bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giuseppe Borgese, The Makers Of Europe
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Not a single prophet, during more than a century of prophecies, analyzing the degradation of the romantic culture, or planning the split of the romantic atom, ever imagined anything like fascism. There was, in the lap of the future, communism and syndicalism and what not; there was anarchism, and legitimism, and even all-papacy; war, peace, pan-Germanism, pan-Slavism, Yellow Peril, signals to the planet Mars; there was no fascism. It came as a surprise to all, and to themselves too.

Hitler is only the shadow of Mussolini; but such a broad one that it seems doubtful if many sun rays for autonomous development are still left to Italian fascism. For the time being Mussolini, the creator, already looks like the precursor of Hitler, the imitator: a destiny allotted to many such geniuses.
R. Palme dutthe purging ares of fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Marx and Engels long ago pointed out the inevitable working out of capitalism in barbarism and decay, if the working-class revolution should fail to conquer in time. Stage by stage, through imperialism and its world orgies of brutality and destruction, through the slaughter of the world war, and to-day through Fascism, we are tasting the first beginnings of this alternative.

It is time to end this chapter ofhuman history, before we have to tread this path still further, and to open the new one throughout the world which has already begun over one-sixth of the world. Only the working-class revolution can save humanity, can carry humanity forward, can organise the enormous powers of production that lie ready to hand.
G. D. H. Andm. 1. Cole, tribal loyalties
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Fascism is State-controlled Capitalism operated in the interests of the broad mass of property-owners, its conception being of course wide enough to include the possession of a superior type of education reserved for a few as in effect a form of property.

But it is also highly relevant that Fascism is nationalist. For there is an economic as well as a political reason for its nationalism. It must be nationalist because the national State is the only available instrument for guarding the rights of property against Socialist attack. This necessity explains the eagerness with which Fascist leaders play upon nationalist sentiment. But it does not, of course, explain the existence of the strength of the sentiment to which they are able to appeal. For the nationalist sentiment itself, though it is reinforced by economic considerations, does not depend mainly upon them, but arises rather in its present heightened state from the power of fear and the threat of insecurity to drive men back to primitive loyalties. Nationalism in its more exaggerated forms is the outcome of a fear complex expressing itself no longer in a group or tribal loyalty on a small scale but in a sense of the nation as the embodiment of collective power.
Seymour m. Lipset, extremism of the centre
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Before 1917 extremist political movements were usually thought of as a rightist phenomenon. Those who would eliminate democracy generally sought to restore monarchy or the rule of the aristocrats. After 1917 politicians and scholars alike began to refer to both left and right extremism, i.e., Communism and fascism. In this view,

extremists at either end of the political continuum develop into advocates of dictatorship, while the moderates of the center remain the defenders ofdemocracy. This chapter will attempt to show that this is an error-that extremist ideologies and groups can be classified and analyzed in the same terms as democratic groups,
The Frankfurt School, Fear And Destructiveness
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It seems obvious therefore that the modification of the potentially fascist structure cannot be achieved by psychological means alone. The task is comparable to that of eliminating neurosis, or delinquency, or nationalism from the world. These are products of the total organization of society and are to be changed only as that society is changed. It is not for the psychologist to say how such changes are to be brought about. The problem is one which requires the efforts of all social scientists. All that we would insist upon is that in the councils or round tables where the problem is considered and action planned the psychologist should have avoice. We believe that the scientific understanding of society must include an understanding of what it does to people, and that it is possible to have social reforms, even broad and sweeping ones, which though desirable in their own right would not necessarily change the structure of the prejudiced personality.
Barrington Moore, Blood And Death
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Though it might be equally profitable to undertake a parallel consideration of democratic failures that preceded fascism in Germany.Japan, and Italy, it is enough for present pwposes to notice that fascism is inconceivable without democracy or what is sometimes more turgidly called the entrance of the masses onto the historical stage. Fascism was an attempt to make reaction and conservatism popular and plebeian, through which conservatism, of course, lost the substantial connection it did have with freedom, some aspects of which were discussed in thepreceding chapter.

The conception of objective law vanished under fascism. Among its most significant features was a violent rejection of humanitarian ideals, including any notion of potential human equality. The fascist outlook stressed not only the inevitability of hierarchy, discipline, and obedience, but also posited that they were values in
Roger Eatwell, The New Synthesis
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Roger Eatwell teaches at the University of Bath and has specialized in the study of the right, with particular attention to Poujadism, the Holocaust denial, and British fascism. He has also contributed a sophisticated model with which to grasp the underlying coherence of fascist ideology in terms of the way, in evolving positions on a cluster of basic themes, it

synthesizes elements of right and lefi:, conservative and revolutionary currents of thought.

This approach has the merit ofhighlighting the structural affinity both between apparently conflicting forms of inter-war fascism, and between inter-war and post-war fascism or ‘neofascism’, which in some cases has moved a long way from its antecedents.
LEOn Degrelle, The Ideals Of The Fascist Era
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

You can see that the Spain of 1939 was not Germany of 1939.[... ] Yet the same dynamism was at work everywhere stirring the crowds, the same faith moved them, and a similar ideological bedrock could even be discerned underlying it. They shared the same reactions towards the old parties, all so sclerotic and corrupted by sordid compromises and devoid of imagination that they had nowhere brought social solutions on a sufficiently large scale or which were genuinely revolutionary. Meanwhile the people, worn down by long hours of work, miserably paid, inadequately protected against accidents at work, illnesses, or old age, waited full of impatience and anguish to be treated at last with humanity, not just materially but morally.
Gaston-Armand Amaudruz, How To Save Europe
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Some idea of the Byzantine interconnections of post-war fascism can be gl.eaned from the fact that the author of this piece is a Swiss closely associated in the late 1940s with La Sentinelle, published by the indefatigable French Eurofascist organizer, Rene Binet. Both had been active in setting up the Zurich conference for the hard-line racists who had split with non-Nazi fascists at the Malmo international congress of 1951. It was this which led to the creation ofLe Nouvel Ordre Europeen based in Switzerland, which produced L’Europe reelle, published in Brussels, and Europae, ‘official organ of NOE’. It was produced by the Barcelona branch of CEDADE, a Universal Nazi organization formed in 1965 by Spanish fascists and fugitives from the Axis Powers. The first issue contained, apart from the piece reproduced here, articles by Bardeche on ‘the real Europe’, Evola on ‘the problem of decadence’, a piece on eugenics, one on ‘genetic pollution’, and another on the dangers of democracy, all translated into German, Spanish, English, French, and Italian.
Frente Nacional, Living Stones Of The New Spain
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Nearly four decades of authoritarian rule under Franco seem to have left most Spaniards disenchanted with ultra-right solutions to the problems of State, and both the nostalgic and neofascist right have remained highly marginalized. The only potential leader figure with some charisma has been Blas Pinar, who founded the Frente Nacional in 1986 after the
on Estates and Classes
Authors: Toennies Ferdinand
Published: November 2023

Estates and Classes Distinguished. Estates and cl.asses are based essentially on the facts of economic life. But their signific nce reaches over into political affairs and into the intellectual and moral sphere. Estates are related to one another like the organs or limbs of a body; classes are engaged in a contractual relationship.
An Inheritance Reaffirmed: Weber
Authors: Al Howard Newby Et
Published: November 2023

The second half of our report addresses the thesis that class conflict has somehow been restructured. In particular we concentrate on the themes of sectionalism, egoism, privatism, and fatalism. These have been well sum¬ marized by, among others, Lukes and Hobsbawm. The argument here, it will be remembered, is that technological change, the increased participation of women in paid labour, and ‘politicization of the market’ via state intervention in economic processes, together with the shift from manufacturing to service industries, have made the distinction between manual and nonmanual labour largely irrelevant. Indeed, with the rise of mass production and consumption, labour or work itself has become less central to the identity and consciousness of workers.
Sociology and the Study of Society
Authors: Touraine Alain
Published: November 2023

The acceleration and expansion of change has modified our image of social life. The latter is dominated by the level of action through which human societies create and transform themselves. The analysis of modem societies, which is the specific field of sociology, was at first identified with the study of political and juridical institutions, because the most important things in these societies were the movement of commodities and capital, the security of roads, the respect of contracts and the standardization of weights and measures; this gave rise to a juridical interpretation of social life as a totality of regulated exchanges.
The Reality of Representation and the Representation of Reality
Authors: Bourdieu Pierre
Published: November 2023

The classifying subjects who classify the properties and practices of others, or their own, are also classifiable objects which classify themselves (in the eyes of others) by appropriating practices and properties that are already classified (as vulgar or distinguished, high or low, heavy or light etc.—in other words, in the last analysis, as popular or bourgeois) according to their probable distribution between groups that are themselves classified. The most classifying and best classified of these properties are, of course, those which are overtly designated to function as signs of distinction or marks of infamy, stigmata, especially the names and titles expressing class membership whose intersection defines social identity at any given time—the name of a nation, a region, an ethnic group, a family name, the name of an occupation, an educational qualification, honorific titles and so on. Those who classify themselves or others, by appropriating or classifying practices or properties that are classified and classifying, cannot be unaware that, through distinctive objects or practices in which their ‘powers’ are expressed and which, being appropriated by and appropriate to classes, classify those who appropriate them, they classify themselves in the eyes of other classifying (but also classifiable) subjects, endowed with classificatory schemes analogous to those which enable them more or less adequately to anticipate their own classification.
Bourdleu on ‘Habitus’
Authors: Thompson John B
Published: November 2023

Such a disposition, or system of dispositions, is what Bourdieu calls ‘habitus’, the main features of which are summed up (rather densely) in the following passage: the structures constitutive of a particular type of environment ˛ produce the habitus, systems of durable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as the principle of generation and structuration of practices and representations which can be objectively ‘regulated’ and ‘regular’ without in any way being the product of obedience to rules, objectively adapted to their goal without presupposing the conscious orientation towards ends and the express mastery of the operations necessary to attain them and, being all that, collectively orchestrated without being the product of the organizing action of a conductor.
Giddens on ‘Structuration’
Authors: Thompson John B
Published: November 2023

Let me begin by outlining the central themes of Giddens’s account. This account is formulated with a view towards building upon the strengths, while avoiding the weaknesses, of certain theoretical orientations in the social sciences. Functionalism has rightly emphasized the institutional features of the social world and has focused attention on the ways in which the unintended consequences of action serve to maintain existing social relations. Structuralism and ‘post-structuralist’ approaches have developed novel conceptions of structure, of structuring processes and of the subject, conceptions which have been applied with particular efficacy to the analysis of texts and cultural objects. But what functionalism and structuralism lack, in spite of much discussion of the ‘action frame of reference’ and the ‘theory of the subject’, is an adequate account of action and agency. The latter have been principal concerns of ‘analytical philosophy’ during the last two deqtdes, as well as of the ‘interpretative sociologies’ influenced by Husserl, Wittgenstein and others.
Class and Class Struggle
Authors: Thompsoni E P
Published: November 2023

It seems that, once again, it is necessary to explain how a historian —or how this historian-understands the term’class’. Some fifteen years ago I concluded a rather protracted work of analysis into a particular moment of class formation. In the Preface I offered some comments on class which concluded: ‘Class is defined by men as they live their own history, and, in the end, this is its only definition.’’ It is generally supposed today, among a new generation of Marxist theorists, that such a statement must either be ‘innocent’ or (far worse) ‘not innocent’: i.e. evidence of an ulterior surrender to empiricism, historicism, etc. These people have very much better ways of defining class: definitions moreover which can be swiftly reached within theoretical practice and without the fatigue of historical investigation.
The ‘Linguistic Turn’: Class, ‘Experience’, and Politics
Authors: Jones Gareth Stedman
Published: November 2023

The latest essays in this book indicate a shift in my thinking not only about these particular topics but also about the social historical approach as such.1 Most important in this respect was the process of rethinking that lay behind my essay on Chartism. I wanted to make a study of Chartism both because my work on a projected biography of Engels suggested the need to find a critical yardstick by which to judge his picture of the movement, and because no overview of English working class development was possible without an adequate interpretation of that crucial episode. The weakness of my critique of Foster’s book had derived from the vagueness of its treatment of Chartism as a political phenomenon. The decline of Chartism had there been described only from a most stratospheric angle of vision in terms of a failure of the social Weltanschauung supposedly represented by the Chartists in the face of the advance and stabilization of the national and international economy. Similarly, in accounting for its beginnings, although I had felt a long-standing unease at the theoretical level about Edward Thompson’s picture of the formation of working-class consciousness, it was impossible to provide a more satisfactory alternative without independent engagement with the primary sources.
Language, Gender, and Working-Class History
Authors: Scott Joan W
Published: November 2023

This essay is an attempt to address a problem that seems to me increasingly evident and stubbornly resistant to easy solution. That problem is the one faced by feminist historians in their attempts to bring women as a subject and gender as an analytic category into the practice of labor history. If women as subjects have increased in visibility, the questions raised by women’s history remain awkwardly connected to the central concerns of the field. And gender has not been seriously considered for what it could provide in the way of a major reconceptualization of labor history. Some feminist historians (myself included) have therefore viewed with cautious optimism their colleagues’ increasing interest in theories of language.
The Nights of Labor
Authors: Ranciere Jacques
Published: November 2023

What relationship is there between the Sunday extravagances of these ‘arti¬ sans’ and ‘petty bourgeois’ men on the one hand, and the solid realities of exploitation and class struggle on the other? As with every vertigo and every Sunday, it is one of everything and nothing. Monday they will begin again the monotony of work or the vagrancy of unemployment. The world remains unchanged when the young seamstress leaves the Saint-Simonian preaching session, to which she had gone ‘to find a bit of droll amusement’ and from which she returned ‘filled with admiration and astonishment for the grandeur of the ideas and the unselfishness of the apostles’.’ Nothing has changed, but nothing will ever be the same as before, either. Fifty years later, when many of the apostles will have forgotten or disavowed it, our seamstress and our joiner will still proudly bear the marks of the bite. For it is in the moments when the real world wavers and seems to reel into mere appearance, more than in the slow accumulation of day-to-day experiences, that it becomes possible to form a judgment about the world.
A Post-Materialist Rhetoric for Labour History
Authors: Sewell William jun H
Published: November 2023

In labor studies, by comparison, a broad and complacent materialist perspect¬ ive dominates the field. There have been challenges—for example, Gareth StedmanJones’s and Joan Scott’s mutually hostile arguments for the primacy of language over class in the determination of labor politics or Jacques Rancière’s attempts to deconstruct the myth of the artisan—but Stedman Jones, Scott, and Ranciere have so far recruited few followers among labor historians, who have tended to dismiss them for lapsing into ‘mere’ intellectual history.’ I believe labor history is destined to suffer from continuing intellectual doldrums unless its largely unexamined materialist common sense is more widely and vigorously contested. It would, of course, be chimerical to imagine that labor studies could, in the present situation, spawn a theoretical debate as intense and multiformed as that occurring in contemporary feminist studies. Yet the politics and the political economy of labor in the contemporary world hardly seem conducive to theoretical complacency.
Habermas and the ‘Public Sphere’
Authors: Eleyi Geoff
Published: November 2023

By ‘the public sphere’ we mean first of all a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. They then behave neither like business or professional people transacting private affairs, nor like members of a constitutional order subject to the legal constraints of a state bureaucracy. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion —that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions —about matters of general interest. In a large public body this kind of communication requires specific means for transmitting information and influencing those who receive it.
Gendering ‘the Social’
Authors: Riley Denise
Published: November 2023

Both this ‘social’ and ‘women’ lean forward, as concepts, into a future which is believed to sustain them. It is as if ‘women’, who have been erroneously or ignorantly represented, might yet, reconstructed, come into their own. In many later nineteenth and indeed early twentieth-century addresses on the Woman Question, they are caught up not in being, where they are massively misunderstood, but in becoming. If ‘women’ can be credited with having a tense, then it is a future tense. It is true that the trajectory of ‘man’ in the nineteenth-century human sciences often winds him backward to the riddles of his origins, or alternatively, reels him out towards the double question of his ends.
The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt
Authors: Moore Jun Barrington
Published: November 2023

After a relatively brief immersion in the autobiographies and prewar sociological investigations of German working-class life, an investigator will notice the existence of an intellectual elite among the working class with a somewhat patronizing stance toward what it regards as the mass of the workers. In modem times this is often the case with subordinate and oppressed groups, whose leaders are often unsure whether the masses will be up to carrying the burden that historical destiny has supposedly laid upon their shoulders. In Germany at this time the distinction was mainly between an articulate upper stratum of workers and a much larger stratum of inarticulate or possibly deliberately silent ones. Most though not all of the information that is available about the inarticulate comes from the articulate. To learn what we can about the mentality of the inarticulate it is necessary to have as clear a conception as possible of the biases and predilections of the articulate.
‘Rebelling against the Work we Love’
Authors: Cottereau Alain
Published: November 2023

If we are to begin to comprehend the reality of working-class life at the time of Le Sublime, our first step must be to dispel several current myths which prevent any kind of understanding of the social relations involved. A set of ‘Industrial Revolution’ images, repeated like a catechism for the last century, would have us believe that only large-scale factory production and the use of the steam engine resulted in real ‘typical’ industrial capitalism and its by-product, the real ‘typical’ working class. In consequence, descriptions of the situation in Paris refer only to these stereotypes. Production in Paris had supposedly remained separated from large-scale industry, retaining for the most part its ‘traditional’ nature, preserved in the old forms of domestic industries and small businesses. ‘Luxury’ industries (goldsmiths, ‘articles from Paris’, fashionable clothes) and the main body of consumer industries are thought to have produced a particular working-class profile which differed greatly from that of the proletariat the Industrial Revolution had created. A powerful ‘working-class aristocracy’ had supposedly grown up, highly skilled, jealous of its independence and with a libertarian attitude rooted in former values. This tendency would have been reinforced by the large-scale immigration of rural craft workers.
Gender and the Middle Class
Authors: Davidoff Leonore , Hall Catherine
Published: November 2023

Family Fortunes is a book about the ideologies, institutions and practices of the English middle class from the end of the eighteenth to the mid nineteenth centuries. It concerns both men and women. It looks at the place of the family and the delineation of gender difference at a time of rapid economic, political and social change. The principal argument rests on the assumption that gender and class always operate together, that consciousness of class always takes a gendered form. Of course the articulation of class and gender is never a peifect fit. Indeed, tension between class aspirations and feminine identity was one of the powerful forces in the development of mid nineteenth-century feminism.
The Making of the British Middle Ciass: An Elite-Led Class
Authors: Morris R J
Published: November 2023

What emerged from this study of the public life of the middle classes of Leeds in the 1830s was not a middle class of manufacturers aggressively accumulating capital which was the basis for the employment of wage labour. The economic structure of a broadly defined middle class contained only some 45°/o of manufacturers and makers.
Meanings of Class
Authors: Sewell William jun H
Published: November 2023

Class consciousness first emerged in France during the agitation that followed the Revolution of 1830. In order to make their essentially corporate demands comprehensible in the liberal climate established by the July Revolution, workers took up the language of the Revolution and reshaped it to fit their own goals. The two crucial innovations were the identification of manual workers as ‘the people’ by casting them as industrial serfs who must be emancipated from their exploitation at the hands of privileged proprietors and the elaboration of an idiom of fraternal association.
War and the Language of Class
Authors: Waites Bernard
Published: November 2023

During the early nineteenth century, the language of’class’ came to designate the social divisions of an increasingly industrial, capitalist society, not entirely to the exclusion of older terms appropriate to the pre-industrial hierarchy, but in such a way as to be the dominant convention.’ This language became enmeshed in social practices and relations, and helped constitute the sense people made of their society. Since its adoption, there have been several important shifts in ‘class’ usage and reference.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith
Published: November 2023

In 1984 bell hooks reflects on the ‘growing disinterest in feminism as a radical political movement’ and the increasing inability w arrive at a unified definition of feminism itself A decade later Anna Yeatman writes of the ways in which academic feminism, or ‘femocracy’, has been characterized by various attempts to respond to challenges of’ otherness’. In these pieces, and in all those within this section, we find the nvo issues which have most preoccupied and characterized feminist theorizing in the 1980s and 1990s: the fragmentation and institutionalization of feminism itself.
French Feminism in an International Frame
Authors: Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty
Published: November 2023

A young Sudanese woman in the Faculty of Sociology at a Saudi Arabian University said to me, surprisingly: ‘I have written a structural functionalist dissertation on female circumcision in the Sudan.’ I was ready to forgive the sexist term ‘female circumcision’. We have learned to say ‘clitoridectomy’ because others more acute than we have pointed out our mistake.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith
Published: November 2023

The pieces in this section question whether feminist critiques of traditional epistemologies imply the existence of a specifically ‘female’ knowledge. Questions concerning the nature of knowledge and the validity of knowledge claims have been central to feminist writings. Much early writing was ranked up with establishing and exploring the extent w which traditional epistemologies worked to systematically exclude the possibility that women could be the agents of knowledge. The development of such critiques of traditional epistemologies as specifically ‘male’ has generated debate concerning the existence and/ or nature of a specifically ‘female knowledge.
One is not Born a Woman
Authors: Wittig Monique
Published: November 2023

A materialist feminise approach to women’s oppression destroys the idea that women are a ‘natural group’: ‘a racial group of a special kind, a group perceived as natural. a group of men considered as materially specific in their bodies’. ’hat the analysis accomplishes on the level of ideas. practice makes actual at the level of facts: by its very existence, lesbian society destroys the artificial (social) fact constituting women as a ‘namra1 group’. A lesbian society’ pragmatically reveals that the division from men of which women have been the object is a political one and shows that we have been ideologically rebuilt into a ‘natural group’. In the case of women, ideology goes far since our bodies as well as our minds are the product of this manipulation.
Psychoanalysis and the Polis
Authors: Kristeva Julia
Published: November 2023

Academic discourse, and perhaps American university discourse in particular, possesses an extraordinary ability to absorb, digest and neutralize all of the key, radical or dramatic moments of thought, particularly a fortiori, of contemporary thought. Marxism in the United States, though marginalized.
Their ‘symbolic’ exists, It holds power-we, the sowers of disorder, know It only too well
Authors: Shiach Morag
Published: November 2023

The title of this paper is a quotation from ‘The laugh of the Medusa’ by Helene Cixous. The quotation mobilizes terms that are central both to Cixous’s work over the last twenty years and to this collection on psychoanalysis and feminism. Focusing on questions of ‘the symbolic’, of power, and on the politics of disorder, Cixous’s work suggests new sorts of solutions to the relationship between psychoanalytic theory and feminist practice.
Feminism, Humanism, Postmodernism
Authors: Soper Kate
Published: November 2023

Postmodernist argument (or the argument of ‘modernity’ as others have wanted to call it/ has issued a number of challenges: to the idea that we can continue to think. “Titer and speak of our culture as representing a continuous development and progress; to the idea chat humanity is proceeding towards a tools of ‘emancipation’ and ‘self-realization’; w the idea that we can invoke any universal subjectivity in speaking atom the human condition.
Psychoanalysis and the imaginary Body
Authors: Grosz Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This[... ] is part of a larger project:[... ] an attempt to rethink the terms in which subjectivity is usually understood in feminist theory. Subjectivity has tended to be conceptualized in terms that privilege and affirm the primacy of mind over body, a conceptual opposition that has characterized western philosophy since its inception in ancient Greece. Even psychoanalytic theory has been generally understood. by feminists and others, as an account of the psychical production of masculine and feminine subjects. as if this can somehow occur or make any sense in isolation from the \cultural and social) specificities of sexed bodies.
Queer Theory and the War of the Sexes
Authors: Mcintosh Mary
Published: November 2023

Feminism is a form of politics deeply rooted in humanism. Its project is laboratory, its subjects women. To be a feminist necessarily involves a belief that women and men are intrinsically free and equal and that women’s oppression lies in the denial of the development of our full capacities. This is why the question of defining women. in terms other than those of biological reductionism, has been so important.
AIDS, Identity, and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Treichler Paula
Published: November 2023

When I shared this with a medical school colleague, he got huffy: ‘That’s not a joke.’ he said, ‘that’s feminism!’ Indeed; it’s feminism that turns on an important paradox of identity: When does Joe’ become Jane’’ And even d<lcs Joe become Jane? If someone is called a ‘woman’, what criterion is being treated as essential?
Sexuality in the Field of Vision
Authors: Rose Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Freud often related the question of sexuality to that of visual representation. Describing the child’s difficult journey into adult sexual life, he would take as his model little scenarios, or the staging of events, which demonstrated the complexity of an essentially visual space, moments in which perception fo1mders (the boy child refuses to believe the anatomical difference that he sees/ or in which pleasure in looking tips over into the register of excess (witness to a sternal act in which he reads his own destiny, the child tries to interrupt by calling attention to his presence).”‘ Each time the stress falls on a problem of seeing.
Missing Women: Rethinking: Early Thoughts on Images of Women
Authors: Pollock Griselda
Published: November 2023

The political identity of the women’s movement has been formed in large part by a critique of the representations of women that circulate through ‘high’ culture and the media, including film, television, advertising, and pornography. These ‘images of women’ have been denounced by some in the name of feminism. Yet they are difficult w disavow because of the potency of their formulations of femininity, their fascination. and their pleasures. V/e recognize a gap between idealized or debased versions of woman’ and the lives and identities we ordinarily inhabit. am in spite of the gap, we canny am acknowledge that to a certain extent our identities are formed through such imageries.
Frida Kahlo’s ‘Grotesque’ Bodies
Authors: Chedgzoy Kate
Published: November 2023

In 1925. when she was an eighteen-year-old pre-medical student at the elite National Preparatory School in :lexicon City, Frida Kahlo suffered terrible injuries as a result of a crash involving the bus she was travelling on. According to an eye-witness account, as Frida lay in the road. her pelvis crushed, pierced through the womb and vagina by a metal rod. somehow all her clothes were torn off and her naked body was showered with gold pigment which a fellov,1-passenger on the bus had been carrying. Even at this moment of utter physical pain and objection, her body was made into an object to be displayed and looked at. And if the objectivity of the account is questionable, it nevertheless testifies eloquently to the desire to convert Kahlo’s lived existence into a sort of bizarre art object.
Women and Ecology
Authors: Merchant Carolyn
Published: November 2023

women and nature have an age old association-an affiliation that has persisted throughout culture. language, and history. Their ancient interconnections have been dramatized by the simultaneity of two recent social movements-women’s liberation, symbolized in its controversial infancy by Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mysrique \1963). and the ecology movement, which built up during the 1960s and finally captured national anthemion on Earth Day, 1970. Common to both is an egalitarian perspective.
Fetal Fascinations: New Dimensions to the Medical-Scientific Construction of Fetal Personhood
Authors: Franklin Sarah
Published: November 2023

The issue of fetal personhood or fetal rights has become increasingly significant within contemporary public debates over reproduction, and correspondingly v,1ithin feminist analyses of these. [... ] Feminists such as Rosalind Patches and Janet Gallagher were among the first to note this shift and to develop a feminist critique of its implications for women. Since the early 1980s, it has become an increasingly significant component of feminist analyses of various reproductive issues, from new reproductive technologies. such as prenatal diagnosis and in vitni fertilization, to fetal organ transplants, enforced Caesarian sections and, of course, the continuing struggle for abortion rights.
Tinysex and Gender Trouble
Authors: Turkle Sherry
Published: November 2023

From my earliest effort to construct an online persona, it occurred to me that being a virtual man might be more comfortable than being a virtual woman. when I first logged on to a MUD, I named and described a character but forgot to give it a gender. I was struggling with the technical aspects of the MUD universe-the difference between various MUD commands such as ‘saying’ and ‘emoting’, ‘paging’ and ‘whispering’.
Hitler and Christianity
Authors: Wild Alfons
Published: November 2023

Many Christian commentators, especially Roman Catholic ones, were moved by Hitler’s claim that National Socialism embodied ‘positive Christianity’ to offer analyses of the movement and its goals. These often highly exegetical critiques, of which Wild represents a good example, sought to contrast statements from Mein Kampf with passages from the Bible or from papal pronouncements to prove that National Socialism was anything but a Christian doctrine.Hitler’s theory of the rightsof the Aryan race is closely associated with his racial theory, which regards the members of the Aryan race as the real human beings whilst seeing the members of other human races as sub-humans, ‘half-apes’, and so on.
The Politics of the Past
Authors: Frei Norbert
Published: November 2023

The question of amnestying past crimes, of releasing imprisoned war criminals or former Nazis, and of reintegrating such ‘victims of denazification· (as they were widely and sympathetically regarded in West Germany) into society and professional life was central to the domestic political agenda of the 1950s. A broad political consensus existed between the Christian Democrats and SPD on the policy of amnesty and reintegration. Cold War exigencies aside, as Norbert Frei argues, this was largely due the fact that both major parties had to appeal for votes in a fledgling democracy whose population, only ten years earlier, would have voted overwhelmingly for Hitler, and who now refused to accept the reality of the enormity of the crimes committed by and under the regime, especially in the east.
National Socialist Extermination Camps as Reflected in German Trials
Authors: Rückerl Adalbert
Published: November 2023

General problems of lack of evidence combined with the legal obligation to prove individual guilt for specific murders (proving membership of a group which had carried out mass murder collectively was not enough) made securing convictions of former Nazi criminals extremely difficult in the early years after the war. This was especially the case given that judges were often insufficiently informed of the broader historical context in which these occurred. Adalbert Riickerl, who headed the Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizver-waltungen from 1966, discusses some of the problems involved in this extract.
Overcoming National Socialism
Authors: Mierendorff Carl
Published: November 2023

Carl Mierendorff, a young Social Democrat (SPD) member of the Reichstag and later member of the Resistance, wrote regular discussions of National Socialism for the journal Sozialistische Monatshefte during the years 1930 to 1933. Critical both of the SPD’s policy of ‘toleration’ of Chancellor Bruning, which he regarded as overly passive, and of calls for a ‘Popular Front’, which he believed were based on an illusory belief in the potential for cooperation between the SPD and the Communists, Mierendorff argued that the only way to defeat Hitler was for the Republic to register political successes itself This was rooted in hisperceptive recognition that National Socialism's success was not merely a product of economic protest votes, but was made possible as a result of a deeper-seated political crisis of democracy itself.
A War Against Memory?
Authors: Wollaston Isabel
Published: November 2023

As Isabel Wollaston suggests, even variations in the terminology we use to signify the National Socialist genocide of the Jews betray different basic assumptions about its nature and its place in history and memory.The 1980s and 1990s have been marked by a series of fiftieth anniversaries relating to Nazism, World War II, and the Holocaust. For example, 1985: the Nuremberg Laws; 1988: the Anschluss, Munich, KristaUnacht; 1989: the outbreak of World War II; 1990: the Battle of Britain; 1991: the invasion of the Soviet Union, Pearl Harbour; 1992: the Wannsee Conference, El Alamein; 1993: the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; 1994: D-Day, the Warsaw Rising; 1995: the liberation of Auschwitz, Dresden, VE-Day, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the end of World War II. Such anniversaries are observed with varying degrees of solemnity and public interest. Few of them are immune to controversy.
Some Causes and Consequences of National Socialism
Authors: Kautsky Karl
Published: November 2023

The Austrian Marxist and leading theoretician of the Second International Karl Kautsky shared Mierendorffs pessimistic assessment of the strength of the Left in the face of the National Socialist onslaught. In this piece, written shortly after Hitler’s seizure of power, Kautsky is dismissive of National Socialist ideology, characterizing the movement’s electoral success as the product of general disorientation born of the crisis; however, he also stresses the limits to which the movement should be seen solely as a product of the Depression. In particular, he draws attention to the cultural legacy of the First World War and to the climate of embittered nationalism which it engendered.
What Produces Fascism: Pre-industrial Traditions or a Crisis of Capitalism?
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

One of the most sophisticated critics of the Sonderweg thesis, Geoff Eley, has consistently argued that this view overstates the importance of long-term origins and places too much emphasis on ‘pre-industrial traditions’. In this piece, he argues that fascist potential was rooted not so much in pre-industrial classes as in social groups which were precisely a product of Germany’s emergence as a mature industrial society, and that the causes of National Socialism are to be located more within a short-term crisis of capitalism itself, combined with a crisis of political legitimacy, from the First World War onwards.
The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony
Authors: Noakes Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In the conclusion to one of the most important of a number of regional studies of the rise to power which appeared in the early 1970s, Jeremy Noakes categorizes the movement as a ‘quasi-Volkspartei’, emphasizing the importance of its ability to integrate a fragmented middle-class milieu in the Depression.
The NSDAP as Party and Movement
Authors: Tyrel Albrecht
Published: November 2023

Tyrell, like many scholars, sees the characteristics which the movement developed during the ‘time of struggle’ as crucial to understanding the development of the regime after 1933 and its internal dynamic. In this passage, he examines the permeation of the ‘leadership principle’ through the movement following its second foundation in 1925, and the combination of absolute authority on the one hand with the existence of extensive space for the pursuit of individual initiatives on the other, a combination which gave the movement its peculiar dynamism.
The National Socialist Seizure of Power and German Society
Authors: Mommsen Hans
Published: November 2023

Mommsen’s article represents an attempt to place the cabbalistic machinations of 1932 to 1933 within the broader context of the period of presidential politics since 1930. Whilst placing blame firmly at the door of the conservative elites, rather than on the mass constituency of the Nazi movement, he rejects the notion that Hider’s appointment can be seen solely as the product of a backstairs intrigue’. The intriguers of 1932—3 are seen very much as representatives of broader social forces and lobbies—above all of the army and of sectors of business. The Nazi seizure of power thus appears as a compromise between the various interests and lobbies exerting influence during the early 1930s, all other attempts to find a basis for an authoritarian regime of the Right with mass support having failed.
Why Did the Weimar Republic Collapse?
Authors: Bessel Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Bessel here relates the failure of the Republic to establish its legitimacy to the legacy of the First World War-a legacy which was clearly huge in both economic and political terms. but also in cultural terms. Above all, as Bessel emphasizes in this passage, German society in the 1920s suffered from a collective unwillingness to accept the fact of Germany’s defeat in the war. Its refusal to accept the realities of Germany’s economic and political situation after the war encouraged a false sense of what government could achieve in the 1920s, measured against which the Republican system would inevitably be found wanting.
Totalitarianism as Concept and Reality
Authors: Bracher Karl-Dietrich
Published: November 2023

Despite the critical responses to the concept over the last thirty years, many influential and highly regarded scholars continue to see value in the term. Amongst these is the political scientist Karl-Dietrich Bracher, who regards the conflict between totalitarianism and democracy as the key characteristic of the twentieth century. While his analysis implicitly addresses some of the concerns raised by critics of the concept, his emphasis on terror and propaganda arguably betrays one of the fundamental weaknesses of the idea of totalitarianism—namcly its underestimation of the genuinely voluntarist aspects of National Socialist rule.
The Fascist State: The German Example
Authors: Gottschling Ernst
Published: November 2023

Ernst Gottschling’s treatment of the fascist state is indicative of a move towards a more differentiated analysis in the late years of the GDR. In place of a completely deterministic reading of the development of capitalism and its impact upon politics more emphasis was placed upon historical contingency, as scholars asked why this particu¬ lar crisis of capitalism, occurring in this particular context, led to this specific form of fascist regime. They also started to problematize, in their own language, the polycratic and charismatic aspects of the National Socialist regime. Nonetheless, the continued emphasis on the centrality of the ‘monopoly bourgeoisie’, and the marginality of the genocide of the Jews in their discussion, remained key weaknesses in GDR historiography until the end.
The Dual State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: November 2023

Fraenkel sees the Nazi polity as a combination of the normative state, by which he means a rational state governed in accordance with clearly defined legal norms, and the prerogative state, by which he means a state which exercises power arbitrarily. The normative state is maintained as a precondition for the stability of capitalism, while the scope for arbitrary violence provided by the prerogative state enables the state to persecute its enemies. The escalation of the persecution of the Jews is particularly related to the growth of the prerogative state. However, for Fraenkel the ideology of community, and the pursuit of the perfect ethnic community via the persecution of the Jews, exists and occurs in order to obscure the reality of National Socialism’s role in restabilizing capitalism and reasserting class relations. It is Fraenkel’s emphasis on the nature of Nazi polity as an evolving system whose pursuit of ideological goals was a product of the increasing erosion of legal norms and their replacement with a state of growing lawlessness which makes his work central to subsequent discussions.