bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El olpe del umbral del Más Allá. El último viaje del ibero
Authors: Pérez Blasco Miguel Fernando
Published: September 2012

En una de las tumbas de la necrópolis de Poble Nou (Villajoyosa, Alicante) se encontró una pequeña jarrita de cerámica que mostraba en sus paredes una singular decoración pintada repleta de un sentido funerario. Este trabajo supone el estudio minucioso de los motivos plasmados en el vaso para tratar de averiguar su significado. La lectura iconográfica de esas imágenes nos revela la asunción de influencias mediterráneas por parte del ibero y nos descubre sus creencias en el Más Allá.
Les valls del Serpis: campanya de prospecció 2011
Authors: Pardo Gordó Salvador , Diez Castillo Agustín , Bernabeu Aubán Joan , Vadillo Conesa Margarita , Sancho Peris Sheyla , Chaos López Víctor
Published: September 2012

Troballes més importants de la campanya de 2011.
La Solana del Castell (Xàtiva). Campaña de 2010
Authors: Pérez Ballester José , Velasco Berzosa Angel , Borredá Mejías Reyes , Rodríguez Traver José Antonio
Published: September 2012

Resumen de las actividades referentes  a la campaña de excavaciones de 2010 en La Solana del Castell (Xàtiva).
IX Campaña de excavaciones arqueológicas en el yacimiento romano de L’Horta Vella (Bétera, Valencia)
Authors: Jiménez Salvador José Luis , Burriel Alberich Josep Maria , Ruiz Soriano Anna Lorena
Published: September 2012

Resutados de la campaña de 2009.
Imágenes, texto y prácticas en femenino. La mujer y la cerámica del Tossal de Sant Miquel (Llíria, València)
Authors: Vizcaíno Estevan Antonio
Published: September 2012

A través de la consideración global de iconografía, epigrafía y contextos de las cerámicas con decoración compleja y letreros del Tossal de Sant Miquel (Llíria, València) (250-150 a.C.), reflexionamos sobre el papel de la mujer en la génesis de este fenómeno y en los actos que le dieron sentido.In this paper we approach women’s role in Iberian Iron Age socio-cultural processes and dynamics, focusing specially in cultual matters. Our analysis develops a holistic perspective of iconographic, epigraphic and archaeological data contexts with decorated and written Iberian pottery from the Tossal de Sant Miquel (Llíria, València), as this archaeological record is an outstanding evidence of complexity and stratification in Iberian society.
Metabolic Labeling with Noncanonical Amino Acids and Visualization by Chemoselective Fluorescent Tagging
Authors: tom Dieck Susanne , Müller Anke , Nehring Anne , Hinz Flora I. , Bartnik Ina , Schuman Erin M. , Dieterich Daniela C.
Published: September 2012

Fluorescent labeling of proteins by genetically encoded fluorescent protein tags has enabled an enhanced understanding of cell biological processes but is restricted to the analysis of a limited number of identified proteins. This approach does not permit, e.g., the unbiased visualization of a full proteome in situ. We describe here a fluorescence‐based method to follow proteome‐wide patterns of newly synthesized proteins in cultured cells, tissue slices, and a whole organism. This technique is compatible with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Key to this method is the introduction of a small bio‐orthogonal reactive group by metabolic labeling. This is accomplished by replacing the amino acid methionine by the azide‐bearing methionine surrogate azidohomoalanine (AHA) in a step very similar to classical radioisotope labeling. Subsequently, an alkyne‐bearing fluorophore is covalently attached to the group by “click chemistry”—a copper(I)‐catalyzed [3+2]azide‐alkyne cycloaddition. By similar means, metabolic labeling can also be performed with the alkyne‐bearing homopropargylglycine (HPG) and clicked to an azide‐functionalized fluorophore. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 56:7.11.1‐7.11.29. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chick Embryo Culture and Electroporation
Authors: Endo Yukinori
Published: September 2012

Important events in embryonic development such as gastrulation, neurulation, and cranial neural crest development occur in ectodermal tissues during vertebrate embryonic development. Although the chicken embryo is a well‐established model system in developmental biology, problems of accessibility of the ectoderm for experimental manipulation and an inability to generate gene knockouts previously impeded studies of gene regulation and key processes during chicken gastrulation and neurulation. The technique of in ovo electroporation permits genetic manipulation and provides a powerful animal model. However, the problem of accessibility to the ectoderm in ovo requires an ex ovo whole‐embryo culture approach combined with electroporation. This unit provides convenient and reproducible whole‐embryo ex ovo culture and electroporation protocols. These chicken embryo culture protocols can be used not only for gene regulatory experiments, but also for time‐lapse imaging of the dynamics of early vertebrate development. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 56:19.15.1‐19.15.10. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Interactions Between Genomic Loci Through Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C)
Authors: El Kaderi Belal , Medler Scott , Ansari Athar
Published: September 2012

Genome architecture plays a significant role in the regulation of DNA‐based cellular processes such as transcription and recombination. The successful accomplishment of these processes involves coordinated interaction of DNA elements located at a distance from each other. The ‘Chromosome Conformation Capture’ (3C) assay is a convenient tool for identification of physical association between spatially separated DNA elements in a cell under physiological conditions. The principle of 3C is to convert physical chromosomal interactions into specific DNA ligation products, which are then detected by PCR. The 3C protocol was originally used to identify long‐range, stable chromosomal interactions in yeast. Here we describe a modified 3C procedure that can detect transient, short‐range interactions of DNA elements separated by a distance of less than 700 bp. This method has been successfully used to detect dynamic interaction of transcription regulatory elements in yeast and can be used for detecting similar interactions of other genomic regions. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 56:22.15.1‐22.15.21. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Silylketenimine – vielseitige Nucleophile für die katalytische asymmetrische Synthese
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Wilson Tyler W.
Published: September 2012

Dieser Kurzaufsatz bietet einen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Silylketeniminen und deren jüngste Anwendungen in katalytischen enantioselektiven Reaktionen. Die einzigartige Struktur von Keteniminen macht verschiedenste Reaktionsmuster möglich und liefert Lösungen für die bestehenden Herausforderungen beim enantioselektiven Aufbau von quartären Kohlenstoffstereozentren und Kreuz‐Benzoinaddukten. Es wird eine Vielzahl an Reaktionen präsentiert, bei denen Silylketenimine eingesetzt wurden. Unser Ziel ist dabei, zum Nachdenken über neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser nur unzureichend genutzten Nucleophile anzuregen.
A novel imidazolium‐supported palladium–chloroglycine complex: copper‐ and solvent‐free high‐turnover catalysts for the Sonogashira coupling reaction
Authors: Karthikeyan Parasuraman , Muskawar Prashant Narayan , Aswar Sachin Arunrao , Bhagat Pundlik Rambhau , Sythana Suresh Kumar
Published: September 2012

A novel, effective 1‐glycyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride–palladium(II) complex ([Gmim]Cl–Pd(II)) was synthesized and studied as an organocatalyst for the Sonogashira coupling reaction under solvent‐free conditions at 25 °C. The hydrophobic group on amino acid favors reagent diffusion toward the chloroglycine moiety, increasing the catalytic activity of supported palladium complex. By this protocol, different aryl halides (Cl, Br and I) were reacted with phenylacetylene in good to excellent yields with turnover number 8.0 × 102 to 9.6 × 102. The catalyst was recycled for the reaction of bromobenzene with phenylacetylene for eight runs without appreciable loss of its catalytic activity and negligible metal leaching. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Disaster Strikes in Time of War: Traditional Healing and Psychosocial Training Help Divided Communities Mourn Together
Authors: Preitler Barbara
Published: September 2012

In December 2004 a tsunami destroyed the whole coastal line, killing more than 10,000 people in the district of Ampara alone and left many injured and homeless. But even before 2004 the whole population had faced 20 years of civil war, and in 2006 this war started again. People suffer from the separation from loved ones due to death or disappearance through natural disaster, man‐made disaster and destruction, or separation from displacement out of poverty. A systematic long‐term training program for trauma counseling in Sri Lanka was started soon after the tsunami in the beginning of 2005. Located in the Ampara District, a Center for Psychosocial Care was created to address the special needs of children and youth. The program taught basic developmental psychology, special affects of traumatization on children, sequential traumatization, and forms of psychological interventions and psychotherapeutic approaches. Western concepts were discussed in respect to case stories from eastern Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan cultural practices and beliefs. An amalgamation of Western theoretical knowledge and Sri Lankan traditions and history created a new, culturally appropriate approach for working‐through trauma and grieving. Mindful intervention by Westerners and recognition of social and political climates, allowed for our students to own the program and individuals to control their own healing processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzo[c]thiophene–C60 Diadduct: An Electron Acceptor for p–n Junction Organic Solar Cells Harvesting Visible to Near‐IR Light
Authors: Zhen Yonggang , Obata Naoki , Matsuo Yutaka , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: September 2012

We synthesized a new 56‐π‐electron fullerene derivative through a Diels–Alder cycloaddition of benzo[c]thiophene that featured a relatively low temperature, closer to stoichiometric use of the diene, and easy product purification. The 56‐π‐electron benzo[c]thiophene diadduct (BTCDA) has a LUMO energy level of 0.09 to 0.18 eV higher than that of 58‐π‐electron fullerenes, and therefore, the BTCDA‐based organic photovoltaic device exhibited a higher open‐circuit voltage and power‐conversion efficiency (PCE). When used with a binary‐donor system, including visible‐light‐harvesting tetrabenzoporphyrin (BP) and near‐IR‐harvesting titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc), the device had a PCE that was 1.5–3 times higher (2.8 %) than that for devices with BP or TiOPc alone because the binary‐donor device can utilize light between λ=350 and 950 nm.
Rotation‐Locked 2,6‐Pyrido‐allenophanes: Characterization of all Stereoisomers
Authors: Lahoz Inmaculada R. , Navarro‐Vázquez Armando , Llamas‐Saiz Antonio L. , Alonso‐Gómez José Lorenzo , Cid M. Magdalena
Published: September 2012

New 2,6‐disubstituted pyrido‐allenophanes with locked rotation of aromatic spacers were designed and synthesized. The synthesis was accomplished by Pd‐catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp) Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction between 1,3‐diethynylallene (DEA) and 2,6‐dibromopyridine followed by an intermolecular ring closure. Because racemic DEA was employed, pyrido‐allenophanes were obtained as mixtures of stereoisomers that were resolved by preparative HPLC. The conformational space of all these diastereoisomers was explored at the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐31+G*//AM1 level of theory. The isomers were characterized through their symmetry properties revealed in NMR, circular dichroism, and chiral stationary‐phase HPLC experiments. X‐ray diffraction was used to assign and to corroborate the configuration of several diastereoisomers. The unexpected encapsulation of two molecules of CHCl3 in the crystal structures shows the potential of these conformationally hampered allenophanes as encapsulating hosts.
Iminium Ions as Dienophiles in Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions: A Closer Look
Authors: Memeo Misal Giuseppe , Quadrelli Paolo
Published: September 2012

This review highlights the state of the art of the use of iminium ions as dienophiles in Aza‐Diels–Alder (ADA) cycloadditions. An historical survey spanning the very first discovery of the reaction to modern developments, mechanistic studies and synthetic applications of the iminium variant of the ADA (iADA) reaction are presented. The discussion is focused on the intermolecular and intramolecular versions of the iADA reactions that are conducted in aqueous solutions to generate, in situ, the reactive dienophile from an amine hydrochloride and either aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a variety of dienes. The retro‐ADA reaction is also presented as an interesting method for the protection of amines. The use of Lewis acid catalysis in these reactions was thoroughly studied by the reactions of different amines and aldehydes conducted in the presence of lanthanide(III) complexes.
Highly Sensitive and Fast‐Responsive Fluorescent Chemosensor for Palladium: Reversible Sensing and Visible Recovery
Authors: Li Honglin , Fan Jiangli , Hu Mingming , Cheng Guanghui , Zhou Danhong , Wu Tong , Song Fengling , Sun Shiguo , Duan Chunying , Peng Xiaojun
Published: September 2012

The well‐known rhodamine spiro‐lactam framework offers an ideal model for the development of fluorescence‐enhanced chemosensors through simple and convenient syntheses. Herein, we report a new tridentate PNO receptor, which was introduced into a rhodamine spiro‐lactam system to develop Pd2+‐chemosensor RPd4, that displayed significantly improved sensing properties for palladium. Compound RPd4 shows a very fast response time (about 5 s), high sensitivity (5 nM), and excellent specificity for Pd2+ ions over other PGE ions (Pt2+, Rh3+, and Ru3+). In addition, RPd4 displays quite different responses to different valence states of the Pd ions, that is, very fast response towards Pd2+ ions but slow response towards Pd0, which may provide us with a convenient method for the selective discrimination of Pd species in different valence states. According to proof‐of‐concept experiments, RPd4 has potential applications in Pd2+‐analysis in drug compounds, water, soil, and leaf samples. Owing to its good reversibility, RPd4 can also be used as a sensor material for the selective detection and visual recovery of trace Pd2+ ions in environmental samples.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Esters with Chiral Iridium N,P Ligand Complexes
Authors: Woodmansee David H. , Müller Marc‐André , Tröndlin Lars , Hörmann Esther , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: September 2012

Enantioselective conjugate reduction of a wide range of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic esters was achieved using chiral Ir N,P complexes as hydrogenation catalysts. Depending on the substitution pattern of the substrate, different ligands perform best. α,β‐Unsaturated carboxylic esters substituted at the α position are less problematic substrates than originally anticipated and in some cases α‐substituted substrates actually reacted with higher enantioselectivity than their β‐substituted analogues. The resulting saturated esters with a stereogenic center in the α or β position were obtained in high enantiomeric purity.
DNA Binding, Antioxidant Activity, and DNA Damage Protection of Chiral Macrocyclic Mn(III) Salen Complexes
Authors: Pandya Nirali , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Prathap K. Jeya , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Mishra Sandhya , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: September 2012

We are reporting the synthesis, characterization, and calf thymus DNA binding studies of novel chiral macrocyclic Mn(III) salen complexes S‐1, R‐1, S‐2, and R‐2. These chiral complexes showed ability to bind with DNA, where complex S‐1 exhibits the highest DNA binding constant 1.20 × 106 M−1. All the compounds were screened for superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities; among them, complex S‐1 exhibited significant activity with IC50 1.36 and 2.37 μM, respectively. Further, comet assay was used to evaluate the DNA damage protection in white blood cells against the reactive oxygen species wherein complex S‐1 was found effective in protecting the hydroxyl radicals mediated plasmid and white blood cells DNA damage. Chirality 24:1063–1073, 2012.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of River Channel‐wetland Networks for Controlling Water Pollution in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Fan Xiaoyun , Cui Baoshan , Zhang Kejiang , Zhang Zhiming , Zhao Hui
Published: September 2012

Water pollution has been a serious problem with rapid urban development in the Pearl River Delta. In the paper, a river channel‐wetland network (RCWN) was constructed to improve the situation of water pollution. At first, the assimilative capacity of each river was calculated for the main pollutants (biological oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen selected) to investigate the water pollution degree; secondly, sites of wetlands used to alleviate the water pollution level of the heavily polluted rivers were identified according to original water bodies; then, the wetland areas connected with rivers were determined by analyzing wetland uptake rate, pollutant amount needed to reduce and the retention time. Based on the information above, the RCWN was constructed by connecting river channels with wetlands, here the wetlands and the confluences of river channels were used as the nodes, and river channels were used as the links between nodes. The results showed with the different retention time, the largest wetland areas required by the RCWN were also different for better improving the river water quality, and the wetland areas would be reduced with the retention time increased. The network composed of river channel and wetlands could efficiently control river water pollution. This study provides a useful tool for river water resources management based on the best available data and knowledge.
Spatial Distribution of Fe, Cu, Mn in the Surface Water System and Their Effects on Wetland Vegetation in the Pearl River Estuary of China
Authors: Huang Laibin , Bai Junhong , Xiao Rong , Gao Haifeng , Liu Peipei
Published: September 2012

Water samples and vegetation data in 1 m × 1 m vegetation quads (vegetation density, biomass, and size were investigated) were collected from Panyu District and reclaimed regions with different reclamation histories in Nansha District throughout the Pearl River Estuary in August 2010. The spatial distribution characteristics of Fe, Cu, and Mn in the surface water system were measured based on ordinary Kriging method of ArcGis Geostatistical Analyst. Metal index (MI) was selected to assess the pollution levels and principal correlation analysis (PCA) was chose to interpret the effects of these heavy metals on vegetation. Results showed that (i) there were higher concentrations of Fe and Cu appearing in the up west than that in the other parts of the whole region, meanwhile, a similar spatial distribution was showed in Fe and Cu, which indicated the two kinds of metals came from the same pollution source; (ii) all the MI values exceeded class I level and the water quality in metal levels was over or equal to class III level in the whole research region, and worse water quality was presented in the middle west of Panyu District and in the old reclamation region in Nansha District due to the characteristic of the surface water system and the long‐term tillage, respectively; (iii) the concentrations of Fe and Cu showed negative correlation with vegetation, and Mn nearly had no effects on vegetations, and 1/3 of all samples were seated in the higher coverage and lower pollution area, which belongs to the new reclamation in Nansha District.
Implementation of Diversified Ecological Networks to Strengthen Wetland Conservation
Authors: Cui Baoshan , Zhang Zhiming , Lei Xiaoxia
Published: September 2012

The notion that the conservation of wetlands in the world is too limited has gained a universal consensus because of the conflicts between their great value and the drastic decline in their quantity and quality. To mitigate these conflicts, ecological networks have integrated the hydrologic and biological connectivity of ecosystems. The basic elements of ecological networks, patches, and corridors, have been extracted to reflect the attributes of the hydrologic and biological connectivity of ecosystems. This paper reviews recent applications of network approaches to ecological conservation, focusing on their application in wetland ecosystems, and proposing a new perspective for wetland conservation. This review is limited to four aspects: first, the linkages between wetlands and ecological networks are determined by reviewing the development both of them; second, the two types of connectivity and their application that can be obtained from graphs or network models are discussed; third, common network analysis approaches, which can provide a theoretical basis to explore the optimal relationship between network structure and function, are summarized; finally, this paper presents the configuration and convergence characteristics of different types of wetland networks at multiple spatial scales. At the conclusion, suggestions for further work are presented.
Effects of Water Level and Salinity on TN and TP Contents in Marsh Soils of the Yellow River Delta, China
Authors: Liu Peipei , Bai Junhong , Ding Qiuyi , Shao Hongbo , Gao Haifeng , Xiao Rong
Published: September 2012

A field experiment was carried out at three different water levels and four salinity levels to study the effects of water level and salinity on nutrient contents in mash soil of the Yellow River Delta, China. Contents of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in surface and subsurface soils were measured under different water and salinity levels during the study period. Results showed that TN contents gradually decreased with increasing salinities and the highest content appeared in surface soils in different sampling dates. Higher TN contents in August (361.55 mg/kg) and September (412.17 mg/kg) were observed under 0.52 and 16.7‰ salinity treatments, respectively, and 10 cm water level, and the highest value in October (504.81 mg/kg) was observed under 10.2‰ salinity treatment and 0 cm water level. TN contents showed significant differences among different water treatments. Similarly, TP content also appeared an accumulation in surface soils in each sampling date. However, significant differences of TP contents in subsurface soils were observed among three water levels. Salinity significantly influenced the changes in TN and TP contents in both soil layers under different water level treatments. Soil TN and TP contents were significantly correlated to soil organic matter.
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Two Marsh Wetlands with Different Flooding Frequencies of the Yellow River Delta, China
Authors: Bai Junhong , Wang Junjing , Yan Denghua , Gao Haifeng , Xiao Rong , Shao Hongbo , Ding Qiuyi
Published: September 2012

A field study was carried out in two typical marsh wetlands (Sites A and B) with different flooding frequencies in the Yellow River Delta of China in three different dates to investigate spatial and temporal distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) along the distance away from one tidal creek and the Yellow River, respectively. The results showed that SOC and TN contents and densities generally decreased with depth, except for an obvious accumulation peak of TN at the 20–40 cm soil layer; and they had higher heterogeneity at both Sites A and B; However, SOC and TN contents and densities showed different spatial distribution patterns at both sites in different sampling dates. Generally, SOC and TN contents in marsh soils were higher at Site A than those at Site B. TN was significantly correlated with available phosphorous, SOC, and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio at both sites, whereas SOC was significantly correlated with soil depth, soil moisture and salinity at both sites. Additionally, the C/N ratios were higher at Site B than those at Site A, and they were significantly correlated with soil moisture (Site A), bulk density, and TN (Sites A and B).
Synthesis and Optical and Redox Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric BODIPYs
Authors: García‐Moreno Inmaculada , Wang Lu , Costela Angel , Bañuelos Jorge , López Arbeloa Iñigo , Xiao Yi
Published: September 2012

Herein, we present the synthetic route and the photophysical, electrochemical as well as laser properties of novel red‐emitting boron‐dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) bearing arylethyne moieties. Such functionality is added along the main axis of the chromophore leading to single‐ and double‐substituted derivatives. The relationship between the dye structure and the lasing properties is studied in detail with the help of the photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as quantum mechanical simulations. The asymmetric substitution of the parent dye induces inhomogeneities in the charge distribution, which leads to an overall loss of the fluorescence capacity, mainly in polar media. Such non‐radiative deactivation processes can be softened by decreasing the electron‐donor ability of the substituent or even avoided by symmetrical substitution. Thus, grafting of the arylethyne moieties at the longitudinal axis of the indacene core results in an effective strategy to develop red‐edge BODIPYs with highly efficient and photostable laser emission.
A fully integrated, highly linear CMOS T/R switch for X‐Band phased array radars
Authors: Dinc Tolga , Zihir Samet , Gurbuz Yasar
Published: September 2012

This paper presents the design and implementation of a single‐pole, double‐throw transmit/receive (T/R) switch for X‐Band (8–12 GHz) phased array radar applications. The T/R switch was fabricated in a 0.25‐µm SiGe BiCMOS process and occupies 0.44‐mm2 chip area, including pads. The design focuses on the techniques, primarily, to achieve higher power handling capability (P1dB), along with higher isolation and better insertion loss (IL) of the T/R switch. These techniques include resistive‐body floating, using on‐chip impedance transformation networks and DC biasing of all terminals of the T/R switch. In addition, optimization of transistor widths and parallel resonance technique are used to improve IL and isolation, respectively. All these design techniques resulted in a measured IL of 3.6 dB, isolation of 34.8 dB and IP1dB of 28.2 dBm at 10 GHz. The return losses at both input and output ports are better than 16 dB from 8 to 12 GHz. To our knowledge, this paper presents the single‐ended CMOS T/R switch with the highest IP1dB, competitive isolation and comparable IL at X‐Band, compared to other reported works in the literature and attributed to the unique design methodologies and techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of E2F target genes that are rate limiting for dE2F1‐dependent cell proliferation
Authors: Herr Anabel , Longworth Michelle , Ji Jun‐Yuan , Korenjak Michael , MacAlpine David M. , Dyson Nicholas J.
Published: September 2012

Background: Microarray studies have shown that the E2F transcription factor influences the expression of many genes but it is unclear how many of these targets are important for E2F‐mediated control of cell proliferation. Results: We assembled a collection of mutant alleles of 44 dE2F1‐dependent genes and tested whether these could modify visible phenotypes caused by the tissue‐specific depletion of dE2F1. More than half of the mutant alleles dominantly enhanced de2f1‐dsRNA phenotypes suggesting that the in vivo functions of dE2F1 can be limited by the reduction in the level of expression of many different targets. Unexpectedly, several mutant alleles suppressed de2f1‐dsRNA phenotypes. One of the strongest of these suppressors was Orc5. Depletion of ORC5 increased proliferation in cells with reduced dE2F1 and specifically elevated the expression of dE2F1‐regulated genes. Importantly, these effects were independent of dE2F1 protein levels, suggesting that reducing the level of ORC5 did not interfere with the general targeting of dE2F1. Conclusions: We propose that the interaction between ORC5 and dE2F1 may reflect a feedback mechanism between replication initiation proteins and dE2F1 that ensures that proliferating cells maintain a robust level of replication proteins for the next cell cycle. Developmental Dynamics 241:1695–1707, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetic landscape and miRNA involvement during neural crest development
Authors: Strobl‐Mazzulla Pablo H. , Marini Melisa , Buzzi Ailín
Published: September 2012

The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent, migratory cell population that arises from the dorsal neural fold of vertebrate embryos. NC cells migrate extensively and differentiate into a variety of tissues, including melanocytes, bone, and cartilage of the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral and enteric neurons, glia, and smooth muscle and endocrine cells. For several years, the gene regulatory network that orchestrates NC cells development has been extensively studied. However, we have recently begun to understand that epigenetic and posttranscriptional regulation, such as miRNAs, plays important roles in NC development. In this review, we focused on some of the most recent findings on chromatin‐dependent mechanisms and miRNAs regulation during vertebrate NC cells development. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Membrane β‐catenin and adherens junctions in early gonadal patterning
Authors: Fleming Alice , Ghahramani Negar , Zhu Maggie Xiaoming , Délot Emmanuèle C. , Vilain Eric
Published: September 2012

Background: Mechanisms involved in early patterning of the mammalian gonad as it develops from a bipotential state into a testis or an ovary are as yet not well understood. Sex‐specific vascularization is essential in this process, but more specific mechanisms required to, for example, establish interstitial vs. cord compartments in the testis or ovigerous cords in the ovary have not been reported. Adherens junctions (AJs) are known for their roles in morphogenesis; we, therefore, examined expression of AJ components including β‐catenin, p120 catenin, and cadherins for possible involvement in sex‐specific patterning of the gonad. Results: We show that, at the time of early gonadal sex differentiation, membrane‐associated β‐catenin and p120 catenin colocalize with cell‐specific cadherins in both sex‐nonspecific and sex‐specific patterns. These expression patterns are consistent with an influence of AJs in overall patterning of the testis vs. ovary through known AJ mechanisms of cell–cell adhesion, cell sorting, and boundary formation. Conclusions: Together these complex and dynamic patterns of AJ component expression precisely mirror patterning of tissues during gonadogenesis and raise the possibility that AJs are essential effectors of patterning within the developing testis and ovary. Developmental Dynamics 241:1782–1798, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple layers of complexity in cis‐regulatory regions of developmental genes
Authors: Frankel Nicolás
Published: September 2012

Genomes contain the necessary information to ensure that genes are expressed in the right place, at the right time, and with the proper rate. Metazoan developmental genes often possess long stretches of DNA flanking their coding sequences and/or large introns which contain elements that influence gene expression. Most of these regulatory elements are relatively small and can be studied in isolation. For example, transcriptional enhancers, the elements that generate the expression pattern of a gene, have been traditionally studied with reporter constructs in transgenic animals. These studies have provided and will provide invaluable insights into enhancer evolution and function. However, this experimental approach has its limits; often, enhancer elements do not faithfully recapitulate native expression patterns. This fact suggests that additional information in cis‐regulatory regions modulates the activity of enhancers and other regulatory elements. Indeed, recent studies have revealed novel functional aspects at the level of whole cis‐regulatory regions. First, the discovery of “shadow enhancers.” Second, the ubiquitous interactions between cis‐regulatory elements. Third, the notion that some cis‐regulatory regions may not function in a modular manner. Last, the effect of chromatin conformation on cis‐regulatory activity. In this article, I describe these recent findings and discuss open questions in the field. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Insight into the Mechanism of Selective Imine Formation from Alcohol and Amine Catalyzed by the Ruthenium(II)‐PNP Pincer Complex
Authors: Li Haixia , Wang Xiaotai , Wen Mingwei , Wang Zhi‐Xiang
Published: September 2012

We have used density functional theory computations to investigate the mechanism of the reaction of an amine with a primary alcohol catalyzed by the ruthenium(II)‐PNP pincer complex [PNP = 2,6‐bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphanylmethyl)pyridine]; the reaction produces an imine as the major product. The catalytic cycle includes four stages: (stage I) alcohol dehydrogenation to aldehyde, (stage II) coupling of aldehyde with amine to form hemiaminal, (stage III) hemiaminal dehydration to give imine, and (stage IV) catalyst regeneration by means of H2 elimination of the trans ruthenium dihydride complex produced in stage I. The mechanism is similar to that for amide formation from amine and alcohol that was catalyzed by the RuII‐PNN pincer complex [PNN = 2‐(di‐tert‐butylphosphanylmethyl)‐6‐(diethylaminomethyl)pyridine], the only difference being in stage III. Alcohol dehydrogenation (stage I) occurs by a bifunctional double hydrogen transfer mechanism and alcohol can facilitate stages II and III. The selectivity of imine over ester is governed by stage II: the formation of hemiaminal by means of aldehydeamine coupling is kinetically much more favorable than the alternative aldehydealcohol coupling reaction that yields hemiacetal. Furthermore, the hemiaminal dehydration to give an imine is also kinetically more favorable than the hemiacetal dehydrogenation to give an ester. The selectivity of imine over amide is determined by stage III: the hemiaminal dehydration to give an imine is kinetically much more favorable than the hemiaminal dehydrogenation to give an amide. The essential difference between the RuII‐PNP‐catalyzed imine synthesis and the RuII‐PNN‐catalyzed amide formation is that the former prefers hemiaminal dehydration whereas the latter prefers hemiaminal dehydrogenation. In addition, water produced during hemiaminal dehydration can catalyze stages II and III more effectively than alcohol can. By contrast, the water‐catalyzed hemiaminal formation does not happen in the RuII‐PNN‐catalyzed synthesis of an amide because no water is produced in any stage of the reaction.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two Cyano‐Bridged CrIIIMII (M = Cu, Ni) Bimetallic Assemblies with Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Shen Xiaoping , Zhou Hongbo , Zhang Qian , Xu Yan , Zhou Hu
Published: September 2012

Two new cyano‐bridged molecule‐based magnets, [(CuL4)2{Cr(CN)6}2]n·n[Cu(H2O)2L4]·4nCH3OH·2nH2O (1) (L4 = 3,10‐dibutyl‐1,3,5,8,10,12‐hexaazacyclotetradecane) and [(NiL3)3{Cr(CN)6}2]n·6nH2O (2) (L3 = 3,10‐dipropyl‐1,3,5,8,10,12‐hexaazacyclotetradecane), have been prepared by self‐assembly of [Cr(CN)6]3– and [M(macrocycle)]2+ (M = Cu, Ni) building blocks and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermoanalysis, single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis and magnetic measurements. The structure of 1 mainly consists of cyanide‐bridged CrIII–CuII 1D anionic chains of [(CuL4)2{Cr(CN)6}2]n2n–, in which each [Cr(CN)6]3– unit connects to two [CuL4]2+ units through its two cis C≡N groups and each [CuL4]2+ unit is linked to two [Cr(CN)6]3– ions in trans positions. Complex 2 shows an infinite 2D honeycomb sheet structure, in which each [Cr(CN)6]3– unit connects to three NiII ions through three fac‐CN– groups, and the bridging cyanide ligands coordinate to the NiII ion in a trans fashion forming trans‐NiL3(N≡C)2 moieties. Magnetic studies reveal that both 1 and 2 exhibit ferromagnetic behavior with long range magnetic ordering at Tc of 15 and 10 K, respectively.
Electrophoretic Preparation of an Organic–Inorganic Hybrid of Layered Metal Hydroxide and Hydrogel for a Potential Drug‐Delivery System
Authors: Gwak Gyeong‐Hyeon , Paek Seung‐Min , Oh Jae‐Min
Published: September 2012

We have prepared organic–inorganic hybrid materials consisting of layered metal hydroxides and hydrogel polymers for potential use as a drug delivery system. The hybrid materials were synthesized by an electrophoretic method; anionic precursors, OH–/CO32–, and cationic metal Zn2+ were migrated into hydrogel by applying an electrical potential of 25 V for 20 min to form inorganic nanocrystals inside the hydrogel matrix. Hydrozincite [Zn5(OH)8(CO3)] nanoparticles, a kind of layered metal hydroxide, were determined to develop inside the hydrogel according to powder X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopic images showed that the prepared hybrid materials have well‐dispersed inorganic nanoparticles in the hydrogel matrix. In order to evaluate the potential of the thus prepared hybrid materials as a drug‐delivery system, the well‐known antioxidant ferulic acid was incorporated and their time‐dependent release profile was obtained by HPLC.
Bleaching augments lipid peroxidation products in pistachio oil and its cytotoxicity
Authors: Racicot Kenneth , Craven Andrew , Chen C.‐Y. Oliver
Published: September 2012

Pistachio consumption is associated with reductions in serum cholesterol and oxidative stress due to their constituents of unsaturated fats, phytosterols, fiber, and antioxidants. Bleaching has been applied to whiten nut shells for antifungal and cosmetic purposes. However, the impact of bleaching on nutritional quality and safety of pistachios remains to be examined. In this study, we investigated whether bleaching would increase malondialdehyde (MDA) or 7‐keto‐sitosterol and decrease phytosterols in pistachio oil, as well as cause cytotoxicity of modeled Hepa1c1c7 cells. Bleaching increased MDA by more than 32% from 0.23 µg/g in raw oil, with the largest increase noted with the bleach containing H2O2 and Fe2+ (P ≤ 0.05). Bleached pistachio oil had larger than 12.6% decrease in β‐sitosterol and total phytosterols as compared to the raw oil (P ≤ 0.05). Bleaching with Fe2+ significantly increase 7‐keto‐sitosterol compared to bleaching alone. Hepatic cell viability was decreased the most by the oil of the pistachios treated with bleach containing Fe2+ (P ≤ 0.05), and lactate dehydrogenase activity in medium was elevated by >18‐folds (P ≤ 0.05). Compared to natural pistachios, the bleaching treatment had detrimental effects on nutritional quality and expected health benefits of pistachios by increasing lipid peroxidation, decreasing phytosterol content, and causing cytotoxicity.

Practical applications: Bleaching has been applied to whiten the nut shell for antifungal and cosmetic purposes. However, the results of this study indicate that bleaching treatment has a detrimental impact on nutritional quality and expected health benefits of pistachios. Particularly, treatment with a bleach formula with hydrogen peroxide and transit metals increases formation of lipid peroxidation products and decreases phytosterol content. The resulting pistachio oil causes cell toxicity. Thus, bleaching practice for whitening pistachios is strongly discouraged.
Chemoselective O‐Benzylation of the Propargylic Hydroxy Group in Polyols
Authors: Lee Ji Ho , Oh Chang Ho
Published: September 2012

We have discovered the highly chemoselective benzylation of propargylic hydroxy groups in the presence of other hydroxy groups under very usual conditions involving benzyl bromide and sodium hydroxide in DMF at room temperature. This methodology has a high synthetic utility for the selective protection of hydroxy groups at the propargylic position among various other hydroxy groups in complex molecules.
Flow separation at the inner (convex) and outer (concave) banks of constant‐width and widening open‐channel bends
Authors: Blanckaert Koen , Kleinhans Maarten G. , McLelland Stuart J. , Uijttewaal Wim S. J. , Murphy Brendan J. , van de Kruijs Anja , Parsons Daniel R. , Chen Qiuwen
Published: September 2012

There is a paucity of data and insight in the mechanisms of, and controls on flow separation and recirculation at natural sharply‐curved river bends. Herein we report on successful laboratory experiments that elucidate flow structure in one constant‐width bend and a second bend with an outer‐bank widening. The experiments were performed with both a flat immobile gravel bed and mobile sand bed with dominant bedload sediment transport.

In the constant‐width bend with immobile bed, a zone of mainly horizontal flow separation (vertical rotational axis) formed at the inner bank that did not contain detectable flow recirculation, and an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow with streamwise oriented rotational axis. Surprisingly, the bend with widening at the outer bank and immobile bed did not lead to a transverse expansion of the flow. Rather, flow in the outer‐bank widening weakly recirculated around a vertical axis and hardly interacted with the inner part of the bend, which behaved as a constant‐width bend.

In the mobile bed experiment, downstream of the bend apex a pronounced depositional bar developed at the inside of the bend and pronounced scour occurred at the outside. Moreover the deformed bed promoted flow separation over the bar, including return currents. In the constant‐width bend, the topographic steering impeded the generation of an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow. In the bend with outer‐bank widening, the topographic steering induced an outward expansion of the flow, whereby the major part of the discharge was conveyed in the central part of the widening section. Flow in the outer‐bank widening was highly three dimensional and included return currents near the bottom.

In conclusion, the experiments elucidated three distinct processes of flow separation common in sharp bends: flow separation at the inner bank, an outer‐bank cell of secondary flow, and flow separation and recirculation in an outer‐bank widening. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reclaiming Culture: Reculturation of Transracial and International Adoptees
Authors: Baden Amanda L. , Treweeke Lisa M. , Ahluwalia Muninder K.
Published: September 2012

The cultural experiences of transracial and international adoptees (TRIAs) are uniquely affected by their adoption across cultures and racial/ethnic groups. Upon adoption, TRIAs typically identify quickly with their adoptive parents’ White culture but may eventually seek to reclaim their birth culture. Current terminology used to describe cultural identifications and changes (e.g., acculturation, enculturation) does not adequately depict the reclamation of birth culture by TRIAs. The authors describe a new term for this process called reculturation.
Trichotillomania: Identification and Treatment
Authors: McDonald K. Elizabeth
Published: September 2012

Trichotillomania is a disorder distinguished by recurrent hair pulling resulting in hair loss (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This review of the literature provides a broad overview of the disorder so that counselors can better understand, describe, identify, and implement effective treatment for clients with trichotillomania. Phenomenology, impairment, etiology, multicultural considerations, differentiation, comorbidity, and current treatment approaches are presented.
Appreciating Plurality Through Conversations Among Literacy Stakeholders
Authors: Hagood Margaret Carmody , Skinner Emily Neil
Published: September 2012

This editorial focuses on connecting literacy education contexts (e.g., local and global), stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, scholars, and practitioners), and literacies (e.g., foundational print‐based and new, digital). The editors outline their vision to build upon previous editorships in building a participatory culture where Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (JAAL) readers not only consume content but also produce new ideas through conversations. The editorial outlines how JAAL will serve as a forum for discussion of innovative research and practical applications of diverse adolescent and adult literacy learners engaged in reading, writing, speaking, viewing, listening, and designing in print and online formats.
After the Testing: Talking and Reading and Writing the World
Authors: Luke Allan
Published: September 2012

This critical essay discusses the challenges and prospects for the reform of school‐based literacy programs. It begins with an overview of the effects of a decade of test‐driven accountability policy on research and teachers’ work, noting the continuing challenges of new demographics, cultures and technologies for literacy education. The case is made that whole school literacy programs can make a difference in improving the overall education of students and youth from low socioeconomic and cultural minority backgrounds. But this requires a strong emphasis on engagement with substantive readings of cultural, social and scientific worlds through talk, reading and writing. The key questions facing teachers, then, are not simply around basic skills instruction and acquisition, but about sustained, intellectually demanding and scaffolded talk around texts, print and multimodal.
Class on Fire: Using the Hunger Games Trilogy to Encourage Social Action
Authors: Simmons Amber M.
Published: September 2012

This article explores ways to utilize students’ interest in fantasy literature to support critical literacy. Focusing on Suzanne Collins's The Hunger Games series (2008, 2009, 2010), the author addresses how elements of the trilogy relate to violent acts in our world, helping student understand that violence and brutality toward children is not fiction, but very real, and that they can play a role in its abolishment, just like Katniss, through social action projects. Issues such as hunger, forced labor, child soldiers, and the sex trade that appear in both the fictional series and our world are discussed, encouraging students to assess their world and advocate for change. Examples of social action projects that utilize multiple literacies are suggested as a way to inspire students take action in the community and to stand up to injustice and brutality in hopes of creating a better world and a better human race.
Professional Resources
Authors: Draper Roni Jo
Published: September 2012

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult professional resources and provides a valuable resource for professional resource selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Extending the enlarged cell and uniformly stable conformal techniques to modeling curved conductors in two‐dimensional high‐order finite‐difference time‐domain algorithms
Authors: Kourah M. A. , Hadi M. F. , Al‐Zayed A. S.
Published: September 2012

The critical tool of modeling irregularly shaped perfect conductors is developed for the extended‐stencil high‐order two‐dimensional M24 variant of the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. Two standard FDTD conformal approaches are analyzed and successfully extended to work accurately with M24. They both afford higher order convergence with respect to mesh density than a previously developed technique, which better matches M24's characteristics. Both approaches rely on borrowing weighted electromotive forces from nearby extended‐stencil cells to ensure accuracy and numerical stability while the overall algorithm is efficiently operated at the maximum allowable time steps by FDTD and M24 theories. Validation examples demonstrate that M24's amplitude and phase accuracies using coarse numerical meshes were not compromised. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.