bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificially generated turbulence: a review of phycological nanocosm, microcosm, and mesocosm experiments
Authors: Arnott Russell N. , Cherif Mehdi , Bryant Lee D. , Wain Danielle J.
Published: January 2021

Building on a summary of how turbulence influences biological systems, we reviewed key phytoplankton-turbulence laboratory experiments (after Peters and Redondo in Scientia Marina: Lectures on plankton and turbulence, International Centre for Coastal Resources, Barcelona, 1997) and Peters and Marrasé (Marine Ecology Progress Series 205:291–306, 2000) to provide a current overview of artificial turbulence generation methods and quantification techniques. This review found that most phytoplankton studies using artificial turbulence feature some form of quantification of turbulence; it is recommended to use turbulent dissipation rates (ε) for consistency with physical oceanographic and limnological observations. Grid-generated turbulence is the dominant method used to generate artificial turbulence with most experiments providing quantified ε values. Couette cylinders are also commonly used due to the ease of quantification, albeit as shear rates not ε. Dinoflagellates were the primary phytoplanktonic group studied due to their propensity for forming harmful algal blooms (HAB) as well as their apparent sensitivity to turbulence. This study found that a majority of experimental setups are made from acrylate plastics that could emit toxins as these materials degrade under UV light. Furthermore, most cosm systems studied were not sufficiently large to accommodate the full range of turbulent length scales, omitting larger vertical overturns. Recognising that phytoplankton-turbulence interactions are extremely complex, the continued promotion of more interdisciplinary studies is recommended.
Social Connection and Self-perceived Depression Among Adolescents: A Path Analytic Model for Abu Dhabi
Authors: Badri Masood , Khaili Mugheer Al , Bahar Muna Al , Yang Guang , Reynhout Georgina , Rashdi Asma Al
Published: January 2021

We examined how family and friendship connections of adolescents (15–19 years old) interrelate and how these interactions affect their self-perceived depression and stress. The data were collected through the Abu Dhabi Quality of Life Survey in 2018, which was completed by more than 51,000 respondents. Nine hundred and fifty-eight out of 3356 adolescents in the survey self-identified themselves as depressed. We developed a structural equation path model to explicate the relationships among the variables hypothesized to affect adolescents’ self-reported depression. The results produced an excellent fit of statistics of the model to the data. In general, social connections and relationships with family and friends directly affected adolescents’ self-perceived depressive feelings. More specifically, variables such as “often feeling isolated from people,” “the amount of quality time spent with family,” “the frequency of meeting with friends, relatives or colleagues,” and “involvement in informal activities with friends” had the greatest total effects on adolescents’ self-perceived depression. “The amount of quality time spent with family” also exerted indirect influence on feelings of isolation. Involvement in sports groups, involvement in religious and spiritual groups, and generalized trust did not exhibit any direct influence but had an indirect impact on self-perceived depression. The findings could contribute to the current understanding of theories of depression and yield implications for social policy, social service, and social work interventions for school-aged adolescents in Abu Dhabi.
How to Detect Altruists: Experiments Using a Zero-Acquaintance Video Presentation Paradigm
Authors: Oda Ryo , Tainaka Tomomi , Morishima Kosuke , Kanematsu Nobuho , Yamagata-Nakashima Noriko , Hiraishi Kai
Published: January 2021

In this study, we investigated the cognitive processes and nonverbal cues used to detect altruism in three experiments based on a zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Cognitive mechanisms of altruism detection are thought to have evolved in humans to prevent subtle cheating. Several studies have demonstrated that people can correctly estimate levels of altruism in others. In this study, we asked participants to distinguish altruists from non-altruists in video clips using the Faith game. Participants decided whether they could trust allocation of money to the targets who were videotaped while talking to the experimenter. In our first experiment, we asked the participants to play the Faith game under cognitive load. The accuracy of altruism detection was not reduced when participants simultaneously performed a cognitive task, suggesting that altruist detection is rapid and effortless. In the second experiment, we investigated the effects of affective status on the accuracy of altruism detection. Compared with participants in a positive mood, those in a negative mood were more hesitant to trust videotaped targets. However, the accuracy with which altruism levels were detected did not change when we manipulated participants’ moods. In the third experiment, we investigated the facial cues by which participants detected altruists. Participants could not detect altruists when the upper half of the target’s face was hidden, suggesting that judgment cues exist around the eyes. We also conducted a meta-analysis on the effect size in each experimental condition to verify the robustness of altruism detection ability.
Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Ghafoor Hina , Nordbeck Peter , Ritter Oliver , Pauli Paul , Schulz Stefan M.
Published: January 2021

Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF.
Widerstand oder Terrorismus? Eine theoretische Grundlegung
Authors: Höntzsch Frauke
Published: January 2021

Terrorismus ist ein nicht nur politisch, sondern auch politikwissenschaftlich umstrittener Begriff. Das liegt in dem Umstand begründet, dass mit der Kennzeichnung politischer Gewalt als Terrorismus eine Wertung verbunden ist: Terrorismus gilt als illegitime Gewalt – im Gegensatz zu Widerstand, der gleichfalls illegal ist, aber als legitim verstanden wird. Die gängigen wissenschaftlichen Terrorismusdefinitionen versuchen diese Wertung auszublenden und definieren Terrorismus als Taktik und damit als Mittel zum Zweck; der Analyse bzw. Auswahl empirischer Phänomene aber geht eine Wertung notwendig voraus. Der vorliegende Beitrag schlägt demgegenüber eine Konzeption von Terrorismus vor, die die Ziele und damit die Frage nach der Legitimation politischer Gewalt systematisch miteinbezieht. Die vorgeschlagene Konzeptualisierung nimmt das Selbstverständnis von Akteuren politischer Gewalt, die die von ihnen verübte Gewalt notwendig als legitim, mithin als Widerstand, begreifen müssen, zum Ausgangspunkt und misst die Berechtigung dieser Selbstzuschreibung anhand der klassischen Rechtfertigung gewaltsamen Widerstands. Der vorliegende Beitrag entwickelt auf dieser Grundlage einen mehrstufigen Maßstab zur Unterscheidung legitimer und illegitimer politischer Gewalt, der von den moralischen Überzeugungen der Akteure abstrahiert.
Forest Management Cooperatives and Their Development Under Uncertain Conditions: A Comprehensive Analysis Using an Actor-Centered Institutionalism Approach
Authors: Sonnhoff Matthias , Selter Andy , Kleinschmit Daniela , Schraml Ulrich
Published: January 2021

The change in forest ownership structures, the resulting fragmentation of forest properties and restitution processes have led to the emergence of organizations in Europe that are able to deal with these challenges. Changes in the timber selling process due to decisions of the German Federal Competition Authority have led first to uncertain conditions for forest management cooperatives (FMCs) and their members in the federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg. In the course of this change, some FMCs have questioned their status quo while others have evolved under uncertain conditions. This paper aims to provide an overview of factors determining the further development of forest management cooperatives under uncertain conditions following the categories of actor-centered institutionalism (ACI). To be able to conduct a comprehensive political analysis of the changes taking place in the timber selling process, the ACI approach is used in conjunction with path dependency as the theoretical framework for this paper. Methodologically, it is based on a qualitative analysis of field protocols from four regional conferences in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, involving a total of 140 participants in 2017. The results highlight that individual actors, the economic and social capabilities of FMCs, the existing constellations and interactions determine further developments under uncertainty. Legal certainty and in some cases the withdrawal of the state determine positively the dealing with uncertain situations. Foresters and their direction essentially determine the development. Furthermore, FMCs highlight that the cooperation with municipal foresters has a positive impact that will help deal with uncertainty in the future. A clear interest of cooperation and long-standing relationships also determine further developments under uncertain conditions.
Post-surgery anxiety and depression in prostate cancer patients: prevalence, longitudinal progression, and their correlations with survival profiles during a 3-year follow-up
Authors: Hu Su , Li Li , Wu Xiaoling , Liu Zhengqing , Fu Adan
Published: January 2021

Background

Anxiety and depression are more frequent in cancer patients than general population and may be correlated with cancer prognosis; however, their value in prostate cancer patients is largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate prevalence of anxiety and depression in prostate cancer survivors post the surgeries, and their correlations with patients’ disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Methods

A hundred and ninety-four patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy were enrolled. After discharged from hospital, patients were assessed for post-surgery anxiety and depression every 3 months using Zung Self-rating Anxiety/Depression Scale (SAS/SDS) for a total of 36 months. In addition, disease conditions, DFS, and OS were also documented.

Results

SAS score (P < 0.001), anxiety rate (P = 0.004), SDS score (P < 0.001), and depression rate (P < 0.001) gradually elevated from baseline to month 36 in prostate cancer patients. Anxiety at baseline (P = 0.009) and anxiety at 3 years (P = 0.017) were correlated with worse DFS, and anxiety at baseline (P = 0.009) was also correlated with shorter OS in prostate cancer patients. Furthermore, depression at baseline (P = 0.005) and depression at 2 years (P = 0.008) were associated with unfavorable DFS, and depression at baseline (P = 0.001), 1 year (P = 0.025), and 2 years (P = 0.008) were associated with worse OS in prostate cancer patients. Moreover, multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards regression analysis elucidated that depression at baseline (P = 0.027) was an independent predictive factor for shorter DFS in prostate cancer patients.

Conclusion

Anxiety and depression both gradually deteriorate, and they correlate with unfavorable survival profile in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy.
In vivo Validation of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) to Investigate Aggregate Formation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Don Emily K. , Maschirow Alina , Radford Rowan A. W. , Scherer Natalie M. , Vidal-Itriago Andrés , Hogan Alison , Maurel Cindy , Formella Isabel , Stoddart Jack J. , Hall Thomas E. , Lee Albert , Shi Bingyang , Cole Nicholas J. , Laird Angela S. , Badrock Andrew P. , Chung Roger S. , Morsch Marco
Published: January 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a form of motor neuron disease (MND) that is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons within the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex. Although ALS clinically manifests as a heterogeneous disease, with varying disease onset and survival, a unifying feature is the presence of ubiquitinated cytoplasmic protein inclusion aggregates containing TDP-43. However, the precise mechanisms linking protein inclusions and aggregation to neuronal loss are currently poorly understood. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) takes advantage of the association of fluorophore fragments (non-fluorescent on their own) that are attached to an aggregation-prone protein of interest. Interaction of the proteins of interest allows for the fluorescent reporter protein to fold into its native state and emit a fluorescent signal. Here, we combined the power of BiFC with the advantages of the zebrafish system to validate, optimize, and visualize the formation of ALS-linked aggregates in real time in a vertebrate model. We further provide in vivo validation of the selectivity of this technique and demonstrate reduced spontaneous self-assembly of the non-fluorescent fragments in vivo by introducing a fluorophore mutation. Additionally, we report preliminary findings on the dynamic aggregation of the ALS-linked hallmark proteins Fus and TDP-43 in their corresponding nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments using BiFC. Overall, our data demonstrates the suitability of this BiFC approach to study and characterize ALS-linked aggregate formation in vivo. Importantly, the same principle can be applied in the context of other neurodegenerative diseases and has therefore critical implications to advance our understanding of pathologies that underlie aberrant protein aggregation.
Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis of the life attitude profile in Chilean adolescents
Authors: Imbarack Dagach Patricia , Brotfeld Cristian , García-Alandete Joaquín
Published: January 2021

Adolescents are challenged to take decisions about issues associated to the vital circle and the comprehension of the world. Meaning in life (MiL) takes a leading role in adolescence. Reker and Peacock developed the Life Attitude Profile (LAP) for assessing MiL, and Erci developed a revised version (LAP-R). The main objective of this study was to analyze the factorial structure, reliability, invariance across gender, and absence/presence of assessment bias of a Spanish adaptation of the Turkish LAP-R among 2138 Chilean adolescents (1205 boys, 912 girls, and 8 others), who were studying in 3rd and 4th year. The LAP-R showed an acceptable structural validity, acceptable internal consistency, and invariance across gender. MiL as a significant domain of human experience in adolescents.
Temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system for EOR in the Tahe Oilfield
Authors: Guo Ji-Xiang , Zhang Shi-Ling , Yang Yu-Qi , Yu Zi-Jing , Li Liang , Wang Yu-Shan , Zhang Long-Sheng
Published: January 2021

A new temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system (referred to as the SS system) for enhancing oil recovery at the Tahe Oilfield (Xinjiang, China) was evaluated. Based on the analysis of the crude oil, the formation water and rock components in the Tahe Oilfield, the long-term thermal stability, salt tolerance and the ability to change the wettability, interfacial activity and oil washing efficiency of the mixed surfactant system were studied. The system contains the anionic surfactant SDB and another cationic surfactant SDY. When the total mass concentration of the SS solution is 0.15 wt%, m(SDB)/m(SDY) ratio is 1 to 1, and excellent efficiencies are achieved for oil washing for five kinds of Tahe Oilfield crude oils (more than 60%). In addition, after adding cationic surfactant, the adsorption capacity of the surfactant is further reduced, reaching 0.261 mg/g. The oil displacement experiments indicate that under a temperature of 150 °C and a salinity of 24.6 × 104 mg/L, the SS system enhances the oil recovery by over 10% after water flooding. The SS anionic–cationic surfactant system is first presented in the open literature that can be successfully applied to obtain predictions of Tahe Oilfield carbonate reservoirs with a high temperature and high salinity.
Long-Term Improvement in Precautions for Flood Risk Mitigation: A Case Study in the Low-Lying Area of Central Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Cong Dinh , Ubukata Fumikazu , Nguyen Quang Tan , Vo Hoang Ha
Published: January 2021

Local actors appear as inseparable components of the integrated flood risk mitigation strategy in Vietnam. Recognizing this fact, this study examined the long-term improvement in precautions taken by commune authorities and households between two major floods in 1999 and 2017 by applying both quantitative and qualitative methods. Two flood-prone villages were selected for a survey; one in a rural area and the other in a suburban area of Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam. The findings indicate that most villagers doubted the structural works’ efficacy and were dissatisfied with the current efforts of local authorities. Households’ self-preparation thus became the decisive factor in mitigating risk. While most households have paid greater attention to flood precautions in 2017, others seem to be lagging. Poverty-related barriers were the root causes restraining households in both rural and suburban villages. The suburban riverine residents were further identified as vulnerable by their limitations in upgrading structural measures, which was ascribed to the inconsistency in the ancient town’s preservation policy. This multidimensional comparison, in terms of vulnerability, emphasized the importance of space-function links in the suburb and the contradictions of different policy initiatives, such as landscape rehabilitation, disaster prevention, and livelihood maintenance.
QSPR analysis of some novel neighbourhood degree-based topological descriptors
Authors: Mondal Sourav , Dey Arindam , De Nilanjan , Pal Anita
Published: January 2021

Topological index is a numerical value associated with a chemical constitution for correlation of chemical structure with various physical properties, chemical reactivity or biological activity. In this work, some new indices based on neighborhood degree sum of nodes are proposed. To make the computation of the novel indices convenient, an algorithm is designed. Quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) study is a good statistical method for investigating drug activity or binding mode for different receptors. QSPR analysis of the newly introduced indices is studied here which reveals their predicting power. A comparative study of the novel indices with some well-known and mostly used indices in structure-property modelling and isomer discrimination is performed. Some mathematical properties of these indices are also discussed here.
Estimation of uranium in groundwater and assessment of age-dependent radiation dose in Nalbari district of Assam, India
Authors: Saikia Rosy , Chetia Dipankar , Bhattacharyya Krishna G.
Published: January 2021

Uranium concentration has been estimated in 31 groundwater samples collected from the Nalbari district of Assam in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. Fourteen other water quality parameters have also been monitored to study their correlation with uranium. The uranium concentration varies from 0.3 to 7.1 µg/L with the mean value of 2.15 µg/L in pre-monsoon and 0.6–10.3 µg/L with the mean value of 2.75 µg/L in the post-monsoon season. The higher concentration of uranium in post-monsoon may be ascribed to the dissolution of uranium from soil sediments in the rainy season. It has been observed that the uranium content in both seasons is far lower than the WHO (2011) permissible limit of 30 µg/L. In both seasons, nitrate, sulphate, and especially phosphate show a positive correlation with uranium, which may be due to different agricultural activities. Agricultural nitrate and phosphate fertilization might be the carrier of uranium in groundwater through dissolution. For all life stage groups, the annual effective dose was appeared to be far below the WHO (2011) prescribed limit of 100 µSv/y. In consideration to adults, the ingestion dose for infants was turned out to be higher. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk was less than the permissible limits for both children and adults. Both dose value and risk indices were found higher in the post-monsoon season.
Genres across the Disciplines
Authors: Nesi Hilary , Gardner Sheena
Published: January 2021

Genres across the Disciplines presents cutting edge, corpus-based research into student writing in higher education.

Genres across the Disciplines is essential reading for those involved in syllabus and materials design for the development of writing in higher education, as well as for those investigating EAP. The book explores creativity and the use of metaphor as students work towards becoming experts in the genres of their discipline. Grounded in the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus, the text is rich with authentic examples of assignment tasks, macrostructures, concordances and keywords.

Also available separately as a paperback.
The Frontier in British India
Authors: Simpson Thomas
Published: January 2021

Thomas Simpson provides an innovative account of how distinctive forms of colonial power and knowledge developed at the territorial fringes of colonial India during the nineteenth century. Through critical interventions in a wide range of theoretical and historiographical fields, he speaks to historians of empire and science, anthropologists, and geographers alike. The Frontier in British India provides the first connected and comparative analysis of frontiers in northwest and northeast India and draws on visual and written materials from an array of archives across the subcontinent and the UK. Colonial interventions in frontier spaces and populations were, it shows, enormously destructive but also prone to confusion and failure on their own terms. British frontier administrators did not merely suffer 'turbulent' frontiers, but actively worked to generate and uphold these regions as spaces of governmental and scientific exception. Accordingly, India's frontiers became crucial spaces of imperial practice and imagination throughout the nineteenth century.
Computer-Generated Phase-Only Holograms for 3D Displays
Authors: Tsang Peter Wai Ming
Published: January 2021

'Phase-only Fresnel holograms,' which can be displayed on a single SLM without the need for lenses or complicated optical accessories, substantially simplifies 3-D holographic display systems. Exploring essential concepts, theories, and formulations of these phase-only Fresnel holograms, this book provides comprehensive coverage of modern methods for generating such holograms, which pave the way for commercial products such as compact holographic projectors, heads-up displays, and data security enhancement.
Relevant MATLAB codes are provided for readers to implement and evaluate the theories and formulations of different methods, and can be used as a quick start framework for further research and development. This is a crucial and up-to-date treatment of phase-only Fresnel holograms for students and researchers in electrical and electronic engineering, computer science/engineering, applied physics, information technology, and multimedia technology, as well as engineers and scientists in industry developing new products on 3-D displays and holographic projection.
Otitis media in coronavirus disease 2019: a case series
Authors: Raad N , Ghorbani J , Mikaniki N , Haseli S , Karimi-Galougahi M
Published: January 2021

Background

Manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 in ENT include sore throat, rhinorrhoea, anosmia and dysgeusia. Whether coronavirus disease 2019 causes otitis media is not known.

Objective

To assess the presence of otitis media in a series of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and ENT symptoms.

Methods

The study included patients with coronavirus disease 2019, confirmed on polymerase chain reaction assay, who had otological (e.g. otalgia, otorrhoea, hearing loss) or other ENT (e.g. anosmia, dysgeusia) manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019, in two tertiary referral hospitals in Iran. Patients were excluded if they had a background of otological problems including previous acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, otological surgery, and trauma or radiotherapy to the head and neck.

Results

Otitis media was found in eight patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and no background of otological problems. Six patients had middle-ear effusion, three had typical signs of acute otitis media, and one had a tympanic membrane perforation. Most patients had hearing loss; conductive hearing loss and mild sensorineural hearing loss at high frequencies were the underlying mechanisms.

Conclusion

Otitis media should be considered a manifestation or associated symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 during the current pandemic.
Effects of season and mesh size on the selection of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson in the Persian Gulf artisanal gillnet fishery
Authors: Pouladi Mojtaba , Paighambari Seyed Yousef , Broadhurst Matt K. , Millar Russell B. , Eighani Morteza
Published: January 2021

In response to perceived, but unknown variation among the size selection of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) by artisanal gillnetters off Iran, and the need for such data to control exploitation as a precursor to balanced harvesting, the effects of two common mesh sizes (130 and 140 mm stretched mesh opening made from multifilament twine) on catches were investigated over one fishing year (nine months encompassing autumn to spring). Both mesh sizes mostly caught S. commerson at fork lengths (FL) larger than mean sizes at maturity (>67 cm), with the mean size selection incrementally increasing in the 130-mm mesh gillnet from autumn, and especially during spring. The greater selection occurred concurrent with an increasing condition factor (CF) among S. commerson, which typically spawn in late spring/early summer. Conversely, the relative size-selection of the 140-mm mesh gillnet decreased in spring, attributed to increasing CF precluding the capture of larger fish. Such seasonal variation in size selection might be countered by increasing mesh size to ~145 or 150 mm in spring. However, the existing 140-mm mesh might positively affect stock biomass by allowing larger, more fecund fish to avoid capture during spawning. The data support the strong influence of biological and environmental factors on gillnet size selection, which might also extend to other migratory, pelagic species.
Management and “Administerization” in China's Higher Education System: A View from the Trenches
Authors: Bodenhorn Terry
Published: January 2021

Scholarship on university autonomy in China's higher education system in the past three decades has focused on the macro-relationship between the party-state and university leadership. This paper focuses instead on university-level management practices and college-level academic autonomy. Drawing on the discourse of “administerization” and “de-administerization” within Chinese academia, we demonstrate how the dual administration system and outdated management practices common in the higher education system limit academic quality and educational autonomy at the college level.
Dietary fatty acids and CHD: from specific recommendations to dietary patterns
Authors: Delarue Jacques
Published: January 2021

Several countries have issued dietary recommendations about total and specific fatty acid (FA) intake for the prevention of CHD. For many years until today, controversies have existed especially about the deleterious effect or not of SFA, and the protective effect or not ofn-3 PUFA, so that some authors have criticised these recommendations. There are many reasons for these controversies, including the different conclusions of prospective cohort studies compared with randomised clinical trials (RCT), and the contradictory conclusions of meta-analyses depending on the quality, number and type of studies included. The interrelationships between different FA in the diet make it difficult to analyse the specific effect of a particular class of FA on CHD. Furthermore, based on clinical practice and effectiveness of population-based prevention, it is very difficult at the individual level to assess in personal dietary intake the actual percentage and/or amount of SFA contained in each meal or consumed daily/weekly. In this critical narrative review, we try to answer the question of whether it would not be more relevant, in 2020, to promote dietary patterns, rather than FA intake recommendations. We critically analyse past and recent data on the association of FA with CHD, then propose that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet should be revitalised for Westerners and Asian populations, respectively. This does not exclude the usefulness of continuing research about effects of FA towards CHD, and accepting that what seems true today might be revised, at least partially tomorrow.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Radiologie – was kann sie, was kann sie nicht?
Authors: Baessler Bettina
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung. Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist in aller Munde. Aus unserem Alltagsleben ist sie schon längst nicht mehr wegzudenken und hat sich dort an vielen Stellen bereits nahtlos integriert, ohne dass wir uns dessen immer vollständig bewusst sind. Auch im Gesundheitswesen befinden wir uns schon längt inmitten einer Revolution, die unser aller Alltag in der Zukunft verändern wird. Die Radiologie im Speziellen ist aufgrund ihrer fortgeschrittenen Digitalisierung und historisch bedingten Technik-Affinität besonders von diesen Entwicklungen betroffen. Doch was ist KI eigentlich genau und was macht KI so potent, dass etablierte Fachdisziplinen wie die Radiologie sich mit ihrer Zukunftsfähigkeit auseinandersetzen? Was kann KI in der Radiologie heute schon – und was kann sie nicht? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt sich der vorliegende Artikel.
Ultra-low-loss on-chip zero-index materials
Authors: Dong Tian , Liang Jiujiu , Camayd-Muñoz Sarah , Liu Yueyang , Tang Haoning , Kita Shota , Chen Peipei , Wu Xiaojun , Chu Weiguo , Mazur Eric , Li Yang
Published: January 2021

Light travels in a zero-index medium without accumulating a spatial phase, resulting in perfect spatial coherence. Such coherence brings several potential applications, including arbitrarily shaped waveguides, phase-mismatch-free nonlinear propagation, large-area single-mode lasers, and extended superradiance. A promising platform to achieve these applications is an integrated Dirac-cone material that features an impedance-matched zero index. Although an integrated Dirac-cone material eliminates ohmic losses via its purely dielectric structure, it still entails out-of-plane radiation loss, limiting its applications to a small scale. We design an ultra-low-loss integrated Dirac cone material by achieving destructive interference above and below the material. The material consists of a square array of low-aspect-ratio silicon pillars embedded in silicon dioxide, featuring easy fabrication using a standard planar process. This design paves the way for leveraging the perfect spatial coherence of large-area zero-index materials in linear, nonlinear, and quantum optics.
Broadband terahertz wave generation from an epsilon-near-zero material
Authors: Jia Wenhe , Liu Meng , Lu Yongchang , Feng Xi , Wang Qingwei , Zhang Xueqian , Ni Yibo , Hu Futai , Gong Mali , Xu Xinlong , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhang Weili , Yang Yuanmu , Han Jiaguang
Published: January 2021

Broadband light sources emitting in the terahertz spectral range are highly desired for applications such as noninvasive imaging and spectroscopy. Conventionally, THz pulses are generated by optical rectification in bulk nonlinear crystals with millimetre thickness, with the bandwidth limited by the phase-matching condition. Here we demonstrate broadband THz emission via surface optical rectification from a simple, commercially available 19 nm-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film. We show an enhancement of the generated THz signal when the pump laser is tuned around the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) region of ITO due to the pump laser field enhancement associated with the ENZ effect. The bandwidth of the THz signal generated from the ITO film can be over 3 THz, unrestricted by the phase-matching condition. This work offers a new possibility for broadband THz generation in a subwavelength thin film made of an ENZ material, with emerging physics not found in existing nonlinear crystals.
Molecular characteristics of primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma based on integrated genomic analyses
Authors: Chen Bojiang , Zhang Yu , Dai Sisi , Zhou Ping , Luo Wenxin , Wang Zhoufeng , Chen Xuping , Cheng Peng , Zheng Guoya , Ren Jing , Yang Xiaodong , Li Weimin
Published: January 2021

Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (pLELC) is a rare non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype. Clinical features have been described in our previous report, but molecular characteristics remain unclear. Herein, pLELC genomic features were explored. Among 41,574 lung cancers, 128 pLELCs and 162 non-pLELC NSCLCs were enrolled. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and protein 53 (p53) expression was detected in 47 surgically resected pLELC samples by immunohistochemical assays. Multiomics genomic analyses, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), RNA whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) integration analyses, were performed on eight frozen pLELC tissues and compared with 50 lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) and 50 lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSCs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and another 26 EBV-positive nasopharynx cancers (EBV+-NPCs). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of pLELC patients were better than those of non-pLELC patients. High PD-L1 or p53 expression was associated with extended disease-free survival (DFS). pLELC had 14 frequently mutated genes (FMGs). Somatically mutated genes and enrichment of genetic lesions were found, which differed from observations in LUAD, LUSC, and EBV+-nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Three tumor-associated genes, zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 16 (ZBTB16), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2), were downregulated with copy number variation (CNV) loss. EBV was prone to integrating into intergenic and intronic regions with two upregulated miR-BamH1-A rightward transcripts (BARTs),BART5-3PandBART20-3P. Our findings reveal that pLELC has a distinct genomic signature. Three tumor-associated genes with CNV loss and two miR-BARTs might be involved in pLELC tumorigenesis.
Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109)
Authors: Chen Lei , Shi Xiao-Jie , Liu Hua , Mao Xiao , Gui Lue-Ning , Wang Hua , Cheng Yong
Published: January 2021

There is increasing awareness that oxidative stress may be implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we aimed to investigate blood oxidative stress marker profile in ASD children by a meta-analysis. Two independent investigators systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library and extracted data from 87 studies with 4928 ASD children and 4181 healthy control (HC) children. The meta-analysis showed that blood concentrations of oxidative glutathione (GSSG), malondialdehyde, homocysteine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, nitric oxide, and copper were higher in children with ASD than that of HC children. In contrast, blood reduced glutathione (GSH), total glutathione (tGSH), GSH/GSSG, tGSH/GSSG, methionine, cysteine, vitamin B9, vitamin D, vitamin B12, vitamin E, S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine, and calcium concentrations were significantly reduced in children with ASD relative to HC children. However, there were no significance differences between ASD children and HC children for the other 17 potential markers. Heterogeneities among studies were found for most markers, and meta-regressions indicated that age and publication year may influence the meta-analysis results. These results therefore clarified blood oxidative stress profile in children with ASD, strengthening clinical evidence of increased oxidative stress implicating in pathogenesis of ASD. Additionally, given the consistent and large effective size, glutathione metabolism biomarkers have the potential to inform early diagnosis of ASD.
A distinct transcriptional signature of antidepressant response in hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells
Authors: Herzog David P. , Pascual Cuadrado Diego , Treccani Giulia , Jene Tanja , Opitz Verena , Hasch Annika , Lutz Beat , Lieb Klaus , Sillaber Inge , van der Kooij Michael A. , Tiwari Vijay K. , Müller Marianne B.
Published: January 2021

Major depressive disorder is the most prevalent mental illness worldwide, still its pharmacological treatment is limited by various challenges, such as the large heterogeneity in treatment response and the lack of insight into the neurobiological pathways underlying this phenomenon. To decode the molecular mechanisms shaping antidepressant response and to distinguish those from general paroxetine effects, we used a previously established approach targeting extremes (i.e., good vs poor responder mice). We focused on the dentate gyrus (DG), a subregion of major interest in the context of antidepressant mechanisms. Transcriptome profiling on micro-dissected DG granule cells was performed to (i) reveal cell-type-specific changes in paroxetine-induced gene expression (paroxetine vs vehicle) and (ii) to identify molecular signatures of treatment response within a cohort of paroxetine-treated animals. We identified 112 differentially expressed genes associated with paroxetine treatment. The extreme group comparison (good vs poor responder) yielded 211 differentially expressed genes. General paroxetine effects could be distinguished from treatment response-associated molecular signatures, with a differential gene expression overlap of only 4.6% (15 genes). Biological pathway enrichment and cluster analyses identified candidate mechanisms associated with good treatment response, e.g., neuropeptide signaling, synaptic transmission, calcium signaling, and regulation of glucocorticoid secretion. Finally, we examined glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent regulation of selected response-associated genes to analyze a hypothesized interplay between GR signaling and good antidepressant treatment response. Among the most promising candidates, we suggest potential targets such as the developmental gene Otx2 or Htr2c for further investigations into antidepressant treatment response in the future.
Environmental enrichment prevents the late effect of acute stress-induced fear extinction deficit: the role of hippocampal AMPA-GluA1 phosphorylation
Authors: Novaes Leonardo Santana , Bueno-de-Camargo Letícia Morais , Munhoz Carolina Demarchi
Published: January 2021

The persistence of anxiety and the deficit of fear memory extinction are both phenomena related to the symptoms of a trauma-related disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recently we have shown that single acute restraint stress (2 h) in rats induces a late anxiety-related behavior (observed ten days after stress), whereas, in the present work, we found that the same stress impaired fear extinction in animals conditioned ten days after stress. Fourteen days of environmental enrichment (EE) prevented the deleterious effect of stress on fear memory extinction. Additionally, we observed that EE prevented the stress-induced increase in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit phosphorylation in the hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala complex and the frontal cortex, indicating a potential mechanism by which it exerts its protective effect against the stress-induced behavioral outcome.
Lenalidomide versus bortezomib maintenance after frontline autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma
Authors: Baertsch Marc-Andrea , Mai Elias K. , Hielscher Thomas , Bertsch Uta , Salwender Hans J. , Munder Markus , Fuhrmann Stephan , Dührsen Ulrich , Brossart Peter , Neben Kai , Schlenzka Jana , Kunz Christina , Raab Marc S. , Hillengaß Jens , Jauch Anna , Seckinger Anja , Hose Dirk , Luntz Steffen , Sonneveld Pieter , Lokhorst Henk , Martin Hans , Goerner Martin , Hoffmann Martin , Lindemann Hans-Walter , Bernhard Helga , Blau Igor W. , Scheid Christof , Besemer Britta , Weisel Katja C. , Hänel Mathias , Dürig Jan , Goldschmidt Hartmut ,   German-Speaking Myeloma Multicenter Group (GMMG)
Published: January 2021

Lenalidomide (LEN) maintenance (MT) post autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is standard of care in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) but has not been compared to other agents in clinical trials. We retrospectively compared bortezomib (BTZ; n = 138) or LEN (n = 183) MT from two subsequent GMMG phase III trials. All patients received three cycles of BTZ-based triplet induction and post-ASCT MT. BTZ MT (1.3 mg/m2 i.v.) was administered every 2 weeks for 2 years. LEN MT included two consolidation cycles (25 mg p.o., days 1–21 of 28 day cycles) followed by 10–15 mg/day for 2 years. The BTZ cohort more frequently received tandem ASCT (91% vs. 33%) due to different tandem ASCT strategies. In the LEN and BTZ cohort, 43% and 46% of patients completed 2 years of MT as intended (p = 0.57). Progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 0.83, p = 0.18) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.70, p = 0.15) did not differ significantly with LEN vs. BTZ MT. Patients with <nCR after first ASCT were assigned tandem ASCT in both trials. In patients with <nCR and tandem ASCT (LEN: n = 54 vs. BTZ: n = 84), LEN MT significantly improved PFS (HR = 0.61, p = 0.04) but not OS (HR = 0.46, p = 0.09). In conclusion, the significant PFS benefit after eliminating the impact of different tandem ASCT rates supports the current standard of LEN MT after ASCT.
Effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant on the development of second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Rosenberg A. S. , Brunson A. , Tuscano J. , Jonas B. A. , Hoeg R. , Wun T. , Keegan T. H. M.
Published: January 2021

Autologous stem cell transplant (aHSCT) is associated with improved survival for multiple myeloma (MM) patients but may be associated with second primary malignancy (SPM) development. Using the California Cancer Registry linked to statewide hospitalization data, we determined the cumulative incidence (CMI) of SPMs more than 1 year after MM diagnosis, accounting for the competing risk of death. AHSCT recipients were matched 1:2 to non-aHSCT patients. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were estimated using the Fine and Gray method. Among 16,331 patients, 933 (5.7%) developed a SPM more than 1 year after diagnosis. The 10-year CMI of developing any SPM was 6.6%, 5.7% for solid tumor SPM and 0.9% for hematologic malignancies. The 10-year CMI of developing any SPM was similar among aHSCT [9.1% (7.7–10.7%)] and non-aHSCT [7.5% (6.5–8.6%)] (P = 0.26) recipients and there was no difference in solid-tumor SPMs (P = 0.98). The 10-year CMI of hematologic SPMs was higher among aHSCT recipients [2.1% (1.4–2.9%) vs. 0.8% (0.5–1.2%); P = 0.005], corresponding to a 1.3% absolute increase and an aHR of 1.51 (1.01–2.27). Ten-year myeloma-specific and non-cancer mortality rates were 59% (58.2–60.0%) and 18.1% (17.4–18.8%), respectively. Although aHSCT was associated with a small increase in hematologic SPMs, mortality was driven by MM and non-cancer causes.
STAT1-induced regulation of lncRNA ZFPM2-AS1 predicts poor prognosis and contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the miR-653/GOLM1 axis
Authors: Zhang Xi-wu , Li Qiu-han , Xu Zuo-di , Dou Jin-jin
Published: January 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have drawn growing attention owing to their important effects in various tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, a newly identified lncRNA, ZFPM2 antisense RNA 1 (ZFPM2-AS1), was reported to serve as an oncogene in gastric cancer. However, its function in tumors remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified ZFPM2-AS1 as a novel HCC-related lncRNA, which was observed to be distinctly upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with shorter overall survival. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that overexpression of ZFPM2-AS1 was induced by STAT1. Functional investigations suggested that the inhibition of ZFPM2-AS1 suppressed cell proliferation, metastasis, cell cycle progression while accelerated cell apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that there were two binding sites of miR-653 within the sequence of ZFPM2-AS1 and the levels of ZFPM2-AS1 were negatively correlated with miR-653. In addition, ZFPM2-AS1 could reverse the suppressor effects of miR-653 on the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells by the modulation of GOLM1, a target gene of miR-653. To conclude, we provided a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between ZFPM2-AS-miR-653-GOLM1 axis, which may help develop prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic target for HCC.
Nrf2 overexpression increases risk of high tumor mutation burden in acute myeloid leukemia by inhibiting MSH2
Authors: Liu Ping , Ma Dan , Wang Ping , Pan Chengyun , Fang Qin , Wang Jishi
Published: January 2021

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, also called NFE2L2) plays an important role in cancer chemoresistance. However, little is known about the role of Nrf2 in tumor mutation burden and the effect of Nrf2 in modulating DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we show that Nrf2 expression is associated with tumor mutation burden in AML. Patients with Nrf2 overexpression had a higher frequency of gene mutation and drug resistance. Nrf2 overexpression protected the AML cells from apoptosis induced by cytarabine in vitro and increased the risk of drug resistance associated with a gene mutation in vivo. Furthermore, Nrf2 overexpression inhibited MutS Homolog 2 (MSH2) protein expression, which caused DNA MMR deficiency. Mechanistically, the inhibition of MSH2 by Nrf2 was in a ROS-independent manner. Further studies showed that an increased activation of JNK/c-Jun signaling in Nrf2 overexpression cells inhibited the expression of the MSH2 protein. Our findings provide evidence that high Nrf2 expression can induce gene instability-dependent drug resistance in AML. This study demonstrates the reason why the high Nrf2 expression leads to the increase of gene mutation frequency in AML, and provides a new strategy for clinical practice.