bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embodying the Elements within Nature through the traditional Malay art of Silat Tua
Authors: Sutton Lian
Published: September 2018

The paper introduces Silat Tua, a traditional Malay martial art, and its relationship to the tropics of the Malaysian Peninsula and Singapore through the imagery work of the four Elements: Earth, Water, Fire, and Wind. In a world of increasing disconnect between Humans and Nature, the Silat Tua practice is a traditional martial art for bringing harmony and healing, as well as an understanding of how the building blocks of Nature can harmonise, complement and resonate with the natural resources of the human mind, body and spirit. Through recounting the legend of the art’s origin, the first proponent of Silat Tua is shown to have gained inspiration and lessons from the inhabited environment. Examples of how a Silat exponent may explore and come to understand the Elements are discussed before venturing into the practical application of the Elements in cultivating mindfulness and influencing behaviour. The physical environment thus, is not only a source of inspiration for movement but indeed an impetus for leading a harmonious and virtuous life. The paper concludes with the connection and implications of the Elements training in Singapore and its potential in navigating oneself through the constant changes inevitable in life.
Penerapan Game Design Document dalam Perancangan Game Edukasi yang Interaktif untuk Menarik Minat Siswa dalam Belajar Bahasa Inggris
Authors: Rahayu Sri Lestari , Fujiati Fujiati
Published: September 2018

Pentingnya belajar bahasa inggris pada usia dini dikarenakan bahasa inggris merupakan bahasa internasional. Metode belajar pada anak usia dini adalah belajar sambil bermain, anak-anak juga akan lebih mudah untuk menerima informasi dalam bentuk multimedia. Media pembelajaran yang interaktif akan membantu anak dalam menguasai pelajaran bahasa inggris sejak dini. Pada penelitian ini penulis membuat Game edukasi sebagai media pembelajaran yang interaktif. Dalam pembuatan game edukasi yang interaktif dibutuhkan perancangan Game Desain Document. Pada saat anak belajar dengan metode konvensional maka anak akan susah memahami dan cepat bosan karena anak belajar dari buku dan mendengarkan guru menjelaskan tetapi dengan adanya game edukasi sebagai media pembelajaran yang interaktif maka diharapkan akan memudahkan anak dalam mempelajari, memahami dan menguasai bahasa asing khususnya bahasa inggris. Aplikasi game yang dibangun menggunakan metode Game Design Document (GDD) dan metode perancangannya menggunakan metode waterfall.  Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini berupa aplikasi media pembelajaran dan mendapatkan nilai presentase 80% dari kuesioner yang diisi oleh pengguna. AbstractThe importance of learning English at an early age because English is an international language. The method of learning in early childhood is learning while playing, children will also be easier to receive information in multimedia form. Interactive learning media will help children to master English language lessons early. In this study the author makes educational games as interactive learning media. In making interactive educational games, it is necessary to design a Document Design Game. When the child learns by conventional methods, the child will be difficult to understand and get bored quickly because the child learns from the book and listens to the teacher explaining but with the educational game as an interactive learning media it is expected to facilitate the child in learning, understanding and mastering foreign languages, especially English . Game applications are built using the Game Design Document (GDD) method and the design method uses the waterfall method. The results of this study are in the form of learning media applications and get a percentage value of 80% from the questionnaire filled in by the user.
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Antrian Poliklinik Berbasis Mobile
Authors: Zulfikar Rizal Arif , Supianto Ahmad Afif
Published: September 2018

Antrian konvensional sudah menjadi polemik yang umum di masyarakat. Lamanya proses dan waktu tunggu antrian sangat mengganggu aktivitas sehari-hari. Pada instansi kesehatan seperti rumah sakit dan poliklinik, dimana pasien juga diharuskan mengantri, dapat berpengaruh pada kondisi pasien. Sistem pendaftaran online yang ada hanya menyediakan pengambilan nomor antrian, namun untuk proses menunggu antrian masih harus datang ke lokasi. Sistem yang ditawarkan memiliki kelebihan pada pilihan variasi jadwal poliklinik, dan pemberian informasi antrian yang sedang berjalan. Pada penelitian ini membahas tentang perancangan dan pengembangan sistem antrian poliklinik yang berbasis pada mobile phone, sehingga pengguna dapat mengakses sistem kapanpun dan dimanapun. Perancangan menggunakna metode MVC untuk memisahkan antara data dan tampilan serta cara pemrosesannya. Pengembangan aplikasi menggunakan hybrid mobile web framework yang dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan multiplatform. Pengujian sitem menggunakan White Box, Black Box, dan Usability Testing telah menunjukkan bahwa struktur dan hasil desain sistem dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik, sehingga sistem dapat berjalan sesuai kebutuhan.

 

 Abstract

The conventional queue has become a common polemic in society. The length of processes and waiting time of the queue is very disturbing on daily activities. In health agencies such as hospitals and polyclinics, where patients are also required to queue up, may affect the patient's condition. Existing online registration system only provides queue number retrieval, but for the waiting process, the queue still has to come to the location. The offered system has advantages over the choice of polyclinic schedule variations, and the provision of queue information is running. This research discusses the design and development of a polyclinic queuing system based on a mobile phone so that users can access the system anytime and anywhere. The design uses the MVC method to separate data and display and how to process it. Application development using hybrid mobile web framework that can be used for multiplatform development. System validation method is using White Box, Black Box, and Usability Testing has shown that the structure and results of system design can be implemented well, so the system can run as needed.

 
Assessment of free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic content in leaves of Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Benn.) Rob. - a medicinal plant used by Cholanaickan tribe
Authors: Aneeshkumar Ajayakumar Lalitha
Published: September 2018

Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Benn.) Rob. is an endemic species of the family Rubiaceae, found in Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. The leaf paste of N. calycinus has been used by Cholanaickan tribe as medicine to heal wounds, burns, inflammation and pain. Many of the human diseases are manifested due to the accumulation of free radicals. Plant derived antioxidants have the power to scavenge these free radicals without any internal complications. Aqueous, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the leaves of N. calycinus were selected for qualitative phytochemical screening. DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were carried out. Total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant content of all the extract was measured. Phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and saponins were found in the ethanolic extract. Ethanol extract showed better antioxidant activity than the other solvent extracts. The reducing power of all the extracts was increased dose dependently. Highest amount of phenolic (56.27 mg of gallic acid equivalent /gm of dried extract), flavonoid (36.92 mg of quercetin equivalent/gm of dried extract) and antioxidant (85.68 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/gm of dried extract) content was found in the ethanolic extract. A positive correlation (R2) was found between the total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of the leaf extract of N. calycinus. The results confirmed that the phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extract of the leaves of N. calycinus are potent source of natural antioxidants.
Enhanced anthraquinone production in presence of silver nitrate in suspension culture of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer (Rubiaceae), a traditional medicinal plant mentioned in Hortus Malabaricus
Authors: A Gangaprasad
Published: September 2018

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) enhanced production of anthraquinone was standardized in cell suspension cultures of Gynochthodes umbellata, a plant mentioned in the Hortus Malabaricus. The present research investigates the effect of silver nitrate, an abiotic elicitor on production of anthraquinone in in vitro cell suspension cultures of G. umbellata. Friable callus culture was established using in vitro derived leaf segment obtained from the nodal explant culture maintained in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg/l benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 3% sucrose. The in vitro derived leaf segments (0.5cm2) were cultured on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2% glucose for the production of friable callus. After 30 days of culture, uniform yellow friable callus was inoculated into MS liquid medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 % glucose for raising suspension culture. Uniform cell suspension was transferred to same media constituents and treated with different concentrations of AgNO3 on 25th day of culture. Fresh weight, dry weight and accumulation of anthraquinone content was studied and found that AgNO3 caused a marginal increase in biomass and anthraquinone based on the concentration and duration of AgNO3 treatment. A maximum fresh weight (19.48 g/fwt) dry weight (1.92g/dwt) and highest amount of anthraquinone content (48.62 mg/gdwt) were recorded in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 2%glucose and 3.5µM AgNO3 after 72 hrs of incubation.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL TERHADAP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) DENGANKOMPETENSI KOMUNIKASI DAN MOTIVASI SEBAGAI PEMEDIASI
Authors: Soerosemito Vito Nugraha , Cholil Muhammad
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to analyze the influence and leadership relations, communication competence, motivation on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) employee PDAM Surakarta. The sample in this study amounted to 80 respondents and they are employees of the production, accounting and transmission. Collecting data using direct survey method with questionnaire instrument. Test hypotheses using regression analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Test mediating variables using Baron and Kenny. The results of this research showed that the relationship between transformational leadership and OCB showed that communication competence and motivation mediate its full effect between the leadership of the OCB employee.

Keywords: Leadership, Communication, communicative competence, motivation, organizational citizenship behavior, OCB
Mathematics and statistics related studies in Indonesia using co-authorship network analysis
Authors: Nadhiroh Irene Muflikh , Hardiyati Ria , Amelia Mia , Handayani Tri
Published: September 2018

Indonesian scholars have published a numbers of articles in numerous international publications, however, it still lags behind other Singapore, Malaysia, and Vietnam. This article performs a bibliometrics analysis and examine the collaboration network in Mathematics and Statistics related subject of scholars with Indonesian affiliation as recorded in Web of Science. In total, based on article publications during 2009-2017, 426 articles were retrieved. Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) was the affiliation with the highest number of articles (48%) and number of authors (27%). Using Social Network Analysis to examine co-authorship networks, this research shows that the co-author network has the highest centrality in the ITB affiliation. Meanwhile, dependency of foreign affiliation is still high, shown as a high percentage (84% of all articles) of international co-authorship. Co-authorship network of Mathematics and Statistics related studies in Indonesia possesses as a scale-free network and followed the power law distribution. This research showed the achievement of Indonesian scholars of Mathematics and Statistics, and can be used to evaluate the knowledge transfer in these subjects and related areas.
A contribuição do feedback no processo de avaliação formativa
Authors: Mendes dos Santos Cremilde , Fischer da Silveira Kroeff Renata
Published: September 2018

Os mais recentes estudos sobre avaliação formativa mostram que o uso do feedback efetivo nesta modalidade avaliativa funciona como uma estratégia eficiente de motivação e regulação da aprendizagem, conduzindo à autonomia e ao desenvolvimento de competências por parte do aluno. A proposta deste trabalho é investigar a importância do feedback na avaliação de um modo geral e também a sua aplicação no âmbito da Educação Continuada em Saúde. Para isso, foi utilizada como estratégia metodológica uma Revisão Narrativa da Literatura, buscando por publicações que abordassem o tema feedback no contexto da avaliação formativa. Foram selecionados, oito estudos pertinentes à temática escolhida. Apresentamos uma análise das definições e estratégias de feedback avaliativo encontrados e discutimos suas possíveis contribuições para a Educação Continuada na Saúde.
O lugar do estágio com pesquisa na formação inicial de professores de ciências
Authors: Azevedo Rosa Oliveira Marins , Gonzaga Amarildo Menezes
Published: September 2018

Estudo a respeito da formação de professores de Ciências dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental, em que se desenvolveu uma discussão a respeito do lugar do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado nessa formação; não o estágio como aplicação de conhecimento, mas o estágio como produção de conhecimento. Neste sentido, tratou-se do estágio com pesquisa e procurou-se responder aos seguintes questionamentos: a) como o estágio é visto e qual o foco quando se trata do estágio com pesquisa na formação de professores de Ciências?; b) qual a importância conferida à pesquisa no estágio e quais os espaços em aberto para esse tipo de estudo; c) quais lacunas são observadas e quais tendências em trabalhos que discutem o estágio na formação de professores. Para responder a tais questões valeu-se de uma interpretação crítica, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. O estudo mostrou que o estágio com pesquisa pode se configurar como eixo articulador da construção e produção de conhecimento do trabalho docente, a partir uma ação de intervenção/investigação, que envolve três dimensões formativas: conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal.
Elma Islahında ve Çeşit Yönetiminde Yenilikçi Eğilimler
Authors: ATAY Ayşe Nilgün , ATAY Ersin
Published: September 2018

Son yıllarda dünyada çeşit tanıtımı ve yönetimi oldukça değişmiştir. Meyve
endüstrisinde giderek artan rekabet yeni çeşitlerin potansiyel değerini
almasını ve korumasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, elma
ıslahındaki ilerlemeler, sektörün motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler, ıslahçı
hakları, ticari markalar gibi konulara ışık tutmak ve bunların elma
endüstrisini nasıl şekillendirdiğini açıklamak amaçlanmıştır. Sürekli büyüyen
bir sektörde yeni çeşitlerin başarı sağlayabilmesi için dikkate alınması
gereken birçok faktör vardır. Sektörün ihtiyaçlarını ve tüketicilerin
istediklerini anlamak ve bu ikisi arasındaki dengeyi kurmak hayati önem
taşımaktadır. Yeni çeşitlerin pazara girmeyi başarabilmeleri için mutlaka
sosyal, ekonomik ve ekolojik açıdan üstünlüklerinin olması gerekmektedir.
Gelinen noktada yeni çeşitlerin yönetiminde küresel yönetim ve markalaşma
kaçınılmazdır. Dolayısıyla ıslah programları küresel sorunları göz önünde
tutarak etkin ve verimli ticarileştirme planlarına hızla uyum sağlamak
durumundadır. Bu çalışmanın elma ıslah programlarında etkinliği ve bilinci
arttırarak, potansiyel risklerin dengelenmesinde faydalı olabileceği
düşünülmektedir.
Analysis of mangrove forest vegetation in Wambona Village, South Wakorumba District, Muna Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Momo La Ode Hamruddin , Rahayu Wa Ode Sri
Published: September 2018

The study aims to determine the type of vegetation that composes mangrove forests and their zoning patterns, to know the composition of mangrove vegetation types and to determine the level of mangrove forest diversity. This study was determined based on the characteristics of the research location ranging from those close to residential areas to those located close to the beach. The method used is systematic sampling which consists of nine observation blocks and each block is divided into four circular research plots. There are 9 types of vegetation that compose mangrove forests in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District, i.e. Avicenna alba BI, Bruguiera hainnessi, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk, Ceriops tagal (Perr), Rhizophora mucronata Lamk, Rhizophora stylosa Griff, Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith, Caseolaris sonneratia (L.) Engl. and Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Important Value Index (IVI) of mangrove vegetation in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District namely; 300% for tree level, pole, stake and 200% for seedling level. Diversity of mangrove vegetation types in Wambona Village, Wakorsel District as a whole is in the moderate category (moderate stability) with each tree 1.54, pole 1.57, stake 1.49 and seedling 1.64.
Kajian Pengelolaan Sampah Berdasarkan Daya Dukung dan Kapasitas Tampung Prasarana Persampahan Kota Depok
Authors: Paramita Diana , Murtilaksono Kukuh , Manuwoto Manuwoto
Published: September 2018

Depok City can only manage about 56.22% from total of 1,286 tons of its daily solid waste. The amount increases everyday that it becomes more concerning to apply solid waste management. The objective of this research is to analyze solid waste management based on the carrying capacity and the storage capacity of waste infrastructures in Depok City. Methods of this study were the suitability between supply and demand of domestic solid waste and the waste infrastructures, Integrated Risk Based Approach (IRBA) and literature study. This study shows that Depok City government has a good system in solid waste management but still needs to improve the quantity and capacity of the infrastructures. Garbage banks can reduce 20% of the inorganic waste and the Organic Waste Processing Unit (Unit Pengolahan Sampah Organik/UPS) has low index carrying capacity of 0.26, which can reduce 3.64% of organic waste. The IRBA shows that Cipayung landfill has moderate danger. The numbers of waste infrastructures required at each district in Depok City shall be equipped, so that the amount of waste disposed to Cipayung landfill can be reduced.
Applications of laccase enzymes of Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Paredes-Juárez Ana Karina , Villegas-Villareal Elba , Díaz-Godínez Rubén , Díaz-Godínez Gerardo
Published: September 2018

La producción de enzimas extracelulares de hongos filamentosos ha sido ampliamente desarrollada mediante el uso de fermentación sumergida. Sin embargo, la fermentación en estado sólido es una alternativa adecuada para la producción de enzimas dada las características fisiológicas y morfológicas de estos hongos. En este sentido, el uso de residuos agroindustriales como sustratos en la producción de enzimas de interés industrial es una muy buena alternativa debido a su composición, principalmente de celulosa,
hemicelulosa y lignina que actúan como inductores para la síntesis de enzimas. Pocos microorganismos son capaces de degradar la lignocelulosa, los más eficaces son los hongos de la pudrición blanca que atacan los componentes de la pared celular de la planta; En este grupo se encuentra Pleurotus ostreatus.
Compuestos fenólicos: presencia, identificación y propiedades antioxidantes en plantas y frutos
Authors: González-Barraza Leobardo , Díaz-Godínez Rubén , Castillo-Guevara Citlalli , Nieto-Camacho Antonio , Méndez-Iturbide Daniel
Published: September 2018

Los compuestos fenólicos se encuentran con frecuencia en frutas, verduras y cereales. Se dividen en dos grandes grupos, que incluyen los flavonoides y no flavonoides. Son conocidos por su actividad antioxidante, que puede deberse a la donación de hidrógeno, así como su capacidad para quelar metales de transición. Además, se ha demostrado en diversos estudios que poseen un afecto benéfico para la salud al participar en procesos antiinflamatorios, anticancerígenos, antimicrobianos. Debido a la diversidad de estos compuestos existen diversos métodos para su separación y determinación destacando la cromatografía, infrarrojo, espectroscopia de masa, rayos UV e hidrolisis. Este artículo proporciona una revisión actualizada del estudio de dichos compuestos abordando diferentes aspectos para su mejor entendimiento.
Interdisciplinaridade: desafios e potencialidades de uma proposta articulada ao estágio docente do Curso de Física/PARFOR
Authors: Simoneti Daniele , Bernardi Luci T. M. dos Santos
Published: September 2018

Este artigo relata um estudo cujo objetivo foi compreender desafios e potencialidades manifestadas por professores do Ensino Médio, participantes do planejamento e execução de uma proposta interdisciplinar de ensino de Física, articulada ao estágio docente do Curso de Física/PARFOR3 da UNOCHAPECÓ4. Observamos que existem diferentes compreensões acerca da temática, tanto na literatura quanto nas falas dos docentes. O estudo sinalizou potencialidades de ações interdisciplinares, desafios para sua realização na Educação Básica e possibilidades para superá-los. Evidenciamos a necessidade de inserir atividades interdisciplinares na formação docente e repensar o estágio na formação de professores em serviço.Palavras-chave: Interdisciplinaridade. Concepções de Professores. Ensino de Física. Estágio Curricular.
Educação, poder e ordem: política e quotidiano numa escola de formação de professores
Authors: Mota Luís , Ferreira António Gomes
Published: September 2018

Centrado na Escola do Magistério Primário de Coimbra (EMPC), entre 1942 e 1974, constitui um recorte de uma investigação mais vasta sobre as instituições públicas de formação de professores do ensino primário, em Coimbra, nos séculos XX e XXI. As fontes mobilizadas foram o arquivo, a memória e o museu onde analisámos dimensões das áreas pedagógica e didática, bem como sociocultural. A partir da triangulação de dados construímos uma interpretação do modelo pedagógico da EMPC, polarizado nos conceitos de educação, poder e ordem, tendo como pano de fundo a relação dialética entre a norma e as práticas sociais.
Carta da editora
Authors: MONTEIRO Filomena Maria De Arruda
Published: September 2018

"[...] esperamos que o número ora publicado desencadeie indagações e diálogos produtivos, instigando outras significativas reflexões, investigações e práticas. Assim, expressamos nossos desejos de ver os artigos e resenhas aqui apresentados sendo cada vez mais consultados e citados em trabalhos de conclusão de cursos, dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado. E agradecemos aos autores, pareceristas e equipe técnica pela inestimável contribuição e compromisso, o que torna possível a concretização de cada número desta Revista." (MONTEIRO, 2018).
Estruturas e modelos de ensino excludentes no Brasil: revisitando a história da formação e identidade profissional da Enfermagem
Authors: Mendes Valdeci Silva , Costa Candida Soares da
Published: September 2018

ResenhaCAMPOS, Paulo Fernando de Souza; OGUISSO, Taka. Enfermagem no Brasil: formação e identidade profissional pós-1930. 1. ed. São Caetano do Sul: Yendis, 2013. v. 1. 211 p.
Private Power Generation—Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: N. A. Zuberi
Published: September 2018

POWER INDUSTRY DYNAMICS The concept of modern world is imperfect without electricity. The development of modern gadgets in past two decades has made human living as reflection of a science fiction movie. The fiction like living’s axis in fact is electricity and without electricity every thing comes to a grinding halt. Though this picture is portrait of the developed world, yet everyone would agree that wherever electricity has reached, it has transformed everything into power reliant. Whether it is Pakistan or any third world country, the industry; the commerce; the banking system; the methods of teaching in educational institutions; hospitals; control systems of civil aviation and civic traffic systems; and the domestic living, everything revolves around electricity. Whenever there is any break in electricity supply, output of every segment of society drops down to its lowest ebb. Many segments such as process industry and hospitals require highly reliable power supply systems. Truly, electricity is no more a luxury available to rich only; it has now become a basic need. However, scientists have not yet fully succeed in overcoming the challenges posed by the dynamics of electricity. First of all their failure to store electricity on commercial scale has made it necessary to keep generating electricity all the time. However, managing the generation quantum to meet the varying intra-day and inter-day power demand at places which are hundreds of miles apart require dedicated and sophisticated transmission and distribution infrastructure. The problem accentuated in countries like Pakistan where the generation capacity reduces in winter due to lower availability of its hydro power plants and lower availability of gas for thermal generation plants. The transmission cum distribution infrastructure as well as installation cum operations of power generating plants is very capital intensive. Hence it is very difficult for the governments and / or power utilities to develop the generation capacity and the transmission cum distribution network all by itself.
Demand and Supply Issue (2008-2009)
Authors: Raza Hameed
Published: September 2018

In 1994 our major source of power was hydel. Cost of hydel is only in the beginning which includes construction of dam and water reservoir. It is the cheapest source with no input cost and very low administrative cost .It is the best natural way of producing energy. No noise, no pollution and many associated benefits. This source cost wapda less than Rs1 per unit. In 1994 IPPs came into action using thermal power generators running on diesel. After purchasing electricity from IPPs the purchase price of Wapda increased up to Rs 6 and 12 per unit depending on the deals with different IPPs. This method proved to be very costly and full of pollution. Due to price hike of diesel in the past, the input cost (cost of diesel) increased by many fold. So the economy was hit and the balance of payment was disturbed badly. Actually this method was meant for short term solution. But due to political instability we lost our sight from the real scene and based our future energy plan on a very costly method. Why? Answer is, as a nation including politicians, bureaucrats, policy makers and everybody enjoy their present leaving and passing these queries, fears and problems to the next generation hoping that all will be well. More than 35 years past away and no concrete solution appeared. But the people of Pakistan specially our new generation are facing this bitter truth i.e., load shedding We have lost rather wasted our precious 35 years. We cannot makeup this gap. Whenever we will try to make a deal with the foreign investors regarding any power generation project, it will always be unfair. unfair why? Because, when somebody knows that you are dying for what he has, he will blackmail you and make u go his way. This is called business. We have lost both the time and competitiveness. If we go on making deals with IPPs now known as “Rental power houses” which will provide us electricity as high as Rs19 per unit. We will lose a lot in all fields. Such as:
Trends and Determinants of Rural Poverty: A Logistic Regression Analysis of Selected Districts of Punjab
Authors: Amara Amjad Hashmi  , Maaida Hussain Hashmi
Published: September 2018

Poverty has many dimensions, like malnourishment, no shelter, being ill and not having ability to visit a doctor, no facility to go to school, unemployment, uncertainty of tomorrow, surviving only one day at a time. Poverty is losing a kid to illness due to the infected water. Powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom is another name of poverty. Poverty is of many types varying from place to place and time to time, and, has been portrayed in various manners. Poverty is the “incapability to maintain a minimum living standard anticipated with respect to basic consumption needs or some amount of income required for satisfying them [World Bank (2006)]. The bulk of the global poor are rural and will linger on thus for numerous decades. The major portion of their expenditure is generally on staple food. They have little assets such as land and others, lack of schooling and face lots of interconnecting obstacles to develop. Approximately 1.2 billion people globally expend less than a standard; “dollara- day”; and are in “dollar poverty”; 44 percent in South Asia about 24 percent each in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and 32 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Almost 75 percent of the dollar poor lived and worked in rural areas in 2001. Projection made in 2001 suggested that 60 percent would continue to be in this state in 2005 [IFAD (2001)]. Pakistan’s population is estimated at around 155 million, and is growing at 1.9 percent per annum. Nearly 61 percent of the country’s populations live in rural areas. While 65 percent of the rural population is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture sector, it constitutes only 45 percent of their income [Pakistan (2006)]. According to the official statistics, poverty in the rural areas has gone down form 39 percent in 2001-02 to 28 percent in 2005-06. [Pakistan (2006)]. However, some studies have contradicted these contentions and argue that in contrast, the rural poverty has remained unchanged or even been trending higher over this period or at least not decreased as much as shown in official statistics. [Kemal (2003); Malik (2005); World Bank (2006); Anwar (2006)].
A Small Open Economy DSGE Model for Pakistan
Authors: Adnan Haider  , Safdar Ullah Khan
Published: September 2018

In recent years there has been a growing interest in academics, international policy institutions and central banks1 in developing small-to-medium, even large-scale, open economy macroeconomic models called Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models based on new-Keynesian framework.2 The term DSGE was originally used by Kydland and Prescott (1982) in their seminal contribution on Real Business Cycle (RBC) model. The RBC model is based on neoclassical framework with micro-founded optimisation behaviour of economic agents with flexible prices. One of the critical assumptions of this model is that fluctuations of real quantities are caused by real shock only; that is, only stochastic technology or government spending shocks play their role. Later research in DSGE models however included Keynesian short-run macroeconomic features (called nominal rigidities), such as Calvo (1983) type staggered pricing behaviour and Taylor (1980) type wage contracts. Hence this new DSGE modeling framework labeled as new-neoclassical synthesis or new-Keynesian modeling paradigm. 3 This new approach combines micro-foundations of both households and firms optimisation problems and with a large collection of both nominal and real (price/wage) rigidities that provide plausible short-run dynamic macroeconomic fluctuations with a fully articulated description of the monetary policy transmission mechanism; see, for instance, Christiano, et al. (2005) and Smets and Wouters (2003). The key advantage of modern DSGE models, over traditional reduce form macroeconomic models, is that the structural interpretation of their parameters allows to overcome the famous Lucas critique (1976).4 Traditional models contained equations linking variables of interest of explanatory factors such as economic policy variables. One of the uses of these models was therefore to examine how a change in economic policy affected these variables of interest, other things being equal. In using DSGE models for practical purposes and to recommend how central banks and policy institutions should react to the short-run fluctuations, it is necessary to first examine the possible sources,5 as well as to evaluate the degree of nominal and real rigidities present in the economy. In advanced economies, like US and EURO area, it is easy to determine the degree of nominal and real rigidities as these economies are fully documented. In developing economies like Pakistan, where most of economic activities are un-documented (also labeled as informal economy, black economy, or underground economy), it is very difficult to determine the exact degree of nominal and real rigidities present in the economy. However, one can approximate results using own judgments and through well defined survey based methods
Budgetary Consequences of the 7th NFC Award
Authors: Hafiz A. Pasha  , Aisha G. Pasha  , Muhammad Imran
Published: September 2018

The 7th NFC Award of 2009 has generally been recognised as a historic achievement of the present democratically elected government. Not only was consensus achieved after a gap of 12 years among the Federal and Provincial Governments but major strides have also been made in furthering the process of fiscal decentralisation in the country. The Federal Government will be transferring substantially more resources to the provinces by a major enhancement in the collective share of the latter from the divisible pool taxes. In addition, the provinces have agreed to a horizontal sharing formula that includes multiple criteria and promises greater fiscal equalisation in favour of the more backward provinces. Straight transfers have also been rationalised and the Federal Government has agreed to pay in instalments the substantial arrears that had accumulated under different heads.
The Price Puzzle and Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Pakistan: Structural Vector Autoregressive Approach
Authors: Muhammad Javid  , Kashif Munir
Published: September 2018

The prime objective of economic policies is to increase the welfare of the general public and the monetary policy supports this broad objective by focusing its efforts to promote price stability. The growing importance of monetary policy stabilisation efforts may reflect both political and economic realities. Understanding the transmission mechanism of monetary policy to inflation and other real economic variables is imperative for central bankers to conduct monetary policy effectively. High inflation reduces growth by reducing investment and productivity growth which reduces the welfare, gives a theoretical foundation for the choice of price stability as an objective of monetary policy. These arguments about monetary policy objectives lead to the choice of price stability as the single or primary objective of monetary policy. Monetary policy is one of the important tools with the monetary authorities to achieve the objectives of price stability. There is extensive theoretical as well as empirical literature available on the effects of monetary policy shocks on the real economic aggregates and prices.
Decentralisation of GST Services and Vertical Imbalances in Pakistan
Authors: Iffat Ara  , Muhammad Sabir
Published: September 2018

It is generally believed that the 7th National Finance Commission (NFC) Award and 18th Constitutional Amendment have taken a major step towards much needed fiscal decentralisation. While these two delegate more fiscal autonomy and transfers additional resources towards provinces, it seems difficult that tax decentralisation options provided in these two can practically be implemented. This assertion is based on historical tax decentralisation debate in Pakistan, which has made it a very complex issue in management of public finances. There are arguments both in favour and against tax decentralisation in Pakistan. Its proponents argue that tax decentralisation is an important principle of governance. They generally propose three advantages of fiscal decentralisation including; preference-matching, efficiency through competition, and increased accountability. In particular, a rational assignment of taxing powers helps providing each level of government, a control over its fiscal destiny by allowing it the choice in the level of spending. It helps assuring taxpayers that they are getting what they paid for and consequently may stimulate participation and improve/increase accountability. According to Bahl (1999), fiscal decentralisation assists in revenue mobilisation, innovation in economic activity, accountability of elected officials and grassroots participation in governance. Given this, it is probable that fiscal decentralisation lead towards improved efficiency in the use of resources as the residents in the sub-national governments can decide about their desired mix of public services and revenues that best suits them.
Fiscal Equalisation Among Provinces in the NFC Awards
Authors: Aisha G. Pasha  , Hafiz A. Pasha  , Asma Zubair
Published: September 2018

Fiscal equalisation refers to attempts within a federal system of government to reduce fiscal disparities among jurisdictions, which emerge due to variation in sub-national jurisdictions ability to raise revenues to meet the public expenditure needs of their residents. This is because of an imbalance in the assignment of revenue sources to sub-national levels and their expenditure needs, given the allocation of the inter-governmental fiscal powers and responsibilities. In the Pakistani context, the need for transfers is highlighted by the fact that while provincial governments generate only about 8 percent of total national resources, their share in total public spending is 28 percent. Also the fiscal capacity of the four provinces varies, with the relatively more developed provinces being able to self-generate a higher proportion of their resource requirements. As such, transfers take place, according to the provisions of the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards, with the objective of removing both vertical and horizontal imbalances between own-revenues and expenditure.
Internal Migration Patterns in Pakistan— The Case for Fiscal Decentralisation
Authors: Mahreen Mahmud  , Tareena Musaddiq  , Farah Said
Published: September 2018

The cornerstone of fiscal federalism is to empower provinces through fiscal decentralisation, thereby reducing the friction between them. This is achieved if the distribution of resources between provinces is judicial and equitable, reducing the biases and divides amongst the provinces and leading to a stronger federation. In Pakistan, the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards are constituted to decide the share of the provinces in the federal revenues and to redistribute this share to the provinces. Over the years, there has been a gradual increase in federal shares. The federal government has also stretched itself into several matters that fall under the provincial purview (for instance roads, irrigation, culture and tourism and rural development) [Shah (1997)]. With the aimed devolution of power from the centre to the local government, it is imperative that these provincial governments have adequate finances to effectively carry out the subjects that fall under their domain. Moreover, there has been no serious shift in resource distribution amongst the provinces themselves, in spite of the disparities in economic and social development as well as varying political and security situations. This has, in turn, contributed in aggravating the differences between provinces over time, bringing into question the success of the NFC awards in fostering integration.
Can Sectoral Re-allocation Explain the Jobless Growth? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Azad Haider
Published: September 2018

The present paper discuss the nature of structural changes in employment to understand jobless growth in Pakistan for the period spanning over 1967-2008. In our work (elsewhere)1 analysing Pakistan at sectoral level to find underlying factors generating jobless growth, we found that Jobless growth in manufacturing sector was anticipated. Industrial sector has a significant importance in any economy across the glob. Recent changes in the use of capital—based foreign technology has resulted in substitution of labour with non-labour inputs such as capital. Employment shifts between industrial sectors are often witnessed as indicators of Structural change in an economy. In this paper we are more interested in the nature of structural change that took place in Pakistan economy over 1967-2008. We set to analyse four commonly used measures of sectoral reallocation proposed by Lilien (1982), Groshen and Potter (2003), Rissman (1997), and Aaronson, Rissman and Sullivan (2004). Findings of our work are suggesting that the economy of Pakistan underwent structural change during periods of recession and recovery. However, it does appear that structural changes were more pronounced at the time of 1969 recession than that of 1991 recession. A plausible explanation for this result might be significant shifts in employment from agriculture towards services sectors. We conclude, based on the evidence from our study, that sectoral reallocation is one of the major causes of jobless growth in Pakistan.
Urbanisation and Crime: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Hafiz Hanzla Jalil  , Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal
Published: September 2018

Crime is an activity which is against the law and the fact that the linkage between criminal activities and the socio-economic development of the society is undeniable. Moreover, the relationship between crime and evolution of mankind may also be considered a historical one as Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed first crime when he murdered his brother Able because of jealousy. Due to the complex nature of the subject of crime, for example, regarding its causes and consequences, various academic disciplines such as criminology, sociology, geography, psychology and demography study it from their own perspective. A relatively new emerging field, however, is the economics of crime which tries to identify the socio-economic causes and consequences of criminal activities in a society.
Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Agricultural Sector of Punjab
Authors: Uzma Hanif  , Shabib Haider Syed
Published: September 2018

As back as the Industrial Revolution, anthropogenic activities namely, power generation from fossil fuels and deforestation activities have been continuously increasing the atmospheric concentration of GHGs beyond their natural limits resulting in an enhanced greenhouse effect, vis-à-vis, an increase in global temperature. The rise in temperature could be coupled with changes in rainfall pattern, rise in sea level, and frequency and severity of extreme events namely, cyclones and droughts etc. The sum of all these changes is referred to as climate change. Climate change affects economic development in many ways, especially the agrarian economies have always depended on vagaries of nature and climate. Change in temperature, precipitation averages and extreme climate events can alter yield, income, health, sociology and physical safety. Climate change is a global phenomenon and no country is immune to it. The disappearing of the Himalayan glaciers at a fast pace would increase the probability of extreme water flows, rendering it uncontrolled will bring heavy floods, loss of life, livestock, crops and infrastructural facilities in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Climate change will affect all sectors of the economy not alone agricultural sector the most as well as health, forests, energy, coastal area, biodiversity and ecology all over the globe. In this connection, it will be pertinent to give the most recent events which have taken place across Asia.
The Unchanging Profile of Development: A Historical Study of the Punjab 1961-2008
Authors: Uzma Afzal
Published: September 2018

In recent years, the importance of historic events in the socioeconomic development of countries has emerged as an important area of research. There is a growing interest in determining the impact of historic events and conditions such as colonial rules, institutions, and factor endowments on the economic and social circumstances of countries today. Furthermore, the levels of development in the early decades of newly independent territories can have long term effects on the progress of those regions [Nunn (2007, 2009); Olsson and Hibbs (2005); Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001); Engerman and Sokoloff (2000); La Porta, et al. (1998)].
Inter-District Inequalities in Social Service Delivery: A Rationalised Approach towards Funds Disbursement
Authors: Muhammad Usman Sikander  , Syed Ahsan Ahmad Shah
Published: September 2018

For a less developed country, Pakistan has experienced a relatively high average per capita growth rate of 2.2 percent, for the period 1950-99 [Easterly (2003)]. Unfortunately, high growth rates have not trickled down sufficiently and the living condition of the general populace leaves a lot to be desired. The UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) report released in 2010, ranked Pakistan at 144th on the HDI, out of 178 countries [Wasif (2010)]. The HDI conceptualises poverty to be a multi-dimensional construct and considers adult literacy and life expectancy to be key indicators of the quality of life. Given, that Pakistan has experienced high growth rates but ranks so poorly on the HDI, clearly indicates that despite economic growth, the country faces serious challenges in social service delivery. The coverage of social services is limited and varies across different regions of the country. Easterly (2003) points out that in terms of adult literacy there is a huge variation across provinces and female literacy is only 3 percent in rural Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whereas it is 41 percent in urban Sindh. Zaidi (2005) shows that the situation is not much different in case of health outcomes. The study shows that across the country, nearly half of pregnant women suffer from anaemia and 35 percent of children under age five are malnourished. Moreover, the numbers for infant mortality vary across provinces considerably with urban Punjab having an infant mortality of 70.6 per 1,000 live births compared to the 120.6 of urban Balochistan.1
Using the Health Belief Model to Understand Pesticide Use Decisions
Authors: Muhammad Khan
Published: September 2018

Farmers use pesticide to protect their crops from pests which in-turn help them maximise agricultural output on limited acres of land. However, the extensive use of such pesticide results in substantial health and environmental threats. According to WHO (1990) pesticide use causes 3.5 to 5 million acute poisonings a year. Rough estimates show that 20,000 workers dying from exposure every year and most of them from developing countries. The literature shows that health and environmental hazards of pesticide use occur due to lack of information, awareness and knowledge which are chief contributing factors of extensive overuse or misuse of hazardous pesticide and dangerous practices [Forget (1991); Dasgupta, et al. (2005a); Ibitayo (2006)]. Research has also shown that health and environmental hazards of pesticides can be avoided by awareness, education and changing farmer’s attitude and behaviour regarding pesticide use [Dasgupta, et al. (2005a)]. Therefore, the first step in developing pesticide’s health and environmental hazard reduction policy is to set up the extent of the problem by investigating farmer’s attitudes and behaviours regarding pesticide use [Koh and Jeyaratnam (1996); Dasgupta (2005a, 2005b)]. Such information is critical to identify the ‘prospects and constraints to the adoption of alternative crop protection policy’ [Ajayi (2000)].