bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dark Labyrinth of the Senses
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim
Published: November 2023

Here Galileo’s famous statement that mathematics is the cardinal point of science, shedding light on Nature, is examined. So are the controversial statements about secondary properties of bodies—odors, tastes, etc.— which, according to Galileo, are not inherent to bodies themselves, but exist solely insomuch as they are the objects of our perception. The discussion closes with two insights: first, the correspondence between the movement of particles and the sensation of heat, and second, the relationship between light and matter.
The climate system
Authors: Taylor F W
Published: November 2023

The climate ‘system’ consists primarily of the land, ocean, and ice on the surface of the Earth; the atmosphere that overlies it; and the radiation from the Sun that provides energy. All of these interact, to produce the conditions on and around the surface of our planet that we call the climate. While the term can refer to the mean state of the whole system, averaged in space and time, the emphasis is usually on the parameters that most affect life on the planet, especially the surface temperature, and its global and seasonal variation. Just as important as temperature, although probably more stable at the present time, are the oxygen abundance in the atmosphere, and the mean surface pressure.
Climate on other planets
Authors: Taylor F W
Published: November 2023

Climate systems analogous to that which concerns us on the Earth are found on the other planets of the Solar System. The processes are the same or similar, and the physical laws identical; it is the different boundary conditions, especially distance from the Sun, that give rise to different histories and present-day solutions to the equations governing climate. Not surprisingly, the regimes on the nearby, and similarly sized planets Mars and Venus, bear the closest resemblance to the Earth. However, instructive parallels can be drawn with the giant planets and Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, as well, despite their more extreme contrasts with the terrestrial environment.
Photoelastic Properties of Rubbers
Authors: Treloar L R G
Published: November 2023

IT is well known that many crystals are optically anisotropic, being characterized by different values of refractive index for different directions of propagation of light through them, or, more precisely, for different directions of polarization of the transmitted light. This optical anisotropy, which gives rise to the phenomenon of double refraction, has its origin in the different polarizabilities of the medium for different directions of the electric field or electric vector in the electromagnetic wave. Generally there is a close connection between the optical anisotropy and the mechanical or elastic anisotropy, since both are directly related to the type of symmetry exhibited by the molecular structure of the crystal.
Combinatorial counting
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we are going to consider problems concerning the number of various configurations, such as “How many ways are there to send n distinct postcards to n friends?”, “How many mappings of an n-element set to an m-element set are there?”, and so on. We begin with simple examples that can usually be solved with common sense (plus, maybe, some cleverness) and require no special knowledge. Later on, we will come to somewhat more advanced techniques.
Double-counting
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

In pre-computer ages, double-counting was used by accountants. When adding up the numbers in a table, they first found the sum of the row totals and then they compared it to the sum of the column totals. If their computation was correct, both results were the same.
Pollinator responses to plant communities and implications for reproductive character evolution
Authors: Geber Monica A , Moeller David A
Published: November 2023

Reproduction by most plant species occurs in a community of other flowering species and a diverse fauna of potential pollinators. This community context shapes both pollinator behaviour and ecology and the outcome and evolution of plant reproduction. We consider the effects of communities of pollinator-sharing plant species on three pollinator responses, behaviour (functional response, preference and constancy), demography (numerical and aggregative responses), and community structure (diversity and relative abundance of pollinator taxa). Pollinator responses may differ between multi-species plant communities and single-species populations and these differences can alter patterns of selection on, and evolution of, plant reproductive traits.
Effects of colonization and metapopulation dynamics on the evolution of plant sexual systems
Authors: Pannell John R
Published: November 2023

The colonization of unoccupied habitat has unique effects on the evolution of plant sexual systems. Viewed broadly, colonization encompasses both single-event, long-distance dispersal and the recurrent colonizations by which species persist in a metapopulation. ın both cases, colonization acts as a selective sieve, favouring some genotypes or phenotypes over others. ın addition, colonization alters the balance between selection and drift, and disrupts the biotic interactions among individuals. However, the two scenarios differ in the opportunity for newly colonized populations to evolve in the absence of gene flow from the source population. ı review current understanding of the evolution of sexual systems during and after long-distance dispersal, focusing on sex allocation and sexual-system polymorphisms maintained by frequency-dependent selection.
Floral characters and species diversification
Authors: Kay Kathleen M , Voelckel Claudia , Yang Ji Y , Hufford Kristina M , Kaska Debora D , Hodges Scott A
Published: November 2023

The burgeoning of phylogenetic information during the past 15 years has focused much interest on whether specific features of clades enhance or hinder the evolution of species diversity. ın the angiosperms many of the traits thought to affect clade diversity are floral in nature, because of their association with reproduction and thus species isolation. Therefore, we briefly review mechanisms by which floral traits can affect diversification. We then consider the possible influences of four specific traits by comparing the species diversity of a clade possessing a trait with that of its sister clade that lacks the trait.
The Interaction Of Cortex And Basal Ganglia In The Control Of Voluntary Actions
Authors: Roth Gerhard
Published: November 2023

Voluntary actions are accompanied by the feeling that they come from within ourselves— as opposed to being reflexes. When I am reaching for a cup of coffee, I have the strong impression that it is me who planned and executed this action, and even when I did this while concentrating on the interesting talk going on, I nevertheless attribute the action to me and I will feel responsible for the possible consequences of the action (e.g. when I failed to grasp the cup and the coffee spills over the table). However, when my body executes reflexes (e.g. eye blink reflex, knee-jerk reflex), I will usually say that this was not me, but my eyelid or my knee, and usually I do not feel and am not regarded as responsible for such reflex actions.
Voluntary Action And Criminal Responsibility
Authors: GÜNther Klaus
Published: November 2023

Discourses on voluntary action often lead to a point where the arguments turn towards possible practical consequences. Among these consequences, one of them seems to make people more upset than others: What follows for crime and punishment from accepting a certain argument within the discourse on voluntary action? If a theory that explains human behaviour denies the possibility of voluntary action because human behaviour is completely determined, then it seems to follow that punishment for having committed a crime does not make any sense because it would mean to punish a person for a behaviour he or she could not have avoided. Such an argument is often based on two unexplained premises: that punishment requires individual responsibility, and that individual responsibility requires voluntary action or, even more, freedom of the will.
Demography of Passerines in the temperate southern hemisphere
Authors: Rowley Ian , Russell Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Most ecological theory has evolved in the northern hemisphere, largely because that is where most ecologists live, learn, and look. Although some of these theories have tended to achieve the status of universally applicable dogmas, they appear to be inadequate in southern hemisphere situations which differ in many important aspects. This paper attempts to review the ecological patterns found in temperate parts of the southern hemisphere, and to contrast these with patterns found elsewhere.
Estimation of demographic parameters in bird populations
Authors: Clobert J , Lebreton J -D
Published: November 2023

Describing the population dynamics of a group of individuals requires some knowledge of its density, the number of births and deaths, and the number of individuals moving in or out (Lack 1954; Von Haartman 1971; Ricklefs 1973; Eberhardt 1985). Population biologists who wish to measure these processes must focus part of their attention on how to estimate demographic parameters (Lincoln 1930; Jackson 1933, 1939; Ricker 1956; De Lury 1947; Deevey 1947; Bailey 1951). However, it is extremely difficult to obtain comprehensive data on all aspects of the demography of a population. Usually only partial information about the life and death of a variable proportion of the population can be gathered. Thus in practice, demographic parameters are often estimated by sampling the population (involving some assumptions) and using appropriate statistical techniques.
The importance of migration mortality in non-passerine birds
Authors: Owen Myrfyn , Black Jeffrey M
Published: November 2023

The migratory flight itself has long been regarded as one of the most hazardous stages of the life cycle of migratory birds. In their review of the importance of migration in shorebird populations, Pienkowski and Evans (1985) recognized that mass deaths probably occurred frequently, though there were great difficulties in quantifying such mortality. They also recognized that these most often related to young birds, and pointed out that this could be for two reasons: failure to grow and lay down sufficient fat reserves to complete migration in the short Arctic summer and possible competition with adults on the staging areas.
Responses of North American duck populations to exploitation
Authors: Nichols James D
Published: November 2023

The goals of managing any population of birds can usually be expressed in terms of a desired population size (number of birds) and, in the case of exploited species, a desired harvest (number taken via exploitation). Informed management of exploited species should thus be based on some knowledge of the effects of exploitation on population size. All changes in population size are determined by the four so-called fundamental demographic variables, survival, reproduction, immigration, and emigration, and any effects of exploitation (hunting) on population size must come about through changes in these variables. Hunting can certainly influence movement and distribution patterns of migratory birds. However, if we restrict our attention to sufficiently large geographic areas (e.g. North America), then we can effectively ignore immigration and emigration and focus on survival and reproduction. In this paper are reviewed studies on the effects of exploitation on North American duck populations.
The direct and indirect effects of the caecal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis on red grouse
Authors: Hudson Peter J , Dobson Andrew P
Published: November 2023

Until recently it has generally been accepted that a successful parasite maintains a harmless level of infection and lives in a symbiotic relationship with its host. Epidemics were considered the exception where density-independent factors perturbed the relationship between host and parasite and led to massive host mortality. An alternative view is now held by many evolutionary biologists, who realize that, since parasite fitness depends heavily on transmission, the individual parasite that successfully transmits its offspring to other hosts will be at a selective advantage, even if the parasite kills both itself and the host. Moreover, through the synthesis of epidemiology and ecology, empirical treatments suggest that parasites may act in a density-dependent manner and can regulate the size of the host population (Anderson and May 1978; May and Anderson 1978).
The effects of ectoparasites on cliff swallow growth and survival
Authors: Chapman Brian R , George John E
Published: November 2023

Although there are many selective advantages associated with membership in an avian nesting colony, there are numerous disadvantages as well (Witten berger and Hunt 1985). Among the 'costs' of coloniality is the inevitable increase of ectoparasite populations at a regularly reused colony site (Alexander 1974). Colonial aggregations of birds provide dense, reliable concentrations of hosts for ectoparasites (Rothschild and Clay 1952), which can affect development rates and mortality levels of nestling birds (Foster 1968; Moss and Camin 1970; Hoogland and Sherman 1976; Brown and Brown 1987). High ectoparasite populations have also resulted in nest abandonment and total colony desertion in a variety of species (Moss and Camin 1970; Chapman 1973; Converse et al. 1975; Feare 1976; King et al. 1977a,b; Samuel et al. 1982; Duffy 1983;
Patterns and effects of parasitism by Protocalliphora sialia on tree swallow nestlings
Authors: Rogers Catherine A , Robertson Raleigh J , Stutchbury Bridget J
Published: November 2023

Altricial nestlings frequently host a great variety and number of ectoparasites (Herman 1936; Rothschild and Clay 1952). Energy loss through such parasitism can have pronounced deleterious effects on the nestlings (Rothschild and Clay 1952; Moss and Camin 1970; Wilson 1979; Chapman and George, Chapter 4, this volume) since they must mature rapidly to avoid depredation within the nest (Ricklefs 1968). We investigate the little known patterns and effects of blowfly (Protocalliphora sialia) parasitism on nestlings of the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) With one exception, larvae of the genus Protocalliphora are nest-dwelling, intermittent ectoparasites that feed solely on nestling blood (Gold and Dahlsten 1983). The genus is widely distributed in North America, as almost every avian species that rears its young in a nest is susceptible to infestation by one or more Protocalliphoran species (Bennett 1957 With one exception, larvae of the genus Protocalliphora are nest-dwelling, intermittent ectoparasites that feed solely on nestling blood (Gold and Dahlsten 1983). The genus is widely distributed in North America, as almost every avian species that rears its young in a nest is susceptible to infestation by one or more Protocalliphoran species (Bennett 1957).
The nest protection hypothesis: the adaptive use of plant secondary compounds by European starlings
Authors: Clark Larry
Published: November 2023

Although theory suggests that parasitism will have a measurable effect on evolution in host populations (e.g., Anderson and May 1979; Hamil.. ton and Zuk 1982), the influence of ectoparasitism on nesting and migration behaviour in birds has not been quantified. One can well imagine that a bird's nest full of bugs, ticks, and fleas could be more than just unpleasant for the host (Rothschild and Clay 1952). Because blood loss may reduce growth rates and survivorship of nestlings (Moss and Carnin 1970; Chapman 1973; Brown and Brown 1986; Moller 1987; this volume: Chapman and George, Chapter 4; Moller, Chapter 17) and threaten adults as well, the presence of ectoparasites could make some sites less attractive for nesting, and infested nests might be used for a shorter period of time than uninfested nests due to a buildup of ectoparasites (Moller, Chapter 17, this volume). In addition, parasite buildup during the nesting season might force or favour mass synchronous departure from the breeding area.
Parasites., sexual ornaments., and mate choice in the barn swallow
Authors: Møller Anders Pape
Published: November 2023

The significance of extraordinary secondary sexual characters like the conspicuous tails of some bird species has puzzled naturalists for centuries (see Darwin 1871 for an early review). A large number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for such ornaments (see review in Bradbury and Andersson 1987). One of the most recent hypotheses is the suggestion by Hamilton and Zuk (1982) that females choose mates by means of the size of sexual ornaments. Such secondary sexual traits are suggested to indicate genetic resistance by males to parasites and/or diseases. If sexual ornaments indicate resistance to parasites, female choice of long-tailed males will result in genetically determined resistance being in linkage disequilibrium with genes for sexual ornaments. Female choice may continue to be advantageous because genetic variation is maintained by coadaptational cycles of hosts and their parasites (Hamilton and Zuk 1982).
The ILDIS Project on the world’s legume species diversity
Authors: Zarucchi* James L , Winfieldꝉ Peter J , Polhill‡ Roger M , Hollis§ Susan , Bisby§ Frank A , Allkin‡ Robert
Published: November 2023

The International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) is preparing a global plant information system for the 17-18 000 species of Leguminosae (Fabaceae), nearly one-twelfth of the world’s higher plants. ILDIS will provide both a public information service to assist the study and understanding of the economically important legume family, and serve as a prototype for taxonomic databases of global coverage. Design features include: 1. Data-gathering has been on a regional basis yet the project is defined using a taxonomic foundation. To date, datasets for the legumes of Africa, Europe, and the Americans have been merged and subsequently checked for integrity. 2. A single preferred taxonomy for legumes will be presented with appropriate cross-referencing to acceptable alternative classifications via the synonymy and notes. This will enable scientists to employ a standardized system yet provide access from any alternative taxonomies.
Growth, turgor, cell-wall properties, and microfibril orientation along the growing-zone of maize roots during osmotic adjustment
Authors: Pritchard J , Tomos A D
Published: November 2023

Previous work has examined the reduction of root growth caused by K+ (Pritchard et al. 1987), excision (Pritchard et al. 1988), and low temperature (Pritchard et al. 1990a). It was found, in general, that changes in equilibrium root-growth rate were associated with changes in the cell-wall properties and not with changes in turgor pressure. The present study extends previous results (Pritchard et al. 1991) on the response of root growth to an osmotic stress.
Semiconductor devices, circuits, and systems
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht
Published: November 2023

Modern electronics is concerned with implementing hardware functions in semiconductor chips and the software that runs these semiconductor circuits. Very large scale integration (VLSI) of electronic circuits and systems needs interdisciplinary work by device physicists, process developers, circuit designers, design automation specialists, and computer architects. This book covers all these topics, from semiconductor devices to systems, in a compact manner. The text outlines the latest advances in semiconductor devices for VLSI circuits, but also includes simple and easy to use analytical models as well as results of device simulation. The section on circuits gives an overview of basic bipolar and field-effect transistor gates and is mainly devoted to CMOS standard cells and functional blocks (macrocells). The section on systems outlines the top-down design style of digital systems (mainly processors and memories) using functional blocks described in the previous circuit part. Finally some problems of testing and details of physical layout of chips are considered.
Review of Construction
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

Linear electric motors belong to the group of special electrical machines that convert electrical energy directly into mechanical energy of translatory motion. Linear electric motors can be classified as follows:
Applications
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

A rotary induction motor can theoretically be replaced by a LIM in any translatory motion drives and, in some cases, in rotating wheels, discs, and drums where small torques are transmitted and small friction forces take place. In practice, however, the range of applications of LIMs is limited by increased temperature rise of the primary winding, increased energy consumption, reduced efficiency, and reduced output power-to-mass and output power-to-volume of active materials ratio as compared with rotary induction motors. The causes of these disadvantages are the large airgap and the open magnetic circuit, producing parasitical effects.
Numerical Modelling of Eddy Currents
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

Great progress has been made in developing and using numerical methods for solving electromagnetic field problems at low frequency recently. Many of these problems refer to eddy currents which appear in various electromagnetic devices. Originally such problems were tackled by analytical solutions which are limited to simple geometries and linear materials. In practice though all electromagnetic devices have complex boundaries, include non-linear materials, and may be treated exclusively by numerical methods. This book gives systematically the matehmatical simulation of existing methods and discusses the siscretization of relevant equations. The methods described are: finite difference, finite sums, finite element, boundary element, and some variants. Physical connotations of methods and problems are also given.
Finite difference methods
Authors: Wood W L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the finite difference method is presented in a general way suitable for the applications in this book. The method is mainly illustrated on dimensionless equations which have the same form as those in the surface and subsurface flow problems which are the subject of this book. The basic idea is that the derivatives in the differential equations which represent the water resources problems are approximated by expressions using differences between the values of the dependent variable at selected points of a grid. The differential equation is thus replaced by a number of algebraic equations. The finite difference method is first introduced with the simplest replacements for the derivatives. The more sophisticated methods which are also included in this chapter are all in current use in the solution of water resource problems. The references for these are given in later chapters. Readers who are not interested in convergence proofs can skip them but it is essential to know about stability (sections 3.3, 3.7, 3.10).
Finite difference methods applied to groundwater flow
Authors: Wood W L
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses finite difference methods as used for problems of groundwater flow. Sections 5.2 and 5.3 discuss the elliptic boundary value problems obtained for a confined or unconfined aquifer after vertical integration and averaging. These may include abstraction or recharge wells and stream leakage. Section 5.4 considers the parabolic problems when the aquifers of sections 5.2 and 5.3 have time-dependent flow. Also in section 5.4 are brief descriptions of the IFDM (Integrated Finite Difference Method) for groundwater flow (Narasimhan and Witherspoon, 1976) and SHE (Système Hydrologique Européen) (Abbott et al., 1986) which is a finite difference method for combined surface and subsurface flow. Section 5.5 considers a particular problem of ‘noise’, i.e. unwanted oscillation that has occurred in the numerical model of an aquifer which includes ephemeral streams.
Water-quality modelling
Authors: Wood W L
Published: November 2023

Water-quality modelling is a very active research area and there are two distinct trends towards: (1) parallel algorithms to handle larger and larger problems; (2) adaptations of algorithms to be run on personal computers. Since this is a complicated subject all that is attempted here is a broad outline of current methods plus references. The mass-balance equations for a number of chemically interactive solutes of concentrations Cj, j = 1, 2, ... , M, in the water are each a combination of the physical transport given by the advection and diffusion and the reactions of a particular solute with the other chemicals which are present.
Projections
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

Partial isometries. Approximation by projections. Equivalence of projections. Decomposition into matrices. Halving projcctionb. Idempotents. The I3ott projection.
K1 and suspensions
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

Before starting, the reader is kindly reminded of the definitions and results from Chapter 4 concerning unitaries, invertibles, normalization, and homotopies. In particular, the result in 4.2.6 shows that the introduction of homotopy classes eliminates the distinction between invertibles and unitaries, and between normalized and non-normalized matrices. We are therefore allowed to define the K  1-group as follows
Vector bundles and topological K-theory
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

There are many kinds of K-theory. From Chapter 6 on you learned about Ktheory for C*-algebras, but there is also pure algebraic K-theory, analytical K-theory, KK-theory, not to mention the growing field of K-homology. In the present chapter we shall - with a reversal of chronology - conclude the exposition of operator algebra K-theory by giving a little insight into what may be considered K-theory for commutative C*-algebras.
A generalized Fredholm index
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

In this section we shall go through the theory for Fredholm operators on Hilbert modules as developed by Mingo in [Mi].
Quanta
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

We have been hovering on the edge of quantum theory, with one toe dip- ping into its dangerously infested pool. It is time to take the plunge. To appreciate the significance of the impact of this extraordinary theory we need to note that until the end of the nineteenth century waves unambiguously waved and particles were unambiguously particulate. Unfortunately for naive understanding, though, this distinction did not survive the turn of the century. From a scatter of observations towards the end of that century a virus entered classical physics. A few decades into the twentieth century the disease it brought had destroyed classical physics completely.
Thomas Love Peacock
Authors: Donovan J P
Published: November 2023

Although Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) produced a substantial quantity of poetry in modes commonly practised by both the major and minor writers of his day-the meditative and loco-descriptive poem, personal lyric, mythological narrative, and verse satire-he is now regarded chiefly as the author of a kind of satirical prose fiction often considered to be peculiar to him and which an early reviewer described as combining the novel, the drama, and the essay In five novels with contemporary settings-Headlong Hall (1816), Melincourt (1817), Nightmare Abbey (1818), Crotchet Castle (1831), and Gryll Grange (1860-1)-as well as in the two historical romances Maid Marian (1822) and The Misfortunes of Elphin (1829), Peacock developed comic and critical perspectives on the fashions and opinions in the arts and public life which were current at various moments in his long career. He also wrote a number of trenchant essays examining the literature, as well as the literary culture and reputations, of the Romantic period. In 1820 Peacock ‘s friend Shelley described his ‘fine wit ‘ as ‘a strain too learned for a shallow age ‘, declaring his proper audience to be ‘the chosen spirits of the time ‘. It has since become a commonplace that his novels could never be widely popular, and his reputation has indeed been marked by the devoted connoisseurship, and occasionally by the sceptical mistrust, which are the usual extremes of response to writers whose afterlife has been both vigorous and persistent, though confined to a set of readers with a taste for intellectual comedy.
The Work of Art of the Future (1849)
Authors: Wagner Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Wagner (1813-83) had the widest international impact of any nineteenthcentury German man of the theatre—an artistic (though one would hope not an ideological) influence felt to this day—being in his own person a composer, a librettist, a conductor, a producer, and a festival organizer. In addition, he was a voluminous writer on dramatic and musical theory. In this latter aspect of his work, he was driven by impatience with the existing state of art rather than a desire to shine as a theorist as such. His wide-ranging, ponderous prose writings, often sharply polemical in tone, did not always express a single unchanging point of view: thus, his position evolved over time from a democratic to a pro-aristocratic stance.
The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations (1895)
Authors: Polti Georges
Published: November 2023

This proto-structuralist attempt by Georges Polti (b. 1868) to uncover the hidden mechanics of the drama was designed not merely to help the understanding and appreciation of the ‘consumers’ of theatre but actually to help its producers, i.e. contemporary authors. Polti chose the examples to illustrate his thesis from a wealth of dramatic traditions and periods-ranging from the ancient Greeks, Hindus, and Chinese to the modern Russians, from medieval to Renaissance drama, from the Elizabethans to Spanish Golden Age authors, and especially from French playwrights of the Grand Siecle down to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Memoranda on Masks (1932)
Authors: O’Neill Eugene
Published: November 2023

Although Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953), author of more than sixty completed and partly written plays, has been described as a ‘melodramatist’, he was of all American playwrights the one most deeply dedicated to great themes in a theatre conceived as a temple of art. True, his language often prevented him from reaching the greatest heights; but as a tireless experimenter he tried to extend the language of the stage and to create, to use Cocteau’s expression, a vivid ‘poetry of the theatre’. In this endeavour his preoccupation with masks-either masks used literally, or actors adopting a masklike countenance-played an important role which he defended in a number of articles: a relatively rare effort at theorization on his part. Two of three articles in favour of the contemporary use of masks written for The American Spectator are quoted below, the second article in this series, entitled ‘Second Thoughts’ (December 1932), having been omitted.
The Theatre’s New Testament (1964)
Authors: Grotowski Jerzy
Published: November 2023

The Polish director Jerzy Grotowski (b. 1933) has brought a highly personal perspective to the trend in the second half of the twentieth century of assigning a secondary role to the dramatic text in the theatre. He has been compared to Artaud for drawing inspiration from oriental performing arts and rethinking the theatrical space so as to bring about a closer audience involvement; but he differs from his French predecessor in the technical precision of his work and in sacrificing stage technology in favour of a ‘poor theatre’. Between 1959 and 1971, working first with the Theatre of Thirteen Rows (Opole) and then the Laboratory Theatre (Wroclaw), he placed the performer firmly at the centre of the theatrical experience. Calling for a ‘holy actor’ prepared to give himself or herself unreservedly to the audience, he devised technical exercises to enable him or her to achieve this.
The Material and the Models: Notes Towards a Definition of Documentary Theatre (1968)
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: November 2023

The striking change of tack in the dramatic work of novelist/essayist/poet/painter/ film-maker Peter Weiss (1916-82) was due to no mere personal whim: it reflected changes in world politics during the 1960s and 1970s. German-born, living in Sweden where he wrote sometimes in Swedish but mostly in German, the author had come to worldwide notice with the play generally known by its abbreviated title: Marat/ Sade (1964). In this dramatized clash of revolutionary commitment (Marat) versus aristocratic individualism (the Marquis de Sade) Weiss combined Artaudian with Brechtian devices and gave a platform to both sides of the argument.
Avant-Ciarde Theatre and Semiology: A Few Practices and the Theory Behind Them (1982)
Authors: Pavis Patrice
Published: November 2023

Patrice Pavis (b. 1947) is a leading French theorist of drama and performance who has taught at the Theatre Institute of the University of Paris 3 and at the University of Paris 8. He has written extensively about theatrical semiology, including reception theory, and about Marivaux on the stage. His Dictionnaire du theatre gives a full explanation of the basic terms and concepts of theatrical analysis.
New Media and Popular Imagination: Launching Radio, Television, and Digital Media in the United States
Authors: Boddy William
Published: November 2023

New Media and Popular Imagination places the current technological upheaval in audio-visual culture in the context of previous periods of twentieth-century media innovation. Examining popular and industry responses to the introduction of radio, television, and digital media into the home, the book underscores the continuities and disjunctions in the ways in which electronic media have been anticipated, promoted, and resisted in twentieth-century America.
The Canterbury Tales
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: November 2023

The three Oxford Guides to Chaucer are written by scholars of international repute, with the purpose of summarizing what is known about his works and offering interpretations based on recent advances in both historical knowledge and theoretical understanding. They will provide readers at every level with new interpretations and ideas, with essential and up-to-date information on such matters as dating and sources and with analyses of thematic issues, structure, style rhetoric and generic relations brought right up-to-date for this second paperback edition. Helen Cooper’s volume on The Canterbury Tales tackles these matters both for the whole work and for each individual Tale. It also includes a survey of literary responses to the Tales over the two centuries following Chaucer’s death. The book is perhaps the most comprehensive single-volume guide to the Tales yet produced, bringing together a wide range of disparate material and providing a readable commentry on all aspects of the work. It combines the comprehensive coverage of a reference book with the coherence of a critical account and since its first publication in 1989, has established itself as a standard work on the Tales.
The Second Nun’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: November 2023

The tale of St Cecilia that is assigned to the Second Nun is presumably the same ‘Lyf of Seynt Cecile’ that Chaucer lists among his works in both versions of the prologue to the Legend of Good Women (F. 426, G. 416). It must therefore have been written before 1386-7, and, in view of its borrowings from Dante in the Prologue, after Chaucer’s first visit to Italy in 1373. Although there is no proof that Prologue and Tale were written as a unit, it is unlikely that the Tale was composed any earlier than this, since its use of rhyme royal is typical of Chaucer’s work in the later 1370s and 1380s.
The Conditions of Original Staging
Authors: Gurr Andrew , Ichikawa Mariko
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare and his fellow-playwrights wrote their scripts for stages and audiences that were very different from what we are used to now. As writers for those remote stages they saw their scripts not as words to be read on the page but to be spoken, delivered as a means of telling a story through dialogue and action. What they expected from the forms of‘action’ , the process of acting out the narrative, was embodied in the scripts they wrote for the playing companies. Whereas a modern audience at a cinema could expect a gesture to ‘yonder mountain’ to be accompanied by a picture of the real thing, Elizabethans would see the speaker’s gesture as an indication of where it was assumed to be, but would also know that the reference directed them to imagine some thing that was not there. Piecing out, as the Prologue to Henry V suggests, the deficiencies of the stage setting (‘our imperfections’ ) through the imagination (‘with your thoughts’, 23), was an automatic expectation in both writers and their audiences.
The Ins and Outs of Stage Movement
Authors: Gurr Andrew , Ichikawa Mariko
Published: November 2023

One of the features of early staging only recently recognized is the spread of movement over the large platform stages, and the inadequacy of the simple directions ‘Enter’ and ‘Exit/Exeunt’ to mark either the space to be covered or the time such moves took. A careful analysis of the entry and exit stage directions in the plays tells us a lot about movement on stage and the positioning of the characters with speaking parts. This chapter looks into what the ins and outs in Shakespeare’s plays have to say about stage movement.

In Hamlet, 2.2, Hamlet, after hearing the First Player’s speech about Pyrrhus killing Priam, instructs Polonius to see the players well treated, and tells him to lead them away. The text at this point reads as follows:
In the Beginning
Authors: Stříbrný Zdeněk
Published: November 2023

Plays by Shakespeare and his fellow dramatists were already being staged in Eastern Europe during his lifetime. By the end of the sixteenth century, English actors had reached an unprecedented professional standard and, as their numbers were growing even in the face of Puritan opposition, they were looking for other places besides London to show their skills. Especially during plague epidemics and periods of sharp competition among acting companies, they went on tour not only in England and Scotland but also across the Channel. Their visits to the Continent represent one of the most intriguing chapters in the annals of British and European theatre.
Shakespeare’s Reading
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: November 2023

Oxford Shakespeare Topics (General Editors Peter Holland and Stanley Wells) provide students, teachers, and interested readers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship, including some general anthologies relating to Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Reading explores Shakespeare's marvellous reshaping of sources into new creations. Beginning with a discussion of how and what Elizabethans read - manuscripts, popular pamphlets, and books - Robert S. Miola examines Shakespeare's use of specific texts such as Holinshed's Chronicles, Plutarch's Lives, and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. As well as reshaping other writers' work, Shakespeare transformed traditions - the inherited expectations, tropes, and strategies about character, action and genre. For example, the tradition of Italian love poetry, especially Petrarch, shapes Romeo and Juliet as well as the sonnets; the Vice figure finds new life in Richard III and Falstaff. Employing a traditional understanding of sources as well as more recent developments in intertextuality, this book traces Shakespeare's reading throughout his career, as it inspires his poetry, histories comedies, tragedies, and romances. Repeated references to the plays in performance enliven and enrich the account.
Shakespeare and Masculinity
Authors: Smith Bruce R
Published: November 2023

Oxford Shakespeare Topics (General Editors Peter Holland and Stanley Wells) provide students, teachers, and interested readers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship, including some general anthologies relating to Shakespeare. Richard III, Romeo, Prince Harry, Malvolio, Hamlet, Lear, Antony, Coriolanus, Prospero: Shakespeare's roster of male protagonists is astonishingly various. Shakespeare and Masculinity juxtaposes these memorable characters with the medical beliefs, ethical ideals, and social realities that shaped masculine identity for Shakespeare, as for his fellow actors and their audiences. At the same time it explores the process of male self-definition against various sorts of 'others' - women, foreigners, social inferiors, sodomites. Reflecting the truth that the plays' principal existence is in the live theatre, the book finishes with a transhistorical, multicultural survey of how masculinity has been performed in productions of Shakespeare's plays - in France, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Japan, and elsewhere - and with a challenge to imagine masculinity in fuller and more satisfying ways.
The Renaissance
Authors: Reynolds L D , Wilson N G
Published: November 2023

It will be convenient for the purpose of this brief survey to regard the Renaissance as the period extending from about 1300 to the middle of the sixteenth century. A cultural movement which is recognizable as humanism, the stimulating force of the Renaissance, was at work in certain parts of Italy by the end of the thirteenth century; by the middle of the sixteenth it had spread to most of Western Europe and had transformed, among so many other things, the transmission and study of classical antiquity. The scholar of the late Renaissance had at his disposal almost as much of the literature of Greece and Rome as we possess ourselves; most of it he could read, at ease and at no great cost, in print; and the translation of Greek into Latin, and of both into the vernacular languages, had made a large part of ancient literature available to the public at large. On the scholarly side, the foundations of historical and textual criticism had been securely laid.

Although humanism eventually acted upon all areas of intellectual and artistic life, it was primarily a literary activity and was closely connected with the study and imitation of classical literature.
Italian society transformed
Authors: Allum Percy
Published: November 2023

The last half of the twentieth century has witnessed greater changes in Italian society than at any time in the previous history of the peninsula. What was a relatively poor industrializing society suffering the ravages of war in 1945 has become, fifty years later, one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world (national income grew fivefold; individual income fourfold) and a member of the G7.
Enlightenment and Treasure
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

The European Enlightenment is often portrayed as heralding the victory of reason and rationalism over magic and superstition. The spirit world of Neoplatonism was vanquished and the clockwork Universe ticked for the educated. The age of miracles was over and the Devil chained to hell. The crimes of witchcraft and conjuration were redefined as a delusion and a fraud.
Pulp Magic
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

Delaurence began his publishing empire at a time when most books of substantial length were bound in hardback. This kept production costs high and, consequently, while some of his titles went through numerous editions, their price was still out of the reach of many. In 1913, for instance, we find a small advertisement in one American newspaper offering new copies of The Book of Magical Art for sale at $5, knocked down from $12. This may have been a bargain indeed, but it was hardly affordable out of loose change. As we have seen, cheap, mass-produced grimoires had been produced for several hundred years in Europe in the form of chapbooks and the Bibliothe`que bleue.
Adamgirk
Authors: Stone Michael E
Published: November 2023

This is the first English translation of the major Armenian epic on Adam and Eve composed by Arak'el of Siwnik' in the early fifteenth century. Arak'el writes extremely powerful narrative poetry, as in his description of the brilliance of paradise, of Satan's mustering his hosts against Adam and Eve, and Eve's inner struggle between obedience to God and Satan's seduction. In parts the epic is in dialogue form between Adam, Eve, and God. It also pays much attention to the typology of Adam and Christ, or Adam's sin and death and Christ's crucifixion. By implication, this story, from an Eastern Christian tradition, is the story of all humans, and bears comparison with later biblical epics, such as Milton's Paradise Lost. Michael E. Stone's version preserves a balance between literary felicity and faithfulness to the original. His Introduction sets the work and its author in historical, religious, and literary context.
Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

From antiquity until the nineteenth century, there have been two types of state: macro-states, each dotted with a number of cities, and regions broken up into city-states, each consisting of an urban centre and its hinterland. A region settled with interacting city-states constituted a city-state culture and Polis opens with a description of the concepts of city, state, city-state, and city-state culture, and a survey of the 37 city-state cultures so far identified. Mogens Herman Hansen provides a thoroughly accessible introduction to the polis (plural: poleis), or ancient Greek city-state, which represents by far the largest of all city-state cultures. He addresses such topics as the emergence of the polis, its size and population, and its political organization, ranging from famous poleis such as Athens and Sparta through more than 1,000 known examples.
The Unity of the City-State Culture of Ancient Greece
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The unity of all the Greek city-states can best be illustrated by an example. We possess a small treatise on the geography of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, written in the fourth century bc and wrongly attributed to the geographer Skylax of Karyanda, who really lived 200 years earlier, which is why it goes under the name of Pseudo-Skylax. It is organised as a periplous, i.e. a journey by sail along the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and the writer enumerates, region by region, the most important settlements along the coast. In all, 733 toponyms are quoted, and most of them are classified, directly or indirectly, as poleis. Pseudo-Skylax begins his voyage at the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar) and goes along the coasts of Spain, France, Italy and Illyria, as far as the river Acheron in southern Epeiros ‘where Hellas begins to be continuous’. Then the voyage goes all the way south round Greece to the river Peneios in north Thessaly ‘where continuous Hellas ends’.