bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Analysis of Polyhenols from Grapes, Wines, and Extracts
Authors: Lorrain Bénédicte , Ky Isabelle , Pechamat Laurent , Teissedre Pierre-Louis
Published: January 2013

Grape and wine phenolics are structurally diverse, from simple molecules to oligomers and polymers usually designated as tannins. They have an important impact on the organoleptic properties of wines, that’s why their analysis and quantification are of primordial importance. The extraction of phenolics from grapes and from wines is the first step involved in the analysis. Then, several analytical methods have been developed for the determination of total content of phenolic, while chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses are continuously improved in order to achieve adequate separation of phenolic molecules, their subsequent identification and quantification. This review provides a summary of evolution of analysis of polyphenols from grapes, wines and extracts.
Early Warning to Insolvency in the Pension Fund: The French Case
Authors: Bonneuil Noël
Published: January 2013

The financial equilibrium of pension funds relies on the appropriate computation of retirement benefits, taking account of future payments and discount rates. Short-term errors in the commitment for retirement benefits, ill-suited investment in the stock market, or improper mixture with pay-as-you-go payments have long-term consequences and may lead the pension fund to insolvency. The differential equation governing the current assets shows the respective weights associated with the error on the interest rate, the error on the extra bonus, and the error made in forecasting mortality. These weights are estimated through simulations. A short follow-up is sufficient to estimate the three errors. A threshold for the extra interest rate to be earned on the financial market is given to counter-balance the extra bonus when mortality is forecast correctly.
Cost-Effectiveness of Seven Approaches to Map Vegetation Communities — A Case Study from Northern Australia’s Tropical Savannas
Authors: Lewis Donna , Phinn Stuart , Arroyo Lara
Published: January 2013

Vegetation communities are traditionally mapped from aerial photography interpretation. Other semi-automated methods include pixel- and object-based image analysis. While these methods have been used for decades, there is a lack of comparative research. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of seven approaches to map vegetation communities in a northern Australia’s tropical savanna environment. The seven approaches included: (1). aerial photography interpretation, (2). pixel-based image-only classification (Maximum Likelihood Classifier), (3). pixel-based integrated classification (Maximum Likelihood Classifier), (4). object-based image-only classification (nearest neighbor classifier), (5). object-based integrated classification (nearest neighbor classifier), (6). object-based image-only classification (step-wise ruleset), and (7). object-based integrated classification (step-wise ruleset). Approach 1 was applied to 1:50,000 aerial photography and approaches 2–7 were applied to SPOT5 and Landsat5 TM multispectral data. The integrated approaches (3, 5 and 7) included ancillary data (a digital elevation model, slope model, normalized difference vegetation index and hydrology information). The cost-effectiveness was assessed taking into consideration the accuracy and costs associated with each classification approach and image dataset. Accuracy was assessed in terms of overall accuracy and the costs were evaluated using four main components: field data acquisition and preparation, image data acquisition and preparation, image classification and accuracy assessment. Overall accuracy ranged from 28%, for the image-only pixel-based approach, to 67% for the aerial photography interpretation, while total costs ranged from AU$338,000 to AU$388,180 (Australian dollars), for the pixel-based image-only classification and aerial photography interpretation respectively. The most labor-intensive component was field data acquisition and preparation, followed by image data acquisition and preparation, classification and accuracy assessment.
Monolithic Composite “Pressure + Acceleration + Temperature + Infrared” Sensor Using a Versatile Single-Sided “SiN/Poly-Si/Al” Process-Module
Authors: Ni Zao , Yang Chen , Xu Dehui , Zhou Hong , Zhou Wei , Li Tie , Xiong Bin , Li Xinxin
Published: January 2013

We report a newly developed design/fabrication module with low-cost single-sided “low-stress-silicon-nitride (LS-SiN)/polysilicon (poly-Si)/Al” process for monolithic integration of composite sensors for sensing-network-node applications. A front-side surface-/bulk-micromachining process on a conventional Si-substrate is developed, featuring a multifunctional SiN/poly-Si/Al layer design for diverse sensing functions. The first “pressure + acceleration + temperature + infrared” (PATIR) composite sensor with the chip size of 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm is demonstrated. Systematic theoretical design and analysis methods are developed. The diverse sensing components include a piezoresistive absolute-pressure sensor (up to 700 kPa, with a sensitivity of 49 mV/MPa under 3.3 V supplied voltage), a piezoresistive accelerometer (±10 g, with a sensitivity of 66 μV/g under 3.3 V and a −3 dB bandwidth of 780 Hz), a thermoelectric infrared detector (with a responsivity of 45 V/W and detectivity of 3.6 × 107 cm·Hz1/2/W) and a thermistor (−25–120 °C). This design/fabrication module concept enables a low-cost monolithically-integrated “multifunctional-library” technique. It can be utilized as a customizable tool for versatile application-specific requirements, which is very useful for small-size, low-cost, large-scale sensing-network node developments.
A Network Access Control Framework for 6LoWPAN Networks
Authors: Oliveira Luís , Rodrigues Joel , De Sousa Amaro , Lloret Jaime
Published: January 2013

Low power over wireless personal area networks (LoWPAN), in particular wireless sensor networks, represent an emerging technology with high potential to be employed in critical situations like security surveillance, battlefields, smart-grids, and in e-health applications. The support of security services in LoWPAN is considered a challenge. First, this type of networks is usually deployed in unattended environments, making them vulnerable to security attacks. Second, the constraints inherent to LoWPAN, such as scarce resources and limited battery capacity, impose a careful planning on how and where the security services should be deployed. Besides protecting the network from some well-known threats, it is important that security mechanisms be able to withstand attacks that have not been identified before. One way of reaching this goal is to control, at the network access level, which nodes can be attached to the network and to enforce their security compliance. This paper presents a network access security framework that can be used to control the nodes that have access to the network, based on administrative approval, and to enforce security compliance to the authorized nodes.
Community Engagement and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Kaikōura’s Biosolid Reuse Options
Authors: McDevitt James , Langer Elisabeth , Leckie Alan
Published: January 2013

This paper reports a life cycle assessment undertaken to assess the environmental impact of a range of biosolid reuse options selected by the Kaikōura community. The reuse options were identified as: vermiculture and open-air composting; mixture with biochar; direct land application to disturbed sites for forestry using native tree species; and application to exotic forestry plantations or pastoral farmland. The aim of the study was to calculate the possible environmental impacts of the reuse options so the information can be used in a community dialogue process where the fate of the biosolids is decided upon. All reuse options showed improved environmental performance relative to landfilling. The direct application to land options showed the least environmental impact and the composting options had the most environmental impact. This is the first time this approach has been applied to biosolids management in New Zealand, and whilst there are limitations, the approach should be encouraged in other communities because it increases the engagement of the community with waste management decision-making and the environment.
Contrasting hydraulic strategies in two tropical lianas and their host trees
Authors: Johnson Daniel M. , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Woodruff David R. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Meinzer Frederick C.
Published: January 2013

• Premise of the Study: Tropical liana abundance has been increasing over the past 40 yr, which has been associated with reduced rainfall. The proposed mechanism allowing lianas to thrive in dry conditions is deeper root systems than co‐occurring trees, although we know very little about the fundamental hydraulic physiology of lianas.

• Methods: To test the hypothesis that two abundant liana species would physiologically outperform their host tree under reduced water availability, we measured rooting depth, hydraulic properties, plant water status, and leaf gas exchange during the dry season in a seasonally dry tropical forest. We also used a model to compare water use by one of the liana species and the host tree during drought.

• Key Results: All species measured were shallowly rooted. The liana species were more vulnerable to embolism than host trees and experienced water potentials that were predicted to result in substantial hydraulic losses in both leaves and stems. Water potentials measured in host trees were not negative enough to result in significant hydraulic losses. Model results predicted the liana to have greater gas exchange than its host tree during drought and nondrought conditions.

• Conclusions: The host tree species had a more conservative strategy for maintenance of the soil‐to‐leaf hydraulic pathway than the lianas it supported. The two liana species experienced embolism in stems and leaves, based on vulnerability curves and water potentials. These emboli were presumably repaired before the next morning. However, in the host tree species, reduced stomatal conductance prevented leaf or stem embolism.
The β-cyclodextrin/benzene complex and its hydrogen bonds – a theoretical study using molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics and COSMO-RS
Authors: Köhler Jutta Erika Helga , Grczelschak-Mick Nicole
Published: January 2013

Four highly ordered hydrogen-bonded models of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its inclusion complex with benzene were investigated by three different theoretical methods: classical quantum mechanics (QM) on AM1 and on the BP/TZVP-DISP3 level of approximation, and thirdly by classical molecular dynamics simulations (MD) at different temperatures (120 K and 273 to 300 K). The hydrogen bonds at the larger O2/O3 rim of empty β-CDs prefer the right-hand orientation, e.g., O3-H…O2-H in the same glucose unit and bifurcated towards …O4 and O3 of the next glucose unit on the right side. On AM1 level the complex energy was −2.75 kcal mol−1 when the benzene molecule was located parallel inside the β-CD cavity and −2.46 kcal mol−1 when it was positioned vertically. The AM1 HOMO/LUMO gap of the empty β-CD with about 12 eV is lowered to about 10 eV in the complex, in agreement with data from the literature. AM1 IR spectra displayed a splitting of the O–H frequencies of cyclodextrin upon complex formation. At the BP/TZVP-DISP3 level the parallel and vertical positions from the starting structures converged to a structure where benzene assumes a more oblique position (−20.16 kcal mol−1 and −20.22 kcal mol−1, resp.) as was reported in the literature. The character of the COSMO-RS σ-surface of β-CD was much more hydrophobic on its O6 rim than on its O2/O3 side when all hydrogen bonds were arranged in a concerted mode.

This static QM picture of the β-CD/benzene complex at 0 K was extended by MD simulations. At 120 K benzene was mobile but always stayed inside the cavity of β-CD. The trajectories at 273, 280, 290 and 300 K certainly no longer displayed the highly ordered hydrogen bonds of β-CD and benzene occupied many different positions inside the cavity, before it left the β-CD finally at its O2/O3 side.
THE ESTIMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF VALUE-AT-RISK FOR NON-NORMAL PORTFOLIO RETURNS
Authors: Nam Doowoo
Published: January 2013

Value-at-risk (VaR) is a widely used measure for evaluating the market risk of a trading portfolio. This article presents the g-and-h method for estimating the VaR of a portfolio with non-normal returns, and adds to the usefulness of VaR as a risk management tool by decomposing the portfolio into individual VaRs to estimate the contribution of the individual components toward the overall VaR. While the VaR decomposition is algebraically simple under the assumption of normality, that is not the case under non-normality which is the property exhibited by most financial returns. We show that, by using the g-and-h VaR method, the decomposition analysis under non-normality can be performed with the same degree of intuitiveness and ease as for the analytical methods based on the assumption of normality.
La réforme des entreprises d'État chinoises, une entrée par la comptabilité : 1993-2001
Authors: Amblard Marc , Eyraud Corine
Published: January 2013

Résumé La fonction première de la comptabilité est d’enregistrer et de communiquer un ensemble d’informations financières relatives à un objet prédéterminé, le plus souvent une entité économique. Qu’elles résultent de négociations collectives ou de prescriptions autoritaires, les règles comptables présentent la particularité d’évoluer pour laisser place à de nouveaux modèles de représentation. Si ces évolutions sont la conséquence de changements qui lui sont extérieurs, elles ne sont pas elles-mêmes sans effet sur les structures économiques, sociales et sociétales. L’étude de la réforme comptable chinoise, il y quelques années, nous offre à cet effet une illustration éclairante.
Les déterminants du délai de signature du rapport d'audit en France
Authors: Piot Charles
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cette étude porte sur les déterminants du délai d’audit dans les sociétés françaises cotées. Les hypothèses relèvent (1) de l’effort d’audit requis, (2) de la demande externe d’information financière, (3) des motivations managériales associées à la divulgation plus ou moins rapide de bons ou mauvais résultats, et (4) des capacités d’intervention et d’expertise des auditeurs en fonction, dans un contexte de co-commissariat aux comptes. Les tests portent sur 290 observations parmi les sociétés non financières du SBF 120 (période 1999-2001). Les analyses multivariées montrent que le délai d’audit : (1) augmente avec des facteurs de complexité-risque de la mission ( accruals , risque de faillite), et plus marginalement avec les opportunités de croissance de la firme, signe d’une moindre pertinence de l’information comptable pour les investisseurs, (2) est positivement associé à une bonne nouvelle d’après la variation du résultat par action, et (3) diminue avec la présence, ou le nombre, de Big Five parmi les auditeurs, ainsi qu’avec le degré d’expertise sectorielle des auditeurs en charge de la mission. Les implications méthodologiques, institutionnelles et conceptuelles de ces résultats sont discutées.
Le contrôle des projets d'innovation de haute technologie
Authors: Berland Nicolas , Persiaux François
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le contrôle de gestion d’une innovation est une problématique délicate, et pour certains insoluble, en particulier lorsque le développement de nouveaux produits ou services s’appuie sur des technologies dont le modèle économique est peu connu. Toutefois, l’article présente un cadre d’analyse, fondé sur les analyses de Simons (1995), pour comprendre comment des chefs de projet impliqués dans la gestion d’un projet d’innovation de haute technologie s’y prennent pour gérer une innovation. Ce cadre d’analyse est ensuite mobilisé sur quatre études de cas longitudinales. L’article montre ainsi que des styles de gestion et des modèles existent que fait ressortir notre grille d’analyse.
Reprogrammation cellulaire : perspectives scientifiques et implications éthiques
Authors: Leclerc Thomas
Published: January 2013

Résumé En prouvant qu’il est possible de reprogrammer des cellules adultes vers l’indifférenciation, les travaux de J.B. Gurdon et S. Yamanaka ont ouvert de nouveaux horizons à la communauté scientifique. En effet, tant au regard de la science qu’au regard de l’éthique, cette possibilité pourrait résoudre bien des difficultés, même si elle ne les efface pas toutes.
Une ethnographe entendante dans le « monde des sourds » : conditions d'enquête auprès d'enfants sourds signeurs
Authors: Bedoin Diane
Published: January 2013

Résumé À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée auprès d’enfants sourds en milieu scolaire, cette contribution vise à analyser les formes que peut prendre une enquête ethnographique dans le « monde des sourds ». Plusieurs spécificités sont à souligner : la maîtrise préalable de la langue des signes française (LSF), la question du recueil des données produites pour partie en LSF et enregistrées sous forme vidéo, mais aussi celle de l’exploitation et de la restitution des données, traduites de la LSF vers le français et retranscrites par écrit. Ces conditions particulières conduisent à redéfinir la relation d’enquête, passant du statut d’entendante extérieure au monde de la surdité à celui d’initiée maîtrisant la langue des signes.
Intraprofessional Practice Education Using a Community Partnership Model
Authors: Hoffart Caroline , Kuster-Orban Cindy , Spooner Crystal , Neudorf Kim
Published: January 2013

The Intraprofessional Practice Education (IPE) pilot project was designed to increase the number of high-quality practice education settings and to develop intraprofessional learning opportunities for nursing students from three different prelicensure programs. Students from the licensed practical nurse, registered nurse, and registered psychiatric nurse programs shared their practice education experience concurrently in a rural First Nations community. This project’s framework, the Partnership Model for Community Health Nursing Education (PMCHNE), is described and includes an explanation of the planning and coordination that occurred prior to implementation of the pilot project. Various student practice education and cultural experiences are highlighted, and the results from the project’s evaluation are discussed, including the utility of the PMCHNE and the benefits and challenges associated with implementing an IPE experience.
Team-Based Learning: An Innovative Approach to Teaching Maternal–Newborn Nursing Care
Authors: Lubeck Paula , Tschetter Lois , Mennenga Heidi
Published: January 2013

Nursing education programs are charged with the task of transforming the way future nurses are educated to better meet the demands of an ever-changing health care system. The tradition of lecture-based theory courses and on-site clinical experiences is slowly being replaced by evidence-based teaching formats that focus on actively engaging students in their own learning. This article describes the process of integrating a new teaching strategy—team-based learning—into a maternal–newborn nursing course at a midwestern baccalaureate nursing program.
Healthy Aging for Older Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Bishop Kathleen M. , Robinson Laura M. , VanLare Shelley
Published: January 2013

The number of older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has increased rapidly in the United States as part of the general “graying” of the country. This has presented challenges in maintaining the quality of life and health for these individuals in later years. Issues including
diagnostic overshadowing
(the tendency to overlook symptoms of mental or physical illness as causes for decline), lack of knowledge about aging in adults with IDD, and health care disparities are discussed in this article along with recommendations for clinicians to help them meet this growing challenge.
Antidepressant Medication and Pregnancy: Time for Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: January 2013

Despite the high prevalence of depression and the fairly common use of anti-depressant drugs during pregnancy, no randomized controlled treatment trials (RCTs) prospectively assess the efficacy and safety of antidepressant drugs in depressed pregnant women and then the subsequent effect of drug exposure (versus placebo exposure) on the neonate and later on the child’s development. Observational studies are used to determine whether a drug exposure during pregnancy is associated with an adverse outcome, but they include various confounding factors and other sources of bias. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as well as published guidelines from various organizations, all analyze, interpret, and emphasize the same data somewhat differently, and they do not provide consistent or unequivocal guidance for patients or prescribers. Whether antidepressant drugs are efficacious in pregnant women; whether any or certain antidepressant drugs are harmful to the fetus, neonate, or developing child; and whether untreated depression itself is harmful are uncertainties that should now be addressed in rigorous, well-designed, prospective RCTs.
Update on Adolescent Motherhood and Postpartum Depression
Authors: McGuinness Teena M. , Medrano Bonnie , Hodges Ashley
Published: January 2013

Adolescent motherhood is a common and costly phenomenon, with almost a half million American girls becoming mothers every year in the United States. Postpartum depression is also common, with an estimated 53% to 61% of teen mothers affected. Psychiatric nurses can intervene by recognizing the high rate of postpartum depression among teen girls, screening, and referring to treatment when necessary.
Development and Validation of the Dietary Sodium Reduction Self-Care Agency Scale
Authors: Smith Pratsani , Phillips Kenneth D.
Published: January 2013

A scale did not exist for measuring the capability or self-care agency of lowering salt consumption in older adults with hypertension. Therefore, our objectives were to develop and validate the Dietary Sodium Reduction Self-Care Agency Scale (DSR-SCA Scale). A 24-item scale was developed and tested in 242 older adults with hypertension. Exploratory factor analysis using principal components extraction, Rasch analysis, and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate the DSR-SCA Scale. Principal components extraction with Promax rotation was used. An 11-item DSR-SCA Scale with three factor loadings, which measure proficiency, persuasiveness, and resourcefulness, was finalized after it was found to meet the criteria of a minimal factor loading of 0.40, with eigenvalues of 2.20, 1.73, and 1.64, respectively. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.80, and Bartlett’s test was significant, χ
2
(
df
= 55) 403.71,
p
< 0.0001. The measures accounted for 51% of the total variance. Item infit and outfit mean square ranged from 0.88 to 1.18 and the infit and outfit standardized mean square was −1.8 to 1.7. The 11-item scale demonstrated internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.73 for the total scale. The results showed that the DSR-SCA Scale consisted of three factors that have adequate construct validity and reliability to measure power components and enabling capability related to Orem’s self-care theory. This scale is brief, easy-to-complete, and useful for measuring salt reduction self-care agency in older adults with hypertension.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2013; 6(2):139–147.]
Decreasing Social Isolation in Older Adults: Effects of an Empowerment Intervention Offered Through the CARELINK Program
Authors: Nicholson Nicholas R. , Shellman Juliette
Published: January 2013

Older adults reporting social isolation are at increased risk for numerous negative health outcomes, including depressive symptoms, decreased quality of life, and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a university student model of care intervention offered through the CARELINK program on social isolation in a sample of community-dwelling older adults (
N
= 56). Older adults in the comparison group, who had not yet received the CARELINK program, were nearly 12 times more likely to be socially isolated. Results indicate the empowerment intervention offered through the CARELINK program had positive effects on reducing social isolation in older adults. The CARELINK program has important implications for nursing as it provides an uncomplicated and inexpensive intervention to decrease social isolation for older adults in the community. Given the sample selection limitation in this study, a randomized controlled trial is warranted. Future research should examine specific aspects of the CARELINK program and the amount each aspect affects social isolation.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2013; 6(2):89–97.]
Possible relation between the sudden sinking of river Iška and the sequence of weak earthquakes in September-October 2010 near Iška vas (central Slovenia)
Authors: Gosar Andrej , Brenčič Mihael
Published: January 2013

During heavy rainfalls between September 17 and 19, 2010 large part of Slovenia has suffered extensive floods that last for nearly two weeks. For the river Iška record discharge of 59.3 m3/s was measured on September 19 on the gauging station in Iška vas located at the southern rim of Ljubljansko barje. In the first hour of September 21, 2010 two weak earthquakes (ML=0.6 and ML=0.2) occurred within one minute near Iška vas. They were felt by some inhabitants who reported also a rumbling noise (brontides). During the flood recession period, the water of river Iška started to sink into the gravely stream bed or rocky left banks and the gauging profile completely dried on September 23, day and a half after the first earthquake. Water reappeared again on September 25. In the period September 21 − October 4 additional seven weak earthquakes occurred in the same area. All earthquakes from this series occurred at or near the surface and deviate in hypocentral depth from the seismicity pattern characteristic for the southern rim of Ljubljansko barje, which was analysed for comparison. The epicentres of the first two earthquakes are in good agreement with the location of the dried river bed. It is therefore probable that both phenomena are related. Analyses of seismograms have shown that it is not likely that the observed events are collapse earthquakes, but they are tectonic events. Although earthquakes were relatively weak, it seems that they could be accompanied by small near-surface tectonic movements, because they occurred at the position of a known fault. These movements are probably connected to the opening of pre-existing fissures in the karstified valley bottom, although the primary reason for sinking of the river is that high waters removed the clogged river bed that enables intensive sinking into the river bottom during the flood.
Monitoring of microbial indicator groups in caves through the use of RIDA®COUNT kits
Authors: Mulec Janez , Krištůfek Václav , Chroňáková Alica
Published: January 2013

RIDA®COUNT kitsMeasurements of microbiological parameters are not currently widely used for protection, monitoring and preservation of caves although they indicate very well the recent human impact. Here we present a commercially available microbiological kit for cave ecologists, the RIDA®COUNT test kit (R-Biopharm AG, Germany), as a supplementary tool for research and show examples. Simultaneously, lists of microbial indicator groups and cave microhabitats, where this methodology may be applied, are presented. Indicators include certain clinically important human-associated microbes such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus that are easy to quantify with basic cultivation methodology. Relatively higher bacterial counts compared to yeast and moulds on RIDA®COUNT test plates indicate recent and pronounced human impact. Swab samples allow detection of gradients of surface microbial colonization and determination of the microbial load on footprints and fingerprints in caves. In our tests, RIDA®COUNT plates for enumeration of yeast and moulds revealed a similar microbial load between unwashed caving boots and human fingerprints on a metal fence. Similarly, total bacterial counts were comparable between these two surfaces, 5,890 CFU/100 cm2 for unwashed boots and 4,340 CFU/100 cm2 for fingerprints on metal fence. Bacterial counts on walking surfaces in show caves can exceed 10,000 CFU/100 cm2 (Postojna Cave). These examples show that quantification of microbial indicator groups revealed increased microbial load and possible biohazard in the underground. This procedure may be widely adopted as a part of a regular monitoring programme in caves.
Historic inscriptions in Predjama cave system and high floods in 2010
Authors: Šebela Stanka
Published: January 2013

High floods of September 2010 partly ruined historic inscription made by charcoal »Slovenski gadje 1882« in Predjama cave system. Regarding studied historic records the September 2010 floods were the highest in Predjama at least since 1882. If we thrust the well-documented floods in 1826 they can even be higher than ones in 2010. In 2010 the water reached 489.60 m above the sea level at entrance parts of the cave and about 485 m at Vetrovna Luknja causing that the old inscription from 1882 was under water and partly destroyed. Another old inscription »Nagel 1748«, probably done by more resistant pencil, did not suffer from the 2010 floods. Contrary, it was twice partly destroyed by carless visitors, first in 1991 and secondly in the period 1991 – 2005.
Significant paleozoic petroleum source rocks in the Canadian Williston Basin: their distribution, richness and thermal maturity (southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba)
Authors: Osadetz K G , Snowdon L R
Published: January 2013

Four regionally important Paleozoic source rocks have been identified within the Canadian Williston Basin. These include Type I kukersites in the Upper Ordovician Bighorn Group, and marine, Type II source rocks in Middle Devonian Winnipegosis, Devonian to
Mississippian Bakken and Mississippian Lodgepole formations. Kukersites are thin, organic-rich carbonate platform source rocks. Type II, source rocks occur in fondobeds settings and include rich sources. Type II source rock richness varies with depositional facies and diagenetic processes,
especially microbial degradation which reduces Bakken and Winnipegosis hydrocarbon (HC) yields. Other platform sources in the Middle Ordovician Winnipeg Formation and Winnipegosis Formation lie on maximum flooding surfaces, and although thin, they may be laterally extensive.
Type I and Type II sources have distinctive main hydrocarbon generation stages beginning at not less than 0.77% and 0.70% Vitrinite Reflectance (VR), respectively. Only Bighorn and Winnipegosis sources are thermally mature in Canada, in an enhanced hydrocarbon generation region. This region
has anomalous crustal structure, including the Nesson Anticline and the North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly. Oil windows occur between 750 and 1650 m shallower than elsewhere in the basin. Bighorn, Winnipegosis and Lodgepole expulsion thresholds coincide with the main hydrocarbon
generation threshold appropriate to each source rock. Expulsion from Bakken sources is delayed and does not occur until 0.90% VR. Tectonic history and crustal structure impose geographic restrictions on patterns of source rock accumulation, diagenesis and maturation. These considerations
restrict hydrocarbon potential and migration pathways of oils from each source rock.
Assessment of genetic diversity and relationships based on RAPD and AFLP analyses in Miscanthus genera landraces
Authors: Qin Y. , Kabir M. A. , Wang H. W. , Lee Y. H. , Hong S. H. , Kim J. Y. , Yook M. J. , Kim D. S. , Kim C. S. , Kwon H. , Kim W.
Published: January 2013

Qin, Y., Kabir, M. A., Wang, H. W., Lee, Y. H., Hong, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Yook, M. J., Kim, D. S., Kim, C. S., Kwon, H. and Kim, W. 2013. Assessment of genetic diversity and relationships based on RAPD and AFLP analyses in Miscanthus genera landraces. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 171–182. In this study, molecular markers, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as well as combined RAPD and AFLP analysis were used to assess genetic diversity in a reference set of 38 Miscanthus accessions of which 32 were collected from South Korea and 6 from foreign countries. Using 30 selected RAPD primers, 197 amplified products were generated with an average of 6.6 bands, of which 135 bands were polymorphic (68.6%). A total of 1150 bands were detected by four-primer AFLP combinations with an average of 287.5 bands, out of which 923 bands were polymorphic (80.3%) across all the accessions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that a high proportion of the genetic variation (56% for RAPD and 58% for AFLP) was found among the Miscanthus species in South Korea. Genetic relationship was estimated using the Jaccard's coefficient values between different accessions, ranging from 0.23 to 0.93 in RAPD and 0.34 to 0.94 in AFLP. The un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis demonstrated less difference between RAPD and AFLP when alternative similarity coefficient was applied. The principal coordinates (PCO) analysis also revealed the significant geographic structure in the tested accessions. Among the accessions, SNU-M-040, 074 and 157 were highly divergent. Pattern of isolation by distance was observed in Miscanthus accessions, indicating that significant genetic differentiation among accessions might be due to the geographic distance.
Elongated Styloid Process: A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study
Authors: Shah Shreyas Predeepkumar , Praveen NB , Syed Vaseemuddin , Subhashini AR
Published: January 2013

The styloid process is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone which arises from the temporal bone in front of the stylomastoid foramen. In the present study, our aim is to investigate the number of asymptomatic styloid process elongation (SPE) in relation to gender, type of elongation and calcification pattern in patients visited to maxillofacial radiology department. We have investigated styloid process using panoramic radiographs taken of 517 patients referred to our hospital. A total of 80 patients (15.47%) had elongated styloid processes (ESPs); 31 patients were female (38.75%) and 49 were male (61.25%). Among the ESPs Type I was the most frequent pattern of SPE (65.85%), then Type II (18.29%) and Type III (15.85%) pattern of elongation. The most frequent pattern of calcification was calcified outline (40.64%) then partially calcified (29.14%), nodular calcification (17.11%) and completely calcified (13.10%). From this study it was concluded that the panoramic radiography can be used for diagnosis of ESP but the norms which explain ESP are needed to be re-evaluated.

How to cite this article

Shah SP, Praveen NB, Syed V, Subhashini AR. Elongated Styloid Process: A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study. World J Dent 2012;3(4):316-319.
E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region
Authors: Bastos Roosevelt S , Xavier Ângela , Arakawa Aline Megumi , Bastos José Roberto Magalhães , Caldana Magali Lourdes
Published: January 2013

Objective

This study aimed to describe the e-health activities of Project USP in Rondônia to promote health into the Amazonian Brazilian State Rondônia in different types of educational resources.

Methods

Population of Monte Negro county was reached by the e-health promotion activities including tele-education for community health workers, teachers and local health professionals with the videoconferencing, CD-ROM development and Cybertutor technologies. The population reached was calculated by the reach of these professionals into their daily activities.

Results

The e-health activities held by Project USP in Rondônia are reaching local stakeholders to expand the spread of health knowledge within a region with severe difficulties of access to information and health care. These stakeholders, mainly working locally in the educational and auxiliary health professions, are seizing their opportunity to provoke autonomy in the population they work with, disseminating information among children in public schools and health care, possibly reaching more than 1,380 families.

Conclusion

E-health activities showed to be important tool for health promotion to Amazonian communities. People living in regions with difficult access to many social needs, such as riverside communities, must be respected as citizens and thus their right to health must be ensured, which is provided in the Brazilian constitution, and it should be promoted through education, prevention and adequate health services.

How to cite this article

Bastos RS, Arakawa AM, Xavier A, Bastos JRM, Caldana ML. E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region. World J Dent 2012;3(4):320-323.
Applicability of Two Mixed Dentition Analysis in Children of Jangam Community of Belgaum City
Authors: Sholapurmath Santosh M , Benni Deepa B , Mandroli Praveen
Published: January 2013

Background and objective

Many cases of malocclusion originate during the mixed dentition period. Moyers tables and Tanaka and Johnston space analysis are the most commonly used mixed dentition space analysis. Based on the reported racial and sex differences in tooth sizes, the purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the Moyers, Tanaka and Johnston and method of prediction in a Belgaum population and develop a new prediction method for this specific population, if necessary.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted on sample of 140 children within the age group of 13 to 16 years old belonging to Jangam community, who had fully erupted mandibular permanent incisors and maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars. Mesiodistal crown widths of permanent teeth were measured using a digital calliper of resolution of 0.01 mm. The odontometric values obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis (Student unpaired t-test).

Results

Gender discrepancy was seen in the study with male showing significantly greater maxillary canine-premolar segment. There is statistical significant difference in tooth dimension between the actual and predicted value at the 50th and 75th percentile of the Moyers probability tables for males and females in both the arches. There were significant differences between the actual measurements and measurements derived from the Tanaka and Johnston equation.

Conclusion

The Moyers probability tables and Tanaka and Johnston prediction method significantly underestimate canine and premolar mesiodistal width of Jangam population, Indian origin.

How to cite this article

Sholapurmath SM, Benni DB, Mandroli P. Applicability of Two Mixed Dentition Analysis in Children of Jangam Community of Belgaum City. World J Dent 2012;3(4):324-329.
Posturedontics: Reducing the Stress in Dentistry
Authors: Gosavi Sulekha S , Gosavi Siddharth Y , Jawade Rashmi S
Published: January 2013

In the dental profession, dentists and dental hygienists spend their work days in an awkward, static position performing extremely precise procedures in a 2” × 2½” workspace—the patient's mouth. However, maintaining the steady hand and posture comes at a cost to the back, neck and shoulder area of the dentist. The occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in oral health care professionals has been documented over the past 10 years. A WMSD can be defined as a condition wherein work-related tasks affect the nerves, tendons, muscles and supporting structures. Conditions can vary from mild recurrent symptoms to severe and incapacitating.

This article discussed about the prevalence of occurrence on musculoskeletal disorders in dental personae and its prevention.

How to cite this article

Gosavi SS, Gosavi SY, Jawade RS. Posturedontics: Reducing the Stress in Dentistry. World J Dent 2012;3(4):335-339.
Intraoral Fluoride-Releasing Devices: A Literature Review
Authors: Singh Jagjit , Singh Gurminder , Gambhir Ramandeep Singh , Kapoor Daljit , Kakar Heena
Published: January 2013

Dental caries still continues to be a problem for majority of the individuals and it can be a serious problem for medically compromised, developmentally disabled and elderly individuals. Water fluoridation, systemic and topical fluorides are used for past many years to supply supplemental fluoride in order to combat dental caries. The latest fluoride research is investigating the use of slow-release devices for the long-term intraoral provision of fluoride. The present review addresses two main types of intraoral fluoride-releasing devices like the copolymer membrane device, glass device containing fluoride and some variations of these devices. These devices can significantly increase the salivary fluoride concentration without substantially affecting the urinary fluoride levels. A significant number of studies have confirmed that intraoral fluoride-releasing devices have great potential for use in preventing dental caries in children, high-caries-risk groups, and irregular dental attenders in addition to a number of other applications. As most of the studies done on these devices arein vitroandin vivostudies, more well-designed clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the results so that these devices can be used clinically.

How to cite this article

Gambhir RS, Kapoor D, Singh G, Singh J, Kakar H. Intraoral Fluoride-Releasing Devices: A Literature Review. World J Dent 2012;3(4):350-354.
Sino-orbital Aspergillosis: A Case Report and Brief Review of Literature
Authors: Kotrashetti SM , Neeli Arati S , Vallavan Ponni
Published: January 2013

Aspergillosis of head and neck region primarily affects the nose and paranasal sinuses. Any type of paranasal aspergillosis may progress to more aggressive disease illustrating the importance of early recognition of this increasingly encountered disease. The invasive and in particular, the fulminant forms are associated with high mortality. We report a case of invasive aspergillosis of right maxillary sinus and orbit in an immunocompetent individual, along with a critical review and update of the literature. The patient underwent surgery for the debridement of right maxillary sinus through a Caldwell-Luc approach and drainage of orbital abscess as well followed by intravenous therapy of amphotericin B. Recovery with reduction of all the signs and symptoms was seen after 38 days from the appearance of first symptoms. Successful treatment of aspergillosis requires prompt diagnosis and rapid institution of therapy, because delay or nonaggressive therapy can result in the spread of infection with lethal consequences.

How to cite this article

Neeli AS, Kotrashetti SM, Vallavan P. Sino-orbital Aspergillosis: A Case Report and Brief Review of Literature. World J Dent 2012;3(4):363-366.
The Antimicrobial Activity of the Three Commercially Available Intense Sweeteners against Common Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study
Authors: Patil Ravi B , Nagaraj Tejavathi , Patel Vinit B
Published: January 2013

Aim

To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three commercially available intense sweeteners against two common periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Materials and methods

Three commercially available intense sweeteners namely saccharin, aspartame and sucralose were obtained and powdered. Necessary concentrations of the sweeteners were prepared by mixing them with an inert solvent. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

All the three sweeteners showed significant antimicrobial activity against the periodontal pathogens tested. Sucralose containing sucralose showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Saccharin and aspartame containing saccharin and aspartame respectively, showed maximum zone of inhibition, against Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Conclusion

All the sweeteners used in this study have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. Therefore, these sweeteners could be recommended as an ideal alternative to sucrose.

Clinical significance

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are ubiquitous diseases of mankind caused by microorganisms. Dental caries is caused by sucrose. By altering the source like intense sweetener we can combat caries as well as with its antimicrobial properties against periodontopathic bacteria, we can reduce prevalence of periodontal diseases.

How to cite this article

Prashant GM, Patil RB, Nagaraj T, Patel VB. The Antimicrobial Activity of the Three Commercially Available Intense Sweeteners against Common Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(6):749-752.
A Comparative Study of Different Bleaching Agents on the Morphology of Human Enamel: An in vitro SEM Study
Authors: Uthappa Roshan , Suprith ML , Bhandary Shreetha , Dash Sumit
Published: January 2013

The purpose of the study was to compare two different commercial bleaching agents, Opalescence with Colgate Platinum, and 30% phosphoric acid used as aggressive agent on the morphology of human enamel.

Materials and methods

Ten freshly extracted, noncarious, human maxillary central incisors extracted for periodontal reasons were used in this study. The labial surface of the disinfected teeth were polished using a polishing paste with the help of rubber cup and a slow speed handpiece. Each tooth was sectioned at cement-enamel junction and the crown was separated into four specimens, all taken from labial surface. Group 1 was treated with Colgate Platinum for 7 hours, group 2 with Opalescence for 7 hours, group 3 was treated with 30% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and group 4 was untreated and used as control. After the treatment period, the specimens were washed with normal saline and stored in sterile bottle and sealed. Photomicrographs obtained from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after surface treatments were examined for no alteration, slight alteration, moderate alteration and severe alterations.

Results

The specimens treated with commercial bleaching agents revealed no enamel surface morphologic alterations compared to control group. The specimen treated with phosphoric acid showed severe alterations.

Conclusion

Ten percent carbamide peroxide evaluated in this study does not etch tooth enamel or alter enamel surface morphology as do conventional etching techniques.

Clinical relevance

Carbamine peroxide is a safe and effective tooth whitening agent even when used for extended period of time. The enamel surface remains smooth which reduces caries due to plaque collection.

How to cite this article

Uthappa R, Suprith ML, Bhandary S, Dash S. A Comparative Study of Different Bleaching Agents on the Morphology of Human Enamel: An in vitro SEM Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):756-759.