bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Complexity Minimal Instruction Set Computer Design using Anubis Cipher for Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform
Authors: Kong J. H. , Ang L.-M. , Seng K. P.
Published: July 2012

This chapter presents a low complexity processor design for efficient and compact hardware implementation for WISP system security using the involution cipher Anubis algorithm. WISP has scarce resources in terms of hardware and memory, and it is reported that it has 32K of program and 8K of data storage, thus providing sufficient memory for design implementation. The chapter describes Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC) processor designs with a flexible architecture and simple hardware components for WISPs. The MISC is able to make use of a small area of the FPGA and provides security programs and features for WISPs. In this chapter, an example application, which is Anubis involution cipher algorithm, is used and proposed to be implemented onto MISC. The proposed MISC hardware architecture for Anubis can be designed and verified using the Handel-C hardware description language and implemented on a Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA.
WISP-Based Devices as Part of a Home Telecare Node
Authors: Parry David , Philpott Anne , Montefiore Alan
Published: July 2012

A systematic literature review of published sources that discuss radio frequency identification technology, ubiquitous health care, and dosage measurement was performed. The results were then critiqued. Methods of storing data and using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) were studied. These results were used as an aid for developing a prototype system for monitoring medication dosages in a home health care environment. The combination of an RFID technology – the Intel Wireless Sensor Platform (WISPs) and the construction of a specific pill dispensing container in this prototype demonstrated that it is possible to use RFID technology to effectively and ubiquitously monitor and track drug taking compliance. With further refinements on the dispensing unit and optimization of the software this product could be manufactured and released to home care patients to help increase compliance and reduce health related issues. This could form the heart of a modular telecare data collection system. RFID-based devices that can store data in standardized formats may allow incremental development of home telecare systems in an economical fashion.
Combination of Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Carboplatin and Dexamethasone as a Salvage Regimen for Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Comparison with a Historical Control Group
Authors: Safaee Reza , Ahmadzadeh Ahmad , Sharifian Ramezanali , Emami Amirhossein , Yekaninejad Mir Saeed , Jalili Mohammad Hossein , Valizadeh Armita
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to design a regimen for refractory multiple myeloma with minimum complications to achieve a reasonable response. Fifteen patients with active multiple myeloma after at least two lines of conventional treatment underwent therapy with our regimen for two cycles. Disease activity was evaluated after the last cycle. Another 15 patients with refractory multiple myelomas that had previously received only supportive therapy and pain management formed a historical control group. The follow-up period was 12 months for each study group. Of the patients receiving therapy, 6.7% achieved a complete response and 26.7% a partial response; overall response rate was 33.3%. Stable disease was achieved in 46.7% and 20% of the patients had progressive disease. There was no treatment related mortality. The hazard rate of death was 0.73 lower in the intervention group than in the historical control group. In the historical control group, 60% had progressive disease and 40% had stable disease; approximately 40% of patients died during the 12-month follow up. Also, the severity of pain was significantly reduced in the intervention group (P = 0.033). Our chemotherapy regimen showed a reasonable response in end stage patients with multiple myeloma in terms of disease control, reducing bone pain and improving survival, in addition to reducing toxicity.
Infectious agents are associated with psychiatric diseases
Authors: Krause Daniela Lydia , Weidinger Elif , Matz Judith , Wildenauer Agnes , Wagner Jenny Katharina , Obermeier Michael , Riedel Michael , Möller Hans-Jürgen , Müller Norbert
Published: July 2012

There are several infectious agents in the environment that can cause persistent infections in the host. They usually cause their symptoms shortly after first infection and later persist as silent viruses and bacteria within the body. However, these chronic infections may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome (TS). We investigated the distribution of different neurotrophic infectious agents in TS, schizophrenia and controls. A total of 93 individuals were included (schizophrenic patients, Tourette patients and controls). We evaluated antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes-simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus, Toxoplasma, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis/pneumoniae. By comparing schizophrenia and TS, we found a higher prevalence of HSV (P=0.017) and CMV (P=0.017) antibodies in schizophrenic patients. Considering the relationship between schizophrenia, TS and healthy controls, we showed that there are associations for Chlamydia trachomatis (P=0.007), HSV (P=0.027) and CMV (P=0.029). When all measured viruses, bacteria and protozoa were combined, schizophrenic patients had a higher rate of antibodies to infectious agents than TS patients (P=0.049). Tourette and schizophrenic patients show a different vulnerability to infectious agents. Schizophrenic patients were found to have a higher susceptibility to viral infections than individuals with TS. This finding might point to a modification in special immune parameters in these diseases.
An epidemiological survey of extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing bacteria genotypes and the evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Rhazya stricta leaf extract
Authors: Kabli Saleh Abdullah Ali , Hadhoud Alaa El Din Abdelbasit , Baeshen Mohammed Nabih
Published: July 2012

An epidemiological survey and evaluation of the anti-bacterial growth effect of the aqueous leaf extract of the traditional medicinal plant Rhazya stricta were undertaken for extended-spectrum β-lactamase’s producing bacteria isolates collected from the King Abdulaziz Hospital and Oncology Center. Results showed high rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) isolates (49.2%) compared to non-ESBL isolates (50.8%). The surgical intensive care unit was the hospital site showing the highest rate (15.1%) of infection, followed by the women's medical ward (11.2%). Urine samples were the highest source of infection (40%). Prevalence among Saudis was 66.67% as compared to non-Saudis (33.33%). Prevalence according to gender was 51.94% females and 48.06% males. Age groups 51-60 years, 21-30 years, and 61 years and over showed the highest rates (20.93%, 20.54% and 20.16%, respectively) compared with other age groups. E. coli resistance rates were 94.5% for ceftazidime, 98.18% for cefotaxime, 92.73% for cefepime and 93.75% for aztreonam. On the other hand, in cases of K. pneumoniae resistance, rates were 100% for ceftazidime, 100% for cefotaxime, 98.68% for cefepime and 97.29% for aztreonam. Genetic analysis showed 8 genotypes, 4 of them were for E. coli and 4 for K. pneumoniae. Analysis also showed genetic diversities between the ESBL and the non-ESBL types in their genomic DNA. There was no antimicrobial effect of the plant extract against all study isolates, although the antimicrobial growth had an effect upon some of the control strains.
A socio-economic approach to One Health policy research in southern Africa
Authors: Kayunze Kim A. , Kiwara Angwara D. , Lyamuya Eligius , Kambarage Dominic M. , Rushton Jonathan , Coker Richard , Kock Richard , Rweyemamu Mark M.
Published: July 2012

One-health approaches have started being applied to health systems in some countries in controlling infectious diseases in order to reduce the burden of disease in humans, livestock and wild animals collaboratively. However, one wonders whether the problem of lingering and emerging zoonoses is more affected by health policies, low application of one-health approaches, or other factors. As part of efforts to answer this question, the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS) smart partnership of human health, animal health and socio-economic experts published, in April 2011, a conceptual framework to support One Health research for policy on emerging zoonoses. The main objective of this paper was to identify which factors really affect the burden of disease and how the burden could affect socio-economic well-being. Amongst other issues, the review of literature shows that the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals is driven by many factors, the most important ones being the causative agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc.) and the mediator conditions (social, cultural, economic or climatic) which facilitate the infection to occur and hold. Literature also shows that in many countries there is little collaboration between medical and veterinary services despite the shared underlying science and the increasing infectious disease threat. In view of these findings, a research to inform health policy must walk on two legs: a natural sciences leg and a social sciences one.
Epidemiological aspects of bovine trypanosomosis in an endemic focus of eastern Zambia: The role of trypanosome strain variability in disease pattern
Authors: Masumu Justin , Tshilenge G. , Mbao V.
Published: July 2012

Bovine trypanosomosis displays various epidemiological aspects in various areas. In some instances the disease has a high prevalence in animals with high impact on production whereas in other cases the disease has a low impact on production despite a high level of infection in animals. In addition epidemiological changes are frequently observed in various areas and are related to many factors including the vectors, the host, the parasites, the environment as well as the livestock management. However the implication of these factors in these changes is not fully elucidated. In eastern Zambia, factors predicting the establishment of severe infection in cattle are all present. However trypanosomosis occurring in cattle in this area has a low impact on livestock production. Several studies on the characterisation of trypanosome strains circulating in domestic and wild animals have been conducted in order to clarify the epidemiology of this disease in this area. These studies aimed at evaluating genetic and biological characteristics of these strains including their virulence profiles, their transmissibility by tsetse flies, their resistance to drugs and interference between different strains. In this review these findings are analysed in order to elucidate the implication of trypanosome strain variability in the distribution and the expression of this disease in the study area. The evolutionary trends of the situation occurring in this study area are also explained. Use of these findings is the context of disease control in the study area is further discussed.
Human cystic echinococcosis in South Africa
Authors: Mogoye Benjamin , Menezes Colin N. , Grobusch Martin P. , Wahlers Kerstin , Frean John
Published: July 2012

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. The tapeworms resides in the small intestines of canids and the lifecycle involves both intermediate and definitive hosts. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts. Cystic echinococcosis is an economically important infection constituting a threat to public health, and is considered an emerging disease around the world. There are at least 10 Echinococcus strain types (G1 – G10), each exhibiting diversity of morphology, development and host range. The epidemiology of CE is poorly understood in South Africa. A retrospective data analysis of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratory information system on echinococcosis serology, microscopy and histopathology results in eight provinces (excluding KwaZula-Natal) showed an overall positivity rate in submitted diagnostic samples of 17.0% (1056/6211), with the Eastern Cape (30.4%), North West (19.0%) and Northern Cape (18.0%) provinces showing highest rates. The data showed considerable variability between provinces. The review also showed that most proven cases were negative on serology, implying that the actual number of patients could be underestimated. To our knowledge, no data exist about the prevalent strains of E. granulosus and this prospective study will attempt to fill that gap. The aim is to genotype strains causing the disease in South Africa. Two different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods will be used to respectively target the 12S rRNA and nad 1 genes. To date, three samples have been genotyped as G1, G5 and G6; suggesting diversity of strains prevalent in the country, but more data is needed for a clearer picture.
Resource mapping and emergency preparedness to infectious diseases in human and animal populations in Kibaha and Ngorongoro districts, Tanzania
Authors: Karimuribo E.D. , Jones B. , Matee M.I. , Kambarage D.M. , Mounier-Jack S. , Rweyemamu M.M.
Published: July 2012

A rapid situation analysis was conducted in Kibaha and Ngorongoro districts in Tanzania to map resources as well as analysing emergency preparedness to infectious diseases in animal (domestic and wild) and human populations. Kibaha was chosen as a district close to a commercial city (Dar es Salaam) while Ngorongoro represented a remote, border district with high interactions between humans, domestic and wild animals. In this study, data on resources and personnel as well as emergency preparedness were collected from all wards (n = 22), human health facilities (n = 40) and livestock facilities in the two districts using interview checklists and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics for resources were calculated and mapped by district. Kibaha district had a higher human population density, more health workers, better equipped health facilities and better communication and transport systems. On the other hand, Ngorongoro had a higher population of livestock and more animal health facilities but a poorer ratio of animal health workers to livestock. The average ratio of health personnel to population in catchment areas of the health facilities was 1:147 (range of 1:17−1:1200). The ratio of personnel to human population was significantly higher in Kibaha (1:95) than in Ngorongoro (1:203) district (p = 0 < 0.001). Considering the limited resources available to both human and animal health sectors and their different strengths and weaknesses there are opportunities for greater collaboration and resource-sharing between human and animal health for improved surveillance and emergency-preparedness.
Genomic sequence of infectious bursal disease virus from Zambia suggests evidence for genome re-assortment in nature
Authors: Kasanga Christopher J. , Yamaguchi T. , Munang’andu H.M. , Wambura P.N. , Ohya K. , Fukushi H.
Published: July 2012

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a bi-segmented RNA virus, which belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae. Two serotypes, 1 and 2, exist in IBDV. The serotype 1 IBDVs are the causative agents of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chickens worldwide and lead to immunosuppression in young birds. Genome re-assortment has been speculated to occur and contribute to the emergence of new IBDV strains. However, evidence was lacking until recently when two re-assortant viruses were detected in China. In this study, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of an IBDV, designated KZC-104, from a confirmed natural IBD outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia in 2004. The genome consisted of 3074 and 2651 nucleotides in the coding regions of segments A and B, respectively. Alignment of both nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome segment A of KZC-104 was derived from a very virulent strain, whereas its segment B was derived from a classical attenuated strain. On BLAST search, the full-length segments A and B sequences showed 98% closest nucleotide homology to the very virulent strain D6948 and 99.8% closest nucleotide homology to the classical attenuated strain D78, respectively. This is a unique IBDV reassortant strain, which has emerged in nature involving segment B of a live attenuated vaccine. This observation provides direct evidence for the involvement of vaccine strains in the emergence of reassortant IBDV in the field. Taken together, these findings suggest an additional risk of using live IBDV vaccines, which may act as genetic donors for genome re-assortment. Further studies are required to investigate the epidemiology and biological characteristics of reassortant strains so that the appropriate and safe IBDV vaccines can be recommended.
Leptospirosis in South Africa
Authors: Saif Adrienne , Frean John , Rossouw Jenny , Trataris Anastasia N.
Published: July 2012

Leptospirosis is a common zoonosis worldwide. It has a ubiquitous distribution and causes a wide spectrum of disease. Leptospirosis therefore has a broad reservoir host range, and many infected species of animals excrete leptospires in their urine, which leads to contamination of soil and water. Typical descriptions of the disease include a biphasic (anicteric form) and fulminant disease in the icterohaemorrhagic form. Only a few local case reports of human leptospirosis have been published, the most recent one being in 1974. A rodent-related zoonosis study (RatZooMan) was conducted from 2003 until 2006 in three provinces (Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape). Of the people sampled in Cato Crest (Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province), 43/217 (19.8%) were seropositive for leptospirosis. Of the clinical samples sent to the Special Bacterial Pathogens Reference Unit from all over the country for testing in 2009, 16/176 (9%) were IgM positive; in 2010 and January 2011 to May 2011, 14/215 (6.5%) and 12/96 (12.5%), respectively, were IgM positive.The apparent incidence of leptospirosis in the South African population is moderately high based on the detected positives in suspected cases; it is thought that the circulating infection rate may be even higher when looking at the RatZooMan results. This may be due to underreporting and undiagnosed cases. Communities in informal settlements in urban areas are especially at risk as infected rodent populations are a continuous source of transmission.
Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana seroprevalence in HIV-positive, HIV-negative and clinically healthy volunteers in Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Trataris Anastasia N. , Arntzen Lorraine , Rossouw Jennifer , Frean John , Karstaedt Allan
Published: July 2012

Bartonella is a genus of opportunistic, Gram-negative bacilli transmitted from animals to human hosts. Bartonellae are newly emerging pathogens that can cause a variety of clinical manifestations in both immunocompromised and healthy persons.The aims were to determine the IgG and IgM seroprevalences of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA).A total of 382 HIV-positive outpatients of the Chris Hani Baragwanth HIV-clinic, 382 retrospective residual samples from HIV-negative antenatal patients, and 42 clinically healthy volunteers were tested using a commercially available IFA kit to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies to B. henselae and B. quintana.The IgM and IgG seroprevalences for the HIV-positive patients were 14% (53/382) and 32% (121/382), respectively, compared to 18% for both IgM (62/342) and IgG (63/342) in the HIV- negative antenatal patients. Similarly, the prevalence for IgM was 17% (7/42) and IgG was 19% (8/42) for the clinically healthy volunteers.HIV-positivity appears to be a significant risk factor for Bartonella infection, compared with healthy subjects. Although IFAs have a high sensitivity for Bartonella antibody detection, they have various limitations including cross-reactivity with other closely-related human pathogens.
Phytochemical isolation of compounds from Sceletium tortuosum and activity testing against Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Setshedi Itumeleng I. , Fouche Gerda , Dewar John , Maharaj Vinesh , Myer Martin S.
Published: July 2012

Malaria is a major health care problem in tropical regions due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against widely available antimalarial drugs. Traditional societies relied on medicinal plants to treat parasitic infections. As a result, drugs like quinine and artemisinin were isolated from herbs and barks (Varughese et al. 2010). Sceletium tortuosum has been used as medicine for social and spiritual purposes by San hunter gatherers and Khoi pastoralists. Sceletium tortuosum is rich in alkaloids, one of the important classes of natural product producing treatment for parasitic infections (Kayser et al. 2002). Laboratory preparation of extracts of fresh S. tortuosum plant material was conducted mimicking traditional methods of preparation using organic solvents. Mesembrine was isolated from a methanol extract using conventional column chromatography. Sixteen extracts and mesembrine were evaluated for antiplasmodium activity using a plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase culture sensitivity assay with chloroquine as reference drug.Of the sixteen extracts, four showed activity against P. falciparum with IC50 ranging between 1.47 µg/mL and 7.32 µg/mL. Extracts prepared from stored material at -20 °C showed no antiplasmodium activity. The four originally active extracts were re-screened six months later, but the antimalarial activity could not be reproduced. To determine discrepancy in biological results, chemical profiling of the extracts was done using high performance liquid chromatography technique. Differences were observed in the profiles of the active extracts when compared to those of stored plant material.The instability of plant constituents observed could be a result of plant storage suggesting that the plant is best used when fresh.
Investigation of water sources as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae in Bepanda, Douala and determination of physico-chemical factors maintaining its endemicity
Authors: Tatah Akoachere J.-F.K. , Pulcherie Kwedjeu M.C. , Mande Ndip L. , Akum Njom H.
Published: July 2012

Cholera remains a significant cause of mortality in developing countries. Outbreaks of the disease are associated with poverty, lack of potable water and poor sanitation. The survival and persistence of Vibrio cholerae in water has been shown to depend on physico-chemical factors. We studied water sources in Bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood in Douala, Cameroon, with limited access to portable water and very poor sanitary conditions as reservoirs of V. cholerae. We analysed 318 samples from various sources (well, tap, stream) from February to July 2009 using standard microbiological techniques and characterised isolates serologically using the polyvalent O1/O139 antisera. Susceptibility to antibiotics previously used for cholera treatment in Douala was studied using the disk diffusion method. Physico-chemical factors (temperature, pH and salinity) that could maintain the endemicity of the organism were analysed using standard methods. Eighty-seven (27.4%) samples were contaminated, with high isolation rates being obtained from streams (52.4%) and wells (29.8%). The number of isolates was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rainy season (35.5%). We detected 23 (24%) O1 serogroup isolates in streams and wells, whilst 64 (66.6%) were non-O1/non-O139. Temperature and salinity correlated positively with the occurrence of the organisms. All isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones but high resistance rates to trimethoprim or sulfamethozaxole and tetracycline were observed.Vibrio cholerae is endemic in Bepanda with O1 and non-O1/non-O139 serogroups co-existing in the streams and wells hence the possibility of future outbreaks of cholera if sanitation and drinking water quality are not improved. Temperature and salinity are amongst the factors maintaining the endemicity of the organism.
Cysticercosis in the Democratic Republic Of Congo
Authors: Dorny P. , Kabwe C. , Kirezi K. , Lukanu K. , Lutumba P. , Maketa V. , Matondo P. , Polman K. , Praet N. , Speybroeck N. , Sumbu J.
Published: July 2012

Cysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium eggs, is a zoonotic disease whose consequences can be severe especially in the cerebral localisation (neuorcysticercosis). Indeed, neurocysticercosis is the first cause of epilepsy amongst the infectious etiology group. Following the increase of epilepsy cases in Kinshasa and Bas-Congo, it was important to assess the fraction attributable to neurocysticercosis especially as data on cysticercosis in Democratic Republic Of Congo (DRC) dating from 1970.A joint study between veterinary and human doctors was conducted in the provinces of Bas-Congo and Kinshasa between 2008 and 2010. Blood samples were collected from the general population, patients with epilepsy and pigs. These samples were analysed using ELISA antigen in the laboratory of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp. Patients positive to ELISA antigen took the CT scan exam for the confirmation of neurocysticercosis. In the province of Kinshasa, of 530 epileptic patients, 6.3% were identified as neurocysticercosis cases. Out of a total of 498 pigs, 38.9% were positive for cysticercosis. In the province of Bas- Congo, of 943 inhabitants from Malanga village, 21.6% were positive with predominance in males (26.4% versus 17.5%). A total of 145 pigs from 5 villages were examined and 41.2% found positive.We can conclude that cysticercosis in the DRC has been neglected for a long time and cysticercosis could be a real major public health problem. Prospective studies addressing the consequences of cysticercosis in communities are needed in order to prevent epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis.
Unexpectedly low seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in South Africa
Authors: Kistiah K. , Frean John , Winiecka-Krusnell J. , Barragan A.
Published: July 2012

Toxoplasmosis is an infection of warm-blooded vertebrates caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. It is one of the most common parasitic diseases of humans, infecting approximately one-third of the world’s population. In persons with advanced HIV, toxoplasmosis represents a major opportunistic infection of the central nervous system. Approximately two-thirds of all people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. In areas such as this, toxoplasmosis could theoretically pose a huge threat. There is little known about T. gondii prevalence in humans in Africa. Geographically, prevalences vary widely on this continent, as observed in other parts of the world. There is limited historical information about the disease in South Africa. More knowledge is needed at a regional level about the risk of toxoplasmosis, diagnostic issues, and measures to reduce the risk to susceptible persons. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in selected populations, namely HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, and a more general sample biased towards pregnant women, was therefore investigated and found to be 9.8% (37/376), 12.8% (48/376) and 6.4% (32/497) respectively. Compared with historical data from South Africa, the prevalence has decreased substantially; however, the incidence of clinical disease is unknown, despite the very high burden of HIV and AIDS cases (5.9 million and 0.7 million, respectively in 2009). This study provided information relating to the diagnosis and current seroprevalence of T. gondii in South Africa. Many questions still remain to be answered however, to fully understand the impact of this parasite on the country’s population.
Co-infections of malaria and soil-transmitted helminths in localities with different levels of urbanisation in the Mount Cameroon region
Authors: Lum E. , Kimbi H.K. , Mbuh J. , Ndamukong-Nyanga J. , Njunda A.L. , Lello J.
Published: July 2012

Malaria co-exists with intestinal helminths and they have different effects on infected individuals. A total of 235 and 208 children from Ekona and Great Soppo respectively of both sexes aged 4–14 years were enrolled into a cross-sectional study.Capillary blood was collected for detection and determination of malaria parasitaemia as well as PCV. Stool samples were collected for quantitative determination of helminth ova by Kato-Katz technique.The prevalence of malaria and helminths was higher in Ekona than Great Soppo. In Great Soppo, Trichuris was the most prevalent helminth than Great Soppo and an association was found between these co-infections. More children were co-infected in Ekona and co-infecting species were Ascaris and Plasmodium falciparum.The prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminths as well as co-infection was lower in Great Soppo than in Ekona, probably due to increased urbanization in Great Soppo than Ekona.
Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of pharmacy and nursing students towards male circumcision and HIV in a KwaZulu-Natal University, South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Panjasaram V. , Dawood Farzana , Driver Christine , Narainsamy Magdalene , Ndlovu Sikhanyiso , Ndlovu Victor
Published: July 2012

Background: Male circumcision is currently being promoted in South Africa as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention method. Effective implementation requires that healthcare providers should believe in the procedure’s efficacy and should possess a positive attitude. A study was undertaken amongst pharmacy and nursing students with different objectives. Objectives: To ascertain students’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding male circumcision and (HIV) prevention.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study using anonymous questionnaires was undertaken amongst 4th year pharmacy and nursing students studying at a university in KwaZulu-Natal, after obtaining their consent. Data were captured and analysed using SPSS version 15.Results: A response rate of 83.18% and a mean knowledge score of 66.43% with relatively positive attitudes (62.7) were obtained; 85.4% of the respondents felt that promoting male circumcision is appropriate, with all Muslim students (n < 11) supporting the promotion of male circumcision. Even though all Muslim students supported male circumcision, only 3 students were willing to perform the procedure if adequately trained (p < 0.03). The majority of the female students were unwilling to perform the procedure (p < 0.005). A third of the respondents indicated that male circumcision would both undermine existing protective behaviours and strategies as well as increase riskier sexual behaviour. Over 54% of the respondents believed that the South African Health System would be able to cope with the massive male circumcision drive. The majority of the respondents favoured the procedure to be done at birth. Pain was cited as the most important reason for not wanting to be circumcised.Conclusion: Pharmacy and nursing students have a moderate knowledge of male circumcision and HIV prevention with relatively positive attitudes. The majority felt that promoting male circumcision is appropriate and should be encouraged.
Bacterial Infections in the Elderly Patient: Focus on Sitafloxacin
Authors: Ghebremedhin Beniam
Published: July 2012

Sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) is a new-generation oral fluoroquinolone with in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including anaerobic bacteria, as well as against atypical bacterial pathogens. Particularly in Japan this antibiotic was approved in 2008 for treatment of a number of bacterial infections caused by Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative cocci and rods, including anaerobia atypical bacterial pathogens. As compared to oral levofloxacin sitafloxacin was non-inferior in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and non-inferior in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, according to the results of randomized, double-blind, multicentre, non-inferiority trials. Non-comparative studies demonstrated the efficacy of oral sitafloxacin in otorhinolaryngological infections, urethritis in men, cervicitis in women and odontogenic infections. Most common adverse reactions were gastrointestinal disorders and laboratory abnormalities in patients receiving oral sitafloxacin; diarrhea and liver enzyme elevations were among the common. In the Japanese population sitafloxacin covers broad spectrum of bacteria as compared to carbapenems, whereas in the Caucasians its use is currently limited due to the potential for ultraviolet A phototoxicity. Sitafloxacin is a promising therapeutic agent which merits further investigation in randomized clinical trials of elderly patients.
An Inhomogeneous, $L^2$-Critical, Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Genoud François
Published: July 2012

An inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation is considered, which is invariant under

L^2

-scaling. The sharp condition for global existence of

H^1

-solutions is established, involving the

L^2

-norm of the ground state of the stationary equation. Strong instability of standing waves is proved by constructing self-similar solutions blowing up in finite time.
A Kinetic Approach in Nonlinear Parabolic Problems with $L^1$-Data
Authors: Pierre Michel , Vovelle Julien
Published: July 2012

We consider the Cauchy-Dirichlet problem for a nonlinear parabolic equation with

L^1

data. We show how the concept of kinetic formulation for conservation laws introduced by P.-L. Lions, B. Perthame and E. Tadmor [A kinetic formulation of multidimensional scalar conservation laws and related equations.
J. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (1994), 169–191]<\i> can be be used to give a new proof of the existence of renormalized solutions. To illustrate this approach, we also extend the method to the case where the equation involves an additional gradient term.
Metallic Under-Layer Coating as Third Line of Protection of Underground Oil and Gas Pipelines from External Corrosion
Authors: Papavinasam S. , Arsenault B. , Attard M. , Revie R.W.
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the concept of introducing a third line of defense in the form of a metallic under-layer coating—in addition to the traditional polymeric coating and applied cathodic protection (CP)—to protect the external surface of oil and gas pipelines. The three levels of protection would be the metallic under-layer coating, the polymeric top-layer coating, and the applied CP. This three-level system would be beneficial when the applied CP current is shielded from the pipeline by a dis-bonded polymeric coating, thermal insulator, or highly resistive soil. Two different combinations of metallic under-layer and polymeric top-layer coatings are presented to demonstrate this concept: 48%Zn and 52%Al under-layer with four different top-layer coatings: fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE), composite, urethane, and coal tar epoxy. Urethane top-layer coating with four different metallic under-layers: 48%Zn-52%Al, 85%Zn-15%Al, Al, and Zn. The criteria for the successful application of this concept also have been described.
Biocide Cocktail Consisting of Glutaraldehyde, Ethylene Diamine Disuccinate (EDDS), and Methanol for the Mitigation of Souring and Biocorrosion
Authors: Xu D. , Wen J. , Gu T. , Raad I.
Published: July 2012

Souring and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are major problems in the oil and gas industry as well as other industries such as water utilities. SRB biofilms are notoriously difficult to treat. More effective dosing of biocides is desired to deal with increasing environmental restrictions and costs. This work presents an effective green biocide system consisting of glutaraldehyde (C5H8O2), ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS [C10H16N2O8]), and methanol (CH4O) against souring and MIC caused by SRB. Desulfovibrio vulgaris (ATCC 7757) was used in this work in the full strength ATCC 1249 medium and a modified ATCC 1249 medium with only four ingredients (MgSO4, lactate [C3H5O3−], yeast extract, and Fe2+) at concentrations 1/4 of those in the full medium. Tests were carried out in 125 mL anaerobic vials. It was found that the triple combination of 30 ppm (w/w) glutaraldehyde, 1,000 ppm EDDS, and 10% (v/v) methanol was considerably more effective than glutaraldehyde alone and the combination of glutaraldehyde and EDDS in the inhibition of souring, SRB biofilm establishment, and MIC pitting of C1018 carbon steel (UNS G10180) in the presence of 2% (w/w) sand particles in batch tests.
Effect of Local Surface Microstructure and Composition on the Electrochemical Behavior of Hot Dip Aluminum-Silicon Coatings on Steel
Authors: Schoukensa I. , De Graeve I. , De Strycker J. , Terryn H.
Published: July 2012

The goal of this article was to understand how differences in the composition and the microstructure of aluminum and aluminum-silicon coatings on steel affect the macroscopic electrochemical behavior. In particular, the focus is on the influence of the amount of silicon present in the molten aluminum bath. The electrochemical behavior is studied using electrochemical polarization experiments and is linked to the microstructure, analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Local Volta potential differences at the metal surface are studied using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). Microstructural variations result in differences in the electrochemical behavior of the surfaces when performing full potentiodynamic scans, starting in the cathodic region. These influences, however, are not revealed as such when performing anodic and cathodic half scans, starting at open-circuit potential (OCP). Especially when first polarizing at cathodic potentials in the region of hydrogen gas evolution, significant influence of the nature of the silicon present in the aluminum coating is observed: preferential dissolution of the aluminum matrix is occurring. On this turn, this preferential dissolution leads to a shift in OCP and affects the subsequent anodic behavior. Besides, the presence of silicon also has an influence on the corrosion current density. Local potential differences are observed between the matrix and the more cathodic precipitates in the coating.
Impact of snow state variation for design flood simulations in glacierized catchments
Authors: Schöber J. , Achleitner S. , Kirnbauer R. , Schöberl F. , Schönlaub H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A continuously running hydrological energy balance model was used to analyse the influence of different snow covers on the formation of large floods within glacierized catchments. Model outputs from three different catchments in the Austrian Alps with glacierizations ranging from 30 to 39% were statistically interpreted to cover a wide range of possible combinations of areal snow cover distribution and mean snow water equivalent (SWEm) and to define initialisation values for extreme runoff scenarios. These model states consider snow conditions between less than 10% snow coverage up to almost complete snow coverage, with different snow depths represented by minimum, mean or maximum levels of SWEm. For the utilization of extreme runoffs, these snow cover states were combined with design storm input data. An analysis of the resulting flood hydrographs showed that the maximum runoff values occur with minimal snow cover conditions. With increasing snow coverage and SWEm, flow magnitudes tend to decrease while the relevant precipitation time increases significantly. The influence of topographical catchment features, snow cover and SWEm on the simulated scenario discharge is discussed. The contribution of the different runoff components to the modelled peak flows confirms the assumption that floods in glacierized catchments are a combination of directly discharging rain and ice melt.
A re-evaluation of the palaeoclimatic significance of phosphorus variability in speleothems revealed by high-resolution synchrotron micro XRF mapping
Authors: Frisia S. , Borsato A. , Drysdale R. N. , Paul B. , Greig A. , Cotte M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The distribution of phosphorous (P) in one modern and two Early Pliocene speleothems formed in low-lying, Christmas Island and the coastal Nullarbor caves wet settings in Australia is here investigated by microscopy and ultra-high resolution chemical mapping. Monitoring data in the modern setting suggest that co-precipitation of P with calcite occurs when the drip rate decreases, the aquifer is progressively drained and microbial mats possibly aid in the formation of concentrating phosphates. A bulk partition coefficient is proposed, which indicates that the P enrichment in the speleothem could be accounted for by inorganic processes. Our interpretation of the hydrological significance of P incorporation in wet, tropical speleothems is then used to interpret P peaks associated with micritic and stromatolithic layers in the two Early Pliocene stalagmites from the Nullarbor. From these observations it is speculated that dry periods may have interrupted the wet climate regime at ca. 4 Myr ago, hinting at a possible early onset of the Pleistocene climate mode.
Linking soil moisture balance and source-responsive models to estimate diffuse and preferential components of groundwater recharge
Authors: Cuthbert M. O. , Mackay R. , Nimmo J. R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Results are presented of a detailed study into the vadose zone and shallow water table hydrodynamics of a field site in Shropshire, UK. A conceptual model is developed and tested using a range of numerical models, including a modified soil moisture balance model (SMBM) for estimating groundwater recharge in the presence of both diffuse and preferential flow components. Tensiometry reveals that the loamy sand topsoil wets up via macropore flow and subsequent redistribution of moisture into the soil matrix. Recharge does not occur until near-positive pressures are achieved at the top of the sandy glaciofluvial outwash material that underlies the topsoil, about 1 m above the water table. Once this occurs, very rapid water table rises follow. This threshold behaviour is attributed to the vertical discontinuity in the macropore system due to seasonal ploughing of the topsoil, and a lower permeability plough/iron pan restricting matrix flow between the topsoil and the lower outwash deposits. Although the wetting process in the topsoil is complex, a SMBM is shown to be effective in predicting the initiation of preferential flow from the base of the topsoil into the lower outwash horizon. The rapidity of the response at the water table and a water table rise during the summer period while flow gradients in the unsaturated profile were upward suggest that preferential flow is also occurring within the outwash deposits below the topsoil. A variation of the source-responsive model proposed by Nimmo (2010) is shown to reproduce the observed water table dynamics well in the lower outwash horizon when linked to a SMBM that quantifies the potential recharge from the topsoil. The results reveal new insights into preferential flow processes in cultivated soils and provide a useful and practical approach to accounting for preferential flow in studies of groundwater recharge estimation.
Apatite Formation on Nanomaterial Calcium Phosphate/poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide in Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Vukelić Marija Đ. , Mitić Žarko J. , Miljković Miroslav S. , Živković Jelena M. , Ignjatović Nenad L. , Uskoković Dragan P. , Živanov-Čurlis Jelena Ž. , Vasiljević Perica J. , Najman Stevo J.
Published: July 2012

Simulated body fluid (SBF) is an artificial fluid which has ionic composition and ionic concentration similar to human blood plasma.

Purpose

This paper compares the interaction between the nanomaterial containing calcium phosphate/poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide (N-CP/PLGA) and SBF, in order to investigate whether and to what extent inorganic ionic composition of human blood plasma leads to the aforementioned changes in the material.

Methods

N-CP/PLGA was incubated for 1, 2, 3, and 5 weeks in SBF. The surface of the material was analyzed on SEM-EDS and FTIR spectrometer, while SBF was subjected to pH and electrical conductivity measurement.

Results

Our results indicate that dissolution of the polymer component of the material N-CP/PLGA and precipitation of the material similar to hydroxyapatite on its surface are based on the morphologic changes seen in this material.

Conclusions

The mechanism of the apatite formation on the bioceramic surface was intensively studied and was considered crucial in designing the new biomaterials. The results obtained in this work indicate that N-CP/PLGA may be a good candidate for application to bone regeneration.
Correlation between brain injury and dysphagia in adult patients with stroke
Authors: Jurkiewicz Ari Leon , Santos Rosane Sampaio , Furkim Ana Maria , Massi Giselle , Pinto Gisele Sant Ana , Lange Marcos Christiano , Nunes Maria Cristina de Alencar
Published: July 2012

Introduction: In the literature, the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with cerebrovascular accident (AVE) ranges 20–90%. Some studies correlate the location of a stroke with dysphagia, while others do not.

Objective: To correlate brain injury with dysphagia in patients with stroke in relation to the type and location of stroke.

Method: A prospective study conducted at the Hospital de Clinicas with 30 stroke patients: 18 women and 12 men. All patients underwent clinical evaluation and swallowing nasolaryngofibroscopy (FEES®), and were divided based on the location of the injury: cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, subcortical areas, and type: hemorrhagic or transient ischemic.

Results: Of the 30 patients, 18 had ischemic stroke, 10 had hemorrhagic stroke, and 2 had transient stroke. Regarding the location, 10 lesions were in the cerebral cortex, 3 were in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, 3 were in the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas, and 3 were in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and subcortical areas. Cerebral cortex and subcortical area ischemic strokes predominated in the clinical evaluation of dysphagia. In FEES®, decreased laryngeal sensitivity persisted following cerebral cortex and ischemic strokes. Waste in the pharyngeal recesses associated with epiglottic valleculae predominated in the piriform cortex in all lesion areas and in ischemic stroke. A patient with damage to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices from an ischemic stroke exhibited laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration of liquid and honey.

Conclusion: Dysphagia was prevalent when a lesion was located in the cerebral cortex and was of the ischemic type.