bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of SAN 9789-Stimulated Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Seed Germination
Authors: Widell Karl-Olof , Sundqvist Christer , Virgin Hemming I.
Published: May 2019

Dark germination of light-requiring lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativaL. ‘Grand Rapids’) was stimulated by SAN 9789 [4-chloro-5-(methylamino-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and to a minor degree by BASF 13761 [4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and BASF 44521 [4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], but not by’ pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], SAN 9785 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone], SAN 9774 [5-amino-4-chloro-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], or SAN 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone]. SAN 9789 stimulation was inhibited by cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CHDC), and abscisic acid (ABA) at 1 × 10-4M. Red light nullified the inhibitory effect of CHDC (1 × 10-4M) but not the inhibitory effect of ABA (1 × 10-4M) on SAN 9789 stimulated germination. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) increased the germination stimulatory effect of SAN 9789 in darkness. Temperatures above 25 C decreased the effect of SAN 9789, with a temperature of 35 C completely inhibiting germination. The inhibitory effect of CHDC was strongly decreased at temperatures below 20 C. SAN 9789-induced germination in darkness was always the same (25 to 26% units increase in germination) even though the red light-stimulated germination differed with the seed batch.
Phytotoxic Effect of Oxyfluorfen Vaporization
Authors: Grabowski Janet M. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

Under greenhouse conditions, vaporization of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] formulations (2 EC, 25 WP, 1G) was studied on cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL. var. capitata L. F. alba DC. ‘Market Prize’), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Campbell 37’), cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Straight 8’), and lettuce (Lactuca sativaL. ‘Salad Bowl’). The emulsifiable concentrate and granular formulations caused vapor injury to plants exposed under glass bell jars. Vapor injury to all species increased when exposure times were increased from 8 to 72 h. Lettuce was the most susceptible test species. Exposure temperatures of 18 and 29 C did not alter the amount of vapor injury apparent on tomato foliage. Oxyfluorfen vapor injury did not reduce dry weight of any test species.
Does Seed Dormancy Play a Role in the Germination Ecology ofRumex crispus?
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: May 2019

Seed dormancy does not play a role in the germination ecology of curly dock (Rumex crispusL. ♯ RUMCR). This study confirms reports that freshly matured seeds are nondormant, and it shows that buried seeds exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes remain nondormant. From October 1981 through June 1983, seeds exhumed at monthly intervals germinated 80 to 100% at all thermo-periods. These results do not support suggestions that seeds of curly dock buried in soil enter dormancy. However, the results do explain why seeds of this species in the Beal and Duvel buried-seed experiments germinated when exhumed at various times during the growing season.
Response of Four Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Cultivars to Dates of Oxadiazon Treatments
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: May 2019

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] applied to bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] at 4.5 kg ai/ha/yr in September reduced turf quality more than when treatments were applied anytime from April through August. The quality of ‘Tifway’ was reduced more than ‘Tifgreen’, ‘Tifdwarf’, or ‘Ormond’, and Ormond was reduced less than the other cultivars 3 weeks following oxadiazon treatment. Turf cover at the end of the growing season was not reduced with annual oxadiazon application at 4.5 kg/ha, whereas the cover was less in all plots treated with 13.5 kg/ha after four and five annual treatments. When compared with respective untreated cultivars, the cover of Tifway was reduced more from 13.5 kg/ha rate of oxadiazon than the other cultivars. Bermudagrass growth was retarded in the spring following oxadiazon applied the previous year.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control and Establishment of Three Forage Legumes with Three Selective Herbicides
Authors: Davidson Craig G. , Wyse Donald L. , McGraw Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propionyl]oxime} were evaluated for quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] control in ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (L.)], ‘Monarch’ cicer milkvetch [Astragalus cicer (L.) Hook.], and ‘Arlington’ red clover [Trifolium pratense (L.)]. None of the herbicide treatments applied to weed-free legumes 3, 15, and 30 cm tall reduced crop ground cover or seed yield. Postemergence treatments of sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 applied to quackgrass in the one- to four-leaf stage, at rates from 0.56 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, gave control of 57 to 91% in September of the seedling year. Legumes in all postemergence herbicide-treated plots produced more seed than legumes in untreated plots, regardless of time of application. Sequential applications of sethoxydim, RO-13-8895, or fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} at 0.14 plus 0.14 kg ai/ha gave more effective quackgrass control and greater legume ground cover than single applications at 0.28 kg ai/ha.
Early Application of Herbicides for No-Till Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Stubble
Authors: Wicks Gail A.
Published: May 2019

Research on the timing of herbicide application on no-till sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] planted into undisturbed winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) stubble was conducted at North Platte, NE, during 1980–1982. Applying some herbicides 41 and 25 days prior to planting sorghum maintained weed control, reduced sorghum injury, and increased sorghum yields when compared to application at planting. It was necessary to apply cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} at 2.7 kg ai/ha 41 days prior to planting to avoid sorghum injury. Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] + 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 2.2 + 0.3 kg/ha reduced grass yields 97, 98, and 99%, while reduction with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] + 2,4-D at 2.8 + 0.3 kg/ha was 93, 41, and 63%, respectively, when herbicides were applied 0, 25, and 41 days prior to planting.
Evaluation of Chlorsulfuron in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and in a Wheat-Soybean (Glycine max) Double-Cropping System
Authors: Khodayari Khosro , Frans Robert E. , Akkari Khalid H.
Published: May 2019

Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} was evaluated for weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and for residual effect on soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] following wheat. Chlorsulfuron applied at 72 g ai/ha and less did not injure or reduce grain yields of ‘Double-Cropped’ wheat. Postemergence tank mixtures of chlorsulfuron at 36 g/ha with diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 1 kg/ha were more effective than other treatments for control of wild garlic (Allium vinealeL. ♯ ALLVI). ‘Forrest’ soybeans did not show any injury from chlorsulfuron residue even at rates of 72 g/ha when it was no-till seeded following winter wheat.
Factors in Examining Fate of Herbicides in Soil with Bioassays
Authors: Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

A primary reason for studying the fate of a herbicide in soil is because of its potential effect, beneficial or detrimental, on plants. Herbicide concentrations in soil often can be accurately analyzed by chemical or physical procedures. But such quantitative measurements sometimes are not well correlated with plant response because of a number of interacting soil and environmental factors. If the question is not “How much herbicide residue is present in the soil?”, but rather “How much potential exists for herbicidal effects on plants?”, then the use of plants as one aspect of studies on herbicide persistence can be valuable. This paper addresses factors influencing the response of plants to herbicide residues under field conditions.
Integrating Sethoxydim into Soybean (Glycine max) Weed Management Systems
Authors: Parker William B. , Thompson L. , Godley F. Michael
Published: May 2019

On-farm field experiments were conducted in the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain of North Carolina in 1981 and 1982 to investigate the integration of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} with other chemical and cultural weed control tactics into soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] weed management systems. Sethoxydim at 0.2 kg ai/ha provided control of broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla(Griseb.) Nash. # BRAPP], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA], and fall panicum [Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI) equal to control achieved with registered rates of the soil-applied herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Control of broadleaf weed species with the postemergence herbicides bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} equaled or exceeded the control obtained with the soil-applied herbicides linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5-(4H)-one]. Applications of 0.22 kg/ha of sethoxydim 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after soybean planting provided season-long control of fall panicum and crabgrass in 1981. In 1982, crabgrass control was 88 to 99% up to 4 weeks after planting. Later applications provided inadequate control of the grass species. Variations in volume and pressure of application had no effect on control of 10-cm goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN] or broadleaf signalgrass with 0.2 kg/ha of sethoxydim. Increasing pressure increased control of 30-cm goosegrass and broadleaf signalgrass. Increasing volume increased only control of goosegrass. Bentazon and acifluorfen provided better control of broadleaf weeds when applied early than when applied late. In two of four experiments tank mixtures of sethoxydim and bentazon resulted in an initial decrease in grass control compared to corresponding sequential applications. Soybean yields were comparable, however.
The Influence of Growth Regulators and Nitrogen on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control with Picloram
Authors: Regimbal Gregg A. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

The addition of chlorflurenol (methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) at 0.6 kg ai/ha or mefluidide {N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl] acetamide} at 0.3 kg ai/ha to picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-tricloropicolinic acid) at 0.3 kg ae/ha increased leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. # EPHES) control compared to picloram alone. Application of 84 kg/ha nitrogen in the fall prior to a spring treatment of 0.3 kg/ha picloram decreased the original stand (75%) compared to no nitrogen (18%). In greenhouse experiments, chlorflurenol and mefluidide increased the amount of14C-picloram absorbed approximately twofold when applied in combination but not when applied independently. Based on14C-picloram absorbed, chlorflurenol and mefluidide each increased the amount of14C translocated to the root system, whether applied independently or in combination with picloram. An increase in root bud numbers was observed following an application of 0.6 kg/ha chlorflurenol or nitrogen.
The ecology and physiology of anaerobic bacteria isolated from Tay Estuary sediments
Authors: Keith S. M. , Russ Moya A. , Macfarlane G. T. , Herbert R. A.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The spatial distribution of different physiological groups of bacteria (nitrifying bacteria, nitrate respiring bacteria, clostridia, phototrophic bacteria, sulphate reducing bacteria and methanogens) has been determined in the surface sediments of Kingoodie Bay in the Tay Estuary. The overall distribution of the different microbial populations is largely dependent upon the presence or absence of O2, i.e. populations of obligate aerobes were greater at the surface where O2was present, but with increasing depth and hence anoxia were successively displaced by populations of facultative and then strictly anaerobic bacteria. Thus, maximum rates of nitrification, an oxygen dependent process, were recorded in the 0–10 mm depth horizon (098μg of N per g dry weight of sediment per day) while nitrate respiration rates were maximal in the 10–20 mm horizon (2.92μg N per g dry weight of sediment per day). Dissimilatory sulphate reduction at 20–30 mm depth (102.1 n mol SO42reduced g dry weight sediment-1.d-1). Methanogenesis was similarly recorded at all depths investigated but higher rates were recorded at 40–50 mm depth (22.64 n mol CH4produced g dry weight sediment-1.d-1). These data are discussed in relation to the physico-chemical factors which arc generated in these estuarine sediments and which not only govern the spatial organisation of individual microbial populations but also modulate their metabolic activities.
Saltmarsh vegetation in the Forth estuary, Scotland
Authors: Proctor John
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The Forth saltmarshes occur as a more or less continuous strip on the south bank of the middle Forth and as scattered fragments of varying sizes elsewhere on the banks of the estuary and the Firth of Forth. The most complex and important from a conservation viewpoint are those at Aberlady and Tyninghame. Floristically the Forth saltmarshes are poor and lack several plant species which are imporant in England, notably Halimione portulacoides and Limonium vulgare (the latter recently extinct at Aberlady). Most of the Forth saltmarsh vegetation apparently falls into the two most common and widespread Associations of British saltmarshes, Puccinellietum maritimae and Juncetum gerardii, although several other community types occur. The most distinctive features of the Forth saltmarshes are: (a) the presence of the physiographically distinct and nationally rare beach-head saltmarshes; (b) the occurrence locally of community types which have a predominantly northern or southern distribution in Britain; and (c) communities which are subtly different from more widespread examples nationally.
The availability of oil
Authors: Ford G. M.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Some 6 billion of the 14 billion barrels of proven reserves on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf have already been produced. The remaining 8 billion barrels are reasonably insensitive to oil prices even as low as $10 per barrel, as the operating costs of most existing fields are below $7 per barrel. Production from these proven reserves is already dropping from a peak of just under 3 million barrels per day towards 0·3 million barrels per day in the year 2000.

A description of the buried sequence in the northern North Sea and the frontier area towards Rockall and Faeroe leads to an assessment of probable oil reserves somewhat more conservative than the Department of Energy best guess of 44 billion barrels. Further developments will be sensitive to the course of oil prices, but at least another 8 billion barrels could be added to the proven reserves.

The world is consuming oil far faster than it is finding it, and the supply must be dominated again by the Middle East producers as production declines.
Integrated fish farming: An international effort
Authors: Schroeder Gerald
Published: May 2019

In much of the developing world, the high cost of purchased feeds makes meat and milk too expensive to be consumed by the producers' own families. A fish pond integrated with livestock or crop production provides an important source of animal protein for home consumption or sale. This protein involves almost no cash costs, since the needed nutrients and energy are supplied by crop residues, green manure, livestock manure and sunlight. Conversion of manure into animal flesh is possible because the anoxic sediments support a microbial flora similar to that of the rumen. Although integrated fish farming has been practiced for thousands of years in China, it has not yet been successfully adapted to all regions for which it potentially is applicable. A program in Wuxi, China brings together students and scientists from all over the world who are working towards that goal.
Soil Erosivity and Crop Yield: Implications of a Land Retirement Program for New York Cropland
Authors: Bills Nelson L.
Published: May 2019

Policy issues surrounding Federal programs for land retirement as a means of curtailing soil erosion are discussed in this paper. The analysis is structured around productivity differentials observed for New York cropland rated as highly erosive, moderately erosive, or nonerosive.
Heating Costs and Household Wood Stove Acquisition: A Discrete Choice Demand Model
Authors: Scodari Paul Francis , Hardie Ian W.
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the acquisition of wood stoves by New Hampshire households through use of a utility-maximizing discrete choice model. The analysis is based on the hypothesis that wood stoves are acquired to decrease the monetary costs of home-heating. Operating costs associated with heating with conventional fuel burning capital and with a combination of conventional and wood stove heating capital are estimated. These operating costs are used to estimate probabilities of 1979 wood stove acquisition for particular types of New Hampshire households.
Estimating the Benefits of Regionalizing Emergency Medical Service Provision
Authors: Wilson James M. , Dudek Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

Local area governments have experienced increasingly stringent budget constraints in recent years. Innovations in service delivery provide one avenue for increasing the effectiveness of resource allocations. This paper explores the potential savings available from regionalizing emergency medical service provision. A mixed integer programming model incorporating peak demand considerations is used to minimize service cost given a desired maximum response time. Changes in the weighted average response time measure the quality degradation required to attain the savings from cooperative provision. The results indicate that the benefits are substantial but that distribution of these gains is a possible barrier to implementation.
Price Dependence and Futures Price Theory
Authors: Blank Steven C.
Published: May 2019

A new interpretation of commodity futures price theory is evaluated because, currently, many products exhibit price behavior which cannot be explained with existing theory. A method for classifying products according to the particular price theory relevant to them is provided. The classification method uses the futures price dependence enforced by arbitrage opportunities in spot markets as its base. The futures markets for beef cattle and corn are used as examples.
An Empirical Overview of the NAREA Membership Survey
Authors: Lindsay Bruce E.
Published: May 2019

During the period of transition that culminated in our professional organization being renamed the Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association (formerly the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council), discussion centered upon such issues as the composition of the executive committee, the election procedures for officers, financial stability, and membership involvement. As a result of such discussions, a questionnaire was designed to ascertain Association members’ attitudes towards the organization in three areas of interest: members’ professional background, members’ evaluation of the annual meeting, and attitudes towards our Journal. The objective of this survey was to establish attitudinal data for background information for future discussions concerning our Association.
Managing Nutrient Losses: Some Empirical Results on the Potential Water Quality Effects
Authors: Young C. Edwin , Crowder Bradley M.
Published: May 2019

Over-application of manure on cropland can cause water quality degradation. This paper reports a modeling approach for assessing tradeoffs among manure storage and handling systems as they relate to the nutrient loadings in cropland runoff, including nitrate losses to groundwater. The CREAMS simulation model provided estimates of nutrient losses. A linear optimization model was used to determine the income-nutrient loss tradeoffs. Six-month storage was profitable for farmers with average-size dairy herds, but compared to daily spreading caused increased nitrate leaching through the soil to groundwater resources. Twelve-month storage systems decreased farm profitability while decreasing the total nitrogen losses from farm fields.
The Use of Discriminant Analysis in Measuring Cooperative Growth Factors
Authors: Henehan Brian M. , Pelsue Neil H.
Published: May 2019

Vermont agricultural cooperatives were surveyed to investigate key factors contributing to cooperative success. Most of the cooperatives were formed within the last 15 years. Financial, organizational, and operational data were collected for selected years from 1974–1984.

Average annual changes in gross sales were used to divide cooperatives into low-growth and high-growth groups. Selected variables were identified to classify individual cooperatives into low- or high-performance groups with discriminant analysis.

Management experience and adoption of multi-year plans were the two factors found to have the most significant influence on cooperative sales growth.
The Economic Impact of bGH on the New York State Dairy Sector: Comparative Static Results
Authors: Magrath William B. , Tauer Loren W.
Published: May 2019

The price and quantity effects of a forthcoming biotechnology product, bovine growth hormone (bGH), are explored in a simple partial equilibrium model. The model is based on previous theoretical work on technological change but is developed in terms of a sector output. A particular output curve is estimated using data from a random sample of New York State dairy farms. Information on the farm level production effects of bGH is used to shift the output curve and to solve for equilibrium levels of price and output. The model projects the bGH may lead to the exit of 5,400 New York dairy farms and a 20 percent reduction in herd size. Consumers will benefit from an approximately 30 percent drop in milk price. The effect on gradual diffusion of bGH on farm numbers is considered. To accommodate this technology policies encouraging an orderly transfer of resources out of the dairy sector should be examined.
Dynamic Factor Demands and Energy Substitution in Regional U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Vlachou Andriana
Published: May 2019

Although energy substitution in U.S. manufacturing has been studied in great depth at the national level, little attention has been paid to the regional level. However, regions may differ in their use of energy for a variety of reasons. The main objective of this study is to estimate region-specific demands for energy using a dynamic model for two-digit SIC Code manufacturing sectors. We derive own and cross-price elasticities for energy for different regions and we compare them. We, thus, provide information which has implications for a region specific energy policy.
Consequentialism and Robust Goods
Authors: Andrić Vuko
Published: May 2019

In this article, I critique the moral theory developed in Philip Pettit's The Robust Demands of the Good: Ethics with Attachment, Virtue, and Respect (2015). Pettit's theory, which I label Robust-Goods Consequentialism, aims to avoid the problems but retain the attractive features of traditional consequentialist theories. The distinctive feature of Robust-Goods Consequentialism is a value theory that attempts to accommodate what Pettit calls rich goods: certain moral phenomena that can be categorized under the headings of attachment, virtue and respect. I argue that Robust-Goods Consequentialism fails because it implies very implausible value judgements.
Media in Special Education II: Identification and Assessment Issues
Authors: Hallinan Peter
Published: May 2019

An earlier article (Hallinan, 1984) introduced the important role of media in teacher education concerning children with special needs. This follow-up article briefly reviews some currently available media in Australia, on the topic of identification and assessment issues in special education.
The Effect of Repetition on the Academic Performance of Primary School Repeaters
Authors: Kenny Dianna
Published: May 2019

Repetition has been extensively employed as a remedial tool for low achieving students. Test results on children’s learning report that approximately one third of students benefits from repetition while the remaining two thirds make fair to poor academic progress. This study attempts to define the characteristics which differentiate those students who respond favourably to repetition from those who do not. Sex, I.Q., the grade in which repetition occurred and the reason for repetition were the variables selected for investigation. Students were 78 boys and 54 girls who repeated in either grade 3, 4, 5 or 6. Position in year for the year before repetition, the year of repetition and the year following repetition were examined. The results indicate that the outcome of repetition cannot be predicted from sex, I.Q., grade in which repetition occurred, the position in year before repetition or the reason for repetition. It was hypothesised that non-intellect factors such as motivational and characterological variables may affect the outcome of repetition and therefore need to be explored further.
Recognition of Special Education Needs: Co-operation at the Political Level
Authors: Harris Ross
Published: May 2019

Attention is drawn to issues arising from major reports on education that have been prepared recently for the Commonwealth Government. Implications of several reports are discussed in terms of their likely effect on special education provision and funding. An analysis of selected recommendations of reports is given. Guidance is provided on existing mechanisms for the Association to stimulate Government awareness of its views on the shape of special education for the future.
Microcomputer Applications Beyond Drill and Practice: New Challenges in Special Education
Authors: Wood Denise L.
Published: May 2019

For over a decade microcomputers have been used to help students with special needs overcome physical, cognitive and emotional barriers to learning. In many cases microcomputers have extended the abilities of disabled students by the provision of alternative inputting devices and the use of programs that are highly interactive and individualised to suit the unique needs of students (Wood, 1986a). Rapid technological advances in recent years have opened up new horizons for disabled students. Powerful lap-top microcomputers with the capability of producing both printed and spoken output have provided speech impaired students with portable communication devices. Many students previously restricted to using software designed for special needs can now access a range of commercially available software through the use of devices such as the Apple Adaptive Firmware Card, and developments in the use of eye gaze and voice recognition as alternative input methods offer even greater promise for the future.

While it is an almost impossible task to accurately predict all the technological developments likely to occur in the future, there is little doubt that as microcomputers become more powerful, portable and affordable, many physical barriers to learning will be overcome. There are, however, many disabilities that are less evident than the more visible physical disabilities yet ‘…more insidious in their effects on educational progress’ (Clark, 1986, p. 28). For students labelled as ‘slow learners’ the barriers created by underexpectations which can limit learning opportunities may not necessarily be overcome by technological change. One of the major challenges facing special educators therefore is to review traditional educational practices and explore innovative ways for using microcomputers to overcome these barriers and enhance student learning.
“Allégorie d'un Volontaire ou d'un Claisse Patriotique”
Authors: Frusotte C. , Desrais C.L. , Rogers Ruth
Published: May 2019

On October 6, 1789, the French Assemblée Nationale adopted legislation for a “voluntary” or “patriotic” tax as an attempt to replenish the nearly bankrupt treasury. Fiscal corruption, a mounting public debt, and unpaid taxes in the last years of the monarchy had culminated in a financial crisis of major proportions. The first order of business, therefore, for the newly formed Assemblée, was to reform the existing tax system and to bring in new revenue, which they hoped to accomplish in part with the impôt volontaire.

According to the terms of the law, every citizen was expected to give a one-time “contribution” amounting to ¼ of his income, payable over 3 years, with deductions being allowed for rent, interest on debts, and other obligations. In addition, any silver plate or jewelry of gold or silver in a person's possession were taxed at 2 ½ percent of their worth. Exceptions were made for those whose income was less than 400 francs a year, and residents of hospitals and charitable institutions. All citizens were free, of course, to donate more than the amount required, especially in the form of valuables. Another feature of this legislation was that no attempt at investigation was to be made; the government hoped that by showing its faith in the patriotism of its citizens, no coercion would be necessary. The only official record required from each citizen was a signed form, stating the amount of tax paid, and a sworn statement that it was true. Upon receipt of these forms, municipal officials were to publish lists of names and amounts collected.
Coordination at the Scene of the Accident
Authors: Jessen Knud
Published: May 2019

Endeavors to expand the flight safety programs into the ground safety response to an aircraft disaster have over the last decade involved many flight safety foundations, aviation organizations, pilot associations, and emergency medical societies. Much work has been done to upgrade airport emergency planning and many data from reports concerning airport disaster drills and crashes have been collected.

The goals of an airport disaster plan include the care, treatment and transportation of the wounded with a quality and quantity of care that minimizes the mortality and morbidity of the survivors of the crash. This simple but ambitious challenge is only accomplished by proper pre-planning and management which depends on the quality of the overall plan, the communication systems, the initial life support and resuscitation, the medical equipment, the patient handling and transportation, and the hospital system. According to a variety of reports from many parts of the world, this concept has, however, been difficult to teach, mainly because of insufficient co-ordination in planning, as well as at the scene of the accident.

At Copenhagen Airport — one of the major airports in the northern part of Europe — it was recently decided to have an airport disaster drill. But instead of a “push-button” test it was decided that an executive committee with members from the police, fire brigade, local airport authorities, flight safety council, pilots association, and the medical field should begin the drill by analyzing the topics which are known and expected to be at risk in the overall efficiency.
Preparations in Hospital for the Treatment of Mass Casualties
Authors: Contzen H.
Published: May 2019

In disasters, the success of medical action in the hospital will only be measured according to the number of survivors and not to the number of major operations executed. Thus, for the clinician his usual standards may have to be modified and he must keep in mind the principle of helping the largest possible number of patients in the given circumstances.

According to previous experience it can be expected that 20% of the survivors in a disaster need surgical treatment. Even in well organized and fully equipped surgical clinics, the proportion of immediate treatment capacity to the total number of beds is no more than 5% to 8% under normal conditions. This means that every hospital should make plans to organize facilities to cope with a major disaster. The individual hospital plans should be co-ordinated with other hospitals in the neighborhood and be integrated into the disaster plans for the entire area. Communication between hospital and the central headquarters is of the utmost importance.
Preparation for Rescue and Medical Action in an Emergency Landing Disaster in Maltese Waters
Authors: Barski Janusz , Upton Mike
Published: May 2019

Air traffic into Malta is heavy for such a small island', especially during the busy summer tourist season. Almost every type of aircraft flies in, including jumbos with up to 450 passengers. Since the airport has been the sole responsibility of the Maltese authorities, there have been two minor incidents; one in which a small private plane made a crash landing, resulting in minor injuries; and another when a commercial aircraft engine caught fire on take-off. Both incidents were efficiently dealt with. The island is only 10 km in width at the widest point and Luqa airport is 3-4 km distant from each coast. The flight path along the main runway passes over the Grand Harbor on the east and over high cliffs on the west. At landing speeds, this is approximately 1 minute of flying time, so there is considerable likelihood that a disaster could be at sea.

All those persons involved in the aircraft industry whom we consulted have indicated that, forewarned of an aircraft fault, they would always prefer to come down on land, rather than in the sea. An emergency landing at sea compounds the difficulties in rescuing the passengers and salvaging the aircraft, which would be almost impossible. Luqa airport has emergency equipment immediately available, and has procedures selected according to the likely extent of the disaster. These are normally designated as “Priorities” numbered 1-3, following the practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In addition to procedures for a crash on land, preparations are in hand for rescue at sea.
Disaster Management at Frankfurt Airport
Authors: Haefner C.H.
Published: May 2019

During peak hours at Frankfurt Airport, approximately 10,000 employees of 300 different firms, organizations and services simultaneously handle more than 10,000 passengers and accompanying people. Most of them are not familiar with the airport facilities and speak several different languages.

Disaster management is the act of solving an organization problem under pressure of time. The leading role during the immediate action concerning major accidents or disasters is played by the Safety and Security Control Center of the airport operator, which alerts and controls all emergency services of the airport. Included in this organization are the fire-fighting, rescue and medical services of the airport operator, the U.S. Rhein Main Air Base and the emergency services of the City of Frankfurt. The immediate actions are exclusively based on the operation of professional task forces (without volunteer helpers). As far as possible, the emergency procedures, including personnel operations, are the same at all hours (working/holidays, day/night).

The basis for the emergency operation is the “Emergency Orders” manual. The manual consists of an alarm plan in the form of alarm checklists for the different emergency services and of emergency procedures which are activated through the alarm plan.

Command and control through the staff and communication system of the Safety and Security Operation Center, the on-scene Mobil Command Post and the operation centers of the airport services guarantee that the immediate response of the airport's and external task forces is fully coordinated without delay.
Basic Support of Emergencies at Airports
Authors: Monterosso Vicente Danuzio
Published: May 2019

The introduction of wide-bodied aircraft in air transport has required airports to be equipped to keep pace with the advanced aviation technology and the potential for dealing with a really major disaster. Most airports now have their Emergency Plan that defines with details everything which should be done, when, how and where to do it. Communications, Leadership and Coordination are frequently tested through simulated crashes. These tests are considered as an important factor in performance evaluation. When the alert is given at the airport, the Emergency Plan is put into action to face each aspect of the event.

The basic medical service at the airport works around the clock for routine cases and its team, although small, is enough for these duties. In an emergency, the Plan calls for external medical help. When a crash involved a large number of victims, who will help them?

In most instances, the Airport's Emergency Plan foresees a scheme to cater to many serious cases, in accordance with their urgency. The various means of communications alert the hospitals of the neighborhood, rescue bases equipped with helicopters, civilian auxiliary corps, and so forth. Theoretically, most of these systems have been put into action during the practice drills. Following a serious analysis, it would be optimistic, however, to expect a perfect reaction. Communications problems, holidays, cold mornings, congested traffic, bad weather, and so forth, might on the day lead to disappointment for those experienced with disaster drills which are usually performed in favorable conditions.
Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong
Authors: Moles T.M.
Published: May 2019

Hong Kong is situated at the center of the air traffic axis for Asia, and has, at Kai Tak, one of the busiest airports in the world. The areahas experienced a ten-fold increase in population over 25 years and now has the highest urban density in Asia. Hong Kong is in the monsoon belt and is subjected to the very severe weather conditions of typhoons.

Kai Tak airport is unique. The main 7,000 foot runway is substantially reclaimed from the harbor which in turn lies within a spectacular mountain bowl. The 310° flight path traverses the north end of the Kowloon peninsula with equally spectacular urban development.

Overall disaster contingency planning within this broad spectrum is the responsibility of a joint Police/Military Command. An Aircraft Accident Committee coordinates joint emergency service planning, command and communications training and exercises.

Response to an aircraft disaster is initated by Air Traffic Control through the joint Fire Service/Police/Military Command which sets up a discretionary response for intervention, search and rescue by land, sea and air.

Although the problems are universal, the Maximum Credible Incident scale is extraordinary to Hong Kong. Unique means of dealing with this problem have been specially evolved here, particularly in the field of fire fighting and marine rescue which involve a Catamaran Rescue and Immediate Care Vessel.
Airport Disaster Planning – New York City
Authors: Dove Dennis B. , DelGuercio Louis R.M. , Stahl William M. , Star Leon D. , Abelson Louis C.
Published: May 2019

At the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, disaster planning has been an integral part of the airport operations for the past 28 years. Through the Medical Office, emergency medical teams have been recruited from all ranks of airport personnel and trained in rescue and resuscitation. Following the crash of a commercial B 727 aircraft in 1976 and the resulting crippling traffic jams in the vicinity of the airport, a new concept was added to the disaster plan. This concept involves bringing the hospital, its facilities and its personnel to the scene.

A new piece of equipment, known as a Mobile Emergency Hospital was designed from existing airport equipment, with the cooperation of the airlines, the operating authority of the airport, and other interested parties. Two such vehicles are now in constant readiness at the airport and together provide 12 monitored ICU beds, a 16-bed burn unit, 2 operating rooms and 72 other stretcher-beds to be used for the stabilization of critically ill patients prior to their transfer to an appropriate definitive care facility. A newer modularized version which incorporates these features, for use in any type disaster, is currently being developed. These mobile hospitals, together with two inflatable structures maintained at the airport, are supplemented by Mobile Emergency Rescue Vehicles (MERV vans) maintained at local hospitals by the Emergency Medical Service Systems (EMSS) of New York City. Together they provide the on-site Resuscitation and Stabilization Center in the event of a disaster.
Problems of Small Airports
Authors: Bergot G.P.
Published: May 2019

At large airports, the principal problem is coordination of resources. These resources consist of airport medical resources and outside medical resources. At small airports, the problem is often more complex because the surrounding community's small medical and non-medical resources often may be inadequate. The danger of crash is about the same, however, as that of a large airport, if this small airport serves aircraft of categories 4 or 5. The following recommendations are relevant to small airports:

1. The guidelines contained in “Airport Emergency Planning,” recently published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) should be followed.

2. An inventory of all the private and public resources available in the surrounding communities should be completed and their development and expansion actively supported.

3. A flexible medical policy should be adopted stressing first aid as a first priority. Air evacuation of victims should be arranged by helicopter or medevac aircraft to other better equipped communities. Rescue teams and medical equipment, including mobile shelters, should be brought by air from other communities.

4. An International Medical Task Force should be considered which could be capable of being rapidly mobilized. This could be useful not only for airport disaster, but also in case of natural disasters or any other mass accident.
Diazepam and Alcohol Potentiation in Passengers
Authors: Monterrosso Vicente Danuzio
Published: May 2019

There is no record in the history of medicine of a group of drugs which has gained such a reputation as the benzodiazepines, mainly among psychiatrists and physicians, who augmented their therapeutic arsenal with these drugs which have a safe and effective action. The benzodiazepines have many indications, with special emphasis in the treatment of anxiety, sleep disturbances, muscular spasms, convulsions, etc. There is, however, a difference between therapeutic and abusive usage and there is a danger of exposing an important drug to the risk of being transformed into a psychological crutch.

Airports are complex cosmopolitan units which receive millions of human beings, many of them suffering from tension which they try to hide. Many an air passenger takes, as a precaution, about 10 mg of diazepam (ValiumR). Depending upon the weather conditions and check-in problems, they may take another pill before boarding the plane. After take-off, either because they have forgotten the warning or because they choose to ignore the risks, they have a few drinks, which are served by the airline personnel to help ease tensions and sedate the group. A few moments later, the crew have one or more serious problems. Initially, the passenger becomes excited and aggressive. After being controlled, he reveals a concomitant anxiety. At the end of his trip, he is taken to the airport doctor. Following the routine examination, and familiar with the situation, the doctor knows that his patient is suffering from potentiation of alcohol by diazepam.
Afraid of Flying
Authors: Metreveli Stephan
Published: May 2019

The terrors of flying are as old as the dreams of it. The first flight of man, reported in Greek mythology, ended with the crashing down of Icarus. Today, planes have become indispensable. Air transport companies boast the fact that travel by air is the safest, despite the fact that fear is ever present. There is little knowledge about fears and passenger behavior. Accident statistics turn terrifying events into “cases”. Tribute is paid to “technical progress” and to “more quality of life.” Measures must be taken to reduce the reasons for apprehension to achieve some kind of rationally based safety to relate to behavior. One should, however, not aim to abolish fear to an irrational and unrealistic degree. Such induced behavior cannot be firm in a real crisis. Fears are founded upon social and personal reasons: (1) Predominantly sociological aspects: the fact of airplane disasters; obscurity of the causes and effects of such disasters; inadequate knowledge of technical facts; doubts about disaster prevention; and “technology trauma.” (2) Predominantly socio-psychological aspects: alien surroundings; isolation; don't know what to do; inescapability; and “Mogadishou-effect.” Anthropological and socio-cultural factors also have an impact.

Fear of flying of pilot and crew: Their reasons for fear are related to the exact knowledge of dangers and risks, which are involved in economic and job efficiency oriented requirements and obligations. We recommend: improving information and explanation of risks and the related behavioral safety; improving technical means and management of disaster prevention along with appropriate mediation; courses to decrease fears of flying, including safety training; and decreasing potential conflict with airline personnel.
An Airline Physician's Experiences with an Aircrash in Nairobi
Authors: Renemann Horst H.
Published: May 2019

A Boeing 747 took off from Nairobi International Airport on the morning of November 20, 1974. Its leading edge flaps failed to operate for technical reasons and barely a minute later the aircraft crashed, the tail separating from the fuselage. The wreck caught fire.

Since the aircraft's home base was Frankfurt, a Crisis Management Staff (CMS) was immediately constituted there. As an airline physician, I was requested to evaluate the medical information received from Nairobi and act as medical advisor to the CMS. According to the first rough estimate received, approximately 160 persons were believed to be on board at the time of take-off. By the same estimate, about 100 of these had escaped with their lives, of whom about 60 had been injured. Since there was no accurate information about the availability of adequate medical supplies in Nairobi, I advised the CMS that I should go with a medical staff and equipment to Nairobi. In 1974, the Lufthansa Medical Service in Frankfurt was manned by only three physicians as compared with six at present. Of these three, one was on vacation, one was required to maintain the Medical Service in Frankfurt and only one could be spared to go to the site of the crash.

On arrival in Nairobi, my colleague and I contacted and registered 44 passengers who had been on board: those who had been seriously injured were discovered in local hospitals, others were in hotels and lodgings in the locality.