bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark halos of M 31 and the Milky Way
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: May 2015

Grand rotation curves (GRC) within ∼ 400 kpc of M 31 and the Milky Way were constructed by combining disk rotation velocities and radial velocities of satellite galaxies and globular clusters. The GRC for the Milky Way was revised using the most recent solar rotation velocity. The derived GRCs were deconvolved into a de Vaucouleurs bulge, exponential disk, and a dark halo with a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) density profile by least-χ2 fitting. Comparison of the best-fitting parameters revealed similarities between the disks and bulges of the two galaxies, whereas the dark-halo mass of M 31 was found to be twice that of the Galaxy. We show that the NFW model may be a realistic approximation of the observed dark halos in these two giant spirals.
Unicameral Bone Cysts in the Humerus: Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Kadhim Muayad , Sethi Samir , Thacker Mihir M.
Published: May 2015

Background:

Several treatment modalities have been described for the treatment of unicameral bone cysts (UBC). The aim of this study was to examine the outcome of various treatment modalities of UBC in a specific anatomic location, the humerus.

Methods:

This study is a retrospective case-only study of patients with humeral UBC with minimum follow-up of 1 year. Medical records and radiographs were assessed and UBC healing status was determined based on most recent follow-up radiographs and divided into 3 groups (healed, partially healed, and not healed). Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize study outcome.

Results:

Sixty-eight patients (54 boys and 14 girls) with humeral UBC comprised the study population. Sixty-four cases (94.1%) presented with a pathologic fracture. Fifty-one cases were in the proximal metaphysis and 17 were in the diaphysis. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.2±3.7 years, and mean follow-up was 4.0±2.6 years. Twenty-five patients were treated with observation, 38 by injection (27 with steroids and 11 with bone marrow), and 5 by open surgery. Patients who underwent open surgery had relatively larger cyst length, width, and cyst index, and all healed or partially healed at last follow-up. UBC persistence was observed in 29% of diaphyseal and 27.5% of metaphyseal cysts. Of the 19 patients with persistence, 8 were treated with observation, 9 with steroid injection, and 2 with bone marrow injection. Inner wall disruption before injection was performed in 17 patients (24% did not heal), whereas 21 patients did not have inner wall disruption (33% did not heal). Twenty patients received >1 injection. Eleven patients complained of pain at the last visit (8 had a persistent cyst, 2 were partially healed, and 1 had a healed UBC).

Conclusions:

Complete healing of humeral UBC is challenging to achieve irrespective of treatment modality. UBCs treated with open surgery tended to heal better. Unhealed cysts were more likely to be associated with pain.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—a retrospective comparative study.
A Longitudinal Review of Gait Following Treatment for Idiopathic Clubfoot: Gait Analysis at 2 and 5 Years of Age
Authors: Jeans Kelly A. , Erdman Ashley L. , Jo Chan-Hee , Karol Lori A.
Published: May 2015

Background:

Initial correction following nonoperative (NonOp) treatment for idiopathic clubfoot has been reported in 95% of feet by age 2; however, by age 4, approximately one third of feet undergo surgery due to relapse. The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal effect of growth and surgical (Sx) intervention on gait following NonOp and Sx treatment for clubfoot.

Methods:

Children with idiopathic clubfoot were seen for gait analysis at 2 and 5 years of age. Kinematic data were collected at both visits, and kinetic data were collected at age 5 years. Group comparisons were made between feet treated with the Ponseti casting technique (Ponseti) and the French physical therapy method (PT) and between feet treated nonoperatively and surgically. Comparisons were made between feet treated with a limited release or tendon transfer (fair) and those treated with a full posteromedial release (poor). The α was set to 0.05 for all statistical analyses.

Results:

Gait data from 181 children with 276 idiopathic clubfeet were collected at both age 2 and 5 years. Each foot was initially treated with either the Ponseti (n=132) or PT (n=144) method but by the 5-year visit, 30 Ponseti and 61 PT feet required surgery. Gait outcomes showed limitations primarily in the Sx clubfeet. Normal ankle motion was only present in 17% of Ponseti and 21% of PT feet by age 5 following Sx management. Sx PT feet showed persistent intoeing at age 2 and 5. Within the Sx group, feet initially treated with PT had a clinically significant reduction in ankle power compared with those treated initially by the Ponseti method. Feet treated with posteromedial releases had significantly less ankle power than those treated with limited surgery or that remained NonOp at 5 years.

Conclusions:

This longitudinal study shows subtle changes between 2 and 5 years, and continues to support a NonOp approach in the treatment of clubfoot.

Level of Evidence:

Level II—therapeutic.
Surgical Hip Dislocation for the Treatment of Intra-Articular Injuries and Hip Instability Following Traumatic Posterior Dislocation in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Novais Eduardo N. , Heare Travis C. , Hill Mary K. , Mayer Stephanie W.
Published: May 2015

Background:

Traumatic posterior hip dislocation in children is a rare injury that typically is treated with closed reduction. Surgical treatment is typically recommended for nonconcentric reduction with joint space asymmetry with entrapped labrum or an osteochondral fragment. The surgical hip dislocation (SHD) approach allows for full assessment of the acetabulum and femoral head and has been our preferred surgical strategy. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe the intra-articular pathologic findings seen at the time of SHD; and (2) to investigate hip pain, function, and activity level of a cohort of children and adolescents after open treatment of a posterior hip dislocation using the SHD approach.

Methods:

Following IRB approval, 23 patients who sustained a traumatic posterior hip dislocation between January 2009 and December 2013 were identified. In 8/23 (34.8%) patients there was evidence of nonconcentric reduction after closed treatment and surgical treatment was performed using the SHD approach. Seven male and 1 female (mean age, 11.2 y; range, 6 to 14.6 y) were followed for an average of 28 months (range, 13 to 67 mo). The modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and the University of California Los Angeles activity score assessed clinical hip outcome and activity level at minimum of 1 year after surgery.

Results:

Six patients were treated after an acute trauma, whereas 2 were treated after recurrent dislocations. Five patients were involved in motor vehicle accidents and 3 in sports-related injuries. Intraoperative findings include posterior labral avulsion in all patients, fracture of the cartilaginous posterior wall (n=3), and femoral head chondral injuries (n=5) and fracture (n=1). The labral root was repaired using suture anchor technique in 7/8 patients and resected in 1. In 2 patients, labral repair was complemented by screw fixation of the posterior wall. All but one patient (mHHS=94) reported maximum mHHS. The University of California Los Angeles activity score was 10 for 5/8 patients and 7 in 3 patients. No case of femoral head osteonecrosis was noted. One patient developed an asymptomatic heterotopic ossification.

Conclusions:

When open reduction is recommended for the treatment of intra-articular pathologies and hip instability following traumatic dislocation of the hip in children and adolescents, the SHD is an excellent approach that allows surgical correction of the damaged bony and soft-tissue structures including repair of the capsule-labral complex, and reduction and internal fixation of the cartilaginous posterior wall and femoral head fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Experience With Anti-TNF-α Biologic Agents in Succession in Patients With Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Ferges William , Rampertab Saroja Devi , Shafqet Muhammad , Salimi Qasim , You Geoffrey , Yousefzadeh Eleazer , Cheng Jerry Q. , Das Kiron M.
Published: May 2015

Goals:

Our aim was to identify and compare the effectiveness of antitumor necrosis factor biologics when used as initial agents and when used in succession for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD).

Background:

Studies directly comparing the efficacy of biologics are lacking. When one biologic loses efficacy, patients are often treated with an alternate biologic. The effectiveness of this strategy has not been thoroughly investigated.

Study:

This is a retrospective cohort study from a database of 153 patients with CD treated with infliximab, adalimumab, or certolizumab pegol. Response rates determined by physician global assessment were compared between biologics when given as initial agents and after failure of 1 or 2 prior biologics.

Results:

There were no significant differences in response between infliximab (64.5%), adalimumab (60.0%), and certolizumab pegol (66.7%) when given as initial biologics. As second-line or third-line agents after prior biologic failure, there was a trend toward increased response with infliximab (83.3%) versus adalimumab (52.7%) and certolizumab pegol (59.4%); however, this did not meet statistical significance. After failure or loss of response of 2 previous biologics, use of a third biologic was still effective with a response rate of 54.2%.

Conclusions:

All 3 biologics have similar efficacy in the treatment of CD when given as initial agents. Infliximab has a trend toward increased response after prior biologic failure; however, this did not meet statistical significance. Even after loss of response or failure of 2 previous biologics, trial of a third alternate biologic is an effective strategy.
Reverse intersystem crossing from upper triplet levels to excited singlet: a ‘hot excition’ path for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Hu Dehua , Yao Liang , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang
Published: May 2015

Since researches on the fate of highly excited triplet states demonstrated the existence of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from upper triplet levels to singlet manifold in naphthalene, quinoline, isoquinoline, etc. in the 1960s, this unique photophysical process was then found and identified in some other aromatic materials. However, the early investigations mainly focus on exploring the mechanism of this photophysical process; no incorporation of specific application was implemented. Until recently, our group innovatively used this ‘sleeping’ photophysical process to enhance the efficiency of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes by simultaneously harvesting singlet and triplet excitons. Efforts are devoted to developing materials with high photoluminescence efficiency and effective RISC through appropriate molecular design in a series of donor–acceptor material systems. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that these materials exhibit hybridized local and charge-transfer excited state, which achieve a combination of the high radiation from local excited state and the highTm→Sn(m≥2,n≥1) conversion along charge-transfer excited state. As expected, the devices exhibited favourable external quantum efficiency and low roll-off, and especially an exciton utilization efficiency exceeding the limit of 25%. Considering the significant progress made in organic light-emitting diodes with this photophysical process, we review the relevant mechanism and material systems, as well as our design principle in materials and device application.
Triplet energies and excimer formation in
meta
- and
para
-linked carbazolebiphenyl matrix materials
Authors: Bagnich Sergey A. , Rudnick Alexander , Schroegel Pamela , Strohriegl Peter , Köhler Anna
Published: May 2015

We present a spectroscopic investigation on the effect of changing the position where carbazole is attached to biphenyl in carbazolebiphenyl (CBP) on the triplet state energies and the propensity to excimer formation. For this, two CBP derivatives have been prepared with the carbazole moieties attached at the (
para
) 4- and 4
′
-positions (
p
CBP) and at the (
meta
) 3- and 3
′
-positions (
m
CBP) of the biphenyls. These compounds are compared to analogous
m
CDBP and
p
CDBP, i.e. two highly twisted carbazoledimethylbiphenyls, which have a high triplet energy at about 3.0 eV and tend to form triplet excimers in a neat film. This torsion in the structure is associated with localization of the excited state onto the carbazole moieties. We find that in
m
CBP and
p
CBP, excimer formation is prevented by localization of the triplet excited state onto the central moiety. As conjugation can continue from the central biphenyls into the nitrogen of the carbazole in the
para
-connected
p
CBP, emission involves mainly the benzidine. By contrast, the
meta
-linkage in
m
CBP limits conjugation to the central biphenyl. The associated shorter conjugation length is the reason for the higher triplet energy of 2.8 eV in
m
CBP compared with the 2.65 eV in
p
CBP.
Molecular systematics of marine gregarine apicomplexans from Pacific tunicates, with descriptions of five novel species of Lankesteria
Authors: Rueckert Sonja , Wakeman Kevin C. , Jenke-Kodama Holger , Leander Brian S.
Published: May 2015

The eugregarines are a group of apicomplexan parasites that mostly infect the intestines of invertebrates. The high level of morphological variation found within and among species of eugregarines makes it difficult to find consistent and reliable traits that unite even closely related lineages. Based mostly on traits observed with light microscopy, the majority of described eugregarines from marine invertebrates has been classified into a single group, the Lecudinidae. Our understanding of the overall diversity and phylogenetic relationships of lecudinids is very poor, mainly because only a modest amount of exploratory research has been done on the group and very few species of lecudinids have been characterized at the molecular phylogenetic level. In an attempt to understand the diversity of marine gregarines better, we surveyed lecudinids that infect the intestines of Pacific ascidians (i.e. sea squirts) using ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic approaches; currently, these species fall within one genus,Lankesteria. We collected lecudinid gregarines from six ascidian host species, and our data demonstrated that each host was infected by a different species ofLankesteria: (i)Lankesteria hesperidiiformissp. nov., isolated fromDistaplia occidentalis, (ii)Lankesteria metandrocarpaesp. nov., isolated fromMetandrocarpa taylori, (iii)Lankesteria halocynthiaesp. nov., isolated fromHalocynthia aurantium, (iv)Lankesteria herdmaniaesp. nov., isolated fromHerdmania momus, (v)Lankesteriacf.ritterellae, isolated fromRitterella rubra, and (vi)Lankesteria didemnisp. nov., isolated fromDidemnum vexillum. Visualization of the trophozoites with scanning electron microscopy showed that four of these species were covered with epicytic folds, whereas two of the species were covered with a dense pattern of epicytic knobs. The molecular phylogenetic data suggested that species ofLankesteriawith surface knobs form a clade that is nested within a paraphyletic assemblage species ofLankesteriawith epicytic folds.
ReproPhylo: An Environment for Reproducible Phylogenomics
Authors: Szitenberg Amir , John Max , Blaxter Mark L. , Lunt David H.
Published: May 2015

The reproducibility of experiments is key to the scientific process, and particularly necessary for accurate reporting of analyses in data-rich fields such as phylogenomics. We present ReproPhylo, a phylogenomic analysis environment developed to ensure experimental reproducibility, to facilitate the handling of large-scale data, and to assist methodological experimentation. Reproducibility, and instantaneous repeatability, is built in to the ReproPhylo system, and does not require user intervention or configuration because it stores the experimental workflow as a single, serialized Python object containing explicit provenance and environment information. This ‘single file’ approach ensures the persistence of provenance across iterations of the analysis, with changes automatically managed by the version control program Git. ReproPhylo produces an extensive human-readable report, and generates a comprehensive experimental archive file, both of which are suitable for submission with publications. The system facilitates thorough experimental exploration of both parameters and data. ReproPhylo is a platform independent CC0 python module, and is easily installed as a Docker image, with an Jupyter GUI, or as a slimmer version in a Galaxy distribution.
Frontal neurons modulate memory retrieval across widely varying temporal scales
Authors: Zhang Wen-Hua , Williams Ziv M.
Published: May 2015

Once a memory has formed, it is thought to undergo a gradual transition within the brain from short- to long-term storage. This putative process, however, also poses a unique problem to the memory system in that the same learned items must also be retrieved across broadly varying time scales. Here, we find that neurons in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) of monkeys, an area interconnected with both temporal and frontal associative neocortical regions, signaled the need to alter between retrieval of memories formed at different times. These signals were most closely related to the time interval between initial learning and later retrieval, and did not correlate with task switch demands, novelty, or behavioral response. Consistent with these physiological findings, focal inactivation of the VLPFC led to a marked degradation in retrieval performance. These findings suggest that the VLPFC plays a necessary regulatory role in retrieving memories over different temporal scales.
Strigolactone Regulates Leaf Senescence in Concert with Ethylene in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ueda Hiroaki , Kusaba Makoto
Published: May 2015

Leaf senescence is not a passive degenerative process; it represents a process of nutrient relocation, in which materials are salvaged for growth at a later stage or to produce the next generation. Leaf senescence is regulated by various factors, such as darkness, stress, aging, and phytohormones. Strigolactone is a recently identified phytohormone, and it has multiple functions in plant development, including repression of branching. Although strigolactone is implicated in the regulation of leaf senescence, little is known about its molecular mechanism of action. In this study, strigolactone biosynthesis mutant strains of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) showed a delayed senescence phenotype during dark incubation. The strigolactone biosynthesis genes MORE AXIALLY GROWTH3 (MAX3) and MAX4 were drastically induced during dark incubation and treatment with the senescence-promoting phytohormone ethylene, suggesting that strigolactone is synthesized in the leaf during leaf senescence. This hypothesis was confirmed by a grafting experiment using max4 as the stock and Columbia-0 as the scion, in which the leaves from the Columbia-0 scion senesced earlier than max4 stock leaves. Dark incubation induced the synthesis of ethylene independent of strigolactone. Strigolactone biosynthesis mutants showed a delayed senescence phenotype during ethylene treatment in the light. Furthermore, leaf senescence was strongly accelerated by the application of strigolactone in the presence of ethylene and not by strigolactone alone. These observations suggest that strigolactone promotes leaf senescence by enhancing the action of ethylene. Thus, dark-induced senescence is regulated by a two-step mechanism: induction of ethylene synthesis and consequent induction of strigolactone synthesis in the leaf.
Monitoring or tunneling by large shareholders: evidence from China private listed companies
Authors: Song Xiaobao
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between ownership concentration and company performance in China private listed companies.

Design/methodology/approach

– By taking into account of the difference of managerial positions of large shareholders in listed companies (whether they assume the posts as presidents or general managers), and based on the two agency theories, the paper analyzes the state dependency of the relationship between ownership concentration and the company performance of listed companies with the samples of China private listed companies from 2003 to 2011.

Findings

– The paper finds that if the large shareholders assume no posts in the listed companies, there is an invertedUshape relation between shareholding ratio of the largest shareholders and the company performance. This result indicates the inadequate or excessive monitoring to the companies by the large shareholders according to different shareholding ratios. If large shareholders assume posts in the listed companies, there is aUshape relation between shareholding ratio of the largest shareholders and the company performance. This result indicates the tunneling and propping to the small shareholders by the large shareholders according to different shareholding ratios.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper has not taken the influence of earnings management of the listed companies.

Practical implications

– For strengthening the protection of investors, proper distinction shall be made among shareholders of different conditions, and difference of roles large shareholders play in the company under different conditions shall be understood correctly, so as to formulate and perfect market rules for corporate governance, rather than just restraining the power (rights) of large shareholders. The study in this paper is for helping understand the different roles large shareholders play under different corporate governance conditions.

Originality/value

– First, different from the research paradigm of relationship between ownership concentration and company performance in existing literature, the paper discriminates the study background with the post-assuming conditions of large shareholders in listed companies and believes that relationship between ownership concentration and company performance shall be presented differently under different post-assuming conditions. Second, by using monitoring theory and tunneling and propping theory to explain the behaviors of large shareholders under different post-assuming conditions respectively, a new theory explanation view is provided for explaining the relation between ownership concentration and company performance.
Mobile coupons: what to offer, to whom, and where?
Authors: Khajehzadeh Saman , Oppewal Harmen , Tojib Dewi
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the redemption of promotional offers in a mobile service context. It specifically studies how mobile coupon redemption depends on the type of product offered, the convenience of accessing a retailer and the consumer’s shopping motivation. Retailers increasingly use mobile coupon services as a complementary channel to send promotional offers to consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two studies examine how the three factors interact in determining coupon redemption. Both involve a scenario-based experiment. Participants are over 750 members of an online panel in the USA.

Findings

– The results show that when the retailer offers a hedonic product, consumers’ shopping motivation matters more, whereas when the retailer offers a utilitarian product, consumers’ location dominates their redemption intentions.

Research limitations/implications

– One limitation of this research is the use of hypothetical scenarios. Although this limitation was addressed by conducting a quasi-experiment, future research could be carried out using a field experiment.

Practical implications

– Results suggest that in a mobile channel, personalization of promotions is more important for utilitarian shoppers than for hedonic shoppers.

Originality/value

– Drawing on the theories of regulatory focus and preference for the status quo, this paper posits that mobile coupon redemption is determined by whether the offer requires consumers to divert from their focal shopping motivation (i.e. their status quo). The authors explain this difference by showing the mediating role of regulatory fit.
“Being hooked” by a brand story: a view of regulatory focus
Authors: Lin Chien-Huang , Chen Ming-Yi
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The aims of this study are twofold: to explore the influence of the typicality of brand story and regulatory focus on the effectiveness of argument strength and product evaluations and to examine the mediating role of being hooked.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study performed two experiments which showed how the measured or induced regulatory focus of a consumer in a given situation moderates the relationship between typicality of the brand story and product evaluations.

Findings

– The results show that prevention-focused individuals rely on the substance of the message after reading an atypical brand story, whereas promotion-focused individuals are more likely to be hooked by an atypical brand story. Moreover, the findings have also revealed that being hooked mediated the results of the interaction effects of the typicality of brand story and regulatory focus on product evaluation.

Practical implications

– A better understanding of the interplay effects between the perceived typicality of brand story and the regulatory focus of target audiences has the potential to help marketers increase the persuasiveness of their communication messages.

Originality/value

– To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first piece of research to examine how the typicality of brand story and regulatory focus can influence the likelihood of a consumer being hooked. Moreover, the present study is among the first to show that regulatory focus is an important moderator of the effects of typicality, and this contributes to the literature of categorization theory.
The role of the fit construct and sponsorship portfolio size for event sponsorship success
Authors: Bruhn Manfred , Holzer Matthias
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to extend sponsorship literature by investigating the role of the fit construct and perceived sponsorship portfolio size for event sponsorship success. To analyze the sponsor–event fit in more detail, the authors draw on the network perspective and, as a consequence, split the sponsor–event fit into two constructs: the sponsor–artist fit construct and the sponsor–event organizer fit construct. Then, a model is developed and tested that examines the effect of these two constructs and perceived sponsorship portfolio size on sponsorship success.

Design/methodology/approach

– The model is tested with data from 330 visitors to two different concerts in Switzerland. Real events with non-student samples are examined. The data are tested using Mplus 6.0 structural equation modeling.

Findings

– Results report that the sponsor–artist fit, the sponsor–event organizer fit and perceived sponsorship portfolio size are important drivers of attitude toward the sponsor. Moreover, sponsorships that cause positive attitudes toward the sponsor are found to enhance willingness to pay a price premium and purchase intention.

Practical implications

– This paper reveals that it is important for sponsorship managers to correctly consider the fit construct and perceived sponsorship portfolio size for sponsorship success. Additionally, the tested model provides an instrument for measuring sponsorship effectiveness.

Originality/value

– The current paper reveals new results by investigating the impact of the sponsor–artist fit and the sponsor–event organizer fit on sponsorship success. Furthermore, the current research paper is the first to analyze the effects of a sponsorship portfolio which is not limited to one sponsorship category on sponsorship success.
The roles of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity, and cosmopolitanism in sponsorship effects
Authors: Lee Richard , Mazodier Marc
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the impacts of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity and cosmopolitanism on the effects of sponsorships on brand affect and brand trust, using latent growth modelling (LGM) to disentangle the static and dynamic components of brand affect and brand trust.

Design/methodology/approach

– An online panel of UK participants reported their perceptions of a French sponsor at three successive points (before, during and at the end of the 2012 London Olympics). Of the 903 respondents at T1, 694 remained at T2 (76.8 per cent) and 577 (63.9 per cent) remained at T3. Another 302 respondents only at T3 controlled for potential mere measurement effects. The data were analysed using LGM techniques.

Findings

– Due to sponsorship effects, brand affect and brand trust increased linearly over time. However, consumer ethnocentrism and animosity negatively moderated these increases. Cosmopolitanism enhanced brand affect but not brand trust.

Research limitations/implications

– As market globalisation exposes foreign firms to potential backlash from consumer nationalistic orientations towards their products, sponsorship strategies must consider the interplay between these nationalistic sentiments and sponsorship effects. While foreign sponsors are typically preoccupied with determining the fit between their brand and a local event, they must also consider individual-level nationalistic sentiments. The success of companies in foreign markets depends on creating favourable country-directed consumer attitudes.

Originality/value

– Beyond demonstrating the application of LGM to individual-level longitudinal analyses, this study extends sponsorship research by considering a previously unexplored area with key academic and managerial contributions, namely, the role of consumer nationalism in sponsorship effects. The strategic uses and outcomes of international sponsorship must be considered in conjunction with consumers’ perceptions of foreign brands from a nationalistic perspective.
Health promotion in schools: a scoping review of systematic reviews
Authors: Chilton Roy , Pearson Mark , Anderson Rob
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– Schools are an important setting for a wide variety of activities to promote health. The purpose of this paper is to map the different types of health promotion programmes and activities in schools, to estimate the amount of published evaluations of health promotion within UK schools, and to identify any provisional “candidate programme theories” to inform a planned theory-driven systematic review.

Design/methodology/approach

– Review of reviews: in total, 67 published systematic reviews of health promotion in schools were identified, from which a sub-sample of 28 systematic reviews (on 14 health topics) were retrieved for more detailed reading.

Findings

– Key dimensions of programme design and delivery fell mainly under the following categories: the problem and age-group of children targeted, who delivers the programme and how, and the scale and theoretical underpinning of the programme. Candidate programme theories spanned both effectiveness factors and aspects of programme implementation.

Research limitations/implications

– Few detailed “candidate theories” emerged for explaining how and why health promotion can more successfully implemented in different schools.

Practical implications

– There are five or more systematic reviews of studies of health promotion programmes in schools which target: smoking prevention; physical activity; sexual health; emotional and behavioural health and well-being; mental health; substance abuse; obesity/overweight. This suggests probable duplication of health problem-specific systematic reviews.

Originality/value

– The findings highlight the considerable diversity of health promotion in schools, and specifies key dimensions of this diversity. They underline the need to understand better how, why, and in what circumstances health promotion can be successfully implemented in different schools and education systems.
Promotion of social and emotional competence
Authors: Nielsen Line , Meilstrup Charlotte , Nelausen Malene Kubstrup , Koushede Vibeke , Holstein Bjørn Evald
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– Within the framework of Health Promoting Schools Up is an intervention using a whole school approach aimed at promoting mental health by strengthening social and emotional competence among schoolchildren. Social and emotional competence is an integral part of many school-based mental health interventions but only a minority of interventions measure changes in competences. The purpose of this paper is to present the intervention Up and document changes in social and emotional competence among schoolchildren before and after the intervention.

Design/methodology/approach

–Up consists of four components: education and activities for schoolchildren; development of staff skills; involvement of parents; and initiatives in everyday life at school. Up was implemented in two Danish schools in 2010-2011. Social and emotional competence was measured among 11-15-year old schoolchildren before (response rate 96.2 per cent, n=589) and after (response rate 83.9 per cent, n=532) the intervention.

Findings

– Changes in level of social competence were assessed by the prevalence of a high level of social and emotional competence before (33.3 per cent) and after (40.8 per cent) the intervention (p-value=0.01).

Research limitations/implications

–Up provides valuable experiences for adapting evidence-based mental health promotion to the Danish school system which is characterized by democracy, autonomy and inclusion. Future research should study the implementation and effect of Up in larger scale studies.

Practical implications

– The comprehensive description of Up serves as important information for policymakers and practitioners working with mental health promotion.

Originality/value

– The whole school approach intervention Up has the potential to promote social and emotional competence and reduce socioeconomic differences in social and emotional competence among schoolchildren.
Shared workplace experiences of lesbian and gay police officers in the United Kingdom
Authors: Colvin Roddrick
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explores the contemporary workplace experiences of lesbian and gay officers who serve across the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using an online survey, the research asked lesbian and gay officers to share their experiences in law enforcement environments. Acknowledging the changing climate in many law enforcement environments, this respondents here were asked to focus on both positive and negative experiences in the workplace.

Findings

– The responses of 243 police officers revealed that lesbian and gay officers face barriers to equal employment opportunities similar to those faced by women and other minorities in law enforcement, but lesbian officers appear to experience and witness lower levels of discrimination than gay male police officers. Attitudinal bias against lesbian and gay officers remains a significant problem in the force. Lesbian officers report feelings of tokenism at higher levels than gay male police officers.

Research limitations/implications

– Future research endeavors should analyze any differences between the experiences of different lesbians and gay men at different levels of visibility within law enforcement, including “out” and “closeted” officers. Research about when officers come out as lesbian or gay – during training, on the force, after they retire – would be insightful in understanding officers’ perceptions.

Practical implications

– The research suggests that police departments in the UK have made good strides in opening the law enforcement workforce, but continue to face on-going challenges in creating fair, diverse, and representative work environments for lesbian and gay officers. Specifically, agencies should review policies where supervisor have discretion over the employment-related actions. By not meetings the challenges of a more diverse workplace, agencies risk lower job satisfaction, and decreased police effectiveness, especially on community policing environments.

Originality/value

– This research joins a small, but growing body of research that offers specific barriers and opportunities – as perceived by the officers. As other agencies engage in efforts to recruit and retain diversity police forces, the results of this research can enhance policies and practices, with regards to lesbian and gay officers.
Haydn Shaughnessy: understanding the shift to the new economy
Authors: Denning Stephen
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– In this interview, author and management consultant Haydn Shaughnessy examines how the concept of ecosystems are transforming segments of the economy.

Design/methodology/approach

– Shaughnessy is interview by radical management guru Stephen Denning.

Findings

– Ecosystems of companies linked together for mutual gain are enabling interactions and promoting innovation in all the new economy segments. It is increasingly the innovations and expertise of the ecosystem, not the just the talents and resources of the firm, that are critical to future wealth generation.”

Practical implications

– The Creative Economy … takes the form of delegation of responsibility to individuals and firms in ecosystems that find ways to cooperate and innovate while taking risks with their time and income.”

Originality/value

– As an exemplar, explains how Autodesk, a leader in CAD/CAM software and building system modeling, has created a platform where companies in construction and civil engineering can draw on a growing number of apps created by an independent community, a dynamic ecosystem. By having continuous connection and securing continuous feedback, companies like Autodesk are able to provide continuous delivery or continuous updates of their products. You don’t need many people to do ecosystem platform business.
Movement is the glue connecting home ranges and habitat selection
Authors: Van Moorter Bram , Rolandsen Christer M. , Basille Mathieu , Gaillard Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2015

Animal space use has been studied by focusing either on geographic (e.g. home ranges, species' distribution) or on environmental (e.g. habitat use and selection) space. However, all patterns of space use emerge from individual movements, which are the primary means by which animals change their environment.

Individuals increase their use of a given area by adjusting two key movement components: the duration of their visit and/or the frequency of revisits. Thus, in spatially heterogeneous environments, animals exploit known, high‐quality resource areas by increasing their residence time (RT) in and/or decreasing their time to return (TtoR) to these areas. We expected that spatial variation in these two movement properties should lead to observed patterns of space use in both geographic and environmental spaces. We derived a set of nine predictions linking spatial distribution of movement properties to emerging space‐use patterns. We predicted that, at a given scale, high variation in RT and TtoR among habitats leads to strong habitat selection and that long RT and short TtoR result in a small home range size.

We tested these predictions using moose (Alces alces) GPS tracking data. We first modelled the relationship between landscape characteristics and movement properties. Then, we investigated how the spatial distribution of predicted movement properties (i.e. spatial autocorrelation, mean, and variance of RT and TtoR) influences home range size and hierarchical habitat selection.

In landscapes with high spatial autocorrelation of RT and TtoR, a high variation in both RT and TtoR occurred in home ranges. As expected, home range location was highly selective in such landscapes (i.e. second‐order habitat selection); RT was higher and TtoR lower within the selected home range than outside, and moose home ranges were small. Within home ranges, a higher variation in both RT and TtoR was associated with higher selectivity among habitat types (i.e. third‐order habitat selection).

Our findings show how patterns of geographic and environmental space use correspond to the two sides of a coin, linked by movement responses of individuals to environmental heterogeneity. By demonstrating the potential to assess the consequences of altering RT or TtoR (e.g. through human disturbance or climatic changes) on home range size and habitat selection, our work sets the basis for new theoretical and methodological advances in movement ecology.
Bounded in a nutshell and a king of infinite space: the embodied self and its intentional world
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: May 2015

This paper explores the implications of developments in phenomenological biology for a reconsideration of synchronicity and the self. The enactive approach of Maturana and Varela aims to reformulate the relation between biological organisms and the world in a non‐Cartesian way, breaking down the conceptual division between mind and world so that meaning can be seen as a function of the species‐specific way in which an organism engages with its environment. This leads to a view of the self as inherently embodied and engaged with the particularities of its material, cultural and social worlds, while being infinitely extended through the power of imagination; this enables humans to adapt to many different social and material environments. In order to understand these differences, we need to ‘enter into the world of the other’. Where understanding of other animals requires immersion in their environmental milieux, understanding other humans requires us also to recognize that differences in socio‐cultural milieux create significantly different worlds of meaning and experience.
Zero Risk Does Not Exist: Lessons Learned from Microbial Risk Assessment Related to Use of Water and Safety of Fresh Produce
Authors: De Keuckelaere Ann , Jacxsens Liesbeth , Amoah Philip , Medema Gertjan , McClure Peter , Jaykus Lee‐Ann , Uyttendaele Mieke
Published: May 2015

Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set‐up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site‐specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence‐based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.
Curtailing Oxidation‐Induced Loss of Myosin Gelling Potential by Pyrophosphate Through Shielding the S1 Subfragment
Authors: Liu Zelong , True Alma D. , Xiong Youling L.
Published: May 2015

In muscle food processing, where oxidation is inevitable, phosphates are usually added to improve water binding. This present study attempted to investigate the interactive roles of protein oxidation and pyrophosphate (PP) during thermal gelation of myosin. Myosin isolated from pork muscle was solubilized in 0.5 M NaCl at pH 6.2 then oxidatively stressed with an iron‐redox cycling system that produces hydroxyl radicals with or without 1 mM PP and 2 mM MgCl2 at 4 °C for 12 or 24 h then heated to 50 °C at 1.3 °C/min. Protein conformational stability was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and covalent cross‐linking was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following chymotrypsin digestion. The binding of PP to myosin suppressed disulfide bond formation in myosin subfragments 1 and 2 and partially inhibited oxidation‐initiated cross‐linking of heavy meromyosin during myosin gelation with a lesser effect on light meromyosin. In the presence of PP, myosin exhibited less loss of conformational integrity upon oxidation than myosin without PP. Rheological analysis from 20 to 75 °C indicated up to 32% decreases (P < 0.05) in elastic modulus (G′) of myosin gels due to oxidation. However, the presence of 1 mM PP, which also lowered the gelling capacity of myosin, inhibited the oxidation‐induced G′ by nearly half (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the protection of myosin head from oxidative modification by PP can be a significant factor for the minimization of gelling property losses during cooking of comminuted meats.
Underutilization of IV Nitrates in the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Mohan Mohapradeep , Hawkey Sean , Baig Fatima , Choy Anna Maria , Lang Chim C.
Published: May 2015

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a growing public health concern with high inhospital mortality and costs. Clinical practice guidelines, underpinned by positive randomized controlled trials, recommend the early use of intravenous (IV) nitrates in the treatment of AHF. However, the “real‐world” usage of IV nitrates has not been clearly defined. The objective of this study was to examine the use of IV nitrates in the treatment of AHF as recommended by clinical practice guidelines. A case‐record analysis was conducted of all admissions with AHF at a large teaching hospital. Of the 81 AHF patients (mean age 77 ± 11, mean SBP 130 ± 27 mmHg) enrolled for this analysis, only 5 (6%) received IV nitrates at the time of AHF admission. Forty (49%, mean age 77 ± 11, mean SBP 131 ± 27 mmHg) of these 81 patients met the guideline criteria for suitability for IV nitrates and only 5 (12%) of these received them during this admission. Patients who received IV nitrates were more likely to have higher blood pressure and all had myocardial ischemia as a precipitant. Seventy‐five (93%) of the total population received loop diuretics on admission. Overall, this study shows that loop diuretics remain the first‐line therapy in AHF with little use of IV nitrates, despite recommendations from clinical practice guidelines.