bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix remodeling associated 7 promotes differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblasts
Authors: Zhou Zhishuai , Shen Ying , Yin Juanjuan , Xi Feng , Xu Renjie , Lin Dandan , Saijilafu  , Chen Jianquan , Wang Yiqiang
Published: March 2019

The matrix remodeling associated 7 (MXRA7) gene had been ill‐studied and its biology remained to be discovered. Inspired by our previous findings and public datasets concerning MXRA7, we hypothesized that the MXRA7 gene might be involved in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) functions related to bone formation, which was checked by utilizing in vivo or in vitro methodologies. Micro‐computed tomography of MXRA7‐deficient mice demonstrated retarded osteogenesis, which was reflected by shorter femurs, lower bone mass in both trabecular and cortical bones compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. Histology confirmed the osteopenia‐like feature including thinner growth plates in MXRA7‐deficient femurs. Immunofluorescence revealed less osteoblasts in MXRA7‐deficient femurs. Polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis showed that when WT BMSCs were induced to differentiate toward osteoblasts or adipocytes in culture, MXRA7 messenger RNA or protein levels were significantly increased alongside osteoblasts induction, but decreased upon adipocytes induction. Cultured MXRA7‐deficient BMSCs showed decreased osteogenesis upon osteogenic differentiation induction as reflected by decreased calcium deposition or lower expression of genes responsible for osteogenesis. When recombinant MXRA7 proteins were supplemented in a culture of MXRA7‐deficient BMSCs, osteogenesis or gene expression was fully restored. Upon osteoblast induction, the level of active β‐catenin or phospho‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase in MXRA7‐deficient BMSCs was decreased compared with that in WT BMSCs, and these impairments could be rescued by recombinant MXRA7 proteins. In adipogenesis induction settings, the potency of MXRA7‐deficient BMSCs to differentiate into adipocytes was increased over the WT ones. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MXRA7 influences bone formation via regulating the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in BMSCs.
Antiplatelet, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory effects of hydroquinone
Authors: Chang Mei‐Chi , Chang Bei‐En , Pan Yu‐Hwa , Lin Bor‐Ru , Lian Yun‐Chia , Lee Ming‐Shu , Yeung Sin‐Yuet , Lin Li‐Deh , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei
Published: March 2019

Platelets play crucial roles in thrombosis and hemostasis through platelet activation and aggregation that are crucial in cardiovascular diseases. Hydroquinone (HQ) and its derivatives are present in many dermatological creams, paints, motor fuels, air, microorganisms, and plant products like wheat bread, fruit, coffee, and red wine. The effect of HQ on humans is not clear. In this study, we found that HQ (>25 μM) inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced platelet aggregation. HQ suppressed AA‐induced thromboxane B2 production of platelets. HQ (>10 μM) also attenuated ex vivo platelet‐rich plasma aggregation. HQ prevented the interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced 8‐isoprostane, and PGE2 production, but not IL‐8 production of pulp cells. These results indicate that HQ may have an antiplatelet effect via inhibition of thromboxane production. HQ has antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects, and possible inhibition of COX. Exposure and consumption of HQ‐containing products, food or drugs may have antiplatelet, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory effects.
Intrauterine growth restriction and neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury causes sex‐specific long‐term neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats
Authors: Narang Radhika , Carter Kathleen , Muncie Colin , Pang Yi , Fan Lir‐Wan W. , Feng Yangzheng , Ojeda Norma B. , Bhatt Abhay J.
Published: March 2019

There is a lack of knowledge of factors preventing an adequate response to moderate hypothermia after hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury. We hypothesized that growth restriction from reduced intrauterine perfusion would predispose neonatal rats to have a worse outcome with HI brain injury. IUGR was induced by placental insufficiency in dams at 14 days of gestation. HI was induced at postnatal day (P) 10 by permanent right carotid artery ligation followed by 90 min of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Tests for early brain injury and neurobehavioral outcomes were subsequently done. All statistical analysis was done using Two‐way ANOVA; post hoc Holm‐Sidak test. HI in control and IUGR groups decreased the success rate of the contralateral vibrissa‐elicited forelimb test, increased response latency in movement initiation test and increased the time to finish elevated beam walk test at P40 and P60. IUGR augmented HI‐induced abnormality in vibrissa‐elicited forelimb test at P40 but showed higher success rate when compared to HI only group at P60. IUGR’s negative effect on HI‐induced changes on the elevated beam walk test was sex‐specific and exaggerated in P60 males. Increased TUNEL positive cells in the cortex were noted at 72 h after in HI in control but not in IUGR groups. In conclusion, the consequences of IUGR on subsequent neonatal HI varied based on age, sex and outcomes examined, and overall, male sex and IUGR had worse effects on the long‐term neurobehavioral outcomes following HI.
An overview of microbiome based strategies on anti‐obesity
Authors: Chang Cherng‐Shyang , Ruan Jhen‐Wei , Kao Cheng‐Yuan
Published: March 2019

With the significant global obesity epidemic and emerging strong scientific evidence that connected gut microbiota to obesity, intervening obesity by targeting gut microbiota has become a trendy strategy. Particularly the application of probiotics has become remarkably popular because of their expected association with gut microbiota modulation. Although there are many literatures on the effects of probiotics in obese animal models, most of them reported the effects of probiotic bacteria on metabolic indications with limited information on anti‐obesity itself. Besides, some probiotics have been shown to reduce certain metabolic symptoms but they failed to achieve weight loss. This report reviewed the current literatures on the anti‐obesity effects of next‐generation probiotics in various animal obesity models and discussed the beneficial potential of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating obesity in humans. The purpose of this article is to help guide further research improve the probiotic bacteria experiments in more precise animal obesity models by standardizing the anti‐obesogenesis, obesity control, and treatment assays and hopefully the evidence‐based investigations on harnessing gut microbiota through next‐generation probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation will develop new interventions to promote and achieve anti‐obesity.
Methodology for the establishment of primary porcine vocal fold epithelial cell cultures
Authors: Erickson‐DiRenzo Elizabeth , Leydon Ciara , Thibeault Susan L.
Published: March 2019

Objective

A current lack of methods for epithelial cell culture significantly hinders our understanding of the role of the epithelial and mucus barriers in vocal fold health and disease. Our first objective was to establish reproducible techniques for the isolation and culture of primary porcine vocal fold epithelial cells. Our second objective was to evaluate the functional significance of cell cultures using an in vitro exposure to an inflammatory cytokine.

Methods

Epithelial cells were isolated from porcine vocal folds and expanded in culture. Characterization of cultures was completed by immunostaining with markers for pan‐cytokeratin (epithelial cells), vimentin (stromal cells), von Willebrand factor (endothelial cell), and MUC1 and MUC4 (mucin) glycoproteins. Established epithelial cell cultures were then exposed to the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) for 24‐hours, and transcript expression of MUC1 and MUC4 was evaluated.

Results

Reproducible, porcine vocal fold epithelial cell cultures, demonstrating cobblestone appearance characteristic of the typical morphology of epithelial cell cultures were created. Cells showed positive staining for pan‐cytokeratin with limited expression of vimentin and von Willebrand factor. Epithelial cells also expressed MUC1 and MUC4. TNF‐α significantly increased transcript expression of MUC4.

Conclusion

Here, we present the first report of successful culture of primary porcine vocal fold epithelial cells. Cultures will provide researchers with a valuable new in vitro tool to investigate vocal fold epithelium and mucus as well as the effects of common challenges, including inflammatory cytokines, on these barriers.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:E355–E364, 2019
Corrosion behaviour of cold‐rolled aluminium AA8015‐alloy in natural seawater at 0.18 μm surface roughness
Authors: Olaogun O. , Akinlabi E.T. , Arotiba O.A.
Published: March 2019

Aluminium is one of the most produced and used metals globally, second to ferrous metals. Its good corrosion resistance is one of the reasons for its heavy usage in typical applications, such as in marine applications. Electrochemical corrosion study of cold‐rolled aluminium AA8015‐alloy at 0.18 μm surface roughness in natural seawater was explored. The aluminium AA8015‐alloy utilized in this study was cold rolled in a reversible Achenbach cold rolling mill in four pass schedules to a thickness gauge of 1.2 mm. A surface roughness of 0.18 μm with three cold mounted samples was achieved on an automated grinding/polishing machine using 320 grit, 800 grit, and 1200 grit SiC paper. Electrochemical corrosion experiments were conducted on the samples in natural seawater using a computer‐controlled potentiostat in an open polarization cell set‐up at room temperature. The corrosion behaviour on surface morphologies of the samples was observed by high mega pixel camera and scanning electron microscope. Findings reveal asymmetric polarization curves for all the samples and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry elemental analysis shows the existence of insoluble substrate complexes formed on the surfaces. Consequently, the scanning electron microscope analysis confirms localised corrosion in the mode of pitting.
Characterizing the microbiota in gastrointestinal tract segments of Rhabdophis subminiatus: Dynamic changes and functional predictions
Authors: Tang Wenjiao , Zhu Guangxiang , Shi Qian , Yang Shijun , Ma Tianyuan , Mishra Shailendra Kumar , Wen Anxiang , Xu Huailiang , Wang Qin , Jiang Yanzhi , Wu Jiayun , Xie Meng , Yao Yongfang , Li Diyan
Published: March 2019

The gut microbiota helps the host to absorb nutrients and generate immune responses that can affect host behavior, development, reproduction, and overall health. However, in most of the previous studies, microbiota was sampled mainly using feces and intestinal contents from mammals but not from wild reptiles. Here, we described the bacterial profile from five different gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca) of three wild Rhabdophis subminiatus using 16S rRNA V4 hypervariable amplicon sequencing. Forty‐seven bacterial phyla were found in the entire GIT, of which Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were predominant. The results showed a significant difference in microbial diversity between the upper GIT segments (esophagus and stomach) and lower GIT segments (large intestine and cloaca). An obvious dynamic distribution of Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes was observed, which mainly existed in the lower GIT segments. Conversely, the distribution of Tenericutes was mainly observed in the upper GIT. We also predicted the microbial functions in the different GIT segments, which showed that microbiota in each segments played an important role in higher membrane transport and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Microbes in the small intestine were also mainly involved in disease‐related systems, while in the large intestine, they were associated with membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. This is the first study to investigate the distribution of the gut microbiota and to predict the microbial function in R. subminiatus. The composition of the gut microbiota certainly reflects the diet and the living environment of the host. Furthermore, these findings provide vital evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of gut diseases in snakes and offer a direction for a model of energy budget research.
Effect of imipramine on urethral opening pressure: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study in healthy women
Authors: Kornholt Jonatan , Sonne David Peick , Riis Troels , Sonne Jesper , Klarskov Niels
Published: March 2019

Aims

In two open‐label trials, imipramine alleviated symptoms in patients with stress urinary incontinence and is therefore used off‐label for this indication. However, it has never been confirmed that imipramine increases urethral pressure in a placebo‐controlled setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether imipramine increases the opening urethral pressure compared to placebo in healthy women using urethral pressure reflectometry.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study in 16 healthy women. Opening urethral pressure was measured predose and 1 hour after a single dose of 50 mg imipramine or placebo. The washout period was minimum of 1 week. The study was approved by the local ethics committee, conducted according to the Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov and EudraCT before recruitment of subjects. Funding was provided by the clinical department.

Results

There were no dropouts and no serious adverse events. There were 13 adverse drug reactions related to imipramine in seven subjects, one adverse event related to placebo, and two adverse events related to the measurements with urethral pressure reflectometry. Imipramine compared to placebo increased opening urethral pressure in the resting condition with 6.5 cmH2O (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.5, 13.5),
P = 0.07, and in the squeeze condition with 7.9 cmH
2O (95% CI: −0.3, 16.1),
P = 0.06.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the increase in opening urethral pressure after imipramine treatment compared to placebo was neither statistically significant nor clinically relevant, and we do therefore not recommend the off‐label use of imipramine for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.
Evaluation of sacral neuromodulation system with new six‐contact points electrode in pigs
Authors: Wang Yiming , Liao Limin , Cong Huiling , Zhao Lingna , Chen Guoqing , Wang Zhaoxia , Li Xing
Published: March 2019

Aims

We investigated the effects of sacral neuromodulation using the new six‐contact electrode vs the four‐contact electrode in pigs.

Methods

Randomly, a six‐contact electrode was implanted in eight pigs in one side of the third sacral (S3) foramen, and a four‐contact electrode was implanted in the other side using the same method. Using an external neurostimulator, the number of contact points (sensitive voltage ≤ 2 V) of both electrodes (SacralStim and InterStim systems) was calculated. Cystometry was performed by infusing normal saline or acetic acid. Then sacral neuromodulation with the SacralStim and InterStim systems was induced at a voltage at which we could observe perianal and/or tail movement. Multiple cystometrograms were performed to determine the effects of the two systems on the micturition reflex.

Results

The mean number of sensitive points of six‐contact electrodes of the SacralStim system (2.63 ± 0.32) was higher than that of the quadripolar‐lead electrodes of the InterStim system (1.38 ± 0.18), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Acetic acid‐induced bladder overactivity significantly reduced bladder capacity to 54.89% ± 4.7% of the normal saline control level. During acetic acid infusion, sacral neuromodulation with the SacralStim system suppressed bladder overactivity and significantly increased bladder capacity to 70.41% ± 5.4% of the normal saline control level, compared with the acetic acid level (
P < 0.05). Moreover, sacral neuromodulation with the InterStim system also significantly increased bladder capacity to 69.63% ± 5.3% of the normal saline control level, compared with the acetic acid level (
P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the results obtained using the two systems (
P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The six‐contact electrode of the SacralStim system had more sensitive points (<2 V) than that of the quadripolar‐lead electrode of InterStim system. Potentially, it has more postimplantation programming options and battery savings manifested by lower voltage will increase the longevity of the stimulator. Further studies of sacral neuromodulation with six‐contact electrodes in clinical practice are needed.
Effect of radical prostatectomy on involuntary pelvic floor muscle contraction
Authors: Gerbaud Florian , Charlanes Audrey , Chesnel Camille , Voiry Caroline , Le Breton Frederique , Amarenco Gérard , Manceau Philippe
Published: March 2019

Aims

Radical prostatectomy may cause stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We compared continent and incontinent men after radical prostatectomy, in regard to the change of the temporal pattern of pelvic floor activation during cough.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients were included in this prospective, multicentric study. All patients gave their informed consent. Simultaneous recordings of electromyographic activity of external anal sphincter (EAS EMG) and external intercostal muscle (EIC EMG) during cough were performed with a pair of pregelled surface electrodes. Cough effort caused an involuntary pelvic contraction. Intercostal muscles recording was chosen because they are one of the muscular components of cough initiation with diaphragm muscle. Twenty‐four‐hour pad‐weighing test was used to quantify urinary incontinence. The primary endpoint was the latency between the onset of EIC EMG and EAS EMG (RT3), during a cough effort. We also measured the contraction time, the maximum EAS EMG activity, and the area under the curve.

Results

All the patients were analyzed: 12 continent and 10 with SUI. The median age was 66 years old. Both groups were similar except in term of follow‐up. Median latency was increased by −1.7 ms (−47.9; +34.2) to 55.8 ms (+47.5; +80) in patients with SUI (P = 0.0033; Table 2). The duration of the contraction, the maximum EAS EMG activity and the area under the curve were not different.

Conclusions

The latency between the onset of EIC EMG and EAS EMG is increased in patients with SUI after radical prostatectomy. It may be one of the reasons for SUI in these patients.
Age‐dependent changes in metabolite profile and lipid saturation in dystrophic mice
Authors: Lee‐McMullen Brittany , Chrzanowski Stephen M. , Vohra Ravneet , Forbes Sean C. , Vandenborne Krista , Edison Arthur S. , Walter Glenn A.
Published: March 2019

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X‐linked genetic disorder. In DMD, the absence of the dystrophin protein causes decreased sarcolemmal integrity resulting in progressive replacement of muscle with fibrofatty tissue. The effects of lacking dystrophin on muscle and systemic metabolism are still unclear. Therefore, to determine the impact of the absence of dystrophin on metabolism, we investigated the metabolic and lipid profile at two different, well‐defined stages of muscle damage and stabilization in mdx mice. We measured NMR‐detectable metabolite and lipid profiles in the serum and muscles of mdx mice at 6 and 24 weeks of age. Metabolites were determined in muscle in vivo using 1H MRI/MRS, in isolated muscles using 1H‐HR‐MAS NMR, and in serum using high resolution 1H/13C NMR. Dystrophic mice were found to have a unique lipid saturation profile compared with control mice, revealing an age‐related metabolic change. In the 6‐week‐old mdx mice, serum lipids were increased and the degree of lipid saturation changed between 6 and 24 weeks. The serum taurine‐creatine ratio increased over the life span of mdx, but not in control mice. Furthermore, the saturation index of lipids increased in the serum but decreased in the tissue over time. Finally, we demonstrated associations between MRI‐T2, a strong indicator of inflammation/edema, with tissue and serum lipid profiles. These results indicate the complex temporal changes of metabolites in the tissue and serum during repetitive bouts of muscle damage and regeneration that occur in dystrophic muscle.
Reputation spillover effects from grant‐providing institutions
Authors: Willems Jurgen , Waldner Carolin J. , Vogel Dominik
Published: March 2019

There is a broad academic discussion about the impact of funding grants from a foundation or a government department on individual support intentions toward the nonprofit organization receiving the grant. However, the role of the grant provider's reputation has frequently been overlooked. In this study, we experimentally tested whether there is a reputation spillover effect of a grant‐providing organization. Based on a real‐life example, we asked citizens to rate their willingness to donate to a nonprofit organization, and we experimentally manipulated the available information on funding sources. We test this for both a government department and a foundation as a grant provider. Our results suggest that not the act of receiving a grant, but the citizens' awareness about the funding organization—at least in the case of a foundation—has an impact on support intentions. In contrast, for a prominent government department as a grant provider, we did not find support for a reputation spillover effect.
Finite difference time domain modelling as support to ground penetrating radar surveys of precast concrete units
Authors: Campo Davide
Published: March 2019

Precast concrete elements are commonly employed in the construction industry, however failing to comply with manufacturers’ guidelines and poor construction practice can lead to loss of efficiency compromising the usability of the building. This paper presents two case studies where ground penetrating radar surveys, performed to investigate the cause of failure of precast concrete elements, were supported by the finite difference time domain numerical approach. In the first case, the model was built after the survey for a better understanding of the complex reflection patterns unexpectedly experienced and to provide a clear interpretation; in the second case, the numerical simulation was performed prior to the survey, according to the information already available on the precast unit. The synthetic radargrams were then used as a valuable reference to assess the precast element internal conditions: on site, the comparison of the real radargrams with the synthetic ones allowed to address safely the intrusive works necessary to determine the concrete quality and during the processing step, any deviation from the ideal ground penetrating radar response gave potentially an indication of anomalies in the assembly operations that could be identified. The finite difference time domain method should then be considered as complementary to ground penetrating radar surveys aimed to investigate precast elements.
Relationship Between Strength Parameters and Functional Performance Tests in Patients With Severe Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Bily Walter , Sarabon Nejc , Löfler Stefan , Franz Carlo , Wakolbinger Robert , Kern Helmut
Published: March 2019

Background

Decreased leg muscle strength is a major determinant of reduced function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The identification of a strength parameter that is best correlated with functional performance is important for monitoring rehabilitation results.

Objective

To determine which muscle strength measurements show the highest correlation with functional capacity in patients with severe knee OA shortly before total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Design

Cross‐sectional exploratory study.

Setting

Outpatient rehabilitation department at a university teaching hospital.

Patients

The sample included 75 patients (51 female) scheduled for primary TKA, recruited through multistage sampling.

Methods or Interventions

Independent variables were peak isometric, isokinetic concentric, and eccentric leg extensor strength measured on the leg press, as well as peak isometric knee extensor strength measured on the strength chair. Two multiple regression analyses were performed, one including all strength measures and the other including all of the strength ratios. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the strength measures and functional test scores.

Main Outcome Measurements

Dependent variables were the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the Stair Test (ST).

Results

The regression analysis including all strength measures could explain 11.9% of the variance of the TUG (P = .068, not significant [NS]) and 21.5% of the variance of the ST (P = .009, significant). The regression model for the strength ratios explained 11.8% of the variance of the TUG (P = .090, NS) and 6.3% of the ST (P = .217, NS).

Conclusions

Although univariate analysis confirmed significant correlations between strength measurements and functional tests, multiple regression analysis revealed a higher predictive value for the ST than for the TUG. The use of both muscle strength tests and performance‐based function tests is advisable to evaluate functional impairments of patients with knee OA.

Level of Evidence

III
Ultrasound‐Guided First Dorsal Compartment Release for Refractory de Quervain Tenosynovitis: A Case Report
Authors: Colberg Ricardo E. , Henderson Rachel G.
Published: March 2019

De Quervain tenosynovitis is an overuse syndrome associated with inflammation of the tendons in the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. Management includes activity modification, splinting, and corticosteroid injections. In refractory cases, surgical release may be performed, which may be complicated by incomplete release, tendon subluxation, or radial nerve injury. Alternatively, ultrasound‐guided release may improve patient satisfaction and outcomes through faster recovery time as well as improved visualization of subcompartments and neurovascular structures. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case in the literature describing a novel technique for ultrasound‐guided first dorsal compartment release for refractory de Quervain tenosynovitis.
Ground‐glass burden as a biomarker in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy
Authors: Spielberg David R. , Brody Alan S. , Baker Michael L. , Woods Jason C. , Towe Christopher T.
Published: March 2019

Background

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a rare pediatric interstitial lung disease (ILD). Distinct chest computed tomography (CT) define its radiographic appearance—specifically, ground‐glass (GG) opacities most prominent in the right middle lobe (RML) and lingula. We sought to quantitatively validate this description and correlate radiologic findings with clinical presentation.

Methods

Twenty‐one children with NEHI were identified retrospectively, alongside 10 age‐matched controls without lung disease. Clinical histories were reviewed for NEHI subjects. Semiautomated image analysis was used to measure lung volume and density. A patient‐specific Hounsfield unit threshold defining GG was developed to quantify GG and assess its distribution in each subject.

Results

NEHI subjects had more GG than controls (37.9 ± 11.3% vs 14.0 ± 2.7%, P < 0.0001). The proportion of GG in the RML and lingula was greater in NEHI patients compared to controls (1.43 ± 0.37 vs 0.45 ± 0.21,
P < 0.0001). GG preferentially involved the RML and lingula in 20/21 NEHI subjects. There was more GG distribution in NEHI subjects who were prescribed continuous oxygen compared with those using only nocturnal oxygen (45.7 ± 8.9% vs 29.3 ± 6.1%,
P = 0.003).

Conclusions

We confirm the previously reported finding that most patients with childhood ILD and a distinctive pattern of GG distribution on CT scan are likely to have NEHI. The amount of GG may be a biomarker for severity of respiratory disease.
Regulation of biosynthesis, perception, and functions of strigolactones for promoting arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and managing root parasitic weeds
Authors: Yoneyama Koichi , Xie Xiaonan , Yoneyama Kaori , Nomura Takahito , Takahashi Ikuo , Asami Tadao , Mori Narumi , Akiyama Kohki , Kusajima Miyuki , Nakashita Hideo
Published: March 2019

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid‐derived plant secondary metabolites that play important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development as plant hormones, and in rhizosphere communications with symbiotic microbes and also root parasitic weeds. Therefore, sophisticated regulation of the biosynthesis, perception and functions of SLs is expected to promote symbiosis of beneficial microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and also to retard parasitism by devastating root parasitic weeds. We have developed SL mimics with different skeletons, SL biosynthesis inhibitors acting at different biosynthetic steps, SL perception inhibitors that covalently bind to the SL receptor D14, and SL function inhibitors that bind to the serine residue at the catalytic site. In greenhouse pot tests, TIS108, an azole‐type SL biosynthesis inhibitor effectively reduced numbers of attached root parasites Orobanche minor and Striga hermonthica without affecting their host plants; tomato and rice, respectively. AM colonization resulted in weak but distinctly enhanced plant resistance to pathogens. SL mimics can be used to promote AM symbiosis and to reduce the application rate of systemic‐acquired resistance inducers which are generally phytotoxic to horticultural crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Statistical post‐processing of dual‐resolution ensemble forecasts
Authors: Baran Sándor , Leutbecher Martin , Szabó Marianna , Ben Bouallègue Zied
Published: March 2019

The computational cost as well as the probabilistic skill of ensemble forecasts depends on the spatial resolution of the numerical weather prediction model and the ensemble size. Periodically, e.g. when more computational resources become available, it is appropriate to reassess the balance between resolution and ensemble size. Recently, it has been proposed to investigate this balance in the context of dual‐resolution ensembles, which use members with two different resolutions to make probabilistic forecasts. This study investigates whether statistical post‐processing of such dual‐resolution ensemble forecasts changes the conclusions regarding the optimal dual‐resolution configuration.

Medium‐range dual‐resolution ensemble forecasts of 2 m temperature have been calibrated using ensemble model output statistics. The forecasts are produced with ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System and have horizontal resolutions between 18 and 45 km. The ensemble sizes range from 8 to 254 members. The forecasts are verified with SYNOP station data. Results show that score differences between various single‐ and dual‐resolution configurations are strongly reduced by statistical post‐processing. Therefore, the benefit of some dual‐resolution configurations over single‐resolution configurations appears to be less pronounced than for raw forecasts. Moreover, the ranking of the ensemble configurations can be affected by the statistical post‐processing.
Public Attention to Risks, Hazards, and Disasters: A Retrospective Review and Proposed Conceptual Model
Authors: Silver Amber
Published: March 2019

Although public attention has been identified as an influential variable in the decision‐making process by individuals before, during, and after a disaster, it has received comparatively little consideration within the risk and hazards literatures. This is surprising, as attention is noted for bridging the gap between information and action, and is therefore highly relevant to studies on human behavior during crises. This paper draws on theoretical and empirical insights from research across numerous disciplines in order to flesh out the concept of public attention within the context of risks, hazards, and disasters. Theoretical insights from the literature on the issue attention cycle, agenda‐setting theory, the theory of structuration, and sense‐making theory were used to develop a conceptual model of public attention that is presented here. This model highlights the role of public attention from the moment of initial exposure, through to the iterative process of interpretation, which is intrinsically linked to action. The relationships in the conceptual model are then illustrated using two empirical research projects as examples. This paper concludes by suggesting opportunities for future research that may further improve scholarly understanding of public attention within the context of environmental hazards and other threats.
Pruning variable selection ensembles
Authors: Zhang Chunxia , Wu Yilei , Zhu Mu
Published: March 2019

In the context of variable selection, ensemble learning has gained increasing interest due to its great potential to improve selection accuracy and to reduce false discovery rate. A novel ordering‐based selective ensemble learning strategy is designed in this paper to obtain smaller but more accurate ensembles. In particular, a greedy sorting strategy is proposed to rearrange the order by which the members are included into the integration process. Through stopping the fusion process early, a smaller subensemble with higher selection accuracy can be obtained. More importantly, the sequential inclusion criterion reveals the fundamental strength‐diversity trade‐off among ensemble members. By taking stability selection with the base learner lasso (abbreviated as SSLasso) as an example, some experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the novel algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that pruned SSLasso generally achieves higher selection accuracy and lower false discovery rate than SSLasso and several other benchmark methods.
Capitalization of Flood Insurance and Risk Perceptions in Housing Prices: An Empirical Agent‐Based Model Approach
Authors: de Koning Koen , Filatova Tatiana , Bin Okmyung
Published: March 2019

Federally regulated or insured lenders in the United States are mandated to require flood insurance on properties that are located in areas at high risk of flooding. Despite the existence of this mandatory flood insurance requirement, take‐up rates for flood insurance have been low, and the federal government's exposure to uninsured property losses from flooding remains substantial. Meanwhile, the value of capital at risk varies significantly with flood events and changing risk perceptions, which necessitates mechanisms that stabilize these dynamics. In this article we discuss how a scenario of complete insurance uptake, under various risk attitudes, affects the value of properties in the 100‐year and 500‐year flood zones. Our results indicate that an increase in flood insurance uptake may provide such a mechanism by lowering the value of capital at risk in the flood zone consistently, independent of homeowners' risk attitudes. We apply an empirical adaptive agent‐based model to examine the capitalization of insurance costs, risk premiums, and their interaction in housing prices. Our approach combines widely‐used empirical hedonic analysis with the computational economic framework. We highlight the usefulness of our method in capturing the marginal implicit price of homeowners' preferences that may change over time and separately assess the effect of various factors and policies on property values, illustrating the agent‐based modeling as a valuable complement to traditional hedonic analysis.
Revised typification of Campanula sibirica (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N. , Tikhomirov Valery N.
Published: March 2019

The protologue of Campanula sibirica included two taxonomically discordant elements. The first element (two illustrations, depicting a plant from Italy) is identifiable as C. dichotoma, and the second element (one specimen from Siberia at LINN, collected by J.G. Gmelin) belongs to C. sibirica subsp. sibirica. Although the specimen was left unannotated by Linnaeus, it is part of the original material because of its morphological characters and provenance; this is confirmed from the correspondence between Linnaeus and Gmelin. This specimen is designated as the lectotype, and this choice supersedes the earlier “lectotypification” (correctable to neotypification) with a specimen at LINN that was sent to Linnaeus by G.A. Scopoli in 1762.
The cellular landscape of mid‐size noncoding RNA
Authors: Boivin Vincent , Faucher‐Giguère Laurence , Scott Michelle , Abou‐Elela Sherif
Published: March 2019

Noncoding RNA plays an important role in all aspects of the cellular life cycle, from the very basic process of protein synthesis to specialized roles in cell development and differentiation. However, many noncoding RNAs remain uncharacterized and the function of most of them remains unknown. Mid‐size noncoding RNAs (mncRNAs), which range in length from 50 to 400 nucleotides, have diverse regulatory functions but share many fundamental characteristics. Most mncRNAs are produced from independent promoters although others are produced from the introns of other genes. Many are found in multiple copies in genomes. mncRNAs are highly structured and carry many posttranscriptional modifications. Both of these facets dictate their RNA‐binding protein partners and ultimately their function. mncRNAs have already been implicated in translation, catalysis, as guides for RNA modification, as spliceosome components and regulatory RNA. However, recent studies are adding new mncRNA functions including regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing. In this review, we describe the different classes, characteristics and emerging functions of mncRNAs and their relative expression patterns. Finally, we provide a portrait of the challenges facing their detection and annotation in databases.

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
Global half-BPS AdS2 × S6 solutions in Type IIB
Authors: Corbino David , D’Hoker Eric , Kaidi Justin , Uhlemann Christoph F.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We investigate half-BPS Type IIB supergravity solutions with spacetime geometry AdS2 × S
6 warped over a Riemann surface Σ. The general local solution was obtained in earlier work in terms of two holomorphic functions

$$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$

A
±

on Σ. In the first part of this paper we seek global solutions corresponding to the near-horizon behavior of (p, q)-string junctions. We identify the type of singularity in

$$ {\mathcal{A}}_{\pm } $$

A
±

needed at the boundary of Σ to match the solutions locally onto the classic (p, q)-string solution. We construct solutions with multiple (p, q)-strings, but the existence of geodesically complete solutions remains unsettled. In a second part we construct multi-parameter families of non-compact globally regular and geodesically complete solutions with asymptotic regions and an AdS2 throat which caps off smoothly.
Clustered Common Factor Exploration in Factor Analysis
Authors: Uno Kohei , Adachi Kohei , Trendafilov Nickolay T.
Published: March 2019

The factor analysis (FA) model does not permit unique estimation of the common and unique factor scores. This weakness is notorious as the factor indeterminacy in FA. Luckily, some part of the factor scores can be uniquely determined. Thus, as a whole, they can be viewed as a sum of determined and undetermined parts. The paper proposes to select the undetermined part, such that the resulting common factor scores have the following feature: the rows (i.e., individuals) of the common factor score matrix are as well classified as possible into few clusters. The clear benefit is that we can easily interpret the factor scores simply by focusing on the clusters. The procedure is called clustered common factor exploration (CCFE). An alternating least squares algorithm is developed for CCFE. It is illustrated with real data examples. The proposed approach can be viewed as a parallel to the rotation techniques in FA. They exploit another FA indeterminacy, the rotation indeterminacy, which is resolved by choosing the rotation that transforms the loading matrix into the ‘most’ interpretable one according to a pre-specified criterion. In contrast to the rotational indeterminacy, the factor indeterminacy is utilized to achieve well-clustered factor scores by CCFE. To the best of our knowledge, such an approach to the FA interpretation has not been studied yet.
Emotions within Online Reviews and their Influence on Product Attitudes in Austria, USA and Thailand
Authors: Zablocki Agnieszka , Makri Katerina , Houston Michael J.
Published: March 2019

Online reviews are of considerable interest to both practitioners and academics. Prior research has focused mostly on the valence and volume of online reviews. Questions on how the emotional content of online reviews influence consumers remain open. Given that non-verbal cues of communication are limited in the online environment, content can be a strong driver of attitudes and, in turn, online purchases. Importantly also, a wide stream of research indicates that different self-construal levels (i.e. independent or interdependent self-construal) perceive emotions in different ways. Therefore it is necessary to examine whether the effect of emotional content within online reviews on product attitudes varies across consumers with different self-construals. Hence, we conduct three studies to analyze the relationship between the emotional content within online reviews (positive, negative, mixed) and product attitudes. Results from Study 1, conducted in Austria ( n = 280), show that emotional content within online reviews has an effect on product attitudes, which goes above and beyond that of a review's overall valence. Further building on this finding, Study 2, also conducted in Austria ( n = 420), offers specific insights on how reviews containing different emotional cues (i.e. positive, negative and mixed emotions) influence consumers’ hedonic and utilitarian attitudes. Finally, Study 3 investigates the moderating role of self-construal by comparing consumers from two countries which differ considerably in terms of self-construal, namely USA ( n = 480) and Thailand ( n = 480). The findings of these three studies are discussed. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are considered as well as implications for future research.
Scrotoplasty at Time of Penile Implant is at High Risk for Dehiscence in Diabetics
Authors: Gupta Nikhil K. , Sulaver Randy , Welliver Charles , Kottwitz Michael , Frederick Luke , Dynda Danuta , Köhler Tobias S.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Scrotoplasty has become a common practice during insertion of penile prosthesis, improving patient perception of penile length. Previous reports on scrotoplasty outcomes have only focused on the perceived benefits. The risk of wound complications after scrotoplasty is unknown.

Aim

Identify wound complications and associated risk factors of scrotoplasty with insertion of penile prosthesis.

Methods

A retrospective review of a single-surgeon series (T.S.K.) of patients who underwent scrotoplasty with initial insertion of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) was performed from 2009–2014. Surgical outcomes and wound complications after scrotoplasty were examined, along with patient information, including basic demographics, medical comorbidities, and perioperative data.

Main Outcome Measures

Studied outcomes included rate of wound complications after scrotoplasty and IPP insertion and identification of risk factors for wound dehiscence.

Results

Of the 103 scrotoplasties performed during the study period, a total of 15 had mild, moderate, or major wound dehiscence. Of these 15 cases, 9 had mild dehiscence and 5 cases had moderate dehiscence and required stitches to be placed in clinic to reinforce the closure. 1 patient had a major dehiscence requiring a return to the operating room for a washout, with exchange of IPP to malleable prosthesis. Multiple risk factors for wound dehiscence were found, including diabetes (odds ratio 6.1, CI 1.5, 25.0, P = .0129) and scrotoplasty technique (odds ratio 4.9, CI 1.2, 8.6, P = .003). Other examined variables, including patient age, Peyronie’s disease, hypertension, intraoperative penile modeling, smoking, and device manufacturer, were not associated with wound dehiscence.

Clinical Implications

Patients with diabetes and scrotoplasties performed via V-Y plasty are more likely to experience wound dehiscence.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths include a single surgeon, thus lending continuity of skill and technique, a consecutive series, and 100% short-term follow-up. Limitations include retrospective design, single institution series, and lack of long-term follow-up.

Conclusion

Although scrotoplasty can improve patient satisfaction with IPP, scrotoplasty can lead to increased patient morbidity. Diabetic patients are at increased risk for wound complication after scrotoplasty.
Immunities and Criminal Jurisdiction (Equatorial Guinea v. France): Preliminary Objections (I.C.J.)
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: March 2019

On June 6, 2018, the International Court of Justice (Court) rendered a judgment on preliminary objections in the case of Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France). France had made three preliminary objections: two related to the Court's jurisdiction on the basis of, respectively, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention) and the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Protection (VCDR) concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (Optional Protocol), and the third challenged admissibility for abuse of process and abuse of rights. The Court accepted the first objection regarding jurisdiction on the basis of the Palermo Convention and rejected the other two. This judgment is an important contribution to the development of international law, both regarding the particular instruments at issue and broader questions of law of treaties and international dispute settlement.
Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America): Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures (I.C.J.)
Authors: Chachko Elena
Published: March 2019

On October 3, 2018, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a unanimous order indicating limited provisional measures against the United States. Iran initiated the case, Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Iran v. United States), after the United States announced its decision to withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and revoke related sanctions relief for Iran. While the ICJ found that it had prima facie jurisdiction to hear the case—contrary to the U.S. position—the provisional measures it granted fell significantly short of the relief Iran sought. The Court also hinted that it might accept a significant element of the U.S. jurisdictional objection at the merits stage of the case.