bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Laser Cutting Width of LiCoO2 Coated Aluminum for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Dongkyoung , Ahn Sanghoon
Published: September 2017

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used for many applications such as portable electronic devices and Electric Vehicles, because they have lighter weight, higher energy density, higher power density, and a higher energy-to-weight ratio than other types of batteries. Conventional contact-based cutting technology may be inefficient whenever cell design is changed since lithium-ion battery cells are not standardized. Furthermore, the conventional cutting may result in process instability and a poor cut quality due to the tool wear so that it leads to short circuits and local heat generation. These process instability and inefficiency may be solved by laser cutting due to advantages such as clean cutting edge, less deformation, applicability to almost all materials, possibility of precision processing, and easy modification of cutting path. Despite the importance of the laser cutting research, no clear definition of cutting widths has been presented, and there is lack of knowledge to understand the effect of laser parameters on cutting widths. Therefore, this research examines the surface of cathode cut by a laser and defines cutting widths such as top width, melting width, and kerf width. The relationship between the laser parameters and cutting characteristics with defined widths are studied. When the volume energy is less than 6.0172 × 10 10 J / m 3 , no active electrode material is removed. When the laser power is greater or equal to 100 W, both the top and melting widths are clearly observed. The laser power of 50 W can selectively ablate the active electrode material with the material removal rate of 32.14–55.71 mm 3 / min . The threshold volume energy to fully penetrate the 50 μm-thick current collector is between 9.6275 × 10 10 – 8.0229 × 10 10 J / m 3 . All clearance width is less than 20 μm, while the clearance width interestingly exceeds 20 μm when the laser power is 200 W. The effect of material properties on heat transfer using the one dimensional transient semi-infinite conduction model is investigated. In addition, five types of physical characteristics are defined and discussed.
Ultrashort Free-Electron Laser X-ray Pulses
Authors: Helml Wolfram , Grguraš Ivanka , Juranić Pavle , Düsterer Stefan , Mazza Tommaso , Maier Andreas , Hartmann Nick , Ilchen Markus , Hartmann Gregor , Patthey Luc , Callegari Carlo , Costello John , Meyer Michael , Coffee Ryan , Cavalieri Adrian , Kienberger Reinhard
Published: September 2017

For the investigation of processes happening on the time scale of the motion of bound electrons, well-controlled X-ray pulses with durations in the few-femtosecond and even sub-femtosecond range are a necessary prerequisite. Novel free-electron lasers sources provide these ultrashort, high-brightness X-ray pulses, but their unique aspects open up concomitant challenges for their characterization on a suitable time scale. In this review paper we describe progress and results of recent work on ultrafast pulse characterization at soft and hard X-ray free-electron lasers. We report on different approaches to laser-assisted time-domain measurements, with specific focus on single-shot characterization of ultrashort X-ray pulses from self-amplified spontaneous emission-based and seeded free-electron lasers. The method relying on the sideband measurement of X-ray electron ionization in the presence of a dressing optical laser field is described first. When the X-ray pulse duration is shorter than half the oscillation period of the streaking field, few-femtosecond characterization becomes feasible via linear streaking spectroscopy. Finally, using terahertz fields alleviates the issue of arrival time jitter between streaking laser and X-ray pulse, but compromises the achievable temporal resolution. Possible solutions to these remaining challenges for single-shot, full time–energy characterization of X-ray free-electron laser pulses are proposed in the outlook at the end of the review.
Comparing the Spatial Patterns of Rainfall and Atmospheric Moisture among Tropical Cyclones Having a Track Similar to Hurricane Irene (2011)
Authors: Matyas Corene
Published: September 2017

Irene was the most destructive tropical cyclone (TC) of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season due to flooding from rainfall. This study used a Geographic Information System to identify TCs with similar tracks and examine the spatial attributes of their rainfall patterns. Storm-total rainfall was calculated from the Unified Precipitation Dataset for 11 post-1948 storms and statistics corresponding to the top 10% of rainfall values left of track were computed. Irene-type tracks occur every 6.6 years. Floyd (1999) produced the highest rainfall overall and was the closest analog to Irene, yet Irene produced more rainfall in the northeastern U.S. where higher values of precipitable water existed. Areas of high rainfall expanded as five TCs moved north due to synoptic-scale forcing during extratropical transition. However, Irene and three other TCs did not exhibit this pattern. The amount of moisture in the environment surrounding the TC, rather than storm speed or intensity, exhibited the strongest correlations with rainfall totals and their spatial distribution. These results demonstrate the high variability that exists in the production of rainfall among TCs experiencing similar steering flow, and show that advection of moisture from the tropics is key to higher rainfall totals in the mid-latitudes.
Computer versus Compensatory Calendar Training in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Functional Impact in a Pilot Study
Authors: Chandler Melanie , Locke Dona , Duncan Noah , Hanna Sherrie , Cuc Andrea , Fields Julie , Hoffman Snyder Charlene , Lunde Angela , Smith Glenn
Published: September 2017

This pilot study examined the functional impact of computerized versus compensatory calendar training in cognitive rehabilitation participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Fifty-seven participants with amnestic MCI completed randomly assigned calendar or computer training. A standard care control group was used for comparison. Measures of adherence, memory-based activities of daily living (mADLs), and self-efficacy were completed. The calendar training group demonstrated significant improvement in mADLs compared to controls, while the computer training group did not. Calendar training may be more effective in improving mADLs than computerized intervention. However, this study highlights how behavioral trials with fewer than 30–50 participants per arm are likely underpowered, resulting in seemingly null findings.
Connecting the Dots between Schizotypal Symptoms and Social Anxiety in Youth with an Extra X Chromosome: A Mediating Role for Catastrophizing
Authors: Miers Anne , Ziermans Tim , Van Rijn Sophie
Published: September 2017

Youth with an extra X chromosome (47, XXY & 47, XXX) display higher levels of schizotypal symptoms and social anxiety as compared to typically developing youth. It is likely that the extra X chromosome group is at-risk for clinical levels of schizotypy and social anxiety. Hence, this study investigated how schizotypal and social anxiety symptoms are related and mechanisms that may explain their association in a group of 38 children and adolescents with an extra X chromosome and a comparison group of 109 typically developing peers (8–19 years). Three cognitive coping strategies were investigated as potential mediators, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between schizotypal symptoms and social anxiety was mediated by catastrophizing coping in the extra X chromosome group but not in the comparison group. The results suggest that youth with an extra X chromosome with schizotypal symptoms could benefit from an intervention to weaken the tendency to catastrophize life events as a way of reducing the likelihood of social anxiety symptoms.
Characteristics of Equipment Planning for Multi-Crane Building Construction Sites
Authors: Shapira Aviad , Ben-David Albert
Published: September 2017

This paper purports to provide answers to the following questions with regard to multi-crane building construction sites: (1) Do such construction sites differ from smaller sites only in magnitude, or are there unique characteristics that stem from the size of the site and the multitude of cranes? (2) Is equipment planning for such projects similar to that of projects serviced by a small number of cranes? (3) How is equipment planning affected by the site’s surroundings? (4) Does the visibility of multiple cranes in the near and far surroundings of the project affect the approach to equipment planning? Answers to these questions were sought after through the investigation of several measures, based on case studies of mega building projects in Europe, all located in busy urban surroundings. On-site interviews focused on multiple research variables, of which four are used here: project planning stages, planning parties, plan formats, and the cranes on site. The study found that multi-crane sites are characterized by unique features; equipment planning for such sites differs significantly from that conducted for regular sites; the site-surroundings interface plays an important role in equipment and logistics planning for such sites; and the awareness of reputation plays a role in crane selection. The study’s main contribution is in reducing the knowledge gap that exists with regard to the unique determinants of equipment planning for multi-crane projects and to its importance to the success of such projects.
Predicting Organ-Specific Risk Interactions between Radiation and Chemotherapy in Secondary Cancer Survivors
Authors: Manem Venkata , Grassberger Clemens , Paganetti Harald
Published: September 2017

Several studies have shown that pediatric patients have an increased risk of developing a secondary malignancy several decades after treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this work, we use a biologically motivated mathematical formalism to estimate the relative risks of breast, lung and thyroid cancers in childhood cancer survivors due to concurrent therapy regimen. This model specifically includes possible organ-specific interaction between radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The model predicts relative risks for developing secondary cancers after chemotherapy in breast, lung and thyroid tissues, and compared with the epidemiological data. For a concurrent therapy protocol, our model predicted relative risks of 3.2, 9.3, 4.5 as compared to the clinical data, i.e., 1.4, 8.0, 2.3 for secondary breast, lung and thyroid cancer risks, respectively. The extracted chemotherapy mutation induction rates for breast, lung and thyroid are 10−9, 0.5 × 10−6, 0.9 × 10−7 respectively. We found that there exists no synergistic interaction between radiation and chemotherapy for neither mutation induction nor cell kill in lung tissue, but there is an interaction in cell kill for the breast and thyroid organs. These findings help understand the risks of current clinical protocols and might provide rational guidance to develop future multi-modality treatment protocols to minimize secondary cancer risks.
Influence of Atmospheric Circulation on the Baltic Sea Level Rise under the RCP8.5 Scenario over the 21st Century
Authors: Karabil Sitar
Published: September 2017

This study aims to estimate the influence of atmospheric circulation modes on future Baltic Sea level rise under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) climate scenario for the period 2006–2100. For this estimation, the connection between the sea level variations in two selected representative locations—Stockholm and Warnemünde, and two atmospheric indices—the Baltic Sea and North Sea Oscillation (BANOS) index and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is statistically analysed. Correlations of winter means between atmospheric indices, BANOS and NAO, and tide gauges are measured as 0.85 and 0.55 for Stockholm, and 0.55 and 0.17 for Warnemünde over the period 1900–2013. Assuming that the established connection remains unchanged, the influence of atmospheric circulation modes on future Baltic Sea level rise is estimated from the projections of atmospheric indices, which are constructed from the SLP outputs of climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) under the RCP8.5 scenario. The main conclusion is that the contribution of those atmospheric modes to the Baltic Sea level rise is likely to remain small over the 21st century. Additionally, corresponding trend estimations of model realizations indicate the large influence of the internal climatic variability of the CMIP5 models on those future trends. One of the most important findings of this study is that anthropogenic forcing does not play a key role in the evolution of these atmospheric indices.
A Floating Platform with Embedded Wave Energy Harvesting Arrays in Regular and Irregular Seas
Authors: Zhang Hai-Cheng , Xu Dao-Lin , Liu Chun-Rong , Wu You-Sheng
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a study on a cost-effective engineering model that integrates an array of floating wave energy converters with a vast platform, a viable option for multi-functional performance in renewable energy capture and ocean space utilization. The wave energy converters are floating buoyance columns flexibly connected with the elastic platform. Hydrodynamic interactions among the columns are analyzed using an exact matrix transform method based on linear wave theory in the frequency domain. A parametric governing equation of compounded wave energy converter referred to as a wave farm is formulated by using Hamilton’s principle which can be discretized using the Galerkin method. The effects of wave conditions and the parameters of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) on the wave energy absorption and dynamic characteristics of the energy harvesting system are investigated. Furthermore, the wave energy capture on irregular waves is also discussed. This research work aims at providing a theoretical guidance for wave energy harvesting system design.
Honey Mitigates Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients without Affecting the Tumor Response
Authors: Rao Suresh , Hegde Sanath , Rao Pratima , Dinkar Chetana , Thilakchand Karadka , George Thomas , Baliga-Rao Manjeshwar , Palatty Princy , Baliga Manjeshwar
Published: September 2017

Radiation-induced mucositis is a dose-limiting factor in the effective treatment of head and neck (H & N) cancers. The objective of this study was to understand the efficacy of honey in mitigating radiation-induced mucositis and whether it would interfere with tumor control. This was a single-blinded, randomized, controlled study and was carried out in patients with H & N cancer requiring curative radiotherapy (>62 Gy (Gray)). The patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive either honey (n = 25) or povidone-iodine (active comparator) (n = 25) during radiotherapy. Oral mucositis was assessed using the RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) grading system before the start, during, and at the end of the treatment by an investigator unaware of the treatment. The results indicate that when compared with the active comparator, honey reduced the radiation-induced oral mucositis, decreased the incidence of intolerable mucositis, treatment breaks, loss of treatment days (p < 0.0001 and < 0.0003) and did not affect the radiation-induced tumor response. The clinical observations indicate that honey mitigates the radiation-induced mucositis and does not interfere with tumor cell killing.
A Manifold Approach for the Investigation of Early and Middle Neolithic Settlements in Thessaly, Greece
Authors: Kalayci Tuna , Simon François-Xavier , Sarris Apostolos
Published: September 2017

The IGEAN (Innovative Geophysical Approaches for the study of Early Agricultural villages of Neolithic) Thessaly project focused on Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly, Central Greece. The aim of the project was to highlight in an extensive way differences in settlement layouts while investigating commonalities as a way to understand Neolithic use of space. To accomplish this, a suite of geophysical prospection techniques (geomagnetic, electromagnetic induction, and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)), aerial platforms (historic aerial imagery and Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS)) as well as very high resolution spaceborne sensors were integrated to acquire comprehensive pictures of settlements. Results of the IGEAN project provide archaeological information on the dynamic character of enclosures, the structure of architectural features and open spaces within sites as an indication of economic or communal spaces. At the same time, they demonstrated the importance of employing a suite of different geophysical techniques to reveal different aspects of the hindered prehistoric settlements that could not be highlighted with a single geophysical approach.
Analysis and Processing of Nadir and Stereo VHR Pleiadés Images for 3D Mapping and Planning the Land of Nineveh, Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Malinverni Eva , Pierdicca Roberto , Bozzi Carlo , Colosi Francesca , Orazi Roberto
Published: September 2017

The impressive hydraulic system built by the Assyrian King Sennacherib is composed by different archaeological areas, displaced along the Land of Nineveh, in Iraqi Kurdistan. The extensive project we are working on has the aim of mapping and geo-referencing any kind of documentation in order to design an archaeological-environmental park able to preserve and enhance the archaeological complex. Unfortunately, the area is failing a topographic documentation and the available cartography is not sufficient for planning and documentation purposes. The research work presented in these pages moves towards this direction, by exploiting Pleiadés Very High Resolution (VHR) images (in both nadir and stereo configuration) for an accurate mapping of the site. In more depth, Pleiadés nadir VHR images have been used to perform a pansharpening procedure used to enhance the visual interpretation of the study area, whilst stereo-pair have been processed to produce the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Statistical evaluations show the high accuracy of the processing and the reliability of the outputs as well. The integration of different products, at different Levels of Detail within a unique GIS environment, besides protecting, preserving and enhancing the water system of Sennacherib’s, paves the way to allow the Kurdistan Regional Government to present a proposal for the admission of the archaeological complex in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List (WHTL).
Endocrine Disruptors and Pregnancy: Knowledge, Attitudes and Prevention Behaviors of French Women
Authors: Rouillon Steeve , Deshayes-Morgand Chloé , Enjalbert Line , Rabouan Sylvie , Hardouin Jean-Benoit ,   Group DisProSE, Migeot Virginie , Albouy-Llaty Marion
Published: September 2017

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are environmental exposure factors that are rarely reported in clinical practice, particularly during pregnancy. This study aimed to describe women’s knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards EDC exposure. A study was conducted in the French Department of Vienne between 2014 and 2016 and comprised semi-structured interviews with pregnant women, a focus group of professionals in perinatology and environmental health, and the administration of a psychosocial questionnaire comprising scores in 300 pregnant or in postpartum period women. The mean score of knowledge was 42.9 ± 9.8 out of 100 (from 13.5 to 75.7). Exposure attitude was determined by risk perception. Mean level of cues to action to reduce their EDC exposure was estimated at 56.9 ± 22.5 out of 100 (from 0 to 100). Anxiety was significantly increased after the questionnaire. Anxiety about EDC was associated with a high score of knowledge (OR = 2.30, 95% CI (1.12–4.71)) and with no pregnancy anxiety (OR = 0.57, 95% CI (0.34–0.95)). Our findings suggest that healthcare providers should consider pregnant women’s knowledge and perceptions, possibilities of action, and be careful not to increase their anxiety when advising them about EDC and environmental exposure.
The Supramolecular Buildup of Eumelanin: Structures, Mechanisms, Controllability
Authors: Büngeler Anne , Hämisch Benjamin , Strube Oliver
Published: September 2017

Research on the supramolecular buildup of eumelanin has gained high momentum in the last years. Several new aspects regarding the involved structures and mechanisms have been established, which has led to a better understanding of the entire process. This review intends to provide a clearly laid-out summary of previous and new findings regarding structures, mechanisms, and controllability. With respect to materials applications, the aspect of controllability is of supreme importance. A focus of this review is therefore set on a novel method with high potential for specific synthesis of various, isolated particle morphologies. Finally, open questions and possibilities for their elucidation are discussed.
A Geometric Analysis of the Regulation of Inorganic Nutrient Intake by the Subterranean Termite Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar
Authors: Judd Timothy , Landes James , Ohara Haruna , Riley Alex
Published: September 2017

Most studies on termite food selection have focused on a single nutrient per choice, however, termites, like all animals, must balance multiple nutrients in their diet. While most studies that use multi-nutrient approaches focus on macromolecules, the ability to balance the intake of inorganic nutrients is also vital to organisms. In this study, we used the geometric framework to test the effects of multiple inorganic nutrients on termite feeding. We presented the subsets of Reticulitermes flavipes colonies with food enriched with varying in levels of KCl, MgSO4, and FePO4. Each trial varied two of the three nutrients while the third nutrient was kept constant. The amount of food consumed was measured over two weeks. The termites’ feeding patterns during the study suggested that they fed until they reached a limit for MgSO4. This result suggests that the termites were using the rule of compromise such that the termites would over consume KCl or FePO4 in order to avoid overeating MgSO4. Thus, the termite colonies are able to regulate the intake of inorganic nutrients, and by doing so, adjust their intake from multiple resources in order to maintain an intake target.
Conserved Inhibition of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release by Clinical Candida albicans Biofilms
Authors: Kernien John , Johnson Chad , Nett Jeniel
Published: September 2017

Candida albicans biofilms are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance to host defenses and antifungal drugs. Although neutrophils are the primary responder to C. albicans during invasive candidiasis, biofilms resist killing by neutrophils. Prior investigation, with the commonly used laboratory strain SC5314, linked this phenotype to the impaired release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are structures of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins involved in extracellular microbial killing. Considering the diversity of C. albicans biofilms, we examined the neutrophil response to a subset of clinical isolates forming biofilms with varying depths and architectures. Using fluorescent staining of DNA and scanning electron microscopy, we found that inhibition of NET release was conserved across the clinical isolates. However, the dampening of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils was strain-dependent, suggesting an uncoupling of ROS and NET inhibition. Our findings show that biofilms formed by clinical C. albicans isolates uniformly impair the release of NETs. Further investigation of this pathway may reveal novel approaches to augment immunity to C. albicans biofilm infections.
Root Cause Identification of Machining Error Based on Statistical Process Control and Fault Diagnosis of Machine Tools
Authors: Cao Hongrui , Li Denghui , Yue Yiting
Published: September 2017

The essence of the machining process is the interaction that occurs between machine tools and a workpiece under certain conditions of cutting parameters. Root cause identification (RCI) is critical to the quality control and productivity improvement of machining processes. The geometric error caused by fixture faults can be identified in most RCI methods; however, the influence of machine tool degradation on workpiece quality is usually neglected. In this paper, a novel root cause identification scheme of machining error based on statistical process control and fault diagnosis of machine tools is proposed. With the pattern recognition of control charts, quality fluctuations can be detected in a timely manner. Once the machining error occurs, the fault diagnosis of machine tools are carried out. The relationship between machine tool condition and workpiece quality is established and the root cause identification of the machining error can be achieved. A case study of the machining of a complex welded box-type workpiece is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. It is found that the coaxiality error of the two holes in two sides of the box’s wall is caused by the wear of the worm gear in the rotary work table of the machine tool.
MTLD, a Database of Multiple Target Ligands, the Updated Version
Authors: Chen Chao , Wu Meng , Cen Shan , Wu Jianhui , Zhou Jinming
Published: September 2017

Polypharmacology plays an important role in drug discovery and polypharmacology drug strategies provide a novel path in drug design. However, to develop a polypharmacology drug with the desired profile remains a challenge. Previously, we developed a free web-accessible database called Multiple Target Ligand Database (MTLD, www.mtdcadd.com). Herein, the MTLD database has been updated, containing 2444 Multiple Target Ligands (MTLs) that bind with 21,424 binding sites from 18,231 crystal structures. Of the MTLs, 304 entries are approved drugs, and 1911 entries are drug-like compounds. Also, we added new functions such as multiple conditional search and linkage visualization. Through querying the updated database, extremely useful information for the development of polypharmacology drugs may be provided.
Diuretic Activity of Compatible Triterpene Components of Alismatis rhizoma
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Xiao-Yan , Lin Na , Zhao Wan-Li , Huang Xiao-Qiang , Chen Ying , Huang Ming-Qing , Xu Wen , Wu Shui-Sheng
Published: September 2017

Alismatis rhizoma (AR), the dried rhizoma of Alisma orientale Juzepzuk (Alismataceae), is a traditional Chinese medicine. AR is an important part of many prescriptions and is commonly used as a diuretic agent in Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the diuretic effects of total triterpene extract (TTE) and triterpene component compatibility (TCC, the mixture of alisol B 23-acetate, alisol B, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol A, and alisol C 23-acetate) of AR in saline-loaded rats. The optimal diuretic TCC of AR was optimized using a uniform design. Different doses (5, 20, and 40 mg/kg) of TTE and TCC groups (N1–N8) were orally administered to rats. Urinary excretion rate, pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Results showed that TTE doses increased urine volume and electrolyte excretion compared with the control group. All uniformly designed groups of TCC also increased urine excretion. In addition, optimal diuretic TCC was calculated (alisol B 23-acetate: alisol B: alisol A 24-acetate: alisol A: alisol C 23-acetate 7.2:0.6:2.8:3.0:6.4) and further validated by saline-loaded rats. This study demonstrated that TTE presented a notable diuretic effect by increasing Na+, K+, and Cl− displacements. The most suitable TTC compatible proportion of alisol B 23-acetate: alisol B: alisol A 24-acetate: alisol A: alisol C 23-acetate for diuretic activity was validated, and triterpenes were the material basis for the diuretic activity of AR.
Erratum: Xu, Y., et al. Computational Studies on Acetylcholinesterases. Molecules 2017, 22, 1324.
Authors: Office Molecules Editorial
Published: September 2017

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Nanosilver–Silica Composite: Prolonged Antibacterial Effects and Bacterial Interaction Mechanisms for Wound Dressings
Authors: Mosselhy Dina , Granbohm Henrika , Hynönen Ulla , Ge Yanling , Palva Airi , Nordström Katrina , Hannula Simo-Pekka
Published: September 2017

Infected superficial wounds were traditionally controlled by topical antibiotics until the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver (Ag) is a kernel for alternative antibacterial agents to fight this resistance quandary. The present study demonstrates a method for immobilizing small-sized (~5 nm) silver nanoparticles on silica matrix to form a nanosilver–silica (Ag–SiO2) composite and shows the prolonged antibacterial effects of the composite in vitro. The composite exhibited a rapid initial Ag release after 24 h and a slower leaching after 48 and 72 h and was effective against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation was superior to filter-sterilization in retaining the antibacterial effects of the composite, through the higher remaining Ag concentration. A gauze, impregnated with the Ag–SiO2 composite, showed higher antibacterial effects against MRSA and E. coli than a commercial Ag-containing dressing, indicating a potential for the management and infection control of superficial wounds. Transmission and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses of the composite-treated MRSA revealed an interaction of the released silver ions with the bacterial cytoplasmic constituents, causing ultimately the loss of bacterial membranes. The present results indicate that the Ag–SiO2 composite, with prolonged antibacterial effects, is a promising candidate for wound dressing applications.
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Attenuates TGF-β-Induced Pro-Fibrotic Effects in Human Lung Epithelial Cells through Inhibition of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Jiang Fei , Yang Yong , Xue Lian , Li Bingyan , Zhang Zengli
Published: September 2017

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic lung disease of persisting lung injury and ineffective wound repair, with poor prognosis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelia cells is an early event in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an acknowledged inducer of EMT. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were associated with the presence of fibrosis diseases. We investigated whether vitamin D attenuated TGF-β-induced pro-fibrotic effects through inhibiting EMT in human alveolar epithelia A549 cells. A549 cells were cultured with TGF-β alone or in combination with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3). TGF-β increased the expression of the mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and Vimentin), and decreased the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin). 1α,25(OH)2D3 attenuated these TGF-β-induced alterations. Furthermore, the EMT-related transcription factors (Snail and β-catenin) and the extracellular matrix genes (Collagen I and fibronectin) were inhibited by 1α,25(OH)2D3, while the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was elevated. In addition, 1α,25(OH)2D3 alleviated the cell migration and the invasion abilities in TGF-β-stimulated A549 cells, determined by the scratch wound healing and transwell assays. Our findings suggested that 1α,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the pro-fibrotic phenotype of lung epithelial cells under TGF-β stimulation and provided new clues in the clinical management of pulmonary fibrosis.
Modelled Cost-Effectiveness of a Package Size Cap and a Kilojoule Reduction Intervention to Reduce Energy Intake from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Australia
Authors: Crino Michelle , Herrera Ana , Ananthapavan Jaithri , Wu Jason , Neal Bruce , Lee Yong , Zheng Miaobing , Lal Anita , Sacks Gary
Published: September 2017

Interventions targeting portion size and energy density of food and beverage products have been identified as a promising approach for obesity prevention. This study modelled the potential cost-effectiveness of: a package size cap on single-serve sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) >375 mL (package size cap), and product reformulation to reduce energy content of packaged SSBs (energy reduction). The cost-effectiveness of each intervention was modelled for the 2010 Australia population using a multi-state life table Markov model with a lifetime time horizon. Long-term health outcomes were modelled from calculated changes in body mass index to their impact on Health-Adjusted Life Years (HALYs). Intervention costs were estimated from a limited societal perspective. Cost and health outcomes were discounted at 3%. Total intervention costs estimated in AUD 2010 were AUD 210 million. Both interventions resulted in reduced mean body weight (package size cap: 0.12 kg; energy reduction: 0.23 kg); and HALYs gained (package size cap: 73,883; energy reduction: 144,621). Cost offsets were estimated at AUD 750.8 million (package size cap) and AUD 1.4 billion (energy reduction). Cost-effectiveness analyses showed that both interventions were “dominant”, and likely to result in long term cost savings and health benefits. A package size cap and kJ reduction of SSBs are likely to offer excellent “value for money” as obesity prevention measures in Australia.
Transdermal Permeation of Drugs in Various Animal Species
Authors: Todo Hiroaki
Published: September 2017

Excised human skin is utilized for in vitro permeation experiments to evaluate the safety and effect of topically-applied drugs by measuring its skin permeation and concentration. However, ethical considerations are the major problem for using human skin to evaluate percutaneous absorption. Moreover, large variations have been found among human skin specimens as a result of differences in age, race, and anatomical donor site. Animal skins are used to predict the in vivo human penetration/permeation of topically-applied chemicals. In the present review, skin characteristics, such as thickness of skin, lipid content, hair follicle density, and enzyme activity in each model are compared to human skin. In addition, intra- and inter-individual variation in animal models, permeation parameter correlation between animal models and human skin, and utilization of cultured human skin models are also descried. Pig, guinea pig, and hairless rat are generally selected for this purpose. Each animal model has advantages and weaknesses for utilization in in vitro skin permeation experiments. Understanding of skin permeation characteristics such as permeability coefficient (P), diffusivity (D), and partition coefficient (K) for each skin model would be necessary to obtain better correlations for animal models to human skin permeation.
Melt-Processable Semicrystalline Polyimides Based on 1,4-Bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene Dianhydride (HQDPA): Synthesis, Crystallization, and Melting Behavior
Authors: Zhang Hongfei , Wang Wei , Chen Guofei , Zhang Anjiang , Fang Xingzhong
Published: September 2017

It is a great challenge to develop semicrystalline polyimides exhibited significant recrystallization ability and fast crystallization kinetics from the melt. A series of semicrystalline polyimides based on 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) and different diamines, including 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (TPER), 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (TPEQ), 4,4′-oxydianiline (4,4′-ODA) and 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl (BAPB), end capped with phthalic anhydride were synthesized. Crystallization and melting behaviors were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polyimide derived from HQDPA/TPER (PI-1) exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) at 190 °C and double melting temperatures (Tms) at 331 °C and 350 °C, and the polyimide derived from HQDPA/TPEQ (PI-2) displayed a Tg at 214 °C and a Tm at 388 °C. PI-1 and PI-2 showed significant recrystallization ability from melt and high crystallization rate by isothermal crystallization kinetics study, while polyimides based on 4,4′-ODA and BAPB lost crystallizability once taken to the melt. These polyimides also exhibited excellent thermo-oxidative stability with 5% weight loss temperature higher than 500 °C and good mechanical properties with tensile moduli of 2.0–3.3 GPa, tensile strengths of 85–105 MPa and elongations at break of 5–18%. PI-1 also possessed outstanding melt flowability with less than 300 Pa·s around 370 °C by rheological measurements.
Acid-Labile Surfactants Based on Poly(ethylene glycol), Carbon Dioxide and Propylene Oxide: Miniemulsion Polymerization and Degradation Studies
Authors: Scharfenberg Markus , Wald Sarah , Wurm Frederik R. , Frey Holger
Published: September 2017

Partially degradable, nonionic AB and ABA type di- and triblock copolymers based on poly(propylene carbonate) and poly(ethylene glycol) blocks were synthesized via immortal copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide, using mPEG or PEG as a macroinitiator, and (R,R)-(salcy)-CoOBzF5 as a catalyst in a solvent-free one-pot procedure. The amphiphilic surfactants were prepared with molecular weights (Mn) between 2800 and 10,000 g·mol−1 with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.03–1.09). The copolymers were characterized using 1H-, 13C- and DOSY-NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Surface-active properties were determined by surface tension measurements (critical micelle concentration, CMC; CMC range: 1–14 mg·mL−1). Degradation of the acid-labile polycarbonate blocks was investigated in aqueous solution using online 1H-NMR spectroscopy and SEC. The amphiphilic polymers were used as surfactants in a direct miniemulsion polymerization for poly(styrene) (PS) nanoparticles with mean diameter of 270 to 940 nm. The usage of an acid-triggered precipitation of the emulsion simplified the separation of the particles from the surfactant and purification of the nanoparticles.
Introduction to “Cognitive Science and the Study of Yoga and Tantra”
Authors: Hayes Glen , Timalsina Sthaneshwar
Published: September 2017

The range of disciplines known as the Cognitive Science of Religions (CSR), which has emerged in recent decades, embraces many areas and specializations within the Academy, including cognitive science, linguistics, neuroscience, and religious studies.[...]
Microfluidic-Based Measurement Method of Red Blood Cell Aggregation under Hematocrit Variations
Authors: Kang Yang
Published: September 2017

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are considered to be promising biomarkers for effectively monitoring blood rheology at extremely low shear rates. In this study, a microfluidic-based measurement technique is suggested to evaluate RBC aggregation under hematocrit variations due to the continuous ESR. After the pipette tip is tightly fitted into an inlet port, a disposable suction pump is connected to the outlet port through a polyethylene tube. After dropping blood (approximately 0.2 mL) into the pipette tip, the blood flow can be started and stopped by periodically operating a pinch valve. To evaluate variations in RBC aggregation due to the continuous ESR, an EAI (Erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate Aggregation Index) is newly suggested, which uses temporal variations of image intensity. To demonstrate the proposed method, the dynamic characterization of the disposable suction pump is first quantitatively measured by varying the hematocrit levels and cavity volume of the suction pump. Next, variations in RBC aggregation and ESR are quantified by varying the hematocrit levels. The conventional aggregation index (AI) is maintained constant, unrelated to the hematocrit values. However, the EAI significantly decreased with respect to the hematocrit values. Thus, the EAI is more effective than the AI for monitoring variations in RBC aggregation due to the ESR. Lastly, the proposed method is employed to detect aggregated blood and thermally-induced blood. The EAI gradually increased as the concentration of a dextran solution increased. In addition, the EAI significantly decreased for thermally-induced blood. From this experimental demonstration, the proposed method is able to effectively measure variations in RBC aggregation due to continuous hematocrit variations, especially by quantifying the EAI.
Modeling the Effect of Optical Signal Multipath
Authors: De-La-Llana-Calvo Álvaro , Lázaro-Galilea José , Gardel-Vicente Alfredo , Rodríguez-Navarro David , Bravo-Muñoz Ignacio , Tsirigotis Georgios , Iglesias-Miguel Juan
Published: September 2017

Here, we propose a model to determine the effect of multipath in indoor environments when the shape and characteristics of the environment are known. The main paper goal is to model the multipath signal formation to solve, as much as possible, the negative effects in light communications, as well as the indoor positioning errors due to this phenomenon when using optical signals. The methodology followed was: analyze the multipath phenomenon, establish a theoretical approach and propose different models to characterize the behavior of the channel, emitter and receiver. The channel impulse response and received signal strength are obtained from different proposed algorithms. We also propose steps for implementing a numerical procedure to calculate the effects of these multipaths using information that characterizes the environment, transmitter and receiver and their corresponding positions. In addition, the results of an empirical test in a controlled environment are compared with those obtained using the model, in order to validate the latter. The results may largely vary with respect to the cell size used to discretize the environment. We have concluded that a cell size whose side is 20-times smaller than the minimum distance between emitter and receiver (i.e., 10 cm × 10 cm for a 2-m distance) provides almost identical results between the empirical tests and the proposed model, with an affordable computational load.
Functionalizing a Tapered Microcavity as a Gas Cell for On-Chip Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Ayerden N. , Mandon Julien , Harren Frans , Wolffenbuttel Reinoud
Published: September 2017

Increasing demand for field instruments designed to measure gas composition has strongly promoted the development of robust, miniaturized and low-cost handheld absorption spectrometers in the mid-infrared. Efforts thus far have focused on miniaturizing individual components. However, the optical absorption path that the light beam travels through the sample defines the length of the gas cell and has so far limited miniaturization. Here, we present a functionally integrated linear variable optical filter and gas cell, where the sample to be measured is fed through the resonator cavity of the filter. By using multiple reflections from the mirrors on each side of the cavity, the optical absorption path is elongated from the physical m m -level to the effective m m -level. The device is batch-fabricated at the wafer level in a CMOS-compatible approach. The optical performance is analyzed using the Fizeau interferometer model and demonstrated with actual gas measurements.
Consumers’ Attitudes towards Organic Products and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Romania
Authors: Oroian Camelia , Safirescu Calin , Harun Rezhen , Chiciudean Gabriela , Arion Felix , Muresan Iulia , Bordeanu Bianca
Published: September 2017

Organic food consumption has increased during the last years as a consequence of its direct impact on consumer health, life style, and social convenience as well as on the environment and sustainable development. Compared to the European level, the consumption of organic food products is quite low in Romania. This paper investigates the perception and attitudes of the organic food consumers from the North-West Development Region of Romania. Consumers’ perception towards organic food products was measured using 30 items. The data were collected from 568 respondents and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A factor-cluster approach was used to identify consumer groups. The findings indicated that health concerns, sensory appeal, sustainable consumption and weight concerns are the main reasons for consuming organic food products. Three main groups of organic food consumers were identified: “gourmand”, “environmentally concerned” and “health concerned”.
Reusing Desulfurization Slag in Cement Clinker Production and the Influence on the Formation of Clinker Phases
Authors: Chen Ying-Liang , Chang Juu-En , Ko Ming-Sheng
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reuse of desulfurization slag in cement clinker production and its influence on the formation of clinker phases. The desulfurization slag that mainly contained Ca and Si was identified as non-toxic, and thus it should be suitable to be reused in clinker production. The addition of desulfurization slag increased the melt phase during clinkerization, but the excess melt phase inhibited the formation of clinker phases. This could be attributed to the sulfur and fluoride derived from the De-S slag. At low desulfurization slag addition (5.4 wt %), the resulting clinker had a mineralogical composition similar to that of the reference clinker. The desulfurization slag added can lower the clinkerization temperature and increase the amount of Ca3SiO5 at 1300 °C, which may be beneficial to energy conservation in clinker burning. Moreover, reusing desulfurization slag additionally has the potential to reduce the energy needed for clinker grinding.
Effects of Handedness and Viewpoint on the Imitation of Origami-Making
Authors: Uomini Natalie , Lawson Rebecca
Published: September 2017

The evolutionary origins of the human bias for 85% right-handedness are obscure. The Apprenticeship Complexity Theory states that the increasing difficulty of acquiring stone tool-making and other manual skills in the Pleistocene favoured learners whose hand preference matched that of their teachers. Furthermore, learning from a viewing position opposite, rather than beside, the demonstrator might be harder because it requires more mental transformation. We varied handedness and viewpoint in a bimanual learning task. Thirty-two participants reproduced folding asymmetric origami figures as demonstrated by a videotaped teacher in four conditions (left-handed teacher opposite the learner, left-handed beside, right-handed opposite, or right-handed beside). Learning performance was measured by time to complete each figure, number of video pauses and rewinds, and similarity of copies to the target shape. There was no effect of handedness or viewpoint on imitation learning. However, participants preferred to produce figures with the same asymmetry as demonstrated, indicating they imitate the teacher's hand preference. We speculate that learning by imitation involves internalising motor representations and that, to facilitate learning by imitation, many motor actions can be flexibly executed using the demonstrated hand configuration. We conclude that matching hand preferences evolved due to socially learning moderately complex bimanual skills.