bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Characterization of Digestive Proteases in the Green Cichlid, Cichlasoma beani
Authors: Martínez-Cárdenas Leonardo , Álvarez-González Carlos , Hernández-Almeida Oscar , Frías-Quintana Carlos , Ponce-Palafox Jesús , Castillo-Vargasmachuca Sergio
Published: March 2017

This study undertakes the characterization of digestive proteases in the juvenile green cichlid, Cichlasoma beani. The results obtained showed a higher activity of alkaline proteases (0.14 ± 0.01 U mg protein−1) compared to acid proteases (0.07 ± 0.01 U mg protein−1) in this species. The optimum temperature of the alkaline proteases was 65 °C and these enzymes were more thermostable to temperature changes than the acid proteases, characterized by an optimal temperature of 55 °C. The pH optimum was 2 for acid proteases, and 11 for alkaline proteases, which were also more stable to changes in pH between 8 and 10. The use of specific inhibitors showed an acid protease inhibition of 88% with pepstatin A as inhibitor. In the zymogram SDS-PAGE analysis of alkaline proteases, five active fractions were revealed, indicating the presence of serine proteases. These results confirm that both alkaline and acid proteases are involved in the digestion of C. beani, and suggest that this species is omnivorous with carnivorous tendencies. The present study contributes to our knowledge about the digestive physiology of C. beani, and can be applied towards improved understanding of the kinds of protein sources that could be used in the development of inerts diets.
IBM Poetry: Exploring Restriction in Computer Poems
Authors: Funkhouser Christopher
Published: March 2017

In the 1960s, many years prior to the advent of personal computers and mainstream cultural accessibility to them, Emmett Williams devised a method that he felt reflected the expressive potential of algorithmic processes within a printed page’s confines. Williams’ “IBM” method serves as a “muse’s assistant,” in which a user-contrived vocabulary is employed to construct poems in which letters of words in one line are used to create subsequent lines. This article introduces the imposed conditions of Williams’ invention, comparing and placing them within a range of digital writings that appear during subsequent decades.
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: A Lifecourse Approach to the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Baird Janis , Jacob Chandni , Barker Mary , Fall Caroline , Hanson Mark , Harvey Nicholas , Inskip Hazel , Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Cooper Cyrus
Published: March 2017

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, affect individuals in all countries worldwide. Given the very high worldwide prevalence of NCDs across a range of human pathology, it is clear that traditional approaches targeting those at most risk in older adulthood will not efficiently ameliorate this growing burden. It will thus be essential to robustly identify determinants of NCDs across the entire lifecourse and, subsequently, appropriate interventions at every stage to reduce an individual’s risk of developing these conditions. A lifecourse approach has the potential to prevent NCDs, from before conception through fetal life, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and into older age. In this paper, we describe the origins of the lifecourse concept, the importance of early life influences, for example during pregnancy, examine potential underlying mechanisms in both cell biology and behavior change, and finally describe current efforts to develop interventions that take a lifecourse approach to NCD prevention. Two principal approaches to improving women’s nutritional status are outlined: nutritional supplementation and behavior change.
Land Use Influencing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Crime: A Case Study of Szczecin, Poland
Authors: Sypion-Dutkowska Natalia , Leitner Michael
Published: March 2017

This paper falls into a common field of scientific research and its practical applications at the interface of urban geography, environmental criminology, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The purpose of this study is to identify types of different land use which influence the spatial distribution of a set of crime types at the intra-urban scale. The originality of the adopted approach lies in its consideration of a large number of different land use types considered as hypothetically influencing the spatial distribution of nine types of common crimes, geocoded at the address-level: car crimes, theft of property—other, residential crimes, property damage, commercial crimes, drug crimes, burglary in other commercial buildings, robbery, and fights and battery. The empirical study covers 31,319 crime events registered by the Police in the years 2006–2010 in the Polish city of Szczecin with a population ca. 405,000. Main research methods used are the GIS tool “multiple ring buffer” and the “crime location quotient (LQC)”. The main conclusion from this research is that a strong influence of land use types analyzed is limited to their immediate surroundings (i.e., within a distance of 50 m), with the highest concentration shown by commercial crimes and by the theft of property—other crime type. Land use types strongly attracting crime in this zone are alcohol outlets, clubs and discos, cultural facilities, municipal housing, and commercial buildings. In contrast, grandstands, cemeteries, green areas, allotment gardens, and depots and transport base are land use types strongly detracting crime in this zone.
Erratum: Liu, Z.; Ji, F.; Wang, M.; Zhu, T. One-Dimensional Constitutive Model for Porous Titanium Alloy at Various Strain Rates and Temperatures. Metals 2017, 7, 24
Authors: Editorial Office Metals
Published: March 2017

The Metals Editorial Office wishes to report the following erratum to this paper [1]. In the paper, Figure 4a,b is the same as Figure 4c.
A Review on Macroscale and Microscale Cell Lysis Methods
Authors: Shehadul Islam Mohammed , Aryasomayajula Aditya , Selvaganapathy Ponnambalam
Published: March 2017

The lysis of cells in order to extract the nucleic acids or proteins inside it is a crucial unit operation in biomolecular analysis. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the various methods that are available both in the macro and micro scale for cell lysis. Various types of cells, the structure of their membranes are discussed initially. Then, various methods that are currently used to lyse cells in the macroscale are discussed and compared. Subsequently, popular methods for micro scale cell lysis and different microfluidic devices used are detailed with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a comparison of different techniques used in microfluidics platform has been presented which will be helpful to select method for a particular application.
Lactobacillus gasseri PA-3 Uses the Purines IMP, Inosine and Hypoxanthine and Reduces their Absorption in Rats
Authors: Yamada Naruomi , Saito-Iwamoto Chizuru , Nakamura Marie , Soeda Misato , Chiba Yoshika , Kano Hiroshi , Asami Yukio
Published: March 2017

Excessive intake of purine-rich foods elevates serum levels of uric acid. Animal and fish meats contain high amounts of inosine and its related purines, and the reduction of taking those purines is crucial for the improvement of serum uric acid levels. We previously showed that Lactobacillus gasseri PA-3 (PA-3) incorporates adenosine and its related purines and that oral treatment with PA-3 reduced adenosine absorption in rats. This study investigated whether PA-3 also incorporates IMP (inosine 5′-monophosphate), inosine, and hypoxanthine, and whether it reduces their absorption in rats. PA-3 was incubated in vitro with radioisotope (RI)-labeled IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine, and the incorporation of these compounds by PA-3 was evaluated. In addition, rats were orally administered PA-3 along with RI-labeled inosine 5′-monophosphate, inosine, or hypoxanthine, and the ability of PA-3 to attenuate the absorption of these purines was determined. PA-3 incorporated all three purines and displayed greater proliferation in the presence than in the absence of these purines. Oral administration of PA-3 to rats reduced the absorption of IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine. These results indicate that PA-3 reduces the absorption of purines contained in foods and it is expected that PA-3 contributes attenuation of the excessive intake of dietary purines.
Does the Dietary Pattern of Shanghai Residents Change across Seasons and Area of Residence: Assessing Dietary Quality Using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI)
Authors: Zang Jiajie , Yu Huiting , Zhu Zhenni , Lu Ye , Liu Changhe , Yao Chunxia , Bai Pinqing , Guo Changyi , Jia Xiaodong , Zou Shurong , Wu Fan
Published: March 2017

Background: Few studies have applied the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI) in evaluating dietary quality across seasons. Method: The Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) included 1680 participants from all districts of Shanghai from 2012 to 2013. Dietary data were obtained using three‐day 24‐h recall in spring, summer, fall, and winter. Higher bound score (HBS), lower bound score (LBS) and diet quality distance (DQD) were calculated according to compliance with the dietary guidelines and based on the recommendations for consumption within the main food groups. HBS, LBS, and DQD represent over‐intake, under‐intake, and overall imbalance of the diet, respectively. Results: 836 males and 844 females were included. The HBS indicated that 10.08%, 11.84%, 10.31%, and 12.73% people have moderate or high levels of over‐intake of food in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively; and 74.04%, 37.61%, 53.09%, and 42.72% people have moderate or high levels of deficit food intake for each of the four seasons. The mean HBS and LBS among the four seasons were statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The mean (SD) DQD was 43.27 (10.21), 35.67 (9.71), 39.19 (9.36), and 36.84 (9.45) in each season. A multivariable model showed statistically significant differences in DQD according to age, gender, occupational status, education, smoking, drinking status, season, and residency (p < 0.001). Conclusion: An unbalanced diet is common among people living in Shanghai. Seasonality and area of residence were found to be two significant predictors. Strengthening the accessibility and the supply of food across seasons and regions should be considered.
Empirical Assessment of the Impact of Low-Cost Generic Programs on Adherence-Based Quality Measures
Authors: Pauly Nathan , Talbert Jeffery , Brown Joshua
Published: March 2017

In the United States, federally-funded health plans are mandated to measure the quality of care. Adherence-based medication quality metrics depend on completeness of administrative claims data for accurate measurement. Low-cost generic programs (LCGPs) cause medications fills to be missing from claims data as medications are not adjudicated through a patient’s insurance. This study sought to assess the magnitude of the impact of LCGPs on these quality measures. Data from the 2012–2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were used. Medication fills for select medication classes were classified as LCGP fills and individuals were classified as never, sometimes, and always users of LCGPs. Individuals were classified based on insurance type (private, Medicare, Medicaid, dual-eligible). The proportion of days covered (PDC) was calculated for each medication class and the proportion of users with PDC ≥ 0.80 was reported as an observed metric for what would be calculated based on claims data and a true metric which included missing medication fills due to LCGPs. True measures of adherence were higher than the observed measures. The effect’s magnitude was highest for private insurance and for medication classes utilized more often through LCGPs. Thus, medication-based quality measures may be underestimated due to LCGPs.
XUV Transient Absorption Spectroscopy: Probing Laser-Perturbed Dipole Polarization in Single Atom, Macroscopic, and Molecular Regimes
Authors: Liao Chen-Ting , Sandhu Arvinder
Published: March 2017

We employ an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse to impulsively excite dipole polarization in atoms or molecules, which corresponds to coherently prepared superposition of excited states. A delayed near infrared (NIR) pulse then perturbs the fast evolving polarization, and the resultant absorbance change is monitored in dilute helium, dense helium, and sulfur hexaﬂuoride (SF6) molecules. We observe and quantify the time-dependence of various transient phenomena in helium atoms,includinglaser-inducedphase(LIP),time-varying(AC)Starkshift,quantumpathinterference, and laser-induced continuum structure. In the case of dense helium targets, we discuss nonlinear macroscopic propagation effects pertaining to LIP and resonant pulse propagation, which accoun tfor the appearance of new spectral features in transient lineshapes. We then use tunable NIR photons to demonstrate the wavelength dependence of the transient laser induced effects. In the case of molecular polarization experiment in SF6, we show suppression of XUV photoabsorption corresponding to inter-valence transitions in the presence of a strong NIR ﬁeld. In each case, the temporal evolution of transient absorption spectra allows us to observe and understand the transient laser induced modiﬁcations of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
Stay-Green and Associated Vegetative Indices to Breed Maize Adapted to Heat and Combined Heat-Drought Stresses
Authors: Cerrudo Diego , González Pérez Lorena , Mendoza Lugo José , Trachsel Samuel
Published: March 2017

The objective of this study was to assess the importance of stay-green on grain yield under heat and combined heat and drought stress and to identify the associated vegetative indices allowing higher throughput in order to facilitate the identification of climate resilient germplasm. Hybrids of tropical and subtropical adaptation were evaluated under heat and combined heat and drought stress in 2014 and 2015. Five weekly measurements with an airplane mounted multispectral camera starting at anthesis were used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) for vegetation indices during that period; the indices were compared to the AUC (AUCSEN) for three visual senescence scores taken two, four, and six weeks after flowering and a novel stay-green trait (AUC for stay-green; AUCSG) derived from AUCSEN by correcting for the flowering date. Heat and combined heat and drought stress reduced grain yield by 53% and 82% (relative to non-stress trials reported elsewhere) for trials carried out in 2014 and 2015, respectively, going along with lower AUCSG in 2014. The AUCSG was consistently correlated with grain yield across trials and years, reaching correlation coefficients of 0.55 and 0.56 for 2014 and 2015, respectively. The AUC for different vegetative indices, AUCNDVI (rgGY = 0.62; rgAUCSG = 0.72), AUCHBSI (rgGY = 0.64; rgAUCSG = 0.71), AUCGRE (rgGY = 0.57; rgAUCSG = 0.61), and AUCCWMI (rgGY = 0.63; rgAUCSG = 0.75), were associated with grain yield and stay-green across experiments and years. Due to its good correlation with grain yield and stay-green across environments, we propose AUCNDVI for use as an indicator for stay-green and a long grain filling. The trait AUCNDVI can be used in addition to grain yield to identify climate-resilient germplasm in tropical and subtropical regions to increase food security in a changing climate.
The Impact of Energy Consumption on the Surface Urban Heat Island in China’s 32 Major Cities
Authors: Liao Weilin , Liu Xiaoping , Wang Dagang , Sheng Yanling
Published: March 2017

Supported by the rapid economic development in the last few decades, China has become the largest energy consumer in the world. Alongside this, the effect of the anthropogenic heat released from energy consumption is increasingly apparent. We quantified the daytime and nighttime surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) for the 32 major cities in mainland China, using MODIS land surface temperature data from 2008 to 2012, and estimated the energy consumption intensity (ECI) based on the correlation between energy consumption and the sum of nighttime lights. On this basis, the impact of energy consumption on the surface urban heat island in China’s 32 major cities was analyzed, by directly examining the relationship between SUHII and the urban-suburban difference in ECI. The results show that energy consumption has a significantly positive correlation with the nighttime SUHII, but no correlation with the daytime SUHII. It indicates that the cities with a larger urban-suburban difference in ECI have a far greater impact on SUHII during the nighttime. Therefore, the statistical analysis of the historical observation data in this study provides evidence for a long-held hypothesis that the anthropogenic heat released from energy consumption is an important contributor to the urban thermal environment.
Label-Free Biological and Chemical Sensing Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Resonators: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Su Judith
Published: March 2017

Sensitive and rapid label-free biological and chemical sensors are needed for a wide variety of applications including early disease diagnosis and prognosis, the monitoring of food and water quality, as well as the detection of bacteria and viruses for public health concerns and chemical threat sensing. Whispering gallery mode optical resonator based sensing is a rapidly developing field due to the high sensitivity and speed of these devices as well as their label-free nature. Here, we describe the history of whispering gallery mode optical resonator sensors, the principles behind detection, the latest developments in the fields of biological and chemical sensing, current challenges toward widespread adoption of these devices, and an outlook for the future. In addition, we evaluate the performance capabilities of these sensors across three key parameters: sensitivity, selectivity, and speed.
Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Hammouda Nada , Salah El-Din Manal , El-Shishtawy Mamdouh , El-Gayar Amal
Published: March 2017

Elevated serum levels of cystatin C are found to be related to poor outcome and metastatic potential of some malignant disorders. To evaluate the clinical prominence of serum cystatin C in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), blood samples were obtained from 58 patients at the time of diagnosis and paired blood samples were obtained from 22 patients at the time of remission. Also, serum cystatin C level was measured in matched healthy controls. Serum cystatin C levels were significantly more elevated in DLBCL patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, paired-sample analysis revealed that pretreatment cystatin C levels were reduced significantly in patients who achieved remission after therapy (p = 0.016). High serum cystatin C levels were correlated with age over 60 years (p = 0.049), extra-nodal involvement (p = 0.005) and with high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.013). Elevated serum cystatin C levels were associated with extra-nodal involvement and they were significantly reduced to normal range after the remission. However, Kaplan–Meier curves revealed no survival difference in the pretreatment serum cystatin C levels. Therefore, serum cystatin C may be a novel biomarker that reflects tumor burden in DLBCL but bears no prognostic significance regarding survival.
A Study of RI Clusters Based on Symbiosis Theory
Authors: Xu Wenchao , Xu Yanmei , Li Junfeng
Published: March 2017

Research infrastructure (RI) refers to a large and complex science research facility or system that conducts top-level science activities. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward geographical concentration of RIs and formation of RI clusters. Some of these RI clusters have become engines for regional social and economic development. It turns out that RI clusters present a new stage for RI sustainable development. The present paper tries to study RI clusters based on symbiosis theory in order to build an analytical framework for policy makers’ comprehensive understanding of RI clusters. Following the analytical framework, we study the symbiosis system and the symbiosis structures of an RI cluster by analyzing its major characteristics. In order to achieve a balanced symbiotic situation, a competitive model and a symbiosis model are proposed based on the Logistic Model. The analysis is grounded in the samples of China’s typical RI clusters and other cases in the world to give a vivid and convincing illustration. During the analysis process, an RI cluster is regarded as a complex ecological system and the organization and management of units in the cluster is the focus of the study. The authors hope that the paper will supplement the existing literature, which mainly focuses on the technological problems and the evaluation of RI’s socioeconomic effects, in the sense of a systematical analysis of the management problem of RI.
Change in Emiliania huxleyi Virus Assemblage Diversity but Not in Host Genetic Composition during an Ocean Acidification Mesocosm Experiment
Authors: Highfield Andrea , Joint Ian , Gilbert Jack , Crawfurd Katharine , Schroeder Declan
Published: March 2017

Effects of elevated pCO2 on Emiliania huxleyi genetic diversity and the viruses that infect E. huxleyi (EhVs) have been investigated in large volume enclosures in a Norwegian fjord. Triplicate enclosures were bubbled with air enriched with CO2 to 760 ppmv whilst the other three enclosures were bubbled with air at ambient pCO2; phytoplankton growth was initiated by the addition of nitrate and phosphate. E. huxleyi was the dominant coccolithophore in all enclosures, but no difference in genetic diversity, based on DGGE analysis using primers specific to the calcium binding protein gene (gpa) were detected in any of the treatments. Chlorophyll concentrations and primary production were lower in the three elevated pCO2 treatments than in the ambient treatments. However, although coccolithophores numbers were reduced in two of the high-pCO2 treatments; in the third, there was no suppression of coccolithophores numbers, which were very similar to the three ambient treatments. In contrast, there was considerable variation in genetic diversity in the EhVs, as determined by analysis of the major capsid protein (mcp) gene. EhV diversity was much lower in the high-pCO2 treatment enclosure that did not show inhibition of E. huxleyi growth. Since virus infection is generally implicated as a major factor in terminating phytoplankton blooms, it is suggested that no study of the effect of ocean acidification in phytoplankton can be complete if it does not include an assessment of viruses.
Feelings of women accompanying children hospitalized in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Mendes Bertoncello Fontes Cassiana , Da Silva Lisboa Mayara , Iauch Bianca Giovana De Almeida , Mendes de Sá Flavia , Mangini Bocchi Silvia Cristina , Toso Lis Amanda
Published: March 2017

Objective: Analise feelings of women accompanying children in a paediatric intensive care unit

Materials and Methods: Data were collected from August to October 2015 by the authors from individual interviews recorded with 15 women. The instrument was structured with the identification of qualitative variables, described in absolute and relative frequencies, and a guiding question. The "corpus" of each interview was electronically transcribed, floating readings were held and statements were categorized and analysed according Analise Content.

 Results: 14 (93%) are biological mothers; average age 30 years; 11 (73%) have completed primary education; six (46%) have an occupation or a profession. The four themes were inferred: ambivalence of feelings and coping were related to how individuals express and deal with the hospitalized patient’s situation; empathy with the health team and the structural condition of the critical environment can also generate feelings. Nursing diagnoses were formulated from the reported feelings.

Conclusion: It was observed that the feelings identified could be originated by the health-illness hospitalization process as well as the structural components of the critical environment.

Keywords: Paediatric Intensive Care Units; Women; Feelings.
The Influence Of Nursing In The Development Of Popular Education In Health
Authors: De Souza Maurício Caxias , Serpa de Souza Batista Patrícia , De Oliveira Hudson Silva , Da Silva Thais Dandara Azevedo , De Oliveira Dantas Gleydson Henrique , Ramos Santos Tahuan Sheldon , Silva Amorim Thaise , Dos Santos Sandra Jaqueline , Alves Pereira Fernanda , Rodrigues Pessoa Marli , Brito de Andrade Danielle
Published: March 2017

Objective: analyze the scientific publications focusing on Popular Health Education available in online journals indexed in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), in the period from 2007 to 2017.

Method: it is an integrative review of current literature, descriptive of quantitative approach. It was used as LILACS database and the SCIELO Virtual Library, with the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DECs): Health Education; Health Promotion; Community Health Nursing. For article selection criteria: be related to health education; authorship of health professionals; and have been published between the years 2007 to 2017. 09 articles were selected.

Results: we noticed a greater number of studies published in the year 2010/2012, produced by nurses and multidisciplinary academics in the Portuguese language.

Conclusion: nursing must persist in search of social transformation from Popular Education in Health, encouraging and creating favorable ties for your event. The plurality of knowledge should be more valued and education encouraged as a process of social self-formation, through the creation of Public Policies focused on this theme.

Descriptors: Health Education. Health Promotion. Community Health Nursing.
Aspects That Hinder Integration Of Men In Reproductive Planning: An Integrative Review
Authors: Darc de Melo França Maria Joanna , Mourão Pinho Clarissa , Gonçalves de Melo Brandão Brígida Maria , Andrade Maria Sandra , Molina da Costa Aurélio , Da Silva Abrão Fátima Maria , Silvestre Monteiro de Freita Clara Maria
Published: March 2017

This study aimed to identify the aspects that hinder the integration of man in reproductive planning. An integrative review of the literature was made in May 2016 in the LILACS and BDENF databases using the descriptors "nursing", "family planning" and "ethics", considering the period from 2005 to 2015, resulting in 6 articles. According to data, the year 2014 had 3 publications, the Portuguese language was predominant in 5 articles and all the studies have level of evidence IV. After reading the articles in full, three aspects were identified that hinder men's participation in reproductive planning: gender social construction, inadequate health services and lack of qualification and/or professional commitment. It is concluded that new research is necessary to increase the scientific evidence and to consolidate references for the performance of professionals and for the existing public policies regarding the participation of men in reproductive planning.
The Bimodal Color Distribution of Small Kuiper Belt Objects*
Authors: Wong Ian , Brown Michael E.
Published: March 2017

We conducted a two-night photometric survey of small Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) near opposition using the wide-field Hyper Suprime-Cam instrument on the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope. The survey covered about 90 deg2 of sky, with each field imaged in the g and i bands. We detected 356 KBOs, ranging in absolute magnitude from 6.5 to 10.4. Filtering for high-inclination objects within the hot KBO population, we show that the g − i color distribution is strongly bimodal, indicative of two color classes—the red and very red subpopulations. After categorizing objects into the two subpopulations by color, we present the first dedicated analysis of the magnitude distributions of the individual color subpopulations and demonstrate that the two distributions are roughly identical in shape throughout the entire size range covered by our survey. Comparing the color distribution of small hot KBOs with that of Centaurs, we find that they have similar bimodal shapes, thereby providing strong confirmation of previous explanations for the attested bimodality of Centaurs. We also show that the magnitude distributions of the two KBO color subpopulations and the two color subpopulations observed in the Jupiter Trojans are statistically indistinguishable. Finally, we discuss a hypothesis describing the origin of the KBO color bimodality based on our survey results.
Experimental Simulation of Meteorite Ablation during Earth Entry Using a Plasma Wind Tunnel
Authors: Loehle Stefan , Zander Fabian , Hermann Tobias , Eberhart Martin , Meindl Arne , Oefele Rainer , Vaubaillon Jeremie , Colas Francois , Vernazza Pierre , Drouard Alexis , Gattacceca Jerome
Published: March 2017

Three different types of rocks were tested in a high enthalpy air plasma flow. Two terrestrial rocks, basalt and argillite, and an ordinary chondrite, with a 10 mm diameter cylindrical shape were tested in order to observe decomposition, potential fragmentation, and spectral signature. The goal was to simulate meteoroid ablation to interpret meteor observation and compare these observations with ground based measurements. The test flow with a local mass-specific enthalpy of 70 MJ kg−1 results in a surface heat flux at the meteorite fragment surface of approximately 16 MW m−2. The stagnation pressure is 24 hPa, which corresponds to a flight condition in the upper atmosphere around 80 km assuming an entry velocity of 10 km s−1. Five different diagnostic methods were applied simultaneously to characterize the meteorite fragmentation and destruction in the ground test: short exposure photography, regular video, high-speed imaging with 10 kHz frame rate, thermography, and Echelle emission spectroscopy. This is the first time that comprehensive testing of various meteorite fragments under the same flow condition was conducted. The data sets indeed show typical meteorite ablation behavior. The cylindrically shaped fragments melt and evaporate within about 4 s. The spectral data allow the identification of the material from the spectra which is of particular importance for future spectroscopic meteor observations. For the tested ordinary chondrite sample a comparison to an observed meteor spectra shows good agreement. The present data show that this testing methodology reproduces the ablation phenomena of meteoritic material alongside the corresponding spectral signatures.
Constraints on Climate and Habitability for Earth-like Exoplanets Determined from a General Circulation Model
Authors: Wolf Eric T. , Shields Aomawa L. , Kopparapu Ravi K. , Haqq-Misra Jacob , Toon Owen B.
Published: March 2017

Conventional definitions of habitability require abundant liquid surface water to exist continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts with solar and thermal radiation and is the cause for strong climatic feedbacks. Thus, assessments of the habitable zone require models to include a complete treatment of the hydrological cycle over geologic time. Here, we use the Community Atmosphere Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the evolution of climate for an Earth-like planet at constant CO2, under a wide range of stellar fluxes from F-, G-, and K-dwarf main sequence stars. Around each star we find four stable climate states defined by mutually exclusive global mean surface temperatures (T
s); snowball (T
s ≤ 235 K), waterbelt (235 K ≤ T
s ≤ 250 K), temperate (275 K ≤ T
s ≤ 315 K), and moist greenhouse (T
s ≥ 330 K). Each is separated by abrupt climatic transitions. Waterbelt, temperate, and cooler moist greenhouse climates can maintain open-ocean against both sea ice albedo and hydrogen escape processes respectively, and thus constitute habitable worlds. We consider the warmest possible habitable planet as having T
s ∼ 355 K, at which point diffusion limited water-loss could remove an Earth ocean in ∼1 Gyr. Without long timescale regulation of non-condensable greenhouse species at Earth-like temperatures and pressures, such as CO2, habitability can be maintained for an upper limit of ∼2.2, ∼2.4, and ∼4.7 Gyr around F-, G-, and K-dwarf stars respectively, due to main sequence brightening.
Electric Current Filamentation Induced by 3D Plasma Flows in the Solar Corona
Authors: Nickeler Dieter H. , Wiegelmann Thomas , Karlický Marian , Kraus Michaela
Published: March 2017

Many magnetic structures in the solar atmosphere evolve rather slowly, so they can be assumed as (quasi-)static or (quasi-)stationary and represented via magnetohydrostatic (MHS) or stationary magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria, respectively. While exact 3D solutions would be desired, they are extremely difficult to find in stationary MHD. We construct solutions with magnetic and flow vector fields that have three components depending on all three coordinates. We show that the noncanonical transformation method produces quasi-3D solutions of stationary MHD by mapping 2D or 2.5D MHS equilibria to corresponding stationary MHD states, that is, states that display the same field-line structure as the original MHS equilibria. These stationary MHD states exist on magnetic flux surfaces of the original 2D MHS states. Although the flux surfaces and therefore also the equilibria have a 2D character, these stationary MHD states depend on all three coordinates and display highly complex currents. The existence of geometrically complex 3D currents within symmetric field-line structures provides the basis for efficient dissipation of the magnetic energy in the solar corona by ohmic heating. We also discuss the possibility of maintaining an important subset of nonlinear MHS states, namely force-free fields, by stationary flows. We find that force-free fields with nonlinear flows only arise under severe restrictions of the field-line geometry and of the magnetic flux density distribution.
Chondrule Accretion with a Growing Protoplanet
Authors: Matsumoto Yuji , Oshino Shoichi , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Wakita Shigeru
Published: March 2017

Chondrules are primitive materials in the solar system. They were formed in about the first 3 Myr of the solar system’s history. This timescale is longer than that of Mars formation, and it is conceivable that protoplanets, planetesimals, and chondrules might have existed simultaneously in the solar nebula. Due to protoplanets’ perturbation on the planetesimal dynamics and chondrule accretion on them, all the formed chondrules are unlikely to be accreted by the planetesimals. We investigate the amount of chondrules accreted by planetesimals in such a condition. We assume that a protoplanet is in oligarchic growth, and we perform analytical calculations of chondrule accretion by both a protoplanet and planetesimals. Through the oligarchic growth stage, planetesimals accrete about half of the formed chondrules. The smallest planetesimals get the largest amount of chondrules, compared with the amount accreted by more massive planetesimals. We perform a parameter study and find that this fraction is not greatly changed for a wide range of parameter sets.
The ISLAndS Project. II. The Lifetime Star Formation Histories of Six Andromeda dSphs*
Authors: Skillman Evan D. , Monelli Matteo , Weisz Daniel R. , Hidalgo Sebastian L. , Aparicio Antonio , Bernard Edouard J. , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Cassisi Santi , Cole Andrew A. , Dolphin Andrew E. , Ferguson Henry C. , Gallart Carme , Irwin Mike J. , Martin Nicolas F. , Martínez-Vázquez Clara E. , Mayer Lucio , McConnachie Alan W. , McQuinn Kristen B. W. , Navarro Julio F. , Stetson Peter B.
Published: March 2017

The Initial Star formation and Lifetimes of Andromeda Satellites (ISLAndS) project employs Hubble Space Telescope imaging to study a representative sample of six Andromeda dSph satellite companion galaxies. Our main goal is to determine whether the star formation histories (SFHs) of the Andromeda dSph satellites demonstrate significant statistical differences from those of the Milky Way (MW). Our deep observations yield a time resolution at the oldest ages of ∼1 Gyr, allowing meaningful comparisons to the MW satellites. The six dSphs present a variety of SFHs (e.g., a significant range in quenching times,

τ

q

, from 9 to 6 Gyr ago) that are not strictly correlated with luminosity or present distance from M31. In agreement with observations of MW companions of similar mass, there is no evidence of complete quenching of star formation by the cosmic UV background responsible for reionization, but the possibility of a degree of quenching at reionization cannot be ruled out. We do not find significant differences between the SFHs of the members and non-members of the vast, thin plane of satellites. The SFHs of the ISLAndS M31 dSphs appear to be more uniform than those of the MW dSphs. Specifically, the primary difference between the SFHs of the ISLAndS dSphs and MW dSph companions of similar luminosities and host distances is the absence of late-quenching (

τ

q

≤
5

Gyr

) dSphs in the ISLAndS sample. Thus, models that can produce satellite populations with and without late-quenching satellites are of extreme interest.
Dust in the Reionization Era: ALMA Observations of a z = 8.38 Gravitationally Lensed Galaxy
Authors: Laporte N. , Ellis R. S. , Boone F. , Bauer F. E. , Quénard D. , Roberts-Borsani G. W. , Pelló R. , Pérez-Fournon I. , Streblyanska A.
Published: March 2017

We report on the detailed analysis of a gravitationally lensed Y-band dropout, A2744_YD4, selected from deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging in the Frontier Field cluster Abell 2744. Band 7 observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) indicate the proximate detection of a significant 1 mm continuum flux suggesting the presence of dust for a star-forming galaxy with a photometric redshift of

. Deep X-SHOOTER spectra confirms the high-redshift identity of A2744_YD4 via the detection of Lyα emission at a redshift z = 8.38. The association with the ALMA detection is confirmed by the presence of [O iii] 88 μm emission at the same redshift. Although both emission features are only significant at the 4σ level, we argue their joint detection and the positional coincidence with a high-redshift dropout in the Hubble Space Telescope images confirms the physical association. Analysis of the available photometric data and the modest gravitational magnification (

) indicates A2744_YD4 has a stellar mass of ∼2 × 109

, a star formation rate of ∼20

yr−1 and a dust mass of ∼6 × 106

. We discuss the implications of the formation of such a dust mass only

after the onset of cosmic reionization.
Fast Radio Bursts from Extragalactic Light Sails
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Loeb Abraham
Published: March 2017

We examine the possibility that fast radio bursts (FRBs) originate from the activity of extragalactic civilizations. Our analysis shows that beams used for powering large light sails could yield parameters that are consistent with FRBs. The characteristic diameter of the beam emitter is estimated through a combination of energetic and engineering constraints, and both approaches intriguingly yield a similar result that is on the scale of a large rocky planet. Moreover, the optimal frequency for powering the light sail is shown to be similar to the detected FRB frequencies. These “coincidences” lend some credence to the possibility that FRBs might be artificial in origin. Other relevant quantities, such as the characteristic mass of the light sail, and the angular velocity of the beam, are also derived. By using the FRB occurrence rate, we infer upper bounds on the rate of FRBs from extragalactic civilizations in a typical galaxy. The possibility of detecting fainter signals is briefly discussed, and the wait time for an exceptionally bright FRB event in the Milky Way is estimated.
Geniposide Demonstrates Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Activity against Pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) Influenza virus Infection in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhang Yunshi , Yao Jing , Qi Xian , Liu Xing , Lu Xieqin , Feng Ganzhu
Published: March 2017

Background

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been a great threat to human health for centuries, without effective control. Geniposide, a main iridoid glycoside compound extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit, possesses various biological activities including anti-inflammation and anti-virus.

Methods

Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were infected with pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus in vitro. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of geniposide were estimated by MTT assay. The influenza respiratory tract infection murine model was established by intranasal instillation of pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus. One day after infection, the mice were administered with geniposide (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day) or the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) peramivir (30 mg/kg/day). Body weight, survival time, viral titre and lung index of the mice were measured. The sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Results

The data showed that geniposide had little cytotoxicity on MDCK cells and protected them from pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced cell injury. In the infected mice, geniposide treatment significantly restored the body weights, decreased the mortality, alleviated viral titres and virus-induced lung lesions. Geniposide substantially inhibited the virus-induced alveolar wall changes, alveolar haemorrhage and neutrophil-infiltration in lung tissues. Levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were also markedly altered after treatment with geniposide.

Conclusions

Our investigation suggested that geniposide effectively inhibited cell damage mediated by pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus and mitigated virus-induced acute inflammation.
Penser les inégalités scolaires :
Authors: Blanchard Marianne , Cayouette-Remblière Joanie
Published: March 2017

La question des inégalités scolaires est au cœur des travaux fondateurs de Pierre Bourdieu et Jean-Claude Passeron d’une part, de Raymond Boudon de l’autre. Si cette thématique reste aujourd’hui centrale en sociologie de l’éducation, les apports des recherches les plus récentes ne sont pas toujours connus. Les travaux présentés ici cherchent à rendre compte des différentes formes d’inégalités – liées à l’origine sociale, au sexe, à l’histoire migratoire – qui traversent le système éducatif français et à éclairer les multiples processus qui, en son sein ou dans les familles, contribuent à produire ces inégalités.
L’éducation au prisme des enquêtes PISA
Authors: Le Donné Noémie
Published: March 2017

Le Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves, plus connu sous l’acronyme PISA, fait aujourd’hui office de référence dans le panorama des évaluations internationales des élèves. Malgré le large écho médiatique et académique que PISA a rencontré, ses objectifs novateurs, ses limites et ses résultats demeurent assez mal connus du public et des acteurs de l’éducation. Cet article se propose donc de situer PISA dans la brève histoire des enquêtes internationales d’éducation, puis de présenter de manière critique sa méthodologie et les précautions à prendre pour interpréter ses données. Enfin, il synthétise les principaux résultats de recherche que PISA a permis de mettre au jour.
Le financement de l’enseignement supérieur
Authors: Courtioux Pierre
Published: March 2017

L’analyse économique du financement de l’enseignement supérieur insiste sur l’existence de rendements privés, de rendements publics et d’externalités. Une analyse en comparaison internationale éclaire les liens qui existent entre ces différentes dimensions du rendement, d’une part, et les caractéristiques du marché du travail et du système socio-fiscal, d’autre part.
Le préfet face aux enseignants autonomistes en Guyane de 1946 au tournant des années 1960
Authors: Maurice Edenz
Published: March 2017

À la suite de la départementalisation des vieilles colonies française en 1946, le préfet devient le chef des services de l’État de ces territoires. En Guyane, si dans un premier temps les populations se félicitent de cette inédite rencontre administrative, cette dernière ne s’en trouve pas moins, dans un second temps, bouleversée très rapidement. À partir du milieu des années 1950, la vie politique s’articule en effet entre une gauche locale créole et autonomiste et une droite départementaliste affiliée aux partis hexagonaux et taxée d’être sous la coupe du préfet. Les enseignants engagés dans les mouvements de cette gauche locale sont les principaux acteurs de cette inédite bipolarisation de la vie politique qui se traduit par de violents conflits. Prenant la mesure de ce phénomène à partir de rapports du préfet, le Gouvernement promulgue le 15 octobre 1960 une ordonnance qui prévoit sur proposition de ce même préfet le rappel d’office dans l’Hexagone des fonctionnaires perçus comme de virulents propagandistes d’idées subversives, au premier rang desquels se placent les enseignants autonomistes. Cet article montre comment en moins de vingt ans, l’opposition entre le préfet et les enseignants autonomistes donne à voir un nouvel espace politique dans l’ensemble national. Celui-ci se caractérise par une recomposition politique au cours de laquelle les enseignants créoles guyanais deviennent une élite dirigeante de leur département à la fois opposée et alliée à un préfet d’Outre-mer exerçant des pouvoirs exorbitants au nom de la crainte d’un séparatisme.
Un traitement spécifique des migrations d’outre-mer : le BUMIDOM (1963-1982) et ses ambiguïtés
Authors: Pattieu Sylvain
Published: March 2017

Le BUMIDOM, créé en 1963 par le gouvernement français, est une société d’État dont l’objectif est d’encadrer et d’organiser les migrations venues des DOM, afin d’y désamorcer la crise sociale latente. Son existence et sa politique témoignent de la persistance d’un traitement spécifique par les pouvoirs publics, au-delà de l’ère coloniale, des DOM et de leurs populations. Une telle persistance pose la question d’une ligne de couleur à la française, moins rigide et moins aisément appréhendable que dans les sociétés caractérisées par une ségrégation institutionnalisée. Elle ne s’appuie pas sur un racisme biologique, mais sur des pratiques justifiées par une origine géographique et culturelle. Les migrants venus des DOM par le BUMIDOM sont considérés par la société d’État comme des citoyens. Ils sont pourtant l’objet d’un encadrement paraétatique et associatif particulier, de pratiques et de préjugés qui participent d’une racialisation diffuse, davantage culturaliste que coloriste, l’une n’excluant pas l’autre. Les migrations organisées par le BUMIDOM participent des relations profondément inégales entre la métropole et les DOM. De ce fait, le BUMIDOM, malgré son caractère finalement peu coercitif, reste dans les mémoires comme une institution faible et mal aimée. Les acteurs du BUMIDOM ont certes envisagé les migrants domiens comme des citoyens à part entière, mais non seulement leurs actions ont été contraintes du fait de la position dominée des populations qu’ils prétendaient encadrer, mais, de surcroît, les politiques qu’ils ont menées ont contribué, par certains aspects, à les y maintenir, ainsi que les DOM.