bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro effects of Trichinella spiralis on muscle cells
Authors: Leung R.K.M. , Ko R.C.
Published: June 2009

Introduction of excretory/secretory (ES) products of both infective-stage and newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis into cultures of primary rat myocytes elicited morphological and structural changes in the myotubes. They appeared more granular, thinner, and failed to form networks. The most prominent lesion was the formation of ‘nodular’ structures, each bearing an enlarged nucleus, along the myotubes. Each node contained numerous cavities enclosed by an intact sarcolemma. Co-culture of myocytes with newborn larvae also elicited nodular formation but each node contained a large central cavity encircled by smaller ones. An immunocytolocalization study using IFAT and laser confocal microscopy showed the presence of parasitic epitopes inside the nodes. However, ES products from adult worms did not affect the myotubes.
Proteoglycans from adult worms ofSchistosoma haematobium
Authors: Hamed R.R. , Maharem T.M. , El-Guindy A.S.
Published: June 2009

Different types of proteoglycans (PGs) from adult worms ofSchistosoma haematobium, were sequentially extracted using chaotropic agents under associative conditions (0.5 M GnCl), dissociative conditions (4 M GnCl) and detergents (Triton X-100 and SDS). The extracts were designated Fl, F2, F3 and F4, respectively. The highest amount of uronic acid and carbohydrate was detected in the associative extract (Fl) while the highest amount of protein was detected in the SDS extract (F4). Agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) indicated the presence of a different PG in each extract with different electrophoretic mobilities. Agarose gel electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) separated from GnCl, associative and dissociative extracts, and the residue suggested the presence of dermatan sulphate in the two extracts and the residue, in addition to a GAG-like material found in the associative extract only. This glycosaminoglycan showed resistance to digestion with all mucopolysaccharidases and nitrous acid treatment. Gel filtration chromatography of associative extract on Sepharose CL-6B indicated the presence of three main uronic acid peaks (P1, P2 and P3). Chondroitin sulphate was the main GAG that could be detected in peak one (P1). Peak two (P2) contains carbohydrate and uronic acid but has no protein or absorbance at 280 nm. P2 has two types of GAGs: dermatan sulphate and a GAG-like material. The role of this PG in helping the adult schistosomes in evading immobilization by the host blood clotting cascade is discussed. Antibodies to peak one and peak two were detected in hamster sera infected withS. haematobiumandS. mansoniusing the ELISA test. The specificity of peak two was found to be evident in its low cross-reactivity (18.9%) when confronted withS. mansoniinfected sera.
Intra- and interspecific pairing of rediae and sporocysts of five species of digenetic trematodes
Authors: Reddy A. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

In vitro pairing studies on rediae of Echinostoma trivolvis, E. caproni, Zygocotyle lunata, Ribeiroia sp. and sporocysts from a species of armatae cercaria were undertaken at 22°C in a Petri dish bioassay containing an agar substratum and a Locke's 1:1 overlay. Pairing was arbitrarily defined as larvae in contact or within 1 mm of each other. Intraspecific and interspecific pairing occurred in the bioassay using several larval combinations initially placed 5 or 10 mm apart. Intraspecific pairing occurred with the rediae of Ribeiroia sp. and interspecific pairing was seen between E. trivolvis or E. caproni and Ribeiroia sp. A previous study documented intraspecific and interspecific pairing between rediae of E. trivolvis and E. caproni. Armatae sporocysts did not pair intraspecifically or interspecifically when matched with either E. caproni or E. trivolvis rediae. Intraspecific pairing of Z. lunata or interspecific pairing between Z. lunata rediae and echinostome rediae did not occur. The significance of redial pairing remains unclear.
Cellular immune response studies in bancroftian filariasis
Authors: Regunathan J. , Jayaraman K. , Kaliraj P.
Published: June 2009

An attempt was made to identify the filarial specific antigens that are capable of inducing immune response in human filariasis. Lymphocytes were taken from three clinically defined groups living in an endemic area in Madras, namely microfilaraemic (MF) subjects with microfilariae in their blood smear without any clinical symptoms, chronic pathology (CP) individuals with lymphangitis or lymphadenitis in combination with a history of recurrent filarial fevers or lymphoedema, and endemic normals (EN) subjects without microfilariae nor any clinical symptoms of pathology. Lymphocytes from the three groups responded with no significant difference (P= 0.21) in their proliferative index to PPD and PHA, although lymphocytes from MF individuals showed significantly (P< 0.001) less proliferative index toBrugia malayiantigen (BMA) than the CP and EN subjects. This antigen specific cellular unresponsiveness seen in MF patients was not reversed by the addition of recombinant IL-lα, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, but the addition of sera from EN individuals seemed to restore this unresponsiveness (P< 0.001). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MF patients secreted more IL-1 in response to BMA induction than the same from CP and EN individuals. A 58 kDa recombinant protein isolated from aWuchereria bancroftigenomic library (58 kDa) had mounted a higher proliferative response to lymphocytes from all three groups compared to BMA (P< 0.001) indicating the possible use of recombinant filarial protein to mount immunological responses in filarial patients.
Centrocestus formosanus: surface morphology of metacercaria, adult and egg
Authors: Srisawangwong T. , Pinlaor S. , Kanla P. , Sithithaworn P.
Published: June 2009

The surface morphology of metacercariae isolated from Puntius spp., adult worms from infected hamsters and eggs of Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) were studied using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the surfaces of the metacercariae and adult worms were closely similar in appearance. The oral sucker was surrounded by a circumoral expansion with two rows of 32 spines (16 spines each). The ventral sucker, with six large nonciliated papillae on the lip, and the genital opening were located midventrally. The excretory pore was terminal. The body surface was covered with pectinate scale-like spines of varying sizes. The scales in the middle area were larger than those in the anterior and posterior parts of the body. Sensory papillae, mostly uniciliated, were present in greater abundance at the anterior region of both stages. However, morphological variations were observed among the adults depending on the age of the worms. At 4 weeks, the oral sucker and circumoral expansion were cobblestone-like in structure and the grooves of spines split compared with their smooth surfaces at 10 days. In addition, the ventral sucker became depressed and its large papillae on the lip disappeared at 10 weeks post infection. Multiciliated papillae were also present in 10-week old worms. Each egg of this parasite possessed a prominent operculum and a latticed design on the egg shell.
Effect of a high protein diet on worm recovery, growth and distribution of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Sudati J.E. , Rivas F. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

The effects of a high protein diet on the host-parasite relationship of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice were studied. The customized high protein diet (CHPD) contained 64% casein as a source of protein. The control diet consisted of a standard laboratory diet containing 23% casein as a source of protein. Mice were each fed 25 cysts of E. caproni by stomach tube and necropsied 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks postinfection. The weight of mice on the CHPD did not differ significantly from mice on the control diet. Worm recoveries were also unaffected by the high protein diet. There was a significant decline in worm dry weight, body area and uterine egg counts in worms from mice on the CHPD compared with those on the control diet. Worms from hosts on the CHPD were located more posteriad in the gut than those recovered from mice on the control diet. Changes in the mouse diet adversely affected E. caproni maturation and growth, possibly by altering the immediate host mucosal environment and making it less conducive to worm development.
Presence of a conserved domain of GATA transcription factors inEchinococcus granulosus
Authors: Garat B. , Esperón P. , Martínez C. , Robello C. , Ehrlich R.
Published: June 2009

In order to characterize GATA transcription factors inEchinococcus granulosus, a PCR-based cloning strategy was developed. Degenerate oligonucleotides were designed for the most conserved sequence in GATA proteins that include 20 amino acids of the zinc domain. A 60 bp fragment was isolated that had high homology among this sequence and those reported in other species. An analogous sequence was obtained by performing the same procedure with DNA from the free living platyhelminthDugesia tigrina. High stringency Southern blotting experiments confirmed the presence of this sequence in the parasite genome.
Abnormal spicule development in a laboratory strain of Trichostrongylus vitrinus
Authors: Roy E.A. , Beveridge I.
Published: June 2009

The occurrence of specimens in a laboratory strain of Trichostrongylus vitrinus exhibiting unusual spicules resembling those of T. minor and T. angistris is reported and the abnormal spicules described. The specimens include individuals with one spicule typical of T. vitrinus and the other spicule of the abnormal type. Possible reasons for the occurrence of such abnormalities are discussed.
Dietary protein influences on regulation of Haemonchus Contortus populations in Dorsimal lambs
Authors: Israf D.A. , Zainal M.J. , Ben-Gheshir M.A. , Rasedee A. , Sani R.A. , Noordin M.M.
Published: June 2009

The influence of dietary protein supplementation upon resistance to haemonchosis was examined in Dorsimal (Polled Dorset × Malin) lambs offered two levels of protein. Lambs were offered either a complete basal ruminant diet (15% crude protein (CP)) or the same diet supplemented with fish meal as a source of rumen bypass protein (19% CP). Lambs from each dietary treatment group were given either a 7-week trickle infection with Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) or remained uninfected. All lambs were drenched with anthelmintic at week 8 post-infection (PI), challenged with a single dose of 5000 H. contortus L3 one week later, and killed 14 days post-challenge (PC). Lambs on the supplemented diet that were trickle infected showed a significant reduction in egg output. Supplementation and previous infection did not affect either growth rate, worm burden, worm development or haematological parameters. There was a trend for enhanced growth among supplemented non-infected lambs in comparison to lambs which received the basal ration.
Evaluation of excretory/secretory products of larval Taenia solium as diagnostic antigens for porcine and human cysticercosis
Authors: Ko R.C. , Ng T.F.
Published: June 2009

Excretory/secretory antigens (ES) of larval Taenia solium were obtained by maintaining the bladder worms in Medium 199 for 3 days. Analsysis by SDS-PAGE showed that ES antigens consisted of at least 19 polypeptides, with Mrranging from 14–116 kDa. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed eight bands with acidic pI. An immunocytolocalization study using the peroxidase method demonstrated the presence of ES epitopes on the tegument of the wall of the spiral canals of bladder worms. The specificity of ES antigens was evaluated by EITB, ELISA and FAST-ELISA using antisera against the common parasites of Chinese pigs and man. ES antigens cross-reacted with the antiserum against larval T. hydatigena of pigs. However, these antigens were generally more specific in diagnosing human cysticercosis. Three host-like molecules with molecular masses 43, 58 and 66 kDa were present in the ES products.
An immunohistochemical investigation of the adult stage of the equine parasiteStrongylus vulgaris
Authors: Mobarak M.S. , Ryan M.F.
Published: June 2009

AdultStrongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory–secretory product (ESP) and against two constituent protein bands (28–30 kDa). The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of ESP and of the subunits (28–30 kDa). In ELISA, both rabbit hyperimmune sera recognized the ESP and (28–30 kDa) bands consistently and strongly. Both hyperimmune sera recognized most ESP subunits (80, 60, 54, 42, 35, 30, 20 and 15 kDa) in immunoblots. IHC, using light microscopy, suggested that the following worm tissues reacted strongly and positively with both antisera: amphids, tooth core, intestine, excretory gland and ducts, and hypodermis. Thus, either these are antigen-producing tissues, or antigens sharing common epitopes occur in them. The following tissues reacted weakly: body cuticle, buccal capsule cuticle, oesophagus, and also somatic muscle (non-contractile portion) perhaps due to diffusion of antigen from adjacent tissues. Preimmune serum gave a negative reaction with most worm tissues.
Surface ultrastructure of juvenile and adult stages of Centrocestus armatus
Authors: Woo Ho-Choon , Seo Myung-Deuk , Hong Sung-Jong
Published: June 2009

Centrocestus armatus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) develops rapidly and produces eggs at 3 days postinfection in albino rats. Excysted metacercariae are pear-shaped and concave ventrally, with 42–44 peg-like circumoral spines. The entire body surface is densely covered with scale-like serrated spines. On juveniles, serration of the tegumental spines is greatest in the middle of the ventral and dorsal surfaces, and decreases anteriorly and posteriorly. Ciliated sensory papillae are concentrated around the oral sucker. Several nonciliated sensory papillae (type II papillae) occur equidistantly on the acetabulum and are arranged in a linear symmetry on the dorsal surface. On adults, the serration of the tegumental spines decreases to 14–17 tips on the ventrolateral surface. The high density of tegumental spines on posterior half of the body and the distribution of type II papillae on dorsal surface are considered to be characteristic of C. armatus.
On a New Parasitic Nematode Trichosomoides nasalis n.sp., from the Nasal Cavities of Epimys norvegicus: and Considerations on the Family Trichosomoididae Yorke and Maplestone, 1926
Authors: Biocca E. , Aurizi A.
Published: June 2009

The authors describe Trichosomoides nasalis n.sp., parasitic in the nasal cavities of Epimys norvegicus and propose to modify slightly the definition of the family Trichosomoididae Yorke and Maplestone, 1926, especially in relation to the definition of the habitat (considered till now to be exclusively in the urinary tract).
Records of Mortality from Helminth Diseases in England and Wales up to the Year 1880
Authors: Fountain A. E.
Published: June 2009

Mortality in England and Wales from helminth infections as recorded in the London Bills of Mortality from 1630 to 1755 and in the Registrar-General's Annual Reports from 1837 to 1880 is analysed.
The Physiology of Hatching of Eggs of Ascaridia galli
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: June 2009

The stimulus for the hatching of infective eggs of Ascaridia galli in vitro depended upon the concentration of undissociated carbonic acid plus dissolved gaseous carbon dioxide, the oxidation-reduction potential, and the hydrogen ion concentration. There was considerable overlap in the conditions which favoured the hatching of eggs of Ascaridia galli and Ascaris lumbricoides; both would be expected to hatch in the small intestine of a suitable species of host.
Investigations on the Anti-bacterial Properties of Infective Larvae of Some Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Stefański W. , Przyjalkowski Z.
Published: June 2009

Contrary to the opinion expressed in various manuals of parasitology and pathology, cases of germ-carrying by the larvae of parasitic worms from the intestines of an organism, remain extremely rare. Similarly the intestinal mucosa of the intestines damaged by parasites does not necessarily form “a gate through which takes place infection” of bacteria and viruses. This is additionally proved by experimental research conducted in the first place by Taylor (1935), Enigk (1954), Stefański (1956), as well as by Stefański and Zebrowski (1958) and also by Przyjalkowski (1958).
Studies on Spiruroid Parasites of Indian Birds. Part II. A new genus and five new species of Acuariidae, together with a key to the genus Echinuria
Authors: Ali Mir Moazzam
Published: June 2009

1. Echinuria leiperi n.sp. and Echinuria singhi n.sp. are described from aquatic birds. A key to the species of the genus Echinuria is provided.

2. Skrjabinoclava alii n.sp. is described from Threskiornis melanocephalus.

3. Synhimantus hyderabadensis n.sp. and Synhimantus suraiyae n.sp. are described from Centropus sinensis and Urocissa flavirostris, respectively. Their relationship with the rest of the species of the genus is discussed. Synhimantus invaginatus (Linstow, 1901) Skrjabin, 1924, is reported for the first time from India and is redescribed.

4. Aliella anhingae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Anhinga melanogaster and is compared with the related genera of the family Acuariidae.
On Arthrostoma spatulatum n. sp. from the Small Intestine of Pardofelis marmorata marmorata
Authors: Jansen J.
Published: June 2009

In May 1967 206 specimens (♂: ♀=1:1) of a nematode species were collected from the small intestine of a Pardofelis marmorata marmorata.
Nematodes of the Genus Capillaria Zeder, 1800 from the Collection of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine III. Capillariids from Mammalian Hosts
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

1. Nine species of the genus Capillaria, namely C. aerophila, C. annulosa, C. bovis, C. brevipes, C. cholidicola, C. erinacei, C. incrassata, C. kutori and C. plica, are recorded from eight species of mammalian hosts. Measurements and figures are given.

2. The taxonomic position of the species C. bovis and C. brevipes from Ovis aries, of C. erinacei from Erinaceus europaeus and of C. incrassata from Talpa europaea is considered in the light of observations made on the material in the collection. The identity of several species resembling C. erinacei is discussed.
Proteocephalus filicollis(Rudolphi, 1802) andProteocephalus ambiguus(Dujardin, 1845), Two Hitherto Confused Species of Cestodes
Authors: Willemse J. J.
Published: June 2009

Several kinds of data were collected from worms belonging to the genusProteocephalus, living in the intestines ofPygosteus pungitiusandGasterosteus aculeatus.

a. Morphological data. When we compare the morphological characteristics of worms from the two hosts we find small differences in those characteristics commonly used in the descriptions of species of the genusProteocephalus. Regularly differences of the same magnitude are used to separate species.

b. Experimental infections show that a high degree of host specificity exists in worms from the two hosts. It is impossible to cultivate worms originally coming from one host species in the intestine of the other. These experimental infections were carried out either by feeding intermediate hosts carrying plerocercoids to fishes free of infection, or by collecting worms from the intestine of one fish and introducing them into the intestine of another fish.

Experimental infections of alien hosts failed whereas infections of the proper host, carried out as controls, always were successful.

c. Mixed populations ofGasterosteusandPygosteusliving in a small closed canal system gave additional data indicating the existence of a high degree of host specificity. Throughout the yearGasterosteusshowed no infection at all whereasPygosteuswas “normally” infested.

d. Monthly dissections ofPygosteusshowed that inProteocephalusliving in this fish species no seasonal cycle exists similar to that found by Hopkins inProteocephalusfromGasterosteus. The stages of development ofProteocephaluscollected during the dissections ofGasterosteuscorrespond with Hopkins' seasonal cycle.

e. As a result of these observations it is proposed to consider the worms fromPygosteusas belonging to a distinct species. Since Dujardin was the first to describe worms belonging to the genusProteocephalusand living in the intestine ofPygosteusasProteocephalus ambiguus(Dujardin, 1845) this obviously ought to be the name of the species involved. The use of the nameP. filicollis(Rudolphi, 1802) is restricted to material fromGasterosteus.
Œsophagostomes of Goats, Sheep and Cattle
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

A Recent study by the writer (1924) on the type species of the genus Œsophagostomum, O. dentatum, from the pig, has brought to light certain interesting anatomical features and shown the desirability of a closer examination of the members of the genus occurring in other farm animals.

Three species of these are well known, namely, O. columbianum, O. radiatum and O. venulosum, and have been dealt with fairly completely within recent years by Ransom (1911) and Railliet and Henry (1913), but even in the accounts of the worms given by these authors, there are certain differences concerning details of structure, which suggest the need for further investigation. Again, in studying O. dentatum, it was found that the genital cone of the male had a well defined structure, and it seemed of interest to determine whether the genital cones in the other species were built on the same general plan as that of O. dentatum, and whether they possessed specific differences from it and amongst themselvse
Experimental Studies on Dibothriocephalus latus in Man
Authors: Le Bas G. Z. L.
Published: June 2009

1. Infection with Dibothriocephalus latus for as long a period as nine months or with as many as three worms, apart from diarrhoea in the early stages does not necessarily give rise to any symptoms which would suggest the presence of the parasite.

2. In these experimental cases a definite train of symptoms, i.e., constipation for a period of one or more days followed by diarrhcua marked the onset of complete sexual maturity of the parasite.

3. No appreciable anaemia was produced, nor was there a definite diminution of erythrocytes.
The relation of Sewage Disposal to the spread of Helminth Infections in British Guiana
Authors: Khalil M.
Published: June 2009

Intestinal infections with parasitic worms are wide-spread in the Tropics. It is estimated that half the population of the World is infected with hookworms. Infection is propagated by contamination of the soil with the bowel discharges which contain the eggs of these parasites and prevention depends upon the adoption of a system of sewage carriage which ensures the safe disposal of the distribution of these eggs. The various methods of sewage disposal now operating in British Guiana and elsewhere in the tropics are adaptations, with few or no alterations, of schemes originally introduced to meet conditions prevailing in temperate climates. Prior to the visit of the Filariasis Commission of the London School of Tropical Medicine to British Guiana in 1921 the fate of the eggs of the hookworm and of other parasites in the system has not been scientifically studied.
Observations on Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall and Stiles 1892) Hall 1921, from the Stomach of the Pig, with a note on Strongylus attenuatus (Molin 1860)
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Hassall and Stiles (1892) described this delicate parasite and gave it the name Strongylus rubidus. Our knowledge of it has recently been increased by Hall (1921) who has shown that it is not a member of the genus Strongylus, as represented by S. equinus of the horse, but is a member of the family Trichostrongylidæ. He has created a new genus Hyostrongylus for its reception and has devoted a large part of his paper to the consideration of a male accessory organ which serves as a guide for the spicules and to which he gives the name telamon.
Observations on Anguillulina millefolii (Löw, 1874) Goodey, 1932, from Galls on the Leaves of Yarrow, Achillea Millefolium L.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Small galls on the leaves of Yarrow or Milfoil, Achillea Millefolium L., were first mentioned by Thomas (1873) but were investigated and described by Löw (1874) who made a new species of the causal organism under the name of Tylenchus millefolii. He dealt with the appearance, size and distribution of the galls, their presence on plants from spring to autumn and the ability of the parasite to revive from galls which had been kept dry from May to October. He described the general structure of the adult worms, gave particulars of their size and proportions, and, in addition to a sketch of a galled leaf, gave a drawing of the adult female and three views of the male tail.
Field Experiments in Bedfordshire on the Chemical Treatment of Soil infected with the Potato Eelworm Heterodera schachtii, during 1936—37
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2009

Preliminary investigations on the problem of affording protection to the potato plant growing in soil infested with cysts of Heterodera schachtii, were carried out by Hurst & Triffitt (1935, i, ii, 1937). In these experiments promising results were obtained by the application of calcium cyanamide or of ferric oxide to the soil, and trials with these chemicals were designed on a larger'scale. A small field experiment (Hurst & Franklin, 1937) was carried out in Lincolnshire during 1936, using dressings of 30 cwt. per acre of calcium cyanamide and 12 cwt. per acre of ferric oxide. On the cyanamide plots an increased yield of potatoes was accompanied by a relatively small increase in the cyst population of the soil. With ferric oxide the results were not significantly different from those on the untreated control plots.
On the Relative Distribution of Cysts of Heterodera schachtii and a Chemical Dressing incorporated with Infected Land by means of a Rototiller
Authors: Hurst Richard H.
Published: June 2009

A field experiment was commenced in Bedfordshire during 1937, when soil infested with cysts of Heterodera schachtii was treated with very heavy dressings of calcium cyanamide. For comparison, a treatment with ammonium sulphate and lime was included. The lay-out was in the form of four randomised blocks of five treatments: control, calcium cyanamide 40, 60 and 80 c.p.a., and ammonium sulphate 80 c.p.a. plus hydrated lime 63 c.p.a. The last dressing contained the same amounts of nitrogen and lime as 80 c.p.a. of calcium cyanamide.
On the Morphology and Biology of a Larval Stage of Muellerius capillaris (Mueller, 1889) Cameron, 1927; a Lungworm of Sheep and Goats
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

Muellerius capillaris was first described by Mueller in 1889 who placed it in the genus Pseudalius; it was transferred in 1907 by Railliet and Henry to their new genus Synthetocaulus. In 1927, Cameron, in his review of the family Protostrongylidæ Leiper, 1926, created the genus Muellerius to include this species; a description of this parasite together with figures of the adult and the larval stage commonly met with in the lungs and droppings of sheep and goats, is included in his paper.

M. capillaris inhabits the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs of sheep and goats but is probably more often observed in the connective tissue of the lungs where it forms nodules of varying sizes. In heavy infestations these nodules are so close together that they appear as large greyish patches on the surface of the lung. The nodules eventually become calcified.
The Use of a Microbalance in Putting up Uniformly Sized Batches of Heterodera Cysts for Experiment.
Authors: Fenwick D. W. , Reid Elizabeth
Published: June 2009

Tests were conducted using a capillary microbalance to estimate the errors introduced as a result of weighing out replicate cyst batches in place of counting.

Experiments with differently sized samples showed that the normal relationship between sample size and accuracy applied to such cases, the error for samples of 100 cysts being usually of the order of less than 10%. There is some evidence that the errors in cyst number introduced as a result of weighing is reflected by an increased error in the larval count, although under the conditions of experiment the increase was barely significant. It is suggested that if replication is increased by 50% or 100% then errors due to inequality in cyst numbers are more than counteracted.
The Seasonal Variations in the Worm Burden of Scottish Hill Sheep
Authors: Morgan D. O. , Parnell I. W. , Rayski C.
Published: June 2009

1. The investigation shows that the spring increase in worm egg output of Scottish hill sheep is correlated with an increase in worm burden.

2. The increase is mainly due to members of the Trichostrongylidae, and of these the stomach worms, Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus axei, are the most important.

8. This increase in the worm burden in the spring is due to larvae picked up at that time, and there was no evidence that any were lying dormant throughout the winter in the mucous membrane of the abomasum and small intestine.
Further Observations on the Distribution of the Beet Eelworm
Authors: Jones F. G. W.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of further observations on the distribution of the beet eelworm (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) in the period 1944–1950. Scattered infections occur in eastern England from South Yorkshire to the Thames and outlying infections suggest that the eelworm may be more generally dispersed. As yet, there are no records of beet eelworm occurring in Scotland. The limitations of the method of field survey are briefly discussed.
Some Observations on Dictyocotyle coeliaca Nybelin, 1941 (Monogenea)
Authors: Hunter G. C. , Kille R. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Heavy infestations of the coelom-dwelling trematode, Dictyocotyle coeliaca, in rays are reported.

2. Of seven species of skates and rays examined, 16 of 55 specimens of R. naevtis and 81 of 78 specimens of R. naevus and 31 of 73 specimems of R. radiata were infested.

3 The spindle-shaped, three-sided operculate eggs are described and possible modes of exit from the male and female hosts are discussed.

4. A number of immature stages have been found and descriptions are given. Unlike the adults, the opisthaptor projects prominently beyond the posterior margin of the body, but the number and arrangement of the loculi appears to be the same.

5. The systematic position of the trematode is discussed.
Experiments with D-D Mixture. Against Root-Knot Eelworm, Heterodera marioni (Cornu)
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

A D-D mixture was tested against the Root-Knot Eelworm, Heterodera marioni (Cornu), in a glasshouse devoted to the growing of tomatoes under commercial conditions in South Wales. The effects of four different rates of application, namely, 0, 200, 300 and 400 lb. per acre injected at a depth of seven inches at staggered points fifteen inches apart were investigated.

Improvements in growth of the tomatoes and reductions in the eelworm manifestations on the roots were produced in proportion to the increases in the dosage rate. Height of the plants, number of flower trusses and yield of fruit were selected for actual measurements of the effects produced on the growth of the tomato plant. All of them showed a graduated response to the injections at 200, 800 and 400 lb. per acre, the yields of marketable tomatoes, for example, being at the three dosage levels, respectively, about 200, 850 and 450 per cent. higher than in the controls.

The nematocidal effects were measured independently by grading the roots into four distinct categories, according to the severity of the pathological manifestations associated with the presence of Heterodera marioni. Judging by the results obtained in this way, D-D reduced the infestation by something like 25, 50 and 75 per cent, when injected at the rate of 200, 800 and 400 lb. per acre respectively. No information regarding the quantity necessary to effect complete extermination is available but it seems that an application exceeding 400 lb. would be imperative for this purpose at least in heavily infected soils where 70 per cent, of the plants are liable to suffer severe infestations.
Observations and Experiments on Stem Eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936, with Special Reference to Weed Hosts
Authors: Southey J. F. , Staniland L. N.
Published: June 2009

It is well known that certain weeds can act as alternative hosts for some races of stem eelworm, thereby tending to defeat the objects of crop rotation. During the course of advisory work in this province, collections of weeds have been made from various sites where stem eelworm attacks were known to have occurred, with a view to discovering which ones were likely to act as bridging hosts.

While it is fully realised that the presence of D. dipsaci in a weed growing amongst a crop infested with this eelworm does not prove that the eelworms are of the same biologic race, it is felt that observations of this kind are a valuable and necessary preliminary to host transference experiments.
On the species of Paramphistomum Fischoeder, 1901 Occurring in Britain and Ireland with Notes on Some Material from the Netherlands and France.
Authors: Willmott S.
Published: June 2009

Two new species of Paramphtstomum from cattle are described, namely, P. hiberniae n.sp. and P. scotiae n.sp., first collected from Irish and Scottish cattle respectively.

A brief account of gametogenesis and early cleavage division is given.

The chromosome number for P. scotiae is n=8, 2n=16, for P. hiberniae no definite number is given but it is believed to be n = 8 (6–8), 2n=16 (12–16). Notes are made on some specimens received from the Netherlands and France.

P. hiberniae and P. scotiae are compared with P. cervi and P. leydeni.
The Helminth Parasites of Domesticated Animals in Kenya
Authors: Round M. C.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this paper is to bring together all the information available on the helminth parasites known to occur in domesticated animals in Kenya. Several reports have been made by various workers over the past fifty years but these are scattered throughout the literature. Of the principal authors, Daubney (1926, 1933) has recorded many of the Nematodes, and Hudson (1934) published a list of the Cestodes known to occur in mammals, birds and reptiles in East Africa. Dinnik (1951, 1952, 1954, 1959, 1961a, 1961b, 1962) and Dinnik and Dinnik (1954–55, 1954, 1960) have recorded the Trematode species found in cattle, sheep and goats in East Africa.
Protein Metabolism in Trematode Parasites
Authors: Goil M. M.
Published: June 2009

Paramphistomum explanation, Gastrothylax crumenifer, andFasciola giganticawere maintained for periods of twelve hours in a non-nutrient medium containing streptomycin and penicillin to prevent bacterial growth. They were kept under aerobic conditions at a suitable temperature of 37%C. The protein content in P.explanatumranged from 50·0% to 54·7% with an average of 52·96%±0·23 of the dry weight of the tissue. InG. crumeniferit ranged from 43·5% to 51·5% with an average of 48·8%±0·56 of d.w.t. InF. giganticait ranged from 63·8% to 68·3% with an average of 66·5%±0·26 of d.w.t. The nitrogen content of theP. explanationexcreted as ammonia after a starvation period of twelve hours was 3·95% and as uric acid it was 0·077%. InG. crumeniferthe ammonia was 2·91% and uric acid 0·033%. InF. giganticaammonia was 2·51% and uric acid 0·1%.
On an Interesting New Nematode Velariocephalus trilokiae gen. et sp. nov. from an Indian Frog and a New Subfamily Velariocephalinae (Cosmocercidae)
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: June 2009

During a visit to Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh (India) in April, 1956, the writer examined thirty specimens of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis and found that every one of them was heavily infected with an interesting nematode in the rectum. Large numbers of males and females of this parasite were collected and fixed in 5% formalin containing 10% glycerine. Specimens thus fixed and preserved could easily be dissected for preparing mounts of reproductive organs for detailed study. Before being dissected the preserved worms were at first washed in tapwater and then placed in 70% glycerine alcohol which was allowed to evaporate until the worms were in almost pure glycerine.
On Some Proteocephalid Cestodes from Freshwater Fishes in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

Investigators up to the time of Monticelli (1891), with the exception of Weinland (1858), considered the proteocephalan group of fish cestodes to belong to the genusTaenia. It was Weinland (1858) who removed them from this genus, and erected the genusProteocephalusfor them.

Linstow (1891), was the first to point out that the fish species made a closely related group within the genusTaeniaon account of certain constantly occurring characters. In the same year, Monticelli pointed out that in these fish “Taenias”, as then known, some showed marked differences from the rest, notably in the cortical position of the testes, and that these justified their separation as the genusTetracotylus.
A Strain of Trichinella spiralis from Kenya of Low Infectivity to Rats and Domestic Pigs
Authors: Nelson G. S. , Mukundi J.
Published: June 2009

(1) Trichinella spiralis is widespread in East Africa. It has been found in man, bush pig, leopard, serval cat, spotted hyaena, striped hyaena, jackal, lion and domestic dog. It has never been found in the domestic pig nor in rodents, neither has it been found in carnivores which feed mainly on rodents.

(2) Preliminary attempts to transmit the infection from man, hyaenas, jackal and lion to small laboratory animals such as rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits showed that although the Kenya strain was morphologically typical of T. spiralis, it was of exceptionally low infectivity in these animals.

(3) A strain from the serval cat (Felis serval) was eventually established in the laboratory by passage through the mongoose, Myonax sanguineus, and through monkeys and baboons.
Some Parasitic Nematodes from the Cameroons (W. Africa)
Authors: Rasheed S.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of Oxysomatium (O. minutum) is described from a frog Rana ptychadena mascareniensis.

2. The crested chameleon (C.? cristatus) and Bufo supercilioris are reported as new species of hosts recorded for Africana africana (Gendre, 1909) Travassos, 1920.

3. Strongyluris brevicandata Müller, 1894 and Thelandros sp. are reported from Agama agama agama.

4. Amplicaecum involutum (Gedoelst, 1916) Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 is redescribed from Chamaeleon (?) cristatus which is regarded as a new host record and A. pesteri n.sp. from Bufo superciloris is described to be the smallest species of this genus.
On Ptychobothrium cypseluri n.sp. (Gestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the Flying Fish, Cypselurus poecilopterus caught off Waltair
Authors: Hanumantha Roa K.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of the genus Ptychobothrium Loennberg 1889, recovered from the intestine of the Hying fish Cypselttrus poecthpterus Cuv. and Val., off the coast of Waltair, is described.

2. Ptychobothrium cypseluri n.sp. differs from P. bclottes (Dujardin, 1845), the only other known species of the genus, in the nature of the ovary, uterus and the number of testes.
The Spermatogenesis and Embryology of Litomosoides carinii and Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Taylor Angela E. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Phase-contrast, ultra-violet and fluorescence microscopy have proved useful tools in the study of the embryology of filarial worms.

2. Spermatogenesis in L. carinii has been described for the first time for any filarial worm.

3. The spermatozoa of L. carinii and D. immitis are remarkable in that they contain well defined chromosomes.

4. The development of the ovum to the mature microfilaria has been described for both L. carinii and D. immitis.

5. Staining with acridine orange has demonstrated the cellular distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid (green fluorescence) and ribonucleic acid (red fluorescence) in both living and fixed embryos of each species.
The Development of Dirofilaria immitis in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: taylor Angela E. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The developmental stages of D. immitis in the mosquito A. aegypti at 26°C. have been followed in living and fixed preparations, and the fates of the cell groups of the microfilaria have been traced.

2. The larvae spend the first six or seven days inside the distal cells of the Malpighian tubules; during the next six days they inhabit the lumen of the tubules and eventually migrate to the head of the mosquito on the fifteenth to seventeenth day.

3. The “nuclear-column“ cells contribute largely to the formation of the oesophagus of the infective larva.

4. The G cells 1–3 produce the intestine and the G4 cell forms the anal plate and then the rectum.

5. The anal pore ultimately becomes the anus.
Cardiofilaria nilesi n.sp., Recovered from a Chicken Experimentally Infected with Infective Larvae from Mansonia crassipes
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Fernando M. Agnes
Published: June 2009

Worms obtained from the peritoneal cavity of a chick experimentally infected with infective larvae from Mansonia crassipes are described as Cardiofilaria nilesi n.sp. Pseudaproctella is considered a synonym of Cardiofdaria. Strom, 1937 and Pseudaproctella andersoni var. major Chabaud, Brygoo and Richards, 1964 is named Cardiofdaria chabaudi n.sp.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Guineapigs and Rabbits with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. IV. The Histopathology of the Liver and Lung
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

The histopathology of the livers and lungs of guineapigs and rabbits following a primary infection with the eggs of A. suum, was compared with the lesions and cellular response found in resistant animals after reinfection.
Experimental Studies on the Biology of Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945, a Nematode Parasite of the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

The life history and biology of C. obsignata in the domestic fowl is described and discussed, together with aspects of the host-parasite relationship. The development of the eggs is shown to be influenced by temperature, humidity, ultra violet radiation and other environmental conditions and these are related to the epidemiology of the parasite. The fowl is susceptible to the development of large numbers of worms, but shows some reaction to very large infective doses. The numbers of worms developing in the host are influenced by the size of the infection and by the age of the host. Large infections produce a consistent depression in weight gain and reduce the efficiency of food conversion. Pathological changes arising from experimental infections are described and compared with those observed in natural infections.
Infections with Trichinella spiralis passing from Mother to Filial Mice Pre- and Post-natally
Authors: Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

It has been shown that mice became infected after suckling from a female which has migrating Trichinella spiralis larvae within her body. The infections are usually of a very low order indicating that adult worms are not being picked up from the mother's faeces but that the infection is probably through the milk. It is also concluded that pre-natal infection of mice with T. spiralis occurs only rarely, if at all.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds—III Nematodes
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Six species of nematodes were recovered from Hertfordshire birds.

2. Porrocaecum ensicaudatum and Syngamus trachea are discussed, S. skrjabini El'perin, 1938 being considered a synonym of the latter.

3. The survey produced one new host record and two new records for this country.
A Quantitative Analysis of Helminth Infestation in some Passerine Birds found dead on the Island of Skomer
Authors: James B. L. , Llewellyn L. C.
Published: June 2009

1. Three hundred and eighty three birds belonging to fifteen species found dead from starvation as a result of a severe cold spell on the island of Skomer, between 2nd and 5th January 19G2, were examined for enteric helminths. The age, sex and weight of each bird was determined whenever possible and on dissection, the species, location and number of helminths was recorded.

2. Seventeen species of helminths were found, providing sixteen new host records and five new British records.

3. In general, changes in the mean number of helminth species and specimens per bird and per infested bird is directly correlated with changes in the percentage incidence of infestation.
Excystment of the Metacercariae of Echinoparyphium serratum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)
Authors: Howell M. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium serratum occur in the pericardium of the snail Isidorella brazieri. Each cyst is surrounded by a nucleated, syncytial host capsule containing granules which are presumed to be melanin. The cyst wall consists of two layers and both contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharide but little or no protein. No modification of the cyst wall coincident with the point of emergence of the metacercaria has been located.

2. Excystment of the metacercaria takes place in two main stages when pepsin is omitted from the initial pretreatment solution: stage I (emergence from the cyst wall through the escape aperture) is an active process (exogenous enzymes are not necessary), and a high percentage of specimens reaching this stage is dependent on the combined effects of a þH of 2, reducing conditions, elevated temperature (37–39°C) and sodium cholate. Temperature and sodium cholate are absolute requirements for this stage as is pretreatment of between þH 2 and 4 when sodium cholate is included with the reductant (sodium dithionite) rather than in the excystment medium with trypsin. The possibility that CO2 is involved has not been established.
Stages in the Development of Larval Echinostomes recovered from Schistosome Transmitting Molluscs in Central Africa
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: June 2009

The schistosome transmitting molluscs, Physopsis africana and Biomphalaria tanganikanus, from the Belgian Congo, carried the metacercaria of Echinoparyphium recurvatum and of Echinostoma revolutum, which have been recorded for the first time from the Southern half of the African Continent. Further research may indicate their wider distribution in this Continent.

Development of the larval stages and heavy encystment of the metacercaria of these echinostomes in the schistosome transmitting molluscs led to death of the snails. The use of other trematode species, particularly echinostomes may offer great prospects in the field control of schistosome transmitting molluscs.
The Cestode Parasites of the Sheathbill, Chionis alba (Gmelin), from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
Authors: Jones N. V. , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

The Sheathbill is a distinctive bird breeding on the islands of the Scotia Arc and the Graham Land peninsula, and regularly occurring north to the Falkland Islands, the Magellanic Islands and the Atlantic coast of Argentina (Jones, 1963). Rather surprisingly no cestodes have previously been recorded or described from this bird.

The following account describes Nototaenia fileri gen. et sp. nov. and Lateriporus ausiralis n.sp. from two of 13 adult Sheathbills collected on Signy Island in July and October 1965 by Mr Charles Howie of the British Antarctic Survey, preserved in deep-freeze, and later entrusted to us for examination.