bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online advertisement in a pink-colored market
Authors: Mehrjoo Amir , Cuevas Rubén , Cuevas Ángel
Published: May 2024

It is surprising that women are often charged more for products and services marketed explicitly to them. This phenomenon, known as the pink tax, is a major issue that questions women’s buying power. Nevertheless, it is not just limited to physical products – even online advertising can be subject to this type of gender-price discrimination. That is where our research comes in. We have developed a new methodology to measure what we call the digital marketing pink tax – the additional expense of delivering advertisements to female audiences. Analyzing data from Facebook advertising platforms across 187 countries and 40 territories shows this issue is systematic. Particularly, the digital marketing pink tax is prevalent in 79% of audiences across the world and 98% of audiences in highly developed countries. Therefore, advertisers incur a median cost of 30% more to display advertisements to women than men. In contrast, advertisers have to pay less digital marketing pink tax in less-developed countries (5%). Our research indicates that countries in the Middle East and Africa with a low Human Development Index (HDI) do not experience this phenomenon. Our comprehensive investigation of 24 industries reveals that advertisers must pay up to 64% of the digital marketing pink tax to target women in some industries. Our findings also suggest a connection between the digital marketing pink tax and the consumer pink tax – the extra charge placed on products marketed to women. Overall, our research sheds light on an important issue affecting women worldwide. Raising awareness of the digital marketing pink tax and advocating for better regulation.
Cyclic coverings of the 3-sphere branched over wild knots of dynamically defined type
Authors: Díaz Juan Pablo , Hinojosa Gabriela
Published: May 2024

Let [Formula: see text] be a tame knot and consider an [Formula: see text] beaded necklace [Formula: see text] which is the union of [Formula: see text] consecutive disjoint closed round balls (pearls) [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. An [Formula: see text] pearl chain necklace [Formula: see text] is the union of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We will construct, via the action of a Kleinian group, a sequence of nested pearl chain necklaces [Formula: see text] whose inverse limit is a wild knot of dynamically defined type [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we will prove some topological properties of this kind of wild knots; in particular, we generalize the construction of cyclic branched coverings for this case, and we show that there exists a wild knot of dynamically defined type such that [Formula: see text] is an [Formula: see text]-fold cyclic branched covering of [Formula: see text] along it, for [Formula: see text].
Experimental Investigation of Optimal Welding Parameters and Mechanical Properties of Shielded Metal Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates
Authors: Khamari Bijaya Kumar , Panda Surya Narayan , Sahu Pradip Kumar
Published: May 2024

This study focuses on achieving enhanced mechanical properties of the welded joints, which is critical for the applications of mild steel (MS) plates in various industries. In this regard, a systematic approach is used to adjust welding parameters such as welding current and workpiece thickness in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), with the objective of identifying the optimal combination that maximizes weld quality. The experiments were planned with the help of Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array method in order to reduce experimental cost and time. The weld quality is optimized by determining the signal-to-noise ratios of weld penetration, tensile strength, impact strength, and microhardness for each experimental sample. As a result, 110 A welding current is obtained as the optimal SMAW parameter for a 5 mm thick MS IS 2062 Grade B plate. This optimized result has also achieved 394.78 N/mm2 tensile strength and 53 J of impact resistance for the respective specimen. Besides, research not only enhances understanding of the SMAW process but also offers practical implications for industries requiring high-performance welded joints in MS structures. Additionally, this study can assist upcoming researchers in optimizing any existing welding procedures.
Machine Learning Investigation For Tri-Magnetized Sutterby Nanofluidic Model with Joule Heating In Agrivoltaics Technology
Authors: Qureshi Hamid , Shah Zahoor , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Shoaib Muhammad , Khan Waqar Azeem
Published: May 2024

This paper aims to establish a panoramic foundation for investigating the impact of sunlight on a recently formulated water-based tri-nano hybrid Sutterby liquid (TNHF) under provided magnetic field, directed through photovoltaic solar panels by exploiting the knacks of machine intelligent computing paradigm. The comparative performance of hybrid and tri-nano fluidic system with water as a base fluid is exhaustively analyzed and discussed. This research is unique, as it has a distinguished figurative comparison analysis between two different types of nanofluidic materials, which helps to choose the best one for use in agrivoltaics systems, and replace the materials already in use to enhance the efficiency and performance coefficients. Furthermore, the description of the composition scheme makes this research more feasible and applicable. A numerical dataset of nonlinear mathematical model is generated by employing finite difference scheme in the recently introduced Python bvp-solver algorithm, then it is embedded into artificial intelligence (AI)-based Levenberg Marquardt neural network algorithm (LMNNA). A significant outcome of the research indicates that the integration TNHF results in a notably faster enhancement of heat transfer rate and temperature framework as compared to traditional hybrid fluid. It is observed that introducing three distinct nanomaterials of specific thermophysical characteristics enhances the thermal exchanging profile and faces an obvious flow rate dissipation in solar plate channels. The standard numerical and AI-generated results are documented to portray the stability, accuracy and efficacy of scheme in terms of iterative learning curves on MSE, error analysis, histograms and regression statistics. Additional perquisites of the methodology include cost effectiveness, time-saving ability, robustness, stability and its extendibility.
Co@C Nanocatalyst: Enhanced Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Paracetamol Degradation
Authors: Guan Xiaotong , Li Liang , Jiang Yu , Zheng Boyu , Gu Xinyue , Liu Yuelei , Yu Lai
Published: May 2024

A core–shell Co@C composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of paracetamol in water. Hybridized structures containing Co and graphitized carbon act as independent active sites for PMS activation initiating both radical and nonradical oxidation. A 91.57% paracetamol removal was reached in the Co@C/PMS system at 60 min. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests show that nonradical 1O2 played predominant roles in the advanced oxidation process, while the other three radicals [Formula: see text], •OH and [Formula: see text]. also played a certain role in paracetamol degradation. After four cycles, the degradation could still reach 70%, which proves that the Co@C composite catalyst exhibits good stability.
Crystal Facet Control of Nickel–Cobalt Sulfide Nanostructure and Study of Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Yin Huiqun , Yang Rui , Huang Xian , Shi Xiuyan , Li Wangsheng , Mo Yiyan , Zhang Kaiyou , Qin Aimiao , Dai Shuge
Published: May 2024

Supercapacitors require excellent cycling stability and rate capability for electrodes. The NiCo2S4 spinel structure has caught much attention for its high conductivity and high theoretical specific capacity. However, due to the lack of active sites, it has been restricted in supercapacitors. In this research, the NiCo2S4 nano-material with needle, sheet and porous network morphologies were prepared by the addition of different kinds of surfactants via a simple hydrothermal method. At 1[Formula: see text]mA/cm2, capacitance of these NiCo2S4 nanomaterials is measured as 2.09[Formula: see text]F/cm2, 3.22[Formula: see text]F/cm2, and 4.42[Formula: see text]F/cm2, respectively. It was found that the exposure ratio of (111) and (220) crystal facets also has an effect on electrochemical performance, and NiCo2S4 with I[Formula: see text]/I[Formula: see text] of 3:1 showed better performance. Furthermore, NiCo2S4-PN//AC asymmetrical supercapacitor was assembled with NiCo2S4-PN serving as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode. At a power density of 7.284[Formula: see text]mW/cm2, energy density achieved was 0.625[Formula: see text]mWh/cm2. Additionally, capacitance retention rate remained at 79.6% of initial capacitance after 1500 cycles. These outcomes are of great significance for developing more efficient, stable and reliable transition metal sulfide-based supercapacitors.
SLC25A28 Overexpression Promotes Adipogenesis by Reducing ATGL
Authors: Guan Hua , Xiao Lin , Hao Kaikai , Zhang Qiang , Wu Dongliang , Geng Zhanyi , Duan Bowen , Dai Hui , Xu Ruifen , Feng Xuyang
Published: May 2024

Adipose tissue dysfunction is seen among obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Adipocyte proliferation and hypertrophy are the root causes of adipose tissue expansion. Solute carrier family 25 member 28 (SLC25A28) is an iron transporter in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This study is aimed at validating the involvement of SLC25A28 in adipose accumulation by tail vein injection of adenovirus (Ad)‐SLC25A28 and Ad‐green fluorescent protein viral particles into C57BL/6J mice. After 16 weeks, the body weight of the mice was measured. Subsequently, morphological analysis was performed to establish a high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced model. SLC25A28 overexpression accelerated lipid accumulation in white and brown adipose tissue (BAT), enhanced body weight, reduced serum triglyceride (TG), and impaired serum glucose tolerance. The protein expression level of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and serum adipose secretion hormone was evaluated by western blotting. The results showed that adipose TG lipase (ATGL) protein expression was reduced significantly in white and BAT after overexpression SLC25A28 compared to the control group. Moreover, SLC25A28 overexpression inhibited the BAT formation by downregulating UCP‐1 and the mitochondrial biosynthesis marker PGC‐1α. Serum adiponectin protein expression was unregulated, which was consistent with the expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Remarkably, serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) protein expression was negatively related to the expansion of adipose tissue after administrated by Ad‐SLC25A28. Data from the current study indicate that SLC25A28 overexpression promotes diet‐induced obesity and accelerates lipid accumulation by regulating hormone secretion and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue.
Delivering a Specialised Best Practice Service for People with Functional Neurological Disorder: An Australian Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Pearce Lauren N. , Prindiville Peta , Scroggie Charlotte , Taylor Georgia , Clarke Alice , Foster Abby , Milne Sarah C.
Published: May 2024

Specialised functional neurological disorder (FND) clinics are emerging as the preferred way of providing best practice care to people with FND. However, questions remain around optimal care pathways, service provision, and resources. This study aimed to identify (1) service characteristics of Australian FND models of care; (2) barriers and enablers to implementing a specialised FND service; and (3) enablers and barriers to providing best practice management for people living with FND. Clinicians were recruited from Australian public and private healthcare organisations identified as leading best practice for adults with FND. Clinicians completed a structured interview via phone. A descriptive content analysis was used. Five out of 12 healthcare organisations interviewed had a specialised multidisciplinary FND service. All specialised FND services were outpatient programs, but the structure and referral pathways varied. Barriers identified by organisations with an FND service included “funding” and “staff and service fragility,” while enablers included “engaging stakeholders” and having a clear “service driver.” “Diagnosis delay” and “insufficient access to staff” were identified as barriers to implementing best practice by organisations without a specialised FND service. Despite specialised clinics being recognised as a practical way to deliver care to people with FND, only a few services operate in Australia. Timely and educated diagnosis and access to an interdisciplinary team consisting of neurology, physiotherapy, and psychology are central pillars for FND services. Further work to establish clinically and economically effective delivery models is required to facilitate the provision of best practice care for people living with FND.
The Molecular Mechanism of FABP4 Inhibition Effects of GAS and 4-HBA in Gastrodia elata Blume Was Discussed Based on NMR and Molecular Docking
Authors: Yang Yuyu , Liu Shihan , Jin Wenfang , Qu Zengyi , Fan Baolei
Published: May 2024

To isolate gastrodin (GAS), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA), and phenolic compounds from Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata Blume, and to explore the binding mode of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4/aP2) that is closely related to macrophage inflammation, we study their anti-inflammatory targets. After the ultrasonic extraction of the main active components with 70% ethanol, three resins and three eluents were selected, and eight phenolic monomers with similar structures, such as gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, were isolated from Gastrodia elata by AB-8 macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography and eluted with the CHCl3-MeOH gradient. Their structures were identified by HPLC and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The FABP4 protein was added to GAS and 4-HBA, and the NMR experiment was performed to observe ligand binding. Finally, according to the spectral information of STD-NMR and molecular docking technology, the interaction between ligands and protein was studied. The fluorescence competition experiment confirmed that both GAS and 4-HBA were in the binding cavity of FABP4. Moreover, 3-phenoxy-2-phenylbenzoic acid (PPA) is a possible inhibitor of FABP4, reducing macrophage-related inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This work provides a new basis for the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Gastrodia elata, paving the way for the research and development of FABP4 inhibitor drugs.
Transformational Leadership, Psychological Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors among Nursing Workforce: A Single Mediation Analysis
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Abdullatif , El-Monshed Ahmed Hashem , Altheeb Marwan , El-Sehrawy Mohamed Gamal
Published: May 2024

Aim. To explore the mediating effect of psychological empowerment in the association between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors in nursing context. Background. Healthcare organizations worldwide are facing unprecedented challenges, necessitating effective leadership strategies to ensure quality patient care and organizational success. Transformational leadership has emerged as a tool to promote positive workplace behaviors, including organizational citizenship behaviors, among nursing staff. However, the mediating role of psychological empowerment in this relationship remains underexplored. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 2023 until August 2023 involving 305 registered nurses at King Khalid Hospital to investigate the relationship among transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Validated scales were used to assess these variables. A single mediation analysis was conducted through processing macro version 3.5 model 4. Results. This study found a strong positive association between transformational leadership and both psychological empowerment (r = 0.507, p<0.001) and organizational citizenship behaviors (r = 0.445, p<0.001) among nursing staff. Additionally, psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors, with a significant indirect effect (B = 0.110, CI: 0.058–0.166). Conclusions. Transformational leadership positively impacted nurses’ feelings of empowerment, which then led to higher exhibition of organizational citizenship behaviors. Implications for Nursing Management. Leadership development programs should prioritize the cultivation of transformational leadership qualities and support the psychological empowerment of nursing staff. This approach can enhance organizational effectiveness, foster positive workplace environments, and improve patient outcomes.
A retrospective study of clinical outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer who were treated with radiotherapy alone
Authors: Takahashi Noriyoshi , Umezawa Rei , Yamamoto Takaya , Takeda Kazuya , Suzuki Yu , Kishida Keita , Omata So , Sato Yuta , Harada Hinako , Seki Yasuhiro , Jingu Keiichi
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Patients with esophageal cancer who are in a poor general condition receive radiotherapy alone, but outcomes are often unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to clarify recent outcomes of radiotherapy alone for esophageal cancer. Methods: Patients who underwent 50 Gy or more of radiotherapy without chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Endpoints were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), local control (LC), and progression-free survival (PFS). Survival curves were drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method and predictors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Sixty-nine patients were included. The median follow-up period was 17.9 months. The 5-year OS, DSS, LC, and PFS rates were 33.2%, 49.8%, 46.2%, and 16.8%, respectively. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, clinical stage was a significant predictor for OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80 – 11.17, p = 0.001), DSS (HR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.43 – 3.12, p = 0.0001), LC (HR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.28 – 2.74, p = 0.001), and PFS (HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.25 – 2.18, p = 0.0004). Radiation dose was a significant predictor for LC (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78 – 0.97, p = 0.018) and tumor location was a significant predictor for PFS (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.10 – 2.19, p = 0.018). In subgroup analysis, the 5-year OS, DSS, LC, and PFS rates for stage I were 60.0%, 80.0%, 71.9%, and 46.1%, respectively. Conclusions: Stage, radiation dose and tumor location are significant predictors for outcomes. Patients with stage I esophageal cancer can be cured by radiotherapy alone.
XIV ENEPEA 2018 em Santa Maria (RS): memórias e ações coletivas
Authors: Pippi Luis Guilherme Aita , Gabriel Letícia de Castro , Donoso Veronica Garcia , Alberton Josicler Orbem , Lautert Alice Rodrigues , Cocco Renata Michelon
Published: May 2024

Este artigo apresenta a experiência de organização do XIV Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Paisagismo em Escolas de Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Brasil (Enepea), em 2018, na cidade de Santa Maria (RS). A publicação apresenta as atividades anteriores ao evento, como a construção coletiva das ações, a formação de equipe, a busca por apoio e a elaboração da identidade visual, assim como descreve a realização de atividades durante o evento, tais como palestras, oficinas e mesas redondas. O objetivo é registrar as atividades do XIV Enepea em formato de artigo científico, de forma a ser parte das referências para eventos futuros, pouco registrados em publicações nacionais. O artigo apresenta, nas suas considerações, reflexões sobre o evento.
Cardioide opinas
Authors: Miguel Marcelo Calderari
Published: May 2024

A arte poética destaca a conexão entre amor e o funcionamento das válvulas do coração, como a mitral e a tricúspide, que são descritas como cardioversoras correntes. Essas imagens evocam a paixão e o encanto que permeiam os relacionamentos e as experiências emocionais. A expressão poética ressalta a harmonia e o ritmo que permeiam o sistema cardiovascular, comparando-o a um compasso olímpico. Essa associação entre o ritmo do coração e a cadência da vida reflete a importância do órgão como regente e protagonista de jornadas valiosas. Ademais, no âmbito mais amplo, o poema sugere que o amor é o motor que impulsiona as experiências humanas, conectando pessoas e tecendo uma teia de relações significativas. A imagem das válvulas semilunares, agrestes e vivas em seu guiar, representa a orientação e a direção que o amor proporciona, mantendo-nos no caminho certo.
Princípio e fim
Authors: Baumann Gabriel de Albuquerque Barbosa
Published: May 2024

Criação literária de Gabriel de Albuquerque Barbosa Baumann.
Antonio Candido, o romance e a formação da Literatura Brasileira
Authors: Reis Érica Maria do Carmo dos , Souza Jáder Vanderlei Muniz de
Published: May 2024

The novel, as a literary genre, requires a meticulous, paused and detailed analysis of the structural elements that compose it. Antonio Candido (1918-2017), Brazilian literary critic, shows us through his bibliography countless and valuable considerations about the novel and the formation of Brazilian literature, writing about the historicity of the genre and also about the novel in Brazil. Therefore, this article has as main objective to elucidate, from Candido's perspective, aspects that put the novel in evidence and make it be identified and understood as such.
Avoiding the ‘Backfire Problem’: How Martin Luther King Jr. came to Ground his Nonviolent Activism in Personalism
Authors: Wilson Paul E.
Published: May 2024

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. appears to have preferred nonviolent tactics for social justice that sidestepped the backfire problem. Given that he deployed approximately twenty-five nonviolent tactics, the number of options he chose not to deploy greatly outnumbers those he did deploy. Why? Both his circumstances and his philosophy shaped his preferences for nonviolent tactics. First, I explore how his preferred tactics embodied the praxis of his nonviolent personalism. Second, I explore the early introduction of King to pacifism and how this evolved during his graduate studies at Boston University. Third, I suggest that King drew upon his commitment to personalism to develop pragmatically his own approach to nonviolent activism, and that when King visited India, he was seeking practical support for his praxis of nonviolent activism. Finally, I reflect on how King’s praxis of nonviolent activism aimed to avoid the backfire problem.
Bryofloristic diversity and conservation value of a protected area in the Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: SILVA JOAN BRUNO , ARAÚJO ALBUQUERQUE KAREN EVELLYN , DE BRITO MELO TROVÃO DILMA MARIA , DE FARIA LOPES SÉRGIO
Published: May 2024

We collected 137 samples (71—rainy season; 66—dry) for the Brazilian state of Paraíba. With a total of 23 species (one hornwort, 14 mosses and nine liverworts), we updated the bryoflora of Paraíba, a hotspot of bryophytes, by one rare species (Weissia controversa), increasing the total number of species to 188. The floristic composition in the Poeta e Repentista Juvenal de Oliveira State Park is affected by chronic anthropogenic disturbances, and is typical of arid environments, regardless of the season. This indicates homogenization of the habitat from the loss of ecological niche due to the disordered use of local natural resources. However, the record of Philonotis hastata, categorized as Near Threatened by the IUCN; the geographic expansion of a species; and the presence of rare species for Brazil reinforce the importance of the Conservation Unit for bryophyte biodiversity. Despite the floristic composition, we identified that interpretations about biology, environmental functionality and species distribution are more consistent for environmental assessment and decision-making on conservation actions.
Telipogon nigropurpureus (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae): new insights on its morphology and distribution in Colombia and Ecuador
Authors: ITURRALDE GABRIEL A. , JIMÉNEZ MARCO M. , MARTEL CARLOS , BAQUERO LUIS , RESTREPO EUGENIO , RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO ANGIE , MONTEROS MARCO F. , JOST LOU
Published: May 2024

Over the past 20 years, Telipogon nigropurpureus had been known from only one specimen from the type locality near Arcabuco, Boyacá, in central Colombia. During botanical explorations in Colombia and Ecuador we have encountered more populations which are reported here. The new records found in Ecuador extend the known geographic range of T. nigropurpureus by 950 km south from the type locality. We provide an updated description, illustration, and photographs of the species, together with information on its ecology and distribution.
Reign of the Beast
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

In the 1830s, decades before Darwin published the Origin of Species, a museum of evolution flourished in London. Reign of the Beast pieces together the extraordinary story of this lost working-man's institution and its enigmatic owner, the wine merchant W. D. Saull. A financial backer of the anti-clerical Richard Carlile, the ‘Devil's Chaplain’ Robert Taylor, and socialist Robert Owen, Saull outraged polite society by putting humanity’s ape ancestry on display. He weaponized his museum fossils and empowered artisans with a knowledge of deep geological time that undermined the Creationist base of the Anglican state. His geology museum, called the biggest in Britain, housed over 20,000 fossils, including famous dinosaurs. Saull was indicted for blasphemy and reviled during his lifetime. After his death in 1855, his museum was demolished and he was expunged from the collective memory. Now multi-award-winning author Adrian Desmond undertakes a thorough reading of Home Office spy reports and subversive street prints to re-establish Saull's pivotal place at the intersection of the history of geology, atheism, socialism, and working-class radicalism.
Preface
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

A brief introduction to William Devonshire Saull and his legacy, comparing him with Darwin. Within this chapter, the concept and ideas behind the book are addressed and discussed.
2. Introducing Saull
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

The wealthy wine merchant Saull was a shadowy, underworld kingmaker, and very little known. What snatches of family information we have come from his nephews in the pub trade, and suggest a freethinking family milieu. It is clear that as a young man he was never as illiterate as the press later had it. Being an autodidact he was obsessed with rational schooling programmes—and this provides a baseline for understanding his museum: it was to counteract Sabbath Scriptural teaching and prepare artisans for power in the expected socialist millennium. A costly museum and dissident philanthropy depended on Saull’s wine profits. Study of the wine trade in the 1820s-1840s shows why he could afford to build his fossil empire in London’s salubrious Aldersgate Street. From the first we find Saull in 1828 throwing heterodox science in his vicar’s face. Freethought, republicanism, and radicalism marked Saull out, not only in the parish, but as a merchant in the City of London. Like many ‘infidels’ he was indicted (although never jailed) in an age when Christianity was called the law of the land. Atheists were widely vilified (“vermin”, the evangelical geologist Hugh Miller called them). But in the radical City it was different. We examine how his views affected his City prospects—indeed, what it meant to be a ‘merchant’. And we see how a prominent museum could provide an uneducated trader his bona fides, and act as a mediating forum for the politically disparate. Ultimately Saull’s scientific assets, his fossils, were made to do social work, and we reveal how, in an age of inequality and poverty, the stones were shown to be pregnant with promise for a brighter human future.
11. Creation on the Cheap
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

How available were the cheap prints pouring off the radical presses? The options of urban operatives are analysed: they could join literary associations, or read pamphlets in London’s plethora of coffee houses, each with their distinct working-class clientele and well-stocked reading rooms. Seditious science lectures in blasphemy chapels could be as cheap, and Saull’s were often free. We see him now at the ex-Carlilean James Watson’s Philadelphian Chapel (the renamed Optimist Chapel). The radical context in 1831-1832 is discussed, as the ultras started to arm. This was reflected as the chapel hosted NUWC meetings, ran anti-theological nights, and interspersed them with Saull’s talks on “Creation” (that is, the natural emergence of species), which the police spy called ultra-materialistic. The narrative switches, as Watson in 1834 moved his “Cheap Publications Warehouse” to the barn-like Mechanics’ Hall of Science off the City Road, funded by wealthy freethought financier Julian Hibbert (whose head was to become one of the ghoulish exhibits in Saull’s museum). The hall was set up with Saull’s help, and was to be one of his main venues for life.
13. A Purpose-built Museum
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

Saull’s wine profits had sent him on a spending spree. His mentor, Sir Richard Phillips, visiting the museum in 1835, reckoned it held “ten thousand” fossils. So many that it was bursting, and Saull now rebuilt the museum as a brick-based, two-story exhibition. By the later thirties the press rated it the largest private geological collection in London, possibly the country. Giant Iguanodon saurians, collected in the Isle of Wight, were the new attraction. It was here that the Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, the grave Anglican Richard Owen, found an Iguanodon sacrum (fused pelvic vertebrae) that would allow him to separate off these reptiles as ‘dinosaurs’. The ideological importance of the newly-reshaped dinosaurs for the anti-evolutionist Owen is discussed. The Gideon Mantell—Richard Owen tussle over Saull’s sacrum further brought the museum into public view.
18. The Atheist Breakaway
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

The clergy’s legal opposition to the Halls’ Sabbath lectures caused ructions inside the socialist movement. Only churches were exempt, so Owen had his community rebranded as “The Universal Community of Rational Religionists”. This capitulation infuriated the hardcore atheists. Worse still, the Bishops Court demanded socialist missionaries swear their belief in the Scriptures. Some did, others refused. Even as Owenism flourished, with Saull helping the London Tract Society, which pumped out 140,000 socialist pamphlets in 1841-1842, the hardcore atheists now defected. The firebrand Charles Southwell’s case illustrates this growing alienation, while his Bristol co-conspirator, the compositor William Chilton, provides equally stark evidence of the scientific upshot. Amid the flourish of overtly atheist prints in 1841-1843, we highlight the Southwell/Chilton collective’s Oracle of Reason and Henry Hetherington’s Free-Thinker’s Information for the People to assess their alternate (socialist vs. radical) ways of weaponizing fossils. Why wealthy geological society would never consider acquiescing to Chilton’s call for it to accept a materialist evolution is also considered.
25. Celebrating the Dead
Authors: Desmond Adrian
Published: May 2024

Having given Petrie and Hibbert a final resting place in his museum, Saull set about securing his own. Here we look at Owenite and freethought last rites and Saull’s French-style obsequies. The examples chosen are the send-off given to Saull’s friends, the old London Corresponding Society revolutionary John Gale Jones, and agrarian reformer Allen Davenport. When Saull bought his own plot in Kensal Green Cemetery, next to Davenport, his monkey-satirizing nemesis Rev. James Elishama Smith criticized him for seeking an unChristian sectarianism even unto death. The first to be interred in Saull’s plot was the old class warrior Henry Hetherinton, who had made his rapprochement with Owenism and had remained true to Saull. Hetherington’s in-house ‘social funeral’ is looked at, and the ideological purpose it served.
Martial(ling) peace at the war museum: Emotion, desires and representations of the war-peace dichotomy
Authors: Wegner Nicole
Published: May 2024

This article investigates the role of emotions and the conceptual use of peace to justify martial violence. Drawing upon empirical evidence collected at the Canadian War Museum, the article explores how representations of war history present militarized violence as both a threat to, and the solution for, global peace. Building on scholarship in IR and Peace Studies that theorizes the relationship between war and peace, this article puts forward a novel analytical concept – martial peace – to investigate this paradox. It theorizes that manoeuvring peace as a justification for military activities not only results in depoliticizing the contexts of conflicts and war, but also serves to euphemize the violence that occurs in the name of peace and within so-called peaceful societies. Using Canada as a case study, the article explores how martial peace obscures settler colonialism and generates affective militarism as key components of nationalist projects.
Indian National Congress: Demagogy, Dynasty, Disunity and Decline
Authors: Rai Praveen , Chowdhury Soumyadeep
Published: May 2024

The Congress, the grand old party of India, plunged into a political abyss after consecutive defeats in the national elections of 2014 and 2019. It called for a deep remedial overhaul, but it resorted to ‘Band-Aid political strategies’ for pro-tem gains. It recirculated rootless leaders in various party positions, added digital footprints rather than foot soldiers and launched the ambiguous ‘Bharat Jodo Yatras’ (walkathons) – shepherded by Rahul Gandhi to reclaim its lost political dominance. It becomes contextual to revisit the deinstitutionalization thesis of Congress party and probe criticalities of personalism-dynasticism in top echelons and generational factionalism-leadership conundrums in states in hastening its endemic decline.
Adapting my religion: How young believers negotiate religious belonging
Authors: NOVAK Christoph , MATTES Astrid , HASELBACHER Miriam , LIMACHER Katharina
Published: May 2024

Scholarship on religious belonging has overwhelmingly labelled believers’ religion in very broad and superficial terms, presuming that individual practices and beliefs are congruent with religious doctrines and official discourses. By splitting up religious socialisation into two crucial phases, the adoption and the adaption of religion, this article offers a more procedural understanding to investigating how young believers develop their own sense of religious belonging. Based on biographical narrative interviews with Viennese believers (aged 16–25) from 7 religious groups, we observe that the adoption of a certain religion is primarily bound to family ties. The adaption phase serves to develop personal approaches towards religion based on two major rationales: adapting one’s own religiosity by engaging with religious doctrine and community itself, and negotiating religion within society. We argue that adaption is closely tied to social relations within and across religions and to (secular) society at large.
Smart cities, virtual futures? – Interests of urban actors in mediating digital technology and urban space in Tallinn, Estonia
Authors: Jakonen Olli Ilmari
Published: May 2024

Urban spaces are reconfigured as digital technologies are increasingly embedded into cities. While existing research has considered the role of urban actors in implementing digital technologies as part of the smart urbanism framework, it has insufficiently considered the role that urban space plays for individual stakeholders and the implications this has for how they contribute to digital cities. This article therefore explores the converging interests of urban actors in mediating digital technology adoption in urban space. It draws on literature on the spatial impact of digital technologies, digital urban growth, and urban governance theory to frame the agency of urban actors to mobilise resources and collaboration to protect their interests. The paper provides insight into how interests in digital technology adoption and in the use of urban space intersect in a middle-sized European city – Tallinn, Estonia – and how these interests converge between local key stakeholders in local governance. Based on a thematic analysis of interviews, it is argued that the potential of digital technologies to dislocate functionalities from physical urban space should be understood against the backdrop of local actors’ interests. It is therefore suggested that smart urbanism should be understood as a framework through which actors of the city attempt to seize the benefits of digital technologies without compromising their interests in urban space.
Discontent in the world city of Singapore
Authors: Tan Gordon Kuo Siong , Poon Jessie PH , Woods Orlando
Published: May 2024

A burgeoning literature on ‘left behind’ places has emerged that captures the backlash against globalisation and highlights the locales that lag world cities. This paper integrates the ‘left behind’ and world cities literatures through the lens of discontent in the context of Singapore, using sentiment analysis and topic modelling as well as interviews with local professionals to unpack the multidimensional aspects of discontent. Focusing on the Singapore–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement that spurred discontent directed at foreign Indian professionals, we show that the worlding generated by transnational flows has accentuated intra-urban inequality through racialisation and spatialisation of financial business and suburban residential hubs. Discontent from intra-urban inequality unsettles years of efforts by the state to cultivate cosmopolitan spaces aimed at reducing social exclusion and difference in the world city of Singapore.
The Influence of the Spatial Structure of Urban Agglomeration on the Digital Economy and Its Impact Mechanism: Evidence From China
Authors: Xiong Wei , Qin Jiaqi , Luo Wenjing , Cheng Qian
Published: May 2024

The urban agglomeration (UA), as the carrier of regional economic transformation, is an important impetus for the development of the digital economy (DE) in the future. Based on the perspective of the spatial structure of UA, this paper first attempts to clarify the theoretical aspects of the influence of the spatial structure on DE, its heterogeneous characteristics, and inner impact mechanism, and then empirically test the corresponding hypotheses by utilizing the data on China’s 18 UAs from 2011 to 2019. Our findings are as follows: (1) The monocentric structure has an inverted “U-shaped” impact on DE, namely, first promotion and then inhibition effects. (2) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inverted “U-shaped” relationship between the monocentric structure and DE is not observed in UAs lacking megacities and is insignificant during the early and middle development phases of UAs. However, this non-linear relationship becomes significant in UAs with megacities and UAs in mature and later development stages. (3) More deeply, this study uncovers that innovation serves as a mediating factor in the influence of the monocentric structure on DE. This article not only enriches the existing body of research on UAs and DE but also provides valuable theoretical insights for the development of DE within UAs.
Caregiver Experiences of Racialization While Accessing Early Intervention (EI) Services for their Children
Authors: Culver Jessa N. , Martin Herz Susanne P. , Guzman Adriana , Aguayo Javier , Marbin Jyothi , Martinez Kenya , James Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Early intervention (EI) services—including but not limited to speech, physical, occupational, and mental health therapies—have been proven to significantly benefit young children’s development, shaping their readiness for school and offering pivotal support for caregivers. However, racial disparities persist in identification for and access to EI services. Little is known about the ways in which racism affects how caregivers experience and navigate the screening and EI referral process. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, we explored the experiences of nine minoritized caregivers with experience seeking EI services in the San Francisco Bay area of the United States. Using Critical Race Theory, we investigated how caregivers are racialized in the process. Our findings elucidate mechanisms of racialization, including but not limited to provider bias, managing stereotype threat, and dismissal of caregiver concerns. We also highlight ways in which such racialization contributes to disparities in who receives EI services. Understanding how this process racializes its users will elucidate pathways of change toward a more equitable system, in which minoritized children receive screening and early intervention services in a timely and appropriate manner.
Intervention mechanism of carbide precipitation during tempering and its impact on residual stress and mechanical properties of wear-resistant steels
Authors: Chen Yang , Ding Wenhong , Liang Liang , Liu Xuhui , Wang Hongbing , Xiao Shaolin , Chen Quhao , Yang Yan , Yang Wenzhi
Published: May 2024

The production of low-stress, high-performance wear-resistant steels poses a formidable challenge in the steel industry. This article delves into the carbide precipitation behaviour of wear-resistant steel NM300TP during tempering and its subsequent impact on residual stress and mechanical properties. Our findings reveal a crucial aspect: prolonging the holding time can interfere with the precipitation behaviour of carbides, thereby altering the relaxation mechanism of residual stress and its influence on material properties. Remarkably, we discovered that substituting the formation of θ-cementites with the precipitation of ε-transition carbides can yield a steel with significantly lower residual stress while maintaining exceptional mechanical properties. Specifically, when θ-cementites precipitate, the residual stress in the wear-resistant steel diminishes by 54.23%, accompanied by a hardness measurement of 299.58 HV0.5. However, when a substantial quantity of ε-transition carbides is dispersed and precipitated, the residual stress is further diminished by 69.51%, and the hardness reaches 317.2 HV0.5. Furthermore, this precipitation of ε-transition carbides exhibits superior wear resistance compared to θ-cementites. These groundbreaking discoveries offer critical theoretical insights for the development of low-stress, high-performance wear-resistant steels, paving the way for innovative advancements in the steel industry.
Laboratory Evaluation of Concrete Bridge Girders Flexural Strengthened with Near-surface Mounted Titanium Alloy Hooked Bars
Authors: Islam Md Aminul , Sener Kadir C. , Schindler Anton K.
Published: May 2024

The use of near-surface mounted (NSM) titanium alloy bars (TiABs) has emerged as a potential solution to provide flexural strengthening to in-service, reinforced-concrete bridge girders with flexural strength deficiencies. An experimental program was performed to evaluate the behavior of large-scale, reinforced-concrete bridge girders using NSM TiABs with hooked ends for both positive- and negative-moment flexural-strengthening purposes. The experimental program involved testing four positive-moment strengthened specimens including one control specimen while also testing two TiAB types. Additionally, three negative-moment strengthened specimens were tested including one control specimen using one TiAB type. Specimens were strengthened in accordance with the AASHTO Guide for the Design of Near-surface Mounted Titanium Alloy Bars, and the requirements of ACI 318-19 were used to handle the effect of stress concentrations at TiAB termination locations. The test results indicate that flexural strengthening using NSM TiABs with hooked ends is effective when the effect of stress concentrations at the TiAB termination locations and the potential formation of inclined shear cracks in the flexural tension region are considered in the design. ACI 318-19, which has provisions to account for the impact of stress concentrations at internal reinforcement termination locations, should be used in addition to the AASHTO Guide for the Design of Near-surface Mounted Titanium Alloy Bars. Additionally, the two TiAB types that were evaluated provided similar flexural behavior and either type can be used to strengthen bridge girders.
Exploring Wildfire Evacuation Strategies for Diverse Communities
Authors: Li Pengshun , Zhao Bingyu , Soga Kenichi , Comfort Louise
Published: May 2024

Wildfire evacuations have become a persistent challenge all over the world in recent years. Studies have proposed various evacuation strategies, such as vehicle reduction, phased evacuation, and prohibition of on-street parking, which have demonstrated effectiveness in specific communities. However, a comprehensive study that generalizes the effectiveness and applicability of these strategies across different types of communities is lacking. This generalization could hold significant value for small, resource-strapped communities situated in wildland–urban interface zones (i.e., comprising a mix of residences and flammable vegetation) that lack the resources to conduct dedicated evacuation studies. In this study, two indicators, the ratio of background traffic volume to the number of evacuees (RBE), and the ratio of the capacity of the main evacuation roads to the number of evacuees (RCE) were derived to categorize communities into specific groups based on their characteristics during wildfire events. Through evacuation simulations of some typical real-world communities, the applicability and effectiveness of each strategy for each group was assessed. For the given scenarios considered, the findings revealed that for communities with high a RBE and low RCE, promoting carpooling with more than two people per vehicle, extending phased evacuation intervals with safety assurance for evacuees, and enforcing on-street parking prohibition made evacuations more effective. For other communities, encouraging families to use fewer vehicles and implementing a 15-min phased interval, if possible, could potentially be useful.