bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PELVIC SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY GIVEN INADVERTENTLY IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: Imrie Alastair H.
Published: August 2005

Three cases are reported in which short‐wave diathermy was inadvertently given to the pelvis in the early weeks of pregnancy. Two term deliveries and one abortion resulted. The rise in intrauterine temperature during short‐wave diathermy treatment was measured and it is concluded that apart from the time of fertilization, the danger to the pregnancy from this accident is not as great as has been supposed.
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF 34 CASES OF ANTEPARTUM THROMBOEMBOLISM
Authors: Duncan I. D. , Coyle M. G. , Walker J.
Published: August 2005

Thirty‐four patients with antenatal venous thromboembolism seen in Dundee Royal Infirmary between 1960 and 1969 are reviewed in an attempt to define the patient at risk. No pregnant woman is immune but older parous patients with a history of venous trouble and subjected to rest in bed are likely to develop the condition.

The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and the medical management of patients with antenatal deep venous thrombosis are discussed. There may be a place for the use of low molecular weight Dextran during labour and in the early puerperium. Although postpartum recurrence of deep venous thrombosis did not occur significantly more frequently in patients who had received stilboestrol to suppress lactation, all the cases of puerperal pulmonary embolism occurred in patients who had received either stilboestrol or hexoestrol. It appears unwise to administer substances which are known to raise blood clotting factors to patients who are already notably susceptible to venous thrombosis.

Antepartum and postpartum anticoagulation regimens are suggested.
ABO BLOOD GROUP IN TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
Authors: Dawood M. Yusoff , Teoh EngSoon , Ratnam S. S.
Published: August 2005

Earlier studies of the distribution of blood groups in trophoblastic disease have suggested a shift in ABO group from O towards A, B and AB, and have invoked failure of maternal immunological defence as a possible factor in development of choriocarcinoma. The present study compares the ABO blood group distribution of the normal Singapore population with that in 351 cases of hydatidiform moles and 87 cases of choriocarcinoma. There was no significant shift in the ABO blood group distribution in patients with hydatidiform mole. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence of blood group A and a significant decrease of blood group B in patients with choriocarcinoma; this is not due to race. There was a higher mortality of choriocarcinoma in group AB. There was no definite relationship between ABO blood group and the amount of chemotherapy required to produce remission. An enzyme deficiency could possibly account for the predominance of blood group A in patients with choriocarcinoma.
ENERGY COST AND BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF LABOUR AND DURATION OF LABOUR IN ASIATIC WOMEN
Authors: Banerjee B. , Khew K. S. , Saha N. , Ratnam S. S.
Published: August 2005

Forty‐four Chinese women of mixed parity had their energy output measured on one occasion; 28 in the first stage and 16 in the second stage of labour. No difference in energy output was noticed with varying parity. The energy output in the second stage of labour was found to be 40 per cent more than in the first stage. In another 39 women in different stages of labour who were not given sedatives, and 17 women who received 100 mg. pethidine in the second stage of labour, measurements of energy output, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen consumption and blood glucose were made during labour and after delivery. In women who were not given sedatives these values were found to be significantly higher in the second stage of labour than in the first stage and after delivery. The values were significantly lower in the sedated than in the unsedated women both during labour and after delivery. The blood glucose level was, however, found to be significantly higher in the sedated women than the unsedated women both during labour and after delivery.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN MENSTRUAL BLOOD LOSS
Authors: Cole Susan K. , Billewicz W. Z. , Thomson A. M.
Published: August 2005

Menstrual blood losses were measured in 348 women aged 17 to 45 years in a Northumbrian mining village. Menstrual loss was found to be related to parity and to the birthweight of previous children. It is possibly associated with height, and may be partly controlled by uterine size and blood flow.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN THE STUDY OF CERVICAL NEOPLASIA
Authors: Jordan J.A. , Williams A. E.
Published: August 2005

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to study normal and abnormal cervical epithelia. Normal columnar epithelium and normal squamous epithelium have been identified and described. Carcinoma in situ has also been examined and characteristic differences in tissue organization and cell morphology have been recognized. The surfaces of normal squamous cells are arranged with interconnecting microridges, whereas the surface epithelium from carcinoma in situ cells is arranged in closly packed microvilli. The significance of these results and the possible potential of the technique in studying the natural history of carcinoma in situ are discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF HUMAN FETAL SKIN IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER
Authors: Sharp Frank
Published: August 2005

Using a quantitative colorimetric micromethod for the determination of glycogen in tissues, the pattern of glycogen reserves in whole thickness human fetal skin between the 8th and the 16th weeks of gestation has been established, and compared with that of other fetal tissues in the same gestational range. The value of the results is discussed, and speculation made as to the role of glycogen in human fetal skin, and its relationship to the general carbohydrate economy of the fetus.
COAGULATION, FIBRINOLYSIS AND PLATELET FUNCTION IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA, ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AND PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Howie P. W. , Prentice C. R. M. , McNicol G.P.
Published: August 2005

Tests of coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function were performed in patients with normal pregnancy, severe pre‐eclampsia, mild pre‐eclampsia, essential hypertension and placental insufficiency.

Compared with normal pregnancy, severe pre‐eclampsia was associated with higher serum and urinary fibrinolytic degradation products, cryofibrinogen and factor VIII levels, lower plasminogen and antithrombin activity and diminished sensitivity to urokinase‐induced fibrinolysis. In addition severely pre‐eclamptic patients had reduced platelet counts, lower response to adenosine diphosphate platelet aggregation and diminished platelet factor 3 activity. These changes were present before delivery and in the immediate puerperium, but six weeks after delivery the only difference detected between severely pre‐eclamptic and normal patients was reduced platelet disaggregation in the severely pre‐eclamptic group. In mild pre‐eclampsia the changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis were less marked but serum fibrinolytic degradation products, cryofibrinogen, factor VIII and V levels were significantly raised and the platelet count reduced.

No abnormalities of coagulation, fibrinolysis or platelet function were detected in essential hypertension. In placental insufficiency there was diminished platelet disaggregation before delivery but all other tests of coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function were similar to normal pregnancy.

These results support the hypothesis that intravascular coagulation is present in pre‐eclampsia.
FAILED INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: MacVicar John
Published: August 2005

3,359 women who had labour induced by amniotomy were reviewed and if the patient required to be delivered by Caesarean section the reasons for failure of vaginal delivery were assessed. The indications for Caesarean section were many and varied, but the most common factor was a failure of the uterus to act properly, although other indications were frequently present. In almost 2 per cent of patients induced, Caesarean section was required for defective uterine activity alone.
PRENATAL CYTOLOGICAL RECOGNITION OF SEX‐LINKED AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES*
Authors: Polani Paul E.
Published: August 2005

Nuclear‐sexing techniques for Barr‐body and Y‐chromosome identification can help with direct guidance to parents who cannot accept the risk of a male child seriously affected by an incurable sex‐linked disorder resulting from a mutant gene, of which the mother is a carrier. Diagnosis of sex by a study of the amniotic cells, though relatively simple, is nevertheless a specialized technique. It can be carried out at about 16–18 weeks of pregnancy.

Culture of cells for chromosome preparation is a skilled procedure. In favourable circumstances, some 80 to 90 per cent success can be obtained after a culture time of two to three weeks. Sufficient numbers of viable cells can generally be obtained if amniocentesis is carried out at 13 to 16 weeks. The procedure is useful for prenatal diagnosis when termination is agreed upon because of the high risk, which translocation or interchange carriers or chromosome‐mosaic parents may have, of producing chromosomally unbalanced children.
ANTIBODIES TO TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 HERPES VIRUS IN WOMEN WITH ABNORMAL CERVICAL CYTOLOGY
Authors: Skinner Gordon R. B. , Thouless Margaret E. , Jordan Joseph A.
Published: August 2005

The sera of 335 women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology have been tested for neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and type 2 herpes virus. There were no significant differences between the mean k‐values of any of the groups of patients against type 1 herpes virus. With type 2 virus, patients with histological evidence of cervical disease had significantly higher mean k‐values than both the control gynaecological group and the control group of patients with genital carcinoma of other sites. This difference was independent of age and socio‐economic class. For patients with carcinoma in situ some preliminary evidence is presented suggesting that surgical conization of cervix results in a decline in type 2 herpes virus neutralizing antibody activity.
GONADAL MALIGNANCY IN XY FEMALES
Authors: Dewhurst C. J. , Ferreira H. P. , Gillett P. G.
Published: August 2005

This paper considers malignant testicular tumour formation in 76 phenotypic female patients possessing a Y chromosome. Forty‐four patients were considered to belong to the syndrome of androgen insensitivity; 22 belonged to the syndrome of partial androgen insensitivity and 10 to the syndrome of testicular failure. No case of gonadal malignancy was found in the 44 patients with androgen insensitivity and one case of malignancy was found in the 22 with partial androgen insensitivity. Two cases of malignancy occurred in the ten patients with testicular failure. The relevance of these facts to the management of the problem of the female with a Y chromosome is discussed.
A SEARCH FOR TRIPLE X FEMALES IN A FERTILE POPULATION
Authors: Lucas Mary , Dewhurst C. J. , Hurley Rosalinde , Anderson Sheila , Blunt Susan
Published: August 2005

Buccal smears of 3536 puerperal women have been examined and one example of 47 XXX karyotype found in this fertile population. One other triple X female was found during the pilot survey of 100 women. Four males with the karyotype 47 XXY were found among 1811 newborn males. No sex chromosome abnormality was detected in 1678 newborn females.
GAS‐LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH HIGH RESOLUTION GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMNS FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF URINARY STEROIDS
Authors: Ros Adriano , Sommerville Ian F.
Published: August 2005

Glass capillary columns coated with OV 101 have been used for gas‐liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of 27 neutral steroids in urine. Results in normal subjects and examples of the application of the method in the study of adrenal and ovarian function are presented.
PREGNANCY RESULTS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH CLOMIPHENE CITRATE
Authors: Murray Moira , Osmond‐Clarke F.
Published: August 2005

Three hundred and twenty‐eight infertile women were selected for treatment with clomiphene citrate because the sole cause of their infertility was absent or infrequent ovulation; this was induced in 66.4 per cent with an overall pregnancy rate of 52 per cent.

Six types of cytological response to clomiphene are described together with the effect on cervical mucus. Improved results were obtained by a more careful selection of patients and with greater use of combined therapy with human chorionic gonadotrophin, when the ovulatory response rose to 74 per cent with pregnancy rate of 63 per cent.
COLLOID (MUCUS SECRETING) CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Lewis T. L. T.
Published: August 2005

From 1944 to 1965, 1,274 primary carcinomas of the cervix were treated at the Chelsea Hospital for Women (Blaikley et al., 1969). Eighty‐four (6.1 per cent) were adenocarcinomas. There were only three growths in which mucus secretion was so abundant as to merit the description colloid. Apart from providing evidence of their endocervical origin these tumours present special difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Vaginal bleeding is a late symptom and due to the delay in diagnosis prognosis is poor.
LUNG FUNCTION AT BIRTH IN BABIES DEVELOPING RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
Authors: Hey Edmund , Hull David
Published: August 2005

Gaseous exchange and total compliance of the chest wall and lung were measured during and after positive pressure ventilation in infants requiring resuscitation at birth. Thirteen infants later developed fatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn and had hyaline membranes in their lungs at autopsy, Respiratory function in these infants was compared with that observed in 12 infants of short gestation who also required resuscitation at birth but who did not subsequently develop respiratory distress. Pathological changes appeared to be present at the time of delivery in the lungs of at least 9 of the 13 infants who died with hyaline membrane disease; the lungs and chest were abnormally stiff and the lungs did not appear to form a residual volume during resuscitation.

These results are compared with the findings in a small group of infants who developed respiratory difficulty after birth because of lung hypoplasia (2 cases), massive aspiration during delivery (3 cases), and intracranial haemorrhage (4 cases).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BABY WEIGHT AND CHANGES IN MATERNAL WEIGHT, TOTAL BODY WATER, PLASMA VOLUME, ELECTROLYTES AND PROTEINS AND URINARY OESTRIOL EXCRETION
Authors: Duffus Gillian M. , MacGillivray Ian , Dennis K. John
Published: August 2005

Plasma volume, total body water, plasma protein concentration, serum sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations and urinary oestriol excretion were estimated at approximately 30, 34 and 38 weeks gestation in 20 primigravidae with high weight gain (0.64 kg. per week), 13 with normal weight gain (0.36–0.54 kg. per week) and 20 with low weight gain (0.27 kg. per week or less). The women with large plasma volumes and total body water volumes produced large babies. The greater the intravascular protein mass the greater was the weight of the baby. Neither urinary oestriol nor serum electrolyte levels were related to either maternal weight gain or weight of the baby. The higher the weight gain the greater was the total body water volume, the plasma volume and the incidence of oedema.
THE EFFECT OF POSTURE ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH HYPERTENSION
Authors: Noble A. D.
Published: August 2005

Evidence is presented which shows that the blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant patients is lowest in the left lateral recumbent posture.
THE VALUE OF LEUCOCYTE EXCRETION RATES IN DETERMINING “AT RISK” PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC BACILLURIA
Authors: Wren Barry G.
Published: August 2005

Women with asymptomatic bacilluria in pregnancy were investigated for the presence of elevated urinary white cell excretion rates. One hundred and twenty‐five women were observed throughout pregnancy with monthly recordings of their urinary leucocyte values; 64 were treated with chemotherapeutic agents and 61 were not treated.

Women with asymptomatic bacilluria had a higher incidence of small babies than women who had their bacteria eliminated by chemotherapy. When the leucocyte rate was elevated above 8 × 105 per hour during the last four weeks of gestation the incidence of prematurity rose to 21 per cent, and the perinatal mortality to 8 per cent. Of the 61 women who were not treated when bacilluria was present, 39 (64 per cent) had elevated levels of white cells in urine and these were found to be the women at risk during pregnancy.

If four chemotherapeutic agents were given in a continuous rotation throughout pregnancy the organisms were eliminated from urine and the leucocyte excretion rate and the fetal morbidity were reduced.
TWO CASES OF HYDATIDIFORM DEGENERATION OF THE PLACENTA WITH FETAL ABNORMALITY AND TRIPLOID CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION
Authors: Paterson W. G. , Hobson B. M. , Smart G. E. , Bain A. D.
Published: August 2005

Triploidy is a fairly common cause of abortion in the first trimester. It is uncommon for such a pregnancy to continue beyond this time. Two cases of triploidy with hydatidiform degeneration of the placenta and fetal abnormality where the pregnancies continued to 29 and 25 weeks are reported. The concentration of HCG in these abnormal placentae was high and the patients excreted larger than normal amounts of it. Severe pre‐eclampsia and anaemia occurred. Other cases in the literature are reviewed.
MITOTIC RESPONSE TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ STIMULATION OF HUMAN CORD BLOOD
Authors: Bishun N. , Mills J. , Williams D.
Published: August 2005

Blood cultures were utilized to assess the mitotic response of newborn cord blood to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation by both micro‐ and macromethods. A significantly higher response was obtained in the newborn cord blood than in venous blood of a proportionate number of mothers. The significance of this enhanced response is discussed.
ACTINOMYCIN D IN THE TREATMENT OF METHOTREXATE‐RESISTANT MALIGNANT TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOURS
Authors: Ma H. K. , Yip S. K. , Chun Daphne
Published: August 2005

A series of 18 patients with methotrexate‐resistant trophoblastic tumours were treated with actinomycin D at the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, over a period of three years. Complete remission was attained with ten patients and eight died of the disease. The tumour response was better in patients with low gonadotrophin levels and was unaffected by the addition of 6‐mercaptopurine to the methotrexate. The prognosis was poor when the primary chemotherapy had been used for too long, or when certain organs or multiple sites were involved. Thus, of the nine patients who had received the primary chemotherapy for a period of only 6 to 12 weeks, seven went into complete remission; whereas, of the other nine patients who had received it for more than 12 weeks, only three went into complete remission. All patients with involvement of the brain or kidney or multiple sites died of the disease. Therefore the primary chemotherapy should be discontinued when continuous response is not observed during the first 6 to 12 weeks treatment. It is essential to make an early diagnosis of the resistant tumour which, however, depends chiefly on the availability of accurate gonadotrophin assays.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CERVICAL MUCUS
Authors: Elstein Max , Mitchell R. F. , Syrett J. T.
Published: August 2005

The electron microscopy of cervical mucus in different endocrine states was studied.

At midcycle there was a tendency for the mucus to condense into globules which were linked together like strings of varying sized beads. At times of progestational influence the organic material tended to arrange itself into an interlacing meshwork of filaments. These findings support Odeblad's concept (1968) of the orientation of cervical mucus, except that at midcycle the micelles comprise of globules rather than fibrils.
POSTPARTUM BROAD LIGAMENT HAEMATOMAS
Authors: Fliegner John R. H.
Published: August 2005

The clinical findings and management of 39 patients with large postpartum broad ligament haematomas are described. Eighteen cases occurred immediately after delivery, lower abdominal pain, collapse and signs of internal haemorrhage being constant features. In 21 patients the haematoma formation was delayed, and in these anaemia, pyrexia and secondary postpartum heamorrhage were common modes of presentation.

Twenty‐six patients were treated by blood transfusion and chemotherapy, 5 had the uterus and vagina packed, and 8 patients were treated by abdominal hysterectomy. There was one maternal death.

A review of the literature and divergent views about the management is presented.
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Spencer T.S.
Published: August 2005

The serum concentration of Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) during the third trimester of pregnancy has been measured in 230 patients using a solid phase radioimmunoassay technique. The range of levels for normal pregnancy was found to be wide, and no clinical significance could be attributed to a fall in HCS concentration to 50 per cent of its initial value. The measurement of HCS concentration gives some indication of placental function, but hasnot helped in the clinical management of abnormal pregnancies.
THE EFFECT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON PROSTAGLANDINS E2 AND F2α INDUCED UTERINE ACTIVITY IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Karim S. M. M. , Sharma S. D.
Published: August 2005

Intravenous infusion of 500 ml. of 10 per cent ethanol per hour for one hour inhibited uterine activity initiated and maintained by an infusion of either prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandin F2α.This study was carried out in seven women with intrauterine death of the fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy and in four women in whom therapeutic termination of pregnancy in the second trimester was planned. The significance of these findings in relation to the physiological role of prostaglandins in parturition is discussed.
BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PLASMA INSULIN LEVELS WITH ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
Authors: Goldman Jack A. , Eckerling Benjamin , Zukerman Zwi , Mannheimer S.
Published: August 2005

The effects of a progesterone‐type oral contraceptive drug were evaluated by means of changes of blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during a 2‐hour arginine‐stimulation test. Small doses of ethynodiol diacetate (0.35 mg.), when used for 3 months, produced no consistent changes in mean fasting blood glucose and mean blood glucose concentrations, or in the mean fasting plasma insulin and mean plasma insulin concentrations.
THE OVARIAN RESPONSE TO GONADOTROPHINS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF AN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
Authors: Pujol‐Amat P. , Urgell‐Roca J. M. , Márquez‐Ramirez M.
Published: August 2005

Forty normal women were treated in one or more cycles with ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol. In the last cycle of treatment gonadotrophins were administered. The ovulatory response was assessed by inspection of the ovaries at laparotomy for corpus luteum formation. The results seem to indicate that the oral contraceptive has little or no direct effect on the ovaries and that they act by inhibiting gonadotrophin secretion.
AMNIOTOMY, WITH OR WITHOUT SIMULTANEOUS OXYTOCTN INFUSION
Authors: Patterson W.M.
Published: August 2005

The results of induction of labour by amniotomy with simultaneous commencement of dilute oxytocin infusion have been compared with those using amniotomy alone. The shorter induction delivery interval in the former group was associated with a decreased incidence of (1) maternal acidosis, (2) operative delivery, (3) genital tract infection, and (4) low Apgar scores.

Less analgesia was required when simultaneous oxytocin was used. There was an increased incidence of hypertension in labour in those with hypertension prior to induction if oxytocin was infused.
LIQUOR VOLUME BY DIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF INJECTED PAH*
Authors: Thompson W. , Lappin T. R. J. , Elder G. Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Sodium aminohippurate (PAH) has largely replaced dyes in dilution techniques for estimating the volume of amniotic fluid. Until recently this method depended on a diazo reaction for the determination of PAH concentration. A simple and more rapid method, depending upon spectrophotometric measurement of the absorption peak of PAH at 272 nm, is now presented. At this wavelength the calibration graph of extinction against concentration of PAH is linear under the conditions described. To eliminate interference from protein absorption a pre‐injection liquor sample is used for the preparation of a blank and a series of standards. All samples are measured at a concentration where solvent cut‐off effects are minimized. Comparison of the results of the direct and the diazo methods showed good agreement.
ANTIBODIES TO GAMMA GLOBULIN IN PREGNANT WOMEN: INCIDENCE, AETIOLOGY AND SIZE
Authors: McKay E. , Thom H.
Published: August 2005

Antiglobulins detectable at a titre of 1 in 8 were found in 8.1 per cent of 1457 pregnant women. In 4.1 per cent of the women the antiglobulins were specific for genetic factors Gm 1, 2, 5 or Inv 1 while in the remainder they were non‐specific or of undetermined specificity.

The molecular size of a proportion of the antiglobulins was assessed by 2‐mercapto‐ethanol reduction, Sephadex G200 gel filtration or by the presence or absence of the antibody in umbilical cord blood. Most of the antiglobulins examined were of 19S type but a few specific antibodies appeared to be 7S or intermediate sized.

In 31 cases with specific antiglobulins, phenotyping of three generations suggested that most of the women had been sensitized by maternal gamma globulin in utero while two women had probably been sensitized by their fetuses.

The Gm and Inv phenotypes of mother and infant at birth were compared in 92 pairs and showed complete agreement.

Antiglobulins were found in 3 of 6 infants aged six months who could have formed antibodies against a maternal Gm or Inv factor.
THE MICROVASCULATURE OF COMMON UTERINE ABNORMALITIES, OTHER THAN FIBROIDS
Authors: Beilby J. O. W. , Farrer‐Brown Geoffrey , Tarbit M. H.
Published: August 2005

A detailed study of the arterial and venous patterns in human uteri with endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis and polypi by using an injection technique coupled with microradiography and histology is described and the possible causes of abnormal haemorrhage in these conditions are discussed.
CEPHALHAEMATOMA FOLLOWING VACUUM EXTRACTION
Authors: Fahmy Kamal
Published: August 2005

The factors that may predispose to cephalhaematoma after vacuum extraction have been studied. Statistically significant factors include high position of the fetal head, slipping of the cup, a large baby, and traction for more than 10 minutes. Cephalhaematoma after vacuum extraction may be of the classical subperiosteal type, or of the more diffuse subaponeurotic type. Cephalhaematoma appears to be a relatively harmless lesion that can be minimized by care and experience with the vacuum extractor.
HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN DUE TO THE WRIGHT ANTIGEN
Authors: Daw Edward
Published: August 2005

The management of a patient with the rare anti‐Wright antibodies in her third pregnancy is reported. It is rare for three successive babies to be affected as the husband is nearly always heterozygous for this antigen.
THE UNDERWEIGHT JAMAICAN PARTURIENT
Authors: Roopnarinesingh Syam , Morris David , Chang Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

The reproductive efficiency of 146 underweight mothers has been compared with that of a control group of 146 women weighing more than 100 pounds (45.4 kg.) at booking. All patients were of similar ethnic and social background. The main hazards to the underweight parturient were anaemia and prematurity. Pre‐eclampsia was uncommon. The mean birthweight in the underweight group was less than in the control group, and a good correlation between maternal size and birth‐weight was established.
DIURNAL BLOOD‐PRESSURE VARIATION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Seligman S. A.
Published: August 2005

Blood‐pressure variation throughout the 24 hours has been measured in pregnancy using an automatic cuff type recorder. There is a fall during sleep, the lowest systolic pressures being half the highest during the waking period. This is the same pattern as in the non‐pregnant.

A similar pattern exists when pregnancy is accompanied by chronic hypertension, the fall in blood‐pressure being much greater in absolute terms.

In pre‐eclampsia the degree of the fall in blood‐pressure during sleep is reduced.
MATERNAL METABOLIC RESPONSE TO TWIN PREGNANCY IN PRIMIGRAVIDAE
Authors: MacGillivray Ian , Campbell Doris , Duffus Gillian M.
Published: August 2005

In normal primigravid twin pregnancies the plasma volume and red cell volume are greater than in singleton pregnancies; the total protein concentration is lower but the intravascular protein mass is the same; urinary oestriol excretion is higher. The body weight is greater but the total body water is the same, suggesting that there is more fat storage in twin pregnancies. There is no difference in serum sodium, potassium, chloride, non‐protein nitrogen or osmolality between singleton and twin pregnancies.
A RAPID SEMI‐AUTOMATED METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN CHORTONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN. THE NORMAL RANGE IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER AND ITS RELATION TO FETAL WEIGHT
Authors: Letchworth A. T. , Boardman R. J. , Bristow Christine , Landon J. , Chard T.
Published: August 2005

A rapid semi‐automated radioimmunoassay for human chorionic somatomam‐motrophin has been developed, based on the use of the Analmatic preparation unit and centrifuge. Several hundred samples can be assayed in a working week and the accuracy with which the individual reactants are added is at least as good as that which can be attained manually. The ease with which large numbers of samples can be assayed has facilitated the introduction of extensive quality controls. Within‐assay precision is excellent, but between‐assay precision is less satisfactory, due to undefined variations between different preparations of labelled hormone. The range of plasma levels of human chorionic somatomammotrophin in the third trimester of pregnancy has been established in 100 normal subjects. A relationship was found between mean circulating levels of the peptide and fetal weight.
VACUUM EXTRACTION INITIATED DURING THE FIRS STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Chalmers J. A. , Prakash A.
Published: August 2005

A series of 201 cases delivered at Worcester Royal Infirmary with the vacuum extractor in which intervention was begun before full dilatation of the cervix has been analyzed. Successful delivery was achieved with the ventouse alone in 174 cases (86·8 per cent). In almost half of the remainder, Caesarean section was required because of cephalo‐pelvic disproportion which was not evident when delivery was undertaken. The results for mother and child were satisfactory in that there were only three stillbirths and no neonatal deaths. There was no serious maternal or fetal morbidity.
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN EVALUATION OF PLACENTAL FUNCTION
Authors: Genazzani A. R. , Cocola F. , Casoli M. , Mello G. , Scarselli G. , Neri P. , Fioretti P.
Published: August 2005

In order to investigate the use of radioimmunoassay of human chorionic somato‐mammotrophin (HCS) for the evaluation of the placenta function, 502 pregnant women (660 assays) were examined. The patients were divided into groups: normal pregnancy, commencement of labour, threatened abortion, impending abortion, rhesus isosensitization, placenta praevia, diabetes, premature labour, pre‐eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death, twins, large and small‐for‐babies, obesity, and prolonged pregnancy with or without fetal postmaturity or chronic fetal distress.

The results obtained sustain the clinical application of HCS radioimmunoassay as an index of placental function in cases of physiological and pathological pregnancies.
FURTHER STUDIES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF GESTATIONAL AGE BY AMNIOTIC FLUID ANALYSIS
Authors: Donnai P. , Gordon H. , Harris Dorothy A. , Hughes Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2005

Gestational age was assessed by measurement of the liquor amnii creatinine concentration in 65 normal pregnancies and in 33 pregnancies where rhesus iso‐immunization was suspected or had occurred. A total of 154 creatinine estimations were performed. The gestational age was also assessed by amniotic fluid cytology in 60 of these cases. Comparison of the results suggests that fetal maturity of more than 36 weeks is associated with a creatinine concentration in excess of 1·7 mg. per cent or an orange‐staining cell count in excess of 10 per cent. When the orange‐staining cell count was less than 10 per cent then creatinine estimation was found to improve the accuracy of prediction of fetal maturity.
THE TREATMENT OF KETOSIS IN LABOUR
Authors: Inman Stephen E.
Published: August 2005

Fifty patients who developed ketosis in labour were investigated and five different methods of treatment assessed. The clinical results and biochemical values were compared with those of a group of patients with non‐ketotic labours. It was concluded that few patients with ketonuria in labour are dehydrated, acidaemic or hypoglycaemic.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MOLAR TROPHOBLAST
Authors: Fox H. , Kharkongor N. F.
Published: August 2005

The ultrastructure of villous trophoblast from two cases of hydatidiform mole is described. The principal abnormalities seen in molar trophoblast were an accumulation of transport lipid, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces and the formation of cytoplasmic “lagoons”. Some of the mitochrondria were enlarged and abnormal.

It is suggested that molar syncytiotrophoblast is well differentiated and functionally active but that there is a failure of trophoblastic transport mechanisms. It is possible that there is an unduly rapid maturation and differentiation of cytotrophoblastic cells. It is also suggested that the ultrastructural appearances of molar trophoblast favour a hyperplastic rather than a neoplastic change within this tissue.
CRYOSURGERY FOR BENIGN DISEASE OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Townsend Duane E. , Ostergard Donald R. , Lickrish Gordon M.
Published: August 2005

Three hundred and two patients with benign disease of the uterine cervix were treated by cryosurgery. Liquid nitrogen, liquid Freon or carbon dioxide gas delivered through special cervical probes were used as refrigerants. Treatment was performed in the out‐patient clinic without anaesthesia or analgesia. Little discomfort was noted by the patients and there were no serious complications. A single treatment was effective in eradicating the disease in 85 per cent of the patients. The results show that cryosurgery is more effective than hot cauterization with fewer complications. With the advent of this technique conization of the cervix should seldom be necessary for benign disease of the cervix.
THE EXCRETION OF FOLATE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Landon M. J. , Hytten F. E.
Published: August 2005

The serial estimation of 24‐hour urinary folate activity in eight healthy pregnant women showed that significantly more folate was excreted during pregnancy than at six weeks after delivery.

It is suggested that variations in renal tubular function are responsible for the increased losses and the significance of this additional drain on maternal folate supplies is discussed.
NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION AND DEFECTIVE FOLATE METABOLISM IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Hibbard Bryan M. , Hibbard Elizabeth D.
Published: August 2005

An increase in the proportion of hypersegmented neutrophils (the neutrophil lobe index) in the peripheral blood, shows a close correlation with the finding of megaloblastic erythropoiesis in bone marrow.

In pregnant patients these changes are most likely to be due to folate depletion but altered folate metabolism, as judged by biochemical evidence, does not always result in morphological changes. Neither low vitamin B12 levels nor iron deficiency have a significant influence on neutrophil morphology during pregnancy.

Assessment of the neutrophil lobe index is a simple procedure and is applicable when more comprehensive laboratory facilities are not available. The investigation is of value in elucidating the cause of anaemia in pregnancy but cannot be regarded as a satisfactory screening test to detect patients with early or minor degrees of folate deficiency.
THYROID‐STIMULATING HORMONE IN SERUM OF MOTHER AND NEWBORN AT BIRTH
Authors: Dokumov Stoyan I. , Milanov Stefan Ch. , Trepetshov Stefan P.
Published: August 2005

Serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) was assayed by the radio‐biological method of Querido et al. (1953) in 50 pairs of mothers and newborn infants. As a control 20 healthy, non‐pregnant women were examined. Compared to that of normal, non‐pregnant women the maternal serum TSH concentration was raised. The serum TSH level of the newborn immediately after delivery was about half that of healthy, non‐pregnant women and much reduced in comparison with that of the mother in labour. From these results it was concluded that maternal TSH does not pass through the placental barrier. The development and function of the fetal thyroid depend on TSH stimulation from the fetal pituitary and are unrelated to maternal pituitary stimulation.
INDUCTION OF A MIDCYCLE‐LIKE PEAK OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN YOUNG WOMEN BY EXOGENOUS OESTRADIOL‐17β
Authors: Nillius Sven Johan , Wide Leif
Published: August 2005

Oestradiol‐17β, given intramuscularly in a dose of 1 mg., was found to increase the serum level of luteinizing hormone (LH) but not of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in eight women 48 to 72 hours after the administration. This increase of LH was preceded by a decrease in the serum levels of both FSH and LH. When 5 or 10 mg. of progesterone was administered five days after the injection of oestradiol‐17β, a second increase of LH was observed in two of four women. These results suggest that changes in the ovarian secretion of both oestradiol‐17β and progesterone may be of importance for the appearance of the midcycle surge of LH in women.
THE OXYTOCIC EFFECT OF ACRIDINE DYES AND THEIR USE IN TERMINATING MID‐TRIMESTER PREGNANCIES
Authors: Lewis B. V. , Pybus A. , Stilwell J. H.
Published: August 2005

The oxytocic effect of an acridine dye, aminacrine hydrochloride, has been investigated on isolated strips of myometrium from pregnant and non‐pregnant human uteri. Contractions were induced when the muscle strips were perfused with an aqueous solution of aminacrine at a concentration of 10–5–10–4M. 50 ml. of an 0.1 per cent solution of aminacrine was introduced into the extra‐amniotic space in 23 women in order to induce therapeutic abortion in the mid‐trimester. All the patients aborted after a mean induction delivery interval of 59 hours. Most patients required a pitocin infusion to complete the abortion. The incidence of side effects and infection was minimal. The plasma and urinary levels of the dye were measured and found to be very low.

It is concluded that the extra‐amniotic injection of aminacrine is a safe, easy and effective method of terminating mid‐trimester pregnancies.
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY WITH MASCULINIZATION DUE TO TERATO‐CHORIO‐GONADOBLASTOMA
Authors: Drobnjak P. , Damjanov I. , Grizelj V. , Kalafatic Zrinka , Longhino Neda
Published: August 2005

Precocious puberty with signs of masculinization and elevation of choriogonadotrophic activity in a girl 7½ years old was found to be due to a hormonally active ovarian tumour. The tumour was composed of germ cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli granulosa‐like cells, trophoblastic and teratoid portions, and was therefore, termed a terato‐chorio‐gonadoblastoma. Hormonal data were correlated with the histological and ultrastructural findings. This unusual tumour caused precocious puberty coupled with virilization and high choriogonadotrophic activity in a girl 7½ years old.
OSTEOMALACIA IN IRAN
Authors: Chapman K.
Published: August 2005

Two cases of osteomalacia are described. The prevalence among the carpet weavers of Iran is discussed, and suggestions are made for preventing this crippling disease by the employment of simple prophylactic measures.
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN (HCS): A NEW INDEX OF PLACENTAL FUNCTION*
Authors: Teoh Eng Soon , Spellacy William N. , Buhi William C.
Published: August 2005

A simple, accurate and reproducible radio‐immunosorbent technique has been developed to measure serum concentrations of chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS). It appears to fulfil all the criteria for a good placental function test. The syncytiotrophoblast is the sole source of the hormone. It is easily measured in the serum from the 6th week until delivery. There is no circadian rhythm and the serum level is unaffected by stress or metabolic changes. It has a short half‐life of 20 minutes. The serum HCS levels mirror the curve of fetal growth increment and low serum HCS concentrations were present in hypertensive disease of pregnancy. There appears to be a definite fetal danger zone separating normal from abnormal values. In cases of fetal death in hypertensive disease of pregnancy the serial serum HCS readings entered this zone before fetal demise. Serum HCS estimation was not helpful in diabetes nor in rhesus sensitization.
A COMPARISON OF SERUM HEAT STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND URINARY OESTROGEN EXCRETION IN THE MOTHER AS PLACENTAL FUNCTION TESTS
Authors: Curzen Peter , Varma Rashmi
Published: August 2005

The serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) was assayed using strict criteria to measure only the placental iso‐enzymes in a group of normal pregnant women in order to establish the normal range. One hundred patients with complica‐tions of pregnancy had paired serum HSAP and urinary oestrogen assays performed serially. Serum HSAP determinations were found to be of no use in predicting fetal distress, the Apgar score at birth, or fetal dysmaturity. Serial assays of urinary oestrogen output enabled dysmaturity to be correctly predicted in 72.4 per cent of cases, but there was also an incidence of 21.1 per cent false positive predictions. Urinary oestrogen assays were less reliable in predicting fetal distress or a low
THE ORIGIN OF HEAT‐STABLE PLACENTAL ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Watkins Wayne B. , Anderson Sheridah R. A.
Published: August 2005

The relative volume of trophoblast and the heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in normal and pre‐eclamptic placentae. The enzyme levels were lower in the pre‐eclamptic than in the normal placentae and there was a significant correlation between these levels and the proportion of the trophoblastic tissue. It is concluded that human placental heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase originates from the trophoblast.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF SERUM NON‐ESTERIFIED FATTY ACID AND BLOOD GLUCOSE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Fairweather D. V. I.
Published: August 2005

Serial studies of blood glucose and serum non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels from the sixth week of gestation to term in normal pregnancies are reported and correlated with (previously reported) levels of HPL from the same patients. The lowering of blood glucose concentration and the rise of NEFA concentration with advancing gestation are confirmed. High values of blood glucose were associated with low NEFA levels, and high values of NEFA with high values of placental lactogen (HPL). There was no correlation between glucose and HPL levels.
CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS IN THE HUMAN UTERUS
Authors: Nakanishi H. , Wood Carl
Published: August 2005

The intrinsic cholinergic nerve supply of the human myometrium was studied by using electrical transmural stimulation and was found to be postganglionic and minimal. The pharmacological findings indicated that the human nonpregnant myometrium possessed sensitive cholinergic muscarinic receptors, but during pregnancy the sensitivity of the muscarinic receptors was markedly reduced. These results support our hypothesis that the human pregnant myometrium is protected from autonomic influence.
INTRAPERITONEAL LOW MOLECULAR DEXTRAN IN TUBAL SURGERY
Authors: Polishuk W. Z. , Bercovici B.
Published: August 2005

Tuboplastic operations were performed in sixty consecutive cases of tubal factor sterility. These operations comprised 23 of salpingolysis, 30 of salpingostomy, 7 of tubo‐uterine implantation, and 2 of end‐to‐end anastomosis. The patency rate in the first group was 78 per cent with a 30 per cent pregnancy rate. In the other three types, patency rated 57 per cent while the pregnancy rate was 10 per cent. The selection of cases for surgery and the advisability of repeat tuboplasty are discussed. The chances of success may be improved by the use of intraperitoneal low molecular dextran at operation.
COELIAC DISEASE PRESENTING AS RECURRENT ABORTION
Authors: Joske R. A. , Martin J. D.
Published: August 2005

Two patients are described in whom investigation of recurrent abortion in the first trimester led to a diagnosis of coeliac disease. It is suggested that the diagnosis of an organic malabsorption syndrome with folate deficiency be considered in such patients, as well as the more frequent dietetic folate deficiency.
OVARIAN TERATOMA CONTAINING ARRHENOBLASTIC TISSUE
Authors: Bulwa F. M. , Lewis M. G.
Published: August 2005

A case of a large teratomatous ovarian cyst in parts of which arrhenoblastic tissue occurred and caused virilization is reported.
THE EXCRETION OF GLUCOSE DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Lind T. , Hytten F. E.
Published: August 2005

Thirty healthy pregnant women took part in a serial study in which they collected 24‐hour samples of urine for the estimation of glucose excretion at least 8 times during pregnancy and again post partum; for one week before the collection they tested their urine with “Clinistix” each time they passed it. Ten of the women showed no obviously increased glucose excretion during pregnancy. The other twenty excreted glucose in above normal amounts but with great variation both from subject to subject and in the same subject. The pattern of excretion shown by “Clinistix” was one of intermittent glycosuria. Days and groups of days in which glycosuria was the rule were separated by similar periods without it. The value of routine urine testing for glucose in pregnancy is questioned.
ESTIMATION OF ANTIBODY PROTEIN IN AMNIOTIC FLUID TO PREDICT SEVERITY IN RHESUS HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Authors: Fraser I. D. , Tovey G. H.
Published: August 2005

Using rhesus antibody quantitation in amniotic fluid samples as a supplement to Liley's spectrophotometric method, the accuracy of prediction of severity of rhesus haemolytic disease has been improved from 77 to 90 per cent. When the antibody protein level was less than 0.2 μg. per ml. the cord blood haemoglobin value was more than 11.0 g. per 100 ml. However, when the antibody protein value was greater than 0.6 μg. per ml. the cord blood haemoglobin level was less than 8.0 g. per 100 ml. In 32 of 34 rhesus (D) negative babies the amniotic fluid contained neglible amounts of anti‐D.
FACTORS AFFECTING MYOMETRIAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Brummer Hilary C. , Collins William P.
Published: August 2005

The relationship between the concentration of progesterone in peripheral venous plasma and in strips of myometrial tissue from 17 pregnant women has been studied. In addition, the sensitivity of 39 myometrial strips to various stimulants was examined by an in vitro technique. The responses were assessed in relation to the endogenous levels of progesterone, length of gestation, and parity of the subject. The results indicate that although the levels of progesterone in both peripheral venous plasma and myometrium rise during pregnancy there is no apparent correlation between the two. Myometrial sensitivity to Syntocinon and prostaglandins E1 and E2 is not dependent upon the level of progesterone in either the myometrium or peripheral venous plasma. Myometrial strips removed at term from multigravidae were more responsive to these drugs than those from primigravidae, but during the second trimester there was no statistically significant difference between the two.