bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the role of neurotransmitters in investment decision: A proposed constructs
Authors: Khan Anum , Mubarik Muhammad Shujaat
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid neurotransmitter's measurement scale. The developed scale would be instrumental in studying the role of neurotransmitters in financial decisions making. A threefold approach was used to develop and validate the scale. The first stage was a qualitative exploratory step for item generation, second initial purification of the stage 1 findings using exploratory factor analysis, and third was validation of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis. The findings accrued an eight‐dimensional second‐order model of neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, and endorphins), comprising 58 items. The findings of the study provide a suggest that investors and institutions not only to re‐define rationality but also to reconsider the effect of neurotransmitters on financial decisions and investment behaviour. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by defining and verifying substantial dimensions of neurotransmitters. In future studies, an eight‐dimensional measurement scale could be further used as a research tool to assess how neurotransmitters are involved in our day‐to‐day financial decisions in different cultures.
Primary vaginal cancer associated with HPV 68: A case report of an unusual presentation
Authors: Palma dos Reis Catarina , Correia Lúcia , Jorge Ana Francisca , Félix Ana
Published: August 2020

Primary vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy associated with high‐risk HPV. This study reports a non‐previously described association between HPV68 and vaginal cancer with unusual presentation.
Comparison of insulin secretion by transduced adipose‐derived and endometrial‐derived stem cells in 2D and 3D cultures on fibrin scaffold
Authors: Karimi Roya , Barabadi Zahra , Larijani Bagher , Tavoosidana Gholamreza , Lotfibakhshaiesh Nasrin , Absalan Moloud , Jabbarpour Zahra , Ostad Seyed Naser , Ai Jafar
Published: August 2020

Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by the loss or dysfunction of β‐cells in the pancreas. Organ shortage is a critical concern of diabetic patients in need of beta islet transplantation. Tissue engineered islets are promising alternatives to traditional organ transplantation. Recent progress in stem cell biology and gene cloning techniques has raised hopes for the generation of insulin producing cells (IPCs) without the need of immunosuppression. The purpose of this study was to produce IPCs using human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) and human endometrial‐derived stem cells (hEnSCs) and also to compare the level of insulin secretion by these cells in 2D and 3D culture systems on fibrin scaffolding. Stem cells differentiation was carried out through transduction with an insulin over expression lentiviral vector. Real‐time PCR and immunocytochemistry confirmed the successful transduction of both cell types. Both cell types showed comparable insulin secretion by ELISA.3D culture resulted in higher amounts of insulin secretion of the two cell types versus 2D as control. This study showed that insulin gene delivery to the stem cells could be an efficient method for producing IPCs and fibrin encapsulation enhances the functionality of these cells.
Transformative school–community collaboration as a positive school climate to prevent school absenteeism
Authors: Kim Jangmin , Gentle‐Genitty Carolyn
Published: August 2020

School absenteeism has become a prevalent problem that affects student development and future societies across the world. We examined whether and how the framework for transformative school–community collaboration (TSCC) can be utilized to effectively reduce school absenteeism. To achieve this goal, we analyzed clustered data involving 3428 students within 14 schools that collaborated with communities in providing out‐of‐school time programs. A generalized ordered logit analysis with clustered standard errors showed that overall TSCC significantly decreased the likelihood of students' school absenteeism. Democratic and empowering structures in the collaboration were particularly significant for reducing the higher level of school absenteeism. We conclude our article with practice implications to translate the core dimensions of TSCC into effective practice.
Low morbidity and mortality with COVID‐19 in sickle cell disease: A single center experience
Authors: Ramachandran Preethi , Perisetti Abhilash , Kathirvelu Balachandar , Gajendran Mahesh , Ghanta Snigdha , Onukogu Ifeanyichkwu , Lao Ted , Anwer Faiz
Published: August 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which evolved into a global pandemic within a short time. Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from underlying cardiopulmonary comorbidities and are at risk of severe complications such as pneumonia, acute chest syndrome, thrombosis, stroke, and multiorgan failure. Whether COVID‐19 poses a high risk of morbidity and mortality in SCD patients remains unclear. Patients with SCD and COVID‐19 can present with overlapping clinical features such as respiratory symptoms with ground‐glass infiltrates, hyperinflammatory state, and increased risk of thromboembolism. This highlights the need to maintain a low threshold for testing for COVID‐19 infection among symptomatic and hospitalized SCD patients. We report a case series of nine hospitalized SCD patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 from March 18, 2020 to April 30, 2020 at a tertiary medical center in New York City. The mean age of the study population was 27.9 years, and interval since onset of symptoms and hospital presentation was 1–2 weeks. All patients in our series improved and were discharged home. This limited study shows that SCD patients, who are perceived to be high risk, maybe somehow protected from severe symptoms and complications of COVID‐19 infection.
Preventing mental health conditions in adolescents living with HIV: an urgent need for evidence
Authors: Laurenzi Christina A , Skeen Sarah , Gordon Sarah , Akin‐Olugbade Olamide , Abrahams Nina , Bradshaw Melissa , Brand Amanda , du Toit Stefani , Melendez‐Torres G J , Tomlinson Mark , Servili Chiara , Dua Tarun , Ross David A
Published: September 2020

Introduction

As adolescents transition from childhood to adulthood, they experience major physical, social and psychological changes, and are at heightened risk for developing mental health conditions and engaging in health‐related risk behaviours. For adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), these risks may be even more pronounced. Research shows that this population may face additional mental health challenges related to the biological impact of the disease and its treatment, the psychosocial burdens of living with HIV and HIV‐related social and environmental stressors.

Discussion

Psychosocial interventions delivered to adolescents can promote positive mental health, prevent mental health problems and strengthen young people’s capacity to navigate challenges and protect themselves from risk. It is likely that these interventions can also benefit at‐risk populations, such as ALHIV, yet there is little research on this. There is an urgent need for more research evaluating the effects of interventions designed to improve the mental health of ALHIV. We highlight four priorities moving forward. These include: generating more evidence about preventive mental health interventions for ALHIV; including mental health outcomes in research on psychosocial interventions for ALHIV; conducting intervention research that is sensitive to differences among ALHIV populations and involving adolescents in intervention design and testing.

Conclusions

More robust research on promotive and preventive mental health interventions is needed for ALHIV. Programmes should be informed by adolescent priorities and preferences and responsive to the specific needs of these groups.
Possible routes of SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion in brain: In context of neurological symptoms in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Pareek Vikas , Prasoon Pranav , Faiq Muneeb A. , Kumar Pavan , Kumari Chiman , Narayan Ravi K.
Published: September 2020

Manifestation of neurological symptoms in certain patients of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) has warranted for their virus‐induced etiogenesis. SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of COVID‐19, belongs to the genus of betacoronaviruses which also includes SARS‐CoV‐1 and MERS‐CoV; causative agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, respectively. Studies demonstrating the neural invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 in vivo are still scarce, although such characteristics of certain other betacoronaviruses are well demonstrated in the literature. Based on the recent evidence for the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 host cell entry receptors in specific components of the human nervous and vascular tissue, a neural (olfactory and/or vagal), and a hematogenous—crossing the blood–brain barrier, routes have been proposed. The neurological symptoms in COVID‐19 may also arise as a consequence of the “cytokine storm” (characteristically present in severe disease) induced neuroinflammation, or co‐morbidities. There is also a possibility that, there may be multiple routes of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into the brain, or multiple mechanisms can be involved in the pathogenesis of the neurological symptoms. In this review article, we have discussed the possible routes of SARS‐CoV‐2 brain entry based on the emerging evidence for this virus, and that available for other betacoronaviruses in literature.
Organic light‐emitting diode display pixel circuit employing double‐gate low‐temperature poly‐Si thin‐film transistor and metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors
Authors: Lee JoonHo , Kim DaeHyun , Yang JooWon , Moon KookChul , Lee Soo‐Yeon , Jeon JaeHong , Kim YongSang , Choi SeungChan , Chung UiJin , Park KwonShik , Park KeeChan
Published: September 2020

An organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display pixel circuit composed of a double‐gate (DG) low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin‐film transistor (TFT) and metal‐oxide (MO) TFTs is reported. Two control lines used to initialize the gate‐to‐source bias (VGS) of the driving TFT in the conventional pixel circuit are eliminated by modulating the bottom gate bias (VBS) of the DG‐LTPS TFT. Low leakage current of MO TFT enables us to adopt the simultaneous‐emission scheme for arbitrary compensation time setting and 1‐Hz frame rate driving for low power consumption without flicker. The proposed circuit exhibits better compensation results and smaller area compared with the conventional low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon and oxide (LTPO) pixel circuit. The pixel density of 538 pixels per inch (ppi) has been obtained employing 2‐μm design rule.
Results on the existence of Hilfer fractional neutral evolution equations with infinite delay via measures of noncompactness
Authors: Kavitha K. , Vijayakumar V. , Udhayakumar R. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy
Published: September 2020

In this manuscript, we are mainly focusing on the existence of mild solutions for the Hilfer fractional evolution system with infinite delay via measures of noncompactness. Fractional calculus and fixed‐point approach are taken into consideration to study the primary outcomes. Finally, we extend the results to the existence of a neutral system with nonlocal conditions. Ultimately, a model is presented for illustration of theory.
Neues zur Synthese von Aminoboronsäuren
Authors: Thomas Franziska , Pham Truc Lam
Published: September 2020

Aminoboronsäuren sind pharmakologisch wichtige Wirkstoffe, die beispielsweise gegen Krebs, Bakterien oder Entzündungen wirken. Das Interesse an effizienten Synthesestrategien ist daher groß. Aktuelle Methoden fokussieren sich auf regio‐ und stereoselektive Borylierungen sowie die direkte Funktionalisierung durch C‐H‐Aktivierung.
Tasks and responsibilities in physical activity promotion of older patients during hospitalization: A nurse perspective
Authors: Scheerman Kira , Mesters Joram Willem , Borger Jay Noël , Meskers Carel Gerardus Maria , Maier Andrea Britta
Published: August 2020

Aim

To investigate how nurses perceive tasks and responsibilities in physical activity promotion of hospitalized older patients and which factors are of influence.

Design

Mixed methods sequential explanatory design.

Methods

One hundred and eight nurses participated in a questionnaire survey and 51 nurses in a subsequent in‐depth interview. Data were collected on tasks and responsibilities in physical activity promotion and their influencing factors as perceived by nurses. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a deductive approach with directed content analysis was used for the data from the interviews.

Results

Nurses perceived to have a dominant role in physical activity promotion of older patients during hospitalization. Ninety per cent of the nurses stated to be responsible for physical activity promotion and 32% stated to be satisfied with the actual level of physical activity of their patients. Nurses have specified to be responsible for signalling and performing physical activity promotion tasks and had final responsibility for transfers from bed to chair and promotion of daily activities. Influencing factors were low patient motivation, high workload causing priority shifts of tasks and the role of physicians.
Association between domperidone use and adverse cardiovascular events: A nested case‐control and case‐time‐control study
Authors: Shin Sun Mi , Jeong Han Eol , Lee Hyesung , Shin Ju‐Young
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To assess the association between domperidone and adverse cardiovascular events.

Methods

We conducted nested case‐control and case‐time‐control studies using Korea's healthcare database (2002‐2015). We identified patients without history of hospitalization, cancer, or cardiovascular diseases in 2002. From our cohort, those diagnosed with an adverse cardiovascular event (case), composite of arrhythmia, hypertension, or acute myocardial infarction were matched to two controls using risk‐set sampling on various sociodemographic variables. Exposure was assessed in the 1 to 7 days, or in the 1 to 7 days (hazard period) and 91 to 97 days (control period) prior to index date, in nested case‐control and case‐time control studies, respectively. We compared domperidone to metoclopramide or non‐use and estimated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using conditional logistic regression.

Results

From 627 799 patients, we identified 71 555 cases and 141 833 controls. In the nested case‐control study, while the risk of cardiovascular events was increased with domperidone (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.28‐1.47) compared to non‐use, the risk was reduced (0.64, 0.57‐0.72) compared to metoclopramide. In the case‐time‐control study, similar increased risk was found when compared to non‐use (1.40, 1.29‐1.52) but a reduced risk as compared with metoclopramide (0.63, 0.54‐0.72). Risk of myocardial infarction associated with domperidone was highest (nested case‐control: 1.94, 1.33‐2.83; case‐time‐control: 1.91, 1.01‐3.62) when compared to non‐use but did not indicate an increased risk when compared to metoclopramide (nested case‐control: 0.60, 0.32‐1.13; case‐time‐control: 0.70, 0.25‐1.98).

Conclusion

Our findings support a positive association between domperidone and adverse cardiovascular events. However, domperidone may have a safer cardiovascular profile than metoclopramide.
Exploring the conformational dynamics of PD1 in complex with different ligands: What we can learn for designing novel PD1 signaling blockers?
Authors: Ponce Luis F. , García‐Martínez Karina , León Kalet , Valiente Pedro A.
Published: August 2020

Activation of T cells triggers the expression of regulatory molecules like the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) protein. The association of PD1 with the natural ligands PDL1 and PDL2 induces an inhibitory signal that prevents T cells from proliferating and exerting effector functions. However, little is known about how the binding of the ligands induce the PD1 inhibitory signal over T cells effector functions. Here, we explore the dynamics of PD1 free, and in complex with different PDL1 variants as well as the therapeutic antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab in order to assess the conformational changes in PD1 related to the signaling process. Our simulations suggest a pre‐conformational selection mechanism for the binding of the different PDL1 variants, while an induced‐fit model fits better for the molecular recognition process of the therapeutic antibodies. A deep analysis of the changes on PD1 movement upon the binding to different ligands revealed that as larger is the difference in the conformation adopted by loop C′D with respect to the complex with PDL1 is higher the ligand ability to reduce the PD1 inhibitory signaling. This behavior suggests that targeting specific conformations of this loop can be useful for designing therapies able to recover T cells effector functions.
Expansin Engineering Database: A navigation and classification tool for expansins and homologues
Authors: Lohoff Caroline , Buchholz Patrick C. F. , Le Roes‐Hill Marilize , Pleiss Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Expansins have the remarkable ability to loosen plant cell walls and cellulose material without showing catalytic activity and therefore have potential applications in biomass degradation. To support the study of sequence‐structure‐function relationships and the search for novel expansins, the Expansin Engineering Database (ExED, https://exed.biocatnet.de) collected sequence and structure data on expansins from Bacteria, Fungi, and Viridiplantae, and expansin‐like homologues such as carbohydrate binding modules, glycoside hydrolases, loosenins, swollenins, cerato‐platanins, and EXPNs. Based on global sequence alignment and protein sequence network analysis, the sequences are highly diverse. However, many similarities were found between the expansin domains. Newly created profile hidden Markov models of the two expansin domains enable standard numbering schemes, comprehensive conservation analyses, and genome annotation. Conserved key amino acids in the expansin domains were identified, a refined classification of expansins and carbohydrate binding modules was proposed, and new sequence motifs facilitate the search of novel candidate genes and the engineering of expansins.
Control charts for monitoring a Poisson hidden Markov process
Authors: Ottenstreuer Sebastian , Weiß Christian H. , Knoth Sven
Published: September 2020

Monitoring stochastic processes with control charts is the main field of application in statistical process control. For a Poisson hidden Markov model (HMM) as the underlying process, we investigate a Shewhart individuals chart, an ordinary Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) chart, and two different types of log‐likelihood ratio (log‐LR) CUSUM charts. We evaluate and compare the charts' performance by their average run length, computed either by utilizing the Markov chain approach or by simulations. Our performance evaluation includes various out‐of‐control scenarios as well as different levels of dependence within the HMM. It turns out that the ordinary CUSUM chart shows the best overall performance, whereas the other charts' performance strongly depend on the particular out‐of‐control scenario and autocorrelation level, respectively. For illustration, we apply the HMM and the considered charts to a data set about weekly sales counts.
Recurrent non‐traumatic idiopathic chylothorax: a diagnostic dilemma with therapeutic challenge
Authors: Vadala Rohit , Talwar Dhruv , Talwar Deepak
Published: August 2020

Chylothorax is an uncommon pleural effusion characterized by the presence of chyle in the pleural space. Malignancy, trauma, and infections such as tuberculosis and filariasis can result in chylothorax. The chyle is an odourless and white liquid; however, around 50% of chylothorax is not milky (serosanguineous) and 10% of chylothorax is idiopathic which can pose a diagnostic dilemma. We propose a systematic approach which includes pleural fluid triglycerides and cholesterol for all undiagnosed pleural effusion. The case highlights the diagnostic dilemma as well as therapeutic challenges.
Self‐Assembly of Bowlic Supramolecules on Graphene Imaged at the Individual Molecular Level using Heavy Atom Tagging
Authors: Kengmana Everett S. , Lee Ja Kyung , Li Xiang , Warner Jamie H. , Han Grace G. D.
Published: September 2020

The self‐assembly of bowlic supramolecules on graphene surface is studied with single molecular sensitivity. This is achieved by incorporating a heavy metal tag in the form of a single W atom into the tip of the molecular structure, which enables the direct imaging of molecular distribution using annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF‐STEM) along with graphene as an electron transparent support. The bowlic molecules have nonplanar geometry, and their orientations with respect to their graphene substrate and with each other result in various packing configurations. Statistical data on intermolecular distances is obtained from numerous measurements of the bright contrast from the single metal atom tags. The analysis shows that the bowlic molecules lie sideways on the graphene surface with favorable head‐to‐tail stacking, rather than sitting vertically with the bowl facing toward the graphene surface. In thicker film regions, nanoscale lamellar fringes are observed, demonstrating that large‐scale aligned packing extends into 3D. Image simulations and various molecular packing schemes are discussed to help interpret the ADF‐STEM images and the possible range of molecular interactions occurring. These results aid the understanding of nonplanar supramolecular assemblies on van der Waals surfaces for potential applications in molecular recognition by porous films.
Recent Advances in High‐Performance Microbatteries: Construction, Application, and Perspective
Authors: Zhu Zhe , Kan Ruyu , Hu Song , He Liang , Hong Xufeng , Tang Hui , Luo Wen
Published: September 2020

High‐performance miniaturized energy storage devices have developed rapidly in recent years. Different from conventional energy storage devices, microbatteries assume the main responsibility for micropower supply, functionalization, and characterization platforms. Evolving from the essential goals for battery design of high power density, high energy density, and long lifetime, further practical demands for microbatteries (MBs) have been raised for the microfabrication technique and device design. Numerous studies have generally focused on specific aspects of the microelectrode structures or certain microfabrication techniques, while the connection from techniques to functional applications is rarely involved. This Review generally fills such blanks from an application‐oriented perspective. First, some basic micromachining techniques with different compatible features are summarized. Afterward, device designs including diversified battery reaction types, configuration, and assembly are highlighted, as well as microbatteries serving powering resources or further complicated functional systems. Finally, through providing the overall design concept based on requirements in application, this Review offers innovative insights for further development of microbatteries.
A Terpolymer Acceptor Enabling All‐Polymer Solar Cells with a Broad Donor:Acceptor Composition Tolerance and Enhanced Stability
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Junwei , Sun Huiliang , Wu Ziang , Yao Chao , Liao Qiaogan , Wei Zixiang , Yang Wanli , Zhang Xianhe , Meng Hong , Woo Han Young , Guo Xugang
Published: September 2020

Achieving a broad donor:acceptor (D:A) composition tolerance in efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) is important for printing large‐area solar cell modules. Herein, all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) based on new terpolymer acceptors and a well‐known polymer donor PTB7‐Th are fabricated to explore the effect of D:A ratio on morphology and photovoltaic performances. The all‐PSCs show a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.23% with an optimum D:A ratio of 1:2 and retain over 40% of its optimal PCE with ultrabroad D:A composition tolerance from 1:30 to 10:1. In addition, the all‐PSCs can maintain 90% of its original PCE after 400 h of storage despite such broad range of D:A ratio, which is much better than those of other types of OSCs and even better than the benchmark all‐polymer system with N2200 as the acceptor under the same condition. The results show the superiority of the all‐PSCs in terms of D:A ratio tolerance and performance stability, which should be conducive to practical applications of all‐PSCs.
Coordinating scaffolds for collaborative inquiry in a game‐based learning environment
Authors: Saleh Asmalina , Yuxin Chen , Hmelo‐Silver Cindy E. , Glazewski Krista D. , Mott Bradford W. , Lester James C.
Published: September 2020

Collaborative inquiry learning affords educators a context within which to support understanding of scientific practices, disciplinary core ideas, and crosscutting concepts. One approach to supporting collaborative science inquiry is through problem‐based learning (PBL). However, there are two key challenges in scaffolding collaborative inquiry learning in technology rich environments. First, it is unclear how we might understand the impact of scaffolds that address multiple functions (e.g., to support inquiry and argumentation). Second, scaffolds take different forms, further complicating how to coordinate the forms and functions of scaffolds to support effective collaborative inquiry. To address these issues, we identify two functions that needed to be scaffolded, the PBL inquiry cycle and accountable talk. We then designed predefined hard scaffolds and just‐in‐time soft scaffolds that target the regulation of collaborative inquiry processes and accountable talk. Drawing on a mixed method approach, we examine how middle school students from a rural school engaged with Crystal Island: EcoJourneys for two weeks (N=45). Findings indicate that hard scaffolds targeting the PBL inquiry process and soft scaffolds that targeted accountable talk fostered engagement in these processes. Although the one‐to‐one mapping between form and function generated positive results, additional soft scaffolds were also needed for effective engagement in collaborative inquiry and that these soft scaffolds were often contingent on hard scaffolds. Our findings have implications for how we might design the form of scaffolds across multiple functions in game‐based learning environments.
Flavour anomalies from a split dark sector
Authors: Darmé Luc , Fedele Marco , Kowalska Kamila , Sessolo Enrico Maria
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We investigate solutions to the flavour anomalies in B decays based on loop diagrams of a “split” dark sector characterised by the simultaneous presence of heavy particles at the TeV scale and light particles around and below the B-meson mass scale. We show that viable parameter space exists for solutions based on penguin diagrams with a vector mediator, while minimal constructions relying on box diagrams are in strong tension with the constraints from the LHC, LEP, and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. In particular, we highlight a regime where the mediator lies close to the B-meson mass, naturally realising a resonance structure and a q2-dependent effective coupling. We perform a full fit to the relevant flavour observables and analyse the constraints from intensity frontier experiments. Besides new measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, we find that decays of the B meson, Bs-mixing, missing energy searches at Belle-II, and LHC searches for top/bottom partners can robustly test these scenarios in the near future.
Extending low energy effective field theory with a complete set of dimension-7 operators
Authors: Liao Yi , Ma Xiao-Dong , Wang Quan-Yu
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We present a complete and independent set of dimension-7 operators in the low energy effective field theory (LEFT) where the dynamical degrees of freedom are the standard model five quarks and all of the neutral and charged leptons. All operators are non-Hermitian and are classified according to their baryon (∆B) and lepton (∆L) numbers violated. Including Hermitian-conjugated operators, there are in total 3168, 750, 588, 712 operators with (∆B, ∆L) = (0, 0), (0, ±2), (±1, ∓1), (±1, ±1) respectively. We perform the tree-level matching with the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) up to dimension-7 (dim-7) operators in both LEFT and SMEFT. As a phenomenological application we study the effective neutrino-photon interactions due to dim-7 lepton number violating operators that are induced and much enhanced at one loop from dim-6 operators that in turn are matched from dim-7 SMEFT operators. We compare various neutrino-photon scattering cross sections with their counterparts in the standard model and highlight the new features. Finally, we illustrate how these effective interactions could arise from ultraviolet completion.
Superexponential stabilizability of evolution equations of parabolic type via bilinear control
Authors: Alabau-Boussouira Fatiha , Cannarsa Piermarco , Urbani Cristina
Published: August 2020

We study the stabilizability of a class of abstract parabolic equations of the form $$\begin{aligned} u'(t)+Au(t)+p(t)Bu(t)=0,\qquad t\ge 0 \end{aligned}$$

u
′

(
t
)

+
A
u

(
t
)

+
p

(
t
)

B
u

(
t
)

=
0
,

t
≥
0

where the control $$p(\cdot )$$

p
(
·
)

is a scalar function, A is a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space X that satisfies $$A\ge -\sigma I$$

A
≥
-
σ
I

, with $$\sigma >0$$

σ
>
0

, and B is a bounded linear operator on X. Denoting by $$\{\lambda _k\}_{k\in {\mathbb {N}}^*}$$

{

λ
k

}

k
∈

N

∗

and $$\{\varphi _k\}_{j\in {\mathbb {N}}^*}$$

{

φ
k

}

j
∈

N

∗

the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of A, we show that the above system is locally stabilizable to the eigensolutions $$\psi _j={\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda _j t}\varphi _j$$

ψ
j

=

e

-

λ
j

t

φ
j

with doubly exponential rate of convergence, provided that the associated linearized system is null controllable. Moreover, we give sufficient conditions for the pair $$\{A,B\}$$

{
A
,
B
}

to satisfy such a property, namely a gap condition for A and a rank condition for B in the direction $$\varphi _j$$

φ
j

. We give several applications of our result to different kinds of parabolic equations.
Determination of mono- and diacylglycerols from E 471 food emulsifiers in aerosol whipping cream by high-performance thin-layer chromatography–fluorescence detection
Authors: Oellig Claudia , Blankart Max , Hinrichs Jörg , Schwack Wolfgang , Granvogl Michael
Published: August 2020

Mono- and diacylglycerol (MAG and DAG) emulsifiers (E 471) are widely applied to regulate techno-functional properties in different food categories, for example, in dairy products. A method for the determination of MAG and DAG in aerosol whipping cream by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPTLC–FLD) after derivatization with primuline was developed. For sample preparation, aerosol whipping cream was mixed with ethanol, followed by the addition of water and liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether. The sample extracts were analyzed by HPTLC–FLD on silica gel LiChrospher plates with n-pentane/n-hexane/diethyl ether (22.5:22.5:55, v/v/v) as mobile phase, when interfering matrix like cholesterol and triacylglycerols were successfully separated from the E 471 food additives. For quantitation, an emulsifier with known composition was used as calibration standard and the fluorescent MAG and DAG were scanned at 366/> 400 nm. Limits of detection and quantitation of 4 and 11 mg/100 g aerosol whipping cream were obtained for both monostearin and 1,2-distearin, respectively, and allowed the reliable quantitation of MAG and DAG from E 471 far below commonly applied emulsifier amounts. Recoveries from model aerosol whipping cream with 400 mg E 471/100 g were determined in a calibration range of 200–600 mg E 471/100 g sample and ranged between 86 and 105% with relative standard deviations below 7%. In aerosol whipping creams from the German market, E 471 amounts ranged between 384 and 610 mg/100 g.
Inconsistency evaluation in pairwise comparison using norm-based distances
Authors: Fedrizzi Michele , Civolani Nino , Critch Andrew
Published: August 2020

This paper studies the properties of an inconsistency index of a pairwise comparison matrix under the assumption that the index is defined as a norm-induced distance from the nearest consistent matrix. Under additive representation of preferences, it is proved that an inconsistency index defined in this way is a seminorm in the linear space of skew-symmetric matrices and several relevant properties hold. In particular, this linear space can be partitioned into equivalence classes, where each class is an affine subspace and all the matrices in the same class share a common value of the inconsistency index. The paper extends in a more general framework some results due, respectively, to Crawford and to Barzilai. It is also proved that norm-based inconsistency indices satisfy a set of six characterizing properties previously introduced, as well as an upper bound property for group preference aggregation.
Screening for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) in Adults Aged 50 and Over Attending a Government HIV Clinic in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Comparison of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and IDEA Six Item Dementia Screen
Authors: Kellett-Wright Johanna , Flatt Aidan , Eaton Patrick , Urasa Sarah , Howlett William , Dekker Marieke , Kisoli Aloyce , Duijinmaijer Ashanti , Thornton Jessica , McCartney Judith , Yarwood Vanessa , Irwin Charley , Mukaetova-ladinska Elizabeta , Akinyemi Rufus , Lwezuala Bingileki , Gray William K. , Walker Richard W. , Dotchin Catherine L. , Makupa Philip , Paddick Stella-Maria
Published: September 2020

Validated screening tools for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are lacking for the newly emergent ageing population of people living with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We aimed to validate and compare diagnostic accuracy of two cognitive screening tools, the International HIV dementia scale (IHDS), and the Identification and Interventions for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) screen, for identification of HAND in older PLWH in Tanzania. A systematic sample of 253 PLWH aged ≥ 50 attending a Government clinic in Tanzania were screened with the IHDS and IDEA. HAND were diagnosed by consensus American Academy of Neurology (AAN) criteria based on detailed clinical neuropsychological assessment. Strict blinding was maintained between screening and clinical evaluation. Both tools had limited diagnostic accuracy for HAND (area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve 0.639–0.667 IHDS, 0.647–0.713 IDEA), which was highly-prevalent (47.0%). Accurate HAND screening tools for older PLWH in SSA are needed.
Persistence codebooks for topological data analysis
Authors: Zieliński Bartosz , Lipiński Michał , Juda Mateusz , Zeppelzauer Matthias , Dłotko Paweł
Published: September 2020

Persistent homology is a rigorous mathematical theory that provides a robust descriptor of data in the form of persistence diagrams (PDs) which are 2D multisets of points. Their variable size makes them, however, difficult to combine with typical machine learning workflows. In this paper we introduce persistence codebooks, a novel expressive and discriminative fixed-size vectorized representation of PDs that adapts to the inherent sparsity of persistence diagrams. To this end, we adapt bag-of-words, vectors of locally aggregated descriptors and Fischer vectors for the quantization of PDs. Persistence codebooks represent PDs in a convenient way for machine learning and statistical analysis and have a number of favorable practical and theoretical properties including 1-Wasserstein stability. We evaluate the presented representations on several heterogeneous datasets and show their (high) discriminative power. Our approach yields comparable—and partly even higher—performance in much less time than alternative approaches.
A Systematic Review of Parental Involvement in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Adolescent Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Cardy Jessica Louise , Waite Polly , Cocks Francesca , Creswell Cathy
Published: August 2020

Anxiety disorders are common among adolescents and lead to poor long-term outcomes. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidenced-based intervention for adolescent anxiety disorders, but little is known about whether and how parents should be involved. This systematic review evaluated how parents have been involved and associated treatment outcomes in studies of CBT for adolescent anxiety disorders. Electronic systematic searches were conducted in PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Medline, AMED databases, to identify studies investigating CBT for adolescent anxiety disorder(s) that included parents in treatment. Twenty-three papers were identified. Parents were involved in treatment in a number of different ways: by attending separate parent sessions, joint parent–adolescent sessions, or both, or through provision of a workbook while attending some adolescent sessions. Content varied but was most typically aimed at the parent developing an understanding of core CBT components and skills to help them manage their adolescent’s anxiety and avoidance. Treatment outcomes indicate that CBT with parental involvement is an effective intervention for adolescent anxiety disorders; however, it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding whether parental involvement (generally or in any particular form) enhances treatment outcomes. Poor reporting and methodological issues also limit the conclusions. Further research is required to identify whether there are particular types of parental involvement in CBT that bring clinical benefits to adolescents with anxiety disorders generally, as well as in particular circumstances.
On the Spherical Quasi-convexity of Quadratic Functions on Spherically Subdual Convex Sets
Authors: Ferreira Orizon Pereira , Németh Sándor Zoltán , Xiao Lianghai
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the spherical quasi-convexity of quadratic functions on spherically subdual convex sets is studied. Sufficient conditions for spherical quasi-convexity on spherically subdual convex sets are presented. A partial characterization of spherical quasi-convexity on spherical Lorentz sets is given, and some examples are provided.
Do Higher Educated People Feel Better in Everyday Life? Insights From a Day Reconstruction Method Study
Authors: Möwisch Dave , Brose Annette , Schmiedek Florian
Published: September 2020

Past research has shown a positive association between education and well-being. Much of this research has focused on the cognitive component of well-being (i.e., life satisfaction) as outcome. On the other hand, the affective component, that is, how often and intensively people experience positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) in their everyday lives, has received far less attention. Therefore, we examined the association between education and PA and NA in everyday life, with a particular focus on affective experiences at the sub-facet level (based on a structure of NA with multiple factors). We used data from a nationally representative sample (N = 1647) of the German Socioeconomic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS), employing the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) to capture affective experiences of everyday activities. Multilevel structural equation models revealed that (1) education was not related to PA, but (2) was positively associated with two sub-facets of NA (mourning/worries and loneliness/boredom); (3) income might in part explain the association between education and NA; (4) education does not particularly seem to serve as a resource in times of unemployment or retirement (i.e., there were no interactions between education and unemployment/retirement regarding well-being) In essence, higher educated people reported fewer negative emotions in everyday life than their lower educated counterparts, but not more positive emotions. The findings underline that different facets of NA, in addition to life satisfaction, are relevant variables related to education and should receive more attention in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of non-monetary correlates of education.
Example-based learning: should learners receive closed-book or open-book self-explanation prompts?
Authors: Hiller Sara , Rumann Stefan , Berthold Kirsten , Roelle Julian
Published: September 2020

In learning from examples, students are often first provided with basic instructional explanations of new principles and concepts and second with examples thereof. In this sequence, it is important that learners self-explain by generating links between the basic instructional explanations’ content and the examples. Therefore, it is well established that learners receive self-explanation prompts. However, there is hardly any research on whether these prompts should be provided in a closed-book format—in which learners cannot access the basic instructional explanations during self-explaining and thus have to retrieve the main content of the instructional explanations that is needed to explain the examples from memory (i.e., retrieval practice)—or in an open-book format in which learners can access the instructional explanations during self-explaining. In two experiments, we varied whether learners received closed- or open-book self-explanation prompts. We also varied whether learners were prompted to actively process the main content of the basic instructional explanations before they proceeded to the self-explanation prompts. When the learners were not prompted to actively process the basic instructional explanations, closed-book prompts yielded detrimental effects on immediate and delayed (1 week) posttest performance. When the learners were prompted to actively process the basic instructional explanations beforehand, closed-book self-explanation prompts were not less beneficial than open-book prompts regarding performance on a delayed posttest. We conclude that at least when the retention interval does not exceed 1 week, closed-book self-explanation prompts do not entail an added value and can even be harmful in comparison to open-book ones.
Discussing God: The Effect of (Ir)Religious Identities on Topic-Sentiment Polarization in Online Debates
Authors: Grigoropoulou Nikolitsa
Published: August 2020

Amidst growing societal tensions, social media platforms become hubs of heated intergroup exchanges. According to social identity theory, group membership and the value we assign to it drive the expression of intergroup bias. Within the blooming scholarship on social and political polarization online, little attention has been paid to interreligious deliberations, despite the well-established relationship between religion and intergroup grievances. The present studies are designed to address the void in the scholarship of social identity and online religion by examining how religious identities, or the lack thereof, affect intergroup biases in the form of identity-specific topic preferences and topic-sentiment polarization. Drawing from social identity theory, five hypotheses were tested. The data for the study, a product of a natural experiment, are YouTube commentary sections featuring videos on two cases of interreligious debates between (1) Christian and Muslim or (2) Christian and atheist speakers. Using topic-sentiment analysis, a multistage method of topic modeling with latent semantic analysis and sentiment analysis, 24,179 comments, for the Christian–Muslim debates, and 52,607 comments, for the Christian–atheist debates, were analyzed. The results demonstrate normative content and identity-specific instances of topic-sentiment polarization. In terms of content, Christian–Muslim and Christian–atheist discussions are nearly completely preoccupied with theological or intellectual concepts. While interreligious polarization is robust in both debates, it appears more normative among Christians–Muslims and deeper among Christians–atheists, possibly indicating the higher stakes in the battle for moral authority. Interreligious debates on YouTube serve to uplift and defend the in-group and to delegitimize the outgroup in a broader battle for moral authority. Regardless of group affiliation, these debaters were concerned with ‘big picture’ questions of meaning and how best to address them. Stereotyping and cultural altercations appear mostly as a reaction to challenged identity characteristics, suggesting that issue-based social differences and cultural incompatibilities, often emphasized in self-report research, may be evoked as rationalizations of interreligious prejudice. Last, the successful application of topic-sentiment analysis lends support for the more systematic utilization of this method.
Influence of lubrication, tool steel composition, and topography on the high temperature tribological behaviour of aluminium
Authors: Decrozant-Triquenaux Justine , Pelcastre Leonardo , Prakash Braham , Hardell Jens
Published: September 2020

The use of high strength aluminium alloys, such as 6XXX and 7XXX series, is continuously increasing for automotive applications in view of their good strength-to-weight ratio. Their formability at room temperature is limited and they are thus often formed at high temperatures to enable production of complex geometries. Critical challenges during hot forming of aluminium are the occurrence of severe adhesion and material transfer onto the forming tools. This negatively affects the tool life and the quality of the produced parts. In general, the main mechanisms involved in the occurrence of material transfer of aluminium alloys at high temperature are still not clearly understood. Therefore, this study is focussed on understanding of the friction and wear behaviour during interaction of Al6016 alloy and three different tool steels in as-received and polished state. The tribotests were carried out under dry and lubricated conditions, with two distinct lubricants, using a reciprocating friction and wear tester. The worn surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed a high dependence of friction and wear behaviour on the tool steel roughness as well as on the stability of the lubricant films. Tribolayers were found to develop in the contact zone and their capacity to improve the tribological behaviour is seen to be drastically impacted by the surface roughness of the tool steel. When the tribolayers failed, severe adhesion took place and led to high and unstable friction as well as material transfer to the tool steel.
Investigation of tribological characteristics of nickel alloy-based solid-lubricating composites at elevated temperatures under vacuum
Authors: Zhen Jinming , Cheng Jun , Tan Hui , Sun Qichun , Zhu Shengyu , Yang Jun , Liu Weimin
Published: September 2020

The development of a high-performance solid-lubricating composite with excellent self-lubricity over a broad temperature range in vacuum is significant to solve the frictional problems of spatial mechanisms. In this study, the vacuum tribological behaviors of nickel-matrix/Ag/(Ca, Ba)F2/graphite (0–2 wt%) composites were studied from 25 to 800 °C. The results show that the synergistic effects of solid lubricants can significantly improve the tribological properties of the composites in vacuum, with the graphite content contributing considerably. For 2 wt% graphite, a low friction coefficient (0.14–0.25) and the lowest wear rate ((0.12−4.78)×10−5 mm3·N−1·m−1) were observed in vacuum over the entire testing temperature range. Moreover, the wear mechanisms were clarified via analysis of the chemical composition and morphologies of the sliding surfaces.
Correction to: Black Lives Matter Principles as an Africentric Approach to Improving Black American Health
Authors: Anderson-Carpenter Kaston D.
Published: September 2020

Readers should note that the graphic for Fig. 2 in this article is not the final version of the figure that was intended by the author.