bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Geospatial Data
Authors: Garg Pradeep
Published: April 2023

Geospatial data is described by its location on the Earth. There are many sources of geospatial data (e.g., remote sensing, point cloud data, LiDAR, GPS, Internet, IoT, etc.) that are acquired at different resolutions and characteristics. Two broad categories are raster data and vector data. The geographic features on the Earth surface can be represented in the form of point, line, and polygon, and their coordinates are used in GIS. Attribute data, which is the information about the geospatial data, helps in establishing the relationships between various objects on the Earth's surface in GIS. Maps and navigation are important uses for spatial data. Industries are using geospatial data analysis for enhancing their business, and governments are using them in various infrastructural projects, tracking the resources, etc. Geospatial data using GIS makes it easier to identify the patterns and visualize trends in location-based applications. It is expected that the use of AI and machine learning will further enhance the utility of geospatial data in automisation and real-time analysis.
Spatio-Temporal Outlier Detection
Authors: Eldawy Eman O. , Abdalla Mohammed , Hendawi Abdeltawab , Mokhtar Hoda M. O.
Published: April 2023

Nowadays, GPS-enabled devices play a vital role in location-based services and daily basis activities such as: locating where your vehicle is at any given time, recovering a stolen vehicle, monitoring your children's location, and traffic or weather alerts. Indeed, precise locations generated from these GPS devices are a must to ensure that the location-based services work accurately. For this purpose, the discovery of abnormal patterns in spatio-temporal data is a significant topic for many kinds of researchers. In this paper, the methods of spatio-temporal outlier detection are categorized into four types: distance and density-based outlier detection, pattern outlier detection, supervised and semi-supervised learning, and statistical and probabilistic techniques. This chapter describes the datasets used in the approaches of spatio-temporal outlier detection and explores its popular applications. The main contribution of this study is to guide researchers to define research gaps in trajectories outlier detection and choose the proper techniques that cope with their research problems.
IoT-Based Smart and Precision Agricultural Applications
Authors: Tasgaonkar Pankaj P. , Garg Rahul Dev , Garg Pradeep Kumar , Tiwari Rahul , Sangamnerkar Kaveri
Published: April 2023

Smart agriculture involves designing, developing, and applying an innovative method in the farming sector using information and communication technologies. IoT proves to be an early warning system for precision farming. Sensors like soil moisture and water level sensors collect the data and transmit it through a communication module. Smart agriculture applications include smart irrigation, livestock monitoring, remote crop monitoring, remote soil monitoring, and smart warehouse, etc. Remote sensing, geographic information systems and artificial intelligence like technologies will be a more significant asset for increasing crop productivity and will ease the efforts of the farmers. This chapter discusses about various applications of smart agriculture.
Machine Learning-Based Handling of Geospatial Big Data From Hyperspectral Sensors for Urban Area Characterization
Authors: Mishra Kavach , Garg Rahul Dev
Published: April 2023

Investigating urban processes requires detailed built-up surface material composition information, which is possible through constant monitoring by recently launched spaceborne hyperspectral sensors. However, they are plagued by medium spatial resolutions and mixed pixels. Super-resolution (SR) and spectral unmixing can address the former and latter, respectively. Machine learning, due to its predictive capability, has become indispensable for studying these datasets. Hence, remote sensing researchers, need to understand machine learning algorithms thoroughly. Herein, works on machine learning application for urban hyperspectral sensing have been thoroughly analyzed. A functional SR classification scheme has also been introduced. Super-resolved product quality metric evaluation, open-source urban spectral libraries, benchmark urban scenes meant for training and testing new SR, or unmixing algorithms have been briefly reviewed. Finally, difficulties with hyperspectral image processing based on machine learning have been raised, along with future research directions.
Artificial Intelligence for Defence
Authors: Shankar Sahana P. , Varadam Deepak , Bharadwaj Aryan , Saxena Tanvi , Mohta Ronit , Shankar Anirudh
Published: April 2023

Technology is rapidly improving.The advancements in use have enabled research in previously unexplored areas.These include military, Big Data, Robotics, Blockchain, and other fields. In these areas, we employ AI and machine learning. One might think that AI and ML are the same, but they are not. Artificial intelligence is defined as a computer or robot's ability to perform any task assigned to humans, thereby simplifying our work. Once the work is completed, one must ensure that it is accurate and precise. This was accomplished through Machine Learning, a type of AI. As previously stated, AI and ML use various settings, including the military, hospitals, banking, video games, and others. In this paper, the use of AI and ML is mainly concentrated in the military. As a result, we have focused on the developments of AI and ML in the military rather than the trends of AI and ML in other areas in this chapter. With a basic understanding of how everything works, we provide a brief overview of military operations and developments in a few countries, such as China, Russia,United States
Masculine Presentation of Women's Entrepreneurship
Authors: Gürel Kazım Tolga , Şen Dilek
Published: April 2023

In this study, news on women's entrepreneurship will be selected from Turkish newspapers. Turkey, with its geopolitical location in the middle of two continents and its political regime, is an important example due to its capitalisation since the 19th century when it started to integrate into the capitalist economy. Since it is a country that maintains heteronormative patterns where these norms are protected, glorified, and pumped by the state, a lot of data will be available in terms of news on the masculinized presentation of the female entrepreneur. In this study, news selected from social media and published newspapers will be subjected to content analysis and the findings obtained as a result of this analysis will be interpreted. Some of the sample news will be selected and subjected to qualitative data analysis and more findings will be interpreted. 198 news items selected from newspapers with mainstream and right-conservative ideology will be analyzed.
Indian Women's Entrepreneurship
Authors: Sachdeva Geeta
Published: April 2023

In India, women-owned businesses are becoming more significant because of economic liberalization and globalization. The policy and institutional framework for fostering entrepreneurship, offering career education, and giving training has expanded the possibilities for women's economic empowerment. The demographics of business and the nation's economic growth have been altered because of the rising number of women entrepreneurs. In order to offer skill training, vocational education, and entrepreneurial development to the emerging labor force, the government of India has created various schemes for assisting women entrepreneurs. However, government is not only responsible for entrepreneurial development and skill training, but other stakeholders must also assume responsibility. Henceforth, the focus of the current chapter is on the difficulties that women company owners confront, how to resolve them, and an analysis of the government of India's business-related policies designed to support female entrepreneurs.
Agricultural Waste Management Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Koshariya Ashok Kumar , Khatoon Sugra , Marathe Asmita Mayuresh , Suba G. Merlin , Baral Deewakar , Boopathi Sampath
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the precision agricultural and waste management systems using artificial intelligent techniques are described. The fourth agricultural revolution integrates cross-industry technology to increase precision agriculture output and efficiency. Predictive analytics can be used to incorporate massive amounts of data generated by wireless smart networks and the internet of things. “Smart farming” aims to improve both the quantity and quality of agricultural products. The internet of things (IoT) is being used to improve agro-waste management, as well as crop classification and disease detection. Garbage collection and wireless sensor networks on smart bins are employed in the IOT to improve waste management. Vermicomposting is a process that uses earthworms and other associated bacteria to create incredibly fertile compost. Waste management methods for flower waste, bagasse, banana agro-waste, and agro-industrial wastewater have been depicted. Smart waste management for precision agriculture systems is also illustrated.
Proteome in regrowth cycles of sugarcane: Absence of proteins to tolerate adverse growth conditions may be related to reduced agricultural productivity
Authors: Maranho Gustavo Barizon , Maranho Rone Charles , Benez Mariana Mancini , Pilau Eduardo Jorge , Mangolin Claudete Aparecida , Machado Maria de Fátima Pires da Silva
Published: April 2023

One of the main objectives of sugarcane plantations is to increase their longevity without decreasing agricultural productivity. In the present study, we analyzed the proteome of the axillary buds of ‘RB966928’ to investigate possible changes in the number of proteins at different cutting stages. Using tryptic digestion followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 122 proteins were identified from the proteome of the axillary buds of ‘RB966928’. Of the 122, respectively 97 and 95 proteins were detected at the first and fifth cutting stages, of which 27 and 25 proteins were unique to the respective stage. Proteins that prevent the misfolding of polypeptides generated under stress were exclusively detected at the first cutting stage. Meanwhile, proteins associated with stress responses and disease resistance were exclusively detected at the fifth cutting stage. The present proteomic analysis in the regrowth cycles and axillary bud development of ‘RB966928’ significantly advanced our understanding of the biological processes linked to the reduction of agricultural productivity of sugarcane with the advancement of cutting age. Absence of proteins to tolerate adverse growth conditions at the fifth cutting stage may be related to reduced agricultural productivity, in addition to environmental stress, soil compaction, nutrient availability, cultural practices, and pests or pathogen attacks at different phenological stages of crops.
A novel fuzzy approach to identify the phenotypic adaptability of common bean lines
Authors: Carneiro Vinícius Quintão , Mencalha Jussara , Sant’anna Isabela de Castro , Silva Gabi Nunes , Miguel Júlio Augusto de Castro , Carneiro Pedro Crescêncio Souza , Nascimento Moysés , Cruz Cosme Damião
Published: April 2023

The genotype by environment interaction is the main factor that influences the response of evaluated genotypes in trials of value for cultivation and use. Adaptability and stability analyses are fundamental to understanding the performance of genotypes in a growing region. Some of these methodologies incorporate previous information for recommending an extra group of genotypes denominated as specific ideotypes under certain cultivation conditions. Based on this strategy, the centroid method and its modifications have been widely used due to the simplicity of classification of the evaluated genotypes. However, these methodologies present problems in identifying adaptability patterns of some genotypes. Artificial intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy C-means, can be an alternative to reduce these difficulties, since they use, in addition to distance information between genotypes, memberships (measures quantifying how much an observation belongs to a particular class) to increase discriminatory power. Therefore, our aim was to propose and evaluate the phenotypic adaptability method by fuzzy clustering to assist cultivar recommendations. The adaptation of the fuzzy C-Means method to classify the genotypes was implemented in BioFuzzy software. The grain yield data of black common bean genotypes were used to evaluate the potential of the method. The results obtained by this method were compared with those obtained by the centroid method. The phenotypic adaptability method by fuzzy clustering was effective in identifying the adaptability patterns of common bean genotypes. Moreover, the discriminatory power was higher than that observed with the centroid method.
Species composition of the parasitoid genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) varies at a local scale in Diplolepis variabilis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galls
Authors: Earley Nathan G. , Bannerman Jordan A. , Lalonde Robert G.
Published: April 2023

We evaluated the diversity and spatiotemporal emergence patterns of parasitoid wasp species in the genus Eurytoma Illiger (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) associated with leaf galls induced by Diplolepis variabilis Bassett (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) throughout the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. We collected D. variabilis galls throughout the region, recorded adult Eurytoma emergence times, extracted mitochondria DNA from a subset of the emergents, and used cytochrome c oxidase 1 and cytochrome b amplificons to assign sampled individuals to species. We also assayed for the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia to evaluate the incidence of thelytoky in Eurytoma. Eurytoma showed an extended emergence period and a significant right skew in male emergence. We recorded six Eurytoma species, one of which appears to be previously undescribed. The greatest diversity of Eurytoma species occurs in the north of the sampled area. Five of the six species showed Wolbachia infection in at least some individuals, and the most abundant and widespread species, Eurytoma imminuta Bugbee, showed high Wolbachia infection levels and an all-female population, which strongly indicates endosymbiont-induced thelytoky. Our results demonstrate that gall communities are locally variable, and we suggest that future studies be undertaken to quantify variation in community composition at more local scales than has been past practice.
Energy expenditure affects the larval food preference in Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Verma Lata , Mishra Geetanjali , Omkar
Published: April 2023

Food preferences and choices are common among animals, including insects. Studies on food preferences have been done on coccinellids using eggs and aphids as diet, but information on the food choices of the aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), under laboratory conditions, is scarce. This study examined the effect of physical activity (walking) on food choice. We reared P. dissecta larvae on aphids, Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae), until the fourth-instar stage, and then allowed the fourth-instar larvae to walk on a glass rod for different time intervals to illustrate the energetic costs of foraging. After walking, larvae were provided simultaneous food choices of equidistantly placed food, i.e., A. craccivora, conspecific eggs, and heterospecific eggs. As the walking time duration gradually increased, the level of larval activity increased, resulting in poorer food choices.
Managing High Differential Pressures in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir by Use of Wellbore Strengthening Material
Authors: Klungtvedt Karl Ronny , Vasshus Jan Kristian , Nesheim Gunvald , Scott Paul Daniel
Published: April 2023

The objective is to understand the impact of applying lost circulation materials preventatively to achieve strengthening of the wellbore when drilling fractured carbonate reservoirs. With a successful application, drilling with higher differential pressure can be enabled so that longer reservoir sections may be drilled, avoid splitting sections, and more remote parts of the reservoir may be reached.

Having conducted extensive laboratory tests to evaluate the sealing strength, ease of mixing and circulation, resistance towards degradation, and the abrasivity (erosivity) of selected lost circulation materials, a novel loss prevention material (LPM) product was selected for application into multiple wells. A simple model was developed to predict the wellbore strengthening effect for a given concentration of the product in the fluid system. The product was thereafter applied preventatively for drilling slim-hole reservoir sections in deviated wells on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, where differential pressures were expected to be challenging. An LPM recovery system was used to maintain desired concentrations of LPM in the active system. Data were collected from the operations to provide a robust understanding of the ease of application and the functionality of the selected LPM material.

Multiple fractured carbonate reservoirs were drilled under different pore-pressure conditions and with different drilling fluid densities. The results show that wells could be drilled without losses in conditions of around 2,400 psi overbalance, with product concentrations of less than half the maximum tested concentrations. Also, a field record of drilling a long horizontal reservoir section without tool failure was set, under conditions of unexpectedly high pore-pressures. The LPM recovery system proved to be successful with the novel materials, and very high rates of product retention was obtained, proving both the efficiency of the recovery plan and the material's resistance towards degradation.

The field application highlights the potential for preventative treatment of the drilling fluid to achieve a strengthening of the wellbore and to integrate this with a simple method for estimating the fracture pressure of the formation at various levels of product concentrations. With this information in hand, both producer and injector wells can be planned for more optimal placements in the reservoir to enhance oil recovery.
A New Load Rating Criterion Avoids Overdesigning Downhole Tools
Authors: Zhong Allan , Pirayeh Gar Shobeir
Published: April 2023

The traditional approach to designing completion tools can result in the inefficient use of materials and/or inaccurate or overly conservative load rating for some applications. This paper presents a new load-rating criterion, the onset of global nonlinearity, which can more accurately represent the actual strength of downhole tools in those scenarios. Using the onset of global nonlinearity may allow for higher load and pressure ratings for a component than would be produced by traditional design approaches. This new load-rating criterion has been demonstrated through first principal analysis, lab experiments, and field results in applications such as hydraulic fracturing, sand control tools, subsurface safety valves, and injector-producer cycles. The increased load and pressure ratings are most striking in high-pressure and high-temperature applications.

The prevailing load rating criteria for metallic tools are based on material yield strength. The initial yield criterion using von-Mises stress, which dictates the load limit that a downhole tool can carry before exhibiting plastic deformation, is often used to design completion tools. However, for some applications of downhole tools, this load rating criterion can be overly conservative limiting the design options unnecessarily. Several load rating criteria are evaluated and discussed considering the fundamentals of engineering mechanics. Based on the investigation, a mechanics-based load rating criterion is proposed for applications where the number of peak load cycles is small and where small-scale yielding is allowed to occur in a localized area without causing major nonlinearity in the global scale. The load rating criterion is termed onset of global nonlinearity.

Engineering mechanics for several widely used load rating criterion are discussed and their application ranges and limitations, if any, are identified. The proposed onset of global nonlinearity for applications with low numbers of peak load cycles was validated through experimental tests under burst and collapse pressures as well as tensile and torque loads. The global onset of nonlinearity has been successfully applied for applicable downhole tools in real projects.

A new load rating criterion for applications with low cycles of peak loading helps to utilize the load-carrying capacity of the material fully and safely. Applying the onset of nonlinearity approach typically yields a higher load rating, which may be as much as 1.5 to 2 times more than that defined by the initial yield criterion.
SIIBED: Rapid High Impact Test Apparatus (RHITA) for Modelling Ice Keel Interaction
Authors: Macneill James Andrew , Thijssen Jan Willem , King Tony , Ralph Freeman
Published: April 2023

This paper summarizes predesign considerations, the design, construction and commissioning activities in producing a novel testing facility at C-CORE.

A large scale experimental apparatus was required to conduct impact testing between large ice samples and various impactor geometries. The equipment frame had to be self-reacting, mechanically rigid, fully instrumented to measure force and velocity, and capable of adaptation to different types of experimental setups. Design force testing capacities were set to 2 MN horizontally and 4 MN vertically. The moving horizontal test axis design velocity goal was set to 0.5 m/s.

Actuation of the moving indenter system is with hydraulic cylinders having a piston diameter of 7". The rod diameter is 5". Hydraulic power for the test is supplied by two hydraulic accumulators, initially charged via a small, high pressure pump, and backed by gas bottles and a nitrogen skid.

Various indenters can be attached to the test carriage indenter beam with adapter plates. Loads are transferred from indenter structures via high capacity bolted connections and precisely machined shear key features. The indenter beam is modular to facilitate changes and updates for future experimental test series, and fully instrumented with high capacity load cells. The reaction end of the instrumentation is mechanically isolated from the test carriage and its support track and roller system to eliminate friction forces in test measurements.

The test carriage consists of two side plates joined by two beams, forming an open box structure into which the instrumentation and indenter beam assembly is situated. Height of the indenter beam relative to the test sample mounting area is infinitely adjustable via a set of 1" thick steel plates. Two bolt patterns are arranged in each of eight plates to allow any relative height difference to be set. The spacing of the bolt pattern on the instrumentation side is such that two settings are possible with each set of plates. If another height is required a new set of plates can be water-jetted with no further machining required.

With the exception of the control system and hydraulic power skid, all design and FEA was carried out at C-CORE. Construction of the many components was carried out by one welding shop and six machine shops.

When assembled, a process of tuning the hydraulics and control system commenced. After tuning had been completed the first test was conducted with success. This first test used an indenter that is 6" diameter and 63" (1600mm) long. The indentation depth was 1.5" (38.1 mm) and the test stroke was 80" (2032 mm). The load cells registered peak horizontal and vertical loads of 0.150 MN and 0.317 MN, respectively.
SIIBED: Numerical Modeling of Subsea Pipelines and Cables in Ice Prone Region
Authors: Barrett John , Chen Jin , Cooke Nathan , Phillips Ryan , Pike Kenton
Published: April 2023

The objective of this paper is to incorporate the outcomes of laboratory and physical testing carried out under the SIIBED program in order to develop, calibrate and validate a design tool for assessment of risk to subsea infrastructure due to ice keel interaction with pipelines, flexible flowlines, and electrical cables. This tool could then also be used to investigate load transfer to other subsea structures and facilities.

A numerical modeling procedure is developed using the finite element analysis software Abaqus where the large deformation process of iceberg-pipe-soil interaction can be accommodated using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) technique. The complexity of the ice-pipe-soil interaction is captured by appropriate and varied contact strategies in different areas of the model. Details of the model are discussed, including advancements of soil behavior and flexible flowline mechanical response, where it is desirable for the design tool to be optimized for computational efficiency while retaining reliable predictions of response.

Case studies are presented for thick walled pipeline, flexible flowlines and electrical cables. Typically, the ice is modeled as a rigid body with unlimited strength. Limiting ice interaction forces, via pressure, is shown to have an effect on the displaced shape of the pipeline and flexible. Including radial compliance of the electrical cable is also shown to have an effect. With mesh refinement and retaining sufficient complexity in key areas, the complex model can be analyzed with a reasonable amount of computational cost. Advancements in the modeling of the ice feature strength limits are highlighted as well as application of large deformation modeling of electrical cables, which is atypical.
New Thin Membrane to Reduce Weight and Footprint of Offshore Sulfate Removal Units
Authors: Hepp Rodrigo , Huang Xiaofei , Banham John , Franks Rich
Published: April 2023

In the past three years, several offshore platforms have commissioned sulfate removal units (SRUs) with a new, Thin-Membrane Technology which allows the highest active membrane area to be packaged into the standard spiral wound, sulfate removal element. These newly installed elements are the first of their kind to utilize the new technology and demonstrate how offshore platforms can benefit from this innovation.

The spiral wound element was developed in the 1970s to package RO and NF membranes into a compact, efficient, and modular spiral element. Since that time, incremental improvements in element design and materials of construction have led to enhanced efficiencies and productivity. However, the overall element design and membrane construction have remained largely unchanged. Most notably, in recent years, efforts to fit more material into the present spiral element configuration reached an optimal plateau. Advances in automated manufacturing resulted in either increasing the membrane surface area or increasing the thickness of the feed/brine spacer. Either enhancement could be selected depending on the quality of the feedwater or the efficiency of the pre-treatment. However, it was not possible for the designers of SRUs to capitalize on the benefits associated with both enhancements simultaneously. For this reason, when treating high quality feedwater, SRU designers prefer to use spiral elements that contain higher surface area to reduce capital cost, footprint, and weight. When treating high fouling feedwater with minimal pretreatment, SRU designers use elements with the thicker feed/brine spacer to reduce differential pressure losses, minimize fouling and improve cleaning effectiveness. Designers selecting elements with thicker spacer forfeit the benefits associated with higher area elements while designers who select elements with higher area forfeit the benefits of the thicker spacer. But in recent years, thanks to innovations in material science, a new generation of sulfate removal elements are now being manufactured and deployed in full scale systems on offshore platforms. These new elements offer both a larger surface area and a thicker feed/brine spacer.

This paper will detail the innovation in the construction of the new membrane material and compare its effects on element performance with the previous generation membranes. The paper will analyze the operation of these new elements in SRUs running on offshore platforms for as much as one year. Based on the operation of these new elements, the footprint, weight, and capital cost benefits of the new membrane relative to current membranes will be analyzed.
Seismic Stability Assessment of a Mudmat on Liquefiable Seabed
Authors: Carlton Brian , Suroor Hadi , Nadim Farrokh
Published: April 2023

A mudmat supporting a pipeline end termination (PLET) sits on top of a silty sand deposit that could potentially liquefy during earthquake shaking. A conventional code-based bearing capacity analysis of the mudmat was initially performed that accounted for the effect of excess pore pressures generated during earthquake shaking on the shear strength of the sand. The excess pore pressures used in the code-based approach were estimated from one-dimensional free-field site response analyses. The conventional bearing capacity analysis predicted the mudmat would be unable to withstand the seismic design loads. As a result, two-dimensional (2D) non-linear seismic site response analyses (SRA) in a finite element program were performed using an advanced constitutive model. Excess pore pressures generated during the design earthquake for the free field case (i.e. no structure), and for the near-field case (with mudmat) were estimated. Then, a bearing capacity analysis was performed in the same finite element program using the generated excess pore pressure stress field for the near-field case. The 2D SRA results showed that liquefaction (excess pore pressure ratio equal or greater than 0.9) would only occur near the soil surface due to the low effective stresses. In general, the maximum excess pore pressure ratios (ru) were between 0.3 and 0.5 for the free-field case. The addition of the mudmat decreased the ru due to the added weight of the mudmat, which increased the effective stresses. In addition, the horizontal loading on the mudmat induces initial static shear stresses in the soil, which further decreases ru for the modelled relative density of the silty sand. The bearing capacity analyses predicted that the mudmat can tolerate considerably larger loads compared to the design loads during and following the design earthquake event. The case history presented in this paper provides an advanced design methodology for evaluating mudmat bearing capacity subjected to earthquake shaking on potentially liquefiable soil. In addition, it shows the benefit of performing advanced analyses with site-specific data, which reduces uncertainty and can provide increased reliability and significant cost savings to the overall project.
Achieving Zero Flaring in Offshore Gas Fields
Authors: Alsuhali Zaid , Alsharif Ahmed , Nengkoda Ardian
Published: April 2023

The facilities associated with producing nonassociated gas from offshore fields consist of wellheads and tie-in platforms, which are equipped with flare systems. At wellhead platforms, the flares are maintained where a high integrity protection system (HIPS) is provided at each wellhead for over pressure protection. In addition, continuous flares are usually provided at tie-in platforms as another layer of protection. The initiative is to convert tie-in flares to maintenance, which will eliminate continuous flaring and further minimize the emissions. There are three protection layers consisting of Emergency Shutdown system (ESD) system, a HIPS system, and mechanical relief valves with partial flaring at the tie-in platforms, which activate in case both ESD and HIPS protection systems at the wellhead platform do not respond to an overpressure condition. Normally the original design will have the relief system and continuous flaring at the TPs manifolds as another protection layer. However, the HIPS design stated that the design shall ensure that HIPS alone bridges the safety risk gap. A methodology and comprehensive engineering assessment was conducted to evaluate the risk for modification of continuous flare to maintenance flare considered with partial flare and without partial flare. The study concluded that continuous flaring is no longer required and the HIPS alone is sufficient for over-pressure protection. This initiative will eliminate thousands of tons of CO2 emitted to the environment from the continuous flaring. The total cost savings analysis includes gas value creation and maintenance cost savings such as propane (fuel) burning reduction, flare tip replacements, and maintenance costs.
Vito Project: Subsea System Goes Back to Basics
Authors: Thurston Kevin W , Ramanathan Karthik
Published: April 2023

In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 4,000 ft of water approximately 150 miles offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana. The project produces from reservoirs nearly 30,000 feet below sea level. The project underwent major redesign to remain competitive, and this paper describes changes within the subsea system. This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023, and the other papers are listed in the references.

As the industry and market began to change in 2015, the project faced significant financial hurdles, and the project team decided to refresh the field development concept to reduce cost and simplify. This paper focuses on the subsea production system and some of the key decisions leading to the selected design and the approach the team used for making these decisions. It also discusses how the project execution model was established, and the modifications made during project execution to react to schedule challenges, the unprecedented impacts of COVID-19, and a tightening offshore market.
Incorporating Data Confidence and Scoring Sensitivity into Site Selection Ranking in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Authors: Callas Catherine , Kovscek Anthony R. , Benson Sally M.
Published: April 2023

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is playing a role in mitigating carbon emissions, and that role is expected to grow dramatically with time. A key element to the widespread deployment of CCS is finding a suitable sequestration site for carbon storage. Site screening and ranking frameworks designed to provide insights into the suitability of storage sites are only as effective as the underlying data used. Therefore, in this work, data confidence is incorporated into a quantitative, criteria-driven methodology developed to assess the potential suitability of depleted oil and gas reservoirs for carbon storage. A sensitivity analysis was then performed on criterion weightings to explore the results’ variability. The criteria-driven workflow and data confidence analysis were applied to fields in the Gulf of Mexico and existing carbon storage projects in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Including data confidence in the scoring of sites in the Gulf of Mexico decreased the technical field score by 4% to 15%, with the most significant changes stemming from heavily weighted criteria with low data confidence. As data confidence increases for a site, the site becomes more desirable even if the criteria scores do not change since more information about the site is known. Engineering solutions can be used to improve lower-scoring criteria.
Comprehensive Monitoring of Assets in Oil & Gas Plant Using Acoustics and Vibrations
Authors: Mishra Rajat , Wong Liang Jie
Published: April 2023

The Oil and Gas plants operate using a network of pipelines as well as mechanized machines that help in both extraction as well as transmission of the product. These assets have an important role in maintaining an overall health of the plan and thus require regular maintenance. This maintenance is often subjective and still leads to failures, resulting in downtime and thus affecting the revenue hours of a particular asset. We suggest a comprehensive solution for monitoring both the motorized assets and the pressurized pipelines in an oil and gas plant using acoustics and vibrational analysis. This solution is currently being tested for monitoring large and small diameter pipelines as well as pumps in water reclamation or desalination plants in Singapore and could be easily opted for O&G industry.
Pairing Offshore Wind with Existing Production Assets: Utilizing Generation Overcapacity to Decarbonize Compression Trains
Authors: Bowman Travis , Ventrelli Saverio
Published: April 2023

Combustion in gas turbines or diesel gensets typically represents one of the largest sources of carbon emissions on offshore production and drilling installations (second only to flaring). Significant potential exists to decarbonize these assets via electrification. Many regions of the world where large-scale wind developments are planned or currently being built are also centers for oil and gas production (e.g., North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, etc). It is logical to expect that in the coming years, opportunities will arise for operators to directly utilize the electricity generated by these wind farms to reduce their carbon footprint. This paper explores possibilities for supplementing conventional power generation on offshore production installations with clean electricity from offshore wind farms. It discusses the feasibility of powering large production assests in deepwater and smaller assets in shallow water.

The paper focuses primarily on curtailement utilization (i.e., taking power from the wind farm during times of overproduction) and the inherent commercial capacity of such a scenario. Additionally, it addresses steps/measures operators will potentially have to take in relation to the inherent intermittency and unpredictability of wind generation. Electrical power continuity, stability, and magnitude are crucial to production, as well as meeting required process heat requirements on the topsides. Thus, the utilization of combined cycle for deepwater large assets is also discussed.
Evaluation of a 15 MW Turret Moored Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Liu Allen Yonghui , Su Zhiyong , Chen Jiaxing , Yu Hao , Duggal Arun , Kolb Joel Andrew
Published: April 2023

Floating offshore wind is one of the most promising renewable energy sources over the coming decades and development of the floating substructure is of the most critical step for success of any floating system concept. A novel single point moored Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) concept with the IEA 15 MW reference wind turbine is designed and evaluated in this paper. The FOWT consists of a traditional three-column semi-submersible with connecting truss beams and heave plates, A-frame airfoil shaped tower supporting structure, Rotor-Nacelle-Assembly (RNA), and a disconnectable turret system for stationkeeping.

The platform is designed to weathervane freely around the turret to passively align the FOWT heading to the wind direction with yaw restoring function from a tailor-designed airfoil shaped A-frame tower. The passive alignment capability could potentially eliminate the active yaw system on top of the tower and the active ballasting system in the hull to improve the overall system reliability. The platform tilts, nacelle accelerations, tower bottom bending moment, mooring dynamics, vessel offset, self-alignment performance and efficiency of power generation under steady misalignment are investigated numerically using coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic model in time domain for both operational and extreme conditions. Statistics of each design parameter are discussed for various design load conditions. A sensitivity study of floating tower natural frequency was also carried out and discussed in both frequency and time domain to understand its impact on the mooring system response. The yaw misalignments studies are presented for the normal operational DLC1.1 and DLC1.3 with both colinear and cross combinations of the wave, wind, and current conditions. Challenges and benefits of the single point moored FOWT concept are summarized and presented from the studies.
Real-Time Machine Learning Application for Formation Tops and Lithology Prediction
Authors: Ziadat Wael , Gamal Hany , Elkatatny Salaheldin
Published: April 2023

During the drilling operation, the drill string is subjected to different geological formations which have distinct lithological characteristics that greatly affect the drilling performance and may ultimately result in increased costs of the project. The lithology of a formation can vary significantly, thus it is of paramount importance to accurately detect lithology changes and formation tops while drilling. In order to do so, geologic data and logs are often utilized by experts and operators to identify lithological variations. Machine learning algorithms and random forest have been employed in recent years to improve the process of lithology prediction, enabling more accurate results at faster rates. Machine learning-based systems incorporate a wide range of indicators such as rock types, mineral composition, sedimentary structures and microfossils for efficient lithology prediction. Additionally, random forest classifiers are beneficial due to their robustness with respect to outliers as well as their ability to capture complex relationships between variables from multivariate input datasets. With this approach, an effective operational strategy can be formulated based on the identified formation lithology in order to reduce incident costs associated with unexpected wellbore issues or instability caused by lithological changes. This technique also provides valuable insight into understanding subsurface conditions for more efficient resource exploration and production operations. limitations and drawbacks of this approach as cost and lag time. The current study proposed an intelligent machine learning solution for auto-detecting drilled formation tops and lithology types while drilling in real-time utilizing drilling surface data. Machine learning techniques are technically employed for developing real-time prediction models for the formation tops and lithology type from the surface drilling data as weight on bit, drill string speed, torque, pumping pressure and rate, and drilling penetration rate. This study implemented random forest and decision trees as two machine learning classifiers to develop real-time models using a data set of composite lithology schemes of five drilled formations. The methodology approach presents a comprehensive layout for data collection, preprocessing, data statistics and analytics, feature engineering, model development, parameters optimization, and prediction performance evaluation. The results showed a high prediction performance for the models for training and testing with overall accuracy higher than 95 through detecting complex lithology schemes. Predicting the drilled formation's tops and lithology while drilling in real-time through the developed solution will provide a technical guide for optimizing the drilling parameters for better drilling performance and optimized mechanical-specific energy to have a safe operation and cost savings.
Multi-String Analysis of a Mudline Hanger System in High Temperature Wells During Production
Authors: Sathuvalli Udaya B R. , Suryanarayana P. V. Suri , Bathgate Grant , Delgado Johan , Arcos Renato , Painter Jay , Rahman Shaikh
Published: April 2023

We present a semi-analytical method to analyze the multi-string mechanical response of the tubulars, the wellhead and the mudline hangers (MLH) in offshore wells with a mudline suspension system (MLS). The MLS introduces redundancies at the MLH shoulders. In our method, the tubulars are modeled as elastic springs, and the load transfer pathways at the MLH shoulders are represented by displacement constraints. The length changes caused by pressure and temperature changes during a given well operation are combined with the as-installed conditions of each casing to determine the contact force at the MLH suspension point. Though the resulting set of equations for the multi-string response is linear, the interaction of the MLS with the surface wellhead cannot be resolved a priori. Therefore, an iterative method to determine a final response that is consistent with the restrictions imposed by the MLS hardware is used. Our method is computationally simple, and can be implemented in a spreadsheet. In the past, such problems have been solved with finite element analyses.

We apply the model to an offshore well with six strings, four of which are suspended at the mudline. The hangers at the mudline are arranged such that a suspended string transfers its weight to the next outer string. Further, the MLS hardware is such that, a lifted-off string raises its immediate inner neighbor.

Forces at the surface and the mudline during production and injection are calculated. During production, the net movement at the surface, and the forces imparted to the structural members depend on the as-installed condition (including pre-load) and the annular pressures at the surface wellhead. Reduction of annular pressures significantly reduces the force on the conductor slip lock in the wellhead. Cold injection creates a net downward force at critical locations in the MLS.

The model was used to show that the net downward force did not exceed the design capacity of the MLS hardware, and to define annulus pressure management procedures to maintain well integrity.
Research and Application of Water Breakthrough Rules in Offshore Edge Water Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Chen Cunliang , Yue Baolin , Zhang Junting , Han Xiaodong , Wu Xiaohui , Wu Xuanren
Published: April 2023

LD Oilfield is a heavy oil reservoir with edge water, which oil viscosity is 127~544mPa·s. After 1 to 3 months of production, the water content of the oil well rose rapidly, and the oil production dropped rapidly. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out research on the water breakthrough rules of edge-water reservoirs.

Taking the offshore LD16 oil field as the research object, relevant research has been carried out using numerical simulation technology. First, a multi-layer model is established to study the change pattern of the law of water cut rise by setting different proportions of the reserves of each oil layer. Then a single-layer model was established to study the influence of factors on the water breakthrough time of oil wells, such as average permeability, grade difference, distance from edge water, water multiple, oil production speed, crude oil viscosity and other factors. And the relative range method was used to determine the main controlling factors. On this basis, the orthogonal design method is used to design the simulation plan. According to the simulation results, an empirical formula for predicting the water breakthrough time of edge water reservoirs is established using intelligent algorithms.

Research shows that the difference in reserves between layers has an impact on the law of water cut rise. The water cut of oil wells rises more slowly when water cut in the main layer breaks, and the water cut of oil wells rises faster if water cut in the non-main layer breaks. The research results can be used to judge the water break. Compared with oil well profile test data, the agreement rate is as high as 93%. Distance from edge water, oil production speed, grade difference and crude oil viscosity are the main controlling factors that affect the water breakthrough time of LD16 oilfield. Intelligent algorithms can fit formulas well. The prediction result of the empirical formula is consistent with the actual situation of the oil field. Compared with the actual situation, the error rate is only 3.5%. The research results can be used to predict the water breakthrough time of oil wells.

The research results have certain guiding significance for improving the development effect of heavy oil edge water reservoirs and will be extended to more oil fields.