bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology, Textures and Thicknesses of Rubbly Pahoehoe Lavas from the ~117 Ma Sylhet Traps, India
Authors: Duraiswami Raymond A. , Sanklecha Hardik , Monteiro Aristle , Gadpallu Purva , Sisolekar Sonit
Published: May 2022

The Sylhet Traps and the larger outcrops of the Rajmahal Traps in India constitute an important remnant of a large Continental Flood Basalt (CFB) province related to the Kerguelen hotspot. A composite log of lava flows across the southern margin of the Meghalaya plateau is presented where the Sylhet Traps are best exposed. Lavas in the lower part of stratigraphic sequence (~480 to 700 m above mean sea level) are compound and contain pahoehoe sheet lobes intruded by thin basaltic dykes constituting a swarm. These lavas record variable degrees of inflation at low effusive rates. In the upper parts, several rubbly pahoehoe lavas are interspersed with sheet lobes. These represent transitional lava types (between pahoehoe and aa) and occur due to steep gradients and/or increased effusive rates. The vesicles from within these lavas impinge and coalesce, indicating that they had time to form and grow in an insulated environment. The vesicle deformation index (VDI) ranges from 0.2 to 0.53, indicating moderate but variable shear strain on the lavas during emplacement. The coexistence of pahoehoe-rubbly pahoehoe lavas is also recorded in the surface outcrops of Rajmahal Traps and the IODP drill cores along the Kerguelen Plateau. It is postulated that the Sylhet lavas represent the distal edge of a lava-shield evolving into a flood basalt setting, dominated by pahoehoe in the lower stratigraphy with few lavas transitioning to rubbly pahoehoe towards the top. Such an architecture is in keeping with other CFB provinces worldwide.
Implication of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Precise Demarcation of Pothole Subsidence Potential Zone Over Shallow Depth Coal Mine Workings
Authors: Prakash Amar , Bharati Abhay Kumar
Published: May 2022

Pothole, an undesirable catastrophic consequence, is a common phenomenon in old coal mine workings, especially at shallow depth endangering habitats and surface structures. Precise identification of pothole potential zone is vital to prevent any major setbacks. Limited sub-surface information leads to branching out from the realistic ground conditions resulting in improper inferences. Resistivity imaging system is a favourable tool for gathering and strengthening technical information to demarcate the potential areas of pothole occurrence as it has proven ability to translate the characteristic of strata. Geological disturbance, one of the causes for pothole, has been located precisely by electrical resistivity survey at the study site. The overlying rock type has been correlated with resistivity range and validated with borehole lithology. Considering influencing parameters for pothole i.e. position of underground workings, geological disturbance and nature of near surface strata potential locations of the pothole likely to occur has been demarcated based on resistivity characteristics. Two potholes occurred in the past also helped in strengthening in interpretation.
A Case Study of the 12 July 2021 Bhagsunath (McLeod Ganj) Flash Flood in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh: A Warning Against Constricting Natural Drainage
Authors: Gupta Vikram , Ram Biksah Kumar , Kumar Sandeep , Sain Kalachand
Published: May 2022

Extreme rainfall events leading to the occurrence of flash floods and cloudbursts are common in the Himalaya. Bhagsu nala in McLeod Ganj area of Dharamshala township, Himachal Pradesh has witnessed the worst flash flood in the morning of 12th July 2021 causing damage to property and infrastructure in the region. Though the catchment area of the Bhagsu nala is very small of the order of ~ 2.8 km2, the geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the catchment are susceptible to peak flow for a shorter duration. Further, the anthropogenic intervention of slopes in the form of constricting natural drainage has reduced the carrying capacity of the nala, exaggerating the consequences of the flash flood.
Orbicular and Nodular Structures in Carbonatite of the Sung Valley Ultramafic-Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex, Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya, NE India: Their Petrogenetic Implications
Authors: Pdah Damepaia S.M. , Khonglah M. A.
Published: May 2022

Hitherto unknown rare orbicular carbonatites and associated nodular structures occur in the southeastern parts of the Cretaceous Sung valley ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complex (SUACC), Shillong plateau, Meghalaya, northeast India. The orbicular structures are formed around fragmented pyroxenite xenoliths and uralitized sodium-richterite nodular patches during emplacement of a calcium-carbonatite plug. The orbicular structures surrounding the xenoliths were formed in at least three stages of chemical disequilibrium represented by three distinct sectors. They are: (i) an innermost shell of sodium-richterite developed around the core of xenoliths. These shells are associated with radial forsterite and/or fine to medium grained granular forsterites. The xenoliths are partially and at times completely metasomatized, due to the metasomatic interaction of the xenolith and the carbonatite melt (antiskarn); (ii) an intermediate zone resembling a “zebra” striped pattern comprising of alternating white calcite-rich and black forsterite-rich bands. These are formed through recrystallization of contaminated carbonatite melt after complex partial resorbtion and assimilation of the pyroxenite xenolith rims; and (iii) an outermost relatively thicker carbonate rich olivine layer formed by late phase intrusion of an ultramafic melt. This is followed by the development of sodium-richterite porphyroblastic grains representing post crystallization sodium metasomatism. Further, proto-orbicules in carbonatite with associated nodular minerals are present adjacent to the orbicular carbonatite suggesting local instability during intrusion at the contact of the pyroxenite xenolith with the calcium-carbonatite host. Apart from reporting the first occurrence of the orbicular carbonatites from the SUACC, petrogenetic implications involving antiskarn due to metasomatic processes induced by carbonatite magmatism is also presented.
Incidence of Sulphide Mineralization in Porcellanite of the Chopan Formation from the Vindhyan Supergroup, Eastern India
Authors: Yadav Pawan Kumar , Patel Dhananjay Kumar , Dutta Sanjay Kumar
Published: May 2022

This work presents the occurrence of sulphide mineralization for the first time in the Middle Porcellanite Member belonging to the Porcellanite Formation of the Semri Group in and around Amrora-Barwari-Kupa areas, Garhwa district, Jharkhand. The Porcellanite Formation has been categorised into four mappable units i.e. lower Porcellanite Member; middle Porcellanite Member; Amrora Member, and upper Porcellanite Member. Out of the four members, sulphide mineralization has been mostly observed in the middle Porcellanite Member which is represented by grey to black, fine-grained, thinly laminated porcellanite and made up of quartz and few grains of feldspar. Petrographic study shows that it comprises of devitrified glass, quartz shards, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and perthite phenocrysts as essential minerals and accessories are sericite, calcite, chlorite, opaque, and devitrified groundmass. It consists of sulphide minerals like chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and grains of arsenopyrite and gold. Based on the field observations and ore petrographic study, three zones of sulphide mineralization have been marked within this unit. The longest sulphide mineralization zone exposed to the northeast of Amroa village is 750m long and 300m wide having an E-W trend. In this mineralization zone, specks of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and gold are observed which occur as dissemination. The second and third mineralization zones are 360m long and 150m wide having N-S trend and 300m long and 100m wide having NW-SE trend respectively which have mainly been noticed to the southeast of Barwari and northeast of Kupa village. The sulphide mineralization is mainly associated with shearing and faulting which has been corroborated by the petrography and field evidences.
Amber flora and fauna from Early Eocene Vastan Lignite Mine, Cambay Basin, Gujarat: Ecological Diversity and Environmental Significance
Authors: Singh Hukam , Agnihotri Priya , Sharma Jyoti
Published: May 2022

Micro and macrofossil assemblage have been recovered and documented from the lignite beds of the Vastan lignite mines, Cambay Basin, Gujarat. These are extracted after dissolving amber pieces inclusive of pollen spores, epiphyllous fruiting fungal bodies, algal elements, insect fossils with some unidentified biotic groups. Of these, the major dominant flora belongs to angiosperm origin, in accompaniment to pteridophyte spores and fungal elements. Recorded palynotaxa viz. Proxapertites, Spinizonocolpites, Neocouperipollis and Acanthotricolpites are significant elements for tropical humid vegetation. Rich terrestrial amber palynomorphs and palynodebris suggest proximity source vegetation. Characteristic biotic interactions within the dense evergreen tropical rain forest environment is suggestive of mutual association among groups during the Early Eocene and share close affinities with those of Kutch and Barmer, Bikaner and Nagaur basins.
Taxonomic Study of Faviidae Family- Quaternary Corals of Okha-Mandal Taluka, Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat
Authors: Pankaj Arpita
Published: May 2022

Quaternary corals present in Saurashtra coast basically belong to Scleractinia Group and are of Asteroid, Cereoid and Trochoid types. Total seven families have been identified in the study area. Out of seven families the family Faviidae has been found most abundant and widely distributed in the entire area. It alone contributes 75% of the total individuals. Lithostratigraphically, the strata have been grouped into Gaj, Dwarka and Chaya formations. The Faviidae corals are mostly present in the Chaya Formation as well as in the Holocene deposits along the coast. This family consists of six genera and sixteen species. Results of radiocarbon dating indicate that all the corals of Kachchh belongs to Pleistocene- Holocene period (12,000 to 45,000 years B.P.). The present paper summarizes the taxonomy study of the Favid corals.
Characterisation and Assessment of a Flash Flood in the Himalaya: Understanding the Significance of High Magnitude Events in Sediment Mobilisation
Authors: Sarkar Arkaprabha , Singh Vimal
Published: May 2022

An increase in the frequency of high magnitude events (climatological, geomorphic and meteorological) has been observed in the recent times. The observation has been closely linked to anthropogenic activities and climate change. The events have been studied on the basis of their trends, frequency, geographical distribution and impacts. A flash flood from 2018 in a small catchment in Uttarakhand, North West Himalayas is reported here. The event has been characterized based on the possible causes and observed effects. The runoff generation tendency of major sub-catchments within the study area was assessed and the area was mapped based on sediment connectivity. The hydrological characteristics of the event was calculated using Manning's equations. The event generated a peak discharge of 9953 m3/s flowing at 15 m/s with a stream power of 6.4 MW. Based on the hydrological assessment, the thresholds of bedload movement, sediment transport and redistribution was analysed. The peak flow had a capacity of mobilising boulders of 6m diameter. Putting together the field and modelled data, the difference in the nature of the of the topography was analysed that caused only a particular sub-catchment to respond to the same climatic forcing significantly more than the others and also highlighted the significance of such high magnitude stochastic events in controlling the rates of long term geomorphic processes that shape the landscape.
Groundwater Flow Modeling Study to Assess the Sustainability of Groundwater Resource in and Around Bemetara Block, Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Gobinath M. , Sahu Suvendu Kumar , Ram Prahlad , Jhariya D. C.
Published: May 2022

The use of the groundwater flow model is prevalent in the field of hydrogeology. The models have been used to address a variety of hydrogeological conditions including flow and transport of contaminants for risk evaluation. In the present study, a transient groundwater flow model for part of the Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh was developed to determine in detail the groundwater flow in the shallow and deep aquifer. The model simulates groundwater flow over an area of about 588 sq. km with a uniform grid size of 500 m by 500 m and contains two layers, 53 rows, and 68 columns. The visual MODFLOW software was used in this study to simulate groundwater flow. The conceptual model was built by analyzing the hydrogeological data. Based on the available data observed from 2015 to 2018, which provide insights to understand the dynamic behavior of groundwater systems and to predict spatial-temporal distributions of groundwater levels in responding to changes in the aquifer environment. 10 observatory wells within the study area were used for observation as well as calibration purposes. With the help of hydraulic conductivities and storage coefficients, the model has been calibrated with a normalized root mean squared of 7.477 % for steady-state & transient state NRMS is 9.242 %. The model has been forecasted for 2190 days up to the year 2024, suggests the depletion of the water table with an average annual fall of about 50cm, which indicates the overall projected depletion of the water table by 2024 will be 2.5-4 meters in different place of the study area. To mitigate this hazardous condition 15% reduction in the pumping of groundwater and the establishment of a total of four recharge wells has been suggested.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of intravenously administered nanoformulated substances
Authors: Minnema Jordi , Borgos Sven Even F. , Liptrott Neill , Vandebriel Rob , Delmaar Christiaan
Published: May 2022

The use of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of medicine. To improve the understanding on the biodistribution of NBMs, the present study aimed to implement and parametrize a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. This model was used to describe the biodistribution of two NBMs after intravenous administration in rats, namely, poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) loaded with cabazitaxel (PACA-Cbz), and LipImage™ 815. A Bayesian parameter estimation approach was applied to parametrize the PBPK model using the biodistribution data. Parametrization was performed for two distinct dose groups of PACA-Cbz. Furthermore, parametrizations were performed three distinct dose groups of LipImage™ 815, resulting in a total of five different parametrizations. The results of this study indicate that the PBPK model can be adequately parametrized using biodistribution data. The PBPK parameters estimated for PACA-Cbz, specifically the vascular permeability, the partition coefficient, and the renal clearance rate, substantially differed from those of LipImage™ 815. This emphasizes the presence of kinetic differences between the different formulations and substances and the need of tailoring the parametrization of PBPK models to the NBMs of interest. The kinetic parameters estimated in this study may help to establish a foundation for a more comprehensive database on NBM-specific kinetic information, which is a first, necessary step towards predictive biodistribution modeling. This effort should be supported by the development of robust in vitro methods to quantify kinetic parameters.

Graphical abstract
Micro-level prediction of outstanding claim counts based on novel mixture models and neural networks
Authors: Bücher Axel , Rosenstock Alexander
Published: May 2022

Predicting the number of outstanding claims (IBNR) is a central problem in actuarial loss reserving. Classical approaches like the Chain Ladder method rely on aggregating the available data in form of loss triangles, thereby wasting potentially useful additional claims information. A new approach based on a micro-level model for reporting delays involving neural networks is proposed. It is shown by extensive simulation experiments and an application to a large-scale real data set involving motor legal insurance claims that the new approach provides more accurate predictions in case of non-homogeneous portfolios.
Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antibacterial activity of some new pyridinone and pyrazole derivatives with some in silico ADME and molecular modeling study
Authors: Saadon Khadija E. , Taha Nadia M. H. , Mahmoud N. A. , Elhagali Gameel A. M. , Ragab Ahmed
Published: May 2022

A new series of pyridine-2-one and pyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized based on cyanoacrylamide derivatives containing 2,4-dichlro aniline and 6-methyl 2-amino pyridine as an aryl group. Condensation of cyanoacrylamide derivatives 3a–d with different active methylene (malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate cyanoacetamide, and ethyl acetoacetate) in the presence of piperidine as basic catalyst afforded the corresponding pyridinone derivatives 4a–c, 5, 9, and 13. Furthermore, the reaction of cyanoacrylamide derivatives 3a–d with bi-nucleophile as hydrazine hydrate and thiosemicarbazide afforded the corresponding pyrazole derivatives 14a,b and 16. The newly designed derivatives were confirmed and established based on the elemental analysis and spectra data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass). The in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against four bacterial strains with weak to good antibacterial activity. Moreover, the results indicated that the most active derivatives 3a, 4a, 4b, 9, and 16 might lead to antibacterial agents, especially against B. subtilis and P. vulgaris. The DFT calculations were performed to estimate its geometric structure and electronic properties. In addition, the most active pyridinone and pyrazole derivatives were further evaluated for in silico physicochemical, drug-likeness, and toxicity prediction. These derivatives obeyed all Lipinski’s and Veber’s rules without any violation and displayed non-immunotoxin, non-mutagenic, and non-cytotoxic. Molecular docking simulation was performed inside the active site of Topoisomerase IV (PDB:3FV5). It displayed binding energy ranging from -14.97 kcal/mol to -18.86 kcal/mol with hydrogen bonding and arene–cation interaction. Therefore, these derivatives were suggested to be good antibacterial agents via topoisomerase IV inhibitor.

Graphical abstract
High transparency Pr:Y2O3 ceramics: A promising gain medium for red emission solid-state lasers
Authors: Li Qing , Wang Ying , Wang Jun , Ma Jie , Ni Meng , Lin Hui , Zhang Jian , Liu Peng , Xu Xiaodong , Tang Dingyuan
Published: May 2022

Highly transparent 0.5 and 1.0 at% Pr-doped Y2O3 ceramics were fabricated by vacuum sintering plus hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment. The selection of suitable pre-sintering temperatures and right microstructures before HIP was critical to obtain high density of the final sintered bodies. The well-densified ceramics had pore-free microstructures with an average grain size of about 1 µm. It was also found that the charge states of the Pr ions could be changed through regulating the annealing atmospheres, resulting in different absorption and emission characteristics in the visible wavelength region. Annealing in reducing atmosphere (5% H2/95% Ar) favored the formation of Pr3+, resulting in stronger red emissions, while annealing in oxygen atmosphere led to the rise of lattice constant due to the concentration increase of oxygen interstitials. The H2/Ar-annealed 0.5 at% Pr:Y2O3 ceramics exhibited strong red emission at 600–675 nm, which may be a promising gain material for red solid-state lasers.
Optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of (Y1−xScx)2O3 transparent ceramics
Authors: Yang Changliang , Huang Jiquan , Huang Qiufeng , Deng Zhonghua , Wang Yun , Li Xiaoyun , Zhou Zehua , Chen Jian , Liu Zhuguang , Guo Wang
Published: May 2022

Sesquioxides such as Y2O3and Sc2O3are important optical materials, but the fabrication of their transparent ceramics remains a challenge due to the ultra-high melting point of over 2400°C. In this work, a series of (Y1−xScx)2O3transparent ceramics were successfully fabricated by a simple vacuum sintering process without any sintering additives, and the effect of scandium (Sc) content (x) on the crystal structure and optical/thermal/mechanical properties was evaluated. Y2O3and Sc2O3form a complete solid solution with a cubic bixbyite structure. The formation of (Y1−xScx)2O3solid solution promotes the densification of ceramics, leading to the realization of high transparency close to the theoretical transmittance over a wide wavelength range of 0.35–8 µm. In particular, the in-line transmittance in the range of 0.6–6 µm remains above 80% for (Y1−xScx)2O3withx= 0.23–0.31, while the pristine Y2O3and Sc2O3are opaque. Moreover, the mechanical properties including Vickers hardness (HV), fracture toughness (KIC), and biaxial flexural strength (δb) are evidently enhanced due to the solid solution strengthening, while the thermal conductivity (k) is reduced due to the reduction of photon free path. This study demonstrates that forming of solid solution is a facile and universal approach for preparing sesquioxide transparent ceramics with high optical and mechanical quality.
Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and molar incisor hypomineralisation and hypomineralised second primary molars in the offspring at 7–9 years of age: a longitudinal study
Authors: Børsting T. , Schuller A. , van Dommelen P. , Stafne S. N. , Skeie M. S. , Skaare A. B. , Mørkved S. , Salvesen K. Å. , Stunes A. K. , Mosti M. P. , Gustafsson M. K. , Syversen U. , Fagerhaug T. N.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The study aimed to investigate associations between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM) among children.

Methods

The study had a longitudinal design using prospectively collected data from 176 mother and child pairs. Mothers were initially recruited in a randomised controlled trial to assess a pregnancy exercise programme. Along with the 7-year follow-up, we invited the children to a dental examination. The exposure variable was maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in gestational weeks 18–22 and 32–36, categorised as insufficient (< 50 nmol/l) and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/l). Negative binomial hurdle models were used to analyse potential associations between the exposure variables and MIH or HSPM. The models were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Among the children (7–9 years old), 32% and 22% had at least one tooth with MIH or HSPM, respectively. A significant association was found between insufficient maternal vitamin D measured in gestational weeks 18–22 and the number of affected teeth among those with MIH at 7–9 years (adjusted RR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.13–2.93).

Conclusion

Considering any limitations of the present study, it has been shown that insufficient maternal serum vitamin D at mid-pregnancy was associated with a higher number of affected teeth among the offspring with MIH at 7–9 years of age. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate whether this finding is replicable and to clarify the role of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and MIH, as well as HSPM, in children.
Exploring the role of mindful eating and self-compassion on eating behaviours and orthorexia in people following a vegan diet
Authors: Kalika Eliza , Egan Helen , Mantzios Michail
Published: May 2022

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new concept that is more prevalent in vegan populations. ON is characterised by obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore problematic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and to explore whether mindful eating and self-compassion have an impact on ON. Two hundred and eighty-seven females and twenty-eight males who followed a vegan diet completed scales in Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful, Emotional, External and Restraint Eating. The results indicated that individuals with high levels of ON display low levels of self-compassion, and high levels of restrained eating. Moreover, the findings indicated that self-compassion, but not mindful eating, partially mediated the relationship between restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and identifies the mediating capacity of self-compassion. Further implications and future directions are discussed.

Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
A review on food oral tribology
Authors: Xu Wenhu , Yu Shuaike , Zhong Min
Published: May 2022

Food entering the oral cavity undergoes a series of complex processing behaviors. It is subjected to compression and shearing by the teeth, tongue, and palate to reduce its size and mix with saliva until it is swallowed. The oral processing behaviors are thought to be closely related to both food and oral frictional properties. Much effort has been made in recent decades about food oral tribology to explore this complicated lubrication behavior. Understanding the lubrication mechanism of food in the mouth is important for improving the consumption experience and developing the novel food. This paper provides a new perspective on the effects of composition, texture, structure, and saliva-food component interactions on lubrication properties of different foods, the relationship between sensory perception and oral frictional behavior, and the mechanism and pattern of lubrication categorized by common food types. The roles of tribology in the improvement of food taste, the search for healthier ingredient substitutes, functional foods, and the development of green foods are analyzed. Conceptual and numerical prediction models among physical properties, sensory perception, and frictional behavior of food are discussed. Studies of simulating oral processing, such as the selection of friction pair materials, physical modification of contact surfaces, addition of saliva, different modes of motion, and contact forms are concluded and classified. The progress of commercial friction apparatus as well as customized friction devices applied to the food sector in recent years are described. The characteristics, performances, and applications of these tribological instruments are analyzed and compared. In addition, the results achieved by oral tribology in identifying adulterated foods and ensuring food safety are presented. Finally, some suggestions are put forward for the current challenges and future development of food oral tribology.
Arbeitsschutzwissen und Gesundheitskompetenz
Authors: Koch Peter , Nienhaus Albert
Published: May 2022

Einleitung

Auszubildende verfügen in Bezug auf den Arbeitsschutz über weniger Wissen und weniger Praxis als ausgebildete Beschäftigte. Auch die individuelle Gesundheitskompetenz ist bei jungen Erwachsenen noch nicht weit ausgebildet. Daher hat diese Gruppe ein erhöhtes Belastungsprofil und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Arbeitsunfälle. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Wissen über den Arbeitsschutz sowie die Verbindung von Arbeitsschutz und Gesundheitskompetenz bei Auszubildenden im 2. Lehrjahr.

Methoden

Anhand einer Befragung von Berufsschullehrer/innen zum Arbeitsschutz wurden verschiedenen Themen des Arbeitsschutzes extrahiert. Anschließend wurden in einer Querschnittsbefragung Auszubildende aus verschiedenen Branchen (Bürowesen, Technik/Einzelhandel und Gesundheitsdienst/Wohlfahrtspflege) zu ihrem Wissen und der Anwendung von Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen befragt. Zusätzlich wurde die Gesundheitskompetenz anhand des Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) erhoben und auf Korrelationen mit dem Wissen über den Arbeitsschutz und dessen Anwendung überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Es beteiligten sich 72 Berufsschullehrer/innen an der Befragung (Responserate: 63 %). Es zeigte sich, dass sie nicht alle Themen des Arbeitsschutzes unterrichten. Die Auszubildenden (N = 391) hatten mehr Kenntnisse über praktische Themen des Gesundheitsschutzes als über dessen betrieblicher Organisation. Auszubildende aus dem Gesundheitsdienst und der Wohlfahrtspflege gaben öfter an, ihr Wissen im Arbeitsalltag anwenden zu können. Es wurden schwache bis mäßige statistisch signifikante Korrelationen von Arbeitsschutz und Gesundheitskompetenz beobachtet (Wissen Arbeitsschutz: r = 0,23; p < 0,001, Anwendung Wissen Arbeitsschutz: r = 0,26; p < 0,001).

Schlussfolgerung

Es sollte auf eine bessere Verzahnung der Lehrinhalte zum Arbeitsschutz in der Berufsschule und der praktischen Anwendung dieser Inhalte im Lehrbetrieb geachtet werden. Die Korrelation von Gesundheitskompetenz und Arbeitsschutzwissen sowie dessen Anwendung könnten auf eine konzeptuelle Erweiterung der arbeitsbezogenen Gesundheitskompetenz auf Basis des HLS-EU-Q16 bei Auszubildenden hinweisen.
Emergent Relations between Discriminative Stimuli, Responses, and Consequences in Intraverbals
Authors: Pérez-González Luis Antonio , Huluta Elena
Published: May 2022

We explored the emergence of relations between stimuli learned as discriminative, responses, and consequences with intraverbals. In Experiment 1, five 9- and 10-year-old children learned intraverbals that related a country (A) with a city (B)—e.g., “Name a city of Switzerland”; “Davos”—and that country with a predator animal (C). Correct responses were followed by saying the name of a feature of the city (T) or saying an animal preyed by the predator (U), respectively. The emergence of BC and CB intraverbals that relate the cities and the predators and that of intraverbals that relate the specific consequences to the cities (T-B and U-B) and to the prey animals (T-C and U-C) was probed with no differential consequences. All five children demonstrated the emergence of BC, CB, U-B, and U-C and four children also demonstrated the emergence of T-B and T-C. In Experiment 2, a simpler procedure that controlled a possible extraneous factor, was used with seven 7- and 8-year old children and they also demonstrated emergence. Thus, the emergence of verbal relations with elements taught as discriminative stimuli, responses, and consequences was demonstrated.
Wie aus Sauerstoff Energie wird und der Funke dabei trotzdem nicht überspringt – die Besonderheiten der Mitochondrien
Authors: Schniertshauer Daniel , Bergemann Jörg
Published: May 2022

Mitochondrien, die Kraftwerke der Zelle – diese geläufige Bezeichnung entstammt ihrer bekanntesten Funktion, nämlich der Produktion von Adenosintriphosphat (ATP), dem universellen Energieträger für alle Zellen. Dies spiegelt jedoch nicht mal annähernd das wider, was Mitochondrien imstande sind zu leisten. Neben der täglichen Produktion an Adenosintriphosphat im Kilogrammmassstab spielen sie eine zentrale Rolle beim programmierten Zelltod, der Anpassung des zellulären Redoxpotenzials sowie der Synthese von Eisen-Schwefel-Clustern (Fe-S-Cluster), welche für das Überleben einer Zelle von grosser Bedeutung sind. Dies alles geschieht bei elektrischen Spannungen, die einem buchstäblich die Haare zu Berge stehen lassen müssten, ohne dass wir davon etwas mitbekommen. Mitochondrien – so winzig, so unscheinbar und dennoch voller Wunder. Daher verwundert es nicht, dass Funktionsstörungen dieser Organellen weitreichende Folgen für die Gesundheit haben können. Die mitochondriale Medizin, welche sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem zentralen Schwerpunkt innerhalb der gesamten Medizin entwickelt hat, versucht, diese Folgen zu verhindern, abzumildern und zu beseitigen. Um dies zu bewerkstelligen, bedarf es einer modernen und innovativen Diagnostik, welche sowohl zu Beginn als auch während einer Therapie Anwendung finden sollte.
The Impact of Banding Polymer-Coated Urea on Nitrogen Availability and Distribution in Contrasting Soils
Authors: Janke Chelsea , Moody Phil , Fujinuma Ryosuke , Bell Michael
Published: May 2022

Polymer-coated urea (PCU) has been traditionally used for broadcast and/or incorporated application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. To improve N use efficiency (NUE), there has been an increase in sub-surface banded application of this fertilizer technology. However, there is little information on the release and supply of N from PCU granules when applied in a band. This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of key N transformations around PCU bands in soils of contrasting physico-chemical properties, and the implications for NUE. Two experiments, consisting of a 60-day diffusion study and a 91-day incubation, were conducted in a Vertosol and Dermosol, with PCU granules banded at a rate equivalent to 150 kg N ha−1 and band spacing of 1.8 m. Compared to standard urea, PCU provided a sustained release of urea-N to soil solution and the lower urea-N concentrations minimized the toxic conditions associated with rapid hydrolysis of urea-N. Nitrogen release from banded PCU was quicker in the Vertosol (cf. Dermosol), possibly due to a higher volumetric water content and/or greater soil particle surface contact, facilitating rapid water imbibition into granules. However, the proximity of PCU granules to each other in a band restricted the diffusive release of urea-N from PCU granules cf. dispersed application in both soils. Furthermore, the relatively mild chemical conditions in the PCU band (cf. standard urea) resulted in oxidisation of larger proportions of PCU-derived mineral N. Banded application may extend the duration of N release from PCU granules, confounding efforts to predict N availability. Soil characteristics influenced N release and dynamics from banded PCU, although further investigation is required. Higher rates of nitrification of N derived from PCU bands suggest there could be increased risk of N-loss via denitrification or leaching pathways (cf. standard urea bands) if release dynamics are not optimally synchronised with crop demand. This study provides the first mechanistic insights into the impact of application method and soil physico-chemical properties on the efficacy of PCU.
What does neighbourhood climate action look like? A scoping literature review
Authors: Joshi Neelakshi , Agrawal Sandeep , Lie Shirley
Published: May 2022

Cities are recognized as an important scale for framing and implementing plans and policies for action on climate change. Within the structure of cities, it is in urban neighbourhoods that climate action becomes tangible and has the potential to engage communities. Despite its importance, scholarly literature has played limited attention to the scale of the neighbourhood as a site for locating climate action. The objective of our paper is to provide an overview of the role of neighbourhoods in leading bottom-up climate action and its implications for urban planning based on a qualitative scoping review. Our findings indicate that neighbourhoods are conceptualized as a physically bounded scale for climate action as well as a web of social networks and relationships enabling this action. Neighbourhood climate action aims to achieve neighbourhood scale sustainability and resilience by engaging with residents, municipalities, local academic institutions, neighbourhood associations and non-governmental agencies. Scholars engage with a wide range of concepts like place-based attachment and social mobilization as well as established practice-oriented tools in defining and measuring neighbourhood climate action. However, the neighbourhood scale struggles with limited resources and power in creating sustained climate action as well as in engaging with and addressing socio-economically marginalized communities.
Identifying Heterogeneity of Diabetics Mellitus Based on the Demographical and Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Islam Linta , Islam Md Rafiqul , Akter Shanjita , Hasan Md Zobaer , Moni Mohammad Ali , Uddin Mohammed Nasir
Published: May 2022

Background:

Diabetes is a long-term disease, which is characterised by high blood sugar and has risen as a public health problem worldwide. It may prompt a variety of serious illnesses, including stroke, kidney failure, and heart attacks. In 2014, diabetes affected approximately 422 million people worldwide and it is expected to hit 642 million people in 2040. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of demographical and clinical characteristics for diabetics disease in Bangladesh.

Methods:

This study employs the quantitative approach for data analysis. First, we analyse differences in variables between diabetic patients and controls by independent two-sample t-test for continuous variables and Pearson Chi-square test for categorical variables. Then, logistic regression (LR) identifies the risk factors for diabetes disease based on the odds ratio (OR) and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR).

Results:

The results of the t-test and Chi square test identify that the factors: residence, wealth index, education, working status, smoking status, arm circumference, weight and BMI group show statistically (p < 0.05) significant differences between the diabetic group and the control group. And, LR model demonstrates that 2 factors (“working status” and “smoking status”) out of 13 are the significant risk factors for diabetes disease in Bangladesh.

Conclusions:

We believe that our analysis can help the government to take proper preparation to tackle the potentially unprecedented situations in Bangladesh.
Dividends, Efficiency, or Safety? Governance Choices at Corn Products Refining
Authors: Clarke Sally H.
Published: May 2022

At Corn Products Refining (CPR), stockholders so disagreed with one another that they threatened to undermine the merger itself. Its predecessor, Corn Products (1902–1906), nearly failed, and so might have CPR. For several years, from its organization in 1906 to perhaps 1915, CPR’s owners weighed paying dividends against funding factories. Because paying dividends chanced syphoning off sums needed for plants, this might cause facilities to deteriorate and workers to face threats like factory fires that often set off explosions. CPR President E. T. Bedford managed this test and strove to upgrade facilities, which, by design or not, helped improve safety. His efforts almost came to naught given CPR’s anticompetitive tactics, yet the court’s antitrust decision—although highly critical—inadvertently gave the merger the chance to enhance profits and safety.
CEOs' managerial cognition and dynamic capabilities: a meta-analytical study from the microfoundations approach
Authors: Durán William Fernando , Aguado David
Published: May 2022

Microfoundations allow the unpacking of processes by which dynamic capabilities are created. Along this line, managerial cognition has been proposed as a variable related to the dynamic capabilities. However, the high number of cognitive variables reported hinders the theoretical contributions. Thus, this study classifies the managerial cognitive variables of chief executive officers (CEOs) into three types of dynamic managerial capabilities: (1) managerial sensing, (2) managerial seizing, and (3) managerial reconfiguration. We estimate the correlation of these managerial capabilities with firms' dynamic capabilities. We use a three-level random effects model to synthesize 101 correlations reported from 2007 to 2021, representing 6,153 CEOs around the world. This meta-analysis reveals a positive relationship between CEOs' managerial cognition and dynamic capabilities, especially with respect to those cognitive variables that support managerial sensing as the perception of opportunities and entrepreneurial alertness.
Nutritional quality of lunch meals and plate waste in school lunch programme in Southern Thailand
Authors: Petchoo Jaruneth , Kaewchutima Narisara , Tangsuphoom Nattapol
Published: May 2022

Food waste globally affects food security and sustainability. There currently are few studies focusing on food waste in schools. The present study aimed to determine the meal quality and plate waste in school lunch programme in Thailand. This cross-sectional study was conducted in canteens of representing kindergarten and elementary schools in Southern Thailand within their real-life context. The assessment was carried out over five consecutive school days in July–August 2020 for each school, at which two types of menus, including rice with side dish and one-dish meal were served. Waste collection and quantification were conducted by selective aggregate weighing, according to the Food Loss and Waste Protocol. All lunch menus contained excess rice but insufficient meats, fruits, vegetables and eggs, regarding the national lunch standard. For each serving portion, 7–33 % rice, 9–22 % meats, 7–65 % vegetables, 1–19 % fruits and 3–14 % eggs were discarded. Plate waste from rice with side dish menus (10–29 %) was more than one-dish meals (7–17 %). By estimation, each kindergartener generated 71⋅4 g plate waste daily, accounting for the caloric and monetary values of 146 kcal and 0⋅16 US dollar. The amount of plate waste and the respective caloric and monetary losses were less obvious at the elementary school. Plate waste affected the adequacy of food intakes of schoolchildren from lunch meals. The data obtained from the present study will be useful for planning and implementation of school lunch programme in Thailand and countries with similar context.
Osteobiografía de los colonos de la Villa de Salamanca de Bacalar en el siglo diecinueve: Interpretación de su vida cotidiana a través de la narrativa ficticia
Authors: Ortega-Muñoz Allan
Published: May 2022

La Villa de Salamanca de Bacalar (siglos diecisiete al diecinueve) fue un asentamiento de frontera entre México y Belice. El objetivo del artículo es recrear la vida cotidiana por la que atravesaron tres personajes adultos (dos masculinos y uno femenino) que vivieron alrededor de los primeros 60 años del siglo diecinueve en la Villa y que fueron inhumados en la Iglesia de San Joaquín. Metodológicamente he empleado el marco analítico de la osteobiografía bajo un recurso de narrativa ficticia recreada con información historiográfica primaria y secundaria, ambientando la sociedad antes de y durante la Guerra de Castas de la Península de Yucatán, México. Con ello, describo las condiciones físicas y patológicas —óseas y dentales— de los tres individuos, analizadas mediante el marco de indicadores de estrés esquelético. El resultado es la recreación de las condiciones de vida y de la vida cotidiana de un segmento de la población, quien estuvo sujeta a condiciones higiénicas precarias, enfermedades infecciosas recurrentes y cargas de trabajo. Las huellas de estos problemas son valoradas mediante sus huesos y dientes. La vida y muerte de estos individuos fue puesta en contexto de comportamientos, costumbres y formas de vida individual y colectiva de un poblado periférico del México novohispano.
Influence of Quaternary glaciations on subsurface temperatures, pore pressures, rock properties and petroleum systems in the onshore northeastern Netherlands
Authors: Amberg Sebastian , Sachse Victoria , Littke Ralf , Back Stefan
Published: May 2022

Pleistocene glacial stages were implemented into a 3D basin and petroleum systems model of the northeastern Netherlands to address the influence of low surface temperatures and the mechanical loading of ice sheets on the subsurface. Two ice sheet thickness scenarios were used based on published data. Overall, Quaternary glacial stages have a substantial impact on the temperature and pressure distribution in the subsurface. Subsurface temperatures are significantly reduced during glacial stages, leading to lowered present-day temperatures and a low geothermal gradient in the shallow subsurface. In deeply buried sedimentary formations, pressures build up with every glacial advance resulting in overpressures at the present day. Glacial stages do not directly influence the petroleum generation of petroleum source rocks in the area, but high pressures during loading might have impacted petroleum expulsion of the early mature Coevorden Formation. Hydrocarbon accumulations in the Lower Saxony Basin were simulated to investigate the possible effects of mechanical ice loading and unloading on hydrocarbon migration. A loss of Coevorden Formation-sourced hydrocarbons to the surface was calculated in the Lower Saxony Basin during the glacial stages, indicating an influence of glacial loading on the Mesozoic petroleum system.
RECENT PROGRESS IN ATMOSPHERIC FOSSIL FUEL CO2 TRENDS TRACED BY RADIOCARBON IN CHINA
Authors: Zhou Weijian , Niu Zhenchuan , Wu Shugang , Xiong Xiaohu , Wang Peng , Cheng Peng , Hou Yaoyao , Du Hua , Chen Ning , Lu Xuefeng
Published: May 2022

It is important to know how much of the increased atmospheric CO2 is derived from fossil fuel emissions. Here, we review the progress in atmospheric fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) tracing over recent years by measurement of Δ14C in Chinese cities. In this paper we make progress by expanding the analysis from some locations to more regional views, by combining observations with modeling, and by making a preliminary comparison of observation-derived CO2ff with inventory-derived CO2ff. We have obtained a general picture of Chinese urban CO2ff and characteristics of its spatio-temporal variations at different scale, and identified the corresponding influencing factors. Interestingly, we found that the weekend effect of CO2ff was less evident in Chinese cities. In addition, we observed simultaneous variations in CO2ff and PM2.5 in a winter haze event in Beijing and a simultaneous decrease in annual averages of CO2ff and PM2.5 in Xi’an based on multi-year (2011–2016) Δ14CO2 monitoring. We found that local coal combustion was the main source of CO2ff in Xi’an, which is located in the Guanzhong basin, by applying a WRF-Chem model and looking at δ13C signatures. Thus, reduction of coal consumption is a crucial target for carbon emissions reduction in China.
Financial Support to Apartheid: Outstanding Debts
Authors: Bohoslavsky Juan Pablo
Published: May 2022

This case note presents the arguments made in the amicus curiae brief submitted by the UN independent expert on debt and human rights to the OECD National Contact Point in the case brought in 2018 by Open Secrets and the Centre for Applied Legal Studies concerning the alleged complicit conduct of two banks during apartheid in South Africa. It also outlines the developments in this legal case and comments on why apartheid victims’ claims against financial accomplices are now more compelling than ever.