bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Review: The Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies
Authors: Wiebe Todd J.
Published: September 2016

This two-volume reference set offers a well-rounded look at the CIA from its inception to the present. As is made clear in the introduction, it is intended to be much more than a straightforward history of the CIA as an organization, but rather a compendium covering the broader spectrum of related topics. It would appear to live up to this claim. It does provide a detailed timeline chronicling the historical highlights, but moves right into over two hundred individual entries comprised of important events (i.e., operations, projects, cases, etc.), key players and names, and other relevant terms (e.g., “Contras,” “Handwriting Analysis,” “Torture”).
From the President of RUSA: RUSA Directions
Authors: McManus Alesia M.
Published: September 2016

As I start my year as RUSA President, I would like to share my thoughts on the health and vitality of RUSA as we move into a new year with aspirational ideas, goals, and plans. RUSA is only as strong as the number of its engaged members. At the time of writing this column (May 2016), we have seen a decline in membership of 4.0 percent from last year. The decline from this same time the previous year (May 2015) was 2.8 percent. The RUSA budget relies significantly on membership dues for revenue and, while we’re expecting our deficit to be lower than planned, we are operating with a deficit budget. As a result, in addition to possibly putting a dues increase on the 2017 ballot, we are talking about how to re-energize RUSA so we can operate nimbly and flexibly to support and encourage the greatest possible member engagement.
Book Review: Mental Health and Mental Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being
Authors: Elrod Rachael
Published: September 2016

This three-volume set includes 875 entries focused on six broad areas: mental disorders and conditions, treatment, tests and assessment methods, common psychological terms and concepts, individuals and organizations, and popular and classic books and movies. It includes a wide variety of entries such as “Addiction,” “Jeffrey Dahmer,” “Hip-Hop Music,” “Carl Jung,” “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest,” “Support Groups,” “Transgender,” the “Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS),” and “Xanax.”
Book Review: Youth Cultures in America
Authors: Presley Lisa
Published: September 2016

Editors Bronner and Clark collected more than 160 entries in order to compile Youth Cultures in America. The entries in this two-volume set are organized alphabetically and typically range in length from two to six pages. Due to the alphabetical rather than conceptual arrangement, the front matter of each volume includes a “Topic Finder” to assist in navigating the set. In the “Introduction,” the editors provide details for the broad selection of entries that range in scope from very general (“animals”) to extremely specific (“furry fandom”). The editors explain that they “have presented an array of contemporary groups, expressive forms, locations, and social movements and issues that cast youth cultures into relief” (xvii), including entries related to: body and health, music and dance, sports and games, generational classifications, social movements, and problems of youth. Although the majority of entries are concerned with the shared interests of youth, the length of individual entries are not necessarily consistent with their significance to youth culture.
Quem é o outro, o diferente? Reflexões sobre psicanálise e educação
Authors: Carneiro Cristiana
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo pretende pensar a concepção de destino em Freud como conceito que implica necessariamente uma reflexão acerca da natureza humana, já que se refere à trajetória temporal dos sujeitos. Tal iniciativa, a nosso ver, enriquece uma discussão quanto ao lugar do outro na ação educativa, questionamento indispensável para que uma prática inclusiva seja possível. As concepções de destino comportam significações para “natureza humana” que influenciam a prática, já que incidem sobre o ideário que temos do outro. É nesta direção que a psicanálise nos indica um caminho: o conhecimento da verdade e desejo do próprio sujeito. Neste caso, a diferença não diria respeito apenas ao outro, mas refere-se ao próprio desconhecimento que cada um tem para consigo mesmo. Aceitar a diferença é poder conviver com a nossa própria condição de desconhecimento em relação a nós mesmos, é visualizar que o caminho humano estará sempre marcado por certa errância.
A identidade e a subjetividade cultural surda em vistas à inclusão
Authors: Silva Silvana Marques da , Santos Benedito Rodrigues dos , Marra e Rosa Gabriel Artur
Published: September 2016

Este artigo tem como foco a análise teórica da constituição da identidade cultural e da subjetividade surda, com o objetivo de promover seu reconhecimento como uma diversidade cultural e de aprimorar o processo de inclusão dos surdos no sistema de ensino e na sociedade. Para tanto, o artigo propõe uma revisão crítica da literatura especializada na temática da identidade e da subjetividade surda, com o intuito de averiguar até que ponto essa literatura é capaz de elucidar as principais características da identidade dos surdos e quais são as questões que perpassam o paradigma da inclusão. Os resultados atestam a necessidade de uma mudança profunda e urgente no processo de inclusão dos surdos, considerando a participação desses sujeitos na construção de um novo modelo de inclusão que, além da língua, atenda também a outras especificidades dessa diversidade, pois os surdos seguem à margem social e não se desenvolvem de acordo com as suas potencialidades. Este artigo conclui que, embora a legislação referente à inclusão tenha avançado, ainda há contradição nas práticas inclusivas, o que acentua a sensação de opressão e exclusão dos surdos, pois estes se sentem pressionados a expressarem a sua identidade de acordo com o padrão da sociedade ouvinte.
Revisão de literatura sobre aspectos das avaliações para Altas Habilidades/Superdotação
Authors: Iorio Naila Mattos , Chaves Fernanda Ferreira , Anache Alexandra Ayach
Published: September 2016

Na intenção de evidenciar as discussões referentes às avaliações em Altas Habilidades/Superdotação no Brasil, este estudo bibliográfico representa um estado da arte que utiliza o Portal de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoas do Nível Superior, sob o recorte cronológico de 1989 a 2012. Caracteriza-se como limitadores metodológicos desta pesquisa: a) a sucessão e escolha dos descritores empregados; b) a disponibilidade cronológica e de trabalhos completos publicados no Banco de Dados utilizado; c) análise inicial e, sua consoante categorização temática, que utiliza como base a enunciação do objetivo central de cada pesquisa em seus respectivos resumos, portanto, pode apresentar imprecisão ou duplicidade de categorização. Com um resultado geral de oitenta e dois trabalhos, o presente estudo apresenta uma divisão de dois eixos norteadores. O primeiro utiliza os resumos disponíveis e retrata um panorama das pesquisas, com a abordagem aos temas mais trabalhados. O segundo eixo, confere uma amostra de oito pesquisas que tratam das avaliações em Altas Habilidades/Superdotação e, busca em seus trabalhos completos, dados como: ano de publicação, área de conhecimento, nível da pesquisa, referencial teórico, procedimentos metodológicos e considerações finais. Por fim, considera-se por meio das análises e discussões apresentadas a necessidade de mais empreendimentos científicos na área da superdotação, bem como, em sua interlocução com as avaliações psicológicas no Brasil, e deste modo, suscitar temáticas e estudos que versem sobre os instrumentos e estratégias de avaliação pertinentes a esta população.
Os talentos e a cultura: a trajetória de Anita Malfatti
Authors: Arantes-Brero Denise Rocha Belfort
Published: September 2016

Muito se tem pesquisado sobre os indivíduos dotados e talentosos, havendo, em diversos momentos históricos, preocupação com essa população. No Brasil, uma das primeiras vezes em que se falou disso foi na década de 30, por ocasião da fundação da Sociedade Pestalozzi. Apesar desse interesse crescente, na atualidade, existem poucas pesquisas que versam sobre o tema. Este trabalho visa entender como dotação e talento podem se manifestar e serem reconhecidos pela sociedade e cultura na qual a pessoa está inserida, com base na análise da biografia de Anita Malfatti (1889-1964), pintora expressionista, incompreendida em sua época, por ter introduzido uma forma de pintar que não era reconhecida como arte no Brasil. Neste estudo, será apresentada, brevemente, a teoria de Gagné, bem como o que se pretende nomear com os termos dotação e talento. O grande desafio de nossa sociedade é reconhecer as diferenças e valorizá-las, oferecendo a essas pessoas condições para expressão de suas habilidades, garantindo-lhes plena inserção na vida em sociedade para que se sintam produtivas e autorrealizadas. Precisamos lutar contra a “solidão do fundista”, para que o talentoso não esteja sempre adiante dos demais no aspecto intelectual, mas emocionalmente solitário e incompreendido.
Escolarização de jovens e adultos com deficiência nas pesquisas de pós-graduação no período de 2009 a 2015
Authors: Trentin Valéria Becher
Published: September 2016

A inclusão escolar requer o estreitamento nas relações entre a Educação de Jovens e Adultos e a Educação Especial. O estreitamento nessa relação exige um movimento contínuo de reflexão, análise e discussão, materializadas por meio de pesquisas e produção do conhecimento. Neste sentido, o presente artigo tem por objetivo averiguar as pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, após a promulgação, em 2008, da Política de Educação Especial na perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, no que tange a escolarização de alunos com deficiência na Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Para atingir o objetivo, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica por meio de levantamento nas bases da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Banco Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD). Nas buscas verificaram-se as teses e dissertações publicadas no período de janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2015, utilizando os seguintes descritores: educação de jovens e adultos; deficiência; educação especial; inclusão escolar. Após levantamento realizado, foram localizadas sete dissertações e três teses,  que apontam em seus resultados a predominância de relatos acerca da fragilidade das estruturas na Educação de Jovens e Adultos para o atendimento educacional a pessoas com deficiência, bem como as dificuldades vivenciadas para oferecer atividades acadêmicas efetivamente enriquecedoras e eficazes para a inclusão destes jovens e adultos. Evidenciou-se ainda que a inclusão de alunos com deficiência na Educação de Jovens e Adultos é um tema novo que apresenta literatura escassa, tornando-o além de relevante nacionalmente, oportuno no contexto da construção do cenário educacional das escolas inclusivas.
Habilidades sociais, interação social e a inclusão escolar de uma criança cega
Authors: Souza Marina Pereira de , Silva Priscila Alcântara Bezerra , Freitas Maria Luiza Pontes de França , Gatto Graziela Maria da Silva
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo tem os seguintes objetivos: (a) analisar o repertório de habilidades sociais e a inclusão escolar de uma criança cega; (b) caracterizar o repertório de habilidades sociais dessa criança; (c) caracterizar a interação social da criança cega no contexto da educação inclusiva. Para atender a esses objetivos foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de delineamento descritivo, através de multimétodos, com estudo de caso com uma criança com cegueira total, de 11 anos de idade, aluna de uma escola regular do sistema público de ensino. Foram realizados registros em vídeo da interação social da criança cega no contexto escolar. Os pais e professores responderam ao inventário SSRS-BR², utilizado para caracterização do repertório de habilidades sociais da criança. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que a criança apresentou um repertório de habilidades sociais médio inferior, com os menores escores relacionados às habilidades de desenvoltura social, assertividade, cooperação e afetividade. Responsabilidade foi a classe de habilidade social mais desenvolvida. Verificou-se que a criança interagia com maior frequência com as professoras e com os colegas da sala de recursos e recusava as iniciativas de interação das crianças videntes. A criança apresentou déficits em algumas classes de habilidades sociais, o que possivelmente interferiu na sua relação com os colegas e consequentemente no processo de inclusão. Nesse sentido é importante que estudos mais aprofundados sejam desenvolvidos com crianças deficientes visuais para que se ampliem a formulação de práticas pedagógicas, que possam estimular o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e a promoção de interações sociais satisfatórias no contexto escolar.
Considerações sobre a Síndrome de Down em diferentes contextos: identificando associações, programas e pesquisas desenvolvidas
Authors: Comin Bruna Cristina , Costa Maria Da Piedade Resende da
Published: September 2016

Em uma sociedade marcada pelas características das classes dominantes que traçam um perfil do homem ideal, pelo qual os outros participantes do sistema devem ajustar-se ao mesmo, é preciso considerar a importância de valorizar a pessoa por sua diferença. Considerar a diferença é identificar que as pessoas têm suas próprias potencialidades e fragilidades, e estas não deveriam ser totalmente enfatizadas. Sob esta ótica surge a seguinte indagação: como a Síndrome de Down vem sendo conceituada pela sociedade contemporânea nos contextos da Espanha, do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos? Buscando responder esta questão, este trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma contextualização de como a Síndrome de Down vem sendo conceituada nestes contextos. Este ensaio teórico caracteriza-se por uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos disponibilizados na internet, tais como: o Google Books e o Google Acadêmico. Para responder a problemática proposta, também foram consultados outros bancos de dado, tais como: a Sociedade Nacional de Síndrome de Down dos Estados Unidos, a Revista Down Espana e a Revista Mensagem das APAES. Os dados apontam que as Associações e ONGs brasileiras encontram-se desvinculadas umas das outras, sendo apenas a Associação Nacional de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) a apresentar uma unidade. Na Espanha e EUA este vínculo aparenta ser bastante forte em função da Federação Down España e da National Down Syndrome Society. Conclui-se que no Brasil, em relação aos outros países, ainda há muito o que avançar para fazer com que a pessoa com Síndrome de Down sinta-se efetivamente incluída na sociedade.
Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
Authors: Jacobson Jon A. , Yablon Corrie M. , Henning P. Troy , Kazmers Irene S. , Urquhart Andrew , Hallstrom Brian , Bedi Asheesh , Parameswaran Aishwarya
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare ultrasound‐guided percutaneous tendon fenestration to platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injection for treatment of greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

Methods

After Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, patients with symptoms of greater trochanteric pain syndrome and ultrasound findings of gluteal tendinosis or a partial tear (<50% depth) were blinded and treated with ultrasound‐guided fenestration or autologous PRP injection of the abnormal tendon. Pain scores were recorded at baseline, week 1, and week 2 after treatment. Retrospective clinic record review assessed patient symptoms.

Results

The study group consisted of 30 patients (24 female), of whom 50% were treated with fenestration and 50% were treated with PRP. The gluteus medius was treated in 73% and 67% in the fenestration and PRP groups, respectively. Tendinosis was present in all patients. In the fenestration group, mean pain scores were 32.4 at baseline, 16.8 at time point 1, and 15.2 at time point 2. In the PRP group, mean pain scores were 31.4 at baseline, 25.5 at time point 1, and 19.4 at time point 2. Retrospective follow‐up showed significant pain score improvement from baseline to time points 1 and 2 (P< .0001) but no difference between treatment groups (P= .1623). There was 71% and 79% improvement at 92 days (mean) in the fenestration and PRP groups, respectively, with no significant difference between the treatments (P >.99).

Conclusions

Our study shows that both ultrasound‐guided tendon fenestration and PRP injection are effective for treatment of gluteal tendinosis, showing symptom improvement in both treatment groups.
Loss of Msp1p in Schizosaccharomyces pombe induces a ROS‐dependent nuclear mutator phenotype that affects mitochondrial fission genes
Authors: Delerue Thomas , Khosrobakhsh Farnoosh , Daloyau Marlène , Emorine Laurent Jean , Dedieu Adrien , Herbert Christopher J. , Bonnefoy Nathalie , Arnauné‐Pelloquin Laetitia , Belenguer Pascale
Published: September 2016

Mitochondria continually fuse and divide to dynamically adapt to changes in metabolism and stress. Mitochondrial dynamics are also required for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity; however, the underlying reason is not known. In this study, we examined the link between mitochondrial fusion and mtDNA maintenance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which cannot survive without mtDNA, by screening for suppressors of the lethality induced by loss of the dynamin‐related large GTPase Msp1p. Our findings reveal that inactivation of Msp1p induces a ROS‐dependent nuclear mutator phenotype that affects mitochondrial fission genes involved in suppressing mitochondrial fragmentation and mtDNA depletion. This indicates that mitochondrial fusion is crucial for maintaining the integrity of both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic information. Furthermore, our study suggests that the primary roles of Msp1p are to organize mitochondrial membranes, thus making them competent for fusion, and maintain the integrity of mtDNA.
Evidence for Moho‐lower crustal transition depth diking and rifting of the Sierra Nevada microplate
Authors: Smith Kenneth D. , Kent Graham M. , von Seggern David P. , Driscoll Neal W. , Eisses Amy
Published: September 2016

Lithospheric rifting most often initiates in continental extensional settings where “breaking of a plate” may or may not progress to sea floor spreading. Generally, the strength of the lithosphere is greater than the tectonic forces required for rupture (i.e., the “tectonic force paradox”), and it has been proposed that rifting requires basaltic magmatism (e.g., dike emplacement) to reduce the strength and cause failure, except for the case of a thin lithosphere (<30 km thick). Here we isolate two very similar and unprecedented observations of Moho‐lower crustal transition dike or fluid injection earthquake swarms under southern Sierra Valley (SV: 2011–2012) and North Lake Tahoe (LT: 2003–2004), California. These planar distributions of seismicity can be interpreted to define the end points, and cover ~25% of the length, of an implied ~56 km long structure, each striking N45°W and dipping ~50°NE. A single event at ~30 km depth that locates on the implied dipping feature between the two swarms is further evidence for a single Moho‐transition depth structure. We propose that basaltic or fluid emplacement at or near Moho depths weakens the upper mantle lid, facilitating lithospheric rupture of the Sierra Microplate. Similar to the LT sequence, the SV event is also associated with increased upper crustal seismicity. An 27 October 2011, Mw 4.7 earthquake occurred directly above the deep SV sequence at the base of the upper crustal seismogenic zone (~15 km depth).
Low stress drop earthquakes in the rupture zone of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake
Authors: Bilek Susan L. , Rotman Holly M. M. , Phillips W. Scott
Published: September 2016

Tsunami earthquakes, events that generate larger than expected tsunami and are deficient in high‐frequency seismic radiation, are rare but hazardous to coastal populations. One model for these events is shallow rupture through low‐strength materials. We calculate seismic moment, corner frequency, and stress drop for 216 earthquakes (2.1 < Mw < 4.7, November 2005 to June 2006) within and external to the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake rupture zone to test the hypothesis that differences in fault zone properties defined the limits of the 1992 tsunami rupture zone and continue to produce spatial variations in earthquake source properties. Mean stress drop of events within the rupture area is 1.2 MPa, and 5.5 MPa for events just outside of the rupture zone, with similar magnitude earthquakes in each group. Our results demonstrate different source parameter characteristics for microseismicity in the region of a past tsunami earthquake.
Evolution of the upper‐level thermal structure in tropical cyclones
Authors: Rivoire Louis , Birner Thomas , Knaff John A.
Published: September 2016

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are associated with tropopause‐level cooling above tropospheric warming. We collect temperature retrievals from 2007 to 2014 near worldwide hurricane‐strength TCs using three remote sensing platforms: the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A), and geostationary infrared (IR) imagery. These retrievals are composited about the lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) to examine the evolution of the fine‐scale temperature structure within TCs. The convective structure evolves highly asymmetrically about LMI, while intensity evolution shows a much weaker degree of asymmetry. Relative to the far‐field structure, tropopause‐level cooling occurs before a tropospheric warm core is established. We speculate that the associated convective destabilization exerts a positive feedback on TC development by increasing the depth of existing convection. Tropopause‐level cold anomalies move away from the storm after LMI, potentially increasing the near‐surface horizontal pressure gradient toward the storm center and increasing the maximum winds.
Persistence of orographic mixed‐phase clouds
Authors: Lohmann U. , Henneberger J. , Henneberg O. , Fugal J. P. , Bühl J. , Kanji Z. A.
Published: September 2016

Mixed‐phase clouds (MPCs) consist of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets at temperatures between 0 and approximately −38°C. They are thermodynamically unstable because the saturation vapor pressure over ice is lower than that over supercooled liquid water. Nevertheless, long‐lived MPCs are ubiquitous in the Arctic. Here we show that persistent MPCs are also frequently found in orographic terrain, especially in the Swiss Alps, when the updraft velocities are high enough to exceed saturation with respect to liquid water allowing simultaneous growth of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals. Their existence is characterized by holographic measurements of cloud particles obtained at the high‐altitude research station Jungfraujoch during spring 2012 and winter 2013 and simulations with the regional climate model COSMO (Consortium of Small‐Scale Modeling).
Europa's plasma interaction with an inhomogeneous atmosphere: Development of Alfvén winglets within the Alfvén wings
Authors: Blöcker Aljona , Saur Joachim , Roth Lorenz
Published: September 2016

We apply a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to study the influence of inhomogeneities in Europa's atmosphere, as, for example, water vapor plumes, on Europa's plasma interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere. In our model we have included electromagnetic induction in a subsurface water ocean, collisions between ions and neutrals, plasma production and loss due to electron impact ionization, and dissociative recombination. We present a systematic study of the plasma interaction when a local inhomogeneity in the neutral density is present within a global sputtering generated atmosphere. We show that an inhomogeneity near the north or south pole affects the plasma interaction in a way that a pronounced north‐south asymmetry is generated. We find that an Alfvén winglet develops within Europa's main Alfvén wing on that side where the inhomogeneity is located. In addition to the MHD model we apply an analytic model based on the model of Saur et al. (2007) to understand the role of steep gradients and discontinuities in the interaction. We compare our model results with the measured magnetic field data from three flybys of the Galileo spacecraft at Europa which included Alfvén wing crossings. Our analysis suggests that the magnetic field might be influenced by atmospheric inhomogeneities during the E26 flyby. The findings of this work will aid in the search for plumes at Europa in future plasma and field observations.
Hiss or equatorial noise? Ambiguities in analyzing suprathermal ion plasma wave resonance
Authors: Sarno‐Smith Lois K. , Liemohn Michael W. , Skoug Ruth M. , Santolik Ondrej , Morley Steven K. , Breneman Aaron , Larsen Brian A. , Reeves Geoff , Wygant John R. , Hospodarsky George , Kletzing Craig , Moldwin Mark B. , Katus Roxanne M. , Zou Shasha
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have shown that low‐energy ion heating occurs in the magnetosphere due to strong equatorial noise emission. Observations from the Van Allen Probes Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) instrument recently determined that there was a depletion in the 1–10 eV ion population in the postmidnight sector of Earth during quiet times at L < 3. The diurnal variation of equatorially mirroring 1–10 eV H+ ions at 2 < L < 3 is connected with similar diurnal variation in the electric field component of plasma waves ranging between 150 and 600 Hz. Measurements from the Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) data set are used to analyze waves of this frequency in near‐Earth space. However, when we examine the polarization of the waves in the 150 to 600 Hz range in the equatorial plane, the majority are right‐hand polarized plasmaspheric hiss waves. The 1–10 eV H+ equatorially mirroring population does not interact with right‐hand waves, despite a strong statistical relationship suggesting that the two are linked. We present evidence supporting the relationship, both in our own work and the literature, but we ultimately conclude that the 1–10 eV H+ heating is not related to the strong enhancement of 150 to 600 Hz waves.
Turbulence dependence on winds and stability in a weak‐wind canopy sublayer over complex terrain
Authors: Russell Eric S. , Liu Heping , Gao Zhongming , Lamb Brian , Wagenbrenner Natalie
Published: September 2016

The daytime and nighttime turbulence profiles within a weak‐wind forest canopy were investigated by using data collected within a temperate mixed conifer canopy in northern Idaho, USA. Turbulence measurements made at three heights on a single tower within a Douglas fir canopy were compared. Data were split between the daytime and nighttime to determine the relationships among the local temperature gradient, wind direction, wind speed, and turbulence levels. The total flow field distributions and vertical statistical profiles were determined for the overnight and daytime periods to observe how the overall flow changed with time of day. During the day, the wind probability distribution function was consistent between heights but depended on the canopy depth overnight. The skewness changed with the dominant wind direction. The kurtosis increased with depth into the canopy and from during the day to overnight. The range of wind speeds observed was higher under unstable conditions than stable conditions. Daytime turbulence had no dependence on wind direction. Overnight, the relationship between turbulence and wind speed changed with wind direction and canopy depth. The highest turbulence values were associated with downslope winds near the canopy top, but the wind direction for the highest turbulence was variable within the trunk space.
Dose‐dependent inhibition of demyelination and microglia activation by IVIG
Authors: Winter Meike , Baksmeier Christine , Steckel Julia , Barman Sumanta , Malviya Manish , Harrer‐Kuster Melanie , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Goebels Norbert
Published: September 2016

Objective

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment for numerous autoimmune conditions. Clinical trials of IVIG for multiple sclerosis, using diverse dose regimens, yielded controversial results. The aim of this study is to dissect IVIG effector mechanisms on demyelination in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system (CNS)‐immune interface.

Methods

Using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OSC) from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in oligodendrocytes/myelin, we induced extensive immune‐mediated demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss with an antibody specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Protective IVIG effects were assessed by live imaging of GFP expression, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, gene expression analysis and flow cytometry.

Results

IVIG protected OSC from demyelination in a dose‐dependent manner, which was at least partly attributed to interference with complement‐mediated oligodendroglia damage, while binding of the anti‐MOG antibody was not prevented. Staining with anti‐CD68 antibodies and flow cytometry confirmed that IVIG prevented microglia activation and oligodendrocyte death, respectively. Equimolar IVIG‐derived Fab fragments or monoclonal IgG did not protect OSC, while Fc fragments derived from a polyclonal mixture of human IgG were at least as potent as intact IVIG.

Interpretation

Both intact IVIG and Fc fragments exert a dose‐dependent protective effect on antibody‐mediated CNS demyelination and microglia activation by interfering with the complement cascade and, presumably, interacting with local immune cells. Although this experimental model lacks blood–brain barrier and peripheral immune components, our findings warrant further studies on optimal dose finding and alternative modes of application to enhance local IVIG concentrations at the site of tissue damage.
Effect of Viscosity Ratio of Two Immiscible Polymers on Morphology in Bicomponent Melt Spinning Fibers
Authors: Ayad Esma , Cayla Aurélie , Rault François , Gonthier Anne , Campagne Christine , Devaux Eric
Published: September 2016

Bicomponent fibers were melt spun to investigate the effect of individual component viscosity on the cross section morphology. Two couples were tested, polypropylene MFI 18 (PP18) with polyamide 6 (PA6) and, polypropylene MFI 25 (PP25) with polyamide 6 (PA6). Viscosity versus shear rates was evaluated by both rotational and capillary rheometers to cover a large range of shear rates. Higher viscosity of PA6 compared to PP25 and PP18 at the theoretical shear rate resulted in the encapsulation of PA6 by PP25 and PP18 at the periphery of the bicomponent fiber cross section. Interfacial instability from the center to the periphery fiber was explained as a result of non‐uniformity of shear rates across the fiber cross section. Interface shape dependency on the viscosity ratio of the two polymers has been clearly demonstrated: lower viscosity component wrapping around the higher viscosity one whatever the initial configuration, that is, side‐by‐side or segmented pie structure.
Preparation of nonleaching antimicrobial polypropylene wax and its application in polypropylene
Authors: Wei Dafu , Ding Yifei , Wang Tingwen , Yang Jun , Guan Yong , Zheng Anna
Published: September 2016

Antimicrobial polypropylene (PP) has been widely used. Its highly effective antimicrobial activities and nonleaching characteristics remain concerns. In this study, polypropylene wax (PPW) grafted with maleic anhydride was first prepared; this was followed by a melting reaction with polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) to obtain antimicrobial PPW [polypropylene wax grafted with polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PPW‐g‐PHMG)]. PPW‐g‐PHMG was then melt‐blended with PP to prepare antimicrobial PP. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that PHMG was covalently bonded on the PPW chains, and transmission electron microscopy images showed a uniform distribution of PHMG in the PPW matrix. The resulting antimicrobial PP exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The ring‐diffusion test further disclosed its nonleaching characteristics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44190.
Sustainable biocomposites from biobased polyamide 6,10 and biocarbon from pyrolyzed miscanthus fibers
Authors: Ogunsona Emmanuel O. , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar K.
Published: September 2016

The reinforcing effects of biocarbon of varying particle size ranges (crushed, <500, 500–426, 250–213, and <63 µm) on biobased polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) at 20 wt % loading were investigated for the resulting biocomposites. The heat deflection temperature and impact strength were observed to increase with reduction in particle size. Also, a 200% increase in the impact strength was observed in the biocomposite with biocarbon particles sized at <63 µm when compared to that with <500 µm. A 50% and 83% increase in the tensile and flexural moduli of the biocomposite with biocarbon particle size of <500 µm was observed, respectively, while the tensile strength was observed to remain unchanged. The flexural strength of the biocomposites was improved by 61% when compared to neat nylon. These results were due to good wetting, dispersion and increased surface area of the biocarbon within the nylon matrix. These results show the potential of biocarbon as reinforcing filler in nylon for applications especially in the automotive industry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44221.
Effect of fluorination on haze reduction in transparent polyimide films for flexible substrates
Authors: Yang Yooseong , Park Jong Hwan , Jung Youngsuk , Lee Seung Geol , Park Sang Kil , Kwon Soonchul
Published: September 2016

High transmittance is an important parameter for polyimide (PI) films used as flexible display substrates. However, thermal treatment during film fabrication can cause an undesired phenomenon affecting color change in the films, which is called haze. Until now, haze formation in PI films has remained mostly unexplored, suggesting that originates in the composition. In this work, the effect of fluorination on haze reduction was investigated. Both experiments and density functional theory calculations suggest that a high degree of fluorination of PI repeating units results in weaker intra/intermolecular conjugations between polymer chains and higher haze resistance in the following order: one fluorinated group (−1.43 eV) > two fluorinated groups (−0.76 eV) > three fluorinated groups (−0.52 eV) > four fluorinated groups (−0.43 eV). The differences in the haze resistance can influence on haziness in the PI films by thermal gradient inside a lab scale cavity in a furnace. The obtained results indicate that slow heat transfer facilitates the manufacturing process to obtain high transparency in PI films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44375.
The isothermal crystallization of poly(ether ether ketone) by two‐dimensional differential scanning calorimetry correlation mapping
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Hay James N.
Published: September 2016

This article reports the first application of the two‐dimensional differential scanning calorimetry correlation mapping, two‐dimensional‐DSC‐CM to analyze DSC rate–time data of PEEK. This provided evidence that the isothermal crystallization reduced rate–time curves exhibited fractional n values when analyzed by the Avrami equation. These fractional n values, which increased with temperature, were consistent with the presence of two processes, primary and secondary crystallization, with an increasing contribution of the secondary crystallization to the overall crystallinity. In contrast to the known literatures, secondary crystallization was observed to proceed at early stage of primary crystallization. The study of the effect of proton irradiation, up to a dose of 9.9 MGy, showed that the fractional n value was below 3.0, and does not appear to be temperature dependent. DSC analysis of the crystallization kinetics, combined with two‐dimensional correlation mapping proved a powerful tool for investigating irradiation damage of PEEK. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44378.
pH‐Sensitive pectin polymeric rafts for controlled‐release delivery of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Hanif Muhammad
Published: September 2016

The aim of the present work was to develop pectin raft‐forming tablets for controlled‐release delivery of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PSS). A Box–Behnken design was used to optimize 15 formulations with three independent and three dependent variables. The physical tests of all compressed formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. The rafts were characterized by their strength, thickness, resilience, reflux resistance, acid‐neutralizing capacity, floating lag time, and total floating time. The raft strength, thickness, resilience, and reflux resistance through a 10‐mm orifice of optimized formulation PR9 were 7.43 ± 0.019 g, 5.8 ± 0.245 cm, greater than 480 min, and 2490 ± 0.004 g, respectively. The buffering and neutralizing capacity was 11.2 ± 1.01 meq and 6.5 ± 0.56 meq, respectively. Dissolution studies were performed by using simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2, and the cumulative percentage release of PR9 was found to be 97%. First‐order release kinetics were followed, and non‐Fickian diffusion was observed as the value of n was greater than 0.45 in the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the PSS, polymers, and optimized raft formulation PR9 showed peaks at 3223.09 cm−1, 1688.17 cm−1, 1586.67 cm−1, 1302.64 cm−1, and 1027.74 cm−1 that are due to OH stretching, ester carbonyl group (CO) stretching, the existence of water and carboxylic groups in the raft, CN stretching, and OH bending vibrations and showed no interaction between them. The developed raft was suitable for sustained‐release delivery of PSS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44442.
Comparative effects of torasemide and furosemide on gap junction proteins and cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Watanabe Kenichi , Sreedhar Remya , Thandavarayan Rajarajan A. , Karuppagounder Vengadeshprabhu , Giridharan Vijayasree V. , Antony Shanish , Harima Meilei , Nakamura Masahiko , Suzuki Kenji , Suzuki Hiroshi , Sone Hirohito , Arumugam Somasundaram
Published: September 2016

Cardiac fibrosis is the major hallmark of adverse cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure (CHF) and its therapeutic targeting might help against cardiac dysfunction during chronic conditions. Diuretic agents are potentially useful in these cases, but their effects on the cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis are yet to be identified. This study was designed to identify and compare the effects of diuretic drugs torasemide and furosemide on cardiac fibrosis in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy induced by porcine cardiac myosin mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Gap junction proteins, connexin‐43 and N‐cadherin, expressions were downregulated in the hearts of CHF rats, while torasemide treatment has upregulated their expression. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis for various cardiac fibrosis related proteins as well as histopathological studies have shown that both drugs have potential anti‐fibrotic effects. Among them, torasemide has superior efficacy in offering protection against adverse cardiac remodeling in the selected rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, torasemide treatment has potential anti‐fibrotic effect in the hearts of CHF rats, possibly via improving the gap junction proteins expression and thereby improving the cell–cell interaction in the heart. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):187–194, 2017
A sharp‐interface elliptic numerical model of laminar two‐phase gas‐liquid downward flow in a vertical parallel plate channel
Authors: Saleh Esam A. , Ormiston Scott J.
Published: September 2016

A sharp‐interface two‐phase numerical analysis is performed for co‐current downward laminar flow of a liquid film and a gas. A complete two‐phase model based on the two‐dimensional elliptic governing equations is presented. The numerical model implements a dynamically moving non‐orthogonal computational mesh that tracks the phase interface precisely. The capability of this new model is demonstrated by comparisons with two previous free surface falling film studies and one experiment. New results are presented on the effect of independent variation of the Reynolds and Froude numbers on the axial variation of the film free surface. Finally, the effects of the velocity of the gas phase on the liquid film development are examined for flow in a parallel‐plate channel. An analytical solution for the fully‐developed velocity profiles for the two‐phase flow is also presented.
Self‐adaptation and mutual adaptation for distributed scheduling in benevolent clouds
Authors: Xiao Zheng , Liang Pijun , Tong Zhao , Li Kenli , Khan Samee U. , Li Keqin
Published: September 2016

Joint service involving several clouds is an emerging form of cloud computing. In hybrid clouds, the schedulers within 1 cloud must not only self‐adapt to the job arrival processes and the workload but also mutually adapt to the scheduling polices of other schedulers. However, as a combinatorial optimization problem, scheduling is challenged by the adaptation to those dynamics and uncertain behaviors of the peers. This article studies the collaboration among benevolent clouds that are cooperative in nature and willing to accept jobs from other clouds. We take advantage of machine learning and propose a distributed scheduling mechanism to learn the knowledge of job model, resource performance, and others' policies. Without explicit modeling and prediction, machine learning guides scheduling decisions based on experiences. To examine the performance of our approach, we conducted simulation using the SP2 job workload log of the San Diego Supercomputer Center under a test bed based on agent‐based systems—SWARM. The results validate that our approach has much shorter mean response time than 5 typical dynamic scheduling algorithms—opportunistic load balancing, minimum execution time, minimum completion time, switching algorithm, and k‐percent best. A better collaboration in hybrid cloud is achieved by full adaptation.
Beneficial effects of treating waste secondary sludge with thermally activated persulfate
Authors: Akmehmet Balcioglu Isil , Bilgin Oncu Nalan , Mercan Nazire
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The presence of numerous emerging contaminants including antimicrobials in waste activated sludge requires an effective treatment to reduce the risk of their dispersion in the environment in the case of land application. The potential ability of activated persulfate oxidation for organic contaminant destruction and sludge dewatering was subjected to detailed study to show the benefits of this process on sludge treatment.

RESULTS

Treatment of secondary waste sludge with persulfate thermally activated by microwave heating (S2O82−/MW), conventional heating (S2O82−/heat) and simultaneous conventional heating and ferrous iron (S2O82−/heat/Fe2+) were evaluated comparatively for both antimicrobial degradation and variation of sludge properties. Regardless of the activation type used in persulfate treatment, high degradations of model antimicrobials and shortened capillary suction time used to evaluate sludge dewaterability were obtained, with high destruction of tightly and loosely bound fractions of the extracellular polymeric substances.

CONCLUSION

While S2O82−/MW treatment required shorter treatment period at 140 °C S2O82−/heat/Fe2+ treatment with a two‐fold lower dose of oxidant at 75 °C provided several other advantages including the minimization of adsorbable organic halogen species in the liquid phase of the sludge, enhancement of the overall metal solubilization, and precipitation of solubilized phosphorus. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative assessment of gadolinium deposition in dentate nucleus using quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Hinoda Takuya , Fushimi Yasutaka , Okada Tomohisa , Arakawa Yoshiki , Liu Chunlei , Yamamoto Akira , Okada Tsutomu , Yoshida Kazumichi , Miyamoto Susumu , Togashi Kaori
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Gadolinium deposition in dentate nucleus (DN) has been reported after serial administration of gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs). Gadolinium complexes have paramagnetic properties; therefore, we evaluated susceptibility changes of gadolinium deposition in DN using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) for patients after serial administration of GBCAs.

Materials and Methods

In all, 48 patients with brain tumors, who had had serial GBCA administrations (GBCA group), and 48 healthy volunteers without any history of GBCA administrations (non‐GBCA group) were enrolled in this study. Susceptibility values in DN on QSM and DN‐to‐cerebellum signal intensity ratios on unenhanced T1‐weighted images (T1 ratios) on 3T were analyzed. The relationship between the number of times of GBCA administrations and susceptibility values or T1 ratios were evaluated in the GBCA group.

Results

Susceptibility values at DN in the GBCA group were 0.107 ± 0.029 ppm, and significantly higher than those of the non‐GBCA group (0.079 ± 0.025 ppm) (P < 0.0001). T1 ratios in DN of the GBCA group were 1.059 ± 0.070, and also significantly higher than that of the non‐GBCA group (0.993 ± 0.016) (P < 0.0001). Spearman rank correlation coefficients between susceptibility values and the number of times of linear GBCA administration showed a modest significant correlation (ρ = 0.45, P = 0.0015). There was good correlation between T1 ratios and the number of times of linear GBCA administration, as reported previously (ρ = 0.76, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Susceptibility values on QSM in DN of the GBCA group, after serial administration of GBCAs, were significantly higher than those of the non‐GBCA group.

Evidence Level: 3

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1352–1358