bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conductivity models for Archie rocks
Authors: Kennedy W. David , Herrick David C.
Published: April 2012

The petroleum industry’s standard porosity-resistivity model (i.e., Archie’s law), although it is fit for its purpose, remains poorly understood after seven decades of use. This results from the choice of the graphical display and trend formula used to analyze Archie’s seminal porosity-resistivity data, taken in the Nacatoch sandstone, a petroliferous clastic formation in the Gulf of Mexico coastal area. Archie’s model accurately predicts the conductivity-brine volume trend for this sandstone. Not all rocks follow the same porosity-resistivity trends observed in the Nacatoch sandstone, but those that do are defined as Archie rocks. Archie’s Nacatoch sandstone data set has significant irreducible scatter, or noise. Data with significant scatter cannot be used to uniquely define a trend. Alternative graphical analyses of Archie’s Nacatoch sandstone data indicates that Archie could have analyzed these data differently had it occurred to him to do so. A physics-based porosity-conductivity model, a “geometrical factor theory” (GFT), is preferred as an alternative to the Archie model because it has a physical interpretation. In this model, the bulk conductivity of an Archie rock is the product of three factors: brine conductivity, fractional brine volume, and an explicit geometrical factor. The model is offered in the form of a theorem, proved in three steps, to make our arguments as explicit and transparent as possible. The model is developed through its culmination as a saturation equation to illustrate that it is a complete theory for Archie rocks. The predictive power of the Archie model and GFT are similar, but unlike the adjustable parameters of the Archie model ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]), all of the parameters of GFT have a priori physical interpretations. Through a connection to site percolation theory, GFT has promise to connect porosity-conductivity interpretation to circuit theory first principles.
Influence of temperature on seismic velocities and complex conductivity of heavy oil-bearing sands
Authors: Martinez Fernando J. , Batzle Michael L. , Revil André
Published: April 2012

The joint inversion of seismic and electromagnetic data can be of great use to monitor the steam-assisted production of heavy oils in field conditions. Seismic velocity and complex conductivity laboratory measurements were performed on three heavy oil-bearing sands at confining and pore pressures similar to field conditions. One of the samples (8H) was initially oil-wet and the two other samples (5P-3A and P-1A) were initially water-wet. Low-frequency stress-strain measurements and complex conductivity measurements were performed during two heating cycles (at constant temperature, 10°C steps in the range 20°C–70°C). The temperature was first increased from 20°C–70°C simulating initial stage in a thermal recovery process. During this temperature increase, sample 8H changed to water-wet with a clear irreversible signature on the seismic and electrical data. Then the temperature was decreased and cycled a second time in the temperature range 20°C–70°C. The seismic and complex conductivity responses were found to be identical at each temperature for the temperature decrease of the first heating cycle and the second cycle. For the water-wet samples (5P-3A and P-1A), the compressional and shear velocities decreased with the increase of temperature and the in-phase and quadrature conductivities increased with the temperature with the same temperature sensitivity coefficient ([Formula: see text]). After these two heating cycles, we extracted the heavy oil from sample 8H and additional complex conductivity measurements were performed at different salinities to determine the two Archie’s exponents [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We found [Formula: see text] for the cementation exponent while the saturation exponent is given by [Formula: see text] when the sand is oil-wet and [Formula: see text] when the rock is water-wet. The power-law exponent for the quadrature conductivity of the water-wet samples is [Formula: see text].
Touching Worlds
Authors: Son Elizabeth W.
Published: April 2012

In this article, Elizabeth Son discusses the broader social and political implications of the cross-cultural mode of collaboration employed by American choreographer Dean Moss and Korean sculptor Sungmyung Chun in co-creating their dance-installation piece, Nameless forest.
The gaits of primates: center of mass mechanics in walking, cantering and galloping ring-tailed lemurs,Lemur catta
Authors: O’Neill Matthew C. , Schmitt Daniel
Published: April 2012

Most primates, including lemurs, have a broad range of locomotor capabilities, yet much of the time, they walk at slow speeds and amble, canter or gallop at intermediate and fast speeds. Although numerous studies have investigated limb function during primate quadrupedalism, how the center of mass (COM) moves is not well understood. Here, we examined COM energy, work and power during walking, cantering and galloping in ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta (N=5), over a broad speed range (0.43–2.91 m s–1). COM energy recoveries were substantial during walking (35–71%) but lower during canters and gallops (10–51%). COM work, power and collisional losses increased with speed. The positive COM works were 0.625 J kg–1 m–1 for walks and 1.661 J kg–1 m–1 for canters and gallops, which are in the middle range of published values for terrestrial animals. Although some discontinuities in COM mechanics were evident between walking and cantering, there was no apparent analog to the trot–gallop transition across the intermediate and fast speed range (dimensionless v>0.75, Fr>0.5). A phenomenological model of a lemur cantering and trotting at the same speed shows that canters ensure continuous contact of the body with the substrate while reducing peak vertical COM forces, COM stiffness and COM collisions. We suggest that cantering, rather than trotting, at intermediate speeds may be tied to the arboreal origins of the Order Primates. These data allow us to better understand the mechanics of primate gaits and shed new light on primate locomotor evolution.
Evaluation of a tandem gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics platform as a single method to investigate the effect of starvation on whole-animal metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Baumgarner Bradley L. , Cooper Bruce R.
Published: April 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of a two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) metabolomic platform to comprehensively analyze the effect of starvation on whole-animal metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout were either fed a commercial diet at 2% body mass twice daily or starved for 4 weeks. Metabolomic analysis was conducted on serum, liver and muscle tissue from each fish. Database searching and statistical analysis revealed that concentrations of more than 50 positively identified molecules changed significantly (P<0.05) as a result of starvation. Our results indicate that starving rainbow trout for 4 weeks promotes increased utilization of select tissue fatty acids in liver and muscle. However, starvation did not significantly affect protein catabolism in peripheral tissues, as indicated by reductions in the level of serum amino acids in starved fish. In contrast, starvation appears to promote protein catabolism in liver as the level of methionine, proline and lysine metabolite 2-piperidine carboxylic acid increased significantly. Also, starvation resulted in significant changes in the level of numerous xenobiotics that could indicate the origin of particular feed ingredients and selective retention of these molecules in tissues. We suggest that metabolomic analysis using GC×GC/TOF-MS is an effective tool in studying whole-animal metabolism and the fate of important xenobiotic compounds in rainbow trout as numerous polar and non-polar metabolites were rapidly and accurately profiled using a single method.
Waggle dance effect: dancing in autumn reduces the mass loss of a honeybee colony
Authors: Okada Ryuichi , Akamatsu Tadaaki , Iwata Kanako , Ikeno Hidetoshi , Kimura Toshifumi , Ohashi Mizue , Aonuma Hitoshi , Ito Etsuro
Published: April 2012

A honeybee informs her nestmates about the location of a profitable food source that she has visited by means of a waggle dance: a round dance and a figure-of-eight dance for a short- and long-distance food source, respectively. Consequently, the colony achieves an effective collection of food. However, it is still not fully understood how much effect the dance behavior has on the food collection, because most of the relevant experiments have been performed only in limited locations under limited experimental conditions. Here, we examined the efficacy of the waggle dances by physically preventing bees from dancing and then analyzing the changes in daily mass of the hive as an index of daily food collection. To eliminate place- and year-specific effects, the experiments were performed under fully natural conditions in three different cities in Japan from mid September to early October in three different years. Because the experiments were performed in autumn, all six of the tested colonies lost mass on most of the experimental days. When the dance was prevented, the daily reduction in mass change was greater than when the dance was allowed, i.e. the dance inhibited the reduction of the hive mass. This indicates that dance is effective for food collection. Furthermore, clear inhibition was observed on the first two days of the experiments; after that, inhibition was no longer evident. This result suggests that the bee colony adapted to the new environment.
To Review or Not to Review? Limited Strategic Thinking at the Movie Box Office
Authors: Brown Alexander L , Camerer Colin F , Lovallo Dan
Published: April 2012

Film studios occasionally withhold movies from critics before their release. These cold openings provide a natural setting to apply laboratory-developed models of limited strategic thinking to the field. In a set of 1,303 widely released movies, cold opening is correlated with a 10–30 percent increase in domestic box-office revenue, and a pattern of fan disappointment, consistent with the hypothesis that some moviegoers do not infer low quality from cold opening. While selection and endogeneity may play a role in these regressions, the full pattern of results is consistent with level-k and cognitive hierarchy behavioral-game-theoretic models. (JEL D12, D82, L82, M37)
Contracting with Heterogeneous Externalities
Authors: Bernstein Shai , Winter Eyal
Published: April 2012

We model situations in which a principal offers contracts to a group of agents to participate in a project. Agents' benefits from participation depend on the identity of other participating agents. We assume heterogeneous externalities and characterize the optimal contracting scheme. We show that the optimal contracts' payoff relies on a ranking, which arise from a tournament among the agents. The optimal ranking cannot be achieved by a simple measure of popularity. Using the structure of the optimal contracts, we derive results on the principal's revenue extraction and the role of the level of externalities' asymmetry. (JEL D62, D82, D86)
Randomized controlled trial of high concentration oxygen in suspected community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Wijesinghe Meme , Perrin Kyle , Healy Bridget , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard
Published: April 2012

Objective

To determine whether high concentration oxygen increases the PaCO2 in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Design

Randomized controlled clinical trial in which patients received high concentration oxygen (8 L/min via medium concentration mask) or titrated oxygen (to achieve oxygen saturations between 93 and 95%) for 60 minutes. Transcutaneous CO2 (PtCO2) was measured at 0, 20, 40 and 60 minutes.

Setting

The Emergency Departments at Wellington, Hutt and Kenepuru Hospitals.

Participants

150 patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia presenting to the Emergency Department. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or disorders associated with hypercapnic respiratory failure were excluded.

Main outcome variables

The primary outcome variable was the proportion of patients with a rise in PtCO2 ≥4 mmHg at 60 minutes. Secondary outcome variables included the proportion of patients with a rise in PtCO2 ≥8 mmHg at 60 minutes.

Results

The proportion of patients with a rise in PtCO2 ≥4 mmHg at 60 minutes was greater in the high concentration oxygen group, 36/72 (50.0%) vs 11/75 (14.7%), relative risk (RR) 3.4 (95% CI 1.9 to 6.2), P < 0.001. The high concentration group had a greater proportion of patients with a rise in PtCO2 ≥8 mmHg, 11/72 (15.3%) vs 2/75 (2.7%), RR 5.7 (95% CI 1.3 to 25.0), P = 0.007. Amongst the 74 patients with radiological confirmation of pneumonia, the high concentration group had a greater proportion with a rise in PtCO2 ≥4 mmHg, 20/35 (57.1%) vs 5/39 (12.8%), RR 4.5 (95% CI 1.9 to 10.6) P < 0.001.

Conclusions

We conclude that high concentration oxygen therapy increases the PtCO2 in patients presenting with suspected community-acquired pneumonia. This suggests that the potential increase in PaCO2 with high concentration oxygen therapy is not limited to COPD, but may also occur in other respiratory disorders with abnormal gas exchange.
Evaluation of normalization methods in mammalian microRNA-Seq data
Authors: Garmire Lana Xia , Subramaniam Shankar
Published: April 2012

Simple total tag count normalization is inadequate for microRNA sequencing data generated from the next generation sequencing technology. However, so far systematic evaluation of normalization methods on microRNA sequencing data is lacking. We comprehensively evaluate seven commonly used normalization methods including global normalization, Lowess normalization, Trimmed Mean Method (TMM), quantile normalization, scaling normalization, variance stabilization, and invariant method. We assess these methods on two individual experimental data sets with the empirical statistical metrics of mean square error (MSE) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic. Additionally, we evaluate the methods with results from quantitative PCR validation. Our results consistently show that Lowess normalization and quantile normalization perform the best, whereas TMM, a method applied to the RNA-Sequencing normalization, performs the worst. The poor performance of TMM normalization is further evidenced by abnormal results from the test of differential expression (DE) of microRNA-Seq data. Comparing with the models used for DE, the choice of normalization method is the primary factor that affects the results of DE. In summary, Lowess normalization and quantile normalization are recommended for normalizing microRNA-Seq data, whereas the TMM method should be used with caution.
Quantifying the Contribution of NHL Player Types to Team Performance
Authors: Chan Timothy C. Y. , Cho Justin A. , Novati David C.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we use k-means clustering to define distinct player types for each of the three positions on a National Hockey League (NHL) team and then use regression to determine a quantitative relationship between team performance and the player types identified in the clustering. Using NHL regular-season data from 2005–2010, we identify four forward types, four defensemen types, and three goalie types. Goalies tend to contribute the most to team performance, followed by forwards and then defensemen. We also show that once we account for salary cap and playing-time information, the value of different player types may become similar. Lastly, we illustrate how to use the regression results to analyze trades and their impact on team performance.
BOLD Responses in Somatosensory Cortices Better Reflect Heat Sensation than Pain
Authors: Moulton Eric A. , Pendse Gautam , Becerra Lino R. , Borsook David
Published: April 2012

The discovery of cortical networks that participate in pain processing has led to the common generalization that blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses in these areas indicate the processing of pain. Physical stimuli have fundamental properties that elicit sensations distinguishable from pain, such as heat. We hypothesized that pain intensity coding may reflect the intensity coding of heat sensation during the presentation of thermal stimuli during fMRI. Six 3T fMRI heat scans were collected for 16 healthy subjects, corresponding to perceptual levels of “low innocuous heat,” “moderate innocuous heat,” “high innocuous heat,” “low painful heat,” “moderate painful heat,” and “high painful heat” delivered by a contact thermode to the face. Subjects rated pain and heat intensity separately after each scan. A general linear model analysis detected different patterns of brain activation for the different phases of the biphasic response to heat. During high painful heat, the early phase was associated with significant anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex activation. Persistent responses were detected in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule. Only the late phase showed significant correlations with perceptual ratings. Significant heat intensity correlated activation was identified in contralateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, motor cortex, and superior temporal lobe. These areas were significantly more related to heat ratings than pain. These results indicate that heat intensity is encoded by the somatosensory cortices, and that pain evaluation may either arise from multimodal evaluative processes, or is a distributed process.
Imaging Microglial/Macrophage Activation in Spinal Cords of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rats by Positron Emission Tomography Using the Mitochondrial 18 kDa Translocator Protein Radioligand [18F]DPA-714
Authors: Abourbeh Galith , Thézé Benoit , Maroy Renaud , Dubois Albertine , Brulon Vincent , Fontyn Yoann , Dollé Frédéric , Tavitian Bertrand , Boisgard Raphaël
Published: April 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Activated microglia/macrophages play a key role in the immunopathogenesis of MS and its corresponding animal models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Microglia activation begins at early stages of the disease and is associated with elevated expression of the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO). Thus, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of microglial activation using TSPO-specific radioligands could be valuable for monitoring disease-associated neuroinflammatory processes. EAE was induced in rats using a fragment of myelin basic protein, yielding acute clinical disease that reflects extensive spinal cord inflammation. Enhanced TSPO expression in spinal cords of EAE rats versus those of controls was confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Biodistribution studies in control and EAE rats were performed using the TSPO radioligand [18F]DPA-714 [N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide]. At 1 h after injection, almost fivefold higher levels of [18F]DPA-714 were measured in spinal cords of EAE rats versus controls. The specific binding of [18F]DPA-714 to TSPO in spinal cords was confirmed in competition studies, using unlabeled (R,S)-PK11195 [(R,S)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxamide)] or DPA-714 in excess. MicroPET studies affirm that this differential radioactivity uptake in spinal cords of EAE versus control rats could be detected and quantified. Using [18F]DPA-714, neuroinflammation in spinal cords of EAE-induced rats could be visualized by PET, offering a sensitive technique for monitoring neuroinflammatory lesions in the CNS and particularly in the spinal cord. In addition to current MRI protocols, this approach could provide molecular images of neuroinflammation for detection, monitoring, and research in MS.
Transformation from a Pure Time Delay to a Mixed Time and Phase Delay Representation in the Auditory Forebrain Pathway
Authors: Vonderschen Katrin , Wagner Hermann
Published: April 2012

Birds and mammals exploit interaural time differences (ITDs) for sound localization. Subsequent to ITD detection by brainstem neurons, ITD processing continues in parallel midbrain and forebrain pathways. In the barn owl, both ITD detection and processing in the midbrain are specialized to extract ITDs independent of frequency, which amounts to a pure time delay representation. Recent results have elucidated different mechanisms of ITD detection in mammals, which lead to a representation of small ITDs in high-frequency channels and large ITDs in low-frequency channels, resembling a phase delay representation. However, the detection mechanism does not prevent a change in ITD representation at higher processing stages. Here we analyze ITD tuning across frequency channels with pure tone and noise stimuli in neurons of the barn owl's auditory arcopallium, a nucleus at the endpoint of the forebrain pathway. To extend the analysis of ITD representation across frequency bands to a large neural population, we employed Fourier analysis for the spectral decomposition of ITD curves recorded with noise stimuli. This method was validated using physiological as well as model data. We found that low frequencies convey sensitivity to large ITDs, whereas high frequencies convey sensitivity to small ITDs. Moreover, different linear phase frequency regimes in the high-frequency and low-frequency ranges suggested an independent convergence of inputs from these frequency channels. Our results are consistent with ITD being remodeled toward a phase delay representation along the forebrain pathway. This indicates that sensory representations may undergo substantial reorganization, presumably in relation to specific behavioral output.
PtenDeletion in Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Causes Cellular Abnormalities and Alters Neurogenesis
Authors: Amiri Anahita , Cho Woosung , Zhou Jing , Birnbaum Shari G. , Sinton Christopher M. , McKay Renée M. , Parada Luis F.
Published: April 2012

Adult neurogenesis persists throughout life in restricted brain regions in mammals and is affected by various physiological and pathological conditions. The tumor suppressor genePtenis involved in adult neurogenesis and is mutated in a subset of autism patients with macrocephaly; however, the link between the role of PTEN in adult neurogenesis and the etiology of autism has not been studied before. Moreover, the role of hippocampus, one of the brain regions where adult neurogenesis occurs, in development of autism is not clear. Here, we show that ablatingPtenin adult neural stem cells in the subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus results in higher proliferation rate and accelerated differentiation of the stem/progenitor cells, leading to depletion of the neural stem cell pool and increased differentiation toward the astrocytic lineage at later stages.Pten-deleted stem/progenitor cells develop into hypertrophied neurons with abnormal polarity. Additionally,Ptenmutant mice have macrocephaly and exhibit impairment in social interactions and seizure activity. Our data reveal a novel function for PTEN in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and indicate a role in the pathogenesis of abnormal social behaviors.
Laser Direct-Write of Embryonic Stem Cells and Cells Encapsulated in Alginate Beads for Engineered Biological Constructs
Authors: Phamduy T.B. , Dias A.D. , Raof N. Abdul , Schiele N.R. , Corr D.T. , Xie Y. , Chrisey D.B.
Published: April 2012

The ability to control the deposition of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and mESCs encapsulated in 200-μm diameter alginate microbeads, into customized patterns has recently been achieved using laser direct-write (LDW). Gelatin-based LDW was utilized to target and reproducibly deposit groups of cells directly onto receiving substrate surfaces. Live/dead staining for cell viability and immunocytochemistry for the pluripotency marker, Oct-4, indicated that transferred mESCs were viable following transfer, and maintained an important embryonic stem cell marker, respectively. LDW was further used to print mESCs encapsulated in hydrogel microbeads into customized patterns on a single-bead basis. Recent efforts have also achieved patterns of discrete co-cultures of mESCs and breast cancer cells in separate hydrogel microbeads. Altogether, we demonstrated the feasibility of LDW to print patterns of mESCs and mESC-microbeads for the biomimetic assembly of engineered cellular constructs and tissue models.
Finite Element Simulations on Scaling Effects of 3D SiGe Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Williams Nicholas , Gokirmak Ali , Silva Helena
Published: April 2012

We report 3D finite element simulations analyzing scaling effects on the performance of single Silicon Germanium thermoelectric generator with 170 μm tall metal contacts. Temperature dependent material parameters are included to accurately model device performance. Power density was extracted for a range of widths, heights, and operating temperature. Depending upon cross sectional area of the SiGe leg and operating temperature, height can be optimized for maximum power density.
Innovative molecular approach to the identification of Colossoma macropomum and its hybrids
Authors: Gomes Fátima , Schneider Horacio , Barros Claudene , Sampaio Dioniso , Hashimoto Diogo , Porto-Foresti Fábio , Sampaio Iracilda
Published: April 2012

Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is the fish species most commonly raised in the Brazilian fish farms. The species is highly adaptable to captive conditions, and is both fast-growing and relatively fecund. In recent years, artificial breeding has produced hybrids with Characiform species, known as "Tambacu" and "Tambatinga". Identifying hybrids is a difficult process, given their morphological similarities with the parent species. This study presents an innovative molecular approach to the identification of hybrids based primarily on Multiplex PCR of a nuclear gene (α-Tropomyosin), which was tested on 93 specimens obtained from fish farms in northern Brazil. The sequencing of a 505-bp fragment of the Control Region (CR) permitted the identification of the maternal lineage of the specimen, all of which corresponded to C. macropomum. Unexpectedly, only two CR haplotype were found in 93 samples, a very low genetic diversity for the pisciculture of Tambaqui. Multiplex PCR identified 42 hybrids, in contrast with 23 identified by the supplier on the basis of external morphology. This innovative tool has considerable potential for the development of the Brazilian aquaculture, given the possibility of the systematic identification of the genetic traits of both fry-producing stocks, and the fry and juveniles raised in farms.
O conceito de mediação em Vigotski e Adorno
Authors: Zanolla Silvia Rosa da Silva
Published: April 2012

O trabalho discute o conceito de mediação à luz de Vigotski e Adorno, autores reconhecidos nas áreas de psicologia social e educacional. Embora influenciados pelo pensamento marxista e voltem seu estudo à cultura, suas abordagens se diferenciam. Vigotski delineia o conceito de mediação pela perspectiva sócio-histórica, enquanto Adorno analisa as contradições inerentes à mediação sob os fundamentos da teoria crítica frankfurtiana. Por sua vez, Vigotski compreende a mediação como processo cultural pela aprendizagem, tendo como aporte o referencial marxiano e a crítica à naturalização do desenvolvimento na aquisição das funções superiores. Em Vigotski a mediação estabelece uma ligação, o signo, a atividade e a consciência interagem socialmente. Para Adorno, a mediação, mitificada enquanto fruto da ação e da subjetividade, sobrepuja uma contradição: objetificação da cultura e da formação; risco de estabelecer uma falsa consciência. A discussão epistemológica vai além da sociologia e da psicologia, resvala na relação sujeito e objeto.
Projetos para os filhos e estratégias de socialização: a perspectiva de pais e mães
Authors: Wagner Adriana , Tronco Cristina Benites , Gonçalves Jaqueline da Silva , Demarchi Karina Adriani , Levandowski Daniela Centenaro
Published: April 2012

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar quais os projetos que pais e mães manifestam ter para seus filhos, assim como as estratégias que utilizam no processo educativo a fim de concretizá-los. Foram entrevistados, em suas residências, oito casais que coabitavam, de nível socioeconômico-cultural médio, com pelo menos um filho em idade escolar, residentes em Porto Alegre. A partir da análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, foi possível constatar projetos tais como: formação profissional, formação pessoal e constituir família. Também se encontrou uma categoria de respostas a qual denominamos de liberdade para que os filhos construam seus próprios projetos. Quanto às estratégias para concretizar tais projetos, identificou-se: investimento na formação profissional, em conforto, diálogo, cuidado, tratamento igualitário entre os filhos, respeito pelos interesses dos filhos e instrumentalização pedagógica. Os entrevistados evidenciaram a valorização da formação profissional de seus filhos. Todos os pais e mães entrevistados prospectam seus filhos numa vida adulta.
O "bom aluno" nas representações sociais de professoras: o impacto da dimensão familiar
Authors: Lima Andreza Maria de , Machado Laêda Bezerra
Published: April 2012

Este artigo, recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, teve como objetivo analisar o conteúdo geral das representações sociais do "bom aluno" construídas por professoras dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal do Recife-PE. O pressuposto subjacente é de que novas práticas sociais educacionais estariam interferindo nessas representações. A Teoria do Núcleo Central foi o referencial teórico-metodológico de base para o estudo. Participaram vinte professoras. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada como procedimento de coleta. Para análise, tomamos como suporte a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Categorial. Os resultados gerais da pesquisa confirmaram nosso pressuposto inicial, mas apontaram também que concorre para a construção simbólica do "bom aluno" um emaranhado de elementos, destacando-se a dimensão familiar. A maioria das docentes, articulando as contradições entre ideologia e realidade, apontou a importância da família na construção do "bom aluno". Nossos resultados sugerem, porém, a necessidade de estudos que aprofundem esses achados.
Sentidos das ações voluntárias: desafios e limites para a organização do trabalho
Authors: Caldana Adriana Cristina Ferreira , Souza Lícia Barcelos de , Camiloto Cláudio Márcio
Published: April 2012

O trabalho voluntário representa uma das bases de sustentabilidade das Organizações Não-Governamentais, principalmente para a manutenção e continuidade dos projetos institucionais. Em contrapartida, vem sendo considerado fator de degradação do trabalhador que está excluído do mercado. Partindo de uma experiência de implantação de rotinas para acolhimento e integração de voluntários em uma ONG/AIDS, este estudo teve por objetivo a caracterização dos voluntários e a compreensão da diversidade de sentidos presentes nas ações voluntárias, visando subsidiar a avaliação e planejamento das ações de organização do trabalho adotadas pela instituição. A análise temática de conteúdo das entrevistas, realizadas com 20 candidatos ao trabalho voluntário, permitiu a caracterização do perfil, das suas concepções e expectativas. Em síntese, o trabalho voluntário pareceu representar um recurso de qualificação para a inserção no mercado de trabalho e elemento importante para formação da identidade social e socialização do conhecimento em HIV/AIDS.
Hemodynamic changes in lipid emulsion therapy (SMOFlipid) for bupivacaine toxicity in swines
Authors: Melo Marcos De Simone , Bonfim Matheus Rodrigues , Dreyer Elisabeth , Bassanezi Betina Silvia Beozzo , Udelsmann Artur
Published: April 2012

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hemodynamic changes following SMOFlipid emulsion therapy with after bupivacaine intoxication in swines. METHODS: Large White pigs were anesthetized with thiopental, tracheal intubation was performed and mechanical ventilation was instituted. Hemodynamic variables were recorded with invasive pressure monitoring and pulmonary artery catheterization (Swan-Ganz catheter). After a 30-minute resting period, 5 mg.kg-1 of bupivacaine by intravenous injection was administered and new hemodynamic measures were performed 1 minute later; the animals were than randomly divided into two groups and received 4 ml.kg-1 of saline solution or 4 ml.kg-1 of SMOFlipid emulsion 20%. Hemodynamic changes were then re-evaluated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes. RESULTS: Bupivacaine intoxication caused fall in arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, ventricular systolic work index mainly and no important changes in vascular resistances. SMOFlipid emulsion therapy was able to improve blood pressure mainly by increasing vascular resistance since the cardiac index had no significant improvement in our study. Hemodynamic results of the use of lipid emulsion in bupivacaine intoxication were better than the control group. CONCLUSION: The SMOFlipid emulsion is a option for reversing hypotension in cases of intoxication by bupivacaine.
Importância da biodiversidade para a saúde humana: uma perspectiva ecológica
Authors: Alho Cleber J. R
Published: April 2012

A biodiversidade brasileira é reconhecida como uma das mais expressivas da biosfera terrestre e tem um papel importante no bem-estar e na saúde do homem, ao prover produtos básicos e serviços ecossistêmicos. Os produtos ou bens oriundos do sistema natural incluem fármacos, alimentos (como pesca), madeira e muitos outros. Os sistemas naturais também proveem serviços que dão suporte à vida, tais como purificação do ar e da água, regulação do clima, hábitats reprodutivos e alimentares para extrativismo, além da manutenção de organismos responsáveis pela ciclagem de nutrientes do solo, tornando-os disponíveis para absorção pelas plantas. Alterações ambientais estão afetando negativamente os ecossistemas naturais, com acelerada perda da biodiversidade, por meio da modificação e perda de hábitats naturais e pela ocupação não sustentável do solo, com propagação de patógenos e vetores de doenças.
Antes do pré-sal: emissões de gases de efeito estufa do setor de petróleo e gás no Brasil
Authors: Mendes Thiago de Araújo , Rodrigues Filho Saulo
Published: April 2012

O Brasil possui uma das matrizes energéticas mais renováveis do planeta. Em razão da dimensão das reservas de hidrocarbonetos nos campos do pré-sal, abrem-se dúvidas sobre a manutenção desse padrão de matriz energética e de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) do setor. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o padrão histórico das emissões fugitivas de GEE do setor de produção, transporte e refino de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil de 1990 a 2008, anterior ao processo de exploração do pré-sal. Conclui-se que as emissões absolutas aumentaram no período em cerca de 115% - incremento anual de 8,2 milhões de tCO2e. Porém, observou-se uma queda na relação de emissões de GEE por tonelada equivalente de petróleo produzida de 32%.
Transposição e hidrelétricas: o desconhecido Vale do Ribeira (PR-SP)
Authors: Sevá Filho A. Oswaldo , Kalinowski Luciana Maria
Published: April 2012

A Bacia do Rio Ribeira do Iguape, com sua imagem usualmente associada à preservação ambiental, às cavernas, ao extrativismo e aos povos tradicionais (quilombolas, índios, pescadores), é aqui reapresentada, descrevendo importantes áreas geoeconômicas da mineração, das monoculturas comerciais e das obras hidráulicas. O rio principal ainda não foi barrado por usinas hidrelétricas, que estão instaladas nos afluentes e somam uma capacidade elétrica de 540 megawatts. A maior delas, o sistema Capivari-Cachoeira, construído há quarenta anos, é baseada numa transposição de vazões entre a Bacia do Alto Ribeira e o litoral paranaense, com fortes consequências ambientais negativas no trecho paulista do Rio Pardo e do Ribeira, e na Baía de Antonina, não reconhecidas no licenciamento ambiental da usina. É previsível o agravamento da situação ambiental da região, caso se concretizem no futuro outras hidrelétricas previstas para a Bacia do Ribeira do Iguape.
Novas estratégias de posicionamento na fidelização do consumidor infantil de alimentos processados
Authors: Souza Ângela Rozane Leal de , Révillion Jean Philippe Palma
Published: April 2012

As crianças estão assumindo um papel cada vez mais importante nas decisões de consumo familiar em função de sua crescente influência e autonomia na escolha dos produtos adquiridos, o que as torna um segmento de mercado cada vez mais visado nas estratégias de marketing das empresas de produtos manufaturados. Essa dinâmica é particularmente importante no mercado de alimentos infantis, em que se estabelecem necessidades, às vezes contraditórias, de integrar a busca por alimentos saudáveis (pelos pais) saborosos e valorizados (muitas vezes em função de atributos extrínsecos) pelos filhos. Esta pesquisa evidenciou que a adoção de padrões de alimentação inadequados tem gerado a emergência de novos problemas de saúde na população infantil brasileira. Esse quadro é agravado por um contexto institucional marcado pelo conflito de parte do setor processador de alimentos e órgãos públicos de regulação - em particular no que diz respeito à competência de regular a publicidade de alimentos para esse segmento de consumidores. Ao largo desse debate, as empresas líderes no mercado de alimentos infantis, em grande parte multinacionais, procuram alinhar a oferta de alimentos cada vez mais saudáveis aos consumidores infanto-juvenis, atendendo uma tendência inexorável nesse setor. É inconcebível, portanto, que o estabelecimento de uma regulamentação rígida e específica sobre as informações veiculadas na propaganda e publicidade de alimentos, voltados ao público infantil, por órgãos públicos isentos, beneficiando não apenas os consumidores, mas também a empresa preocupada em garantir a boa qualidade de seus produtos, não represente uma bandeira comum do setor processador de alimentos no Brasil.
Epidemiologia crítica: por uma práxis teórica do saber agir
Authors: Arreaza Antonio Luis Vicente
Published: April 2012

O presente trabalho revisita inicialmente algumas das questões mais significativas referentes ao conceito de saúde desenvolvido nas práticas discursivas contemporâneas, como sua relação com a capacidade normativa dos sujeitos frente à instituição de novas normas sociais e ou biológicas. Em seguida, é resgatado o modelo dialético do processo de determinação social da saúde-doença no contexto dos processos contraditórios do sistema de reprodução social, como no âmbito do devir dos nexos biopsicossociais e seus modos de vida historicamente específicos. Na sequência, transita-se sob as dimensões contraditórias do processo de reprodução social capitalista, como sob sua lógica tecno-econômica de produção e consumo, considerando seus respectivos impactos sobre as condições de vida e saúde dos sujeitos e coletividades. Por fim, há uma reflexão sobre a importância de uma práxis emancipadora para a epidemiologia na conquista do bem-estar e da qualidade de vida como também é enfatizada a necessidade do seu compromisso na estruturação de um novo paradigma para o campo da saúde pública em sua práxis do saber agir.
Representações de adoecimento e cura de pacientes do Centro de Dependência Química do Hospital Central da Marinha
Authors: Halpern Elizabeth Espindola , Leite Ligia Maria Costa
Published: April 2012

Este artigo apresenta um dos segmentos de uma pesquisa etnográfica feita ao longo de dois anos, por meio da observação participante, no Centro de Dependência Química (CEDEQ) da Marinha do Brasil (MB). Pacientes de dois grupos terapêuticos foram observados durante 24 sessões de grupoterapia. Entrevistas individuais após as sessões ocorreram com 13 pacientes escolhidos aleatoriamente dentre os 22 militares dos dois grupos. Objetivou-se examinar suas representações de adoecimento e cura relacionadas aos seus diagnósticos de transtorno mental e comportamental devido ao uso de drogas, além de investigar a influência do ambiente de trabalho no envolvimento dos pacientes com drogas, em particular com o álcool. Resultados apontam que os pacientes passam a crer que são os principais responsáveis pelo seu adoecimento e alcance da sobriedade, e que nunca serão curados. Todavia, eles nem sempre aderem ao discurso médico vigente e à visão dos Alcoólicos Anônimos de que são doentes alcoólicos em recuperação, construindo percepções sobre seus diagnósticos, prognósticos e tratamentos. Concluiu-se que traços culturais peculiares à vida naval indicam que as categorias analisadas são, sobretudo, sociais e que certas condições laborativas colaboram para a emergência do alcoolismo de muitos pacientes, apesar do uso de drogas geralmente ser abordado pelo viés administrativo.
Média dos valores da frase em diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico evolutivo
Authors: Albiero Jamile Konzen , Melo Roberta Michelon , Wiethan Fernanda Marafiga , Mota Helena Bolli
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: verificar se há influência da gravidade do desvio fonológico evolutivo quanto à semântica e morfossintaxe. MÉTODO: participaram do estudo 14 crianças com desvio fonológico, de idades entre quatro e sete anos. Foi realizada a Avaliação Fonológica da Criança e o desvio foi classificado a partir do Percentual de Consoantes Corretas- Revisado, baseado no Percentual de Consoantes Corretas, o qual divide a gravidade do desvio fonológico em leve, leve-moderado, moderado-grave e grave. Verificou-se, quanto à gravidade, que quatro sujeitos apresentavam desvio leve, quatro leve-moderado, três moderado-grave e três grave. Em seguida, as crianças foram submetidas à avaliação da semântica e da morfossintaxe, por meio da pesquisa da Média dos Valores da Frase, em que foram coletadas frases de três diferentes modalidades de linguagem: descrever uma figura, contar uma história e responder a perguntas. As cinco primeiras frases faladas pelas crianças foram pontuadas de acordo com a sua complexidade. Posteriormente, foi realizada análise estatística por meio da técnica não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis, sendo considerado significante valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes graus de gravidade do DF nas três modalidades de linguagem avaliadas, no que se refere à morfossintaxe, à semântica, ao total da construção e ao total da extensão. CONCLUSÃO: a gravidade do desvio fonológico não influencia o desempenho das crianças no que se refere ao desenvolvimento da semântica e da morfossintaxe, visto que não houve significância estatística entre os resultados. Desse modo, pode-se sugerir que outros estudos sejam realizados a fim de confirmarem ou não tais resultados.
Blood parasites in passerine birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Sebaio Fabiane , Braga Érika Martins , Branquinho Felipe , Fecchio Alan , Marini Miguel Ângelo
Published: April 2012

Parasites may lead bird species to extinction, affect host temporal and spatial population dynamics, alter community structure and alter individuals’ social status. We evaluated blood parasite prevalence and intensity according to bird families and species, among 925 birds that were caught in 2000 and 2001, in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We applied Giemsa staining to thin blood smears, to detect blood parasites. The birds (n = 15.8%) in 11 families, were infected by at least one parasite genus, especially Muscicapidae (28.3%) and Conopophagidae (25%). Among the 146 infected birds, Plasmodium was detected in all bird families and had the highest prevalence (54.8%). Trypanosoma, Haemoproteus and microfilaria had lower prevalence rates (23.3, 23.3 and 2.1%, respectively). Birds caught during the rainy season were more infected than birds caught during the dry season. The overall low prevalence of blood parasites in birds is similar to the patterns found elsewhere in the Neotropical region.
Effectiveness of enrofloxacin for the treatment of experimentally-induced bovine anaplasmosis
Authors: Facury-Filho Elias Jorge , Carvalho Antônio Último de , Ferreira Paulo Marcos , Moura Marcelo Fonseca , Apolinário Bethania Campos , Santos Leandro de Paula Henrique , Ribeiro Múcio Flávio Barbosa
Published: April 2012

Four groups of six Holstein calves were inoculated with 3.6 × 10(7) erythrocytes parasitized with Anaplasma marginale. The criteria for treatment of calves were increasing A. marginale rickettsemia and 30% reduction of baseline packed cell volume (PCV) of each animal. Group 1 (G1) received 7.5 mg.kg-1 of enrofloxacin in a single dose; Group 2 (G2) 7.5 mg.kg-1 of enrofloxacin twice every three days; Group 3 (G3) 20 mg.kg-1 of long-acting oxytetracycline in a single dose; and Group 4 (G4) a single dose of PBS. Physical examinations, blood smears and PCV were performed daily. On day treatment, G1, G2 and G3 animals had a mean rickettsemia of 17, 23 and 12%, respectively. At 2 days after treatment (DAT) G1 and G2 animals showed a significant reduction of rickettsemia (p < 0.05) compared to G3. G3 animals had high rates of rickettsemia in the first 2 DAT and a slow decrease until stabilization on 9 DAT. The mean PCV in G1 and G2 increased and stabilized after 7 and 8 DAT, respectively. PCV stabilization was achieved in G3 at 13 DAT. Both enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline were effective for the treatment of anaplasmosis, but enrofloxacin was faster reduction of rickettsemia and PCV recuperation (p < 0.05) compared to oxytetracycline
Use of negative binomial distribution to describe the presence of Anisakis in Thyrsites atun
Authors: Peña-Rehbein Patricio , Ríos-Escalante Patricio De los
Published: April 2012

Nematodes of the genus Anisakis have marine fishes as intermediate hosts. One of these hosts is Thyrsites atun, an important fishery resource in Chile between 38 and 41° S. This paper describes the frequency and number of Anisakis nematodes in the internal organs of Thyrsites atun. An analysis based on spatial distribution models showed that the parasites tend to be clustered. The variation in the number of parasites per host could be described by the negative binomial distribution. The maximum observed number of parasites was nine parasites per host. The environmental and zoonotic aspects of the study are also discussed.