bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond laser production of metal surfaces having unique surface structures that are broadband absorbers
Authors: Singh Neha , Alexander Dennis R. , Schiffern John , Doerr David
Published: August 2006

Femtosecond laser induced modification of surface structure and the optical properties of metals are studied. A Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser is used for ablating bulk aluminum 2024 T3 alloy and highly pure neutron activation quality gold metal samples at different laser irradiation parameters. The ablation parameters are optimized for the two metals to form a low reflection surface in the wavelength range of 0.3–50 μm. “Black aluminum” and “black gold” metal surfaces are formed upon laser ablation, having a unique surface structure with micro- and nanosized features. Sample analysis is performed by several characterization techniques like scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x ray, profilometry, and integrating sphere reflectance measurements. Correlation is drawn between the laser ablation parameters and the formed surface structure and its properties. The reflection of light is found to depend primarily on the surface structure (roughness) of the highly modified metal surfaces.
Microstructuring using femtosecond pulsed laser ablation
Authors: Groenendijk Max , Meijer Johan
Published: August 2006

A self-induced mechanism leading to the formation of periodic microstructures has been observed during femtosecond pulsed laser ablation with a high repetition laser source. The bottom of an ablated area shows two different kinds of microstructures. A periodic ripple or a chaotic columnar structure emerges. It has been observed that the second morphology grows out of the first one dependent mainly on the amount of fired laser pulses. This transition and the influence of several parameters on it are described. Both structures have several variations in morphology. Regarding the possible applications of such structures, this is of special interest. The presented experiments give a first glimpse of the possible microstructures emerging after ultrafast laser machining. Concerning the physical background of the found phenomena, it has been observed that a liquid phase is present in the ablation process. The formation of ripples may be closely linked to that fact. Existing models on ripple formation could not be linked to the ripple spacing found in the experiments.
Toti“potent” repressors
Authors: Gallo Christopher M. , Seydoux Geraldine
Published: August 2006

A fascinating property of germ cells is their ability to maintain totipotency throughout development. At fertilization, this totipotency is unleashed and the egg generates all the cell types needed to make a brand new organism. Occasionally, germ cells differentiate precociously in the embryo or in the gonads and form teratomas, tumors containing many differentiated somatic cell types. Until recently, the genetic basis for teratoma formation was not known. The unexpected discovery of a teratoma in a C. elegans double mutant points to translational control as a key mechanism to maintain totipotency in developing germ cells. BioEssays 28: 865–867, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Purification of cell culture‐derived human influenza A virus by size‐exclusion and anion‐exchange chromatography
Authors: Kalbfuss Bernd , Wolff Michael , Morenweiser Robert , Reichl Udo
Published: August 2006

A process comprising of size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and anion‐exchange chromatography (AEC) was investigated for downstream processing of cell culture‐derived influenza A virus. Human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was propagated in serum‐free medium using MDCK cells as a host. Concentrates of the virus were prepared from clarified and inactivated cell culture supernatants by cross‐flow ultrafiltration as described before. SEC on Sepharose 4 FF resulted in average product yields of 85% based on hemagglutination (HA) activity. Productivity was maximized to 0.15 column volumes (cv) of concentrate per hour yielding a reduction in total protein and host cell DNA (hcDNA) to 35 and 34%, respectively. AEC on Sepharose Q XL was used to separate hcDNA from virus at a salt concentration of 0.65 M sodium chloride. Product yields >80% were achieved for loads >160 kHAU/mL of resin. The reduction in hcDNA was 67‐fold. Split peak elution and bimodal particle volume distributions suggested aggregation of virions. Co‐elution with hcDNA and constant amounts of hcDNA per dose indiciated association of virions to hcDNA. An overall product yield of 52% was achieved. Total protein was reduced more than 19‐fold; hcDNA more than 500‐fold by the process. Estimation of the dose volume from HA activity predicted a protein content at the limit for human vaccines. Reduction of hcDNA was found insufficient (about 500 ng per dose) requiring further optimization of AEC or additional purification steps. All operations were selected to be scalable and independent of the virus strain rendering the process suitable for vaccine production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:932–944. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of community structure through deconvolution of PLFA‐FAME signature of mixed population
Authors: Dey Dipesh K. , Guha Saumyen
Published: August 2006

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as biomarkers are well established in the literature. A general method based on least square approximation (LSA) was developed for the estimation of community structure from the PLFA signature of a mixed population where biomarker PLFA signatures of the component species were known. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standards were used as species analogs and mixture of the standards as representative of the mixed population. The PLFA/FAME signatures were analyzed by gas chromatographic separation, followed by detection in flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). The PLFAs in the signature were quantified as relative weight percent of the total PLFA. The PLFA signatures were analyzed by the models to predict community structure of the mixture. The LSA model results were compared with the existing “functional group” approach. Both successfully predicted community structure of mixed population containing completely unrelated species with uncommon PLFAs. For slightest intersection in PLFA signatures of component species, the LSA model produced better results. This was mainly due to inability of the “functional group” approach to distinguish the relative amounts of the common PLFA coming from more than one species. The performance of the LSA model was influenced by errors in the chromatographic analyses. Suppression (or enhancement) of a component's PLFA signature in chromatographic analysis of the mixture, led to underestimation (or overestimation) of the component's proportion in the mixture by the model. In mixtures of closely related species with common PLFAs, the errors in the common components were adjusted across the species by the model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 409–420. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological oxidation of metallic copper by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Lilova K. , Karamanev D. , Flemming R.L. , Karamaneva T.
Published: August 2006

This is a report on the kinetic aspects and the analytical study of the bioproducts of the oxidation of zero‐valence copper by immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Two different mechanisms of oxidation were considered: direct and indirect. A custom‐built bioreactor was used to grow A. ferrooxidans in an iron‐free media, which was required for the study of the direct mechanism. X‐ray microdiffraction analysis of the copper after biooxidation in the sulfate‐free medium revealed the presence of the copper sulfate, piypite, K2Cu2O(SO4)2, which indicates biooxidation of Cu metal has occurred. It was shown that the direct oxidation exists, but it is relatively slow, as compared to the indirect mechanism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 308–316. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of a three bacteria mixed culture in a chemostat: Evaluation and application of a quantitative terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis for absolute and species specific cell enumeration
Authors: Schmidt Julia K. , König Brigitte , Reichl Udo
Published: August 2006

Growth dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus aureus in a batch and chemostat, were investigated as a laboratory model system for persistent infections in cystic fibrosis. Most species‐specific enumeration methods for mixed cultures are laborious or only qualitative, and therefore impede generation of quantitative data required for validation of mathematical models. Here, a quantitative T‐RFLP method was evaluated and applied for specific and absolute cell number enumerations. The method was tested to be unbiased by quantitative sample composition and allowed reproducible enumerations of mixed cultures. For assay validation, samples of defined concentration containing one, two or three species were quantified. Logarithmically transformed absolute cell numbers of single‐species dilutions were linear within a lower working range of 104–106 cfu/mL (species‐dependent) and an upper working range of 1010 cfu/mL. Quantifications of single species (106–1010 cfu/mL) spiked with one or two other species agreed well with single species controls. Differences between slopes of first order linear regression of spiked and pure dilution series were insignificant. Coefficient of variation of defined mixed replicates was maximum 4.39%, of a three‐species chemostat it was maximum 1.76%. T‐RFLP monitoring of pure cultures in parallel shake flasks and of a three‐species mixed chemostat gave very consistent results. Coexistence of at least two species after a time period equivalent to more than 33 volume exchanges was found. This result was not predicted from pure cultures clearly indicating the need for quantitative mixed culture experiments to better understand microbial growth dynamics and for mathematical model validation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:738–756. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of genomic DNA, RNA, and open circular plasmid DNA from supercoiled plasmid DNA by combining denaturation, selective renaturation and aqueous two‐phase extraction
Authors: Frerix Andreas , Geilenkirchen Petra , Müller Markus , Kula Maria‐Regina , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: August 2006

In the current study we developed a process for the capture of pDNA exploiting the ability of aqueous two‐phase systems to differentiate between different forms of DNA. In these systems scpDNA exhibits a near quantitative partitioning in the salt‐rich bottom phase. The successive recovery from the salt rich bottom phase is accomplished by a novel membrane step. The polish operation to meet final purity demands is again based on a system exploiting a combination of the denaturation of the nucleic acids present, specific renaturation of scpDNA, and an ATP system able to differentiate between the renatured scpDNA and the denatured contaminants such as ocpDNA and genomic host DNA. This polish step thus allows a rapid and efficient separation of scpDNA from contaminating nucleic acids which up to date otherwise only can be accomplished with much more cumbersome chromatographic methods. In a benchmark comparison, it could be shown that the newly developed process exhibits a comparable yield to an industrial standard process while at the same time showing superior performance in terms of purity and process time. Additionally it could be shown that the developed polish procedure can be applied as a standalone module to support already existing processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 57–66. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The IE2 promoter/enhancer region from mouse CMV provides high levels of therapeutic protein expression in mammalian cells
Authors: Chatellard Philippe , Pankiewicz Renata , Meier Evelyne , Durrer Laurence , Sauvage Christophe , Imhof Markus O.
Published: August 2006

Protein expression in mammalian cells is key for the production and manufacturing of bio‐therapeutics with human‐like properties and activities. As a molecular basis for reaching high protein expression levels, efficient promoter/enhancer systems are a prerequisite. Here we identify a novel enhancer from the mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early 2 (IE2) region as a strong expression‐promoting element. We further demonstrate its activity in bi‐directional promoter architecture and apply it to generate production clones for IL‐18BP, a protein with therapeutic indications in autoimmune diseases. These data show that the IE region from mouse CMV, and the IE2 enhancer/promoter in particular, have a broad potential for application in novel gene expression systems for research, development, and manufacturing of protein drugs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 106–117. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accounting for the social dimension of sustainability: experiences from the biotechnology industry
Authors: von Geibler Justus , Liedtke Christa , Wallbaum Holger , Schaller Stephan
Published: August 2006

Accounting for the social dimension of sustainability proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners, due to its intangible, qualitative nature and lack of consensus on relevant criteria. We suggest a semi‐quantitative approach based on stakeholder involvement to identify relevant aspects for a sector specific assessment of the social dimension. Our case study on biotechnology illustrates that the dialogue with internal and external stakeholders enabled the creation of a key performance indicator (KPI) set to account for social sustainability in the early design stages of biotechnological processes and product development. Indicators for eight aspects are identified for the social assessment: health and safety, quality of working conditions, impact on employment, education and training, knowledge management, innovation potential, customer acceptance and societal product benefit, and social dialogue. We describe the integration of the KPI set in a software application, tailor made for practitioners of the sector, and highlight first user experiences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
CYP1A2 polymorphism (C > A at position −163) in Ovambos, Koreans and Mongolians
Authors: Fujihara Junko , Shiwaku Kuninori , Xue Yuing , Kataoka Kaori , Hieda Yoko , Takeshita Haruo
Published: August 2006

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) plays an important role in metabolizing drugs and xenobiotics, and is a possible participant in the development of several human diseases. Recent studies have shown that genetic polymorphism of −163 C > A single nucleotide mutation of CYP1A2 increases the risk of myocardial infarction and modulates CYP1A2 activity. In this study, we investigated the frequency of the −163 C > A mutation in Ovambos (n = 177), Koreans (n = 250) and Mongolians (n = 153) and compared our results with other studies. Detection of this single nucleotide polymorphism was by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR‐RFLP). The frequencies of mutation (CYP1A2*−163A) in the Ovambos, Koreans and Mongolians were 0.46, 0.32 and 0.21, respectively. Ovambos showed a relatively higher frequency of mutation, similar to that of Tanzanians, while the Mongolians showed the lowest frequency of all study groups, including those from previous studies. This study is the first to investigate the distribution of the CYP1A2 (−163 C > A single nucleotide polymorphism) mutant allele in Ovambo, Korean and Mongolian populations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early 18F‐labeled fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography scanning in the lymphomas
Authors: Coleman Morton , Kostakoglu Lale
Published: August 2006

The identification of refractory or nonresponding tumors at an early period during therapy may lead to abbreviation of the current therapy regimen or timely institution of an alternative therapy protocol. Nevertheless, evaluation of treatment response is consequential clinically if the tumor potentially is curable and if effective treatment alternatives exist, so that change in treatment ultimately may increase the probability of response and survival. Hodgkin disease (HD) and diffuse large cell lymphoma (LCL) fit in this model well. However, a subset of patients is either refractory to first‐line treatment or develops recurrent disease after an initial remission. Improvements in the treatment of these diseases rely not only on new therapy modalities and accurate assessment of disease extent but also on the assessment of disease extent and on timely and accurate therapy response to enable a more effective management plan. Although the International Prognostic Score for HD and International Prognostic Index for LCL have proved valuable for the stratification of patients in clinical trials, there is variability in outcome within the individual risk groups. Recently, positron emission tomography using 18F‐labeled fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG‐PET) imaging has been suggested as a sensitive and relatively more specific means to reflect tumor biologic changes after therapy. With increasingly compelling evidence, early FDG‐PET provides a reliable means to assess tumor response accurately that may lead to better management with an effective therapeutic approach. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Electronic Phase Separation in Correlated Oxides: The Phenomenon, Its Present Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Shenoy Vijay B. , Sarma D. D. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: August 2006

Many transition metal oxide materials of high chemical purity are not necessarily monophasic. Thus, single crystals of chemically pure rare earth manganites and cobaltates of the general formula Ln1−xAxMO3 (Ln=rare earth metal, A=alkaline earth metal, M=Mn, Co) exhibit the phenomenon of electronic phase separation wherein “phases” of different electronic and magnetic properties coexist. Such phase separation, the length scale of which can vary anywhere between a few nanometers to microns, gives distinct signatures in X‐ray and neutron diffraction patterns, electrical and magnetic properties, as well as in NMR and other spectroscopies. While the probe one employs to investigate electronic phase separation depends on the length scale, it is noteworthy that direct imaging of the inhomogeneities has been accomplished. Some understanding of this phenomenon has been possible on the basis of some of the theoretical models, but we are far from unraveling the varied aspects of this new phenomenon. Herein, we present the highlights of experimental techniques and theoretical approaches, and comment on the future outlook for this fascinating phenomenon.
The effects of knowledge and attitudes upon Greeks' pro‐environmental purchasing behaviour
Authors: Tilikidou Irene
Published: August 2006

This article presents an examination of pro‐environmental purchasing behaviour (PPB) and how it is influenced by demographics, environmental knowledge (a factor rather neglected so far) and attitudes (environmental unconcern). PPB was found to be adopted at a rather low level; less than 20% of Greeks may be characterized as relatively frequent pro‐environmental purchasers. The higher scores were obtained with reference to energy and water conservation, reduction of overall consumption and avoidance of products containing genetically modified organisms. The consumers also declared they very often choose the eco‐friendly alternative of a product when there is no significant price difference. The results indicated that professionals, 35–55 years old, holding a graduate and/or a postgraduate degree and with an annual income of 25–30 thousand Euros are those who are more engaged in PPB in Greece. PPB was found to be correlated positively and moderately with environmental knowledge and negatively and moderately with environmental unconcern. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Expression and potential role of dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) in mouse embryonic tissues involved in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis
Authors: Alvares Keith , Kanwar Yashpal S. , Veis Arthur
Published: August 2006

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is synthesized in both mesenchyme and epithelium at varying stages of tooth development. At the tooth cap stage, corresponding to embryonic day (E) 13.5 of mouse embryonic life, the phosphophoryn (DPP) portion of DSPP was immunohistochemically localized to the enamel organ with intense staining of oral ectoderm but no expression in dental follicle mesenchyme. Surprisingly, DPP was also expressed in ureteric bud branches of embryonic metanephric kidney and alveolar epithelial buds of developing lung. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the presence of DSPP mRNA with identical sequences in the tooth, lung, and kidney. The DSPP−/− mouse with ablated DPP expression in the teeth, also exhibited aberrant organogenesis in kidney and lung. In the kidney, malformed metanephric S‐shaped bodies and increased mesenchymal apoptosis were observed. Inclusion of anti‐DPP antibodies in organ culture of metanephroi, harvested from E13.5 wild‐type mice, likewise resulted in altered ureteric bud morphogenesis, suggesting a role for DPP in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in meristic tissues during embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 235:2980–2990, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Racial attitudes in response to thoughts of white privilege
Authors: Branscombe Nyla R. , Schmitt Michael T. , Schiffhauer Kristin
Published: August 2006

Thinking about the benefits gained from a privileged group membership can threaten social identity and evoke justification of the existing status difference between the ingroup and a disadvantaged group. For White Americans, racial privilege may be justified by concurring with modern racist attitudes. In Experiment 1, White Americans randomly assigned to think about White privilege expressed greater modern racism compared to those assigned to think about White disadvantage or a race‐irrelevant topic. In Experiment 2, we found that increased racism in response to thoughts of White privilege was limited to those who highly identified with their racial category. In contrast, when White racial identification was sufficiently low, thoughts of White privilege reliably reduced modern racism. We discuss the implications of these findings for the meaning of modern racism and prejudice reduction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Academic leadership and the restructuring of higher education
Authors: Rich Daniel
Published: August 2006

The key challenge to academic leadership is to restructure the allocation of academic assets, particularly the organization of the faculty, in ways that better serve emerging societal and scholarly needs.
Psychological treatments for persistent pain: An introduction
Authors: Kerns Robert D. , Thorn Beverly E. , Dixon Kim E.
Published: August 2006

Psychological treatments for persistent pain have been demonstrated to be effective alternatives or adjuncts to more traditional methods for promoting optimal pain management. The primary goal of this issue is to provide the clinician with updated information on the state of the art of a variety of psychological treatments for persistent pain. Specifically emphasized are important issues that add to the complexity of effective pain management and practical recommendations for clinicians to use in enhancing the outcomes of these various treatment approaches. This introductory article provides a brief review of the empirical literature supporting the utility of psychological treatments for persistent pain, describes the content of this issue, and highlights several of the common themes highlighted by our panel of expert contributors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1327–1331, 2006.
Sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assay for the determination of platinum originating from cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in human plasma ultrafiltrate
Authors: Brouwers E. E. M. , Tibben M. M. , Rosing H. , Hillebrand M. J. X. , Joerger M. , Schellens J. H. M. , Beijnen J. H.
Published: August 2006

We present a highly sensitive, rapid method for the determination of platinum originating from the anticancer agents cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in human plasma ultrafiltrate. The method is based on the quantification of platinum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and allows quantification of 7.50 ng l−1 platinum in only 150 µl of matrix. Sample pretreatment involves dilution of samples with 1% HNO3. Validation fulfilled the most recent FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Validated ranges of quantification were 7.50 ng l−1 to 1.00 × 105 ng l−1 in plasma ultrafiltrate for all three platinum compounds. The assay is now successfully used to support pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients treated with cisplatin, carboplatin, or oxaliplatin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial engineering of the integration of global supply chain networks and social networks with risk management
Authors: Cruz Jose M. , Nagurney Anna , Wakolbinger Tina
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we focus on the financial engineering of integrated global supply chain networks and social networks. Through a multilevel, dynamic supernetwork framework consisting of the global supply chain network with electronic commerce and the social network, we capture the multicriteria decision‐making behavior of the various decision‐makers (manufacturers, retailers, and consumers), which includes the maximization of profit, the maximization of relationship values, and the minimization of risk. Relationship levels in our framework are assumed to influence transaction costs as well as risk and to have value for the decision‐makers. We explore the dynamic co‐evolution of the global product transactions, the associated product prices, and the relationship levels on the supernetwork until an equilibrium pattern is achieved. The pricing mechanism guarantees that optimality for each decision‐maker is achieved in the financially engineered multitiered, multilevel supernetwork. We provide some qualitative properties of the dynamic trajectories, under suitable assumptions, and propose a discrete‐time algorithm, which yields explicit closed form expressions at each iteration for the tracking of the evolution of the global product transactions, relationship levels, and prices until an equilibrium is attained. We illustrate the model and computational procedure with several numerical examples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
The global modal parameterization for non‐linear model‐order reduction in flexible multibody dynamics
Authors: Brüls Olivier , Duysinx Pierre , Golinval Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2006

In flexible multibody dynamics, advanced modelling methods lead to high‐order non‐linear differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs). The development of model reduction techniques is motivated by control design problems, for which compact ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in closed‐form are desirable. In a linear framework, reduction techniques classically rely on a projection of the dynamics onto a linear subspace. In flexible multibody dynamics, we propose to project the dynamics onto a submanifold of the configuration space, which allows to eliminate the non‐linear holonomic constraints and to preserve the Lagrangian structure. The construction of this submanifold follows from the definition of a global modal parameterization (GMP): the motion of the assembled mechanism is described in terms of rigid and flexible modes, which are configuration‐dependent. The numerical reduction procedure is presented, and an approximation strategy is also implemented in order to build a closed‐form expression of the reduced model in the configuration space. Numerical and experimental results illustrate the relevance of this approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Lactam‐Antibiotika als Neuroprotektoren
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: August 2006

Mit dem Terminus β‐Lactame verbindet man ausschließlich Antibiotika, die Bakterien abtöten und somit Infektionen bekämpfen. Kürzlich wurde über eine ganz andere Eigenschaft der β‐Lactame berichtet, nämlich über ihre Fähigkeit, mit dem Glutamat‐Stoffwechsel zu interferieren und zur Therapie der amyotrophen Lateralsklerose, kurz ALS genannt, und anderer neurologischen Funktionsstörungen wie Schlaganfällen, Epilepsie oder Hirntumoren eingesetzt werden zu können.
Combining RTI and psychoeducational assessment: What we must assume to do otherwise
Authors: Wodrich David L. , Spencer Marsha L.S. , Daley Kelly B.
Published: August 2006

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA; 2004) permitted lack of students' response to intervention (RTI) to be considered as a basis for documenting specific learning disabilities (SLD). The previous method of detecting SLD, which relied on IQ and achievement testing, consequently is no longer mandatory. Accordingly, proposals for the abandonment of IQ, and perhaps all standardized psychoeducational assessment, have arisen. In this article, it is proposed that the joint use of RTI and psychoeducational testing is indispensable when school‐based evaluations concern SLD eligibility. The singular use of either RTI or psychoeducational testing requires adoption of several implicit and apparently untenable assumptions. Those assumptions are made explicit in this article, and each is examined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 797–806, 2006.
Movement‐based feedback may reduce spinal moments in male workers during lift and lowering tasks
Authors: Kernozek Thomas , Iwasaki Mark , Fater Dennis , Durall Chris , Langenhorst Brian
Published: August 2006

Background and Purpose. To assess if lifting performance can be modified and spine stresses reduced in workers who perform repetitive material‐handling jobs in a warehouse environment via a novel real‐time, movement‐based feedback training protocol. Method. A pre‐test/post‐test group study design was used with a control group. Data were collected in a warehouse setting and analysed in a university setting. A convenience sample of 22 male warehouse employees was divided equally, based on height and weight, and assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received real‐time, performance‐based auditory feedback from their calculated moments during lifting or lowering using an electromagnetic tracking system. The electromagnetic tracking system was used to measure the side‐bending, flexion and rotation moments during six lifts under four different conditions. A series of repeated‐measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) (one between (Group); one within (Time)) was performed on the average maximum moments from six lifting or lowering cycles for all three directions: side‐bending, flexion and rotation. Results. There were significant group X time interactions for the side‐bending moment (p < 0.05) and the flexion moment (p < 0.05) but not the rotation moment (p > 0.05). Lower moments were found in the experimental group, which received the training and feedback, compared to the control group. Conclusions. Real‐time, auditory feedback combined with coaching during lifting or lowering tasks may be effective in the short term (six weeks) in reducing the average maximum side‐bending and flexion moments in warehouse workers. Further research is needed to determine the long‐term effects of this training protocol on low back injury rates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale changes of the order parameter and current flow in HTSC thin films of YBCO and TBCCO
Authors: Darhmaoui H. , Jung J. , Yan H.
Published: August 2006

Nanoscale variation of the order parameter in superconductors can be generated by the presence of static and dynamic nano‐structures or stripe‐like features in HTSC. These nanoscale inhomogeneities would then affect the current flow. Electrical transport measurements happen to be the technique of choice to probe such nanoscale changes of the order parameter in the bulk of a superconductor. Passing a supercurrent at the critical level through a sample ensures that the current flows through the entire volume of the sample, thus sensing its bulk properties. The electrical transport in YBCO and TBCCO thin films measured as a function of temperature and time supported the concept that the electrical properties of HTSC are governed by a mixture of two electronic phases: nanostructure and filamentary (stripe like) phases. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties of submicrometric antidot arrays in cobalt films
Authors: Chérif S.‐M. , Roussigné Y. , Moch P.
Published: August 2006

Arrays of elliptical and square shaped submicrometric antidots were successfully prepared in a continuous cobalt layer using a technique combining electron beam lithography and ion beam etching. Their dynamic magnetic properties were investigated using Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy. The BLS results are interpreted with the help of a semi quantitative model taking account of the demagnetizing field arising from the antidots array. In addition, we present magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images showing magnetic domains connecting each square antidot to its neighbours: this indicates that the antidots behave as pinning sites for domain walls through the whole patterned array. The MFM observations are compared to the magnetic topography calculated using the public OOMMF code. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of tetravalent substitutions on the magnetic disaccommodation in magnetite
Authors: Hernández‐Gómez P. , Bendimya K. , De Francisco C. , Torres C. , Muñoz J. M. , Alejos O. , Iñiguez J.
Published: August 2006

The relaxation of the initial magnetic permeability has been measured in polycrystalline tetravalent‐doped magnetite with nominal composition MexFe3‐xO4 (Me: Ti, Sn, Si) with 0 < x < 0.4. The samples have been sintered at 1400 ºC in a reducing CO2 atmosphere. The time decay of the initial permeability after sample demagnetization has been represented by means of isochronal curves in the temperature range between 80 K and 500 K.The isochronal disaccommodation spectra for Ti and Sn‐doped magnetite show the splitting of the well known process III of vacancy‐doped magnetite (at 300 K) into three peaks at 240 K (IV peak), 270 K (IV') and 300 K (III). This behaviour is ascribed to the presence of tetravalent cations in octahedral sites within the spinel lattice. Two peaks at 400 K (II) and 440 K (I) also emerge, owing to the existence of pairs Me4+‐Fe2+ cations as well as long range diffusion of ferrous cations. The differences found among these substitutions are explained in terms of the different cationic radii of tin and titanium. On the other hand only the III and IV processes are detected in Si‐doped magnetite samples, due to the preferential occupation by Si cations of tetrahedral sites according to their smaller size. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray studies of structure defects in nanostructured Al‐4wt%Cu alloy
Authors: Khitouni M. , Daly R. , Kolsi A. W. , Njah N.
Published: August 2006

The process of nanocrystalline structure formation during mechanical milling was studied in Al‐4wt%Cu alloy. X‐ray patterns were analyzed to determine the crystallite size, the lattice strain, probability of the stacking faults and the lattice parameters. As a result, nanocrystalline powders have been synthesized with microstructure showing a mixture of highly strained crystallites. High level of lattice strain is achieved as a result of mechanical milling. This fact can reflect a significant increase in the numbers of defects created. SEM results show that welding of very small particles to the surface of big particles was occurred and the powder particles tend to form a matrix of randomly welded thin layers of highly deformed particles. The microstructure, observed by TEM, was composed of nanometric grains and the statistical average grain size is about 29 nm. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and magnetic properties of the double‐perovskites Ba2(B,Re)2O6 (B = Fe, Mn, Co and Ni)
Authors: Rammeh N. , Ehrenberg H. , Fuess H. , Cheikkh‐Rouhou A.
Published: August 2006

Structural and magnetic properties of Ba2(B,Re)2O6 (B = Fe, Mn, Co and Ni) double‐perovskite oxides have been investigated. Rietveld analysis shows that all our synthesized samples are single phase and crystallize at room temperature in the cubic double‐perovskite structure with Fm3m space group. Magnetization measurements versus temperature and versus magnetic applied field up to 5 T show that Ba2(Fe,Re)2O6, Ba2(Mn,Re)2O6 and Ba2(Ni,Re)2O6 are ferromagnetic at low temperature with TC = 318 K, 113 K and 32 K respectively while Ba2(Co,Re)2O6 is antiferromagnetic below TN = 25 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto‐optic readout signals and Malus law
Authors: Attaran‐Kakhki Ebrahim
Published: August 2006

In recent years Magneto‐optical techniques have been used extensively in memory systems, which allow high density recording and high speed access time. Usually In this method the light beam from a He‐Ne laser is linearly polarized by a polarizer and passes or reflected from a magneto–optic recording medium thin layer. The polarized light will modulate and the plane of polarization is rotated. The rotated polarized light passes through an analyzer and focus on a photo‐detector. The output of the photo‐detector is measure as a photocurrent signal according to Malus law. In all measurement the Cosin Malus law is the base and accepted. But in our present work we found that in practice it is necessary to modify the signal or modify the Malus law. In other word some constant should be added to the Malus law. In this measurement we averaged about 5000 reading for signals in each point and then we have plotted out the Malus law. The measured values are compared between the theoretical and practical measurement. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and magnetic properties of RuGd1.6Ce0.4Sr2Cu2O10–δ
Authors: Sabri D. , Hadipour H. , Mirzadeh M. , Akhavan M.
Published: August 2006

We have studied the electrical and magnetic properties of normal and superconducting states of RuGd1.6Ce0.4Sr2Cu2O10–δ (Ru‐1222) system, prepared by the standard solid‐state reaction technique, with applied magnetic field. The resistivity curves show that at high temperature the system is paramagnetic. At lower temperature, we can observe two magnetic transitions from paramagnetic state to anti‐ferromagnetic and from anti‐ferromagnetic to ferromagnetic. At room temperature the resistivity of sample shows insulating behavior and superconducting transition occurs at 45 K. Superconducting and magnetic parameters such as superconducting transition temperature Tc, magnetic transition Tirr, have been obtained through resistivity curve as a function of external magnetic field. We have observed that samples become superconductor at Tc which decrease from 49 K to 38 K with external magnetic field up to 1.6 T. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fishtail effect in twinned and detwinned YBCO single crystals
Authors: Boudissa M. , Halimi R. , Frikach K. , Senoussi S.
Published: August 2006

We have studied the magnetization hysteresis loops of a twinned and detwinned single crystals in a temperature range between 4.2 and 100 K and a magnetic field (H) range between 0 and 6 T. We carried out relaxation measurements on the samples at different temperatures and magnetic fields. We investigated the twin pinning as a function of temperature (T) and the fishtail anomaly in the critical current density of the two samples. We tried in this study to confirm or infirm the different models which explain the fishtail effect by confronting them to our experimental results We found that the collective creep theory is consistent with the results of our experiment in the field region where the magnetization is at its minimum. This field marks a crossover between the small and large bundle pinning regimes. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Granular‐percolative superconductivity in organic materials: comparison with HTSC ceramics
Authors: Senoussi S. , Pesty F. , Ramzi A. , Tirbiyine A. , Haouam A. , Taoufik A. , Pasquier C. R.
Published: August 2006

We report investigations of the low temperature (2 K < T < 15 K) ac susceptibility and the magnetization of the fully deuterated organic superconductor κ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br. Our measurements were performed after successive annealing at high temperature in the region 65 K < Ta < 110 K where the ethylene molecules undergo some kind of order disorder transition. The annealing time ta was varied from few seconds to about 2 × 106 s. The superconducting state can be described by a distribution of percolating clusters grown during annealing in the transition region. The spatial structure of such clusters and their relaxation times (in the transition region) obey essentially the same scaling laws and the same stretched exponential relaxation as in Ising spin glasses. The data are described by a granular model in which the grain radius r is equal to the average radius of the clusters. At the lowest fields and temperatures the clusters are coupled via Josephson junctions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation between the critical current and the structural transformation near 80 K in the organic superconductor κ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br
Authors: Tirbiyine A. , Senoussi S. , Pesty F. , Taoufik A. , Ramzi A. , Labrag A.
Published: August 2006

We have systematically studied the critical current and the magnetic susceptibility as a function of the cooling rate through the order‐disorder transformation near 80 K for the κ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2Br organic superconductor. Our results show that the magnetic properties of these compounds depend strongly on the cooling rate Vc, and this disorder can influence very strongly the physics of the vortex lattice. The degree of ordering depends on the cooling rate through 80 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Angular anisotropy of the upper critical field in HoNi2B2C
Authors: Wimbush S. C. , Holzapfel B.
Published: August 2006

The behaviour of the upper critical field H c2 of the multiphase magnetically ordering superconductor HoNi2B2C presents numerous features arising from the three distinct magnetically ordered phases of the material that form at temperatures below the superconducting critical temperature T c, i.e. within the superconducting phase. A detailed investigation of the H c2 of this material in the form of high‐quality biaxially textured thin films has been conducted, including the only full set of angle‐dependent measurements currently available. The results reveal a number of additional features that have hitherto been overlooked, in particular a far higher degree of anisotropy of the material throughout the entire temperature range below T c than is commonly reported. By correlating these features with the known phase diagrams of the material, an explanation of the observed behaviour can be postulated, and the apparent loss of anisotropy attributed to the transition of the material into a different magnetic phase. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gamma radiation effects on GdBa2Cu3O7 high temperature superconductor
Authors: Ziq Kh. A. , Hashem H.
Published: August 2006

Hysteresis loops measurements have been performed for various GdBa2Cu3O7 high temperature superconducting samples irradiated with various does of gamma radiation. Magnetic measurement at low temperatures (close to 4 K) revealed initial gradual increase in the pinning force and critical current density with gamma does. These measurements also revealed non‐monotonic changes in the pinning force close to the transition temperature. Very little reduction in the transition temperature has been observed with gamma dose. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrogen effects on vortex pinning in GdBa2Cu3O7 high temperature superconductor
Authors: Ziq Kh. A. , Qadi H.
Published: August 2006

Hysteresis loops measurements have been performed for various GdBa2Cu3O7 high temperature superconducting samples hydrogenated at 200‐500 K. Magnetic measurement at low temperatures (close to 4 K) revealed initial gradual increase in the pinning force and critical current density at low annealing temperatures. These measurements also revealed non‐monotonic changes in the pinning force close to the transition temperature. Very little reduction in the transition temperature has been observed in samples hydrogenated below 300 °C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On modelling recursive calls and callbacks with two variants of Unified Modelling Language state diagrams
Authors: Tenzer Jennifer , Stevens Perdita
Published: August 2006

An important use of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is modelling
synchronous
object-oriented software systems. State diagrams are used to model interesting object behaviour, including method invocation. However, almost all previous work formalising state diagrams has assumed
asynchronous
communication. We show that UML’s “run to completion” semantics leads to anomalous behaviour in the synchronous case, and in particular that it is not possible to model recursive calls, in which an object receives a second synchronous message whilst still in the process of reacting to the first. We propose a solution using state diagrams in two complementary ways.
Effect of Portocaval Shunt on Residual Extreme Small Liver after Extended Hepatectomy in Porcine
Authors: Wang HongSheng , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Enomoto Yoshitaka , Usuda Masahiro , Miyagi Shigehito , Masuoka Hiroo , Sekiguchi Satoshi , Kawagishi Naoki , Fujimori Keisei , Sato Akira , Satomi Susumu
Published: August 2006

Background

When residual liver volume is extremely small after extended hepatectomy, postoperative hepatic failure may ensue. The cause of the hepatic failure is likely associated with the portal hypertension after hepatectomy. We investigated the effects of portocaval shunt on portal hypertension in producing sinusoidal microcirculatory injury after extended hepatectomy in pigs.

Methods

Fourteen pigs were divided into two groups: a group without a shunt, in which extended hepatectomy was carried out (i.e., residual volume was 17% of the whole liver), and a group with a shunt, in which extended hepatectomy was carried out and a portocaval shunt was inserted. The portocaval shunt was placed by side‐to‐side anastomosis between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava.

Results

In the group without a shunt, all pigs died of hepatic failure within postoperative day 3. In the group with a shunt, all pigs were alive for more than 4 days, and 4 pigs survived longer than 7 days. Portal vein pressure after hepatectomy was 15.9 ± 3.8 mmHg in the group without a shunt and 10.5 ± 0.6 mmHg in the group with a shunt (P < 0.01). The portal vein flow after 83% hepatectomy in the group without a shunt increased significantly more than at laparotomy and in the group with a shunt (P < 0.01). In the group without a shunt, remarkable destruction of the sinusoidal lining and edema of the portal triad and hydropic change of hepatocytes were observed 1 hour after hepatectomy, but these findings were not observed in the group with a shunt.

Conclusions

These results indicate that, after extended hepatectomy, overload of portal flow is one of the most significant risk factors of hepatic failure by sinusoidal microcirculatory injury.