bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Ceylon cinnamon”: Much more than just a spice
Authors: Suriyagoda Lalith , Mohotti Anoma Janaki , Vidanarachchi Janak K. , Kodithuwakku Suranga P. , Chathurika Madushani , Bandaranayake Pradeepa C. G. , Hetherington Alistair M. , Beneragama Chalinda K.
Published: April 2021

Societal Impact Statement

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (“Ceylon cinnamon/true cinnamon”) is native to Sri Lanka. In addition to generating significant foreign income, over 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry, demonstrating its long‐established role in the Sri Lankan society. The spice constitutes many bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties, in addition to therapeutic and preventive effects against many diseases and disorders. New uses of cinnamon continue to emerge, and in this review, we discuss the opportunities for crop and product improvement, which will likely impact positively on the lives and livelihood of the population in Sri Lanka.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, known as Ceylon cinnamon, is native to Sri Lanka, whereas Cinnamomum cassia J. Presl (Cassia cinnamon) and other types of Cinnamomum spp. are grown in China and many other parts of Asia. Ceylon cinnamon is relatively expensive due to its chemical composition, high quality, proven health benefits, and ultra‐low levels of the toxic chemical compound, coumarin, which is reported in comparatively high concentrations in Cassia cinnamon. In Sri Lanka, more than 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry. Among the total agricultural produce of Sri Lanka, cinnamon exports provide the second highest in terms of income (second only to tea). In addition to the use of cinnamon as a spice, leaf and bark extracts are used in the food industry to (a) improve the postharvest life of perishable foods through antimicrobial activity and (b) control pests in postharvest storage (insecticidal activity). The human health benefits include antioxidant activity and therapeutic and preventative properties against diseases and disorders. The potential uses of Ceylon cinnamon in the global food industry, health, and cosmetics sectors are abundant. However, to ensure maximum benefits to producers and consumers, accredited laboratory testing and legislative procedures need to be developed and strengthened to detect and reduce malpractice and product adulteration in the global marketplace. There are also considerable opportunities for crop improvement. The application of contemporary genomic and genetic approaches coupled to plant breeding will be needed to improve yields and disease resistance and to safeguard production in the face of the threats posed by global environmental change.
Characterization of the SARS‐CoV‐2 E Protein: Sequence, Structure, Viroporin, and Inhibitors
Authors: Cao Yipeng , Yang Rui , Lee Imshik , Zhang Wenwen , Sun Jiana , Wang Wei , Meng Xiangfei
Published: April 2021

The COVID‐19 epidemic is one of the most influential epidemics in history. Understanding the impact of coronaviruses (CoVs) on host cells is very important for disease treatment. The SARS‐CoV‐2 envelope (E) protein is a small structural protein involved in many aspects of the viral life cycle. The E protein promotes the packaging and reproduction of the virus, and deletion of this protein weakens or even abolishes the virulence. This review aims to establish new knowledge by combining recent advances in the study of the SARS‐CoV‐2 E protein and by comparing it with the SARS‐CoV E protein. The E protein amino acid sequence, structure, self‐assembly characteristics, viroporin mechanisms and inhibitors are summarized and analyzed herein. Although the mechanisms of the SARS‐CoV‐2 and SARS‐CoV E proteins are similar in many respects, specific studies on the SARS‐CoV‐2 E protein, for both monomers and oligomers, are still lacking. A comprehensive understanding of this protein should prompt further studies on the design and characterization of effective targeted therapeutic measures.
New Ag3PO4 comparison material for stable oxygen isotope analysis
Authors: Watzinger Andrea , Schott Katharina , Hood‐Nowotny Rebecca , Tamburini Federica , Arppe Laura , Cristini Domiziana , Knöller Kay , Skrzypek Grzegorz
Published: April 2021

Rationale

A silver phosphate reference material (Ag3PO4) for the measurement of stable oxygen isotope compositions is much needed; however, it is not available from the authorities distributing reference materials. This study aims to fill this gap by calibrating a new Ag3PO4 stable isotope comparison material produced by the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU).

Methods

Aliquots of Ag3PO4 were distributed to four laboratories who frequently measure the δ18O value in Ag3PO4; the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), the University of Western Australia (UWA), the University of Helsinki (UH), and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The instruments used to perform the measurements were high‐temperature conversion elemental analysers coupled with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The working gas δ18O value was set to 0‰ and the normalization was done by a three‐point linear regression using the reference materials IAEA‐601, IAEA‐602, and NBS127.

Results

The mean δ18O value of the new BOKU Ag3PO4 comparison material on the VSMOW‐SLAP scale is 13.71‰ and the combined uncertainty is estimated as ±0.34‰. This estimated uncertainty is within the range typical for comparison materials of phosphates and sulphates. Consistent results from the different laboratories probably derived from similar instrumentation, and use of the same reference materials and normalization procedure. The matrix effect of the different reference materials used in this study was deemed negligible.

Conclusions

The BOKU Ag3PO4 can be used as an alternative comparison material for stable oxygen isotope analysis and is available for stable isotope research laboratories to facilitate calibration.
Association of neurogranin gene expression with Alzheimer's disease pathology in the perirhinal cortex
Authors: Sun Xiaoyan , Wang Qian , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , McCarthy Micheline , Loewenstein David A. , Vontell Regina , Yue Zhenyu , Zhang Bin
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Synaptic damage is a key pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism underlying synaptic vulnerability in AD remains elusive.

Methods

Using a large‐scale transcriptomic dataset, we analyzed the neurogranin‐centered integrative gene network and assessed the correlation of neurogranin (NRGN) gene expression with AD pathology in post mortem brains. We studied the association of NRGN expression with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and neuropathological diagnosis of AD.

Results

We find that the genes positively correlated with NRGN expression in AD are involved in synaptic transmission and cation channel pathways. NRGN expression is correlated with amyloid and tau pathology in the perirhinal cortex of post mortem brains. NRGN expression is associated with the diagnosis of AD and correlated with CDR.

Discussion

Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding for synaptic protein is involved in selective synaptic damage in AD. Identifying the genes associated with synaptic damage pathways in AD may provide targets for intervention.
Influence of maternal body mass index on interobserver variability of fetal ultrasound biometry and amniotic‐fluid assessment in late pregnancy
Authors: Martins J. G. , Kawakita T. , Gurganus M. , Baraki D. , Jain P. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Abuhamad A. Z.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To determine the interobserver reproducibility of fetal ultrasound biometric and amniotic‐fluid measurements in the third trimester of pregnancy, according to maternal body mass index (BMI) category.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of women with a singleton gestation beyond 34 weeks, recruited into four groups according to BMI category: normal (18.0–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), obese (30.0–39.9 kg/m2) and morbidly obese (≥ 40 kg/m2). Multiple pregnancies, women with diabetes and pregnancies with a fetal growth, structural or genetic abnormality were excluded. In each woman, fetal biometric (biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and estimated fetal weight) and amniotic‐fluid (amniotic‐fluid index (AFI) and maximum vertical pocket (MVP)) measurements were obtained by two experienced sonographers or physicians, blinded to gestational age and each other's measurements. Differences in measurements between observers were expressed as gestational age‐specific Z‐scores. The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's reliability coefficient (CRC) were calculated. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess the degree of reproducibility.

Results

In total, 110 women were enrolled prospectively (including 1320 measurements obtained by 17 sonographers or physicians). Twenty (18.2%) women had normal BMI, 30 (27.3%) women were overweight, 30 (27.3%) women were obese and 30 (27.3%) women were morbidly obese. Except for AFI (ICC, 0.65; CRC, 0.78) and MVP (ICC, 0.49; CRC, 0.66), all parameters had a very high level of interobserver reproducibility (ICC, 0.72–0.87; CRC, 0.84–0.93). When assessing reproducibility according to BMI category, BPD measurements had a very high level of reproducibility (ICC ≥ 0.85; CRC > 0.90) in all groups. The reproducibility of AC and FL measurements increased with increasing BMI, while the reproducibility of MVP measurements decreased. Among the biometric parameters, the difference between the BMI categories in measurement‐difference Z‐score was significant only for FL. Interobserver differences for biometric measurements fell within the 95% limits of agreement.

Conclusion

Obesity does not seem to impact negatively on the reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of fetal biometric parameters when undertaken by experienced sonographers or physicians who commonly assess overweight, obese and morbidly obese women. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Critical point Higgs inflation in the Palatini formulation
Authors: Enckell Vera-Maria , Nurmi Sami , Räsänen Syksy , Tomberg Eemeli
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We study Higgs inflation in the Palatini formulation with the renormalisation group improved potential in the case when loop corrections generate a feature similar to an inflection point. Assuming that there is a threshold correction for the Higgs quartic coupling λ and the top Yukawa coupling yt, we scan the three-dimensional parameter space formed by the two jumps and the non-minimal coupling ξ.

The spectral index ns can take any value in the observationally allowed range. The lower limit for the running is αs> −3.5 × 10−3, and αs can be as large as the observational upper limit. Running of the running is small. The tensor-to-scalar ratio is 2.2×10−17< r < 2 × 10−5. We find that slow-roll can be violated near the feature, and a possible period of ultra-slow-roll contributes to the widening of the range of CMB predictions. Nevertheless, for the simplest tree-level action, the Palatini formulation remains distinguishable from the metric formulation even when quantum corrections are taken into account, because of the small tensor-to-scalar ratio.
Classifying boundary conditions in JT gravity: from energy-branes to α-branes
Authors: Goel Akash , Iliesiu Luca V. , Kruthoff Jorrit , Yang Zhenbin
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We classify the possible boundary conditions in JT gravity and discuss their exact quantization. Each boundary condition that we study will reveal new features in JT gravity related to its matrix integral interpretation, its factorization properties and ensemble averaging interpretation, the definition of the theory at finite cutoff, its relation to the physics of near-extremal black holes and, finally, its role as a two-dimensional model of cosmology.
Evaluating cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy effects on acute stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Spinella Toni C. , Stewart Sherry H. , Naugler Julia , Yakovenko Igor , Barrett Sean P.
Published: April 2021

Rationale

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been reported to attenuate stress and anxiety, but little is known about the extent to which such effects result from pharmacological versus expectancy factors.

Objectives

We evaluated whether CBD expectancy alone could influence stress, anxiety, and mood, and the extent to which beliefs regarding CBD effects predicted these responses.

Methods

In this randomized crossover study, 43 health adults (23 women) attended two experimental laboratory sessions, where they self-administered CBD-free hempseed oil sublingually. During one session, they were (incorrectly) informed that the oil contained CBD and in the other session, that the oil was CBD-free. Following administration, participants engaged in the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST). Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed continuously, and subjective state was assessed at baseline, 90-min following oil administration, immediately following the MAST, and after a 10-min recovery period.

Results

The CBD expectancy condition was associated with increased sedation as well as with changes in HRV that were consistent with heightened anticipatory stress regulation. Overall, there were no systematic changes in subjective stress, or anxiety, according to expectancy condition. However, participants who endorsed strong a priori beliefs that CBD has anxiolytic properties reported significantly diminished anxiety in the CBD expectancy condition.

Conclusions

CBD expectancy alone impacted several subjective and physiological responses. Additionally, expectancy-related factors were implicated in anxiolytic effects of CBD for those who believed it was helpful for such purposes, emphasizing the need to measure and control for CBD-related expectancies in clinical research that involves the administration of CBD.
The Controlling $$L_\infty $$-Algebra, Cohomology and Homotopy of Embedding Tensors and Lie–Leibniz Triples
Authors: Sheng Yunhe , Tang Rong , Zhu Chenchang
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we first construct the controlling algebras of embedding tensors and Lie–Leibniz triples, which turn out to be a graded Lie algebra and an $$L_\infty $$

L
∞

-algebra respectively. Then we introduce representations and cohomologies of embedding tensors and Lie–Leibniz triples, and show that there is a long exact sequence connecting various cohomologies. As applications, we classify infinitesimal deformations and central extensions using the second cohomology groups. Finally, we introduce the notion of a homotopy embedding tensor which will induce a Leibniz$$_\infty $$

∞

-algebra. We realize Kotov and Strobl’s construction of an $$L_\infty $$

L
∞

-algebra from an embedding tensor, as a functor from the category of homotopy embedding tensors to that of Leibniz$$_\infty $$

∞

-algebras, and a functor further to that of $$L_\infty $$

L
∞

-algebras.
Deep and ongoing response of castrate-resistant prostate cancer on very low-dose enzalutamide in an elderly chemotherapy–naïve patient: a case report
Authors: Boerrigter Emmy , Havenith Thomas , van Erp Nielka P. , Schnog John-John B.
Published: April 2021

Background

Enzalutamide is an orally administered drug that blocks signaling in the androgen receptor with clinical activity in both chemotherapy–naive and post-chemotherapy patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Enzalutamide is generally well-tolerated, but dose reductions are nonetheless needed in case of side effects.

Case

An 82-year-old patient with chemotherapy–naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was treated with a very low dose of 40 mg enzalutamide once daily. The trough levels of enzalutamide and the active metabolite N-desmethylenzalutamide were 4.5 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. This exposure provided a long-term response without any significant side effects.

Conclusion

Low doses of enzalutamide may be efficacious, while also reducing the risk of side effects. Furthermore, employing a lower dose would reduce healthcare costs and increase access to enzalutamide. Studies exploring the efficacy of lower enzalutamide doses are warranted.
Disease recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery in the modern era: a population-based study
Authors: Qaderi Seyed M. , Galjart Boris , Verhoef Cornelis , Slooter Gerrit D. , Koopman Miriam , Verhoeven Robert H. A. , de Wilt Johannes H. W. , van Erning Felice N.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

This population-based study determined the cumulative incidence (CI) of local, regional, and distant recurrences, examined metastatic patterns, and identified risk factors for recurrence after curative treatment for CRC.

Methods

All patients undergoing resection for pathological stage I–III CRC between January 2015 and July 2015 and registered in the Netherlands Cancer Registry were selected (N = 5412). Additional patient record review and data collection on recurrences was conducted by trained administrators in 2019. Three-year CI of recurrence was calculated according to sublocation (right-sided: RCC, left-sided: LCC and rectal cancer: RC) and stage. Cox competing risk regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for recurrence.

Results

The 3-year CI of recurrence for stage I, II, and III RCC and LCC was 0.03 vs. 0.03, 0.12 vs. 0.16, and 0.31 vs. 0.24, respectively. The 3-year CI of recurrence for stage I, II, and III RC was 0.08, 0.24, and 0.38. Distant metastases were found in 14, 12, and 16% of patients with RCC, LCC, and RC. Multiple site metastases were found often in patients with RCC, LCC, and RC (42 vs. 32 vs. 28%). Risk factors for recurrence in stage I–II CRC were age 65–74 years, pT4 tumor size, and poor tumor differentiation whereas in stage III CRC, these were ASA III, pT4 tumor size, N2, and poor tumor differentiation.

Conclusions

Recurrence rates in recently treated patients with CRC were lower than reported in the literature and the metastatic pattern and recurrence risks varied between anatomical sublocations.
Ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus: patient characteristics and 7-year results in 100 cases
Authors: Neumann Annika Pauline , Rammelt Stefan
Published: April 2021

Introduction

The presence of a posterior malleolar (PM) fragment has a negative prognostic impact in ankle fractures. The best treatment is still subject to debate. The aim of this study was to assess the medium-to-long-term clinical and functional outcome of ankle fractures with a PM fragment in a larger patient population.

Materials and methods

One hundred patients (69 women, 31 men, average age 60 years) with ankle fractures including the PM were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Patients with Bartoníček–Rammelt type 3 and 4 fracture displayed a significant female preponderance. Fixation of the PM was performed in 63% and tailored to the individual fracture pattern.

Results

Internal fixation of the PM fragment was negatively correlated with the need for syndesmotic screw placement at the time of surgery (p = 0.010). At an average follow-up of 7.0 years, the mean Foot Function Index (FFI) was 16.5 (SD: 21.5), the Olerud Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) averaged 80.2 (SD: 24) and the American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle/hindfoot score averaged 87.5 (SD: 19.1). The maximum score of 100 was achieved by 44% of patients. The physical (PCS) and mental health component summary (MCS) scores of the SF-36 averaged 47.7 (SD: 12.51) and 50.5 (SD: 9.36), respectively. Range of motion was within 3.4 (SD: 6.63) degrees of the uninjured side. The size of the PM fragment had no prognostic value. There was a trend to lower outcome scores with slight anterior or posterior shift of the distal fibula within the tibial incisura. Patients who underwent primary internal fixation had significantly superior SF-36 MCS than patients who underwent staged internal fixation (p = 0.031).

Conclusions

With an individualized treatment protocol, tailored to the CT-based assessment of PM fractures, favorable medium and long-term results can be expected.
Profiling of microRNAs in actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Dańczak-Pazdrowska Aleksandra , Pazdrowski Jakub , Polańska Adriana , Basta Brittany , Schneider Augusto , Kowalczyk Michał J. , Golusiński Paweł , Golusiński Wojciech , Adamski Zygmunt , Żaba Ryszard , Masternak Michal M.
Published: April 2021

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin lesion often defined as premalignant with more evidence indicating it as early stage of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The AK may remain stable, transform towards incisive cSCC or in some cases revert spontaneously. Several different underlying conditions can increase risk of cSCC, however, advanced age represents major risk of AK and its progression towards cSCC indicating increased risk during chronological aging. Importantly, AK and cSCC are characterized by similar genetic profile, which lead researchers to search for novel biomarkers allowing early detection. As skin sampling is often invasive and causes scaring, in the current study, we investigated a novel approach to establish potential blood circulating genetic markers in patients diagnosed with AK and cSCC. Based on clinical diagnosis and dermoscopy, we recruited 13 patients with AK (divided into two groups: the first included patients with no more than three lesions, the second group included patients with at least ten lesions) and two additional individuals diagnosed with cSCC. Deep sequencing analysis of serum circulating miRNAs detected a total of 68 expressed miRNAs. Further analysis indicated 2 regulated miRNAs for AK cohort and 12 miRNAs for cSCC patients, while there were 26 miRNAs differentially regulated between cSCC and AK patients. There was also one commonly regulated miRNA between AK and cSCC patients and ten miRNAs that were regulated in cSCC when compared with both control and AK patients. We did not observe any differences between the AK groups. In conclusion, our analysis detected in circulation some miRNA that were previously recognized as important in AK, cSCC, and other type of skin cancer supporting this approach as potential non-invasive diagnosis of AK and cSCC.
COVID-19 serology in nephrology healthcare workers
Authors: Reiter Thomas , Pajenda Sahra , Wagner Ludwig , Gaggl Martina , Atamaniuk Johanna , Holzer Barbara , Zimpernik Irene , Gerges Daniela , Mayer Katharina , Aigner Christof , Straßl Robert , Jansen-Skoupy Sonja , Födinger Manuela , Sunder-Plassmann Gere , Schmidt Alice
Published: April 2021

Background

Chronic kidney disease patients show a high mortality in cases of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV‑2) infection. Thus, information on the sero-status of nephrology personnel might be crucial for patient protection; however, limited information exists about the presence of SARS-CoV‑2 antibodies in asymptomatic individuals.

Methods

We examined the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV‑2 IgG and IgM antibodies among healthcare workers of a tertiary care kidney center during the the first peak phase of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in Austria using an orthogonal test strategy and a total of 12 commercial nucleocapsid protein or spike glycoprotein-based assays as well as Western blotting and a neutralization assay.

Results

At baseline 60 of 235 study participants (25.5%, 95% confidence interval, CI 20.4–31.5%) were judged to be borderline positive or positive for IgM or IgG using a high sensitivity/low specificity threshold in one test system. Follow-up analysis after about 2 weeks revealed IgG positivity in 12 (5.1%, 95% CI: 2.9–8.8%) and IgM positivity in 6 (2.6%, 95% CI: 1.1–5.6) in at least one assay. Of the healthcare workers 2.1% (95% CI: 0.8–5.0%) showed IgG nucleocapsid antibodies in at least 2 assays. By contrast, positive controls with proven COVID-19 showed antibody positivity among almost all test systems. Moreover, serum samples obtained from healthcare workers did not show SARS-CoV‑2 neutralizing capacity, in contrast to positive controls.

Conclusion

Using a broad spectrum of antibody tests the present study revealed inconsistent results for SARS-CoV‑2 seroprevalence among asymptomatic individuals, while this was not the case among COVID-19 patients.

Trial registration number

CONEC, ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04347694
Recurrent anti-NMDAR encephalitis during pregnancy combined with two antibodies positive
Authors: Liu Hong , Chen Xiu
Published: April 2021

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune synaptic encephalitis likely mediated by neuronal surface antibody. Clinically, it is characterized by a variety of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, predominantly affecting young women. Recurrent anti-NMDAR cases combined with double-antibody positive during pregnancy have not been reported. We report a 19-year-old pregnant woman with recurrent anti-NMDAR encephalitis and double-antibody positive. Through our case report and a review of the literature, we hope to heighten an awareness of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, particularly in a pregnant setting.
Short-term results of the combined application of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser in the treatment of periodontal disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Laky Markus , Müller Maximilian , Laky Brenda , Arslan Muazzez , Wehner Christian , Husejnagic Selma , Lettner Stefan , Moritz Andreas , Rausch-Fan Xiaohui
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers have been previously used as an adjunct in periodontal therapy. The aim of this single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a combined application of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser irradiation in periodontal treatment.

Materials and methods

Twenty-two patients with at least one site of ≥ 6 mm periodontal probing depth (PPD) after mechanical debridement with curettes and sonic instruments at periodontal reevaluation were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio to either a combined Nd:YAG/Er:YAG laser therapy (test group) or a “turned off” laser therapy (control group). The Nd:YAG laser was used for periodontal pocket deepithelialization and to stabilize the resulting blood clot. The Er:YAG laser was primarily used for root surface modification. PPD (mm), clinical attachment level (CAL, mm), and bleeding on probing (BOP, +/−) at the site of laser treatment were evaluated at baseline and 2 months after treatment.

Results

The mean improvements from baseline to 2-month follow-up for PPD were significantly better in the laser group (2.05 ± 0.82 mm) compared to the control group (0.64 ± 0.90 mm; p = 0.001). Likewise, the gain in CAL was significantly better in the laser group (1.50 ± 1.10 mm) than in the control group (0.55 ± 1.01mm; p = 0.046).

Conclusions

The combined application of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser irradiation as an adjunct to conventional non-surgical therapy showed a significant beneficial effect on periodontal treatment results.

Clinical relevance

Combined Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser irradiation could be a useful procedure additionally to conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy to improve periodontal treatment results.

Clinical trial registration

ISRCTN registry #ISRCTN32132076
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activity of the Radiological Emergency Department: the experience of the Maggiore della Carità Hospital in Novara
Authors: Garlisi C. , Licandro D. , Siani A. , Rodolfi S. , Pansini S. , Garcia Navarro L. I. , Carriero A. , Avanzi G. C. , Castello L. M.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the activity of Emergency Departments worldwide changed dramatically, focusing on diagnosis and care of the Sars-Cov-2 associated disease. These major changes also involved the activity of the Emergency Radiology Department (ERD). This study aimed to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on imaging studies, both in terms of the amount, frequency and subspecialty of different imaging modalities requested to the ERD of the Maggiore della Carità Hospital in Novara (Italy).

Methods

To this end, our observational study took into account the imaging studies requested by the emergency department during three-time spans. These were defined as phase 0 (pre-pandemic), phase 1 (pandemic peak with complete lockdown) and phase 2 (post-pandemic peak with partial lifting of restrictive measures), as derived from Italian urgent decrees by the President of the Council of Ministers (DPCM) which established the duration and entity of the lockdown measures throughout the pandemic. The dataset was processed and then compared with Pearson’s chi-squared test.

Results

During the pandemic peak, our data showed a significant drop in the total number of studies requested and a significant rise in computed tomography (CT) studies. In particular, a statistically significant increase in chest CT studies was found, probably due to the high sensitivity of this imaging method in identifying pulmonary involvement during respiratory tract infection of possible viral etiology (SARS-Cov-2). Moreover, we observed a statistically significant decrease of X-ray (XR) and ultrasound (US) studies during phase 1 compared to phase 0 and phase 2 probably due to a reduction in the numbers of ER visits for minor traumas given the mobility restrictions and people hesitancy in visiting the ER due to fear of contagion.

Conclusions

We can conclude that the activity of the ERD was heavily impacted by the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Further studies will be needed to estimate the impact of the pandemic on public health in terms of excess mortality related to delayed diagnosis and care of non-COVID diseases.
An economic analysis of a wearable patient sensor for preventing hospital-acquired pressure injuries among the acutely ill patients
Authors: Nherera Leo , Larson Barrett , Cooley Annemari , Reinhard Patrick
Published: April 2021

More than 2.5 million people in the United States develop pressure injuries annually, which are one of the most common complications occurring in hospitals. Despite being common, hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) are largely considered preventable by regular patient turning. Although current methodologies to prompt on-time repositioning have limited efficacy, a wearable patient sensor has been shown to optimize turning practices and improve clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of patient-wearable sensor in the prevention of HAPIs in acutely ill patients when compared to standard practice alone. A decision analytic model was developed to simulate the expected costs and outcomes from the payer’s perspective using data from published literature, including a recently published randomized controlled trial. Both univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were conducted. The patient-wearable sensor was found to be cost saving (dominant). It resulted in better clinical outcomes (77% reduction in HAPIs) compared to standard care and an expected cost savings of $6,621 per patient over a one-year period. Applying the model to a cohort of 1,000 patients, an estimated 203 HAPIs would be avoided with annualized cost reduction of $6,222,884 through all patient treatment settings. The probabilistic analysis returned similar results. In conclusion, the patient-wearable sensor was found to be cost-effective in the prevention of HAPIs and cost-saving to payers and hospitals. These results suggest that patient-wearable sensors should be considered as a cost-effective alternative to standard care in the prevention of HAPIs.
Technology-enhanced Learning for Promoting Technical and Social Competences in Hydrological Science
Authors: Licciardello Feliciana , Consoli Simona , Cirelli Giuseppe , Castillo Carlos , Fernández-Ahumada Elvira , Montejo-Gámez Jesús , Taguas Encarnación V.
Published: April 2021

This paper explains and analyses a virtual gamification experience developed by a teaching group from the University of Catania (Italy) and the University of Cordoba (Spain). A competition based on professional tasks about hydrological planning was implemented in two subjects on Hydrological Sciences. The teaching experience was designed to improve the acquisition of technical knowledge and skills needed for hydrological studies, promote the management of ICT and increase international cooperation between different universities; all aimed at making students more employable. The experience is transferable to different academic levels. Following the philosophy of soccer leagues, the students solved and presented the exercise by teams of two students. Through videoconference, the presentation and the explanation were done so the fans in each country supported their teams. The students found it a very challenging experience but at the same time, some of them were aware of their needs of improving technical knowledge, particularly Geographical Information Systems, and English language skills. Updating of tools and the schedule within the different academic calendar were their main organization handicaps. The main outcome of the presented experience is that social energy and enthusiasm associated to popular activities such as soccer led to improve the interest and the motivation of the students in challenging technical contents as well as teamwork and language transversal competences.
Cyclophosphamide treatment evoked side effect on skeletal muscle actin, monitored by DSC
Authors: Farkas Péter , Szatmári Dávid , Könczöl Franciska , Lőrinczy Dénes
Published: April 2021

Several kind of drugs—used in cancer treatments—such as cyclophosphamide (CP) can also trigger a disease classified as toxic polyneuropathy. Polyneuropathy is a simultaneous malfunction of several peripheral nerves, typical side effect of a cancer therapy. In our previous study, we used CP treated in vitro animal model (Guinea pig) with a comparable dosage and time handling of human protocol to show evidences of this drug-induced effects. We could show a dose-dependent difference between in Tm and ΔHcal of untreated and treated samples assigned to their intact muscle and nerve, blood plasma and red blood cells. In our current study we analyze this side effect on skeletal muscle actin (prepared from m. psoas of rabbit) by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), to follow the possible consequence of drug treatment on the “activator” of muscle contraction. We have demonstrated that run of DSC curves, Tms together with the ΔHcal exhibit clear CP effect. In case of Ca2+ G actin it is manifested in a well separated second high denaturing temperature as a consequence of CP binding into the cleft. This way the nucleotide binding cleft with subdomains 1 and 3 becomes less flexible, indicating clear sensitivity to CP treatment. In F-actin samples, the main peak represents the thermal denaturation of subdomains 1 and 3, and the increased calorimetric enthalpy administrating Ca2+ as well as CP refers to a more rigid structure. These alterations can be the molecular background in the malfunction of muscle in case of polyneuropathy after CP treatment.
PACAP and PAC1 Receptor Expression in Human Insulinomas
Authors: Ferencz Sandor , Toth Denes , Kaszas Balint , Bardosi Sebastian , Vicena Viktoria , Karadi Oszkar , Reglodi Dora , Kelemen Dezso
Published: April 2021

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread occurrence and diverse functions. PACAP binds to specific PAC1 and non-specific VPAC1/2 receptors. PACAP is considered as a growth factor, as it plays important roles during development and participates in reparative processes. Highest concentrations are found in the nervous system and endocrine glands, where several functions are known, including actions in tissue growth, differentiation and tumour development. Therefore, we have investigated expression of PACAP and its receptors in different tumours, including those of endocrine glands. We showed earlier that PACAP and PAC1 receptor staining intensity decreased in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In the present study we aimed to investigate alterations of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in human insulinoma and compared the immunostaining pattern with samples from chronic pancreatitis patients. We collected perioperative and histological data of patients who underwent operation because of insulinoma or chronic pancreatitis over a five-year-long period. Histology showed chronic pancreatitis with severe scar formation in pancreatitis patients, while tumour samples evidenced Grade 1 or 2 insulinoma. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression was studied using immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was very strong in the Langerhans islets of normal tissue and discernible staining was also observed in the exocrine pancreas. Immunostaining intensity for both PACAP and PAC1 receptor was markedly weaker in insulinoma samples, and disappeared from chronic pancreatitis samples except for intact islets. These findings show that PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling is altered in insulinoma and this suggests a possible involvement of this system in tumour growth or differentiation.
Is Facebook an effective tool to access foreign markets? Evidence from international export performance of fashion firms
Authors: Mazzucchelli Alice , Chierici Roberto , Di Gregorio Angelo , Chiacchierini Claudio
Published: April 2021

Social networks are a driving force of digital transformation and offer firms the opportunity to market products and services to both international consumers and providers, establish durable relationships with them, and improve their own competitiveness. The study analyzes the role played by the use of Facebook for online advertising, building interaction and brand communities, implementing social CRM activities, and conducting market research, as well as a sales channel alternative to physical presence, in firms’ international export performance, both in terms of managers’ perceptions and Facebook buy button conversion rate. A survey-based empirical analysis of 105 fashion firms operating worldwide was conducted. The results of multiple regression analyses show that building conversations and brand communities positively affects international export performance, while advertising via Facebook yields mixed results. By comparing firms that have a physical presence with those that do not, the former turned out to benefit from especially in-store advertising and promotions to enhance their Facebook buy button conversion rate; while the latter can improve their performance mainly by adopting outdoor and transit advertising and digital marketing. The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on social media marketing and international business and, by adopting a firm-level perspective, provides interesting insights for practitioners since it allows to understand how to develop an effective Facebook strategy to succeed in foreign markets.
Three doors anomaly, “should I stay, or should I go”: an artefactual field experiment
Authors: Morone Andrea , Caferra Rocco , Casamassima Alessia , Cascavilla Alessandro , Tiranzoni Paola
Published: April 2021

This work aims to identify and quantify the biases behind the anomalous behavior of people when they deal with the Three Doors dilemma, which is a really simple but counterintuitive game. Carrying out an artefactual field experiment and proposing eight different treatments to isolate the anomalies, we provide new interesting experimental evidence on the reasons why subjects fail to take the optimal decision. According to the experimental results, we are able to quantify the size and the impact of three main biases that explain the anomalous behavior of participants: Bayesian updating, illusion of control and status quo bias.
Time-Dependent Electrical Contact Resistance at the Nanoscale
Authors: Vazirisereshk Mohammad R. , Sumaiya Saima A. , Chen Rimei , Baykara Mehmet Z. , Martini Ashlie
Published: April 2021

Conductive-atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate time-dependent electrical contact resistance (ECR) at the nanoscale. ECR is shown to decrease over time as measured using C-AFM and estimated using two approaches from MD simulations, although the experiments and simulations explore different time scales. The simulations show that time dependence of ECR is attributable to an increase in real contact area due to atoms diffusing into the contact. This diffusion-based aging is found to be a thermally activated process that depends on the local contact pressure. The results demonstrate that contact aging, previously identified as an important mechanism for friction, can significantly affect electrical conduction at the nanoscale.

Graphical Abstract
A Method for Tribological Measurements of Coated Abrasives using a Rheometer
Authors: Gammelgård Andreas , Tuuf Jessica , Strand Anders , Sundell Mats , Björklund-Sänkiaho Margareta
Published: April 2021

Coated abrasives (sandpaper) are imperative in various industrial areas, including the automotive and the metal industry. An exact outcome is often highly appreciated in abrasion processes, which means that the wear process must be precisely controlled. In this paper, a new method for analyzing the grinding process of coated abrasives is proposed. In order to study the grinding properties of sandpaper, a tribology cell was connected to a rheometer. The experiments consisted of unlubricated (dry) steel balls-on-disc experiments on coated abrasive with aluminum oxide grains. The friction and wear data showed that the rheometer equipped with a tribology cell can be used to measure different tribological parameters, such as the friction coefficient and the Gap. The wear process was investigated over a range of abrasive grain sizes (9–40 µm) and a variety of different loads (1–10 N). Results from these experiments showed that the abrasive wear increased with increasing particle size and normal load. Hence, it is proposed that this method is a reliable approach for investigating the wear process of coated abrasives.
Human–nature connectedness and other relational values are negatively affected by landscape simplification: insights from Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Riechers Maraja , Martín-López Berta , Fischer Joern
Published: April 2021

Landscape simplification is a worldwide phenomenon that impacts biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Humans benefit greatly from nature’s contributions to people in both material and immaterial ways, yet landscape simplification can undermine these contributions. Landscape simplification can have negative consequences, for example, for human–nature connectedness and other relational values. Major and rapid land-use change, together with a declining appreciation of nature by individuals and societies, in turn, could cause a downward spiral of disconnections. Our empirical research combined a comprehensive assessment of five dimensions of human–nature connectedness with the lens of relational values to assess how these are influenced by landscape simplification. Focusing on two rural landscapes with differing agricultural development in Lower Saxony (Germany), we conducted 34 problem-centred interviews. We found that landscape simplification, especially if rapid, negatively influenced human–nature connectedness and particular relational values such as social relations, social cohesion or cultural identity. We postulate that human–nature connectedness might have a balancing influence on preserving relational values, buffering negative impacts of landscape simplification. Losing connections to nature could potentially foster conflicts among actors with different values. We conclude that combining the notions of human–nature connectedness and relational values can generate valuable insights and may help to uncover new ways to foster sustainability.
Long-term Emergency Department Visits and Readmissions After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: a Systematic Review
Authors: van Olst N. , van Rijswijk A. S. , Mikdad S. , Schoonmade L. J. , van de Laar A. W. , Acherman Y. I. Z. , Bruin S. C. , van der Peet D. L. , de Brauw L. M.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

There is considerable evidence on short-term outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), but data on long-term outcome is scarce, especially on postoperative emergency department (ED) visits and readmissions. We aim to systematically review evidence on the incidence, indications, and risk factors of ED visits and readmissions beyond 30 days after LRYGB.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Embase.com, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO was performed. All studies reporting ED visits and readmissions > 30 days after LRYGB, with ≥ 50 patients, were included. PRISMA statement was used and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for quality assessment.

Results

Twenty articles were included. Six studies reported on ED visits (n = 2818) and 19 on readmissions (n = 276,543). The rate of patients with an ED visit within 90 days after surgery ranged from 3.9 to 32.6%. ED visits at 1, 2, and 3 years occurred in 25.6%, 30.0%, and 31.1% of patients. Readmissions within 90 days and at 1-year follow-up ranged from 4.1 to 20.5% and 4.75 to 16.6%, respectively. Readmission was 29% at 2 years and 23.9% at 4.2 years of follow-up. The most common reason for ED visits and readmissions was abdominal pain.

Conclusion

Emergency department visits and readmissions have been reported in up to almost one in three patients on the long-term after LRYGB. Both are mainly indicated for abdominal pain. The report on indications and risk factors is very concise. A better understanding of ED visits and readmissions after LRYGB is warranted to improve long-term care, in particular for patients with abdominal pains.
Gaining flexibility in dealing with arithmetic situations: a qualitative analysis of second graders’ development during an intervention
Authors: Gabler Laura , Ufer Stefan
Published: April 2021

The influence of language and situation structure on the difficulty of word problems has been investigated intensively in the field of mathematics education. However, instructional approaches to overcoming students’ difficulties are still not widely available. This paper describes an intervention to develop second graders’ skills in handling additive word problems flexibly. During ten small-group sessions of 40 min, two strategies to restructure the situation described in a word problem were introduced: (1) changing the direction of mathematical relations and (2) changing semantic structures. The introduction of these strategies was supported using macro-scaffolding. The development of students’ flexibility in dealing with arithmetic situations during the intervention was analyzed in a longitudinal case study focusing on four students, who were preselected from a larger sample based on their language skills. We examined audio data and student work by applying qualitative content analysis. Students’ development in handling word problems flexibly was compared with the intended learning trajectory in the intervention. The results provide insights into potential key processes when gaining flexibility, and yield information on the necessary adaptations of the learning trajectory.