bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing to keep the customer
Authors: Desatnick Robert L.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the increasing focus on customer service and the benefits of a customer‐focused approach, with specific examples taken from the experiences of McDonalds.
Venture capital firms: Specializing in investments
Authors: Schilit W. Keith
Published: July 2007

This article discusses current trends in the venture capital industry, particularly the increasing trend towards specialization.
Do α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists improve lower urinary tract symptoms by reducing bladder outlet resistance?
Authors: Barendrecht Maurits M. , Abrams Paul , Schumacher Helmut , de la Rosette Jean J.M.C.H. , Michel Martin C.
Published: July 2007

Aims

To test the hypothesis that improvements of lower urinary tract symptoms (IPSS) upon treatment with an α‐blocker are due to reduction of bladder outlet obstruction (assessed as the bladder outlet obstruction index, BOOI); relationships of either with free flow Qmax were also explored.

Methods

The database of a large placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind study with the α‐blocker tamsulosin was analyzed retrospectively. Patients were stratified into lower and upper halves according to baseline IPSS, Qmax or BOOI and treatment‐associated alterations thereof. In these strata differences between values for the other two parameters were analyzed, for example, improvement of IPSS and Qmax were compared in patients with below and above median improvement of BOOI.

Results

Patients with below and above median baseline for one parameter, for example, IPSS had rather similar values for the other two parameters, for example, Qmax and BOOI. Likewise, patients based upon baseline strata for one parameter had rather similar improvements of the other two parameters. Most importantly, patients with below and above median treatment‐associated improvements of one parameter, for example, BOOI exhibited only small if any difference for alterations of the other two parameters, for example, IPPS and Qmax.

Conclusions

We conclude that IPSS, free flow Qmax and BOOI are only loosely related at baseline. More importantly, treatment‐induced improvements of these parameters are also only loosely related. These data do question the hypothesis that α‐blockers largely improve lower urinary tract symptoms by reducing bladder outlet obstruction and suggest that they may also act independent of prostatic smooth muscle tone. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:226–230, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Starting a new program at your institution
Authors: Joyce Ronald A. , Barlok Tracy West
Published: July 2007

To encourage attention to women donors in a coeducational environment, fundraisers must have focus and commitment. A program at Colgate University identifies some suggestions and first steps.
Effects of administrative cost perceptions in major‐gift decisions
Authors: Tobin Gary A.
Published: July 2007

Major donors are concerned about administrative costs in fundraising, but their perceptions are based on their relationships to professional staff or other major givers. This chapter explores the connection between perceptions and giving patterns.
Government regulation of fundraising: A struggle for efficacy
Authors: Ormstedt David E.
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores the development of state regulation of fundraising for charity. The author explains why regulation has not worked as it should and suggests measures that will strengthen regulatory efforts without further burdening charities.
Decision making in ethics
Authors: Marion Barbara H.
Published: July 2007

A process guide is presented for the development professional, who must choose between the competing values presented by dilemmas that have an ethical component.
Ethics and fundraising management
Authors: Briscoe Marianne G.
Published: July 2007

Ethical fundraising management recognizes that the values of institutions and individuals can differ. The obligation is to reach a common ethical ground that clarifies what behavior is unacceptable and makes it possible to ask questions and seek solutions for difficult or challenging ethical issues in the development program.
Three strategic questions about Latino philanthropy
Authors: Cortés Michael
Published: July 2007

What we don't know about Latino philanthropy can hurt us. We need more information on Latino traditions of giving, disincentives to Latino philanthropy, and institutional arrangements that might foster Latino philanthropy. Exploration of these three issues suggests approaches to Latino philanthropy that may both improve society and Latino opportunities in society.
Women giving money, women raising money: What difference for philanthropy?
Authors: Ostrander Susan A. , Fisher Joan M.
Published: July 2007

The growing presence of women donors and fundraisers raises questions about different practices based on gender. Whether or not differences between the philanthropic actions of women and men really do exist, the authors of this chapter make the case that the qualities and priorities historically associated with women are good for philanthropy overall.
Using private money to finance public services: The case of the Philadelphia Department of Recreation
Authors: Cnaan Ram , Perlmutter Felice
Published: July 2007

The case of the Philadelphia Department of Recreation shows how a new philosophy of public administration that incorporates fundraising by a public agency can serve the public good.
Fundraising and the information superhighway
Authors: Strauss Deborah
Published: July 2007

On‐line technology can support the typical functions of a fundrasing office, but also poses some risks. Here is a summary of the techniques, tools, and dangers of using telecommunications in this setting.
Computer‐assisted prospect management and research
Authors: Avery Laura J. , Gliha John L.
Published: July 2007

Technology can provide substantial assistance with prospect research, making prospect management more efficient and effective.
New directions in nonprofit funding
Authors: Smith Steven Rathgeb
Published: July 2007

As government funding of services shrinks, and responsibility continues to shit from federal to state governments, nonprofit organizations look to private donations, fees and earned income, additional government contracts, and volunteers, in quest of the elusive goal of replacing lost public funds.
Assessing and creating the environment of philanthropy
Authors: Alford Jimmie R.
Published: July 2007

In order either to establish or to strengthen an asset base, nonprofit organizations must gain a solid understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities facing them today. Once such an understanding is attained, nonprofits can begin to develop the strategic plans, organizational ystem, and leadership structures necessary for ongoing success.
Computed tomography‐based tissue‐engineered scaffolds in craniomaxillofacial surgery
Authors: Smith M. H. , Flanagan C. L. , Kemppainen J. M. , Sack J. A. , Chung H. , Das S. , Hollister S. J. , Feinberg S. E.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Tissue engineering provides an alternative modality allowing for decreased morbidity of donor site grafting and decreased rejection of less compatible alloplastic tissues.

Methods

Using image‐based design and computer software, a precisely sized and shaped scaffold for osseous tissue regeneration can be created via selective laser sintering. Polycaprolactone has been used to create a condylar ramus unit (CRU) scaffold for application in temporomandibular joint reconstruction in a Yucatan minipig animal model. Following sacrifice, micro‐computed tomography and histology was used to demonstrate the efficacy of this particular scaffold design.

Results

A proof‐of‐concept surgery has demonstrated cartilaginous tissue regeneration along the articulating surface with exuberant osseous tissue formation. Bone volumes and tissue mineral density at both the 1 and 3 month time points demonstrated significant new bone growth interior and exterior to the scaffold.

Conclusion

Computationally designed scaffolds can support masticatory function in a large animal model as well as both osseous and cartilage regeneration. Our group is continuing to evaluate multiple implant designs in both young and mature Yucatan minipig animals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative stability of potato chips determined by Rancimat
Authors: Barrera‐Arellano D. , Esteves W.
Published: July 2007

During recent years the Rancimat apparatus has been used extensively to determine the stability of fats and oils. Most stability tests for fat‐containing foods are performed on the extracted oil. The objective of this research was to observe the behavior of potato chips in the racimat without oil extraction. Determinations were carried out at 110°C and 20 L/hr air flow. The curves for the ground chips were completely different from those obtained with extracted oils. Curves for fresh potato chips showed two inflection points after approximately 5 and 20 hr, respectively. Sensory analyses (odor score) of samples withdrawn from the Rancimat after 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 hr showed significant differences (P < 0.01). An odor score of 5 was considered the rejection point, and was equivalent to 10.8 hr and corresponded to 150 µs of electric conductivity. At this point, the curves started to level off between the first and second inflection points. Curves obtained with potato chips stored at 25°C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 wk showed the same basic pattern, although prolonged storage corresponded with lower induction time. Correlation of induction values between ground potato chips and extracted oil was high (r > 0.87). From these results, it seems that it is possible to estimate the oxidative stability of fatcontaining foods without prior extraction.
A comparative evaluation of several antioxidants in edible fats
Authors: Moore R. N. , Bickford W. G.
Published: July 2007

Thirteen compounds have been intercompared with respect to their antioxidant activity in concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10% in edible cottonseed oil, the same oil hydrogenated to shortening consistency, and in lard which is essentially free of naturally occurring antioxidants. None of the compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the cottonseed oils, when use in a concentration of 0.01%, but they were effective in stabilizing lard under these conditions. Propyl gallate was the most effective of the compounds tested for the vegetable fats.

Examination of the data for lard indicates that the comparison of antioxidants in this and other substrates essentially devoid of natural inhibitors may yield more realistic results when compared at a peroxide level of 100 milliequivalents per kilogram of substrate.
The elaidinization of methyl oleate with mercaptans
Authors: Kircher H. W.
Published: July 2007

Methyl oleate is transformed into methyl elaidate by mercaptans. The equilibrium mixture, containing 77% elaidate, can be obtained from either isomer. A concomitant, although much slower reaction, is the addition of the sulfhydry group to the double bond of either ester. The effects of numerous reaction conditions on the extent and rate of the isomerization are given. The reaction is presented as an incipient addition of the mercaptan to the double bond, as a reversible thiyl radical attack on one of the unsaturated carbon atoms.
The equilibrium distribution of acyl groups between primary and secondary hydroxyl positions in partial esters
Authors: Brandner J. D. , Birkmeier R. L.
Published: July 2007

In a previous paper the authors discussed the concept of the 舠relative esterifiability舡 of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups and demonstrated its utility in predicting the composition of partial glycerides under ester‐interchange equilibrium conditions. The concept is clarified and expanded in the present paper. The compositions of partial glycerides at ester‐interchange equilibrium are calculated using the estimated reactivities of the primary and secondary hydroxyls at 100 and 220C, and are compared to the composition calculated assuming equal hydroxyl reactivity. Base catalyzed esterification of propylene glycol with fatty acids is shown to be accompanied by rapid ester‐interchange. As with glycerol partial esters, the relative esterifiability of the primary hydroxyl of propylene glycol exceeds that of the secondary.
Glass paper chromatography and elatography of triglycerides
Authors: Swartwout J. R. , Gross R. J.
Published: July 2007

A degree of reverse phase separation of triglycerides can be obtained with ascending chromatography on uncoated glass paper using a pyridine: water solvent system. The same Rf values result when silica gel coated paper is used. To extend the usefulness of this separation, the glyceryl esters are converted to methyl esters in situ using sodium methoxide. This permits, on silica gel coated paper, glyceryl ester separation in one dimension, eslatography to the methyl esters, and methyl ester separation in the second dimension. In mixtures of lipids such as serum extracts, the lipid groups may be separated in one dimension and the fatty acid methyl esters in the second dimension.
Analysis of fatty acid‐ethylene oxide adducts by countercurrent distribution
Authors: Wetterau F. P. , Olsanski V. L. , Smullin C. F. , Brandner J. D.
Published: July 2007

Countercurrent distribution (CCD) has been found to be a very satisfactory means for the direct determination of free polyol, monoester and diester in a wide range of fatty acid‐ethylene oxide adducts in which the average polyoxyethylene (POE) chain length varies from 1舑40 ethylene oxide units. A suggested procedure with three solvent systems, providing optimum separation over the entire scope of products, is presented in this paper.

Several fatty acid‐ethylene oxide derivatives were analyzed and good separations were obtained as indicated by well‐defined wt distribution curves. The results on POE‐8‐stearate verify earlier conclusions that the product consists of unesterified POE glycols and POE glycol mono‐ and diesters in the approximate molar proportions of 1蝘2蝘1.

CCD was also used to effect partial fractionation of the monoester according to POE chain length. The fractionation, although incomplete, is sufficient to permit estimation of polymer distribution.
Chromatographic separation ofcis andtrans fatty esters by argentation with a macroreticular exchange resin
Authors: Emken E. A. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Methyl oleate and methyl elaidate, as well as other monoenecis andtrans isomers of fatty esters, can be separated quickly and conveniently by a preparative chromatographic procedure in which a silver‐saturated ion‐exchange resin is used. Separations are based on differences in stabilites of the silver‐olefin complexes. Recoveries of better than 95% were made, and puretrans andcis monoene fractions were collected. This method can be used to separate saturates fromcis andtrans monoenes. Thecis,trans,cis,cis, andtrans,trans‐9‐12‐octadecadienoates were separated. Whilecis,trans andtrans,trans dienes were cluted separately, thecis,cis diene isomer remained on the column.
Hydroxy unsaturated oils. II. Preparation and characterization of methyl dimorphecolate and methyl lesquerolate fromDimorphotheca andLesquerella oils
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Knowles R. E. , Binder R. G. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: July 2007

An evaluation was made of several procedures for the preparation and purification of methyl dimorphecolate and methyl lesquerolate. An anhydrous anion exchange resin in the methoxide form was a catalyst for the methanolysis of the glyceride oils. Liquid‐liquid partitioning between acetonitrile and commerical pentane is suitable for purifying large quantities of methyl dimorphecolate. Methyl lesquerolate can be purified by distillationin vacuo as well as by liquid‐liquid partitioning. Chromatography and low‐temperature crystallization also were tried.
Soybean preparation
Authors: Fawbush Jerry G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Techniques and equipment for a typical soybean preparation plant prior to solvent oil extraction are described. The bean flow is described from incoming beans, to the inlet, to the extractor.
Cottonseed preparation
Authors: Ridlehuber Jim M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Conventional methods of cottonseed preparation are reviewed and described, including seed cleaning, saw delinting, dehulling, conditioning, and flaking. The use of screw presses for prepress conditioning ahead of solvent extraction is discussed as compared to conditioning for direct solvent extraction. Newer methods and proposed alternate methods of cottonseed preparation are discussed including: abrasive delinting, acid delinting by gas and liquid acid, and the decorticating of undelinted seed. The effect of cracking rolls, moisture addition, moist cooking and flaking on gossypol gland rupture, the binding of gossypol to protein, and the effect of these processing or preparation variables on the residual oil in the extracted meal and on the oil quality are discussed.
The preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acid by the koch reaction
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Cheng T. T. , Slezak F. B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

This paper describes the preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acid by the Koch reaction with carbon monoxide and sulfuric acid of oleic, tall oil fatty, and partially hydrogenated tall oil fatty acids. The effects of changing reaction conditions upon the yield and purity of the product were examined. With the best conditions, it was possible to prepare light‐colored, heat‐stable C19 dicarboxylic acid in 83% overall weight yield at 96% purity, containing 75% tertiary isomers and 25% secondary.
Factors affecting aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed I. Contamination of cottonseed withAspergillus flavus at harvest and during storage
Authors: Hamsa Thota A. P. , Ayres John C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Examination of cottonseed production has shown that boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis), boll rots, and improper handling and storage conditions are critical factors inAspergillus flavus contamination of cotton‐seed.A. flavus cultures were isolated from both field‐collected and laboratory emerged boll weevils, as well as from boll weevil emergence holes. Diseased cotton bolls have been found to containA. flavus conidia. Infection byA. flavus was limited to the surface of cottonseeds collected from gin and from the gin blower. Seeds improperty stored outside the gin were infected internally withA. flavus. Observation of bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence was not useful as a diagnostic procedure to detect contaminated seeds. Aflatoxin‐producing potential ofA. flavus isolates is being investigated. WhenA. flavus conidia were artifically inoculated onto the surface of the seeds, 87% of the seeds from Athens, GA, were internally infected whereas only 29% of the seeds from Macon, GA, were internally infected.A. flavus invade the cottonseed embryo through the chalazal region, the micropylar region, or cracks developed in the seed coat during ginning. Invasion of cottonseed byA. flavus was predominant at 28, 30, and 37 C while at 15 and 20 C other fungi dominated in surface and internal invasions of cottonseed. At relative humidities of 75% and 80%,Chaetomium spp. successfully competed in growth on the surface, while at a relative humidity of 90% and above, fungi belonging to the orderMucorales outgrewA. flavus.
Hexanal as a measure of rancidity in low fat foods
Authors: Fritsch C. W. , Gale J. A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The concentration of n‐hexanal in low fat, dehydrated foods can be determined in 10 min by the gas chromatographic analysis of the vapors from a 15 g sample suspended in boiling water. With 4‐heptanone as an internal standard good day‐to‐day reproducibility was obtained and the results could be expressed as ppm hexanal in the sample. The onset of rancid odors was found to occur when the hexanal concentration increased to between 5 and 10 ppm. With an oat cereal good correlation between sensory evaluations and hexanal concentration between 0.3 and 5 ppm was obtained. The rate of hexanal increase at 55 and 45 C for a corn and a wheat cereal could be reliably projected to 37 and 21 C. Antioxidants applied to a wheat cereal reduced the rate of hexanal increase.
A computational method of estimating parameters in rate equations of fat hydrogenation
Authors: Bern L.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A computational method for fitting a simplified mathematical model of fat hydrogenation reactions to experimental kinetic data is given. The parameters of the mathematical model were estimated by a nonlinear least‐squares regression technique, and the minimum search method included was tested on a special function with a narrowed curved valley.
Polymorphism behavior in fully hydrogenated mono acid triglycerides
Authors: Dafler James R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The radical expansion behavior of saturated, mono‐acid triglycerides has been studied, using X‐ray diffractometry. The isothermal transition of metastable β′‐polymorph into the stable β‐form is diffusion controlled and appears to follow two distinct rate relationships. The rate of the β′→β transition is also effected by the nature of the precursor polymorph. In common with long chain polymers, quenched, annealed samples of melted tristearin (SSS) reach the stable β‐polymorphic state faster than isothermally crystallized samples of melt annealed at the same temperature. Somewhat speculative mechanisms for these processes are discussed in this paper.
Inhibitory effect of boldine on fish oil oxidation
Authors: Valenzuela Alfonso , Nieto Susana , Cassels Bruce K. , Speisky Hernan
Published: July 2007

The antioxidative effect of boldine, an alkaloid extracted fromPeumus boldus Mol. (boldo), was assayed on the spontaneous and on the metal‐induced oxidation of fish oil. The inhibitory effect of boldine was compared to those of dl‐α tocopherol, the flavonoid quercetin and the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole. Boldine, in all assays, showed a good antioxidative effect, which was comparable to that of quercetin and even better than that of dl‐α tocopherol and the synthetic antioxidants. Additive effects were observed when mixtures of boldine and quercetin or dl‐α tocopherol were assayed. The present study supports the potential use of boldine as a novel natural antioxidant for fish oil.
The effect of dry heat on the bioavailability of iron in soy flour
Authors: Jonnalagadda S. S. , Sabharwal P. , Pratt C. A. , Barbeau W.
Published: July 2007

Bioavailability of iron in soy flour was investigated by the Hemoglobin Regeneration Efficiency (HRE) procedure in 50 three‐month‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats weighing 250 ±7 g and with a mean hemoglobin level of 12.9 g/dl were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: baseline (BL), unheated soy flour (UH), soy flour heated at 225°F for either 10 min (H10), 30 min (H30), or 120 min (H120). The animals were fed diets (46 ppm iron) containing the soy flour for 21 days. HREs of UH, H10, H30, H120 diets were 17.6, 16.8, 17.7 and 16.8%, respectively. Apparent iron absorption from the UH, H10, H30 and H120 diets was 94.7, 94.3, 93.9 and 94.3%, respectively. Serum iron was significantly lower (p<.001) and total iron binding capacity was significantly higher (p<.001) in rats fed the H120 diet. Iron concentrations in the liver, spleen, heart and kidney were significantly lower in rats fed H30 or H120 diets. These results suggest that prolonged heating of soy flour may reduce iron bioavailability and result in depletion of iron stores.
Novel fatty acids in azima tetracantha seed oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Desai V. A. , Hosamani K. M. , Jamkhandi A. M.
Published: July 2007

Azima tetracantha Lam, belonging to the Salvadoraceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid (9.8%) and cyclopropenoid fatty acids (9.6%) along with normal fatty acids.
Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour I— extraction rate, a countercurrent extraction system, and oil quality
Authors: Nieh C. D. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

Measurements of rates of oil extraction from either fine flour or soybean flakes in a column showed that oil extraction from flour was dependent on the volume of solvent, but oil extraction from flakes depended on time of contact rather than volume of solvent. We interpreted the data to mean that oil was being washed out of the fine flour with little diffusion involved, whereas in flakes, the limit on rate was diffusion of the solvent into and out of the tissue.

Fine full fat flour worked well in a batchwise countercurrent extraction system with mixing and centrifugal separation. Because the oil dissolved immediately and reached equilibrium rapidly, the actual material balance was close to calculated values. However, due to the large hold‐up volume, the separation of miscella from the meal required several mixing and separation stages. The oil resulting from this countercurrent extraction system had a superior quality with 37 ppm phosphorus, 0.08% free fatty acids, and a light color.
Degradation of unsaturated triglycerides injected into a pressurized reactor
Authors: Knothe G. , Bagby M. O. , Ryan T. W. , Callahan T. J.
Published: July 2007

To evaluate the precombustion chemistry of vegetable oils under conditions that exist in a diesel engine, several pure unsaturated triglycerides (triolein, trilinolein, trilinolenin) were injected into a pressurized reactor where they were subjected to thermal and oxidative degradation under varying conditions of atmosphere (air or nitrogen), temperature and pressure. Vapor samples were collected and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. In general, the samples consisted of similar mixtures regardless of the reaction conditions or triglyceride used as starting material. The most prominent compounds identified in these samples were fatty acids of different chain lengths and a variety of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Smaller numbers of other classes of compounds, such as aldehydes, were also detected.
Chemical and sensory characteristics of stored menhaden oil/ soybean oil blends
Authors: Schnepf Marilynn , Spencer Gwen , Carlort Jon
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of increasing the consumption of dietary ω‐3 fatty acids by incorporating menhaden oil into a French‐type salad dressing. Menhaden/soybean oil blends of 10, 20 and 30% menhaden oil (w/w) were used to prepare an emulsified French salad dressing. The oil blends and salad dressings were stored at 22°C in the dark for 20 wk. The fatty acid profile, peroxide value, and anisidine value were determined. The salad dressings also were evaluated by a sensory panel for flavor, aroma, and aftertaste. The ω‐3 fatty acids were stable over time under these storage conditions. Peroxide values rose slowly and consistently over time reaching higher values when more menhaden oil was added. Peroxide values were also higher in the oil blends which were stored with air in the headspace and not flushed with argon. Anisidine values also were higher with each addition of menhaden oil but did not change over time except for the 100% menhaden oil which was stored in air. After eight weeks the sensory panel rated the salad dressing which contained menhaden oil as lower than the ones which did not contain menhaden oil. While a significant amount of ω‐3 fatty acids may be incorporated into foods by the addition of menhaden oil, the development over time of off‐flavors must be controlled.
Relationship between oxidative stability of vitamin E and production of fatty acids in oils during microwave heating
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Tatsumi Mikiko , Kajimoto Goro
Published: July 2007

Effects of microwave heating on the oxidative stability ofd‐tocopherols were studied in relation to the production of fatty acids in oils. During microwave heating, the stability of tocopherols decreased in the orderδ>β>γ>α. This order did not depend on the types of ethyl esters of fatty acids or oils present. But, the shorter the chainlength and the lower the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid ethyl esters, the greater was the reduction in amount of individual tocopherols. A similar tendency was observed when tocopherol‐stripped vegetable oils, with equimolar mixtures of tocopherols added, were treated under the same conditions. The reduction in tocopherols became greater with increasing levels of free fatty acids.
New preparation of pure petroselinic acid from fennel oil (Foeniculum vulgare)
Authors: Charvet A. S. , Comeau L. C. , Gaydou E. M.
Published: July 2007

Pure petroselinic acid (cis‐6‐octadecenoic acid) has been isolated from fennel oil by acid soap crystallization at 4°C in methanol, followed by two urea segregations at room temperature and crystallization at −30°C in acetone. The purity control of petroselinic acid was effected by combined gas chromatography, and13C nuclear magnetic resonance. This petroselinic acid preparation was compared to other previous crystallization or enzymatic methods, showing that this method is both short (four steps) and easy to apply.
Comparison of salt thickening of conventional and peaked alcohol ether sulfates
Authors: Smith Dewey L.
Published: July 2007

The salt thickening properties of solutions of sodium dodecyl ether sulfate derived from alcohol ethoxylates with either peaked or conventional ethylene oxide distribution are reported. Sodium dodecyl ether sulfates with a peaked ethylene oxide distribution salt thicken more than those with a conventional ethylene oxide distribution. Rheological and light scattering studies are consistent with a model in which viscosity arises from the interaction of rod‐like micelles.
Evaluation of lipase selectivity for hydrolysis
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Gazzillo Joseph A.
Published: July 2007

The positional selectivity of several commercial lipases was reevaluated from the point of view of synthetic utility. A 1,2‐diglyceride was synthesized, and exposed to typical conditions of lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis (without the enzyme). Little, or no, acyl migration was observed. The recovery of oleic acid from several lipase‐catalyzed hydrolyses of 1(3)‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3(1)‐stearoyl glycerol (POS) reported here, therefore, must be regarded as due to the presence of the lipases themselves. This could limit the use of such catalysts in schemes requiring high selectivity for the primary positions of triglycerides. Fatty acid selectivity data of the enzymes studied also are presented.
The role of amino acids in the autoxidation of milk fat
Authors: Chen Z. Y. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

The effects of amino acids and their analogs on milk fat oxidation were examined under various conditions by measuring oxygen consumption and total unsaturated fatty acids. All the amino acids tested acted as antioxidants, characteristically extending the induction period (IP). Not only primary amino groups are responsible for the antioxidative activities of amino acids, but also the side‐chain groups contribute, at least partially, to the protective effects of L‐cysteine, L‐tryptophan and L‐tyrosine. In aqueous and HCL solutions, the antioxidative effects of L‐alanine were significantly reduced. The freeze‐dried L‐lysine‐HCL and L‐alanine‐HCL accelerated, while the corresponding control amino acids inhibited, milk fat oxidation.
Estimation of heat of combustion of triglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Krisnangkura Kanit
Published: July 2007

Equations were developed for the estimation of gross heat of combustion (HG) of triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from their saponification number (SN) and iodine value (IV). HG of TG=1,896,000/SN − 0.6 IV — 1600 and HG of FAME=618,000/SN − 0.08 IV — 430. When these equations were tested on cottonseed oil, soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, sunflower oil methyl esters, soybean oil methyl esters and cottonseed oil methyl esters, predicted HG values agreed well with those reported in the literature.
Isolation, Amino Acid composition and molecular weight distribution ofEucalyptus kirtoniana seed proteins
Authors: Laskar S. , Thakur S. , Basak B.
Published: July 2007

Proteins were extracted from the deoiled seeds ofEucalyptus kirtoniana in aqueous solutions of various pHs or by different concentrations of NaCl, Na2SO3, CaCl2 and MgCl2 at pH 8.0. Amino acid analysis of the isolated protein identified 16 amino acids, nine of which were essential. Gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G‐200 revealed the presence of four components in the protein fraction, and their molecular weights were determined by two comparable standard methods. SDS‐PAG electrophoresis demonstrated that each protein isolate from different salt solutions was composed of six fractions whose molecular weights were estimated to be 131,800; 108,300; 93,300; 51,300; 38,000 and 25,700 daltons.
Determination of the degree of ethoxylation of nonionic surfactants by elemental analysis
Authors: Diez R. , Morra A.
Published: July 2007

This report presents a fast, accurate analytical method for the determination of the degree of ethoxylation of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants based on the indirect determination of the oxygen content of the surfactant using a C,H,N elemental analyzer. The weight percent oxygen is then easily translated into ethylene oxide (EO) content. This method was found to be fairly accurate in determining the EO content of surfactants containing up to 20 mol EO, which is equivalent to about 80% EO content in most common nonionic surfactant ethoxylates. A comparison of the results obtained with this procedure versus hydroxyl value and HI cleavage methods is also presented in this paper.
Effect of moisture and temperature on the phosphorus content of crude soybean oil extracted from fine flour
Authors: Clark P. K. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

Analysis of total oil content in soybeans is usually done by extracting flours, whereas commercial extraction for recovery of oil is done by extracting flakes. It has recently become apparent that phosphorus content of crude soybean oil extracted from flours can vary depending on extraction temperature and flour moisture. In this study, flour moistures below 6% yielded crude oil with low phosphorus (15 ppm), but phosphorus in the oil increased rapidly to 260 ppm at 9% moisture. When temperature of the extraction was increased from 25 to 60°C, the phosphorus in extracted oil also increased for moisture contents of 6.6% and 8.3%, but not for moisture contents of 5% and 3%. In addition to the effects of extraction temperature, it was found that preheating whole soybeans at various temperatures affected phosphorus in oil from extracted flour. Preheating at 130°C caused high phosphorus content regardless of how dry the flour was, whereas preheating at 100°C or below caused phosphorus content that increased with increased moisture. The response of phosphorus content in crude oil to temperature and moisture may be useful in improving the quality of commercially extracted soy oil.
Triacylglyceride composition of cottonseed oil by HPLC and GC
Authors: Bland J. M. , Conkerton E. J. , Abraham G.
Published: July 2007

The triacylglyceride components of cottonseed oil were isolated and positively identified by a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Both reversed‐phase HPLC and capillary GC were capable of separating the oil into triacylglyceride peaks. These peaks were isolated by HPLC and their component acyl groups were converted to fatty acid methyl ester derivatives. The acyl constituents for each triacylglyceride were determined by GC analysis, thus positively identifying the triacylglyceride associated with each HPLC peak. The triacylglyceride elution order agreed with predictive methods. HPLC and capillary GC peaks were correlated by peak area, thus identifying the GC peaks. The corresponding GC elution order of triacylglycerides also agreed with predictive methods.
Characterization of castor bean neutral lipids by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
Authors: Hogge L. R. , Taylor D. C. , Reed D. W. , Underhill E. W.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the characterization of intact neutral lipids isolated from castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The molecular weights of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the neutral lipids are determined by using both electron impact and chemical ionization (ammonia). Collision‐induced dissociation daughter spectra of the (M‐CH3)+ ions yield fragment ions that allow easy determination of the acyloxy groups present. The chainlength and degree of unsaturation for each acyloxy group are indicated by R in the ion represented by the general formula (RCO + 74)+. Other ions of diagnostic value include (M‐RCOO)+, (M‐RCOOH)+, [(M‐CH3‐RCOOH]+ and [(M‐RCOOH)‐16]+. The presence of a TMS group in any of these fragments results in the formation of ions representing the loss of OTMSH. Prior to MS/MS analysis, partial fractionation by high‐performance liquid chromatography (according to degree of unsaturation in the neutral lipids) is useful because daughter spectra are generated free of any isotopic contamination, and minor components are concentrated in single fractions, which aids their characterization. By using this method, 11 neutral lipids were characterized in castor bean.
Free primary alcohols in oils and waxes from germs, kernels and other components of nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals
Authors: Kawanishi Kazuko , Aoki Kumlko , Hashimoto Yohei , Matsunobu Akira
Published: July 2007

The composition of free primary alcohols in oils and waxes obtained from the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell and skin (peel) of various nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and from the chrysalis of silkworm was examined. These alcohols are usually present in small amounts, along with large quantities of hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides in oils and waxes. Thus, it is necessary to remove hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides to analyze the alcohols. We found that preparative reverse‐phase thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) was the best way to isolate alcohols from oils and waxes. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) then detected hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol in the oils and waxes. Octacosanol usually was the predominant alcohol. Relationships between the organs from nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and the contents of octacosanol are suggested. For example, degermed kernels contained two times more octacosanol than the germ, and the skin coat and shell contained one‐half and one‐fortieth the octacosanol of the germ, respectively.
The structure of the triacylglycerols, containing punicic acid, in the seed oil ofTrichosanthes kirilowii
Authors: Joh Yong‐Goe , Kim Seung‐Jin , Christie William W.
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols of the seed oil ofTrichosanthes kirilowii have been resolved by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the silver‐ion and reverse‐phase modes. The fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as the picolinyl esters. The main components arecis,cis‐C18:2n‐6 (38.2 mole%), C18:39c,11t,13c (punicic acid, 38.0 mole%), andcis‐C18:1n‐9 (11.8 mole%). Small amounts of C18:39c,11t,13t (α‐eleostearic acid) and C18:39t,11t,13c (catalpic acid) were detected. Silver‐ion HPLC exhibited excellent resolution in which fractions were resolved on the basis of the number and configuration of double‐bonds. In this instance, the strength of interaction of a conjugated trienoic double‐bond system with silver ions seemed to be between that of dienoic and monoenoic double bond systems. The triacylglycerols were also separated into 20 fractions by reverse‐phase HPLC, and the fractionation was achieved according to the partition number in which a conjugated trienoic double bond was not equivalent to three monoenoic double bonds in a molecule with a given chainlength. The principal triacylglycerol species are (C18:2n‐6) (C18:39c,11t,13c)2 (28.3 mol% of total), (C18:1n‐9)(C18:2n‐6) (C18: 39c,11t,13c) (19.0 mol%), and (C18:2n‐6)2(C18:39c,11t,13c) (16.2 mol%), while simple triacylglycerols such as (C18:39c11t,13c)3 and (C18:2n‐6)3 were present as minor components only (<1.0 mol%). Species esterified with conjugated trienoic acids comprise more than 96% of the total.

Stereospecific analysis gave rise to insurmountable difficulties, but it is evident that there is some asymmetry in the distribution of fatty acids in the molecules.
High‐pressure effects on lipid oxidation
Authors: Cheah P. B. , Ledward D. A.
Published: July 2007

Rendered pork fat (0.44 water activity, Aw) was subjected to high‐pressure treatment of 800 MPa for 20 min at 19°C prior to storage at 4, 25, and 50°C. In all cases, high pressure‐treated samples oxidized more rapidly (had a shorter induction period) as shown by the peroxide value (PV), 2‐thiobarbituric acid value, and ultraviolet absorbance. The effect was less marked at lower pressures. In contrast, at all water activities outside the range of 0.40–0.55, the PV of the high pressure‐treated pork fat was lower than control samples stored similarly, and the PV of rancid fat decreased slightly on pressure treatment at 19°C, but not at higher temperatures. This effect may explain the observed inhibition of oxidation at most water activities. At 0.40–0.55 Aw, other factors, such as the liberation of transition metals, may override the destruction of peroxides.
Useful direct conversion of tetrahydropyranyl ethers of fatty alcohols into fatty acids
Authors: Gruiec Régine , Noiret Nicolas , Patin Henri
Published: July 2007

Tetrahydro‐2‐pyranyl ethers from fatty primary alcohols can be converted in a one‐step procedure into the corresponding carboxylic acids in high yields. This process avoids the synthesis of symmetrical esters, particularly for long‐chain compounds. This reaction proved to be useful, for instance, to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids immediately before their biological testing.
Minor component fatty acids of common vegetable oils
Authors: Kuemmel D. F.
Published: July 2007

A combination of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and oxidative cleavage on fractions isolated by mercury derivative chromatography has shown the presence of previously unreported minor component fatty acids in olive, soybean, cottonseed, corn, peanut, rapeseed and safflower oil. All of the oils examined contain small amt of saturated acids above arachidic, some as high as hexacosanoic acid.Cis‐11‐octadecenoic acid was found in amt ranging from 0.5~2.0%.Cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid is present in the 0.04~1.4% range (rapeseed oil excluded). The tetracosenoic acid present in rapeseed (0.4%) and safflower oil (0.1%) has been identified as thecis‐15‐tetracosenoic acid. No unusual polyenoic species were detected with the exception of those in rapeseed oil, which contains 0.6% of both 11,14‐eicosadienoic and 13,16‐docosadienoic acid.
Studies on changes in fatty acid composition and content of endogenous antioxidants during γ irradiation of rice seeds
Authors: Ramarathnam Narasimhan , Osawa Toshihiko , Namiki Mitsuo , Kawakishi Shunro
Published: July 2007

Accelerated aging effects, induced by y irradiation, were investigated on the fatty acid composition of lipids and on the content of endogenous antioxidants of four Indica and four Japonica rice seeds with and without intact hull. While the linoleic acid content of the phospholipids decreased gradually with the increase in irradiation doses, there was a corresponding increase in the linoleic acid content of the free fatty acids. Such changes were drastic, especially in the case of Japonica rice seeds irradiated without intact hull. However, the neutral lipids were found to be resistant to γ irradiation.

The α‐tocopherol content was found to decrease (markedly) in rice seeds irradiated with or without hull, especially in the Japonica rice seeds. At a dose of 15 kGy only traces of a‐tocopherol could be detected in Japonica and Indica rice seeds irradiated with and without intact hull. Oryzanol, a relatively weaker anti‐oxidant, was found to be more resistant to oxidative damage than a‐tocopherol. At 15 kGy, the oryzanol content ranged from 59 μg to 170 μg/g lipid in rice seeds irradiated with intact hull, while the corresponding value for rice seeds irradiated without hull was 52 μg to 153 μg/g lipid.

The overall susceptibility to oxidative damage was less in Indica rice seeds, indicating that the antioxidative defense system offered better protection in overcoming oxidative stress in Indica rice hull than in Japonica rice hull.
Quality of soybeans and their crude oils in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kahtani Hassan A. Al‐
Published: July 2007

Fourteen locally grown soybean varieties and their extracted crude oils were evaluated and analyzed for characteristics and compositions. Caribe, followed by SH‐1274 soybeans, were the best in terms of soundness and freedom from foreign material, while others were heat‐damaged to a different extent. The seeds of different varieties contained from 40.57 to 47.60% protein and from 15.84 to 21.35% oil, with Caribe soybeans being the highest in protein and the lowest in oil content. The ranges of the physicochemical characteristics of crude oils were as follows: specific gravity (25°), 0.9069‐0.9231; refractive index (25°), 1.4726‐1.4742; free fatty acid as oleic, 0.07‐0.32%; peroxide value, 1.90‐5.40 meg/kg; iodine value, 117.02‐124.97; saponification number, 187.13‐194.97; unsaponifiable matter, 0.55‐0.95%. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and iron were found as 149.8‐602.2, ≤ 1–18, 2‐24 and ≤1‐4 ppm, respectively. Gas liquid chromatography detected eight fatty acids (C14, 16, 18, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20 and 22) present in crude oils. The level of each differed among varieties but remained within the usual ranges.
Physical and textural evaluation of some shortenings and margarines
Authors: deMan L. , deMan J. M. , Blackman B.
Published: July 2007

Solid fat content of shortening and margarine was estimated by pulsed NMR. These values were compared with those of the melted fats using different cooling methods. Solid fat content of shortenings measured at 10 and 20 C followed the same trend as those measured on the melted fat tempered at 30 C. Solid fat content of margarines followed the same trend as those measured on the nontempered fats. Softening points of the products were similar to the dropping points of the fats, as were the temperatures of the DSC major melting peaks. Compression tests of cylindrical samples provided more information about textural characteristics of the products than one penetration tests.
Analog computers and kinetics of hydrogenation
Authors: Butterfield R. O. , Bitner E. D. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Investigations of the kinetics of consecutive reactions frequently require complicated calculations to determine specific reaction rate constants from experimental data. Analog computers permit a convenient empirical adjustment of rate constants in kinetic equations to match experimental results. Once an electronic network analogous to the chemical reaction system is set up, specific reaction rates can be determined by adjusting potentiometers, which are the analogs of the rate constants, until an acceptable fit of calculated and experimental data is reached. Applicability of a small analog computer to the kinetics of hydrogenation is presented.