bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunization of Rodents Against Hymenolepis Infections using Non‐Viable Homologous Oncospheres
Authors: Fan Ping‐Chin , Chung Wen‐Cheng , Ito Akira
Published: July 2009

Immunity to Taiwan Taenia infection in pigs can be stimulated using homologous or heterologous nonviable Taenia oncospheres. This study was designed to determine whether homologous non‐viable oncospheres could stimulate immunity to Hymenolepis infection in rodents. Hatched oncospheres were prepared from eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana, and Hymenolepis microstoma and kept at −70°C for more than 1 month. A mixture of 500 non‐viable oncospheres of each tapeworm and complete Freund's adjuvant was injected subcutaneously in four groups of Sprague‐Dawley rats or ICR mice one to four times at an interval of 1 week; controls were not immunized. After immunization, each rodent was orally inoculated with three fresh active cysticercoids of H. diminuta or H. microstoma or 500 fresh eggs of H. nana. The animals were then necropsied for adult tapeworms. No rats or mice immunized with non‐viable oncospheres of H. diminuta or H. nana were infected by the challenge inoculation. However, 28 of 34 mice immunized with non‐viable H. microstoma oncospheres were infected after inoculation with cysticercoids. This study demonstrated complete protection against infection by homologous parasites in rats or mice immunized with non‐viable oncospheres of H. diminuta and H. nana, respectively. Repeated immunization may not be required if resistance is stimulated in rodent hosts.
Acute Phenytoin Intoxication: Causes, Symptoms, Misdiagnoses, and Outcomes
Authors: Hwang Wen‐Juh , Tsai Jing‐Jane
Published: July 2009

Phenytoin is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug. Due to its saturation (zero‐order) pharmacokinetics, phenytoin carries a special risk of dose‐related toxicity that is an important issue in emergency medicine. The purpose of this cross‐sectional case‐series study was to investigate the causes, symptoms, misdiagnoses, and outcomes of acute phenytoin intoxication. It was based on a retrospective chart review of 30 inpatients (mean age, 41.6 ± 22.8 years) with 36 episodes of acute phenytoin intoxication at our university hospital in the past 13 years. The average initial serum phenytoin level was 47.3 ± 9.7 μg/mL (range, 27.9‐70.4 μg/mL). Excessive self‐medication, misunderstanding of the prescription order, and probable drug interaction were the three leading causes of acute phenytoin intoxication. Unsteady gait, dizziness/vertigo, nausea/vomiting, general weakness, and drowsiness were the most common presenting symptoms. The tentative diagnostic accuracy was 67%. The most common initial misdiagnosis was brainstem or cerebellum stroke (14%). The clinical course in all patients was uneventful under temporary withdrawal of phenytoin and supportive care. We concluded that acute phenytoin intoxication was relatively under‐diagnosed in the emergency service. Although acute phenytoin intoxication causes no mortality and has a good outcome, the unsteady gait increases the risk of injuries caused by falls. The management of acute phenytoin intoxication includes temporary withdrawal of phenytoin and supportive care.
Tooth Morphometry in Lingual Orthodontics
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Chuan , Chang Hong‐Po , Chou Tsau‐Mau
Published: July 2009

Lingual orthodontics is used clinically. This study investigated the lingual crown angulation and inclination of optimal occlusion in Taiwanese people. The sample included 45 sets of dental study casts from 28 males and 17 females with optimal occlusion selected from approximately 5,000 young adults. Mesial tipping occurred in all teeth except the upper second molars, the lower central incisors, and the lower lateral incisors. The greatest mesial tipping was observed in the lower second molars. The greatest distal tipping was observed in the lower lateral incisors. Labial (buccal) inclination was observed in all teeth except the lower first molars and the lower second molars. Maximum labial inclination occurred in the upper central incisors. Maximum lingual inclination was observed in the lower first molars.
Rupture of Baker's Cyst Producing Pseudothrombophlebitis in a Patient with Reiter's Syndrome
Authors: Ozgocmen Salih , Kaya Arzu , Kamanli Ayhan , Ardicoglu Ozge , Ozkurt‐Zengin Fatma , Kocakoc Ercan
Published: July 2009

This is an unusual case of pseudothrombophlebitis resulting from rupture of Baker's cyst in a patient with Reiter's syndrome. The patient presented with a swollen, painful left calf and persistent itching on the skin of the calf. Ultrasonography showed a ruptured popliteal cyst with minimal hemorrhage and fluid collection within the fascial compartments and gastrocnemius muscle. Color Doppler ultrasound showed a patent popliteal vein and artery and duplex Doppler scans revealed a normal flow pattern. In conclusion, the clinical picture of deep vein thrombosis and that of pseudothrombophlebitis are difficult to distinguish by clinical examination and necessitate detailed examination by imaging techniques. Persistent pruritus on calf skin resulting from irritation of inflammatory synovial fluid may be an important clinical feature.
Computerized Morphometric Study of Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma in Correlation with Known Prognostic Factors
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Lan , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Chai Chee‐Yin , Chan Hon‐Man , Wu Ming‐Tsang
Published: July 2009

This study investigates the correlation between computer‐assisted nuclear morphometry and known prognostic factors in thyroid follicular carcinoma. Thirty‐six patients with thyroid follicular carcinoma who underwent surgery between 1991 and 2001 were grouped according to sex, age, size of the primary lesion, the presence of vascular invasion, and metastases. Four nuclear parameters were measured and analyzed: mean nuclear area, mean nuclear perimeter, largest to smallest diameter ratio of the nuclei, and coefficient of variation of the nuclear area. Our results indicated that none of the chosen nuclear variables were significantly correlated with the prognostic factors studied. In conclusion, nuclear morphometry does not seem to correlate with known prognostic factors and cannot serve as an additional predicting factor for biologic behavior.
Treatment of Laryngeal Radionecrosis with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Hsu Ying‐Che , Lee Ka‐Wo , Ho Kuen‐Yao , Kuo Wen‐Rei , Wang Ling‐Feng , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Tsai Kun‐Bow
Published: July 2009

An 81‐year‐old male with early‐stage laryngeal carcinoma had been treated with 60 Gy curative radiotherapy. He complained of a sore throat, foul odor in the mouth, progressive dyspnea, and fever 2 months after the completion of radiotherapy. Direct laryngoscopy revealed narrowing of the glottis with diffuse ulcerative necrotic tissue. Biopsies at multiple sites and pathology revealed intense coagulation necrosis with complete denudation of covering epithelium without any malignancy. Since laryngeal radionecrosis was suspected, the patient received hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy 40 times for 1 hour of 100% O2 at 2 atm absolute pressure. His clinical symptoms gradually improved and repeated endolaryngeal biopsies were undertaken near the end of HBO therapy and again 6 months later. The patient's larynx healed completely with diffuse fibrosis and no malignant cells were found on pathology. Radionecrosis must be differentiated from cancer recurrence following curative radiotherapy for early laryngeal cancer. HBO therapy could be a useful treatment adjunct for laryngeal radionecrosis.
Treatment of Macular Holes with Indocyanine Green‐Assisted Retinal Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
Authors: Wang Hsin‐Huang , Wu Tsung‐Tien , Sheu Shwu‐Jiuan
Published: July 2009

Removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) has been proposed as a useful surgical approach to enhance the closure of macular holes and the adjuvant indocyanine green (ICG) staining has been reported to facilitate ILM peeling. This study attempts to determine the efficacy and safety of ICG‐assisted retinal ILM peeling in macular hole surgery. Seventeen eyes of 16 patients with stage 3 or 4 macular holes were included. All eyes underwent a pars plana vitrectomy, including the peeling of the posterior cortical hyaloid when necessary. ICG dye (0.5%) was instilled into the posterior vitreous cavity and left in place for 30 seconds. The retinal ILM was peeled after ICG removal. The procedure was completed with an intraocular tamponade (16% perfluoropropane), after which the patient remained in a face‐down position for 1‐2 weeks. ICG staining greatly facilitated the surgeon's ability to visualize and peel the ILM during surgery. Anatomic closure of the macular hole was achieved in 15 eyes (88.2%). However, the postoperative best‐corrected visual acuity improved by two or more Snellen lines in only three eyes, remained the same in 13 eyes, and deteriorated in one eye. There was no statistically significant improvement in postoperative visual acuity. In conclusion, while ICG facilitates ILM peeling by providing a stark contrast between the stained ILM and the unstained retina, our results revealed that ICG might cause retinal damage and hinder visual acuity improvement.
Developing a Family Function Questionnaire for Families with Developmentally Delayed Children
Authors: Cheng Su‐Fen , Cheng Chi‐Wei , Jong Yuh‐Jyh , Yang Pinchen
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a “Family Function Questionnaire for Families with Developmentally Delayed Children”. The questionnaire was created by sampling 300 parents with developmentally delayed children. Initially, families and early intervention services were observed and a qualitative interview with the child's family was conducted. The researchers created a family function database reflecting these steps and by referral to relevant literature. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 42 items in 11 categories: cohesion, education, problem solving, affective involvement, independence, action participation, family support, recreation, rules implementation, collaboration, and financial management. The questionnaire had a Cronbach's a of 0.9326.
Ptosis as an Initial Manifestation of Orbital Lymphoma: A Case Report
Authors: Hsu Min‐Wen , Chung Chia‐Hung , Chang Cheng‐Hsien , Hu Pei‐Shin , Hsu Shiuh‐Liang
Published: July 2009

Ptosis on its own is an infrequent initial manifestation of orbital lymphoma. Orbital lymphoma usually presents as a palpable mass with proptosis, diplopia, and conjunctival (“salmon‐pink”) swelling. We report here a 62‐year‐old female patient who presented with right eye ptosis. The initial imaging study showed an indistinct enlargement of the superior rectus‐levator muscle complex. After 3‐4 months, ptosis and upward gazing movement were further restricted. The imaging study revealed a definite soft‐tissue mass in the superior orbit surrounding the superior rectus‐levator muscle complex. A tumor biopsy through anterior orbitotomy revealed a large diffuse B‐cell lymphoma. With the experience of this case, we suggest that orbital lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of ptosis accompanied by impairment of levator muscle function.
Self‐Perceived Quality of Life for Adolescents with Physical Disabilities — A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ju Yun‐Huei , Lee Shwn‐Jen , Lo Sing Kai , Wang Hui‐Yi , Chu Hsiao‐Chieh , Lin Jau‐Hong
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of physical disabilities (PD) on the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents aged from 10 to 18 years. Sixty‐three adolescents with PD (aged 14.9 ± 2.4 years) from primary (5th grade or above) to high schools in Kaohsiung City volunteered to participate in this research; 282 children without disability (aged 13.8 ± 2.3 years) attending schools in the same geographical region were recruited as controls. The Student Version of the Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale was used in this study. This is a multidimensional self‐report, global measure of subjective and objective QoL. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the two groups were significantly different in objective QoL (F = 11.53, p < 0.001). Material wellbeing was substantially lower in the PD group when compared to the control group. In contrast, domains such as productivity, safety, and emotion were higher in the PD group. Among the subjective scales, the PD group showed higher productivity and better emotion when compared to the control group. No significant correlation was observed between objective and subjective overall QoL scores (r = 0.20, p = 0.12) in the PD group. These findings showed that subjects with PD in regular schools demonstrated different patterns in objective and subjective QoL when compared to those without PD. Both subjective and objective domains are important when measuring QoL of adolescents with PD.
Huge Aggressive Angiomyxoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Lin Han‐Ching , Liu Chia‐Chu , Ke Hung‐Lung , Li Ching‐Chia , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Kang Wan‐Yi
Published: July 2009

Angiomyxoma occurs mostly in 30‐ to 40‐year‐old females and is described histologically as a mesenchymal tumor, composed of fibroblasts within a strong myxoid background. It occurs mainly in the female pelvis, vulva or perineum, and grows slowly. Treatment is surgical excision. Unfortunately, there is a relatively high rate of recurrence because the exact extent of the tumor is difficult for the surgeon to determine. We report a case of aggressive angiomyxoma combined with uterine myoma, and discuss the characteristics of its images. Surgical excision of the tumor was performed, and adjuvant treatment was given for local recurrence.
Effects of Specific Endothelin‐1 Receptor Antagonists on Proliferation and Fibronectin Production of Glomerular Mesangial Cells Stimulated with Angiotensin II
Authors: Kuo Hung‐Tien , Kuo Mei‐Chuan , Chen Hung‐Chun , Shin Shyi‐Jang
Published: July 2009

Angiotensin II (Ang‐II) is a potent vasoactive hormone, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis. Ang‐II activates many cytokine systems in the kidney. Recent studies indicate that Ang‐II is closely related to the activation of the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) system. The present study was designed to measure the [H3]‐thymidine uptake and fibronectin production of cultured rat mesangial cells stimulated with Ang‐II, and to evaluate the effects of specific ET‐1 receptor antagonists, BQ123 (type A receptor antagonist) and IRL1038 (type B receptor antagonist) on the cells. ET‐1 was measured by radioimmunoassay and fibronectin by Western blot analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Ang‐II enhanced ET‐1 production, [H3]‐thymidine uptake, number of cells, and fibronectin production of mesangial cells; (2) all the baseline [H3]‐thymidine uptake, number of cells, and fibronectin production of mesangial cells can be partly suppressed by BQ123, but not by IRL1038; (3) the increment of Ang‐II‐enhanced number of cells can be partly suppressed by BQ123, but not by IRL1038; and (4) the increment of Ang‐II‐enhanced fibronectin production can be partly suppressed by both BQ123 and IRL1038. Our results indicate that Ang‐II is an active stimulant for the proliferation and fibronectin production of mesangial cells, and the effect is partly suppressed mainly by ET‐1 type A receptor antagonists.
Status Epilepticus as an Initial Manifestation of Neurosyphilis: A Case Report
Authors: Li Chien‐Hsun , Lin Ruey‐Tay , Su Che‐Long , Lin Wei‐Chen
Published: July 2009

Seizures and focal neurologic deficits may be the complications of neurosyphilis, but status epilepticus as a presenting picture of neurosyphilis is rare. We describe a 41‐year‐old man with an acute onset of expressive dysphasia, followed by persistent seizure state and severe complications of systemic medical problems. An extensive laboratory evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and diabetes mellitus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed edematous change in the left cingulate gyrus, left temporal lobe, and peri‐Rolandic area, which suggested an inflammatory process. Due to varied clinical manifestations of neurosyphilis, we underscore the importance of considering neurosyphilis among the possible causes of status epilepticus and any central nervous system diseases.
Successful Thrombolytic Therapy for Bilateral Renal Infarction: A Case Report
Authors: Lin Han‐Ching , Chang Tu‐Hao , Ke Hung‐Lung , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Shih Paul Ming‐Chen
Published: July 2009

Acute renal infarction is a rarely reported disease in the medical literature. Angiography, renal scintigraphy, intravenous pyelography, sonography, and enhanced computed tomography may be useful in diagnosing acute renal infarction antemortem. Therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of renal infarction have not been established. We report a case of bilateral renal infarction in an elderly woman with atrial fibrillation, which was successfully treated by thrombolytic therapy.
Cellular Neurofibroma with Atypia Mimics Sarcoma: Report of a Case with Immunohistochemical Staining Pattern Analysis and Literature Review
Authors: Hu Shih‐Wen , Hwang Shiuh‐Lin , Lin Wei‐Chen , Tsai Kun‐Bow
Published: July 2009

A case of two sporadic cellular neurofibromas with atypia and one widespread hyalinization neurofibroma of the lumbar spine in a 51‐year‐old man without evidence of neurofibromatosis‐1 is reported. Cellular neurofibroma with atypia is an unusual variant. The definite criteria for lowgrade and high‐grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors as well as cellular neurofibroma are not well defined in the literature. The clinical significance of atypical cellular neurofibroma has rarely been systematically studied. To our knowledge, the concomitance of cellular architecture and cytologic atypia is rarely documented, and this is a rare report of atypical cellular neurofibroma. The recognition of this entity is of great importance to both pathologists and clinicians because atypical cellular neurofibroma is clever at masquerading both histologically and cytologically as a sarcoma; therefore, a precise diagnosis of this variant is essential because of the differences in treatment and clinical behavior between benignancy and malignancy. We also examined the immunohistochemical characteristics of CD34 positive cells and focal high expression of p53 up to 73% encountered in our case. To our knowledge, seldom have series or case reports elucidated this phenomenon.
Occult Plastic Intravitreal Foreign Body Retained for 30 Years: A Case Report
Authors: Lin Hsien‐Chung , Wang Hwei‐Zu , Lai Yu‐Hung
Published: July 2009

A 41‐year‐old man had suffered trauma to the right eye 30 years ago. In March 1996, he underwent trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy under the diagnosis of open angle glaucoma in the right eye. Autoperimetry at that time revealed visual field constriction. In addition, ocular examination showed that the cup/disc ratio of his right eye was increased. Cataract was diagnosed in September 2002 and cataract extraction was performed on October 22, 2002. A plastic intravitreal foreign body was detected during the operation. However, preoperative B‐scan ultrasonography had failed to detect an intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and the previous fluorescein angiography had shown only retinal pigment epithelium changes. This case reminded us that we should be alert to an occult IOFB in the event of ocular trauma, even if none had been detected during prior imaging examinations.
Overview of methods used to evaluate the adequacy of nutrient intakes for individuals and populations
Authors: Román-Viñas Blanca , Serra-Majem Lluís , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Ngo Joy , García-Álvarez Alicia , Wijnhoven Trudy M. A. , Tabacchi Garden , Branca Francesco , de Vries Jeanne , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M.
Published: July 2009

The objective of the present paper is to review the methods of measuring micronutrient intake adequacy for individuals and for populations in order to ascertain best practice. A systematic review was conducted to locate studies on the methodological aspects of measuring nutrient adequacy. The results showed that for individuals, qualitative methods (to find probability of adequacy) and quantitative methods (to find confidence of adequacy) have been proposed for micronutrients where there is enough data to set an average nutrient requirement (ANR). If micronutrients do not have ANR, an adequate intake (AI) is often defined and can be used to assess adequacy, provided the distribution of daily intake over a number of days is known. The probability of an individual's intake being excessive can also be compared with the upper level of safe intake and the confidence of this estimate determined in a similar way. At the population level, adequacy can be judged from the ANR using the probability approach or its short cut – the estimated average requirement cut-point method. If the micronutrient does not have an ANR, adequacy cannot be determined from the average intake and must be expressed differently. The upper level of safe intake can be used for populations in a similar way to that of individuals. All of the methodological studies reviewed were from the American continent and all used the methodology described in the Institute of Medicine publications. The present methodology should now be adapted for use in Europe.
How does the quality of surveys for nutrient intake adequacy assessment compare across Europe? A scoring system to rate the quality of data in such surveys
Authors: García-Álvarez Alicia , Blanquer Maria , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Wijnhoven Trudy M. A. , Tabacchi Garden , Gurinovic Mirjana , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: July 2009

Research was conducted within the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network of Excellence, to find the best practice in assessing nutrient intakes. Objectives include: to search for and use data on individual nutrient intake adequacy (NIA) assessment collected in twenty-eight European countries and the four European Free Trade Association countries; to design and test innovative tools for data quality analysis. The information was obtained using the method described by Blanquer et al. in the present issue. The best-practice criteria were devised to select the most appropriate survey in each country. Then a survey quality scoring system was developed in consultation with experts and tested on these surveys. Weights were allocated according to a variable priority order agreed by consultation. The thirty-two countries yielded twenty-four national surveys (eight countries excluded). Data collection techniques: eleven countries/surveys used personal interviews only; six used combinations of techniques. Dietary assessment methods: two used repeated 24 h recalls only; eleven used combinations. NIA assessment methods: two used probabilistic approach and sd/Z-scores only; eleven used comparison with estimated average requirements/RDA only. Countries were ranked according to the survey quality scoring, but careful interpretation is needed because of incomplete data from some surveys; bearing this in mind, the information quality is high in 37·5 % countries, medium in 50·0 % and low in 12·5 %. Although there is room for improvement and caution should be taken when drawing conclusions and recommendations from these results, the lessons learned and tools developed at this first attempt form the basis for future work within the EURRECA framework for aligning European micronutrient recommendations.
Effects of dietary assessment methods on assessing risk of nutrient intake adequacy at the population level: from theory to practice
Authors: Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Serra-Majem Lluís , Román-Viñas Blanca , Ngo Joy , García-Álvarez Alicia
Published: July 2009

The present study evaluated how applying different dietary methods affects risk assessment of inadequate intakes at the population level. A pooled analysis was conducted using data from two Spanish regional representative surveys both applying similar methodology with a total sample of 2615 individuals aged 12–80. Diet was assessed in the entire sample applying data from one 24 h recall (24HR), a mean of two non-consecutive 24HR, both crude and adjusted for intraindividual variability, and a FFQ. Intakes of vitamins A, C, E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, Fe, Mg, P and Zn were compared to the average nutrient requirement (ANR or estimated average requirement) in the entire sample and also excluding under-reporters applying the ANR cut-point method (and the probability approach for Fe). Higher percentages of intakes below the ANR were seen for 1–24HR and the mean of 2–24HR, except for nutrients with the highest rates of inadequacy (vitamins A, E, folate and Mg). For these micronutrients, higher percentages of inadequacy were obtained by adjusted 24HR data and the lowest with FFQ. For the remaining nutrients, adjusted data gave the lowest inadequacy percentages. The best concordance was seen between 2–24HR and 1–24HR as well as for adjusted 24HR, with the least observed between FFQ and the other methods. Exclusion of under-reporters considerably reduced inadequacy in both daily methods and FFQ. Crude daily data gave higher estimates of inadequate intakes than adjusted data or FFQ. Reproducibility of daily methods was also reasonably good. Results may differ depending on the micronutrient thus impeding reaching conclusions/recommendations common for all micronutrients.
A new membrane for feeding Glossina morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Bauer B. , Wetzel H.
Published: July 2009

The preparation and use of a simple, durable silicone membrane for feeding females of Glossina morsitans Westw. are described. Mean fecundity and mean pupal weight were nearly as good on the silicone membrane as on agar/Parafilm or rabbit ears, and survival of females after 108 days was 46·7%, as against 4·4% and 24·7%, respectively.
The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) of caves in belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: July 2009

Between 1963 and 1969, approximately 15 000 Phlebotomine sandflies were collected in five limestone caves in Belize, Central America. Thirteen species of sandflies were identified, two of the genus Brumptomyia França & Parrot and 11 of the genus Lutzomyia França. L. beltrani (Vargas & Díaz Nájera) was the predominant species in all the caves; it is wholly adapted for life in caves and data on blood-meals and ovarian development allow a detailed discussion of its probable life-history (four generations per year) in relation to its supposed hosts, bats. Some specimens of L. deleoni (Fairchild & Hertig) were collected in all caves and it was the second most abundant species in all but one cave; this species, whose larval stages develop in the caves, is evolving from life in caves and is becoming adapted to life in forest. L. trinidadensis (Newst.) was abundant in one cave but rare in the others; this species probably enters caves in search of hosts for blood-meals. The eight other species of Lutzomyia and the two species of Brumptomyia were collected in small numbers and at irregular intervals; these species use caves only as temporary shelters.
Colonisation of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) in the laboratory using in vitro feeding techniques
Authors: Mews A. R. , Baumgartner H. , Luger D. , Offori E. D.
Published: July 2009

Fresh defibrinated bovine blood was superior to either haemolysed or freeze-dried defibrinated bovine blood when fed in vitro to female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The presence of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) or other additives did not improve reproductive performance. The flies were able to compensate for considerable dilution of the blood with both serum and saline. Both parental and F1 female size affected the weight of the F2 puparia produced. The feeding of females on rabbits' ears on one day and in vitro on five days per week prevented any deterioration in performance over successive generations compared with a purely in vitro regime. A colony was established using this technique and results over a 13-month period were compared with those from a colony fed without rabbit supplement and another fed on rabbits only. The reproductive performance of females in the all-membrane-fed colony deteriorated from generation to generation, while those in the rabbit supplement colony performed similarly to those of the rabbit-fed colony except that survival was better but fecundity was poorer and the puparia produced were smaller.
The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)
Authors: Bouček Z.
Published: July 2009

In Trichospilus (pupal parasites of Lepidoptera) the species are keyed out, T. ferrierei sp.n. is described from Uganda, T. vorax sp.n. from Ivory Coast (also Angola and the Kenya-Ugandan border) and T. boops sp.n. from Kenya. The known data on the South Asiatic T. pupivora Ferrière and T. diatraeae Kurian & Margabandhu are reviewed. Similarly the Cotterellia species (parasites of Hispine and Lepidopterous leaf-miners) are keyed out, and C. nitifrons sp.n. from West Malaysia and C. javana sp.n. from Java are described. The other species of the genus are annotated, including the African C. lamellata (Kerrich) comb.n. (from Chrysocharis) and C. podagrica Waterston, the Madagascan and East African C. pilosa (Risbec) comb.n. (from Eurycranium, Pteromalidae), the Ceylonese C. lankensis Kerrich and the mainly New Guinean C. insularis Kerrich.
Studies on the oviposition ofRhyzopertha dominica(F.) in rice and paddy
Authors: Breese Michael H.
Published: July 2009

No reduction in the amount of feeding or in the oviposition rate was observed when females ofRhyzopertha dominica(F.) were supplied with whole rather than with cut wheat grains. Although there was a marked reduction in feeding when females were supplied with cut grains of paddy and a further reduction when they were supplied with cut grains of hulled rice, the oviposition rate observed on these two types of grain was only slightly lower than on wheat.

The difference in the oviposition rates observed on wheat and rice may be due to a difference in the nutritional values of these grains or it is possible that the harder texture of the rice kernel limits the feeding rate of the female sufficiently to affect the rate of egg production.

Eggs are laid preferably in crevices and on rough surfaces rather than on smooth, and these preferences often overweigh the tendency shown by the female to avoid laying on the grain on which it is feeding.

The results of experiments on egg distribution in paddy are in agreement with Crombie's (1942) observation that females ofR. dominicatend to lay all the eggs for a given day in one short period of intense ovipositing activity. Thus, although suitable oviposition sites may be numerous, if they are individually able to accommodate all the eggs laid on one day, eggs will usually be concentrated in fewer oviposition sites than are available.
Studies on the biting habits of East African mosquitos in the genera Uranotaenia, Ficalbia and Hodgesia
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Ssenkubuge Yovani
Published: July 2009

Mosquitos in the genera Uranotaenia and Ficalbia seldom bite man. In Africa, only two species, U. alboabdominalis Theo. and F. plumosa, (Theo.), have been taken actually engorging on man, though others may occasionally alight on the skin.

Hodgesia cyptopus Theo. bites man freely in forest, bush and plantations near Entebbe, Uganda, and sometimes enters houses.

The bimodal nature of the biting cycle of H. cyptopus in certain series of catches led to an investigation of the daily march of light intensity near the forest floor. It was found that at least in some areas this is bimodal, with a midday period of lower intensity—a pattern reflected in the biting behaviour of various forest mosquitos.

Though always diurnal, the biting cycle of H. cyptopus varies in form from station to station. It is thought that light intensity is of importance, and that this species probably bites in or around the small splashes of sunlight which penetrate the dense vegetation.
Lepidopterous leafminers on sweet potato in Fiji
Authors: Hinckley Alden D.
Published: July 2009

Two Lepidopterous leafminers have been observed on sweet potato at Koronivia, Fiji. The Gracillariid Acrocercops prosacta Meyr. is the more abundant species in most areas but populations of a Lyonetiid, Bedellia ipomoeae Bradley, reach damaging levels in fields sprayed with dieldrin for control of weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) and Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairm.)). Such treatment is shown to reduce parasitisation of B. ipomoeae by a species of Apanteles near A. tapatapaoanus Fullaway and of A. prosacta, by another Braconid, a species of Mesocoelus near M. acrocercopsis Mues. However, outbreaks of B. ipomoeae could not be attributed to such reduction. Elimination of ant predation by the dieldrin sprays was more likely to have initiated the outbreaks.

Sprays containing malathion, diazinon, or dieldrin killed larvae, but not pupae, of B. ipomoeae. Outbreaks of B. ipomoeae can probably be prevented by relying on cultural methods to control weevils or by intensifying insecticide applications to control both B. ipomoeae and the weevils.
The species of Pyrilla (Fulgoroidea: Lophopidae) in Ceylon and India
Authors: Fennah R. G.
Published: July 2009

The species of the genus Pyrilla Stål (Fulgoroidea: Lophopidae) found in India and Ceylon are reviewed on the basis of population samples from different localities. It is considered that two polytypic species are present: P. perpusilla (Wlk.), widespread in India and now recognised as extending to Ceylon and to Thailand, and P. aberrans (Kby.) (sensu stricto), formerly regarded as being confined to Ceylon, but now found to occur also in south India. Ten geographical subspecies of the former and five of the latter are described and named.
Biology and control of the dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus de Berg. (Homoptera, Tropiduchidae), infesting date palms in Iraq
Authors: Hussain Ali A.
Published: July 2009

The dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus de Berg, is a serious pest of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in Iraq, where there are two generations a year. Both nymphs and adults, which are described, suck the sap from the date palm. Repeated heavy infestations cause the weakening and death of some of the palms.

The eggs are laid on all the green parts of the palm except the fruits, the majority on the leaflets, especially the upper surface. They are distributed evenly on the four aspects of the date palms, but unevenly on the frond rows, the second and fourth oldest rows having the majority of the eggs in the overwintering and summer generations, respectively. Deposition of eggs of the overwintering generation began in the second week of November and hatching started during the first week of April, the nymphal period lasting 47 days and the adults surviving for 15 days. Eggs of the summer generation were deposited from the second week of June, and hatching started in the first week of August, the nymphal period lasting 50 days and the adults surviving for 13 days. There are five nymphal instars.

The nymphs excreted droplets of honeydew, and both nymphs and adults prefer the shady parts of the date palm. In order to escape the severe heat of the summer days, the nymphs and adults of the overwintering generation migrated towards the bases of the new fronds. The sex ratio was nearly 1:1, and the mean number of eggs laid per female was 106. The mortality rate for a constant population level was 98·11 per cent.

The eggs were parasitised by a small Chalcidoid. The larvae of the lace wing Chrysopa carnea Steph. and the adults of Coccinella septempunctata L., C. undecimpunctata L., and Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) preyed upon the nymphs and adults.

In tests with inseeticidal sprays containing 240 g. active ingredient per 100 gal. applied at the rate of 1½ gal. per palm against adults and nymphs, DDT and malathion were equally effective, but Dipterex was less so. Similar concentrations of mixtures of malathion with heptachlor and DDT with diazinon were also effective.
The effect of DDT on Myzus persicae (SULZ.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Aphididae) in relation to the spread of cauliflower mosaic and cabbage black ring spot viruses
Authors: Heathcote G. D. , Ward J.
Published: July 2009

Previous work in Britain has shown that insecticides, even systemic ones, fail to protect brassica plants in the seed-bed from virus diseases transmitted by aphids, and an explanation was sought through experiments carried out at Rothamsted. Observations on the effect on apterae and alates of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) of contact with leaves detached from cauliflower plants previously treated with a 0·2 per cent. DDT emulsion spray showed that exposure for up to 30 min. was insufficient to kill the majority of those tested, although many were temporarily incapacitated; alatae of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were even less affected.

In cage experiments using infected and healthy cauliflower seedlings, apterae of M. persicae were able to transmit cauliflower mosaic virus (ClMV) and cabbage black ring spot virus (CBRSV) from infected to healthy seedlings when no spray was used, but failed to do so when the infected plants were sprayed with DDT; when alates were used in similar tests using only CBRSV, only low rates of transmission were obtained. In similar experiments using turnip seedlings and ClMV, transmission by apterae of M. persicae was high on untreated plants when the infector plant was itself untreated, but distinctly lower when it was sprayed with DDT; alates of M. persicae were found to transmit ClMV from a DDT-treated infector to untreated plants but not to a treated plant. Virus spread was thus reduced but not prevented by the use of DDT sprays. It is considered that these results lend support to the hypothesis that increase of virus within a seed-bed is preponderantly the result of the arrival, in succession, of many individual viruliferous alates from outside.
Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. VII.—The effect of isolated pockets of damp and mouldy grain onTribolium castaneum(Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Surtees Gordon
Published: July 2009

The effect upon the three-dimensional dispersion of experimental populations ofTribolium castaneum(Hbst.) of internal pockets of grain at 18 per cent, moisture content, either mouldy or free from mould, and superficial ones of 25 per cent, moisture content, in a larger bulk of 14 per cent, moisture content, was investigated at 25°C. The behaviour under these circumstances of insects reared and maintained at 70 per cent, relative humidity was compared with those conditioned at 40 per cent. R.H. for 14 days. It was found that insects reared at 70 per cent. E.H. did not accumulate in the damp grain whereas conditioned ones did. The underlying response was shown to be hygrokinetic and the mechanism an orthokinetic one. The rate of movement of unconditioned adults in grain of 18 per cent, moisture content was approximately twice that in grain of 14 per cent, moisture content. Conditioned adults moved very slowly in the damper grain. There were no significant variations in irregularity of pathway (klinokinesis) under any of these circumstances. When grain of 18 per cent, moisture content supporting a mould growth was used, unconditioned adults did, however, accumulate in it due to trophic behaviour.

While there is considerable plasticity of behaviour in this species a synthesis is attempted of the causal behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial structure of populations in ecological situations involving humidity gradients; the results are also discussed in relation to grain storage conditions, and the detection and control of the species.
The sensitivity of Musca domestica nebulo F. and M. domestica vicina Macq. to DDT, BHC and dieldrin, as shown by dosage-mortality curves
Authors: Rahman S. Jamilur , Riaz Nuzhat , Khan Nawab H.
Published: July 2009

The susceptibility of Musca domestica nebulo F. and M. d. vicina Macq. to topical applications of p,p' DDT, technical dieldrin and γ BHC was determined in Aligarh, India, and the effects of using acetone, Eisella oil or ethanol as solvents were also investigated. Of the three insecticides examined, BHC was found to be the most toxic to both forms of house-fly, and DDT the least toxic, though the latter would be effective for control purposes at concentrations exceeding 1 per cent. Solutions of the insecticides in ethanol were more toxic than solutions at the same concentration in Eisella oil, and the latter were slightly more toxic than solutions in acetone. The two forms of house-fly were about equally susceptible to DDT, but M. d. vicina was somewhat more susceptible to dieldrin and BHC than M. d. nebulo. Males of both forms were more susceptible than females to all three insecticides.
TRANSNATIONAL JUDICIAL DIALOGUE, HARMONIZATION AND THE COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM
Authors: Lambert Hélène
Published: July 2009

Increased policy harmonization on refugee matters in the European Union (EU), namely the creation of a Common European Asylum System (CEAS), has created the imperative for a transnational judicial comparative dialogue between national courts. This article is based on a structured, focused comparison approach to examining a key element of a transnational European legal dialogue, namely, the use of foreign law by national judges when making their own decisions on asylum. It does so by examining two countries, France and Britain, as representative of the difference in legal tradition and culture within the EU in terms of the civil–common law divide. Both case studies are structured around a common set of empirical and jurisprudential research questions. The empirical findings reveal a surprising lack of transnational use of national jurisprudence on asylum between judges. Nonetheless, a slight but noticeable increase in the use of transnational asylum jurisprudence in the British and French courts must be noted. Two broad accounts—one rational, the other cultural—are applied in each of the case studies to explain this empirical finding. This article concludes on the broader implications of these findings for the establishment of a CEAS by 2012.
On Race, Sports, and Identity: Picking Up the Ball in Middle East Studies
Authors: Lopez Shaun T.
Published: July 2009

In their love for sports, Egyptians are no different from people in other parts of the world. They follow closely their favorite local teams in national-cup competitions, the careers of those stars who have taken their games to professional clubs in Europe, and, of course, the fortunes of their national teams in international competition. Success, such as Egypt's victory in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations can draw millions into the streets of Cairo and Alexandria in celebration. Losses can result in full-scale political investigations launched by President Hosni Mubarak.
A NATION OF BUREAUCRATS: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN KUWAIT AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Herb Michael
Published: July 2009

Not long ago, two safe generalizations could be made about the Gulf monarchies: ruling families dominated their politics, and oil dominated their economies. In recent years that has begun to change. In Kuwait the parliament challenges the political predominance of the ruling family. Meanwhile, Dubai and, increasingly, the other emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have made real progress in diversifying their economies away from oil—at least until the recent economic crisis. Yet political liberalization and economic diversification have not gone hand in hand: Kuwait's economy remains dependent on oil, and the United Arab Emirates remains resolutely authoritarian. This is no accident. Kuwait's high level of political participation encourages its dependence on oil while the UAE's economic diversification requires a lack of political participation by citizens. The reasons for this are specific to the peculiar political economy of these labor markets: in these richest of rentier-states, there is little need for the class compromise between capitalists and workers on which capitalist democracy usually rests.
PROVINCIAL NEWSPAPERS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE: BÜYÜK CİHAD AND THE GREAT STRUGGLE FOR THE MUSLIM TURKISH NATION (1951–53)
Authors: Brockett Gavin D.
Published: July 2009

Employing rhetoric all too familiar to Turks today, major metropolitan newspapers in Turkey in December 1952 and January 1953 raised the specter of widespread Islamic or religious “reaction” (irtica). Staunch defenders of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's policy of secularism, or laiklik, journalists in Istanbul and Ankara identified the existence of a “black press” (kara basın) manipulated by religious “reactionaries” (mürteci) determined to use print media to challenge the very secular foundations of the modern Turkish nation and to upset the established order. To prevent this, the time had come to prosecute vigorously both individuals and organizations that used newspapers or journals to exploit religion and promote obscurantist propaganda. Chief among these was not a metropolitan publication but, rather, an incendiary religious newspaper produced in the Black Sea city of Samsun—the very same city in which Mustafa Kemal had first set foot in 1919 in his efforts to lead what became the Turkish War of Independence. This black newspaper was Büyük Cihad, “The Great Struggle.”
French, Italian and Latin poems in 14th-century music
Authors: Apel Willi
Published: July 2009

The poems which served as the basis of the secular songs of the 12th and 13th centuries – the songs of the troubadours and trouvères – have been known for a long time, much longer in fact than their music. Very little attention, however, has been paid to the large body of lyrics that forms the foundation for the music of the 14th century, except, of course, for the works of Machaut, which were published in 1909 by V.Chichmareff in hisOeuvres lyriques de Guillaume de Machault. In the present article I should like to discuss the general character and some of the many interesting aspects of the French, Italian and Latin poems that have come down to us in the musical manuscripts of the 14th century as the texts of ballades, rondeaux, virelais, madrigals, or ballatas.
The Aquitanian tropes of the Easter introit – a musical analysis
Authors: Sevestre Nicole
Published: July 2009

This article was originally designed as an essay supplementing the edition of tropes of the proper of mass of the Easter season in Corpus Troporum III (cf. the essay on the Christmas tropes in CT I, 1976). The circumstances of publication of CT have changed meantime, and the editor of this Journal is grateful to the author and to Dr.Ritva Jonsson, director of the CT project, for having made possible the publication of the essay here.
A new English source of the Visitatio Sepulchri
Authors: Rankin Susan K.
Published: July 2009

The manuscript 596 in the Library of the Abbaye-St-Pierre, Solesmes, is a copy, made in 1860, of a noted English processional, which was written between 1250 and 1320 for the Benedictine Abbey of St.Edith's at Wilton, near Salisbury. How the manuscript came to Dom Guéranger, and what subsequently became of it after 1860 is unknown. In 1961 Georges Benoit-Castelli published an examination of the provenance, date and contents of the processional, noting the presence of dramatic ceremonies, which include an Elevatio Crucis and Visitatio Sepulchri for Easter Day. This, in fact, makes the manuscript one of only five extant English sources of the Visitatio Sepulchri. Yet, despite Benoit-Castelli's report, this processional has been entirely neglected by historians of the liturgical drama. This article aims to describe the relation of the Visitatio ceremony to others in the Anglo-French repertory, and will conclude with a complete transcription based on the 19th-century copy.