bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análisis del impacto en el turismo de la estrategia de desarrollo urbano basada en megaproyectos. El caso de la ciudad de Valencia
Authors: Salom Carrasco Julia , Pitarch-Garrido María-Dolores
Published: December 2017

Desde finales de los años 80 del pasado siglo, las ciudades europeas están desarrollando políticas de gestión urbana en la línea de lo que se ha venido en denominar city-marketing, urban-branding, o urbanismo neoliberal. El objetivo de estas políticas es posicionar a la ciudad en el contexto internacional potenciando su singularidad, para lo cual la principal estrategia ha sido la construcción de mega-edificios y la organización de eventos con impacto en los medios de comunicación globales. El aumento de la atractividad turística en las ciudades es utilizado como un indicador de éxito de dichas políticas. La ciudad de Valencia no ha sido ajena a este tipo de estrategias. El presente artículo realiza un análisis de las consecuencias que la política urbana neoliberal ha tenido en el turismo de la ciudad de Valencia, en especial en lo que se refiere a su imagen de marca y a la vinculación del mismo con la oferta cultural de la ciudad.
Uncommon Locations of Gas Gangrene Treated Successfully With Surgical Debridement and the Vacuum-Assisted Closure Device
Authors: Misiakos Evangelos P. , Zabras Nick , Bagias George , Tzanetis Panagiotis , Michail Lignos , Vasdekis Spyros , Patapis Paul , Machairas Anastasios
Published: December 2017

Gas gangrene is a life-threatening condition implying necrosis of dermis and hypodermis, along with necrosis of the superficial muscular aponeurosis. Fournier s gangrene is a subtype of the disease affecting the perineal and genital area. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical, and surgical treatment of three cases of gas gangrene affecting uncommon locations in the human body, treated with extensive surgical debridement followed by the vacuum assisted closure method in two of these cases. Three cases of gas gangrene affecting uncommon locations treated surgically in our Department are presented. In one case the perineal and scrotal region was infected with invasion of the lateral abdominal wall and the peritoneal cavity. In the second case the axillary regions were infected bilaterally and in the third case the left axillary and subscapular regions were infected after a left arm disarticulation. All cases were treated successfully with successive surgical debridement and/or the vacuum-assisted closure method. Gas gangrene is a curable disease if diagnosed early and treated effectively with successive surgical wound cleaning and debridement. The vacuum assisted closure method can be helpful in promoting wound healing.
[3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloadditions of Cyclic Nitrones with Alkenes
Authors: Brandi Alberto , Cardona Francesca , Cicchi Stefano , Cordero Franca M. , Goti Andrea
Published: December 2017

The chapter describes the 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with alkenes and surveys the literature from 1985 to 2014. In addition to comprehensive coverage of the cycloadditions reactions, which are presented in tables with experimental details, the introductory chapter describes methods for synthesizing cyclic nitrones, discusses mechanistic aspects of the cycloadditions and their scope, and furnishes selected examples of applications in the context of natural product synthesis.
Powder Metallurgy and Sintered Materials
Authors: Danninger Herbert , de Oro Calderon Raquel , Gierl‐Mayer Christian
Published: December 2017

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Historical Background1.2.Economic Aspects2.Powder Production2.1.Mechanical Methods2.1.1.Disintegration without Phase Change2.1.2.Disintegration with Phase Change2.2.Chemical Methods2.2.1.Reduction with Solids2.2.2.Reduction with Gases2.2.3.Electrochemical Reduction2.2.4.Decomposition of Gases2.2.5.Reaction with Solids (Carbides)2.3.Powder Characterization2.3.1.Physical Properties2.3.2.Chemical Properties2.3.3.Technological Properties2.4.Conditioning3.Shaping Technologies3.1.Die Compaction3.2.Powder Forging, Extrusion, and Rolling3.2.1.Powder Forging3.2.2.Powder Extrusion3.2.3.Powder Rolling3.3.Isostatic Pressing3.3.1.Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP)3.3.2.Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)3.4.Injection Molding3.5.Additive Manufacturing4.Sintering4.1.Sintering Mechanisms: Solid‐State Sintering4.2.Liquid Phase Sintering4.3.Chemical Aspects of Sintering4.4.Sintering Practice4.5.Sintering Atmospheres5.Secondary and Finishing Operations5.1.Deburring and Cleaning5.2.Re‐pressing, Sizing, and Coining5.3.Local Surface Densification Techniques5.4.Machining5.5.Joining5.6.Surface Treatments5.7.Heat and Thermochemical Treatments6.Materials and Products6.1.Precision Parts6.1.1.Low‐Alloyed Steel Parts6.1.2.High‐Alloyed Corrosion‐Resistant Steel Parts6.2.Tool Steels6.3.Electrical Contact Materials6.3.1.Contact Materials for Low‐Voltage Switchgear6.3.2.Contact Materials for High‐Voltage Switchgear6.4.Magnetic Materials6.4.1.Soft Magnets6.4.2.Permanent Magnets6.5.Cu and Cu Alloys6.6.Al and Al Alloys6.6.1.Conventional Pressed and Sintered Aluminum Alloys6.6.2.High‐Performance Aluminum Alloys6.7.Ti and Ti Alloys6.8.Hardphase‐Based Materials6.9.Refractory Metals6.9.1.Monolithic Refractory Metals6.9.2.Two‐Phase Refractory Metals6.10.PM Superalloys7.Acknowledgements
Sintered Iron and Steel
Authors: Beiss Paul
Published: December 2017

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production of Some Iron and Steel Powders2.1.Historical Developments2.2.Carbonyl‐Iron Powder2.3.Iron Powder from Aqueous Electrolysis2.4.Sponge Iron from Fe3O4Ore by CO Reduction2.5.Water‐Atomized Iron and Steel Powders2.6.Gas‐Atomized High‐Alloy‐steel powders3.Die‐Compacted Structural Parts3.1.Powder Requirements and Characterization3.2.Alloying Techniques3.3.Compaction3.4.Sintering3.4.1.Oxide Reduction3.4.2.Diffusion and Sintering3.4.3.Diffusion and Alloying3.5.Sizing, Repressing, and Powder Forging3.6.Secondary Operations with Open Porosity3.7.Applications and Typical Properties4.Metal‐Injection‐Molded Structural Parts4.1.Powder for MIM4.2.Binders and Feedstocks4.3.Debinding4.4.Sintering4.5.Application Aspects5.Cold Isostatic Pressing6.Hot Isostatic Pressing7.Economic Aspects
Hormone Therapeutics – Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excluding Reproductive Hormones and Insulins (H)
Authors: Weinberger Heinz
Published: December 2017

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.H01 Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones and Analogs2.1.H01A Anterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones and Analogs2.1.1.H01AA Adrenocorticotropic Hormone2.1.2.H01AB Thyrotropin2.1.3.H01AC Somatropin and Somatropin Agonists2.1.4.H01AX Other Anterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones and Analogs2.2.H01B Posterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones2.2.1.H01BA Vasopressin and Analogs2.2.2.H01BB Oxytocin and Analogs2.3.H01C Hypothalamic Hormones2.3.1.H01CA Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormones2.3.2.H01CB Somatostatin and Analogs2.3.3.H01CC Anti‐Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormones3.H02 Corticosteroids Systemic3.1.H02A Corticosteroids for Systemic Use, Plain3.1.1.H02AA Mineralocorticoids3.1.2.H02AB Glucocorticoids4.H03 Thyroid Therapy4.1.H03A Thyroid Preparations4.1.1.H03AA Thyroid Hormones4.2.H03B Antithyroid Preparations4.2.1.H03BA Thiouracils4.2.2.H03BB Sulfur‐Containing Imidazole Derivatives4.2.3.H03BX Other Antithyroid Preparations5.H04 Pancreatic Hormones5.1.H04AA Glycogenolytic Hormones6.H05 Calcium Homeostasis6.1.H05AA Parathyroid Hormones and Analogs6.2.H05B Anti‐Parathyroid Agents6.2.1.H05BA Calcitonin Preparations6.2.2.H05BX Other Anti‐Parathyroid Agents
Pesticides (New Generation) and Related Compounds, Analysis of
Authors: Ccanccapa Alexander , Picó Yolanda
Published: December 2017

This article presents an overview of analytical methods for the analysis of pesticide (new‐generation) and related compounds in the last 5 years, which updates the previous one. Pesticides included in this group display almost no change, but the evolution of analytical techniques is important. In general, new pesticides are now included in multiresidue methods with generic sample treatment methodologies being able to extract as many pesticide classes as possible. However, this article focuses not only on these common multiresidue methods but also on specific methodologies as single‐residue methods for the analysis of new‐generation pesticides. The most widely used detection technique for the determination of pesticides is mass spectrometry (MS) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and/or liquid chromatography (LC). However, the advances in immunoassays, biosensors and other techniques are also included. Finally, the future perspectives and the trends for pesticide residue analysis in food and environmental matrices are outlined.
Lanthanides: Divalent Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Nicholas Hannah M. , Mills David P.
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the chemistry of Ln
2+
(Ln = lanthanide) complexes that exhibit at least one Ln–C bond. We include the group 3 elements Sc, Y, and La for completeness due to their chemical similarity, though strictly they are not part of the lanthanide series. The vast majority of complexes discussed contain one or more of the classical divalent lanthanides (Sm, Eu, or Yb) because the divalent organometallic chemistry of these elements has been known for nearly 50 years. Ln
2+
organometallic chemistry for the other lanthanides is underdeveloped since, as a result of their larger standard reduction potentials, they are more difficult to access. Therefore, this article gives a historical perspective, together with state‐of‐the‐art results from the last 20 years to show the current vibrancy of this research field. As the ligand environment is the most vital factor for the stabilization of the lanthanide +2 oxidation state, sections are divided according to the supporting ligand: substituted cyclopentadienyls (CpR, C5R5; R = H, alkyl, silyl), phospholyls (PC4R5; R = H, alkyl, silyl), alkyls, aryls, and alkynides. Common synthetic routes are outlined throughout, together with a discussion of how the stability and reactivity profiles of Ln
2+
organometallic complexes change depending on the supporting ligand environment.

Divalent organolanthanide chemistry is dominated by substituted Cp ligands, thus these are discussed first. The early development of classical Ln
2+
organometallic chemistry using the Cp* (C5Me5) ligand is outlined, followed by a discussion of contemporary non‐classical divalent lanthanide CpR chemistry, which has utilized bulky alkyl and silyl substituents to stabilize Ln
2+
ions for all lanthanides save Pm. Phospholyls are covered next as they have similar electronic properties to CpR. Phospholyl ligands with bulky alkyl and silyl substituents stabilize Ln
2+
ions analogously to CpR ligands with similar steric properties, hence divalent Sm, Eu, Yb, and Tm phospholyl complexes are presented. Alkyl complexes are the next most common family of classical Ln
2+
complexes. These vary in size and complexity from monodentate silyl‐ and alkyl‐stabilized examples to multidentate bis(iminophopshorano)methanide ligands. Classical divalent lanthanide aryl complexes are less numerous than alkyls, but synthetic routes to these complexes are presented herein as these are also useful starting materials. Finally, classical divalent lanthanide alkynide chemistry, the least developed of all ligand systems discussed in this article, is covered for completeness.
Transition Metal Aziridination Catalysts
Authors: Chandrachud Preeti P. , Jenkins David M.
Published: December 2017

Aziridines are three‐membered rings containing one nitrogen and two carbon atoms. This functional group is present in many bioactive molecules in addition to being a useful synthetic intermediate that is analogous to epoxides. Since they are a strained ring system, aziridines are reactive toward nucleophilic ring opening, ring expansion, and ring rearrangement reactions. Due to their importance in synthetic chemistry, numerous approaches to their synthesis have been developed. In addition to traditional organic reaction approaches to aziridination, transition metal catalyzed versions of this reaction have been developed. The primary rationales for catalyzed aziridination includes broadening the substrate scope, increasing yields (particularly under mild conditions), and improving enantiomeric purity. These catalytic reactions can mostly be designated as one of three classes. In this article, each of these important transition metal catalyzed aziridination reaction paths will be reviewed in addition to the catalysts that perform them.
Popular Culture
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: December 2017

“Popular culture” relates to markets. Neoclassical economics assumes that expressions of the desire and capacity to pay for services stimulate the provision of entertainment and hence – when the result is publicly accepted – determine what is “popular.” Value is decided through competition between providers to obtain the favor of consumers, with the conflictual rationality of the parties producing value to society. The connection of market entertainment to new identities leads to a variety of sociological reactions. During the Industrial Revolution, anxieties about a suddenly urbanized and educated population saw theorists from both right and left argued that newly literate publics would be vulnerable to manipulation by demagogues. The subsequent emergence of public schooling in the west took as its project empowering, and hence disciplining, the working class. This notion of the suddenly enfranchised being bamboozled by the unscrupulously fluent has recurred throughout the modern period. It inevitably leads to a primary emphasis on the number and conduct of audiences to popular culture: where they came from, how many there were, and what they did as a consequence of being present.
X‐Ray Computed Tomography of Crop Plant Root Systems Grown in Soil
Authors: Mairhofer Stefan , Pridmore Tony , Johnson James , Wells Darren M. , Bennett Malcolm J. , Mooney Sacha J. , Sturrock Craig J.
Published: December 2017

Non‐destructive methods to quantify the root system architecture of a plant grown in soil are essential to aid our understanding of the factors that impact plant root development in natural environments. With environmental change threatening our ability to sustain agricultural productivity for an expanding global population, the application of these methods has never before seen such an increase in demand. X‐ray computed tomography (CT) based phenotyping techniques permit the spatio‐temporal quantification of roots, helping to identify novel adaptive root architectural responses to abiotic and biotic factors. This protocol reports an integrated workflow from column preparation and plant growth to image and quantification of the root system using novel open source software applications, RooTrak and RooTh. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) to Resolve Protein–Small Molecule Interaction in Arabidopsis
Authors: Rodriguez‐Furlan Cecilia , Zhang Chunhua , Raikhel Natasha , Hicks Glenn R.
Published: December 2017

Target identification remains a challenging step in plant chemical genomics approaches. Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) represents a straightforward technique to identify small molecules’ protein targets and assist in the characterization of interactions between small molecules and putative targets identified by other methods. When a small molecule interacts with a protein, it has the potential to stabilize the protein's structure, resulting in a reduced susceptibility to protease action. During the DARTS procedure, protein extracts are treated with proteolytic enzymes, and only proteins that bind to the small molecule are protected from proteolysis. DARTS represents a protocol independent of the molecule's mechanism of action or chemical structure. Another advantage of DARTS is that it does not require additional modifications or tagging of the small molecule. The protocols outlined in this article describe in detail the DARTS technique applied to plant proteins and propose several detection procedures according to protein abundance. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Climate change mitigation through adaptation: the effectiveness of forest diversification by novel tree planting regimes
Authors: Hof Anouschka R. , Dymond Caren C. , Mladenoff David J.
Published: December 2017

Climate change is projected to have negative implications for forest ecosystems and their dependent communities and industries. Adaptation studies of forestry practices have focused on maintaining the provisioning of ecosystem services; however, those practices may have implications for climate change mitigation as well by increasing biological sinks or reducing emissions. Assessments of the effectiveness of adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change are therefore needed; however, they have not been done for the world's northern coniferous forests. Diversifying the forest by planting tree species more likely suited to a future climate is a potential adaptation strategy to increase resilience. The efficacy of this strategy to reduce the risks of climate change is uncertain, and other ecosystem services provided by the forest are also likely to be affected. We used a spatially explicit forest landscape modeling framework (LANDIS‐II) to simulate the effects of planting a range of native tree species in colder areas than where they are currently planted in a managed temperate coniferous forest landscape in British Columbia, Canada. We investigated impacts on carbon pools, fluxes, tree species diversity, and harvest levels under different climate scenarios for 100 yr (2015–2115) and found that the capacity of our forest landscape to sequester carbon would largely depend on the precipitation rates in the future, rather than on temperature. We further found that, irrespective of the climate prediction model, current planting standards led to relatively low levels of resilience as indicated by carbon fluxes and stocks, net primary productivity (NPP), and species diversity. In contrast, planting a mix of alternative tree species was generally superior in increasing the resilience indicators: carbon stocks and fluxes,NPP, and tree species diversity, but not harvest rates. The second best novel planting regime involved addingPinus contortato the stocking standard in three ecoregions; however, that species is susceptible to a high number of insects and pathogens. We conclude that although the capacity of temperate coniferous forest landscapes to sequester carbon in the future is largely dependent on the precipitation regime, negative effects may be counteracted to some extent by increasing resilience through tree species diversity in forests.
Identifying ecologically relevant scales of habitat selection: diel habitat selection in elk
Authors: Roberts Caleb P. , Cain James W. , Cox Robert D.
Published: December 2017

Although organisms make resource selection decisions at multiple spatiotemporal scales, not all scales are ecologically relevant to any given organism. Ecological patterns and rhythms such as behavioral and climatic patterns may provide a consistent method for identifying ecologically relevant scales of habitat selection. Using elk (Cervus canadensis) as an example species, we sought to test the ability of behavioral patterns to empirically partition diel scales for modeling habitat selection. We used model selection to partition diel scales by shifts in dominant behavior and then used resource selection probability functions to model elk habitat selection hierarchically at diel scales within seasons. Model selection distinguished four diel temporal partitions following elk crepuscular behavioral patterns: dawn, midday, dusk, and night. Across seasons, model‐averaged coefficients indicated that elk shifted from selecting grassland cover at dawn/dusk, to selecting for greater canopy and forest cover at midday, and then to areas with greater herbaceous biomass at night. Top models changed between diel intervals in spring and fall but stayed the same across diel intervals in winter and summer. In winter, elk selected for southern aspects during midday, for unburned areas at dawn/dusk, and for areas burned within 1–3 yr at dawn/dusk and night. In spring, elk selected for northern aspects and for areas burned within 1–3 yr at midday, for areas farther from roads at dawn/dusk and midday, and for areas farther from water at midday. In summer, elk changed diel preferences for fewer covariates: At dawn/dusk and midday, elk selected for areas farther from water and avoided forest cover, and at night, elk selected for areas burned within 1–3 yr. In fall, elk selected for areas burned the previous year at dawn/dusk and night, for higher elevations at midday, and for areas closer water at night. Using behavioral patterns to identify ecologically relevant scales can help identify overlooked habitat requirements such as diel changes in preference for fire history, forage availability, and cover. We show that the ecological relevancy of a given scale (e.g., a diel temporal scale) can change throughout a given extent (e.g., across seasons).
Climate change and the threat of novel marine predators in Antarctica
Authors: Smith K. E. , Aronson R. B. , Steffel B. V. , Amsler M. O. , Thatje S. , Singh H. , Anderson J. , Brothers C. J. , Brown A. , Ellis D. S. , Havenhand J. N. , James W. R. , Moksnes P.‐O. , Randolph A. W. , Sayre‐McCord T. , McClintock J. B.
Published: December 2017

Historically low temperatures have severely limited skeleton‐breaking predation on the Antarctic shelf, facilitating the evolution of a benthic fauna poorly defended against durophagy. Now, rapid warming of the Southern Ocean is restructuring Antarctic marine ecosystems as conditions become favorable for range expansions. Populations of the lithodid crab Paralomis birsteini currently inhabit some areas of the continental slope off Antarctica. They could potentially expand along the slope and upward to the outer continental shelf, where temperatures are no longer prohibitively low. We identified two sites inhabited by different densities of lithodids in the slope environment along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Analysis of the gut contents of P. birsteini trapped on the slope revealed them to be opportunistic invertivores. The abundances of three commonly eaten, eurybathic taxa—ophiuroids, echinoids, and gastropods—were negatively associated with P. birsteini off Marguerite Bay, where lithodid densities averaged 4280 ind/km2 at depths of 1100–1499 m (range 3440–5010 ind/km2), but not off Anvers Island, where lithodid densities were lower, averaging 2060 ind/km2 at these depths (range 660–3270 ind/km2). Higher abundances of lithodids appear to exert a negative effect on invertebrate distribution on the slope. Lateral or vertical range expansions of P. birsteini at sufficient densities could substantially reduce populations of their benthic prey off Antarctica, potentially exacerbating the direct impacts of rising temperatures on the distribution and diversity of the contemporary shelf benthos.
Effects of zinc on the production of alcohol byClostridium carboxidivoransP7 using model syngas
Authors: Li Demao , Meng Chunxiao , Wu Guanxun , Xie Bintao , Han Yifan , Guo Yaqiong , Song Chunhui , Gao Zhengquan , Huang Zhiyong
Published: December 2017

Renewable energy, including biofuels such as ethanol and butanol from syngas bioconversed by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7, has been drawing extensive attention due to the fossil energy depletion and global eco-environmental issues. Effects of zinc on the growth and metabolites of C. carboxidivorans P7 were investigated with model syngas as the carbon source. The cell concentration was doubled, the ethanol content increased 3.02-fold and the butanol content increased 7.60-fold, the hexanol content increased 44.00-fold in the medium with 280 μM Zn2+, when comparing with those in the control medium [Zn2+, (7 μM)]. Studies of the genes expression involved in the carbon fixation as well as acid and alcohol production in the medium with 280 μM Zn2+ indicated that fdhII was up-regulated on the second day, acs A, fdhII, bdh35 and bdh50 were up-regulated on the third day and bdh35, acsB, fdhI, fdhIII, fdhIV, buk, bdh10, bdh35, bdh40 and bdh50 were up-regulated on the fourth day. The results indicated that the increased Zn2+ content increased the alcohol production through increase in the gene expression of the carbon fixation and alcohol dehydrogenase.
A Unifying View on SMT-Based Software Verification
Authors: Beyer Dirk , Dangl Matthias , Wendler Philipp
Published: December 2017

After many years of successful development of new approaches for software verification, there is a need to consolidate the knowledge about the different abstract domains and algorithms. The goal of this paper is to provide a compact and accessible presentation of four SMT-based verification approaches in order to study them in theory and in practice. We present and compare the following different “schools of thought” of software verification: bounded model checking, k-induction, predicate abstraction, and lazy abstraction with interpolants. Those approaches are well-known and successful in software verification and have in common that they are based on SMT solving as the back-end technology. We reformulate all four approaches in the unifying theoretical framework of configurable program analysis and implement them in the verification framework CPAchecker. Based on this, we can present an evaluation that thoroughly compares the different approaches, where the core differences are expressed in configuration parameters and all other variables are kept constant (such as parser front end, SMT solver, used theory in SMT formulas). We evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the approaches on a large set of verification tasks and discuss the conclusions.
Experimental effects and causal representations
Authors: Keyser Vadim
Published: December 2017

In experimental settings, scientists often “make” new things, in which case the aim is to intervene in order to produce experimental objects and processes—characterized as ‘effects’. In this discussion, I illuminate an important performative function in measurement and experimentation in general: intervention-based experimental production (IEP). I argue that even though the goal of IEP is the production of new effects, it can be informative for causal details in scientific representations. Specifically, IEP can be informative about causal relations in: regularities under study; ‘intervention systems’, which are measurement/experimental systems; and new technological systems.
Open Innovation Capacity of the Polish Universities
Authors: Baron Marcin
Published: December 2017

Following the patterns of open innovation should be one of the key elements of knowledge management systems in universities. Universities sharing or selling their intellectual property become natural partners, allies or suppliers in securing innovation in companies. The paper adds to the state of the art research by presenting data on Polish technical universities and by offering discussion over their open innovation capacity. The study covers two key aspects: (1) universities delivering solutions as partners/suppliers in outside-in innovation processes of companies and (2) universities as facilitators of open innovation ecosystems or key players in the ecosystems. The author seeks to answer the research question whether actions undertaken by universities to boost their presence in open innovation ecosystems affect the dynamics of the commercial use of their intellectual property. A method of structured self-assessment concerning open innovation capacity is proposed and applied. Results are cross-checked by accessing financial data concerning research and development contracts. In terms of the sale of intellectual property, Polish technical universities break down into three groups: three leaders, three followers and the low-end. The self-assessment inevitably raises a question whether open innovation is a real business model for universities or is it just a way to seek out opportunities? Open innovation capacity of the Polish technical universities is only potentially high. Even though they set up relevant supporting instruments, they hardly use them for real open innovation transactions.
INTUITIONISTIC ANALYSIS AT THE END OF TIME
Authors: MOSCHOVAKIS JOAN RAND
Published: December 2017

Kripke recently suggested viewing the intuitionistic continuum as an expansion in time of a definite classical continuum. We prove the classical consistency of a three-sorted intuitionistic formal system IC, simultaneously extending Kleene’s intuitionistic analysis I and a negative copy C° of the classically correct part of I, with an “end of time” axiom ET asserting that no choice sequence can be guaranteed not to be pointwise equal to a definite (classical or lawlike) sequence. “Not every sequence is pointwise equal to a definite sequence” is independent of IC. The proofs are by Crealizability interpretations based on classical ω-models ${\cal M}$ = $\left( {\omega ,{\cal C}} \right)$ of C°.
METAVALUATIONS
Authors: BRADY ROSS T.
Published: December 2017

This is a general account of metavaluations and their applications, which can be seen as an alternative to standard model-theoretic methodology. They work best for what are called metacomplete logics, which include the contraction-less relevant logics, with possible additions of Conjunctive Syllogism, (A→B) & (B→C) → .A→C, and the irrelevant, A→ .B→A, these including the logic MC of meaning containment which is arguably a good entailment logic. Indeed, metavaluations focus on the formula-inductive properties of theorems of entailment form A→B, splintering into two types, M1- and M2-, according to key properties of negated entailment theorems (see below). Metavaluations have an inductive presentation and thus have some of the advantages that model theory does, but they represent proof rather than truth and thus represent proof-theoretic properties, such as the priming property, if ├ A $\vee$ B then ├ A or ├ B, and the negated-entailment properties, not-├ ∼(A→B) (for M1-logics, with M1-metavaluations) and ├ ∼(A→B) iff ├ A and ├ ∼ B (for M2-logics, with M2-metavaluations). Topics to be covered are their impact on naive set theory and paradox solution, and also Peano arithmetic and Godel’s First and Second Theorems. Interesting to note here is that the familiar M1- and M2-metacomplete logics can be used to solve the set-theoretic paradoxes and, by inference, the Liar Paradox and key semantic paradoxes. For M1-logics, in particular, the final metavaluation that is used to prove the simple consistency is far simpler than its correspondent in the model-theoretic proof in that it consists of a limit point of a single transfinite sequence rather than that of a transfinite sequence of such limit points, as occurs in the model-theoretic approach. Additionally, it can be shown that Peano Arithmetic is simply consistent, using metavaluations that constitute finitary methods. Both of these results use specific metavaluational properties that have no correspondents in standard model theory and thus it would be highly unlikely that such model theory could prove these results in their final forms.
Medical Response to the Tianjin Explosions: Lessons Learned
Authors: Zhang Jin-Jun , Wang Tian-Bing , Fan Da , Zhang Jun , Jiang Bao-Guo
Published: December 2017

Background

On August 12, 2015, a hazardous chemical explosion occurred in the Tianjin Port of China. The explosions resulted in 165 deaths, 8 missing people, injuries to thousands of people. We present the responses of emergency medical services and hospitals to the explosions and summarize the lessons that can be learned.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of the responses of emergency medical services and hospitals to the Tianjin explosions. Data on injuries, outcomes, and patient flow were obtained from the government and the hospitals.

Results

A total of 46 ambulances and 143 prehospital care professionals were dispatched to the scene, and 198 wounded were transferred to hospitals by ambulance. More than 4000 wounded casualties surged into hospitals, and 798 wounded were admitted. Both emergency medical services and hospitals were quick and successful in the early stage of the explosions. The strategy of 4 centralizations (4Cs) for medical services management in a mass casualty event was successfully applied.

Conclusions

The risk of accidental events has increased in recent years. We should take advantage of the lessons learned from the explosions and apply these in future disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 411–414)
Can Pahl and Beitz’ systematic approach be a predictive model of designing?
Authors: Kannengiesser Udo , Gero John S.
Published: December 2017

Pahl and Beitz’ ‘Systematic Approach’ is generally seen as a prescriptive model of designing based on observations of professional design practice. In this paper, we examine whether this model can be used as a predictive model. This is done by testing its predictive capacity for the design behaviour of students that are formally taught design and design methods. The behavioural observations used in this study are based on protocols of 15 design sessions involving mechanical engineering students after their first year of design education and 31 design sessions of the students using various concept generation methods. The design protocols and the Systematic Approach are coded uniformly using the Function–Behaviour–Structure (FBS) design issue schema. Cumulative occurrence analysis is used to derive qualitative and quantitative measures as a basis for comparison between the Systematic Approach’s prediction and the students’ design behaviour. The results indicate that the Systematic Approach can predict some but not all of students’ design issue behaviour.
Finding a Space for Women: The British Medical Association and Women Doctors in Australia, 1880–1939
Authors: McCarthy Louella
Published: December 2017

This paper examines the experiences of women in one professional organisation – the British Medical Association in Australia – during a significant period in the development of such bodies. In doing so it offers an opportunity to consider the relationship between professional societies and the construction of a gendered profession. For the medical profession in particular the time-frame of this study, from the 1880s to the 1930s, has been regarded by scholars as especially important. In this period various features of medical professionalism came to prominence: the status and authority of doctors, the processes of formally registering medical credentials, and the scope and cohesiveness of professional associations. Taking the third of these themes, the current paper extends previous analyses by uniting gender with history and medicine as the central point of examination, in order to evaluate the changing and contested positions of women within the profession. In this way we not only demonstrate how the history of professional societies can reveal the diverse beliefs and shifting priorities of their members, but also contribute to explaining the remarkable persistence of gendered differences in the medical profession.
Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age
Authors: Zwigenberg Ran
Published: December 2017

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment’s efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
‘From Defensive Paranoia to …Openness to Outside Scrutiny’: Prison Medical Officers in England and Wales, 1979–86
Authors: Duvall Nicholas
Published: December 2017

This article examines how a branch of medicine based within the criminal justice system responded to a society which by the 1970s and 1980s was increasingly critical of the prison system and medical authority. The Prison Medical Service, responsible for the health care of prisoners in England and Wales, was criticised by prison campaigners and doctors alike for being unethical, isolated, secretive, and beholden to the interests of the Home Office rather than those of their patients. While prison doctors responded defensively to criticisms in the 1970s and 1980s, comparing their own standards of practice favourably with those found in the NHS, and arguing that doctors from outside would struggle to cope in the prison environment, by 1985 their attitudes had changed. Giving evidence to a House of Commons committee, prison doctors displayed a much greater willingness to discuss how the prison system made their work more difficult, and expressed a pronounced desire to engage openly with the rest of the profession to address these problems. The change of attitude partly reflects a desire by the Home Secretary William Whitelaw to make the Prison Service more open, and an acceptance of a need for greater accountability in medicine generally. Most important, however, was a greater interest in prison health care and appreciation of the difficulties of prison practice among the wider medical profession, encouraging prison doctors to speak out. This provides a case study of how a professional group could engage openly with criticisms of their work under favourable circumstances.
The Equation of State for the Nucleonic and Hyperonic Core of Neutron Stars
Authors: Tolos Laura , Centelles Mario , Ramos Angels
Published: December 2017

We re-examine the equation of state for the nucleonic and hyperonic inner core of neutron stars that satisfies the 2M⊙ observations as well as the recent determinations of stellar radii below 13 km, while fulfilling the saturation properties of nuclear matter and finite nuclei together with the constraints on the high-density nuclear pressure coming from heavy-ion collisions. The recent nucleonic FSU2R and hyperonic FSU2H models are updated in order to improve the behaviour of pure neutron matter at subsaturation densities. The corresponding nuclear matter properties at saturation, the symmetry energy, and its slope turn out to be compatible with recent experimental and theoretical determinations. We obtain the mass, radius, and composition of neutron stars for the two updated models and study the impact on these properties of the uncertainties in the hyperon–nucleon couplings estimated from hypernuclear data. We find that the onset of appearance of each hyperon strongly depends on the hyperon–nuclear uncertainties, whereas the maximum masses for neutron stars differ by at most 0.1M⊙, although a larger deviation should be expected tied to the lack of knowledge of the hyperon potentials at the high densities present in the centre of 2M⊙ stars. For easier use, we provide tables with the results from the FSU2R and FSU2H models for the equation of state and the neutron star mass–radius relation.
The effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in healthy men
Authors: Alsubheen Sana’a A. , Ismail Mohammad , Baker Alicia , Blair Jason , Adebayo Adeboye , Kelly Liam , Chandurkar Vikram , Cheema Sukhinder , Joanisse Denis R. , Basset Fabien A.
Published: December 2017

The study aimed to examine the effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting (RF) on substrate oxidation, energy production, blood lipids and glucose as well as body composition. Nine healthy Muslim men (fasting (FAST) group) and eight healthy non-practicing men (control (CNT) group) were assessed pre- and post-RF. FAST were additionally assessed at days 10, 20 and 30 of RF in the morning and evening. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, substrate oxidation and energy production by indirect calorimetry, blood metabolic profile by biochemical analyses and energy balance by activity tracker recordings and food log analyses. A significant group×time interaction revealed that chronic RF reduced body mass and adiposity in FAST, without changing lean mass, whereas CNT subjects remained unchanged. In parallel to these findings, a significant main diurnal effect (morningv.evening) of RF on substrate oxidation (a shift towards lipid oxidation) and blood metabolic profile (a decrease in glucose and an increase in total cholesterol and TAG levels, respectively) was observed, which did not vary over the course of the Ramadan. In conclusion, although RF induces diurnal metabolic adjustments (morningv.evening), no carryover effect was observed throughout RF despite the extended daily fasting period (18·0 (sd0·3) h) and changes in body composition.
Sociodemographic factors associated with dietary supplement use in early pregnancy in a Swedish cohort
Authors: Bärebring Linnea , Mullally Deirdre , Glantz Anna , Elllis Joy , Hulthén Lena , Jagner Åse , Bullarbo Maria , Winkvist Anna , Augustin Hanna
Published: December 2017

Sociodemographic factors have been associated with dietary supplement use among pregnant women but few data exist in a Swedish population. This study aimed to identify factors associated with overall supplement use as well as use of folic acid, vitamin D and n-3 in early pregnancy. Women in the first trimester of pregnancy were included at registration to the antenatal care in 2013–2014 (n 2109). Information regarding supplement use as well as sociodemographic and anthropometric data were obtained from questionnaires and medical records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between sociodemographic variables and supplement use. A total of 78 % of the participants reported using at least one dietary supplement in the first trimester. Folic acid supplement use was reported by 74 %, vitamin D supplement use by 43 % and n-3 supplement use by <5 %. Use of any type of supplement in early pregnancy was related to gestational age, parity, birthplace, education and employment. Folic acid supplement use was related to gestational age, parity, birthplace, income, education and employment. Vitamin D supplement use was related to gestational age, birthplace and education. In conclusion, in the first trimester of pregnancy, folic acid supplements were used by three in four women, while vitamin D supplements were used by less than half of the women. The results of this study show a socioeconomic disparity between supplement users and non-users which may have a negative impact on the health of future generations.
How Exposure to Violence Affects Ethnic Voting
Authors: Hadzic Dino , Carlson David , Tavits Margit
Published: December 2017

How does wartime exposure to ethnic violence affect the political preferences of ordinary citizens? Are high-violence communities more or less likely to reject the politicization of ethnicity post-war? We argue that community-level experience with wartime violence solidifies ethnic identities, fosters intra-ethnic cohesion and increases distrust toward non-co-ethnics, thereby making ethnic parties the most attractive channels of representation and contributing to the politicization of ethnicity. Employing data on wartime casualties at the community level and pre- as well as post-war election results in Bosnia, we find strong support for this argument. The findings hold across a number of robustness checks. Using post-war survey data, we also provide evidence that offers suggestive support for the proposed causal mechanism.
Assessing resistance of sugarcane varieties to sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fab. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Tomaz A.C. , Coutinho A.E. , Soares B.O. , Peternelli L.A. , Pereira E.J.G. , Barbosa M.H.P.
Published: December 2017

In this study, we investigated resistance traits to the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fab. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the leaves and stalks of six sugarcane cultivars in a series of greenhouse and laboratory assays. Investigation of plant factors and infestation rates to better discriminate stalk damage by the sugarcane borer indicated that infestation of 7-month-old, single plants with 20 larvae at the third or fourth instar per plant was suitable to assess tunneling length. Three cultivars (i.e. SP803280, RB928064, and RB835486) had lower stalk damage (i.e. tunnel length) than cultivar SP891115, which exhibited relatively greater susceptibility to tunneling by the borer. The time required for the larvae to enter the sugarcane stalk was longer for cultivar SP803280, indicating resistance traits on the stalk surface, which correlated with lower stalk damage. Larvae feeding on SP813250 stalks had the lowest weight gain, indicating that this cultivar has resistance traits to larval development within its stalks. Cultivars RB867515 and SP891115 resulted in the highest mortality of early-stage larvae feeding on leaves, indicating the presence of resistance factors in their leaves. Multi-trait cluster and principal component analyses placed the cultivars into three and four clusters, respectively. The cultivars placed in different groups that exhibited resistance to leaf feeding, stalk entrance, and tunneling by the sugarcane borer could be used for crossings in sugarcane breeding programs with the goal of obtaining higher levels of resistance to D. saccharalis.