bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les facteurs de perméabilité aux valeurs traditionnelles du métier de policier
Authors: Marc Alain
Published: October 2011

Cet article présente les données de la quatrième et dernière passation d’un questionnaire sur la socialisation professionnelle des recrues policières québécoises, un questionnaire essentiellement inspiré de celui développé par Monjardet lors de son étude pionnière dite de la « cohorte ». Outre à présenter les évolutions d’attitude des répondants d’une passation à l’autre et de tenter de comprendre les facteurs explicatifs quant au développement de certains positionnements éthiques pas nécessairement au diapason de ce que l’on attend globalement de la police au Québec, nous présentons également une comparaison sommaire de ces développements avec ceux qu’avaient notés Monjardet dans le cas de sa propre étude. Nous proposons, en guise de conclusion, que le métier de policier, de technique qu’il a très longtemps été, tend à se professionnaliser de plus en plus sans que la formation spécifique, elle, suive la même tendance.
Regards croisés des notions relatives au développement identitaire des jeunes adultes et de la socialisation professionnelle propre au métier de policier
Authors: Marcotte Julie , Dion Alexandra
Published: October 2011

Cet article propose une mise en relation entre les notions contemporaines relatives au développement identitaire des jeunes adultes, notamment, l’individualisation, l’identité sociale et l’insertion socioprofessionnelle, et la socialisation professionnelle des recrues policières. En effet, chez les jeunes recrues, l’enrôlement au sein du corps policier dont la culture, réputée être unique et imprégnante, suppose une accommodation identitaire singulière. Le parallèle effectué entre les réalités contemporaines du passage à la vie adulte et la spécificité du vécu des recrues policières permet d’émettre l’hypothèse que ces dernières s’inscrivent parfois en faux contre le mouvement actuel qui exige, à tort ou à raison, aux jeunes de s’individualiser en capitalisant principalement sur leurs ressources en l’absence de balises normatives.
De la mythocritique à la mythanalyse : rêve de transcendance et transhumanisme
Authors: Périer Isabelle
Published: October 2011

Résumé La mythocritique et la mythanalyse de Gilbert Durand sont des méthodes d’investigation des textes et de leur contexte. Leur application aux textes de la science-fiction contemporaine peut permettre de dégager certains grands mythes qui irriguent non seulement ces textes littéraires mais également le contexte social dans lequel nous vivons et le rapport que nous entretenons avec la technoscience. L’exemple ici développé est celui du mythe de l’apothéose dont on s’attache à montrer qu’il se dissimule derrière les idées dites transhumanistes. Le parcours proposé part donc des textes science-fictionnels pour aboutir aux discours scientifiques, philosophiques et spirituels qui critiquent ou défendent le courant transhumaniste afin de montrer que les récits de science-fiction sont le miroir mythique des grands courants qui traversent la société.
Vers une société plus conviviale et solidaire ? Les associations et réseaux fondés sur la proximité géographique à l'ère postmoderne
Authors: Bryon-Portet Céline
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cette monographie se propose d’étudier les associations et les réseaux humains qui promeuvent actuellement l’entraide et la convivialité au niveau local, tentant ainsi de réenchanter et de réhumaniser un lien social que l’individualisme et la technologie, associés au phénomène de la mondialisation, n’ont cessé de diluer. Ces mouvements de solidarité fondés sur la proximité géographique, qui se développent depuis quelques années, en effet, nous paraissent caractéristiques de l’ère postmoderne dans laquelle nous sommes entrés. Il convient donc de saisir la nature et les différents modes d’expression, mais surtout les enjeux que recouvrent ces nouvelles formes de la sociabilité.
Sentence Comprehension and Its Association with Executive Functions in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Colman Katrien S. F. , Koerts Janneke , Stowe Laurie A. , Leenders Klaus L. , Bastiaanse Roelien
Published: October 2011

Coexistent impairments in executive functions and language comprehension in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been repeatedly observed. In this study, the aim was to provide insights into the interaction between linguistic representation and processing and executive functioning. Therefore, sentence comprehension and executive functions were assessed in 28 Dutch-speaking PD patients and 28 healthy control subjects. Three aspects of the sentence materials were varied: (1) phrase structure complexity, (2) sentence length, and (3) picture congruence. PD patients with mild-to-moderate disease severity showed decreased sentence comprehension compared to healthy control subjects. The difficulties encountered by PD patients were not limited to one aspect of the sentence materials. The same pattern of results was present in healthy control subjects. Deficits in set-switching were specifically associated with the comprehension of passive sentences. Generally, our study confirms that there does not appear to be a language faculty encapsulated from the influence of executive functions.
Maternal Thyroid Function during the Second Half of Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment at 6, 12, 24, and 60 Months of Age
Authors: Chevrier Jonathan , Harley Kim G. , Kogut Katherine , Holland Nina , Johnson Caroline , Eskenazi Brenda
Published: October 2011

Although evidence suggests that maternal hypothyroidism and mild hypothyroxinemia during the first half of pregnancy alters fetal neurodevelopment among euthyroid offspring, little data are available from later in gestation. In this study, we measured free T4 using direct equilibrium dialysis, as well as total T4 and TSH in 287 pregnant women at 27 weeks' gestation. We also assessed cognition, memory, language, motor functioning, and behavior in their children at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months of age. Increasing maternal TSH was related to better performance on tests of cognition and language at 12 months but not at later ages. At 60 months, there was inconsistent evidence that higher TSH was related to improved attention. We found no convincing evidence that maternal TH during the second half of pregnancy was related to impaired child neurodevelopment.
Hsp10, Hsp70, and Hsp90 immunohistochemical levels change in ulcerative colitis after therapy
Authors: Tomasello G. , SciumÃ© C. , Rappa F. , Rodolico V. , Zerilli M. , Martorana A. , Cicero G. , De Luca R. , Damiani P. , Accardo F.M. , Romeo M. , Farina F. , Bonaventura G. , Modica G. , Zummo G. , Conway de Macario E. , Macario A.J.L. , Cappello F.
Published: October 2011

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by damage of large bowel mucosa and frequent extra-intestinal autoimmune comorbidities. The role played in IBD pathogenesis by molecular chaperones known to interact with components of the immune system involved in inflammation is unclear. We previously demonstrated that mucosal Hsp60 decreases in UC patients treated with conventional therapies (mesalazine, probiotics), suggesting that this chaperonin could be a reliable biomarker useful for monitoring response to treatment, and that it might play a role in pathogenesis. In the present work we investigated three other heat shock protein/molecular chaperones: Hsp10, Hsp70, and Hsp90. We found that the levels of these proteins are increased in UC patients at the time of diagnosis and decrease after therapy, supporting the notion that these proteins deserve attention in the study of the mechanisms that promote the development and maintenance of IBD, and as biomarkers of this disease (e.g., to monitor response to treatment at the histological level).
Promoting an Appreciation for Research-Related Activities: The Role of Occupational Identity
Authors: du Toit Sanet , Wilkinson Annette
Published: October 2011

The profession of occupational therapy faces the challenge of introducing research as an occupation to undergraduate students. Occupational therapists value occupation, the influence of the environment and the role of culture within a specific environment. Therefore, these aspects should be considered not only when working with clients but also when educating students. A process for promoting an appreciation for research-related activities (PARRA) is introduced and scrutinised for its ability to promote a research culture. The components of this process suggest engagement in research-related activities that would influence students' occupational identities and enable transformation towards a lifelong engagement in research.
Has Occupational Science Taken Away the Occupational Therapy Evidence Base? A Debate
Authors: Morley Mary , Atwal Anita , Spiliotopoulou Georgia
Published: October 2011

Health policy requires occupational therapy to demonstrate evidence-based clinical outcomes and efficiency in order to survive. This has significant implications for occupational therapy researchers and managers and suggests a re-evaluation of the profession's priorities for research. This opinion piece aims to stimulate debate regarding the impact of occupational science on occupational therapy and the need for research that evaluates the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions. This is achieved by reflecting on a personal experience of evaluating research evidence for clinical guidelines and by exploring current and future challenges.
Evidence of a possible turning point of UVB increase over Canada, Europe and Japan
Authors: Zerefos C. S. , Tourpali K. , Eleftheratos K. , Kazadzis S. , Meleti C. , Feister U. , Koskela T. , Heikkilä A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. This study examines the UV variability at 305 nm and 325 nm over selected sites in Canada, Europe and Japan. Site selection was based by the availability of UV spectroradiometric datasets longer than 15 yr. The analysis of UV variability was conducted in combination to total ozone, aerosol optical depth and cloud variability. The results suggest that the period with the longest available spectral measurements of UV irradiances over Canada, Europe and Japan can be divided into three sub-periods of scientific merit: the first period is the period perturbed by the Pinatubo volcanic eruption for which it is shown that excess volcanic aerosol might have enhanced by an additional 6% the "conventional" (+18%) amplification factor of UVB at ground level. The second period is characterized by a UVB increase caused by the synergy of ozone decline and tropospheric aerosol decline (brightening effect) during which overhead cloudiness remained without statistically significant trends. During this second period, the long term variability is the brightening of +0.94% yr−1 and +0.88% yr−1 at the wavelengths 305 nm and 325 nm respectively. The third period, which refers to the last 4–5 yr, might provide for the first time significant statistical evidence indicating the slowdown of the upward trends observed before, over the sites studied where UVB sites seem to have passed maximum UVB exposure levels since about 2006.
Coordinated Cluster/Double Star and ground-based observations of dayside reconnection signatures on 11 February 2004
Authors: Zhang Q.-H. , Dunlop M. W. , Liu R.-Y. , Yang H.-G. , Hu H.-Q. , Zhang B.-C. , Lester M. , Bogdanova Y. V. , McCrea I. W. , Hu Z.-J. , Crothers S. R. , La Hoz C. , Nielsen C. P.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A number of flux transfer events (FTEs) were observed between 09:00 and 12:00 UT on 11 February 2004, during southward and dawnward IMF, while the Cluster spacecraft array moved outbound through the northern, high-altitude cusp and dayside high-latitude boundary layer, and the Double Star TC-1 spacecraft was crossing the dayside low-latitude magnetopause into the magnetosheath south of the ecliptic plane. The Cluster array grazed the equatorial cusp boundary, observing reconnection-like mixing of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma populations. In an adjacent interval, TC-1 sampled a series of sometimes none standard FTEs, but also with mixed magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma populations, near the magnetopause crossing and later showed additional (possibly turbulent) activity not characteristic of FTEs when it was situated deeper in the magnetosheath. The motion of these FTEs are analyzed in some detail to compare to simultaneous, poleward-moving plasma concentration enhancements recorded by EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) and "poleward-moving radar auroral forms" (PMRAFs) on the CUTLASS Finland and Kerguelen Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar measurements. Conjugate SuperDARN observations show a predominantly two-cell convection pattern in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The results are consistent with the expected motion of reconnected magnetic flux tubes, arising from a predominantly sub-solar reconnection site. Here, we are able to track north and south in closely adjacent intervals as well as to map to the corresponding ionospheric footprints of the implied flux tubes and demonstrate these are temporally correlated with clear ionospheric velocity enhancements, having northward (southward) and eastward (westward) convected flow components in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The durations of these enhancements might imply that the evolution time of the FTEs is about 18–22 min from their origin on magnetopause (at reconnection site) to their addition to the magnetotail lobe. However, the ionospheric response time in the Northern Hemisphere is about 2–4 min longer than the response time in the Southern Hemisphere.
Assessment and Code Considerations for the Combined Effect of Seismic Base Isolation and Viscoelastic Dampers
Authors: Erkal Aykut , Tezcan Semih S. , Laefer Debra F.
Published: October 2011

To propose an initial formulation for the passive control section of the Turkish Earthquake Code, the impact of base isolation and viscoelastic dampers on a four-storey reinforced concrete (RC) frame building was considered under various one-dimensional quake excitations. Both statically equivalent seismic load methods (comparing Turkish Earthquake code with Uniform Building Code) and linear time history analyses were applied to the RC building based on a portion of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake ground motion record (modified to possess predominant spectral periods of  sec and  sec representing hard and soft soil conditions, resp.). Effective peak ground acceleration was set to 0.40 g. Time history variations of upper column dis-placements and bending moments were compared, as well as storey drift ratios. Reductions of the fixed-base case column bending moments were obtained of up to 73% under base isolation, up to 25% with viscoelastic dampers, and up to 83% (with a unified response reduction factor) when both devices were both present.
Ultrasonographic Classification of Achilles Tendon Ruptures as a Rationale for Individual Treatment Selection
Authors: Amlang Michael H. , Zwipp Hans , Friedrich Adina , Peaden Adam , Bunk Alfred , Rammelt Stefan
Published: October 2011

Purpose. This work introduces a distinct sonographic classification of Achilles tendon ruptures which has proven itself to be a reliable instrument for an individualized and differentiated therapy selection for patients who have suffered an Achilles tendon rupture.
Materials and Methods. From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2005, 273 patients who suffered from a complete subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon (ASR) were clinically and sonographically evaluated. The sonographic classification was organized according to the location of the rupture, the contact of the tendon ends, and the structure of the interposition between the tendon ends.
Results. In 266 of 273 (97.4%) patients the sonographic classification of the rupture of the Achilles tendon was recorded. Type 1 was detected in 54 patients (19.8%), type 2a in 68 (24.9%), type 2b in 33 (12.1%), type 3a in 20 (7.3%), type 3b in 61 (22.3%), type 4 in 20 (7.3%), and type 5 in 10 (3.7%).
Of the patients with type 1 and fresh ASR, 96% () were treated nonoperative-functionally, and 4% () were treated by percutaneous suture with the Dresden instrument (pDI suture). Of the patients classified as type 2a with fresh ASR, 31 patients (48%) were treated nonoperatively-functionally and 33 patients (52%) with percutaneous suture with the Dresden instrument (pDI suture). Of the patients with type 3b and fresh ASR, 94% () were treated by pDI suture and 6% () by open suture according to Kirchmayr and Kessler.
Conclusion. Unlike the clinical classification of the Achilles tendon rupture, the sonographic classification is a guide for deriving a graded and differentiated therapy from a broad spectrum of treatments.
Improved Mannanase Production from Penicillium occitanis by Fed-Batch Fermentation Using Acacia Seeds
Authors: Blibech Monia , Ellouz Ghorbel Raoudha , Chaari Fatma , Dammak Ilyes , Bhiri Fatma , Neifar Mohamed , Ellouz Chaabouni Semia
Published: October 2011

By applying a fed-batch strategy, production of Penicillium occitanis mannanases could be almost doubled as compared to a batch cultivation on acacia seeds (76 versus 41 U/mL). Also, a 10-fold increase of enzyme activities was observed from shake flask fermentation to the fed-batch fermentation. These production levels were 3-fold higher than those obtained on coconut meal. The high mannanase production using acacia seeds powder as inducer substrate showed the suitability of this culture process for industrial-scale development.
Locations of Satellite Galaxies in the Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey
Authors: Ágústsson Ingólfur , Brainerd Tereasa G.
Published: October 2011

We compute the locations of satellite galaxies in the Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey using two sets of selection criteria and three sources of photometric data. Using the SuperCOSMOS photometry, we find that the satellites are located preferentially near the major axes of their hosts, and the anisotropy is detected at a highly significant level (confidence levels of 99.6% to 99.9%). The locations of satellites that have high velocities relative to their hosts are statistically indistinguishable from the locations of satellites that have low velocities relative to their hosts. Additionally, satellites with passive star formation are distributed anisotropically about their hosts (99% confidence level), while the locations of star-forming satellites are consistent with an isotropic distribution. These two distributions are, however, statistically indistinguishable. Therefore it is not correct to interpret this as evidence that the locations of the star-forming satellites are intrinsically different from those of the passive satellites.
Non-Cavitated Approach for the Treatment of White Spot Lesions: A Case Report
Authors: Başaran Güvenç , Veli İlknur , Göncü Başaran Emine
Published: October 2011

Aim: White spot lesions (WSLs) are the most frequently observed problems in patients with poor oral hygiene. If this problem is left untreated during the initial phase, it will ultimately need major treatment. One treatment alternative in the initial phase is the caries infiltration technique. The aim of this case report is to present the treatment of WSLs by using this technique. 

Methodology: An 18-year-old female who had WSLs on the buccal surfaces of the lower left canine, first and second premolars and first molar after 8 months of fixed orthodontic therapy was included in this study. Icon-Infiltrant was applied for the treatment of WSLs.

Results: After Icon-Infiltrant application, the WSLs were cured. Conclusions: By using this technique, an esthetic smile can be achieved in one visit with the elimination of esthetic discoloration and the progression of the early enamel lesions can be prevented. 

How to cite this article: Başaran G, Veli İ, Göncü Başaran E. Non-Cavitated Approach for the Treatment of White Spot Lesions: A Case Report. Int Dent Res 2011;2:65-69.

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Solution‐Processed Metallic Nanowire Electrodes as Indium Tin Oxide Replacement for Thin‐Film Solar Cells
Authors: Krantz Johannes , Richter Moses , Spallek Stefanie , Spiecker Erdmann , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: October 2011

Solution processed silver nanowire (Ag NW) films are introduced as transparent electrodes for thin‐film solar cells. Ag NW electrodes were processed by doctor blade‐coating on glass substrates at moderate temperatures (less than 100 °C). The morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of these electrodes were investigated as a function of processing parameters. For solar‐cell application, Ag NW electrodes with an average transparency of 90% between 450 and 800 nm and a sheet resistivity of ≈10 Ω per square were chosen. The performance of poly(3‐hexylthiophen‐2,5‐diyl):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) solar cells on Ag NW electrodes was found to match the performance of otherwise identical cells on indium tin oxide. Overall, P3HT:PCBM solar cells with an efficiency of 2.5% on transparent Ag NW electrodes have been realized.
Thermal insulation property of cu‐metallized nanofibers
Authors: Park Soonjee , Lee Yujin , Kim Byoung‐Suhk , Kim Ick‐Soo
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the thermal insulation properties of laminated nanofiber web metallized with copper to explore its potential application for use in wear via mass production process. Copper metallization formed a more compact morphology with fine pores, resulting in piling up the air within the ultrathin nanoporous layers. The mechanism of thermal insulation of laminated nanofiber web metallized with copper could be illustrated as following: As deposited on the nanofiber webs, copper reflects the heat from the body back and the air stacked within the nanofiber layers, preventing the emission of heat flux out of the fabric. It was clearly found that metallization could maintain the inside temperature more highly than nonmetallized material by ca. 1.0–1.5°C. The results obtained from this study suggested the wide applications of metallization to protective and energy‐saving products such as garments, filters, and interior materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 1–6, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20229
Artificial neural network–based supercritical fluid dosage control for microcellular injection molding
Authors: Sun Xiaofei , Turng Lih‐Sheng , Dougherty Eugene , Gorton Patrick
Published: October 2011

Supercritical fluid (SCF) dosage is one of the most important parameters for the microcellular injection molding process. Current fierce market competition calls for high part quality and consistency, which places stringent requirements on the accuracy and repeatability of the SCF dosage and the dosing system. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN)‐based SCF dosage control strategy was proposed. An ANN model was constructed and utilized to predict the coming SCF pressure drop in the current injection molding cycle, which is a dominant factor and major source of uncertainty of the SCF dosage. Precompensation to the SCF delivery pressure can then be made according to the prediction to achieve a repeatable SCF pressure drop and thus a repeatable SCF dosage for every injection molding cycle. The result shows that this control strategy can be successfully implemented and that it leads to significant improvements in dosage consistency and part quality. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 7–19, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20230
An anionic long‐circulating liposome that improves radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotide delivery in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Xie Jiawei , Ma Chao , Lin Jizheng , Wang Guoming , Kuang Anren , Zuo Shuyao
Published: October 2011

This study reports the antitumor effects of radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) mediated by anionic long‐circulating liposomes (ALCL) on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro and the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ALCL in vivo. Our results found that ALCL improves the delivery of radioiodinated ASON, characterized by significant apoptosis, decreased cell survival, and suppressed bcl‐2 protein expression in MCF‐7 cells. ALCL exhibited bicompartmental clearance and demonstrated significantly favorable pharmacokinetic properties including long half‐life, slow clearance, and a large concentration–time curve. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 20–28, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20231
Investigation of parameters affecting the flux of microfiltration poly(vinylidenefluoride) membranes for particulate removal
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Pourghorbani R. , Vatanpour V.
Published: October 2011

The effects of membrane preparation conditions on characteristics of poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membranes dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) were studied. Influence of the casting thickness, coagulation bath temperature, evaporation time, and casting solution temperature on membrane performance and morphology was investigated. The flat‐sheet membranes prepared by immersion precipitation technique were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Membrane performance was evaluated by estimation of flux and rejection using blue indigo dye suspension as the feed. The results showed that by increasing the casting thickness, flux was initially improved due to the formation of more macrovoids. However, a further thickness increment leads to lower flux due to establishment of higher resistance against the water flow. Effect of the coagulation bath temperature and evaporation time on membrane morphology was particularly correlated to the temperature difference between the coagulation bath and the casting solution. For similar temperature of casting solution and coagulation bath, higher flux was observed for shorter evaporation time. However, higher flux was obtained for longer evaporation time when the temperature of casting solution and coagulation bath was dissimilar. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 29–40, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20232
Fractal characterization of impact fracture surface of polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Liang J. Z. , Wu C. B.
Published: October 2011

The particle surface of nanometer calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) was treated by fatty acid and titanate coupling agent, and polypropylene (PP) composites filled with nano‐CaCO3 with the volume fraction range from 0 to 3.0% were prepared by means of melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder. The V‐notched impact strength of the nanocomposites was measured at room temperature. The V‐notched impact fracture surface fractal dimensions of PP/nano‐CaCO3 composites were measured by means of projective‐covering method, and the relationship between the fracture surface fractal dimension and the impact strength of these composites was investigated. The results showed that the fracture surface fractal dimension ranges from 2.367 to 2.412, all of the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.96, the strong correlation indicated that the fracture surface of the composites was fractal obviously, and the relationship between the impact strength and fractal dimension of the composites obeyed roughly exponential function. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 71–81, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20237
Finite‐Element Simulation of Polymer Flow and Extrudate Swell Through Hollow Profile Extrusion Die with the Multimode Differential Viscoelastic Model
Authors: Mu Yue , Zhao Guoqun , Wu Xianghong , Zhai Jiqiang
Published: October 2011

Extrudate swell is a common phenomenon in polymer processing that can significantly influence the quality of final products. In this study, the viscoelastic flow patterns and the swell phenomenon of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) flowing through a hollow profile extrusion die are investigated by means of the finite element simulation. The mathematical model of three‐dimensional viscoelastic flow and extrudate swell of the polymer melt obeying a multimode differential Phan‐Thien and Tanner (mPTT) constitutive model is established. The rheological parameters of LDPE are obtained by fitting the material functions detected on a strain‐controlled rheometer. A penalty method is introduced to solve the viscoelastic flow and extrudate swell problem with a decoupled algorithm. The computational stability is improved by using the discrete elastic–viscous split stress (DEVSS) algorithm incorporating the inconsistent streamline‐upwind scheme. A streamface–streamline method is introduced to adjust the outlet free surface of the swelling extrudate. The design strategy of the hollow profile extrusion die is discussed. The essential flow characteristics and the mechanism of the swell phenomenon of polymer melt flowing through the hollow profile extrusion die are further investigated based on the proposed mathematical model and numerical scheme. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E1–E19, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20265
Rheological, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Multilayer Nylon/Clay Nanocomposite Film
Authors: Sadeghi F. , Fereydoon M. , Ajji A.
Published: October 2011

Multilayer films consisting of a core layer of nylon 6 sandwiched between two linear low‐density polyethylene layers were produced using a semi‐industrial cast film extrusion line. The core film was produced at different draw ratios from neat nylon and nylon/clay nanocomposite resins. The objective was to assess the replacement of neat nylon with a nylon/clay nanocomposite for the core layer of a multilayer film. Rheological experiments were carried out to characterize the resins and study the aspects of the extrusion process. It was observed that clay platelets could restrict chain mobility and intensify thermal degradation in melt processing; however, that could be balanced to some degree with a polycondensation reaction that increases the chain length and molecular weight. The crystalline structure of the films was examined by X‐ray, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. The clay inclusion favored the γ‐phase crystalline phase, which showed a lower melting point. Increasing the draw ratio from 6.5 to 13 during the extrusion process did not have a significant impact on the orientation of either nylon or nylon/clay in the core layer. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were studied and discussed. Replacement of nylon with the nylon/clay nanocomposite in the core layer did not yield a notable improvement in the tensile properties of multilayer films. However, the oxygen barrier property was improved by 48% when the nylon/clay nanocomposite was used as the core layer. The haze property was not affected by either changing the draw ratio or using the nanocomposite instead of nylon. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E53–E64, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20270
Assessing data sources for state‐level occupational fatality rates: Oregon, 2003–2007
Authors: Hammond Terry R. , Rischitelli Gary , Zoller Erika
Published: October 2011

Background

This study assesses state‐level data sources for numerators and denominators in occupational fatality rates. Data from Oregon Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation, 2003–2007, are used to assess numerators, and to produce fatality rates using different data sources for denominators.

Methods

Data sources for state‐level occupational fatalities and the employed population are described. A statistical test for interrater reliability is applied in the comparison to Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries data. Odds ratios are calculated in the presentation of incident rates by age.

Results

Comparison of occupational fatality data sources demonstrates substantial differences. Acquiring appropriate state‐level denominator data are limited, particularly for stratified groups.

Conclusions

Although not decisive, occupational fatality rates may help confirm areas of concern to guide necessary field work. This assessment of data sources and identification of several priority areas of concern in Oregon may help state researchers direct their own efforts to target priorities for effective interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:332–343, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deadlines at work and sleep quality. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal findings among Danish knowledge workers
Authors: Rugulies Reiner , Martin Marie H.T. , Garde Anne Helene , Persson Roger , Albertsen Karen
Published: October 2011

Background

Exposure to deadlines at work is increasing in several countries and may affect health. We aimed to investigate cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between frequency of difficult deadlines at work and sleep quality.

Methods

Study participants were knowledge workers, drawn from a representative sample of Danish employees who responded to a baseline questionnaire in 2006 (n = 363) and a follow‐up questionnaire in 2007 (n = 302). Frequency of difficult deadlines was measured by self‐report and categorized into low, intermediate, and high. Sleep quality was measured with a Total Sleep Quality Score and two indexes (Awakening Index and Disturbed Sleep Index) derived from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. Analyses on the association between frequency of deadlines and sleep quality scores were conducted with multiple linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. In addition, we used multiple logistic regression models to analyze whether frequency of deadlines at baseline predicted caseness of sleep problems at follow‐up among participants free of sleep problems at baseline.

Results

Frequent deadlines were cross‐sectionally and longitudinally associated with poorer sleep quality on all three sleep quality measures. Associations in the longitudinal analyses were greatly attenuated when we adjusted for baseline sleep quality. The logistic regression analyses showed that frequent deadlines at baseline were associated with elevated odds ratios for caseness of sleep problems at follow‐up, however, confidence intervals were wide in these analyses.

Conclusions

Frequent deadlines at work were associated with poorer sleep quality among Danish knowledge workers. We recommend investigating the relation between deadlines and health endpoints in large‐scale epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:260–269, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Publication fees in open access publishing: Sources of funding and factors influencing choice of journal
Authors: Solomon David J. , Björk Bo‐Christer
Published: October 2011

Open access (OA) journals distribute their content at no charge and use other means of funding the publication process. Publication fees or article‐processing charges (APC)s have become the predominant means for funding professional OA publishing. We surveyed 1,038 authors who recently published articles in 74 OA journals that charge APCs stratified into seven discipline categories. Authors were asked about the source of funding for the APC, factors influencing their choice of a journal and past history publishing in OA and subscription journals. Additional information about the journal and the authors' country were obtained from the journal website. A total of 429 (41%) authors from 69 journals completed the survey. There were large differences in the source of funding among disciplines. Journals with impact factors charged higher APCs as did journals from disciplines where grant funding is plentiful. Fit, quality, and speed of publication were the most important factors in the authors' choice of a journal. OA was less important but a significant factor for many authors in their choice of a journal to publish. These findings are consistent with other research on OA publishing and suggest that OA publishing funded through APCs is likely to continue to grow.
Why different people prefer different systems for different tasks: An activity perspective on technology adoption in a dynamic user environment
Authors: Sun Jun
Published: October 2011

In a contemporary user environment, there are often multiple information systems available for a certain type of task. Based on the premises of Activity Theory, this study examines how user characteristics, system experiences, and task situations influence an individual's preferences among different systems in terms of user readiness to interact with each. It hypothesizes that system experiences directly shape specific user readiness at the within‐subject level, user characteristics and task situations make differences in general user readiness at the between‐subject level, and task situations also affect specific user readiness through the mediation of system experiences. An empirical study was conducted, and the results supported the hypothesized relationships. The findings provide insights on how to enhance technology adoption by tailoring system development and management to various task contexts and different user groups.
Universality of citation distributions revisited
Authors: Waltman Ludo , van Eck Nees Jan , van Raan Anthony F. J.
Published: October 2011

Radicchi, Fortunato, and Castellano (2008) claim that, apart from a scaling factor, all fields of science are characterized by the same citation distribution. We present a large‐scale validation study of this universality‐of‐citation‐distributions claim. Our analysis shows that claiming citation distributions to be universal for all fields of science is not warranted. Although many fields indeed seem to have fairly similar citation distributions, there are exceptions as well. We also briefly discuss the consequences of our findings for the measurement of scientific impact using citation‐based bibliometric indicators.
Role of domain knowledge in developing user‐centered medical‐image indexing
Authors: Wang Xin , Erdelez Sanda , Allen Carla , Anderson Blake , Cao Hongfei , Shyu Chi‐Ren
Published: October 2011

An efficient and robust medical‐image indexing procedure should be user‐oriented. It is essential to index the images at the right level of description and ensure that the indexed levels match the user's interest level. This study examines 240 medical‐image descriptions produced by three different groups of medical‐image users (novices, intermediates, and experts) in the area of radiography. This article reports several important findings: First, the effect of domain knowledge has a significant relationship with the use of semantic image attributes in image‐users' descriptions. We found that experts employ more high‐level image attributes which require high‐reasoning or diagnostic knowledge to search for a medical image (Abstract Objects and Scenes) than do novices; novices are more likely to describe some basic objects which do not require much radiological knowledge to search for an image they need (Generic Objects) than are experts. Second, all image users in this study prefer to use image attributes of the semantic levels to represent the image that they desired to find, especially using those specific‐level and scene‐related attributes. Third, image attributes generated by medical‐image users can be mapped to all levels of the pyramid model that was developed to structure visual information. Therefore, the pyramid model could be considered a robust instrument for indexing medical imagery.
Can > Will: Predictions of What Can Happen are Extreme, but Believed to be Probable
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Filkuková Petra
Published: October 2011

Predictions of uncertain events are often described in terms of what can or what will happen. How are such statements used by speakers, and what are they perceived to mean? Participants in four experiments were presented with distributions of variable product characteristics and were asked to generate natural, meaningful sentences containing either will or can. Will was typically associated with either low or intermediate numeric values, whereas can consistently suggested high (maximum) values. For instance, laptop batteries lasting from 1.5 to 3.5 hours will last for 1.5 hours or for 2.5 hours, but they can last for 3.5 hours. The same response patterns were found for positive and negative events. In will‐statements, the most frequent scalar modifiers were at least and about, whereas in can‐statements, the most frequent modifier included up to. A fifth experiment showed that will indicates an outcome that may be certain but more often simply probable. Can means possible, but even can‐statements are perceived to imply probable outcomes. This could create a communication paradox because most speakers use can to describe outcomes that because of their extremity are at the same time quite unlikely. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of egonol and homoegonol in Styrax species
Authors: Moraes Ana C. G. , Bertanha Camila S. , Gimenez Valéria M. M. , Groppo Milton , Silva Márcio L. A. , Cunha Wilson R. , Januário Ana H. , Pauletti Patrícia M.
Published: October 2011

Styrax camporum Pohl, known in Brazil as ‘estoraque do campo’ or ‘cuia de brejo’, has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The therapeutic action of S. camporum has been attributed to the ethyl acetate fraction, although the chemical composition of this fraction has not yet been analyzed. In this study, a high‐performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PAD) method for analysis of Brazilian Styrax species has been developed. The compounds egonol (1) and homoegonol (2) were found to be present in all the samples investigated by HPLC. These compounds were isolated by open column chromatography followed by preparative TLC, and were identified by 1H NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 were thus proposed as phytochemical markers for Styrax, owing to their biological properties and presence in other Styrax species. The developed method has been validated and successfully applied for quantification of 1 and 2 in S. camporum dried leaves and crude ethanolic extracts from S. ferrugineus and S. pohlii aerial parts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual vectors for Alzheimer disease diagnosis and prognostication
Authors: Clark David Glenn
Published: October 2011

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative condition and a looming socioeconomic threat. A biomarker for the disease could make the process of diagnosis easier and more accurate, and accelerate drug discovery. The current work describes a method for scoring brain images that is inspired by fundamental principles from information retrieval (IR), a branch of computer science that includes the development of Internet search engines. For this research, a dataset of 254 baseline 18‐F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scans was obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). For a given contrast, a subset of scans (nine of every 10) was used to compute a residual vector that typified the difference, at each voxel, between the two groups being contrasted. Scans that were not used for computing the residual vector (the remaining one of 10 scans) were then compared to the residual vector using a cosine similarity metric. This process was repeated sequentially, each time generating cosine similarity scores on 10% of the FDG‐PET scans for each contrast. Statistical analysis revealed that the scores were significant predictors of functional decline as measured by the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). When logistic regression models that incorporated these scores were evaluated with leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, cognitively normal controls were discerned from AD with sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 84.8%, respectively. Patients who converted from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD were discerned from MCI nonconverters with sensitivity and specificity of 89.7% and 62.9%, respectively, when FAQ scores were brought into the model. Residual vectors are easy to compute and provide a simple method for scoring the similarity between an FDG‐PET scan and sets of examples from a given diagnostic group. The method is readily generalizable to any imaging modality. Further interdisciplinary work between IR and clinical neuroscience is warranted.
Injury to the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm after venous cannulation: A case report and literature review
Authors: Stevens R.J.G. , Mahadevan V. , Moss A.L.H.
Published: October 2011

Venepuncture may be associated with nerve injuries and is commonly performed at the median cubital vein (MCV). Injuries to the superficial radial nerve at the wrist and to the median nerve, anterior and posterior interosseus nerves and medial and lateral cutaneous nerves (LCN) of the forearm at the cubital fossa have been reported. The LCN is a sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and the position of the nerve in relation to the MCV is variable within the cubital fossa. The LCN supplies sensory innervation to the C6 dermatome corresponding to an area of skin overlying the radial border of the forearm. We report the case of a 30‐year‐old right‐handed woman who presented with loss of sensation in the left forearm after donating blood at a transfusion centre. This was due to an injury of the LCN. After 3, 18 and 36 months of follow‐up, the sensory deficit had only improved minimally. The lack of recovery of the sensation after 36 months indicates a permanent nerve injury such as neurotmesis rather than neurapraxia of the LCN. A thorough knowledge of the clinical anatomy of the MCV and the LCN, which is highlighted, is essential in preventing venepuncture‐associated nerve injury. Clin. Anat. 25:659–662, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal intrahepatic gallbladder and topographical anatomy of the liver hilar region and hepatocystic triangle
Authors: Wang Bao Jian , Kim Ji Hyun , Yu Hee Chul , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan
Published: October 2011

The fetal gallbladder (GB) is embedded in a deep fossa surrounded by the liver parenchyma. Using 15 specimens with intrahepatic GB (crown–rump length 45–92 mm; approximately 9–13 weeks of gestation), we assessed the fetal topographical anatomy of the hepatocystic triangle and the porta hepatis. The cystic duct displayed a long upward course (0.9–4.5 mm along the supero‐inferior axis) from the GB, along the duodenum, to the common bile duct in the hepatoduodenal ligament, via an independent mesentery separated from liver parenchyma by a recess of the peritoneal cavity. Notably, the course varied in length among specimens, not among stages. At the porta hepatis, we were able to distinguish the supraportal course of the posterior right hepatic duct overriding a portal vein branch to segment 8 (6/15) from the other, infraportal course (9/15). In the latter type, the portal vein bifurcation was superior to the cystic duct course. Two margins of the hepatocyctic triangle were very long in fetuses because of the inferiorly located intrahepatic GB. Thus, the triangle seems to be difficult to identify in prenatal ultrasound. During changes in location after 9 weeks, the GB fundus remains attached to the liver because the cystic artery was often embedded in the liver parenchyma. A failure in the embedding and re‐exposure process of the GB may result in anomalous peritoneal folds around the GB. Clin. Anat. 25:619–627, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.