bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Application of an Observations‐Based Machine Learning Parameterization of Surface Layer Fluxes Within an Atmospheric Large‐Eddy Simulation Model
Authors: Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , Becker Charlie , Sauer Jeremy A. , Gagne David John , Schreck John , Kosović Branko
Published: August 2022

Recently, machine learning techniques have been employed to develop improved models for predicting surface‐layer fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture based on field observations. Herein we explore refinement to these models, in particular artificial neural networks (NN), and investigate their applicability within an atmospheric large‐eddy simulation model as an alternative to the widely adopted standard of Monin − Obukhov (MO) similarity theory. Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulations under different stability conditions are carried out for a variety of scenarios of increasing complexity, from dry steady neutral boundary layers to moist diurnal cycle. Simulations using the NN models result in predicted flux differences with respect to the corresponding MO simulations that are consistent with NN model skill in predicting the tower observations. These differences lead to notable modifications of mean and turbulence quantities throughout the ABL. While these NN models provide an alternative to improve upon MO, it is demonstrated that thorough scrutiny in design and evaluation is necessary to prevent unphysical predictions and establish a robust and generalizable parameterization. Design aspects considered include input feature engineering, applicability under inputs obtained from different heights, biased predictions due to climatological fingerprints, and sensitivity to the choice of activation function. In this context, it is shown how an atmospheric model can contribute toward efficiently investigating these relevant aspects, including expanding the training data set to generalize the NN model to a range of surface roughness values. Finally, we outline remaining challenges to be addressed toward developing a universal parameterization for surface‐layer fluxes using machine learning techniques.
Spatial Scale Shapes the Ocean and Atmosphere’s Influence on the Climate
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: August 2022

Researchers measured the processes driving heat exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere.
Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Observation With GSI Cloud Analysis for the Prediction of a Squall Line
Authors: Ding Zhicheng , Zhao Kun , Zhu Kefeng , Feng Yerong , Huang Hao , Yang Zhengwei
Published: August 2022

Dual‐polarization radars can provide rich three‐dimensional (3D) information on cloud precipitation structure. To utilize the existing polarimetric radar network in operational data assimilation systems, a new polarimetric radar‐based cloud analysis method is introduced. New features include the employment of fuzzy‐logic hydrometeor classification, improved estimation of liquid and ice regions, and newly‐added number concentration estimation. The new scheme is evaluated with a typical squall line case. Results show that the 3D cloud precipitation structure and short‐term precipitation forecast is consistently improved. With extra information from the polarimetric observations, the new scheme is able to produce reasonable polarimetric signatures for analysis. More supercooled water results in more latent heat release which enhances the updraft, leading to stronger convection in the subsequent forecast. This study emphasizes the importance of correct initial liquid and ice particle condition for the prediction of deep convection.
The Interconnected Magmatic Plumbing System of the Natron Rift
Authors: Reiss M. C. , De Siena L. , Muirhead J. D.
Published: August 2022

Understanding the magmatic plumbing system of rift volcanoes is essential when examining the interplay between magmatic and tectonic forces. Recent seismicity, volcanic activity, magma emplacement, and volatile release make the Natron basin the ideal location to study these processes in the East African Rift System. Here, we present the first high‐resolution tomographic imaging of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano and surrounding volcanic systems using attenuation mapping. High scattering and absorption features reveal fluid‐filled fracture networks below regions of magmatic volatile release at the surface and a close spatial association between carbonatite volcanism and deeply penetrating, fluid‐filled faults. High‐absorption features appear sensitive to fluids and thermal gradients, revealing a central sill complex and connected plumbing system down to the mid‐crust, which links volcanoes and rift segments across the developing magmatic rift.
Self‐Supervised Classification of Weather Systems Based on Spatiotemporal Contrastive Learning
Authors: Wang Liwen , Li Qian , Lv Qi
Published: August 2022

The classification of weather systems provides a simple description of atmospheric circulations and bridges the gap between large‐scale atmospheric conditions and local‐scale environmental variables. However, the existing classification methods are challenged due to a lack of labels and inaccurate similarity measures between data samples. In this letter, we propose a self‐supervised Spatiotemporal Contrastive Learning (SCL) framework for the classification of weather systems without manual labels. In particular, we operate both spatial and temporal augmentation on multivariate meteorological data to fully explore temporal context information and spatial stability in accordance with synoptic nature. For the assessment and comparison of the classification results, we apply a statistical method based on analog forecasting using the classification results as input. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SCL model outperforms traditional classification methods.
Decadal Prediction of Marine Heatwaves in MPI‐ESM
Authors: Hövel Laura , Brune Sebastian , Baehr Johanna
Published: August 2022

Marine Heatwaves (MHW) are SST extremes that can have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems and can influence circulation patterns in the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we present a first attempt to study the decadal predictability of MHW in an ensemble of decadal hindcasts based on the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. For the global mean we find significant skill for the multiyear MHW trends but we cannot predict the interannual to decadal variability of MHW. In the Subpolar North Atlantic, we can predict the interannual to decadal variability of MHW days and frequency up to lead year 8. We demonstrate that in the Subpolar North Atlantic, any increase in SST is accompanied by more MHW and vice versa. Thereby we gain additional information about the decadal evolution of SST that go beyond predicting the yearly mean SST.
Imaging a Decratonized Lithosphere: A Case of the Eastern North China Craton
Authors: Li Hongqiang , Huang Xingfu , Gao Rui , Carbonell Ramon , Gao Lei
Published: August 2022

During decratonization, the cratonic lithosphere mantle experienced composition transformation and thinning, which have been extensively studied in the North China Craton. Yet, modification from refractory lithospheric mantle to fertile one remains enigmatic due to a shortage of seismically resolvable data on the lithospheric internal structures. New high‐resolution normal incidence seismic reflection transect documents: coexistence of two lithospheric mantles with different reflection characteristics, lithosphere‐scale domes, boudinage upper‐crust, and Cenozoic faulted basins. Reflective and transparent mantles are interpreted to represent the cratonic and the newly formed lithospheric mantles, respectively. The irregular contact boundaries between the ancient and newly formed lithospheric mantles are revealed as channel‐like structures within the mantle, which possibly provide pathways for the rise of melts and/or fluids from the deep mantle. The deep melts/fluids rising through the channel‐like structures are key elements that enable generation of the newly formed lithospheric mantle, and provide means for the modification of cratonic lithospheric mantle.
Quantifying the Size and Duration of a Microburst‐Producing Chorus Region on 5 December 2017
Authors: Elliott S. S. , Breneman A. W. , Colpitts C. , Pettit J. M. , Cattell C. A. , Halford A. J. , Shumko M. , Sample J. , Johnson A. T. , Miyoshi Y. , Kasahara Y. , Cully C. M. , Nakamura S. , Mitani T. , Hori T. , Shinohara I. , Shiokawa K. , Matsuda S. , Connors M. , Ozaki M. , Manninen J.
Published: August 2022

Microbursts are impulsive (<1 s) injections of electrons into the atmosphere, thought to be caused by nonlinear scattering by chorus waves. Although attempts have been made to quantify their contribution to outer belt electron loss, the uncertainty in the overall size and duration of the microburst region is typically large, so that their contribution to outer belt loss is uncertain. We combine datasets that measure chorus waves (Van Allen Probes [RBSP], Arase, ground‐based VLF stations) and microburst (>30 keV) precipitation (FIREBIRD II and AC6 CubeSats, POES) to determine the size of the microburst‐producing chorus source region beginning on 5 December 2017. We estimate that the long‐lasting (∼30 hr) microburst‐producing chorus region extends from 4 to 8 MLT and 2–5 L. We conclude that microbursts likely represent a major loss source of outer radiation belt electrons for this event.
Impact of Warmer Sea Surface Temperature on the Global Pattern of Intense Convection: Insights From a Global Storm Resolving Model
Authors: Cheng Kai‐Yuan , Harris Lucas , Bretherton Christopher , Merlis Timothy M. , Bolot Maximilien , Zhou Linjiong , Kaltenbaugh Alex , Clark Spencer , Fueglistaler Stephan
Published: August 2022

Intense convection (updrafts exceeding 10 m s−1) plays an essential role in severe weather and Earth's energy balance. Despite its importance, how the global pattern of intense convection changes in response to warmed climates remains unclear, as simulations from traditional climate models are too coarse to simulate intense convection. Here we use a kilometer‐scale global storm resolving model (GSRM) and conduct year‐long simulations of a control run, forced by analyzed sea surface temperature (SST), and one with a 4 K increase in SST. Comparisons show that the increased SST enhances the frequency of intense convection globally with large spatial and seasonal variations. Changes in the spatial pattern of intense convection are associated with changes in planetary circulation. Increases in the intense convection frequency do not necessarily reflect increases in convective available potential energy. The GSRM results are also compared with previously published traditional climate model projections.
Combined Analysis of Hydrogen and Oxygen 102.6 nm Emission at Mars
Authors: Chaffin Michael S. , Deighan Justin , Jain Sonal , Holsclaw Greg , AlMazmi Hoor , Chirakkil Krishnaprasad , Correira John , England Scott , Evans J. Scott , Fillingim Matt , Lillis Rob , Lootah Fatma , Raghuram Susarla , Eparvier Frank , Thiemann Ed , Curry Shannon , AlMatroushi Hessa
Published: August 2022

Water is lost from the Mars upper atmosphere to space as hydrogen and oxygen, both of which can be observed in scattered ultraviolet sunlight at 102.6 nm. We present Emirates Mars Mission Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMM/EMUS) insertion orbit observations of this airglow, resolving the independent altitude contributions of H and O for the first time. We present the first airglow modeling of the complete H and O 102.6 nm system and the first 3D azimuthally symmetric modeling of the O emission, retrieving temperatures and densities typical of northern spring. Our model reproduces the emission well above 200 km, but does not incorporate partial frequency redistribution needed to reproduce the observed O brightness at lower altitudes and on the disk. These results support future EMM/EMUS science orbit retrievals of H loss and the use of 102.6 nm observations to constrain planetary atmospheres across the solar system.
Characteristics of the Intraseasonal Oscillation in the Equatorial Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region Revealed by Satellite Observation and Global Analysis by the JAGUAR Data Assimilation System
Authors: Koshin D. , Kohma M. , Sato K.
Published: August 2022

Climatological features of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere were analyzed using temperature data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and global analysis data from a data assimilation using satellite observations, including the MLS, over 15 years. Based on spectral analyses, fluctuations with a period of 15–90 days were extracted as the ISO component. First, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed for the ISO components of the zonal mean temperature from the MLS in the region of 10°S–10°N, 68–85 km, where the ISO amplitudes are found to be maximized. The global structure of the ISO anomalies of temperature and zonal winds estimated assuming a gradient wind balance was examined by a regression analysis using the first and second principal EOFs. It is shown that the ISO phases propagate downward with a vertical wavelength of 25–30 km above a height of 60 km and that the ISO signal synchronized with the equatorial ISO is observed even in the middle and high latitude regions of both hemispheres. Second, the global analysis data were used to examine the driving mechanism of the ISO. It was confirmed that the time series of the equatorial ISO zonal mean zonal wind in the analysis agreed well with radar observations, which were not used for assimilation. Results suggest small‐scale phenomena, such as gravity waves not necessarily represented in the parameterization and the meridional advection of angular momentum, mainly contribute to drive the ISO.
Variations in Observations of Geosynchronous Magnetopause and Last Closed Drift Shell Crossings With Magnetic Local Time
Authors: Daggitt Thomas A. , Horne Richard B. , Glauert Sarah A. , Del Zanna Giulio , Freeman Mervyn P.
Published: August 2022

We analyze a set of events in which both electron flux dropouts caused by magnetopause shadowing and geosynchronous magnetopause crossings (GMCs) are observed. These observations are compared to event‐specific last closed drift shell (LCDS) models derived from the TS05 and TS07 external field models and magnetopause standoff distance. The LCDS models show good association with losses due to magnetopause shadowing but fail to reproduce observations of GMCs on the timescale of minutes. We show that different satellites in geostationary orbit observe different trends in electron flux during storm events on timescales of less than a day due to their separation in longitude. These differences demonstrate that both satellite L* and magnetic local time must be taken into account when modeling rapid variations in the outer radiation belt, and at least three satellites in geostationary orbit, ideally more, may be required for accurate forecasting and reconstruction of these events on timescales shorter than days.
Improving Electron Density Predictions in the Topside of the Ionosphere Using Machine Learning on In Situ Satellite Data
Authors: Dutta S. , Cohen M. B.
Published: August 2022

Modeling the Earth's ionosphere is a critical component of forecasting space weather, which in turn impacts radio wave propagation, navigation and communication. This research focuses on predicting the electron density in the topside of the ionosphere using satellite data, in particular from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, a collection of 19 satellites that have been polar orbiting the Earth for various lengths of times, fully covering 1982 to the present. An artificial neural network was developed and trained on two solar cycles worth of data (113 satellite‐years), along with global drivers and indices such as F10.7, interplanetary magnetic field, and Kp to generate an electron density prediction. We tested the model on six years of subsequent data (26 satellite‐years), and found a correlation coefficient of 0.87. Once trained, the model can predict topside electron density at any location specified by latitude and longitude given current/recent geomagnetic conditions. We validated the model via comparison with data from the DEMETER satellite which orbited at a similar altitude, and taking that as an independent source of true electron density values. Comparing our results to the International Reference Ionosphere, we find that our model works better at low to mid‐latitudes, and for quiet and moderately disturbed geomagnetic conditions, but not for highly disturbed conditions.
Beyond Basic Drag in Interplanetary CME Modeling: Effects of Solar Wind Pileup and High‐Speed Streams
Authors: Kay C. , Nieves‐Chinchilla T. , Hofmeister S. J. , Palmerio E.
Published: August 2022

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cause severe space weather effects throughout our solar system. As a fast CME propagates through interplanetary space, it accumulates solar wind materials at its front. This pileup of materials, or CME‐driven sheath, can be important in determining the geoeffectiveness of a CME. We take an existing arrival time model that includes expansion and deformation of the CME flux rope (ANTEATR; Kay & Gopalswamy, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025780; Kay & Nieves‐Chinchilla, 2021a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028911) and add a pileup procedure (PUP) as a physics‐based approach to modeling the CME‐driven sheath. ANTEATR‐PUP solves the Rankine‐Hugoniot equations for an oblique shock to determine the shock speed and sheath density, magnetic field, and temperature. The extra sheath mass affects the background drag calculation. Additionally, ANTEATR can now use any 1D profile for the background solar wind as opposed to the simple empirical models it previously relied upon. We present initial results from ANTEATR‐PUP and compare with previous ANTEATR findings. Using results from an MHD simulation, we explore the effects of interactions with a static high‐speed stream (HSS) on the CME's and sheath's interplanetary evolution. The drag forces essentially disappear while a CME remains within the HSS, but reappear stronger once the CME exits. The HSS‐CME interaction produces the largest changes in the CME and sheath properties at 1 au when it occurs either close to the Sun near the inner simulation boundary at 0.1 au or right before the CME reaches 1 au. We estimate that these changes could significantly affect the geoeffectiveness.
White matter damage as a consequence of vascular dysfunction in a spontaneous mouse model of chronic mild chronic hypoperfusion with eNOS deficiency
Authors: Chen Xingyong , Chen Ling , Lin Geng , Wang Zhengjun , Kodali Mahesh C. , Li Mingqi , Chen Huimin , Lebovitz Sarah G. , Ortyl Tyler C. , Li Lexiao , Ismael Saifudeen , Singh Purnima , Malik Kafait U. , Ishrat Tauheed , Zhou Fu-Ming , Zheng Wei , Liao Francesca-Fang
Published: August 2022

Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the mechanistic insights into the evolution and progression of VCID remain elusive. White matter change represents an invariant feature. Compelling clinical neuroimaging and pathological evidence suggest a link between white matter changes and neurodegeneration. Our prior study detected hypoperfused lesions in mice with partial deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) at very young age, precisely matching to those hypoperfused areas identified in preclinical AD patients. White matter tracts are particularly susceptible to the vascular damage induced by chronic hypoperfusion. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected severe demyelination in the middle-aged eNOS-deficient mice. The demyelinated areas were confined to cortical and subcortical areas including the corpus callosum and hippocampus. The intensity of demyelination correlated with behavioral deficits of gait and associative recognition memory performances. By Evans blue angiography, we detected blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage as another early pathological change affecting frontal and parietal cortex in eNOS-deficient mice. Sodium nitrate fortified drinking water provided to young and middle-aged eNOS-deficient mice completely prevented non-perfusion, BBB leakage, and white matter pathology, indicating that impaired endothelium-derived NO signaling may have caused these pathological events. Furthermore, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis revealed altered gene clusters most related to mitochondrial respiratory pathways selectively in the white matter of young eNOS-deficient mice. Using eNOS-deficient mice, we identified BBB breakdown and hypoperfusion as the two earliest pathological events, resulting from insufficient vascular NO signaling. We speculate that the compromised BBB and mild chronic hypoperfusion trigger vascular damage, along with oxidative stress and astrogliosis, accounting for the white matter pathological changes in the eNOS-deficient mouse model. We conclude that eNOS-deficient mice represent an ideal spontaneous evolving model for studying the earliest events leading to white matter changes, which will be instrumental to future therapeutic testing of drug candidates and for targeting novel/specific vascular mechanisms contributing to VCID and AD.
Measuring corporate Paris Compliance using a strict science-based approach
Authors: Rekker S. , Ives M. C. , Wade B. , Webb L. , Greig C.
Published: August 2022

The achievement of the Paris Agreement climate goals of well-below 2 degrees of warming requires companies to align their greenhouse gas emission reductions with this goal. To measure whether companies are compliant with the Paris targets we propose several strict conditions that any emissions allocation methodology must meet before it can be classified as Paris-Compliant. Our conditions focus on the need for a common, and early as practicable, base year for all companies and consistency with an underlying Paris-aligned decarbonisation pathway. Additionally, we propose four operationalisation requirements to ensure companies can declare they are on a Paris Compliant Pathway including calculations of their carbon budgets and re-alignment pathways. Applying example Paris-Compliant Pathways and associated metrics to ten high emission electric utility companies and ten cement companies, we find that all but one of these companies are not currently Paris-compliant, with every year of delayed action increasing their required rate of decarbonisation and hence the exposure of billions of investment dollars to transition risk. Applying this proposed method will ensure the Paris carbon budget is met and that progress can be tracked accurately - an imperative for any companies and stakeholders seeking to align their decision-making with the Paris Agreement.
N-Heterocyclic carbene-based C-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters with intense phosphorescence and organelle-selective translocation in cells
Authors: Lei Zhen , Endo Mizuki , Ube Hitoshi , Shiraogawa Takafumi , Zhao Pei , Nagata Koichi , Pei Xiao-Li , Eguchi Tomoya , Kamachi Toshiaki , Ehara Masahiro , Ozawa Takeaki , Shionoya Mitsuhiko
Published: August 2022

Photoluminescent gold clusters are functionally variable chemical modules by ligand design. Chemical modification of protective ligands and introduction of different metals into the gold clusters lead to discover unique chemical and physical properties based on their significantly perturbed electronic structures. Here we report the synthesis of carbon-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters with high phosphorescence quantum yields using N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Specifically, a heterometallic cluster [(C)(AuI-L)6AgI2]4+, where L denotes benzimidazolylidene-based carbene ligands featuring N-pyridyl substituents, shows a significantly high phosphorescence quantum yield (Φ = 0.88). Theoretical calculations suggest that the carbene ligands accelerate the radiative decay by affecting the spin-orbit coupling, and the benzimidazolylidene ligands further suppress the non-radiative pathway. Furthermore, these clusters with carbene ligands are taken up into cells, emit phosphorescence and translocate to a particular organelle. Such well-defined, highly phosphorescent C-centered Au(I)-Ag(I) clusters will enable ligand-specific, organelle-selective phosphorescence imaging and dynamic analysis of molecular distribution and translocation pathways in cells.
Reduced synaptic activity and dysregulated extracellular matrix pathways in midbrain neurons from Parkinson’s disease patients
Authors: Stern Shani , Lau Shong , Manole Andreea , Rosh Idan , Percia Menachem Mendel , Ben Ezer Ran , Shokhirev Maxim N. , Qiu Fan , Schafer Simon , Mansour Abed AlFatah , Mangan Kile P. , Stern Tchelet , Ofer Polina , Stern Yam , Diniz Mendes Ana Paula , Djamus Jose , Moore Lynne Randolph , Nayak Ritu , Laufer Sapir Havusha , Aicher Aidan , Rhee Amanda , Wong Thomas L. , Nguyen Thao , Linker Sara B. , Winner Beate , Freitas Beatriz C. , Jones Eugenia , Sagi Irit , Bardy Cedric , Brice Alexis , Winkler Juergen , Marchetto Maria C. , Gage Fred H.
Published: August 2022

Several mutations that cause Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been identified over the past decade. These account for 15–25% of PD cases; the rest of the cases are considered sporadic. Currently, it is accepted that PD is not a single monolithic disease but rather a constellation of diseases with some common phenotypes. While rodent models exist for some of the PD-causing mutations, research on the sporadic forms of PD is lagging due to a lack of cellular models. In our study, we differentiated PD patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of several PD-causing mutations as well as from sporadic PD patients. Strikingly, we observed a common neurophysiological phenotype: neurons derived from PD patients had a severe reduction in the rate of synaptic currents compared to those derived from healthy controls. While the relationship between mutations in genes such as theSNCAandLRRK2and a reduction in synaptic transmission has been investigated before, here we show evidence that the pathogenesis of the synapses in neurons is a general phenotype in PD. Analysis of RNA sequencing results displayed changes in gene expression in different synaptic mechanisms as well as other affected pathways such as extracellular matrix-related pathways. Some of these dysregulated pathways are common to all PD patients (monogenic or idiopathic). Our data, therefore, show changes that are central and convergent to PD and suggest a strong involvement of the tetra-partite synapse in PD pathophysiology.
A conformational switch controlling the toxicity of the prion protein
Authors: Frontzek Karl , Bardelli Marco , Senatore Assunta , Henzi Anna , Reimann Regina R. , Bedir Seden , Marino Marika , Hussain Rohanah , Jurt Simon , Meisl Georg , Pedotti Mattia , Mazzola Federica , Siligardi Giuliano , Zerbe Oliver , Losa Marco , Knowles Tuomas , Lakkaraju Asvin , Zhu Caihong , Schwarz Petra , Hornemann Simone , Holt Matthew G. , Simonelli Luca , Varani Luca , Aguzzi Adriano
Published: August 2022

Prion infections cause conformational changes of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and lead to progressive neurological impairment. Here we show that toxic, prion-mimetic ligands induce an intramolecular R208-H140 hydrogen bond (‘H-latch’), altering the flexibility of the α2–α3 and β2–α2 loops of PrPC. Expression of a PrP2Cys mutant mimicking the H-latch was constitutively toxic, whereas a PrPR207A mutant unable to form the H-latch conferred resistance to prion infection. High-affinity ligands that prevented H-latch induction repressed prion-related neurodegeneration in organotypic cerebellar cultures. We then selected phage-displayed ligands binding wild-type PrPC, but not PrP2Cys. These binders depopulated H-latched conformers and conferred protection against prion toxicity. Finally, brain-specific expression of an antibody rationally designed to prevent H-latch formation prolonged the life of prion-infected mice despite unhampered prion propagation, confirming that the H-latch is an important reporter of prion neurotoxicity.
The unique second wave phenomenon in contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging with nanobubbles
Authors: Chen Chuan , Perera Reshani , Kolios Michael C. , Wijkstra Hessel , Exner Agata A. , Mischi Massimo , Turco Simona
Published: August 2022

Investigation of nanobubble (NB) pharmacokinetics in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at the pixel level shows a unique phenomenon where the first pass of the contrast agent bolus is accompanied by a second wave. This effect has not been previously observed in CEUS with microbubbles. The objective of this study was to investigate this second-wave phenomenon and its potential clinical applications. Seven mice with a total of fourteen subcutaneously-implanted tumors were included in the experiments. After injecting a bolus of NBs, the NB-CEUS images were acquired to record the time-intensity curves (TICs) at each pixel. These TICs are fitted to a pharmacokinetic model which we designed to describe the observed second-wave phenomenon. The estimated model parameters are presented as parametric maps to visualize the characteristics of tumor lesions. Histological analysis was also conducted in one mouse to compare the molecular features of tumor tissue with the obtained parametric maps. The second-wave phenomenon is evidently shown in a series of pixel-based TICs extracted from either tumor or tissues. The value of two model parameters, the ratio of the peak intensities of the second over the first wave, and the decay rate of the wash-out process present large differences between malignant tumor and normal tissue (0.04 < Jessen-Shannon divergence < 0.08). The occurrence of a second wave is a unique phenomenon that we have observed in NB-CEUS imaging of both mouse tumor and tissue. As the characteristics of the second wave are different between tumor and tissue, this phenomenon has the potential to support the diagnosis of cancerous lesions.
Potentiation of combined p19Arf and interferon-beta cancer gene therapy through its association with doxorubicin chemotherapy
Authors: Medrano Ruan F. V. , Salles Thiago A. , Dariolli Rafael , Antunes Fernanda , Feitosa Valker A. , Hunger Aline , Catani João P. P. , Mendonça Samir A. , Tamura Rodrigo E. , Lana Marlous G. , Rodrigues Elaine G. , Strauss Bryan E.
Published: August 2022

Balancing safety and efficacy is a major consideration for cancer treatments, especially when combining cancer immunotherapy with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy. Approaches that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) are expected to eliminate cancer cells by direct cell killing as well as activation of an antitumor immune response. We have developed a gene therapy approach based on p19Arf and interferon-β gene transfer that, similar to conventional inducers of ICD, results in the release of DAMPS and immune activation. Here, aiming to potentiate this response, we explore whether association between our approach and treatment with doxorubicin (Dox), a known inducer of ICD, could further potentiate treatment efficacy without inducing cardiotoxicity, a critical side effect of Dox. Using central composite rotational design analysis, we show that cooperation between gene transfer and chemotherapy killed MCA205 and B16F10 cells and permitted the application of reduced viral and drug doses. The treatments also cooperated to induce elevated levels of ICD markers in MCA205, which correlated with improved efficacy of immunotherapy in vivo. Treatment of subcutaneous MCA205 tumors associating gene transfer and low dose (10 mg/kg) chemotherapy resulted in inhibition of tumor progression. Moreover, the reduced dose did not cause cardiotoxicity as compared to the therapeutic dose of Dox (20 mg/kg). The association of p19Arf/interferon-β gene transfer and Dox chemotherapy potentiated antitumor response and minimized cardiotoxicity.
Hydrogel-extraction technique for non-invasive detection of blue fluorescent substances in plant leaves
Authors: Iwasa Shigeyuki , Kobara Yuso , Maeda Katsumi , Nagamine Kuniaki
Published: August 2022

This paper reports a new hydrogel extraction technique for detecting blue fluorescent substances in plant leaves. These blue fluorescent substances were extracted by placing a hydrogel film on the leaf of a cherry tomato plant infected withRalstonia solanacearum; herein, chlorogenic acid was confirmed to be a blue fluorescent substance. The wavelength at the maximum fluorescence intensity of the film after the hydrogel extraction was similar to that of the methanolic extract obtained from the infected cherry tomato leaves. Chlorophyll was not extracted from the hydrogel film because no fluorescence peak was observed at 680 nm. Accordingly, the blue fluorescence of the substances extracted from the hydrogel film was not quenched by the strong absorption of chlorophyll in the blue light region. This hydrogel extraction technique can potentially detect small amounts of blue fluorescent substances and the changes in its amount within the leaves of infected plants. These changes in the amount of blue fluorescent substances in the early stages of infection can be used to detect presymptomatic infections. Therefore, hydrogel extraction is a promising technique for the noninvasive detection of infections before onset.
Changes in soil carbon mineralization related to earthworm activity depend on the time since inoculation and their density in soil
Authors: Garnier Patricia , Makowski David , Hedde Mickael , Bertrand Michel
Published: August 2022

Earthworms play a key role in soil carbon mineralization, but their effect is highly uncertain and suspected to vary as a function of several factors, particularly the earthworm density and time from earthworm inoculation. We conducted a meta-analysis considering these factors based on 42 experiments comparing carbon mineralization in the absence and presence of earthworms at different times. The results reveal an average carbon mineralization increase of 24% (sd 41%) in the presence of earthworms with an initial median earthworm density of 1.95 mg/g soil DM (Dry Mass) (sd 48%). We show that carbon mineralization due to earthworms was related to their density and time from inoculation. From a simple regression model using these two variables, the estimated impact of earthworms on carbon mineralization was 20% increase from 0 to 60 days and 14% decrease at day 350 for a density of worms commonly found in soils (0.5 mg/g soil DM). Finally, we proposed a simple equation that could be used in organic matter decomposition models that do not take macrofauna into account.
The mediating effect of parenting style on the relationship between first-born children’s temperament and psychological adaptation
Authors: Qian Guoying , Yang Sijie , Li Ruonan , Dou Gang
Published: August 2022

Chinese first-born children need to learn how to get along with their siblings after the implementation of the universal two-child policy in 2016. We investigated the relationships between temperament, parenting style, and psychological adjustment among firstborns. The current study employed a questionnaire survey conducted in four regions in China. A total of 524 Chinese two-child families participated in the study; the firstborns were between 3 and 8 years old and their younger siblings were between 1 month and 5 years old. The results indicated that (1) children’s temperament subscales were significantly related to parenting style subscales and psychological adaptation. Moreover, the parenting style subscales were significantly related to psychological adaptation, and (2) authoritarian parenting partially mediated the relationship between approach or withdrawal and psychological adjustment.
Anti-tumor activity of a T-helper 1 multiantigen vaccine in a murine model of prostate cancer
Authors: Cecil Denise L. , Curtis Benjamin , Gad Ekram , Gormley Michael , Timms Andrew E. , Corulli Lauren , Bos Rinke , Damle Rajendra N. , Sepulveda Manuel A. , Disis Mary L.
Published: August 2022

Prostate cancer is one of the few malignancies that includes vaccination as a treatment modality. Elements of an effective cancer vaccine should include the ability to elicit a Type I T-cell response and target multiple antigenic proteins expressed early in the disease. Using existing gene datasets encompassing normal prostate tissue and tumors with Gleason Score ≤ 6 and ≥ 8, 10 genes were identified that were upregulated and conserved in prostate cancer regardless of the aggressiveness of disease. These genes encoded proteins also expressed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Putative Class II epitopes derived from these proteins were predicted by a combination of algorithms and, using human peripheral blood, epitopes which selectively elicited IFN-γ or IL-10 dominant antigen specific cytokine secretion were determined. Th1 selective epitopes were identified for eight antigens. Epitopes from three antigens elicited Th1 dominant immunity in mice; PSMA, HPN, and AMACR. Each single antigen vaccine demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity inhibiting growth of implanted Myc-Cap cells after immunization as compared to control. Immunization with the combination of antigens, however, was superior to each alone in controlling tumor growth. When vaccination occurred simultaneously to tumor implant, multiantigen immunized mice had significantly smaller tumors than controls (p = 0.002) and a significantly improved overall survival (p = 0.0006). This multiantigen vaccine shows anti-tumor activity in a murine model of prostate cancer.
Insect cuticular compounds affect Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomopthorales) sporulation and the activity of enzymes involved in fungal infection
Authors: Włóka Emilia , Boguś Mieczysława Irena , Wrońska Anna Katarzyna , Drozdowski Mikołaj , Kaczmarek Agata , Sobich Justyna , Gołębiowski Marek
Published: August 2022

Mycoses are a global problem that affects humans and animals. In the present study, the entomopathogenic soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales), infecting in tropics also humans, sheep and horses, was cultivated with the addition of insect cuticular compounds (CCs) previously detected in the cuticle of C. coronatus—resistant fly species (C10–C30 fatty alcohols, butyl oleate, butyl stearate, glycerol oleate, squalene, tocopherol acetate). Our findings indicate that CCs have diversified and complex effects on the growth and sporulation of C. coronatus and its ability to infect the larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). The CCs affected protein content and cuticle-degrading enzymes (CDEs) activity in the conidia. Some CCs inhibited fungal growth (0.1% C10), decreased sporulation (C12, C16, C24, C28, C30, butyl stearate, squalene), virulence (C12, C14, butyl oleate, butyl stearate) and protein content (C18). They also reduced conidial CDE activity: elastase (C24, butyl oleate, butyl stearate, squalene, tocopherol acetate), chitobiosidase (C12, C14, C20) and lipase (C12, C18, C26, squalene, tocopherol acetate). Several CCs enhanced sporulation (C14, C18, C22, C26, C30), virulence (C18, C26, squalene), conidial protein content (C16, C24, C30, squalene) and CDE activity: elastase (C10, C16, C18), NAGase (C16, C20), chitobiosidase (C16) and lipase (C10, C14, C16, C20, butyl oleate). Our findings indicate that C. coronatus colonies grown on media supplemented with CCs employ various compensation strategies: colonies grown with C16 alcohol demonstrated reduced sporulation but greater conidial protein accumulation and increased elastase, NAGase, chitobiosidase and lipase activity, thus preserving high virulence. Also, colonies supplemented with C18 alcohol demonstrated high virulence and enhanced sporulation and elastase activity but slightly decreased conidial protein content. CCs that inhibit the activity of lipases and proteases show promise in the fight against conidiobolomycosis.
The a subunit isoforms of vacuolar-type proton ATPase exhibit differential distribution in mouse perigastrulation embryos
Authors: Sun-Wada Ge-Hong , Wada Yoh
Published: August 2022

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large multi-subunit complexes that play critical roles in the acidification of a variety of intracellular or extracellular compartments. Mammalian cells contain four isoforms of the membrane integral subunit a (a1–a4); these isoforms contain the information necessary to target the enzyme to different cellular destinations. They are also involved in regulating the efficiency of ATP hydrolysis and proton transport. Previously, we showed that early embryogenesis requires V-ATPase function, and the luminal acidic endocytic and lysosomal compartments in the visceral endoderm of mouse embryos at the pre-gastrulation stage (E6.5) are essential for both nutrition and signal transduction during early embryogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression and distribution of a subunit isoforms in mouse embryos at E6.5. We found that all four isoforms expressed and exhibited differential distribution in the E6.5 embryo. At this developmental stage, the embryos establish highly elaborate endocytic compartments called apical vacuoles, on which the a3 isoform specifically accumulated.
Evolutionary diversification of epidermal barrier genes in amphibians
Authors: Sachslehner Attila Placido , Eckhart Leopold
Published: August 2022

The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes encoding components of the skin barrier in terrestrial vertebrates. EDC genes can be categorized as S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) genes such asfilaggrin, which contain two coding exons, and single-coding-exon EDC (SEDC) genes such asloricrin. SFTPs are known to be present in amniotes (mammals, reptiles and birds) and amphibians, whereas SEDCs have not yet been reported in amphibians. Here, we show that caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) have both SFTP and SEDC genes. Two to four SEDC genes were identified in the genomes ofRhinatrema bivittatum,Microcaecilia unicolorandGeotrypetes seraphini. Comparative analysis of tissue transcriptomes indicated predominant expression of SEDC genes in the skin of caecilians. The proteins encoded by caecilian SEDC genes resemble human SEDC proteins, such as involucrin and small proline-rich proteins, with regard to low sequence complexity and high contents of proline, glutamine and lysine. Our data reveal diversification of EDC genes in amphibians and suggest that SEDC-type skin barrier genes have originated either in a common ancestor of tetrapods followed by loss in Batrachia (frogs and salamanders) or, by convergent evolution, in caecilians and amniotes.
Social equity is key to sustainable ocean governance
Authors: Crosman Katherine M. , Allison Edward H. , Ota Yoshitaka , Cisneros-Montemayor Andrés M. , Singh Gerald G. , Swartz Wilf , Bailey Megan , Barclay Kate M. , Blume Grant , Colléter Mathieu , Fabinyi Michael , Faustman Elaine M. , Fielding Russell , Griffin P. Joshua , Hanich Quentin , Harden-Davies Harriet , Kelly Ryan P. , Kenny Tiff-Annie , Klinger Terrie , Kittinger John N. , Nakamura Katrina , Pauwelussen Annet P. , Pictou Sherry , Rothschild Chris , Seto Katherine L. , Spalding Ana K.
Published: August 2022

Calls to address social equity in ocean governance are expanding. Yet ‘equity’ is seldom clearly defined. Here we present a framework to support contextually-informed assessment of equity in ocean governance. Guiding questions include: (1) Where and (2) Why is equity being examined? (3) Equity for or amongst Whom? (4) What is being distributed? (5) When is equity considered? And (6) How do governance structures impact equity? The framework supports consistent operationalization of equity, challenges oversimplification, and allows evaluation of progress. It is a step toward securing the equitable ocean governance already reflected in national and international commitments.
Reviewing the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms
Authors: Galparsoro Ibon , Menchaca Iratxe , Garmendia Joxe Mikel , Borja Ángel , Maldonado Ana D. , Iglesias Gregorio , Bald Juan
Published: August 2022

Offshore wind energy is widely regarded as one of the most credible sources for increasing renewable energy production towards a resilient and decarbonised energy supply. However, current expectations for the expansion of energy production from offshore wind may lead to significant environmental impacts. Assessing ecological risks to marine ecosystems from electricity production from wind is both timely and vital. It will support the adoption of management measures that minimize impacts and the environmental sustainability of the offshore wind energy sector.
Hierarchical Co(OH)F/CoFe-LDH heterojunction enabling high-performance overall water-splitting
Authors: Qin Mingliang , Wang Yamei , Zhang Huaming , Humayun Muhammad , Xu Xuefei , Fu Yanjun , Kadirov Marsil K. , Wang Chundong
Published: August 2022

Due to the serious energy and environmental issues, hydrogen generation via water splitting has been regarded as a green and promising alternative strategy to the use of fossil fuels.
Reversible on/off conformational switching of pentafluorobenzoyl amide triggered by acid vapor and sublimation
Authors: Yamasaki Ryu , Harada Misuzu , Ito Ai , Fukuda Kazuo , Matsumoto Shota , Karasawa Satoru , Okamoto Iwao
Published: August 2022

Molecular switches composed of pentafluorobenzoyl amide can be controlled with an acid and sublimation in an on/off manner in the solid state.
Efficient CO2catalytic hydrogenation over CuOx–ZnO/silicalite-1 with stable Cu+species
Authors: Ma Baorun , Pan Hongxin , Yang Fan , Liu Xiaohui , Guo Yong , Wang Yanqin
Published: August 2022

Efficient and stable CuOx–ZnO/S-1 catalysts for CO2hydrogenation were inexpensively prepared, in which the ZnO–Cu2O interface and silanol nests play key roles.
Postprandial glycemic and circulating SCFA concentrations following okara- and biovalorized okara-containing biscuit consumption in middle-aged and older adults: a crossover randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lee Delia Pei Shan , Gan Alicia Xinli , Sutanto Clarinda Nataria , Toh Kate Qi Xuan , Khoo Chin Meng , Kim Jung Eun
Published: August 2022

Okara biscuits attenuated postprandial insulin response regardless of fermentation, with biovalorized okara further raising postprandial SCFA compared to control.
Transformation of triolein to biogasoline by photo-chemo-biocatalysis
Authors: Xu Weihua , Mou Kaihao , Zhou Haonan , Xu Jian , Wu Qi
Published: August 2022

Photo-chemo-biocatalytic sequential reactions for the green production of biogasoline from natural abundant lipids and even wasted or non-edible oil by using solar energy and atmospheric O2 under mild conditions.
Antioxidant-induced transformations of a metal-acid hydrocracking catalyst in the deconstruction of polyethylene waste
Authors: Hinton Zachary R. , Kots Pavel A. , Soukaseum Mya , Vance Brandon C. , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Epps Thomas H. , Korley LaShanda T. J.
Published: August 2022

This work details the effect of common antioxidants on the activity and functionality of a hydrocracking catalyst, along with associated changes to the product distribution in the deconstruction of high-density polyethylene.
Discovery of antipsychotic loxapine derivatives against intracellular multidrug-resistant bacteria
Authors: Lin Hsueh-Chun , Wu Yi-Lun , Hsu Cheng-Yun , Lin Man-Yi , Chen Ling-Han , Shiau Chung-Wai , Chiu Hao-Chieh
Published: August 2022

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlight the need for new antibacterial interventions.
Immuno-chromatic probe based lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 protein biomarker in clinical samples using a smartphone-based approach
Authors: Roberts Akanksha , Prakashan Drishya , Dhanze Himani , Gandham Ravi Kumar , Gandhi Sonu , Sharma G. Taru
Published: August 2022

Lateral flow assay for rapid detection of the JEV NS1 protein biomarker (NS1) in serum samples incorporating a smartphone-based colorimeter application.