bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideology and Discourse
Authors: Van Dijk Teun A.
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses specifically on the neglected discursive and cognitive dimensions of the theory of ideology, as part of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). Ideologies are defined as basic shared systems of social cognitions of groups. They control group attitudes (e.g. about immigration, abortion, divorce, etc.) and mental models of group members about specific events and experiences. Polarized (Us versus Them) ideological representations and their categories (identity, actions, goals, norms/values, reference groups, and resources) control all levels of ideological discourse (topics, lexicon, meanings, interaction, etc.). The overall strategy of ideological discourse is the enhancement of Our Good Things, and Their Bad Things, and the Mitigation of Our Bad Things and Their Good Things, at all levels of discourse structure—the so-called Ideological Square. A debate in British Parliament on Asylum Seekers is used as an illustration of the theory.
Dyadic Analysis in International Relations: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Erikson Robert S. , Pinto Pablo M. , Rader Kelly T.
Published: February 2014

International relations scholars frequently rely on data sets with country pairs, or dyads, as the unit of analysis. Dyadic data, with its thousands and sometimes hundreds of thousands of observations, may seem ideal for hypothesis testing. However, dyadic observations are not independent events. Failure to account for this dependence in the data dramatically understates the size of standard errors and overstates the power of hypothesis tests. We illustrate this problem by analyzing a central proposition among IR scholars, the democratic trade hypothesis, which claims that democracies seek out other democracies as trading partners. We employ randomization tests to infer the correctp-values associated with the trade hypotheses. Our results show that typical statistical tests for significance are severely overconfident when applied to dyadic data.
Local Treatment of Osteoporotic Sheep Vertebral Body With Calcium Sulfate for Decreasing the Potential Fracture Risk
Authors: Liu Da , Wu Zi-xiang , Zhang Yi , Wang Cai-ru , Xie Qing-yun , Gong Kai , Zhang Bo , Quan Yi , Pan Xian-ming
Published: February 2014

Study Design:

In this study, calcium sulfate (CS) was injected through pedicle into the osteoporotic vertebral body in vivo in sheep, and micro–computed tomography analysis, histologic observation, and biomechanical test were performed.

Objective:

To investigate the improvement on microstructure and biomechanical performance of lumbar vertebrae augmented with CS in osteoporotic sheep.

Summary of Background Data:

The present treatments for osteoporosis relies on systemic medications intended to increase the bone mineral density (BMD). Although effective, these time-consuming medications provide little protection from fracture in the “early period” after initiation of therapy. In this regard, the strategy of local treatment is to target specific areas of the skeletal system that are prone to osteoporotic fractures. However, there is little or no research focused on local treatment of osteoporotic vertebrae with CS.

Methods:

Eight female sheep were induced to osteoporosis with bilateral ovariectomy and methylprednisolone administration for 12 months. After successful establishment of an osteoporotic model, lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4) in every sheep were randomly divided into 2 groups: CS group and control group (2 vertebrae in each group in every sheep). CS was injected into the vertebral body transpedicularly in the CS group and no treatments were performed in the control group. Three months later, all sheep were killed and all L1–L4 vertebrae were harvested. Thereafter, microstructure and biomechanical performance of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body were assessed through micro–computed tomography analysis, histologic observation, and biomechanical test, respectively.

Results:

After a 12-month induction with ovariectomy and methylprednisolone administration, the mean BMD of the sheep lumbar vertebrae significantly decreased (>25%) compared with the value before induction, which demonstrated successful establishment of osteoporosis. Three months after injection of CS, CS was completely degraded without any remains in bone tissue and the quality of bone tissue (amount and density of the bone tissue) in the CS group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The ultimate load, stiffness, and energy absorption in the CS group were all significantly higher than those in the control group.

Conclusions:

The preliminary data suggest that local injection of CS can significantly improve the amount, density, and biomechanical performance of the bone trabeculae in osteoporotic vertebra. The local injection of CS could also be used as a new method to improve the physical microstructure and augment the mechanical properties in “high-risk” vertebral bodies, decreasing the potential fracture risk of patients with osteoporosis. The strict inclusion and exclusion criteria should be performed before treatment.
Analytical reasoning task reveals limits of social learning in networks
Authors: Rahwan Iyad , Krasnoshtan Dmytro , Shariff Azim , Bonnefon Jean-François
Published: February 2014

Social learning—by observing and copying others—is a highly successful cultural mechanism for adaptation, outperforming individual information acquisition and experience. Here, we investigate social learning in the context of the uniquely human capacity for reflective, analytical reasoning. A hallmark of the human mind is its ability to engage analytical reasoning, and suppress false associative intuitions. Through a set of laboratory-based network experiments, we find that social learning fails to propagate this cognitive strategy. When people make false intuitive conclusions and are exposed to the analytic output of their peers, they recognize and adopt this correct output. But they fail to engage analytical reasoning in similar subsequent tasks. Thus, humans exhibit an ‘unreflective copying bias’, which limits their social learning to the output, rather than the process, of their peers’ reasoning—even when doing so requires minimal effort and no technical skill. In contrast to much recent work on observation-based social learning, which emphasizes the propagation of successful behaviour through copying, our findings identify a limit on the power of social networks in situations that require analytical reasoning.
Morphological basis for the evolution of acoustic diversity in oscine songbirds
Authors: Riede Tobias , Goller Franz
Published: February 2014

Acoustic properties of vocalizations arise through the interplay of neural control with the morphology and biomechanics of the sound generating organ, but in songbirds it is assumed that the main driver of acoustic diversity is variation in telencephalic motor control. Here we show, however, that variation in the composition of the vibrating tissues, the labia, underlies diversity in one acoustic parameter, fundamental frequency (F0) range. Lateral asymmetry and arrangement of fibrous proteins in the labia into distinct layers is correlated with expandedF0 range of species. The composition of the vibrating tissues thus represents an important morphological foundation for the generation of a broadF0 range, indicating that morphological specialization lays the foundation for the evolution of complex acoustic repertoires.
Insulin signalling underlies both plasticity and divergence of a reproductive trait inDrosophila
Authors: Green Delbert A. , Extavour Cassandra G.
Published: February 2014

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype to yield distinct phenotypes in different environments. The molecular mechanisms linking phenotypic plasticity to the evolution of heritable diversification, however, are largely unknown. Here, we show that insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) underlies both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary diversification of ovariole number, a quantitative reproductive trait, inDrosophila. IIS activity levels and sensitivity have diverged between species, leading to both species-specific ovariole number and species-specific nutritional plasticity in ovariole number. Plastic range of ovariole number correlates with ecological niche, suggesting that the degree of nutritional plasticity may be an adaptive trait. This demonstrates that a plastic response conserved across animals can underlie the evolution of morphological diversity, underscoring the potential pervasiveness of plasticity as an evolutionary mechanism.
Complementary ecosystem services provided by pest predators and pollinators increase quantity and quality of coffee yields
Authors: Classen Alice , Peters Marcell K. , Ferger Stefan W. , Helbig-Bonitz Maria , Schmack Julia M. , Maassen Genevieve , Schleuning Matthias , Kalko Elisabeth K. V. , Böhning-Gaese Katrin , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf
Published: February 2014

Wild animals substantially support crop production by providing ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control. However, the strengths of synergies between ecosystem services and their dependencies on land-use management are largely unknown. Here, we took an experimental approach to test the impact of land-use intensification on both individual and combined pollination and pest control services in coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro. We established a full-factorial pollinator and vertebrate exclosure experiment along a land-use gradient from traditional homegardens (agroforestry systems), shaded coffee plantations to sun coffee plantations (total sample size = 180 coffee bushes). The exclusion of vertebrates led to a reduction in fruit set of
ca
9%. Pollinators did not affect fruit set, but significantly increased fruit weight of coffee by an average of 7.4%. We found no significant decline of these ecosystem services along the land-use gradient. Pest control and pollination service were thus complementary, contributing to coffee production by affecting the quantity and quality of a major tropical cash crop across different coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro.
Protection from lethal challenge in a neonatal mouse model by circulating recombinant form coxsackievirus A16 vaccine candidates
Authors: Li Jingliang , Chang Junliang , Liu Xin , Yang Jiaxin , Guo Haoran , Wei Wei , Zhang Wenyan , Yu Xiao-Fang
Published: February 2014

Circulating coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is a major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in South-east Asia. At present, there is no vaccine against CA16. Pathogenic animal models that are sensitive to diverse circulating CA16 viruses would be desirable for vaccine development and evaluation. In this study, we isolated and characterized several circulating CA16 viruses from recent HFMD patients. These CA16 viruses currently circulating in humans were highly pathogenic in a newly developed neonatal mouse model; we also observed and analysed the pathogenesis of representative circulating recombinant form CA16 viruses. An inactivated CA16 vaccine candidate, formulated with alum adjuvant and containing submicrogram quantities of viral proteins, protected neonatal mice born to immunized female mice from lethal-dose challenge with a series of CA16 viruses. Further analysis of humoral immunity showed that antibody elicited from both the immunized dams and their pups could neutralize various lethal viruses by a cytopathic effectin vitro. Moreover, viral titres and loads in the tissues of challenged pups in the vaccine group were far lower than those in the control group, and some were undetectable. This lethal-challenge model using pathogenic CA16 viruses and the vaccine candidates that mediated protection in this model could be useful tools for the future development and evaluation of CA16 vaccines.
Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes, and glucose homeostasis
Authors: Hromatka Bethann S. , Tung Joyce Y. , Kiefer Amy K. , Do Chuong B. , Hinds David A. , Eriksson Nicholas
Published: February 2014

Roughly one in three individuals is highly susceptible to motion sickness and yet the underlying causes of this condition are not well understood. Despite high heritability, no associated genetic factors have been discovered to date. Here, we conducted the first genome-wide association study on motion sickness in 80,494 individuals from the 23andMe database who were surveyed about car sickness. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with motion sickness at a genome-wide-significant level (p< 5 × 10−8). Many of these SNPs are near genes involved in balance, and eye, ear, and cranial development (e.g.,PVRL3,TSHZ1,MUTED,HOXB3,HOXD3). Other SNPs may affect motion sickness through nearby genes with roles in the nervous system, glucose homeostasis, or hypoxia. We show that several of these SNPs display sex-specific effects, with as much as three times stronger effects in women. We searched for comorbid phenotypes with motion sickness, confirming associations with known comorbidities including migraines, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), vertigo, and morning sickness, and observing new associations with altitude sickness and many gastrointestinal conditions. We also show that two of these related phenotypes (PONV and migraines) share underlying genetic factors with motion sickness. These results point to the importance of the nervous system in motion sickness and suggest a role for glucose levels in motion-induced nausea and vomiting, a finding that may provide insight into other nausea-related phenotypes such as PONV. They also highlight personal characteristics (e.g., being a poor sleeper) that correlate with motion sickness, findings that could help identify risk factors or treatments.
Scavenging Iron: A Novel Mechanism of Plant Immunity Activation by Microbial Siderophores
Authors: Aznar Aude , Chen Nicolas W.G. , Rigault Martine , Riache Nassima , Joseph Delphine , Desmaële Didier , Mouille Grégory , Boutet Stéphanie , Soubigou-Taconnat Ludivine , Renou Jean-Pierre , Thomine Sébastien , Expert Dominique , Dellagi Alia
Published: February 2014

Siderophores are specific ferric iron chelators synthesized by virtually all microorganisms in response to iron deficiency. We have previously shown that they promote infection by the phytopathogenic enterobacteria Dickeya dadantii and Erwinia amylovora. Siderophores also have the ability to activate plant immunity. We have used complete Arabidopsis transcriptome microarrays to investigate the global transcriptional modifications in roots and leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants after leaf treatment with the siderophore deferrioxamine (DFO). Physiological relevance of these transcriptional modifications was validated experimentally. Immunity and heavy-metal homeostasis were the major processes affected by DFO. These two physiological responses could be activated by a synthetic iron chelator ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid, indicating that siderophores eliciting activities rely on their strong iron-chelating capacity. DFO was able to protect Arabidopsis against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Siderophore treatment caused local modifications of iron distribution in leaf cells visible by ferrocyanide and diaminobenzidine-H2O2 staining. Metal quantifications showed that DFO causes a transient iron and zinc uptake at the root level, which is presumably mediated by the metal transporter iron regulated transporter1 (IRT1). Defense gene expression and callose deposition in response to DFO were compromised in an irt1 mutant. Consistently, plant susceptibility to D. dadantii was increased in the irt1 mutant. Our work shows that iron scavenging is a unique mechanism of immunity activation in plants. It highlights the strong relationship between heavy-metal homeostasis and immunity.
Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are accompanied by short‐lived immunity in an endemic system
Authors: Cizauskas Carrie A. , Bellan Steven E. , Turner Wendy C. , Vance Russell E. , Getz Wayne M.
Published: February 2014

Few studies have examined host‐pathogen interactions in wildlife from an immunological perspective, particularly in the context of seasonal and longitudinal dynamics. In addition, though most ecological immunology studies employ serological antibody assays, endpoint titre determination is usually based on subjective criteria and needs to be made more objective.

Despite the fact that anthrax is an ancient and emerging zoonotic infectious disease found world‐wide, its natural ecology is not well understood. In particular, little is known about the adaptive immune responses of wild herbivore hosts against Bacillus anthracis.

Working in the natural anthrax system of Etosha National Park, Namibia, we collected 154 serum samples from plains zebra (Equus quagga), 21 from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and 45 from African elephants (Loxodonta africana) over 2–3 years, resampling individuals when possible for seasonal and longitudinal comparisons. We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays to measure anti‐anthrax antibody titres and developed three increasingly conservative models to determine endpoint titres with more rigourous, objective mensuration.

Between 52 and 87% of zebra, 0–15% of springbok and 3–52% of elephants had measurable anti‐anthrax antibody titres, depending on the model used. While the ability of elephants and springbok to mount anti‐anthrax adaptive immune responses is still equivocal, our results indicate that zebra in ENP often survive sublethal anthrax infections, encounter most B. anthracis in the wet season and can partially booster their immunity to B. anthracis.

Thus, rather than being solely a lethal disease, anthrax often occurs as a sublethal infection in some susceptible hosts. Though we found that adaptive immunity to anthrax wanes rapidly, subsequent and frequent sublethal B. anthracis infections cause maturation of anti‐anthrax immunity. By triggering host immune responses, these common sublethal infections may act as immunomodulators and affect population dynamics through indirect immunological and co‐infection effects.

In addition, with our three endpoint titre models, we introduce more mensuration rigour into serological antibody assays, even under the often‐restrictive conditions that come with adapting laboratory immunology methods to wild systems. With these methods, we identified significantly more zebras responding immunologically to anthrax than have previous studies using less comprehensive titre analyses.
Options in Compensation: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: FLOR CHRISTIAN RIIS , FRIMOR HANS , MUNK CLAUS
Published: February 2014

We derive the optimal compensation contract in a principal–agent setting in which outcome is used to provide incentives for both effort and risky investments. To motivate investment, optimal compensation entails rewards for high as well as low outcomes, and it is increasing at the mean outcome to motivate effort. If rewarding low outcomes is infeasible, compensation consisting of stocks and options is a near‐efficient means of overcoming the manager's induced aversion to undertaking risky investments, whereas stock compensation is not. However, stock plus option compensation may induce excessively risky investments, and capping pay can be important in curbing such behavior.
Underreporting of Bestiality Among Juvenile Sex Offenders: Polygraph Versus Self‐Report
Authors: Schenk Allison M. , Cooper‐Lehki Christi , Keelan Colleen M. , Fremouw William J.
Published: February 2014

Juvenile sex offenders (JSO) are a specific subset of delinquent adolescents that are receiving more attention because of the crimes they commit and the issues surrounding how to successfully treat their deviant behaviors. Given JSO are such predominant treatment concerns in society, it is essential to identify and target key risk factors. One sexual behavior, bestiality, may be of particular importance to address in treatment. In a meta‐analysis conducted by Seto and Lalumiere, a 14% rate of bestiality among JSO was reported. This current study examined the differences in JSO (n = 32) who admitted bestiality based upon a self‐report measure, the Multiphasic Sexual Inventory‐II (MSI‐II), compared to information elicited by polygraphs. The results indicated extensive underreporting of bestiality behaviors between these two sources of information (MSI‐II = 37.5%; polygraph = 81.25%). These findings are important given the reliance treatment programs place on information elicited from self‐report tools.
The Measurand Problem in Breath Alcohol Testing
Authors: Vosk Ted , Forrest A. Robert W. , Emery Ashley , McLane Lauren D.
Published: February 2014

Proper interpretation of forensic measurements can be critical to the administration of justice. Breath alcohol testing is commonly relied upon to measure the concentration of alcohol in breath or, indirectly, in blood. The concentration sought constitutes the “quantity intended to be measured,” referred to as the measurand. Although breath tests always probe the same physical quantity, their measurand is dictated by statute and varies between jurisdictions. Thus, identical numerical values obtained from tests in disparate jurisdictions may refer to different quantities and may not indicate the relevant statutory measurand. This can lead to misinterpretation of results, referred to as the “measurand problem.” We first illustrate the concept of the measurand. Thereafter, the measurand problem is illustrated through application of Hlastala's breath test paradigm and Gullberg's work on breath test uncertainty. It is shown that where the measurand is not properly accounted for, conclusions based upon breath test evidence are undermined.
Swabs as DNA Collection Devices for Sampling Different Biological Materials from Different Substrates
Authors: Verdon Timothy J. , Mitchell Robert J. , van Oorschot Roland A. H.
Published: February 2014

Currently, there is a variety of swabs for collection of biological evidence from crime scenes, but their comparative efficiency is unknown. Here, we report the results of an investigation into the efficiency of different swab types to collect blood, saliva and touch DNA from a range of substrates. The efficiency of extracting blood and saliva from each swab type was also tested. Some swabs were significantly more effective than others for sampling biological materials from different substrates. Swabs with the highest sampling efficiency, however, often did not have the highest extraction efficiency. Observations were recorded regarding practicality of each swab in a variety of situations. Our study demonstrates that selection of sampling device impacts greatly upon successful collection and extraction of DNA. We present guidelines to assist in evaluation of swab choice.
Effects of Ketamine on the Development of forensically important BlowflyChrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and its Forensic Relevance
Authors: Lü Zhou , Zhai Xiandun , Zhou Haimei , Li Pu , Ma Jinqi , Guan Ling , Mo Yaonan
Published: February 2014

This study investigated effects of ketamine on the development ofChrysomya Megacephala(Diptera: Calliphoridae) at three different temperatures. Larvae of theC. Megacephalawere exposed to different concentrations of drugs and temperatures. The larval lengths, weights, and developmental durations of each stage were observed. This study demonstrated that ketamine, low temperature, and their synergistic action significantly suppressed the development ofC. Megacephala(p < 0.001). The time that the larvae in all the treatments achieved the maximum length/weight was significantly delayed (p < 0.05), and that resulted in prolonged duration of larval and prepupal stages especially at low temperature. However, no linear correlations were discovered between ketamine concentration and growth rate of larval length/weight.
Determining the Refractive Index Variation within Panes of Vehicle Windshield Glass
Authors: Munger Crystal , Gates Kris M. , Hamburg Christopher
Published: February 2014

Refractive indices of seven double‐paned vehicle windshields were measured to assess the variation across the pane of glass and to evaluate collection techniques for known glass standards by comparing false negative rates. Measurements were made using a Foster and Freeman GRIM3 instrument, and a minimum of 240 measurements were made per pane. The mean SD of the windshields was 0.00004. It was further determined that collecting a known sample from two different sections of a shattered windshield gave the lowest rate of false negatives when using ± 2 standard deviations to estimate the RI variation of the known glass. Additionally, refractive indices often were highest in the center of the windshield and decreased toward the left and right edges; in approximately half the sample set, the two panes of a single windshield were differentiated by one or more properties.
Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate and Postharvest UVC Treatments: Increasing Stilbenes in Wine
Authors: Fernández‐Marín María Isabel , Puertas Belén , Guerrero Raúl F. , García‐Parrilla María Carmen , Cantos‐Villar Emma
Published: February 2014

Stilbene‐enriched wine is considered to be an interesting new food product with added value due to its potential health‐promoting properties. Stilbene concentration in grape is highly variable and rather scarce. However, it can be increased by stress treatments. For this reason, numerous pre‐ and postharvest grape treatments, and some combinations of them, have been tested to maximize stilbene content in grapes. In the present manuscript, Syrah grapes were treated with (i) methyl jasmonate (MEJA), (ii) ultraviolet light (UVC), and (iii) methyl jasmonate and ultraviolet light (MEJA‐UVC) and compared with untreated grapes. Afterward, winemaking was developed. Wine achieved by combination of both treatments (MEJA‐UVC) contained significantly higher stilbene concentration (trans‐resveratrol and piceatannol) than its respective control (2.5‐fold). Wine quality was improved in color‐related parameters (color intensity, L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, anthocyanins, and tannin). Moreover, MEJA‐UVC wines obtained the highest score in sensorial analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that pre‐ and postharvest treatments are combined to increase stilbenes in wine.

Practical Application

The effect of treatment combination (methyl jasmonate and UVC light) on grape and wine was evaluated. Our results highlight the positive effect of the treatments in stilbene content, color parameters, and sensorial analysis. Moreover, added‐value by‐products were achieved.
Arterial line blood sampling: preventing hypoglycaemic brain injury 2014
Authors:   Membership of the Working Party: T. E. Woodcock,, Cook T. M. , Gupta K. J. , Hartle A.
Published: February 2014

Drawing samples from an indwelling arterial line is the method of choice for frequent blood analysis in adult critical care areas. Sodium chloride 0.9% is the recommended flush solution for maintaining the patency of arterial catheters, but it is easy to confuse with glucose‐containing bags on rapid visual examination. The unintentional use of a glucose‐containing solution has resulted in artefactually high glucose concentrations in blood samples drawn from the arterial line, leading to insulin administration causing hypoglycaemia and fatal neuroglycopenic brain injury. Recent data show that it remains a common error for incorrect fluids to be administered as arterial line flush infusions. Adherence to the National Patient Safety Agency's 2008 Rapid Response Report on this topic may not be enough to prevent such errors. This guideline makes detailed recommendations on the prescription, checking and administration of arterial line infusions in adult practice. We also make recommendations about storage, arterial pressure monitoring and sampling systems and techniques. Finally, we make recommendations about glucose monitoring and insulin administration. It is intended that adherence to these guidelines will reduce the frequency of sample contamination errors in arterial line use and capture events, when they do occur, before they cause patient harm.
Sir Ronald A. Fisher and the International Biometric Society
Authors: Billard Lynne
Published: February 2014

The year 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the death of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, one of the two Fathers of Statistics and a Founder of the International Biometric Society (the “Society”). To celebrate the extraordinary genius of Fisher and the far‐sighted vision of Fisher and Chester Bliss in organizing and promoting the formation of the Society, this article looks at the origins and growth of the Society, some of the key players and events, and especially the roles played by Fisher himself as the First President. A fresh look at Fisher, the man rather than the scientific genius is also presented.
An alternative time for telling: When conceptual instruction prior to problem solving improves mathematical knowledge
Authors: Fyfe Emily R. , DeCaro Marci S. , Rittle‐Johnson Bethany
Published: February 2014

Background

The sequencing of learning materials greatly influences the knowledge that learners construct. Recently, learning theorists have focused on the sequencing of instruction in relation to solving related problems. The general consensus suggests explicit instruction should be provided; however, when to provide instruction remains unclear.

Aims

We tested the impact of conceptual instruction preceding or following mathematics problem solving to determine when conceptual instruction should or should not be delayed. We also examined the learning processes supported to inform theories of learning more broadly.

Sample

We worked with 122 second‐ and third‐grade children.

Method

In a randomized experiment, children received instruction on the concept of math equivalence either before or after being asked to solve and explain challenging equivalence problems with feedback.

Results

Providing conceptual instruction first resulted in greater procedural knowledge and conceptual knowledge of equation structures than delaying instruction until after problem solving. Prior conceptual instruction enhanced problem solving by increasing the quality of explanations and attempted procedures.

Conclusions

Providing conceptual instruction prior to problem solving was the more effective sequencing of activities than the reverse. We compare these results with previous, contrasting findings to outline a potential framework for understanding when instruction should or should not be delayed.
Testing Alternative Hypotheses Regarding the Association Between Behavioral Inhibition and Language Development in Toddlerhood
Authors: Smith Watts Ashley K. , Patel Deepika , Corley Robin P. , Friedman Naomi P. , Hewitt John K. , Robinson JoAnn L. , Rhee Soo H.
Published: February 2014

Studies have reported an inverse association between language development and behavioral inhibition or shyness across childhood, but the direction of this association remains unclear. This study tested alternative hypotheses regarding this association in a large sample of toddlers. Data on behavioral inhibition and expressive and receptive language abilities were collected from 816 twins at ages 14, 20, and 24 months. Growth and regression models were fit to the data to assess the longitudinal associations between behavioral inhibition and language development from 14 to 24 months. Overall, there were significant associations between behavioral inhibition and expressive language, and minimal associations with receptive language, indicating that the association is better explained by reticence to respond rather than deficient language development.
Evidence forEurogondwana: the roles of dispersal, extinction and vicariance in the evolution and biogeography ofIndo‐PacificHormuridae (Scorpiones:Scorpionoidea)
Authors: Monod Lionel , Prendini Lorenzo
Published: February 2014

Scorpions previously assigned to the genusLiochelesSundevall, 1883, of the familyHormuridaeLaurie, 1896, are widely distributed in the tropical forests of the Indo‐Pacific region. Revisionary systematics of these poorly known scorpions has revealed a tremendous diversity of species. As part of an ongoing investigation, the first analysis of Indo‐Pacific hormurid scorpion phylogeny based on morphological data scored for all currently recognized species ofHormiopsFage,,HormurusThorell, 1876, andLiocheles, is presented. The taxonomy of these scorpions is reassessed and their biogeography reinterpreted in the light of the phylogeny. Phylogenetic, morphological, and distributional data support the revalidation ofHormiopsandHormurus, previously synonymized withLiocheles. The phylogeny indicates that the Australasian hormurids are more closely related to the Afrotropical and Neotropical hormurids than to the Indian hormurids, as previously proposed, refuting the “out‐of‐India” origin of Asian hormurids. A recent paleogeographical hypothesis, the “Eurogondwana model”, is supported instead. According to this hypothesis, hormurid scorpions colonized Laurasia from Africa via the Apulia microplate (Europa terrane) in the Cretaceous, subsequently colonized the Australo‐Papuan archipelago in the early‐mid Cenozoic, and then went extinct in the Northern Hemisphere during the second half of the Cenozoic. These results suggest that, contrary to the traditional paradigm, dispersal and extinction may affect spatial and temporal biotic distributions as much as vicariance, even in animals with limited vagility, such as scorpions.
Assessment of soil organic carbon at local scale with spiked NIR calibrations: effects of selection and extra‐weighting on the spiking subset
Authors: Guerrero C. , Stenberg B. , Wetterlind J. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Maestre F. T. , Mouazen A. M. , Zornoza R. , Ruiz‐Sinoga J. D. , Kuang B.
Published: February 2014

Spiking is a useful approach to improve the accuracy of regional or national calibrations when they are used to predict at local scales. To do this, a small subset of local samples (spiking subset) is added to recalibrate the initial calibration. If the spiking subset is small in comparison with the size of the initial calibration set, then it could have little noticeable effect and a small improvement can be expected. For these reasons, we hypothesized that the accuracy of the spiked calibrations can be improved when the spiking subset is extra‐weighted. We also hypothesized that the spiking subset selection and the initial calibration size could affect the accuracy of the recalibrated models. To test these hypotheses, we evaluated different strategies to select the best spiking subset, with and without extra‐weighting, to spike three different‐sized initial calibrations. These calibrations were used to predict the soil organic carbon (SOC) content in samples from four target sites. Our results confirmed that spiking improved the prediction accuracy of the initial calibrations, with any differences depending on the spiking subset used. The best results were obtained when the spiking subset contained local samples evenly distributed in the spectral space, regardless of the initial calibration's characteristics. The accuracy was improved significantly when the spiking subset was extra‐weighted. For medium‐ and large‐sized initial calibrations, the improvement from extra‐weighting was larger than that caused by the increase in spiking subset size. Similar accuracies were obtained using small‐ and large‐sized calibrations, suggesting that incipient spectral libraries could be useful if the spiking subset is properly selected and extra‐weighted. When small‐sized spiking subsets were used, the predictions were more accurate than those obtained with ‘geographically‐local’ models. Overall, our results indicate that we can minimize the efforts needed to use near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy effectively for SOC assessment at local scales.
Patient satisfaction with care in epilepsy: How much do we know?
Authors: Wiebe Natalie , Fiest Kirsten M. , Dykeman Jonathan , Liu Xiaorong , Jette Nathalie , Patten Scott , Wiebe Samuel
Published: February 2014

Objective

Satisfaction with epilepsy care (SEC) encompasses care delivery, expectations, attitudes, and disease course. Through a systematic review of the evidence, we explore how and where the SEC of patients is being measured, the level of SEC overall and in specific domains, and its relationship to clinical and demographic variables.

Methods

We searched Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE using medical subject headings and keywords related to satisfaction with care and epilepsy in adults and children, in all languages. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full‐text articles. We examined the clinical context and patient characteristics, type and content of satisfaction scales, and reported outcomes. Abstracted variables were grouped for descriptive purposes and presented as medians and proportions when the data allowed it.

Results

Of 25 included studies (6,336 patients), 88% were performed in the United States or the United Kingdom. Nine studies (36%) used validated instruments and 16 studies (64%) used nonvalidated instruments. For SEC domains reported in >1 study, the median proportion (interquartile range) of patients satisfied with epilepsy care was 86% (17%) for overall satisfaction with care, 85% (24%) for interpersonal skills, 78% (3%) for access to care, 67% (32%) for communication, and 65% (15%) for knowledge/technical skills. Communication and clinicians' knowledge was important in all settings. Patients seen in specialized settings and those receiving more and better information had higher SEC ratings. There was no consistent association between SEC and quality of care indicators.

Significance

Data on SEC have been reported infrequently. Patients are least satisfied with communication, perceived skills, and knowledge of care providers. Epilepsy‐specific SEC tools have neither been validated nor do they contain many of the important domains identified by this review. The relationship between SEC and indicators of quality of care requires further study. Measures aimed at improving education and communication could improve SEC.
Simulation of management and soil interactions impacting SOC dynamics in sugarcane using the CENTURY Model
Authors: Brandani Carolina B. , Abbruzzini Thalita F. , Williams Stephen , Easter Mark , Pellegrino Cerri Carlos E. , Paustian Keith
Published: February 2014

Newer methods of management and harvesting of sugarcane are being considered to improve soil and water conservation in Brazil. Our aim in this study was to evaluate soil C dynamics under sugarcane cultivation as influenced by the use of conservation management, using measurements from four different management systems and land use histories, i.e. conventional management with preharvest burning, no burning with residue retention and two systems without burning plus additional organic amendments. Field sites also differed in terms of soil texture. We compared field measurements of soil C stocks, 13C and microbial biomass with simulated results from the Century ecosystem model for each of the sites and management histories. We also did long‐term simulations of the management treatments and sites to approximate steady‐state SOC levels, to explore potential management‐induced differences in SOC stocks and interactions with soil texture. The model accurately represented treatment and site differences for total SOC stocks, in which SOC stocks were strongly affected by both rates of organic matter input to soil and soil clay content. However, the model tended to underestimate the relative contribution of sugarcane‐derived C to total SOC for sites with high residue and external organic matter amendments. Measured microbial biomass C across the sites was closely aligned with relative amounts of organic matter input but did not appear to be strongly affected by soil texture, whereas the model predicted that both texture and organic matter input rate would impact microbial biomass C. Long‐term simulations of the conservation management alternatives suggested that SOC stocks could be maintained at or above levels in the original native Cerradão vegetation, whereas conventional practices using residue burning would result in a reduction of SOC to ca. 60% of native levels. Our results support the use of the CENTURY model as an aid to assess the impacts of different soil management practices on SOC stocks under sugarcane in Brazil.
Physicochemical characterisation of quince fruits for industrial use: yield, turbidity, viscosity and colour properties of juices
Authors: Wojdyło Aneta , Teleszko Mirosława , Oszmiański Jan
Published: February 2014

In this study, were compared and characterised some of the physicochemical quality parameters as yield, turbidity and its stability of turbidity, viscosity, colour, dry matter, total soluble solid (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH parameters of quince juices accessions as well as different 11 cultivars before and after 6 months storage time at 4 and 30 °C. Quince fruits were used for the first time to prepare juices. The effect of different cultivars on juice yield was observed. The content of dry matter, TSS, TTA and turbidity value, stability of turbidity, viscosity, and colour in the analysed juices were depended not only on cultivars but also on storage conditions. Juices analysed were characterised by a significant variation in turbidity value and their stability and by a slight variation in viscosity. This information may be used by the juice industry as a starting point for producers of natural attractive juices from quince fruits.
Description of five novel HLA‐B alleles, B*07:184, B*41:27, B*42:19, B*50:32 and B*57:63, identified in Brazilian individuals
Authors: Fabreti‐Oliveira R. A. , Santos M. A. , Oliveira C. K. F. , Vale E. M. G. , Vilela B. , Nascimento E.
Published: February 2014

Five novel HLA‐B alleles were identified by HLA‐SBT typing in seven unrelated Brazilian individuals. The new alleles discovered include HLA‐B*07:184, B*41:27, B*42:19, B*50:32 and B*57:63 and were officially named by the World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee. All new HLA‐B alleles had nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution polymorphisms when compared to their most closely related HLA‐B allele.
Love thy neighbour or opposites attract? Patterns of spatial segregation and association among crested penguin populations during winter
Authors: Ratcliffe Norman , Crofts Sarah , Brown Ruth , Baylis Alastair M. M. , Adlard Stacey , Horswill Catharine , Venables Hugh , Taylor Phil , Trathan Philip N. , Staniland Iain J.
Published: February 2014

Aim

Competition for food among populations of closely related species and conspecifics that occur in both sympatry and parapatry can be reduced by interspecific and intraspecific spatial segregation. According to predictions of niche partitioning, segregation is expected to occur at habitat boundaries among congeners and within habitats among conspecifics, while negative relationships in the density of species or populations will occur in areas of overlap. We tested these predictions by modelling the winter distributions of two crested penguin species from three colonies in the south‐western Atlantic.

Location

Penguins were tracked from two large colonies on the Falkland Islands and one in South Georgia, from where they dispersed through the South Atlantic, Southern Ocean and south‐eastern Pacific.

Methods

Forty macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) from South Georgia and 82 southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) from two colonies in the Falkland Islands were equipped with global location sensors which log time and light, allowing positions to be estimated twice‐daily, from April to August in 2011. Positions were gridded and converted into maps of penguin density. Metrics of overlap were calculated and density was related to remote‐sensed oceanographic variables and competitor density using generalized additive models.

Results

Macaroni penguins from western South Georgia and southern rockhopper penguins from Steeple Jason Island, Falkland Islands, were spatially segregated by differences in their habitat preferences thus supporting our first prediction regarding interspecific segregation. However, southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island showed a marked spatial overlap with macaroni penguins as the two had similar habitat preferences and strong mutual associations when controlling for habitat. Contrary to our predictions relating to intraspecific segregation, southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island and Steeple Jason Island were segregated by differences in habitat selection.

Main conclusions

Morphological differentiation probably allows macaroni penguins from South Georgia and southern rockhopper penguins from Beauchêne Island to coexist in areas of spatial overlap, whereas segregation of the two Falkland rockhopper penguin populations may have arisen from two distinct lineages retaining cultural fidelity to ancestral wintering areas.
Application of confocal microscopy for surface and volume imaging of solid state nuclear track detectors
Authors: WERTHEIM D. , GILLMORE G.
Published: February 2014

Inhalation of radon gas is considered a risk factor in the development of lung cancer. Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) are often used for monitoring radon levels. We have previously shown that 3D imaging can help distinguish real tracks from artefact. In this study, we investigated particle tracks in nine SSNTDs using surface and volume visualisation from confocal microscope imaging. An Olympus LEXT OLS 4000 confocal microscope equipped with the Olympus LEXT Remote Development Kit was used to acquire z‐stack images and surface data from the SSNTDs. Surface and volume visualisation analysis methods were developed and applied to examine the data. The mean (standard deviation) depth of 45 tracks from the nine detectors was 9.5 (4.6) μm. The mean difference in track depth using the two analysis techniques was 0.08 μm, thus showing good agreement. Furthermore, volume visualisation should enable assessment of the structure of tracks deep in the detector.
Longitudinal Associations Among Religiousness, Delay Discounting, and Substance Use Initiation in Early Adolescence
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , McCullough Michael E. , Bickel Warren K. , Farley Julee P. , Longo Gregory S.
Published: February 2014

Prior research indicates that religiousness is related negatively to adolescent health risk behaviors, yet how such protective effects operate is not well understood. This study examined the longitudinal associations among organizational and personal religiousness, delay discounting, and substance use initiation (alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use). The sample was comprised of 106 early adolescents (10–13 years of age, 52% female) who were not using substances at Time 1. Path analyses suggested that high levels of personal religiousness at Time 1 were related to low levels of substance use at Time 2 (2.4 years later), mediated by low levels of delay discounting. Delay discounting appears to be an important contributor to the protective effect of religiousness on the development of substance use among adolescents.
Caregiver–Adolescent Dyadic Disagreement and Problem Behaviors of Adolescents in the Child Welfare System
Authors: McWey Lenore M. , Cui Ming , Holtrop Kendal
Published: February 2014

Parents and adolescents often provide different ratings of youths' behavior problems, yet few studies have examined such disagreement and its effect on later adjustment, especially among at‐risk adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate, among a sample of adolescents in foster care, whether the degree of caregiver–adolescent disagreement on adolescents' internalizing problems would be associated with adolescent externalizing problem behaviors over time. Two measures of adolescent caregiver agreement, the Pearson's r and intraclass correlations, were used with data drawn from a nationally representative study of children on foster care. Growth curve analyses of 180 adolescents revealed that the higher adolescent and caregiver agreement on adolescents' internalizing problems at Wave I, the slower the increase in externalizing problems over time.