bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justice for all? Progress in Research on Cultural Variation in the Psychology of Distributive and Procedural Justice
Authors: Morris Michael , Leung Kwok
Published: March 2003

Nous passons en revue les apports des recherches concernant l’impact de la culture sur la perception de la justice. Nous pre´sentons les mode`les qui rendent compte de la faÂµon dont les gens appre´cient l’e´quite´ de l’attribution des allocations d’une part, l’e´quite´ des processus de de´cision d’autre part. Suite a` l’examen de recherches interculturelles, nous prenons en conside´ration des diffe´rences entre pays pour mettre a` l’e´preuve des hypothe`ses sur les liens entre des valeurs culturelles ge´ne´rales (ex.: individualisme‐collectivisme) et des crite`res particuliers (ex. les re`gles d’e´quite´). Nous ne manquons pas toutefois de souligner les e´cueils que rencontre cette strate´gie de recherche qui a entraîne´ une meilleure pre´cision des conceptions de l’influence culturelle (pre´cision dans les valeurs, les contextes sociaux qui renvoient a` des crite`res d’e´quite´ particuliers et les structures de savoirs qui pre´sident a` l’interpre´tation des conduites)
Cross‐cultural Training: A Review
Authors: Bhawuk Dharm , Brislin Richard
Published: March 2003

Dans cet article, nous suivons l’e´volution des concepts qui font partie de la litte´rature de ces 50 dernie`res anne´es sur la formation trans‐culturelle en passant en revue quelques e´tudes qui ont fait date. Apre`s avoir de´battu des recherches et pratiques au fil des de´cennies, nous poursuivons en identifiant les grands courrants de recherche dans ce domaine et nous livrons a` quelques conjonctures suppositions sur les directions qui peuvent être prises dans l’avenir.
Groups, Teams, and Creativity: The Creative Potential of Idea‐generating Groups
Authors: Paulus Paul
Published: March 2003

On voit apparaitre une nouvelle litte´rature traitant de la cre´ativite´ et de l’innovation dans les groupes et les e´quipes. Bien que de nombreaux facteurs inhibent la cre´ativite´ des groupes, nos investigations et analyses indiquent que l’interaction dans les groupes et e´quipes serait une source fe´conde d’innovations et d’ide´es cre´atives. On pre´sente dans cet article un mode`le the´orique de la cre´ativite´ dans les groupes producteurs d’ide´es et l’impact sur le travail en e´quipe et les recherches a` venir.

There is an emerging literature on group and team creativity and innovation. Although there are many factors that appear to inhibit creativity in groups, our review and analysis suggests that interaction in groups and teams can be an important source of creative ideas and innovations. A theoretical model of creativity in idea‐generating groups is developed and implications for teamwork and future research are presented.
From Passive to Proactive Motivation: The Importance of Flexible Role Orientations and Role Breadth Self‐efficacy
Authors: Parker Sharon
Published: March 2003

Despite the widely held belief that a proactive workforce is necessary for competitive advantage, research investigating how to assess and promote such change is limited. Two potentially important precursors to proactivity include flexible role orientation (FRO) and role breadth self‐efficacy (RBSE). These concepts have been shown to have construct validity and to be distinct from related dispositional variables, but their discriminant validity in terms of outcome variables has not been demonstrated. In this article, I show that FRO and RBSE are factorially distinct from outcomes commonly used in organisational research (job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and job strain). I also show that, as expected, the proactive motivation and traditional outcome variables have different relationships with various predictor variables. I outline the study implications, and suggest a broader research agenda on proactive motivation.
The Effect of Mental Practice and Goal Setting as a Transfer of Training Intervention on Supervisors’ Self‐efficacy and Communication Skills: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Morin Lucie , Latham Gary
Published: March 2003

Mental practice, where goal setting was either implicit or explicit, was investigated in a pulp and paper mill as a post‐training intervention with regard to self‐efficacy and the transfer of newly taught communication skills to the work setting. Six months after the supervisors had been trained, a 2×2 ANCOVA showed that self‐efficacy was significantly higher for the supervisors who engaged in either mental practice or in mental practice combined with goal setting than for those in the goal setting only or control conditions. Self‐efficacy correlated significantly with goal commitment and communication skills on the job. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the supervisor’s imagery skills moderated the effect of mental practice on self‐efficacy. Both the supervisors in the mental practice and in the goal setting and mental practice conditions were observed by peers to have improved their communication behaviour on the job. No change in communication behaviour was observed on the part of supervisors who set goals but did not engage in mental practice or were assigned to the control group.
A Comparison of Work Motivation in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Netherlands: Test of a Model
Authors: Roe Robert , Zinovieva Irina , Dienes Elizabeth , Ten Horn Laurens
Published: March 2003

This article describes a study into the antecedents and consequences of job involvement and organisational commitment of workers in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Netherlands. On the basis of the literature a general model of work motivation is developed which depicts job characteristics, opportunities to satisfy needs, and extrinsic work factors as determinants of job involvement and organisational commitment, and considers effort expenditure, performance, job satisfaction, turnover, and work stress as outcomes. Data from worker samples in the three countries obtained with equivalent instruments are used to test the validity of the model. Path analysis shows that the model has a modest fit when applied to the three samples simultaneously. A better fit and more meaningful results are obtained by developing optimal models for each country. The peculiarities of these models can be largely explained from cultural and economic factors. Since the differences between Bulgaria and Hungary are as great as the differences with the Netherlands, there seems to be little evidence for a motivational after‐effect of communism.
Person–Organisation Fit Across Cultures: An Empirical Investigation of Individualism and Collectivism
Authors: Parkes Louise , Bochner Stephen , Schneider Sherry
Published: March 2003

The present study extended person–organisation fit research by concentrating exclusively on one national culture dimension affecting organisational values: individualism–collectivism (I–C). Volunteers (N=581) from two matched organisations (hospitals and management consultancies) in Australia and in South‐East Asia completed questionnaires measuring individuals’ orientations on I–C and other organisational variables. Two types of fit were analysed: interactions between (1) individual I–C and national culture, and (2) individual I–C and organisational culture. These interactions were tested in relation to three outcome variables: organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and tenure. Both national and organisational differences were found with respect to I–C. Asian organisations were more collectivistic than Australian organisations, and hospitals were more collectivistic than management consultancies. In support of person–nation fit hypotheses, collectivists were more committed to their organisations and had longer tenure than individualists in Asian, as compared to Australian organisations. Interaction terms were significant even in the presence of direct effects of collectivism on organisational commitment and tenure. The same results were not found for job satisfaction. Predicted effects of person–organisation fit were not found at the organisational level within cultures.
Society, Organisations, and Leadership in Turkey
Authors: Fikret Pasa Selda , Kabasakal Hayat , Bodur Muzaffer
Published: March 2003

Cette étude examine la culture organisationnelle, les comportements de direction, et les perceptions face aux attributs efficaces et très efficaces des dirigeants dans la société turque. Les données utilisées dans cette étude proviennent à la fois d’une recherche indépendante et de la base de données GLOBE. Dans le projet indépendant de recherche, les données ont été recueillies auprès de 92 personnes employées par deux compagnies manufacturières et deux de services. Les données qualitatives de GLOBE proviennent de deux groupes de discussion et de six entrevues en profondeur. Les valeurs organisationnelles dominantes dans les entreprises turques ont été identifiées comme étant, en ordre d’importance, le collectivisme, une orientation performance, l’évitement de l’incertitude, le sacrifice de soi, l’intégrité, distance hiérarchique, la qualité, la considération, et l’orientation vers le futur. Les comportements de direction les plus fréquemment observés ont été les suivants: hiérarchique—autocratique, suivi par paternaliste—considérant, transactionnel—orienté vers l’équipe, et laisser‐faire. Les résultats démontrent que tous les comportements de direction ont été influencés par les valeurs organisationnelles. Les attributs efficaces des dirigeants ont été perçus comme incluant les qualités suivantes: orienté vers les personnes (intégrateurs d’équipe et paternaliste), orienté vers la tâche, participatif, et charismatique—transformationnel. En général, cette étude démontre l’importance du collectivisme dans la culture organisationnelle tout comme dans les attributs très efficaces des dirigeants dans un contexte turque.
Perceived Organisational Support as a Mediator of the Relationship of Perceived Situational Factors to Affective Organisational Commitment
Authors: Moideenkutty Unnikammu , Blau Gary , Kumar Ravi , Nalakath Ahamedali
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of perceived organisational support as a mediator of the relationship between perceived situational factors and affective organisational commitment. Perceived situational factors examined were: procedural justice, distributive justice, communication satisfaction with supervisor, and labor–management relationship climate. Analysis of data from a sample of 185 pharmaceutical sales representatives from India indicated that perceived organisational support fully mediates the relationship between each of these perceived situational variables and affective commitment to the organisation.
Is there a Preferred Performance Rating Format? A Non‐psychometric Perspective
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Kopelman Richard E.
Published: March 2003

Les échelles d’appréciation constituent une forme d’évaluation des performances qui a rencontré un grand succès ces dernières décennies. En particulier, de gros efforts ont été consacrés au développement d’échelles relativement insensibles aux erreurs et biais cognitifs. Mais on s’est beaucoup moins intéressé au fait de savoir si et comment le type d’évaluation affecte les attitudes professionnelles et les réactions des personnes évaluées. Des données en provenance de quatre études différentes avec des échantillons tirés dans deux pays (lsraël et le Canada) apportent des éléments en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle une évaluation de la performance basée sur le BOS peut être supérieure aux autres méthodes en ce sens qu’elle entraîne des conséquences plus positives au niveau des attitudes.

One aspect of performance appraisal that has received considerable attention over past decades is the rating format. In particular, much effort has been devoted to developing rating scales that are relatively impervious to cognitive rating errors and biases. However, much less attention has been accorded the issues of whether and how an appraisal’s format affects work attitudes and reactions of ratees. Data collected in four separate studies and with samples in two nations (Israel, Canada) lend credence to the proposition that a BOS‐based performance appraisal and review may be superior to other appraisal methods in terms of yielding more favorable attitudinal effects.
The Impact of Short Overseas Business Trips on Job Stress and Burnout
Authors: Westman Mina , Etzion Dalia
Published: March 2003

Dans cet article, on étudie l’impact des voyages d’affaire longue‐distance sur le stress professionnel et le burnout chez 45 hommes et 12 femmes: il s’agit de 57 salariés appartenant à six entreprises de haute technologie. Les déplacements à l’étranger font partie intégrante de leur travail. L’âge moyen est de 34 ans et l’ancienneté moyenne dans le poste de quatre ans. Les sujets ont rempli des questionnaires d’auto‐évaluation dans le but de mesurer leur niveau de stress et de burnout à trois reprises; dix jours avant le départ, pendant le séjour à l’étranger, et une semaine après le retour. On avait posé comme hypothèse principale que les voyages d’affaire longue‐distance avaient un impact sur le stress professionnel et le burnout et accessoirement que les niveaux de stress et de burnout étaient plus bas au retour. Les résultats montrent que les différences de niveaux de stress et de burnout avant et après le voyage sont significatives. Bien que ces salariés doivent beaucoup travailler durant leur voyage, ils éprouvent un déclin du stress et du burnout après leur retour au pays.

The present paper examines the impact of overseas business trips on job stress and burnout in 57 employees (45 males; 12 females) of high‐tech companies who travel abroad as part of their job. The mean age of participants was 34 years and mean seniority on the job was four years. Participants were employed by six high‐tech companies and had gone abroad on business trips as part of the job. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires assessing their job stress and burnout at three points in time: 10 days prior to going abroad (pre‐trip), during their stay abroad (mid‐trip), and one week after their return (post‐trip). The main hypothesis was that overseas business trips have an impact on job stress and burnout. We hypothesised that levels of job stress and burnout are lower after the business trips. Results show that the differences in stress and burnout level before and after the business trips were significant. Although participants worked hard during their trip, they experienced a decline in job stress and burnout after returning home.
Future Interaction Expectation and the Use of Soft and Hard Influence Tactics
Authors: Van Knippenberg Barbara , Steensma Herman
Published: March 2003

Les stratégies d’influence varient en fonction du contrôle qu’elles exercent sur la situation et la cible. Les stratégies “douces” laissent plus que les stratégies “dures” la possibilitié pour la cible d’accepter ou de rejeter la tentative d’influence. La solution “dure” engendre donc généralement une plus grande tension dans la relation entre la cible et l’agent d’influence. Cette recherche est centrée sur la conséquence que la représentation de l’interaction à venir peut avoir sur le choix d l’une ou l’autre stratégie. Les résultats d’une expérience indiquent que l’expectation d’une interaction diminue l’appel à l’influence en général et aux stratégies d’influence dure en particulier. On peur supposer que la perspective d’une interaction prolongée rend moins attractif le choix d’un comportement qui pourrait mettre la relation en danger. Les résultants ont aussi montré que les stratégies douces étaient plus employées que les dures et que les homes faisaient plus appel à l’influence que les femmes.

The influence tactics that people use may vary in the extent to which they take control over the situation and the target. Soft tactics allow the target of influence more latitude in deciding whether or not to accept the employed influence than hard tactics. As a consequence hard influence tactics usually place more strain on the relationship between influencing agent and target. This study focused on the effect that the expectation of future interaction may have on the use of hard and soft influence tactics. The results of an experiment indicated that the expectation of a future interaction diminished the use of influence in general and of hard influence tactics in particular. Presumably, the expectancy of prolonged interaction made the display of behavior that might endanger the relationship less attractive. Furthermore, results showed that soft tactics were used more often than hard ones and that men employed more influence than women.
Women, Wages and Intra‐household Power Relations in Urban Bangladesh
Authors: Kabeer Naila
Published: March 2003

This article examines the implications of women's access to income‐earning opportunities for their position in intra‐household relationships. For those who believe that such relationships are egalitarian, this issue may not appear relevant; for others, however, there is a divergence of views between those who offer an optimistic analysis of the effects of earning power for women's status, and those who provide a more pessimistic prognosis. In exploring this issue, the article makes use of first‐hand accounts of women workers in the recently emergent export‐oriented garment factories in Bangladesh, both in order to evaluate the ‘fit’ with theoretical insights of intra‐household relations from the social science literature, and to assess what the ‘everyday lived realities’ described by the women workers tell us about the workings of power within family‐based households in urban Bangladesh.
Primitive Ideas: Protected Area Buffer Zones and the Politics of Land in Africa
Authors: Neumann Roderick
Published: March 2003

This article critically evaluates participatory, integrated conservation and development programmes in Africa, focusing on protected area buffer zones. I argue that, despite the emphasis on participation and benefit‐sharing, many of the new projects replicate more coercive forms of conservation practice and often constitute an expansion of state authority into remote rural areas. I suggest that the reasons for this state of affairs can be traced in part to the persistence in conservation interventions of Western ideas and images of the Other. These stereotypes result in misguided assumptions in conservation programmes which have important implications for the politics of land in buffer zone communities.
Has the Hong Kong Model Worked? Industrial Policy in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Tsui‐Auch Lai Si
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to blend the insights of development economics and political economy in order to analyse industrial policy in Hong Kong. It describes the lack of industrial upgrading, the process of de‐industrialization, and the over‐reliance on the service sector, and examines the political economy of the functional industrial policy practised in Hong Kong, as well as its limitation. The author suggests that the political change from a colony to a special administrative region of China provides a context for Hong Kong State to undertake a more interventionist, industry‐specific policy, the success of which will depend on a combination of two factors: state autonomy against the excessive influence of Beijing, and state capacity to guard against corruption and to enhance a mutually‐beneficial regional co‐operation in the South China region.
Authentic NGDO Partnerships in the New Policy Agenda for International Aid: Dead End or Light Ahead?
Authors: Fowler Alan F.
Published: March 2003

Since the 1970s, ‘partnership’ has been an aspiration for relationships amongst non‐governmental organizations involved in international development (NGDOs). Unfortunately, NGDOs have shown little ability to form equitable relations, or true partnership, amongst themselves. The first part of this article examines why. The new policy agenda for international aid emphasizes contract‐based relationships which will make real partnerships even more difficult to achieve. The second part of the analysis argues that trust‐based authentic partnerships remain vital for development, and outlines some steps that NGOs might take towards forming them. In the long term, however, NGDOs must radically rethink their roles, which calls for a transformation from intermediaries in a funding chain to facilitators of international co‐operation between the diverse groups which comprise civil society. NGDOs unwilling to take this step could be classified as hypocrites if they continue to employ the term ‘partnership’ for what is essentially old wine in re‐labelled civic bottles.
Analysing Women's Movements
Authors: Molyneux Maxine
Published: March 2003

Women's movements, understood as variant forms of collective action in pursuit of common goals, have been analysed in both feminist political theory and development studies. This article aims to combine these two discussions to provide a theoretical account of the emergence and character of such movements through the identification of three different forms of collective action, termed ‘independent’, ‘associative’ and ‘directed’. The article considers the relation of such movements to projects of general political import, be these of an authoritarian or democratic character, and returns to the debate over the usefulness or otherwise of conceptualizing women's interests. It concludes with an assessment of the place of women's movements in the contemporary politics of citizenship.
(Mal)Development in Central America: Globalization and Social Change
Authors: Robinson William I.
Published: March 2003

This article develops a globalization framework and a model of transnational processes for analysing social change and development, and then applies the model to Central America. The analysis emphasizes determinacy, in the last instance, of social forces in historic developmental outcomes, and documents how social forces in struggles in an emergent transnational environment have shaped Central America's changing profile within the global economy and society. Revolutionary movements, a new class structure, US geo‐political considerations, and the internationalization of East Asian economies, have all contributed to a new model of development; from the 1960s into the 1990s the national model of development is being replaced by a transnational model. Maquiladora garment production, tourism, non‐traditional agricultural exports, and remittances from emigrant workers are coming to eclipse traditional agro‐exports as the most dynamic economic sectors linking the region to globalized circuits of production and distribution. The article also examines Central American migration to the US and gender dimensions of the new transnational model of development.
Globalization and the Power of Indeterminate Meaning: Witchcraft and Spirit Cults in Africa and East Asia
Authors: Geschiere Peter
Published: March 2003

The obsession with witchcraft in many parts of present‐day Africa is not to be viewed as some sort of traditional residue. On the contrary, it is especially present in the more modern spheres of society. In a comparative, global perspective, this linking of modernity and witchcraft is not particular to Africa: in other parts of our globalized world, modern developments coincide with a proliferation of what the Comaroffs (forthcoming) call ‘the economies of the occult’. In this article, representations in South and West Cameroon about ekong, supposedly a novel form of witchcraft explicitly associated with modern forms of wealth, are compared to Weller's study of the upsurge of spirit cults in Taiwan, during the recent economic boom of this ‘Asian tiger’. The power of such discourses on occult forces is that they relate people's fascination with the open‐endedness of global flows to the search for fixed orientation points and identities. Both witchcraft and spirit cults exhibit a surprising capacity for combining the local and the global. Both also have specific implications for the ways in which people try to deal with modernity's challenge.
The Developmental State Is Dead—Long Live Social Capital?
Authors: Fine Ben
Published: March 2003

At the same time that the World Bank appears to be going through a process of replacing the Washington consensus with the Post‐Washington consensus, the notion of social capital is coming to the fore both in development studies and social science more generally. These developments are closely connected to one another analytically: they are liable to stake out a new development agenda based on new Keynesianism and social capital in place of state versus the market; and they reflect more generally the growing influence of mainstream economics over other social sciences.
Female Migration and Urban Labour Markets in Tianjin
Authors: Zhang Heather Xiaoquan
Published: March 2003

The spontaneous, large‐scale population movement from the countryside to the cities witnessed in China since the early 1980s has drawn increasing attention in academic circles. However, research has tended to focus on quantitative macro‐level data collection and interpretation rather than on the experiences of those involved in the migratory process. Using qualitative research methods, this article presents the experiences and perceptions of the Chinese rural female migrants as narrated by themselves. It attempts to identify by this means the major forces behind rural women's out‐migration and the institutional changes and structural barriers that have shaped women's lives and experiences in the migratory process. The author argues that women are actors and agents in this unprecedented economic and social transformation. Through their active engagement in the urban labour market, female migrants have challenged both the traditionally defined gender roles and the spatial and socio‐economic boundaries that have been structurally designated to them. Their actions may catalyse a radical rearrangement of the social, political and sexual orders.
Poverty in Transition: An Ethnographic Critique of Household Surveys in Post‐Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Kandiyoti Deniz
Published: March 2003

Post‐Soviet transitions have prompted a search for new policy tools and methods of data collection. The shift from universal welfare provision under the Soviet system to targeted assistance and poverty monitoring has stimulated a new interest in the measurement of living standards and poverty lines. This has promoted the use of quantitative techniques and sample surveys (household surveys, in particular) as privileged tools for the collection of policy‐relevant information. This paper contends that survey techniques have particular limitations as research tools in an environment where local level case studies are scarce and where a host of new socio‐economic processes are creating fundamental shifts in the landscape of social provision, redistribution and employment. These limitations are illustrated by drawing upon a household survey conducted by the author in four villages from two regions in Uzbekistan, Andijan and Kashkadarya, between October 1997 and August 1998. The ambiguities surrounding five basic concepts, those of household, employment, access to land, income and expenditure are discussed in detail, as are the changes in their contents and meanings in the context of transition. The gender differentiated outcomes of current changes and their possible implications are highlighted throughout the text. The conclusion suggests that Uzbekistan finds itself at an uneasy juncture where the policies deployed to ‘cushion’ the social costs of transition may reach the limits of their sustainability. A more contextually sensitive approach to the mechanisms that generate new forms of vulnerability and the use of qualitative and longitudinal methodologies are essential to an adequate monitoring of further changes.
Gendering Poverty: A Review of Six World Bank African Poverty Assessments
Authors: Whitehead Ann , Lockwood Matthew
Published: March 2003

Since the late 1980s, Poverty Assessments have emerged as the most important statements by the World Bank about poverty in particular countries. This article examines, in some depth, a set of Assessments from four sub‐Saharan African countries from a gender perspective. These Assessments display an enormous variation in the extent to which gender is present, and they also show a sharp contrast between the treatment of gender issues in the measurement of poverty, particularly in the participatory elements of the Assessments, and their absence in the policy sections of the documents. The article goes on to analyse why the inclusion of gender in these World Bank country‐specific poverty documents has been so problematic. In the absence of a clear analytical framework in the Bank for understanding gender, its treatment in the Assessments is driven on the one hand by a set of epistemological and methodological choices about measuring poverty, and on the other hand, by a set of prescriptions for reducing poverty which originate in the Bank's 1990 World Development Report. The key conclusion of the paper is that it is impossible to integrate gender into an understanding of poverty unless the reading of evidence, analysis and policy are all based on relational processes of impoverishment or accumulation.
Female Demographic Disadvantage in India 1981–1991: Sex Selective Abortions and Female Infanticide
Authors: Sudha S. , Rajan S. Irudaya
Published: March 2003

Using evidence from a number of sources (including the 1981 and 1991 censuses of India, prior research, and NGO reports), this article examines whether bias against girl children persists during periods of development and fertility decline, whether prenatal sex selection has spread in India as elsewhere in Asia, and whether female vs. male child mortality risks have changed. The authors present estimated period sex ratios at birth (SRBs) calculated by reverse survival methods along with reported sex ratios among infants aged 0 and 1, as well as sex ratios of child mortality probabilities (q5), from the two censuses. The findings show an increase in ‘masculine’ SRBs and persistent (or even worsening) female mortality disadvantage, despite overall mortality decline, due to selective neglect and the spread of female infanticide practices in some areas. Research and reports indicate the increasing use of prenatal sex selection in some regions. In India, preference for sons appears to be undiminished by socio‐economic development, which interacts with cultural sources of male bias. The increased masculinity of period SRBs in some areas, together with persistent excess female child mortality and female infanticide, creates a ‘double jeopardy’ for girl children. Legislation curbing prenatal sex determination and policy measures addressing societal female devaluation have had little impact, suggesting that female demographic disadvantage is unlikely to improve in the near future.
Fashioned Forest Pasts, Occluded Histories? International Environmental Analysis in West African Locales
Authors: Leach Melissa , Fairhead James
Published: March 2003

This article considers how environmental problematics are produced and interpreted, using case material from West Africa’s humid forest zone. Examing the experiences of several countries over the long term, it is possible to identify a deforestation discourse produced through national and international institutions. This represents forest and social history in particular ways that structure forest conservation but which obscure the experience and knowledge of resource users. Using fine‐grained ethnography to explore how such discourse is experienced and interpreted in a particular locale, the article uncovers problems with ‘discourse’ perspectives which produce analytical dichotomies which confront state and villager, and scientific and ‘local’ knowledges. The authors explore the day‐to‐day encounters between villagers and administrators, and the social and historical experiences which condition these. Instances where the deforestation discourse becomes juxtaposed with villagers’ alternative ideas about landscape history prove relatively few and insignificant, while the powerful material effects of the discourse tend to be interpreted locally within other frames. These findings present departures from the ways relations between citizen sciences and expert institutions have been conceived in recent work on the sociology of science and public policy.
Maintaining Centralized Control in Community‐based Forestry: Policy Construction in the Philippines
Authors: Gauld Richard
Published: March 2003

Community‐based forestry management is emerging as an important component of forest policies in the developing world. Using the Philippines as a case‐study, this article critically examines the way in which community‐based forestry is constructed and understood among government policy makers. The author suggests that the new policy discourse of community‐based forestry policy in the Philippines is still shaped by efforts to maintain centralized control over forest management and a political economy orientated towards commercial timber production using the principles of ‘scientific management’. While timber production and the technical aspects of forest management are emphasized, social and environmental considerations remain neglected.
Avoiding Disaster: Diversification and Risk Management among East African Herders
Authors: Little Peter D. , Smith Kevin , Cellarius Barbara A. , Coppock D. Layne , Barrett Christopher
Published: March 2003

This article addresses processes of livelihood diversification among pastoralists in the rangelands of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. The objectives of the article are threefold: (1) to suggest a theoretical framework for addressing income diversification among pastoralists with reference to current literature and databases; (2) to present a case study on pastoral income diversification based on preliminary field research in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia; and (3) to summarize current understandings of pastoral diversification while pointing to additional empirical research needs. By showing how comparative analyses in the region have been constrained by theoretical and data deficiencies, the article explores ways in which income diversification differs by what are termed conditional, opportunity, and local response variables. Climate, distance to market towns, gender, wealth, and education are attributes covered by these variables and discussed in the article. The conceptualization and case study provide useful bases for conducting comparative research on pastoral diversification in East Africa specifically, and in sub‐Saharan Africa generally.
Aid as a Catalyst
Authors: Pronk Jan P.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that aid is not the prime mover of development, but rather a catalyst. It might be used as a reward for good development governance. However, it will fulfil its catalytic function better by creating conditions for policy improvement. Better governance should be seen not only as a pre‐condition for development and for development aid, but also as a development objective in itself. This is particularly true for aid recipient countries in disarray.
Cadastral Politics: The Making of Community‐Based Resource Management in Zimbabwe and Mozambique
Authors: McDermott Hughes David
Published: March 2003

Projects promoting community‐based management of natural resources frequently encourage local smallholders to share flora, fauna, or land forms with state agencies and/or private companies. Ideals of common property and moral economy have inspired this agenda and helped spread it globally. In Southern Africa, however, the general model of shared landscapes has collided with a bitter history of white colonization and land grabbing. This article recounts the rise and fall of one CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) project in eastern Zimbabwe. There, cadastral politics — struggles over the bounding and control of land — overwhelmed negotiations for joint management and eco‐tourism. Across the border, in Mozambique, community‐based resource management has engaged with cadastral politics in a more fruitful fashion. In the midst of latter‐day Afrikaner colonization, this project mapped smallholders’ claims to land. Thus, the Zimbabwean project ignored territorial conflict and ultimately succumbed to it. The Mozambican project jumped into the fray, with some success. On past or current settler frontiers, community‐based management may learn from this lesson: dispense with an ideology of sharing and join the rough‐and‐tumble of cadastral politics.
Dilemmas of Counter‐Mapping Community Resources in Tanzania
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L. , Schroeder Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Recent work has celebrated the political potential of ‘counter‐mapping’, that is, mapping against dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals. This article briefly reviews the counter‐mapping literature, and compares four counter‐mapping projects from Maasai areas in Tanzania to explore some potential pitfalls in such efforts. The cases, which involve community‐based initiatives led by a church‐based NGO, ecotourism companies, the Tanzanian National Parks Authority, and grassroots pastoralist rights advocacy groups, illustrate the broad range of activities grouped under the heading of counter‐mapping. They also present a series of political dilemmas that are typical of many counter‐mapping efforts: conflicts inherent in conservation efforts involving territorialization, privatization, integration and indigenization; problems associated with the theory and practice of ‘community‐level’ political engagement; the need to combine mapping efforts with broader legal and political strategies; and critical questions involving the agency of ‘external’ actors such as conservation and development donors, the state and private business interests.
The Effectiveness of Policy Conditionality: Eight Country Experiences
Authors: Dijkstra A. Geske
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the effectiveness of the setting of policy conditions in exchange for aid. Given the emerging consensus that this process is not effective, this article focuses on explaining why not. In analysing the experiences of eight countries — Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia — an ‘augmented’ principal–agent framework proved valuable in explaining why policy conditionality is not effective in these countries. The article concludes that donors should focus on some simple policy outcomes (ex post) instead of extensive policy conditions (ex ante).
Aid and the Geopolitics of the Post‐Colonial: Critical Reflections on New Labour’s Overseas Development Strategy
Authors: Slater David , Bell Morag
Published: March 2003

In the post Cold War era, issues of poverty, inequality and social exclusion have become central to many of the key discussions of international relations and development aid. In this context, this article sets out to analyse the nature and specificity of the development strategy of the New Labour government in Britain, as it has evolved since 1997. In the setting of the literatures on post‐colonialism, aid and development, the authors examine the specific concepts and approaches that help to frame such a strategy, giving particular attention to the commonalities and divergences between the British Government’s 1997 and 2000 White Papers. The perspective used connects ideas and issues from domains of knowledge which tend to remain independent of each other, namely aid and development studies and post‐colonial theory. Situated on the terrain of aid and development, the guiding objective of the article is to raise certain questions concerning power, knowledge and geopolitics, so that a wider conceptual and policy‐oriented debate might be engendered.
Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi
Authors: Murray Li Tania
Published: March 2003

Research and policy concerning the Southeast Asian uplands have generally focused on issues of cultural diversity, conservation and community resource management. This article argues for a reorientation of analysis to highlight the increasingly uneven access to land, labour and capital stemming from processes of agrarian differentiation in upland settings. It draws upon contrasting case studies from two areas of Central Sulawesi to explore the processes through which differentiation occurs, and the role of local histories of agriculture and settlement in shaping farmers’ responses to new market opportunities. Smallholders have enthusiastically abandoned their diversified farming systems to invest their land and labour in a new global crop, cocoa, thereby stimulating a set of changes in resource access and social relations that they did not anticipate. The concept of agency drawn from a culturally oriented political economy guides the analysis of struggles over livelihoods, land entitlements, and the reconfiguration of community, as well as the grounds on which new collective visions emerge.
Microfinance among the Maya: Tracking the Progress of Borrowers
Authors: Wydick Bruce
Published: March 2003

Microfinance has become an increasingly widespread tool for fostering economic growth among the poor in developing countries. This study tracks the progress of 239 borrowers in a Guatemalan microfinance institution from 1994 to 1999. Results from the study show that rapid gains in employment within the sample enterprises after initial credit access were followed by a protracted period of stagnation in employment growth. Other results highlight gender differences in response to credit access, showing — surprisingly — that the long–run growth in hired labour for female entrepreneurs was slightly greater than that for male entrepreneurs.
Gender, Traditional Authority, and the Politics of Rural Reform in South Africa
Authors: Rangan Haripriya , Gilmartin Mary
Published: March 2003

The new South African Constitution, together with later policies and legislation, affirm a commitment to gender rights that is incompatible with the formal recognition afforded to unelected traditional authorities. This contradiction is particularly evident in the case of land reform in many rural areas, where women’s right of access to land is denied through the practice of customary law. This article illustrates the ways in which these constitutional contradictions play out with particular intensity in the ‘former homelands’ through the example of a conflict over land use in Buffelspruit, Mpumalanga province. There, a number of women who had been granted informal access to communal land for the purposes of subsistence cultivation had their rights revoked by the traditional authority. Despite desperate protests, they continue to be marginalized in terms of access to land, while their male counterparts appropriate communal land for commercial farming and cattle grazing. Drawing on this protest, we argue that current South African practice in relation to the pressing issue of gender equity in land reform represents a politics of accommodation and evasion that tends to reinforce gender biases in rural development, and in so doing, undermines the prospects for genuinely radical transformation of the instituted geographies and institutionalized practices bequeathed by the apartheid regime.
The Politics of Insurgency in Collapsing States
Authors: Reno William
Published: March 2003

The phenomenon of failed states might be expected to lead to the development of mass–based social movements to address the typically ensuing social problems. This article explores the general failure of reformist insurgencies to develop in failed states, using analyses of Nigeria’s Bakassi Boys and Oodua People’s Congress, and references to other armed groups. The cause of this failure is found in the legacy of patronage politics, especially the strategies of rulers who monopolized economic opportunities as a way of controlling people. As centralized patronage networks fragment, popular movements develop to challenge this control. Local political entrepreneurs, however, continue to dominate local markets, including clandestine ones, and use this social domination to buy off members of mass movements. As their new patrons give them access to weapons and protection against rivals, the organizational position of members who pursue individual economic interests is enhanced, while the people with more overt ideological agendas are marginalized.
Building State Failure in East Timor
Authors: Chopra Jarat
Published: March 2003

East Timor is the newest state of the twenty–first century. Yet its human development indicators compare with the most severely collapsed states in the world. Two and a half years of international administration by the United Nations seems to have had little effect on a social and political reality that has evolved by itself. In effect, the UN has given birth to a failed state. The purpose of governorship types of intervention — which attempt to (re)build governments that have collapsed or states that have failed — was to take control of a local political process and break with an abusive past. This aim was the rationale behind the most total form of international administration — UN statehood and international sovereignty in East Timor. In practice, however, the intervention failed to decentralize its own absolutist form of authority, but succeeded in excluding the local population from the equation. If there is to be any future for interventions that are both effective and legitimate, then they will need to guarantee much greater and genuine integration of the local population. ‘Participatory intervention’ is the next doctrinal puzzle to solve in the evolution of international state–building enterprises of any brand.
How Special Are Rural Areas? The Economic Implications of Location for Rural Development
Authors: Wiggins Steve , Proctor Sharon
Published: March 2003

Despite on‐going change, rural areas remain characterised by relative abundance of natural capital, and by distance and the relatively high cost of movement. They are also home to most of the world’s poor. Compared with urban areas which enjoy proximity to customers and producers, rural areas may have comparative advantage only in primary activities based on immobile natural resources and closely related activities. There are differences, however, between ‘peri‐urban’, ‘middle countryside’ and ‘remote’ areas. In some areas, economic growth, urban expansion, and improved transport and communications create new urban‐oriented opportunities for rural services and labour. Remote areas will continue to present special difficulties, however; and, in general, the potential for non‐agricultural diversification is less than is sometimes argued.
Agricultural Productivity Growth and Poverty Alleviation
Authors: Irz Xavier , Lin Lin , Thirtle Colin , Wiggins Steve
Published: March 2003

How important is agricultural growth to poverty reduction? This article first sets out the theoretical reasons for expecting agricultural growth to reduce poverty. Several plausible and strong arguments apply ‐ including the creation of jobs on the land, linkages from farming to the rest of the rural economy, and a decline in the real cost of food for the whole economy ‐ but the degree of impact is in all cases qualified by particular circumstances. Hence, the article deploys a cross‐country estimation of the links between agricultural yield per unit area and measures of poverty. This produces strong confirmation of the hypothesised linkages. It is unlikely that there are many other development interventions capable of reducing the numbers in poverty so effectively.