bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The integrin α
4
β
7
forms a complex with cell-surface CD4 and defines a T-cell subset that is highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1
Authors: Cicala Claudia , Martinelli Elena , McNally Jonathan P. , Goode Diana J. , Gopaul Ravindra , Hiatt Joseph , Jelicic Katija , Kottilil Shyamasundaran , Macleod Katilyn , O'Shea Angeline , Patel Nikita , Van Ryk Donald , Wei Danlan , Pascuccio Massimiliano , Yi Ling , McKinnon Lyle , Izulla Preson , Kimani Joshua , Kaul Rupert , Fauci Anthony S. , Arthos James
Published: November 2009

Both activated and resting CD4
+
T cells in mucosal tissues play important roles in the earliest phases of infection after sexual transmission of HIV-1, a process that is inefficient. HIV-1 gp120 binds to integrin α
4
β
7
(α
4
β
7
), the gut mucosal homing receptor. We find that α
4
β
7
high
CD4
+
T cells are more susceptible to productive infection than are α
4
β
7
low-neg
CD4
+
T cells in part because this cellular subset is enriched with metabolically active CD4
+
T cells. α
4
β
7
high
CD4
+
T cells are CCR5
high
and CXCR4
low
; on these cells, α
4
β
7
appears in a complex with CD4. The specific affinity of gp120 for α
4
β
7
provides a mechanism for HIV-1 to target activated cells that are critical for efficient virus propagation and dissemination following sexual transmission.
Language as a problem of development
Authors: Tupas T. Ruanni F.
Published: November 2009

Fixation on language in language policy debates is not a natural given. In fact, it has to be re-examined. This paper argues that another effective way to look at language policy is to suspend talk on language, and instead first engage with social development issues where people are at the heart of the social landscape. It discusses three ways of engagement with language policy as seen in the landscape of the politics of language, education and social development in the Philippines. The first way is engaging language policy which means debating the key features of the existing language policy usually based on ideological concerns. The second way is re-engaging language policy which highlights previously sidelined provisions of the policy such as those concerning local languages in education. The third way is disengaging from language policy which primarily sees language policy as part of a general social development framework, i.e. the imperative to focus on specific needs of local communities from which the roles of language emerge. The key point to note is that language does not seem to figure as a fundamental problem that needs to be addressed.
Towards ‘biliteracy and trilingualism’ in Hong Kong (SAR)
Authors: Li David C.S.
Published: November 2009

Despite the Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region) government’s determination to implement the ‘mother tongue education’ policy amid strong social resistance one year after the handover, English remains a prestigious language in society. The need for Putonghua (Mandarin/Standard Chinese) is also increasing following ever-expanding trade and other activities with mainland China. The societal demand for both English and Putonghua in postcolonial Hong Kong is important for understanding the SAR government’s language-in-education policy called ‘biliteracy and trilingualism’. The learning of English is fraught with two main problems: (a) the absence of a conducive language-learning environment outside the classroom, which makes English in Hong Kong more like a foreign than a second language, and (b) tremendous typological difference between Chinese and English on one hand, and considerable linguistic differences between Cantonese and Putonghua on the other. Given the significant phonological differences and, to a lesser extent, lexico-grammatical divergence between the majority’s vernacular and modern written Chinese, the learning of Putonghua is no straightforward task either. The dilemmas of the medium-of-instruction (MoI) debate will be discussed by elucidating the main concerns as seen from the respective vantage points of the government and five key stakeholder groups: employers, parents, school principals, teachers and educationalists, and students.
English in China
Authors: Feng Anwei
Published: November 2009

This paper starts with an overview of the sociolinguistic context and a series of policy documents concerning English language education promulgated recently in China. It moves on to an analysis of disparities in English language education policies practised in different regions, differences between urban and rural areas, between social classes and between linguistic minority and majority groups. The juxtaposition aims to reveal what different regions and social and ethnic groups in China have in common and how divergent they can be in terms of local policies and practices in English language provision. Also discussed in the paper are issues such as tensions between the spread of English and Chinese language education, and between mother tongue, Chinese and English language education in the case of minority groups, inequality in education and other linguistic, political and cultural dimensions.
The teaching of English as an International Language in Japan
Authors: Hino Nobuyuki
Published: November 2009

This paper explores the ambivalent nature of Japanese attitudes toward English vis-à-vis the Japanese language, followed by a discussion of Japanese efforts in incorporating the concept of English as an International Language (EIL) into their educational system and teaching practice as a solution to this dilemma. While the Japanese have an indigenous language used for all purposes including academic discourse, in this age of globalization they seem to find it to their disadvantage. The recent move in Japan in both public and private sectors is to promote the use of English even among Japanese people, often at the expense of their native language. One practical approach to a solution or a mitigation of this dilemma is the teaching of EIL or de-Anglo-Americanized English as a means of expressing indigenous values in international communication. Although Japanese teachers of English have not really gone beyond the World Englishes paradigm, which describes the Expanding Circle Englishes including Japanese English as basically exonormative, efforts have been underway in Japan to put the idea of EIL into practice. The teaching of EIL in place of Anglo-American English provides a chance of reconciliation between the use of internal and external language resources.
Prosodic Structure in Early Word Segmentation: ERP Evidence From Dutch Ten‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Kooijman Valesca , Hagoort Peter , Cutler Anne
Published: November 2009

Recognizing word boundaries in continuous speech requires detailed knowledge of the native language. In the first year of life, infants acquire considerable word segmentation abilities. Infants at this early stage in word segmentation rely to a large extent on the metrical pattern of their native language, at least in stress‐based languages. In Dutch and English (both languages with a preferred trochaic stress pattern), segmentation of strong‐weak words develops rapidly between 7 and 10 months of age. Nevertheless, trochaic languages contain not only strong–weak words but also words with a weak‐strong stress pattern. In this article, we present electrophysiological evidence of the beginnings of weak‐strong word segmentation in Dutch 10‐month‐olds. At this age, the ability to combine different cues for efficient word segmentation does not yet seem to be completely developed. We provide evidence that Dutch infants still largely rely on strong syllables, even for the segmentation of weak–strong words.
Means‐End Behavior in Young Infants: The Interplay of Action Perception and Action Production
Authors: Daum Moritz M. , Prinz Wolfgang , Aschersleben Gisa
Published: November 2009

In 2 experiments, the interplay of action perception and action production was investigated in 6‐month‐old infants. In Experiment 1, infants received 2 versions of a means‐end task in counterbalanced order. In the action perception version, a preferential looking paradigm in which infants were shown an actor performing means‐end behavior with an expected and an unexpected outcome was used. In the action production version, infants had to pull a cloth to receive a toy. In Experiment 2, infants' ability to perform the action production task with a cloth was compared to their ability to perform the action production task with a less flexible board. Finally, Experiment 3 was designed to control for alternative low‐level explanations of the differences in the looking times toward the final states presented in Experiment 1 by only presenting the final states of the action perception task without showing the initial action sequence. Results obtained in Experiment 1 showed that in the action perception task, infants discriminated between the expected and the unexpected outcome. This perceptual ability was independent of their actual competence in executing means‐ end behavior in the action production task. Experiment 2 showed no difference in 6‐month‐olds' performance in the action production task depending on the properties of the support under the toy. Similarly, in Experiment 3, no differences in looking times between the 2 final states were found. The findings are discussed in light of theories on the development of action perception and action production.
Influences of Infant‐Directed Speech on Early Word Recognition
Authors: Singh Leher , Nestor Sarah , Parikh Chandni , Yull Ashley
Published: November 2009

When addressing infants, many adults adopt a particular type of speech, known as infant‐directed speech (IDS). IDS is characterized by exaggerated intonation, as well as reduced speech rate, shorter utterance duration, and grammatical simplification. It is commonly asserted that IDS serves in part to facilitate language learning. Although intuitively appealing, direct empirical tests of this claim are surprisingly scarce. Additionally, studies that have examined associations between IDS and language learning have measured learning within a single laboratory session rather than the type of long‐term storage of information necessary for word learning. In this study, 7‐ and 8‐month‐old infants' long‐term memory for words was assessed when words were spoken in IDS and adult‐directed speech (ADS). Word recognition over the long term was successful for words introduced in IDS, but not for those introduced in ADS, regardless of the register in which recognition stimuli were produced. Findings are discussed in the context of the influence of particular input styles on emergent word knowledge in prelexical infants.
Seven‐Month‐Old Infants Selectively Reproduce the Goals of Animate But Not Inanimate Agents
Authors: Mahajan Neha , Woodward Amanda L.
Published: November 2009

We tested 7‐month‐old infants' sensitivity to others' goals in an imitation task, and assessed whether infants are as likely to imitate the goals of nonhuman agents as they are to imitate human goals. In the current studies, we used the paradigm developed by Hamlin et. al (in press) to test infants' responses to human actions versus closely matched inanimate object motions. The experimental events resembled those from Luo and Baillargeon's (2005) looking‐time study in which infants responded to the movements of an inanimate object (a self‐propelled box) as goal‐directed. Although infants responded visually to the goal structure of the object's movement, here they did not reproduce the box's goal. These results provide further evidence that 7‐month‐olds' goal representations are sufficiently robust to drive their own manual actions. However, they indicate that infants' responses to inanimate object movements may not be robust in this way.
Fractal Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Pereira Luis M.
Published: November 2009

Pharmacokinetics (PK) has been traditionally dealt with under the homogeneity assumption. However, biological systems are nowadays comprehensively understood as being inherently fractal. Specifically, the microenvironments where drug molecules interact with membrane interfaces, metabolic enzymes or pharmacological receptors, are unanimously recognized as unstirred, space‐restricted, heterogeneous and geometrically fractal. Therefore, classical Fickean diffusion and the notion of the compartment as a homogeneous kinetic space must be revisited. Diffusion in fractal spaces has been studied for a long time making use of fractional calculus and expanding on the notion of dimension. Combining this new paradigm with the need to describe and explain experimental data results in defining time‐dependent rate constants with a characteristic fractal exponent. Under the one‐compartment simplification this strategy is straightforward. However, precisely due to the heterogeneity of the underlying biology, often at least a two‐compartment model is required to address macroscopic data such as drug concentrations. This simple modelling step‐up implies significant analytical and numerical complications. However, a few methods are available that make possible the original desideratum. In fact, exploring the full range of parametric possibilities and looking at different drugs and respective biological concentrations, it may be concluded that all PK modelling approaches are indeed particular cases of the fractal PK theory.
Maverick, Escort, or Style Setter — TV News Framing of Candidates' Spouses During the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections
Authors: Zeldes Geri Alumit
Published: November 2009

NBC, Fox, and CNN networks aired during their first nightly newscasts 324 stories in 2004 and 2008 that featured a visual of the candidates' spouses fulfilling the “escort” role. The spouses during these campaigns were largely seen but not heard. Fox in 2004 aired less than 1% of the candidates' wives speaking when compared to how much video it aired. Likewise, CNN in 2008 aired 2% of the candidates' spouses speaking compared to the amount of video it aired. During the 2008 presidential campaign, viewers saw many more stories featuring the candidates' spouses, especially on the Fox News Channel. During the latter campaign, the networks, especially CNN, also featured much more video of the candidates' spouses. In both elections, the Republican candidates' spouses were clearly much more present on the campaign trail than were their Democratic counterparts.
Learning From the Media in the Aftermath of a Crisis: Findings from the Minneapolis Bridge Collapse
Authors: Nelson Lindsay D. , Spence Patric R. , Lachlan Kenneth A.
Published: November 2009

This study builds on previous examinations of social and mediated learning, expanding the scope to the context of crises. We argue that mediated learning might be particularly important during crisis both to ameliorate the negative emotional consequences of such events as well as to prompt the learning of information that might be important in future emergencies. Using data collected from Minneapolis, Minn., residents after the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge, we demonstrate that individuals might have the capacity to learn from the media in the midst of a crisis and that women report learning more than men from crisis media coverage. Finally, we discuss implications for future crisis learning research and recommendations for the media.
Do Racial Descriptors Confuse Viewers? The Utility of Suspect Race in Crime Stoppers and Similar Broadcast Descriptions
Authors: Loggins Ginger Miller
Published: November 2009

Local news programs across the country regularly broadcast descriptions of criminal suspects received from law enforcement agencies. For example: “Police describe the suspect as a White male in his mid-forties, about 230 pounds and 6 foot 2 inches tall. He had a moustache and goatee and wore a red t-shirt and jeans.” Do such descriptions really help viewers envision or recognize the correct suspect? This study compares the effectiveness of racially explicit descriptions, those that state a suspect's race, to racially implicit descriptions, those that describe a suspect's skin tone. Results indicate that viewers were more likely to correctly identify a tanned White man or a light-skinned Black man as the suspect when the description detailed the suspect's skin tone rather than stating his race. Racial descriptors generally led viewers to focus on race, sometimes ignoring other characteristics, such as age, also provided in the description. Such descriptors particularly encouraged biased identification of dark-skinned African Americans. Based upon these findings, the author urges broadcasters to avoid including race in any descriptions because it appears to confuse viewers.
Tribal Journalism
Authors: Silcock B. William
Published: November 2009

The metaphors we use to think about changes in media have a lot to tell us about the particular moment we're in. — Steven Berlin Johnson

Civilization is a stream with banks. The stream is sometimes filled with people, stealing, shouting, and doing the things historians usually record, while on the banks, unnoticed, people build homes, make love, raise children, sing songs, write poetry, and even whittle statues. The story of civilization is the story of what happened on the banks. Historians are pessimists because they ignore the banks for the river. — Will Durant.
Analgesic and Anti‐Inflammatory Activities of the Methanol Extract from Pogostemon cablin
Authors: Lu Tsung-Chun , Liao Jung-Chun , Huang Tai-Hung , Lin Ying-Chih , Liu Chia-Yu , Chiu Yung-jia , Peng Wen-Huang
Published: November 2009

Pogostemon cablin (PC) is a herbal medicine traditionally applied to treat not only common cold, nausea and diarrhea but also headache and fever. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties of standardized PC methanol extract (PCMeOH) in vivo. Investigations were performed in mice with two analgesic models. One was acetic acid‐induced writhing response and the other formalin‐induced paw licking. The anti‐inflammatory effect was tested by λ‐carrageenan (Carr)‐induced mice paw edema. These analgesic experimental results indicated that PCMeOH (1.0 g/kg) decreased the acetic acid‐induced writhing responses and PCMeOH (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the licking time in the second phase of the formalin test. Moreover, Carr‐induced paw edema inflammation was significantly reduced in a dose‐dependent manner when PCMeOH (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) was administered 3 and 4 h after the Carr injection. Mechanistic studies showed that PCMeOH decreased the levels of malondialdehyde in the edema paw by increasing the activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, in the liver and decreasing the cyclooxygenase 2 and tumor necrosis factor‐α activities in the edema paw. This study has demonstrated the analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects of PCMeOH, thus verifying its popular use in traditional medicine.
Actinokineospora baliensis sp. nov., Actinokineospora cibodasensis sp. nov. and Actinokineospora cianjurensis sp. nov., isolated from soil and plant litter
Authors: Lisdiyanti Puspita , Otoguro Misa , Ratnakomala Shanti , Lestari Yulin , Hastuti Ratih D. , Triana Evi , Katsuhiko Ando , Widyastuti Yantyati
Published: November 2009

Six actinomycete strains isolated from soil and plant-litter samples in Indonesia were studied for their taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetically, all the strains were located in the broad cluster of the genus Actinokineospora. Chemotaxonomic data [cell-wall diamino acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid; cell-wall peptidoglycan, type III (A1γ); major sugars, galactose and arabinose; major menaquinone, MK-9(H4); major fatty acid, iso-C16 : 0; major phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine] supported the affiliation of all six strains to the genus Actinokineospora. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization with DNA from type strains of Actinokineospora species with validly published names revealed three DNA–DNA relatedness groups. Group I (ID03-0561T) showed low relatedness to the other strains studied. The three strains in group II (ID03-0784T, ID03-0808 and ID03-0809) formed a group with high relatedness (98–100 %) and showed low relatedness to the other strains studied. The two strains in group III (ID03-0810T and ID03-0813) showed 58–68 % relatedness to Actinokineospora terrae NBRC 15668T and showed low relatedness (2–24 %) to the other strains studied. The description of three novel species is proposed: Actinokineospora baliensis sp. nov., for the single strain in group I (type strain ID03-0561T =BTCC B-554T =NBRC 104211T), Actinokineospora cibodasensis sp. nov., for the strains in group II (type strain ID03-0784T =BTCC B-555T =NBRC 104212T), and Actinokineospora cianjurensis sp. nov., for the strains in group III (type strain ID03-0810T =BTCC B-558T =NBRC 105526T).
Camelimonas lactis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the milk of camels
Authors: Kämpfer P. , Scholz H. C. , Langer S. , Wernery U. , Wernery R. , Johnson B. , Joseph M. , Lodders N. , Busse H.-J.
Published: November 2009

Three strains of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria (M 2040T, M 1973 and M 1878-SK2), isolated from milk of camels at a camel-milk production farm in the United Arab Emirates, were investigated for their taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, all three strains were shown to belong to the Alphaproteobacteria and were most closely related to Chelatococcus asaccharovorans and Chelatococcus daeguensis (95.1 and 95.2 % sequence similarity to the respective type strains). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was detected as the characteristic peptidoglycan diamino acid. The predominant compound in the polyamine pattern was spermidine, and sym-homospermidine was not detectable. The quinone system was ubiquinone Q-10. The polar lipid profile included the major compounds phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol and moderate amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified aminolipids. Minor lipids were also detected. The major fatty acid profile, consisting of C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C18 : 1
ω7c, with C18 : 0 3-OH as the major hydroxylated fatty acid, was similar to those of the genus Chelatococcus. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and physiological and biochemical tests allowed both genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolates from described Chelatococcus species. Isolates M 2040T, M 1973 and M 1878-SK2 were closely related on the basis of DNA–DNA reassociation and therefore represent a single novel species. In summary, low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95 % with Chelatococcus asaccharovorans and marked differences in polar lipid profiles as well as in polyamine patterns support the description of a novel genus and species to accommodate these strains, for which the name Camelimonas lactis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Camelimonas lactis is M 2040T (=CCUG 58638T =CCM 7696T).
Nocardiopsis sinuspersici sp. nov., isolated from sandy rhizospheric soil
Authors: Hamedi Javad , Mohammadipanah Fatemeh , von Jan Mathias , Pötter Gabriele , Schumann Peter , Spröer Cathrin , Klenk Hans-Peter , Kroppenstedt Reiner M.
Published: November 2009

A polyphasic taxonomic study of a halotolerant bacterium, isolated from sandy rhizospheric soil in Sarbandar, Persian Gulf, Iran, revealed that strain HM6T represents a novel species within the genus Nocardiopsis. Results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain HM6T clustered with strains of the genus Nocardiopsis, showing the highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardiopsis quinghaiensis (99.2 %), Nocardiopsis aegyptia (98.5 %) and Nocardiopsis halotolerans (98.3 %). However, DNA–DNA hybridization studies with these type strains revealed less than 39.6 % similarity. Rather than genotypic differences, there are some phenotypic discrepancies between strain HM6T and closely related species of the genus Nocardiopsis. Main morphological and chemotaxonomical features of strain HM6T include: (i) growth characteristics, i.e. the formation of a scant light-yellow to white aerial mycelium and the typical zig-zag form of the hyphae, which fragment during ageing into smooth rod-shaped spores; (ii) the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid and glucose plus ribose in whole-cell hydrolysates; (iii) the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, together with three unknown Nocardiopsis-specific phospholipids (close to diphosphatidylglycerol in position) in polar lipid extracts; (iv) the presence of the major menaquinones MK-10(H0), MK-10(H2) and MK-9(H0) in the non-polar fraction; (v) the presence of iso/anteiso-branched plus 10-methyl-branched fatty acids, showing the diagnostic combination for species of the genus Nocardiopsis of iso-16 : 0 (31.1 %), anteiso-17 : 0 (19.2 %), 10-methyl-17 : 0 (5.8 %) and tuberculostearic acid (8.8 %); and (vi) the absence of mycolic acids. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain HM6T represents a distinct taxon within the genus Nocardiopsis. Based upon genotypic and phenotypic differences from other members of the genus, a novel species, Nocardiopsis sinuspersici sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HM6T (=UTMC 00102T =DSM 45277T =CCUG 57624T).
Bacillus siamensis sp. nov., isolated from salted crab (poo-khem) in Thailand
Authors: Sumpavapol Punnanee , Tongyonk Linna , Tanasupawat Somboon , Chokesajjawatee Nipa , Luxananil Plearnpis , Visessanguan Wonnop
Published: November 2009

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, strain PD-A10T, was isolated from salted crab (poo-khem) in Thailand and subjected to a taxonomic study. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, including phylogenetic analyses, showed that the novel strain was a member of the genus Bacillus. The novel strain grew in medium with 0–14 % (w/v) NaCl, at 4–55 °C and at pH 4.5–9. The predominant quinone was a menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK-7). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysylphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid and unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 41.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain PD-A10T and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NBRC 15535T, Bacillus subtilis DSM 10T, Bacillus vallismortis DSM 11031T and Bacillus mojavensis IFO 15718T were 99.5, 99.4, 99.4 and 99.2 %, respectively. Strain PD-A10T showed a low degree similarity of rep-PCR fingerprints and low DNA–DNA relatedness with the above-mentioned species. On the basis of the data gathered in this study, strain PD-A10T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus siamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PD-A10T (=BCC 22614T=KCTC 13613T).
Sphingopyxis panaciterrulae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field
Authors: Srinivasan Sathiyaraj , Kim Myung Kyum , Sathiyaraj Gayathri , Veena Vaidyanathan , Mahalakshmi Muthusamy , Kalaiselvi Senthil , Kim Yeon-Ju , Yang Deok-Chun
Published: November 2009

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Daejeon, South Korea, and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY34Tbelonged to the familySphingomonadaceae, and the highest degree of sequence similarity was found withSphingopyxis witflariensisW-50T(97.1 %),Sphingopyxis ginsengisoliGsoil 250T(97.0 %),Sphingopyxis chilensisS37T(96.9 %),Sphingopyxis macrogoltabidaIFO 15033T(96.8 %),Sphingopyxis alaskensisRB2256T(96.7 %) andSphingopyxis taejonensisJSS54T(96.7 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain DCY34Tpossessed ubiquinone Q-10 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone, which is common to members of the genusSphingopyxis. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c(27.5 %), summed feature 4 (C16 : 1ω7cand/or C15 : 0iso 2-OH; 18.6 %), C16 : 0(15.6 %) and summed feature 8 (C19 : 1ω6cand/or unknown 18.864; 15.4 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid and an unknown polar lipid. The results of physiological and biochemical tests clearly demonstrated that strain DCY34Trepresented a separate species and supported its affiliation to the genusSphingopyxis. Based on these data, the new isolate represents a novel species, for which the nameSphingopyxis panaciterrulaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY34T(=KCTC 22112T=JCM 14844T).
Chryseobacterium culicis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Chandel Kshitij , Prasad G. B. K. S. , Shouche Y. S. , Veer Vijay
Published: November 2009

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, R4-1AT, isolated from the midgut of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (a vector of lymphatic filariasis), was studied using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the isolate were rod-shaped and stained Gram-negative. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this organism with sequences of type strains of the most closely related species clearly showed an allocation to the genus Chryseobacterium, with the highest sequence similarities (all 97.9 %) to Chryseobacterium jejuense JS17-8T, C. indologenes ATCC 29897T, C. arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7T and C. aquifrigidense CW9T. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to type strains of other Chryseobacterium species were below 97.5 %. The fatty acid profile of strain R4-1AT included the major fatty acids iso-15 : 0, summed feature 4 (comprising iso-15 : 0 2-OH and/or 16 : 1ω7c), iso-17 : 1ω9c and iso-17 : 0 3-OH. DNA–DNA hybridizations with C. jejuense KACC 12501T, C. indologenes CCUG 14556T, C. arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7T and C. aquifrigidense KCTC 12894T resulted in relatedness values of 38.3 % (reciprocal 30.5 %), 29.4 % (32.1 %), 23.2 % (37.2 %) and 29.5 % (47.1 %), respectively. These results and the differentiating biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties show that strain R4-1AT represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium culicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R4-1AT (=LMG 25442T =CCM 7716T).
A Systems Model of Vesicle Trafficking in Arabidopsis Pollen Tubes
Authors: Kato Naohiro , He Hongyu , Steger Alexander P.
Published: November 2009

A systems model that describes vesicle trafficking during pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was constructed. The model is composed of ordinary differential equations that connect the molecular functions of genes expressed in pollen. The current model requires soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and small GTPases, Arf or Rab, to reasonably predict tube growth as a function of time. Tube growth depends on vesicle trafficking that transports phospholipid and pectin to the tube tip. The vesicle trafficking genes identified by analyzing publicly available transcriptome data comprised 328 genes. Fourteen of them are up-regulated by the gibberellin signaling pathway during pollen development, which includes the SNARE genes SYP124 and SYP125 and the Rab GTPase gene RABA4D. The model results adequately fit the pollen tube growth of both previously reported wild-type and raba4d knockout lines. Furthermore, the difference of pollen tube growth in syp124/syp125 single and double mutations was quantitatively predicted based on the model analysis. In general, a systems model approach to vesicle trafficking arguably demonstrated the importance of the functional connections in pollen tube growth and can help guide future research directions.
Stem Cell Signaling in Arabidopsis Requires CRN to Localize CLV2 to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Bleckmann Andrea , Weidtkamp-Peters Stefanie , Seidel Claus A.M. , Simon Ruݶdiger
Published: November 2009

Stem cell number in shoot and floral meristems of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by the CLAVATA3 (CLV3) signaling pathway. Perception of the CLV3 peptide requires the receptor kinase CLV1, the receptor-like protein CLV2, and the kinase CORYNE (CRN). Genetic analysis suggested that CLV2 and CRN act together and in parallel with CLV1. We studied the intracellular localization of receptor fusions with fluorescent protein tags and their capacities for interaction via efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We found that CLV2 and CRN require each other for export from the endoplasmic reticulum and localization to the plasma membrane (PM). CRN readily forms homomers and interacts with CLV2 through the transmembrane domain and adjacent juxtamembrane sequences. CLV1 forms homomers independently of CLV2 and CRN at the PM. We propose that the CLV3 signal is perceived by a tetrameric CLV2/CRN complex and a CLV1 homodimer that localize to the PM and can interact via CRN.
GNOM-LIKE1/ERMO1 and SEC24a/ERMO2 Are Required for Maintenance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nakano Ryohei Thomas , Matsushima Ryo , Ueda Haruko , Tamura Kentaro , Shimada Tomoo , Li Lixin , Hayashi Yasuko , Kondo Maki , Nishimura Mikio , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko
Published: November 2009

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of tubules, sheets, and three-way junctions, resulting in a highly conserved polygonal network in all eukaryotes. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the organization of these structures are obscure. To identify novel factors responsible for ER morphology, we employed a forward genetic approach using a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant (GFP-h) with fluorescently labeled ER. We isolated two mutants with defects in ER morphology and designated them endoplasmic reticulum morphology1 (ermo1) and ermo2. The cells of both mutants developed a number of ER-derived spherical bodies, ∼1 μm in diameter, in addition to the typical polygonal network of ER. The spherical bodies were distributed throughout the ermo1 cells, while they formed a large aggregate in ermo2 cells. We identified the responsible gene for ermo1 to be GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1) and the gene for ermo2 to be SEC24a. Homologs of both GNL1 and SEC24a are involved in membrane trafficking between the ER and Golgi in yeast and animal cells. Our findings, however, suggest that GNL1/ERMO1 and SEC24a/ERMO2 have a novel function in ER morphology in higher plants.
A study on the job analysis of public libraries in Korea
Authors: Yoon Hee‐Yoon , Kim Sin‐Young
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze jobs and duties involved in Korean public libraries and provide a clear picture of such issues.

Design/methodology/approach

All of the various duties being executed in libraries are identified. Public libraries across the nation are requested to assist with our survey. Questionnaires are collected to survey the level of awareness of all the duties involved in public libraries and analyzed to determine the importance, difficulty, and professionalism of 194 library duties.

Findings

Through this study, perceived levels of frequency, importance, and difficulty of duties related to public libraries are surveyed and average values for each duty are compared and analyzed to formulate a standard job model and action plan.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to present a basic library duty model reflecting rapidly changing information technologies and information types of Korean public libraries based on a library duty analysis of advanced countries.
Assessment of knowledge management growth: a South Africa perspective
Authors: Kruger C.J. (Neels) , Johnson Roy D.
Published: November 2009

Purpose

Wilson argues that knowledge management (KM) maturity is an extension of information management and effective management of work practices. Gallagher and Hazlett state that there is too much effort addressing technological concerns in KM while offering little practical assistance. Kruger and Snyman believe KM is a strategic resource with ICT and information management as enablers in establishing KM maturity. These three positions of KM growth and maturity reflect the huge spectrum of and diverse views. But, very little is known about the KM growth or maturity that occurs in different industries, or how employees and managers perceive growth in KM maturity. This paper aims to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

From a large urban South African University engaged in numerous collaboration programmes with industry, the authors gain insight into the growth of KM in industry groupings over a five‐year period. The authors apply an inventory developed by Kruger and Snyman to a set of 86 organisations distributed over nine economic sectors in South Africa. In total 434 employees are interviewed over three group levels (operational, middle and senior management). This is achieved by interviewing 178 senior practitioners in three subjects (one in each group level).

Findings

Analysis of the growth in KM maturity, as it relates to different organisational sizes, reveals that there are statistical differences between the score reported by small, medium, large and extra‐large organisations and between the scores reported by senior, middle and operational personnel. Findings also indicate that growth in KM differs between industry groupings, with high growth in construction, building materials and mining (±70 per cent), and low growth in educational institutions (±40 per cent).

Originality/value

This paper is of relevance to KM practitioners interested in gaining insight into KM maturity growth that occurred in different organisational groupings and at different operational levels across an extremely diversified environment.
Effects of organizational and serviceperson orientation on customer loyalty
Authors: Colwell Scott , Hogarth‐Scott Sandra , Jiang Depeng , Joshi Ashwin
Published: November 2009

Purpose

Within the service industry, the serviceperson enhances customer loyalty by increasing customer benefits and decreasing customer costs, but is also embedded within and influenced by the organizational context. Thus, the influence of a serviceperson's orientation may differ or even conflict with the organization's orientation. There are two purposes to this paper. The paper first aims to develop a conceptual model that clearly distinguishes between benefit‐ and cost‐based explanations of the effect of the serviceperson. The paper's second aim is to examine the impact of the organization on the serviceperson's ability to foster customer loyalty through interactions with customers.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey methodology is used and data gathered from managers and customers. Multi‐group structural equation modeling is employed to test partial mediation and partial moderation theses.

Findings

In line with social exchange theory, the paper finds that a serviceperson's customer orientation can reduce customer costs and increase customer benefits. Furthermore, consistent with the literature on strategic orientations, when the serviceperson's organization evinces a low competitive service orientation, it attenuates the direct effects of a serviceperson's customer orientation on customer loyalty, such that the direct effect no longer exists.

Originality/value

The paper shows how multiple direct and indirect pathways connect serviceperson customer orientation to customer loyalty. It also shows how the effect of serviceperson customer orientation on customer loyalty depends on the organizational context and specifically the extent to which the organization embraces a competitive service orientation. The moderating role of organizational context has implications both for social exchange theory specifically and theories of exchange, such as transaction cost analysis more generally.
Renaming effect of brand value: state‐owned enterprises
Authors: Jim Wu Yen‐Chun
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the renaming effect of brand value of state‐owned corporations in Taiwan.

Design/methodology/approach

This study aims to evaluate and analyze the value of the CPC brand by: using the Interbrand and Hirose models, and analyzing empirically the difference‐comparison of the results.

Findings

For the state‐run corporations, the practical application of the Hirose and Interbrand models, the main target market, and the business orientation categories, which the corporations belonged to are illustrated in a two‐dimensional four‐quadrant framework.

Research limitations/implications

This study presumes that Chinese Petroleum Corp. will be affected in various ways after being renamed CPC Corp., Taiwan, and the fluctuations in value will be reflected in related profit/cost data. It is also assumed that the brand will bring value to the company. However, there are constraints in doing this research despite the completeness and objectivity of the study subject.

Originality/value

Research on brand equity is still in a state of evolution. This study makes two major contributions. First, it suggests that choosing the more applicable valuation model depends on the enterprises' industrial characteristics. Second, the differentiation of the applications of brand value models is based on: the orientation characteristics of the various valuation models, the target markets, and business orientation.
Research in social responsibility: a challenge for management education
Authors: Kletz Pierre
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the connection between research in social responsibility and management education studied here in the light of the Frankfurt School's approach in general, and of Horkheimer and Adorno's works in particular.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on these works, a reading template is designed, which defines the conditions in which research in corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributes to shaping the contents of management education.

Findings

The article then analyzes the major approaches characterizing research in social responsibility. It also analyzes these approaches' ability to further knowledge in that field, as well as their contributing to constitute a type of management education instrumental in improving the implementation of CSR.

Originality/value

The article presents an original approach of the link between theory and practice in CSR that challenges the way this topic is generally taught.
Predictive business – fresh initiative or old wine in a new bottle
Authors: Jalonen Harri , Lönnqvist Antti
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual analysis of the theoretical and managerial bases and objectives of predictive business. Predictive business refers to operational decision‐making and the development of business processes on the basis of business event analysis. It supports the early recognition of business opportunities and threats, better customer intimacy and agile reaction to changes in business environment. An underlying rationale for predictive business is the attainment of competitive advantage through better management of information and knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach to this article is conceptual and theoretical. The literature‐based discussion and analysis combines the perspectives of business performance management, business intelligence, and knowledge management to provide a new model of thinking and operation.

Findings

For a company predictive business is simultaneously a practical challenge and an epistemic one. It is a practical challenge because predictive business presupposes a change in the company's modes of operation. It is also an epistemic challenge, since it concerns the company's ability to find appropriate balance between knowledge exploitation and knowledge exploration.

Research limitations/implications

Further research should be carried out on the functionality of practical applications as well as the attitudinal and technical preparedness of companies to adopt a new mode of operation. As a subject of investigation, the world of business events offer interesting methodological possibilities, since the basis of the work is the gathering and analysis of large quantities of information on operational activities.

Originality/value

There has been little research concerning business events in knowledge management context. This article presents a theoretically founded basis for predictive business, combining the concept of analysing business events with previous research in the field of knowledge management.
KMS adoption: the effects of information quality
Authors: Kuo Ren‐Zong , Lee Gwo‐Guang
Published: November 2009

Purpose

By expanding the technology acceptance model, this paper aims to provide a research model for examining the impact of information quality and task technology fit on the adoption of KMS.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the proposed research model, data are collected through a questionnaire survey sent to IT managers of 500 large companies in Taiwan.

Findings

Based on the study, it is suitable to use a technology acceptance model to study adoption of KMS and explore how two external variables, information quality and task technology fit, affect the intention to adopt. Additionally, information quality has a directly significant effect on ease of use that users perceive and usefulness where fit between task and KMS is high.

Research limitations/implications

A mass mailing of a somewhat lengthy, blind survey to busy managers produces a somewhat low response rate. Thus, the generalized nature of the ﬁndings is somewhat in question, making replication of the study in Taiwan important.

Practical implications

The study distinguishes the design of information systems and knowledge management systems. For adoption of KMS, managers must pay more attention to the quality of information provided, and the contextual features of the knowledge involved.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is in demonstrating the role of information quality with KMS, and providing further insight into the co‐relationship of information quality, usefulness, and fit between task and KMS, leading to more effective strategies for KMS adoption.
Transcendental marketing: a conceptual framework and empirical examples
Authors: Nordin Fredrik
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise, discuss and evaluate an emergent marketing philosophy, “transcendental marketing”, and its application in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual framework is grounded in the literatures of marketing practice and leadership styles, and refined by reference to two case examples.

Findings

There is scope, limited at present but promising in the longer term, for moving marketing strategy onwards from the relational and transactional models to one in which the focus is on exchange of values beyond self‐interest between “transcendent marketers” and consumers motivated by “self‐transcendence”.

Research limitations/implications

Since this article is only a first attempt to develop an understanding of this alternative approach to marketing, social and cultural trends in society provide a strong impetus for the further conceptual development of the transcendental marketing concept and assessment of its use and usefulness in the real world.

Practical implications

The proposed conceptual framework provides marketing strategists with a template for a radically different approach to marketing management, which offers the potential for enduring customer loyalty.

Originality/value

This paper contributes a radically new perspective on marketing, supported by empirical examples of two firms that have pioneered it.