bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes of uncertainty in China's net primary production over the 21st century projected by theCMIP5Earth system models
Authors: Wang Tao , Lin Xin , Liu Yongwen , Dantec‐Nédélec Sarah , Ottlé Catherine
Published: October 2015

Net primary production is the initial step of the carbon cycle in which atmosphericCO2is fixed by plants. The responses of net primary production (NPP) to climate change andCO2are key processes that have the potential to significantly affect the climate–carbon feedback and future atmosphericCO2levels. Understanding futureNPPchanges is important for China that became the world's largestCO2emitter since 2006. Here, we analysedNPPchanges in China under the four emission scenarios from 11 Earth system models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. We find a general increase ofNPPover the 21st century under the four emission scenarios, with the large percentage increase in northwestern China and Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. However, there is a large model spread in the increase ofNPPat both country and local scales. We present a statistical approach to assess various processes to explain this large spread, and find that the large spread at the country level is predominantly attributed to inter‐model difference in parameterization ofCO2fertilization effect within each emission scenario. But the parameterization ofCO2fertilization effect not always dominates over the model spread across China. When it comes to the local scale, the model spread can be significantly contributed by inter‐model difference in parameterization ofNPPresponses to precipitation along with precipitation projection in northwestern China. Our findings provide the reasons for divergent responses of futureNPPthrough process decomposition and are the first to pinpoint that the model process dominating over the uncertainty exhibits regional dependence.
Trends in extreme temperature over Nigeria from percentile‐based threshold indices
Authors: Abatan Abayomi A. , Abiodun Babatunde J. , Lawal Kamoru A. , Gutowski William J.
Published: October 2015

This study analyses spatial and temporal trends in extreme temperature indices over Nigeria. The percentile indices were calculated from newly homogenized daily minimum and maximum temperature data for the period 1971–2012 for 21 stations in Nigeria. Indices describing the characteristics of hot extremes and cold extremes are calculated with the RClimDex software. The annual and seasonal trends in these indices are obtained using the ordinary least square fit and the statistical significance tested using the R‐based modified Mann–Kendall test. We examine characteristics of these indices for the entire country and separately for the three geographical zones in Nigeria: Guinea, Savanna, and Sahel. The spatial and temporal patterns of trends in the indices indicate that Nigeria has experienced statistically significant increase in the frequency of hot extreme and decrease in cold extreme events. Although majority of the stations have significant trends in warm days and warm nights, the annual trend is greatest in warm nights. In addition, the rate of warming in minimum temperature (‘warm nights’) is stronger in June, July, August (JJA) and September, October, November (SON) compare with December, January, February (DJF) and March, April, May (MAM). As for the trends in cold days and cold nights, the trends in cold nights are larger than for cold days at both the annual and seasonal scales. The regional analysis indicates that trends in warm nights and cold nights are most pronounced in Guinea and Sahel regions.
Observed trend of diurnal temperature range in the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades
Authors: You Qinglong , Min Jinzhong , Jiao Yang , Sillanpää Mika , Kang Shichang
Published: October 2015

Spatial and temporal variabilities of long‐term (1961–2013) diurnal temperature range (DTR) are examined in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) based on the 71 observational stations. The relative regional contributions to DTR in the TP are studied among maximum temperature, minimum temperature, total cloud cover (TCC), and atmospheric teleconnections. The regional annual mean DTR (average of the 71 stations) is 14.17 °C, with a clear maximum in winter (16.35 °C) and minimum in summer (12.62 °C). During 1961–2013, the DTR in the TP declines before the 1980s and shows mute change afterwards, with an annual rate of −0.20 °C decade−1 calculated by the Mann–Kendall method. The trend in DTR is primarily a consequence of greater warming in minimum temperature than maximum temperature. In summer, there are significant negative correlations between the TCC and DTR in the TP, suggesting that the decreases in the DTR are associated with variations of TCC in the region. The atmospheric circulation composite analysis between strongly positive and negative DTR in summer in the TP reveals that during the low DTR period the TP has more water vapour flux, stronger temperature advection, and strengthened southerly wind. This suggests that the atmospheric circulations have contributed to the trends in the DTR, but it is difficult to account for the specific contributions. Further investigations of the impact of global warming on the DTR in the TP are still required.
Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades
Authors: You Qinglong , Min Jinzhong , Kang Shichang
Published: October 2015

On the basis of mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature from the updated China Homogenized Historical Temperature Data Sets, the recent warming in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1961–2005 and global warming hiatus period are examined. During 1961–2005, the mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature in the whole TP show a statistically increasing trend especially after the 1980s, with the annual rates of 0.27, 0.19 and 0.36 °C decade−1, respectively. The performance of 26 general circulation models (GCMs) available in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is evaluated in the TP by comparison with the observations during 1961–2005. Most CMIP5 GCMs can capture the decadal variations of the observed mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature, and have significant positive correlations with observations (R > 0.5), with root mean squared error <1 °C. This suggests that CMIP5 GCMs can reproduce the recent temperature evolution in the TP, but with cold biases. However, most CMIP5 GCMs underestimate the observed warming rates, especially the CNRM‐CM5, GISS‐E2‐H and MRI‐CGCM3 models. There are significant positive correlations between the trend magnitudes and the anomaly of the mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature, with correlations of 0.85, 0.86 and 0.87, respectively. The warming from the observations and CMIP5 mean in the TP is significant during the global hiatus period, consistent with decreasing snow cover and albedo in the region. This study suggests that positive snow/ice‐albedo feedback processes may account for ongoing surface warming in the TP despite the pause in global mean surface warming.
Nonhydrogenic exciton spectrum in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3
Authors: Menéndez‐Proupin E. , Beltrán Ríos Carlos L. , Wahnón P.
Published: October 2015

The excitons in the orthorhombic phase of the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 are studied using the effective mass approximation. The electron–hole interaction is screened by a distance‐dependent dielectric function, as described by the Haken potential or the Pollmann–Büttner potential. The energy spectrum and the eigenfunctions are calculated for both cases. The results show that the Pollmann–Büttner model, using the corresponding parameters obtained from ab initio calculations, provides better agreement with the experimental results.

magnified image

(© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of different referencing methods on the accuracy of δ13C value measurement of ethanol fuel by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Neves Laura A. , Rodrigues Janaína M. , Daroda Romeu J. , Silva Paulo R. M. , Ferreira Alexandre A. , Aranda Donato A. G. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Fasciotti Maíra
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane bioethanol in the world. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the technique of choice to certify the origin/raw materials for ethanol production, but the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) for accurate measurements of δ13C values traceable to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), the international zero point for 13C/12C measurements, certified and compatible with gas chromatography (GC)/IRMS instruments may compromise the accuracy of δ13C determinations.

Methods

We evaluated the influence of methods for the calibration and normalization of raw δ13C values of ethanol samples. Samples were analyzed by GC/C/IRMS using two different GC columns. Different substances were used as isotopic standards for the working gas calibration. The δ13C values obtained with the three methods of normalization were statistically compared with those obtained with elemental analyzer (EA)/IRMS, since the δ13C results obtained using EA are traceable to VPDB via the NBS 22 reference material.

Results

It was observed that both the isotopic reference material for CO2 calibration and the GC column have a major effect on the δ13C measurements, leading to a bias of almost 2–3 ‰ in the δ13C values. All three methods of normalization were equivalent in performance, enabling an improvement in the GC/C/IRMS accuracy, compared with the EA/IRMS reference values for the samples.

Conclusions

All the methods of CO2 calibration, chromatography and normalization presented in this work demonstrated several sources of traceability and accuracy loss for the determination of δ13C values in ethanol fuel samples by GC/C/IRMS. This work has also shown the importance of using proper CRMs traceable to VPBD that should be compatible and certified using GC/C/IRMS, ideally in a wide range of δ13C values. This is important not only for bioethanol fuel samples, but also for many analytes commonly analyzed by IRMS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of amino acids from NH3/NO2, CO2 and H2O: Implications for the prebiotic origin of biomolecules
Authors: Singh Amrinder , Nisha  , Singh Palwinder
Published: October 2015

Rationale

The search for the conditions which must have prevailed in the long‐distant past during the conversion of inanimate matter into animate matter is a fascinating area of research and it continues to draw the attention of the scientific community. The initiation of life on this planet must have been preceded by the development of biomolecules, amongst which amino acids have unique importance. Formation of amino acids under a certain set of conditions is shown in the present experiments.

Methods

Solutions of ammonium carboxylates or the mixture of two such salts were prepared in 3:6.9:0.1 (v/v/v) acetonitrile/water/formic acid at a concentration of 50 μM. The studies were performed using a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometer. The formation of different amino acids was detected with high‐resolution mass spectrometry.

Results

Here, we show the formation of amino acids when a solution of ammonium salts was injected into an electrospray ionization (ESI)‐QqTOF‐MS instrument. The ammonium salts were the source of NH3 and CO2 and H2O was available in the medium. It seems that the combination of NH3, CO2, and H2O leads to the formation of amino acids.

Conclusions

Further to the literature reports of formation of amino acids under the reduced atmosphere represented by gases such as NH3, CH4, H2 and H2O, here we demonstrate the formation of amino acids by the combination of NH3/NO2, CO2 and water vapours in the ESI source of the mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine
Authors: Barnidge David R. , Krick Thomas P. , Griffin Timothy J. , Murray David L.
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Use of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) to monitor serum and urine samples for endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins. MALDI‐TOFMS is faster, fully automatable, and provides superior specificity compared to protein gel electrophoresis (PEL).

Methods

Samples were enriched for immunoglobulins in 5 min using Melon Gel™ followed by reduction with dithiothreitol for 15 min to separate immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains. Samples were then desalted using C4 ZipTips, mixed with sinapinic acid matrix, and analyzed on a Bruker Biflex III MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometer.

Results

Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains were identified in serum and urine samples from patients with a known monoclonal gammopathy using MALDI‐TOFMS with minimal sample preparation.

Conclusions

MALDI‐TOFMS can identify a monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum and urine samples. The molecular mass of the monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain is obtained providing unprecedented specificity compared to PEL. In addition, the methodology can be automated, making it a practical alternative to PEL. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different water storage procedures on the dissolved Fe concentration and isotopic composition of chemically contrasted waters from the Amazon River Basin
Authors: Mulholland Daniel S. , Poitrasson Franck , Boaventura Geraldo R.
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Although recent studies have investigated the Fe isotopic composition of dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases from continental and oceanic natural waters, few efforts have been made to evaluate whether water sample storage and the separation of different pore‐size fractions through filtration can cause any change to the Fe isotopic compositions. The present study investigates the possible biases introduced by different water storage conditions on the dissolved Fe concentration and isotopic composition of chemically different waters.

Methods

Water samples were collected from an organic‐rich river and from mineral particulate‐rich rivers. Filtered and unfiltered water samples were stored either at room temperature or frozen at –18°C in order to assess possible biases due to (i) different water storage temperature, and (ii) storage of bulk (unfiltered) vs filtered water. Iron isotope measurements were performed by Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Thermo Electron Neptune instrument, after Fe purification using anion‐exchange resins.

Results

Our data reveal that bulk water storage at room temperature without filtration produces minor changes in the dissolved Fe isotopic composition of mineral particulate‐rich waters, but significant isotopic composition changes in organic‐rich waters. In both cases, however, the impact of the different procedures on the Fe concentrations was strong. On the other hand, the bulk water stored frozen without filtration produced more limited changes in the dissolved Fe concentrations, and also on isotopic compositions, relative to the samples filtered in the field. The largest effect was again observed for the organic‐rich waters.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that a time lag between water collection and filtration may cause isotopic exchanges between the dissolved and particulate Fe fractions. When it is not possible to filter the samples in the field immediately after collection, the less detrimental approach is to freeze the bulk water sample until filtration, to reduce isotopic artifacts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuition Discounting and Socioeconomic Diversity at Larger Private Universities
Authors: Reinoehl Jason K. , Kowalski Theodore J.
Published: October 2015

Tuition discounting is a tactic deployed by many private four‐year institutions as a means for enhancing either tuition revenue or institutional image. This study examines associations between socioeconomic diversity and two aspects of institutional grants—freshman discount rate and freshman grant recipient discount rate—at the 30 largest private not‐for‐profit schools in the Midwest. Figures from a national database for two time periods, 1999–2001 and 2008–2011, were averaged. Socioeconomic diversity was defined as the percentage of freshmen who received a federal Pell grant. Comparisons of the two time periods revealed that 73.3% of the schools increased socioeconomic diversity, but overall the increase across the study population was small (2.4%). Concurrently, most schools became more selective; freshman acceptance rate declined at 82.1% of the schools and the overall decrease for the study population was 7.3%. In both periods, associations between the socioeconomic diversity and each of the predictor variables (freshman discount rate and freshman grant recipient discount rate) were negative. Overall, the findings indicate that when institutional grant funds were given to a higher proportion of the freshman class, the size of the individual grants and socioeconomic diversity declined.
The Relationship between Systems Thinking and the New Ecological Paradigm
Authors: Davis Adam C. , Stroink Mirella L.
Published: October 2015

The goal of the present research was to examine the relationship between the cognitive paradigm systems thinking and an ecologically informed worldview, specifically the New Ecological Paradigm. One hundred and fifteen psychology undergraduate students completed an online questionnaire assessing systems thinking, ecological worldview, environmental value‐orientation, connectivity to nature, and environmental behaviors. Results demonstrated that systems thinkers possess a stronger ecological worldview and sense of connectivity with nature, harbour biospheric environmental values, and engage in more pro‐environmental behaviors than those scoring low on systems thinking. Furthermore, it was found that systems thinking both uniquely predicted and was predicted by the New Ecological Paradigm. Moreover, results demonstrated that systems thinkers are better able to acknowledge ‘system membership’ and possess a greater understanding of the characteristics of complex ecological systems and their mutual influence on social‐economic domains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV‐verstärkte Silberschichten
Authors: Schwinde Stefan , Schürmann Mark , Kaiser Norbert
Published: October 2015

Für den Bau optischer Instrumente sind silberbeschichtetet Spiegel von großer Bedeutung, weil Silber (Ag) das Metall mit der höchsten Reflexion vom sichtbaren (VIS)‐ bis in den infraroten (IR)‐Spektralbereich ist. Am IOF durchgeführte Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Abscheidung einer geschlossenen und dichten Schutzschicht eine notwendige jedoch keine ausreichende Bedingung für einen effektiven Schutz der Silberschicht ist: Hygroskopische Partikel können auch eine Ag‐Schicht schädigen, auf die eine fehlerfreie Schutzschicht abgeschieden worden ist. Daher wurden verbesserte Schutzschichten entwickelt, die auf einem Ansatz mit Nanolaminaten basieren. Mit diesem Ansatz kann sowohl die Umweltbeständigkeit als auch die optische Performance von geschützten Silberschichten verbessert werden.
Verlust der Heliumdichtheit geschweißter Aluminiumbauteile
Authors: Brockmann Robert
Published: October 2015

Vakuum im Fusionsreaktor erfüllt zwei Aufgaben. Zum einen ist es erforderlich, um das Fusionsplasma zu betreiben, zum anderen vermindert es als Isoliervakuum den Wärmeeintrag auf die mit flüssigem Helium gekühlten supraleitfähigen Spulen. Letzteres ist besonders gefährdet, wenn es durch Verlust der Supraleitfähigkeit und einhergehenden Temperaturanstieg zu einem massiven Druckanstieg im Heliumkühlsystem kommt. Daher muss vor Inbetriebnahme des magnetischen Käfigs die Helium‐Dichtheit der Kühlkomponenten unter extremen Bedingungen nachgewiesen werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die dabei mit zwei verschiedenen Lecksuchverfahren gewonnen Ergebnisse und stellt die Vorzüge des für diesen Einsatz entwickelten Ultra‐Schnüffler‐Testgas‐(UST‐) Verfahrens dar.
Hochleistungsplasmen zur Synthese diamantähnlicher Kohlenstoffschichten
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Brögelmann Tobias , Bastürk Serhan , Engels Martin
Published: October 2015

Beschichtungen aus diamantähnlichem Kohlenstoff (diamond‐like carbon, DLC) finden aufgrund ihrer vielfältig einstellbaren Eigenschaften, z. B. einer hohen Härte als Verschleißschutz in vielen Anwendungsgebieten Verwendung. Hinsichtlich der Synthese dieser Schichten aktuell das High Power Pulsed/Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS/HiPIMS) Gegenstand der Forschung, welches im Gegensatz zu etablierten Verfahren, z. B. der Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), glatte Schichten ohne weitere Nachbearbeitungsschritte ermöglicht. Vor Abscheidung der Schichten kann das Beschichtungsplasma in‐situ mittels plasma‐analytischer Methoden untersucht und ein Prozessfenster zur Schichtsynthese definiert werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein Prozessfenster mit einer möglichst hohen Anzahl energiereicher Kohlenstoffionen zu bestimmen, die eine Grundvoraussetzung zur Synthese harter DLC‐Schichten darstellen. Es wurden die hinsichtlich der Kohlenstoffionisation viel‐versprechenden Parameter Prozessgaszusammensetzung und ‐druck sowie die HPPMS‐Pulsparameter variiert, um Parameter für die Schichtsynthese abzuleiten.
Röntgenröhren in der Medizintechnik
Authors: Fürst Jens
Published: October 2015

Die Röntgentechnik ist aus der medizinischen Diagnostik nicht mehr wegzudenken. Jedes Krankenhaus und jede etwas größere Arztpraxis nutzen Röntgenstrahlung, um innerhalb kürzester Zeit Bilder vom Inneren des menschlichen Körpers zu erhalten. Egal, ob beim Zahnarzt der Kiefer durchleuchtet oder ob ein Schwerverletzter in einem modernen Computertomographen innerhalb von wenigen Sekunden von Kopf bis Fuß gescannt wird, es kommt dabei stets die gleiche Technologie zum Einsatz. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte der Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlung.

Anhand eines einfachen Aufbaus wird die Erzeugung von Röntgenstrahlung erklärt. Die Bedeutung und Funktion der Kathode als Elektronenquelle ist hierbei besonders wichtig. Es wird beschrieben, wie die Entwicklung von den ersten Glühfilamenten zu den Feldemittern fortgeschritten ist. Ebenso wichtig ist die Innovation des Flüssigmetall Gleitlagers, um die in der Anode entstehende Wärme zu entfernen. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs in die medizinischen Anwendungen, wird ein völlig neuartiger Ansatz eines Röntgengerätes beschrieben.
Impact of early developmental fluoride exposure on the peripheral pain sensitivity in mice
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Fei , Liu Peng , Dong Ying‐Ying , Chu Zheng , Hou Tie‐Zhou , Dang Yong‐Hui
Published: October 2015

Consumption of high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water would cause the fluorosis and chronic pain. Similar pain syndrome appeared in the patients in fluoride therapy of osteoporotic. The aim of the current study was to examine whether exposing immature mice to fluoride would modify the peripheral pain sensitivity or even cause a pain syndrome. We gave developmental fluoride exposure to mice in different concentration (0 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L) and evaluated their basal pain threshold. Von Frey hair test, hot plate test and formalin test were conducted to examine the mechanical, thermal nociceptive threshold and inflammatory pain, respectively. In addition, the expression of hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also evaluated by Western blotting. Hyperalgesia in fluoride exposure mice was exhibited in the Von Frey hair test, hot plate test and formalin test. Meanwhile, the expression of BDNF was significantly higher than that of control group. The results suggest that early developmental fluoride exposure may lower the basal pain threshold and be associated with the increasing of BDNF expression in hippocampus.
Sequential screening to predict symptomatic pulmonary thromboembolism after gynecologic surgery in Nara, Japan
Authors: Haruta Shoji , Kawaguchi Ryuji , Hirai Toshiko , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: October 2015

Objective

To evaluate a sequential screening method's efficacy in predicting symptomatic pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) after gynecologic surgery.

Methods

A prospective study employing a two‐stage screening process was conducted among consecutive asymptomatic adults who underwent outpatient evaluation for gynecologic surgery at Nara Medical University Hospital, Japan, between April 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. Patients with a preoperative plasma D‐dimer level greater than or equal to 1.0 μg/mL underwent compression ultrasonography of the lower extremities. The primary outcome measure was postoperative detection of symptomatic PTE.

Results

Overall, 1729 patients were included. The mean D‐dimer level was 1.7 ± 3.3 μg/mL. Compression ultrasonography was conducted among 470 (27.1%) patients with positive D‐dimer test results; symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was preoperatively detected among 94 (20.0%) of them. Patients with DVT (n = 94) had higher D‐dimer levels than patients (n = 1635) without (7.8 ± 12.8 μg/mL vs 1.1 ± 1.8 μg/mL; P < 0.001). Despite anticoagulant therapy, symptomatic PTE was detected postoperatively among two of these 94 patients. Symptomatic PTE was also detected among four of 376 patients with positive D‐dimer test results but no evidence of DVT by ultrasonography. No clinical onset of postoperative PTE was observed among 1259 patients with D‐dimer levels below the cut‐off value.

Conclusion

The PROVEN screening strategy (Preoperative surveillance using a sequential strategy) was ineffective at predicting postoperative symptomatic PTE.
High‐risk human papillomavirus infection in the prediction of poor treatment response and disease recurrence in patients with vulvovaginal condyloma
Authors: Koo Yu‐Jin , Kim Yeon‐Sun , Min Kyung‐Jin , Hong Jin‐Hwa , Lee Jae‐Kwan
Published: October 2015

Objective

To determine the predictive factors for progression and recurrence of vulvovaginal condyloma (VVC), with a specific focus on high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) infections.

Methods

Retrospective data were collected from 48 patients who were diagnosed with VVC and treated with topical trichloroacetic acid application or laser therapy during 2003–2014 at a hospital in South Korea. The diagnoses were made based on the presence of exophytic condylomatous lesions as assessed by direct visual inspection regardless of whether a biopsy was performed.

Results

Overall, 18 patients (50.0% of those with a test result) were positive for HR‐HPV. Three‐quarters of the patients with a poor treatment response had abnormal cytologies, and abnormal cytology was a risk factor for a poor response (odds ratio, 4.33 [95% confidence interval, 1.05–17.84]). During a median follow‐up of 24 months, VVC recurred in seven (14.6%) patients. A high viral load (more than 50 relative light units) of HR‐HPV was significantly associated with recurrence (odds ratio, 7.42, 95% confidence interval, 1.19–46.18).

Conclusion

A high HR‐HPV load is a risk factor for recurrence, but is not related to treatment response. A poor treatment response is more related to abnormal cytology than it is to viral load.
Phylogeny of yeasts and related filamentous fungi within Pucciniomycotina determined from multigene sequence analyses
Authors: Wang Q.-M. , Groenewald M. , Takashima M. , Theelen B. , Han P.-J. , Liu X.-Z. , Boekhout T. , Bai F.-Y.
Published: October 2015

In addition to rusts, the subphylum Pucciniomycotina (Basidiomycota) includes a large number of unicellular or dimorphic fungi which are usually studied as yeasts. Ribosomal DNA sequence analyses have shown that the current taxonomic system of the pucciniomycetous yeasts
which is based on phenotypic criteria is not concordant with the molecular phylogeny and many genera are polyphyletic. Here we inferred the molecular phylogeny of 184 pucciniomycetous yeast species and related filamentous fungi using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference
analyses based on the sequences of seven genes, including the small subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the large subunit rDNA D1/D2 domains, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) of rDNA including the 5.8S rDNA gene; the nuclear protein-coding genes of the two subunits of DNA polymerase
II (RPB1 and RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1); and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (CYTB). A total of 33 monophyletic clades and 18 single species lineages were recognised among the pucciniomycetous yeasts employed, which belonged
to four major lineages corresponding to Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes and Mixiomycetes. These lineages remained independent from the classes Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Pucciniomycetes and Tritirachiomycetes
formed by filamentous taxa in Pucciniomycotina. An updated taxonomic system of pucciniomycetous yeasts implementing the ‘One fungus = One name’ principle will be proposed based on the phylogenetic framework presented here.
A multimodal approach to dementia prevention: A report from the Cambridge Institute of Public Health
Authors: Olanrewaju Olawale , Clare Linda , Barnes Linda , Brayne Carol
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Globally, dementia is the most frequent form of degenerative condition in the older adult population and poses a major health burden with high socioeconomic costs. So far, attempts to find pharmacologic interventions that can change the onset or progression of dementia have been largely unsuccessful, prompting a shift to focus on interventions aimed at modifying risk factors that occur throughout the life course.

Methods

The Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies, funded by the Medical Research Council, UK, convened three multidisciplinary groups of experts, expert witnesses, and advocates to discuss the state of evidence on primary, secondary, and tertiary dementia prevention and recommend future direction for intervention studies.

Results

Using the United Kingdom Parliamentary Select Committees' approach to gathering evidence, the primary prevention working group focused their deliberation on risk factors strongly associated with dementia. The group highlighted the need for high‐quality studies to assess the effects of behavioral intervention on the delay of cognitive decline and dementia onset.

Discussion

The working group recommended that the development of a future dementia prevention trial should use a multimodal, multifactor, multilevel, community and individually tailored approach.
Generation Is a Culture Construct
Authors: Brink Kyle E. , Zondag Marcel M. , Crenshaw Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2015

Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) question whether there really are generational differences in the workplace. They argue that the generation construct is not properly operationalized (often confounding age, period, and cohort factors) and that generational research is atheoretical and plagued by methodological problems. We agree that generational research is largely guilty as charged. We also share their concern regarding the generationally based interventions that are being sold to, and adopted by, managers—interventions that are often little more than fads based on popular myths and folklore. We are also in full agreement with the potential significant harm that can be associated with stereotyping groups of individuals.
Using Lifespan Developmental Theory and Methods as a Viable Alternative to the Study of Generational Differences at Work
Authors: Zacher Hannes
Published: October 2015

I agree with Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) that it is futile to further invest in the study of generational differences in the work context due to a lack of appropriate theory and methods. The key problem with the generations concept is that splitting continuous variables such as age or time into a few discrete units involves arbitrary cutoffs and atheoretical groupings of individuals (e.g., stating that all people born between the early 1960s and early 1980s belong to Generation X). As noted by methodologists, this procedure leads to a loss of information about individuals and reduced statistical power (MacCallum, Zhang, Preacher, & Rucker, 2002). Due to these conceptual and methodological limitations, I regard it as very difficult if not impossible to develop a “comprehensive theory of generations” (Costanza & Finkelstein, p. 20) and to rigorously examine generational differences at work in empirical studies.
Fire All the Boomers: How Generational Labeling Legitimizes Age Discrimination
Authors: Cox Cody B. , Coulton Gary
Published: October 2015

Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) make a number of important observations in their exploration of how generation-based differences are understood by academics and practitioners. The absence of a unifying theory, the lack of a clear pattern of findings, and the conceptual ambiguity about generational membership have all limited the utility of generational membership to researchers, while the practice of describing large groups of individuals in generational terms has become enormously popular outside of academia. Certainly, there are several topics that are popular among the public and widely used by businesses despite being viewed negatively by academics; however, there is some danger in the widespread perception that group differences between individuals of different ages can be explained by generational membership. Although it might be tempting to consider these generational stereotypes as simply innocuous misperceptions supervisors may hold, they may, in fact, be quite harmful. The purpose of this article is to further expand on the potential for these stereotypes to be harmful for older and younger employees.
Generational Differences: Let's Not Throw the Baby Boomer Out With the Bathwater
Authors: Perry Elissa L. , Golom Frank D. , McCarthy Jean A.
Published: October 2015

Although we agree with Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) that current research has failed to find consistent evidence of actual generational differences and that this research is limited methodologically, we suggest that at least some of these limitations could and should be addressed by future research before any firm conclusions are drawn. Further, the authors make an important but empirically untested assumption that generational stereotypes exist. We discuss why it is important to rigorously test this assumption. Finally, the authors assert that generational stereotypes are being “sold” as business strategy to organizations and managers and that that they should be neither sold nor used in the workplace. However, the authors’ recommendation is based on the premise that individuals acquire stereotypes from others and that they can easily suppress the use of their stereotypes. This advice runs counter to what research suggests about stereotypic processes. We more fully discuss each of these three points next.
The Effects of Workforce Trends and Changes on Organizational Recruiting: A Practical Perspective
Authors: Gibson Jennifer Lee
Published: October 2015

As a workforce evolves, it is important for employers to consider how trends and changes in the workforce have implications for organizational processes such as recruiting, selecting, training, and rewarding a cohort of workers (Costanza & Finkelstein, 2015). This article examines the practical aspects of workforce changes on organizations’ recruitment efforts. Particularly in the face of recruiting shortages, it is important to understand how to best to develop a large and qualified pool of applicants.
Estimating the Strength of a General Factor: Coefficient Omega Hierarchical
Authors: Gignac Gilles E.
Published: October 2015

Relying on work described by Jackson (2003), Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) recommended researchers use the first unrotated principal component associated with a principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the strength of a general factor. Arguably, such a recommendation is based on rather old work. Furthermore, it is not a method that can be relied on to yield an accurate solution. For example, it is well known that the first component extracted from a correlation matrix of the Wechsler intelligence subtests is biased toward the verbal comprehension subtests (Ashton, Lee, & Vernon, 2001).
The First Principal Component of Multifaceted Variables: It's More Than a G Thing
Authors: Jackson Duncan J. R. , Putka Dan J. , Teoh Kevin R. H.
Published: October 2015

Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) raise the need for further investigation into dominant general factors (DGFs) and their prevalence in measures used for the purposes of employee selection, development, and performance measurement. They imply that a method of choice for estimating the contribution of DGFs is principal components analysis (PCA), and they interpret the variance accounted for by the first component of the PCA solution as indicative of the contribution of a general factor. In this response, we illustrate the hazard of equating the first component of a PCA with a general factor, and we illustrate how this becomes particularly problematic when applying PCA to multifaceted variables. Rather than simply critique this use of PCA, we offer an alternative approach that helps to address and illustrate the problem that we raise.
Managing the First Factor: Context Is Important
Authors: Thissen-Roe Anne , Finger Michael S. , Ing Pamela G.
Published: October 2015

In the focal article, Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) address a common error in research methods, in which researchers neglect the shared variance between facets of a multidimensional construct. We agree with the need to attend to the entire factor structure of constructs when using measures, whether in research or application. The objective of this commentary is to elaborate on useful practices when a dominant general factor (DGF), as defined by the focal article, is found to be present and, in particular, to explore cases of DGF results under research paradigms not considered by the focal article.
There Are More Things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, Than DGF
Authors: Hanges Paul J. , Scherbaum Charles A. , Reeve Charlie L.
Published: October 2015

In their article, Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) argued that a dominant general factor (DGF) is present in most, if not all, psychological measures (e.g., personality, leadership, attitudes, skills). A DGF, according to Ree et al., is identified by two characteristics. First, the DGF accounts for the largest amount of a measure's systematic variance, and second, it influences every subdimension within the construct domain. They indicate that researchers ignore DGFs and pay inappropriate amounts of attention to the specific dimensions (DSs) even though the DGF provides most of the predictive power and the DS adds little predictive power.
Palynology of the Ordovician Kanosh Shale at Fossil Mountain, Utah
Authors: Vecoli Marco , Beck John H. , Strother Paul K.
Published: October 2015

Palynomorph assemblages recovered from the Kanosh Shale at Fossil Mountain, Utah, are dominated by operculate acritarchs and cryptospores with minor smaller acritarchs. The present findings add new data to the largely incomplete knowledge of Ordovician acritarch assemblages from Laurentia, up to now known only from very few localities in North America. These populations contain some species in common with acritarchs from the Canning and Georgina basins in Australia and with assemblages from China; they indicate a Middle Ordovician (Dapingian-Darriwilian) age. The assemblage is lacking many typical marine acritarchs of this age, which, in combination with some cryptospores, is probably reflecting the likelihood of freshwater influence in the Kanosh Basin. This observation is congruent with previous interpretations of the depositional setting of the Kanosh Shale as a shallow water lagoon that supported the deposition of carbonate hardgrounds.

Four new taxa are described:Busphaeridium vermiculatumn. gen., n. sp.;Digitoglomus minutumn. gen., n. sp.;Turpisphaera heteromorphan. gen., n. sp.; andVermimarginata barbatan. gen., n. sp. In addition, the abundance of operculate forms has enabled the revision and a new emendation of the genusDicommopallaand clarification of the “opalla” complex. We also propose new and revised suprageneric taxa that emphasize inferred biological differences among acritarch genera. The Sphaeromorphitae subgroup is emended to include forms lacking sculptural elements. Two new informal subgroups are proposed: the Superornamenti and the Operculate Acritarchs. Cryptospores are abundant throughout the sections studied and they appear to be more closely related to the late CambrianAgamachatesTaylor and Strother than to Darriwilian and younger Ordovician cryptospores from Gondwana.
Can Teachers’ Self-Reported Efficacy, Concerns, and Attitudes Toward Inclusion Scores Predict Their Actual Inclusive Classroom Practices?
Authors: Sharma Umesh , Sokal Laura
Published: October 2015

This research was undertaken to determine if significant relationships exist between teachers’ self-reported attitudes, concerns, and efficacy to teach in inclusive classrooms and their actual classroom behaviour in Winnipeg, Canada. Five teachers completed 3 scales measuring their attitudes to inclusion, their level of concerns about teaching in inclusive classrooms, and their level of efficacy for teaching in inclusive classrooms. They were observed using a newly developed scale to measure their inclusive teaching practices. Each teacher was observed from 3 to 5 hours on different occasions. Data were analysed using 1-tailed Spearman correlations. Results indicated that teachers who were highly inclusive in their classroom practices tended to have significantly lower degrees of concerns and positive attitudes to inclusion. Implications of the research for policymakers, future researchers, and teacher educators are discussed.
Governance Structure and Related Party Loan Guarantees: The Case of Chinese Family Business Groups
Authors: Chen Xin , Arnoldi Jakob , Na Chaohong
Published: October 2015

Loan guarantees to related parties by affiliated subsidiaries within family controlled pyramids form a means by which the controlling family expropriates value from minority shareholders. The controlling family, however, will attempt to escape blame for the behavior. Using a sample of 1785 listed Chinese firms affiliated with family-controlled business groups, we explore how family governance structure affects the use of related party loan guarantees. As hypothesized, we find that affiliates with non-family chairmen, but with family directors or senior executives, issue larger volumes of loan guarantees to related parties, whereas affiliates with family chairmen and those with non-family interlocking chairmen do not. The behavior is moderated by regional institutional development.
Partisan Disagreements Arising from Rationalization of Common Information
Authors: Lauderdale Benjamin E.
Published: October 2015

Why do opposing partisans sometimes disagree about the facts and processes that are relevant to understanding political issues? One explanation is that citizens may have a psychological tendency toward adopting beliefs about the political world that rationalize their partisan preferences. Previous quantitative evidence for rationalization playing a role in explaining partisan factual disagreement has come from cross-sectional covariation and from correction experiments. In this paper, I argue that these rationalizations can occur as side effects when citizens change their attitudes in response to partisan cues and substantively relevant facts about a political issue. Following this logic, I motivate and report the results of a survey experiment that provides US Republicans and Democrats with information that they will be inclined to rationalize in different ways, because they have different beliefs about which political actors they should agree with. The results are a novel experimental demonstration that partisan disagreements about the political world can arise from rationalization.
A CLOSED FORM FOR THE DENSITY FUNCTIONS OF RANDOM WALKS IN ODD DIMENSIONS
Authors: BORWEIN JONATHAN M. , SINNAMON CORWIN W.
Published: October 2015

We derive an explicit piecewise-polynomial closed form for the probability density function of the distance travelled by a uniform random walk in an odd-dimensional space.
Generalized self-similarity of intermittent plasma turbulence in space and laboratory plasmas
Authors: Budaev V. P. , Zelenyi L. M. , Savin S. P.
Published: October 2015

Statistical characteristics of plasma fluctuations in the solar wind (SW), the Earth’s magnetosphere and fusion devices are reviewed. The turbulence in all these media has a complicated multiscale structure and exhibits a generalized self-similarity in an extended scale range. The anomalous transport of mass and momentum is intermittent and is carried by sporadic plasma flux bursts with non-Gaussian statistics, long-range correlation and multifractality. Intermittent turbulent transport is characterized by superdiffusion with power law$\langle {\it\delta}x^{2}\rangle \propto {\it\tau}^{{\it\alpha}}$,${\it\alpha}\approx 1.2{-}1.8$. The structure functions in all these plasma environments are well fitted by the log-Poisson model of turbulence. Intermittent plasma turbulence displays universal properties and consists of quasi-1-D singular dissipative structures.
The Democratic Reconstruction of the Hegelian State in American Progressive Political Thought
Authors: Emerson Blake
Published: October 2015

Both critics and defenders of the modern American administrative state have recognized the influence of Hegelian ideas upon the American progressives. But existing scholarship on this connection has not delved into the institutional details of Hegelian political theory and its transformation in progressivism. This article traces the continuities and adaptations between Hegelian and American progressive theories of the administrative state through three conceptual pairs: individual rights and social welfare, civil society and the state, and legislation and execution. For both German Hegelian legal scholars and the American Hegelian progressives, these conceptual pairs staked out the basic normative and institutional tensions underlying the modern state. The progressives, however, gave these concepts a democratic interpretation, and thus sought to involve the public at multiple levels of the policy-making process. This Hegelian progressive theory provides a compelling basis for a public philosophy of the contemporary American state.
Knights and Knaves in the English Medical Profession: the Case of Clinical Excellence Awards
Authors: EXWORTHY MARK , HYDE PAULA , MCDONALD-KUHNE PAMELA
Published: October 2015

We elaborate Le Grand's thesis of ‘knights and knaves’ in terms of clinical excellence awards (CEAs), the ‘financial bonuses’ which are paid to over half of all English hospital specialists and which can be as much as £75,000 (€92,000) per year in addition to an NHS (National Health Service) salary. Knights are ‘individuals who are motivated to help others for no private reward’ while knaves are ‘self-interested individuals who are motivated to help others only if by doing so they will serve their private interests.’ Doctors (individually and collectively) exhibit both traits but the work of explanation of the inter-relationship between them has remained neglected. Through a textual analysis of written responses to a recent review of CEAs, we examine the ‘knightly’ and ‘knavish’ arguments used by medical professional stakeholders in defending these CEAs. While doctors promote their knightly claims, they are also knavish in shaping the preferences of, and options for, policy-makers. Policy-makers continue to support CEAs but have introduced revised criteria for CEAs, putting pressure on the medical profession to accept reforms. CEAs illustrate the enduring and flexible power of the medical profession in the UK in colonising reforms to their pay, and also the subtle inter-relationship between knights and knaves in health policy.