bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicity, Half-Life and Antitumor Activity of Phenyl 4-(2-Oxo-3-alkylimidazolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonates as Novel Antimitotic CYP1A1-Targeted Prodrugs in Female Mouse Models
Authors: Chavez Alvarez Atziri Corin , Bouzriba Chahrazed , Ouellette Vincent , Gagné-Boulet Mathieu , Patenaude Alexandre , Pilote Sylvie , C.-Gaudreault René , Simard Chantale , Fortin Sébastien
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Chemoresistance of breast cancers (BCs) is a major impediment to current chemotherapeutics that urges the development of new drugs and new therapeutic approaches. To that end, phenyl 4-(2-oxo-3-alkylimidazolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonates (PAIB-SOs) were recently prepared to fulfill some of the unmet needs with classic chemotherapeutics. PAIB-SOs are prodrugs bioactivated into potent antimitotics by the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), which is a frequent enzyme in resistant BC cells, but mostly missing in normal cells. Our screening program studies of PAIB-SO chemolibraries selected three prototypical PAIB-SOs as antimitotic prodrugs amenable for studies using BC animal models. Methods: Healthy female CD1® IGS mice were treated with three prototypical PAIB-SOs, namely CEU-835, -934, and -938, for the determination of their toxicity and half-lives. Moreover, MCF7 tumor-bearing CD1-Foxn1nu Nude female mice were treated with the three prototypical PAIB-SOs for the determination of their antitumor activity. Results: Herein, we show that multi-intravenous administrations of CEU-835, -934, and -938 at their maximal solubilities are well tolerated in healthy female CD1® IGS mice, as depicted by the evaluation of distress behaviors, organ necropsy, total blood cell count, and histology. Moreover, the half-life of CEU-835, -934, and -938 administered intravenously in healthy CD1® IGS female mice were 8.1, 23.2, and 21.5 h, respectively. Finally, their intravenous administrations of CEU-934 and -938 decreased MCF7 tumor growth as efficiently as paclitaxel in MCF7 tumor-bearing CD1-Foxn1nu Nude mouse model. Conclusions: overall, our study demonstrated for the first time that pentyl-bearing PAIB-SOs are new CYP1A1-dependent prodrugs efficiently decrease breast cancer tumor growth, and show no side effects at their pharmacological concentration in mouse models.
Investigating the Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Sesamum prostratum Retz.
Authors: Dhanaraj Felix Irudhyaraj , Kalimuthu Jagadheesh Kumar , Balamurugan Pavan Santhosh , Subramani Punitha , Katerere David R. , Gurusamy Manikandan
Published: February 2025

Numerous bioactive chemicals with a range of advantageous effects on human metabolism can be found in medicinal plants. The knowledge of these phytochemicals is essential for the identification of potential medicines. In the present study, Sesamum prostratum was selected for GC-MS profiling and antioxidant studies. Plant extracts were prepared with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone by using the continuous hot Soxhlet extraction method. The chemical compositions were analyzed by GC/MS. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS, DPPH, and hydrogen peroxide assay. The GC-MS analysis of the different solvent extracts showed a total of 32 compounds present in S. prostratum. Ethanol extracts showed 11 compounds, ethyl acetate extracts showed 8 compounds, and acetone extracts showed the presence of 13 compounds. Different dominant chemicals were identified in each solvent extract by the phytochemical study. The chemical composition of the extracts revealed notable differences. The ethanol extract was dominated by 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, which comprised 51.4% of the total composition. In contrast, the acetone extract had 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane as its primary component, while the ethyl acetate extract was characterized by the presence of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid as its major chemical constituent. The different assay on free radical scavenging activity of the extracts showed antioxidant activity. The acetone extracts showed the least IC50 value of 35.13 μg/mL for the hydrogen peroxide test, the ethyl acetate showed IC50 value 65.49 μg/mL in the ABTS assay, and the ethanol extract showed the lowest IC50 value of 80.84 μg/mL in the DPPH assay. The results indicated that the plant has bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential that can be further investigated for anticancer and other medicinal uses.
Microgreens: Functional Food for Nutrition and Dietary Diversification
Authors: Seth Tania , Mishra Gyan Prakash , Chattopadhyay Arup , Deb Roy Partha , Devi Mridula , Sahu Ankita , Sarangi Sukanta Kumar , Mhatre Chaitrali Shashank , Lyngdoh Yvonne Angel , Chandra Visalakshi , Dikshit Harsh Kumar , Nair Ramakrishnan Madhavan
Published: February 2025

Microgreens are tender, edible seedlings harvested 7–21 days after germination containing a central stem, cotyledons, and true leaves. Known as a fresh, ready-to-eat functional food, they are mostly rich in vitamins, antioxidants, bioactive compounds, and minerals, with distinctive flavors, colors, and textures. These attributes make microgreens a valuable component in nutrition and health research. In countries like India, where low-income households spend 50–80% of their income on food, micronutrient deficiencies are common, particularly among women. Indian women, facing a double burden of malnutrition, experience both underweight (18.7%) and obesity (24.0%) issues, with 57% suffering from anemia. Women’s unique health requirements vary across life stages, from infancy to their elderly years, and they require diets rich in vitamins and minerals to ensure micronutrient adequacy. Microgreens, with their high nutrient density, hold promise in addressing these deficiencies. Fresh and processed microgreens based products can enhance food variety, nutritive value, and appeal. Rethinking agriculture and horticulture as tools to combat malnutrition and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is vital for achieving nutritional security and poverty reduction. This review compiles recent research on microgreens, focusing on their nutrient profiles, health benefits, suitable crops, substrates, seed density, growing methods, sensory characteristics, and applications as fresh and value-added products. It offers valuable insights into sustainable agriculture and the role of microgreens in enhancing human nutrition and health.
Memory Induced by Recurrent Drought Stress in Chirca (Acanthostyles buniifolius)
Authors: Heck Tamara , Souza Gustavo Maia , Fipke Marcus Vinícius , Polito Rubens Antonio , Balbinot Andrisa , Lamego Fabiane Pinto , Camargo Edinalvo Rabaioli , Avila Luis Antonio de
Published: February 2025

To thrive as a successful weed in natural pastures, a plant must have not only highly competitive ability, but also the resilience to endure environmental stress and rapidly reclaim space once those stressors diminish and the other non-stress-tolerant plants die. Acanthostyles buniifolius [(Hook. ex Hook. & Arn.) R.M.King & H.Rob.], known as chirca, is a widely spread weed in South American natural pastures. It is known for its remarkable ability to withstand environmental stress and flourish in environments with prevalent stressors. The study evaluated the memory effect of water stress (drought) in chirca plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments included Control = control plants without water deficit kept at 100% of the soil water-holding capacity (WHC); Primed plants = plants that were primed with water stress at 141 days after emergence (DAE) and received recurrent stress at 164 DAE; Naïve plants: plants that only experienced water stress at 164 DAE. To reach water stress, plants were not watered until the soil reached 15% of the soil’s WHC, which occurred ten days after water suppression in the priming stress and nine days after water suppression in the second stress. During periods without restriction, the pots were watered daily at 100% of the WHC. Primed plants exposed to water deficit better-maintained water status compared to the naïve plants; glycine betaine is an important defense mechanism against water deficit in chirca; naïve plants have a higher concentration of proline than plants under recurrent stress, demonstrating the greater need for protection against oxidative damage and needs greater osmotic regulation. Recurrent water deficits can prepare chirca plants for future drought events. These results show that chirca is a very adaptative weed and may become a greater threat to pastures in South America due to climate change, especially if drought becomes more frequent and severe.
Plant Biomass Allocation-Regulated Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition Effects on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes of a Lucerne (Medicago sativa ssp. sativa) Plantation in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhai Penghui , Cheng Rongrong , Gong Zelin , Huang Jianhui , Yang Xuan , Zhang Xiaolin , Zhao Xiang
Published: February 2025

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key limiting factors for carbon (C) fluxes in artificial grasslands. The impact of their management on ecosystem C fluxes, including net ecosystem productivity (NEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in the Loess Plateau is unclear. An experiment was conducted to study changes in these C fluxes with varying N (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g N m−2) and P (0 and 10 g P m−2) additions from 2022 to 2023 in a lucerne plantation. Results showed that N addition positively influenced NEP and GEP in the first year after planting with N addition at the rate of 10 g N m−2 was optimal for C assimilation, but it had negligible effect on ER in both two years in the studied lucerne (Medicago sativa ssp. sativa) plantation. Phosphorus addition significantly increased ER and stimulated GEP, resulting in an increasing effect on NEP only at the early stage after planting. The addition of N and P enhanced soil N and P availability and further improved the leaf chemical stoichiometry characteristics, leading to changes in biomass distribution. The more belowground biomass under N addition and more aboveground production under P addition resulted in different responses of ecosystem C fluxes to N and P addition. The results suggest that the effects of N and P fertilization management on the ecosystem C cycle may be largely dependent on the distribution of above- and belowground plant biomass in the artificial grassland ecosystem.
Performance of Hybrid Reinforced Composite Substrates in Adhesively Bonded Joints Under Varied Loading Rates
Authors: Malekinejad Hossein , Carbas Ricardo J. C. , Marques Eduardo A. S. , da Silva Lucas F. M.
Published: February 2025

The use of adhesive bonding for joining composites has grown due to its excellent performance compared to traditional joining methods. However, delamination remains a significant issue in adhesively bonded composite joints, often causing early failure and reducing joint performance. To address this, there is a strong interest in methods that enhance the through-thickness strength of composite substrates to reduce the risk of delamination. Various studies have suggested techniques to prevent delamination in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) single-lap joints (SLJs). This study investigates the reinforcement of substrates to prevent delamination, often by adding a tough polymer or metal layer (called fiber metal laminates) to the top and bottom surfaces of the substrates. The effects of incorporating aluminum and film adhesive layers (each comprising 25% of the composite substrate’s thickness) on the failure load and failure mode of bonded joints under different loading rates, including quasi-static (1 mm/min), high-rate (0.1 m/s), and impact (2.5 m/s) conditions, were examined. These configurations were also simulated using cohesive zone modeling (CZM) across all loading rates to predict failure load and mechanisms numerically. Under impact loading, substituting outer CFRP layers with polymer or metal layers significantly increased the failure load and energy absorption capacity. Samples reinforced with aluminum and polymer showed approximately 39% and 13% higher failure loads, respectively, compared to the reference CFRP samples under impact. In terms of energy absorption, SLJs reinforced using aluminum could dissipate energy about 15% greater than the reference CFRP SLJs. The polymer reinforcement configuration can enhance specific strength with a relatively smaller increase in weight compared to FML. This is particularly important in aerospace applications, where minimizing weight while improving performance is crucial.
The Potential of Hydrogel Preparations Containing Plant Materials in Supporting the Treatment of Vaginal and Vulvar Infections—Current State of Knowledge
Authors: Ostróżka-Cieślik Aneta , Michalak Monika , Bryś Tomasz , Kudła Marek
Published: February 2025

Vaginal hydrogels are a modern alternative to solid (tablets, globules) and other semi-solid forms of medication (ointments, creams) in the control of pathogenic microorganisms in diseases of the female reproductive tract. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of hydrogels containing plant materials in the treatment of vaginal and vulvar infections. New therapies are essential to address the growing antimicrobial resistance crisis. Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Medline (PubMed) databases were searched. Twenty-five studies were included in the review, including basic, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. The results obtained confirmed the therapeutic potential of plant raw materials embedded in the polymer matrix of hydrogels. However, due to the small number of clinical trials conducted, further research in this area is needed.
Chitosan-Lemongrass Essential Oil on Paperboard for Active Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Silva Mariangela de Fátima , Ernesto Julia Vaz , Rinaldi Alessandra Rigo , Noletto Ana Paula Reis , Lopes Patricia Santos , Carvalho Rosemary Aparecida de , Garcia Vitor Augusto dos Santos , Yoshida Cristiana Maria Pedroso
Published: February 2025

An active film-forming solution of chitosan and lemongrass essential oil was applied as a coating on paperboard, forming an alternative and sustainable packaging material for food applications. The active paper-film systems were characterized by color parameters, thermogravimetric analyses, contact angles, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity. The active coated paperboard was homogeneous and yellowish in appearance. The tensile strength (transverse and longitudinal directions) was directly influenced by increasing the number of layers of the chitosan-lemongrass active coating. The oil concentration significantly affected the Taber stiffness (transverse direction). The active coatings with higher concentrations of lemongrass essential oil altered the thermal stability of the coated paperboard. The contact angle values were characteristic of hydrophobic materials. The coated systems presented three characteristic peaks in the X-ray diffraction analysis—2θ = 16.5°, 22.9°, and 29.8°—and an amorphous halo at 18.9°. The cytotoxicity analysis of the active material (1:40:5) indicated potential reductions in the lemongrass essential oil content to maintain cell viability while ensuring insecticidal efficacy, supporting its safe use as food-contact active packaging. In this way, the active packaging system based on a chitosan coating containing lemongrass essential oil on paperboard could be a type of efficient active material packaging which is safe in contact with food and sustainable for the environment.
Effects of Carbon–to–Nitrogen Ratio and Temperature on the Survival of Antibiotic-Resistant and Non-Resistant Escherichia coli During Chicken Manure Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Atanasova Aleksandra , Amon Thomas , Friese Anika , Rösler Uwe , Merle Roswitha , Herrmann Christiane , Kraus Anton , Kabelitz Tina
Published: February 2025

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a suitable process to use manure for biogas production. During this process, antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are reduced. In this study, we investigated the reduction of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, fluoroquinolone-resistant, and total Escherichia (E.) coli concentrations in chicken manure during AD. AD was performed at 30 °C and 37 °C (mesophilic temperature range), with and without sawdust addition as a lignocellulosic biomass. The initial concentrations of total E. coli were 6.43 log10CFU/g to 7.84 log10CFU/g. The concentration of Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli was approx. 6.05 log10CFU/g (6.70%), and of ESBL-producing E. coli approx. 5.48 log10CFU/g (0.99%). During AD, we observed that temperature had the main influence on the bacterial reduction, as E. coli abundance was below the detection limit after day 7 at 37 °C and after day 14 at 30 °C. At 37 °C we observed higher amounts of free ammonia, which is an inhibitor of the AD process. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio has an important impact on the AD process because a higher C/N ratio decreases the amount of generated total ammonia nitrogen. However, we did not observe a significant difference in AMR and total E. coli reduction between chicken manure with a natural C/N ratio (10:1) and an increased C/N ratio (25:1).
Microplastic Pollution in Soil and Water and the Potential Effects on Human Health: A Review
Authors: Pérez-Méndez Mario Alberto , Fraga-Cruz Guadalupe Selene , Domínguez-García Saúl , Pérez-Méndez Martha Lizeth , Bocanegra-Díaz Christian Israel , Nápoles-Rivera Fabricio
Published: February 2025

The presence of microplastics in the environment has increased due to anthropogenic activities; it is estimated that 15 million kilograms of plastic waste accumulate in the ocean annually. Pollution permeates every inch of the ocean from microplastics in the food chain to plastic water bottles floating on the surface. This monolith of ocean pollution is made up of all kinds of marine debris and contains 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic, covering an area twice the size of Texas. The objective of this review is to show advances in the study of emerging problems, specifically in the presence of microplastics in water and soil and their potential effects on health. In addition, microplastics have synergy with residual contaminants that exist in the water such as textile waste, organic matter, pathogens, etc. This causes damage to aquatic organisms as it makes nutrient transfer more complex in many of these species. There is a report that estimates that liabilities related to plastic pollution will cost the industry 100,000 million dollars due to lawsuits for damages and losses, of which 20,000 million will occur in the United States. The study of the presence of microplastics in the environment can generate indicators of the current effect to generate public policies that try to control the growth of this pollutant in the environment. It is important to discuss all the routes of generation of microplastics, distribution, and cosmetics involved in fast fashion with glitter and to evaluate the physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological effects on the environment, proposing the path and future to be followed regarding this research topic.
The Impact of Weld Repairs on the Microstructure and Mechanical Integrity of X80 Pipelines in Oil and Gas Transmission
Authors: Li Lifeng , Zhu Lixia , Yan Xiangzhen , Jia Haidong , Xie Shuyi , Zou Yangfan
Published: February 2025

The integrity of oil and gas pipelines is critical to energy transportation and has significant implications for national energy security. This study employs finite-element numerical simulation to investigate the impact of multiple repairs on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of X80 pipeline girth welds. The effects of varying repair iterations on the microstructure, toughness, and loading capacity of high-strength steel pipes were analyzed. The results revealed that the microstructure of the welded joint remained unchanged across different repair instances, but the toughness, optimized by welding heat input, diminished after three repairs due to grain growth from repeated thermal cycles. Specifically, the impact toughness of the welding line, fusion line, and adjacent areas decreased significantly after three repairs, with the toughness of the welding line dropping to 25 J and the fusion line dropping to 30 J. The hardness of the welded joint decreased with repairs, and the dispersion of hardness increased. The average hardness at the welding line decreased from 25 HV to 20 HV after three repairs. Residual stress in the repaired girth weld was highest in the filling welding layer, increasing with the number of repairs. The loading capacity of the girth weld significantly decreased after the first repair (by 12.1%) and continued to decrease with additional repairs (15.3% after the second repair and 16.7% after the third repair). It is concluded that X80 pipeline girth welds should be repaired no more than twice to maintain optimal structural integrity.
The Saint Petersburg Paradox and Its Solution
Authors: Mattalia Claudio
Published: February 2025

This article describes the main historical facts concerning the Saint Petersburg paradox, the most important solutions proposed thus far, and the results of new experimental evidence and a simulation of the game that shed light on a solution for this paradox. The Saint Petersburg paradox has attracted the attention of important mathematicians and economists since it was first formulated 300 years ago, and it has strongly influenced the development of new concepts in the economic and social sciences. The main conclusion of this study is that the behavior of the individuals playing the game is not paradoxical at all, and the paradox is intrinsic to the game.
Comparison of Spring Phenology from Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Vegetation Index, and Ground Observations in Boreal Forests
Authors: Shi Dandan , Jiang Yuan , Cui Minghao , Guan Mengxi , Xu Xia , Kang Muyi
Published: February 2025

Spring phenology (start of growing season, SOS) in boreal forests plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. At present, more and more researchers are using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to evaluate the land surface phenology of boreal forests, but few studies have utilized the primary SIF directly detected by satellites (e.g., GOME-2 SIF) to estimate phenology, and most SIF datasets used are high-resolution products (e.g., GOSIF and CSIF) constructed by models with vegetation indices (VIs) and meteorological data. Thus, the difference and consistency between them in detecting the seasonal dynamics of boreal forests remain unclear. In this study, a comparison of spring phenology from GOME-2 SIF, GOSIF, EVI2 (MCD12Q2), and FLUX tower sites, PEP725 phenology observation sites, was conducted. Compared with GOSIF and EVI2, the primary GOME-2 SIF indicated a slightly earlier spring phenology onset date (about 5 days earlier on average) in boreal forests, at a regional scale; however, SOSs and SOS-climate relationships from GOME-2 SIF, GOSIF, and EVI2 showed significant correlations with the ground observations at a site scale. Regarding the absolute values of spring phenology onset date, GOME-2 SIF and FLUX-GPP had an average difference of 8 days, while GOSIF and EVI2 differed from FLUX-GPP by 16 days and 12 days, respectively. GOME-2 SIF and PEP725 had an average difference of 38 days, while GOSIF and EVI2 differed from PEP725 by 24 days and 23 days, respectively. This demonstrated the complementary roles of the three remote sensing datasets when studying spring phenology and its relationship with climate in boreal forests, enriching the available remote sensing data sources for phenological research.
UV Map Nowcasting and Comparison with Ground-Based UV Measurements for the DACH Region
Authors: Klotz Barbara , Gradl Regine , Schenzinger Verena , Schwarzmann Michael , Schreder Josef , Lorenz Sebastian , Gröbner Julian , Hülsen Gregor , Kreuter Axel
Published: February 2025

This study introduces a new method for nowcasting UV Index maps developed within the framework of the Austrian Solar UV Measurement Network. While we focus on the DACH region (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) in this study, the same methods are routinely applied to nowcast UV Index maps for Europe. The primary objective is to improve public health measures by providing timely and area-wide UV Index values. The UV Index maps are based on clear-sky calculations using data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. Cloud effects are integrated using cloud modification factors determined from Meteosat Second Generation satellite imagery. To assess the representativeness of the calculated UV Index maps, the corresponding pixel values are compared to ground-based measurements for the year 2022 at 27 locations in the DACH region. For all sky conditions, the satellite-derived UV Index values are within ±1.0 UV Index of the ground-measured UV Index for at least 91% of the data at stations below 500 m a.s.l. and in flatter landscapes. For high-altitude sites and in more pronounced topographies, the values for U1.0 decrease, with the lowest agreement of 74.8% found for the Sonnblick station located at 3109 m a.s.l. Discrepancies arise due to differences in the measurement methods: ground-based measurements capture the local conditions, while satellite-derived values represent the average values over larger areas. The clear-sky deviations are most pronounced at high-altitude, snow-covered sites due to uncertainties in the surface albedo. Under all sky conditions, cloud variability adds further uncertainties, particularly in complex terrain or broken cloud cover scenarios, where satellite cloud data lack the resolution to capture local fluctuations. This study discusses these uncertainties while also highlighting the potential of the generated UV Index maps to provide area-wide information to the population as a valuable complement to ground-based measurements.
Balance Control Method for Bipedal Wheel-Legged Robots Based on Friction Feedforward Linear Quadratic Regulator
Authors: Zhang Aimin , Zhou Renyi , Zhang Tie , Zheng Jingfu , Chen Shouyan
Published: February 2025

With advancements in mobile robot technology, wheel-legged robots have emerged as promising next-generation mobile solutions, reducing design costs and enhancing adaptability in unstructured environments. As underactuated systems, their balance control has become a prominent research focus. Despite there being numerous control approaches, challenges remain. Balance control methods for wheel-legged robots are influenced by hardware characteristics, such as motor friction, which can induce oscillations and hinder dynamic convergence. This paper presents a friction feedforward Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) balance control method. Specifically, a basic LQR controller is developed based on the dynamics model of the wheel-legged robot, and a Stribeck friction model is established to characterize motor friction. A constant-speed excitation trajectory is designed to gather data for friction identification, and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to determine the optimal friction parameters. The identified friction model is subsequently incorporated as feedforward compensation for the LQR controller’s torque output, resulting in the proposed friction feedforward LQR balance control algorithm. The minimum standard deviation for friction identification is approximately 0.30, and the computed friction model values closely match the actual values, indicating effective and accurate identification results. Balance experiments demonstrate that under diverse conditions—such as flat ground, single-sided bridges, and disturbance scenarios—the convergence performance of the friction feedforward LQR algorithm markedly surpasses that of the baseline LQR, effectively reducing oscillations, accelerating convergence, and improving the robot’s stability and robustness.
Robust Tracking Method for Small and Weak Multiple Targets Under Dynamic Interference Based on Q-IMM-MHT
Authors: Yang Ziqian , Nie Hongbin , Liu Yuxuan , Bian Chunjiang
Published: February 2025

In complex environments, traditional multi-target tracking methods often encounter challenges such as strong clutter interference and interruptions in target trajectories, which can result in insufficient tracking accuracy and robustness. To address these issues, this paper presents an improved multi-target tracking algorithm, termed Q-IMM-MHT. This method integrates Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) with Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) and introduces a Q-learning-based adaptive model switching strategy to dynamically adjust model selection in response to variations in the target’s motion patterns. Furthermore, the algorithm utilizes Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for anomaly detection and trajectory recovery, thereby enhancing the accuracy of data association and the overall robustness of the system. Experimental results indicate that under high noise conditions, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of position estimation decreases to 0.74 pixels, while the RMSE of velocity estimation falls to 0.04 pixels/frame. Compared to traditional methods such as the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), IMM, and CIMM, the RMSE is reduced by at least 10.84% and 42.86%, respectively. In scenarios characterized by target trajectory interruptions and clutter interference, the algorithm maintains an association accuracy exceeding 46.3% even after 30 frames of interruption, significantly outperforming other methods. These findings demonstrate that the Q-IMM-MHT algorithm offers substantial performance improvements in multi-target tracking tasks within complex environments, effectively enhancing both tracking accuracy and stability, with considerable application value and extensive potential for future use.
Global Fast Terminal Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Quadrotor UAV Based on RBF Neural Network
Authors: Chen Weidong , Ding Yuanchun , Weng Falu , Liang Chuanfu , Li Jiawei
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a global fast terminal fuzzy sliding mode control scheme based on the radial basis function (RBF) neural network is proposed for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle systems in the presence of external disturbances, system model uncertainty, and time-varying mass. Firstly, the dynamic model of the quadrotor is divided into two subsystems, i.e., an outer-loop control subsystem and an inner-loop control subsystem. Secondly, an adaptive sliding mode controller is used to control the outer-loop control subsystem, which includes the adaptive laws estimating the time-varying mass and external disturbances. In the inner-loop control subsystem, a global fast terminal fuzzy sliding mode controller, which is based on the RBF neural network, is designed to control the attitude of a quadrotor. In this method, the system model uncertainty is approximated using the RBF neural network. Simultaneously, an adaptive fuzzy controller is introduced to estimate the switching gain and eliminate external disturbances, and the chattering phenomenon is eliminated effectively. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
A Sliding Window-Based CNN-BiGRU Approach for Human Skeletal Pose Estimation Using mmWave Radar
Authors: Luo Yuquan , He Yuqiang , Li Yaxin , Liu Huaiqiang , Wang Jun , Gao Fei
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we present a low-cost, low-power millimeter-wave (mmWave) skeletal joint localization system. High-quality point cloud data are generated using the self-developed BHYY_MMW6044 59–64 GHz mmWave radar device. A sliding window mechanism is introduced to extend the single-frame point cloud into multi-frame time-series data, enabling the full utilization of temporal information. This is combined with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for spatial feature extraction and a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) for temporal modeling. The proposed spatio-temporal information fusion framework for multi-frame point cloud data fully exploits spatio-temporal features, effectively alleviates the sparsity issue of radar point clouds, and significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of pose estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system accurately detects 25 skeletal joints, particularly improving the positioning accuracy of fine joints, such as the wrist, thumb, and fingertip, highlighting its potential for widespread application in human–computer interaction, intelligent monitoring, and motion analysis.
Cross-Domain Communication Method Based on Load Balancing for SDNs
Authors: Wang Xiaomao , Zhou Yi , Dan Feng , Yang Xian
Published: February 2025

In multi-end-to-end path request planning, the control plane may not be able to meet all path request requirements under limited bandwidth resources. Moreover, suboptimal path planning can lead to localized network congestion, which in turn causes an overall imbalance in network load. Therefore, the multi-domain control plane needs to consider more network resource states during the path selection, such as link weights, load saturation, and resource occupancy rates, in order to select the optimal paths to maximize the satisfaction of data plane requirements while maintaining network load balance. To address such issues, we first derive a cross-domain communication load balancing objective function based on network modeling. Through collaborative processing among multi-domain controllers, the coordinated planning of cross-domain paths and the collaborative installation of flow tables are achieved. Then, we transform the cross-domain path planning problem into a clique-finding problem under a set of backup paths. Finally, we provide a heuristic approximate solution method for this problem. In terms of cross-domain communication, we adopt a collaborative approach among multiple controllers to achieve coordinated planning of cross-domain paths and collaborative installation of flow tables. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the traditional method in terms of path allocation success rate, network load balancing degree, and data transmission delay, especially in cross-domain communication under high-density path requests in SDN networks.
Restoration of Turbid Underwater Images of Cobalt Crusts Using Combined Homomorphic Filtering and a Polarization Imaging System
Authors: Peng Enzu , Liu Chengyi , Zhao Haiming
Published: February 2025

Marine cobalt-rich crusts, extensively used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics, are crucial mineral resources located on the ocean floor. To effectively exploit these valuable resources, underwater imaging is essential for real-time detection and distribution mapping in mining areas. However, the presence of suspended particles in the seabed mining environment severely degrades image quality due to light scattering and absorption, hindering the effective identification of the target objects. Traditional image processing techniques—including spatial and frequency domain methods—are ineffective in addressing the interference caused by suspended particles and offer only limited enhancement effects. This paper proposes a novel underwater image restoration method that combines polarization imaging and homomorphic filtering. By exploiting the differences in polarization characteristics between suspended particles and target objects, polarization imaging is used to separate backscattered light from the target signal, enhancing the clarity of the cobalt crust images. Homomorphic filtering is then applied to improve the intensity distribution and contrast of the orthogonal polarization images. To optimize the parameters, a genetic algorithm is used with image quality evaluation indices as the fitness function. The proposed method was compared with traditional image processing techniques and classical polarization imaging methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach more effectively suppresses backscattered light, enhancing the clarity of target object features. With significant improvements in image quality confirmed by several no-reference quality metrics, the method shows promise as a solution for high-quality underwater imaging in turbid environments, particularly for deep-sea mining of cobalt-rich crusts.
Discrimination of the Lame Limb in Horses Using a Machine Learning Method (Support Vector Machine) Based on Asymmetry Indices Measured by the EQUISYM System
Authors: Poizat Emma , Gérard Mahaut , Macaire Claire , De Azevedo Emeline , Denoix Jean-Marie , Coudry Virginie , Jacquet Sandrine , Bertoni Lélia , Tallaj Amélie , Audigié Fabrice , Hatrisse Chloé , Hébert Camille , Martin Pauline , Marin Frédéric , Hanne-Poujade Sandrine , Chateau Henry
Published: February 2025

Lameness detection in horses is a critical challenge in equine veterinary practice, particularly when symptoms are mild. This study aimed to develop a predictive system using a support vector machine (SVM) to identify the affected limb in horses trotting in a straight line. The system analyzed data from inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the horse’s head, withers, and pelvis, using variables such as vertical displacement and retraction angles. A total of 287 horses were included, with 256 showing single-limb lameness and 31 classified as sound. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 86%, with the highest success rates in identifying right and left forelimb lameness. However, there were challenges in identifying sound horses, with a 54.8% accuracy rate, and misclassification between forelimb and hindlimb lameness occurred in some cases. The study highlighted the importance of specific variables, such as vertical head and withers displacement, for accurate classification. Future research should focus on refining the model, exploring deep learning methods, and reducing the number of sensors required, with the goal of integrating these systems into equestrian equipment for early detection of locomotor issues.
Quality Evaluation for Colored Point Clouds Produced by Autonomous Vehicle Sensor Fusion Systems
Authors: Schaefer Colin , Kootbally Zeid , Nguyen Vinh
Published: February 2025

Perception systems for autonomous vehicles (AVs) require various types of sensors, including light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and cameras, to ensure their robustness in driving scenarios and weather conditions. The data from these sensors are fused together to generate maps of the surrounding environment and provide information for the detection and tracking of objects. Hence, evaluation methods are necessary to compare existing and future sensor systems through quantifiable measurements given the wide range of sensor models and design choices. This paper presents an evaluation method to compare colored point clouds, a common fused data type, among two LiDAR–camera fusion systems and a stereo camera setup. The evaluation approach uses a test artifact measured by the fusion system’s colored point cloud through the spread, area coverage, and color difference of the colored points within the computed space. The test results showed the evaluation approach was able to rank the sensor fusion systems based on its metrics and complement the experimental observations. The proposed evaluation methodology is, therefore, suitable towards the comparison of generated colored point clouds by sensor fusion systems.
Field Evaluation of Salt Stress and Fertilization Effects (Organic and Inorganic) on Seed Yield, Proximate Seed Composition, Seed Elemental Composition and Protein Content in Fenugreek
Authors: Folina Antigolena , Efthimiadou Aspasia , Stavropoulos Panteleimon , Mavroeidis Antonios , Kakabouki Ioanna , Tsiplakou Eleni , Bilalis Dimitrios
Published: February 2025

The chemical quality of fenugreek seeds is a critical factor influencing their nutritional value, medicinal properties, and suitability for agricultural and industrial applications, making it essential to evaluate their biochemical composition and functional potential. This study evaluated the effects of salinity and different fertilization types on seed quality, early growth parameters, and key biochemical characteristics during fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cultivation. A field experiment was established at the Agricultural University of Athens during the cropping period 2019–2020 (Year A) and 2020–2021 (Year B) in a split-plot design with the five main fertilization treatments Biocyclic-Vegan Humus Soil (BVH), Farmyard Manure (FM), Organic Compost (OC), Inorganic Fertilizer (IF; 11-14-14), and No Treatment Control (NTC) and two treatments: Elevated Salinity (ES) and Normal Salinity (NS). Fertilization significantly influenced various agronomic traits and seed compositions across both experimental years. The evaluation showed that organic fertilization with BVH yielded the best results among the treatments studied. The BVH × NS treatment consistently produced the highest plant height, seed protein content, seed yield, and mineral content, including nitrogen, calcium, and potassium, compared to the other treatments. ES impacted the concentrations of several elements, namely N (%), Ca (g/100 g), K (g/100 g), Fe (ppm), P (%), and Mg (g/100 g). Salinity also affected certain traits, such as Seed Total Ash and Dry Matter content, with significant interactions observed. These findings highlight the critical role of fertilization, especially organic fertilization, in improving both agronomic performance and seed nutritional quality in the studied crops, as well as in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity.
Recycling of Multilayer Flexible Packaging Waste Through Delamination with Recoverable Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents
Authors: Mastroddi Roberta , Samorì Chiara , Vagnoni Martina , Gualandi Chiara , Galletti Paola , Tagliavini Emilio
Published: February 2025

Multilayer flexible packaging wastes (MFPWs) consist of complex materials composed of multiple plastic films, which are often laminated with aluminum foil, and they constitute a large portion of packaging waste. The use of several polymeric layers is essential to achieve the desired technical and mechanical performance of the packaging; however, this makes layer separation and recycling challenging. Currently, this type of waste is predominantly incinerated or landfilled; non-industrial recycling processes have recently been developed, but they mostly rely on traditional solvent-based treatments, which can be problematic. We present a versatile process for recycling MFPWs using switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs). By treating waste with SHSs through a temperature-controlled process, we efficiently recovered the polymeric layers as sorted transparent films, effectively removing all additives while preserving the original properties of the polymers. Aluminum was recovered as well. N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine was the best solvent for the delamination of the 26 different packaging materials tested, containing polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and aluminum. The main advantage of this method is the straightforward recovery of the different components that can be efficiently delaminated and easily removed from the solvent, even from highly variable input material. Moreover, by exploiting the CO2-triggered switchable behavior of the solvent, its purification and recovery can be achieved, maintaining its delamination efficacy over several cycles.
Empowering Rural Women in the Cocoa Production Chain in Sardinata, Norte de Santander, Colombia
Authors: Albornoz-Arias Neida , Rojas-Sanguino Camila , Santafe-Rojas Akever-Karina
Published: February 2025

Rural women in the agricultural sector face greater challenges than men in accessing productive resources and equitably participating in agrifood value chains. This article highlights the empowerment experiences of rural women involved in the cocoa production chain in Sardinata, Norte de Santander, Colombia. A qualitative methodology was used, employing an inductive, interpretative approach and a case-study design. Interviews were conducted with 10 female cocoa producers from Sardinata. The coding process, grounded in theoretical material, generated five subcategories with corresponding theoretical codes, leading to the emergence of a new subcategory. The narratives revealed that women continue to face inequality in participation, decision-making and autonomy, which are reinforced by gender roles and stereotypes. Despite their involvement in agricultural production, they are often overburdened with unpaid caregiving duties. Land ownership, control and access to productive resources remain largely male-dominated. In addition, gender-based violence and patriarchal expectations continue to be significant barriers. The study underscores the fact that women’s empowerment and improved access to resources enhance their participation in decision-making, boost productivity and contribute to the economic and social development of their communities.
The Impact of Perceived Ageism on Psychological Distress: Insights into the Role of Subjective Vitality
Authors: Miguel Isabel , Carvalhais Lénia
Published: February 2025

Age discrimination is prevalent in society and has significant, far-reaching effects on individual distress. Additionally, loss of energy and fatigue are natural aspects of aging that can further potentiate psychological distress (depression, stress, and anxiety). Although the effects of ageism have been extensively studied, the moderating role of subjective vitality in the relationship between age discrimination and psychological distress has received far less attention. A total of 792 Portuguese participants from three distinct age groups (18–39, 40–59, and 60+) participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected through a structured self-report questionnaire, which included measures of perceived ageism, subjective vitality, stress, depression, and anxiety. Multivariate analyses of variance and moderated regression analyses were performed on the data. While an increased perception of positive ageism was found throughout the life cycle, results also indicated the highest levels of perceived negative ageism, anxiety, and depression among younger and older participants. Perceived ageism, both negative and positive, was positively connected to dimensions of psychological distress. Further, the effect of perceived negative ageism on stress and anxiety depends on the level of subjective vitality. The practical implications of the results to diminish the negative impacts of ageism are discussed.
Validity and Inter-Device Reliability of the OTBeat BurnTM Monitor to Estimate Heart Rate During Exercise
Authors: de Leon Matteo F. , Camic Clayton L. , Herring Matthew J. , Hill Christopher M.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and inter-device reliability of the OTBeat BurnTM heart rate monitor during an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Twenty males (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 years) volunteered to complete a test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer with OTBeat BurnTM devices placed on the forearm and upper arm, with a 12-lead electrocardiogram used as the criterion. The heart rate was recorded every 30 s and averaged across each two-minute stage. Accuracy was assessed through calculation of the mean absolute percent error (MAPE), Bland–Altman plot, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter-device reliability. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. The MAPE (±SD), Bland–Altman regression analyses, and Lin’s CCC values were 0.9 (±0.6)% and 0.8 (±0.5)%, r = 0.107 and 0.303, and rc = 0.998 and 0.998 for the forearm and the upper arm monitors, respectively. The ICC for inter-device reliability was R = 0.999. Our findings indicated the OTBeat BurnTM monitors placed on the forearm and upper arm provided highly accurate and reliable values when compared to an electrocardiogram from low to maximal exercise intensities.