bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b Antibody Targeting Inflammatory Microenvironment for Colon Cancer Imaging
Authors: Cheng Dengfeng , Zou Weihong , Li Xiao , Xiu Yan , Tan Hui , Shi Hongcheng , Yang Xiangdong
Published: October 2014

CD11b, an active constituent of innate immune response highly expressed in myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), can be used as a marker of inflammatory microenvironment, particularly in tumor tissues. In this research, we aimed to fabricate a 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b antibody as a probe for CD11b+ myeloid cells in colon cancer imaging with single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In situ murine colon tumor model was established in histidine decarboxylase knockout (Hdc−/−) mice by chemicals induction. 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b was obtained with labeling yields of over 30% and radiochemical purity of over 95%. Micro‐SPECT/CT scans were performed at 6 h post injection to investigate biodistributions and targeting of the probe. In situ colonic neoplasma as small as 3 mm diameters was clearly identified by imaging; after dissection of the animal, anti‐CD11b immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify infiltration of CD11b+ MDSCs in microenvironment of colonic neoplasms. In addition, the images displayed intense signal from bone marrow and spleen, which indicated the origin and migration of CD11b+ MDSCs in vivo, and these results were further proved by flow cytometry analysis. Therefore, 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b SPECT displayed the potential to facilitate the diagnosis of colon tumor in very early stage via detection of inflammatory microenvironment.
Short‐Term Second Language and Music Training Induces Lasting Functional Brain Changes in Early Childhood
Authors: Moreno Sylvain , Lee Yunjo , Janus Monika , Bialystok Ellen
Published: October 2014

Immediate and lasting effects of music or second‐language training were examined in early childhood using event‐related potentials. Event‐related potentials were recorded for French vowels and musical notes in a passive oddball paradigm in thirty‐six 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children who received either French or music training. Following training, both groups showed enhanced late discriminative negativity (LDN) in their trained condition (music group–musical notes; French group–French vowels) and reduced LDN in the untrained condition. These changes reflect improved processing of relevant (trained) sounds, and an increased capacity to suppress irrelevant (untrained) sounds. After 1 year, training‐induced brain changes persisted and new hemispheric changes appeared. Such results provide evidence for the lasting benefit of early intervention in young children.
The Cascading Development of Autonomy and Relatedness From Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Oudekerk Barbara A. , Allen Joseph P. , Hessel Elenda T. , Molloy Lauren E.
Published: October 2014

A developmental cascade model of autonomy and relatedness in the progression from parent to friend to romantic relationships across ages 13, 18, and 21 was examined among 184 adolescents (53% female, 58% Caucasian, 29% African American) recruited from a public middle school in Virginia. Parental psychological control at age 13 undermined the development of autonomy and relatedness, predicting relative decreases in autonomy and relatedness with friends between ages 13 and 18 and lower levels of autonomy and relatedness with partners at age 18. These cascade effects extended into adult friendships and romantic relationships, with autonomy and relatedness with romantic partners at age 18 being a strong predictor of autonomy and relatedness with both friends and partners at age 21.
The embryonic development of the cnidarianHydractinia echinata
Authors: Kraus Yulia , Flici Hakima , Hensel Katrin , Plickert Günter , Leitz Thomas , Frank Uri
Published: October 2014

With the rapid increase of the quantity of molecular data, many animals joined the ranks of the so‐called ‘emerging models’ of Evo‐Devo. One of the necessary steps in converting an emerging model into an established one is gaining comprehensive knowledge of its normal embryonic development. The marine colonial hydrozoanHydractinia echinata– an excellent model for research on stem cells, metamorphosis, and allorecognition – has been studied for decades. Yet knowledge of its embryonic development remains fragmentary and incomplete. Here we provide a detailed account ofH. echinataembryonic development using in vivo observations, histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Furthermore, we propose a model describing the cellular basis of the morphogenetic movements occurring during development and also reveal a functional link between canonical Wnt signaling and regional differences in the morphology of the embryo.Hydractiniaembryogenesis is an example of the diversity and plasticity of hydrozoan development where multiple routes lead to the same result – the formation of a normal planula larva.
Formal plan for self‐disclosure enhances supported employment outcomes among young people with severe mental illness
Authors: McGahey Ellie , Waghorn Geoffrey , Lloyd Chris , Morrissey Shirley , Williams Philip Lee
Published: October 2014

Aim

Young people with mental illness experience high levels of unemployment, which can be related to stigma and discrimination. This may result from poor choices in disclosing personal information, such as their mental illness diagnosis, in the workplace. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of a formal plan to manage personal information (PMPI) during the early stages of supported employment. The focal question was: does the use of a brief structured PMPI lead to more employment outcomes for young people with a mental illness?

Methods

A sample of 40 young unemployed mental health service users (mean age 23.9 years), who were also attending employment services on the Gold Coast, was asked about their disclosure preferences. If they preferred not to disclose at all, they did not complete a plan for managing personal information. If they preferred to disclose some personal information, they were provided with assistance to complete a PMPI. Baseline information was gathered from two equal groups of 20 individuals. Employment status was ascertained at a 6‐week follow‐up interview.

Results

Those who completed a plan to manage their personal information had 4.9 times greater odds of employment at 6 weeks than those who preferred not to disclose any personal information.

Conclusions

A formal PMPI has promising predictive validity with respect to job seekers not opposed to pragmatic forms of self‐disclosure. Further research is needed to examine other properties of this decision‐making tool.
Self‐confidence of anglers in identification of freshwater sport fish
Authors: Chizinski C. J. , Martin D. R. , Pope K. L.
Published: October 2014

Although several studies have focused on how well anglers identify species using replicas and pictures, there has been no study assessing the confidence that can be placed in angler's ability to identify recreationally important fish. Understanding factors associated with low self‐confidence will be useful in tailoring education programmes to improve self‐confidence in identifying common species. The purposes of this assessment were to quantify the confidence of recreational anglers to identify 13 commonly encountered warm water fish species and to relate self‐confidence to species availability and angler experience. Significant variation was observed in anglers self‐confidence among species and levels of self‐declared skill, with greater confidence associated with greater skill and with greater exposure. This study of angler self‐confidence strongly highlights the need for educational programmes that target lower skilled anglers and the importance of teaching all anglers about less common species, regardless of skill level.
Working Toward a Working-Class College: The Long Campaign to Build a Community College in Philadelphia
Authors: Delmont Matthew
Published: October 2014

In the Fall of 1962, high school seniors Leon Zachery and Deitra Caul submitted applications for the Philadelphia City Scholarship competition. Both students excelled in high school, but both Zachery, whose mother worked in childcare, and Caul, whose mother did clerical work for thePresbyterian Life Magazine, feared that without outside assistance they would not be able to afford college tuition. In the letter supporting his application, Zachery's biology teacher at West Philadelphia high school described him as a “serious young man” who “knows a great deal about various subjects that is not required study… [and] seems to have become well-read from his intensive study.” “He is an exceptional boy [who] I feel should go to college or it would be a dreadful waste,” the teacher concluded. Caul's guidance counselor, William Cannady, offered a similar appraisal. Cannady, one of the first black high school teachers in Philadelphia, noted that Deitra Caul graduated first in her class at Gratz high school and “participated extensively in extra-curricular activities without any loss in academic status.” “It would be tragic,” Cannady wrote, “if Miss Caul had to forgo college because of a lack of finances.” With stellar academic records and demonstrated financial need, Zachery and Caul were among the forty-nine City Scholarship winners in 1962–1963, and the only two African-American students so selected.
Prediction of biochemical recurrence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: Analysis of 784 Japanese patients
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi , Yoshioka Kunihiko , Nagao Go , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Ohno Yoshio , Horiguchi Yutaka , Namiki Kazunori , Nakashima Jun , Tachibana Masaaki
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To examine biochemical recurrence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in Japanese patients, and to develop a risk stratification model for biochemical recurrence.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 784 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy without neoadjuvant or adjuvant endocrine therapy. The relationships of biochemical recurrence with perioperative findings were evaluated. The prognostic factors for biochemical recurrence‐free survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard model analyses.

Results

During the follow‐up period, 80 patients showed biochemical recurrence. The biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 92.2%, 85.2% and 80.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the prostate‐specific antigen level, prostate‐specific antigen density, biopsy Gleason score, percent positive core, pathological T stage, pathological Gleason score, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and positive surgical margin were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence. In multivariate analysis, prostate‐specific antigen density ≥0.4 (P = 0.0011), pathological T stage ≥3a (P = 0.002), pathological Gleason score ≥8 (P = 0.007) and positive surgical margin (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence. The patients were stratified into three risk groups according to these factors. The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate was 89.4% in the low‐risk group, 65.6% in the intermediate‐risk group and 30.3% in the high‐risk group.

Conclusions

The prostate‐specific antigen density, pathological T stage, pathological Gleason score and positive surgical margin were independent prognostic factors for biochemical recurrence. The risk stratification model developed using these four factors could help clinicians identify patients with a poor prognosis who might be good candidates for clinical trials of alternative management strategies.
Is thermochemotherapy with the Synergo system a viable treatment option in patients with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer?
Authors: Kiss Bernhard , Schneider Silvia , Thalmann George N , Roth Beat
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To prospectively evaluate the outcome of combined microwave‐induced bladder wall hyperthermia and intravesical mitomycin C instillation (thermochemotherapy) in patients with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.

Methods

Between 2003 and 2009, 21 patients (median age 70 years, range 35–95 years) with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (pTaG1‐2 n = 9; pTaG3 n = 3; pT1 n = 9; concurrent pTis n = 8) were prospectively enrolled. Of 21 patients, 15 (71%) had received previous intravesical instillations with bacillus Calmette–Guérin, mitomycin C and/or farmorubicin. Thermochemotherapy using the Synergo system was carried out in 11 of 21 patients (52%) with curative intent, and in 10 of 21 patients (48%) as prophylaxis against recurrence.

Results

The median number of thermochemotherapy cycles per patient was six (range 1–12). Adverse effects were frequent and severe: urinary urgency/frequency in 11 of 21 patients (52%), pain in eight of 21 patients (38%) and gross hematuria in five of 21 patients (24%). In eight of 21 patients (38%), thermochemotherapy had to be abandoned because of the severity of the adverse effects (pain in 3/8, severe bladder spasms in 2/8, allergic reaction in 2/8, urethral perforation in 1/8). Overall, six of 21 patients (29%) remained free of tumor after a median follow up of 50 months (range 1–120), six of 21 patients (29%) had to undergo cystectomy because of multifocal recurrences or cancer progression and seven of 21 patients (33%) died (2/7 of metastatic disease, 5/7 of non‐cancer related causes).

Conclusions

Given the high rate of severe side‐effects leading to treatment discontinuation, as well as the limited tumor response, thermochemotherapy should be offered only in highly selected cases of recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.
A qualitative study of young women's experiences of recovery from Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Lindgren Britt‐Marie , Enmark Annika , Bohman Anna , Lundström Mats
Published: October 2014

Aim

To describe experiences of recovery from bulimia nervosa among young adult women.

Background

Most studies into recovery from eating disorders focus on anorexia nervosa, although some include both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Recovery has been described as beginning with renewed self‐esteem.

Design

Qualitative interview study.

Methods

Fourteen women were invited to participate; five women, between 23–26 years of age, who assessed themselves as healthy for at least 2 years agreed to take part in narrative interviews. Tape‐recorded interviews lasting 45–60 minutes (median 49 minutes) were conducted from February–April 2010 and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Findings

The interviews revealed four themes in recovery from bulimia nervosa: feeling stuck in bulimia nervosa, getting ready to change, breaking free of bulimia nervosa and grasping a new reality, each comprising two or more subthemes. The process of recovery was not linear, but rather went back and forth between progress and relapse. The women expressed strong ambivalence about leaving the illness behind. An important part of their recovery was their ability to accept themselves. It was essential for their recovery to be supported in developing a unique explanation of the cause of their illness.

Conclusion

Women's ability to recover from bulimia nervosa and take control over their lives is based on their self‐efficacy. Effective care should therefore strive to strengthen women's beliefs in their own abilities, to instil hope for recovery and thus to bolster their self‐efficacy.
Enteral supplementation with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide modulates incretin and glucagon‐like peptide‐2 secretion
Authors: Joo Erina , Muraoka Atsushi , Hamasaki Akihiro , Harada Norio , Yamane Shunsuke , Kondo Yaeko , Suzuki Kazuyo , Nasteska Daniela , Shibue Kimitaka , Harada Takanari , Iwasaki Kanako , Tsuji Hidemi , Shide Kenichiro , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: October 2014

Aims/Introduction

A dietary supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber and oligosaccharide (GFO) is widely applied for enteral nutrition support in Japan. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GFO ingestion on secretion of incretins, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), and glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2).

Materials and Methods

We carried out a cross‐over study involving 20 healthy Japanese volunteers. The participants received GFO or 17 g of glucose, the equivalent carbohydrate in GFO as the control. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma total GIP, total GLP‐1 and total GLP‐2 levels during GFO or glucose loading were determined.

Results

GFO loading produced significantly higher plasma GLP‐1 levels at 30 min and 60 min, area under the curve‐GLP‐1 value, and area under the curve‐GLP‐2 value after administration compared with those by glucose loading. In contrast, plasma GIP levels at both 30 and 60 min, and area under the curve‐GIP value after glucose loading were significantly higher than those after GFO loading.

Conclusions

These results show that GFO ingestion stimulates GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 secretion, and reduces GIP secretion compared with glucose ingestion. Therefore, GFO could have an intestinotrophic effect as well as an ameliorating effect on metabolic disorders through modification of release of gut hormones.
Association between inbreeding depression and floral traits in a generalist‐pollinated plant
Authors: Abdelaziz M. , Muñoz‐Pajares A. J. , Berbel M. , Perfectti F. , Gómez J. M.
Published: October 2014

Individual variation in the magnitude of inbreeding depression (ID) in plants and its association with phenotypic traits may have important consequences for mating system evolution. This association has been investigated only scarcely, and always considering traits functionally related to autogamy. Here, we explore the association between individual variation in ID and plant traits associated with pollinator attractiveness (related to plant size, corolla size and corolla shape) in two populations of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). ID was calculated along the entire life cycle of the plants. In addition, we also explored the relationship between phenotypic traits and the individual levels of heterozygosity. We found significant associations between ID and corolla diameter and stalk height, being taller plants with larger corollas those undergoing a lower intensity of ID. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between corolla diameter and heterozygosity, suggesting that plants with large flowers have purged their genetic load. Finally, we found a significant effect of corolla diameter on the intrapopulation genetic structure. All these findings suggest that plants with large flowers have secularly suffered frequent inbreeding in the study populations. Because corolla diameter is a trait frequently selected by pollinators in E. mediohispanicum, we believe that the observed relationship between this trait and ID could be mediated by pollinators, probably throughout an increasing in biparental inbreeding, geitonogamy or autogamy.
Dignity as honour‐wound: an experiential and relational view
Authors: Galvin Kathleen , Todres Les
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we draw on a phenomenological–philosophical foundation to clarify the meaning of dignity as a coherent phenomenon. Consistent with an evocation of its central meanings, we then introduce and delineate seven kinds of dignity that are intertwined and interrelated. We illustrate how these kinds of dignity can provide a useful template to think about its qualities, its ‘rupture’ and its ‘restoration’ in human life, particularly in relation to health and social care contexts. We then consider the implications of these relational and experiential views for current debates about the notion of dignity: Is dignity a useless concept? Is dignity objective or subjective? What are the useful ways of characterizing different varieties of dignity? We conclude by pointing to a metaphor that may hold the sense and meaning of our deepest human dignity: The gathering of both value and vulnerability, in which human value does not depend on the eradication of human vulnerability, but occurs within its very context.
Retracted: Potentiality of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Powder in Rheology Modification of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion
Authors: Khan Nasir Mehmood , Khan Farman Ali , Mu Tai‐Hua , Khan Zia Ullah , Khan Midrarullah , Ahmad Shujaat , Behram Tayyeba
Published: October 2014

Rheology modification of the complex fluids has been addressed using the competency of the selected natural materials. This article reports the efficacy of the microparticles of the naturally available material neem (Azadirachta indica) powder as rheology modifier, which in turn offers better consistency, firmness, as well as nutrient value to the emulsions containing juice of Aloe barbadenis Miller, which can be effectively used for the preparation of foods, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. These results showed that the oil–water emulsions containing aloe vera juice emulsified with coconut milk protein exhibited useful dynamic viscoelastic behavior, with improved consistency and rheology because of the addition of microparticles of neem. Neem microparticles offered higher yield stress and apparent viscosity. This rheology modifier material can potentially eliminate or reduce the use of synthetic chemical thickeners, texturizers, etc.

Practical Applications

The present work on neem powder application in emulsion production provides a new direction for further fundamental research to explore the mechanism of interactions of such particles with the main phase of emulsions. Present findings demonstrate the design of novel emulsions, which offers additional value because of the high therapeutic, nutrient and medicinal characteristics of such materials of natural origin.
Why People Do Not Always Follow the Doctor's Orders: The Role of Hope and Perceived Control
Authors: MAKAREM SUZANNE C. , SMITH MICHAEL F. , MUDAMBI SUSAN M. , HUNT JAMES M.
Published: October 2014

The lack of adherence to medical advice is a widely recognized health care concern with important implications for consumer well‐being. This study advances a model for better understanding adherence behaviors by incorporating the positive emotion of hope and consumer perceptions of control. Empirical testing of the model in the context of type 2 diabetes, a lifestyle‐changing chronic illness, shows that hope generates more patient adherence. Furthermore, individuals have higher hope when they believe they are capable of performing the actions their treatment requires, and/or that their health outcomes are under their physician's control. The results indicate that health care providers can play an important role in encouraging adherence behaviors by cultivating hope and customizing their interactions with patients. Interventions aimed at increasing patient self‐efficacy or promoting patients' beliefs that health outcomes are under their physician's control are two routes to building hope. Health initiatives aimed at increasing diabetes treatment adherence should consider alternatives beyond asking patients to “take control” of their diabetes.
Young People Are the Front Lines of Financial Inclusion: A Review of 45 Years of Research
Authors: FRIEDLINE TERRI , RAUKTIS MARY
Published: October 2014

Amidst concerns about percentages of households that remain unbanked or underbanked, policy endeavors have emerged to promote financial inclusion by making financial products such as savings accounts readily available. While these endeavors have primarily concentrated on households, young people may be the front lines of financial inclusion because they may be more likely to be banked in young adulthood and beyond when they start off with savings accounts earlier in life. This article addresses young people's financial inclusion by comprehensively reviewing 60 research studies on young people's savings, discussing the role of the family in young people's financial inclusion, discussing financial inclusion from an institutional perspective, presenting policy implications, and identifying gaps in knowledge and opportunities for research. Policies that open savings accounts for young people early in life may be a promising strategy for extending financial inclusion and preventing unbanked or underbanked status later in life.
Unemployment Duration of Spouses: Evidence From France
Authors: Marcassa Stefania
Published: October 2014

This paper analyses the conditional probability of leaving unemployment of French married individuals from 1991 to 2002. We find that the effect of spousal labor income on unemployment duration is asymmetric for men and women. In particular, the probability of men to find a job is increasing in wife's labor income, while it is decreasing in husband's earnings for women. To adjust for endogenous selection into marriage, we use the quarter of birth as an instrumental variable for the spousal wage. Finally, we show that introducing a breadwinner stigma in a joint job search model generates the positive correlation observed for men in the data.
Physiological and transcriptional memory in guard cells during repetitive dehydration stress
Authors: Virlouvet Laetitia , Fromm Michael
Published: October 2014

Arabidopsis plants subjected to a daily dehydration stress and watered recovery cycle display physiological and transcriptional stress memory. Previously stressed plants have stomatal apertures that remain partially closed during a watered recovery period, facilitating reduced transpiration during a subsequent dehydration stress.

Guard cells (GCs) display transcriptional memory that is similar to that in leaf tissues for some genes, but display GC‐specific transcriptional memory for other genes. The rate‐limiting abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic genes NINE‐CIS‐EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (NCED3) and ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 3 (AAO3) are expressed at much higher levels in GCs, particularly during the watered recovery interval, relative to their low levels in leaves.

A genetic analysis using mutants in the ABA signaling pathway indicated that GC stomatal memory is ABA‐dependent, and that ABA‐dependent SNF1‐RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2.2 (SnRK2.2), SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6 have distinguishable roles in the process. SnRK2.6 is more important for overall stomatal control, while SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 are more important for implementing GC stress memory in the subsequent dehydration response.

Collectively, our results support a model of altered ABA production in GCs that maintains a partially closed stomatal aperture during an overnight watered recovery period.
Multifractal spatial distribution of epilithic microphytobenthos on a Mediterranean rocky shore
Authors: Dal Bello Martina , Maggi Elena , Rindi Luca , Capocchi Antonella , Fontanini Debora , Sanz‐Lazaro Carlos , Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro
Published: October 2014

Understanding how patterns and processes relate across spatial scales is one of the major goals in ecology. 1/f models have been applied mostly to time series of environmental and ecological variables, but they can also be used to analyse spatial patterns. Since 1/f noise may display scale‐invariant behaviour, ecological phenomena whose spatial variability shows 1/f type scaling are susceptible to further characterization using fractals or multifractals. Here we use spectral analysis and multifractal techniques (generalized dimension spectrum) to investigate the spatial distribution of epilithic microphytobenthos (EMPB) on rocky intertidal surfaces. EMPB biomass was estimated from calibrated colour‐infrared images that provided indirect measures of rock surface chlorophyll a concentration, along two 8‐m and one 4‐m long transects sampled in January and November 2012. Results highlighted a pattern of spectral coefficient close to or greater than one for EMPB biomass distribution and multifractal structures, that were consistent among transects, implying scale‐invariance in the spatial distribution of EMPB. These outcomes can be interpreted as a result of the superimposition of several biotic and abiotic processes acting at multiple spatial scales. However, the scale‐invariant nature of EMPB spatial patterns can also be considered a hallmark of self‐organization, underlying the possible role of scale‐dependent feedback in shaping EMPB biomass distribution.
RADIOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL AND NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE HIND FEET IN THE WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)
Authors: Dudley Robert J. , Wood Simon P. , Hutchinson John R. , Weller Renate
Published: October 2014

Foot pathology is a common and important health concern in captive rhinoceroses worldwide, but osteopathologies are rarely diagnosed, partly because of a lack of radiographic protocols. Here, we aimed to develop the first radiographic protocol for rhinoceros feet and describe the radiographic anatomy of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) hind foot (pes). Computed tomographic images were obtained of nine cadaver pedes from seven different white rhinoceroses and assessed for pathology. A single foot deemed free of pathology was radiographed using a range of different projections and exposures to determine the best protocol. 3D models were produced from the CT images and were displayed with the real radiographs to describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the white rhinoceros pes. An optimal radiographic projection was determined for each bone in the rhinoceros pes focusing on highlighting areas where pathology has been previously described. The projections deemed to be most useful were D60Pr‐PlDiO (digit III), D45Pr45M‐PlDiLO (digit II), and D40Pr35L‐PlDiLO (digit IV). The primary beam was centered 5–7 cm proximal to the cuticle on the digit of interest. Articular surfaces, ridges, grooves, tubercles, processes and fossae were identified. The radiographic protocol we have developed along with the normal radiographic anatomy we have described will allow for more accessible and effective diagnosis of white rhinoceros foot osteopathologies.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF TESTS BASED ON RADIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS OF DOGS AND CATS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Nelson Justin R.
Published: October 2014

A systematic review of diagnostic tests based on radiologic measurements of structures in dogs and cats was done in order to reach generalizable conclusions about the value of making such measurements. Literature search was done using the ISI Web of KnowledgeSMfor studies in the subject categoryVeterinary sciences. Studies were eligible for inclusion that employed length, angle, area or volume measurements from radiographic, ultrasonographic, CT or MR images of dogs or cats as a diagnostic test for a naturally occurring condition, compared the results of imaging with a reference standard, included at least 10 subjects, and sufficient data that a 2 × 2 table of results could be constructed. Quality of studies was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 tool. Twenty‐six studies were found describing 40 tests that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Tests were radiographic in 22 (55%) instances and ultrasonographic in 18 (45%). Quality of studies was generally low, with a risk of bias in patient selection in 92% studies, performance of the index test in 73% studies, and patient flow in 42% studies. Median (range) number of subjects was 64 (20–305), sensitivity was 77% (38–99%), specificity was 82% (50–99%), positive likelihood ratio was 4.1 (1–103), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.29 (0.01–1). Two studies that compared accuracy of radiographic measurements to subjective image interpretation alone found no difference. Evidence is weak that radiologic measurements of structures in dogs and cats are useful for diagnosis, hence measurements should not be emphasized as a basis for diagnosis in either teaching or clinical imaging reports.
TRNSYS Modeling of a Linear Fresnel Concentrating Collector for Solar Cooling and Hot Water Applications
Authors: Sultana Tanzeen , Morrison Graham L. , Taylor Robert , Rosengarten Gary
Published: October 2014

In this paper, simulation of a linear Fresnel rooftop mounted concentrating solar collector is presented. The system is modeled with the transient system (trnsys) simulation program using the typical meteorological year file containing the weather parameters of four different cities in Australia. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to determine the heat transfer mechanism in the microconcentrating (MCT) collector. Ray trace simulations using soltrace (NREL) were used to determine optical efficiency. Heat loss characteristics determined from CFD simulation were utilized in trnsys to assess the annual performance of the solar cooling system using an MCT collector. The effect of the different loads on the system performance was investigated, and from trnsys simulations, we found that the MCT collector achieves a minimum 60% energy saving for both domestic hot water usage and high temperature solar cooling and hot water applications.
Modeling Investigation of Different Methods to Suppress Engine Knock on a Small Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Shao Jiankun , Rutland Christopher J.
Published: October 2014

Knock is the main obstacle toward increasing the compression ratio and using lower octane number fuels. In this paper, a small two-valve aircraft spark ignition engine, Rotax-914, was used as an example to investigate different methods to suppress engine knock. It is generally known that if the octane number is increased and the combustion period is shortened, the occurrence of knock will be suppressed. Thus, in this paper, different methods were introduced for two effects, increasing ignition delay time in end-gas and increasing flame speed. In the context, KIVA-3V code, as an advanced 3D engine combustion simulation code, was used for engine simulations and chemical kinetics investigations were also conducted using chemkin. The results illustrated gas addition, such as hydrogen and natural gas addition, can be used to increase knock resistance of the Rotax-914 engine in some operating conditions. Replacing the traditional port injection method by direct injection strategy was another way investigated in this paper to suppress engine knock. Some traditional methods, such as adding exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and increasing swirl ratio, also worked for this small spark ignition engine.
Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of a Multistage Vaneless Counter-Rotating Turbine
Authors: Zhao Wei , Wu Bing , Xu Jianzhong
Published: October 2014

A multistage vaneless counter-rotating turbine (MVCRT) eliminates vanes between rotors, which reduces the weight and size of the turbine and avoids viscous losses associated with vanes pronouncedly. An aircraft engine employing such a turbine would have greater thrust to weight ratio and smaller specific fuel consumption. This paper presents the aerodynamic design philosophy and performance analysis of the MVCRTs for gas turbine engines by a case study. The case is about a 1/2*4 turbine, which consists of a rotating frame and four rotors without any vanes between them. The first rotor and the third rotor are connected by a shaft to drive a compressor with a pressure ratio of 11.8, and the second rotor and the fourth rotor are connected by the rotating frame to deliver a total shaft power of around 2 MW. The stage loading of each rotor and flow axial acceleration of each duct are controlled to provide sufficient inlet swirls for their subsequent rotors. The stage work coefficients of each rotor are 0.95, 2.9, 1.4, and 1.0, respectively. Nonuniform radial circulation distributions are also used to maximize the turbine power output. Centrifugal forces in the outer rotor of the turbine are captured by carrying out a finite element analysis (FEA) to validate the aerodynamic design results. Three-dimensional viscous numerical results show that an adiabatic total-to-total efficiency of 91.47% with a pressure ratio of 9.8 at design condition is obtained and achieves the initial design objective very well. Entropy creation associated with the tip leakage and secondary flow is also illustrated for understanding the origins and effects of losses in the turbine. Pressure ratios and efficiency at the speed combinations of the 80% to 100% inner and outer rotor design speeds are discussed to reveal the turbine characteristics at off-design conditions.
Applying Contact Angle to a Two-Dimensional Multiphase Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Model
Authors: Farrokhpanah Amirsaman , Samareh Babak , Mostaghimi Javad
Published: October 2014

Equilibrium contact angle of liquid drops over horizontal surfaces has been modeled using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The model is capable of accurate implementation of contact angles to stationary and moving contact lines. In this scheme, the desired value for stationary or dynamic contact angle is used to correct the profile near the triple point. This is achieved by correcting the surface normals near the contact line and also interpolating the drop profile into the boundaries. Simulations show that a close match to the chosen contact angle values can be achieved for both stationary and moving contact lines. This technique has proven to reduce the amount of nonphysical shear stresses near the triple point and to enhance the convergence characteristics of the solver.
Sliding Mode Control Based on Chemical Reaction Optimization and Radial Basis Functional Link Net for De-Icing Robot Manipulator
Authors: Van Tran Thuy , Wang YaoNan , Ao HungLinh , Khac Truong Tung
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a sliding mode control (SMC) system based on combining chemical reaction optimization (CRO) algorithm with radial basis functional link net (RBFLN) for an n-link robot manipulator is proposed to achieve the high-precision position tracking. In the proposed scheme, a three-layer RBFLN with powerful approximation ability is employed to approximate the uncertainties, such as parameter variations, friction forces, and external disturbances, and to eliminate chattering phenomenon of the SMC. In order to achieve the expected performance in the initial phase as well as the improved convergence rate, the RBFLN parameters need to be optimized in advance. Therefore, the initial parameters of the RBFLN are optimized offline by CRO algorithm instead of random selection. Furthermore, the RBFLN weights are determined online according to adaptive tuning laws in the sense of a projection algorithm and the Lyapunov stability theorem to guarantee the stability and convergence of the system. The simulation results of three-link de-icing robot manipulator (DIRM) are provided to verify the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Effect of Using Grilles in Car Park Through Reversible Supply Exhaust Ventilation Strategy
Authors: Said Ahmed Osama Mohammed , Khalil Essam E. , Fahim Ahmed A. Medhat , El Bialy Esmail Mohamed Ali
Published: October 2014

Ventilation is part of the acceptable indoor air quality and thermal comfort problem. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that’s emitted from cars in vehicular spaces. A new strategy of ventilation called periodic supply exhaust strategy is used. The main advantage of PRESEV strategy is reducing air flow rate requirement and also achieve averaged CO ppm rise according to standards. With the PRESEV strategy a ventilation flow rate 27% of that required by conventional piston or mixed ventilation strategies could achieve the same maximum hourly averaged local CO ppm rise. This paper aims at applying the PRESEV strategy throughout different cases and check effectiveness on these cases.
Stick-Slip Model for PDC Bits Accounting for Coupled Torsional and Axial Oscillations
Authors: Tikhonov Vadim , Bukashkina Olga , Gandikota Raju
Published: October 2014

Drilling with PDC bits can cause severe torsional and axial oscillations. These oscillations are accompanied by periodic sticking of the bit followed by accelerated rotation. The so-called “stick-slip” increases bit wear and fatigue and causes premature failure of BHA and drillstring components. It is well known that these torsional oscillations are nonlinear and self-induced. The present study investigates the coupling between axial and torsional oscillations.

The cutting process is based on the Detournay model, which provides for the effect of the bottomhole pressure and the local pore pressure. The axial stiffness of the drillstring is taken into account with the axial motion equations coupled with the torsional equations, in contrast to previous models where axial equations were considered independently. Axial oscillations are allowed to occur even when the bit is in the stick phase. The new model also includes bit “bouncing” when it loses contact with the bottomhole. The equations are solved by time integration. By results of the analysis of transient processes the spectral density is determined.

The objective of the paper is to improve understanding of stick-slip oscillation nature and assess the contribution of parameters that influence their intensity.

The study includes the effect of the rotor rpm, intrinsic specific energy of rock, number of PDC blades, wear flat length of blades, etc.

Results of the study will help drillers to select and change drilling parameters more efficiently to reduce severe stick-slip oscillations.
Sliding Mode Control Design for Nonlinear Systems Without Reaching Phase and its Applications to a Flexible Spacecraft
Authors: Bilgin Nurdan , Salamci Metin U.
Published: October 2014

Two new Sliding Mode Control (SMC) design methods for nonlinear systems are presented in order to eliminate the reaching phase in the SMC. The sliding surface design approaches are based on optimal sliding surface selection methods for Linear Time Invariant (LTI) and Linear Time Varying (LTV) systems. The reaching phase is eliminated by confining the LTI/LTV system on a predefined linear level surface that moves to the designed optimal sliding hyperplane exponentially. The methodology is extended to nonlinear systems by using two approaches; the “State Dependent Riccati Equation” (SDRE) and “Approximating Sequence of Riccati equations” (ASRE) methods. Systematic ways are defined to eliminate the reaching phase and to design optimal sliding surface for the nonlinear system. The proposed methods are then applied to a spacecraft model with flexible solar panels in order to control the attitude and to suppress some of the vibration modes of the flexible panels. Numerical simulations are used to illustrate the application of proposed methods which are also compared with each other to reveal the effectiveness in coping with uncertainty and vibration suppression and minimization of the energy cost.
Unsteady Flow Simulation in Suction Muffler of a Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor
Authors: Coskun Umut Can , Gunes Hasan , Sarioglu Kemal , Kerpicci Husnu
Published: October 2014

In this study a numerical study of a suction muffler in a hermetic reciprocating compressor of a domestic refrigerator is performed using a finite volume based flow solver (Fluent). In order to reveal the behavior of the flow realistically, unsteady experimental pressure data has been used in the outlet boundary condition for the simulations. Detailed investigations are carried out to reveal the instantaneous flow behavior in different muffler sections such as channel and chambers based on the mass flow rate variation with respect to crankshaft angle. Power spectrum of pressure fluctuations at selected points help to reveal the noise characteristics of the muffler. This study gives a comprehensive insight into the interaction of muffler chambers with flow through the channel. In a previous study, the ratio of the chamber volumes were shown to be an important design parameter. To verify this assumption, three prototype muffler geometries were simulated. In these prototypes, the plate that divides the muffler into two chambers was moved by 7 mm and 10 mm in the direction to enlarge the second chamber. The flow through the prototype geometries were investigated numerically. The results showed that the aerodynamic performance increased while the aero-acoustic performance slightly decreased. Furthermore, this study aims to be an initial step to a more complicated optimization process which involves the inlet valve dynamics.
CFD Study of Ejector Efficiencies
Authors: Besagni Giorgio , Mereu Riccardo , Colombo Emanuela
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a method to evaluate ejector efficiency in function of local flow parameters. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a Computational Fluid-Dynamics (CFD) approach for convergent nozzle ejectors is presented and computational results are validated using experimental velocity and temperature profiles at different sections. The validation process includes the evaluation of seven Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models: the Spalart-Allmaras and the k–omega SST models show better performance in terms of convergence capability and flow and thermal field prediction. In the second part, local flow phenomena and their influence on ejector component efficiencies are investigated. The validated CFD approach is used to determine the efficiencies of the ejector primary nozzle, suction chamber, and mixing zone. Efficiency maps, regressing equation linking efficiencies, and local flow quantities are proposed and discussed. Finally, global ejector performance is mapped and considerations are outlined.
High Reynolds Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow Around a Triangular Body
Authors: Hanafizadeh Pedram , Hojati S. Alireza , Eslami Hamid , Latifian Navid
Published: October 2014

In many industrial applications, some measurement instruments must be placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. Two phase cross flows around a body have seldom been studied until now and considering these flows can play a significant role in long-term reliability and safety of industrial systems. In this paper drag coefficient, pressure coefficient and void fraction around triangular bodies with different leading edge angles were considered. Also effect of Reynolds number and inlet void fraction on drag coefficient and pressure coefficient has been investigated and flow treatment behind the triangular obstacle has been examined. To achieve this aim, main equations of flow have been developed for investigation of drag coefficient in air-water two phase. Our numerical analyses were performed by a designed and written CFD package which is based on Eulerian-Eulerian approach. Geometries, which have been studied in this article, are triangle, with different leading edge angle. Other parameters such as two phase Reynolds number, free stream void fraction and bubble size were considered, too. Drag coefficient is closely relates to the turbulence and the bubble motion. Since these mechanisms vary over time, we used final value of drag coefficient after convergence. The results showed that drag coefficient is strongly depended of Reynolds number. In this simulation it can be seen that both the drag coefficient and pressure drag coefficient decrease whit increase in two phase Reynolds number and increase with decrease in inlet void fraction.