bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosthodontic criteria for maxillary immediate occlusal loading, surgical classifications of atrophic maxillae, and presentation of a new implant/anatomic classification system for immediate maxillary rehabilitation
Authors: Zaninovich Michael , Drago Carl
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Immediate full‐arch occlusal loading for patients with atrophic edentulous maxillae satisfies critical needs for this specific type of edentulous patient after placement of implants with high levels of primary implant stability. The needs include improved aesthetics, limited immediate improved function, and elimination of removable prostheses. Classification systems exist for edentulous maxillae but they do not include specifics regarding posterior implant placement. In conjunction with anterior implants, posterior implants improve Anterior/Posterior (A/P) spreads, decrease cantilevered segments (CLs), and likely will improve implant and prosthetic success rates. The purposes of this article include presenting a new classification system that outlines the different types of implants now available which will likely achieve the requisite primary stability for immediate fixed rehabilitation. This proposed classification system identifies a relationship between different implant options currently available and the remaining quantity of bone in the first and second maxillary molar zones.

Materials and methods

The available literature regarding current classification systems was reviewed. The benefits and limitations of each system were described. The parameters associated with Immediate Occlusal Loading (IOL) for full arch maxillary prostheses include: posterior cantilever lengths of full arch fixed prostheses; existing A/P spread considerations for full arch prostheses; and introduction of a new classification system for atrophic posterior maxillary edentulous ridges were identified.

Results

Currently, there are no available classification systems that outline specific implant options for posterior maxillae which will likely achieve the minimum primary stability needed for immediate rehabilitation. A new classification system was proposed where the rationale was to show clinicians that when a certain amount of bone remains in the posterior maxilla, there are specific implants designed to maximize primary stability. High implant primary stability is required for rehabilitation with immediate fixed implant‐supported provisional prostheses. The proposed classification system assists clinicians in understanding what implant geometry is available and can be expected to achieve the requisite primary stability for immediate occlusal loading based on the available bone in the posterior maxillary molar zone.

Conclusions

This article reviewed current classification systems for edentulous maxillary patients, as well as clinical parameters required for full arch, immediate occlusal loading.  It also presented a new classification system to assist clinicians in selecting appropriate implants and surgical techniques for immediate fixed rehabilitation of patients with atrophic maxillae.
Clinical evaluation of a one‐piece polyetheretherketone removable partial denture fabricated using a novel digital workflow: A self‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Yoon Jung‐min , Liu Yunsong , Sun Yuchun , Ye Hongqiang , Zhou Yongsheng
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To explore the clinical application of one‐piece polyetheretherketone (PEEK) removable partial dentures (RPDs) fabricated using a novel digital workflow and to evaluate their weights and fits in vivo and patient satisfaction.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen cases with posterior partially edentulous situations were selected, and each patient received two types of RPDs, including a novel digital workflow (test group) and a conventional workflow (control group). For the test group, one‐piece RPDs were designed through three‐dimensional (3D) methods by scanning stone casts and fabricated by milling PEEK discs. Each RPD was weighed. The gaps between the oral tissue and RPDs in each group were duplicated using a polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) replica and measured by 3D analysis. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the patient's satisfaction. Paired t‐tests were used to compare the differences in the weight, the gaps of each RPD, and VAS values between the two groups. One‐way analysis of variance tests was used to compare the differences in the gap among different components in each group.

Results

The RPD in the test group weighed less than that in the control group (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences in the gaps of denture bases and rests (p > 0.05) were found between the two groups, but the gaps of major connectors in the test group were significantly smaller than in the control group (p < 0.05). The VAS scores for comfortableness and masticatory efficiency were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05) but the scores for the aesthetic appearance of the clasps in the test group were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

One‐piece PEEK RPDs manufactured using a novel digital workflow weighed less than conventional RPDs and exhibited a clinically acceptable internal fit. Although the aesthetic appearance of the PEEK clasps was superior to the control, there is still room for improvement.
A meta‐analysis of the meat physicochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed insect‐based diet
Authors: Malematja Emmanuel , Sebola Nthabiseng A. , Manyelo Tlou G. , Kolobe Sekobane D. , Mabelebele Monnye
Published: July 2024

A total of 23 studies were identified in a literature search performed in the Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases for meta‐analysis. The criteria used include studies that were published from 2015 to 2023 and those reporting the effects of insect meal utilisation in poultry diets. Data on live weight (LW), carcass weight (CW), moisture, meat pH, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), proximate composition (protein, fat and ash content) and shear force in broilers were subjected to OpenMEE software, and data were pooled using a random‐effect model. Subgroup analysis and meta‐regression were performed to ascertain the influence of dietary insect meals on the response of meat aspects and the source of heterogeneity, respectively, using the following moderators (insect species, dosage level, feeding duration and age at slaughter). The results indicated that dietary insect meal did not affect LW, CW, meat L*, pH, shear force, moisture, fat and ash content. In contrast, dietary insect meal increased the a* of the meat (standardised mean differences (SMDs) = 1.03; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 0.484–1.578; p ≤ 0.001), b* (SMD = 1.117; 95% CI = 0.334–1.90; p = 0.005), and meat protein content (SMD = 0.365; 95% CI = 0.031–0.7; p = 0.032). The subgroup analysis showed that insect meal dosage of ≤10% and age at slaughtered ≤35 days had improved the LW, CW and meat L*. In addition, the meat a*, protein and ash content were also influenced by insect species, dosage levels and age at slaughter. In conclusion, ≤10% of either Hermetia illucens or Tenebrio molitor can be included in broiler diets without compromising the LW, CW, meat pH, colour, shear force, moisture, fat and ash content in broilers. The study therefore indicated that insect meals have a bright future as an alternative protein source in poultry diets.
The logical structure of modular semantic theories of software systems
Authors: Angius Nicola , Stefaneas Petros
Published: July 2024

This paper studies the structure of semantic theories over modular computational systems and applies the algebraic Theory of Institutions to provide a logical representation of such theories. A modular semantic theory is here defined by a cluster of semantic theories, each for a single program's module, and by a set of relations connecting models of different semantic theories. A semantic theory of a single module is provided in terms of the set of ∑‐models mapped from the category Th of ∑‐theories and generating a hierarchy of structures from an abstract model to a concrete model of data. The collection of abstract models representing different modules of a program is formalised as the category of institutions INS, where theory morphisms express refinements, integrations, and compositions between couples of modules. Finally, it is required that a morphism in INS at any level occurs iff the same morphism occurs at the lower level alongside the Th hierarchy.
Association between neuroimaging and clinical outcomes in individuals with central nervous system cryptococcosis
Authors: Teixeira Juliana Cavadas , de Oliveira Vítor Falcão , Gomes Hélio Rodrigues , Ribeiro Suzana Mesquita , de Araujo Evangelina da Motta Pacheco Alves , da Cruz Isabela Carvalho Leme Vieira , Taborda Mariane , Magri Adriana Satie Gonçalves Kono , Vidal José Ernesto , Nastri Ana Catharina de Seixas Santos , Silva Guilherme Diogo , Magri Marcello Mihailenko Chaves
Published: July 2024

Background

The radiological manifestations of central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcosis are diverse and often subtle. There is heterogeneity on how different neuroimaging patterns impact prognosis. This study aims to assess the association between the neuroimaging and clinical outcomes of CNS cryptococcosis.

Methods

All patients with CNS cryptococcosis between July 2017 and April 2023 who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. The primary outcome was mortality during hospitalisation. Secondary outcomes were readmission, ventricular shunting, duration of hospitalisation and time to the first negative cerebrospinal fluid culture. We compared the outcomes for each of the five main radiological findings on the brain MRI scan.

Results

We included 46 proven CNS cryptococcosis cases. The two main comorbidity groups were HIV infection (20, 43%) and solid organ transplantation (10, 22%), respectively. Thirty‐nine patients exhibited at least one radiological abnormality (85%), with the most common being meningeal enhancement (34, 74%). The mortality rates occurred at 11% (5/46) during hospitalisation. We found no significant disparities in mortality related to distinct radiological patterns. The presence of pseudocysts was significantly associated with the need for readmission (p = .027). The ventricular shunting was significantly associated with the presence of pseudocysts (p = .005) and hydrocephalus (p = .044).

Conclusion

In this study, there is no association between brain MRI findings and mortality. Larger studies are needed to evaluate this important issue.
Incidence and risk factors of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheter‐related thrombosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Xiuwen , Yue Liqing , Liao Peng , Li Bingyu
Published: July 2024

Background

Catheter‐related thrombosis is a common complication of the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in neonates, leading to unintended tube removal and significantly affecting neonatal health and safety. Despite widespread reporting on the estimated occurrence and factors contributing to neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis, these findings have not been synthesized.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis.

Design

Systematic literature review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Two independent researchers systematically explored multiple databases—such as PubMed, Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library—from their inception until October 2023. Our study aggregates and scrutinizes studies specifically addressing the incidence and risk factors of neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis. Employing the RevMan 5.3 software, a meta‐analysis was executed to determine the incidence of both thrombosis and odds ratios (OR), accompanied by their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk factors.

Results

A total of 327 articles were screened, and data from 24 studies were used in synthesis. Neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis incidence varied from 0.23% to 17.91%. The pooled incidence was 2% (95% CI: 1%–2%; I2 = 94%; p < .0001). The study identified 12 risk factors, including insertion sites in the lower extremities (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.09–0.56; p = .001), gestational age <28 weeks, abdominal pathology, fresh frozen plasma by day 5 > 50 mL/kg, PICC tip location (proximal placement), two lumens, three lumens, prolonged hospital stay, infection, mothers' use of anticoagulants, patients with cardiac insufficiency and being twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome donor.

Conclusions

The analysis indicates an overall pooled incidence of neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis of 2%. Twelve factors were identified as risks associated with neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis. Understanding the risk factors can provide evidence‐based recommendations for improving awareness, control and treatment and better nursing management.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This systematic review and meta‐analysis illuminates the incidence and risk factors linked to neonatal PICC‐related thrombosis, delivering essential insights pivotal for clinical decision‐making and enhancing patient care within neonatal health care settings.
Areca nut‐induced AREG promote oral epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and EMT
Authors: Li Ming , Yuan Zhenying , Tang Zhangui
Published: July 2024

Objective

To analyze the biological effect and mechanism of areca nut extract (ANE) on human oral keratinocyte (HOK) cells.

Materials and Methods

The effect of gradient concentration of ANE on the proliferation activity of HOK cells was analyzed by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays. The differentially expressed genes between the ANE group and control group HOK cells were analyzed by second‐generation transcriptome sequencing. Real‐time PCR and western blot were, respectively, used to analyze the expression of AREG gene and protein in HOK cells. After AREG gene overexpression or knockdown, the proliferation, migration, and expression of proteins related to epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT), MAPK signal pathway in HOK cells were, respectively, detected by CCK‐8, wound healing, transwell, and western blot assays.

Results

ANE (500 μg/mL) promoted the proliferation and migration of HOK cells, ANE (2 mg/mL) promoted the EMT of HOK cells, and ANE (50 mg/mL) inhibited the proliferation of HOK cells. AREG knockdown inhibited ANE‐induced proliferation and migration of HOK cells, while AREG overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of HOK cells. Western blot assay showed that ANE activated MAPK signal pathway by upregulating AREG protein in HOK cells.

Conclusions

ANE promoted HOK cell proliferation, migration, and EMT by mediating AREG–MAPK signaling pathway.
Imiquimod for the treatment of oral leukoplakia: A two‐center retrospective study
Authors: Sroussi Herve , Villa Alessandro , Alhadlaq Malak Adel , Ikeda Kentaro , Veluppillai Sivappiriyai , Treister Nathaniel , Monreal Anette Vistoso , Vacharotayangul Piamkamon , Lodolo Michele , Woo Sook‐Bin
Published: July 2024

Objectives

We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the use of topical imiquimod for the management of oral leukoplakia (OL).

Methods

This was a retrospective study. Medical chart reviews were conducted to identify patients with biopsy‐proven OL treated with topical 5% imiquimod. Data included OL characteristics, histopathological diagnosis, treatment outcome, and adverse events (AEs). Treatment response was assessed by measuring the percentage reduction in the size of OL lesions.

Results

33 patients (51.5% females; median age: 65 years) with 38 lesions were included. OLs were either localized (23.7%) or multifocal lesions (76.3%), with the majority on the gingiva (86.8%). Pretreatment histopathological diagnoses were dysplasia in 84.2% and nonreactive hyperkeratosis in 15.8%. Most regimens consisted of 60‐minute applications, 5‐days‐a‐week, for 6 weeks. At the end of treatment, 81.6% of 38 lesions showed a reduction in size with 68.4% exhibiting ≥50% reduction in size, and 42.1% exhibiting complete resolution. Application site reactions were the most common with pain/soreness/sensitivity occurring in 86.8%. Fatigue was the most frequently reported systemic AE (28.9%).

Conclusion

Two‐thirds of OL lesions had ≥50% reduction in size. Most AEs were temporary and resolved upon treatment discontinuation. Prospective studies are needed to further assess Imiquimod's effectiveness in OL management.
Prevalence of food allergy increased 1.7 times in the past 10 years among Japanese patients below 6 years of age
Authors: Yoshisue Hajime , Homma Yuji , Ito Chie , Ebisawa Motohiro
Published: July 2024

Background

While food allergy (FA) has been increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden worldwide, epidemiological studies on FA in Japan are limited.

Methods

This was a noninterventional, observational study using the administrative claims data from 2010 to 2019 (10 years). Patients with physician‐diagnosed FA in Japan (prevalent cohort) were divided into high‐risk or low‐risk cohorts using adrenaline prescription. The high‐risk cohort was further divided into anaphylaxis or nonanaphylaxis cohort based on the occurrence of anaphylaxis or a serious allergic reaction (SAR) during 1 year after adrenaline prescription. The primary objective was to examine yearly prevalence of FA. The secondary objectives were to describe demographics/clinical characteristics and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), to evaluate the number of occurrences of anaphylaxis/SAR in the high‐risk cohort, and the impact of anaphylaxis/SAR on HCRU.

Results

The overall standardized prevalence rate was 0.325% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.311–0.339) in 2010 and 0.797% (95% CI, 0.790–0.804) in 2019 and predominant in patients age <6 years (preschool; 3.377% [95% CI, 3.229–3.525] in 2010 and 5.726% [95% CI, 5.663–5.789] in 2019). Majority of FA patients (>80%) were children/adolescent throughout the 10 years. While high‐risk cohort was a relatively minor population (8.5% in the prevalent cohort in 2019), the occurrence of anaphylaxis/SAR in the high‐risk cohort was 227,690/100,000 patient‐years. Multivariate analysis showed a significant increase in HCRU variables in the anaphylaxis versus nonanaphylaxis cohort (e.g., 2.08 [95% CI, 2.05–2.11] times more FA‐related outpatient visits).

Conclusions

Prevalence of FA increased in a statistically significant way from 2010 to 2019; 1.7‐fold increase was observed in patients <6 years old. Patients in the high‐risk cohort appear to have suffered from frequent anaphylaxis/SAR, highlighting an unmet medical need for FA patients at “high‐risk,” considering the unavailability of approved medications to prevent anaphylaxis/SAR.
Did the Glasgow COP26 negotiations meet or miss Article 6 (carbon markets) of the Paris Agreement? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Asadnabizadeh Majid
Published: July 2024

The Paris Agreement is an important milestone in international climate policy and the associated negotiations of the United Nations Climate Summit under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is a supplementary mechanism—regarding carbon markets—to reduce greenhouse gases and achieve the UNFCCC's main objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations. The 2021 United Nations Climate Summit in Glasgow (COP26) played a key role in the pursuit of this goal. Via an overview of Article 6 negotiations in past COP summits and a systematic review and qualitative meta‐synthesis of the literature leading up to COP26, I identify three arguments involving Articles 6.2, 6.4, and 6.8 behind the selected literature. I substantiate these arguments based on the meta‐evaluation of the existing literature and propose a three‐stage meta‐evaluation of the arguments on Article 6 (carbon markets) of the Paris Agreement in the context of COP26 to ascertain if the negotiations were successful in leading to requisite agreements on Article 6. I conclude that future qualitative research should focus on Articles 6.4 and 6.8 of the Paris Agreement and examine the outcomes of future climate debates to see how ideas will flow through the negotiations regarding these two articles to pursue the goal of the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement.

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Sucrose‐Phosphate Synthase and Sucrose Synthase contribute to refoliation in ryegrass, a grassland fructan‐accumulating species
Authors: Noiraud‐Romy Nathalie , Berthier Alexandre , Meuriot Frédéric , Prud‧homme Marie‐Pascale
Published: July 2024

The perennity of grassland species such as Lolium perenne greatly depends on their ability to regrow after cutting or grazing. Refoliation largely relies on the mobilization of fructans in the remaining tissues and on the associated sucrose synthesis and transport towards the basal leaf meristems. However, nothing is known yet about the sucrose synthesis pathway. Sucrose Phosphate Synthase (SPS) and Sucrose Synthase (SuS) activities, together with their transcripts, were monitored during the first hours after defoliation along the leaf axis of mature leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases (ELB) where the leaf meristems are located. In leaf sheaths, which undergo a sink‐source transition, fructan and sucrose contents declined while SPS and SuS activities increased, along with the expression of LpSPSA, LpSPSD.2, LpSuS1, LpSuS2, and LpSuS4. In ELB, which continue to act as a strong carbon sink, SPS and SuS activities increased to varying degrees while the expression of all the LpSPS and LpSuS genes decreased after defoliation. SPS and SuS both contribute to refoliation but are regulated differently depending on the source or sink status of the tissues. Together with fructan metabolism, they represent key determinants of ryegrass perennity and, more generally, of grassland sustainability.
Utility of gingival crevicular fluid components for periodontal diagnosis
Authors: Buduneli Nurcan , Bıyıkoğlu Başak , Kinane Denis F.
Published: July 2024

Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent chronic diseases, and severe periodontitis creates functional and esthetic problems and decreases self‐esteem for a large percentage of the older population worldwide. In many cases of periodontitis, there is no distinct tell‐tale pain that motivates a patient to seek treatment, rather the signs become clinically detectable late, and typically when the disease has progressed to a problematic level for the life of the dentition. Early periodontal screening and diagnostics tools will provide early recognition of periodontal diseases and facilitate timely management of the disease to reduce tooth loss. To this goal, gingival crevicular fluid is easily sampled, can be repeatedly and non‐invasively collected, and can be tested for potential biomarkers. Moreover, the site specificity of periodontal diseases enhances the usefulness of gingival crevicular fluid sampled from specific sites as a biofluid for diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of periodontal diseases. The present review aimed to provide up‐to‐date information on potential diagnostic biomarkers with utility that can be assayed from gingival crevicular fluid samples, focusing on what is new and useful and providing only general historic background textually and in a tabulated format.
Asthma‐COPD overlap and asthma progressing to COPD: A complementary perspective
Authors: McDonald Christine F. , Bardin Philip G. , MacDonald Martin
Published: July 2024

See related article
‘A trouble to the whole house’: the Frankford's plague‐time home in Thomas Heywood's A Woman Killed with Kindness
Authors: Giltrow‐Shaw Lorna
Published: July 2024

Criticism in early modern English drama continues to expose the socio‐spatial anxieties generated by plague that shaped both plays and the playhouse space. What has not yet been considered in any detail, however, are the numerous public health measures born out of these anxieties that altered the lived experience of space during outbreaks. This article begins to address this lacuna by reading Thomas Heywood's domestic tragedy A Woman Killed with Kindness through the lens of contemporary plague prevention. Plague policy repurposed the home into a space that might not only contain the infected but, with competent governance, might also provide the first line of defence against infection. Woman Killed, a play that likely premiered in the wake of an outbreak, is vigorously alert to the dynamics of plague‐time domestic space and the onus placed on householders to cleanse and manage the home and its peripheries. This article examines how Heywood draws on plague prevention practices to introduce and remove ‘infectious’ sources to and from the Frankford home. Heywood utilizes the cultural immediacy of plague measures to expose and explore the dangers of female adultery that, like plague, threatened the integrity and autonomy of domestic space.
Gynaecological pathology and assisted reproductive treatment: can we increase the chances of successful treatment by optimising the pelvis?
Authors: Richardson Alison , Jacob Susie , Baskind Ellissa
Published: July 2024

Key content:

Pelvic pathologies such as fibroids, polyps, congenital uterine anomalies, intrauterine adhesions, hydrosalpinges, adenomyosis, endometriosis and ovarian cysts may have a negative impact on fertility and the success of assisted reproductive technology (ART).

If pelvic pathologies are identified during the course of investigations for subfertility, information based on the latest available evidence should be provided so that individuals can make informed decisions about how they wish to proceed.

In some situations, surgical intervention prior to ART is strongly recommended, but in others, the evidence is more limited/conflicting.

Learning objectives:

To learn more about how and why pelvic pathologies such as fibroids, polyps, congenital uterine anomalies, intrauterine adhesions, hydrosalpinges, adenomyosis, endometriosis and ovarian cysts affect fertility and outcomes following ART treatment.

To understand when surgical intervention is (and equally is not) indicated in the management of different pelvic pathologies in women with subfertility who are contemplating ART.

To appreciate the different options on how to manage women with different pelvic pathologies identified before and during an ART cycle.

To smooth the transition between secondary/tertiary NHS care and ART providers so that women are given consistent advice and managed according to evidence based recommendations.
Comprehension of English for‐adverbials: The Nature of Lexical Meanings and the Neurocognitive Architecture of Language
Authors: Piñango Maria M. , Lai Yao‐Ying , Deo Ashwini , Foster‐Hanson Emily , Lacadie Cheryl , Constable Todd
Published: July 2024

What is the nature of lexical meanings such that they can both compose with others and also appear boundless? We investigate this question by examining the compositional properties of for‐time adverbial as in “Ana jumped for an hour.” At issue is the source of the associated iterative reading which lacks overt morphophonological support, yet, the iteration is not disconnected from the lexical meanings in the sentence. This suggests an analysis whereby the iterative reading is the result of the interaction between lexical meanings under a specific compositional configuration. We test the predictions of two competing accounts: Mismatch‐and‐Repair and Partition‐Measure. They differ in their assumptions about lexical meanings: assumptions that have implications for the possible compositional mechanisms that each can invoke. Mismatch‐and‐Repair assumes that lexical meaning representations are discrete, separate from the conceptual system from which they originally emerged and brought into sentence meaning through syntactic composition. Partition‐Measure assumes that lexical meanings are contextually salient conceptual structures substantially indistinguishable from the conceptual system that they inhabit. During comprehension, lexical meanings construe a conceptual representation, in parallel, morphosyntactic and morphophonological composition as determined by the lexical items involved in the sentence. Whereas both hypotheses capture the observed cost in the punctual predicate plus for‐time adverbial composition (e.g., jump (vs. swim) for an hour), their predictions differ regarding iteration with durative predicates; for example, swim for a year (vs. for an hour). Mismatch‐and‐Repair predicts contrasting processing profiles and nonoverlapping activation patterns along punctuality differences. Partition‐Measure predicts overlapping processing and cortical distribution profiles, along the presence of iterativity. Results from a self‐paced reading and an functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies bear out the predictions of the Partition‐Measure account, supporting a view of linguistic meaning composition in line with an architecture of language whereby combinatoriality and generativity are distributed, carried out in parallel across linguistic and nonlinguistic subsystems.
Electrically Conductive Adhesives in Microelectronics Packaging
Authors: Ayalasomayajula Mukund , Khurana Mohit Ravi , Chaudhary Prince Shiva
Published: July 2024

Electronic packaging is integral to safeguarding electronic devices while ensuring electrical connectivity and heat dissipation. This paper reviews electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs), focusing on two main types: isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) and anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs). ECAs offer advantages over traditional solders, including lower processing temperatures, environmental friendliness, and the ability to conform to flexible substrates. The paper explores the working mechanisms of ICAs and ACAs, highlighting their limitations and recent developments aimed at improvement. Key challenges for ICAs include low electrical conductivity and moisture absorption, while ACAs face limitations in fine-pitch applications and electric field-induced particle movement. Recent advancements discussed include the use of organic monolayers, nanofiber integration, magnetic self-assembly, low-temperature sintering of nanosilver particles, and copper nanoparticle fillers. These innovations hold promise for enhancing the electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and reliability of ECAs. Finally, the paper explores applications of ECAs in die attach, flip-chip bonding, and chip-on-flex (COF) packaging, highlighting their potential for various electronic devices.
Numerical Simulation on Combustion Characteristics of Methane–Air Premixed Flame Impacted by Hydrogen Jet
Authors: Wang Qian , He Yituan , Qin Zihan , Liu Zonghui , Fu Yanyan
Published: July 2024

Low-concentration coalbed methane is an efficient and clean unconventional natural gas with abundant reserves. It can greatly lessen the problem of energy scarcity when used to produce combustion power. Nevertheless, the engine finds it challenging to burn low-concentration coalbed methane directly due to its low and fluctuating CH4 concentration. This study suggests using a hydrogen jet to ignite low-concentration coalbed methane. The simulation method is used in this article. To investigate the effects of various ignition injection strategies on the combustion characteristics of low-concentration coalbed methane ignited by a hydrogen jet, a constant volume bomb model was developed. The results show that when the ignition and hydrogen injection interval is 2.0 ms, the cold jet of hydrogen does not burn immediately when it reaches the premixed flame, and there is a transition process from the premixed flame to the jet flame. The larger the interval between ignition and hydrogen injection, the more waste gas is produced after the premixed flame combustion, which has a certain inhibition effect on the formation of the jet flame. With the decrease in the interval between ignition and hydrogen injection, the combustion duration is obviously shortened. Therefore, the earlier hydrogen is involved in the ignition, the faster the combustion speed.
Desorption model of volatile Ru species induced by partial chlorination on Ru(0001) under an O2/Cl2-based plasma process
Authors: Imai Masaya , Matsui Miyako , Sugano Ryoko , Ishii Yohei , Miura Makoto , Kuwahara Kenichi
Published: July 2024

Ruthenium (Ru) is known to be effectively etched by O2-based plasma with a 10%–20% amount of Cl2, while it is less etched by pure O2-based or Cl2-rich plasma. In this work, reaction paths and energy profiles on a metallic Ru surface were calculated in density functional theory (DFT) simulations to reveal the chemical role of the small amount of Cl2 in the O2-based plasma for Ru etching. We prepared three Ru(0001) surfaces with (1 × 1) adatoms in which chemisorption sites were occupied by O and Cl adatoms. Subsequently, we assumed that convex Ru moieties, which are precursors to form volatile Ru species, were formed on the surface and that they were oxidized by the irradiation of O2-rich plasma. In each Ru(0001) surface, we calculated the production and activation energies of each elementary reaction path to desorb the volatile Ru products. Compared with the surface where all chemisorption sites were covered with O, both energies decreased in locations where some chemisorption sites were replaced by Cl. Our DFT-based research showed that a small amount of Cl2 in the O2/Cl2 plasma contributes to decreasing the production and activation energy to form volatile Ru products on the Ru surface, resulting in the etching rate being increased.
Introduction to reproducible laboratory hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Artyushkova Kateryna , Leadley Stuart R. , Shard Alexander G.
Published: July 2024

X-ray sources with a photon energy higher than 2140 eV are increasingly being used for routine x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on laboratory-based instruments. This analytical approach is termed “HAXPES” (hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). This article provides an overview of the current and potential future uses of laboratory-based HAXPES in comparison to routine XPS performed using Al Kα and Mg Kα x-ray sources. The standardization of XPS has occurred over 30 years and many of the procedures and reference works are specific to the use of Al Kα and Mg Kα x-ray sources. In this article, we discuss the translation of standard XPS practices to HAXPES, indicate useful resources for HAXPES users, and highlight areas where there is a need for improved information and guidance.
A circular microphone array with virtual microphones based on acoustics-informed neural networks
Authors: Zhao Sipei , Ma Fei
Published: July 2024

Acoustic beamforming aims to focus acoustic signals to a specific direction and suppress undesirable interferences from other directions. Despite its flexibility and steerability, beamforming with circular microphone arrays suffers from significant performance degradation at frequencies corresponding to zeros of the Bessel functions. To conquer this constraint, baffled or concentric circular microphone arrays have been studied; however, the former need a bulky baffle that interferes with the original sound field, whereas the latter require more microphones that increase the complexity and cost, both of which are undesirable in practical applications. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a circular microphone array equipped with virtual microphones, which resolves the performance degradation commonly associated with circular microphone arrays without resorting to physical modifications. The sound pressures at the virtual microphones are predicted from those measured by the physical microphones based on an acoustics-informed neural network, and then the sound pressures measured by the physical microphones and those predicted at the virtual microphones are integrated to design the beamformer. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only eliminates the performance degradation but also suppresses spatial aliasing at high frequencies, thereby underscoring its promising potential.
Is the Mesoarchean Mulgandinnah shear zone, Pilbara Craton, the world's oldest arc-slicing transform fault?
Authors: Aldoud Abdelmottaleb , Kusky Timothy , Wang Lu
Published: July 2024

Arc-slicing transform faults represent an integral component of convergent margin tectonics. They are developed above oblique subduction systems, cutting through and displacing the entire magmatic section of arcs, leading to tectonic repetition of segments of the overriding plate in the ensuing orogenic collage. Extant examples clearly show this process in Sumatra, New Zealand, and the Philippines, while ancient examples are reported from the Paleozoic Altaids and Neoarchean Superior and Yilgarn cratons. Here, we report data that document that the Paleo-Mesoarchean Eastern Pilbara craton, recently interpreted to be a preserved mid-upper crustal level of a magmatic arc, is cut and repeated by a major 3.0–2.93 Ga arc-slicing fault, the Mulgandinnah, which sliced a previously 600 × 100 km segment of a Mesoarchean arc system, laterally moving different segments to their presently juxtaposed 200 × 200 km preserved fragment. This evidence demonstrates lateral plate motions by 3.0 Ga and shows oblique subduction, arc plutonism, arc-slicing, and repetition, reflecting that crustal growth in modern-style convergent margins was in full operation by the Mesoarchean.
Test of the Model of “Running Axial Mass” Using NOvA Near Detector Data on Muon Neutrino Scattering on Nuclei
Authors: Kakorin I. D. , Naumov V. A. , Samoylov O. B.
Published: July 2024

A phenomenological model of a “running axial mass” (MArun) was previously proposed to calculate cross sections for the quasielastic scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos on nuclei. It can be easily implemented in neutrino generators and has only two free parameters, which are obtained from the global fit to the experimental data on the total and differential cross sections for the quasielastic scattering of (anti)neutrinos on various nuclear targets. In this work, the NOvA near detector data on the total and differential cross sections for the scattering of muon neutrinos, are compared to the simulation performed using the GENIE neutrino Monte Carlo generator (v.3.4.0), which optionally allows for using the MArun model.
Pressurized Phase Transitions Cascade in BaMn2P2 and BaMn2As2
Authors: Pavlov N. S. , Shein I. R. , Nekrasov I. A.
Published: July 2024

The structural analogue of iron-based superconductors the BaMn2P2 and BaMn2As2 compounds under hydrostatic pressure upto 140 GPa were studied within the framework of DFT + U. The transition from an antiferromagnetic insulator to an antiferromagnetic metal is observed under pressure of 6.4 GPa for BaMn2P2 and 8.3 GPa for BaMn2As2. This second order phase transition to the AFM metallic state provides an appropriate normal state for possible superconductivity in these materials. Moreover, further increase in pressure leads to a series of first order magnetostructural phase transitions between different antiferromagnetic phases, then to a ferromagnetic metal and finally to a nonmagnetic metal. In case of doping, these compounds could potentially be superconductors under pressure (above 6–8 GPa) with critical temperature growing under pressure.
Trends in mortality after emergency department presentation for suicidal behaviour in California
Authors: Goldman-Mellor Sidra , Olfson Mark , Schoenbaum Michael
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Emergency department patients presenting with non-fatal suicidal behaviour face elevated risk of suicide and all-cause mortality, but the extent to which this has changed over time is unknown. This study tracked trends in mortality risks faced by emergency department patients presenting with deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation in California.

Methods

Using statewide linked emergency department and death data, we estimated 2010–2016 trends in suicide and all-cause mortality among emergency department patients with either deliberate self-harm (n=111 658) or suicidal ideation (n=162 959). We also calculated average annual percent changes in age-adjusted mortality rates and compared these to the general California population.

Results

Deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation patients’ age-adjusted suicide rates decreased by approximately 5% per year during the study period; however, their all-cause mortality trends were flat. In the general California population, suicide rate trends were flat while all-cause mortality slightly declined.

Conclusions

Suicide mortality unexpectedly declined among self-harming and suicidal patients presenting to California emergency departments. Additional research is needed to understand the reasons behind this decline and inform quality improvement efforts for suicide prevention in hospital settings.
Novel insights into paclitaxel’s role on tumor-associated macrophages in enhancing PD-1 blockade in breast cancer treatment
Authors: Choi Yoonjeong , Kim Seong A , Jung Hanul , Kim Eunhae , Kim Yoon Kyoung , Kim Seohyun , Kim Jaehyun , Lee Yeji , Jo Min Kyoung , Woo Jiwan , Cho Yakdol , Lee Dongjoo , Choi Hongyoon , Jeong Cherlhyun , Nam Gi-Hoon , Kwon Minsu , Kim In-San
Published: July 2024

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses unique challenges due to its complex nature and the need for more effective treatments. Recent studies showed encouraging outcomes from combining paclitaxel (PTX) with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade in treating TNBC, although the exact mechanisms behind the improved results are unclear.

Methods

We employed an integrated approach, analyzing spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing data from TNBC patients to understand why the combination of PTX and PD-1 blockade showed better response in TNBC patients. We focused on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a receptor of PTX, and its role in modulating the cross-presentation signaling pathways in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment. Leveraging insights obtained from patient-derived data, we conducted in vitro experiments using immunosuppressive bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDMs) to validate if PTX could augment the cross-presentation and phagocytosis activities. Subsequently, we extended our study to an in vivo murine model of TNBC to ascertain the effects of PTX on the cross-presentation capabilities of TAMs and its downstream impact on CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses.

Results

Data analysis from TNBC patients revealed that the activation of TLR4 and cross-presentation signaling pathways are crucial for the antitumor efficacy of PTX. In vitro studies showed that PTX treatment enhances the cross-presentation ability of iBMDMs. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PTX activates TLR4-dependent cross-presentation in TAMs, improving CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses. The efficacy of PTX in promoting antitumor immunity was elicited when combined with PD-1 blockade, suggesting a complementary interaction.

Conclusions

This study reveals how PTX boosts the effectiveness of PD-1 inhibitors in treating TNBC. We found that PTX activates TLR4 signaling in TAMs. This activation enhances their ability to present antigens, thereby boosting CD8+ T cell antitumor responses. These findings not only shed light on PTX’s immunomodulatory role in TNBC but also underscore the potential of targeting TAMs’ antigen presentation capabilities in immunotherapy approaches.
Universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing
Authors: El-Hellani Ahmad , Watson Clifford H , Huang Michelle , Wilson Clark W , Fleshman Clint C , Petitti Ryan , Pancake Mary , Bennett Chad , Keller-Hamilton Brittney L , Jones Jeremy , Tran Hang , Bravo Cardenas Roberto , Mays Darren , Ye Wei , Borthwick Robert P , Schaff Jason , Williamson Raymond L , Wagener Theodore L. , Brinkman Marielle C
Published: July 2024

Significance

Historically, tobacco product emissions testing using smoking machines has largely focused on combustible products, such as cigarettes and cigars. However, the popularity of newer products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has complicated emissions testing because the products’ mouth-end geometries do not readily seal with existing smoking and vaping machines. The demand for emissions data on popularly used products has led to inefficient and non-standardised solutions, such as laboratories making their geometry-specific custom adaptors and/or employing flexible tubing, for each unique mouth-end geometry tested. A user-friendly, validated, universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) is needed for testing the variety of tobacco products reflecting consumer use, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigarettes, plastic-tipped cigarillos and cigars.

Methods

A prototype USMA that is compatible with existing smoking/vaping machines was designed and fabricated. The quality of the seal between the USMA and different tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, was evaluated by examining the leak rate.

Results

Unlike commercial, product-specific adaptors, the USMA seals well with a wide range of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and masses. This includes e-cigarettes with non-cylindrical mouth ends and cigarillos with cuboid-like plastic tips. USMA leak rates were lower than or equivalent to commercial, product-specific adaptors.

Conclusion

This report provides initial evidence that the USMA seals reliably with a variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and can be used with existing linear smoking/vaping machines to potentially improve the precision, repeatability and reproducibility of machine smoke yield data. Accurate and reproducible emissions testing is critical for regulating tobacco products.
Probing secular changes in the gravitational constant with white dwarf spectra
Authors: Le T. D.
Published: July 2024

Exploring variations in fundamental physics constants across cosmological space-time is of substantial importance in both theoretical and experimental physics. A crucial means of investigating such variations involves comparing laboratory measurements with astrophysical observations. In the present study, we employ a combination of laboratory data and observed Lyman transitions of $$H_2$$

H
2

identified in the white dwarf star GD133. Through this examination, we find the temporal variation of the gravitational constant, $${{\dot{G}}}/{G} = (0.016 \pm 0.098) \times 10^{-15}~\text {year}^{-1}$$

G
˙

/
G
=

(
0.016
±
0.098
)

×

10

-
15

year

-
1

with a gravitational potential $$\phi \approx 10^4,$$

ϕ
≈

10
4

,

and an average total redshift of $$H_2,$$

H
2

,

$$z_{abs} =0.0001820(10).$$

z

abs

=
0.0001820

(
10
)

.

This newly determined constraint on the time variation of G serves as an important tool for advancing discussions within unified theories.