bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The antipyretic effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf in male white mice
Authors: ERMAWATI ELLY FAUZIAH , SAMIGUN SAMIGUN , HADJANTI ENDANG SRI
Published: July 2018

Ermawati EF, Samigun, Hadjanti ES. 2011. The antipyretic effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf in male white mice. Biofarmasi 9: 7-11. The potential of antipyretic effect of flavonoid in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaf is one of the traditional medicines that people used. This research aimed to determine the antipyretic effect of the extract of bitter melon leaf in male white mice. This experimental research was arranged as a post-test only controlled group design. Thirty Wistar furrow white mice with 2 months of ages and 100 gram in body weight were used as an animal model. Those mice were grouped equally into five groups, consisted of negative control group (2 ml water), positive control group (6.3 mg paracetamol/100 g body weight of mice/2 ml water), the first dose of the extract of bitter melon leaf (0.756 mg/100 g body weight of mice/2 ml water), the second dose of extract (1.512 mg/100 g body weight mice/2 ml water) and the third dose of extract (2.268 mg/100 g body weight mice/2 ml water). The measurement of mice temperature was conducted before and 2 hours after treated by DPT vaccine, and every 30 minutes post-treatment until 180 minutes. The result of this research was analyzed by using Anova statistical test and post-hoc test. The result of Anova statistical test showed significant differences among groups of variance, but there was no significant difference among times of variance. The result of posthoc test showed the significant differences between negative control group, positive control group and the extract of bitter melon leaf group. This research concluded that there was an antipyretic effect in the extract of bitter melon leaf in male white mice, but the effect was lower than paracetamol effect.
Analgesic effectiveness comparison between red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) and therapy dosage of aspirin in mice
Authors: ATIKANINGRUM DIAN AJENG , EDININGSIH ENDANG , UTARI CR. SITI
Published: July 2018

Atikaningrum DA, Ediningsih E, Utari CRS. 2013. Analgesic effectiveness comparison between red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) and therapy dosage of aspirin in mice. Biofarmasi 11: 1-6. The aim of this research was to find out an analgesic effectiveness of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) compared to the therapy dosage of aspirin in mice. This research used a completely randomize experimental design. The subject in this research were 30 male mice of Swiss which in age of 2-3 months with 20-30 grams weight. The subjects were divided into five treatment groups: (i) negative control group (aquadest), (ii) positive control group (aspirin), (iii) first treatment group (3.64 mg red betel leaf extract), (iv) second treatment group (7.28 mg red betel leaf extract), and (v) third treatment group (14.56 mg red betel leaf extract). Analgesic effect was determined by counting the mice jump on 42oC in hotplate during 5 minutes, 2 hours after treatment. The obtained data were tested statistically by Anova and Pos-Hoc processed by Lead Significance Difference. The Anova test showed that there were significant differences among five treatment groups, while the LSD test showed that there were significant difference between negative control group and treatment groups, and the second and third treatment groups showed no significant difference with positive control group. The red betel leaf extract had an analgesic effect when it was given orally in mice. The treatment groups that had the same efficacy with the aspirin treatment group were the second (7.28 mg red betel leaf extract) and the third groups (14.56 mg red betle leaf extract).
The effect of Averrhoa bilimbi stem extract on the blood glucose level of white rats induced by alloxan
Authors: AGRIANI CAHYANING GUSTI , KISRINI KISRINI , DHARMAWAN RUBEN
Published: July 2018

Agriani CN, Kisrini, Dharmawan R. 2016. The effect of Averrhoa bilimbi stem extract on the blood glucose level of white rats induced by alloxan. Biofarmasi 14: 56-62. The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of belimbing wuluh stem (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) extract due to the blood glucose level in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by alloxan. This research is a laboratory experiment using experimental control group pre-post test design. Subjects of this research are 25 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2 months of age and 200 g of body weight. Subjects were divided into five groups. All groups were induced by 25 mg/200 g body weight/day of alloxan for three days. On the day of fourth, blood sample was collected from orbital vein of white rats for the measurement of the first blood glucose level (T1). Furthermore, the positive control group received 12,6 mg/200 g body weight/day of metformin, then the first, second, and third group received of each 25, 50, and 100 mg/200 g body weight/day of belimbing wuluh stem extract. On the fifteenth day of treatment, blood samples were collected again from the orbital vein of white rats for the measurement of the second blood glucose level (T2). The measurement of blood glucose was using spectrophotometer with the Glucose GOD PAP method. Then the data were analyzed by using One way ANOVA. Blood glucose rate after induction has subtracted from blood glucose rate after drug given. After that the data would be change in to mean data that represents as: negative control group = 24,4; positive control group 103,4; first given drug group = 83,4; second given drug group = 102,4; and third given drug group = 102,2 (in mg/100 mL unit). The statistical analysis by using One way ANOVA shows a significant difference in blood glucose level among the five groups of treatment with p-value = 0,000. Post Hoc Test shows that the first, second, and third group have the same effectively as the positive control group to decrease the blood glucose level with p > 0,05.
The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction through test of toxicity subchronic oral 90 days
Authors: BATUBARA RIDWANTI , SURJANTO SURJANTO , SIHOMBING TAHAN MANGARANAP , GINTING HERAWATY
Published: July 2018

Batubara R, Surjanto, Sihombing TM, Ginting H. 2016. The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction throuht test of toxicity subcronic oral 90 days. Biofarmasi 14: 69-76. Subchronic toxicity test is a test to detect the toxic effect that arises after the administration of the test reparation with repeated doses were given orally to the tested animal for 28 or 90 days. Leaves agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) is a tree from a tribe Thymeleaceae, already started popular used the farmer agarwood in Langkat as a drink that in pour. The result of an interview with the farmer agarwood explained that consume tea from the leaves agarwood of this kind of have many benefits include improve canal. To that was done the research security against the tea leaves agarwood induction taken from agriculture agarwood in Langkat, Sumatera North through test toxic subchronic oral. This study aims to determine the symptoms of toxic posed by product tea agarwood induction. This study used laboratory animals that male mice and female mice were divided into 5 groups, namely the 130, 260, 390, 520 mg/kgBW and the control group. The observation of clinical symptoms indicate the presence of toxic symptoms of weakness, changes in fur and agitated at doses of 390 and 520 mg/kgBW in male mice and female mice, the observation macropathology organs alloxan still normal the red-brown, the surface of slippery and consistency chewy. Histopathological results showed hemoglia and dilation of the blood vessels in all groups. Results showed that mice were given tea steeping agarwood induction doses ranging from 130, 260,390 and 520 mg/kgBW there are no mice died, so it can be concluded that the administration of agarwood tea steeping in mice does not cause toxic symptoms and safe for consumption.
Exploring the implications of the demise of citizen advocacy as a form of volunteering
Authors: Hardwick Louise
Published: July 2018

This article seeks to understand citizen advocacy as an outlying form of volunteering that has distinctive characteristics and implications for the ways in which volunteering is framed. It does so by tracing the history of citizen advocacy, and exploring how its intention and exercise can be understood through Kant’s enunciations on dignity. It further explores how this type of volunteering comes under specific pressure in a UK public policy regime, based on neoliberal rationality. To assist in the analysis, the article draws on a study into the scale of and need for citizen advocacy in local communities. What emerges is that advocacy has fallen subject to pervasive market principles that erode recognition of its significance by reducing its value to that which is measurable, usually construed as short-term and outcomes-led interventions. In this way, citizen advocacy has become subsumed into the scope of formal services.
Modelo de sistema de recomendación basado en el contexto a partir del análisis de código estático para el desarrollo del Pensamiento Computacional: Caso de Programación Web
Authors: Vera Julio , Villalba-Condori Klinge , Castro Cuba-sayco Sonia
Published: July 2018

Este trabajo propone un modelo de recomendación de contenidos educativos basado en el contexto de un usuario, el cual usa un modelo de contexto que incorpora el rol, las tareas, ejercicios de programación y su aplicación al problema de recomendación. Las recomendaciones se hacen sobre la base de la estimación de la diferencia que existe entre el nivel de conocimiento de un usuario frente a las habilidades que este requiere en el contexto en el que se encuentra. Los experimentos desarrollados en el contexto del estudiante muestran que, cuando se utiliza un modelo de razonamiento probabilístico, este modelo ayuda a obtener mejores recomendaciones de contenidos educativos, acorde con las competencias que le hacen falta a un estudiante respecto a un tema que necesita aprender. En consecuencia, se busca una estandarización para sistemas de recomendación.
Social Innovation: A Social Shared Competence
Authors: Silva Flores Martha Leticia , Pedroza Zapata Álvaro Rafael
Published: July 2018

The article analyzes a conceptual framework to compares experiences of social innovation in Latin America, finding social innovation as a social shared competence, that crosses the borders between social and economic areas. The selected experiences are originated and guided by the satisfaction of a human need and the generation of relationships between individuals and groups of different spaces and scale. The impact of those experiences is recognized under the understanding of social innovation as a shared competence among actors. It is concluded that the different conceptualizations lead to a conceptual framework in which three key elements are proposed for their understanding: first, the orientation to social values; second, the human factor as motor, promoter and source of development; and third, alliances between different actors.
Progress of osteoporosis: stratification of fracture risk
Authors: Nikitinskaya Oksana A. , Toroptsova Natalya V.
Published: July 2018

Background: There are two approaches to identify candidates for the prescription of osteoporosis treatment: identification of patients with low bone mineral density using DEXA of the axial skeleton and calculation of the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fractures using FRAX®.
Aims: to assess the diagnostic accuracy of different FRAX® thresholds in the Russian population.
Materials and methods: the value of individual 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture by FRAX® at the time of inclusion in the study was retrospectively estimated in 224 postmenopausal women, whom the major osteoporotic fractures were recorded over 10 years of prospective observation. The diagnostic accuracy of different thresholds were compared: "European" and Russian age-dependent thresholds, fixed 20% threshold, the average FRAX® of patients who had a major osteoporotic fracture during follow-up (16%), FRAX® value corresponding to the "cut-off point" (12,5%).
Results: The Russian FRAX model showed the acceptable diagnostic accuracy of the method (AUC=0.665±0.036; 95% CI 0.595; 0.736). The "European" threshold of therapeutic intervention demonstrated 72% sensitivity and 38% specificity, 20% threshold – 27% and 87%, the Russian threshold – 41% and 77%, 12.5% threshold – 68% and 58%, 16% threshold – 57% and 73%, respectively. The diagnostic precision of the specified thresholds was 54%, 58%, 60%, 63% and 65%, respectively.
Conclusions: the Russian age-dependent threshold remains the optimal way to decide whether to initiate anti-osteoporotic therapy based on an assessment of the 10-year probability of fracture by the Russian model for FRAX®.
Long-term treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of recent clinical studies of Denosumab
Authors: Belaya Zhanna E. , Bilezikian John P. , Ershova Olga B. , Lesnyak Olga M. , Marchenkova Larisa A. , Rodionova Svetlana S. , Rozhinskaya Liudmila Y. , Toroptsova Natalia V. , Yureneva Svetlana V.
Published: July 2018

Modern medications for osteoporosis (bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide) are well-tolerated drugs, which can significantly lower vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk according to prospective and observational studies in up to 10-year period. Certain drugs (denosumab, teriparatide) are active only during the treatment period and do not prevent bone loss and fracture risk after discontinuation, while such protective effect is observed in bisphosphonates. Despite impressive success of continuous 10-year denosumab treatament of severe osteoporosis, some of the recently published data suggest that vertebral fracture incidence is increased after treatment discontinuation, along with multiple vertebral fracture incidence, especially in patients with previous fractures.  Issues of osteoporosis treatment duration, sequential use of osteoporosis drugs and criteria for treatment discontinuation are now in focus of attention. European Medicines Agency (EMA) and European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS) considered these issues in 2017. ЕМА considered fractures after denosumab discontinuation as a natural disease course and did not recommend any changes in product instruction. The main conclusion of ECTS is that the possibility of multiple fractures development after denosumab discontinuation exists, however, there is still not enough firm evidence, as well as effective countermeasures. Clinicians and patients should be aware of potential risk. Both EMA and ECTS suggest considering denosumab treatment or discontinuation after 5-year treatment period or possibly replacing with bisphosphonates. Recent data suggest that prolonged osteoporosis treatment can be done in accordance with the concept of treatment until target goal (for example, achievement of femoral T-score -2.0SD and higher).  In our review, we focus on recent data concerning the issues stated above. This topic was also discussed on Russian Osteoporosis Association (ROA) expert meeting in Saint Petersburg on 24 may 2018, chaired by ROA president, professor Olga Lesnyak and Columbia University professor, J.P. Bilezikian. As a result, an Expert Council resolution was written and introduced in the article.
Introduksi Gen Sitrat Sintase Pseudomonas aeruginosa ke Nicotiana tabacum dan Jatropha curcas untuk Meningkatkan Toleransi terhadap Cekaman Aluminium
Authors: Tistama Radite , Widyastuti Utut , Suharsono Sony
Published: July 2018

Cekaman aluminium merupakan faktor penghalang utama untuk pengembangan komoditas tanaman unggulan di lahan-lahan masam. Sintesis dan sekresi asam organik oleh akar merupakan salah satu mekanisme mengurangi cekaman aluminium. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengintroduksikan gen sitrat sintase bakteri P. aeruginosa (PaCS) ke dalam tanaman tembakau (N. tabacum) dan Jatropha curcas. PaCS berhasil diintroduksi dengan batuan Agrobacterium tumefaciens baik ke dalam jaringan tembakau maupun J. curcas.. Toleransi tembakau transgenik ditandai dengan pertambahan panjang akar yang lebih tinggi dibanding tipe liarnya pada cekaman 0,3 mM AlCl3. Toleransi tembakau transgenik dapat mengurangi masuknya Al ke dalam jaringan akar. Sifat toleran gen PaCS diturunkan mengikuti Hukum Mendel. Persentase introduksi gen PaCS ke dalam J. curcas hanya 1% dari jumlah eksplan yang ditranformasi. Kata kunci : introduksi gen, sitrat sintase, cekaman aluminium, N. tabacum, J. curcas
First molecular identification of an agent of diplostomiasis, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Niewiadomska 1984) in the United Kingdom and its genetic relationship with populations in Europe
Authors: Enabulele Egie Elisha , Awharitoma Agnes Ogheneruemu , Lawton Scott P. , Kirk Ruth S.
Published: July 2018

Trematode genusDiplostomumcomprises of parasitic species which cause diplostomiasis, the ‘white eye’ disease in fish and heavy infection can result in mortality. The increasing availability of DNA sequences of accurately identifiedDiplostomumspecies on public data base presently enables the rapid identification of species from novel sequences. We report the first molecular evidence of the occurrence ofD.pseudospathaceumin the United Kingdom. Two gene regions, nuclear internal transcribed spacer cluster (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of cercariae from infected aquatic snails,Lymnaea stagnaliscollected in several locations in Southern England were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on both sequenced genes revealed that the novel sequences wereD.pseudospathaceum. Molecular diversity analysis of publishedD.pseudospathaceum cox1 sequences from seven countries in Europe and the novel sequences from the present study revealed high diversity, but low nucleotide divergence and a lack of gene differentiation between the populations. Haplotype network analysis depicted a star-like pattern and revealed a lack of geographic structure in the population. Fixation indices confirmed gene flow between populations and we suspect high levels of dispersal facilitated by highly mobile second intermediate (fish) and definitive (piscivorous birds) host may be driving gene flow between populations. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution indicated recent population growth/expansion forD.pseudospathaceumin Europe.
Descriptions of Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus (Echinorhynchidae) and Neoechinorhynchus (N.) pennahia (Neoechinorhynchidae) (Acanthocephala) from amphibians and fish in Central and Pacific coast of Vietnam, with notes on N. (N.) longnucleatus
Authors: Amin Omar M. , Heckmann Richard A. , Ha Nguyen Van
Published: July 2018

Three species of acanthocephalans are described from fishes caught in the Pacific coast off eastern Vietnam and from amphibians in the midlands in 2016: (1) Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus Amin, Heckmann, Ha, 2014 (Echinorhynchidae), described from 1 male specimen is now fully described from males and females collected from 2 species of amphibians, the similar frog Hylarana attigua Inger, Orlov, Darevsky and the odorous frog Odorrana sp. Fei, Ye, Huang (Ranidae) in Huong Thuy, Hue City and Chu Yang Sin Park, central Vietnam, respectively, as well as from the needlefish Tylosurus sp. Cocco (Belonidae) in Binh Thuân in the Pacific South. The allotype female is designated. Neoechinorhynchus (N.) pennahia Amin, Ha, Ha, 2011 described from 1 female specimen is now fully described from males and females collected from the Toli shad (Chinese herring), Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) (Clupeidae) in the Pacific north coast off Haiphong. The allotype male is designated. One specimen of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) longnucleatus Amin, Ha, Ha, 2011 is also reported from the common ponyfish, Leiognathus equulus (Forssskål) (Leiognathidae) in the Pacific south coast of Nha Trang and its ecology briefly discussed.
Ascaridia galli isolates with ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 fragment homologous to Ascaridia columbae
Authors: Urbanowicz Joanna , Gaweł Andrzej , Bobrek Kamila
Published: July 2018

Ascaridia (A.) galli is one of the most commonly occurring nematodes in poultry worldwide, often in hens and broiler chickens. The infection with Ascaridia galli in free-range chickens was even 70%. There is not much information about A. galli genetic features. The present study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of A. galli isolated from hens in Poland by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the region ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 and to define its homology within the family Ascaridiidae. Adult A. galli were collected from the intestines of naturally infected hens from two flocks of free-run laying hens from the Wielkopolska region in Poland. From all parasites an identical ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 sequence was obtained, which was homologous in 99% with A. columbae (JQ995321.1) sequence. The high homology sequences of A. galli (KX683286) from Poland and A. columbae (JQ995321.1) isolate from the USA, support the observations of other authors suggesting that A. galli and A. columbae might be closely related. It is the first whole ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 of A. galli in the GenBank database, so there is not enough data for detailed phylogenetic analysis of A. galli. Detailed genetic analysis is necessary to get better insight into the birds’ Ascaridia species.
On the Nature and Significance of (Ideal) Rational Choice Theory
Authors: Kliemt Hartmut
Published: July 2018

The increasingly wide spread use of RCM, rational choice modeling, and RCT, rational choice theory, in disciplines like economics, law, ethics, psychology, sociology, political science, management facilitates interdisciplinary exchange. This is a great achievement. Yet it nurtures the hope that a unified account of rational (inter-)active choice making might arise from ‘reason’ in (a priori) terms of intuitively appealing axioms. Such ‘rationalist’ characterizations of rational choice neglect real human practices and empirical accounts of those practices. This is theoretically misleading and practically dangerous. Searching for a wide reflective equilibrium, WRE, on RCT in evidence-oriented ways can explicate ‘rational’ without rationalism.
Quasi-Optimal Rank-Structured Approximation to Multidimensional Parabolic Problems by Cayley Transform and Chebyshev Interpolation
Authors: Gavrilyuk Ivan , Khoromskij Boris N.
Published: July 2018

In the present paper we propose and analyze a class of tensor approaches
for the efficient
numerical solution of a first order differential equation

ψ
′

⁢

(
t
)

+

A
⁢
ψ

=

f
⁢

(
t
)

{\psi^{\prime}(t)+A\psi=f(t)}

with an unbounded operator coefficient A.
These techniques are based on a Laguerre polynomial expansions with coefficients which are
powers of the Cayley transform of the operator A.
The Cayley transform under consideration is a useful tool to arrive at the following aims:
(1) to separate time and spatial variables, (2) to switch from the
continuous “time variable” to “the discrete
time variable” and from the study of functions of an unbounded operator to the ones of
a bounded operator, (3) to obtain exponentially accurate approximations.
In the earlier papers of the authors some approximations on the basis
of the Cayley transform and the N-term Laguerre expansions of the accuracy
order

𝒪
⁢

(

e

-
N

)

{\mathcal{O}(e^{-N})}

were proposed and
justified provided that the initial value is analytical for A.
In the present paper we combine the Cayley transform
and the Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto interpolation and arrive at an approximation of the accuracy order

𝒪
⁢

(

e

-
N

)

{\mathcal{O}(e^{-N})}

without restrictions on the input data. The use of the Laguerre expansion or
the Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto interpolation allows to separate the time and space variables. The separation of
the multidimensional spatial variable can be achieved by the use of low-rank approximation to
the Cayley transform of the Laplace-like operator that is spectrally close to A.
As a result a quasi-optimal numerical algorithm can be designed.
Low-Rank Space-Time Decoupled Isogeometric Analysis for Parabolic Problems with Varying Coefficients
Authors: Mantzaflaris Angelos , Scholz Felix , Toulopoulos Ioannis
Published: July 2018

In this paper we present a space-time isogeometric analysis scheme for the discretization of
parabolic evolution equations with diffusion coefficients depending on both time and space variables.
The problem is considered in a space-time cylinder in

ℝ

d
+
1

{\mathbb{R}^{d+1}}

, with

d
=

2
,
3

{d=2,3}

, and is discretized using higher-order and highly-smooth spline spaces. This makes the matrix formation task very challenging from a computational point of view. We overcome this problem by introducing a low-rank decoupling of the operator into space and time components. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.
Comparative Entrepreneurship between Western Europe and Latin America
Authors: Lopes João , Antunes Helder , Rodrigues Ricardo
Published: July 2018

Considering the importance that entrepreneurship takes in the economies of most countries, the aim of this study was to compare two different geographical areas, studying the characteristics and variables of entrepreneurship that act as driving forces in the creation of new businesses. So, two locations from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database were identified and categorized, namely Latin America (LA) and Western Europe (WE). Nine dimensions were selected, in order to test and clarify distinguishing patterns in these two locations in terms of entrepreneurial propensity.

We used a quantitative methodology to analyze and verify 13 variables, using statistical techniques, in particular the tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney Test, T-test and ANOVA.

The results indicate that during the year of 2015 the population demonstrated bolder entrepreneurial characteristics in LA than in WE, however, statistically analyzing a set of variables indicated by the model, the WE countries show a higher mean value than in LA.

As a comparative study, we propose that the findings can be used as a starting point in formulating new government policies, in particular in these geographical areas, contributing to the development of the entrepreneurship field.
Deadlock and Denial: Domestic Challenges and the Institutionalization Human Rights in ASEAN
Authors: Hadiprayitno Irene
Published: July 2018

In the last decade, ASEAN has made substantial steps towards adopting human rights, by creating the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) in 2009 and adopting the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration in 2012. However, these developments do not lead to the establishment of an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism. The article aims to investigate the deadlock in ASEAN by examining to what extent that relates to institutional challenges i. e. legal and political structures consist of existing norms, persistent discourses pertaining to human rights, at regional and national levels.
Legal Mentality and Its Influence in Shaping Legal Rules: the Relationship between Principal and Agent
Authors: Cerchia Rossella Esther
Published: July 2018

It is assumed that comparative legal studies, through its deep and historical analysis of law and its dissociation in legal formants, have contributed to understanding the importance of the different factors that shape legal rules. In this article, emphasis is given to a factor that is sometimes neglected in legal narrations: legal mentality or, more simply, the inherent logical way of thinking and its influence in shaping legal rules. The area of investigation is the legal relationship between principal and agent. It is a narration that selects a specific “fil rouge” to link different “pieces” throughout European history to compose a mosaic of different factors that may have contributed to developing a certain legal mentality in this area of law. The legal mentality is nothing more than the product of the extra-legal contexts in which principal and agent operate. In reference to the extra-legal context, it means the importance, above all, of the situations of proximity between the two parties: proximity that could be “spacial” (i.e., they are part of the same small community), or “relational” governed by extra-legal forms of belonging to the same group, for instance families (broader or narrower ones) or clans. This narration starts with a glance at the ancient agreement of mandatum and its roots in the Roman idea of “friendship” and personal bond. Then it continues by touching on a source of the medieval companies: the family bond, one of the stronger and more trustworthy relationships at the time. It will be shown that some aspects of that relationship are not dissimilar from the ones later formed by the case law of the English Chancery Court in the field of the law of agency. This could be seen as a result of the legacy of the stratification of a certain legal mentality shaped by a context that was created by extralegal relationships. Nowadays the modern fading of the personal bond between principal and agent has highlighted an important evolution: there was proximity then depersonalization: this is reflected in the evolution of legal rules, for instance, in French, Italian and English national law. Finally, the case of the “real” or “absolute” irrevocability of the authority shows that the agency relationship, constructed in a breeding ground characterized by trust and utilized to protect the principal's interest (or even the principal's interest), could become - through related or linked contracts - an instrument of more complex agreements. In these cases, the interest of the agent or third parties (such as creditors, contractual counterparts or “beneficiaries” in the broad sense) could lead those transactions far from the original idea of mandat or mandato or agency. In those situations, the “causa” of the agency  (to use a concept dear to civil law tradition) changes and its roots in personal bond and the principal's interest loses its strength as it is mirrored, once again, in the legal rules.
Using Simulated Annealing to Improve the Information Dissemination Network Structure of a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak Response
Authors: Pleuss James D. , Heier Stamm Jessica L. , Ellis Jason D.
Published: July 2018

Communication is an integral part of emergency response, and improving the information dissemination network for crisis communication can save time, resources, and lives. In a foreign animal disease (FAD) outbreak, timeliness of detection and response are critical. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, a particularly significant FAD, could cripple the agriculture economy. This research uses communication data from a FAD response exercise in Kansas to develop a reliable crisis communication network model, contributing a general method for creating an information dissemination network from empirical communication data. We then introduce a simulated annealing heuristic that identifies an alternative network structure that minimizes the time for information to reach all response participants. The resultant network structure reduces overall information transmission time by almost 90% and reveals actionable observations for improving FAD response communication. We find that not only can a crisis communication network be improved significantly, but also that the quantitative results support qualitative observations from early in the data extraction process. This paper adds original methods to the literature and opens the door for future quantitative work in the area of crisis communication and emergency response.
Heuristic Modeling and 3D Stereoscopic Visualization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cell
Authors: Biere Niklas , Ghaffar Mehmood , Doebbe Anja , Jäger Daniel , Rothe Nils , Friedrich Benjamin M. , Hofestädt Ralf , Schreiber Falk , Kruse Olaf , Sommer Björn
Published: July 2018

The structural modeling and representation of cells is a complex task as different microscopic, spectroscopic and other information resources have to be combined to achieve a three-dimensional representation with high accuracy. Moreover, to provide an appropriate spatial representation of the cell, a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) visualization is favorable. In this work, a structural cell model is created by combining information from various light microscopic and electron microscopic images as well as from publication-related data. At the mesoscopic level each cell component is presented with special structural and visual properties; at the molecular level a cell membrane composition and the underlying modeling method are discussed; and structural information is correlated with those at the functional level (represented by simplified energy-producing metabolic pathways).

The organism used as an example is the unicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which might be important in future alternative energy production processes. Based on the 3D model, an educative S3D animation was created which was shown at conferences. The complete workflow was accomplished by using the open source 3D modeling software Blender.

The discussed project including the animation is available from: http://Cm5.CELLmicrocosmos.org
Semantics for an Integrative and Immersive Pipeline Combining Visualization and Analysis of Molecular Data
Authors: Trellet Mikael , Férey Nicolas , Flotyński Jakub , Baaden Marc , Bourdot Patrick
Published: July 2018

The advances made in recent years in the field of structural biology significantly increased the throughput and complexity of data that scientists have to deal with. Combining and analyzing such heterogeneous amounts of data became a crucial time consumer in the daily tasks of scientists. However, only few efforts have been made to offer scientists an alternative to the standard compartmentalized tools they use to explore their data and that involve a regular back and forth between them. We propose here an integrated pipeline especially designed for immersive environments, promoting direct interactions on semantically linked 2D and 3D heterogeneous data, displayed in a common working space. The creation of a semantic definition describing the content and the context of a molecular scene leads to the creation of an intelligent system where data are (1) combined through pre-existing or inferred links present in our hierarchical definition of the concepts, (2) enriched with suitable and adaptive analyses proposed to the user with respect to the current task and (3) interactively presented in a unique working environment to be explored.
MinOmics, an Integrative and Immersive Tool for Multi-Omics Analysis
Authors: Maes Alexandre , Martinez Xavier , Druart Karen , Laurent Benoist , Guégan Sean , Marchand Christophe H. , Lemaire Stéphane D. , Baaden Marc
Published: July 2018

Proteomic and transcriptomic technologies resulted in massive biological datasets, their interpretation requiring sophisticated computational strategies. Efficient and intuitive real-time analysis remains challenging. We use proteomic data on 1417 proteins of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to investigate physicochemical parameters governing selectivity of three cysteine-based redox post translational modifications (PTM): glutathionylation (SSG), nitrosylation (SNO) and disulphide bonds (SS) reduced by thioredoxins. We aim to understand underlying molecular mechanisms and structural determinants through integration of redox proteome data from gene- to structural level. Our interactive visual analytics approach on an 8.3 m2 display wall of 25 MPixel resolution features stereoscopic three dimensions (3D) representation performed by UnityMol WebGL. Virtual reality headsets complement the range of usage configurations for fully immersive tasks. Our experiments confirm that fast access to a rich cross-linked database is necessary for immersive analysis of structural data. We emphasize the possibility to display complex data structures and relationships in 3D, intrinsic to molecular structure visualization, but less common for omics-network analysis. Our setup is powered by MinOmics, an integrated analysis pipeline and visualization framework dedicated to multi-omics analysis. MinOmics integrates data from various sources into a materialized physical repository. We evaluate its performance, a design criterion for the framework.
Pythagorean Fuzzy Einstein Hybrid Averaging Aggregation Operator and its Application to Multiple-Attribute Group Decision Making
Authors: Rahman Khaista , Abdullah Saleem , Ali Asad , Amin Fazli
Published: July 2018

Pythagorean fuzzy set is one of the successful extensions of the intuitionistic fuzzy set for handling uncertainties in information. Under this environment, in this paper, we introduce the notion of Pythagorean fuzzy Einstein hybrid averaging (PFEHA) aggregation operator along with some of its properties, namely idempotency, boundedness, and monotonicity. PFEHA aggregation operator is the generalization of Pythagorean fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging aggregation operator and Pythagorean fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator. The operator proposed in this paper provides more accurate and precise results as compared to the existing operators. Therefore, this method plays a vital role in real-world problems. Finally, we applied the proposed operator and method to multiple-attribute group decision making.
Design of Multichannel Optical OFDM System Using Advanced Modulation Techniques
Authors: Kaur Gurjit , Kumar Ashwini , Parasher Yaman , Singh Prabhjot
Published: July 2018

Existing single-channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system can transmit data from single source to single destination occupying the entire link but bit error rate (BER) provided by these systems is quite high. The multichannel system gives the liberty to route the traffic through the different channels depending upon the availability. So there is a need to design a multichannel system which can transmit the data at higher rate by transmitting multiple symbols simultaneously with improved BER. So, in this research work, we propose a multichannel OFDM system by using an advanced modulation technique, i. e. quadrature amplitude modulation which not only improves the capacity but also makes the system power efficient. In order to demonstrate that our proposed system is power efficient, a set of simulations have been performed. Results show that BER (as a function of power) obtained for the proposed system is low in comparison to the already existed phase shifting keying- and differential phase shift keying-based system.
Physical Education Teachers’ Understandings of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Teaching Black Male Students
Authors: Hodge Samuel R. , Collins Frankie G.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze high school physical education teachers’ beliefs and understandings regarding culturally relevant pedagogy and teaching Black males in urban high schools. The participants were forty Black1 and White2 physical education teachers (male = 23, 57.5 %; female = 17, 42.5 %) randomly sampled from urban high schools. The research method was descriptive survey. Data were collected with a demographic questionnaire and a multidimensional attitude scale, which was constructed in the theoretical orientation of culturally relevant pedagogy. Descriptive and inferential statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. The teachers held mostly favorable beliefs about teaching Black male students, but their beliefs tended to vary as a function of their gender and race/ethnic status. The findings and implications are discussed.
Children’s Custody under Islamic Law: Whose Right Is It?
Authors: Almihdar Zainah
Published: July 2018

In the absence of a codified Family Law, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has traditionally applied the Hanbali school of Islamic Law in its family courts. However, the court’s handling of children’s custody cases has been criticised as being too rigid and narrow in interpreting the principles of Islamic Law. To overcome some of the problems faced in children’s custody cases, the Saudi authorities have recently made a number of Directions and Decisions for the family courts to follow. Through looking at these measures and some relevant court judgements, this Article aims to shed some light on the effect of these changes in emphasising the human rights of children in family law cases.
Crystal structure of 4-(dimethylamino)-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)pyridin-1-ium perchlorate, C10H13ClN2O4
Authors: Messali Mouslim , Aouad Mohamed Reda , Rezki Nadjet , Almutairi M. Saud , Warad Ismail
Published: July 2018

C10H13ClN2O4, orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 14.903(2) Å, b = 9.1004(15) Å, c = 8.7560(14) Å, V = 1187.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rint
= 0.036, R
gt(F) = 0.0284, wRref
(F2
) = 0.0795, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of 2-(4-chloro-2,6-dinitrophenyl)-1-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)diazene 1-oxide, C12H5Cl2N5O7
Authors: Junyan Cao , Jianlong Wang , Lizhen Chen , Luyao Zhang
Published: July 2018

C12H5Cl2N5O7, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.2425(8) Å, b = 8.2814(7) Å, c = 12.4713(12) Å, α = 93.370(4)°, β = 101.590(4)°, γ = 118.222(3)°, V = 723.03(12) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0516, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0858, T = 173(2) K.
„Mind from Matter?“ – Über Verhalten und Gehirn
Authors: Heisenberg Martin
Published: July 2018

Wie hat die Darwin‘sche Evolution aus toter Materie den menschlichen Geist (die Seele; engl. mind) hervorgebracht? Aus diesem langen, komplizierten Prozess nimmt der vorliegende Aufsatz einen wichtigen Abschnitt heraus, den vom tierischen Verhalten zur Tier-Seele (animal mind). Der Lebensprozess hat zwei Domänen: Die Erhaltung der internen Stabilität und die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Organismus und der Welt. Bei Tieren sind diese Wechselwirkungen als Verhalten organisiert. In der Evolution entsteht nützliches Verhalten, weil dieses der Fitness zugutekommt. Angesichts des Reichtums der Welt und der Offenheit der Zukunft wird die Organisation des Verhaltens immer komplexer und indirekter (Metaorganisation). Dieses Konzept wird in dem vorliegenden Aufsatz mit Verhaltensstudien an der Fliege Drosophila dokumentiert.
Mind from Matter? – Via Brain and Behavior
Authors: Heisenberg Martin
Published: July 2018

How did the process of Darwinian evolution lead from dead matter to the human mind? Of this long, complicated process the present essay selects and discusses just one step, that from animal behavior to animal mind. The process of living has two aspects, the maintenance of the process in the organism and the interaction of the organism with the world. In animals the latter is organized as behavior. Behavior evolves, as it serves the fitness of the animal. The brain evolves because it improves the behavior in terms of the animal’s fitness. Given the richness of the world and the openness of the future, the organization of behavior can be indirect and most intricate. The animal mind can be understood as behavioral organization at a higher level, as metaorganization. This concept is documented by behavioral studies in a particular animal, the fly Drosophila.
Empires of Charity: Imperial Legitimacy and Profitable Charity in Colonial Spanish America
Authors: Grafe Regina
Published: July 2018

This article investigates the institutionalization and the practices of charity that sustained imperial rule in the early modern Spanish Empire. The article proposes that the polycentric Spanish Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries faced a fundamental challenge in terms of justifying the extension of power beyond its original territory of legitimization through custom and (invented) history. This challenge was dealt with through recourse to an ideology of good governance in corporate society. It institutionalized differences across race/caste, urban/rural, professional, gender and other categories in collectives that held part of a layered and fragmented sovereignty. But unlike its modern successor empires and nation states, it did not have to rely systematically on the essentialization of difference. Thus, good governance could legitimize the extension of hegemony beyond the original territory of political legitimization and charity played a central role in this. A material caritative complex sui generis linked the moral economy of charity, which legitimized local elites, with their own financing needs and those of the imperial polity via the financial acumen of religious and charitable institutions.
Optimizing the preparation conditions of amphoteric polyacrylamide as a strength additive for recycled paper
Authors: Liu Qian , Lei Yanhao , Bai Yuanyuan , Yang Yan , He Weitao , Yao Chun-li
Published: July 2018

Acrylamide, itaconic acid and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride were used to synthesize a series of amphoteric polyacrylamides (AmPAM) by aqueous solution polymerization through varying the pH, the reaction time, the temperature and the composition. The polymers were characterized by molecular weight and added in a recycled pulp furnish to make sheets. Paper strength was highest with the polymer made at pH 7 and 70 °C for 6 h with a monomer ratio of 2:0.3:0.3 (AM:IA:DMC) with 0.6 % initiator (based on the total mass of monomers). The optimized polymer was characterized by thermal gravity analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and was then added at various pH and dosage level to the pulp alone or in combination with PAC, to determine the optimum addition conditions. Strength increased significantly with AmPAM addition level and PAC dosage but pH had little effect. The treated fibers were characterized by Zeta potential and drainage measurements. SEM showed the presence of a polymer film that is believed to reinforce inter-fiber bonds in the paper.
Improving the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of Eucalyptus residues with a modified aqueous ammonia soaking method
Authors: Huo Dan , Yang Qiulin , Fang Guigan , Liu Qiujuan , Si Chuanling , Hou Qingxi , Li Bin
Published: July 2018

Eucalyptus residues from pulp mill were pretreated with aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) method to improve the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimized condition of AAS was obtained by response surface methodology. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide was introduced into the AAS system to modify the AAS pretreatment (AASP). The results showed that a fermentable sugar yield of 64.96 % was obtained when the eucalypt fibers were pretreated at the optimal conditions, with 80 % of ammonia (w/w) for 11 h and keeping the temperature at 90 °C. In further research it was found that the addition of H2O2 to the AAS could improve the pretreatment efficiency. The delignification rate and enzymatic digestibility were increased to 64.49 % and 73.85 %, respectively, with 5 % of hydrogen peroxide being used. FTIR analysis indicated that most syringyl and guaiacyl lignin and a trace amount of xylan were degraded and dissolved during the AAS and AASP pretreatments. The CrI of the raw material was increased after AAS and AASP pretreatments, which was attributed to the removal of amorphous portion. SEM images showed that microfibers were separated and explored from the initial fiber structure after AAS pretreatment, and the AASP method could improve the destructiveness of the fiber surface.
Global model simulation of OH production in pulsed-DC atmospheric pressure helium-air plasma jets
Authors: Gocić Saša , Mladenović Željko
Published: July 2018

The results of global model simulation of an atmospheric pressure pulsed-DC helium plasma jet propagated in humid air, compared to the results of fluid model, are presented in this paper. The primary tasks of presented simulation were determination of the density and the main production pathways of OH radicals. The calculation reveals that global model gives higher OH densities than fluid model, especially at higher electron temperatures. This overestimation is mainly caused by the intrinsic assumptions of the global model, which impose limitations on its application for modelling of very transient physical processes such are streamers or plasma bullets. The main OH production and loss processes are well recognized by global model, and additional mechanisms are involved with respect to the case of fluid modelling. According to the presented results, global model will give satisfactory assessment of OH density and overall chemical composition of modelled plasmas, if the air fraction, electron density and temperature are correctly determined.