bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capturing eyes and moving souls: Peruzzi's perspective set for La Calandria and the performative agency of architectural bodies
Authors: Hara Mari Yoko
Published: October 2016

The painter‐architect Baldassarre Peruzzi (1481–1536) is often credited with the invention of the canonical perspective stage set, yet very little is known about his first prospettiva – the theatre structure mounted inside the Vatican's apostolic palace for the vernacular comedy La Calandria in 1515. With extensive new archival research, this article reconstructs the landmark structure as accurately as possible and asks what made Peruzzi's theatre architecture particularly compelling to later sixteenth‐century critics like Paolo Giovio, Sebastiano Serlio and Giorgio Vasari. Through a comparative analysis of the set and the play‐text by Cardinal Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena, what emerges are mirroring strategies of audience address with roots in classical rhetoric. The later half of the article considers the legacy of Peruzzi's scenography in Cinquecento architectural thinking, drawing particular attention to the notion of performative agency that legitimized an analogy between building and language.
Weeping verse: Jasper Heywood's translation of Seneca's Troades (1559) and the politics of vicarious compassion
Authors: Steenbergh Kristine
Published: October 2016

Jasper Heywood's Troas (1559) was the first English translation of one of Seneca's tragedies. Although Heywood's and later Tudor translations of Seneca's tragic corpus have predominantly been studied for their influence on Elizabethan revenge tragedy, recent criticism has focused on the way they respond to contemporary politics. This article takes a fresh approach to the question of the translation's political significance by analysing its intended emotional effect on its readers. Dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I as a New Year's gift in the month of her coronation, his translation seeks to intervene in the new queen's religious politics. By arousing Elizabeth's pity with the Trojan women, Heywood's Troas was intended to kindle vicarious compassion with English Catholics, for whom the death of Queen Mary I was as momentous as the fall of Troy.
Guidelines for Use of the Approximate Beta‐Poisson Dose–Response Model
Authors: Xie Gang , Roiko Anne , Stratton Helen , Lemckert Charles , Dunn Peter K. , Mengersen Kerrie
Published: October 2016

For dose–response analysis in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), the exact beta‐Poisson model is a two‐parameter mechanistic dose–response model with parameters and , which involves the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function. Evaluation of a hypergeometric function is a computational challenge. Denoting as the probability of infection at a given mean dose d, the widely used dose–response model is an approximate formula for the exact beta‐Poisson model. Notwithstanding the required conditions and , issues related to the validity and approximation accuracy of this approximate formula have remained largely ignored in practice, partly because these conditions are too general to provide clear guidance. Consequently, this study proposes a probability measure Pr(0 < r < 1 | , ) as a validity measure (r is a random variable that follows a gamma distribution; and are the maximum likelihood estimates of α and β in the approximate model); and the constraint conditions for as a rule of thumb to ensure an accurate approximation (e.g., Pr(0 < r < 1 | , ) >0.99) . This validity measure and rule of thumb were validated by application to all the completed beta‐Poisson models (related to 85 data sets) from the QMRA community portal (QMRA Wiki). The results showed that the higher the probability Pr(0 < r < 1 | , ), the better the approximation. The results further showed that, among the total 85 models examined, 68 models were identified as valid approximate model applications, which all had a near perfect match to the corresponding exact beta‐Poisson model dose–response curve.
Cross‐Sectional Versus Panel Income Approaches: Analyzing Income Distribution Changes for the Case of Mexico
Authors: Duval‐Hernández Robert , Fields Gary S. , Jakubson George H.
Published: October 2016

In this paper we reconcile, both theoretically and empirically, changes in cross‐sectional inequality with patterns of panel income changes during periods of economic growth and decline. Using panel earnings data from Mexico, we find that the panel changes are convergent in almost every period, the reason being that a large number of individuals experience small convergent earnings changes while a small number of individuals experience large and convergent earnings changes. We examine what accounts for the inequality of log‐earnings at a point in time and for the inequality of the log of earnings averaged over five quarters. We find that the equalization brought about by panel earnings changes is mainly associated with changes in employment status and in sector of employment and not by personal characteristics such as schooling, age, and gender.
Advancement of the Subjective Vitality Scale: examination of alternative measurement models for Japanese and Singaporeans
Authors: Kawabata M. , Yamazaki F. , Guo D. W. , Chatzisarantis N. L. D.
Published: October 2016

The Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS: Ryan & Frederick, 1997) is a 7‐item self‐report instrument to measure one's level of vitality and has been widely used in psychological studies. However, there have been discrepancies in which version of the SVS (7‐ or 6‐item version) employed between as well as within researchers. Moreover, Item 5 seems not be a good indicator of vitality from a content validity perspective. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SVS for Japanese and Singaporeans rigorously by comparing 3 measurement models (5‐, 6‐, and 7‐item models). To this end, the scale was first translated from English to Japanese and then the Japanese and English versions of the scale were administered to Japanese (n = 268) and Singaporean undergraduate students (n = 289), respectively. The factorial and concurrent validity of the three models were examined independently on each of the samples. Furthermore, the covariance stability of the vitality responses was assessed over a 4‐week time period for another independent Japanese sample (n = 140). The findings from this study indicated that from methodological and content validity perspectives, the 5‐item model is considered most preferable for both language versions of the SVS.
Citizenship as cultural: Towards a theory of cultural citizenship
Authors: Beaman Jean
Published: October 2016

Traditional notions of citizenship have focused on formal membership, including access to rights, in a national community. More recent scholarship has expanded this definition beyond citizenship as a legal status to focus on struggles for societal inclusion of and justice for marginalized populations, citizenship as both a social and symbolic boundary of exclusion, and post‐colonial and post‐national citizenship. In this article, I review conceptions of citizenship that involve more than legal rights. After reviewing this scholarship, I discuss the theoretical framework of cultural citizenship – a move to center the cultural underpinnings of modern citizenship in analyses of citizenship as a boundary of inclusion and exclusion. I use the example of France as one site to locate the connections between citizenship and culture and the cultural underpinnings and implications of citizenship more broadly.
Critical Thinking in Social Policy: The Challenges of Past, Present and Future
Authors: Williams Fiona
Published: October 2016

This article reviews the development of critical thinking in social policy over four decades. First, it draws out the key insights of the early foundational critiques of the 1970s and 1980s especially around gender and race in their articulation with class. Second, it synthesizes two attempts in the 1990s to provide integrated critical analyses of the destabilization of the Keynesian welfare state and situates them in relation to the movement of mainstream theory at that time. Third, it looks at critical analyses that emerged in the first decade of this century in the wake of global neo‐liberalism and post‐structuralism. These are summarized as four ‘turns’: the agentic turn; the ethical turn; the global turn; and the (re)turn of intersectionality. The context of the decade since 2008 of financial and humanitarian crises and austerity provides the backcloth to argue, in conclusion, for a more integrated and multi‐dimensional critical approach which encompasses different spaces, claims and social relations in which alternatives can be articulated.
Association of HLA alleles and haplotypes with CYP21A2 gene p. V282L mutation in the Croatian population
Authors: Grubic Z. , Maskalan M. , Stingl Jankovic K. , Zvecic S. , Dumic Kubat K. , Krnic N. , Zunec R. , Ille J. , Kusec V. , Dumic M.
Published: October 2016

The CYP21A2 mutations that are in linkage disequilibrium with particular HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1 alleles/haplotypes, cause deficiency of the 21‐hydroxylase enzyme (21‐OHD) and account for the majority of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) cases. The aim of this study was to investigate those associations with the p.V282L mutation linked to the non‐classical (NC) form of CAH among Croatians. The study included parents of patients with the NC form of CAH, positive for the p.V282L mutation (N = 55) and cadaveric donor samples (N = 231). All subjects were HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DRB1 typed and tested for the presence of the p.V282L mutation. Among parents of patients, 92.73% of subjects were positive for the B*14:02 allele and almost half of them carried the HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 haplotype. Among cadaveric samples 77 out of 96 subjects positive for the B*14:02 allele had the p.V282L mutation. Among them, 37 were positive for the HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 haplotype, 23 had the HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*03:01 haplotype, 8 had the B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 combination and 5 were carrying the HLA‐A*68:02‐B*14:02‐DRB1*13:03 haplotype. Only 4 of these subjects were positive for the B*14:02 allele. HLA‐B*14:02 was the only single allele with association that reached statistically significant P value (RR = 12.00; P = 0.0024). Haplotypes B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 (P < 0.001) and HLA‐A*68:02‐B*14:02‐DRB1*13:03 (P < 0.001) as well as HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 and HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*03:01 showed high relative risks (RR = 45.00, RR = 41.63 and RR = 36.96, respectively). Our data support the previously documented association of the HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*01:02 haplotype with the p.V282L mutation, but also point out a high frequency of the p.V282L mutation among Croatians with HLA‐A*33:01‐B*14:02‐DRB1*03:01 and HLA‐A*68:02‐B*14:02‐DRB1*13:03 haplotypes.
Teaching with Spiritual Impact: An Analysis of Student Comments Regarding High‐ and Low‐Rated Spiritually Inspiring Religion Classes
Authors: Hilton John , Sweat Anthony , Griffin Tyler , Griffiths Casey Paul
Published: October 2016

We analyzed 2,621 written student comments to better understand themes which most contribute to religion classes being rated high or low in terms of the spiritual benefit students received from the class. From 2,448 religion classes taught from September of 2010 through April of 2014, comments from the top 61 (2.5 percent) and bottom 51 (2.1 percent) rated classes in terms of being “spiritually inspiring” were compared for emerging themes. The most frequent themes in higher‐ranked spiritually inspiring courses were (1) intellectually enlightening and (2) applied religion to life. In lower‐ranked spiritually inspiring courses the themes (1) class time was ineffective and (2) poor assessments were prevalent. We explore the practical implications from these and other findings.
Kinesthetic Language Learning: How an Accident Led to a Revelation
Authors: West Travis , Nam Roger S. , Benckhuysen Amanda W.
Published: October 2016

This essay analyzes a critical incident that took place in a hybrid distance‐learning Hebrew language class that was adapting interactive, immersion‐style, kinesthetic pedagogy during the week‐long face‐to‐face intensive portion of the class – including Total Physical Response techniques in which students respond to the language with whole‐body actions, entering into the world created by the language and the particular biblical text. Memorization, performance, interactive games, songs, and skits also contribute to the immersion‐style learning environment. A snafu on the final day of the week led to a serendipitous solution that demonstrated Parker Palmer's idea of subject centered pedagogy. A brief description and analysis of the critical incident is followed by two short responses.
Conversation with Stephen Prothero
Authors: Prothero Stephen , Gallagher Eugene V. , Pearson Thomas , Robinson Joanne , Stortz Martha E.
Published: October 2016

This interview was recorded and transcribed in November 2015. Stephen Prothero is a professor of religious studies at Boston University, where he has taught since 1996. His publications include several that directly address teaching about religion, most notably Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know – and Doesn't, which made an argument regarding K‐12 education. In this manuscript he pulls the conversation into his own undergraduate classrooms – providing a vivid glimpse of his teaching practices, including how he conducts large lecture classes and seminars, how he works with teaching assistants, and how he conducts discussions even in very large courses. He also shares his broader reflections on the nature and importance of religious literacy and its place in American education.
Risk factors for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Kenya: a case–control study
Authors: Gichuhi Stephen , Macharia Ephantus , Kabiru Joy , Zindamoyen Alain M'bongo , Rono Hillary , Ollando Ernest , Wachira Joseph , Munene Rhoda , Onyuma Timothy , Jaoko Walter G. , Sagoo Mandeep S. , Weiss Helen A. , Burton Matthew J.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To determine modifiable risk factors of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in Kenya using disease‐free controls.

Methods

Adults with conjunctival lesions were recruited at four eye care centres in Kenya and underwent excision biopsy. An equal number of controls having surgery for conditions not affecting the conjunctiva and unrelated to ultraviolet light were group‐matched to cases by age group, sex and eye care centre. Associations of risk factors with OSSN were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Continuous variables were compared using the t‐test or the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U‐test depending on their distribution.

Results

A total of 131 cases and 131 controls were recruited. About two‐thirds of participants were female, and the mean age of cases and controls was 42.1 years and 43.3 years, respectively. Risk factors for OSSN were HIV infection without antiretroviral therapy (ART) use (OR = 48.42; 95% CI: 7.73–303.31) and with ART use (OR = 19.16; 95% CI: 6.60–55.57), longer duration of exposure to the sun in the main occupation (6.9 h/day vs. 4.6 h/day, OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.10–1.40) and a history of allergic conjunctivitis (OR = 74.61; 95% CI: 8.08–688.91). Wearing hats was protective (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.63).

Conclusion

Measures to prevent and control HIV, reduce sun exposure such as wearing hats and control allergic conjunctivitis are recommended.
Household experience and costs of seeking measles vaccination in rural Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Byberg S. , Fisker A. B. , Rodrigues A. , Balde I. , Enemark U. , Aaby P. , Benn C. S. , Griffiths U. K.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Children younger than 12 months of age are eligible for childhood vaccines through the public health system in Guinea‐Bissau. To limit open vial wastage, a restrictive vial opening policy has been implemented; 10‐dose measles vaccine vials are only opened if six or more children aged 9–11 months are present at the vaccination post. Consequently, mothers who bring their child for measles vaccination can be told to return another day. We aimed to describe the household experience and estimate household costs of seeking measles vaccination in rural Guinea‐Bissau.

Methods

Within a national sample of village clusters under demographic surveillance, we interviewed mothers of children aged 9–21 months about their experience with seeking measles vaccination. From information about time and money spent, we calculated household costs of seeking measles vaccination.

Results

We interviewed mothers of 1308 children of whom 1043 (80%) had sought measles vaccination at least once. Measles vaccination coverage was 70% (910/1308). Coverage decreased with increasing distance to the health centre. On average, mothers who had taken their child for vaccination took their child 1.4 times. Mean costs of achieving 70% coverage were 2.04 USD (SD 3.86) per child taken for vaccination. Half of the mothers spent more than 2 h seeking vaccination and 11% spent money on transportation.

Conclusions

We found several indications of missed opportunities for measles vaccination resulting in suboptimal coverage. The household costs comprised 3.3% of the average monthly income and should be taken into account when assessing the costs of delivering vaccinations.
Offshoring and Outsourcing Potentials: Evidence from German Micro‐Level Data
Authors: Brändle Tobias , Koch Andreas
Published: October 2016

This paper provides two indicators that measure: (i) offshoring potentials (cross‐country geographical relocation) and (ii) outsourcing potentials (organisational relocation) separately at the level of jobs, occupations, tasks and industries. We use four waves of the BIBB/BAuA Labour Force Survey in Germany and apply principal component analysis based on a large set of potential determinants of offshoring and outsourcing derived from the literature. Our results show significant variation across these levels in the determinants of both dimensions. We provide a comprehensive empirical classification of the determinants of how easily jobs can be offshored and outsourced. This can serve as a basis for further research to investigate the economic effects of job offshoreability.
Exporters and Importers of Services: Firm‐Level Evidence on Italy
Authors: Federico Stefano , Tosti Enrico
Published: October 2016

This work contributes to the growing literature on international trade in services at firm level. Our data set provides information on exports and imports of services (excluding transportation and travel) in 2008–09 for almost 3,000 Italian industrial and services firms, divided by partner country and type of service. We report a set of stylised facts on services trade and analyse the choice between export and foreign direct investment in services at the firm level. We find that the export and import of services are highly concentrated in just a few firms. Firm‐level variation in trade is positively correlated with firm size and productivity. Country‐level variation is to a large extent explained by the standard gravity variables: distance strongly reduces trade in services in spite of their intangibility. Smaller and less productive firms choose to export rather than sell through foreign affiliates, although there is some heterogeneity among service types.
Anti‐dumping Duty and Firm Heterogeneity: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Sun Joo Yeon , Lee Seungrae
Published: October 2016

This study examines the imposition of anti‐dumping (AD) duties on imported products in Korea. We use panel data for Korean firms between 2000 and 2012 and estimate the firm‐level productivity of import‐competing firms before and after AD imposition. Using a difference‐in‐difference framework, we compare firm productivity changes in a treatment group that receives AD protection to a control group that does not. In contrast to recent findings on the effects of AD measures, we find that the average protected firms experience productivity loss during the AD protection period. Examining the changes in external market condition and internal resource allocation during the protection period, such loss appears to be more evident inside highly concentrated import‐competing sectors. Further, we find that protected firms are more likely to reallocate their resources abroad via FDI at the expense of domestic production and investment once they receive temporary protection.
Evaluation of performance of veterinary in‐clinic hematology analyzers
Authors: Rishniw Mark , Pion Paul D.
Published: October 2016

Background

A previous study provided information regarding the quality of in‐clinic veterinary biochemistry testing. However, no similar studies for in‐clinic veterinary hematology testing have been conducted.

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of hematology testing in veterinary in‐clinic laboratories using results obtained from testing 3 levels of canine EDTA blood samples.

Methods

Clinicians prepared blood samples to achieve measurand concentrations within, below, and above their RIs and evaluated the samples in triplicate using their in‐clinic analyzers. Quality was assessed by comparison of calculated total error with quality requirements, determination of sigma metrics, use of a quality goal index, and agreement between in‐clinic and reference laboratory instruments. Suitability for statistical quality control was determined using adaptations from the computerized program, EZRules3.

Results

Evaluation of 10 veterinary in‐clinic hematology analyzers showed that these instruments often fail to meet quality requirements. At least 60% of analyzers reasonably determined RBC, WBC, HCT, and HGB, when assessed by most quality goal criteria; platelets were less reliably measured, with 80% deemed suitable for low platelet counts, but only 30% for high platelet counts, and automated differential leukocyte counts were generally considered unsuitable for clinical use with fewer than 40% of analyzers meeting the least stringent quality goal requirements. Fewer than 50% of analyzers were able to meet requirements for statistical quality control for any measurand.

Conclusion

These findings reflect the current status of in‐clinic hematology analyzer performance and provide a basis for future evaluations of the quality of veterinary laboratory testing.
Operative Techniques and Preliminary Outcomes Following Percutaneous Endoscopic Thoracolumbar Pediculectomy in Dogs
Authors: Hwang Yong‐Hyun , Lee Hee‐Chun , Lee Jae‐Hoon
Published: October 2016

Objective

To examine the technical feasibility of percutaneous endoscopic pediculectomy using a lateral approach and to evaluate its use for decompression and examination of the thoracic and lumbar spinal canals in small dogs.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Animals

Clinically normal adult dogs (n=10).

Methods

After optimizing the technique in cadavers, percutaneous endoscopic pediculectomy was performed using a lateral approach to the thoracic (T12) or lumbar (L2) vertebrae in 5 dogs each. Using fluoroscopic guidance, a K‐wire, dilator, and (cannula) working sleeve were placed. A window for visualizing the spinal cord and floor of the spinal canal was created using a specialized drill, rongeurs, trephine, and elevator. Gait and neurologic status were monitored postoperatively, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed.

Results

All procedures were completed successfully (T12, 45 ± 13 minutes; L2, 59 ± 14 minutes) with clear observation of the spinal cord and floor of the spinal canal. Normal ambulation was maintained in 9 dogs. One dog in the L2 group had ipsilateral hind limb weakness that resolved within 4 days. One dog in the L2 group suffered a fracture of the accessory process. One dog each in the T12 and L2 groups had hyperintense lesions on T2‐weighted MRI images, suspicious of focal edema, which reduced at 4 weeks after initial examination, possibly reflecting gliosis.

Conclusion

Pediculectomy using a percutaneous endoscopic thoracolumbar lateral approach is feasible, provides a good view of the spinal canal, and may be an alternative for treatment of disk disease in dogs.
Constructing small WEEE collection system in Istanbul: A decision support system and conceptual design proposal
Authors: Cetinsaya Özkır Vildan
Published: October 2016

The technological advances decrease electrical/electronic product lifecycles and boost consumption of high-tech products. The rapid growth in the electronic market produces electronic waste streams and potential threats arise on sustainability in terms of depleting natural resources and improper disposal. End-of-life electrical/electronic equipment (EEEs) involves complex mixture of materials, has hazardous content, and if not properly disposed, they can cause major environmental and health problems. To prevent the consequences of improper disposal, authorities and researchers conduct large-scale projects aligned with European union legislations. However, these efforts are still not sufficient to establish effective and organized systems due to the problem complexity and the need for specialized arrangements. This study proposes conceptual decision support framework and a bi-objective mathematical model to construct an effective collection network for end-of-life mobile phones. A real case study is presented for constructing an effective collection system in Istanbul. The main reason that we select Istanbul, is the requirement of urgency to deal with the large quantities of e-wastes.  The result of this study will encourage academicians to conduct further research studies and strongly assist the authorities to configure well-structured e-waste collection system.
Coupling Strategies for Finite Element Modeling of Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Problems
Authors: Habchi W.
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates coupling strategies for finite element modeling (FEM) of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) problems. The TEHL problem involves a strong coupling between several physics: solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. Customarily, this problem is split into two parts (elastohydrodynamic (EHD) and thermal) and the two problems are solved separately while an iterative procedure is established between their respective solutions. This weak coupling strategy involves a loss of information, as each problem is not made intimately aware of the evolution of the other problem's solution during the resolution procedure. This typically leads to slow convergence rates. The current work offers a full coupling strategy for the TEHL problem, i.e., both the EHD and thermal parts are solved simultaneously in a monolithic system. The system of equations is generated from a finite element discretization of the governing field variables: hydrodynamic pressure, solids elastic deformation, and temperature. The full coupling strategy prevents any loss of information during the resolution procedure leading to very fast convergence rates (solution is attained within a few iterations only). The performance of the full coupling strategy is compared to that of different weak coupling strategies. Out of simplicity, only steady-state line contacts are considered in this work. Nevertheless, the proposed methodology, results, and findings are of a general nature and may be extrapolated to circular or elliptical contacts under steady-state or transient conditions.
Performance Comparison and Model Validation of a Conical Solar Reflector and a Linear Fresnel Concentrator
Authors: Imtiaz Hussain M. , Hyun Lee Gwi
Published: October 2016

Comparative performance assessment and model validation of the linear Fresnel concentrator (LFC) and the conical solar reflector (CSR) systems were performed under identical operating and climatic conditions. This paper analyzes the amount of heat loss by convective heat transfer (natural or forced) from the receiver to ambient air with and without a glass-reinforced plastic sheet enclosure around the collector assembly. The matlab ordinary differential equation (ode) solvers were used for simulation of the transient states. Mathematical models were generated from energy balance equations of the glass cover, absorber pipe, heat transfer fluid, and storage tank for each system. Thermal and optical analyses of the LFC (with and without an enclosure) and CSR systems were carried out by using the measured and calculated results. Satisfactory agreement was found between the experimental data and predicted results. The given models are suitable to simulate the dynamic energy flow across the different components of the LFC and CSR systems.
Sticking of a Linear-Guideway Type Recirculating Ball Bearing
Authors: Ohta Hiroyuki , Hanaoka Genta , Ueki Yusuke
Published: October 2016

In this paper, the driving force of a linear-guideway type recirculating ball bearing (linear bearing) is measured and explained as the first step toward an understanding of sticking, which is the significant increase in driving force required to move a linear bearing under back-and-forth operation with a short stroke length. First, the driving force required for operation of a test bearing (which is a linear-guideway type recirculating ball bearing with load balls) and acceleration of a moving body (which consists of a carriage of the test bearing, an arm, and weight) were measured. The measurements showed that the sticking occurred when the test bearing, under a relatively higher rolling moment load, was driven in an offset position for a certain period. Next, the driving force of a test bearing with alternating load balls and spacer balls was measured, and it was clear that the cause of the sticking was the sliding friction between rolling balls. Finally, the ball locations in the load zone of the test bearing with load balls were observed in operation, and the occurrence process of the sticking is explained.
An Experimental Study of the Aerodynamic Forcing Function in a 1.5 Steam Turbine Stage
Authors: Gatti Giacomo , Gaetani Paolo , Paradiso Berardo , Dossena Vincenzo , Bellucci Juri , Arcangeli Lorenzo , Maceli Nicola
Published: October 2016

The usual ways to measure the aerodynamic forcing function are complex and expensive. The aim of this work is to evaluate the forces acting on the blades using a relatively simpler experimental methodology based on a time-resolved pressure measurement at the rotor discharge. Upstream of the rotor, a steady three holes probe (3HP) has been used. The postprocessing procedures are described in detail, including the application of a phase-locked average and of an extension algorithm with phase-lag. The algorithm for the computation of the force components is presented, along with the underlying assumptions. In order to interpret the results, a preliminary description of the flowfield, both upstream and downstream of the rotor, is provided. This gives an insight of the most relevant features that affect the computation of the forces. Finally, the analysis of the results is presented. These are first described and then compared with overall section-average results (torque-sensor), and with the results from 3D unsteady simulations (integral of pressure over the blade surface) in order to assess the accuracy of the method. Both the experimental and the numerical results are also compared for two different operating conditions with increasing stage load.
Reducing radiation dose in grating based x‐ray phase contrast CT with twin‐peaks in its phase stepping curves
Authors: Xie Huiqiao , Cai Weixing , Yang Lily , Mao Hui , Tang Xiangyang
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Differential phase contrast CT has been recognized as an x‐ray imaging method with the potential to greatly improve the differentiation of soft tissues. Talbot interferometry has been one of the promising solutions allowing implementation with commercially available x‐ray tubes with a polychromatic spectrum. Mainly due to imperfections in grating fabrication and the polychromatic spectrum of x‐ray beam, a twin‐peaks phenomenon may exist in phase stepping curves (PSCs) and degrade the performance of phase retrieval. The authors have previously proposed a Fourier analysis based method for phase retrieval in the scenario wherein the twin‐peaks phenomenon occurs in PSCs. In this work, the authors propose a 5‐step algebraic method for phase retrieval and investigate the potential of reducing radiation dose while both the Fourier and algebraic methods are being utilized for phase retrieval.

Methods

The algebraic method to deal with the twin‐peaks phenomenon, in which a set of linear equations with five unknown variables is needed for phase retrieval, is an extension of the so‐called 3‐step method that has been used in the scenario wherein only single‐peak exists in the PSCs. In addition to a numerical phantom, two sets of experimental data (a phantom made of organic materials and a small animal) acquired by a prototype differential phase contrast CT system are employed to evaluate the performance of the Fourier and algebraic phase retrieval methods and their potential in radiation dose reduction.

Results

The evaluation by both numerical phantom and experimental data shows that the algebraic method works as well as the Fourier method in phase retrieval if the twin‐peaks phenomenon in the PSCs is appropriately dealt with. In addition, while the radiation dose associated with data acquisition is being reduced via fewer phase shifting steps, the algebraic method can maintain a better performance compared to the Fourier method.

Conclusions

Along with the Fourier method, the proposed 5‐step algebraic method can cope with the twin‐peaks phenomenon in phase retrieval. With decreased phase shifting steps and thus radiation dose, the proposed algebraic method performs better than the Fourier method, providing a practical solution for implementation of grating based differential phase contrast CT.
To Jump or Cycle? Monitoring Neuromuscular Function in Rugby Union Players
Authors: Roe Gregory , Darrall-Jones Joshua , Till Kevin , Phibbs Padraic , Read Dale , Weakley Jonathon , Jones Ben
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To evaluate changes in performance of a 6-s cycle-ergometer test (CET) and countermovement jump (CMJ) during a 6-wk training block in professional rugby union players.

Methods:

Twelve young professional rugby union players performed 2 CETs and CMJs on the 1st and 4th mornings of every week before the commencement of daily training during a 6-wk training block. Standardized changes in the highest score of 2 CET and CMJ efforts were assessed using linear mixed modeling and magnitude-based inferences.

Results:

After increases in training load during wk 3 to 5, moderate decreases in CMJ peak and mean power and small decreases in flight time were observed during wk 5 and 6 that were very likely to almost certainly greater than the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), suggesting neuromuscular fatigue. However, only small decreases, possibly greater than the SWC, were observed in CET peak power. Changes in CMJ peak and mean power were moderately greater than in CET peak power during this period, while the difference between flight time and CET peak power was small.

Conclusion:

The greater weekly changes in CMJ metrics in comparison with CET may indicate differences in the capacities of these tests to measure training-induced lower-body neuromuscular fatigue in rugby union players. However, future research is needed to ascertain the specific modes of training that elicit changes in CMJ and CET to determine the efficacy of each test for monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby union players.
Effects of Muscle Fatigue Induced by Countermovement Jumps on Efficacy Parameters of Instep Ball Kicking in Soccer
Authors: Torreblanca-Martinez Víctor , Otero-Saborido Fernando M. , Gonzalez-Jurado José A.
Published: October 2016

The purpose was to study the effects of muscle fatigue induced by countermovement jumps (CMJ) on instep kick foot velocity in young male soccer players. Fifteen under-18 soccer players from a professional club performed maximal velocity instep kicks before and after a fatigue protocol that consisted of continuous CMJ. Foot velocity at impact without fatigue, foot velocity at impact with fatigue, CMJ height without fatigue, maximum jump height in fatigue test, and CMJ height change in fatigue test on a dynamometric platform were measured. There was a significant difference between jump height with and without fatigue (P = .00; ES = 0.8), but there were no significant differences between kicking with fatigue and without fatigue (P = .580, ES = 0.10). In conclusion, although the protocol was intense enough to generate fatigue in the muscles involved in CMJ, there were no significant differences in kicking velocity under fatigue conditions with respect to kicking without fatigue in the soccer players studied.
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: The Case of Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Emerson Kerstin Gerst , Gay Jennifer
Published: October 2016

The goals of this study were (1) to test the relative contribution of light intensity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in older adults, and (2) to examine the influence of ethnicity. We used pooled data from the 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 waves of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). The sample consisted of 1,171 non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Mexican American adults aged 65 and older. Using ordinary least squares regression, we showed no statistically significant relationship between lower CVD risk with light intensity activity. However, greater minutes of MVPA was associated with lower CVD risk. Mexican Americans had statistically significantly higher risk for CVD compared to non-Hispanic Whites after controlling for physical activity. Mexican Americans remain an at-risk group for CVD. Regardless of race or ethnicity, physical activity recommendations among elders should be for at least moderate intensity activity for a more favorable CVD outcome.
Effects of a 10-Week Introductory Judo Course on Postural Control During a Bilateral Reactionary Gripping Task
Authors: Muddle Tyler W.D. , Fukuda David H. , Wang Ran , Riffe Joshua J. , Church David D. , Beyer Kyle S. , Hoffman Jay R. , Stout Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2016

This study examined the effect of a 10-week introductory judo course on postural control during a bilateral reactionary gripping task using different stance conditions. A total of 20 volunteers were divided into experimental (JDO) and control (CON) groups. Countermovement jump was measured and center of pressure variables were evaluated while performing a bilateral reactionary gripping task under different stance conditions during pre- and posttesting. No interactions were observed for the center of pressure variables (p > .05), while both countermovement jump power (+165.4 W; p = .036) and height (+3.5 cm; p = .018) significantly improved in the JDO group following the 10-week course. Results indicate that 10 weeks of an introductory judo course has no effect on postural control while performing a bilateral reactionary gripping task using different stance conditions.
The Thin Line Between Masculinity and Skate: Primetime Narratives of Male Figure Skaters on the CBC and NBC 2014 Winter Olympic Broadcasts
Authors: MacArthur Paul J. , Angelini James R. , Billings Andrew C. , Smith Lauren R.
Published: October 2016

An empirical analysis was conducted focusing on how the United States-based NBC and the Canada-based CBC portrayed male figure skaters in comparison with their male Winter Olympic counterparts on the networks’ primetime 2014 Olympic broadcasts. Using 100% of all primetime broadcast content as a universe of investigation, NBC’s and the CBC’s commentary about male figure skaters was compared with the aggregate of all other male Winter Olympians in the areas of success, failure and personality/physicality. Analysis of NBC’s primetime coverage of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games revealed five (5) significantly-different dialogue trends between male figure skaters and the aggregate of other male Winter Olympians, while analysis of the CBC’s primetime coverage revealed seven (7) significantly-different dialogue trends between male figure skaters and the aggregate of other male Winter Olympians. Differences were not consistent from network to network, showing that NBC and CBC treated male figure skaters differently, yet in significantly different manners by network. Insights are offered on the theoretical and applied levels.

Une analyse empirique a été conduite pour savoir comment la chaîne américaine NBC et la chaîne canadienne CBC présentaient les patineurs sur glace par rapport à leurs homologues masculins participant aux Jeux Olympiques d’Hiver lors de leurs prime times en 2014. En utilisant 100% du contenu des prime times diffusés comme terrain d’investigation, les commentaires de NBC et de CBC concernant les patineurs sur glace ont été comparés à ceux, agrégés, de tous les autres olympiens masculins dans le domaine de la réussite, de l’échec, de la personnalité et du physique. L’analyse de la couverture des Jeux Olympiques 2014 de Sotchi en prime time sur NBC a révélé cinq types de discours significativement différents entre les patineurs et l’ensemble des autres olympiens alors que l’analyse de la couverture en prime time du CBC en a révélé sept. Les différences ne sont pas similaires d’une chaîne à l’autre, ce qui montre que NBC et CBC ont traité les patineurs sur glace différemment. Des éclairages sont apportés aux niveaux théoriques et appliqués.
Regaining a ‘Feel for the Game’ Through Interspecies Sport
Authors: Butler Deborah
Published: October 2016

This paper contributes new theoretical and empirical knowledge to a relatively under researched area, that of the experience and management of emotions and mental health of sports workers. Set within the field of interspecies sports work this paper uses autophenomenography to demonstrate the application of phenomenology within sociology as both a methodological approach and a theoretical framework. It focuses on the personal and working life of a sports worker in horse racing who, through emotional trauma and mental ill health, loses her ‘feel for the game’ (Bourdieu, 1992), the unconscious bodily dispositions and automatic performance that form an integral part of sports work. It examines how practically embodied attitudes and dispositions can return through working with and exercising racehorses. Using the work of Merleau-Ponty my aim is to explore how human-nonhuman animal intercorporeality acts as a catalyst to regaining a ‘feel for the game.’
Joint research push targets fast-melting Antarctic ice
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: October 2016

U.K.-U.S. “Thwaites invasion” aims to refine sea-level rise estimates
Chinese scientist jailed over theft of hybrid corn
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: October 2016

Investigators used secret terrorism warrant to gather evidence and unravel plot
Winged warriors
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: October 2016

Brazil plans to release billions of designer mosquitoes to stop the spread of infectious diseases. Will it work?
The eliminator
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: October 2016

In humankind's war against insect-borne disease, Dutch entomologist Bart Knols is one of the most creative warriors
Shock and kill with caution
Authors: Gallo Robert C.
Published: October 2016

Strategies to silence latent HIV infection should be explored
Asylums and after
Bedlam The Asylum and Beyond
Wellcome Collection, London. Through 15 January 2017. http://wellcomecollection.org/bedlam
This Way Madness Lies The Asylum and Beyond
Mike Jay
Thames & Hudson, 2016. 256 pp.
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: October 2016

A new exhibition probes the ever-evolving treatment of mental illness
Enhanced Protective Immunogenicity of Homodimeric Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein C
Authors: Edmondson Diane G. , Prabhakaran Sabitha , Norris Steven J. , Ullmann Amy J. , Piesman Joe , Dolan Marc , Probst Christian , Radzimski Christiane , Stöcker Winfried , Komorowski Lars
Published: October 2016

Lyme borreliosis is caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of the
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
group and is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Outer surface protein C (OspC) is a 23-kDa outer surface lipoprotein expressed during spirochete transmission from the tick to the vertebrate host. In a previous study, we found that immunization with a recombinant disulfide-bridged dimeric form of OspC (D-OspC) stimulates increased antibody responses relative to immunization with commonly employed monomeric OspC. Here, we report that mice immunized with dimeric OspC proteins also exhibited enhanced protection against infection with the cognate
B. burgdorferi
strain. Mice were protected by four immunizations containing as little as 100 ng of dimeric OspC, suggesting that this form of the protein can induce protective immunity within a dose range reasonable for a human or veterinary vaccine. In contrast, monomeric OspC was only partially protective at much higher doses. IgG subclass analysis revealed that D-OspC-immunized animals mainly possessed anti-OspC-IgG1. In contrast, infected animals develop anti-OspC restricted to the IgG3 isotype. A subset of antibodies generated by dimeric OspC immunization did not recognize the monomeric variant, indicating that unique epitopes exist on the dimeric form. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that recognized only dimeric OspC protected mice from
B. burgdorferi
challenge, whereas another monoclonal that recognized both immunogens was not protective. These studies suggest that this dimeric OspC presents distinctive epitopes that generate antibodies protective against
B. burgdorferi
infection and could be a useful vaccine component.
How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?
Authors: Pettersson John H.-O. , Eldholm Vegard , Seligman Stephen J. , Lundkvist Åke , Falconar Andrew K. , Gaunt Michael W. , Musso Didier , Nougairède Antoine , Charrel Remi , Gould Ernest A. , de Lamballerie Xavier
Published: October 2016

The unexpected emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Pacific Islands and Latin America and its association with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) (which includes microcephaly) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have stimulated wide-ranging research. High densities of susceptible
Aedes
spp., immunologically naive human populations, global population growth with increased urbanization, and escalation of global transportation of humans and commercial goods carrying vectors and ZIKV undoubtedly enhanced the emergence of ZIKV. However, flavivirus mutations accumulate with time, increasing the likelihood that genetic viral differences are determinants of change in viral phenotype. Based on comparative ZIKV complete genome phylogenetic analyses and temporal estimates, we identify amino acid substitutions that may be associated with increased viral epidemicity, CZVS, and GBS. Reverse genetics, vector competence, and seroepidemiological studies will test our hypothesis that these amino acid substitutions are determinants of epidemic and neurotropic ZIKV emergence.