bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experts
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter focuses on the use of expertise and experts in the lottocratic system. This is an important issue for lottocratic institutions, as they rely in a central way on expertise in learning phases to get citizens up to speed on complex topics that they might not know very much about in advance of being selected to serve on a single-issue legislative body. The chapter focuses on two main issues. First, the chapter discusses the relevant notion of expertise and who might count as an expert for purposes of speaking to the single-issue legislative bodies. What qualifications are required? Is there anything that would automatically disqualify someone as a potential expert who might speak to a SILL? How should we distinguish and frame experts and expert testimony as distinct from the testimony of advocates and stakeholders? Second, the chapter discusses how experts will be identified and selected to speak to the single-issue legislative bodies. This question becomes more urgent given the role experts play in the lottocratic system. In particular, worries about capture and distortion in the use and selection of experts looms large. The chapter discusses the questions of the definition and selection of experts, focused on the issue of how they might be brought into the political process in an appropriate and epistemically attractive way. The chapter also argues for the creation and use of a database of experts, which could be used to reduce cherry-picking and other biased methods of selecting experts.
Lottocracy and Political Minorities
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the worry that even if a system does well by the four democratic elements identified in the previous chapter—equal fundamental respect, participation, individual pre-political rights, and responsiveness—there might still be substantial concerns about political legitimacy, made most salient by the situation of political minorities. These concerns connect to the demand for individualized moral justification that is a component of political legitimacy. The chapter engages with and clarifies the nature of this requirement and contrasts it with superficially similar contractualist and contractarian views of political morality. The chapter then argues that lottocratic systems do comparatively well at meeting this moral requirement, and that they in general do comparatively well by political minorities.
IUPAP and the Interwar World of Science
Authors: Fauque Danielle , Fox Robert
Published: September 2024

Like the other disciplinary unions that were established after the Great War, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) bore the stamp of the punitive attitudes of the Allied nations towards the defeated Central Powers. From the start, the incongruity of claims to international status for an organization that had no place for Germany and Austria was a focus for contention in the physics community, and it remained so throughout the interwar years. Yet, even as challenges to the boycott gathered strength, moves to bring the Central Powers into the IUPAP fold in the 1930s encountered new problems, including the consequences of the crash and the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany. By 1939, the hopes of the advocates of German reintegration, IUPAP’s long-serving Secretary General Henri Abraham and Robert Millikan in particular, had been only partially realized, and the war left IUPAP facing nothing less than a relaunch of its mission.
Under the ICSU Umbrella
Authors: Fauque Danielle , Tiggelen Brigitte Van
Published: September 2024

“Joint Commissions” appeared in the post-World War II reorganization of international scientific cooperation under the supervision of the International Council of the Scientific Unions (ICSU) to enable unions to collaborate on topics of common interest. The Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR) was among the first created under that scheme in 1947 combining elements from the International Unions of Chemistry (IUPAC) and Physics (IUPAP) with the formerly autonomous Radium Standard Committee. In 1955 JCR was suddenly discontinued, and a Joint Commission for Applied Radioactivity (JCAR) was set up with a completely different structure, purpose, and membership. The fate of the JCR underlines how empirical the ICSU’s management of Joint Commissions was in the beginnings. Other aspects specific to the JCR also explain its obsolescence: the inability to meet the challenges of modern developments and usages of radioactivity requiring new standards for lower doses, the question of the ownership of the Radium Standard, the safeguarding of the Laboratorie Curie’s supremacy through the Joliot-Curie spouses, and Frédéric Joliot-Curie’s support of communism and pacifism in the Cold War context.
Repairing a Scientific Network
Authors: Ito Kenji
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the efforts of Japanese physicists in organizing the 1953 International Conference of Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Tokyo and Kyoto, highlighting the significant role of organizational care and labor in building and sustaining global knowledge infrastructures. Drawing from recent literature on infrastructure maintenance and the role of care in science, the study underscores the value of organizing major academic events as they foster essential human and non-human connections central to knowledge infrastructures. Post-World War II Japan, grappling with the loss of Nishina Yoshio and war-related setbacks, faced challenges in conducting transnational negotiations and pooling resources. The ICTP served as a platform for Japanese physicists to mend international ties and hone skills essential for global scientific practices.
Socialist Internationalism and Science Diplomacy Across the Iron Curtain
Authors: da Silva Neto Climério Paulo , Kojevnikov Alexei
Published: September 2024

Important openings towards international scientific contacts and cooperation came from the Soviet Union during de-Stalinization. At the 1955 Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Soviet nuclear researchers unveiled their previously secret results. The USSR organized an international center for high-energy physics, the socialist-world analog of CERN, in Dubna in 1956 and was actively involved in the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and in international organizations, including the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). These initiatives will be discussed by analyzing the trajectory of a key Soviet participant in science diplomacy, physicist Dimitry Blokhintsev, Director of the Dubna institute and Soviet representative, eventually President, of IUPAP. Archival documents allow an insight into the changing relationship between the USSR and international scientific unions after World War II. Blokhintsev’s example reveals how peace activism provided the primary motivation for promotion of East-West scientific cooperation, the rise, accomplishments and limitations of the socialist approach to scientific internationalism during the central period of the Cold War.
Particles, Purity, Politics
Authors: Hof Barbara
Published: September 2024

In the history of high-energy physics during the Cold War, the ways in which the East and West cooperated is often either overlooked or glorified as a purely scientific exchange. By focusing on the creation of the “Commission on High Energy Physics” in 1957 (later renamed “Commission on Particles and Fields”) and describing the organizational process behind its conferences, which were sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and held in the United States, Europe and the Soviet Union, this chapter demonstrates that physicists were unable to truly escape the hold of politics. By revealing how they served the interests of their administrations and intelligence agencies, it demystifies the social construct of purity, thereby offering insights into some of the mechanisms of science diplomacy, while also revealing that East-West cooperation was prioritized over the inclusion of other world regions.
China’s Tortuous Path to IUPAP
Authors: Hu Danian , Liu Jinyan , Yin Xiaodong
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) long and arduous journey towards IUPAP membership spanning from the 1950s to the 1980s, revealing the significant Cold War impact on China’s science diplomacy. The apparent fluctuation in China’s stance actually underscores a consistent element in the PRC’s foreign policy: the One-China Principle, which was the core in the dispute between the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the PRC. It was the dedicated efforts of a group of perceptive scientists, both in China and overseas, as well as IUPAP officials that ultimately resolved this thorny membership issue in 1984, after the global acceptance of the One-China Principle and the improvement of Sino-US relations. Nevertheless, decades of the PRC’s exclusion from IUPAP inevitably took a toll on scientific advancements both within mainland China and the broader international physics community, serving as a Cold War lesson to be learned.
National Individuals and International Unions
Authors: da Silva Luciana Vieira Souza
Published: September 2024

This chapter investigates the interplay between national individuals and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)’s international ambitions after World War II. From the case study of the Russian-Italian physicist Gleb Wataghin’s (1899–1986) journey within the IUPAP, it examines how personal trajectories interfered with international agreements and broader diplomatic policies. Wataghin was born in the Russian Empire and left Kiev in 1919, becoming an Italian citizen in the late 1920s. During his life, he developed different tactics to be closer to the Soviet Union, and this was only possible when he entered the IUPAP Italian Committee in the 1950s. At those times, the IUPAP was also interested in approaching Soviet physics, which brought Wataghin’s personal and professional ambitions to reality. When analyzing the IUPAP history from a bottom-top perspective, Wataghin’s case highlights how national borders, citizenship, international institutions, and transnational movements are also fundamental for the constitution of scientific practices.
Twistor Theory: Spinors Describe Spacetime
Authors: Satija Indubala I.
Published: September 2024

This chapter discusses Sir Roger Penrose’s twistor theory where spinors are used to describe spacetime with a hope to seek harmony between gravity and quantum physics. The theory of quantum gravity is believed to be quintessential in understanding black holes. Twistor theory leads to non-local theory—a feature that is intrinsic to quantum theory. A jaunt guided by the power and the magic of mathematics of complex numbers, this chapter is a short stroll in theoretical landscape on the Riemann sphere. Quantum twistors are found to mimic some features of the Penrose triangle-the impossible structure of the kind found in the Escher’s painting
Introduction
Authors: Browne Jude , McKeown Maeve
Published: September 2024

Structural injustice is a central feature of twenty-first-century politics, and yet, despite its prevalence in academic arguments as well as in common parlance, its meaning is subject to many different theoretical and empirical interpretations and a great deal of confusion. What is structural injustice? What causes structural injustice? How does structural injustice relate to other forms of injustice such as epistemic injustice or discrimination? Is structural injustice the same as structural harm? What role do power relations play in structural injustices? Is there one kind of structural injustice or multiple kinds? Who is responsible for structural injustice and how could structural injustice be overcome? Drawing together new work with key texts, the authors of this book, from the broad fields of politics, philosophy, and law, set out to answer these questions. In so doing, they break new ground on the theorization of structural injustice, as well as offering up practical tools with which it can be considered and addressed. Common themes emerge throughout, including the relationship between structure and agency, the responsibility for structural change, the function of epistemology, and the role of the state. The authors’ different approaches to conceptualizing structural injustice push them to alternative conclusions on what structural injustice is and how to approach it. This Introduction is written to act as a brief summary guide to each chapter, using plain language and highlighting the many synergies and differences between the various perspectives on structural injustice explored across the volume.
The Untraceability of Structural Injustice
Authors: Browne Jude
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 5, ‘The Untraceability of Structural Injustice’, Jude Browne focuses on a particular element of Iris Marion Young’s seminal account of structural injustice—the untraceability of structural injustice. Browne suggests that untraceability is not only a constant theme in Young’s account of structural injustice; it could in fact be seen as a defining feature. Browne follows the logic of the claim that structural injustice is untraceable, to see where it leads in engaging with Young’s critics. Many intellectual disputes with Young’s work are built on the seemingly logical point that, if responsibility for structural injustice cannot be traced, then how can any particular individual, group, or institution be politically responsible for addressing it? Browne recognizes this question as a key element in understanding structural injustice, and while defending Young’s account in part, she suggests an alternative way of understanding the dynamic relationship between structural and traceable fault-based injustices. Rather than dividing structural injustice into different categories, Browne’s approach is to think about the potential for transition between structural injustice and fault-based injustices (such as direct and indirect discriminatory practices and policies). This is productive, she argues, for moving beyond the limits of liability as a way of approaching structural injustice.
Covid-19 and Global Structural Health Inequality
Authors: Chung Ryoa
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 8, ‘Covid-19 and Global Structural Health Inequality’, Ryoa Chung focuses on the theme of vulnerability but in the context of health and using the global Covid-19 pandemic by way of example. In addition to the well-established literature on the social determinants of health—the higher propensity of certain groups to incur health risks—Chung argues that understanding structural health vulnerability requires ‘denaturalizing natural disasters’ and ‘historicizing health inequalities’. Moreover, Chung highlights the ways in which the combination of structural injustice and epistemic injustice increases health vulnerability. To demonstrate this, Chung presents the case of Covid-19 vaccine inequity. She describes how, in December 2020, the governments of India and South Africa submitted a proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to waive patents for essential medicines in health emergencies, including the Covid-19 vaccine. However, the world’s richest countries refused. Chung demonstrates how the failure of international cooperation in the context of vaccine distribution constitutes a structural injustice. Chung argues that the international state system reifies global structural health injustice through the narratives of the securitization of health and of health nationalism. Furthermore, low- and middle-income countries faced epistemic injustice in their quest to access essential medicines. Chung concludes that the failure to ensure vaccine equity in the face of a global pandemic is a moral failure of richer states to share resources and recognize the epistemic status of poorer states.
Moral Justification and Structural Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Jaggar Alison M. , Tobin Theresa W.
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 9, ‘Moral Justification and Structural Epistemic Injustice’, Alison Jaggar and Theresa W. Tobin combine recent trends in the political theory of structural injustice together with those of epistemic injustice. They draw a distinction between epistemic injustice as ‘transactional’ when it concerns relations between individual enquirers, and epistemic injustice as ‘structural’ when the background conditions of these encounters are arranged in ways that produce systematically unfair epistemic advantages and disadvantages for different groups. These arrangements tend to insulate more powerful actors from recognizing this sort of structural injustice. Jaggar and Tobin suggest society’s major knowledge-producing and sharing institutions put some groups under systematic threat of epistemic domination. They give the example of colonialism as a structural epistemic injustice, because it suppressed non-Western modes of thought and languages, created prestigious centres of knowledge production in the metropole together with an epistemic periphery consisting of educational institutions in the colonies, and it sought to impose a singular Euro-American ‘system of thought’ in place of the multiple knowledge systems of colonized peoples. Jaggar and Tobin argue that this sort of suppression persists in epistemic neocolonialism, both materially, whereby the old colonial system persists with the prestige afforded to the universities in the West, and ideologically, whereby these privileged institutions tend to determine the neocolonial ‘intellectual agenda’ that is reproduced in the academic training of the next generation. Jaggar and Tobin conclude by considering the responsibilities of the academe to undermine current structural epistemic injustice.
Murmurations of Injustice
Authors: Ackerly Brooke
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 11, ‘Murmurations of Injustice: Dynamics of Structural Injustice and Epistemic Oppression’, Brooke Ackerly uses the metaphor of murmurations of starlings to describe structural injustice. This breathtaking natural phenomenon looks effortless but conceals complex relational responses within and between smaller groups of birds within the formation. Ackerly argues that, like a murmuration, structural injustice can be recognized without understanding its full complexity. That is, we have no outside vantage point from which to observe the structural injustices in which we live our lives. Ackerly argues that, if we want to address ‘injustice itself’ and not merely its consequences, then we need to try to change our internal relations. The first step in achieving this is to recognize that some epistemological accounts of injustice could in fact be oppressive. Instead of fixating on whether one account of injustice is right or wrong, Ackerly advocates focusing on the relational dynamics between them. Each approach provides insight into how structures of injustice might be changed. Ackerly argues that one strategy for addressing structural injustice is to resist the murmuration in its entirety, the other is to ‘influence, infiltrate, and transform’ it from within, and both approaches work in relation to each other. Ackerly concludes that we cannot settle on one understanding of structural injustice but rather accept the epistemological premis that our perception of structural injustice is dynamic, shifting in response to new information and interpretations, much like a murmuration.
Structures of Injustice, the Law, and Exploitative Work
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 13, ‘Structures of Injustice, the Law, and Exploitative Work’, Virginia Mantouvalou considers state responsibility for structural injustice. She examines structures of injustice at work and assesses the role of the state in creating vulnerability to exploitation through concrete legal rules. Mantouvalou critically engages with Iris Marion Young’s famous story of Sandy, a single mother trapped in a low-income job set against unaffordable costs of living. Through this story, Young demonstrates the nature of structural injustice as a moral wrong with no identifiable wrongdoer: Young finds no fault with the state or its policies. In this chapter Mantouvalou contests this perspective and scrutinizes the role of the state in perpetrating structural injustice by presenting the (real) story of Marcell, who, despite his best efforts to work hard, to become independent of welfare provisions, and to gain a university education, is defeated by state bureaucracy, which serves to keep him in poverty. Mantouvalou identifies ‘state-mediated structures of injustice’: concrete and clearly identifiable legal rules that are prima facie legitimate but that increase workers’ vulnerability in ways that are systematically exploited by private actors. Mantouvalou argues that the state is responsible for these laws that create vulnerability and serve as the background conditions to structures of exploitation. Mantouvalou concludes with an analysis of the circumstances in which the state would have legal responsibility to address unjust structures through human rights law.
Gender Inequality, Structural Injustice, and Political Responsibility
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: September 2024

In Chapter 14, ‘Gender Inequality, Structural Injustice, and Political Responsibility’, Serena Parekh argues that there is a philosophical basis for the claim that states can be held responsible for structural injustices relating to gender discrimination and violence. Parekh argues that this claim can be detected in international human-rights discourses but that such a claim has not gained much normative force. Part of the problem is that women’s rights violations often take place in the private sphere and are committed by non-state actors. Parekh’s analysis draws on Iris Marion Young’s notion of a forward-looking political responsibility that seeks not to find fault with the state for past wrongs but rather encourages the state to address future injustices. Despite Young’s suspicions that the state is inadequately equipped to address structural injustice, Parekh argues that it is able to take up political responsibility in a more systematic way than individuals can. Indeed, international women’s rights documents have recognized this—for instance, Article 5 of the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) demands states take responsibility for the root causes of violence and discrimination against women, including beliefs, customs, and attitudes surrounding women’s inferiority. Parekh concludes by arguing that the state ought to readjust its focus from cataloguing abuses to changing the conditions of society in such a way that human-rights violations are less likely to occur in the first place.
Introduction
Authors: Aslanidis Paris
Published: September 2024

Chapter 1 sets the book’s primary goal: rectifying the analytical imbalance that characterizes populism research. Highlighting blind spots in the overcrowded field of party-system-level analysis, it advocates a shift toward investigating the understudied phenomenon of grassroots populist mobilization. To encourage social movement scholars to adopt populism as an analytical lens, it offers a brief overview of the intellectual history of the concept, focusing on the need to overcome the normative baggage that populism carries since its highly consequential demonization by American Cold War liberals in the 1950s. The chapter proceeds to offer a conceptualization of populism as a collective action frame and develops the core features of the main unit of analysis: populist social movements. It closes with emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary agenda that does not unduly prioritize institutional actors over grassroots mobilization, thereby allowing a comprehensive understanding of the populist phenomenon that we are currently lacking.
A theoretical framework for populist social movements
Authors: Aslanidis Paris
Published: September 2024

Chapter 3 surveys populism literature and introduces a novel framework for the study of grassroots populist mobilization based on Laclau’s theory of populism and collective action frame theory. Initially, it delves into the scholarship on Latin American populism, exposing the pitfalls of analyzing the phenomenon as a strictly top-down, leader-centric strategy of electoral manipulation. Subsequently, it turns to European scholarship, critiquing the prevailing perspective that views populism as a thin-centered ideology primarily associated with the European far right. Moving forward, the chapter examines the modest research output on grassroots populism, highlighting advancements and identifying gaps in the field. It then outlines the Laclauian framework and points out two key elements worthy of re-evaluation. By integrating a modified version of the former with insights from frame theory, it proceeds to conceptualize populism as a discursively constructed collective action frame. The chapter concludes by exploring collective identity formation in populist mobilization.
The Kolossoí
Authors: Badoud Nathan
Published: September 2024

Chapter 2 analyses the type of statue to which the Colossus of Rhodes belongs, namely the kolossós. As the present sense of the term appeared only after the destruction of Chares’ statue, what were originally the kolossoí? A review of the evidence shows that these statues were represented as immobile, that their magical power enabled them to encapsulate an external being, and that they were closely associated with Dorian colonization. Used at Argos during the eighth century bc, they were later taken, via Thera and Rhodes, to Cyrene in Libya. From Rhodes itself comes the only extant representation of a kolossós, found on some amphoras of the late third–early second century bc.
Corruption and Misuse of Public Office
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Baracese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

The 4th edition of this authoritative work has been fully revised and updated. It includes all major developments concerning preventing and combating corruption in England and Wales and globally. Special features include: • Corruption and the impact of the COVID pandemic • New chapter on debarment and the role of the World Bank • Anti-corruption regulation and compliance mechanisms • Implementation and effectiveness of anti-corruption laws and strategies • Impact of AI • Gender dimension of corruption England and Wales coverage: • Bribery Act and the pre-Bribery Act legislation • Developments in beneficial ownership transparency • Developments in asset recovery including those relating to kleptocrats • Proposals for corporate criminal liability reform • Legal and practical issues concerning the investigation and prosecution of corruption cases • Developments in arbitration cases involving corruption. • Revised codes of conduct for parliamentarians and other public officials • Dealing with corruption related cases at public inquiries and disciplinary and other tribunals Global coverage: Ρεθνεατσ• Detailed analysis of all the international and regional anti-corruption initiatives including the UN Convention Against Corruption and OECD anti-bribery convention and the effectiveness of their monitoring mechanisms • Revised chapter on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act • Standard setting in the private sector • Corruption and money laundering • Corruption laws and regulations of some key jurisdictions • Role of civil society in fighting corruption
Guidance on ‘Adequate Procedures’
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter explains the guidance published by the Ministry of Justice under section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010 about procedures that commercial organizations can put in place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing. In addition, the chapter considers the prosecution guidance issued jointly by the Crown Prosecution Service and the Serious Fraud Office. Further, the chapter considers regulatory enforcement actions and thematic reviews which are instructive when considering those procedures. Finally, the chapter summarizes the conclusions of the House of Lords’ Select Committee for post-legislative scrutiny of the Bribery Act 2010, and the Government’s response to those findings.
Other Offences Involving Corruption
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This Chapter examines the offences involving corrupt conduct other than bribery and misconduct in public office in force in the UK, such as theft, fraud, conspiracy to defraud, failure to keep accurate accounts, money laundering, and obstructing justice and; offences governing specific persons and activities such as abuse of the honours system and corrupt practices at elections including the reforms enacted by the Elections Act 2022.
Investigation and Prosecution of Corruption Cases
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter reviews important UK strategic initiatives, including the UK’s Anti-Corruption Strategy and the Economic Crime Plan. It also reviews legislative changes that have been made to UK law enforcement and some of the most important key recent cases. The chapter also examines the changes that have occurred in the complex area of UK proactive investigations, particularly the Investigatory Powers 2017 and the UK government’s commitment to address evolving threats within a rapidly changing communications and data environment. The chapter also reviews the existing legal framework on whistleblowing the UK of the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA 1998), which set the international standard in such protections and recent reforms as announced by the UK government in 2023. The chapter concludes with an extensive review of mutual assistance and mutual legal assistance and their uses, and extradition and its use in investigating and prosecuting corruption offences.
Asset Recovery Under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter explains the various statutory mechanisms available to specified law enforcement agencies under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, as amended, to restrain and recover the proceeds of corruption, as well as relevant cases concerning those powers. The mechanisms available to law enforcement include confiscation of assets following criminal conviction for corruption offences, civil recovery of the proceeds of corruption, forfeiture of cash, bank account balances and certain other high-value assets, and taxation. The chapter also considers the Unexplained Wealth Order regime, and the cases decided under it. Finally, the chapter considers the enforcement overseas of confiscation and civil recovery orders, and the enforcement in the United Kingdom of their foreign equivalents.
International Case Studies
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter summarizes some of the concluded English proceedings brought against or involving foreign public officials, or which have UK connections, whether criminal prosecutions, civil recovery proceedings, or private civil proceedings brought by foreign Governments, as well as shorter summaries of examples of notable cases or programmes from other jurisdictions. The chapter also provides an overview of the relative advantages and disadvantages of civil and criminal proceedings to recover the proceeds of corruption, or compensation for corrupt activities; it notes that the best mechanism for a particular case will usually be dependent on its facts and that many successful programmes have used the full range of civil and criminal mechanisms.
Standard Setting in the Private Sector
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter addresses general standard-setting initiatives in the private sector as well as standard setting in specific areas. General standard setting initiatives • United Nations Global Compact • Open Contracting Partnership • OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct • International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO) • Transparency International Business Principles for Countering Bribery • International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): Rules on Combating Corruption • World Economic Forum Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI) • TRACE International Specific sector initiatives • Aviation and Travel • Banking and Regulated Entities • Construction and Engineering • Defence and Security • Extractive Industries • Forestry • Gold and Precious Minerals • Shipping • Wildlife
World Bank and Other Multilateral Development Bank Investigations into Corruption and Mutual Cross Debarment
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This new chapter analyses the development of fiduciary based approaches to tackling fraud and corruption in development financing, and reviews the development and the role of administrative investigations into fraud and corruption in MDB financing, with a particular emphasis on the World Bank’s architecture. It also reviews the harmonization of investigations and sanctioning practices across the respective MDBs and how these independent systems use debarment and cross debarment in substantiated cases. The chapter also reviews how MDBs make referrals to law enforcement and also considers how the MDBs have developed systems of integrity compliance that work with the sanctions system to set minimum standards of corporate compliance with a view to restoring debarred entities to developing markets.
The United Nations Convention Against Corruption II
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the UNCAC provisions: • The scope of the corruption-related offences • Law enforcement powers including the work of the Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE network) • Money laundering, including the role of the Financial Action Task Force and the Wolfsburg Group • International cooperation: • Extradition • Mutual legal assistance • Law enforcement cooperation between States Parties • Asset recovery • Finding • Freezing • Forfeiting • Repatriation of the proceeds of corruption The Implementation Review Mechanism of the UNCAC, including the work of the Conference of the States Parties (CoSP) is considered with particular reference to its strengths and weaknesses. The role of the UNCAC Coalition is noted.
Introduction
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Risse Thomas , Anderson Stephanie B. , Garrison Jean A.
Published: September 2024

This chapter sets out the parameters of the book by posing the overarching questions for the volume, defining terms, and justifying the special attention paid to the United States. The main questions focus on describing and explaining the most significant contestations as well as discussing their consequences. Terms such as the liberal script, populism, polarization, internal, external, and deep contestations are defined. The authors provide a brief overview of ongoing internal tensions in the US and explain how the political system has contributed to the formation of deep contestations. The US is compared to other liberal democracies to determine whether it is “exceptional.”
Is America Back? Contestations, US Foreign Policy, and the Liberal International Order
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Risse Thomas
Published: September 2024

This chapter analyzes US foreign policy with regard to the liberal international order since the early 2000s. US partial retrenchment from global leadership did neither start with Trump nor did it end when he lost his re-election in 2020. It already became visible during the Obama administration while Biden’s attempts to restore US global leadership have been limited. We concentrate on two explanations for the increasing selectivity and retrenchment of US foreign policy: The first focuses on international factors, emphasizing the relative decline of US power and primacy as well as the rise of China. This account is indeterminate and is ultimately incapable of explaining US withdrawal from global leadership. The second account points to US domestic politics and the increasing polarization and negative partisanship inside the US which is documented throughout this volume. Domestic developments inside the country largely explain US selectivity and increasing retrenchment from global leadership.
Cosmopolitanism, Culture, and Aesthetic Culture
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2024

Varieties of cosmopolitanism are surveyed within a systematic framework, and a conception of cultural cosmopolitanism is adopted. Cultural cosmopolitanism is markedly social, rooted, normative, and pro-diversity. Aesthetic cultures are minimal cultures. Minimal cultures are patterns of behaviour in a population that are due to members of the population sharing formative conditions: they are not necessarily organic, adaptive, societal, national, or identity-associated cultures. Only some aesthetic cultures are identity-associated, and only some are parts of organic, societal, or national cultures. A case is made that aesthetic cultures are not limited to the fine arts. They include all cultures organized around aesthetic values.
Identity Aesthetics
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2024

Interests in value diversity and social autonomy generate considerations to be weighed in adopting policies that shape encounters between groups with different aesthetic cultures. Often, these considerations are weak. However, they are stronger when the cultures are associated with minority identity groups. A theory of minority identity is proposed. A non-essentialist account is given of what makes some aesthetic cultures suitable to be associated with minority identities. Policies of cosmopolitan accommodations, which go further than Alan Patten’s policies of customized accommodations, are proposed as a way to secure justice in fostering talent.
Islamic Perspectives on Abortion
Authors: Eich Thomas
Published: September 2024

This contribution shows how abortion was discussed in Sunni and Shiite Hadith collections of the first centuries of Islamic history (approx. eighth to tenth century CE). Three different approaches can be distinguished: a gradualist approach in determining a fine which distinguished between several stages of prenatal development; a binary approach, only asking whether an intentional abortion had occurred or not; and an expiation approach, aiming at restoring the relation between culprit and God. It is shown how these three approaches intermingled in Sunni and Shiite discussions differently in the course of time. Additionally, the question of ensoulment is situated in its wider context of ensoulment theories of late Antiquity.
Indigenous Peoples, the League of Nations, and International Law
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the relationships between the League of Nations, Indigenous peoples, and international law. The chapter analyses five appeals made by Indigenous people to the League between 1919 and 1938: from the Society of American Indians and Laura Cornelius Kellogg from Turtle Island America (1919); Anthony Martin Fernando from the territory now known as Australia (1921); Deskaheh from Turtle Island Canada (1923); TW Rātana and Pita Moko from Aotearoa New Zealand (1924); and Pearl Gibbs from Australia (1938). The chapter also examines the League’s response to these claims, and to questions of Indigenous peoples more generally, through analysing key concepts of sovereignty and statehood, and self-determination. The chapter argues that these Indigenous appeals represent a practice of Indigenous international law, with Indigenous peoples reiterating their sovereignty and nationhood, entering alliances with others, and appealing to a new internationalism to ground justice and law claims. In response, however, the League of Nations developed an imperial international law: one which denies Indigenous sovereignty and instead views states as sovereign, limits Indigenous self-determination while emphasizing the territorial integrity of states, and frames Indigenous rights through the prism of labour rather than rights to sovereignty and land. While the League offered the possibility of a new form of ‘justice’ for Indigenous peoples worldwide, ultimately the League’s development of imperial international law limited and denied Indigenous international law, and the implications of this continue to this day.
How Do the Codes Read Earlier Rabbinic Texts?
Authors: Kelman Tirza Y.
Published: September 2024

This chapter focuses on works of codification in the context of medieval Jewish law, presenting a constant negotiation between innovative perspectives and commitment to ancient texts. In the Jewish context, works referred to as “codes” contain broad collections of normative rulings of halakha—Jewish religious law. These codification projects did not intend to replace former laws, but rather to synthesize, organize, and clarify existing law. Each author introduced his work as a fresh answer to the challenges the existing texts presented. As a way of introducing and demonstrating the characteristics and features of the different codes (Rif, Maimonides, Semag, Tur, R. Karo, and the Rema), the chapter focuses on one example of a discrete halakhic question: is a blind person permitted to lead the public in prayer. Tracing the history of this ruling offers an interesting prism to analyze the evolution of the legal discourse in premodern halakhic codes.
The Second Age of Iron
Authors: Brown Deidre
Published: September 2024

This chapter argues for recognition of Indigenous “iron ages.” Although much is known about the European and Mediterranean Iron Age, there has been little investigation of the radical and often rapid social, political, and artistic changes that occurred within Indigenous communities who acquired iron from European, Mediterranean, and American explorers, traders, and missionaries. This “second” age of iron is documented in ancestral narratives, historical resources, and surviving objects, offering a complementary perspective to that of archaeology. A case study of a large-scale Māori-founded trading station in early nineteenth-century New Zealand demonstrates how acquired metal quickly transformed social hierarchies, relationships, land use, and arts. Ancestral narratives and historical accounts describe in detail the consequences of this major technological change. Information generated from rich case studies, like these, complements archaeological knowledge and may be useful for interpreting the European and the Mediterranean Iron Age thousands of years before.
An Integrated Evolutionary Scenario for the Culturalization of the Human Body
Authors: d’Errico Francesco
Published: September 2024

This chapter synthesizes our understanding of the earliest body modifications, including the origins of clothing and the use of mineral pigments and personal ornaments, to propose an integrated scenario for the culturalization of the body over at least 500,000 years. It is proposed that the emergence of clothing was triggered by climatic changes during the Middle-Upper Pleistocene transition. As biological adaptations became inadequate, humans developed cultural innovations to cope with harsh environments, which gradually evolved from utilitarian uses to expressions of identity and social affiliation. Evidence from Middle Stone Age sites in Africa, including the increasing use of ochre for various protective and symbolic purposes and the production of personal ornaments, suggests that these practices were well established by at least 160,000 to 140,000 years ago. They began to get more complex and diversified about 50,000 years ago. The chapter also explores how cognitive evolution, particularly in areas of the brain that enhance social cognition and symbolic reasoning, was crucial in processing the complex social signals conveyed by body modifications. This cognitive evolution, together with emerging social structures, provided significant evolutionary advantages, facilitating the permanent culturalization of the human body and the reinforcement of social hierarchies and group identities.
Lost to History? Latin America and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. , Schneiderman David
Published: September 2024

Latin Americans have sought to contribute to international economic law (IEL) since the 19th century, longing to be both the authors and addressees of IEL. As a principal contribution to a new international economic order (NIEO), the 1974 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (CERDS) might be considered the last episode in a 100-year-long effort. This chapter reflects on what the present may have looked like had the CERDS taken hold. By tracing the negotiating positions that were embraced by its two principal protagonists, Mexico and the United States, and highlighting some of its change making proposals, this chapter elucidates the ways in which IEL has adopted paths that are resistant to reform. It aims to return to a moment at which claims about the universality of IEL, as defined by a small group of powerful states, were directly opposed by most subjects of international law.
Media Creation and Consumption as Activism Among African Transnational and Diasporic Communities
Authors: Banjo Omotayo O. , Oloruntobi Tomide
Published: September 2024

The growing integration of African aesthetics in film, television, and music as well as the global success of Afrobeatz music and the expansion of Nollywood present identity and media scholars with diverse and evolving issues to explore. This chapter examines the ways in which transnational and diaspora identities allow for the creation of such content, which is described as Black fusion. It is argued that the creation of Black fusion content fosters a Black diasporic imagination that is liberatory for Black bodies, African transnationals, their children, and American Blacks from hegemonic scripts of Blackness. Thus, the case is made that the creative agentic work of transnational and diasporic creatives is a form of social activism. Next, the chapter contends that the impact of these creations also empowers Black audiences throughout the world to engage with entertainment in ways media effects scholars are yet to explore—affective investments. Arguably, audiences’ directive energy toward sustaining this transnational flow is a way of resisting reductive racial logics in U.S. media. This offers valuable insights to unpacking ways that audiences respond to creative works.
Factors Affecting Agriculture and Natural Resources Management in Malawi
Authors: Kamoto Judith Francesca Mangani , Fatch Paul Falakeza
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines implications of Malawi’s historical shifts in policies and approaches identified in existing literature on agriculture and natural resource management in order to draw lessons for improvements in promoting agricultural productivity and economic growth. Malawi and similar developing countries’ agricultural sectors are affected by the high cost of unsustainable agricultural practices, which induce land degradation, thereby limiting productivity. Malawi has shifted from coercion to institutionalized participation of communities through decentralized structures coupled with provision of incentives to lure farmers to adopt sustainable practices, yet natural resource degradation has continued, amid high population growth and climate variability. Approaches taken have been simplistic, ignoring contexts that require concurrent coercive and persuasive approaches. The chapter suggests improvements in mixing approaches and related policies to promote healthy land under agriculture.