bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Physiological Studies on Four Species of Hemoflagellates in Culture. I. Endogenous Respiration and Respiration in the Presence of Glucose*
Authors: ZELEDONt RODRIGO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Endogenous respiration and respiration in the presence of glucose of the culture forms of Endotrypanum schaudinni, Leishmania enriettü, Schizotrypanum vespertilionis, and S. cruzi, have been compared in terms of cell number and nitrogen content. Growth curves for the 4 species at 26° C. showed that E. schaudinni and L. enriettü grow faster than the Schizotrypanum in a reproducible modification of Senekjie's diphasic medium. Respiration was studied manometrically using organisms harvested in the exponential phase of growth. Res‐piratory patterns at 30° C. and pH 7.2 are presented for each species. Low endogenous rates are characteristic of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii; they are relatively high in both Schizotrypanum spp. The respiration of E. schaudinni is stimulated from 5.3 to 36.1 times by glucose; that of L. enriettii from 5.2 to 9.7 times and that of the Schizotrypanum from 1.9 to 5.7 times. Carbohydrate is of great importance for the survival and motility of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii, but plays a relatively minor role in Schizotrypanum.
Effect of Aminotriazole and Streptomycin on Multiplication and Pigment Production of Photosynthetic Microorganisms*
Authors: AARONSON S. , SCHER† S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

3‐Amino‐l,2,4‐triazole (AT) stops multiplication of the photosynthetic protists, Ochromonas danica, O. mal‐hamensis, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. and Rhodopseudo‐monas palustris; it also stops growth of the multicellular plant, Spirodela oligorhiza. O. danica and S. oligorhiza are the most sensitive. AT is about equally inhibitory to algal flagellates grown in the light or dark. Porphyrin biosynthesis is suggested as the probable site of inhibition by AT. Both AT and streptomycin (SM) bleach all the above organisms. Bleaching is permanent only in SM‐bleached E. gracilis; all the other organisms become fully pigmented when placed in inhibitor‐free media. The uniqueness of the SM‐bkaching of E. gracilis is discussed.
Electron Microscope Study of the Exoerythrocytic Form of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Thin Sections of Infected Tissue Cultures*
Authors: MEYER H. , MUSACCHIO M. DE OLIVEIRA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in thin sections of infected tissue cultures have been examined with the electron microscope. It was seen that important changes occur in the fine structure of the parasite during the various phases of the cycle. The cytoplasm of the merozoites at the beginning and at the end of each cycle shows a great electron density due to a fine granulation. Larger granules are found at one pole of the parasite. The merozoites have a large nucleus in the center, and an oval body of great electron density at one pole, the significance of which is unknown. Short canaliculi can also be seen in the cytoplasm, but no mitochondria have been found.

The cytoplasm of the schizonts shows a low electron density. It contains small particles scattered irregularly throughout its whole mass. The nuclei are not well defined; the oval body observed in the merozoites apparently has disappeared. Short canaliculi are present everywhere; however, mitochondria could not be identified with certainty.

In the final phase of the cycle, in the rosette formations, the cytoplasm assumes again the fine granular structure. The future merozoites are grouped around a cytoplasmic core, with which they are directly connected. The whole segmenter is situated in a vacuole formation. In cross sections of the merozoites an opening in the central pole has been observed.
Malayan Protozoa 3. Saurian Malaria Parasites*
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Plasmodium minasense Carini and Rudolph is recorded from three of 28 examples of Gonyocephalus bor‐neensis (Schlegel) from Kepong and Bukit Lagong, Selangor, and P. vastator n. sp. is described from a single example of Draco volans Gray from Ulu Langat, Selangor. Both of these arboreal agamid lizards are new hosts for malaria parasites.P. vastator n. sp. is characterized by its highly amoeboid trophozoites, nucleophilic schizonts producing from four to eight (usually six) merozoites, and large (up to 22.1 ± 8.1 μ) gametocytes which alter and ultimately destroy the host cell. Forty‐six other lizards of nine species, and 28 snakes of 11 species, proved negative for Plasmodium,
Conjugation in Blepharisma undulans americanum.
Authors: BHANDARY A. VASANTHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

An account of conjugation in an American species of Blepharisma is given. A comparison is also made with the available knowledge of the two Indian species of this genus. In the conjugating pair, the condensed macronucleus shows Feulgen negative regions. Before the conjugants separate, the macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen become distinguishable.

The species is characterized by a number of striking features which become noticeable after syngamy. The synkaryon divides thrice giving rise to 8 bodies. Of these, 3 to 7 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest, the micronuclei. The resorption of the old macronucleus occurs much later, just before the exconjugant attains the vegetative form. No metagamic fissions occur in this species and each exconjugant becomes a vegetative animal in 5 or 6 days. During this period, the macronuclear anlagen arrange themselves in a series and develop slender connections with one another to produce the moniliform macronucleus of the vegetative animal. The micronuclear anlagen, on the other hand, divide by mitosis to attain the vegetative number. In this species 40% to 45% of the exconjugants are viable and the rest die.
A Mutant of Chlamydomonas moewusii lacking contractile vacuoles*
Authors: GUILLARD ROBERT R. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

An X‐ray induced mutant (S‐16) of Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff lacked observable contractile vacuoles. Unlike the wild strain with vacuoles, S‐16 survived only when the osmotic pressure of the medium was above 1.5 atmospheres and was provided by compounds that penetrate cell membranes slowly, like NaCl or sucrose. In solutions of such compounds, when the osmotic pressure was above 2.1 atmospheres, growth of S‐16 was similar to that of the wild strain. S‐16 did not grow at all in isosmotic solutions of ethylene glycol cr other rapidly penetrating compounds. Urea and glycerol, which penetrate only moderately rapidly, allowed an intermediate growth. Thus, S‐16 cells are dependent upon the prevention of net inward diffusion of water.

Contractile vacuoles of the wild strain were not seen when cells were suspended in solutions that allowed growth of S‐16. but were visible in isosmotic solutions cf ethylene glycol or ethanol. S‐16 cells ultimately burst in solutions of low osmotic pressure; large vacuole‐like areas were formed but did not contract.

The pulsation rate of vacuoles of the wild strain was relatively independent of osmetic pressure; vacuoles became smaller and finally invisible at higher osmotic pressures.

It is concluded that the sole essential function of contractile vacuoles in C. moewusii is elimination of water.
On the Parasitic Protozoa of Liberia. III. Three new species of Caryospora Léger, 1904 from the hissing sand snake Psammophis sibilans phillipsi and a note on a Caryospora in Coluber ravergieri nummifer from Israel.
Authors: BRAY R. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Three new species of Caryospora (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) are described from Psammophis sibilans phillipsi. These are C. psammophi sp. nov.: oöcysts with yellow walls, 25 to 34 μ. ×23 to 31 μ C. hermae sp. nov.: oöcysts with colorless walls, 21 to 24 μ× 20 to 22 p) and C. weyerae sp. nov.: oocysts with colorless walls, 14 to 18 μ× 13 to 17 μ, Endogenous stages of all three parasites are found in epithelial cells of the small intestine of the snake.

A Caryospora from Israel is described and named C. zucker‐manae sp. nov.: oöcysts spherical with outer wall crumpled. 15 to 18 μ
The Transmission of Lankesterella (= Atoxoplasma) in Birds by the Mite Dermanyssus gallinae
Authors: LAINSON RALPH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Using the mite Dermanyssus gallinae as the vector and the canary (Serinus canariu s) as the avian host, the author was able to demonstrate the transmission of the parasite Lankesterella (=Atoxoplasm a) garnhami Lainson, 1959. Mites were taken from infected canaries and fed to clean ones; 3 out of 4 birds became infected. Mites taken from infected sparrows (Passer domesticus domesticu s) were fed to 4 other clean canaries, all of which became infected. Natural transmission of the parasite was achieved when 2 clean canaries were exposed to infestation by mites which had previously fed exclusively on infected sparrows. Six control canaries, obtained from the same source as the experimental birds, were all shown to be uninfected. It is concluded that the parasites in the sparrow and the canary are identical. The specific name of Lankesterella serini Lainson, 1959, for the organism in the canary becomes, therefore, a synonym of L. garnhami Lainson, 1959.
Katodinium dorsalisulcum, a New Species of Unarmored Dinophyceae*
Authors: HULBURT EDWARD M. , McLAUGHLIN J. J. A. , ZAHL P. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A new species of naked Dinophyceae is described and the culture medium for its continued growth denned. The species is distinctive in having a posteriorly placed girdle, characteristic of the genus Katodinium (Fott, 1957), and in possessing a counterclockwise loop of the sulcus about the apex.
Effects of Certain Surface‐Active Po lyoxyethylene Ethers in Experimental Protozoal Infections
Authors: GOBLE FRANS C. , BOYD JAMES L. , FULTON JAMES D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Certain polyoxyethylene ethers, derived from p‐tert.‐octylphenol and representatives of series which have activity against murine tuberculosis and leprosy were tested in several protozoal infections. Triton WR‐1339 represented the series in which the phenolic groups are arranged linearly while HOC‐12½ and LOC‐60 represented series in which the phenolic groups were condensed into a cyclic structure. WR‐1339 was found to be active against infections with Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense, T. brucei, T. congolense, and T. equipevdum in mice, and against Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. The “macrocyclic” HOC‐12:4 also had activity, but of a much lower order, against the first three trypanosome infections listed, and in leishmaniasis it had activity equivalent to that of WR‐1339. Neither of these compounds was active against Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium berghei nor Toxoplasma gondii in mice, nor against Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae in guinea pigs. The other macrocyclic compound, LOC‐60, was inactive in the infections in which it was tested (T. congolense and T. rhodesiense).

Although the action of the polyoxyethylene hers in murine tuberculosis and leprosy had been reported to be an indirect one, affecting the host rather than the mycobacteria (which are said to be resistant to these materials in vitro) it was found that the differential effects in trypanosomiasis, observed with WR‐1339 (which had good activity in vivo) and HOC‐12½ (which had poor activity in v i v o), were well correlated with their effects in vitro. In the light of the strength of the dilutions which killed T. congolense in the t a t tube and the blood levels of WR‐1339 obtaining after medication the control of the infection could be attributed to the direct action of the compound on the parasite although some indirect effect on the host, perhaps of the nature of reticulo‐endothelial stimulation, could not be excluded.
Direct and Indirect Evidence that Free‐living Ciliates Conjugate in Nature*
Authors: SIEGEL R. W.
Published: May 2007

A brief summary of the literature exemplifying the indirect lines of evidence leading to the conclusion that ‐living ciliates conjugate in natural environments is followed by a description of the isolation of potential mates, conjugating pairs and recent exconjugants of Paramecium bur‐saria from a pond in Westwood Village. Calif. The data suggest that natural populations of Paramecium pursaria pass through infrequent epidemics of conjugation.
Nitrogen Metabolism in Paramecium aurelia
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , VAN WAGTENDONK W. J.
Published: May 2007

Nitrogen in cell fractions of Paramecium aurelia varied according to the growth medium. Trichloroacetic acid‐soluble fractions of cells were chromatographer. Adenine, adenosine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, proline, and phenylalanine were identified. Fyrimidines and xanthine, or their respective ribosides and ribotides, were not detected. Ammonia was released into the medium by both actively growing and “resting” cells. Culture fluids of “resting”cells also contained hypoxanthine and lesser amounts of adenine and guanine. Urea, uric acid, creatine, cretonne, and ailantoin were absent.

Pyrimidine nitrogen seems excreted as dihydrouracil. The following enzymes were detected in homogenates and cell‐free preparations: nucleotidases, nucleoside hydrolases, and cytidine deaminase. Urease, uricase, adenase, guanase, xanthine oxidase, adenosine deaminase, and 5′‐adenylic acid deaminase were not present in this organism.

Purine and pyrimidine incorporation into nucleic acids was investigated by the use of radioactive tracers. Guanosine gives rise to nucleic‐acid guanine and adenine; adenosine was precursor to nucleic acid adenine only. Formate was incorporated into purines; glycine was not. P. aurelia can interconvert cytidine and uridine; both give rise to nucleic acid thymine. The methyl group of thymine may be derived from formate.
Etude Morphologique du Cilié Hymenostome Disematostoma colpidioides von Gelei, 1954
Authors: TUFFRAU M. , SAVOIE A.
Published: May 2007

Disematostoma colpidioides von Gelei, 1954, is a Peniculina which stands out principally by a very markedly‐twisted shape, resulting from the allometric growth of some of the right somatic kineties, and by the sigmoid curvature of the postoral suture. During the fission of the macronucleus, it is possible to observe the expulsion of a small chromatic mass which degenerates quickly. A part of the buccal apparatus undergoes a dedifferentiation during the encystment, so that the three “peniculi” disappear while the vestibulary kineties persist.
Studies on the Metabolism of L‐Phenylalanine by Tetrahymena performs W*
Authors: ROTH JAY S. , EICHEL HERBERT J.
Published: May 2007

The effect of a series of phenylalanine‐ or tyro‐sine‐containing peptides and derivatives on the oxygen consumption of washed Tetrahymena performers W cells was determined. Peptides gave greater stimulation of oxygen uptake than phenylalanine or tyrosine alone. Intermediary reaction products of phenylalanine metabolism were not oxidized, nor were derivatives of phenylalanine in which the amino group was blocked. The action of several tyrosine or phenylalanine ant metabolites was determined. It was demonstrated that extra‐cellular hydrolysis of glycyl‐L‐phenylalanine and alanyl‐L‐phenylalanine took place when these peptides were incubated with washed protozoa.
The Ultrastructure of Tritrichomonas with Special Reference to the Blepharoplast Complex*
Authors: ANDERSON EVERETT , BEAMS H. W.
Published: May 2007

Electron micrographs of sections through the blepharoplast complex reveal it to be composed of four kineto‐somes. In many of the sections the kinetosomes contain dense particles approximately 180‐200 A in diameter. The costa is a striated fiber which extends posteriorly almost the entire length of the body. Its slender proximal portion appears to be attached to the base of the kinetosome of the recurrent flagellum. The parabolas fiber is similarly constructed, but is more slender than the costa. It is attached to the base of the kinetosome of an interiorly directed flagellum and subsequently proceeds posteriorly to the level of the nucleus. The costa and parabasal fiber probably serve as anchoring or supportive structures. The size of the costa may reflect its role as a supporting structure for the most highly differentiated locomotors organelle, the undulating membrane.
The Ciliature and Infraciliature of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy*
Authors: KING R. L. , BEAMS H. W. , TAHMISIAN T. N. , DEVINE R. L.
Published: May 2007

The structure of a cilium in Nyctotherus ovalis is that usually found: two single central filaments surrounded peripherally by nine double filaments; the whole is encased in a ciliary membrane continuous with the pellicle. The two central filaments end in a single enlarged bulb just above a septum, located at about the level of the pellicle, whereas the nine double filaments extend inward to form the cylindrical basal body, which is open at its inner end. Inside the basal body are granules àrranged in rows parallel to its sides. These granules may have significance in the origin of new basal bodies as well as in the outgrowth of new cilia. The latter may have been observed in a few instances. Parallel to the pellicle are two series of fibrils, one median and one inner, connecting adjacent basal bodies. Fibrils extend from the inner end of each basal body, these converge and extend deep into the ectoplasm, often becoming lost in a pattern of equilateral triangles, arranged to form hexagons. These features are clearly seen in the peristomial membranelles, where the basal bodies of the four rows of cilia are close together, separated from adjacent membranelles by a protoplasmic shelf and supported by a mass of fibrillar material comprising the peristomial ectoplasmic band. This broad band extends to the inner end of the peristome whence it returns along the opposite wall as a narrow mass of fibrillar ectoplasm without basal bodies. Peripherally the fibrils are condensed into fan‐like bundles; internally they often form a network of equilateral triangles arranged to form hexagons, with corpuscles at the intersections. Trichite‐like structures are also found in the peristomial groove and tube; these are connected to both the basal bodies and the fibrillar network.

The functions, origin and development of this complex infraciliature during fission constitute one of the yet unsolved morphological problems in such complex ciliates.
Comparison of Trypanosome Incidence in Blood and Bone Marrow from 79 Colorado Birds
Authors: STABLER ROBERT M.
Published: May 2007

Seventy‐nine adult birds in 8 species were examined at autopsy for the presence of Trypansoma avium. Films of thoracic blood were stained in Giemsa and later searched for trypanosomes. Marrow was removed from femora and humeri, mixed with Ringer's solution, and examined direct for living flagellates. Sixty‐four birds (81%) showed positive marrows; 5 (6%) had positive bloods. In the 15 birds with negative marrows, only 2 had trypanosomes in the blood. These data emphasize the advantage of marrow over blood examination in determining the incidence of avian trypanosomiasis and point up the excellence of fresh marrow examination in such studies.
Eimeria leucopi n. sp., a Coccidium from the Deer Mouse Peromyscus leucopus*
Authors: VON ZELLLEN BRUCE W.
Published: May 2007

Eimeria leucopi n. sp. (Sporozoa) is described from oocysts in the feces of the deer mouse Peromyscus leu‐copus (Rafinesque) taken in the vicinity of Durham, North Carolina. The oocysts are ellipsoidal, occasionally ovoid, and rarely round, 14‐24 ± 14 ‐ 21 μ, mean of 19.2 ± 16.8 μ. Length‐width index 1.0 to 1.37, mean of 1.13. Micropyle absent. Oocyst wall composed of 2 layers. Clear residual bodies present. Sporocysts 11.5 ‐ 14.0 ± 6.5 ‐ 8.0 μ, mean 12 0 ± 6.8 μ Stieda body present. Minimum sporulation time about 74‐hours, sporulation range about 54 hours. Prepatent period 5 or 6 days with a 6 day patent period. Although the intensity of infection was light in all naturally infected hosts, the incidence of infection ranged from 16.6 to 71.9%E. leucopi could not be transferred to the sympatric golden mouse P. nuttalli.
Infection of Hydra by Microsporidia
Authors: SPANGENBERG DOROTHY RRESLIN , CLAYBROOK DAVID L.
Published: May 2007

A microsporidian infection in a laboratory clone of Hydra littoralis has been observed, and the parasite has been tentatively identified as a species of Plistophora. Infected hydra continue to bud and regenerate normally and show no significant physiological or morphological changes. Sexual crossing of infected and non‐infected animals shows that the infection is transmitted by the ovum but not by the sperm. Continuous exposure of infected hydra to Fumidil B in solution resulted in the disappearance of all Plistophora spores after a five week period of treatment, and the clones of the treated animals have remained parasite‐free for more than a year.
Some Aspects of Phagotrophy in Tetrahymena*
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R.
Published: May 2007

Ingestion of fluid by axenically cultured Tetra‐hymena pyriformis requires an inducer, which can be provided by peptone‐yeast extract broth. Cells in this medium contain many phagotrophic vacuoles; the formation of these is readily followed by allowing peptone‐yeast grown cells to ingest the impermeable dye, trypan blue. Tetrahymena grown in synthetic medium contain only few vacuoles and do not ingest trypan blue to any significant degree. Addition of peptone‐yeast medium to cells grown in a synthetic medium “induces” vacuolar formation and uptake of the dye. Calculations based on the rate of ingestion of trypan blue and of heat killed cells of Serratia marcescens indicate that the phagotrophic process cannot adequately supply the nutritional demands of the organism. Experiments using the colored amino acid analog, 3,5‐dinitrotyrosine contrast the rapid penetration of material through the cell membrane with the more sluggish route of phagotrophy.
Accumulation of Co58‐Vitamin B12 by Euglena gracilis*
Authors: SEKHARA VARMA T. N. , ABRAHAM ANNIE , HANSEN I. A.
Published: May 2007

Some conditions for optimum accumulation of vitamin B12 by resting Euglena gracilis cells were studied. Accumulation involves intracellular binding, as confirmed by disruption of the cells and differential centrifugation. At least 70% of the intracellular B12 was attached to sedimentable particles, apparently to the mitochondrial and cell wall‐membrane fractions. The latter contains a heat‐labile substance which rapidly binds B12.
Spontaneous Astomy: Loss of Oral Areas in Glaucoma chattoni*
Authors: FRANKEL JOSEPH
Published: May 2007

Specimens of Glaucoma chattoni lacking in oral areas and unable to divide were observed in both axenic and bacterized cultures. The frequency of incidence of astomy rose in the course of continued cultivation of G. chattoni A, which was the strain most extensively studied.

Observations on silver impregnated animals from mass cultures, and studies of individually isolated living ciliates, have both led to the conclusion that all cells destined to become astomous pass through a certain definite sequence of events. These axe: 1. Initial damage, not microscopically detectable, predisposes the cell in such a way that within a few generattons all of its progeny become astomous. 2. The ability to complete normal stomatogenesis is lost; the cell cannot maintain normal posterior oral anlagen and also cannot regenerate following damage to the existing oral area. At this stage the cell can still divide, so that astomous opisthes are produced. 3. The existing oral area disappears shortly after the ability to produce new oral areas is lost. Loss of ability to divide occurs simultaneously with loss of oral areas. 4. Finally, there is increasing disorganization of the kineties, gradually decreasing activity and death.

The incidence of astomy was compared in several different strains of G. chattoni, including two newly isolated from nature.
In vivo Absorption Spectra of Euglena: Ghloroplast and Eyespot*
Authors: STROTHER G. K. , WOLKEN J. J.
Published: May 2007

The in vivo absorption spectra of the chloroplast and eyespot of Euglena gracilis were obtained by microspectro‐photometry. The average chloroplast absorption spectrum shows major peaks at 430‐43S and 675‐685 mμ. The fine structure details of chlorophyll à show peaks at 675, 685 and 695 mμ. The average eyespot absorption spectrum shows major absorption in the region of 460‐490 mμ, and two additional peaks near 510 and around 530 mμ with lesser peaks at 430 and 630 mμ. Some of these same absorption peaks were obtained for the eyespot of E. granulata and the “hematochrome flecks.” The eyespot spectrum indicates that probably more than one ca‐rotenoid is present and that a correlation exists between the eyespot absorption spectrum and the Euglena phototactic action spectra.
Lipid and Sterol Content of Some Protozoa*
Authors: AARONSON S. , BAKER H.
Published: May 2007

Total lipids of several protozoa were determined and found higher than in most other microorganisms. The lipid content in a phytoflagellate, Ochromonas malhamensis, could be increased by excess nicotinic acid or deficiency in nitrogen supply. Cell multiplication and lipid synthesis were unaffected by inhibitors of vitamin synthesis such as penicillamine, pan‐toyltaurine, or pyridine‐3‐sulfonic acid, up to 100 mg%. The phytoflagellates, O. danica, O. malhamensis, Euglena gracilis, and the photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium limkola contained large quantities of non‐saponifiable lipids: ergesterol was identified as a major component of this lipid fraction. Sterols were not found in the bacteria, Streptococcus faecalis, Rhodopseudomonas palustris; the algae. Cyanidium calidarnm. Anacystis nidulans, and Porphyridium cruentum; and the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Autogamy in Frontonia leucas (Ehrbg.)
Authors: DEVI R. VIMALA
Published: May 2007

Autogamy in Frontonia leucas is described for the first time. The process appears to occur at irregular intervals. From 7 to 10% of the individuals are affected. The beginning of autogamy is marked by a swelling of all the micronuclei which take part in the first two maturation divisions. The third division however affects only one of the second division products. Occasionally two or three may divide. A paroral cone is not prominent. But a small area close to the peristome is distinguishable as the region where the pronuclei fuse. The syn‐karyon divides four times. Some of the division products disintegrate, after which 8 to 9 bodies are left which become differentiated into 4 to 5 macronuclear anlagen and 4 micro‐nuclei. Mitotic division of the micronuclei results in their increase in number in the daughter individuals after metagamic divisions. Changes in the macronucleus during autogamy consist in its fragmentation and later absorption in the cytoplasm. There is some indirect evidence of a relationship between the dissolution of the old macronucleus and the development of the new.
Evidence for Micronuclear Function During Vegetative Growth and Reproduction of the Ciliate, Tetrahymena pyrijormis
Authors: WELLS CAROLYN
Published: May 2007

An amicronucleate clone of Tetrahymena pyrijormis has been found among the asexual progeny of irradiated cells of strain EU 6000 (variety 6, mating type I). Log‐phase cells of this clone, designated EU 6525, have a mean generation time (6.0 hr) longer than that of the micronucleate strain, EU 6000 (2.9 hr). Further irradiation studies of strain EU 6000 indicate that the recovery of viable amicronucleate populations is rare although many amicronucleate cells are found among surviving progeny.1 Attempts to introduce micronuclei into amicronucleate cells of strain EU 6525 by conjugation have been made. Micronucleate lines are obtained from amicronu create pair members only in low frequency. These results, considered together with those of other workers, suggest that some change in the state of the cell, additional to the physical loss (or gain) of the micronucleus, must occur before viable amicronucleate clones can be obtained from micronucleate cells, or before amicronucleate cells can produce viable micronucleate lineages. An alteration in mean generation time may be a reflection of this change, or it may simply be a direct consequence of micronuclear removal. The results further imply that the ciliate micronucleus unquestionably contributes information to the cell during asexual growth and reproduction.
The Sterol Requirement of Tetrahymena paravorax RP*
Authors: HOLZ GEORGE G. , ERWIN JOSEPH A. , WAGNER BARBARA
Published: May 2007

Tetrahymena paravorax RP was cultured axenically in a medium of known chemical composition (within the limits of contemporary standards of chemical purity). In this medium, it required 12 amino acids, 6 B‐complex vitamins, a purine, a pyrimidine, and inorganic salts. A sterol or sterol ester was necessary for optimal growth. Plant and animal 3 β‐OH sterols with saturated and unsaturated ring systems, and with a variety of side chain structures, were active. Several methylated sterols suggested as intermediates in cholesterol synthesis were inhibitory.
Studies in the Mitosis of Euglena I. On the Chromosome Cycle of Euglena viridis Ehrbg.
Authors: SA1TO MINORU
Published: May 2007

The chromosome cycle in the vegetative division of Euglena viridis was investigated. The seeming chromatin granules in the interphase nucleus are in reality thread structures, paired and very loosely twisted. Each component of the paired threads is called a chromatid, and consists of a fine thread of even thickness, the chromonema.

In the prophase, linear contraction and thickening of the chromatids occurs by means of the spiralization of them. In the later prophase, the coiled chromonema splits into two finer strands which show the plectonemic spiral. At the metaphase, the chromosomes are arranged in the form of an equatorial ring, encircling the median portion of the elongated endosome. Nearly all of the chromosomes have a submedian or a sub‐terminal and a few of them have a terminal kinetochore. In the early anaphase, separation of the sister chromosomes takes place beginning at the kinetochore. The spindle fibres in the metaphase and anaphase were not observed. The two stranded spiral in the chromosomes is separated into distinct components by the uncoiling in the later telophase, and they are transformed, in the interphase nucleus, into the paired chromatids.
Frontonia microstoma, Kahl
Authors: ROQUE MADELEINE
Published: May 2007

Frontonia microstoma, a ciliate living in brackish water, is described. The somatic infraciliature, the buccal in‐fraciliature and the fibrillar buccal system show essential characteristics of species of Frontoniidae Kahl. The number and the arrangement of vestibular kineties are specific. Dark blue‐green pigment is formed by small ectoplasmic vesicles. Formation of cysts is frequent in natural medium and cultures. There is no dedifferentiation of ciliates when encysted. Excystment is induced readily. Thriving cultures of F. microstoma have been obtained by feeding the ciliates with appropriate species of Cyanophyceae. Growth was better in brackish water than in either sea water or fresh water.
Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Prey Adherence*
Authors: HULL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

A variety of ciliates representing most of the major cliate groups were found to adhere to the ends of the tentacles of Podophrya collini. Reduction of ion concentration in the medium, low temperature, and treatment of the food ciliates or the suctorians with agents presumably interfering with choline‐acetylcholine balances in the suctorian or ciliate depressed the capture efficiency. Addition of sulfhydryl containing com pounds to the feeding situation and treatments which reduced the swimming vigor of the ciliates gave enhanced capture efficiency. Although killed but unlysed ciliates would not adhere to the tentacle ends, agar particles containing ciliate breis or a mixture of salts plus experimentally determined organic compounds would adhere.
Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Ingestion of Prey Cytoplasm.*
Authors: HULL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

The rate of ingestion of cytoplasm from its prey ciliate by Podophrya collini shows a maximum at 18°C. The rate of ingestion is the same for all active tentacles during the feeding period. Calculation of the amount of cytoplasm ingested from rate measurement and from dimensional alterations of ciliate and suctorian during feeding indicates conformity to the hypothesis that the motive force for ingestion results from integrated activity of the total cell and not from autonomous activity of the tentacles alone. The estimated motive force approximates 0.2 atmosphere. Data is presented to indicate that energy to maintain this motive force is derived from the normal oxidative metabolism of the suctorian.
Morphology and Systematic Position of Schizocaryum dogieli, a Ciliate Entocommensal in Strongylocentrotid Echinoids (Ciliata: Trichostomatida)*
Authors: BERGER JACQUES
Published: May 2007

Schizocaryum dogieli Poljansky & Golikova, 1957, was discovered in four species of the echinoid genus Strongylo centrotus from San Juan Islands, Washington, during the summer of 1960. Specimens subjected to the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technique have revealed that this species has been incorrectly assigned to the holotrich order Apostomatida. The presence of a vestibulum with sparse vestibular ciliature necessitates the transfer of this species to the holotrich order Trichostomatida as defined by Corliss. The infraciliature, certain pellicular organelles and the distinctive nuclear apparatus are described in detail. A discussion of various morphological and behavioral adaptations to its commensal mode of life is included. Detailed evidence is presented justifying the systematic reassignment of S. dogieli to the order Trichostomatida.
Observations on the Fine Structure of the Ciliate Dileptus anser
Authors: DUMONT JAMES N.
Published: May 2007

Dileptus anser is a relatively large multinucleate ciliate (gymnostome) which bears an anteriorly directed non‐retractable proboscis. On the ventral surface of the proboscis is found a “feeding groove” which is bounded laterally by large feeding cilia. In the ventral mid‐line of this groove is a small fiber which passes from the anterior tip to the cytostome‐cytopharyngeal complex, which is located at the base of the proboscis. Electron micrographs show that this fiber is composed of smaller fibrils. These smaller fibrils are attached to the kinetosomes of the feeding cilia on both the right and left sides of the larger fibril bundle. Thus, the mid‐ventral fibril bundle lies between two ciliary rows and provides fibrils for kinetosomes on both its right and left sides. Therefore, it seems likely in the case of this gymnostome, that there exists an exception to the rule of desmodexy as postulated by Chatton and Lwoff (1935). The function of these fibrils remains obscure but it is suggested that, in view of their close association with the feeding cilia and the non‐retractable nature of the proboscis, their function may be primarily coordinative. However, the possibility that they may also be concerned secondarily with minor contractions is not excluded.

The armature of the cytostome‐cytopharyngeal complex is composed of two distinct systems: (1) a system of fibrils which are apparently kinetodesmal and (2) a system of trichites. The fibrils are thought to be associated with the feeding cilia of the proboscis as well as with those which surround the cytostome. The fibrils extend into the cytoplasm of the armature and are intermingled among the trichites. The tri‐chites are arranged in two concentric cones around the cytostome. In the outermost cone they are larger and arranged in almost single file as opposed to the smaller size and the more or less random orientation of those of the inner cone. They are composed of smaller hexagonally packed rods which measure 170‐180 Å in diameter and are separated by a space of about 100 Å.
Problems in the Systematics of the “Sporozoa”*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

The taxonomy of the so‐called Sporozoa is reviewed, and it is concluded that the group is polyphyletic and should be split into the following independent taxa: (1) The subphylum EUSPORA subph. nov., members of which have simple spores without polar filaments; this subphylum contains the classes TELOSPORASIDA Schaudinn, 1900 and HAPLO‐SPORASIDA Caullery and Mesnil, 1899; (2) the subphylum CNIDOSPORA Doflein, 1901, members of which have spores containing 1 or more polar filaments; (3) the class PIRO PLASMASIDA Wenyon, 1926, members of which have no spores, are parasitic in vertebrate erythrocytes and are heter‐oxenous; and (4) the class TOXOPLASMASIDA Biocca, 1957 emend., members of which have no spores, have cysts or pseudocysts, and are monoxenous parasites of vertebrates; the latter two groups are not assigned to subphyla but are considered appendages to the Protozoa. A classification to suborders is given of the Euspora.
La Structure Fine de Chlorogonium elongatum. I. Etude Systematique au Microscope Electronique.
Authors: de HALLER GERARD , ROUILLER CHARLES
Published: May 2007

The flagellate Chlorogonium elongatum has been studied in the electron microscope by thin‐sectioning techniques. The nucleus, limited by a porous membrane, contains a large nucleolus and some dense masses, probably of chromatin. When the medium is rich or the culture young, the chloroplast has few lamellae, and very few pyrenoids. Inversely, when the medium is poor or jthe culture old, the lamellae are abundant, appearing as piled discs or as a tortuous lamellar system. The pyrenoids are then numerous and are surrounded by starch grains. They are composed of an opaque, finely granular substance, and are never traversed by chloroplast lamellae. The stigma, within the chloroplast, is a circular or oval plate composed of a single tier of dense granulations. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria which are concentrated near the pellicle of the cell, an endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of ribo‐nucleoprotein particles or ribosomes, and a Golgi apparatus. These organelles resemble those observed in other protozoa. The two fiagella are encased in cylinders situated at the anterior end of the cell. At the base of the fiagella are the basal corpuscles or kinetosomes, which repose within a cupule. A dense granule which probably corresponds to the centrosome appears near this structure.
Serological Studies on Protozoa. I. Antigens Related to Developmental Stages of Colpoda maupasi*
Authors: PADNOS MORTON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Rabbit antisera to trophic and resting cyst stages of C. maupasi were analyzed by absorption and cross absorption with trophic and resting cyst antigens. The trophic form gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of high titer, whereas the cyst stage gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of lower titer. The cyst antiserum also stimulated the formation of a gelatinous membrane around some of the immobilized organisms. Both antisera had their effect against the trophic form; the cyst stage was not visibly affected.

Two antigenic components were demonstrated in the resting cyst stage, one shared in common with the trophic stage, which gave rise to an immobilizing and agglutinating antibody, and a second antigen present only in the cyst, yielding a lytic antibody. The lytic antibody was revealed only after absorption of the immobilizing antibody component from the cyst antiserum.

The recombination of immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies with lytic antibody revealed a reciprocal linear relationship, i.e., the lytic activity was more pronounced as the immobilizing titer decreased. The two antibody components when combined in a ratio of approximately 3:1 (immobilizing to lytic antibody), inhibited lysis and duplicated the immobilizing and gelatinous membrane formation observed for the unabsorbed cyst antisera.
Malayan Protozoa 5. Two Avian Malaria Parasites*
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Turnix suscitator (Galliformes), Phaenicophaeus javanicus (Cuculiformes), and two passerine birds, Dicaeum cruentatum and Pycnonotus dispar, harbor Plasmodium vaughani Novy and MacNeal in the States of Pahang, Perak and Trengganu. P. rouxi Sergent, Sergent and Catanei occurs in the same localities and in Kelantan too, in the following eight passerines: Chloropsis cyanopogon, Copsychus malabaricus, Geokichla sibirica, Malacocincla rostrata, Pitta megar‐hyncha, Pomatorhinus hypoleucos, Pteruthius erythropterus and Pycnonotus goiavier. This is the first report of either parasite from Malaya, and from the hosts listed. Taxonomic criteria are discussed, and it is pointed out that Dr. A. H. Helmy Mohammed's “bow‐tie” schizonts are a useful guide to the recognition of P. rouxi.
Sulfur Metabolism in Algae. I. Synthesis of Metabolically Inert Chloroform‐Soluble Sulfate Esters by Two Chrysomonads and Chlorella pyrenoidosa*
Authors: HAINES THOMAS H. , BLOCK RICHARD J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ochromonas danica and O. malhamensis were grown in the presence of Na2S35O4. Four chloroform‐soluble S35‐compounds were separated from them, one of which was also found in the chloroform extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. All four S35‐compounds were hydrolyzed by acid to yield S35‐sulfate. Two of the S35‐compounds were fed to O. danica and incorporated into the organism without reduction of the S35‐sulfate. Evidence is presented suggesting a structural relationship between these chloroform‐soluble S35‐compounds.
The Trypanosomatid Parasites of Horseflies with the Description of Crithidia rileyi n. sp.*
Authors: WALLACE F. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species, Crithidia rileyi (Trypanosomatidae), is described from Tabanus epistates. The most characteristic feature of the flagellate is the frequent occurrence of a broad sucker‐like posterior end. In contrast to other species of Crithidia it multiplied very slowly in the first few weeks after isolation. A review of the literature shows that trypanosomatids of two generic types, Crithidia and Blastocrithidia, have been described from flies of the family Tabanidae, although they have nearly always been regarded as stages of the same organism. Some or all of those of the Blastocrithidia type are stages of Trypanosoma theileri. The Crithidia are probably not stages in the development of any trypanosome.
The Cultural Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). I. Relation Between Cyclic Development of Culture Forms, Oxygen Consumption in the Presence of Glucose, and Malonate Inhibition.*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L. , SORSOLI WAYNE A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ten‐ or 12‐day cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum in Diamond's SNB‐9 medium contain large numbers of slender crithidia and considerably smaller numbers of pear‐shaped crithidia, but in fresh media the pear‐shaped bodies constitute about 93% of the population after 5 days whereas slender forms make up about 4–5%; the remainder are leishman bodies. Succeeding days show a different cycle in that the slender forms increase to some 93% at 10–13 days and the pear bodies decrease to some 3% of the total at the same time.

When washed in Krebs‐Ringer phosphate buffer alone, neither morphological type shows endogenous respiration; in glucose containing buffer, O2 consumption becomes evident; pear‐shaped crithidia use, on an average, 12.6 μl O2/hr/108 whereas slender forms utilize 17.7 μl O2/hr/108 parasites. Malonate at 0.01 m inhibits O2 consumption of slender forms about 61% as compared to 27% with the pear‐shaped bodies. A speculative discussion of the relation between morphological types, O2 consumption in the presence of glucose, and malonate inhibition is presented.
Sensitivity of Spathidium spathula to Low Doses of X‐Radiation*
Authors: WILLIAMS DONALD B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When Spathidium spathula was exposed to X‐ray doses ranging from 1–25 kr this animal was found to be more radiosensitive than any ciliate previously reported. A dose of 1 kr is sufficient to increase the time of the first generation from 5 to about 5 1/2 hours. A dose of 4 kr is enough to approximately double the generation time. Bacteria in the medium during irradiation do not protect the ciliate against injury. Animals irradiated as dry cysts are only slightly more resistant than vegetative forms, requiring 10 kr to double the generation time. One day after exposure, irradiated lines are uniformly poor in growth rate (0–2 daily divisions), but later a bimodal response is noticed, some lines remaining poor and others recovering. Within 24 hours after treatment, a number of irradiated animals show structural abnormalities and are greatly increased in size. The experiments have not determined the reason for the high sensitivity of Spathidium but have made certain alternatives unlikely.
Alkaline Earth Elements and the Avoidance Reaction in Paramecium multimicronucleatum*
Authors: YARBROUGH JAMES D. , O'KELLEY JOSEPH C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Normal swimming behavior of Paramecium multimicronucleatum in an essential mineral element solution with 0.0002 M calcium changed into continuous avoidance reactions upon replacement by equimolar strontium; equimolar barium produced a less pronounced similar effect. In equivalent pure SrCl2 and BaCl2 solutions, avoidance reactions were less frequent than in the balanced solutions. P. multimicronucleatum inoculated into autoclaved calcium‐ or strontium‐containing cultures of the alga Protosiphon botryoides (ultimate food source) multiplied greatly and essentially equally, but died in barium. Accelerated avoidance reaction rates were observed in strontium up to and at 32 days after inoculation.
Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis in Europe*
Authors: ELLIOTT ALFRED M. , ADDISON MARY A. , CAREY SUSANNE E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. One hundred eighty‐eight fresh‐water samples from France (30), Italy (42), Austria (12), Germany (1), Switzerland (35), Holland (20), England (26), and Sweden (22) were examined for T. pyriformis. The habitats included rivers, mountain streams, lakes, ponds, irrigation ditches, roadside ditches, running and dead water canals, and fountains. The temperature ranged from 10° to 30°C, locations from 42° to 68° North latitude, with elevations from sea level to approximately 3,000 feet. Of the samples taken 28 contained T. pyriformis from which 411 clones were established in axenic media. Thirty‐three additional samples contained ciliates other than T. pyriformis. All clones grew well in 1% proteose peptone; when screened for their nutritional requirements a few failed to grow on the completely defined medium and several others survived eight sub‐inoculations without thiamine.

The nuclear and sexual activity pattern followed that of previous collections. In distribution, variety 6 was found in Italy, variety 3 in Austria, and variety 4 in England. A new variety (variety 10) with two mating types was isolated from four different habitats in England. Several strains from Italy, France, Holland, and England constitute one group which mated among themselves, but only a few of which reacted with mating type I of variety 6 from America. This demonstrates the close affinities of the European and American strains, yet shows the possible evolution of a new variety (species).