bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and predictors of chronic facial pain in lateral medullary infarction
Authors: Fitzek Sabine , Baumgärtner Ulf , Fitzek Clemens , Magerl Walter , Urban Peter , Thömke Frank , Marx Jürgen , Treede Rolf‐Detlef , Stoeter Peter , Hopf Hanns Christian
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify clinical predictors and anatomical structures involved in patients with pain after dorsolateral medullary infarction. Eight out of 12 patients (67%) developed poststroke pain within 12 days to 24 months after infarction. The pain occurred in the ipsilateral face (6 patients) and/or the contralateral limbs and trunk (5 patients, 3 of whom also had facial pain). Ipsilateral facial pain was significantly correlated with lower medullary lesions, including those of the spinal trigeminal tract and/or nucleus, as documented by magnetic resonance imaging. The R2 blink reflex component was abnormal only in patients with facial pain. Likewise, pain and temperature sensation in the ipsilateral face was decreased in all patients with facial pain but not in patients without pain. Ipsilateral touch sensation in the face was also decreased in all patients with facial pain, but the lesions revealed on magnetic resonance imaging did not involve the principal sensory nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve, and the R1 blink reflex latencies were normal. Although facial pain was correlated with lesions of the spinal trigeminal tract and/or nucleus, none of the lesions involved the subnucleus caudalis, which contains most nociceptive neurons. These findings suggest that facial pain after medullary infarction is due to lesions of the lower spinal trigeminal tract (axons of primary afferent neurons), leading to deafferentation of spinal trigeminal nucleus neurons. Ann Neurol 2001;49:493–500
The peritrophic matrix of hematophagous insects
Authors: Shao Li , Devenport Martin , Jacobs‐Lorena Marcelo
Published: November 2004

The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an extracellular envelope that lines the digestive tract of most insects. It is thought to play key roles in protecting insects from pathogens and facilitating digestion. Until recently, little information was available on the molecular composition of the PM. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the PM from hematophagous insects, with emphasis on molecular and physiological aspects. Topics discussed include the presence of chitin and protein diversity in the PM, cloning and characterization of genes encoding PM proteins, PM permeability, and the role of the PM as a barrier for pathogens. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:119–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring temporal variability in residential magnetic field exposures
Authors: Kaune W.T. , Davis S. , Stevens R.G. , Mirick D.K. , Kheifets L.
Published: November 2004

Considerable interest has developed during the past ten years regarding the hypothesis that living organisms may respond to temporal variability in ELF magnetic fields to which they are exposed. Consequently, methods to measure various aspects of temporal variability are of interest. In this paper, five measures of temporal variability were examined: Arithmetic means (Dmean) and rms values (Drms) of the first differences (i.e., absolute value of the difference between consecutive measurements) of magnetic field recordings; “standardized” forms of Drms, denoted RCMS, obtained by dividing Drms by the standard deviations of the magnetic field data; and mean (Fmean) and rms (Frms) values of fractional first differences. Theoretical investigations showed that Dmean and Drms are virtually unaffected by long‐term systematic trends (changes) in exposure. These measures thus provide rather specific measures of short‐term temporal variability. This was also true to a lesser extent for Fmean and Frms. In contrast, the RCMS metric was affected by both short‐term and long‐term exposure variabilities. The metrics were also investigated using a data set consisting of twice‐repeated two‐calendar‐day recordings of bedroom magnetic fields and personal exposures of 203 women residing in the western portion of Washington State. The predominant source of short‐term temporal variability in magnetic field exposures arose from the movement of subjects through spatially varying magnetic fields. Spearman correlations between TWA bedroom magnetic fields or TWA personal exposures and five measures of temporal variability were relatively low. Weak to moderate levels of correlation were observed between temporal variability measured during two different sessions separated in time by 3 or 6 months. We conclude that first difference and fractional difference metrics provide specific and fairly independent measures of short‐term temporal variability. The RCMS metric does not provide an easily interpreted measure of short‐term or long‐term temporal variability. This last result raises uncertainties about the interpretation of published studies that use the RCMS metric. Bioelectromagnetics 22:232–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UV resonance Raman study of streptavidin binding of biotin and 2‐iminobiotin: Comparison with avidin
Authors: Clarkson John , Batchelder David N. , Smith D. Alastair
Published: November 2004

UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy is used to study the binding of biotin and 2‐iminobiotin by streptavidin, and the results are compared to those previously obtained from the avidin–biotin complex and new data from the avidin–2‐iminobiotin complex. UVRR difference spectroscopy using 244‐nm excitation reveals changes to the tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues of both proteins upon complex formation. Avidin has four Trp and only one Tyr residue, while streptavidin has eight Trp and six Tyr residues. The spectral changes observed in streptavidin upon the addition of biotin are similar to those observed for avidin. However, the intensity enhancements observed for the streptavidin Trp Raman bands are less than those observed with avidin. The changes observed in the streptavidin Tyr bands are similar to those observed for avidin and are assigned exclusively to the binding site Tyr 43 residue. The Trp and Tyr band changes are due to the exclusion of water and addition of biotin, resulting in a more hydrophobic environment for the binding site residues. The addition of 2‐iminobiotin results in spectral changes to both the streptavidin and avidin Trp bands that are very similar to those observed upon the addition of biotin in each protein. The changes to the Tyr bands are very different than those observed with the addition of biotin, and similar spectral changes are observed in both streptavidin and avidin. This is attributable to hydrogen bond changes to the binding site Tyr residue in each protein, and the similar Tyr difference features in both proteins supports the exclusive assignment of the streptavidin Tyr difference features to the binding site Tyr 43. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 307–314, 2001
Vibrational circular dichroism of gramicidin D in vesicles and micelles
Authors: Zhao Chunxia , Polavarapu Prasad L.
Published: November 2004

The vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and absorption spectra of gramicidin D in three model membranes (dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride vesicles, dimyristoyl‐phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles) are presented. The absorption and VCD spectra suggest that the stable gramicidin D conformation in the model membranes is different from those in organic solvents. The presence of cations does not change the membrane‐bound conformation of gramicidin D. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 336–340, 2001
Raman spectroscopy of secondary structure of elastinlike polymer poly(GVGVP)
Authors: Schmidt Pavel , Dybal Jir̆í , Rodríguez‐Cabello José Carlos , Alonso Matilde
Published: November 2004

Raman spectra of the elastinlike polypentapeptide poly(GVGVP) were measured in H2O and D2O as solutions and, after increasing the temperature, as suspensions and sediments. In addition, spectra of the polypentapeptide in the solutions of increasing concentration and in the solid state were also investigated by gradually evaporating the water. Significant changes in band frequencies, intensities, and shapes were found for selected Raman bands in the measured spectra, particularly for the CH stretching, the glycine CH2 wagging, and some amide vibrations. The CH stretching vibrations are influenced predominantly by the presence of water, the glycine CH2 wagging vibrations are associated with conformational transitions. Three possible types of poly(GVGVP)s in the presence of water were indicated: polymer chains in a relatively extended state in the solution, a β‐spiral structure in the suspension, and irregularly bent chains in the sediment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 150–157, 2001
Possible complication regarding phosphorus removal with a continuous flow biofilm system: Diffusion limitation
Authors: Falkentoft C. M. , Arnz P. , Henze M. , Mosbæk H. , Müller E. , Wilderer P. A. , Harremoës P.
Published: November 2004

Diffusion limitation of phosphate possibly constitutes a serious problem regarding the use of a biofilm reactor for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. A lab‐scale reactor for simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrate was operated in a continuous alternating mode of operation. For a steady‐state operation with excess amounts of carbon source (acetate) during the anaerobic phase, the same amount of phosphate was released during the anaerobic phase as was taken up during the anoxic phase. The measured phosphorus content of the biomass that detached during backwash after an anoxic phase was low, 2.4 ± 0.4% (equal to 24 ± 4 mg P/g TS). A simplified computer model indicated the reason to be phosphate diffusion limitation and the model revealed a delicate balance between the obtainable phosphorus contents of the biomass and operating parameters, such as backwash interval, biofilm thickness after backwash, and phase lengths. The aspect of diffusion is considered of crucial importance when evaluating the performance of a biofilter for phosphate removal. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 77–85, 2001.
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis depends on the imbalance between catabolism and anabolism
Authors: Garrigues Christel , Mercade Myriam , Cocaign‐Bousquet Muriel , Lindley Nic D. , Loubiere Pascal
Published: November 2004

Two strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, MG 1820 and MG 1363, which differed by the presence or absence of the lactose plasmid, respectively, were cultivated in batch‐mode fermentation on lactose as carbon substrate. A correlation between the rate of sugar consumption, the growth rate, and the type of metabolism was observed. The MG 1820 strain grew rapidly on lactose and homolactic fermentation occurred. The major regulating factor was the NADH/NAD+ ratio proportional to the catabolic flux, which inhibited glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity. This control led to an increase in metabolite concentration upstream of this enzyme, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate and dihydroxyacetone‐phosphate, and inhibition of pyruvate formate lyase activity, while lactate dehydrogenase was strongly activated by the high coenzyme ratio. The contrary was observed during growth of the MG 1363 strain. Further investigation during growth of L. lactis ssp. lactis NCDO 2118 on galactose as carbon substrate and on various culture media enabling the growth rate to proceed at various rates demonstrated that the relative flux between catabolism and anabolism was the critical regulating parameter rather than the rate of glycolysis itself. In a minimal medium, where anabolism was strongly limited, the rate of sugar consumption was reduced to a low value to avoid carbon and energy waste. Despite this low sugar consumption rate, the catabolic flux was in excess relative to the anabolic capability and the NADH/NAD+ ratio was high, typical of a situation of nonlimiting catabolism leading to a homolactic metabolism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 108–115, 2001.
Dynamics of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Melchiorsen Claus Rix , Jensen Niels Bang Siemsen , Christensen Bjarke , Væver Jokumsen Kirsten , Villadsen John
Published: November 2004

The pyruvate metabolism in the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis was studied in anaerobic cultures under transient conditions. During growth of L. lactis in continuous culture at high dilution rate, homolactic product formation was observed, i.e., lactate was produced as the major end product. At a lower dilution rate, the pyruvate metabolism shifted towards mixed acid‐product formation where formate, acetate, and ethanol were produced in addition to lactate. The regulation of the shift in pyruvate metabolism was investigated by monitoring the dynamic behavior of L. lactis in continuous cultures subjected to step changes in dilution rate. Both shift‐up and shift‐down experiments were carried out, and these experiments showed that the enzyme pyruvate formate‐lyase (PFL) plays a key role in the regulation of the shift. Pyruvate formate‐lyase in vivo activity was regulated both at the level of gene expression and by allosteric modulation of the enzyme. A simple mathematical model was proposed to estimate the relative significance of the regulatory mechanisms involved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 271–279, 2001.
Regeneration of adenosine triphosphate from glycolytic intermediates for cell‐free protein synthesis
Authors: Kim Dong‐Myung , Swartz James R.
Published: November 2004

A new approach for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration in a cell‐free protein synthesis system is described. We first show that pyruvate can be used as a secondary energy source to replace or supplement the conventional secondary energy source, phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP). We also report that glucose‐6‐phosphate, an earlier intermediate of the glycolytic pathway, can be used for ATP regeneration. These new methods provide more stable maintenance of ATP concentration during protein synthesis. Because pyruvate and glucose‐6‐phosphate are the first and last intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, respectively, the results also suggest the possibility of using any glycolytic intermediate, or even glucose, for ATP regeneration in a cell‐free protein synthesis system. As a result, the methods described provide cell‐free protein synthesis with greater flexibility and cost efficiency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 309–316, 2001.
Accurate automatic visible speech synthesis of arbitrary 3D models based on concatenation of diviseme motion capture data
Authors: Ma Jiyong , Cole Ronald , Pellom Bryan , Ward Wayne , Wise Barbara
Published: November 2004

We present a technique for accurate automatic visible speech synthesis from textual input. When provided with a speech waveform and the text of a spoken sentence, the system produces accurate visible speech synchronized with the audio signal. To develop the system, we collected motion capture data from a speaker's face during production of a set of words containing all diviseme sequences in English. The motion capture points from the speaker's face are retargeted to the vertices of the polygons of a 3D face model. When synthesizing a new utterance, the system locates the required sequence of divisemes, shrinks or expands each diviseme based on the desired phoneme segment durations in the target utterance, then moves the polygons in the regions of the lips and lower face to correspond to the spatial coordinates of the motion capture data. The motion mapping is realized by a key‐shape mapping function learned by a set of viseme examples in the source and target faces. A well‐posed numerical algorithm estimates the shape blending coefficients. Time warping and motion vector blending at the juncture of two divisemes and the algorithm to search the optimal concatenated visible speech are also developed to provide the final concatenative motion sequence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of discomfort at sheath removal during transradial coronary procedures with the use of a hydrophilic‐coated sheath
Authors: Dery Jean‐Pierre , Simard Serge , Barbeau Gérald R.
Published: November 2004

Some patients experience discomfort at sheath removal during transradial procedures. We hypothesized that the use of a hydrophilic‐coated sheath (HCS) would reduce the traction force needed at withdrawal and therefore the pain experienced by patients. Patients referred for coronary intervention were randomized to undergo transradial procedure with the use of HCS or with nonhydrophilic sheath (NHS). At removal of the sheath, peak traction force was recorded using an electronic traction gauge and patients were asked to quantify their pain. A total of 90 patients participated in the study. The mean ± SD peak traction force at sheath removal was 265 ± 167 g and 865 ± 318 g in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (69% reduction; P < 0.001). Mean maximal pain score was 0.6 ± 1.2 and 4.8 ± 2.9 in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (88% reduction; P < 0.0001). Use of HCS for transradial procedures reduces considerably the traction force needed for sheath removal as well as pain experienced by patients when compared to NHS. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:289–294. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elimination of bax expression in mice increases cerebellar purkinje cell numbers but not the number of granule cells
Authors: Fan Haibin , Favero Marcus , Vogel Michael W.
Published: November 2004

Cerebellar Purkinje cells and granule cells have been studied extensively as models for investigating neuron‐target interactions and the regulation of cell numbers in the developing central nervous system. Recent studies of transgenic mice that overexpress a human Bcl‐2 transgene in Purkinje cells suggest both that programmed cell death plays an unexpected role in regulating Purkinje cell number and that Purkinje cells influence the number of granule cells. The role of cell death‐related proteins and Purkinje‐granule cell interactions in cerebellar development was investigated further in this study by counting the number of Purkinje and granule cells in knockout mutants with a deletion in the proapoptotic gene, Bax. The total number of Purkinje cells was estimated using stereological counting principles in six adult wild type mice, four hemizygous Bax +/− controls, and six Bax −/− knockout mutants. The total number of granule cells per cerebellum was estimated in three adult wild type mice, three hemizygous Bax +/− controls, and three Bax −/− knockout mutants. The number of Purkinje cells increased significantly by over 30% in the Bax −/− knockout mutants compared with wild type and hemizygote controls, whereas the number of granule cells was unchanged in the Bax −/− mutants. There was no change in the volume of the cerebellar cortex or in the size of Purkinje cell bodies in the Bax −/− mutants, implying that Purkinje cell density was increased in the Bax −/− mutants. The increase in Purkinje cell numbers in the Bax −/− knockout mice supports previous evidence that Purkinje cells undergo a period of naturally occurring cell death that is mediated at least in part by the cell death proteins Bcl‐2 and Bax. The lack of an effect of Bax gene expression on granule cell numbers indicates that Bax is not an obligate participant in naturally occurring cell death in granule cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:82–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventral mesopontine projections of the caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens and extended amygdala in the rat: Double dissociation by organization and development
Authors: Zahm Daniel S. , Williams Evelyn A. , Latimer Mary P. , Winn Philip
Published: November 2004

The shell of the nucleus accumbens and central division of the extended amygdala are telencephalic structures that influence motor activity and lately have been regarded by some as components of a single functional‐anatomic continuum. Each has a highly differentiated internal organization and output system and distinct pharmacologic responses however, and it is thus likely that each subserves distinct contributions to behavior. In this investigation, nucleus accumbens and extended amygdala outputs were compared by using retrograde tracing in adult and postnatal rats. Fluoro‐Gold, when injected into the ventral tegmental area, produced substantial retrograde labeling in the adult nucleus accumbens shell, but only trivial amounts in the central division of the extended amygdala. Injection sites in the lateral mesopontine tegmentum produced robust labeling in the central extended amygdala but little in the nucleus accumbens. The projections of extended amygdala were substantially developed by postnatal day 1, whereas those of the caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens only reached the ventral tegmental area by approximately postnatal day 6. Few neurons projecting from the caudomedial shell of the accumbens to the ventral tegmental area were observed even at postnatal day 21. In consideration of the reported importance of the nucleus accumbens, particularly the caudomedial shell, in neural processing related to reward and motivation and the central nervous system response to antipsychotic drugs, it may be important to determine whether processes occurring during the protracted postnatal development of the caudomedial shell are vulnerable to destructive circumstances, such as drug intoxication, maternal separation, or social isolation. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:111–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectra, pseudospectra, and localization for random bidiagonal matrices
Authors: Trefethen Lloyd N. , Contedini Marco , Embree Mark
Published: November 2004

There has been much recent interest, initiated by work of the physicists Hatano and Nelson, in the eigenvalues of certain random, non‐Hermitian, periodic tridiagonal matrices and their bidiagonal limits. These eigenvalues cluster along a “bubble with wings” in the complex plane, and the corresponding eigenvectors are localized in the wings, delocalized in the bubble. Here, in addition to eigenvalues, pseudospectra are analyzed, making it possible to treat the nonperiodic analogues of these random matrix problems. Inside the bubble, the resolvent norm grows exponentially with the dimension. Outside, it grows subexponentially in a bounded region that is the spectrum of the infinite‐dimensional operator. Localization and delocalization correspond to resolvent matrices whose entries exponentially decrease or increase, respectively, with distance from the diagonal. This article presents theorems that characterize the spectra, pseudospectra, and numerical range for the four cases of finite bidiagonal matrices, infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Toeplitz operators”), finite periodic matrices, and doubly infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Laurent operators”). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Receptive fields of visual cortical neurons as derived by infomax
Authors: Okajima Kenji , Imaoka Hitoshi
Published: November 2004

Complex cells, that is, visual neurons in the brain, were investigated from an information‐theoretic viewpoint. Responses of a complex cell to visual stimuli are well described by a phenomenological model called the energy model. The energy model describes the output of a complex cell as a squared sum of the outputs of two linear operators. An information‐maximization problem was solved in order to determine the two linear operators. To obtain spatially localized operators (receptive fields), we assumed a “localization term” in the objective function. At a low signal‐to‐noise‐ratio limit, two linear operators characterized by a quadrature pair of Gabor functions were obtained as solutions to the maximization problem. This result agrees with the energy model; thus, it strongly suggests that complex cells are “optimally designed” from an information‐theoretic viewpoint. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 11–19, 2001
Development of a session system with acoustic instruments
Authors: Aono Yushi , Katayose Haruhiro , Inokuchi Seiji
Published: November 2004

In this paper the authors describe the development of a session system which follows human performance and creates an improvisational accompaniment. One of the features of this system is that it can use acoustic instruments such as pianos and guitars instead of MIDI instruments which are common in conventional session systems. In a session system, complex sounds such as chords must be input, and the input musical information must be analyzed in real time. The authors' system can recognize chord names in real time through signal processing that takes advantage of the fact that instrument sounds are harmonics, while observing the restriction that detailed musical information such as the pitch of the sounds comprising a chord or the accuracy of the duration of sound production are not analyzed. The recognition rate for four‐note chords using thirds was shown in an experiment to exceed 95% using this method. In addition, the function which extracts the smallest repetition unit from a piece of music automatically allows for a session system that does not need to know the score beforehand. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 20–30, 2001
Examination of the potential genotoxicity of pure capsaicin in bacterial mutation, chromosome aberration, and rodent micronucleus tests
Authors: Proudlock Raymond , Thompson Crista , Longstaff Eric
Published: November 2004

There is widespread dietary exposure to capsaicin in the form of chili peppers, while capsaicin's analgesic qualities have led to increased use of a topical herbal remedy in various impure forms. Most recently, injection of pure capsaicin has been proposed as a means of relieving a variety of debilitating diseases, in which case tissues would receive relatively high and direct exposure. The purpose of the present study, where a series of standard assays were performed in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidance, was to clarify earlier conflicting reports concerning potential genotoxicity of capsaicin prior to administering it to patients in an injectable form. The results confirm the absence of genotoxic activity of high‐purity capsaicin in the bacterial mutation and chromosome aberration tests. In addition, no evidence of cytotoxicity or genotoxicity was seen in the rat bone marrow micronucleus test, where systemic exposure to pure capsaicin was achieved using the subcutaneous route and a rising dose toleration protocol. It is concluded that pure capsaicin is not active in the standard battery of genotoxicity assays recommended by the International Conference on Harmonisation for evaluation of new medicines; earlier reported in vitro genotoxic activity is probably associated with mutagenic impurities in commercial grades of the material. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beyond double bar charts: The value of dot charts with ordered category clustering for reporting change in evaluation research
Authors: Sinacore James M.
Published: November 2004

Although double bar charts are commonly used to report a change in quantity, they can obscure information and make analysis difficult. Dot charts coupled with ordered category clustering offer a better alternative.
Using graphics to convey meaningful comparison over time
Authors: Turpin Robin S.
Published: November 2004

Too often, the data format, rather than the objectives of the presentation, drives graphic design. Control charts more effectively illustrate processes over time than the more typically used bar charts—even when additional graphics are required to fulfill the objectives of the data presentation.
Some visual displays of two‐by‐two data: Predicting later violent behavior
Authors: Derzon James H.
Published: November 2004

A two‐by‐two table effectively presents the relationship between a predictor and an outcome. Using fewer cells in the table focuses the reader's attention on the contingent relationship.
Graphing impact from pooled time series: School districts' energy savings in Arizona
Authors: Sayrs Lois W.
Published: November 2004

A scatterplot graph proves effective for representing data from a pooled time series.
Mixing and matching: Methods and models
Authors: Smith Mary Lee
Published: November 2004

To extend the conversation on mixing methods, we must look less at formal paradigms and more at the crude mental models and cases of evaluation practice.
Advances in mixed‐method evaluation: A synthesis and comment
Authors: Riggin Leslie J. C.
Published: November 2004

This chapter provides a brief synthesis of the examples described in the four case study chapters, linking them to the framework outlined in Chapter One and the design types offered in Chapter Two.
Approach for the Development of Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMPs) for Eleven Navy Installations in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Helter David
Published: November 2004

The Sikes Act Improvement Act mandates that all U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) installations
prepare and implement an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) by November 17, 2001.
The INRMP is a management‐planning document that establishes guidelines for the use and conservation of
natural resources on lands and waters under DOD control, and incorporates as its primary goal the support of its
military mission, while managing, protecting, and enhancing the biological integrity and productivity of
military lands and waters.

This article discusses the philosophy and holistic approach used in preparing the basic programmatic
structure of the INRMPs for 11 of the U.S. Department of the Navy's installations. It also includes
discussions on the formulation of goals and objectives that initiate a logical sequence of actions for achieving
the long‐range aim of ecosystem management, and on the development of issue‐based,
long‐term practices for managing natural resources, as well as how these issues were used in the
formulation of goals and objectives. Management practices for activities related to land management, forestry
management, fish and wildlife, outdoor recreation, and land impact are also addressed.

This article explores the use of and rationale for the development of natural resource‐management
focuses in the context of the functional areas recognized for each installation. Functional areas have been
identified at each installation for the purpose of acknowledging the existing use of discrete areas for the
military mission, and to identify natural resource‐management focuses with geographic emphasis on the
management practices (e.g., outdoor recreation and forestry management) necessary to achieve the
long‐term goals and objectives of the INRMP. This article concludes with a discussion on recurring issues
in the preparation of the INRMP and future expectations of, and needs for, the INRMP. © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
How to Succeed in Winning and Maintaining Public Support for Military Testing and Training in the United States
Authors: McCall Thomas
Published: November 2004

The U.S. military cannot sustain its weapons testing and military training in places where the public is
unified in its opposition to it. This article describes how the military can work with the public to maintain
support for military testing and training by adopting a “sustainable test and training model.” This
article describes the sustainable test and training model and what needs to be done to implement it. © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Macroscopic plant remains from Mediterranean caves and rockshelters: Avenues of interpretation
Authors: Hansen Julie
Published: November 2004

Macrobotanical remains from caves and rockshelters in the Mediterranean provide substantial information about past human use of the sites as well as the surrounding environment. The modes of deposition of both fresh and carbonized plant material in the past are varied and it is not always possible to distinguish among the geogenic, biogenic, and anthropogenic processes. Once deposited, seeds and other plant parts may be preserved through desiccation, mineralization, or, most commonly, carbonization, depending on the environment of the cave or rockshelter as well as human and other animal activities. It is assumed that large quantities of carbonized remains are the result of human activity, and such dense deposits can be used as a measure of the intensity of occupation of the site. Where sufficient remains of wood charcoal are recovered from stratified deposits, it is possible to identify the local vegetation and changes in the surrounding plant communities through time. When compared to other environmental information, such as pollen studies, it is possible to obtain a more complete picture of the environment and to identify refugia for Mediterranean plants during the Pleistocene. In some cases, plants that are underrepresented or not at all represented in pollen spectra from lacustrine deposits may be recovered from the archaeological sites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinically underdetected asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis as a late complication of radiotherapy in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Lam Wynnie Wai‐man , Yuen Hok‐yuen , Wong Ka‐sing , Leung Sing‐fai , Liu Kin‐hung , Metreweli Constantine
Published: November 2004

Background

Carotid artery stenosis is a late complication of radiotherapy to the neck region. This complication has, however, a significant impact with increased risk of stroke causing mortality and morbidity. Clinicians' awareness of this complication and early detection is therefore important.

Methods

Eighty patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who had received radiotherapy were recruited for color Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. fifty‐eight patients with newly diagnosed NPC who had never received any radiotherapy were recruited as controls. All patients with significant carotid stenosis were referred to the neurology clinic for further assessment.

Results

Twenty‐four patients were found to have more than 50% diameter reduction in the extracranial carotid artery. Clinical assessment by a neurologist showed 9 of 24 patients had a history of transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax, or stroke. Seven of these patients had clinically detectable neck bruit.

Conclusions

Clinicians attending to patients after radiotherapy for head and neck cancers should be aware of this long‐term complication of radiotherapy. A detailed clinical history and incorporation of auscultation of carotid arteries in routine follow‐up of postradiotherapy patients are recommended. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 780–784, 2001.
Cholinergic modulation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: Effects of intrahippocampal scopolamine infusion
Authors: Gale Greg D. , Anagnostaras Stephan G. , Fanselow Michael S.
Published: November 2004

Cholinergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the acquisition of a variety of tasks, including Pavlovian fear conditioning. To more precisely define the role of cholinergic modulation in this process, the effect of site‐specific cholinergic antagonism was assessed. Male Long‐Evans rats were implanted with chronic, bilateral cannulae aimed at the dorsal hippocampus. Infusions of scopolamine hydrobromide (50 μg bilaterally) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) were made immediately prior to a signaled Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure. On consecutive days following training, all rats were given independent tests assessing freezing to both the training context and the tone conditional stimulus (CS). Relative to PBS infused controls, rats that received intrahippocampal infusions of scopolamine showed a significant attenuation of contextual freezing but comparable levels of freezing to the tone CS. Neither shock sensitivity nor general activity levels differed between rats infused with scopolamine or PBS. These findings suggest that fear conditioning to context, but not discrete CS, requires intact cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2001;11:371–376. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased extracellular release of hippocampal NE is associated with tetanization of the medial perforant pathway in the freely moving adult male rat
Authors: Bronzino Joseph D. , Kehoe Priscilla , Mallinson Kathy , Fortin Dale A.
Published: November 2004

The induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation is modulated by many afferent influences from a number of subcortical structures known to be intimately involved in hippocampal‐dependent learning and memory. It has been demonstrated in slice and anesthetized preparations that norepinephrine (NE) is one of these major neuromodulators involved in the induction of LTP. However, the majority of these studies have not been conducted in the freely moving animal. Recently, we developed surgical procedures and instrumentation techniques to simultaneously record electrophysiological and neurochemical data from the hippocampal formation. The present study uses these techniques to examine the underlying neurochemical changes in the hippocampus associated with the induction of hippocampal dentate LTP in the freely moving adult rat. These findings establish baseline levels of NE that can be used to evaluate the impact of various tetanization paradigms as well as the effect of a variety of insults on hippocampal plasticity. Hippocampus 2001;11:423–429. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations of hippocampal GABAergic system contribute to development of spontaneous recurrent seizures in the rat lithium‐pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: André Véronique , Marescaux Christian , Nehlig Astrid , Fritschy Jean Marc
Published: November 2004

Reorganization of excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the hippocampal formation following seizure‐induced neuronal loss has been proposed to underlie the development of chronic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here, we investigated whether specific morphological alterations of the GABAergic system can be related to the onset of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in the rat lithium‐pilocarpine model of TLE. Immunohistochemical staining for markers of interneurons and their projections, including parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), calbindin (CB), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and type 1 GABA transporter (GAT1), was performed in brain sections of rats treated with lithium‐pilocarpine and sacrificed after 24 h, during the silent phase (6 and 12 days), or after the onset of SRS (10–18 days after treatment). Semiquantitative analysis revealed a selective loss of interneurons in the stratum oriens of CA1, associated with a reduction of GAT1 staining in the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens. In contrast, interneurons in CA3 were largely preserved, although GAT1 staining was also reduced. These changes occurred within 6 days after treatment and were therefore insufficient to cause SRS. In the dentate gyrus, extensive cell loss occurred in the hilus. The pericellular innervation of granule cells by PV‐positive axons was markedly reduced, although the loss of PV‐interneurons was only partial. Most strikingly, the density of GABAergic axons, positive for both GAD and GAT1, was dramatically increased in the inner molecular layer. This change emerged during the silent period, but was most marked in animals with SRS. Finally, supernumerary CB‐positive neurons were detected in the hilus, selectively in rats with SRS. These findings suggest that alterations of GABAergic circuits occur early after lithium‐pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus and contribute to epileptogenesis. In particular, the reorganization of GABAergic axons in the dentate gyrus might contribute to synchronize hyperexcitability induced by the interneuron loss during the silent period, leading to the onset of chronic seizures. Hippocampus 2001;11:452–468. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute stress and dexamethasone rapidly increase hippocampal somatostatin synthesis and release from the dentate gyrus hilus
Authors: Arancibia Sandor , Payet Olivier , Givalois Laurent , Tapia‐Arancibia Lucia
Published: November 2004

Somatostatin is a neuropeptide whose facilitatory action in the generation of long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus has been associated with memory processes. Since stress and memory seem to share some neural pathways, we studied somatostatin release from dentate gyrus hilar cells of the hippocampus in unanesthetized free‐moving rats subjected to stress or dexamethasone treatments. In parallel, the number of dentate gyrus hilar cells expressing somatostatin mRNA was quantified by nonradioactive in situ hybridization in these two experimental conditions.

Rats were stereotaxically implanted with a push‐pull cannula in the dentate gyrus hilar region. Animals were perfused 1 week later in basal or stress (30 min immobilization stress) conditions. The other group was intraperitoneally injected with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (3 mg/kg b.w.). Samples were collected every 15 min for somatostatin radioimmunoassay. In parallel, in other groups of animals undergoing the same treatments, brains were removed for in situ hybridization studies with an oligonucleotide labeled with digoxigenin that recognizes somatostatin‐14.

The results showed that stress induced a significant increase in somatostatin release from dentate gyrus hilar cells 30–45 min after immobilization stress application. Dexamethasone‐injected animals exhibited a similar response 45 min after drug administration. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the two treatments significantly increased the number of cells expressing somatostatin mRNA in the hilar region.

In conclusion, somatostatin interneurons of the hippocampal hilar region appear to be a novel stress stimulus target. Their rapid reactivity, expressed as modifications of both somatostatin release and number of cells expressing somatostatin mRNA, provides an interesting model of neuronal plasticity. Hippocampus 2001;11:469–477. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans
Authors: Newcomer John W. , Krystal John H.
Published: November 2004

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction is associated with a range of effects on cognition and behavior in whole animal and human studies. NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain, which can be induced experimentally in vivo using NMDA receptor antagonist drugs, produces adverse effects on memory function. The results suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction can preferentially affect neural mechanisms regulating the efficiency of encoding and consolidation into longer‐term storage. More pronounced NMDA receptor hypofunction can produce a clinical syndrome that includes core features of psychosis, as well as dissociation. Finally, sustained and severe underexcitation of NMDA receptors in the adult brain is associated with a neurotoxic process with well‐characterized neuropathological features. Progressive increases in severity of NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain can produce a range of effects on brain function, involving local and distributed circuitry, which may underlie the observed changes in behavior. As the brain ages, the NMDA receptor system becomes progressively hypofunctional, potentially contributing to further age‐related decreases in memory and learning performance. Pharmacological and genomic methods for preventing NMDA receptor hypofunction, or for preventing the upstream or downstream consequences modeled by treatment with NMDA antagonists, may be applicable to the prevention and treatment of memory and behavioral dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disease conditions. Hippocampus 2001;11:529–542. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Chao Samuel T. , Suh John H. , Raja Shanker , Lee Shih‐Yuan , Barnett Gene
Published: November 2004

Radiation necrosis and recurrent brain tumor have similar symptoms and are indistinguishable on both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomograph scans. 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has been proposed as a diagnostic alternative, particularly when co‐registered with MRI. We studied 47 patients with brain tumors treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and followed with FDG PET. For all tumor types, the sensitivity of FDG PET for diagnosing tumor was 75% and the specificity was 81%. For brain metastasis without MRI co‐registration, FDG PET had a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 80%. For brain metastasis with MRI co‐registration, FDG PET had a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 80%. MRI co‐registration appears to improve the sensitivity of FDG PET, making it a useful modality to distinguish between radiation necrosis and recurrent brain metastasis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionizing radiation induces CD20 surface expression on human B cells
Authors: Kunala Subrahmanyam , Macklis Roger M.
Published: November 2004

The CD20 surface antigen is expressed on the great majority of B‐cell lymphoma cases. The expression of this antigen ranges from moderate to bright, and it is neither internalized nor shed. These characteristics make CD20 a common target for antibody directed lymphoma therapy. The development of strategies to significantly increase CD20 expression on lymphoma cells is therefore of great interest as a means of increasing specific targeting and cell kill in antibody therapy and radio‐immunotherapy. We present here data demonstrating that relatively low doses of external beam radiotherapy are capable of significant and consistent increases in CD20 surface expression in vitro. The effect is dose related up to approximately 10 Gy and is maximal in the first day after radiotherapy. We believe that these data may suggest a potent way to combine a short pretreatment course of external beam radiotherapy with a subsequent course of immunotherapy using either an unlabeled antibody or a radio‐immunotoxin. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery in toxicology: Mediation by gene expression array technology
Authors: Hamadeh Hisham K. , Bushel Pierre , Paules Richard , Afshari Cynthia A.
Published: November 2004

Toxicogenomics is a term that represents the merging of toxicology with novel genomics techniques. Data generated in the new‐age era of toxicology is relatively complex, requires new bioinformatics tools for adequate interpretation, and allows for the rapid generation of testable hypotheses. Hazard identification and risk assessment processes will advance from the use of genomics techniques, which will lead to greater understanding of mechanism(s) of action of toxicants, development of novel biomarkers of exposure and effect, and better identification of sensitive subpopulations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. *

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:231–242, 2001