bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and conformational analysis of peptoids containing N‐hydroxy amides reveals a unique sheet‐like secondary structure
Authors: Crapster J. Aaron , Stringer Joseph R. , Guzei Ilia A. , Blackwell Helen E.
Published: February 2011

N‐hydroxy amides can be found in many naturally occurring and synthetic compounds and are known to act as both strong proton donors and chelators of metal cations. We have initiated studies of peptoids, or N‐substituted glycines which contain N‐hydroxy amide side chains to investigate the potential effects of these functional groups on peptoid backbone amide rotamer equilibria and local conformations. We reasoned that the propensity of these functional groups to participate in hydrogen bonding could be exploited to enforce intramolecular or intermolecular interactions that yield new peptoid structures. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and detailed conformational analysis of a series of model N‐hydroxy peptoids. These peptoids were readily synthesized, and their structures were analyzed in solution by 1D and 2D NMR and in the solid‐state by X‐ray crystallography. The N‐hydroxy amides were found to strongly favor trans conformations with respect to the peptoid backbone in chloroform. More notably, unique sheet‐like structures held together via intermolecular hydrogen bonds were observed in the X‐ray crystal structures of an N‐hydroxy amide peptoid dimer, which to our knowledge represent the first structure of this type reported for peptoids. These results suggest that the N‐hydroxy amide can be utilized to control both local backbone geometries and longer‐range intermolecular interactions in peptoids, and represents a new functional group in the peptoid design toolbox. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 604–616, 2011.
Impact of ligand density on the optimization of ion‐exchange membrane chromatography for viral vector purification
Authors: Vicente Tiago , Fáber René , Alves Paula M. , Carrondo Manuel J.T. , Mota José P.B.
Published: February 2011

The effect of ligand density on anion‐exchange membrane chromatography (AEXmc) for the purification of recombinant baculoviruses (rBVs), potential viral vectors in clinical applications, is studied by surface plasmon resonance on customized AEX surfaces and gradient elution experiments on Sartobind D membrane prototypes with different diethylamine ligand densities, complemented by dynamic light scattering analysis for estimation of the hydrodynamic particle size of the various biologics. A chromatographic‐column model based on the steric mass action model of ion exchange is employed to analyze the gradient‐elution AEXmc experiments, extrapolate the results to other operating conditions, and provide directions for process improvement. Although counterintuitively, the experimental evidence provided in this study shows that the lowering of ligand density is beneficial for rBV purification by AEXmc in bind‐and‐elute‐mode, because it decreases the residual concentrations of host cell protein, dsDNA, and non‐infective rBVs in the eluted product cut, and increases the overall yield by roughly 20% over current standard values. Overall, we present a case study on how rational design can streamline downstream process development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1347–1359. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective study of biliary cytology in suspected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Hattori M , Nagino M , Ebata T , Kato K , Okada K , Shimoyama Y
Published: February 2011

Background

The diagnostic value of biliary cytology for hilar bile duct stricture is uncertain. This study prospectively examined three methods for the evaluation of biliary cytology in a consecutive group of patients.

Methods

Preoperative bile sampling by aspiration through a drainage catheter (aspiration samples), saline flush through a drainage catheter (saline samples) or direct sampling from a drainage bag (bag samples) was performed in consecutive patients with suspected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent resection after endoscopic nasobiliary drainage or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. All bile sampling was performed three times on separate days. The accuracy of cytology in the diagnosis of carcinoma was determined.

Results

Of 100 consecutive patients with hilar strictures, 97 had histologically proven cholangiocarcinoma. The proportion of these 97 patients who had a positive finding on cytology in at least one of three sampling sessions was 55 per cent for aspiration samples, 48 per cent for bag samples and 38 per cent for saline samples (P = 0·021, aspiration versus saline). Tumour length correlated significantly with overall positivity. For aspiration samples, sensitivity was 55 per cent, specificity was 100 per cent and accuracy 56·0 per cent.

Conclusion

For biliary cytology, sampling by catheter aspiration is more effective than catheter flushing or sampling from a drainage bag. Repeated sampling increases sensitivity. Biliary cytology has modest diagnostic yield, but is easy to perform, highly specific, and can provide a definitive diagnosis.
Systematic Screening for Catalytic Promiscuity in 4‐Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase: Enamine Formation and Aldolase Activity
Authors: Zandvoort Ellen , Baas Bert‐Jan , Quax Wim J. , Poelarends Gerrit J.
Published: February 2011

The enzyme 4‐oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4‐OT) is part of a catabolic pathway for aromatic hydrocarbons in Pseudomonas putida mt‐2, where it catalyzes the conversion of 2‐hydroxy‐2,4‐hexadienedioate (1) to 2‐oxo‐3‐hexenedioate (2). 4‐OT is a member of the tautomerase superfamily, a group of homologous proteins that are characterized by a β‐α‐β structural fold and a catalytic amino‐terminal proline. In the mechanism of 4‐OT, Pro1 is a general base that abstracts the 2‐hydroxyl proton of 1 for delivery to the C‐5 position to yield 2. Here, 4‐OT was explored for nucleophilic catalysis based on the mechanistic reasoning that its Pro1 residue has the correct protonation state (pKa∼6.4) to be able to act as a nucleophile at pH 7.3. By using inhibition studies and mass spectrometry experiments it was first demonstrated that 4‐OT can use Pro1 as a nucleophile to form an imine/enamine with various aldehyde and ketone compounds. The chemical potential of the smallest enamine (generated from acetaldehyde) was then explored for further reactions by using a small set of selected electrophiles. This systematic screening approach led to the discovery of a new promiscuous activity in wild‐type 4‐OT: the enzyme catalyzes the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde with benzaldehyde to form cinnamaldehyde. This low‐level aldolase activity can be improved 16‐fold with a single point mutation (L8R) in 4‐OT's active site. The proposed mechanism of the reaction mimicks that used by natural class‐I aldolases and designed catalytic aldolase antibodies. An important difference, however, is that these natural and designed aldolases use the primary amine of a lysine residue to form enamines with carbonyl substrates, whereas 4‐OT uses the secondary amine of an active‐site proline as the nucleophile catalyst. Further systematic screening of 4‐OT and related proline‐based biocatalysts might prove to be a useful approach to discover new promiscuous carbonyl transformation activities that could be exploited to develop new biocatalysts for carbon‐carbon bond formation.
Partial least squares discrimination with heterogeneous covariance structures
Authors: Liu Yushu , Rayens William , Andersen Anders , Smith Charles
Published: February 2011

Barker and Rayens 1 argued that partial least squares (PLS) is to be preferred over principal components analysis (PCA) when linear discrimination is the goal and dimension reduction is required as a first step. In particular, it is now known that when PLS is used as the dimension reduction tool, information involving Fisher's among‐groups sums‐of‐squares and cross‐products matrix is embedded in the structures extracted to achieve that reduction. Liu and Rayens 2 followed up with a formal proof for the superiority of PLS over PCA in the two‐group case (with respect to formal misclassification probabilities) and pointed to a subclass of oriented PLS (OrPLS) 3 techniques that would always produce a lower misclassification rate than would PLS, for the two‐group problem with like covariance matrices. This paper addresses the situation where these within‐groups covariances are potentially not the same, and hence a single reduction step followed by linear discrimination may not be appropriate. A variety of techniques are compared by way of a large‐scale simulation study, and a version of the ridged subclass studied by Liu and Rayens 2 emerges as the recommended approach from among those studied. An application aimed at distinguishing asymptomatic women at risk for Alzheimer's disease from women not at risk, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, is also presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic Insight into Stereoselective Carbolithiation
Authors: Gessner Viktoria H. , Koller Stephan G. , Strohmann Carsten , Hogan Anne‐Marie , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: February 2011

This article addresses the mechanistic features of asymmetric carbolithiation of β‐methylstyrenes. While often the presence of functional groups is required to obtain high enantioselectivities in carbolithiation reactions, simple β‐methylstyrene also gives high selectivities in (−)‐sparteine‐mediated addition of alkyl lithium compounds. Computational studies on the carbolithiation of β‐methylstyrene with (−)‐sparteine show that the observed selectivities are the result of repulsion effects in the diastereomeric transition states between the (−)‐sparteine⋅alkyl lithium adduct and the β‐methylstyrene, upon approximation of the two reactants. In contrast, for the ortho‐amino β‐methylstyrene (E)‐benzyl(2‐propenylphenyl)amine (4) X‐ray structure analyses of intermediate lithium amides indicate a carbolithiation mechanism in which one side of the double bond is shielded by the amide moiety, leaving only one side free for approach of the chiral alkyl lithium adduct.
Influence of the Counterion on the Synthesis of ZnO Mesocrystals under Solvothermal Conditions
Authors: Distaso Monica , Klupp Taylor Robin N. , Taccardi Nicola , Wasserscheid Peter , Peukert Wolfgang
Published: February 2011

Polymers and coordinating solvents have been shown to serve as templating agents to assist the precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles and address their morphology. In this work we show for the first time that a difference in the coordination strength between the polymer (poly‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) and the two ZnII precursor salts (nitrate and acetate) is able to promote or suppress the formation of mesocrystalline structures and even more importantly to tune their three‐dimensional organization. On the basis of FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies, we propose that not only the polymer (PVP) but also the solvent (DMF) play a key role as directing agents.
ChemInform Abstract: K2B12F12: A Rare A2X Structure for an Ionic Compound at Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Peryshkov Dmitry V. , Strauss Steven H.
Published: February 2011

The crystal structures of K2B12F12 (I) and Cs2(H2O)B12F12 (II) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Cocrystallization of Octahedral and Icosahedral Fluoroanions in K3(AsF6)(B12F12) and Cs3(AsF6)(B12F12). Rare Examples of Salts Containing Fluoroanions with Different Shapes and Charges.
Authors: Peryshkov Dmitry V. , Goreshnik Evgeny , Mazej Zoran , Strauss Steven H.
Published: February 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from solutions of KAsF6 or CsAsF6 and Cs2B12F12 in anhydrous HF at 20—25 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: In—CuInS2 Nanocomposite Film Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition Using a Single Source Precursor.
Authors: Bensch Wolfgang , Quiroga‐Gonzalez Enrique , Kienle Lorenz , Duppel Viola , Lee Doh‐Kwon , Janek Juergen
Published: February 2011

[C13H28N2] 5Cu2.1In17.9S33 ·17H2O is synthesized from a mixture of CuS, In, S, 4,4′‐trimethylenedipiperidine, H2O, and ethyleneglycol (autoclave, 190 °C, 5 d, <90% yield) and used as a precursor for the preparation of the title film by pulsed laser deposition.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba3MIIITiMVO9 (MIII: Fe, Ga, Y, Lu; MV: Nb, Ta, Sb) Perovskite Oxides: Synthesis, Structure and Dielectric Properties.
Authors: Joy Joby E. , Atamanik Eric , Mani Rohini , Nag Abanti , Tiwari R. M. , Thangadurai V. , Gopalakrishnan J.
Published: February 2011

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of BaCO3, FeC2O4, Ga2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, and Sb2O3 (1100—1300 °C, 24—48 h) and characterized by powder XRD and dielectric measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Heterostructured Nanoparticle Tubes: A Dual Catalyst and Its Synergistic Enhancement Effects for O2/H2O2 Reduction.
Authors: Cui Chun‐Hua , Li Hui‐Hui , Yu Jin‐Wen , Gao Min‐Rui , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: February 2011

A Pd‐Au/CuO@Cu heterostructured nanoparticle tube catalyst is synthesized by a one‐step electrodeposition route onto an anodic aluminium oxide template in anhydrous DMSO, and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Potassium Rare Earth Oxyborate K2La2(BO3)2O.
Authors: Zeng Q. D. , Li R. K.
Published: February 2011

Powder samples of K2Ln2(BO3)2O (Ln: La, Nd, Sm, Eu) are prepared by solid state reaction of K2CO3, Ln2O3, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 840—900 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Two‐Dimensional Topological Structure and a Series of Corresponding Plate‐Like Ln(IO3)3(H2O)·H2O (Ln: Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy) Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Structures and Properties.
Authors: Chai Wenxiang , Lin Jian , Song Li , Shu Kangying , Qin Laishun , Shi Hongsheng , Guo Jiayu
Published: February 2011

The title nanomaterials are precipitated from aqueous solutions of Ln(NO3)3 (Ln: Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy) and KIO3 (293 K, about 72% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of a Series of Alkaline Earth Vanadium Selenites and Tellurites.
Authors: Zhang Su‐Yun , Hu Chun‐Li , Sun Chuan‐Fu , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: February 2011

As revealed by single crystal XRD compound (IV) crystallizes in the space group Pnma with Z = 4 and features a three‐dimensional anionic framework composed of VO6 octahedra bridged by SeO3 polyhedra.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Tri‐Substituted Dodecatungstosilicate from a Trilacunary Silicotungstate by Insertion of Manganese Ions of [Mn3(μ3‐O)(2‐Cl‐benzoato)6 (py)3]: Synthesis, Structure, Redox and Magnetic Studies.
Authors: Dutta Daipayan , Jana Atish D. , Debnath Mainak , Mostafa Golam , Clerac Rodolphe , Tojal Javier G. , Ali Mahammad
Published: February 2011

The new MnII/MnIII mixed tricapped Keggin polyoxometalate (IV) crystallizes in the trigonal space group R$\bar 3$ with Z = 3 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: A DNA‐Templated Catalyst: The Preparation of Metal‐DNA Nanohybrids and Their Application in Organic Reactions.
Authors: Wang Ye , Ouyang Guanghui , Zhang Jintang , Wang Zhiyong
Published: February 2011

Different metal‐DNA nanohybrids are prepared from natural DNA and metal nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Boronic Acids to Enones Catalyzed by O‐Monoacyltartaric Acids.
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Tokudomi Mirai , Nakajima Makoto
Published: February 2011

Use of tartaric acid mono‐3,5‐di(tert‐butyl)benzoate as chiral organocatalyst furnishes the addition products (III) and (V) in moderate yields with good enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by a Prolinethioamide Derivative in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Wang Bing , Liu Xin‐wang , Liu Ling‐yan , Chang Wei‐xing , Li Jing
Published: February 2011

A new L‐prolinethioamide derivative is prepared and employed in the direct asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Easy Access to α‐Bromoketones and Epoxides from vic‐Dibromides under Aqueous Conditions.
Authors: Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: February 2011

The described procedure does not work with aliphatic substrates and cyclic 1,2‐dibromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer μ‐Oxo‐Bridged Hypervalent Iodine(III) Organocatalysts for Greener Oxidations.
Authors: Dohi Toshifumi , Takenaga Naoko , Fukushima Kei‐ichiro , Uchiyama Teruyoshi , Kato Daishi , Shiro Motoo , Fujioka Hiromichi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: February 2011

Oxidative spirocyclization of a variety of amides is achieved using a novel bis(iodoarene) precatalyst and peracetic acid as environment‐friendly reoxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Domino Heterocyclization and [(3 + 2) + 2] Carbocyclization: Construction of Fused Tricycloheptadienes.
Authors: Zhao Wanxiang , Zhang Junliang
Published: February 2011

The first examples of Rh(I)‐catalyzed two‐component tandem heterocyclization and formal [(3 + 2) + 2] carbocyclization reactions of readily available diyne‐enone and alkyne furnishing tricycloheptadienes are given.
ChemInform Abstract: AlCl3‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohol.
Authors: Wu Shang , Ma Hengchang , Lei Ziqiang
Published: February 2011

The reagent combination Oxone/AlCl3 is highly efficient to produce ketones from secondary alcohols and carboxylic acids from primary ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/Cu‐Catalyzed Direct Alkenylation of Azole Heterocycles with Alkenyl Halides.
Authors: Sahnoun Sophian , Messaoudi Samir , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: February 2011

The use of alkenyl bromides as partners in the direct Pd—Cu‐catalyzed C—H alkenylation of a wide range of heterocycles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Claisen—Schmidt Condensation Catalyzed by Silica Chloride under Solvent‐Free Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Hazarkhani Hassan , Kumar Pradeep , Kondiram Kadam Sachin , Gadwal Ikhlas M. Shafi
Published: February 2011

A new application of silica chloride as an efficient catalyst for the highly selective large‐scale synthesis of bisarylidene cycloalkanones and chalcones is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydroformylation of N‐Vinyl Carboxamides, Allyl Carbamates, and Allyl Ethers Using Chiral Diazaphospholane Ligands.
Authors: McDonald Richard I. , Wong Gene W. , Neupane Ram P. , Stahl Shannon S. , Landis Clark R.
Published: February 2011

The rhodium complex of the diazaphospholane ligand BAZ catalyzes asymmetric hydroformylations of N‐vinyl carboxamides, allyl ethers, and allyl carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Secondary Alkanols with the System Cerium Ammonium Nitrate—Lithium Bromide into Ketones, α‐Bromo Ketones, and α,α′‐Dibromo Ketones.
Authors: Nikishin G. I. , Sokova L. L. , Kapustina N. I.
Published: February 2011

The selectivity of the oxidation reaction depends only on the molar ratio of the reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Allylation of CH Acids under Phase‐Transfer Conditions.
Authors: Vasil'ev A. A. , Lyubimov S. E. , Serebryakov E. P. , Davankov V. A. , Struchkova M. I. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: February 2011

A range of phosphorous ligands is used for the allylation of various malonates or ethyl cyanoacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Tertiary Amine Formation from Nitroarenes and Alcohols.
Authors: Feng Chao , Liu Yong , Peng Shengming , Shuai Qi , Deng Guojun , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: February 2011

Excess alcohol is necessary to get satisfying yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Anchored Cu(II) Complexes: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Preparation of Diaryl Ethers.
Authors: Islam Manirul , Mondal Sanchita , Mobarak Manir , Singha Roy Anupam , Mondal Paromita , Hossain Dildar
Published: February 2011

Synthesis, characterization, and application of novel reusable catalysts (I) in Ullmann diaryl ether coupling is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Carboxylation of Arenes and Halobenzenes with CO2 by the Combined Use of AlBr3 and R3SiCl.
Authors: Nemoto Koji , Yoshida Hiroki , Egusa Naoki , Morohashi Naoya , Hattori Tetsutaro
Published: February 2011

It allows and efficient and regioselective access to a number of aromatic carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Carbonate: A Versatile Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation.
Authors: Pasha M. A. , Manjula Krishnappa , Jayashankara V. P.
Published: February 2011

An efficient synthesis based on the grindstone method is shown.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Cross Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes with Baylis—Hillman Bromides: An Easy Access to α‐Arylidene‐γ‐keto Esters.
Authors: Singh Pankaj , Singh Santosh , Rai Vijai K. , Yadav Lal Dhar S.
Published: February 2011

The first efficient NHC‐catalyzed intermolecular cross‐coupling of aromatic aldehydes with Baylis—Hillman bromides (14 examples) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Michael Reaction of α‐Alkyl‐β‐keto Esters and Enones under Multifunctional Catalysis.
Authors: Yang Juanjuan , Li Wenjun , Jin Zhichao , Liang Xinmiao , Ye Jinxing
Published: February 2011

In most cases, the products are formed with excellent diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Chloride: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Amidoalkyl Naphthols
Authors: Chavan Neelam L. , Naik Prajakta N. , Nayak Sandip K. , Kusurkar Radhika S.
Published: February 2011

via microwave‐accelerated three‐component condensation of β‐naphthol, aromatic aldehydes and acetamide or urea
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylation and Intramolecular Vinyl Allene Diels—Alder Reaction Toward Galiellalactone Analogues.
Authors: Gidloef Ritha , Johansson Martin , Sterner Olov
Published: February 2011

A sequence is developed to yield bicyclic products of type (V) together with undesired cyclopentenones.
ChemInform Abstract: m‐CPBA/TFA: An Efficient Nonmetallic Reagent for Oxidative Coupling of 1,2‐Diarylethylenes.
Authors: Wang Kailiang , Hu Yanna , Wu Meng , Li Zheng , Liu Zhihui , Su Bo , Yu Ao , Liu Yu , Wang Qingmin
Published: February 2011

In the presence of an optimized amount of MCPBA, (E)‐ or (Z)‐bis(dialkoxyaryl)ethenes undergo an intramolecular coupling reaction in TFA as solvent to give phenanthrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Benzyne from Benzoic Acid Using C—H Activation.
Authors: Cant Alastair A. , Roberts Lee , Greaney Michael F.
Published: February 2011

The palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylation of para‐ and meta‐benzoic acids gives rise to intermediate Pd‐bound arynes, which undergo trimerization to afford 2,6,11‐trisubstituted triphenylenes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Metalated Aziridines for Cross‐Coupling with Aryl and Alkenyl Halides via Palladium Catalysis.
Authors: Nelson John M. , Vedejs Edwin
Published: February 2011

The scope concerning the Negishi coupling of stannylated aziridine (I) with alkenyl and aryl halides is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization—Oxidative Alkynylation of Allenoates.
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Ross Jonathan E. , Giuffredi Guy T. , Gee Antony D. , Gouverneur Veronique
Published: February 2011

β‐Alkynyl‐γ‐butenolides are prepared directly from allenoates and alkynes without preactivation.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Addition to Acetylenes in Superbasic Catalytic Systems. Part 17. Vinyl Ethers with Furyl and Cycloacetal Fragments: Synthesis and Structure.
Authors: Oparina L. A. , Vysotskaya O. V. , Stepanov A. V. , Gusarova N. K. , Chernyshev K. A. , Krivdin L. B. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: February 2011

The reaction of furfural with glycerol leads to a mixture of alcohols (II) and (III), which reacts readily with acetylene to afford a mixture of corresponding vinyl ethers in high yield.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthesis of 3‐Trifluoromethylpyrroles by Condensation of Mesoionic 4‐Trifluoroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolium‐5‐olates with Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Saijo Ryosuke , Hagimoto Yuri , Kawase Masami
Published: February 2011

The procedures allow the approach to various highly substituted pyrrole structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 4,6‐Diarylindazole Derivatives in Ionic Liquid under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Safaei‐Ghomi Javad , Taheri Mahdi , Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2011

In the presented synthesis the use of phenylhydrazine instead of hydrazine is also effective and leads to products of type (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐ and Nickel‐Catalyzed Direct Alkylation of Azoles with Unactivated Alkyl Bromides and Chlorides.
Authors: Yao Tomoyuki , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: February 2011

Title reaction tolerates a range of functional groups like ethers, silyl ethers, esters, olefins and acetals.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiones. Synthesis and Chemosensor Properties.
Authors: Tolpygin I. E. , Shepelenko E. N. , Borodkin G. S. , Dubonosov A. D. , Bren' V. A. , Minkin V. I.
Published: February 2011

The reaction of thiosemicarbazides (III) with aroyl isothiocyanates yields substituted 1,2‐bis(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazines (IX), which readily cyclize to hitherto unknown triazole‐3‐thione derivatives (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Cyclobutane Synthesis by Exploiting a Heteroatom‐Directed Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Tsao Kuo‐Wei , Isobe Minoru
Published: February 2011

Starting from D‐arabinal derivative (I), a synthesis of epoxide (II) is developed and its reaction with various carbon nucleophiles is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqua Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐6‐benzothiazol‐2‐ylsulfanyl‐chromenes and Its in vitro Study, Explanation of the Structure—Activity Relationships (SARs) as Antibacterial Agent.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Poddar Roona , Bhardwaj Saurav , Singh Satendra , Luthra Pratibha Mehta
Published: February 2011

Title compounds (VI) as well as related benzimidazol‐2‐ylsulfanyl‐chromenes (XI) are synthesized by one‐pot multi‐component reactions under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Ytterbium Triflate Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkoxy‐Substituted Donor—Acceptor Cyclobutanes and Their Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition with Imines: Stereoselective Synthesis of Piperidines.
Authors: Moustafa Mahmoud M. Abd Rabo , Pagenkopf Brian L.
Published: February 2011

A novel synthesis of substituted and fused donor‐acceptor cyclobutane diesters and cyclobutanes with carbon‐donating groups is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Approach to (Trifluoromethoxy)pyridines: First X‐Ray Structure Determinations and Quantum Chemistry Studies.
Authors: Manteau Baptiste , Genix Pierre , Brelot Lydia , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Pazenok Sergiy , Giornal Florence , Leuenberger Charlotte , Leroux Frederic R.
Published: February 2011

A general, efficient and large‐scale route to (trifluoromethoxy)pyridines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines via the Hantzsch Reaction Using Iron Loaded Mesoporous Materials.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Hosseini Mariam , Oskooie Hossein A. , Baghernejad Bita , Farzaneh F.
Published: February 2011

The one‐pot, four‐component reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of Fe‐Al‐MCM‐41 as recyclable heterogeneous catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Friedlaender Condensations: Facile Access to Quinolines with Remote Stereogenic Centers.
Authors: Li Le , Seidel Daniel
Published: February 2011

The reaction of 4‐substituted cyclohexanones with various o‐aminobenzaldehydes affords acridine derivatives in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Generation of Biologically Active H‐Pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Wu Jie
Published: February 2011

Biological assays show that some of the title compounds display promising activities as inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Computer‐Based Drug Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Pyrimidinone Derivatives Linked to Arylpiperazine and 2′‐Carbethoxy‐biphenylmethyl Moieties as α1‐Adrenoceptor Antagonists and Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Ismail M. A. H. , El Ella D. A. Abou , Abouzid K. A. M. , Al‐Ansary G. H. A.
Published: February 2011

A novel series of pyrimidine derivatives of type (I) ‐ (III) is designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vivo hypotensive effects.
ChemInform Abstract: New Octahydroquinazoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Hypotensive Activity.
Authors: El‐Sabbagh O. I. , Shabaan Mohamed A. , Kadry Hanan H. , Al‐Din Ehab Saad
Published: February 2011

A variety of new octahydroquinaolinone derivatives is synthesized starting with the Mannich reaction of aminocyclohexenone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Biological Evaluation of Some Quinazolin Substituted Pyrazoles, Pyrazolones and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Sah Pramilla , Kaul Vasudha
Published: February 2011

The new compounds (VI), (VIII), and (X) are screened for their antibacterial and insecticidal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: β,β‐Disilylated Sulfones as Versatile Building Blocks in Organic Chemistry — A New Sulfonyl Carbanion Transmetalation.
Authors: Puget Bertrand , Jahn Ullrich
Published: February 2011

So far, unknown bissilylated sulfone (III) undergoes an unprecedented, initial ortho‐metalation to an allyllithium at low temperature, which transmetalates quantitatively to corresponding α‐sulfonyl organo‐lithium compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrosilylation—Metathesis Sequence Leading to 1‐Silaindenes.
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Yamaguchi Yoshiyuki , Ishida Naoki , Murakami Masahiro
Published: February 2011

A trans‐hydrosilylation and a ring‐closing metathesis is utilized to synthesize the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Phosphonyl Carbanions in the Synthesis of Antiinflammatory Active Phosphorus‐Containing Fused Heterocycles and Relevance Phosphonates.
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Kamel Azza A. , Shaddy Abeer A.
Published: February 2011

A variety of phosphorus‐containing bicyclic 5,5‐ and 5,6‐membered systems are synthesized by Horner—Emmons reactions of 2‐acetylfuran (I) or ‐thiophene (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of α‐Hydroxy Phosphonate Derivatives Containing Pyrimidine Moiety.
Authors: Song Hong , Mao Huiyu , Shi Deqing
Published: February 2011

Newly synthesized title compounds (III) show better herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous than monocotyledonous weeds.
ChemInform Abstract: Briarenolide D, a New Hydroperoxybriarane Diterpenoid from a Cultured Octocoral Briareum sp.
Authors: Sung Ping‐Jyun , Lin Mei‐Ru , Chiang Michael Y. , Huang I‐Chu , Syu Siou‐Ming , Fang Lee‐Shing , Wang Wei‐Hsien , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: February 2011

Preliminary studies concerning cytotoxicity do not reveal any positive effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and in vivo Hypoglycemic Activity of Tetrazole‐Bearing N‐Glycosides as SGLT2 Inhibitors.
Authors: Gao Y. L. , Zhao G. L. , Liu W. , Shao H. , Wang Y. L. , Xu W. R. , Tang L. D. , Wang J. W.
Published: February 2011

Compounds (I) show significant in vivo biological activity as SGLT2 inhibitors and are more potent than the positive control Dapagliflozin.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Synthetic Alkaloids by a Tandem Biocatalysis/Ugi/Pictet—Spengler‐Type Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Znabet Anass , Zonneveld Job , Janssen Elwin , De Kanter Frans J. J. , Helliwell Madelaine , Turner Nicholas J. , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: February 2011

3,4‐cis‐substituted imines, such as (I), prepared via biocatalytic desymmetrization as reported earlier, are used as imine components in an Ugi‐type multicomponent reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Rhizomes of Curculigo capitulata.
Authors: Di Lei , Wang Kai‐Jin , Zhu Cui‐Cui , Li Ning , et al. et al.
Published: February 2011

The new compound capituloside B (I) is isolated from the rhizomes of the title herb along with 8 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of Ventinone A and Structural Ambiguity of Ventinone B.
Authors: Ray Sutapa , Mal Dipakranjan
Published: February 2011

Ventinone A (I) is synthesized via Hauser annulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Derivatives of Coumarino‐Lignoid, Cleomiscosin A and Its Methyl Ether.
Authors: Sharma Shelly , Chattopadhyay S. K. , Trivendi Priyanka , Bawankule D. U.
Published: February 2011

Six novel nitrated or halogenated derivatives of cleomiscosin A (I) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Red Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Modified Pyran‐Containing DCJTB Derivatives.
Authors: Lee Kum Hee , Kim Sung Min , Kim Jeong Yeon , Kim Young Kwan , Yoon Seung Soo
Published: February 2011

Two new fluorescent compounds Red 1 (I) and Red 2 (II) are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Amplification of the Inhibitory Activity and Reversal of the Selectivity of Miglitol by C(2′)‐Monofluorination.
Authors: Prell Erik , Korb Claudia , Kluge Ralph , Stroehl Dieter , Csuk Rene
Published: February 2011

Selective monofluorination of the α‐glycosidase inhibitor and antidiabetic agent miglitol at positions C(2′) (Ia) or C(6) (Ib) creates competitive inhibitors of glycosidases.
ChemInform Abstract: ε‐Fe2O3: An Advanced Nanomaterial Exhibiting Giant Coercive Field, Millimeter‐Wave Ferromagnetic Resonance, and Magnetoelectric Coupling
Authors: Tucek Jiri , Zboril Radek , Namai Asuka , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi
Published: February 2011

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Hydrogen in the CVD of Wide Bandgap Nitride Semiconductors
Authors: Pearton Stephen J. , Polyakov Alexander Y.
Published: February 2011

Review: emphasis on GaN; 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Studies on the Catalytic Action of Transition Metal Oxides and Complexes
Authors: Ahmed Ayman H.
Published: February 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Classical Methods of Preparation of Polymorphs and Alternative Solid Forms
Authors: Cains Peter W.
Published: February 2011

Review: 181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photophysics of Group IV Metallocenes
Authors: Loukova Galina V.
Published: February 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Additions of Carbon‐Centered Nucleophiles to Nitrogen‐Containing Aromatic Heterocycles.
Authors: Ahamed Muneer , Todd Matthew H.
Published: February 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Complexation of Paraquat Derivatives by the Formation of Crown Ether‐Based Cryptands
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Zhu Kelong , Huang Feihe
Published: February 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highlights of Transition Metal Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Imines
Authors: Fleury‐Bregeot Nicolas , de la Fuente Veronica , Castillon Sergio , Claver Carmen
Published: February 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicatalysis: Advancing Synthetic Efficiency and Inspiring Discovery
Authors: Ambrosini Lisa M. , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: February 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Application of N2O4/NO2 in Organic Reactions.
Authors: Shiri Morteza , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Kruger Hendrik Gerhardus , Tanbakouchian Zahra
Published: February 2011

Review: 386 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Polyamines
Authors: Averin Alexei D. , Uglov Alexei N. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Bessmertnykh Alla G. , Guilard Roger
Published: February 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rotaxanes and Catenanes Derived from Tetra‐Urea Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Boehmer Volker , Rudzevich Yuliya , Rudzevich Valentyn
Published: February 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopalladated Ferrocenylimines as Efficient Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis. A Brief Introduction to Our Preliminary Achievements
Authors: Wu Yang Jie , Yang Fan , Zhang Jin Li , Cui Xiu Ling , Gong Jun Fang , Song Mao Ping , Li Tie Sheng
Published: February 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Phosphorus Zwitterions with Cyano Group at Anion Center
Authors: Gololobov Yuri G. , Gololobov Mikhail Y.
Published: February 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Conjugated Phosphasilenes Stabilized by Fused‐Ring Bulky “Rind” Groups
Authors: Matsuo Tsukasa , Li Baolin , Tamao Kohei
Published: February 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Annulations of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Lebold Terry P. , Kerr Michael A.
Published: February 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Amino‐4‐thiazolidinones: Synthesis and Reactions
Authors: Metwally M. A. , Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F.
Published: February 2011

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles via Alkoxyallenes
Authors: Lechel Tilman , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: February 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Axially Chiral Bipyridine N,N′‐Dioxides and Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Kotora Martin
Published: February 2011

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strained Iminium Ylides
Authors: Khlebnikov A. F. , Novikov M. S.
Published: February 2011

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Volatile Perfluorocarboxylic Acids as Ion Pair Reagents in LC. Part 2.
Authors: Aruda Wayne O. , Aruda Kenneth O.
Published: February 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in Water with Platinum Group Metal Catalysts: Rapid Reactions and High Enantioselectivities Achieved for Carbonyl Bond Reduction
Authors: Wu Xiaofeng , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang
Published: February 2011

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions
Authors: Bhadury Pinaki S. , Song Bao‐An
Published: February 2011

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antioxidant Biomedicine: From Free Radical Chemistry to Systems Biology Mechanisms
Authors: Koltover V. K.
Published: February 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Responsive Lanthanide‐Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Luminescent Probes for Biological Applications
Authors: Hanaoka Kenjiro
Published: February 2011

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Time‐Resolved Methods to Monitor and Understand Catalytic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Kondratenko Evgenii V.
Published: February 2011

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmental Applications of Reversed‐Flow GC
Authors: Kapolos John
Published: February 2011

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress Toward the First Observation of Parity Violation in Chiral Molecules by High‐Resolution Laser Spectroscopy
Authors: Darquie Benoit , Stoeffler Clara , Shelkovnikov Alexander , Daussy Christophe , Amy‐Klein Anne , Chardonnet Christian , Zrig Samia , Guy Laure , Crassous Jeanne , Soulard Pascale , et al. et al.
Published: February 2011

Review: 104 refs.
Shape‐Persistent Macrocycles as Ligands and Sensitisers of Nd3+ Ions
Authors: Gallina Maria Elena , Giansante Carlo , Ceroni Paola , Venturi Margherita , Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: February 2011

Two shape‐persistent macrocycles with a hexagonal backbone incorporating two bpy units and two nonchromophoric methoxytetrahydropyran units (M), or two coumarin 2 dyes (C2–M–C2) are highly absorbing and emitting species in dichloromethane solution (ϵmax = 1.90 × 105 M–1 cm–1 at 308 nm and 1.92 × 105 M–1 cm–1 at 309 nm; φem = 0.60 and 0.73, τ = 0.76 and 3.6 ns for M and C2–M–C2, respectively). Time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of M in dichloromethane has given information on the hydrodynamic volume of the free macrocycle in solution, which is close to the molecular volume measured by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. M and C2–M–C2 are very good ligands for lanthanide ions (Nd3+ and Gd3+): they form complexes with 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 (clearly evident only in the case of M) metal to ligand stoichiometry. These complexes are characterised by very high association constants in dichloromethane solution, as demonstrated by significant changes to the photophysical properties of the macrocycles. In the 1:2 and 1:1 complexes, the lanthanide ion is likely sandwiched between two macrocycles and coordinated by two bpy units. The efficiency of energy transfer from the ligand to the lanthanide ion is quite high (73 % in the case of the [Nd2M]6+ complex), and it is not sensitive to the presence of oxygen. For the Nd3+ complexes with the C2–M–C2 macrocycle, sensitisation of the lanthanide NIR emission takes place with lower efficiency (ca. 50 %), due to a competitive electron transfer process from the coumarin to the complexed macrocycle. Lastly, upon addition of an excess of a competitive ligand, all the absorption and emission spectroscopic changes are completely reversible.
Improved One‐Pot Synthesis of C3‐Symmetric ClickPhos and Related Ligands: Structures of Unique Triazole–Zinc Complexes
Authors: Zink Daniel M. , Baumann Thomas , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: February 2011

A number of ClickPhos‐type ligands have been prepared by using an improved one‐pot procedure. Several [tris(triazolyl)phosphane]zinc complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray structure analyses.
A Cross‐Metathesis–Conjugate Addition Route to Enantiopure γ‐Butyrolactams and γ‐Lactones from a C2‐Symmetric Precursor
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Staude Lucia , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe
Published: February 2011

A protected derivative of (3R,4R)‐hexa‐1,5‐diene‐3,4‐diol, a conveniently accessible C2‐symmetric building block, undergoes single or double cross metathesis with methyl acrylate. The cross metathesis products are amenable to stereoselective conjugate addition reactions and can be converted into either γ‐butyrolactones or γ‐lactams.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of a Wide Range of Secondary Alcohols: Cooperation of Dicarbonylchlorido(pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium and CAL‐B
Authors: Päiviö Mari , Mavrynsky Denys , Leino Reko , Kanerva Liisa T.
Published: February 2011

The substrate scope in the dynamic kinetic resolution ofsecondary alcohols was studied by using 31 structurallydifferent alcohols and isopropenyl acetate in the presence ofdicarbonylchlorido(pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl)rutheniumand Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435, CAL‐B) in toluene. The enzyme and the ruthenium complex were shown to function in a highly compatible manner allowing the conversion of the racemic alcohols into the (R)‐acetates in practically theoretical yields and, in most cases, ee values exceeding 99 %. The results are fully comparable to those published previously by using earlier reported, state‐of‐the‐art ruthenium‐based catalysts for the alcohol racemization. A clear benefit of the dicarbonylchlorido(pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium system, when compared to other (cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium racemization catalysts, is its simple and cost‐efficient preparation.
Continuous‐time random walk models of DNA electrophoresis in a post array: Part II. Mobility and sources of band broadening
Authors: Olson Daniel W. , Dutta Sarit , Laachi Nabil , Tian Mingwei , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: February 2011

Using the two‐state, continuous‐time random walk model, we develop expressions for the mobility and the plate height during DNA electrophoresis in an ordered post array that delineate the contributions due to (i) the random distance between collisions and (ii) the random duration of a collision. These contributions are expressed in terms of the means and variances of the underlying stochastic processes, which we evaluate from a large ensemble of Brownian dynamics simulations performed using different electric fields and molecular weights in a hexagonal array of 1 μm posts with a 3 μm center‐to‐center distance. If we fix the molecular weight, we find that the collision frequency governs the mobility. On the contrary, the average collision duration is the most important factor for predicting the mobility as a function of DNA size at constant Péclet number. The plate height is reasonably well described by a single post rope‐over‐pulley model, provided that the extension of the molecule is small. Our results only account for dispersion inside the post array and thus represent a theoretical lower bound on the plate height in an actual device.
Energy consumption balancing (ECB) issues and mechanisms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs): a comprehensive overview
Authors: Ishmanov Farruh , Malik Aamir Saeed , Kim Sung Won
Published: February 2011

Wireless sensor networks comprise of a large number of low cost sensor nodes that have strictly restricted sensing, computation and communication capabilities. In addition to this, sensor nodes have limited battery life which is not rechargeable in many applications. Due to resource limitations for the sensor nodes, it is important to use energy efficiently for each sensor node. This will result in prolonged network lifetime and functionality. Energy consumption balancing (ECB) property ensures that the average energy dissipation per sensor is equal for all sensors in the network. ECB can be considered as energy efficiency property that optimally manages energy consumption of sensors to prolong network lifetime. This paper investigates the ECB theory and ECB related mechanisms. A classification of ECB mechanism is given by surveying the current and state of the art research in this area. In addition, comparison and main constraints of the mechanisms are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrier sense adaptation with enhanced fairness in IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
Authors: Park Kyung‐Joon , Jeong Kwanhee , Lim Hyuk , Park Daeyoung
Published: February 2011

We propose an adaptive carrier sense (CS) scheme with enhanced fairness based on an observation that the conventional adaptive CS mechanism may lead to significant unfairness. Our experimental study with an IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN testbed shows that the proposed algorithm significantly improves fairness compared to the conventional mechanism while providing competitive throughput performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coast erosion at Aberystwyth; the geological and human factors involved
Authors: Wood A.
Published: February 2011

The northern portion of the promenade at Aberystwyth is at present dangerously vulnerable to wave attack. The main factor involved is the geological evolution of the coastline which now strictly limits the available protective shingle and sand cover. The action of man, in building harbour protection works, protective sea walls and groynes, has had unforeseen consequences.
Caprionichnus, a new trace fossil from the Caradocian of southern Norway
Authors: Harland T. L.
Published: February 2011

Caprionichnus steinvikensis ichnogen. et sp. nov. is described from a mixed carbonate‐terrigenous mudstone sequence of offshore marine origin, which forms the upper part of the Encrinite Limestone (Caradocian) in the Langesund area of southern Norway. The trace fossil is characterised by a chevron‐like arrangement of burrow pairs, some with a common central burrow. Systems consist of two to eight burrow pairs, burrow diameter varies between 5·5 and 11 mm and the angle between the paired burrows ranges between 41° and 67°. The burrows are interpreted as resulting from the probing activities of a deposit feeding organism with similar behaviour to that deduced for the producer of Chondrites by Simpson (1957), and it is suggested that the producer of Caprionichnus was capable of living both within and above its feeding level.
An unusual preservation of fossil plants from cumbria: Diagenetic and environmental significance
Authors: Nudds J. R. , Taylor P. D.
Published: February 2011

Lower Carboniferous fossil plants preserved as uncompressed external casts of calcite are recorded and described from a micritic limestone found in Cumbria. Most can be identified as the small leafy twigs of Archaeosigillaria kidstoni Kräusel and Weyland, but others are unidentified plant axes. Sporangia are recognised for the first time in Archaeosigillaria. Reasons for the unusual mode of preservation are considered. Rapid lithification of sediment is indicated by an erosional surface at the top of the plant bed and the presence of clasts of the latter in the overlying limestone. Subsequent plant decay probably left voids which became filled by acicular carbonate cement later altered to radiaxial fibrous calcite. The occurrence of inferred evaporite pseudomorphs in associated nodules suggests a highly saline environment which may have contributed to the lack of plant decomposition before burial.