bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in a horse with an equivocal agar gel immunodiffusion test reaction
Authors: Issel C. J. , Adams W. V.
Published: February 2025

A horse whose serum reacted equivocally in the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for equine infectious anemia was studied over a 3-year period. The horse remained afebrile and virus was detected in only 1 of 6 horse inoculation tests. The intensity of agid test reactions increased temporarily following this evidence for virus.

Although the agid test reaction was equivocal and 5 of the 6 transmission attempts failed, the 1 successful transmission proved the horse was infected.
Ileocolonic aganglionosis in white progeny of overo spotted horses
Authors: Hultgren Bruce D.
Published: February 2025

The congenital absence of myenteric ganglia in the terminal portion of the ileum, cecum, and entire colon of white foals with overo spotted parents was reported. Males as well as females were affected. The foals were generally normal at birth but did not defecate. Signs of colic were noticed between 5 and 24 hours after birth, with death occurring at 23 to 132 hours.
Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves
Authors: Divers T. J. , George L. W. , George J. W.
Published: February 2025

Signs of acute hemolytic anemia developed in 4 adult horses from 2 Georgia farms 3 to 4 days after the ingestion of wilted leaves from cut red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Clinical findings included weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, and brownish discoloration of the blood and urine. Blood changes included methemoglobinemia, free plasma hemoglobin, decreased pcv, and Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. These findings plus hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Three of the 4 horses died 5 to 7 days after ingestion of the leaves. Gross pathologic changes included generalized icterus, splenomegaly and swollen, black kidneys. Microscopic changes included tubular nephrosis with hemoglobin casts, vacuolization of centrilobular hepatocytes, and sequestration of erythrocytes in splenic sinusoids. A disease indistinguishable from the field cases was induced in a pony by the oral administration of dried, ground red maple leaves at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg. The findings of methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and Heinz bodies suggested that the toxic principle of the red maple leaf was an oxidant.
Diagnosis of canine primary polycythemia and management with hydroxyurea
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Randolph John F.
Published: February 2025

Severe polycythemia was found in 3 dogs with PCV of 68% to 70%. Direct rbc mass determinations were increased in all dogs, confirming absolute polycythemia. Cause for secondary polycythemia was not found in any of the dogs; serum erythropoietin concentrations were undetectable, consistent with primary polycythemia. The polycythemia and associated clinical signs were controlled successfully for extended periods (mean, 16.6 months), using phlebotomy followed by oral administration of hydroxyurea in loading and in daily maintenance dosages.
Ocular lesions of blastomycosis in the dog
Authors: Buyukmihci Ned
Published: February 2025

Twenty-one dogs with ocular disease and blastomycosis were studied clinically. The most common ocular lesion was uveitis. Other findings included retinal separation, panophthalmitis, and glaucoma. The results of the study indicated that when uveitis is found in dogs in central United States, east of the Mississippi River, blastomycosis should be a diagnostic consideration. When the uveitis was associated with lung, lymph node, skin, bone, or testicular lesions, the likelihood of blastomycosis was greater.
Lateral approach to the canine elbow by proximal ulnar diaphyseal osteotomy
Authors: Lenehan Timothy M. , Nunamaker David M.
Published: February 2025

A lateral approach to the elbow by proximal ulnar diaphyseal osteotomy was developed as an alternative to a number of currently used surgical approaches to that joint. The technique was easily performed, and it provided better visualization of the multiple joint compartments of the elbow than does any other technique. Repair of the osteotomy required a minimum of specialized equipment, and closure afforded excellent stabilization of the elbow and early return to function. In 3 cases, the versatility of the approach was demonstrated.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog, with emphasis on cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Muir William W.
Published: February 2025

Gastric dilatation was diagnosed in 156 dogs during a 5-year period. The recurrence rate was 10% and the overall mortality was 43%. Large-breed dogs of either sex and ranging in age from 2 months to 15 years (mean age, 5.2 ± 2.9 years) were found to be susceptible to the problem. Cardiac arrhythmias were diagnosed in 48 of 115 (42%) affected dogs. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred most frequently between 12 and 36 hours after the onset of gastric dilatation-volvulus and were generally ventricular in origin.
Effects of dexamethasone on pancreatic tissue and on serum amylase and lipase activities in dogs
Authors: Parent Joane
Published: February 2025

The effects of dexamethasone on the pancreas and on pancreatic amylase and lipase activities were determined in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with neurologic disease. Dexamethasone increased serum lipase activity without any histologic damage to the pancreas in either group of dogs. It decreased serum amylase activity in the normal dogs and had a variable effect in dogs with neurologic disease, with or without confirmed pancreatitis.

It was suggested that high serum lipase activity in dexamethasone-treated dogs may not be attributable to pancreatitis and that the reasons are still unknown. It was concluded that high serum lipase activity is an unreliable basis for diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs treated with dexamethasone.

The data allowed no conclusion about an additive effect of dexamethasone and neurologic disease causing pancreatitis.
Inadequate skin preparation as a cause of intravenous catheter-related infection in the dog
Authors: Burrows Colin F.
Published: February 2025

Eighty-eight dogs admitted to the intensive care unit of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were studied to determine the frequency of intravenous catheter-related infection. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. In group 1, the skin was prepared for catheter insertion by wiping with alcohol and tincture of iodine. In group 2, the skin was scrubbed with an iodine soap before final rinsing with alcohol and tincture of iodine. After withdrawal of each catheter, its tip was examined by bacteriologic culture, and the limb was examined for signs of phlebitis. Bacteria were isolated from 24 (48.9%) catheter tips in group 1 and from 6 (15.4%) in group 2 (P<0.005). Phlebitis was evident in 6 dogs in group 1, and in 1 dog in group 2. One death occurred in group 1, from causes possibly associated with catheter infection. These data suggest that catheter-related infection may be widespread in the dog and that it can be reduced by meticulous skin preparation.
Noniatrogenic rectal tears in three horses
Authors: Slone D. E. , Humburg J. M. , Jagar J. E. , Powers R. D.
Published: February 2025

Rectal tears were detected in three horses treated for colic. Based on historical, clinical, and postmortem findings, the tears could not be attributed to the attending veterinarian and were therefore not iatrogenic (physician induced). One tear was attributable to an infarction that presumably resulted from thromboembolism; 1 tear occurred without any evidence of external cause and resulted in such severe peritonitis that the cause could not be determined, and 1 tear occurred during rectal palpation by the owner, before he called the veterinarian. Postmortem examination of the last horse revealed lesions suggestive of thromboembolism. It was concluded that thromboembolism may have caused or predisposed to two of the rectal tears and could not be ruled out in the third.
Split-thickness autogenous skin transplantation in the horse
Authors: Booth Larry C.
Published: February 2025

Single or multiple split-thickness autogenous skin transplants were applied to 20 limb wounds of 17 horses. The surface area of the wounds ranged from 25 to 200 sq cm. Grafts 0.635-mm thick were collected by use of an electric dermatome and were expanded on a mesh dermatome. The expanded mesh grafts were applied to wounds on 3 horses 4 days after injury. For the other 14 horses, grafts were applied after a granulation tissue bed had formed.

The grafts were secured to the recipient beds with sutures and a dressing composed of a foam pad and elastic adhesive tape or with the dressing alone. Further protection was provided by a plaster cast or bulky cotton bandage.

Graft acceptance ranged from 50% to 100%, with an average of 88%. Epithelialization was complete within 14 to 21 days in most cases. Grafts with greater than 60% acceptance resulted in a healed wound that was considered cosmetically acceptable.
Brain abscess in three horses
Authors: Raphel Corinne F.
Published: February 2025

Three horses with brain abscesses had different clinical manifestations: 1 had a protracted clinical course whereas 2 had a short clinical course. Clinical signs in 2 horses (1 acute case, 1 chronic case) included unilateral loss of vision, head tilt, circling, abnormal mental status, and ataxia. The 3rd horse had bilateral loss of vision, altered mental status, and apparent deafness. Results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis were inconsistent. The horse with the protracted clinical course had paradoxic central vestibular disease.
Bovine herpes mammillitis in two New York dairy herds
Authors: Letchworth Geoffrey Josiah , LaDue Robert
Published: February 2025

Bovine herpes mammillitis was diagnosed in 2 New York dairy herds. Lesions ranged from vesiculation and ulceration of large (up to 10 cm wide) areas of udder and teat skin to single small (2–3 cm wide) plaques of edema. Some lesions resembled “umbilicated pocks” characteristic of cowpox virus infections. Recently freshened heifers were the most severely affected; older cows and heifers with less turgid udders had milder lesions. In 2 cows, incurable mastitis developed. In other cows, the lesions healed by centripetal growth of epidermis into the lesions. Diagnosis was made by isolation of bovid herpesvirus 2 from lesions in both herds and by serum-neutralization testing. Virus isolated from a cow in 1 herd was injected into 9 members of the same herd and may have been responsible for the absence of lesions on these animals; all other members of the herd were affected.
Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea
Authors: Libal Melissa C. , Gates Constance E.
Published: February 2025

Antimicrobial sensitivities were determined for 1,037 Escherichia coli isolates cultured from the intestines of pigs with diarrhea. In vitro resistance by at least 1 isolate of E coli was demonstrated to each antimicrobial tested. Isolates from suckling pigs were more often resistant to chloramphenicol than were those from weaned pigs. Significantly more E coli from weaned pigs were resistant to kanamycin and neomycin than were those from suckling pigs. Escherichia coli that were the primary cause of diarrhea (colibacillosis isolates) were significantly more resistant to kanamycin, neomycin, and spectinomycin than were noncolibacillosis isolates. The opposite was true for ampicillin.
Computed tomography of orbital tumors in the dog
Authors: LeCouteur Richard A. , Fike John R. , Scagliotti Randall H. , Cann Christopher E.
Published: February 2025

Computed tomography (ct) was used to investigate orbital tumors in 3 dogs. Tumors were clearly defined on transverse ct scans by their inherent density and gross distortion of normal orbital anatomy. Dorsal images synthesized from the original transverse scans were also used to visualize size and extent of tumors. Use of an iodinated contrast medium did not appear to improve localization of tumors in the orbit but was useful for identification of tumor extension into the calvaria. It was concluded that ct offered advantages over existing methods of radiographic diagnosis of orbital tumors and exophthalmos.
Clinical experience with hydralazine for treatment of otherwise intractable cough in dogs with apparent left-side heart failure
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Kittleson Mark D.
Published: February 2025

Eleven dogs with mitral regurgitation and severe cough were given hydralazine for reduction of systemic arterial pressure. The treatment was stopped and then restarted. Heart rates were measured and cough was assessed subjectively by the clients during each period. While the dogs were receiving hydralazine, heart rate and severity of cough decreased, when compared with periods either before or between treatments. Clinical improvement may have resulted from increased cardiac output or reduction in regurgitation. The improvement also may have resulted from effect on pulmonary function inasmuch as we had no evidence that the signs were a result of heart disease.
Effect of combined antibiotic therapy on fertility in brood bitches infected with Brucella canis
Authors: Johnson Cheri A. , Bennett Marian , Jensen Richard K. , Schirmer Robert
Published: February 2025

Bitches with naturally occurring Brucella canis infection were treated with combined antibiotic therapy consisting of tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. After treatment, all but 1 bitch became abacteremic, and serologic titers declined for a variable length of time (3 months to 1 year). Abortion did not occur while these bitches were abacteremic.

Although sequential antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks did not eradicate Brucella canis from affected bitches, it did prevent abortion. The number of live pups whelped and weaned by treated bitches was comparable with that in bitches before they became infected.
Field evaluation of a canine parvovirus vaccination program, using feline origin modified live virus vaccine
Authors: Gordon John C. , Rogers William A.
Published: February 2025

Antibody titers measured by hemagglutination inhibition testing were determined in previously vaccinated dogs at the time of booster vaccination and 2 weeks later. All vaccines consisted of modified live panleukopenia virus. The booster injection was administered approximately 6 months after the initial parvovirus vaccination series was given. Fecal and serum specimens were collected immediately before and 2 weeks after administration of the booster vaccine for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition testing, respectively. All dogs were privately owned and were from the Columbus, Ohio, area but were from environments with various exposure potentials to canine parvovirus.

Results of hemagglutination (ha) testing on feces were negative in all dogs before and after booster vaccination. Therefore, these vaccinations did not interfere with interpretation of ha testing of feces.

Results of serum hemagglutination inhibition (hi) testing indicated that 50% of the dogs had serum titers <1:80 prior to vaccination and that, of these dogs, 65.2% still had serum titers <1:80 2 weeks after the booster vaccination. Only 10.9% of all dogs had a marked increase in serum hi titer after the booster vaccination, indicating that overall serologic response to vaccination was poor. High hi titers (≥1:640) were associated with exposure to other dogs and cats in the neighborhood or to dogs suspected of having had parvovirus infection.
Chronic active hepatitis in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Johnson Gerald F. , Zawie Dennis A. , Gilbertson Steven R. , Sternlieb Irmin
Published: February 2025

Eleven Doberman Pinschers were affected with a disease that had clinical signs, serum biochemical abnormalities, and histologic features of chronic active hepatitis. Intrahepatic cholestasis and accumulations of excess hepatic copper were prominent features. Most of the dogs deteriorated within weeks to months, and 6 died within 9 months after the 1st signs of disease were noticed.
Skunk rabies surveillance in Illinois
Authors: Bartlett Paul C. , Martin Russell J.
Published: February 2025

Surveillance data indicated that an increased incidence of skunk rabies in Illinois during 1979–1980 was not attributable to increased reporting or submission of skunks to the state laboratories for rabies examination. Available road-kill data suggested that the skunk population increased prior to the increase in skunk rabies incidence. An increased skunk population was hypothesized to have caused the increased incidence by facilitating transmission of the virus through increased skunk density. Analysis of the temporal distribution of skunk rabies revealed a bimodal seasonal cycle, with peak occurrence in the spring and fall, and the possible beginning of a secular cycle, with peak incidence every 6 to 8 years.
Generalized parvovirus disease in neonatal pups
Authors: Lenghaus Cornelis , Studdert Michael J.
Published: February 2025

Generalized canine parvovirus disease was diagnosed in a litter of pups that died when 3 to 9 days old. Parvovirus was isolated from the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and small intestine. Histologically, lesions were characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Intranuclear inclusions were found in vascular endothelium, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenal cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve motion, cardiac structures, and ventricular function in dogs with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Boon June , Miller Charles W.
Published: February 2025

Eleven dogs with atrial fibrillation were examined echocardiographically. During atrial fibrillation, there was no evidence of atrial contraction in the left ventricle or aorta, or on the mitral valve leaflets. Measurement of cardiac structures in echocardiograms showed decreased sizes for the aorta (P < 0.01), interventricular septum (P <0.01), and posterior left ventricular wall (P <0.02). Evidence of decreased contractility of the left ventricle was noticed with the decreased amplitude of motion of the posterior left ventricular wall (P <0.001) and decreased fractional shortening (P <0.01). Not every QRS resulted in systolic or diastolic motion in the mitral and aortic valve leaflets, thus helping to account for the pulse deficits normally seen during atrial fibrillation.
Renal amyloidosis in related Abyssinian cats
Authors: Chew D. J. , DiBartola S. P. , Boyce J. T , Gasper P. W.
Published: February 2025

Renal amyloidosis was diagnosed in 8 related Abyssinian cats. The kidneys were characterized pathologically by medullary interstitial and glomerular amyloid deposition, interstitial fibrosis, and papillary necrosis. Amyloid deposits were birefringent under polarized light after Congo red staining, were thioflavine-T positive, and lost Congo red staining after permanganate oxidation. Four of the cats were evaluated clinically. Two of these cats were terminally uremic, with nonregenerative anemia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, mild hyperglycemia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, cylindruria, and mild hematuria. The remaining 2 cats were only moderately azotemic. Three of the cats had severe gingivitis and all 4 cats had hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia.
Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Muir William W.
Published: February 2025

Blood samples from 57 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus were analyzed for acid-base, blood gas Po2, Pco2), and electrolyte abnormalities. Although a variety of pH, blood gas, and electrolyte disturbances were recorded, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia were common findings. Three dogs had hypochloremic-hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Attempts to correlate the severity of pH, blood gas, and electrolyte derangements with duration of disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, or a mathematical index based on the sum of these variables were unsuccessful. It was included that acid-base and fluid therapy for dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus should be based on accurate determinations of blood pH and serum bicarbonate and electrolyte concentrations.
Use of a bone plate for repair of proximal physeal fractures of the tibia in two foals
Authors: White N. A. , Blackwell R. B. , Hoffman P. E.
Published: February 2025

Salter-Harris type II proximal tibial fractures were repaired in two 1-month-old foals, using a dynamic compression plate. The plate was placed on the medial aspect of the tibia, and a single cancellous bone screw was used to reduce the proximal fragment displacement. The plate provided fixation during healing and functioned as a transphyseal bridge, which induced a disparity in growth and corrected a slight lateral angulation of the limb. Limb growth after plate removal was normal.
Hepatic cirrhosis associated with long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy in dogs
Authors: Bunch S. E. , Castleman W. L. , Hornbuckle W. E. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

Advanced chronic hepatic disease was observed in 5 dogs that had received anticonvulsant drug therapy for 2 to 3 years. Clinical signs included anorexia, weakness, and restlessness, and 2 dogs also had ascites. There were remarkable increases in the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase. The total serum bile acid concentration was high in 3 of 4 dogs that were tested. Sulfobromophthalein excretion was delayed in all dogs. Histologic examination of liver specimens from 4 of the dogs demonstrated macronodular or micronodular cirrhosis.
Seasonal variations in scrotal circumference, sperm quality, and sexual ability in rams
Authors: Mickelsen W. Duane , Paisley Larry G. , Dahmen Jerome J.
Published: February 2025

Seasonal variations in scrotal circumference, spermatozoal motility, morphologically normal spermatozoa, libido, and serving capacity were studied in Suffolk, Lincoln, Columbia, and Polypay rams (5 of each breed). There were marked seasonal variations in the scrotal circumference, morphologically normal spermatozoa, libido, and serving capacity for each of the breed types. Mean scrotal circumference was highest from August through October and lowest in February. Spermatozoa that were morphologically normal were highest in proportion in September (82.3%) and lowest in proportion in February (57.8%). Libido and serving capacity scores were highest from September through November and lowest in March.
Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses
Authors: Raphel Corinne F.
Published: February 2025

A flexible fiberoptic endoscope was used to examine the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses and 41 (8.6%) had abnormalities. Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (plh) was found in 141 horses (29.5%). Statistical analysis showed a relationship between the age of the horse and the prevalence of plh. Sixteen (3.3%), 10 (2.1%), and 6 (1.3%), of the horses had laryngeal hemiplegia, epiglottic entrapment, and dorsal displacement of the soft palate, respectively. There was no association between the age of the horse and the prevalence of any of these abnormalities; nor was there a positive correlation between the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and plh or laryngeal hemiplegia.
Antimicrobial resistance among Pasteurella spp recovered from Missouri and iowa cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: Pales W. H. , Selby L. A. , Webber J. J. , Hoffman L. J. , Kintner L. D. , Nelson S. L. , Miller R. B. , Thorne J. G. , McGinity J. T. , Smith D. K.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Pasteurella spp recovered from cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex. The study extended from January 1976 through May 1980, and included a review of the necropsy records of 386 beef cattle. Susceptibility or resistance of the Pasteurella isolants was determined by using the standard disk diffusion susceptibility test. Each isolant was tested for susceptibility with 15 different antimicrobial agents. A high prevalence of resistance (> 80%) was found when Pasteurella was tested with triple sulfonamides. For P haemolytica isolants, 57% to 70% were resistant to ampicillin (56/97), penicillin (58/101), and streptomycin (70/100); for unidentified Pasteurella spp isolants, 64% to 91% were resistant to ampicillin (83/129), penicillin (89/129), and streptomycin (118/129). For P haemolytica (21/100) and P multocida (34/146) isolants, 21% to 23% were resistant to tetracycline. Most of the P multocida isolants did not show marked antimicrobial resistance to 9 of the 15 drugs tested. However, 58% of the P multocida isolants (84/145) were resistant to streptomycin and 88% of them were resistant to three combined sulfonamides (126/144).
Nutritional myodegeneration in a group of Chianina heifers
Authors: Hutchinson Lawrence J. , Scholz Richard W. , Drake Thomas R.
Published: February 2025

A group of yearling Chianina heifers experienced abortion, stillbirth, and periparturient recumbency. Two heifers calved 3 to 4 weeks before their due date. Eight calves were stillborn or died within 48 hours after birth. Seven heifers died or were euthanatized.

Necropsy and blood and tissue analyses revealed myodegeneration and a combined deficiency of vitamin E and selenium. Rapid growth in these heifers coupled with the stresses of late pregnancy and parturition may have contributed to this episode of nutritional myodegeneration.
Treatment of canine epilepsy with primidone
Authors: Schwartz-Porsche Dorothea , Löscher W. , Frey H.-H.
Published: February 2025

Forty-seven dogs with a history of generalized recurrent seizures were treated with primidone at a daily oral dosage of 13 to 100 mg/kg of body weight, divided into 2 to 3 doses. During treatment, plasma concentrations of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide, were determined at irregular intervals. Of the 30 dogs that finally could be evaluated, 20 were brought to excellent or good control of their seizures by daily primidone dosages ranging from 13 to 17 mg/kg and at plasma phenobarbital concentrations of 6 to 37 μg/ml. Of the other 10 dogs, 5 improved to a minor extent and 5 did not improve at all.

It was concluded that treatment of seizures should start with a daily dosage of 10 to 15 mg/kg, with the dosage being increased to about 35 mg/kg within a few weeks. For dogs in which the seizures are not controlled by this dosage, a further increase should be tried until a plasma phenobarbital concentration of 30 to 40 μg/ml is reached or until signs of drug toxicosis develop. Monitoring of plasma phenobarbital concentrations is sufficient for the control of treatment with primidone.
Acute renal disorders in cattle: A retrospective study of 22 cases
Authors: Divers T. J. , Crowell W. A. , Duncan J. R. , Whitlock R. H.
Published: February 2025

Acute renal disorders were diagnosed in 22 cattle examined at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Toxic tubular nephrosis caused by acorns, arsenic, sulfonamides, or neomycin was the most frequent renal disorder. Other acute renal disorders were renal infarction, renal vein thrombosis, and pyelonephritis caused by Corynebacterium renaleand Escherichia coli. Some disorders were associated with salmonellosis or ruminal distention.

The most common clinical signs were inappetence, diarrhea, and bleeding diathesis. Calcium-responsive recumbency occurred in 3 of the cattle. Polyuria was thought to be a consequence of acute tubular nephrosis in many cattle so affected.

Serum creatinine content was high in all cattle. Serum urea nitrogen content appeared to be comparable with serum creatinine content as an index of glomerular filtration rate. Other frequent biochemical findings were hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, hypermagnesemia, high plasma fibrinogen content, metabolic alkalosis, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Hematuria was found in cattle with renal infarction, renal vein thrombosis, sulfonamide nephrosis, and pyelonephritis. Marked proteinuria was found only in cattle with hematuria. Pyuria and bacteriuria were found only with pyelonephritis. Granular casts in the urine sediment were found in early cases of tubular nephrosis.

In 21 of the cattle, renal dysfunction was diagnosed on the basis of azotemia and urine specific gravity of less than 1.022. Seventeen renal biopsies were performed, with a major complication (hematuria) occurring in only 1 cow. In all of the cattle, renal disease was confirmed by means of microscopic examination of renal tissue obtained by renal biopsy or at necropsy. Successful treatment of toxic tubular nephrosis was accomplished in 4 cattle by removal of a toxic substance and by volume fluid replacements containing sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium. Two cattle with septic renal disorders (pyelonephritis and renal infarction) recovered following parenteral administration of appropriate antimicrobial drugs and isotonic fluids. All cattle with renal vein thrombosis or Salmonella-associated tubular nephrosis died. In this series of cases, the site of the lesion and the cause and duration of the disease dictated the prognosis more accurately than did the degree of azotemia.
Hypercalcemia associated with hypoadrenocorticism in sixteen dogs
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Feinman Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2025

During a 3-year-period, hypercalcemia was found in 16 (28%) of 62 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. Thirteen of the dogs were hypercalcemic at the time of diagnosis, whereas hypercalcemia developed at relapse during maintenance corticosteroid therapy in 3 dogs. The severity of hypercalcemia correlated with the severity of hypoadrenocorticism. Clinical signs and biochemical disturbances were more severe and mean calcium concentration was significantly higher in the dogs that were hypercalcemic at time of diagnosis than in the dogs that became hypercalcemic while on therapy. In all dogs, the high calcium concentration promptly and completely resolved with adequate corticosteroid replacement therapy.
Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs
Authors: Jensen Rue , Pierson R. E. , Weibel J. L. , Tucker J. O. , Swift B. L.
Published: February 2025

Of 133 feedlot lambs that died and were necropsied, 67 had normal lungs and 66 had pneumonic lungs. The middle ears of all lambs were opened by a specified technique. Of the 67, 8 (12%) had otitis media, and of the 66, 26 (39%) had otitis media. The difference in prevalence in the 2 groups was highly significant (P< 0.005).

In acute stages, the mucosae of tympanic cavities and tympanic membranes were inflamed and the cavities contained fluid, whereas in later stages lumens were partially filled with exudate. In chronic stages, however, exudate remained in lumens and mucosae were thick and rough. None of the tympanic membranes was ruptured, and none of the external acoustic meatuses contained exudate.

The infected ears of 24 lambs were cultured and Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 18, and P multocida from 3. The infections probably ascended from the pharynx through the auditive tubes into the tympanic cavities.
Osteomyelitis and neoplasia associated with use of the Jonas intramedullary splint in small animals
Authors: Sinibaldi Kenneth R. , Pugh James , Rosen Howard , Liu Si-Kwang
Published: February 2025

In 11 cases (10 dogs, 1 cat) in which fractures were repaired with the Jonas intramedullary splint, osteomyelitis developed in 6 and tumors developed in 5. In each case, the tumor originated in close proximity to the splint, at the midshaft of the femur or radius. All implants had been in place for 6 months to 6 years in the case of tumors, and for 4 months to 6 years in the cases involving osteomyelitis. Corrosion was evident in all retrieved implants. The corrosion was attributed to fabrication of the devices with a corrosion-susceptible stainless steel, AISI type 304. The corrosion was believed to have been accelerated by stress effect due to differences in cold work of the sleeve and pin and the difference in composition between the sleeve and spring of the splint. It was concluded that fixation of fractures in small animals should not be performed with the Jonas intramedullary splint.
Chemotherapeutic responses in dogs with lymphosarcoma and hypercalcemia
Authors: Weller R. E. , Theilen G. H. , Madewell B. R.
Published: February 2025

Twelve dogs with lymphosarcoma and hypercalcemia were treated over a period of 36 months. Signs and laboratory findings were referable to hypercalcemia and azotemia. All dogs were staged, classified histologically, and given cytoreductive chemotherapy, using 5 drugs (vincristine sulfate, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, L-asparaginase, and prednisone). For azotemia, symptomatic therapy (0.9% NaCl solution and furosemide) was given. Seven dogs responded completely, with marked reduction of lymphadenopathy and return of serum calcium concentration to normal. Median duration of remission in this group was 48 days (range, 14 to 93), and median survival time was 112 days (range, 85 to 153). Five nonresponding dogs had less than 50% reduction in measurable tumor mass, although serum calcium concentration returned to normal. The median survival time for this group was 34 days (range, 23 to 68). Two of the nonresponders died from sepsis and another from disseminated intravascular coagulation. Response to therapy did not appear to be influenced by age, breed, sex, initial calcium concentration, degree of azotemia, or histologic classification.
Development of a modified live, canine origin parvovirus vaccine
Authors: Bass E. P. , Gill M. A. , Beckenhauer W. H.
Published: February 2025

A modified live, canine origin parvovirus vaccine was tested for safety, efficacy, and clinical performance. The vaccine protected dogs from challenge of immunity with canine parvovirus (cpv) that caused clinical illness in all nonvaccinated dogs. Vaccinates all developed cpv serum neutralization antibody titers, with a mean value of 1,664. Challenge virus was not isolated from vaccinates, but feces from nonvaccinated dogs were cpv-positive for up to 4 days following challenge. In a pathogenicity test, dogs inoculated orally with 10 times the label dose remained clinically normal. In a reversion-to-virulence test, the vaccine strain remained nonpathogenic through 6 passages in seronegative test dogs. An immunologic interference test demonstrated that test dogs developed antibodies for all antigens in a combined canine distemper virus-adenovirus 2-para-influenza virus-parvovirus vaccine and a Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae bacterin. A total of 1,796 doses of the multivalent preparation was administered in a field study, with veterinary practitioners reporting 36 local and 5 generalized reactions.
Hypercoagulable state in three dogs with nephrotic syndrome: Role of acquired antithrombin III deficiency
Authors: Green R. A. , Kabel A. L.
Published: February 2025

The hypercoagulable state accompanying nephrotic syndrome in 3 dogs was characterized by markedly increased fibrinogen and factor VIII concentrations. Antithrombin III was mildly reduced in 1 dog (74% of normal) and markedly reduced in the other 2 dogs (48% and 32% of normal). In the dog with the most severe antithrombin III deficiency, pulmonary thrombosis was a prominent clinical problem, ultimately leading to the dog's death.
Structure and function of the major histocompatibility complex in domestic animals
Authors: Antczak Douglas F.
Published: February 2025

The major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a genetic region that has been intensively studied for the past 2 decades. Interest in the mhc has been high because of (i) the particular involvement of the mhcin transplantation reactions, including organ allograft rejection in human beings; and (ii) the more general role of mhc gene products in the genetic control of immune responses in all mammals.

The mhc has several remarkable properties that include a distinctive genetic structure which has been well-preserved through evolution, and the extreme plasticity of form of the principal mhc genes, which can coexist within a single species in 30 or more allelic forms. The genes of the mhc regulate cell-cell interactions of various types within the lymphoreticular system, and thus function as the so-called “immune response” genes that have been described in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. In human beings, the “disease associations” demonstrated between mhc alleles and various pathologic conditions are probably manifestations of abnormal functions of immune regulation governed by the mhc. Studies of the mhc in domestic species are still in their infancy. However, investigations of the mhc have been carried out in swine, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, dogs, and chickens. Further research on the mhc of domestic animals is merited, both for its contribution to the overall understanding of the biological significance of the mhc and for its practical application in clinical veterinary medicine.
Ontogeny of the immune system
Authors: Osburn B. I. , MacLachlan N. J. , Terrell T. G.
Published: February 2025

Cellular and humoral aspects of the immune response develop sequentially in the fetus. Although there is evidence of immunologic activity to some antigens, many of the nonimmune effector systems are neither developed nor fully functional in the fetus. The lack of fully functional systems make the fetus a highly susceptible candidate for invading bacteria and viruses. Often, infection prior to immune competence may lead to abortion, malformation, and in some instances, viral persistence and immune tolerance. On the other hand, immune responses tend to elevate immunoglobulin values and cause specific antibody that may be used for diagnostic purposes. Little work has been done to appreciate fully the immunologic and nonimmune effector systems' role in normal development or during congenital infections.
Comparative aspects of cancer immunotherapy: immunologic methods used for treatment of spontaneous cancer in animals
Authors: Theilen Gordon H. , Hills Diane
Published: February 2025

Immunotherapy is an accepted approach to treating cancer. Infrequently, it has been effective alone; however, after tumor “cytoreduction” by surgical excision, irradiation, or chemotherapy, active specific or nonspecific immunotherapy has proven to be of definite value in treatment of certain neoplasms. Those tumors that respond to immunotherapy alone are usually small and localized, although there are exceptions, ie, treatment of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. In human medicine, immunotherapy has proved most successful in prolonging life in cases of leukemia and melanoma. Patients with some localized tumors have responded to intralesional bacille Calmette Guérin or methenyl extract residue injections. Tumors in outbred animals that seem to respond most effectively to immunotherapy include feline and canine lymphoma, bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma of the base of the horn in Zebu cattle, canine abdominal squamous cell carcinoma, equine sarcoid, and persistent papillomatosis in a variety of species. Metastases may be curtailed in canine osteosarcoma and mammary tumors, using iv injections of BCG.

Use of synthesized chemical immunostimulators—interferon, thymosin, poly I:C, and poly A:U— is expected to have increased clinical application. Future use of monoclonal antibodies as active specific passive immunotherapy shows promise and has already been used in treating some forms of human cancer. Another promising area is immunoabsorption of immune disease complexes from patients with progressive tumors. This method may prove to be of great value in helping the tumor-bearing host return to a normal immunologic balance.
Computer-assisted enzyme immunoassays and simplified immunofluorescence assays: Applications for the diagnostic laboratory and the veterinarian's office
Authors: Jacobson Richard H. , Downing Dennis R. , Lynch Timothy J.
Published: February 2025

A computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system, based on kinetics of the reaction between substrate and enzyme molecules, was developed for testing large numbers of sera in laboratory applications. Systematic and random errors associated with conventional elisa technique were identified leading to results formulated on a statistically validated, objective, and standardized basis. In a parallel development, an inexpensive system for field and veterinary office applications contained many of the qualities of the computer-assisted elisa. This system uses a fluorogenic indicator (rather than the enzyme-substrate interaction) in a rapid test (15 to 20 minutes' duration) which promises broad application in serodiagnosis.
Parvovirus enteritis in vaccinated juvenile bush dogs
Authors: Janssen Donald D. , Bartz Curtis R. , Bush Mitchell , Marchwicki Ruth H. , Grate Stephen J. , Montali Richard J.
Published: February 2025

Parvovirus enteritis developed in 10 of 17 vaccinated juvenile bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) from 4 litters in a 5-month period. Nine dogs died.

The first outbreak involved 6 of 9 bush dogs from 2 litters. Each had been vaccinated with a killed feline-origin parvovirus vaccine at 11 and 14 weeks of age. The 6 affected dogs became ill at 29 weeks of age and died.

The second outbreak involved a litter of 6 bush dogs. Each had been vaccinated every 2 weeks starting at 5 weeks of age. Two were isolated from the colony at 16 weeks of age for treatment of foot sores. Three of the 4 nonisolated dogs developed parvovirus enteritis at 20 weeks of age; 2 died at 6 and 8 days, respectively, after onset of signs.

The 3rd outbreak involved a litter of 2 bush dogs. Both had been vaccinated every 2 to 3 weeks, starting at 6 weeks of age. One of these dogs became ill at 17 weeks and died 13 days later.

A litter of 6 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and a litter of 3 bush dogs were isolated from their parent colonies at 13 and 15 weeks of age, respectively. Each animal had been vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, using an inactivated canine-origin parvovirus vaccine. None of the isolated animals developed the disease. Serologic testing during isolation did not reveal protective titers (≥1:80) against canine parvovirus in the bush dogs until they were 23 weeks old, whereas protective titers developed in the maned wolves when they were 14 to 18 weeks old. One hand-raised bush dog was vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, and a protective titer developed by 21 weeks of age.

It was concluded that the juvenile bush dogs went through a period during which maternal antibodies interfered with immunization, yet did not protect against the disease. When the pups were isolated from the colony during this period, then vaccinated repeatedly until protective titers developed, the disease was prevented.
Gonadotropin regimen for inducing ovarian activity in captive wild felids
Authors: Phillips L. G. , Simmons L. G. , Bush Μ. , Howard J. G. , Wildt D. E.
Published: February 2025

Five species of felids (cheetah, North Chinese leopard, tiger, lion, and puma) were serially injected with a source of follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) to evaluate its effect on ovarian activity. Animals were subjected to laparoscopy before and after gonadotropin treatment, and the number and appearance of mature ovarian follicles (mf), corpora hemorrhagica (ch), and corpora lutea (cl) were recorded and photographed. Ovarian morphologic features, including mf, ch, and cl anatomy, were similar among various species. A dosage of 10 mg of fsh given im daily for 3 to 5 days was effective in stimulating ovulation in 8 of 8 cheetahs. The same dosage for 5 days stimulated ovulation in 6 of 7 North Chinese leopards, 4 of 7 tigers, 2 lions, and 1 puma. An injection of a luteinizing hormone source was not required to induce follicular rupture. The number of ovulations eventually obtained appeared related to the activity prior to fshtreatment. Females with evidence of follicular development prior to treatment eventually produced a combined average (± sem) of 5.2 ± 1.3 ch and cl, in comparison with 2.3 ± 0.8 ch and cl observed in cats with no identifiable follicles before fsh injection. The species varied in the number of ovulation sites (combined number of ch and cl) after treatment, with the cheetahs, leopards, tigers, lions, and puma producing a mean of 5.5 ± 0.9, 1.5 ± 0.2, 4.7 ± 3.1, 1.5 ± 0.5, and 3.0 ± 0.0, respectively. The cheetahs, North Chinese leopards, and tigers failed to develop a refractory response to the gonadotropin, as certain females receiving fsh twice at a 1-year interval produced a similar ovulatory response.
Cytauxzoon-like piroplasms in erythrocytes of wild-trapped bobcats in Oklahoma
Authors: Glenn Bertis L. , Rolley Robert E. , Kocan Alan A.
Published: February 2025

Stained blood smears from 26 bobcats wild-trapped in 4 Oklahoma counties were examined for protozoan parasites. A Cytauxzoon-like piroplasm was observed in erythrocytes from 13 of 21 bobcats trapped in 2 counties. Organisms were not observed in the 5 bobcats trapped in 2 other counties. The degree of parasitemia varied from less than 0.5% to 5% infected erythrocytes but commonly ranged from 1% to 3%. Responding anemia was apparent in 1 of the 13 infected bobcats but other ill effects possibly attributable to the parasite were not observed. Whether the organism is Cytauxzoon felis or is a species of Babesia is discussed but remains speculative.
Induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thorne E. Tom , Williams E. S.
Published: February 2025

Two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the GT-1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. Necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis.
Sarcocystis and other coccidia in foxes and other wild carnivores from Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Sarcocystis spp sporocysts were found in feces of 10.1% of 198 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), in 3.2% of 61 bobcats (Lynx rufus), in 16.6% of 12 mountain lions (Felis concolor), in 16.6% of 6 fisher (Martes pennanti), and in none of 20 wolverines (Gulo gulo), 4 mink (Mustela vison), or 10 raccoons (Procyon lotor). Sarcocystis muris and Toxoplasma gondii were not found in laboratory mice inoculated with feces of bobcats and mountain lions.
Acute disseminated fatal toxoplasmosis in a squirrel monkey
Authors: Anderson Daniel C. , McClure Harold Μ.
Published: February 2025

Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in an adult male squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The disease was characterized by severe pulmonary edema, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, and multifocal areas of necrosis along with Toxoplasma organisms in the lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, and heart. Small numbers of organisms were found in bone marrow, renal glomeruli, and renal tubular epithelial and interstitial cells. Small numbers of organisms also were associated with foci of hemorrhage in the brain. The source of the infection was not determined.
Ascending intrauterine infections in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Swindle Μ. Μ. , Craft C. F. , Marriott B. Μ. , Strandberg J. D. , Luzarraga Μ.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen cases of abortions and stillbirths from a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were studied to determine the role of aerobic bacteria in their etiology. Using histopathologic criteria correlated with bacterial cultures, the cause in 11 of 17 cases was found to be ascending infection with normal vaginal flora, most commonly grampositive cocci, especially an α-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus viridans). Actively breeding animals in the colony were screened for Str viridans, and it was determined to be a normal vaginal inhabitant that had the potential of becoming an opportunistic pathogen.