bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disclosure Decisions
Authors: Rodkjaer Lotte , Sodemann Morten , Ostergaard Lars , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to investigate how Danish HIV-positive persons live with their disease, focusing on HIV-related stressors. Using the Glaserian method, we analyzed textual data from in-depth interviews with 16 HIV-positive persons. Decisions about disclosure appeared to be a major concern and a determining factor for HIV-related stress. Consequently, we developed a substantive theory about disclosure decisions in which three different strategies could be identified: (a) disclosing to everyone (being open); (b) restricting disclosure (being partly open); and (c) disclosing to no one (being closed). Disclosure was a continuum; none of the three strategies automatically relieved HIV-related stress. The theory describes the main determinants and consequences of each strategy. Our study demonstrates the importance of recurrent individual considerations about disclosure choices and plans, and offers a theoretical basis for interventions designed to assist persons living with HIV to make the best possible individual decisions regarding disclosure, and thereby reduce HIV-related stress.
Lifting Problems of Air Ambulance Crews
Authors: Lancaster Jeff , Olson Suzan D. , Gardner-Bonneau Daryle J. , Schoenherr Chris , Blostein Paul A.
Published: April 2011

Ergonomics researchers investigate musculoskeletal problems in an occupation largely ignored by lifting standards.
Usability Testing
Authors: Waters Susan , Carswell Melody , Stephens Eric , Selwit Ada Sue
Published: April 2011

How information is presented in an informed consent form can mean the difference between success and failure in a research project.
Designing Information into Manufacturing Environments
Authors: Colosky Charles R.
Published: April 2011

Information overload can be managed if designers exploit environmental cues in addition to traditional documentation methods.
Judging Pace Cross-Country
Authors: Guerlain Stephanie
Published: April 2011

How cognitive task analysis yields insight into an apparently simple, yet complex horse-rider activity.
Cognitive Task Analysis Edited by Jan Marten Schraagen, Susan F. Chipman. & Valerie L. Shalin 2000, 531 Pages, $99.00 Mahwah, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ISBN 0-8058-3383-8
Authors: Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: April 2011

Cognitive Task Analysis Edited by Jan Maarten Schraagen, Susan F. Chipman, & Valerie L. Shalin: 2000, 531 pages, $99.00 Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ISBN 0-8058-3383-8
Establishing Standards of Reasonable Care
Authors: Cohen H. Harvey , Larue Cindy A.
Published: April 2011

Human factors/ergonomics professionals can help to determine the scientific basis behind the success or failure of standards of care.
Modernization of a Military Aircraft Cockpit
Authors: Berson Barry L.
Published: April 2011

Careful analysis of an existing cockpit and involvement of the affected pilot community contribute to a successfully redesigned interface.
The Flexible Handheld Ergonomics Evaluation Tool
Authors: McGorry Raymond W. , Chang Chien-Chi , Teare Peter R. , Dempsey Patrick G.
Published: April 2011

The handheld computer promises to make data gathering faster and easier for ergonomists working in challenging field environments.
Myths About Crew Resource Management Training
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Wilson Katherine A. , Burke C. Shawn , Bowers Clint A.
Published: April 2011

The science of individual and team training contradicts a number of mistaken assumptions about training effectiveness.
Toward More Accessible Web Sites
Authors: Sherman Paul , Protas Benjamin
Published: April 2011

Without early ergonomics input and testing and evaluation, Web development efforts fail to address the needs of users with disabilities.
Do you Know How Old your Participants Are?
Authors: Nichols Timothy A. , Rogers Wendy A. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: April 2011

Research studies that fail to recognize the importance of participant age classifications might lead to erroneous conclusions about user behavior.
Optimizing Load Carriage Systems
Authors: Bryant J. T. , Stevenson J. M. , Bossi L. L. , Reid S. A. , Pelot R. P. , Morin E. L.
Published: April 2011

Biomechanical assessment tools provide designers with quick feedback on design and human comfort tolerances of backpacks.
Redesigning an En-Route Aeronautical Chart
Authors: Molesworth Brett R. C. , Wiggins Mark W.
Published: April 2011

Changing a system with which users are already familiar presents special design challenges.
Human Factors Meets Health Care: The Ultimate Challenge
Authors: Leape Lucian L.
Published: April 2011

The health care industry is finally taking strong measures to address system flaws leading to medical error.
Blood Glucose Meter Usability for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Authors: Uslan Mark M. , Eghtesadi Khosrow , Burton Darren
Published: April 2011

Very few meters satisfy the needs of users with limited or no vision, a growing population among diabetics.
From the Editor
Authors: Carswell C. Melody
Published: April 2011

Are we well positioned to address human-technology problems that emerge rapidly and with little warning? How responsive are we? What is our “production lag”?
Homeland Security Safety Symbols: Are We Ready?
Authors: Mayhorn Christopher B. , Wogalter Michael S. , Bell Jennifer L.
Published: April 2011

“Terrorism forces us to make a choice. We can be afraid. Or we can be ready.” —Secretary Tom Ridge, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Designing More Effective Log-in and Sign-in Pages
Authors: Moallem Abbas
Published: April 2011

Differences in the ways that Web sites require visitors to log in may be subtle, but they can sometimes make a difference in ease of use.
Software
Authors: Chapman Roger J.
Published: April 2011

Morae 1.0.1 TechSmith Corporation 2405 Woodlake Dr., Okemos, MI 48854 888/750-0685, 517/381-2300, fax 517/381-2336, moraesales@techsmith.com
Social Exchange in a Computer-Intensive Work Setting
Authors: Shalin Valerie L.
Published: April 2011

Redesign of a flight control room accommodates new computers but impedes social exchange in the workplace
Better Taxiway Surface Markings: Safer Airports
Authors: Estes Steven , Olmos Oscar , Andrews Cheryl , Andre Anthony D. , Chrysler Susan , Hannon Dan
Published: April 2011

A multidisciplinary team develops markings designed to reduce the number of runway incursions
Error in Stair Measurements
Authors: Johnson Daniel
Published: April 2011

A new measurement method achieves more accurate results of stair slope compared with the traditional method
Naive Realism: Misplaced Faith in Realistic Displays
Authors: Smallman Harvey S. , John Mark St.
Published: April 2011

A theory of why users and display designers prefer highly realistic, supposedly intuitive displays despite their poor performance.
10 Questions on Room Color: Answers for Workplace Designers
Authors: Schatz Sae Lynne , Bowers Clint A.
Published: April 2011

Evidence from scientific studies on color fails to support many claims about the effect of room color on human performance, behavior, or mood.
The Paperless Shop Floor
Authors: Ramos M. Victoria , Gilmore Walter E.
Published: April 2011

Building a user interface for computer-based procedures poses some challenges and trade-offs, but the benefits are worth it.
Transforming the Laundry Process
Authors: Nyber Pam , Kempic Joy
Published: April 2011

Thoughtful user-centered design produced a resource-efficient, easy-to-use front-loading washer and dryer with passionate customer advocates and marketplace success.
Designing Children's Furniture and Computers for School and Home
Authors: Kroemer Karl H. E.
Published: April 2011

Designers who make products to fit children face challenges, especially lack of current anthropometric data.
Reducing the “Symmetry of Ignorance” Between Human Factors Engineers and Users
Authors: Pai Shantanu , Allendoerfer Kenneth R.
Published: April 2011

Designers can't be effective in making users' jobs easier if they lack a complete understanding of those jobs.
Development of a New Photographic Experience
Authors: Belz Steven M.
Published: April 2011

Success in the marketplace doesn't happen by accident but through the application of human factors/ergonomics user-centered design principles.
Best Practices Applied to Web-Based Projects
Authors: Torres R. J. (Bob) , Heck Michael P. , Rudd James R. , Kelley John F. (Jeff)
Published: April 2011

User-centered design must be the foundation of all Web sites to ensure that visitors (and shoppers) keep coming back.
Usability Makeover of a Cognitive Modeling Tool
Authors: Wu Changxu , Liu Yili
Published: April 2011

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: In this article, we describe a new software tool that was developed for modeling human performance and mental workload in single- and dual-task situations. The tool features an interactive interface and is based on psychological theory. Using this new modeling tool, in most cases, users can model and predict human performance and workload by clicking buttons to select options without needing to learn a new programming language. They can also visualize the information-processing state of the model during simulation and compare and evaluate the simulated human performance and mental workload for different user interface designs based on the simulation results.
Automation in the Washroom: Hand Dryers
Authors: Moroney William F.
Published: April 2011

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: Automation is ubiquitous - found even in washroom faucets and toilets. In this article, I describe various types of activation strategies used in hand dryers. The interactive characteristics of seven types of hand dryers are described. Dryers ranged from push-button-activated hot-air dryers to integrated soap-wash-dry systems. Their ease or lack of ease of activation is discussed and compared. Some activation strategies are not intuitive and induce errors. Designers should (a) maximize the use of stereotypes, affordances, and constraints and (b) develop and test instructions or pictorial information.
joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering by Erik Hollnagel & David D. Woods 2005, 222 pages, $99.95 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-2821-7
Authors: Griffith Doug
Published: April 2011

Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering BY DAVID D. WOODS & ERIK HOLLNAGEL 2006, 219 pages, $99.95 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-3933-2
Unresolved Problems in Accessibility and Universal Design Guidelines
Authors: Law Chris M. , Soo YI Ji , Choi Young Sang , Jacko Julie A.
Published: April 2011

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: There are numerous standards, design guidelines, and other resources that relate to the use of technology by people with disabilities. We examined whether such resources met the needs of designers based on typical design processes and design psychology. We conducted a heuristic evaluation of eight resources and then surveyed and interviewed the people who created those resources. Based on our research, we identified five unresolved problems in the creation of guidance: (1) neither the audience nor its needs are clearly defined; (2) the terminology of accessible and universal design is imprecise; (3) there is no universally accepted standard of measurement; (4) enforcement of standards is lax because of their ambiguous nature; and, finally, (5) usability of the guidance is compromised. We provide recommendations for resolving each problem.
Designing a Technology Coach
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Essa Irfan A. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: April 2011

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: Technology in the home environment has the potential to support older adults in a variety of ways. We took an interdisciplinary approach (human factors/ergonomics and computer science) to develop a technology “coach” that could support older adults in learning to use a medical device. Our system provided a computer vision system to track the use of a blood glucose meter and provide users with feedback if they made an error. This research could support the development of an in-home personal assistant to coach individuals in a variety of tasks necessary for independent living.
An Early (1969) Case of “Unintended Acceleration” Crash
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G.
Published: April 2011

This article describes the human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) design considerations of the accelerator and brake pedal configuration of a 1970 automobile in which a driver experienced unintended acceleration, resulting in injuries to a pedestrian when the car suddenly backed into him. HF/E experts were consulted by the attorneys for the defendant and for the plaintiff in the ensuing lawsuit. Their procedures, analyses, and conclusions centered on the requirements for the vertical and horizontal separations between the accelerator and the brake pedals to minimize inadvertent operation of the accelerator pedal when braking was intended.
Cognitive Human Factors in Litigation
Authors: Nemire Kenneth
Published: April 2011

Seemingly simple acts can go terribly wrong. Sometimes they result in litigation. Forensic human factors based in cognitive science can reveal some limitations in human perception, decision making, and action and how the design of things can fail to accommodate our limitations. The case studies indicate how design or maintenance could have prevented the injury incidents.
Fatality in the Side of a Bunk Bed
Authors: Pollack-Nelson Carol
Published: April 2011

Mandatory and voluntary standards for bunk beds were written to eliminate the risk of head and neck entrapment in end panels. However, these standards do not address entrapment potential in the area of a side-mounted ladder. This article profiles the fatal strangulation of one child whose head and neck slipped into the space between the side ladder and lower bunk. The use of anthropometry data was essential in detecting this design hazard. Moreover, had this type of analysis been conducted prior to the product’s entry into the marketplace, this hazard could have been prevented.
What is Iatrogenics, and Why Don't Ergonomists Know?
Authors: Levin Lowell , Gardner-Bonneau Daryle Jean
Published: April 2011

Sometimes EID readers provide valuable tips that lead to articles like the one you're about to read. In this case, the credit goes to Richard Hornick, who sent me a copy of a brief article from the AARP Bulletin discussing the problem of iatrogenic complications. This, in turn, led me to contact Dr. Lowell Levin, professor of public health at the Yale University School of Medicine, for an interview. If ever there was a situation sorely in need of human factors expertise, iatrogenic complications is it. The insightful, surprising, and sometimes frightening observations of Dr. Levin should be of interest to all of us, not just as human factors or ergonomics professionals but as the end users of medical systems. Not reading this piece may be hazardous to your health!
Getting Around in the Natural World: Design of a prototype training aid for teaching off-road navigation skills
Authors: Whitaker Leslie A.
Published: April 2011

Design of a prototype training aid for teaching off-road navigation skills.
An Exploratory Model of Girl’s Vulnerability to Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Prostitution
Authors: Reid Joan A.
Published: April 2011

Due to inaccessibility of child victims of commercial sexual exploitation, the majority of emergent research on the problem lacks theoretical framing or sufficient data for quantitative analysis. Drawing from Agnew’s general strain theory, this study utilized structural equation modeling to explore: whether caregiver strain is linked to child maltreatment, if experiencing maltreatment is associated with risk-inflating behaviors or sexual denigration of self/others, and if these behavioral and psychosocial dysfunctions are related to vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation. The proposed model was tested with data from174 predominately African American women, 12% of whom indicated involvement in prostitution while a minor. Findings revealed child maltreatment worsened with increased caregiver strain. Experiencing child maltreatment was linked to running away, initiating substance use at earlier ages, and higher levels of sexual denigration of self/others. Sexual denigration of self/others was significantly related to the likelihood of prostitution as a minor. The network of variables in the model accounted for 34% of the variance in prostitution as a minor.
Closing the Gap in Mammogram Screening
Authors: Deavenport Alexis , Modeste Naomi , Marshak Helen Hopp , Neish Christine
Published: April 2011

A low rate of mammogram screening exists among low-income Hispanic women. To address this disparity, an experimental intervention containing audiovisual and written media was conducted using the health belief model as a framework. The purpose of this study was to determine if low-income Hispanic women, more than 40 years of age, who received targeted cancer prevention education ( n = 105) had a significantly greater perceived threat of breast cancer, greater benefits and lower barriers to screening, and stronger intentions to obtain mammograms compared to a control group ( n = 105). Intervention participants reported significantly greater perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and mammogram screening intentions than the control group. Predictors of mammogram screening intentions, when controlling for covariates, included receiving the intervention, and having greater perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and lower barriers. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a low-cost, theory-based intervention aimed at increasing mammogram screening to assist in the monitoring of Healthy People 2020 objectives.
To Test or Not to Test? The Role of Attitudes, Knowledge, and Religious Involvement Among U.S. Adults on Intent-to-Obtain Adult Genetic Testing
Authors: Botoseneanu Anda , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Banaszak-Holl Jane
Published: April 2011

Genetic testing can advance cancer prevention if current screening behaviors improve. Increased prevalence of high-risk genotypes within specific religious groups, use of religious venues for recruiting to genetic screening, and ethical–religious considerations argue for exploring the role of religiosity in forming genetic testing decisions. This study uses the theory of reasoned action and structural equation modeling to test the effects of religious involvement, attitudes, knowledge, and previous experience on intent-to-obtain genetic testing within a representative sample of 1,824 U.S. adults. A majority of respondents indicate willingness to test, especially for curable disorders. Attitudes, knowledge, and previous experience have significant direct effects, and religious involvement has an indirect effect, through its negative effect on attitudes, on intent-to-test. High religious involvement is associated with more negative attitudes toward genetic testing. The findings underscore the need to refine genetic testing outreach efforts to account for multiple influences on consumer intent-to-test.
Detailed Knowledge of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Authors: Green B. Lee , Li Lin , Morris J. Fontain , Gluzman Rima , Davis Jenna L. , Wang Min Qi , Katz Ralph V.
Published: April 2011

This report explores the level of detailed knowledge about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (TSS) among 848 Blacks and Whites in three U.S. cities across an array of demographic variables. The Tuskegee Legacy Project (TLP) Questionnaire was used, which was designed to explore the willingness of minorities to participate in biomedical studies. A component of the TLP Questionnaire, the TSS Facts & Myths Quiz, consisting of seven yes/no factual questions, was used to establish respondents’ level of detailed knowledge on the TSS. Both Blacks and Whites had similar very low mean quiz score on the 7-point scale, with Blacks’ scores being slightly higher than Whites (1.2 vs. 0.9, p = .003). When analyzing the level of knowledge between racial groups by various demographic variables, several patterns emerged: (a) higher education levels were associated with higher levels of detailed knowledge and (b) for both Blacks and Whites, 30 to 59 years old knew the most about TSS compared with younger and older adult age groups. The findings show that much of the information that circulates in the Black and White communities about the TSS is false, often minimizing or understating the most egregious injustices that occurred. Health promotion and educational implications of these findings are offered and conclude that the findings should be used as a catalyst to explore local realities and sentiments regarding participation in biomedical research within the research philosophy and framework of community-based participatory research.
We Can All Participate! Adapting Circle Time for Children With Autism
Authors: Barton Erin E. , Reichow Brian , Wolery Mark , Chen Ching-I
Published: April 2011

Perla, a 4.5-year-old girl with autism, attended an inclusive child care center. She had 12 classmates, but she was the only child with autism. Perla used three-and four-word sentences to communicate, followed simple verbal directions during most classroom routines, and imitated teacher and peer behaviors when prompted. Perla rarely interacted with her peers unless prompted by her teacher, Sahalie. She used a picture schedule with some adult help throughout daily routines. However, her participation in circle time was inconsistent. Most days, she started crying during the transition to circle time and did not stop whimpering until the end of it. Perla avoided peers and sat on the edge of the carpet. She often disrupted circle
Step Back and Consider: Learning From Reflective Practice in Infant Mental Health
Authors: Gatti Shelley Neilsen , Watson Christopher L. , Siegel Carol F.
Published: April 2011

When early interventionist Kelly drives up to the apartment, she tells herself, “It’s okay, I can do this.” She gets out of her car, grabs her bag, and walks to the door. Dominic, an engaging 18-month old with developmental disabilities, sees her and waddles over with a big smile. His mom, Stephanie, walks out of the kitchen, holding her 6-month-old baby girl. Kelly has been working with this family for about 2 years. She first started working with DeMarco, Dominic’s 4-year-old brother; about the same time that DeMarco transitioned to preschool services, Dominic qualified for services. Recently, Kelly has been working with Stephanie on ways to engage in reciprocal play with Dominic through games, songs, and books and to encourage him to use words and gestures to request preferred items.
Improved fuel efficiency by lubricant design: A review
Authors: Taylor R. I. , Coy R. C.
Published: April 2011

There is currently a strong focus on producing increasingly fuel-efficient vehicles, both to help meet CO2 emissions reductions targets arising from the Kyoto Agreement on climate change, and, in certain countries, to avoid large government-imposed financial penalties. This paper reviews the role that lubricants can play in reducing a vehicle's fuel consumption. The paper reviews the lubricant factors that affect fuel consumption. The paper also reviews a number of engine friction models, which help to give insight into the relative importance of the different engine components to total engine friction. The paper reviews how these models compare with results from the European and US passenger car standard fuel economy engine tests now in place. The paper also reviews the issues surrounding engine durability with the lower-viscosity fuel economy lubricants that are now being developed. The majority of the paper is concerned with fuel economy in passenger car vehicles, but there is also some discussion of the issues surrounding improved fuel economy in heavy-duty diesel trucks.
The low-shear-stress rheology of a traction fluid and the influence on film thickness
Authors: Bair S , Qureshi F , Kotzalas M
Published: April 2011

A flow curve generated by pressurized Couette viscometry clearly shows the presence of polymer in a traction fluid used for traction simulations. This finding was supported by experimental film thickness comparisons with the base oil. Insights regarding the effect of polymer additives on film thickness were obtained from idealized calculations.
The risk of malignancy is not increased in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a: analysis of data from clinical trial and post-marketing surveillance settings
Authors: Sandberg-Wollheim Magnhild , Kornmann Gabrielle , Bischof Dorina , Moraga Margaretha Stam , Hennessy Brian , Alteri Enrica
Published: April 2011

Background: Risks that are potentially associated with long-term therapies should be assessed.

Objective: The present analyses were performed to determine the risk of malignancy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving subcutaneous (sc) interferon (IFN) beta-1a, using pooled safety data from key clinical trials and data from the Merck Serono Global Drug Safety database.

Methods: The standard Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities query “malignancies” was used to retrieve relevant cases from each data set. The incidence of malignancies per 1000 patient-years was calculated using the pooled safety data from clinical trials. The reporting rates of malignancy types were calculated for the post-marketing setting based on sales volume. Malignancies were grouped by organ localization and classified as medically confirmed or not medically confirmed according to the source of each report. The number of reported cases of each type was compared with the expected number in the general population.

Results: Analysis of pooled safety data from 12 key clinical trials did not show an increased incidence of malignancy per 1000 patient-years with sc IFN beta-1a (4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–5.5) compared with placebo (6.4; 95% CI: 3.3–11.2). Analysis of the database shows that among the medically confirmed cases, reported to expected ratios ranged from 1 : 6 to 1 : 18 for solid tumours and from 1 : 2 to 1 : 9 for lymphohaematopoietic tumours.

Conclusion: Safety data from both clinical trial and post-marketing settings suggest that treatment with sc IFN beta-1a does not increase the risk of malignancy in patients with MS.
Practitioners’ attitudes towards the use of standardized diagnostic assessment in routine practice: A qualitative study in two Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Martin Anne-Marie , Fishman Roza , Baxter Laura , Ford Tamsin
Published: April 2011

There is tension within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) assessments between the richness of differing practitioner’s perspectives and maintaining a basic level of assessment that is acceptable to all disciplines. Standardized assessments are mandatory in research, yet are rarely applied systematically across CAMHS.The use of standardized assessments in routine practice might aid the allocation of families to the practitioners best able to meet their needs and free up time for intervention. However, practitioners’ attitudes towards standardized assessment will dictate the success of such an approach. Fifty practitioners working in two CAMHS completed semi-structured interviews that explored their attitudes towards the use of standardized assessments in clinical practice, which were analysed using thematic analysis. Practitioners could identify both advantages and disadvantages of the routine use of standardized assessment. While they valued standardization, opportunities for service organization and increased information, some expressed concerns related to the choice, accuracy and influence of measures, as well as labelling. Almost one-third complained about their lack of pre-registration training in working with children, let alone their assessment. Practitioners, clinicians and policy makers need to consider these issues if they wish to introduce standardized assessments into routine practice. Senior staff need to be aware how unskilled some junior practitioners feel when they start working in CAMHS and offer appropriate support and supervision.
Adolescent boys with sickle cell disease: A qualitative study
Authors: Erskine Ruth
Published: April 2011

Sickle cell disease is a recessively inherited blood disorder associated primarily with black communities within the UK. This study investigated the experiences of adolescent boys with this condition. Eight participants were interviewed and their responses analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The emergent themes were watchfulness, holding onto normality, and connecting and disengaging. This analysis illustrated connections between physical symptoms, emotional responses and the development concerns of this participant group. The findings have implications for the nature and style of the delivery of health care services.
Therapists’ experiences of Cognitive Remediation Therapy for anorexia nervosa: Implications for working with adolescents
Authors: Easter Abigail , Tchanturia Kate
Published: April 2011

Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) is a novel intervention developed for adults with anorexia nervosa (AN), which aims to improve “cognitive flexibility” and “holistic processing” thinking styles (Tchanturia et al., 2008; Tchanturia & Hambrook, 2009). The present study uses a qualitative approach to examine therapists’ accounts of their work with inpatients suffering with AN. The objective of this study is to gain a broader understanding of how CRT has been implemented and utilized in daily life by this patient group. Therapists’ letters were positive and motivational; acknowledging patients for their achievements while outlining some of the difficulties and emotions that patients experienced. Findings highlight that the majority of patients’ difficulties related to their metacognitive ability and in transferring the skills to real life. Themes also concerned the processes and stages of CRT, where patients gradually drew skills from the intervention prior to making changes in their own lives. The implications of this approach for working with adolescents with eating disorders are explored. It is hoped that this study will help understanding of how CRT can be used as a treatment for AN; and how it could be developed for future work with young people.
The Chinese Ugly Betty: TV cloning and local modernity
Authors: Fung Anthony , Zhang Xiaoxiao
Published: April 2011

This article examines the themes inherent in the serial Ugly Wudi, a Chinese version of the Ugly Betty. By comparing the Chinese version with its American counterpart, conducting interviews with producers of Ugly Wudi and audience focus groups, this article analyses the modifications made by the producers in Ugly Wudi. After conducting in-depth interviews with the producers, examining audience reactions and analysing the context of the show, the authors argue that the modifications in the Chinese version are deliberately made to suit the local understanding and acceptance of modern television dramas. Unlike Ugly Betty, Ugly Wudi is positioned within a more politically restrictive but rapidly liberalizing economic climate. Thus Ugly Wudi bears the marks of attempts to merge the demands of market forces with those of the paternalistic state, as its producers seek to embrace the global popular aesthetics of modern television dramas.
The extensible digestive system: biotechnology at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, 1890-1900
Authors: Bauch Nicholas
Published: April 2011

In the closing decade of the 19th century the Battle Creek Sanitarium, located in southern Michigan, operated as a health resort for invalids. Best known as the place where breakfast cereal was first packaged and mass-marketed, its most famous product — Corn Flakes — was the result of ceaseless experimentation to find a concoction that would serve the pharmacological purpose of healing patients. Through the course of healing at the sanitarium, digestion was paramount. This article demonstrates how digestion and the body were linked with technological implements housed in the sanitarium, creating a spatialized network of bodies at the sanitarium, and highlighting the material impacts of an early form of biotechnology. I ask not what does digestion look like — as a strictly anatomical process — but what does the geography of digestion look like — as a mapping of the digestive organs with the technologies that make it possible? This rendering demonstrates that the boundary between body and environment is not so strict, as witnessed in this earlier formation of biotechnologies. This point is made in a narrative account of the significance of eating and digestion at the sanitarium in the 1890s.
The vicar’s daughter and the goddess of tennis: cultural geographies of sporting femininity and bodily practice in Edwardian suburbia
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: April 2011

The 1919 Wimbledon Ladies final between Suzanne Lenglen and Dorothea Lambert Chambers has been treated as a decisive break not just in women’s tennis, but in sporting femininity more generally. Lenglen has conventionally been seen as a harbinger of modern sporting femininity, particularly as expressed in her dress, her style of tennis and her physical athleticism. By contrast, Chambers has come to represent an older femininity, constrained by social convention and restricted by dress-codes. In this formulation, Edwardian women’s tennis is seen as a trivial suburban pastime. This paper re-evaluates this distinction through an analysis of the complexities of the cultural geographies of the 1919 final, through a detailed examination of the physical and mental characteristics of Chambers’ approach to tennis, and through a reassessment of the significance of early 20th century London suburbia as a milieu for female sporting development. It provides a critical reappraisal of Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and hexis, arguing that Bourdieu’s formulation approaches a more or less deterministic theory of embodied practice, in which social codes and conventions become naturalized in particular movements and dispositions. Chambers’ emphases on repetitive practicing and mental preparation of tactics indicate a rather different relationship between social context and bodily movement in Edwardian women’s tennis, one that reasserts the significance of agency and deliberation, and which chimes with recent work in human geography that explores the inter-relationships between the symbolic and the embodied. The paper also highlights the generative and potentially progressive capacities of Edwardian suburban sporting culture.
Geography, colonialism and town planning: Patrick Geddes’ plan for mandatory Jerusalem
Authors: Rubin Noah Hysler
Published: April 2011

Patrick Geddes worked in Jerusalem between 1919 and 1925. He was originally summoned to the city by the Zionists, in order to plan the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; eventually, he also submitted an overall plan for the city, presented to its British Governor. Geddes’ university plan and many of his other local cultural and educational endeavours were not successful. However, his plan for the city was approved and still dictates its development on many planes. The article discusses Geddes’ overall work in Jerusalem as a product of his imperial world view, as he pictured the re-instatement of a biblical Jerusalem and assigned the homecoming Zionists the ancient role of a regional leader among its neighbouring countries. Geddes’ tools for the study of the environment, such as the survey, and his educational endeavours such as the museum and the exhibition, are discussed as local manifestations of the geographical imperial project. Geddes’ urban theory is discussed as a rigid and a foreign product of western and orientalist nature, which was enforced upon the landscape. Geddes himself is presented as a colonial town planner, one who practiced through an imperial professional and personal network and who had aspired to serve both the British and the Jews over the control of identity and space in contested Palestine. Finally, the article links Geography and Planning through the colonial practice of urban and social transformation.
Science and superstition: Hume and conservatism
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: April 2011

This article argues that to call Hume a conservative is a shorthand label that is at least insecure and at most a distortion. It is not claimed that the label is fanciful or without justification but the argument does serve to raise questions as to its accuracy once it is subject to further inspection and, consequently, to doubt its aptness or utility in capturing what is a key characteristic of Hume’s sociopolitical thought. This argument is constituted as follows. After some preliminary refinement of the topic, part I, in order to establish that the paper is not attacking a ‘straw-man’, identifies, by using Oakeshott as a benchmark, those aspects of Hume’s thought that most securely underwrite attributing the conservative label. Part II constructs an argument to render the conservative label insecure, by drawing attention to the case for Hume as a liberal. Part III outlines the grounds for the further claim that when Hume’s commitment to ‘science’ and his polemics against superstition, and other ‘chimerical’ practices and principles, are taken on board then the stronger case that the label is a distortion can be judged to have substance.
Heidegger’s appropriation of Aristotle: Phronesis, conscience, and seeing through the one
Authors: Weidenfeld Matthew C.
Published: April 2011

This article attempts to show that Heidegger’s phenomenology may shed light on political phenomena. It pursues this project by arguing that Heidegger’s phenomenology is an appropriation of Aristotle’s practical philosophy and his conceptualization of phronesis. I argue that, in Being and Time, Heidegger’s ‘circumspection’, which is a capacity for making sense of practical situations, is a translation of phronesis. Heidegger argues, though, that the sight of circumspection is foreshortened by the rules and norms of ‘the one’. In division 2, ‘conscience’ becomes a sharpening of the vision of phronesis, which sees through the one. I then defend Heidegger’s appropriation of phronesis and argue that Heidegger’s concept of conscience, which takes up a critical stance toward plurality, may actually be a proper vision of practical wisdom under modern conditions. I substantiate this claim by turning to an unlikely source to bolster Heidegger’s reading of phronesis and the modern public, Hannah Arendt.
Law as a vanishing mediator in the theological ethics of Tariq Ramadan
Authors: March Andrew F.
Published: April 2011

Tariq Ramadan’s recent book, Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation, boldly proclaims the need for Muslims to completely rethink the very meaning of Islamic law, traditionally the preeminent Islamic normative discourse and a primary distinguishing feature of Islam from other religions, replacing it with a more ecumenical applied ethics. He begins the book by rejecting the moderate reformist methods adopted in his previous books as insufficient for the ‘radical reform’ of their epistemologies and mentalities which he believes contemporary Muslims must undertake. It is tempting, therefore, to see this work as a radical break with Law. In this article, I offer a different interpretation. On my reading, throughout his previous works Ramadan systematically advanced and elevated a certain interpretation of Law, based on an appropriation of certain concepts taken from mainstream Islamic legal theory and crucial to the efforts of all reformist thinkers. It is these concepts, which he retains but completely recasts, which mediate his move to a post-legal Islamic ethics. I argue that Ramadan’s long-term project neither merely abandons Islamic law, nor merely reforms it, but dissolves the framework of Law through its own devices.
Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making: An Overview and Future Course
Authors: Endsley Mica R. , Hoffman Robert , Kaber David , Roth Emilie
Published: April 2011

The field of cognitive engineering and decision making (CEDM) has grown rapidly in recent decades. At this writing, it is the largest technical interest group within the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Work that falls into this area of research and study is also widely practiced across Europe and in countries around the world. Along with this growth, there is a significant need for a peer-reviewed journal that focuses specifically on CEDM as a science and applied discipline. The Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making is intended to meet that need. It will cover current research, theory, and practice in ways that not only provide for the sharing of information across interested parties but also serve to move the field forward. This will advance theoretical bases; address outstanding scientific challenges; set new courses and directions; address methods, measurement, and methodological issues; and show useful applications of this work in the development of operational and training systems in many domains that are of significance to society, government, and business. In this article, we provide background on the CEDM field and its areas of research. We use this as a platform for further specifying the scope of this journal along three technical tracks. Objectives are identified for each track as it supports the overall mission of the journal. Finally, we provide information on an electronic companion to the journal that is intended to support advances in the field through dialogue and access to further resources.
Situation Awareness in Dynamic Decision Making: Effects of Practice and Working Memory
Authors: Gonzalez Cleotilde , Wimisberg Jacob
Published: April 2011

The goal of this research is (a) to investigate the effects of task practice on situation awareness (SA); (b) to investigate how cognitive ability – in particular, working memory – moderates this practice effect on SA; and (c) to investigate effects of the SA measurement procedure (covering or uncovering the display while queries are answered). Task practice and working memory influence SA. However, the dynamics of the relationship between working memory and SA over time are not well understood, particularly with regard to using different SA measures. This research reports an experiment in which different SA measurement methods were used while participants played a computer simulation over several days. SA was measured using two query methods: a covered method in which questions were asked while the display was blanked out, and an uncovered method in which questions were asked while the display was shown. A working memory measure was collected from participants. Results indicate that the relationship between working memory and SA diminishes with task practice and differs between a covered and uncovered method. We also found that SA improvement with practice depends on the way in which SA is measured. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding SA development, SA measurement, and the relationship of working memory in this process. The results from this study have clear implications for systems design, for the design of learning aids, and for SA measurement.
Challenges for Cognition in Intelligence Analysis
Authors: Trent Stoney A. , Patterson Emily S. , Woods David D.
Published: April 2011

Intelligence analysis is a high-stakes domain that poses challenges to effective individual and collaborative cognition. The design of support tools and analytical pedagogy could benefit from an understanding of how challenges that are reported in other decision-making literature generalize and are manifested in more naturalistic settings. The objective of this research was to elicit challenges for cognition in collaborative intelligence analysis. Two complementary research methods were used: unstructured interviews with 46 analysts and supervisors, and observations of eight teams of military intelligence analysts conducting a training scenario. Interviews with designers, educators, and practitioners in the intelligence community revealed trends in unsupported cognitive work and cultural challenges, whereas observations from a training exercise for army intelligence analysts instantiated other cognitive challenges of collaborative analysis. This study indicates that analytical style (part tradition and part due to individual reasoning tendencies) can result in premature narrowing, difficulty in reframing, and getting lost in the details. The study also illustrates the effects of friction within and across federated teams, how variable tempo can produce inexpert behavior, and considerations for the design of analytical support tools. This work suggests the value of complementary research methods in the study of other domains involving collaborative work. It is likely that these cognitive challenges affect other domains involving collaborative analysis. Finally, this study suggests that the effects of individual cognitive challenges are difficult to isolate in naturalistic settings and should most likely be considered collectively rather than independently.
USARSim: Simulation for the Study of Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Lewis Michael , Wang Jijun , Hughes Stephen
Published: April 2011

The PackBots being used by the U.S. military in Afghanistan and the urban search and rescue (USAR) robots that worked the World Trade Center site are just two recent examples of mobile robots moving from the laboratory to the field. What is significant about these new applications is that they invariably involve some form of human-robot interaction (HRI) rather than the full robot autonomy that has motivated most prior research. Conducting HRI research can be extremely difficult because experimentation with physical robots is expensive and time consuming. Few roboticists have experience or interest in conducting human experimentation, and researchers in human factors or human-computer interaction often lack experience in programming robots or access to robotic platforms. In this paper, we describe a high-fidelity, open-source simulation intended for HRI researchers of varying backgrounds and provide reference tasks and environments to facilitate collaboration in order to share the results. The architecture and capabilities of the game engine–based USARSim simulation are described. Its use for HRI research is illustrated through case studies describing experiments in camera control for remote viewing and integrated display of attitude information.
Individual Differences in Human-Robot Interaction in a Military Multitasking Environment
Authors: Chen Jessie Y. C.
Published: April 2011

A military vehicle crew station environment was simulated and a series of three experiments was conducted to examine the workload and performance of the combined position of the gunner and robotics operator in a multitasking environment. The study also evaluated whether aided target recognition (AiTR) capabilities (delivered through tactile and/or visual cuing) for the gunnery task might benefit the concurrent robotics and communication tasks and how the concurrent task performance might be affected when the AiTR was unreliable (i.e., false alarm prone or miss prone). Participants’ spatial ability was consistently found to be a reliable predictor of their targeting task performance as well as their modality preference for the AiTR display. Participants’ attentional control was found to significantly affect the way they interacted with unreliable automated systems.