bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postdoctoral Destination Decisions
Authors: Paul Anju Mary
Published: February 2018

Postdoctoral training is now essential for an academic career in the life sciences. As Asian research universities invest in improving their infrastructure and funding, Asian-born aspiring bioscientists now have a destination choice to make between the West and Asia for their postdoctoral training. This chapter highlights the role played by Asia-based scientists (many of whom are returned migrants from the West) in mediating their students’ understanding of the relative merits of these different destination options. Interviews with eighty-two Asian-born, Western-trained bioscientists who have since returned to Asia to work in Singapore, India, China, or Taiwan, reveal that these scientists still recommend postdoctoral training in the West, though they increasingly recommend doctoral training in Asia, leading to hybrid training pathways. These findings demonstrate the ongoing (though narrowing) gap between Western and Asian scientific research structures, particularly in terms of status, networking opportunities, and research cultures.
Staunching the Flow
Authors: Crush Jonathan , Chikanda Abel
Published: February 2018

South Africa has experienced a major outflow of health professionals since the end of apartheid in 1994 and this brain drain has led to a significant decline in the quality of healthcare across the country’s health institutions. This chapter provides a critical assessment of South Africa’s health professional retention strategies and asks if these have led to any significant shifts in the emigration intentions of highly skilled health professionals (medical doctors and specialists, dentists and pharmacists). The chapter provides an overview of the scale of the brain drain from the country and the emigration intentions of those still there and in training. It then examines the various strategies that the government has adopted to staunch the flow. Finally, using data from 2007 and 2013 surveys of health professionals by the Southern African Migration Program, the chapter assesses whether these strategies have had any discernible impact.
Introduction
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: February 2018

The Introduction surveys Paine’s reputation, and argues that it would be a misconception to think that Paine characterized his age; rather, he was very much a man of his age, indebted to the ideas and practices of early and mid-eighteenth-century England. It surveys the historiography to anticipate the conclusions of the book, and in particular situates itself against the analyses of E. P. Thompson (socialism), R. R. Palmer (the age of the democratic revolution), and Enlightenment discourse (the conceptualization and proliferation of human rights). It argues that Paine, correctly understood, demands a reconsideration of conventional views of these themes.
Paine, Religion, and Politics
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 6 surveys Paine’s openly Deist writings. It considers his early anti-Trinitarianism, and argues that he probably adopted this position before his political engagement with the American Revolution. It relates his Deism to his attempt to check the French Revolution’s campaign of de-Christianization, and attributes the lack of success of that effort to the Englishness of Paine’s Deism: it was not an international language. Rather, this chapter suggests a possible association with the biblical criticism of the London-based Alexander Geddes. After the mid-1790s, Paine continued to be preoccupied not with revolution but with revelation: it was his central theme until his death in 1809, and his Deism, not any supposed plans for a social security system in Rights of Man. Part the Second, created the intellectual context for his Agrarian Justice (1797).
Second-Century Christology
Authors: Daley, SJ Brian E.
Published: February 2018

Major Christian writers in the second century saw Jesus largely in terms of God’s self-revelation in the long history of Israel. Central themes included the person of Jesus as God’s “Beloved,” an understanding of his death as a fulfillment of biblical prophecy, the celebration of Jewish liturgical feasts, and a sense that in the Church the ancient vocation of Israel was now being extended to include all nations. Works examined include the Odes of Solomon, a collection of prophetic Syriac hymns; the letters of Ignatius of Antioch; the Ascension of Isaiah; the Paschal homily of Melito of Sardis, developing the understanding of Jesus’ sacrificial death and resurrection as the final meaning of Israel’s Exodus and its later Passover celebration; and the writings of Justin, the second-century Christian “philosopher,” which identify the story of Jesus, his death and resurrection, as the final embodiment of divine wisdom for Jews and gentiles.
The Iconoclastic Controversy
Authors: Daley, SJ Brian E.
Published: February 2018

Earlier Eastern Christian authors saw the veneration of images as idolatrous. Yet from the late fifth century, representations of Christ and the saints grew increasingly popular. Official hostility also grew. In 726, Emperor Leo III ordered a mosaic image of Christ to be removed from the palace in Constantinople. Controversy continued through the middle of the following century. Key figures were Emperor Constantine V, a critic of image-veneration, and Patriarch Nicephorus, whose writings in its defense provided—along with the council at Nicaea in 787—the main theological arguments linking this practice with the orthodox understanding of the person of Christ. Other important defenders were Patriarch Germanus of Constantinople, the monk John of Damascus, and the monastic leader Theodore of Stoudios. The conflict was finally resolved on March 11, 843, by the gesture of a procession with icons. The veneration of images was now accepted as standard Church practice.
Towers and Trees in Cognitive Evolution
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: February 2018

Dennett argues that Darwinism provides a universal theory of adaptation and improvement in design. In his “Tower of Generate and Test,” Dennett distinguishes four kinds of creatures that realize a Darwinian pattern on different scales and with different degrees of sophistication: Darwinian, Skinnerian, Popperian, and Gregorian creatures. I examine Dennett’s tower in the light of recent work on learning, and in the context of the phylogenetic tree. A class of associative learners—Humean organisms—probably lies between Dennett’s Darwinian and Skinnerian creatures. Various cognitive capacities are also more demanding than instrumental conditioning, but insufficient for Popperian cognition in Dennett’s sense. Creatures corresponding to these intermediate stages are named—Carnapian, Pearlian, Tolmanian. These stages are not arranged in a tower.
Bombay's People, 1860-98
Authors: Siddiqi Asiya
Published: February 2018

Caught in the web of global economic fluctuations, Bombay experienced a cataclysmic financial crisis in the 1860s. Before the crash the city’s economy was heavily dependent on the trade in cotton. By 1865, with the end of the American Civil War, the price of cotton plummeted, and with it the fortunes of Bombay’s people. Even people not directly involved in the cotton trade were affected. Thousands declared themselves insolvent and sought the protection of the Bombay High Court. Drawing on almost twenty thousand petitions of insolvents, Asiya Siddiqi explores a crucial phase of transformations in Indian economy and society. Situating her study in the early colonial period of constant negotiations between local, colonial, and global relationships, Siddiqi maps patterns of income, literacy levels, and connections between religion and occupation. She not only analyses the finances of the wealthy and the powerful but also of working people. Among the people who made an appearance in the insolvency petitions were artisans, traders, courtesans and dancing girls, managers, homemakers, domestic servants, and labourers. The documents tell us about types of professions, modes of self-identification, kinds and degrees of literacy, and income levels. The study also illuminates certain features of colonial law. People whose conduct was grounded in customary codes of practice that were relatively flexible and informal had to negotiate the streamlining and codification of practices that the colonial government undertook. From this scrutiny is revealed the workings of the complex and dynamic economic and social relationships among Bombay’s people in the late nineteenth century.
High School Education at Jhang and Lahore
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

Ruchi Ram Sahni describes three eventful years during which he left Dera Ismail Khan in order to finish a high school education—first in the town of Jhang, more than a hundred miles away, across a waterless desert, then in Lahore. Part of the chronicle involves his adventures getting to and from Jhang, first by boat and then on camel-back; on another occasion walking the entire distance in order to save money; and on a third almost being drowned on a boat crossing the River Chenab. After his favourite teacher retires from the school in Jhang, Sahni runs away to Lahore to seek a more challenging education. Much of the narrative relates to his education in Lahore—his teachers, his increasingly cosmopolitan schoolmates, and a growing awareness of his nature as a ‘social rebel’ who challenges Hindu religious practices and superstitions.
I Join the Punjab Education Department
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

In this chapter Ruchi Ram Sahni recounts his early years as Assistant Professor of Science at the Government College, Lahore. In addition to teaching and running experiments, Sahni delivered three lectures a week in Urdu at the University science class at the Oriental College as a Kapurthala Alexandra scholar. He also found the time to attend carpentry classes for six months at the Mayo School of Art, where he made the acquaintance of Lockwood Kipling and learned carpentry from the famous master architect, Bhai Ram Singh. The chapter also describes an unfortunate episode involving the leaking of examination papers by an English colleague in which Sahni was unfairly implicated, and discusses some British policies which discriminated against Indians in the field of higher education.
My Public Life
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

In this brief chapter Ruchi Ram Sahni recounts his role in starting the Hindu Family Mutual Relief Fund in the late 1880s. The Fund began after the death of an indigent clerk in the Railways whose family had to be supported by funds raised from his associates; the idea was to start a regular fund for the purpose of supporting the families of deceased members. Sahni gives this as the first of many examples in which he played a role in associational life in late nineteenth-century Lahore; along with Lala Harkishen Lal, he claimed that he must have been responsible for drafting the constitution of at least two-thirds of the associations which came up in Lahore at this time.
A Long Healthy Life
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

This chapter includes various reflections on Sahni’s own efforts to live a ‘long healthy life’. They include psychological suggestions about the process of habit-formation; the belief that life changes should always be gradual rather than sudden; the importance of maintaining an optimistic outlook on life; advice on keeping diets; and the fundamental tenets of what he called, in a tongue-in-cheek manner, the Bhojan Samaj.
The Ethics and Technique of Maintaining Self-Respect
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

This chapter is an account of the difficulties Ruchi Ram Sahni faced, along with other Indians of his generation, in maintaining self-respect in connection to his dealings with the British at a time of high imperialistic jingoism. He recounts a number of personal experiences of being slighted or assaulted by Englishmen, and describes his attempts to respond in a dignified but firm manner.
This is How We Dance Now!
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

How is cosmopolitan modernity performed in a liberalizing India? From the spectacular celebrity culture of dance television reality shows and Bollywood films to dance-making in the movie and TV studios, dance halls, rehearsals, and auditions in obscure corners of Mumbai and Kolkata, this book explores the voices, aspirations, and dance practices of a new generation of dancers and choreographers. As the old system of dance pedagogy is broken down by the growth of media, migration, and a deepening democracy, the concept of ‘remix’ has replaced it. It explains, in a word, both the new practices of bodily knowledge transmission and the new aesthetics of Indian dance. This book situates Bollywood dance and dance reality shows at the centre of the changing visual culture in India, and illuminates new and original intersections of ideas from the fields of anthropology, dance studies, philosophy, media studies, gender studies, and postcolonial theory. It tells the story of the transformation of Indian dance by drawing from the deep wells of theories from these fields, but also from the vantage point of intimate ethnographic eyes.
Lens on Reality
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that the new communication technologies and globalization of media have fundamentally changed India’s visual culture and that Bollywood dance and dance reality TV provide a powerful lens to look at the impact of economic liberalization and globalization on India’s public sphere. It introduces some of the key ideas discussed in the book—on class mobility and aspiration, dance pedagogy, gender and sexuality, morality, subjectivity, and celebrity culture.
A Struggle for Identity
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

This concluding chapter reflects on the heated debates surrounding westernization, middle-class respectability, sexuality, and exploitation of women and children that form around dance reality shows. Dance Reality Shows open up both public and private battlegrounds in this on-going transformation of desire, consumerism, class mobility, and postcolonial modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Misra Udayon
Published: February 2018

The focus of this introductory chapter is on how pre- and post-Partition politics created ruptures in Assam’s relationship with the rest of the country; of how Partition turned the region into a landlocked one almost overnight and triggered long-range changes affecting its economy, its politics, and its society; of how the Centre’s perception of the region came to be coloured by considerations of security associated with the periphery or borderland; and of how the region’s economy and politics came to be increasingly influenced by its post-Partition geography. While discussing all of this, an attempt has been made to answer the riddle as to how a region that was culturally so integrated with the rest of India, nourished its socio-cultural and religious ties with the subcontinent, and whose economy had been integral to the nation’s colonial as well as postcolonial history could eventually spawn militant separatism, which, continues to be a central force in a state’s politics.
The Future of Indian Universities
Authors: Parikh Indira J.
Published: February 2018

Institutions of learning, centres of higher education, and the generation of today are the tripod over which the universities of any country are founded. The aim of this chapter is to rekindle the debate on the nature of education in India and suggests that the time has come for institutions of higher learning to ask themselves the basic and fundamental questions about themselves, the universities as well as the learning structure and the existing learning process.
The Indian University in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Menon N.R. Madhava
Published: February 2018

The purpose of looking at Indian universities in a comparative perspective is obviously to locate it among higher education institutions across the world and to identify its strengths and weaknesses in the advancement of learning and research. In doing so, one can discern the directions for reform in order to put the university system in a competitive advantage for an emerging knowledge society. This chapter looks at the current state of universities in India and highlights the initiatives under way for change and proposes required policy changes.
Strategic Management of Expansion of Higher Education in India
Authors: Agarwal Pawan , Kumar C. Raj
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a blueprint for strategic management of expansion of higher education in the country. The chapter begins with a brief discussion on conceptual issues like systems-thinking in the context of higher education and the case to promote diversity in provision as the system expands. Then the chapter provides a vision for the role of higher education in the country’s future followed by a brief comment on its origin and evolution. This follows an overview on the growth and funding of higher education. After listing out key problem areas, a set of policies is suggested. In doing so, lessons are drawn from the experience of other countries.
Global Competitiveness, Privatization, Dignified Spaces, and Curricular Reform in Indian Higher Education
Authors: Bajpai Kanti
Published: February 2018

Every ranking system rates Indian universities poorly against their Asian counterparts in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea, and in some cases, even universities in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The question then is why, given that in 1947 it could fairly be said that at least a dozen Indian universities were leaders in Asia and were of international repute, Indian universities are in an egregious condition. This chapter essays some answers. It also argues for curricular reform, in particular for the introduction of public policy studies at the major Indian universities.
Creating Educational Excellence
Authors: Mehta Shailendra Raj
Published: February 2018

This chapter looks at the process of creation of a culture at the Indian Institute of Management – Ahmedabad (IIMA), India’s leading business school, and one of the highest ranked business schools in the Asia-Pacific region and in the world. The chapter also talks about the manner in which the experience of IIMA can be replicated to create world-class institutions in India.
The Phoenix of Interdisciplinarity in Higher Education
Authors: Goyal Yugank
Published: February 2018

The aim of this chapter is to (re)claim the position of interdisciplinarity in the context of higher education, with particular reference to India. After throwing light on what constitutes interdisciplinary teaching and research in Part I, the chapter discusses in Part II how the disciplines emerged and what kinds of forces fossilized the hierarchical structures of pedagogical classifications. This section demystifies the sanctity of disciplines and offers a strong case against the necessity of disciplinary education. Part III illustrates the desirability of interdisciplinarity reflecting in both its supply and demand. Part IV explores in detail, the higher education landscape in India and locates interdisciplinarity therein. Policy steps for encouraging interdisciplinarity are analysed and proposals for institutionalizing interdisciplinarity are discussed in Part V. Part VI concludes.
Clinical Legal Education and Democracy in India
Authors: Kalantry Sital
Published: February 2018

Formal clinical legal education programs with instructors teaching clinics in a classroom and practice setting are not common in Indian universities. Few programs in which law students provide legal services on a volunteer/voluntary basis to poor communities. This chapter argues that there are many reasons law schools and universities in India should institute clinical legal education programmes—through these classes, students learn practical lawyering skills and at the same time, students provide assistance to people who could not otherwise afford legal services. One less explored rationale for clinical legal education is the relationship between clinical legal education and the promotion of democracy. Through his personal experience in co-teaching a clinic at the Jindal Global Law School, the author develops the connection between democracy in India and clinical legal education.
Interferometric tracking
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to present a survey of passive microrheology techniques that are important complements to more widely used particle tracking and light scattering methods. Such methods include back focal plane interferometry and extensions of particle tracking to measure the rotation of colloidal particles. Methods of passive microrheology using back focal plane interferometry are presented, including the experimental design and detector sensitivity and limits in frequency bandwidth and spatial resolution. The Generalized Stokes Einstein relation is derived from linear response theory of the particle position power spectrum and complex susceptibility. Applications of interoferometric tracking include high frequency microrheology and two-point measurements. Lastly, the chapter includes a discussion of rotational passive microrheology and the rotational GSER.
Laser tweezer microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

To many, the idea that light can be used to hold and manipulate matter is probably quite foreign. The photon is a seemingly evanescent particle; its interactions with matter are weak. But while it has no rest mass, a photon carries momentum. Optical traps have become important tools used to measure forces on nanometer to micrometer length scale. Laser tweezers can be used to drive (or hold) microrheological probes. Optical trapping forces are reviewed and optical trap designs discussed, incluing the use of fixed and moving reference frame optical traps. Proper calibration of optical traps especially in the material under test is discussed. Linear and non-linear measurements using laser tweezers are presented, including shear thinning of colloidal dispersions when probes are translated through a suspension. The operating regime of laser tweezer microrheology is presented.
The starting point
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: February 2018

The chapter describes the three-gender system of Latin, with a particular focus on the neuter gender: unlike the masculine and feminine, this was not only assigned to nouns as an inherent feature, and used to specify words from other word classes agreeing with those nouns, but it also served default functions in a range of contexts. Arguably, this property was inherited from (late) Proto-Indo-European, as was the three-way gender system itself, in which the neuter seems to have contrasted with masculine/feminine in terms of (in)animacy. Simplification of the gender system in most of Romance is placed in the broader Indo-European perspective, showing that in most branches the gender contrasts have reduced via a drift that reaches its endpoint in the eradication of grammatical gender in, for example Armenian or Farsi. Within this picture, some Romance dialects apparently deviate, showing complexification rather than simplification of the gender system.
Grammatical gender in Romance
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: February 2018

The most widespread type of gender system is exemplified with Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian, and Sardinian data. These languages all have parallel binary systems, with the masculine selected by default (e.g. for gender resolution, non-agreement, or—in most cases—agreement with non-nominal controllers). While dialect variation is covered in the following chapters, here a flavour thereof is conveyed by introducing binary convergent systems, which represent a further development (due to sound change merging agreement targets in the plural) of the mainstream binary system. The chapter then reviews semantic and formal assignment rules. Romance gender systems are never entirely semantic, but they always have a semantic nucleus: names of male/female human beings and sex-differentiable animals are assigned masculine and feminine via semantic rule in all Romance languages. These differ widely in the extent to which formal (morphological and phonological) rules are at work, and in how these look.
What Is the Value of Nurse Educator Certification? A Comparison Study of Certified and Noncertified Nurse Educators
Authors: Barbé Tammy , Kimble Laura P.
Published: February 2018

AIM

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in how certified nurse educators and noncertified nurse educators valued nurse educator certification.

BACKGROUND

No studies have investigated the differences in perceptions of certified and noncertified nurse educators. Understanding these differences may influence how the nursing profession recognizes and promotes excellence within the academic nursing specialty.

METHOD

Perceived Value of Certification Tool-Nurse Educator and demographic survey were administered via a web-based survey to a national sample of nursing faculty.

RESULTS

Certified nurse educators valued certification with greater agreement than noncertified nurse educators. Personal accomplishment, personal satisfaction, and validation of knowledge were identified as the greatest rewards to certification.

CONCLUSION

Nurse educators identified with intrinsic rewards of certification. Despite overall positive perceptions of nurse educator certification, strategies focused on extrinsic rewards may be necessary to increase certification rates. Such strategies may help overcome factors preventing educators from attaining certification.
Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Time Management Skills in Turkish Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Ertuğ Nurcan , Faydali Saide
Published: February 2018

AIM

The aims of this study were to determine self-directed learning and time management skills of undergraduate nursing students and to investigate the relationship between the concepts.

BACKGROUND

The use of self-directed learning has increased as an educational strategy in recent years.

METHOD

This descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 383 undergraduate nursing students in Turkey. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, and Time Management Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Mean scores were as follows: self-directed learning readiness, 159.12 (SD = 20.8); time management, 87.75 (SD = 12.1). A moderate positive correlation was found between self-directed learning readiness and time management values. Time management scores were 78.42 when self-directed learning readiness was ≤149 and 90.82 when self-directed learning readiness was ≥ 150, with a statistically significant difference (p = .000).

CONCLUSION

Level of self-directed learning and academic achievement were higher in students who managed their time well.
Types of Faculty Incivility as Viewed by Students in Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs
Authors: Holtz Heidi Kathleen , Rawl Susan M. , Draucker Claire
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Faculty incivility can negatively affect student learning outcomes and safe clinical performance, yet little is known about the types of faculty incivility experienced by students.

AIM

The aim of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe common types of incidents of faculty incivility as reported by students enrolled in traditional bachelor of science in nursing programs.

MEHTOD

Qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyze the narratives of 30 students who had experienced incidents of faculty incivility.

RESULTS

A typology explicating the different ways students perceive faculty to be uncivil included six categories: judging or labeling students, impeding student progress, picking on students, putting students on the spot, withholding instruction, and forcing students into no-win situations.

CONCLUSION

Nursing faculty and administrators can use the incident typology to guide discussions related to detecting, assessing, and preventing incivility in nursing education.
Understanding Poverty: Teaching Social Justice in Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Hellman Ann N. , Cass Cary , Cathey Heather , Smith Sarah L. , Hurley Shelia
Published: February 2018

Aim:

This article presents results of an exploratory qualitative study examining gains in empathy and social justice beliefs among undergraduate nursing students.

Background:

As undergraduate nursing education provides the foundation for future forensic nurses, developing successful methods to increase beliefs and behaviors of social empathy and social justice among nursing students will have a beneficial effect on the specialty of forensic nursing. As such, a team of nursing researchers explored the effects of a poverty simulation on the social empathy and social justice beliefs held by undergraduate students.

Method:

The research team conducted an exploratory qualitative study of student reflective journals. Using an inductive interpretive process, the researchers performed a content analysis of student responses.

Results:

The researchers identified three constitutive patterns and eight supporting themes as reflected in the students' reflective journals after participation in poverty simulation sessions.

Conclusion:

This research study found that, when nursing students participate in poverty simulation experiences, they gain an increased understanding of the vulnerability and complexities of living in poverty and are motivated to both advocate for patients and become change agents.

Application:

Such increases in social empathy and promotion of social justice will inevitably positively affect their future practice and inform their development as forensic nurses.
Evaluating Nurse Practitioners Perceived Knowledge, Competence, and Comfort Level in Caring for the Sexually Abused Child
Authors: Ceccucci Janice
Published: February 2018

Objective:

The purpose of this project was to evaluate nurse practitioners’ (NPs’) current approach and self-reported competence in the care of the sexually abused child in the primary care setting.

Methods:

A 50-question survey was distributed to 5,734 NPs who were members of a state nursing organization and nursing alumni. Inclusion criteria included NPs caring for pediatric patients in a primary care setting in New York State.

Results:

A total of N = 325 responses were obtained, and 110 participants met the inclusion criteria. Very few NPs felt competent to perform a medical forensic examination on a sexually abused child (25.5%), and even fewer felt competent to render a definitive opinion on sexual abuse (17.3%) or to testify in court (12.7%). Most NPs felt the need for more training on child sexual abuse (78.2%). Most would prefer to refer children who are suspected of sexual abuse to an expert (77.3%), but very few (19.1%) are being referred to a local resource, like a Child Advocacy Center when a parent calls the office with a concern.

Conclusion:

More research is needed to evaluate clinical practices regarding child sexual abuse. NPs see value in pursuing specialist referrals for child sexual abuse but do not have access to the appropriate resources or are unaware of the availability within their community.

Practice Implications:

NPs should be aware of their own limitations and seek out education to improve their knowledge and skills. Forensic nurses are ideally situated to provide education on the available resources and the recommended clinical guidelines for referral.
Cultural Humility: An Active Concept to Drive Correctional Nursing Practice
Authors: Steefel Lorraine
Published: February 2018

Correctional nursing practice is focused on a unique patient population: inmates who present with their own ethnicities and have an imposed culture from the prison structure. As such, culture must be considered to provide holistic care. Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, which maintains that care is the essence of nursing (without inclusion of culture, there is no care), suggests three nursing actions: to maintain the patient's culture, make accommodations for it, and/or repattern cultural ways that may be unhealthful. Given that correctional nurses work within the context (and culture) of custody, Leininger's nursing actions may not always be feasible; however, showing an underlying attitude of cultural humility is. In this article, cultural humility, the basis of culturally competent care, is described in a manner that can drive nursing practice in corrections.
Feasibility of Enhanced Recovery Protocols in Children
Authors: Puett Lisa L. , Smith Laurie
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs have been utilized among various adult populations, and successful outcomes are well described in the literature. However, similar programs are not well established for children. The aims of this article were to explore the existing literature for current knowledge of the feasibility of enhanced recovery protocols in children, to explore patient and provider experiences with enhanced recovery programs, and to discuss implications for nursing.

Methods

Two basic searches were conducted using PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE to identify pediatric ERAS studies and studies discussing patient and nurse experiences with ERAS programs. Keywords included “pediatrics or children,” “enhanced recovery after surgery,” “enhanced recovery,” “fast-track surgery,” “ERAS,” “perioperative,” and “experiences/perceptions/attitudes/views/opinions/feelings.”

Results

The search for pediatric ERAS studies yielded nine studies: five prospective implementations, one retrospective case-match, one retrospective review, one systematic review, one scoping review, and no randomized control studies. There were different combinations of ERAS principles among the studies, ranging from 5 to 12. Outcomes included a decreased hospital length of stay and reduced time to oral nutrition, return of bowel function, and mobilization. The search for experiences with ERAS yielded three qualitative studies and one systematic review: two patient experience and two healthcare provider experience studies.

Discussion

The literature suggests that ERAS protocols in pediatric surgery can be safely integrated into practice and are an effective method for standardizing care. However, additional high-quality experimental and quasi-experimental studies are needed to analyze the impact of ERAS on pediatric patients.
A Prospective Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound-Based Evaluation of the Effects of Repetitive Subconcussive Head Trauma on Neurovascular Coupling Dynamics
Authors: Wright Alexander D. , Smirl Jonathan D. , Bryk Kelsey , Jakovac Michael , van Donkelaar Paul
Published: February 2018

Objective:

To determine the effects of repetitive subconcussive head trauma on neurovascular coupling (NVC) responses.

Design:

Prospective cohort study collected between September 2013 and December 2016.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

One hundred seventy-nine elite, junior-level (age, 19.6 ± 1.5 years) contact sport (ice hockey, American football) athletes recruited for preseason testing. Fifty-two nonconcussed athletes returned for postseason testing. Fifteen noncontact sport athletes (age, 20.4 ± 2.2 years) also completed preseason and postseason testing.

Exposure(s):

Subconcussive sport-related head trauma.

Main Outcome Measures:

Dynamics of NVC were estimated during cycles of 20 seconds eyes closed and 40 seconds eyes open to a visual stimulus (reading) by measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity in the posterior (PCA) and middle (MCA) cerebral arteries via transcranial Doppler ultrasound.

Results:

Both athlete groups demonstrated no significant differences in PCA or MCA NVC dynamics between preseason and postseason, despite exposure to a median of 353.5 (range, 295.0-587.3) head impacts (>2g) over the course of the season for contact sport athletes.

Conclusions:

Within the context of growing concern over detrimental effects of repetitive subconcussive trauma, the current results encouragingly suggest that the dynamics of NVC responses are not affected by 1 season of participation in junior-level ice hockey or American football. This is an important finding because it indicates an appropriate postseason CBF response to elevated metabolic demand with increases in neural activity.
Leveraging Google Trends, Twitter, and Wikipedia to Investigate the Impact of a Celebrity's Death From Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mahroum Naim , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Sharif Kassem , Gianfredi Vincenza , Nucci Daniele , Rosselli Roberto , Brigo Francesco , Adawi Mohammad , Amital Howard , Watad Abdulla
Published: February 2018

Background

Technological advancements, such as patient-centered smartphone applications, have enabled to support self-management of the disease. Further, the accessibility to health information through the Internet has grown tremendously. This article aimed to investigate how big data can be useful to assess the impact of a celebrity's rheumatic disease on the public opinion.

Methods

Variable tools and statistical/computational approaches have been used, including massive data mining of Google Trends, Wikipedia, Twitter, and big data analytics. These tools were mined using an in-house script, which facilitated the process of data collection, parsing, handling, processing, and normalization.

Results

From Google Trends, the temporal correlation between “Anna Marchesini” and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) queries resulted 0.66 before Anna Marchesini's death and 0.90 after Anna Marchesini's death. The geospatial correlation between “Anna Marchesini” and RA queries resulted 0.45 before Anna Marchesini's death and 0.52 after Anna Marchesini's death. From Wikitrends, after Anna Marchesini's death, the number of accesses to Wikipedia page for RA has increased 5770%. From Twitter, 1979 tweets have been retrieved. Numbers of likes, retweets, and hashtags have increased throughout time.

Conclusions

Novel data streams and big data analytics are effective to assess the impact of a disease in a famous person on the laypeople.
Long-Term Skeletal Changes After Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis in Growing Children With Cleft Lip/Palate
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhou Nuo
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

To systematically evaluate the skeletal changes after maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) in growing patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P).

Materials and methods:

Electronic databases, gray literature, and reference list searches were conducted. Articles reporting prospective and retrospective studies that included patients <16 years old (N ≥ 6) who had received DO surgery for correction of a midfacial hypoplasia due to CL/P, and the period of follow-up persisted >1 year were reviewed. The original articles were evaluated by 2 investigators to ensure that they met the selection criteria. A methodologic quality assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of selected studies. Twenty-six studies met the initial search criteria, and 9 articles included 101 growing patients with maxillary hypoplasia due to CL/P who received DO surgery were finally selected and analyzed.

Results:

The results showed that long term after maxillary advancement with DO, the horizontal relapse in A-point was <15% in 3 studies, 20% to 25% in 1 study, 30% to 35% in 3 studies, and >40% in 1 study. Totally, the range of horizontal relapse in A-point was 11.9% to 45.9%. Similarly, the relapse in SNA angle was <30% in 1 study, 30% to 40% in 3 studies, and >40% in 2 studies. Totally, the range of relapse in SNA was 25.7% to 77%. Two studies showed that the vertical relapse in A-point were 137% and 208%, and in the PNS point were 65% and 62.7%.

Conclusion:

Although findings demonstrated that DO is an effective treatment method for severe maxillary hypoplasia in growing patients with CL/P, there is a relatively high amount of skeletal relapse both in horizontal and vertical dimension. Thus, the first proposed alternative for CL/P patients would be to select the correct primary procedure to decrease damage and avoid unnecessary scars. Then appropriate preoperative and postoperative care is necessary to prevent postoperative relapse. In addition, overcorrection also may be a possible alternative for compensation of postoperative relapse.
A Standard Operating Procedure of Clean and Fast Craniotomy Without Application of Raney Clips
Authors: Chen Songyu , Zhang Xin , Lin Fuxin , Xu Shujun , Li Xingang , Ma Xiangyu
Published: February 2018

Clean and fast craniotomy and closure (CAC) is a fundamental part of modern microneurosurgery, and is an essential technique that young neurosurgeons shall master. The hemostatic instruments of CAC have evolved from forceps to raney clips. Thanks to the wide application of bipolar coagulation, local infiltration anesthesia combined with cauterization is become an effective method of hemostasis. The authors worked out a standard operating procedure (SOP) of CAC assisted by fishhooks without the application of raney clips. According to the authors’ experience, the average time spent on CAC decreased from more than 1 hour to <40 minutes. Owning to little bleeding, the operative field is clean throughout the procedure. Patients also experience less pain and enjoy an earlier discharge. With few complications, the authors believe that this cost-effective SOP may become a cornerstone of early recovery after surgery.
Modified Unilateral Pedicled V-Y Advancement Flap for Scalp Defect Repair
Authors: Shen Hua , Dai Xinyi , Chen Jun , Wang Jing , Zhang Zhaofen , Cai Zhengdong
Published: February 2018

Reconstruction of scalp defects caused by tumor resection or trauma is very challenging. A majority of the surgeons prefer to use local flap rather than skin graft or free flap for scalp defects repair. The aim of this study is to investigate the technique of modified unilateral pedicled V-Y advancement flap for the reconstruction of scalp defect.

A retrospective review was performed in a series of 18 patients who had a modified unilateral pedicled V-Y advancement flap to restore scalp defect from May 2013 to January 2017. Their mean age is 58 (24–78) years. These patients suffered from basal cell carcinoma, seborrhoeic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, or trauma on the scalp. All of them underwent preoperative Doppler scanning to identify the scalp arteries and then individually designed. The flap size ranged from 33 × 50 mm to 68 × 105 mm. Patients were followed for an average of 12 months postoperatively (ranged from 6 to 37 months). No major complications occurred, only 2 cases had a minor distal epidermal necrosis or obstruction of venous backflow observed for the first 3 days of the surgery, and they both healed well. Modified unilateral pedicled V-Y flap technique with fairly rapid recovery and acceptable reorientation of hair follicles leads to esthetical outcome and patient satisfaction. Most importantly, no tumor recurrence at the original site during the follow-up period was seen.

The modified unilateral pedicled V-Y advancement flap is a simple but efficient technique, particularly suitable for the repair of small and medium size scalp defects with advantages including the safety of the procedure and overall esthetic results like hairline preservation and less scarring when compared to other local flap techniques.
Septic Shock Alters Mitochondrial Respiration of Lymphoid Cell-Lines and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: The Role of Plasma
Authors: Clere-Jehl Raphael , Helms Julie , Kassem Mohamad , Le Borgne Pierrick , Delabranche Xavier , Charles Anne-Laure , Geny Bernard , Meziani Ferhat , Bilbault Pascal
Published: February 2018

Introduction:

In septic shock patients, postseptic immunosuppression state after the systemic inflammatory response syndrome is responsible for nosocomial infections, with subsequent increased mortality. The aim of the present study was to assess the underlying cellular mechanisms of the postseptic immunosuppression state, by investigating mitochondrial functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from septic shock patients over 7 days.

Materials and methods:

Eighteen patients admitted to a French intensive care unit for septic shock were included. At days 1 and 7, PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Mitochondrial respiration of intact septic PBMCs was assessed versus control group PBMCs, by measuring O2 consumption in plasma, using high-resolution respirometry. Mitochondrial respiration was then compared between septic plasmas and control plasmas for control PBMCs, septic PBMCs, and lymphoid cell-line (CEM). To investigate the role of plasma, we measured several plasma cytokines, among them High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results:

Basal O2 consumption of septic shock PBMCs was of 8.27 ± 3.39 and 10.48 ± 3.99 pmol/s/106 cells at days 1 and 7, respectively, significantly higher than in control PBMCs (5.37 ± 1.46 pmol/s/106 cells, P < 0.05). Septic patient PBMCs showed a lower response to oligomycin, suggesting a reduced ATP-synthase activity, as well as an increased response to carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) suggesting an increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity. At 6 h, septic plasmas showed a decreased O2 consumption of CEM (4.73 ± 1.46 vs. 6.58 ± 1.53, P < 0.05) as well as in control group PBMCs (1.76 ± 0.36 vs. 2.70 ± 0.42, P < 0.05), and triggered a decreased ATP-synthase activity but an increased response to FCCP. These differences are not explained by different cell survival. High HMGB1 levels were significantly associated with reduced PBMCs mitochondrial respiration.

Conclusions:

Septic plasma impairs mitochondrial respiration in immune cells, with a possible role of the proinflammatory protein HMGB1, leading to a subsequent compensation, probably by enzymatic activation. This compensation result is an improvement of global mitochondrial respiratory capacity, but without restoring ATP-synthase activity.