bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian integration of flux tower data into process-based simulator
for quantifying uncertainty in simulated output
Authors: Raj Rahul , Hamm Nicholas A.S. , van der Tol Christiaan , Stein Alfred
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Parameters of a process-based forest growth simulator are difficult or impossible to obtain from field observations. Reliable estimates can, however, be obtained using calibration against observations of output and state variables. In this study, we present a Bayesian framework to calibrate the widely used process-based simulator BIOME-BGC against estimates of gross primary production (GPP) data. We used GPP partitioned from flux tower measurements of a net ecosystem exchange over a 55 year old Douglas fir stand as an example. The uncertainties of both the BIOME-BGC parameters and the simulated GPP were estimated. The calibrated parameters leaf and fine root turnover (LFRT), ratio of fine root carbon to leaf carbon (FRC : LC), ratio of carbon to nitrogen in leaf (C : Nleaf), canopy water interception coefficient (Wint), fraction of leaf nitrogen in Rubisco (FLNR), and soil rooting depth (SD) characterize the photosynthesis and carbon and nitrogen allocation in the forest. The calibration improved the root mean square error and enhanced Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency between simulated and flux tower daily GPP compared to the uncalibrated BIOME-BGC. Nevertheless, the seasonal cycle for flux tower GPP was not reproduced exactly, and some overestimate in spring and underestimates in summer remained after calibration. Further analysis showed that, although simulated GPP was time dependent due to carbon allocation, it still followed the variability of the meteorological forcing closely. We hypothesized that the phenology exhibited a seasonal cycle that was not accurately reproduced by the simulator. We investigated this by allowing the parameter values to vary month-by-month. Time varying parameters substantially improved the simulated GPP as compared to GPP obtained with constant parameters. The time varying estimation also revealed a seasonal change in parameter values that determine phenology, and in parameters that determine soil water availability. It was concluded that Bayesian calibration approach can reveal features of the modelled physical processes, and identify aspects of the process simulator that are too rigid.
weather@home 2: validation of an improved global-regional climate
modelling system
Authors: Guillod Benoit P. , Bowery Andy , Haustein Karsten , Jones Richard G. , Massey Neil R. , Mitchell Daniel M. , Otto Friederike E. L. , Sparrow Sarah N. , Uhe Peter , Wallom David C. H. , Wilson Simon , Allen Myles R.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Extreme weather events can have large impacts on society and, in many regions, are expected to change in frequency and intensity with climate change. Owing to the relatively short observational record, climate models are useful tools as they allow for generation of a larger sample of extreme events, to attribute recent events to anthropogenic climate change, and to project changes of such events into the future. The modelling system known as weather@home, consisting of a global climate model (GCM) with a nested regional climate model (RCM) and driven by sea surface temperatures, allows to generate very large ensemble with the help of volunteer distributed computing. This is a key tool to understanding many aspects of extreme events. Here, a new version of weather@home system (weather@home 2) with a higher resolution RCM over Europe is documented and a broad validation of the climate is performed. The new model includes a more recent land-surface scheme in both GCM and RCM, where subgrid scale land surface heterogeneity is newly represented using tiles, and an increase in RCM resolution from 50 km to 25 km. The GCM performs similarly to the previous version, with some improvements in the representation of mean climate. The European RCM biases are overall reduced, in particular the warm and dry bias over eastern Europe, but large biases remain. The model is shown to represent main classes of regional extreme events reasonably well and shows a good sensitivity to its drivers. In particular, given the improvements in this version of the weather@home system, it is likely that more reliable statements can be made with regards to impact statements, especially at more localized scales.
A seawater desalination scheme for global hydrological models
Authors: Hanasaki Naota , Yoshikawa Sayaka , Kakinuma Kaoru , Kanae Shinjiro
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Seawater desalination is a practical technology for providing fresh water to coastal arid regions. Indeed, the use of desalination is rapidly increasing due to growing water demand in these areas and decreases in production costs due to technological advances. In this study, we developed a model to estimate the areas where seawater desalination is likely to be used as a major water source and the likely volume of production. The model was designed to be incorporated into global hydrological models (GHMs) that explicitly include human water usage. The model requires spatially detailed information on climate, income levels, and industrial and municipal water use, which represent standard input/output data in GHMs. The model was applied to a specific historical year (2005) and showed fairly good reproduction of the present geographical distribution and national production of desalinated water in the world. The model was applied globally to two periods in the future (2011–2040 and 2041–2070) under three distinct socioeconomic conditions, i.e., SSP (shared socioeconomic pathway) 1, SSP2, and SSP3. The results indicate that the usage of seawater desalination will have expanded considerably in geographical extent, and that production will have increased by 1.4–2.1-fold in 2011–2040 compared to the present (from 2.8  ×  109 m3 yr−1 in 2005 to 4.0–6.0  ×  109 m3 yr−1), and 6.7–17.3-fold in 2041–2070 (from 18.7 to 48.6  ×  109 m3 yr−1). The estimated global costs for production for each period are USD 1.1–10.6  ×  109 (0.002–0.019 % of the total global GDP), USD 1.6–22.8  ×  109 (0.001–0.020 %), and USD 7.5–183.9  ×  109 (0.002–0.100 %), respectively. The large spreads in these projections are primarily attributable to variations within the socioeconomic scenarios.
Indicators of Necessary Storages for Flood and Drought
Management: Towards Global Maps
Authors: Takeuchi Kuniyoshi , Masood Muhammad
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Storage is the only means to smooth out the discharge variation necessary to control hazards and utilize water resources. Necessary storage depends on the levels of discharge variation, required flood control and water use. The main methodologies to calculate necessary storage include mass curve method and simulation. The use of flood duration curve (FDC) and drought duration curve (DDC) that this paper presents is an alternative way that has considerable advantages over the others. The diagram of FDC-DDC serves as the classification indicator of basin hydrology and the FDC-DDC based estimates of necessary storages can be used for reservoir operation. The FDC-DDC based necessary storages pay an attention to the finite term hydrological variation rather than the asymptotic infinite memory of variation that Range analysis focuses. On the other hand the FDC-DDC focus on spatial distribution of necessary storages and try to find spatial rules of hydrological heterogeneity in necessary storages. For a case study, the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin was selected and its spatial distribution of the FDC–DDC based necessary storages was calculated based on the discharge dataset obtained by hydrological simulation of the MRI-AGCM3.2S projections using the hydrological model BTOPMC developed at University of Yamanashi and ICHARM. The spatial distribution of necessary storages indicate the relative difficulty of managing the temporal variation of river discharges for human use at respective locality. The climate change impacts on the necessary storages were analysed and found the increase in difficulty of managing high flows and the general ease of managing low flows. But local differences were rather large that indicates the need of careful study to respond unique spatial structure of local discharge variation. The relation to catchment area was also analysed and found such regional heterogeneity diminishes into a basin average slowly in several 10,000 km2. A representative elementary area of necessary storages for discharge smoothing is a new concept that deserves for further study. A creation of global maps would be a useful challenge for assessment of current state of water resources, climate change impact on water resources and for study of hydrological heterogeneity and its scale effect.
Alain Badiou’s Suturing of the Law to the Event and the State of Exception
Authors: Calcagno Antonio
Published: October 2016

This article questions whether we can posit a more radical desuturing of the law from the event: Can radical shifts in law produce events? Can the law itself be an event, thereby conditioning the very nature of the event itself, creating a new subjectivity and a new time?  I would like to argue that the law can do so. How? Badiou begins “The Three Negations” by discussing the work of the German jurist Carl Schmitt (TN 1877). I would like to argue that the state of exception, as elaborated by Carl Schmitt, can serve as the willed decision of a sovereign that brings about an event.  We can understand the sovereign as a kind of legal subject that has the force to bring about a new event, rupturing with an established order and introducing a new form of subjectivity and time.
The Affect of Dissident Language and Aesthetic Emancipation at the Margins: A Possible Dialogue between Theodor W. Adorno and Julia Kristeva
Authors: Morgan Marcia
Published: October 2016

In this paper I focus on the interaction between affect and language as articulated in the works of Theodor W. Adorno and Julia Kristeva, sometimes in inchoate and non-explicit ways. Language is always in transit, exile, and dispossession. All language is the language of another, or the other, and precisely because of this, it is the site of dissenting and conflicting affect. In this context, my paper traces a missed but necessary dialogue between Adorno and Kristeva. Adorno’s diagnosis of failed subjective inwardness, first presented in his book on Kierkegaard, was sustained throughout Adorno’s entire oeuvre, to the very end, in his posthumous 1969 Aesthetic Theory. I will explicate Adorno’s forced collapsing of subjective interiority into a negative space that opens up aesthetic emancipatory potential. In what follows I place Adorno’s negativity of subjective inwardness and the aesthetic potential after the fact of its destruction in dialogue with the writings of Kristeva, who has likewise diagnosed a subjective interiority of negativity but framed the latter in terms of the female, abjection and maternity. I conclude by placing Kristeva’s work in conversation with Adorno’s philosophy of the language of music, as one example of their shared framework for aesthetic emancipatory experience.
Alterity is a Negative Concept of the Same
Authors: Farred Grant
Published: October 2016

Philosophical anthropology is a tradition that is as old as philosophy itself, so much so that it might be said to be indistinguishable from philosophy itself. Philosophical anthropology, extending as it does from Socrates to Sartre, best describes the work of V.Y. Mudimbe. Anthropology, broadly conceived as the science that studies human origins, the material and cultural development of humanity (philosophical anthropology concerns itself with human nature, particularly what it is that distinguishes human beings from other creatures and how philosophy allows human beings to understand themselves), is always Mudimbe’s first line of philosophical inquiry. It is certainly Mudimbe’s interest in anthropology that allows him to conduct his investigations into Africa, its modes of thinking, and colonialism and its continuing effects on the continent. Writing on the latter issue in The Invention of Africa, Mudimbe, with his customary deftness of mind, argues that colonialism and its aftermath cannot by itself account for the continent’s extant condition: “The colonizing structure, even in its most extreme manifestations . . . might not be the only explanation for Africa’s present-day marginality. Perhaps this marginality could, more essentially, be understood from the perspective of wider hypotheses about the classification of beings and societies.”[ Making sense of Africa, in Mudimbe’s terms, must begin with a hypothesization that explicates how “beings and societies” come to be classified, the anthropological undertaking par excellence, which also requires a study of the forces that construct, implement and maintain these classifications.
Senghor's Anxiety of Influence
Authors: Drabinski John E.
Published: October 2016

An examination of the question of influence in Senghor's work, with particular attention to the concept of assimilation - which I argue allows Senghor to responsibly adopt notions from French vitalist and life-philosophy traditions, despite their close ties to colonial and imperial histories.
Shade’s Benefit: Coffee Production under Shade and Full Sun
Authors: Alves Valdir , Goulart Fernando F. , Jacobson Tamiel Khan B. , Filho Reinaldo J. de Miranda , Ribas Clarilton Edzard D. Cardoso
Published: October 2016

Coffee has major importance in tropical landscapes from agronomic, economic and ecological perspectives. Yet the conversion of shade-coffee into full sun monocultures has deep effect on the potential of those systems to conserve biodiversity and ecosystems services (such as pest control and pollination). Despite of this, effect of shade on production has not been sufficiently addressed, particularly in Brazil, the world major coffee producer. This study compared the performance of shaded coffee and full sun management in terms of productivity and production costs. The survey was conducted in Municipality of Mirante da Serra, in the Brazilian Amazon and eight coffee agroecosystems, four under shade and four under full sun were investigated. The results indicate that shaded systems have lower production costs requiring less working hours than sun plantations. The average production cost of shaded agroecosystems was 49.63%, while in systems under full sun, this value was 82.2%. Shaded and full sun productivity did not differ significantly, with higher variance in the former, showing that shaded systems are more heterogeneous. Shaded coffee agroecosystems presented an economically and environmentally viable alternative. The lower production cost enhances economic viability of these ecosystems in Amazon as well as in the rest of the tropics. Such efficiency may have influenced the persistence of these managements, despite the worldwide agriculture intensification tendency.
Mixed Cropping System on Diversity and Density of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Osei Kingsley , Braimah Haruna , Issa Umar Sanda , Danso Yaw
Published: October 2016

The potential of mixed cropping system on the diversity and suppression of nematodes was investigated at two locations in Ghana. The treatments in the study were; sole plantain, sole cassava and plantain+cassava systems replicated five and four times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Kwadaso in the Ashanti and Assin Foso in the Central region of Ghana respectively. Growth parameters (height and girth) and components of yield (No. of suckers/plant, bunch weight/plant, No. of hands/plant, No. of fingers/plant) were studied on plantain in addition to No. of weevils per plant. On cassava, total biomass, tuber number and tuber weight (yield) were analyzed using GenStat software and means were separated with Fisher’s least significance test at a = 0.05. There were no differences in height and girth of plantain at Assin Foso. However, plant height was 25% and girth 13% more under sole plantain system over the mixed cropping system at Kwadaso. The sole plantain system recorded 60% and 75% more suckers than the Plantain-Cassava system at both locations. Mixed and sole cropping systems did not influence the diversity of nematode community but significant differences were observed in the density of the nematode taxa encountered under the two systems. Throughout the investigation at both locations, it was observed that the mixed cropping system recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower nematode population densities in comparison to sole cropping system. It is therefore true that an agro-ecological strategy for pests and diseases control is the growing of a mixture of crops differing in their susceptibility to pests and pathogens
Influence of Management Practices on Selected Cowpea Growth Attributes and Soil Organic Carbon
Authors: Sebetha E. T. , Modi A. T.
Published: October 2016

Cowpea is a multi-purpose nitrogen fixing crop that can be grown as a vegetable, grain legume and a fodder. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth response of cowpea to different cropping systems at different locations and determine nitrogen fertilization on cowpea growth and soil organic carbon content. Three cropping systems were used, namely, maize-cowpea rotation, cowpea monocropping and maize-cowpea intercropping at three locations (Potchefstroom, Taung, and Rustenburg) in South Africa during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at two rates where no application was the control at all locations and application according to soil analysis recommendation for maize requirement was applied at each location. The variables measured for cowpea growth were days to 100% flowering and physiological maturity, number of leaves and nodules per cowpea plant. Soil organic carbon was determined for each treatment. The results showed that, maize-cowpea rotation and monocropping reached days to 100% flowering and maturity significantly earlier compared to intercropping. Cowpea planted at Potchefstroom and Rustenburg reached days to 100% flowering and physiological maturity significantly earlier than cowpea planted at Taung. Cowpea planted at Taung had significantly higher number of nodules per plant than cowpea planted at Potchefstroom and Rustenburg. There was also a positive correlation between soil organic carbon and cowpea growth. It is concluded that the positive effect of cowpea in agronomic systems is enhanced by the correct cropping system, although it is affected by location.
The Categorisation of Tax Jurisdictions in Comparative Tax Law Research
Authors: Buijze Renate
Published: October 2016

The Categorisation of Tax Jurisdictions in Comparative Tax Law Research

The number of comparative tax law studies is substantial. The available literature on the methodology behind these tax comparisons, however, is rather limited and underdeveloped. This article aims to contribute to the theoretical background of tax comparisons by explicating methodological considerations in a comparative tax research on tax incentives for cross-border donations and relating it to the available methodological literature. Two aspects of tax law make comparative research in tax law a challenging endeavour: its complexity and fast-changing nature. To overcome these issues, this article proposes to divide jurisdictions into a limited number of categories. In this process the different legal levels are analysed systematically, resulting in categories of jurisdictions. Among the jurisdictions in one category, common characteristics are identified. This results in an abstract description of the category. I use the term ‘ideal types’ for these categories. The high level of abstraction in the use of ideal types allows for comparison of tax jurisdictions, without the risk that the comparison gets outdated. An additional advantage of working with ideal types is that the conclusions of the comparison can be applied to all jurisdictions that fit in the ideal type. This increases the generalisability of the conclusions of the comparative tax research.
A World Apart? Private Investigations in the Corporate Sector
Authors: Meerts Clarissa
Published: October 2016

A World Apart? Private Investigations in the Corporate Sector

This article explores the investigative methods used by corporate security within organisations concerned about property misappropriation by their own staff and/or others. The research methods are qualitative: interviews, observations and case studies carried out between October 2012 and November 2015. The findings include that, even though corporate investigators do not have the formal investigative powers enjoyed by police and other public agencies, they do have multiple methods of investigation at their disposal, some of which are less used by public investigative agencies, for example the in-depth investigation of internal systems. Corporate investigators also rely heavily on interviews, the investigation of documentation and financial administration and the investigation of communication devices and open sources. However, there are many additional sources of information (for example, site visits or observations), which might be available to corporate investigators. The influences from people from different backgrounds, most notably (forensic) accountants, (former) police officers, private investigators and lawyers, together with the creativity that is necessary (and possible) when working without formal investigative powers, make corporate security a diverse field. It is argued that these factors contribute to a differentiation between public and private actors in the field of corporate security.
The Cleavage Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Its Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 on Extracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates in Parkinsonian Models
Authors: Oh Se Hee , Kim Ha Na , Park Hyun Jung , Shin Jin Young , Kim Dong Yeol , Lee Phil Hyu
Published: October 2016

Ample evidence has suggested that extracellular α-synuclein aggregates would play key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinsonian disorders (PDs). In the present study, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived soluble factors could exert neuroprotective effects via proteolysis of extracellular α-synuclein. When preformed α-synuclein aggregates were incubated with MSC-conditioned medium, α-synuclein aggregates were disassembled, and insoluble and oligomeric forms of α-synuclein were markedly decreased, thus leading to a significant increase in neuronal viability. In an animal study, MSC or MSC-conditioned medium treatment decreased the expression of α-synuclein oligomers and the induction of pathogenic α-synuclein with an attenuation of apoptotic cell death signaling. Furthermore, we identified that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a soluble factor derived from MSCs, played an important role in the degradation of extracellular α-synuclein. Our data demonstrated that MSCs and their derived MMP-2 exert neuroprotective properties through proteolysis of aggregated α-synuclein in PD-related microenvironments.
On unknotting numbers and knot trivadjacency
Authors: Stoimenow A.
Published: October 2016

We prove for rational knots a conjecture of Adams et al. that an alternating unknotting number one knot has an alternating unknotting number one diagram. We use this then to show a refined signed version of the Kanenobu-Murakami theorem on unknotting number one rational knots. Together with a similar refinement of the linking form condition of Montesinos-Lickorish and the HOMFLY polynomial, we prove a condition for a knot to be $2$-trivadjacent, improving the previously known condition on the degree-2-Vassiliev invariant. We finally show several partial cases of the conjecture that the knots with everywhere $1$-trivial knot diagrams are exactly the trivial, trefoil and figure eight knots. (A knot diagram is called everywhere $n$-trivial, if it turns into an unknot diagram by switching any set of $n$ of its crossings.)
Quasianalytic functionals and projective descriptions
Authors: Bonet José , Meise Reinhold
Published: October 2016

The topology of the weighted inductive limit of Fréchet spaces of entire functions in $N$ variables which is obtained as the Fourier Laplace transform of the space of quasianalytic functionals on an open convex subset of $\mathrm{R}^N$ cannot be described by means of weighted sup-seminorms.
Affine equivalence and Gorensteinness
Authors: Frankild Anders , Jørgensen Peter
Published: October 2016

Recently, Dwyer and Greenless established a Morita-like equivalence between categories consisting of complete modules and torsion modules. It turns out that these categories contain certain full subcategories which may be viewed as "perturbed" Auslander and Bass classes; Auslander and Bass classes are used in the study of so-called Gorenstein dimensions. This observation allows us to prove that any ideal in a commutative, local, Noetherian ring can detect whether or not the underlying ring is Gorenstein.
Limit $C^*$-algebras associated with an automorphism
Authors: Solel Baruch
Published: October 2016

We present and study $C^*$-algebras generated by "periodic weighted creation operators" on the Fock space associated with an automorphism $\alpha$ on a $C^*$-algebra $A$. These algebras can be viewed as generalized Bunce-Deddens algebras associated with the automorphism and can be written as a certain direct limit. We prove a crossed product presentation for such an algebra and find a necessary and sufficient condition for it to be simple. In the case where the automorphism is induced by an irrational rotation (on C(T)) we compute the K-theory groups and obtain a complete classification of these algebras.
Dual Banach algebras: Connes-amenability, normal, virtual diagonals, and injectivity of the predual bimodule
Authors: Runde Volker
Published: October 2016

Let $\mathcal A$ be a dual Banach algebra with predual $\mathcal A_*$ and consider the following assertions: (A) $\mathcal A$ is Connes-amenable; (B) $\mathcal A$ has a normal, virtual diagonal; (C) $\mathcal A_*$ is an injective $\mathcal A$-bimodule. For general $\mathcal A$, all that is known is that (B) implies (A) whereas, for von Neumann algebras, (A), (B), and (C) are equivalent. We show that (C) always implies (B) whereas the converse is false for $\mathcal A = M(G)$ where $G$ is an infinite, locally compact group. Furthermore, we present partial solutions towards a characterization of (A) and (B) for $\mathcal A = B(G)$ in terms of $G$: For amenable, discrete $G$ as well as for certain compact $G$, they are equivalent to $G$ having an abelian subgroup of finite index. The question of whether or not (A) and (B) are always equivalent remains open. However, we introduce a modified definition of a normal, virtual diagonal and, using this modified definition, characterize the Connes-amenable, dual Banach algebras through the existence of an appropriate notion of virtual diagonal.
Some remarks on the $C^*$-algebras associated with subshifts
Authors: Meier Carlsen Toke , Matsumoto Kengo
Published: October 2016

We point out incorrect lemmas in some papers regarding the $C^*$-algebras associated with subshifts written by the second named author. To recover the incorrect lemmas and the affected main results, we will describe an alternative construction of $C^*$-algebras associated with subshifts. The resulting $C^*$-algebras are generally different from the originally constructed $C^*$-algebras associated with subshifts and they fit the mentioned papers including the incorrect results. The simplicity conditions and the K-theory formulae for the originally constructed $C^*$-algebras are described. We also introduce a condition called $(*)$ for subshifts such that under this condition the new $C^*$-algebras and the original $C^*$-algebras are canonically isomorphic to each other. We finally present a subshift for which the two kinds of algebras have different K-theory groups.
The $\Theta$-spherical transform and its inversion
Authors: Pasquale Angela
Published: October 2016

The $\Theta$-spherical transform is defined as a simultaneous generalization of the Harish-Chandra's spherical transform on Riemannian symmetric spaces of noncompact type and of the spherical Laplace transform on noncompactly causal symmetric spaces as defined by Faraut, Hilgert and Ólafsson. An extension of Ólafsson's expansion formula allows us to deduce an inversion formula for the $\Theta$-spherical transform on the space of $W_\Theta$-invariant $C^\infty$ functions with compact support.
« Savoir et exotisme : naissance de nos premiers musées » et leur rôle disciplinaire
Authors: Laforest Ève
Published: October 2016

En 1991, Raymond Montpetit et Philippe Dubé publiaient « Savoir et exotisme : naissance de nos premiers musées ». Retraçant l’histoire des collections curieuses et savantes du Québec, cette publication fut une des premières à s’intéresser à la raison sociale des musées d’ici. L’investissement des premiers pas muséaux du Québec fut souvent sous-estimé. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, le présent article vise à revoir le texte de Montpetit et Dubé et à explorer les conclusions des auteurs à la lumière de la théorie du musée disciplinaire. Se pourrait-il que la richesse de l’engagement sociopolitique des collections curieuses et scientifiques soit difficile à détecter en raison à la fois de ses méthodes d’éducation subtiles et passives et de son inclusion parfaite dans le paysage urbain ?
Empreintes du système de parenté québécois sur les pierres du cimetière Saint-Charles à Québec : 1855-1967
Authors: Garneau Brigitte
Published: October 2016

L’auteure pose son regard sur les pierres tombales de personnages publics inhumés dans la vieille partie du cimetière Saint-Charles à Québec (1855-1967). Tout en considérant l’aspect architectural des monuments funéraires, elle découvre dans leurs inscriptions et leur agencement des caractéristiques marquantes du système de parenté québécois francophone : transmission des prénoms des enfants morts en bas âge au suivant ; filiation indifférenciée qui favorise la proximité dans le même lot des filles mariées avec leurs parents et des gendres avec leurs beaux-pères ; cohabitation dans la mort des deux épouses d’un même homme remarié après veuvage ; voisinage de soeurs et de frères mariés grâce aux rapprochements entre beaux-frères ; prise en charge par le mari du frère célibataire de sa femme ; inclusion dans son lot familial des garçons de sa femme veuve. L’étude révèle la grande place faite aux personnes apparentées par le mariage et la possibilité pour l’individu d’appartenir à plusieurs lignées.
L’ambitieux projet de l’abbé Joseph-Arthur Gauthier
Authors: Huot Pascal
Published: October 2016

Cet article retrace l’histoire des travaux d’envergure et des corvées populaires qui ont donné naissance à un cimetière paroissial et à un parc thématique dédié aux Saints Martyrs canadiens uniques en leur genre dans notre province. Situé dans le secteur de Giffard dans l’arrondissement de Beauport à Québec, l’ensemble est l’oeuvre d’un homme de foi qui souhaitait offrir une sépulture monastique pour les défunts et un parc des Martyrs pour les pèlerins. Tel était l’ambitieux projet de l’abbé Joseph- Arthur Gauthier qui a dirigé la destinée de sa paroisse durant 37 années. Que reste-t-il du projet initial aujourd’hui ?
Demonstration of InGaN-based orange LEDs with hybrid multiple-quantum-wells structure
Authors: Iida Daisuke , Niwa Kazumasa , Kamiyama Satoshi , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: October 2016

We demonstrate the effectiveness of a hybrid multiple-quantum-wells (MQWs) structure in InGaN-based orange light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The hybrid MQWs-LED is composed of orange InGaN double QWs and a blue-green InGaN single QW. Using the hybrid MQWs structure, the orange LEDs exhibited electroluminescence spectra with narrow full widths at half maximum of 51 nm at 20 mA. The light output power and external quantum efficiency of the InGaN-based orange LEDs were 0.23 mW and 0.6%, respectively, at 20 mA.
Achievement of balanced high frequency and high breakdown by InGaAs-based high-electron-mobility transistors with slant field plates
Authors: Hosotani Tomotaka , Otsuji Taiichi , Suemitsu Tetsuya
Published: October 2016

InGaAs-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with SiCN-based multistep slant field plates (FPs) and two-step recess (TSR) gates are fabricated and characterized. The slant FPs, which were originally developed for GaN-HEMTs, are integrated with InGaAs-HEMTs to increase the breakdown voltage (BV). The BVs of InGaAs-HEMTs increase by a factor of 1.5–2. However, FPs have a negative effect on the current gain cutoff frequency (f
T). Consequently, BV and f
T have a trade-off relationship. The combination of slant FPs and TSR gates enables the achievement of a balanced BV and f
T of 8.0 V and 106 GHz, respectively, in 130-nm-gate-length InGaAs-HEMTs.
LIMK1/2 inhibitor LIMKi 3 suppresses porcine oocyte maturation
Authors: Jia Ru-Xia , Duan Xing , Song Si-Jing , Sun Shao-Chen
Published: October 2016

LIMKi 3 is a specific selective LIMK inhibitor against LIMK1 and LIMK2, while LIMK1 and LIMK2 are the main regulators of actin cytoskeleton to participate in many cell activities. However, the effect of LIMKi 3 in porcine oocyte meiosis is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of LIMKi 3 and potential regulatory role of LIMK1/2 on porcine oocyte meiotic maturation. Immunofluorescent staining of p-LIMK1/2 antibody showed that LIMK1/2 was localized mainly to the cortex of porcine oocyte, which co-localized with actin. After LIMKi 3 treatment, the diffusion of COCs became weak and the rate of polar body extrusion was decreased. This could be rescued by moving oocytes to fresh medium. After prolonging the culture time of oocytes, the maturation rate of porcine oocyte increased in LIMKi 3 groups, indicating that LIMKi 3 may suppress the cell cycle during porcine oocyte maturation. We also found that after LIMKi 3 treatment actin distribution was significantly disturbed at porcine oocyte membranes and cytoplasm, indicating the conserved roles of LIMK1/2 on actin dynamics. Next we examined the meiotic spindle positioning in porcine oocyte, and the results showed that a majority of spindles were not attached to the cortex of porcine oocyte, indicating that LIMKi 3 may affect actin-mediated spindle positioning. Taken together, these results showed that LIMK1/2 inhibitor LIMKi 3 had a repressive role on porcine oocyte meiotic maturation.
Common metabolic constraints on dive duration in endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates
Authors: Hayward April , Pajuelo Mariela , Haase Catherine G. , Anderson David M. , Gillooly James F.
Published: October 2016

Dive duration in air-breathing vertebrates is thought to be constrained by the volume of oxygen stored in the body and the rate at which it is consumed (i.e., “oxygen store/usage hypothesis”). The body mass-dependence of dive duration among endothermic vertebrates is largely supportive of this model, but previous analyses of ectothermic vertebrates show no such body mass-dependence. Here we show that dive duration in both endotherms and ectotherms largely support the oxygen store/usage hypothesis after accounting for the well-established effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates. Analyses of the body mass and temperature dependence of dive duration in 181 species of endothermic vertebrates and 29 species of ectothermic vertebrates show that dive duration increases as a power law with body mass, and decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. Thus, in the case of ectothermic vertebrates, changes in environmental temperature will likely impact the foraging ecology of divers.
Invasion of the tropical earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus(Rhinodrilidae, Oligochaeta) in temperate grasslands
Authors: Ortiz-Gamino Diana , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Ortiz-Ceballos Angel I.
Published: October 2016

The tropical earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus(Rhinodrilidae, Oligochaeta) presents a broad distribution (e.g., 56 countries from four continents). It is generally assumed that temperature appears to limit the success of tropical exotic species in temperate climates. However, the distribution range of this species could advance towards higher elevations (with lower temperatures) where no tropical species currently occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil and climatic variables that could be closely associated with the distribution ofP. corethrurusin four sites along an altitudinal gradient in central Veracruz, Mexico. We predicted that the distribution ofP. corethruruswould be more related to climate variables than edaphic parameters. Five sampling points (in the grassland) were established at each of four sites along an altitudinal gradient: Laguna Verde (LV), La Concepción (LC), Naolinco (NA) and Acatlán (AC) at 11–55, 992–1,025, 1,550–1,619 y 1,772–1,800 masl, respectively. The climate ranged from tropical to temperate along the altitudinal gradient. Ten earthworm species (5 Neotropical, 4 Palearctic and 1 Nearctic) were found along the gradient, belonging to three families (Rhinodrilidae, Megascolecide and Lumbricidae). Soil properties showed a significant association (positive for Ngrass, pH, permanent wilting point, organic matter and P; and negative for Total N, K and water-holding capacity) with the abundance of the earthworm community. Also there seems to be a relationship between climate and earthworm distribution along the altitudinal gradient.P. corethruruswas recorded at tropical (LV and LC) and temperate sites (NA) along the altitudinal gradient. Our results reveal that soil fertility determines the abundance of earthworms and site (climate) can act as a barrier to their migration. Further research is needed to determine the genetic structure and lineages ofP. corethrurusalong altitudinal gradients.
Suspended sediment projections in Apalachicola Bay in response to altered river flow and sediment loads under climate change and sea level rise
Authors: Huang Wenrui , Hagen Scott C. , Wang Dingbao , Hovenga Paige A. , Teng Fei , Weishampel John F.
Published: October 2016

Suspended sediments, or total suspended solids (TSS), are an important factor for oyster habitat. While high concentrations of suspended sediments can cause a reduction of oyster density, some level of suspended sediment is required to supply oysters with necessary nutrients. In this study, characteristics of TSS variations in response to sea level rise (SLR) at two oyster reefs in Apalachicola Bay are investigated by coupled estuarine hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling. A storm event in 1993 and a year‐long period in 2010 under recent sea level conditions are selected as the baseline conditions. Scenarios of river flow and sediment loads under SLR and climate change are obtained by downscaled global climate modeling. Compared to the baseline conditions, simulations of TSS indicate that predicted SLR yields a substantial decrease in TSS near the two oyster reefs. However, TSS levels differed at the two study locations. TSS changes by SLR revealed minimal impact on oyster habitat at the Dry Bar site (to the west of the mouth of the Apalachicola River) but are projected to have a significant impact at the Cat Point site (to the east of the Apalachicola River). At Cat Point, because SLR causes the increase of salt water intrusion from the Gulf through a large tidal inlet (East Pass), maximum sediment concentration is near zero for 0.2‐m SLR and equal to zero for 0.5‐ and 1.2‐m SLR. Therefore, SLR may result in a substantial loss of nutrients from suspended sediment in the oyster reef at Cat Point.
Sources and turnover of organic carbon and methane in fjord and shelf sediments off northern Norway
Authors: Sauer Simone , Hong Wei‐Li , Knies Jochen , Lepland Aivo , Forwick Matthias , Klug Martin , Eichinger Florian , Baranwal Soma , Crémière Antoine , Chand Shyam , Schubert Carsten J.
Published: October 2016

To better understand the present and past carbon cycling and transformation processes in methane‐influenced fjord and shelf areas of northern Norway, we compared two sediment cores from the Hola trough and from Ullsfjorden. We investigated (1) the organic matter composition and sedimentological characteristics to study the sources of organic carbon (Corg) and the factors influencing Corg burial, (2) pore water geochemistry to determine the contribution of organoclastic sulfate reduction and methanogenesis to total organic carbon turnover, and (3) the carbon isotopic signature of hydrocarbons to identify the carbon transformation processes and gas sources. High sedimentation and Corg accumulation rates in Ullsfjorden support the notion that fjords are important Corg sinks. The depth of the sulfate‐methane‐transition (SMT) in the fjord is controlled by the supply of predominantly marine organic matter to the sediment. Organoclastic sulfate reduction accounts for 60% of the total depth‐integrated sulfate reduction in the fjord. In spite of the presence of ethane, propane, and butane, we suggest a purely microbial origin of light hydrocarbons in the sediments based on their low δ13C values. In the Hola trough, sedimentation and Corg accumulation rates changed during the deglacial‐to‐post‐glacial transition from approximately 80 cm ka−1 to erosion at present. Thus, Corg burial in this part of the shelf is presently absent. Low organic matter content in the sediment and low rates of organoclastic sulfate reduction (only 3% of total depth‐integrated sulfate reduction) entail that the shallow depth of the SMT is controlled mostly by ascending thermogenic methane from deeper sources.
Nontrivial clustering of microseismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing
Authors: Maghsoudi Samira , Eaton David W. , Davidsen Jörn
Published: October 2016

For induced microseismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing, the frequency‐magnitude distribution is typically characterized by a falloff with increasing magnitude that is significantly faster than for seismicity along active fault systems. This characteristic may arise from a break in scale invariance, possibly due to mechanical layering that typifies fine‐grained sedimentary rocks in many shale gas and tight oil reservoirs. The latter would imply the presence of spatiotemporal magnitude correlations. Using three microseismic catalogs for well stimulations in widely separated locations with varying hydraulic‐fracturing methods, we show that events with similar magnitudes indeed tend to cluster in space and time. In addition, we show that the interevent time distribution can be described by a universal functional form characterized by two power laws. One exponent can be related to the presence of interevent triggering as in aftershock sequences and is a consequence of the Omori‐Utsu law. The other one is a reflection of the intrinsic spatial variation in the microseismic response rates. Taken together, these features are indicative of nontrivial spatiotemporal clustering of induced microseismicity and, hence, of direct relevance for time‐dependent seismic hazard assessment.
Nonlinear Absorption and Fluorescence in ZnO and ZnO–Au Nanostructures
Authors: Walden Sarah L. , Fernando Joseph F. S. , Shortell Matthew P. , Waclawik Eric R. , Jaatinen Esa A.
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates whether coupling gold nanoparticles to nanostructured zinc oxide enhances fluorescence emission, to produce efficient nanoscale UV emitters that radiate through nonlinear optical absorption processes. The z‐scan technique is used to measure nonlinear absorption simultaneously with measurements of nonlinear‐absorption‐induced fluorescence in zinc oxide nanostructures and hybrid zinc oxide–gold nanostructures. This allows for better determination of the nonlinear excitation and energy dissipation pathways. The measurements show that the nonlinear absorption of the hybrid structures is enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to the pure zinc oxide nanostructures. However, it is found that the increase in nonlinear absorption does not correspond to an equivalent increase in fluorescence due to the competition between two‐photon absorption and excited state absorption.
The structure and process of workers’ compensation systems and the role of doctors: A comparison of Ontario and Québec
Authors: Lippel Katherine , Eakin Joan M. , Holness D. Linn , Howse Dana
Published: October 2016

Background

This study sought to identify impacts of compensation system characteristics on doctors in Québec and Ontario.

Methods

(i) Legal analysis; (ii) Qualitative methods applied to documentation and individual and group interviews with doctors (34) and other system participants (31); and (iii) Inter‐jurisdictional transdisciplinary analysis involving cross‐disciplinary comparative and integrative analysis of policy contexts, qualitative data, and the relationship between the two.

Results

In both jurisdictions the compensation board controlled decisions on work‐relatedness and doctors perceived the bureaucratic process negatively. Gatekeeping roles differed between jurisdictions both in initial adjudication and in dispute processes. Québec legislation gives greater weight to the opinion of the treating physician. These differences affected doctors’ experiences.

Conclusions

Policy‐makers should contextualize the sources of the “evidence” they rely on from intervention research because findings may reflect a system rather than an intervention effect. Researchers should consider policy contexts to both adequately design a study and interpret their results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1070–1086, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Cleavage by a Thorium‐NHC‐bpy Complex
Authors: Garner Mary E. , Hohloch Stephan , Maron Laurent , Arnold John
Published: October 2016

Actinide complexes demonstrate unparalleled reactivity towards small molecules. However, utilizing these powerful transformations in a predictable and deliberate manner remains challenging. Therefore, developing actinide systems that not only perform noteworthy chemistry but also demonstrate controllable reactivity is a key goal. We describe a bis(NHC)borate thorium‐bpy complex (1) that is capable of reductively cleaving the R−NC bond in a series of organic isocyanides. In contrast to most actinide‐mediated bond activations, the dealkylation event mediated by 1 is remarkably general and yields very well‐defined products that assist in mechanistic elucidation. Synthesis of the rearranged but‐3‐enyl product from the reaction of 1 and cyclopropylmethyl isocyanide supports the notion of a radical‐based mechanism.