bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the role of internationalization of firm‐level corporate governance: The case of audit committees
Authors: Afzali Aaron , Martikainen Minna , Oxelheim Lars , Randøy Trond
Published: December 2022

Research Question/Issue

Motivated by the agency theory and the findings of linguistic studies, we analyze the association between the internationalization of a firm's audit committee and its corporate governance.

Research Findings/Insights

Based on data from 2159 publicly traded European firms from 15 countries for the period 2000–2018, we find that firms with foreign directors on their audit committees are associated with lower financial reporting quality. The association is mitigated by stronger country‐level investor protection and a higher similarity among intra‐committee languages. We further find that foreign directors on the audit committee are related to stock prices being less informative about future earnings.

Theoretical/Academic Implication

In this study, we argue that language differences create communication difficulties that weaken social integration between foreign directors and the other parties involved in overseeing financial reporting, thus hampering their ability to monitor effectively.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The results indicate that foreign directors on a corporate board increase its independence. However, appointing foreign directors to the firm's audit committee may compromise the board's monitoring function.
Cannulation‐related adverse events of peripheral veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in heart transplantation: Axillary versus femoral artery cannulation
Authors: Ohira Suguru , Dhand Abhay , Hirani Rahim , Martinez Sabrina , Lanier Gregg M. , Levine Avi , Pan Stephen , Aggarwal‐Gupta Chhaya , Gass Alan L. , Wolfe Kevin , Spielvogel David , Kai Masashi
Published: December 2022

Background

In heart transplantation (HT), peripheral veno‐arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) is utilized preoperatively as a direct bridge to HT or postoperatively for primary graft dysfunction (PGD). Little is known about wound complications of an arterial VA‐ECMO cannulation site which can be fatal.

Methods

From 2009 to 2021, outcomes of 80 HT recipients who were supported with peripheral VA‐ECMO either preoperatively or postoperatively were compared based on the site of arterial cannulation: axillary (AX: N = 49) versus femoral artery (FA: N = 31).

Results

Patients in the AX group were older (AX: 59 years vs. 52 years, p = .006), and less likely to have extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (0% vs. 12.9%, p = .040). Survival to discharge (AX, 81.6% vs. FA. 90.3%, p = .460), incidence of stroke (10.2% vs. 6.5%, p = .863), VA‐ECMO cannulation‐related bleeding (6.1% vs. 12.9%, p = .522), and arm or limb ischemia (0% vs. 3.2%, p = .816) were comparable. ECMO cannulation‐related wound complications were lower in the AX group (AX, 4.1% vs. FA, 45.2%, p < .001) including the wound infections (2.0% vs. 32.3%, p < .001). In FA group, all organisms were gram‐negative species. In univariate logistic regression analysis, AX cannulation was associated with less ECMO cannulation‐related wound complications (Odds ratio, .23, p < .001). There was no difference between cutdown and percutaneous FA insertion regarding cannulation‐related complications.

Conclusions

Given the lower rate of wound complications and comparable hospital outcomes with femoral cannulation, axillary VA‐ECMO may be an excellent option in HT candidates or recipients when possible
An ecological view of executive function in young children: Variation in and predictors of executive function skills over one school year
Authors: Barnes Sophie P. , Jones Stephanie M. , Bailey Rebecca
Published: December 2022

For many years, researchers studied executive functions (EFs) in the laboratory with a focus on understanding an individual child's development and brain processes in a controlled environment. Building on this foundational research, there is a growing interest in EFs in the context of a child's dynamic, social world, and the contextual and compositional factors influencing EF development. This paper provides a descriptive view of EFs in 1112 K‐3 children from six schools in Phoenix, AZ, USA. The study's goals were to examine (1) variation in EF scores between and within schools and classrooms, (2) predictors of variation in children's spring EF scores, and (3) individual and compositional predictors of children's spring EF scores. Our findings indicate greater variation in children's EF within schools than between, with very little or no variation arising from differences between schools. Though we observed greater variation within classrooms than between them, a notable amount of variance in children's spring EF scores appears to arise from differences between classrooms. Classroom‐level variables, including a fall leave‐out classroom mean (without the students’ own score) and the number of children in the top or bottom grade‐level quartiles in each classroom, were significant predictors of variation in spring EF scores as well as in fall to spring changes in EF. In some cases, the classroom variables were stronger predictors than individual fall scores. Findings suggest that understanding variation and cultivating growth in EF skills requires intervention, measurement, and analytic approaches that extend beyond the individual to include compositional features of the classroom environment.

Research Highlights

Variation in children's EF scores (n = 1112 children) was greater within schools (n = 6 schools) than between, with very little or no variance arising from differences between schools.

While variance was greater within classrooms than between (n = 67 classrooms), a notable amount of variance in children's spring EF scores appears to arise from differences between classrooms.

Classroom‐level variables (e.g., leave‐out mean, number of children in the top or bottom grade‐level quartiles in each classroom) were significant predictors of variation and of changes in spring EF outcomes.

In some cases, the classroom variables were stronger predictors of spring EF than individual fall scores.
Paranirvar mānis (dependent people)? Rethinking humanitarian dependency syndrome: a Bourdieusian perspective
Authors: Karki Jeevan , Matthewman Steve , Grayman Jesse Hession
Published: December 2022

Disaster survivors are often criticised for being dependent on humanitarian (and development) assistance. This dependency is perceived pejoratively by civil servants and other elites, including non‐governmental organisation staff. Officials offered up such narratives in relation to the disaster response and recovery programmes following the Nepal earthquake of 2015. Using a Bourdieusian framework, and undertaking qualitative inquiry in four earthquake‐affected districts of Nepal, this paper contrasts the official narratives of dependency syndrome with people's perspectives and lived experiences. The findings problematise official discourse. Aid was frequently insufficient, poorly targeted, or non‐existent. Moreover, the Bourdieusian framing highlights the agency of survivors, as their habitus predisposed them to help others. It broadens the notion of assistance and dependence, suggesting that social and cultural (as well as economic) capital are vital resources for recovery. Lastly, it shows that dependencies are not necessarily bad. Greater attention to these non‐economic capitals and ‘good dependencies’ could expedite recovery from future disasters.
Lived experience of older adults with type 1 diabetes using closed‐loop automated insulin delivery in a randomised trial
Authors: Kubilay Erin , Trawley Steven , Ward Glenn M. , Fourlanos Spiros , Grills Charlotte A. , Lee Melissa H. , MacIsaac Richard J. , O'Neal David N. , O'Regan Niamh A. , Sundararajan Vijaya , Vogrin Sara , Colman Peter G. , McAuley Sybil A.
Published: December 2022

Aim

To explore the lived experience of older adults with type 1 diabetes using closed‐loop automated insulin delivery, an area previously receiving minimal attention.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with adults aged 60 years or older with long‐duration type 1 diabetes who participated in a randomised, open‐label, two‐stage crossover trial comparing first‐generation closed‐loop therapy (MiniMed 670G) versus sensor‐augmented pump therapy. Interview recordings were transcribed, thematically analysed and assessed.

Results

Twenty‐one older adults participated in interviews after using closed‐loop therapy. Twenty were functionally independent, without frailty or major cognitive impairment; one was dependent on caregiver assistance, including for diabetes management. Quality of life benefits were identified, including improved sleep and reduced diabetes‐related psychological burden, in the context of experiencing improved glucose levels. Gaps between expectations and reality of closed‐loop therapy were also experienced, encountering disappointment amongst some participants. The cost was perceived as a barrier to continued closed‐loop access post‐trial. Usability issues were identified, such as disruptive overnight alarms and sensor inaccuracy.

Conclusions

The lived experience of older adults without frailty or major cognitive impairment using first‐generation closed‐loop therapy was mainly positive and concordant with glycaemic benefits found in the trial. Older adults' lived experience using automated insulin delivery beyond trial environments requires exploration; moreover, the usability needs of older adults should be considered during future device development.
An imperfect wealth tax and employment in closely held firms
Authors: Bjørneby Marie , Markussen Simen , Røed Knut
Published: December 2022

Fuelled by increasing inequality and rising fiscal deficits, the interest in wealth taxation has grown over recent years, both in the public debate and in academia. A key concern is that the wealth tax may reduce the amount of capital available to closely held firms and drag down their employment. Yet knowledge about the behavioural effects of a wealth tax is limited. A wealth tax is almost by construction imperfect, as the value of some assets is unobserved. In particular, intangible assets held by non‐traded firms are in practice tax‐exempt, giving firm owners an incentive to allocate wealth into their businesses, for example, in the form of (untaxed) human capital investments. We utilize rich Norwegian register data and a series of tax reforms implemented between 2007 and 2017 to study how a net wealth tax imposed on owners of small and medium‐sized businesses affects their firms' employment. Identification of causal effects is based on a saturated control function approach, fully isolating the influence of tax reforms. Our results indicate a positive causal relationship between the level of a household's wealth tax and subsequent employment growth in the taxpayers' closely held firms.
Political connections and bank behaviour
Authors: Ghosh Saibal
Published: December 2022

Using disaggregated data on Indian state‐owned banks, we study how political connections influence their lending behaviour. The findings indicate an overall credit expansion of 10% during election years for banks with political connections, driven by increased lending to agriculture and Small and Medium Enterprises. Further disaggregation reveals cycles in such lending driven by electoral considerations, primarily for banks with political connections. In turn, there is a gradual weakening in the asset quality of these banks. The net effect is manifest in lower productivity. The key policy implication is that electoral manipulation exerts significant economic costs.
Exploring modern bank penetration: Evidence from early twentieth‐century Netherlands
Authors: Gelderblom Oscar , Jonker Joost , Peeters Ruben , de Vicq Amaury
Published: December 2022

We analyse the estate composition of the richest 30 per cent of people who died in the Netherlands in 1921 to find that households used a broad range of institutions to meet their financial demands. Goods and services were either paid in cash or settled periodically with suppliers. Despite the strong growth of commercial banking in the previous decades, households still made extensive use of peer‐to‐peer loans, with or without the added security of notarial contracts. Banks only possessed a competitive edge in savings accounts for small surpluses and current accounts, the latter used most frequently by business owners born after 1870. Distance to the nearest bank office did not matter for these people, but wealthy urbanites were more inclined to use banks than their counterparts in the countryside.
Thermomechanical fatigue of round tube specimens manufactured by precision directional solidification casting method
Authors: Song Xing , Shen Jie , Teng Xuefeng , Jiang Yun , Nie Xiangfan , Hu Xiaoan
Published: December 2022

In the present study, a superalloy round tube specimen prepared by directional precision casting without mechanical turning is experimentally investigated under the thermomechanical fatigue conditions of the in‐phase and out‐of‐phase thermomechanical angels from 500°C to 1000°C. The deformation behavior and damage mechanism of the round tube specimens under TMF load are discussed. It was confirmed that the tension–compression asymmetry under TMF cycling is affected by temperature–load phasing and mechanical strain range. Moreover, the damage to round tube specimens includes creep, fatigue and oxidation. Due to the concentrated stress, the rough surface of the specimen provides suitable locations for crack initiation. A novel life prediction approach that combines the Neu–Sehitoglu model and modified Manson–Coffin model was proposed in response to the traditional life model's insufficient prediction performance. This method may explain the TMF life of precision cast specimens.
Investigating the effects of anthropogenic stressors on lake biota using sedimentary DNA
Authors: Barouillet Cécilia , Monchamp Marie‐Eve , Bertilsson Stefan , Brasell Katie , Domaizon Isabelle , Epp Laura S. , Ibrahim Anan , Mejbel Hebah , Nwosu Ebuka Canisius , Pearman John K. , Picard Maïlys , Thomson‐Laing Georgia , Tsugeki Narumi , Von Eggers Jordan , Gregory‐Eaves Irene , Pick Frances , Wood Susanna A. , Capo Eric
Published: December 2022

Analyses of sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) have increased exponentially over the last decade and hold great potential to study the effects of anthropogenic stressors on lake biota over time.

Herein, we synthesise the literature that has applied a sedDNA approach to track historical changes in lake biodiversity in response to anthropogenic impacts, with an emphasis on the past c. 200 years.

We identified the following research themes that are of particular relevance: (1) eutrophication and climate change as key drivers of limnetic communities; (2) increasing homogenisation of limnetic communities across large spatial scales; and (3) the dynamics and effects of invasive species as traced in lake sediment archives.

Altogether, this review highlights the potential of sedDNA to draw a more comprehensive picture of the response of lake biota to anthropogenic stressors, opening up new avenues in the field of paleoecology by unrevealing a hidden historical biodiversity, building new paleo‐indicators, and reflecting either taxonomic or functional attributes.

Broadly, sedDNA analyses provide new perspectives that can inform ecosystem management, conservation, and restoration by offering an approach to measure ecological integrity and vulnerability, as well as ecosystem functioning.
Landscape‐variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests
Authors: Peichl Matthias , Martínez‐García Eduardo , Fransson Johan E. S. , Wallerman Jörgen , Laudon Hjalmar , Lundmark Tomas , Nilsson Mats B.
Published: December 2022

Boreal forests are important global carbon (C) sinks and, therefore, considered as a key element in climate change mitigation policies. However, their actual C sink strength is uncertain and under debate, particularly for the actively managed forests in the boreal regions of Fennoscandia. In this study, we use an extensive set of biometric‐ and chamber‐based C flux data collected in 50 forest stands (ranging from 5 to 211 years) over 3 years (2016–2018) with the aim to explore the variations of the annual net ecosystem production (NEP; i.e., the ecosystem C balance) across a 68 km2 managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Our results demonstrate that net primary production rather than heterotrophic respiration regulated the spatio‐temporal variations of NEP across the heterogeneous mosaic of the managed boreal forest landscape. We further find divergent successional patterns of NEP in our managed forests relative to naturally regenerating boreal forests, including (i) a fast recovery of the C sink function within the first decade after harvest due to the rapid establishment of a productive understory layer and (ii) a sustained C sink in old stands (131–211 years). We estimate that the rotation period for optimum C sequestration extends to 138 years, which over multiple rotations results in a long‐term C sequestration rate of 86.5 t C ha−1 per rotation. Our study highlights the potential of forest management to maximize C sequestration of boreal forest landscapes and associate climate change mitigation effects by developing strategies that optimize tree biomass production rather than heterotrophic soil C emissions.
Spindle cell lipoma of the buccal mucosa: Uncommon finding in an older adult
Authors: Brooks John K. , Rostami Arash , Zhou Cindy Q. , Sultan Ahmed S.
Published: December 2022

Objective

This article reports a case of a longstanding, slowly enlarging intraoral spindle cell lipoma (SCL) that had become increasingly painful during mastication.

Background

The SCL represents an uncommon variant of the conventional lipoma. There is limited information regarding this lesion in the gerodontologic literature.

Materials and Methods

A 68‐year‐old patient underwent an excisional biopsy of a 9‐mm slightly yellow papule along the buccal mucosa.

Results

The surgical specimen was composed of mature adipocytes with abundant spindle cell populations and was diagnosed as a SCL.

Conclusions

Timely removal of the SCL may reduce the incidence of clinical and surgical complications, particularly in older adults. The management of a SCL is complete excision, and recurrence is rare. Lesions must be carefully distinguished microscopically from its malignant counterpart, the spindle cell liposarcoma.
Helicobacter pylori regulated microRNA map of human gastric cells
Authors: Ramesh Poornima , Babu Sreeranjini , Ammankallu Shruthi , Codi Jalaluddin Akbar Kandel , Prasad Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava , Raju Rajesh
Published: December 2022

Background

Helicobacter pylori is an infection of concern for its chronic colonization leading to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In recent times, microRNAs have been extensively studied to understand their role in the pathogenesis of this bacteria in diverse contexts of gastric diseases. The current analysis reports the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are associated with effective survival and virulence of this pathogen.

Materials and Methods

We convened differentially regulated human microRNAs responsive to H. pylori infection (HP‐hDEmiRs) at different multiplicity of infection and time points in human gastric cell lines through retrospective data mining of experimental studies. In view of the molecular disparity of clinical samples and animal models, data from tissue, serum/plasma, urine, and ascites were excluded. Further, we utilized diverse bioinformatics approaches to retrieve experimentally validated, high‐confidence targets of the HP‐hDEmiRs to analyze the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are relevant to H. pylori pathogenesis.

Results

A total of 39 HP‐hDEmiRs that showed unidirectional expression of either overexpression or downregulation were identified to modulate 23 targets explicitly studied under this infection. We also identified 476 experimentally validated targets regulated by at least 4 of the HP‐hDEmiRs. In addition to the pathways prior‐associated with H. pylori infection, the microRNA‐mRNA interactome analysis identified several cellular processes and pathways highly associated with cell cycle, cell division, migration, and carcinogenesis.

Conclusion

This study generated a platform to study the mechanisms utilized by this pathogen using microRNAs as surrogate.
Hereditary breast cancer: syndromes, tumour pathology and molecular testing
Authors: Sokolova A , Johnstone K J , McCart Reed A E , Simpson P T , Lakhani S R
Published: December 2022

Hereditary factors account for a significant proportion of breast cancer risk. Approximately 20% of hereditary breast cancers are attributable to pathogenic variants in the highly penetrant BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A proportion of the genetic risk is also explained by pathogenic variants in other breast cancer susceptibility genes, including ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D and BARD1, as well as genes associated with breast cancer predisposition syndromes – TP53 (Li–Fraumeni syndrome), PTEN (Cowden syndrome), CDH1 (hereditary diffuse gastric cancer), STK11 (Peutz–Jeghers syndrome) and NF1 (neurofibromatosis type 1). Polygenic risk, the cumulative risk from carrying multiple low‐penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, is also a well‐recognised contributor to risk. This review provides an overview of the established breast cancer susceptibility genes as well as breast cancer predisposition syndromes, highlights distinct genotype–phenotype correlations associated with germline mutation status and discusses molecular testing and therapeutic implications in the context of hereditary breast cancer.
Characteristics of crustal structures in the Yamato Basin, sea of Japan, deduced from seismic explorations
Authors: Sato Takeshi , No Tetsuo , Kodaira Shuichi
Published: December 2022

Crustal structures around the Yamato Basin in the southeastern Sea of Japan, inferred from recent ocean bottom seismography (OBS) and active‐source seismological studies, are reviewed to elucidate various stages of crustal modification involved from rifting in the crust of the surrounding continental arc to the production of oceanic crust in the Yamato Basin of the back‐arc basin. The northern, central, and southern areas of the Yamato Basin have crustal thicknesses of approximately 12–16 km, and lowermost crusts with P‐wave velocities greater than 7.2 km/s. Very few units have P‐wave velocities in the range 5.4–6.0 km/s, which corresponds to the continental upper crust. These findings, combined with previous geochemical analysis of basalt samples, are interpreted to indicate that a thick oceanic crust has been formed in these areas of the basin, and that this oceanic crust has been underplated by mantle‐derived magma. In the central Yamato Basin, the original continental crust has been fully breached and oceanic crust has been formed. Conversely, the presence of a unit corresponding to the continental upper crust and the absence of a high‐velocity part in the lower crust implies that the southwestern edge of the Yamato Basin has a rifted crust without significant intrusion. The Oki Trough has a crust that is 17–19 km thick with a high‐velocity lower crust and a unit corresponding to the continental upper crust. The formation of the Oki Trough resulted from rifting with magmatic intrusion and/or underplating. We interpret these variations in the crustal characteristics of the Yamato Basin area as reflecting various instances of crustal modification by thinning and magmatic intrusion due to back‐arc extension, resulting in the production of a thick oceanic crust in the basin.
Utility of angiotensin‐converting enzyme and serum calcium levels in cutaneous sarcoidosis
Authors: Evenson Collin J. , Rosenbach Misha , Shields Bridget E.
Published: December 2022

Background

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology but is theorized to result from immune overactivity in the setting of an environmental or genetic trigger. It most commonly affects the lungs and lymph nodes but can affect other organ systems, with cutaneous involvement in 30% of patients. The granulomas associated with sarcoidosis lead to increased activity of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and 1α‐hydroxylase resulting in an uncontrolled synthesis of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 by macrophages, along with elevated serum ACE and calcium levels. Serum ACE and calcium levels are frequently ordered when a patient is diagnosed with cutaneous sarcoidosis. However, their clinical utility in this setting remains unknown.

Methods

In this retrospective chart review, we assessed serum ACE and calcium levels in 19 patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis diagnosed by histopathology without preceding evidence of systemic involvement. Serum ACE and calcium levels were also investigated as markers in the progression from mono‐organ cutaneous sarcoidosis to systemic sarcoidosis.

Results

No patients with biopsy‐proven cutaneous sarcoidosis had abnormal levels of serum calcium at presentation in a cohort of 17 patients at a single institution. An abnormally elevated ACE level was only seen in one of 13 patients presenting with cutaneous sarcoidosis.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that serum ACE and calcium levels are not reliable markers of either cutaneous sarcoidosis or the progression to systemic sarcoidosis.
Pathways to social value and social change: An integrative review of the social entrepreneurship literature
Authors: Hietschold Nadine , Voegtlin Christian , Scherer Andreas Georg , Gehman Joel
Published: December 2022

Social entrepreneurship has emerged as an important means of addressing grand challenges. Although research on the topic has accelerated, scholars have yet to articulate an overarching framework that links the different pathways taken by social entrepreneurs with the positive effects of these efforts. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a systematic literature review which enabled us to conceptually differentiate between social value and social change as distinct outcomes of social entrepreneurship and identify seven pathways for achieving these outcomes. Building on our analysis, we outline a research agenda for questions pertaining to: the dynamics between social value and social change; how contextual factors and social entrepreneurs influence various pathways; design principles of business models and innovations that facilitate social value and social change; and defining, measuring, and ensuring accountability for social value and social change.
Perceived barriers in family‐based behavioural treatment of paediatric obesity – Results from theFABOstudy
Authors: Skjåkødegård Hanna F. , Hystad Sigurd , Bruserud Ingvild , Conlon Rachel P. K. , Wilfley Denise , Frisk Bente , Roelants Mathieu , Juliusson Petur B. , Danielsen Yngvild S.
Published: December 2022

Background

To date, few studies have investigated perceived barriers among those who participate in and drop out of family‐based behavioural treatment (FBT) for paediatric obesity. Examining experienced barriers during treatment, and their role in participation and completion of treatment has important implications for clinical practice.

Objectives

To compare perceived barriers to participating in a family‐based behavioural social facilitation treatment (FBSFT) for obesity among families who completed and did not complete treatment.

Methods

Data were analysed from 90 families of children and adolescents (mean (M)age = 12.8 years, standard deviation (SD) = 3.05) with severe obesity enrolled in a 17‐session FBSFT program. After completing 12 sessions or at the time of dropout, parents and therapists completed theBarriers to Treatment Participation Scale(BTPS), a 5‐point Likert scale (1 = never a problem, 5 = very often a problem) which includes four subscales: 1.Stressors and obstacles that compete with treatment, 2.Treatment demands and issues, 3.Perceived relevance of treatment, 4.Relationship with the therapist.

Results

Families who did not complete treatment scored significantly higher on the BTPS subscalesstressors and obstacles that compete with treatment(M = 2.03,SD = 0.53 vs.M = 1.70,SD = 0.42),p = 0.010 andperceived relevance of treatment(M = 2.27,SD = 0.48 vs.M = 1.80,SD = 0.50),p < 0.001 than families who completed treatment. No other significant differences between groups were observed.

Conclusion

Families are more likely to drop out of FBSFT when experiencing a high burden from life stressors or when treatment is not meeting the expectations and perceived needs of the family.
Lymphopenia in sepsis—an acquired immunodeficiency?
Authors: Finfer Simon , Venkatesh Balasubramanian , Hotchkiss Richard S , Sasson Sarah C
Published: December 2022

Sepsis is a global health priority, yet effective host‐directed targeted therapies have not been identified outside of the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Lymphopenia occurs in up to ~52% of patients with sepsis and is associated with a higher mortality at both 30 and 100 days. In COVID‐19, the presence of lymphopenia correlates with intensive care unit admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. The mechanisms underpinning lymphopenic sepsis remain unknown, and while high rates of lymphocyte apoptosis have been implicated, the relative contributions of cellular trafficking to inflamed tissues and reduction in lymphopoiesis require investigation. Further delineation of these underlying mechanisms holds the potential to open new avenues for the development of host‐directed therapies in lymphopenic sepsis. These may include recombinant cytokines (e.g. interleukin‐7), monoclonal antibodies (e.g. anti‐interleukin‐1, anti‐programmed cell death protein 1) and small interfering RNA (e.g. targeting interleukin‐10, transforming growth factor beta). Applying the frontier tools of translational cellular and genomic medicine to understand lymphopenia in the setting of critical infections holds the potential to significantly reduce the excessive global burden of sepsis.
Life satisfaction and desire to emigrate: What does the cross‐national analysis show?
Authors: Karabchuk Tatiana , Katsaiti Marina‐Selini , Johnson Karin A. C.
Published: December 2022

Few articles explain how life satisfaction and happiness influence intention to migrate to another country. This study fills the gap by investigating the desire to emigrate in relation to individual life satisfaction while testing for moderation effects of national life satisfaction scores, the Human Development Index and Gender Inequality Index at country level. The empirical analysis is based on the unique Gallup World Poll data for 127 countries in 2017. In line with previous research, the findings confirm a negative association between life satisfaction (both individual and country level) and the desire to emigrate. Furthermore, results point to mean country life satisfaction, human development and gender inequality levels acting as moderators of individual‐level life satisfaction on the desire to emigrate. Higher aggregate life satisfaction levels act as counter‐forces to individual life satisfaction, performing as enablers of stay versus move. In countries with lower human development and higher gender inequality, individual life satisfaction will act as an enabler to move. A comprehensive discussion includes findings for gender and age groups and those born or not born in the country.
Difficulties in suicide prevention facing primary healthcare workers based on the characteristics of people with suicide risk and healthcare systems
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Ikeuchi Satomi
Published: December 2022

Aims

To clarify difficulties in suicide prevention that primary healthcare workers face based on the characteristics of people with suicide risk and healthcare systems.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were held with 15 primary healthcare workers employed by a Japanese municipality from August to October 2019. Data were subjected to qualitative descriptive analysis, performed in accordance with the COREQ guidelines.

Results

Analysis identified 11 subthemes and three themes. Theme 1, ‘Failure to connect with support’, included the subthemes of ‘Obstacles to communication’ and ‘Refusal of support’. Theme 2, ‘Support that cannot offer a solution’, included the subthemes ‘Dying by suicide even while receiving psychiatric treatment’ and ‘Resolved to dying’. Theme 3, ‘Isolation’, included the subthemes ‘Loneliness despite being connected with others’ and ‘Lack of community development’.

Conclusion

In relation to difficulties based on the characteristics of people with suicide risk, it is important to be aware of their unspoken views and to increase mental health literacy in society. Overcoming difficulties in relation to the primary healthcare system requires training and continuing education for professionals specializing in mental health and suicide prevention. To avoid isolating healthcare workers and ensure that those in need of treatment access support, systems should be established that enable collaboration with mental health specialists across organizations.

Impact

Primary healthcare workers, who are often the first point of contact for people with suicide risk, play a key role in suicide prevention. The identified challenges they face include difficulties in connecting people with suicide risk with support, a sense of helplessness because some people die even while receiving treatment and difficulties in building communities that prevent isolation. These findings can contribute to measures for alleviating the difficulties primary healthcare workers face, reforming primary healthcare systems for suicide prevention and saving lives.

Patient or public contribution

In this study, primary healthcare workers working in the study area participated as interviewees. They also confirmed the truthfulness of the study results, thereby ensuring the rigour of the data analysis.
Leadership and care in nursing research: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Kantek Filiz , Yesilbas Hande , Aytur Ozen Tangul
Published: December 2022

Aim

This study aimed to analyse the study focus, thematic trends and evolution of studies on the leadership and care in nursing by using a bibliometric analysis.

Design

Descriptive and bibliometric analyses were employed.

Methods

The study universe included 3558 articles on the leadership and care in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The data analysis and graphical presentation were conducted using Bibliometrix Package in R software.

Results

Within the scope of the study, articles published by 10,255 authors in 184 different sources between 1982–2021 were reached. Five thousand eight hundred and twenty‐eight author keywords were found in these studies. The most frequent author keywords included “leadership,” “nursing,” “nurse,” “evidence‐based practice,” “management,” “nursing leadership” and “patient safety.” It was further suggested that the most frequently used trend topics in early years were “new roles,” “faculty practice,” “research implementation” while trend topics such as “systematic review,” “older adults” and “COVID‐19′ have become popular in recent years.

Conclusion

The number of studies on the leadership and care in nursing has gradually increased over the years, and this subject has already become an active field of study in nursing research. In addition, nurse‐related themes such as job satisfaction, teamwork and retention have been reviewed more intensively while patient‐based and fundamental care‐based themes have been less studied.

Impact

This study was the first bibliometric analysis to focus on the research focus, thematic trends and evolution of research on the leadership and care in nursing. Only a limited amount of data are available on the current knowledge structure, research focus, thematic trends and evolution of research on leadership and care in nursing. The results of this study may establish a solid ground to design further studies and provide guidance.
Self‐concept and organizational citizenship behaviors from a self‐regulatory perspective
Authors: Ponto Shelby‐Jo , Converse Patrick D. , Milosevic Mina
Published: December 2022

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) represent an important aspect of job performance, as these actions contribute to organizational functioning in several ways. Although there is growing recognition of the importance of within‐person OCB dynamics over time and some work is beginning to suggest self‐concept may be an important antecedent of OCBs, previous research does not appear to have integrated these two lines of work. Thus, the present research proposed and examined such an integration, focusing on self‐concept orientation and targeted OCBs using a within‐person daily survey approach. More specifically, drawing from Greenwald et al.'s unified theory of implicit social cognition and Bolino et al.'s self‐regulatory framework, this study examined within‐person relationships between self‐concept orientation, motives, intentions, and targeted OCBs. Participants (99 employed individuals from the United States) completed daily measures of these variables for up to 15 days. Results from multilevel modeling analyses were largely supportive of the proposed hypotheses, highlighting the relevance of self‐concept components in the context of OCBs over time. These findings may contribute to both theoretical development and practical applications, as they provide a more detailed view of self‐concept and OCBs over time that might be considered in attempts to enhance citizenship behaviors in organizations.
Perceived legitimacy can moderate the effect of proscriptive versus prescriptive injunctions on intentions to comply with UK government COVID‐19 guidelines and reactance
Authors: Pavey Louisa , Churchill Sue , Sparks Paul
Published: December 2022

Proscriptive injunctions (i.e., telling people what they should not do) have been found in research to elicit greater perceptions of a threat to freedom, and greater reactance (anger, irritation and annoyance), than prescriptive injunctions (i.e., telling people what they should do), across several health and social behaviors. The current research investigated the effects of Injunction Type (proscriptive vs. prescriptive) and perceived legitimacy of the injunction, on intentions to comply with UK government behavioral guidelines during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and on reactance. In two online experimental studies (Study 1: N = 142; Study 2: N = 307), UK participants were presented with information about UK government COVID‐19 guidelines that included either a proscriptive injunction or prescriptive injunction and reported their perceptions of the legitimacy of the injunction, their intentions to comply with government guidelines, and their reactance. In both Study 1 and Study 2, the effect of Injunction Type on intentions to comply and reactance was moderated by perceived legitimacy. In both studies, when perceived legitimacy was low, participants exposed to the proscriptive injunction indicated lower intentions to comply with UK government COVID‐19 guidelines than did participants exposed to the prescriptive injunction. The findings imply that using a prescriptive injunction frame can elicit greater intentions to comply than using a proscriptive injunction frame when people perceive the injunction to be unreasonable. The results are discussed in relation to the role of legitimacy in determining the effectiveness of different types of injunctions on compliance with rules and guidelines.
Valuation with share repurchases and personal taxes
Authors: Diedrich Ralf , Dierkes Stefan , Sümpelmann Johannes
Published: December 2022

We derive a consistent valuation approach that integrates the interdependent effects of cash dividends, share repurchases and active debt management while considering personal taxes. The valuation approach is based on the assumption that a predetermined proportion of the flow to equity is used for share repurchases instead of cash dividends. Additionally, we examine the effects of share repurchases on the cost of equity by deriving appropriate adjustment formulae. Furthermore, we run simulations to investigate the valuation differences caused by the distribution of excess cash via cash dividends or share repurchases. The results show that share repurchases have a significant positive effect on equity market value.
Can cost‐effectiveness analysis of control measures for persistent chemicals be improved? A critical evaluation of approaches for assessing “effectiveness”
Authors: Gabbert Silke , de Blaeij Arianne , Quik Joris T. K. , Bakker Joost , de Knecht Joop , Verbruggen Eric , Luit Richard
Published: December 2022

Persistence, that is the ability of a chemical to accumulate in the environment over time, is a core concern triggering regulatory action under the European chemicals legislation REACH. Due to lacking quantitative information about environmental impacts and damage costs, cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) has been applied for evaluating the performance of regulatory control measures. Different indicators for assessing the effectiveness of a control measure have been used, (i) the expected aggregate emission reduction, (ii) the change of the environmental mass at steady‐state, and (iii) the change of the cumulative environmental stock. This paper examines the conceptual characteristics of these indicators when being used in CEA. The analysis elaborates on an illustrative example of three persistent chemicals with different intrinsic properties. We find that estimates of aggregate emission reduction and of the change of steady‐state mass misrepresent the environmental pollution burden of persistent chemicals because they ignore the time path of pollution in the environment. This can induce misleading conclusions on the relative cost‐effectiveness of control measures and can lead to an erroneous prioritization of measures. Cumulative stock estimates, while not being equivalent to quantitative risk or impact assessment, capture the time path of pollution in environmental media and, therefore, provide an approximation of the environmental impact potential of persistent chemicals. This is a prerequisite for a concern‐driven evaluation of risk‐management measures for persistent chemicals.
Exploring the global trade networks of the tungsten supply chain: Insights into the physical and monetary mismatch among countries
Authors: Tang Linbin , Wang Peng , Ma Zijie , Pauliuk Stefan , Chen Wei‐Qiang , Dai Tao , Lin Zipeng
Published: December 2022

International trade is essential to bridge the imbalance between supply and demand of materials along with different nations effectively, especially for critical raw materials such as tungsten that are highly geographically unequally distributed. However, the international trade flows and their complex networks that link those participating nations have remained largely unexplored, which leads to inexplicable concerns for materials' criticality and their supply risks. By integrating the material flow analysis and the complex network analysis, this study traces the global trade flows of tungsten in various forms ranging from primary products to scrap among 223 countries and regions annually from 2000 to 2018 and explores the evolution of participating countries' role involved in international trade networks from both physical and monetary perspectives. We found that (1) there are ∼2673 thousand metric tons of tungsten feeding into supply chains globally during the 19 years, and about 96% of tungsten resources are re‐allocated from Asia to the high‐income regions; (2) the high‐income countries gain the potential benefits from both the resources and economic perspectives and they import 72% of tungsten resources in the form of primary and semi‐products from developing countries, meanwhile earning 87% of global tungsten trade value by exporting tungsten metal products with high value‐added back to those tungsten resources suppliers. Under the growing national interconnections of global tungsten trade networks, this study urges more cooperative actions and targeted supply chain management among the participating countries to secure the tungsten supply and sustainability of the global tungsten cycle.
Effects of feed formula and farming system on the environmental performance of shrimp production chain from a life cycle perspective
Authors: Al Eissa Ahmad , Chen Peng , Brown Paul B. , Huang Jen‐Yi
Published: December 2022

Shrimp is the most popular seafood in the United States; its production plays an important role in the aquaculture industry. However, shrimp farming causes various environment impacts that must be mitigated to ensure the sustainability of shrimp production. This study performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) on two US‐based and one Vietnam‐based shrimp production chains from cradle to US market covering three farming systems and eight shrimp feed formulae. Midpoint environmental impacts including terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, and global warming were determined. For the intensive production chain (IPC), feed production was identified as the main contributor to the terrestrial acidification potential (TAP) and global warming potential (GWP), and its freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP) was dominated by shrimp farming. Poultry by‐product and fish meals were the feed ingredients contributing high TAP and GWP. However, soybean, wheat, and corn gluten meals produced higher FEP; hence, substituting plant‐based proteins for animal‐based ones in shrimp feeds did not all have positive environmental consequences. Shrimp farming was the hotspot of all the environmental impacts of the semi‐intensive production chain (SPC) and extensive production chain (EPC), except for the TAP of the EPC. Among the three production chains, the IPC had the highest FEP due to the on‐farm discharge of phosphorus‐containing wastewater, and the SPC caused the highest TAP because of the intensive uses of electricity and fertilizers for pond cultivation. Although the EPC was most sustainable in terms of TAP and FEP, open farming in mangrove areas produced the highest GWP owing to land transformation. This LCA study is expected to serve as US shrimp farmers’ decision‐making guidelines to adapt farming practices with lower environmental footprint.
Association of PDO threads and technologies—Facial treatment protocols
Authors: Miranda Clessya Rocha
Published: December 2022

Background

Aging is part of the immutable characteristics of the human being, and the search for treatments to alleviate the undesirable effects of aging is frequent in the dermatological office.

Aims

This work proposes the technique of association of PDO threads with technologies and the description of the facial treatment protocols.

Methods

For contextualization, two case studies of two patients subjected to the procedure are analyzed.

Conclusions

In recent years, there have been marked changes in facial rejuvenation techniques using PDO threads and these have shown satisfactory results for collagen biostimulation. Having technologies in dermatological clinics is a frequent reality, and sometimes, some doctors are in doubt about when to use them associated with PDO wires and in which sequence it should be done, ensuring patient safety and maintaining the integrity of the wires. This article aims to bring clarity about how to use technology and when is the right time. It is also intended to clarify that the PDO wire can be used in conjunction with the microfocused ultrasound technology, since the melting point of the PDO polymer is between 110° and 115°C.