bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of B-cell activating factor, a proliferating inducing ligand and its receptors in primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Birnbaum Tobias , Langer Sigrid , Roeber Sigrun , Von Baumgarten Louisa , Straube Andreas
Published: March 2013

B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferating inducing ligand (APRIL) might play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic B-cell malignancies. However, the BAFF/APRIL system has not been systematically evaluated in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) to date. We assessed the expression of BAFF, APRIL and its receptors BAFF-R (BAFF receptor), BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen) and TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator cyclophilin ligand interactor) in five PCNSL specimens by immunohistochemical staining. We found extensive expression of BAFF and weak to moderate expression of APRIL, BAFF-R, BCMA, and TACI in all specimens. CD20 positive cells showed expression of both ligands and receptors at the same time. Our results indicate that autocrine stimulation of the BAFF/APRIL system might be involved in the pathogenesis of PCNSL.
Microwave radiometer to retrieve temperature profiles from the surface to the stratopause
Authors: Stähli O. , Murk A. , Kämpfer N. , Mätzler C. , Eriksson P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. TEMPERA is a new ground-based radiometer which measures in a frequency range from 51–57 GHz radiation emitted by the atmosphere. The instrument operates thermally stabilized inside a lab. With this instrument it is possible to measure temperature profiles from ground to about 50 km. This is the first ground-based instrument with the capability to retrieve temperature profiles simultaneously for the troposphere and stratosphere. The measurement is done with a filterbank in combination with a digital Fast-Fourier-Transform spectrometer. A hot load and a noise diode are used as stable calibration sources. The optics consist of an off-axis parabolic mirror to collect the sky radiation. Due to the Zeeman effect on the emission lines used, the maximum height for the temperature retrieval is about 50 km. The effect is apparent in the measured spectra. The performance of TEMPERA is validated by comparison with nearby radiosonde and satellite data from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. In this paper we present the design and measurement method of the instrument followed by a description of the retrieval method, together with a validation of TEMPERA data over its first year, 2012.
Joint radio and optical observations of the most radio-powerful intracloud lightning discharges
Authors: Jacobson A. R. , Light T. E. L. , Hamlin T. , Nemzek R.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The most radio-powerful intracloud lightning emissions are associated with a phenomenon variously called "narrow bipolar events" or "compact intracloud discharges". This article examines in detail the coincidence and timing relationship between, on the one hand, the most radio-powerful intracloud lightning events and, on the other hand, optical outputs (or lack thereof) of the same discharge process. This is done, first, using coordinated very high frequency (VHF) and optical observations from the FORTE satellite and, second, using coordinated sferic and all-sky optical observations from the Los Alamos Sferic Array. In both cases, it is found that the sought coincidences are exceedingly rare. Moreover, in the handful of coincidences between optical and intense radio emissions that have been identified, the radio emissions differ from their usual behavior, by being accompanied by approximately simultaneous "conventional" lightning radio emissions. It is implied that the most radio-powerful intracloud emission process essentially differs from ordinary incandescent lightning.
Light absorption and partitioning in Arctic Ocean surface waters: impact of multi year ice melting
Authors: Bélanger S. , Cizmeli S. A. , Ehn J. , Matsuoka A. , Doxaran D. , Hooker S. , Babin M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ice melting in the Arctic Ocean exposes the surface water to more radiative energy with poorly understood effects on photo-biogeochemical processes and heat deposition in the upper ocean. In August 2009, we documented the vertical variability of light absorbing components at 37 stations located in the southeastern Beaufort Sea including both Mackenzie river-influenced waters and polar mixed layer waters. We found that melting multi-year ice released significant amount of non-algal particulates (NAP) near the sea surface relative to sub-surface waters. NAP absorption coefficients at 440 nm (aNAP(440)) immediately below the sea surface (0-) were on average 3-fold (up to 10-fold) higher compared to sub-surface values measured at 2–3 m depth. The impact of this unusual feature on the light transmission and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) was further examined using a radiative transfer model. A 10-fold particle enrichment homogeneously distributed in the first meter of the water column slightly reduced photosynthetically available and usable radiation (PAR and PUR) by ~6% and ~8%, respectively, relative to a fully homogenous water column with low particles concentration. In terms of Rrs, the particle enrichment significantly flattered the spectrum by reducing the Rrs by up to 20% in the blue-green spectral region (400–550 nm). These results highlight the impact of melt water on the concentration of particles at sea surface, and the need for considering nonuniform vertical distribution of particles in such systems when interpreting remotely sensed ocean color. Spectral slope of aNAP spectra calculated in the UV domain decreased with depth suggesting that this parameter is sensitive to detritus composition and/or diagenesis state (e.g., POM photobleaching).
Late Cenozoic continuous aridification in the western Qaidam Basin: evidence from sporopollen records
Authors: Miao Y. F. , Fang X. M. , Wu F. L. , Cai M. T. , Song C. H. , Meng Q. Q. , Xu L.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Cenozoic climate changes in inner Asia provide a basis for understanding linkages between global cooling, the Tibetan Plateau uplift, and possibly the development of the East Asian monsoon. Based on the compiled palynological results from the western Qaidam Basin, this study reconstructed an 18 Ma record of changing vegetation and paleoclimates since the middle Miocene. Thermophilic taxa percentages were highest between 18 and 14 Ma and decreased after 14 Ma, corresponding closely with the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) between 18 and 14 Ma and the following global climatic cooling. After 3.6 Ma, the thermophilic taxa percentages further decreased, showing the inevitable relations with the ice-sheets enlargement in the North Hemisphere. During the same period of time, the increase in xerophytic taxa percentages and decrease in conifers percentages imply aridification in both the basin and surrounding mountains since 18 Ma. These results indicate that global cooling mainly controlled the climate change from a relative warm-wet stage to a cold-dry stage during the late Cenozoic at the western Qaidam Basin, and that the Tibetan Plateau uplift also contributed in contrast to the East Asian summer monsoon.
Competative Behaviour of Groundnut in Sesame-Groundnut Intercropping System under Varying Poultry Manure Rates and Planting Arrangement
Authors: I. M. Haruna , L. Aliyu , S. M. Maunde
Published: March 2013

Field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2011 and 2012 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi-Lafia Campus to study the competitive behaviour of groundnut in Sesame-groundnut intercropping system. The experiment consisted of four rates of poultry manure (0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9 t ha-1) and two planting arrangement (single alternate row and double alternate row planting arrangement). The eight treatment combinations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results obtained in both the years showed that sesame when grown with groundnut under different rates of poultry manure and planting arrangement appeared to be a dominant crop as indicated by its higher values of Land equivalent ratio, competitive ratio, higher and positive values for aggressivity and area time equivalent ratio. Application of 6 t ha-1 of poultry manure and double alternate row planting arrangement produced the highest values for all the competition indices measured respectively.
Estudo dos Fatores para Avaliação de Projetos na Gestão de Portfólio em uma Empresa de Bens de Consumo
Authors: Navarro Dorizon Alberto
Published: March 2013

Com o crescente desenvolvimento da tecnologia dentro de ambientes produtivos, percebe-se que os processos de automação industrial estão se tornando pontos fortes de discussões de investimento perante os executivos e tomadores de decisão nas indústrias de uma forma geral. Cada vez mais os projetos de automação estão em evidencia nos portfólios de projetos da indústria.Este trabalho buscou avaliar o modelo de tomada de decisão de projetos de automação industrial e acompanhar a escolha da tecnologia empregada no projeto escolhido por uma indústria de bens de consumo alimentício e cuidados com a saúde. A decisão foi baseada em quatro fatores, fatores financeiros, fatores estratégicos, fatores tecnológicos e fatores humanos. Os fatores foram atendidos, no entanto foi possível perceber que o fator financeiro e o tecnológico foram os mais evidentes, onde a tecnologia com o menor custo foi escolhida, mesmo não sendo a com maior pontuação no scorecard.DOI:10.5585/gep.v3i3.140
The Importance of Continuous and Discrete Elements in Continuum Robots
Authors: Cowan Lara S. , Walker Ian D.
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we examine key issues underlying the design and operation of robots featuring continuous body (“continuum”) elements. We contrast continuum and continuum-like robots created to date with their counterparts in the natural world. It is observed that natural continuum locomotors or manipulators almost invariably rely on hard or discrete elements (in their structure or operation) in their interactions with their environment. We suggest innovations in continuum robot design and operation motivated by this observation, supported by experiments using the “Tendril” continuum robot. The results suggest new ways in which continuum robot operations could be significantly enhanced. In particular, the exploitation of “hard” and “discrete” environmental features can greatly enhance stability in continuum robot operations, compensating for inherent backbone compliance. Additionally, the incorporation of discrete behaviours (sweeping and striking with the backbone) can both compensate for imprecision in continuum robot control and enable new impulsive manipulation modes. We discuss the implications for the creation and potential application of novel hybrid continuum and discrete robots.
Shareholder Wealth Maximization and Social Welfare: A Utilitarian Critique
Authors: Jones Thomas M. , Felps Will
Published: March 2013

Many scholars and managers endorse the idea that the primary purpose of the firm is to make money for its owners. This shareholder wealth maximization objective is justified on the grounds that it maximizes social welfare. In this article, the first of a two-part set, we argue that, although this shareholder primacy model may have been appropriate in an earlier era, it no longer is, given our current state of economic and social affairs. To make our case, we employ a utilitarian moral standard and examine the apparent logical sequence behind the link between shareholder wealth maximization and social welfare. Upon close empirical and conceptual scrutiny, we find that utilitarian criteria do not support the shareholder model; that is, shareholder wealth maximization is only weakly linked to social welfare maximization. In view of the dubious validity of this sequential argument, we outline some of the features of a superior corporate objective—a variant of normative stakeholder theory. In the second article, we will advance and defend our preferred alternative and then discuss some institutional arrangements under which it could be implemented.
Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e Educação Ambiental em contexto de inovação organizacional: conceitos revisitados
Authors: Giesta Lilian Caporlingua
Published: March 2013

The disciplinary field of Business Administration follows the organizations innovations and discusses that with sustainable development as a strategic focus and Corporate Social Responsibility, among other issues. However, a gap has been found when considering communication and attempt to mobilize the members that are part of the socio-environmental management process in the company. This gap is identified because there is no extensive dialogue between the organizational context and Environmental Education worked in a consolidated form in the disciplinary field of Education. Thus, this paper seeks to revisit theoretical concepts and theoretical approaches to innovation, Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development as organizational strategy and Environmental Education. The discussion indicates that the integration of Environmental Education, Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility in innovative organizations is important, especially because of the little interaction between these areas of knowledge.
A sustentabilidade na indústria automobilística: vantagem competitiva ou um sonho distante?
Authors: Carvalho Almir , Hourneaux Junior Flavio
Published: March 2013

The introduction of sustainability aspects in business has been a part of the current scenario in any industry. For automotive sector this is no different; on the contrary, discussions can be even more intense because it is a sector of great importance, regarding economic, social and environmental impacts. This study aims to identify how sustainability issues can influence Brazilian customers’ decision related to automotive industry, through a sample of consumers located in the city of São Paulo, the largest one in the country. The empirical research is of survey type and gathered a sample of 184 consumers, who answered a questionnaire sent electronically. The outcomes point out to the little significant scores in terms of the influence of sustainability aspects in the perception of consumers – rather than of economic factors –, which may compromise possible strategies for sustainability that could be implemented by automotive companies.
Inovação em sistemas de produção de arroz orgânico no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Silveira Vanessa Monks da , Antunes Graziela Mota , Dias Marcelo Fernandes Pacheco
Published: March 2013

The Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of rice. In the state, rice is conventionally produced in large areas with intensive use of machinery and inputs, which has been associated with environmental impacts. Innovation can help to change this reality. Some initiatives are being developed in recent years trying to adapt the conventional system the global trend of consumption concerned about the environment. An example is the production of organic rice. In this sense, has established itself as objective to identify the groups of organic production in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the innovations associated with these groups. The research was characterized as qualitative. The current stage of research enabled us to identify the group of producers associated with the Center for Environmental Education and Rice Agroecological Management Group, coordinated the Cooperative Central Settlements of Rio Grande do Sul. Have been identified other producers or groups. As for innovations, the results of the group of producers associated with the Center for Environmental Education and Monitoring are under review. Still it was found that new more sustainable alternatives are being adopted by producers and that this type of cultivation has increased in recent seasons.
Archetypal Mathematics
Authors: Caglayan Günhan
Published: March 2013

Students analyze a photograph to solve mathematical questions related to the images captured in the photograph. This month, photographs of ancient arches lead to a discussion of inscribed polygons.
Complex B Vitamin Improves Performance of Mediterranean Buffalo Calves in Artificial Suckling from Birth to Weaning
Authors: Verdurico Lenita Camargo , Gandra Jefferson Rodrigues , De Freitas Júnior Jose Esler , Barletta Rafael Villela , Takiya Caio Seiti , Vilela Flávio Garcia , Calomeni Gustavo Delfino , Gardinal Rodrigo , Gil Paulo Cesar Nunes , Rennó Francisco Palma
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ponderal development, blood parameters and hematological from buffalo calves in artificial suckling supplemented with vitamin-mineral additive from birth to weaning. 18 buffalo calves were used and divided into two random groups: 1) control group; 2) group supplemented with vitamin B complex (Metacell ®). To evaluation of the ponderal development, the calves were weighed weekly and measured the thoracic perimeter, height and body length. Blood samples were collected weekly throughout the experimental period by jugular vein puncture. The group of calves supplemented with additives showed the greatest ponderal development in relation to the control group. Similarly the group of calves supplemented with additive has higher concentration of total cholesterol, urea and total protein. However there was no additive effect on the levels of glucose, albumin and β-hydroxybutyrate. The values of leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes increased with the oral use of the additive in relation to the control group. This study supports the definition of reference values for the evaluation of buffalo calves during suckling period. The additive use to buffalo calves improves ponderal performance without significantly alter the metabolic profile.
Prepubertal Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Leydig Cells: Isolation, Culture and Characterization
Authors: Reddy Niranjan , Sreshtha Shikha , Katakam Muneswarao , Ashwini Malla , Sonam Surabhi , Kumar Vinod , Goel Sandeep
Published: March 2013

Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an economically important livestock species in India. Male buffaloes display delayed sexual maturity as compared to the bulls (Bos taurus). Serum testosterone level, the key regulator of sexual maturity of males, is reported to be low in male buffaloes in comparison to bulls. Testosterone secretion and progression of spermatogenesis is mediated essentially by Leydig cells in the males. Establishment of primary culture for buffalo Leydig cells can provide an excellent tool to investigate the factors which regulate testicular steroidogenesis. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to isolate, culture and characterize buffalo Leydig cells. Immunohistological analysis revealed that cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP11A1) specifically mark the Leydig cells in prepubertal buffalo testis. Using enzymatic digestion and Percoll density gradient centrifugation, a cell population that consisted of approximately 95% pure Leydig cells was obtained as indicated by CYP11A1 staining. Purified Leydig cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) for 72 h. The cultured Leydig cells proliferated, expressed Leydig-cell specific transcripts (STAR, HSD3B1, HSD3B6, and CYP17A1) and proteins (CYP11A1, HSD3B and LHCGR), and secreted testosterone. It was concluded from the present study that buffalo Leydig cells can be maintained in culture for 72 h. The primary culture of buffalo Leydig cells can be used for studying acute responses, biochemical properties and other factors regulating testicular steroidogenesis, independent of other testicular cell types.
On Morphology and Morphometry of Trichuris ovis Abildgaard, 1795 Recovered from Ruminants of Ladakh, India
Authors: Kuchai Javid Ahmad , Ahmad Fayaz , Chishti Mohammad Zahoor , Dar Javid Ahmad , Tak Hidayatullah
Published: March 2013

Morphology and morphometry is used as tools for parasite identification since times immemorial, however this trend has been no longer used since the last decades and the identification became dependent on molecular characterization. However, this is possible in developed Countries while as the developing and underdeveloped Countries, like India, still largely depend on the traditional techniques. In this investigation an attempt was made to study the morphology and morphometry of adult Trichuris ovis recovered from caecum of the ruminants in Ladakh in order to access the effect of the study area, host, intensity, age, sex of the host and methodology on morphology of the parasite. It has been found that all these factors pose a little effect on the parasite identification were of minor importance because they were found within the range of similarity and were not good enough to label it as a new species as was expected. However, some descriptive features might be helpful in the parasite identification.
Emerging Issues in Compensation Valuation for Oil Spillage in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria
Authors: Babawale Gabriel Kayode
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Oil spillage often impacts substantial land area with grave consequences on the vegetation, economic crops/trees, aquatic life, and the entire eco-system. The impact of oil spills is often widespread and could persists for several years with attendant adverse repercussions on both the health and means of livelihood of people living within the impacted area. For this and other reasons, claims arising from oil spillage often run into billions of naira (N) [1US$=N165]. Given the magnitude of the consequential loss and claim, the onus is on the claimant to produce credible evidence to prove that he actually suffered the nature and extent of the injury alleged. This paper reviewed certain fundamental errors that have become commonplace among Nigerian valuers in the discharge of their role of assisting the court to arrive at a just compensation payable for oil spillage in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The data used were obtained from valuation reports which the author was privileged to critique as a consultant to a major oil exploration and marketing company in Nigeria. it was found that most of the valuationÂ  reports contained flagrant errors and fell short of best practices because less than the required effort is devoted to prosecuting this somewhat complex and highly technical valuation; and more specifically, little attention is paid to the provisions of relevant laws and the standards prescribed by valuation regulatory bodies, which are usually the basis for all statutory valuations.
La sémiose du texte érotique
Authors: Boulanger Pier-Pascale
Published: March 2013

Le récit érotique contemporain est un objet littéraire vilipendé qui exige pourtant la maîtrise d’un certain nombre de moyens afin d’accomplir sa visée : exciter le lecteur. L’article présente quelques considérations sur les modes de lecture du texte mais se concentre plutôt sur l’analyse et l’illustration des moyens lexicaux, syntaxiques et discursifs mis en oeuvre par les pornographes dans la trame narrative dans le but d’assurer le processus de sémiose érotique chez le lecteur. Les impératifs de clarté, de réalité et d’inventivité sont présentés comme des valeurs cardinales que le traducteur doit s’efforcer de rendre s’il aspire à produire un texte de jouissances.
D’Homère l’aède jusqu’à Homer… Simpson, ou l’exercice périlleux de la fidélité
Authors: Doré Jean-François
Published: March 2013

Pour Francis Affergan, traduire c’est passer d’une ontologie dans une autre. Ainsi toute traduction se “traduit”-elle par la destruction, relative, d’un texte pour en construire un (ou des) nouveau(x) qui rend(ent) plus ou moins justice au texte source. C’est de cette tension que naît la position radicale de l’impossibilité de la traduction. À cet égard, les textes homériques offrent depuis des siècles un terreau de réflexion fertile : théoriquement impossibles à rendre, ils ont pourtant en pratique été “traduits” de dizaines de façons.
Polylactide foams prepared by a traditional chemical compression‐molding method
Authors: Luo Yu , Zhang Jiuli , Qi Rongrong , Lu Jiaqi , Hu Xinli , Jiang Pingkai
Published: March 2013

To reduce environmental pollution and oil shortages, biodegradable polylactide (PLA) from plants was used to replace synthetic plastic from petroleum. In this study, high‐melt‐viscosity PLA was achieved through theinsitureaction of carboxyl‐ended polyester (CP) and solid epoxy (SE) first; then, PLA foams were successfully prepared by a chemical compression‐molding method. The detailed foaming factors were also studied, including the decomposition temperature of the blowing agent, the foam temperature, and the open‐mold temperature. The results reveal that the obtained PLA foams had good water absorption and degradable properties, and the foam density was low as 0.16 g/cm3. Moreover, the effects of the CP/SE concentration and the AC content on the properties of the foams were also investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology and mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber/polyamide thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Wu Wenjing , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2013

High performance thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) and ternary polyamide copolymer (tPA) were prepared through a dynamic vulcanization process in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The morphology, crystallization, and mechanical properties of the EVM/tPA blends were studied. A phase transition of EVM/tPA blend was observed at a weight ratio of 60/40. The presence of EVM increased the melting enthalpy at the high temperature of tPA, ascribing to the heterogeneous nucleating effect of EVM. The tensile strength of EVM/tPA (70/30) blends was increased up to 20.5 MPa as the DCP concentration increased to 3.5 phr, whereas the elongation at break of the blends kept decreasing as the DCP concentration increased. The addition of ethylene‐acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) or maleic anhydride‐grafted EVM (EVM‐g‐MAH) to the EVM/tPA blends both induced finer dispersion of the EVM particles in the tPA phase and improvement in the tensile strength and elongation at break of the blends, which were ascribed to the compatibilization of EAA or EVM‐g‐MAH. Finally, a high performance EVM/tPA (70/30) thermoplastic elastomer with Shore A hardness of 75, tensile strength of 24 MPa, elongation at break of 361%, and set at break of 20% was obtained by adding 5 wt % of EVM‐g‐MAH and 3.5 phr DCP. It has great potential in automotive and oil pipeline applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Microwave‐absorbing performance and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber thermoplastic elastomers filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Zhai Yinghao , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2013

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) were mixed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silicon carbide (SiC) to prepare microwave‐absorbing composites. The complex permittivity, direct‐current (dc) conductivity, microwave‐absorbing performance, morphology, and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The real and imaginary parts of the permittivity of the composites increased with increasing MWCNT content. The premixing of the MWCNTs with PVC was more beneficial to the dispersion of MWCNTs; this led to a higher dc conductivity and permittivity and better microwave‐absorbing performance than the premixing of MWCNTs with NBR for the PVC/NBR/MWCNT composites. The PVC/NBR/MWCNT composites had a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −49.5 dB at the optimum thickness of 1.96 mm. The efficient microwave absorption of the PVC/NBR/MWCNT composites was due to a high dielectric loss and moderate permittivity. The incorporation of SiC into the PVC/NBR/MWCNT composites increased the real and imaginary parts of permittivity of the composites. When the SiC content was 70 phr, RLmin decreased to −34.9 dB at a thickness of 3 mm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Using synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy to determine secondary structure changes and distribution in thermoplastic protein
Authors: Bier James Michael , Verbeek Casparus Johannes Reinhard , Lay Mark Christopher
Published: March 2013

Blood meal is a high protein, low value by‐product of the meat processing industry that can be converted into a thermoplastic material by extrusion with a combination of a surfactant, urea, a reducing agent, water, and plasticiser. Changes in protein structure after each processing step (mixing with additives, extrusion, injection molding, and conditioning) were explored using synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy. Blood meal particles were found to have higher β‐sheet content around the perimeter with a randomly structured core. α‐Helices were either located near the core or were evenly distributed throughout the particle. Structural rearrangement consistent with consolidation into a thermoplastic was seen after extrusion with processing additives, resulting in reduced α‐helices and increased β‐sheets. Including triethylene glycol as a plasticiser reduced α‐helices and β‐sheets in all processing steps. At all processing stages, regions with increased β‐sheets could be identified suggesting blood meal‐based thermoplastics should be considered as a semicrystalline polymer where clusters of crystalline regions are distributed throughout the disordered material. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Development of HDPE/EPDM‐g‐TMEVS nanocomposites with enhanced electrical and flame properties
Authors: Divya V. C. , Pattanshetti V. V. , Suresh R. , Sailaja R. R. N.
Published: March 2013

Nanoclay reinforced HDPE/silane grafted EPDM composites have been developed using an epoxy functionalized HDPE as compatibilizer.The nanoclay has been varied from 0% to 10% in the composites along with the incorporation of compatibilizer and without compatibilizer in a brabender plasticorder.The dielectric and fire retardant properties of these nanocomposites have been examined. Addition of nanoclay enhanced char formation with increased values of limiting oxygen index. Electrical properties such as volume and surface Resistivity improved with addition of nanoclay and compatibilizer. The values of tan δ increased with increase in grafted EPDM and silanated nanoclay loading. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ultrasonic sealing versus heat conductive sealing of polyethylene/polybutene‐1 peel films
Authors: Nase Michael , Bach Sascha , Zankel Armin , Majschak Jens‐Peter , Grellmann Wolfgang
Published: March 2013

The ultrasonic sealing (USS) is a new and modern possibility to seal peel films for packaging, for example for food and for medical packages. The heat conductive sealing (HCS) in contrast is already well described in science and practice. This study is a comparison of the effectiveness of both the USS and the HCS method using low‐density polyethylene/isotactic polybutene‐1 peel films. The influence of the recipe of the film, i.e., the amount of the peel component used and the thickness of the peel layer, as well as the sealing parameters, i.e., the sealing temperature, time, and pressure in case of HCS and the sealing force, time, and amplitude in case of USS, on the peel behavior were investigated. To characterize the peel behavior, the peel force, the maximum peel force, and the fracture mechanics, energy release rate were used. The sealing force has a strong impact on the peel properties. This behavior is similar to the influence of the sealing temperature. The peel behavior can be adjusted by varying the content of isotactic polybutene‐1. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electrically conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)–polystyrene sulfonic acid/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers prepared by wet spinning
Authors: Liu Yin , Li Xin , Lü Jing Chun
Published: March 2013

Composite conductive fibers based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) blended with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were prepared via a conventional wet‐spinning process. The influences of the PEDOT–PSS content on the electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite fibers were investigated. The fibers with 1.83 wt % PEDOT–PSS showed a conductivity of 5.0 S/cm. The breaking strength of the fibers was in the range 0.36–0.60 cN/dtex. The thermal stability of the PEDOT–PSS/PAN composite fibers was similar to but slightly lower than that of the pure PAN. The X‐ray diffraction results revealed that both the pure PAN and PEDOT–PSS/PAN composite fibers were amorphous in phase, and the crystallization of the latter was lower than that of the former. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Sensing of large strain using multiwall carbon nanotube/segmented polyurethane composites
Authors: Bautista‐Quijano J.R. , Avilés F. , Cauich‐Rodriguez J.V.
Published: March 2013

Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/elastomeric composite films were fabricated using two segmented polyurethanes: an in‐house synthesized one (SPU) and a commercial medical grade one (Tecoflex®, TF). Electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical (piezoresistive) properties of both composites were evaluated as a function of the MWCNT weight concentration (1–10 wt %). An increase in electrical conductivity for both types of polymers was observed for MWCNT concentrations as low as 1 wt %. The electrical conductivity of MWCNT/TF composites was higher than that achieved for MWCNT/SPU composites. Mechanical properties of 8 wt % MWCNT/SPU composites showed a threefold increase in stiffness compared to neat SPU. The changes in electrical resistance of the composites showed higher sensitivity to strain for lower MWCNT concentrations. The piezoresistive signal of the composites allows to measure strains up to ∼400% before electrical depercolation occurs. The strain at which electrical depercolation occurs depends on the conductivity of the composite in its unloaded state. This kind of composites may find sensing applications in prosthetics, biomedical devices, and smart textiles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
High conductivity of polyaniline‐silver synthesized in situ by additional reductant
Authors: Xia Lixing , Zhao Cuilian , Yan Xin , Wu Zhenjun
Published: March 2013

Polyaniline (PANI)‐silver complex was obtained from in situ reduction of hydrochloric acid‐doped PANI by the addition of sodium borohydride. The morphology and structure of the complex were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Four‐probe measurements and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to investigate electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and silver content. Conductivity of the PANI‐silver composite was up to 535.22 S cm−1 and silver content was 38.48 wt % as determined from the molar ratio of sodium borohydride to silver nitrate of 1.2 used during the synthesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
LC analysis and pharmacokinetic study of synthetic piperlonguminine in rat plasma after oral administration
Authors: Sarnaizul Erdenebaatar , Borjihan Gereltu , Baigude Huricha , Aona  , Menghe  , Narisu  , Zhaorigetu
Published: March 2013

Only one kind of synthesized alkaloid, piperlonguminine, was used to understand the interference of the other alkaloids in pharmacokinetic study using HPLC/UV in rat plasma after oral administration. Compared with the previous report, it was clarified that mixed alkaloids such as piperine and the other extract from Piper longum Linn did not interfere with the results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of alachlor residues in pepper and pepper leaf using gas chromatography and confirmed via mass spectrometry with matrix protection
Authors: Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Sharma Hiron Moy , Park Jong‐Hyouk , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Nahar Nilufar , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: March 2013

Alachlor residues were determined in pepper and pepper leaf, after 49 days of manufacturer‐recommended single‐ and double‐dose application to the soil and plant. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with n‐hexane, and purified through solid‐phase extraction, and finally detected with a gas chromatography–microelectron capture detector. The linearity of the analytical response across the studied range of concentrations (0.05–4.0 µg/mL) was excellent, obtaining coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.999. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked pepper and pepper leaf samples, at two concentrations levels (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg), with three replicates performed at each level. Mean recoveries of 73.1–109.0% with relative standard deviations of 1.3–2.3% were obtained. The method was successfully applied to field samples, and alachlor residue was found in pepper (0.02 mg/kg) and pepper leaf (0.03 mg/kg), at levels lower than the maximum residue limits (0.2 mg/kg) set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The field‐detected residues were further confirmed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with the help of pepper leaf matrix protection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calot's triangle
Authors: Abdalla Sala , Pierre Sacha , Ellis Harold
Published: March 2013

Calot's triangle is an anatomical landmark of special value in cholecystectomy. First described by Jean‐François Calot as an “isosceles” triangle in his doctoral thesis in 1891, this anatomical space requires careful dissection before the ligation and division of the cystic artery and cystic duct during cholecystectomy. The modern definition of the boundaries of Calot's triangle varies from Calot's original description, although the exact timing of this change is not entirely clear. The structures within Calot's triangle and their anatomical relationships can present the surgeon with difficulties, particularly when anatomical variations are encountered. Sound knowledge of the normal anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tract and vasculature, as well as understanding of congenital variation, is thus essential in the prevention of iatrogenic injury. The authors describe the normal anatomy of Calot's triangle and common anatomical anomalies. The incidence of structural injury is discussed, and new techniques in surgery for enhancing the visualisation of Calot's triangle are reviewed. © .
Pharmacokinetic Profile of Orally Administered Scyllo‐Inositol (Elnd005) in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain, and Corresponding Effect on Amyloid‐Beta in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Liang Earvin , Garzone Pamela , Cedarbaum Jesse M. , Koller Martin , Tran Thao , Xu Victor , Ross Brian , Jhee Stanford S. , Ereshefsky Larry , Pastrak Aleksandra , Abushakra Susan
Published: March 2013

ELND005 (scyllo‐inositol), an endogenous inositol stereoisomer, is being investigated as an oral treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacokinetics of ELND005 in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain was characterized in healthy young subjects. Eight men received 2000 mg ELND005 every 12 hours for 10 days. Plasma and CSF samples were collected at predetermined time points; ELND005 and amyloid‐beta (Aβ) fragments were measured by validated bioanalytical methods. Brain ELND005 levels, estimated by 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) scans were obtained from gray/white matter voxels at baseline and Day 8. ELND005 was well‐tolerated during the study. During the apparent steady state, ELND005 plasma levels rapidly peaked at 39.8 µg/mL and decreased to an average trough concentration of 10.6 µg/mL at the end of the 12‐hour dosing regimen. In contrast, CSF drug levels slowly peaked at 13.7 µg/mL and remained near the same level with average trough concentrations of 12.4 µg/mL. At Day 8, Brain ELND005 concentrations increased by 58–76% compared to baseline levels. The CSF concentrations achieved in this study were similar to those associated with efficacy in transgenic models of AD. No changes were detected in plasma and CSF levels of Aβ fragments.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of 2 Loxoprofen Tablets in Healthy Egyptian Male Volunteers
Authors: Helmy Sally A.
Published: March 2013

The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro dissolution and to evaluate the bioavailability of two brands of Loxoprofen sodium dihydrate tablets. Loxoprofen tablets (68.1 mg loxoprofen sodium dihydrate equivalent to 60 mg loxoprofen; test) relative to Roxonin tablets (68.1 mg loxoprofen sodium dihydrate equivalent to 60 mg loxoprofen; reference). In vitro study was adopted to determine and compare the dissolution behavior of both products. In vivo study was conducted according to a single‐center, randomized, single‐dose, and laboratory‐blinded, 2‐period, 2‐sequence, crossover design with a washout period of 1 week. Under fasting conditions, 24 healthy Egyptian adult male volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of either test or reference product. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for loxoprofen concentrations using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography assay method. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, tmax, and t1/2 were determined from plasma concentration–time profiles. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUCt–∞ of the test product over those of reference were within the acceptable range (0.8–1.25) for bioequivalence. On the basis of these results, the two‐loxoprofen formulations are considered bioequivalent.
Model‐Supported Development of CS‐8635: A Fixed‐Dose Combination of Olmesartan, Amlodipine, and Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Song SaeHeum , Carrothers Timothy J. , Moore Helen , Green Michelle , Miller Raymond , Rohatagi Shashank , Lee James , Wang Antonia , Melino Michael , Patel Manini , Heyrman Reinilde , Salazar Daniel E.
Published: March 2013

CS‐8635, a fixed‐dose triple combination of olmesartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide, was developed to address the growing need for additional blood pressure (BP) reduction in patients not controlled with dual‐combination therapies. Prior to Phase III, modeling and simulation (M&S) was conducted to estimate the additional BP lowering effect of CS‐8635 compared to the respective dual combinations. The Phase III study evaluated CS‐8635 BP lowering effects only at the highest dose strength among the five dose strengths to be developed. Post‐trial M&S was performed using an integrated dataset from three Phase III programs; CS‐8635 plus two prior dual combinations. M&S robustly estimated and described the BP lowering effects of CS‐8635 evaluated in a clinical setting. Furthermore, M&S evaluated BP lowering effects of the additional four dose strengths not studied. In summary, M&S aided the development of the clinical study and full characterization of the BP lowering effects of CS‐8635 across intermediate doses.
Glycerol Phenylbutyrate in Patients With Cirrhosis and Episodic Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Pilot Study of Safety and Effect on Venous Ammonia Concentration
Authors: Ghabril Marwan , Zupanets Igor A. , Vierling John , Mantry Parvez , Rockey Don , Wolf David , O'Shea Robert , Dickinson Klara , Gillaspy Heather , Norris Catherine , Coakley Dion F. , Mokhtarani Masoud , Scharschmidt Bruce F.
Published: March 2013

Glycerol tri‐(4‐phenylbutyrate) (glycerol phenylbutyrate, GPB, HPN‐100) mediates waste nitrogen excretion through conjugation with glutamine to form phenylacetylglutamine which is excreted in urine. This pilot study was performed to assess tolerability and effect on venous ammonia concentration in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Patients underwent one week of 6 mL (6.6 g) twice daily (BID). GPB dosing followed by 3 weeks of 9 mL (9.9 g) BID dosing and underwent repeated blood sampling for ammonia concentration and pharmacokinetics. Fifteen patients were enrolled. Ammonia concentrations were lowest after overnight fast and increased post‐prandially. Fasting ammonia concentrations were lower on GPB compared to baseline, with a decrease on the eighth day of 6 mL BID dosing to 45.4 (27.9) µmol/L (ULN ∼48 µmol/L) (P < .05). Nine milliliters BID yielded similar lowering but was associated with more adverse events and higher phenylacetate (PAA) plasma concentrations (PAA Cmax of 144 [125] vs. 292 [224] µg/mL on 6 and 9 mL, respectively). GPB dosed at 6 mL BID lowered fasting ammonia levels in cirrhotic patients with HE as compared with baseline, was better tolerated than 9 mL BID, and is appropriate for further evaluation in patients with cirrhosis and episodic HE.
Effect of Multiple‐Dose Diltiazem on the Pharmacokinetics of the Renin Inhibitor ACT‐077825
Authors: Dingemanse Jasper , Nicolas Laurent B. , van Bortel Luc
Published: March 2013

This open‐label, randomized study evaluated the effects of steady‐state diltiazem on the pharmacokinetic, safety, and tolerability profile of a single dose of the novel renin inhibitor ACT‐077825. Twelve healthy Caucasian male subjects (20–50 years) received in treatment sequence A, a single dose of 100 mg ACT‐077825 (Days 1 and 17), and oral diltiazem 300 mg once daily (Days 14–26). In treatment sequence B, subjects received a single dose of 100 mg ACT‐077825 (Days 4 and 22) and oral diltiazem 300 mg once daily (Days 1–13). ACT‐077825 alone and combined with diltiazem was generally well tolerated. On average, the systemic exposure to ACT‐077825 was higher in the presence of diltiazem. For AUC0–∞ and t1/2, the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratios was outside the study‐specific 0.5–2.0 equivalence boundaries, that is, 1.92 (90% CI: 1.30, 2.83) and 1.58 (90% CI: 1.22, 2.04), respectively. In conclusion, diltiazem markedly affected the pharmacokinetics of ACT‐077825, probably via inhibition of CYP3A4 activity, without changing its safety and tolerability profile in healthy male subjects. Whether such an interaction will require for therapeutic dose adjustment of ACT‐077825 co‐administered with diltiazem has to be assessed once the dose‐response relationship of ACT‐077825 in hypertensive patients is determined.
Dewetting and transport property enhancement: antimonide crystals for high performance electronic devices
Authors: Ebnalwaled A. A. , Duffar T. , Sylla L.
Published: March 2013

The dewetting technique has been applied to the growth of InSb and GaSb polycrystals. After optimization of the set up and growth parameters, four samples, 88 mm in length and 11 mm in diameter, have been obtained. Their electrical properties were investigated in relation to the type of solidification (attached, dewetted and so on). In spite of the polycrystalline structure of these samples, room temperature Hall mobilities obtained for dewetted antimonide samples have shown the highest values obtained till now. These results indicate that dewetting can be used to produce InSb and GaSb with high mobility for device applications.