bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ridge augmentation following extraction of replanted central incisor
Authors: Zuolo M. L , Ferreira M. O. F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Regeneration of bone defects remains a clinically important problem in many instances. This paper reports on the use of membrane technique combined with decalcified freeze‐dried bone allograft to promote bone formation after extraction of a replanted central incisor with extensive root resorption. The procedure prevented ridge reduction, both buccolingually and apicocoronally, and will facilitate prosthetic replacement of the lost tooth without esthetic problems.
Effect of dowel space preparation on the apical seal of root canal fillings
Authors: Raiden G. C. , Gendelman H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The effect of post preparation on the apical seal was studied using simulated root canals. The maximum level of removal was tested with residual fillings 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm long. All of the artificial canals were filled with gutta‐percha, Grossman's sealer, and lateral condensation. The removal was immediate and carried out with warm pluggers and the dowel space was completed with a Peeso drill. Stainless steel posts were cemented with zinc phosphate cement in the free space of the root canals. The coronal access of the canals was sealed with temporary fillings. After setting the materials, the specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue dye solution for 72 h and were observed with a measuring microscope. The final length of the apical fillings was found to be different from the intended length in every group. As far as leakage was concerned, 1, 2, and 3 mm‐long fillings did not show a significant difference when compared with the negative control group (that is to say, filled canals where no dowel space was created). In the 4 mm fillings the leakage value was zero. These findings may be of clinical importance when restoring short roots.
Mineralized deposits in pulps of incompletely developed permanent monkey incisors after pulpotomy with tungsten carbide fissure burs
Authors: Heide S. , Koppang H. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The exposed pulp of incompletely developed permanent incisors of nine monkeys were treated with partial pulpotomy with tungsten carbide fissure burs on an air turbine equipment. The pulps were capped with calcium hydroxide (Dycal®) followed by insertion of conventional amalgam. The results were studied by conventional light microscopy after 1 and 6 months. Rod‐like mineralized pulpal deposits were seen in five of the nine animals, in 9 out of 67 teeth, evenly distributed at the two observation times. Also the lengths of the deposits appeared similar, while the thickness had increased markedly after 6 months. After 1 month the presence of a central vessel lumen was observed in the deposits. The results seemed to indicate that the mechanism of formation was an initial pathologic mineralization of the vessel wall, and a growth of the deposits by the elaboration of fibrous, atubular dentin on to the outside of this wall.
A critical reevaluation of stresses generated during vertical and lateral condensation of gutta‐percha in the root canal
Authors: Telli Cüneyt , Gülkan Polat , Günel Halis
Published: April 2006

Abstract The finite element method was used to calculate the stresses in a maxillary canine tooth produced during lateral and vertical condensation. Description of the biological domain to be analyzed, and conversion of the manual operations of the endodontist to realistic load representation are intricate problems which must be overcome before stresses are recovered and plotted. The stresses in dentin are in general of comparable magnitudes during lateral or vertical condensation, but these magnitudes generally remain much below those presented in a previous study. From these calculations it appears that root fractures reported by some investigators may be explained in terms of stress concentrations and local irregularities of the samples tested.
Lip suture with isobutyl cyanoacrylate
Authors: de Blanco L. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Reported are two cases of dental trauma with lip lesions and a deep wound through the muscular structures. The aim of this paper was to show that using an easy method with isobutyl cyanoacrylate that suturing small to deep lip wounds can be achieved without conventional sutures that require more time, and possibly may cause cheloid healing.
Unusual palatal root canal morphology in maxillary molars
Authors: Jacobsen E. L , Nii C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Three clinical cases are presented in which the palatal root(s) of human maxillary molars exhibited root canal morphology characterized by multiple canals/roots.
Partially arrested root formation in a permanent maxillary central incisor subsequent to trauma to the primary dentition
Authors: Nagatani S. , Mathieu G. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract When the primary dentition sustains a traumatic insult, the development of the succedaneous teeth can be disturbed leading to a number of malformations. In this case report, the patient presented with a history of prior trauma to his primary maxillary incisors which resulted in partially arrested root formation for a permanent incisor. The considerations in formulating a treatment plan which included orthodontics are discussed.
Dens invaginatus in first mandibular premolar
Authors: Tavano S. M. R. , de Sousa S. M. G. , Bramante C. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of dens invaginatus in a mandibular first premolar with periapical lesion is presented in which it was possible to perform non‐surgical endodontic therapy. Dens invaginatus is a developmental malformation of teeth which results from abnormal morphodifferentation. Due to their abnormal anatomical configuration, invaginated teeth present technical difficulties in their clinical management. The treatment modalities available to the clinician include: endodontic therapy, endodontic surgery, combined treatment, or extraction. In this case the treatment of choice, selected according to clinical and radiographic considerations, was endodontic therapy of the main root canal.
Adrenaline in local anaesthesia: the effect of concentration on dental pulpal circulation and anaesthesia
Authors: Odor T. M. , Pitt Ford T. R. , McDonald F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study investigated the effects of inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia using 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 or 1:80,000 adrenaline on pulpal blood flow in mandibular molar and canine teeth in 10 human subjects by laser Doppler flowmetry. The duration of pulpal anaesthesia in the teeth using electric pulp testing was also investigated. The injection of 2 ml of 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline caused a decrease in pulpal blood flow in both teeth in every subject. The mean pulpal blood flow in the canine tooth at 15 min was 58% of the baseline value whilst that in the molar was 76%. These values were not significantly different from the reduction in pulpal blood How produced by 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline. Both solutions produced a reduction in blood flow that was of shorter duration than pulpal and soft tissue anaesthesia, and of shorter duration in the molar tooth compared with the canine. When 2% lionocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline was injected, the mean reduction of blood flow was of shorter duration (canine, 60 min; molar, 42 min) than following 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline (canine, 93 min; molar, 72 min); these differences in reductions were statistically significant (P<0.05). Using 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline, the mean duration of pulpal anaesthesia was 76 min in the canine tooth compared with 58 min in the molar tooth. Full soft tissue anaesthesia lasted for 117 min. These values were reduced significantly when compared with the lignocaine solution containing 1:80,000 adrenaline (P<0.05). These investigations have shed light on the mechanism of inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia, and point to the need to develop anaesthetic solutions which give citrate working time without prolonged soft tissue anaesthesia.
A study of forces originating from orthodontic appliances for splinting of teeth
Authors: Prevost J. , Louis J. P. , Vadot J. , Granjon Y.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Management of dental trauma in children sometimes requires the use of a dental splint. This can be constructed with composite materials, kevlar, fiberglass, wire and composite or orthodontic wires and brackets. However, there have been no studies of the control of dental movement when orthodontic materials are used for a dental splint. The purpose of this study was to determine the forces exerted by an orthodontic appliance used as a dental splint. To measure such forces, a transducer with a detection of 0.01 N (+/ ‐ 5%) was inserted into a maxillary dental arch model. The results showed that the orthodontic wire was rarely passive and the forces developed ranged from 0 to 27 × 10−2 N. The force developed was independent of the length of the dental splint (p<0.05) and wire size (p<0.05). The mean force developed by nickel‐titanium wires (14.27 × 10−2 N) was significantly greater (p<0.05l than the mean force developed by stainless steel and cobalt‐chromium wires. Moreover, the mean force developed by rectangular wires (12.07 times; 10−2) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than the mean force developed by square and round wires. The results suggested that Stainless steel or cobalt‐chromium, square or round wires should he used for construction of a dental splint.
Extraoral tooth eruption and transposition of teeth following trauma
Authors: Shah Naseem
Published: April 2006

Abstract A six‐year‐old boy presented with extraoral eruption of a mandibular permanent canine and a loosely attached lateral incisor in the labial vestible, 3 months following trauma to the chin. The trauma not only caused displacement of the permanent tooth buds, but also resulted in transposition of the lateral incisor and canine with subsequent ectopic eruption. The case is presented Lo demonstrate one of the infrequent complications of trauma involving the unerupted tooth buds of permanent teeth and its unusual clinical presentation.
Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 1. Diagnosis of healing complications
Authors: Andreasen J. O. , Borum M. K. , Jacobsen H. L. , Andreasen F. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A material of 322 patients with 400 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were followed prospectively in the period from 1965 to 1988 (mean observation period=5.1 yrs). The age of the patients at the time of replantation ranged from 5 to 52 yrs (mean =13.7 yrs and median =11.0 yrs). Standardized patient records were used through the entire period in order to obtain valid data concerning the extent of injury and treatment provided. At the follow–up period, pulpal and periodontal healing were monitored by clinical examination, mobility testing and standardized radio–graphic controls. Thirty–two of the replanted teeth (8%) showed pulpal healing. When related to teeth with incomplete root formation, where pulpal revascularization was anticipated (n = 94) the frequency of pulpal healing was 34%. Periodontal ligament healing (i.e. with no evidence of external root resorption) was found in 96 teeth (24%). Gingival healing was found in 371 teeth (93%). During the observation period, 119 teeth (30%) were extracted. Tooth loss was slightly more frequent in teeth with incomplete root formation at the time of replantation than in teeth with completed root formation.
Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 3. Factors related to root growth
Authors: Andreasen J. O. , Borum M. K. , Andreasen F. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Four hundred avulsed and replanted permanent incisors were examined for pulpal and periodontal healing. In 30 teeth, root formation was incomplete at the time of injury. Two teeth were excluded from the study due to nonphysiological extraalveolar storage (i.e. homemade saline). Of the 28 remaining replanted incisors, 7 showed subsequently completed root development, 8 partially completed root development and 13 arrested root development. Completed root development subsequent to replantation was found to be significantly related to pulpal revascularization, being rare in cases with pulp necrosis (5 of 15 teeth) and frequent after pulpal healing (11 of 13 teeth) (p=0.01). Root development was not found to be significantly related to the extraalveolar storage period; but occurred slightly more frequently when the dry–storage period was less than 45 min. (p=0.13). Ingrowth of bone and formation of an internal periodontal ligament (PDL) was found in 6 teeth and was related to arrested root formation in cases with pulpal healing. The explanatory factor for these findings appeared to be damage to the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath.
Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing
Authors: Andreasen J. O. , Borum M. K. , Jacobsen H. L. , Andreasen F. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract 400 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were examined for periodontal ligament (PDL) healing, using standardized radiographic and clinical examination procedures (i.e. percussion test and mobility test). The effect of various clinical factors was examined, such as age and sex of the patient, type of tooth replanted, presence of crown fracture or bone fracture, stage of root development (including apical diameter and length of the pulp), type and length of extra‐alveolar storage, clinical contamination of the root surface, type of root surface cleansing procedure, type and length of splinting period and antibiotic therapy. Surface resorption was generally diagnosed after 12 months; while inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption (ankylosis) were usually observed after 1 month and 12 months respectively. Most resorptive processes were diagnosed within the first 2–3 years. However, although rarely, even after 5 and 10 years new resorptive processes could be diagnosed. A univariate statistical analysis of 272 teeth revealed 9 factors significantly related to PDL healing. A subsequent multivariate analysis revealed that the following 4 factors had the strongest impact upon PDL healing, in descending order of significance: Stage of root development; length of the dry extra‐alveolar storage period; immediate replantation and length of the wet period (saliva or saline storage). Nonphysiological storage, such as homemade saline and sterilizing solutions (chloramine and alcohol) always led to root resorption. Storage in tap water for more than 20 minutes usually led to root resorption. The common denominator for all these factors related to PDL healing appears to be survival of the PDL cells along the root surface. Based on these findings, immediate replantation is recommended irrespective of stage of root development.
Immunoglobulins in periapical exudates of infected root canals: correlations with the clinical findings of the involved teeth
Authors: Matsuo T. , Nakanishi T. , Ebisu S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study quantified the concentrations of IgG and IgA in the periapical exudates obtained from 69 single‐rooted teeth using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and examined their correlation with clinical findings of the involved teeth. Changes in the levels of these immunoglobulins during root canal treatment were also investigated. The average levels of IgG (85.61 mg/ml) was significantly higher than that of IgA (0.65 mg/ml) (P<0.001). The exudates from the canals with large lesions (≥1 cm in diameter on radiographs) showed significantly higher IgG and IgA levels than small lesions (< 1cm in diameter) (P < 0.01). The tendency for these to be a decrease in the levels of IgG and IgA was observed following the root canal treatment. These observations suggest that IgG and IgA are involved in the immunopathogenesis of periapical lesions.
Short vs. long‐term calcium hydroxide treatment of established inflammatory root resorption in replanted dog teeth
Authors: Trope M. , Moshonov J. , Nissan R. , Buxt P. , Yesilsoy C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study examined, histologically, the healing of intentionally produced inflammatory root resorption of replanted teeth in beagle dogs, treated with short‐ or long‐term placement of calcium hydroxide. Thirty beagle dog incisors were randomly divided into four groups. In group 1 (negative control), uninfected incisors were extracted, the roots were longitudinally grooved and the teeth were replanted within 2 min. In group 2 the root canals were artificially infected followed by extraction, longitudinal grooving, and replantation as in group 1. Radiographs were taken biweekly and at the first signs of inflammatory root resorption or at 4 weeks, the root canals were fully instrumented and medicated with calcium hydroxide. In group 2, the root canals were permanently obturated with gutta‐percha and sealer after 1 week of calcium hydroxide. The teeth in group 3 were treated as described in group 2 but after 1 wk the calcium hydroxide dressing was repacked for the duration of the study. In group 4 (positive control) the teeth were treated as described in groups 2 and 3 but no endodontic treatment was performed. Twrelve weeks after the initiation of the endodontic treatment, sacrifice and histological preparation were carried out. In group 1, complete cemental repair was seen in all teeth. In group 2, five often teeth showed complete cemental repair whereas in group 3 complete cemental repair was seen in nine of ten teeth. None of the teeth in group 4 showed cemental repair. It was concluded that long‐term may be more effective than short‐term calcium hydroxide treatment of established inflammatory root resorption.
Morphologic criteria for root canal treatment of primary molars undergoing resorption
Authors: Rimondini L. , Baroni C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The endodontic anatomy of primary molars is difficult to predict because of the balance of resorption and hard tissue deposition. In particular, the resorption causes perforating lacunae across the wall of the root, even at the furcation level, and modifies shape, dimension and position of endodontic apex. The phenomenon can be so deep as to compromise endodontic therapy. The first aim of the study was to verify if reliable criteria can be found for treatability in primaiy molars undergoing resorption, i.e. if it is possible to predict if perforating lacunae are present or not. The second aim of the study was to verify if other informations needed for endodontic treatment, as shape, dimension and location of the apex, and curvature of the root canal can be predicted. For the study, 80 extracted primary molars, 75 of which pulpally involved by caries, were selected. The treatability was evaluated in term of root length, root shape, dimension and shape of endododntic apex, age of the patient and Xray index of resorption. The association between variables was performed by multiple correspondence analysis. The results suggested that root length was the most reliable criterion of the integrity of the root. The borderline of treatability was at the length of 4 mm. The position of endodontic apex related to anatomical apex, and the lingual related to the buccal root length were analyzed by linear regression analysis. The canal length was often similar to the root length (i.e. the endo and anatomical apices were very close) in lower and upper molars. However, in lower molars, if two or more canals were present in the same root, a discrepancy was observed between buccal and lingual root length. This finding was constant in first lower molars. In addition regression analysis provided a linear function between the lengths of the buccal and lingual side of the same root in lower molars. Its coefficient b was 0.73.
Formocresol and alternative primary molar pulpotomy medicaments: a review
Authors: Waterhouse P. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This paper reviews the history, clinical success and concerns regarding the safety of formocresol as a primary molar pulpotomy medicament. The alternatives to formocresol are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages evaluated.
Histological suture changes following retraction of the maxillary anterior bone segment after corticotomy
Authors: Kawakami T. , Nishimoto M. , Matsuda Y. , Deguchi T. , Eda S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract By cephalometric and dental cast analyses, the effects of corticotomy in combination with 45–50 days retraction of the maxillary anterior segment were evaluated in five female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). In addition, microscopic changes of the related sutures were examined. According to the analyses of the dental casts, the retraction of the maxillary anterior segment m the experimental group was increased when compared with that of the control group.‘There was no change in Occlusal molar relationship. The cephalometric analysis revealed that the “Point A” and “Metal Implant” on the mid‐sagittal site between the upper central incisors in the experimental group showed more pronounced retraction than that in two untreated control animals. These results were histologically evaluated by changes of the suture structure: irregularity of functional arrangement of component cells and fibers, an increase in number of cells, resorption and formation of bone, and an enlargement of the suture width. Resorption of tooth roots and alveolar bone, and irregularity of the periodontal ligament were observed. In general, these histological changes appeared more extensive in the control specimens compared with the experimental Specimens. The osseous histological changes were mainly observed in the compact bone area, while in the spongy bone area of both control and experimental specimens only minimal changes occurred. These results demonstrated the efficacy of combining a corticotomy procedure with retraction of the maxillary anterior bone segment by an orthodontic force.
Dental injuries of permanent teeth treated in private practice in Athens
Authors: Oulis C. J. , Berdouses E. D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Although there are several epidernmogical studies on dental trauma internationally, there arc not many studies dial record, analyses and Follow different kinds of dental trauma treated in a private office, and that evaluate how parameters such as type of dental trauma, as well as time lapse until treatment might influence the final outcome and the prognosis of the teeth. The sample consisted of 242 patients, 6 17 years of age, with injured teeth treated within a period off) years. All the cases were treated by the first author and were followed for at least 5 years. The treatment modalities used were based upon the clinical examination and the history of the case and included direct and indirect pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, pulpotorny, pulpectomy and splinting. The type of trauma was classified based on WHO classification partially modified. Seventy six percent of the teeth suffered only hard tissue injuries and 22% had only periodontal ligament PDL) trauma. Of the total number of teeth class 1 represented 3%, class II 59%, class III 20% and class IV 2%. of the PDL. injuries 14% of the teeth suffered concussion. 69% luxation and 17% exarlicalation. The highest incidence of dental trauma was observed at linage of 10. Sixty eight percent of the patients sought treatment 3 days or more alter the trauma had occurred (delayed treatment. while only 32% within the first 3 days (immediate treatment). Tin‐main reasons for delayed treatment were neglect (50%) and 1111‐awareness (37%). Of die teeth with delayer! treatment 43% became necrotic, while only 28% of the teeth that were treated on lime needed pulpcclomy. Luxations caused more pulp necrosis (46%) than Class I (0%) Class II (7%) or Class III (34%) type of trauma. the data from this study suggested that a) most of the dental injuries on permanent teeth were class II or III type, by a high percentage (68%) of the patients sought treatment more than 3 days after the injury (delayed treatment), c) delayed treatment caused more necrotic teeth, d) the public should be informed of the importance of immediate treatment in an effort to improve the prognosis of the pulp, e) dentists should be informed of the appropriate treatment of denial injuries since 10.3% of the cases were mistreated.
Taper and stiffness of sonic endodontic files
Authors: Lumley P. J. , Harrington E. , Walmsley A. D. , Marquis P. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aims of this investigation were to measure the thickness and taper of the different files (Heliosonic 15–40, Shaper 15–40 and Rispisonic 1–6 supplied with the MM 1500 sonic instrument and relate this to their stiffness. The diameter of the files (n = 5 for each file type) was measured at 2 mm intervals using light microscopy and a calibrated graticule (mag × 120). A model system was developed for the stillness testing. The file was held 3mm from its tip and the load in g required to produce a 45° deflection of the file was recorded. Measurements of file diameter showed that the width of the Heliosonic and Shaper increased in a linear manner and that the file taper was the same for increasing file sizes in accordance with ISO recommendations. The Rispisonic files however showed differing widths and degrees of taper which were not consistent with ISO standards. The stiffness testing results showed the I Heliosonic files to be less flexible than the Rispisonic and Shaper files for all sizes (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The differences in stiffness of the Heliosonic, Shaper and Rispisonic files were due to the variation in cross sectional area of metal. In conclusion sonic endodontic files do not have the same taper and stiffness.
Compatibility between standardized endodontic finger spreaders and accessory gutta‐percha cones
Authors: Zmener Osvaldo , Hilu Rodoflo , Scavo Rosa
Published: April 2006

Abstract Twenty samples of each size designation of finger spreaders and accessory gutta‐percha cones were randomly selected from a proprietary standardized system currently used for lateral condensation procedures. Their diameters were measured with a calliper and their morphological variations at the areas of their apical thirds were analized with the scanning electron microscope. Results of the measurements indicated that there were high degrees of variation between all spreaders and their corresponding accessory gutta‐pereha cones (p<0.001). SEM examination showed the presence of many morphologic irregularities and lack of uniformity between spreaders and cones of the same size. Our results emphasize the need for more precise criteria to fulfill the requirements of standardization by the manufacturer to provide an accurate method for root canal obturation.
Therapeutic delivery of calcitonin to inhibit external inflammatory root resorption
Authors: Wiebkin O. W. , Cardaci S. C. , Heithersay G. S. , Pierce A. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Insertion of calcitonin into root canals of monkey teeth has been shown to inhibit external inflammatory root resorption and suppress inflammation. Regulation of this therapeutic event depends upon the rate of arrival (diffusion) of the hormone at sites of resorptive activity. In (he present study, the diffusion characteristics of calcitonin through the dental root in an extracted human‐tooth model are described, and the role of cemenium in the diffusion process is also addressed. Root‐canals were enclodontically prepared to form a reservoir for [125I]‐calcitonin, and macerated to remove organic material from dentinal tubules. In teeth with intact cementum, an initial period of delay (4–5h) prior to the detection of calcitonin at the external tooth‐root surface was followed by a rapid release‐ of the calcitonin during the first 10.5h (rate peaks at 6h). Slower, sustained releases of calcitonin through intact calcitonim were measured for the following 9 days. Removal of cementum, to expose “smear‐free” dentine, resulted in an earlier efflux of calcitonin (2h) at external tooth surfaces and increased amounts of calcitonin release over 9 days. Biphasic deliver)’of calcitonin by such internal diffusion mechanisms suggests that loss of cementum will enhance therapeutic availability, while prolonged delivery to intact external dental‐root surfaces following early intra‐canal placement may also be useful for the therapeutic prevention of external in‐llammatory root resorption.
Therapeutic delivery of calcitonin to inhibit external inflammatory root resorption
Authors: Wiebkin O. W. , Cardaci S. C. , Heithersay G. S. , Pierce A. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Experimentally‐induced external inflammatory tooth‐root resorption can be inhibited by therapeutic doses of calcitonin. Such doses can be delivered by an intrinsically slow diffusion pathway, from a reservoir in endodontically‐clebrided root canals, via the dentinal tubules. While the kinetics of this journey have been followed in an earlier report, the binding characteristics of calculation to the tooth mineral, which will be responsible, in pan, for these kinetics, have not been reported before. The current study examines the binding potential of calcltonin to root mineral and addresses the potential role of non‐specific binding proteins. A modified Scatchard plot indicated that a simple non‐reactive type of ligancal binding exists between calcitonin and root mineral, represented by a small number of identical binding sites. This interaction is both strong and reversible. Furthermore, it appears to be time‐dependent with more time being required for the residual ligands to interact with the diminishing numbers of free calcitonin‐binding sites. While preloaded [125 I]‐calcitonin could be incompletely (75–91%) displaced from dental‐root material by non‐radioactive calcitonin, its release was slow over 23h. Calcitonin was four times as effective1 as bovine‐serum albumin in competing for common “calcitonin binding sites” on macerated dental‐root material. Thus, even in the presence of extraneous protein, calcitonin will bind tightly but re‐versibly to total‐root. material, making it a good candidate for therapeutically protracted delivery to external root surfaces from root canals.
Investigation of lay knowledge of the management of avulsed permanent incisors
Authors: Hamilton F. A. , Hill F. J. , Mackie I. C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The prognosis of replanted avulsed permanent incisors depends largely on prompt and appropriate emergency management. The aim of this study was to investigate lay knowledge and attitudes in this respect. Postal questionnaires were sent to all physical education teachers, school nurses and secretaries, attendants in swimming baths and leisure centres and to 220 parents of teenage children in a defined area of North West England. The overall questionnaire response rate was 86.9%. Knowledge of methods of dealing with this problem was generally inadequate in both parents and the other groups. Although 53.6% of respondents claimed to have received first aid training only 3.1% could remember dental injuries being included. There was evidence that dental health education in this field can be effective, since the highest mean knowledge score was found in the 1 1.5% of respondents who recalled receiving advice from sources such as posters, magazines and newspapers. More than 80% of the respondents stated that they would not want to replant an avulsed incisor themselves, the main reason being lack of knowledge and training. It is suggested that there is a need for potentially effective dental health education in relation to this problem.
Root canal instruments for manual use: a review
Authors: Schäfer E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Root canal instruments can be subdivided into instruments made of different alloys (stainless steel, nickel–titanium and nickel–aluminium) and instruments with different geometric forms (e. g., instruments with short cutting segments). Several types of stainless steel and titanium‐based instruments are presented and assessed by a review of the current literature. In summary, flexible stainless steel instruments with noncutting tips seem to be a decisive improvement in the development of an ideal root canal instrument. They are superior to titanium–based instruments in both cutting efficiency and instrumentation of curved root canals.
The role of the socket in the periodontal healing of replanted dogs’ teeth stored in ViaSpan for extended periods
Authors: Troope M. , Hupp J. G. , Mesaros S. V.
Published: April 2006

Abstract In a previous study on the extended storage of extracted dogs’ teeth, it was hypothesized that changes in the socket environment might play a role in the periodontal healing of these teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the socket in the periodontal healing of replanted dogs’ teeth. Extracted endodontically treated dogs’ teeth were stored in ViaSpan for 6 hours and replanted into sockets after 6, 48 or 96 hours. Controls included teeth extracted and replanted immediately, 48–hour stored teeth replanted into 48‐hour sockets and 96‐hour stored teeth replanted into 96‐hour sockets. After 6 months the dogs were killed and the teeth prepared for histologic evaluation according to Andreasen. Overall healing for the groups and healing for teeth within the groups were evaluated and compared. The best results were obtained when the teeth were replanted immediately. For the teeth stored in ViaSpan for 6 hours, complete healing decreased significantly as the age of the socket increased. In addition, the rate of replacement resorption increased significantly with increasing socket age for the 6‐hour stored teeth. Forty‐eight‐hour stored teeth replanted into 48‐hour sockets had the lowest healing rate with levels of inflammatory resorption not seen in the other groups. According to the results of this study, the socket environment plays an important role in the healing of replanted teeth in dogs.
Childhood obesity: a risk factor for traumatic injuries to anterior teeth
Authors: Petti S. , Cairella G. , Tarsitani G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The relationship between obesity and traumatic dental injuries was evaluated in a study population of 938 6‐ to 11‐year‐old schoolchildren from Rome, Italy, and it was suggested by the lifestyle and the physical activity of obese children, which, according to many authors, is different from the lifestyle of other children. The subjects were examined at school: presence and type of dental injury, overjet, incisor protrusion, upper lip incompetence and presence of obesity were recorded. Trauma predisposition was evaluated with a questionnaire investigating the behaviour which may predispose to impacts. Six out of eight questions in this questionnaire concerned the children's lifestyle and the trauma predisposition score was therefore also considered an estimate of lifestyle and physical activity. The dental injury prevalence of the study population was 21.3% and obesity prevalence was 11.4%. Of the obese children 30.8% had dental injuries vs. only 20.0% of non‐obese subjects P=0.007). Obese children had only enamel and enamel‐dentine fractures and the main reported trauma cause was indoor play; conversely, lean children also had other types of injuries and the most frequently reported cause was outdoor play. The main predisposing factors significantly affecting the probability of dental injury, evaluated with multiple logistic regression, were upper lip uncoverage (OR: 1.23; P=0.02), overjet larger than 3 mm (OR: 1.68; P=0.001) and obesity (OR: 1.45; P=0.01). Surprisingly, trauma predisposition was a protective factor (OR: 0.50; P=0.00001), The results of this study were explained by the significant inverse correlation between obesity and trauma‐predisposing behaviour, thus suggesting that subjects frequently playing sports and lively games were not only less obese but also more skilful and, for this reason, less prone to trauma when they fell or sustained impacts.
Government contracts and public law
Authors: Arrowsmith Sue
Published: April 2006

In carrying out their functions government bodies frequently enter into contractual arrangements, both with private persons and with other public authorities. Like private individuals, for example, they make leases, employment contracts, and contracts of procurement to obtain the goods and services they require. Frequently they make contracts with the public in the course ofproviding public services and amenities – for example, in running public transport services, or in providing facilities such as recreation centres or museums to the public on payment of a fee. In addition, the government uses contract as a method ofcontrolling behaviour as an alternative to enacting regulations. It may, for instance, control the behaviour of those granted licences to trade or carry on other activities through contractually stipulated conditions
The removal of failed asylum seekers
Authors: Phuong Catherine
Published: April 2006

Many human and financial resources are being spent on the asylum determination and appeal processes in order to distinguish those asylum applicants who require protection from those who do not. However, the majority of failed asylum seekers do not leave the country. The lack of an effective removal policy defeats the purpose of having an asylum system at all. In other words, removals of failed asylum seekers are essential to preserve the integrity and credibility of the asylum system. Since forced removals are a crucial component of our asylum system, this paper seeks to examine how they can be made more eflcient and humane. In particular, it examines the recent measures adopted through the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 and proposed measures currently debated at the EU level.
Influence of ageing and physical activity on vascular morphology in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Behnke Bradley J. , Prisby Rhonda D. , Lesniewski Lisa A. , Donato Anthony J. , Olin Hillary M. , Delp Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Key structural and functional properties of the skeletal muscle vasculature that underlie diminished vascular conductance with ageing remain obscure. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypotheses that (1) reduced levels of spontaneous physical activity in old rats are associated with skeletal muscle vascular remodelling (e.g. arterial rarefaction), and (2) consequent to a vascular remodelling, calculated shear stress is maintained in feed arteries of aged muscle at levels commensurate with that in young. Activity during daily light and dark cycles (12–12 h) was measured at 30‐s intervals for 2 weeks in young (6 months; n= 9) and old (24 months; n= 9) Fisher 344 rats via telemetry. Subsequently, the gastrocnemius complex and soleus muscles were excised and all feed arteries were counted, isolated, cannulated and maximally dilated for measurement of luminal diameter. Resting blood flow was also measured to estimate vessel wall shear‐stress in the feed arteries perforating the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Overall, young rats were ∼1.6 times more active during dark periods and ∼4 times more active during light periods than old rats. In addition, young rats had approximately one additional feed artery perforating both the soleus (young, 3.3 ± 0.2; old, 2.6 ± 0.2 vessels; P < 0.05) and gastrocnemius (young, 8.8 ± 0.1; old, 7.5 ± 0.2 vessels, P < 0.05) muscles compared with old rats. However, average vessel wall shear stress at rest was similar between young and old rats (soleus: Y, 65 ± 5; O, 64 ± 5 dynes cm−2; gastrocnemius: Y, 329 ± 22; O, 327 ± 27 dynes cm−2) resulting from a larger vessel diameter in arteries from old rats. In conclusion, lower activity levels of old rats likely contribute to resistance artery rarefaction and, consequently, this provides a plausible mechanism for the altered blood flow patterns observed during exercise in aged skeletal muscle.
Activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase in the liver: a new strategy for the management of metabolic hepatic disorders
Authors: Viollet Benoit , Foretz Marc , Guigas Bruno , Horman Sandrine , Dentin Renaud , Bertrand Luc , Hue Louis , Andreelli Fabrizio
Published: April 2006

It is now becoming evident that the liver has an important role in the control of whole body metabolism of energy nutrients. In this review, we focus on recent findings showing that AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in the control of hepatic metabolism. AMPK integrates nutritional and hormonal signals to promote energy balance by switching on catabolic pathways and switching off ATP‐consuming pathways, both by short‐term effects on phosphorylation of regulatory proteins and by long‐term effects on gene expression. Activation of AMPK in the liver leads to the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and inhibition of lipogenesis, glucose production and protein synthesis. Medical interest in the AMPK system has recently increased with the demonstration that AMPK could mediate some of the effects of the fat cell‐derived adiponectin and the antidiabetic drugs metformin and thiazolidinediones. These findings reinforce the idea that pharmacological activation of AMPK may provide, through signalling and metabolic and gene expression effects, a new strategy for the management of metabolic hepatic disorders linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity.
The prognostic value of depressive symptoms, fear-avoidance, and self-efficacy for duration of lost-time benefits in workers with musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Lötters F , Franche R-L , Hogg-Johnson S , Burdorf A , Pole J D
Published: April 2006

Background:The psychological factors of depressive symptoms, fear-avoidance, and self-efficacy are deemed to be important in the work disability process. However, the prognostic value of these factors for time on benefit is not well understood.

Aims:To analyse the prognostic value of psychological factors for the number of days on total compensation benefit over a 12 month period.

Methods:In a longitudinal study of 187 workers receiving total compensation benefits due to musculoskeletal disorders, the prognostic value of psychological factors measured 4–5 weeks post-injury for duration on total compensation benefit over 12 months was analysed. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted. Special emphasis was given to variable selection and to the analysis of confounding effects of potential prognostic variables.

Results:The final model indicated that increased depressive symptoms and poorer physical health significantly increase the number of days on total benefit. Confounders included in the final model were pain and fear of income loss. In the final model the impact of fear-avoidance ceased to be significant when work related variables were included in the fully adjusted model. This illustrates that interrelationships between variables must be taken into account when building multivariate prognostic models. The addition of work related variables to the model did not result in any major changes in the adjusted model, which suggests that when measured 4–5 weeks post-injury, psychological and physical health factors are strong predictors of time on benefits, while work conditions are less important.

Conclusion:Results suggest that the presence of depressive symptoms and poor physical health in workers on benefit due to musculoskeletal disorders increases the number of days on total compensation benefits significantly, when controlling for confounding variables.
ABOUT QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS AND HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE IN (4+n)-DIMENSIONAL SPACETIME
Authors: MIDODASHVILI P.
Published: April 2006

Here we present explicit expressions for quantum fluctuations of spacetime in the case of (4+n)-dimensional spacetimes, and consider their holographic properties and some implications for clocks, black holes and computation. We also consider quantum fluctuations and their holographic properties in ADD model and estimate the typical size and mass of the clock to be used in precise measurements of spacetime fluctuations. Numerical estimations of phase incoherence of light from extra-galactic sources in ADD model are also presented.
PRODUCTION OF STRANGENESS IN HOT AND COLD NUCLEAR MATTER INDUCED BY BOTH LEPTONIC AND HADRONIC PROJECTILES
Authors: DOHRMANN FRANK
Published: April 2006

Strangeness production by both hadronic and leptonic projectiles with beam energies of up to a few GeV is reviewed. The focus is on the production of strangeness using proton and ion beams, as well as the photo- and electroproduction of strangeness, as observed at modern facilities. The elementary production of K± and ϕ mesons as well as Λ, Σ hyperons on the nucleon is described. Based on these results, the production of strange mesons and strange baryons on nuclear targets, as well as the creation of light hypernuclei is discussed, emphasizing the influence of the nuclear medium.
THE RELATION OF JET QUENCHING AND POWER-LAW OBSERVED IN pT-DISTRIBUTIONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS
Authors: LI WANG , WANG XIAO DONG
Published: April 2006

Recent observation of high-pT hadron spectra suppression and mono-jet production in central Au-Au collisions and Cu-Cu collisions at RHIC have confirmed the long predicted phenomenon of jet quenching in high-energy-ion collisions. Detailed analyses of the experimental data show parton energy loss as the mechanism for the discovered jet quenching. Preconception-free analyses of the inclusive invariant transverse-momentum distribution data taken from the measurements of Au-Au collisions at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been performed. It is observed that the distribution exhibits for pT≥2 GeV/c remarkably good power-law behavior (pT-scaling) with general regularities. It may explain the data coming from the STAR or PHENIX to some extent. Using the power-law by a simple model, its underlying geometrical structure has to be understood in terms of fractal dimensions. A simple model is proposed which approximately reproduces the above-mentioned data for the phenomenon, and it affords a new way to research the QGP matter and jet quenching. Further heavy-ion collision experiments are suggested.
OFF-SHELL PHOTON LONGITUDINAL LIGHT-CONE WAVE FUNCTION AT LEADING TWIST
Authors: ZHU KAI , LIU JUEPING , YU RAN
Published: April 2006

The leading twist longitudinal virtual photon light-cone wave function, ϕγ‖(u, P2), is calculated within the framework of the low-energy effective theory arising from the instanton model of QCD vacuum. Corresponding to the non-perturbative effects at low-energy scale, a suitable regularization scale T is fixed by analysing the differential behavior of the photon wave function on the internal transverse momentum cut-off in the light-cone frame. The coupling constant, Fγ(P2), of the quark-antiquark vector current to the virtual photon state is also obtained by imposing the normalization condition. The feature of the obtained photon wave function has been discussed at the end as well as the coupling constant.