bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICANPNIGALIOSCHRANK (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

This study provides information on species ofPnigalioSchrank found in America north of Mexico:Pnigalio longulus(Zetterstedt), a Palearctic species, is recorded from the Nearctic for the first time; the previously unplaced species ofPnigalioof Miller (1970) are discussed. Seventeen species are recognized, of which the following eight are described as new:Pnigalio levis,P. brachysellus,P. elongatus,P. glaber,P. rugatus,P. neolongulus,P. boharti, andP. albiformis. A key to species, illustrations, distribution data, and host records are included.
EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN-SPOT POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) DURING A COLLAPSING EPIDEMIC
Authors: Mawby William D. , Hain Fred P.
Published: December 2009

Data from 87 trees within 21 natural infestations were used to estimate the population size of the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus flontalis Zimmermann) under collapsing high-level conditions in North Carolina. Spots of K trees (1<K<12) were created by random selection without replacement from the initial pool. Samples of m trees (1<m<K) were then chosen from each simulated spot according to random and selective plans. These samples over m trees were then extrapolated to the full K tree spot by 1 of 3 scaling factors: percentage of trees sampled, percentage of diameter sampled, or percentage of phloem area sampled. In this manner the total numbers of parent adults, brood, and brood adults were estimated for each artificial spot. Proportional errors, defined as (observed value – expected value)/(observed value), were computed over 10 000 independent trials for a variety of sample sizes, spot sizes, and scaling factors. The precision of these errors, after a bias correction was applied, was used to compare the different schemes. Random-diameter and largest-diameter schemes were judged best because of their good precisions and ease of application. However, when these results were applied to the 21 natural infestations, the confidence intervals were found to be too narrow to include the expected number of estimates. A discussion of this shortcoming is discussed in relation to spot dynamics and its effect on the application of this sampling technique.
PREDATION BY CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA L. (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE): EVIDENCE FOR A LARGE IMPACT ON GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), PUPAE
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: December 2009

The impact of predation by Calosoma sycophanta L. on an increasing prey population was assessed by recapturing marked adult beetles, periodically observing tagged gypsy moth pupae, and examining gypsy moth pupal remains in different microhabitats. Adult beetles dispersed in random directions but many tended to remain near the trap at which they were originally caught, suggesting a low dispersal potential. About 75% of the adult beetles present in the plot on one day were still present the next day. Capture–recapture estimates suggested that there were at most about 250 male beetles and half as many females/ha in the plot. Calosoma larvae destroyed 70% of tagged gypsy moth pupae under burlap bands on tree trunks near ground level, which was much more than any other mortality factor. Although this percentage was the same when mortality was assessed by looking at pupal remains within 5 m of the ground on tree trunks, pupae higher in trees and on leaves were not attacked as frequently. On average, about 40% of the pupae present in the entire study area were destroyed by Calosoma larvae. Each female beetle in the site would have had to produce about 30 progeny to have this effect. These data suggest that a relatively low number of adult beetles can have a substantial impact on gypsy moth populations.
BIOLOGY OF TELENOMUS CHLOROPUS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) FROM EGGS OF NEZARA VIRIDULA (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) REARED ON RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE SOYBEAN GENOTYPES
Authors: Orr D.B. , Boethel D.J. , Jones W. A.
Published: December 2009

The biology of Telenomus chloropus Thomson was studied on eggs of Nezara viridula (L.) which had been reared on the stink bug resistant soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, genotype PI 171444 and the susceptible cultivar Davis. Time of development of T. chtoropus from egg to adult emergence was not significantly different in eggs oviposited by N. viridula reared on either Davis or PI 171444. However, successful emergence of T. chloropus from host eggs was significantly lower for parasitoids that developed in eggs from N. viridula reared on PI 171444. Longevity of adult T. chloropus was not significantly different between females that were allowed or denied oviposition regardless of the genotype fed the host. Total fecundity of T. chloropus reared from eggs of N. viridula fed PI 171444 was one-half that of parasitoids from the Davis treatment. Although ovipositional patterns over the lifetime of parasitoids from the 2 treatments were similar, the mean number of progeny produced per day was significantly greater in the Davis treatment. Also, the ovipositional period of parasitoids from the PI 171444 treatment was shorter than for parasitoids from the Davis treatment.
THE INTRINSIC RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON COLLARDS (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.)
Authors: Culliney Thomas W. , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

Demographic analysis of a species population can be useful in gaining insight into its dynamics in a particular environment. The calculated intrinsic rate of increase of a population may be valuable in predicting population performance. As a single, discrete value, it serves as a quantitative measure, or ecological index, of the response of a species to a set of environmental conditions (Birch 1948; Messenger 1964).
A SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT FOR MALE MOTHS OF A BIOTYPE IN THE CYDIA PIPERANA COMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sartwell Charles , Daterman G.E. , Sower L.L.
Published: December 2009

Seedworms of the Cydia piperana complex are major cone pests of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex-Lawson, and Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Greville and Balfour, in western North America (Keen 1958; Hedlin 1967). An effective synthetic attractant could be useful in a trapping technique for predicting damage to seed crops.

Male moths of a biotype in this complex were lured to traps baited with (E)-9- and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetates during tests to.refine optimum blends of these synthetic chemicals for Rhyacionia and Eucosma shoot moths, and we report the serendipitous findings here.
Z-11-TETRADECENYL ACETATE: SEX ATTRACTANT OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A POTENTIAL SPECIES FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEED
Authors: Tôth M. , Guerin P.M. , Buser H.-R. , Müller H. , Szöcs G. , Sziráki G. , Arn H.
Published: December 2009

In Canada, 78 of the most important weed species are introductions from Eurasia (Frankton and Mulligan 1970). Classical biological control aims to reduce the density of alien weeds below the economic threshold through introduction of specific herbivores from the native distribution area (Peschken 1979). During extended field surveys in central and southeastern Europe, the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control established the root-mining tortricid Agapeta zoegana Haw. as a promising control agent for Centaurea diffusa Lam. and C. maculosa Lam., 2 important ranch weeds in southwestern Canada (Harris and Myers 1984) and the northwestern United States (Maddox 1982). Due to the limited host range and suitable climatic conditions this moth was chosen for introduction into North America (Müller et al. 1982; Müller 1984). We wish to report an attractant that may be used to monitor the establishment of this beneficial species in its new habitat.
THE HOLARCTIC SPECIES OFAGABUS(SENSU LATO) LEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)
Authors: Larson David J. , Nilsson Anders N.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the Holarctic species ofAgabus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are reviewed. Seventeen species occur in both the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. The following new synonymy is proposed (valid name given last):A. solusLeech =A. adpressusAubé;A. sharpiJacobson andA. pseudoconfertusWallis =A. opacusAubé;A. kenaiensisFall =A. wasastjernae(Sahlberg) andA. hudsonicusLeech =A. zaitzewiPoppius, thus each of these species is recognized for the first time as being Holarctic. The Nearctic speciesA. ontarionisFall is reduced in status to a subspecies ofA. fuscipennis(Payk.).Agabus congener(Thunb.) is redefined and Nearctic specimens formerly placed in the species are assigned toA. thomsoni(J. Sahlberg). The reports of Palaearctic occurrence ofA. approximatesFall andA. discolor(Harris) are considered to be in error, the records referring toA. levanderiHellén.
LIFE CYCLE AND BEHAVIOR OF THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH,ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Turgeon Jean J.
Published: December 2009

The life cycle, feeding behavior, and feeding damage of the spruce budmoth,Zeiraphera canadensis, were studied in northern New Brunswick. Larval emergence, which began in late May, was usually completed within 10 days. First-instar larvae did not feed on the previous year's foliage and took less than 30 min to settle inside a growing shoot, from which they exited only at the end of larval development. Larvae then dropped to the ground and remained as prepupae for approximately 6 days. Mating could be observed the first night following adult emergence. The majority of the mated females contained only 1 spermatophore (92%); others had 2 (7%) or 3 (1%). Although 95% of the egg clusters had 7 eggs or less, 5% had up to 19 eggs. Eggs required embryonic development before successful diapause could be initiated. The importance of these observations in the development of management strategies for this pest is discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT FEMALE OF THE TYPE-SPECIES OF METATARSONEMUS ATTIAH, WITH NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY OF THIS GENUS UNDER TARSONEMUS CAN. AND FANZ. (ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

Metatarsonemus simplicissimus Attiah, type-species of the nominal genus Metatarsonemus Attiah, 1970, was previously based on the adult male only. The adult female of this species is described herein, and descriptive notes further to those given by Attiah are included for the adult male. Characteristic structures useful for correlating females with males of this species, and the synonymy of Metatarsonemus under Tarsonemus, are discussed.
HIGH-DOSAGE TREATMENT OF A QUEBEC STREAM WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SEROVAR. ISRAELENSIS: EFFICACY AGAINST BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND IMPACT ON NON-TARGET INSECTS
Authors: Back C. , Boisvert J. , Lacoursière J.O. , Charpentier G.
Published: December 2009

A typical lake outlet of the Canadian Shield was treated for 15 min with a high dose (5.28 g/L s−1 of discharge) of Teknar®, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. Efficacy on Simuliidae larvae and impact on non-target aquatic insects of this stream were monitored using drift nets, counting plates, and artificial turf substrates along a 1000-m section downstream of the site of application. Compared with a 4-day pre-treatment average for 12-h sampling periods, drift of Simuliidae increased from 64 to 92 ×, with shorter peaks of 133–184 ×, 2–6 h after treatment. There was no evident drift increase in larvae of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae, or dipterous pupae, but larvae of Blephariceridae (Diptera) were severely affected as their drift was increased by up to 50 × and remained high for 3 days. After 30 h the mortality of Simuliidae on counting plates ranged from 95 to 82% in the first 300 m, with detachment rates of 78.5–46.5%. Densities of non-target insect larvae were not reduced on the artificial substrates, except for 2 genera of Chironomidae (Eukiefferella and Polypedilum) which were reduced 26 to 39% of their original density. Drifting larvae of 1 chironomid genus (Phaenopsectra) also showed symptoms of toxemia by B.t.i. The main impact of the treatment was thus seen in 2 Nematocera families (Chironomidae and Blephariceridae) which were mainly exposed to B.t.i. sedimented on the bottom of the stream or attached to periphyton growing on rocks.
EFFECT OF COLOR ON STICKY-TRAP CATCHES OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Brach E.J.
Published: December 2009

The effect of trap color on sticky-trap catches of Pholetesor ornigis Weed was studied in experimental and commercial apple orchards during each of the parasite's 3 yearly activity periods during 1982–1984. Seven enamel and 5 fluorescent paints were compared in 8 trials. There was considerable between-trial variation in the percentage of the total number of P. ornigis caught on a trap of one color. Trap color had a significant effect on the total number of parasites caught. There were no consistent differences in the relative attractiveness of the different colors to males and females. During 1984, males comprised more than 75% of all parasites trapped during each of the 3 activity periods. The sex ratio of the adult population emerging in study orchards during 2 of these activity periods was approximately 1:1.
THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF PACHYBRACHIS PECCANS AND P. BIVITTATUS, WITH A KEY TO THE KNOWN IMMATURE STAGES OF THE NEARCTIC GENERA OF CRYPTOCEPHALINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: December 2009

The egg and larval instars of Pachybrachis peccans Suffrian and P. bivittatus Say are described and illustrated. Adults of both species appear in late May, feed on willow leaves, mate and oviposit in June–July. The larvae, unable to climb the host plants, feed in the leaf litter of dead leaves of willow; they reach the second-last or last instar by the end of the fall; then they seal their case and overwinter. Pupation occurs the following spring, probably in early May.

Larval instars can be distinguished as follows: first instar with egg bursters on meso- and metathorax, with typical head chaetotaxy consisting of flattened-papillate setae and 1 pair of very long simple setae, and tibiae with 2 pairs of spiniform setae; older instars without egg bursters, and showing differences in size, in head and pronotal chaetotaxy, and in the number of spiniform setae on the tibiae.

In the larvae, the premental sclerites of the head seem to be present throughout the Campsomata, a group with case-bearing larvae and not only in the Lamprosomatinae as previously reported.
DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON UPPER AND LOWER LEAVES OF THREE POTATO CULTIVARS
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Smilowitz Z.
Published: December 2009

The influence of potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum tuberosum (L.) cvs. Katahdin (long-season), Norchip (mid-season), and Superior (short-season)) and vertical leaf position on certain life statistics of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were assessed in a glasshouse environment. Aphids were caged on upper and lower leaves of each cultivar. Developmental time requirements for pre-reproductive life stages were similar among cultivars and between leaf positions. Longevity was similar among cultivars within leaf position. However, aphids survived 62.3, 53.6, and longer on lower leaves than on upper leaves of Superior, Norchip, and Katahdin (p < 0.05 on Superior and Katahdin). Mean generation time (MGT) was similar among cultivars on upper leaves. On lower leaves, MGT was shorter on Superior than on Katahdin. MGT was 15.2, 6.9, and shorter on lower leaves than on upper leaves of Superior, Norchip, and Katahdin, respectively (p < 0.05 on Superior). Total fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase were greater on the lower leaves of each cultivar.
A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ANALOGUE OF THE PRIMARY SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Silk P. J. , Kuenen L. P. S. , Lonergan G. C.
Published: December 2009

Disruption of mating and of trap capture of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), has been accomplished in recent years (reviewed in Silk and Kuenen 1984) by disseminating large quantities of the primary components (synthetic) of the female sex pheromone within a forest environment. These components (E)- and (2)-11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Ald) (Sanders and Weatherston 1976) are emitted by virgin female budworm at a 95/5 E/Z ratio (Silk et al. 1980). Unsaturated aldehydes are expensive, tend to polymerize readily (Dunkelblum et al. 1984), and are susceptible to air oxidation and/or photodegradation in the field environment. Analogues, with increased stability and reduced cost, that duplicate the effects of these pheromone components would therefore be of practical value.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY OF EMERGED DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND DENSITY OF EXIT HOLES IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between the density of insect holes in the bark (X1) and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles (Y) was investigated in naturally infested lodgepole pine in south-central British Columbia. The density of exit and ventilation holes (Ho) that were present in the bark prior to emergence by mountain pine beetle averaged 10% of all holes present following the emergence period. There was a weak but significant inverse relationship between Ho and both phloem thickness and density of emerged mountain pine beetles. Painting the bark with light-color latex paint did not affect survival or the temporal pattern of emergence by mountain pine beetle but ensured identification and greatly enhanced counting of fresh exit holes. Of the several regression models investigated, the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 (= X1 – Ho) was best fitted by a log-log linear model. A method is suggested for setting limits on the size of exit holes cut by mountain pine beetle in order to exclude from X2 much of the variation caused by exit holes cut by associated insects. A simple mathematical model was developed of the relationship between mean density of exit holes and the density of emerged mountain pine beetles.
HILLTOP AGGREGATION SITES AND BEHAVIOR OF MALE CEPHENEMYIA TROMPE (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE)
Authors: Downes C.M. , Smith S.M. , Theberge J.B. , Dewar H.J.
Published: December 2009

Four aggregation sites for male Cephenemyia trompe Modeer were studied in the Kluane Game Sanctuary, southwest Yukon. All sites were well-defined topographical peaks at considerable distances (usually greater than 1 km) from one another. Males rested on the rocks and vegetation and individuals made frequent flights to investigate passing insects, presumably in search of a female. Male flies were active at the sites on element days; activity was a function of both temperature and light intensity. Flies remained at a particular site at least throughout the day but did not defend individual territories.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF 31 SPECIES OF AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODESSTEINERNEMA FELTIAEANDHETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

The susceptibility of 31 species of agricultural insect pests representing 7 families of Lepidoptera, 3 of Diptera, and 3 of Coleoptera to the entomogenous nematodesSteinernema feltiaeFilipjev andHeterorhabditis bacteriophoraPoinar, were investigated in the laboratory. Of the 27 species found susceptible toS. feltiae, 19 are reported for the first time. Of the 21 species killed byH. bacteriophora, 15 are reported for the first time. The Lepidoptera as a group were highly susceptible to the nematodes. On the basis of larval mortality caused by the nematodes, of nematode reproduction in insect cadavers, and of the known economic importance and life histories of the test insects,S. feltiaewas judged to warrant further research as a possible biological-control agent againstEuxoa ochrogaster(Guenée),E. auxiliaris(Grote),Agrotis orthogonia(Morr.),Actebia fennica(Tauscher),Mamestra configurataWalker,Delia radicum(L.),D. antiqua(Meig.), andZygogramma exclamationis(F.).
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). XVIH. COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL TAXONOMY OF THE SIBLING SPECIESEUXOA RIDMGSIANA(GRT.) ANDEUXOA MAIMES(SM.)
Authors: Byers J.R. , Struble D.L. , Lafontaine J.D.
Published: December 2009

The species previously recognized asEuxoa ridingsiana(Grt.) is shown to be composed of a sympatric pair of sibling species,Euxoa ridingsiana(Grt.) andEuxoa maimes(Sm.), which in the laboratory will produce viable F1hybrids but no F2. Results of F1sib and backcrosses show that the F1males are fertile and the F1females are infertile. In mating-bias tests conducted in laboratory cages, 74% of matings were conspecific and 26% interspecific. Differences in the diel periodicities of mating, which are about 2 h out of phase, may account for the mating bias. The duration of development ofE. ridingsianain the laboratory and its seasonal flight period in the field are about 2 weeks in advance of that ofE. maimes. However, there is considerable overlap of the flight periods and, with the tendency of females of both species to mate several times, it is unlikely that the difference in seasonal emergence is enough to effect reproductive isolation. It is evident that, under natural conditions, reproductive isolation can be maintained entirely by species-specific sex pheromones. This mechanism of reproductive isolation is, however, apparently ineffective when moths are confined in cages in the laboratory.

Biogeographic considerations suggest that the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities might have been adaptations to adjust development and reproduction to prevailing ancestral environments. If the initial differentiation of the 2 species occurred in isolation and included at least an incipient shift in the pheromonal mate-recognition system, it is possible that upon reestablishment of contact between ancestral populations the differences in life-cycle timing and mating periodicities acting in concert could have effected substantial, albeit incomplete, reproductive isolation. Subsequent selection to reinforce assortative mating to preserve coadapted gene complexes could then have resulted in differentiation of discrete pheromonal systems and attainment of species status.
EVALUATION OF TRAP COLOR AND HEIGHT PLACEMENT FOR MONITORING CIRCULIFER TENELLUS (BAKER) (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Meyerdirk D.E. , Oldfield G.N.
Published: December 2009

The beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), was found to be significantly attracted to the color yellow. Yellow, opaque plastic cards coated with a sticky substance were shown to be an effective survey tool for monitoring adult beet leafhopper. Traps with different hues of yellow (wavelengths of 510 and 588 nm) showed no significant differences between trap catches. The commonest flight strata at a host site was at ground level, where significantly higher numbers of adults were trapped than at heights of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.5, 2.1, and 2.7 m above the ground. The ground level is the optimum location for a yellow sticky trap when monitoring C. tenellus.
EFFECT OF HOST DISTRIBUTION ON PARASITOIDISM OF HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) PUPAE BY SPALANGIA SPP. AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Propp Gary D. , Morgan Philip B.
Published: December 2009

The solitary, pupal parasitoids Spalangia spp. Muscidifurax raptor oviposited supernumerary eggs on house-fly pupae exposed at 3 poultry farms in north central Florida. The percentage total parasitoidism at the 3 sites was 23.7%, 33.6%, and 77.5%, while the percentage of the hosts containing supernumerary parasitoids was 6.2%, 10.7%, and 55.8%, respectively. The average number of parasitoids found per parasitoidized pupa ranged from 1.45 to 2.96. The parasitoids did not show a density-dependent response to spatial variation in host density. Among aggregates of hosts that contained at least 1 parasitoid, percentage total parasitoidism either decreased as host density increased or was unrelated to host density. When total parasitoidism was low, females tended to avoid already parasitoidized hosts. When total parasitoidism was high, more of the hosts contained multiple parasitoids than a single parasitoid.
FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF NATIVE PUPAL PARASITES AND HYPERPARASITES OF OPEROPHTERA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) ON SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND
Authors: Humble L.M.
Published: December 2009

Three native species of parasites and 3 hyperparasites were reared from pupae of the European winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and the Bruce spanworm, O. bruceata (Hulst), collected in the Victoria area of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1981. Two of the pupal parasites also attacked other species of Geometridae. Two species of hyperparasites attacked Cyzenis sp., and the third parasitized ichneumonid primary parasites of Operophtera spp. The hyperparasites may have a negative impact on the biological-control agents, Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Grav.). Total parasitism by pupal parasites of the Operophtera host complex was about 4%. Descriptions and illustrations of cephalic structures of final-instar larvae of the parasites and a key for their separation are given.
FOOD PREFERENCES, SURVIVAL, AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR STORED-PRODUCT PESTS (COLEOPTERA) ON RAPESEED AND CANOLA (BRASSICA SPP.)
Authors: Loschiavo S.R. , Lamb R.J.
Published: December 2009

To assess whether canola seed is more susceptible to infestation than rapeseed, the food preferences, survival, and development of 4 major insect pests of stored products were tested in the laboratory on seeds of 10 cultivars of rapeseed and canola. Adults of the merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), the sawtoothed grain beetle, O. surinamensis (L.), and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) preferred cereal diets on which they are normally reared to any of the rape or canola cultivars. The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), preferred wheat kernels of 15% moisture content to these cultivars. Insects did not prefer any one of the rape and canola cultivars, and attempted to avoid them. Survival of the 4 species was higher and developmental time shorter on control diets than on the rape and canola cultivars. Oryzaephilus mercator produced only a few progeny on cv. Zephyr, and T. castaneum on cvs. Midas and Tower. No correlations were found between survival or development time and glucosinolate or erucic-acid content. Much higher survival of O. mercator occurred when tests were started with newly emerged larvae than with eggs. Survival was substantially lower on ground than on whole seeds. No evidence was found to indicate that canola seed is more susceptible to infestation than rapeseed.
THE LARVAL CEPHALIC SETAE IN THE TANYPODINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN GENERIC DETERMINATIONS
Authors: Kowalyk Henry E.
Published: December 2009

In the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae), 11 pairs of setae and 3 pairs of sensory pores are found on the larval head capsules. The structure and position of these cephalic setae and sensory pores exhibit strong generic differences but vary little between species within a genus. A generic key to the Tanypodinae utilizing these differences is presented for larvae of the following genera: Clinotanypus, Coelotanypus, Natarsia, Tanypus, Djalmabatista, Procladius, Psectrotanypus, Brundiniella, Macropelopia, Ablabesmyia, Guttipelopia, Hudsonimyia, Krenopelopia, Labrundinia, Larsia, Monopelopia, Nilotanypus, Paramerina, Pentaneura, Telopelopia, Thienemannimyia, Trissopelopia, and Zavrelimyia. The delineation of the frontoclypeal apotome can be used to distinguish fourth-instar from third- and earlier-instar larvae.
POST-HARVEST GRAIN TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND INSECT INFESTATION IN STEEL GRANARIES IN MANITOBA
Authors: Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Post-harvest grain temperature and moisture were consistently higher at the center than at the edge roof openings of steel granaries in Manitoba in 1982 and 1983. In 1982, temperatures at the center were significantly higher in infested than in uninfested granaries and declined only slowly during a 2-week period. Several kinds of insects were found in grain samples or in beetle-detection traps inserted into grain at the center location but none was found in grain or in traps at the edge. The heaviest infestations coincided with the temperatures and moistures at the center. In 1983, initial temperatures at the center and edge roof openings were high when the granaries were filled but declined rapidly, particularly at the edge, during the next 2 months. Between late August when the granaries were filled and early November, moisture content increased at the center and edge roof openings. It was significantly greater at the surface than at a depth of 20–130 cm. Insects were found in traps inserted 1 m into the grain at the center location. The results indicate that the most likely place to find insects in filled granaries is at the center near the surface and the most opportune time to begin checking the grain is 2 months after the granaries have been filled.
WINTER SURVIVAL AND OUTBREAKS OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), ON CANOLA
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Turnock W.J. , Hayhoe H.N.
Published: December 2009

The winter survival of artificial and natural infestations of pupae of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, are assessed in relation to soil temperature and snow depth. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that winter mortality affects the spatial distribution and timing of outbreaks of this pest. Pupae did not survive a Manitoba winter in snow-free field plots, but 55% survived in plots with 5 or 10 cm of snow. Pupal survival in the plots was estimated accurately from daily soil temperatures using a computer simulation model, confirming that natural soil-temperature regimes can affect pupal survival. Based on the model, an equation was derived to relate pupal survival to the number of winter days with soil temperatures of −10°C or less. For natural populations in canola fields, the model, in conjunction with a model that estimated soil temperatures from standard meteorological data, could estimate the observed survivals. However, the estimates were sensitive to estimated snow cover and the measurements of snow cover in the fields were incomplete. There was a significant negative relationship between mortality and snow depth measured at the end of January up to about 20 cm. The sensitivity of soil temperature and therefore pupal survival to small changes in snow depth makes it difficult to predict pupal survival for large areas. Although the distribution of outbreaks of bertha armyworm coincided with the areas of the canola-growing region where winter soil temperatures were highest, the summers when outbreaks occurred were not preceded by winters with high soil temperatures, nor were summers without outbreaks associated with low soil temperatures during the preceding winters. Winter soil temperatures apparently affected the spatial distribution of outbreaks, but variation in pupal survival due to winter soil temperatures did not, by itself, initiate or terminate bertha-army worm outbreaks.
TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI TO AQUATIC INSECTS
Authors: Eidt D.C.
Published: December 2009

Representative aquatic insects, larvae of Simuliidae, Chironomidae, Trichoptera, Megaloptera, and nymphs of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, were tested for susceptibility to continuous exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki at 4.3, 43, and 430 IU/mL. Only Simulium vittatum was affected, and at the highest concentration. Effects on other organisms, particularly Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum, were suggested. The lowest of the concentrations tested was twice the worst-case transitory concentration peaks expected in water from aerial forest spraying at 30 BIU/ha. Spray buffer zones around water bodies are unnecessary at this spray rate.
PHARATE-ADULT DIAPAUSE OF BARBARA COLFAXIANA (KFT.): DIFFERENTIATION OF 1- AND 2-YEAR DORMANCY
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Ibaraki A. , Farris S.H.
Published: December 2009

Discovery of diapause in Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.) in the pharate-adult stage of development has allowed establishment of morphological characteristics to distinguish 1-year-diapause individuals from 2-year-diapause individuals at an earlier stage than previously possible. These morphological and some histological criteria are described. On the basis of morphological characteristics alone, 1- and 2-year-diapause individuals can be readily and reliably recognized by the unaided eye. The practical significance as well as the potential contribution of these findings to further research are pointed out.
THE ECONOMICS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL EFFORT: VIEWPOINT OF THE PESTICIDE INDUSTRY IN CANADA
Authors: Kinoshita G.B.
Published: December 2009

The economics of entomological effort is discussed from the viewpoint of the pesticide industry in Canada. Industry is concerned primarily with obtaining an acceptable return on investment. To illustrate the investment trend in insecticide development in Canada, the cost of research and development (R&D) from discovery to registration is examined. Statistics on retail sales of pest-control products, on new compounds being tested, and on the number of new registrations indicate declining interest in insecticide development in Canada. The present and future role of the Canadian pesticide industry in insecticide development is discussed.
THE SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF HEMATOPHAGOUS DIPTERA ATTACKING CATTLE IN INSULAR NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: McCreadie John W. , Colbo Murray H. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: December 2009

A cattle-baited (C-B) trap and a Trueman–McIver (T-M) segregating CO2 trap provided information on seasonal abundance, host-seeking activity, and blood-feeding of biting-flies near St. John's, Newfoundland. A total of 19 682 biting-flies (26 species) were collected (C-B trap = 11 407; T-M trap = 8275) from 26 May to 16 September 1982. Black-flies (Simuliidae) comprised 94.1% of the total sample (C-B trap = 10 747; T-M trap = 7773). Mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and tabanids (Tabanidae) comprised the remainder. Blood-fed flies represented 54.7% of the total catch in the C-B trap, but the proportion varied considerably among species. Black-fly activity was concentrated in June and July, though flies were also collected in May, August, and September. Prosimulium mixtum was the predominant species in June and Simulium venustum/verecundum complex was the major pest in July. Prosimulium mixtum was most active from mid-morning to late-afternoon, with little evening activity. Simulium venustum/verecundum complex showed 2 peaks of activity, one in the morning and another in the early evening. A few P. mixtum and S. venustum/verecundum complex were active after dark. Captures from the T-M and C-B traps were compared to test the reliability of the T-M trap as an indicator of activity of biting-flies attracted to cattle. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) between the number of flies collected in the 2 traps were found for P. mixtum and S. venustum/verecundum complex. Remaining species were taken in numbers too low for analysis.
Differentiation Stage-Specific Requirement in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α–Regulated Glycolytic Pathway during Murine B Cell Development in Bone Marrow
Authors: Kojima Hidefumi , Kobayashi Ayano , Sakurai Daisuke , Kanno Yumiko , Hase Hidenori , Takahashi Riichi , Totsuka Yoshikazu , Semenza Gregg L. , Sitkovsky Michail V. , Kobata Tetsuji
Published: December 2009

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α plays a central role in oxygen homeostasis and energy supply by glycolysis in many cell types. We previously reported that an HIF-1α gene deficiency caused abnormal B cell development and autoimmunity. In this study we show that HIF-1α–enabled glycolysis during B cell development is required in a developmental stage-specific manner. Supporting this conclusion are observations that the glycolytic pathway in HIF-1α–deficient B220+ bone marrow cells is much less functionally effective than in wild-type control cells. The expression of genes encoding the glucose transporters and the key glycolytic enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bishosphatase 3, was greatly reduced in HIF-1α–deficient cells. The compensatory adaptation to the defect of glycolysis was reflected in higher levels of expression of respiratory chain-related genes and TCA cycle-related genes in HIF-1α–deficient cells than in wild-type cells. In agreement with these findings, HIF-1α–deficient cells used pyruvate more efficiently than wild-type cells. The key role of HIF-1α–enabled glycolysis in bone marrow B cells was also demonstrated by glucose deprivation during in vitro bone marrow cell culture and by using a glycolysis inhibitor in the bone marrow cell culture. Taken together, these findings indicate that glucose dependency differs at different B cell developmental stages and that HIF-1α plays an important role in B cell development.
Aldosterone Promotes Autoimmune Damage by Enhancing Th17-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Herrada Andrés A. , Contreras Francisco J. , Marini Natacha P. , Amador Cristian A. , González Pablo A. , Cortés Claudia M. , Riedel Claudia A. , Carvajal Cristián A. , Figueroa Fernando , Michea Luis F. , Fardella Carlos E. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: December 2009

Excessive production of aldosterone leads to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease by generating an inflammatory state that can be promoted by T cell immunity. Because nature and intensity of T cell responses is controlled by dendritic cells (DCs), it is important to evaluate whether the function of these cells can be modulated by aldosterone. In this study we show that aldosterone augmented the activation of CD8+ T cells in a DC-dependent fashion. Consistently, the mineralocorticoid receptor was expressed by DCs, which showed activation of MAPK pathway and secreted IL-6 and TGF-β in response to aldosterone. In addition, DCs stimulated with aldosterone impose a Th17 phenotype to CD4+ T cells, which have recently been associated with the promotion of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, we observed that aldosterone enhances the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an autoimmune disease promoted by Th17 cells. In addition, blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor prevented all aldosterone effects on DCs and attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development in aldosterone-treated mice. Our data suggest that modulation of DC function by aldosterone enhances CD8+ T cell activation and promotes Th17-polarized immune responses, which might contribute to the inflammatory damage leading to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Absence of Tapasin Alters Immunodominance against a Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Polytope
Authors: Boulanger Denise S. M. , Oliveira Roberta , Ayers Lisa , Prior Stephen H. , James Edward , Williams Anthony P. , Elliott Tim
Published: December 2009

Tapasin edits the peptide repertoire presented to CD8+ T cells by favoring loading of slow off-rate peptides on MHC I molecules. To investigate the role of tapasin on T cell immunodominance we used poxvirus viral vectors expressing a polytope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitopes with different off-rates. In tapasin-deficient mice, responses to subdominant fast off-rate peptides were clearly favored. This alteration of the CD8+ T cell hierarchy was a consequence of tapasin editing and not a consequence of the alteration of the T cell repertoire in tapasin-deficient mice, because bone marrow chimeric mice (wild-type recipients reconstituted with tapasin knockout bone marrow) showed the same hierarchy as the tapasin knockout mice. Tapasin editing is therefore a contributing factor to the phenomenon of immunodominance. Although tapasin knockout cells have low MHC I surface expression, Ag presentation was efficient and resulted in strong T cell responses involving T cells with increased functional avidity. Therefore, in this model, tapasin-deficient mice do not have a reduced but rather have an altered immune response.
Sulforaphane Suppresses Oligomerization of TLR4 in a Thiol-Dependent Manner
Authors: Youn Hyung Sun , Kim Yoon Sun , Park Zee Yong , Kim So Young , Choi Na Young , Joung Sun Myung , Seo Jung A. , Lim Kyung-Min , Kwak Mi-Kyoung , Hwang Daniel H. , Lee Joo Young
Published: December 2009

TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that detect invading microorganisms and nonmicrobial endogenous molecules to trigger immune and inflammatory responses during host defense and tissue repair. TLR activity is closely linked to the risk of many inflammatory diseases and immune disorders. Therefore, TLR signaling pathways can provide efficient therapeutic targets for chronic diseases. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, has been well known for its anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the modulation of TLR activity by SFN and the underlying mechanism. SFN suppressed ligand-induced and ligand-independent TLR4 activation because it prevented IL-1R–associated kinase-1 degradation, activation of NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor 3, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by LPS or overexpression of TLR4. Receptor oligomerization, which is one of the initial and critical events of TLR4 activation, was suppressed by SFN, resulting in the downregulation of NF-κB activation. SFN formed adducts with cysteine residues in the extracellular domain of TLR4 as confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and the inhibitory effects of SFN on oligomerization and NF-κB activation were reversed by thiol donors (DTT and N-acetyl-l-cysteine). These suggest that the reactivity of SFN to sulfhydryl moiety contributes to its inhibitory activities. Blockade of TLR4 signaling by SFN resulted in the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and the decreased dermal inflammation and edema in vivo in experimental inflammatory animal models. Collectively, our results demonstrated that SFN downregulated TLR4 signaling through the suppression of oligomerization process in a thiol-dependent manner. These present a novel mechanism for beneficial effects of SFN and a novel anti-inflammatory target in TLR4 signaling.
Mycobacterium smegmatisExpressing a Chimeric Protein MPT64-Proteolipid Protein (PLP) 139–151 Reorganizes the PLP-Specific T Cell Repertoire Favoring a CD8-Mediated Response and Induces a Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Nicolò Chiara , Sali Michela , Di Sante Gabriele , Geloso Maria Concetta , Signori Emanuela , Penitente Romina , Uniyal Shashi , Rinaldi Monica , Ingrosso Loredana , Fazio Vito Michele , Chan Bosco M. C. , Delogu Giovanni , Ria Francesco
Published: December 2009

We infected SJL mice with a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing a chimeric protein containing the self-epitope of proteolipid protein 139–151 (p139) fused to MPT64, a secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (rMSp139). Infected mice developed a relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), showing a prevailing demyelination of the CNS, and disease severity was significantly lower in comparison with the one that follows immunization with p139. rMSp139 was not detected in lymph node or spleen in the course of clinical disease development or in the CNS during relapse. Infection with rMSp139 modified the p139-specific T cell repertoire, recruiting the spontaneous p139-specific repertoire and activating CD4+ T cells carrying the BV4 semiprivate rearrangement. T cells carrying the public BV10 rearrangement that are consistently found in the CNS during flares of disease were not activated by infection with rMSp139 because lymph node APCs infected with rMSp139 selectively fail to present the epitope for which BV10 cells are specific. Simultaneously, rMSp139 expanded p139-specific CD8+ cells more efficiently than immunization with peptide in adjuvant. SJL mice vaccinated against the CDR3 sequence of the BV10 public rearrangement reduced usage of the BV10 cells and displayed reduced symptoms during bouts of EAE. Thus, transient peripheral infection with a CNS-cross–reactive nonpathogenic Mycobacterium induces a relapsing EAE that continues long after clearance of the infectious agent. The composition of the self-reactive repertoire activated determines severity and histology of the resulting disease.
Protective Roles of B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator in NKT Cell-Mediated Experimental Hepatitis
Authors: Iwata Arifumi , Watanabe Norihiko , Oya Yoshihiro , Owada Takayoshi , Ikeda Kei , Suto Akira , Kagami Shin-ichiro , Hirose Koichi , Kanari Hiroko , Kawashima Saki , Nakayama Toshinori , Taniguchi Masaru , Iwamoto Itsuo , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: December 2009

Although B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) was originally identified as an inhibitory coreceptor selectively expressed on Th1 cells and B cells, recent studies have revealed that BTLA is expressed on a variety of cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells, and modulates their functions. However, the role of BTLA in the regulation of NKT cell function remains unknown. In this study, we found that BTLA was expressed on NKT cells at the levels similar to those on T cells and that BTLA-deficient (BTLA−/−) NKT cells produced larger amounts of IL-4 and IFN-γ upon α-glactosylceramide stimulation as compared with wild-type (WT) NKT cells. In vivo, BTLA−/− mice produced larger amounts of IL-4 and IFN-γ upon Con A injection and were more susceptible to Con A-induced hepatitis than WT mice. In addition, the augmentation of Con A-induced hepatitis in BTLA−/− mice was not observed in BTLA/NKT-double deficient mice. Moreover, NKT−/− mice reconstituted with BTLA−/− NKT cells were significantly more susceptible to Con A-induced hepatitis as compared with NKT −/− mice reconstituted with WT NKT cells. These results suggest that BTLA functions as the inhibitory coreceptor of NKT cells and plays a critical role in the prevention of NKT cell-mediated liver injury.
Increased Killing of Liver NK Cells by Fas/Fas Ligand and NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand Contributes to Hepatocyte Necrosis in Virus-Induced Liver Failure
Authors: Zou Yong , Chen Tao , Han Meifang , Wang Hongwu , Yan Weiming , Song Ge , Wu Zeguang , Wang Xiaojing , Zhu Chuanlong , Luo Xiaoping , Ning Qin
Published: December 2009

The role of liver NK cells in virus-induced severe viral hepatitis and, subsequently, hepatic failure is not well defined. In this study, we investigated the role of liver NK cells in the development of hepatocyte necrosis in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) because of viral infection. A mouse model of FHF induced by murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) was used to study the role of liver NK cells. Samples from patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) were examined. After MHV-3 infection, the number of NK cells in livers of BALB/cJ mice increased markedly, peaked at 48 h postinfection, and remained at a high level until sacrifice. In peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow, this number decreased significantly. Expression of CD69, cytotoxic activity, and intracellular IFN-γ and TNF-α production by liver NK cells at 48 h postinfection were all significantly upregulated. Depletion of NK cells 24 h post-MHV-3 infection increased the mice survival from 0 of 18 (0%) to 4 of 18 (22.2%). Highly activated liver NK cells were cytotoxic to MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and this effect was markedly inhibited by anti-Fas ligand (FasL) plus anti-NKG2D mAbs. Furthermore, the accumulation of hepatic NK cells and increased expression of FasL and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp30 and NKp46) on the peripheral NK cells from patients with HBV-ACLF were correlated with disease progression. These results indicate NK cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of FHF and HBV-ACLF, in which process Fas/FasL and NKG2D/NKG2D ligand pathway contribute to the liver NK cell-mediated hepatocyte injury.