bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização microestrutural de superfícies e interfaces de vergalhões de aço auto-revenidos utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise química e mecânica
Authors: Barreto Matheus de Faria e Oliveira , Gontijo Marcelo Robert Fonseca , Teles Carolina Parreiras , Araújo Fabiana Faria de
Published: July 2024

Para a construção civil o estudo detalhado dos materiais de construção são de suma importância a fim de se garantir a qualidade e integridade estruturas das edificações. Neste sentido este trabalho visa a caracterização microestrutural de superfícies e interfaces de vergalhões de aço auto-revenidos utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise química se torna uma importante ferramenta para se conhecer a fundo o comportamento de um dos materiais mais importantes, mais utilizados e mais exigidos nas edificações. Para isso foi utilizado: Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura - JEOL JSM - 6360LV com detector de elétrons secundários para alto e baixo vácuo, detector de elétrons retroespalhados para alto e baixo vácuo, detector de EDS (espectrômetro de raio-X de energia dispersiva) e detector de EBSD (difração de elétrons retroespalhados). Os resultados obtidos a partir da pesquisa mostram que a caracterização de materiais metálicos para a construção civil com Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) é de suma importância para o entendimento de suas características microestruturais que influenciam diretamente as propriedades mecânicas, os processos de corte e principalmente o processo de solda dos vergalhões fabricados pelo processo de auto-revenimento.
Enhancement of Chicken Breast Shelf-Life Using Gondhoraj (Citrus hystrix) Zest Edible Wrap: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Dasgupta Riya , Bandyopadhyay Kakali , Dasgupta Aihik , Paul Arkopriya , Saha Meghanjan
Published: July 2024

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Gondhoraj (Citrus hystrix) essential oil (GPO) incorporated into a starch-based edible film (GF) for packaging chicken breast meat to enhance safety and shelf life.
Study Design: Active packaging films were formulated with GPO concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% (v/v) in pre-film forming starch solution.
Place of Study: Department of Food Technology, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata.
Methodology: Films were created using the casting technique. Opacity and light barrier properties were measured via light absorption between 200 and 800 nm. Moisture content, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties were assessed. The coliform count in chicken meat packed with GF was evaluated.
Results: GF demonstrated lower water solubility (0.068 ± 0.09% - 0.090 ± 0.00%) compared to the control starch film and greater opacity (3.150 ± 0.03 - 8.924 ± 0.09) with light absorption between 200 and 800 nm. Antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH and ABTS+ assays, was 70.36 ± 2.48% and 83.78 ± 0.54%, respectively. After refrigeration at 4°C ± 1 hour, the chicken sample with GF had the lowest coliform count (4.88 ± 0.06 CFU/g) compared to the uncoated sample. After 7 days of refrigerated storage, the moisture content noted was (91.18 ± 0.17).
Conclusion: The shelf life study revealed no significant difference (p<0.05) in organoleptic qualities between coated and uncoated chicken samples. Thus, GF exhibits strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties, enhancing the nutritional quality and prolonging the shelf life of chicken meat during refrigeration.
Influence of Diverse Growing Environments and Plant Densities on Phenological Development and Agrometeorological Indices of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Hyper Arid Zone of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Reager Madan Lal , Chandra Subhash , Singh S.P. , Bairwa R.C. , Kishor Naval , Pant Richa , Dotaniya C.K. , Kumar Vinay , Chung Sang-Min , Singh Anupama , Mohapatra Chinmayee , Palei Suvalaxmi , Badu Meenakshi , Mohanty Ankita , Kabi Mandakini , Kumaraswamy S. , Kherawat Bhagwat Singh , Kesawat Mahipal Singh
Published: July 2024

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) stands as a significant oilseed crop globally. The growth, development, and productivity of these plants are notably affected by the adverse impacts of global climate change. Therefore, the current study sought to examine how diverse growing environments and planting densities influence the phenological development of groundnut in the hyper-arid zone of Rajasthan, India. A field experiment spanning the kharif seasons of 2017, 2018, and 2019 was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, India. The experiment laid out in split-plot design with four replications. The treatments included three main plots for growing environments (sowing on May 15, May 30, and June 15) and three sub-plots for planting densities (1.67 lakh ha-1, 2.50 lakh ha-1 and 3.33 lakh ha-1).. The outcomes of the field experiment indicates that sowing groundnut on May 30 was statistically on par with sowing on June 15 and resulted in higher values of GDD, helio thermal units (HTU), PTI, heat use efficiency (HUE), photothermal use efficiency (PUE), and heliothermal use efficiency, as well as hygrothermal use efficiency (Hg TUE-I and II) at the initiation of flowers and peg formation stages. However, at later growth stages significantly higher values of GDD, HTU, HUE, PUE, HgTUE-I and II were observed with the May 15 sowing. These values gradually decreased with delayed sowing up to May 30 and June 15. Further, increasing the planting density from 1.67 lakh ha-1, 2.50 lakh ha-1 and 3.33 lakh ha-1 significantly enhanced the HTU, HUE, PUE, HgTUE-I and II at various phenological stages of groundnut. Therefore, these findings underscore the significance of precise timing and density control in maximizing groundnut yields under challenging environmental circumstances. By understanding and modifying these variables, farmers can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and enhance groundnut productivity, especially in extremely arid areas like Rajasthan.
Sero-prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Some Domesticated Animals in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Osanyintuyi Shola Gabriel , Oladejo Babayemi Olawale , Oladunmoye Muftau Kolawole , Adebayo Isaach Abayomi , Abodunrin Olusola Stephen , Agbowo Gerald Chimezie , Osanyintuyi Nifemi Busola
Published: July 2024

Aim: This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) total antibody in some domesticated animals in Ekiti State, Nigeria.                                                      
Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted at Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Ekiti State, Nigeria between October 2023 and January 2024. Sample testing and analysis of serological test were performed at Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.                                                        
Methodology: 186 blood samples from four animal species were randomly collected. The serum samples were obtained from the following animals in the study area using the technique of venipuncture: dogs (n=56), pigs (n=29), sheep (n=59) and goat (n=42). Blood samples were collected and separated serum for testing of HEV total antibody using Human (HEV-Ab) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).                                                                                      
Results: The overall seroprevalence of HEV total antibodies was 41.94%, among the four animal species sampled, Pigs had the highest seroprevalence (72.4%). Out of the five Local Government areas, Ido-Osi had the highest HEV seroprevalence (53.57%). The age group ranging from ˃12-≤18 months had higher HEV prevalence (29.41%) among the age group.
All age groups of the domestic animals had statistically significant differences at (P ˂ 0.05).  Among all the pregnant domestic animals, goats had a considerably higher seroprevalence of HEV total antibody (73.33%) than other pregnant animals in the study area. The HEV prevalence among the pregnant domestic animals was statistically significant (P˂ 0.05).
Conclusion: Data suggest that HEV remains an under-recognized and significant public health problem, wanting further attention and research.
Gender-based Violence (GBV) on Bangladeshi Women and Girls during COVID-19 in Toronto: Forms, Causes, and Mental Health Impacts
Authors: Islam Qazi Shafayetul , Akter Nasima
Published: July 2024

Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has led to a rise in the number of gender-based violence (GBV) cases within families. This increase is mainly due to patriarchal influence, prolonged stay at home, social isolation, and financial abuse. Women and girls, in particular, have been adversely affected by this phenomenon, experiencing significant mental health impacts. A study conducted in Toronto explored the various types and causes of violence against South Asian Bangladeshi women and girls and how it affects their mental health, too.
Methodology: Bangladeshi-Canadian Community Services (BCS), an ethnic organization conducted a study on gender-based violence (GBV) from Sep to Dec 2021. Two extensive Zoom group discussions involved 55 females and six males, including social workers (n=9), community leaders/workers (n=17), community youth ambassadors (n=9), and community members (n=26, among them n=11 were victims). Audio recordings were transcribed and translated into English, then thematically coded to identify forms of GBV and provide narratives based on participants' experiences.
Results: South Asian Bangladeshi women and girls have been subjected to various forms of violence by their husbands or male family members, such as physical, psychological/emotional, verbal, and financial violence. Physical violence includes shaking their wives' hands and necks and pushing wives and girls. Psychological, verbal, and financial violence includes scolding, threatening, demoralizing, blaming, belittling, coercing, stealing money, and committing financial fraud. The causes of violence against women during the lockdown are related to the loss of husbands' jobs and idleness, the tendency to establish male power over women out of fear of losing patriarchal control during a crisis, husbands' mental turmoil due to the lockdown and financial crisis, women's protest against extramarital relationships, fear of contracting viruses, taking advantage of women's vulnerability, and greediness towards wives' money. As a result of this violence, many victims have reported experiencing anxiety, mental trauma, frustration, distress, depression, and discrimination. Victims of violence have faced many obstacles in accessing appropriate providers, such as language barriers and threats from their husbands.
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected South Asian Bangladeshi women and girls who are experiencing gender-based violence. To address this issue, policymakers, governments, and ethnic organizations must collaborate to create comprehensive plans that aim to eliminate gender-based violence, as well as associated cultural problems and stigma. Community organizations can provide resources and support for victims, working with families and husbands to create a safer environment for those affected.
Field Efficacy of Certain Chemicals and Neem Products against Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius.) on Okra in Prayagraj, U.P., India
Authors: Saini Pawan Kumar , Rajnikant Anoorag Tayde
Published: July 2024

A field trial was carried out at the research plot of the Department of Entomology at Central Research Field, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during autumn season of 2023. Seven treatments were replicated thrice in Randomized Block evaluated against Earias vittella viz. and also assessed their influences on the yield of okra (T1) Fipronil 5%SC @ 1 ml/lit, (T2) Spinosad 45%SC @1 ml/lit, (T3) Azadiractin 1%EC @ 3 ml/lit, (T4) Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC @ 0.3 ml/lit, (T5) Imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 0.4 ml/lit, (T6) Emamectin benzoate 5%SG @ 0.3 ml/lit, (T7) NSKE 5% @50 ml/lit and (T0) Control. Each treatment was sprayed twice at 14 days interval. The observations of shoot and fruit infestation per plant were recorded one day before, 3rd, 7th and 14th day after each spray. The results revealed that all tested insecticides significantly reduced the pest infestation compared to untreated plot. The lowest percent infestation of shoot and fruit borer was observed in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (8.96%, 9.29%) and Spinosad45%SC (9.74%, 10.42%) followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (10.58%, 11.04%) Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (11.89%, 12.27%), Fipronil 5% SC (12.46%, 13.09%), Azadiractin 1% EC (12.77%, 14.16%), NSKE 5% (13.42%, 14.63%). The mean crop yield ranged between 30 q/ha to 16 0q/ha, the highest was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (160 q/ha) followed by  Spinosad  45% SC (154 q/ha).When cost benefit ratio worked out, the best and the most economic treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (1:5.7) followed by Spinosad 45%SC (1:5.2), Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (1:5.1), Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (1:4.3), Fipronil 5%SC(1:3.9), Azadiractin 1% EC (1:3.0),NSKE 5% (1:2.5) and Untreated (1:1.18).
Exploring for the Change in Change of Employment Status Over Time
Authors: Ishaque Saima , Satti Ahsan-Ul-Haq
Published: July 2024

The study seeks to explore for presence of dissimilar developmental paths in employment status of American individuals. The empirical longitudinal exercise is conducted with hybrid latent class growth model and latent class growth mixtures. For testing the hypothesis of heterogeneous subgroups within employment status data three mainstream modelling variants of growth modelling are tested and elaborated in terms of model performance. Progressive employment status based typology is found robust to alternative model specifications voting for presence of clustered growth patterns in experiencing employment status over time. The resulted employment status based typology describes three clusters of active, inactive and mediocre active participants in terms of moving between various stages of employment status for the age span of 18years to 35 years i.e., from adult to post adult prime working life years. The presented approach to understand and explore employment status is novel perspective compared to classic survey based employment status data.
Reliability of Widefield Nailfold Capillaroscopy and Videocapillaroscopy in the Assessment of Patients With Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: Sekiyama Juliana Y. , Camargo Cintia Z. , Andrade Luís Eduardo C. , Kayser Cristiane
Published: June 2013

Objective

To analyze the diagnostic performance and reliability of different parameters evaluated by widefield nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) with those obtained by videocapillaroscopy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).

Methods

Two hundred fifty‐two individuals were assessed, including 101 systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patients, 61 patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease, 37 patients with primary RP, and 53 controls. Widefield NFC was performed using a stereomicroscope under 10–25× magnification and direct measurement of all parameters. Videocapillaroscopy was performed under 200× magnification, with the acquirement of 32 images per individual (4 fields per finger in 8 fingers). The following parameters were analyzed in 8 fingers of the hands (excluding thumbs) by both methods: number of capillaries/mm, number of enlarged and giant capillaries, microhemorrhages, and avascular score. Intra‐ and interobserver reliability was evaluated by performing both examinations in 20 individuals on 2 different days and by 2 long‐term experienced observers.

Results

There was a significant correlation (P < 0.000) between widefield NFC and videocapillaroscopy in the comparison of all parameters. Kappa values and intraclass correlation coefficient analysis showed excellent intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility for all parameters evaluated by widefield NFC and videocapillaroscopy. Bland‐Altman analysis showed high agreement of all parameters evaluated in both methods. According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, both methods showed a similar performance in discriminating SSc patients from controls.

Conclusion

Widefield NFC and videocapillaroscopy are reliable and accurate methods and can be used equally for assessing peripheral microangiopathy in RP and SSc patients. Nonetheless, the high reliability obtained may not be similar for less experienced examiners.
Trends in the Use of Biologic Agents Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Enrolled in the US Medicare Program
Authors: Zhang Jie , Xie Fenglong , Delzell Elizabeth , Chen Lang , Kilgore Meredith L. , Yun Huifeng , Saag Kenneth G. , Lewis James D. , Curtis Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2013

Objective

Self‐injectable biologic agents have been covered by Medicare Part D since 2006. We hypothesized that this coverage benefit and related financial considerations would lead to increased use of self‐injectable biologic agents over time and would be influential in determining which rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients received infusion versus self‐injected biologic agents.

Methods

We used 100% of US Medicare data (2006–2009) to calculate the prevalence of use of different RA biologic agents and evaluated factors associated with receipt of infliximab versus etanercept or adalimumab among patients starting their first anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) agent.

Results

Through 2009, the prevalence of biologic agent use overall (∼27%) and via infusion (16–17%) or self‐injection (10–11%) remained unchanged among Medicare beneficiaries with RA. After adjusting for patient characteristics, stronger physician preference for infused biologic agents was related to physician reimbursement and associated with an increased likelihood of using infliximab as the first anti‐TNF agent (odds ratio [OR] comparing the highest to lowest quartile of physician preference 7.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 6.4–8.3). Lower‐income patients who received state assistance for Medicare coverage had lower out‐of‐pocket payments for injectable biologic agents ($4.10/prescription) and were less likely to use infliximab (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.37–0.45) compared with etanercept or adalimumab.

Conclusion

The prevalence of injection and infusion biologic agents in RA remained stable in the Medicare program through 2009. The choice between an intravenous infusion versus an injectable anti‐TNF agent as first‐line treatment appeared to be strongly influenced by financial considerations affecting both patients and physicians.
Defect Engineering in Oxide Heterostructures by Enhanced Oxygen Surface Exchange
Authors: Huijben Mark , Koster Gertjan , Kruize Michelle K. , Wenderich Sander , Verbeeck Jo , Bals Sara , Slooten Erik , Shi Bo , Molegraaf Hajo J. A. , Kleibeuker Josee E. , van Aert Sandra , Goedkoop Jeroen B. , Brinkman Alexander , Blank Dave H. A. , Golden Mark S. , van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Hilgenkamp Hans , Rijnders Guus
Published: June 2013

The synthesis of materials with well‐controlled composition and structure improves our understanding of their intrinsic electrical transport properties. Recent developments in atomically controlled growth have been shown to be crucial in enabling the study of new physical phenomena in epitaxial oxide heterostructures. Nevertheless, these phenomena can be influenced by the presence of defects that act as extrinsic sources of both doping and impurity scattering. Control over the nature and density of such defects is therefore necessary to fully understand the intrinsic materials properties and exploit them in future device technologies. Here, it is shown that incorporation of a strontium copper oxide nano‐layer strongly reduces the impurity scattering at conducting interfaces in oxide LaAlO3–SrTiO3(001) heterostructures, opening the door to high carrier mobility materials. It is proposed that this remote cuprate layer facilitates enhanced suppression of oxygen defects by reducing the kinetic barrier for oxygen exchange in the hetero‐interfacial film system. This design concept of controlled defect engineering can be of significant importance in applications in which enhanced oxygen surface exchange plays a crucial role.
Fabrication, Characterization, and Printing of Conductive Ink Based on Multi Core–Shell Nanoparticles Synthesized by RAPET
Authors: Butovsky Evgeny , Perelshtein Ilana , Nissan Ifat , Gedanken Aharon
Published: June 2013

In the current research, conductive patterns are deposited on different substrates by direct inkjet printing of conductive inks based on metal@carbon and bimetal@carbon core–shell nanoparticles synthesized by the RAPET (reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures) technique. Various co‐solvents and additives are examined for production of stable conductive ink. The morphology of the deposited layers is characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy measurements. The stability of the prepared inks is examined by dynamic light scattering measurements. The electrical resistivity is measured by a four‐point probe system and calculated using the geometric dimensions. The results obtained are very promising and indicate that the conductivity of the deposited layers is close to that of bulk metals and higher than most results published so far. Moreover, the importance and advantages of the protective carbon layer that prevents metal oxidation is demonstrated.
N,N′‐Dioxide‐Magnesium Ditriflate Complex‐Catalyzed Asymmetric α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Keto Esters and β‐Keto Amides
Authors: Yin Chengkai , Cao Weidi , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: June 2013

The highly catalytic asymmetric α‐hydroxylation of 1‐tetralone‐derived β‐keto esters and β‐keto amides using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant was realized by a chiral N,N′‐dioxide‐magnesium ditriflate [Mg(OTf)2] complex. A series of corresponding chiral α‐hydroxy dicarbonyl compounds was obtained in excellent yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). The products were easily transformed into useful building blocks and the precursor of daunomycin was achieved in an asymmetric catalytic way for the first time.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Migratory Insertion of Isocyanides: An Emerging Platform in Cross‐Coupling Chemistry
Authors: Vlaar Tjøstil , Ruijter Eelco , Maes Bert U. W. , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: June 2013

Isocyanides have been important building blocks in organic synthesis since the discovery of the Ugi reaction and related isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions. In the past decade isocyanides have found a new application as versatile C1 building blocks in palladium catalysis. Palladium‐catalyzed reactions involving isocyanide insertion offer a vast potential for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing fine chemicals. This Minireview discusses all the achievements in this emerging field.
Water‐soluble metalated and non‐metalated A2B‐ and A3‐corrole/amino acid conjugates: syntheses, characterization and properties
Authors: Schmidlehner Melanie , Faschinger Felix , Reith Lorenz Michael , Ertl Martin , Schoefberger Wolfgang
Published: June 2013

In this study, novel water‐soluble corrole amino acid conjugates were synthesized and characterized. The coupling reaction of A2B‐ and A3‐corroles with glycine ethyl ester and taurine under strong basic conditions proved to be successful and yielded di‐ and trifunctionalized corrole amino acid conjugates in good yields. The subsequent metalation of the corrole/amino acid conjugates broadens the scope for applications considerably. As examples, we herein show the catalytic activity of the Mn(III) A3‐corrole towards O2 evolution. First we employed tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) as oxidant to obtain the Mn(V)oxo species and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as hydroxide donor agent. Furthermore, the binding properties of the non‐metalated and the Mn(III) A3‐corrole/amino sulfonic acid conjugates and transport of proteins were investigated and the conjugates exhibited binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Finally, a novel Ga(III) A3‐corrole/amino sulfonic acid derivative was synthesized and we briefly describe the photophysical properties of this compound. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a 1‐benzyl‐4‐ferrocenyl‐1H‐[1,2,3]‐triazole/carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of hydrazine in water samples
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Tajik Somayeh , Maleh Hassan Karimi , Hosseinzadeh Rahman
Published: June 2013

The electrochemical behaviour of hydrazine at a 1‐benzyl‐4‐ferrocenyl‐1H‐[1,2,3]‐triazole‐triazole/carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode has been studied. The modified electrode shows an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of hydrazine and accelerates electron transfer rate. The electrocatalytic current increases linearly with hydrazine concentration in the range 0.5–700.0 μm and the detection limit for hydrazine was 33.0 ± 2.0 nm. The diffusion coefficient (D = 2.5 ± 0.1 × 10−5 cm2 s−1) and kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient, (α = 0.52) and the heterogeneous rate constant (k′ = 5.5 ± 0.1 × 10−3 cm s−1) for hydrazine were determined using electrochemical approaches. Finally, the method was employed for the determination of hydrazine in water samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress Doppler Echocardiography in Systemic Sclerosis: Evidence for a Role in the Prediction of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Codullo Veronica , Caporali Roberto , Cuomo Giovanna , Ghio Stefano , D'Alto Michele , Fusetti Chiara , Borgogno Elena , Montecucco Carlomaurizio , Valentini Gabriele
Published: June 2013

Objective

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) in whom pulmonary hypertension (PH) is not suspected have been reported to develop an inappropriate increase of pulmonary artery systolic pressure as estimated by Doppler echocardiography under conditions of exercise (pulmonary artery systolic pressure under exercise). We undertook this study to investigate whether this increase or any other parameter detectable by stress Doppler echocardiography has utility in predicting the development of PH in SSc.

Methods

We enrolled a total of 170 patients with SSc previously investigated using standard and stress Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Each patient was evaluated at baseline and yearly for skin and internal organ involvement. Right‐sided heart catheterization was carried out when PH was suspected. The baseline Cochin Risk Prediction Score was calculated retrospectively.

Results

During followup, 6 patients (3.5%) developed PH. Compared with patients without any feature suggesting PH, the Cochin Risk Prediction Score was higher in this group (mean ± SD 4.2 ± 0.9 versus 3.4 ± 0.9; P < 0.05), as was the difference between pulmonary artery systolic pressure under exercise and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (Δpulmonary artery systolic pressure) (18.2 ± 7 mm Hg versus 9.4 ± 6.5 mm Hg; P < 0.001), even when adjusted for cardiac index changes. In multivariate analysis, Δpulmonary artery systolic pressure (hazard ratio [HR] 3.4 [95% confidence interval 1.4–8], P < 0.01) and Cochin Risk Prediction Score within the fifth quintile of the values registered in our series (HR 9.3 [95% confidence interval 1.4–63.7], P < 0.05) were the only factors independently predictive of PH during followup. A Δpulmonary artery systolic pressure cutoff of >18 mm Hg, identified by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 90% for the development of PH during followup.

Conclusion

An inappropriate response to exercise among patients with SSC is detectable by stress Doppler echocardiography. Independently of other clinical associations, increased Δpulmonary artery systolic pressure heralds PH. Stress Doppler echocardiography may represent an additional screening tool for this severe complication.
Cost-effectiveness of the implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol for colorectal surgery
Authors: Roulin D , Donadini A , Gander S , Griesser A-C , Blanc C , Hübner M , Schäfer M , Demartines N
Published: June 2013

Background

Enhanced recovery protocols may reduce postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. However, the implementation of these protocols requires time and financial investment. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery implementation.

Methods

The first 50 consecutive patients treated during implementation of an enhanced recovery programme were compared with 50 consecutive patients treated in the year before its introduction. The enhanced recovery protocol principally implemented preoperative counselling, reduced preoperative fasting, preoperative carbohydrate loading, avoidance of premedication, optimized fluid balance, standardized postoperative analgesia, use of a no-drain policy, as well as early nutrition and mobilization. Length of stay, readmissions and complications within 30 days were compared. A cost-minimization analysis was performed.

Results

Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the enhanced recovery group: median 7 (interquartile range 5–12) versus 10 (7–18) days (P = 0·003); two patients were readmitted in each group. The rate of severe complications was lower in the enhanced recovery group (12 versus 20 per cent), but there was no difference in overall morbidity. The mean saving per patient in the enhanced recovery group was €1651.

Conclusion

Enhanced recovery is cost-effective, with savings evident even in the initial implementation period.
Therapeutic enhancement of S‐1 with CPT‐11 through down‐regulation of thymidylate synthase in bladder cancer
Authors: Ide Hiroki , Kikuchi Eiji , Hasegawa Masanori , Hattori Seiya , Yasumizu Yota , Miyajima Akira , Oya Mototsugu
Published: June 2013

Thymidylate synthase (TS), a target enzyme of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), is significantly associated with prognosis in various cancers. Recently, it has been reported that S‐1, a novel 5‐FU‐based agent has an effect on bladder cancer. However, in cells with high TS level, S‐1 did not have significant effects. Therefore, we examined whether down‐regulation of TS enhanced effects of S‐1 in them. First, we measured TS level in an aggressive bladder cancer cell line, KU‐19‐19 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and evaluated its sensitivity to 5‐FU using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TS. Next, we measured TS mRNA after exposure to various agents. Finally, we evaluated enhancement of cytotoxicity of S‐1 by CPT‐11 (7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐(1‐piperidino)‐1‐piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin) which down‐regulated TS in in vivo study. The median TS and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) level was 53.3 ng/mg and 80.3 ng/mg in KU‐19‐19 cells, respectively. The 5‐FU treatment in KU‐19‐19 cells transfected with siRNA for TS gene (TYMS) inhibited cell growth more significantly than that for nontargeting control. Down‐regulation of TS was observed after exposure to SN‐38 (7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin) in a dose‐dependent manner. The combination treatment of 5‐FU and SN‐38 significantly inhibited cell growth, as compared to the single treatment. Meanwhile, in cells transfected with siRNA for TYMS, neither an additive nor a synergistic effect was observed. Also, combined S‐1 and CPT‐11 dramatically inhibited tumor growth, compared to S‐1 or CPT‐11 alone in in vivo study. In conclusion, CPT‐11 down‐regulated TS level and enhanced the effect of S‐1. Thus, the combination therapy with S‐1 and CPT‐11 might be a novel modality for bladder cancer, even with high TS level.
Growing Up Under a Shadow: Key Issues in Research on and Treatment of Children Born of Rape
Authors: van Ee Elisa , Kleber Rolf J.
Published: June 2013

Children born of wartime rape are particularly vulnerable and their case is complex as their needs intertwine with the needs of their mothers or their cultural community. To analyse the status of children born of rape and identify both risk factors and key issues, a systematic search among medical and psychological research articles was performed. In addition, historical, sociological and human rights literature was explored. Risk factors for the wellbeing of children born of rape are: pregnancy and delivery; poor parent‐child relationships; discrimination and stigmatisation; and identity issues. Three key issues which should direct research and clinical practice are formulated: perceiving children born of rape as secondary rape victims; the existence of multiple perpetrators; and competing rights and interests. To assist children born of rape, clinicians, as well as researchers, are confronted with the challenge to develop a comprehensive perspective that considers the needs and rights of both children and mothers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Three key issues which should direct research and clinical practice are formulated’

Key Practitioner Messages

Children born of rape face serious mental health risks.

Perceiving children born of rape as secondary rape victims is of importance as this highlights the risk of confrontation with the direct trauma of the mother via the mother‐child relationship.

Acknowledging the existence of multiple perpetrators creates the opportunity to hold those involved accountable for their behaviour.

Clinicians have to develop a comprehensive perspective that considers the needs and rights of both children and mothers.

‘A comprehensive perspective that considers the needs and rights of both children and mothers’
Prediction of liquid‐crystalline property using support vector machine classification
Authors: Butnariu Cristina , Lisa Catalin , Leon Florin , Curteanu Silvia
Published: June 2013

A quantitative structure–property relationships analysis applied on a large dataset of aromatic organic compounds was performed using a methodology based on support vector machine (SVM). The liquid‐crystalline property was correlated with a series of structural and geometric molecular descriptors: length of the rigid and flexible sections, molecular mass, and an asymmetry parameter that quantifies the ratio between the total length and molecule diameter. The SVM classification was achieved, analyzing the influence of characteristic elements of this tool: type of kernel and parameters of the method. A comparison with other techniques (eager learners and lazy learners algorithms and neural networks) was made using the same dataset and working conditions. The accurate results provided by the SVM method, the small number of parameters, and ease of handling recommend the SVM tool as an appropriate technique for classification. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofunctionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Irradiation of Electropolymerized Poly(pyrrole–diazirine) Films
Authors: Papper Vladislav , Gorgy Karine , Elouarzaki Kamal , Sukharaharja Ayrine , Cosnier Serge , Marks Robert S.
Published: June 2013

A photoactivatable poly(pyrrole–diazirine) film was synthesized and electropolymerized as a versatile tool for covalent binding of laccase and glucose oxidase on multiwalled carbon nanotube coatings and Pt, respectively. Irradiation of the functionalized nanotubes allowed photochemical grafting of laccase and its subsequent direct electrical wiring, as illustrated by the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. Moreover, covalent binding of glucose oxidase as model enzyme, achieved by UV activation of electropolymerized pyrrole–diazirine, allowed a glucose biosensor to be realized. This original method to graft biomolecules combines electrochemical and photochemical techniques. The simplicity of this new method allows it to be extended easily to other biological systems.
A Comparative Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentration Characteristics of Twelve Riparian Zone Species from Upstream of Hunhe River
Authors: Yu Shuai , Chen Wei , He Xingyuan , Liu Zhouli , Song Hong , Ye Yin , Huang Yanqing , Jia Lian
Published: June 2013

On upstream of Hunhe River, the riparian zone and water quality has been impacted by increasing anthropogenic activities. Nitrogen and phosphorus run‐off the river, has led to eutrophication. In this study, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were measured from different tissues (roots, stems and leaves) of twelve plants from the upstream riparian zone of the Hunhe River. The TN concentration ranged between 6.45 and 39.94 mg/g, while the TP range was 2.77–9.20 mg/g. A positive correlation of r2 = 0.5157, p < 0.05 was recorded between N/P ratios and TN. This showed that plants growth was limited by N according to the “law of the minimum”. The concentrations of TN and TP in leaves were significantly higher than that in roots and stems. There were significant differences among life forms (tree, shrub, and herb) with respect to TP and N/P ratios. The data provided a theoretical guidance to plant species screening for the riparian zone restoration in purpose of the water quality improvement in the Hunhe River.
Biosorption of Uranium Ions by Marine Macroalga Padina pavonia
Authors: Aytas Sule , Gunduz Elif , Gok Cem
Published: June 2013

The bioremoval potential of brown marine macroalga Padina pavonia for the uranium ions from aqueous solutions was studied under different experimental conditions with respect to the influences of pH, initial uranyl concentration, contact time, biomass dosage, and temperature of solution. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Flory–Huggins, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of uranium ions by P. pavonia biomass. Thermodynamic parameters such as biosorption enthalpy, entropy and free energy transition have been calculated. Biosorption from simulated artificial wastewater by P. pavonia was also investigated. Bioremoval efficiency and distribution coefficient of biomass, under the optimum biosorption conditions were calculated as 98 ± 1% and 5257 ± 312 mL/g, respectively. The Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model better fits the biosorption data and the experimental biosorption capacity was found to be 162 mg .
Water‐Soluble Nitric‐Oxide‐Releasing Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) Prodrugs
Authors: Rolando Barbara , Lazzarato Loretta , Donnola Monica , Marini Elisabetta , Joseph Sony , Morini Giuseppina , Pozzoli Cristina , Fruttero Roberta , Gasco Alberto
Published: June 2013

A series of water‐soluble (benzoyloxy)methyl esters of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), commonly known as aspirin, are described. The new derivatives each have alkyl chains containing a nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing nitrooxy group and a solubilizing moiety bonded to the benzoyl ring. The compounds were synthesized and evaluated as ASA prodrugs. After conversion to the appropriate salt, most of the derivatives are solid at room temperature and all possess good water solubility. They are quite stable in acid solution (pH 1) and less stable at physiological pH. In human serum, these compounds are immediately metabolized by esterases, producing a mixture of ASA, salicylic acid (SA), and of the related NO‐donor benzoic acids, along with other minor products. Due to ASA release, the prodrugs are capable of inhibiting collagen‐induced platelet aggregation of human platelet‐rich plasma. Simple NO‐donor benzoic acids 3‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐nitrooxypropoxy)benzoic acid (28) and 3‐(morpholin‐4‐ylmethyl)‐4‐[3‐(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoic acid (48) were also studied as representative models of the whole class of benzoic acids formed following metabolism of the prodrugs in serum. These simplified derivatives did not trigger antiaggregatory activity when tested at 300 μM. Only 28 displays quite potent NO‐dependent vasodilatatory action. Further in vivo evaluation of two selected prodrugs, {[2‐(acetyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}methyl‐3‐[(3‐[aminopropanoyl)oxy]‐4‐[3‐(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoate⋅HCl (38) and {[2‐(acetyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}methyl 3‐(morpholin‐4‐ylmethyl)‐4‐[3‐(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoate oxalate (49), revealed that their anti‐inflammatory activities are similar to that of ASA when tested in the carrageenan‐induced paw edema assay in rats. The gastrotoxicity of the two prodrugs was also determined to be lower than that of ASA in a lesion model in rats. Taken together, these results indicated that these NO‐donor ASA prodrugs warrant further investigation for clinical application.
On the Similarity and Dissimilarity between Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants
Authors: Pasternak Sagi , Paz Yaron
Published: June 2013

The last four decades have shown a remarkable increase in scientific interest in photocatalysis as a tool for tackling the world’s energy and waste problems. The apparent similarity between photocatalytic water splitting and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, which have been studied so far by two different scientific communities, raises the question regarding the extent to which one may utilize knowledge obtained in one field for the benefit of the other. This review examines the common features and differences between the two areas. The main similarities stem from the common dependence on the absorption of photons and on subsequent charge‐carrier dynamics. The main dissimilarities are linked to thermodynamics, the type of reactants and end products, and to the role of adsorption and desorption. At present the fundamental differences between storing energy and using it to solve environmental issues affect practical solutions. Yet, easy transfer of knowledge, research resources, and personnel between the two is not only possible but should be encouraged.
Effects of dynamic and non‐dynamic element changes in RC and RL networks
Authors: Berger Thomas , Halikias George , Karcanias Nicos
Published: June 2013

The paper deals with the redesign of passive electric networks by changes of single dynamic and non‐dynamic elements which may retain or affect the natural topology of the network. It also deals with the effect of such changes on the natural dynamics of the network, the natural frequencies. The impedance and admittance modeling for passive electrical networks is used which provides a structured, symmetric, integral‐differential description, which in the special cases of RC and RL networks is reduced to matrix pencil descriptions. The transformations on the network are expressed as those preserving, or modifying the two natural topologies of the network, the impedance graph and the admittance graph topologies. For the special cases of RC and RL networks, we consider the problem of the effect of changes of a single dynamic or non‐dynamic element on the natural frequencies. Using the Determinantal Assignment Framework, it is shown that the family of single parameter variation problems is reduced to equivalent Root Locus problems with the possibility of fixed modes. An explicit characterization of the fixed modes is given, and a number of interesting properties of the spectrum are derived such as the interlacing property of poles and zeros for the entire family of Root Locus problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of aconitine in post‐mortem specimens by validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method: Three case reports on fatal ‘monkshood’ poisoning
Authors: Bicker Wolfgang , Monticelli Fabio , Bauer Andreas , Roider Gabriele , Keller Thomas
Published: June 2013

The diester‐diterpene alkaloid aconitine was quantified by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in post‐mortem specimens of three cases where suicidal ingestion of Aconitum napellus L. (‘monkshood’) was supposed. In an attempt at rationalization, sample preparation and chromatographic conditions of plasma/serum drug analysis routine were utilized. Linearity was established from 0.5 to 20 µg L‐1 using newborn calf serum (NCS) as a surrogate calibration matrix for all sample types and mesaconitine as an internal standard. Validation (selectivity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, recovery of the extraction procedure, matrix effect, processed sample stability) confirmed the applicability of the analytical method to various post‐mortem matrices. Internal standard selection was based on multi‐matrix process efficiency data. In human post‐mortem peripheral blood a lower limit of quantification of 0.51 µg L‐1 and a limit of detection of 0.13 µg L‐1 were accomplished (0.1 ml sample aliquots). Aconitine was degraded to a large extent in different sample types when being stored at +20 °C for 30 days, while at ‐20 °C and for some matrices also at +4 °C no appreciable degradation occurred. Aconitine concentrations in real samples were 10.3–17.9 µg L‐1 (peripheral blood, n = 3), 14.9‐87.9 µg L‐1 (heart blood, n = 3), 317‐481 µg L‐1 (urine, n = 2), 609–4040 µg L‐1 (stomach content, n = 3), 139‐240 µg L‐1 (bile, n = 2), 8.4 µg L‐1 (vitreous humor, n = 1), 54.7 µg L‐1 (pericardial fluid, n = 1), 492 µg kg‐1 (liver, n = 1), 15.2–19.7 mg L‐1 (unknown liquids secured onsite, n = 3). Together with concomitant circumstances the analytical data provided compelling evidence for acute Aconitum poisoning as being the cause of death. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of Functional Tricyclic Fused Furans by Intramolecular Wittig Reactions
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Ling , Das Utpal , Syu Siang‐en , Lee Chia‐Jui , Lin Wenwei
Published: June 2013

A convenient protocol for the preparation of tricyclic fused furans in one step starting from acid chlorides and Michael acceptors is described. The reaction conditions are mild, operationally simple, and have a broad substrate scope. The reaction is believed to proceed by an intramolecular Wittig reaction with a phosphorus ylide as the key intermediate.
Microsensor Chip Integrated with Gold Nanoparticles‐Modified Ultramicroelectrode Array for Improved Electroanalytical Measurement of Copper Ions
Authors: Wang Jinfen , Bian Chao , Tong Jianhua , Sun Jizhou , Xia Shanhong
Published: June 2013

This paper presents a microsensor chip integrated with a gold nanoparticles‐modified ultramicroelectrode array (UMEA) as the working electrode for the detection of copper ions in water. The microsensor chip was fabricated with Micro‐Electromechanical System technique. Gold nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto the surface of UMEA at a constant potential of −0.3 V. The ratio d/Rb of interelectrode spacing (d) over the individual electrode’s radius (Rb) was investigated to improve the electrochemical performance. The UMEA with a d/Rb of 20 showed the best hemispherical diffusion mode, resulted in fast response time and high current response. The gold nanoparticles increased the active surface area of UMEA by not changing the geometries of UMEA, and the current response was increased further. Incorporating the optimized characteristic of UMEA and gold nanoparticles, the microsensor showed a good linear range from 0.5 to 200 µg L−1 of copper ions in the acetate buffer solutions with the method of square wave stripping voltammetry. Compared with the gold nanoparticles‐modified disk electrode, the gold nanoparticles‐modified UMEA showed higher sensitivity (0.024 µA mm−2 µg−1 L) and lower limit of detection (0.2 µg L−1). Water samples from river water and tap water were analyzed by the microsensor chip with recovery ranging from 100.7 % to 107.8 %.
Self‐Assembled Regenerated Cellulose Spacer Film in Thin Film and Generator‐Collector Electrodes
Authors: Vuorema Anne , Sillanpää Mika , Vehviläinen Marianna , Kamppuri Taina , Nousiainen Pertti , Thielemans Wim , Marken Frank
Published: June 2013

Reconstituted cellulose spontaneously self‐assembles at surfaces from an alkaline cellulose solution (ca. 1 wt%, pH 14, prepared with an enzymatic method from wood pulp) into porous films with approximately 300 nm thickness per layer, for example onto immersed tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes. Sequential multi‐layer deposition allows control over the thickness of the assembled films. The hydrophilic properties of the cellulose film electrodes are utilised here (i) as dip‐probe with capillary force picking up sample solution and (ii) as flow‐through generator‐collector probe, for example for future application in in situ chromatographic separation in end‐column detection with nano‐molar sensitivity.