bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur iterativen Berechnung nicht‐Newton scher Strömungen in Rohren mit Kreisringquerschnitt
Authors: Wilke H.
Published: June 2007

Das Problem der Strömung eines nicht‐Newtonschen Mediums durch ein Rohr mit Kreisringquerschnitt wird mit Hilfe einer numerischen Methode untersucht. Als Voraussetzung wird lediglich die Monotonie und Lipschitz‐Stetigkeit der Materialfunktion gefordert. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist die Anwendung eines Projektions‐Iterationsverfahrens zur Lösung des stationären und instationären Problems möglich. Anhand konkreter Berechnungsfälle für das Materialgesetz von Williamson und für das Potenzgesetz können qualitative und quantitative Angaben über das Strömungsverhalten gemacht werden.
Vergleich einiger Ansätze zur Erfassung der Verformungsanisotropie und eine einfache Spannungs‐Verformungs‐Beziehung
Authors: Backhaus G.
Published: June 2007

Ausgehend von einer allgemeinen anisotropen Fließbedingung [1] [2] werden die von Backhaus [3] [4], Baltov‐Sawczuk [5] und Danilov [6] verwendeten Tensoren des anisotropen Anteils der Fließbedingung miteinander verglichen. Es wird eine vereinfachte Spannungs‐Verformungs‐Beziehung angegeben, die eine isotrope Verfestigung, Bauschingereffekt und Quereffekt bei beliebiger Verformungsgeschichte erfaßt. Auf die Bestimmung des Quereffektes aus Messungen und auf Meßergebnisse wird kurz eingegangen.
Application of an Iterative Ritz Procedure to a Non‐Conservative Stability Problem
Authors: Anderson G. L.
Published: June 2007

The possibility of combining the Ritz procedure with an iteration procedure that can be used to solve certain non‐conservative problems of elastic stability is investigated. This procedure, which is based upon the use of an adjoint variational principle with only a pair of coordinate functions that are successively improved by means of an iteration procedure, is applied to an example problem consisting of a cantilevered column subjected to a tangential force at its free end. Numerical results indicate that the iterated coordinate functions lead to significantly improved values for the critical flutter load and flutter frequency.
Optimal Control for Processes Governed by Mildly Nonlinear Differential Equations of Parabolic Type I
Authors: Wolfersdorf L. V.
Published: June 2007

An analogue of Pontryagin's maximum principle is derived for some classes of optimal control processes described by mildly nonlinear initial‐boundary value problems for parabolic differential equations in n space variables.
Eine Erweiterung der Verfahren mit bedingten Gradienten zur Lösung von Problemen mit konvexen Restriktionen in Ungleichungsform
Authors: Lippold Günter
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine Erweiterung der Verfahren mit bedingten Gradienten von Frank und Wolfe bzw. Dem'janov auf konvexe Optimierungsprobleme angegeben, in der mit den Richtungssuchproblemen von Griffith und Stewart Abstiegsrichtungen für eine exakte Straffunktion bestimmt werden.
Decomposition Method and Transportation Type Problems with a Fractional Objective Function
Authors: Gupta Reeta
Published: June 2007

In this paper we discuss a decomposition procedure for solving a class of transportation type problems with a linear fractional objective function. The main feature of this method is to carry out the computations with the help of smaller basis whose order is equal to the number of sources. The technique provides not only a solution for the primal problem but also for the dual problem.
Bewegungsgleichungen für Systeme starrer Körper mit Gelenken beliebiger Eigenschaften
Authors: Lilov L. , Wittenburg J.
Published: June 2007

Eine beliebige Anzahl starrer Körper ist durch Gelenke mit beliebigen (holonomen, nichtholonomen, skleronomen, rheonomen) Bindungen zu einem System ohne geschlossene kinematische Ketten verbunden. Aus dem d'Alembertschen Prinzip werden die Differentialgleichungen der Bewegung für beliebig wählbare generalisierte Koordinaten entwickelt.
Propagation of Sonic Waves in Radiating Gases
Authors: Srinivasan S. , Ram Rishi
Published: June 2007

The paper discusses the propagation of a sonic discontinuity in a radiating gas. The velocity of propagation is determined and it is shown that the velocity of propagation of the sonic discontinuity is not influenced by the radiative heat transfer under thin gas approximation. The fundamental differential equations governing the growth of the sonic discontinuity are obtained and solved. It is concluded that if the sonic discontinuity is a compressive wave of order 1, then it terminates into a shock wave after a critical time tc which has been determined. But on the other hand, if it is an expansion wave of order 1, it will decay and be damped out ultimately. Particular cases of plane and spherical wave fronts have been discussed in details.
Laminar Entry Problem in Porous Ducts
Authors: Gangal M. K. , Aggarwala B. D.
Published: June 2007

Analysis is developed for determining the flow development for viscous incompressible laminar flow entry problem in porous ducts. Results are obtained in series form for both uniform and “fully developed” (i. e. fully developed velocity profile in the absence of wall mass transfer. For circular ducts, it is the parabolic velocity profile) inlet velocity profiles. Application of this analysis is made to circular and equilateral triangular ducts for the case of wall injection. Results compare well with prior results for circular ducts, while no comparison could be made for equilateral triangular ducts due to non‐availability of published results.
Loading and Unloading of Hypo‐Elastic Materials with Internal Variable
Authors: Tokuoka T.
Published: June 2007

The work‐hardening and the hysteresis of two special hypo‐elastic materials with an internal variable are analyzed. The materials have the modified Huber‐Mises yield criterion and the modified Tresca yield criterion as their singularity relations. The loading and the unloading responses in simple shear and in uniaxial stress extension are illustrated. The phenomenon of the rounding of the corner of the stress‐strain reloading curve is shown, and the loading‐unloading cycles show remarkable work‐hardening character. A fracture law for a material is proposed on the basis of the concept that the non‐decreasing internal variable has an ultimate intrinsic value.
Über eine Klasse nichtkonvexer Optimierungsprobleme
Authors: Hirche J. , Tan Ho Khac
Published: June 2007

Für nichtkonvexe Optimierungsprobleme, bei denen die Zielfunktion aus zwei streng quasimonotonen Funktionen zusammengesetzt ist, werden Aussagen über den Ort der Extremwertannahme gemacht. Zur Ermittlung der Lösung wird ein Branch‐and‐Bound‐Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Schließlich dient der Sonderfall, in dem die Zielfunktion die Summe einer linearen und einer gebrochen linearen Funktion ist, zur Illustration einiger Sachverhalte.
Solution of the Schrödinger Wave Equation in a Space‐Time Continuum by a Finite Element Formulation
Authors: Gass N.
Published: June 2007

A finite element formulation for the solution of the complex three dimensional time dependent Schrödinger equation is developed. The governing finite element equations are valid in any orthogonal flat or curvilinear coordinate system. From the general element expressions two specific finite elements are developed and all element matrices are explicitely given.
Gefährliche Annahmen der Trilateration und bewegliche Fachwerke. I
Authors: Wunderlich W.
Published: June 2007

In der Ebene besteht ein wichtiges Problem der Trilateration in der Ermittlung der Abmessungen und der gegenseitigen Lage zweier Dreiecke P1P2P3 und Q1Q2Q3 durch (elektronische) Messung der neun Entfernungen PiQj. Die Aufgabe ist äquivalent zur Konstruktion eines starren ebenen Fachwerks aus neun Stäben PiQj, die zu je dreien in sechs Knoten zusammenstoßen. Da das analytische Problem recht schwierig ist (Grad 8), wird eine graphische Lösung kinematischen Charakters dargelegt. Wenn die sechs Punkte einem Kegelschnitt angehören, so liegt eine kritische („gefährliche”︁) Annahme mit zwei zusammenfallenden Lösungen vor. Dies bedeutet eine in finitesimale, jedoch praktisch merkliche und daher zu vermeidende Unsicherheit der Trilateration; das entsprechende Fachwerk ist wackelig. In zwei besonderen Fällen dieser Art ist das Stabwerk vollständig beweglich und das Trilaterationsproblem besitzt daher eine stetige Schar von verschiedenen Lösungen. ‐ Der zweite Teil der Arbeit wird die analogen geometrischen Fragen im Raum behandeln.
On Irreducible Representations for Isotropic Scalar Functions
Authors: Boehler J. P.
Published: June 2007

Representations for isotropic scalar‐valued functions, not necessarily polynomials, derived by Wang and by Smith through different procedures are not identical. In the paper both procedures are analysed and the number of invariants entering the functional bases is examined. After suitable amendments of the previously established bases a minimal basis for the chosen invariants is obtained. The technique of proving sufficiency of this set of invariants is given in Appendix.
Gefährliche Annahmen der Trilateration und bewegliche Fachwerke. II
Authors: Wunderlich W.
Published: June 2007

Im dreidimensionalen Raum besteht ein wichtiges Problem der Trilateration in der Ermittlung der Gestalten und der gegenseitigen Lage eines Tetraeders P1 … P4nd eines Oktaeders Q1 … Q6 durch (elektronische) Messung der 24 Entfernungen PiQj. Wenn alle 10 Ecken einer Quadrik angehören, liegt eine gefährliche Annahme mit im allgemeinen einparametriger infinitesimaler Unsicherheit vor; die Anzahl der Punkte kann sogar unbeschränkt steigen, wenn nur alle auf derselben Quadrik liegen. Eine andere und wichtigere gefährliche Annahme tritt auf, wenn alle Standpunkte Pi (i = 1, …, m) einem Kegelschnitt angehören, weil dann die Zielpunkte Qj (j = 1, … n) beliebig, im Raum verteilt sein können; für m = 4 ist die Unsicherheit der Trilateration ‐ und die (infinitesimale) Deformabilität des entsprechenden Stabmodells ‐ zweiparametrig, für m > 4 einparametrig. Zwei Beispiele mit einer stetigen Schar von endlich verschiedenen Lösungen werden diskutiert: Im ersten Fall verteilen sich die Punkte auf zwei orthogonale Geraden, im zweiten auf zwei Fokalkegelschnitte.
Auflösung von Gleichungssystemen mit einer Bandmatrix
Authors: Berg L.
Published: June 2007

Zur Auflösung großer Gleichungssysteme mit einer Bandmatrix wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, mit dessen Hilfe das gegebene System auf einige kleine Systeme zurückgeführt wird. Dieses Verfahren enthält eine Reihe von Freiheitsgraden, deren Ausnutzung zu verschiedenen Varianten führt. Eine Variante liefert direkt die inverse Matrix. Bei den übrigen Varianten wird diskutiert, welcher Fall numerisch optimal ist. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, unter welchen Bedingungen numerische Stabilität zu erwarten ist. Bei tridiagonalen Matrizen ergeben sich geschlossene Formeln. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wird die näherungsweise Lösung eines Identifikationsproblems skizziert.
Zur Lösungseinschließung bei Anfangswertaufgaben gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen nach der Defektmethode
Authors: Bauch H.
Published: June 2007

Die Fehlererfassung bei der numerischen Lösung von Anfangswertaufgaben nach der Defektmethode stellt ein wichtiges numerisches Problem dar. In der Literatur sind hierzu eine Reihe von Verfahren vorgestellt worden, die unter entsprechenden Voraussetzungen recht scharfe Fehlereinschließungen liefern, die allerdings zum Teil instabil sind gegenüber Rundungsfehlereinflüssen oder relativ hohen Rechenaufwand erfordern, weil scharfe Schranken durch Verkleinerung der Arbeitsschrittweiten in Integrationsrichtung erzwungen werden.

Zur Konstruktion numerisch sicherer Fehlerschranken, die sich durch hohe Genauigkeit und vergleichbar geringeren Rechenaufwand auszeichnen, wird im folgenden ein iteratives Verfahren vorgestellt, das ebenfalls auf der Defektmethode basiert. Unter relativ schwachen Voraussetzungen an das Ausgangsproblem entsteht eine linear konvergente Folge inklusionsmonotoner Intervallfunktionen, die sämtlich den gesuchten Fehler ‐ und damit die Lösung des Problems ‐ sicher einschließen.
Discrete Nonlinear Mean Approximation
Authors: Dunham Charles B.
Published: June 2007

Best approximation on a finite set by a non‐linear family of functions with respect to a general sum “norm”, which includes as a special case the Lp norms (1 < p < ∞), is considered. Properties of best approximations are given. It is shown that a local minimum of the error may not be a global minimum. Computation of best approximations is studied. Computational experience with approximation by a first degree polynomial plus an exponential with respect to the 3/2 power norm is discussed.
Zur Konvergenz der Koordinatenrelaxation für Ax = λBx
Authors: Gose Günther
Published: June 2007

Es werden Methoden zur Berechnung der kleineren Eigenwerte von Ax = λBx untersucht. In zwei Sätzen werden hinreichende Bedingungen für die Konvergenz gegen einen Eigenwert und einen Eigenvektor angegeben. Weiter wird begründet, warum fast immer Konvergenz gegen den kleinsten Eigenwert eintritt.
Einschrittverfahren zur numerischen Behandlung des charakteristischen Anfangswertproblems bei einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q)
Authors: Schnerr F.
Published: June 2007

Durch übertragung der u. a. von G. Dahlquist und P. Henrici für Anfangswertaufgaben, bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen y′ = (f(x, y(x)), y(a) = y0, dargestellten Theorie der Einschrittverfahren auf das charakteristische Anfangswertproblem einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q) gelingt es, für diese Verfahrensklasse einige grundlegende Eigenschaften nachzuweisen. Das betrifft insbesondere Untersuchungen zur Konvergenz, der Konsistenz‐ und Konvergenzordnung und des asymptotischen, Stabilitätsverhaltens der Einschrittverfahren. Im Ergebnis werden dadurch einige Eigenschaften beispielsweise der Runge‐Kutta‐Verfahren als spezielle Einschrittverfahren zur numerischen Integration des charakteristischen Anfangswertproblems bei einer hyperbolischen Differentialgleichung zxy = f(x, y, z, p, q) näher charakterisiert.
Eine konsistente Theorie für Flächentragwerke endlicher Verformungen und deren Operatordarstellung auf variationstheoretischer Grundlage
Authors: Başar Y.
Published: June 2007

Für Schalentragwerke endlicher Verformungen werden konsistente Feldgleichungen und Randbedingungen auf variationstheoretischer Grundlage entwickelt. Nach Überführung der tensoriellen Beziehungen in Operatordarstellung wird sodann gezeigt, daß die Struktur konsistenter Formulierungen durch einen einzigen, variationstheoretisch definierten Operator bestimmt wird. Die abschließende Aufspaltung der nichtlinearen Operatoren in verwandte Anteile untermauert die Konsistenz der hergeleiteten Theorie und macht zugleich die weiteren konsistenten Formulierungsvarianten nichtlinearer Theorien sichtbar.
Step-by-Step Control of the Dynamics of a Superconducting QED-like System
Authors: Migliore R. , Messina A. , Sánchez-Soto L. L.
Published: June 2007

We discuss the modus operandi of a theoretical scalable coupling scheme to control step by step the time evolution of a pair of flux qubits embedded in a lossy resonant cavity. The sequential interaction of each qubit with the quantized cavity mode is controlled by externally applied magnetic fluxes. Our analysis indicates that indirect qubit-qubit interactions, with the electromagnetic mode acting as a data bus, can be selectively performed and exploited both for the implementation of entangling gates and for the generation of states with a priori known characteristics.
The evolution of nettle resistance to heavy deer browsing
Authors: Kato Teiko , Ishida Kiyoshi , Sato Hiroaki
Published: June 2007

We examined whether heavy browsing by sika deer, Cervus nippon Temminck, changed morphological characteristics of a Japanese nettle, Urtica thunbergiana Sieb. et Zucc., in Nara Park, where a large population of sika deer has been maintained for more than 1,200 years. Wild nettles of Nara Park exhibited smaller leaf area, 11–223 times more stinging hairs per leaf, and 58–630‐times higher stinging hair densities than those of other areas where there was no evidence of sika deer browsing. There were no significant differences in stinging hair length between the areas. Nettles from Nara Park that were cultivated from seeds in a greenhouse retained a larger number and higher density of stinging hairs. In the field, nettles of Nara Park were less frequently browsed by sika deer and showed higher survivorship than nettles that were transplanted from an unbrowsed area into Nara Park. These results indicate that: (1) the U. thunbergiana population of Nara Park has an extremely high stinging hair density compared with those of unbrowsed areas; (2) this characteristic has a genetic basis, and (3) stinging hairs serve as a defensive structure against sika deer, contributing to an increase in survivorship. Thus, we conclude that a U. thunbergiana population in Nara Park, with extremely high stinging hair densities, has evolved through natural selection due to heavy browsing by sika deer.
Effect of End-to-Side Repair of Proximal Nerve Stumps of Transected Peripheral Nerves on the Development of Neuroma (Experimental Study)
Authors: Ayan Irfan , Bora Arslan , Karakaplan Mustafa , Inan Muharrem , Bostan Bora , Germen Burak , Zorludemir Suzan , Atik Esin
Published: June 2007

Objective

Neuroma is a psychologically and physically disabling problematic condition without any current standard therapy. For that reason, we investigated whether end-to-side anastomosis of the proximal end of the transected nerve into the adjacent nerve will prevent the development of neuroma in different types of nerve injuries.

Study design

In this study, hind legs of 18 Sprague–Dawley female rats were used. Six groups were formed. In group I, peroneal nerves were transected and its proximal end was attached end-to-side through the epineural window to the adjacent tibial nerve. In group II, contrary to group I, an epineural window was created in the tibial nerve and the same number of sutures were employed. In group III, tibial nerve was transected proximal to the end-to-side repair site, whereas in group IV, distal segment of the nerve was cut, and an end-to-end repair procedure was repeated. In group V, unlike group I, an approximately 1-cm segment was resected and removed distal (from tibial nerve) to the end-to-side repair site. In group VI, an epineural window was created in the tibial nerve and the same number of sutures were used, and also a 1-cm distal nerve segment was resected. The rats were followed for 2 months, and then all of the groups were evaluated histopathologically, and weights of the posterior muscle groups of hind legs were evaluated.

Findings and Conclusions

No neuroma formation was observed in the proximal stumps of peroneal nerve segments in end-to-side repair sites in groups I, III, IV, and V, and proximal stumps of the tibial nerve in group V. In group VI, neuroma formation was observed in the proximal end of the tibial nerve. When weights of the posterior muscle groups of hind legs in groups I and II were comparatively assessed, statistically significant difference was not detected. In conclusion, based on histological data obtained for proximal nerve ends and segments distal to the end-to-side repair sites, we think that end to side neurorrhaphy of the proximal end of the damaged nerve to adjacent nerve will prevent the development of neuroma without injuring the intact nerve segment.
Diagnosing idiopathic learning disability: a cost-effectiveness analysis of microarray technology in the National Health Service of the United Kingdom
Authors: Wordsworth Sarah , Buchanan James , Regan Regina , Davison Val , Smith Kim , Dyer Sara , Campbell Carolyn , Blair Edward , Maher Eddy , Taylor Jenny , Knight Samantha J. L.
Published: June 2007

Array based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) is a powerful technique for detecting clinically relevant genome imbalance and can offer 40 to > 1000 times the resolution of karyotyping. Indeed, idiopathic learning disability (ILD) studies suggest that a genome-wide aCGH approach makes 10–15% more diagnoses involving genome imbalance than karyotyping. Despite this, aCGH has yet to be implemented as a routine NHS service. One significant obstacle is the perception that the technology is prohibitively expensive for most standard NHS clinical cytogenetics laboratories. To address this, we investigated the cost-effectiveness of aCGH versus standard cytogenetic analysis for diagnosing idiopathic learning disability (ILD) in the NHS. Cost data from four participating genetics centres were collected and analysed. In a single test comparison, the average cost of aCGH was £442 and the average cost of karyotyping was £117 with array costs contributing most to the cost difference. This difference was not a key barrier when the context of follow up diagnostic tests was considered. Indeed, in a hypothetical cohort of 100 ILD children, aCGH was found to cost less per diagnosis (£3,118) than a karyotyping and multi-telomere FISH approach (£4,957). We conclude that testing for genomic imbalances in ILD using microarray technology is likely to be cost-effective because long-term savings can be made regardless of a positive (diagnosis) or negative result. Earlier diagnoses save costs of additional diagnostic tests. Negative results are cost-effective in minimising follow-up test choice. The use of aCGH in routine clinical practice warrants serious consideration by healthcare providers.
The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Malloy Paul , Tremont Geoffrey , Grace Janet , Frakey Laura
Published: June 2007

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is characterized by pronounced changes in affect, self‐regulation, and social conduct. These behaviors can predate significant cognitive changes and can be the most disabling aspect of FTD, yet there are few scales designed to assess such changes. The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) is a 46‐item behavior rating scale that is intended to measure behavior associated with damage to the frontal systems of the brain, with subscales measuring Apathy, Disinhibition, and Executive Dysfunction. Thirty‐four FTD patients and 34 matched patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) were compared on the FrSBe in the present study. Both groups displayed increases in apathy and dysexecutive behaviors after the onset of dementia, but the FTD group exhibited significantly greater change in disinhibition. A discriminant analysis with just two scores from the FrSBe and a memory test correctly classified 81% of the patients into diagnostic group.
Perspective on everyday technologies for Alzheimer's care: Research findings, directions, and challenges
Authors: Dishman Eric , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: June 2007

The Everyday Technologies for Alzheimer's Care (ETAC) initiative was launched by the Alzheimer's Association and Intel Corporation in 2003 to identify and fund promising research in the use of technology—especially information and communication technologies (ICTs)—for monitoring, diagnosing, and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Agilent Technologies joined the initiative in 2005. In October 2006, representatives of the three partners, together with ETAC award grantees, met to review the most recent research, and discuss how current and developing technologies can address growing needs in Alzheimer's care.
Health economics and the value of therapy in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Schwam Elias M. , Abu‐Shakra Susan , del Valle Megan , Townsend Raymond J. , Carrillo Maria C. , Fillit Howard
Published: June 2007

In increasingly aging societies throughout the developed and developing world, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are fast becoming a critical public health issue, exacting an enormous toll on individuals and healthcare systems. Over the past 10 years, five drugs have been developed and approved for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's dementia, and several disease‐modifying drugs are in various stages of clinical development. While symptomatic medications were consistently shown to have clinical benefit in numerous efficacy studies, the cost effectiveness of antidementia therapies and their value to healthcare systems remain unclear. The pharmacoeconomics of antidementia therapies is an evolving field, with several unanswered questions. This poses many challenges for biopharmaceutical companies developing these therapies, regulatory agencies responsible for their approval, and payers responsible for ensuring their availability to patients. The challenge partly relates to the unique nature of dementia as a disease of impaired cognition, behavior, and function. Thus, the selection of appropriate outcome measures that directly relate to healthcare utilization, quality of life, caregiver burden, and pharmacoeconomic analysis has been difficult. The development of meaningful and widely acceptable outcome measures, as well as novel clinical‐study designs, is needed to better evaluate cost effectiveness and to demonstrate the value of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Providing the decision‐makers in healthcare systems with a body of evidence that demonstrates a positive relationship between clinical outcomes and the economic and humanistic benefits of antidementia therapeutics will improve patient access to novel drugs as they become available.
Organizational knowledge and the manufacturing strategy process: A resource‐based view analysis
Authors: Paiva Ely Laureano , Roth Aleda V. , Fensterseifer Jaime Evaldo
Published: June 2007

The current competitive environment is characterized by new sources of information, new technologies, new management practices, new competitors, and shorter product life cycles, which highlights the importance of organizational knowledge in manufacturing companies. We integrate some of those knowledge‐based approaches seeking to understand how aspects related to cross‐functional orientation, new technologies, and increasing access to information affect manufacturing strategy. In this paper, “know‐what” (where to find the needed information) and “know‐how” (how to run operations smoothly) are considered key components of organizational knowledge in the process of manufacturing strategy formulation. Assuming that knowledge accumulation may lead to competitive advantage, we propose a model of manufacturing strategy process from a resource‐based view perspective. We used a survey to collect field data from 104 companies. The results indicate that cross‐functional activities integrate manufacturing knowledge and contribute to the creation of valuable and rare product characteristics.
Phosphoprotein Keratin 23 accumulates in MSS but not MSI colon cancers in vivo and impacts viability and proliferation in vitro
Authors: Birkenkamp-Demtroder Karin , Mansilla Francisco , Sørensen Flemming Brandt , Kruhøffer Mogens , Cabezón Teresa , Christensen Lise Lotte , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Verspaget Hein W. , Falck Ørntoft Torben
Published: June 2007

Transcript profiling of 27 normal colon mucosas and 258 adenocarcinomas showed Keratin23 to be increased in 78% microsatellite‐stable tumors, while microsatellite‐instable tumors showed low transcript levels, comparable to normal mucosas. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that 88% of microsatellite‐instable tumors were negative for Keratin23 protein, while 70% of MSS tumors and metastases derived from MSS‐tumors showed high Keratin23 levels. Immunofluorescence analysis localized Keratin23 in the Golgi‐apparatus. Golgi accumulation was unique for gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Immunoprecipitation and 2D‐blot analysis revealed Keratin23 to be a 46.8kDa phosphoprotein. Keratin23 impaired the proliferation of human colon cancer cells significantly, leading to cell death in microsatellite‐instable but not microsatellite‐stable cell lines, while COS7 cells experienced multiple nuclei and apoptosis. Keratin23 expression correlated significantly with transcription factor CEBPB. In conclusion, Keratin23 expression is a novel and important difference between microsatellite‐stable and microsatellite‐instable colon cancers.
Making sense of music education policy
Authors: Forari Antonia
Published: June 2007

This article looks at the way music education policy is realised in three curriculum contexts: the formation of the official music curriculum, its implementation by music teachers and its reception by students. Working from within the field of education policy studies, I have collected data on music education in Cyprus in order to explore what music teachers and students might expect from a music curriculum and have compared this with what the official music curriculum actually prescribes. The findings constitute distinct sets of educational ideologies and indicate areas of fragmentation between the three contexts. I discuss some implications and make suggestions for conceptualising music education policy. I conclude that music education policy needs to be construed as a polydynamic process which is polyglot, polycentric and polymorphic in its nature.
Music analysis down the (You) tube? Exploring the potential of cross-media listening for the music classroom
Authors: Webb Michael
Published: June 2007

School students' immersion in a rich entertainment media environment has implications for classroom listening. Increasing interaction among media, design, games, communications and arts fields has led to a growing trend in the creative alignment of music and moving image. Video sharing sites such as YouTube are assisting in the proliferation and dissemination of such material, and are a source for the stimulation of creative and artistic activity from which music education can benefit. In this article I explore some of the possibilities of cross-media listening, which considers music from (variously) aural, visual, spatial and kinaesthetic orientations. Cross-media listening centres on visual musical works, pieces from moving image genres that are structured according to the codes, materials, devices and processes of music. Grounded in sound pedagogical principles and expounded through a series of analyses, cross-media listening advocates a reintegrated, multi-domain approach to encountering music in educational settings.
An investigation into effective string teaching in a variety of learning contexts: a single case study
Authors: Kai-Wen Cheng Evangeline , Durrant Colin
Published: June 2007

This study aims to explore and investigate the factors that contribute to effective instrumental teaching and to understand the interdependence and interactions between these factors. The study obtained data using qualitative research tools from a series of individual and group instrumental teaching observations and a semi-structured interview with an instrumental teacher operating in a variety of teaching contexts. Findings from the study suggest that a great number of factors are required for instrumental teaching and learning to be effective. These factors interweave with each other and form a creative teaching style for the subject. The research indicated that it is helpful for the teachers to focus on pupils' learning processes rather than only on their learning outcomes. When real learning occurs, it is a positive experience for both teachers and pupils with long-term benefits in other areas of learning.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: June 2007

What would an ideal music education look like? All too often in education research and practice, our vision of how music education might be is constrained by how it is; by the practicalities of funding, teacher expertise, student motivation and curriculum status. Several of the authors in this issue ask us to forget those concerns momentarily, and consider what Dawn Bennett calls a ‘musotopia’ – the ideal that music education might aim for in engaging students with music and preparing them for lifelong involvement. Bennett's interest lies with students in higher education, whose ‘musotopia’ involves adequate preparation for a musical career, rather than the sole focus on instrumental excellence which has characterised past conservatoire models of teaching. Whilst this might be thought of as idealistic, it contains a strong element of realism, with Bennett asking conservatoire tutors to address the diverse skills needed by the next generation of musicians, rather than focusing solely on instrumental excellence.
Scheduling Monuments: The Rose Theatre Case
Authors: Goyder Joanna
Published: June 2007

1 Summary

In R v Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co [1990] 1 All ER 754, Schiemann J. held that no ordinary member of the public, nor even a very large number of members of the public who have joined together for that very purpose, has any standing to challenge a decision by the Secretary of State for the Environment not to schedule a site as a monument of national importance under Section 1(3) of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Moreover, the Secretary of State may base the exercise of his discretion on a number of factors in addition to the consideration of whether or not the site is a monument of national importance.
A Licit International Trade in Cultural Objects
Authors: Merryman John Henry
Published: June 2007

Retentive nationalism has until recently dominated thinking about the international movement of cultural property, while the international interest in an active licit trade has been ignored and the interests of museums, collectors and the art and antiquities trade have been denigrated. An active licit market in cultural property advances the international interest, provides income to source nations and reduces the harm done by the black market. Trade in “culturally moveable” objects in private hands serves the international interest and is internationally licit, even when it offends national export controls. Source nations can reduce the damage from clandestine excavations by employing more sophisticated domestic controls and feeding surplus archaeological objects to the licit market. The “commodification” objection to an active trade in cultural objects lacks substance. Market nations can provide the most effective political force for development of an active market. They, and the art and antiquities trade, can help source nations finance organization of their cultural property resources for effective participation in a licit international trade.
The Protection of British Heritage: Woburn Abbey and The Three Graces
Authors: Bush Sara E.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the removal of Canova's sculpture, The Three Graces, from Woburn Abbey and the British laws that determined its subsequent treatment and ownership. In this case, the group of laws intended to protect the integrity of Woburn Abbey's Sculpture Gallery was deemed to be less important than the goal of retaining the sculpture within the country. It is therefore necessary to examine the relationship between the object and the building and the effectiveness of the laws designed to preserve objects and buildings for the benefit of the public. This article examines the implications of the laws regulating the preservation of historic buildings and the export of works of art for definitions of cultural property and national patrimony.
Israeli Law, Jewish Law and the Archaeological Excavation of Tombs
Authors: Einhorn Talia
Published: June 2007

The author discusses the conflict in Israel between the public interest in archaeological research and the religious convictions that human remains, once buried, should not be touched. The conflict is exacerbated by urban development, which, in this ancient land, necessitates rescue excavations of tombs, thus bringing the problem to a head. The article examines, first, the rules of Jewish law, which, the author contends, have made it possible to accommodate the interests of the living, and, secondly, the scientific value of the archaeological excavation of tombs, using recent examples as illustrations. The author concludes that Jewish law could be interpreted and applied more flexibly and could then be reconciled with Israeli law. However, even if such a development were not to take place, then, in keeping with democratic values, government officials and the courts would be required to follow the policies established by the legislator, a balance between the conflicting interests having already been embodied in the law.
The Fate of the Koenigs Collection: Public and Private International Law Aspects
Authors: Gattini Andrea
Published: June 2007

The Koenigs Collection of Old Master drawings was transferred during the course of World War II from private ownership to the German government. Most of the collection recently appeared in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. The author examines the validity of these transfers and the proper ownership of the collection today from both a public and private international law perspective. The dispute as to ownership between Russia and the Netherlands and the role of the German government is a difficult one to resolve, particularly in light of current claims for war reparations and recent developments in international law concerning the transfer of cultural property.
The Auction of the “Mauerbach Treasure”
Authors: Seidl-Hohenveldern Ignaz
Published: June 2007

This article describes the history of the objects stored at the Mauerbach monastery in Austria from soon after the Second World War until their auction last year. During the war, the German National Socialists had collected art works throughout Europe in many different ways—through theft, confiscation, forced sales, and legitimate sales. Both the legal issues raised by the attempts to determine the rightful owners of these objects and the criticism which the Austrian government received for failing to find more of these owners are discussed. The situation was finally resolved last year when the remaining objects were auctioned and the proceeds given to various organizations representing the victims of the Nazis.

At long last, the story of the “Mauerbach Treasure” has been concluded. This hoard of art objects has been the source of many legends owing to the secrecy, including even the identification of the objects themselves, which had surrounded it for many years.1
Isotope constraints on water, carbon, and heat fluxes from the northern Great Plains region of North America
Authors: Ferguson Paul R. , Weinrauch Nicole , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Mayer Bernhard , Veizer Ján
Published: June 2007

Water vapor flux facilitates the transfer of large amounts of mass and energy from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, yet the proportions of this flux ascribed to evaporation and plant transpiration are poorly constrained. Here we used a water‐isotope mass balance approach to partition evaporation and transpiration water vapor fluxes in the northern Great Plains region of western Canada. Utilizing the proportion of gross watershed area that contributes to annual river flow, we estimated that of the mean annual precipitation (∼490 mm), ∼7% was transferred to the atmosphere via direct evaporation from water bodies and soils, whereas ∼50% was returned to the atmosphere by plant transpiration. Further, through the explicit coupling of transpiration and photosynthesis, we estimated that plant transpiration in the watersheds corresponded to an annual photosynthetic carbon flux of ∼48.9 × 1012 g C or ∼325 g C m−2. Although uncertainty related to this estimate of photosynthetic carbon uptake was substantial owing to the paucity of regional estimates of plant water‐use efficiency, it was similar to the flux of carbon released through soil respiration and other independent estimates of primary productivity. The water‐isotope mass balance approach in partitioning evaporation and transpiration fluxes at a regional scale was promising, although results revealed that the flux estimates would be greatly improved by longer‐term data on the isotope composition of river water, precipitation, and atmospheric moisture, as well as through detailed regional‐scale measurements of plant water‐use efficiency under various environmental and climatic conditions.
Evidence for carbon sequestration by agricultural liming
Authors: Hamilton Stephen K. , Kurzman Amanda L. , Arango Clay , Jin Lixin , Robertson G. Philip
Published: June 2007

Agricultural lime can be a source or a sink for CO2, depending on whether reaction occurs with strong acids or carbonic acid. Here we examine the impact of liming on global warming potential by comparing the sum of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to carbonate alkalinity in soil solutions beneath unmanaged vegetation versus limed row crops, and of streams and rivers in agricultural versus forested watersheds, mainly in southern Michigan. Soil solutions sampled by tension indicated that lime can act as either a source or a sink for CO2. However, infiltrating waters tended to indicate net CO2 uptake, as did tile drainage waters and streams draining agricultural watersheds. As nitrate concentrations increased in infiltrating waters, lime switched from a net CO2 sink to a source, implying nitrification as a major acidifying process. Dissolution of lime may sequester CO2 equal to roughly 25–50% of its C content, in contrast to the prevailing assumption that all of the carbon in lime becomes CO2. The ∼30 Tg/yr of agricultural lime applied in the United States could thus sequester up to 1.9 Tg C/yr, about 15% of the annual change in the U.S. CO2 emissions (12 Tg C/yr for 2002–2003). The implications of liming for atmospheric CO2 stabilization should be considered in strategies to mitigate global climate change.
Generation of short‐burst radiation through Alfvénic acceleration of auroral electrons
Authors: Su Yi‐Jiun , Ergun R. E. , Jones S. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Chaston C. C. , Parker S. E. , Horwitz J. L.
Published: June 2007

A comparison of modeled simulation results with in situ observations is presented in an effort to better understand the generation mechanism of short‐burst radiation (AKR) observed in the Alfvénic acceleration region. The simulation is performed using a linear gyrofluid Alfvén model to generate propagating inertial Alfvén waves with a test particle scheme to study the behavior of electrons under the influence of waves. The observations are taken from the wave and plasma instruments on board the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) satellite. We find that single‐ and multiple‐electron shell distributions are produced as a result of parallel electric fields generated from inertial Alfvén waves. Electrons outside the loss cone are reflected back up the flux tube because of the mirror force forming electron conics. Distributions obtained from this simulation resemble the observed electron distributions in the Alfvénic auroral acceleration region where short‐burst radiations were present. Multiple‐shell distributions as well as electron conics are unstable, making them candidates for triggering the electron‐cyclotron maser instability. Hence we suggest that these unstable distributions, resulting from the effects of inertial Alfvén wave, could be the source of the observed short‐burst radiation in the terrestrial auroral zone magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling region. We also briefly discuss the application of this general mechanism to explain the Io‐associated S‐bursts observed emanating from the Jovian magnetosphere.
Observations of the low‐latitude solar eclipse on 8 April 2005 by CHAMP
Authors: Tomás A. T. , Lühr H. , Förster M. , Rentz S. , Rother M.
Published: June 2007

Measurements of ionospheric and thermospheric parameters obtained by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite were analyzed for the time period of the solar eclipse on 8 April 2005. We have analyzed the electron density and temperature, as well as the thermospheric mass density and the neutral wind velocity. Because of the location of the eclipse close to the equator, a study of the equatorial electrojet is also included. During closest approach, CHAMP passed the region of 30% obscuration. Significant modifications of the ionosphere at F2 layer altitudes could be observed. The plasma fountain at the equator is strongly enhanced, resembling post‐sunset conditions. The thermospheric mass density and zonal wind show no eclipse‐related effect. The equatorial electrojet strength is reduced by almost 40%. This is about twice the amount expected from E region electron depletion at the CHAMP footprint.
Radiation belt electrons respond to multiple solar wind inputs
Authors: Rigler E. J. , Wiltberger M. , Baker D. N.
Published: June 2007

The multivariate statistical basis that underlies both single‐ and multi‐input linear prediction filter analyses is reviewed, providing context necessary to understand the full capabilities and limitations of such models. A brief reanalysis of single‐input filters is conducted primarily as a contrast to subsequent analysis of multi‐input linear filters, which (1) guarantee similar or better prediction capabilities than single‐input linear filters and (2) reduce bias in estimated filter coefficients that is inherent to underspecified linear models when ordinary least squares algorithms are employed. The former is clearly valuable from a practical standpoint, but the latter helps build confidence in any physical interpretations of both the filter coefficients, which often emulate stable low‐order dynamical response functions quite well, as well as prediction error statistics that can be used to provide a lower bound on the fractional or percent variance of radiation belt electron flux that can be attributed to each different solar wind input. We find that the solar wind bulk speed tends to be the primary driver of electron flux enhancements at magnetic L shells larger than 4, with little or no relation to flux decreases. Changes in the solar wind’s magnetic field strength tend to temporarily reduce electron fluxes between L = 4 and L = 8, while enhancing it between L = 3 and L = 4. In contrast to predictions generated by single‐input linear filters, multi‐input filters show that solar wind plasma density only contributes weakly to electron flux variability, although it does so consistently across nearly all L shells. Finally, we studied two distinct 4‐year intervals within the most recent solar cycle and found that smaller, more time‐stationary prediction errors are generated by multi‐input linear filters. We therefore conclude that multi‐input filters more accurately reflect real dynamic relationships than any single‐input linear filter alone.
Temporal and spectral variations of anomalous oxygen nuclei measured by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 in the outer heliosphere
Authors: Webber W. R. , Cummings A. C. , McDonald F. B. , Stone E. C. , Heikkila B. , Lal N.
Published: June 2007

We have studied the temporal and spectral variations of anomalous oxygen nuclei at the Voyager 1 (V1) and 2 (V2) spacecraft in the outer heliosphere from 1990 to the present time in 2006 when V1 is now beyond the heliospheric termination shock. During this time period, the intensities increased from their lowest values in 1990–1991 up to a maximum in 1998–1999 and then decreased rapidly in 2000–2001 in time coincidence with the change in solar magnetic polarity from positive to negative. During the time period after 2001, significant changes in intensities and spectra are observed relative to the earlier period of positive solar magnetic polarity before 2001. It is found that the intensities of O above ∼10 MeV/nuc at V1 after ∼2002.0 were higher relative to the same galactic cosmic ray He intensity between 150–380 MeV/nuc than in the earlier time period. As a result, by 2006 these intensities were a factor ∼3 times those measured at the intensity maximum in 1998–1999 in the previous polarity cycle. The changes observed at V2 followed a similar pattern, but the relative intensity changes of O were a factor ∼2 times greater than those observed at V1. Also, above ∼10 MeV/nuc, the intensity changes at V1 and V2 were nearly energy independent, and the spectra at all times before and after the solar magnetic polarity change and at all modulation levels remained ∼E−3.0±0.2, possibly characteristic of a “source” spectrum. When V1 crossed the termination shock, no noticeable spectral or intensity changes were observed.