bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Construction and Automotive Applications
Authors: Patel Raj Vardhan , Yadav Anshul , Winczek Jerzy
Published: April 2023

Industrialization and population growth have significantly increased the demand for lightweight, high-strength materials for construction and automotive applications, ultimately increasing the demand for eco-friendly materials. Due to its environmental acceptability, technological feasibility, and economic viability, natural fiber-reinforced composite exhibits many potential engineering applications. However, the production and recycling of natural fibers are expensive. Researchers are now comparing natural fiber-reinforced composites with synthetic composites to determine the best materials, especially for construction and automotive engineering applications. This review paper focuses on natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites’ physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These properties are critical for the effective design and use of composite materials such as construction and automotive applications. This review begins with a background of epoxy and natural fibers. The physical and chemical treatment for natural fiber composites to improve their properties is also briefly discussed, along with the critical factors affecting the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Finally, concluding remarks and suggestions for future works are given.
Properties of Convex Fuzzy-Number-Valued Functions on Harmonic Convex Set in the Second Sense and Related Inequalities via Up and Down Fuzzy Relation
Authors: Khan Muhammad Bilal , Stević Željko , Maash Abdulwadoud A. , Noor Muhammad Aslam , Soliman Mohamed S.
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we provide different variants of the Hermite–Hadamard (H⋅H) inequality using the concept of a new class of convex mappings, which is referred to as up and down harmonically s-convex fuzzy-number-valued functions (UDH s-convex FNVM) in the second sense based on the up and down fuzzy inclusion relation. The findings are confirmed with certain numerical calculations that take a few appropriate examples into account. The results deal with various integrals of the 2ρσρ+σ type and are innovative in the setting of up and down harmonically s-convex fuzzy-number-valued functions. Moreover, we acquire classical and new exceptional cases that can be seen as applications of our main outcomes. In our opinion, this will make a significant contribution to encouraging more research.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria with High Electroactive Potential from Poultry Wastewater
Authors: Temirbekova Aliya , Tekebayeva Zhanar , Temirkhanov Aslan , Yevneyeva Dinara , Sadykov Azamat , Meiramkulova Kulyash , Mkilima Timoth , Abzhalelov Akhan
Published: April 2023

Natural resources are in short supply, and the ecosystem is being damaged as a result of the overuse of fossil fuels. The creation of novel technology is greatly desired for investigating renewable and sustainable energy sources. Microorganisms have received a lot of interest recently for their potential to transform organic waste into sustainable energy and high-value goods. New exoelectrogens that can transmit electrons to electrodes and remove specific wastewater contaminants are expected to be studied. In this study, we examined three distinct samples (as determined by chemical oxygen demand and pH) that can be used as anolytes to generate power in single-chamber and double-chamber microbial fuel cells using graphite electrodes. Wastewater from poultry farms was studied as an exoelectrogenic anolyte for microbial fuel cell power generation. The study examined 10 different bacterial strains, numbered A1 through A10. Due to their highly anticipated capacity to metabolize organic/inorganic chemicals, the diverse range of microorganisms found in poultry wastewater inspired us to investigate the viability of generating electricity using microbial fuel cells. From the investigated bacterial strains, the highest voltage outputs were produced by strains A1 (Lysinibacillus sphaericus) and A2 (Bacillus cereus), respectively, at 402 mV and 350 mV. Among the 10 different bacterial strains, strain A6 generated the least amount of electricity, measuring 35.03 mV. Furthermore, a maximum power density of 16.16 1.02 mW/m2 was achieved by the microbial fuel cell using strain A1, significantly outperforming the microbial fuel cell using a sterile medium. The strain A2 showed significant current and power densities of 35 1.12 mA/m2 and 12.25 1.05 mW/m2, respectively. Moreover, in the two representative strains, chemical oxygen demand removal and Coulombic efficiency were noted. Samples from the effluent anode chamber were taken in order to gauge the effectiveness of chemical oxygen demand removal. Wastewater had an initial chemical oxygen demand content of 350 mg/L on average. Strains A1 and A2 decomposed 94.28% and 91.71%, respectively, of the organic substrate, according to the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency values after 72 h. Strains A1 and A2 had electron donor oxidation efficiencies for 72 h of 54.1% and 60.67%, respectively. The Coulombic efficiency increased as the chemical oxygen demand decreased, indicating greater microbial electroactivity. With representative strains A1 and A2, Coulombic efficiencies of 10% and 3.5%, respectively, were obtained in the microbial fuel cell. The findings of this study greatly advance the field as a viable source of power technology for alternative energy in the future, which is important given the depletion of natural resources.
Biological Screening and Crystallographic Studies of Hydroxy γ-Lactone Derivatives to Investigate PPARγ Phosphorylation Inhibition
Authors: Capelli Davide , Cazzaniga Giulia , Mori Matteo , Laghezza Antonio , Loiodice Fulvio , Quaglia Martina , Negro Elisa , Meneghetti Fiorella , Villa Stefania , Montanari Roberta
Published: April 2023

PPARγ represents a key target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. To avoid serious adverse effects related to the PPARγ agonism profile of traditional antidiabetic drugs, a new opportunity is represented by the development of molecules acting as inhibitors of PPARγ phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). Their mechanism of action is mediated by the stabilization of the PPARγ β-sheet containing Ser273 (Ser245 in PPARγ isoform 1 nomenclature). In this paper, we report the identification of new γ-hydroxy-lactone-based PPARγ binders from the screening of an in-house library. These compounds exhibit a non-agonist profile towards PPARγ, and one of them prevents Ser245 PPARγ phosphorylation by acting mainly on PPARγ stabilization and exerting a weak CDK5 inhibitory effect.
Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus: Cellular Signaling Mechanisms
Authors: Karamichos Dimitrios , Nicholas Sarah E. , Khan Asher , Riaz Kamran M.
Published: April 2023

Collagen crosslinking (CXL) is a widely used treatment to halt the progression of keratoconus (KC). Unfortunately, a significant number of patients with progressive KC will not qualify for CXL, including those with corneas thinner than 400 µm. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of CXL using in vitro models, mirroring the normal, as well as thinner corneal stroma seen in KCs. Primary human corneal stromal cells were isolated from healthy (HCFs) and keratoconus (HKCs) donors. Cells were cultured and stimulated with stable Vitamin C resulting in 3D self-assembled extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-embedded, constructs. CXL was performed on (a) thin ECM with CXL performed at week 2 and (b) normal ECM with CXL performed at week 4. Constructs without CXL served as controls. All constructs were processed for protein analysis. The results showed modulation of Wnt signaling, following CXL treatment, as measured by the protein levels of Wnt7b and Wnt10a, correlated to the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Further, the expression of a recently identified KC biomarker candidate, prolactin-induced protein (PIP), was positively impacted by CXL in HKCs. CXL-driven upregulation of PGC-1 and the downregulation of SRC and Cyclin D1 in HKCs were also noted. Although the cellular/molecular impacts of CXL are largely understudied, our studies provide an approximation to the complex mechanisms of KC and CXL. Further studies are warranted to determine factors influencing CXL outcomes.
Integration of G-Quadruplex and Pyrene as a Simple and Efficient Ratiometric Fluorescent Platform That Programmed by Contrary Logic Pair for Highly Sensitive and Selective Coralyne (COR) Detection
Authors: Han Jiawen , Ding Yaru , Lv Xujuan , Zhang Yuwei , Fan Daoqing
Published: April 2023

The effective and accurate detection of the anticancer drug coralyne (COR) is highly significant for drug quality control, medication safety and good health. Although various COR sensors have been reported in recent years, previous ones can only exhibit single-signal output (turn ON or turn OFF) with poor reliability and anti-interference ability. Therefore, exploring novel platform with dual-signal response for COR detection is urgently needed. Herein, we reported the first ratiometric fluorescent platform for highly sensitive and selective COR detection by integrating G-quadruplex (G4) and Pyrene (Py) as signal probes and harnessing A-COR-A interaction. In the absence of COR, the platform shows a low fluorescence signal of PPIX (F642) and a high one of Py monomer (F383). With the addition of COR, two delicately designed poly-A ssDNAs will hybridize with each other via A-COR-A coordination to form complete G4, yielding the increased fluorescence signal of PPIX and the decreased one of Py due to the formation of Py excimer. Based on the above mechanism, we constructed a simple and efficient sensor that could realize the ratiometric fluorescent detection of COR with high sensitivity and selectivity. A linear relationship between F642/F383 and COR’s concentration is obtained in the range from 1 nM to 8 μM. And the limit of detection of COR could reach to as low as 0.63 nM without any amplification, which is much lower than that of most COR sensors reported so far. Notably, the logical analysis of COR can be carried out under the control of a “YES-NOT” contrary logic pair, enabling the smart dual-channel response with an adequate S/N ratio and improved reliability and anti-interference ability. Moreover, this system also presents satisfactory performance in fetal bovine serum (FBS) samples.
Recent Advances in Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Platform for Virus Detection: A Review
Authors: Trinh Kieu The Loan , Do Hoang Dang Khoa , Lee Nae Yoon
Published: April 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and a rising demand for the development of accurate, timely, and cost-effective diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viral infections in general. Currently, traditional virus screening methods such as plate culturing and real-time PCR are considered the gold standard with accurate and sensitive results. However, these methods still require sophisticated equipment, trained personnel, and a long analysis time. Alternatively, with the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies, microfluidic-based biosensors offer the ability to perform sample preparation and simultaneous detection of many analyses in one platform. High sensitivity, accuracy, portability, low cost, high throughput, and real-time detection can be achieved using a single platform. This review presents recent advances in microfluidic-based biosensors from many works to demonstrate the advantages of merging the two technologies for sensing viruses. Different platforms for virus detection are classified into two main sections: immunoassays and molecular assays. Moreover, available commercial sensing tests are analyzed.
An Electrochemical Screen-Printed Sensor Based on Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide–Carbon Nanotubes Composites for the Determination of 17-β Estradiol
Authors: Musa Auwal , Kiely Janice , Luxton Richard , Honeychurch Kevin
Published: April 2023

In this study, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with gold-nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanotubes (rGO-AuNPs/CNT/SPE) was used for the determination of estradiol (E2). The AuNPs were produced through an eco-friendly method utilising plant extract, eliminating the need for severe chemicals, and remove the requirements of sophisticated fabrication methods and tedious procedures. In addition, rGO-AuNP serves as a dispersant for the CNT to improve the dispersion stability of CNTs. The composite material, rGO-AuNPs/CNT, underwent characterisation through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical performance of the modified SPE for estradiol oxidation was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The rGO-AuNPs/CNT/SPE exhibited a notable improvement compared to bare/SPE and GO-CNT/SPE, as evidenced by the relative peak currents. Additionally, we employed a baseline correction algorithm to accurately adjust the sensor response while eliminating extraneous background components that are typically present in voltammetric experiments. The optimised estradiol sensor offers linear sensitivity from 0.05–1.00 µM, with a detection limit of 3 nM based on three times the standard deviation (3δ). Notably, this sensing approach yields stable, repeatable, and reproducible outcomes. Assessment of drinking water samples indicated an average recovery rate of 97.5% for samples enriched with E2 at concentrations as low as 0.5 µM%, accompanied by only a modest coefficient of variation (%CV) value of 2.7%.
Career Calling, Courage, Flourishing and Satisfaction with Life in Italian University Students
Authors: Parola Anna , Zammitti Andrea , Marcionetti Jenny
Published: April 2023

Career calling is defined as a positive resource promoting vocational development and well-being. The present study focuses on the relationships between career calling, courage and two indicators of well-being, i.e., flourishing and satisfaction with life. The sample consisted of 306 Italian university students (118 males and 188 females) ranging from 18 to 30 years of age. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach with latent variables was adopted. The results showed that courage plays a mediating role between career calling and well-being indicators. In light of these results, suggestions on the practical implications for career interventions to support university students are also addressed.
Non-Noble Metal Aromatic Oxidation Catalysis: From Metalloenzymes to Synthetic Complexes
Authors: Masferrer-Rius Eduard , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M.
Published: April 2023

The development of selective aromatic oxidation catalysts based on non-noble metals has emerged over the last decades, mainly due to the importance of phenol products as intermediates for the generation of pharmaceuticals or functional polymers. In nature, metalloenzymes can perform a wide variety of oxidative processes using molecular oxygen, including arene oxidations. However, the implementation of such enzymes in the chemical industry remains challenging. In this context, chemists have tried to mimic nature and design synthetic non-noble metal catalysts inspired by these enzymes. This review aims at providing a general overview of aromatic oxidation reactions catalyzed by metalloenzymes as well as synthetic first-row transition-metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts. The enzymes and complexes discussed in this review have been classified based on the transition-metal ion present in their active site, i.e., iron, copper, nickel, and manganese. The main points of discussion focus on enzyme structure and function, catalyst design, mechanisms of operation in terms of oxidant activation and substrate oxidation, and substrate scope.
Crossing the AI Chasm in Neurocritical Care
Authors: Cascella Marco , Montomoli Jonathan , Bellini Valentina , Vittori Alessandro , Biancuzzi Helena , Dal Mas Francesca , Bignami Elena Giovanna
Published: April 2023

Despite the growing interest in possible applications of computer science and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of neurocritical care (neuro-ICU), widespread clinical applications are still missing. In neuro-ICU, the collection and analysis in real time of large datasets can play a crucial role in advancing this medical field and improving personalized patient care. For example, AI algorithms can detect subtle changes in brain activity or vital signs, alerting clinicians to potentially life-threatening conditions and facilitating rapid intervention. Consequently, data-driven AI and predictive analytics can greatly enhance medical decision making, diagnosis, and treatment, ultimately leading to better outcomes for patients. Nevertheless, there is a significant disparity between the current capabilities of AI systems and the potential benefits and applications that could be achieved with more advanced AI technologies. This gap is usually indicated as the AI chasm. In this paper, the underlying causes of the AI chasm in neuro-ICU are analyzed, along with proposed recommendations for utilizing AI to attain a competitive edge, foster innovation, and enhance patient outcomes. To bridge the AI divide in neurocritical care, it is crucial to foster collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, with a focus on specific use cases. Additionally, strategic investments in AI technology, education and training, and infrastructure are needed to unlock the potential of AI technology. Before implementing a technology in patient care, it is essential to conduct thorough studies and establish clinical validation in real-world environments to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Finally, the development of ethical and regulatory frameworks is mandatory to ensure the secure and efficient deployment of AI technology throughout the process.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Mild–Severe Wear Transition of the AA2195-T6 Alloy under Different Loads
Authors: Chen Qingqiang , Yu Yalei , Ma Guanjie , Sun Xingzi , Lu Laixiao
Published: April 2023

The mild–severe wear transition of aluminum alloys is considered evidence that the wear changes from a stable state to an unstable state, which is of great importance in engineering applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mild–severe wear transition of the 2195 Al–Li alloy for different loads and to elucidate the causes behind it. To this end, dry sliding tribometric tests were carried out by varying the normal load from 2 to 40 N at room temperature. The results show that the change in wear rate can be divided into three distinct stages, including weak growth at low load (2–4 N), rapidly increased growth at medium load (8–16 N), and gradually increased growth at high load (32–40 N). The transition from mild to severe wear is observed at loads ranging from 4 to 8 N. Characterization of the worn surface of the Al–Li alloy via scanning electron microscopy shows that abrasion and oxidation are the dominant wear phenomena in the mild wear regime. On the other hand, delamination, adhesion, and severe plastic deformation become dominant in the severe wear regime. The reason for the occurrence of the transition is the tribo-induced plastic deformation of the substrate.
A Multi-Feature Fusion Framework for Automatic Skin Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Bakheet Samy , Alsubai Shtwai , El-Nagar Aml , Alqahtani Abdullah
Published: April 2023

Malignant melanoma is the most invasive skin cancer and is currently regarded as one of the deadliest disorders; however, it can be cured more successfully if detected and treated early. Recently, CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) systems have emerged as a powerful alternative tool for the automatic detection and categorization of skin lesions, such as malignant melanoma or benign nevus, in given dermoscopy images. In this paper, we propose an integrated CAD framework for rapid and accurate melanoma detection in dermoscopy images. Initially, an input dermoscopy image is pre-processed by using a median filter and bottom-hat filtering for noise reduction, artifact removal, and, thus, enhancing the image quality. After this, each skin lesion is described by an effective skin lesion descriptor with high discrimination and descriptiveness capabilities, which is constructed by calculating the HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradient) and LBP (Local Binary Patterns) and their extensions. After feature selection, the lesion descriptors are fed into three supervised machine learning classification models, namely SVM (Support Vector Machine), kNN (k-Nearest Neighbors), and GAB (Gentle AdaBoost), to diagnostically classify melanocytic skin lesions into one of two diagnostic categories, melanoma or nevus. Experimental results achieved using 10-fold cross-validation on the publicly available MED-NODEE dermoscopy image dataset demonstrate that the proposed CAD framework performs either competitively or superiorly to several state-of-the-art methods with stronger training settings in relation to various diagnostic metrics, such as accuracy (94%), specificity (92%), and sensitivity (100%).
Comparison of a Presbyopia-Correcting Supplementary Intraocular Lens Combination and a Capsular-Bag Lens: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Khoramnia Ramin , Baur Isabella Diana , Yan Weijia , Łabuz Grzegorz , Auffarth Gerd Uwe
Published: April 2023

We evaluated the optical quality of two approaches to trifocality: polypseudophakia versus monopseudophakia. The combination (polypseudophakia) of a monofocal Basis Z B1AWY0 and AddOn Trifocal A4DW0M intraocular lens (IOL) was compared to using one Basis Z Trifocal B1EWYN IOL, all from 1stQ GmbH. In both approaches, we measured modulation transfer function (MTF) and Strehl Ratio (SR) values at 3.0 and 4.5 mm pupil sizes. We determined the through-focus (TF) MTF at 25, 50 and 100 lp/mm for the 3 mm aperture. United States Air Force (USAF) target images were recorded. MTF measurement of the trifocal lens and the combined monofocal and trifocal AddOn IOL showed good performance at the far and near focus for the 3 mm aperture. For the 4.5 mm aperture the MTF improved for the far focus but decreased for the intermediate and near focus. TF MTF showed better contrast at the far focus for the polypseudophakic setup but at the expense of the efficiency at the near focus. However, the USAF chart images revealed only minimal differences between both approaches. The optical quality of the polypseudophakic approach was not affected by the presence of two IOLs instead of one and proved to be comparable with the performance of one capsular-bag-fixated trifocal IOL. Differences between the single vs. two-lens approach seen in the TF MTF analysis could be attributed to the optical design that varied between the trifocal models.
COVID-19 Diagnosis in Computerized Tomography (CT) and X-ray Scans Using Capsule Neural Network
Authors: Akinyelu Andronicus A. , Bah Bubacarr
Published: April 2023

This study proposes a deep-learning-based solution (named CapsNetCovid) for COVID-19 diagnosis using a capsule neural network (CapsNet). CapsNets are robust for image rotations and affine transformations, which is advantageous when processing medical imaging datasets. This study presents a performance analysis of CapsNets on standard images and their augmented variants for binary and multi-class classification. CapsNetCovid was trained and evaluated on two COVID-19 datasets of CT images and X-ray images. It was also evaluated on eight augmented datasets. The results show that the proposed model achieved classification accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and F1-score of 99.929%, 99.887%, 100%, and 99.319%, respectively, for the CT images. It also achieved a classification accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and F1-score of 94.721%, 93.864%, 92.947%, and 93.386%, respectively, for the X-ray images. This study presents a comparative analysis between CapsNetCovid, CNN, DenseNet121, and ResNet50 in terms of their ability to correctly identify randomly transformed and rotated CT and X-ray images without the use of data augmentation techniques. The analysis shows that CapsNetCovid outperforms CNN, DenseNet121, and ResNet50 when trained and evaluated on CT and X-ray images without data augmentation. We hope that this research will aid in improving decision making and diagnostic accuracy of medical professionals when diagnosing COVID-19.
Accelerating DC Circuit Simulation through Feature Selection and LSTM-Based Time-Step Control
Authors: Jin Zhou , Yang Ziyi , Pei Haojie , Zha Xiaru , Bai Yinuo , Niu Dan , Zhou Zhenya , Wu Xiao
Published: April 2023

Circuit simulation has become increasingly significant in circuit design with the development of very large scale integration, and direct current (DC) analysis, which serves as the basis of circuit behavior analysis, is the foundation for nonlinear electronic circuit simulation. Among the several continuation algorithms for DC analysis, pseudo-transient analysis (PTA) methods have gained great success. However, PTA tends to be computationally intensive without a proper time-step control method. In order to improve this problem, we propose a novel time-step control method enhanced by advanced deep learning in this paper. Specifically, a coarse and fine-grained hybrid sampling strategy is introduced to find the optimal time step, which resolves the problem that the optimal time step has no precise definition in PTA theory. After that, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network, with the ability to process temporal information, can be employed to learn the optimal time-step control method based on feature selection and a two-stage data preprocessing strategy, which accelerates DC analysis. Furthermore, random forest (RF) is also used to evaluate feature importance, which can achieve feature selection with reduced dimensions, thereby speeding up the network’s training speed and improving the accuracy of prediction. Experimental results demonstrate a significant speedup: up to 61.32 times.
Similarity Measure for Interval Neutrosophic Sets and Its Decision Application in Resource Offloading of Edge Computing
Authors: Liu Qiong , Wang Xi , Kong Mingming , Qin Keyun
Published: April 2023

Interval neutrosophic sets (INSs), characterized by truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership degrees, handle the uncertain and inconsistent information that commonly exists in real-life systems, and constitute an extension of the interval valued fuzzy set and interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set. The existing works on similarity measures for INSs are mostly constructed by distance measures and entropies. Meanwhile, the degree of similarity is expressed as a single number, even if the interval-valued information is considered. This may lead to a loss of interval-valued information. In order to cope with these issues, in this paper, we introduce a new approach to constructing the similarity measures for INSs using fuzzy equivalencies. First, based on fuzzy equivalencies and aggregation operators, the definition of interval-valued fuzzy equivalence is generalized to interval neutrosophic values. Then, based on the framework of INSs, we propose the definition and construction method of the similarity measure using the interval neutrosophic fuzzy equivalence. The similarity degree is expressed as an interval and could retain more information than ever before. In addition, according to practical situations, one can obtain different similarities by selecting the parameters in fuzzy equivalence. Due to the increase in edge computing, it is necessary to reasonably offload the client’s resource and assign them to the edge server to balance the resource usage. The Similarity measure is conductive to select and match the client and edge server. Finally, an illustrative example verifies that the proposed method can find a reasonable client and edge server, as well as effectiveness in the edge computing application.
A Safety Detection Method on Construction Sites under Fewer Samples
Authors: Wu QingE , Wang Wenjing , Chen Hu , Zhou Lintao , Lu Yingbo , Qian Xiaoliang
Published: April 2023

In order to solve the problem of automatically completing safety detection for construction sites and give an alert based on high-speed image streams, this paper proposes a violation of rules and regulations (VoRR) recognition method on a construction site and gives a matching method by automatically obtaining a few samples. The proposed safety detection method consists of five parts, which are redundant information reduction, classification, feature extraction, matching, inference rule and alarm alert. Compared with existing safety detection methods, the accuracy of the proposed method is increased by more than 9%. It not only has better performance, but also has more functions: reminding and alarming. For the subsequent establishment of an unmanned supervision system model on a construction site, this research will provide a new method of decision support, target detection, and recognition in multiple different scenarios.
Electromechanical Actuator Servo Control Technology Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control
Authors: Fang Qian , Zhou Yong , Ma Shangjun , Zhang Chao , Wang Ye , Huangfu Haibin
Published: April 2023

Electromechanical actuators (EMA) are becoming more and more widely used. As the core technology of EMA, servo control technology determines their performance. In this paper, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method with an improved extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to design a cascade controller of EMA based on permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The mathematical model of PMSM in a two-phase rotating coordinate system is established, then it is decoupled by an id=0 current control method to realize the vector control of the motor. In a three closed-loop vector control system, a PID controller including current loop, speed loop and position loop is designed. To solve the problems caused by measurement noise, the filter link and system are modeled as a whole, and an improved ESO is constructed. On this basis, an ADRC controller of the speed loop and position loop of PMSM is designed and simulated based on Simulink. Based on the physical test platform, a load step test and load disturbance test of ADRC are completed. The results show that, in comparison to the PID method, the ADRC method shortens the response time by 25% on average, and reduces the overshoot by 60% on average. So, it can be concluded that ADRC has good static and dynamic performance, which has a good guiding role for engineering practice.
Comparing Traditional Age Estimation at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency to Age Estimation Using Random Forest Regression
Authors: McCormick Kyle A.
Published: April 2023

Age estimation from developmental traits is typically assessed in isolation, where an age range is derived from known individuals that exhibit that degree of fusion. There are no objective means for incorporating developmental evidence from multiple areas of the skeleton into one cohesive age estimate. This limitation is obvious in the casework at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), where subjectivity is introduced into age estimates based on multiple age indictors. This holds true even when age is derived from one source, The 1957 study by McKern and Stewart). This study uses 388 individuals from the McKern and Stewart study and 41 individuals from the Battle of Tarawa and uses Random Forest Regression (RFR) to estimate an age interval using multiple age indicators. These RFR estimates are compared to age estimates from the Forensic Anthropology Reports (FARs). Overall, FAR age estimates are more accurate (92.7%) than those from the two RFR models (80.5% and 76.6%). This increase in accuracy comes at the cost of some precision (FARs average age interval of 8.1 years and RFR average age intervals of 6.3 and 6.4 years). The RFR models prefer age indicators with late fusion, such as the medial clavicle, and the pubic symphysis, which exhibit a combination of developmental and degenerative ages in morphology. Some avenues for further research are discussed.
Cenozoic Fault Growth Mechanisms in the Outer Apulian Platform
Authors: Agosta Fabrizio , Petrullo Angela Vita , La Bruna Vincenzo , Prosser Giacomo
Published: April 2023

This work focuses on a ca. 55 km-long extensional fault zone buried underneath the foredeep deposits of the southern Apennines, Italy, with the goal of deciphering the Cenozoic fault growth mechanisms in the Outer Apulian Platform. By considering public 2D seismic reflection profiles, well logs, and isochron maps data, the study normal fault zone is interpreted as made up of four individual fault segments crosscutting Top Cretaceous, Top Eocene, Top Miocene, and Top Pliocene chrono-stratigraphic surfaces. The computed cumulative throw profiles form either bell-shaped or flat-shaped geometries along portions of the single fault segments. The computed incremental throw profiles also show an initial fault segmentation not corresponding with the present-day structural configuration. Data are consistent with the initial, post-Cretaceous fault segments coalescing together during Miocene–Pliocene deformation and with fault linkage processes localizing at the stepover/relay zones. Pleistocene faulting determined the evolution of a coherent fault system. The computed n-values obtained for the single time intervals by considering the maximum fault throw–fault length relations indicate that the fault segments formed scale-dependent geometries. Variations of these computed values are interpreted as due to the higher degree of maturity reached by the entire fault system during Miocene to Pleistocene deformation.
Fracture Types Influence the Likelihood of Lower Urinary Tract Injuries in Patients with Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Zhao Xuehui , Lu Shun , Wang Bingzhi , Zhou Xiaofeng , Liu Fanxiao , Xu Weicheng , Zhou Dongsheng , Li Lianxin , Dong Jinlei
Published: April 2023

Background: The combination of pelvic fractures with lower urinary tract injuries (LUTIs) is a severe traumatic injury. This study was performed to determine the relationship between LUTIs and pelvic fracture types. Methods: Patients who sustained pelvic fractures combined with LUTIs between 1 January 2018 and 1 January 2022 in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. The patients’ demographics, mechanism of injury, presence of open pelvic fractures, types of pelvic fractures, patterns of LUTIs, and early complications were analyzed. The association between pelvic fracture types and the identified LUTIs was statistically analyzed. Results: This study involved 54 patients diagnosed with pelvic fractures combined with LUTIs. The overall incidence of pelvic fractures combined with LUTIs was 7.7% (n = 54/698). All patients had unstable pelvic fractures. The male:female ratio was approximately 2.4:1.0. The incidence of LUTIs was higher in men than women with pelvic fractures (9.1% vs. 4.4%). Bladder injuries occurred at roughly equal rates in men and women (4.5% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.966), but urethral injuries were more frequent in men (6.1% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.001). The most common pelvic injury pattern was a type C fracture according to the Tile classification and a vertical-shear-type fracture according to the Young–Burgess classification. The Young–Burgess fracture classification was related to the severity of bladder injury in men (p = 0.037). There was no significant difference in bladder injury according to the two classifications among women (p = 0.524 vs. p = 1.000) or among the entire cohort (p = 0.454 vs. p = 0.342). Conclusions: Men and women are equally likely to sustain a bladder injury, but a urethral injury with pelvic fracture is more frequent in men. LUTIs tend to be accompanied by unstable pelvic fractures. It is imperative to be vigilant for potential bladder injury when men sustain vertical-shear-type pelvic fractures.
Anti-Claudin Treatments in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Mainstream and Upcoming Strategies
Authors: Grizzi Giulia , Venetis Kostantinos , Denaro Nerina , Bonomi Maria , Celotti Andrea , Pagkali Antonia , Hahne Jens Claus , Tomasello Gianluca , Petrelli Fausto , Fusco Nicola , Ghidini Michele
Published: April 2023

Claudins (CLDNs) are a multigene family of proteins and the principal components of tight junctions (TJs), which normally mediate cell–cell adhesion and selectively allow the paracellular flux of ions and small molecules between cells. Downregulation of claudin proteins increases the paracellular permeability of nutrients and growth stimuli to malignant cells, which aids the epithelial transition. Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) was identified as a promising target for the treatment of advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEAC), with high levels found in almost 30% of metastatic cases. CLDN18.2 aberrations, enriched in the genomically stable subgroup of GEAC and the diffuse histological subtype, are ideal candidates for monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells. Zolbetuximab, a highly specific anti-CLDN18.2 monoclonal antibody, demonstrated efficacy in phase II studies and, more recently, in the phase III SPOTLIGHT trial, with improvements in both PFS and OS with respect to standard chemotherapy. Anti-CLDN18.2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells showed a safety profile with a prevalence of hematologic toxicity in early phase clinical trials. The aim of this review is to present new findings in the treatment of CLDN18.2-positive GEAC, with a particular focus on the monoclonal antibody zolbetuximab and on the use of engineered anti-CLDN18.2 CAR-T cells.
Stand-Alone Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF) for the Treatment of Adjacent Segment Disease (ASD) after Previous Posterior Lumbar Fusion: Clinical and Radiological Outcomes and Comparison with Posterior Revision Surgery
Authors: Miscusi Massimo , Trungu Sokol , Ricciardi Luca , Forcato Stefano , Piazza Amedeo , Ramieri Alessandro , Raco Antonino
Published: April 2023

Background: Radiological evidence of adjacent segment disease (ASD) has been reported to have a prevalence of more than 30% and several risk factors have been reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with symptomatic ASD treated with stand-alone OLIF and compare results with a posterior revision surgery cohort. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study. Clinical-patient-reported outcomes were obtained at preoperative, postoperative and final follow-up visits using the Short Form (SF-36) scale, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the visual analog scale (VAS). Radiological measures include lumbar lordosis (LL), segmental lordosis (SL), pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch, segmental coronal Cobb angle and intervertebral disc height (DH). The data are compared with a retrospective series of patients that underwent a posterior revision surgery for ASD. Results: Twenty-eight patients in the OLIF group and 25 patients in the posterior group meet inclusion criteria. The mean ages at the time of the surgery are 65.1 years and 67.5, respectively. The mean follow-up time is 36.1 months (range of 14–56). The clinical outcomes significantly improve from preoperative values from the surgery in both groups. The radiological parameters are significantly improved postoperatively and were maintained at the last follow-up in both groups. A statistically significant difference is observed between the two groups for minor complication rate, length of surgery, blood loss and DH restoration. Conclusions: Stand-alone OLIF is an effective and safe technique with low morbidity and complication rates for the treatment of selected patients with symptomatic ASD following a previous lumbar fusion.
Functioning Endocrine Outcome after Endoscopic Endonasal Transsellar Approach for Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Molteni Gabriele , Caiazza Nicole , Fulco Gianfranco , Sacchetto Andrea , Gulino Antonio , Marchioni Daniele
Published: April 2023

Background: The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a well-established technique for the treatment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor Preservation of normal gland tissue is crucial to retain effective neuroendocrine pituitary function. The aim of this paper is to analyze pituitary endocrine secretion after EEA for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor to identify potential predictors of functioning gland recovery. Methods: Patients who underwent an exclusive EEA for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors between October 2014 and November 2019 were reviewed. Patients were divided into groups according to postoperative pituitary function (Group 1, unchanged; group 2, recovering; group 3, worsening). Results: Among the 45 patients enrolled, 15 presented a silent tumor and showed no hormonal impairment, and 30 patients presented pituitary dysfunction. A total of 19 patients (42.2%) were included in group 1, 12 (26.7%) patients showed pituitary function recovery after surgery (group 2), and 14 patients (31.1%) exhibited the onset of new pituitary deficiency postoperatively (group 3). Younger patients and those with functioning tumor were more likely to have complete pituitary hormonal recovery (p = 0.0297 and p = 0.007, respectively). No predictors of functional gland worsening were identified. Conclusion: EEA for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor is a reliable and safe technique regarding postoperative hormonal function. Preserving pituitary function after tumor resection should be a primary goal in a minimally invasive approach.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients after Posterior Vitrectomy
Authors: Baget-Bernaldiz Marc , Romero-Aroca Pedro , Mira-Puerto Alejandra , Bautista-Perez Angel , Roca-Borrut Immaculada , Vizcarro Montse , Navarro-Gil Raul , Llagostera-Serra Monica
Published: April 2023

(Background) The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to recurrent vitreous hemorrhage (RVH) in a sample of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. (Methods) This was a retrospective, review-based study. We studied 183 eyes from 121 type 2 diabetes patients with PDR. We recorded the duration of diabetes, history of hypertension, retinal photocoagulation status, posterior vitreous status, mean HbA1c and hemoglobin levels, renal function, and systemic complications associated with diabetes. We also recorded surgical variables—the presence of tractional retinal detachment, the application of segmentation and diathermy on fibrovascular proliferative tissue, and the use of silicone oil—to study which independent variables were significantly related to the presence of RVH. (Results) The duration of diabetes (p = 0.028), hemoglobin level (p = 0.02), status of the posterior vitreous (p = 0.03), retinal photocoagulation status (p = 0.002), and the presence of tractional retinal detachment (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with the presence of RVH. On the other hand, the use of diathermy was associated with fewer RVH events (p < 0.005). In addition, patients with diabetic polyneuropathy, myocardial infarction, and ischemia in the lower limbs exhibited more vitreous hemorrhage events (p < 0.001). (Conclusions) Patients with PDR and a longer diabetes duration, anemia, attached posterior vitreous, deficient retinal photocoagulation, and prior cardiovascular events were more prone to RVH.
Full Endoscopy Combined with Allogeneic Bone Grafting for Benign Spinal Lesions: Technical Notes and Preliminary Clinical Results
Authors: Liao Cong-Gang , He Wen-Ge , Li Qi-Chang , Ren Qiang , Zhang Jia-Nan , He Liang-Jie , Zhang Xiao-Juan , Chen Liang
Published: April 2023

Benign lesions of the spine include benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the spine, which usually occur in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The incidence rate is low, accounting for about 1% of primary bone tumors. Few cases of endoscopic treatment of benign spinal lesions have been reported in the literature. Here, we introduce a new surgical technique using full endoscopy and allogeneic bone grafting to treat benign spinal lesions. All patients in this study successfully underwent the operation, and their pain was significantly relieved postoperatively. The patient VAS scores decreased from 3.07 ± 0.70 preoperatively to 0.33 ± 0.49 at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.05). The mean total blood loss (including drainage blood) was 16.67 ± 6.98 mL. The mean operative time was 63.33 ± 7.23 min. No patients developed numbness in the corresponding segmental distribution after surgery, none of the patients had serious postoperative complications, and none had focal recurrence during follow-up requiring reoperation. Patients reported symptom relief throughout the whole follow-up period. We believe that endoscopic surgery preserves the ligaments and soft tissues around the vertebral body, and that this technique is feasible with minimal trauma, rapid recovery, and good outcomes at short-term follow-up. This minimally invasive treatment modality offers a new option for the treatment of patients with benign spinal lesions.
Vulnerability of Wheat Crops to Flooding Outweighs Benefits from Precision Farming and Agroecology Practices: A Case Study in Central Italy
Authors: Santangelo Enrico , Beni Claudio , Oreti Loredana , Palma Adriano , Bascietto Marco
Published: April 2023

This study aimed at testing whether the integration of precision farming (PF) and agroecological practices could influence wheat yield in the short term on soils exposed to varying degrees of risk from flooding. The study embraced two years (2018–2019 and 2020–2021) of wheat cultivation in Central Italy. A two-way factorial grid with agronomic practice (two levels: agroecology vs. conventional on-farm management) and soil vulnerability to flooding (three levels: extreme, mild, non-vulnerable) as factors was set up. The agroecology level included a number of agroecology practices (rotation, use of nitrogen-fixing crops, mulching, and reduction in chemical fertilization). Crop phenology and photosynthetic activity of wheat was monitored by remotely-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Grain yield was estimated at twenty sampling points at the end of year 2. A flooding event occurred during year 2, which led to significantly lower photosynthetic activity compared to year 1 in extremely vulnerable plots regardless of agronomic practices. Grain yield measurements confirmed that vulnerability was the sole factor significantly affecting yield. The study concludes that food security on vulnerable land can be guaranteed only when precision farming and agroecological practices are coupled with water management techniques that strengthen the resilience of vulnerable soils to floods.