bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TWELVE PEOPLE WHO SAVED REHABILITATION: HOW THE SCIENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY MADE A DIFFERENCE
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: September 2010

Three decades ago, it was widely believed by criminologists and policymakers that “nothing works” to reform offenders and that “rehabilitation is dead” as a guiding correctional philosophy. By contrast, today there is a vibrant movement to reaffirm rehabilitation and to implement programs based on the principles of effective intervention. How did this happen? I contend that the saving of rehabilitation was a contingent reality that emerged due to the efforts of a small group of loosely coupled research criminologists. These scholars rejected the “nothing works” professional ideology and instead used rigorous science to show that popular punitive interventions were ineffective, that offenders were not beyond redemption, and that treatment programs rooted in criminological knowledge were capable of meaningfully reducing recidivism. Their story is a reminder that, under certain conditions, the science of criminology is capable of making an important difference in the correctional enterprise, if not far beyond.
MAKING DELINQUENT FRIENDS: ADULT SUPERVISION AND CHILDREN'S AFFILIATIONS*
Authors: WARR MARK
Published: September 2010

Although having delinquent friends is one of the strongest known correlates of delinquent behavior, criminologists have been curiously silent as to why some adolescents acquire delinquent friends and others do not. Analysis of data from the national Survey of Parents and Children reveals a strong association between forms of direct and indirect parental supervision and the kinds of friends that adolescents make. Parents who closely monitor their children's affiliations exhibit a variety of traits typical of involved or conscientious parents. Indirect supervision also appears to mediate the effect of attachment to parents, one of the few established correlates of delinquent friendships. These and other findings illustrate the critical role that parent‐child relations play in the process of making delinquent friends.
ADOLESCENT ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINQUENCY INVOLVEMENT
Authors: HAYNIE DANA L. , GIORDANO PEGGY C. , MANNING WENDY D. , LONGMORE MONICA A.
Published: September 2010

While much attention has centered on the role of peer influence for adolescent delinquency, that of romantic partners has been largely neglected. Recent analyses of romantic relationships during the adolescent period suggest their general importance to development; research highlights that adolescents themselves frequently describe these relations as relatively intimate and influential. Thus, while classic theoretical frameworks such as differential association theory have often centered on the role of peers, their general logic is consistent with the notion that such relationships may indeed “matter” as a source of influence on delinquent behavior. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health are well suited for examining the role of romantic partners because they allow for the identification and recreation of friendship networks and connections between romantic partners. Forging these interconnections, we link friends' and romantic partners' delinquency to respondents' own delinquency, enabling an examination of romantic partner influence on adolescent delinquency, beyond that influence associated with friends' behaviors. Drawing on theories of gender stratification, we also explore whether the effect of romantic partners' behavior is conditioned by gender. Findings reveal that romantic partners' delinquency exerts a unique effect on respondents' delinquency net of friends' delinquency and control variables. Additionally, romantic partners' deviance has a stronger effect on female involvement in minor deviance. We find no evidence, however, that gender conditions the strength of romantic partners' more serious delinquency on respondents' serious delinquency.
Vulnerability of pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis populations to climate change in pampean lakes of Argentina
Authors: Kopprio G. A. , Freije R. H. , Strüssmann C. A. , Kattner G. , Hoffmeyer M. S. , Popovich C. A. , Lara R. J.
Published: September 2010

The vulnerability of the pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis population in Lake Chasicó was assessed under different climate change conditions. During the sampling period, the water temperature was adequate for fish reproduction and to sustain an adequate sex ratio. Climate‐driven higher temperatures, however, may severely distort population structure and cause drastic reduction or local extinction of stocks. Lake Chasicó can be classified as eutrophic with clear waters and cyanobacteria that regularly cause fish mortality were identified as Nodularia spumigena and Oscillatoria sp. Global warming may strengthen the effects of eutrophication (e.g. toxic blooms or anoxia). Since many Cyanophyta species tolerate higher temperatures better than other algae, toxic blooms could increase. Furthermore, cyanobacteria have low nutritional value and could decouple the low‐diversity food web. Lake Chasicó has currently the salinity optimum (c. 20) for the development of the early life‐history stages of O. bonariensis. Climate change, however, is likely to amplify the intensity of droughts or inundations. Floods can endanger O. bonariensis development due to its sub‐optimal growth at low salinity and droughts could increase lake salinity and also temperature and nutrient concentration. In order to reduce some of the effects of climate change on the O. bonariensis population in Lake Chasicó, integrated basin management based on an eco‐hydrological approach is proposed.
Is there evidence for a shift in fish growth and recruitment success linked to climate change?
Authors: Nunn A. D. , Frear P. A. , Lee M. , Cowx I. G.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated whether a putative shift in climate regime in the North Atlantic in the 1990s coincided with changes in the growth and recruitment of roach Rutilus rutilus in the north‐east of England. The relationships between R. rutilus growth and recruitment and the environment were significantly different before and after the putative shift in climate regime. Water temperature, river discharge, growth, recruitment success and the Gulf Stream Index co‐varied until the late 1990s, indicating a gradual progression between periods of warm‐and‐dry and cold‐and‐wet summers. Since the late 1990s, there has been an increased prevalence of warm‐and‐wet summers, and recruitment success has oscillated between extremes on an almost annual basis. The north wall (northern boundary) of the Gulf Stream has been undergoing a displacement south since the late 1990s, and the speed and amplitude of the change appears to support the hypothesis that there was a regime shift in the climate of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is possible that a continued displacement south of the north wall of the Gulf Stream will lead to further increases in river discharge, reductions in water temperature and reduced fish growth and recruitment success in the long term.
RELATIONS AMONGST VARIOUS LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND WEIGHT FOR BLACK RHINOCEROSES IN KENYA
Authors: Freeman G. H. , King J. M.
Published: September 2010

Records of black rhinoceroses obtained from different areas of Kenya suggest a very close relationship between body weight and length and chest girth. The best regressions are: log weight on log length+log girth, and weight on length x girth2. The square of the correlation coefficient in both cases is more than 0.98, and the relations appear to be independent of habitat and sex. In contrast the two sexes show marked differences in the relation between front and back horn length with the males tending to grow relatively longer front horns. Attempts to predict the size of the animal and the length of its horns from the spoor were less successful.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIONS IN THE LAKE MANYARA NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA
Authors: Makacha Stephen , Schaller George B.
Published: September 2010

The lions of Lake Manyara National Park were observed for 1 1/4 years. About 0.4 lions/km2 inhabited the park, a density nearly double that found in Nairobi National Park and Ngorongoro Crater. One group of lions occupied the southern half of the park; in the northern half, the range of two males included two distinct groups of lionesses each of which confined itself to its own area. The composition and changes in composition of each group are discussed. Buffalo were observed to kill a lion cub on three occasions, and elephant were seen to do so once. The lions' most important prey was buffalo, which comprised 62% of the kills, followed by zebra (18%) and impala (12%). Eighty‐one per cent. of the buffalo killed were males. Lions were seen in trees on 2/3 of the occasions on which they were encountered. Possible reasons for tree‐climbing are given.
AERIAL CENSUS OF BLACK RHINOCEROS USING STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Authors: Goddard John
Published: September 2010

During 1967–1968 a census was conducted of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) population in part of the Tsavo ecological unit. The region concerned covers an area of approximately 23,300 km2 (9,000 square miles). Large parts of the region were systematically covered in a light aircraft and all rhinoceros observed were recorded on a 1:250,000 map. Because of the visibility bias inherent in such censuses correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data and crude estimates obtained. These crude estimates were then checked by intensive work on the ground in several sectors, and adjustments made where necessary.

Using these crude estimates approximately two‐thirds of the area under consideration were stratified into five density strata: very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Within this area 250 randomly located 2.59 km2 (1 square mile) plots were intensively searched from the aircraft and all rhinoceros observed on these plots recorded. In the very high, high, and medium density strata these intensive searches resulted, at the 95% level of significance, in a population estimate of 4,200±25% of the mean or an estimate of between 3,150 and 5,255 rhinoceros within these strata. In the low stratum the statistical analysis resulted in a population estimate of 306±83% of the mean or an estimate of between 47 and 565 rhinoceros at the 90% level of significance. In the very low stratum the population estimate, at the 50% level of significance, was 266 ± 50% of the mean or an estimate of between 133 and 400 rhinoceros. A comparison of the crude estimates and the refined statistical estimates illustrates close agreement.

The remaining third of the area was covered systematically and correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data. Crude estimates suggest a population of 2,800–3,000 occupying this part of the area. Assuming that this crude estimate, together with the statistical estimates for the low and very low strata, are rough approximations of the actual populations, it is statistically probable that the true population of black rhinoceros in this region lies between 6,130 and 9,220.
THE CAPTURE AND TRANSLOCATION OF THE BLACK RHINOCEROS
Authors: King J. M.
Published: September 2010

Black rhinoceroses were hunted on foot, from a vehicle, or from a helicopter throughout their range of habitats. Animals weighing 370–1,260 kg could be handled an average of 13 min after darting with a mixture of etorphine (1.9 μg/kg) and acepromazine (19 μg/kg). Cases of respiratory depression at this dosage were reversed soon after immobilisation by the intravenous injection of cyprenorphine (1.0 μg/kg). The captured animal was transported to camp, lashed on its side to a sledge, for periods of up to 515 min without mishap. A rhinoceros that was unloaded 180 min after darting rose to its feet and tried to push its way through the corner of the pen until antidote was administered at 215 min. This action was not observed in animals that received a total dose of 3.4 μg/kg of cyprenorphine before being unloaded 90–413 min after darting.

The addition of hyoscine (at doses as low as 18 μg/kg) to etorphine and acepromazine improved the tractability of rhinoceroses that were only partially immobilised. However, sometimes at this dosage and always at doses above 35 μg/kg, hyoscine prolonged the ‘pushing’ phase for 175–410 min after darting despite the administration of cyprenorphine (4.0 μg/kg).

There were no mortalities due to drug action in the series of 59 healthy rhinoceroses that were dart‐immobilised, but there were two deaths due to mishandling and one caused by subsequent mismanagement.
Patient safety incidents involving neuromuscular blockade: analysis of the UK National Reporting and Learning System data from 2006 to 2008
Authors: Arnot‐Smith J. , Smith A. F.
Published: September 2010

Neuromuscular blockade is a powerful anaesthetic tool that has the potential for significant adverse outcomes. We sought to explore the national picture by analysing incidents relating to neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia from the National Reporting and Learning System from England and Wales between 2006 and 2008. We searched the database of incidents using SNOMED CT® search terms and reading the free text of relevant incidents. There were 231 incidents arising from the use or reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents. The main themes identified were: non‐availability of drugs (45 incidents, 19%), possible unintentional awareness under general anaesthesia (42 incidents, 18%), potential allergic reaction (31 incidents, 13%), problems with reversal of blockade (13 incidents, 6%), storage (13 incidents, 6%) and prolonged apnoea (11 incidents, 5%). We make recommendations to reduce human error in the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and on future incident reporting in anaesthesia.
An intranasal administration of Lactococcus lactis strains expressing recombinant interleukin‐10 modulates acute allergic airway inflammation in a murine model
Authors: Marinho F. A. V. , Pacífico L. G. G. , Miyoshi A. , Azevedo V. , Le Loir Y. , Guimarães V. D. , Langella P. , Cassali G. D. , Fonseca C. T. , Oliveira S. C.
Published: September 2010

Background
Around 300 million people world‐wide suffer from asthma, and the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased. Much effort has been used in the study of mechanisms involved in the immune response observed in asthma to intervene for the treatment of this condition. During inflammation in asthma, Th2 cytokines and eosinophils are essential components of the host immune system. Furthermore, for therapeutic interventions against this disease, IL‐10 is an important cytokine because it has a central role in the regulation of inflammatory cascades.

Objective
To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of Lactococcus lactis strains expressing recombinant IL‐10 in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced acute airway inflammation.

Methods
L. lactis expressing recombinant IL‐10 in a cytoplasmic (LL‐CYT) or secreted form (LL‐SEC) and wild‐type (LL‐WT) were used. IL‐10 production by the recombinant strains was evaluated by ELISA. After an intranasal administration of L. lactis producing recombinant IL‐10 and the induction of acute allergic airway inflammation in mice, blood samples were collected to detect IgE anti‐OVA, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was harvested for eosinophil count. Additionally, the lungs were collected for the detection of the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity, measurement of cytokines and chemokines and evaluation of pathology.

Results
Mice that received LL‐CYT and LL‐SEC strains showed a significant decrease in eosinophils numbers, EPO activity, anti‐OVA IgE and IgG1 levels, IL‐4 and CCL3 production and pulmonary inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, compared with the asthmatic group. Only the LL‐CYT/OVA group showed reduced levels of IL‐5, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11.

Conclusion
Treatment with L. lactis producing recombinant IL‐10 used in this study (LL‐CYT and LL‐SEC) modulated experimental airway inflammation in the mouse model independently of Treg cells. Additionally, the LL‐CYT strain was more efficient in the suppression of lung inflammation.

Cite this as: F. A. V. Marinho, L. G. G. Pacífico, A. Miyoshi, V. Azevedo, Y. Le Loir, V. D. Guimarães, P. Langella, G. D. Cassali, C. T. Fonseca and S. C. Oliveira, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1541–1551.
Ectopic lymphoid tissue formation in the lungs of mice infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with epithelial macrophage inflammatory protein-2/CXCL2 expression
Authors: Fitch P M , Wheelhouse N M , Bowles P , Paterson M , Longbottom D , Entrican G , Howie S E M
Published: September 2010

Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) accounts for around 10% of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and has been associated with other chronic inflammatory conditions. We describe a C57/Bl6 murine model of Cp lung infection characterized by a dose-dependent, resolving neutrophilia followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs. By 21 days post-infection, mice exhibit a T helper type 1 (Th1) polarized serum antibody response with local mucosal antibody secretion and organization of ectopic lymphoid tissue which persisted in the absence of detectable Cp DNA. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2/CXCL2, which recruits neutrophils and lymphocytes and is associated with ectopic lymphoid tissue formation, was secreted in the lungs post-infection. In vitro, lung epithelial cells up-regulated MIP-2/CXCL2 in response to both rough lipopolysaccharide (reLPS) and Cp infection. We conclude that Cp infection can have long-term inflammatory effects on tissue that persist after clearance of active infection.
Necrotic Debris In Thyroid Aspirates: A Feature of Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Authors: HARACH H. R. , ZUSMAN S. B.
Published: September 2010

Fine needle aspirates from 44 follicular thyroid tumours (30 adenomas, 14 carcinomas) have been studied. All aspirates contained neoplastic cells in follicular and trabecular arrangements. the individual tumour cells showed varying degrees of anisonucleosis and nuclear pleomorphism. Colloid was scanty or absent from all smears. Granular or filamentous necrotic material was observed in both biopsies and smears from one moderately and two poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas, but in none of the adenomas.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of High Grade T‐Cell Lymphomas In Human T‐Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Carriers
Authors: OSHIMA K. , TANI E. , MASUDA Y. , SKOOG L. , KIKUCHI M.
Published: September 2010

We studied the fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of high grade peripheral T‐cell lymphomas from eight human T‐lymphotropic virus‐1 (HTLV‐1) positive patients. FNA smears from seven lymphomas showed a distinctive cytologic pattern with a dominance of rounded cells with irregular nuclei and a moderately basophilic cytoplasm. Irregular cells with a pale abundant cytoplasm were present in varying amounts. Some smears contained a few giant cells with cerebriform nuclei. In addition, plasma cells and eosinophils were found. Epithelioid cells were an inconstant finding. On histology these seven lymphomas were assigned to the pleomorphic medium‐large cell subtype and all but one were of T‐helper phenotype with rearrangements of the T‐cell receptor. FNA smears from a lymph node in a patient with a previous histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid papulosis of the gingiva showed a monotonous pattern of large immunoblastic cells with some binucleated variants consistent with a diagnosis of high grade immunoblastic lymphoma, which was confirmed histologically. Our results show that peripheral T‐cell lymphomas from HTLV‐1 positive patients have cytological patterns which are distinctive enough to allow a conclusive diagnosis of high grade T‐cell lymphoma. However, we do not think that the cytology of HTLV‐1 positive lymphomas can be differentiated from that of virus‐unrelated high grade T‐cell lymphomas.
Acinic Cell Tumour: A Metastasis In the Lung Diagnosed By Electron Microscopy of Aspirated Material
Authors: McCUTCHEON J. M. , MANCER K. , DARDICK I.
Published: September 2010

A case of acinic cell carcinoma, metastatic to lung is presented. Fine needle aspiration showed a low‐grade adenocarcinoma. Electron microscopy of the aspirated material, however, allowed definite preoperative diagnosis of metastatic acinic cell carcinoma. the lesion was successfully resected and diagnosis confirmed on histology. Ten years previously an acinic cell carcinoma of similar histology had been excised from the left parotid region.
European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for collecting samples for conventional and liquid‐based cytology*
Authors: Arbyn M. , Herbert A. , Schenck U. , Nieminen P. , Jordan J. , Mcgoogan E. , Patnick J. , Bergeron C. , Baldauf J‐J. , Klinkhamer P. , Bulten J. , Martin‐Hirsch P.
Published: September 2010

The current paper presents an annex in the second edition of the European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. It provides guidance on how to make a satisfactory conventional Pap smear or a liquid‐based cytology (LBC) sample.

Practitioners taking samples for cytology should first explain to the woman the purpose, the procedure and how the result will be communicated.

Three sampling methods are considered as acceptable for preparing conventional Pap smears: (i) the cervical broom; (ii) the combination of a spatula and an endocervical brush; and (iii) the extended tip spatula. Smear takers should take care to sample the entire circumference of the transformation zone, to quickly spread the cellular material over a glass slide, and to fix the preparation within a few seconds to avoid drying artefacts. According to local guidelines, one of these three methods may be preferred. Sampling with a cotton tip applicator is inappropriate.

Similar procedures should be followed for sampling cells for LBC, but only plastic devices may be used. The collected cells should be quickly transferred into a vial with fixative liquid according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the LBC system.

Subsequently, the slide or vial and the completed request form are sent to the laboratory for cytological interpretation.
Inconsistent use of host plants by the Alaskan swallowtail butterfly: adult preference experiments suggest labile oviposition strategy
Authors: MURPHY SHANNON M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. The Alaskan swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon aliaska) uses three unrelated plant species as hosts: Cnidium cnidiifolium (Apiaceae), Artemisia arctica (Asteraceae), and Petasites frigidus (Asteraceae). The research presented here investigated whether there are any consistent patterns in host choice by P. m. aliaska females.

2. The first two experiments were designed to test if P. m. aliaska host preference is constant or if it changes from day to day. If host preference is labile, the experiments were designed to also test whether a female’s diet breadth narrows or expands over time.

3. The third experiment tested the host preferences of female offspring from several wild‐caught P. m. aliaska females. If P. m. aliaska individuals are specialised in their host use, then all of the offspring from a single female would likely prefer the same host‐plant species. This experiment was also designed to test the Hopkins’ host selection principle; does the food plant on which a female is reared as a larva influence her future choices when she is searching for host plants for her own offspring?

4. The results from all of these experiments indicate that P. m. aliaska females vary greatly in their oviposition behaviour and in their preferences for the three host plants. Most populations appear to consist of generalists with labile oviposition behaviour. There is no evidence to support the Hopkins’ host selection principle.

5. It is suggested that the generalised selection of host plants by P. m. aliaska females may be a ‘bet‐hedging’ strategy and that this strategy may maximise reproductive fitness in an unpredictable environment.
Inter‐ and intra‐sexual variation in immune defence in the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: STOEHR ANDREW M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Immune defence imposes fitness costs as well as benefits, so organisms are expected to optimise, not maximise, their immune responses. This should result in variation in immune responses under varying environmental conditions.

2. Males and females are expected to exhibit different immune responses because life‐history differences between the sexes affect optimal immune response. These life‐history differences should usually result in a greater female, than male, immune defence. In this study, intra‐ and inter‐sexual variation in one component of immune defence, the encapsulation response, in cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae L.), was examined.

3. Encapsulation decreased with increasing age and in response to reduced diet quality.

4. Contrary to predictions, males generally had greater immune responses than females, although this pattern varied with age.

5. These patterns of inter‐ and intra‐sexual variation in encapsulation may result from resource‐based trade‐offs with components of reproductive effort and/or because of sexual dimorphism in melanin‐based wing patterns.
Intra‐guild predation and variation in egg defence between sympatric and allopatric populations of two species of ladybird beetles
Authors: RIEDER JULIE P. , NEWBOLD T. A. SCOTT , SATO SATORU , YASUDA HIRONORI , EVANS EDWARD W.
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Ladybird eggs are defended chemically against intra‐guild predation, and are unsuitable to varying degrees as food for other ladybirds.

2. Ladybird eggs [Coccinella septempunctata (Cs) and Harmonia axyridis (Ha); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] from local Japanese versus North American populations were compared as food for two ladybirds (Cs and Ha) co‐occurring in Japan.

3. Larvae of Cs exhibited high mortality, slow development, and reduced egg consumption and weight gain when they fed on Ha versus conspecific eggs, especially when Ha eggs were from the local (Japanese) population versus a distant (North American) population of Ha.

4. Larvae of Ha survived equally well on a diet of Cs or conspecific eggs, but developed more slowly and gained less weight on Cs eggs. Ha larvae were more reluctant to eat eggs from the local (Japanese) population of Cs than eggs from the distant (North American) population of Cs; however, other measures of performance did not differ significantly.

5. These results indicate greater egg chemical defence of Ha eggs against Cs larvae than vice versa, as expected from field observations of greater temporal overlap between Cs larvae and Ha eggs than between Ha larvae and Cs eggs. Furthermore, results also indicate that local populations of eggs are better defended than eggs from elsewhere against locally occurring intra‐guild predators. Thus, it appears that the effectiveness of chemical defence of ladybird eggs reflects the degree to which specific pairings of ladybirds have the potential to interact in nature through egg predation.
Role of floral repellents in the regulation of flower visits of extrafloral nectary‐visiting ants in an Indian crop plant
Authors: AGARWAL VIVEK MOHAN , RASTOGI NEELKAMAL
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Field investigation of the association between sponge gourd, Luffa cylindrica plants and its ant visitors revealed that five of the six most frequent species: Camponotus compressus, C. paria, Pheidole sp., Pachycondyla tesserinoda and Tetramorium sp. mainly visited the extrafloral (EF) nectaries present on the leaves, bracts, bracteoles and calyx of the plant. Tapinoma melanocephalum was the only ant species observed at the floral as well as the EF nectaries.

2. A bioassay of ant behaviour revealed aversion to young and mature unisexual flowers of sponge gourd in the five predominantly EF nectary‐visiting ant species, while floral preference was demonstrated in T. melanocephalum. A significant difference was not found in the number of insect pollinators visiting T. melanocephalum occupied and un‐occupied flowers, suggesting the absence of deterrent effect of this tiny ant species on the pollinators.

3. Further behavioural assays showed preference for 2‐ and 4‐day‐old leaves and also 2‐day‐old buds, while the 4‐day‐old buds induced avoidance in all the species. Androecium and gynoecium had significantly higher repellent effects in comparison to the petals. Thus floral repellents, probably help to reduce nectar theft and prevent loss of pollen function.

4. This aversion was not demonstrated in the case of old flowers. A significantly greater number of insect pollinators visited young and mature flowers compared with old flowers, suggesting that selective exclusion of medium‐ and large‐sized EF nectary‐visiting ant species from the flowers, as a result of aversion to floral repellents, serves to avoid the threat of attack to insect pollinators of sponge gourd.
Resource characteristics and competition affect colony and individual foraging strategies of the wood ant Formica integroides
Authors: TANNER COLBY J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Resource characteristics and competitive pressure can affect an ant colony’s foraging strategy. This study examined the ability of the wood ant Formica integroides to respond, at both the colony and individual levels, to changes in competitive pressure for access to terrestrial and arboreal resources.

2. Because foraging behaviours depend on resource characteristics, foraging for different resource types (e.g. terrestrial and arboreal habitats) produces different spatial or territorial arrangements. In this study, terrestrial contests for resources followed an interference‐exploitation tradeoff, while arboreal foragers defended entire trees as absolute territories.

3. Competitive pressure for access to arboreal resources was shown to increase with distance from F. integroides nests.

4. In this study, the ability of F. integroides to defend a resource varied with body size. Large foragers were better defenders than small foragers. For groups of foragers, the ability to defend a resource increased with the ratio of large to small foragers.

5. In response to competitive pressure, F. integroides colonies altered the size distribution of arboreal, but not terrestrial, foragers. An increase in competitive pressure was matched by an increase in the number of large foragers allocated to trees. This response to competition affected the relationship between body size and distance from the nest for arboreal foragers.

6. Foraging behaviours for individual arboreal foragers also varied with competitive pressure. As competition increased, large arboreal foragers spent more time in direct contact with the resource rather than standing between resource patches.
Floral visitation patterns of two invasive ant species and their effects on other hymenopteran visitors
Authors: LACH LORI
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Floral nectar of the native Hawaiian ‘ōhi’a tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, is an important food source for several native honeycreepers and yellow‐faced bees, Hylaeus spp., but is also attractive to invasive ants.

2. I undertook this study to compare floral visitation patterns of two widespread invasive ants, the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and the big‐headed ant, Pheidole megacephala, and to determine their effects on nectar volume and floral hymenopteran visitors.

3. In the first year of the study, Argentine ants visited inflorescences more frequently than big‐headed ants at mid‐day and in the afternoon, but did not occur in higher densities than big‐headed ants at any time of day. In the following year, Argentine ants visited inflorescences both more frequently and in higher densities than big‐headed ants. Argentine ant density had a stronger association with nectar concentration than big‐headed ant density.

4. Nectar volume did not differ between ant‐excluded and ant‐visited inflorescences for either ant species. However, ant density was negatively associated with nectar volume for both species.

5. Hylaeus spp. never visited inflorescences with big‐headed ants, while non‐native honeybees visited inflorescences with and without ants of either species in equal frequency.

6. Most studies of the effects of invasive ants on native arthropods have focused on interactions on the ground. Flowers should not be overlooked as microhabitats from which native arthropods may be displaced by invasive ants.
Development of the real‐time information network AGRONET in Finland1
Authors: RANTANEN O. , MERKKINIEMI R. , SALONEN J. , KAUKORANTA T.
Published: September 2010

A network (AGRONET) is being established in Finland. Its purpose is to connect farmers, food industry, advisory service, agricultural and environmental research and administration. Services including plant protection advisory services will be reached through the network. They utilize data base, expert system and CIS techniques. A description of an expert system for weed control is given.
α‐Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: lessons from animal studies
Authors: PETERSON R. G.
Published: September 2010

Two rat models for non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have been used in our laboratory to study the effects of α‐glucosidase inhibitors. These models become hyperglycaemic and have other characteristics which make them good models for NIDDM, and both prevention and reversal studies have been carried out; the prevention experiments were started before the animal became diabetic while the reversal groups were treated after diabetes had fully developed. In both models blood glucose was significantly lowered toward control levels using a dose of 40 mg per 100 g of diet while there was a less dramatic, but still significant, correction with half that dose. Treatment increased the weight gain of the more diabetic model (ZDF) while there was no effect of treatment on the weight of the Wistar diabetic fatty (WDF) rat. Other parameters such as glycated haemoglobins, nerve conduction velocity and nerve sugar content are also reversed with effective treatment of the hyperglycaemic condition.
Food patterns and socioeconomic indicators of food consumption amongst Inuvialuit in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Erber E. , Beck L. , Hopping B. N. , Sheehy T. , De Roose E. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Inuvialuit in the Canadian Arctic have been experiencing a nutrition transition resulting in a decrease in nutrient‐dense food consumption, which may, in part, explain this population’s increasing chronic disease rates. Because the available literature is limited, the present study aimed to document the extent of this transition by examining current dietary patterns and socioeconomic factors affecting food group consumption.

Methods:  This cross‐sectional study was conducted in three Inuvialuit communities in the Northwest Territories between 2007 and 2008. A validated food frequency questionnaire determined intake frequency of fruit and vegetables (FV), traditional foods (TF) and non‐nutrient‐dense foods (NNDF). Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed by questions on education, ownership of items in working condition used to create a Material Style of Life (MSL) scale and residents in household employed/on income support. Daily intake frequencies were compared by gender and age group using Wilcoxon rank sum test. SES association with food group intake was determined using logistic regression.

Results:  The response rate was 65–85%. One hundred and seventy‐five participants were female and 55 were male, aged 19–84 years [mean (SD) 44 (14)]. Mean frequencies of FV and TF consumption were 1.6 (1.5) and 1.6 (1.7) times per day, respectively. NNDF were reported 9.2 (3.0) times per day. The highest MSL score (>12) was significantly associated with higher fruit (≥0.7 times per day) and higher TF intake (≥1.1 times per day) compared with the lowest score (≤7). An intermediate MSL score (8–12) was related to higher vegetable consumption (≥0.4 times per day).

Conclusions:  NNDF were consumed approximately seven times more frequently than TF in the present study, indicating that the dietary transition is well underway amongst Inuvialuit. Participants with higher SES were more likely to consume nutrient‐dense foods, suggesting possible cost barriers.
Awareness of chronic disease diagnosis amongst family members is associated with healthy dietary knowledge but not behaviour amongst Inuit in Arctic Canada
Authors: Pakseresht M. , Mead E. , Gittelsohn J. , Roache C. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2010

Background:  The extent to which awareness of chronic disease (CD) diagnosis affects one’s healthy food knowledge, self‐efficacy and intentions or healthy dietary and physical activity (PA) behaviours remains unexplored among Inuit in Canada.

Methods:  A food frequency questionnaire and an adult impact questionnaire were used in a cross‐sectional study to collect self‐reported data on daily energy and nutrient intake, PA and the diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and cancer amongst adult Inuit and their family members. Associations between awareness of personal and family CD status and healthy food knowledge, self‐efficacy and intentions, percentage of energy consumed from non‐nutrient‐dense foods and PA were assessed via ordinal logistic regression.

Results:  Of the 266 participants, those who self‐reported CD for both themselves and their relative(s) were more likely to have high healthy food knowledge [odds ratio (OR) = 2.45] than those who did not. Reporting hypertension and heart disease amongst only relatives increased the likelihood of high knowledge (OR = 5.20) and intentions (OR = 5.10) for healthy eating. Heart disease in both participants and their relatives was associated with high levels of PA (OR = 12.24). However, there were no associations when only participants (but not their relatives) reported having CD. A joint effect between a high level of education and awareness of CD was positively related to high food knowledge (OR = 38.93). An inverse association between awareness of CD and unhealthy eating was not observed.

Conclusions:  Awareness of a relative having a CD was a more important factor in increasing knowledge and, to a lesser degree, self‐efficacy or intentions to eat healthy than participants’ awareness of personal CD. However, awareness was not associated with lower non‐nutrient‐dense food intake.
Validation of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Inuit population in Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Pakseresht M. , Sharma S.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Validation of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) developed specifically for Inuit is necessary to determine its usefulness in assessing dietary intake and adequacy and in identifying dietary risk factors for chronic disease in this population.

Methods:  Seventy‐five randomly selected Inuit adults in Nunavut, Canada, were recruited. Mean daily intake of nutrients from one to three 24‐h recalls was used as the reference to measure QFFQ validity. Crude and energy‐adjusted Spearman rank correlations (ρ), cross classification and weighted kappa were computed as measures of concordance. Bland–Altman plotting was used for additional assessment.

Results:  Excluding four participants with daily energy intake of >25.1 MJ, 71 participants were included in the analysis. For all nutrients, mean daily intake from the QFFQ was higher than the recall. ρ’s for macronutrients were in the range 0.71 for carbohydrate to 0.25 for protein. The best ρ amongst micronutrients was observed for vitamin C (0.66). Overall correlation between the two dietary tools improved after correction for within‐person variance (from 0.46 to 0.49), although adjusting for energy did not improve the overall coefficient. When nutrient intakes were categorised into quartiles, the QFFQ and 24‐h recalls indicated relative agreement proportion (same or adjacent quartiles) of 83% for energy, 94% for total sugar, 83% for macronutrients and 77% for micronutrients. Bland–Altman plots showed a tendency for increased scatter of the differences in nutrients at higher intakes.

Conclusions:  The QFFQ developed is valid and can be used to assess usual dietary intake and dietary adequacy, determine the contribution of foods to specific nutrient intakes, and identify dietary risk factors for chronic disease amongst this population.
Pushing north one bottleneck at a time: site frequency spectra tell the history of Sitka spruce
Authors: GERALDES ARMANDO , KANE NOLAN C.
Published: September 2010

Reconstructing the history of populations is a longstanding goal of molecular ecologists. In addition to a better understanding of the past, it is hoped that this knowledge would also facilitate predictions regarding species’ responses to future events such as climate change. The traditional way of doing this is through the fossil record, but these historical records are often incomplete. Inferring historical demography from patterns of nucleotide variability can help to fill these gaps. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Holliday et al. (2010) glimpse into the demographic past of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis, an economically and ecologically important species native to northwestern United States and Canada, by examining the site frequency spectrum (SFS) of 153 loci in six populations covering the species entire range.
Case of Paracoccus yeei infection documented in a transplanted heart
Authors: Schweiger M. , Stiegler P. , Scarpatetti M. , Wasler A. , Sereinigg M. , Prenner G. , Tscheliessnigg K.
Published: September 2010

M. Schweiger, P. Stiegler, M. Scarpatetti, A. Wasler, M. Sereinigg, G. Prenner, K. Tscheliessnigg. Case of Paracoccus yeei infection documented in a transplanted heart. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 200–203. All rights reserved

Abstract: After a successful cardiac transplantation, routine endomyocardial biopsies showed severe infiltrates comparable with myocarditis. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of native myocardial samples revealed infection with Paracoccus yeei, and the clinical condition of the patient deteriorated. After administration of ciprofloxacin, his clinical condition improved, and further biopsies showed no infiltrates in the cardiac specimens. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of P. yeei infection in a heart transplant patient.
Effect of an intravenous infusion of lidocaine on cisatracurium‐induced neuromuscular block duration: a randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: HANS G. A. , DEFRESNE A. , KI B. , BONHOMME V. , KABA A. , LEGRAIN C. , BRICHANT J. F , HANS P. C.
Published: September 2010

Background: Intravenous lidocaine can be used intraoperatively for its analgesic and antihyperalgesic properties but local anaesthetics may also prolong the duration of action of neuromuscular blocking agents. We hypothesized that intravenous lidocaine would prolong the time to recovery of neuromuscular function after cisatracurium.

Methods: Forty‐two patients were enrolled in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Before induction, patients were administered either a 1.5 mg/kg bolus of intravenous lidocaine followed by a 2 mg/kg/h infusion or an equal volume of saline. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained using propofol and remifentanil infusions. After loss of consciousness, a 0.15 mg/kg bolus of cisatracurium was administered. No additional cisatracurium injection was allowed. Neuromuscular function was assessed every 20 s using kinemyography. The primary endpoint was the time to spontaneous recovery of a train‐of‐four (TOF) ratio ≥0.9.

Results: The time to spontaneous recovery of a TOF ratio ≥0.9 was 94 ± 15 min in the control group and 98 ± 16 min in the lidocaine group (P=0.27).

Conclusions: No significant prolongation of spontaneous recovery of a TOF ratio ≥0.9 after cisatracurium was found in patients receiving intravenous lidocaine.
A novel mechanism of abscission in fronds of Lemna minor L. and the effect of silver ions
Authors: Topp C. , Henke R. , Keresztes Á. , Fischer W. , Eberius M. , Appenroth K.‐J.
Published: September 2010

Lemna minor L. (duckweed) forms colonies through vegetative propagation because mother fronds remain connected for some time with their daughter fronds by stipes. The colony size is controlled by abscission of stipes at a specific preformed abscission zone. Application of silver ions (Ag+) enhances the rate of frond abscission, thus resulting in smaller colonies. The mechanism behind this process has not yet been identified. Silver caused an abscission response that saturated after 7 h of treatment. The half‐maximal effective concentration was 0.72 μm Ag+ for the standard clone, L. minor St. Other clones of the same species show sensitivities that differ by one order of magnitude. Transmission electron microscopy revealed: (i) large numbers of vesicles close to the plasmalemma in cells adjacent to the abscission zone, which proves a vesicular type secretory activity; and (ii) a moderately electron‐dense secretion accumulated in the enlarging intercellular spaces, and seemed to flow from the adjacent cells towards the abscission zone. We assume that increasing pressure causes this material to push apart the cells, thereby causing the break in the abscission zone of the stipe. This is a novel mechanism of abscission that has not previously been described. The same mechanism occurs in stipes of both control and Ag+‐treated samples. Silver ions only accelerate the process leading to abscission of stipes, without affecting the mechanism involved.
Estimates of genetic parameters for conformation measures and scores in Finnhorse and Standardbred foals
Authors: Schroderus E. , Ojala M.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for conformation measures and scores in the Finnhorse and the Standardbred foals presented in foal shows. Studied traits included height at withers and at croup, six subjectively evaluated conformation traits and overall grade. Data were from 10‐year period (1995–2004) and consisted of 5821 Finnhorse foals (1–3 years old) with 7644 records and 2570 Standardbred foals (1–2 years old) with 2864 records. Variance components were estimated with REML – animal model using VCE4 program. The model included age class, year of judging, sex and region as fixed effects, and additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual as random effects. Estimates of heritability for measured traits were very high in both breeds (0.88–0.90). Estimates of heritability for conformation traits varied from 0.13 to 0.32 in the Finnhorse and from 0.06 to 0.47 in the Standardbred. In both breeds, estimates of heritability were lowest for hooves and movements at walk, and highest for type and body conformation among scored traits. Estimate of heritability for overall grade was in the Finnhorse 0.32 and in the Standardbred 0.34. Genetic correlations between overall grade and different conformation traits were 0.35–0.84 in the Finnhorse and 0.31–0.88 in the Standardbred. Thus, selection based on the overall grade would improve all studied characteristics.
An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts
Authors: Clark Malcolm R. , Tittensor Derek P.
Published: September 2010

Stony (scleractinian) corals are common on seamounts and can form extensive reef‐like structures which in turn provide important habitat for associated species. Aggregations of fish also occur on seamounts, which in recent decades have become the target of commercial bottom trawl fisheries that have damaging impacts on benthic communities. Such fisheries occur throughout the world’s oceans, and the majority are located on seamounts about which little is known of their biodiversity or likely fisheries impact. Here we develop an index of risk for stony corals on seamount summits. The index combines a metric of vulnerability measured by the coincidence of seamount summits, target fish ranges and likelihood of coral presence with an assessment of likely fisheries impact derived from a fishing intensity effects study and fishing effort‐catch data. We provide spatial maps depicting the locations of vulnerable seamount features, and those at particular risk to bottom trawling. Application of the risk index may help to provide guidance to fisheries or environmental managers faced with balancing fisheries management and habitat conservation.