bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN DENMARK
Authors: LAURSEN H. BÆKGAARD
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Laursen, H. Bakgaard (Departments of Cardiology and Paediatrics, University Hospital, Århus, Denmark). Some epidemiological aspects of congenital heart disease in Denmark. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:619, 1980.—Information on 5249 children with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the age group 0–15 years was collected from all paediatric and cardiological departments in Denmark and, furthermore, from death certificates. The mean prevalence for CHD in Denmark was 6.1 % during 11 years (1963–73); during the years 1972–73 it was 7.0 %. The mean age at detection was 25.86 months; 36% were diagnosed within the first month of life and 63% within the first year. The sex distribution was; 52%, female, 48%, male. No seasonal variation was found in the months of birth for individual cardiac anomalies. The largest group of CHD was ventricular septal defect, 24.0%, followed by persistent ductus arteriosus, 12.6%; atrial septal defect, 9.2%; coarctation of the aorta, 7.0%; pulmonary stenosis, 6.0%; and tetralogy of Fallot, 5.8%. The cumulated lethality for all 5 249 children was 25% at 1 month, 42% after 5 years, and 48% at the age of 15 years. CHD was found in 135 cases among 5835 siblings (2.3 %).
CHOLIC ACID AND CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN SERUM DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: HEIKURA SINIKKA , SIMILÄ SEPPO , FINNI KALEVI , MÄENTAUSTA OLLI , JÄNNE OLLI
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Heikura, S., Similä, S., Finni, K., Mäentausta, O. and Jänne, O. (Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland). Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations in serum during infancy and childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 659, 1980.—Concentrations of two primary bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of infants and children at ages ranging from 1 hour to 15 years. The same bile acids were also measured in umbilical cord serum. Concentrations of the primary bile acids were significantly higher in the serum of 1‐hour old infants than those in the umbilical cord serum or the peripheral vein serum of adults. The levels of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid remained high until the age of 6 months, being about 5‐fold higher than those in the sera of adults. Primary bile acid concentrations reached the adult level by the age of 1–2 years. These results indicate that developmental changes occur in the metabolism and excretion of bile acids in man. The relatively high concentrations of the primary bile acids in serum during the first 6 months of life suggest that up to this age, the mature ability of the liver to excrete the bile salts into the bile and/or to clear them from the circulation has not yet been reached.
MUSCLE METABOLISM IN CHILDREN—A REVIEW
Authors: ERIKSSON B. O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eriksson, B. O. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Muscle metabolism in children—a review. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 20, 1980.—The muscle tissue is by far the most energy demanding organ in the body. Studies on energy liberation and muscle substrate levels in normal and sick children can give an important contribution to the knowledge and understanding of the problems in each disorder. Muscle metabolic data are presented from infants with symptomatic ventricular septal defect (VSD), children with coarctation of the aorta, children with coeliac disease and with late walking debute. The difference in muscle substrate levels and muscle enzyme activities in normal children 2 months to 15 years of age are also presented, as well as the effect of exercise and physical training.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN RELATION TO DEGREE OF METABOLIC CONTROL IN JUVENILE DIABETICS
Authors: LUDVIGSSON JOHNNY
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ludvigsson, J. (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Physical exercise in relation to degree of metabolic control in juvenile diabetics. Acta Paediatry Scand, Suppl. 283: 45, 1980.—Physical exercise in considered to be one of the basic principles in the management of diabetes, but the evidence to support the long‐term benefit of exercise in insulin dependent diabetes is limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of physical activity on the degree of metabolic control, and different groups of diabetics were studied, the largest including 143 children and adolescents with an age at onset between 1–16 years (mean ± S.D. 7.3±3.9) and duration of diabetes 1–17 years (7.8±4.6). In the first part of the study there was a highly significant correlation (r=0.54, p<0.001) between degree of physical activity based on a weekly history and index of metabolic control (proportion of daily urine tests without glucosuria), when other factors of importance for metabolic control were kept constant. With a statistical technique it was possible to show that the observed correlation had its direction from physical exercise to degree of metabolic control. The positive correlation between degree of exercise and metabolic control could be confirmed in a follow‐up during two other years. However, it was also evident that in many single patients the correlation between degree of physical exercise and metabolic control was rather negative. Several explanations are possible. The importance of adequate insulin treatment for a positive effect of exercise is stressed.,
RENAL FUNCTION AND BLOOD‐PRESSURE REACTION DURING EXERCISE IN DIABETIC AND NON‐DIABETIC CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A Pilot Study
Authors: HERMANSSON Göran , LUDVIGSSON JOHNNY
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hermansson, G. and Ludvigsson, J. (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Renal function and blood‐pressure reaction during exercise in diabetic and non‐diabetic children and adolescents. A pilot study. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 86, 1980.—In order to analyse whether protein excretion during exercise is an earlier sign of nephropathy in children and adolescents with juvenile diabetes than protein excretion during basal conditions, urinary excretion of albumin and beta‐2‐micro‐globulin was studied, during a basal 24‐hour period and during exercise, in 55 patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes (age 8–20 years; duration of disease 9 months‐17.5 years). Similar determinations were made in 55 non‐diabetics matched to the patients according to age, sex and weight. Mean glomerular filtration rate was lower in diabetics than in non‐diabetics (109, compared to 131 ml/min/1.73; p <0.001) partly due to errors in urine collection in the diabetics. Urinary albumin excretion during basal period and exercise was the same in patients and controls, but in the age group of 16–20 years the increase in albumin excretion during exercise was greater in the diabetics. There was no increase in albumin excretion during exercise in children below 10 years of age or with a duration of diabetes of 2 years or less. Methodological problems such as degree of hydration, choice of work loads and laboratory method for determining urinary albumin are discussed, and may contribute to the absence of significant differences in albumin excretion between diabetics and non‐diabetics. Beta‐2‐microglobulin excretion was greater in diabetics compared with controls both during basal conditions and during exercise (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). Exercise test did not give any further information on beta‐2‐microglobulin excretion than basal excretion. The reason for elevated beta‐2‐microglobulin excretion in diabetics is not clear but the degree of metabolic control may be one factor of importance. Systolic blood pressure during exercise increases with increasing age but this goes parallel to increasing duration of diabetes making it difficult to analyse what is most important for protein excretion. Further studies are necessary in order to evaluate exercise test as a provocation for albumin excretion in diabetic children and adolescents, and to find out the significance of elevated beta‐2‐microglobulin in diabetics compared with controls.
CREATING AN INTEREST IN EXERCISE
Authors: SUNDQVIST GÖTE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Sundpvist, G. (Central Exercise Council, Stockholm, Sweden). Creating an interest in exercise. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 112, 1980.—The problem is not in creating interest but rather to utilize and develop the natural interest in exercise, which exists in every person. The goal should he to educate/stimulate young individuals to self‐activation. Each person has several needs, some of which can be satisifed by play, sports and outdoor activities. This is true for the need of body movements, excitement, asserting oneself (to he accepted as “good” at something), communication with right to co‐determination and development. Activities should be adjusted to those who are involved. The interaction in the group stimulates. The more each individual can be active in interaction, the better will he the foundations for the individual's future physically, psychologically and socially. This in turn will stimulate to further physical activity in harmony with age and personal ability.
THE DIABETIC'S OWN VIEW ON PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS A PART OF LIFE
Authors: JOHANSSON CHRISTER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Johansson, C. The diabetic's own view on physical exercise as a part of life. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 117, 1980.—PersonaJ experience for many years of having insulin dependent diabetes has proven the benefit of physical exercise. Doctors are recommended to help their patients to get exercise habits which suit each individual patient.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND JUVENILE DIABETES—SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Authors: LARSSON YNGVE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Larsson, Y. (Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Physical exercise and juvenile diabetes.—Summary and conclusions. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 120, 1980.—The various metabolic effects of physical exercise in ketotic diabetics, non‐ketotic diabetics and non‐diabetics are summarized. A favorable metabolic effect is only observed during optimal insulin administration, while in ketotic diabetics exercise may aggravate the metabolic situation. The use of exercise as a tool in the routine treatment of young diabetics is described. Activity‐produced hypoglycemia should be prevented through an adequate food intake and through patient education. Regular exercise may postpone the appearance of diabetic microangiopathy.
SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: LARSSON AGNE , LJUNGGREN JAN‐GUSTAF , EKMAN KARIN , NILSSON ANDERS , OLIN PATRICK
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Larsson, A., Ljunggren, J. G., Ekman, K., Nilsson, A. and Olin, P. (Departments of Paediatrics and Child Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, St. Goran's Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine, St. Göran's Hospital; and the PKU Section of the Department of Bacteriology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. I. Laboratory results of a pilot study based on dried blood samples collected for PKU screening. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:141, 1981. – A pilot study was performed to establish optimal conditions for nation‐wide screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Sweden. The levels of T4 and TSH were determined by automated radioimmunoassay in the dried blood spots, routinely collected for PKU screening on the fifth postnatal day, from all 1979, 2 infants born in the Stockholm area during a 14‐month period. To identify safe minimum recall criteria for routine use, infants were recalled if the TSH level was more than 30 mU/l of plasma or–if they were not preterm–the T4 concentration was less than ‐2 S.D. of the mean. Altogether 160 infants were recalled. Seven newborns with congenital hypothyroidism were identified, 6 with primary and one with secondary hypothyroidism. Five infants had decreased levels of thyroxine‐binding globulin. The results of the follow‐up analyses from recalled infants showed that determination of the reverse‐T3 level may be of diagnostic value around the 23rd day of life. The results of the clinical investigation of recalled infants are reported in a subsequent paper and a programme for nation‐wide screening for congenital hypothyroidism is proposed.
SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: LARSSON AGNE , LJUNGGREN JAN‐GUSTAF , EKMAN KARIN , NILSSON ANDERS , OLIN PATRICK , BODEGÅRD GORAN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Larsson, A., Ljunggren, J. G., Ekman, K., Nilsson, A., Olin, P. and Bodegard, G. (Departments of Paediatrics and Child Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, St. Göran's Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine, St. Göran's Hospital; and the PKU Section of the Department of Bacteriology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden). Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. II. Clinical findings in infants with positive screening tests. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:147, 1981.–In a pilot screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism, PKU filter paper blood samples from 20000 infants born in Stockholm were analysed for TSH and T4 to identify optimal conditions for routine nationwide screening. Among 160 infants with positive screening tests, 7 infants (group I) had true‐positive results, 6 had primary and one secondary hypothyroidism. The 153 infants with false‐positive tests were divided into group II: 74 infants with an isolated increased TSH level; group III: 71 infants with an isolated decreased T4 concentration; and group IV: 8 infants with increased TSH and decreased T4 levels. In group I the clinical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism varied when the diagnosis was made at 3 weeks of age. The median hypothyroid index score was 8 (range 0–18). In groups II‐IV most infants showed very few signs of hypothyroidism. The median hypothyroid index scores were 1,1, and 0, respectively. Clinical findings were of little value in the individual case for distinguishing true from false positive screening tests. We suggest that nation‐wide screening should be based on TSH analyses of PKU blood samples, with a cut‐off level corresponding to 50 mU/l of plasma. Recall frequency will be 0.1 %.
IMMUNOREACTIVE TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, AND PANCREATIC SECRETORY TRYPSIN INHIBITOR IN CORD BLOOD FROM INFANTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: BORGSTRÖM ANDERS , SVEGER TOMAS , LINDBERG TOR , KULLANDER STIG , SVANBERG LARS
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Borgström, A., Sveger, T., Lindberg, T., Kullander, S. and Svanberg, L. (Departments of Clinical Chemistry, Paediatrics and Obstetrics, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Immunoreactive trypsin, chymotrypsin and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in cord blood from infants with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 619,.–Immunoreactive trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in cord blood were measured in six infants with cystic fibrosis and in ten control infants for each index child. These three pancreatic proteins were 2.5–6.7, 2.2–7.5, and 1.3–4.2 times higher, respectively, than the corresponding mean levels of the control infants.
EARLY PREDICTION OF SYMPTOMATIC PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS FROM PERINATAL RISK FACTORS: A DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS MODEL
Authors: COTTON ROBERT B. , LINDSTROM DANIEL P. , STAHLMAN MILDRED T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Cotton, R. B., Lindstrom, D. P. and Stahlman, M. T. (Depaitment of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA). Early prediction of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus from perinatal risk factors: a discriminant analysis model. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:723,.–A scoring system based on discriminant analysis was devised to predict, within 24 hours after birth, whether or not a premature infant will subsequently develop a symptomatic PDA. Five risk factors including birth weight, the diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease, intrauterine growth retardation, acute perinatal stress, and treatment with distending airway pressure were reduced to a discriminant score which separated infants with symptomatic PDA from infants without sympomatic PDA. Based on this score, the likelihood that an individual infant would later develop symptomatic PDA could be expressed as a probability function. When applied prospectively, this score predicted the correct outcome of 80 % of infants in a test population. This predictive model should be useful in clinical trials and other applications requiring a quantitative expression of risk for developing symptomatic ductus shunting.
ENZYME STUDIES AND NEONATAL BRAIN DAMAGE
Authors: DALENS B. , VIALLARD J. L. , RAYNAUD E. J. , DASTUGUE B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Dalens, B, Viallard, JL, Raynaud, EJ, Dastugue, B. (Département d'Anesthésie‐Réanimation, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Enzymologie, Clinique Médicale Infantile, Hotel‐Dieu, Clermont‐Ferrand, France). Enzyme studies and neonatal brain damage. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:743,.–The authors report a double‐blind study of 57 full‐term newborn infants prospectively subjected to clinical, electroencephalographical, blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and developmental examinations. Four enzymatic activities were measured in blood and CSF: aminotransferase (ASAT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD). Close relationships of enzymatic levels with psychomotor outcome are reported. In blood, ASAT and CK seemed to be the most important determinations, allowing threshold‐values to be suggested. In CSF, LD and HBD were the determinations the most closely related to psychomotor events at age one. This method seems to be of theoretical as well as practical importance in evaluating neonatal brain injury.
EXTENSIVE CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN TWO SIBLINGS Maternal Pre‐diabetes or a New Syndrome?
Authors: VERLOOVE‐VANHORICK S. P. , BRUBAKK A. M. , RUYS J. H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Verloovc, S. P., Brubakk, A. M. and Ruys, J. H. (Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands). Extensive congenital malformations in two siblings. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:767, 1081.–Two sibs with similar and unusual abnormalities (skeletal malformations, cheilognatopalatoschizis, ear dysplasia, heart malformation) are described. The question as to whether these cases represent a previously undescribed recessive syndrome is discussed.
A SEQUENTIAL STUDY OF HUMAN B LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION FROM BIRTH TO TWO YEARS OF AGE
Authors: ANDERSSON U. , BIRD G. , BRITTON S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Andersson, U., Bird, G. and Britton S. (Dept. of Immunobiology, Wallenberg‐laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden). A sequential study of human B lymphocyte function from birth to two years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand 70: 837, 1981.‐The immunoglobulin synthesizing capacity of individual lymphocytes from newborns and infants aged 2, 6, 12 and 24 months respectively has been studied. The technique has been to expose purified lymphocytes to a T lymphocyte dependent (pokeweed mitogen) or a T lymphocyte independent (Epstein‐Barr virus) activator of B lymphocytes. Activation has been measured as immunoglobulin secretion of individual B lymphocytes using a hemolytic plaque assay. B lymphocytes from newborns can be made to synthesize IgM at adult levels, but not IgG and IgA. Within 24 months from birth the secretion of IgG has reached adult capacity whereas IgA formation is still diminished. Lymphocytes synthesizing IgG subclasses appear at different times insofar as IgGl and IgG3 are well demonstrable within 12 months from birth whereas IgG2 and IgG4 has not at all reached adult levels even 24 months after birth. The T lymphocyte dependent activator (pokeweed mitogen) fails to induce immunoglobulin synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes from newborns because of a defect helper T cell function. Such T cell capacity appears at the age of 6 months. The data unequivocally demonstrate restricted but definite B lymphocyte functional capacity already at birth and a gradual but partial acquisition of adult competence until the age of 2 years.
PLASMA APOPROTEIN AND LIPID PATTERNS IN NEWBORNS: INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Authors: BIERVLIET J. P. VAN , VINAIMONT N. , CASTER H. , VERCAEMST R. , ROSSENEU M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Van Biervlict, J. P., Vinaimont, N., Vercaemst, R., Caster, H. and Rosseneu, M. (Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, A. Z. Sint‐Jan, Brugge, Belgium). Plasma apoprotein and lipid patterns in newborns. Influence of nutritional factors. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 851, 1981.‐In this study the plasma lipid and apoprotein concentrations have been assayed in 80 full‐term newborns, at 0, 7 and 30 days of life, and the data have been analyzed as a function of the composition of the diet. The total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, the apo A‐I, A‐II and B protein concentrations were followed in 4 groups of infants receiving respectively breast‐feeding, adapted formulae I, II with a P/S ratio close to that of maternal milk and a formula HI enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. After 7 and 30 days the infants receiving the adapted formulae I and II have plasma lipid and apoprotein values similar to those of the breast‐fed infants indicating a parallel evolution of the lipids and apoproteins in the three groups. The lipid and apoprotein patterns were significantly different in the group of infants receiving a diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. The total and VLDL‐LDL cholesterol and the apo B protein concentrations are significantly lover than in the breast‐fed infants after 7 days, and these differences become more pronounced after 30 days. These results suggest that the fatty acid composition of the diet influences the lipid and lipoprotein synthesis in newborns, specially by decreasing the lipid and apopro'sin concentrations of the VLDL‐LDL fraction.
DISCORDANT BONE MATURATION OF THE HAND IN CHILDREN WITH PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AND CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: VEJVODA M. , GRANT D. B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Vejvoda, M. and Grant, D. B. (The Hospital for Sick Children, London WCIN 3JH, England). Discordant bone maturation of the hand in children with precocious puberty and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 903, 1981.‐Difference between the bone maturation scores for the tubal and carpal bones of the hand and wrist were assessed by the method of Tanner et al. on X‐rays from 10 children with precocious puberty and 10 children with late‐diagnosed congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and compared with results in 20 normal children. Scores for the tubular bones were significantly more advanced than those for the carpal bones in both groups of patients, emphasizing the need for caution when using standards derived from normal children to assess bone age in children with markedly accelerated bone maturation.
‘DOT‐17α‐HYDROXYPROGESTERONE’ RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA IN YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: SÓLYOM J. , HERVEI SAROLTA , MAROSSY P. , SóLYOM ENIKö , BABOSA MÁRIA , SZOMBATHY G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Sólyom, J., Hervci, S., Marossy, P., Sólyom, E., Babosa, M. and Szombathy, G. (2nd Dept. of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Med. Univ., Budapest, Children's Hosp., Miskolc, “Heim Pál” Children's Hosp., Budapest, County Hosp., Paediatric Dept., Nyiregyháza; Hungary). ‘Dot‐17α‐hydroxyprogesterone’ radioimmunoassay for identification of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in young infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 913, 1981.‐Using a simplified radioimmunoassay method for the determination of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) concentration in blood dried on filter paper seven untreated cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia were identified among newborns and infants at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) having ambiguous genitalia and/or failure to thrive with electrolyte disturbances. In three additional cases the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was confirmed by high ‘dot‐17‐OHP’ values even after glucocorticoid therapy had been started. Capillary blood samples taken in a local hospital on a filter paper routinely used for the screening of phenylketonuria can be sept by mail into a central laboratory for performing the analysis. Assays of ‘dot‐17‐OHP’ are clearly of diagnostic value in the C21‐hydroxylase form of CAH and permit a rapid diagnosis of this condition in the newborn period.
WHO COLLABORATIVE BREAST FEEDING STUDY
Authors: HOFVANDER Y. , HAGMAN U. , LINDER C.‐E. , VAZ R. , SLORACH S. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hofvander, Y., Hagman, U., Linder, C‐E., Vaz, R. and Sorach, S. A. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala and Food Research Department, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden). WHO Collaborative Breast Feeding Study: I. Organochlorine contaminants in individual samples of Swedish human milk, 1978–1979. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:3, 1981.–Individual samples of human milk collected in Uppsala at 3 months post‐partum (18 samples) or 6 months post‐partum (23 samples) were analysed for chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography. The mean levels of the organochlorine compounds in the 3‐ and 6‐month groups were similar. The mean content of DDE, the major metabolite of DDT, in all the samples was 54 µg/kg fresh weight (1.3 mg/kg on a fat basis) with a range of 8.4–220 /µ.g/kg (0.49–3.0 mg/kg fat). The results confirm that the decline since 1967 in the levels of DDT and its metabolites in Swedish human milk reported by other authors is continuing. The levels of dieldrin and β‐hexachlorocycIohexane found are lower than those reported earlier in Sweden, whereas the levels of hexachlorobenzene are about the same. On the other hand, the levels of PCBs (mean 64/xg/kg, range 15–150 µg/kg, fresh weight, equivalent to 1.6 mg/kg, range 0.84‐2.9 mg/kg, on a fat basis) are higher than those reported earlier in Swedish human milk. Although the calculated intake of the DDT complex (DDT+DDE+DDD) by some of the suckling infants exceeds the acceptable daily intake proposed by a FAO/WHO expert group, it does not constitute a reason for recommending any restrictions on breast feeding–for nutritional, immunological and other reasons it should be encouraged.
HYDROPS OF THE GALLBLADDER IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: APPLEBY G. A. J. , FORESTIER E. , STARCK C. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Appleby, G. A. J., Forestier, E. and Starck, C. J. (Department of Paediatrics, Sundsvalls Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden). Hydrops of the gallbladder in the neonatal period. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:117, 1981.–A case of hydrops of the gallbladder in the neonatal period in which the diagnosis was made with the help of ultrasonography is described. To our knowledge this is the first case of gallbladder hydrops that has been described in the newborn period.
PASSAGE OF CEPHALOSPORINS AND AMOXICILLIN INTO THE BREAST MILK
Authors: KAFETZIS DIMITRIS A. , SIAFAS CONSTANTINOS A. , GEORGAKOPOULOS PANAGIOTIS A. , PAPADATOS CONSTANTINOS J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Kafetzis, D. A., Siafas C. A., Georgakopoulos P. A., and Papadatos C. J. (Second Department of Pediatrics University of Athens, and Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity Hospital “Marika Iliadi”, Athens, Greece). Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:285, 1981.–The concentrations of five cephalosporins and amoxicillin in breast milk were studied in 42 voluntarily participating lactating mothers using standard assay methods. Each mother received one single dose of 1 g of either an orally or intravenously administered antibiotic. Amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefadroxil were given orally, and peak milk concentrations averaged 0.81±0.33 µg/ml at 5 hours, 0.50±0.23 ug/ml at 4 hours, and 1.64±0.73 µg/ml at 6 hours, respectively. Cephalothin, cephapirin and cefotaxime were given as an i.v. bolus injection, and peak milk concentrations at 2 hours averaged 0.47±0.14 ug/ml, 0.43±0.16 µg/ml and 0.32±0.09 ug/ml, respectively. The high concentrations of cefadroxil can be explained by its low rate of elimination and higher fat solubility. Milk/serum ratios for all antibiotics were increasing as serum concentrations were diminishing, especially with cephalothin and cephapirin whose serum concentrations are rapidly declining. The significance of bactericidal concentrations in breast milk remains to be evaluated.
LEGIONNAIRES‘ DISEASE COMBINED WITH ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME IN A 3‐YEAR‐OLD BOY
Authors: ANDERSEN R. , BERGAN T. , HALVORSEN K. , KALLINGS I. , øRSTAVIK I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Andersen, R., Bergan, T., Halvorsen, K., Kallings, I. and ørstavik, I. (Departments of Anaesthesia, Microbiology, and Paediatrics, Aker Hospital; Department of Microbiology, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; and the State Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden). Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:427, 1981.–A case of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is described in a 3‐year‐old boy. He had fulminant disease with typical signs like bilateral pneumonia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and somnolence indicating involvement of the central nervous system. There was no premorbidity. An outstanding development was erythema multiforme, which has never previously been described in LD. The basic disease was caused by Legionella pneumophila. This is evidenced by specific serum IgM at admission and a subsequent significant rise in titers against L. pneumophila. At an early stage respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated from the patient's throat, although there was no antiviral serological response at the outset of erythema multiforme or 3 weeks after onset of disease; anti‐RSV appeared later. The prolonged course of the disease can be explained by the successive occurrence of two infections. The possibility that the virus could have contributed to the development of erythema multiforme cannot be ruled out. The role of concomitant medication cannot be separated out, but on the basis of general knowledge of their immuno‐genicity and the fact that immunosuppressive cortisone was given at the time it is less likely that the antibiotics contributed significantly.
THE INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN SWEDISH CHILDREN 0–14 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: DAHLQUIST G. , GUSTAVSSON K. H. , HOLMGREN G. , HÄGGLÖF B. , LARSSON Y. , NILSSON K. O. , SAMUELSSON G. , STERKY G. , THALME B. , WALL S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.This is a prospective study of the incidence of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children 0–14 years of age, including all newly diagnosed cases in the whole of Sweden from July 1, 1977 until June 90, 1980. All 45 Swedish departments of paediatrics participated. During the three‐year‐period studied, 1108 Swedish children, 0–14 years of age had their onset of diabetes. That means around 369 new diabetics yearly in the age groups studied. The mean yearly incidences in the years 1977–80 were 22.6, 22.8 and 22.6 per 100000 children, respectively. Mean prevalence on June 30, 1980 was 1.48 per 1000 children 0–14 years with a wide range of 0.71‐2.65. The age distribution at onset showed a gradual increase and peak incidences at 11 years of age for the girls and 4 and 13 years of age for the boys. There was a consistently higher incidence for boys in the younger age groups during the three‐year‐period studied. Peak incidences of new cases were reached in January, March and July through October for the age groups 5–9 and 10–14 years of age. No such seasonal variation was seen for children 0–4 years of age. The cumulative incidence of IDDM at 14 years of age was 3.2 per 1000 for the boys and 2.9 per 1000 for the girls. The degree of ascertainment in this study was 93.4 %.
INTERRELATION BETWEEN FATTY ACID OXIDATION AND CONTROL OF GLUCONEOGENIC SUBSTRATES IN SMALL‐FOR‐GESTATIONAL‐AGE (SGA) INFANTS WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA AND WITH NORMOGLYCEMIA
Authors: SABEL K.‐G. , OLEGÅRD R. , MELLANDER M. , HILDINGSSON K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Twelve SGA infants were studied from 4 hours after birth (day 1), before and for 4 hours after injection of 0.5 g of fat/kg b. w. (Intralipid®, IL). Eight infants were restudied after 24 hours (day 2). A positive correlation was found between initial samples of FTA and glucose on day 1 (n= 11, r 0.71, p < 0.02) and between FFA and β‐hydroxybutyrate (n= 12, r 0.62, p < 0.05), suggesting low FFA mobilization and oxidation in SGA infants with low blood glucose. After IL infants with low blood glucose had a more pronounced defect of intravascular lipolysis. Four infants had initial hypoglycemia (HG), with blood glucose 0.4‐1.3 mmol/l, and 8 were normoglycemic (NG). In the NG group initial levels of lactate and alanine were within normal limits, and no changes occurred after IL. An early peak of glycerol was seen. In the HG group initial lactate and alanine levels were higher than in the NG group, while glycerol did not differ. After injection of IL, glucose increased at 60 and 120 min in the HG group. A close correlation was found between mean levels of lactate and alanine and a negative correlation between lactate and glucose, while no correlation was found between glycerol and glucose levels. The infants with the lowest initial glucose and the highest lactate levels had the steepest rise in glucose and the fastest decrease in lactate per unit increase in β‐hydroxybutyrate after IL. On day 2 the initial levels of lactate and alanine were lower than on day 1 and all infants were normoglycemic. A glucose peak corresponding to the glycerol peak was seen after IL, but lactate and alanine levels did not change. These data were consistent with reduced lipolytic capacity, low fatty acid oxidation and reduced gluconeogenesis in SGA infants on day 1, especially in those with HG. The glucose and β‐hydroxybutyrate levels were rapidly increasing and lactate levels decreasing after IL, suggesting improving gluconeogenesis concomitantly with increasing fatty acid oxidation.
PREVALENCE OF HEADACHE IN SWEDISH SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: EGERMARK‐ERIKSSON I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Fourhundred and two (402) schoolchildren in the age‐groups 7, 11 and 15 years answered a questionnaire concerning headache. Recurrent headache was reported by 23% of the children, while 52% said that they had headache occasionally. Headache was more common among the older children than among the younger ones? and in the oldest age‐group headache was more common in girls than in boys. 6% of the children had consulted a physician for their headache. In most cases, the headache was of varying character. It often occurred in the afternoon and evening but even during schooltime, and was generally of short duration. Children with recurrent headache had more severe headache and headache of longer duration than children with headache occasionally who also more often thought that their headache was provoked by illness. In the oldest age‐group a positive correlation was found between headache and a high rate of absence from school, and a negative correlation between headache and grade in physical education.
LEUKOCYTE TRANSFUSION IN SEVERE NEONATAL VARICELLA
Authors: FRIED D. , HANUKOGLU A. , BIRK O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A female neonate with severe varicella is reported. She was treated with THF and a leukocyte transfusion from her reconvalescent mother. This procedure seems to have been a turning point, after which she recovered fully. There were no untoward effects from this treatment.
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA IN ASSOCIATION WITH APLASIA CUTIS CONGENITA AND PYLORIC ATRESIA
Authors: COWTON J. A. L. , BEATTIE T. J. , GIBSON A. A. M. , MACKIE R. , SKERROW C. J. , COCKBURN F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A female infant born to a mother who had an elevated serum alpha‐fetoprotein during early pregnancy, presented a combinstion of epidermolysis bullosa and aplasia cutis congenita. She developed evidence of upper gastrointestinal obstruction and died at the age of 43 hours. Post‐mortem examination showed the presence of pyloric atresia and electron microscopy of skin biopsies showed epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Examination of the placenta revealed a unique abnormality of the membranes, indicating the existence of two sacs. This case and the previously reported cases, which are reviewed, suggest an autosomal recessive inheritance. Serum alphafetoprotein estimation, ultrasonography and fetoscopy with skin biopsy are suggested as a means of pre‐natal diagnosis in future pregnancies.
TRANSEPIDERMAL WATER LOSS IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: HAMMARLUND K. , SEDIN G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The amount of water evaporated from the skin of newborn infants and the temperatures of the skin, of the ambient air, and of the surfaces facing the infants were measured and used as a basis for calculation of the evaporative, radiative and convective heat exchange between the infant and the environment. The infants were of varying gestational ages, from 25 to 39 completed weeks of gestation. Evaporative heat exchange was high in the most preterm infants when nursed at a low ambient humidity, while the high ambient humidity needed to maintain these infants at a stable body temperature led to a low loss of heat through radiation and convection or even a heat gain. In the more mature infants evaporative heat exchange was lower, while radiative and convective heat exchange was higher.
ORGAN‐SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN HEALTHY AND DIABETIC CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: KOKKONEN J. , KIUTTU J. , MUSTONEN A. , RÄSÄNEN O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. 160 children and young adults (aged 7‐21 years) and 84 diabetics (aged 2‐19 years) were screened for thyroglobulin (TgA), thyroid microsomal (MsA), smooth muscle (SMA), parietal cell (PCA), reticulin (RA), glomerular (GIA) and mitochondrial (MA) antibodies. The diabetics were also screened for islet cell antibodies (ICA). The overall incidence of other antibodies than ICA at the lowest serum titre studied was 18.1 percent for healthy children and 30.9% for diabetic children. The elevation in diabetics is significant (p <0.01). Females were overrepresented in both groups and had the highest titres of antibodies. The age group 10‐14‐years was observed to be a special time at which antibody titres became positive. As compared with the controls, diabetics exhibited increased incidence of MsA (4.4 and 11.9% respectively, p <0.001), PCA (5.0 and 10.7% respectively, p <0.05) and RA (3.8 and 9.5% respectively, p <0.05). The presence of ICA or the duration of diabetes showed no correlation with other autoantibodies. The results indicate that autoantibodies at a low titre are a common phenomenon. Diabetics seem to be susceptible to react against their own tissue, which is probably associated with their increased frequency of autoimmune diseases.
CRANIAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DURING TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: CLAUSEN N. , PEDERSEN H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Twenty‐three children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were examined by computed tomography (CT) of the head on two occasions more than 11 months apart. The first CT was performed at the time of diagnosis in 11 children, who were re‐examined while still in their first complete remission. They had received prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) treatment consisting of intrathecal methotrexate supplemented by irradiation in 7 cases and intermediate dose methotrexate in 4 cases. Twelve children were receiving treatment for CNS relapse. This included therapeutic irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. Abnormal CT developed in 7 children. Three CT scans demonstrated areas of decreased attenuation coefficient, one with intracerebral calcifications. In 5 patients, dilatation of the ventricles and cortical sulci had developed. AU CT abnormalities occurred in children in remission after CNS relapse. These results indicate that prophylactic treatment including cranial irradiation with 24 Gy and low cumulative doses of methotrexate is a safe procedure. Patients with CNS leukemia are at risk of developing CNS abnormalities, when they receive treatment with cranial irradiation and methotrexate. The risk is not correlated with age or sex of the child, the duration of the disease, the dose of irradiation or the cumulative dose of methotrexate.
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN A NEWBORN BOY ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL USE OF FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE AND OTHER DRUGS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: DONALDSON G. L. , BURY R. G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A boy was born with a short sloping forehead, wide metopic suture, persistent metopic fontanelle, telecanthus, ocular hypertelorism, nystagmoid eye movements, bilateral cleft lip and palate, imperforate anus, rectourethral fistula, bind scrotum and an unusual penis with hypospadias. The neutrophil polymorphs had numerous nuclear projections. The pregnancy was complicated by chronic maternal schizophrenia, severe toxaemia and maternal use of fluphenazine enanthate, dicyclomine hydrochloride, doxylamine succinate, pyridoxine hydrochloride and other drugs. Details of mother's illness, pregnancy and drug usage are presented with the clinical findings and investigations.
PLASMA EXCHANGE IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE, CHILDHOOD ONSET SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: JOHANNESSEN A. , GUTTEBERG T. , HUSBY G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma exchange was used in the treatment of a 10‐year‐old girl with acute systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient was in a life‐threatening condition, and treatment with high dose corticosteroids did not control the disease. The patient's condition improved dramatically during the second day of plasma exchange therapy. It also appeared to have a long‐lasting effect in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of plasma exchange in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOPSY SPECIMENS IN DISORDERS OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ENGFELDT B. , HJERPE A. , MENGARELLI S. , REINHOLT F. P. , WIKSTRÖM B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A programme for combined morphological and biochemical analysis of cartilage‐bone biopsy material is described. The structural analysis includes light and electron microscopy, and the biochemistry is focused on polysaccharides. A procedure for isolation and characterization of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans from dry cartilage in amounts down to 1 mg is described. The procedure is exemplified by analyses of material from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, mucopolysaccharidosis IV‐Morquio and metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type McKusick. In osteogenesis imperfecta characteristic morphological alterations were demonstrated. Apart from increased chondroitin sulphate molecular weights, the biochemical analyses showed values within the assumedly normal range. In Morquio's disease extensive intracellular deposits in single membrane vacuoles were observed in both chondrocytes and osteocytes. There were indications that these deposits contained keratan sulphate, which also occurred in increased amounts in the total tissue preparation. Furthermore, the tendency to formation of proteoglycan aggregates was decreased. In the tissue from the patients with the McKusick syndrome insignificant ultrastructural changes, mainly affecting the mitochondria, were found. The biochemical results were within the assumedly normal range. The significance of these findings and the possibilities of further methodological development are discussed.
PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN TERM NEONATES AFTER A FEED OF HUMAN MILK OR FORMULA
Authors: TIKANOJA T. , SIMELL O. , VIIKARI M. , JÄRVENPÄÄ A. L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Postprandial changes in plasma amino acids were studied in 23 term neonates who had previously been breast‐fed ad libitum. As a test meal the infants received from a bottle a weight‐based amount of banked human milk (true protein 0.8 g/100 ml) or formula with either 1.5 or 3.0 g of protein (adapted or non‐adapted) per 100 ml. As regards the essential amino acids, all rose markedly in the plasma after the feed. The postprandial increments were relatively highest for the branched‐chain amino acids, which rose 50‐300% above the prefeeding concentrations. Peak values were found after human milk at 30 min but after formulas at 60 min. In extent and duration the rises were directly proportional to the amino acid loads given. This was also true for most semi‐ and nonessential amino acids, but plasma glycine, in contrast, regularly decreased, and plasma alanine continued to rise until 120 min after the beginning of the feed; neither change correlated with intake. After the milk feeds commonly given to neonates, postprandial alterations in plasma amino acids seem to be highly predictable.
THE IMPORTANCE OF NEONATAL ASPHYXIA AND CAESAREAN SECTION AS RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN AN UNSELECTED POPULATION
Authors: HJALMARSON O. , KRANTZ M. E. , JACOBSSON B. , SÖRENSEN S. E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The risk of neonatal respiratory disorders was calculated in an unselected, total population together with the relative contributions of some factors found associated with an increased risk. Postnatal asphyxia, expressed as a low one minute Apgar score, and low gestational age were substantial, independent risk factors. Caesarean section added, though less markedly, to the risk of the above disorders.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO VACCINATION WITH PNEUMOCOCCAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES IN SPLENECTOMIZED CHILDREN
Authors: PEDERSEN F. KARUP , HENRICHSEN J. , SCHIFFMAN G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In 67 splenectomized children vaccinated with a 14‐valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine an antibody fold increase above 2 from pre‐ to postvaccination samples was found in 60 % of all single type antibody determinations performed. The vaccine may only afford protection against 55 % of those serotypes that cause serious infections in children, assuming a protective antibody level of 300 ng antibody N/ml. Our results indicate a somewhat reduced antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in splenectomized children and suggest that pneumococcal vaccination may not be relied upon as the only kind of prophylaxis against pneumococcal infection in this patient group.
SOMNAMBULISM IN CHILDHOOD‐PREVALENCE, COURSE AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATIONS
Authors: KLACKENBERG GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. Acta Paediatr Scand, 71: 495, 1982.–The occurrence and course of somnambulism and its correlations with behavioral variables have been investigated annually from 6 to 16 years of age in a sample recruited by random means. The prevalence was highest at 11‐12 years. No sex difference was found. Apart from sporadic occurrences, the longitudinal data reveal a group of children for whom somnambulism is rather persistent. But even in this group the somnambulism is usually unrelated to other sleep disturbances (apart from “bad” dreams), deviant behavior or known environmental factors. These children have more inhibited aggression and a more developed mental defence against anxiety as determined by Rorschach tests. At school they appear to be more popular than other children.