bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid SOFC-Battery Power System for Large Displacement Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Ghezel-Ayagh Hossein , Jolly Stephen , Sanderson Robert , Hunt Jennifer , Davis Keith E. , Lukas Michael , Willman Carl , Howard Chris
Published: June 2013

FuelCell Energy is developing a Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)-Battery Power System for Large Displacement Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (LDUUV) propulsion as part of the Office of Naval Research’s LDUUV Innovative Naval Prototype (INP) Energy Program. The project objective is the development of an air-independent refuelable power system with high energy density suitable for long duration underwater missions. The Hybrid SOFC-Battery system will be capable of generating 1800 kW-hr of electricity over a 70-day mission with no discharge outside of the vehicle at any time. The power system is fueled by JP-10 logistic fuel, utilizes liquid O2 for air-independent operation, and is compact enough to fit within a 42 inch x 42 inch (square) x 120 inch space within the LDUUV. Phase I of the project includes process design and cost analysis, development of a 3-D CAD model of the power system, breadboard level testing of components and the integrated system, as well as completion of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA).
Developments in Ultra-High Efficiency Fuel Cell/Turbine Hybrid Systems and Supporting Technologies
Authors: Lukas Michael , Davis Keith E. , Howard Chris
Published: June 2013

FuelCell Energy (FCE) is developing high temperature fuel cell/turbine-based hybrid systems. The development includes both commercial Direct FuelCell/Turbine (DFC/T®) systems as well as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Turbine (SOFC/T) systems. It consists of system concepts, design/engineering/demonstration of an alpha-unit sub-megawatt hybrid system, design/engineering of a commercial MW-scale hybrid system, and development of associated supporting technologies. Initial development originated under a Department of Energy (DOE) Vision 21 Program. Follow-on programs have supported further advancement of high temperature fuel cell/turbine hybrids through supporting development of advanced control modules and development of advanced high temperature recuperators (HTR’s), under, respectively, DOE SBIR and EERE Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) initiatives. Activities under the former included development of a novel paradigm for advanced control of power plant processes with specific adaptation to hybrid systems and smart grid dispatch. The paradigm involves intelligent control algorithms based on feedforward and feedback dynamic structures. It consists of a combined model-based robust controller and a neural network supervisor (NNS) that together manipulate the power plant actuators to suboptimally control the hybrid system during load ramping maneuvers. Under the latter ongoing effort, FCE is further developing system concepts and components based on microchannel HTR’s. Activities include candidate material screening and environmental testing as well as fabrication and testing of pilot-scale recuperators. The project will culminate in a MW-duty recuperator design that would support FCE’s development efforts toward a commercial MW-scale hybrid system.
Application of DME to an SOFC System Designed for LPG
Authors: Sato Katsutoshi , Tanaka Yohei , Negishi Akira , Kato Tohru , Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: June 2013

Evaluation of the SOFC performance was carried out by supplying simulated reformate gases of dimethyl ether (DME) and propane to an anode-supported small tubular cell, in order to clarify the potential of DME as a fuel for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems designed for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The SOFC obtained similar performance when either DME (S/C 2.0) or propane reformate gas (S/C 3.5) was supplied to the cell. In addition, about the same level of DC electrical efficiency was realized when either DME (S/C 1.5) or propane reformate gas (S/C 3.5) was used. The results show that DME can be used as a fuel for an SOFC system designed for LPG without drastic alterations to the system.
Study on the Morphology and Fuel Cell Characteristics of a Modified Chitosan Membrane for Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Odeh Andrew Odorona , Osifo Peter Ogbemudia , Neomagus Hein J. P. W.
Published: June 2013

Development and characterization of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) using low cost Chitosan were carried out by blending with sulphonated zirconium oxide, and assessed for its potential to serve as possible polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) application. Synthesized membranes were thus characterized by scan electron microscope (SEM) to define the morphology of the membrane. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) to confirm the presence of functional groups. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to verify the thermal stability of the membrane. Membrane water uptake was used to investigate the porosity and swelling ability of the membrane, while impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the proton conductivity of the membrane. The permeability of the membrane was determined using a diffusion cell that was developed at Vaal University of Technology. The results obtained revealed that the blending of the chitosan with sulphonated zirconium oxide improved the water uptake, thermal stability, proton conductivity and permeability of the composite membrane than Nafion 117, which is the commercially available membrane. The water uptake was in the range of 70-74% while that of Nafion 117 is in the bracket of 25-33%. The TGA and DSC analysis showed that the composite membrane developed is a glassy polymer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 184oC. The proton conductivities were in the range of 10-3-10-2 S/cm and tend to increase with increase in the composition of the sulphonated zirconium oxide use in synthesizing the composite membrane. The permeability obtained was in the range of 4 x 10-6 – 7 x 10-6 mol/m2.s.Pa. From the results of the proton conductivity and the permeability, the selectivity factor of the membrane, which is a measure of performance of the membrane were determined. This is in the range of 14 – 34.
Optimal Operational Performance of Fuel Cells
Authors: Williams Mark C. , Gemmen Randall , Richards George
Published: June 2013

The operational strategy for a fuel cell undergoing degradation is investigated in this paper. While the perfect fuel cell would undergo no degradation, practical fuel cells, like batteries, will degrade. In the fuel cell the mechanism of degradation may or may not depend on current density of operation. The common practice is to linearize degradation. Giving a linear representation to degradation rate, however, gives a linear structure to the area specific resistance, ASR(t). Experimental evidence shows that ASR(t) is commonly an ohmic parabolic function. Every degrading fuel cell has a natural exergetic efficiency. To operate at this exergetic efficiency is to operate along the path of maximum power. This exergetic efficiency is constant along the path of maximum power. Path of maximum power can be pursued as an operational strategy. The question of possible concern is what is the maximum allowable current.
Investigation on Dynamic Water Transport of PEFCs Combining Neutron Radiography and CFD Simulation
Authors: Enz Simon , Klages Merle , Bergbreiter Christian , Messerschmidt Matthias , Markötter Henning , Kardjilov Nikolay , Manke Ingo , Scholta Joachim
Published: June 2013

The dynamic water transport of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was investigated using neutron radiography and CFD simulation. Different operating conditions with dry and humidified gas supply were analyzed at 0.2 and 0.8 A cm-2. The regions with liquid water occurrence were identified using CFD simulations and were verified by neutron radiography. Water accumulation at anode was identified, while at cathode side condensate was sufficiently removed. Thus, the experimentally determined specific pressure drop criterion of 20 mbar m-1 was confirmed for the investigated type of meander-shaped flow field. The observed maximum water thickness was 0.4 mm inside the channel and served as an input for a closer investigation of dynamic water transport using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The water removal capability at anode and cathode were verified with the VOF simulations. The droplet velocity was approximately 44 % / 50 % of gas velocity at anode / cathode for the investigated droplet shapes.
Sulfur Removal Solutions for Liquid-Fueled Fuel Cell Operation on ULSD Fuels
Authors: Shi Yanlong , Zhao Jian L. , Bowers Brian
Published: June 2013

The Ni-based desulfurization (De-S) sorbent selected by this study can efficiently removes the most refractory and intractable organic sulfur compounds from commercial ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel to [S] < 1 ppmw through screening of the De-S materials, optimizations of operating conditions at micro-reactor, and design, fabrication and testing at a full-scale novel De-S reactor, which has the characteristics of no H2 addition to desulfurizer required, recovering energy from hot De-S diesel stream to cold un-De-S diesel fed into the De-S bed, allowing easy serviceability including loading/reloading of De-S sorbent and meeting the need of the designed rate for 10 KWe FP (fuel processor)/FC (fuel cell) APU (accelerated power unit) system. As an alternative approach of pre-ATR (autothermal reforming) liquid-phase sulfur removal, a processing technology based on a combination of sulfur tolerant ATR catalyst with a following H2S trap is also developed. Catalyst formulation, substrate property, preheating & vaporization, mixing and distribution of liquid HC fuels, reactor design and controls play the equally important roles for the performance of sulfur-tolerant ATR. SMSI (strong metal support interaction) is a key factor for sulfur-tolerant ATR catalyst.
Proposition of CO2 Removable Technology Using Membrane for Hydrogen Station
Authors: Uemoto Taiki , Sugiura Kimihiko , Okada Osamu , Nonouchi Tamotsu , Ito Fuminori , Akiyama Kazumi , Matsuda Kaori
Published: June 2013

Hydrogen of hydrogen station for FCV is usually produced by the reforming reaction, followed by the water gas shift reaction. The reformed gas contains a large amount of CO2, and this decreases the power efficiency although it does not influence the PEFC performance. The CO2 removal technology from the reformed gas is an important factor to improve the FCV performance. We developed a membrane for selective CO2 separation containing carbonate salt as a CO2 carrier. The support material of the CO2 carrier for a selective CO2 separation membrane should have water solubility, mechanical strength and heat resistance. We evaluated three support materials, PVA, AQN and NDP. The PVA membrane was broken at high temperature region though it showed good CO2 permeance at low temperature region. The AQN membrane had low CO2 permeance in all temperature regions. Although the NDP membrane had CO2 permeance at high temperature region, it should be improved further to increase the CO2 permeance.
A Novel System for Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilizing Electrochemical Membrane Technology
Authors: Ghezel-Ayagh Hossein , Jolly Stephen , Patel Dilip , Hunt Jennifer , Steen William A. , Richardson Carl F. , Marina Olga A
Published: June 2013

FuelCell Energy, Inc. (FCE), in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and URS Corporation, is developing a novel Combined Electric Power and Carbon-Dioxide Separation (CEPACS) system, under a contract from the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FE0007634), to efficiently and cost effectively separate carbon dioxide from the emissions of existing coal fired power plants. The CEPACS system is based on FCE’s electrochemical membrane (ECM) technology utilizing the Company’s internal reforming carbonate fuel cell products carrying the trade name of Direct FuelCell® (DFC®). The unique chemistry of carbonate fuel cells offers an innovative approach for separation of CO2 from existing fossil-fuel power plant exhaust streams (flue gases). The ECM-based CEPACS system has the potential to become a transformational CO2-separation technology by working as two devices in one: it separates the CO2 from the exhaust of other plants such as an existing coal-fired plant and simultaneously produces clean and environmentally benign (green) electric power at high efficiency using a supplementary fuel.The overall objective of this project is to successfully demonstrate the ability of FCE’s electrochemical membrane-based CEPACS system technology to separate ≥ 90% of the CO2 from a simulated Pulverized Coal (PC) power plant flue-gas stream and to compress the captured CO2 to a state that can be easily transported for sequestration or beneficial use. Also, a key project objective is to show, through a Technical and Economic Feasibility Study and bench scale testing (11.7 m2 area ECM), that the electrochemical membrane-based CEPACS system is an economical alternative for CO2 capture in PC power plants, and that it meets DOE objectives for the incremental cost of electricity (COE) for post-combustion CO2 capture.
Development a Power Management Unit for Small Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell – Li-Ion Battery Hybrid System
Authors: Sanli Ayşe Elif , Günlü Göksel , Aytaç Aylin
Published: June 2013

In this study, a small portable borohydride fuel cell/ Li-ion battery hybrid system has been developed. The system consists of a single portable direct borohydride/peroxide fuel cell (DBPFC), Li-ion battery and power management unit (PMU). The battery has been used as a primary power sources and discharged at constant load. When its state of charge has reduced, the DBPFC has charged the battery and has powered the load simultaneously. A DC-DC Boost converter has been used as a PMU. The DBPFC has generated the energy of 20.7 mWh while Li-ion battery has consumed the energy of 5.9 mWh. Total efficiency of the DBPFC-Li-ion battery hybrid system has been calculated as 28.5%.
Exercise training favors increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in contrast to adipose tissue: a randomized study using FDG PET imaging
Authors: Reichkendler M. H. , Auerbach P. , Rosenkilde M. , Christensen A. N. , Holm S. , Petersen M. B. , Lagerberg A. , Larsson H. B. W. , Rostrup E. , Mosbech T. H. , Sjödin A. , Kjaer A. , Ploug T. , Hoejgaard L. , Stallknecht B.
Published: June 2013

Physical exercise increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, but regional differences are poorly elucidated in humans. We investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in five individual femoral muscle groups and four different adipose tissue regions, using dynamic (femoral region) and static (abdominal region) 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) PET/CT methodology during steady-state insulin infusion (40 mU·m−2·min−1). Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and MRI. Sixty-one healthy, sedentary [V̇o2max 36(5) ml·kg−1·min−1; mean(SD)], moderately overweight [BMI 28.1(1.8) kg/m2], young [age: 30(6) yr] men were randomized to sedentary living (CON; n = 17 completers) or moderate (MOD; 300 kcal/day, n = 18) or high (HIGH; 600 kcal/day, n = 18) dose physical exercise for 11 wk. At baseline, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was highest in femoral skeletal muscle followed by intraperitoneal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), retroperitoneal VAT, abdominal (anterior + posterior) subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and femoral SAT ( P < 0.0001 between tissues). Metabolic rate of glucose increased similarly (∼30%) in the two exercise groups in femoral skeletal muscle (MOD 24[9, 39] μmol·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.004; HIGH 22[9, 35] μmol·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.003) (mean[95% CI]) and in five individual femoral muscle groups but not in femoral SAT. Standardized uptake value of FDG decreased ∼24% in anterior abdominal SAT and ∼20% in posterior abdominal SAT compared with CON but not in either intra- or retroperitoneal VAT. Total adipose tissue mass decreased in both exercise groups, and the decrease was distributed equally among subcutaneous and intra-abdominal depots. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle but not in adipose tissue, which demonstrates some interregional differences.
On the Positive Operator Solutions to an Operator Equation
Authors: Yang Kai-Fan , Deng Fang-An , Du Hong-Ke
Published: June 2013

The necessary conditions and the sufficient condition for the existence of positive operator solutions to the operator equation Xs+A*X-tA=Q are established. An iterative method for obtaining the positive operator solutions is proposed.
Electronic Structure and Energy Band of IIIA Doped Group ZnO Nanosheets
Authors: Feng Xian-Yang , Wang Zhe , Zhang Chang-Wen , Wang Pei-Ji
Published: June 2013

The electronic and magnetic properties of IIIA group doped ZnO nanosheets (ZnONSs) are investigated by the first principles. The results show that the band gap of ZnO nanosheets increases gradually along with Al, Ga, and In ions occupying Zn sites and O sites. The configuration of Al atoms replacing Zn atoms is more stable than other doped. The system shows half‐metallic characteristics for In‐doped ZnO nanosheets.
MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation in Biological Systems with Oscillatory Behavior
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Xu Fengdan , Liu Zengrong , Wang Ruiqi , Wen Tieqiao
Published: June 2013

As a class of small noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate stability or translation of mRNA transcripts. Some reports bring new insights into possible roles of microRNAs in modulating cell cycle. In this paper, we focus on the mechanism and effectiveness of microRNA-mediated regulation in the cell cycle. We first describe two specific regulatory circuits that incorporate base-pairing microRNAs and show their fine-tuning roles in the modulation of periodic behavior. Furthermore, we analyze the effects ofmiR369-3on the modulation of the cell cycle, confirming thatmiR369-3plays a role in shortening the period of the cell cycle. These results are consistent with experimental observations.
Naturalistic Observations of Nonverbal Children with Autism: A Study of Intentional Communicative Acts in the Classroom
Authors: Drain Samantha , Engelhardt Paul E.
Published: June 2013

We examined evoked and spontaneous communicative acts in six nonverbal children with autism (10–15 years, M = 12.8, SD = 2.1). All participants attended the same special school for children with autism but were in different classes. Each was observed for 30 minutes during a typical school day. An observer coded the presence/absence of an antecedent, the form and function of the communicative act, and the teacher’s response to the child. One hundred and fifty-five communicative acts were observed, 41% were spontaneous and 59% were evoked. The main antecedents to evoked communicative acts were verbal prompts, and most of the evoked communicative acts were physical in nature (i.e., motor acts and gestures). However, verbalizations and the use of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) were higher for spontaneous communicative acts. The functions of spontaneous communicative acts were primarily requests. Results showed a substantial number of “nonresponses” from teachers, even following evoked communicative acts. These results suggest that teachers may not actively promote intentional communication as much as possible. Therefore, our findings provide information concerning ways in which educators could facilitate intentional communication in non-verbal children with autism.
Border Malaria Associated with Multidrug Resistance on Thailand-Myanmar and Thailand-Cambodia Borders: Transmission Dynamic, Vulnerability, and Surveillance
Authors: Bhumiratana Adisak , Intarapuk Apiradee , Sorosjinda-Nunthawarasilp Prapa , Maneekan Pannamas , Koyadun Surachart
Published: June 2013

This systematic review elaborates the concepts and impacts of border malaria, particularly on the emergence and spread ofPlasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivaxmultidrug resistance (MDR) malaria on Thailand-Myanmar and Thailand-Cambodia borders. Border malaria encompasses any complex epidemiological settings of forest-related and forest fringe-related malaria, both regularly occurring in certain transmission areas and manifesting a trend of increased incidence in transmission prone areas along these borders, as the result of interconnections of human settlements and movement activities, cross-border population migrations, ecological changes, vector population dynamics, and multidrug resistance. For regional and global perspectives, this review analyzes and synthesizes the rationales pertaining to transmission dynamics and the vulnerabilities of border malaria that constrain surveillance and control of the world’s most MDR falciparum and vivax malaria on these chaotic borders.
Determination of Interesting Toxicological Elements in PM2.5 by Neutron and Photon Activation Analysis
Authors: Avino Pasquale , Capannesi Geraldo , Lopez Francesco , Rosada Alberto
Published: June 2013

Human activities introduce compounds increasing levels of many dangerous species for environment and population. In this way, trace elements in airborne particulate have a preeminent position due to toxic element presence affecting the biological systems. The main problem is the analytical determination of such species at ultratrace levels: a very specific methodology is necessary with regard to the accuracy and precision and contamination problems. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Instrumental Photon Activation Analysis assure these requirements. A retrospective element analysis in airborne particulate collected in the last 4 decades has been carried out for studying their trend. The samples were collected in urban location in order to determine only effects due to global aerosol circulation; semiannual samples have been used to characterize the summer/winter behavior of natural and artificial origin. The levels of natural origin element are higher than those in other countries owing to geological and meteorological factors peculiar to Central Italy. The levels of artificial elements are sometimes less than those in other countries, suggesting a less polluted general situation for Central Italy. However, for a few elements (e.g., Pb) the levels measured are only slight lower than those proposed as air ambient standard.
Serum Dickkopf-1 Level in Postmenopausal Females: Correlation with Bone Mineral Density and Serum Biochemical Markers
Authors: Ahmed Sahar Fathi , Fouda Neveen , Abbas Amal Ahmed
Published: June 2013

Objective. To assess serum level of Dickkopf-1 in postmenopausal females and its correlation with bone mineral density and serum biochemical markers.Methods. Bone densitometry, serum Dickkopf-1, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were done in sixty postmenopausal females. Patients were divided according toTscore into osteoporosis (group I), osteopenia (group II), and normal bone mineral density that served as controls.Results. There was highly significant increase in serum Dickkopf-1 levels in postmenopausal females with abnormalTscore versus controls (P<0.001). Serum DKK-1 levels correlated negatively with both lumbarTscore (r=-0.69,P<0.001) and femurTscore (r=-0.64,P<0.001) and correlated positively with duration of menopause (r=0.61,P<0.001), while there was no significant correlation between serum levels of either calcium, phosphorus or alkaline phosphatase, and both serum Dickkopf-1 levels and the level of bone mineral density (P>0.05).Conclusion. Postmenopausal females may suffer from osteoporosis as evidenced by bone densitometry. Postmenopausal women with significantly increased serum Dickkopf-1 had more significant osteoporosis. Prolonged duration of menopause and increased serum Dickkopf-1 are important risk factors for the development and severity of osteoporosis.
Preparation of CaO‐SiO2 Glass‐Ceramic Spheres by Electrospraying Combined with Sol‐Gel Method
Authors: Maeda Hirotaka , Nakano Yuki , Kasuga Toshihiro
Published: June 2013

CaO‐SiO2 glass‐ceramic spheres were prepared by an electrospray method using hydrolyzed silicon alkoxide containing calcium nitrate. Crystalline calcium silicates, such as Ca2SiO4 and β‐CaSiO3, formed around the surface of the spheres after heat treatment. The dissolution of the crystal phase of the spheres caused the release of Ca2+ and Si4+ ions during the initial stage of soaking in Tris‐buffer solution, leading to the formation of nanosized pores at the sphere surface. The incorporation of Ca2+ ions into the glassy phase of the spheres suppressed the rapid pH increase during the initial stage of soaking in Tris‐buffer solution.
Difference in Risk Factors for Breast Cancer by ER Status in an Indigenous African Population
Authors: Galukande M. , Wabinga H. , Mirembe F. , Karamagi C. , Asea A.
Published: June 2013

Introduction. Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women globally. In Uganda, it is on the rise, projected at a 4.5% annual ASR increase (age standardized incidence rate). The reasons for this steep increase are not fully established. In the recent past, gene profiling in tumor tissues suggests that breast cancers are divided into subtypes dependent on the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These subtypes do have distinctive clinical outcomes and perhaps risk factors from past studies. There is paucity of data on hormonal receptor status and the traditionally known risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study therefore was to establish the differences between ER status and the traditionally known risk factors for breast cancer in Uganda.Methods. An observational analytical hospital, based study, carried out at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences. Formalin fixed and paraffin imbedded sections were prepared for haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Ethical approval was obtained.Results. A total of 113 women were recruited. Mean age was 45 years (SD14). There were no significant differences in selected risk factors (setting, age, contraceptive use, parity, breast feeding, or menarche) by ER status although ER negative tumors had significantly higher grade tumors (by a factor of two) compared to ER positive tumors.Conclusion. There were no significant differences among risk factors by ER status contrary to what several other studies suggest. The manifestation of breast cancer in Africa warrants further extensive inquiry.
On Lightweight Intrusion Detection: Modeling and Detecting Intrusions Dedicated to OLSR Protocol
Authors: Alattar Mouhannad , Sailhan Françoise , Bourgeois Julien
Published: June 2013

Mobile ad hoc networks mostly operate over open, adverse, or even hostile environments and are, therefore, vulnerable to a large body of threats. Conventional ways of securing network relying on, for example, firewall and encryption, should henceforth be coupled with advanced intrusion detection. To meet this requirement, we first identify the attacks that threaten ad hoc networks, focusing on the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol. We then introduce IDAR, a signature-based Intrusion Detector dedicated to ad hoc routing protocols. Contrary to existing systems that monitor the packets going through the host, our system analyses the logs so as to identify patterns of misuse. This detector scopes with the resource-constraints of ad hoc devices by providing distributed detection; in particular, depending on the level of suspicion and gravity, in-depth cooperative diagnostic may be launched. Simulation-based evaluation shows limited resource consumption (e.g., memory and bandwidth) and high detection rate along with reduced false positives.
Experimental Studies of Active and Passive Flow Control Techniques Applied in a Twin Air‐Intake
Authors: Paul Akshoy Ranjan , Joshi Shrey , Jindal Aman , Maurya Shivam P. , Jain Anuj
Published: June 2013

The flow control in twin air‐intakes is necessary to improve the performance characteristics, since the flow traveling through curved and diffused paths becomes complex, especially after merging. The paper presents a comparison between two well‐known techniques of flow control: active and passive. It presents an effective design of a vortex generator jet (VGJ) and a vane‐type passive vortex generator (VG) and uses them in twin air‐intake duct in different combinations to establish their effectiveness in improving the performance characteristics. The VGJ is designed to insert flow from side wall at pitch angle of 90 degrees and 45 degrees. Corotating (parallel) and counterrotating (V‐shape) are the configuration of vane type VG. It is observed that VGJ has the potential to change the flow pattern drastically as compared to vane‐type VG. While the VGJ is directed perpendicular to the side walls of the air‐intake at a pitch angle of 90 degree, static pressure recovery is increased by 7.8% and total pressure loss is reduced by 40.7%, which is the best among all other cases tested for VGJ. For bigger‐sized VG attached to the side walls of the air‐intake, static pressure recovery is increased by 5.3%, but total pressure loss is reduced by only 4.5% as compared to all other cases of VG.
Excess Molar Volumes and Viscosities for the Binary Mixtures of n-Octane, n-Decane, n-Dodecane, and n-Tetradecane with Octan-2-ol at 298.15 K
Authors: Mahajan Arvind R. , Mirgane Sunil R.
Published: June 2013

Experimental values of densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) in the binary mixtures of n-octane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane with octan-2-ol are presented over the whole range of mixture composition at T=298.15 K. From these data, excess molar volume (VmE), deviations in viscosity (Δη), and excess Gibbs free energy of activation ΔG∗E have been calculated. These results were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equations to estimate the binary coefficients and standard errors. Jouyban-Acree model is used to correlate the experimental values of density and viscosity at T=298.15 K. The values of VmE have been analyzed using Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory. The results of the viscosity composition are discussed in the light of various viscosity equations suggested by Grunberg-Nissan, Tamara and Kurata, Hind et al., Katti and Chaudhri, Heric, Heric and Brewer, and McAllister multibody model. The values of Δlnη have also been analyzed using Bloomfield and Dewan model. The experiments on the constituted binaries are analyzed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.
Lens-Induced Glaucoma: The Need to Spread Awareness about Early Management of Cataract among Rural Population
Authors: Kothari Raghunandan , Tathe Sandeep , Gogri Pratik , Bhandari Akshay
Published: June 2013

Purpose. To determine the clinical profile of lens-induced glaucoma (LIG), reasons for late presentation, and outcome of current management. Methods. Retrospective analysis of 50 eyes with LIG over a 6-year period between 2005 and 2011 at a tertiary care centre in rural India. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively along with postoperative complications. Results. Fifty (2.4%) of 12,004 senile cataracts operated at Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, presented with LIG. There were 39 (78%) phacomorphic cases and 11 (22%) phacolytic glaucoma. Following cataract surgery, 21 of 50 operated eyes (42%) had visual acuity 6/60 or worse. Conclusion. The results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of visually disabling cataract. There is a need to educate both the patient and the cataract surgeon about the dangers of lens-induced glaucoma and of about poor outcome if treatment is delayed.
The Asthma Phenotype in the Obese: Distinct or Otherwise?
Authors: Farzan Sherry
Published: June 2013

Asthma is a heterogenous disorder that can be classified into several different phenotypes. Recent cluster analyses have identified an “obese-asthma” phenotype which is characterized by late onset, female predominance and lack of atopy. In addition, obesity among early-onset asthmatics clearly exists and heightens the clinical presentation. Observational studies have demonstrated that asthma among the obese has a clinical presentation that is more severe, harder to control, and is not as responsive to standard controller therapies. While weight loss studies have demonstrated improvement in asthma outcomes, further studies need to be performed. The current knowledge of the existence of two obesity-asthma phenotypes (early- versus late-onset asthma) should encourage investigators to study these entities separately since just as they have distinct presentations, their course, response to therapies, and weight loss strategies may be different as well.
Small Obstacle Avoidance Sensor
Authors: Vollmerhausen Richard H.
Published: June 2013

This paper describes a laser ranging sensor that is suitable for applications like small unmanned aerial vehicles. The hardware consists of a diode emitter array and line‐scan charge coupled devices. A structured‐light technique measures ranges up to 30 meters for 64 field angles in a 90 degree field of view. Operation is eye safe, and the laser wavelength is not visible to night vision goggles. This paper describes a specific sensor design in order to illustrate performance for a given package size.
Application of Improved Three-Dimensional Kernel Approach to Prediction of Protein Structural Class
Authors: Liu Xu , Zhang Yuchao , Yang Hua , Wang Lisheng , Liu Shuaibing
Published: June 2013

Kernel methods, such as kernel PCA, kernel PLS, and support vector machines, are widely known machine learning techniques in biology, medicine, chemistry, and material science. Based on nonlinear mapping and Coulomb function, two 3D kernel approaches were improved and applied to predictions of the four protein tertiary structural classes of domains (all-α, all-β,α/β, andα + β) and five membrane protein types with satisfactory results. In a benchmark test, the performances of improved 3D kernel approach were compared with those of neural networks, support vector machines, and ensemble algorithm. Demonstration through leave-one-out cross-validation on working datasets constructed by investigators indicated that new kernel approaches outperformed other predictors. It has not escaped our notice that 3D kernel approaches may hold a high potential for improving the quality in predicting the other protein features as well. Or at the very least, it will play a complementary role to many of the existing algorithms in this regard.
Gray Matter Pathology in MS: Neuroimaging and Clinical Correlations
Authors: Honce Justin Morris
Published: June 2013

It is abundantly clear that there is extensive gray matter pathology occurring in multiple sclerosis. While attention to gray matter pathology was initially limited to studies of autopsy specimens and biopsies, the development of new MRI techniques has allowed assessment of gray matter pathologyin vivo. Current MRI techniques allow the direct visualization of gray matter demyelinating lesions, the quantification of diffuse damage to normal appearing gray matter, and the direct measurement of gray matter atrophy. Gray matter demyelination (both focal and diffuse) and gray matter atrophy are found in the very earliest stages of multiple sclerosis and are progressive over time. Accumulation of gray matter damage has substantial impact on the lives of multiple sclerosis patients; a growing body of the literature demonstrates correlations between gray matter pathology and various measures of both clinical disability and cognitive impairment. The effect of disease modifying therapies on the rate accumulation of gray matter pathology in MS has been investigated. This review focuses on the neuroimaging of gray matter pathology in MS, the effect of the accumulation of gray matter pathology on clinical and cognitive disability, and the effect of disease-modifying agents on various measures of gray matter damage.
p-Adic Fractional Pseudodifferential Equations and Sobolev Type Spaces overp-Adic Fields
Authors: Wu Bo
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we study the solutions of the pseudodifferential equations of typeDα u=voverp-adic fieldℚp, whereDαis ap-adic fractional pseudodifferential operator. Ifvis a Bruhat-Schwartz function, then there exists a distributionEα, a fundamental solution, such thatu=Eα*vis a solution. We also show that the solutionubelongs to a certain Sobolev space. Furthermore, we give conditions for the continuity and uniqueness ofu.
On Bounded Strictly Positive Operators of Closed Range and Some Applications to Asymptotic Hyperstability of Dynamic Systems
Authors: De la Sen M.
Published: June 2013

The problem discussed is the stability of two input-output feedforward and feedback relations, under an integral-type constraint defining an admissible class of feedback controllers. Sufficiency-type conditions are given for the positive, bounded and of closed range feed-forward operator to be strictly positive and then boundedly invertible, with its existing inverse being also a strictly positive operator. The general formalism is first established and the linked to properties of some typical contractive and pseudocontractive mappings while some real-world applications and links of the above formalism to asymptotic hyperstability of dynamic systems are discussed later on.
The Role of Cytidine Deaminases on Innate Immune Responses against Human Viral Infections
Authors: Vieira Valdimara C. , Soares Marcelo A.
Published: June 2013

The APOBEC family of proteins comprises deaminase enzymes that edit DNA and/or RNA sequences. The APOBEC3 subgroup plays an important role on the innate immune system, acting on host defense against exogenous viruses and endogenous retroelements. The role of APOBEC3 proteins in the inhibition of viral infection was firstly described for HIV-1. However, in the past few years many studies have also shown evidence of APOBEC3 action on other viruses associated with human diseases, including HTLV, HCV, HBV, HPV, HSV-1, and EBV. APOBEC3 inhibits these viruses through a series of editing-dependent and independent mechanisms. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract APOBEC effects, and strategies that enhance APOBEC3 activity constitute a new approach for antiviral drug development. On the other hand, novel evidence that editing by APOBEC3 constitutes a source for viral genetic diversification and evolution has emerged. Furthermore, a possible role in cancer development has been shown for these host enzymes. Therefore, understanding the role of deaminases on the immune response against infectious agents, as well as their role in human disease, has become pivotal. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge of the impact of APOBEC enzymes on human viruses of distinct families and harboring disparate replication strategies.
Synchronization of an Uncertain Fractional-Order Chaotic System via Backstepping Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Wang Zhen
Published: June 2013

Backstepping control approach combined with sliding mode control (SMC) technique is utilized to realize synchronization of uncertain fractional-order strict-feedback chaotic system. A backstepping SMC method is presented to compensate the uncertainty which occurs in the slave system. Moreover, the newly proposed control scheme is applied to implement synchronization of fractional-order Duffing-Holmes system. The simulation results demonstrate that the backstepping SMC method is robust against the modeling uncertainties and external disturbances.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Saponarin, Isolated fromGypsophila trichotomaWend. on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats
Authors: Simeonova Rumyana , Vitcheva Vessela , Kondeva-Burdina Magdalena , Krasteva Ilina , Manov Vassil , Mitcheva Mitka
Published: June 2013

The hepatoprotective potential of saponarin, isolated fromGypsophila trichotoma, was evaluatedin vitro/in vivousing a hepatotoxicity model of paracetamol-induced liver injury. In freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, paracetamol (100 μmol) led to a significant decrease in cell viability, increased LDH leakage, decreased levels of cellular GSH, and elevated MDA quantity. Saponarin (60–0.006 μg/mL) preincubation, however, significantly ameliorated paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. The beneficial effect of saponarin was also observedin vivo. Rats were challenged with paracetamol alone (600 mg/kg, i.p.) and after 7-day pretreatment with saponarin (80 mg/kg, oral gavage). Paracetamol toxicity was evidenced by increase in MDA quantity and decrease in cell GSH levels and antioxidant defence system. No changes in phase I enzyme activities of AH and EMND and cytochrome P 450 quantity were detected. Saponarin pretreatment resulted in significant increase in cell antioxidant defence system and GSH levels and decrease in lipid peroxidation. The biochemical changes are in good correlation with the histopathological data. Protective activity of saponarin was similar to the activity of positive control silymarin. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that saponarin exerts antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol liver injuryin vitro/in vivo.
Nanorod-Shaped Basic Al2O3 Catalyzed N,N-Diformylation of Bisuracil Derivatives: A Greener “NOSE” Approach
Authors: Das Vijay K. , Thakur Ashim J.
Published: June 2013

A feasible “NOSE” (nanoparticles-catalyzed organic synthesis enhancement) protocol has been developed for N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives using nano-Al2O3 rods as an efficient, inexpensive, and recyclable catalyst under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C. The catalyst was reused up to the 4th cycle without affecting the rate and yield of the N,N-diformylation products appreciably.
In VivoModels Used for Evaluation of Potential Antigastroduodenal Ulcer Agents
Authors: Adinortey Michael Buenor , Ansah Charles , Galyuon Isaac , Nyarko Alexander
Published: June 2013

Peptic ulcer is among the most serious gastrointestinal diseases in the world. Several orthodox drugs are employed for the treatment of the disease. Although these drugs are effective, they produce many adverse effects thus limiting their use. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in alternative therapies, especially those from plants due to their perceived relative lower side effects, ease of accessibility, and affordability. Plant medicines with ethnomedicinal use in peptic ulcer management need to be screened for their effectiveness and possible isolation of lead compounds. This requires use of appropriate animal models of various ulcers. The limited number of antiulcer models for drug development against gastric and duodenal ulcer studies has hindered the progress of targeted therapy in this field. It is, therefore, necessary to review the literature on experimental models used to screen agents with potential antigastroduodenal ulcer activity and explain their biochemical basis in order to facilitate their use in the development of new preventive and curative antiulcer drugs. Clinical trials can then be carried out on agents/drugs that show promise. In this paper, currentin vivoanimal models of ulcers and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their induction, their limitations, as well as the challenges associated with their use have been discussed.
Effects of Heat and Mass Transfer on MHD Peristaltic Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid through a Porous Medium between Two Coaxial Cylinders
Authors: Shaaban Abeer A. , Abou-zeid Mohamed Y.
Published: June 2013

We investigated the influence of heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of magnetohydrodynamic Eyring-Powell fluid under low Reynolds number and long-wavelength approximation. The fluid flows between two infinite cylinders; the inner tube is uniform, rigid, and rest, while the outer flexible tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The governing equations are solved numerically using finite-difference technique. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution are obtained. The features of flow characteristics are analyzed by plotting graphs and discussed in detail.
Poorly Differentiated Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor in a 16-Year-Old Single Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Abu-Zaid Ahmed , Azzam Ayman , Alghuneim Lama Abdulhamid , Metawee Mona Tarek , Amin Tarek , Al-Hussain Turki Omar
Published: June 2013

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) of ovary is an exceedingly unusual neoplasm that belongs to a group of sex cord-stromal tumors of ovary and accounts for less than 0.5% of all primary ovarian neoplasms. Very few case reports have been documented in the literature so far. Herein, we report a case of primary poorly differentiated ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) involving the left ovary in a 16-year-old single woman who presented with a 3-month history of a pelviabdominal mass, acne, hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities. In addition, a literature review on ovarian SLCTs is provided.
Some Properties of the Sequence Space
Authors: Raj Kuldip , Sharma Sunil K.
Published: June 2013

We introduce the sequence space defined by a Musielak-Orlicz function . We also study some topological properties and prove some inclusion relations involving this space.
Factors Affecting Graft Survival among Patients Receiving Kidneys from Live Donors: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Ghoneim Mohamed A. , Bakr Mohamed A. , Refaie Ayman F. , Akl Ahmed I. , Shokeir Ahmed A. , Shehab El-Dein Ahmed B. , Ammar Hesham M. , Ismail Amani M. , Sheashaa Hussein A. , El-Baz Mahmoud A.
Published: June 2013

Introduction. The aim of this report is to study the graft and patient survival in a large cohort of recipients with an analysis of factors that may affect the final outcomes.Methods. Between March 1976 and March 2008, 1967 consecutive live-donor renal transplants were carried out. Various variables that may have an impact on patients and/or graft survival were studied in two steps. Initially, a univariate analysis was carried out. Thereafter, significant variables were embedded in a stepwise regression analysis.Results. The overall graft survival was 86.7% and 65.5%, at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The projected half-life for grafts was 17.5 years and for patients was 22 years. Five factors had an independent negative impact on graft survival: donor's age, genetic considerations, the type of primary immunosuppression, number of acute rejection episodes, and total steroid dose during the first 3 months after transplantation.Conclusions. Despite refinements in tissue matching techniques and improvements in immunosuppression protocols, an important proportion of grafts is still lost following living donor kidney transplantation, presumably due to chronic allograft nephropathy.
Optimal Antiviral Treatment Strategies of HBV Infection Model with Logistic Hepatocyte Growth
Authors: Laarabi Hassan , Abta Abdelhadi , Rachik Mostafa , Bouyaghroumni Jamal
Published: June 2013

This study considers an optimal therapy strategy for HBV infection by incorporating two controls laws into a previous hepatitis B viral infection model with logistic hepatocyte growth. Our goal is to
maximize the number of healthy cells and to minimize the cost of the therapy. In this context, the existence of an optimal control is proved. The optimal control is obtained by solving the optimality system which was composed of three nonlinear ODEs with initial conditions and three nonlinear adjoint ODEs with transversality conditions. The results were analysed and interpreted numerically using MATLAB.