bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eastern White Pine Abundance in 19th Century Forests: A Reexamination of Evidence from Land Surveys and Lumber Statistics
Authors: Lorimer Craig G.
Published: April 2024

Information on the relative abundance of early and late-successional species in presettlement forests is useful in formulating management plans that emulate natural processes. In northern Maine, early 19th century land surveys have suggested a low proportion of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) and other fire-adapted species. A recent article in this journal proposed a much higher abundance of pine based on lumber production statistics; suggested reasons for lower abundance in the land survey documents included limited timber cruise data, possible reductions from logging, and surveyor bias. This article provides an analysis of land survey documents for 283 townships covering 7.2 million ac of northern Maine. Multiple lines of evidence are internally consistent in indicating low average pine volumes of about 320 bd ft/ac, 48% of the levels suggested by lumber statistics. Likely reasons for the differences are discussed, as well as implications for presettlement disturbance regimes.
Economic Impacts of Southwestern National Forest Fuels Reductions
Authors: Hjerpe Evan E. , Kim Yeon-Su
Published: April 2024

Fuels reduction programs aimed at reducing wildfire risk are increasing on national forests of the American Southwest. Incorporating both mechanical thinning and prescribed burning, fuels reduction projects can decrease the intensity and frequency of wildfires but also provide economic benefits to regional economies, businesses, and individuals. This article analyzes the economic impacts of national forest fuels reduction programs in the Southwest. Impacts, multipliers, and wood utilization rates were calculated for regions containing the Apache-Sitgreaves, Coconino, Gila, Kaibab, and San Juan National Forests. In total, fiscal year 2005 fuels reduction programs for these five national forests accounted for over $40 million of output and helped generate some 500 jobs, providing an economic stimulus to rural communities.
US Forest Service Bark Beetle Research in the Western United States: Looking Toward the Future
Authors: Negròn José F. , Bentz Barbara J. , Fettig Christopher J. , Gillette Nancy , Hansen E. Matthew , Hayes Jane L. , Kelsey Rick G. , Lundquist John E. , Lynch Ann M. , Progar Robert A. , Seybold Steven J.
Published: April 2024

Bark beetles cause extensive tree mortality in coniferous forests of western North America and play an important role in the disturbance ecology of these ecosystems. Recently, elevated populations of bark beetles have been observed in all conifer forest types across the western United States. This has heightened public awareness of the issue and triggered legislation for increased funding for state and federal agencies to address issues associated with bark beetle outbreaks. Recently, US Forest Service, Research and Development entomologists from the western research stations met with US Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection entomologists, our primary stakeholder, to identify bark beetle research priorities. These include vegetation management; ecological, economic, and social consequences of outbreaks; fire and bark beetle interactions; effects of climate change on bark beetle populations; and chemical ecology.
Prospects and Challenges for the Emerging Timber Import Market in India
Authors: Dubey Parag
Published: April 2024

External sector liberalization and ban on most domestic logging created a unique market opportunity for global wood products in India. The growing prosperity of Indian households has allowed the market for imported wood products to develop quickly. Despite these prospects, several challenges impede the growth of wood-based industry in India. This article provides an analysis of the current business environment and market structure that may reveal future potential of the wood sector in which US-based firms can participate in India's growth. The Indian wood industry has taken the initiative through agroforestry, which is reinforced in proposed public-private partnerships. Decentralized forest management is an important policy issue in India now. India's industrial policy, with respect to wood-based industries, witnessed removal of protection, which exposed the domestic industries as inefficiently small, lacking economies of scale and using outdated technology. Foreign companies can now invest up to 100% in wood-based industries. Thus, it is obvious that many foreign companies view India as a country with a strong commercial appeal, both as an emerging market and as an economic partner in possible collaboration. However, religion, social, economic, and environmental challenges dominate the society and have a significant impact on the lifestyles and buying behavior of the Indian population.
Looking at the Big Picture: Engaging Natural Resource Students in Landscape Level Planning through a Capstone Course
Authors: Prokopy Linda S.
Published: April 2024

In increasingly fragmented environments, it is insufficient to train natural resource students to only develop site level plans. They must be encouraged to think about planning larger landscapes. Natural resource students also need to develop competencies in “softer skills” such as communication, leadership, teamwork, and addressing public concerns. This article describes an approach to combining the pedagogies of service learning and problem-based learning in a capstone course in landscape level planning. Students work in interdisciplinary teams to develop a plan that meets the needs of diverse stakeholders who represent more than one property owner. Feedback indicates that students are learning problem solving skills and how to think and plan at the landscape level.
Managed Forests and Conservation of Terrestrial Biodiversity in the Southern United States
Authors: Miller Darren A. , Wigley T. Bently , Miller Karl V.
Published: April 2024

The southern United States has significant area in managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands that contribute to terrestrial biodiversity via maintenance of forested areas, varied silvicultural practices resulting in diverse plant communities, stands in multiple successional stages interspersed with mature natural forests, and reduction of pressure on natural forests for wood products. However, conservation value of managed forests is dependent on factors such as product target, landscape context, management intensity, rotation length, stocking density, and ownership philosophy. Potential limitations include loss of natural forests, reduction in dead wood, constraints on stand structure, age and size of plantation trees, and economic pressure to increase management intensity. We recommend that landowners develop plans, including metrics for gauging progress, to cost-effectively manage for biological diversity within working forests and communicate outcomes to stakeholders. Forest certification systems offer a formalized approach for meeting biodiversity goals and demonstrating accomplishments.
Toward a Rational Exuberance for Ecosystem Services Markets
Authors: Kline Jeffrey D. , Mazzotta Marisa J. , Patterson Trista M.
Published: April 2024

Ecosystem services markets have become a popular topic among environmental policymakers and ecosystem protection advocates. Their proponents view markets as a promising new way to finance conservation of threatened ecosystems worldwide at a time when the need for additional protection seems especially critical. Their advocates in forestry promise that such markets will soon offer new financial opportunities to forest landowners to augment or even replace income from the sale of timber, thereby increasing financial incentives for landowners to retain land in forests. But what is the real promise in ecosystem services markets and what can realistically be achieved by their implementation? We provide an overview of how environmental markets work in theory and discuss several issues that influence how effective they can be. We conclude that the promise of ecosystem services markets greatly depends on the particular circumstances of program implementation, including what services are to be traded and whether they are amenable to trading, the ability to enact and enforce regulation sufficient to induce trading, and how expected program results compare with those likely to arise from other conservation policy approaches.
Combining Biomass Harvest and Forest Fuel Reduction in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota
Authors: Demchik Michael C. , Abbas Dalia , Current Dean , Arnosti Don , Theimer Myra , Johnson Patty
Published: April 2024

Combining biomass harvest with forest fuel reduction may reduce the costs of fuel treatments. Our objectives were to determine the impact of combined biomass/fuel reduction harvests on the pools of forest fuels and to determine whether biomass harvest reduced the cost of mechanical fuel treatments. We tested two potential biomass harvest systems in wildland–urban interface areas with forest fuel accumulations on the Superior National Forest in Minnesota. Both systems performed similarly in terms of cost and efficiency at harvesting biomass. Overall, the cost of biomass harvest was impacted by site conditions, forwarding distance, the number of units harvested with one machine haul, the number of machines that were hauled, acres harvested, and inclusion of roundwood. Income from the sale of biomass did not cover the costs of harvest and delivery; however, for hauls of less than 100 mi, harvest may reduce the cost of the fuel reduction activity.
Segmenting Landowners Based on Their Information-Seeking Behavior: A Look at Landowner Education on the Red Oak Borer
Authors: G.C. Surendra , Mehmood Sayeed , Schelhas John
Published: April 2024

This study uses a segmentation technique to classify landowners into four relevant groups to explore their information-seeking behavior about the red oak borer—an insect pest found primarily in the Ozark and Ouachita regions of Arkansas. Cluster Analysis technique was used to classify landowners into four groups—amenity focused rural, amenity focused urban, passive rural, and passive urban landowners—based on ownership objectives and rural and urban residence of the landowner. A relatively higher proportion (58%) of amenity focused rural landowners were familiar with red oak borer problems while the level of familiarity was more or less similar among passive rural (35%), amenity focused urban (36%), and passive urban (33%) landowners. Urban residents primarily received information about the red oak borer through mass media whereas rural residents relied on personal communication. Those that had taken some steps to reduce red oak borer impacts ranged from 14 to 19% among amenity focused urban, passive rural, and amenity focused rural landowners while none of the passive urban landowners had taken any action. The results from our study also suggest that targeting landowners based on their ownership objectives may be useful to stimulate forest management. If suitably targeted to amenity focused landowners, personal communication, although expensive and time-consuming, can be fruitful and a more efficient way to optimize resources.
Forest Scientist Views of Regulatory Obstacles to Research and Development of Transgenic Forest Biotechnology
Authors: Strauss Steve H. , Schmitt Mikaela , Sedjo Roger
Published: April 2024

Despite many dozens of research projects, hundreds of field trials, and a long commercialized fruit tree, virus-resistant papaya, there continues to be very little public or private sector activity in the United States that is directed toward development of transgenic forest trees. We therefore undertook a survey of scientists knowledgeable in forest biotechnologies, breeding, ecology, and regulation to assess if they believed that the regulatory regime in the United States presents a significant obstacle to research or commercial development. Conducted in 2007, there were a total of 90 respondents (60% response rate) from throughout the United States. The large majority believed that regulations, in particular containment requirements during field evaluation, posed significant obstacles to development. Top priorities for research included development of gene containment methods and field studies of wood and abiotic stress modification. Priorities for regulatory reform included development of a tiered system and provisional authorizations to enable long-term field research.
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Urban Tree Species Selection: A Case Study in Philadelphia
Authors: Yang Jun
Published: April 2024

Rapid climate change can have a significant impact on the distribution and biology of trees. As a proactive adaptation measure, cities can stock their urban forests with tree species that will perform well in predicted future climates. This article presents a method for assessing the suitability of urban tree species for predicted future climates through a case study in Philadelphia. Changes of the optimal distribution ranges of major tree species planted in Philadelphia were evaluated by comparing the climate envelopes of those species with the predicted climate in the midcentury. Influences of climate change on major tree disease and pests in Philadelphia were also assessed by inspecting the potential effects of climate change on the biology of pathogens and pests. The results indicate that the future climate in Philadelphia will become less optimal for 10 tree species, while two species will thrive. Major pests and diseases in Philadelphia will generally become more problematic but occurrences of several diseases and pests may decline. It was suggested that the optimal distribution ranges of trees and their maintenance needs must be considered at the same time when selecting tree species for urban greening projects. Overall, the predicted climate change in Philadelphia will likely increase the choices of tree species for the city.
Promoting Ecological Sustainability in Woody Biomass Harvesting
Authors: Janowiak Maria K. , Webster Christopher R.
Published: April 2024

Enthusiasm for the use of forest biomass as an energy resource is growing as a result of increased energy costs and a desire to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change. Although the opportunity exists for forests to have a significant role in the development and use of bioenergy technologies, justifiable concerns regarding the long-term sustainability of using forest-based energy feedstocks have emerged. In this article, we review the state of our knowledge regarding the impacts of intensive forestry with respect to issues relevant to bioenergy production, including soil and site productivity, hydrologic quality, and biodiversity. We then present guiding principles intended to aid with sustainable forest management decisions.
Private Forest Habitat for At-Risk Species: Where is it and where Might it be Changing?
Authors: Stein Susan M. , McRoberts Ronald E. , Nelson Mark D. , Mahal Lisa , Flather Curtis H. , Alig Ralph J. , Comas Sara
Published: April 2024

Owned by individuals, families, corporations, and other private groups, private forests account for almost 60% of all forestland in the conterminous United States and provide critical habitat for wildlife, including over 3,700 at-risk plant and animal species. Extensive areas of private forest and other land covers have experienced increased housing development in recent years, with numerous implications for wildlife conservation. Twenty-eight percent of all private forests are under corporate ownership and provide important wildlife habitat. In some areas of the country, large amounts of private forest under corporate ownership are being sold and, in some cases, subdivided, with consequent implications for at-risk species conservation. Sponsored by the US Forest Service, the Forests on the Edge (FOTE) project uses geographic information systems to identify areas across the United States where private forests provide important services that might be detrimentally affected by increased housing and other threats. This article presents the results of FOTE research on the importance of private forests in general, and corporate forests in particular, to at-risk species. It also identifies areas across the country where future housing development on private forests could further reduce wildlife habitat. Results indicate that private forests and private corporate forests in the West Coast states, parts of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts, as well as interior areas of the Southeast provide habitat for a large number of at-risk species and that these areas are also among those where private forests are most likely to experience increased housing development.
Socioeconomic Changes and Forestland Development: Commonalities and Distinctions between the Eastern and Western United States
Authors: White Eric M. , Alig Ralph J. , Stein Susan M.
Published: April 2024

Impacts of rural land development on natural resources in the United States have been well documented and research on rural land development provides important inputs to land conservation policy and program development. Although numerous land-use studies have been completed for the western and eastern states, still lacking is a single study examining changes in population, housing, and land development in the two regions. To provide context for natural resource and land conservation programs and policies, we quantify recent and long-term changes in population and housing, rural development rates, and land-use transitions involving forests for the eastern and western regions. Relative to the West, the East has a more evenly distributed population and has experienced greater population increases, rates of land development, and forestland conversion. We discuss these patterns of population growth and land development in the context of natural resource policies and forestland goods and services.
Deficiencies of Undergraduate Forestry Curricula in Their Social Sciences and Humanities Requirements
Authors: Vonhof Sarah
Published: April 2024

Arguments stressing the importance of the social sciences and humanities in forest and natural resources education have appeared in the literature since the inception of the profession of forestry in America. Nevertheless, undergraduate education in forest and natural resources management emphasizes the biophysical sciences. This article examines undergraduate curricula for their requirements in various disciplines. The results of two studies show that social sciences and humanities are not well represented in forestry and natural resources management curricula. Thus, graduates of baccalaureate degree programs in forest and natural resources management may not possess the knowledge and skills necessary to manage resources in an ever-changing, complex social context.
Forestry's Conundrum: High Value, Low Relevance
Authors: Hull R. Bruce
Published: April 2024

Forests have never been more valuable or more at risk. So why isn't public attention riveted on forests? Why isn't Forestry's relevance increasing? The Journal is full of laments about Forestry being misunderstood by the public and misrepresented by media. This is a legitimate concern. However, a bigger problem exists: the declining political and economic power of Forestry's traditional patrons. Forestry is a service-oriented profession that emerged and evolved to meet the needs of powerful patrons; and several of these patrons—government agencies, forest industry, and commodity producing landowners—have declining power and influence. Forestry's future lies with new patrons: environmental nongovernment organizations, residential forest investors, and the working green infrastructure. Servicing these groups will require Forestry to develop new tools and tactics.
Parcelization: Forest Change Agent in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Haines Anna L. , Kennedy Timothy T. , McFarlane Daniel L.
Published: April 2024

Parcelization-induced forest fragmentation is eating away at private, nonindustrial forests. Parcel sizes are declining and the number of landowners is increasing. These conditions make it challenging for resource managers to maintain economical timber harvesting on smaller privately held forested parcels. Shrinking parcel sizes also aggravate landscape and habitat fragmentation. In this article, we analyze parcelization and its link to private land-use change. Reconstruction of historic tax parcels and land use in three rural towns in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, allowed us to examine the effects of parcelization over a 53-year period. Our results indicate that parcelization is a significant factor in landscape change in northern Wisconsin. This research provides empirical evidence of the necessity to manage how private land is subdivided and used in amenity and natural resource rich areas.
How Clustering Dynamics Influence Lumber Utilization Patterns in the Amish-Based Furniture Industry in Ohio
Authors: Bumgardner Matthew S. , Graham Gary W. , Goebel P. Charles , Romig Robert L.
Published: April 2024

Preliminary studies have suggested that the Amish-based furniture and related products manufacturing cluster located in and around Holmes County, Ohio, uses sizeable quantities of hardwood lumber. The number of firms within the cluster has grown even as the broader domestic furniture manufacturing sector has contracted. The present study was undertaken in 2008 (spring/summer) to develop lumber use estimates specific to Amish manufacturing and provide more detail regarding the impacts of clustering on lumber consumption patterns. Results, based on 196 firms responding to a survey, suggested that lumber use ratios (bd ft per employee) differed among firms of different sizes and type of product manufactured, but in aggregate was similar to the broader US furniture industry. Red oak was the most commonly used species. Local suppliers of hardwood lumber and components were used extensively by most firms. The study confirmed that the Holmes County furniture cluster was important to regional hardwood demand, facilitated by well-developed supply chains that enable high specialization and enhance aggregate productivity among the numerous small manufacturers.
New York Society of American Foresters' Perceptions of Climate Change
Authors: Labriole Michaela M. , Luzadis Valerie A.
Published: April 2024

Climate change may greatly impact forests in the northeastern United States, but no research has been conducted on how forest managers perceive this threat. Foresters' perceptions of climate change could impact their management decisions. We conducted an online survey of professional members of the New York Society of American Foresters (NYSAF). In this exploratory study, we found that although the majority was completely or mostly convinced that climate change is occurring, there was a great deal of disagreement regarding the impacts of climate change on New York State forests. Academic foresters, foresters with less than 10 years of experience, and liberal respondents were more likely to feel that climate change is occurring. These results can facilitate education and discussion within the national forestry community and contribute to a better understanding of the implications of forester perceptions on forest management, providing an important foundation for identifying if foresters feel that it is necessary to implement management regimes to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Site Classification Systems Could Link Social and Ecological Management Constraints
Authors: Peck JeriLynn E. , Zenner Eric K.
Published: April 2024

Many landownerships face a diverse set of complex management objectives constrained by both ecological and social factors but lack an integrated conceptual organizational framework to efficiently guide long-term management planning. We suggest that three tools independently developed in recent decades—conservation filters, ecological classification systems, and geographic information systems—can be efficiently combined to facilitate diverse management objectives. Both research and management could benefit from combining these tools to develop iteratively refined site classification systems (SCS), the structures of which are based on ecological and social data and are constrained by periodically revised management objectives. The proposed SCS framework builds on existing tools but additionally directly incorporates human dimensions. By enabling database searches targeted to relevant management objectives, the use of broad, evolving, and site-specific SCS could facilitate addressing various and diverse management objectives and provide flexibility to address emerging issues such as forest health and bioenergy.
Applying Innovation Theory to Maine's Logging Industry
Authors: Stone Ian J. , Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Leahy Jessica
Published: April 2024

Innovation is often identified as a critical aspect of continued growth and competitiveness of industries and businesses in general. Currently, very little literature exists on innovation in forest-based industries, and almost no literature exists on innovation in logging. Development, adoption, and assessment of innovation by contract logging services firms are poorly understood. Furthermore, very little is known about the innovation system—the interconnected groups and associated influences that is part of the innovation process of these firms. To better understand innovation in Maine's logging industry, a series of cases studies involving 10 innovative logging firms was performed. Results show that logging innovations are very capital intensive and carry high risk for the adopting firm. Logging innovation is typically focused on increasing profitability and production efficiency, but a given contractor's desire to conduct high-quality work can moderate these influences. Finally, the logging innovation system is strong with respect to the industry infrastructure, other logging firms, and market influences. Several weak connections exist with regard to policy and regulation and public research and education institutions. Increasing collaboration and idea transfer in the system could improve innovation development in the future.
Agroforestry
Authors: Zamora Diomides , Wyatt Gary , Current Dean , Gullickson Dan , Smith David , Knights Joe , Paudel Dinesh , Zamora Diomides , Wyatt Gary , Drover Damion , Jackson Rhett , Grotta Amy , Jones Eric , Buttolph Lita , Nygren Tom , Earnshaw Kyle , Orr Blair , Borden Kira , Isaac Marney , Leitch Zachary , Hill Deborah B. , Forde Angel , Onokpise Oghenekome U. , Louime Clifford , G. Brown Bravo
Published: April 2024

375Blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota's roadways is a transportation efficiency and safety concern. Living snow fence is an agroforestry system involving planting of woody/tree species such as hybrid poplars, willow, other shrubs and pine trees along drifting snow areas. Establishing living snow fences improves driver visibility and road surface conditions and has the potential to lower costs of road maintenance, reduce accidents attributed to blowing and drifting snow, sequester carbon, and avoid the carbon emissions of snow removal operations. In recent years the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MNDOT) has paid farmers to leave standing corn rows to protect identified snow problem roadways. It also encourages farmers to plant living snow fences for such purpose but the adoption is too low. With increasing demand for corn to fuel the ethanol industry, paying $1.50 per bushel above market rate may not be sufficient incentive for leaving standing corn rows or to take land of production. With MNDOT's Memorandum of Understanding with USDA to plan living snow fences through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), now is an opportune time to review MNDOT's annual payment structure to farmers and prepare a new one. This project aims to 1) develop a calculator to estimate payments for farmers that will include considerations of safety and snow removal cost savings using living snow fence agroforestry systems; 2) work closely with MNDOT's engineers and plow operators to estimate the safety and snow removal costs and carbon emissions avoided through establishing living snow fences; and 3) evaluate farmers' willingness to establish snow fence and identify farmers/landowners constraints to adoption. This data will be provided to MNDOT to assist them in their decision making related to their living snow fence program, and data will be useful for other states wishing to address drifting snow problem areas using agroforestry systems.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Urban Ecosystems track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Wildland Fire track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Urban Ecosystems track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
A Bad Fire—A Good Salvage Job
Authors: Bacon Russell S.
Published: April 2024

The utilization of burned timber always presents a difficult problem. When a logging operation is already in effect, salvaging may be feasible. In this article such a salvaging job is described. The author also comments on the handicap of blue stain to more complete utilization.
Planning Longleaf Pine Regeneration Cuttings for Best Seedling Survival and Growth
Authors: Maple William R.
Published: April 2024

A 5-year study in south Alabama indicated that the best initial stocking and survival of longleaf pine can be achieved by advance control of understory hardwoods and brush, and thinning to an overstory density of 20 to 40 square feet. Seedling survival and growth can be enhanced by overstory removal at age 1.
Public Forest Policy, Wood Prices, and the Consumer
Authors: Fight Roger D. , YoungDay Douglas J.
Published: April 2024

When the prices of consumer goods and services change, the effect on consumers is equivalent to a change in income, which may be distributed differentially to high- and low-income consumers. In dollar amount, an increase in log prices has the greatest effect on high-income consumers. In proportional terms, however, the reduction is a greater percent of total expenditures of low-income consumers. The same relation holds for reductions in log prices, except that their effects are equivalent to increases in consumer income.
Maine's Spruce Budworm Program: Moving toward Integrated Management
Authors: Irland Lloyd C.
Published: April 2024

Epidemic populations of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), infest a large portion of the spruce-fir forest of northeastern North America. The Maine Forest Service is responding to this outbreak with large spray projects, totalling 6.6 million acres in the past three years. It is also embarking on a program to develop an environmentally sound program of integrated management, relying heavily on silviculture, salvage, research, and improved insecticides.
Forest Engineering Education--Where the Action Is
Authors: Brown George W.
Published: April 2024

A forest engineer is one who applies engineering principles to the solution of forestry problems. Professionals with such abilities are currently in short supply. Educating forest engineers requires a faculty with both theoretical and practical training, together with a curriculum emphasizing the interaction between engineering science, forestry, and business. The program should include graduate and post-graduate work.
Integrated Pest Management in Forest Practice
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: April 2024

In integrated pest management all aspects of a pest-host system are studied and weighed to provide an information base for reaching decisions through systems analysis. All ecological knowledge may be applicable, but population dynamics is a particularly important discipline.
Enrollment Trends in Professional Forestry Schools, 1972-1976
Authors: Vasey Richard B. , Theoe Donald R.
Published: April 2024

With some variation by region of the United States, numbers of undergraduates seeking professional degrees increased 19 percent in the years 1972-1976; most of the gain was accounted for by women students, who now comprise 18 percent of the total. Enrollment and degree awards have increased in master's programs and held steady in Ph.D. studies. Forestry continues to be the leading area of specialization, outranking wildlife, products, recreation, and other disciplines.
Linear Programing: Out of the Classroom and into the Woods
Authors: Field David B.
Published: April 2024

Linear programing has been applied extensively in forestry and the forest-based industries. Although many early studies were hypothetical, recent years have witnessed significant real applications. Further development is likely as more foresters learn how to use these techniques and how to recognize opportunities for their use.
Towards Integrated Protection from the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Coster Jack E.
Published: April 2024

Current southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) control depends heavily upon direct approaches having short-term payoffs. Chemical or physical tactics have failed to check epidemics in the Gulf South. A major challenge lies in developing and using indirect methods for managing this pest. Promotion of stand resistance and biotic agents, and manipulation of stand density and cutting practices, hold prospect for reducing the incidence and severity of beetle-caused losses.
Pitch Canker of Slash Pine in Florida
Authors: Dwinell L. D. , Phelps W. R.
Published: April 2024

Pitch canker is reducing growth and deforming stems of large numbers of planted slash pines (Pinus elliottii Englem. var. elliottii) in Florida. In fall, needles on cankered shoots turn yellow to reddish. New shoots often wilt and die the following spring because the pitch-soaked cankers have girdled the branches. Controls have not yet been developed. The fungus has been identified both as Fusarium lateritium (Nees) emend. Synder & Hansen f. sp. pini and as F. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wr. & Rienk.
Considerations for the Aspiring Consultant
Authors: Brightwell C. Sanders
Published: April 2024

The embarking consultant is establishing a small business to sell forestry services. In addition to his professional skills, he needs the ability to operate a private enterprise, choose a suitable location, provide adequate financing, work hard, and practice frugality in early years.
Characteristics of Ponderosa Pine Snags Used by Cavity - Nesting Birds in Arizona
Authors: Scott Virgil E.
Published: April 2024

In the Southwest, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) snags are important as nest sites for cavity-nesting birds. A study in Arizona found that birds selected snags that were greater than 15 inches in d.b.h. and taller than 75 feet. Preferred snags had more than 40 percent bark cover and had been dead six or more years.
Nature of Land and Resource Classification--A Review
Authors: Bailey Robert G. , Pfister Robert D. , Henderson Jan A.
Published: April 2024

Various approaches to classification have been developed and applied at the local and regional scale. The taxonomic approach seeks to establish land units by grouping sites with similar properties. Under the regionalization approach, land is subdivided into natural units on the basis of spatial patterns that affect resource use and natural processes. The appropriate system depends on the kind of information needed.
Land Classification through Remote Sensing--Techniques and Tools
Authors: Driscoll R. S. , Betters D. R. , Parker H. D.
Published: April 2024

Recent developments in techniques for land classification involve the use of electronic and photographic remote sensing systems that provide data by way of both aircraft and earth-orbiting satellites. Multivariate statistical methods are helpful in analyzing information of this type.
PACFORNET: Technical Information Services for Pacific Coast Foresters
Authors: Yerke Theodor B.
Published: April 2024

PACFORNET is a pioneer information network operating in three western regions and two research stations of the USDA Forest Service. It combines research library facilities with recently available information-handling technology, telecommunications, and document delivery, thus serving foresters even in remote ranger districts. The network is working effectively, and recommendations for its geographic expansion have been made.
Expanded Gypsy Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: McManus Michael L.
Published: April 2024

Since it was introduced into New England in 1869, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., has slowly spread through the oak-hickory forests to the south and west and continues to be the most serious forest insect problem in the East. Work on the moth was increased substantially in 1971 to cope with a region-wide outbreak in the Northeast, and in 1975 it was accelerated through the USDA Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program. New technology from the program is being incorporated into an integrated system for managing this insect.
The University Environment and Forestry Education
Authors: Foil R. Rodney
Published: April 2024

Forestry education is shaped by its location in universities that are publicly controlled and subject to close public scrutiny, are no longer expanding their enrollments, and are increasing their research and extension functions at some cost to their programs of undergraduate instruction. The present trend toward aggregating all renewable-resource programs into one academic unit is a means to maintain autonomy, reduce costs, and foster interdisciplinary activity.
Systematic Approach to Multiple-Use Management
Authors: Biesterfeldt Robert C. , Boyce Stephen G.
Published: April 2024

A computerized system is available to help make decisions about multiple-use management. On a forest, production of individual benefits, such as turkey habitat, is mathematically related to rotation lengths and sizes of openings for reproduction. From these equations, which are independent of one another, the benefits that will accrue from a management alternative are computed and displayed. A manager can therefore base his decisions upon benefit production. Once a combination of benefits is chosen, the system indicates the rates of timber harvest and the sizes of openings required to produce that combination.
1977 Enrollment and Degrees in Forestry
Authors: Flinchum D. Mitchell
Published: April 2024

Bachelors and doctors degrees granted in 1977 declined modestly from 1976, while the number of masters degrees topped the previous record in 1974. Enrollment decreased slightly in 1977 at the undergraduate and master levels, and reached an all-time high in Ph.D. programs. However, trends in undergraduate enrollments forecast a record-breaking graduation class in 1980. Women are increasingly interested in forestry degrees, and in 1977 comprised 19.5 percent of total enrollment. Racial minorities made up 1.7 percent of the total enrollment--more than estimated in past years. As in the past, general forest resources options attracted the most students, with the wildlife-range-fisheries option being the second most popular.
World Forestry: Coordinating Range and Wildlife Management in Kenya
Authors: Casebeer Robert L.
Published: April 2024

To ease competition between livestock and game in Kenya, FAO specialists devised methods whereby revenues from hunting or observing game, or from sale of live specimens, could be shared with ranchers whose forage helped to subsist the animals. An attempt was made to harvest animals for sale to urban dwellers, but the meat could not be marketed for less than the price of beef and some leaders objected to game cropping.
Yellow-Poplar: A Component of Climax Forests?
Authors: Buckner Edward , McCracken Weaver
Published: April 2024

Although classed as intolerant and requiring exposed mineral soil for vigorous regeneration, yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) has long been considered a dominant in climax stands on good sites in the southern Appalachians. More in keeping with its silvical traits is its role as an aggressive pioneer on disturbed sites. The disturbances necessary to perpetuate this light-demanding tree in otherwise stable climax communities are explained by the species' growth habit. The trees reach great size and age at maturity, and their dominant crown position makes them highly susceptible to windthrow. Their falling thus creates openings and exposes mineral soil sufficient for regeneration.
Wildlife in a Herbicide-Treated Jeffrey Pine Plantation in Eastern California
Authors: Savidge Julie Ann
Published: April 2024

In a plantation of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.), spraying with 2,4,5-T thinned some brush species (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. in particular) while encouraging others. The change in vegetation substantially reduced populations of resident birds, both in numbers of individuals and species. Mule deer likewise were reduced in number on the sprayed area. Conversely, some small mammals, particularly chipmunks, increased.
Measuring Trail Conditions with Stereo Photography
Authors: Rinehart Robert P. , Hardy Colin C. , Rosenau Henry G.
Published: April 2024

Stereo photographs taken with an ordinary camera mounted on a shop-made tripod attachment proved valuable in studying trail entrenchment, and may have other field applications. Entrenchment can be measured from the photos on a stereo plotter. The photos also illustrate changes in earth movement and facilitate relocation of transects.
National Forests and Reserved Water Rights in the Western United States
Authors: Fairfax Sally K. , Andrews Barbara T.
Published: April 2024

The "Winters Doctrine" indicates that when the federal government reserved land to accomplish public purposes, it implicitly reserved sufficient water to accomplish those purposes, even though water was not mentioned when the land was reserved and state water allocation law was not complied with. Originally enunciated in connection with Indian reservations, the doctrine has been extended to other federal reservations, including national forests, and presents possible conflict between federal and state water-resource planning.
Applied Urban Forestry--An Example
Authors: Merrill Gary O.
Published: April 2024

Murray, Utah, is an example of a community with a functioning urban forestry program. The city forester supervises a Forestry Divison with responsibilities in power line clearance, street and park tree maintenance, planting, and public information. Special projects include efforts in wood utilization, employee training, and a city tree inventory. Problems center around urban environmental impacts and public education.
Agency Literature as an Aid to Wilderness Management
Authors: Fazio James R.
Published: April 2024

Posing as a backpacker planning a trip, the author wrote for literature from units of three federal agencies responsible for wilderness management. Almost all units responded, in an average time of three days, and approximately five pieces of literature were sent per response. Only a portion of the information sent was wilderness-related, however, and that portion was judged only moderately effective in aiding management.
Reconstituted Products--A Use for Mixed Tropical Hardwoods
Authors: Youngs Robert L. , Laundrie James F.
Published: April 2024

Mixtures of wood species typical of lowland moist tropical forests were used at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory to make a variety of reconstituted products. Kraft pulps had strength properties at least equal to those of market pulps produced in North America or Scandinavia. Successful newsprint, writing and school papers, tissue and toweling grades, hardboards, particleboards, and even linerboard and corrugating medium were also made.
Forest Fertilization in the United States: Progress and Outlook
Authors: Bengtson George W.
Published: April 2024

Greatest operational use of fertilizers in U.S. forests is, and will continue to be, in the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast. Western practice involves aerially applying nitrogen as granular urea to pole-sized or larger Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) across a wide range of west-side sites. In the southeastern Lower Coastal Plain, on soils classified as very poorly drained, phosphorus-containing fertilizers generally are used to assure rapid growth of new plantings of slash pine Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Established stands of these species are boosted by mid- to late-rotation applications of nitrogen as urea or ammonium nitrate, or compound NP fertilizers. By mid-1978, 1,200,000 acres had been fertilized in the Northwest and 900,000 in the Southeast. Projections for the coming decade are that up to 500,000 acres will be treated annually in the West and about 250,000 in the South. Fertilizer for these purposes would total less than 1 percent of U.S. consumption in 1977. The supply situation, considered worldwide, is good for phosphate but somewhat uncertain for U.S. users of nitrogen.
Adjusting Discount Rates for Risk
Authors: Foster Bennett B.
Published: April 2024

Determining the premium to be added to a discount rate for evaluating a risky investment is rather straightforward and easily understood when the annual risk probability is known. However, if the risk is best perceived as an accumulated "lump" at some future time, then this determination should be made with caution. The duration over which the lumps accumulate acutely influences magnitude of the risk premium.
Biomass Prediction for Young Southern Pines
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd , McNab W. Henry
Published: April 2024

Sapling-sized loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pines (Pinus taeda, P. echinata, P. elliottii var, elliottii, P. palustris) were cut from even-aged stands in central Georgia, and their above-ground biomass was measured. Regression equations were then developed to predict total dry weight per sapling. With these equations, weight can be predicted from diameter at groundline and total height.
Human Waste Disposal in Eastern Backcountry
Authors: Leonard R. E. , Plumley H. J.
Published: April 2024

Disposal methods must be chosen in the light of both ecological conditions and recreational activities.
Energy Farms for the Future
Authors: Fege Anne S. , Inman Robert E. , Salo David J.
Published: April 2024

Silviculture energy farms may provide wood for energy at competitive prices in the future. In a study undertaken for the Department of Energy, costs were projected to be $20 to $34 per dry ton for hardwoods grown under 6 to 10 year rotations. The major costs were estimated to be harvest and transportation to conversion facility, and such intensive cultural practices as fertilization and irrigation. Up to 4.5 quads (1015 BTU per quad) of energy feedstocks could be produced in the United States annually, at an average annual yield of 8 dry tons per acre.
Using Real Problems to Teach Integrated Forest Management
Authors: Countryman David W. , Thomson George W.
Published: April 2024

Practical problems have been brought into the classroom to provide quasi-professional experience as part of the forestry curriculum at Iowa State University. The workload is about that of a four-credit course, and the cost to the students about that of a textbook.
Lakeshore Effect on Nectria Canker of Yellow Birch
Authors: Anderson Robert L. , Mosher Daniel G.
Published: April 2024

In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, severity of nectria canker (Nectria galligena Bres.) infection on yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) was significantly higher in stands along the shores of Lakes Superior and Michigan than 5 miles or more inland. Depending on the amount of infection, managers should consider removing cankered trees during improvement cuttings or favoring less susceptible species.
Forestry Curricula Today
Authors: Gemmer Thomas V.
Published: April 2024

A review of the curricula of the accredited and affiliated forestry schools in the United States reveals a change in trends reported in 1969. The trend toward increased requirements in social sciences and humanities, management of nontimber aspects, and business has reversed, as has the trend toward reduction of traditional forestry courses. Emphasis on quantitative reasoning continues to increase.