bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New particle formation and growth during summer in an urban environment: a dual chamber study
Authors: Jorga Spiro D. , Florou Kalliopi , Patoulias David , Pandis Spyros N.
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Nucleation and subsequent growth are a major source of new particles in many environments, but the pollutants involved and the details of the corresponding processes are still under debate. While sulfuric acid has a
major role in new particle formation under a lot of conditions, the role of
ammonia, amines, and organic vapors is less clear. In most continental areas,
new particle formation is quite frequent especially on relatively clean,
sunny days when there is some sulfur dioxide available. In parts of the Eastern
Mediterranean even if all the previous requirements are satisfied, new
particle formation events are relatively rare during summertime. In this work, we take advantage of this unexpected low, new particle formation frequency in Greece and use a dual atmospheric simulation chamber
system with starting point ambient air in an effort to gain insight about
the chemical species that is limiting nucleation in this area. A potential
nucleation precursor, ammonia, was added in one of the chambers, while the
other one was used as a reference. Three different types of outcomes were
observed: new particle formation only in the perturbed chamber, new particle formation in both chambers, and no observed new particle formation. The addition of ammonia assisted in new particle formation in almost 50 % of the experiments conducted. The growth rate of the newly formed particles ranged from 3–11 nm h−1, with particles reaching a diameter of 20–25 nm after a few hours. The nucleation rate was estimated using an aerosol dynamics model and was found to be in the range of 500 to 25 000 particles cm−3 h−1 in the different experiments. These results support the hypothesis that ammonia at levels of several ppb can accelerate or even cause new particle formation, at least in the environment of the Eastern Mediterranean.
True eddy accumulation – Part 1: Solutions to the problem of non-vanishing mean vertical wind velocity
Authors: Emad Anas , Siebicke Lukas
Published: January 2023

Abstract. The true eddy accumulation (TEA) method provides direct measurements of
ecosystem-level turbulent fluxes for a wide range of atmospheric constituents.
TEA utilizes conditional sampling to overcome the requirement for a fast sensor
response demanded by the state-of-the-art eddy covariance (EC) method. The TEA method is formulated under the assumption of ideal conditions with a
zero mean vertical wind velocity during the averaging interval.
However, this idealization is rarely met under field conditions.
Additionally, unlike in EC, this assumption cannot be imposed in post-processing due to the real-time nature of sampling and the absence of
high-frequency measurements of the scalar.
Consequently, fluxes measured with the TEA method are biased with a
non-turbulent advective term that scales with the scalar mean concentration. Here, we explore the magnitude of this biased advective term and potential ways
to minimize or remove it.
We propose a new formulation to calculate TEA fluxes that minimizes the bias term.
The new formulation shows that the magnitude of the error is constrained to
w‾/|w|‾ when the stationarity criterion is fulfilled.
Here, w is the vertical wind velocity, and the overbar denotes time averaging.
The error is shown to be dependent on the asymmetry of atmospheric transport,
represented by the coefficient αc.
Two methods of estimating the coefficient αc are proposed: a
probabilistic treatment of turbulent transport and a method utilizing the
assumption of scalar similarity.
We show how other formulas for calculating the TEA flux are linked to the new
formulation and explore the different corrections in a numerical simulation. The new formulation avoids the direct dependence of the bias term on the scalar
background concentration.
This result increases confidence in applying the TEA method to measuring
fluxes of atmospheric constituents.
This is particularly relevant to scalars with a large background concentration
and a small flux.
This paper is Part 1 of a two-part series on true eddy accumulation.
True eddy accumulation – Part 2: Theory and experiment of the short-time eddy accumulation method
Authors: Emad Anas , Siebicke Lukas
Published: January 2023

Abstract. A new variant of the eddy accumulation method for measuring atmospheric exchange is derived, and a prototype sampler is evaluated.
The new method, termed short-time eddy accumulation (STEA), overcomes the requirement of fixed accumulation intervals in the true eddy accumulation method (TEA) and enables the sampling system to run in a continuous flow-through mode.
STEA enables adaptive time-varying accumulation intervals, which improves the system's dynamic range and brings many advantages to flux measurement and calculation. The STEA method was successfully implemented and deployed to measure CO2 fluxes over an agricultural field in Braunschweig, Germany.
The measured fluxes matched very well against a conventional eddy covariance system (slope of 1.04, R2 of 0.86).
We provide a detailed description of the setup and operation of the STEA system in the continuous flow-through mode, devise an empirical correction for the effect of buffer volumes, and describe the important considerations for the successful operation of the STEA method. The STEA method reduces the bias and uncertainty in the measured fluxes compared to conventional TEA and creates new ways to design eddy accumulation systems with finer control over sampling and accumulation.
The results encourage the application of STEA for measuring fluxes of more challenging atmospheric constituents such as reactive species.
This paper is Part 2 of a two-part series on true eddy accumulation.
Assessing land elevation in the Ayeyarwady Delta (Myanmar) and its relevance for studying sea level rise and delta flooding
Authors: Seeger Katharina , Minderhoud Philip Simon Johannes , Peffeköver Andreas , Vogel Anissa , Brückner Helmut , Kraas Frauke ,   Nay Win Oo, Brill Dominik
Published: January 2023

Abstract. With their low lying, flat topography, river deltas and coastal plains are extremely prone to relative sea level rise and other water related hazards. This calls for accurate elevation data for flood risk assessments, especially in the densely populated Southeast Asian deltas. However, in data-poor countries such as Myanmar, where high accuracy elevation data is not accessible, often only global satellite based digital elevation models (DEMs), suffering from low vertical accuracy and remote sensing artefacts, can be used by the public and scientific community. As the lack of accurate elevation data hampers the assessment of flood risk, studying available information on land elevation and its reliability is essential, particularly in the context of sea level rise impact. Here, we assess the performance of ten global DEMs in the Ayeyarwady Delta (Myanmar) against the new, local, so called AD-DEM, which was generated based on topographical map elevation data. To enable comparison, all DEMs were converted to a common vertical datum tied to local sea level. While both CoastalDEM v2.1 and FABDEM, perform comparably well, showing the highest correspondence in comparison with AD-DEM and low elevation spot heights, the FABDEM outperforms the CoastalDEM v2.1 by the absence of remote sensing artefacts. The AD-DEM provides a high accuracy, open source and freely available, independent elevation dataset suitable for evaluating land elevation data in the Ayeyarwady Delta and studying topography and flood risk at large scale, while small scale investigations may benefit from a FABDEM locally improved with data from the AD-DEM. Based on latest IPCC projections of sea level rise, the consequences of DEM selection for assessing the impact of sea level rise in the Ayeyarwady Delta are shown. We highlight the need for addressing particularly low lying populated areas within the most seaward districts with risk mitigation and adaptation strategies while also more inland delta population should be made aware to face a higher risk of flooding due to relative sea level rise in the next ~100 years.
The global impact of the transport sectors on aerosol and climate under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)
Authors: Righi Mattia , Hendricks Johannes , Brinkop Sabine
Published: January 2023

Abstract. A global aerosol-climate model is applied to quantify the impact of the transport sectors (land transport, shipping and aviation) on aerosol and climate. Global simulations are performed for present-day (2015), based on the emission inventory of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), and for near-term (2030) and mid-term (2050) future projections, under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). The results for present-day show that land transport emissions have a large impact on near-surface concentrations of black carbon and aerosol nitrate over the most populated areas of the globe, but with contrasting patterns in terms of relative contributions between developed and developing countries. In spite of the recently introduced regulations to limit the fuel sulphur content in the shipping sector, shipping emissions are still responsible for a considerable impact on aerosol sulfate near-surface concentrations, about 0.5 to 1 µg m−3 in the most travelled regions, with significant effects also on continental air pollution and in the northern polar regions. Aviation impacts on aerosol mass are found to be quite small, of the order of a few nanograms per cubic meter, while this sector considerably affects particle number concentrations, contributing up to 20–30 % of the upper tropospheric particle number concentration at the northern mid-latitudes. The transport-induced impacts on aerosol mass and number concentrations result in a present-day radiative forcing of −164, −145 and −64 mW m−2, for land transport, shipping and aviation, respectively, with a dominating contribution by aerosol-cloud interactions. These forcings represent a marked offset to the CO2 warming from the transport sectors and are therefore very relevant for climate policy. The projections under the SSPs show that the impact of the transport sectors on aerosol and climate are generally consistent with the narratives underlying these scenarios: the lowest impacts of transport on both aerosol and climate are simulated under SSP1, especially for the land transport sector, while SSP3 is generally characterized by the largest effects. Notable exceptions to this picture, however, exist, as the emissions of other anthropogenic sectors also contribute to the overall aerosol concentrations and thus modulate the relevance of the transport sectors in the different scenarios, not always consistently with their underlying storyline. On a qualitative level, the results for present-day mostly confirm the findings of our previous assessment for the year 2000, which used a predecessor version of the same model and the CMIP5 emissions data. Some important quantitative differences are found, which can mostly be ascribed to the improved representation of aerosol background concentrations in the present study.
Coupling between downstream variations of channel width and local pool–riffle bed topography
Authors: Chartrand Shawn M. , Jellinek A. Mark , Hassan Marwan A. , Ferrer-Boix Carles
Published: January 2023

Abstract. A potential control of downstream channel width variations on the structure and planform of pool–riffle sequence local bed topography is a key to the dynamics of gravel bed rivers. How established pool–riffle sequences respond to time-varying changes in channel width at specific locations, however, is largely unexplored and challenging to address with field-based study. Here, we report results of a flume experiment aimed at building understanding of how statistically steady pool–riffle sequence profiles adjust to spatially prescribed channel width changes. We find that local bed slopes near steady-state conditions inversely correlate with local downstream width gradients when the upstream sediment supply approximates the estimated transport capacity. This result constrains conditions prior to and following the imposed local width changes. Furthermore, this relationship between local channel bed slope and downstream width gradient is consistent with expectations from scaling theory and a broad set of field-based, numerical, and experimental studies (n=88). However, upstream disruptions to coarse sediment supply through actions such as dam removal can result in a transient flipping of the expected inverse correlation between bed slope and width gradient, collectively highlighting that understanding local conditions is critical before typically implemented spatial averaging schemes can be reliably applied.
How does 4DVar data assimilation affect the vertical representation of mesoscale eddies? A case study with observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) using ROMS v3.9
Authors: Gwyther David E. , Keating Shane R. , Kerry Colette , Roughan Moninya
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Accurate estimates and forecasts of ocean eddies in key regions such as western boundary currents are important for weather and climate, biology, navigation, and search and rescue. The dynamic nature of mesoscale eddies requires data assimilation to produce accurate eddy timings and locations in ocean model simulations. However, data assimilating models are rarely assessed below the surface due to a paucity of observations; hence it is not clear how data assimilation impacts the subsurface eddy structure. Here, we use a suite of observing system simulation experiments to show how the subsurface representation of eddies is changed within data assimilating simulations even when assimilating nearby observations. We examine in detail two possible manifestations of how the data assimilation process impacts three-dimensional eddy structure, namely, by producing overly active baroclinic instability and through inaccurate vertical mode structure. Therefore, in DA simulations, subsurface temperature structures can be too deep and too warm, particularly in dynamic eddy features. Our analyses demonstrate the need for further basic research in ocean data assimilation methodologies to improve the representation of the subsurface ocean structure.
FABM-NflexPD 2.0: testing an instantaneous acclimation approach for modeling the implications of phytoplankton eco-physiology for the carbon and nutrient cycles
Authors: Kerimoglu Onur , Pahlow Markus , Anugerahanti Prima , Smith Sherwood Lan
Published: January 2023

Abstract. The acclimative response of phytoplankton, which adjusts their nutrient and pigment content in response to changes in ambient light, nutrient levels, and temperature, is an important determinant of observed chlorophyll distributions and biogeochemistry. Acclimative models typically capture this response and its impact on the C : nutrient : Chl ratios of phytoplankton by explicitly resolving the dynamics of these constituents of phytoplankton biomass. The instantaneous acclimation (IA) approach only requires resolving the dynamics of a single tracer and calculates the elemental composition assuming instantaneous local equilibrium. IA can capture the acclimative response without substantial loss of accuracy in both 0D box models and spatially explicit 1D models. A major drawback of IA so far has been its inability to maintain mass balance for the elements with unresolved dynamics. Here we extend the IA model to capture both C and N cycles in a 0D setup, which requires analytical derivation of additional flux terms to account for the temporal changes in cellular N quota, Q. We present extensive tests of this model, with regard to the conservation of total C an N and its behavior in comparison to an otherwise equivalent, fully explicit dynamic acclimation (DA) variant under idealized conditions with variable light and temperature. We also demonstrate a modular implementation of this model in the Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical Modelling (FABM), which facilitates modeling competition between an arbitrary number of different acclimative phytoplankton types. In a 0D setup, we did not find evidence for computational advantages of the IA approach over the DA variant. In a spatially explicit setup, performance gains may be possible but would require modifying the physical-flux calculations to account for spatial differences in Q between model grid cells.
The natural abundance of stable water isotopes method may overestimate deep-layer soil water use by trees
Authors: Wang Shaofei , Gao Xiaodong , Yang Min , Huo Gaopeng , Song Xiaolin , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Wu Pute , Zhao Xining
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Stable water isotopes have been used extensively to study
the water use strategy of plants in various ecosystems. In deep vadose zone
(DVZ) regions, the rooting depth of trees can reach several meters to tens
of meters. However, the existence of roots in deep soils does not
necessarily mean the occurrence of root water uptake, which usually occurs
at a particular time during the growing season. Therefore, quantifying the
contribution of deep-layer soil water (DLSW) in DVZ regions using the
natural abundance of stable water isotopes may not be accurate because this
method assumes that trees always extract shallow- and deep-layer soil water.
We propose a multi-step method for addressing this issue. First, isotopic
labeling in deep layers identifies whether trees absorb DLSW and determines
the soil layer depths from which trees derive their water source. Next, we
calculate water sources based on the natural abundance of stable isotopes in the soil layer determined above to quantify the water use strategy of trees. We also compared the results
with the natural abundance of stable water isotopes method. The 11- and
17-year-old apple trees were taken as examples for analyses on China's Loess Plateau. Isotopic labeling showed that the water uptake depth of 11-year-old apple trees reached 300 cm in the blossom and young fruit (BYF) stage and only 100 cm in the fruit swelling (FSW) stage, whereas 17-year-old trees always consumed water from the 0–320 cm soil layer. Overall, apple trees absorbed the most water from deep soils (>140 cm) during the BYF stage, and 17-year-old trees consumed more water in these layers than 11-year-old trees throughout the growing season. In addition, the natural abundance of stable water isotopes method overestimated the contribution of DLSW, especially in the 320–500 cm soil layer. Our findings highlight that determining the occurrence of root water uptake in deep soils helps to quantify the water use strategy of trees in DVZ regions.
Contribution of cryosphere to runoff in the transition zone between the Tibetan Plateau and arid region based on environmental isotopes
Authors: Gui Juan , Li Zongxing , Feng Qi , Cui Qiao , Xue Jian
Published: January 2023

Abstract. As the transition zone between the Tibetan Plateau and arid region, the Qilian Mountains are important ecological barriers and source regions of inland rivers in northwest China. In recent decades, drastic changes in the cryosphere have had a considerable impact on the formation process of water resources in the Qilian Mountains. In this study, 2164 environmental isotope samples were used to quantify the runoff components of 11 major rivers in the Qilian Mountains and investigate the influence of cryosphere changes on mountain runoff. The results show that the mountain runoff primarily originates in the cryosphere belt, which contributes approximately 82 %, 71 %, and 80 % to the Hexi inland water system, the upper stream of the Yellow River system, and the Qinghai inland river system, respectively. The maximum contribution ratio of glacier and snow meltwater to runoff occurred in May. The contribution of supra-permafrost water to runoff gradually increased from May and reached approximately 40 % in some rivers in October. Cryosphere degradation in the Qilian Mountains after the 1990s has caused a rapid increase in runoff, changes in the peak runoff time, and an increase in winter runoff. These changes in the hydrological processes bring opportunities and challenges to managing inland river water resources, and various adaptive measures to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages have been proposed. The findings from the environmental isotope analysis provide insights into understanding water resources and realizing the nexus of life, agriculture, industry, and ecological water use.
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
Authors: Célini Naïm , Mouthereau Frédéric , Lahfid Abdeltif , Gout Claude , Callot Jean-Paul
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Conceptual models of orogenic accretionary prisms assume that peak
temperatures (Tmax⁡) increase towards the internal domains as crustal
rocks are accreted from the lower to the upper plate. However, the recognition
of pre-orogenic heating events in mountain belts questions the magnitude of
thermal overprint during nappe stacking. Using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material (RSCM) to calculate Tmax⁡, we have investigated
the thermal record of Lower Jurassic to Eocene strata exposed along six
stratigraphic sections at the front of the Digne Nappe (SW Alps), from the
Devoluy Massif to the Castellane Arc. Our results highlight two groups of
depth-dependent temperatures: (1) a regionally extensive and constant
Tmax⁡ up to 300–330 ∘C measured in the Jurassic succession and
(2) regionally variable lower temperatures (<150 ∘C)
recorded either in the Upper Mesozoic or the syn-orogenic sequence.
Modelling shows that the highest palaeotemperatures were achieved during the
Early Cretaceous (∼ 130 Ma), associated with the
Valaisan–Vocontian rifting, while the lowest Tmax⁡ reflect post-rift
thermal relaxation in the Alpine foreland basin. This study provides a
striking new example where mid-crustal palaeotemperatures measured in
sediments accreted from the downgoing plate are inherited. An estimated peak
thermal gradient of 80–90 ∘C km−1 requires a crustal thickness of 8–10 km during the Early Cretaceous, hence placing constraints for tectonic
reconstruction of rift domains and geophysical interpretation of current
crustal thickness in the SW Alps. These results call for the careful
interpretation of palaeothermal data when they are used to identify past
collisional thermal events. Where details of basin evolution are lacking,
high-temperature records may be misinterpreted as syn-orogenic, which can in
turn lead to an overestimation of both orogenic thickening and horizontal
displacement in mountain belts.
Sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind and wake characteristics on wind turbine loads in a small wind farm
Authors: Shaler Kelsey , Robertson Amy N. , Jonkman Jason
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Wind turbines are designed using a set of simulations to determine the fatigue and ultimate loads, which are typically focused solely on unwaked wind turbine operation. These structural loads can be significantly influenced by the wind inflow conditions. Turbines experience altered inflow conditions when placed in the wake of upstream turbines, which can additionally influence the fatigue and ultimate loads. It is important to understand the impact of uncertainty on the resulting loads of both unwaked and waked turbines. The goal of this work is to assess which wind-inflow-related and wake-related parameters have the greatest influence on fatigue and ultimate loads during normal operation for turbines in a three-turbine wind farm. Twenty-eight wind inflow and wake parameters are screened using an elementary effects sensitivity analysis approach to identify the parameters that lead to the largest variation in the fatigue and ultimate loads of each turbine. This study uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW baseline wind turbine, simulated with OpenFAST and synthetically generated inflow based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Kaimal turbulence spectrum with the IEC exponential coherence model using the NREL tool TurbSim. The focus is on sensitivity to individual parameters, though interactions between parameters are considered, and how sensitivity differs between waked and unwaked turbines. The results of this work show that for both waked and unwaked turbines, ambient turbulence in the primary wind direction and shear are the most sensitive parameters for turbine fatigue and ultimate loads. Secondary parameters of importance for all turbines are identified as yaw misalignment, streamwise integral length, and the exponent and streamwise components of the IEC coherence model. The tertiary parameters of importance differ between waked and unwaked turbines. Tertiary effects account for up to 9.0 % of the significant events for waked turbine ultimate loads and include veer, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, air density, and several wake calibration parameters. For fatigue loads, tertiary effects account for up to 5.4 % of the significant events and include vertical turbulence standard deviation, lateral and vertical wind integral lengths, non-streamwise components of the IEC coherence model, Reynolds stresses, wind direction, and all wake calibration parameters. This information shows the increased importance of non-streamwise wind components and wake parameters in the fatigue and ultimate load sensitivity of downstream turbines.
METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICAL DEVICES
Authors: Hilles Feras E.S.
Published: January 2023

This article covers medical products and their classification by risk level, as well as identification of necessary Safety and performance requirements as specified in technical regulations and standards. In conclusion, we note the types of metrological control of these devices as an essential part of the legislative metrology.
The electron microscope on the eve of its first centenary
Authors: Mestres Ventura Pedro J
Published: January 2023

In a few years’ time, the electron microscope will be 100 years old. The ideas leading to the invention of the instrument emerged in Berlin between 1928 and 1933. Ernst Ruska is the undisputed inventor of the transmission electron microscope. In the mid-1930s, scientists from several European countries and especially from the United States, France, Canada and Japan became interested in contributing to the new technology. Ernst Ruska was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention.
Power System Protection Strategies to Improve Safety and Control
Authors: Singh Laledia Saurabh , Kaur Sarbjeet
Published: January 2023

Power system protection is one of the prime concerns in the modern power system. The amount of expansion in consumption has put the power system to a halt lately, in the form of system failure, which results in an interruption in power supply and the worst-case scenario a blackout. The pieces of equipment often used function on high voltage rating and are in an operating mode for most of the time, so the chances of any catastrophic failure have ways remained a probability. To narrow these events and to protect the equipment, different strategies have been discussed in this paper to increase the life span and enhance the functioning of the power system. The system wasn't designed to handle the present-day challenges and changing the entire system isn't economical and feasible at once. Therefore, these clever solutions have emerged with time such as digital protection involving the latest type of relays like microprocessor-based relays and wide monitoring schemes that enhance the component's reliability and strengthen the protection of the power system network. This paper considers various power system protection strategies, and it also compares the aforesaid strategies with numerous parameters.
Development of an Intelligent Vitiligo Detection Classifier
Authors: Fayaz Muzamil , Malhotra Deepti , Kala Dogra Naina
Published: January 2023

Vitiligo, a widespread depigmenting skin condition is characterized by loss of melanocytes in a selective manner, resulting in nonscaly, chalky-white macules. Vitiligo is a common pigment-degrading skin disease, apparently marked by white patches on the skin and broadly classified into two categories: Segmental vitiligo and Non-segmental vitiligo. An extensive survey of AI-based diagnostic systems for segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo has also been presented. The dermatologist's experience and subjectivity in visual perception of depigmented skin lesions play a big role in Vitiligo diagnosis and its classification. So, there is a dearth need to implement machine learning approaches to improve diagnosis accuracy. Motivated by the fact, the intelligent convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based Vitiligo classification model IVC has been proposed in the research work to classify the Non-segmental vitiligo into its subtypes like Acrofacial, Focal, Generalized and Mucosal vitiligo. The dataset consisting of 507 vitiligo infected images has been collected and manually labelled to accomplish the whole research work.
A News Recommender System: Implementation and Analysis
Authors: Rani Shweta , Rathore Ankit , Nandan Apoorv , Bhatt Arjun
Published: January 2023

In the past few years, the need of prediction has increased rapidly. Predicting the purchase, reading of news, buying food items are a few popular interests of researchers and marketing people as well. Newspapers are quite essential to urge information concerning recent activity and general awareness for all age groups. Varied solutions are being developed to convert paper News systems to digital news and it has become a standard for all news companies. A recommendation system has been proposed and developed for suggestions to the user. Researchers have developed many algorithms for developing the recommendation system. Each approach has its pros and cons. In this paper, we have studied different approaches for news recommendation systems and developed a content-based filtering model for recommending news articles to the user. The articles with more euclidean similarity have higher chances of suggesting to the user.
Comparative Analysis of DDoS Attacks Detection Systems in Software defined Networks
Authors: Sharma Anuja , Saxena Parul
Published: January 2023

The software-Defined Network (SDN) is the pre-eminent network framework in recent decades as it ensures more authority over the recent network architecture. The Controller, which is characterized as the system software of the SDN is liable for running different organization applications and conserving a few organization administrations and functionalities. In spite of all its potential, the establishment of numerous constructive organizations of SDN creates numerous security dangers and possible targets. The Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) is one of the major security threats that deteriorate the performance of the SDN organization. More researchers are concentrated to restrain the DDoS attack as the control layer in the SDN is the most exposed to DDoS attacks. These days, in the field of SDN, different AI (ML) procedures are being conveyed to recognize DDoS attack. Hence in this paper, 15 papers related to DDoS attack detection are analyzed. The evaluation of the research is implemented with respect to the various factors such as performance metrics, achievement of the existing methods, classifier or the methods utilized and so on. Finally, this report elucidates the future direction of the research.
A Novel Approach to Compress and Secure Human Genome Sequence
Authors: Mathur Garima , Pandey Anjana , Goyal Sachin
Published: January 2023

DNA sequences can be considered as a pool of genetic information mostly used for reproduction, classification, and detection of disease. FASTA is the commonly used DNA sequence in a textual format whose size is too large which makes it difficult to store and manage; also securing this data is a big issue. Compression techniques that can reduce the size of these DNA data files are the most appropriate solution, reducing the size also reduces the need for resources for transmission. Therefore, this work proposes a novel ASCII-based compression algorithm, in which DNA characters are first converted into ASCII integers and then delta computed, afterwards the LZW compression technique is applied to the computed result. For ensuring the security of data, the blockchain-based framework is used after the compression module to make data immutable. In this paper, for methods like LZW and Huffman code, compression ratio comparisons were also determined for homosapiens, and from the results, it is clear that the proposed algorithm shows a good compression ratio for some randomly selected data sets. Another aim of this paper is to show the benefits of using a blockchain-based framework in securing healthcare data.
Automatic Brain Tumor Detection: A Review
Authors: Srivastava Mohit , Singh Manjeet
Published: January 2023

Brain tumor is a deadly disease and its detection and diagnosis is a primary concern. Human-assisted manual classification results in inaccurate prediction and identification can result from hence we employ computer-aided technology to aid with diagnosis accuracy. Numerous challenges like its position in the brain, tumor type, abnormality of cells, image segmentation, etc. are needed for its cure. After segmentation of MRI images, on the basis of variation found in tumor tissue characteristics, the tumor is mainly divided into 2 categories i.e. malignant and benign. Numerous reviews on Brain Tumor segmentation is presented to simplify and help the researchers working in this field. This research also accentuates the advantage and drawbacks of earlier proposed classification techniques. Different types of tumors, their stages, and numerous techniques carried out in the detection of brain tumor using neural networks are also discussed. Diverse methods and the methodologies presented in this analysis will be advantageous for scholars researching in this domain.
A Conceptual Study on Holochain and Blockchain Technology
Authors: K. Parmar Jekishan , G. Vaghani Kaushik
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we study and describe the conceptual differences of a new and upcoming technology called Holochain Technology along with that of widely used, Blockchain Technology. The working and architecture of both of these technologies have been studied purely at the conceptual level in order to ascertain the differences among them and decide the more efficient technology of the two. Our focus during the study was on the creation of chain, validation of the data uploaded on the chain and its integrity. Moreover, one of the important factors that we considered during the study was the effect of increased number of transactions in the current chain due to the addition of more nodes. Hence, in this paper, scalability is considered as one of the major factors that plays part in the performance of these two technologies. Thus, at the end of the paper, we will find out which of the two technologies studied here, will be used with more prevalence in the future.
System Access Control Using Smart Fencing at Stockyards
Authors: Singh Kulvir , Bhatt Aryan , Karuppaia Deepa
Published: January 2023

This project work is made for Stockyards where there is a constant risk of injury and fatality to the people working in field. The project deals with an IOT device which gets triggered when the magnetic field of a magnet comes in contact with a magnetic switch. A smart fence is made for the people to cross into and work in the danger prone area. When a person crosses the fence, a signal is triggered by the IOT device to the central access control system which disables the machinery and rail cables. The connection is re-established only when the fence is closed by the person who crossed it earlier. Therefore, the project comprises a smart fence which can access the system and control the machines accordingly in order to prevent human fatality.
Smart Garbage and Street Light Monitoring System for Smart City
Authors: Patil Shilpa , V Koluragi Vinuta , kumar P S Ashok
Published: January 2023

Due to an upsurge in population, every year about 60 million tons of trash is generated. The improper organization of city Municipal Corporation and lack of awareness programs to the citizen has led the monitoring of garbage become a national issue. Mahatma Gandhi's vision of Clean India has led to the initiation of Indian central government’s ambitious project to make India a clean country “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” aims to teach citizens to reduce waste generation, eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. To maintain an ingenious living, tidiness is necessary and cleanliness begins with proper monitoring of waste trash, hence this work aims to optimize garbage waste management by the design of a smart garbage monitoring system for “Smart City” based on Internet of Things (IoT). The system will help to minimize the garbage disposal problem by automatically monitoring the garbage bins and informing the municipal corporation about the level of garbage collected. Street lights are a major requirement in today’s life for safety purposes. In today’s busy life, no one bothers to switch off the lights when not required. The street lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for a city. This work aims to design an automatic street light control system using simple timing information that will minimize power consumption and manpower.
Stock Price Prediction Using Machine Learning algorithm with Web Interface (GUI)
Authors: Mittal Ashu , Joshi Nairit , Savani Vijay
Published: January 2023

Predicting the stock market trend is difficult due to the stock market’s high level of uncertainty. Many approaches for stock price and market prediction have been developed in the past. Different algorithms such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Linear regression, and Decision trees are utilized in this study to forecast the future closing price of stocks for a specific firm. In this paper, the accuracy of these mentioned algorithms is also being compared. A seven-day study is also performed, illustrating the actual and anticipated closing prices for two companies using different algorithms. The outcome of the previous forecast is compared to the other algorithms, and a final algorithm is chosen based on it. A final model is created by taking many technical parameters in consideration in order to have more precise anticipated the price. Based on the final model, a 10-days examination of the actual and anticipated closing prices for ten different firms is also performed. Finally, A web application-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) was built using the Stream-lit library. The GUI includes features such as a forecast graph, a graph for historical data, and a company selection as well as the start and the end date.
IoT-Based Low-Cost Remote Surveillance System for Solar Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: S. S. Murugan A. , Kumar Kar Rajib , Vikram B. , Vishnu A. , Vinay P.
Published: January 2023

Nowadays Photovoltaic (PV) systems have seen an increase in demand since they produce electricity without harming the environment by directly converting solar energy into electricity. As a result, the sun's irradiance should be correctly exploited. Solar energy is a completely natural and environment friendly source of energy. As a result, the efficiency of solar power plants should be closely monitored to ensure maximum power output. Hence, we propose a machine-driven, IoT-based solar energy monitoring system that allows solar energy monitoring from anywhere via the internet. Tomonitor a 25Watt solar array parameters, we proposed an Arduino board-based system. Our system continuously supervises the solar array and sends the power production to the IOT system through the internet. We are using IOT Adafruit for sending solar energy parameters to the IOT Adafruit server over the web. The main parameters, such as current, voltage, power and energy are presently displayed to the user. This tends to the user can monitor their solar panels from any distant locations.
Privacy Protection in Intelligent Healthcare Atomosphere: The Present and Prospect
Authors: Shankhdhar Chandrahass , S Maurya L
Published: January 2023

The fast growth of Internet of Medical Things innovation has resulted in several breakthroughs in the smart healthcare field; it enhances healthcare systems to give more complex real-time services and more efficient patient motioning systems. Nonetheless, despite Internet of Medical Things, there is a dazzling side, some problems continue to stymie its acceptance. In reality, collecting, transferring, storing, and utilizing data in medical applications raises concerns about privacy and data protection, particularly given the large number of parties involved throughout the data life cycle. Motivated by these facts, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a Systematic Literature Review of privacy-preserving methods employed in the smart healthcare ecosystem. A standardized Literature Review technique is used to choose current research publications published between 2017 and 2021 from several databases. Several papers were screened, and the selected papers were subjected to critical examination
The Practice of Patient Education by Attending Physicians in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: J. Tobih , A. Oyewole , D. Tobih , A. Olajide , T. Esan
Published: January 2023

Background: The value of patient education involves an improved understanding of their medical conditions, diagnosis, disease, or disability. However, the challenge of educating patients is multi-faceted, considering the complexity of many diseases, limited health literacy and a limited number of available doctors to tend to the long awaiting patient queue. Objective: This study aimed to assess the practice of patients’ education of their illnesses by the treating physician in different practice settings, specialties, contact, duration of admission, the eventuality of death and post-mortem. Method: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design conducted among 449 medical doctors. A self-administered semi-structured pretested questionnaire was administered to all cadres of physicians in four health centres selected randomly in the southwest, Nigeria. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 25 and results were presented in descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the level of significance set at p = < 0.05. Result: The majority (57.0%) of the respondents were within the age range of 25-40. The highest respondent cadres were registrars and medical officers 224 (49.9%). Of the total participants, 140 reported seeing over 40 patients per week. It was observed that 95.9% did explain to the patients the impressions of their symptoms at first contact. However, the percentage of respondents reduced markedly when giving the next appointment, 58.8%. Also, 86.6% always explain the need for hospital admission, 76.4% explained options of surgery while only 28.3% discussed mistakes/complications from the procedures. Conclusion: There were a lot of gaps in the patient’s understanding of their illnesses as imparted by the attending physicians. The gap increases after the first contact both in knowledge and understanding on the part of the patient which may be one of the major factors responsible for poor compliance and cooperation on the part of the patient which ultimately hinders the optimum delivery of effective and efficient health care. This in effect affects the overall health status of the community and society.
Syphilis in Pregnancy: Pharmacological and Therapeutic Challenges
Authors: M. Deveena , R.M. Niren
Published: January 2023

Syphilis is a chronic, multistage sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Infection during pregnancy can lead to transplacental spread (congenital syphilis) and may be associated with adverse foetal outcomes, such as early foetal loss (miscarriages), stillbirths, neonatal deaths, low-birth-weight infants, and other sequalae of infection if left untreated or incompletely treated. Rising rates of congenital syphilis emulate general increases in the rate of primary and secondary syphilis among females and remains a global health concern, particularly in lower middle-income countries (LMIC). Treatment with benzathine penicillin G remains the treatment of choice in the absence of alternative suitable antimicrobials. However, in the past few years, treatment with penicillin has been affected by poor availability due to manufacturing challenges, supply chain issues and stock-outs in some settings. In this article, we highlight the pharmacological and therapeutic challenges during pregnancy, and reflect on challenges associated with alternative antimicrobial therapy.
Commercialisation of Agriculture: Olive Farming in Al Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: A. Gharira , K. Siddiqui
Published: January 2023

The current study investigates issues related to the Commercialization of Agriculture in Saudi Arabia in the light of various theories of sustainable agriculture. The rationale for this study is needed to investigate the importance of a Commercialization of the agriculture sector as the country diversifies its sources of revenue. The aim of the government is to reinvigorate the country’s once-thriving agricultural sector in the interests of food security by minimizing its need for food importation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with farm workers and managers to elicit their views on the current state of agriculture in Saudi Arabia, the challenges they faced due to arid climatic conditions, and their opinions as to what needed to be prioritized in government agrarian policies. The key findings which emerged from thematic analysis are then presented and discussed. The study concludes with recommendations that the participants considered important for facing the challenges to sustainable agriculture in desert regions.
Coupled fixed point and best proximity point results involving simulation functions
Authors: Pari Dhivya , Radenovic Stojan , Muthiah Marudai , Bin-Mohsin Bandar
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this paper is to prove coupled fixed point theorems using simulation functions that extend the results of Kojasteh et al . As an application we prove a coupled best proximity points using simulation functions.
Semi-fredholm and semi-browder spectra for Co-quasi-semigroups
Authors: Tajmouati Abdelaziz , Zahouan Youness , Ould Mohamed baba Mohamed Ahmed
Published: January 2023

In [5] D. Barcenas and H. Leiva are introduced the notion of C0-quasi-semigroups of bounded linear operators, as a generalization of C0-semigroups of operators. In this paper, we shall show the connections between a different spectra of the C0-quasi-semigroups by the spectra of their generators, specially, ascent, descent essential ascent and essential descent, upper and lower semi-Fredholm and semi-Browder spectra.