bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Myosin and Actin Bundles for the Transport of Molecular Cargo
Authors: Takatsuki Hideyo , Rice Kevin M. , Asano Shinichi , Day B. Scott , Hino Mizuki , Oiwa Kazuhiro , Ishikawa Ryoki , Hiratsuka Yuichi , Uyeda Taro Q. P. , Kohama Kazuhiro , Blough Eric R.
Published: January 2010

The utilization of motor proteins for the movement and assembly of synthetic components is currently a goal of nanoengineering research. Application of the myosin actin motor system for nanotechnological uses has been hampered due to the low flexural rigidity of individual F‐actin filaments. Here it is demonstrated how actin bundling can be used to affect the translational behavior of myosin‐propelled filaments, transport molecules across a motor‐patterned surface, and that the movement of bundled actin can be regulated photonically. These data suggest that actin bundling may significantly improve the applicability of the myosin motor for future nanotechnological applications.
Full predicate coverage for testing SQL database queries
Authors: Tuya Javier , Suárez‐Cabal María José , de la Riva Claudio
Published: January 2010

In the field of database applications a considerable part of the business logic is implemented using a semi‐declarative language: the Structured Query Language (SQL). Because of the different semantics of SQL compared with other procedural languages, the conventional coverage criteria for testing are not directly applicable. This paper presents a criterion specifically tailored for SQL queries (SQLFpc). It is based on Masking Modified Condition Decision Coverage (MCDC) or Full Predicate Coverage and takes into account a wide range of the syntax and semantics of SQL, including selection, joining, grouping, aggregations, subqueries, case expressions and null values. The criterion assesses the coverage of the test data in relation to the query that is executed and it is expressed as a set of rules that are automatically generated and efficiently evaluated against a test database. The use of the criterion is illustrated in a case study, which includes complex queries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of an ionic‐liquid antistatic/photostabilization additive and its effects on polypropylene
Authors: Wang Xinlong , Liu Lin , Tan Jinhong
Published: January 2010

An ionic liquid (IL) was synthesized and incorporated into polypropylene (PP) via melt blending. The structure of the IL was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. The volume resistance of neat PP and PP/IL blends indicated that the IL had excellent antistatic properties. The tensile strength and impact strength of the PP and PP/IL blends showed that the IL also had good light stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed in both nitrogen and air, and the effect of the heating rate in dynamic measurements (5°–30°C/min) on kinetic parameters such as activation energy was also investigated. The Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method was used to determine the apparent activation energy for the degradation of neat PP and the PP/IL blended composites. The TGA results showed that the addition of the IL improved the thermal stability of PP, and the kinetic results showed that the apparent activation energy for the degradation of PP/IL was much higher than that for neat PP. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of cross‐section design and loading direction on the creep and fatigue properties of wood/PVC composite beams
Authors: Pulngern T. , Chucheepsakul S. , Padyenchean C. , Rosarpitak V. , Prapruit W. , Chaochanchaikul K. , Sombatsompop N.
Published: January 2010

The creep and fatigue properties of two wood/poly(vinyl chloride) (WPVC) composite beams were studied under flexural and cyclic deformations. The effects of cross‐section design and load direction were the main interests. The weight ratio of the wood and PVC compound used was 1:1, and the composites were produced by using an industrial‐scale twin‐screw extruder. In creep testing, the changes in WPVC beam displacement for the edgewise and flatwise directions increased with time. The WPVC composite with a greater size (thickness) and number of cores had the higher creep resistance. Testing a WPVC composite in the flatwise direction gave less time‐dependence than testing in the edgewise direction. The recommended applied loads for optimum creep resistance of the WPVC specimens were found to be 20 and 30% of the ultimate load to failure, depending on the size and number of cores for the cross‐section used. In fatigue testing, the number of cycles to failure for both WPVC composite specimens tested in the flatwise direction was greater than that for testing in the edgewise direction. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
The trouble with issues: The case for intentional framing
Authors: Bales Susan Nall
Published: January 2010

Although framing as a process is value neutral, since it can be put to any political, commercial, or ideological purpose, this article shows how it can be used to engage Americans in discussions of public life and how it might be improved. By offering readers a deeper understanding of the pictures in people's heads that often prevent engagement in issues, the author roots framing in a long history of social and cognitive science scholarship that has addressed the impact of mass media on democratic participation. This article argues that intentional framing can serve as an essential corrective to patterns of thinking in American culture that often preclude considerations of context, systems, and policies and instead advantage explanations of individual effort and worth.
The family bubble, achievement gap, and development as competition: Media frames on youth
Authors: O'Neil Moira
Published: January 2010

Identifying persistent media frames through a cognitive media analysis is an important step in the empirical measurement of public thinking about social issues. Based on a recent media analysis of racial disparities as they pertain to youth in major U.S. newspapers, this article explains three frames that were persistently evoked in media coverage of youth issues: the family bubble frame—the idea that parents are solely responsible for child outcomes; youth development as a competitive race—the idea that the overarching goal of educational and social development is to make youth more successful than their peers; and the understanding of disparities as achievement gaps. Together these frames promote individualistic understanding of social problems related to youth and limit imaginable solutions to policies that fix individuals rather than broken systems.
Mapping cultural models and translating expert explanations of child development with simplifying models
Authors: Kendall‐Taylor Nathaniel
Published: January 2010

How do people reason about issues related to child and youth development? Are the patterns of reasoning in the lay public significantly different from the way experts reason about the issue? What can the anthropological theory of cultural models bring to efforts to improve the public's understanding of child and youth development? In this article, the author explains the methods by which cultural models—the conceptual structures that shape how people perceive and understand their social worlds—are identified and how this mapping process serves as an essential step in closing the gaps between expert and lay understandings of social problems and, ultimately, informing communications strategies.
Strategic Framing Study Circles: Toward a gold standard of framing pedagogy
Authors: Feinberg Jane
Published: January 2010

This article explains how communities of practice have been developed as part of FrameWorks' field‐building efforts. Strategic Framing Study Circles, as they are known, have been conducted with four statewide coalitions, one group of national organizations, and an emerging regional coalition. The goal of each community of practice is to build among participants a solid base of framing skills and competencies and to help them understand that despite varied organizational agendas, they can share a frame to tremendous collective advantage.
Embracing the long view: A funder's perspective on Strategic Frame Analysis
Authors: Feinberg Jane , McPhail Curt
Published: January 2010

This interview between a member of the FrameWorks staff and a long‐time funder of FrameWorks research and field building highlights the critical role that communications can play in maximizing philanthropy's long‐term impact in the social sector, even—or perhaps especially—in times of economic scarcity and retrenchment. The interview captures the evolution of one foundation's communications strategy, from traditional public relations to an approach based in the tenets of Strategic Framing Analysis, and underscores the challenge of sustaining a framing practice among its grantees.
Video‐Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Lobectomy: Focus on Technique
Authors: Flores Raja M.
Published: January 2010

Background

A clear definition of video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy is lacking in the current peer‐reviewed literature. Reported cases vary from four to six incisions in number, 4.0 to 10.0 cm in length, and with and without rib spreading; in addition, they include direct visualization through a utility incision. Described is a complete standardized three‐incision thoracoscopic technique that maximizes the benefits of minimally invasive surgery without compromising oncologic principles.

Methods

Patients with clinically suspected stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were selected for VATS lobectomy on the basis of thoracic computed tomography. VATS lobectomies were performed using a standardized three‐incision technique: a 2‐cm camera port, a 2‐cm posterior port, and a 4 cm utility incision without rib spreading. Hilar structures were individually ligated, fissures were completed, and lymph node dissection was performed entirely under thoracoscopic visualization.

Results

From May 2002 to December 2009, VATS lobectomy was performed successfully in more than 600 patients at our institution. There were no operative deaths, and the median length of stay was 4 days.

Conclusions

Standardized VATS lobectomy is feasible, expeditious, and safe. This standardized three‐incision technique utilizing a 4‐cm utility incision without rib spreading may allow valid comparisons of conventional procedures in clinical trials.
Gait in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Authors: Eriksson Marie , Gutierrez-Farewik Elena M. , Broström Eva , Bartonek Åsa
Published: January 2010

Purpose

Lower limb contractures and muscle weakness are common in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). To enhance or facilitate ambulation, orthoses may be used. The aim of this study was to describe gait pattern among individuals wearing their habitual orthotic devices.

Methods

Fifteen children with AMC, mean age 12.4 (4.3) years, with some lower limb involvement underwent 3-D gait analysis. Three groups were defined based on orthosis use; Group 1 used knee–ankle–foot orthoses with locked knee joints, Group 2 used ankle–foot orthoses or knee–ankle–foot orthoses with open knee joints and Group 3 used no orthoses.

Results

The greatest trunk and pelvis movements in all planes and the greatest hip abduction were observed in Group 1, compared to Groups 2 and 3, as well as to the gait laboratory control group. Maximum hip extension was similar in Groups 1 and 2, but in Group 3, there was less hip extension and large deviations from the control data. Lower cadence and walking speed were observed in Group 1 than in Groups 2 and 3. The step length was similar in all groups and also with respect to the gait laboratory reference values.

Conclusions

Children with AMC were subdivided according to orthoses use. Kinematic data as recorded with 3-D gait analysis showed differences among the groups in trunk, pelvis and knee kinematics, and in cadence and walking speed. The step length was similar in all groups and to the gait laboratory reference values, which may be attributable to good hip extension strength in all participants.
ESR position paper on ultrasound
Authors:   ESR Executive Council 2009,   European Society of Radiology
Published: January 2010

This paper re-emphasises the important role of diagnostic ultrasound. It underlines the importance of ultrasound as a non-invasive imaging procedure which does not use ionising radiation. The paper also illustrates how ultrasound is often the cornerstone of the work up of the patient and the need for radiology departments to be able to offer expert ultrasound on a 24/7 basis. Some aspects related to turf battles and education are discussed. Finally the way in which these issues will be addressed by the European Society of Radiology is outlined.
Autophagy takes flight in Drosophila
Authors: Chang Yu-Yun , Neufeld Thomas P.
Published: January 2010

Drosophila has been shown to be a powerful model to study autophagy, whose regulation involves a core machinery consisting of Atg proteins and upstream signaling regulators similar to those in yeast and mammals. The conserved role in degrading proteins and organelles gives autophagy an important function in coordinating several cellular processes as well as in a number of pathological conditions. This review summarizes key studies in Drosophila autophagy research and discusses potential questions that may lead to better understanding of the roles and regulation of autophagy in higher eukaryotes.
The B‐Lynch uterine brace suture, and a bit of this and a bit of that…
Authors: Karoshi Mahantesh
Published: January 2010

The widespread application of the B‐Lynch brace suture to control postpartum hemorrhage has sparked interest in a variety of adjunctive methods, used alone or in combination, to control uterine bleeding. Although the B‐Lynch brace suture has been used with good results throughout the world, failures can and do occur in rare instances, especially when the suture is incorrectly placed for use for an inappropriate indication. Four reports of additional methods to control postpartum hemorrhage are published in this issue of IJGO. Three use the B‐Lynch brace suture combined with other techniques. The need for additional techniques reminds the reader of the importance of proper suture application for proper indication. Potential reasons for failure of the B‐Lynch suture are provided.
Acoustic tumor observation and failure to follow‐up
Authors: Hillman Todd A. , Chen Douglas A. , Quigley Matthew , Arriaga Moises A.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To review the clinical course of patients undergoing observation for their acoustic tumor with evaluation of the incidence and contributing variables to failure to follow‐up.

Study Design

Case series with chart review and telephone interview.

Setting

Single subspecialty practice.

Subjects and Methods

One hundred twenty‐two patients underwent an observation period after their unilateral acoustic tumor was diagnosed. Follow‐up patterns were noted and multiple patient variables were analyzed to determine risk factors that contributed to risk of failing to keep prescribed follow‐up. Telephone interviews and/or public record reviews were conducted to determine the reasons for failing to follow‐up.

Results

Fifty‐two (42.6%) patients failed to keep prescribed follow‐up. No preoperative patient or tumor variables were correlated with the risk of failure to follow‐up. The investigators were able to contact and interview 20 patients to determine reasons for not keeping follow‐up. Of these patients, nine (45%) electively chose not to follow‐up, six (30%) did not appear to have a clear understanding of their diagnosis or treatment options despite adequate counseling, and five (25%) had medical problems that took precedence over the acoustic tumor. Very few patients elected to reschedule follow‐up even after contact was made.

Conclusion

Failure to follow‐up is a serious problem with acoustic tumor observation protocols. It is difficult to detect which patients are at risk for noncompliance. Patient noncompliance with observation protocols should be considered when determining the most appropriate treatment for each acoustic tumor patient.
Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland
Authors: Icks Andrea , Roden Michael
Published: January 2010

Einleitung

Der Diabetes mellitus ist von großer Public Health-Relevanz. Dies ergibt sich aus seiner zunehmenden Häufigkeit, dem Risiko für frühzeitige Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und anderen Folgen sowie die dadurch erhöhte Inanspruchnahme von Leistungen und Kosten im Gesundheitswesen. Die Entstehung von Diabetes und auch schwerere Verläufe sind verzögerbar oder vermeidbar. Prävention und Therapie erfordern interdisziplinäre Ansätze mit aktiver Einbindung der Betroffenen in integrierte Versorgungskonzepte.
La mise en gage des personnes. Sociologie comparative d'une institution
Authors: Testart Alain
Published: January 2010

La mise en gage: état des données pour l'Afrique et l'Asie du Sud-Est ; objet et problématique de cet article

On appelle dans la littérature africaniste (I) «mise en gage» (angl.pawning) le fait de placer quelqu'un auprès d'un créancier en garantie d'une dette (ou comme sécurité d'un emprunt). Le «gagé» (quelquefois appelé «otage»; angl.pawnou plus rarementpledge) est au service du créancier et lui doit tout son temps de travail ou presque. C'est là une forme de dépendance, sinon d'asservissement, qui a souvent été confondue avec l'esclavage pour dette, d'autant plus facilement que le gagé risquait à terme d'être réduit en esclavage (et l'était effectivement dans la plupart des cas) si la dette n'était pas remboursée. Or ce sont là deux institutions tout à fait différentes.
The Legitimacy of Solomon. Some structural aspects of Old Testament history
Authors: Leach Edmund
Published: January 2010

I must start with a personal disavowal. This essay employs an explicitly Lévi-Straussian procedure but it is not intended as a guide to wider aspects of Lévi-Strauss thought. Although I feel reasonably safe with Lévi-Strauss's concept of structure, I am quite out of my depth when it comes to the related but subtler notion of esprit. Lévi-Strauss's esprit appears in sundry guises. In 1952, originally in English, he/it was a personalized “human mind”, an uninvited guest who took his place around the conference table among a group of American linguists and anthropologists (I); in the earlier chapters of La pensée sauvage he is perhaps the bricoleur—handiman—who is busy contriving culture from the junk of history and anything else that comes to hand (2); at the conclusion of Le cru et le cuit (3), in more abstract and more serious vein, esprit seems to be a kind of limiting characteristic of the human brain mechanism and appears as part of an extremely involved interchange relationship in which it (esprit) is the causal force producing myths of which its own structure is a precipitate. Elsewhere again (4) esprit seems to correspond to that very mysterious something which is a mediator between “praxis et pratiques” and which is described as « le schème conceptuel par l'opération duquel une matière et une forme, dépourvues l'une et l'autre d'existence indépendante, s'accomplissent comme structures, c'est-à-dire comme êtres à la fois empiriques et intelligibles ».
The Dutch model: an obvious candidate for the ‘third way’?
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Visser Jelle
Published: January 2010

The ‘Dutch model’ has become a catchphrase for progressive European politicians pondering the possibilities of a ‘third way’ between Anglo-American deregulation of labour markets and the bloated stagnation of European dirigiste economies. Foreign politicians, central bankers and union leaders alike praise the combination of fiscal conservatism, wage moderation, consensual welfare reform, job creation and the maintainance of overall social security. They highlight the extraordinary proportion of Dutch people, male and female, in part-time jobs; the sustained policy of wage moderation by the trade unions; the success in holding the course for EMU and the absence of social unrest. Best of all, they observe, the Netherlands is the only EU member state to have more than halved its unemployment rate during the past decade, from 13-plus per cent in 1983 to just over 5 per cent in 1998. Its annual growth rate in jobs of 1.6 per cent is four times the European average, and as good as the American ‘job machine’, but without the US' sharp increase in earning inequality and life-chances.
A new species ofDiplocynodon(Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Late Eocene of the Massif Central, France, and the evolution of the genus in the climatic context of the Late Palaeogene
Authors: MARTIN JEREMY E.
Published: January 2010

The genusDiplocynodonis widely recorded in Europe from Early Eocene up to Middle Miocene times. A fragmented but almost complete skull of a new species ofDiplocynodonis reported from the Late Eocene locality of Domérat, northern border of the Massif Central (Allier), France. The present skull provides an important basis for comparison with other members of the genus and complements a fossil record full of gaps despite the large number of vertebrate localities spanning the Cenozoic. The new taxon occurs at a key period for climate evolution with conditions marking the transition from a greenhouse to an icehouse world. The response of crocodylian assemblages to this climatic shift is discussed in light of evidence for their decline in diversity from the Eocene period onward.
Viscous dissipation by tidally forced inertial modes in a rotating spherical shell
Authors: RIEUTORD M. , VALDETTARO L.
Published: January 2010

We investigate the properties of forced inertial modes of a rotating fluid inside a spherical shell. Our forcing is tidal like, but its main property is that it is on the large scales. By numerically solving the linear equations of this problem, including viscosity, we first confirm some analytical results obtained on a two-dimensional model by Ogilvie (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 543, 2005, p. 19); some additional properties of this model are uncovered like the existence of narrow resonances associated with periodic orbits of characteristics. We also note that as the frequency of the forcing varies, the dissipation varies drastically if the Ekman numberEis low (as is usually the case). We then investigate the three-dimensional case and compare the results to the foregoing model. The three-dimensional solutions show, like their two-dimensional counterpart, a spiky dissipation curve when the frequency of the forcing is varied; they also display small frequency intervals where the viscous dissipation is independent of viscosity. However, we show that the response of the fluid in these frequency intervals is crucially dominated by the shear layer that is emitted at the critical latitude on the inner sphere. The asymptotic regime, where the dissipation is independent of the viscosity, is reached when an attractor has been excited by this shear layer. This property is not shared by the two-dimensional model where shear layers around attractors are independent of those emitted at the critical latitude. Finally, resonances of the three-dimensional model correspond to some selected least damped eigenmodes. Unlike their two-dimensional counter parts these modes are not associated with simple attractors; instead, they show up in frequency intervals with weakly contracting webs of characteristics. Besides, we show that the inner core is negligible when its relative radius is less than the critical value 0.4E1/5. For these spherical shells, the full sphere solutions give a good approximation of the flows.
Far-field disturbance flow induced by a small non-neutrally buoyant sphere in a linear shear flow
Authors: ASMOLOV EVGENY S. , FEUILLEBOIS FRANÇOIS
Published: January 2010

The disturbance flow due to the motion of a small sphere parallel to the streamlines of an unbounded linear shear flow is evaluated at small Reynolds number using the method of matched expansions. Decaying laws are obtained for all velocity components in a far inviscid region and viscous wakes. The z component (in the direction of the shear-rate gradient) of the disturbance velocity is cylindrically symmetric in the inviscid region. It decays with the distance r from the sphere like r−5/3, while the y component (in the direction of vorticity) decays like r−4/3. The widths of two viscous wakes, located upstream and downstream of the sphere, grow with the longitudinal coordinate x as yw ~ zw ~ |x|1/3. The maximum x and z components of the velocity are located in the wake cores; they scale like |x|−2/3 and |x|−1 respectively. For two particles interacting through their outer regions, the migration velocity of each particle is the sum of the velocity of an isolated particle and of a disturbance velocity induced by the other one. Particles placed in the normal or transversal directions repel each other. When each particle is located in a wake of the other one, they may either attract or repel each other.
The effects of host size and temperature on the emergence ofEchinoparyphium recurvatumcercariae fromLymnaea peregraunder natural light conditions
Authors: Morley N.J. , Adam M.E. , Lewis J.W.
Published: January 2010

The production of cercariae from their snail host is a fundamental component of transmission success in trematodes. The emergence ofEchinoparyphium recurvatum(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) cercariae fromLymnaea peregrawas studied under natural sunlight conditions, using naturally infected snails of different sizes (10–17 mm) within a temperature range of 10–29°C. There was a single photoperiodic circadian cycle of emergence with one peak, which correlated with the maximum diffuse sunlight irradiation. At 21°C the daily number of emerging cercariae increased with increasing host snail size, but variations in cercarial emergence did occur between both individual snails and different days. There was only limited evidence of cyclic emergence patterns over a 3-week period, probably due to extensive snail mortality, particularly those in the larger size classes. Very few cercariae emerged in all snail size classes at the lowest temperature studied (10°C), but at increasingly higher temperatures elevated numbers of cercariae emerged, reaching an optimum between 17 and 25°C. Above this range emergence was reduced. At all temperatures more cercariae emerged from larger snails. Analysis of emergence using theQ10value, a measure of physiological processes over temperature ranges, showed that between 10 and 21°C ( ≈ 15°C)Q10values exceeded 100 for all snail size classes, indicating a substantially greater emergence than would be expected for normal physiological rates. From 14 to 25°C ( ≈ 20°C) cercarial emergence in most snail size classes showed little change inQ10, although in the smallest size class emergence was still substantially greater than the typicalQ10increase expected over this temperature range. At the highest range of 21–29°C ( ≈ 25°C),Q10was much reduced. The importance of these results for cercarial emergence under global climate change is discussed.
Some surprising manifestations of charged particle dynamics in a magnetic field
Authors: VARMA RAM K.
Published: January 2010

We present here some very unusual experimental results on the dynamics of charged particle in a magnetic field which cannot be comprehended in terms of the Lorentz dynamics regarded, as per the current conceptual framework, as the appropriate one for the macro-scale description. Astonishingly, these results have been shown to be manifestations of a novel macro-scale quantum structure, designated as ‘transition amplitude wave’ (TAW), riding with the guiding centre trajectory, which is generated in the latter trajectory in consequence of the scattering of the particle with a fixed scattering centre. One set of observed results is thus identified as matter wave interference effects on the macro-scale attributable to this entity. The other enigmatic observation demonstrates the detection of a curl-free magnetic vector potential on the macro-scale, which is also shown to be a consequence of the TAW embedded in the Lorentz trajectory. These enigmatic results thus point to the unravelling of a new concept of a ‘dressed’ Lorentz trajectory—dressed with the TAW—accountable for these results, as against the ‘bare’ trajectory. These results and the formalism which enables one to comprehend them have led to the emergence of a new class of phenomena which display quantum properties on the macro-scale.
Stable localized electromagnetic pulses in asymmetric pair plasmas
Authors: BEREZHIANI V. I. , MAHAJAN S. M. , SHATASHVILI N. L.
Published: January 2010

It is shown that pair plasmas, through the new focusing–defocusing nonlinearity generated by an ‘asymmetry’ in initial temperatures of constituent species, can support multidimensional, stable, large-amplitude light bullets as well as bullets carrying vortices, i.e. spinning bullets.
New aspects on plasma wave and instability phenomena in basic-plasma experiments
Authors: HATAKEYAMA R. , KANEKO T. , OOHARA W.
Published: January 2010

Our basic-plasma experiments relating to fusion-oriented and space plasmas have yielded deep and unique insight into wave and instability physics in ordinary electron-ion and unusual pair-particle plasmas. Here recent results on flow shears, polarization reversal and pair-ions are presented in the way that light is shed on the underlying physics.
“She thinks you’rekawaii”: Socializing affect, gender, and relationships in a Japanese preschool
Authors: BURDELSKI MATTHEW , MITSUHASHI KOJI
Published: January 2010

Kawaii, an adjective meaning ‘cute’, ‘adorable’, and ‘lovable’, is an important aspect of Japanese material culture and a key affect word used to describe things that are small, delicate, and immature. While “cuteness” has been widely discussed in relation to Japanese society and psychology and the globalization of Japanese culture, there has been little analysis of the wordkawaiiin interaction. This article explores the use ofkawaiiin interaction in a Japanese preschool. In particular, it analyzes ways teachers use multimodal resources, including talk, embodied actions, material objects, and participation frameworks, in making assessments of things in the social world and in “glossing” children’s actions as thoughts and feelings, and it examines children’s emerging use ofkawaiiwith teachers and peers. The findings shed light on ways everyday communicative practices shape children’s understandings and use of language in relation to affect, gender, and relationships in preschool.*
On the convergence of greedy algorithms for initial segments of the Haar basis
Authors: DILWORTH S. J. , ODELL E. , SCHLUMPRECHT TH. , ZSÁK ANDRÁS
Published: January 2010

We consider the X-Greedy Algorithm and the Dual Greedy Algorithm in a finite-dimensional Banach space with a strictly monotone basis as the dictionary. We show that when the dictionary is an initial segment of the Haar basis in Lp[0, 1] (1 < p < ∞) then the algorithms terminate after finitely many iterations and that the number of iterations is bounded by a function of the length of the initial segment. We also prove a more general result for a class of strictly monotone bases.
Trophoblast function in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy
Authors: Cross James C
Published: January 2010

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common disease of pregnancy that affects women particularly in their first pregnancies. Current estimates suggest that between 7 and 10% of pregnancies may be complicated by PE. Despite considerable research and medical efforts, the incidence of the disease has not changed substantially in the last century. In severe cases the disease may be life-threatening and is associated with high neonatal mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, therapy is often ineffective and at best treats the disease symptoms rather than the aetiology. One reason for the lack of progress may be that while the disease is generally agreed by most to be due to abnormal implantation and development of the placenta (events which happen in the first trimester) most research efforts have focused on managing and understanding the maternal disease. Since the disease typically appears in the last trimester, many weeks after the likely start of the pathology, it has been difficult to understand the progression of events. However, this picture has improved recently. The purpose here is to review how placental development is affected in PE and describe new insights into the causes. It is hoped that an understanding of the pathogenesis of the placental defects in PE will lead to new efforts towards early diagnosis, before the onset of clinical symptoms, as well as new treatments for these lesions.
Management of severe twin to twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Hyett Jon , Ville Yves , Sebire Neil , Sepulveda Waldo , Nicolaides Kypros
Published: January 2010

In monozygotic twin pregnancies embryonic splitting within three days of fertilisation, which occurs in approximately one-third of cases, results in two separate fetuses with independent placental circulations. Splitting after the third day of fertilisation is associated with vascular communications between the placentae; when cleavage is delayed beyond day 12 the fetuses are conjoint. In some monochorionic twin pregnancies imbalance in the net flow of blood across the placental vascular communications from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient) results in twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTS).
Meconium ileus: antenatal diagnosis and perinatal care
Authors: Irish Michael S , Gollin Yvonne , Borowitz Drucy S , O'Toole Stuart , Glick Philip L
Published: January 2010

Meconium ileus (MI) is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in the newborn accounting for 9–33% of neonatal intestinal obstructions. It is the earliest clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), occurring in approximately 16% of patients with CF. However, MI has been reported in the absence of CF.
Swimming and diving by pregnant women
Authors: Lotgering Frederik K , Spinnewijn Wilhelmina EM , Wallenburg Henk CS
Published: January 2010

Pregnant women have traditionally been discouraged from participating in physically demanding sports because they have been considered to be in poor condition and it was thought that strenuous exercise could harm the mother and the fetus. More recently, however, many physically active women have wished to continue sport in pregnancy and research over the past 20 years has shown that in general it is safe to do so.
Detection of fetal cells present in transcervical samples
Authors: Adinolfi Matteo
Published: January 2010

In 1971 Shettles postulated that, during pregnancy, chorionic cellular elements from degenerating villi were shed into the endocervical canal and could be analysed to assess fetal sex. Accordingly, he retrieved transcervical cells (TCC's) with cotton swabs and tested them for the presence of the Y chromosome using a fluorescent dye (quinacrine mustard). At the time of publishing his note, he had correctly diagnosed the sex of 10 fetuses in 18 pregnancies investigated.
Ultrastructure of bovine in vitro-produced blastocysts cryopreserved by vitrification
Authors: Ohboshi Shigeki , Fujihara Noboru , Yoshida Tatsuyuki , Tomagane Hiroshi
Published: January 2010

The objective of this study was to examine ultrastructural aspects of bovine in vitro-produced blastocysts associated with cryopreservation by vitrification. Morphologically good embryos were used and treated with ethylene-glycol-based vitrification solution (VS). The untreated embryos had conventional fine structure. The post-warming embryos treated with direct exposure to VS (one-step procedure) showed cellular damage structurally by cryopreservation, which included loss of microvilli, disruption of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial changes and swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, nuclei and junctional regions seemed to be resistant to cryoinjury. In contrast, the post-warming embryos pre-equilibra ted with 10% ethylene glycol for 5 min and subsequent exposure to VS (two-step procedure) showed less damage than those treated by the one-step procedure. Post-warming embryos treated by the two-step procedure were cultured in vitro for 18 h. Some embryos survived and their structures re-formed to the former state, while other embryos showed serious injuries and could not reconstitute the blastocoele. Three post-warming embryos treated by the two-step procedure that survived after in vitro culture were transferred to three recipients and one of these resulted in pregnancy. These results indicate that cryopreservation by vitrification can damage membranous structures of the cells of bovine embryos, the extent and nature of this damage being dependent on the vitrification procedure.
Cortical granule exocytosis is triggered by different thresholds of calcium during fertilisation in sea urchin eggs
Authors: Matese John C. , McClay David R.
Published: January 2010

In sea urchin eggs, fertilisation is followed by a calcium wave, cortical granule exocytosis and fertilisation envelope elevation. Both the calcium wave and cortical granule exocytosis sweep across the egg in a wave initiated at the point of sperm entry. Using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy, populations of cortical granules undergoing calcium-induced exocytosis were observed in living urchin eggs. Calcium imaging using the indicator Calcium Green-dextran was combined with an image subtraction technique for visual isolation of individual exocytotic events. Relative fluorescence levels of the calcium indicator during the fertilisation wave were compared with cortical fusion events. In localised regions of the egg, there is a 6s delay between the detection of calcium release and fusion of cortical granules. The rate of calcium accumulation was altered experimentally to ask whether this delay was necessary to achieve a threshold concentration of calcium to trigger fusion, or was a time-dependent activation of the cortical granule fusion apparatus after the ‘triggering’ event. Calcium release rate was attenuated by blocking inositol 1,4,5-triphospate (InsP3)-gated channels with heparin. Heparin extended the time necessary to achieve a minimum concentration of calcium at the sites of cortical granule exocytosis. The data are consistent with the conclusion that much of the delay observed normally is necessary to reach threshold concentration of calcium. Cortical granules then fuse with the plasma membrane. Further, once the minimum threshold calcium concentration is reached, cortical granule fusion with the plasma membrane occurs in a pattern suggesting that cortical granules are non-uniform in their calcium sensitivity threshold.
Nuclear envelope removal/maintenance determines the structural and functional remodelling of embryonic red blood cell nuclei in activated mouse oocytes
Authors: Szöllösi Daniel , Czołowska Renata , Borsuk Ewa , Szöllösi Maria S. , Debey Pascale
Published: January 2010

Nuclei of embryonic red blood cells (e-RBC) from 12-day mouse fetuses are arrested in Gophase of the cell cycle and have low transcriptional activity. These nuclei were transferred with help of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated fusion to parthenogenetically activated mouse oocytes and heterokaryons were analysed for nuclear structure and transcriptional activity. If fusion proceeded 25–45 min after oocyte activation, e-RBC nuclei were induced to nuclear envelope breakdown and partial chromatin condensation, followed by formation of nuclei structurally identical with pronuclei. These ‘pronuclei’, similar to egg (female) pronuclei, remained transcriptionally silent over several hours ofin vitroculture. If fusion was performed 1 h or later (up to 7 h) after activation, the nuclear envelope of e-RBC nuclei remained intact and nuclear remodelling was less spectacular (slight chromatin decondensation, formation of nucleolus precursor bodies). These nuclei, however, reinforced polymerase-II-dependent transcription within a few hours ofin vitroculture. Our present experiments, together with our previous work, demonstrate that nuclear envelope breakdown/maintenance are critical events for nuclear remodelling in activated mouse oocytes and that somatic dormant nuclei can be stimulated to renew transcription at a time when the female pronucleus remains transcriptionally silent.
On Asterisk Inflation
Authors: Goldstein Joshua S.
Published: January 2010

In recent years, many political science articles have changed the traditional and correct method for flagging statistically significant coefficients in tables. They now add extra asterisks at each significance level. This article describes the shift and why it should be reversed.
Obama's Missed Landslide: A Racial Cost?
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Tien Charles , Nadeau Richard
Published: January 2010

Barack Obama was denied a landslide victory in the 2008 presidential election. In the face of economic and political woe without precedent in the post-World War II period, the expectation of an overwhelming win was not unreasonable. He did win, but with just a 52.9 percentage point share of the total popular vote. We argue a landslide was taken from Obama because of race prejudice. In our article, we first quantify the extent of the actual Obama margin. Then we make a case for why it should have been larger. After reviewing evidence of racial bias in voter attitudes and behavior, we conclude that, in a racially blind society, Obama would likely have achieved a landslide.
Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and the Transgendered in Political Science: Report on a Discipline-Wide Survey
Authors: Novkov Julie , Barclay Scott
Published: January 2010

This article reviews the results of a discipline-wide survey concerning lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and the transgendered in the discipline. We find that both research and teaching on LGBT topics have made some headway into the discipline, and that political scientists largely accept that LGBT issues can be fundamentally political and are worth studying and teaching for that reason. Nonetheless, troubling questions about discrimination both against those who conduct research concerning LBGT issues and LGBT individuals themselves remain.
There Was a Crooked Man(uscript): A Not-So-Serious Look at the Serious Subject of Plagiarism
Authors: McGuire Kevin T.
Published: January 2010

The problem of plagiarism by political scientists has not received much attention. The incidence of plagiarism, however, may be greater than one would think. In this article, I offer a humorous look at what happened when a manuscript of mine was plagiarized. Based on my experience, I offer some suggestions on how scholars might detect and prevent plagiarism.
Learning by Doing: A Simulation for Teaching How Congress Works
Authors: Sands Eric C. , Shelton Allison
Published: January 2010

Teachers of political science have increasingly recognized the utility of classroom simulations to provide students with an active-learning experience to enhance learning outcomes. Our article builds on this growing trend by proposing a congressional simulation to help students understand the complexities and nuances of the lawmaking process. Specifically, the simulation aids students in identifying the deliberative aspects of congressional policymaking, appreciating the complicated process involved in a bill becoming a law, understanding the multifaceted ways in which self-interest guides the decisions of congressional actors, and challenging student cynicism about Congress as an institution.
Who's on First? Listing Authors by Relative Contribution Trumps the Alphabet
Authors: Lake David A.
Published: January 2010

Political science as a discipline lacks any convention on the order in which authors should be listed in co-authored publications. As a result, the order of authors' surnames currently provides no information to other scholars, hiring and promotion committees, and other reviewers about the relative contributions of each collaborator. This lack of information impedes the allocation of proper credit for scholarly contributions. Moreover, in collaborations between junior and senior colleagues, or other asymmetric status hierarchies, the absence of both information and any convention tends to favor more established scholars; this makes it more difficult for graduate students, untenured professors, and other vulnerable co-authors to negotiate for and receive appropriate credit. Listing authors by relative contribution is both more informative and fair. In publications where one author provides the necessary research funding, or a faculty member is not only a co-author but also a dissertation or other academic advisor, it is also appropriate to designate that collaborator as “last” or “senior author.” In all cases, articles should carry a short statement indicating the division of labor between the co-authors, even or especially if the contributions are equal.
Theories of Power, Poverty, and Law: In Commemoration of the Contributions of Peter Bachrach
Authors: Botwinick Aryeh
Published: January 2010

When I reflect upon Peter Bachrach's political theorizing from the perspective of the heated primary battles of 2008, I am struck by the unusual character of his political insights and commitments—and of how relevant and compelling they are in the current political climate. Peter might be appropriately considered a radical liberal democrat—who focused very sharply on the tensions between radicalism and liberalism as political ideologies, but sought to maintain a close and continually flowing circuit between radicalism and liberalism as bodies of philosophical understanding that could mutually nurture and sustain each other. Under his hermeneutical gaze, Hobbes was not only the father of modern philosophical liberalism but the theorist who instigated the formation of participatory democracy. By clarifying for us the extent to which we lacked foursquare rational props to support our judgments across a whole spectrum of human experience from everyday practical affairs to science, religion, and metaphysics, he cleared a tremendous space for human beings to actively participate in structuring their own lives and shaping their own destinies. In addition to his explicit statements concerning human equality (whose political payoffs would be mostly unusable by a contemporary democrat), there was implicit in Hobbesian theorizing a massive re-inflection of human limitation and possibility that could make participation seem like a plausible complement to his theorizing.
Theories of Power, Poverty, and Law: In Commemoration of the Contributions of Peter Bachrach
Authors: Schneider Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2010

I am pleased to be part of this symposium to celebrate the life and work of Peter Bachrach. Although my focus is the relevance of Peter's ideas of power to law, I want to begin with some personal comments as well as raise some final thoughts, drawing on others' contributions. Like so many of Peter's other students, I adored him. Peter's joy in ideas, his passion for participatory democracy, his love of teaching, and his extraordinary capacity to listen to students were infectious. As others have said, he lit up every room that he was in. He inspired me to become a civil rights lawyer and law professor and to teach, write, and advocate about issues that he cared about.
STANLEY V. ANDERSON
Authors: Moore John E.
Published: January 2010

Stan Anderson died unexpectedly while out for an afternoon walk on May 26, 2009. If I set out to design a model civil society, Stan would be my model citizen. At every nexus in the life of a community—family, friends, workplace, and civic institutions—Stan's instincts were to care and to contribute. For 30 years a member of the political science faculty at the Santa Barbara campus of the University of California, he was a leading authority on, and advocate for, American applications of the (Scandinavian) office of ombudsman. If that term for an official who handles citizens' complaints is no longer foreign in the United States, it is largely because of Stan Anderson.
ALEX DRAGNICH
Authors: Rasmussen Jorgen
Published: January 2010

Following a period of declining health, Alex Dragnich died of pneumonia on August 10, 2009, at the age of 97. His mind remained sharp and his pen vigorous until almost his death.