bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post harvest evaluation of physical-chemical parameters of mechanically damaged Tahiti acid limes
Authors: Tamura Michel Shoiti , Oliveira Roselene Ferreira , Molina Simone Correia , Clemente Edmar
Published: May 2014

From harvest to consumption, fruit and vegetables suffer a series of mechanical damages which, depending on their sensitiveness, may cause damages that put their final quality at risk. This work had as its objective evaluate the post harvest quality of mechanically damaged ‘Tahity’ acid limes. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with 3 repetitions and 7 fruits per treatment, mechanical damages were then evaluated by cutting and impacting in comparison to healthy fruits (control), and maintained for periods of 0, 3. 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days, thus obtaining a 3 x 7 factorial experiment. Analyses were made throughout the 18 days, so as to determine the total soluble solids content (expressed in °Brix); titratable acidity (in g of citric acid. 100mL-1); ratio (relationsoluble solids and titratable acidity); vitamin C (expressed in mg of ascorbic acid 100mL-1) and pH. The results obtained showed that there was significant difference in the chemical parameters evaluated, mainly those submitted to damaging treatment.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.20
Food bars formulated with soy residue
Authors: Cunha Mário Antônio Alves da , Andrade Aline Cristina Woicolesco , Fermiani Eliane Andréia , Appelt Patrícia , Buratto Ana Paula
Published: May 2014

The present work aimed to study an alternative for the use of the okara residue derived from the soymilk production process. The residue was employed in the elaboration of cereal bars, which constitute a class of food with functional appeal and potential consumer market. Three formulations containing different concentrations of okara flour (10 %, 20 % and 30 %) were elaborated and studied. All formulations presented good microbiological and physical-chemical quality. Furthermore, the consumer sensory acceptance was up to 76 % higher in all set attributes. The sample with 20 % of okara flour was selected as the best formulation, presenting an 83.74 % acceptability index, besides good nutritional characteristics (5,94 % of lipids, 12,16 % of proteins, 67,82 % of carbohydrates and 17,21 % of alimentary fiber). The results of this work showed the possibility using the okara in the elaboration of a food product with potential market, and it demonstrated a strategy for the use of a high nutritional value agro-industrial process remainder.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.22
Obtaining lactic acid through discontinuing fermentation using sugarcane molasses, cassava by-product meal, fructose and cassava starch
Authors: Silva Milena Veronezi Silva , Gonçalves Odinei Hess , Lima Mirela Vanin dos Santos , Lima Heron Oliveira dos Santos
Published: May 2014

The lactic acid presents its larger application in the Food Industry. It is also used in the Textile, Pharmaceutical, Chemical, Cosmetic and Packaging Industries. Due to this wide applicability, the acquisition of lactic acid through fermentation is a widely studied process, searching for alternatives for the increase in productivity and the decrease in the production costs. Therefore, this work has the purpose of evaluating the influence of different types of cultivation, proceeding from the agro-industry, regarding the production of lactic acid through fermentation, using Lactobacillus casei. In order to do that, it was used as the cultivation media, sugarcane molasses, cassava by-product crumbs, fructose and cassava starch, previously hydrolyzed when necessary and supplemented with 2% yeast extract and 2% peptone. Fermentations were performed at 37º for 48 hours under constant agitation. The fermentation processes were followed by analysis such as: lactic acid dosage; reductive sugar decrease; biomass; cellular viability and pH. When the results were analyzed it was noticed a larger decrease of the reductive sugar and a larger production of lactic acid when the sugarcane molasses were used as cultivation media. Therein it may be suggested that the hydrolyzed sugarcane molasses presented itself more efficient in promoting the microorganism growth. Such result has also been observed by other authors in the researched literature and it can be explained by the fact that the hydrolyzed sugarcane molasses presents in its composition, besides glucose and fructose, other nutrients able to favor the growth of the microorganism and, consequently, the production of the lactic acid when compared to other medias used in this work.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.23
Physical-chemical evaluation of pequi pulp crude oil
Authors: Santos Andressa Ferraz dos , Silva Marcos Vieira da , Kwiatkowski Angela , Clemente Edmar , Araújo José Hilton Bernardino de
Published: May 2014

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) is a fruit from Brazilian “cerrado”, whose pulp has a substantial oil content, which represents great economic, nutritional and sensory importance. This oil is mainly constituted by saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, which gives it a good oxidating stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pequi pulp crude oil regarding its quality as comestible vegetable oil. The oil was purchased from the state of Minas Gerais, and subjected to physical and chemical analysis for proper characterization. The results for acid value (3.23 mg KOH/ g), peroxide (11.16 meq/1000 g) saponification (97.58 mg KOH/ g), iodine (60.39%), index of refraction (1.4613), moisture content (1.00%), and instrumental color (L = 64.00 a * = 23.57 b * = 68.04) showed that the pequi pulp crude oil was in good condition, according to current legislation requirements, and with characteristics similar to those previously reported. Thus, the pequi pulp crude oil was qualified as suitable for human consumption, considering the adopted forms of assessment.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.25
Proximate composition of soybean cultivars BRS 232, BRS 257 and BRS 258 grown in an organic system
Authors: Santos Hevelyse Munise Celestino dos , Oliveira Marcelo Alvares de , Oliveira Ana Flavia de , Oliveira Graciela Benites Acunha de
Published: May 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proximate composition of soybeans cultivars BRS 232 (commodities), BRS 257 and BRS 258 (both special cultivars for human consumption), all produced in an organic system. The grains were milled in a fine powder, and chemical analysis (protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates and moisture) were carried out according to Institute Adolfo Lutz (2005) and the values expressed in dry basis. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between ash and protein content for the cultivars analyzed. The BRS 232 cultivar showed lower lipid content compared to other cultivars. The carbohydrate content of all cultivars analyzed showed statistical difference between them (p <0.05) with higher levels for BRS 232, followed by BRS 257 and BRS 258. The soybean cultivars BRS 232, BRS 257 and BRS 258 produced in the organic system showed high levels of proteins, characterizing these soybean cultivars as a good source of protein for human consumption. The special cultivars for human consumption BRS 257 and BRS 258 showed yet high lipid content, providing more energy, which can be an advantage for human consumption.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.26
Hydrogels for keeping and providing water in agriculture cultivars
Authors: Domiciano Mateus Gonzales , Silva Jessica Fernanda da , Bornhausen Karla , Gon Renan Luiz Romano , Da Silva Regiane
Published: May 2014

In agriculture, the hydrogels can be used to moisture the soil, where their main function is to keep and provide water in the agriculture cultivars. To make hydrogels application suitable it is necessary to adequate their physical properties, such as the mechanical resistance and the swelling degree, which should allow the sowing and the growth of the plant during the cultivar. In this study starch and collagen hydrogels were synthesized, presenting resistance to handle when dry, and when in water they absorbed from 5 to 20 times their dry-weight.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.27
Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the leaves of acerola, guabiroba and ora-pro-nobis
Authors: Vieira Denise Alves , Santos Pauline Sambugaro , Haminiuk Charles Windson Isidoro , Plata-Oviedo Manuel Salvador Vicente
Published: May 2014

The objective of this work was to quantify the total content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of acerola, guabiroba and ora-pro-nobis leaves. The analysis was performed by the DPPH free-radical method, aiming to find plants with potential use as natural antioxidants in foodstuff. In the extraction of phenolic compounds from leaves, acidified methanol 80% showed superior performance when compared to ethanol 80%. It was found the amounts of 1656.66, 5196.66 and 1693.33 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/100 g for acerola, guabiroba and ora-pro-nobis leaves, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of guabiroba and ora-pro-nobis leaves (8.57 µg GAE/mL) presented higher antioxidant activity (92.6 and 92.76%, respectively) than BHT (10.13%), ascorbic acid (19.25%) and similar to trolox (92.79%). The extract of ora-pro-nobis presented the lowest IC50 (3.22 μg GAE/mL) showing a good ability to capture the DPPH radical.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v1i2.29
Multiple Reference Points in Sequential Hedonic Evaluation: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ghoshal Tanuka , Yorkston Eric , Nunes Joseph C. , Boatwright Peter
Published: May 2014

Marketers frequently offer a variety of communications, brands, and service encounters that customers evaluate sequentially. When customers make these evaluations, their previous experiences in the sequence influence their current evaluation. The authors propose that these prior experiences serve as multiple reference points against which the target stimulus is judged, creating rival co-occurring comparison effects. Using real-world and experimental data, they find that assimilation and contrast effects occur simultaneously: there is assimilation to the first score within a sequence and contrast with the immediate predecessor as well as with extremes experienced earlier in the sequence. The authors document the moderating effects of extreme first stimuli, domain similarity, and individual factors of mood and expertise. They provide different recommendations for sequence construction on the basis of whether the marketer's goal is fairness, accuracy, or influencing choice. This research is unique in (1) showing how several preceding evaluations can each have an impact on a subsequent evaluation at the same time and (2) using real-world data to do so.
Vignettes of Spanish Nature
Authors: Casado Santos , Aragón Santiago
Published: May 2014

Taxidermy played a pivotal role in the renewal of the Spanish Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid during the first few decades of the twentieth century. This essay examines the work of the brothers José María Benedito (1873–1951) and Luis Benedito (1884–1955) and their part in the making of a remarkable series of biological groups and habitat dioramas, mainly devoted to the most characteristic species of Spanish fauna. The Benedito brothers’ taxidermy mounts can be viewed as an attempt to construct a new image of a national fauna. From this point of view, taxidermic practices appear as an integral component of an ambitious educational and cultural project, with their foundations in the scientific work of the museum’s zoologists, and aimed at a broad, educated public, at a time of widespread political effort to reinvigorate Spanish society. Indeed, efforts to regenerate a troubled Spanish national identity and to promote science and education as drivers of social progress are typical of the critical turn-of-the-century period. In this context, the Benedito brothers’ work at the museum can be related both to an international trend to modernize natural history displays in museums around the world, and to more specific cultural and scientific developments characteristic of the processes of modernization at work in early twentieth-century Spanish society. Modern taxidermy, it is argued, has been incorporated in various ways into political and cultural discourses contingent on national contexts, while at the same time its technical procedures have remained essentially unchanged.
Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Cotinine in Newborn Dried Blood Spots
Authors: Spector Logan G. , Murphy Sharon E. , Wickham Katherine M. , Lindgren Bruce , Joseph Anne M.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND:

Tobacco smoking by pregnant women is a major public health hazard with both short- and long-term effects on offspring. This study describes the presence and level of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in newborn dried blood spots (DBS) and compares it with the reported maternal smoking recorded on state birth registries. We hypothesize that cotinine in DBS may be a useful measure of newborn in utero tobacco exposure.

METHODS:

An observational, cross-sectional study of 1414 DBS obtained from California, Michigan, New York, and Washington newborn screening programs was carried out. Cotinine levels in DBS were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and compared with maternal smoking as reported in vital statistics data.

RESULTS:

Cotinine ≥0.3 ng/g was detected in 35% of newborn DBS, including DBS of 29% of newborns whose mothers reportedly did not smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, some of whom were presumably exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Twelve percent of the newborn DBS had cotinine levels that were ≥9.0 ng/g (equivalent to 6 ng/mL plasma, a level that indicates active smoking of the mother), although 41% of the mothers of these infants reportedly did not smoke.

CONCLUSIONS:

These data confirm that reported smoking during pregnancy is an imperfect measure of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure. Cotinine assessment in newborns may improve surveillance of tobacco use during pregnancy.
Predicting Service Use for Mental Health Problems Among Young Children
Authors: Wichstrøm Lars , Belsky Jay , Jozefiak Thomas , Sourander André , Berg-Nielsen Turid Suzanne
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE:

To identify sociodemographic, child, parent, and day care provider factors at age 4 that predict Norwegian children’s service use for mental health problems at age 7.

METHOD:

Two birth cohorts of 4-year-old children and their parents living in the city of Trondheim, Norway, were invited (82% consented). We successfully interviewed 995 parents among 1250 drawn to participate using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment to set diagnoses and record parental burden and service use. Information concerning sociodemographics, child impairment, parental social support, and child need for mental health services according to parents, day care teacher, and health nurse were obtained.

RESULTS:

Rate of service use among those with a behavioral or emotional disorder was 10.7% at age 4 and 25.2% at age 7. Behavioral disorders (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, confidence interval [CI] 1.3–5.3), but not emotional disorders, predicted service use. When adjusted for incapacity (OR 1.3, CI 1.2–1.6), disorders were no longer predictive. Incapacity, in turn, was not predictive once parental burden (OR 1.1, CI 1.0–1.1) and parents’ (OR 2.7, CI 1.0–7.9) and day care teachers’ (OR 2.1, CI 1.4–3.2) judgment of child need of help were included. Lower socioeconomic status predicted more service use over and beyond these factors (OR 3.0, CI 1.5–6.1).

CONCLUSIONS:

Behavioral disorders may instigate service use if they result in impairment, and such impairment may operate via increased parental burden and parent and caregiver problem recognition. Service use may be increased through effective screening programs and efforts to increase day care teachers’ recognition of emotional problems.
Delayed Primary HHV-7 Infection and Neurologic Disease
Authors: Schwartz Kevin L. , Richardson Susan E. , Ward Katherine N. , Donaldson Callum , MacGregor Daune , Banwell Brenda , Mahant Sanjay , Bitnun Ari
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND:

Primary human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) infection occurs almost universally during the first 5 years of life and is rarely accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as febrile seizures. The present retrospective study investigated the role of primary HHV-7 infection in CNS disease in children, including adolescents.

METHODS:

The study included all children who had neurologic disease aged younger than 18 years seen at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, between April 1, 1998 and December 31, 2011, whose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was found by polymerase chain reaction to contain HHV-7 DNA. Where sera were available, HHV-7 IgG antibody titers and avidity were measured to differentiate primary from past infection.

RESULTS:

HHV-7 DNA was detected in the CSF of 57 (1.9%) of the 2972 children tested. In 3 adolescents primary HHV-7 infection (low avidity IgG) was confirmed as the cause of neurologic disease, 2 who had encephalitis and 1 who had Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eighteen children had possible HHV-7 disease (no alternative cause identified and indeterminate antibody result or serum not available), 7 encephalitis, 8 meningitis, and 3 demyelinating disorders. HHV-7 disease was excluded in 36 children on the basis of past infection (high IgG avidity) and/or an alternative cause.

CONCLUSIONS:

Primary HHV-7 infection delayed into adolescence can cause serious neurologic disease. HHV-7 DNA in CSF alone is insufficient to prove an etiologic association. Combining CSF polymerase chain reaction with serology is essential to prove primary infection when investigating HHV-7 CNS disease.
Developmental Pathways to Sexual Risk Behavior in High-Risk Adolescent Boys
Authors: Sitnick Stephanie L. , Brennan Lauretta M. , Forbes Erika , Shaw Daniel S.
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE:

Adolescent boys’ involvement in pregnancy and sexual risk behavior is a public health concern. Although research has identified predictors of sexual risk behavior during adolescence, few studies have investigated precursors to boys’ sexual risk behavior beginning in early childhood, the identification of which could serve to inform interventions and help reduce involvement in pregnancy. Our goal was to identify early developmental pathways associated with sexual risk behavior in a sample of low-income adolescent boys.

METHODS:

Data from a prospective longitudinal study in 310 at-risk boys were used to examine externalizing problems, mothers’ depressive symptoms, and low-nurturant parenting in early childhood (1.5, 2, and 3.5 years old) and daring, externalizing, parental monitoring, and deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence (11 and 12 years old) as precursors of sexual risk behavior between the ages 15 and 20 years. Structural equation modeling was used to explore pathways associated with later high-risk sexual behavior (HRSB).

RESULTS:

In multivariate analyses, adolescent daring and deviant peer affiliation at age 12 were associated with later HRSB. Furthermore, deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence mediated the relationship between mothers’ depressive symptoms and nurturant parenting during early childhood and later adolescent HRSB.

CONCLUSIONS:

Family-based risk factors in early childhood are predictive of HRSB in adolescence but are also influenced, and in some cases mediated, by relationships with peers and child characteristics during emerging adolescence.
Duration and Course of Post-Concussive Symptoms
Authors: Eisenberg Matthew A. , Meehan William P. , Mannix Rebekah
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVES:

To examine the incidence, duration, and clinical course of individual post-concussive symptoms in patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED) with a concussion.

METHODS:

We conducted secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of patients 11 to 22 years old presenting to the ED of a children’s hospital with an acute concussion. The main outcome measure was duration of symptoms, assessed by the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ). Patients initially completed a questionnaire describing mechanism of injury, associated symptoms, past medical history, and the RPSQ, then were serially administered the RPSQ for 3 months after the concussion or until all symptoms resolved.

RESULTS:

Headache, fatigue, dizziness, and taking longer to think were the most common symptoms encountered at presentation, whereas sleep disturbance, frustration, forgetfulness, and fatigue were the symptoms most likely to develop during the follow-up period that had not initially been present. Median duration of symptoms was the longest for irritability (16 days), sleep disturbance (16 days), frustration (14 days), and poor concentration (14 days), whereas nausea, depression, dizziness, and double-vision abated most quickly. One month after injury, nearly a quarter of children still complained of headache, >20% suffered from fatigue, and nearly 20% reported taking longer to think.

CONCLUSIONS:

Among patients presenting to a pediatric ED after a concussion, physical symptoms such as headache predominate immediately after the injury, emotional symptoms tend to develop later in the recovery period, and cognitive symptoms may be present throughout.
Successful autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in severe, therapy-resistant childhood-onset Crohn’s disease. Report on the first case in Hungary
Authors: Kriván Gergely , Szabó Dolóresz , Kállay Krisztián , Benyó Gábor , Kassa Csaba , Sinkó János , Goda Vera , Arató András , Veres Gábor
Published: May 2014

The biological therapy of Crohn’s disease, such as infliximab is a powerful approach in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, in some patients with aggressive disease course, even a combined immunosuppressive therapy will not result in permanent remission. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new potential therapeutic tool for inflammatory bowel diseases. The authors report the case of a 15-year-old boy with severe Crohn’s disease resistant to combined immunosuppressive therapy. After a 3-years course of unsuccessful conventional therapy including infliximab, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed which resulted in a complete remission. One year after transplantation the patient has relapsed, but he could be treated effectively with conventional therapy regiments. To the best of knowledge of the authors, this is the first report in Hungary presenting hematopoietic stem cell therapy in patient with severe Crohn’s disease. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(20), 789–792.
Towards Better Understanding of High Efficiency Cd-free CIGS Solar Cells Using Atomic Layer Deposited Indium Sulfide Buffer Layers
Authors: Naghavi N. , Spiering S. , Powalla M. , Canava B. , Taisne A. , Guillemoles J.-F. , Taunier S. , Etcheberry A. , Lincot D.
Published: May 2014

This paper presents optimization studies on the formation of cadmium free buffer layers for high efficiency copper indium diselenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells using a vapor phase route. Indium sulfide layers have been deposited on CIGS substrates by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) at substrate temperatures between 140 and 260 °C using indium acetylacetonate and hydrogen sulfide precursors. The parametric study of the deposition temperature shows an optimal value at about 220°C, leading to an efficiency of 16.4 % which is a technological breakthrough. The analysis of the device shows that indium sulfide layers give an improvement of the blue response of the cells as compared a standard CdS processed cell, due to a high apparent band gap (2.7-2.8 eV), higher open circuit voltages (up to 665 mV) and fill factor (78 %). This denotes high interface quality of the system. Atomic diffusion processes of sodium and copper in the buffer layer are evidenced.
Applications of Diamond Thin Films in Electrochemistry
Authors: Swain Greg M. , Anderson Alfred B. , Angus John C.
Published: May 2014

Electrochemical reactions typically involve electron transfer between an electrode and a dissolved chemical species at a solid-electrode/liquid-electrolyte interface. Three broad classes of electrochemical applications may be identified: (1) synthesis (or destruction), in which an applied potential is used to bring about a desired chemical oxidation or reduction reaction; (2) analysis, in which the current/potential characteristics of an electrode are used to determine the type and concentration of a species; and (3) power generation. These broad types of applications require stable, conductive, chemically robust, and economical electrodes. Diamond electrodes, fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, provide electrochemists with an entirely new type of carbon electrode that meets these requirements for a wide range of applications.

The first reports of electrochemical studies using diamond were in the mid-1980s. During the past several years, the field has attracted increasing attention. This review summarizes the electrochemical properties of diamond that make it a unique electrode material and that distinguish it from conventional carbon electrodes.
Correlation Between Nanoscale Structural, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Thin Films by Scanning-Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Wiesendanger R.
Published: May 2014

Heteroepitaxial pseudomorphic thin-film growth allows the stabilization of solids in structures—that is, with crystalline symmetries and lattice constants that are far from those of the corresponding bulk material. This facilitates the tailoring of materials properties that do not exist in nature. Usually a strong correlation is found between the atomic, electronic, and magnetic structure of thin films, which leads to a drastic dependence of their physical properties on the details of growth conditions such as substrate temperature, evaporation rate, and background pressure. To learn more about the fundamental relationship between structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of thin films as well as to improve the reproducibility of their physical properties in view of technical applications, it is mandatory to apply experimental techniques with sufficient, ultimately atomic spatial resolution combined with high sensitivity. The class of scanning-probe microscopies and spectroscopies is ideally suited for that purpose as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) establishes the correlation between atomic structure and local electronic properties, while spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy (SPSTS) relates local electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally the correlation

between topographical and magnetic structure can be addressed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) though the spatial resolution is limited to about 10–50 nm. Since magnetic thin films are usually sensitive to oxidation, their preparation and characterization have to be performed in situ under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions in order to achieve reproducible experimental conditions. While STS is now routinely applied in UHV, it has only been recently that the first MFM studies under UHV conditions have been reported. In the following, representative examples of the application of STS, SPSTS, and MFM in ultrathin Fe, Gd, and Co films will be presented.
High-Resolution Imaging of Liquid Structures: Wetting and Capillary Phenomena at the Nanometer Scale
Authors: Salmeron Miquel , Xu Lei , Hu Jun , Dai Qing
Published: May 2014

Scanning-probe microscopies (SPMs) have experienced an impressive development in the last 10 years, such that obtaining atomically resolved images of surfaces is now routine. The scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes (STM and AFM) are the most widely known representatives of the growing family of SPMs. With these two instruments, which were invented more than 15 years ago, the atomic structure of the surfaces of solid materials can be imaged in real space and, very importantly, in virtually any environment: vacuum, air, reactive gas atmospheres, and under liquid. These two circumstances (atomic resolution and lack of environmental constraints) make SPM unique among microscopies. One frontier remains unconquered however: the imaging of liquid surfaces. Even though liquids constitute a very large fraction of all materials, the study of their microscopic morphology has been limited to the diffraction limit of visible optical microscopy, a situation that has remained unchanged for decades. Techniques capable of breaking this resolution limit are welcomed. One such technique was recently developed in our laboratory, which we call scanning-polarization-force microscopy (SPFM). It did not result from the discovery of any new physical principle but from the simple application of well-known methods and techniques, in combination with the AFM, to the field of liquid surface structures. In this article, we will first summarize the working principle of SPFM. Then we will show how we have applied it to the investigation of liquid films and droplets of nanometer dimensions and their interactions with solid supports.
Adjuvant Therapy in Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, Guidelines, and Clinical Practice in the U.S.
Authors: Latif Nawar A. , Haggerty Ashley , Jean Stephanie , Lin Lilie , Ko Emily
Published: May 2014

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the U.S., with an increasing incidence likely secondary to the obesity epidemic. Surgery is usually the primary treatment for early stage endometrial cancer, followed by adjuvant therapy in selected cases. This includes radiation therapy [RT] with or without chemotherapy, based on stratification of patients into categories dependent on their future recurrence risk. Several prospective trials (PORTEC-1, GOG#99, and PORTEC-2) have shown that the use of adjuvant RT in the intermediate risk (IR) and the high-intermediate risk (HIR) groups decreases locoregional recurrence (LRR) but has no effect on overall survival. The ad hoc analyses from these studies have shown that an even larger LRR risk reduction was seen within the HIR group compared with the IR group. Vaginal brachytherapy is as good as external beam radiotherapy in controlling vaginal relapse where the majority of recurrence occur, and with less toxicity. In the high-risk group, multimodality therapy (chemotherapy and RT) may play a significant role. Although adjuvant RT has been evaluated in many cost-effectiveness studies, high-quality data in this area are still lacking. The uptake of the above prospective trial results in the U.S. has not been promising. Factors that are driving current practices and defining quality-of-care measures for patients with early-stage disease are what future studies need to address.
Phase II and Pharmacodynamic Study of Autophagy Inhibition Using Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wolpin Brian M. , Rubinson Douglas A. , Wang Xiaoxu , Chan Jennifer A. , Cleary James M. , Enzinger Peter C. , Fuchs Charles S. , McCleary Nadine J. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Ng Kimmie , Schrag Deborah , Sikora Allison L. , Spicer Beverly A. , Killion Leah , Mamon Harvey , Kimmelman Alec C.
Published: May 2014

Author Summary

Background.

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that permits cells to recycle intracellular macromolecules, and its inhibition reduces pancreatic cancer growth in model systems. We evaluated hydoxychloroquine (HCQ), an inhibitor of autophagy, in patients with pancreatic cancer and analyzed pharmacodynamic markers in treated patients and mice.

Methods.

Patients with previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer were administered HCQ at 400 mg (n = 10) or 600 mg (n = 10) twice daily. The primary endpoint was 2-month progression-free survival (PFS). We analyzed peripheral lymphocytes from treated mice to identify pharmacodynamic markers of autophagy inhibition that were then assessed in peripheral lymphocytes from patients.

Results.

Among 20 patients enrolled, 2 (10%) were without progressive disease at 2 months. Median PFS and overall survival were 46.5 and 69.0 days, respectively. Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events were lymphopenia (n = 1) and elevated alanine aminotransferase (n = 1). Tolerability and efficacy were similar at the two dose levels. Analysis of treated murine lymphocytes suggested that LC3-II expression by Western blot is a reliable marker for autophagy inhibition. Analysis of LC3-II in patient lymphocytes demonstrated inconsistent autophagy inhibition.

Conclusion.

Mouse studies identified LC3-II levels in peripheral lymphocytes as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of autophagy inhibition. In patients with previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer, HCQ monotherapy achieved inconsistent autophagy inhibition and demonstrated negligible therapeutic efficacy.
Fabrication and mechanical characterization of lignin-based aerogels
Authors: Viggiano Rocco P. , Schiraldi David A.
Published: May 2014

Conversion of lignin into foam-like aerogels using an environmentally benign freeze-drying process is described in this study. Interest in lignin as a bioresource has been gaining popularity in recent years, as it is currently viewed by most industries as a waste product that in most cases is simply burned as a fuel source. The use of lignin in a polymer/clay aerogel offers the potential for a high value-added foam-like material potentially usurping the use of traditional petroleum-derived foams in some applications. The present study demonstrates that lignin/clay and lignin/alginate aerogel samples can possess compressive moduli as high as 36·0 MPa.
Water services asset management: an international perspective
Authors: Aikman David Ian
Published: May 2014

This paper illustrates how the development of asset management for water utilities across the globe has been initiated by recognition of the need to maintain the assets and levels of service at an economic cost and develop sound accounting practices. In the UK, consolidation of water services and developments in sewer surveying and computer modelling were key factors in the early growth of asset management. The paper goes on to draw lessons from the past 30 years in quantifying water utility assets, assessing their condition and performance and developing business plans, with the aim of providing a satisfactory level of service at an economic cost. The impact of privatisation on water services in England and Wales and of economic regulation across the UK are considered in relation to the development of asset management, capital investment, levels of service, customers and charges.
Inner Guidance: A Conversation with Christiane Northrup, MD
Authors: Steefel Lorraine , Northrup Christiane
Published: May 2014

Nurses have an innate power to create vibrant health by tuning in to their inner guidance, which is synonymous with intuition. This means paying attention to our emotions so that they can no longer influence us unconsciously. In this interview, Dr. Northrup provides strategies for tuning in to our inner guidance, balancing our personal well-being with our high sense of responsibility to and for others, and finding space for self-care in our busy, stressful lives as we care for others.
Health and Health Risks Among Sexual Minority Women: An Examination of 3 Subgroups
Authors: Przedworski Julia M. , McAlpine Donna D. , Karaca-Mandic Pinar , VanKim Nicole A.
Published: May 2014

We used 2001–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to examine insurance status, source of routine care, cigarette and alcohol use, and self-rated health among lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women who have sex with women, compared with heterosexual women who do not have sex with women. We found higher risks of being uninsured among lesbian and bisexual women, worse self-rated health among bisexual women, higher alcohol use among bisexual and heterosexual women who have sex with women, and higher smoking across all subgroups.
The Home Foreclosure Crisis and Rising Suicide Rates, 2005 to 2010
Authors: Houle Jason N. , Light Michael T.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined the association between state-level foreclosure and suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 and considered variation in the effect of foreclosure on suicide by age.

Methods. We used hybrid random- and fixed-effects models to examine the relation between state foreclosure rates and total and age-specific suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 (n = 306 state-years).

Results. Net of other factors, an increase in the within-state total foreclosure rate was associated with a within-state increase in the crude suicide rates (b = 0.04; P < .1), and effects were stronger for the real estate–owned foreclosure rate (b = 0.16; P < .05). Analysis of age-specific suicide rates indicated that the effects were strongest among the middle-aged (46–64 years: total foreclosure rate, b = 0.21; P < .001; real estate–owned foreclosure rate, b = 0.83; P < .001). Rising home foreclosure rates explained 18% of the variance in the middle-aged suicide rate between 2005 and 2010.

Conclusions. The foreclosure crisis has likely contributed to increased suicides, independent of other economic factors associated with the recession. Rising foreclosure rates may be partially responsible for the recent uptick in suicide among middle-aged adults.
Sexual-Orientation Disparities in School: The Mediational Role of Indicators of Victimization in Achievement and Truancy Because of Feeling Unsafe
Authors: Birkett Michelle , Russell Stephen T. , Corliss Heather L.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined sexual-orientation identity disparities in truancy and academic achievement, and the mediational role of victimization in a large high-school sample.

Methods. We utilized pooled data, measuring sexual identity, from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression modeling estimated the odds of low grades and truancy because of feeling unsafe comparing lesbian/gay, bisexual, (LGB) and unsure students to heterosexuals. We stratified models by gender. Indicators of victimization were examined to mediate the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and school achievement or truancy.

Results. LGB-identified youths reported significantly elevated odds of truancy and low grades (odds ratios = 1.6–3.2; all P < .05). Additionally, both genders noting uncertainty about their sexual identity showed increased odds of truancy. Victimization indicators mediated the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and experiencing negative school outcomes, with greater victimization indicators being associated with increased truancy and lower grades, and the extent of mediation differed by gender.

Conclusions. As early disparities in academic achievement and school engagement have indicated a lifetime of increased health and behavioral risk factors, early intervention targeting school victimization is necessary.
Wage Theft as a Neglected Public Health Problem: An Overview and Case Study From San Francisco’s Chinatown District
Authors: Minkler Meredith , Salvatore Alicia L. , Chang Charlotte , Gaydos Megan , Liu Shaw San , Lee Pam Tau , Tom Alex , Bhatia Rajiv , Krause Niklas
Published: May 2014

Wage theft, or nonpayment of wages to which workers are legally entitled, is a major contributor to low income, which in turn has adverse health effects. We describe a participatory research study of wage theft among immigrant Chinatown restaurant workers. We conducted surveys of 433 workers, and developed and used a health department observational tool in 106 restaurants. Close to 60% of workers reported 1 or more forms of wage theft (e.g., receiving less than minimum wage [50%], no overtime pay [> 65%], and pay deductions when sick [42%]). Almost two thirds of restaurants lacked required minimum wage law signage. We discuss the dissemination and use of findings to help secure and enforce a wage theft ordinance, along with implications for practice.
Determinants of the Availability of Hepatitis C Testing Services in Opioid Treatment Programs: Results From a National Study
Authors: Frimpong Jemima A. , D’Aunno Thomas , Jiang Lan
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined trends and organizational-level correlates of the availability of HCV testing in opioid treatment programs.

Methods. We used generalized ordered logit models to examine associations between organizational characteristics of 383 opioid treatment programs from the 2005 and 2011 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey and HCV testing availability.

Results. Between 2005 and 2011, the proportion of opioid treatment programs offering HCV testing increased but largely because of increases in off-site referrals rather than on-site testing. HCV testing availability was higher in opioid treatment programs affiliated with a hospital and those receiving federal funds. Opioid treatment programs providing both methadone and buprenorphine were more likely to offer any HCV testing, whereas opioid treatment programs providing only buprenorphine treatment were less likely to offer on-site testing. HCV testing availability was associated with more favorable staff-to-client ratios.

Conclusions. The increasing use of off-site referrals for HCV testing in opioid treatment programs likely limits opportunities for case finding, prevention, and treatment. Declines in federal funding for opioid treatment programs may be a key determinant of the availability of HCV testing in opioid treatment programs.
Fewer Hospitalizations for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Communities With Smoke-Free Public Policies
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Adkins Sarah , Simpson Nick , Frazier Susan , Mannino David M.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We determined the impact of smoke-free municipal public policies on hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of hospital discharges with a primary diagnosis of COPD in Kentucky between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2011 using Poisson regression. We compared the hospitalization rates of regions with and without smoke-free laws, adjusting for personal and population covariates, seasonality, secular trends over time, and geographic region.

Results. Controlling for covariates such as sex, age, length of stay, race/ethnicity, education, income, and urban–rural status, among others, we found that those living in a community with a comprehensive smoke-free law or regulation were 22% less likely to experience hospitalizations for COPD than those living in a community with a moderate–weak law or no law. Those living in a community with an established law were 21% less likely to be hospitalized for COPD than those with newer laws or no laws.

Conclusions. Strong smoke-free public policies may provide protection against COPD hospitalizations, particularly after 12 months, with the potential to save lives and decrease health care costs.
Issuance of Patient Reminders for Influenza Vaccination by US-Based Primary Care Physicians During the First Year of Universal Influenza Vaccination Recommendations
Authors: Maurer Jürgen , Harris Katherine M.
Published: May 2014

To estimate the number of physician-reported influenza vaccination reminders during the 2010–2011 influenza season, the first influenza season after universal vaccination recommendations for influenza were introduced, we interviewed 493 members of the Physicians Consulting Network. Patient vaccination reminders are a highly effective means of increasing influenza vaccination; nonetheless, only one quarter of the primary care physicians interviewed issued influenza vaccination reminders during the first year of universal vaccination recommendations, highlighting the need to improve office-based promotion of influenza vaccination.
Making It Harder to Smoke and Easier to Quit: The Effect of 10 Years of Tobacco Control in New York City
Authors: Kilgore Elizabeth A. , Mandel-Ricci Jenna , Johns Michael , Coady Micaela H. , Perl Sarah B. , Goodman Andrew , Kansagra Susan M.
Published: May 2014

In 2002, New York City implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan that discouraged smoking through excise taxes and smoke-free air laws and facilitated quitting through population-wide cessation services and hard-hitting media campaigns.

Following the implementation of these activities through a well-funded and politically supported program, the adult smoking rate declined by 28% from 2002 to 2012, and the youth smoking rate declined by 52% from 2001 to 2011.

These improvements indicate that local jurisdictions can have a significant positive effect on tobacco control.
Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in Pennsylvania State Prisons, 2004–2012: Limitations of 1945–1965 Birth Cohort Screening in Correctional Settings
Authors: Larney Sarah , Mahowald Madeline K. , Scharff Nicholas , Flanigan Timothy P. , Beckwith Curt G. , Zaller Nickolas D.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We described hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) prevalence in a state prison system and retrospectively evaluated the case-finding performance of targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort in this population.

Methods. We used observational data from universal testing of Pennsylvania state prison entrants (June 2004–December 2012) to determine anti-HCV prevalence by birth cohort. We compared anti-HCV prevalence and the burden of anti-HCV in the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort with that in all other birth years.

Results. Anti-HCV prevalence among 101 727 adults entering prison was 18.1%. Prevalence was highest among those born from 1945 to 1965, but most anti-HCV cases were in people born after 1965. Targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort would have identified a decreasing proportion of cases with time.

Conclusions. HCV is endemic in correctional populations. Targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort would produce a high yield of positive test results but would identify only a minority of cases. We recommend universal anti-HCV screening in correctional settings to allow for maximum case identification, secondary prevention, and treatment of affected prisoners.
The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions
Authors: Stemple Lara , Meyer Ilan H.
Published: May 2014

We assessed 12-month prevalence and incidence data on sexual victimization in 5 federal surveys that the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted independently in 2010 through 2012. We used these data to examine the prevailing assumption that men rarely experience sexual victimization. We concluded that federal surveys detect a high prevalence of sexual victimization among men—in many circumstances similar to the prevalence found among women. We identified factors that perpetuate misperceptions about men’s sexual victimization: reliance on traditional gender stereotypes, outdated and inconsistent definitions, and methodological sampling biases that exclude inmates. We recommend changes that move beyond regressive gender assumptions, which can harm both women and men.
Socioeconomic Status and Bullying: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tippett Neil , Wolke Dieter
Published: May 2014

We examined whether socioeconomic status (SES) could be used to identify which schools or children are at greatest risk of bullying, which can adversely affect children’s health and life.

We conducted a review of published literature on school bullying and SES. We identified 28 studies that reported an association between roles in school bullying (victim, bully, and bully-victim) and measures of SES. Random effects models showed SES was weakly related to bullying roles. Adjusting for publication bias, victims (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.58) and bully-victims (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.36, 1.74) were more likely to come from low socioeconomic households. Bullies (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 0.99) and victims (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.94, 0.97) were slightly less likely to come from high socioeconomic backgrounds.

SES provides little guidance for targeted intervention, and all schools and children, not just those with more socioeconomic deprivation, should be targeted to reduce the adverse effects of bullying.