bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Domain Criteria in NIMH Grants Characterized Using Large Language Models
Authors: Perlis Roy H.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Over the past decade, the leadership of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has emphasized the importance of a transdiagnostic approach to psychiatric investigation using Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) mapping more closely to neurobiology.

Objective

To investigate whether research support from the NIMH for individual RDoC domains and for transdiagnostic investigation has changed over time and has had differential impact in terms of publication, citations, or patent filings.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this longitudinal cohort study, all R01, R21, and R03 studies funded by the NIMH between January 2003 and December 2023 were identified via the National Institutes of Health RePORTER database. Their abstracts were characterized in terms of RDoC domains (negative valence, positive valence, cognition, social, arousal, and sensorimotor) using a large language model.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were publications, citation impact estimated at 5 years from the index year of funding, and patents, examined using regression models adjusted for other grant characteristics.

Results

Among 8897 R01, R03, and R21 projects, reflecting $17.7 billion of investment, abstracts of 3141 (35.3%) reflected negative valence; 1344 (15.1%), positive valence; 2781 (31.3%), cognition; 1607 (18.1%), social; 343 (3.9%), arousal; and 571 (6.4%), sensorimotor domains. A total of 1793 (20.2%) incorporated a transdiagnostic perspective. Positive and social domains were associated with fewer publications (difference, −1.13 [95% CI, −2.11 to −0.15] and −2.23 [95% CI, −3.15 to −1.30], respectively) and lesser citation impact (difference, −0.47 [95% CI, −0.75 to −0.18] and −1.19 [95% CI, −1.46 to −0.91], respectively) at 5 years. Social (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.23) and cognitive (AOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.89) domains and transdiagnostic proposals (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.21-0.60) were associated with lower likelihood of patent filing.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study of NIMH funding, grants reflecting different RDoC domains differed substantially in their scientific impact in terms of publications, citations, and patent generation. The findings suggest that large language models represent a promising approach to characterizing research proposals at scale, which may be useful in guiding resource allocation to maximize scientific return on investment.
Characterizing Spin in Psychiatric Clinical Research Literature Using Large Language Models
Authors: Perlis Roy H.
Published: February 2025

This quality improvement study describes the use of a large language model (LLM) to detect biased reporting in abstracts of psychiatric clinical research.
Making Progress in Clinical Trials for Suicide Prevention
Authors: Wilkinson Samuel T. , Bryan Craig J. , Alphs Larry D. , Canuso Carla M. , Ostacher Michael J. , Price Rebecca B. , Bloch Michael H. , Zarate Carlos A. , Rhee Taeho Greg
Published: February 2025

Importance

Suicide is a public health crisis, and despite renewed efforts to confront this problem, suicide rates continue to rise in the US. While suicide prevention encompasses a broad array of strategies, treatment development is lagging. Within this realm, clinical trials are the criterion standard for evaluating safety and efficacy of new treatments.

Observations

Most clinical trials conducted among patients with mental illness have excluded patients at risk of suicide. Historical reasons for this include regulatory challenges, liability concerns, ethical questions, discomfort working directly with high-risk patients, and the belief that research is too risky for individuals at elevated risk for suicide.

Conclusions and Relevance

Several considerations are provided for investigators in the design of trials targeting at-risk populations, including thoughtful selection of study outcome, use of time-to-event design and analysis (which may simultaneously satisfy ethical concerns and scientific aims), enrolling an enriched sample (eg, among patients recently discharged from the hospital), and provision of usual care in the comparator group. Caution should be exercised to avoid excessive or unreasonable safety requirements, which may lead participants to minimize self-report of suicidal ideation or to drop out of trials. Where possible, regulatory bodies (institutional review boards [IRBs] and data and safety monitoring boards) should consult with or include as members those with direct clinical experience with this high-risk population. An important ethical principle for IRB members and other regulators to consider is that suicide-related events are expected in this clinical population.
Comparing the accuracy and precision of smartphone and specialist handheld GNSS receivers for use in ecological fieldwork
Authors: Osborne Andrew , Mossman Hannah , Caporn Simon , Coulthard Emma
Published: February 2025

Smartphones are handheld computers and multichannel communication devices that carry an array of sensors and can link with specialist external devices. These powerful tools have an established role in biological recording and ecological surveying. The ability to geolocate accurately is frequently essential to ecological fieldwork. This field study aimed to test the performance of a compact/handheld surveyor‐grade GNSS receiver, functioning as an external sensor, compared to smartphones' inbuilt GNSS receivers and a standard‐grade external GNSS receiver.

We devised a series of survey protocols to test the horizontal accuracy of GNSS receivers in static and dynamic scenarios typical of ecology fieldwork, estimating the horizontal distance of GNSS measurements under ‘open sky’ conditions from a base station geolocated with centimetre accuracy. Protocols were designed to test the capabilities of GNSS receivers; the absolute horizontal accuracy and precision in static surveys and performance in dynamic surveys, walking a transect with frequent changes of direction, or roaming across the survey area, requiring the GNSS to rapidly re‐establish a position fix.

In all survey protocols, the surveyor‐grade GNSS performed significantly better with lower horizontal distance estimates at the 50th centile and more consistent performance at the 95th centile than the other GNSS receivers, giving median distance estimates of 0.5–1.1 m. The median horizontal accuracy of inbuilt GNSS receivers in this trial was 0.9–3.4 m under ‘open sky’ conditions.

Practical implication: The smartphone GNSS receivers that we tested were accurate to within a few meters. Linking the smartphone with a moderately priced compact/handheld external GNSS receiver significantly improved performance.
American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) chapter climate check: Mixed methods analysis of survey responses
Authors: Cetnar Ashley J. , Aldosary Ghada , Koo Meghan C. , Lincoln Holly , Pérez‐Andújar Angélica , Prajapati Surendra , Simiele Samantha J. , Hendrickson Kristi R. G.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) recently shared results and recommendations from its first Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) Climate Survey, which was designed to assess the climate at the workplace, the AAPM organization, and the AAPM regional chapter level. This work further explores the status of EDI at the regional chapter level.

Methods

AAPM's EDI Survey was distributed to 5500 members and had a response rate of 25%. In the survey, three open‐ended comment boxes were provided for feedback, including one for regional AAPM members. Sixty‐four percent of respondents indicated they were part of a regional chapter, and 6% provided written responses to the regional chapter question. Responses were analyzed using a mixed methods approach with an exploratory sequential design. Two phases were conducted; the first relied on a Grounded Theory quantitative systemic approach, and the second applied qualitative analysis. Chapter member demographic data were collected to support findings.

Results

Survey respondents provided open comments and feedback on their regional chapter's climate. Data are summarized as five themes: positive experiences, negative experiences, challenges within chapters, diversity and inclusion, and changes observed. Experiences of regional chapters were rated positively by 75% of respondents. Respondents found their chapters were welcoming, and some noted their great chapter leadership. A number of incidents of sexual harassment, bullying, and discrimination incidences were also shared. Other respondents observed exclusion based on their gender, race, highest degree, and medical physics specialty. Chapter leadership data aligned with these claims, with most leaders to‐date being white males, doctoral degree holders, and/or specializing in radiation therapy.

Conclusion

AAPM chapters provide rewarding professional opportunities. This study has highlighted positive and negative experiences reported by its members. The major themes identified can guide chapter leaders to continue to cultivate welcoming communities for regional AAPM members.
Effects of Chemical Pressure on Superconductivity in Electrochemically Intercalated (TMA)yFe2(Se1−xSx)2 (TMA = Tetramethylammonium)
Authors: Lammer Nadine , Werhahn Dominik , Moritz Leonard , Johrendt Dirk
Published: February 2025

The β‐modification of FeSe, which has an anti‐PbO type structure, achieves superconductivity at 8 K without external doping or pressure and exhibits a nematic phase, which has been crucial for studies of unconventional pairing mechanisms. Although the critical temperature (Tc) in FeSe increases significantly with applied pressure, intercalation, and in thin films, the effect of chemical pressure by replacing selenium with sulfur in FeSe1−xSx has remained unclear. To investigate the effects of chemical pressure, we have synthesized FeSe1−xSx crystals (up to x = 0.52) and intercalated them with tetramethylammonium ions (TMA+). These results show that both Tc and unit cell volume decrease linearly with sulfur content in both host and intercalated (TMA)yFe2(Se1‐xSx)2. The remarkable common rate of normalized decrease of Tc suggests that chemical pressure affects the electron‐doped intercalates in the same way as the host compounds. This result highlights the unique role of chemical pressure and electron doping in tuning superconductivity in FeSe systems and provides new insights into their complex behavior.
Circularly Polarized Perovskite Photodetector with Photocurrent Dissymmetry Factors of up to 1.95 Enabled by Liquid Crystal
Authors: Feng Yifan , Gao Guanfeng , Wen Xuebing , Chen Zekai , Huang Jiaqi , Yang Chao , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Zhou Guofu , Hu Xiaowen
Published: February 2025

Conventional circularly polarized light (CPL) detectors face a grand challenge with device integration and miniaturization because of the need for complex optical components. Chiral perovskites have recently emerged as interesting materials for CPL detectors that do not require additional optical elements but struggle to achieve a high photocurrent dissymmetry factor (gIph). Herein, a simple and promising strategy is reported for high‐performance circularly polarized perovskite photodetectors (CP‐PPDs) with exceptionally high gIph. The CP‐PPDs are fabricated using perovskite single crystals in combination with free‐standing cholesteric liquid crystal polymer films (P‐CLC) that empower the device to trigger an optically selective response. By tuning the photonic bandgap of the P‐CLC film, the spectral response of the CP‐PPDs is tunable over a broad range of wavelengths. The devices show detectivities of 6.8 × 1013 and 5.1 × 1013 Jones at 520 and 405 nm, respectively. Importantly, the PDs exhibit high  gIph factors of up to 1.95 at 520 nm, which is the highest reported to date for CP‐PPDs. Furthermore, as a proof‐of‐concept, CP‐PPD arrays are demonstrated for use in image sensing.
Kosmotropic Anions‐Intensified Proline Additive Enabling Highly Stable Zn Anodes
Authors: Zeng Juan , Dong Liubing , Guo Xin
Published: February 2025

Despite the conspicuous merits of Zn metal anodes, the commercialization of Zn anode‐based electrochemical energy storage devices is still constrained by uncontrollable dendrite growth and serious parasitic reactions. Herein, an innovative strategy of employing kosmotropic anions‐intensified proline additive to regulate the Zn2+ solvation structure and manipulate the Zn deposition interface, thus achieving highly stable Zn anodes, is proposed. The key to this strategy lies in ingeniously utilizing kosmotropic SO42− anions to enhance the affinity of proline adsorption layer on the Zn anodes and weaken the solvation of Zn2+. Consequently, Zn anodes in the proline‐containing ZnSO4 (ZnSO4‐proline) electrolyte deliver a remarkable lifespan over 2600 h at 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2. Even under a harsh plating/stripping condition (10 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2), Zn anodes in the ZnSO4‐proline electrolyte stably operate for 650 h. Meanwhile, the Coulombic efficiency of Zn plating/stripping in the designed electrolyte is as high as 99.9% over 1100 cycles. The ZnSO4‐proline electrolyte endows Zn‐ion batteries and Zn‐ion hybrid capacitors with notably optimized long‐term cycling stability. This work is expected to be of immediate benefit to design low‐cost Zn‐based energy storage systems with ultra‐long lifespan.
Dielectric Increment of Electrolytes Mediated by Ion Association for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fan Xiao‐Zhong , Liu Meng , Zhang Jin‐Hao , Yao Nan , Zhou Xiao‐He , Fedotov Stanislav S. , Song Ying‐Ze , Chen Xiang , Zhang Yue‐Zhou , Kong Long
Published: February 2025

Electrolyte engineering for long‐lifespan alkali‐based batteries focuses on modulating the solvation structure to build the electrode/electrolyte interface and dictate interfacial reactions. Previous strategies have relied on increasing the salt concentration to introduce the anion‐derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for considerable interfacial stability, but these strategies are restricted by the poor solubility of film‐forming salts in weak solvation electrolytes. Herein, a dielectric increment of weak solvation electrolytes based on the ion dissociation and association chemistry is proposed to realize the high salt solubility. Differing from the dielectric decrement with the addition of salts in strong solvation electrolytes owing to reduced free solvents, the dielectric increment in weak solvation electrolytes is a result of the surplus dielectric polarization of contact ion pairs (CIPs). As a demonstration in salt‐concentration‐sensitive lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, CIPs facilitate the high solubility of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and promote the Li2S2/Li2S nucleation. The CIP‐induced dielectric increment of electrolytes yields 96% capacity retention after 175 cycles at 0.2 C in the Li–S cell. This underexplored strategy provides effective guidelines for the design of dielectric‐constant‐mediated electrolytes for alkali‐based battery applications.
Emerging Materials and Computing Paradigms for Temporal Signal Analysis
Authors: Zhang Teng , Wozniak Stanislaw , Syed Ghazi Sarwat , Mannocci Piergiulio , Farronato Matteo , Ielmini Daniele , Sebastian Abu , Yang Yuchao
Published: February 2025

In the era of relentless data generation and dynamic information streams, the demand for efficient and robust temporal signal analysis has intensified across diverse domains such as healthcare, finance, and telecommunications. This perspective study explores the unfolding landscape of emerging materials and computing paradigms that are reshaping the way temporal signals are analyzed and interpreted. Traditional signal processing techniques often fall short when confronted with the intricacies of time‐varying data, prompting the exploration of innovative approaches. The rise of emerging materials and devices empowers real‐time analysis by processing temporal signals in situ, mitigating latency concerns. Through this perspective, the untapped potential of emerging materials and computing paradigms for temporal signal analysis is highlighted, offering valuable insights into both challenges and opportunities. Standing on the cusp of a new era in computing, understanding and harnessing these paradigms is pivotal for unraveling the complexities embedded within the temporal dimensions of data, propelling signal analysis into realms previously deemed inaccessible.
Chemical Tomography of Cancer Organoids and Cyto‐Proteo‐Genomic Development Stages Through Chemical Communication Signals
Authors: Maity Arnab , Maidantchik Vivian Darsa , Weidenfeld Keren , Larisch Sarit , Barkan Dalit , Haick Hossam
Published: February 2025

Organoids mimic human organ function, offering insights into development and disease. However, non‐destructive, real‐time monitoring is lacking, as traditional methods are often costly, destructive, and low‐throughput. In this article, a non‐destructive chemical tomographic strategy is presented for decoding cyto‐proteo‐genomics of organoid using volatile signaling molecules, hereby, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), to indicate metabolic activity and development of organoids. Combining a hierarchical design of graphene‐based sensor arrays with AI‐driven analysis, this method maps VOC spatiotemporal distribution and generate detailed digital profiles of organoid morphology and proteo‐genomic features. Lens‐ and label‐free, it avoids phototoxicity, distortion, and environmental disruption. Results from testing organoids with the reported chemical tomography approach demonstrate effective differentiation between cyto‐proteo‐genomic profiles of normal and diseased states, particularly during dynamic transitions such as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, the reported approach identifies key VOC‐related biochemical pathways, metabolic markers, and pathways associated with cancerous transformations such as aromatic acid degradation and lipid metabolism. This real‐time, non‐destructive approach captures subtle genetic and structural variations with high sensitivity and specificity, providing a robust platform for multi‐omics integration and advancing cancer biomarker discovery.
4.2 V O3‐Layered Cathodes in Sodium‐Ion Pouch Cells Enabled by an Intermolecular‐Reinforced Ether Electrolyte
Authors: Cui Xinke , Ding Shuicen , Niu Yaoshen , Wang Hongkang , Lu Yaxiang , Hu Yongsheng , Xue Weijiang
Published: February 2025

To fulfill the requirements for practical applications, it is urgent to boost the gravimetric energy density of sodium‐ion batteries. An effective way is to increase the charging voltage of O3‐type layered cathodes preferably to 4.2 V versus Na/Na+ (VNa). Nevertheless, it is extremely challenging to achieve stable cycling of the cathodes at such a high cut‐off voltage. Here a novel electrolyte strategy to design an intermolecular‐reinforced electrolyte (IRE) is presented, utilizing meticulously protected ether molecules, which facilitates stable high‐voltage cycling of the commercially viable NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM). While the NFM with the IRE exhibits a high specific capacity of ≈158 mAh g−1 at 4.2 VNa (130 mAh g−1 at 4.0 VNa), the aggressive cathode surface can still be effectively stabilized by the formation of favorable thin and inorganic‐rich cathode−electrolyte interfaces. Remarkably, under a high cut‐off voltage of 4.2 VNa, an industrial ampere‐hour‐level NFM||hard carbon pouch cell with the IRE electrolyte shows an excellent long‐term cycling stability with 82.8% capacity retention after 800 cycles, largely outperforming the localized high‐concentration electrolyte (82.9% after 200 cycles).
Photo‐Induced Bandgap Engineering of Metal Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots In Flow
Authors: Jha Pragyan , Mukhin Nikolai , Ghorai Arup , Morshedian Hamed , Canty Richard B. , Delgado‐Licona Fernando , Brown Emily E. , Pyrch Austin J. , Castellano Felix N. , Abolhasani Milad
Published: February 2025

Over the past decade, lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted significant attention due to their tunable optoelectronic properties for next‐generation printed photonic and electronic devices. High‐energy photons in the presence of haloalkanes provide a scalable and sustainable pathway for precise bandgap engineering of LHP NCs via photo‐induced anion exchange reaction (PIAER) facilitated by in situ generated halide anions. However, the mechanisms driving photo‐induced bandgap engineering in LHP NCs remain not fully understood. This study elucidates the underlying PIAER mechanisms of LHP NCs through an advanced microfluidic platform. Additionally, the first instance of a PIAER, transforming CsPbBr3 NCs into high‐performing CsPbI3 NCs, with the assistance of a thiol‐based additive is reported. Utilizing an intensified photo‐flow microreactor accelerates the anion exchange rate 3.5‐fold, reducing material consumption 100‐fold compared to conventional batch processes. It is demonstrated that CsPbBr3 NCs act as photocatalysts, driving oxidative bond cleavage in dichloromethane and promoting the photodissociation of 1‐iodopropane using high‐energy photons. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a thiol‐based additive plays a dual role: surface passivation, which enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield, and facilitates the PIAER. These findings pave the way for the tailored design of perovskite‐based optoelectronic materials.
Control Over Metal‐Halide Reactivity Enables Uniform Growth of InSb Colloidal Quantum Dots for Enhanced SWIR Light Detection
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Kim Da Bin , Xia Pan , Villanueva Francisco Yarur , Rehl Benjamin , Pina Joao M. , Liu Yanjiang , Zhang Yangning , Voznyy Oleksandr , Kumacheva Eugenia , Hoogland Sjoerd , Sargent Edward H.
Published: February 2025

InSb colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) hold promise in short‐wave infrared sensing; however, their synthesis presents ongoing challenges, particularly in achieving precise size control – this is the result of poorly controlled reactivity among the precursors. Herein, the use of alkyl‐phosphine and amine‐based organic additives to control the reactivity of In and Sb precursors during the nucleation and growth of CQDs is developed. This interplay between organic additive and precursors enables the synthesis of InSb CQDs having narrowed size distributions; and bandgaps tunable across the 1.2–1.5 µm spectral range; all this leading to peak‐to‐valley ratios >1.4 in absorption spectra. The CQDs are surface‐terminated with a mixture of oleylamine, halides, and oxide‐like species, and this hinders ligand exchange reactions and subsequent integration into photodiodes. We therefore resurface the CQDs with alkanethiols, displacing the native ligands via an acid‐base mechanism, an approach that removes oxide species. Using a layer‐by‐layer fabrication process, the ligands of the resurfaced InSb CQDs are exchanged with short organic and halide ligands and incorporated films into n‐i‐p photodiode structures. The resultant devices exhibit a detectivity of 10¹2 Jones, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 33% at 1380 nm, and T90 operating stability of >19 h under continuous illuminated operation.
Integrating PtCo Intermetallic with Highly Graphitized Carbon Toward Durable Oxygen Electroreduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Wu Bing , Yang Haolan , Li Longbin , Tang Xiannong , Wu Yonggan , Huang Bingyu , Lützenkirchen‐Hecht Dirk , Qiu Ming , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: February 2025

Exploiting robust and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) toward long‐term operation for practical applications, yet remains challenging. Herein, the ordered PtCo intermetallic is reported with a Pt‐rich shell loaded on a highly graphitized carbon carrier (O‐PtCo@GCoNC) prepared by an impregnation annealing strategy. Systematic X‐ray spectroscopic, operando electrochemical techniques and theoretical calculations reveal that thanks to the synergistic interaction of the core–shell PtCo intermetallic structure with a tailor‐made Pt electronic configuration and highly graphitized carbon, O‐PtCo@GCoNC exhibits significantly enhanced activity and stability toward ORR. Crucially, O‐PtCo@GCoNC delivers a much‐enhanced mass activity of 0.83 A mgPt−1 at 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 m HClO4, which only drops by 26.5% after 70 000 cycles (0.6–1.0 V vs RHE), and 10.8% after 10 000 cycles (1.0–1.5 V vs RHE), apparently overmatching Pt/C (0.19 A mgPt−1, 73.7%, and 63.1%). Moreover, O‐PtCo@GCoNC employed as the cathode catalyst in H2/air PEMFC achieves a superb peak power density (1.04 W cm−2 at 2.06 A cm−2), outperforming that of Pt/C (0.86 W cm−2 at 1.79 A cm−2). The cell voltage loss at 0.8 A cm−2 is 28 mV after 30 000 cycles, outstripping the United States Department of Energy 2025 target.
Self‐Powered Broadband Computational Imaging Based on CdS/Ge 2D/3D Type‐I Heterojunction Photodetectors
Authors: Luo Xiaodi , Li Jiahao , He Zixin , Ma Xiaofei , Qin Qinggang , Chen Wei , Xu Zhengyu , Qiu Zhifan , Wang Yingjian , Li Liang , Shi Dongfeng
Published: February 2025

The breakthrough in van der Waals heterojunction diodes composed of 2D and 3D materials for optoelectronic devices has paved the way for advancements in broadband optical imaging. However, fabricating traditional array‐based imaging detectors with these materials remains challenging. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), a historically significant semiconductor material, has been extensively used in optoelectronic devices due to its remarkable photoelectric properties and chemical stability. Notably, a unique type‐I heterojunction can be formed by combining 2D CdS, prepared through chemical vapor deposition, with the first‐generation semiconductor germanium (Ge). His heterojunction photodetector exhibits outstanding photoelectric performance, achieving a responsivity of 54 mA W−1 and a detectivity of 1.4 × 109 Jones under zero bias, with a spectral response range spanning from 265 to 1550 nm. Herein, the CdS/Ge heterojunction photodetector with the emerging single‐pixel Hadamard algorithm, addressing challenges in nonvisible imaging that conventional imaging systems traditionally encounter, is integrated. This approach facilitates low‐sampling‐rate image reconstruction across a broad spectral range and under scattering conditions. It is anticipated that this work will significantly contribute to future advancements in broadband imaging applications.
Recent Advances in Iodine‐Mediated Radical Reactions
Authors: Yang Wen , Guo Jian , Hee Samual , Chen Yu
Published: February 2025

Over the past two decades, iodine‐mediated free radical reactions have been extensively explored and employed in chemical transformations that complement traditional ionic reactions. In this review, we have updated the progress of the iodine‐mediated radical reactions in organic synthesis reported between 2015 and mid‐2024, and organized the reactions according to their mechanistic pathways. In general, the proposed mechanisms can be divided into four categories based on the radical initiation or its preceding steps, namely, (1) formation of a covalent X−I (X=C, N, S, Se) bond, which subsequently participates in a radical reaction; (2) formation of a noncovalent N⋅⋅⋅I bond, which assists the homolysis of the I−I bond; (3) formation of the key iodine radicals by visible‐light or heat induced homolysis of I2 or by electrochemical oxidation of iodide; (4) iodine induced peroxide decomposition via single electron transfer (SET) mechanism to generate alkoxy or alkyl peroxy radicals. We hope this review will provide readers with a comprehensive update on the iodine‐mediated radical reactions, thereby further inspiring more exciting advances in this emerging field.
Ultrafine‐Mn‐Loaded N,O‐Doped Nanocarbon via Mott‒Schottky Effect for Photo‐Enhanced Antibacterial Therapy and Wound Healing
Authors: Jiang Xueyu , Zeng Fanwei , Li Yan , Yi Yang , Tang Xiaodong , Lu Ang
Published: February 2025

Bacterial infections are one of the greatest threats to wound healing, and microbial resistance has increased the demand for new antimicrobial dressings. Artificial nanozymes possess myriad considerable advantages, including low cost and high activity, for targeted biological treatments. Despite significant efforts made in nanozyme engineering, significant challenge remains that their catalytic performance is far from satisfactory in wound treatment. Herein, based on biowaste valorisation, we propose a sustainable and efficient strategy to synthesize an ultrafine‐Mn‐loaded (3.0 ± 1 nm) N,O‐doped porous nanocarbons (Mn‐PNCs) nanozyme via the Mott−Schottky effect. The nanozyme achieves mid‐temperature (45.8°C) and superior photothermal conversion efficiency (77.62%), photothermally enhanced peroxidase‐like activity that contributes to the effective treatment of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus‐infected wounds. The photo‐enzyme platform further reduced the inflammatory response, normalized epidermal tissue regeneration, and accelerated wound healing. Notably, the mechanism demonstrated that this Mott−Schottky catalyst can trigger the rapid transfer of electrons to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) species, as a heterojunction system is strongly capable of changing the electron density within the metal. Under photothermal induction, the Mott–Schottky contact can be used to fabricate other polysaccharide‐derived nanozymes in tissue engineering, or on the high‐value application of biomass resources.
Stateful Full Adder Using Silicon Diodes
Authors: Son Jaemin , Jeon Juhee , Cho Kyoungah , Kim Sangsig
Published: February 2025

Stateful logic can perform logic operations and simultaneously stores computational results in memory devices. Most stateful logic bases and algorithms have been studied using resistive random‐access memory devices. Herein, stateful full adders consisting of silicon p+–n–p–n+ diodes that exhibit switching and memory functions through band modulation are demonstrated. A 1‐bit full adder using ten diodes operates with ten sequential steps of material implication and NOR logic operations, and its energy consumption per operation is 50.4 pJ. Row and column logic operations in a diode crossbar structure enable an N‐bit full adder algorithm. This study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving fully functional in‐memory computations using silicon diodes.
Herbivory exacerbates pollen limitation by isolating unconsumed plants from prospective mates
Authors: Beck Jared J. , Wagenius Stuart
Published: February 2025

Premise

Herbivores directly influence plant reproduction by damaging reproductive tissue which reduces seed production in consumed plants. Consumption of reproductive tissue may also indirectly depress reproduction in unconsumed plants by isolating unconsumed individuals from prospective mates and reducing pollination. However, empirical support for such hypothesized indirect effects remains limited.

Methods

To investigate potential indirect effects of herbivory on mating opportunities and pollination, we quantified spatial patterns of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herbivory and reproductive outcomes in Lilium philadelphicum (Liliaceae). We mapped 708 flowering plants, monitored deer herbivory, and examined how distance to prospective mates influenced rates of ovule fertilization, a proxy for pollen receipt.

Results

Most flowering L. philadelphicum plants (83%) failed to produce seed. Deer consumption of flowers prevented seed production in 35% of individuals. The probability of deer herbivory declined with distance to flowering conspecifics. Sixty‐five percent of the remaining, unconsumed plants failed to produce seed due to apparent pollen limitation. While ovule fertilization rates declined with multiple predictors quantifying distances to flowering conspecifics, isolation metrics that excluded plants consumed by deer significantly improved predictions of ovule fertilization.

Conclusions

Our results offer empirical support for the hypothesis that herbivory reduces pollination and seed production in unconsumed plants by altering spatial mating opportunities. This feedback between deer herbivory and distance‐dependent pollination contributes to widespread reproductive failure in L. philadelphicum, though the extent to which deer reduce seed production varies with plant isolation. Herbivory may exacerbate pollen limitation in other species by isolating unconsumed plants from prospective mates.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Kabuki Syndrome at a Single Tertiary Children's Hospital
Authors: Dortenzio Victoria , Barbaric Lidija , Rosenfeld Elizabeth , Dechene Elizabeth T. , Gilbert Melissa A. , Dulik Matthew C. , Rippert Alyssa L. , Izumi Kosuke
Published: February 2025

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by facial dysmorphic features, growth delays, skeletal anomalies, and variable intellectual disability (ID) due to pathogenic variants in KMT2D and KDM6A. Significant phenotypic variability has been reported in patients with KS. To further characterize the variability observed in the genomic sequencing era, comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic information from 36 patients with KS and likely pathogenic or pathogenic KMT2D or KDM6A variants at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) was collected. Dysmorphic features, growth restriction, and developmental delays were commonly reported, as expected. Hyperinsulinism (HI) was seen more frequently than in previously published cohorts. Patients diagnosed with HI were more likely to require neonatal intensive care unit admission and feeding tube(s). Intellectual disability was variable in severity and less frequent than previously reported. This study highlights the wide phenotypic spectrum of KS and expands our knowledge of the diagnostic process for KS. This study is limited by potential ascertainment bias as CHOP is a HI Center of Excellence, however, our cohort is unique as many were ascertained with disease‐agnostic testing. Screening for hyperinsulinism, including consideration of diagnostic fast, at time of KS diagnosis is warranted to prevent long‐term neurologic effects of untreated hypoglycemia.
Mapping reactive astrogliosis in Parkinson's brain with astroglial tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl: New insights from a multi‐marker postmortem study
Authors: Rocha Filipa M. , Roy Avishek , Varshney Mukesh , Kumar Amit
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Despite significant astrocytic involvement in Parkinson's disease (PD), the knowledge regarding the role of reactive astrogliosis is still at the surface level; largely due to lack of specific biomarkers to track these processes. Novel astroglial PET‐tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl, hold immense potential for visualizing reactive astrogliosis in PD.  However, they have not been thoroughly investigated in PD.

METHODS

We employed a multi‐marker approach and performed in vitro radioligand binding and autoradiography studies with 3H‐BU99008 and 3H‐Deprenyl together with astrocytic immunofluorescence and morphometric analyses in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, caudate and putamen brain regions of PD (n = 4) and control (n = 7) cases.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3H‐BU99008 and 3H‐Deprenyl showed distinct binding behavior and displayed a diverse array of binding sites (single or multiple) in PD and control brains. Importantly, 3H‐BU99008 and 3H‐Deprenyl autoradiography studies captured pronounced reactive astrogliosis in PD brain regions, corroborated by marked changes in astrocytic markers, morphology, and cellular processes.

Highlights

Astroglial tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl displayed a range of binding sites with different levels of affinity and proportions (%) in healthy control (CN) and Parkinson's disease (PD) brains.

Astroglial tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl showed a highly specific (permanent) high‐affinity (HA) binding site in the nanomolar range, which might be consistent across different pathologies.

Astroglial tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl highlighted distinct tracer binding behavior, indicating that they might be targeting different subpopulations or specific states of astrocytes in CN and PD brains.

Astroglial tracers BU99008 and Deprenyl captured prominent reactive astrogliosis at the advanced/end stages of PD, substantiated by a significant increase in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1)–positive reactive astrocytes and marked changes in astrocytic morphology and processes.
The Dementia SomaSignal Test (dSST): A plasma proteomic predictor of 20‐year dementia risk
Authors: Duggan Michael R. , Paterson Clare , Lu Yifei , Biegel Hannah , Dark Heather E. , Cordon Jenifer , Bilgel Murat , Kaneko Naoto , Shibayama Masaki , Kato Shintaro , Furuichi Makio , Waga Iwao , Hiraga Keita , Katsuno Masahisa , Nishita Yukiko , Otsuka Rei , Davatzikos Christos , Erus Guray , Loupy Kelsey , Simpson Melissa , Lewis Alexandria , Moghekar Abhay , Palta Priya , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Resnick Susan M. , Coresh Josef , Williams Stephen A. , Walker Keenan A.
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

There is an unmet need for tools to quantify dementia risk during its multi‐decade preclinical/prodromal phase, given that current biomarkers predict risk over shorter follow‐up periods and are specific to Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Using high‐throughput proteomic assays and machine learning techniques in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n = 11,277), we developed the Dementia SomaSignal Test (dSST).

RESULTS

In addition to outperforming existing plasma biomarkers, the dSST predicted mid‐life dementia risk over a 20‐year follow‐up across two independent cohorts with different ethnic backgrounds (areas under the curve [AUCs]: dSST 0.68–0.70, dSST+age 0.75–0.81). In a separate cohort, the dSST was associated with longitudinal declines across multiple cognitive domains, accelerated brain atrophy, and elevated measures of neuropathology (as evidenced by positron emission tomography and plasma biomarkers).

DISCUSSION

The dSST is a cost‐effective, scalable, and minimally invasive protein‐based prognostic aid that can quantify risk up to two decades before dementia onset.

Highlights

The Dementia SomaSignal Test (dSST) predicts 20‐year dementia risk across two independent cohorts.

dSST outperforms existing plasma biomarkers in predicting multi‐decade dementia risk.

dSST predicts cognitive decline and accelerated brain atrophy in a third cohort.

dSST is a prognostic aid that can predict dementia risk over two decades.
Remote cognitive tests predict neurodegenerative biomarkers in the Insight 46 cohort
Authors: Giovane Martina Del , Giunchiglia Valentina , Cai Ziyuan , Leoni Marguerite , Street Rebecca , Lu Kirsty , Wong Andrew , Popham Maria , Nicholas Jennifer M. , Trender William , Hellyer Peter J. , Parker Thomas D. , Murray‐Smith Heidi , Cash David M. , Barnes Josephine , Sudre Carole H. , Malhotra Paresh A. , Crutch Sebastian J. , Richards Marcus , Hampshire Adam , Schott Jonathan M.
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease‐related biomarkers detect pathology years before symptoms emerge, when disease‐modifying therapies might be most beneficial. Remote cognitive testing provides a means of assessing early cognitive changes. We explored the relationship between neurodegenerative biomarkers and cognition in cognitively normal individuals.

METHODS

We remotely deployed 13 computerized Cognitron tasks in 255 Insight 46 participants. We generated amyloid load and positivity, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), whole brain and hippocampal volumes at age 73, plus rates of change over 2 years. We examined the relationship between Cognitron, biomarkers, and standard neuropsychological tests.

RESULTS

Slower response time on a delayed recognition task predicted amyloid positivity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, confidence interval [CI]: 1.15, 2.95), and WMHV (1.23, CI: 1.00, 1.56). Brain and hippocampal atrophy rates correlated with poorer visuospatial performance (b = ‐0.42, CI: ‐0.80, ‐0.05) and accuracy on immediate recognition (b = ‐0.01, CI: ‐0.012, ‐0.001), respectively. Standard tests correlated with Cognitron composites (rho = 0.50, p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

Remote computerized testing correlates with standard supervised assessments and holds potential for studying early cognitive changes associated with neurodegeneration.

Highlights

70% of the Online 46 cohort performed a set of remote online cognitive tasks.

Response time and accuracy on a memory task predicted amyloid status and load (SUVR).

Accuracy on memory and spatial span tasks correlated with longitudinal atrophy rate.

The Cognitron tasks correlated with standard supervised cognitive tests.

Online cognitive testing can help identify early AD‐related memory deficits.
Breaking the Limitation of Laminar Flow in Thrombolytic Therapy with Reconfigurable Vortex‐Like Nanobot Swarms
Authors: Yang Tingxin , Si Tieyan , Wu Yingjie , Liu Jinhong , Dai Luru , Lin Xiankun , Xuan Mingjun , Leng Xiaoping , He Qiang
Published: February 2025

Laminar blood flow represents the normal physiological state of blood circulation, but it also acts as a natural physiological barrier for the effective diffusion of drugs to the lesion site. Here, we report a bioinspired strategy in which reconfigurable vortex‐like swarms of magnetic swimming nanobots actively disrupt the laminar flow to deliver drugs in a manner similar to how bacteria seek food. The drug was released from the cavity of biodegradable, submicron pentosan flask‐like nanobots, aggregates as the dynamic rotating drug fluid under a rotating magnetic field. The vortex‐like nanobot swarm successfully overcame the laminar barrier near the thrombus in a rat inferior vena cava stenosis thrombosis model, which was observed by ultrasound blood flow imaging. Furthermore, the clinical feasibility of nanobots swarm for enhancing thrombolytic efficacy through drug aggregation after breaking the laminar flow was further confirmed in a rat deep vein thrombosis model. This bionic active targeting approach overcomes the laminar flow barrier and restricts the release of drugs by the swarm‐induced vortex fluid to facilitate targeted drug delivery, which is expected to be an innovative method to enhance drug delivery efficiency.
Highly Threatened Status for the Relict Populations of Ectoparasitic Copepod Salmincola californiensis in Japan
Authors: Hasegawa Ryota , Uemura Yohsuke , Yamashita Yasunori , Inoshita Makoto , Koizumi Itsuro
Published: February 2025

Many species have been threatened over the past century because of anthropogenic disturbances. Parasites are among the most vulnerable groups because they rely on host organisms, many of which are now endangered. While many studies have argued and evaluated the risk of parasite extinction, empirical evidence is still lacking, especially from aquatic ecosystems. Here, we show the highly threatened status of relict populations of the ectoparasitic copepod Salmincola californiensis in Japan. S. californiensis attaches to the branchial cavities of freshwater salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus spp., and only four local populations have been reported from disparate regions of Japan, isolated probably due to range contractions after glacial periods. Through citizen‐led field surveys, we found no copepod infections in half of the S. californiensis populations previously reported, suggesting that local extinction has occurred within the last 50–60 years. The upstream reaches of the Kiso River and the Naka River harboured the only sustained populations, though the Kiso population may also have experienced population decline. Our results indicate that parasites can quickly decline over a large geographic scale, especially at range margins. When focal parasites are visible, citizen science is an effective approach for identifying the distributional range of rare parasites and aiding their conservation.
Diruthenium(II,II) Complex Assemblies Showing Electrical Conduction via π‐Stacked 2‐Pyrenecarboxylate Moiety
Authors: Takaki Ren , Iguchi Hiroaki , Qu Liyuan , Pirillo Jenny , Kusaka Shinpei , Hijikata Yuh , Tanaka Hisaaki , Matsuda Wakana , Seki Shu , Matsuda Ryotaro
Published: February 2025

Through‐space electrical conduction in paddlewheel‐type homovalent dinuclear complexes remains poorly understood, despite the numerous reports on these complexes. Herein, the electrical conduction of new Ru2(II,II) complexes with 2‐pyrenecarboxylate (pyrCOO−) ligands, [Ru2(pyrCOO)4X2] ⋅ n(X) (where X=DMF (Ru‐DMF), NMP (Ru‐NMP), DMA (Ru‐DMA)), was investigated. The dimensionality of π‐stacking interactions between discrete molecules in Ru‐DMA is higher (two‐dimensional) than in Ru‐DMF and Ru‐NMP (stair‐like one‐dimensional). Nevertheless, Ru‐DMF, which contains a slight amount of organic radicals, exhibited the highest electrical conductivity. This suggests that the large overlap and high dimensionality of π‐stacking interactions among the complexes, along with a slight organic radical impurity, contribute to the increased electrical conductivity.
The Relationships, Employment, Autonomy, and Life Satisfaction (REALS) Measures for Autistic Adults and Adults With Other Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Psychometric Testing of the Self‐Report and Proxy Versions
Authors: Conner Caitlin M. , Yu Lan , MacKenzie Kristen T. , Zeglen Katharine N. , Rutenberg Elizabeth L. , Pilkonis Paul A. , Eack Shaun M. , Mazefsky Carla A.
Published: February 2025

Research and clinical work demonstrate that adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs; including autistic adults and adults with other IDDs) struggle with key outcomes in adult life, including social relationships, employment, autonomy, and life satisfaction. However, few validated measures exist to measure these outcomes in adults with IDDs. The Relationships, Employment, Autonomy, and Life Satisfaction (REALS) Measures were created using methods developed by the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to assess these outcomes. Large item pools were generated for the four domains, and, in field testing, 875 adults with IDDs (90% autistic; 18.4% with intellectual disability or a non‐autism IDD) and 911 proxy reporters (caregivers; 79% autistic; 48.3% with intellectual disability or a non‐autism IDD) completed 108 and 74 items, respectively, using response options capturing frequency, level of support needed, and satisfaction. The structure and item content of the REALS Measures were determined through an iterative process using both classical test theory and item response theory analyses. The final versions include 19 self‐report and 14 proxy‐report measures, with a range of 3 to 14 items each. The measures have excellent psychometric properties, high precision, and acceptable respondent burden. Thus, they are applicable for service provision, clinical, and research arenas for autistic adults and adults with other IDDs, though additional testing in IDD is warranted and evidence supporting self‐report use in IDD is more limited.
Analysis of Blood Absorption Components by UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS From Anemarrhenae Rhizoma Before and After Salt Processing
Authors: Ya‐zhu Wang , Xiao‐ting Wang , Shu‐qing Tian , Hui Gao
Published: February 2025

To investigate the material basis for the increased efficacy of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) after salt processing, this study employed UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS technology to analyze metabolites in both AR and salt‐processed AR (SAR) extracts, as well as in serum samples treated with these extracts. The results identified 54 chemical components in AR and SAR under both positive and negative ion modes, with 21 prototype components detected in the bloodstream. A comparative analysis of serum absorption levels revealed higher concentrations of neomangiferin, mangiferin, and other chemical constituents in the SAR group than in the AR group. Additionally, 29 differential metabolites were identified, with 12 unique to AR and 17 to SAR. These findings highlight significant alterations in the chemical composition of AR after salt processing and provide a scientific basis for understanding the enhanced efficacy of SAR. This study offers valuable insights for further research into the clinical efficacy of SAR and its applications.