bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Clinicians Use Dimensional Information to Make a Categorical Diagnosis of Paraphilic Disorders? An ICD-11 Field Study
Authors: Keeley Jared W. , Briken Peer , Evans Spencer C. , First Michael B. , Klein Verena , Krueger Richard B. , Matsumoto Chihiro , Fresán Ana , Rebello Tahilia J. , Robles Rebeca , Sharan Pratap , Reed Geoffrey M.
Published: August 2021

Background

The diagnosis of paraphilic disorder is a complicated clinical judgment based on the integration of information from multiple dimensions to arrive at a categorical (present/absent) conclusion. The recent update of the guidelines for paraphilic disorders in ICD-11 presents an opportunity to investigate how mental health professionals use the diagnostic guidelines to arrive at a diagnosis which thereby can optimize the guidelines for clinical use.

Aim

This study examined clinicians’ ability to use the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for paraphilic disorders which contain multiple dimensions that must be simultaneously assessed to arrive at a diagnosis.

Methods

The study investigated the ability of 1,263 international clinicians to identify the dimensions of paraphilic disorder in the context of written case vignettes that varied on a single dimension only.

Outcomes

Participants provided diagnoses for the case vignettes along with dimensional ratings of the degree of presence of five dimensions of paraphilic disorder (arousal, consent, action, distress, and risk).

RESULTS

Across a series of analyses, clinicians demonstrated a clear ability to recognize and appropriately integrate the dimensions of paraphilic disorders; however, there was some evidence that clinicians may over-diagnose non-pathological cases.

Clinical Translation

Clinicians would likely benefit from targeted training on the ICD-11 definition of paraphilic disorder and should be cautious of over-diagnosing.

Strengths and Limitations

This study represents a large international sample of health professionals and is the first to examine clinicians’ ability to apply the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for paraphilic disorders. Important limitations include not generalizing to all clinicians and acknowledging that results may be different in direct clinical interactions vs written case vignettes.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that clinicians appear capable of interpreting and implementing the diagnostic guidelines for paraphilic disorders in ICD-11.
Beyond Emasculation
Authors: Hossain Adnan
Published: August 2021

This book is based on long term ethnographic research with hijras, the emblematic figure of South Asian sexual and gender difference in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It proposes the hijra as a counter-cultural formation that embodies not only a direct contrast to hegemonic patterns of masculinity but also as an alternative subculture offering the possibility of varied forms of erotic pleasures and practices otherwise forbidden in mainstream society. While most studies view hijras as an asexual, emasculated, third sex/gender, this book calls into question the phallocentric logic that obscures alternative sites and sources of bodily power and pleasure, emphasizing how hijras craft their own subject position. Ethnographically rich and theoretically engaged, this book will cause a new, global re-examination of both hijras in particular and the wider range of 'male femininities' in general.
Human Choice in International Law
Authors: Bradley Anna Spain
Published: August 2021

Human Choice in International Law is an exploration of human choice in international legal and political decision making. This book investigates the neurobiology of how people choose and the history of how personal choice has affected decisions about international peace and security. It charts important decision moments in international law about genocide, intervention into armed conflict and nuclear weapons at the central institutions of the international legal order. Professor Spain Bradley analyzes the role that particular individuals, serving as international judges or Security Council representatives, play in shaping decision outcomes and then applies insights from neuroscience to assert the importance of analyzing how cognitive processes such as empathy, emotion and bias can influence such decisionmakers. Drawing upon historical accounts and personal interviews, this book reveals the beauty and struggle of human influences that shape the creation and practice of international law.
A Secular Failure: Sectarianism and Communalism in Shayara Bano v. Union of India
Authors: Redding Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2021

Proponents of secularism often describe their support for this form of governance in terms of the protections it provides against the excesses, dangers, and coercions of religious governance. In reality, however, the differences between secular and religious systems of governance are often overstated, with secularism’s promises being in conversation with secularism’s failures. This article explores one recent and important instance of such secular failure, namely the high-profile Indian case of Shayara Bano v. Union of India deciding the legal legitimacy of “triple talaq,” a common Indian Muslim divorce practice. During the litigation of this case, a prominent Indian Muslim organization ended up engaging in sectarian modes of argumentation, whereby aspersions were cast on the Muslim bona fides of certain persons and communities. Further, in the course of deciding Shayara Bano, a religiously diverse set of Indian Supreme Court justices found themselves disagreeing along communal lines about either the necessity or ability of the secular state to “reform” Muslim family law. In all this, sectarian and communitarian divisions in India were heightened, and the social peace and religious freedom promised by secularism were severely undermined.
Epilepsy and Pregnancy: An Audit of Specialized Care
Authors: Li Jimmy , Toffa Dènahin Hinnoutondji , Nguyen Dang Khoa
Published: August 2021

Background:

Caring for women with epilepsy (WWE) during pregnancy poses unique challenges. We conducted an audit of the care our epilepsy clinic provided to pregnant WWE.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective study on all pregnancies followed by an epileptologist at a Canadian tertiary care centre’s epilepsy clinic between January 2003 and March 2021. Among 81 pregnancies in 53 patients, 72 pregnancies in 50 patients were analyzed to determine patient-related, follow-up-related, antiseizure-medication-related, and child-related pregnancy characteristics. Univariate analyses were performed to explore if these characteristics were associated with disabling seizure occurrence during pregnancy.

Results:

Most pregnancies were intended (72%) and occurred in women who used folic acid pre-pregnancy (76%) and who followed recommended blood tests for antiseizure medication (ASM) levels (71%). In 49% of pregnancies, ASM dosage was modified; 53% of these modifications were made in response to ASM blood levels. Most often used ASMs were lamotrigine (43%), followed by carbamazepine (32%) and levetiracetam (13%). One child was born with a thyroglossal duct cyst; our congenital malformation rate was thus 2%. Disabling seizures occurred in 24% of pregnancies. Exploratory analyses suggested that disabling seizure occurrence during pregnancy was associated with younger patient age (p = 0.018), higher number of ASMs used during pregnancy (p = 0.048), lamotrigine usage in polytherapy (p = 0.008), and disabling seizure occurrence pre-pregnancy (p = 0.027).

Conclusion:

This Canadian audit provides an in-depth description of pregnancies benefiting from specialized epilepsy care. Our results suggest an association between disabling seizure occurrence during pregnancy and lamotrigine usage in polytherapy that warrants further evaluation.
Evaluating #MeToo: The Perspective of Criminal Law Theory
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana
Published: August 2021

The article describes the #MeToo-movement in the United States and Germany and discusses the merits and problems of this social phenomenon. It highlights the fact that some features of #MeToo (blaming and sanctioning wrongdoers) resemble those of criminal punishment and thus require careful justification. In the final part, the author examines the impact of the #MeToo-movement on criminal law reform.
Between Sexual Violence and Autonomy: Rethinking the Engagement of the Indian Women’s Movement with Criminal Law
Authors: Mehta Kalika , Tiwari Avantika
Published: August 2021

The aftermath of protests triggered by a brutal gang-rape in New Delhi in December 2012 was archetypal of the broader women’s movement in post-independence India. The primary demands of the social movement to address sexual violence against women were wrapped in the language of rights-based reforms in criminal law provisions. The state responded to the social mobilization in the form of criminal law amendments, while blindsiding key recommendations from feminist groups. This Article revisits pertinent Law Commission reports, subsequent criminal law reforms, and case law on sexual violence against women to analyze how the negotiations between the women’s movement and the State on the seemingly irreconcilable demands of sexual autonomy and punishment for sexual violence. We take account of the intended and unintended consequences of this reliance on criminal law as one of the primary tools in the arsenal of Indian women’s movements. We argue that engagement on the plane of criminal law to address sexual violence against women is a case of limited imagination at best and counter-productive at its worst. This approach of the movement and feminist groups is to react to the “crime” of sexual violence after the fact, leading to distraction from much warranted structural responses. We argue that this approach makes it harder to conceptualize and implement more forward-looking relational models of responsibility that are necessary to address the structural injustice of systemic sexual violence against women.
Balancing Sexual Autonomy, Responsibility, and the Right to Privacy: Principles for Criminalizing Sex by Deception
Authors: Scheidegger Nora
Published: August 2021

Due to the reconceptualization of rape and other sexual offenses as violations of one's sexual autonomy, consent has replaced the element of force as the focal point of rape law. This shift to a “consent model” of rape has prompted much discussion about the scope of sexual autonomy and the problem of “rape by deception” in legal scholarship. Most theorists of consent argue that certain forms of deception invalidate any token of consent in the same way as forcible sexual contact. However, there is also a widely shared concern that criminalizing sex-by-deception poses serious problems in terms of drawing the line between deceptions that violate sexual autonomy and deceptions that do not. This Article offers an account of principles that should be considered when examining legal cases related to sex-by-deception. These principles are examined and articulated in a way that strikes a balance between responsibility, autonomy, and rights such as the right to privacy.
Will Universal Jurisdiction Advance Accountability for Sexualized and Gender-based Crimes? A View from Within on Progress and Challenges in Germany
Authors: Studzinsky Silke , Kather Alexandra Lily
Published: August 2021

This Article is based on the professional experiences of the authors working as lawyers and activists towards accountability for sexualized and gender-based crimes under international law. It provides a critical evaluation of universal jurisdiction cases in Germany addressing conflict-related sexualized violence. In particular, the article looks deeper into the Office of the German Federal Prosecutor General of the Federal Court of Justice’s (GBA) approach to gender while taking note of the barriers in the way of investigating and adjudicating crimes under international law. Both authors have been following universal jurisdiction developments in Germany closely, particularly in relation to the investigation and prosecution of sexual and gender-based crimes. With regard to the proceedings against two high-rank representatives of the armed rebel group Forces Démocratiques de liberation du Rwanda (FDLR), the findings in this article are informed by trial monitoring reports organized and conducted by a group of organisations and institutions, namely Medica Mondiale, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), and the Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung. In light of the fact that German trial records are absent of publicly accessible records of what was said in the court room, the consortium of groups co-monitored the FLDR trial.
“ESTABLISHED AGREEABLE TO THE LAWS OF OUR COUNTRY”: MORMONISM, CHURCH CORPORATIONS, AND THE LONG LEGACY OF AMERICA'S FIRST DISESTABLISHMENT
Authors: Oman Nathan B.
Published: August 2021

This article provides the first history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a legal entity. It makes two contributions. First, this history recasts the story of the so-called first disestablishment, revealing that it was longer and more contentious than is often assumed. Disestablishment produced a body of corporate law encoded with strong theological assumptions. Because corporate law was the primary mechanism for regulating churches, this created problems for groups like Roman Catholics and Latter-day Saints who did not share the law's theological commitments. Far from being settled in the early 1830s, the first disestablishment continued to spawn bitter legal battles into the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Second, this article reveals legal personality as one of the key points of conflict between the Latter-day Saints and American society. This is a useful corrective to accounts that emphasize polygamy and theocracy as the points of legal contention. An understanding of the history of the church as a legal entity supplements these stories by revealing how the hard-fought legal battles of the late nineteenth century can be seen as an extension of the process of legal disestablishment that began during the American Revolution.
On the Strategic Uses of Women’s Rights: Backlash, Rights-based Framing, and Anti-Gender Campaigns in Colombia’s 2016 Peace Agreement
Authors: Corredor Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2021

This article examines organized opposition to feminist and LGBTI political projects in Colombia. Although there is a large body of literature on feminist movements and a growing literature on LGBTI movements, there is little research on resistance to them. Through an intersectional feminist lens, this study analyzes the “anti-gender” campaign organized against the gender perspective in Colombia’s 2016 peace agreement to demonstrate the limitations of backlash theory and certain normative understandings of human rights. In contrast to assumptions that backlash is predetermined, the study demonstrates that the anti-gender mobilization against the peace agreement was circumstantial rather than inevitable. To highlight the productive nature of backlash, it traces how opponents employed human rights rhetoric to establish an alternative present and promote an imagined future rooted in exclusion and repression. In addition, it shows that mobilized backlash against feminist and LGBTI movements does not necessarily decelerate or reverse the respective movements’ agendas.
Informal Customary Institutions, Collective Action, and Submunicipal Public Goods Provision in Mexico
Authors: Trasberg Mart E.
Published: August 2021

This article explores the role of informal customary institutions (usos y costumbres) in local public goods provision in Mexico. It argues that the presence of informal customary institutions offers submunicipal village communities considerable advantages in local distributive politics. Hamlet communities with dense customary institutions have higher collective action capacity to organize their citizens for small-scale protests in municipal centers, which grants them access to more social infrastructure projects controlled by municipal politicians. This article therefore suggests a novel theoretical mechanism through which customary institutions affect development outcomes: collective contentious action. The study tests the main empirical implications of this theory, drawing on an original survey of submunicipal community presidents in the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala and qualitative interviews.
At the Borders of the Body Politic: Fetal Citizens, Pregnant Migrants, and Reproductive Injustices in Immigration Detention
Authors: LEACH BRITTANY R.
Published: August 2021

To analyze intersecting power relations in reproductive and immigration politics, I examineGarza v. Hargan(an appellate case regarding unaccompanied immigrant minors’ abortion rights) alongside systemic injustices in immigration detention (e.g., exposure to miscarriage risks, coerced sterilization, shackling). These injustices, I argue, emerge from conflicts and compromises over fetal citizenship within the American radical right. Although pro-life and anti-immigrant discourses assume opposing logics of citizenship, respectively interpreting immigrants’ fetuses as “fetal citizens” or “anchor babies,” these contradictions are neutralized by two techniques. Debilitation (systematic degradation of a disposable population) enables the appearance of fetal protection to coexist with de facto exposure to death, injury, and risk. Paralegality (quasi-legal policy making by enforcement agents) allows situational shifts in the meaning of fetal citizenship and adjustments to the pro-life/anti-immigrant compromise. Both obscure culpability for reproductive injustice, reinforce interlocking oppressions, and control women’s bodies in order to control the body politic’s demographic future.
Penser la décroissance avec Gilbert Simondon
Authors: Alioui Jamil
Published: August 2021

Dans cet article, nous étudions l'axiologie des techniques des discours écologistes de la décroissance à l'aune de celle du philosophe français Gilbert Simondon. Cette articulation fertile permet de montrer, premièrement, que les discours de la décroissance n’évaluent les techniques qu’à partir de leurs usages ; deuxièmement, elle explique pourquoi une telle axiologie, praxéologique plutôt que technologique, est incapable d'influer sur le progrès technique. À partir de Simondon, nous montrons notamment que la pensée de la décroissance ignore la distinction entre information et énergie au sein des réalités techniques, distinction pourtant nécessaire si l'on souhaite relier l’étude des techniques et l’écologie de façon adéquate et constructive.
Miniature parallel robot with submillimeter positioning accuracy for minimally invasive laser osteotomy
Authors: Eugster Manuela , Merlet Jean-Pierre , Gerig Nicolas , Cattin Philippe C. , Rauter Georg
Published: August 2021

To overcome the physical limitations of mechanical bone cutting in minimally invasive surgery, we are developing a miniature parallel robot that enables positioning of a pulsed laser with an accuracy below 0.25 mm and minimizes the required manipulation space above the target tissue. This paper presents the design, control, device characteristics, functional testing, and performance evaluation of the robot. The performance of the robot was evaluated within the scope of a path-following experiment. The required accuracy for continuous cuts was achieved and reached 0.176 mm on the test bench.
A paediatric cardiology handbook for the digital age
Authors: Rochelson Ellis , Clark Bradley C. , Motonaga Kara S.
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Paediatric cardiology fellows, tasked with studying a large and dynamic field, may benefit from a quick-access digital resource that reflects contemporary practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a paediatric cardiology handbook smartphone app in enhancing the accessibility of information such as guidelines and recommendations for paediatric cardiology fellows.

Materials and methods:

The Peds Cardiology Handbook app (iOS) was designed using XCode and Swift programming. A pre-app survey and download instructions were sent to the US paediatric cardiology fellows, followed by a post-app survey. Fellows were asked to rate the ease of rapid access to various types of information. Responses were compared pre- and post-app using McNemar’s test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:

Two-hundred and thirty paediatric cardiology fellows were contacted; 23% (n = 53) completed both the pre- and post-app surveys and were included for analysis. After using the app, fellows found it easier to quickly access information in eight out of nine domains evaluated (p < 0.05). All fellows found the app easy to use (100%), most felt that the app was well-organised (98%), contained reliable information (92%), and was useful for finding quick answers to clinical questions (87%).

Discussion:

The Peds Cardiology Handbook iPhone app is a useful, reliable tool that provides quick access to high-yield information, including guidelines and references. Overall, paediatric cardiology fellows found it easier to rapidly access clinically relevant information after using the app. Future studies may be necessary to evaluate long-term use and impact on evidence-based practice.
Editor Fatigue: Can Political Science Journals Increase Review Invitation-Acceptance Rates?
Authors: Franceschet Antonio , Lucas Jack , O’Neill Brenda , Pando Elizabeth , Thomas Melanee
Published: August 2021

In many political science journals, fewer than half of the invitations sent to potential reviewers are accepted. These low acceptance rates increase workloads for editors and lengthen the review process for authors. This article reports analyses of reviewer invitation acceptance at the Canadian Journal of Political Science between 2017 and 2020. We first describe predictors of invitation acceptance using a coded dataset of almost 1,500 invitations. We find that reviewers who are personally familiar to editors, located in the same country as the journal, and more junior scholars were more likely to accept invitations. We then report the results of an experiment that tested the effect of three letters on invitation acceptance. We find that a short personal note from the editor to accompany the auto-generated system message may increase reviewer acceptance rates but highlighting the journal’s prestige or reviewer recognition does not. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of our findings for editorial-team design and the editorial process.
Employing the dumbbell-shaped longitudinal slot antennas in the planar slotted antenna arrays
Authors: Moradian Mahdi
Published: August 2021

The dumbbell-shaped longitudinal slot antennas are employed as a replacement for the round-ended longitudinal slot antennas. Each dumbbell-shaped slot is excited by an iris and a septum that have offsets from the waveguide centerlines. All the slots are also cut along the waveguide centerlines. It is demonstrated that the resonant length of the proposed dumbbell-shaped slot antennas is much smaller than the round-ended longitudinal slot antennas. Hence, the end-to-end spacings between the adjacent radiating slots as well as the end-to-end spacings between the coupling and the radiating slots increased noticeably in comparison with the arrays consist of the round-ended longitudinal slot antennas. This fact indicates that one can neglect the mutual coupling between the neighboring slots that are associated with the exciting higher-order modes at the slot positions. To better demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dumbbell-shaped slot antennas, a planar array antenna consists of the proposed dumbbell-shaped slot antennas have been designed, implemented, and tested. The measurement and the simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed slot antennas.
Remote Sensing of Global Daily Evapotranspiration based on a Surface Energy Balance Method and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Chen Xuelong , Su Zhongbo , Ma Yaoming , Trigo Isabel , Gentine Pierre
Published: August 2021

Currently available evapotranspiration (ET) products have not provided us with an accurate estimation for global irrigated land area. Thermal energy balance (EB) model has the potential to solve this problem. The accurate estimation of aerodynamic resistances is a major complication in most remote sensing ET models. An EB model using a column canopy‐air turbulent heat diffusion method was developed to more realistically depict dynamic changes in aerodynamic resistance. In order to estimate global ET and land surface fluxes for all weather conditions, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua and Terra land surface temperature fields were combined and a nearest‐evaporative‐fraction gap‐filling method was merged into the EB model. A global ET product covering the period 2003–2017 was produced using the EB model. By combining thermal and optional information from MODIS satellites and surface meteorological forcing data from ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, the EB model provides a 5 × 5 km resolution estimate of daily ET without spatio‐temporal gaps at the global scale. Assessment of the daily EB ET at 238 flux sites showed a mean bias of 0.05 mm/day and an RMSE of 1.56 mm/day. Analysis of global precipitation minus ET demonstrated that EB ET has a relatively higher potential for agriculture water resource management than currently available global ET products, such as Landflux, GLEAM, MOD16, GLDAS, and ERA‐Interim ET. In addition, the EB model developed in this study can be applied to both polar and geostationary satellite thermal sensors.
Seasonal Loops Between Local Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature
Authors: Richards Benjamin D. G. , Koll Daniel D. B. , Cronin Timothy W.
Published: August 2021

The relationship between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the surface temperature has a major influence on Earth's climate sensitivity. Studies often assume that this relationship is approximately linear, but it is unclear whether the approximation always holds. Here we show that, on seasonal timescales, clear‐sky OLR is a multivalued function of local surface temperature. In many places, the OLR‐temperature relationship is better approximated by a loop than a line and we quantify the resulting “OLR loopiness”, that is, how much clear‐sky OLR varies between different seasons with the same surface temperature. Based on offline radiative calculations, in the tropics OLR loops are mainly caused by seasonal variations in relative humidity that are out of phase with surface temperature; in the extratropics, OLR loops are mainly due to variations in lapse rates. Our work provides a mechanism through which Earth's climate feedback can differ between seasonal and long‐term time scales.
Evaluation of Atmospheric 3‐Day Waves as a Source of Day‐to‐Day Variation of the Ionospheric Longitudinal Structure
Authors: Liu Guiping , England Scott L. , Lin Chin S. , Pedatella Nicholas M. , Klenzing Jeffrey H. , Englert Christoph R. , Harding Brian J. , Immel Thomas J. , Rowland Douglas E.
Published: August 2021

We report for the first time the day‐to‐day variation of the longitudinal structure in height of the F2 layer (hmF2) in the equatorial ionosphere using multi‐satellite observations of electron density profiles by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate‐2 (COSMIC‐2). These observations reveal a ∼3‐day modulation of the hmF2 wavenumber‐4 structure viewed in a fixed local time frame during January 30–February 14, 2021. Simultaneously, ∼3‐day planetary wave activity is discerned from zonal wind observations at ∼100 km by the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI). This signature is not observed at ∼180–250 km altitudes, suggesting the dissipation of this wave below the F‐region. We propose that the 3‐day variation identified in hmF2 is likely caused by the planetary wave‐tide interaction through the E‐region dynamo.
Emissions of Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) From East Asia: 2008 to 2019
Authors: Kim Jooil , Thompson Rona , Park Hyeri , Bogle Stephanie , Mühle Jens , Park Mi‐Kyung , Kim Yeaseul , Harth Christina M. , Salameh Peter K. , Schmidt Roland , Ottinger Deborah , Park Sunyoung , Weiss Ray F.
Published: August 2021

The perfluorocarbons (PFCs), tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6), are potent greenhouse gases with very long atmospheric lifetimes. They are emitted almost entirely from industrial sources, including the aluminum and rare earth metal smelting industries that emit them as by‐products, and the semiconductor and flat panel display manufacturing industries that use them and vent unutilized amounts to the atmosphere. Despite extensive industrial efforts to quantify and curb these emissions, “top‐down” PFC emission estimates derived from atmospheric measurements continue to rise and are significantly greater than reported process‐ and inventory‐based “bottom‐up” emissions. In this study, we estimate emissions of CF4 and C2F6 from East Asia, where PFC emitting industries are heavily concentrated, using a top‐down approach (a Bayesian inversion) with high‐frequency atmospheric measurements at Gosan (Jeju Island, South Korea) for 2008–2019. We also compile and analyze the available bottom‐up CF4 and C2F6 emissions in East Asia from industrial and government reports. Our results suggest that the observed increases in global PFC emissions since 2015 are driven primarily by China's aluminum industry, with significant contributions from Japan's and Korea's semiconductor industry. Our analysis suggests that Chinese emissions occur predominantly from the aluminum industry, although their emissions per production ratio may be improving. Our results for Japan and Korea find significant discrepancies between top‐down and bottom‐up emissions estimates, suggesting that the effectiveness of emission reduction systems (abatement) used in their semiconductor industries may be overestimated. Overall, our top‐down results for East Asia contribute significantly to reducing the gap in the global PFC emission budgets.
Controls on Physical and Chemical Denudation in a Mixed Carbonate‐Siliciclastic Orogen
Authors: Erlanger E. D. , Rugenstein J. K. C. , Bufe A. , Picotti V. , Willett S. D.
Published: August 2021

Mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate active orogens are common on Earth's surface, yet most studies have focused on erosion and weathering in silicate‐rich landscapes. Relative to purely siliciclastic landscapes, the response of erosion and weathering to uplift may differ in mixed‐lithology regions. However, our knowledge of weathering and erosion in mixed carbonate‐silicate lithologies is limited and, thus, so is our understanding of the mechanistic coupling between uplift, weathering, and the carbon cycle. Here, we partition denudation fluxes into erosion and weathering fluxes of carbonates and silicates in the Northern Apennines—a mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic active orogen—using dissolved solutes, the carbonate sand fraction, and existing 10Be denudation rates. Erosion generally dominates total denudation fluxes relative to weathering by an order of magnitude. Carbonate and silicate contributions to erosion vary between lithologic units, but weathering fluxes are systematically dominated by carbonates. Silicate weathering may be kinetically limited, whereas carbonate weathering may be limited by acid supply. Carbonate re‐precipitation estimated by comparing ion ratios (Sr, Ca, Na) from rivers and bedrock suggests that up to 90% of dissolved Ca2+ is lost from carbonate‐rich catchments. Corresponding [Ca2+] estimates for the weathering zone are high, likely driven by high soil CO2 partial pressures (pCO2); however, re‐equilibration with atmospheric pCO2 in rivers converts solutes back into grains that become part of the physical denudation flux. Weathering limits in this landscape therefore differ between the subsurface weathering zone and riverine exports, and our findings suggest that carbon cycle models may overestimate the sensitivity to erosion of solute exports (Ca2+ and HCO3−) derived from carbonate weathering.
Bayesian Poroelastic Aquifer Characterization From InSAR Surface Deformation Data. 2. Quantifying the Uncertainty
Authors: Alghamdi Amal , Hesse Marc A. , Chen Jingyi , Villa Umberto , Ghattas Omar
Published: August 2021

Uncertainty quantification of groundwater (GW) aquifer parameters is critical for efficient management and sustainable extraction of GW resources. These uncertainties are introduced by the data, model, and prior information on the parameters. Here, we develop a Bayesian inversion framework that uses Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) surface deformation data to infer the laterally heterogeneous permeability of a transient linear poroelastic model of a confined GW aquifer. The Bayesian solution of this inverse problem takes the form of a posterior probability density of the permeability. Exploring this posterior using classical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is computationally prohibitive due to the large dimension of the discretized permeability field and the expense of solving the poroelastic forward problem. However, in many partial differential equation (PDE)‐based Bayesian inversion problems, the data are only informative in a few directions in parameter space. For the poroelasticity problem, we prove this property theoretically for a one‐dimensional problem and demonstrate it numerically for a three‐dimensional aquifer model. We design a generalized preconditioned Crank‐Nicolson (gpCN) MCMC method that exploits this intrinsic low dimensionality by using a low‐rank‐based Laplace approximation of the posterior as a proposal, which we build scalably. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated through a real GW aquifer test in Nevada. The inherently two‐dimensional nature of InSAR surface deformation data informs a sufficient number of modes of the permeability field to allow detection of major structures within the aquifer, significantly reducing the uncertainty in the pressure and the displacement quantities of interest.
CXCR4 hyperactivation cooperates with TCL1 in CLL development and aggressiveness
Authors: Lewis Richard , Maurer H. Carlo , Singh Nikita , Gonzalez-Menendez Irene , Wirth Matthias , Schick Markus , Zhang Le , Isaakidis Konstandina , Scherger Anna Katharina , Schulze Veronika , Lu Junyan , Zenz Thorsten , Steiger Katja , Rad Roland , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Espeli Marion , Balabanian Karl , Keller Ulrich , Habringer Stefan
Published: August 2021

Aberrant CXCR4 activity has been implicated in lymphoma pathogenesis, disease progression, and resistance to therapies. Using a mouse model with a gain-of-function CXCR4 mutation (CXCR4C1013G) that hyperactivates CXCR4 signaling, we identified CXCR4 as a crucial activator of multiple key oncogenic pathways. CXCR4 hyperactivation resulted in an expansion of transitional B1 lymphocytes, which represent the precursors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Indeed, CXCR4 hyperactivation led to a significant acceleration of disease onset and a more aggressive phenotype in the murine Eµ-TCL1 CLL model. Hyperactivated CXCR4 signaling cooperated with TCL1 to cause a distinct oncogenic transcriptional program in B cells, characterized by PLK1/FOXM1-associated pathways. In accordance, Eµ-TCL1;CXCR4C1013G B cells enriched a transcriptional signature from patients with Richter’s syndrome, an aggressive transformation of CLL. Notably, MYC activation in aggressive lymphoma was associated with increased CXCR4 expression. In line with this finding, additional hyperactive CXCR4 signaling in the Eµ-Myc mouse, a model of aggressive B-cell cancer, did not impact survival. In summary, we here identify CXCR4 hyperactivation as a co-driver of an aggressive lymphoma phenotype.
The coral symbiont Candidatus Aquarickettsia is variably abundant in threatened Caribbean acroporids and transmitted horizontally
Authors: Baker Lydia J , Reich Hannah G , Kitchen Sheila A , Klinges J Grace , Koch Hanna R , Baums Iliana B , Muller Erinn M , Thurber Rebecca Vega
Published: August 2021

The symbiont “Candidatus Aquarickettsia rohweri” infects a diversity of aquatic hosts. In the threatened Caribbean coral, Acropora cervicornis, Aquarickettsia proliferates in response to increased nutrient exposure, resulting in suppressed growth and increased disease susceptibility and mortality of coral. This study evaluated the extent, as well as the ecology and evolution of Aquarickettsia infecting threatened corals, Ac. cervicornis, and Ac. palmata and their hybrid (“Ac. prolifera”). Aquarickettsia was found in all acroporids, with coral host and geographic location impacting the infection magnitude. Phylogenomic and genome-wide single-nucleotide variant analysis of Aquarickettsia found phylogenetic clustering by geographic region, not by coral taxon. Analysis of Aquarickettsia fixation indices suggests multiple sequential infections of the same coral colony are unlikely. Furthermore, relative to other Rickettsiales species, Aquarickettsia is undergoing positive selection, with Florida populations experiencing greater positive selection relative to other Caribbean locations. This may be due in part to Aquarickettsia proliferating in response to greater nutrient stress in Florida, as indicated by greater in situ replication rates in these corals. Aquarickettsia was not found to significantly codiversify with either the coral animal or the coral’s algal symbiont (Symbiodinium “fitti”). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that gametes, larvae, recruits, and juveniles from susceptible, captive-reared coral genets were not infected with Aquarickettsia. Thus, horizontal transmission of Aquarickettsia via coral mucocytes or an unidentified host is more likely. The prevalence of Aquarickettsia in Ac. cervicornis and its high abundance in the Florida coral population suggests that coral disease mitigation efforts focus on preventing early infection via horizontal transmission.
Collagen fiber orientation disorder from H&E images is prognostic for early stage breast cancer: clinical trial validation
Authors: Li Haojia , Bera Kaustav , Toro Paula , Fu PingFu , Zhang Zelin , Lu Cheng , Feldman Michael , Ganesan Shridar , Goldstein Lori J. , Davidson Nancy E. , Glasgow Akisha , Harbhajanka Aparna , Gilmore Hannah , Madabhushi Anant
Published: August 2021

Collagen fiber organization has been found to be implicated in breast cancer prognosis. In this study, we evaluated whether computerized features of Collagen Fiber Orientation Disorder in Tumor-associated Stroma (CFOD-TS) on Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) slide images were prognostic of Disease Free Survival (DFS) in early stage Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) Invasive Breast Cancers (IBC). A Cox regression model named MCFOD-TS, was constructed using cohort St(N = 78) to predict DFS based on CFOD-TS features. The prognostic performance of MCFOD-TSwas validated on cohort Sv(N = 219), a prospective clinical trial dataset (ECOG 2197). MCFOD-TSwas prognostic of DFS in both Stand Sv, independent of clinicopathological variables. Additionally, the molecular pathways regarding cell cycle regulation were identified as being significantly associated with MCFOD-TSderived risk scores. Our results also found that collagen fiber organization was more ordered in patients with short DFS. Our study provided a H&E image-based pipeline to derive a potential prognostic biomarker for early stage ER+ IBC without the need of special collagen staining or advanced microscopy techniques.
Eight-year analysis of bullfighting injuries in Spain, Portugal and southern France
Authors: Reguera-Teba Antonio , Martínez- Casas Isidro , Torné-Poyatos Pablo , Hernández- Cortés Pedro
Published: August 2021

Improving knowledge on the epidemiology and analysing the prognostic factors of severity for injuries caused by fighting bulls in Spain, Portugal and southern France. Observational retrospective study including 1239 patients with a reported history of bull horn injuries between January 2012 and November 2019 in Spain, Portugal or southern France. A multiple logistic regression test was used to analyse the prognostic factors of severity and mortality rate of these lesions. The mean accident rate was 9.13% and the mortality rate was 0.48%. The most frequent mechanism of trauma was goring, and the commonest locations of the lesions were thigh and groin. Vascular lesion was found in 20% of thigh/groin gorings. Prognostic factors of severity were vascular lesion, head trauma, fracture, goring injuries and age of the animal. The most reliable prognostic factors of mortality were vascular lesion and goring in the back. Lesions caused by fighting bulls are common in the bullfighting events held in Spain, Portugal and southern France. Although the mortality rate is low, there is a higher morbidity rate, which is conditioned by vascular lesion. All medical teams should include a surgeon experienced in vascular surgery and an anaesthesiologist.
Controlling the optical properties of nanostructured oxide-based polymer films
Authors: Angastiniotis N. C. , Christopoulos S. , Petallidou K. C. , Efstathiou A. M. , Othonos A. , Koutsokeras L.
Published: August 2021

A bulk scale process is implemented for the production of nanostructured film composites comprising unary or multi-component metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in a suitable polymer matrix. The as-received nanoparticles, namely Al$$_2$$

2

O$$_3$$

3

, SiO$$_2$$

2

and TiO$$_2$$

2

and binary combinations, are treated following specific chemical and mechanical processes in order to be suspended at the optimal size and composition. Subsequently, a polymer extrusion technique is employed for the fabrication of each film, while the molten polymer is mixed with the treated metal oxide nanoparticles. Transmission and reflection measurements are performed in order to map the optical properties of the fabricated, nanostructured films in the UV, VIS and IR. The results substantiate the capability of the overall methodology to regulate the optical properties of the films depending on the type of nanoparticle formation which can be adjusted both in size and composition.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping in ischemic stroke patients after successful recanalization
Authors: Probst Jasmin , Rohner Marco , Zahn Malin , Piccirelli Marco , Pangalu Athina , Luft Andreas , Deistung Andreas , Klohs Jan , Wegener Susanne
Published: August 2021

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a novel processing method for gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Higher magnetic susceptibility in cortical veins have been observed on susceptibility maps in the ischemic hemisphere of stroke patients, indicating an increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Our goal was to investigate susceptibility in veins of stroke patients after successful recanalization in order to analyze the value of QSM in predicting tissue prognosis and clinical outcome. We analyzed MR images of 23 patients with stroke due to unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA)-M1/M2 occlusion acquired 24–72 h after successful thrombectomy. The susceptibilities of veins were obtained from QSM and compared between the stroke territory, the ipsilateral non-ischemic MCA territory and the contralateral MCA territory. As outcome variables, early infarct size and functional disability (modified Rankin Scale, mRS) after 3–5 months was used. The median susceptibility value of cortical veins in the ischemic core was 41% lower compared to the ipsilateral non-ischemic MCA territory and 38% lower than on the contralateral MCA territory. Strikingly, in none of the patients prominent vessels with high susceptibility signal were found after recanalization. Venous susceptibility values within the infarct did not correlate with infarct volume or functional disability after 3–5 months. Low venous susceptibility within the infarct core after successful recanalization of the occluded vessel likely indicates poor oxygen extraction arising from tissue damage. We did not identify peri-infarct tissue with increased susceptibility values as potential surrogate of former penumbral areas. We found no correlation of QSM parameters with infarct size or outcome.
The effect of beta-blockers on hemodynamic parameters in patient-specific blood flow simulations of type-B aortic dissection: a virtual study
Authors: Abazari Mohammad Amin , Rafiei Deniz , Soltani M. , Alimohammadi Mona
Published: August 2021

Aortic dissection (AD) is one of the fatal and complex conditions. Since there is a lack of a specific treatment guideline for type-B AD, a better understanding of patient-specific hemodynamics and therapy outcomes can potentially control the progression of the disease and aid in the clinical decision-making process. In this work, a patient-specific geometry of type-B AD is reconstructed from computed tomography images, and a numerical simulation using personalised computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with three-element Windkessel model boundary condition at each outlet is implemented. According to the physiological response of beta-blockers to the reduction of left ventricular contractions, three case studies with different heart rates are created. Several hemodynamic features, including time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), highly oscillatory, low magnitude shear (HOLMES), and flow pattern are investigated and compared between each case. Results show that decreasing TAWSS, which is caused by the reduction of the velocity gradient, prevents vessel wall at entry tear from rupture. Additionally, with the increase in HOLMES value at distal false lumen, calcification and plaque formation in the moderate and regular-heart rate cases are successfully controlled. This work demonstrates how CFD methods with non-invasive hemodynamic metrics can be developed to predict the hemodynamic changes before medication or other invasive operations. These consequences can be a powerful framework for clinicians and surgical communities to improve their diagnostic and pre-procedural planning.
Agent-based analysis of contagion events according to sourcing locations
Authors: Kustudic Mijat , Niu Ben , Liu Qianying
Published: August 2021

The first human infected with the Covid-19 virus was traced to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. Research shows that there are comparable types of viruses found in different and mutually distant areas. This raises several questions: what if the virus originated in another location? How will future waves of epidemics behave if they originate from different locations with a smaller/larger population than Wuhan? To explore these questions, we implement an agent-based model within fractal cities. Cities radiate gravitational social attraction based on their Zipfian population. The probability and predictability of contagion events are analyzed by examining fractal dimensions and lacunarity. Results show that weak gravitational forces of small locations help dissipate infections across country quicker if the pathogen had originated from that location. Gravitational forces of large cities help contain infections within them if they are the starting locations for the pathogen. Greater connectedness and symmetry allow for a more predictable epidemic outcome since there are no obstructions to spreading. To test our hypothesis, we implement datasets from two countries, Sierra Leone and Liberia, and two diseases, Ebola and Covid-19, and obtain the same results.