bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMASI TOPOLOGI DAN UKURAN PENAMPANG STRUKTUR RANGKA BATANG BAJA DENGAN METODE METAHEURISTIK
Authors: Hartono Ricky Agusta , Prayogo Doddy , Tjong Wong Foek
Published: September 2019

Optimasi topologi dari struktur rangka batang baja memberikan hasil yang lebih optimal dibandingkan optimasi ukuran penampang karena batang dan nodes yang tidak berguna pada struktur dapat dihilangkan. Fungsi objektif dari algoritma metaheuristik adalah untuk meminimalkan massa struktur rangka batang baja terhadap constraints statis dan dinamis berdasarkan studi kasus dan spesifikasi bangunan baja struktural Indonesia, SNI 1729:2015. Empat algoritma yang digunakan pada studi ini adalah: Particle Swarm Optimization, Differential Evolution, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization, dan Symbiotic Organisms Search. Keempat algoritma tersebut diuji pada studi kasus 24-bar truss. Performa dari algoritma diukur dari lima kriteria massa, yaitu: massa terbaik, terburuk, rata-rata, standar deviasi, dan median dari struktur rangka batang baja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan SOS menunjukkan performa terbaik pada studi kasus 24-bar truss.
The ideal couch tracking system—Requirements and evaluation of current systems
Authors: Jöhl Alexander , Ehrbar Stefanie , Guckenberger Matthias , Klöck Stephan , Mack Andreas , Meboldt Mirko , Zeilinger Melanie , Tanadini‐Lang Stephanie , Schmid Daners Marianne
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Intrafractional motion can cause substantial uncertainty in precision radiotherapy. Traditionally, the target volume is defined to be sufficiently large to cover the tumor in every position. With the robotic treatment couch, a real‐time motion compensation can improve tumor coverage and organ at risk sparing. However, this approach poses additional requirements, which are systematically developed and which allow the ideal robotic couch to be specified.

Methods and materials

Data of intrafractional tumor motion were collected and analyzed regarding motion range, frequency, speed, and acceleration. Using this data, ideal couch requirements were formulated. The four robotic couches Protura, Perfect Pitch, RoboCouch, and RPSbase were tested with respect to these requirements.

Results

The data collected resulted in maximum speed requirements of 60 mm/s in all directions and maximum accelerations of 80 mm/s2 in the longitudinal, 60 mm/s2 in the lateral, and 30 mm/s2 in the vertical direction. While the two robotic couches RoboCouch and RPSbase completely met the requirements, even these two showed a substantial residual motion (40% of input amplitude), arguably due to their time delays.

Conclusion

The requirements for the motion compensation by an ideal couch are formulated and found to be feasible for currently available robotic couches. However, the performance these couches can be improved further regarding the position control if the demanded speed and acceleration are taken into account as well.
Tribological Performance and Electrochemical Behavior of Ti‐29Nb‐14Ta‐4.5Zr Alloy in Simulated Physiological Solution
Authors: Haftlang Farahnaz , Zarei-Hanzaki Abbas , Abedi Hamid Reza , Kalaei Mohammad Amin
Published: September 2019

Herein, the tribological performance and in vitro electrochemical behavior of Ti‐29Nb‐13Ta‐4.6Zr (TNTZ) reinforced by various nanosized phases are investigated. The various microstructures—1) single β‐phase, 2) β + α″ martensite, 3) β + ω, and 4) β + α—are prepared through purposeful heat treatment and subsequent aging. Sliding wear tests are performed under the applied load of 5 N and sliding speed of 0.3 mm s−1 against Ti‐6Al‐4V extra‐low interstitial alloy. Wear performance of the heat‐treated alloys significantly improves compared with the solution‐treated state, where the β + ω microstructure possesses the lowest weight losses. In fact, the precipitation of the nonsharable hard nanophase improves plastic shear resistance of the subsurface and in turn prohibits premature crack initiation. Such a supporting effect of the subsurface layer also increases the stability of the superficial oxide layer and decreases the amount of metallic/oxide debris. The electrochemical performances of the elaborated microstructures are assessed through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the simulated body fluid. Interestingly, the β + ω alloy exhibits the extraordinary corrosion resistance compared to other structures. This is attributed to the uniform distribution, spherical morphology, and coherent interface of the ω‐nanoprecipitates.
Architected Polymer Foams via Direct Bubble Writing
Authors: Visser Claas Willem , Amato Dahlia N. , Mueller Jochen , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: September 2019

Polymer foams are cellular solids composed of solid and gas phases, whose mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties are determined by the composition, volume fraction, and connectivity of both phases. A new high‐throughput additive manufacturing method, referred to as direct bubble writing, for creating polymer foams with locally programmed bubble size, volume fraction, and connectivity is reported. Direct bubble writing relies on rapid generation and patterning of liquid shell–gas core droplets produced using a core–shell nozzle. The printed polymer foams are able to retain their overall shape, since the outer shell of these bubble droplets consist of a low‐viscosity monomer that is rapidly polymerized during the printing process. The transition between open‐ and closed‐cell foams is independently controlled by the gas used, while the foam can be tailored on‐the‐fly by adjusting the gas pressure used to produce the bubble droplets. As exemplars, homogeneous and graded polymer foams in several motifs, including 3D lattices, shells, and out‐of‐plane pillars are fabricated. Conductive composite foams with controlled stiffness for use as soft pressure sensors are also produced.
Materials Databases: The Need for Open, Interoperable Databases with Standardized Data and Rich Metadata
Authors: Coudert François‐Xavier
Published: September 2019

Driven by the recent rapid increase in the number of materials databases published (open and commercial), some perspectives on the growing need for standardized, interoperable, open databases are discussed here. The field of computational materials discovery is quickly expanding, and recent advances in data mining, high‐throughput screening, and machine learning highlight the potential of open databases.
Successful Implementation of a Resident Liaison to Medical Students in Emergency Medicine Rotations
Authors: Bod Jessica , Tsyrulnik Alina , Coughlin Ryan , Della‐Giustina David , Goldflam Katja
Published: September 2019

Background

As the role of the resident‐as‐teacher grows, some residents are inspired to develop themselves early as leaders in education while in training. We describe the successful implementation of a resident liaison (RL) to medical students in emergency medicine (EM) as a way to develop resident leaders in medical education.

Methods

This position was implemented to develop interested residents as leaders in medical education and to provide medical students access to an EM physician who is closer to their training level and may be more approachable than the clerkship director. RLs are mentored by the clerkship director and are involved in curricular programming and education research.

Results

This innovation has strengthened our student EM rotations and has provided residents with a unique opportunity to explore a career in medical education. Residents have made tangible contributions to our educational programming in this role and have pursued careers in medical education. The program has been recognized as a “best practice” by students and the school of medicine.

Conclusions

The RL initiative has conferred significant benefits to residents and medical students. Implementation of a RL program may benefit EM rotations outside of our institution and perhaps outside of the EM specialty.
An Americium‐Containing Metal–Organic Framework: A Platform for Studying Transplutonium Elements
Authors: Ridenour J. August , Surbella Robert G. , Gelis Artem V. , Koury Daniel , Poineau Frederic , Czerwinski Kenneth R. , Cahill Christopher L.
Published: September 2019

The synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic characterization of the first transplutonium metal–organic framework (MOF) is described. The preparation and structure of Am‐GWMOF‐6, [Am2(C6H8O4)3(H2O)2][(C10H8N2)], is analogous to that of the isostructural trivalent lanthanide‐only containing material GWMOF‐6. The presented MOF architecture is used as a platform to probe Am3+ coordination chemistry and guest‐enhanced luminescent emission, whereas the framework itself provides a means to monitor the effects of self‐irradiation upon crystallinity over time. Presented here is a discussion of these properties and the opportunities that MOFs provide in the structural and spectroscopic study of actinides.
Tunable Reduction of 2,4,6‐Tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐Triazine: From Radical Anion to Diradical Dianion to Radical Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Tang Shuxuan , Ruan Huapeng , Feng Rui , Zhao Yue , Tan Gengwen , Zhang Li , Wang Xinping
Published: September 2019

The reduction of 2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TPT) with alkali metals resulted in four radical anion salts (1, 2, 4 and 5) and one diradical dianion salt (3). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveal that 1 contains the monoradical anion TPT.− stacked in one‐dimensional (1D) with K+(18c6) and 2 can be viewed as a 1D magnetic chain of TPT.−, while 4 and 5 form radical metal‐organic frameworks (RMOFs). 1D pore passages, with a diameter of 6.0 Å, containing solvent molecules were observed in 5. Variable‐temperature EPR measurements show that 3 has an open‐shell singlet ground state that can be excited to a triplet state, consistent with theoretical calculation. The work suggests that the direct reduction approach could lead to the formation of RMOFs.
Chalkogenbrückenkatalyse einer Nitro‐Michael‐Reaktion
Authors: Wonner Patrick , Dreger Alexander , Vogel Lukas , Engelage Elric , Huber Stefan M.
Published: September 2019

Chalkogenbrücken sind nicht‐kovalente Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lewis‐aziden Chalkogensubstituenten und Lewis‐Basen. Hierin präsentieren wir die erste Anwendung dikationischer, Tellur‐basierter Chalkogenbrückendonoren als Katalysatoren in einer Nitro‐Michael‐Reaktion zwischen trans‐β‐Nitrostyrol und Indolen. Dies ist außerdem die erste Aktivierung einer Nitro‐Gruppe durch Chalkogenbrücken (und Halogenbrücken). Die Katalysatoren zeigten eine mehr als 300‐fache Beschleunigung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zu stark Lewis‐sauren Wasserstoffbrückendonoren. Durch mehrere Vergleichsexperimente, Titrationen und DFT‐Rechnungen konnte die Aktivierung des Nitrostyrols durch Chalkogenbrücken nachgewiesen werden.
Getting on Board: A Critical Analysis of Women on International Corporate Boards
Authors: Haley Usha C. V. , Haley George T. , Markova Gergana
Published: September 2019

Usha C.V. Haley, Ph.D., is the W. Frank Barton Distinguished Chair in International Business and professor of management at Wichita State University. George T. Haley, Ph.D., is professor of marketing at the University of New Haven. Gergana Markova, Ph.D., is associate professor of management at Wichita State University. In this article, the authors discuss the status of women on international corporate boards and offer recommendations to achieve gender parity.
CRISPR/Cas‐mediated Fubp1 silencing disrupts circadian oscillation of Per1 protein via downregulating Syncrip expression
Authors: Kim Tae‐Jun , Sung Jae Hun , Shin Jae‐Cheon , Kim Do‐Yeon
Published: September 2019

Most living organisms have physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms controlled by molecular clocks. In mammals, several core clock genes show self‐perpetuating oscillation profiles of their messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and proteins through an auto‐regulatory transcription–translation feedback loop (TTFL). As a critical component in the molecular clock system, Period 1 (Per1) contributes to the maintenance of circadian rhythm duration predominantly in peripheral clocks. Alterations in Per1 expression and oscillating patterns lead to the development of cancers as well as circadian rhythm abnormalities. In this study, we demonstrate that the phasic profile of Per1 protein was clearly disrupted in CRISPR/Cas‐mediated Fubp1‐deficient cells. Although Fubp1 does not show rhythmic expression, Fubp1 upregulates the mRNA and protein level of Syncrip, the main post‐transcriptional regulator of Per1 protein oscillation. In addition to the diverse physiological functions of Fubp1, including cell‐cycle regulation and cellular metabolic control, our results suggest new roles for Fubp1 in the molecular clock system.
Multiple Quantum Coherences Hyperpolarized at Ultra‐Low Fields
Authors: Buckenmaier Kai , Scheffler Klaus , Plaumann Markus , Fehling Paul , Bernarding Johannes , Rudolph Matthias , Back Christoph , Koelle Dieter , Kleiner Reinhold , Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Pravdivtsev Andrey N.
Published: September 2019

The development of hyperpolarization technologies enabled several yet exotic NMR applications at low and ultra‐low fields (ULF), where without hyperpolarization even the detection of a signal from analytes is a challenge. Herein, we present a method for the simultaneous excitation and observation of homo‐ and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherences (from zero up to the third‐order), which give an additional degree of freedom for ULF NMR experiments, where the chemical shift variation is negligible. The approach is based on heteronuclear correlated spectroscopy (COSY); its combination with a phase‐cycling scheme allows the selective observation of multiple quantum coherences of different orders. The nonequilibrium spin state and multiple spin orders are generated by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) and detected at ULF with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)‐based NMR system.
Robust, Scalable Synthesis of the Bulky Hagfeldt Donor for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Baumann Alexandra , Watson Jonathon , Delcamp Jared H.
Published: September 2019

The bulky triarylamine group commonly referred to as the “Hagfeldt donor” is a key building block found in many of the organic dyes used in dye‐sensitized applications such as dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). This building block has gained popularity owing to its presence in many of the best‐performing DSC devices reported to date, which use dyes containing this donor group. The Hagfeldt donor provides a desirable 3‐dimensional structure that aids in surface protection of electrons injected into the semiconductor from oxidants in the electrolyte, allowing for record‐setting cobalt‐ and copper‐based redox shuttles to be utilized more frequently. However, the synthesis of this molecule has proven unreliable for many routes. This study concerns a novel, reliable and scalable five‐step synthesis of the Hagfeldt donor.
Nickel(II)‐Catalysed C–H Functionalization and Tandem Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with 1,3‐Dicarbonyls: Expedient Route to Functionalized Furans
Authors: Mohanty Anuradha , Roy Sujit
Published: September 2019

dl‐[Ni(Phen)3]Cl2/Ag2CO3 assisted coupling of alkynes with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds gave the corresponding substituted furans in good to excellent yields, and with good substrate scope. Beside the novel C–H functionalization and tandem coupling, the reaction also represents 100 % atomic economy.
Continuous dielectrophoretic particle separation via isomotive dielectrophoresis with bifurcating stagnation flow
Authors: Shkolnikov Viktor , Xin Daisy , Chen Chien‐Hua
Published: September 2019

We present a novel technique for continuous label‐free separation of particles based on their dielectrophoretic crossover frequencies. Our technique relies on our unique microfluidic geometry which performs hydrodynamic focusing, generates a stagnation flow with two outlets, and simultaneously produces an isomotive dielectrophoretic field via wall‐situated electrodes. To perform particle separation, we hydrodynamically focus particles onto stagnation streamlines and use isomotive dielectrophoretic force to nudge the particles off these streamlines and direct them into appropriate outlets. Focusing particles onto stagnation streamlines obviates the need for large forces to be applied to the particles and therefore increases system throughput. The use of isomotive (spatially uniform) dielectrophoretic force increases system reliability. To guide designers, we develop and describe a simple scaling model for the particle separation dynamics of our technique. The model predicts the range of particle sizes that can be separated as well as the processing rate that can be achieved as a function of system design parameters: channel size, flow rate, and applied potential. Finally, as a proof‐of‐principle, we use this technique to separate polystyrene bead and cell mixtures of the same diameters as well as mixtures of both particles with varying diameters.
Use of bioreactor systems in the propagation of forest trees
Authors: Vidal Nieves , Sánchez Conchi
Published: September 2019

Plant biotechnology can be used to conserve the germplasm of natural forests, and to increase the productivity and sustainability of plantations. Both goals imply working with mature trees, which are often recalcitrant to micropropagation. Conventional in vitro culture uses closed containers and gelled medium with sugar supplementation. Bioreactor culture uses liquid medium and usually incorporates aeration. The increased absorption of nutrients via the liquid medium together with the renewal of the air inside the bioreactors may improve the physiological state of the explants. In this review, we will explore the feasibility of using bioreactors to overcome the recalcitrance of many trees to micropropagation and/or to decrease the cost of large‐scale propagation. We will focus on the recent use of bioreactors during the multiplication, rooting (plant conversion in the case of somatic embryos), and acclimation stages of the micropropagation of axillary shoots and somatic embryos of forest trees (including some shrubs of commercial interest), in both temporary and continuous immersion systems. We will discuss the advantages and the main obstacles limiting the widespread implementation of bioreactor systems in woody plant culture, considering published scientific reports and contributions from the business sector.
Why Publitize? Part II: When Public Ownership Gained Ground in the US Electricity Industry
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: September 2019

In my last column, I wrote about how infrastructure “privatization” in the United States pre‐dated by over a century the worldwide utility privatization wave inspired by Margaret Thatcher's noteworthy actions in the 1980s and 1990s in the United Kingdom. Here, I review how public participation in the US power supply and distribution industry grew quickly in the 1920s and 1930s (a wave of US “publitization” of electricity supply, so to speak). That wave was a distinct and important era in the history of US electricity supply, but it was sparked primarily by the growing pains of US regulation. When Congress and the Supreme Court finally resolved the legal and administrative means to regulate US electric utilities effectively by the mid‐1940s, the era of rapid growth in US public power supply and municipally owned electricity distribution systems came to an end.
Protein Interactions with Nanoparticle Surfaces: Highlighting Solution NMR Techniques
Authors: Randika Perera Y. , Hill Rebecca A. , Fitzkee Nicholas C.
Published: September 2019

In the last decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have become a key tool in medicine and biotechnology as drug delivery systems, biosensors and diagnostic devices. The composition and surface chemistry of NPs vary based on the materials used: typically organic polymers, inorganic materials, or lipids. Nanoparticle classes can be further divided into sub‐categories depending on the surface modification and functionalization. These surface properties matter when NPs are introduced into a physiological environment, as they will influence how nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins will interact with the NP surface. While small‐molecule interactions are easily probed using NMR spectroscopy, studying protein‐NP interactions using NMR introduces several challenges. For example, globular proteins may have a perturbed conformation when attached to a foreign surface, and the size of NP‐protein conjugates can lead to excessive line broadening. Many of these challenges have been addressed, and NMR spectroscopy is becoming a mature technique for in situ analysis of NP binding behavior. It is therefore not surprising that NMR has been applied to NP systems and has been used to study biomolecules on NP surfaces. Important considerations include corona composition, protein behavior, and ligand architecture. These features are difficult to resolve using classical surface and material characterization strategies, and NMR provides a complementary avenue of characterization. In this review, we examine how solution NMR can be combined with other analytical techniques to investigate protein behavior on NP surfaces.
Treatment of type 1 diabetes by regulatory T‐cell infusion via regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Wang Guofeng , Yan Yongxin , Xu Ning , Yin Dong , Hui Yuan
Published: September 2019

Objective

To explore the role and molecular mechanism of regulatory T (Treg) cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

Patients with T1D and the healthy volunteers were selected and a number of CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, and CD127− T cells were determined. The rats were divided into the control, T1D model, and Treg infusion (T1D rats were infused with Treg) group. The number of CD4+, CD8−, and CD25+ T cells in the three groups were determined by flow cytometry. Weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, peptide C, glucagon, and glucagon like peptide 1 in the three groups were also determined. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and contents of interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐4, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, IL‐2, IL‐17, and IFN‐γ in patients with T1D, healthy volunteers, streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced T1D rat model, the control rat, and Treg infusion rats were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

Results

Treg content in patients with T1D was significantly decreased compared with the control volunteers. Treg content in rats was markedly decreased after injection with STZ to induce T1D rat model, while Treg infusion weakened the decrease. The change scope of weight and blood glucose in the model and Treg group was bigger than the control group, and the change in the infusion group was lighter than the model group. T1D decreased the expressions of IL‐10, IL‐4, TGF‐β, and IL‐2, while Treg infusion weakened the decrease. The expressions of IL‐17 and IFN‐γ in the T1D group was increased, while Treg infusion weakened the increase.

Conclusion

Autologous Treg infusion can strengthen the immunologic and islet function to treat T1D which may be via regulating the expression of inflammatory factors.
The anticancer effect of the TLR4 inhibition using TAK‐242 (resatorvid) either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy: A novel therapeutic potential for breast cancer
Authors: Zandi Zahra , Kashani Bahareh , Bashash Davood , Poursani Ensieh M. , Mousavi Seyed A. , Chahardoli Bahram , Ghaffari Seyed H.
Published: September 2019

Increasing pieces of evidence indicate that inflammatory processes facilitate tumorigenesis; tumor cells simulate the mechanisms by which innate immune cells produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines to exploit them for their own survival and proliferation. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), which serves as one of the most well‐known receptors on the surface of the immune cells, is often expressed ectopically in the tumor cells resulting in tumor progression, invasion, and chemoresistance. In this study, we examined the anticancer effects of TAK‐242, a small molecule inhibitor of TLR4, on different breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, SKBR3, MDA‐MB‐231, and BT‐474. Our results showed that the TLR4 inhibition, as revealed by the downregulation of TLR4 downstream genes, exerted desirable cytotoxicity on the TLR4‐expressing cells, at least partly, through the downregulation of EGFR and c‐Myc genes. TAK‐242 also inhibited the proliferation of anoikis‐resistant cells and suppressed the clonal growth of the indicated cells. The results of this study propose a mechanistic pathway by which the inhibition of TLR4 using TAK‐242 could augment apoptotic cell death through the alteration of both nuclear factor‐кB‐ and p53‐related apoptosis genes in breast cancer cells, especially cells with overexpression of TLR4. Taken together, this study supports the idea that the activation of inflammatory pathways may have a crucial role in breast cancer progression and the inhibition of TLR4 using TAK‐242, either as a single agent or in combination, seems to be a novel promising strategy that could be clinically available in foreseeable future.
Signaling pathways in cytoskeletal responses to plasma membrane depolarization in corneal endothelial cells
Authors: Evans Frances , Hernández Julio A. , Chifflet Silvia
Published: September 2019

In previous work, we reported that plasma membrane potential depolarization (PMPD) provokes cortical F‐actin remodeling in bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells in culture, which eventually leads to the appearance of intercellular gaps. In kidney epithelial cells it has been shown that PMPD determines an extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)/Rho‐dependent increase in diphosphorylated myosin light chain (ppMLC). The present study investigated the signaling pathways involved in the response of BCE cells to PMPD. Differently to renal epithelial cells, we observed that PMPD leads to a decrease in monophosphorylated MLC (pMLC) without affecting diphosphorylated MLC. Also, that the pMLC reduction is a consequence of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) activation. In addition, we found evidence that the cAMP increase mostly depends on soluble adenylyl cyclase activity. Inhibition of this enzyme reduces the effect of PMPD on the cAMP rise, F‐actin remodeling, and pMLC decrease. No changes in phosho‐ERK were observed, although we could determine that RhoA undergoes activation. Our results suggested that active RhoA is not involved in the intercellular gap formation. Overall, the findings of this study support the view that, differently to renal epithelial cells, in BCE cells PMPD determines cytoskeletal reorganization via activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway.
Colony-stimulating factor-1- and interleukin-34-derived macrophages differ in their susceptibility to Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Popovic Milan , Yaparla Amulya , Paquin-Proulx Dominic , Koubourli Daphne V , Webb Rose , Firmani Marcia , Grayfer Leon
Published: September 2019

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains the leading global cause of death from an infectious agent. Mycobacteria thrive within their host Mϕs and presently, there is no animal model that permits combined in vitro and in vivo study of mycobacteria-host Mϕ interactions. Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), which causes TB in aquatic vertebrates, has become a promising model for TB research, owing to its close genetic relatedness to Mtb and the availability of alternative, natural host aquatic animal models. Here, we adopted the Xenopus laevis frog-Mm surrogate infection model to study host Mϕ susceptibility and resistance to mycobacteria. Mϕ differentiation is regulated though the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is activated by CSF-1 and the unrelated IL-34 cytokines. Using combined in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrated that CSF-1-Mϕs exacerbate Mm infections, are more susceptible to mycobacterial entry and are less effective at killing this pathogen. By contrast, IL-34-Mϕs confer anti-Mm resistance in vivo, are less susceptible to Mm entry and more effectively eliminate internalized mycobacteria. Moreover, we showed that the human CSF-1- and IL-34-Mϕs are likewise, respectively, susceptible and resistant to mycobacteria, and that both frog and human CSF-1-Mϕs are more prone to the spread of mycobacteria and to being infected by Mm-laden Mϕs than the respective IL-34-Mϕ subsets. This work marks the first report describing the roles of these Mϕ subsets in mycobacterial disease and may well lead to the development of more targeted anti-Mtb approaches.
Comparison of the performance of paired urine and cervical samples for cervical cancer screening in screening population
Authors: Xu Huifang , Yu Yanqin , George Whitney , Smith Jennifer S. , Hu Shangying , Dang Le , Zhang Xun , Pan Qinjing , Qiao Youlin , Zhao Fanghui
Published: September 2019

The main objective of this work is to determine the performance of urine for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in cervical cancer screening in screening population. Paired urine and cervical samples were collected from 2038 women (careHPV group: 1002, cobas4800 group: 1036) in 2015. Urine was tested by a new urine‐based HPV test and cervical samples by careHPV or cobas4800 HPV test. Women were triaged based on cervical results and then referred to colposcopy with biopsy as clinically indicated. In 2017, women were followed up and screened with cotesting strategy, women with any positive would be referred and biopsied if necessary. In careHPV group, the HPV prevalence of urine was 14.1%, and 16.4% for cervical samples. In cobas4800 group, it was 19.1% and 20.4%, correspondingly. The concordance of urine samples compared with cervical samples was moderate (careHPV group: 86.6%; κ = 0.48; cobas4800 group: 83%; κ = 0.46). The baseline sensitivity and specificity for urine against CIN2+  detection were 85.7%, 86.8% in careHPV group, and 69.2%, 82.3% in cobas4800 group, respectively. Cervical samples were 100% sensitive for both tests (careHPV and cobas4800) and 85.2% specific in careHPV group and 81.9% specific in cobas4800 group, respectively. The corresponding cumulative sensitivity and specificity were 68.8% and 87.1%, 58.8% and 81.9%, 87.5% and 85.5%, and 94.1% and 81.4%. Urine demonstrated certain potential in cervical cancer screening and could be an alternative if no better screening strategies available.
Development and testing of SPECT/CT lung phantoms made from expanding polyurethane foam
Authors: Lehnert Adrienne L. , Hunter William C. J. , McDougald Wendy A. , Harrison Robert L. , Lewellen Thomas K. , Vesselle Hubert J. , Miyaoka Robert S.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Currently, single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) lung phantoms are commonly constructed using polystyrene beads and interstitial radioactive water. However, this approach often results in a phantom with a density (typically −640 HU) that is considerably higher than that of healthy lung (−750 to −850 HU) or diseased lung (−900 to −950 HU). Furthermore, the polystyrene and water phantoms are often quite heterogeneous in both density and activity concentration, especially when reused. This work is devoted to examining methods for creating a more realistic lung phantom for quantitative SPECT/CT using 99mTc‐laced expanding polyurethane foam (EPF).

Methods

Numerous aspects of EPF utilization were studied, including stoichiometric mixing to control final foam density and the effect of water during growth. We also tested several ways of molding the foam lung phantoms. The most successful method utilized a three‐part silicone mold that allowed for creation of a two‐lobe phantom, with a different density and activity concentration in each lobe.

Results

The final phantom design allows for a more anatomically accurate geometry as well as customizable density and activity concentration in the different lobes of the lung. We demonstrated final lung phantom densities between −760 and −690 HU in the “healthy” phantom and −930 to −890 HU in the “unhealthy” phantom tissue. On average, we achieved 15% activity concentration nonuniformity and 12% density nonuniformity within a given lobe.

Conclusions

Final EPF lung phantoms closely matched the densities of both health and diseased lung tissue and had sufficient uniformities in both density and activity concentration for most nuclear medicine applications. Management of component moisture content is critical for phantom reproducibility.
‘Do you care about the river?' A critical discourse analysis and lessons for management of social conflict over Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) conservation in the case of voluntary stocking in Wales
Authors: Harrison Hannah L. , Kochalski Sophia , Arlinghaus Robert , Aas Øystein
Published: September 2019

Stakeholders with shared interests in fish conservation often disagree about which specific conservation measures are appropriate, leading to conflicts with sometimes long‐lasting and disruptive social and political effects. Managers are challenged to balance opposing stakeholder preferences with their own mandates in a charged environment. Using the 2014 termination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocking in Wales as a case, we conducted a critical discourse analysis of interview data, online print media, social media and policy documents to examine conflict and its mechanisms over time. The data sources represented four discourse planes: the social, media, social media and policy planes. We report five key findings:

The conflict around salmon stocking took place in three stages, beginning with a negotiated, manifest conflict that escalated during the 2014 policy process that terminated stocking, creating a persistent spin‐off conflict.

The stocking debate was shaped by two discourse coalitions promoting either pro‐ or anti‐hatchery arguments, and an emerging third coalition advocating for compromise. The coalitions disagreed on the effectiveness of stocking, the status of the salmon stock and had different management goals, revealing that the pro‐ or anti‐stocking debate was caused by complex, intertwined and partly opposing beliefs and values.

Different elements of the discourses emerged on different planes and arguments were mobile across the planes over time, explaining how selected key arguments were able to persist, gain dominance, re‐appear over time, thus dynamically fuelling and (re)shaping the conflict.

The policy change decision to terminate stocking in Wales institutionalized anti‐stocking discourses. It forced all stakeholder groups to acquiesce to one perspective of stocking, creating a win‐lose situation for some stakeholders.

The handling and result of the policy change led to the alienation of some stakeholder groups. Ecological management goals were achieved in the short term, but the acrimonious and yet‐unsettled social side effects affected the long‐term relationships and may negatively impact future conservation issues in the area.

We conclude that transdisciplinary active management designed for joint learning about stocking trade‐offs may be a suitable alternative to the ‘either‐or' outcomes observed in Wales that fostered sustained stakeholder conflicts instead of joint production of knowledge and understanding.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

An abridged and annotated audio version of this article can be found here.
Intrauterine growth restriction affects diaphragm function in adult female and male mice
Authors: Francis Maddison R. , Pinniger Gavin J. , Noble Peter B. , Wang Kimberley C. W.
Published: September 2019

Background

In utero diaphragm development is critically important for postnatal respiratory function and any disturbance to fetal development may lead to diaphragm dysfunction and respiratory complications in the postnatal period. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been shown to affect respiratory function in a sex‐dependent manner; however, the effect of IUGR on diaphragm function is unknown.

Aim

This study used a maternal hypoxia‐induced mouse model of IUGR to investigate the impact of IUGR on diaphragm function and structure in male and female adult offspring.

Materials and Methods

Pregnant BALB/c mice were housed under hypoxic conditions (10.5% O2) from gestational days 11 to 17.5 and then returned to normoxic conditions. Control mice were housed under normoxic conditions throughout pregnancy. At 8 weeks of age, offspring were euthanized and diaphragms isolated for functional assessment in organ bath experiments and for histological analysis.

Results

IUGR offspring were lighter at birth and remained lighter at 8 weeks of age compared to Controls. While diaphragm force (maximal or twitch) was not affected by treatment or sex, the IUGR group exhibited a longer half‐relaxation time after twitch contractions compared to Control. Female offspring had a lower maximum rate of force development and higher fatigue resistance compared to males, independent of IUGR. There was no difference in the diaphragm myofibre cross‐sectional area between groups or sexes.

Conclusion

Sex and IUGR independently affect diaphragm contraction in adult mice without changes in structure. This study demonstrates that IUGR affects diaphragm contractile function in later life and could impair respiratory function if exacerbated under conditions of increased respiratory load.
Designing development processes related to system of systems using a modeling framework
Authors: Shaked Avi , Reich Yoram
Published: September 2019

As manmade systems become increasingly complex and evolve into Systems of Systems of various kinds, a multitude of tasks needs to be performed in coordination throughout their development. In this paper, we briefly introduce a new modeling framework that was designed following systems engineering principles and based on extensive research of development efforts characteristics. We focus on the framework's ability to support the design of development processes while addressing Systems of Systems‐related challenges. We then describe a case study of using this framework to introduce a new capability into a large enterprise, which specializes in systems and System of Systems development. The example demonstrates the utility of using this framework for planning complex development efforts as well as improving the coordination of multiple development efforts in System of Systems development scenarios.
A Simple Correlation for Assessment of the Shock Wave Energy in Underwater Detonation
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Bagheri Vahid
Published: September 2019

Assessment of underwater detonation (explosion) is important for industrial purposes such as blasting cut of old warship, blasting droll and decoupled charge of blast underwater. Calculation of the shock wave energy requires several expensive experimental data such as the shock wave pressure and the representative time of the process. This work introduces a simple method for reliable prediction of the shock wave energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP), which show non‐ideal behavior. This method is based on the composition, loading density and the ratio of R/m1/3, where R is the distance between the pressure gauge and charge as well as m is the mass of explosive charge. The measured data for 86 and 21 composite Al/AP explosives are used to construct and test the new model. Statistical parameters including the root mean squared error (RMSE), and maximum of errors (Max Error) of the new model are 0.11 and 0.39 MJ·kg–1, respectively, which confirm high reliability of the new method. The values of RMSE and Max Error for test set are 0.13 and 0.30 MJ·kg–1, respectively. Cross validation of the novel model is also used to evaluate its goodness‐of‐fit, goodness‐of‐prediction, accuracy and precision. It is shown that the novel correlation can be applied for pure and composite explosives without Al/AP.
Collaborative Curriculum Design in Teacher Teams: Foundations
Authors: Voogt Joke , Pieters Jules , Pareja Roblin Natalie
Published: September 2019

This chapter serves as an introduction to the book. History shows that the intentions and ambitions of many curriculum innovations failed because the complexity of the design and implementation processes was often overlooked. Lack of teacher involvement in curriculum design processes is seen as an important cause for these disappointing outcomes. Several scholars have therefore called for more active involvement of (teams of) teachers in curriculum design processes. The first part of this chapter discusses the role of teachers in curriculum design, and how views about their involvement have evolved over time from reactive to more proactive involvement. Next, we examine how the products of curriculum design, curriculum materials, may contribute to teacher learning and curriculum enactment. We bring these two perspectives together in the final section where we use insights from sociocultural theory to conceptualize the key principles underlying collaborative curriculum design in teacher teams.
Implementation Activities in Design Teams: Opportunities to Demonstrate and Acquire Design Expertise
Authors: Huizinga Tjark , Nieveen Nienke , Handelzalts Adam
Published: September 2019

Teacher involvement in the design of curriculum materials is expected to facilitate the process of implementing an educational reform, especially when teams of teachers collaborate in Teacher Design Teams (TDTs). However, little is known about the implementation activities that provide opportunities to develop teachers’ curriculum design expertise. The implementation activities of three TDTs that renewed their foreign language curriculum were investigated using a case study approach. The results showed that although TDTs carried out a wide variety of activities to foster classroom implementation, classroom use of the new curriculum materials varied. The need for additional support for TDTs in the implementation process in order to successfully facilitate changes in teachers’ classroom practices is discussed.
Human and Blended Support to Assist Learning About ICT Integration in (Pre-service) Teacher Design Teams
Authors: Alayyar Ghaida , Fisser Petra
Published: September 2019

The context of this study is the pre-service science teacher education program at the Public Authority of Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait. A major problem in the pre-service teacher education curriculum at this institution was how pre-service science teachers were prepared to use ICT in their teaching. To tackle this problem, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) was used as a conceptual framework for developing an intervention to prepare students in the science teacher program for using ICT in their teaching. In the first iteration of the intervention students worked in design teams (DTs) and were coached by technology, pedagogy, and content experts, to find a technological solution for a pedagogical problem that a teacher normally faces. In the second iteration, students were offered an electronic support environment in addition to the expert support. As a result of the intervention, students had a positive attitude towards ICT and towards working in DTs. By adding the electronic support environment, the increase in student teachers’ positive attitude towards the use of ICT was even larger, as well as the increase in their knowledge about the pedagogical use of ICT in teaching. Implications for preparing pre-service students in ICT integration as part of their curriculum are discussed as well.
Teacher Learning in Collaborative Professional Development: Changes in Teacher and Student Practices
Authors: Anto Arkato Gendole , Coenders Fer
Published: September 2019

This chapter documents teacher learning from a 12-week collaborative professional development program (CPDP) at an Ethiopian university. Four teachers, supported by two facilitators, learned about and implemented communicative language teaching (CLT) in their teaching of English. A case study using individual teachers as units of analysis and a cross-case design was applied. Both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used. The study showed that a seminar where a CLT handout and a teachers’ guide were presented and explained, and micro-lessons were used to practice, resulted in increased CLT knowledge and positive changes in beliefs. Consequently, the teachers improved their CLT classroom practices. These practices also seemed to favorably influence student learning experiences. We recommend further investigating the potential of the CPDP to assist larger numbers of English language teachers to learn about CLT at their workplace and successfully implement it in their teaching practice.
Developing the Human, Material, and Structural Aspects of Infrastructure for Collaborative Curriculum Design: Lessons Learned
Authors: McKenney Susan
Published: September 2019

Collaborative curriculum design is a process through which two objectives are typically pursued, namely, the development of curriculum and materials for use in everyday classroom settings, and, through the discussions that this process engenders, teacher professional development. Yet, as described in the preceding chapters, achieving these goals is not easy. While many factors influence design team outcomes, the human, material, and structural aspects of infrastructure that are present in a collaborative design context are particularly important. First, the people engaging directly and indirectly in collaborative curriculum design process influence both its process and its outcomes. Second, teacher design teams can be facilitated or hampered by the material resources that they have available to them or that they create for themselves. Third, the structural conditions under which teams work, including policies, norms and routines, wield powerful influence on the teams’ motivation, feasibility and effectiveness. This chapter begins by briefly discussing the relationship between the two goals of collaborative curriculum design (curriculum development and teacher development). Next, the human, material, and structural aspects of infrastructure are introduced as an analytical frame. The body of the chapter revisits key findings from the cases given throughout this book, in light of the processes and outcomes of collaborative curriculum design, as well as the human, material, and structural aspects of infrastructure that can support them. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of these insights (which constitute recommendations for practice and policy), discussion of the findings, and recommendations for future research.