bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New ages from the Mauritanides Belt: recognition of Archean IOCG mineralization at Guelb Moghrein, Mauritania
Authors: Michael Meyer Franz , Kolb Jochen , Sakellaris Gregori Aarne , Gerdes Axel
Published: September 2010

The Guelb Moghrein Fe oxide–Cu–Au–Co (IOCG) deposit is located in the northern part of the Mauritanides chain at the western edge of the West African Craton. It is commonly held that the orogenic belt has experienced a polyphase tectonothermal evolution, including two Panafrican and one Variscan event. Dating of two distinct morphological types of hydrothermal monazite and xenotime from Guelb Moghrein yielded in situ U–Pb ages of 2492 ± 9 and 1742 ± 12 Myr respectively. Such ages have not been reported previously from the region which is conspicuous by the widespread occurrence of banded iron formations, more akin to Proterozoic or Archean than to Paleozoic settings. The supracrustal rocks are thought, therefore, to represent a greenstone terrane that was mineralized by hydrothermal fluids during the late Archean and reactivated by middle Proterozoic fluid flow. Final emplacement at the current position on the West African Craton was at ∼300 Ma during Gondwana–Laurentia collision.
Effect of soil placement on the activity of herbicides on Cyperus rotundus L. *
Authors: RINCON D. J. , WARREN G. F.
Published: September 2010

The effect of herbicide placemem in the soil on control of Cyperus rotundus L. was studied in the greenhouse with EPTC, alaehlor, norfiurazon, perlluidone, napropamide, trifluralin, and naptalam, EPTC was the mosl active herbicide, increasing the number of sprouts per tuber but inhibitmg bud development at an early stage of growth. The effect was greatest when EPTC was incorporated with the soil around the tubers. The effects of alaehlor were similar, but higher doses were required. Another active herbicide, norfiurazon, was taken up by the roots but its effect was to produce small, chlorotic leaves, Perfluidone was mosl effective when incorporated into the soil around the tubers or when placed in a layer 1 cm above them. Very little effect of napropamide trifluralin and naptalam was observed. In studies of growth and deveiopmenl with different planting depths, C. rotumtus produced basal bulbs, roots and most of its early reproductive parts in a layer of soil 1–3 cm from the surface, irrespective of the depth at which the tubers were planted. Shoots etncrged from 35 im deep but not from 50 cm.
Herbicidal control in relation to distribution of Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley and effects on cochineal populations
Authors: ZIMMERMANN H.G.
Published: September 2010

Kivc main points have emerged from this study: (i) populations of the cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley are highly aggregated; (ii) searching efficiency of spray teams applying herbicides is low because they fail to locate small isolated plants; (iii) searching efficiency is positively correlated with aggregation of the target plant; (iv) the presence of the cochineal Dactylopius austrinusDe Lotto is also positively associated with aggregations of the host plant and; (v) consequently, cochineal populations are selectively eliminated by current spraying techniques to the detriment of biological control. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to future strategies for chemical and biological control of the weed.
The mechanism of linuron phytotoxicity in maize
Authors: MUSCHINEK GY , GARAB GY. I. , MUSTÁRDY LA. , FALUDI‐DÁNIEL Á.
Published: September 2010

The mechanism whereby Iinuron changes the functional and structural characteristics of chloroplast membranes was studied. The primary effect of the herbicide, the inhibition of phoiosynihetic electron transport results in an immuediatecessa‐tion of carbon dioxide fixation and alterations in the membrane energization. These are accompanied by secondary processes contributing to phytotoxicity. The fundamental action in its phytotoxicity, as shown in a model system of isolated chloro‐plasts, is the peroxidaiive breakdown of the polyunsaturated membrane lipids. This leads to destruction of the pigments, changes in the energy transfer, disorganization of the chloro‐plast membranes, and accumulation of toxic organic peroxides.
Effets non compétitifs entre le chénopode blanc (Chenopodium album L.) et le mai̇s (INRA 258)
Authors: CAUSSANEL J. P.
Published: September 2010

Non‐competitive effects between lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.) and maize (INRA 25H)

Maize is extremely sensitive to competition from weeds, lamb's quarters (C.alhum) often being particularly competitive, Under controlled conditions in a growth chamber short term bioassay methods techniques have shown that lamb's quarters exerted inhibiting influences on maize growth which were not attributable to competition alone. These non‐compctitive, specific influences became apparent mainly from the early flowering stage of lamb's quarters both in soil and in nutrient solution. With an identical concentration of lamb's quarters roots, the growth‐inhibiting effects are more marked when the soil structure is modified than when it is not, similarly when the aqueous extract is obtained by placing soils in suspension, the inhibiting effects are more marked than when it is obtained by percolation. Finally, water leached from the leaves, roots or seeds of lamb's quaners shows inhibiting effects proport ional to the concentration on root growth of maize. The presence of phytotoxins in the culture media of lamb's quarters is discussed.
Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried Lamium amplexicaule seeds
Authors: BASKIN JERRY M. , BASKIN CAROL C.
Published: September 2010

Spring‐produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were buried in pots of soil in an unheated glasshouse in June 1978, and at 1–2‐month intervals, for 27 months, they were exhumed and tested for germination in light and darkness at temperatures simulating those in the habitat from early spring to late autumn. Freshly‐matured seeds were dormant, but by autumn 85% or more germinated in light at 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C but only 7% or less in darkness. During late autumn and winter germination in light decreased at 25/15 and 30/15 °C but not at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, and germination in darkness increased at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. During late winter and early spring germination in light at 15/6 and 20/10 °C decreased, and seeds lost the ability to germinate in darkness. By the second autumn of burial, seeds germinated to near 100% in light at 15/6 to 30/15 °C and to 10–25% in darkness at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. The cycle of germination responses was repeated during the second winter and spring and the third summer of burial. Autumn‐produced seeds were dormant when buried in November 1979, but by spring they germinated to 81 and 36% at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, respectively, in light. These seeds afterripened further during summer. The consequence of seasonal changes in germination responses is that (1) seeds can germinate in the habitat in late summer, autumn and spring but not in early‐ to mid‐summer or in late autumn and winter and (2) during both germination seasons, seeds produced during the previous spring(s) and/or autumn(s) can germinate.
Aspects of the selective phytotoxicity of methazole. II. Behaviour in plants following root exposure
Authors: VERITY JULIE , WALKER ALLAN , DRENNAN DONALD S.H.
Published: September 2010

The absorption, translocation and degradation of methazole were examined in onion, Stellaria media, Matricaria matricarioides and Veronica persica grown in culture solution. After a short period of initial rapid uptake, all four species absorbed herbicide and water in the same proportions. Translocation of herbicide to the shoots was directly proportional to transpiration, but the apparent solute concentration in the xylem was less than that in the external solution and varied between the species. A smaller percentage of the total absorbed herbicide was translocated to the shoot in V. persica, the most tolerant species. Methazole was relatively stable in M. matricariodes and was degraded slowly to 3‐(3,4‐dicnlorophenyl)‐1‐methylurea (DCPMU). It was degraded rapidly to DCPMU in the other three species and this accumulated in onion and S. media. In V. persica DCPMU was degraded further to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU). Methazole was not an active inhibitor of photosynthesis by isolated spinach chloroplasts. Both DCPMU and DCPU inhibited photosynthesis but DCPMU was 200‐times more active than DCPU. Variations in the concentrations of DCPMU in the shoots of the different species largely accounted for the variations in their response to methazole applied pre‐emergence.
Aspects of the selective phytotoxicity of methazole. HI. Behaviour in plants following foliar treatment
Authors: VERITY JULI E , WALKER ALLAN , DRENNAN DONALD S.H.
Published: September 2010

Absorption of methazole by leaves of onion (Allium cepa), Stellaria media, Matricaria matricarioides and Veronica persica was rapid for the first 24 h after treatment and continued at a slower rate for up to 6 days to reach a maximum of between 35 and 60% of the amount applied. Differences in absorption between species were generally small. Absorption by the cotyledon of onion was greater than absorption into true leaves. Methazole on the leaf surface degraded to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methylurea (DCPMU) and small amounts of this degraded to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU). Methazole absorbed into leaves was relatively stable in M. matricarioides and DCPMU accumulated slowly. The rate of degradation was more rapid in the cotyledons than in the true leaves. Both in leaves and in cotyledons of onion and S. media, methazole degraded rapidly to DCPMU and this accumulated; in those of V. persica, DCPMU was degraded quickly to DCPU and unidentified products. The amount of DCPMU accumulated in the shoots was broadly correlated with the relative phytotoxicity of methazole to the different species, except for young seedlings of V. persica which contained no DCPMU but were susceptible to methazole.
Soil persistence of selected sugar‐beet herbicides and their combinations with lenacil
Authors: TENA M. , MAGALLANES M. , GARRIDO R.
Published: September 2010

Laboratory studies on the degradation of several sugar‐beet herbicides both singly and in combination with lenacil were conducted in four soils. First‐order kinetics were used to describe the breakdown rates of lenacil, benzthiazuron, carbetamide, propham and phenmedipham, and their combinations with lenacil. Mean half‐lives of the herbicides ranged from 14 days for propham to 191 days for benzthiazuron. There were no significant differences between the herbicides applied singly or in combination.

Persistance dans le sol de plusieurs herbicides de la betterave et leurs combinaisons avec le lenacil

Pour quatre types de sols, nous avons étudié, au laboratoire, la dégradation de plusieurs herbicides de la betterave appliqués seuls ou avec du lenacil. Des cinétiques de première ordre ont été utilisées pour calculer les taux de dégradation des herbicides suivants: lenacil, benzthiazuron, carbetamide, prophame, phenmediphame et de leurs combinaisons avec du lenacil. Les temps moyens de rémanence des herbicides se situaient entre 14 jours pour le prophame et 191 pour le benzthiazuron. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune difference significative entre les herbicides appliqués seuls et avec du lenacil.
Variabilité morphologique et enzymatique chez une population mixte d'Avena fatua L. et A. sterilis L.
Authors: VECCHIO V. , GASQUEZ J. , COMPOINT J. P.
Published: September 2010

Dans une population de folles avoines de l'Italie centrale, l'observation des caractéres diagnostiques a permis de reconnaitre l'existence de deux espéces, Avena fatua et Avena sterils, cette dernière représentée par deux sous espèces: A. Iludoviciana et A. macrocarpa. Ces différentes entités sont présentes dans des proportions trés différentes. De plus, il existe des individus difficiles à classifier. l'étude de caractères biochimiques: electrophorèse d'enzymes foliaires (estérases, peroxydases, GOT) et le traitement de ces données par une analyse factorielle des correspondances ont montré l'existence des mèmes groupes; cependant A. fatua est plus proche de A. ludoviciana que celle‐ci de A. macrocarpa. Entin les individus particuliers semblent, par leur position intermédiaire, descendre d'hybrides naturels entre les deux espèces.
Screening of Lycopersicon spp. for glyphosate and/or Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. resistance
Authors: FOY C. L. , JACOBSOHN R. , JAIN R.
Published: September 2010

A major screening programme was conducted to determine which Lycopersicon spp. (if any) have practical levels of resistance to glyphosate; the same lines were also tested for resistance to Orobanche aegyptiaca. A majority of the lines investigated showed high susceptibility to glyphosate applied at 37⋅5 g a.i. ha−1 in a spray volume of 250 1 ha−1. Only 41 of 1457 lines screened showed fresh weights of treated plants not significantly different from those of untreated plants at a probability level of 80%. Repeated screening of some selected Lycopersicon lines in the greenhouse and the field, however, indicated that only a few had inherent partial resistance to glyphosate. Giyphosate was less toxic to the test plants with increases in spray volume. Among 1361 Lycopersicon lines tested for resistance to O. aegyptiaca, only minor differences in susceptibility were observed. All lines were susceptible to varying degrees. The chances, therefore, of finding complete resistance in tomato to either glyphosate or Orobanche spp. alone are small. However, combining partial resistance to glyphosate and O. aegyptiaca in a breeding programme to produce new varieties might still prove to be economically useful even in fields heavily infested with the parasite.
Morphological, cytological and ecological discrimination of Bromus rigidus from Bromus diandrus
Authors: GILL G. S. , CARSTAIRS S. A.
Published: September 2010

Morphological characters of different populations of brome found in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia (Geraldton) pointed to the presence of Bromus diandrus and another taxon, most likely B. rigidus. This was later confirmed by the counts of somatic chromosomes made from root meristems of seedlings from different accessions. This is the first report of B. rigidus from Western Australia, and observations so far suggest that it is a serious weed of crops on the sandplains of the northern wheat‐belt. The accessions of B. diandrus exhibited a much faster loss of seed dormancy than B. rigidus. Such short duration of seed dormancy coupled with rapid germination of non‐dormant seeds of B. diandrus is likely to render it both more prone to premature germination following summer rainfall events and more susceptible to pre‐sowing cultural and herbicide treatments following break of the season. Bromus rigidus appears to be well adapted to the Mediterranean climate of the northern wheat‐belt of Western Australia, and is more likely to demonstrate seed carryover from one season to the next, thus making it a more troublesome weed.
Genetic diversity and clonal structure of Rubia peregrina in Mediterranean vineyard and unmanaged habitats
Authors: NAVAS M.‐L. , GASQUEZ J.
Published: September 2010

The genetic diversity and clonal structure of weedy and non‐weedy populations of a clonal perennial, Rubia peregrina L., were investi gated in a vineyard and in unmanaged habitats of Southern France. The overall genetic diversity of populations was evaluated on a large scale, whereas spatial distribution and clonal structure were studied on a small scale. Isozyme phenotypes were identified using electrophore‐sis of three polymorphic enzyme systems. Most isozyme phenotypes were restricted to one population. Intra‐population genetic diversity did not differ between populations, whereas clonal structure did. In the vineyard, few clones forming numerous packed ramets and with dis tinct areas were identified, whereas in the unmanaged habitats a higher number of inter mingled clones, forming few widely spaced ramets, were observed. The variability in clonal structure may be linked to different responses of clones to the contrasting environmental condi tions. These results suggest that the colonizing ability of a clonal perennial weed is not necessarily associated with low levels of genetic diversity, but may be related to the variability of the clonal structure.
Wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) competition with winter barley: plant density effects
Authors: TORNER C. , ANDUJAR J. L. GONZALEZ , FERNANDEZ‐QUINTANILLA C.
Published: September 2010

The competitive interactions between Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Dur.) Nyman and winter barley have been studied, taking into consideration the densities of both species. As the density of A. sterilis increased, barley yield decreased exponentially. A 10% reduction in yield was found with wild oat densities ranging from 20–80 panicles m–2, and yield losses reached 50%, with densities of >300 panicles m–2, Barley grain yield was reduced by wild oats through a reduction in the number of fertile tillers. Climatic conditions during the growing seasons affected the response of barley to wild oat competition. In general, barley yields were relatively unaffected by seeding rates, with similar responses observed in the presence and in the absence of wild oat infestations. However, the highest yield losses were obtained with the lowest seeding rate (100 kg ha–1). Furthermore, low barley densities allowed the wild oat plants to produce more seeds, increasing the potential infestation during the following season.
Comparison of empirical models depicting density of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and relative leaf area as predictors of yield loss in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: KNEZ̆EVIĆ S. Z̆. , WEISE S. F. , SWANTON C. J.
Published: September 2010

The outcome of crop‐weed competition should be predicted as early as possible in order to allow time for weed control measures. Maize grain yield losses caused by interference from Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were determined in 1991 and 1992. The performance of three empirical models of crop‐weed competition were evaluated. Damage functions were calculated based on the weed density or relative leaf area of the weed. In the yield loss‐weed density model, values of I (percentage yield loss at low weed density) were relatively stable for similar emergence dates of A. retroflexus across years and locations. Estimated maximum yield loss (A) was more variable between locations and may reflect environmental variation and its effect on crop‐weed competition, at least in 1991. The two‐parameter yield loss‐relative leaf area model, based on m (maximum yield loss caused by weeds) and q (the relative damage coefficient) gave a better fit than the single‐parameter version of the model (which includes only q). In both relative leaf area models, the values of q varied between years and locations. Attempts to stabilize the value of q by using the relative growth rate of the leaves of the crop and weed were successful; however, the practical application of such relative leaf area models may still be limited owing to the lack of a method to estimate leaf area index quickly and accurately.
Variability of bioassays with metsulfuron‐methyl in soil
Authors: STREIBIG J. C. , WALKER A. , BLAIR A. M. , ANDERSON‐TAYLOR G. , EAGLE D. J. , FRIEDLÄNDER H. , HACKER E. , IWANZIK W. , KUDSK P. , LABHART C. , LUSCOMBE B. M. , MADAFIGLIO G. , NEL P. C. , PESTEMER W. , RAHMAN A. , RETZLAFF G. , ROLA J. , STEFANOVIC L. , STRAATHOF H. J. M. , THIES E. P.
Published: September 2010

A total of 74 independently run bioassays with soil incorporated metsulfuron‐methyl from 12 different laboratories was analysed by a logistic dose‐response curve to assess the precision of regression parameters and relate ED50 to soil properties. The potency in terms of ED50 of metsulfuron‐methyl in Brassica rapa L., which was used by all laboratories, varied between 0.05 and 3.9 g a.i. ha‐1. ED50 was negatively correlated with pH and positively correlated with organic matter. The majority of laboratories had ED50 within the interval 0.1‐1.0 g a.i. ha‐1. At one laboratory using three test species, the most sensitive species was Beta vulgaris L. followed by Brassica rapa L. and Lepidium sativum L. The coefficients of variation were smallest for the ED50 and ED90 response levels and largest for the ED10. The slope of the response curves had considerably lower coefficients of variation than the EDs. The results are discussed in relation to a previous collaborative bioassay study. Finally it is suggested that standardization of bioassays with herbicides could be achieved in the same way as standardization of chemical analyses.
Influence des variables écologiques sur la distribution des mauvaises herbes des cultures du Saïs (Maroc central)
Authors: LOUDYI M. C. , RON M. GOD , ELKHYARI D.
Published: September 2010

L'étude écologique des mauvaises herbes des cultures de la région du Saïs (Maroc Central) est abordée par l'appréciation du pouvoir discriminant d'un ensemble de 26 descripteurs du milieu, en vue de la mise en évidence des descripteurs les plus “efficaces” vis‐à‐vis de la distribution des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures de cette région. Contrairement aux résultats enregistrés dans des études similaires conduites dans d'autres régions du Maroc, les résultats présentés ici, montrent la prépondérance des variables agronomiques (culture en place, travail du sol préparatoire au semis, date de semis, nature du précédent cultural) dans la distribution des mauvaises herbes. Ces résultats témoignent de la forte pression culturale qui s'exerce sur le milieu, en raison de l'intensification de l'agriculture pratiquée dans la région du Saïs. On examine ensuite la réaction des mauvaises herbes aux variations de quatre descripteurs agronomiques (culture en place, travail du sol, mode de désherbage et mode de fertilisation), susceptibles de faire ressortir l'influence de la culture en place et celle du type d'agriculture pratiqué, sur la distribution des mauvaises herbes. L'exploitation des quatre séries de profils écologiques conduit à la mise en évidence de quatre principaux groupes d'espèces liées, respectivement, aux cultures annuelles, aux cultures pérennes, aux jachères et aux milieux incultes de la région. Les différents groupes sont commentés en insistant plus parti‐culièrement sur le premier, étant donné la prépondérance des cultures annuelles dans l'agriculture de la région.
Weed suppression ability of spring barley varieties
Authors: CHRISTENSEN S.
Published: September 2010

Three years of experiments with spring barley showed significant differences in weed suppression ability among varieties. Weed dry matter in the most suppressive variety, Ida, was 48% lower than the mean weed dry matter of all varieties, whereas it was 31% higher in the least suppressive variety, Grit. Ranking varietal responses to weed competition in terms of grain yield loss corresponded well to ranking weed dry matter produced in crop weed mixtures. There was no correspondence between the varietal grain yields in pure stands and their competitiveness, suggesting that breeding to optimize both yielding and competitive ability may be possible. Non‐linear regression models were fitted to canopy height and light interception data for each variety in all three years. The canopy height model provided a precise description of development and maximum canopy height of the varieties. A light interception model was developed to describe the light interception profiles of the varieties. A study of the estimated parameters showed significant correlation between weed dry matter, rate of canopy height development and the light interception profile. However, when estimates were standardized to eliminate the effect of year, there was no correlation between weed dry matter and the light interception profile parameters, indicating that varietal competitiveness was not related to this trait. A multiple regression analysis showed that a model comprising parameters of maximum canopy height, maximum light interception and temporal displacement of light interception provided a good description of the varietal differences.
Crop competitive ability contributes to herbicide performance in sweet corn
Authors: WILLIAMS M M , BOYDSTON R A , DAVIS A S
Published: September 2010

Crop variety effects on herbicide performance is not well characterised, particularly for sweet corn, a crop that varies greatly among hybrids in competitive ability with weeds. Field studies were used to determine the effects of crop competitive ability on season‐long herbicide performance in sweet corn. Two sethoxydim‐tolerant sweet corn hybrids were grown in the presence ofPanicum miliaceumand plots were treated post‐emergence with a range of sethoxydim doses. Significant differences in height, leaf area index and intercepted light were observed between hybrids near anthesis. Across a range of sub‐lethal herbicide doses, the denser canopy hybrid Rocker suppressedP. miliaceumshoot biomass and fecundity to a greater extent than the hybrid Cahill. Yield of sweet corn improved to the level of the weed‐free control with increasing sethoxydim dose. The indirect effect of herbicide dose on crop yield, mediated throughP. miliaceumbiomass reduction, was significant for all of the Cahill’s yield traits but not Rocker. These results indicate that a less competitive hybrid requires relatively more weed suppression by the herbicide to not only reduce weed growth and seed production, but also to maintain yield. Sweet corn competitive ability consistently influences season‐long herbicide performance.
Selective rejection of porcine islet xenografts by macrophages
Authors: Fu Yiling , Lu Xuehong , Yi Shounan , Wu Jingjing , O’Hara Jennifer M. , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Hucker Kelly , O’Connell Philip J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Our previous study has shown that porcine antigen‐primed and CD4+ T cell‐activated macrophages are capable of recognition and rejection of porcine xenografts after adoptive transfer. However, whether this is an absolute xenograft specific rejection remains to be confirmed.

Methods:  Mouse islet allografts and neonatal porcine islet cell cluster (NICC) xenografts were admixed and transplanted under the left kidney capsule, and NICC xenografts alone were transplanted under the right kidney capsule of strepotozotocin‐induced diabetic NOD‐SCID mice. After achievement of normoglycemia, the NOD‐SCID recipients were transferred with macrophages purified from NICC transplant NOD‐SCID mice reconstituted with CD4+ T cells. Five weeks after macrophage transfer the left kidney with the admixed grafts were removed. Graft survival and function following macrophage transfer was assessed by blood glucose measurement and immunohistochemistry.

Results and conclusions:  Adoptive transfer with activated macrophages did not affect the normalized blood glucose levels in NOD‐SCID recipients of admixed grafts until left nephrectomy 5 weeks post‐macrophage transfer. Insulin‐positive and porcine C‐peptide‐negative mouse islets were detected in the admixed grafts. The surviving mouse islets in the admixed grafts were surrounded but not infiltrated by macrophages. The nephrectomized recipients demonstrated sustained hyperglycemia and completely destroyed NICC xenografts in their remaining right kidneys 8 weeks after macrophage transfer. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence of porcine islet xenograft specific rejection by activated macrophages.
Virus and host factors in pathogenesis
Authors: Tönjes R. , Dörrschuck E. , Hoffmann B. , Krämer M.
Published: September 2010

Zoonoses pose a threat to mammalian species. Cross‐species transmission of viruses have given rise to fatal diseases because the host organism is not prepared to resist a new pathogen. Mammals have developed several strategies of defense against viruses, including an intracellular antiretroviral defense, a part of innate immunity. In addition to the conventional innate and acquired immune responses, complex organisms such as mice and primates have evolved an array of dominant, constitutively expressed genes that suppress or prevent retroviral infections. Several of these antiretroviral restriction mechanisms have recently been identified, with two particularly well described factors being members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) and APOBEC families. The TRIM5 class of inhibitors appears to target incoming retroviral capsids and the APOBEC class of cytidine deaminases hypermutates and destabilizes retroviral genomes. Lentiviruses such as HIV‐1 have developed countermeasures that allow them to replicate despite the human host factors.

In the course of risk assessment for pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation the capacity of human cells to counteract infections of gamma‐type porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) should be analyzed. We raised the question as to whether PERV is affected by APOBEC3 proteins. Initial data indicate that human and porcine cytidine deaminases inhibit PERV replication, thereby possibly reducing the risk for infection of human cells by PERV as a consequence of pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation.

The exact mechanism of the TRIM5 mediated restriction has not been clarified up to now. At current, we investigate how many TRIM5 genes are located in the pig genome. Furthermore, the properties of porcine TRIM5α isoform proteins will be tested and we will check the potential of the human TRIM5α to restrict PERVs in order to determine the risk of virus transmission.
A Study of the Ability of a TK‐Negative and gI/gE‐Negative Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Mutant Inoculated by Different Routes to Protect Pigs Against PRV Infection
Authors: Ferrari M. , Brack A. , Romanelli M. G. , Mettenleiter TH. C. , Corradi A. , Mas N. Dal , Losio M. N. , Silini R. , Pinoni C. , Pratelli A.
Published: September 2010

The capacity of a TK‐negative (TK‐) and gI/gE‐negative (gI/gE‐) pseudorabies virus (PRV) mutant to protect pigs against Aujeszky's disease carried out by experimental infection with a virulent PRV strain, was tested. There were three groups, each of four susceptible pigs which were inoculated twice by two different schedules. Group 1 received the modified virus by the intradermal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes; group 2 was treated by the intranasal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes. The third group was left untreated as the control. All of the pigs were challenged intranasally with a virulent PRV strain and they were subsequently injected with dexamethasone. Two pigs in each group were necropsied on days 5 and 15 after dexamethasone inoculation. The challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs, increase in growth and a shorter period of virus shedding in vaccinated pigs, whereas the control group showed severe signs of Aujeszky's disease. No difference in the titre of the virulent virus which was excreted by pigs of all three groups, was observed and all animals seroconverted. Both the mutant strain and the wild‐type virus established a latent infection although only the latter was reactivated and shed. Slight lesions were observed in target tissues of the vaccinated animals and no significant differences were detected between the two inoculation schedules.
Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Suckling and Weaned Piglets with Diarrhoea in Southern Germany
Authors: Wieler L. H. , Ilieff A. , Herbst W. , Bauer C. , Vieler E. , Bauerfeind R. , Failing K. , Klös H. , Wengert D. , Baljer G. , Zahner H.
Published: September 2010

Faecal samples from suckling (n=205) and weaned piglets (n=82) with diarrhoea from 24 farms in Southern Germany were examined for shedding of important metazoic parasitic, viral and bacterial pathogens using culture, microscopic and electronmicroscopic methods.Escherichia coliisolates were tested further for the enterotoxin genesest‐Iaandelt‐Iby colony blot hybridization.Isospora suiswas diagnosed in 26.9 % andCryptosporidium parvumin 1.4 % of the piglets investigated. The proportion of coronavirus‐positive animals was 13.4 % and 4 % were positive for rotavirus. It was found that 17.6 % of the animals were infected with enterotoxigenicE. coli(ETEC; 10.1 % ETEC‐ST‐Ia and 8.6 % ETEC‐LT‐I, respectively). The occurrence of the pathogens was significantly associated with the age of the animals examined (P < 0.001).Isospora suiswas predominantly isolated from suckling piglets (in the second and third week of life), while in weaned piglets (fourth week of life) rotavirus and ETEC were most prevalent. On 22 of the 24 piglet production farms examined at least one of the investigated pathogens was detected. Coronavirus was diagnosed in 66.7 %,I. suisin 62.5 %, rotavirus in 20.8 % andC. parvumin 8.3 % of the farms. These results underline the fact that despite the hygienic, technical and immune preventive efforts during the last years, enteropathogens are still common in German piglet production units.
Pathogenicity ofActinobacillus minor, Actinobacillus indolicusandActinobacillus porcinusStrains for Gnotobiotic Piglets
Authors: Chiers K. , Haesebrouck F. , Mateusen B. , Van Overbeke I. , Ducatelle R.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical significance ofActinobacillus minor,Actinobacillus porcinusandActinobacillus indolicusstrains in gnotobiotic piglets. Twenty‐two 6‐h‐old Caesarean‐delivered and colostrum‐deprived piglets were intranasally and orally inoculated with 2 × 106colony‐forming units of anA. minor(group 2;n=9),A. indolicus(group 3;n=5), orA. porcinus(group 4;n=8) strain. Six other piglets were inoculated in the same way with phosphate‐buffered saline solution and used as controls (group 1). All pigs were observed for clinical signs and rectal temperatures were taken until euthanasia 7 days after inoculation. At necropsy, conchae, tonsils, lungs, brains, liver, spleen and kidneys were macroscopically examined for lesions and samples were taken for bacteriology. None of the pigs developed fever. Mild ataxia was observed in one pig from group 3 for 2 days. Clinical signs were not observed in the other animals. In none of the animals were macroscopic lesions detected at necropsy. NAD‐dependentPasteurellaceaewere not isolated from control animals (group 1). TheA. minor,A. indolicusandA. porcinusstrains were isolated from the tonsils of one, two and one pigs, respectively.Actinobacillus porcinuswas isolated from the brains of the pig with central nervous symptoms and from the conchae of another pig. The inoculation strains were not demonstrated in the other samples. It was concluded that, using these inoculation routes and dose, theA. minor,A. indolicusandA. porcinusstrains had low capacity to colonize the upper respiratory tract of gnotobiotic piglets and demonstrated low or no pathogenicity in such animals.
Systemic Aspergillosis in an Oiled Magallanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Authors: Carrasco L. , Lima J. S. , Halfen D. C. , Salguero F. J. , Sánchez‐Cordón P. , Becker G.
Published: September 2010

This report describes a case of fatal aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus during the recovery of an oiled Magallanic penguin. The possible role of aspergillosis as a possible complication responsible for the mortality of penguins surviving the first days of treatment for oil is emphasized.
Endometritis in She Donkeys in Egypt
Authors: Sokkar S. M. , Hamouda M. A. , El‐Rahman S. M.
Published: September 2010

The endometrial necropsies of 165 she donkeys were examined and the endometria were classified into four grades according to histological features (I, IIa, IIb, III). Category I was observed in 86 cases (52.12 %) and diagnosed as normal endometria. Category IIa was observed in 18 cases (10.91 %) and diagnosed as slight endometritis. Category IIb was observed in 28 cases (16.97 %) and diagnosed as moderate endometritis (two to four nests/field), while category III was observed in 33 cases (20 %) and diagnosed as severe endometritis (eight nests/field). A bacteriological examination was carried out and oestrogen and progesterone were estimated. Our results indicate that endometritis and the prognosis of fertility in she donkeys were more or less parallel to mares.
A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education
Authors: Rahimi‐Madiseh Mohammad , Tavakol Mohsen , Dennick Reg
Published: September 2010

Rahimi‐Madiseh M, Tavakol M, Dennick R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 478–483 A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education

It is well documented that pain management and pain assessment is an indispensible part of the nursing care of patients. This study sought to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. We conducted a cross‐sectional study using a well‐validated questionnaire entitled the ‘Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Tool’, previously used to evaluate undergraduate nursing students. Results from the survey questionnaire showed that there was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. It is argued that there is a real need for improving the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. The limitations of the study are discussed and some recommendations are made for reforming pain management education for future practice.
Therapeutic hypothermia for newborn infants with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Jacobs Susan E , Tarnow‐Mordi William O
Published: September 2010

Peripartum asphyxia complicated by moderate or severe hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy is a devastating global health issue. A therapeutic ‘window of opportunity’ exists after resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn and before the delayed phase of neuronal loss. Animal studies demonstrated that neuronal injury following hypoxia–ischaemia can be prevented or reduced by a mild reduction in brain temperature. Human infant pilot studies confirmed feasibility, without major adverse effects. Randomised trials and systematic reviews comprising term infants with moderate or severe encephalopathy and peripartum asphyxia have established the neuroprotective benefit of therapeutic hypothermia. Hypothermia reduces mortality or major disability to 18 months of age, as well as cerebral palsy, and neuromotor and cognitive delay. Importantly, mortality is reduced without any increase in major neurodevelopmental disability in survivors, and with only minor adverse effects. The evidence supports therapeutic hypothermia when used within strict protocols in tertiary centres to improve the outcome for term and near‐term newborns with moderate or severe hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. Equally strict protocols in non‐tertiary nurseries will enable earlier initiation of hypothermia under guidance of the regional neonatal intensive care unit and transport team.
Potential allelopathic effects of Suregada multiflorum and the influence of soil type on its residue's efficacy
Authors: LAOSINWATTANA CHAMROON , BOONLEOM CHANINAT , TEERARAK MONTINEE , THITAVASANTA SOMPOP , CHAROENYING PATCHANEE
Published: September 2010

This experiment was conducted to determine the potential allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts and dried leaf powder of Suregada multiflorum and to find the herbicidal effects of its granule on the weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), in various growth media (germination paper, sand, and soil). Observations in this study demonstrated that the potential and magnitude of their inhibitory effects varied among the plant parts. The leaves and branches possessed the strongest inhibition levels, followed by the bark. The aqueous extract from the leaves of S. multiflorum had a remarkably stronger inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of slender amaranth, compared with barnyardgrass; when applied at the concentration of 100 g L–1, it completely inhibited the germination and initial seedling growth of slender amaranth. In addition, all the treatments of the dried leaf powder had stronger inhibition effects than the aqueous extract. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of the dried leaf granule of S. multiflorum were stronger than the effects of the dried leaf powder at equal rates. The degree of inhibitory effect of the S. multiflorum granule, applied in various growing media, can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as germination paper = sand > clay soil. The present study indicates that the S. multiflorum granule product that was developed in this research has the potential to provide a powerful organic herbicide for controlling slender amaranth.
Use of phytotoxic rice crop residues for weed management
Authors: PHENG SOPHEA , OLOFSDOTTER MARIA , JAHN GARY , ADKINS STEVE
Published: September 2010

There is a general perception among Cambodian rice (Oryza sativa) farmers that, after harvesting, rice crop residues that are incorporated into the field benefit the growth of the subsequent rice crop. However, the effect of this action upon weed establishment and growth has not yet been considered. A series of pot and field trials were conducted to determine whether such action could inhibit weed establishment and/or growth. The pot studies first evaluated the response of the test plant (rice line ST‐3) and three weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli), small umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis), and water primrose (Ludwigia octovalves), to the residue of 16 rice lines and the field trials were later conducted to evaluate the response of the same test plants to the residue of seven putatively allelopathic rice lines and one non‐allelopathic rice line. The residue of all the studied rice lines, depending on how long they had been incorporated into the soil, reduced the establishment and growth of all three weed species, as well as the rice crop. However, if the residue's incorporation was delayed by 2 weeks or only a proportion of the residue was incorporated, the rice crop could withstand the growth‐inhibiting effect, while the inhibition of the establishment and growth of the three weed species was retained. These responses of rice and the weeds to rice crop residues might provide a basis for a weed management strategy, particularly in the resource‐poor rice‐production systems of Cambodia.
Potential allelopathic effects of Mikania micrantha on the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi
Authors: LI JUNMIN , JIN ZEXIN
Published: September 2010

The allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. to affect the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi L. was investigated. Water‐soluble allelopathic substances were found in the water extracts of M. micrantha. The effect of the water extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi was concentration‐dependent. The water extracts from the different plant parts (leaf, stem, and root) of M. micrantha differed in their effect on the germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi, with the effect of the leaf extract being the least inhibitory. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings increased by 64%, 45%, and 52% of the control with increasing concentrations of the extracts of the root, stem, and leaf (80, 400, and 400 g L−1, respectively). The extract from the M. micrantha roots significantly increased the catalase (CAT) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings (48% and 54% of the control at the concentrations of 20 g L−1 and 80 g L−1, respectively). The extracts from the leaves and stems at low concentrations increased the CAT activity, but at high concentrations, the extracts decreased the CAT activity. The extracts from the roots, stems, and leaves at concentrations of 80, 400, and 400 g L−1 also significantly decreased the peroxidase (POD) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings to 27%, 52%, and 34% of the control, respectively. These results indicate that the water extracts of M. micrantha could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi through the regulation of anti‐oxidase activity, such as POD and CAT in the cells. The growth inhibition of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings is probably related to injury after oxidization of the cell membranes with the increase of MDA content.
Contribution of militarine and dactylorhin A to the plant growth‐inhibitory activity of a weed‐suppressing orchid, Bletilla striata
Authors: SAKUNO EMI , KAMO TSUNASHI , TAKEMURA TOMOKO , SUGIE HAJIME , HIRADATE SYUNTARO , FUJII YOSHIHARU
Published: September 2010

The methanol extract of Bletilla striata, an ornamental orchid in eastern Asia, exhibited plant growth‐inhibitory activity. It was purified by continuous chromatography, based on the inhibitory activity against the growth of lettuce seedlings, resulting in two glycosidic compounds, militarine and dactylorhin A. The EC50 values of militarine and dactylorhin A against the radicle elongation of the lettuce seedlings were 0.28 and 0.88 mmol L−1, respectively. The amount of militarine and dactylorhin A in the methanol extract of the aerial part of B. striata was calculated to be 5.6 and 7.5 mg g−1 fresh weight, respectively. The inhibitory activity of militarine and its content in the methanol extract revealed that the plant growth‐inhibitory activity of the extract of B. striata was mainly related to militarine. The inhibitory activity of militarine against the growth of Italian ryegrass and timothy were of the same level as that of lettuce.
Comparative study between oral and sublingual 600 µg misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion
Authors: Paritakul Panwara , Phupong Vorapong
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To evaluate and compare effectiveness, side effects and patient acceptability between oral and sublingual 600 µg misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion.

Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Pregnant women of less than 14 weeks gestation, diagnosed with incomplete abortion, were randomly assigned to receive 600 µg misoprostol orally or sublingually. The patients were evaluated at 48 h after drug administration for complete abortion.

Results:  A total of 64 women were recruited to the study (32 in the oral group and 32 in the sublingual group). The complete abortion rate was not statistically different between oral and sublingual groups (87.5% versus 84.4%, P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in side effects and satisfaction rate. Fever/chills were the most common side effects.

Conclusion:  Both sublingual and oral 600 µg misoprostol are useful for the management of incomplete abortion. Side effects and satisfaction rates are not different. Thus, these methods may be used as alternative treatments of incomplete abortion.
Surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with a transobturator tape (Monarc): Short‐term results of a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Tomoe Hikaru , Kato Kumiko , Oguchi Naoki , Takei Mineo , Sekiguchi Yuki , Yoshimura Yasukuni
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Transobturator tape (TOT) kits approved as medical instruments are still not available in Japan. This study aimed to: (1) assess the outcomes of TOT using Monarc (American Medical Systems; AMS Inc, Minnetonka, MN, USA) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI); (2) evaluate possible different surgical outcomes in women with urethral hypermobility (UH) and/or intrinsic urethral deficiency (ISD); and (3) evaluate the possibility of improvement of preoperative urgency and urge urinary incontinence after TOT in mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).

Methods:  Data from 140 women with SUI in a prospective multicenter study were examined at 3–6 months follow‐up.

Results:  82.1% of the patients were cured and 10.7% showed improvement. The surgical outcome was significantly better in UH than in UH combined with ISD or ISD. In 44 MUI patients, 79.6% were cured and 15.9% showed improvement. Urgency improved in about 75% of patients after TOT.

Conclusion:  TOT is effective for both SUI and MUI, with urgency improving.