bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English in business communication in Southeast Asia
Authors: He Deyuan , Ling Mayyer
Published: March 2024

With ever increasing globalization, English is used more extensively all over the world and has become a global lingua franca. However, there are few studies on the use of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) business communication. This chapter attempts to add more literature in this arena. Using cross-validated research methods (i.e. questionnaire and interview), empirical data have been collected from 205 participants in seven of the 11 SEA nations. It is found in the current study that English has been widely used in SEA business circle and that English has become and will become more important in SEA business communication. Nevertheless, considerations should also be put in place to protect local languages and cultures while practicing English in the business field.
English in Expanding Circle popular cultures of Southeast Asia
Authors: Martin-Anatias Nelly
Published: March 2024

English in pop culture has been gradually gaining increased attention in scholarly studies, and is an emerging research interest in the sociolinguistic field. This chapter investigates the ways in which English has been used and manipulated in Southeast Asia popular cultural products and texts, such as songs and soap operas/sitcoms. The data consist of popular cultural products from Expanding Circle countries, namely Thailand and Indonesia, and Outer Circle countries, such as Malaysia. Multilingualism is one of the distinctive features in SEA language practice, and pop culture is a productive channel for disseminating and linking linguistic ideologies and attitudes. Both English and pop culture have also offered a productive space for SEA artists to produce and project their creative works.
English in Brunei
Authors: Sharbawi Salbrina , Abidin Zayani Zainal
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes the current English linguistic situation in Brunei. Previous literature on Brunei English places this Southeast Asian variety in the nativization phase of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of postcolonial English. Among the reasons cited for its location in the third phase is the lack of English use as a lingua franca and the prevailing influence of exonormative norms. Recent works on English use in Brunei, however, point to a changing linguistic scene that sees English growing in terms of popularity and importance, and evidence of this variety developing its own distinctive pronunciation style. This chapter outlines some of the compelling differences in the findings of the previous studies with those of contemporaneous ones, consequently arguing that English in Brunei is currently in active developmental progression towards the fourth phase of endonormative stabilization.
Causal Analysis in Comparative-Historical Analysis
Authors: Mahoney James , Rodríguez-Caceres Andrés
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the logic of comparative-historical analysis (CHA). It begins by comparing CHA to other approaches concerned with causal analysis. CHA is a type of case-oriented research that is focused on both identifying particular actual causes in specific cases, and generalizing about actual causes within a well-defined scope. The chapter then considers how a concern with actual causation distinguishes CHA from those approaches that seek to identify the average causal effects of variables within large populations of cases. It looks at two kinds of CHA research questions (outcome-oriented and cause-oriented questions) and two kinds of CHA counterfactuals (cause-varying and context-varying counterfactuals). The chapter also explores the use of causal chains, mechanisms, and process tracing in CHA explanations. Finally, it addresses issues related to scope conditions and case selection, before examining narrative analysis by studying how case-specific narratives are linked to more general causal arguments.
Challenges Confronting Mass Survey Research and its Pluralistic Response
Authors: Smidt Corwin D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter reviews contemporary challenges to mass survey research and their consequences for scientific inferences and contributions to public understanding. Despite costly challenges, notable errors in recent prominent elections, and the potential for misuses, polling continues to be a popular and accurate means for measuring and understanding public opinion. A diversity of survey methods has grown to account for the challenges confronting survey research. This growth has expanded and enhanced the research applications of the field but also requires more efforts from scholars to account for a greater diversity of threats to inference. The contributions of modern mass survey research remain impressive, but its continued prominence depends on a more rigorous effort to understand what types of methods support the types of inferences sought, as well as greater efforts at educating the public accordingly. Although its methods may not be as uniform and as definite as in the past, mass survey research remains a prominent, core method of analysis within the social sciences.
Neurodiversity-Affirming EMDR Therapy with Autism and ADHD
Authors: Clarke A. , Darker-Smith S.
Published: March 2024

This chapter integrates principles of the neurodiversity-affirming paradigm with EMDR therapy for children who have a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (autism) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A summary of the rapidly evolving literature regarding autism and ADHD is provided, including current estimates of prevalence rates and a brief overview of gender/racial bias in diagnostic criteria. Autistic and ADHD children are at high risk of experiencing adverse life events and subsequent negative mental health outcomes. Social isolation, difficulties managing impulsive behavior, and internalization of societal stigma about being “disordered” place autistic and ADHD children at significant risk of developing negative beliefs about themselves and/or the world. EMDR therapy holds promise for alleviating impacts of negative core beliefs and symptoms of trauma in this population. Adaptations for EMDR therapy with autistic and ADHD children are explored, ensuring that all recommendations are aligned with strengths-based and affirming frameworks for understanding neurocognitive difference.
Agendas, Decisions, and Autonomy
Authors: Pavone Tommaso
Published: March 2024

Legal scholars and social scientists have long traced how private attorneys influence judicial behaviour. By contrast, a cohesive and comparative agenda probing how government lawyers impact the courts remains elusive. This chapter serves as a springboard for this agenda by identifying three ways that government attorneys influence judicial behaviour: by shaping judicial agendas, decisions, and autonomy. The chapter suggests that each mode of influence tends to be wielded by a distinct type of government lawyer—public prosecutors, government litigators, and executive branch attorneys—and illustrates the mechanisms driving their influence over judges via concrete examples. First, the author spotlights research delineating how government lawyers in law enforcement roles can wield a ‘politics of discretion’ to shape judges’ agendas and their supervisory capacity by strategically withholding or prioritizing particular lawsuits. Next, he highlights studies demonstrating how attorneys representing governments in court can engage in a ‘politics of positionality’, leveraging their role as intermediaries and repeat players to influence judgments—provided that their credibility as litigators is not hampered by overt politicization. Finally, the chapter chronicles a burgeoning literature on attorneys in the executive branch who weaponize their legal training to undermine judicial independence and manufacture obeisance—what the author calls ‘power politics, lawyer-style’.
Legalism and Professional Norms
Authors: Morell Alexander
Published: March 2024

Empirical scholars have set out to refute legalism in a simple version. Legalism has been said to hold that ‘the law is “out there”, distinct from morals and politics, legal rules are determinate, the legal system is complete’. These elements stem from different and partially contradicting legal theories: the declaratory theory of law, formalism, and positivism. The chapter traces the roots of simple legalism following a comparative approach across disciplines (empirical and doctrinal), within legal scholarship, and between the common law and civil law. It finds that except for a certain form of positivism, legal scholarship has produced theories of the law that do not describe what judges do but define what considerations the legal community accepts as legal and what it criticizes as illegal. Therefore, as others have stressed before, empirical studies of judicial decision-making must take a stand in the normative dispute about what the law is when they argue that judges are guided by extra-legal factors. The chapter identifies three promising strands for future empirical research on legalism: a more appropriate benchmark of measuring extra-legal attitudinal influence, the impact of legal narratives on judicial behaviour, and a focus on lower courts.
Organ Donation and Brain Death
Authors: Berkowitz Adena
Published: March 2024

The evolution of organ transplantation has engendered complex interplay between halakhic considerations, medical advancements, and Jewish bioethics. Pivotal moments include the emergence of brain death as a new criterion for determining death, challenging traditional definitions, and raising legal, moral, and religious questions. The chapter traces the progression of halakhic opinions on deceased organ donation, examining varying viewpoints about halakhic death among Orthodox authorities and thinkers from the Reform and Conservative movements. Accepting brain death specifically as halakhic death to determine whether postmortem organ donation is acceptable or prohibited has ramifications, underscoring the intricate balance between medical progress and religious values, along with the impact of state laws and legal standards on organ donation practices. The chapter then shifts to discussing the potential of advancing technologies to revolutionize organ transplantation, emphasizing the need to navigate halakhic, moral, and practical dimensions in the pursuit of saving lives through organ donation in both general and Jewish communities.
Works and Days
Authors: Rosato Laura , Álvarez Germán
Published: March 2024

The vital relationship between reading, writing, library, and literature manifest in the work of Jorge Luis Borges instantly invokes transmutable processes of reading, writing, and rewriting. Yet this image is insufficient as the background for Borges’s literary work and the framework for the labor Borges performed in libraries for a good portion of his life. These libraries materialized in his fictions in sublimated or conceptual forms that shaped part of his already indelible iconography, their collections nourished the network of quotations and references that inform the intertextuality of his writings, and their books retain marginalia that allows scholars to reconstruct Borges’s creative processes. Argentina’s National Library and the Miguel Cané Municipal Library are physical records of his unique link to the world of work, which is closely tied to the construction of Borges’s public image as a writer and to his participation in the political life of the country.
The Total Revelation Tantra
Authors: Lidke Jeffrey S. , Akshunna L. S.
Published: March 2024

Newār and non-Newār Nepālī tāntrikas alike identify their tradition as containing the total (sarva) revelation of six streams of revelation (ṣaḍ-āmnāya) by naming it Sarvāmnāya Tantra. In their spiritual disciplines (sādhanās), Sarvāmnāya tāntrikas seek initiation into each of the six revelations to be “established in all the āmnāyas” (sarvāmnāya-viśārada). Although no populace is ever 100 percent cognizant of the esoteric meaning of its respective religious practices, in Nepal there are a significant number of scholar-practitioners who are indeed well-versed in the deeper meaning of all the āmnāyas. Given that Nepal not only birthed a good number of texts and traditions—including the Guhyakālī tradition of the Northern Revelation—but also has functioned as a proverbial “water pot” for the streams of revelation that came from Kashmir, Bengal, and Kerala, one cannot overemphasize the impact and value of the Sarvāmnāya tradition for the study of Tantra in South Asia.
Labor Rights
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: March 2024

What is the role of labor rights in human rights law? This chapter considers this question. It addresses the normative grounding of labor rights and their legal protection through human rights law, but also examines objections to pursuing workers’ claims through this avenue. It proposes that human rights law is compatible with collective goals promoted by trade unions and other workers’ organizations and further explains that it can be particularly important for precarious workers who are under-unionized and underrepresented in politics. Workers, trade unions, and other organizations need to pursue several different avenues to achieve justice at work. The legal protection of labor rights as human rights by national and international bodies, and their vindication by workers, trade unions, and other civil society organizations, can help address injustices that affect everyone, and particularly some of the most disadvantaged groups.
Waterscapes, Water Resource Management, and Irrigation in South India
Authors: Selvakumar V.
Published: March 2024

Water resource management is an important strategy associated with the formation of state, complex societies, and urbanization. Water resource management includes strategies, processes, and techniques adopted for managing and engaging with the water resources available in nature for cultural and economic functions, treatment of effluents and tackling seasonal floods and drought, along with the associated disaster management efforts with the involvement of various agencies. South Asia is endowed with the monsoon systems of the Indian Ocean and the Himalayan glaciers that supply seasonal water flow, which has been managed by the states and societies from the late prehistoric period. South India has moist, semiarid, and arid environments wherein rainwater harvest and irrigations have been essential for the sustenance of the people and polities. This paper presents an overview of the waterscapes and water management strategies of South India from prehistoric times to the Late Medieval Period with a focus on irrigation traditions and techniques.
Ethnographic Nexus of Food Grain Storage Facilities and Material Manifestation in India
Authors: Ansari Shahida , Ghosh Mrinmoy
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the ethnographic nexus of food grain storage facilities and material manifestation in India. Anthropologists analyzed various storage systems identified from the archaeological and ethnographic context. Meanwhile, farmers’ realization of the seasonal hardship of food scarcity and post-harvesting loss expands their foci of attention to the shelf life of the grains. The chapter cites that grain storage research highlights materiality as extremely crucial from the perspective of ethnographic visibility. The chapter then explains that the technological solutions for grain storage based on the indigenous knowledge system (IKS) widely in practice across the country is a relevant source for sustainable technological solutions regarding affordable agricultural resources and production management.
The Hearth as the Heart of the Family
Authors: Morrison Michael , McNaughton Darlene , Hector Florence , Gordon Ivy , Woodley Maurice , Gordon Robert , Gordon Leonard , Gordon Dorothy , Gordon Leanne , Woodley Amanda , John Simeon , Gordon Graham , Gordon Pamela , Schill Cassandra , Mulligan Alvine , Asmussen Brit , Claudie David
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the foodways and daily lives of Aboriginal people at the former Weipa Mission, North-Eastern Australia. Christian Missions were a vital part of the colonising repertoire of the British in Australia, as elsewhere, but despite the hardships and traumatic histories these places represent, they are frequently of very high cultural significance to First Nations’ People today. As in many colonial settings, documentary records are rife with omissions, biases and potentially harmful content, which severely limit a more comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of First Nation’s Peoples in these and other colonial settings. Here, we outline a long-term and ongoing research collaboration with Anathangayth People and Country that examines foodways as a basis for developing more inclusive and refined histories of First Nation people’s lives, drawing on an approach that some community members have termed ‘Proper History’. Specifically, the chapter focuses on the daily life in an area known as “Hamlet Number 1.” We present the results of ongoing collaborative research to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the intersections of religion, culture, and colonial power. Of particular interest are earth ovens and how these features provide insights on far more than diet and subsistence alone, expanding our knowledge of aspects of past social interaction, cuisines, family life, commensality, and other aspects of daily life, and thus contributing unique insights into the community’s ‘real’ or ‘proper’ history.
Oral Histories and Indigenous Rock Art
Authors: May Sally , Goldhahn Joakim , Lee Jeffrey
Published: March 2024

Oral histories and life stories have always played a role, albeit an undervalued one, in Indigenous archaeologies. In this chapter, we explore how the process of documenting oral histories with Indigenous community members has influenced archaeological interpretations of rock art. Using case studies from Djok Country in Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia, we question how incorporating oral histories and life stories into field methodologies allows us to capture moments in time, personal histories, emotions associated with places and people, relationships to Country, and the role of rock art as a medium for intergenerational knowledge transfer. Building on our growing body of work relating to rock art and biography in western Arnhem Land, this chapter redirects the discussion to the fieldwork process and its local and broader academic influences. It is argued that oral history is key in conceptualizing and understanding Indigenous rock art, people’s lives, moments, memories, and emotions.
Public Islamic Intellectuals in Turkey
Authors: Bacık Gokhan
Published: March 2024

A public Islamic intellectual is a person who takes up matters of public concern from an Islamic perspective. The influence of public Islamic intellectuals has grown in Turkey in the last 30 years. This chapter explores public Islamic intellectuals in Turkey by focusing on prominent examples like Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, İlhami Güler, Mustafa İslamoğlu, Ebubekir Sifil, and Hayrettin Karaman. It first defines the various religious perspectives to which they adhere. It then studies each perspective by analyzing it in terms of methodology, argument, and perspectives on popular issues, from politics to Islamic law. The chapter also explains their positions along the political spectrum. This part aims to disclose why several of them have transformed into public dissidents, while others have stayed loyal to the government. The discussion in this chapter will help readers understand how public Islamic intellectuals in Turkey are similar yet differentiated in terms of methodology, intellectual tradition, and political views.
Illiberalism in the Doctrine of the Catholic Church and in the Works of Catholic Authors (19th–20th Centuries)
Authors: Camus Jean-Yves
Published: March 2024

The doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church has, since the Middle Ages, been very critical of any progress in the field of human activity, from moneylending to the structure of the traditional family. The ideas that the King had to be anointed by God in order to be a legitimate sovereign and that society had to follow the Scriptures in order to function properly meant that the idea of democracy was not readily acceptable to the Church. It was only in the twentieth century that it became obvious to the Church that it needed to adapt to democratic government in order to continue to have a say in secular affairs. This chapter aims to show the political and theological reasons why the Catholic Church was often at odds with liberal democracy and to what extent the proponents of illiberal democracy borrow from the Traditional Catholic tradition, and in some cases from the counter-revolutionary school of thought.
Being Young and Buddhist in Precarious Times
Authors: Lam Kim
Published: March 2024

In recent years, scholarship on Buddhist youth has emphasized their agency in navigating religious trajectories within and beyond the confines of families and institutionalized Buddhist organizations. However, questions of agency regarding religious identity construction are renewed during times of social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical upheaval. They may also be considered in relation to religious teachings of selfhood and relationality. Adopting a lived religion approach, this chapter delves into three factors—sociality, cultural bricolage, and digital technology—to unpack how two young Buddhist practitioners experience and understand Buddhist teachings of non-self and interdependence in the context of precarious transitions to adulthood. For these young Buddhists, religious agency is dependent on the relational, cultural and digital factors in their everyday lives. As conditions of precarity increase, greater attention to these factors may help illumine the conditions in which agency as described in scholarship on young Buddhists may be simultaneously supported, challenged, and made possible.
How to Make an Ancestor
Authors: Bouté Vanina
Published: March 2024

In the historic spread of Buddhism, it has been in the care of the dead that Buddhism has most successfully established itself. But laypeople’s ritual practices around the dead and their representations of death can often be quite distinct from what can be found in the canonical texts. Based on two ethnographies of key moments around a deceased person, this chapter will show how lay Tai Buddhists in northern Laos understand death and the afterlife. Funerals are marked by the disappearance of the deceased’s body, but above all they mark the beginning of a relationship through which the living keep the deceased present. By regularly presenting offerings and transferring merits to them, they take care of the deceased, helping them to gain a better rebirth. This is what this chapter will develop, showing how this relationship finally comes to an end.
Critique, Reform, and Ethical Innovation
Authors: Fitzgerald Kati
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks to Tibetan Hip Hop artists as contemporary Buddhist theologians—religious practitioners who make, critique, and break down doctrines within a particular religious tradition. What are contemporary Buddhist artists saying about Buddhism? How are they critiquing Buddhist systems of power? How are they expressing suffering in particularly Buddhist ways? After providing a brief overview of the emergence of Tibetan Hip Hop and the ways in which early artists have contended with and reformulated their Buddhist traditions, the chapter focuses largely on the corpus of Tibetan rapper Uncle Buddhist aka SCARK!D and his 2018 album City Tibetans (གྲོང་ཁྱེར་བོད་པ). This artist, through lyrics, music videos, documentary work, and interviews, makes theological interventions into Buddhist ethics, critiquing the power of the monastery and reincarnation systems, calling out corruption, proposing new ethical frameworks on environmentalism and world peace, and positioning himself and his generation of misfits as fitting within the Buddhist trope of crazy wisdom. This chapter considers how Hip Hop artists are contributing to the changing landscape of Buddhist reform movements in Tibet.
Living Sacred Landscape
Authors: Moonkham Piyawit , Chladek Michael
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers a spatial point of view of the religious living space within Buddhist temples in Northern Thailand. The concept of religious space often connects to notions of sacredness and a rigid, statically oriented place that people only utilize for specific spiritual or large-scale social activities (e.g., harvesting, natural disasters, and such), reflecting ideas that any supernatural being associated with the space should not be disturbed often and is unequal to people. However, in Northern Thailand, the temples are much more than merely such rigidly sacred places. People go to the temple for personal matters, ask for blessings, exchange goods, consult about personal matters, gather for social events, and the like. These phenomena reflect a balanced, engaged, and horizontal relationship between the community and their sacred place, highlighting a hybridized version of a cosmological worldview and communal living religious space.
Revitalized Tools for Economic Statecraft
Authors: Oh Seung-Youn
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines how vertical industrial policy (VIP) serves as a revitalized tool for geoeconomics in the context of global power competition. VIP refers to the selective and targeted government intervention that deliberately favors particular industries or firms, which have been widely used by both earlier and later developers in economic development. Yet, contemporary policy measures warrant new scholarly attention for their explicit links to national security that go far beyond commercial objectives. First, what this chapter calls offensive strategies nurture national and global champions in strategic sectors for national security purposes. This can be done either through explicit VIP at home or through mergers and acquisitions of foreign firms. Second, “defensive” strategies block foreign competition in the domestic market by limiting market access. While the competitive race for VIP secures ground for guarding key technologies and national security, it also raises the costs of economic interdependence.
The Common Good
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: March 2024

Although the republican tradition abounds with appeals to the common good, republican writers have given scant attention to the analysis of that concept. This remains true, with one notable exception, amongst the ‘civic’ or ‘neo’-republicans of recent years. That exception is Philip Pettit, who has provided the only explicit analysis of the common good amongst republican theorists. Paradoxically, however, the attention that Pettit and others have focused on freedom from domination as the central concern of civic republicanism raises the question of whether they are concentrating on individual freedom at the expense of the common good. If they are, then neo-republicanism may be subject to the communitarian complaints raised against supposedly individualistic liberalism in the 1980s and 1990s. In response, this chapter argues that civic republicanism has the conceptual resources to give the common good its due without abandoning the republican concern with non-domination. These resources are evident in Pettit’s analysis of the common good, especially when that analysis is complemented by appeal to the principle of fair play and centred on the rule of law. The conclusion, then, is that the rule of law is a powerful force for the common good, with freedom from domination understood to be a key element in that good. The rule of law can exert this force, however, only through the exercise of civic virtue—that is, the actions of citizens who are willing to commit themselves, in the spirit of fair play, to the common good.
The Coalition Problem
Authors: Laborde Cécile , Sandven Hallvard
Published: March 2024

The ideal of non-domination requires the robust absence of arbitrary interference and holds that both individuals and groups can be agents of (dominating) power. These two dimensions of non-domination give rise to the so-called coalition problem, according to which the ideal is incoherent because it entails that everyone is constantly dominated by potential groups that could arbitrarily interfere, if only the wills of their members converged. This chapter does four things. Firstly, it offers an introduction to the debate around the coalition problem. Secondly, it offers an analysis of the problem, and argues that it arises on a particular understanding of social norms. Thirdly, it reviews two prominent responses to the coalition problem and argues that these, whilst successfully demonstrating that non-domination is perfectly possible, miss a central form of coalition-based domination. Fourthly, it offers a different response to the coalition problem, which can capture this form of domination.
Commercial Republicanism
Authors: Taylor Robert S.
Published: March 2024

Commercial republicanism is the idea that a properly structured commercial society can serve the republican end of minimizing the domination of citizens by states (imperium) and of citizens by other citizens (dominium). Much has been written about this idea in the last half-century, including analyses of individual commercial republicans (e.g. Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant) as well as discussions of national traditions of the same (e.g. in America, Britain, France, the Netherlands, and Italy). This chapter reviews five kinds of arguments that have been historically offered for how commercial society so understood advances the republican ideal of non-domination: firstly, by simply realizing non-dominating relationships in the marketplace itself (Instantiation); secondly, by encouraging the growth of a wide middle class that can offer a counterweight to other, dominating classes (Internal Check and Balance); thirdly, by increasing the wealth and power of republics vis-à-vis other, dominating states in the international arena (External Check and Balance); fourthly, by helpfully nurturing bourgeois-civic virtues in republican citizens (Cultivating Virtue); and finally, by transforming dangerous passions into more readily regulable, even socially beneficial material interests (Sublimating Vice). The chapter ends by briefly considering commercial republicanism’s prospects as a continuing research program.
Structural Domination and Social Reproduction
Authors: Gourevitch Alex
Published: March 2024

Some have said that neo-republican theory can provide a credible account of neither structural domination nor the social reproduction of domination generally. However, not only can neo-republicans can do each, but the one is tied to the other. Domination exists when one agent has insufficiently controlled power over another agent. If all domination is interpersonal, it appears that structures might create dominating relationships but that there is no domination by structures. However, structural domination does exist when the structures that constitute the dominator’s power also determine the typical exercise of that dominating power. Structures determine the typical exercise of dominating power by creating incentives and constraints that discipline dominators into patterned ways of exercising their power. This structural patterning of dominating power helps explain how relationships of domination reproduce themselves over time. A core example is capitalist exploitation. Markets induce employers to exercise their dominating power by exploiting their employees. Exploitation leads to the reproduction of class structures. The structural determination of how dominators tend to exercise their power is not strict necessitarian causation. It is always possible that the employer will exercise their power capriciously or ‘irrationally’. Regardless, structural domination remains a form of domination because, from the standpoint of the dominated (e.g. worker) the employer’s power is insufficiently controlled. The employer’s capacity to interfere is insufficiently controlled by the worker whether it is exercised capriciously or in a rule-bound, economically rational form.
Overview to The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Analytic Therapy
Authors: Brummer Laura , Cavieres Marisol , Tan Ranil
Published: March 2024

This volume presents a comprehensive guide to the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) model. Throughout the volume, there is a balance of established theory and practice alongside a focus on innovation in both direct work with clients and the application of CAT more broadly within teams, organizations, and training, and as a model for leadership. The handbook includes a range of innovations in ‘doing’ and ‘using’ CAT, which are directly applicable for those studying and working in health, social care, and private services, across many specialties encompassing the entire lifespan. This includes: child and adolescent services; working age through to older adults; individuals engaged with mental health services and within forensic and prison populations; and those experiencing physical health and neurological difficulties, both in community and inpatient settings. Given the social and dialogic origins of CAT, this volume acknowledges the importance of wider social, cultural, and political factors that can shape an individual’s understanding of self and other; there are chapters that both apply a CAT understanding to key issues such as racism and social context, and provide a critique to the extent in which CAT engages with these issues in practice. This volume also has a focus on professional standards and governance (encompassing training, supervision, and a competency framework). Throughout the book the editors have endeavoured to include clients’ voices in various different ways, including personal reflections, extracts from actual CATs, and co-produced chapters, to ensure the book holds true to the collaborative nature of CAT.
What Is Social Learning?
Authors: Wild Sonja , Hoppitt William
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers ‘social learning’, broadly defined as learning that is facilitated by observation of, or interaction with, another individual (or its products). Of most interest is social learning that results in ‘social transmission’: the observer adopting behaviour patterns matching those of the demonstrator. It looks at a number of different social learning processes, from simple processes like local enhancement to cognitively complex processes like imitation. Social learning is not always adaptive. Individuals need to employ strategies on when, who, and what is beneficial to copy rather than relying on personal information. A variety of experimental set-ups—ranging from simple diffusion to cross-fostering or translocation studies—in combination with statistical methods such as matrix regressions, network-based diffusion analysis or experience-weighted attraction models provide powerful tools to detect and measure the importance of social learning across species and contexts and identify typical pathways of transmission.
Children as Cultural Explorers
Authors: Gelpí Rebekah A. , Buchsbaum Daphna
Published: March 2024

Human societies have developed over millennia in a variety of different social and physical environments, accumulating adaptations too complex and interdependent to be developed independently within the span of a single generation. Thus, every child, as a new member of their culture, must be able to learn from others in order to acquire the knowledge necessary to succeed—and every culture requires its children to be successful social learners for tools, technologies, and beliefs to be transmitted to the next generation. In this chapter, the authors examine the range of social learning abilities that children are equipped with, and how these capacities facilitate making inferences when faced with ambiguous and complex information. In particular, by combining their capacity for high-fidelity imitation and for understanding others’ intentions and goals, children can not only learn about a variety of physical causal relationships but also about a society’s norms, traditions, and rituals. Children can also form sophisticated and nuanced beliefs about when to trust others’ testimony, and balance the epistemic and normative value of imitating others when their sources disagree on what to believe or how to act. These characteristics, the authors argue, reflect children’s adaptation to learning within a cultural context, and prompt consideration about the unique role that children may play in cultural learning.
What Constitutes Non-Human Culture and How Is It Studied?
Authors: Schuppli Caroline , Lokuciejewski Emma
Published: March 2024

All human societies have socially transmitted knowledge and behaviour, which makes culture a human universal. However, cultural variation has also been found among a variety of other species, suggesting that culture is a phylogenetic continuum and/or has evolved independently in multiple lineages. In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of the conceptual foundations and the tools used to detect and quantify animal culture. Over the last decades, carefully designed experiments in the wild and laboratory have shed light on the cultural capacity of numerous species. Tools to detect animal culture in nature include systematically charting geographic behavioural variation, counting instances of social learning, and reconstructing the spread of cultural variants through populations. Together, these methods showed that culture pervades the lives of animals of a far wider variety of taxa than previously assumed, spans a large range of behavioural domains, and includes behavioural elements of all levels of complexity.
Gender, Women’s Rights, and Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on authoritarianism and women’s rights globally. This literature reveals the contradictory strategies of authoritarian regimes, which may outright repress women and ignore or retract women’s rights while at the same time advancing legal or other reforms that ostensibly support women’s rights. It shows how many such regimes instrumentalize women’s rights in the service of domestic and international agendas, motivated by political, economic, and symbolic gains. State feminism in many parts of the world has produced top-down strategies, sometimes in response to women’s rights activists and movements. However, women and their interests may be sidestepped in the regime’s pursuit of legitimacy and the staying power of the ruling party. The chapter looks at authoritarian regimes historically in the case of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and Latin America, as well as contemporary dynamics especially in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa.
Religion and Authoritarianism
Authors: Koesel Karrie J.
Published: March 2024

What is the role of religion in authoritarian regimes? How do authoritarian leaders attempt to manage religious life, and, just as importantly, how do religious communities navigate restrictive environments to pursue their own interests and political goals? This chapter surveys the politics of religion across the authoritarian world and takes stock of what we have learned. It is organized around two central issues. The first explores the promise and peril of organized religion for authoritarian leaders and the diverse toolkit autocrats use to restrict, regulate, and control religious life. The second examines patterns of religion and authoritarian state relations, including how different models of religion and state shape and constrain the political influence of religion and the consequences for religious communities. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research, especially paying attention to religious actors as influential members of civil society, and how the study of religion contributes to our understanding of comparative authoritarianism.
Biochemical Characterization of Rice Xylan Biosynthetic Enzymes in Determining Xylan Chain Elongation and Substitutions
Authors: Zhong Ruiqin , Phillips Dennis R , Clark Kevin D , Adams Earle R , Lee Chanhui , Ye Zheng-Hua
Published: March 2024

Grass xylan consists of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that often form domains substituted only with either arabinofuranose (Araf) or glucuronic acid (GlcA)/methylglucuronic acid (MeGlcA) residues, and it lacks the unique reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence found in dicot xylan. The mechanism of how grass xylan backbone elongation is initiated and how its distinctive substitution pattern is determined remains elusive. Here, we performed biochemical characterization of rice xylan biosynthetic enzymes, including xylan synthases, glucuronyltransferases and methyltransferases. Activity assays of rice xylan synthases demonstrated that they required short xylooligomers as acceptors for their activities. While rice xylan glucuronyltransferases effectively glucuronidated unsubstituted xylohexaose acceptors, they transferred little GlcA residues onto (Araf)-substituted xylohexaoses and rice xylan 3-O-arabinosyltransferase could not arabinosylate GlcA-substituted xylohexaoses, indicating that their intrinsic biochemical properties may contribute to the distinctive substitution patterns of rice xylan. In addition, we found that rice xylan methyltransferase exhibited a low substrate binding affinity, which may explain the partial GlcA methylation in rice xylan. Furthermore, immunolocalization of xylan in xylem cells of both rice and Arabidopsis showed that it was deposited together with cellulose in secondary walls without forming xylan-rich nanodomains. Together, our findings provide new insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying xylan backbone elongation and substitutions in grass species.
An agent-based framework to study forced migration: A case study of Ukraine
Authors: Mehrab Zakaria , Stundal Logan , Venkatramanan Srinivasan , Swarup Samarth , Lewis Bryan , Mortveit Henning S , Barrett Christopher L , Pandey Abhishek , Wells Chad R , Galvani Alison P , Singer Burton H , Leblang David , Colwell Rita R , Marathe Madhav V
Published: March 2024

The ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine has forced over eight million people to migrate out of Ukraine. Understanding the dynamics of forced migration is essential for policy-making and for delivering humanitarian assistance. Existing work is hindered by a reliance on observational data which is only available well after the fact. In this work, we study the efficacy of a data-driven agent-based framework motivated by social and behavioral theory in predicting outflow of migrants as a result of conflict events during the initial phase of the Ukraine war. We discuss policy use cases for the proposed framework by demonstrating how it can leverage refugee demographic details to answer pressing policy questions. We also show how to incorporate conflict forecast scenarios to predict future conflict-induced migration flows. Detailed future migration estimates across various conflict scenarios can both help to reduce policymaker uncertainty and improve allocation and staging of limited humanitarian resources in crisis settings.
Dimensionless numbers reveal distinct regimes in the structure and dynamics of pedestrian crowds
Authors: Cordes Jakob , Schadschneider Andreas , Nicolas Alexandre
Published: March 2024

In fluid mechanics, dimensionless numbers like the Reynolds number help classify flows. We argue that such a classification is also relevant for crowd flows by putting forward the dimensionless Intrusion and Avoidance numbers, which quantify the intrusions into the pedestrians’ personal spaces and the imminency of the collisions that they face, respectively. Using an extensive dataset, we show that these numbers delineate regimes where distinct variables characterize the crowd’s arrangement, namely, Euclidean distances at low Avoidance number and times-to-collision at low Intrusion number. On the basis of these findings, a perturbative expansion of the individual pedestrian dynamics is carried out around the noninteracting state, in quite general terms. Simulations confirm that this expansion performs well in its expected regime of applicability.
Political Self-Confidence and Affective Polarization
Authors: Stapleton Carey E , Wolak Jennifer
Published: March 2024

Even among those who share the same partisan commitments, some people say they despise the opposing party while others report far less animosity. Why are some people more likely to express hostility toward the opposing political party? We explore how individual-level differences in feelings of self-confidence fuel out-party animosities. Drawing on responses to a module of the 2020 Cooperative Election Study, we show that higher levels of internal political efficacy are associated with greater affective polarization. Those who feel self-assured about their political abilities are more likely to admit severing social ties with those who disagree with them and are more tolerant of discrimination against partisan opponents. In a survey experiment, we confirm that those with greater internal efficacy are also more likely to accept discrimination against a member of the opposing party. Affective polarization is greatest among those who feel the most confident of their ability to influence politics.
Exploring the effects of misinformation and refutations on product valuation
Authors: Selvaggi Roberta , Nayga Rodolfo M , Pecorino Biagio , Pappalardo Gioacchino
Published: March 2024

Misinformation can have a significant impact on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for foods. This study conducted in Italy aims to investigate the effects of misinformation and two types of refutation (tentative and enhanced) on consumers’ WTP using a non-hypothetical experimental auction for ‘blood orange’ [known as Arancia Rossa di Sicilia PGI (Protected Geographical Indication)]. Our findings represent an interesting novelty compared to the past studies since we used for the first time a non-hypothetical approach to reveal difference in WTP values. We found that misinformation significantly affects WTP, but only enhanced refutation was found to be effective in countering this effect.