bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spread of Non-Natural Concepts
Authors: Lisdorf Anders
Published: May 2004

Pascal Boyer, Justin Barret and associates have recently developed precise and testable hypotheses about what makes a concept attention-demanding, easier to recall and therefore has increased probability of being transmitted. Two theses are tested: 1) that all else being equal counterintuitive concepts are better remembered than bizarre, and bizarre better than common; 2) that counterintuitive concepts containing certain templates, which involve the activation of theory of mind expectations should have greater success. The research so far has been in controlled experiments, but it should be possible to test the theses "in the wild". The evidence from the roman prodigy reports offers us such a possibility. It also enables us to check for variation across time, which hasn't been done before. Thesis 1) is confirmed, but not thesis 2). It is argued however that this is not a disconfirmation of Boyer's general thesis. By considering the context it is argued that it does not disconfirm the basic assumption of the theory. The evidence could suggest that when the "social inferential potential" of templates activating TOM expectations is not used it has no transmission advantage. It is also argued that the specific distribution shows that what is normally considered local cultural factors, have a real effect on what is transmitted.
Spatial distribution of roots, nematode populations and root necrosis in highland banana in Uganda
Authors: Kashaija Imelda , McIntyre Beverley , Ssali Henry , Kizito Fred
Published: May 2004

Banana root distribution, nematodes, and necrosis were assessed in banana
(Musa AAA) monoculture and banana-legume intercrops in Uganda, with the aim
of establishing their relationship in order to enhance decision making with
regard to management practices and sampling for nematode population and
damage assessment. The intercrops had no effect on the vertical or the
horizontal distribution of banana roots and nematodes. Approximately 90% of
the root biomass was in the upper 0.3 m and none was below 0.7 m. Within 0.5
m of the banana mat, the majority of root mass was in the surface 0.15 m,
but outside this radius more were found from 0.15-0.3 m. This spatial
distribution suggests that fertiliser applications would be most effectively
applied within a 0.5 m radius of the banana mat. Nematode species and root
necrosis were uniformly distributed horizontally on the roots; vertical
distribution differed among species. Significantly larger populations of
Radopholus similis were found in the upper 0.3 m; none was present below 0.5
m. Helicotylenchus multicinctus and Pratylenchus goodeyi were found
throughout the rooting profile; H. multicinctus density being high in the
upper 0.5 m, while P.goodeyi was generally low throughout. More root
necrosis was noted in the upper 0.3 m, coinciding with the greatest
population density of R. similis and the greatest amount of root biomass.
The spatial distribution of nematodes indicates that root sampling and
nematicide application should be concentrated within 0.5 m of the banana
mat.
Genetic variability estimated with RAPD-PCR markers in two populations of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Argentina
Authors: Lax Paola , Rondan Dueñas Juan , Gardenal Cristina , Doucet Marcelo
Published: May 2004

Knowledge of genetic variability within and between phytophagous nematode
populations is important for the selection of suitable control strategies.
The nematode Heterodera glycines is the most important pathogen of soybean
in many producer countries, causing significant economic losses. The levels
of variability were analysed in two populations of the nematode from
Argentina, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers in order to
evaluate the genetic population structure of this species. DNA was extracted
from single females of race 1 and race 3 populations. Five primers were
selected and 50 consistent fragments were considered for further analysis.
Populations studied showed high levels of genetic diversity. Most of the
total variation detected in allele frequencies was attributed to variability
among individuals of the same population (83%) rather than inter-population
differences (17%). None of the populations demonstrated exclusive bands.
However, 68% of fragments showed significant differences in their allele
frequencies. This study revealed an important degree of genetic
differentiation between both populations, probably as a consequence of
limited gene flow between them or because each population was under
different management practices at its site of origin. Results herein
represent the first analysis of genetic structure in H. glycines populations
using RAPD-PCR technique.
Selection and polymorphism of Pasteuria penetrans isolates in relation to Meloidogyne spp. from coffee
Authors: Carneiro Regina , Tigano Myrian , Lopes Jorge Camila , Oliveira Teixeira Ana Cristina , Cordeiro Maria Célia
Published: May 2004

Pasteuria penetrans isolates from different geographical areas were tested
for the ability of endospores to attach to secondstage juveniles and to
colonise females of different populations of Meloidogyne spp. from coffee
and other crops. Our results confirm that the spore attachment test cannot
be used as the only criterion for screening for the efficiency of the
bacterial isolate against nematodes. The percentage of females infected with
the bacteria and the endospore concentration in 100 macerated females were
the best approaches for screening the highly pathogenic isolates. Using
these parameters, it was possible to select some isolates for M. javanica
and M. arenaria race 2; one isolate, P12, for the three populations of M.
paranaensis, and isolate P10 for the four races of M. incognita from coffee.
The isolates exhibited poor pathogenicity on M. hapla, M. exigua, M.
graminicola and M. mayaguensis. There was clear evidence that the greatest
parasitism occurred when the isolates of P.penetrans were exposed to species
of Meloidogyne that were genetically close to that from which the bacteria
populations had been originally isolated. The dendrogram obtained from
attachment of 18 P. penetrans isolates on 13 Meloidogyne spp. populations
clearly defined subgroups of the bacteria related to their geographical
origin. RAPD analyses were used for fingerprinting the genomes of
P.penetrans isolates. Twenty 10-mer oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary
sequence revealed 145 scorable binary characters. Cluster analysis showed a
low (61%) to high (80%) level of genetic similarity among the isolates and
that phenetic groups were sometimes related to pathogenicity.
Electropharyngeograms of pharyngeal pumping activity in six species of free-living nematodes
Authors: Tahseen Qudsia , Sheridan Jacqueline , Perry Roland
Published: May 2004

Analysis of the contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal musculature derives
from measurements of electrical currents, termed electropharyngeograms
(EPG). EPG were recorded from adults of six species of free-living
nematodes, Anatonchus amiciae, Aporcelaimus superbus, Plectus parietinus,
Mesorhabditis cranganorensis, Seleborca complexa and Panagrellus redivivus,
during exposure to artificial pond water (APW) and to 0.1 mg ml-1 of the
neurotransmitter serotonin for 5, 10 and 15 min. A marked difference was
observed in the pharyngeal muscle activity of species with grinders in a
three-part pharynx compared with that in species with cylindroid or two-part
pharynx without grinders. The EPG results from the non-grinder predator A.
amiciae showed no electrical activity in response to either APW or
serotonin. There was no electrical activity from the non-grinder predator
Aporcelaimus superbus in APW and only occasional electrical activity when it
was exposed to serotonin; no stylet activity was observed in this species in
any treatment combination. The four grinder species, P. parietinus, M.
cranganorensis, S. complexa and P.redivivus, gave consistent EPG results in
APW, irrespective of the period of exposure. The time intervals between two
consecutive pharyngeal pumps were between 1.0 and 1.5 s for M.
cranganorensis, S. complexa and P. redivivus but pharyngeal activity of P.
parietinus was much slower with intervals of 4.8-4.9 s between two pumps.
The effect of serotonin on these four species was inconsistent. Only
P.redivivus showed EPG responses that demonstrated an enhanced rate of
pharyngeal pumping; the rate of pumping of this species also increased with
increase in exposure period to serotonin.
Depth distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis under crops of different host status and after fumigation
Authors: Westphal Andreas , Robinson A. Forest , Scott Andrew , Santini Judith
Published: May 2004

Population densities of Rotylenchulus reniformis were investigated in 15 cm
horizons from the surface to 120 cm deep in field plots under fallow, grain
sorghum (cv. Asgrow 571), and susceptible (cv. DP6880RR) or resistant (cv.
HY798) soybean. In 2000, population densities were monitored in
non-fumigated plots and in plots fumigated pre-season with
1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) at 38 cm depth. Fallow, grain sorghum and
resistant soybean reduced the incidence of R. reniformis down to 120 cm in
comparison to susceptible soybean. In 2001, population densities were
monitored under cotton in these plots and in additional plots that had grown
susceptible soybean cv. Vernal or resistant cv. Padre in 2000 and that were
fumigated before the 2001 crop with 1,3-D at depths of 0-60, 60-120, or
0-120 cm. In 2000 non-fumigated plots, cotton fibre yields were increased by
an average 35% after fallow, grain sorghum or resistant soybean compared to
those after susceptible soybean. In the 2000 fumigated plots, cotton fibre
yields were increased 38% after grain sorghum and resistant soybean compared
to those after susceptible soybean or fallow. In plots cropped previously to
susceptible soybean, fumigation at 60-120 cm deep increased cotton fibre
yields by 68% compared to the non-fumigated control. Population densities in
the 0-120 cm horizon were a more accurate predictor of plant damage than
those at 0-30 cm. The value of R. reniformis resistant soybean
cultivar-cotton crop sequences was confirmed and the importance of their
effects on deep-occurring populations of R. reniformis demonstrated.
Additional information on Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising kiwi fruit and grape-vine from Brazil and Chile
Authors: Carneiro Regina , Randig Onivaldo , Almeida Maria Ritta , Gomes Ana Cristina
Published: May 2004

A root-knot nematode parasitising kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Rio
Grande do Sul State, Brazil and grape-vine (Vitis vinifera) in Chile, is
identified as Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968. The species is
redescribed from this new material and compared with the type description of
M. ethiopica and another population of the species from Kenya. The female
has an oval to squarish perineal pattern with a moderately high to high
dorsal arch, smooth, widely spaced striae, and no 'shoulders'. The head
region is set off with an elevated squarish labial disc, usually marked by
annulations, and the stylet is 12-15 μm long, the cone usually being
slightly curved dorsally and the shaft gradually widening posteriorly to
near the junction with the rounded stylet knobs. The DGO is 3.0-5.0 μm
behind the knobs. The male has a high, rounded head cap which is continuous
with the body contour and has a distinct labial disc, almost circular to
hexagonal in shape, and distinctly separated from the medial lips. The
stylet is robust, 23-27 μm long with a straight cone and a cylindrical shaft
widening slightly near its junction with the basal knobs which are smooth,
round to pear-shaped and backwardly sloping. The stylet length of the
second-stage juvenile is 11-14 μm, the DGO is 2.0-3.0 μm behind the knobs
and the tail length is 52-72 μm. Biochemically, the esterase phenotype E3 (
Ki3) is species-specific and is the most useful character for
differentiating M. ethiopica from other species. Reproduction is by mitotic
parthenogenesis, 2n 36-38. In a differential host test, populations of M.
ethiopica reproduced on tomato, tobacco, pepper and watermelon. No
reproduction occurred on cotton or peanut. Using the PCR-RAPD analysis to
compare populations from Brazil, Chile and Kenya, a low proportion of
polymorphic fragments (about 17.7%) was detected and the isolates clustered
together with high bootstrap support (100%), thus confirming that all three
populations are very similar and apparently conspecific.
Empowerment through Inclusion: The Case of Women in the Discourses of Advertising in Botswana
Authors: Lunga Violet
Published: May 2004

Success in the fight against HIV/AIDS is related to the degree to which women are acknowledged as and indeed become active stakeholders in the negotiation process of sex relations. As part of that awareness, advertisement campaigns in Botswana attempt to make room for the participation of women in the fight against HIV/AIDS by including women's voices in the discourse around sex as significant actors in negotiation processes of sex and condoms. Using a critical approach, this paper deconstructs notions of equity and assumptions of empowerment in order to expose the limits of the discourse of inclusion of women in public. Advertisements campaigns that seek to empower women in Botswana, while a useful beginning, are examined for the ways they perpetuate cultural attitudes and stereotypes as well as maintain male hegemony. In addition, the paper suggests that the discourse of women's empowerment and inclusion in sexual negotiations cannot be isolated from the socio-cultural, economic and psychological contexts of women.
Enhancing Science and Technology in the SADC Region: Roles of the Secretariat and Member States
Authors: Patterson Rubin , Bozeman James
Published: May 2004

Increased economic integration throughout the world, the growing dominance of foreign affiliate production over international exports, the routinization of innovation, and amplified knowledge-intensiveness of FDI collectively characterize the new global economic environment in which SADC nations are attempting to develop and compete. This paper provides a detailed summary of the global economic context and one of its leading engines, namely, science and technology (S&T). Analysis of Africa's post-independence S&T travails and successes constitutes the second section of the paper. Various factors that have collectively arrested S&T growth are discussed. The third and largest section is the analysis of commonalities and particularities of S&T needs and activities by the SADC secretariat and member states. Focused analytical reports on the status of S&T development efforts in Botswana and Zimbabwe comprise the final section. Based on the contextual threats and opportunities discussed above, the paper concludes with two concrete recommendations: integrating and adopting the elements suggested in the paper for a long-term S&T development model, and pursuing state-sponsored or quasi-state-sponsored reverse engineering campaigns.
Cyberspace vs. Face-to-Face: Community Organizing in the New Millennium
Authors: Stoecker Randy
Published: May 2004

This paper explores the influences of the Internet on the practice of community organizing. There are continuing questions over the scale of community organizing—how much to focus on the local versus the global—as well as over the models of social action—whether to organize institutions or individuals, use conflict or cooperation tactics, and other questions. This paper assesses whether the growing involvement of the Internet in community organizing has any influence on those questions. It looks at the early days of the Internet in community organizing, with particular attention to the free software movement, the Zapatista rebellion, the Communications Decency Act, and the early anti-globalization movement. The analysis of those cases shows that the Internet has influenced the scale of community organizing, allowing for a much better link between local and global efforts. The Internet has not, however, ushered in new effective models of organizing.
ICT, Local Government Capacity Building, and Civic Engagement: An Evaluation of the Sample Initiative in Ghana
Authors: Tettey Wisdom
Published: May 2004

This paper evaluates a local Regional Network (LRNet) in one of Ghana's administrative regions; the purpose of the network is to enhance the capacity of the local government to perform its functions, promote transparency, and serve as a mechanism for civic engagement in the political process. I adopt Zhu's WSR approach as a conceptual model for this analysis, which examines, within a concrete setting, the nature, challenges, and outcomes that emanate from the intersection of the dual paradigm shifts in information technology and the reinvention of government. The case study concludes that there is a significant expectation-perception gap between the project's intent and its outcomes. The findings strongly support the view that computers by themselves cannot achieve organizational goals if the necessary enabling environment does not support them. It is clear from this study that ICTs do not function in a socio-cultural, political, and economic vacuum. Their efficacy is contingent on the various forces and realities that coalesce to shape the environment into which they are introduced. While the technologies may be designed in a way that allows them to perform certain functions, it is the decisions, orientations, and attitudes of human beings, as well as the resource capabilities of the organizations, which ultimately determine the success of IT undertakings. Therefore, organizations employing the ICTs must appreciate the limitations of an instrumental perspective that focuses only on the "digital messiah" as the panacea for organizational problems and the sole catalyst for government reinvention.
Role of Gender in Wage Determination in the Production Sector in Japan
Authors: Yamada Yuko , Koshal Rajindar , Miyazima Sasuke , Koshal Manjulika
Published: May 2004

Using labor survey data for the year 1998, this paper attempts to estimate a gender-based earning model that is a function of age, experience, and education levels. According to the estimated model, keeping education at a fixed level, the wages of production (blue-collar) workers are a nonlinear function of age and experience. On the average, over a lifetime, female workers earn 78 to 81% of the wages of their male counterparts. The annual rate of return on three years of high school education is 4.15% for males and 2.45% for females.
Eyeing the Scene: The Uses and (RE)uses of Surveillance Cameras in an Exotic Dance Club
Authors: Egan R. Danielle
Published: May 2004

This article explores issues of space, surveillance and social control in an exotic dance club in the New England area. Exotic dancers are subject to social control mechanisms by the owner of the club and enforced by the management via surveillance technologies and club “rules.” Although these rules can be repressive for dancers, the women who work in the club find ways to subvert and resist social control through strategies of evasion and enlisting the complicity of regular customers. The findings emerge from eighteen months of participant observation and ethnographic research and are theoretically informed by poststructural theory. **
Resisting the Welfare Mother: The Power of Welfare Discourse and Tactics of Resistance
Authors: Mccormack Karen
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the impact of dominant discourses on welfare on the lives of women caught up within the American welfare system, focusing primarily on community differences in levels of stigma and the possibility for resistance to the dominant practices. Based upon interviews with 36 women conducted in 1997, one year after the passage of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, the paper compares women living in concentrated poverty in the inner cities with those living in rural and suburban communities. The levels of stigma vary dramatically between the two areas, with women in mixed class communities experiencing much more negative treatment and internalizing the punitive welfare discourse to a far greater extent. Women experiencing lower levels of welfare stigma are able to enact more resistive practices to counter the effects of the dominant discourse.
Viral Power: Interview with Arthur and Marilouise Kroker
Authors: Wood William R.
Published: May 2004

Arthur and Marilouise Kroker are the editors of CTHEORY, an online international journal of theory, technology, and culture. They have also authored and edited numerous articles and books, including Digital Delirium, Hacking the Future, The Possessed Individual, and Technology and the Canadian Mind. The Boston College Department of Sociology was fortunate to host the Krokers for a series of courses and lectures in the Fall of 2000 and Spring of 2001. William Wood is a graduate student in the sociology department at Boston College. This interview was conducted through several email exchanges in February and March of 2002, following the mobilization of the United States in its “war on terror.”
Reflections and Refractions: Arab American Women Writing and Written
Authors: Serageldin Samia
Published: May 2004

At a time when the American popular imagination is dominated by fun-house refractions of Arabs and Muslims as the ultimate "other," it is critical that these images be counterbalanced by unmediated, first-person, authentic reflections of the real-life experiences of writers of Middle Eastern heritage. This is where fiction and narrative non-fiction occupy a privileged position, creating an intimate, expansive space for empathy and identification, and serving generality through specificity.
Stolen Husbands, Foreign Wives: Mixed Marriage, Identity Formation, and Gender in Colonial Egypt, 1909-1923
Authors: Kholoussy Hanan
Published: May 2004

This paper explores the multiple ways in which Egyptian women and men conceptualized mixed marriage between Egyptian men and European women from 1909 to 1923. It argues that mixed marriage in colonial Egypt was a contested site of national identity formation that attracted the growing attention of writers. The debates on mixed marriage provide convincing evidence of the political and cultural anxieties which often underwrote experiments in colonial modernity. I aim to situate mixed marriage—where these anxieties particularly coalesced—as a place in which notions of colonial modernity were produced and reproduced as a condition for the enlightenment and progress of the Egyptian nation and its citizens, most notably its women. As the sources make clear, tensions about marriage between Egyptian men and European women evolved out of the particular circumstances of the British occupation. These anxieties coalesced particularly in critiques that often portrayed mixed marriage as endangering the marital futures of Egyptian women, and the political and cultural identities of mixed marriage offspring, the family, and the Egyptian nation by extension. An analysis of these debates will reveal that mixed marriage was often portrayed as an impediment—and sometimes as a facilitator—to Egypt's path of modernity. I argue that these writers used mixed marriage to critique Egyptian men's and women's gendered roles as fathers, husbands, mothers, and wives. In doing so, they aimed to construct a new vision of the family and society as sites of modernity where the Egyptian colony could reform and prove to be 'modern' and, thus, worthy of political independence.
«Pourquoi tu ne M'écris Plus . . .?»: Les Relations Mixtes et les Frontières Sociales dans le Protectorat Espagnol au Maroc
Authors: Dieste Josep Lluís Mateo
Published: May 2004

Dans le cadre de cet article je propose de reconstruire le rôle joué par les relations mixtes entre les sexes dans un contexte colonial particulier, le Protectorat Espagnol au Maroc (1912-1956) et leur importance comme indicateur des frontières sociales entre Espagnols et Marocains. En deuxième lieu, je montrerai l'importance des facteurs de religion, de parenté et de nationalité dans la construction des barrières contre le métissage. Et enfin, j'analyserai l'influence des systèmes de classification sociale dans l'établissement des frontières de parenté entre les groupes, en fonction de critères de hiérarchie de «culture» ou de «civilisation». Les faits nous révèlent qu'en dépit d'interdictions de la part des deux groupes, il existait des unions hypogamiques entre des femmes espagnoles et des hommes marocains, et qu'à l'inverse, les rapports sexuels entre femmes marocaines et hommes espagnols étaient relégués à la marginalité et considérés comme terrain du dangereux. Les sources utilisées pour cette recherche sont les documents de l'administration du Protectorat Espagnol (Rapports et documents de la Delegación de Asuntos Indígenas , dans l' Archivo General de la Administración d'Alcalá de Henares); la littérature de l'époque sur les relations mixtes; et une trentaine d'entretiens réalisés entre 1997 et 1999 avec des Marocains et des Espagnols ayant vécu dans la zone de Protectorat dans les années 30 et 50. L'exposé est organisé comme suit: une introduction au contexte du Maroc colonial et au cadre juridique lié aux mariages mixtes; le croisement des visions marocaines et espagnoles dans le domaine de la parenté et de la sexualité; l'analyse des relations mixtes sur le terrain et la réaction des autorités coloniales.
The Laws Governing The Work Of Women In Muslim Countries Today: The Jordanian Case
Authors: Abu-Hassan Reem
Published: May 2004

In the Muslim world, women have equal opportunities of work on theoretical and legislative bases, but in practice women benefit less than men because of the de facto discrimination practices of society. This paper deals with the laws guiding the work of women in Muslim countries by using the Jordanian legal system as an example. It will be argued that law is an important area of practice for social transformation. By recognizing that power is diffused throughout society rather than located solely in the state and related institutions, law can be used to facilitate transitions in social and economic transformations even where traditions and social constraints severely hinder change.
AUTHORITY VERSUS SEXUALITY: DIALECTICS IN WOMAN'S IMAGE IN MODERN SUDANESE NARRATIVE DISCOURSE
Authors: Oladosu Afis
Published: May 2004

Notwithstanding its "peripheral" status in Arabic literary writing, the portrayal of the woman's image in the Sudanese narrative discourse essays the protean nature of literary and intellectual activities in Sudan and the eclecticism in the status of the Sudanese woman (al-mar'a al-sūdāniyya) in the early modern period in the country. This paper attempts to appropriate her locus and location in Sudan's historical and socio-cultural landscape using the mirror provided by Mu'āwiyya Muhammad Nūr, Mulkat Dār Muhammad and Tayeb Salih as its guide. The dialecticism in her image which is evidenced in the creative world of these writers is thereafter sublimated into two strategies: Authority and Sexuality.
European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Hendriks
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
D. Evans (ed.): Conceiving the Embryo. Ethics, Law and Practice in Human Embryology and D. Evans (ed.): Creating the Child. The Ethics, Law and Practice of Assisted Procreation
Authors: de Wert
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Abortion: the Case for Non-intervention
Authors: Petersen
Published: May 2004

In this article I argue that repealing abortion laws would help to establish a philosophical foundation for reproductive choice. Legal silence on abortion would signal that what is not prohibited is permitted. Although Australian abortion law and practice has an Alice in Wonderland quality which may have been productive in an evolutionary sense, the pitfalls of this approach to reproductive autonomy are becoming obvious. It is time to dismantle the legal scaffolding and contextualise the questions most relevant to women who are faced with an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. Women need help not hindrance when making reproductive decisions.
Consumer Protection and the Free Movement of Medical Practitioners in the European Union
Authors: Segest
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Quality of medical practice and professional misconduct in the European Union
Authors: Abbing
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
The Swedish No Fault Patient Insurance Scheme
Authors: Borgenhammar  , Fallberg
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this article is to describe, analyze and discuss aspects of the Swedish No Fault Patient Insurance Scheme (NFPI, in Swedish "patientförsäkringen"). The discussion will deal with reasons behind the emerging of such a scheme and its likely effects. A question is whether it has qualities that may be of value to other cultures, and what the drawbacks may be. In other words: what are the possibilities for cross-national learning?
Agenda 2000 and the Role of Public Health in Applying for EU Membership
Authors: Dommers
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
The Right of the Patient to Quality of Medical Practice and the Position of Migrant Doctors within the EU
Authors: Abbing
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Austrian Health System
Authors: Aigner
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Population Screening: The Role of the Law
Authors: Gevers
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Living Donor Organ Transplantation in Europe: Re-evaluating its Role
Authors: Price  , Akveld
Published: May 2004

Hard choices confront societies generally as well as clinicians individually in the face of escalating organ supply requirements for transplantation within Europe. Living organ donation is an important supplement to cadaveric sources of supply, at least in the short to medium term. However, all acceptable therapeutic transplantation strategies require a proper legal regulatory framework to facilitate their use and to encompass central ethical principles and standards. Living donor organ transplantation has typically lacked such a framework, creating vagueness and both doubt and scepticism as to its status and practice.
Review of Ethics and Human Genetics, Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Council of Europe on Bioethics, Strasbourg, 30 November -- 2 December 1993, Council of Europe Press, 1994
Authors: Chadwick
Published: May 2004

Review of Ethics and Human Genetics, Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Council of Europe on Bioethics, Strasbourg
Medical Confidentiality and Medical Privilege — a Comparison of French and German Law
Authors: Michalowski
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
New developments in international health law
Authors: Roscam Abbing
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Alcohol Control Legislation in Lithuania
Authors: Jakuboniiene
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
A Wish to have a Baby and the Dignity of the Child and Embryo: About the Law on Artificial Insemination and Embryo Protection of the Republic of Estonia
Authors: Sootak  , Margus Kurm
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Finger Cooling During Cold Air Exposure
Authors: Tikuisis Peter
Published: May 2004

This paper presents a method for predicting the onset of finger freezing. It is an extension of a tissue-cooling model originally developed to predict the onset of cheek freezing. The extension to the finger is presented as a more conservative warning of wind chill. Indeed, guidance on the risk of finger freezing is important not only to safeguard the finger, but also because it pertains more closely to susceptible facial features, such as the nose, than if only the risk of cheek freezing was provided. The importance of blood flow to the finger and the modeling of vasoconstriction are demonstrated through cooling predictions that agree reasonably well with several reported observations. Differences in the prediction between the present physiologic-based model and the engineering model used to develop the wind chill index are also discussed. New wind chill charts are presented that tabulate the mean cooling rates and corresponding onset times to freezing of the finger for various combinations of air temperature and wind speed. Results indicate that the surface of the finger cools to its freezing point in approximately one-eighth of the time predicted for the cheek. For combinations that result in the same wind chill temperature (WCT), the rate of finger cooling is faster at the higher wind speed. This asymmetry was previously disclosed through the application of the model to cheek cooling, and it reiterates the ambiguity associated with the reporting of WCT. It is further emphasized that the reporting of onset times to freezing, or safe exposure limits, is a more logical and meaningful alternative to the WCT.
Verdicts or Inventions?
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W. , Strang Heather
Published: May 2004

The social benefits of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) would be enhanced by general recognition of three problems of their interpretation and a redefinition of their mission in relation to program development and evaluation. One problem is that of “forest versus trees,” or the sampling relationship between each test of a hypothesis and the conclusions drawn from all such tests taken together. A second problem is interpreting RCTs as testing theory or policy when they cannot achieve a high correlation between the treatments assigned and treatments actually applied in each case. The third problem is what works for whom, or whether identical treatments cause different effects, on average, for different kinds of people, groups, situations, or other units of analysis that were different at the point of random assignment. Confronting these three problems suggests that RCTs should not only seek verdicts about what works but also should seek better inventions of crime prevention programs for further testing.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Kim S. , Caza Arran
Published: May 2004

Positive organizational scholarship is the study of that which is positive, flourishing, and life-giving in organizations. Positive refers to the elevating processes and outcomes in organizations. Organizational refers to the interpersonal and structural dynamics activated in and through organizations, specifically taking into account the context in which positive phenomena occur. Scholarship refers to the scientific, theoretically derived, and rigorous investigation of that which is positive in organizational settings. This article introduces this new field of study and identifies some of its key contributions.
Exploring the Relationships between Organizational Virtuousness and Performance
Authors: Cameron Kim S. , Bright David , Caza Arran
Published: May 2004

The importance of virtuousness in organizations has recently been acknowledged in the organizational sciences, but research remains scarce. This article defines virtuousness and connects it to scholarly literature in organizational science. An empirical study is described in which the relationships between virtuousness and performance in 18 organizations are empirically examined. Significant relationships between virtuousness and both perceived and objective measures of organizational performance were found. The findings are explained in terms of the two major functions played by virtuousness in organizations: an amplifying function that creates self-reinforcing positive spirals, and a buffering function that strengthens and protects organizations from traumas such as downsizing.
Nazis, Pollution, and no Sex
Authors: Esser Frank , Hartung Uwe
Published: May 2004

This article briefly summarizes the German research literature on scandal and then outlines a theory of scandal as a socially constructed communication pattern. The theory distinguishes macro- and micro-level approaches for addressing the question of which malfunctions a society selects for scandal. The manifest and latent functions of scandals are discussed with special emphasis on the role of the mass media. The authors’concept of scandal is linked to the concept of political culture. The article then reviews, from a comparative cross-national point of view, (a) scandals that were formative for the development of democratic political culture in Germany, (b) scandals that are linked to the particular history of Germany, (c) scandals that do not distinguish Germany from other societies, and (d) scandals that are conspicuously missing in Germany although common in other countries. On this basis, five conclusions are drawn about the relationship of political scandal and political culture.
The Politics of Scandal in Spain
Authors: Jiménez Fernando
Published: May 2004

This article has a double purpose. On one hand, it briefly reviews the main political scandals in democratic Spain and tries to account for why political corruption gained a privileged position in the Spanish public agenda only during the decade of the 1990s and up to the Socialist’s electoral defeat of 1996. On the other hand, and the main focus of this article, the Spanish case is used to build a model for the analysis of scandals based on the idea that these phenomena are not automatic processes of social control but rather the result of political struggles among different social elites of which the final outcome is unpredictable.
Scandal and Media in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tumber Howard
Published: May 2004

This article looks at the recent spate of political scandal news, both financial and sexual, in the United Kingdom during the Major and Blair administrations. Scandal revelations, especially those produced by the press, may be due in part to the audience-building strategies of the media. Dissenting views, in contrast, may possibly be offered as a result of the media’s own legitimation needs. Stories of scandal serve to undermine institutions in the public’s mind and can often provoke the setting up of government and parliamentary committees leading to the regulation of particular activities. This article shows how the accumulation of scandal stories may have serious repercussions for the popularity of governments and prime ministers and may influence the representation of all aspects of policy.
It Takes Two to Blow the Whistle
Authors: Liebes Tamar , Blum-Kulka Shoshana
Published: May 2004

The article argues that the exposure of scandal, often seen as constituting the highest journalistic achievement, is not necessarily controlled by the journalist. Looking at scandal as the outcome of the varying relationship between reporters and sources, the authors offer a typology of subgenres. Whistle blowing is a story in which the source betrays his or her institutional loyalty (often for a higher cause), entrapment is a story in which the reporter betrays an often naïve source (possibly for the sake of a good story), and mainstreaming and spotlighting are the highlighting of violations of social norms by picking up stories from marginal media channels or by choosing to investigate routine, endemic antinormative practices. A new type of scandal emerges in the capacity of interviewees on live talk shows to surprise their hosts by violating the norms of the studio interview or of accepted social behavior.
Having, Giving, and Getting: Slack Resources, Corporate Philanthropy, and Firm Financial Performance
Authors: Seifert Bruce , Morris Sara A. , Bartkus Barbara R.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates financial correlates of corporate philanthropy in Fortune 1000 companies using structural equation modeling. The results suggest that cash flow (one of the most discretionary types of organizational slack) has a significant impact on a firm’s cash donations to charitable causes, but monetary donations do not affect firm financial performance. These findings support the accepted view of corporate philanthropy as a discretionary social responsibility and the traditional thinking about firm giving in the business and society literature—that doing well enables doing good. Contrary to some contemporary thinking, the findings imply no significant effect on profits from corporate generosity.
Do Affluent Countries Face an Incomes-Jobs Trade-Off?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2004

According to an influential view, in the United States pay for less skilledworkers is lowand government benefits are stingy, but this facilitates the creation of newjobs and encourages such individuals to take those jobs. Inmuch of WesternEurope, relative pay levels are higher for those at the bottom and benefits are more generous, but this is said to discourage job creation and job seeking. This article offers a comparative assessment of this trade-off viewbased on pooled timeseries cross-section analyses of 14 countries in the 1980s and 1990s. The findings suggest that greater pay equality and a higher replacement rate do reduce employment growth in lowproductivity, private-sector service industries and in the economy as a whole. However, these effects are relatively weak. The results point to a variety of viable options for countries wishing to maintain or move toward a desirable combination of jobs and equality.
The Radical Right Gender Gap
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author argues that a gender gap exists in the vote for the radical right and that this gender gap can be explained using techniques drawn from the literature on mainstream gender gaps. The analysis emphasizes the impact of the immigration issue on the vote for the radical right. Logit and regression analysis are used to determine what can be explained by structural, situational, and political factors versus gender alone in France, Germany, and Austria. It is found that there is a gender gap, but it varies across the three cases; that attitudes toward political issues, particularly immigration, have a disproportionate impact on the probability of voting radical right but not on the gender gap specifically; and that there is a difference between men and women on the immigration issue, and blue-collar workers are more likely to be anti-immigrant than those in other sectors.
Swedish Trade Unions and Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Bieler Andreas
Published: May 2004

As in 1994 on the question of European Union (EU) membership, there is a split between transnational sector unions supporting European Monetary Union (EMU) and national production sector unions rejecting it. Interestingly, however, transnational production sector unions, as well as trade union confederations, no longer combine their support for membership with a strong emphasis on Europe-wide cooperation and the demand for further development of the Social Dimension. A neo-Gramscian perspective amended with a strategic-relational approach to the state is used for the analysis. While the split in the labour movement on EMU can be explained through a reference to the impact of globalization, the renewed focus of transnational labour on the Swedish form of state is due to the re-strengthened cooperation with capital at the national level and a strong economic performance of Sweden in the late 1990s as well as in 2000 and 2001.
The Power Politics of Peace
Authors: Wivel Anders
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this article is to explore globalization and European integration and the link between the two developments from a realist perspective. I demonstrate how realists have engaged in analyses of globalization and European integration but have so far failed to provide a link between the two developments. I argue that realists can convincingly provide such a link by utilizing the perspective’s often neglected process variables: socialization, competition and interaction capacity. Using these variables, I demonstrate how the dynamics of power politics perfectly consistent with realism may result in an international system characterized by actors and processes incompatible with realist predictions. The article is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the applicability of international relations theory to globalization and European integration and to the contemporary debate between realists and their critics on the development of the realist research programme.
Changes to European Security in a Communicative Perspective
Authors: Sjursen Helene
Published: May 2004

Based on a communicative perspective, this article examines the theoretical possibility of a two-fold change in European security (in the referent object of security and in the understanding and practice of the best means of achieving security). The approach suggested should be considered supplementary to the rational choice perspective, and at the same time a contribution to a strengthening of the existing ‘widening’ literature on security. It is argued that the concepts of communicative rationality and deliberation can contribute to this in two ways: first, by establishing alternative and more precise micro-foundations to those provided in the rational choice perspective; second, by providing a critical standard that allows us to escape the normative ambiguity in security studies.
The Attrition Condition
Authors: Breiter Deborah , Vannucci Cynthia , Kline Sheryl , Gregory Susan
Published: May 2004

Attrition provisions in group-business contracts have become increasingly problematic for meeting planners in recent years because meeting participants and exhibitors increasingly seek their own accommodations outside room blocks, particularly when they find low-price rooms via Web sites. A 2002 survey of 143 meeting planners (primarily working with associations) found that most signed contracts containing attrition provisions for the largest meeting they held in 2001, but only one-third of those who came up short on room-block guarantees were billed for attrition. Many planners negotiated some form of settlement. Rather than have attrition continue to be a point of contention for hotels and meeting planners, a better approach might be for hotel sales managers and meeting planners to work together to formulate reasonable attrition policies. From the meeting planners’ view-point, this would include receiving credit for the business that the meeting brings to the hotel, whether in the room block or through other sales channels.
The Mixed Motive Instruction
Authors: Sherwyn David , Wagner Paul , Baumgarten Joe
Published: May 2004

Following a 2003 U.S. Supreme Court decision, employers face the prospect of fighting employment discrimination cases that they cannot afford to win. A decision involving Caesars Palace held that based on a 1991 federal statute, a complaining employee need not give direct evidence of discrimination as part of the complaint. This is a change in the treatment formerly given to the so-called mixed motive concept, in which a personnel decision regarding an employee who is part of a protected class may be motivated by both legitimate business considerations and discrimination. In addition to apparently shifting the burden of proof, the federal law provides for jury trials in discrimination complaints. Because such trials involve considerable legal expense, employers who choose to litigate such cases may “win” but be impoverished by the resulting legal bills. The concern in such a situation is that employers may find themselves subject to inappropriate discrimination suits.
Measuring Customer-Based Restaurant Brand Equity
Authors: Kim Woo Gon , Kim Hong-Bumm
Published: May 2004

Strong brand equity is significantly correlated with revenues for quick-service restaurants. In a study 394 respondents gauged the strength of seven quick service restaurant brands doing business in Seoul, Korea. The study tested four elements of brand equity, namely, brand awareness, brand image, brand loyalty, and perceived quality. Of those attributes, brand awareness had the strongest direct effect on revenues, while loyalty had the least effect. Dividing the restaurants into high-performing and low-performing groups, the researchers found that customers differentiated the high-performing restaurants on several product-quality measures, including knowledgeable employees and food served on time and as ordered. Oddly, high-and low-performing restaurants were not differentiated on such other quality factors as making quick corrections to errors, experienced personnel, and cleanliness. One other contrary finding was that although brand equity comprises all four factors being tested, awareness showed the smallest effect on brand equity, far eclipsed by image, loyalty, and product quality.