bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Physical Activity on 18‐Month Weight Change in Overweight Adults
Authors: Jakicic John M. , Otto Amy D. , Lang Wei , Semler Linda , Winters Carena , Polzien Kristen , Mohr Kara I.
Published: June 2010

Few studies have been conducted that have examined the long‐term effect of different doses of physical activity (PA) on weight change in overweight adults without a prescribed reduction in energy intake. This study examined the effect of different prescribed doses of PA on weight change, body composition, fitness, and PA in overweight adults. Two hundred seventy‐eight overweight adults (BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; age: 18–55 years) with no contraindications to PA were randomized to one of three intervention groups for a period of 18 months. MOD‐PA was prescribed 150 min/week and HIGH‐PA 300 min/week of PA. Self‐help group (SELF) was provided a self‐help intervention to increase PA. There was no recommendation to reduce energy intake. MOD‐PA and HIGH‐PA were delivered in a combination of in‐person and telephone contacts across 18 months. 18‐month percent weight change was −0.7 ± 4.6% in SELF, −0.9 ± 4.7% in MOD‐PA, and −1.2 ± 5.6% in HIGH‐PA. Subjects were retrospectively grouped as remaining within ±3% of baseline weight (WT‐STABLE), losing >3% of baseline weight (WT‐LOSS), or gaining >3% of baseline weight (WT‐GAIN) for secondary analyses. 18‐month weight change was 0.0 ± 1.3% for WT‐STABLE, +5.4 ± 2.6% for WT‐GAIN, and −7.4 ± 3.6% for WT‐LOSS. 18‐month change in PA was 78.2 ± 162.6 min/week for WT‐STABLE, 74.7 ± 274.3 for WT‐GAIN, and 161.9 ± 252.6 min/week for WT‐LOSS. The weight change observed in WT‐LOSS was a result of higher PA combined with improved scores on the Eating Behavior Inventory (EBI), reflecting the adoption of eating behaviors to facilitate weight loss. Strategies to facilitate the maintenance of these behaviors are needed to optimize weight control.
The Myth of QT Shortening by Weight Loss and Physical Training in Obese Subjects With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Gondoni Luca A. , Titon Anna M. , Montano Mariella , Caetani Giulia , Nibbio Ferruccio , Schwartz Peter J.
Published: June 2010

This study aims to describe the changes that a period of low‐calorie diet and physical training determines in heart rate and in corrected QT (QTc) interval in obese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and to verify whether it is effective in shortening the QT interval using three different methods for QT correction. Two hundred and seventy obese white patients (162 males—60%) affected with stable CHD and treated with β‐blockers were retrospectively studied in the setting of a program aimed at losing weight through training (aerobic activity + strength exercise) and diet (80% of estimated resting energy expenditure). Age was related to RR interval, QTc was related to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) while sex exerted no effects. At the end of the study period heart rate decreased by 8.3% and noncorrected QT increased by 3.0%; QT corrected with the Bazett formula decreased by 0.7% (P = 0.007), QT corrected with the Fridericia formula increased by 0.5% (P = 0.023), whereas the modifications were nonsignificant when the Framingham correction was used. In conclusion, contrary to the current views, physical training and diet, which are effective in reducing heart rate, produced no clinically relevant change in the QT interval.
Comparison of the Relative Contributions of Intra‐Abdominal and Liver Fat to Components of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Kotronen Anna , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Sevastianova Ksenia , Bergholm Robert , Hakkarainen Antti , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Juurinen Leena , Lundbom Nina , Sørensen Thorkild I.A.
Published: June 2010

Abdominally obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome often have excess fat deposition both intra‐abdominally (IA) and in the liver, but the relative contribution of these two deposits to variation in components of the metabolic syndrome remains unclear. We determined the mutually independent quantitative contributions of IA and liver fat to components of the syndrome, fasting serum (fS) insulin, and liver enzymes and measures of hepatic insulin sensitivity in 356 subjects (mean age 42 years, mean BMI 29.7 kg/m2) in whom liver fat and abdominal fat volumes were measured. IA and liver fat contents were correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001). In multivariate linear regression analyses including either liver or IA fat, liver fat or IA fat explained variation in fS‐triglyceride (TG) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, plasma glucose, insulin and liver enzyme concentrations, and hepatic insulin sensitivity independent of age, gender, subcutaneous (SC) fat, and/or lean body mass (LBM). Including both liver and IA fat, liver and IA fat both explained variation in TG, HDL cholesterol, insulin and hepatic insulin sensitivity independent of each other and of age, gender, SC fat, and LBM. Liver fat independently predicted glucose and liver enzymes. SC fat and age explained variation in blood pressure. In conclusion, both IA and liver fat independently of each other explain variation in serum TG, HDL cholesterol, insulin concentrations and hepatic insulin sensitivity, thus supporting that both fat depots are important predictors of these components of the metabolic syndrome.
Problem-Based Learning: Teaching Skills for Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Visconti Colleen F.
Published: June 2010

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical method that requires students to learn how to locate new information, work cooperatively with others and find solutions to practical problems. PBL teaches students to critically analyze a situation or problem, determine what information is needed, seek out appropriate resources, and create a solution. These skills are the beginning skills need to incorporate evidence-based practice (EBP) into clinical experiences. This chapter will discuss PBL, how to create your own PBLs, the effect PBL has on learner outcomes, and how to link PBL to EBP.
The Leadership Academy: A New Approach for Changing Times in Communication Sciences and Disorders Programs
Authors: Scudder Rosalind , Self Trisha , Cohen Peter A.
Published: June 2010

Challenges facing academic programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders include dwindling resources and increased pressure to maintain faculty members and grow program enrollments. This article presents a model of a leadership academy established in a College of Health Professions for faculty and staff. The academy emphasizes an adaptive approach designed to change the culture of the academy and to provide a changing view of leadership as an activity, not a position of authority. A Fellow of the academy describes her experiences and changing views of leadership.
Dysphagia After Total Laryngectomy
Authors: Landera Mario A. , Lundy Donna S. , Sullivan Paula A.
Published: June 2010

Previous thought was that total laryngectomy and difficulty with swallowing were incongruous. Patients were counseled that the loss of their larynx would leave them without a vocal source, but that swallowing would not be affected. Successful rehabilitation was defined as being cancer-free and regaining functional communication. Patients were not queried and frequently did not complain of dysphagia as long as they were able to maintain an oral diet. Knowledge has changed, and this article will focus on dysphagia in the patient with laryngectomy and will discuss anatomical sites to physiologic problems.
Preliminary Experience With Head and Neck Lymphedema and Swallowing Function in Patients Treated for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Lewin Jan S. , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Barringer Denise A. , Smith Brad G.
Published: June 2010

Lymphedema is a collection of high protein fluid in the interstitial tissues that results from trauma, infection, or oncologic treatment that impairs lymphatic drainage. The damaging effects of radiation therapy and surgery on the lymphatic system primarily include edema and fibrosis. Lymphedema most often is recognized as a potentially serious complication for patients with breast, gynecological, or genitourinary cancers that manifests as swelling of the extremities. However, lymphedema in the head and neck region is a common complication of treatments for head and neck cancer. When lymphedema involves the head and neck region, the cosmetic and functional sequelae may be significant. Potential side effects include problems with drooling, mastication, deglutition, articulation, airway obstruction, and poor self image. The potential effects of head and neck lymphedema on swallowing function have not been well-documented and are only recently recognized. Oral preparation and pharyngeal transit are likely most affected. Complete Decongestive Therapy (CDT) is the international standard of care for treating lymphedema of the extremities that combines manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), bandage compression, skin care, and targeted exercise. Preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness of CDT in patients with head and neck lymphedema after cancer treatment.
Pretreatment Dysphagia Protocol for the Patient With Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiation
Authors: McColloch Nancy Lewis , Carroll William R. , Magnuson J. Scott
Published: June 2010

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has emerged as a standard of care for patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC) of the oropharynx, the hypopharynx, and the larynx. Many devastating complications to the integrity of the swallow have been documented to occur with the swallowing mechanism, as a result of several chemoradiation protocols. These complications include decreased oral caloric intake, long-term reliance on feeding tubes for nutrition, weight loss, increased morbidity and mortality, decreased quality of life, and increased utilization of health-care services.
Ni and Zn doped MgTiO3 thin films: Structure, microstructure, and dielectric characteristics
Authors: Surendran Kuzhichalil P. , Wu Aiying , Vilarinho Paula M. , Ferreira Victor M.
Published: June 2010

The addition of low loss ilmenite impurities, can effectively tailor the dielectric properties of MgTiO3 without modifying the crystal structure. In the present study, the modification of the structural and dielectric properties of sol gel derived MgTiO3 films by doping with Ni and Zn is exploited. The change of the dielectric response and unit cell parameters of doped MgTiO3 is correlated with Ni and Zn occupancy. The temperature stability of MgTiO3 thin films is improved with doping, while the dielectric losses are aggravated with both Zn and Ni doping, which is correlated with the localized d electrons of the dopant cations. The dielectric permittivity decreased with Ni doping while it increased with Zn, which is attributed to the lower ionic polarizability of Ni2+ (1.23 Å3) as in comparison with Mg2+ (1.32 Å3) while Zn2+ has a higher ionic polarizability (2.04 Å3).
Strong competition between the δl and δTc flux pinning mechanisms in MgB2 doped with carbon containing compounds
Authors: Ghorbani S. R. , Wang Xiao-Lin , Hossain M. S. A. , Yao Q. W. , Dou S. X. , Lee Sung-IK , Chung K. C. , Kim Y. K.
Published: June 2010

The transport and magnetic properties of 10 wt % malic acid and 5 wt % nanocarbon doped MgB2 have been studied by measuring the resistivity (ρ), critical current density (jc), connectivity factor (AF), irreversibility field (Hirr), and upper critical field (Hc2). The pinning mechanisms are studied in terms of the collective pinning model. It was found that both mean free path (δl) and critical temperature (δTc) pinning mechanisms coexist in both doped MgB2. For both the malic acid and nanocarbon doped samples, the temperature dependence of the crossover field, which separates the single vortex and the small bundle pinning regime, Bsb(T), shows that the δl pinning mechanism is dominant for temperatures up to t(T/Tc)=0.7 but the δTc pinning mechanism is dominant for t>0.7. This tendency of coexistence of the δl and the δTc pinning mechanism is in strong contrast with the pure MgB2, in which the δTc pinning mechanism is dominant over a wide temperature range below Tc. It was also observed that the connectivity factor, active cross-sectional area fraction (AF), are 0.11 and 0.14 for the nanocarbon and the malic acid doped MgB2, respectively, indicating that there are still rooms for further improving jc performance.
Schur polynomials and biorthogonal random matrix ensembles
Authors: Tierz Miguel
Published: June 2010

The study of the average of Schur polynomials over a Stieltjes–Wigert ensemble has been carried out by Dolivet and Tierz [J. Math. Phys. 48, 023507 (2007); e-print arXiv:hep-th/0609167], where it was shown that it is equal to quantum dimensions. Using the same approach, we extend the result to the biorthogonal case. We also study, using the Littlewood–Richardson rule, some particular cases of the quantum dimension result. Finally, we show that the notion of Giambelli compatibility of Schur averages, introduced by Borodin et al. [Adv. Appl. Math. 37, 209 (2006); e-print arXiv:math-ph/0505021], also holds in the biorthogonal setting.
Indication of vortex stabilization and buckling in circular shaped magnetic nanostructures
Authors: Szary P. , Petracic O. , Brüssing F. , Ewerlin M. , Zabel H.
Published: June 2010

The spin structure and magnetization reversal in Co/Al2O3/Py triple layer nanodots have been investigated both via micromagnetic simulations and experimentally by magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. Depending on the size, isolated Py dots show either a vortex state or single domain state during magnetization reversal. However, after combining the Py and Co dots in a stack separated by an insulating layer, the reversal process is governed by dipolar coupling between the soft and the hard ferromagnetic layer. Then, by means of micromagnetic simulations, we find either a stabilization and triggering of the vortex state or various types of buckling states. We construct a phase diagram, where regions for either states are marked depending on their respective layer thickness. We have studied two different types of systems with and without preferential anisotropy axis of the Co layer. The experimental results on systems with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy are found to behave as intermediate between these two numerical studies.
Molecular dynamics simulation of energy exchanges during hydrogen collision with graphite sheets
Authors: Sun Jizhong , Li Shouyang , Stirner Thomas , Chen Junlin , Wang Dezhen
Published: June 2010

Experiments show that the energy of particles incident on divertor plates in fusion devices seldom exceeds 100 eV. Trim code and its variants are not suitable to predict the sputtering yield of carbon-based divertor plates for this energy range and, therefore, a dynamic model, taking into account the C–H bond formation and breaking, and the structure of carbon, is needed. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method is employed to investigate collision processes between incident hydrogen atoms and a graphene sheet. The simulation results demonstrate that the collision processes cannot be adequately described by a simple binary approximation. The energy transfer from the projectile to the graphite sheet exhibits a very complicated behavior when the kinetic energy of the incident hydrogen atom is below 30 eV, strongly depending on the impact position. When its kinetic energy is lower than 0.35 eV, the incident hydrogen is always reflected back from the single, perfect graphite sheet; when its kinetic energy is higher than 0.35 eV, then whether the incident particle penetrates the graphite sheet, is reflected back or is adsorbed depends on the impact position. In certain areas of the graphite sheet, either adsorption or reflection of an incident hydrogen atom can occur in two different energy ranges.
Communications: A model study on the electronic predissociation of the NeBr2 van der Waals complex
Authors: Sanz-Sanz Cristina , Roncero Octavio , Hernández-Lamoneda Ramón , Pio Jordan M. , Taylor Molly A. , Janda Kenneth C.
Published: June 2010

Recently, the predissociation lifetimes of the NeBr2(B) complex for different initial vibrational excitation (10≤v′≤20) have been measured using time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy [Taylor et al., J. Chem. Phys., 132, 104309 (2010)]. In the vibrational interval studied, the vibrational predissociation (VP) proceeds by the transfer of a single vibrational quantum and the lifetimes are expected to decrease smoothly with increasing v′, as predicted by the energy gap law. However, the experimental lifetimes show strong oscillations with v′, which were attributed to the occurrence of electronic predissociation into two possible dissociative electronic states of Br2(1g,2g), based on a Franck–Condon spectator model. In this work we reproduce the experimental findings by performing full three-dimensional wave packet calculations for the competition of vibrational and electronic predissociation, including the B(0u+), 2g, and C(1u) electronic states. Model potential energy surfaces were used based on previous theoretical simulations of the VP dynamics on the B state and on ab initio calculations on the NeCl2 related system. Thus, only two parameters, the strength of the electronic couplings, are fit to achieve the excellent theoretical/experimental agreement.
Nonuniform mass detection using magnetostrictive biosensors operating under multiple harmonic resonance modes
Authors: Li Suiqiong , Cheng Z.-Y.
Published: June 2010

A mechanical resonator made of a freestanding magnetostrictive strip as a mass sensor is used as the sensor platform for the development of biosensors. It is found that these sensors have a Q value in air (∼1000) and water (>100). The mass sensitivity of the sensor is strongly dependent on the location of the mass load. For the mass load at node(s), a close to zero sensitivity is obtained. However, for the mass load at the points with the maximum oscillation amplitude, the highest sensitivity is obtained. This highest sensitivity is about twice the sensitivity of the sensor for the mass load uniformly distributed over the sensor surface. Due to the wireless nature and freestanding configuration, both even and odd harmonic modes of resonators can be measured. By using odd and even modes, the “blind point” issues with the sensors based on mechanical resonators can be overcome.
Effect of density profile on beam control of intense laser-generated fast electrons
Authors: Wu Sizhong , Zhou Cangtao , Zhu Shaoping
Published: June 2010

Divergent relativistic electrons are produced during the intense laser interacting with overdense or solid targets. When these energetic electrons propagate through a structured two-layer target, a strong interface magnetic field will be generated due to the plasma density difference near the interface. This field will affect the motions of the electrons and can be utilized to control the beam divergence. In this paper, the effect of the target density profile on beam control is explored via a physical model as well as two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that the fast electron number and forward current can be greatly concentrated and enhanced if the plasma density of the inner layer is suitably lower than that of the outer layer.
Band gap of sphalerite and chalcopyrite phases of epitaxial ZnSnP2
Authors: St-Jean P. , Seryogin G. A. , Francoeur S.
Published: June 2010

Using contactless electroreflectance, we determined the band gap of the two known phases of epitaxial ZnSnP2. Induced by small changes in Sn/Zn flux ratio during epitaxy, the order-disordered transition between the chalcopyrite and sphalerite phases reduces the band gap by 300 meV. The chalcopyrite ordered phase, unambiguously identified from x-ray diffraction, exhibits a band gap of 1.683 eV at 293 K. The band gap of the disordered sphalerite phase is 1.383 eV. Using the volume-averaged order parameter measured on the chalcopyrite sample, we find that its morphology is best described by the presence of perfectly ordered domains inside a disordered matrix.
Field emission characterization of vertically oriented uniformly grown nickel nanorod arrays on metal-coated silicon substrate
Authors: Joo Sang Woo , Banerjee Arghya Narayan
Published: June 2010

Vertically oriented, densely packed Ni nanorod arrays have been fabricated on metal-coated Si substrate via cost-effective electrochemical technique. Directional growth of the nanorods is performed through the nanopores of anodic alumina membrane via electrodeposition process. Al2O3 membrane is removed at the final fabrication step by wet-etching process to get vertically-standing nanorods on Si wafer. Electron microscopic images depict the growth of highly ordered, uniformly grown Ni nanorods with diameter around 50 nm. These types of vertically aligned uniform nanorods supported by Si substrate have very good applications in sensors and field emission displays. Closer look of the electron microscopic images show very sharp tips, which provide large field enhancement and, therefore, are particularly suitable for field emission applications. Field emission studies of the nanorods are performed with standard diode configuration with sample as cathode and a stainless steel tip as anode under high vacuum. Field emission current as a function of applied field shows considerable electron emission with low threshold field around 5 V/μm. The field emission data are found to be well-fitted with linear Fowler–Nordheim plot, indicating the cold field emission mechanism in our samples. Calculation of the geometrical field enhancement factor (β) of the as-synthesized nanorod tip is found to be around 3690, which is sufficient to enhance the macroscopic field at the emitter tip and, hence, supplies the required barrier field (also called local field at the emitter-tip) to produce low-threshold cold field electron emission. Therefore, the cost-effective synthesis of vertically aligned Ni nanorods supported by Si substrate can be used as a field emission device for potential low power panel applications.
Enhancement of dye fluorescence recovery in nematic liquid crystals using a spatial optical soliton
Authors: Henninot J. F. , Blach J. F. , Warenghem M.
Published: June 2010

Up to now, spatial optical solitons have been mostly studied for their particular nature (a nonlinear mode of propagation); with a potential application in steering and routing beams. In this paper, we propose another use of spatial optical solitons: the enhancement of the fluorescence recovery. As a spatial soliton can be excited in a luminescent medium, the luminescence excited by this collimated beam will be partly trapped within the self created waveguide and then driven up to a collection fiber facing the soliton. We demonstrate the feasibility of such concept by comparing the collected fluorescence signals of a dye in a nematic liquid crystal host, excited either by a Gaussian beam or a spatial soliton, in both cases, emerging out of a source fiber and collected via another fiber. We found that, the fluorescence signal collected as the excitation source, is a soliton, is larger than the one collected as the source, is a Gaussian beam, with an enhancement factor which depends on the fibers distance. Actually, we found that, for a soliton excitation source, the signal slightly increases as the distance between the fibers varies from 0.5 to 2 Rayleigh range, contrarily to the case of a Gaussian beam excitation source for which the signal severely decreases with that distance. A simple model confirms such a behavior.
Optical interband transitions in relaxor-based ferroelectric 0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.07PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Sun Enwei , Zhang Rui , Wang Zhu , Xu Dapeng , Li Liang , Cao Wenwu
Published: June 2010

The optical transmission spectrum of [111]c poled relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystal 0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.07PbTiO3 (PZN–0.07PT) was measured in the range of ultraviolet to near infrared. The optical absorption edge has been determined and the wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient was calculated. The direct energy gap Egd=3.144 eV, indirect energy gap Egi=2.915 eV, and phonon energy Ep=0.097 eV (or 782 cm−1) were determined based on the theory of band to band transitions. It was also confirmed by Raman spectra that the indirect transition for the [111]c poled PZN–0.07PT single crystal is mainly due to the contribution of 780 cm−1 phonon corresponding to the Nb–O–Zn bond stretching mode.
Large three-photon absorption in Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 films studied using Z-scan technique
Authors: Saravanan K. Venkata , Raju K. C. James , Krishna M. Ghanashyam , Tewari Surya P. , Rao S. Venugopal
Published: June 2010

Large picosecond nonlinearities in Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films, grown at different temperatures in situ on (100) MgO substrates using rf magnetron sputtering technique, were studied using the Z-scan technique. The nonlinear absorption mechanism, studied near 800 nm using ∼2 and 25 ps pulses, switched from reverse saturable absorption type in the films deposited at temperature<600 °C to three-photon absorption (3PA) in the films deposited at temperature>600 °C. The magnitude of the 3PA coefficient was estimated to be ∼10−21 cm3/W2. Two-photon absorption (2PA) was the dominant mechanism recorded with ∼6 ns pulses. The observed behavior is correlated with morphological and crystallographic texture of the films. The linear refractive index and optical band gap of the films have also been calculated and these show a strong dependence on the substrate temperature.
Stacking fault formation in the long wavelength InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on m-plane GaN
Authors: Wu Feng , Lin You-Da , Chakraborty Arpan , Ohta Hiroaki , DenBaars Steven P. , Nakamura Shuji , Speck James S.
Published: June 2010

Nonpolar GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) show great promise. However, long wavelength emitters (λ>500 nm) have reduced performance in comparison with violet and blue nonpolar emitters. We present results of transmission electron microscopy studies of long wavelength (11¯00) m-plane GaN LED series and m-plane GaN LDs grown on high quality bulk GaN substrates. I1 basal plane stacking faults form in the high In content InxGa1−xN quantum wells (x∼0.26) for thicker wells. The I1 faults are bounded by sessile Frank–Shockley partial dislocations that likely limit the radiative efficiency of long wavelength m-plane emitters.
Fundamental role of ion viscosity on fast magnetic reconnection in large-guide-field regimes
Authors: Simakov Andrei N. , Chacón L. , Zocco A.
Published: June 2010

Nonlinear analytical theory of magnetic reconnection with a large guide field is presented for the first time. We confirm that two distinct steady-state reconnection regimes are possible depending on the relative size of the diffusion region thickness δ versus the sound gyroradius ρs. The reconnection is slow (Sweet–Parker-like) for δ≳ρs, and fast otherwise. However, unlike earlier work, we find that ion viscosity μ plays a fundamental role in the fast regime. In particular, for δ<ρs we obtain δ∝Ha−1, with Ha∝1/ημ as the Hartmann number, and the reconnection rate Ez∝Pr−1/2, with Pr=μ/η as the Prandtl number and η as the resistivity. If the perpendicular ion viscosity is employed for μ, the reconnection rate becomes independent of plasma β and collision frequencies, and therefore potentially fast.
Analytical rescaling of polymer dynamics from mesoscale simulations
Authors: Lyubimov I. Y. , McCarty J. , Clark A. , Guenza M. G.
Published: June 2010

We present a theoretical approach to scale the artificially fast dynamics of simulated coarse-grained polymer liquids down to its realistic value. As coarse graining affects entropy and dissipation, two factors enter the rescaling: inclusion of intramolecular vibrational degrees of freedom and rescaling of the friction coefficient. Because our approach is analytical, it is general and transferable. Translational and rotational diffusion of unentangled and entangled polyethylene melts, predicted from mesoscale simulations of coarse-grained polymer melts using our rescaling procedure, are in quantitative agreement with united-atom simulations and with experiments.
Communications: Drift and diffusion in a tube of periodically varying diameter. Driving force induced intermittency
Authors: Berezhkovskii Alexander M. , Dagdug Leonardo , Makhnovskii Yurii A. , Zitserman Vladimir Yu.
Published: June 2010

We show that the effect of driving force F on the effective mobility and diffusion coefficient of a particle in a tube formed by identical compartments may be qualitatively different depending on the compartment shape. In tubes formed by cylindrical (spherical) compartments the mobility monotonically decreases (increases) with F and the diffusion coefficient diverges (remains finite) as F tends to infinity. In tubes formed by cylindrical compartments, at large F there is intermittency in the particle transitions between openings connecting neighboring compartments.
Diffusion and growth mechanism of Nb3Sn superconductor grown by bronze technique
Authors: Laurila T. , Vuorinen V. , Kumar A. K. , Paul A.
Published: June 2010

The rather surprising position of the Kirkendall pores in Nb3Sn superconductor grown by bronze technique is clarified. It is shown that Sn is the fastest diffusing species, which seems to be unusual considering the crystal structure of Nb3Sn. Further, we explain the dramatic change in the growth rate and the activation energy for growth of the product phase, when the Sn composition in the Cu(Sn) bronze alloy is changed from 7 to 8 at. %.
Odour emissions from tunnel-ventilated broiler sheds: case study of nine Queensland farms
Authors: Dunlop Mark , Gallagher Erin , Sohn Jae Ho
Published: June 2010

Odour emission rates were measured from nine tunnel-ventilated broiler farms in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. At one farm, odour emission rates were measured over two sequential batches approximately weekly, while at the remaining farms, odour emission rates were measured just before the first pickup (around Day 35 of the batch) when bird liveweight was greatest and peak odour emission rates were expected. Odour samples were analysed using dynamic olfactometry (to AS/NZS 4323.3:2001), and an artificial olfaction system was used to continuously monitor odour emission rates at one farm. Odour emission rates ranged from 330 to 2960 ou/s per 1000 birds and from 0.19 to 2.12 ou/s.kg, with a significant amount of variability observed throughout the batch and throughout each sampling day. While the wide range in odour emission rates was primarily due to changes in bird liveweight and ventilation requirements, other factors were also involved. The artificial olfaction system proved useful for quantifying the range and variability of odour emission rates, especially when olfactometry analysis was impractical.
Influence of dag score and breech wrinkle score on the time taken to crutch unmulesed Merino sheep
Authors: Smith J. E. , Woodgate R. G. , Curnow C. A. , Michael D. L.
Published: June 2010

This study used 393 ewe and 377 wether unmulesed Merino sheep to investigate the relationship between breech wrinkle score, dag score and the time required to crutch Merino sheep. Dag score and breech wrinkle score both significantly affected the time taken to crutch individual sheep (P < 0.001 for both). The mean crutching time of the ewe mob was significantly greater than that of the wether mob (P < 0.001), with factors other than breech wrinkle score and dag score accounting for approximately half of this difference. The potential of anthelmintic treatments to reduce overall dag formation was also highlighted.
Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) myofibres. 2. Characteristics of eight skeletal muscles
Authors: Spiegel N. B. , Wynn P. C. , Thompson J. M. , Greenwood P. L.
Published: June 2010

The myofibre characteristics of eight skeletal muscles of economic importance, comprising six muscles from the upper hindlimb, one from the lumbar and one from the sacral region, from five eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) were determined. Differential staining of myosin heavy chains allowed myofibres to be classified as Types 1 (slow oxidative), 2A (fast oxidative-glycolytic) and 2X/2B (fast glycolytic), as well as the intermediate or transitional Types 2C (Type 1–Type 2A intermediate) and 2AX/B (Type 2A–Type 2X/2B intermediate). The m. psoas minor had a higher area comprising Type 1 myofibres (41.4%) relative to total myofibre area than did any of the other muscles studied (each <5%). This was due to the m. psoas minor having a higher percentage (31.9%) and larger average cross-sectional area (CSA; 4211 µm2) of Type 1 myofibres. Type 2X/2B myofibres comprised over 70% of the relative area in the mm. semimembranosus, semitendinosus and gluteus medius, compared with 34.2% in the m. psoas minor, with the other muscles intermediate. The proportion of Type 2A myofibres ranged from 19.1% (m. gluteus medius) to 34.6% (m. caudal dorsolateral sacrocaudalis) of the relative myofibre area. The m. caudal dorsolateral sacrocaudalis had the largest average myofibre CSA and the m. adductor the smallest (5539 and 2455 µm2, respectively). Among the intermediate myofibre types, Type 2AX/B myofibres were more prevalent (range 4.3%–13.0% of myofibres) than Type 2C myofibres (≤0.5%). Overall, the correlations between carcass weight and the percentage and relative areas of myofibres were positive for Type 2A and negative for Type 2X/2B myofibres. The results provide a detailed characterisation of myofibres in kangaroo skeletal muscles of economic importance. Furthermore, they enhance our understanding of factors influencing kangaroo muscle structure and post-mortem metabolism and provide potential indicators of eating quality of kangaroo meat.
Issues and advances in the integrated control of sheep lice
Authors: James Peter J.
Published: June 2010

Ongoing pressure to minimise costs of production, growing markets for low residue and organic wool and meat, resistance to chemicals in louse populations, and the deregistration of diazinon for dipping and jetting have contributed to a move away from routine annual application of lousicides to more integrated approaches to controlling lice. Advances including improved methods for monitoring and detection of lice, an expanded range of louse control products and the availability of a web-accessible suite of decision support tools for wool growers (LiceBoss™) will aid this transition. Possibilities for the future include an on-farm detection test and non-chemical control methods. The design and extension of well-constructed resistance management programs to preserve the effectiveness of recently available new product groups should be a priority.
Measurement of light penetration through a simulated Merino fleece
Authors: King A. L. , Millington K. R.
Published: June 2010

The degree of light penetration along the length of the fibre of a simulated Merino fleece was measured using a fibre optic probe to investigate the relationship between light exposure and photodamage to the wool fibre. The percentage of the total direct sunlight that reached the base of the 100-mm long, simulated, closed Merino fleece was ~1% and the section of the fibre from the root to 60 mm from the root was protected from exposure. The light intensity at the base of the fibre was increased to 2% when the density of the simulated fleece was halved. Wool was scoured and the yellowness and intensity of methylene blue staining was measured to estimate the extent of damage to wool staples.
Acid Activation of Trpv1 Leads to an Up-Regulation of Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons via the CaMK-CREB Cascade: A Potential Mechanism of Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Nakanishi Masako , Hata Kenji , Nagayama Tomotaka , Sakurai Teruhisa , Nishisho Toshihiko , Wakabayashi Hiroki , Hiraga Toru , Ebisu Shigeyuki , Yoneda Toshiyuki
Published: June 2010

Increased production of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons is implicated in inflammatory pain. The inflammatory site is acidic due to proton release from infiltrating inflammatory cells. Acid activation of peripheral nociceptors relays pain signals to the CNS. Here, we examined whether acid activated the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (Trpv1), a widely recognized acid-sensing nociceptor and subsequently increased CGRP expression. Chemically induced inflammation was associated with thermal hyperalgesia and increased CGRP expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in rats. In organ cultures of DRG, acid (pH 5.5) elevated CGRP expression and the selective Trpv1 antagonist 5′-Iodoresiniferatoxin decreased it. Trpv1-deficient DRG showed reduced CGRP increase by acid. Of note, many of CGRP/Trpv1-positive DRG neurons exhibited the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a nociceptive transcription factor. Knockdown of CREB by small interfering RNA or a dominant-negative form of CREB diminished acid-elevated CGRP expression. Acid elevated the transcriptional activity of CREB, which in turn stimulated CGRP gene promoter activity. These effects were inhibited by a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) inhibitor KN-93. In conclusion, our results suggest that inflammatory acidic environments activate Trpv1, leading to an up-regulation of CGRP expression via CaMK-CREB cascade, a series of events that may be associated with inflammatory pain.
Actin-mediated Delivery of Astral Microtubules Instructs Kar9p Asymmetric Loading to the Bud-Ward Spindle Pole
Authors: Cepeda-García Cristina , Delgehyr Nathalie , Juanes Ortiz M. Angeles , ten Hoopen Rogier , Zhiteneva Alisa , Segal Marisa
Published: June 2010

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kar9p, one player in spindle alignment, guides the bud-ward spindle pole by linking astral microtubule plus ends to Myo2p-based transport along actin cables generated by the formins Bni1p and Bnr1p and the polarity determinant Bud6p. Initially, Kar9p labels both poles but progressively singles out the bud-ward pole. Here, we show that this polarization requires cell polarity determinants, actin cables, and microtubules. Indeed, in a bud6Δ bni1Δ mutant or upon direct depolymerization of actin cables Kar9p symmetry increased. Furthermore, symmetry was selectively induced by myo2 alleles, preventing Kar9p binding to the Myo2p cargo domain. Kar9p polarity was rebuilt after transient disruption of microtubules, dependent on cell polarity and actin cables. Symmetry breaking also occurred after transient depolymerization of actin cables, with Kar9p increasing at the spindle pole engaging in repeated cycles of Kar9p-mediated transport. Kar9p returning to the spindle pole on shrinking astral microtubules may contribute toward this bias. Thus, Myo2p transport along actin cables may support a feedback loop by which delivery of astral microtubule plus ends sustains Kar9p polarized recruitment to the bud-ward spindle pole. Our findings also explain the link between Kar9p polarity and the choice setting aside the old spindle pole for daughter-bound fate.
The Laforin–Malin Complex, Involved in Lafora Disease, Promotes the Incorporation of K63-linked Ubiquitin Chains into AMP-activated Protein Kinase β Subunits
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Towler Mhairi C. , Hardie D. Grahame , Knecht Erwin , Sanz Pascual
Published: June 2010

Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by defects in the function of at least two proteins: laforin, a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, and malin, an E3-ubiquitin ligase. In this study, we report that a functional laforin–malin complex promotes the ubiquitination of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as a sensor of cellular energy status. This reaction occurs when any of the three AMPK subunits (α, β, and γ) are expressed individually in the cell, and it also occurs on AMPKβ when it is part of a heterotrimeric complex. We also report that the laforin–malin complex promotes the formation of K63-linked ubiquitin chains, which are not involved in proteasome degradation. On the contrary, this modification increases the steady-state levels of at least AMPKβ subunit, possibly because it leads to the accumulation of this protein into inclusion bodies. These results suggest that the modification introduced by the laforin–malin complex could affect the subcellular distribution of AMPKβ subunits.
Hashin–Shtrikman bounds and their attainability for multi-phase composites
Authors: Liu L. P.
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we consider the problem of characterizing the set of the effective tensors of multi-phase composites, including those of conductive materials and elastic materials. We first present a novel derivation of the Hashin–Shtrikman (HS) bounds for multi-phase composites and the associated attainment condition. The attainment condition asserts that the HS bound is attainable if, and only if, there exists a second gradient field that is constant in all but the matrix phases. By restricting and constructing such second gradient fields, we obtain a series of sufficient conditions such that the HS bounds are attainable or unattainable. These attainability and unattainability results appear new for a generic situation. For special situations, our attainability and unattainability results recover the results of Milton (1981Phys. Rev. Lett.46, 542–545), Sigmund (2000J. Mech. Phys. Solids48, 397–428), Gibiansky & Sigmund (2000J. Mech. Phys. Solids48, 461–498) and Albinet al.(2007aJ. Mech. Phys. Solids55, 1513–1553).
Jaw biomechanics and the evolution of biting performance in theropod dinosaurs
Authors: Sakamoto Manabu
Published: June 2010

Despite the great diversity in theropod craniomandibular morphology, the presence and distribution of biting function types across Theropoda has rarely been assessed. A novel method of biomechanical profiling using mechanical advantage computed for each biting position along the entirety of the tooth row was applied to 41 extinct theropod taxa. Multivariate ordination on the polynomial coefficients of the profiles reveals the distribution of theropod biting performance in function space. In particular, coelophysoids are found to occupy a unique region of function space, while tetanurans have a wide but continuous function space distribution. Further, the underlying phylogenetic structure and evolution of biting performance were investigated using phylogenetic comparative methods. There is a strong phylogenetic signal in theropod biomechanical profiles, indicating that evolution of biting performance does not depart from Brownian motion evolution. Reconstructions of ancestral function space occupation conform to this pattern, but phylogenetically unexpected major shifts in function space occupation can be observed at the origins of some clades. However, uncertainties surround ancestor estimates in some of these internal nodes, so inferences on the nature of these evolutionary changes must be viewed with caution.
Advertised quality, caste and food availability influence the survival cost of juvenile hormone in paper wasps
Authors: Tibbetts Elizabeth A. , Banan Maral
Published: June 2010

Life-history trade-offs are often hormonally mediated. Here, we provide a comparative perspective on the endocrine basis of life-history trade-offs by examining the invertebrate hormone juvenile hormone (JH). JH is often associated with benefits, including increased dominance and reproductive success. We tested whether JH reduced survival ofPolistes dominuluswasps and whether this survival cost was influenced by factors such as advertised quality, food availability, caste and body size. Overall, JH reduced individual survival. Among fed and unfed queens, JH reduced survival in a dose-dependent manner. Among workers, JH had a stronger effect on survival of fed workers than unfed workers. Unfed workers died quickly and body size was the best predictor of survival. Surprisingly, queens and workers treated with JH survived longer when they had signals advertising high quality than when they had signals advertising low quality. The relationship between advertised quality and ability to withstand high levels of JH suggests that there are differential physiological costs associated with ornament elaboration that could play a role in maintaining signal accuracy over evolutionary time. Overall, the convergence of endocrine-mediated costs across diverse systems suggests that endocrine-mediated trade-offs may be an adaptive way to optimize resource allocation rather than a non-adaptive constraint specific to a particular hormone.
A polymorphism in the oestrogen receptor gene explains covariance between digit ratio and mating behaviour
Authors: Forstmeier Wolfgang , Mueller Jakob C. , Kempenaers Bart
Published: June 2010

In vertebrates, including humans, the relative length of the second to the fourth digit correlates with sex hormone-dependent behavioural, psychological and physiological traits. However, despite a decade of research, the underlying mechanism linking digit ratio to these sex hormone-dependent traits remains unclear. Previous work suggests that during embryo development, circulating levels of plasma androgens or oestrogens may act through their receptors to affect transcription levels of posterior HOX genes in the developing digits, thereby possibly influencing their relative length. The correlation between digit ratio and sex hormone-dependent traits might thus stem from variation in expression or sensitivity of the sex hormone receptors, or from variation in sex hormone levels in the embryo. Here, we show that in a population of 1156 zebra finches
Taeniopygia guttata
, a polymorphism in the oestrogen receptor α gene (ESR1) explains 11.3 per cent of the variation in digit ratio, and is also associated with male and female-mating behaviour. By contrast, we found no associations between digit ratio or mating behaviours and polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene. Thus, our results (i) provide an explanation for the observed significant genetic covariance between digit ratio and male and female mating behaviour and (ii) strongly confirm the indicator function of digit ratio through the oestrogen pathway. Finally, we note that the commonly invoked effect of foetal testosterone on human digit ratio seems to be substantially weaker than the effect described here.
Antibiotic susceptibility of intra-abdominal infection isolates from Indian hospitals during 2008
Authors: Hawser Stephen P. , Badal Robert E. , Bouchillon Samuel K. , Hoban Daryl J. ,   the SMART India Working Group
Published: June 2010

A total of 542 clinical isolates of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli from intra-abdominal infections were collected during 2008 from seven hospitals in India participating in the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Isolates were from various infection sources, the most common being gall bladder (30.1 %) and peritoneal fluid (31.5 %), and were mostly hospital-associated isolates (70.8 %) as compared to community-acquired (26.9 %). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (62.7 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3 %). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) rates in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were very high, at 67 % and 55 %, respectively. Most isolates exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. The most active drugs were generally ertapenem, imipenem and amikacin. However, hospital-acquired isolates in general, as well as ESBL-positive isolates, exhibited lower susceptibilities than community-acquired isolates. Further surveillance monitoring of intra-abdominal isolates from India is recommended.