bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of Aldose Carriers in Human Erythrocytes during Preservation of Whole Blood in ACD Solution
Authors: Bican Pavel , Lacko Ladislav
Published: October 2009

Galactose, having the common carrier system of aldoses, enters erythrocytes from the medium in exchange for glucose and temporarily reaches higher levels (apparent steady state), than its concentration in the medium. The apparent steady states in fresh and stored human erythrocytes of donors of a certain age range were studied. Decreased values of galactose in the apparent steady state were observed in erythrocytes after 14 days of storage.
The Transfusion of Leukocytes from Donors with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia to Patients with Leukopenia*
Authors: Morse Edward E. , Freireich Emil J. , Carbone Paul P. , Bronson William , Frei Emil
Published: October 2009

Leukocytes were collected from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia by plasmapheresis and transfused into severely leukopenic recipients. The median transfusion of 7 × 1010 granulocytes (range.15 to 35 × 1010) resulted in a median increase in circulating granulocytes of 1,000 per cu. mm. (range 0 to 19,000), one hour after injection. The posttransfusion increment was directly related to the number of cells injected. Only 4.8 per cent of the injected cells were recovered in the circulating blood volume at one hour (range 0–37 per cent). The per cent recovery was directly related to the pretransfusion granulocyte count of the recipient; the more severe the recipient's leukopenia, the lower was the per cent recovery of transfused cells. The transfused granulocytes disappeared from the recipients' circulation with a half time of 24 hours. A number of other factors were found to influence the results of transfusion, such as: the antileukemic drugs given, the presence of fever, the transfusion vehicle (i.e., saline concentrates or whole plasma), the ABO red cell compatibility of donor and recipient, and the sequence of transfusion.

Clinical responses as measured by disappearance of fever were seen in 54 per cent of the recipients. The fraction of febrile patients responding increased as the dose of leukocytes transfused increased. Severe reactions, manifested by dyspnea, cyanosis, and lung infiltrates were seen in a small percentage, but febrile reactions occurred in 67 per cent of afebrile patients.
An Evaluation of Anticoagulant Solutions Used in the Preparation of Platelet Concentrates*
Authors: Kinlough Raelene L. , Davey Martin G. , Lander Harry
Published: October 2009

Radiochromate‐labeled platelet concentrates have been prepared following collection of blood into solutions of EDTA, ACD (formula A), and a more acidic form of citrate‐dextrose—ACD ‘S’. Platelet yield was greatest when EDTA was used but following transfusion, relatively few platelets survived in circulation as viable units. In terms of over‐all efficiency both solutions of ACD were superior to EDTA. Platelet life span in circulation was unaffected by the anticoagulant used for the collection of blood and would appear to be influenced by both age‐dependent and random processes. Surface scintillation counting suggested that in man the majority of effete platelets are normally removed in the liver and that the spleen plays a secondary, but not unimportant, role in this process.
Stability of Factor VIII in the Frozen State
Authors: Britten Anthony , Grove‐Rasmussen Morten
Published: October 2009

A study has been made of factor VIII levels in plasma after storage at minus 30 C. Transfusion units of fresh frozen plasma (150 to 300 ml) and small aliquots (1 to 2 ml) were studied. After a mean storage time of 20 months, factor VIII in transfusion units averaged 73 per cent of normal. After 17 months' storage, no appreciable factor VIII loss had occurred in the small aliquots. Possible factors affecting factor VIII survival are discussed.

It is concluded that under ideal conditions factor VIII in the frozen state can survive adequately for at least 20 months.
The Clinical Use of Dried Fibrinogen (Human) and the Risk of Transmitting Hepatitis by Its Administration
Authors: Anderson H. D. , McCall K. B. , Sgouris J. T. , Gibson Sam T.
Published: October 2009

Fibrinogen was prepared from large pools of plasma by the method of McCall et al.,21 irradiated with ultraviolet light and distributed on a nationwide basis. Evidence is presented supporting the safety and effectiveness of this fibrinogen product as a decisive factor in the saving of a number of lives. Hepatitis follow‐ups were reported for 452 patients who received 1,001 units of fibrinogen plus 2,759 pints of whole blood. Pregnant women comprised 81 per cent of the recipients and probably were more susceptible to hepatitis than the average recipient of whole blood alone. A small group of patients (58) received fibrinogen alone and one hepatitis case resulted (1.7%). A much larger group of patients (394) received large amounts of whole blood (average 7.0 units) along with the fibrinogen and 34 cases of hepatitis developed within the six‐month follow‐up period. A strikingly long incubation period for the hepatitis cases suggested an effect of pooled gamma globulin (in the fibrinogen product) on the hepatitis virus sufficient to modify its ability to infect man. Significantly, unlike other reported studies, a high hepatitis risk rate was not observed for any single lot.
Observations on the Preservation of Autologous Human Erythrocytes Using Glycerol, Slow‐Freeze Technic and Agglomeration
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Bond James C. , McCallum Linda E. , Sobucki John , Fowler Kenneth , Seiler Michael
Published: October 2009

An evaluation was made of 43 autotransfusions of 10 cc aliquots of chromium labeled human erythrocytes preserved as full units with glycerol, the slow‐freeze technic, and agglomeration. These units were stored in the frozen state at −80 C for up to seven and a half months. An evaluation was also made of five autotransfusions, using this same technic, but with storage of two units at a combination of −80 C and −20 C and three units at −20 C alone for approximately five months. The agglomeration process produced Coombs positive erythrocytes. The data showed that the storage period of approximately five months at a combination of −80 C and −20 C and at −20 C alone produced unacceptable in vivo survival and excessive in vitro loss of hemoglobin. Optimum in vitro and in vivo results were produced when 250 cc of isotonic saline was used instead of 75–100 cc to disaggregate the agglomerated erythrocytes which were frozen and stored at −80 C. When 250 cc of isotonic saline was used to disaggregate the agglomerated erythrocytes, which were frozen and stored at −80 C up to seven and a half months, the cells could be stored in saline or, after centrifugation, in autologous plasma for up to 11 days at 4 C with 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of 65 per cent or greater. The in vitro loss related to preservation, the total supernatant hemoglobin on the day of transfusion, and the mechanism of the immediate removal of the nonviable erythrocytes are reported.
Studies on the Distribution of the Blood Group Antigen Doa (Dombrock) and the Characteristics of Anti‐Doa
Authors: Polesky Herbert F. , Swanson Jane L.
Published: October 2009

An antibody developing in Mrs. Dombrock following transfusion, defines a new blood group system. The antigen Doa, present in 64 per cent of Caucasians, has a lower frequency in Indians and Negroes. The immune characteristics of this antibody have been demonstrated by reactions in vitro and in vivo. It is to be expected that if Dombrock proves to be a two allele system, the antigen Dob will occur in 84 per cent of Caucasians.
Assay of Clotting Factors in Outdated Blood Bank Plasma and Its Potential Use for Therapy in Hemophilia and Other Hemorrhagic Dyscrasias
Authors: Rosenthal Robert L. , Sloan Esther
Published: October 2009

Assays of several clotting factors were performed on outdated, plastic bag blood bank plasma 25 to 36 days old, and after four more months of storage of aliquots at 4C and –20 C. Levels of PTC, PTA, Factor VII and prothrombin were almost consistently found to be above 70 per cent. Factor V levels were generally below 30 per cent, especially after four months of storage. AHG levels averaged 56 per cent and 34 per cent of outdated plasmas were above 70 per cent. No further deterioration occurred after four months at –20 C. These findings suggest that outdated blood bank plasmas screened for satisfactory AHG levels may be used directly for therapy or as a source of concentrated AHG fractions. Outdated plasma may be utilized without screening of clotting factor activity for replacement of PTC, PTA, Factor VII and prothrombin.
The Third Example of Anti‐Doa
Authors: Williams Catherine H. , Crawford Mary N.
Published: October 2009

A third example of anti‐Doa is reported.
Human‐Type Blood Factors in Gibbons, with Special Reference to the Multiplicity of Serological Specificities of Human Type M Blood
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Gordon E. B. , Riopelle A. J. , Shell W. F.
Published: October 2009

The human‐type blood groups of 20 gibbons of subspecies Hylobates lar lar and of four gibbons of subspecies Hylobates lar pileatus have been determined. Differences in distribution of the ABO blood groups and MN types were observed for the two subspecies, but all 24 gibbons were of Rh‐Hr type RhGi. All the animals also lack both factors I and i. By absorption experiments anti‐M reagents were shown to contain antibodies of at least three distinct M specificities; one M specificity is shared by all gibbon red cells, a second is absent from all gibbon red cells, while a third is shared only by gibbons red cells of type (M)Gi and type (MN)Gi. The theoretical and practical significance of the multiplicity of M factors in human M blood are pointed out.
Anti‐M in Neoplastic Diseases
Authors: Vetter O. , Wegner H.
Published: October 2009

The association of anti‐M and neoplastic disease could not be confirmed. On the other hand 17 examples of anti‐M, not associated with neoplasms, were encountered in 40,000 blood samples.
The Evaluation of a Rapid Card Technic for ABO and Rho(D) Typing
Authors: Cohen Bernice H. , Press Samuel E.
Published: October 2009

A simple card technic using seven drops of finger blood for rapid ABO and Rho(D) typing was compared with the standard typing methods of the JHH Blood Bank laboratory. When performed according to instructions, the card test showed distinct, easily readable reactions that were in excellent agreement with the results obtained by the standard method. Therefore, where Rh sub‐grouping is not required, or is to be carried out subsequently on all “Rho(D) negative” subjects, this card technic provides a useful, simple procedure suitable for field studies and all types of mass screening, since venipunctures are unnecessary, classification is rapid, and a permanent record available.
Selection of “Safe” Group O Blood
Authors: Grove‐Rasmussen Morten
Published: October 2009

One hundred random group O bloods were tested for their content of anti‐A and/or anti‐B saline agglutinins, “immune” antibodies and hemolysins. The screening tests which, according to the AABB Standards for a Blood Transfusion Service (4th Ed.) should be used for selection of group O blood which is used for other than group O recipients, were applied to the group O bloods.

The results seem to indicate that the saline 1:50 screening test is not a satisfactory test for (election of “safe” group O blood. The immune 1:20 screening test is probably the best test but preferably should be used in combination with the hemolysin screening test.
The Emily Cooley Lecture. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Zuelzer Wolf W. , Stulberg Cyril S. , Page Robert H. , Teruya José , Brough A. Joseph
Published: October 2009

The demonstration of recurrent lymphadenitis attributable to CMV during periods of hemolysis in a patient with chronic acquired hemolytic anemia of autoimmune type, led to the investigation of the possible etiologic relationship between this virus and acquired hemolytic anemia. In children a frequent association was demonstrated. Previously unrecognized clinical manifestations attributable to CMV were frequently observed. In this age group lymphadenopathy was a prominent finding in the majority of the cases and appeared to correspond to periods of rapid virus multiplication. It was noted that the predominant cellular lesion was not the well known pathognomonic large inclusion‐bearing cell which is a comparatively rare end state in the cellular response to the virus but less fully developed cellular lesions representing early and intermediate states. Recognition of these lesions permitted a rough appraisal of the extent of viral activity and showed that the latter generally correlated well with the hemolytic process.

A basis for active infection by an ordinarily occult virus was sought and frequently found in an apparent impairment of the normal immune mechanism expressed clinically by extreme susceptibility to intercurrent infections and frequently associated with organic defects conducive to such a state. In young infants age‐determined susceptibility alone seemed to explain the lack of resistance to the occult viral agent.

The findings led to the following interrelated hypotheses:

1. The presence of CMV in AHA is not fortuitous or coincidental but reflects a (not necessarily exclusive) etiologic relationship.

2. Acute, intermittent, or chronic hemolysis in AHA is related to primary or reactivated latent infection with CMV or other occult viruses in individuals susceptible by virtue of physiologically or pathologically impaired immunity, the cause of which is apparent in symptomatic forms but not as yet in the idiopathic type.

3. The pathogenesis of AHA involves viremia or the presence of noninfective viral particles or products in the circulation. Infection within the RE system as opposed to sites less accessible to the circulation, such as epithelium, permits their discharge into the blood stream and determines hemolysis.

4. The demonstration of the same agent in autoimmune and non‐autoantibody AHA suggests a unified concept of pathogenesis in which erythrocyte autoantibodies represent a variable secondary response to heterogenetic stimuli of viral origin.

5. In the light of this theory the role of autoantibodies in autoimmune AHA is likely to be at most contributory, as also indicated by the frequent dissociation of hemolysis and antiglobulin reaction, and earlier data bearing on this question need to be reevaluated.
Immunochemical Studies of the Rh System. IV. Hemagglutination Assay of Antigenic Expression Regulated by Interaction Between Paired Rh Genes
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Rosenfield Richard E.
Published: October 2009

Quantitative hemagglutination assays with anti‐Rh1 (Rh0 or D), anti‐Rh2 (rh′ or C), anti‐Rh3 (rh″ or E) and anti‐Rh4 (hr′ or c) were performed on the erythrocytes of standard donors of known genotype and of members of one family showing segregation and recombination of four complex Rh genes: R1,2,–3,–4, RW1,–2,3,‐4, R−1,–2,‐3,4, and R−1,2,–3,–4. Within the pedigree, duplicate and triplicate examples of each genotype reacted identically. Hemagglutination scores provided concordant data but showed, additionally, that (1) the strength of expression of both Rh1 and Rhw1 (𝓇Rh0 or Du) directly influenced the amount of agglutination obtainable with guinea pig anti‐rhesus serum (anti‐LW), and (2) in this family R−1,–2,–3,5,19 determines more Rh19 reactivity than does R−1,2,–3,5,19 and much more than R1,2,–3,5,w19. The gene R−1,2,–3,–4 was found to depress not only the expression of Rh1 and Rh3 determined by the paired gene, as described previously by others, but Rhw1, Rh2 and Rh4 as well. The gene, R1,2,–3,–4, was also found to depress the Rh3 and Rh4 antigenic expression of a paired gene but not to the same degree. These findings suggest that interaction between paired Rh genes may account for most, if not all, of the quantitative genotype differences previously attributed to single “gene dosage” and to pertinent portions of the so‐called “cis‐trans” effect. In contrast to Rh1 assays, those for Rh2, Rh3 and Rh4 were associated with parallel log‐probit regression lines, a finding suggestive of more homogeneity in regard to specific binding affinities of these antiserums and antigenic determinants.
The Effect of Bilirubin on the Mammalian Erythrocyte
Authors: Cheung Wan Ho , Sawitsky Arthur , Isenberg Henry D.
Published: October 2009

The in vitro behavior of human red cells exposed to varying concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin was studied. The addition of bilirubin to red cells in final concentrations in excess of 20 mg per cent produced a disruption of the cation gradients across the cell membrane with a loss of cellular K+, inhibition of cellular utilization of glucose, release of inorganic phosphate from the cell, spicule formation of the red cell membrane followed by spherocytosis and hemolysis and decreased intracellular ATP.

The addition of albumin to the experimental bilirubin red cell mixture reversed these effects except for a minor cell population that went on to hemolysis.

Saponin and sodium lauryl sulfate, in sublytic concentrations, produced loss of inorganic phosphate from the red cell followed by gradual disruption of the membrane cation equilibrium, and a slow loss of K+ from the cell. There was minimal impairment of glucose consumption. Spicule formation of the red cell membrane was observed, but there was no significant change in intracellular ATP concentration. The addition of bilirubin to cells treated with saponin or sodium lauryl sulfate produced independent partially additive toxic effects.

Unconjugated sodium bilirubinate has a direct toxicity on erythrocyte functional integrity and, in high concentrations, is hemolytic.
The Effect of Filters on the Efficiency of Platelet Transfusion
Authors: Morrison Francis S.
Published: October 2009

The effect of administration filter sets on the efficiency of platelet transfusion was evaluated. It was established that when fresh blood was passed repeatedly through these sets not more than 3 per cent of the platelets were trapped on the filter; the number of platelets appearing in the recipient's circulation immediately after transfusion was not significantly different from the number found when no filter was used; finally, platelets infused through a filter survived for just as long as platelets which had not passed through a filter.
Anti‐Lub and Mild Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: A Case Report
Authors: Scheffer Helena , Tamaki H. T.
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of anti‐Lub is uncommon. A group O, Rh‐negative woman developed atypical antibodies during her second pregnancy. The direct antiglobulin reaction on the cord blood was weakly positive and the infant developed mild jaundice. The mother's cells were determined to be Lub‐negative and the antibody in the serum was identified as anti‐Lub.
Studies on Blood Preservation. The Relative Capacities of Hexoses, Hexitols, and Ethanol to Maintain Red Cell ATP Levels during Storage
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Duron Olga
Published: October 2009

The effectiveness of fructose, mannose, galactose, mannitol and sorbitol as substrates for ATP preservation in red cells stored in citrate media at 4 C. has been investigated. Studies were made with simple acid‐citrate preservatives analogous to acid‐citrate‐dextrose solution, with adenine‐containing solutions and with adenine and phosphate‐containing solutions. Fructose and mannose were at least as effective, and in some instances superior to glucose as substrates for ATP preservation. Galactose, sorbitol, and mannitol were found to be markedly inferior to glucose as preservative solutions. Ethanol, in relatively high concentrations, was found to improve slightly the effectiveness of glucose as preservative of ATP and to produce a marked decrease inin vitrohemolysis. Further trials of fructose and mannose as substrates in red cell preservation would seem to be warranted.
Relationships between Metabolic State and (1) In Vivo Survival and (2) Density Distribution of Previously Frozen Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Bond James C. , McCallum Linda E.
Published: October 2009

In 57 autotransfusions, relationships between the metabolic state, characterized by levels of ATP, total nucleotide, and components of the hexose monophosphate shunt and (1) in vivo survival and (2) density distribution of previously slowly frozen, deglycerolized, human erythrocytes were evaluated. Nine of these units were deglycerolized using centrifugation, and 48 units were deglycerolized using agglomeration.

Neither the ATP level nor the total nucleotide content was correlated with either the 24‐hour or seven‐day chromium survival. The activity of the sulfhydryl enzymes (hexokinase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase) and glutathione stability were significantly correlated with post transfusion survivals.

No correlation was observed between either ATP level or total nucleotide content and the density of the preserved cells. The hexokinase level, glutathione reductase level, and glutathione stability were significantly correlated with the density of these cells. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that the injury induced by these freezing technics is at the level of red cell membrane.
Preparation and in Vivo Circulation of Human Platelets Preserved with Combined Dimethylsulfoxide and Dextrose
Authors: Djerassi Isaac , Farber Sidney , Roy Albert , Cavins John
Published: October 2009

Human platelets preserved by freezing to –196 C in plasma containing 5% dextrose and 5% dimethylsulfoxide were administered to 35 thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia on 70 occasions. The platelet counts of the recipients increased, indicating in vivo circulation of the transfused preserved platelets. The average in vivo yield of these transfusions was only 30 per cent of the yield observed with fresh material although on occasion the in vivo recovery was as high as with fresh platelets. Preservation of human platelets without loss of viability may therefore be possible.

The clinical use of platelets preserved by the above method may be considered in emergencies when speedy procurement of fresh material is not practical.
On the Possible Relation of Sialic Acid to the Rh Factor
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Lowry Mildred E.
Published: October 2009

An investigation of the sialic acid content of erythrocyte stroma demonstrating Rh activity has been made. The sediment contains 0.6–0.8% sialic acid initially. Sequential treatment by a papain‐chymotrypsin mixture followed by neuraminidase, or treatment in the reverse order, decreases the level to less than 0.1%. At this lower level there is a shift in the absorption maximum for the color which develops in the thiobarbituric acid assay, indicating that contaminants are playing a more important role in color development than sialic acid itself. With good Rh activity still demonstrable in preparations containing sialic acid levels too low to be measured accurately, it may be concluded that this substance probably plays no role of importance in the structure of the Rh antigenic determinant.
Three Examples of Anti‐Lub and Related Data
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Crawford Mary N.
Published: October 2009

Three new examples of anti‐Lub, two detected in 1963 and the third in 1965, are described. The first example was responsible for repeated hemolytic transfusion reactions, the second and third though associated with pregnancy do not appear to have been responsible for a clinical problem. 14,802 random donor bloods were typed with the first example and eight Lu(b—) bloods identified, the incidence being 0.057%. Lutheran typings on 95 individuals related to propositi who are Lu(a+b—), Lu(a+b+), and Lu(a—b—) revealed nine new Lu(b—) persons. Medical historical data on 85 known Lu(a+b—) persons are included in an attempt to evaluate the antigenicity of the Lub factor. The incidence of the phenotype, Lu(a+b+), in 556 Negroes was found to be 4.86%.
Auto Anti‐hr‘ in the Absence of Anemia
Authors: Bell C. A. , Zwicker Helen , Sacks Harry J.
Published: October 2009

A case of auto anti‐hr' is reported in an hr'‐positive woman with adrenal hyperplasia and without anemia. Possible relationships of such phenomena in association with fractures and in hyper‐adrenal corticism are considered.
The Blood Inventory Control System—Helping Blood Bank Management through Computerized Inventory Control*
Authors: Catassi C. A. , Peterson E. L.
Published: October 2009

This article describes a computerized inventory control system for controlling blood distribution between the blood bank and its client hospitals. The system has been operative since October 1964, and has excelled the blood utilization efficiency of previous procedures. Significantly, appropriately processed information of daily blood status by a centralized computer has led to a 60 per cent reduction in outdating together with an inventory reduction at the blood bank averaging 30 per cent. Incorporation of the new system into current hospital and blood bank management is evaluated in terms of psychological, labor, and economic implications.
A New Rh Allele, ryn (R‐1,2,w3,w4)
Authors: Morton N. E. , Rosenfield R. E.
Published: October 2009

The inheritance in a large Brazilian family of a new Rh allele ryn (R‐1,2,w3,w4,‐6,‐7,‐8,‐10,‐20,‐27) is described.
Enzymatic Activities, ADP‐Induced Aggregation and Survival in Vivo as Criteria of Platelet Viability during Storage
Authors: Caen J. , Cousin C. , Vainer H. , Michel H.
Published: October 2009

To better preserve human platelets in hyper‐citrated plasma in siliconized glassware, the authors recommend centrifugation between 7 and 10 C rather than at 4 C and the dispersion of the button of platelets either by the “propipette” method (drawing the supernatant plasma just above the deposited platelets up and down a pipette) or by a mechanical method using a Whirli mixer. With these methods of dispersion, the rise of acid nitro‐phenylphosphatase in platelets and plasma during one day of storage is less than with the use of a scraping method. The in vitro ADP‐induced aggregation is also well preserved at 4 and at 8 C. Electron microscopic studies do not reveal detectable differences in platelet morphology at these temperatures after one day of storage. The use of radiochromium for platelet tagging does not entirely support the above results but this method is probably not the best for measuring platelet viability during storage.

One‐day storage at 37 C results in the non‐aggregability of platelets, conspicuous increase in platelet nitrophenylphosphatase and considerable morphological modifications of platelets, as has been observed by Firkin.7
A “New” Infrequent Red Cell Antigen, Rd (Radin)
Authors: Rausen Aaron R. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Alter Aaron A. , Hakim Shirin , Graven Stanley N. , Apollon Cora J. , Dallman Peter R. , Dalziel Joan C. , Konugres Angelyn A. , FRANCis Betty , Gavin June , Cleghorn Thomas E.
Published: October 2009

Five examples of a “new” blood group antibody, anti‐Rd (Radin), are reported. The corresponding antigen, Rd, is infrequent and does not correspond to any other known “low‐incidence” antigen. Family studies indicate that Rd is an autosomal dominant character which does not belong to the ABO, MNSs, Rh, Lutheran, Kell or Kidd blood group systems. Furthermore, the gene determining Rd is not closely linked to either the haptoglobin or red cell acid phosphatase loci. Anti‐Rd caused mild to moderate hemolytic disease of the newborn in all five families and has appeared with the first pregnancy.
The Distribution and Characterization of the Erythrocyte Receptors in Man and Animals for Lectins from Madura Pomifera
Authors: Cawley Leo P. , Jones Joe M. , Teresa George W.
Published: October 2009

Studies have been made of human erythrocyte receptors for hemagglutinins of indeterminate specificity extracted from the seeds of the osage orange (Maclura pomifera). The seed extract agglutinates all human erythrocytes tested, both lymphocytes and granulocytes of human origin, and the erythrocytes of several animals. On the basis of hemagglutination‐inhibition tests, N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine is proposed as the terminal structure on human erythrocytes recognized by the Maclura lectin. Amino acids fail to inhibit, but saliva, regardless of the ABH secretor status of the donor, and human serum alpha‐globulins inhibit this lectin hemagglutination of human erythrocytes.
Inability of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes To React to A and B Antigens*
Authors: Brody Jerome I.
Published: October 2009

Lymphocytes from donors immunized with heterologous A and B blood group substances and from unprovoked volunteers were grown in tissue culture in the presence of A and B blood group antigens. The culture supernatants did not contain detectable A and B isohemagglutinins and mitotic figures were not induced by the in vitro stimulants. In addition, lymphocyte extracts which had incorporated C14 in the form of an amino acid hydrolysate did not bind specifically to A and B red cells. These results indicate that the peripheral blood lymphocyte, although reactive against a multiplicity of other antigens, is singularly unresponsive to blood group substances. It is possible that the peripheral lymphocyte may have inherent immunogenic limitations, that the circulating lymphocyte is not completely interchangeable with its counterpart in fixed lymph organs, or that another cell, such as the plasmacyte, gives rise to the blood group antibodies. The cellular origin of isohemagglutinins remains undefined for the moment.
A “New” Simian‐Type Blood Factor, Lc, Associated with the C‐E‐F Blood Group System of Chimpanzees
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Wisecup W. , Moor‐Jankowski J.
Published: October 2009

A new blood factor Lc of chimpanzee red cells has been defined with two isoimmune sera. The blood factor Lc is the seventh blood factor associated with the chimpanzee C‐E‐F blood group system which is the counterpart of the human Rh‐Hr system.
The Viability of Human Blood Stored in Phosphate Adenine Media
Authors: Beutler L. Wood and E.
Published: October 2009

The addition of .03 M phosphate ion and adenine to stored blood produces a profound effect on erythrocyte ATP. At the end of 50–65 days storage, the ATP content of such blood is approximately 40% higher than that of blood supplemented with adenine alone. Despite the large increment of ATP, there was little, if any, difference in the viability of blood stored in these solutions. Thus, after 50 days storage, the ATP content is no longer the limiting factor in maintaining erythrocyte viability.
Prisoner Blood Donors and Posttransfusion (Icteric) Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Koff R. S. , Chalmers T. C. ,   Boston Inter‐Hospital Liver Group
Published: October 2009

A retrospective study of the incidence of posttransfusion viral hepatitis in two state‐operated hospitals with different kinds of blood procurement programs was undertaken for a nine‐year period. Although one hospital relied mainly on prison donors and the other secured blood primarily from volunteer donors, no significant difference in the incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis could be demonstrated. These results suggest that carefully selected prison populations may be an important potential source of high quality donors, without undue risk of transmitting hepatitis. However, because this is a retrospective study and because it is not known whether the single penal institution studied in this report is unique, prospective studies of prisoner donors are necessary before such sources can be accepted generally.
Concentrated Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) from Outdated Blood
Authors: Weaver Roy A. , Gabriel Don A. , Langdell Robert D.
Published: October 2009

The antihemophilic factor (AHF) content of bank blood decreases during storage under standard blood bank conditions. In the present study, an average of 58 per cent of the original activity was present after the usual shelf life of 21 days expired. This material was concentrated by a modification of the Pool cryoprecipitation method. Almost 60 per cent of the residual AHF in the outdated plasma was found in the precipitate. The resulting precipitate was resuspended in about 25 ml of the residual plasma. On a volume basis, this had an average of about four times the activity of fresh human plasma. The cold insoluble material resuspended in residual plasma can be used for therapy without further processing. Following intravenous injection into hemophilic patients, high levels of circulating AHF, in excess of 60 per cent of normal, have been achieved without causing circulatory overload.
The Lutheran Blood Groups: A Progress Report with Observations on the Development of the Antigens and Characteristics of the Antibodies
Authors: Greenwalt T. J. , Sasaki T. T. , Steane E. A.
Published: October 2009

Scoring titrations with anti‐Lua on 81 members of the families of seven Lu(a+b—) propositi did not produce any evidence for the presence of Lu genes. In the Lu(a+b+) heterozygotes the Lua antigen was only weakly expressed at birth increasing progressively during the first 15 years. The red cells of Lu(a+b—) children gave scores comparable to those of adults. The reactions of Lu(a—b+) cord cells were somewhat weaker than those of adults but the red cells of Lu(a+b+) infants reacted very weakly with anti‐Lua. Four infants born to mothers with anti‐Lub had no evidence of hemolytic disease due to this antibody. Serologic, immunochemical and ultrafiltration studies suggest that the examples of anti‐Lub studied are mainly IgA. These observations can explain why no unequivocal examples of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Lub have been encountered.
Delayed Transfusion Reaction Attributed to Anti‐Jkb
Authors: Morgan Perry , Wheeler Charles B. , Bossom Edith L.
Published: October 2009

A hemolytic transfusion reaction, attributed to anti‐Jkb, occurred in a multiparous woman four days posttransfusion. Anti‐Jkb was not detectable in the patient's serum prior to transfusion, but was readily demonstrable seven days following transfusion. The anti‐Jkb was not accompanied by any other atypical blood group antibody.
A Survey of Clinical Laboratory Immunohematology Performance
Authors: Koepke John A. , Eilers Russell J.
Published: October 2009

The 1966 National Comprehensive Laboratory Survey of the College of American Pathologists was sent to 1.754 laboratories, of which the large majority were in the United States. Replies from 992 laboratories were analyzed. The identification of A erythrocytes was correct in 91 per cent of the laboratories. Antibody identification studies were carried out by 67 per cent of the respondents, and the identification of two different Rh antibodies was correct in 90 per cent of laboratories. Although the Survey indicates good performance by most laboratories, there is a need for continuing education as well as improvement in technical procedures in some laboratories.
Comparison Studies of Whole Blood Stored in ACD and CPD and with Adenine
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

Using 70% 24‐hour posttransfusion survival as one of the criteria of preservation, ACD and CPD anticoagulant solutions with and without adenine were tested after storage for 28, 35, or 42 days. At 28 days, all solutions had average survivals of 70% or better. The average survival values for the ACD and CPD solution groups were less than 70% at 35 and 42 days. However, both solutions with adenine had a group average value over 70% even after 35 or 42 days of storage. The average survival values between the two anticoagulants alone, were not significantly different at each time period. The two anticoagulants when adenine was included had increased survival and there was no statistical difference between the levels. In comparing two units obtained from the same subject, survival percentages were significantly higher in almost every recipient when the adenine‐supplemented stored blood was used. Other chemical determinations did not show significant alterations and no toxic effects were observed in the recipients.

Since all units containing adenine had survival values greater than 70% in the 28‐ and 35‐day periods, these units would appear to have been effectively preserved and blood stored under these conditions could be used in routine transfusions, reserving units stored 42 days for emergency use.
Comparison of the Effects of Ionic and Non‐ionic Solutions on the Volume and Intracellular Potassium of Frozen and Non‐frozen Human Red Cells
Authors: Runck A. H. , Valeri C. R. , Sampson W. T.
Published: October 2009

Measurements of intracellular potassium and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were used to evaluate the effects of washing human red cells by either a continuous wash technic with ionic solutions, or a dilution technic with non‐electrolyte solutions and recovery by agglomeration. The red cells were either ACD‐stored, or preserved in glycerol with or without slow freezing.

Significant reduction in cellular potassium was observed when agglomeration was used to recover the red cells, whereas no significant change was observed with washing using continuous centrifugation with ionic solutions. No significant change in mean corpuscular volume of red cells was observed with either technic.

The effect of hypertonic ionic and non‐ionic washing solutions on intracellular potassium was also evaluated.

The data suggest that the removal of glycerol from previously frozen red cells should be accomplished by hypertonic ionic solutions.
Microtiter Modification of the Complement Fixation Test for Platelet Antibodies
Authors: Howell E. , Perkins H. A.
Published: October 2009

The Aster complement fixation test for the detection and identification of platelet isoantibodies was modified for use in microtiter plates. Results with both methods were identical. The technic presented here has a number of advantages: smaller volumes of reagents are required, more dilutions of sera can be tested with less expenditure of time, and comparison of results with different sera is easier to evaluate.
Improvement of the Microtiter Hemagglutination Method
Authors: Wegmann T. G. , Smithies O.
Published: October 2009

A sensitive method of hemagglutination in disposable Microtiter plates was described, using small amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Tween 80, and protein to promote red cell settling in the plastic wells. Although the PVP and Tween did not alter the specificity of the agglutination systems tested (ABO and Rh), they could conceivably interfere with others. We now report that it is possible to dispense with the PVP and Tween (but not protein) if the plates are coated prior to use with a thin, smooth layer of paraffin. This is accomplished by dipping the plates in a clear solution of 2 parts of toluene: 1 part melted Bioloid Paraffin Embedding Compound* at 55–60 C. Thereafter the plates are immediately shaken in a vigorous manner at least 10 times to get rid of the excess solution, and then are placed upside down and allowed to dry overnight. The paraffin coating is at first soft, but a hard even coat is left behind on the plates after the toluene has evaporated.
Continuous‐flow Blood Cell Separation
Authors: Jones A. L.
Published: October 2009

The continuous‐flow blood cell separator is capable of continuously removing blood from a donor, separating this blood into its various components, retaining certain components, and returning the balance to the donor. The first part of this paper is concerned with studies made to determine the centrifuge bowl configuration. Results show the effect of two geometric parameters on the separation efficiency of the bowl using bank blood. The second part gives the results of an analysis of the ability of the bowl to separate plasma, white cells, and platelets at various g forces. From 60 to 85 per cent of the plasma, 5 to 60 per cent of both lymphocytes and granulocytes, and 5 to 50 per cent of the platelets are removed. The amount of red cell destruction as determined by measuring plasma hemoglobin levels is very low. Increases in plasma hemoglobin levels are less than 5 mg/100 cc.
Observations on the Chromium Labelling of ACD‐Stored and Previously Frozen Red Cells
Authors: Valeri C. R. ,   With the technical assistance of W. M. Booth, S. A. Gildea, and L. E. McCallum
Published: October 2009

Chromium labelling characteristics of both ACD‐stored and previously frozen red cells were evaluated. The chromium uptake of previously frozen red cells processed by agglomeration was inversely related to the hemoglobin level of the suspending fluid. Ascorbic acid was not needed for the labelling of previously frozen, agglomerated red cells.

Cellular injury, as measured by increase in supernatant hemoglobin during post‐thaw storage at 4 C, occurred with the agglomerated, previously frozen red cells when: (1) Na2 EDTA was present in the glycerolizing solution; (2) the disaggregation of the agglomerated red cell mass was carried out with 75 rather than 250 ml of isotonic saline; and (3) the storage temperature of the glycerolized red cells was interrupted for one week with a storage interim at either 4 C or −20 C.

By use of a phthalate ester technic, red cells were separated into three fractions on the basis of cellular density. Preferential chromium labelling of red cells was noted: the lightest fraction contained significantly more radioactivity than the heaviest fraction.
Further Studies on the Mechanism of the Effect of Enzymes on Erythrocyte Serology with Special Reference to Pronase
Authors: Prager M. D. , Soules M. L. , Fletcher M. A.
Published: October 2009

The mechanism by which pronase treatment of red cells leads to agglutination with “incomplete” antibodies has been investigated. Like other serologically active enzymes, pronase hydrolyzes arginine and lysine derivatives (the former about 100 times as readily as the latter) and releases NANA from erythrocytes in a manner which correlates with development of serologic titer. In attempting to define the minimum quantity of NANA liberation consistent with appearance of agglutination, the following quantities (μmole NANA/1010RBC) were sufficient and insufficient, respectively: for pronase, 0.28 and 0.16; for papain, 0.21 and 0.19; and for trypsin, 0.16 and 0.09. These differences may reflect differences among the enzymes with regard to producing new ionogenic groups on erythrocytes. Pronase further differed from papain and trypsin in that a minimal amount of enzyme gave no progressive NANA liberation over a six‐hour period, all of its effect being exerted by the end of 15 minutes. The utility of pronase in detection of “incomplete” Rh antibodies is excellent.
Hemagglutinins in the Plasma of Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) Injected with Saliva from Human Secretors of Various A‐B‐O Blood Groups
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Chuba J. V. , Gordon E. B. , Kuhns W. J.
Published: October 2009

Serums from non‐immunized catfish contain hightitered thermolabile hemolytic activity for all human red cells, and for red cells of other species such as rabbits. However, after heat inactivation, these sera only weakly agglutinate human red cells.

After immunization with human saliva from A‐B‐H secretors, catfish produce potent agglutinins which clump to approximately the same high titer human red cells of all A‐B‐O blood groups as well as red cells from anthropoid apes (chimpanzees and gibbons). These sera do not agglutinate red cells from human beings of the Bombay type, or monkey red cells (baboon), or animal red cells (sheep). The antibody responsible for these reactions has been designated anti‐Z and detects a serological specificity (blood factor) which is inhibited by A‐B‐H secretor saliva, and which appears to be closely associated with A‐B‐H blood group substances. By absorption, from the sera of catfish injected with group O saliva anti‐H has been fractionated which differs from anti‐H lectin (Ulex europeus) in its cross reactions with gibbon red cells. From the serums of the catfish immunized with group A saliva, besides anti‐Z and anti‐H, anti‐A, but not anti‐C, could be fractionated. No anti‐A1 component could be fractionated by absorption with A2 cells. From the serums of catfish immunized with group B saliva, the expected anti‐B together with weak anti‐C could be fractionated by absorption, besides anti‐Z and anti‐H.

These findings throw further light on the serological specificities of the human A‐B‐H substances of red cells and secretions and illustrate the usefulness of fish as experimental animals for serological investigations.
Comparison of the A‐B‐H Blood Group Specificities and M‐N Blood Types in Man, Gibbons (Hylobates), and Siamangs (Symphalangus)
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Cadigan F. C. , Gordon E. B.
Published: October 2009

Bloods from a total of 57 gibbons (52 Hylobates lar lar, four Hylobates lar pileatus, and one Hylobates hoolock) and two siamang apes (Symphalangus brachytanites) have been tested for human‐type A‐B‐H, M‐N, and Rh‐Hr blood factors. Croups A, B, and AB have been identified in these apes but not group O, and three types corresponding to the human types M, N and MN have been found. All the apes tested gave reactions corresponding to type rh. Tests with anti‐H lectin on gibbon red cells showed a very strong association of this blood factor with red cells of group B, in contrast to the situation in man where factor H is strongly associated with groups O and A2. Corresponding to each of the human agglutinogens M and N are multiple different antisera of specificities anti‐M and anti‐N, of which only particular reagents can be used for M‐N typing of gibbons blood. Findings are also described which demonstrate the usefulness of lectins for A1, H and N blood factors in studies on individual blood differences in man and other primates, as well as of certain bean extracts for demonstrating species‐specific differences among primates.
A Serum Factor Reacting with Acriflavin Causing an Error in ABO Cell Grouping
Authors: Beattie K. M. , Zuelzer W. W.
Published: October 2009

The blood of a donor was investigated because of a discrepancy between cell grouping and serum confirmation. Her whole blood reacted strongly with five commercial preparations of anti‐B sera, yet her serum contained normal anti‐B isoagglutinins. Grouping tests with the donor's washed red cells suspended in saline indicated they were group O. Further tests of the donor's whole blood showed that raw high titered anti‐B did not cause agglutination. The addition of acriflavin (the dye used to color commercial preparation of anti‐B) to the donor's blood caused spontaneous agglutination. The donor's serum plus acriflavin caused agglutination of all random group O red cells. Various antibiotics, drugs and vitamins such as riboflavin, cyanocobalamin, tetracycline, penicillin, chloromycetin, mycostatin, gantrisin, streptomycin, phenacetin, atabrine and quinidine did not cause agglutination.

The serum, when tested against her own cells or random group O cells in the presence of acriflavin, was reactive at a titer of 1:64; the reaction was not positive by the antiglobulin test. 2‐Mercaptoethanol destroyed the reactivity of the serum. Inasmuch as the reaction was not complement dependent or enzyme affected, the phenomenon of immune adherence was ruled out. One year later her serum was still reactive at a titer of 1:32.

No other example of this serum factor was found in 1,000 random hospital patients.

An antigen‐antibody reaction comparable to that observed in phenacetin dependent reactions3 is postulated.
Immunologic Studies with Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES) A Proposed Plasma Expander*
Authors: Maurer P. H. , Berardinelli B.
Published: October 2009

Several preparations of a derivative of amylopectin (hydroxyethyl starch) have been shown not to be immunogenic in rabbits, guinea pigs and man. It appears from these studies that HES merits further investigation as a possible plasma expander provided it has no deleterious effects on soluble or cellular components of blood.