bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auditing ethics: the pricing of Shariah non-compliant business activities
Authors: Azizan Sarini , Abdul Kader Malim Nurhafiza
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate whether firms’ involvement in socially provocative business activities or businesses that are inconsistent with Shariah principles affect auditor’s perceived risk associated with the financial reporting information.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a median regression with measures that are consistent with prior literature. This study comprises of 11,799 firm-year observations obtained from MSCI environmental, sustainable and governance STATS database.

Findings

The results provide evidence indicating that auditors relatively charge higher audit fees for Shariah non-compliant firms except for firms that are involved with alcohol and gambling businesses. Firms that are involved in gambling activities report relatively lower audit fees, whereas firms with high involvement in alcohol business activities report non-significant relationship with audit fees.

Research limitations/implications

The findings suggest that on average, ethical contextualisation on perceived acceptable behaviours is relatively consistent across beliefs and the severe lack of it has implications on auditors’ business risk assessment. However, as a social construct, the conception of ethical behaviour is highly dependent on the change in the societal values and therefore this explains the variance in the expected findings for gambling and alcohol business activities.

Originality/value

This study adds to the existing business risk literature, by examining the under-explored association between Shariah non-compliant risk and auditors’ perceived risk, measured by audit fees in a non-Muslim majority setting.
Parameter-free strain-energy function which automatically and accurately matches benchmark test data for soft elastic solids
Authors: Xiao Heng , Yan Wei-Hao , Zhan Lin , Wang Si-Yu
Published: January 2022

Purpose

A new and explicit form of the elastic strain-energy function for modeling large strain elastic responses of soft solids is constructed based on Hencky's logarithmic strain tensor.

Design/methodology/approach

Well-designed invariants of the Hencky strain are introduced for characterizing deformation modes and, furthermore, a new interpolating technique is proposed for combining piecewise splines into a single smooth function.

Findings

With this new form and this new technique, objectives in three respects may be achieved for the first time.

Originality/value

First, no adjustable parameters need to be treated. Second, large strain responses for three benchmark modes are derivable in a decoupled sense without involving strongly nonlinear coupling effects. Finally, large strain data may be automatically and accurately matched for three benchmark modes, including uniaxial, equi-biaxial and plane-strain extension. Numerical examples are presented and compared with usual approaches.
Life‐history traits of the fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis are highly variable between neighboring rice paddies in Japan
Authors: Yasui Yukio
Published: January 2022

In addition to unpredictable natural ephemeral wetlands (e.g., temporal pools after rainfall), artificial environments such as subdivided rice paddies in Japan are challenging environments regarding organism adaptation because of remarkable spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Because different paddies are managed by different farmers, the timing, duration of irrigation, and application of agrochemicals are largely different among neighboring paddies. I investigated the occurrence, adult body size, and female fecundity of the fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis in a terraced rice field (31 selected from approximately 100 paddies in a valley approximately 1200 m in length) in Kyoto, Japan. The duration of inundation varied from 47 to 86 days, which was sufficiently long for the sexual maturation of the shrimp. At most stations, shrimps repeated oviposition during an approximately 20‐day adult lifespan with adult growth. At a few stations with the longest inundation, located in the uppermost part of the river, the shrimps continued adult growth and reproduction for approximately 40 days (long‐reproducing type [LR]). At a few stations with the shortest inundation, located at the mouth of the valley, the shrimps seldom showed adult growth, and the second generation occurred after drainage and reirrigation (short‐reproducing type [SR]). In the early days of adulthood, the SR females produced significantly more eggs than the LR females of the same body length, but the LR females achieved maximal body size and fecundity at the end. The SR may perform conservative bet‐hedging (early reproduction in small size), but the LR could be results of genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity.
Chemical composition analysis, antioxidant activity, and target cell‐based screening of the potential active components in jujube and its fermented product
Authors: Ren Wei , Ma Yue , Liu Dan , Liang Pan , Du Junfeng , Yang Sijin , Tang Lina , Wu Yongjiang
Published: January 2022

In this study, the chemical constituents of jujube and jujube fermentation broth were compared by chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the first time. A total of 68 compounds were detected, and six of them were quantified. The results showed that rutin was hydrolyzed and converted into quercetin during the fermentation process. Further, the antioxidant experiments in vitro were carried out, and the IC50 value of the fermentation broth was lower than that of the jujube extract. Twenty‐three potential bioactive components from jujube samples were identified by a target cell‐based screening method, and triterpenic acid compounds exhibited high cell binding property. These results will help to understand the different biological activities of jujube and its fermented products and will benefit the discovery of new functional components.
Phytotoxicity in aqueous methanolic extracts of rice against junglerice and total activities of identified phytotoxic compounds
Authors: Ho Thi L. , Nguyen Van L. , Phan Linh K. , Nguyen Cuong T. , Nguyen Trang H. D. , Van Vang L. , Reid Smeda J.
Published: January 2022

This study examined phytotoxic activities of several Vietnam localised OM rice (Oryza sativa L. OM) cultivars on junglerice (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link), an invasive weed threatening rice production, and identified allelochemicals and their activities for OM 4498, the most allelopathic cultivar. The aqueous MeOH extracts of all rice cultivars inhibited root and shoot growth of junglerice at a concentration as low as 0.01 g ml−1. Inhibitory effects were greatest in OM 380, OM 2395 and OM 4498, with the average effective doses (EDs) of extracts required for 90% inhibition (ED90) on junglerice as low as 0.981, 0.632 and 0.702 g ml−1, respectively. The phytotoxic substances salicylic acid, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid, 2,4‐dimethoxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, p‐hydrobenzoic acid, trans‐cinnamic acid and coumarin were identified in OM 4498 at concentrations ranging from 0.066 to 11.412 mg in 100 g fresh weight of rice tissue. Two of these substances, 2,4‐dimethoxybenzoic acid and coumarin, have never previously been identified in rice. Compared to other compounds, p‐coumaric acid may have the greatest weed‐suppressant potential on junglerice, with the average ED50 being 0.28 mM. The total activities of salicylic acid, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid, trans‐cinnamic acid and 2,4‐dimethoxybenzoic acid in an OM 4498 rice plant on junglerice seedlings were 59.60, 0.78, 3.47, 2.52 and 0.61 mM/mM, respectively. The results clearly suggest that OM 4498 rice extract is an excellent source for allelochemicals against junglerice, and this rice cultivar should be considered in rice production areas invaded by junglerice.
The Challenge of Triangulation: The Impact of China on the Australia‐US Alliance
Authors: Wesley Michael
Published: January 2022

The rapid deterioration of the Australia‐China bilateral relationship from a warm and positive partnership to cold hostility has been overwhelmingly interpreted as the result of the actions of one or the other of the parties. This article seeks to analyse the recent negative dynamic in Sino‐Australian bilateral ties in a broader context, considering the full history of Sino‐Australian relations, and by drawing into the analysis both countries’ crucial relationships with the United States. It argues that a deep and comprehensive understanding of Sino‐Australian relations is not possible without appreciating the triangular dynamics that operate among Australia, China, and the United States. It seeks to conceptually elaborate on the notion of triangulation as a foreign policy strategy as a prelude to examining the changing dynamics of Australia‐China relations between 1949 and the present day. It then traces the evolution of the triangulation dynamic through several phases, most recently attempts by Australia to “de‐triangulate” the relationship before succumbing to Washington's and Beijing's efforts at re‐triangulation.
The impact of acute surgical unit rostering on National Emergency Access Targets during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a single hospital experience
Authors: Corbitt Matthew , Wiener Jonathan H. , Swift Kate , Do Phuc (Richard) , Wu Roxanne
Published: January 2022

Background

Surgical departments have been dramatically impacted by the novel coronavirus 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic, with the cancellation of elective cases and changes to the provision of emergency surgical care. The aim of this study was to determine whether structural changes made within our facility's surgical department during COVID‐19 altered National Emergency Access Target (NEAT) times and impacted on patient outcomes.

Methods

Emergency surgical cases over a 4‐month time period were retrospectively collected and statistically analysed, divided into pre‐ and mid‐COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

Baseline characteristics between the groups were comparable. There was a significant increase in consultant presence in theatre in the COVID group. There were also statistically significant reductions in NEAT times at each timepoint, although these did not meet national guidelines. There was no change in emergency surgical workload, complication rate or mortality rates within 30 days.

Conclusion

Any significant change to services requires a coordinated hospital‐wide approach, not just from a single department, and clinicians must continue to be wary of benchmarked times as the overall feasibility and safety of NEAT times has also been highlighted again.
A Discussion of Three Versions of Donald Winnicott's ‘Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena’, 1951‐1971
Authors: Caldwell Lesley
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the three versions of Winnicott's most well known paper ‘Transitional objects and transitional phenomena’ published in the Collected Works of Donald Winnicott (2016) and traces the development of his ideas over a 20‐year period. It describes the changes in emphasis, the early inclusion and later exclusion of references from child therapy, and notes other omissions that contribute to a change of emphasis. It discusses the addition of two clinical cases in the text of the final version, which together with the introduction of the notion of ‘paradox’, demonstrate the shifts in Winnicott's own thinking following on extensive clinical experience and lively debate. The article argues for a different assessment of the meanings of the transitional object and the much more extended interest in transitional phenomena that emerges in line with Winnicott's own claim that Playing and Reality, his last book published posthumously, taken as a whole, constitutes a discussion of the significant theoretical and clinical implications of attention to transitionality and transitional phenomena as proposing a shift in the understanding of the analytic session, the analytic process and what analysis does.
Responsibility and vaccine nationalism in the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict
Authors: Lederman Zohar , Majadli Ghada , Lederman Shmuel
Published: January 2022

In this article we articulate a case from moral responsibility to assist Palestinians living in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT). We contextualize this responsibility by focusing on access to healthcare and the provision of vaccines against COVID‐19. We specifically present two arguments from responsibility, one that is global or cosmopolitan, and one that is country‐specific. For the latter, we focus on Israel.
Use of conditional prey attack strategies in two generalist ground spider species
Authors: Beydizada Narmin , Řezáč Milan , Pekár Stano
Published: January 2022

Generalist predators have evolved a variety of behavioural adaptations in prey capture to effectively subdue different prey types. Such predators use a conditional hunting strategy. Among spiders, representatives of Gnaphosidae are known to use either venom attack (subduing prey with venom) or silk attack (subduing prey with silk). In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of the conditional use of prey capture strategy (venom versus silk attack) in two species, Drassodes sp. and Zelotes sp. We also measured the size of their venom glands and the number of their piriform glands in order to reveal whether behavioural adaptations are paralleled with morphological ones. As prey, we used other spiders of variable sizes as these are considered dangerous prey. We found that Drassodes used mainly silk attack, while the majority of Zelotes used venom attack. The probability of using silk attack increased with predator/prey body length ratio in Drassodes, but not in Zelotes. Then, we disabled silk use in individuals of both species. All disabled Drassodes used venom attack, but about half of individuals attempted to use silk attack first. All Zelotes used venom attack, and none attempted to use silk attack first. We found significantly larger venom glands in Drassodes than in Zelotes, while the number of piriform silk glands was similar. The behavioural adaptations are, thus, not paralleled with morphological (i.e., venom and silk gland size) ones. Our results suggest that both Drassodes and Zelotes can use both attack strategies with similar efficacy.
Influence of concrete cover thickness and clear distance between tensile bars on crack spacing behavior of large‐scale reinforced concrete members
Authors: Naotunna Chavin N. , Samarakoon S. M. Samindi M. K. , Fosså Kjell T.
Published: January 2022

Crack spacing is a governing parameter in predicting the crack width of reinforced concrete (RC) specimens. Recent studies have identified that the “no‐slip” theory is suitable for discussing the actual cracking behavior of RC specimens. Concrete cover (c) and the clear distance between tensile bars (s) are the governing crack spacing parameters, according to the “no‐slip” theory. The parameter s has not been considered in widely used crack spacing models including Eurocode. An experimental program has been conducted, using large‐scale RC specimens to investigate the behavior of c and s on crack spacings. These experiments have been numerically simulated with 3D nonlinear finite element models for the verification of results. The experimental results showed that both c and s have an influence on the crack spacings and therefore to the crack widths. An equation has been developed with multiple linear regression analysis, and its predations gave a good agreement with the experimental results in the literature.
Evaluating the Economics of Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems
Authors: Brand Cortney C.
Published: January 2022

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is gaining popularity as a strategy to conjunctively manage groundwater, surface water, and reclaimed water resources. However, when evaluating the feasibility of MAR systems, there is a tendency to focus on technical aspects such as water compatibility, recharge rates, mounding and migration, treatment, and facility siting and design. Although these are critically important, it is equally important to evaluate the economics of MAR systems prior to investing in their development. A robust economic evaluation at the feasibility stage can help to identify the preferred alternative and reveal valuable insights to optimize system sizing, phasing, and operations. This article provides a practical guide for evaluating the economics of MAR systems and summarizes key takeaways gathered from conducting economic evaluations for a wide variety of proposed MAR system projects.
Persistent phrenic nerve palsy after atrial fibrillation ablation: Follow‐up data from The Netherlands Heart Registration
Authors: Mol Daniel , Renskers Lisanne , Balt Jippe C. , Bhagwandien Rohit E. , Blaauw Yuri , van Driel Vincent J. H. M. , Driessen Antoine H. G. , Elvan Arif , Folkeringa Richard , Hassink Rutger J. , Hooft van Huysduynen Bart , Luermans Justin G. L. M. , Stevenhagen Jeroen Y. , van der Voort Pepijn H. , Westra Sjoerd W. , de Groot Joris R. , de Jong Jonas S. S. G. ,   The Netherlands Heart Registration Ablation Committee
Published: January 2022

Background

Persistent phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) is an established complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, especially during cryoballoon and thoracoscopic ablation. Data on persistent PNP reversibility is limited because most patients recover <24 h. This study aims to investigate persistent PNP recovery, freedom of PNP‐related symptoms after AF ablation and identify baseline variables associated with the occurrence and early PNP recovery in a large nationwide registry study.

Methods

In this study, we used data from the Netherlands Heart Registration, comprising data from 9549 catheter and thoracoscopic AF ablations performed in 2016 and 2017. PNP data was available of 7433 procedures, and additional follow‐up data were collected for patients who developed persistent PNP.

Results

Overall, the mean age was 62 ± 10 years, and 67.7% were male. Fifty‐four (0.7%) patients developed persistent PNP and follow‐up was available in 44 (81.5%) patients. PNP incidence was 0.07%, 0.29%, 1.41%, and 1.25%, respectively for patients treated with conventional‐RF, phased‐RF, cryoballoon, and thoracoscopic ablation respectively. Seventy‐one percent of the patients fully recovered, and 86% were free of PNP‐related symptoms after a median follow‐up of 203 (113–351) and 184 (82–359) days, respectively. Female sex, cryoballoon, and thoracoscopic ablation were associated with a higher risk to develop PNP. Patients with PNP recovering ≤180 days had a larger left atrium volume index than those with late or no recovery.

Conclusion

After AF ablation, persistent PNP recovers in the majority of patients, and most are free of symptoms. Female patients and patients treated with cryoballoon or thoracoscopic ablation are more prone to develop PNP.
Outcome and safety of intracardiac echocardiography guided left atrial appendage closure within zero‐fluoroscopy atrial fibrillation ablation procedures
Authors: Chen Yi‐He , Wang Liang‐Guo , Zhou Xiao‐Dong , Fang Ying , Su Lan , Wu Sheng‐Jie , Huang Wei‐Jian , Xiao Fang‐Yi
Published: January 2022

Background

Simultaneous atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) are sometimes recommended for both rhythm control and stroke prevention. However, the advantages of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance for this combined procedure have been scarcely reported. We aim to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety of ICE‐guided LAAC within a zero‐fluoroscopy catheter ablation procedure.

Methods and Results

From April 2019 to April 2020, 56 patients with symptomatic AF underwent concomitant catheter ablation and LAAC. ICE with a multi‐angled imaging protocol mimicking the TEE echo windows was used to guide LAAC. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation and LAAC were achieved in all patients. Procedure‐related adverse event rate was 3.6%. During the 12‐month follow‐up, 75.0% of patients became free of arrhythmia recurrences and oral anticoagulants were discontinued in 96.4% of patients. No ischemic stroke occurred despite two cases of device‐related thrombosis versus an expected stroke rate of 4.8% based on the CHA2DS2‐VASc score. The overall major bleeding events rate was 1.8%, which represented a relative reduction of 68% versus an expected bleeding rate of 5.7% based on the HAS‐BLED score of the patient cohort. The incidence of iatrogenic atrial septal defect secondary to single transseptal access dropped from 57.9% at 2 months to 4.2% at 12 months TEE follow‐up.

Conclusion

The combination of catheter ablation and LAAC under ICE guidance was safe and effective in AF patients with high stroke risk. ICE with our novel protocol was technically feasible for comprehensive and systematic assessment of device implantation.
Fat‐1 expression alleviates atherosclerosis in transgenic rabbits
Authors: Zhang Chenyang , Wang Xiaojing , Sun Suping , Fu Yu , Wu Yi , Zhao Sihai , Fan Xinzhong , Liu Enqi
Published: January 2022

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. The Fat‐1 gene can express the n‐3 fatty acid desaturase, which converts n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to n‐3 PUFAs. The role of n‐3 PUFAs in atherosclerosis is widely debated. This study explored the effect of n‐3 PUFAs on atherosclerosis in rabbits. In this study, atherosclerosis was induced in Fat‐1 transgenic rabbits and their littermate (WT) rabbits by feeding a high‐cholesterol diet containing 0.3% cholesterol and 3% soybean oil for 16 weeks. Plasma lipid, fatty acid and pathological analyses of atherosclerotic lesions were conducted. Fatty acid composition in the liver and muscle showed that n‐3 PUFAs increased and n‐6 PUFAs decreased in the Fat‐1 group. Plasma high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels were significantly increased in the Fat‐1 group, and the atherosclerotic lesion area of the aortic arch in Fat‐1 transgenic rabbits was significantly reduced. Histological analysis showed that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerotic lesions decreased significantly. In conclusion, n‐3 PUFAs improve atherosclerosis in Fat‐1 transgenic rabbits, and this process may depend on the increase in plasma HDL‐C and the decrease in the amount of SMCs in atherosclerotic plaques.
Conditional Equity Premium and Aggregate Corporate Investment
Authors: GUO HUI , QIU BUHUI
Published: January 2022

We document a strong negative relation between aggregate corporate investment and conditional equity premium estimated from direct stock market risk measures. Consistent with the investment‐based asset pricing model, the comovement with conditional equity premium fully accounts for aggregate investment's market return predictive power. Similarly, conditional equity premium is a significant determinant of classic Tobin's q measure, although q has much weaker explanatory power for aggregate investment possibly because of its measurement errors. Moreover, the positive relation between aggregate investment and investor sentiment documented in previous studies reflects the fact that both variables correlate closely with conditional equity premium.
Changes in the neck tissue layers during pinch manipulation: Implications for lipolytic deoxycholate injections for double chin
Authors: Oh Seung Min , Kim Bong Cheol , Hong Gi Woong , Jung Wonsug
Published: January 2022

Background

The skin of the neck is often pinched during minimally invasive esthetic procedures for the double chin using a lipolytic agent in order to facilitate injecting into the subcutaneous fat layer rather than under the platysma muscle. However, how the neck tissue layers move during the pinch manipulation is not well understood.

Aims

To determine which layer of the neck is lifted during pinching and to evaluate the usefulness of the pinch manipulation during injection therapy.

Methods

The pinched submentum of a living person was scanned using MRI, and ultrasonography was also performed in the same area in both resting and pressed states. At four sites on a fresh cadaver, the skin of the neck was pinched and the elevated neck skin was excised. The exposed areas were grossly examined.

Results

MRI scanning revealed that the pinch manipulation extended the subcutaneous fat layer and moved the platysma muscle to a deeper location. Ultrasonography revealed that the thickness of each layer of the neck was reduced when pressing the neck. In the cadaver examination, pinching resulted in part of the subcutaneous fat lifting, and this was removed when the lifted skin was cut, leaving the platysma muscle intact.

Conclusions

When performing an esthetic procedure that involves injecting a lipolytic agent into the submental area, the pinch manipulation is a very useful technique for ensuring a safe procedure that avoids injecting into the deep layer under the platysma muscle.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: Detection and antibodies profile at the Maternity and Neonatal Medicine Center of Monastir, Tunisia
Authors: Khefacha Linda , Rassas Rania , Bergaoui Haifa , Mustapha Henda , Faleh Raja , Sakly Nabil , Sassi Mouna
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to implement lupus anticoagulant (LAC) detection techniques according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) recommendations, in the Biological Laboratory of the Maternity and Neonatal Medicine Center (Monastir, Tunisia) and to evaluate the profile and the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS).

Methods

We collected two groups: a “case group” (53 women who presented one or more obstetrical criteria of APS) and a “control group.” LAC was detected following the four steps recommended by ISTH 2009. Anticardiolipin (aCL) and antibeta‐2‐glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies testing were performed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

aPL were found in five patients: three patients with isolated LAC, one patient with isolated IgG aCL, and one patient with triple positivity (LAC, aCL IgM, aβ2GPI IgM). Concerning LAC, 13 (24.52%) of 53 patients had a screening step with at least one positive test. The mixing step was positive in four patients and then confirmed in the confirmatory test. Thus, the prevalence of LAC in our study group is 7.54%. Surprisingly, among these positive patients, one patient had an associated combined factor V (FV) and factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency.

Conclusion

There is no single test and no algorithm that can detect all types of LAC. It seems that the recent 2020 ISTH algorithm allows a better detection of low activity LAC than the 2009 algorithm. In our study, the most frequently identified antiphospholipid antibodies were LAC more than aCL and aβ2GPI.
What Kind of Paintings Inspire Children when Viewing Art?
Authors: Ishiguro Chiaki
Published: January 2022

Viewing art inspires creativity, which can encourage learning in art education. A previous study revealed that the type of artwork and the way art is viewed affects adults' inspiration; however, no study exists concerning the way children are inspired by viewing art. Thus, the current study aimed to examine whether children's age group/grade level, art style (figurative or abstract), and artwork creators (children or adults) influence children's inspiration, and whether the effects of the art style and creators vary by children's age group/grade level. An online questionnaire survey was conducted with the help of 600 pairs of parents and their elementary‐school‐aged children. They were asked to view eight paintings that differed in terms of the artists and their individual style and they then rated their inspiration experience when viewing each artwork. The results revealed that children were more inspired when viewing abstract, rather than figurative, paintings, and the effect of the type of painting differed in the third and sixth grades. Additionally, children gained more inspiration by viewing paintings created by children rather than by adults; a difference observed in all grade levels.
Local adaptation and migratory habits balance spatial‐genetic structure between continental and insular chestnut tiger butterflies in East Asia
Authors: Luo Min‐Xin , Lu Hsin‐Pei , Huang Bing‐Hong , Huang Chia‐Lung , Hsu Yu‐Feng , Liao Pei‐Chun
Published: January 2022

Geographic and climatic differences between islands and continents may affect the evolution of their biota, and promote divergent selection in species distributed in both landscapes. To assess spatial‐genetic structure, we genotyped 18 expressed sequence tag‐simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) loci and sequenced two mtDNA markers (ND5 and COI) and one nuclear marker (EF1α) in two subspecies of the butterfly Parantica sita. Compared with nuclear markers, mtDNA had a stronger signal of population structure. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) suggested that a continuous‐gene‐flow model best described the data. According to this model, the two subspecies diverged approximately 23.1 kya, with 10 times more introgression from the continental (ssp. sita) to the insular subspecies (ssp. niphonica) than vice versa. Ecological niche modelling was performed to predict the paleo‐ and current potential distributions and elucidate the geohistorical process, which revealed a northeastern, insular origin. Winter precipitation and annual temperature range were the main determinants of the subspecies distributions. Maximum‐likelihood population‐effects models showed that the population differentiation of the insular and continental subspecies was primarily affected by environmental resistance and local climate. Sex‐biased migration capacity and long‐term precipitation‐driven divergence between the continental and insular lineages shaped the current genetic structure of P. sita. Evidence from the nuclear markers confirmed intersubspecific gene flow despite adaptive divergence between the subspecies. These results imply that the continental subspecies is still capable of returning to the island and introgressing with the insular subspecies.
Promoting inclusivity in health professions education publishing
Authors: Ajjawi Rola , Crampton Paul E. S. , Ginsburg Shiphra , Mubuuke Gonzaga A. , Hauer Karen E. , Illing Jan , Mattick Karen , Monrouxe Lynn , Nadarajah Vishna Devi , Vu Nu Viet , Wilkinson Tim , Wolvaardt Liz , Cleland Jen
Published: January 2022

A taskforce established by Medical Education asks readers to engage in discussion about how the journal and field can do better to ensure that health professional education publishing is inclusive of diverse knowledge and perspectives.
Ascetical Theology of Sport
Authors: McGavin P. A.
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the document of Giving the Best of Yourself by the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life, and presents an appreciation of the document and builds a case for sport as a practice of ascetical theology approached in terms of ‘everyday holiness’. Sports are argued as bringing together discipline and joy, and aesthetics and asceticism. The importance of the mean in diverting pathologies in sport is argued. Appreciation of sports is set in contexts of holistic lifestyles for its transformational and sanctification aspects to be appreciated. Sports are presented as beneficial life-long activity, and not simply for the young and physically advantaged. The article brings sport to theological articulation that is incarnational and christological and that leads to culturally situated implementations as applied ascetical theology.
Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus through ecological release and allometry
Authors: Schlis‐Elias Mariah C. , Malaney Jason L.
Published: January 2022

Island rule describes the graded trend of gigantism in small‐bodied species to dwarfism in large‐bodied species inhabiting islands, but causal explanations remain unresolved. We used geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial morphology of 544 meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus samples across 11 island and 3 mainland populations from the Outer Lands of New England (Atlantic) and the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska (Pacific). We compared the thermoregulation and endurance (TRE) and ecological release (ER) hypotheses using all‐subsets linear models employing residual randomization permutation procedures (rrpp), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) for model selection. We decoupled direct and indirect effects of island variables on size using path analysis. We evaluated shape with principal components analysis (PCA) and Procrustes ANOVA on Procrustes shape coordinates, then assessed the impact of static allometry and TRE and ER variables on shape. Six Atlantic island populations exhibit significant signals of gigantism with the largest voles occurring on the smallest islands lacking predators. ER explains 63% of cranial size differences. Island area has a significant total effect on size by influencing the number of mammalian predators, resulting in a 0.011 increase in unit centroid size for a 100 km2 decrease in island area. This corresponds to a predicted 0.9% change in size for every 100 km2. Given static allometry, cranial shape does not respond to insularity independent of size. These results suggest that island rule is a latent evolutionary process whose manifestation depends on nuanced biogeographic and ecological contexts that have important conservation and taxonomic implications.
Presidential Control of Independent Agencies’ Leadership and Personnel: A Two‐Case Study of Interbranch Contestation over the Bureaucracy and the Unitary Executive under Donald Trump
Authors: Dodds Graham G.
Published: January 2022

This article assesses recent developments in the interbranch struggle over control of the bureaucracy, specifically independent federal agencies and the impact of the unitary executive theory during the presidency of Donald Trump. It examines controversies that involved two Supreme Court cases about independent agencies: Lucia v. SEC (2018), which addressed administrative law judges and the president's appointment power, and Seila Law v. CFPB (2020), which addressed agency leadership and the president's removal power. The two cases have received some attention from legal scholars, but they are not well known among presidency scholars, and they are important for understanding how the unitary executive theory and the interbranch struggle over control of the bureaucracy have developed in recent years.
A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Recognition Method of Gear Performance Degradation Mode
Authors: He Bin , Xu Fuze , Zhang Dong , Wang Weijia
Published: January 2022

In an increasingly intelligent modern society, whether in industrial production activities or daily life, mechanical transmission equipment is more and more widely used. Once a failure occurs, it will not only cause the stagnation of industrial production, bring huge economic losses and environmental pollution, but may also cause casualties. Therefore, it is particularly important to identify and monitor the performance degradation of mechanical equipment. Based on the convolutional neural network (CNN), a stacking incremental deformable residual block network recognition model is proposed. This method converts the one-dimensional signal recognition problem into an image recognition problem. The average pooling layer replaces the fully connected layer, and the large-size convolution kernel is replaced with a small-size convolution kernel. With the recognition of the gear performance degradation modes, the experiment proves that the multi-channel recognition model has a better recognition effect.
An Electromyography-Based Constitutive Law for Force Generation in Skeletal Muscle—Part I: Model Development
Authors: Knodel Nathan B. , Lawson L. Brie , Nauman Eric A.
Published: January 2022

This paper proposes a new method for estimating skeletal muscle forces using a model derived from dimensional analysis. It incorporates electromyography signals and muscle force–length, force–velocity, and force–frequency relationships as inputs. The purpose of this model is to provide more accurate estimates of individualized muscle forces to better predict surrounding musculoskeletal tissue and joint contact loading. The derivation begins with dimensional analysis and a selection of critical parameters that define muscle force generation. The resulting constitutive equation gives way to a unique application of inverse-dynamics, one which avoids the issue of indeterminacy when reaction moments and ligament loading are minimized in a joint. The ankle joint is used as an example for developing the equations that culminate into a system of linear equations. A muscle force model capable of being calibrated and then used to predict joint contact and surrounding tissue loading is critical in advancing biomechanics research areas like injury prevention, performance optimization, and tissue engineering, among others. This model's foundation in dimensional analysis, along with its inclusion of electromyography signals, gives promise that it will be physiologically relevant and suitable for application-based studies. A following paper, Part II, will evaluate this premise in an experimental setting.
Reconstruction of Ligaments and Droplets Via Multiview Digital Inline Holography
Authors: Shang Weixiao , Gomez Mateo , Meyer Terrence R. , Roy Sukesh , Chen Jun
Published: January 2022

Digital inline holography (DIH) is a three-dimensional (3D) measurement technique widely used in the characterizations of particles, droplets, and bubbly flows. When collimated coherent light passes an object field, the disturbed and undisturbed components will superimpose at the imaging plane and form an interference pattern (hologram) due to their phase variation. By analyzing the phase information encoded in the hologram, the shapes and locations of objects can be reconstructed. However, the reconstruction produces higher levels of uncertainty along the line of sight, which is the out-of-plane direction normal to the imaging plane. Additionally, the reconstructions algorithm cannot resolve structures blocked by other features along the recording path. To overcome these limitations, prior works have implemented DIH from two to three views on simple geometries. In this work, multiview digital inline holography is presented with (≥3) views to enable the reconstruction of 3D structures with complex surface topologies, including ligaments and droplets during the primary liquid breakup. The approach is similar to DIH but with a different postprocessing method that combines the information on 3D edge outlines extracted from different DIH viewing angles. Two reconstruction approaches, an outline-based method, and another cross section-based method, are developed and applied on holograms of a 3D-printed test model imitating droplet breakup. With only three views, both methods provide limited reconstruction results with various artifacts. The outline-based method uses more spatial information but, due to practical limitations, results in lower-fidelity reconstructions than the cross section-based method. In general, DIH reconstructions struggle with concave structures even with more than six views due to shadowing of obstructed structures. However, when the number of views increases to six, the cross section-based reconstruction method yields morphological details close to the test model.
Wind Tunnel Probe Into an Array of Small-Scale Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Operating at Low Tip Speed Ratio Conditions
Authors: Siram Ojing , Kumar Ravi , Saha Ujjwal K. , Sahoo Niranjan
Published: January 2022

In recent times, the small wind farms consisting of small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbines (SHAWTs) have emerged as suitable candidates for electric power generation. In view of this, an experimental study on the arrays of two SHAWTs has been performed in a wind tunnel to find the individual/combined performance(s) along with the downstream wake assessment. The rotor blades composed of Eppler E216 airfoil and having radius of 120 mm are designed using the blade element momentum theory. The operational limit of tip speed ratio (λ) is kept between 0.5 and 6. The upstream turbine (UsT) is capable to produce a maximum power coefficient (Cpmax) of 0.30 at a wind speed U = 8 m/s, whereas at the same wind speed, the downstream turbine (DsT) produces Cpmax values of 0.12, 0.13, and 0.15 when installed at a distance of 6R, 8R, and 10R from the UsT, respectively. Another notable feature is the change in the operational limit of λ for DsT due to the wake of UsT. The streamwise velocity measurement at the different downstream locations of UsT shows the formation of W-shape velocity deficit within the near wake regime that loses its shape as the distance downstream goes beyond 12R due to ∼60–70% flow recovery.
LiDAR Measurements of Wind Shear Exponents and Turbulence Intensity Offshore the Northeast United States
Authors: Viselli Anthony , Faessler Nathan , Filippelli Matthew
Published: January 2022

This paper presents wind speed shear exponents and turbulence intensity (TI) measurements collected from light imaging, detection, and ranging instruments (LiDARs) measuring wind speeds from 40 m to 200 m above sea level and provides comparisons to industry design guidelines. The high-altitude wind speed data are unique and represent some of the first measurements made offshore in this part of the country, which is actively being developed for offshore wind. The data are used to support the New England Aqua Ventus I Floating Offshore Wind Farm to be located 17 km offshore the Northeast United States. Multiple LiDAR measurements were made using a DeepCLiDAR floating buoy and LiDARs located on a nearby island. The measured wind speed shear exponents are compared against industry standard mesoscale model outputs and offshore design codes including the American Bureau of Shipping, American Petroleum Institute, and Det Norske Veritas-Germanischer Lloyd guides. Significant variation in the vertical wind speed profile occurs throughout the year which is not addressed in design standards. Additionally, TI measurements made from the LiDAR, although not widely accepted in the scientific community, are presented and compared against industry guidelines.
Influence of Electric Current on the Wear Topography of Electrical Contact Surfaces
Authors: Zuo Xue , Xie Wenxin , Zhou Yuankai
Published: January 2022

Wind pitch slip ring consists of several circuits applied with changing electric current, which makes the wear mechanism extremely complicated. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of electric current on the wear behavior of friction pair using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The wear test was carried out with normal loads of 10 N and 15 N and applied electrical current ranging from 0.5 to 20 A. Wear topographies without electric current, with small (0.5–5 A) and large (5–20 A) electric current, were analyzed. The characteristic parameters (surface roughness, wear volume, and multifractal parameters) were used to comprehensively characterize the wear topography. The results indicate that the characteristic parameters of topography without current are the smallest. The main wear mechanism of friction pair without current is adhesion wear. The characteristic parameters fluctuate in a large range for the small current. The main wear mechanism of ball sample is adhesion wear with slightly arc ablation, but that of the disc sample is adhesion wear. The characteristic parameters increase with the electric current for the large current. The main wear mechanism of the ball sample is the interaction of adhesion wear and arc ablation, but that of disc sample is adhesion wear with slightly arc ablation. The electric current will aggravate the wear of friction pair and increase the singularity and complexity of the surface. The results are of great significance for guiding anti-wear design of wind pitch slip ring.
High entropy alloy CrFeNiCoCu sputter deposited films: Structure, electrical properties, and oxidation
Authors: Mayandi Jeyanthinath , Schrade Matthias , Vajeeston Ponniah , Stange Marit , Lind Anna M. , Sunding Martin F. , Deuermeier Jonas , Fortunato Elvira , Løvvik Ole M. , Ulyashin Alexander G. , Diplas Spyros , Carvalho Patricia A. , Finstad Terje G.
Published: January 2022

High entropy alloy (HEA) films of CrFeCoNiCu were deposited by sputtering. Their structure was characterized and their electric transport properties were studied by temperature-dependent Hall and Seebeck measurements. The HEA films show a solid solution with an fcc structure. The residual electrical resistivity of the films is around 130 μΩ cm, which is higher than the Mott limit for a metal while the temperature dependence of the resistivity above 30 K is metal-like but with a small temperature coefficient of resistivity (2 ppm/K). The dominant scattering mechanism of charge carriers is alloy scattering due to chemical disorder in the HEA. The Hall coefficient is positive while the Seebeck coefficient is negative. This is interpreted as arising from an electronic structure where the Fermi level passes through band states having both holes and electrons as indicated by band structure calculations. Below 30 K, the conduction is discussed in terms of weak localization and Kondo effects. The HEA structure appears stable for annealing in vacuum, while annealing in an oxygen-containing atmosphere causes the surface to oxidize and grow a Cr-rich oxide on the surface. This is then accompanied by demixing of the HEA solid solution and a decrease in the effective resistance of the film.
Palmarumycin P3 Reverses Mrr1-Mediated Azole Resistance by Blocking the Efflux Pump Mdr1
Authors: Song Minghui , Zhang Ming , Lu Jinghui , Xie Fei , Song Jintong , Luan Xiaoyi , Hou Xuben , Lou Hongxiang , Chang Wenqiang
Published: January 2022

Palmarumycin P3 (PP3) reduces fluconazole-induced
MDR1
transcription to reverse azole resistance in clinical
Candida
strains. Here, we demonstrated that PP3 restores the susceptibility to several antifungal drugs for
Candida albicans
strains with gain-of-function mutations in the transcription factor Mrr1.
Natural Transformation Protein ComFA Exhibits Single-Stranded DNA Translocase Activity
Authors: Foster Hannah R. , Lin Xiaoxuan , Srikant Sriram , Cueny Rachel R. , Falbel Tanya G. , Keck James L. , Gaudet Rachelle , Burton Briana M.
Published: January 2022

Competence, or the ability of bacteria to take up and incorporate foreign DNA in a process called natural transformation, is common in the bacterial kingdom. Research in several bacterial species suggests that long, contiguous stretches of DNA are imported into cells in a processive manner, but how bacteria power transformation remains unclear.
Overcoming the Barrier of the Respiratory Epithelium during Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Authors: Shin Dai-Lun , Chludzinski Elisa , Wu Nai-Huei , Peng Ju-Yi , Ciurkiewicz Malgorzata , Sawatsky Bevan , Pfaller Christian K. , Baechlein Christine , von Messling Veronika , Haas Ludwig , Beineke Andreas , Herrler Georg
Published: January 2022

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is not only an important pathogen of carnivores, but it also serves as a model virus for analyzing measles virus pathogenesis. To get a better picture of the different stages of infection, we used air-liquid interface cultures to analyze the infection of well-differentiated airway epithelial cells by CDV.
Differential Afa/Dr Fimbriae Expression in the Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli ST131 Clone
Authors: Alvarez-Fraga Laura , Phan Minh-Duy , Goh Kelvin G. K. , Nhu Nguyen Thi Khanh , Hancock Steven J. , Allsopp Luke P. , Peters Kate M. , Forde Brian M. , Roberts Leah W. , Sullivan Matthew J. , Totsika Makrina , Beatson Scott A. , Ulett Glen C. , Schembri Mark A.
Published: January 2022

E. coli
ST131 is the most common antibiotic resistant UPEC clone associated with human urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Understanding the features of ST131 that have driven its global dissemination remains a critical priority if we are to counter its increasing antibiotic resistance.