bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Transfers from Multinational Plants in Ireland
Authors: Hewitt-Dundas Nola , Andréosso-O’Callaghan Bernadette , Crone Mike , Roper Stephen
Published: December 2004

For regions or nations which historically have had low levels of domestic R&D investment - such as Ireland, North and South - inward investment represents a potentially important source of inward knowledge transfer. Using data from large multinational plants throughout Ireland, this paper examines the geography of knowledge within Irish manufacturing, focusing particularly on knowledge gaps and knowledge-transfer activity. The analysis suggests three main empirical results. First, no significant knowledge gaps exist between the Irish plants of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and international best practice. Second, larger knowledge gaps exist between MNE plants and their best local suppliers, suggesting the potential for local learning in the supply chain. Average knowledge gaps to suppliers also tend to be larger in the North. Third, there is no clear evidence that knowledge-transfer activity is more intensive where knowledge gaps are widest. In particular, developmental interaction between MNE plants and suppliers tends to be more common in the South. Our results suggest the potential benefit of policy measures both to increase knowledge-transfer activity along the supply chain and also to increase knowledge-transfer activity between companies which are not trading partners.
From Chivalrous ‘Brothers-in-Arms’ to the Eligible Athlete
Authors: Beamish Rob , Ritchie Ian
Published: December 2004

Through an examination of the challenges to the original, fundamental principles of the Olympic Movement during the post-Second World War era, and the eventual abandonment of those principles, this study poses questions concerning the legitimacy of the IOC’s current bannedsubstance list and policies. Using primary and secondary historical evidence, this article establishes the original, fundamental principles upon which Pierre de Coubertin revived the Olympic Games, and then traces the events which, in 1974 — the year the athlete eligibility code was significantly revised in the Olympic Charter — overturned those principles and ushered in the current era of commercialized and professionalized, world class, high performance sport. Significant events in elite sportduring the ‘cold war’ years from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s created a growing emphasis onperformance and performance enhancement such that substance use — steroids in particular — became common in the East and the West. It is argued that while substance prohibition was consistent with de Coubertin’s original principles, the 1974 change to Rule 26 of the Olympic Charter, and the reasons for that change, removed the central principles upon which the list of banned substances could be founded and justified, thereby legitimately opening the banned substance list to question. Inpresenting this history, the article presents a strong case for a thorough, non-partisan review of the IOC’s policy on performance-enhancing substances in world class, high performance sport.
(Un)Bounded Soccer
Authors: Ben-Porat Guy , Ben-Porat Amir
Published: December 2004

Israeli soccer, like the rest of Israeli society, has been undergoing transformation in recent decades, under the influence of globalization. This work examines the specific effects of globalization on soccer in its three major components: mobilization of capital, mobilization of labor, andcultural flows. It appears that, because of the transformation of major aspects of society, Israelisoccer has been globalized on all three components. However, this globalization was uneven, and was determined by the specific local conditions that worked more in favor of labor and cultural flows.
Mediated Patriot Games
Authors: Poulton Emma
Published: December 2004

This article explores the relationship between national identity and media sport, focusing specifically on the construction and representations of national identities in the television coverage of the (men’s) 1996 European Football Championships (Euro ’96). While Anderson’s and Hobsbawm’s respective concepts of ‘imagined communities’ and ‘invented traditions’ are useful in this regard, the process-sociological perspective is also particularly helpful. National habitus codes, embodied feelings and the practical consciousness of the individuals who comprise a nation have been shown to play a powerful role in the foundation of cultural relations, identity politics and the construction and representation of national identities. The results of this textual analysis of Euro ’96 television coverage — supported by insights into the production codes that helped to construct the texts — suggest that it served to reinforce the stronger emotive I/we identification of the English with their own nation, rather than with the we-image of being also Europeans. The findings suggest that dominant I/we national identities are arguably strengthened in international sporting tournaments like Euro ’96, which can be seen as mediated patriot games where nation is pitted against nation, with matches framed as contests between ‘us’ and ‘them’.
Improved Piezoelectric Self-sensing Actuation
Authors: Simmers Garnett E. , Hodgkins Jeffrey R. , Mascarenas David D. , Park Gyuhae , Sohn Hoon
Published: December 2004

Self-sensing actuation allows a single piezoelectric (PZT) element to be simultaneously used as both a sensor and an actuator. A specially designed electric circuit, referred to as a bridge circuit, is required to realize the concept. However, precise equilibrium of the bridge circuit is extremely difficult to obtain because of the continuous changes in environmental conditions. In this study, the effects of an unbalanced bridge circuit are analytically and experimentally evaluated in an attempt to quantify the variations in the PZT capacitance in terms of performances in vibration testing and control. Once the dynamic characteristics of self-sensing actuation are identified and understood, methods for improving the system’s performance are developed by utilizing capacitors in series and in parallel with the PZT patch. The analytical and experimental results clearly indicate that the new design scheme increases the stability of the system. However, the increase in stability comes at the cost of the increase in the power required for the control system.
Electromechanical Impedance Modeling for Adhesively Bonded Piezo-Transducers
Authors: Bhalla Suresh , Soh Chee Kiong
Published: December 2004

The electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique for structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) employs piezoelectric-ceramic (PZT) patches, which are surface bonded to the monitored structures using adhesives. The adhesive forms a finitely thick, permanent interfacial layer between the host structure and the patch. Hence, the force transmission between the structure and the patch occurs through the bond layer, via shear mechanism, invariably causing shear lag. However, the impedance models developed so far ignore the associated shear lag and idealize the force transfer to occur at the ends of the patch. This paper analyses the mechanism of force transfer through the bond layer and presents a step-by-step derivation to integrate the shear lag effect into impedance formulations, both one-dimensional and two-dimensional. Further, using the integrated model, the influence of various parameters (associated with the bond layer) on the electromechanical admittance response is studied by means of a parametric study. It is found that the bond layer can significantly modify the measured electromechanical admittance if not carefully controlled during the installation of the PZT patch.
Changes in the Profile of Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines During the Extended Short Ripening of Portuguese Dry-Cured Ham
Authors: Alfaia C. M. , Castro M. F. , Reis V. A. , Prates J. M. , de Almeida I. T. , Correia A. D. , Dias M. A.
Published: December 2004

Portuguese dry-cured hams were evaluated according to the profile of free amino acids and biogenic amines formation during an extended industrial short ripening process (5-12 months). The highest content of free amino acids was reached on the seventh month of curing. Major increases in content were in lysine, glutamic acid and arginine. The levels of biogenic amines-putrescine, cadaverine, hista-mine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine-analysed by reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection, showed wide fluctuations and variability during the ripening period studied. Spermine and cadaverine tended to be present in larger quantities, whereas histamine and spermidine contents were usually low. Spermine was the only amine detected in all samples analysed. Total biogenic amine contents were significantly higher on the ninth and tenth month of ripening, although the levels seemed to be too low to produce toxicological effects.
Influence of the Ripening Time on the Viscoelastic Behaviour of Tetilla Cheese
Authors: Tovar C. A. , Franco I. , Carballo E. , Cámara M. J. , Carballo J. , Cerdeiriña C. A.
Published: December 2004

Controlled shear stress tests were used to monitor the changes of viscoelastic properties in industrial samples of Tetilla cheese with the ripening time. The linear viscoelastic range was determined from both stress sweep and creep-and-recovery tests conducted at 20ºC. One-week-old samples were found to be more rigid and elastic, and to exhibit broader linear ranges, than older samples. Mechanical spectra recorded at the same temperature confirmed this trend since viscoelastic moduli G’ and G" decreased markedly during the first week of ripening, indicating a loss of structure during this period. Besides, physico-chemical information (pH, water content, protein content, nitrogen fractions, and s1 and β casein fractions) was obtained by analytical methods. Quite good correlation between rheological and chemical results was found. For each ripening time, an additional study of mechanical spectra as a function of temperature was performed. A marked increase of the power law exponents as temperature is raised is observed after the second week. Crosslink breakdown and the resulting structural weakening of the micellar network through casein hydrolysis during ripening can explain this result. The whole study provided similar results to those found for other type of cheeses and, also, allowed the classification of samples into two groups of markedly different behaviour, namely, one-week-old samples and older samples. In conclusion more than one week of ripening is needed to reach the adequate texture standardisation of Tetilla cheese.
Whatever Will Be, Will Be: Trust, Fate and the Reflexive Self
Authors: Adams Matthew
Published: December 2004

This article is a critical discussion of Giddens’s claim that an extended self-reflexivity has emerged as a result of recent social upheavals, providing the individual with the opportunity to construct self-identity without the shackles of tradition and culture, which once limited the options for self-understanding and self-development. Giddens’s emphasis on the declining role of fate concepts and the ascendancy of ‘active trust’ is argued to be inconsistent and incomplete, and it is claimed that the culturally situated nature of modern identity is still essential to an understanding of selfhood. Concepts of fate are used to illustrate the persistence of a partially unreflexive relationship between self-identity and culture. Popular spiritual self-help texts and a range of contemporary examples are used as illustrations in providing an alternative portrayal of reflexivity and self-identity. It is concluded that concepts of fate are just one example of the ways in which self-identity is still meaningfully culturally embedded.
The Blind Leading the Seeing: A Path to Self-Reflexivity
Authors: Abbey Emily
Published: December 2004

Humans attempt to control the uncertainty of life by creating expectations. The construction of expectations is not foolproof, as uncertainty may be re-created when expectations do not match actualities. Ambiguity resulting from such a mismatch may be approached intolerantly, where individuals may create ‘false clarity’ through dichotomizing—shutting out information that does not match expectations. This intolerant process is particularly problematic when expectations for the self are violated, causing intolerance to be turned inward. In such instances, individuals may shut out aspects of the self that do not fit with expectations. Over many instances, intolerance can create a self that is also more a ‘false clarity’ than a real being. It is suggested that intolerance and the corresponding negative impact on the self can be avoided through the use of minimally binding expectations. Such expectations are hyper-flexible and thwart the construction of ambiguity by accommodating unexpected information rather than rejecting it. The concept of fate is an example of a minimally binding expectation. Bringing fate into meaning-construction about the self limits intolerant processes, thus promoting self-reflexivity. The self becomes less a falsehood created through intolerance and more an authenticity based on tolerance.
Genetic Fundamentalism or the Cult of the Gene
Authors: Le Breton David
Published: December 2004

The notion of information puts the human, the animal and the vegetable all on the same plane, and tends to dissolve the previous specificities of these categories. DNA, in this way, is fetishized. Also, the notion of information, and of the gene, has moved from the domain of expert or technical culture to become a part of mass culture: a development that has important social consequences. The human body is seen as a prototype that needs to be tested or rectified (a consequence of the notion of ‘bad’ genes). From prenatal testing to the courtroom, it is implicitly around the notion a ‘life worth living’ (that is to say, of good morphological or genetic quality) that intense debates have arisen concerning the status of the body, of illness and of disability. Genetics is becoming part of the social environment, and it is setting itself up as a form of secular religion, with fundamentalist overtones. This article will analyse the anthropological shifts that have grown up around these new definitions of the human.
Incorporating Pharmakon: HIV, Medicine, and Body Shape Change
Authors: Persson Asha
Published: December 2004

Invested with the capacity to reinstate physiological order, medicines are at the centre of contemporary health care. Their purpose and efficacy are generally seen as predictable and concrete: disease = therapy = outcome. These culturally specific understandings shape the practices and meanings of taking medicines. This article, however, queries what actually takes place when human bodies and medical drugs converge. Is it a solely therapeutic affair, a restoration of bodily normality, or one of multiple transformations? The ambivalent meaning of the original Greek word for drug, pharmakon, intimates the potential of medicines to act as ‘remedy’ as well as ‘poison’. Using pharmakon as a conceptual tool, the article explores the complex, and often paradoxical corporeal effects of HIV combination therapy, with particular focus on lipodystrophy, a peculiar change in people‘s body shape. This unintended and frequently distressing iatro-genic phenomenon challenges common notions of therapeutic efficacy and causality and foregrounds the productive dimension of medical drugs - their capacity to reconfigure bodies, diseases and identities in multiple, unpredictable ways.
Integration of Two Models, or Dominance of One?
Authors: Baranowski Tom
Published: December 2004

Hobbis and Sutton attempted to integrate Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The possibility of such an integration portends exciting opportunities since behavioral interventions have had limited impact on behavior change. The integration, however, may more easily occur if Hobbis and Sutton had selected a formulation of the TPB that incorporated emotional variables, which is a primary focus of CBT. Furthermore, more work may be necessary to integrate the specific cognitive constructs between CBT and the TPB. Empirical research will be necessary to validate that the integration occurred in a meaningful way.
Theory-based Behavior Change Interventions: Comments on Hobbis and Sutton
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Ajzen Icek
Published: December 2004

Hobbis and Sutton (this issue) suggest that Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) techniques can be used in interventions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Although this suggestion has merit, CBT is only one of many applicable methods for producing belief and behavior change. Moreover, CBT’s primary purpose is to help people carry out intended behaviors, not to influence intentions, and that it is more useful in face-to-face than in community-level interventions. Contrary to Hobbis and Sutton’s critique, TPB can accommodate core beliefs or fundamental assumptions, but the theory suggests that interventions targeted at such beliefs are less effective than interventions targeted at behavior specific beliefs.
Contributions of Leisure Participation in Predicting Stress Coping and Health among Police and Emergency Response Services Workers
Authors: Iwasaki Yoshitaka , Mannell Roger C. , Smale Bryan J. A. , Butcher Janice
Published: December 2004

This study examined the extent to which frequency and enjoyment measures of leisure participation predict adaptational outcomes, over and above the contributions of general coping. Police and emergency response services workers ( N = 132) participated in the study, and a repeated measures design was used. The study provides evidence that the type of leisure activity matters in predicting immediate adaptational outcomes (coping effectiveness, coping satisfaction and stress reduction) and mental and physical health. Relaxing leisure was found to be the strongest positive predictor of coping with stress, while social leisure and cultural leisure significantly predicted greater mental or physical health.
Mediation and the Construction of Contemporary Understandings of Health and Lifestyle
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Bolam Bruce , Stephens Christine
Published: December 2004

The practice of using media to promote the benefits of diet and exercise has been associated with the rise in prominence of a sense of personal obligation for one’s own health. This article contributes to recent critiques of the emphasis being placed on individual responsibility for health. We argue that if health psychologists are to develop an adequately social understanding of our role in promoting health, then we must begin to examine the influence of our practices and agendas on public understandings. Extracts from research accounts are used to illustrate the pervasiveness of media health messages in everyday life and the prominence of a sense of individual responsibility.
Differences in Illness Representation among Pulmonary Patients and their Providers
Authors: Insel Kathleen Collins , Meek Paula M. , Leventhal Howard
Published: December 2004

This investigation examined how patient and provider groups represent 11 descriptors (concepts) of breathing and breathlessness. Two patient groups, those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and those with asthma, and two provider groups, pulmonologists and nurse specialists (PNS), rated the dissimilarity between each of 55 pairs of concepts on visual analogue scales (VAS). The results demonstrate differences between the groups in illness representation. The findings have implications for understanding differences in illness representation between patient groups and providers.
Establishing the (extra)ordinary in chronic widespread pain
Authors: Richardson Jane C.
Published: December 2004

Sufferers of chronic illness face delegitimation of their condition and threats to their identities. One way of establishing the legitimacy of their position is for sufferers of chronic illness to emphasize the ‘ordinary’ in their accounts. Sufferers of conditions which are chronic, invisible and contested, such as chronic widespread pain, have the same, and possibly greater, need to legitimize their condition and refute allegations of ‘malingering’ or psychological instability. The article uses interviews with women with chronic widespread pain to illustrate the ways in which the invisible, subjective and everyday nature of chronic pain leads to sufferers experiencing delegitimation of their condition. It suggests that the accounts of women suffering from chronic widespread pain are constructed to portray a positive identity in the face of this experience, particularly through the emphasis on the ‘extraordinary’.
Politicizing dominant discursive constructions about teenage pregnancy: re-locating the subject as social
Authors: Cherrington Jane , Breheny Mary
Published: December 2004

Authors of research examining the issue of teenage pregnancy represent authoritative social voices, in strong positions of warrant that participate in shaping dominant social attitudes towards the subject. Their research projects are used to develop policies, information, service provision and practices that are major forces in shaping the actual experience of being pregnant as a teenager. This article examines local examples of such research and locates interpretation of these alongside other international studies. Prevalent in the research is the taken for granted assumption that pregnancy in adolescence is undesirable, and that research knowledge can, and should be, applied to reduce rates of teenage pregnancy. Despite clear indications of social issues being a major source of negative impacts of being pregnant in adolescence, the dominant theme is of teenage pregnancy as an individual health or behavioural problem in need of a psychological solution. This article would like to draw attention to and make visible the contingent, political and potentially problematic nature of those constructions. The suggestion is made that future work could benefit from genuine attention to: 1) social issues, especially in relation to resources and access; 2) work that explores meanings around pregnancy for young people, and 3) the application of politically engaged reflexivity in research.
Family Burdens, Chinese Health Beliefs, and the Mental Health of Chinese Caregivers in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Daniel Fu Keung , Tsui Helen Kam Pui , Pearson Veronica , Chen Eric Yu Hai , Chiu Siu Ning
Published: December 2004

This study explored the types of family burdens, mental health and Chinese health beliefs of Chinese caregivers with relatives suffering from a serious mental illness. It also examined the impacts of these beliefs on caregivers’ burdens and mental health. A structured questionnaire was administered to 125 Chinese caregivers in out-patient clinics in Hong Kong. Measures included distress (General Health Questionnaire), family burdens and belief in traditional Chinese medicine. Family burdens exerted a significant impact on the mental health of caregivers. Significant differences were found between believers and non-believers of traditional Chinese medical beliefs in terms of financial burdens, disruptions to family interactions and decline in physical health. However, a moderating effect of Chinese health beliefs on family burdens andmental health was found. The lack of a moderating effect of health belief on family burdens may be related to care-givers’ changes in perspectives from a traditional Chinese cultural perspective to a psychosocial and personality perspective. Implications for research and service development are discussed.
Strontium Isotopes and Prehistoric Human Migration: The Bell Beaker Period in Central Europe
Authors: Price T. Douglas , Knipper Corina , Grupe Gisela , Smrcka Václav
Published: December 2004

Human skeletal remains from Bell Beaker graves in southern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary were analyzed for information on human migration. Strontium isotope ratios were measured in bone and tooth enamel to determine if these individuals had changed ‘geological’ residence during their lifetimes. Strontium isotopes vary among different types of rock. They enter the body through diet and are deposited in the skeleton. Tooth enamel forms during early childhood and does not change. Bone changes continually through life. Difference in the strontium isotope ratio between bone and enamel in the same individual indicates change in residence. Results from the analysis of 81 Bell Beaker individuals indicated that 51 had moved during their lifetime. Information on the geology of south-central Europe, the application of strontium isotope analysis, and the relevant Bell Beaker sites is provided along with discussion of the results of the study.
Breathing Life into the Archives: Reflections Upon Decontextualization and the Curatorial History of V.G. Childe and the Material from Tószeg
Authors: Leighton Mary , Sørensen Marie Louise Stig
Published: December 2004

What is the fate of the material from old excavations? This article aims to generate attention towards this question by discussing the fragmentation of assemblages due to long and disjointed excavation campaigns as well as the eagerness of museums to have representative objects from famous sites. The challenge emerging is the need to explore ways of reinstating objects that may be widely dispersed and entirely decontextualized into our database. The tell at Tószeg-Laposhalom, Hungary, is used as a case study with particular attention to the campaign of 1927. This case is important for several reasons. Tószeg is a key European Bronze Age site. It is also a good example of a site with numerous excavation campaigns and many different teams being involved. Moreover, the 1927 campaign, which is documented through the correspondence between the partners, was V.G. Childe's first excavation, and the data recovered played a key role in his Central European Bronze Age chronology.
The Ritual Stratigraphy of Monuments that Matter
Authors: Gansum Terje , Oestigaard Terje
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on one of the two big mounds at Haugar in Tønsberg, Norway, and the role they played in the constitution of the Norwegian kingdom. The monument we will discuss is dated to the ninth century AD. We argue that the stratigraphy represents the rituals performed. There are no finds of grave-goods, but the mound contains an enormous layer of charcoal. Our ambiguity towards designating all mounds as ‘graves’ seeks to open a wider range of explanations of the symbolism in these constructions commonly defined as graves. The monuments look like symbolic charcoal kilns, necessary to the smith's iron-making. Are the symbolic charcoal kilns a materialized association of a ritual transformation of the society, embedding death, monument, charcoal and iron? According to Snorri Sturlason, two of the sons of Harald Hårfagre (Finehair), the first king of Norway, were buried in these mounds in the tenth century AD. An examination of the medieval writer Snorri illuminates the political motives and the ideological use of the mounds in the 1230s among the elite in Norway.
Modernization, scientific rationalism and the Crime Reduction Programme
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: December 2004

This article examines the Home Office Crime Reduction Programme, mounted in England and Wales between 1999 and 2002. The programme failed fully to meet the expectations that it would substantially improve the knowledge-base about crime control, and the article considers possible reasons. There were problems of implementation limiting what could be learnt. Underlying this poor implementation was an oversimplified view of order maintenance that was implicit in the design of the programme. Those programme strands that were concerned with policing overemphasized the crime control function and underemphasized other features of policing that preoccupy middle-level police managers, such as organizational legitimacy. As the programme failed to engage with these everyday preoccupations, the projects funded under it tended to receive little priority from those who were in a position to determine their success.
Applying theory-driven evaluation to the British Crime Reduction Programme
Authors: Tilley Nick
Published: December 2004

The Crime Reduction Programme began in April 1999 and was largely finished by March 2002. It went through a number of major changes. It also incorporated an ambitious initial evaluation component and a range of forms of evaluation activity. This article traces the changing theories in and of the programme as a whole and the changing forms of evaluation that were conducted under its auspices. It attempts to explain how and why the programme metamorphosed and how and why provisions for evaluation activity evolved as they did. It tries to distil realistic lessons for the conduct of informative evaluation in the context of large-scale government programmes. It also attempts to locate the potential for realist evaluation within such programmes.
Reviewing the evidence of hate
Authors: Stanko Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2004

This article outlines the lessons from one of the projects from the Home Office Crime Reduction Programme, which focused on hate crime and domestic violence. Funded near the end of the initiative, the project differed from many of the interventions. Rather than proposing to test an intervention to see ‘what worked’, it set out to produce the evidence upon which decisions about intervention could be made. Led by a senior academic criminologist (Stanko), housed within the largest police service in the UK - the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) - the project had sponsorship from influential members of the uniformed management team. The project further employed a team of social science researchers - some of whom had worked within the MPS and others who had no experience of working inside the police organization - to work on transforming routine police crime records into evidence to inform policy and strategy. The article argues that the project achieved its aims: police crime records can and do provide evidence sufficiently robust for the driving policy, strategy and police practice.
The Probation Service ‘Pathfinders’
Authors: Raynor Peter
Published: December 2004

Part of the programme of research funded under the Crime Reduction Programme was a group of evaluative studies of innovative probation service projects known as ‘Pathfinders’. These projects were developed as part of the ‘What Works’ initiative which had been pursued by the Probation Service since the mid-1990s, and need to be understood in that context as well as in the context of the Crime Reduction Programme. ‘What Works’ was an attempt to achieve a rapid step-change in the effectiveness of probation work in England and Wales through systematic application of international research on effective methods for the rehabilitation of offenders. The studies carried out with the Crime Reduction Programme support represented a resurgence of research interest in the effective supervision of offenders, after a period of relative neglect. However, the results of the studies have been less positive than was hoped and expected by Probation Service leaders. This article explores some of the arguments which are currently being put forward to account for this, and considers in particular the problems of implementation and time-scale which afflicted the projects, the narrow model of evaluation which informed the research strategy, and the limited role of evidence in a criminal justice context dominated by politically driven initiatives.
Optic/Haptic/Abject: Revisioning Indigenous Media in Victor Masayesva, Jr and Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Jacobs Karen
Published: December 2004

This article uses Hopi videomaker Victor Masayesva, Jr’s 1992 film, Imagining Indians, and Laguna Pueblo writer Leslie Marmon Silko’s 1991 novel, Almanac of the Dead, as test cases through which tore-evaluate a central debate in visual anthropology about the meanings and values of indigenous visual media, and as complex representations which force us to move beyond that debate’s endorsements and critiques. Through their shared embrace of anti-visualist modes, both Masayesva and Silko develop alternative strategies of visualization intended to revise neo-colonial relations – strategies which seek to reconstruct the modes of visual mastery linked to a Western optic into a more desiring, pleasurable relation to the image through the resources of proximity and tactility. They not only redraw the territory of subject– object relations informed by the gaze, but more foundationally may be said to rewrite the ‘scription’ through which social rules are inscribed upon the body, and to redesignate what Homi Bhabha has called the ‘rules of recognition’ that regulate colonial encounters.
Juvenile-episodic, Continued or Adult-onset Delinquency? Risk Conditions Analysed in a Cohort of Children Followed up to the Age of 25 Years
Authors: Lay Barbara , Ihle Wolfgang , Esser Günter , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: December 2004

This paper reports findings from a prospective study of a cohort of 321 eight-yearold children followed up to the age of 25 years. By examining officially recorded and self-reported delinquent behaviours, the present analysis aimed to distinguish three types of life course: episodic juvenile delinquency; continued juvenile delinquency up to adulthood; and late-starting delinquency in early adulthood. The analysis identifies a variety of risk factors, assessed in childhood and adolescence, that increase the likelihood of later delinquent behaviour. Some of these risk factors are common to the three types of delinquency life course, but there are also risk constellations that are specific to the particular life-course types; these risk constellations differ in terms of the number and variety of risk factors, and in terms of the absolute and relative impact of particular risk factors.
Crime and Justice in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: O’Donnell Ian
Published: December 2004

Criminology remains underdeveloped in the Republic of Ireland and, although some excellent pieces of scholarship have appeared down the years, an adequate body of knowledge is still some way distant. Despite the limitations of the available information, a number of trends can be discerned. The rate of recorded crime reached a peak in the early 1980s and then fell for four years. This pattern was repeated in the mid-1990s. In 1996 the debate about law and order became hotly politicized. This marked the beginning of a steady increase in the prison population. Despite surging costs, the criminal justice agencies have been slow to embrace a culture of performance management and evaluation. Policy-making is characterized by a mixture of inertia and sudden upheaval.
Blocking of LLDPE Films - Effect of Surface Morphology
Authors: Vincent Olivier , Osmont Eric , Sommer Frančoise
Published: December 2004

The mechanism of LLDPE blown film blocking has been investigated. Film specimens exhibiting different levels of blocking force are fabricated using resins with various molecular characteristics. The film surface morphology and the chemical composition are studied. Atomic force microscopy observations clearly linked blocking with the formation of a soft layer at the films’ interface. This layer is made of amorphous PE chains, which migrated to the film surface during conditioning at 60 C. No evidence of co-crystallization at the interface is observed. The chemical nature of the soft layer has been derived from its mechanical properties. A predictive model for film blocking is proposed based on a single molecular parameter.
Comparison of Valdecoxib and an Oxycodone–Acetaminophen Combination for Acute Musculoskeletal Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lovell Stephanie J. , Taira Taku , Rodriguez Erica , Wackett Andrew , Gulla Janet , Singer Adam J.
Published: December 2004

Oral opioids are potent analgesics that are used to treat acute pain in the emergency department (ED). However, they are associated with adverse events such as sedation that may delay safe patient discharge. Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of a new cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, valdecoxib, with those of an oxycodone–acetaminophen combination in patients with acute musculoskeletal pain. Methods: This was a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial at an immediate care section of a suburban university‐based ED with an annual census of 75,000. Adults with acute musculoskeletal pain without contraindications to the study medications were included. After recording their initial pain scores, patients were randomized to either oral valdecoxib 40 mg or oxycodone 10 mg with acetaminophen 650 mg. Pain scores were recorded at 30 and 60 minutes, and patients who requested additional pain relief were given an oral analgesic at the physician's discretion. Twenty‐four‐hour telephone follow‐up was performed. The pain severity was recorded at 0, 30, and 60 minutes using a validated 100‐mm visual analog scale marked “most” at the high end. The need for rescue medications and the occurrence of adverse events were determined. Study outcomes were compared with Student's t‐test, repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and χ2 tests as appropriate. Results: Fifty‐one patients were randomized to valdecoxib (26) or oxycodone (25). Mean (± SD) age was 36 (± 14.7) years; 49% were women. Pain locations included extremities (49%), neck (29%), and back (22%). Baseline patient characteristics and pain severities were similar. There was no between‐group difference in pain scores at 30 and 60 minutes. The changes in pain scores over time were also similar in the two study groups (repeated‐measures ANOVA, p = 0.32). Patients treated with valdecoxib were less likely to experience sedation/dizziness (15% vs. 44%, p = 0.03) and to require rescue medications within the next 24 hours (44% vs. 74%, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Valdecoxib is as effective as an oxycodone–acetaminophen combination in treating ED patients with acute musculoskeletal pain at 30 minutes and less likely to cause sedation or the need for rescue analgesia over the next day.
Profiles in Patient Safety: Authority Gradients in Medical Error
Authors: Cosby Karen S. , Croskerry Pat
Published: December 2004

The term “authority gradient” was first defined in aviation when it was noted that pilots and copilots may not communicate effectively in stressful situations if there is a significant difference in their experience, perceived expertise, or authority. A number of unintentional aviation, aerospace, and industrial incidents have been attributed, in part, to authority gradients. The concept of authority gradient was introduced to medicine in the Institute of Medicine report To Err Is Human, yet little has been written or acknowledged in the medical literature regarding its role in medical error. The practice of medicine and medical training programs are highly organized, hierarchical structures that depend on supervision by authority figures. The concept that authority gradients might contribute to medical error is largely unrecognized. This article presents one case and a series of examples to detail how authority gradients can contribute to medical error, and describes methods used in other disciplines to avoid their potentially negative impact.
The Impact of the Demand for Clinical Productivity on Student Teaching in Academic Emergency Departments
Authors: Berger Todd J. , Ander Douglas S. , Terrell Metrecia L. , Berle Dana C.
Published: December 2004

Objective: Because many emergency medicine (EM) attending physicians believe the time demands of clinical productivity limit their ability to effectively teach medical students in the emergency department (ED), the purpose of this study was to determine if there is an inverse relationship between clinical productivity and teaching evaluations. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, observational, double‐blind study. They asked senior medical students enrolled in their EM clerkship to evaluate each EM attending physician who precepted them at three academic EDs. After each shift, students anonymously evaluated 10 characteristics of clinical teaching by their supervising attending physician. Each attending physician's clinical productivity was measured by calculating their total relative value units per hour (RVUs/hr) during the nine‐month study interval. The authors compared the total RVUs/hr for each attending physician to the medians of their teaching evaluation scores at each ED using a Spearman rank correlation test. Results: Seventy of 92 students returned surveys, evaluating 580 shifts taught by 53 EM attending physicians. Each attending physician received an average of 11 evaluations (median score, 5 of 6) and generated a mean of 5.68 RVUs/hr during the study period. The correlation between evaluation median scores and RVUs/hr was −0.08 (p = 0.44). Conclusions: The authors found no statistically significant relationship between clinical productivity and teaching evaluations. While many EM attending physicians perceive patient care responsibilities to be too time consuming to allow them to be good teachers, the authors found that a subset of our more productive attending physicians are also highly rated teachers. Determining what characteristics distinguish faculty who are both clinically productive and highly rated teachers should help drive objectives for faculty development programs.
Efficacy of Penicillin for Dental Pain without Overt Infection
Authors: Runyon Michael S. , Brennan Michael T. , Batts Jayne J. , Glaser Theodore E. , Fox Philip C. , Norton H. James , Kent M. Louise , Cox Timothy L. , Lockhart Peter B.
Published: December 2004

Objectives: Dental pain is a common presenting symptom in the acute care setting. Even in the absence of overt infection, many physicians routinely prescribe antibiotics such as penicillin. The authors sought to test the hypothesis that penicillin is not necessary or beneficial in the treatment of undifferentiated dental pain without overt infection. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted at an urban teaching hospital with approximately 105,000 emergency department visits per year. A convenience sample of adult emergency department patients presenting with dental pain and no clinically overt infection was randomized to receive penicillin or placebo. A structured evaluation was performed at enrollment and again at a 5‐ to 7‐day follow‐up visit. The main outcome measure was evidence of overt dental infection at the 5‐ to 7‐day follow‐up visit. Results: A total of 195 patients were enrolled. Ninety‐eight (50%) were randomized to treatment with penicillin. A total of 125 patients (64%) were followed up. Outcome data were identified for nine additional study patients, who returned to the dental clinic or emergency department outside of the scheduled follow‐up period and were included in the final analysis. Overall, 13 of 134 patients (9%) developed signs of infection: six of 64 (9%) from the penicillin group and seven of 70 (10%) from the placebo group (p = 0.90). There was no significant difference between the penicillin and placebo groups in baseline characteristics, medication compliance, or visual analog scale pain scores at enrollment. Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that penicillin is neither necessary nor beneficial in the treatment of undifferentiated dental pain in the absence of overt infection.
Use of Vasopressin in a Canine Model of Severe Verapamil Poisoning: A Preliminary Descriptive Study
Authors: Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. , Bond G. Randall , Johnson Susan B. , Weaver Amy L.
Published: December 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) administration in a model of shock induced by calcium channel antagonist overdose and to determine endogenous serum AVP concentrations in calcium channel antagonist–induced shock. Methods: This was a controlled, randomized laboratory investigation based on a previously described canine model of verapamil toxicity. After induction of verapamil toxicity, animals in both the control and the experimental groups (n= 6 each) received a continuous infusion of verapamil. Experimental animals received an escalating dose of AVP, while control animals received an equal volume of 0.9% saline infusion. The hemodynamic end point was return of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to within 20% of baseline. Surviving animals were killed after 60 minutes. Results: In the treatment group, administration of low‐dose AVP (4 mU/kg/min) resulted in further declines in cardiac index and heart rate. No significant change was noted in MAP with low‐dose AVP. A slight increase in MAP was noted with both escalating doses of AVP and equivalent volumes of normal saline. By the end of the 60‐minute antidote/saline phase, the MAPs of the saline control group and the AVP experimental group were similar. The primary hemodynamic end point was not achieved in either the AVP or the saline control arm. Mean baseline serum AVP concentration in control animals was 5.8 pg/mL, increasing to 225 pg/mL during the toxicity phase. Conclusions: In an animal model of verapamil‐induced shock, endogenous AVP levels increased nearly 40‐fold compared with baseline levels. Escalating doses of exogenous AVP worsened cardiac index and failed to return MAP to within 20% of baseline.
Teaching Evidence‐based Medicine to Medical Students
Authors: Ismach Richard B.
Published: December 2004

Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) is the rubric for an approach to learning and practicing medicine that applies skills from clinical epidemiology, library science, and information management to clinical practice. Teaching EBM effectively requires a longitudinal approach throughout medical education. This presents many opportunities for academic emergency physicians, especially in the setting of an emergency medicine clerkship. EBM is best taught at the bedside, although this depends on a skilled and interested faculty. Bedside teaching of EBM also requires ready access to modern information resources. Other venues for teaching EBM include morning report, teaching conferences, and journal clubs. Many tools can be used to aid the process, including Web‐based sources such as UpToDate, textbooks, and Web‐based tutorials, educational prescriptions, and critically appraised topics.
A Multicenter Study of Depression among Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Kumar Anita , Clark Sunday , Boudreaux Edwin D. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: December 2004

Objectives: The authors sought to determine the 12‐month prevalence of depression among emergency department (ED) patients using a single‐question screen. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted in four Boston‐area EDs. For two 24‐hour periods, consecutive patients aged 18 years or older were interviewed, excluding those who were severely ill, potential victims of sexual assault, or emotionally disturbed. During the interview, patients were asked “Have you had any of the following problems during the past 12 months?” Patients answered “yes” or “no” to a list of health problems that included depression. In a validation study, the authors found that this simple approach correlated well with results from the validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: Of 752 eligible patients, 539 (72%) were interviewed. Of these patients, 30% (95% confidence interval = 26% to 34%) reported depression within the past 12 months. Compared with their nondepressed counterparts, depressed patients were more likely middle‐aged, female, and of lower socioeconomic status. Depressed patients were more likely to be smokers and to report a diagnosis of asthma or arthritis/rheumatism. In a multivariate analysis, factors that were independently associated with depression were lower level of education, smoking, and self‐reported anxiety, chronic fatigue, and back problems. Conclusions: A 30% 12‐month prevalence of depression among ED patients was found. Depressed patients had a distinct sociodemographic and health profile. In the future, awareness of risk factors for depression in the ED setting and use of simple screening instruments could aid in the recognition of depression, with subsequent referral to mental health services.