bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miR-4463 regulates aromatase expression and activity for 17β-estradiol synthesis in response to follicle-stimulating hormone
Authors: Lee Su-Yeon , Kang Youn-Jung , Kwon Jinie , Nishi Yoshihiro , Yanase Toshihiko , Lee Kyung-Ah , Koong Mi Kyoung
Published: August 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate microRNAs (miRNAs) related to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responsiveness using miRNA microarrays and to identify their target genes to determine the molecular regulatory pathways involved in FSH signaling in KGN cells.Methods: To change the cellular responsiveness to FSH, KGN cells were treated with FSH receptor (FSHR)-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) followed by FSH. miRNA expression profiles were determined through miRNA microarray analysis. Potential target genes of selected miRNAs were predicted using bioinformatics tools, and their regulatory function was confirmed in KGN cells.Results: We found that six miRNAs (miR-1261, miR-130a-3p, miR-329-3p, miR-185-5p, miR-144-5p and miR-4463) were differentially expressed after FSHR siRNA treatment in KGN cells. Through a bioinformatics analysis, we showed that these miRNAs were predicted to regulate a large number of genes, which we narrowed down to cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1) and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) as the main targets for miR-4463. Functional analysis revealed that miR-4463 is a regulatory factor for aromatase expression and function in KGN cells.Conclusion: In this study, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs related to FSH responsiveness. In particular, upregulation of miR-4463 expression by FSHR deficiency in human granulosa cells impaired 17β-estradiol synthesis by targeting CYP19A1 and ESR1. Therefore, our data might provide novel candidates for molecular biomarkers for use in research into poor responders.
Wer ist Autor einer Rechtsnorm?
Authors: Strauß Kathrin
Published: August 2020

Die Frage nach der Autorenschaft einer Rechtsnorm birgt gewisse Schwierigkeiten für die Rechtswissenschaft . Das zeigen schon die jüngst wieder vermehrt geführten Debatten um den Willen des Gesetzgebers und - angesichts des vergangenen Jubiläumsjahr des Grundgesetzes - um die Entwicklung der Verfassung und der Verfassungsordnung über die 70 Jahre ihres Bestehens. Im aktuellen Privatrecht sind ähnliche Debatten schon spätestens seit der Befassung mit der Umdeutung zivilrechtlicher Kodifikationen im Nationalsozialismus prävalent.

Die Abhandlung untersucht, wer gemeint ist, wenn wir vom Autor einer Norm sprechen. Sie greift auf sozialontologische Erkenntnisse zurück, um den Beitrag des Autors zur Rechtsnorm zu erfassen und wendet sich den Beiträgen zu, die andere Akteure als der Autor zur Erschaffung, Erhaltung und Aktualisierung einer Rechtsnorm leisten.
Open Praxis vol. 12 issue 2
Authors: Gil-Jaurena, various authors Inés
Published: August 2020

This second Open Praxis issue in 2020 includes nine research papers.
Proje Karmaşıklığının Ölçümlenmesine Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi
Authors: GÜRELER Ezgi , SOYER Ayberk
Published: August 2020

Proje yönetimi; entegrasyon, kapsam, zaman, maliyet, kalite, insan kaynağı, iletişim, tedarik ve risk yönetimi konularına odaklanmaktadır. Proje karmaşıklığı bu başlıkların hiçbiri altında değerlendirilemeyen; ancak projelerin başarılı bir şekilde yönetilmesi ve sonuçlanmasında önemli bir etkiye sahip olan farklı bir konudur. Dolayısıyla proje karmaşıklığının, farklı birçok açıdan değerlendirilmesi gereken bir proje yönetim boyutu olarak düşünülmesi ve proje yönetim sürecinde mutlaka dikkate alınması gerekmektedir.
Proje karmaşıklığının yönetilebilir hale gelmesi için projeleri yönetirken karmaşıklık yaratacak her bir faktörün ve etkilerinin net olarak tanımlanması ve ölçümlenmesi gerekmektedir. Tanımlanan faktörlerin etkin ve kolay bir şekilde ölçümlenebilmesi, ancak faktörlerin sistematik olarak bir araya getirilmesiyle mümkün olmaktadır. Ayrıca bütünsel açıdan bakıldığında, bu yaklaşım, ilk bakışta tespit edilemeyen faktörlerin de ortaya çıkarılmasını mümkün hale getirmektedir. Bu sebeple proje karmaşıklığının ölçümlenmesine yönelik oluşturulmuş çerçeveler ve bu çerçevelerde yer alan boyutlar, proje karmaşıklığının tanımlanması ve ölçümlenmesi için kritik öneme sahiptir.
Bu çalışma, projelerde karmaşıklığın ölçümlenmesine yönelik yeni bir model geliştirmek ve proje yönetim süreçlerine katkı sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında literatürde proje karmaşıklığına yönelik yapılan tanımlar, karmaşıklığı etkileyen faktörler ve bu faktörlere yönelik yapılan sınıflandırmalar, oluşturulan boyutlar ve karmaşıklık ölçüm araçları araştırılmış ve proje karmaşıklığının ölçümlenmesine yönelik yeni bir model önerisi sunulmuştur. Sunulan model, dijital bankacılık projelerinde karmaşıklığın ölçümlenmesine yönelik bir uygulamada kullanılmıştır. Uygulama ile ele alınan projelerin karmaşıklaşmasına en çok katkı sağlayan temel faktörler ve alt faktörler belirlenmiş ve alternatif projelerin karmaşıklık seviyeleri kıyaslanmıştır. Projeyi yönetmeyi karmaşık hale getiren unsurları tanımlamak ve proje yönetimi için ortak bir anlayış sağlamak, hem akademik çalışmalara hem de proje uygulayıcılarına bu unsurların nasıl yönetileceği konusunda yardımcı olacaktır.
Nikel Kaplanmış Alüminyum Levhaların Sürtünme Karıştırma Nokta Kaynağı ile Birleştirilebilirliğinin İncelenmesi
Authors: KALENDER Murathan , ULUPINAR Halil , BOZKURT Yahya
Published: August 2020

Endüstride üretilen ürünlerin üzerinde çok çeşitli kaynaklı birleştirmeler yapılabilmektedir. Klasik ergitme kaynak yöntemlerinde oluşan sıcaklığa bağlı olarak kaynak bölgesinde gözenek, sıcak çatlak, yüksek ısı girdisi nedeniyle çarpılma ve kimyasal element kaybı gibi problemler meydana gelmektedir. Sürtünme karıştırma nokta kaynağında bu hatalar elimine edildiğinden dolayı farklı malzemelerin birleştirme işlemlerinde sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Yöntem ile hem aynı cins hem de farklı malzeme kombinasyonlarında kaynak yapmak mümkündür. Sürtünme karıştırma nokta kaynağı, birçok avantajı nedeniyle, otomotiv ve havacılık sektörleri dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli endüstrilerden büyük ilgi görmüş olan bir katı hal kaynak prosesidir. Al, Cu, Mg ve polietilen gibi malzemelerin kaynağı bu kaynak yöntemi ile sorunsuz bir şekilde yapılabilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, nikel kaplanmış ve kaplanmamış AA2024-T3 levhalar sabit kaynak parametreleri kullanılarak sürtünme karıştırma nokta kaynak tekniği ile birleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen mekanik ve mikroyapısal deneyler sonucunda birleştirilen parçaların mekanik özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Dissociable control of unconditioned responses and associative fear learning by parabrachial CGRP neurons
Authors: Bowen Anna J , Chen Jane Y , Huang Y Waterlily , Baertsch Nathan A , Park Sekun , Palmiter Richard D
Published: August 2020

Parabrachial CGRP neurons receive diverse threat-related signals and contribute to multiple phases of adaptive threat responses in mice, with their inactivation attenuating both unconditioned behavioral responses to somatic pain and fear-memory formation. Because CGRPPBN neurons respond broadly to multi-modal threats, it remains unknown how these distinct adaptive processes are individually engaged. We show that while three partially separable subsets of CGRPPBN neurons broadly collateralize to their respective downstream partners, individual projections accomplish distinct functions: hypothalamic and extended amygdalar projections elicit assorted unconditioned threat responses including autonomic arousal, anxiety, and freezing behavior, while thalamic and basal forebrain projections generate freezing behavior and, unexpectedly, contribute to associative fear learning. Moreover, the unconditioned responses generated by individual projections are complementary, with simultaneous activation of multiple sites driving profound freezing behavior and bradycardia that are not elicited by any individual projection. This semi-parallel, scalable connectivity schema likely contributes to flexible control of threat responses in unpredictable environments.
Cassia oleoresin Mediated Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay
Authors: Anjana G. , Roy Anitha , Rajeshkumar S. , Ezhilarasan D.
Published: August 2020

Cassia oleoresin is an extract isolated from dried barks of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (family Lauracea). The plant has been reported to have anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertriglyceridemic effect, mainly due to its phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and volatile compounds. Cinnamon also helps in arthritis, fibromyalgia and psoriasis. The aim of this study was to prepare  magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Cassia oleoresin and to evaluate the cytotoxic effect on Brine shrimp. The magnesium oxide nanoparticle was prepared from magnesium chloride and Cassia oleoresin and was confirmed by UV- Visible Spectroscopy and morphology was confirmed by TEM. Brine shrimps lethality bioassay was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of Cassia oleoresin mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Ten brine shrimp nauplii were placed in each well of the Eliza plate and filled with 5 µL ,10 µL ,15 µL ,20 µL ,25 µL of Cassia oleoresin mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticles After 24 hours of incubation, the wells were observed and the number of surviving brine shrimp nauplii were counted to assess the cytotoxicity. The UV -Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 400 peak and TEM analysis showed a particle size of 70 nm. After 24 hours incubation of the brine shrimps in the nanoparticle solution, all 10 brine shrimps survived in 5µL and 10 µL concentrations. 3 brine shrimps nauplii survived in 15µL conc. 1 brine shrimp nauplii survived in 20µL and 25µL concentrations each. Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that at low concentrations the prepared nanoparticle was safe and may be used for biomedical application.
Hydrodynamic Force on the Vertical Wall of a Portable Water Storage Tank: Nonlinear Peregrine Model
Authors: Park Jinsoo , So Soohyun , Jang Taek Soo
Published: August 2020

In this study, the motion of free-surface generated by vertically dropping water through a nozzle into a portable water storage tank with a convex bottom in calm conditions was numerically simulated using the nonlinear Peregrine model. The hydrodynamic force at the vertical wall was calculated after measuring the maximum run-up amplitude of the free-surface. The degree of improvement of the results using a nonlinear model was identified by its comparison with numerical results using the linear Peregrine model. Finally, it is expected that the hydrodynamic forces on the vertical wall of the storage tank with a convex bottom can be reduced to a certain extent compared to the concave bottom and can therefore be utilized as basic data for the structural design of an ideal storage tank.
Development of Fire Risk Assessment Index of Traditional Market
Authors: Kim TaeHyeung , Lee KyungSu , Lee JaeOu
Published: August 2020

Each store in a traditional market is operated by individual merchants, which are vulnerable to fire hazards. In addition, the facilities themselves tend to be old and have management problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fire response system of a traditional market and determining specific problems for fire and safety experts. Analysis results indicated that the electric supply field was the most important and primary parameter. In the electric supply field, the facility characteristics were the most important and in the facility characteristics, the use of standard cables and connection status management were important management factors. In the field of public/store management, which is the first-tier second location, the facility characteristics were the most important. In the facility characteristics, the management of the components for emergency fire extinguishing was the most important management factor. In the gas field, which is the first-tier third location, the facility characteristics were the most important and the facility adequacy is the most important management factor. The importance scores calculated for each management factor can be standardized to create a 100-point evaluation indicator. Continuous monitoring of fires in a traditional market through this evaluation index will make the traditional markets safer from fire hazards.
Development of a Partial Repair Process for Sewer Lines to Prevent Ground Subsidence in Urban Areas
Authors: Hong Seok In , Yang Won Jik
Published: August 2020

Ground subsidence and pollutant runoff due to old sewer lines have been considered a major urban problem. Accordingly, the central and local governments are continuously making efforts to repair the sewage lines. In this study, an economical sewage line repair method based on glass fiber was developed, and its performance was evaluated. In the case of physical characteristics, it was found that the new method can secure more stability and strength compared to the existing sewer pipe repair method. In addition, it was found that economic efficiency was effectively improved by more than 10% in sewage pipes of 300 mm or more and 28%, which is the maximum value in 900 mm pipes, compared to the existing, similar process. In particular, since 70% of domestic sewer pipes are composed of pipes with a diameter of 300 mm or more, the partial repair method developed through this study is expected to be economically beneficial for sewer pipe repairs in the future.
Debris Flow Behavioral Characteristic Based on Rheological Properties: A Case Study on Mt. Hwangnyeong and Mt. Umyeon
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Jin , Kim Yun-Tae
Published: August 2020

Debris flow, one of the major natural disasters in Korea, usually occurs because of heavy rainfall during the rainy season. Recently in Korea, rainfall, as well as the frequency of debris flow, has continually increased as a result of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the debris flow behavior for hazard mitigation and damage assessment. In this study, vane-type rheometer tests were conducted to estimate the rheological properties (viscosity, yield stress) of two soil samples collected from Mt. Hwangnyeong and Mt. Umyeon Several series of small-scale flume experiments were also performed to evaluate the characteristics of the debris flow behaviors (flow velocity, runout distance, and deposition volume) of these two sites. The results of the experiments show that front velocity, runout distance, and deposition volume of the debris flow gradually decrease with increase in viscosity and yield stress. Especially in the case of the Mt. Hwangnyeong sample, which has a high fine content, experimental results showed that the rate of increase in front velocity, runout distance, and deposition volume tended to high as viscosity and yield stress decreased compared to Mt. Umyeon.
Immunometabolic function of the transcription cofactor VGLL3 provides an evolutionary rationale for sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity
Authors: Pagenkopf Adam , Liang Yun
Published: August 2020

Sexual dimorphism is exhibited remarkably in the female predominance of autoimmune diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, female‐to‐male ratio 9 : 1). To understand the female bias in autoimmunity, we focused on vestigial‐like family member 3 (VGLL3), a molecule with increased expression in females and known to promote autoimmunity. We report that VGLL3 mediates the cellular stress response by upregulating p53 and IL‐17C. Energy stress allows VGLL3 to be induced by IFNα, which ultimately leads to p53‐dependent, lupus‐associated, inflammatory cell death. Our results suggest that female‐biased expression of VGLL3 helps cells adapt to metabolic stress, which, intriguingly, is known as a significant challenge during the evolution of placental mammals due to the need to feed a developing embryo. The findings also uncover the importance of maintaining metabolic homeostasis in the prevention of autoimmunity.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Biosensing for Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Min Jouha , Son Taehwang , Hong Jae‐Sang , Cheah Pike See , Wegemann Andreas , Murlidharan Koushik , Weissleder Ralph , Lee Hakho , Im Hyungsoon
Published: August 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs)—nanoscale phospholipid vesicles secreted by cells—present new opportunities for molecular diagnosis from non‐invasive liquid biopsies. Single EV protein analysis can be extremely valuable in studying EVs as circulating cancer biomarkers, but it is technically challenging due to weak detection signals associated with limited amounts of epitopes and small surface areas for antibody labeling. Here, a new, simple method that enables multiplexed analyses of EV markers with improved sensitivities is reported. Specifically, plasmon‐enhanced fluorescence detection is implemented that amplifies fluorescence signals using surface plasmon resonances excited by periodic gold nanohole structures. It is shown that fluorescence signals in multiple channels are amplified by one order of magnitude, and both transmembrane and intravesicular markers can be detected at the single EV level. This approach can offer additional insight into understanding subtypes, heterogeneity, and production dynamics of EVs during disease development and progression.
EWSAT1 Acts in Concert with Exosomes in Osteosarcoma Progression and Tumor‐Induced Angiogenesis: The “Double Stacking Effect”
Authors: Tao Shi‐Cong , Huang Ji‐Yan , Wei Zhan‐Ying , Li Zi‐Xiang , Guo Shang‐Chun
Published: August 2020

The prognosis for osteosarcoma (OS) continues to be unsatisfactory due to tumor recurrence as a result of metastasis and drug resistance. Several studies have shown that Ewing sarcoma associated transcript 1 (EWSAT1) plays an important role in the progression of OS. Exosomes (Exos) act as important carriers in intercellular communication and play an important role in the tumor microenvironment, especially in tumor‐induced angiogenesis. Nonetheless, the specific mechanism via which EWSAT1 and Exos regulate OS progression is unknown, and whether they can be effective therapeutic targets also requires verification. Hence, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of EWSAT1 and Exos. EWSAT1 significantly promotes proliferation, migration, colony formation, and survival of OS. EWSAT1 regulates OS‐induced angiogenesis via two mechanisms, called the “double stacking effect,” which is a combination of the increase in sensitivity/reactivity of vascular endothelial cells triggered by Exos‐carrying EWSAT1, and the EWSAT1‐induced increase in angiogenic factor secretion. In vivo experiments further validates the “double stacking effect” and shows that EWSAT1‐KD effectively inhibits tumor growth in OS. The above observations indicate that EWSAT1 can be used as not only a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker, but also as a precise therapeutic target for OS.
Recent Progress on Topological Structures in Ferroic Thin Films and Heterostructures
Authors: Chen Shanquan , Yuan Shuai , Hou Zhipeng , Tang Yunlong , Zhang Jinping , Wang Tao , Li Kang , Zhao Weiwei , Liu Xingjun , Chen Lang , Martin Lane W. , Chen Zuhuang
Published: August 2020

Topological spin/polarization structures in ferroic materials continue to draw great attention as a result of their fascinating physical behaviors and promising applications in the field of high‐density nonvolatile memories as well as future energy‐efficient nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. Such developments have been made, in part, based on recent advances in theoretical calculations, the synthesis of high‐quality thin films, and the characterization of their emergent phenomena and exotic phases. Herein, progress over the last decade in the study of topological structures in ferroic thin films and heterostructures is explored, including the observation of topological structures and control of their structures and emergent physical phenomena through epitaxial strain, layer thickness, electric, magnetic fields, etc. First, the evolution of topological spin structures (e.g., magnetic skyrmions) and associated functionalities (e.g., topological Hall effect) in magnetic thin films and heterostructures is discussed. Then, the exotic polar topologies (e.g., domain walls, closure domains, polar vortices, bubble domains, and polar skyrmions) and their emergent physical properties in ferroelectric oxide films and heterostructures are explored. Finally, a brief overview and prospectus of how the field may evolve in the coming years is provided.
A High‐Energy Aqueous Manganese–Metal Hydride Hybrid Battery
Authors: Yang Meng , Chen Ru , Shen Yinlin , Zhao Xiangyu , Shen Xiaodong
Published: August 2020

Aqueous rechargeable batteries show great application prospects in large‐scale energy storage because of their reliable safety and low cost. However, a key challenge in developing this battery system lies in its low energy density. Herein, a high‐energy manganese–metal hydride (Mn–MH) hybrid battery is reported in which a Mn‐based cathode operated by the Mn2+/MnO2 deposition–dissolution reactions, a hydrogen‐storage alloy anode that absorbs and desorbs hydrogen in an alkaline solution, and a proton‐exchange membrane separator are employed. Given the benefit derived from the high solubility and high specific capacity of the Lewis acidic MnCl2 in the cathode and the low electrode potential of the MH anode, this aqueous Mn–MH hybrid battery exhibits impressive electrochemical properties with admirable discharge voltage plateaus up to 2.2 V, a competitive energy density of about 240 Wh kg−1 (based on the total mass of the 5.5 m MnCl2 solution and the hydrogen storage alloy electrode system), good cycling stability over 130 cycles, and a desirable rate capability. This work demonstrates a new strategy for achieving high‐performance and low‐cost aqueous rechargeable batteries.
Proximity‐Coupling‐Induced Significant Enhancement of Coercive Field and Curie Temperature in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Luman , Huang Xinyu , Dai Hongwei , Wang Mingshan , Cheng Hui , Tong Lei , Li Zheng , Han Xiaotao , Wang Xia , Ye Lei , Han Junbo
Published: August 2020

Magnetism in 2D has long been the focus of condensed matter physics due to its important applications in spintronic devices. A particularly promising aspect of 2D magnetism is the ability to fabricate 2D heterostructures with engineered optical, electrical, and quantum properties. Recently, the discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetisms in atomic thick materials has provided a new platform for investigations of fundamental magnetic physics. In contrast to 2D CrI3 and Cr2Ge2Te6 insulators, itinerant ferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2 (FGT), which has a larger intrinsic perpendicular anisotropy, higher Curie temperature (TC), and relatively better stability, is a promising candidate for achieving permanent room‐temperature ferromagnetism through interface or component engineering. Here, it is shown that the ferromagnetic properties of FGT thin flakes can be modulated through coupling with a FePS3. The magneto‐optical Kerr effect results show that the TC of FGT is improved by more than 30 K and that the coercive field is increased by ≈100% due to the proximity coupling effect, which changes the spin textures of FGT at the interface. This work reveals that antiferromagnet/ferromagnet coupling is a promising way to engineer the magnetic properties of itinerant 2D ferromagnets, which paves the way for applications in advanced magnetic spintronic and memory devices.
Embedded Nickel‐Mesh Transparent Electrodes for Highly Efficient and Mechanically Stable Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics: Toward a Portable Mobile Energy Source
Authors: Li Meng , Zuo Wei‐Wei , Ricciardulli Antonio Gaetano , Yang Ying‐Guo , Liu Yan‐Hua , Wang Qiong , Wang Kai‐Li , Li Gui‐Xiang , Saliba Michael , Di Girolamo Diego , Abate Antonio , Wang Zhao‐Kui
Published: August 2020

The rapid development of Internet of Things mobile terminals has accelerated the market's demand for portable mobile power supplies and flexible wearable devices. Here, an embedded metal‐mesh transparent conductive electrode (TCE) is prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using a novel selective electrodeposition process combined with inverted film‐processing methods. This embedded nickel (Ni)‐mesh flexible TCE shows excellent photoelectric performance (sheet resistance of ≈0.2–0.5 Ω sq−1 at high transmittance of ≈85–87%) and mechanical durability. The PET/Ni‐mesh/polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS PH1000) hybrid electrode is used as a transparent electrode for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which exhibit excellent electric properties and remarkable environmental and mechanical stability. A power conversion efficiency of 17.3% is obtained, which is the highest efficiency for a PSC based on flexible transparent metal electrodes to date. For perovskite crystals that require harsh growth conditions, their mechanical stability and environmental stability on flexible transparent embedded metal substrates are studied and improved. The resulting flexible device retains 76% of the original efficiency after 2000 bending cycles. The results of this work provide a step improvement in flexible PSCs.
A Quantitative Bacteria Monitoring and Killing Platform Based on Electron Transfer from Bacteria to a Semiconductor
Authors: Wang Guomin , Tang Kaiwei , Meng Zheyi , Liu Pei , Mo Shi , Mehrjou Babak , Wang Huaiyu , Liu Xuanyong , Wu Zhengwei , Chu Paul K.
Published: August 2020

A platform with both bacteria killing and sensing capabilities is crucial for monitoring the entire bacteria‐related process on biomaterials and biomedical devices. Electron transfer (ET) between the bacteria and a Au‐loaded semiconductor (ZnO) is observed to be the primary factor for effective bacteria sensing and fast bacteria killing. The electrons produce a saturation current that varies linearly with the bacteria number, semi‐logarithmically, with R2 of 0.98825, thus providing an excellent tool to count bacteria quantitatively in real‐time. Furthermore, ET leads to continuous electron loss killing of about 80% of Escherichia coli in only 1 h without light. The modularity and extendability of this ET‐based platform are also demonstrated by the excellent results obtained from other semiconductor/substrate systems and the stability is confirmed by recycling tests. The underlying mechanism for the dual functions is not due to conventional attributed Zn2+ leaching or photocatalysis but instead electrical interactions upon direct contact. The results reveal the capability of real‐time detection of bacteria based on ET while providing information about the antibacterial behavior of ZnO‐based materials especially in the early stage. The concept can be readily incorporated into the design of smart and miniaturized devices that can sense and kill bacteria simultaneously.
The Formation of the Solid/Liquid Electrolyte Interphase (SLEI) on NASICON‐Type Glass Ceramics and LiPON
Authors: Busche Martin R. , Weiss Manuel , Leichtweiss Thomas , Fiedler Carsten , Drossel Thomas , Geiss Matthias , Kronenberger Achim , Weber Dominik A. , Janek Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Most electrochemical energy storages (battery cells) consist of solid electrodes separated by a liquid electrolyte. If electrode materials are—at least partially—soluble in the electrolyte, detrimental mass transport between both electrodes (electrode cross‐talk) occurs. The shuttle mechanism in lithium–sulfur batteries and leaching of Mn in high voltage cathode materials are important examples. Implementing a solid electrolyte (SE) membrane between the electrodes is a comprehensible approach to suppress undesired mass transport but additional resistances arise due to charge transport across the SE and charge transfer through the solid/liquid electrolyte interfaces. The latter contribution is often overlooked as its determination is challenging; however, these interface properties are crucial for practical application. In previous work, a resistive solid/liquid electrolyte interphase “SLEI” has been found at the interface between the SE lithium aluminum germanium phosphate in contact with a liquid ether‐based electrolyte. Here, the aim is deeper insight into this interphase formation, referring to a lithium‐ion conducting glass ceramic (NASICON‐type) and the commonly used thin‐film ion conductor lithium phosphorous oxide nitride. The growth of the SLEI is monitored by a combination of electrochemical characterization, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Multi‐Interface‐Modulated CoS2@MoS2 Nanoarrays Derived by Predesigned Germanomolybdate Polymer Showing Ultrahighly Electrocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Wide pH Range
Authors: Hou Yan , Pang Haijun , Xin Jianjiao , Ma Huiyuan , Li Bonan , Wang Xinming , Tan Lichao
Published: August 2020

The development of non‐noble metal materials for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in wide pH range is still a challenge at present. Herein, a predesigned polyoxometalate (POM)‐based metal–organic polymer {L3Co2 · 6H2O}[H3GeMo12O40] · 9H2O (L = 1,2,4‐triazole) is employed as bimetallic source together with thiourea converting to CoS2@MoS2 on carbon cloth (CC) (abbreviated to CoS2@MoS2@CC) for the first time. Impressively, the CoS2@MoS2 in the form of vertically interconnected nanoarrays with multiple interfaces are grown in situ on CC and act as electrodes directly for HER. The CoS2@MoS2@CC‐30h composite exhibits superb activity and long‐durability in both acidic and alkaline media. Low overpotential is achieved in 0.5 m H2SO4 (65 mV) and 1.0 m KOH (87 mV) for 10 mA cm−2 versus RHE, which overmatch major MoS2‐/POM‐based electrocatalysts. This work therefore may shed substantial lights on designing active and durable molybdenum‐based bi‐/polymetallic sulfide from variable POM‐based metal–organic polymers for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction in wide pH range.
Surface Cleaning of 2D Materials: Boron Nitride Nanosheets (BNNS) and Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNP)
Authors: Guerra Valentina , McNally Tony
Published: August 2020

Surface impurities such as water and surfactants can significantly affect the properties of 2D materials. They disrupt the 2D material lattice structure and surface chemistry and also promote electron and phonon scattering. Strategies to clean the surfaces of 2D materials are therefore critical to achieving optimal properties. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) are treated using three procedures: washing with ethanol, water‐assisted freeze‐drying, and freeze‐drying without addition of water in an attempt to remove two impurities—water and an ionic surfactant (sodium cholate, SC). There is total removal of water from BNNS when the starting material is treated using either freeze drying method whereas some water (≈40%) and traces of ethanol are detected in BNNS when washed with ethanol. It is not possible to exclude the presence of SC on BNNS and GNP post treatment; however, the relatively high amount of sodium (from SC) in the samples after freeze‐drying suggests the process contributed to the separation of BNNS and GNP aggregates. The BNNS flakes separate when washed with ethanol or freeze‐dried in the absence of water. The crystalline structure of BNNS and GNP is retained post treatments. This approach provides a route to cleaning and separating 2D materials.
Amyloid‐Mediated Fabrication of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhao Jian , Yang Peng
Published: August 2020

Protein assembly with ordered architecture plays an important role in the formation of natural organic–inorganic hybrid materials, and also determines their distinguished mechanical, optical, and biochemical properties. Nevertheless, it has been a huge challenge to synthesize materials with hierarchical structure accurately mimicking the natural hybrid materials in vitro. In the past decade, protein amyloid aggregates, due to their diverse and controllable nanostructures and unique properties, have been developed as superior templates or building blocks to fabricate functional organic–inorganic hybrid materials, and applications of these hybrids especially in the field of biomedicine have been also intensively exploited. In this work, the formation process of protein amyloid aggregates and their final distinctive nanostructures are briefly introduced. The mediation of amyloid aggregates on incorporating inorganic nanomaterials and the resultant 1D, 2D, and 3D organic–inorganic hybrid materials are then summarized. In addition, the biomedical applications of these hybrid materials in drug delivery, biomineralization, bioimaging, and biosensors, and cell culture are exemplified. Finally, the challenges and the future research directions on amyloids‐based organic–inorganic hybrid materials are prospected.
Real‐Time Multi‐Ion Detection in the Sweat Concentration Range Enabled by Flexible, Printed, and Microfluidics‐Integrated Organic Transistor Arrays
Authors: Demuru Silvia , Kunnel Brince Paul , Briand Danick
Published: August 2020

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) show remarkable promise as biosensors, thanks to their high signal amplification, simple architecture, and the intrinsic flexibility of the organic material. Despite these properties, their use for real‐time sensing in complex biological fluids, such as human sweat, is strongly limited due to the lack of cross‐sensitivity and selectivity studies and the use of rigid and bulky device configurations. Here, the development of a novel flexible microfluidics‐integrated platform with an array of printed ion‐selective OECTs enables multi‐ion detection in a wearable fashion. This is achieved by coating the poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) channels of the transistors with three different ion‐selective membranes (ISMs). Systematic electrical and sensing analysis of the OECTs with ISMs show a minimal impact of the membranes on the electrical and time responses of the transistors while providing high ion selectivity. This work combines for the first time real‐time and selective multi‐ion detection with an array of inkjet‐printed and flexible organic transistors coated with different ISMs, demonstrating state‐of‐the‐art sensing capabilities of≈10µA dec−1for potassium, sodium, and pH. This flexible OECTs sensing platform paves the way to the next generation devices for continuous electrolytes monitoring in body fluids.
3D‐Printed Micromotors for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ye Junhong , Wilson Daniela A. , Tu Yingfeng , Peng Fei
Published: August 2020

Additive manufacturing, known as 3D printing, has been widely applied in various fields owing to the development of 3D printing materials and 3D printing techniques. Compared with other fabrication approaches, 3D printing possesses the advantages of high resolution, high accuracy, unique customizability, and repeatability. Therefore, 3D printing can be widely used to fabricate various microstructures, including micromotors, which are capable of converting external energies into motion and subsequently accomplishing various functions. To date, five types of 3D printing techniques have been used to fabricate self‐propelled micromotors with different structures, ingredients, and functions. This progress report summarizes 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of micromotors and introduces the potential biomedical applications of 3D printed micromotors. The advantages and disadvantages of each typical 3D printing method are discussed as well.
Wafer‐Scale Micro‐LEDs Transferred onto an Adhesive Film for Planar and Flexible Displays
Authors: Pan Zhangxu , Guo Chan , Wang Xianchi , Liu Jiucheng , Cao Ruimin , Gong Yanfen , Wang Jiantai , Liu Ningyang , Chen Zhitao , Wang Lihui , Ishikawa Masatoshi , Gong Zheng
Published: August 2020

The development of micro‐sized light emitting diode (LED) displays has driven the research of micro‐LED mass‐transfer technology. To date, various transfer technologies are proposed, but ample room for improvements in the transfer yield and transfer accuracy still remains. Furthermore, whether these techniques are suited for the subsequent bonding process is not well investigated, which is essential for achieving a good electric connection between micro‐LEDs and driver electronics. Here a systematical solution, termed as “tape‐assisted laser transfer,” which is not only suited for high‐yield micro‐LED transfer but also well compatible with subsequent bonding process, is developed. Using a low‐cost adhesive tape as the support substrate, the method allows fast and wafer‐level transfer of micro‐LED with extremely high yield (≈99.8%) and minimized transfer displacement (<0.5 µm), based on a laser lift‐off (LLO) process. Combined with a shadow mask, the LLO process also allows the selective transfer of micro‐LED to the tape. Such thin film micro‐LEDs are well compatible with the subsequent “bumpless” bonding process using low‐melting point solder. Representative display devices including planar display and deformable display are further developed, suggesting the method has a good potential for developing high‐resolution micro‐LED display panels for the applications in VR/AR, wearables, and smart glasses.
Tris(benzhydryl) and Cationic Bis(benzhydryl) Ln(III) Complexes: Exceptional Thermostability and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Hydroarylation and Hydrobenzylation with Substituted Pyridines
Authors: Selikhov Alexander N. , Boronin Egor N. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Fukin Georgy K. , Shavyrin Andrey S. , Trifonov Alexander A.
Published: August 2020

A series of Ln(III) tris(benzhydryl) complexes [(p‐tBu‐C6H4)2CH]3Ln (Ln=La (1), Nd (2), Y (3)) were synthesized by the salt metathesis reactions of LnHal3(THF)3.5(Ln=La, Nd, Hal=Cl; Ln=Y, Hal=I) and [(p‐tBu‐C6H4)2CH]Na. In1–3the benzhydryl ligands are linked with the metal centres inη4‐coordination mode. For diamagnetic complexes1and3a fluxional behaviour was detected in solution. Complexes1–3proved to be thermally stable: no decomposition was observed even after heating their solutions in toluene‐d8at 140 °C during 72 h. The reactions of1and2with B(C6F5)3allowed for the synthesis of base‐free cationic complexes [(p‐tBu‐C6H4)2CH]2Ln[(p‐tBu‐C6H4)2CHB(C6F5)3] (Ln=La (4), Nd (5)) which adopt the structure of a contact ion pair. Combinations of1–3and borane ((B(C6F5)3, [Me2NHPh][B(C6F5)4], [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]) as well as4and5were found to be highly efficient, regio‐ and chemoselective catalysts for hydroarylation and hydrobenzylation of C=C bonds of a variety of substrates with substituted pyridines. These catalysts enable highly challenging transformations such as hydrobenzylation of 1,1‐disubstituted and internal C=C bonds.

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Differences in the Performance of Allyl Based Palladium Precatalysts for Suzuki‐Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Espinosa Matthew R. , Doppiu Angelino , Hazari Nilay
Published: August 2020

Palladium(II) precatalysts are used extensively to facilitate cross‐coupling reactions because they are bench stable and give high activity. As a result, precatalysts such as Buchwald's palladacycles, Organ's PEPPSI species, Nolan's allyl‐based complexes, and Yale's 1‐tert‐butylindenyl containing complexes, are all commercially available. Comparing the performance of the different classes of precatalysts is challenging because they are typically used under different conditions, in part because they are reduced to the active species via different pathways. However, within a particular class of precatalyst, it is easier to compare performance because they activate via similar pathways and are used under the same conditions. Here, we evaluate the activity of different allyl‐based precatalysts, such as (η3‐allyl)PdCl(L), (η3‐crotyl)PdCl(L), (η3‐cinnamyl)PdCl(L), and (η3‐1‐tert‐butylindenyl)PdCl(L) in Suzuki‐Miyaura reactions. Specifically, we evaluate precatalyst performance as the ancillary ligand (NHC or phosphine), reaction conditions, and substrates are varied. In some cases, we connect relative activity to both the mechanism of activation and the prevalence of the formation of inactive palladium(I) dimers. Additionally, we compare the performance of in situ generated precatalysts with commonly used palladium sources such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd2dba3), bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2), and palladium acetate. Our results provide information about which precatalyst to use under different conditions.

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Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Physical Characteristics, Historical Perspective, Clinical Trials, Technological Challenges, and Recent Advances
Authors: Etemadi Hossein , Plieger Paul G.
Published: August 2020

Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in the introduction of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), a promising noninvasive therapeutic localized cancer treatment. Exposure of a fluid of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) operating at biologically benign conditions leads to heat dissipation within the tumor and ultimate apoptosis and/or necrosis. Despite use in a clinical setting, there are still impediments preventing widespread use of MFH. These include insufficient heat dissipation potency of IONP fluid, inadequate dose or concentration of deposited fluid to the tumor, inhomogeneous distribution of fluid inside the tumor, the lack of control of real‐time monitoring of temperature rises during treatment, and exposure of the patients to X‐ray radiation produced by computed tomography (CT) scans. Accordingly, massive efforts have been put forth to promote the successful clinical adoption of MFH. In this contribution, the technique of MFH is described, including the present state of clinical MFH. The physical mechanisms behind heat dissipation by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that instigate cell death pathways are discussed, as is recent technological progress in the field toward the advancement of MFH. Finally, an outlook on the future considerations required to accelerate the clinical adoption of MFH is presented.
Engineered Microstructure Derived Hierarchical Deformation of Flexible Pressure Sensor Induces a Supersensitive Piezoresistive Property in Broad Pressure Range
Authors: Li Gang , Chen Duo , Li Chenglong , Liu Wenxia , Liu Hong
Published: August 2020

Fabricating flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity in a broad pressure range is still a challenge. Herein, a flexible pressure sensor with engineered microstructures on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is designed. The high performance of the sensor derives from its unique pyramid‐wall‐grid microstructure (PWGM). A square array of dome‐topped pyramids and crossed strengthening walls on the film forms a multiheight hierarchical microstructure. Two pieces of PWGM flexible PDMS film, stacked face‐to‐face, form a piezoresistive sensor endowed with ultrahigh sensitivity across a very broad pressure range. The sensitivity of the device is as high as 383 665.9 and 269 662.9 kPa−1 in the pressure ranges 0–1.6 and 1.6–6 kPa, respectively. In the higher pressure range of 6.1–11 kPa, the sensitivity is 48 689.1 kPa−1, and even in the very high pressure range of 11–56 kPa, it stays at 1266.8 kPa−1. The pressure sensor possesses excellent bending and torsional strain detection properties, is mechanically durable, and has potential applications in wearable biosensing for healthcare. In addition, 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 sensor arrays are prepared and characterized, suggesting the possibility of manufacturing a flexible tactile sensor.
Molecular Design and Operational Stability: Toward Stable 3D/2D Perovskite Interlayers
Authors: Paek Sanghyun , Roldán‐Carmona Cristina , Cho Kyung Taek , Franckevičius Marius , Kim Hobeom , Kanda Hiroyuke , Drigo Nikita , Lin Kun‐Han , Pei Mingyuan , Gegevičius Rokas , Yun Hyung Joong , Yang Hoichang , Schouwink Pascal A. , Corminboeuf Clémence , Asiri Abdullah M. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: August 2020

Despite organic/inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells becoming one of the most promising next‐generation photovoltaic materials, instability under heat and light soaking remains unsolved. In this work, a highly hydrophobic cation, perfluorobenzylammonium iodide (5FBzAI), is designed and a 2D perovskite with reinforced intermolecular interactions is engineered, providing improved passivation at the interface that reduces charge recombination and enhances cell stability compared with benchmark 2D systems. Motivated by the strong halogen bond interaction, (5FBzAI)2PbI4 used as a capping layer aligns in in‐plane crystal orientation, inducing a reproducible increase of ≈60 mV in the Voc, a twofold improvement compared with its analogous monofluorinated phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) recently reported. This endows the system with high power conversion efficiency of 21.65% and extended operational stability after 1100 h of continuous illumination, outlining directions for future work.
Rapid Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility by Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging of D2O Metabolic Incorporation in a Single Bacterium
Authors: Zhang Meng , Hong Weili , Abutaleb Nader S. , Li Junjie , Dong Pu‐Ting , Zong Cheng , Wang Pu , Seleem Mohamed N. , Cheng Ji‐Xin
Published: August 2020

Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is urgently needed for treating infections with appropriate antibiotics and slowing down the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Here, a phenotypic platform that rapidly produces AST results by femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering imaging of deuterium oxide (D2O) metabolism is reported. Metabolic incorporation of D2O into biomass in a single bacterium and the metabolic response to antibiotics are probed in as short as 10 min after culture in 70% D2O medium, the fastest among current technologies. Single‐cell metabolism inactivation concentration (SC‐MIC) is obtained in less than 2.5 h from colony to results. The SC‐MIC results of 37 sets of bacterial isolate samples, which include 8 major bacterial species and 14 different antibiotics often encountered in clinic, are validated by standard minimal inhibitory concentration blindly measured via broth microdilution. Toward clinical translation, stimulated Raman scattering imaging of D2O metabolic incorporation and SC‐MIC determination after 1 h antibiotic treatment and 30 min mixture of D2O and antibiotics incubation of bacteria in urine or whole blood is demonstrated.
Nano‐Dual‐Phase Metallic Glass Film Enhances Strength and Ductility of a Gradient Nanograined Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Yong , Wang Qing , Liu Xiaowei , Bao Yan , Wu Ge , Lu Jian
Published: August 2020

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are good candidates for applications with requirement of energy saving, taking advantage of their low density. However, the fewer slip systems of the hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) structure restrict ductility of Mg alloys. Here, a hybrid nanostructure concept is presented by combining nano‐dual‐phase metallic glass (NDP‐MG) and gradient nanograin structure in Mg alloys to achieve a higher yield strength (230 MPa, 31% improvement compared with the reference base alloy) and larger ductility (20%, threefold higher than the SMAT‐H sample), which breaks the strength–ductility trade‐off dilemma. This hybrid nanostructure is realized by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on the surface of a crystalline Mg alloy, and followed by physical vapor deposition of a Mg‐based NDP‐MG. The higher strength is provided by the nanograin layer generated by SMAT. The larger ductility is a synergistic effect of multiple shear bandings and nanocrystallization of the NDP‐MG, inhibition of crack propagation from the SMATed nanograined structure by the NDP‐MG, and strain‐induced grain growth in the SMATed nanograin layer. This hybrid nanostructure design provides a general route to render brittle alloys stronger and ductile, especially in hcp systems.