bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Fused 2‐Thiouracils: Dipyrimidinopyridine, Pyrazolopyrimidine and Pyridazinopyrimidines.
Authors: Youssif Shaker , El‐Bahaie Said , Nabih Esam
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tandem Double Intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Nitroalkenes. The Fused/Bridged Mode.
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Gomez Laurent
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Construction of Medium‐Ring Oxacycloalkenones. Extension Towards Benzo‐Fused Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Lecornue Frederic , Ollivier Jean
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cationic Palladium Complex Catalyzed Cyclization—Hydrosilylation of 1,6‐Heptadiyne and Its Homologues.
Authors: Uno Takanori , Wakayanagi Shigeru , Sonoda Yoshiya , Yamamoto Keiji
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Two Step Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐2‐vinyl 1,3,2‐Dioxaphospholanes and ‐dioxaphosphorinanes.
Authors: Mafffei Michel , Buono Gerard
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Efficient Peterson Olefination Leading to Unsaturated Selenoamides and Their Characterization.
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Fujishima Akinori , Iwamoto Chigusa , Kato Shinzi
Published: July 2005

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Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Isocembrene: A Tactic for Both Diene Construction and Macrocycle Formation.
Authors: Zhang Fengzhi , Peng Lizeng , Zhang Tao , Mei Tiansheng , Liu Huawei , Li Yulin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silver Triflate. A Mild Alternative Catalyst for Glycosylation Conditions Using Trichloroacetimidates as Glycosyl Donors.
Authors: Wei Guohua , Gu Guofeng , Du Yuguo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthesis of 2′‐O‐Modified Oligonucleotides by Solid Phase Fragment Condensation
Authors: Sasaki Kotomi , Kubo Takanori , Ueki Ryoji , Yano Mayuka , Anno Yosuke , Ohba Hideki , Fujii Masayuki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
9‐Fluorenemethyl H‐Phosphonoselenoate — A Versatile Reagent for Transferring an H‐Phosphonoselenoate Group
Authors: Kullberg Martin , Stawinski Jacek
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Properties of Conjugate DNA Enzymes
Authors: Kubo Takanori , Ueki Ryoji , Anno Yosuke , Yano Mayuka , Sasaki Kotomi , Ohba Hideki , Fujii Masayuki
Published: July 2005

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Cross‐Linking of Escherichia coli Formamidopyrymidine‐DNA Glycosylase to DNA Duplexes Containing Photoactivatable Phenyl(trifluoromethyl)diazirine Groups
Authors: Taranenko M. V. , Sumbatyan N. V. , Mtchedlidze M. T. , Kuznetsova S. A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Novel Acyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: Hong Joon Hee , Ko Ok Hyun
Published: July 2005

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Recognition of Cyclonucleoside Lesions by the Lactococcus lactis FPG Protein
Authors: Muller Evelyne , Gasparutto Didier , Castaing Bertrand , Favier Alain , Cadet Jean
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of 1β‐Methyl‐2‐[5‐(2‐N‐substituted aminoethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin‐3‐ylthio]carbapenem Derivatives.
Authors: Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Su‐Chul , Cho Jung‐Hyuck
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure Elucidation of Sch 538415, a Novel Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase Inhibitor from a Microorganism.
Authors: Chu Min , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐ and (‐)‐Botryodiplodin Using Stereoselective Radical Cyclizations of Acyclic Esters and Acetals.
Authors: Nouguier Robert , Gastaldi Stephane , Stien Didier , Bertrand Michele , Villar Felix , Andrey Olivier , Renaud Philippe
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dynamic Aspects and Associated Structures of TiO2(110) and CeO2(111) Surfaces Relevant to Oxide Catalyses
Authors: Fukui Ken‐ichi , Takakusagi Satoru , Tero Ryugo , Aizawa Masaki , Namai Yoshimichi , Iwasawa Yasuhiro
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Bonding Topology of Ternary Transition Metal‐Centered Bismuth Cluster Halides: From Molecules to Metal
Authors: King R. Bruce
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Collisional Production and Characterisation of Alkali Endohedral Fullerenes
Authors: Campbell Eleanor E. B.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Coordination Compounds with Programmed Properties
Authors: Garnovskii Alexander D. , Vasilchenko Igor S. , Garnovskii Dmitry A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potassium Trifluoro(organo)borates: New Perspectives in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Darses Sylvain , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Functionalized Fullerenes in Water. The First 10 Years of Their Chemistry, Biology, and Nanoscience
Authors: Nakamura Eiichi , Isobe Hiroyuki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Aryl‐Coupling Reactions in Synthesis
Authors: Lessene Guillaume , Feldman Ken S.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Imaging Techniques Boost NMR Spectroscopy: How to Remove Zero‐Quantum Artifacts
Authors: Schulte‐Herbrueggen Thomas
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chain Conformation, Crystal Structures, and Structural Disorder in Stereoregular Polymers
Authors: de Rosa Claudio
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of Transition‐Metal Zintl Phases: Cs24Nb2In12As18 and Cs13Nb2In6As10 with Isolated Complex Anions.
Authors: Gascoin Franck , Sevov Slavi C.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tunable Near‐Infrared Optical Gain and Amplified Spontaneous Emission Using PbSe Nanocrystals.
Authors: Schaller R. D. , Petruska M. A. , Klimov V. I.
Published: July 2005

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5 V Class All‐Solid‐State Composite Lithium Battery with Li3PO4 Coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4.
Authors: Kobayashi Yo , Miyashiro Hajime , Takei Katsuhito , Shigemura Hikari , Tabuchi Mitsuharu , Kageyama Hiroyuki , Iwahori Toru
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Monophosphites Derived from Carbohydrate: Conformational Effect in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Huang Hanmin , Zheng Zhuo , Luo Huili , Bai Changmin , Hu Xinquan , Chen Huilin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Using a Temporary Silicon Connection in Stereoselective Allylation with Allylsilanes: Application to the Synthesis of Stereodefined 1,2,4‐Triols.
Authors: Beignet Julien , Cox Liam R.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Directed Electrophilic Iodination and Phenylselenenylation of Activated Alkyl Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Panunzi Barbara , Rotiroti Lucia , Tingoli Marco
Published: July 2005

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Lanthanoid‐Assisted Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Triethylaluminum.
Authors: Shenglof Margarita , Gelman Dmitri , Molander Gary A. , Blum Jochanan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Access to Stereodefined Dienoates and Cyclopropylenoates Containing a Trifluoromethyl Group
Authors: Wang Ping‐An , Deng Min‐Zhi , Pan Rui‐Qi , Zhang Sheng‐Yong
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanocene‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Aryl‐Substituted Alkenes with Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Terao Jun , Watabe Hiroyasu , Miyamoto Masako , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of β,β‐Branched β‐Amino Ester Derivatives Through Spiroaziridination of (α‐Trimethylsilanylmethyl)cyclohexylidene Esters.
Authors: Gasperi Tecla , Loreto M. Antonietta , Tardella P. Antonio
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituent Effects on Di‐π‐methane and Aza‐di‐π‐methane Rearrangements of Dibenzo[f,h]quinoxalinobarrelenes.
Authors: Lin Sheng‐Yunn , Hsieh Hsing‐Pang , Peddinti Rama Krishna , Liao Chun‐Chen
Published: July 2005

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A Ruthenium(II) Complex with a Tetradentate C2‐Symmetric Bis(phosphino)‐bis(oxazoline) Ligand for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: Lee Sang‐gi , Jung Hyo Ryung , Kim Kwan Mook , Song Choong Eui , Cho Cheon Gyo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Efficient C—O Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Unactivated Halides by Ligandless, Heterogeneous Raney Ni—Al Alloy/Copper (I) Salts.
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Xia Chun‐Gu , Li Jing‐Wei , Hu Xiao‐Xue
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐ and O‐Arylation with Triphenylantimony ortho‐Phenylenedioxides.
Authors: Stolyarova T. E. , Shavyrin A. S. , Finet J.‐P. , Fedorov A. Yu.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Novel RXR‐Selective Modulators with Improved Pharmacological Profile.
Authors: Michellys Pierre‐Yves , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐2,6,6‐trimethyl‐5‐oxo‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐thieno[3,2‐b]pyrroles.
Authors: Shirinian V. Z. , Nikalin D. M. , Krayushkin M. M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Iminothiazoline Derivatives by Sequential Conjugate Addition/Annulation/Ring‐Opening Reactions.
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Attanasi Orazio A. , Giorgi Gianluca , Filippone Paolino , Rossi Elisabetta , Santeusanio Stefania
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles.
Authors: Majo Vattoly J. , Prabhakaran Jaya , Mann J. John , Kumar J. S. Dileep
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Relative Binding Affinity to Human Steroid Receptors of Substituted 3‐Aryloxycoumarins.
Authors: Bakhchinian Robert , Terrier Francois , Kirkiacharian Serge , Resche‐Rigon Michele , Bouchoux Francoise , Cerede Evelyne
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of peri‐Anellated Heterocyclic Systems Based on 3‐Substituted 1‐Aryl‐4,6‐dinitro‐1H‐indazoles.
Authors: Starosotnikov A. M. , Lobach A. V. , Vinogradov V. M. , Shevelev S. A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A One‐Pot Process for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Amines via Reductive Amination under Transfer Hydrogenation Conditions.
Authors: Williams Glynn D. , Pike Richard A. , Wade Charles E. , Wills Martin
Published: July 2005

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α,β‐Unsaturated Thioacylsilanes as Efficient Dienes in hetero Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Capperucci Antonella , Degl'Innocenti Alessandro , Nocentini Tiziano , Biondi Simona , Dini Francesca
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Tricyclic Pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]thiazines via Nucleophilic Substitution of Activated Precursors.
Authors: Weber Manuela , Jaeger Walter , Erker Thomas
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane Conjugated Amyloid‐Phillic Compound and Its Binding Affinity to the β‐Amyloid Fibril.
Authors: Kang Jongmin , Jo Jee Hye
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Heterocyclic System — Pyrrolo[1,2‐a][4,1]benzoxazepine
Authors: Kistanova N. S. , Mashevskaya I. V. , Bozdyreva K. S. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Method for Synthesis of Alkyl Phenyl Selenides. The Reaction of Diphenyl Diselenide with Oxygen‐Containing Compounds Using La/Me3SiCl/cat.I2/cat.CuI System.
Authors: Nishino Toshiki , Nishiyama Yutaka , Sonoda Noboru
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition of Bu3SnLi to tert‐Butanesulfinimines as an Efficient Route to Chiral, Nonracemic α‐Aminoorganostannanes.
Authors: Kells Kevin W. , Chong J. Michael
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
C.I. Pigment Red 266.
Authors: Chang Chia‐Hsien , Christie Robert M. , Rosair Georgina M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereospecific Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Reduction of 2‐Cyclobutylidenepropyl Esters: A Versatile Preparation of Diastereomeric Monoterpenoids: (.+‐.)‐Fragranol (VII) and (.+‐.)‐Grandisol (VIII).
Authors: Bernard Angela M. , Frongia Angelo , Secci Francesco , Delogu Giovanna , Ollivier Jean , Piras Pier P. , Salauen Jacques
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Unsaturated, Fused Bicyclic Proline Analogues Through Amino Alkylation of Cyclic Bis(allylsulfoximine)titanium Complexes and Migratory Cyclization of δ‐Amino Alkenyl Aminosulfoxonium Salts.
Authors: Koep Stefan , Gais Hans‐Joachim , Raabe Gerhard
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Entry to C‐Glycals via Diethylzinc‐Mediated Umpolung of π‐Allyl Palladium Derived from 1‐exo‐Methylene 2,3‐Anhydrofuranoses.
Authors: Gomez Ana M. , Barrio Aitor , Pedregosa Ana , Valverde Serafin , Lopez J. Cristobal
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Cerny Epoxides for the Accelerated Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans.
Authors: Arndt Sabine , Hsieh‐Wilson Linda C.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibition of Gene Expression by Peptide Nucleic Acids in Cultured Cells
Authors: Cogoi Susanna , Rapozzi Valentina , Xodo Luigi E.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Short Oligonucleotide Conjugates as Inhibitors of Human Telomerase
Authors: Pongracz Krisztina , Li Shihong , Herbert Brittney‐Shea , Pruzan Ronald , Wunder Ellen , Chin Allison , Piatyszek Mieczyslaw , Shay Jerry , Gryaznov Sergei M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
PNA‐DNA Chimeras Forming Quadruplex Structures
Authors: Esposito Veronica , Galeone Aldo , Mayol Luciano , Messere Anna , Piccialli Gennaro , Randazzo Antonio
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Influence of the Length of the Phosphate Chain in mRNA 5′ Cap Analogues on Their Interaction with Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E
Authors: Zuberek Joanna , Jemielity Jacek , Niedzwiecka Anna , Stepinski Janusz , Wyslouch‐Cieszynska Aleksandra , Stolarski Ryszard , Darzynkiewicz Edward
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Fluoronoraristeromycin and Its Inhibitory Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum S‐Adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine Hydrolase.
Authors: Kitade Yukio , Kojima Hiroharu , Zulfiqur Fazila , Kim Hye‐Sook , Wataya Yusuke
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oncidinol — A Novel Diacylglycerol from Ornithophora radicans Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae) Floral Oil.
Authors: Reis Mariza Gomes , de Faria Aparecida Donisete , do Amaral Maria do Carmo Estanislau , Marsaioli Anita Jocelyne
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of the Antifungal Agent (‐)‐PF1163B.
Authors: Bouazza Fodil , Renoux Brigitte , Bachmann Christian , Gesson Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of Heterocyclic 2‐Deoxystreptamine Derivatives as RNA Binding Ligands.
Authors: Ding Yili , Hofstadler Steven A. , Swayze Eric E. , Griffey Richard H.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formal [3 + 3] Cycloaddition Approach to Chromenes and Chromanes. Concise Total Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Rhododaurichromanic Acids A and B and Methyl (.+‐.)‐Daurichromenic Ester.
Authors: Kurdyumov Aleksey V. , Hsung Richard P. , Ihlen Kirsten , Wang Jiashi
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantiospecific Formal Total Syntheses of (‐)‐Salicylihalamides A and B from D‐Glucose and L‐Rhamnose.
Authors: Yang Kyoung Lang , Haack Torsten , Blackman Burchelle , Diederich Wibke E. , Roy Subho , Pusuluri Srinivas , Georg Gunda I.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese‐Containing Silica‐Based Microporous Molecular Sieve MnS‐1: Synthesis and Characterization.
Authors: Tusar Natasa Novak , Logar Natasa Zabukovec , Arcon Iztok , Thibault‐Starzyk Frederic , Ristic Alenka , Rajic Nevenka , Kaucic Venceslav
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microstructure and Magnetic Properties for Highly Coercive FePt Sputtered Films
Authors: Shima Toshiyuki , Takanashi Koki , Li Guo Qing , Ishio Shunji
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymer Supports in Synthesis
Authors: Pittman Charles U. Jr.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A “Holey” Supramolecular Approach to the Detection of Enzyme Activity.
Authors: Gale Philip A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Revisited
Authors: Averbuch P.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Localization and loss‐of‐function implicates ciliary proteins in early, cytoplasmic roles in left‐right asymmetry
Authors: Qiu Dayong , Cheng Shing‐Ming , Wozniak Laryssa , McSweeney Megan , Perrone Emily , Levin Michael
Published: July 2005

Left‐right asymmetry is a crucial feature of the vertebrate body plan. While much molecular detail of this patterning pathway has been uncovered, the embryonic mechanisms of the initiation of asymmetry, and their evolutionary conservation among species, are still not understood. A popular recent model based on data from mouse embryos suggests extracellular movement of determinants by ciliary motion at the gastrulating node as the initial step. An alternative model, driven by findings in the frog and chick embryo, focuses instead on cytoplasmic roles of motor proteins. To begin to test the latter hypothesis, we analyzed the very early embryonic localization of ciliary targets implicated in mouse LR asymmetry. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frog and chick embryos using antibodies that have (KIF3B, Polaris, Polycystin‐2, acetylated α‐tubulin) or have not (LRD, INV, detyrosinated α‐tubulin) been shown to detect in frog embryos only the target that they detect in mammalian tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed localization signals for all targets in the cytoplasm of cleavage‐stage Xenopus embryos, and in the base of the primitive streak in chick embryos at streak initiation. Importantly, several left‐right asymmetries were detected in both species, and the localization signals were dependent on microtubule and actin cytoskeletal organization. Moreover, loss‐of‐function experiments implicated very early intracellular microtubule‐dependent motor protein function as an obligate aspect of oriented LR asymmetry in Xenopus embryos. These data are consistent with cytoplasmic roles for motor proteins in patterning the left‐right axis that do not involve ciliary motion. Developmental Dynamics 234:176–189, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple pressure variables methods for fluid flow at all Mach numbers
Authors: Park J. H. , Munz C.‐D.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we present a method for the simulation of incompressible as well as compressible unsteady flows. At first we discuss three different forms, i.e. a primitive‐, conservative‐ and a semi‐conservative form of the governing equations. We use a semi‐implicit time integration in such a fashion that the stability is guaranteed independently of the speed of sound and the resulting method is independent of the Mach number range. Moreover, with the application of the so‐called multiple pressure variables (MPV) approach the difficulties with the pressure term can be circumvented as in the incompressible limit the hydrodynamic pressure decouples from the equation of state. Increasing approximation errors in the low Mach number regime are avoided. As a result, the proposed algorithm can also simulate incompressible flows as limit for zero Mach number. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recruitment of Total Phytoplankton, Chlorophytes and Cyanobacteria from Lake Sediments Recorded by Photosynthetic Pigments in a Large, Shallow Lake (Lake Taihu, China)
Authors: Cao Huan‐Sheng , Kong Fan‐Xiang , Tan Jian‐Kang , Zhang Xiao‐Feng , Tao Yi , Yang Zhou
Published: July 2005

Recruitment of total phytoplankton, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria from lake sediments to the water column was studied using photosynthetic pigments at one site (1.5 m) in Lake Taihu, a large shallow lake in China. Samples were taken weekly from the migration traps installed on the bottom from March to May 2004. Abundance of total phytoplankton, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria were represented by Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and phycocyanin (PC), respectively. Over the three months, total phytoplankton, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria corresponding to 48.9%, 68.9% and 316.2% of their initial concentrations in surface sediments were recruited in Lake Taihu. However, compared with their increase in pelagic abundance over the same period, the recruitment accounted for a rather small inoculum. Accompanying the recruitment, total phytoplankton and chlorophytes declined and cyanobacteria increased in the upper 0–2 cm sediments; colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa in the water column enlarged from small size with several cells to large colonies with hundreds of cells. Thus, overwintering and subsequent growth renewal of pelagic phytoplankton merits further study and comparison with benthic survival and recruitment. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of serum salicylate levels by solid‐phase extraction and desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry
Authors: Okuno Shoji , Wada Yoshinao
Published: July 2005

The applicability of the matrix‐free laser desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS‐MS) to measuring serum drug levels was examined by analyzing serum salicylic acid. The optimized and simple solid‐phase extraction (SPE) allowed good recovery, 88.9 ± 5.8%, for 1.4 mM (200 mg/L) of salicylic acid in serum. The negative ion MS allowed measurements of deprotonated molecules without interference from other signals. Using a deuterium‐labeled internal standard, good linearity was obtained in the 0.14 to 4.2 mM (20–600 mg/L) range, which was sufficient for monitoring the therapeutic anti‐inflammatory dose. SPE followed by DIOS‐MS is anticipated to be a method of measuring drug levels in blood and may allow high throughput analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Functionalized Core‐Shell Alumina/Polystyrene Composite Nanoparticles, 1
Authors: Zeng Zhong , Yu Jian , Guo Zhao‐Xia
Published: July 2005

Summary: A convenient method for the preparation of well‐defined core‐shell alumina/polystyrene composite nanoparticles (50 nm) through emulsion polymerization from needle‐shaped alumina is reported. The pretreatment of alumina with 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) is essential for successful encapsulation and for creating strong interfacial interaction between alumina and polystyrene (PS). High yield and binding efficiency (both higher than 90%) are achieved by a proper selection of the reaction conditions. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), an ideal core‐shell structure is obtained with one alumina needle as the core and PS as the shell when the amount of alumina is appropriate. However, when more alumina is used, the PS latexes contain an agglomerate of a few alumina needles arranging in a parallel fashion without any precipitation of alumina. The analysis of the grafted and free PS has shown that the grafted PS has bigger molecular weight (MW) and larger molecular weight distribution (MWD) presumably due to some condensation between the methoxyl groups of the silane moiety. The polymerization kinetics and the encapsulation mechanism have also been discussed.

Schematic representation of the encapsulation procedure.

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Schematic representation of the encapsulation procedure.
gem‐Dimethyl Effects in the Thermal Behavior of Polyethylene
Authors: Schwendeman John E. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: July 2005

Summary: Polyethylene can be rendered completely amorphous via the insertion of regularly spaced gem‐dimethyl defects along its backbone, where frequency of insertion is the deciding factor in achieving the totally amorphous state. Accurate placement of defects along polyethylene's backbone is achieved with step polymerization metathesis chemistry (the ADMET reaction) rather than using chain polymerization techniques. These gem‐dimethyl polyethylene macromolecules, when compared with other ADMET ethylene‐based model materials, demonstrate that steric bulk, frequency, and distribution of the defect along the polymer backbone are more important than stereoregularity (tacticity) when the defects are spaced nine carbon atoms or more apart. Comparisons are made between gem‐dimethyl “defects” and methyl “defects” in a polyethylene backbone.

Synthetic scheme for the ADMET‐made gem‐dimethyl model polyethylenes (14a–c).

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Synthetic scheme for the ADMET‐made gem‐dimethyl model polyethylenes (14a–c).
Characteristic Sliding Frictional Behavior on the Surface of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Consisting of Organic‐Inorganic Network Structure
Authors: Haraguchi Kazutoshi , Takada Tetsuo
Published: July 2005

Summary: Sliding frictional behavior on the surface of novel nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels), composed of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and exfoliated clay, was investigated and compared with that of conventional chemically‐crosslinked hydrogels (OR gels). Since OR gels are so weak, the sliding test, in general, could not be carried out on their surfaces except when wet. On the contrary, NC gels can withstand sliding friction under high loading and it was found that the frictional forces are sensitive to the environmental surroundings (wet or in‐air), the gel composition (water, clay contents), and loading. In air, NC gels exhibit a characteristic force profile with a maximum static frictional force (max‐SFF) and subsequent constant dynamic frictional force. In contrast, NC gels exhibit very low frictional forces under wet conditions. The change in frictional force with surroundings was very distinctive for NC gels, particularly for those with low clay contents. Max‐SFF for NC1 gel decreased more than 100‐fold by changing the environment from in‐air to wet. The characteristic sliding frictional behaviors are explained on the basis of a unique organic/inorganic network structure of NC gels.

The model of sliding process on NC gel and effects of clay content of NC gels on the sliding frictional behavior.

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The model of sliding process on NC gel and effects of clay content of NC gels on the sliding frictional behavior.
Sufficient conditions for optimal control problems with mixed constraints
Authors: Galewska E. , Nowakowski A.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we derive sufficient conditions for optimal control problems with mixed control and state constraints by applying a dual approach to the dynamic programming. These conditions guarantee that a relative minimum is achieved. We seek an optimal pair in the class of those admissible pairs for which graphs of trajectories belong to a set defined by a function satisfying a dual equation of dynamic programming. This set usually differs from the classical neighbourhood of an optimal trajectory. We prove a verification theorem and introduce an optimal dual feedback control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of alternative analytical techniques for the characterisation of the human serum proteome in HUPO Plasma Proteome Project
Authors: Li Xiaohai , Gong Yan , Wang Ying , Wu Songfeng , Cai Yun , He Ping , Lu Zhuang , Ying Wantao , Zhang Yangjun , Jiao Liyan , He Hongzhi , Zhang Zisen , He Fuchu , Zhao Xiaohang , Qian Xiaohong
Published: July 2005

Based on the same HUPO reference specimen (C1‐serum) with the six proteins of highest abundance depleted by immunoaffinity chromatography, we have compared five proteomics approaches, which were (1) intact protein fractionation by anion‐exchange chromatography followed by 2‐DE‐MALDI‐TOF‐MS/MS for protein identification (2‐DE strategy); (2) intact protein fractionation by 2‐D HPLC followed by tryptic digestion of each fraction and microcapillary RP‐HPLC/microESI‐MS/MS identification (protein 2‐D HPLC fractionation strategy); (3) protein digestion followed by automated online microcapillary 2‐D HPLC (strong cation‐exchange chromatography (SCX)‐RPC) with IT microESI‐MS/MS; (online shotgun strategy); (4) same as (3) with the SCX step performed offline (offline shotgun strategy) and (5) same as (4) with the SCX fractions reanalysed by optimised nanoRP‐HPLC‐nanoESI‐MS/MS (offline shotgun‐nanospray strategy). All five approaches yielded complementary sets of protein identifications. The total number of unique proteins identified by each of these five approaches was (1) 78, (2) 179, (3) 131, (4) 224 and (5) 330 respectively. In all, 560 unique proteins were identified. One hundred and sixty‐five proteins were identified through two or more peptides, which could be considered a high‐confidence identification. Only 37 proteins were identified by all five approaches. The 2‐DE approach yielded more information on the pI‐altered isoforms of some serum proteins and the relative abundance of identified proteins. The protein prefractionation strategy slightly improved the capacity to detect proteins of lower abundance. Optimising the separation at the peptide level and improving the detection sensitivity of ESI‐MS/MS were more effective than fractionation of intact proteins in increasing the total number of proteins identified. Overall, electrophoresis and chromatography, coupled respectively with MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS and ESI‐MS/MS, identified complementary sets of serum proteins.
Depletion of multiple high‐abundance proteins improves protein profiling capacities of human serum and plasma
Authors: Echan Lynn A. , Tang Hsin‐Yao , Ali‐Khan Nadeem , Lee KiBeom , Speicher David W.
Published: July 2005

Systematic detection of low‐abundance proteins in human blood that may be putative disease biomarkers is complicated by an extremely wide range of protein abundances. Hence, depletion of major proteins is one potential strategy for enhancing detection sensitivity in serum or plasma. This study compared a recently commercialized HPLC column containing antibodies to six of the most abundant blood proteins (“Top‐6 depletion”) with either older Cibacron blue/Protein A or G depletion methods or no depletion. In addition, a prototype spin column version of the HPLC column and an alternative prototype two antibody spin column were evaluated. The HPLC polyclonal antibody column and its spin column version are very promising methods for substantially simplifying human serum or plasma samples. These columns show the lowest nonspecific binding of the depletion methods tested. In contrast other affinity methods, particularly dye‐based resins, yielded many proteins in the bound fractions in addition to the targeted proteins. Depletion of six abundant proteins removed about 85% of the total protein from human serum or plasma, and this enabled 10‐ to 20‐fold higher amounts of depleted serum or plasma samples to be applied to 2‐D gels or alternative protein profiling methods such as protein array pixelation. However, the number of new spots detected on 2‐D gels was modest, and most newly visualized spots were minor forms of relatively abundant proteins. The inability to detect low‐abundance proteins near expected 2‐D staining limits was probably due to both the highly heterogeneous nature of most plasma or serum proteins and masking of many low‐abundance proteins by the next series of most abundant proteins. Hence, non2‐D methods such as protein array pixelation are more promising strategies for detecting lower abundance proteins after depleting the six abundant proteins.
Cardiovascular‐related proteins identified in human plasma by the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project Pilot Phase
Authors: Berhane Beniam T. , Zong Chenggong , Liem David A. , Huang Aaron , Le Steven , Edmondson Ricky D. , Jones Richard C. , Qiao Xin , Whitelegge Julian P. , Ping Peipei , Vondriska Thomas M.
Published: July 2005

Proteomic profiling of accessible bodily fluids, such as plasma, has the potential to accelerate biomarker/biosignature development for human diseases. The HUPO Plasma Proteome Project pilot phase examined human plasma with distinct proteomic approaches across multiple laboratories worldwide. Through this effort, we confidently identified 3020 proteins, each requiring a minimum of two high‐scoring MS/MS spectra. A critical step subsequent to protein identification is functional annotation, in particular with regard to organ systems and disease. Performing exhaustive literature searches, we have manually annotated a subset of these 3020 proteins that have cardiovascular‐related functions on the basis of an existing body of published information. These cardiovascular‐related proteins can be organized into eight groups: markers of inflammation and/or cardiovascular disease, vascular and coagulation, signaling, growth and differentiation, cytoskeletal, transcription factors, channels/receptors and heart failure and remodeling. In addition, analysis of the peptide per protein ratio for MS/MS identification reveals group‐specific trends. These findings serve as a resource to interrogate the functions of plasma proteins, and moreover, the list of cardiovascular‐related proteins in plasma constitutes a baseline proteomic blueprint for the future development of biosignatures for diseases such as myocardial ischemia and atherosclerosis.
Analysis of Human Proteome Organization Plasma Proteome Project (HUPO PPP) reference specimens using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (SELDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry: Multi‐institution correlation of spectra and identification of biomarkers
Authors: Rai Alex J. , Stemmer Paul M. , Zhang Zhen , Adam Bao‐ling , Morgan William T. , Caffrey Rebecca E. , Podust Vladimir N. , Patel Manisha , Lim Lih‐yin , Shipulina Natalia V. , Chan Daniel W. , Semmes O. John , Leung Hon‐chiu Eastwood
Published: July 2005

We report on a multicenter analysis of HUPO reference specimens using SELDI‐TOF MS. Eight sites submitted data obtained from serum and plasma reference specimen analysis. Spectra from five sites passed preliminary quality assurance tests and were subjected to further analysis. Intralaboratory CVs varied from 15 to 43%. A correlation coefficient matrix generated using data from these five sites demonstrated high level of correlation, with values >0.7 on 37 of 42 spectra. More than 50 peaks were differentially present among the various sample types, as observed on three chip surfaces. Additionally, peaks at ∼9200 and ∼15 950 m/z were present only in select reference specimens. Chromatographic fractionation using anion‐exchange, membrane cutoff, and reverse phase chromatography, was employed for protein purification of the ∼9200 m/z peak. It was identified as the haptoglobin alpha subunit after peptide mass fingerprinting and high‐resolution MS/MS analysis. The differential expression of this protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. These pilot studies demonstrate the potential of the SELDI platform for reproducible and consistent analysis of serum/plasma across multiple sites and also for targeted biomarker discovery and protein identification. This approach could be exploited for population‐based studies in all phases of the HUPO PPP.
Human Plasma PeptideAtlas
Authors: Deutsch Eric W. , Eng Jimmy K. , Zhang Hui , King Nichole L. , Nesvizhskii Alexey I. , Lin Biaoyang , Lee Hookeun , Yi Eugene C. , Ossola Reto , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: July 2005

Peptide identifications of high probability from 28 LC‐MS/MS human serum and plasma experiments from eight different laboratories, carried out in the context of the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project, were combined and mapped to the EnsEMBL human genome. The 6929 distinct observed peptides were mapped to approximately 960 different proteins. The resulting compendium of peptides and their associated samples, proteins, and genes is made publicly available as a reference for future research on human plasma.
Properties of acrylic–polyurethane hybrid emulsions synthesized by the semibatch emulsion copolymerization of acrylates using different polyurethane particles
Authors: Šebenik Urška , Krajnc Matjaž
Published: July 2005

Aqueous acrylic–polyurethane hybrid emulsions were prepared by the semibatch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate in the presence of eight polyurethane dispersions. The polyurethane dispersions were synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate, 1000 and 2000 molecular weight polyester polyols, 1000 molecular weight polyether polyol, butanediol, and dimethylol propionic acid. Acrylic monomers were added in the monomer emulsion feed. We studied the effect of the use of different polyurethane seed particles and the effect of different weight ratios of methyl methacrylate to butyl acrylate on the emulsion properties, microphase structure, and mechanical properties of hybrid films. The average particle size and distribution were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. The rheological properties of polyurethane dispersions and hybrid emulsions were tested under destructive conditions by an examination of flow curves and under nondestructive conditions of oscillatory shear in a range of linear viscoelastic responses. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to characterize the thermal‐response properties of polymeric films. The relative average molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The interactions between the acrylic and polyurethane components in hybrid particles and particle structure were studied with infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mechanical properties such as the Koenig hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus were measured. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4050–4069, 2005
Exciton‐polaritons and nanoscale cavities in photonic crystal slabs
Authors: Andreani Lucio Claudio , Gerace Dario , Agio Mario
Published: July 2005

Recent theoretical work on exciton–light coupling in waveguide‐embedded photonic crystals is reviewed. After a short description of the theory of photonic crystal slabs, the following issues are discussed: (i) a quantum‐mechanical formulation of the interaction between photonic modes and quantum‐well excitons, leading to a description of photonic crystal polaritons; (ii) calculations of variable‐angle reflectance spectra, which show that radiative polaritons can be excited by an optical beam incident on the slab surface; (iii) a description of nanoscale cavities with extremely high Q‐factors and low mode volumes in photonic crystal slabs; (iv) a quantum‐mechanical model of the interaction between confined nanocavity modes and single quantum‐dot transitions, leading again to a strong‐coupling regime of light–matter interaction. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ion/molecule reactions in the orifice‐skimmer region of an atmospheric pressure Penning ionization mass spectrometer
Authors: Furuya Hiroko , Fujimaki Susumu , Kambara Shizuka , Suzuki Shigeo , Hashimoto Yutaka , Okazaki Shigemitsu , Wada Akira , Beech Iwona B. , Sunner Jan , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: July 2005

Atmospheric pressure Penning ionization mass spectra of methanol were measured as functions of Ar or He gas pressure in the first vacuum chamber, the position of the skimmer, and the voltage applied between the orifice and the skimmer. When the orifice and the skimmer were coaxial with a distance of 4 mm, the distribution of CH3OH(CH3OH)n clusters was only weakly dependent on both Ar pressure (in the range of 19–220 Pa) and orifice‐skimmer voltage (in the range of 1–45 V). The ion/molecule reaction CH3OH + CH3OH → CH(CH3OH) + H2O was observed in the free jet expansion, especially at high orifice‐skimmer voltage values. When the orifice and the skimmer were off‐centered and the distance between them was increased to 18 mm, the formation of large CH3OH(CH3OH)n clusters, as well as their dissociation, were seen. The endothermic proton transfer reaction, CH(CH3OH) + CH3OH → CH3OH + CH3OCH3, occurred at high orifice‐skimmer voltage. The collision‐induced dissociation of cluster ions by He gas in the first vacuum chamber was much more efficient than by Ar. These results demonstrated that the mass spectra are highly dependent on skimmer position and on orifice‐skimmer voltage and that ions observed by mass spectrometry do not necessarily reflect the abundance of ions produced in the atmospheric pressure ion source. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of antiarrhythmic drug therapy on atrioventricular nodal function during atrial fibrillation in humans*
Authors: Mangin Laurence , Vinet Alain , Pagé Pierre , Glass Leon
Published: July 2005

Aims

To assess the effects of metoprolol and amiodarone on atrial and ventricular activity during atrial fibrillation (AF) in post-surgical patients, and to develop and use a mathematical model of the atrioventricular (AV) node during AF that incorporates parameters describing the properties of the AV node to evaluate the physiological basis of the drug effects.

Methods and results

Ten post-surgical patients were evaluated where three received no medical therapy, three received metoprolol, three received amiodarone, and one received both metoprolol and amiodarone. The medications led to increases of 37–310 ms in the mean VV interval in treated patients, but much smaller changes in the mean AA intervals in the right and left atria. The mathematical model incorporating a random influence of the concealed conduction parameter was capable of reproducing the histograms of the VV intervals based on the input from the right atrium by systematically searching parameter space.

Conclusions

Changes in the ventricular rate are mainly due to the alteration in the AV nodal properties rather than changes in the atrial rhythm. The medications can display differential effects on the physiological properties of the AV node, and therefore the mathematical model may help to identify novel pharmacological targets.
Wavelength and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation: Insights from a computer model of human atria
Authors: Jacquemet Vincent , Virag Nathalie , Kappenberger Lukas
Published: July 2005

Aim

To explain the contradictory results related to the concept of critical cardiac wavelength in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

A biophysically based computer model was used to: (1) study the relationship between wavelength and AF perpetuation in the presence of multiple re-entrant wavelets, (2) evaluate the performance of different existing methods for wavelength estimation in the presence of different arrhythmogenic substrates, and (3) document the impact of either heterogeneities in refractoriness or the presence of a mother rotor on wavelength estimation.

Results

The simulations confirmed that the wavelength must be below a critical value for AF to be sustained, when the perpetuation mechanism relies on multiple re-entrant wavelets. The estimated value of wavelength was not the same for all methods tested and depended in part on the nature of the spatio-temporal organization of the AF dynamics.

Conclusion

A priori information about the underlying wavelet dynamics is needed for a correct interpretation of the cardiac wavelength as estimated by the current clinical methods.
The Emperor of Ixcateopan: Fraud, Nationalism and Memory in Modern Mexico
Authors: GILLINGHAM PAUL
Published: July 2005

This article analyses the forgery and discovery of the purported tomb of Cuauhtémoc, the last Mexica emperor. An eclectic collection of contemporary sources outlines a subtle interplay between elites, cultural managers and peasants, who alternately collaborated and competed in manipulating the would-be invention. Groups traditionally undervalued in studies of nationalism, namely villagers and petty bureaucrats, went far beyond the mimesis of elites to significantly reshape parts of the national narrative. Their entrepreneurial success in manipulating nationalist symbols demonstrates that the instrumentalist use of the past is a cross-class activity.
Circulation features associated with the record‐breaking typhoon landfall on Japan in 2004
Authors: Kim Joo‐Hong , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Sui Chung‐Hsiung
Published: July 2005

Ten typhoons struck Japan in 2004, which was an all‐time high although the total number of typhoons formed over the western North Pacific was slightly above normal. The characteristics of typhoon activity are the unusually high number of typhoons approaching Japan in the early summer (June) and fall (September and October) and the frequent landfalls in the middle summer (July and August). Seasonal mean large‐scale circulation in 2004 was characterized by a split of the North Pacific subtropical high (NPSH) east of Taiwan and persistent anticyclonic anomalies to the southeast of Japan, enabling typhoons to penetrate the weakened NPSH and move to Japan. Two possible causes are suggested here to maintain the persistent anticyclonic anomalies near Japan: one is positive feedback between typhoons moving northward and midlatitude circulation near Japan, the other is response to the broad‐scale tropical deep convection. A further modeling study is required to substantiate these arguments.
Selective oxidation of an individual layer in a magnetic tunnel junction through the use of thermodynamic control
Authors: Ladwig Peter F. , Yang J. Joshua , Yang Ying , Chang Y. Austin , Liu Feng , Pant Bharat B. , Schultz Allan E.
Published: July 2005

Oxidation of an ultrathin metal layer (less than 1 nm) to form a tunnel barrier oxide, without oxidizing adjacent layers, is of critical importance in making nanoscale devices such as magnetic tunnel junctions. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to achieve this objective using conventional methods that rely on kinetic control of the oxidation process. We present an alternative approach using a gas mixture with a fixed chemical potential of oxygen as the oxidizing medium. This mixture, chosen with thermodynamic calculations, tends to uniformly oxidize the tunnel barrier to the thermodynamically favored stoichiometry without oxidizing the adjacent layers. Experiments on a model system show that a thin-film layer such as Al can be oxidized without oxidizing common ferromagnetic alloys, such as Co–Fe, using a mixture of CO2∕CO or H2∕H2O. The chemical states of the Al and Co–Fe based example were characterized using x-ray photoelectron and synchrotron-source Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.