bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Progress and Development Trend of Treatment Methods for Annular Pressure in Gas Storage Caverns
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Wenyao , Zha Chunqing , Xu Chaohui
Published: November 2024

In recent years, pressure in the annulus of gas storage reservoir injection wells has become increasingly common. This presents a significant challenge to the safe and efficient operation of gas storage reservoirs and the integrity of injection wells. This paper presents a systematic introduction to the prevention and control measures of annular pressure. The introduction is based on research into the development status of prevention and control methods both domestically and internationally. The measures mainly include two aspects. Firstly, for the sealing failure of the tubular column, the differential pressure activated blocking agent is used for management. Secondly, for the sealing failure of the cement ring, the sealing agent is managed by extruding cement, resin, and other blocking agents. The text analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment technology in depth, in combination with existing research. The repair methods for gas storage reservoir annulus with pressure have problems such as insufficient construction conditions, poor implementation effect, and limited types of blocking agents available. Additionally, the different working conditions and performances of the reservoir annulus are taken into account. To ensure high efficiency and cost-effectiveness, we propose a new method for treating annulus pressure. This involves repairing any damage to the cement ring, restoring the production packer’s seal, and rebuilding the integrity of the old wellbore. By doing so, we can guarantee the safety of gas storage reservoirs throughout the entire injection and production life cycle. It is important to maintain the integrity of the old wellbore to ensure the safety of gas storage during injection and extraction.
Unique Approach To The Use Of Complex Optimization Within The Conceptual Design Of Field Development
Authors: Burkin I. , Kazakov A. , Vasekin B. , Dautov R. , Bochkarev A. , Kasimova E. , Litra A. , Shamarov A.
Published: November 2024

This article proposes an approach with application of complex optimization algorithms, which allow to automate routine operations related to the clustering of wells and optimizing the design of communication systems in promising assets. The result of algorithm’s work can be presented as a set of options that provide minimum capital costs for the construction of surface infrastructure facilities, taking into account required costs for well construction.
Alternative Production of Hydrocarbons from Natural Gas (Methane) via Synthesis Gas and Methanol
Authors: Babayeva F.A. , Abasov S.I. , Akhmedova R.H. , Suleymanova T.I.
Published: November 2024

As a result of research, it has been found that DME from natural gas (methane), oil production and oil refinery wastes and low molecular weight olefins based on it are studied. Therefore, methanol and DME, along with synthesis gas, are relevant for the improvement of the production technology of environmentally friendly motor fuels. The most active and selective catalysts for the dehydration of methanol in DME have a texture that allows the resulting DME to desorb from the surface without steric hindrance. Such “open surface” catalysts of acidic nature include mesoporous γ - Al2O3 and large-pore zeolite HU, whose promotion with H3PO4 achieves 100 % selectivity for DME formation at 88-90 % conversion of methanol. Experiments were performed by varying the amount of methanol in the CH3OH : (CO + H2) reaction mixture from 25 to 100 % by volume. In the main experiments with CO : H2 = 1:1 ratio, the linear speed of the reaction gas flow was kept constant at 3.8 ÷ 0.2 cm3 min−1, that is, the contact time was kept constant for 15.5-16 s. The reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography.
Research and Application of Compound Movable Gel Plugging Agent Suitable for Gasi Oilfield
Authors: Xing Zhanlong , Dang Yangbin , Wang Yong , Wang Yangli , Sun Peiyao , Ma Weijun
Published: November 2024

In order to meet the water plugging requirements of high salinity reservoirs at different temperatures, we developed three kinds of movable gel plugging and regulating agent by using salt resistant polymer as the main agent, organic chromium and organic aldehyde as the cross-linking agent, supplemented by organic stabilizers and reinforcing agents. Namely, low, medium and high-temperature and high-salinity composite movable gel plugging and regulating agent, and the formulas are 0.4% YG-100 + 0.1% YG-107,0.4% YG-100 + 0.15% YG-107+0.8% YG-103,0.4% YG-100+0.15% YG-107+0.8% YG-103 respectively. The gelling performance, thermal stability and salt resistance of the composite movable gel are evaluated. The results showed the suitable temperature is 40~126 °C, and the salinity of formation water is 260000mg/L. Seven well groups were implemented on site, and the oil pressure in the water wells generally increased. Water channeling was controlled to a certain extent, and the comprehensive water content decreased from 90.5% to 85.1%, a decrease of 5.4%. The cumulative increase in oil production was 3164 tons, and a good oil increase effect was observed.
Innovation and application of integrated management mechanism of chemical flooding in extra-high water cut sandstone oilfield
Authors: Hong-qing Kang , Li-hong Wang , Tian-yi Gao , Li Si , Guang Wang , Qi-yue Zhao
Published: November 2024

Daqing oilfield chemical flooding technology is mature and matching, enhanced oil recovery, strongly support the development of oil fields, in order to ensure the national strategic security of energy plays a pivotal role. Since the 13th five-year plan, aiming at the problems of poor quality reservoir condition, poor development benefit and increasing difficulty of stable production, the target of high-efficiency development has been set, innovative Management mode, the construction of “Key research, continuous improvement, promotion and application” closely linked to the new mechanism of integrated scientific research and production management; A new dynamic management mechanism of chemical flooding development is established, and a new management model of injection system is established. Since 2016, the development efficiency of chemical flooding has improved markedly, with annual oil production remaining stable at over 10 million tons and an additional 2.55 million tons of oil production. The tonnage of polymer-enhanced oil has increased from 47.4 tons to 57.2 tons, saving 126,000 tons of polymer and generating 5.503 billion yuan in economic benefits, Daqing Field has made important contributions to the revitalization and development of the country in the new era and ensuring national energy security.
Application of seismic attribute analysis in Ordovician reservoir prediction in Hechuan Tongnan exploration area, Sichuan Basin
Authors: Li Jipeng , Li Xin , Wang Lijing , Sun Shan , Wang Shuyu
Published: November 2024

Exploration has revealed that the Ordovician in Sichuan Basin has good conditions for oil and gas accumulation in the peripheral areas of the paleo-uplift, but it is difficult to predict the carbonate reservoirs due to their strong heterogeneity and complex planar distribution. Based on seismic, drilling, logging and analysis data, this paper makes full use of 3D seismic data from the Hechuan Tongnan exploration area to study the relationship between petrophysical parameters and geophysics parameters, the seismic response characteristics of carbonate reservoir are determined by forward modeling. On the basis of detailed interpretation, several seismic attributes with high correlation coefficients with reservoir response characteristics in this area were selected and seismic attribute reservoir prediction research was carried out in the Hechuan Tongnan exploration area, Sichuan Basin Province, through correlation intersection analysis of seismic attributes and intersection analysis of seismic attributes and well-point porosity, the optimal seismic attributes for reservoir prediction are optimized, and the reservoir distribution is characterized, it provides an important basis for risk exploration in this area.
Application of seismic inversion constrained geological modeling technology in quantitative characterization of thin reservoirs
Authors: Yongshou Zhang , Peiling Ma , Ning Yin , Xiaochuan Yang , Yaozu Han , Wei Luo
Published: November 2024

With the gradual deepening of petroleum exploration and development, the scale of reservoir research in oil and gas reservoirs is getting smaller and smaller, and the demand for accuracy is getting higher and higher. During the development of clastic reservoirs in the Tarim Basin, the lithology of reservoir sand bodies changes rapidly and the lateral continuity is poor, so it is difficult to effectively identify the space distribution of sand bodies by relying solely on geological logging data. In this study, combined with the advantages of logging curve for vertical identification of sand bodies and seismic data for horizontal distribution identification of reservoirs, the seismic inversion constrained geological modeling technology is proposed to realize the quantitative characterization of thin reservoir sand bodies in developed oil and gas reservoirs :①Through the analysis of sensitive characteristic curve and the extraction of targeted seismic plane attributes, the feasibility evaluation of inversion in the target area is completed, and the seismic inversion results of thin reservoirs are generated. ②Based on the results of seismic inversion simulation, a high-precision 3D lithofacies geological model is constructed by analyzing the applicability of stochastic modeling method. ③ Combined with geological cognition, the physical property characterization of 3D lithofacies geological model is realized by physical property truncated simulation method, and the spatial distribution pattern of effective sand bodies is depicted. Through the application of this method in the study area A, the problem of certain deviation between reservoir inversion driven by conventional frame model and geological cognition is solved. While the spatial recognition ability of sand bodies is further improved, the quantitative characterization of thin reservoir physical properties is realized, which provides effective technical support for the subsequent development of oil and gas reservoirs.
Robert Grosseteste (c. 1168-1253), the Oxford years
Authors: Cunningham Jack
Published: November 2024

Robert Grosseteste spent numerous years in his early career at the University of Oxford where he was probably its first Chancellor. During this time he largely concentrated his academic activities on natural philosophy. This paper will examine his scientific activities as well as some key works in order to discuss his place in the history of science.
Doctor Mirabilis: Roger Bacon’s legend and legacy
Authors: Clegg Brian
Published: November 2024

Roger Bacon (1214?-1292?) has been portrayed in three ways since his death: as a figure of legend, as a Victorian scientist ahead of his time and as an overrated individual with little impact on the development of science. The evidence suggests that Bacon was in reality a significant proto-scientist, but very much a man of his time.
Friars, physicists, and natural philosophers in medieval Oxford
Authors: Chapman Allan
Published: November 2024

This paper examines how medieval Europe became the birthplace of many technical devices, including the mechanical clock, the geared windmill, and other automatic and labour-saving inventions. It also examines how the mathematical sciences were cultivated in 14th-century Oxford with studies of the mathematics of accelerating bodies, number theory and related problems.
Deconstructing the Copernican and Galilean controversy with the Catholic Church
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: November 2024

This paper argues that the Copernican and Galilean controversies were not solely about the Church versus science. Based upon the instrumentation of the day, an Earth-centred or a Sun-centred system were equally plausible and able to explain observed astronomical movement.
Newton’s disputes with Hooke and Leibniz: Institutional, scientific and personal aspects.
Authors: Iliffe Robert
Published: November 2024

This paper discusses the often fractious personal and academic relationships that Isaac Newton enjoyed with Robert Hooke and Gottfried Leibniz. It suggests that their disagreements operated at several levels: intellectual, methodological, institutional and personal. The disputes were related to a number of pre-existing rules of behaviour, notably those governing the correct ways to assign intellectual property and to manage disputes relating to it. Although these procedural codes concerned intellectual issues, they drew in part on etiquette in polite or genteel society more generally. The disputes were to some extent made possible by the appearance of new academies and societies, which provided new fora for disseminating results and for managing disagreements between scholars over extended distances. The presence of these intellectual institutions meant that there were novel aspects to the rules that governed these contests and indeed entirely new rules. Indeed, it was the way that the combatants attempted to get their preferred rules of engagement accepted more generally by others and the ways in which they manipulated them that conditioned the nature of their disagreements. More broadly, the capacity to engage in such contests was shaped by national pride, the ability to attract powerful support for respective causes and finally by the personalities of the individuals involved, which are perhaps best revealed in these situations.
The Big Bang versus the Steady State: Gamow, Hoyle and Ryle, rivals in cosmology
Authors: Mitton Simon A.
Published: November 2024

This account of the controversy concerning the Big Bang and Steady State theories contrasts the different approaches to science of George Gamow, Fred Hoyle and Martin Ryle. Einstein’s general relativity offered theoretical physicists an indispensable tool kit for making mathematical models of the Universe. Georges Lemaître made an astonishing impact in 1927 with his proposal that the expanding Universe started from a decaying super-radioactive primeval atom. Gamow refined Lemaître’s model by proposing that primordial nucleosynthesis in the early expanding Universe had formed the chemical elements. Hoyle, who by contrast had discovered the conditions under which stellar nucleosynthesis could occur via the evolution and explosion of massive stars, publicly dismissed Gamow’s cosmology as an unnecessary speculation. Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold proposed the alternative steady state theory in 1948. In 1950 Ryle constructed the first radio telescope with the sensitivity to discriminate between the rival models of the Universe. Steady state cosmology survived Ryle’s first surveys of cosmic radio sources because Ryle’s data was inadequate. However results from the much improved Third and Fourth Cambridge Surveys demonstrated that our Universe had evolved. The Ryle-Hoyle debates became intensely passionate and personal. In 1965 the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation settled the argument in favour of the Lemaître Big Bang evolving Universe.
Oxford’s physics émigrés in space and time
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2024

Émigrés have been stalwarts of Oxford physics for up to eight centuries and from a wide variety of origins. This paper will briefly survey some of these starting with Robert Grosseteste and moving through the centuries up to the present day.
Al-Birūnī: An outstanding polymath of eleventh-century Islam
Authors: Burnett Charles
Published: November 2024

Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) is generally regarded as a polymath within the Islamic world, considering the range and volume of his writings, his knowledge of languages and his attitude towards scientific research. This paper touches upon some aspects of his scientific endeavour and his tolerance towards other people’s ideas.
Richard Feynman’s talent for finding things out
Authors: Broadhurst David
Published: November 2024

This paper describes Feynman as an unconventional polymath primarily concerned with his own understanding of nature, having little regard for previous authorities. His curiosity, respect for experiment, ability to calculate and notable ingenuity led to important developments in quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics and strong interactions. In particle physics Feynman diagrams have been a mainstay of calculation for the last seventy five years. His relish for the spoken word led to renown as an educator and raconteur. His perceptions were influential in a wide range of other scientific fields, including weak interactions, gravity, superconductivity, biology, nanotechnology, algorithmic computation and quantum computers. In all of this, he held to the idea that nature has an intrinsic simplicity and beauty that permit one to find things out if only one tries hard enough.
On the role of brilliant blunders in physics
Authors: Livio Mario
Published: November 2024

Even the greatest scientists have made some serious blunders. This paper on brilliant blunders in physics concerns the evolution of the Earth, of stars and of the Universe as a whole. It explores and analyses major errors committed by such luminaries as Lord Kelvin, Fred Hoyle and Albert Einstein. The paper scrutinises the various types of blunders and attempts to explain how they occurred. It argues that blunders are not only inevitable, but also an integral component of the advancement of science. “Brilliant blunders” in particular can be the portals to discoveries.
‘The Service of Astronomy’: European star-gazing and its implications in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gasper Giles
Published: November 2024

What follows is an exploration of medieval European astronomy focussing on the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as a period of significant change in terms of technologies and learning largely via the inheritance from Greek and Islamicate astronomical thought through translation into Latin. Robert Grosseteste (c. 1170-1253) is used as a particular focal point for discussion, setting his treatise on astronomy On the Sphere in the context of his writing on related topics and those of his contemporaries. Why contemporaries should claim astronomy as the highest of the liberal arts is understood and appreciated through the use of case study and more general reflection - and so too the limits of the discipline.
Maya and Aztec astronomy: Skywatching in prehispanic Mesoamerica
Authors: Šprajc Ivan
Published: November 2024

The Aztecs, Maya and other Mesoamerican peoples achieved advanced knowledge of the regularities of the apparent motion of the Sun, Moon and various planets visible with the naked eye, particularly Venus. Much of this knowledge enabled orientation in space and time and was particularly useful for scheduling agricultural activities. However, since the celestial order is apparently superior to that on Earth, the phenomena observed in the sky were believed to exert influence on earthly affairs. Therefore, the exact astronomical knowledge was intertwined with religious beliefs and ritual performances, and this complex worldview had a prominent role not only in subsistence activities but also in the political ideology of the ruling class. The relevant information is contained in the imagery and hieroglyphic texts in prehispanic manuscripts or codices, mural paintings, sculpted monuments and other archaeological objects, as well as in early colonial written sources and ethnographically documented survivals of prehispanic concepts. Important data are also provided by architectural orientations, most of which were laid out on astronomical grounds, largely referring to the Sun’s positions on the horizon on certain dates.
The problem of solar energy generation: from Eddington to Bethe
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: November 2024

The problem of explaining the Sun’s enormous output of heat and light was first attacked in the 1840s and soon resulted in a consensus view that solar energy was mechanical in origin. From about 1860 to 1905 the standard model was the so-called Helmholtz-Thomson contraction theory which however faced a number of serious problems. Physicists and astronomers slowly realised that the source was not mechanical but due to intra-atomic processes, either proton-electron annihilation or fusion of hydrogen into helium atoms. Both possibilities were discussed by Arthur Eddington in the 1920s, but it was only with quantum mechanics and a new picture of the atomic nucleus that quantitative models were developed. The old riddle of solar energy was essentially solved with Hans Bethe’s celebrated theory published in 1938-1939. This paper briefly reviews the developments from about 1850 to 1940.
The Sun from space: Discoveries from space missions over the past fifty years
Authors: Fludra Andrzej
Published: November 2024

The Sun is a magnetically active star that displays many exciting phenomena when observed from space in X-rays, extreme ultraviolet wavelengths and visible light: coronal holes, active regions, magnetic loops, flares, huge mass eruptions and the solar wind. Observations from space have revealed incredible mysteries about the Sun’s atmosphere and its extended corona, and even the interior of the Sun. This paper reviews and illustrates the progress and achievements over the last fifty years, presenting selected instruments and observations from fifteen solar missions, starting from Skylab in 1973 up to the latest Solar Orbiter mission, giving unprecedented insight into how the Sun works.
Soviet/Russian planetary exploration: Historical highlights
Authors: Marov Mikhail
Published: November 2024

The history of Soviet/Russian space exploration is briefly discussed and is mainly focussed on the lunar-planetary programme. The most important results including space technology advancement and science return are highlighted as contributions to world space heritage. The Soviets were the first to land space vehicles on the Moon, on Venus and on Mars. Nowadays Russia still experiences some problems in lunar-planetary exploration caused by the so called “perestroika” at the turn of the century, however, it is hoped that these will be overcome and that the space study of the Moon and planets will progress in the new Russia.
Space exploration in China
Authors: Gu Yidong , Ba Jin
Published: November 2024

In the past 20 years, China has implemented Manned Space Engineering, Lunar and Mars exploration missions, becoming an active participant in human space travel and exploration. So far China has established its Space Station in 2022, continuing to carry out large-scale space science research for the next 10-15 years. China has successfully achieved the soft landing on the lunar, far side of the Moon and on the Mars surface, obtained 1.73 kg of lunar sample, and will also implement the lunar Antarctic sample return and Mars sample return mission later. The exploration missions for the asteroid and Jupiter system are being prepared. Overall the future science exportations and collaborations between human and robot, as well as the utilisation of extraterrestrial resources will become the new development focus. Chinese scientists eagerly look forward to close international collaboration.
Searching for extraterrestrial intelligence across a century
Authors: Rees Martin J.
Published: November 2024

Exobiology is a burgeoning research field. There is a realistic prospect that in a decade or two we will have the capability to detect biosignatures – non-equilibrium atmospheric chemistry, vegetation etc. – for the nearest exoplanets. But of course what is most interesting of all would be some techno-signatures, indicating not just ‘life’, but intelligent life. This paper offers some introductory comments on this topic.
Searching for extraterrestrial intelligence across a century
Authors: Tarter Jill , Steel Simon
Published: November 2024

SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, is an old idea but a new science. Both inspirational and controversial, the scientific search for non-human artificial signals or communications, known as technosignatures, was pioneered by a few visionary scientists and through amazing technological advances of recent years is experiencing a renaissance that may soon answer one of the greatest scientific questions of this or any age: Are we alone? This paper describes the origins of SETI science, its rocky road to acceptance and some of the bold new ideas and explorations that are pushing the limits of our understanding of the nature of life and intelligence in the Universe.
SETI at FAST in China
Authors: Zhang Tong-Jie , Huang Bo-Lun , Li Jian-Kang , Tao Zhen-Zhao , Luan Xiao-Hang , Zhang Zhi-Song , Wang Yu-Chen
Published: November 2024

Since the commencement of the first SETI observation in 2019, China’s Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence program has garnered momentum through domestic support and international collaborations. Several observations targeting exoplanets and nearby stars have been conducted with the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST). In 2023 the introduction of the Far Neighbour Project (FNP) marked a substantial leap forward, driven by the remarkable sensitivity of the FAST telescope and some of the novel observational techniques. The FNP seeks to methodically detect technosignatures from celestial bodies, including nearby stars, exoplanetary systems, Milky Way globular clusters and more. This paper provides an overview of the progress achieved by SETI in China and offers insights into the distinct phases comprising the FNP. Additionally it underscores the significance of this project’s advancement and its potential contributions to the field.
Was there time before the Big Bang? Philosophical enquiries
Authors: Paganini Elisa
Published: November 2024

The aim of this paper is to show the reasoning behind a “Might have been” answer to the question “Was there time before the Big Bang?” Before addressing the question, the assumptions on which this question is based will be highlighted and the debate on the relationship between time and change will be briefly presented.
Welt: The concept that changed physics
Authors: Rodriguez Maria J.
Published: November 2024

This paper explores a pivotal moment in history when the integration of space and time took place within a unified theoretical framework. The spacetime unification was embodied by the notion of Welt, the German term for world, originating during the period spanning 1907 to 1909 in between the publications on special and general relativity. Emphasis will be placed on elucidating the significance of a connected spacetime and providing a contextual backdrop to key historical advancements. While the conventional narrative often attributes the development of these concepts to a select group of renowned physicists, such as Albert Einstein and David Hilbert, it is essential to recognise the substantial involvement of numerous scientists and mathematicians. Their collective contributions, although sometimes overlooked, laid the foundation for the groundbreaking papers on relativity penned by Albert Einstein. In shedding light on this collaborative effort, the paper aims to underscore the intricate set of ideas that paved the way for Einstein’s seminal work. Furthermore, this paper also hints at the contemporary relevance of spacetime in ongoing research, highlighting its enduring importance in the scientific landscape.
From rays to waves and beyond: Light propagation in historical perspective
Authors: Borrelli Arianna
Published: November 2024

This paper sketches selected episodes from the history of research about the nature of light in the nineteenth and twentieth century. It begins with the discovery of “invisible rays from the Sun” and ends with the advent of the so-called wave-particle duality. In doing so the paper asks how far the question of the nature of light after many years of discussions and discoveries may be regarded as answered or not.
A brief history of the speed of light
Authors: Maraston Claudia
Published: November 2024

This paper deals with the historical development of the ideas and experiments that culminated in our current interpretation of the speed of light as a constant of nature and a natural upper limit. Starting from the ancient Greeks up to our current epoch it will review the main signposts of this journey. The paper will finally discuss links to astrophysics and cosmology, and will comment on the dark sectors, dark matter and dark energy, that do not interact with light.
Paradigms in the eye of the beholder: Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: November 2024

Accounts of the history of physics sometimes describe major paradigm shifts followed by decades and even centuries of working through the consequences of the dominating paradigm. Some examples that are often pointed to as paradigm shifts are the Copernican revolution overtaking the millennium-old Ptolemaic system of astronomy and Newton’s mechanics replacing the ancient Aristotelian system. However, when thinking about ‘paradigm shifts’, there may be various different candidates that can be identified as possible ‘paradigms’ retrospectively. Thus it may be the case that paradigms are in the eye of the beholder.
The essential mystery - How an electron can be in more than one place at a time
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: November 2024

Quantum mechanics is an extraordinarily successful scientific theory. But it is also completely mad. Its discovery forced us to confront all the cosy notions about physical reality that had been gained from our naïve interpretation of classical physics. Although the theory quite obviously works, it appears to leave us chasing ghosts and phantoms, particles that are waves and waves that are particles, cats that are at once both alive and dead, and lots of seemingly spooky goings-on. This paper is based on a talk delivered at the St Cross Centre for the History and Philosophy of Physics “The Nature of Quantum Reality” Conference in 2017. It addresses quantum theory’s only mystery and uses this as a platform to explore the Bohr-Einstein debate and the process of scientific theorising about the nature of quantum reality.
Explaining the Big Bang
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: November 2024

The Big Bang is the cause of every event in our Universe and hence it explains all subsequent cosmic history. But can the Big Bang itself be explained? This paper explores a number of different styles of explanation that might be offered. These include causal explanations of the Big Bang either by a physical or a non-physical cause: here the paper focusses especially on Roger Penrose’s conformal cyclic cosmology. They also include non-causal explanations of the Big Bang in terms of an underlying physical or non-physical fundamental basis for the Universe or in terms of fundamental physical laws.
A short history of the smallest
Authors: Landua Rolf
Published: November 2024

This paper tells the story of the Standard Model of particle physics. That starts in the 1930s with the idea of the pion and then traces its roots from an embryonic quark theory to its contemporary form. Early scepticism towards the quark model dissolved as it elegantly elucidated baryon and meson structures, and helped to uncover the intricacies of the weak and strong interactions. The Δ++ particle’s existence demanded the introduction of ‘colour’ charge, giving birth to Quantum Chromodynamics. Successive discoveries of heavy quarks, heavy leptons and their corresponding neutrinos fortified the Standard Model. The verification of the existence of gluons, the discovery of the W and Z bosons, and - finally - the Higgs boson are considered triumphs of the theory. However, despite its success, the model has inadequacies, notably with regard to dark matter and energy, but also in explaining the very origin of its many free parameters. New ideas and discoveries are needed to help solve these mysteries.
The monster mechanical delusion: nineteenth-century controversies concerning perpetual motion
Authors: Gooday Graeme
Published: November 2024

The history of attempts to make a perpetual motion machine is not (just) the saga of irrational efforts to defy the laws of thermodynamics. In the eighteenth-century Enlightenment there were good reasons to believe in perpetual growth both in Nature and the economy, just as the planets and Sun appeared to move perpetually in the heavens. Why not machines also? In nineteenth-century Britain numerous purported perpetual motion devices were patented and promoted as potential investments in unbounded energy sources. While such frauds were finally prevented by a change in law in 1932 that rendered patents for perpetual motion devices impermissible the lessons learned from six centuries of failed attempts to deliver practical forms of perpetual motion gave some of the strongest evidence to support the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. In the twenty-first century the energy industry’s solar, wind, geothermal and tidal power generation can now secure effectively free energy to move our machinery for the indefinite future.
In search of hidden symmetries
Authors: Nucci Maria Clara
Published: November 2024

This paper exemplifies the importance of finding hidden symmetries of differential equations that are models of physical phenomena. The hidden symmetries (Lie symmetries) may be determined by either linking together different equations for certain values of their parameters or transforming the original model into another equivalent system of equations that may have more symmetries. Therefore, hidden symmetries may help to solve the original model or yield its hidden properties, e.g. linearity and conservation laws. Moreover Noether symmetries are shown to be preserved by going from classical to quantum mechanics, namely from Lagrangian systems to the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equation.
Broken symmetries in particle physics
Authors: Lazzeroni Cristina
Published: November 2024

Symmetries in physics have a special role since they govern the dynamic of physical processes. In elementary particle physics symmetries like parity and charge conjugation, and their breaking have profound consequences, for example, on the matter-antimatter imbalance in our Universe.
CERN, the LHC, the Higgs boson and the rest
Authors: Wingerter-Seez Isabelle
Published: November 2024

The Higgs field was proposed in 1964 as a new kind of field that fills the entire Universe and gives mass to all elementary particles. The Higgs boson, a wave in that field, was discovered at CERN in 2012 by the two international collaborations ATLAS and CMS which operate the two eponymous detectors installed at the Large Hadron Collider. This achievement was the result of several decades of scientific developments and constructions by hundreds of teams, thousands of scientists and staff all over the globe. None of this would have been possible without the vision and dedication of a few individuals who set up the scene in the years post-World War II.
Big Science and the Universe: mega-projects in astronomy
Authors: Jackson Carole A.
Published: November 2024

Astronomy studies the constituents of the Universe and seeks to understand physics at the largest scales. The Universe is the ultimate big physics laboratory – we can observe but not influence. Today Astronomy is a cooperative, international field of ‘Big Science’. Our largest telescopes cost billions of dollars. Each telescope has systems specialised in detecting signals from one part of the electromagnetic spectrum or alternatively, in responding to particle streams or gravitational wave phenomena.
The greatest physics discovery of the 20th century
Authors: Weinberg Steven
Published: November 2024

This brief paper is based on a transcript of the late Steven Weinberg’s talk on his choice of quantum mechanics as the greatest physics discovery of the 20th century (edited by William Phillips) and focusses on the dramatic break that quantum mechanics makes with the classical mechanics that preceded it. Quantum mechanics successfully explains the behaviour of matter, including phenomena like chemistry that 19th century physicists did not even believe fell within the province of physics. Weinberg speculates about the possibility that quantum mechanics as we know it may only be a good approximation to some more complete theory.
The greatest physics discovery of the 20th century
Authors: Leggett Anthony
Published: November 2024

My claim is that the greatest physics discovery of the 20th century is the realisation that the experimental predictions of quantum mechanics are under certain conditions inconsistent with those of any theory of the so-called “objective local” class and the subsequent experimental falsification of all such theories. This paper briefly examines the implications of this discovery for our conception of nature not only at the microscopic level of photons and electrons, but at the level of everyday life; in particular I conclude that even at this level counterfactual statements cannot always possess truth values.
Particle physics since 1945 and the emergence of the Standard Model
Authors: Virdee Tejinder Singh
Published: November 2024

The creation of the Standard Model of particle physics is one of humankind’s most significant achievements. Its descriptive and predictive power has been experimentally verified with an unprecedented accuracy in many generations of experiments, ranging from low to high energies. So far, no significant deviations from its predictions have been observed. This paper will give a historical perspective of particle physics from the mid-1940s and the theoretical and experimental work, leading to the creation of the Standard Model. It will discuss the Large Hadron Collider, its experiments, the discovery of the Higgs boson, and physics beyond the Standard Model. Amongst the other questions being addressed in particle physics are: What constitutes dark matter? Are there extra dimensions of space? Why is the Universe composed of matter and not antimatter? The answers have the potential to alter our perception of how Nature operates at the fundamental level.
From awe to experience, from artefacts to edufacts? On the post-war revolution in the objects of science communication
Authors: Schirrmacher Arne
Published: November 2024

The central message of this paper is that in the 20th century there was a revolution in the way science was presented. It became most visible in a significant change in the kinds of objects used to explain science to a wider public. For centuries the objects came from the academy, university, laboratory or industry. Either directly as artefacts or as modifications and simplifications that might work better in lectures and demonstrations, they inhabited the display cases in schools, universities, science collections and museums. It was not until the 1960s in North America that science museums – or rather science centres, as they soon became known – began to build their own exhibits in such a way as to present scientific phenomena as vividly as possible. How did this turn from artefacts to ‘edufacts’ come about and what implications did it have?
Application of the percentage differential relay and stator earth fault protection in synchronous generators
Authors: Huang C W , Wang S R , Hsu W T
Published: November 2024

Synchronous generators play a vital role in the power system. The relay protection distributed in the system can quickly remove the fault, effectively respond to it, and solve the problem. In this paper, the characteristics of a synchronous generator neutral ungrounded are analyzed when various unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults occur in the internal and external areas, and the percentage differential relay is used to solve the problem of short circuit faults. For the single line-to-ground fault, the stator earth fault protection is also introduced to compensate for the shortcomings of the generator neutral ungrounded. The simulation software MATLAB/Simulink is applied for modeling and analysis, and the strategy of composite protection solves the problem of unsymmetrical failure for the neutral point ungrounding generator.
Applying deep reinforcement learning to solve the low-carbon economic dispatch problem in smart microgrids
Authors: Liao G C , Liao B T , Liang Z Q , Yeh A T , Wu R C
Published: November 2024

Smart microgrid (SMG) technology can effectively integrate the advantages of new and renewable energy power generation - distributed generation, and, at the same time, provide a new technical approach for the large-scale application of new and renewable energy grid-connected power generation. Smart microgrids can improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of energy and serve as an effective complementary power grid of the primary power grid to enhance the reliability of power supply and power quality, which is the latest frontier topic in power engineering research. This paper, aiming at the characteristics of distributed generation such as solar power generation, wind power generation, fuel cell power generation, and micro gas turbine in the smart microgrid system, considering the fuel, efficiency, operation, and maintenance costs of different types and capacities, the different greenhouse gas emissions, and the particularity of solar power generation and wind power generation, a mathematical model of low-carbon economic dispatch of smart microgrid that comprehensively considers the cost of power generation and emission is proposed. This paper presents a scheduling decision model based on an improved dual-delay depth deterministic strategy gradient algorithm. The improved double-delay deep deterministic strategy gradient algorithm is used to construct and train the neural network to avoid overestimation and improve the stability of the network output. At the same time, to improve the efficiency of network training, the historical experience data in the training process were stored, and the experience was replayed and sampled. Examples verify the superiority and practicability of the method proposed in this paper.
Research on size optimization of 3D printed parts using Grey-Taguchi method
Authors: Liao K Y , Lin B X , Lai T Y , Li C E , Liu F H , Tsao C C
Published: November 2024

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the earliest developed 3D printing processes, which has the advantages of a clean processing environment, low overall manufacturing costs, and a variety of optional materials. However, it still has the disadvantages of low dimensional accuracy and poor surface quality of the molded workpiece. Therefore, how to solve this annoying problem has become an important research topic in the current industry-university-research fields. In this study, a square container with a bottom area of 48 mm×48 mm, a height of 30 mm, and a thin wall of 6 mm was used as the design object, and four controllable factors were adopted: layer thickness (A), nozzle temperature (B), printing speed (C), and forming path (D), combined with Grey- Taguchi’s experiments and calculations are carried out in order to achieve the purpose of optimizing the inner volume (IV) and inner diagonal length (IDL) of the square container (dual-objective quality characteristics). The experimental results show that within the selected printing parameter range, the optimized process parameter combination is layer thickness of 0.25 mm (A3), nozzle temperature of 190 °C (B1), printing speed of 50 mm/s (C3) and the molding direction of the annular surface (D2). Finally, use the GOM Inspect software (ATOS Q 3D scanner) and vernier caliper (VC) to compare the physical errors. According to the verification results, the errors of IV and IDL of the square container obtained by optimizing process parameters are 0.49% and 1.53%, and 3.76% and 6.33% respectively in GOM Inspect software and vernier caliper measurement. The results of this optimization process not only prove that the GOM Inspect software has a considerable degree of accuracy, but also can be used as a means to improve FDM multi-quality printing process optimization when combined with the Grey-Taguchi method.
The redrawing of oval shells for the use of a connector part
Authors: Lin H S , Zhang J D
Published: November 2024

Oval-shell parts have been widely used in consumer electronics such as the receptacle of the lightning connector. The current stamped part, based on the design of rectangular redrawing, exhibits uneven distribution of wall thickness and cannot meet the required tolerance. The wall thickness tends to be smaller near the entrance of the flat wall than that of the semi-cylindrical wall while it tends to be larger near the bottom of the flat wall than that of the semi-cylindrical wall. This paper proposes an elliptical scheme for the redrawing of oval shells for the progressive stamping process. The variation of the wall thickness between the flat wall and the semi-cylindrical wall has been improved.
Study on the forging process of artificial bone plates of SUS 316L
Authors: Yang T S , Yeh J C
Published: November 2024

SUS 316L stainless steel, valued for its strength and biocompatibility, is a popular choice for artificial bone plates. Forged SUS 316L plates offer advantages like enhanced strength, improved fatigue resistance, reduced material waste, and increased production efficiency. Consequently, the forging technology and die design for SUS 316L is crucial in the manufacturing of high quality artificial bone plates. Finite element analysis simulates the forging process of SUS 316L bone plates, guiding the selection of the appropriate forging machine, die design, and process parameters based on the resulting forging load, stress distribution, and filling condition. Ultimately, this approach facilitates the creation of high-quality SUS 316L bone plates with precise dimensional accuracy.
3D FEM forming simulation optimization and experiment on bevel thread-forming screw
Authors: Teng H Y , Lu C , Tzou G Y
Published: November 2024

This study adopts 3 forming passes and 1 thread rolling process as the multi-pass schedule of bevel thread-forming screw. The finite element simulation software is used to simulate the plastic behaviour of forming and thread rolling processes. The geometry shapes, the part dimensions of each pass, the effective stress, the effective strain, the forming force and the die stress of each pass can be reached via FEM simulation. Moreover, especially Taguchi method for the maximum force pass is conducted to optimize the forming processes. Considering 4 control factors such as A: head arc radius (rH), B: flange thickness (t), C: corner radius (r), and D: frictional factor(m) and 3 levels to establish the orthogonal array table for optimum forming force, the influence rank and the optimal parameters combination are obtained to carry out the realistic experiment for confirming the feasibility of FEM simulation optimization. In a word, the influence rank of control factors: flange thickness (t) > head arc radius (rH) > corner radius (r) > frictional factor (m), and the optimal parameters combination is A3B3C3D1 (rH=42 mm, t=1.3 mm, r=0.7 mm, and m=0.12).