bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycling of coal combustion wastes
Authors: Oz Derya , Koca Sabina , Koca Huseyin
Published: May 2009

The separation of unburned carbon from coal-fired power plant bottom ashes was conducted in order to increase the possibility of the recycling of coal combustion wastes. A two-stage flotation technique was used for this study. In the rougher flotation experiments the amounts of collector, dispersant and frother, pulp density, pH, particle size distribution, flotation time and flotation temperature were tested as variables. After rougher flotation experiments, at optimum conditions, the carbon content of the concentrate increased from 13.85 to 51.54% at a carbon recovery of 54.54%. Under the same conditions, the carbon content was reduced to 4.54% at a weight yield of over 80% in the tailings fraction. This fraction meets the industrial specifications and can be utilized as a cement additive. After the cleaner flotation experiment the carbon content of the product was enhanced to 64.81% with a 52.16% carbon recovery. This fraction can be blended back into the coal feed to the power plant boilers.
Young People's Sexual Risk Behaviors in Nigeria
Authors: Abdulraheem I.S. , Fawole O.I.
Published: May 2009

The prevalence and correlates of HIV-related risk behaviors among adolescents and youths in Nigeria are poorly documented. This study aims at determining the prevalence and correlates of HIV-related risk behaviors among adolescents and youths in order to plan appropriate intervention measures. This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion to collect relevant information. Most (74.6%) respondents were sexually active, of which 66.4% had multiple partners and only 38.1% used condoms always during sexual intercourse. “Decreased pleasure” (35.8%) was the main reason for not always using condoms. Positive attitude toward condom use was correlated with consistent use. In view of the magnitude of high-risk HIV-related behaviors, efforts need to be exerted to deal with the identified predisposing factors.
Tai Chi and Meditation
Authors: Posadzki Paul , Jacques Samantha
Published: May 2009

The aim of this article is to review the literature on Tai Chi and meditation. A coherent construct is developed that includes a comparative analysis and conceptual synthesis of existing theories. The authors discuss a set of assumptions that justify this synthesis; they also argue that this construct would facilitate greater understanding of Tai Chi from the perspective of meditation. Such synthesis may bring “additional” benefits to Tai Chi practitioners as they could recognize that this mind—body technique holds the essence of meditation. Within the scope of this article, the evidence shows a majority of common features when concerning Tai Chi and meditation. These mutual similarities should be taken into account when performing this type of mind—body medicine by patients and/or therapists. Finally, the authors suggest that this inspiring compilation of movements and mindfulness can be used for practical purposes.
What Shapes Short-Term Study Abroad Experiences? A Comparative Case Study of Students’ Motives and Goals
Authors: Allen Heather Willis
Published: May 2009

This comparative case study explored the motives and goals of two American students participating in short-term study abroad (SA). Findings, interpreted from an activity theory perspective, demonstrated that despite similar language-learning histories and demographic characteristics, the students were learning French and participating in SA for different reasons. Dissimilarities between their language-learning motives and goals for SA led to differences in their experiences using French and interacting with host families and, later, to shifts in goals and language-learning strategies. These findings offer support for a relational definition of the context of learning during SA wherein context is emergent from individuals’ language-learning motives and reasons for engaging in SA, goals for SA, and resulting actions. Practical implications of this study include the need for intervention in student learning during SA.
Management of Aggression Among Demented or Brain-Injured Patients
Authors: Finfgeld-Connett Deborah
Published: May 2009

Nurses' responses to aggression among patients with dementia or brain injury are not fully informed by evidence-based interventions. For this reason, the primary purpose of this investigation was to delineate a conceptual framework of optimal therapeutic interventions to manage verbal and behavioral aggression among these individuals. Meta-synthesis methods were used, and findings from seven reports of qualitative research were synthesized. Therapeutic management of aggression among patients with dementia or brain injury was captured by the metaphor entering the patient's world. This process involves getting to know the patient behind the aggression and normalizing their experiences. Nurses are encouraged to become a part of the patient's world and to strive for mutual understanding and action. Patient negativity is downplayed and interactions are shaped in thoughtfully creative ways. Therapeutic management of aggression results in positive outcomes for nurses as well as patients.
Role of Polysomy 17 in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Immunohistochemical Study of HER2/neu Expression and FISH Analysis of c-erbB-2 Gene and Chromosome 17
Authors: Simonetti Sara , Russo Rosa , Ciancia Giuseppe , Altieri Vincenzo , De Rosa Gaetano , Insabato Luigi
Published: May 2009

This study investigates the potential clinical significance of c-erbB-2 gene and chromosome 17 alterations by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and HER2/neu overexpression by immunohistochemical staining in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder correlating the results with tumor stage and grade categories and with clinical behavior. Sixty-three cases of TCC retrieved from the files of 2 institutions were analyzed for chromosome 17 aberrations and c-erbB-2 amplification by FISH analysis and evaluated immunohistochemically for HER2/neu overexpression. Five tumors were G1, 29 intermediate grade (G2), and 29 tumors high grade (G3); 32 tumors had stage Ta, 18 tumors T1, and 13 tumors T2. We found polysomy of chromosome 17 in 58.7% of TCC with average chromosome copy number >2.26; increased number of HER2/neu gene copy was observed in 66.7% of tumors. C-erbB-2 amplification occurred in 6.3% of tumors. Immunohistochemically, 60.3% of TCC overexpressed HER2/neu and 39.7% of tumors were negative. All tumors with polysomy showed simultaneously increase of HER2/neu gene copy number of which 34/37 with protein overexpression. A statistically significant correlation between polysomy of chromosome 17 and tumor stage ( P = .0003) and tumor grade ( P < .0001) was found; polysomy was not seen in G1 tumors; however, 8/29 G2 tumors and 29/29 G3 tumors revealed polysomy of chromosome 17; in 8/32 Ta tumors, 14/18 T1 and 13/13 of deeply invasive tumors (T2) polysomy 17 was observed. Moreover, it was found that 7 superficial tumors (1 Ta and 6 T1) showed high polysomy with average of chromosome 17 copy number ≥3.76 as observed in all invasive tumors. The data suggest that although HER2/neu amplification, found in high grade and invasive tumors, is a rare event in TCC, polysomy of chromosome 17 is an important factor correlated with tumor stage and grade categories and could be considered a molecular marker of tumor progression with interesting diagnostic implications.
Induction of Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Growth Factor Receptors by Dendrimeric Nanostructures
Authors: Omidi Yadollah , Barar Jaleh
Published: May 2009

Although nonviral dendrimeric nanostructures have been widely used as gene delivery systems, key questions about target cells responses to these nanostructures are yet to be answered. Here, we report the responsiveness of A431 and A549 cells upon treatment with polypropylenimine diaminobutane (DAB) dendrimers nanosystems. Complexation of DAB dendrimers with DNA reduced the zeta potential of nanostructures, but increased their size. Fluorescence microscopy revealed high transfection efficiency in both cell lines treated with DAB dendrimers with induced cytotoxicity evidenced by MTT assay. The A549 cells showed upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signalling biomolecule Akt kinase upon treatment with DAB dendrimers, while no changes were observed in A431 cells. Based on our findings, the biological impacts of these nanosystems appeared to be cell dependent. Thus, the biological responses of target cells should be taken into account when these nanostructures are used as gene delivery system.
Conceptualizing European Society on Non-Normative Grounds
Authors: Krossa Anne Sophie
Published: May 2009

For the most part, current reflections on the social seem to overemphasize either homogeneity (society/nation-state, modernization/globalization) or heterogeneity (sociality, cosmopolitanism). Against this, here the argument is put forward that it is appropriate to think of the social as consisting of aspects of homogeneity or shared frames of reference and aspects of heterogeneity at the same time. This thought is developed particularly in contrast to normative concepts such as Bauman's sociality—republicanism nexus or Beck and Grande's ideas on European cosmopolitanism. With the help of concepts such as sociation, glocalization and conflict, a basis will be developed for the elaboration of particular socials (e.g. Europe) as a general social theory. This avoids falling into normative traps, which are usually risky when starting out from a historical particularity to explain current and future structures and features of notions such as European society.
Risk Factors for Ipsilateral Reamputation in Patients with Diabetic Foot Lesions
Authors: Skoutas D. , Papanas N. , Georgiadis G.S. , Zervas V. , Manes C. , Maltezos E. , Lazarides M.K.
Published: May 2009

This study aimed to examine the rates and risk factors for ipsilateral re-amputation in 121 patients with diabetic foot and prior amputation. Twenty-six (21.5%) patients required re-amputation during a mean follow-up of 18 months. Most re-amputations were performed within the first 6 months of the initial amputation. Re-amputation was more common among patients in whom the initial amputation had only affected one or two toes. Age (hazard ratio: 1.06) and heel lesions (hazard ratio: 2.69) were significantly associated with re-amputation. There is a high risk of re-amputation in the diabetic foot, especially within the first 6 months of the initial amputation, mainly due to poor selection of the original amputation level in an effort to save a greater part of the lower extremity. Patients 70 years and those with heel lesions are at greatest risk of re-amputation.
A Case Series Describing 118 Patients With Lower Limb Necrotizing Fasciitis
Authors: Khanna A.K. , Tiwary Satyendra K. , Kumar Puneet , Khanna Rahul , Khanna Anuradha
Published: May 2009

Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limb is not uncommon, with poor outcome. This study reviewed 118 cases (78 males and 40 females) with mean age of 45 + 16.5 years (range 12-95 years) of lower limb necrotizing fasciitis admitted to the Department of Surgery, BHU in India between 1995 and 2007. Most patients (n = 97) presented with fever. Other presenting symptoms included painful swelling, bullae, erythema, ulcer, and necrosis. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes, tuberculosis, malignancy, and immunosuppressive therapy were associated in 72 (61%) cases. Amputations were done in 24 patients. Thirty one patients developed septic shock. Renal dialysis was done in 16 patients and ventilatory support was needed in 12 patients. The most common organism identified was β-hemolytic streptococci (n = 42). Eighteen patients died, a mortality of 15%. The authors consider early diagnosis and aggressive surgical intervention to be crucial for the successful treatment of disease.
Review: Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes: A Clinical Update
Authors: Dinh Thanh , Scovell Sherry , Veves Aristidis
Published: May 2009

Peripheral arterial disease is characterized by a gradual reduction in blood to the extremities secondary to atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the pattern of atherosclerotic occlusion typically shows a propensity toward the infrapopliteal vessels. Additionally, impairment of the microcirculation manifests in diminished vasoreactivity and a functional ischemia that is not always correctable with surgery. However, when a nonhealing wound is complicated by peripheral arterial disease, revascularization is paramount to wound healing. Revascularization can be accomplished through traditional bypass surgery or newer endovascular interventions, such as angioplasty and stenting. These less invasive techniques of revascularization offer the advantages of quicker recovery and lower morbidity but durability may be compromised. Ultimately, the choice of revascularization procedure should be based on the clinical characteristics of the atherosclerotic lesion along with the individual patient history.
A Process Model of Organizational Change in Cultural Context (OC3 Model)
Authors: Latta Gail F.
Published: May 2009

Change resides at the heart of leadership. Organizational culture is one of many situational variables that have emerged as pivotal in determining the success of leaders' efforts to implement change initiatives. This article introduces a process model of organizational change in cultural context (OC3 Model) derived from ethnographic analysis. The model delineates the differential impact of organizational culture at every stage of change implementation. Eight stages of cultural influence are identified and illustrated. Research propositions are stated to encourage refinement of the model. Theoretical and practical implications for leadership are explored; applications for resolving organizational immunity to change are discussed.
Endothelial deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor–2α (HIF-2α) alters vascular function and tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Skuli Nicolas , Liu Liping , Runge Anja , Wang Tao , Yuan Lijun , Patel Sunny , Iruela-Arispe Luisa , Simon M. Celeste , Keith Brian
Published: May 2009

Hypoxia-inducible factor–2α (HIF-2α) is highly expressed in embryonic vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and activates the expression of target genes whose products modulate vascular function and angiogenesis. In this report, we describe a genetic model designed to test the physiologic consequences of deleting HIF-2α in murine endothelial cells. Surprisingly, mice with HIF-2α–deficient ECs developed normally but displayed a variety of phenotypes, including increased vessel permeability, aberrant endothelial cell ultrastructure, and pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, these animals exhibited defective tumor angiogenesis associated with increased hypoxic stress and tumor cell apoptosis. Immortalized HIF-2α–deficient ECs displayed decreased adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and expressed reduced levels of transcripts encoding fibronectin, integrins, endothelin B receptor, angiopoietin 2, and delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4). Together, these data identify unique cell-autonomous functions for HIF-2α in vascular endothelial cells.
Nothing typical about HIT
Authors: Arepally Gowthami M.
Published: May 2009

In this issue of Blood, 2 articles describe the evolution of the PF4/heparin immune response and provide further proof that the HIT immune response is anything but typical.
Tipifarnib and etoposide for older AML patients: from bench to bedside
Authors: Ferrara Felicetto
Published: May 2009

In this issue of Blood, Karp and colleagues describe preclinical and clinical effects of the combination of tipifarnib with etoposide. The study represents an admirable example of successful translation of in vitro data to a phase 1 clinical trial.
Some like it hot: lymphoma radioimmunotherapy
Authors: Goldenberg David M.
Published: May 2009

In this issue of Blood, Pagel and colleagues compare pretargeted versus conventional radioimmunotherapy in lymphoma models, reporting the superiority of pretargeting and lack of benefit for antibody cocktails versus a single antibody.
A new role for Pk: finding the 1 in a million
Authors: Hillyer Christopher D.
Published: May 2009

Blood group antigens can have critical functions beyond the red blood cell. In this issue of Blood, Lund and colleagues demonstrate a role for Pk in HIV entry, providing biologic insight, identifying potential therapeutic target motifs and expanding the intersections of hematology, transfusion medicine, and infectious disease.
Protection from graft-versus-host disease by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120-mediated activation of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Becker Christian , Taube Christian , Bopp Tobias , Becker Christoph , Michel Kai , Kubach Jan , Reuter Sebastian , Dehzad Nina , Neurath Markus F. , Reifenberg Kurt , Schneider Franz-Joseph , Schmitt Edgar , Jonuleit Helmut
Published: May 2009

Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a unique T-cell lineage that is endowed with the ability to actively suppress immune responses. Therefore, approaches to modulate Treg function in vivo could provide ways to enhance or reduce immune responses and lead to novel therapies. Here we show that the CD4 binding human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a useful and potent tool for functional activation of human Tregs in vitro and in vivo. Gp120 activates human Tregs by binding and signaling through CD4. Upon stimulation with gp120, human Tregs accumulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in their cytosol. Inhibition of endogeneous cAMP synthesis prevents gp120-mediated Treg activation. Employing a xenogeneic graft versus host disease model that has been shown to be applicable for the functional analysis of human Tregs in vivo, we further show that a single dose of gp120 is sufficient to prevent lethal graft versus host disease and that the tolerizing effect of gp120 is strictly dependent on the presence of human Tregs and their up-regulation of cAMP upon gp120-mediated activation. Our findings demonstrate that stimulation via the CD4 receptor represents a T-cell receptor–independent Treg activating pathway with potential to induce immunologic tolerance in vivo.
Both systemic and local application of Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is neuroprotective after retinal ganglion cell axotomy
Authors: Frank Tobias , Schlachetzki Johannes CM , Göricke Bettina , Meuer Katrin , Rohde Gundula , Dietz Gunnar PH , Bähr Mathias , Schneider Armin , Weishaupt Jochen H
Published: May 2009

Background

The hematopoietic Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) plays a crucial role in controlling the number of neutrophil progenitor cells. Its function is mediated via the G-CSF receptor, which was recently found to be expressed also in the central nervous system. In addition, G-CSF provided neuroprotection in models of neuronal cell death. Here we used the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axotomy model to compare effects of local and systemic application of neuroprotective molecules.

Results

We found that the G-CSF receptor is robustly expressed by RGCs in vivo and in vitro. We thus evaluated G-CSF as a neuroprotectant for RGCs and found a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of G-CSF on axotomized RGCs when given subcutaneously. As stem stell mobilization had previously been discussed as a possible contributor to the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF, we compared the local treatment of RGCs by injection of G-CSF into the vitreous body with systemic delivery by subcutaneous application. Both routes of application reduced retinal ganglion cell death to a comparable extent. Moreover, G-CSF enhanced the survival of immunopurified RGCs in vitro.

Conclusion

We thus show that G-CSF neuroprotection is at least partially independent of potential systemic effects and provide further evidence that the clinically applicable G-CSF could become a treatment option for both neurodegenerative diseases and glaucoma.
The diamidine DB75 targets the nucleus of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Purfield Anne E , Tidwell Richard R , Meshnick Steven R
Published: May 2009

Background

DB289, [2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan bis-O-methylamidoxime], is a broad spectrum anti-parasitic compound which has been shown to be effective against malaria in recent clinical trials. DB75, [2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan], is the active metabolite of this drug. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism of action of DB75 in Plasmodium falciparum.

Methods

Live parasites were observed by confocal microscopy after treatment with organelle specific dyes and DB75, an inherently fluorescent compound. Parasites were exposed to DB75 and assessed for growth and morphological changes over time using blood smears and light microscopy. Also, to determine if DB75 affects gene transcription, real time PCR was used to monitor transcript levels over time for six developmentally expressed genes, including trophozoite antigen R45-like (PFD1175w), lactate dehydrogenase (PF13_0141), DNA primase (PFI0530c), isocitrate dehydrogenase (PF13_0242), merozoite surface protein-1 (PFI1475w), and merozoite surface protein-7 (PF13_0197).

Results

The results show that DB75 localizes in the parasite nucleus but not in other organelles. Once rings are exposed, parasites mature to the trophozoite stage and stall. No stage-dependent or gene-specific inhibition of transcription was seen. However, DB75 delayed peak transcription of trophozoite-stage genes.

Conclusion

Taken together, DB75 appears to concentrate in the nucleus and delay parasite maturation.
Ovarian serous adenocarcinoma identified during IVF: diagnostic approach, surgical management, and reproductive outcome
Authors: Walsh David J , Sills Eric Scott , Shkrobot Lyuda V , Gleeson Noreen C , Sheppard Mary N , Walsh Anthony PH
Published: May 2009

Background

To present a diagnostic evaluation and treatment strategy for serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary discovered during an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) sequence, and report on reproductive outcome after tumour resection and embryo transfer.

Case presentation

Cycle monitoring in IVF identified an abnormal ovarian lesion which was subjected to ultrasound-guided needle aspiration. Cytology suggested malignancy, and unilateral oophorectomy was performed after formal staging. After surgery, the patient underwent an anonymous donor oocyte IVF cycle which established a viable twin intrauterine pregnancy. No recurrence of cancer has been detected in the >72 month follow-up interval; mother and twin daughters continue to do well.

Conclusion

Suspicious adnexal structures noted during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF warrant assessment, and this report confirms the role of aspiration cytology in such cases. If uterine conservation is possible, successful livebirth can be achieved from IVF if donor oocyes are utilised, as described here.
Characterization of antibodies for quantitative determination of spiggin protein levels in male and female three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Berg Håkan , Scherbak Nikolai , Liimatta Harri , Hoffmann Erik , Karlsson Johnny , Olsson Per-Erik
Published: May 2009

Spiggin is an adhesive glycoprotein produced in the kidney of sticklebacks during the breeding season and is subsequently secreted into the urinary bladder from where it is employed for nest building. Since the production of the protein has been shown to be under androgenic control, spiggin has been suggested to be a useful biomarker for androgenic substances in the environment. In this study, two polyclonal spiggin antibodies based on synthetic peptides and one polyclonal antibody directed against native spiggin have been characterized. The antibodies ability to identify spiggin was investigated by quantitative immunoassay. For both peptide antibodies the quantification range was determined to be between 1 and 80 ng spiggin and determination of renal spiggin levels from immature and mature males displayed a 15-fold increase in total spiggin content of the kidney resulting in a 6-fold increase in male kidney weight due to hypertrophy. The kidney somatic index (KSI) was found to correlate well with the total renal spiggin content and therefore it appears that KSI in sticklebacks could be used as an initial method to identify substances displaying androgenic effects. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that the polyclonal antibodies recognize different spiggin isoforms and that spiggin can be detected in the urinary bladder and kidney of both males and female sticklebacks. In order to develop a quantitative detection method for native spiggin it is necessary to produce a standard that can be used in a bioassay. Due to the adhesive and polymerization characteristics of spiggin the protein is difficult to use as a standard in bioassays. So far spiggin has been shown to exist in at least 14 isoforms, all of which contain polymerization domains. To overcome the solubility problem we have produced recombinant spiggin gamma, with only one polymerization domain, that can be expressed in E. coli. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the polyclonal antibodies were able to detect recombinant spiggin gamma protein in bacterial cell lysate, suggesting that it may be developed into a useful source of standard spiggin to be used for quantitative determination of androgen induced spiggin production in sticklebacks.
Noisy splicing, more than expression regulation, explains why some exons are subject to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Authors: Zhang Zhenguo , Xin Dedong , Wang Ping , Zhou Li , Hu Landian , Kong Xiangyin , Hurst Laurence D
Published: May 2009

Background

Nonsense-mediated decay is a mechanism that degrades mRNAs with a premature termination codon. That some exons have premature termination codons at fixation is paradoxical: why make a transcript if it is only to be destroyed? One model supposes that splicing is inherently noisy and spurious transcripts are common. The evolution of a premature termination codon in a regularly made unwanted transcript can be a means to prevent costly translation. Alternatively, nonsense-mediated decay can be regulated under certain conditions so the presence of a premature termination codon can be a means to up-regulate transcripts needed when nonsense-mediated decay is suppressed.

Results

To resolve this issue we examined the properties of putative nonsense-mediated decay targets in humans and mice. We started with a well-annotated set of protein coding genes and found that 2 to 4% of genes are probably subject to nonsense-mediated decay, and that the premature termination codon reflects neither rare mutations nor sequencing artefacts. Several lines of evidence suggested that the noisy splicing model has considerable relevance: 1) exons that are uniquely found in nonsense-mediated decay transcripts (nonsense-mediated decay-specific exons) tend to be newly created; 2) have low-inclusion level; 3) tend not to be a multiple of three long; 4) belong to genes with multiple splice isoforms more often than expected; and 5) these genes are not obviously enriched for any functional class nor conserved as nonsense-mediated decay candidates in other species. However, nonsense-mediated decay-specific exons for which distant orthologous exons can be found tend to have been under purifying selection, consistent with the regulation model.

Conclusion

We conclude that for recently evolved exons the noisy splicing model is the better explanation of their properties, while for ancient exons the nonsense-mediated decay regulated gene expression is a viable explanation.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 CRF07_BC strains circulating in the Xinjiang Province of China
Authors: Ma Liying , Guo Yanfang , Yuan Lin , Huang Yang , Sun Jianping , Qu Shuiling , Yu Xiaoling , Meng Zhefeng , He Xiang , Jiang Shibo , Shao Yiming
Published: May 2009

Background

HIV-1 CRF07_BC recombinant previously circulated mainly among the intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Xinjiang province of China and is currently spreading in the entire country. The aim of this study is to characterize the genotypic and phenotypic properties of HIV-1 CRF07_BC isolates in comparison with those of the subtype B' (Thailand B) which is prevalent in the former plasma donors (FPDs) in China.

Results

Twelve HIV-1 CRF07_BC variants were isolated from the blood of the HIV-1-infected IDUs in Xinjiang province, and 20 subtype B' isolates were obtained from the FPDs in Anhui and Shanxi provinces of China. All the CRF07_BC viruses utilized CCR5 co-receptor, whereas 12 subtype B' viruses were R5-tropic, and the remaining B' isolates were dual (R5X4) tropic. CRF07_BC viruses had lower net charge value in the V3 loop and exhibited slower replication kinetics than subtype B' viruses. The number and location of the potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1/V2 and the C2 region of the CRF07_BC viruses were significantly different from those of the subtype B' viruses.

Conclusion

The HIV-1 CRF07_BC recombinant strains with relatively lower net charges in the V3 loop exclusively utilize CCR5 co-receptor for infection and exhibit slow replication kinetics in the primary target cells, suggesting that CRF07_BC may be superior over B' and other HIV-1 subtypes in initiating infection in high-risk population. These findings have molecular implications for the adaptive evolution of HIV-1 circulating in China and the design of tailored therapeutic strategy for treatment of HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection.
Identification of novel genetic susceptibility loci for Behçet's disease using a genome-wide association study
Authors: Fei Yiping , Webb Ryan , Cobb Beth L , Direskeneli Haner , Saruhan-Direskeneli Güher , Sawalha Amr H
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Behçet's disease is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that remains incompletely understood. Herein, we perform the first genome-wide association study in Behçet's disease.

Methods

Using DNA pooling technology and the Affymetrix 500K arrays, we identified possible candidate gene associations with Behçet's disease in a cohort of 152 Behçet's disease patients and 172 healthy ethnically matched controls. Genetic loci that were identified in the pooling study were genotyped in patients and controls using TaqMan genotyping technology.

Results

We identified genetic associations between Behçet's disease and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KIAA1529, CPVL, LOC100129342, UBASH3B, and UBAC2 (odds ratio = 2.04, 2.26, 1.84, 1.71, and 1.61, respectively; P value = 4.2 × 10-5, 1.0 × 10-4, 3.0 × 10-4, 1.5 × 10-3, and 5.8 × 10-3, respectively). Among the associated SNPs, the Behçet's disease-risk allele in rs2061634 leads to substitution of serine to cysteine at amino acid position 995 (S995C) in the KIAA1529 protein.

Conclusions

Using an unbiased whole-genome genetic association approach, we identified novel candidate genetic loci that are associated with increased susceptibility for Behçet's disease. These findings will help to better understand the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease and identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Immunohistochemical characterization of subtypes of male breast carcinoma
Authors: Ge Yimin , Sneige Nour , Eltorky Mahmoud A , Wang Zhiqin , Lin E , Gong Yun , Guo Ming
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Male breast cancer accounts for around 1% of all breast cancer cases but the incidence has risen in recent years. This study aimed to classify the molecular subtypes of male breast cancers based on the expression profile of immunomarkers and to evaluate their association with clinicopathological features and expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB).

Methods

A total of 42 cases of male breast carcinoma were examined retrospectively using immunostains for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), EGFR, and NF-κB. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression was evaluated by immunostaining and confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

Results

The luminal A subtype was the most common subtype in male breast cancer (83%, 35/42), which was followed by the luminal B subtype (17%, 7/42). Basal-like and HER2+/ER- subtypes were not identified in this group. All carcinomas expressed ER and 67% of them were PR+. High nuclear grades were more common in the luminal B subtype (71%, 5/7) than in the luminal A subtype (34%, 12/35). The luminal B subtype carcinomas expressed EGFR (42%, 3/7) and NF-κB (57%, 4/7) more frequently than the luminal A subtype did (17%, 6/35 and 37%, 13/35, respectively).

Conclusions

In our study group, luminal A and B subtypes were the major subtypes of male breast carcinoma. The immunophenotypical features of male breast cancer differ from those of its female counterpart. Luminal B subtype tended to have high nuclear grade and more frequent expression of EGFR and NF-κB.
Treatment Plan and Summary Templates: The Experience of One Practice
Authors: Mulvey Therese M.
Published: May 2009

Using a formal treatment plan template enables clearer and more fruitful discussions between physician and patient and among physicians within a practice. Treatment plans are vital to formal chemotherapy teaching sessions for patients beginning therapy, regardless of disease histology or treatment intent.
PTK7 is essential for polarized cell motility and convergent extension during mouse gastrulation
Authors: Yen Wei Wei , Williams Margot , Periasamy Ammasi , Conaway Mark , Burdsal Carol , Keller Raymond , Lu Xiaowei , Sutherland Ann
Published: May 2009

Despite being implicated as a mechanism driving gastrulation and body axis elongation in mouse embryos, the cellular mechanisms underlying mammalian convergent extension (CE) are unknown. Here we show, with high-resolution time-lapse imaging of living mouse embryos, that mesodermal CE occurs by mediolateral cell intercalation, driven by mediolaterally polarized cell behavior. The initial events in the onset of CE are mediolateral elongation,alignment and orientation of mesoderm cells as they exit the primitive streak. This cell shape change occurs prior to, and is required for, the subsequent onset of mediolaterally polarized protrusive activity. In embryos mutant for PTK7, a novel cell polarity protein, the normal cell elongation and alignment upon leaving the primitive streak, the subsequent polarized protrusive activity, and CE and axial elongation all failed. The mesoderm normally thickens and extends, but on failure of convergence movements in Ptk7mutants, the mesoderm underwent radial intercalation and excessive thinning,which suggests that a cryptic radial cell intercalation behavior resists excessive convergence-driven mesodermal thickening in normal embryos. When unimpeded by convergence forces in Ptk7 mutants, this unopposed radial intercalation resulted in excessive thinning of the mesoderm. These results show for the first time the polarized cell behaviors underlying CE in the mouse, demonstrate unique aspects of these behaviors compared with those of other vertebrates, and clearly define specific roles for planar polarity and for the novel planar cell polarity gene, Ptk7, as essential regulators of mediolateral cell intercalation during mammalian CE.
Genetic ablation of neural crest cell diversification
Authors: Arduini Brigitte L. , Bosse Kevin M. , Henion Paul D.
Published: May 2009

The neural crest generates multiple cell types during embryogenesis but the mechanisms regulating neural crest cell diversification are incompletely understood. Previous studies using mutant zebrafish indicated that foxd3 and tfap2a function early and differentially in the development of neural crest sublineages. Here, we show that the simultaneous loss of foxd3 and tfap2a function in zebrafish foxd3zdf10;tfap2alow double mutant embryos globally prevents the specification of developmentally distinct neural crest sublineages. By contrast, neural crest induction occurs independently of foxd3 and tfap2a function. We show that the failure of neural crest cell diversification in double mutants is accompanied by the absence of neural crest sox10 and sox9a/b gene expression,and that forced expression of sox10 and sox9a/bdifferentially rescues neural crest sublineage specification and derivative differentiation. These results demonstrate the functional necessity for foxd3 and tfap2a for neural crest sublineage specification and that this requirement is mediated by the synergistic regulation of the expression of SoxE family genes. Our results identify a genetic regulatory pathway functionally discrete from the process of neural crest induction that is required for the initiation of neural crest cell diversification during embryonic development.
Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and Atoh1
Authors: Fujiyama Tomoyuki , Yamada Mayumi , Terao Mami , Terashima Toshio , Hioki Hiroyuki , Inoue Yukiko U. , Inoue Takayoshi , Masuyama Norihisa , Obata Kunihiko , Yanagawa Yuchio , Kawaguchi Yoshiya , Nabeshima Yo-ichi , Hoshino Mikio
Published: May 2009

The cochlear nucleus (CN), which consists of dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (DCN and VCN), plays pivotal roles in processing and relaying auditory information to the brain. Although it contains various types of neurons, the origins of the distinct subtypes and their developmental molecular machinery are still elusive. Here we reveal that two basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors play crucial roles in specifying neuron subtypes in the CN. Pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a) and atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1)were found to be expressed in discrete dorsolateral regions of the embryonic neuroepithelia of the middle hindbrain (rhombomeres 2-5). Genetic lineage tracing using mice that express Cre recombinase from the Ptf1a locus or under the control of the Atoh1 promoter revealed that inhibitory(GABAergic and glycinergic) or excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons of both DCN and VCN are derived from the Ptf1a- and Atoh1-expressing neuroepithelial regions, respectively. In the Ptf1a or Atoh1 null embryos,production of inhibitory or excitatory neurons, respectively, was severely inhibited in the CN. These findings suggest that inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of CN neurons are defined by Ptf1a and Atoh1, respectively and,furthermore, provide important insights into understanding the machinery of neuron subtype specification in the dorsal hindbrain.
Prediction of Ice Fraction and Fat Content in Super-Chilled Salmon by Non-Contact Interactance near Infrared Imaging
Authors: Ottestad Silje , Høy Martin , Stevik Astrid , Wold Jens Petter
Published: May 2009

It has been shown that super-chilling can increase the shelf life of fish and meat products without the reduction in quality encountered with normal freezing. The shelf life and quality achieved depend on the fraction of water frozen and how it is preserved in the product. In this paper, we report on the possibility of using non-contact near infrared (NIR) interactance spectroscopy in combination with multi-spectral imaging as a rapid, non-destructive way to predict the average ice fraction as well as the spatial distribution of ice in super-chilled salmon fillets. For average ice fraction calibrations, samples in the range of 0% to 30% ice were investigated. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models with high explained variance ( R2≈0.98) and root mean square error of cross-validation between 1.6% and 2.4% were obtained. The time of NIR measurement after super-chilling (0 h, 1/2 h, 2 h and 24 h) did not seem to affect the prediction ability significantly. The spatial ice distribution, as predicted by PLSR modelling, was affected considerably by the fat distribution. This was avoided by the use of multivariate curve resolution at pixel level and calibration against the amount of ice divided by the total amount of water in both liquid and solid state. Excellent images of ice distribution were achieved and allowed observation of changes during storage and thawing. The ability to predict fat content in super-chilled salmon fillets was also investigated. Fat content predictions were affected by ice fraction, but were observed to be independent of time of measurement after freezing.
A Chemometrics Approach for Distinguishing between Beers Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Hua , Takahashi Yutaka , Kumagai Masanori , Fujiwara Kazuhiko , Kikuchi Ryoei , Yoshimura Noboru , Amano Toshio , Lin Jinming , Ogawa Nobuaki
Published: May 2009

Thirty-eight beers from different producing areas and/or makers were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA) of the near infrared (NIR) spectra acquired by a portable NIR spectrometer. Classsification of Akita beers: beers locally produced in Akita prefecture, Japan, from other famous brand beers could be successfully performed, especially when the PCA was calculated on the standard normal variate (SNV) spectra. The classification equations use information related to water and CH2 absorption that reflected the differences in chemical com position of beers due to different production processes. In addition, the compositions of total polyphenol and total nitrogen were estimated from NIR spectra by multiple linear regression (MLR). This study showed that NIR spectroscopy is promising for beer quality evaluation, both for identifying multifarious beers including Akita beers using PCA and for rapid in-line quality control and inspection for beer production using the quantitative MLR analysis.
Effort, Revenue, and Cost Sharing Mechanisms for Collaborative New Product Development
Authors: Bhaskaran Sreekumar R. , Krishnan V.
Published: May 2009

The growing sophistication of component technologies and the rising costs and uncertainties of developing and launching new products require firms to collaborate in the development of new products. However, the management of new product development that occurs jointly between firms presents a new set of challenges in sharing the costs and benefits of innovation. Although collaboration enables each firm to focus on what it does best, it also introduces new issues associated with the alignment of decisions and incentives that have to be managed alongside conventional performance and timing uncertainties of new product development. In this paper, we conceptualize and formulate the joint development of products involving two firms with differing development capabilities and examine the implications of arrangements that go beyond sharing of revenues to include sharing of development cost and work. We term these approaches that involve sharing of the development cost and sharing of the development work investment sharing and innovation sharing, respectively. These cost and effort sharing mechanisms have subtle interactions with the degree to which revenues are shared between firms and the type of development project under consideration. Our analysis shows that investment and innovation sharing are particularly relevant for products with no preexisting revenues, and their benefits also depend on the degree to which revenues are shared between the firms. Whereas investment sharing is more attractive for new-to-the-world product projects with significant timing uncertainty, innovation sharing plays an important role in environments where projects experience product quality uncertainty, firms are similar in their capabilities, and the costs of integration of work across firms can be controlled. Our key contribution involves the modeling of joint work and decision making between collaborating firms and unearthing the complementary role of revenue, cost, and innovative effort sharing mechanisms for new product development. We translate our analytical findings into a managerial framework and illustrate the results with examples from the life-sciences and electronics industries.
Producing and consuming knowledge in social work practice: research and development activities in a Swedish context
Authors: Alexanderson Karin , Beijer Elisabeth , Bengtsson Staffan , Hyvönen Ulf , Karlsson Per-Åke , Nyman Marie
Published: May 2009

This article presents various forms of activities performed by locally based social welfare research and development (R&D) units in Sweden. The authors argue that these units are vital actors in the field of encouraging and strengthening evidence-based social work practice. They are close to social services organisations and have the ability to use flexible methods in order to bridge the gap between research and practice in a local context. The theoretical framework for the article is the organisational excellence model – an archetype for how research can be used in practice.
Embedding evidence-based practice in child and youth mental health in Ontario
Authors: Manion Ian , Buchanan Don H. , Cheng Michael , Johnston Joanne , Short Kathy
Published: May 2009

This article describes recent trends in the province of Ontario (Canada) and beyond that have begun to create a readiness to bring research to practice in children’s mental health. The experience of developing innovative cross-sectoral partnerships in Ontario that facilitate the linkage of research and service is discussed. The Child and Youth Mental Health Information Network is profiled as an emerging collaboration that epitomises such partnerships, and the key knowledge exchange activities of the five partner organisations are described. The article highlights the importance of engaging all levels of the system – clinical, supervisory, management, community, policy and political – in order to create a culture change that truly supports the sharing of information and the process of embedding evidence-based practice in services for children and families. This is a descriptive article that outlines key complementary knowledge exchange activities of each of the partners while highlighting joint initiatives and the value added of the Network.
Measuring research impact: developing practical and cost-effective approaches
Authors: Canavan John , Gillen Aisling , Shaw Aileen
Published: May 2009

This article discusses the theoretical context of the measurement of research impact within thinking on research dissemination and utilisation. Then, using their experience in a university-based research centre in Ireland, the authors discuss six propositions for successful research impact measurement and illustrate their application in a case study of research on services for people with learning disabilities. The article concludes by examining the implications for research centres in building partnerships with policy and practice communities.
Integrating strategies for delivering evidence-informed practice
Authors: Arney Fiona M. , Bromfield Leah M. , Lewig Kerry , Holzer Prue
Published: May 2009

The need for policy and practice to be informed by a high-quality evidence base has been widely recognised. However, there are many barriers to overcome in order to realise this goal. This article describes a conceptual framework for understanding the drivers of policy and practice in the child and family welfare sectors, and profiles strategies being employed across Australia to facilitate evidence-informed practice.