bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Environment and Economy of an Ubaid-Related Settlement on Dalma Island, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Beech Mark J. , Glover Emily
Published: October 2008

The environmental and economic evidence from three seasons of excavation (1992-1994) at site DA11, an Ubaid-related settlement on Dalma island, United Arab Emirates is discussed. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the site was occupied during the second half of the 6th and first half of the 5th millennium ВС, The discovery of carbonized date stones (Phoenix dactylifera) at site DA 11 has made an important contribution to the history of early date consumption in the Near East. Animal bones recovered during the excavations indicate that fishing and hunting were of great importance although sheep and goat husbandry was also practised. Gazelle, marine turtle, dugong and dolphin were also occasionally exploited. Fishing seems to have been an important activity with a wide range of species being represented, including inshore as well as pelagic species. Comparing the Dalma fish assemblage with those published in reports in the region suggests that there is some variation in the types of fishes caught in different areas. Other important marine resources utilised at Dalma included marine mollusca. In contrast to contemporary sites on the mainland, DA11 has an unusual range of exploited molluscs, dominated by a few species from exposed rocky shores, cobbles and coarse sand, along with a marked use of pearl oyster from shallow water cobbles and sea grass beds. Molluscs from sheltered lagoon environments, which are common on mid-Holocene sites on the mainland, are entirely absent. Overall this evidence highlights three important points : (1) the variation in fishes caught on broadly contemporary sites within the region which may be due to differences in available habitats between the different areas of the Gulf, (2) the overall patchiness of mollusc distribution along the shore reflects the quite subtle habitat needs of each species with the potential for them to change over time under different climates or other conditions, and (3) such factors must have had a marked effect on the human
Entre centralisme inachevé et pressions fédéralistes : le cheminement difficile des politiques culturelles italiennes
Authors: Dal Pozzolo Luca
Published: October 2008

This article presents the evolution of cultural policies in Italy since the fascist period. In analysing either the Heritage and Museums domain or the Theatre and visual art sectors, it highlights the relationship between regulation and programming, which are rather centralized, and their effects throughout the territory, in a context marked by the growing role played by bcal and regional autonomies. Nowadays, this perspective is particularly crucial because of a Cultural Ministry reform consisting in agregating all the sectors traditionnally fragmented. Such a reform tends to give a first answer to the demands of federalism. The analyses concerning the actual situation are anything but definitive : the process of transformation is still at the beginning and it is facing a tradition of public intervention in the cultural sector which is very rigid and whose own roots go back to the History.
Le gouvernement municipal en France. Un modèle d'intégration en recomposition
Authors: Borraz Olivier
Published: October 2008

Les villes françaises n'ont pas attendu les lois de décentralisation pour se doter de capacités de gestion. Paradoxalement, ces lois ont coïncidé avec la remise en cause de ces capacités. Pour étayer ces deux propositions, il est nécessaire d'adopter un concept de gouvernement municipal qui rende compte de l'existence d'une capacité politique dans les villes dès la fin du XIXe siècle. Le gouvernement municipal s'inscrit tant dans l'État républicain que dans l'État-providence. Ses limites actuelles sont indissociables des recompositions en cours au sein de l'État.
La personnalisation du gouvernement municipal en Italie. L'expérience du maire de Naples
Authors: Mattina Cesare , Allum Felia
Published: October 2008

This paper investigates the impact of the new Italian local electoral law (81/93) on local politics and gouvernement. Naples and left-wing mayor Antonio Bassolino have been chosen as our case-study because he has been the most popular mayor of this new local experiment and his terms in office have been analysed as "exemplary experience" which can have general conclusions for the whole of the local government debate. We study, in particular, the impact of his election by direct suffrage in 1993 and 1997 on two areas of political life: the relationship between the Mayor and the traditional political parties and the public policy-making process. We come to the conclusion that even if this reform has not introduced any real change in terms of quality and efficiency in decision-making, it has produced in Naples a new form of personnalisation of politics, of political behaviour and of public policy-making "symbolic politics".
L'effet Al-Jazira
Authors: El Oifi Mohammed
Published: October 2008

The Al-Jazeera Effect by Mohammed EL OIFI Since the launching of the television channel Al-Jazeera in 1996 its impact on Arab public opinions has continually been topic of debate In this res pect we can notice an Al-Jazeera effect on the political processes in the Arab world First of all Al-Jazeera has broken up the Saudi-Lebanese mono poly on pan-Arab media and has opened the way toward diversity of points of view and opinions concerning current events in the Middle East This intensification of exchanges of images and ideas has played part in the formation of an Arab public sphere that serves as centre for forming domi nant opinions The coverage of the second intifada established Al-Jazeera at the regional level while the war in Afghanistan and in Iraq gave it an inter national and strategic dimension Whatever opinion we may have on the way certain events are covered it is no longer possible to ignore the effect Al- Jazeera has on the way international crises are covered in the media today
Dix questions sur l'Irak et ses armes
Authors: Delpech Thérèse
Published: October 2008

Ten Questions Regarding Iraq and Its Weapons by Thérèse DELPECH Did Iraq still possess weapons of mass destruction before Operation Iraqi Freedom The group of inspectors has as yet been unable to produce definite answer to this question which has raised such controversy before during and after the war One thing does however appear to be certain the situation was far more complex than either the supporters or opponents of war had initially thought And it is not unrea listic to predict that it will take years for the whole truth to come to light If more important destruction of weapons occurred before the war than expected then one must question the reason why Saddam Hussein never produced evidence for these and why he opposed such stiff resistance to interviews of Iraqi scientists And if fears concerning chemical and biological weapons were unfounded then one need to be able to account for what happened to the precursors the stocks of agents the special munitions as well as for the methods of destruction In the absence of convincing evidence one can only leave open the possibility of alternative scenarios
Sida, un enjeu global de sécurité
Authors: Elbe Stefan
Published: October 2008

■ Stefan Elbe, AIDS, a Global Stake of Security

This article argues that the global AIDS pandemic is no longer solely a health issue, but also has emerging human, national, and international security dimensions that must be acknowledged by scholars and international policy-makers. In order to substantiate this argument, this article specifically analyses these three dimensions in greater detail, and outlines the broad policy implications that follow from such an analysis. It is important to recognize these security dimensions of the AIDS pandemic, the article concludes, (i) in order to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the nature and extent of the contemporary pandemic ; (ii) in order for the level of the international response to become commensurate with the extent of the global challenge posed by the AIDS pandemic ; and (iii) because the security sector, as a high-risk group and vector of the virus, can make a responsible contribution to international efforts to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
L'Allemagne, la France et le conflit israélo-palestinien
Authors: Schäfer Isabel , Schmid Dorothée
Published: October 2008

lsabel Schäfer Dorothée Schmid Germany France and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict France and Germany have recently experienced common approaches when confronted to regional crisis in the Middle East Recent German activism suggests closer Franco-German cooperation in order to develop solutions to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict in the framework of the European Union This hypothesis needs to be assessed by taking into consideration the respective relationship of both states with the protagonists of the conflict Far from being complementary the French and German stances thus appear rather incompatible in practice Further more institutional constraints make it difficult to elaborate new positions for the enlarged Union In this context collaboration with other key states of the Union is required to reach institutional efficiency
Herbert Dieckmann, historien et philosophe des Lumières
Authors: Chouillet Jacques
Published: October 2008

J. Chouillet : Herbert Dieckmann, Historian and Philosopher of the Enlightenment.

This hommage to Herbert Dieckmann, who died in 1986, takes the form of a detailed analysis of his work on the Enlightenment, accompanied by a bibliography of his writings (including his reviews) on the 18th Century. His work is studied chronologically in order to bring out the development of his interest in the 18th Century in relation to his own intellectual history following his exile from Germany. The article brings out in particular Dieckmann's invaluable contribution to Diderot studies and his rôle as a guide and pathfinder, not only in relation to the discovery and conservation of the Vandeul manuscripts, but also in his intuitions and editions of texts which opened the way for later research on Diderot in particular and the Englightenment in general. This analysis of Herbert Dieckmann's work is thus at the same time a history of Diderot research.
Trois Pascal dans la pensée de Diderot
Authors: Nakagawa Hisayasu
Published: October 2008

Hisayasu Nakagawa : The Three Pascals in Diderot's Thought.

Pascal is a frequent référence for Diderot ; an analysis of the role he plays in Diderot's thought reveals three different Pascals. Diderot's earliest reaction is, on the one hand, hostility to the Jansenist Pascal and, on the other, admiration for the scientist and the polemicist. Gradually, however, there appears more sympathy for Pascal as a thinker, which can be linked to Diderot's concern for posterity. The debate with Falconet is also a dialogue with Pascal in which faith in the judgement of posterity, based on a wager similar to Pascal's, replaces Christian faith.
Conversation par écrit
Authors: Buffat Marc
Published: October 2008

Marc Buffat: Written Conversation.

This article analyzes correspondance with Sophie as love letters, as distinct from their informative function, which Diderot called his «gazette». The first aspect analyzed is their intensity which takes the form of enchantment, madness and physical suffering, and compares absence with death. Another aspect of these letters is the fact that this written conversation is equal to a physical contact and even a complète fusion as it enables one to know everything that the other is doing. The author finally insists on the musical dimension of Diderot's style and concludes that the letters are marked above all by sensitivity and musicality.
Mozart chez Grimm et Madame d'Epinay
Authors: Fontius Martin
Published: October 2008

Martin Fontius : Mozart at the House of Grimm and Mme d'Epinay.

Mozart's stay in Paris, from March to September 1778 marks a turning point in his life. This article studies the relationship between his æsthetic ideas and those of the Encyclopædists, and the influence of his discussions with Grimm. The author insists on the importance, for musical æsthetics, of Grimm's Encyclopédie article poésie lyrique, and in particular his criticism of French opera, which has tended to be ignored by specialists, and of his article motif. Mozart's correspondence shows the importance of his discussions with Grimm which influenced him when writing Idomeneo in 1780-1781.
Diderot et la librairie : l'impensable propriété
Authors: Malo Denis
Published: October 2008

Denis Malo: Diderot, Publishers and Literary Property.

An analysis of the Lettre sur le commerce de la librairie, which differs from J. Proust's interpretation and attempts to bring out the conditions in which it was written and its internal contradictions. Diderot's history of publishing is based solely on Lebreton's archives and thus supports the Paris publishers' point of view and considers that the authors' interests are the same as the publishers'. But the contradictions in Diderot's position concerning literary productions and the status of the author are also seen to come from his situation after the death of his father and his concern, as a bourgeois paterfamilias, to ensure his daughter's future. An author's works are thus presented as pieces of property comparable to any other property, which can be bequeathed to his heirs. The question of the particular status of authors and their works is subordinated to this obsession, and he thus does not comment on the new 1777-78 texts concerning publishing, which are given in an appendix.
Le cas des sciences de la vie
Authors: Rey Roselyne
Published: October 2008

Roselyne Rey: The case of the life sciences.

The metamorphoses in the field of the life sciences, from the Encyclopédie, via the Supplément to the Méthodique, are due as much to the change in authors and points of view as to advances in knowledge. A particular study of the articles anatomie and physiologie, shows that the Supplément, far from simply adding to previous knowledge, marks a break with the Encyclopédie. In the Méthodique, on the other hand, which claimed to be critical, we find paradoxically no unified body of knowledge and overlapping disciplines, a problem accentuated by the emergence of biology; it thus sometimes returns to the conceptual framework of the old Encyclopédie.
L'Encyclopédie méthodique et l'organisation des connaissances
Authors: Doig Kathleen Hardesty
Published: October 2008

Kathleen H. Doig: The Encyclopédie Méthodique and the Organization of Knowledge.

The alphabetical arrangement in the Paris Encyclopédie and been greatly criticized. In 1782 Charles-Joseph Panckoucke published the first parts of what was vaunted as a more logical encyclopedia since it consisted of subject dictionaries. Other innovations aimed at making information more accessible and coherent: more complete discipline nomenclatures would be provided, and various supplementary tools would help restore coherence to individual subjects and to the whole. Of these latter, many analytical and reading tables were produced, but the comprehensive Vocabulaire universel never appeared. Problems inherent in the methodical arrangement, such as the number of subject dictionaries to admit and the allocation of material among them, proved especially difficult to solve as the production of the encyclopedia stretched over 50 years.
Relation entre les illustrations de la Cyclopaedia et celles de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Stewart Philip
Published: October 2008

Philip Stewart: Encyclopedia Illustrations: from the Cyclopædia to the Encyclopédie.

Chambers's Cyclopædia was the first source of the Encyclopédie's illustrations as well as its text. Many of his nineteen plates turn up also in the Encyclopédie, particularly those concerning mathematical subjects; but these are clearly recognized, as are many other sources that were copied directly. In the particular case of anatomy, where traditions carried great authority, there are many common sources beginning with Vesalius. Because such plates are also related to certain iconographical traditions (in particular the memento mori), they need to be understood in the light of the full contemporary context of anatomical, medical and even religious illustration. The Encyclopédie's illustrations are of course much more extensive than Chambers's, and they modify the symbolic connotations of these plates as well.
La chasse aux abbés : l'abbé Gua de Malves et la morale diderotienne
Authors: Bongie Larry
Published: October 2008

Larry Bongie : Priest hunting, the abbé de Gua de Malves and Diderot' s moral philosophy.

The police archives of mid-eighteenth-century Paris yield up — often in scabrous detail — the vice-squad dossiers of various members of the clergy, high and low, arrested in flagrante delicto, Jacques le fataliste' s abbé Hudson presents in fact an almost banal example of art imitating life. More innocent than Hudson's is the real-life case of Diderot's predecessor, the celebrated abbé-mathematician, Jean-Paul de Gua de Malves, first editor of the Encyclopédie, who was somewhat inelegantly arrested in mid debauchery in November 1756. The affair was hushed up but de Gua's signed confession and related police reports have survived and are now brought to light. It is unlikely that Diderot ever got wind of the incident, but it is not at all certain that his basic puritanism and conformism in such matters — firmly grounded in social considerations — would have allowed him to forgive entirely the eccentric cleric's morals on the usual grounds of exceptional genius — despite the profound meditation Diderot later devoted to such ethical considerations, specifically with de Gua the génie raté in mind, in his Salon of 1767.
Diderot et l'abbé Baudeau : les colonies de Saratov et la civilisation de la Russie
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi , Dulac Georges
Published: October 2008

Gianluigi Goggi (with the collaboration of Georges Dulac) : Diderot and abbé Baudeau : the Saratov Colonies and the Civilisation of Russia.

Baudeau published in Jan-Sept 1776 six articles on Russia in the Ephimérides du citoyen, in which he discussed Catherine II's reforms, particularly her project of establishing colonies in the Saratov area near the river Volga, in order to attract foreigners. According to Baudeau these colonies would be the starting-point for a process of civilisation from the bottom up and from within Russia that would create a third estate and thus radically transform society. The novelty of this programme is emphasized by the word civilization which Baudeau uses frequently in these articles. This term (whose use spread in the 1760s thanks to him and to the marquis of Mirabeau) takes on a special meaning: it is not the slow, gradual and somehow natural process which, for the Scottish thinkers, characterizes the "natural history of society", but instead a political project intended to transform society from the barbarian to the civilized stage, via certain intermediate stages. The importance of these hitherto ignored articles can be seen in the fact that Diderot certainly read them and that they played a role in the genesis of his "political fragment" Sur la Russie (1772), afterwards developed in the Mémoires pour Catherine II.
Contribution à l'écriture fragmentaire de Diderot: le manuscrit n.a.fr. 24938 des Fragments divers utilisé par Grimm dans la Correspondance littéraire (les Fragments politiques de 1772)
Authors: Rebejkow Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Rebejkow: A Contribution to the Study of Diderot's Fragmentary Writing: ms n.a.fr. 24938 of the Fragments divers used by Grimm in his Correspondance littéraire (the 1772 Fragments politiques) .

The Fragments divers, the manuscript of which is in the Bibliothèque nationale (n.a.fr. 24938), were originally intended for the third edition of the Histoire des Deux Indes, but they were also used by Grimm, who circulated them in a modified form in the Correspondance littéraire in 1772. Even if these modifications were made with Diderot's tacit agreement, this manuscript is nevertheless particulary important; not only is it the only one which shows the original version of Diderot's contributions to Raynal's work, but in addition the order of the fragments in this manuscript often changes our understanding of his political choices, at the time when he was moving towards a more democratic stance.
Recherches sur un graveur de l'Encyclopédie: Defehrt
Authors: Pinault-Sørensen Madeleine , Sørensen Bent
Published: October 2008

Madeleine Pinault-Sørensen and Bent Sørensen : Defehrt, an Engraver for the Encyclopédie.

Defehrt, who was employed by the "Libraires associés" as an engraver for the Encyclopédie plates, remains obscure despite the importance of contribution to the work, and we know neither his first name nor his place and date of birth. His engravings are those of a moderately talented artist, but one whose themes vary according to his commissions; he executed historical portaits, copies of classical statutes or paintings of famous artists like Boucher. He also worked on the engravings for La Fontaine's Fables, Buffon's Histoire naturelle and Buchoz's Traité historique des plantes qui croissent en Lorraine. He made 378 plates for volumes I-V of the Encyclopédie , but ended his collaboration with the sixth volume after disagreements with Daubenton and Diderot. He left for Denmark in order to engrave the new maps of the country drawn up by the Danish Royal Society, and he also engraved several plates for Carsten Niebuhr's Travels in Arabia. He died in 1774, probably in Denmark.
Claude et Abel Gautier, hommes d'affaires langrois des Caroillon de Vandeul
Authors: Gallois Lionel
Published: October 2008

Lionel Gallois: Claude and Abel Gautier, the Langres Businessmen of the Caroillons de Vandeul.

The recent acquisition by the Haute-Marne Archives of the personal papers of the archivist Pierre Gautier (1884-1917), who obtained the Diderot-Caroillon de Vandeul papers for his departement in 1913, provides us with an important example of the business relations which the Caroillons established in Langres. Pierre's great-grandfather Jacques-Claude Gautier (1761-1845) entered the service of Pierre Caroillon de Melville in 1782; he was responsible for the "Langres coffer" for the latter and then for his brother Nicolas de Vandeul, and was put in charge of the management of their local property, and of providing raw materials for and selling the produce of the Auberive and Rouelles manufactures. His son Abel (1789-1864) was successively director of a sulfuric acid factory, manager of a bank and treasurer of the Langres almshouses, and acted as the electoral agent and political representative of the député Denis-Simon Caroillon de Vandeul. The latter's increasing concentration on the Orquevaux region weakened the ties between the two families, which only came to an end, however, with the death of Diderot's grandson.
Une lettre inédite de Marie Angélique Diderot
Authors: Albina Larissa L.
Published: October 2008

Larissa L. Albina : An Unpublished Letter by Marie Angélique Diderot.

This holograph signed letter probably dating from the end of May 1772 is addressed to Mme Necker ; she had come to see Angélique and had missed her because she was at a performance of L'ami de la maison, a comic opéra by Marmontel and Gréty. Diderot's daughter, who at that date seems only recently to have become acquainted with Mmc Necker, presses her to support the steps taken to ensure the future of Caroillon de Vandeul, whom Angélique was to marry in September.
Les « Adieux du Vieillard » comme anamorphose littéraire (Contribution à une lecture critique du Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville)
Authors: Hartmann Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Hartmann: The " Old Man's Farewell " as a Literary Anamorphosis (Contribution to a Critical Reading of the Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville).

Le Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville is generally considered to constitute Diderot's principle literary contribution to primitivist thought. However, a study of the two different states of the same text (the "old man's farewell") reveals a more subtle reflection, at the end of which the author, while reviving primitivist clichés, emphasises its artificial literary character and the fact that it is epistemologically untenable. For the speech put in the old man's mouth can only be that of enlightened philosophy. Diderot's subtle textual manipulation manages to make the reader realise that this substitution of speech is both a literary subterfuge and the only possible answer to an ethical necessity. As a literary anamorphosis, the old man's farewell is both a literary artifice designed to educate the reader and an introduction to a more refined reading technique.
Bakhtine et Diderot : à propos du Neveu de Rameau
Authors: Wall Anthony
Published: October 2008

Anthony Wall : Diderot and Bakhtin. With Reference to Rameau's Nephew.

Diderot's dialogue Rameau's Nephew contains an implicit theory of dialogic exchange which should have attracted more attention in the cultural philosopher Mikhail Baktin's writing on dialogue. The dialogue in Diderot's text profoundly challenges the assumption that dialogue is squarely founded on language alone, as Bakhtin seems to believe. One of the extraverbal dimensions that Diderot provocatively highlights lies in the corporeal realm of the written voice. Whereas Bakhtin argues that Dialogism as such can only be activated in the novelistic text which is read in silence, the bodily dimension of Diderot's dialogue can only be rendered by a voice which performs out loud.
Échos berlinois de Diderot dans la correspondance de son petit-fils, D.-S. de Vandeul (1800-1801)
Authors: Moureau François
Published: October 2008

François Moureau: Echoes of Diderot in Berlin in D.S. de Vandeul's Correspondence (1800-1801).

Denis-Simon de Vandeul was in Berlin from 10th January 1800 to 25th October 1801 as secretary at the French Embassy. Madame de Vandeul was a close friend of Wilhelm von Humboldt and his wife, whom she had received in Paris, and the old court (including Prince Henry) gave a warm welcome to the Philosopher's grandson, who was trying to find some of Diderot's lost manuscripts in Berlin. In addition to the court, Vandeul mixed in Berlin society circles, above all the intellectuals and gentry. His view of this world is original and often subtle. His research was helped by his diplomatic status and the aura surrounding Diderot's grandson. A choice has been made from among the 127 letters sent to the Vandeuls (the only copy of which is owned by the editor) of passages concerning Diderot, his circle (Prince Henry, Grimm, Meister) and the edition of his works, as well as Mme de Vandeul or Frederik II and Voltaire. A complete edition of this correspondence is under way.
Journalistes et hommes de lettres. Les positions de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Lepape Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Lepape : Journalists and Men of Letters. The Encyclopédie's Position.

The 18th-century literary elite had little respect for journalists or journalism, which it considered as the lower chamber of literature, and the opposition was strengthened by the great success of the periodical press. Competition took the form of commercial war, the fight for prestige and intellectual rivalry. In many Encyclopédie articles the contempt for journalism is developed, but Diderot's article JOURNALISTE takes a different stand. By laying down laws for journalism in the service of the public good, he provided men of letters and journalists with common rules for an aesthetics, a logic and an ethics of intellectual communication.
Passion et pouvoir. Lespinasse et Diderot dans leurs lettres d'amour
Authors: Siess Jürgen
Published: October 2008

Jürgen Siess : Passion and Power. Lespinasse and Diderot in their love letters.

Although the love letters of Julie de Lespinasse and Diderot are private, one can nevertheless see in the way the two write about love the implicit power relations which come from sexual difference. Diderot, inspired by the myth of the androgyn, dreams of unity between male and female, but he is not ready to question his position as an active dominant man. Julie, on the other hand, prefers a passion which involves the whole being, while still wishing for equality between the sexes. The reasons for this difference are linked to the social status of the two writers, for the hostess of a salon does not have the same independence as an established author and his inequality seems to be associated with sexual difference. Correspondence is here seen as a space in which reflection on the link between private and public relationships can be carried on.
Le rôle des motifs socratiques et platoniciens dans la structure et la genèse du Neveu de Rameau de Diderot
Authors: Szívós Mihály
Published: October 2008

Mihály Szívós : The role of socratic and platonic motifs in the structure and genesis of Rameau's nephew.

Although Diderot gave up the idea of a play on Socrates's death, he nevertheless did not abandon the idea of dealing with the theme of the Greek philosopher's moral conduct, as can be seen from the many Socratic and Platonic motifs in Rameau 's Nephew. For musical themes Diderot links the figure of Rameau the nephew to Socratic motifs, and for moral themes to anti-Socratic motifs. By drawing parallels between Socratic and Platonic motifs in the dialogue and in other works by Diderot one can understand more clearly the genesis of Rameau 's Nephew. Diderot also included in this part of his thoughts on Socrates, which is why it contains important elements of the background to its own genesis.
Les Préjugés légitimes de Chaumeix ou l'Encyclopédie sous la loupe d'un apologiste
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane
Published: October 2008

Sylviane Albertan-Coppola : Chaumeix's Préjugés légitimes or the encyclopédie under the gaze of a Christian Apologist.

According to his enemies, Chaumeix was the most monster alive, and thus modern critics pay little attention to his works. But his refutation of the Encyclopédie is worth reassessing, both as a statement of the advance of materialism in the middle of the century and as a guide to reading the Encyclopédie. For despite a certain simplification, his Préjugés légitimes contre l'Encyclopédie offer a clear-sighted criticism of the work and highlight, by the way Chaumeix includes a refutation of Locke and Helvétius, the progression from Locke's empiricism to Helvétius's materialism, by the intermediary of the Encyclopédie.
La méthode des éléments de D'Alembert dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Le Ru Véronique
Published: October 2008

Véronique Le Ru : D'Alembert's Method of the Elements in the Encyclopédie.

The method of the elements presented in the Encyclopédie article l'article Eléments des sciences (vol.V, pp.491-7) is the very expression of the theory of definition built up by D'Alembert from a reflection on his scientific practice. He defends, in this article, the idea that what is methodologically true for science is also true for art, that the same rules are valid for both and that there must be the same vigilance concerning the abuse of words. The aim here is to study, taking as a starting-point an example concerning the question of taste, the way in which D'Alembert tries to apply his method of elements to the field of art and not only to science.
D'Alembert pris au jeu de la musique. Ses interventions musicographiques dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Cernuschi Alain
Published: October 2008

Alain Cernuschi : D'Alembert's musicographical contributions to the Encyclopédie.

This rapid examination of D'Alembert's musical articles reconstitutes the history of their progressive elaboration and their links with other parallel writings by him. It also deals with changes in the context in which they appeared, for we can see D'Alembert's position altering in relation both to the lively æsthetic debates about music and to Rameau's harmonie theory whose official interpreter he was at first. But this examination allows us above all to bring out his intellectual development, in particular how the Encyclopédie — thanks to its twofold imperative of organising knowledge and providing a critical distance concerning its validity — constituted for D'Alembert, between 1750 and 1757, a particularly useful medium enabling him to elaborate a demanding reflection on music.
La loi du père : Étude de l'Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants (Ire partie)
Authors: Chartier Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Chartier : The Law ofthe Father (part I).

This detailed study of the Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants is aimed at showing that a " philosophical " reading of this brilliant dialogue, as seen in the subtitle (On the dangers of putting oneself above the laws), can and must be combined with the more " domestic " reading implied by the title, which is a reconstituted or reinvented memory of Langres evenings. In Diderot's work, the father and the law do more than simply exchange their powers and prestige. The whole work is marked in numerious ways by the decisive double patronage under which it is placed. The first part of the study aims at revealing the conditions of the work' s elaboration, over three years (from 1770 to 1773) and at showing how, as it was rewritten and added to, the " casuistical " reflection on the " three codes " is staged in the father's salon, to the advantage of the son, who has returned from Paris with a new prestige. The second part will analyse the fiction of the confrontation between the two, which provides de son with reasons to proclaim himself a philosopher in the eyes of the world, the natural, though ambiguous, father of his works.
A propos de quelques ouvrages d'économie industrielle en langue française
Authors: De Bandt Jacques
Published: October 2008

Y. Morvan - Concerning industrial economy

This review shows the main stages in the development of industrial economics in the framework of economic analysis, in the U.S. and then in Europ. This (short) analysis of the concerns and objectives of those who have been engaged in the study of industrial structures and policies makes it possible to outline some of the necessary elements to be included in a definition of industrial economics. Finally, the questioning of approaches and methods used in this field results in a few remarks concerning the scope and likelyevolution of industrial economics.
Les interactions entre les innovations technologiques et les prix de facteurs : concepts révisés et perspectives
Authors: Gold Bela
Published: October 2008

L'essentiel des publications traitant des actions réciproques entre les innovations technologiques et les prix des facteurs se limite à proposer des modèles extrêmement simplifiés des relations existant entre les divers niveaux d'agrégation et faisant obstacle à une identification efficace, soit des innovations technologiques spécifiques, soit des facteurs propres dont les effets réciproques prétendent constituer le coeur même de ces études.

Se fondant sur un vaste programme de recherches empiriques relatives aux innovations technologiques effectives dans l'industrie et aux prix associés des facteurs, ce document propose quelques suggestions constructives visant à renforcer à la fois les concepts appropriés et le cadre des analyses, ainsi qu'un ensemble de perspectives nouvelles concernant les effets de ces actions réciproques dans les deux sens.
L'étude des effets micro-économiques produits par les opérations de fusion absorption (une analyse appliquée à l'industrie française et au cas du secteur du ciment)
Authors: Navatte Patrick
Published: October 2008

Patrick Navatte : L'étude des effets micro-économiques produits par les opérations de fusion-absorption.

Après avoir examiné brièvement les hypothèses et les méthodes, en fonction desquelles il paraît possible de mesurer les effets des opérations de fusion, absorption, l'auteur analyse successivement deux catégories d' effets. L'analyse empirique permet de dégager tout d'abord un effet de rentabilité positif, de l'ordre de 12 % cumulés sur trois ans. Mais la dispersion des résultats tend à indiquer l'ampleur du risque encouru. Enfin, l'analyse d'opérations particulières de fusion-absorption dans l'industrie du ciment tend à suggérer que, si la rotation du capital a été accrue, par contre peu de gains de productivité ont été réalisés.
L'évolution des structures financières des sociétés françaises
Authors: Evraert Serge
Published: October 2008

L'évolution des structures financières des sociétés françaises.

Cet article repose sur l'analyse de deux échantillons de sociétés industrielles et commerciales françaises dont les comptes ont été suivis sur une période de neuf années nettement marquée par des taux d'inflation élevés. La satisfaction des exigences financières posées par des besoins croissants en fonds de roulement semble avoir été le problème le plus important. La charge croissante des emprunts réalisés auprès des banques, en particulier à court terme, peut expliquer la chute des taux de profit net qui a probablement affecté le taux d' investissement en capital fixe , ,après l'année 1970. On donne d' autres résultats concernant la relation entre la taille et les structures financières. Nous ne trouvons pas d'argument en faveur de l'hypothèse d'une amélioration des structures financières lorsque la taille des entreprises s' élève.
Impôt sur les sociétés et le comportement industriel de l'Etat
Authors: Thomas Jean-Noël
Published: October 2008

L'impôt sur les sociétés ne saurait être considéré comme un simple taux d'imposition des bénéfices ; la réglementation fiscale concourant à déterminer son calcul, dénote la volonté du législateur d'en faire un instrument de la politique de rénovation des structures industrielles. Cependant, les résultats effectifs de l'intervention fiscale de l'Etat dépendent des réactions des entreprises. L'ensemble de ces éléments caractérise le comportement industriel de l'Etat.

Cette étude illustre une démarche économétrique visant à définir ce comportement en précisant le jeu de la variable fiscale parmi les variables qui influencent le comportement des entreprises assujéties à l'impôt sur les sociétés. De ce fait, elle contribue à renouveler l'approche de 1'incidence de 1'impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés.
PRECI : Modèle de prévisions multisectorielles
Authors: Neel Gérard , Chaussard Alain
Published: October 2008

In addition of the traditional approach of macroeconomic forecasting through an analysis of income and demands, this model is particularly devoted to the study of the supply side and intersectorial links. Using informations provided by sectorial specialists, it projects an input-output matrix divided into thirty six sectors of activity; the coherence of the forecats by sectors is attained through correcting each of them according to a given "margin of uncertainty". The importance of investment changes is fully taken into account, through behavioural equations which differ for each sector. This model, still used mainly for real activity forecasts, is currently under extension in the field of prices and value added components forecasting.
La valeur de l'énergie a-t-elle une base économique, écologique ou technique ? Critère d'optimisation en énérgétique industrielle.
Authors: Le Goff P.
Published: October 2008

All industrial operations can be viewed as an open system, in which usable energy is entering and from which used and degraded energy is coming out. The general equation of the balance of values is defined, in which the "value" of each energy can be given with reference to any scale whatever. The importance of the energy content of capital goods is shown in the optimisation procedure of the system.

It is shown that, before taking into consideration any technical or economic profitability criterion, an ecologic value of an energy can be defined, on the basis of such concepts as the "availability" and "usability" of an urban-industrial eco-system, which is using energy.

It is shown finally how the search for energy economics is integrated in the wider objective of the technico-socio-economic optimization of industrial operation.
La rente gazière des pays arabes : concept, mécanisme de formation et conséquences pour la gestion des ressources en hydrocarbures
Authors: Christeller Christian
Published: October 2008

La valorisation par les pays producteurs de leurs ressources en hydrocarbures gazeux (gaz naturel, gaz de pétrole) prend une importance croissante. Cet article analyse la notion de rente gazière et propose son utilisation, conjointement avec celle de rente pétrolière, comme outil de gestion des ressources pétrolières.

Le mécanisme qui rattache la rente gazière au prix du pétrole, est décrit pour le cas du gaz naturel dans l'ensemble formé par les pays arabes et l'Iran. Une structure cohérente des prix des différents hydrocarbures en est déduite pour une meilleure gestion de ces ressources.
Le second élargissement de la C.E.E. et les stratégies des firmes transnationales - Commerce et implantation : quelques données générales
Authors: Vaitsos Constantine V. , De La Saussay Philippe
Published: October 2008

Most analyses of regional integration usually don't refer to another interdependent integration process : that which is worked out by the Transnational Corporation (TNC). Being able to incorporate production and trade activities in the host coutry, the TNC is more and more dominating the economic and trade relations among States Nations.

This "internalization " process of the TNC is here empirically studied in three countries which are potential members of the EEC (Greece, Portugal and Spain). On the basis of a quick conceptual analysis and a comparative study of the activities of TNC in both South and Western Europe, the article is identifying the respective places of those three countries within the International industrial division of labour and more so the role played by the TNC together with the conflicts between them.
Sensibilité de la mesure et déterminants de la taille minimale et de la taille moyenne d'efficacité des usines canadiennes
Authors: Leroux François
Published: October 2008

La technique de la persistance est l'une des méthodes pour mesurer des tailles moyennes et des tailles minimales d'efficacité dans l'industrie manufacturière. Cette étude s'efforce d'apprécier si ces mesures sont sensibles.

Les résultats tendent à montrer que dans le cas des usines au Canada, la fourchette d'efficacité est largement affectée par le nombre de classes de taille et que cette fourchette est plus précisément déterminée lorsqu'on augmente la distance entre les observations. Elle est en revanche peu sensible au choix de la variable retenue pour le calcul.
Bases économiques et thermodynamiques des techniques de comptabilité de l'énergie
Authors: Lesourd Jean-Baptiste , Gousty Yvon
Published: October 2008

Nous montrons dans ce travail comment la solution du problème de l'agrégation des énergies est liée aux contraintes techniques, elles-mêmes issues des lois de la Thermodynamique. A la lumière de notre analyse, trois niveaux d'approximations successives vers cette solution peuvent être envisagés. En première approximation, toutes les énergies consommées sont mesurées et agrégées par leur contenu en chaleur. En seconde approximation, on distingue les sources d'énergie calorifique des sources d'énergie telles que l'électricité et la force motrice. L'énergie consommée à partir des sources d'énergie calorifique est mesurée par leur pouvoir calorifique, pondéré par le rendement technique de conversion de la chaleur ou électricité en force motrice. A l'optimum de PARETO, cette méthode équivaut à une comptabilité en valeur. Enfin, une troisième approximation, qui semble la plus proche de la réalité, consiste à tenir compte de la diversité des qualités de l'énergie consommée, notamment au sein des énergies provenant des sources d'énergie calorifique.
Informatisation et emploi : de faux débats autour d'un vrai problème
Authors: Pastré Olivier
Published: October 2008

The analysis of the impact of computerization on employment is subject to contradictory interpretations. Is technical progress creating or inhibiting employment ? The aim of this article is methodological. The definition of a rigourous methodological framework as presented here is the only way to make empirical studies comparable. Moreover it is shown that only a careful analysis of the economie and social environment of technical progress in each country and in each period allows forecasts to be made about the impact of microelectronics on labour and employment.
3 cas de comportement des pays en voie de développement face à la stratégie globale de l'entreprise du secteur automobile
Authors: Bounfour Ahmed
Published: October 2008

Three case studies of developing countries behaviour toward the global strategy of the automobile enterprise:

— The analysis of the crisis which the automobile industry is coping with refers to the study of the behaviour of numerous actors (the big firm, the authorities, the trade unions, the consumer, the developing countries).

This paper deals with the aspects of the crisis which concern the big firm and the developing country.

First of all, the author has defined the big firm's global strategy as a function of a set of constraints (called: the "matrix of constraints").

Furthermore, the analysis of three case studies of developing countries behaviour shows the degree of compatibility of their automotive industrial policies with this global strategy, and the importance of bargaining power as a determinant of the dividion of labor between the two actors.
Les différentes formes de progrès technique et l'évolution économique - Quelques réflexions analytiques à partir de l'étude des industries chimiques
Authors: Gaffard Jean-Luc
Published: October 2008

L'analyse du progrès technique doit être centrée sur le processus de changement au cours duquel l'entreprise ou l'économie acquièrent ce progrès technique. En outre, le progrès technique peut s'inscrire dans la structure productive existante ou, au contraire, l'altérer profondément. Les conséquences pour la croissance de la production et de l'emploi peuvent alors être très différentes, ce qui justifie une démarche inductive. L'étude particulière des industries chimiques sert de révélateur des formes actuelles de progrès technique et de l'instabilité de la croissance qui y est associée. Elle conduit à souligner la nécessité d'une véritable transition vers un nouveau régime de croissance, comme alternative aux phénomènes d'instabilité. Une telle transition exige du temps et des ressources ; elle suppose une intervention appropriée des Pouvoirs publics.