Profil Kabupaten Sleman tahun 2017 tercatat penyakit hipertensi mencapai 83.000 kasus dan Diabetes Mellitus 33.987 kasus. Tujuan evaluasi untuk melihat pelaksanaan sistem surveilans faktor risiko penyakit tidak menular (FR-PTM) berbasis Pos Pembinaan Terpadu (Posbindu) di Kabupaten Sleman tahun 2017.MetodeDesain penelitian adalah observasional. Dilaksanakan Januari-Februari 2018. Responden adalah penanggungjawab surveilans PTM Posbindu di 17 puskesmas. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Evaluasi sistem surveilans terkait struktur sistem, fungsi inti, fungsi pendukung dan kualitas surveilans berdasarkan pedoman WHO. Instrumen menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif.Hasil136 posbindu yang tersebar di 17 puskesmas dan yang aktif melapor 95 posbindu. Dari struktur sistem menunjukkan 82,38% belum mengetahui tentang legal aspek pelaksanaan sistem surveilan PTM. Pada segi fungsi inti diketahui 76,47% deteksi kasus masih dilakukan oleh kader dengan supervisi dokter karena keterbatasan tenaga. Sebanyak 82,35% tidak dapat melakukan analisis dan interpretasi data FRPTM. Dari fungsi dukungan sebanyak 23,53 responden belum mengikuti pelatihan portal Web PPTM, sedangkan pada kualitas surveilans diketahui 82,35% data tidak lengkap dan tidak tepat waktu.SimpulanPerlu penguatan pada penanggungjawab PTM Posbindu di puskesmas melalui sosialisasi legal aspek, pembuatan format sederhana, pelatihan analisis dan interpretasi data serta pelatihan portal Web PPTM untuk meningkatkan kualitas sistem pelaporan PTM.
Keragaman makanan dan kejadian BBLR: analisis IFLS 5
Authors: Ulva Siti Maria
Published: August 2018

Permasalahan gizi dapat  terjadi sepanjang siklus kehidupan manusia. Salah satu indikator keberhasilan pembangunan adalah Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI), Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) dan Angka Kematian Neonatal (AKN). Penyebab paling banyak kematian pada kelompok neonatal adalah bayi dengan berat badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR). BBLR menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat secara global dan memberikan efek kerugian dalam kesehatan baik jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Berdasarkan data lebih dari 20 juta bayi di seluruh dunia mewakili 15% sampai dengan 20% dari jumlah total seluruh kelahiran merupakan bayi BBLR. Prevalensi BBLR di Indonesia berdasarkan RISKEDAS tahun 2013 sebesar 10,2 persen, berdasarkan data SDKI tahun 2012 sebesar 7,3 persen. Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara pola makan dan anemia dengan kejadian BBLR di Indonesia dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder  Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) tahun 2014-2015 yang tersebar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian Cross Sectional. Memanfaatkan data sekunder IFLS 5 kemudian dianalisis secara restrospective. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh wanita usia subur (WUS) 15-49 tahun sudah menikah, pernah melahirkan, anak terakhir dan lahir hidup serta memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu memiliki berat badan bayi ditimbang. Variabel bebas yaitu pola makan dan anemia sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah BBLR. Variabel luar pada penelitian ini yaitu usia, paritas ibu, pendidikan, pekerjaan, komplikasi kehamilan, konsumsi TTD dan lokasi tempat tinggal. Total responden yang masuk dalam sampel penelitian adalah 2.368 dengan kejadian BBLR 8,66 persen. Persentase pola makan tidak beragam ada 72,25 persen lebih banyak daripada pola makan beragam. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pola makan beragam dengan BBLR. Tetapi tidak ada hubungan antara anemia dengan BBLR. Temuan pada analisis lanjutan untuk kelompok makanan ada dua kelompok makanan yang berhubungan signifikan dengan BBLR (p<0,05) yaitu kelompok kacang-kacangan serta kelompok daging dan ikan. Variabel lain pendidikan dan pekerjaan ibu berhubungan signifikan dengan BBLR dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pola makan beragam memberikan resiko yang rendah dengan kejadian BBLR tetapi tidak dengan anemia. Perlu upaya perbaikan gizi masyarakat melalui pola makan beragam dan seimbang. Faktor sosial yang berhubungan signifikan dengan BBLR adalah pendidikan dan pekerjaan ibu.
Penggunaan SMS sebagai metode customer relationship management dalam menanggapi keluhan pasien di puskesmas Kowilut kota Kediri
Authors: Kirana Gerardin Ranind , Nugraheni Reny
Published: August 2018

Customer Relationship Management System merupakan suatu cara untuk menjaga hubungan yang baik antara penyedia layanan kesehatan dengan pasien, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan pasien, menjalin komunikasi yang efektif, dan dapat meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan secara keseluruhan. Metode paling efektif yang digunakan oleh Puskesmas Kowilut Kota Kediri untuk menjalankan sistem CRM adalah menggunakan SMS keluhan, oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengobservasi operasional penggunaan SMS sebagai metode CRM dalam menanggapi keluhan pasien di Puskesmas Kowilut Kota Kediri. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Subyek penelitian adalah metode yang digunakan oleh Puskesmas Kowilut Kota Kediri untuk menjalankan sistem CRM yaitu penggunaan SMS keluhan. Koordinator dan anggota tim Surveyor Kepuasan Pelanggan adalah responden. Mengumpulkan informasi melalui wawancara dan observasi. Ada tiga tahapan dalam hal penanganan keluhan pasien melalui SMS keluhan. Yang pertama, Tim SKP menerima keluhan pasien melalui SMS, dicatat, dilaporkan, serta menawarkan solusi terhadap keluhan pasien tersebut. Koordinator Tim SKP yang kemudian meneruskan laporan kepada wakil manajemen mutu. Tahap kedua adalah wakil manajemen mutu mendokumentasikan keluhan dan solusi kedua yang ditawarkan kepada pasien sebelum menyerahkan laporan tertulis kepada penanggung jawab mutu puskesmas yaitu Kepala Puskesmas Kowilut Kota Kediri. Tahap ketiga adalah keluhan pasien yang terdokumentasi  akan dibahas pada rapat internal dan dicari jalan keluarnya agar tidak ada kejadian serupa yg terulang kembali, serta melakukan perbaikan dan hasil perbaikannya akan ditampilkan pada majalah dinding puskesmas agar dapat dibaca oleh para pasien yang berobat. Penggunaan SMS keluhan merupakan metode CRM yang paling efektif, karena keluhan pasien terdokumentasi dengan baik dan perbaikan dapat dilakukan dengan cepat. SOP untuk pelaksanaan metode tersebut perlu untuk segera dibuat oleh Tim SKP dan penanggung jawab mutu. Ke depannya, perlu dilakukan pengembangan program untuk metode ini, salah satu caranya adalah dengan menggunakan beberapa media lain untuk menyampaikan keluhan secara langsung kepada tim SKP, misalnya dengan email dan media sosial lainnya.
Jathilan Horse Dance: Spirit Possession Beliefs and Practices in The Present-Day Java
Authors: Rapoport Eva
Published: August 2018

Jathilan is one of the names for traditional Javanese trance dance which takes its roots in the most archaic levels of local culture but remains very popular nowadays. It is also described as a horse dance for the horse effigies made of woven bamboo are the hallmark props used by the performers. Horse dance is a part of the folk culture, still untouched by institutionalization or commodification; it can be performed for both ritual and entertainment purposes. Trance is its main attraction, though through the lens of local beliefs it is interpreted in terms of spirit possession thus it is understood that spirits can enter performers’ bodies and fulfill their needs while being manifest in material world, but also allow the dancers to perform various feats demonstrating invulnerability to physical harm (like eating glass, walking over hot coals, being whipped or even run over by a motorcycle).The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough description of how trance in jathilan is performed and understood, based on existing literature, practitioners’ first-hand accounts and numerous performances observed and documented; but also to consider it in the wider context of Javanese beliefs and practices involving spirits, possession, and exorcism, which persist alongside with Islam.
The Relationship between Resilience and Mental Health: the Mediating Effect of Positive Emotions
Authors: Gong Zhun , Yu Lichao , Schooler Jonathan W
Published: August 2018

To investigate the relationship of resilience, positive emotions and mental health, and the relationship of resilience, positive emotion and three sub-dimensions of mental health: self-affirmation, depression and anxiety. In this study, the existing cross-sectional data, select the Beijing Forestry University data as samples. In this study, questionnaire survey a random sample of 199 undergraduate students of Beijing Forestry University, they uniform application three Scale Surveying, PANAS, CD-RISC, GHQ-20. According from the study, (1) resilience, positive mood and general health are related where resilience and positive emotions between the resilience. General psychological health, positive emotions and general mental health?it is positively correlated. (2) Resilience and self-affirmation exists, positive correlation with depression and anxiety, respectively negative correlation. Between positive emotions and self-affirmation the positive correlation with anxiety negative correlation. (3) Part mediating effect of positive emotions exist between resilience and self-affirmation, resilience can be made to self-affirmation prediction coefficient from 0.042 down to 0.036. Therefore, this study concluded that resilience undergraduates can have an impact on mental health through the intermediary variable positive emotions.
La transformación del Estado regional italiano
Authors: Gambino Silvio
Published: August 2018

The Italian regional Model, set by the Constitution of 1948, has been traditionally presented as a paradigm of political decentralization among unitary States. This essay intends to explain how the recent Constitutional Reform (Acts 1/1999, 2/2001 y 3/2001) transformed such territorial model. After a broad explanation of the main constitutional regulations, the analysis focuses in the structure and powers of government agencies, in the modified allocation of competences at state, regional and local level, as well as in financing autonomy. Attention is also payed on certain structural causes (political and, very specially, socio-economic ones) which have been determinant for the development of competences recognized by the Constitution and the statutes. Finally, from a comparative approach, the Italian reform can be defined as a pattern with own identity. It cannot be assimilated with other models of territorial allocation of power, such a federalism, british devolution or Spanish autonomy.
Biofiltro con cascarilla de arroz y pasto vetiver (C. Zizanioides) para el tratamiento del efluente de la PTAR del INPEC – Yopal, Casanare, Colombia
Authors: Higuera Infante Sandy Katheryne
Published: August 2018

En la investigación se evaluó un biofiltro a escala laboratorio para el tratamiento del efluente de la PTAR del Inpec de Yopal, Casanare, cuya finalidad era lograr un efluente de calidad óptima para reúso del agua en riego agrícola. Se contemplaron tres fases, la primera caracterización y análisis de los parámetros microbiológicos como fisicoquímicos del efluente. La segunda fase diseño y construcción del sistema a escala laboratorio del humedal artificial, se construyó en vidrio, usando cascarilla de arroz, intercalada con grava, se sembró pasto vetiver (C. Zizanioides) y se inundó el sistema para que funcionará con flujo subsuperficial, el tiempo de retención hidráulico TRH fue de 3.4 días. La desinfección con cloro se diseñó a partir de una prueba de demanda de cloro. La tercera fase consistió en la operación del sistema a flujo continuo, el seguimiento se realizó a través de 4 muestreos con frecuencia semanal, en dos de estos muestreos se incluyó medición de DBO5, coliformes totales y fecales y conductividad.  Los resultados mostraron que la cascarilla de arroz como sustrato funciona bien, las plantas crecieron permanentemente, ayudando a disminuir la carga orgánica. Como conclusión la cascarilla puede ser un sustituto total o parcial de otros sustratos de biofiltros o humedales de flujo subsuperficial, al ser menos costosa y estar disponible especialmente en la región de la Orinoquía. Sin embargo, su uso debe complementarse con un proceso de reoxigenación del agua, ya que su condición anaerobia es un aspecto negativo para los cuerpos de agua receptores de vertimientos.
Manejo de Biosólidos y su posible aplicación al suelo, caso Colombia y Uruguay
Authors: Melo Cerón Alexander Rodrigo , Rodríguez González Alejandra , González Guzmán Juan Manuel
Published: August 2018

En este artículo se realiza un análisis del manejo de los biosólidos y su posible aplicación en los suelos en países como Colombia y Uruguay a partir de una revisión bibliográfica. Se pretende identificar las diferentes alternativas para la estabilización de los lodos residuales para obtener biosólidos, los cuales son caracterizados de acuerdo con las normas de cada país para su aplicación en usos como remediación y estabilización de suelos, así como en la agricultura, sin que representen peligros para los ecosistemas y el ser humano.Producto Asociado al Proyecto de Investigación INV ING 2127 de la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones de la UMNG
Sostenibilidad de sistemas ganaderos bovinos de alta montaña en Colombia
Authors: Molina Benavides Raúl Andrés , Sánchez Guerrero Hugo
Published: August 2018

La complejidad de los sistemas agropecuarios dadas sus múltiples interacciones de elementos bióticos y abióticos, hace que estudios integrales sean importantes para un mejor entendimiento y actuación frente a éstos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la sostenibilidad de 8 sistemas ganaderos alto andinos. Se encontró en promedio carga animal de 0,5 UGG, producción de leche de 4 kg/vaca/día, intervalos de partos de 450 días y producciones de forraje de 2,45 t MS/ha con 14% PC y 60% FDN. En promedio para el bosque, el carbono orgánico del suelo fue de 33,72 t/ha y para los potreros de pastoreo de 25,29 t/ha, siendo significativa la diferencia (p≤0,05). No se encontró diferencias (p≥0,05) entre las densidades aparentes en el suelo de los bosques nativos (0,46g/cm3) y los potreros (0,5 g/cm3). Las cantidades de CO2 equivalente (CO2eq) producidas en promedio  fueron de 76,12 t/predio (65,5 t CO2eq correspondientes a la producción de CH4 y 10,87 t CO2eq a la producción de N2O). El agua virtual requerida en promedio para los bovinos fue de 16.222,26 m3 para cubrir sus necesidades de alimento, bebida y servicios (10 años), y para producir un litro de leche requerían 1,78 m3. En el aspecto social los indicadores con menor calificación fueron servicios públicos y acceso a educación. En conclusión y sabiendo que la sostenibilidad se logra cuando hay un balance entre los componentes económico, ambiental y social; los resultados encontrados permiten afirmar que los sistemas productivos ganaderos de alta montaña incluidos en este trabajo no son sostenibles.
Viabilidad en la producción de biomasa microalgal a partir de fotobioreactores solares en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Authors: Ramírez Duque José Luís
Published: August 2018

Las microalgas son una importante fuente de materias primas para la producción de biocombustibles y otras sustancias finas que pueden contribuir con la actual necesidad de energías renovables sostenibles. Las condiciones ambientales y climáticas afectan directamente la producción de la biomasa de los cultivos microalgales y, en general, las condiciones del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, son óptimas dados los niveles de radiación solar y su intensidad todo el año debidos a su ubicación geográfica. Considerando el potencial futuro de las microalgas en biofábricas, en este artículo se presenta una revisión de los factores que intervienen en el desarrollo de los cultivos microalgales y la tecnología necesaria para su explotación, se analiza también la viabilidad de fotobiorreactores cerrados debido a su alta transferencia de masa, mayor aprovechamiento de radiación solar y reducción de la contaminación por microorganismos foráneos, los cual es fundamental en la producción de biomasa. Esta información es útil para la aplicación de ingeniería y el desarrollo futuro de tecnología eficiente y comercialmente viable para la producción de biocombustibles a partir de microalgas.
Mejoramiento genético en bovinos a través de la inseminación artificial y la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo
Authors: Marizancén Silva Mayra Alejandra , Artunduaga Pimentel Lucerina
Published: August 2018

El sector ganadero busca mejorar la productividad de carne, leche y rusticidad, por medio de los cruzamientos, lo que ha conllevado al deterioro de las líneas raciales, repercutiendo en la disminución de calidad y cantidad de producción, e influyendo directamente en la rentabilidad. Actualmente los adelantos biotecnológicos proponen mejorar los niveles productivos de una empresa ganadera, a partir de la Inseminación Artificial IA y la Inseminación Artificial a Tiempo Fijo IATF, en donde se está manejando e introduciendo el mejoramiento genético, prácticas que incrementan el valor productivo y reproductivo de los bovinos, haciendo rentable el negocio ganadero y mejorando la competitividad del sector. La IA y la IATF, tienen como diferencia el tiempo del proceso de la inseminación, la IA se maneja a celo detectado y la IATF debe tener en cuenta las horas de la aplicación de las hormonas para la inseminación en tiempos exactos; estos dos métodos se manejan con el uso de semen probado y comprobado de animales altamente productivos para carne y/o leche. Para la IATF se han proporcionado protocolos para la sincronización del estro basados en: “los que utilizan combinaciones de GnRH y prostaglandina F2α (PGF), llamados protocolos Ovsynch y los que utilizan dispositivos con progesterona (P4) y estradiol conocidos como control del desarrollo folicular”, división planteada por Saldarriaga (2009). En este escrito, se documenta la aplicabilidad de biotecnologías como la IA-IATF en los sistemas de producción ganaderos para contribuir al mejoramiento genético de las razas bovinas.
Editorial
Authors: Giraldo Díaz Reinaldo , Nieto Gómez Libia Esperanza
Published: August 2018

En Colombia, el Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación -Colciencias diseña las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Desde el año 2000, cuenta con un sistema de indización periódico de las revistas colombianas llamado Sistema Nacional de Indexación y Homologación de Publicaciones Especializadas de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, el cual administra el Índice Bibliográfico Nacional Publindex (Colciencias, 2016).