bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHAT DETERMINES THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR? A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Knoblach Michael , Stöckl Fabian
Published: June 2020

This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature on the determinants of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Our focus is on the two‐input constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function. We start by presenting four concise observations that summarize the empirical literature on the estimation of . Motivated by these observations, the main part of this survey then focuses on potential determinants of capital–labor substitution. We first review several approaches to the microfoundation of production functions where the elasticity of substitution (EOS) is treated as a purely technological parameter. Second, we outline the construction of an aggregate elasticity of substitution (AES) in a multi‐sectoral framework and investigate its dependence on underlying intra‐ and inter‐sectoral substitution. Third, we discuss the influence of the institutional framework on the extent of factor substitution. Overall, this survey highlights that the effective elasticity of substitution (EES), which is typically estimated in empirical studies, is generally not an immutable deep parameter but depends on a multitude of technological, non‐technological, and institutional determinants. Based on these insights, the final section identifies a number of potential empirical and theoretical avenues for future research.
Concomitant overexpression of Activin A and p63 is associated with poor outcome in oral cancer patients
Authors: Mundhe Dhanashree , Waghole Rohit , Pawar Sagar , Mishra Rupa , Shetty Arusha , Gera Poonam , Kannan Sadhana , Teni Tanuja
Published: June 2020

Background

The present study aims to comprehensively analyze expression of Activin signaling components in oral cancer and to determine the predominant Activin expressed and its influence on prognosis. As our preliminary studies indicated regulation of Activin gene by p63, we also propose to assess its correlation with p63/p53 in oral tumors and its impact on outcome.

Methods

Expression of Activin subunits, receptors, and regulators was assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting. Correlation between Activin A and p63/p53 expression was evaluated in oral tumors by immunohistochemistry and their association with clinical outcome was determined by Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox regression.

Results

Activin βA transcripts were upregulated (P = .013) in oral dysplastic and cancer cells compared with normal oral mucosa. Expression of Activin receptors and regulators was also altered. Activin βA protein was significantly upregulated in oral tumors and adjacent normal tissues compared with normal oral mucosa (P < .0001). Expression of Activin βA and p63 significantly correlated in oral tumors, correlation being stronger in tumors with high p53 (r = −.394,P = .005). Activin βA overexpression was associated with advanced tumor stage (P = .021), positive nodes (P = .045), poor recurrence‐free survival (P = .013), and overall survival (P = .024), while its concomitant overexpression with p63 was a better predictor of recurrence‐free survival (HR = 10.66, CI: 1.41‐80.19).

Conclusions

Activin A overexpression is an early event in oral cancer pathogenesis and can independently predict survival. Moreover, in combination with p63 overexpression, it served as a better marker for poor prognosis. Activin A could thus be a promising target for improved outcome in oral cancer patients.
Integrating Health Literacy Into Core Curriculum: A Teacher‐Driven Pilot Initiative for Second Graders
Authors: Aghazadeh Sarah A. , Aldoory Linda , Mills Tamara
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Limited research has addressed the effects of health literacy interventions in elementary schools. However, school‐aged children's health literacy is critical because children make decisions about their health every day. The purpose of the pilot project was to explore the feasibility of integrated health literacy lesson plans for second graders.

METHODS

A pretest‐posttest evaluation was conducted with second grade students following implementation of health literacy lessons that were integrated into core curriculum (language arts, science, and social studies).

RESULTS

Health educators, a hospital/health care system, and a school district developed a partnership. A research team of teachers, administrators, health literacy experts and health care organizations designed and implemented health literacy lesson plans. A developmentally appropriate measure of health literacy was adapted from the Newest Vital Sign. Data showed that students' health literacy scores significantly increased after implementation of 4 lesson plans.

CONCLUSIONS

This was an exploratory, pilot project that provided a useful starting point for discussing how to integrate health literacy into elementary school curriculum. An interdisciplinary team developed integrated health literacy materials that acknowledged the needs of teachers, the resources available, and the developmental stages of children. This intervention serves as a model for future health literacy initiatives in schools.
The Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Telehealth (SAFE‐T) Center: A Comprehensive, Nurse‐led Telehealth Model to Address Disparities in Sexual Assault Care
Authors: Miyamoto Sheridan , Thiede Elizabeth , Dorn Lorah , Perkins Daniel F. , Bittner Cynthia , Scanlon Dennis
Published: June 2020

Background

Rural and underserved communities often struggle to provide access to specialized health care, including sexual assault care. Telehealth is an effective solution for providing access to an array of specialized health care services. Prior sexual assault telehealth programs have provided evidence that telehealth is a feasible and acceptable solution. However, there is scant information about program development and considerations in the literature to guide those who may seek to implement a sexual assault telehealth program in their communities.

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Sexual Assault Forensic Examination Telehealth (SAFE‐T) Center—a nurse‐led model for providing comprehensive, high‐quality sexual assault care in rural and underserved communities recently implemented at 3 hospitals in rural Pennsylvania.

Methods

Using the program's logic model, we present our community‐engaged approach to the development and implementation phases of the SAFE‐T Center.

Findings

We first describe how academic researchers partnered with multiple stakeholders to form a statewide advisory board and articulated a vision and mission for the SAFE‐T Center that meets the needs of local communities. We then describe the overall design of the model, how it was informed by this academic‐community partnership, and how each element relates to anticipated outcomes. We also present our plans for program evaluation, expansion, and sustainability.

Conclusion

This detailed description of collaborative partnership, coalition‐building, program design and implementation can serve as a guide for hospitals and health systems seeking to implement telehealth programs to improve the care provided to survivors of sexual assault.
Mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells are severely reduced and exhausted in humans with chronic HBV infection
Authors: Huang Wenyong , He Wenjing , Shi Xiaomin , Ye Qianyu , He Xiaoshun , Dou Lang , Gao Yifang
Published: June 2020

Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHBV) infection is a major cause of liver diseases. Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important for antiviral immunity in the liver, but the distinction between intrasinusoidal and peripheral MAIT cells in patients with CHBV infections remains unclear. PBMCs were obtained from patients with CHBV infections (n = 29) and age‐matched controls (n = 46). Liver‐associated mononuclear cells (LMCs) were collected from healthy donors (n = 29) and explanted livers (n = 19) from patients and used for phenotypic, functional and TCR diversity analyses. The percentages of both peripheral and intrasinusoidal MAIT cells were significantly reduced in the CHBV infection group compared to the control group. Peripheral MAIT cells from CHBV‐infected patients expressed higher levels of HLA‐DR, CD69, CD38 and PD‐1 than those of controls. We also confirmed that peripheral MAIT cells in HBV patients had elevated expression T‐cell exhaustion genes. Except for a difference in the level of PD‐1, no differences were observed between the liver MAIT cells of the two groups. The production of IFN‐α in peripheral MAIT cells of CHBV infection patients was lower than in control patients, but no such difference was observed in liver MAIT cells. Additionally, a distinct TCR signature was found in CHBV patients. Hence, we found distinct activities and functions in liver and peripheral MAIT cells of patients with CHBV infections.
A wireless endoscopy capsule suitable for imaging of the equine stomach and small intestine
Authors: Steinmann Mei , Bezugley Rebecca J. , Bond Stephanie L. , Pomrantz Jill S. , Léguillette Renaud
Published: June 2020

Background

Capsule endoscopy offers a new method for visualization of the gastrointestinal mucosa in horses where other imaging technologies have diagnostic limitations.

Objectives

To (1) test the feasibility of using this novel endoscopy capsule to visualize intestinal mucosa in horses, including an objective assessment of image quality, (2) assess how changes in preadministration preparation affect the transit time and the amount of gastrointestinal mucosa visualized, and (3) describe intestinal mucosa lesions in healthy horses.

Animals

Five healthy adult horses.

Methods

Three protocols were used in a crossover study design. Protocols varied in time fasted, amount of oral fluid administered, and exercise. Manure was radiographically inspected for capsule recovery. Percentage of visible gastrointestinal mucosa was objectively assessed.

Results

Detailed images of the gastrointestinal mucosa were recorded with all 3 protocols, including images of the pylorus, major duodenal papilla, individual villi, and ileocecal junction. Visualization of large intestinal mucosa was poor. Interobserver agreement on image quality was excellent. Capsule administration after feed withholding for 24 hours provided the greatest percentage of visible mucosa in the stomach and small intestine. Total transit time to capsule excretion was 6.5 (3‐8.75) days. Of 15 capsules administered, 3 were not recovered. Lesions visualized included mucosal erosion, ulceration and hemorrhage, areas of thickened mucosa, and evidence of parasitism.

Conclusions

This novel endoscopic capsule appears safe, practical, and noninvasive in horses; however, variability in capsule excretion time must be taken into account for clinical application.
Relationship between hepatic and systemic angiopoietin‐like 3, hepatic Vitamin D receptor expression and NAFLD in obesity
Authors: Barchetta Ilaria , Cimini Flavia A. , Chiappetta Caterina , Bertoccini Laura , Ceccarelli Valentina , Capoccia Danila , Gaggini Melania , Di Cristofano Claudio , Della Rocca Carlo , Silecchia Gianfranco , Leonetti Frida , Lenzi Andrea , Gastaldelli Amalia , Cavallo Maria G.
Published: June 2020

Background & Aims

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Angiopoietin‐like proteins (ANGPTLs) are targets for vitamin D receptor (VDR)‐mediated gene transcription and this axis may promote NAFLD. ANGPTL3 is a hepatokine which inhibits lipoprotein lipase and its experimentally induced inactivation reduces hepatosteatosis. Little is known on ANGPTL3 in human NAFLD and no data exist on its relationship with hepatic VDR/VD‐related genes. The aim of this research was to investigate hepatic ANGPTLs and VDR/VD‐related gene expression in human obesity in relation to NAFLD.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional investigation on forty obese subjects with/without NAFLD. We evaluated hepatic ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL8, LPL, VDR, CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 mRNA expression in liver biopsies by RT‐PCR; VDR expression was further investigated by immunohistochemistry; circulating ANGPTL3 was measured by Milliplex assay.

Results

Compared to non‐NAFLD, NAFLD individuals had significantly higher hepatic VDR, ANGPTL3 and LPL expression. ANGPTL3 correlated with steatosis grade, LPL, VDR, CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 expression. Plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations were positively associated with clinical/histological markers of NAFLD/NASH and with hepatic ANGPTL3 expression. Greater hepatic VDR expression was the main determinant of hepatic ANGPTL3 after adjusting for multiple confounders.

Conclusions

Hepatic ANGPTL3 expression correlates with greater VDR expression, presence and severity of NAFLD and translates in increased circulating ANGPTL3, likely as a result of its modulation by up‐regulated hepatic VDR in NAFLD. This study provides novel insights to potential mechanisms underlying ANGPTLs–mediated ectopic fat accumulation and NAFLD development in obesity.
Assessing Baveno VI criteria with liver stiffness measured using a new point‐shear wave elastography technique (BAVElastPQ study)
Authors: Garcovich Matteo , Di Stasio Enrico , Zocco Maria A. , Riccardi Laura , Ainora Maria E. , Annicchiarico Brigida E. , Gibiino Giulia , Santopaolo Francesco , Gasbarrini Antonio , Pompili Maurizio
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims

To date, no study has explored the potential role of ElastPQ, a novel point‐SWE technique, in the assessment of clinically significant portal hypertension. The aim of our study was to determine a liver stiffness (LS) cut‐off value measured by ElastPQ and laboratory parameters that could help to identify those patients who can safely avoid screening endoscopy.

Methods

Data were collected on 1422 patients who underwent ElastPQ measurement from January 2013 to January 2016 in our Department. Inclusion criteria were a LS value of ≥7 kPa, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy within 12 months and a diagnosis of compensated chronic liver disease. Exclusion criteria were history of decompensated liver disease, evidence of porto‐spleno‐mesenteric vein thrombosis and non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension. Varices were graded as low‐risk varices (grade <2) or varices needing treatment (VNT, grade ≥2).

Results

The study included 195 patients (120 [61%] HCV, 171 [88%] Child‐Pugh A). Varices were present in 35% cases, with 10% prevalence of VNT. According to ROC curve analysis, LS measurement and platelet count were evaluated as predictors of VNT. Overall, 75/195 (38%) met the ‘BAVElastPQ’ criteria (that is, LS < 12 kPa and platelet count >150 000/μL). Within this group, 11/75 (15%) had any grade of varices and only 1/75 (1%) had VNT. The BAVElastPQ criteria gave sensitivity of 0.95, specificity of 0.42, positive predictive value of 0.15 and negative predictive value of 0.99.

Conclusions

The BAVElastPQ criteria correctly identified 99% of patients without VNT. By applying such criteria, we could have potentially avoided 38% of surveillance endoscopies in our cohort.
Liver injury caused by oral anticoagulants: A population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Björnsson Helgi K. , Gudmundsson David O. , Björnsson Einar S.
Published: June 2020

Background & Aims

Idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare adverse event. DILI caused by direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has been reported, however, data on the risk of DILI are limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of DILI caused by oral anticoagulants (OACs) in a population‐based setting.

Methods

A computerized database search in The National Prescription Database was performed identifying all patients in Iceland who were prescribed OACs (rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban or warfarin) in 2008‐2017. Personal identification numbers of these patients were linked with a database containing laboratory results for all hospitals and most outpatient clinics in Iceland. A medical chart review was performed in all cases where onset of liver injury followed intake of OACs. Patients with other specific causes of liver injury were excluded. Causality assessment with the RUCAM method was undertaken in cases with suspected DILI.

Results

Three cases of suspected DILI were identified. In all cases, rivaroxaban was the implicated agent among patients prescribed this product (n = 3446). All were women with a hepatocellular type of liver injury. One patient developed a suspected drug‐induced autoimmune hepatitis and was treated with corticosteroids. No cases of DILI in patients on warfarin (n = 9101), apixaban (n = 1903), dabigatran (n = 1335) and edoxaban (n = 34) were identified.

Conclusions

Rivaroxaban was the only OAC associated with DILI during the 10‐year study period. Approximately 1 in 1100 patients treated with rivaroxaban developed DILI. Other OACs were not associated with liver injury in this population‐based study.
Perception ofnon‐nativespeech
Authors: Baese‐Berk Melissa M. , McLaughlin Drew J. , McGowan Kevin B.
Published: June 2020

For nearly 25 years, researchers have recognized the rich and numerous facets of native perception of non‐native speech, driving a large, and growing, body of work that has shed light on how native listeners understand non‐native speech. The bulk of this work, however, has focused on the talker. That is, most researchers have asked what perception of non‐native speech tells us about the non‐native speaker, or when interacting with non‐native speakers more generally. It is clear that listeners perceive speech not only in terms of the acoustic signal, but also with their own experience and biases driving their perception. It is also clear that native listeners can improve their perception of non‐native speech for both familiar and unfamiliar accents. Therefore, it is imperative that research in non‐native communication also consider an active role for the listener. To truly understand communication between native and non‐native speakers, it is critically important to understand both the properties of non‐native speech and how this speech is perceived. In the present review, we describe non‐native speech and then review previous research, examining the methodological shift from using native listeners as tools to understand properties of non‐native speech to understanding listeners as partners in conversation. We discuss how current models not only limit our understanding of non‐native speech, but also limit what types of questions researchers set out to answer. We demonstrate that while non‐native speakers capable of shifting their productions to be better understood by listeners, native listeners are also capable of shifting their perception to more accurately perceive non‐native speech. We conclude by setting forth a series of recommendations for future research, emphasizing the contributions of native listeners and non‐native speakers as equally important for communicative success.
Female spider aggression is associated with genetic underpinnings of the nervous system and immune response to pathogens
Authors: Chang Chia‐chen , Connahs Heidi , Tan Estella Cai Yu , Norma‐Rashid Y. , Mrinalini  , Li Daiqin , Chew Fook Tim
Published: June 2020

Identifying the genetic architecture underlying phenotypic variation in natural populations and assessing the consequences of polymorphisms for individual fitness are fundamental goals in evolutionary and molecular ecology. Consistent between‐individual differences in behaviour have been documented for a variety of taxa. Dissecting the genetic basis of such behavioural differences is however a challenging endeavour. The molecular underpinnings of natural variation in aggression remain elusive. Here, we used comparative gene expression (transcriptome analysis and RT–PCR), genetic association analysis and pharmacological experiments to gain insight into the genetic basis of aggression in wild‐caught jumping spiders (Portia labiata). We show that spider aggression is associated with a putative viral infection response gene, BTB/POZ domain‐containing protein 17 (BTBDH), in addition to a putative serotonin receptor 1A (5‐HT1A) gene. Spider aggression varies with virus loads, and BTBDH is upregulated in docile spiders and exhibits a genetic variant associated with aggression. We also identify a putative serotonin receptor 5‐HT1A gene upregulated in docile P. labiata. Individuals that have been treated with serotonin become less aggressive, but individuals treated with a nonselective serotonin receptor antagonist (methiothepin) also reduce aggression. Further, we identify the genetic variants in the 5‐HT1A gene that are associated with individual variation in aggression. We therefore conclude that co‐evolution of the immune and nervous systems may have shaped the between‐individual variation in aggression in natural populations of jumping spiders.
Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus: From multiparty interactions among plant–virus–vector to intermittent epidemics
Authors: Wu Nan , Zhang Lu , Ren Yingdang , Wang Xifeng
Published: June 2020

Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) (species Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus, genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae) is the causal agent of rice black‐streaked dwarf and maize rough dwarf diseases, which occur in intermittent epidemics in East Asian countries and are responsible for considerable yield losses. Intermittency of epidemics make accurate forecasting and designing of effective management strategies difficult. However, recent insights into host–virus–vector insect interactions are now informing forecasting and disease control measures. Resistance genes are also being identified and mapped.

Symptomatology and host range

RBSDV induces extreme stunting, darkened, and stiff leaves of crops and weeds only in the family Poaceae, including Oryza sativa, Zea mays, and Triticum aestivum. Infected plants produce totally or partially deformed panicles and remain alive through harvest.

Genome and gene function

The nonenveloped virus particles comprise a double‐layered capsid, 50‐nm core with genomic double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), and six proteins. The genome of RBSDV contains 10 segments of dsRNA, named S1 to S10 in decreasing order of molecular weight. Segments 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 encode the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the major core structural protein, a protein with guanylyltransferase activity, an outer‐shell B‐spike protein, viral RNA‐silencing suppressor, the major capsid protein, and the outer capsid protein, respectively. Each of the segments 5, 7, and 9 encodes two proteins: P5‐1, a component of viroplasms; P5‐2 of unknown function; nonstructural protein P7‐1, involved in forming the structural matrix of tubular structures in infected tissues; P7‐2 of unknown function; P9‐1, the main component of viroplasms in infected cells and involved in viral replication; and P9‐2 of unknown function.

Transmission and epidemiology

RBSDV is transmitted by Laodelphax striatellus in a persistent propagative manner. The vector insect is the only means of virus spread in nature, so its migration and transmission efficiency are obligatory for disease epidemics to develop. Susceptible varieties are widely planted, but efficient transmission by vectors is the primary reason for the epidemics. Cultivation system, pesticide overuse, and climatic conditions also contribute to epidemics by affecting the development of the vector insects and their population dynamics.

Disease management

In the absence of resistant varieties, integrated disease management aims at disrupting the cycle of virus transmission by the insect vector. Inheritance studies have indicated that resistance is mostly governed by quantitative trait loci or multiple genes. Genetic engineering through RNA‐interference and gene‐editing strategies are potential approaches for disease control.
Investigation of nerve pathways mediating colorectal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease model produced by lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Chai Xin‐yi , Diwakarla Shanti , Pustovit Ruslan V. , McQuade Rachel M. , Di Natale Madeleine , Ermine Charlotte M. , Parish Clare L. , Finkelstein David I. , Furness John B.
Published: June 2020

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, including constipation, is a common non‐motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). The toxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) produces the symptoms of PD, surprisingly including constipation, after it is injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). However, the mechanisms involved in PD‐associated constipation caused by central application of 6OHDA remain unknown. We investigated effects of 6OHDA lesioning of the MFB on motor performance and GI function.

Methods

Male Sprague Dawley rats were unilaterally injected with 6OHDA in the MFB. Colorectal propulsion was assessed by bead expulsion after 4 weeks and by recording colorectal contractions and propulsion after 5 weeks. Enteric nervous system (ENS) neuropathy was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

When compared to shams, 6OHDA‐lesioned rats had significantly increased times of bead expulsion from the colorectum, indicative of colon dysmotility. Administration of the colokinetic, capromorelin, that stimulates defecation centers in the spinal cord, increased the number of contractions and colorectal propulsion in both groups compared to baseline; however, the effectiveness of capromorelin in 6OHDA‐lesioned rats was significantly reduced in comparison with shams, indicating that 6OHDA animals have reduced responsiveness of the spinal defecation centers. Enteric neuropathy was observed in the distal colon, revealing that lesion of the MFB has downstream effects at the cellular level, remote from the site of 6OHDA administration.

Conclusions & Inferences

We conclude that there are trans‐synaptic effects of the proximal, forebrain, lesion of pathways from the brain that send signals down the spinal cord, at the levels of the defecation centers and the ENS.
Accountability and organizational performance in the public sector: Analysis of higher education institutions in Korea
Authors: Choi Sungjoo , Chun Young Han
Published: June 2020

This study examined the relationships between multiple dimensions of accountability and organizational performance. The data from higher education institutions in Korea were analysed using ordinary least squares multiple regressions and ordered logistic regressions. We analysed our models with the whole data and the public institutions only data to detect any sectoral differences in the relationships. The overall results show that higher accountability generates more desirable outcomes for organizations. In particular, legal accountability is positively related to most of the performance variables in all institutions. In contrast, the relationship between legal accountability and procedural transparency is less clear. Hierarchical accountability is consistently and positively associated with student satisfaction and procedural transparency in all organizations. Political accountability is significantly linked to student satisfaction only in public institutions. Higher political accountability in making external policies is positively related to student satisfaction, whereas higher political accountability in internal management is negatively associated with student satisfaction.
Ediacaran macroalgal holdfasts and their evolution: a case study from China
Authors: Wang Ye , Wang Yue , Tang Feng , Zhao Mingsheng
Published: June 2020

A macroalgal holdfast (root‐like structure) anchored or grown into sediments is a key trait of metaphytes and eukaryotic algae. Various patterns and taphonomic variants of congeneric holdfasts are preserved on the bedding planes of black shales of the Ediacaran Wenghui biota in South China. The macroalgal holdfast, which commonly consists of a rhizome, rhizoid and pith (perhaps mechanical tissue), can be morphologically classified into ten types within four groups of rhizomes: bare rhizome holdfasts (Grypania,TongrenphytonandSectoralga‐type holdfasts), canopy rhizome holdfasts (Gemmaphyton,Gesinella,DiscusphytonandBaculiphyca‐type holdfasts), pithy rhizome holdfasts (Zhongbaodaophytonand pithy‐cone‐type holdfasts) and differentiated rhizome holdfasts (Wenghuiphyton‐type holdfasts). Analysis of the Precambrian macroalgal record indicates that rhizomes played a more important role in the evolution of macroalgal holdfast than rhizoids. The following evolutionary stages of development of macroalgal holdfasts are proposed: (1) growth of the basal thallus into sediments (Grypania‐type holdfast); (2) development of a primitive (indistinct) rhizome from the base of a stipe or thallus (Tongrenphyton‐type andSectoralga‐type holdfasts); (3) growth of a distinct rhizome with rhizoid (Gemmaphyton‐type,Gesinella‐type andDiscusphyton‐type holdfasts); (4) development of a pith in the stipe (Baculiphyca‐type holdfast); (5) pith extension into the rhizome (Zhongbaodaophyton‐type and pithy‐cone‐type holdfasts); and (6) rhizome differentiation and development of a complex holdfast system (Wenghuiphyton‐type holdfast).
Abrogation of RAB27A expression transiently affects melanoma cell proliferation
Authors: Guo Dajiang , Beaumont Kimberley A. , Sharp Danae M. , Lui Goldie Y. L. , Weninger Wolfgang , Haass Nikolas K. , Tikoo Shweta
Published: June 2020

The role of the small GTPase RAB27A as an essential melanosome trafficking regulator in melanocytes is well‐accepted. A decade ago, RAB27A was identified as a tumor dependency gene that promotes melanoma cell proliferation. RAB27A has since been linked to another propeller of cancer progression: exosome secretion. We have recently demonstrated that RAB27A is overexpressed in a subset of melanomas. High RAB27A gene and protein expression correlate with poor prognosis in melanoma patients. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the generation of pro‐invasive exosomes was RAB27A‐dependent and, therefore, silencing RAB27A reduced melanoma cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. However, previous studies have implicated RAB27A to be involved in both proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells. Employing four human cell lines, stratified by RAB27A expression, and one RAB27A‐high mouse cell line, we demonstrate in this study that the effects of abrogating RAB27A expression on proliferation are only temporary, in contrast to our previously reported persistent effects on tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, we assist in the dissection of the short‐term effects of RAB27A knockdown on melanoma cell proliferation versus long‐term effects on melanoma invasion and metastasis. We believe that our findings provide novel insights into the effects of RAB27A blockade.
From court to court: Religious polities and the modern south Asian public
Authors: Hatcher Brian A.
Published: June 2020

Responding to recent scholarship on premodern religious publics in South Asia, this essay cautions against the retrojection of the modern category onto past political, religious, and cultural patterns. The essay highlights instead the need for examining historical developments taking place between the early colonial and the late colonial era as a useful way to ponder what becomes of court‐ and temple‐based polities in the age of law courts, the printing press, and imperial bureaucracy.
Respiratory management of infants with chronic neonatal lung disease beyond the NICU: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*
Authors: Kapur Nitin , Nixon Gillian , Robinson Philip , Massie John , Prentice Bernadette , Wilson Andrew , Schilling Sandra , Twiss Jacob , Fitzgerald Dominic A.
Published: June 2020

Chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD) is defined as continued need for any form of respiratory support (supplemental oxygen and/or assisted ventilation) beyond 36 weeks PMA. Low‐flow supplemental oxygen facilitates discharge from hospital of infants with CNLD who are hypoxic in air and is widely used despite lack of evidence on the most appropriate minimum mean target oxygen saturations. Furthermore, there are minimal data to guide the home monitoring, titration or weaning of supplemental oxygen in these infants. The purpose of this position statement is to provide a guide for the respiratory management of infants with CNLD, with special emphasis on role and logistics of supplemental oxygen therapy beyond the NICU stay. Reflecting a variety of clinical practices and infant comorbidities (presence of pulmonary hypertension, retinopathy of prematurity and adequacy of growth), it is recommended that the minimum mean target range for SpO2 during overnight oximetry to be 93–95% with less than 5% of total recording time to be below 90% SpO2. Safety of short‐term disconnection from supplemental oxygen should be assessed before discharge, with majority of infants with CNLD not ready for discharge until supplemental oxygen requirement is ≤0.5 L/min. Sleep‐time assessment of oxygenation with continuous overnight oximetry is recommended when weaning supplemental oxygen. Palivizumab is considered safe and effective for the reduction of hospital admissions with RSV infection in this group. This statement would be useful for paediatricians, neonatologists, respiratory and sleep physicians and general practitioners managing children with CNLD.
Auditor quality, audit fees, organizational structure, and risk taking in the US life insurance industry
Authors: Huang Li‐Ying , Lai Gene C. , Lu Erin , McNamara Michael
Published: June 2020

Using a system of simultaneous equations, this study examines the relation among external audit monitoring, in the US life insurance industry. We find insurers with higher leverage risk and surplus risk are more likely to use Big‐4 auditors and to pay higher fees. In return, insurers hiring Big‐4 auditors and paying higher audit fees have lower leverage risk and surplus risk. Second, the results suggest that mutual life insurers have a higher leverage risk and surplus risk than stock life insurers. This evidence is in contrast to that for property–liability insurance companies. Third, we find insurers are less likely to hire Big‐4 auditors and to pay higher audit fees after implementation of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX). Finally, life insurers with Big‐4 auditors or paying higher audit fees are more likely to take lower risks after the implementation of SOX.
Adiponectin as a sepsis biomarker in dogs: Diagnostic and prognostic value
Authors: Torrente Carlos , Manzanilla Edgar G. , Bosch Luis , Villaverde Cecilia , Pastor Josep , Ruiz de Gopegui Rafael , Tvarijonaviciute Asta
Published: June 2020

Background

Adiponectin (ADPN) is an adipocytokine with insulin‐sensitizing, vascular‐protective, and anti‐inflammatory properties for which concentration changes occur in response to inflammation. Little is known about the regulation of ADPN and the impact of this adipocytokine in septic dogs.

Objective

We aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of ADPN vs other traditional acute‐phase proteins (APPs), such as albumin (ALB), haptoglobin (HPT), fibrinogen (FBG), ferritin (FRT), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in dogs with naturally acquired sepsis.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 20 dogs with sepsis, 27 with low‐grade systemic inflammation (LGSI), and 18 clinically healthy dogs as controls. For method analyses, plasma samples were obtained from all dogs on admission and then every 24‐48 hours until discharge or death in the septic group.

Results

Septic dogs had lower ADPN (2.4 ± 0.46 vs 4.5 ± 0.41mg/L, P < .001) dand ALB (17 ± 1 vs 22 ± 0.8g/L, P = .002), and tended to have higher CRP (87 ± 4.8 vs 73 ± 4.1mg/L, P < .079) concentrations than dogs with LGSI on admission. Only ADPN and ALB were able to successfully discriminate animals with LGSI from those presenting with sepsis with areas under the curve (AUCs) for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of 0.811 and 0.789, respectively. In the septic group, ADPN concentration did not differ between survivors and non‐survivors, either on admission or at discharge or death.

Conclusions

Although plasma ADPN can be used as a reliable negative APP in dogs with sepsis, further studies are warranted to confirm the usefulness of this biomarker in terms of disease progression and recovery.
Demonstration of a Compliant Microspring Array as a Thermal Interface Material for Pluggable Optoelectronic Transceiver Modules
Authors: Cui Jin , Pan Liang , Weibel Justin A.
Published: June 2020

Pluggable optoelectronic transceiver modules are widely used in the fiber-optic communication infrastructure. It is essential to mitigate thermal contact resistance between the high-power optical module and its riding heat sink in order to maintain the required operation temperature. The pluggable nature of the modules requires dry contact thermal interfaces that permit repeated insertion–disconnect cycles under low compression pressures (∼10 to 100 kPa). Conventional wet thermal interface materials (TIM), such as greases, or those that require high compression pressures, are not suitable for pluggable operation. Here, we demonstrate the use of compliant microstructured TIM to enhance the thermal contact conductance between an optical module and its riding heat sink under a low compression pressure (20 kPa). The metallized and polymer-coated structures are able to accommodate the surface nonflatness and microscale roughness of the mating surface while maintaining a high effective thermal conductance across the thickness. This dry contact TIM is demonstrated to maintain reliable thermal performance after 100 plug-in and plug-out cycles while under compression.
Preshot Routines to Improve Competition Performance: A Case Study of a Group of Elite Pistol Shooters
Authors: Gröpel Peter , Mesagno Christopher , Beckmann Jürgen
Published: June 2020

Evidence shows that using a preshot routine (PSR) improves performance in self-paced, closed-skill tasks. A PSR is a set of cognitive and behavioral elements an athlete systematically engages in prior to performance execution. The present study describes the implementation and evaluation of a PSR intervention with elite pistol shooters in the 10-m air-pistol discipline. Individualized PSRs were developed with the shooters in individual psychological sessions, and the PSRs were then practiced in subsequent training sessions. Intervention effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing the shooters’ competition performance. Overall, the shooters improved on average by 2.5 points from before to after the intervention. This improvement was unlikely due to seasonal effect, as the league average (scores of league shooters not included in the intervention sample) remained stable during the study time. These results indicate that using a PSR before a shooting series has benefits for subsequent shooting performance.
Sport and Physical Activity Practices Examined Through Parents’ Discourse About Children’s Rugby League
Authors: Apse Megan , Kerr Roslyn , Moore Kevin
Published: June 2020

This study examined the ways in which discourses operate when parents talk about their children’s participation in rugby league in New Zealand. The primary interest was in the recruitment and reinforcement of sport and physical activity discourses. The paper uses a critical discursive psychological approach to identify regularities in the ways a sample of parents spoke about their children’s sport and links these patterned ways of speaking to the dominant discourses that they both comprise and are composed of. The navigation of discourses, chiefly those around masculinity, revealed that children’s sport and physical activity are regarded in gendered ways. The parents’ engagement with dominant discourses enabled them to position themselves as both knowledgeable of social norms and acting in the best interest of their child(ren).
Determining and Improving Shared Leadership in an Elite Junior Volleyball Team
Authors: van Kruijsbergen Mette , Pijpers Jan Robert , Hutter Rebecca Ivana
Published: June 2020

Shared leadership contributes to team functioning, collective efficacy, and team resilience. This applied study aimed to increase shared leadership by providing role clarification and tailored leadership interventions and to systematically evaluate the effects of these interventions. A leadership-intervention program was delivered with a female elite junior volleyball team of 20 players (age,M = 15.14,SD = 0.73). The intervention included acquaintance, recognition, analysis, and practice with leadership behavior during training/competition and was conducted before the start of the season. Changes in leadership were evaluated with a social-network analysis. Results showed that after role clarification, social- and external-leadership scores increased significantly. Task-, motivational-, and social-leadership scores improved significantly after the leadership-development intervention. The study offers a detailed description of the intervention and a systematic evaluation of results. Role clarification and a leadership program provide quick and practical avenue to increase awareness and shared leadership skills.
Time to look in the mirror
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: June 2020

This is a grave time in American history. Both the public health and economic problems of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were foreseeable. But even more predictable is the racial tension gripping the United States in the wake of the brutal killing of George Floyd. It is easy to think that the problem is isolated to individual racists in the community and in the government, and that the scientific enterprise is immune to racism. Scientific inquiry produces knowledge, and that ultimately leads to justice, right?
Antibody signature induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens in rabbits
Authors: Ravichandran Supriya , Coyle Elizabeth M. , Klenow Laura , Tang Juanjie , Grubbs Gabrielle , Liu Shufeng , Wang Tony , Golding Hana , Khurana Surender
Published: June 2020

Understanding antibody epitope diversity and affinity generated by SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in rabbits can aid COVID-19 vaccine development.
In Vitro
Activity of Omadacycline, a New Tetracycline Analog, and Comparators against Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Begum Khurshida , Bassères Eugénie , Miranda Julie , Lancaster Chris , Gonzales-Luna Anne J. , Carlson Travis J. , Rashid Tasnuva , Eyre David W. , Wilcox Mark H. , Alam M. Jahangir , Garey Kevin W.
Published: June 2020

Omadacycline is a potent aminomethylcycline with
in vitro
activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. Preliminary data demonstrated that omadacycline has
in vitro
activity against
Clostridioides difficile
; however, large-scale
in vitro
studies have not been done. The purpose of this study was to assess the
in vitro
susceptibility of omadacycline and comparators on a large biobank of clinical
C. difficile
isolates.
Suramin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cell Culture by Interfering with Early Steps of the Replication Cycle
Authors: Salgado-Benvindo Clarisse , Thaler Melissa , Tas Ali , Ogando Natacha S. , Bredenbeek Peter J. , Ninaber Dennis K. , Wang Ying , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Snijder Eric J. , van Hemert Martijn J.
Published: June 2020

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has impacted public health, society, the global economy, and the daily lives of billions of people in an unprecedented manner. There are currently no specific registered antiviral drugs to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, drug repurposing would be the fastest route to provide at least a temporary solution while better, more specific drugs are being developed.
Nitrogen Fixation in Pozol, a Traditional Fermented Beverage
Authors: Rizo Jocelin , Rogel Marco A. , Guillén Daniel , Wacher Carmen , Martinez-Romero Esperanza , Encarnación Sergio , Sánchez Sergio , Rodríguez-Sanoja Romina
Published: June 2020

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in different niches, as symbionts in plants, in the intestinal microbiome of several insects, and as free-living microorganisms. Their use in agriculture for plant growth promotion via biological nitrogen fixation has been extensively reported. This work demonstrates the ecological and functional importance that these bacteria can have in food fermentations, reevaluating the presence of these genera as an element that enriches the nutritional value of the dough.
Human Cytomegalovirus Utilizes Extracellular Vesicles To Enhance Virus Spread
Authors: Streck Nicholas T. , Zhao Yuanjun , Sundstrom Jeffrey M. , Buchkovich Nicholas J.
Published: June 2020

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that leads to serious health consequences in neonatal or immunocompromised patients. Clinical management of infection in these at-risk groups remains a serious concern even with approved antiviral therapies available. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the cellular changes that occur during infection and their importance to virus spread. This may help to identify new targets during infection that will lead to the development of novel treatment strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important method of intercellular communication in the human host. This study finds that HCMV manipulates this pathway to increase the efficiency of virus spread to uninfected cells. This finding defines a new layer of host manipulation induced by HCMV infection that leads to enhanced virus spread.
Critical Relevance of Stochastic Effects on Low-Bacterial-Biomass 16S rRNA Gene Analysis
Authors: Erb-Downward John R. , Falkowski Nicole R. , D’Souza Jennifer C. , McCloskey Lisa M. , McDonald Roderick A. , Brown Christopher A. , Shedden Kerby , Dickson Robert P. , Freeman Christine M. , Stringer Kathleen A. , Foxman Betsy , Huffnagle Gary B. , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Adar Sara D.
Published: June 2020

DNA contamination from external sources (reagents, environment, operator, etc.) has long been assumed to be the main cause of spurious signals that appear under low-bacterial-biomass conditions. Here, we demonstrate that contamination can be separated from another, random signal generated during low-biomass-sample sequencing. This stochastic noise is not reproduced between technical replicates; however, results for any one replicate taken alone could look like a microbial community different from the controls. Using this information, we investigated respiratory samples from healthy humans and determined the narrow range of bacterial biomass where samples transition from producing reproducible microbial sequences to ones dominated by noise. We present a rigorous approach to studies involving low-bacterial-biomass samples to detect this source of noise and provide a framework for deciding if a sample is likely to be dominated by noise. We anticipate that this work will facilitate increased reproducibility in the characterization of potentially important low-biomass communities.
Basal Body Protein TbSAF1 Is Required for Microtubule Quartet Anchorage to the Basal Bodies in
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Dong Xiaoduo , Lim Teck Kwang , Lin Qingsong , He Cynthia Y.
Published: June 2020

Trypanosoma brucei
contains a large array of single-copied organelles and structures. Through extensive interorganelle connections, these structures replicate and divide following a strict temporal and spatial order. A microtubule quartet (MtQ) originates from the basal bodies and extends toward the anterior end of the cell, stringing several cytoskeletal structures together along its path. In this study, we examined the interaction network of TbSpef1, the only protein specifically located to the MtQ. We identified an interaction between TbSpef1 and a basal body protein TbSAF1, which is required for MtQ anchorage to the basal bodies. This study thus provides the first molecular description of MtQ association with the basal bodies, since the discovery of this association ∼30 years ago. The results also reveal a general mechanism of the evolutionarily conserved Spef1/CLAMP, which achieves specific cellular functions via their conserved microtubule functions and their diverse molecular interaction networks.