bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Heat and Moisture Transfer and Fungi-Induced Hot Spots in Maize Bulk with Different Broken Kernel Contents
Authors: Liu Chaosai , Chen Guixiang , Zheng Deqian , Yin Jun , Cui Chenxing , Lu Huankun
Published: February 2025

Kernel breakage and fungi-induced hot spots can easily lead to potential safety hazards in maize storage. The objective of this study was to focus on the formation and development of hot spots in maize bulk with two different broken kernels contents (BKCs), i.e., 4.26% (BKC4.26) and 6.14% (BKC6.14), and a moisture content of 16.3% under the same storage conditions. A multifunctional simulation system was developed to simulate the heat and moisture transfer process in stored grain bulk, and a new method was proposed to evaluate the effect of local hot spots on the storage safety of maize bulk with different BKCs. The results showed that there are differences in fungal respiration rates in the maize bulk with two different BKCs, and the temperature impact range caused by hot spots under the same storage conditions was different. The maximum temperature caused by fungal growth in BKC4.26 and BKC6.14 was 37.47 °C and 38.81 °C, and the proportion of high-temperature areas caused was 64.2% and 62.3%. The relative humidity at local hot spots continued to decrease, reaching 64.8% and 71.7% when stored for 1800 h in BKC4.26 and BKC6.14. The CO2 concentration at hot spots in BKC6.14 was higher than that of BKC4.26, while the O2 concentration was lower than BKC4.26. Dry matter loss (DML) at the hot spots in BKC6.14 was higher than that in BKC4.26. A nonlinear model was developed to predict temperature changes of fungi-induced hot spots in maize bulk considering the storage time, temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration at the hot spots, and the model fit the experimental data reasonably well.
IoT and Machine Learning Techniques for Precision Beekeeping: A Review
Authors: Turyagyenda Agatha , Katumba Andrew , Akol Roseline , Nsabagwa Mary , Mkiramweni Mbazingwa Elirehema
Published: February 2025

Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices and machine learning (ML) techniques holds immense potential for transforming beekeeping practices. This review paper offers a critical analysis of state-of-the-art IoT-enabled precision beekeeping systems. It examines the diverse sensor technologies deployed for honeybee data acquisition, delving into their strengths and limitations, particularly regarding accuracy, reliability, energy sustainability, transmission range, feasibility, and scalability. Furthermore, this paper dissects prevalent ML models used for bee behaviour analysis, disease detection, and colony monitoring tasks. This paper evaluates their methodologies, performance metrics, and the challenges involved in selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms. It also examines the influence of sensing devices, computational complexity, dataset limitations, validation procedures, evaluation metrics, and the effects of pre-processing techniques on these models’ outcomes. Building upon this analysis, this paper identifies key research gaps and proposes promising avenues for future investigation. The focus is on the synergistic use of IoT and ML to address colony health management challenges and the overall sustainability of the beekeeping industry.
Taxonomic Revision of the Relationship Between Coproptilia and Nosphistica (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) with Descriptions of Two New Species and a New Record from China
Authors: Li Haotian , Yu Shuai
Published: February 2025

The family Lecithoceridae represents one of the most diverse yet understudied groups within Lepidoptera, with numerous unresolved taxonomic issues requiring urgent attention. Among these, the genus Coproptilia Snellen, a small genus within Lecithoceridae, has traditionally been distinguished from its closely related genus, Nosphistica Meyrick, primarily by the presence of vein R1 in the forewing. However, Nosphistica exhibits considerable interspecific variation in wing venation, complicating clear differentiation between these genera. In this study, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Lecithoceridae based on a concatenated dataset of 5350 bp, comprising one mitochondrial marker and six nuclear markers from 28 Lecithoceridae individuals. The result shows that (1) the topological results of both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) trees show the Coproptilia branch embedded within the Nosphistica branch, so Nosphistica Meyrick should be synonymized with Coproptilia Snellen. (2) Two new species are described from China: Coproptilia uniformis Yu, sp. nov. and C. funiuensis Yu, sp. nov. (3) Coproptilia tawiensis Park, 2009, is newly recorded from China, with the first description of its female. Finally, we integrated molecular and morphological evidence to examine the taxonomic relationship between Coproptilia and Nosphistica. Additional molecular data will be needed to further clarify the subfamily affiliation of Coproptilia sensu nov.
Research Progress on the GP3 Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Lv Chen , Yang Zhiyu , Lan Xiaolin , Liang Fang , Kong Weili , Wang Ruining , Zhao Mengmeng
Published: February 2025

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) that is characterized by a highly variable gene sequence and a high rate of recombination, thereby contributing to difficulties in the clinical prevention and control of this virus. Glycosylated protein 3 (GP3) is the most glycosylated protein in PRRSV, and is closely associated with the composition of PRRSV virus particles, infection, and immune evasion. This review summarizes the structural features, genetic evolutionary patterns, glycosylation of GP3 and its interactions with other PRRSV and host proteins, associations with PRRSV infection and virulence, and immunomodulatory roles. Additionally, it provides an overview of research progress on monoclonal antibodies and vaccines targeting GP3. This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for better understanding the structure and function of GP3, of the mechanisms of PRRSV infection, and the development of novel vaccines.
Body Awareness Does Not Need a Pedigree: Mixed-Breed Dogs Rely More on Self-Representation Than Social Learning in a Spatial Task
Authors: Dobos Petra , Pongrácz Péter
Published: February 2025

Body awareness allows the individual to negotiate spatial tasks by referencing their own body. Here, we tested whether biologically meaningful factors, such as an alternative solution (detour around an obstacle) and learning from a human demonstrator, would affect dogs’ reliance on their body size in an aperture test. We hypothesized that the dogs would choose the socially reinforced solution over a shortcut, and they would choose the shortcut when the opening was comfortably large. We tested N = 45 adult, mixed-breed dogs, by using a 3 m long, transparent fence. The dogs had three trials with closed doors and then three trials with either a small (but passable) or a large open door. In the demonstration group the experimenter performed a detour before the first three trials, then we opened the large door. The dogs preferred the shortcut, where they relied on body awareness, as they either hesitated or opted for a detour when the small door was open. The dogs who watched the demonstration for longer in trial 3 chose the door less often in trial 4, which indicates social learning. By testing mixed-breed dogs, our results are minimally influenced by functional breed selection and serve as valuable baseline for testing complex socio-cognitive traits in companion dogs.
An Investigation into the Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in Irish Pig Abattoirs and Pork Meat Products as a Potential Source of Human Infection
Authors: Doyle Aoife , Rogers Thomas R. , Bolton Declan , Burgess Catherine M. , Whyte Paul , Frias Jesus , Fanning Séamus , McElroy Máire C.
Published: February 2025

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), once considered a predominantly nosocomial pathogen, is increasingly implicated in community-acquired infections (CA-CDIs). This study investigates the prevalence, ribotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile in Irish pork products and abattoirs, with a focus on the potential public health implications. A total of 180 retail pork products and 150 pig carcase swabs from three abattoirs were examined, alongside 30 environmental lairage samples. The C. difficile isolates were characterised through ribotyping and tested in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility. No C. difficile was isolated from the retail pork, while the carcase swabs yielded a low recovery rate (0.66%). However, the lairage areas were contaminated with C. difficile (33%), and six different ribotypes were identified, including the clinically relevant RT078. The ribotypes exhibited susceptibility to the antibiotics used to treat C. difficile infection (CDI) (fidaxomicin, vancomycin, and metronidazole) but showed resistance to tetracycline (9%) and ciprofloxacin (100%). These findings align with the international findings on antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile and suggest that strict EU food safety standards could mitigate retail pork contamination risks. Nevertheless, the environmental exposure during slaughtering and handling processes presents potential transmission risks for workers.
Enhancing Bitcoin Price Prediction with Deep Learning: Integrating Social Media Sentiment and Historical Data
Authors: Htay Hla Soe , Ghahremani Mani , Shiaeles Stavros
Published: February 2025

Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency, is renowned for its extreme volatility and speculative nature, making accurate price prediction a persistent challenge for investors. While recent studies have employed multivariate models to integrate historical price data with social media sentiment analysis, this study focuses on improving an existing univariate approach By incorporating sentiment and tweet volume data into a multivariate framework, we systematically evaluated the benefits of this integration. Among the five LSTM-based models developed for this study, the Multi-LSTM-Sentiment model achieved the best performance, with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.00196 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.00304. These results underscore the significance of including social media sentiment in predictive modelling and demonstrate its potential to enhance decision-making in the highly dynamic cryptocurrency market.
The Effectiveness of an Authentic E-Learning Environment for Deaf Learners
Authors: Niksiar Nasim , Özverir İldeniz , Meghdari Ali F.
Published: February 2025

The digitalization of educational systems and the corresponding impact on the learners’ improvement require modern pedagogical approaches to increase motivation among learners in distance learning. According to the literature, authentic e-learning and real-world themes create a dynamic learning setting and enhance learners’ engagement; however, the impact of adopting authentic learning has not been investigated for deaf learners in a sign language e-learning setting. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of adopting authentic learning for the design of e-learning for deaf learners. The study employed a mixed-methods approach by conducting a one-group pre-test–post-test with 11 deaf learners and measuring design principles of authentic learning via semi-structured interviews. The statistical portion analyzed the T-test and Cohen’s d-effect size, and the result showed that e-learning through authentic themes was significantly effective. The interview results revealed a positive attitude toward using e-learning based on an authentic learning approach, which increased deaf learners’ motivation. It was found that e-learning based on an authentic sign language e-learning setting and technology enhances deaf learners’ satisfaction and motivation with their first e-learning experience.
Assessment of Airfoil Lightning Strikes Characterization on Aircraft in Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Yang Ning , Shi Zheng , Wen Ying , Yuan Shuangwu , Zhang Haohui
Published: February 2025

Lightning is a long-gap high-current discharge event in nature, and its enormous discharge energy can cause structural damage to struck objects. Relevant studies have shown that aircraft in the air are exposed to a higher risk of lightning strikes than ground objects. However, most studies on aircraft lightning strikes have used static models, and there are still shortages of research objects under high-speed movements. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an investigation of the lightning strike characteristics of aircraft under dynamic conditions to ensure flight safety fully. In this study, the lightning strike characteristics of airfoil under dynamic conditions have been simulated by studying two variables, airspeed and angle of attack, while employing the Leader Progression Model (LPM). The results show that adjustments in the angle of attack cause changes in the atmospheric pressure field, and a maximum pressure difference of up to 5.44 × 104 Pa is observed at the angle of attack of 15°, which results in a change in the average electric field strength Estr, leading to a 33.63% difference in the upward leader trigger height. At an airspeed equal to 120 m/s, the trigger height in the low-pressure region is only 54.7% of that in the high-pressure region (435 m and 795 m, respectively). A higher lightning strike risk is found in areas of higher air pressure and is positively correlated with angle of attack and airspeed.
Methane Emissions from Coal Mines: Quantification, Capture, and Utilization Strategies for Atmospheric Impact Mitigation—A Case Study from Poland
Authors: Borowski Marek , Zwolińska-Glądys Klaudia , Cheng Jianwei
Published: February 2025

Methane emissions from coal mines represent a significant environmental and atmospheric challenge, contributing to global greenhouse gas accumulation and impacting local air quality. This study aimed to quantify methane emissions from Polish coal mines, analyze their environmental and economic impacts, and evaluate advanced mitigation technologies to inform sustainable practices and policy alignment with global climate objectives. The study examined methane emissions from hard coal mining in Poland, emphasizing their scale, sources, and implications for the sector’s carbon footprint. A comprehensive overview of measurement methodologies, including direct sampling and advanced monitoring systems, is provided to highlight current capabilities and limitations. Furthermore, innovative capture technologies, such as ventilation air methane oxidation systems and methane drainage techniques, are explored alongside utilization pathways for energy production, including electricity generation and hydrogen synthesis. By integrating quantitative analyses and case studies, the article evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing methane emissions and improving air quality. The findings underscore the critical role of methane management in transitioning the coal industry toward more sustainable practices and achieving carbon neutrality goals. This study aims to inform policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers by presenting actionable insights into mitigating methane emissions, while fostering the dual objectives of environmental protection and resource efficiency.
On the Global Dynamics of a Fourth-Order Riccati-Type Exponential Fuzzy Difference Equation
Authors: Tassaddiq Asifa , Tanveer Muhammad , Usman Muhammad , Almutairi Dalal Khalid , Alharabi Rabab
Published: February 2025

Fuzzy systems play a crucial role in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computer science, drawing significant research interest in fuzzy difference equations. Inspired by this, we analyze the dynamic properties of a fourth-order exponential Riccati-type fuzzy difference equation. The study is further extended to a system of fourth-order fuzzy difference equations. We investigate the boundedness, as well as the local and global stability, of positive solutions. To support the theoretical findings, numerical examples are presented along with graphical and tabular representations.
A Coupled Adsorption–Biodegradation (CAB) Process Employing a Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)–Biochar Mini Pilot-Scale Reactor for Trichloroethylene-Contaminated Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Lorini Laura , Rossi Marta Maria , Di Franca Maria Letizia , Villano Marianna , Matturro Bruna , Petrangeli Papini Marco
Published: February 2025

Actions for improving water quality are critical and include the remediation of polluted groundwater. The effectiveness of the remediation strategy to remove contamination by chlorinated solvents may be increased by combining physicochemical treatments (i.e., adsorption) and biological degradation (i.e., biological reductive dechlorination (BRD)). Recent studies have shown the potentialities of bio-based materials for bioremediation purposes, including polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable microbial polyester tested as a fermentable source of slow-release electron donors. Further, a low-cost biochar derived from the pyrolysis of pinewood waste (PWB), used as sorbent material, has recently been proposed to accelerate reductive microbial dehalogenation. Here, we propose a coupled adsorption and biodegradation (CAB) process for trichloroethylene (TCE) removal in a mini pilot-scale reactor composed of two reactive zones, the first one filled with PHB and the second one with PWB. This work aimed to evaluate the performance of the CAB process with particular regard to the effectiveness of the PWB in sustaining the biofilm, mostly enriched by Dehalococcoides mccartyi. The main results showed the CAB system treated around 1300 L of contaminated water, removing 102 mg TCE per day. Combining PHB and PWB had a positive effect on the growth of the dechlorinating community with a high abundance of Dhc cells.
Supramolecular Adhesives Inspired by Nature: Concept and Applications
Authors: Baral Abhishek , Basu Kingshuk
Published: February 2025

Supramolecular chemistry, a relatively newly grown field, has emerged as a useful tool to fabricate novel smart materials with multiple uses. Adhesives find numerous uses, from heavy engineering to biomedical science. Adhesives are available in nature; inspired by them and their mechanism of adhesion, several supramolecular adhesives have been developed. In this review, supramolecular chemistry for the design and fabrication of novel adhesives is discussed. The discussion is divided into two segments. The first one deals with key supramolecular forces, and their implication is designing novel adhesives. In the second part, key applications of supramolecular adhesives have been discussed with suitable examples. This type of review casts light on the current advancements in the field along with the prospects of development.
The Reduction of Embodied Carbon in Steel Structures Through the Implementation of Control Systems
Authors: Patlán Manjarrez Carlos Mauricio , Hernández Barrios Hugo , Pérez Rodríguez Dayana
Published: February 2025

The rapid expansion of global infrastructure has amplified the environmental impact of construction, particularly through the carbon footprint of structures. Addressing this challenge, this study examined the potential of vibration control systems to reduce the carbon footprint of steel-frame buildings subject to dynamic wind loads. Utilizing the Force Analogy Method (FAM), which effectively addresses nonlinearity in structural analysis, the research modeled a 10-story steel frame subjected to synthetic downburst wind time history velocities generated through spectral simulation techniques. Both passive and active control systems were implemented, with a focus on tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and active mass dampers (AMDs) to reduce structural displacements and accelerations. The results revealed that these systems not only significantly reduce the peak structural responses but also, when combined with optimized manufacturing methods, lead to a decrease in steel usage. This optimization contributes to a reduction of up to 20% in CO2 emissions during the pre-use stage of a building’s lifecycle. By enhancing the material efficiency and minimizing the environmental impacts, this research highlights the critical role of advanced control systems, supported by new nonlinear analytical methods, in promoting environmentally conscious engineering. This approach aims to guide future generations in developing structural engineering projects that prioritize sustainable practices.
Clinical Trials of Focused Ultrasound for Brain Tumors
Authors: Lu Victor M. , Niazi Toba N.
Published: February 2025

Background: It is unclear as to where we stand with respect to utilizing emerging focused ultrasound (FUS) technology in the setting of brain tumor treatment in pediatric patients, such as malignant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and various adult counterparts. Correspondingly, the aim of this study was to present a contemporary summary of all pertinent clinical trials to date. Methods: The ClinicalTrials.gov database was reviewed in January 2025 for all possible clinical trials involving FUS in the management of brain tumors. These were then screened against selection criteria to identify pertinent clinical trials. Results: A total of 30 clinical trials were identified. The majority were focused on adult patients (24/30, 80%), with the most common tumor type being glioblastoma (GBM) (14/30, 47%). There were also trials focused on pediatric patients only (5/30, 17%), as well as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) (5/30, 17%). The most prevalent primary outcome of interest was safety (26/30, 87%). The majority of trials were active, either recruiting currently (12/30, 40%), or active but not recruiting currently (3/30, 10%). North America (22/30, 73%) was the most common location for the primary coordinating institution, and the median number of institutions per trial was one. The median expected start year for all trials was 2021, and the completion year was 2024. To date, there have been no results (interim or final) formally reported, although preliminary reports in the literature indicate this to be a safe procedure. Anecdotal trends suggest later trials target the blood-brain barrier more, involve more pediatric patients, and are more based in the United States. Conclusion: There exists a number of early-stage clinical trials investigating FUS to treat a variety of brain tumors in pediatric patients, as well as adult patients, with a significant clinical potential to improve outcomes. To date, no official results have been published, however anecdotal evidence is promising, and a number of results are expected soon.
Using the Tissue Impulse Response Function to Streamline Fractionated MRgFUS-Induced Hyperthermia
Authors: Guillemin Pauline C. , M’Rad Yacine , Dipasquale Giovanna , Lorton Orane , Fleury Vanessa , Momjian Shahan , Borich Anna , Crowe Lindsey A. , Zilli Thomas , Boudabbous Sana , Salomir Rares
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Combining radiation therapy with mild hyperthermia, especially via magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), holds promise for enhancing tumor control and alleviating symptoms in cancer patients. However, current clinical applications of MRgFUS focus primarily on ablative treatments, and using MRI guidance for each radiation session increases treatment costs and logistical demands. This study aimed to test a streamlined workflow for repeated hyperthermia treatments that reduces the need for continuous MRI monitoring, using an approach based on impulse response function (Green’s function) to optimize acoustic power settings in advance. Methods: We implemented the Green’s function approach in a perfused, tissue-mimicking phantom, conducting 30 experiments to simulate hyperthermia delivery via MRgFUS. Pre-calculated acoustic power settings were applied to maintain a stable hyperthermia target without the need for real-time feedback control from MRI thermometry. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of patient thermometry data from MRgFUS sonications was performed to assess feasibility in clinical contexts. Results: Our experiments demonstrated consistent, stable hyperthermia (+7 °C) for 15 min across varying perfusion rates, outperforming conventional closed-loop MRI feedback methods in maintaining temperature stability. The retrospective analysis confirmed that this method is noise-robust and clinically applicable. Conclusions: This off-line approach to hyperthermia control could simplify the integration of MRgFUS hyperthermia in cancer treatment, reducing costs and logistical barriers. These findings suggest that our method may enable the broader adoption of hyperthermia in radiation therapy, supporting its role as a viable adjuvant treatment in oncology.
Protein Engineering for Industrial Biocatalysis: Principles, Approaches, and Lessons from Engineered PETases
Authors: Grigorakis Konstantinos , Ferousi Christina , Topakas Evangelos
Published: February 2025

Protein engineering has emerged as a transformative field in industrial biotechnology, enabling the optimization of enzymes to meet stringent industrial demands for stability, specificity, and efficiency. This review explores the principles and methodologies of protein engineering, emphasizing rational design, directed evolution, semi-rational approaches, and the recent integration of machine learning. These strategies have significantly enhanced enzyme performance, even rendering engineered PETase industrially relevant. Insights from engineered PETases underscore the potential of protein engineering to tackle environmental challenges, such as advancing sustainable plastic recycling, paving the way for innovative solutions in industrial biocatalysis. Future directions point to interdisciplinary collaborations and the integration of emerging machine learning technologies to revolutionize enzyme design.
Telomere Length, Oxidative Stress, and Kidney Damage Biomarkers in Fabry Nephropathy
Authors: Levstek Tina , Bahčič Erazem , Vujkovac Bojan , Cokan Vujkovac Andreja , Tesovnik Tine , Remec Žiga Iztok , Čuk Vanja , Trebušak Podkrajšek Katarina
Published: February 2025

Fabry nephropathy is a life-threatening complication of Fabry disease characterized by complex and incompletely understood pathophysiological processes possibly linked to premature aging. We aimed to investigate leukocyte telomere length (LTL), oxidative stress, and kidney damage biomarkers in relation to kidney function. The study included 35 Fabry patients and 35 age and sex-matched control subjects. Based on the estimated slope of the glomerular filtration rate, the patients were divided into two groups. Relative LTL was quantified by qPCR, urinary biomarkers 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by UHPLC-MS/MS, and kidney damage biomarkers by flow cytometry. There was no statistically significant difference in LTL between Fabry patients and controls. However, a significant difference was observed in male patients compared to their matched control subjects (p = 0.013). Oxidative stress biomarkers showed no differences between patients and controls, while significant differences were observed in urinary IGFBP7, EGF, and OPN levels between Fabry patients with stable kidney function and those with progressive nephropathy (FDR = 0.021, 0.002, and 0.013, respectively). Significant differences were also observed in plasma levels of cystatin C, TFF3, and uromodulin between patients with progressive nephropathy and controls (all FDR = 0.039). Along with these biomarkers (FDR = 0.007, 0.017, and 0.010, respectively), NGAL also exhibited a significant difference between the two patient groups (FDR = 0.017). This study indicates accelerated telomere attrition, which may be related to disease burden in males. Furthermore, analyses of urinary oxidative stress markers revealed no notable disparities between the different kidney function groups, indicating their limited utility. However, promising differences were found in some biomarkers of kidney damage in urine and plasma.
A Machine Learning Approach for Enhanced Glucose Prediction in Biosensors
Authors: Abreu António , Oliveira Daniela dos Santos , Vinagre Inês , Cavouras Dionisios , Alves Joaquim A. , Pereira Ana I. , Lima José , Moreira Felismina T. C.
Published: February 2025

The detection of glucose is crucial for diagnosing diseases such as diabetes and enables timely medical intervention. In this study, a disposable enzymatic screen-printed electrode electrochemical biosensor enhanced with machine learning (ML) for quantifying glucose in serum is presented. The platinum working surface was modified by chemical adsorption with biographene (BGr) and glucose oxidase, and the enzyme was encapsulated in polydopamine (PDP) by electropolymerisation. Electrochemical characterisation and morphological analysis (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) confirmed the modifications. Calibration curves in Cormay serum (CS) and selectivity tests with chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the biosensor’s performance. Non-linear ML regression algorithms for modelling glucose concentration and calibration parameters were tested to find the best-fit model for accurate predictions. The biosensor with BGr and enzyme encapsulation showed excellent performance with a linear range of 0.75–40 mM, a correlation of 0.988, and a detection limit of 0.078 mM. Of the algorithms tested, the decision tree accurately predicted calibration parameters and achieved a coefficient of determination above 0.9 for most metrics. Multilayer perceptron models effectively predicted glucose concentration with a coefficient of determination of 0.828, demonstrating the synergy of biosensor technology and ML for reliable glucose detection.
Screening of the Antimelanoma Activity of Monoterpenes—In Vitro Experiments on Four Human Melanoma Lines
Authors: Wróblewska-Łuczka Paula , Kulenty Laura , Załuska-Ogryzek Katarzyna , Góralczyk Agnieszka , Łuszczki Jarogniew J.
Published: February 2025

(1) Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of malignant tumor caused by a dysfunction of melanocytes. Despite progress in the treatment of melanoma, further research and search for new potential drugs are necessary to optimize the therapy. (2) The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of eight selected monoterpenes by MTT and LDH assays on four malignant melanoma cell lines. (3) Myrcene, rhodinol and nerol did not show any significant anticancer effect on melanoma cell lines, but citral, carvacrol, citronellol, thymol and geraniol showed a significant anti-viability effect. Our studies have shown that the most effective terpene among those tested in inhibiting melanoma cell viability was carvacrol, with the lowest IC50 in the range of 0.05 ± 0.00 to 0.06 ± 0.01 mM. Moreover, it did not negatively affect normal human keratinocyte cells. (4) Metastatic melanoma is very difficult to treat, and some terpenes have the ability to sensitize cells to other chemicals; so, it is worth investigating their antimelanoma potential, as terpenes could become an adjuvant to traditional treatment.
Transient Electroosmosis on a Soft Surface
Authors: Ohshima Hiroyuki
Published: February 2025

A general theory was developed for the time-dependent transient electroosmosis on a planar soft surface, i.e., a polyelectrolyte-coated solid surface in an electrolyte solution, when an electric field is suddenly applied. This serves as a simple model for the time-dependent electrokinetic phenomena occurring at biointerfaces. A closed-form approximate expression is derived for the electroosmotic velocity distribution within the polyelectrolyte layer as a function of both position and time. This analysis reveals that the temporal and spatial variations in the electroosmotic flow caused by the surface charges of the solid surface is confined to the region near the solid surface. In contrast, the variations due to the fixed charges within the polyelectrolyte layer extend over a wider region inside the polyelectrolyte layer.
Concurrent Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Impact on Locoregional Recurrence Rates
Authors: Grindrod Natalie , Cecchini Matthew , Brackstone Muriel
Published: February 2025

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NCRT) is an underutilized treatment in breast cancer but may improve outcomes by impacting the tumor immune microenvironment. The aim of this study was to evaluate NCRT’s impact on recurrence and the role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in treatment response. We hypothesized that NCRT reduces recurrence by upregulating TILs. Patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) were treated with NCRT. Stage IIB to III patients with any molecular subtypes were eligible. The patients were matched for age, stage, and molecular subtype by a propensity score to a concurrent cohort receiving standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) followed by adjuvant radiation. The objective of this study was to assess the patients in terms of the pathological complete response (pCR), TIL counts prior to and following treatment, and locoregional recurrence. The median follow-up was 7.2 years. Thirty NCRT patients were successfully matched 1:3 to ninety NCT patients. The NCRT cohort had no regional and locoregional recurrences (p = 0.036, (hazard ratio) HR [0.25], 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.06–0.94] and p = 0.013, HR [0.25], 95% CI [0.08–0.76], respectively), compared to 17.8% of the NCT cohort. The NCRT group had significantly more pCRs, and TILs were increased in the post-treatment pCR specimens. NCRT can improve outcomes in LABC patients, with a higher pCR and significantly lower locoregional recurrence/higher recurrence-free survival. Further trials are needed to evaluate the role of NCRT in all breast cancer patients.
Correlating Feed Efficiency with Ruminal Bacterial, Fungal, and Archaeal Community Composition in Dairy Cows over Two Lactations
Authors: Scheftgen Andrew J. , Skarlupka Joseph H. , Jewell Kelsea A. , Suen Garret
Published: February 2025

Dairy cows rely on their complex rumen microbial community to convert host-indigestible feed into nutrients usable for host growth, maintenance, and milk production. Previous work by our group found that the rumen bacterial community is dynamic over the course of two lactations and that cows with high and low milk production efficiency (MPE) have different taxa associated with either phenotype. Here, we characterized the ruminal fungal and archaeal communities to determine if these microbial populations exhibit properties similar to that of the rumen bacteria with respect to MPE over time. Our results show a decrease in fungal diversity over the course of both lactation cycles with an increase during the transition period. The fungal community had only a few taxa associated with efficiency. For the ruminal archaea, we found no change in diversity across both lactation cycles and only taxa in the genus Methanospera were found to be more abundant in high-MPE cows. Given that our previous study used 454 pyrosequencing, we also sought to determine if a resequencing of these communities using Illumina-based technology would alter our previous findings. We found that resequencing showed no significant deviation from our original broad conclusions, with the exception of some minor taxonomic associations.
Editorial on the Special Issue Titled “Pathology and Diagnosis of Gynecologic Diseases—2nd Edition”
Authors: Giacometti Cinzia
Published: February 2025

The pathology and diagnosis of gynecological diseases encompass many different organs (breasts, uterus, ovaries, salpinx, peritoneum, and placenta) and benign or malignant diseases [...]
Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliances Versus Aligners: An Experimental Study of Periodontal Aspects
Authors: Giannini Lucia , Galbiati Guido , Tartaglia Francesco Carlo , Grecolini Maria Elena , Maspero Cinzia , Biagi Roberto
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of orthodontic treatment on the same patients using aligners (upper arch) versus traditional fixed appliances (lower arch) on oral hygiene and periodontal health. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 patients, all treated by the same orthodontist and with an average age of 26 years, were included in the study. The research focused on factors predisposing patients to periodontitis, as well as plaque and tartar accumulation. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired-samples Student’s t-test, with values of p < 0.05 deemed statistically significant. Results: Patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances generally showed increased plaque accumulation (+10% PI) and a decline in periodontal health compared to those treated with aligners (40% presented a high level of S.Mutans and Lactobacilli). In patients who did not maintain proper oral hygiene, the initial conditions of the upper arch remained stable, while the lower arch exhibited significant deterioration, with increased plaque buildup and greater tissue inflammation. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the critical role of individual oral hygiene practices during orthodontic treatment in preserving periodontal health. Aligners appear to be more favorable in protecting periodontal tissues, improving plaque control, and reducing gingival inflammation. Various supplementary approaches for plaque management and microbial colonization in saliva should be implemented based on the type of orthodontic appliance used.
An Examination of UAS Incidents: Characteristics and Safety Considerations
Authors: Sun Jialong , Hubbard Sarah
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the characteristics and implications of reported Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) incidents in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database for UAS incidents operated by remote pilots licensed under Part 107. Characteristics examined include seasonal patterns of incidents, operational mission, and number of contributing factors, as well as crew configuration, timing of incident detection, and airspace class. Results are compared with previous research and with incident data for recreational users. The narratives for each incident are assessed to provide a greater context for the incidents and to determine how the incidents vary in different classes of airspace. Findings reveal that UAS incidents often involve multiple contributing factors, including environmental, human, equipment, and policy issues; there is an increasing prevalence of human-related issues over equipment problems compared to previous research; this reflects historic safety trends in crewed aviation. Near-miss incidents with crewed aircraft are a very real concern, particularly in Class D airspace, which often includes general aviation (GA) and helicopter operations. This research underscores the need for timely communication during urgent nighttime UAS operations as well as enhanced safety culture at both operator and organizational levels.
A Framework for Investigating Discording Communities on Social Platforms
Authors: Cauteruccio Francesco , Corradini Enrico , Marchetti Michele , Ursino Domenico , Virgili Luca
Published: February 2025

In recent years, polarization on social media has risen significantly. Social platforms often feature a range of topics that give rise to communities of users with diametrically opposed views, who tend to avoid engaging with others having different perspectives. We call these types of communities “diverging communities”. Examples include communities of supporters and skeptics of climate change or COVID-19 vaccines. In this paper, we aim to investigate this phenomenon. To do so, we first propose a formal definition of discording communities. We then present a framework for investigating the behavior of users of discording communities on a social platform. Our framework is general in that it can be adapted to any social platform where users discuss a topic that polarizes them into communities with diametrically opposed viewpoints rejecting confrontation. Our framework considers not only the structure of communities but also the content of the messages posted by their users. Finally, it can also handle the temporal evolution of the polarization level of both communities and their users. In addition to proposing a formal definition of diverging communities and presenting our framework, we illustrate the results of an extensive experimental campaign carried out on two case studies involving Reddit and X and show how our framework is able to identify a number of features that distinguish the users of one diverging community from the users of the other.
Accident Factors Importance Ranking for Intelligent Energy Systems Based on a Novel Data Mining Strategy
Authors: Li Rongbin , Zhang Jian , Deng Fangming
Published: February 2025

As global energy networks expand and smart grid technology evolves rapidly, the volume of historical power accident data has increased dramatically, containing valuable risk information that is essential for building efficient public safety early warning systems. This paper introduces an innovative text analysis method, the Sparse Coefficient Optimized Weighted FP-Growth Algorithm (SCO-WFP), which is designed to optimize the processing of power accident-related textual data and more effectively uncover hidden patterns behind accidents. The method enhances the evaluation of sparse risk factors by preprocessing, clustering analysis, and calculating piecewise weights of power accident data. The SCO-WFP algorithm is then applied to extract frequent itemsets, revealing deep associations between accident severity and risk factors. Experimental results show that, compared to traditional methods, the SCO-WFP algorithm significantly improves both accuracy and execution speed. The findings demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in mining frequent itemsets from text semantics, facilitating a deeper understanding of the relationship between risk factors and accident severity.
Factors Enabling Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy in the European Union
Authors: Migała-Warchoł Aldona , Ziółkowski Bożydar , Lew Agnieszka , Stec-Rusiecka Jolanta , Warmińska Agata
Published: February 2025

By 2050, Europe will become the first climate-neutral continent according to the vision of the European Union (EU). To tackle this challenge, the EU has scheduled the accomplishment of the 17 goals of the United Nations’s 2030 Agenda, with Goal 7 addressing the energy sector. The role of public policies is fundamental in this case; however, it is insufficient in some areas, e.g., when adopting green energy technologies. The purpose of this article is to identify the economic factors that are necessary to achieve Goal 7 of Agenda 2030. To realize the aim of this study and identify economic factors that are significant for implementing the targets of Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda, two statistical methods were used: the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and linear regression modeling with a scatter plot to present the relationships. The results of this study confirm that in the EU, the possibility of achieving Goal 7 is dependent on the three economic determinants analyzed, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and gross domestic spending on research and development. The analysis revealed that the impact of single economic factors on the realization of all SDG 7 targets is small because no economic factor correlates with even half of SDG 7 indicators.
Validity of the Rapid Nasopharyngeal Antigen Swab for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 on Cadavers
Authors: Caristo Isabella , Barranco Rosario , Lo Pinto Sara , Ventura Francesco
Published: February 2025

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a class 3 biological agent; therefore, autopsies on positive subjects must be performed in BSL 3 sectorial rooms. However, many centers lacking such facilities perform molecular nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 on corpses before autopsy. This approach, though, is marked by prolonged reporting times and extremely high costs. This study aims to compare the results of molecular swabs (RT-PCR) with rapid antigen swabs (RAT) in order to assess if RAT can serve as the sole test for determining corpse positivity or negativity. Methods: Sixty corpses with positive molecular nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2, performed either ante-mortem or post-mortem, were selected. Afterward, they underwent rapid antigen swabs within 0 to 11 days after the last molecular exam. Results: Out of 60 corpses with positive molecular swabs, 52 antigen swabs were positive (86.67%), and 8 were negative (13.33%), indicating a sensitivity of 86.66% and specificity of 100%. Conclusions: Considering the sensitivity and specificity values observed in this study, RAT could be used as the primary investigation on corpses, especially in centers that lack BSL 3 sectorial rooms. Molecular swabs could then serve as a secondary test for subjects negative on RAT.
Fractal Characterization and Pore Evolution in Coal Under Tri-Axial Cyclic Loading–Unloading: Insights from Low-Field NMR Imaging and Analysis
Authors: Liu Zelin , Xie Senlin , Yin Yajun , Su Teng
Published: February 2025

Coal resource extraction and utilization are essential for sustainable development and economic growth. This study integrates a pseudo-triaxial mechanical loading system with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to enable the preliminary visualization of coal’s pore-fracture structure (PFS) under mechanical stress. Pseudo-triaxial and cyclic loading–unloading tests were combined with real-time NMR monitoring to model porosity recovery, pore size evolution, and energy dissipation, while also calculating the fractal dimensions of pores in relation to stress. The results show that during the compaction phase, primary pores are compressed with limited recovery after unloading. In the elastic phase, both adsorption and seepage pores transform significantly, with most recovering post-unloading. After yield stress, new fractures and pores form, and unloading enhances fracture connectivity. Seepage pore porosity shows a negative exponential relationship with axial strain before yielding, and a logarithmic relationship afterward. The fractal dimension of adsorption pores decreases during compaction and increases afterward, while the fractal dimension of seepage pores decreases before yielding and increases post-yielding. These findings provide new insights into the flow patterns of methane in coal seams.