bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Sulfa‐Michael/Michael Addition Reactions: A Strategy for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Chromans with a Quaternary Stereocenter.
Authors: Wang Xu‐Fan , Hua Qiu‐Lin , Cheng Ying , An Xiao‐Lei , Yang Qing‐Qing , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: February 2011

The title process provides an efficient access to various chroman derivatives with good to excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity and can be extended to cyclohexane analogues [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of N‐Aryl‐2‐aminopyridine with Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Chen Jinlei , Song Guoyong , Pan Cheng‐Ling , Li Xingwei
Published: February 2011

The aminopyridine substrates undergo oxidative coupling with alkynes and acrylates under conditions A) to generate N‐pyridyl‐substituted indoles or N‐(2‐pyridyl)‐quinolones, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of Some Novel 2‐Substituted‐6‐(4‐methyl‐6‐substitutedcinnoline‐3‐yl)imidazo[2,1‐b] [1,3,4]thiadiazoles.
Authors: Jakhar Anshu , Makrandi J. K.
Published: February 2011

The title compounds (V) show strong activity against Gram‐negative bacteria (E.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Heterocyclization Products of 1,1‐Dicyano‐2‐hetaryl‐2‐trifluoromethylethylenes.
Authors: Pavlova Yu. E. , Shidlovskii A. F. , Gusev D. B. , Peregudov A. S. , Bulychev Yu. N. , Chkanikov N. D.
Published: February 2011

A variety of novel Fluorinated N‐heterocycles is synthesized by heterocyclization reactions of the title olefins (II) with nitrogen compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐(Benzimidazol‐2‐yl‐amino)‐1‐ (4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐thioxopyrimidin‐4,6‐dione Analogues and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Goudgaon N. M. , Basha N. Jeelan
Published: February 2011

All synthesized compounds are tested for antibacterial (P.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Some New 2‐Substituted‐1,4‐benzothiazine Derivatives.
Authors: Deshmukh M. B. , Salunkhe S. M. , Anbhule P. V. , Patil D. R.
Published: February 2011

A simple and eco‐friendly synthesis is developed by using inexpensive reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted 1‐Nitro‐2‐phenylethenes in Reaction with N‐Phenacyl‐ and N‐Acetonylisoquinolinium Bromides.
Authors: Nosachev S. B. , Del'netskaya K. A. , Solov'ev N. A. , Tyrkov A. G.
Published: February 2011

The reaction of isoquinolinium bromides (I) with dipolarophiles (II) gives rise to cycloadducts (III), which are readily converted into novel triazinoindolizine derivatives (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclothiomethylation of Carboxylic Acid Hydrazides with Aldehydes and H2S.
Authors: Akhmetova V. R. , Khairullina R. R. , Tyumkina T. V. , Nelyubina Yu. V. , Smol'yakov A. F. , Bushmarinov I. S. , Starikova Z. A. , Abdullin M. F. , Kunakova R. V.
Published: February 2011

The cyclothiomethylation of carboxylic acid hydrazides (I) with formaldehyde and H2S affords thiadiazoline (III) and dithiazinane derivatives (IV) in ratios depending on the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Fmoc/Boc/Cbz‐Protected‐β‐amino Alcohols and Peptidyl Alcohols Employing Boc2O.
Authors: Lalithamba H. S. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: February 2011

A procedure is given for the reduction of the carboxyl group of N‐protected peptides and dipeptides to the corresponding alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of High Pressure in the Elucidation of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Hubbard Colin D. , van Eldik Rudi
Published: February 2011

Review: 441 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Ab Initio and DFT Studies on Interactions of Small Molecules with Transition Metal Modified Zeolites and Titania Catalysts: Structures, Reaction Mechanisms, IR Properties
Authors: Zhanpeisov Nurbosyn U.
Published: February 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Induced Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Vidavsky Yuval , Lemcoff N. Gabriel
Published: February 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Noble Metal Nanoparticles Stabilized by Cyclodextrins. A Pertinent Partnership for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Denicourt‐Nowicki A. , Roucoux A.
Published: February 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
Authors: Augugliaro Vincenzo , Palmisano Leonardo
Published: February 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gaining Selectivity by Combining Catalysts: Sequential versus Recycling Processes
Authors: Fransson Linda , Moberg Christina
Published: February 2011

Review: about 60 refs.
Identification of mechanical properties of heterogeneous soft bodies using gravity loading
Authors: Babarenda Gamage Thiranja P. , Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan , Ehrgott Matthias , Nash Martyn P. , Nielsen Poul M. F.
Published: February 2011

This study investigates the use of multiple gravity‐loaded configurations of a soft heterogeneous body for the identification of its mechanical properties. It is largely motivated by the need for in vivo, non‐invasive determination of the mechanical properties of biological tissue, such as the breast, for the purposes of tracking and predicting tumor locations. In order to validate this approach, experiments were performed on a heterogeneous two‐layered silicone gel cantilever beam, laser scanned in eight different orientations under gravity loading. A finite element model of the beam was constructed and analyzed using non‐linear finite elasticity and a neo‐Hookean stress–strain relationship. The constitutive parameters representing the stiffness of each layer were estimated, using non‐linear optimization techniques, to best fit the laser‐scanned data. Different subsets of the experiments were used for training (parameter fitting), with the remaining experiments being used for validation. In both experimental sets, a cross‐validation study was performed in order to compare and assess the predictive power of the identified parameters. Several determinability criteria were used to assess the objective function in the neighborhood of the identified minimum. We found that individual experiments were not sufficient for reliable parameter identification of heterogeneous soft bodies under gravity loading, but that a small number of gravity‐loaded configurations were sufficient to reliably estimate the parameters within the scale of experimental errors. We also discuss the practical and numerical issues related to both single and multi‐experiment parameter estimation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fault tolerance mechanisms for opportunistic environments: a mobile agent approach
Authors: Pinheiro V. G. , Goldman A. , Kon F.
Published: February 2011

The mobile agent paradigm has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome the construction challenges of opportunistic grid environments. This model can be used to implement mechanisms that enable application execution progress even in the presence of failures such as the mechanisms provided by the MAG middleware (Mobile Agents for Grids). MAG includes retrying, replication, and checkpointing as fault tolerance techniques; they operate independently from each other and they are not capable of detecting changes on resource availability. In this paper, we describe a MAG extension that is capable of migrating agents when nodes fail, which optimizes application progress by keeping only the most advanced checkpoint, and also migrates slow replicas. The proposed approach was evaluated via simulations and experiments, which showed significant improvements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Continuous‐Flow Reactors
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: February 2011

Microreactor technology and continuous flow processing in general are key features in making organic synthesis both more economical and environmentally friendly. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions offer significant benefits compared to batch processes which are related to the unique gas‐liquid‐solid triphasic reaction conditions present in these transformations. In this review article recent developments in continuous flow heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions using molecular hydrogen are summarized. Available flow hydrogenation techniques, reactors, commonly used catalysts and examples of synthetic applications with an emphasis on laboratory‐scale flow hydrogenation reactions are presented.
An Expedient Synthesis of Olfactory Lactones by Intramolecular Hydroacylalkoxylation Reactions
Authors: Adrio Luis A. , Hii King Kuok (Mimi)
Published: February 2011

A series of 4,5‐disubstituted γ‐lactones, including whisky and cognac lactones, was synthesised in four steps from a readily available chiral precursor. By using an intramolecular hydroacylalkoxylation reaction in the final step, a correlation between the (E)/(Z) configuration of the precursor and the product distribution has been established, for the first time, in this type of cyclisation reactions.
Potentiometric Sensors Based on Polyaniline and Thiacalixarenes for Green Tea Discrimination
Authors: Evtugyn G. A. , Shamagsumova R. V. , Stoikova E. E. , Sitdikov R. R. , Stoikov I. I. , Budnikov H. C. , Ivanov A. N. , Antipin I. S.
Published: February 2011

The performance of potentiometric sensors based on carbon screen‐printed and glassy carbon electrodes covered with polyaniline (PANI) and thiacalix[4]arene receptors have been compared in the determination of some ions and discrimination of green tea brands. The optimization of PANI electropolymerization provided satisfactory characteristics of screen‐printed electrodes comparable with those of conventional sensors based on glassy carbon. The potentiometric sensors make it possible to determine 1×10−2–1×10−6 M Fe3+ ions. Also, successful discrimination of twelve tea brands was performed with three‐sensor array. The 100 % true prediction was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
Graphene Oxide‐Templated Polyaniline Microsheets toward Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of AA/DA/UA
Authors: Bao Yu , Song Jixia , Mao Yan , Han Dongxue , Yang Fan , Niu Li , Ivaska Ari
Published: February 2011

Graphene oxide‐templated polyaniline (GO‐PAN) microsheets were prepared via oxidation polymerization of aniline with graphene oxide (GO) as template. By applying this approach, irregularly shaped GO‐PAN microsheets were obtained which was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements demonstrated that the resulted GO‐PAN was electroactive and could be further used as electrocatalyst in simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and together with uric acid (UA).
Preparation and Application of Mediator‐Free H2O2 Biosensors of Graphene‐Fe3O4 Composites
Authors: Zhou Kangfu , Zhu Yihua , Yang Xiaoling , Li Chunzhong
Published: February 2011

Graphene‐Fe3O4 (G‐Fe3O4) composites were prepared with a solvothermal method for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to construct a mediator‐free H2O2 biosensor. The morphology and structure of the G‐Fe3O4 composites were analyzed by TEM, SEM, and XRD. Chitosan (CH) was utilized to disperse the composites, and the mixture of CH, G‐Fe3O4 and HRP was spin‐coated on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to form a biocomposites film. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammograms (CV) demonstrated the fast electron transfer process between HRP and the electrode. The resulted H2O2 biosensor exhibited a rapid response upon the addition of H2O2, a high sensitivity of 132 µA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 6×10−7 M. The linear range of the biosensor is from 5×10−6 to 3.81×10−3 M (r=0.997). Such interesting G‐Fe3O4 composites with easy preparation and low cost can provide a novel matrix for enzyme immobilization to construct biosensors with higher performance.
A Graphene Platform for Sensitive Electrochemical Immunoassay of Carcinoembryoninc Antigen Based on Gold‐Nanoflower Biolabels
Authors: Su Biling , Tang Juan , Yang Huanghao , Chen Guonan , Huang Jianxin , Tang Dianping
Published: February 2011

A new graphene immunosensing platform based on a new electrochemical immunosensor was designed for sensitive screening of carcinoembryoninc antigen (CEA) as a model biomarker in clinical immunoassay. Gold nanoflowers and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules were initially assembled onto the surface of graphene for the fabrication of the electrochemical immunosensor using layer‐by‐layer strategy, and then a sandwich‐type immunoassay format was developed for CEA detection based on gold nanoflower‐labeled signal antibodies. Graphene nanosheets with high conductivity and biocompatibility could greatly enhance the bound force with ssDNA, and improve the analytical properties of the immunosensor. Gold nanoflowers with electrochemical activity provide a large surface area for the label of biomolecules. The graphene platform displayed a good electrochemical behaviour toward the detection of CEA. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a wide dynamic range of 0.05 to 45 ng mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.01 ng mL−1 CEA at signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. Intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were below 12 %. The feasibility of the electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated for real‐life clinical specimens, and no significant differences at the 95 % confidence level were encountered between the immunosensor and commercially available Roche Elecsys 2010 Electrochemiluminescent Automatic Analyzer. In addition, the analytical properties of the immunosensor were comparatively favourable with those of other electrochemical immunosensors.
The World Trade Center evacuation study: Factors associated with initiation and length of time for evacuation
Authors: Gershon Robyn R. M. , Magda Lori A. , Riley Halley E. M. , Sherman Martin F.
Published: February 2011

On 11 September 2001, one of the largest workplace evacuations in the U.S. history took place. The evacuation was largely successful: an estimated 87% of all occupants in World Trade Center (WTC) Towers 1 and 2 exited in less than two hours. Evacuation times, however, were highly variable and not entirely explained by the engineering parameters of the buildings. To understand the complexity of factors that potentially influenced the evacuation time on 11 September, 2001, an interdisciplinary research study was conducted by public health scientists from the Mailman School of Public Health at the Columbia University in the New York City. Analysis of survey data collected from a sample of 1444 evacuees identified several facilitators and barriers to length of time to initiate and fully evacuate from WTC Towers 1 and 2. At the individual level, these included sociodemographic and occupational variables, health status, sensory cues, risk perception, delaying behaviors, and following a group or an emergent leader. At the organizational level, factors included emergency preparedness safety climate variables. Structural (environmental) factors included egress route barriers, poor signage, congestion, and communication system failures. Many factors identified in the study are modifiable. Therefore, these data have the potential to inform high‐rise preparedness and response policies and procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting communication to the public's intuitive understanding of CCS
Authors: Wallquist Lasse , Visschers Vivianne H. M. , Dohle Simone , Siegrist Michael
Published: February 2011

Public perceptions of the benefits and risks associated with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) are important determinants of public acceptance and have a strong impact on the political feasibility of this technology. Communication material aimed at informing the general public about CCS should be tested to find out how it influences perceived risks and benefits. Existing literature shows that laypeople's intuitive concepts about technical functioning and value‐based socio‐economic concerns influence perceived risks and benefits. We conducted two experimental studies that built on previous research about lay concepts of CCS. The first experiment examined the impact of extensive information versus basic information; the second experiment examined the effect of specific information on perceived risks and benefits. The results show that the provision of comprehensive information aimed at resolving prevalent misconceptions about CCS can decrease perceived risk and increase perceived benefits. But the findings also show that some specific types of information can result in the perception of higher risks and lower benefits. We conclude that CCS communication for the general public needs to be adapted to laypeople's intuitive knowledge in associated fields. The present research provides some first indications of how specific information about CCS can affect the public. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Direct optic nerve pulvinar connections defined by diffusion MR tractography in humans: Implications for photophobia
Authors: Maleki Nasim , Becerra Lino , Upadhyay Jaymin , Burstein Rami , Borsook David
Published: February 2011

The pathway that underlies exacerbation of migraine headache by light has not been elucidated in the human brain but has recently been reported in a rodent model. We employ diffusion weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography to map connectivity of direct pathways from the optic nerve to the pulvinar implicated with whole‐body allodynia during migraine. Nine healthy subjects were recruited to the study and underwent scanning on a 3T magnet. We were able to define well‐known image‐forming (optic nerve ‐> lateral geniculate ‐> visual cortex) as well as a less known nonimage forming visual pathway from the optic chiasm to the pulvinar, and from the pulvinar to several associative cortical brain regions. Such pathway may allow photic signals to converge on a thalamic region we described recently to be selectively activated during migraine headache. Consistent with physiological and anatomical studies in rats, the data provide an anatomical substrate for exacerbation of migraine headache by light in the human. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mimicking the prebiotic acidic hydrothermal environment: One‐pot prebiotic hydrothermal synthesis of glucose phosphates
Authors: Maheen Gull , Wang Yu , Wang Yingwu , Shi Zhan , Tian Ge , Feng Shouhua
Published: February 2011

Prebiotic acidic hydrothermal conditions were mimicked, and biological phosphate esters such as glucose‐1‐phosphate, glucose‐6‐phosphate, and glucose‐di‐phosphate were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, in the presence of a mixture of montmorillonite and kaolinite. Phosphorus was incorporated into the biological world under hydrothermal conditions, leading to the formation of phosphate esters. The synthesis was successfully carried out within a temperature range of 100–160°C. Both isomers of glucose phosphate were obtained, with some detectable amount of glucose‐di‐phosphate. Selected mixture of montmorillonite and kaolinite was found to be essential for the reaction. No products were detected without this catalyst mixture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:186–191, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20675
Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of acute vertebral compression fractures: 2-year results from a randomized trial
Authors: Boonen Steven , Van Meirhaeghe Jan , Bastian Leonard , Cummings Steven R , Ranstam Jonas , Tillman John B , Eastell Richard , Talmadge Karen , Wardlaw Douglas
Published: February 2011

Vertebral fractures are often painful and lead to reduced quality of life and disability. We compared the efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty to nonsurgical therapy over 24 months in patients with acute painful fractures. Adults with one to three vertebral fractures were randomized within 3 months from onset of pain to undergo kyphoplasty (n = 149) or nonsurgical therapy (n = 151). Quality of life, function, disability, and pain were assessed over 24 months. Kyphoplasty was associated with greater improvements in Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores when averaged across the 24-month follow-up period compared with nonsurgical therapy [overall treatment effect 3.24 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–5.01, p = .0004]; the treatment difference remained statistically significant at 6 months (3.39 points, 95% CI 1.13–5.64, p = .003) but not at 12 months (1.70 points, 95% CI −0.59 to 3.98, p = .15) or 24 months (1.68 points, 95% CI −0.63 to 3.99, p = .15). Greater improvement in back pain was observed over 24 months for kyphoplasty (overall treatment effect −1.49 points, 95% CI −1.88 to −1.10, p < .0001); the difference between groups remained statistically significant at 24 months (−0.80 points, 95% CI −1.39 to −0.20, p = .009). There were two device-related serious adverse events in the second year that occurred at index vertebrae (a spondylitis and an anterior cement migration). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in the number of patients (47.5% for kyphoplasty, 44.1% for control) with new radiographic vertebral fractures; fewer fractures occurred (∼18%) within the second year. Compared with nonsurgical management, kyphoplasty rapidly reduces pain and improves function, disability, and quality of life without increasing the risk of additional vertebral fractures. The differences from nonsurgical management are statistically significant when averaged across 24 months. Most outcomes are not statistically different at 24 months, but the reduction in back pain remains statistically significant at all time points. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Rapid and efficient synthesis of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides as potential pet radiopharmaceuticals for melanoma imaging
Authors: Al Jammaz I. , Al‐Otaibi B. , Okarvi S. , Amartey J.
Published: February 2011

In an attempt to simplify nucleophilic radiofluorination reactions to be amenable for automation, a series of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides were synthesized using one‐step synthetic approach involving displacement reactions on trimethylammonium‐nicotinamide, trimethylammonium‐isonicotinamide and trimethylammonium‐benzamide precursors. Based on starting [18F]‐fluoride, radiochemical yields and purities were found to be greater than 90 and 97%, respectively, within 20 min synthesis time and, without high‐performance liquid chromatography purification. This synthetic approach holds great promise as a rapid and simple method for the automated radiofluorination of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides with high radiochemical yield and very short preparation time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 14C, 13C, and 15N syntheses of a potent VEGFR‐2 kinase inhibitor, Brivanib, and its prodrug, Brivanib Alaninate
Authors: Tran Scott B. , Lago Michael W. , Tian Yuan , Gong Sharon X. , Batra Indu , Allentoff Alban J. , Maxwell Brad D. , Bonacorsi Samuel J. , Ogan Marc , Rinehart J. Kent , Balasubramanian Balu
Published: February 2011

The interruption of tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) signaling by the binding of a small molecule inhibitor, for example, Brivanib, to VEGFR‐2 kinase domain has been shown as an effective method of slowing angiogenesis and tumor progression. [14C]Brivanib, 13 and its prodrug [14C]Brivanib Alaninate, 15 were prepared to support preclinical and clinical studies. Their respective stable isotope‐labeled versions, [13CN2]Brivanib, 21 and [13CN2]Brivanib Alaninate, 28, were also prepared to support bioanalytical LC‐MS analyses of clinical samples. All of the four title compounds were synthetically derived from the respective isotopically labeled common pyrrolotriazinone intermediate, 6 or 16. This labeled central core pyrrolotriazinone was also conveniently used to synthesize other structurally related drug discovery candidates. Copyright © 2011 John wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and purification of [2‐13C]‐5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Rangwala Huzaifa S. , Giraldes John W. , Gurvich Vadim J.
Published: February 2011

[2‐13C]‐5‐Fluoropyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione ([2‐13C]‐5‐fluorouracil or [2‐13C]‐5‐FU) is a potential diagnostic agent for measuring 5‐FU‐induced toxicity in cancer patients. It was prepared and purified with isotopic and chemical purity of>99% on a multigram scale in a two‐step synthesis from [13C]‐urea. Preparative separation of [2‐13C]‐FU and [2‐13C]‐uracil was carried out by automated medium pressure silica gel column chromatography. The method is applicable to a broader range of 5‐FU isotopic analogs derived from labeled uracil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled (24R)‐methyl brassinosteroids
Authors: Khripach Vladimir A. , Zhabinskii Vladimir N. , Gulyakevich Olga V. , Ermolovich Yurii V. , Konstantinova Olga V.
Published: February 2011

Synthesis of labeled brassinosteroids (24‐epibrassinolide and its biosynthetic precursors) containing three deuterium atoms in the terminal part of the side chain is reported. Labeling was achieved by three‐step reductive transformation of carbethoxy group into methyl using lithium aluminium deuteride. The proposed method ensured high isotopic purity of (24R)‐methyl brassinosteroids containing a label in a position which is not subjected to its loss. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cilostazol enhances integrin‐dependent homing of progenitor cells by activation of camp‐dependent protein kinase in synergy with Epac1
Authors: Lee Dong Hyung , Lee Hye Rin , Shin Hwa Kyoung , Park So Youn , Hong Ki Whan , Kim Eun Kyoung , Bae Sun Sik , Lee Won Suk , Rhim Byung Yong , Kim Chi Dae
Published: February 2011

Recruitment and adhesion of exogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) or endogenously mobilized bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNCs) to the sites of ischemia is an important focus of cell therapy. This study sought to determine whether cilostazol enhances integrin‐dependent homing of progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments with human umbilical cord blood (HUCB)‐derived EPCs, cilostazol (10 μM) stimulated up‐regulation of integrins β1, α1, and αv as well as 8‐pCPT‐2′‐O‐Me‐cAMP (100 μM; 8‐pCPT, Epac activator). Cilostazol and 8‐pCPT significantly enhanced migration and adhesion of HUCB EPCs to a fibronectin‐coated plate and endothelial cells, which were inhibited by KT5720 (PKA inhibitor, 1 μM) and GGTI‐298 (Rap1 inhibitor, 20 μM). Cilostazol stimulated Epac1 expression and up‐regulated the active Rap1, as did 8‐pCPT, and they were suppressed by KT5720 (P < 0.001) and GGTI‐298 (P < 0.001). 8‐pCPT increased p‐CREB expression and stimulated PKA activity, which was inhibited by KT5720, Rp‐cAMPS, and GGTI‐298. In addition, N6‐benzoyl‐cAMP (100 μM) increased Rap1 GTP expression, as did 8‐pCPT; they were suppressed by Rp‐cAMPS and GGTI‐298. The in vivo experiments showed that cilostazol (30 mg/kg/day, orally for 7 days) significantly enhanced the integrin β1 expression in the molecular layer and up‐regulated homing of BM MNCs to the injured molecular layer with increased capillary density in mouse brain subjected to transient forebrain ischemia (n = 6, P < 0.001). In conclusion, cilostazol stimulated integrin expression and enhanced migration and adhesion of progenitor cells through cooperative activation of PKA and Epac signals; such activity may improve the efficacy of cell therapy for ischemic disease. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of intracellular fluxes in cerebellar neurons after hypoglycemia: Importance of the pyruvate recycling pathway and glutamine oxidation
Authors: Amaral Ana I. , Teixeira Ana P. , Sonnewald Ursula , Alves Paula M.
Published: February 2011

Although glucose is the primary cerebral fuel, the brain is able to metabolize other substrates in hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, the metabolic consequences of this pathology at the cellular level remain largely unknown. Taking advantage of the metabolic flux analysis (MFA) methodology, this work was aimed at investigating and quantifying the effects of hypoglycemia on cerebellar neurons. After 12 hr without glucose, primary cultures were incubated with medium containing [1,6‐13C]glucose and unlabeled glutamine, and metabolism was monitored for 30 hr. Metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, and amino acids were determined based on cell supernatant analysis and used to estimate metabolic fluxes with MFA. Percent 13C enrichment time profiles of different keto and amino acids were measured by mass spectrometry in cell extracts and compared with the MFA results. Hypoglycemia decreased the glucose uptake rate and glycolytic metabolism by 35% whereas glutamine uptake was increased fourfold. Flux estimations fit well with data from 13C labeling dynamics, indicating a significant activation of the pyruvate recycling (PR) pathway, accounting for 43% of the total pyruvate synthesized under control conditions and up to 71% after hypoglycemia. Increased PR appeared to be due mainly to increased glutamine oxidation given the higher label dilution observed in the hypoglycemia group. In summary, this work provides new evidence for PR as an important pathway for glutamine oxidation in cerebellar neurons, particularly after glucose deprivation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential interneuron survival in the transition zone of 3‐NP‐induced striatal injury in rats
Authors: Mu Shuhua , OuYang Lisi , Liu Bingbing , Zhu Yaxi , Li Keyi , Zhan Mali , Liu Zongwei , Jia Yu , Lei Wanlong , Reiner A.
Published: February 2011

Histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to characterize the changes in morphology, distribution pattern, and marker protein expression of striatal interneurons in the transition zone of striatal injury induced by 3‐NP. The 3‐NP treatment in rats yielded movement, motor coordination, and cognitive dysfunction. The 3‐NP‐induced lesion core was unvaryingly in the dorsolateral striatum, with a transition zone of lesser damage around the lesion core, in which medium‐sized neurons were significantly decreased in abundance, but larger neurons survived. In both the transition zone and the lesion core, many TUNEL‐positive cells negative for the interneuron markers were detected, indicating widespread projection neuron death. Immunohistochemical staining for the four interneuron types (parvalbuminergic, cholinergic, calretinergic, and neuropeptide Y–neuronal nitric oxide synthase cocontaining) showed that few immunolabeled interneurons were observed in the lesion core, but interneuron perikarya showed no evident loss in the transition zone. Consistently with this, Western blotting showed that the five interneuron protein markers were significantly decreased in the striatum after 3‐NP treatment. Transition‐zone calretinergic and neuropeptide Y–neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐cocontaining interneurons, however, possessed more processes and varicosities than normal. These results show that, although striatal interneurons survive in the transition zone after 3‐NP‐mediated striatal injury, they have enhanced marker protein levels in their processes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disruption of neurovascular unit prior to motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Miyazaki Kazunori , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nagai Makiko , Morimoto Nobutoshi , Kurata Tomoko , Takehisa Yasushi , Ikeda Yoshio , Matsuura Tohru , Abe Koji
Published: February 2011

Recent reports suggest that functional or structural defect of vascular components are implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. In the present study, we examined a possible change of the neurovascular unit consisting of endothelium (PCAM‐1), tight junction (occludin), and basement membrane (collagen IV) in relation to a possible activation of MMP‐9 in ALS patients and ALS model mice. We found that the damage in the neurovascular unit was more prominent in the outer side and preferentially in the anterior horn of ALS model mice. This damage occurred prior to motor neuron degeneration and was accompanied by MMP‐9 up‐regulation. We also found the dissociation between the PCAM‐1‐positive endothelium and GFAP‐positive astrocyte foot processes in both humans and the animal model of ALS. The present results indicate that perivascular damage precedes the sequential changes of the disease, which are held in common between humans and the animal model of ALS, suggesting that the neurovascular unit is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in ALS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Omega‐3 PUFA in aging
Authors: Plourde Mélanie
Published: February 2011

Canada's population is expected to age more rapidly in the coming years and a major concern about old age is a decline in health, especially if this means a loss of self‐sufficiency and independence. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is associated with a lower risk of cardiac infarct and cognitive decline. However, we have outlined from our studies that omega‐3 PUFA stays transiently longer in the blood of the elderly compared to young adults. We think that the alterations in the metabolism of omega‐3 PUFA occurring during aging could contribute significantly to alter physiological functions, especially in more vulnerable population to dietary deficiencies such as the elderly. In turn, we speculate that these alterations could contribute to higher risk for diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline.
Copolymerization of 2‐Acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic Acid and 1‐Vinylimidazole in Ethanol
Authors: Schäffner Friederike , Drache Marco , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun
Published: February 2011

Polymerization rate and copolymerization parameters of the free‐radical copolymerization of AMPS with 1‐VIm was studied as a function of the monomer feed and the pH value in ethanol. It was found that neutral and basic monomer mixtures containing the sodium salt of AMPS polymerized faster and led to polymers with a higher proportion of NaAMPS incorporated than those monomer mixtures containing the free acid. Additionally, based on the experimental data, copolymerization parameters of rAMPS = 0.3 and r1‐VIm = 0.13 were calculated for polymerization in acidic solution and rAMPS = 4.1 and r1‐VIm = 0.1 for polymerization in basic and neutral solutions. Finally, the thermal stability, rheological behavior, and intrinsic viscosity were determined for the polymers.

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Optical Resolution Membranes from Polysulfones Bearing Alanine Derivatives as Chiral Selectors
Authors: Mizushima Hiroaki , Yoshikawa Masakazu , Robertson Gilles P. , Guiver Michael D.
Published: February 2011

Polysulfones bearing a derivative of alanyl residue employed as chiral selectors were prepared by polymer modification. The specific rotation ([α]D) of the polysulfone with a derivative of D‐alanyl residue (PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala) was determined to be 2.87 deg · cm2 · g−1 (c = 1.00 g · dL−1 in DMF) and that with L‐alanyl residue (PSf‐Ac‐L‐Ala) to be ‐2.36 deg · cm2 · g−1 (c = 1.00 g · dL−1 in DMF). The membrane from PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala preferentially adsorbed the D‐isomer of Glu from racemic mixture of Glu and vice versa. Chiral separation ability was studied by applying a potential difference as a driving force for membrane transport. The permselectivity of PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala toward D‐Glu (αD/L) was determined to be 1.40, and that of PSf‐Ac‐L‐Ala toward the L‐isomer (αL/D) to be 1.48 at 18.0 V, reflecting their adsorption selectivity.

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Fabrication, Structure and Properties of Epoxy/Metal Nanocomposites
Authors: Ma Jun , La Ly Truc Bao , Zaman Izzuddin , Meng Qingshi , Luong Lee , Ogilvie Denise , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang
Published: February 2011

Gd2O3 nanoparticles surface‐modified with IPDI were compounded with epoxy. IPDI provided an anchor into the porous Gd2O3 surface and a bridge into the matrix, thus creating strong bonds between matrix and Gd2O3. 1.7 vol.‐% Gd2O3 increased the Young's modulus of epoxy by 16–19%; the surface‐modified Gd2O3 nanoparticles improved the critical strain energy release rate by 64.3% as compared to 26.4% produced by the unmodified nanoparticles. The X‐ray shielding efficiency of neat epoxy was enhanced by 300–360%, independent of the interface modification. Interface debonding consumes energy and leads to crack pinning and matrix shear banding; most fracture energy is consumed by matrix shear banding as shown by the large number of ridges on the fracture surface.

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If J doesn't evolve, it won't J‐resolve: J‐PRESS with bandwidth‐limited refocusing pulses
Authors: Edden Richard A. E. , Barker Peter B.
Published: February 2011

There is increasing interest in the J‐PRESS technique, an in vivo implementation of two‐dimensional J‐spectroscopy combined with PRESS localization, for high‐field spectroscopy studies of the human brain. The experiment is designed to resolve scalar couplings in the second, indirectly detected dimension, but will only do so if the slice‐selective refocusing pulses in the PRESS sequence affect all coupled spins equally. At high magnet field strengths, due to limited RF pulse bandwidth, PRESS‐based localization results in spatially dependent evolution of coupling. In some regions of the localized volume, coupling evolves during the PRESS echo time, while in other regions it may be partially or fully refocused. This study investigates the impact of this effect on the appearance of the J‐PRESS spectrum for coupled spins, focusing on two commonly observed metabolites, lactate and N‐acetyl aspartate, showing that such behavior results in additional peaks in the J‐resolved spectrum (termed J‐refocused peaks). It is also demonstrated that increasing the bandwidth of refocusing pulses significantly reduces the size of such signals. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining two‐dimensional spatially selective RF excitation, parallel imaging, and UNFOLD for accelerated MR thermometry imaging
Authors: Mei Chang‐Sheng , Panych Lawrence P. , Yuan Jing , McDannold Nathan J. , Treat Lisa H. , Jing Yun , Madore Bruno
Published: February 2011

MR thermometry can be a very challenging application, as good resolution may be needed along spatial, temporal, and temperature axes. Given that the heated foci produced during thermal therapies are typically much smaller than the anatomy being imaged, much of the imaged field‐of‐view is not actually being heated and may not require temperature monitoring. In this work, many‐fold improvements were obtained in terms of temporal resolution and/or 3D spatial coverage by sacrificing some of the in‐plane spatial coverage. To do so, three fast‐imaging approaches were jointly implemented with a spoiled gradient echo sequence: (1) two‐dimensional spatially selective RF excitation, (2) unaliasing by Fourier encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD), and (3) parallel imaging. The sequence was tested during experiments with focused ultrasound heating in ex vivo tissue and a tissue‐mimicking phantom. Temperature maps were estimated from phase‐difference images based on the water proton resonance frequency shift. Results were compared to those obtained from a spoiled gradient echo sequence sequence, using a t‐test. Temporal resolution was increased by 24‐fold, with temperature uncertainty less than 1°C, while maintaining accurate temperature measurements (mean difference between measurements, as observed in gel = 0.1°C ± 0.6; R = 0.98; P > 0.05). Magn Reson Med 66:112–122, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using psychographics for major donor cultivation
Authors: Nichols Judith E.
Published: February 2011

Not‐for‐profit organisations can use psycho‐graphics — defined as values, attitudes and lifestyle particulars — to help determine the general type of programme or project the potential donor is likely to find of interest and the best time in its lifecycle to involve the donor. Donors and prospects provide visible ‘clues’ that fundraisers can use to predict their most likely areas of funding interest and willingness to take risks. This can be the key to quicker decision making on the part of the major gift prospect.
On campaigning as an effective tool to encourage wider support for a cause
Authors: Brannen Paul
Published: February 2011

The paper points out the perception in the public mind that charities equate to fundraising. This should not be the sole function of charities and the advantages that campaigning bring to a cause are enumerated. Characteristics of donors are discussed, with suggestions for the optimum use of their skills and time, not only demands for their money. Political issues are addressed and campaign materials are suggested, with a view to maximum understanding by supporters.
How well do fundraisers communicate with their donors?
Authors: Burnett Ken , Fowler Jackie
Published: February 2011

Fundraising charities invest substantial resources in producing and distributing an ever‐growing range of publications. As part of a major research study into how donors view the results of these endeavours the authors set out to evaluate how the major charities respond to general enquiries from the public, and to see how charities plan the publications they produce.
Developing a brand from within: Involving employees and volunteers when developing a new brand position
Authors: Grounds John , Harkness James
Published: February 2011

In February 1996 Barnardo's invited six of the UK's leading advertising agencies to pitch for the provision of full and above the line communications and marketing services. Banner McBride was included as part of a joint WPP communications and marketing team (including Ogilvy & Mather) selected to support Barnardo's efforts to reposition and communicate the Barnardo's brand.

As the WPP team said at the beginning, Barnardo's were ‘a well‐known brand that was not known well’. The challenge was to increase the organisation's saliency, but at the same time build on years of heritage and ensure that employees and volunteers were included from the beginning.

This paper describes how the brand building exercise was tackled and how internal communications were developed by the provision of different media.
The power of positioning: A case history from the children's society
Authors: Kennedy Shuna
Published: February 2011

The Children's Society (formerly the Church of England Children's Society) historically has had a loyal supporter base from the Anglican Church. With the advent of the National Lottery and competition from the thousands of new charities that are registered each year the Society decided to appoint a marketing director to reposition its ‘brand’.

This paper reviews the findings of the research undertaken, the decision to change the logo and the way in which this was implemented. The new identity was only introduced in the spring of 1998 so it is too early to evaluate the response, but all the initial signs are encouraging.
Bringing legacy marketing to life
Authors: Radcliffe Richard
Published: February 2011

This paper aims to confront the long‐held view that legacy fundraising is a depressing and death‐related subject, which must be carried out apart from other fundraising activities. In the past, legacy fundraising has been focused on the mechanism and tax benefits, and the marketing focus has been on professional advisers. This paper challenges the past by discussing recent developments which show that legacy marketing is fulfilled more effectively by integrating it into all other fundraising structures and activities. In addition, successful legacy marketing is given a better opportunity to succeed if a rigorous strategic approach is taken and the resultant message is a positive one, which is spread by face‐to‐face meetings of peers—especially volunteers, trustees and even users of the not‐for‐profit service.
Relationship marketing: Two case studies
Authors: Summerfield Paul J.
Published: February 2011

Relationship fundraising is an important ethos for many charities. But what does it mean in practice, how does it work and is it effective? The author details two case studies: the Business Group and the British Social Services Media Awards.

Jewish Care was formed in 1990, following the merger of the Jewish Blind Society and The Jewish Welfare Board. It is the largest social services organisation in the Jewish community, helping elderly, mentally ill, physically disabled, blind and unemployed people.

Jewish Care helps more than 5,000 people every day, employs over 1,000 staff, works in partnership with over 2,500 volunteers and runs on a turnover of £32m.
Brochure fundraising
Authors: Rosenberg Harris
Published: February 2011

A fundraising brochure is regarded by many charities as a major source of income. This is associated usually with the charity's major fundraising event in its annual calendar. What many charities do not do is plan their brochure campaign to eliminate wasted effort and costs while maximising revenue received. This paper examines brochure fundraising techniques, drawing on personal and anecdotal experiences of fundraisers working in the nonprofit and voluntary sector.
Donor lifetime value: An empirical analysis
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: February 2011

The successful quantification in monetary terms of the value of a donor to a voluntary organisation is absolutely essential to the subsequent development of fundraising strategy. The question most voluntary organisations have failed to address, however, is how best to calculate this value. Many fundraisers continue to examine value historically, looking at the total amounts given to date. Such an approach fundamentally ignores the future or lifetime potential of a given charity donor and can lead to the development of contact strategies that are wholly inappropriate given the worth of that individual. It is the purpose of this paper to calculate the lifetime value (LTV) of various categories of donor and to explain how charities might use such information to inform the development of their fundraising strategy.
Piezoresistive behavior of graphite nanoplatelets based rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Al‐solamy Falleh R. , Al‐Ghamdi A. A. , Mahmoud Waleed E.
Published: February 2011

Electrically conductive acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds filled with different concentrations of graphite nanoplatelets (10 nm thickness) were experimentally investigated. The percolation concentration of the investigated nanocomposites was found to be 0.5 phr. Of all the composites examined, the sample, in the region of the percolation transition, was found most sensitive to compressive strain. The electrical conductivity of this sample was changed by more than five orders upon a 60% compression and more than two orders for 6 MPa pressure. A model description of the microstructure providing extremely strong piezoresistive effects is proposed on the basis of the conductive surface network of the nanocomposite. The experimental data for compressive strain are in good agreement with theoretical equations derived from a model based on the change of particle separation under applied stress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.