bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Degree of Lumbar Lordosis as an Overlooked Determinant for Orthostatic Increases in Blood Pressure in the Elderly: The Nagahama Study
Authors: Tabara Yasuharu , Masaki Mitsuhiro , Ikezoe Tome , Setoh Kazuya , Kato Takehiro , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Kosugi Shinji , Nakayama Takeo , Ichihashi Noriaki , Tsuboyama Tadao , Matsuda Fumihiko ,   Nagahama Study Group
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Orthostatic hypertension was associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, although the factors responsible for an orthostatic rise in blood pressure (BP) are uncertain. We investigated a possible relationship between a stooping posture and orthostatic BP change.

METHODS

Study participants consisted of 1,992 older individuals. Orthostatic BP change was calculated by systolic BP measured at sitting position, and again 1 and 3 minutes after standing up. Spinal alignment and curvature was assessed by guiding the SpinalMouse device on the surface of the skin along the spine.

RESULTS

Mean lumbar lordosis at standing position was 13.4° ± 12.4°. The degree of lumbar lordosis was significantly smaller in orthostatic hypertensive individuals (systolic BP change, ≥+20 mm Hg: 3.3° ± 15.6°, ≥+10 mm Hg: 10.4° ± 14.3°) than in individuals who were orthostatic normotensive (14.2° ± 11.9°). Multiple linear regression analysis identified lumbar lordosis (β = −0.171, P < 0.001) and thoracic kyphosis (β = 0.062, P = 0.007), but not sacral inclination (β = 0.033, P = 0.303), as independent determinants for orthostatic BP change. As waist circumference was another independent determinant, the frequency of orthostatic hypertensive individuals was linearly increased with the combination of abdominal obesity and small degree of lumbar lordosis (control: 9.9%, abdominal obesity: 17.4%, small degree of lordosis: 19.4%, both: 24.1%, P < 0.001). Participants who sustained orthostatic hypertension for 3 minutes after standing up had the smallest degree of lumbar lordosis (5.2° ± 16.4°).

CONCLUSION

Stooped posture was an overlooked determinant for orthostatic increases in BP.
PRESM: personalized reference editor for somatic mutation discovery in cancer genomics
Authors: Cao Chen , Mak Lauren , Jin Guangxu , Gordon Paul , Ye Kai , Long Quan
Published: September 2018

Motivation

Accurate detection of somatic mutations is a crucial step toward understanding cancer. Various tools have been developed to detect somatic mutations from cancer genome sequencing data by mapping reads to a universal reference genome and inferring likelihoods from complex statistical models. However, read mapping is frequently obstructed by mismatches between germline and somatic mutations on a read and the reference genome. Previous attempts to develop personalized genome tools are not compatible with downstream statistical models for somatic mutation detection.

Results

We present PRESM, a tool that builds personalized reference genomes by integrating germline mutations into the reference genome. The aforementioned obstacle is circumvented by using a two-step germline substitution procedure, maintaining positional fidelity using an innovative workaround. Reads derived from tumor tissue can be positioned more accurately along a personalized reference than a universal reference due to the reduced genetic distance between the subject (tumor genome) and the target (the personalized genome). Application of PRESM’s personalized genome reduced false-positive (FP) somatic mutation calls by as much as 55.5%, and facilitated the discovery of a novel somatic point mutation on a germline insertion in PDE1A, a phosphodiesterase associated with melanoma. Moreover, all improvements in calling accuracy were achieved without parameter optimization, as PRESM itself is parameter-free. Hence, similar increases in read mapping and decreases in the FP rate will persist when PRESM-built genomes are applied to any user-provided dataset.

Availability and implementation

The software is available at https://github.com/precisionomics/PRESM.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MetaOmics: analysis pipeline and browser-based software suite for transcriptomic meta-analysis
Authors: Ma Tianzhou , Huo Zhiguang , Kuo Anche , Zhu Li , Fang Zhou , Zeng Xiangrui , Lin Chien-Wei , Liu Silvia , Wang Lin , Liu Peng , Rahman Tanbin , Chang Lun-Ching , Kim Sunghwan , Li Jia , Park Yongseok , Song Chi , Oesterreich Steffi , Sibille Etienne , Tseng George C
Published: September 2018

The rapid advances of omics technologies have generated abundant genomic data in public repositories and effective analytical approaches are critical to fully decipher biological knowledge inside these data. Meta-analysis combines multiple studies of a related hypothesis to improve statistical power, accuracy and reproducibility beyond individual study analysis. To date, many transcriptomic meta-analysis methods have been developed, yet few thoughtful guidelines exist. Here, we introduce a comprehensive analytical pipeline and browser-based software suite, called MetaOmics, to meta-analyze multiple transcriptomic studies for various biological purposes, including quality control, differential expression analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, differential co-expression network analysis, prediction, clustering and dimension reduction. The pipeline includes many public as well as >10 in-house transcriptomic meta-analytic methods with data-driven and biological-aim-driven strategies, hands-on protocols, an intuitive user interface and step-by-step instructions.

Availability and implementation

MetaOmics is freely available at https://github.com/metaOmics/metaOmics.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Measurement Equivalence of the Subjective Well-Being Scale Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Older Adults
Authors: Kim Giyeon , Wang Sylvia Y , Sellbom Martin
Published: September 2018

Objectives

The present study examined differences by race/ethnicity in the measurement equivalence of the Subjective Well-Being Scale (SWBS) among older adults in the United States.

Method

Drawn from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), adults aged 65 years and older from three racial/ethnic groups (n = 1,200) were selected for the analyses from a total of 8,245: 400 non-Hispanic Whites, 400 African Americans, and 400 Hispanics/Latinos. We tested measurement equivalence of the SWBS that is categorized into three domains: positive and negative affect (four items), self-realization (four items), and self-efficacy and resilience (three items). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test measurement invariance.

Results

After adjusting for age, gender, and education, the underlying construct of the SWBS was noninvariant across three racial/ethnic elderly groups.

Discussion

Findings suggest that the comparison of latent means (especially for positive and negative affect and self-realization) across racial/ethnic groups is highly questionable. The SWBS should be used with extreme caution when it is applied to diverse racial/ethnic elderly groups for comparison purposes. Implications are discussed in cultural and methodological contexts.
Company Law
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

Company Law brings clarity and analysis to the ever-changing landscape of this field. The text aims to capture the dynamism of the subject, places the material in context, highlights its relevance and topicality, and guides readers through all the major areas. The book is divided into five distinct sections covering corporate structure (including legal personality and constitutional issues), corporate governance (including directors' duties and liabilities), shareholders' rights and remedies (including powers of decision-making and shareholder engagement), corporate finance (including share and loan capital), and corporate insolvency (including insolvencies arising).
3. Corporate personality
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the concept of personality. This fundamental principle of company law was established by the House of Lords in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd. However, there is a discretionary jurisdiction whereby, in a variety of circumstances, the court may disregard or pierce or lift the corporate veil and look to those controlling the entity.
7. Board composition—appointment and removal of directors
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the appointment and removal of directors. Directors are responsible for the management of the company's business for which purpose they may exercise all the powers of the company. This Chapter considers three classes of directors: the de jure director, the de facto director, and the shadow director.
9. Duty to act within constitution and powers
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

Directors have a duty to act bona fide in the interests of the company and exercise their powers for a proper purpose and not for any collateral (i.e. personal or sectional) purpose. The Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) splits that duty into distinct obligations: to act in accordance with the constitution (defined s. 257 and see 5-8), to exercise powers for the purposes for which they are conferred in s. 171, and to act to promote the success of the company in s. 172. This demarcation clarifies the elements of these obligations, but there remains a degree of overlap between them. This chapter focuses on s. 171. The discussions cover the constitutional division of power within a company; types of authority; statutory protection for third parties; and exercise of a power for an improper purpose.
10. Duty to promote the success of the company
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

At common law, directors have a duty to act bona fide in the interests of the company, which is restated in the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) s. 172(1) as a duty to act to promote the success of the company. This chapter separates that duty into its component elements and discusses each in turn. These include: the duty to act in good faith; the success of the company for the benefit of the members as a whole; having regard to various factors; and considering creditors' interests.
11. Duty of care, skill, and independent judgement
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

In addition to their fiduciary obligations, directors are subject to duties of care and skill. This chapter discusses the statutory standard of care, skill, and diligence; the content of the duty; and the duty to exercise independent judgement.
12. Duty to avoid a conflict of interest
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the director's duty to avoid conflict of interest. Central to a director's duties is the long-established equitable rule precluding a fiduciary from entering, without consent, into engagements in which he has, or can have, a personal interest conflicting, or which possibly may conflict, with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect (the no-conflict rule); and the equally inflexible rule that, without consent, a person in a fiduciary position is not entitled to profit from that position (the no-profit rule or, more accurately no secret profit rule).
14. Directors’ liabilities for breach of duty
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the extent of the potential liabilities of directors for breach of their duties. There are a variety of possible consequences where directors are found to have acted in breach of duty. The chapter focuses on the extent of a director's civil liability for breach of fiduciary duty and the liability of third parties involved in some way in that breach of duty. The ability to mitigate potential liabilities through reliance on indemnity provisions, insurance, and by application to the court for relief is also considered. The discussions cover the claim for: breach of fiduciary duty; liability of third parties; claims for negligence; and managing potential liabilities.
16. Membership and the incidents of membership
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the law on membership and incidents of membership. Membership of a company is governed by Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), The discussion in this chapter covers classes of shares, class rights, share transfer and transmission, and the register of members.
19. The unfairly prejudicial remedy and the minority shareholder
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

The most important shareholder remedy in practice is the ability of a member to petition for relief on the ground that the affairs of the company are being or have been conducted in a manner which is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of members generally, or of some part of its members under Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), s. 994. This chapter examines the unfairly prejudicial remedy in detail. The discussions cover petitioning on the grounds of unfair prejudice; the boundaries to unfairly prejudicial conduct; the court's power to grant relief; and petitioning for a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground under IA 1986, s 122(1)(g).
20. The derivative claim and the rule in Foss v Harbottle
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

Shareholders' remedies are dominated by the rule in Foss v Harbottle. The rule is based on two fundamental principles of company law: respect for the separate legal personality of the company and the principle of majority rule. This chapter discusses the common law derivative claim; derivative claims under Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), Part 11; corporate loss and reflective loss; personal actions at common law; and specific statutory rights under the CA 2006 581.
22. The doctrine of capital maintenance
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses doctrine of capital maintenance. The doctrine of capital maintenance is essentially a collection of rules designed to ensure, first, that a company obtains the capital which it has purported to raise; and secondly, that that capital is maintained, subject to the exigencies of the business, for the benefit and protection of the company's creditors and the discharge of its liabilities. In particular, the doctrine of capital maintenance precludes the return of capital, directly or indirectly, to the shareholders ahead of a winding up of the company. The discussions cover the purchase and redemption of a company's own shares; reduction of capital; distributions to the members; and financial assistance by a company for the acquisition of its own shares.
Teaching Skills 1
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session provides parents with step-by-step procedures for teaching skills that increase a child’s independence and promote positive behavioral change.
Generalization and Maintenance
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session reviews the concepts of generalization and maintenance. These strategies promote continuation of behavioral changes and the extension of learned behaviors from one context to another.
Behavioral Principles
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Behavioral Principles Session. This session provides an overview of the basic principles of the behavioral approach, the ABC model, and the importance of assessment in deciding upon strategies to address challenging behavior.
Daily Schedules
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Daily Schedules Session. This session focuses on obtaining a daily schedule for the child and helping the parent identify ways to adapt the schedule to prevent behavior problems from occurring. This session also introduces the use of visual schedules. The clinician can focus on schedule changes, visual schedules, or both (doing both is recommended).
Compliance Training
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Compliance Training Session. This module provides instruction on the Four-Step Compliance Procedure, including how to reinforce compliance and how to manage episodes of noncompliance.
Functional Communication Training
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Functional Communication Training Session. Because challenging behaviors typically serve a function for the child, this session introduces the idea of teaching an alternative and more appropriate functional communication behavior to replace the inappropriate or undesirable behavior.
Teaching Skills 1
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Teaching Skills 1 Session. This session provides parents with step-by-step procedures for teaching skills that increase a child’s independence and promote positive behavioral change.
Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
Authors: Mathias Christopher J. , Low David A.
Published: September 2018

The autonomic nervous system innervates all organs, producing predominantly involuntary and automatic actions that are mediated by two principal efferent pathways, the sympathetic and parasympathetic, which are neurochemically and anatomically distinct. Numerous synaptic relays and neurotransmitters allow the autonomic control of organ function at local and central levels to be integrated with the requirements of the whole body....
Headache
Authors: Goadsby Peter J.
Published: September 2018

Headache is among the most common of human maladies. So much so that it is generally (and often incorrectly) assumed to be understood, especially by doctors. The classification of headache, with formal definitions of different diagnostic entities, by the International Headache Society into (1) primary—occurring in the absence of external causes, and (2) secondary—some of which may have sinister cause, has greatly simplified the description, understanding, and management of this often challenging symptom. It also allows those headaches with serious or life-threatening consequences to be distinguished from other forms....
Clouds in arms
Authors: Belokurov Vasily A , Erkal Denis
Published: September 2018

We use astrometry and broad-band photometry from Data Release 2 of the ESA’s Gaia mission to map out low surface-brightness features in the stellar density distribution around the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The LMC appears to have grown two thin and long stellar streams in its Northern and Southern regions, highly reminiscent of spiral arms. We use computer simulations of the Magellanic Clouds’ in-fall to demonstrate that these arms were likely pulled out of the LMC’s disc due to the combined influence of the SMC’s most recent fly-by and the tidal field of the Milky Way.
Hepatitis C Within a Single Health System: Progression Along the Cascade to Cure Is Higher for Those With Substance Misuse When Linked to a Clinic With Embedded Support Services
Authors: Sherbuk J E , McManus K A , Rogawski McQuade E T , Knick T , Henry Z , Dillingham R
Published: September 2018

Background

Hepatitis C is now curable for most individuals, and national goals for elimination have been established. Transmission persists, however, particularly in nonurban regions affected by the opioid epidemic. To reach goals of elimination, barriers to treatment must be identified.

Methods

In this open cohort of all individuals diagnosed with active hepatitis C from 2010 to 2016 at a large medical center, we identified patient and clinic characteristics associated with our primary outcome, sustained virologic response (SVR). We performed a subgroup analysis for those with documented substance misuse.

Results

SVR was achieved in 1544 (41%) of 3790 people with active hepatitis C. In a multivariable Poisson regression model, SVR was more likely in individuals diagnosed outpatient (incident rate ratio [IRR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.0), living in close proximity to the medical center (IRR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.3), with private insurance (IRR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.3), and with cirrhosis (IRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3–1.5). Achieving SVR was less likely in those qualifying as indigent (IRR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.8–0.9) and those with substance misuse (IRR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9). In the subgroup analysis of those with substance misuse, SVR rates were higher in those linked to the infectious diseases clinic, which has embedded support services, than those linked to the gastroenterology clinic, which does not (IRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9).

Conclusions

Social determinants of health including proximity to care and poverty impacted achievement of SVR. Those with substance misuse, a high-priority population for treatment of hepatitis C, had better outcomes when receiving care in a clinic with embedded support services.
The Fragility of Power
Authors: Rebeggiani Stefano
Published: September 2018

A new reading of Statius’ main poem and its relationship with the cultural and political life at Rome under Domitian is given. This book studies in detail the poem’s view of power and its interaction with historical contexts. Written under Domitian and in the aftermath of the civil war of 69 CE, the Thebaid uses the veil of myth to reflect on the political reality of Imperial Rome. The poem presents itself to its audience and to the emperor as a lesson on effective kingship and a warning on the fragility of power. Rooted in a pessimistic view of human beings and human relationships, the Thebaid reflects on the harsh necessity of monarchical power as the only antidote to a world always on the verge of returning to chaos. In the absence of the gods, the fate of human communities lies in the hands of the individuals in power. Although humans, and especially kings, are fragile and often the prey of irrational passions, the Thebaid expresses the hope that an illuminated sovereign endowed with clementia [mercy] may offer a solution to the political crisis of the Roman Empire. Statius’ narrative also responds to Domitian’s problematic interaction with Nero, whom Domitian regarded as both a negative model and a source of inspiration. This book shows that the Thebaid is particularly close to the intellectual activities and political views formulated by groups of Roman aristocrats who survived Nero’s repression and that the poem is influenced by an initial phase in Domitian’s regime characterized by a positive relationship between the emperor and the Roman elite.
Celebrity Culture and the Gold Rush Metropolis
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

With the gold rush, San Francisco almost instantaneously became an important stop for a host of international entertainment tours that expanded well beyond the Atlantic world, to Australia as well as the Pacific Coast. The term celebrity was first employed as a noun in the 1840s and 1850s, and from its inception, this cultural phenomenon was intrinsically linked with and profited handsomely from transnational exchange networks—the conduits for the transmission of print and visual culture, as well as the migration of people and capital. Theatrical entertainment flourished in nineteenth-century San Francisco, as did the trade in celebrity portraits. In this context, certain charismatic individuals emerged: notably female stars, including Lola Montez and Adah Isaacs Menken, who embodied the trend of self-representation that overtook the city. The celebrity thrived in a place where human identity could become a consumable commodity—in turn, it often became all-consuming..
Conclusion
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

What if there were no images? There are two ways to pose this hypothetical. First, how might the history of nineteenth-century San Francisco have been different without lithographs, photographs, and other forms of visual spectacle? Second, how would our understanding of this context be altered if all the images had been destroyed by some demonic archive scourge?...
Journalism Interprets, Sociology Scientizes
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the paradox that, even as journalism became more professional and concerned with social structure, it became increasingly distant from social science after the 1920s. The boundary work carried out by both journalism and sociology to distinguish themselves from each other is described through a variety of content analyses of leading professional journals. The chapter points to some of the reasons why journalism and sociology grew apart, including the fact that data in journalism was primarily displayed visually and lacked causal claims. A discourse analysis of journals and newspapers shows that sociologists increasingly viewed journalism and fundamentally unscientific.
Who Opposes Reservations and Why?
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows that opposition to reservations is an ideological dimension of Indian politics. This opposition is not merely reflective of upper-caste Hindus’ prejudices against Muslims, Dalits, and other backward castes, though the influence of policy related concerns cannot be denied. We assess the influence of ideology and prejudice on citizen attitudes through two small election surveys conducted in Delhi and a very large survey experiments with over 15,000 respondents carried out in Uttar Pradesh. We find that both prejudice and opposition to reservations on the grounds of policy influence whether a group supports reservations for the other group or not. We also find that prejudice against Muslims is widespread among all caste groups.
The BJP and an Ideological Consolidation of the Right?
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

To the surprise of many, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) singlehandedly won a majority in the national elections of 2014. Since then the party which, once had two seats in parliament, has come to govern 21 states in India. How did the BJP become so successful? The BJP is now the principal carrier of conservatism in India. This was not the case at independence. The ideological roots of the BJP lie in the idea of Hindu majoritarianism. Over the years the BJP succeeded in accommodating conservative elements not only from the Congress but also from other right-wing parties. Its electoral success has been aided by the social and economic changes in India since the 1990s. These changes, however, have also generated contradictions within the ideological coalitions that brought about the rise of the BJP and pose a potential challenge to the party as it moves to consolidate its position.
Matters of Method
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 explores issues in the application of the traditional methods of psychological science to understanding the Holocaust. Three such issues are (a) What is the nature of available “data” in studying the Holocaust? (b) Can contemporary laboratory research inform our understanding of the Holocaust? (c) Can we reconcile the exculpatory implications of a deterministic analysis with our moral assessment of the Holocaust? Psychologists accustomed to exerting considerable control over the data they produce and study confront considerable challenges in the use of historical data. Laboratory research, while potentially relevant to the Holocaust, similarly presents considerable challenges in assessing the generalizability of such findings to temporally and culturally distant events. Insofar as psychological explanations are framed in the vernacular of social science, the risk of such explanations being seen as inappropriately exculpatory cannot be avoided.
Learning and Conditioning
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 argues that when considering potential causative factors for the development of genocidal behavior, there is a middle ground between cultural and historical factors that operate over a very long time-scale and situational factors that impact behavior in a very short time. This middle ground is inhabited by basic mechanisms of learning and conditioning, such as nonassociative learning, classical and operant conditioning, and observational learning. These mechanisms are constant but subtle forces shaping our thinking and behavior. The Nazi regime used its coercive power and control over the media and education to manipulate and shape the attitudes and behavior of the population, effects that were mediated through basic mechanisms of learning and conditioning.
Age and Development
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 examines the relevance of age and developmental differences during the Nazi years in Germany. Some psychologists (Lewin, Erikson) argued that German culture at the time was characterized by a pattern of child-rearing practices that tended to produce the personality pattern later identified as authoritarian. The German population was demographically tilted toward the young when the Nazis came to power, and the Nazi party itself disproportionately attracted and elevated young people. The Nazi regime directed special effort to the indoctrination of young people and initiated significant changes in the educational system to better integrate German youth into the Nazi program. The Nazis sought to use the malleability of youth to achieve their own ends; psychologists have also considered ways to shape early experiences in more constructive directions.
Social Psychology
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 9 examines social-psychological approaches to understanding the Holocaust. Since Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments were published in the early 1960s, social-psychological formulations based on obedience and social influence have dominated the psychology of the Holocaust. There is also a significant critical literature that challenges some of the findings and interpretation of Milgram and Phillip Zimbardo as they apply to the Holocaust. Social cognition is the study of thinking as situated in a social milieu and offers a fruitful framework for considering the ways Germans thought about one another during the Third Reich. Modern approaches to prejudice and racism, especially the study of unconscious or implicit biases, may provide insight into anti-Semitic attitudes prevalent in Germany (and elsewhere) during the Nazi years.
In the Aftermath
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 10 approaches the psychology of the Holocaust by looking at postwar attitudes and changes in German society. The situationist approach of Milgram and Zimbardo would seem to suggest that the attitudes of Germans might undergo rapid change after the situational influences of the Nazi regime were removed with the collapse of the regime. There is a significant body of data on attitudes of the German public before and during the war. Surveys conducted after the war found significant continuity in anti-Semitic attitudes among some segments of the German population, including many young people. Interestingly, Germans in East Germany exhibited less anti-Semitism than those in the Federal Republic, suggesting that education and socialization can have a significant impact on attitude change.
Memory in a Time of Prose
Authors: Pioske Daniel
Published: September 2018

Memory in a Time of Prose investigates a deceptively straightforward question: what did the biblical scribes know about times previous to their own? To address this question, the following study focuses on matters pertaining to epistemology, or the sources, limits, and conditions of knowing that would have shaped biblical stories told about a past that preceded the composition of these writings by a generation or more. The investigation that unfolds with these interests in mind consists of a series of case studies that compare biblical references to an early Iron Age world (ca. 1175–830 BCE) with a wider constellation of archaeological and historical evidence unearthed from the era in which these stories are set. What this approach affords is the opportunity to examine the relationship between the past disclosed through these historical traces and that past represented within the biblical narrative, thus bringing to light meaningful details concerning the information drawn on by Hebrew scribes for the prose narratives they created. The results of this comparative endeavor are insights into an ancient world of oral, living speech that informed biblical storytelling, where knowledge about the past was elicited more through memory and word of mouth than through a corpus of older narrative documents. For those Hebrew scribes who first set down these stories in prose writing, the means for knowing a past and the significance attached to it were, in short, wed foremost to the faculty of remembrance.
Gath of the Philistines
Authors: Pioske Daniel
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 begins a series of case studies that are devoted to exploring what knowledge was drawn on by the biblical scribes to develop stories about the early Iron Age period. This chapter’s investigation is devoted to the Philistine city of Gath, one of the largest cities of its time and a site that was destroyed ca. 830 BCE. Significant about Gath, consequently, is that it flourished as an inhabited location before the emergence of a mature Hebrew prose writing tradition, meaning that the information recounted about the city was predicated primarily on older cultural memories of the location. Comparing the biblical references to the site with Gath’s archaeological remains reveals moments of resonance between these stories and the material culture unearthed from the location. Accordingly, what comes to light through this chapter’s analysis is one mode of remembering that informed the creation of these biblical stories: that of resilience.
Muslima Theology as Comparative Feminist Theology
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Muslima theology and outlines its unique combination of constructive, theological, and comparative lenses. It situates Muslima theology within the larger method of comparative theology, and argues for the suitability of this method due to its requirement of deep knowledge of other traditions, its capacity to foster identification of more precise and meaningful points of comparison, and its relegation of assumptions of parity. The chapter then outlines the unique specifics of this project as a form of comparative feminist theology, including its Islam-to-Christianity orientation and its focus on feminist theological methods and concerns. The chapter concludes by introducing the new starting analogy of the two “Divine Words” (the Qur’an and Jesus) and resultant reorientation of the comparative project and methodological form.
Words in the World
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

Using the analogy of the two Divine Words, this chapter begins by exploring pressing debates in contemporary Islamic feminist and Muslima theological engagement with the Qur’an, debates that arise out of the underlying problematic of the Word in the world. The chapter, then, explores Christian perspectives on Jesus Christ from Rosemary Radford Ruether, Jacquelyn Grant, Kwok Pui-lan, and Ada María Isasi-Díaz. These theologians discuss topics ranging from the language and symbols invoked to describe Jesus to the value assigned to particular human markings of Jesus (inclusive of but not limited to Jesus’s maleness) to the affiliations of Jesus with power and marginal groups. The chapter concludes by returning to Muslima theology and constructively proposing an approach to the Qur’an that embraces hybridity, human experience, and a preference for the marginalized.
Women in the World
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on theological anthropology and probes the extent and reality of human freedom, especially considering structural and systemic constraint. It begins by exploring existing formulations of egalitarian anthropology that foreground tawhid, fitra, khilafah, and taqwa. It then engages Christian womanist and feminist perspectives on theological anthropology, embodiment, constraint, and survival articulated by M. Shawn Copeland, Jeannine Hill Fletcher, and Delores S. Williams. These perspectives prompt important considerations of individual autonomy and systemic injustice, and of possible responses to such injustice. The chapter concludes by articulating a Muslima theological expansion of taqwa—transformative taqwa—that centers Hajar and stresses systemic transformation through visibilization, conscientization, and prioritization of the marginalized.
A Review of Radicalization Theories
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 reviews core theories of radicalization, with a special emphasis on those theories that examine extremism and terrorism and, in particular, those that include perceptions of unfairness as one of the core mechanisms that fuel radicalization. This review grounds the discussion of perceived unfairness and other relevant factors in Chapters 4 to 9. Specifically, Chapter 3 reviews process models that focus on the radicalization process. The chapter also examines theories that focus on factors that motivate the radicalization process. And the chapter discusses variables from within a society as well as from outside society that can constitute important issues in radicalization processes. This review includes issues such as homegrown terrorism and the Internet and social media.
Perceiving Unfairness
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 describes the core factor in the radicalization process on which this book focuses, namely how people use judgments of unfairness to fuel radical beliefs, extremist behaviors, and terrorism. In particular, the chapter notes that various experiences of unfairness and injustice in society may be important drivers of social unrest and the deeply felt need for societal change. The chapter discusses the idea that issues of unfair treatment, relative deprivation, inequitable outcomes, and immorality all can serve as experiences that things are not right. These experiences can be genuinely felt and, when coupled with a sense of frustration and deprivation, may have real consequences on enhanced radicalization. Figures 4.1, 4.2, and especially 4.3 depict the radicalization processes the chapter focuses on.
Do Video Recordings Help Jurors Recognize Coercive Influences in Interrogations?
Authors: Blandón-Gitlin Iris , Mindthoff Amelia
Published: September 2018

In recognition of the role that false confessions play in wrongful convictions, it is recommended that criminal interrogations be video recorded from beginning to end to document the process by which suspects decide to confess. With a full video recording, it is assumed that jurors can see for themselves whether the defendant was coerced to confess to a crime he or she did not commit. Yet research suggests that video recording may in fact induce bias in interpretations of coercion and confession reliability, as factors like camera angles and close-ups can make confession evidence too vivid and persuasive. Without proper interpretation, even seemingly neutral recordings may unduly influence jurors’ decisions about confessions. This chapter reviews the literature on the usefulness of video-recorded interrogations in assisting jury decision-making, as well as the potential for procedural safeguards (e.g., expert testimony) to improve jurors’ understanding of the issues at hand.
Coping with Modern Challenges and Anticipating the Future of Criminal Jury Trials
Authors: Diamond Shari Seidman
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes how researchers and courts can cope with modern challenges for 21st-century criminal jury trials and discusses what should be expected from criminal juries and future jury research. The chapter asks how a receptive legal system interested in making changes to maximize the fairness of criminal jury trials might respond. It reviews the important themes and massive empirical literature that this remarkable collection presents in vivid and thoughtful detail, highlighting the persistent issues of race and ethnicity, as well as new challenges and opportunities that have accompanied the dramatic advances in technology. The chapter raises questions about the application of empirical findings on jury behavior in the context of the legal system and considers the omissions and incomplete understandings that future research needs to address in order to provide a full picture of this important human institution.
Nature or Nation?
Authors: Edelstein Dan
Published: September 2018

The century that was capped off by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen showed little indication, during its first fifty years, that it would come to care so much about natural rights, or believe that the purpose of society was to conserve “the natural and imprescriptible rights of man.” So how did this particular rights regime come to hold such sway? As the author shows in this essay, the Enlightenment did not invent the idea of inalienable rights, which had already been forcefully expressed as far back as the sixteenth century. But a century of absolutist politics had silenced this discourse, despite its flourishing across the Channel. Its rediscovery, in the eighteenth century, does not appear to have been triggered by cross-cultural currents, or the rereading of older documents. Rather, it is argued that it was thanks to the Physiocrats that inalienable natural rights became once again a cornerstone of political discourse.
Every Island Is Not Haiti
Authors: Friedland Paul
Published: September 2018

Between 1794 and 1796, Britain faced a series of rebellions in the Windward Islands of the Caribbean. In most present-day narratives, the common factor in all of these rebellions would seem to be the fact that each rebellion involved people of color rising up against white rule. In other words, these rebellions were essentially a war between the races, with the abolition of slavery a primary goal. The surviving textual evidence suggests a startlingly different picture. The rebels of the Windward Islands did not see themselves as fighting in separate, local rebellions in which one race took up arms against another; rather, they imagined themselves to be participating in a worldwide revolution in support of the universal rights of man. Individuals of all races were involved on both sides of the struggle, and very far from fanning the flames of racial tension, the rebels studiously avoided all references to race.
“New History”
Authors: Zizek Joseph
Published: September 2018

The contemporary belief in a new beginning—the notion of historical rupture and the contradictions that follow upon it—is embedded in all modern historiographical interpretations of the French Revolution; indeed, it has long provided a key justification for considering the Revolution to be the exemplar of world-historical transformation. Yet the dissociation of radical revolution and history overlooks a curious paradox. Between 1789 and 1794, contemporaries responded enthusiastically to calls to remake historical understanding: pamphleteers, journalists, militants, and educators all explored, sometimes in highly creative ways, the emancipatory historical possibilities unlocked by the nation’s insurrection. In other words, the desire to remake but also to rewrite France’s history was not a post-Thermidorean departure, but a powerful trope born at the Revolution’s outset. Revolutionaries expressed a distinctive historical sensibility that grew out of the simultaneous acceptance of historical rupture and historical liberation.
State and Local Public Health Authority
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the authority of state and local governments to regulate public health at their respective levels. First, the chapter explains the states’ broad “police powers” and the related Jacobson v. Massachusetts Supreme Court decision. It then details local public health powers and how those interact with state powers. The chapter contrasts two rules that set the scope of local public health authority in different states: Dillon’s Rule and home rule. The chapter then discusses state preemption, and it concludes by explaining how state executive branches can create administrative agencies and delegate authority to them.
Scientific Evaluation in Transdisciplinary Public Health Research and Practice
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how public health law has evolved over time and introduces important legal processes. The chapter first describes evaluation of laws and policies through legal epidemiological principles. Then the chapter explores how to best evaluate laws and policies in order to test their effects, how they impact behavior, and whether or not they serve their purpose; the ultimate goal is to determine if the law is effectuating its purpose. Next, the chapter discusses legal mapping and policy surveillance: the process of mapping public health laws in an ongoing, systematic, scientific manner so that policymakers can catalogue laws between jurisdictions. The chapter closes with a summary of the five essential public health law services.
Introduction
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

The introduction acknowledges that although liberalism promises equality for all citizens, liberal democratic societies fall short of this ideal in many ways. Of special concern is the inequality that members of socially subordinated groups endure despite the guarantee of formal equality. Liberal theorists have not yet adequately shown that liberalism can address such group based subordination and can secure substantive equality for all. The introduction explains that the aim of this book is to show that at least one version of liberalism—political liberalism—is a feminist liberalism and that the core commitments of this view restrict all reasonable conceptions of justice to those that secure genuine, substantive equality for women and other marginalized groups. An overview of each chapter is provided.
Political Liberalism and Marriage
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers whether political liberals can and should recognize and support legal marriage as a matter of basic justice. A general account of how political liberals should evaluate the issue of legal marriage as matter of basic justice is offered. It is argued that, in certain conditions, the recognition of some form of legal marriage may be the best way to protect the fundamental interests of women as equal citizens in freely chosen associations. Or it may be that, in certain conditions, to secure the social conditions necessary for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals to be free and equal citizens, some form of legal marriage can or should be recognized. It is claimed that an underappreciated point about political liberalism is that the particular institutions that are justifiable or required as a matter of basic justice depend in part on the conditions of a particular politically liberal society. political liberalism, public reason, marriage, marriage contracts, sex equality, feminism, polygamy, monogamy