bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnography for Teacher Education
Authors: Frank Carolyn R. , Uy Frederick L.
Published: May 2004

Preservice teachers are faced with many challenges when observing elementary classrooms and often jump to critical evaluation based on too little evidence. The authors wondered if preservice teachers could use observation methods from ethnography and sociolinguistics to delay their evaluations and interpretations of classroom practice and see from an insider’s perspective. The authors developed a study in which 42 preservice teachers learned how to observe through this approach and then observed 22 elementary teachers with fieldnotes and interviews. Classroom discourse was central to the research as observers recorded the “talk” during writing instruction. By analyzing the notes, interviews, and summaries, the authors found that preservice teachers were able to record talk and action in classrooms without critical evaluations. They used quotes from fieldnotes as evidence for their interpretations of what was happening. Their summaries included discussions of how discourse shapes instructional events and how teachers use talk to organize and manage classrooms.
The Effects of Euro Area Interest Rate Changes: Evidence from Macroeconomic Models
Authors: McAdam Peter , Morgan Julian
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the effects of changes in Euro Area interest rates using macroeconomic models. It examines the results of a harmonised monetary policy simulation at the Euro Area level using the National Institute of Economic and Social Research's Global Economic Model (NiGEM) and the European Central Bank's Area Wide Model (AWM). Comparison is also drawn with the aggregate results from Euro Area National Central Bank models as reported in van Els et al. (2001). Overall, the results across the different models are broadly consistent with what might be regarded as the stylised facts of the monetary transmission mechanism. That is to say that, following a policy tightening, there is an initial fall in output consisting of a more pronounced investment response and a less pronounced consumption response. This output fall is accompanied by protracted price dynamics.
Simulating Household Savings and Labour Supply: an Application of Dynamic Programming
Authors: Sefton James , van de Ven Justin
Published: May 2004

This paper describes a fully behavioural microsimulation model that has recently been developed at the National Institute for considering responses to changes in pension policy of household savings and labour supply. The model generates household decisions regarding labour/leisure, and consumption/savings by solving a dynamic programming problem over the simulated lifetime. This analytical framework incorporates a degree of complexity that is usually omitted from econometric analyses that are common in the literature.
The Volatility of the Output Gap in the G7
Authors: Barell Ray , Gottschalk Sylvia
Published: May 2004

We investigate declining output volatility in the G7 since 1970 in a panel context, seeking to explain the causes of the decline. We show that there is a significant role for both net financial wealth and trade openness as well as inflation volatility, even though previous studies have ignored the fact that it may be endogenous and its role therefore spurious. However, its importance clearly varies over time and across countries, and it appears less important as an explanation of declining volatility in the US than it does in the UK. Changes in openness appear to be at least as important in explaining the decline in US output volatility.
In the Shadow of Speenhamland: Social Policy and the Old Poor Law
Authors: Block Fred , Somers Margaret
Published: May 2004

In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act that ended the entitlement of poor families to government assistance. The debate leading up to that transformation in welfare policy occurred in the shadow of Speenhamland—an episode in English Poor Law history. This article revisits the Speenhamland episode to unravel its tangled history. Drawing on four decades of recent scholarship, the authors show that Speenhamland policies could not have had the consequences that have been attributed to them. The article ends with an alternative narrative that seeks to explain how the Speenhamland story became so deeply entrenched.
Institutional Explanations of Union Strength: An Assessment
Authors: Oskarsson Sven
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author shows how earlier institutional explanations of union strength are theoretically and methodologically flawed. At odds with earlier research, the author argues that two institutional properties—the degree of centralization in the bargaining system and the workplace access of the union movement— will interactively influence the unionization process. The results of empirical tests speak in favor of the stated hypothesis. The combination of centralized bargaining and workplace access does not only positively influence the aggregate density levels but also cushions the effects of industrial, occupational, and demographic factors on the probability of being a union member.
Transnationalism, the State, and the Extraterritorial Citizen
Authors: Smith Michael Peter
Published: May 2004

Offering a political optic on transnationalism, this article shows how the Partido Acción Nacional from Guanajuato, Mexico, seeks to reconstitute Guanajuatense transnational migrants as clients and funders of state policies, as political subjects with “dual loyalty” but limited political autonomy. To co-opt migrants into development projects designed bythe state but financed bythe migrants, partyelites reconfigure the meanings of “migrant,” “region,” and “citizen.” This is contested by migrant leaders whose views of extraterritorial citizenship, translocal community, and partyloy alty differ from views of the partyelites. The migrants see the state as diverting their energies from true civil societyand local development initiatives across borders.
Why Stakeholding?
Authors: Ackerman Bruce , Alstott Anne
Published: May 2004

Professors Ackerman and Alstott contrast their proposal for stakeholding with Philippe Van Parijs’s proposal for a universal basic income. InThe Stakeholder Society (1999), Ackerman and Alstott proposed that the federal government give all U.S. citizens an $80,000 grant as they reach adulthood. The program’s revenue cost is to be funded by an annual wealth tax of 2 percent and a “payback” requirement at death. Although stakeholding and basic income share common foundations in liberal political theory, Ackerman and Alstott discuss the principled and practical advantages of stakeholding and introduce Tony Blair’sU.K. proposal forChildren’s Savings Accounts (“baby bonds”), which shares important features with stakeholding.
Democratizing Citizenship: Some Advantages of a Basic Income
Authors: Pateman Carole
Published: May 2004

If the focus of interest is democratization, including women’s freedom, a basic income is preferable to stakeholding. Prevailing theoretical approaches and conceptions of individual freedom, free-riding seen as a problem of men’s employment, and neglect of feminist insights obscure the democratic potential of a basic income. An argument in terms of individual freedom as self-government, a basic income as a democratic right, and the importance of the opportunity not to be employed shows how a basic income can help break both the link between income and employment and the mutual reinforcement of the institutions of marriage, employment, and citizenship.
Labor Migration Policy and the Governance of the Construction Industry in Israel and Japan
Authors: Bartram David
Published: May 2004

Significant “guestworker” immigration occurs when the state lacks the capacity to inhibit rent-seeking by private interests that benefit from imported labor. Policies allowing imported labor result in government subsidies for employers’ profits. These subsidies are usefully conceived as rents. A developmentalist state(e.g. Japan) will constrain the creation of such rents, especially because imported labor carries long-term costs not borne by employers and inhibits productivity growth and positive structural change. A clientelist state (e.g. Israel) falls prey to this type of rent-seeking because of a weaker institutional capacity for creating conditions that make alternative solutions feasible and profitable for employers.
Municipality and Community in Chile: Building Imagined Civic Communities and Its Impact on the Political
Authors: Greaves Edward F.
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the institutions for participatory governance that have been created in Chile through a case study of Huechuraba, a low income municipality in the Santiago metropolitan area. The case of Huechuraba suggests that in certain contexts, the meetings that take place between government officials and grassroots organizations can become a forum for the state to colonize public space and bolster the hegemony of the status quo by establishing the parameters of citizenship.
Predictors of Early Termination in a Prison-Based Program of Psychoeducation
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: May 2004

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was administered to 207 male federal prisoners enrolled in a 10-week program of psychoeducation. Compared with inmates who completed the course, dropouts (n = 16) scored higher on seven of the eight PICTS thinking style scales, with differences on three of these scales (Mollification, Cognitive Indolence, and Discontinuity) achieving statistical significance. A multivariate composite of the eight thinking style scales proved significant, and the PICTS achieved significant predictability even after controlling for basic demographic measures such as age, education, ethnic status, marital status, and instant offense. Although a low base rate of discontinuation in the present sample (7.7%) made predicting program completion impractical, the PICTS may still help clarify the motives of incarcerated offenders who prematurely terminate psychoeducational programming.
Supermax Prisons: Their Rise, Current Practices, and Effect on Inmates
Authors: Pizarro Jesenia , Stenius Vanja M. K.
Published: May 2004

In recent years, a number of new approaches in corrections have developed, one of which is the super-maximum, or “supermax,” prison. This article explores the roots of these institutions, explains how they operate, and examines their potential effects on inmate populations. The extant empirical research on supermax facilities suggests that these institutions have the potential to damage inmates’ mental health while failing to meet their purported goals (e.g., deterring inmates in the general prison population from committing criminal acts inside prison), resulting in added problems for correctional administrators and increased economic costs to public budgets without apparent benefits.
Le Destin de la Religion Chinoise au 20ème Siècle
Authors: Goossaert Vincent
Published: May 2004

Throughout the 20th century, Chinese religion has undergone a process of massive destruction, which historiography has so far largely ignored. Traditional relations between the state, society and religion broke down around 1898. This break led within a few decades to the destruction of most Chinese temples. The western notion of “religion” upon which both Nationalist and Communist China built their religious policies separated legitimate forms of religion (world religions) from local cults considered as folklore and superstition. The author outlines the political and intellectual history of this process of partition and selective destruction, and then attempts to evaluate the role of the science of religions in the current reinvention of religion in China.
Popular Religion in Contemporary China
Authors: Lizhu Fan
Published: May 2004

Chinese popular religion plays a very significant role in Chinese culture. The author explores recent developments in popular religion since the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China. It focuses on the factors underlying the on-going popularity of temple cults, local deities, temple festivals, and the privatization of popular beliefs—which are all deeply rooted in Chinese rural life. In addition, it tries to offer some new perspectives on the study of urban religion in contemporary China.
Hong Kong Daoism: A Study of Daoist Altars and Lü Dongbin Cults
Authors: Lai Chi-Tim
Published: May 2004

The author examines the development of Daoist institutions in Hong Kong. He focuses on the historical factors behind that development, in the context of transplantation from parent institutions in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province since 1940. The origin of most Hong Kong Daoist temples and altars cannot be disassociated from the larger Lü Dongbin cults that flourished in Guangdong during late imperial China. Many of the Daoist institutions are volunteer religious organizations whose members are recruited from different strata in Hong Kong. Since the 1970s, in identifying themselves more as charitable societies in a modern sense, major Daoist organizations are changing their nature and integrating into the Hong Kong community.
Le Qigong et la Tradition Sectaire Chinoise
Authors: Palmer David A.
Published: May 2004

During the 1980s and 1990s, Qigong or “breathing arts” became the most wide-spread form of popular religiosity in Chinese cities. Thousands of charismatic Qigong masters appeared, promoting Qigong methods through transmission networks covering the whole country. Falungong became the biggest Qigong group by the mid-1990s. The article examines the hypothesis of links between Qigong and a galaxy of groups which were widespread in pre-Communist China, often called “sectarian” in the academic literature and also known as “White Lotus” sects. By comparing the ideology, the practices and the structure of these groups, it is possible to conclude that Qigong is a modern expression of the Chinese tradition of popular sectarianism.
La Place des Morts dans le Christianisme Céleste
Authors: Noret Joël
Published: May 2004

The author challenges the classical approach of mourning in Sub-Saharan Africa which is too exclusively ethnic-oriented. It describes the position of the dead in the Celestial Church of Christ, an African prophetic church where he conducted fieldwork. Through the exploration of rituals for the deceased, the author analyses the interplay of Christian and “traditional” influences and the work of syncretization that shapes those original religious productions.
The Power of Testing
Authors: McIntosh Shelley , Norwood Pamela
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore the response patterns of African American students to the state certification questions. More specifically, the participants’ explanations of their responses and their perceptions of the source of knowledge they used to answer the questions were discussed. To achieve this purpose, three research questions served to guide this study. Using a Needs Analysis Instrument, a Teacher Belief Survey, inquiry questions, and focus group discussion, patterns and themes emerged as to how the participants answered. These included language, coursework, cultural references, and teacher beliefs.
Appropriating the Sociocultural Resources of Latino Paraeducators for Effective Instruction with Latino Students
Authors: Rueda Robert , Monzó Lilia D. , Higareda Ignacio
Published: May 2004

This article examines the sociocultural scaffolding practices of 24 Latino paraeducators and 8 former Latino paraeducators (who had recently become teachers) as they worked with Latino students in two large urban schools. Instances were observed in which participants used important funds of knowledge in their interactions with students during instruction, in informal contexts, and in the case of the current paraeducators to inform the teachers with whom they worked in the community. Unfortunately, use of sociocultural scaffolding was scarce, nonstrategic, and not directly tied to instruction. We argue that under ideal instructional conditions, this knowledge should be fostered, used strategically, and appropriated more systematically.
When Central City High School Students Speak
Authors: Otoya-Knapp Karina
Published: May 2004

Based on a yearlong critical inquiry project in a central Los Angeles high school, the author discusses the implications of engaging students in dialogue and critique about their experiences with race. The students’voices, through participant observation field notes and their own writing, tell stories of struggle and newfound understandings about the relationship among equity, social issues, and their lives. Drawing upon the works of John Dewey, Paulo Freire, and Nancy Fraser, critical inquiry is conceptualized as a valid learning tool with a liberatory agenda that creates an alternate public sphere where young people learn about themselves and question the status quo.
Forging ahead into New Social Networks and Looking Back to Past Social Identities
Authors: Case Rod E.
Published: May 2004

This article draws on one year of qualitative data concerning a foreign-born English as a second language teacher. Findings reveal the key role that the foreignborn English as a second language teacher’s shared personal experiences play in creating curriculum and conducting instruction that confirms the students’ethnic identities and pushes them into new social networks.
Raising Transnational Issues in a Multicultural Curriculum Project
Authors: Olmedo Irma M.
Published: May 2004

The changing demographics of America’s population increases the need for educators to develop multicultural curricula for the nation’s schools. This article describes the efforts of a group of teachers to learn about the funds of knowledge of Mexican students by doing field research in a state in Mexico with one of the largest migrations to Chicago. The article discusses their successes and the challenges of developing curricula that go beyond the “heroes-and-holidays” approach to ethnic cultures and that consider issues such as transnationalism, illegal immigration, and racism. It contextualizes these issues in the broader context of multicultural education.
Interview with an Expert Witness of Desegregation
Authors: Thompson Carolyn J. , Davis Donna M.
Published: May 2004

As we revisit the victory of Brown, we know that the work of countless unsung warriors has taken us to a new level in the battle to acquire educational equality for African American children. In an effort to honor those people whose work have brought us this far, we visited with one expert witness and intellectual architect on desegregation to learn from his experiences. Dr. Eugene E. Eubanks was instrumental in bringing about significant changes for African American children in cities nationwide and most notably in Kansas City, Missouri. He comments on the successes and failures of the past and on the value of schooling children in diverse learning communities.
School Counsel
Authors: Corwin Zoë Blumberg , Venegas Kristan M. , Oliverez Paz Maya , Colyar Julia E.
Published: May 2004

Detrimental differences in educational opportunities for students of color continue to exist in the post-Brown United States. This article focuses on inequities in access to higher education by addressing the following question: How do disparities in counseling services affect college access for students of color? Guided by a review of the literature, authors use data from a qualitative case study of high school guidance in an overcrowded school to illustrate the complexity of advising duties, structural constraints on effective guidance, and the effects of insufficient counseling on student perceptions of their support systems with regard to college-going.
Understanding the Delinquency and Social Relationships of Loners
Authors: Demuth Stephen
Published: May 2004

Little is known about the delinquency and social relations of adolescents who lack close friendships. This study compares the delinquency of “loners” and “nonloners,” explores group differences within the larger social context of peers, family, and school, and assesses the efficacy of loner status as a distinct dimension of peer relationships. The findings indicate that loners are less delinquent than nonloners are, but there are nevertheless negative circumstances associated with being a loner.
A Constructionist Discourse on Resilience
Authors: Ungar Michael
Published: May 2004

An ecological approach to the study of resilience, informed by Systems Theory and emphasizing predictable relationships between risk and protective factors, circular causality, and transactional processes, is inadequate to account for the diversity of people’s experiences of resilience. In contrast, a constructionist interpretation of resilience reflects a postmodern understanding of the construct that better accounts for cultural and contextual differences in how resilience is expressed by individuals, families, and communities. Research supporting this approach has demonstrated a nonsystemic, nonhierarchical relationship between risk and protective factors that is characteristically chaotic, complex, relative, and contextual. This article critically reviews research findings that support an ecological perspective and explores the emerging literature that informs a constructionist approach to the study of resilience. It will show that an alternate constructionist discourse on resilience greatly enhances our understanding of resilience-related phenomena and our approach to interventions with at-risk youth populations.
The Strength of Motivation and Physical Activity Level During Leisure Time among Youth in South Korea
Authors: Cho Min-Haeng
Published: May 2004

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the perceived strength of motivation and level of physical activity during their leisure time of youth. The randomly selected 1,097 (boys = 342, girls = 755) youth reported their duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity and also indicated their strength of motivation in relation to physical activity. Two-way contingency table analyses and t tests revealed that the strength of motivation for physical activity was significantly and positively related to active participation.
The Violence of Adolescent Life
Authors: Irwin Katherine
Published: May 2004

This article examines the experiences of 43 adolescents living in Denver, Colorado, from 1994 to 1996—the 2-year period following the peak of the youth violence epidemic. Where the dominant theories explaining inner-city violence tend to focus on disadvantaged communities, this study sampled youths from 5 neighborhoods with varying crime, poverty, family stability, and resident mobility rates. The findings demonstrate that, although most teens worried about the seemingly pervasive violence surrounding them, adolescents’ experiences with and attempts to manage violence differed dramatically. By identifying a range of violence management strategies used by individuals living in resource-poor and resource-rich neighborhoods, this study examines the way that everyday interactions within and across a variety of contexts may theoretically increase violence rates. The implications of these findings for violence research and prevention are also discussed.
Interracial Friendliness and the Social Organization of Schools
Authors: Stearns Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

How does the social organization of American public high schools influence opportunities for interracial contact and friendship among their students? The author examines the influence of tracking differentiation, the extent to which students are separated into different academic tracks, on the degree of interracial friendliness in public high schools. Multilevel models reveal a negative relation between the degree of tracking differentiation and the probability that students observe interracial friendships. This is particularly so for vocational/technical students.
Coverage Error Embedded in Self-Selected Internet-Based Samples: A Case Study of Northern Indiana
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Hyeon , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: May 2004

The Internet is rapidly evolving as a new tool for conducting tourism research. Given known advantages, steps to examine the possible drawbacks need to be taken to verify Internet survey methods. This article focuses, in particular, on coverage error of self-selected e-samples. Based on the response to a question regarding willingness to provide contact information on the Internet, the respondents of two conventional tourism surveys were assigned to likely, somewhat likely, and not likely groups. Analyses were conducted to identify differences between these groups in terms of demographics, travel styles, travel-planning behaviors, and trip characteristics. The results indicate that Internet-based sampling procedures create a substantial potential for bias. Therefore, use of the Internet for tourism research requires substantial caution when generalizing the findings to a population that includes nonusers and self-selected nonparticipants.
Visitor Attitudes toward Tourism Development and Product Integration in an Australian Urban-Rural Fringe
Authors: Weaver David B. , Lawton Laura J.
Published: May 2004

A cluster analysis involving 1,244 visitors to six popular recreational sites in the hinterland of Australia’s Gold Coast revealed diverse attitudes toward tourism development and product integration in this urban-rural fringe, although biocentric tendencies and a desire to maintain the hinterland in its present condition were dominant in all clusters. Hinterland protectives (n = 206) are not supportive of integrating the hinterland with the Gold Coast tourism product, while hinterland sharers (n = 406) strongly support integration and increased visitation. Hinterland neutrals (n = 231) do not have strong opinions about this issue, and integration ambivalents (n = 345) are caught between the desire to preserve and integrate the hinterland. Significant differences between the clusters were identified by site, motivation, group size, repeat visitation, duration of visit, age, residence, and education. These results indicate distinct dynamics in the urban-rural fringe and will potentially assist the sustainable tourism and recreation development of such areas.
Popper’s Ontology of Situated Human Action
Authors: Oakley Allen
Published: May 2004

Popper's version of situational analysis, with its focus on the logic of situations and the rationality principle, fails to provide cogent explanations of the human decisions and actions underpinning social phenomena. It so fails because where he demanded objectivism and formalism in the social sciences, his substantive arguments lost contact with the psychological and subjectivist realities of the human realm. But Popper also devised some key elements of a social ontology. It is argued that although there are crucial gaps in his ontology, it can be augmented to give situational analysis the potential to reach beyond pure logic and rationality and to bring social theory closer to grasping the real world of human action.
Problems and Meaning Today
Authors: Wettersten John
Published: May 2004

Philosophers have tried to explain how science finds the truth by using new developments in logic to study scientific language and inference. R. G. Collingwood argued that only a logic of problems could take context into account. He was ignored, but the need to reconcile secure meanings with changes in context and meanings was seen by Karl Popper, W. v. O. Quine, and Mario Bunge. Jagdish Hattiangadi uses problems to reconcile the need for security with that for growth. But he mistakenly insists that all problems are mere contradictions and artificially separates rigid from flexible aspects of meanings. In order to resolve the conflict we must (1) replace the quest for rigid terms with techniques for improvement, (2) use plausible arguments to uncover confused meanings, (3) use frameworks to choose problems and to regulate meanings, and (4) employ a bootstrap approach that uses frameworks to improve meanings and refined meanings to improve frameworks.
Fuller and Rouse on the Legitimation of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Remedios Francis
Published: May 2004

Fullerand Rouse are both political social epistemologists concerned with the cognitive authority of science, though both disagree on what role it should play in science. Fullerar gues that political factors such as knowledge policy and a constitution play a primary role in the global legitimation of scientific knowledge, while Rouse holds that politics play a role on the local (practices) level but not on the global (metascientific) level of legitimation. While Fullerpr ovides a political response to the legitimation project, Rouse rejects the legitimation project because he holds that it involves the need forglobal legitimation of the place of scientific knowledge in our culture.
Practical Rationality in Social Scientific Explanation
Authors: Kelly Terrence
Published: May 2004

Residential segregation according to race remains fairly entrenched in parts of the United States despite the fact that public attitudes toward racial integration have become dramatically more positive. This incongruity is often explained in terms of the irrationality of agents, whereby the agents’ support of integration is undermined by systematic/unconscious racism. The author argues that such accounts present an implausible model of practical rationality and places too great a justificatory burden on the critic/observer perspective. As an alternative, he suggests the problem is a conflict between modes of practical rationality, specifically, between reasons developed from an embedded context and reasons from a general, abstract perspective. Because many whites live in segregated conditions, they develop contextual reasons for preserving that way of life, even if such reasons fly in the face of their sense of justice. This account is more philosophically sound and gives rise to interesting policy recommendations for overcoming segregation.
Erotetic Contextualism, Data-Generating Procedures, and Sociological Explanations of Social Mobility
Authors: Khalifa Kareem
Published: May 2004

Critics of the erotetic model of explanation question its ability to discriminate significant from spurious explanations. One response to these criticisms has been to impose contextual restrictions on a case-by-case basis. In this article, the author argues that these approaches have overestimated the role of interests at the expense of other contextual aspects characteristic of social-scientific explanation. For this reason, he shows how procedures of measuring occupational status and social mobility affected different aspects of one explanation that Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan offered in their sociological classic, The American Occupational Structure. He uses the findings from this case study to meet objections to the erotetic model.
Social Mechanisms and Causal Inference
Authors: Steel Daniel
Published: May 2004

Several authors have claimed that mechanisms play a vital role in distinguishing between causation and mere correlation in the social sciences. Such claims are sometimes interpreted to mean that without mechanisms, causal inference in social science is impossible. The author agrees with critics of this proposition but explains how the account of how mechanisms aid causal inference can be interpreted in a way that does not depend on it. Nevertheless, he shows that this more charitable version of the account is still unsuccessful as it stands. Consequently, he advances a proposal for shoring up the account, which is founded on the possibility of acquiring knowledge of social mechanisms by linking together norms or practices found in a society.
Searching for the Holy in the Ascent of Imre Lakatos
Authors: Wettersten John
Published: May 2004

Bernard Lavor and John Kadvany argue that Lakatos’s Hegelian approach to the philosophy of mathematics and science enabled him to overcome all competing philosophies. His use of the approach Hegel developed in his Phenomenology enabled him to show how mathematics and science develop, how they are open-ended, and that they are not subject to rules, even though their rationality may be understood after the fact. Hegel showed Lakatos how to falsify the past to make progress in the present. A critique based on normal standards of fairness and honesty finds this argument an attack on rationality. The similarity of the methods Lakatos used as a Stalinist politician and those he used as a philosopher are pointed out. The Hegelian interpretation of his philosophy is an excuse for his misdeeds.
Social Boundary Mechanisms
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: May 2004

Social boundaries separate us fromthem. Explaining the formation, transformation, activation, and suppression of social boundaries presents knotty problems. It helps to distinguish two sets of mechanisms: (1) those that precipitate boundary change and (2) those that constitute boundary change. Properly speaking, only the constitutive mechanisms produce the effects of boundary change as such. Precipitants of boundary change include encounter, imposition, borrowing, conversation, and incentive shift. Constitutive mechanisms include inscription–erasure, activation–deactivation, site transfer, and relocation. Effects of boundary change include attack–defense sequences. These mechanisms operate over a wide range of social phenomena.
On Rawls’s Distinction between Perfect and Imperfect Procedural Justice
Authors: Gustafsson Martin
Published: May 2004

Rawls’s distinction between perfect and imperfect procedural justice relies on the notion of a procedure that is guaranteed to lead to a certain independently specifiable result. Clarification of this notion shows that it makes the distinction between perfect and imperfect procedural justice unreal, in the following sense: whether, in a particular case, we have an instance of perfect or imperfect procedural justice depends only on how we choose to specify the procedure that is being followed.
Two Equivalent Discrepancy Functions for Maximum Likelihood Estimation: Do Their Test Statistics Follow a Non-Central Chi-Square Distribution under Model Misspecification?
Authors: Olsson Ulf Henning , Foss Tron , Breivik Einar
Published: May 2004

Over the years several discrepancy functions have been introduced both in the literature and in the software of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The test statistics for the discrepancy functions associated with Maximum Likelihood (ML), Generalized Least Squares (GLS), and Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares (NWLS) are all asymptotically equivalent. These test statistics are all approximately distributed as central chi-square under correct model specification and if the observed variables are multivariate normally distributed. However, it is known that the distribution of these test statistics will not approximate a central Chi-square distribution for models containing specification error, but is more likely to follow a non-central Chi-square distribution (Browne 1984). This study investigates the empirical distributions of the ML and NWLS discrepancy functions. The study includes 13 different factor models with different types and degrees of specification error. It is found, except for small samples, that the empirical distribution of the ML-test statistic outperforms the empirical distribution of the NWLS-test statistic in terms of approximation to the theoretical non-central Chi-square distribution. Furthermore, in some cases, it turned out that the non-central Chi-square approximation was not appropriate even for models that contained minor and moderate degrees of specification error.
Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT) Models A Synthesis of Two Traditions
Authors: Bollen Kenneth A. , Curran Patrick J.
Published: May 2004

Although there are a variety of statistical methods available for the analysis of longitudinal panel data, two approaches are of particular historical importance: the autoregressive (simplex) model and the latent trajectory (curve) model. These two approaches have been portrayed as competing methodologies such that one approach is superior to the other. We argue that the autoregressive and trajectory models are special cases of a more encompassing model that we call the autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model. In this paper we detail the underlying statistical theory and mathematical identification of this model, and demonstrate the ALT model using two empirical data sets. The first reanalyzes a simulated repeated measures data set that was previously used to argue against the autoregressive model, and we illustrate how the ALT model can recover the true latent curve model. Second, we apply the ALT model to real family income data on N=3912 adults over a seven year period and find evidence for both autoregressive and latent trajectory processes. Extensions and limitations are discussed.
Charitable Interpretations
Authors: von Rautenfeld Hans
Published: May 2004

John Rawls offers an account of public reason that argues that comprehensive doctrines are admissible into public deliberations of fundamental political matters only when they are used to say things that can also be said on the basis of the noncomprehensive liberal political values of freedom and equality. This essay argues that elements of comprehensive doctrines ought to be allowed into public reason even when those elements cannot be translated into the terms of liberal political values. It draws on Ralph Waldo Emerson’s conception of communication among citizens and Stanley Cavell’s interpretationof Emersonian moral perfectionism to develop a conception of public reason that allows a greater range of views held by citizens to play a legitimate role in democratic deliberations. An Emersonian conception of liberal democracy differs from Rawls’s in that it more explicitly views the democratic community as actively engaged in continually revising and perfecting the liberal political values of freedom and equality.
Levinas and Political Theory
Authors: Alford C. Fred
Published: May 2004

How best to avoid the Levinas Effect, as it has been called, the tendency to make Emmanuel Levinas everything to everyone? One way is to demonstrate that Levinas’s thinking does not fit into any of the categories by which we ordinarily approach political theory. If one were forced to categorize Levinas’s political theory, the term “inverted liberalism” would come closest to the mark. As long, that is, as one emphasizes the term “inverted” over “liberalism.” Levinas’s defense of liberalism is likely the strangest defense the reader has encountered. We should, argues Levinas, foster and protect the individual because only the individual can see the tears of the other, the tears that even the just regime cannot see. The individual is to be fostered and protected for the sake of the other individual. Whether this has anything to do with “real” liberalism, and whether it should, is the topic of this essay.
Social Capital
Authors: Farr James
Published: May 2004

Taking its departure from current debates over social capital, this article presents new textual findings in a backward-revealing conceptual history. In particular, it analyzes the texts and contexts of Lyda J. Hanifan who was rediscovered by Robert Putnam as having (allegedly first) used the term; it offers discoveries of earlier uses of the term and concept—most notably by John Dewey—thereby introducing critical pragmatism as another tradition of social capital; and it recovers features of the critique of political economy in the nineteenth century—from Bellamy to Marshall to Sidgwick to Marx—that assessed “capital from the social point of view, ” especially cooperative associations. While it ends with Marx’s use of “social capital, ” Dewey is its central figure. The article concludes by returning to the present and offering work, sympathy, civic education, and a critical stance as emergent themes from this conceptual history that might enrich current debates.
Socrates’ Contest with the Poets in Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Nichols Mary P.
Published: May 2004

Scholars have recently argued that in the Symposium Plato is critical of Socrates and falls closer than his philosophic spokesman to the side of poetry in the old quarrel between philosophy and poetry. Contrary to such interpretations, I argue that on the basis of his experience of a philosophic life, Socrates responds to the poets Plato presents in that dialogue, offering a superior understanding not only of Love but of poetry itself. Far from self-sufficient, but like Love “dwell[ing] always in need” and generating through teaching, Socrates both requires and supports political life. The state between poverty and resource that accounts for the pursuit of wisdom and its self-generation through questioning others also accounts for the ongoing human activities that keep political communities alive and flourishing. At issue is not simply Plato’s attitude toward Socrates, but the very nature of philosophy and its relation to the political community.
A Local History of “The Political”
Authors: Hauptmann Emily
Published: May 2004

This essay interprets changes in how “the political” was employed by a group of political theorists connected to the University of California, Berkeley, from the late 1950s up to the present. Initially, the political names both what students of politics ought to study and invokes a way of studying meant to have broad appeal. In later uses, however, the political takes on an evanescent quality compared to the solid realm of generality represented in earlier work. Also, only from the 1970s on is the political explicitly identified with democracy. Finally, later uses of the political no longer invoke a mode of study with broad appeal but one that even most self-described political theorists fail to practice. Though the changes the author analyzes in how the political was conceived are specific to the work of a small group of theorists, they suggest a more general story about the late twentieth-century development of political theory in the American academy.
Comparing Online Information Effects
Authors: Vishwanath Arun
Published: May 2004

Despite the global reach of the Internet, extant cross-cultural research is limited to examining the uses and users of the medium rather than the effects of information presented within it.T he current exploratory study investigates the effects of differing information on participants within a standardizedWeb site across three cultures: Germany, Japan, and the United States.T he findings reveal a significant interaction between culture, information, and uncertainty avoidance.Online interactants in high uncertainty-avoidance cultures such as Japan seem to exhibit drastic behavioral changes when faced with limited information within an ambiguous decision context as compared to similar participants in Germany and the United States.T he overall findings are consistent with Hofstede’s (1984, 1991, 2001) perspective on culture and uncertainty avoidance.
Shifting Journalistic Paradigms
Authors: Pan Zhongdang , Chan Joseph Man
Published: May 2004

This study examines shifting journalisticparadigms in a transitional society. Analyzing data from surveys of journalists and journalism students in the People’s Republicof China, the authors find that professional journalism has emerged as a direct competitor to the party-journalism paradigm. Although the former is manifested in journalists’ positive appraisal of professional news media, the latter is embodied in praising the official party organs. The professional perspective is associated with emphasis on the disseminator role of the media and the desire for more liberal arts training in journalism, whereas the party-journalism paradigm is related to the emphasis on the interpretive and popular advocacy roles and the desire for more training in communist propaganda. The two journalistic paradigms are also reflected in differences in evaluating various innovative media outlets in the reforms. The implications of the findings for studies on the articulation of professionalism and other journalism paradigms are discussed.
Gender, Rationality, and Base-Rate Explanations for Increasing Trends
Authors: Berger1 Charles R. , Lee Eun-Ju , Johnson Joel T.
Published: May 2004

Two experiments examined the effects of gender and rational thinking style on the relative weight accorded base-rate and non-base-rate explanations for increasingly positive and negative trends depicted with frequency data. Experiment 1 revealed men judged base-rate explanations to be more important than non-base-rate explanations for both positive and negative trends, but women showed the same proclivity only for negative trends. High rationals judged non-base-rate explanations for negative trends as less important than did low rationals. When Experiment 2 participants spontaneously generated explanations for the trends, proportionally more high rationals than low rationals adduced base-rate explanations for negative trends, but no rationality differences emerged for positive trends. No gender differences were significant. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences in the utilization of available base-rate cues, and highly rational individuals’ propensity to use based-rate data to explain away threatening trends to buffer themselves from anxiety and depression.
First-Date Expectations
Authors: Morr Mary Claire , Mongeau Paul A.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the impact of three factors (sex of initiator, alcohol consumption, and relationship type) relevant to the dominant American first-date script concerning communication and sexual expectations for first dates. After reading a hypothetical scenario describing a date initiation, 218 college students indicated the expectations they would have if they were the person going on the date. Results indicated that men have higher sexual expectations than do women and that participants’ sexual expectations are heightened when alcohol is available. Alcohol availability had complex effects on expectations for communication intimacy. Participants expected more intimate communication when dating partners were close friends than when they were casual acquaintances.
Sex, Lies, and Video Compact Disc
Authors: Chia Stella C. , Lu Kerr-Hsin , McLeod Douglas M.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the third-person perception and both preventive and punitive explanations for support for media censorship in the context of a controversial sexual video compact disc (VCD) that exposed the private sex life of a Taiwanese politician. The preventive explanation views support for censorship as a preventive action to protect others from threatening media effects; the punitive explanation argues that individuals’ favorable attitudes toward media censorship reflect their intention to penalize the media for the harm done to the subject of the communication. The study shows strong support for the third-person perception of media effects and suggests a punitive explanation for support for government’s censorship. The preventive explanation received only partial support. In addition, support for censorship was also extended from attitudes toward government restrictions to behaviors. Findings indicate that individuals’ reluctance to disseminate sexual content was predicted by exposure to the communication and self-efficacy in using new technology.