bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La légende du «coup de poignard» dans les manuels scolaires allemands des années 1920
Authors: Jardin Pierre
Published: July 2010

The myth of the "stab in the back" in the German textbooks of the 1920s, Pierre Jardin.

Faced with the trauma of defeat, most of German public opinion took refuge in the myth of the "stab in the back". The phenomenon is well known, but its weight is not always measured correctly. This analysis of the history textbooks in use in the 1920s shows the mechanisms and makes it possible to assess their potential effects.
Narration cinématographique et narration historique. La (sub)version de l'histoire
Authors: Abrash Barbara , Walkowitz Daniel
Published: July 2010

Cinematographic and historical narratives: the (sub)version of history, Barbara Abrash, Daniel Walkowitz.

Barbara Abrash and Daniel Walkowitz trace their intellectual route as committed historians and filmmakers. Each of their four films marks a stage in their determination to recognize in filmed narratives the power to criticize and contest the academic historical narratives.
Le lieu malgré tout
Authors: Didi-Huberman Georges
Published: July 2010

The place despite everything, Georges Didi-Huberman.

In Shoah, Lanzmann did not want to make an "idealistic film" where major questions would be asked but a "geographer's, topographie" film, by forever returning to places of eternal destruction that, even destroyed after the war, "have not changed". For him, the Holocaust must in no case belong to memory, it must remain an inquiry into the present aspects of the camps. What do these camps impose to us? To which images do they refer? What good is it to go back to them? These are the filmmaker's questions who finds the right form to convey what cannot be said. By asking the survivors to return to the camps, Lanzmann has changed the course of cinema in its conscience and in its history.
Penser l'histoire du cinéma autrement : un modèle de crise
Authors: Altman Rick
Published: July 2010

Thinking differently about the history of cinema, Rick Altman.

In its beginnings, American commercial cinema had no clear identity. It was poorly differentiated from other types of entertainment such as the circus and the theatre. By studying the crisis that swept the theatre industry in the first years of the 20th century, the slow constitution of the cinema as a specific genre can be traced. Through the struggles of the occupational categories dealing with this new medium, by following the transformation of the terminology designating this new phenomenon, i.e. through a crisis model another way of thinking about the history of cinema comes to light.
« Cinéastes de notre temps ». Une mémoire télévisuelle du cinéma
Authors: Révillard Sophie
Published: July 2010

«Cinéastes de notre temps»: a televisual memory of cinema, Sophie Revillard.

The series of programs entitled "Film-makers of our time" was produced and carried out between 1964 and 1972 by people drawn from the editorial staff of Les Cahiers du cinéma or connected with the magazine. It succeeded in promoting on French television the cinephiliac approach close to the Nouvelle Vague, that characterized the magazine and its time. It preferred the cinéma d'auteurs to the celebration of the star System and became for that reason a reference program that brought new life to "quality television".
« Like writing history with lighting » : film historique/vérité historique
Authors: Rosenstone Robert A.
Published: July 2010

Like writing history with lightning: historical truth/historical films, Robert A. Rosenstone.

Historical films often leave historians perplexed. They denounce reconstitution that appeals to émotions more than to the mind and see in it a compétition harmful to their educational mission. The historical film has considerably influenced the public's understanding of the past. Historians nevertheless must therefore use this medium and reflect upon the relations between truth and veracity. Contemporary history can no longer neglect these historical films because the presence of historians on this terrain is a fundamental stake in the development of the culture of our time.
Totalitarisme
Authors: Pomian Krzysztof
Published: July 2010

Totalitarianism, Krzysztof Pomian.

Italian Fascism, German Nazism and Russian Bolshevism, considered as ideologies, mass movements and Systems of power under Mussolini, Hitler and Lenin-cum-Stalin, were original political phenomena with features unknown to the classical theories of dictatorship. Despite all differences, they had also significant similarities with far reaching historical effects. They may therefore legitimately be considered as three different manifestations of a single category, totalitarianism. This word was not a product of the Cold War — it results from the attempts made during the interwar period, to find a new name for a new political phenomenon.
L'espace totalitaire d'Adolph Hitler
Authors: Musiedlak Didier
Published: July 2010

Hitler and the birth of totalitarian space, Didier Musiedlak.

From his failed art studies to the Third Reich's grand architectural projects, Hitler's passion for space, construction and monuments provides an essential guiding thread to a "thought" which rejected reason in order to emphasize associations of images (people and monuments, race and construction, space and eradication of undesirable occupants), and then inspired political action.
Paul Bourget, écrivain engagé
Authors: Mathias Yehoshua
Published: July 2010

Paul Bourget, A committed writer, Yehoshua Mathias.

In the France of the early twentieth century, Paul Bourget's figure is that of a successful novelist who became gradually a «committed author». A monarchist, deeply conservative, passionate defender of religion and the family as the vital bases of the social order, he thus became the bard of the bourgeois ethic faced with the destabilization of modernity.
Analyse critique d'une formule « retour à l'ordre »
Authors: Lantenois Annick
Published: July 2010

«Return to order» : a critical analysis of the formula, Annick Lantenois.

Since the 1970s, the historiography of post First World War European art has been marked by the use of «return to order» to characterize the artistic movement of that period. The formula is liable to criticism because it hides the complexity of the fine arts movements and uses the notion of «disorder» as a reference that is negative for some, positive for others. It is a methodological stake of art history to criticize a method which reconstructs the coherence of a historical period from cleavages and patterns of binary opposition (order/disorder, national art/hatred of Other, academicism/avant-garde) and antinomies (reason/instinct, masculine/feminine, right/left, normal/abnormal).
Les Glières
Authors: Crémieux-Brilhac Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

The Glières, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac.

The analysis of the often diverging strategies of the French wartime resistance in London and that within France suggests a new interpretation of the drama of the Glières maquis. It also illuminates the birth of a stake of memory.
L'histoire de l'art et les cannibales
Authors: Bertrand-Dorléac Laurence
Published: July 2010

Art history and cannibals, Laurence Bertrand Dorléac.

A borderline discipline by nature, surrounded by better established scientific fields, art history carved for itself in the past a pure identity, without grasping the strength it could derive from its crossroads position. At a time in which nobody doubts any longer the importance of the study of works of art for an understanding of the world, its members are more and more divided on the behavior to adopt : a fearful withdrawal of the institution (an already long-tested tactic) or a permanent dialogue with the audiences, mediators and neighboring disciplines which make up many of its actors. Between internalists, advocates of an intransigent isolation and holders of an antiquarian tradition, and externalists, favorable to scientific opening up and debate, there is now a war, intensified by the renewal of the status of culture in France.
L'histoire de la transfusion sanguine dans sa relation à la recherche médicale
Authors: Picard Jean-François , Schneider William H.
Published: July 2010

The history of blood transfusion and medical research, Jean-François Picard, William H. Schneider.

From the discovery of blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, a Viennese physician, to the "poisoned blood" affair linked to the AIDS virus, the history of blood transfusion follows the scientific, political and social changes of the 20th century in one of its major medical stakes. The progress of blood transfusion was linked to war periods, to institutional and political stakes, to the initiatives of a few individuals. It also led to the commercial deviation of the 1980s.
L'épuration de la police parisienne en 1944-1945
Authors: Berlière Jean-Marc
Published: July 2010

The purging of the Paris police, 1944-1945, Jean-Marc Berlière.

The purging of the Paris police is said to have been accomplished, as a member of the High Court of Justice stated in 1946, «in a deplorable manner». It was violent, massive, expeditious and wanted by the Communists, despite General de Gaulle's wish of appeasement. The study of the Prefecture de Police archives provides, among other things, figures on an event which has left many painful memories.
« La guerre des captives » et les associations de femmes de prisonniers en France (1941-1945)
Authors: Dermenjian Geneviève , Fishman Sarah
Published: July 2010

"The War of the Captives" and associations of prisoner's wives in France, 1941-1945, Geneviève Dermenjian, Sarah Fishman.

The analysis of a novel published in France in 1943, La guerre des captives (The War ofthe Captives), which highlighted the prisoners' wives, shows how closely literature follows reality. While very cautious ideologically, this work of propaganda for associations of prisoners' wives keeps close to the Catholic philosophy and to the Vichy regime.
Frédéric Joliot, les allemands et l'université aux premiers mois de l'occupation
Authors: Pinault Michel
Published: July 2010

Frédéric Joliot, the Germans and the university in the first few months of the occupation.

To save the Collège de France laboratory and the cyclotron he perfected, Frédéric Joliot decided to return to Paris in the summer of 1940. Pressure was put on him by the German authorities to turn the laboratory over to them, which he refused, but he had to accept the presence of German scientists working alongside him. The cooperation with physicists like Wolfgang Gentner and Otto Hahn extended the interests shared prior to the war. The former, known for his anti nazism, and the technical limits of the French cyclotron excluded any possibility of exploi-ting this coopération for German military research. Exasperated even before the war by the French élites failings, Joliot used his scientific prestige to develop research and participated in the beginning university resistance groups around Paul Langevin and Jacques Solomon. Although they were not in the majority, he and his friends supported Langevin, arrested in october 1940. This position became clearer through the analysis of the tensions within the university about what the attitude should be toward Vichy and the Germans. It went along with the Collège de France professors' revolt against collaborators' accusations. Far from providing an example of a "voluntary accommodation" (P. Burrin) with the occupier, Frédéric Joliot sacrificed his personal destiny as a researcher to a group project of resistance that, in addition, counted on the scientific renewal of France.
Croissance économique et retournements de tendance au 20e siècle : une mise en perspective de la «crise» actuelle
Authors: Asselain Jean-Charles
Published: July 2010

Economic growth and trend reversais in the 20th c : a look at the present "crisis", Jean-Charles Asselain.

The first thing necessary to do in the present crisis is to define the very notion of crisis. But even more it is necessary to compare it with the past dysfunctions. One immediately sees the atypical character of a crisis that today couples poor records (such as unemployment levels) with healthy economic results (increase of foreign trade, increases in productivity). It's a curious disjunction, especially since prior to 1973, all the indicators were on green. The crisis, therefore, results first and foremost from the oil shocks whose effect must not be minimized. By lowering the profitability of investment, by forcing entrepreneurs to increase productivity at the expense of employment, this brutal shock — that at the beginning barely weighed on salaries — did not, however, resuit in the reduction of international trade that the Third World, because of its debts, continues to support. But the financial (the Third World's getting out of debt) as well as the mental (the salaried workers' resistance to the loss of purchasing power is diminishing) adjustments explain the continuation of a crisis that the austerity policies set up by some authorities are making worse. The strong French franc policy, for example, limits the entrepreneurs' recourse to capital markets, characterized by, it is true, high interest rates.
Les grandes entreprises européennes au 20e siècle
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: July 2010

Major European companies in the 20th century, Youssef Cassis.

It is difficult to avoid the temptation of ranking the major companies when making a comparative analysis. While such an approach can be useful by pointing out the differences and simplifying the comparative work, it accentuates the divergences to the detriment of convergences observable over the long term, nationally as well as world wide. The example of the behavior of French, English and German companies facing 20th-century crises shows that global explanatory factors give different effects to the same causes. The comparative approach has thus to take into account divergences and convergences so as to deepen the analysis rather than simplify it by general categories and rankings.
La Californie de Brown à Reagan, ou l'agonie du libéralisme (1958-1966)
Authors: Coppolani Antoine
Published: July 2010

California from Brown to Reagan or the agony of liberalism (1958-1966), Antoine Coppolani.

The most populous state of the United States, the most economically powerful in the 1960s, California is also the spring-board for many shifts of contemporary American history. The election of Reagan to the governorship in 1966 is only the symbol of a deeper movement that seriously upset the American political landscape, the passage of a dominant paradigm, liberalism to its conservative antithesis. Wheras the liberal consensus was prevailing, California had become the testing ground of this political philosophy applied to the government. Although incontestable social and economic progress was accomplished, it didn't prevent internal contradictions and especially adverse and unexpected effects of the liberal policy from blowing away any consensus, throwing liberalism in California, and therefore in America, to the wind.
Un parti républicain-socialiste a vraiment existé
Authors: Billard Yves
Published: July 2010

A Socialist Republican party really existed, Yves Billard.

The Socialist Republican party was founded in 1911 by dissident reformist socialists (Briand, Millerand, Augagneur). It had up to 9.000 members in 35 departments and considered itself to the right of the SFIO-socialists and to the left of the radicals. But the structural conflict between elected officials and the military, the pragmatic and the doctrinary, gave it a chaotic existence.
Les occasions manquées des démographes
Authors: Lévy Michel Louis
Published: July 2010

Demographers' lost opportunities, Michel Louis Lévy.

The 50th anniversary in 1995 of the National Institute of Demographic Studies, founded by Alfred Sauvy, was the occasion for a record of French demographers' work. What did they say to poor countries' populations? Under "demographic transition", what kind of modernity did they promote? And what answers did they bring to questions as important as jobs and social security? A senior member of INED answers these questions clearly.
L'épuration à Shanghai (1945-1946) l'affaire Sarly et la fin de la concession française
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

The Shanghai Purge (1945-1946). The Sarly Affair and the End of the French Concession, Marie-Claire Bergère.

After climbing up the rungs of the administrative and police ladder of the French concession in Shanghai before the war and during Vichy, Roland Sarly became the target of the political purge launched by the Chinese nationalist government as of 1945. His example showed both the difficulties of a political purge in the context of Shanghai as well as the liquidation of the French presence in the region.
Pour une histoire « principielle » de l'Europe
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: July 2010

For a "principial" history of Europe, Jean-Clément Martin.

In response to Jean-Pierre Rioux's article on the history of Europe in our N° 50, April-June 1996, this text pleads for a specifie approach of teaching history for primary and secondary schools as opposed to university knowledge. The author puts forward that the history of Europe that should be taught has to be based on incontestable principles, such as the emergence of States of law, political liberalism, the getting along of religions and rational thought, and the mechanisms of economic and social regulation.
« Déplacés spéciaux » et « colons de travail » dans la société stalinienne
Authors: Werth Nicolas
Published: July 2010

"Special displaced" people and "work colonials" in the stalinian society, Nicolas Werth.

The opening of the central archives of the Gulag now make it possible to describe precisely the functioning and recruitment of a second Gulag, camps made up of a hybrid category of individuals, neither free nor really prisoners, the special displaced persons and work colonials. These banished people of a special kind symbolize the astonishing osmosis between the free universes and the concentrationary universe that characterized the stalinian society.
Commémoration. Témoignage d'un ancien déporté
Authors: Petit Georges
Published: July 2010

Commemoration. Testimony from a former deportee, Georges Petit.

First deported to Compiègne and then to Buchenwald, Georges Petit offers a personal reflection on his itinerary and on the discrepancy between official memory (that acknowledges the heroism of the deportees and the abnegation of the communists) and individual memory. That me- mory today has difficulty transcribing the meaning of the concentrationary experience in a period in which totalitarianisms seem forever banished.
L'occupation française après 1945 et les relations franco-allemandes
Authors: Hudemann Rainer
Published: July 2010

French Post-war Occupation in French-German Relations Since 1945, Rainer Hudemann.

Recent research and the opening up of archives make it possible to reinterpret French-German relations concerning French occupation at the end of the Second World War. Many preconceived ideas have been challenged, particularly the fact that French policy concerning Germany in 1945 was a reprint of its 1919 economic and military security policy as well as its policy of obstruction on the Berlin Interallied Control Council in which it was very active. After 1945, important French initiatives were implemented on the ground in the occupation zone, preparaing for future cooperation.
Les populismes latino-américains à l'épreuve des modèles d'interprétation européens
Authors: Quattrocchi-Woisson Diana
Published: July 2010

Latin-American populism put to the test of European models, Diana Quattrocchi-Woisson.

Sometimes challenged, the term of populism nevertheless seems to apply directly to Latin America. Sociologists and anthropologists accept this consensus today. But it has to be implemented. The thinking on the comparative uses of the term and its varied meanings lead to a reconsideration of the works of the great Latin-American precursors. Here is an inventory that is rather comforting for history.
La rhétorique populiste aux États-Unis
Authors: Mélandri Pierre
Published: July 2010

Populist rhetoric in the United States, Pierre Melandri.

In the last two centuries, used simultaneously or one after the other by Republicans and Democrats, the populist discourse, revelator of the mood of the country, is not the reflection of a precise school of thought in the United States. Nourished by resentment, frustrations and nostalgia of a former order in which social status and cultural identities were supposed to be stronger, American populism is fundamentally ambivalent. At the end of the 19th century, it claimed to defend the poor whites hit by the economic and social consequences of the Civil War; after the Second World War, it was against the recognition of the extension of the rights of minorities; after 1973, the Republicans exploited the fear of decline that haunted many Americans. Thus, each thrust of populism has its roots in an increase of troubles, whether economic or social.
Les contretemps de l'aventure européenne
Authors: Franck Robert
Published: July 2010

The Downside of the European Adventure, Robert Frank.

In studying the various types of commitment to Europe from the 1920s today, Robert Frank retraces a complex history with its golden ages and its crises. Many personalities, circles and elites have partipated in this involvement, from Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi to Jean Monnet, from Aristide Briand to Jacques Delors, from Paul Valéry to Edgard Morin. But this history turns is back on that of the construction of Europe. The fact that the European Union is suffering from a lack of image today is probably the resuit of the gap between the two histories.
L'histoire culturelle : programme de recherche ou grand chantier ?
Authors: Urfalino Philippe
Published: July 2010

Cultural History: Research Program or Work in Progress? Philippe Urfalino.

In this critical study of a recent collective work directed by Jean-Pierre Rioux and Jean-François Sirinelli, Philippe Urfalino wonders : Is "cultural" history a field or a look ? A very unanimistic history of collective representations, or on the other hand, more simply, proof that the historian's questioning has ope- ned up more? Neither quasi constituted history nor just a new work site : the discussion is open.
Grande guerre et diplomatie humanitaire. La mission catholique Suisse en faveur des prisonniers de guerre (1914-1918)
Authors: Yerly Frédéric
Published: July 2010

Great War and Humanitarian Diplomacy: the Swiss Catholic Mission for War Prisoners (1914-1918), Frédéric Yerly.

"War culture": behind this newly forged concept are hidden socio-cultural habits and practices that went through the First World War from beginning to end. A new and vast historiographic field for research is opening up today in which collective representations as well as each person's imagination get the lion's share.

An extraordinary situation demands extraordinary practices and behavior. Spiritual and religious needs born out of contact with fire or tests of captivity haven't stopped gaining in importance and intensity. This has pleased churches and religious charity works suffering from de-Christianization and exclusion in now largely secularized public spaces. Either temporary or lasting beyond the end of hostilities, religious needs were expressed by the soldiers, of course, but also by another category, poorly known because less studied until today: war prisoners. Our study, based on Catholic charity archives, deals with the religious practices and needs during prisoners' captivity. These charities, with the agreement of the opponents and from the beginning of the war, visited the detention camps regularly. The Catholic Mission for war prisoners was at the twisting and turning interface of the humanitarian cause and politics. It was the stakes of a curious and complex diplomatic ballet in which the fighting states' governments, the non-governmental charities, and the Vatican, supported by the local hierarchies via the church works, crisscrossed.
Le paquebot Normandie et la presse (1929-1935)
Authors: Garnaud Philippe
Published: July 2010

The Normandie Liner and the press (1929 -1935), Philippe Garnaud.

In January 1931, the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique began building the Normandie to the general indifference of the press. Its construction was synonymous of wild expense in a context of economic crisis. The press began to get on to it really in 1932 when it was launched and then for its inaugural voyage in 1935. The Normandie then became the stakes of one of the biggest political controversies of its time.
La résistance, l'éducation et la culture
Authors: Muracciole Jean-François
Published: July 2010

The Resistance, Education and Culture, Jean-François Muracciole.

The Resistance did not limit its action to political and military areas. In the darkness of clandestinity, in Free France or within the framework of intellectual emigrations, it undertook an immense effort of thinking on education and culture. Its projects, nourished by the Popular Front and the 1930s experience, but also by Vichy's and Anglo-Saxon governments' accomplishments, were marked by the overwhelming weight of the 1940 debacle. Analyzing the defeat as the consequence of the collapse of traditional elites, the resisting intellectuals drew the outlines of a vast reform of the educational System. A sharp difference of appreciation emerged between the resistants from the interior and the Free French, a consequence of divergent analyses of the defeat. The project of the Resistance that couldn't be applied at the Liberation provided the matrix for the educational and cultural policy of the de Gaullian Fifth Republic.
Le «mythe de Grenoble» des années 1960 et 1970 un usage politique de la modernité
Authors: Bruneteau Bernard
Published: July 2010

The "Grenoble Myth" in the 1960s. A Political Use of Modernity, Bernard Bruneteau.

In the 1960s, the city of Grenoble was set up as the symbol of modernity. A model of expansion, it was also the symbol of municipal management based on the control of urban development, citizen participation and the centrality of the new middle classes. Through its success, Grenoble became a myth that structured French political life and was able to nourish the Mendesian as well as the Gaullist Systems of reference.
Joseph Barthélémy et la crise de la démocratie libérale
Authors: Martinez Gilles
Published: July 2010

Joseph Barthélemy and the Crisis of Liberal Democracy, Gilles Martinez.

Joseph Barthélemy was the advocate of individual liberties before becoming Justice Minister in the Vichy government between 1941 and 1943. Such an apparently contradictory itinerary is exemplary in the path of a certain number of French liberals. It shows that their ideology was incapable of adapting to crisis periods and that they were able to rally to authoritarian solutions.
Épuration, dégagements, exclusions. Les réductions d'effectifs dans l'armée française (1940-1947)
Authors: Abzac-Epezy Claude de
Published: July 2010

Purges, Disengagements, Exclusions. Downsizing in the French Army (1940-1947), Claude d'Ahzac-Epezy.

Whereas the status of military personnel guarantees them from arbitraiy exclusion, the 1940-1947 period was marked by a greater precarity in officers' careers, hit first by Vichy measures of exclusion and then by the purges of 1944-1945 and the disengagement of the officers of 1946-1947. The analysis of the different phases of the reduction of the force details the numeric scope of these reductions and shows the criteria of the dominant choices. There were more reductions in the professional elites than the political ones, but the arbitrariness of the procedures contributed to breaking the moral engagement that bound the officers to the State. The consequences were felt until the early 1960s.
Les congrès socialistes de l'après-guerre étaient-ils démocratiques ?
Authors: Anizan Anne-Laure
Published: July 2010

Were the Post-War Socialist Conferences Democratic?, Anne-Laure Anizan.

The French Socialist Party has always presented itself as the democratic party in France. Beyond the Party's rhetoric about itself, what was the reality of the relationship between the militant rank and file and the Parisian leaders? The SFIO Conferences, presented as the leading moments of the party's democratic life, showed that in the early 1950s, there was a division of labor: the leaders proposed and the base decided.
Des lieux de mémoire pour l'Europe unie
Authors: Bossuat Gérard
Published: July 2010

Des lieux de mémoire pour l'Europe unie, Gérard Bossuat.

Les lieux de mémoire dans chacun des pays européens ont été définis en relation avec des histoires nationales et pour exalter le caractère héroïque ou exceptionnel de chacune d'entre elles. En dépit de ces difficultés, Gérard Bossuat tente de définir ce que pourraient être des lieux de mémoire européens. Cette définition ne pourra cependant se passer d'une véritable politique culturelle à l'échelle européenne comme, par exemple, la fondation du Musée européen ou d'une Fête européenne.
Plaidoyer pour l'histoire du monde dans l'université française
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: July 2010

Plea for World History in the French University, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch.

The narrow focus of the historical field explored by the French school poses a problem. Following the lull after 1968, the contemporary upheavals led to a nervous retreat to ancient knowledge, characterized by a hyper individual specialization on often narrow themes, most often confined to the Hexagon. "Quadripartism" became the rule; if the rest of the world is dealt with, it is from the western standpoint only, without taking into consideration any other point of view. Without even being aware of it, it is the "colonial library", in the telling phrase of Valentin Mudimbe, that is being mined.

But our universe has never been broader nor our students more curious of everything. The French historical school is out of steam; everyone agrees on that, beginning with the historians with the best reputations. The only answer that can be given to the evil that is denounced - that of dispersion - is to place history again in its globality, which is the apprehension of the world and not of the details of our western life. Social sciences of the other : ethnography - a colonial science if there ever was one, and anthropology - science of deco-lonization - are even more in a crisis, precisely because one ofthe major gains of the contemporary world is that the other is also us: the whole world must be recognized as subject of history.
La fabrique des héros. Pédagogie républicaine et culte des grands hommes, de Sedan à Vichy
Authors: Chanet Jean-François
Published: July 2010

L'héroïsme des vaincus de 1870 a-t-il eu plus de vertus pédagogiques que celui des vainqueurs de 1918 ? Ou l'éducation nationale des années 1930 n'a-t-elle pas été plus affectée par le prix de la victoire que l'instruction publique de la Belle Époque par les désastres de l'année terrible ? Dans quelle mesure la crise du patriotisme est-elle liée à l'interaction entre la morale scolaire et les transformations sociales au temps des masses ? Cette étude sur les images et les fonctions des héros et des grands hommes dans la pédagogie républicaine propose des réponses à ces questions, et s'efforce d'analyser les logiques sociales qui présidaient aux diverses conceptions de la formation intellectuelle et morale des citoyens.
Paul Gorgulov, assassin de Paul Doumer (1932)
Authors: Cœuré Sophie , Monier Frédéric
Published: July 2010

Le 6 mai 1932, entre les deux tours des élections législatives françaises, un émigré russe, Paul Gorgulov assassiné le président de la République. Les pouvoirs publics et la presse s'emparent de l'événement pour l'utiliser à des fins de propagande. Outre les interprétations politiques, l'historien peut aussi lire le meurtre comme un moment de transformation des mentalités où les anciennes peurs collectives devant le régicide cèdent la place à un rôle accru de l'opinion et à des attitudes nouvelles face à la violence d'État et au terrorisme revendiqué comme moyens de lutte politique.
Les policiers marseillais et le front populaire (1936-1938)
Authors: Kitson Simon
Published: July 2010

Les policiers marseillais qui appartiennent à une police d'État accueillent favorablement l'arrivée au pouvoir du gouvernement de Front populaire en 1936. Certaines de leurs revendications matérielles sont alors satisfaites. Le Front populaire gagne la bataille du maintien de l'ordre républicain. Un véritable état de grâce caractérise pendant quelque temps les relations entre les syndicats policiers et la gauche au pouvoir. Rapidement cependant, des déceptions se font jour. Le système de clientélisme sur lequel reposaient les liens entre policiers et hommes politiques locaux est profondément remis en cause à partir de 1938.
Le congrès d'Épinay-Sur-Seine du parti socialiste
Authors: Moreau Jacques
Published: July 2010

À l'issue du congrès de « l'unité des socialistes », qui s'est tenu à Épinay-sur-Seine, en juin 1971, François Mitterrand est devenu - grâce à des manœuvres d'appareil - le chef d'un nouveau parti socialiste, auquel il donne comme objectif la « rupture avec le capitalisme ». Arrivé au pouvoir dix ans plus tard, le parti n'a que lentement abandonné cette ligne doctrinale pour adopter, avec Lionel Jospin, une orientation réformiste.
L'Écosse vers l'autonomie politique
Authors: Leruez Jacques
Published: July 2010

L'Ecosse n'avait plus de Parlement national depuis 1707. Depuis les élections organisées au mois de mai 1999, un Parlement siège à nouveau à Edimbourg en liaison avec un gouvernement régional qui bénéficie d'une large autonomie. Une telle dévolution du pouvoir a mis bien du temps à se dessiner : querelles juridiques, concurrences politiques entre le parti conservateur et le parti travailliste, entre ce dernier et le Scottish National Party, enjeux économiques (le pétrole de la mer du Nord) et sociaux ont marqué le débat politique écossais au cours des vingt dernières années. Une telle réforme s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un bouleversement institutionnel qui concerne l'ensemble du Royaume-Uni et qui transforme le visage de l'État et de la nation.
Avertissements aux candidats à l'agrégation d'histoire (1901)
Authors: Langlois Charles-Victor
Published: July 2010

Ce document, extrait des Questions d'histoire et d'enseignement (1902) du médiéviste de la Sorbonne qui a signé avec Charles Seignobos en 1898 la célèbre Introduction aux études historiques, récapitule les qualités attendues d'un candidat au concours de l'agrégation. Il détaille les épreuves et s'interroge particulièrement sur la « leçon de lycée » et la « leçon pédagogique ». Il donne un bon exemple des interrogations scientifiques, morales et d'éducation qui agitaient l'Université nouvelle au début de ce siècle et qui, à sa fin, n'ont pas toutes été levées.
La politique espagnole de la france (1945-1955)
Authors: Dulphy Anne
Published: July 2010

La politique de la France à l'égard de l'Espagne franquiste pendant la décennie d'après guerre est scandée par deux charnières : août 1947, la révision de la politique d'ostracisme est amorcée du fait de son échec patent ; fin 1950, la levée du passif franquiste est révélée par le vote de l'ONU supprimant les recommandations discriminatoires édictées fin 1946. Cette trajectoire conduit à opposer deux phases, séparées par une étape de transition : l'affrontement, pendant les deux ans où le gouvernement français contribue à imprimer le sceau de l'infamie sur un pouvoir péninsulaire qu'il isole en interrompant les communications frontalières ; l'apaisement, par lequel la coexistence succède à l'interventionnisme. L'attitude inverse est adop tée à l'égard de l'exil républicain. Après une période de prégnance des valeurs de la Résistance dans l'immédiat après-guerre, cette évolution témoigne de l'incapacité de la France à suivre une ligne originale dans un contexte de bipolarisation.
Le catholicisme espagnol à l'épreuve de la movida
Authors: Pellistrandi Benoît
Published: July 2010

Du prêtre d'après guerre, censeur pudibond au service du franquisme triomphant, à la jeune religieuse séropositive de Tout sur ma mère (Pedro Almodovar, 1998), l'Espagne semble avoir connu une évolution d'une rapidité exceptionnelle. Mais il ne faut pas s'en tenir à l'écume médiatique et aux idées reçues. Cette évolution est aussi passée par l'essor des nationalismes périphériques, le succès persistant de l'Opus Dei et la vitalité du débat ecclésiologique. La crise qu'a connue le catholicisme espagnol dans les années 1970, parce qu'elle l'a contraint à chercher en lui-même les formes et les limites de son adaptation au siècle, lui permet aujourd'hui de conserver son influence singulière dans le catholicisme mondial.
Les sectes en France. Marges et dissidences
Authors: Chantin Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

La question des sectes en France a été récemment relancée par les suicides-homicides d'adeptes de l'Ordre du Temple solaire en Suisse et dans l'Hexagone. Le débat est depuis mené par les parlementaires et les groupes antisectes qui s'opposent très régulièrement aux sociologues sur le danger de tel ou tel groupe, et sur l'opportunité de l'emploi du mot secte.

L'historien doit avoir son mot à dire en replaçant le phénomène dit « sectaire » dans une plus longue durée. Le cas de la France est sur ce point particulièrement intéressant. Les groupes les plus divers s'y sont succédé, et beaucoup sont autochtones. Le contexte religieux particulier de notre pays a créé une originalité dans le monde catholique que l'on peut suivre jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Il serait pourtant préférable d'évoquer ces mouvements comme étant « en marge » des grandes traditions spirituelles mondiales (et, dans ce cas précis, presque exclusivement chrétienne), ce qui renforcerait la perception du tournant pris depuis les années 1970, une évolution plus particulièrement étudiée par les sociologues.
Les voies incertaines de l'œcuménisme (1959-1999)
Authors: Fouilloux Étienne
Published: July 2010

Marqué de façon éclatante du côté catholique par le concile Vatican II, le mouvement de rapprochement des chrétiens séparés, esquissé durant le premier tiers du 20e' siècle, a connu un âge d'or entre 1950 et I960. Cela vient en partie du contexte de guerre froide de ces années et de la personnalité exceptionnelle des
Les États-Unis et le Kosovo. Les risques d'un leadership à bon marché
Authors: Mélandri Pierre
Published: July 2010

Face à la crise du Kosovo, la diplomatie américaine est longtemps apparue hésitante et embarrassée. Une opinion hostile depuis le Vietnam à tout engagement dans une guerre où les intérêts vitaux des États-Unis ne paraissaient pas en danger ; un président bientôt prisonnier de l'affaire Lewinski et obnubilé par son combat avec les républicains ; les réticences des nations européennes à comprendre l'impasse à laquelle menait la voie diplomatique ; l'hostilité de la Russie à toute intervention contre l'allié serbe : chacun de ses facteurs a longtemps contribué à maintenir l'isolement de Madeleine Albright, très tôt convaincue de la nécessité d'une intervention militaire. Sur le terrain, cet attentisme a permis la montée en puissance de l'UCK et, surtout, la mise en œuvre des massacres d'Albanais ethniques par les Serbes. Devenue inévitable, la guerre aérienne a mis en évidence les incertitudes de la stratégie alliée. En dépit du succès final, le bilan que l'on peut tirer de la guerre du Kosovo est donc mêlé. Certes, cette guerre a confirmé le leadership des États-Unis sur le monde, mais elle a montré les risques que faisaient courir à la puissance américaine sa difficulté à mettre en œuvre une diplomatie adaptée à la conjoncture de l'après-guerre froide.
Le mémorial de l'holocauste de Berlin
Authors: Kruse Irène
Published: July 2010

Au centre de Berlin, nouvelle capitale de l'Allemagne réunifiée, se dressera peut-être un jour un Mémorial de l'Holocauste projeté par l'architecte américain Peter Eisenmann. Ainsi du moins en a décidé le Bundestag lors de sa session d'été 1999. Pour en arriver là, il fallut dix ans de discussions dont les enjeux étaient politiques et esthétiques : comment commémorer les victimes du génocide au niveau national ? Et comment tirer parti de la nouvelle culture du monument commémoratif qui vit le jour dans le dernier quart du siècle, pour éviter de représenter l'irreprésentable tout en trouvant une solution formelle capable de susciter chez le visiteur une méditation personnelle ?
L'art de fonder l'autochtonie. Entre Thèbes, Athènes et le français de « souche »
Authors: Detienne Marcel
Published: July 2010

L'art de fonder l'autochtonie. Entre Thèbes, Athènes et le Français « de souche », Marcel Détienne.

Comment comprendre les pulsions d'identité meurtrière qui habitent nos sociétés, aujourd'hui comme hier, et qui toutes ont à voir avec la Terre et les Morts ? Marcel Détienne, en comparant les mythes fondateurs d'Athènes et de Thèbes, reprend la question qui hantait son dernier livre, Comparer l'incomparable (Le Seuil, 2000). Il plaide pour le lancement d'enquêtes, conduites par des historiens et des anthropologues, qui compareront les mille et une manières de fonder et de perpétuer l'autochtonie et dont la plupart furent si sanguinaires.
Le malaise des jeunes gaullistes en Mai 68
Authors: Audigier François
Published: July 2010

Young Gaullists' Discontent in May 1968, François Audigier.

Created in 1965, the Union of Youth for Progress brought together thousands of members in favor of a social Gaullism often critical ofthe UNR and the Pompidou administration. Even though it was composed mostly of students, the UJP was unaware of the new generations' distress such as the university crisis and bypassed the May explosion altogether. Except for a few leaders and sections that provided a minimal Gaullist presence, it languished after making a few attempts. Its awakening was late and coincided with the political renewal. The May events revealed the contradictions of a movement split between a desire to represent the youth and respect of its political allegiances, of an organization torn between a progressive minority that had supported the revolting students in the name of participation, and a conservative minority that saw in May 1968 an attempt at insurrection and the need to conquer it. In between these two radical readings, most members had wavered before adhering to the General's formula : "Reform yes, a mess, no."
Himmler et l'extermination de 30 millions de Slaves
Authors: Stengers Jean
Published: July 2010

Himmler and the Extermination of 30 Million Slavs, Jean Stengers.

The war in Eastern Europe was unspeakably barbaric. Does that mean that the Nazis, and first of all Himmler, planned the murder by starvation of 30 million Sovietpeople ? Well-known historians such as Götz Aly, Suzanne Heim and Christian Gerlach recently put forward this hypothesis. They are basing it on the statements made in Nuremberg by SS General Bach-Zelewski, responsible for the massacres against the fews and partisans, among others. But this testimony is in many respects subject to dispute and other historians contradict it. The Germans didn't hesitate to mistreat the Russian population by letting them literally die of hunger. But the human casualties were the resuit of the waging of war and not of the methodical application of a plan premeditated before 1941.
Taiwan, les richesses d'une nation
Authors: Guiheux Gilles
Published: July 2010

Taiwan, the Wealth of a Nation, Gilles Guïheux.

The spring 2000 presidential election brought the candidate of the progressive Democratic Party, which h ad been in the opposition to the KMT for a long time, to power. Taiwan figures as the model of a successful democratic transition, little by little managing to stabilize a pluralist political System to the point of enabling a peaceful changeover at the head of state. This democratic development has been helped along by growth in high tech sectors and a strengthening of economic links with mainland China. The originality of the Taiwanese model is based on a fabric of small and medium-sized family companies that operate in a network and are able to adapt rapidly to international market demands. In reaction to a national identity that the KMT regime had linked to mainland China to the detriment of local culture, Taiwan bas begun, over the past few years, to reevaluate its insular past. The public debate on Taiwan's history is also part of a détermination to redefine national identity after 40 years of culture imposed by the minority of mainland Chinese who followed Chiang Kai-shek when he withdrew in 1949-1950.
Une histoire à repenser
Authors: Horne John
Published: July 2010

Une histoire à repenser, John Horne.

Après l'épuisement du paradigme d'une « civilisation » européenne spécifique, faire une histoire de l'Europe suppose que soient prises en compte trois évidences du 20e siècle, que l'après-1989 nous rappelle avec insistance : la « brutalisation » qui a renié le Progrès et les Lumières depuis 1914 ; les dislocations et les recompositions d'un espace européen depuis la fin du communisme à l'Est ; l'immigration venue d'Afrique et d'Asie qui relance aujourd'hui l'Europe multiculturelle.
Histoire de l'Europe et histoire des nations
Authors: Hermet Guy
Published: July 2010

Histoire de l'Europe et histoire des nations, Guy Hermet.

L'auteur plaide en faveur d'une réinvention de l'enseignement de l'histoire, qui devrait abandonner le registre du panégyrique national et même continental. Il y aurait néanmoins péril, ajoute-t-il, si l'histoire européenne trouvait sa seule fin en elle-même. L'article propose de réfléchir à une histoire tolérante et hors dilemme : celle de l'individualisme, des sociétés libres et de la démocratie, sans tyrannie d'un passé fondateur sacralisé ; pour une histoire de l'Europe du Même et de l'Autre.
Une histoire problématique, une histoire du temps présent
Authors: Franck Robert
Published: July 2010

Une histoire problématique, une histoire du temps présent, Robert Frank.

L'histoire de l'Europe restera problématique tant que l'on ne s'entendra pas sur son objet. Parle-t-on d'Europe-continent, d'Europe-civilisation, d'Europe-idéal ou d'Europe-construction ? Pour réduire cette incertitude, l'auteur appelle en renfort l'histoire comparée, l'histoire des relations internationales et l'histoire du temps présent. Il invoque les « forces profondes » signalées naguère par Pierre Renouvin. Il montre à juste titre qu'identité et conscience européenne, pour être des acquis du 20e siècle, n'en sont pas moins des concepts opératoires ou, plus utilement, de fortes hypothèses de travail.