bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REGARDING L-LYSINE 3-METHYL-1.2.4-TRIAZOLE-5-THIOACETATE STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Kucherenko L. I. , Bidnenko O. S. , Tkachenko G. I.
Published: March 2017

Мета роботи. Розробка методів стандартизації, зокрема ідентифікації та кількісного вмісту, L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату в субстанції фізико-хімічними методами.Матеріали і методи. Для ідентифікації L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату запропоновано та проведено її спектроскопічне дослідження. В ході роботи були підібрані оптимальні умови здійснення аналізу розчинів L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату різної концентрації. Концентрацію випробуваного розчину підбирали з таким розрахунком, щоб абсорбція була в оптимальному діапазоні (0,2–1A).Результати й обговорення. Результати проведених досліджень показали, що крива поглинання в УФ-області L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату має плече в ділянці 238 нм.Висновки. У ході проведених досліджень розроблено методики ідентифікації та кількісного визначення вмісту L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату. У подальшому розроблені нами методики якісного та кількісного визначення субстанції L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату планується ввести в МКЯ на лікарську форму L-лізину 3-метил-1,2,4-триазоліл-5-тіоацетату.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СКЛАДУ ЛІПІДНОЇ МЕМБРАНИ ПРИ СТВОРЕННІ ЛІПОСОМ ІЗ ІРИНОТЕКАНОМ
Authors: Stadnichenko O. V. , Krasnopolsky Y. M. , Yarnih Т. G.
Published: March 2017

Мета роботи. Вивчити вплив складу ліпідної мембрани на ступінь інкапсуляції та розмір наночасток при створенні ліпосом з іринотеканом.Матеріали і методи. Використовували реактиви фірм Lipoid (Німеччина) та Sigma-Aldrich (США), прилади Buchi 210, Zetasizer Nano ZS, Minim2 з касетами із верхньою межею відсікання 30 кДа, ВЕРХ Shimadzu LC-20. Ліпосоми з іринотеканом отримували методом «хімічного градієнта».Результати й обговорення. Для створення ліпосом з іринотеканом було досліджено ліпідні мембрани із різним співвідношенням фосфатидилхолін / холестерин. Визначено, що при зростанні масового співвідношення холестерину в мембрані покращується ступінь інкапсуляції іринотекану при використанні методу «хімічного градієнта». З іншого боку, при масовому співвідношенні фосфатидилхолін / холестерин 75/25 та 70/30 неможливо позбутись часток із розмірами понад 1000 нм, що неприпустимо з точки зору впровадження технології.Висновки. Проведено експеримент із дослідження оптимального складу ліпідної мембрани із використанням трьох типів кріопротектора. Досліджено ліпосомальні мембрани із співвідношенням ліпідів фосфатидилхолін / холестерин: 85/15; 80/20; 75/25; 70/30 за показником розміру ліпосом та інкапсуляції іринотекану у ліпосоми. Оптимальними визначено ліпосоми із співвідношенням ліпідів 80/20 відповідно. Окреслено шляхи підвищення ступеня інкапсуляції.
L’éditon Menil de la Muʿallaqa de ʿAntara (1816) : note de bibliophilie orientaliste
Authors: Larcher Pierre
Published: March 2017

This short notice presents the editio princeps (first edition) of ʿAntara’s Muʿallaqa, due to Vincent Elie Menil (1790-1825), a pupil of Joannes Willmet (1750-1835), and published in Leiden in 1816. It also presents the review written by Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838) in the Journal des savans in March 1817. As a matter of fact, the edition and the review are bound together in the copy owned by the author of this notice.

Cette note présente l’editio princeps de la Muʿallaqa de ʿAntara, due à Vincent Elie Menil (1790-1825), élève de Joannes Willmet (1750-1835) et publiée à Leyde en 1816, ainsi que le compte rendu qu’en a fait Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy dans le Journal des savans en mars 1817. Ce compte rendu est relié avec l’ouvrage dans l’exemplaire qu’en possède l’auteur de cette note.

This article is in French.
La version arabe la plus ancienne de l’« Histoire d’Ali Baba » : si Varsy n’avait pas traduit Galland ? Réhabiliter le doute raisonnable
Authors: Zakharia Katia
Published: March 2017

This article intends to reintroduce a reasonable doubt concerning the received idea – following Mohsen Mahdi’s research – according to which the Arabic version of the Ali Baba Tale as recorded by Jean Varsy is in fact a poor translation provided by the said Varsy from the French text of the same tale as found in Galland. To achieve this aim, intertextual data have been studied (such as Varsy’s signature in various recently discovered manuscripts, the use of formulae in the Arabic text, coranic and religious references . . .), as well as intratextual data (the structure and scansion of the tale, notably through the formulae) and the data linked to the linguistic ideology showing that the assessment of this text is completely different before and after the identification of Varsy as allophone transcriber. The conclusion opens the study on the vivid relevance of the tale in the islamic world and its transformation in connection with the development of the islamist strands.

Cet article vise à réintroduire le doute raisonnable à propos de l’idée admise, en continuité avec les travaux de Mohsen Mahdi, selon laquelle la version arabe du Conte d’Ali Baba, consignée par Jean Varsy, serait en fait une traduction médiocre. Jean Varsy l’aurait réalisée à partir du texte français du même conte chez Galland. À cet effet, sont étudiés respectivement des données intertextuelles (les signatures de Varsy dans différents manuscrits récemment découverts, les formules utilisées dans le texte arabe; les références coraniques et religieuses), des données intratextuelles (la structure du conte et sa scansion, notamment par les formules) et des données liées à l’idéologie linguistique, montrant que l’évaluation de ce texte n’est pas du tout la même avant et après l’identification de Varsy en tant que son consignateur allophone. La conclusion ouvre l’étude sur la vivacité toujours actuelle du Conte dans le monde islamique et ses transformations en lien avec le développement des courants islamistes.

This article is in French.
من الواقع إلى الخيال ؟ أبو العنبس الصيمري وأبو الفتح الإسكندري : قراءة في مقامات بديع الزمان الهمذاني
Authors: الشيخ موسى عبد الله
Published: March 2017

This study aims to see whether the absence of Abū l-Fatḥ al-Iskandarī, and his replacement by Abū l-ʿAnbas al-Ṣaymarī, truly moves the narrative of the Maqāmāt of al-Hamaḏānī from fiction to the allegedly factual “autobiography,” or whether, on the contrary, it confirms that the identity of the “hero” is, and whatever his name or kunya is, at least, double, which makes it impossible to distinguish the true from the false or the copy from the original.

‫يتطلع هذا البحث إلى الوقوف على حقيقة غياب أبي الفتح الإسكندري، واستبداله، في ”المقامة الصيمرية“ للهمذاني، بأبي العنبس الصيمري : هل يعني ذلك انتقالا من السرد التخييلي إلى السرد الواقعي الذي تزعمه كل ”سيرة ذاتية“ أو تأكيد على أن هُوية ”البطل“ — مهما كان اسمه أو كنيته — هي، على الأقل، ثُنائية، فيستحيل معها التمييز بين الشخصية الحقيقية والشخصية المزيَّفة أو التفريق بين النسخة والأصل.‬

Cette étude se propose de voir si, véritablement, l’absence d’Abū l-Fatḥ al-Iskandarī, et son remplacement par Abū l-ʿAnbas al-Ṣaymarī, fait passer le récit des Maqāmāt d’al-Hamaḏānī du fictionnel au factuel, prétendu par toute « autobiographie », ou si, au contraire, elle confirme que l’identité du « héros », quelqu’en soit le nom ou la kunya, est double, à tout le moins, ce qui rend impossible toute entreprise de distinguer la vraie de la fausse ou de séparer la copie de l’original.

This article is in French.
Les Guerrières de Dieu in the French Ursuline Missionary Archives
Authors: Keller-Lapp Heidi
Published: March 2017

Marie de l’Incarnation’s letters and mission reports advanced a particular ideotype of the Ursuline missionary as “warrior of God” and were received and disseminated as exempla in several seventeenth-century French religious texts. One of these was an anthology entitled La Gloire de Ste. Ursule (The Glory of St. Ursula) (1656), a collection of summaries of French Ursuline spiritual biographies, including those from New France, authored by an unknown Jesuit. Like other biographical texts on the continent, La Gloire promoted a revised narrative of the Ursuline lineage from contemplatives in action to “guerrières de Dieu (warriors of God)”: saintly warriors armed with heroic virtues in their combined mission of interior contemplation and active apostolate at the frontiers of local, national, and Atlantic catholicity. According to La Gloire, these femmes fortes, Amazons, Canadoises, and spiritual warriors were both mystics devoted to their interior spiritual battles and monastic discipline and christianizing and civilizing teachers, preachers, missionaries and defenders of a reformed, united, transnational Catholicism, as counterparts to their Jesuit associates. This article reveals how narratives created or revised in the French Atlantic World were received and disseminated for religio-political purposes on the continent. It illuminates the communication network between metropole and periphery and demonstrates how narratives from New France functioned in the historical context of mid-to-late seventeenth-century France.
Consistency in trophic strategies between populations of the Sardinian endemic salamander Speleomantes imperialis
Authors: Salvidio Sebastiano , Pasmans Frank , Bogaerts Sergé , Martel An , van de Loo Martijn , Romano Antonio
Published: March 2017

The study of trophic ecology of terrestrial salamanders is central for a better understanding of their adaptability and dispersal, in particular in Mediterranean ecosystems where their feeding activity is reduced because of prolonged arid periods. Terrestrial salamanders are generalist predators that feed on a large array of invertebrate prey groups, however, there are few studies comparing the feeding strategy and the trophic specialization at the individual level in conspecific populations of salamanders living in different habitats. In this study, two populations of the Sardinian endemic salamanderSpeleomantes imperialiswere sampled in areas characterized by different climate, vegetation and geological substrate. Dietary habits, obtained by stomach flushing, and physiological condition, assessed through a body condition index, were analysed and compared between populations. The two populations displayed different diets on the basis of the taxonomic composition of prey categories, but both of them behaved as generalist predators and shared a similar body condition index. Moreover, in both populations the indices of individual trophic specialization were significantly different from null models assuming a random prey distribution among predators. Therefore, the two populations were largely composed by individually specialized salamanders. Overall, these findings are in good agreement with other studies on the trophic ecology of top predators and in particular of terrestrial salamanders. The realized trophic strategies, i.e. generalist at the population and specialist at the individual level, were highly consistent geographically and the two populations exploited the different arrays of prey found in their environments similarly.
Sexual size and shape dimorphism in the Near Eastern fire salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata (Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Altunışık Abdullah
Published: March 2017

Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, has been demonstrated in many invertebrates and vertebrates. In many of these studies, which were especially conducted on amphibians, female individuals were reported to be larger than males. However, this does not necessarily mean that this also applies to body shapes. Therefore, in this study, a total of 31 characters of body size and body shape were measured and analyzed in the Near Eastern fire salamander, in order to understand whether these characters differ between female and male individuals. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between the sexes in terms of both body size and some body shapes (e.g. arm and leg length, arm diameter, cloacal proportions) in this fire salamander. I conclude that both sexual size and shape dimorphism need to be taken into account to help understand an organism’s life-history traits, ecology, population dynamics and behavior.
Diet and foraging-site selection by giant pandas in a National Nature Reserve in China
Authors: Wei Wei , Zeng Juanjuan , Han Han , Zhou Hong , Nie Yonggang , Yuan Shibin , Zhang Zejun
Published: March 2017

For any endangered species, our understanding of the spatial variability in its diet across its distribution range, can be important for its conservation. This study focuses on the feeding habitat of the giant panda. For one full year, we surveyed seasonal foraging behaviors of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Foping Nature Reserve, China. The results indicated that giant pandas mainly foraged on new shoots ofBashania fargesiiandFargesia qinlingensisin spring and summer, and leaves constituted the major part of their diet in autumn and winter. Stems only marginally occurred in their diet in late winter and early spring. The general pattern in diet composition of giant pandas across mountains reflected the combined consequence of nutrition quality and food availability. Factors affecting foraging-site selection by giant pandas differed across seasons. In spring, they preferred foraging sites closer to trails, with new shoots ofB. fargesiihigher in basal diameter and less affected by worms. In summer, they foraged at sites with higher density of new shoots and perennial bamboos. Besides overstorey canopy, slope and distance to trails were the other two factors affecting their foraging-site selection in autumn. Temporal variation in diet composition and foraging-site selection exhibited by giant pandas perhaps reflected behaviorally adaptive strategies to changing environmental factors, helping to maximize their energy intake for successful survival and reproduction. Our results, for the first time, support the hypothesized negative effect of some worms on foraging-site selection by giant pandas due to their ingestion of new shoots in spring. Protecting of giant panda foraging sites in these areas where abundant young bamboo resource exist, strengthening management of human activities which can influence giant pandas forage to improve forage habitat quality and widely implementing actions of biological worm pest control during the period when shoot sprouts are eaten can potentially have important implications for habitat conservation for this species.
From Animal Bodies To Human Souls: (Pseudo-)Aristotelian Animals in Della Porta’s Physiognomics
Authors: Muratori Cecilia
Published: March 2017

This article analyses the role that animals play in Della Porta’s method of physiognomics. It claims that Della Porta created his own, original, method by appropriating, and yet selectively adapting Aristotelian and pseudo-Aristotelian sources. This has not been adequately reconstructed before in previous studies on Della Porta. I trace, in two steps, the conceptual trajectory of Della Porta’s physiognomics, from human psychology to animal psychology, and ultimately from psychology to ethics. In the first step, I show how Della Porta substantially adapts the physiognomic principle of the body-soul relationship as found in the pseudo-Aristotelian Physiognomonica. In the second, I demonstrate that the real aim of Della Porta’s physiognomics is a practical one, namely understanding how to live a good life, and I explain why he refers to Aristotle in order to ground this conception.
A Reluctant Innovator: Graeco-Arabic Astronomy in the Computus of Magister Cunestabulus (1175)
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2017

This article is dedicated to the obscure Computus of Magister Cunestabulus (England, 1175), which offers a unique spotlight on the way the twelfth-century ‘Renaissance’ in mathematical astronomy impacted the Latin computistical tradition. Armed with an unusually broad array of sources newly translated from Arabic, among them Ptolemy’s Almagest, Cunestabulus applied his advanced knowledge in the service of traditional Latin learning and established Church doctrine, defending the non-existence of Antipodeans in the southern hemisphere as well as the astronomical foundations of the ecclesiastical computus. His intricate explanation of the error underlying the Julian calendar, which was based on the Arabic theory of the ‘access and recess of the eighth sphere’, makes for a technically sophisticated and conceptually intriguing case of Graeco-Arabic science being used for apologetic ends in twelfth-century Latin writing.
Documenting Medications: Patients’ Demand, Physicians’ Virtuosity, and Genre-Mixing of Prescription-Cases (Fang’an) in Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Bian He
Published: March 2017

Xianxingzhai guang biji (‘Expanded Notes from the Studio of Early Enlightenment’) is a Chinese medical case collection based primarily on the interaction between the physician Miao Xiyong and his patients. Professional interest alone, however, cannot explain the unique combination of cases with detailed prescriptions. Rather, elite patients played a crucial role in collecting and publishing these cases, driven in part by the need to prepare their own medications at home. Physicians then reciprocated by sharing their prescriptions for patronage, thereby fashioning a more flexible style of medical virtuosity. Finally, both patients and physicians grappled with the unbounded possibilities and dangers presented by novel illnesses and cures. This episode anticipates the consolidation of recipe-cases (fang’an) as a stable didactic genre by the eighteenth century.
The Last Mile Problem: Activists, Advocates, and the Struggle for Justice in Domestic Courts
Authors: Gallagher Janice
Published: March 2017

The ability of a state to protect its own citizens’ lives is a key part of democratic legitimacy. While the right to physical integrity is nearly universal, holding those who violate this right legally accountable has proved difficult. I argue that the dynamics between civil society groups and government officials can activate investigatory processes plagued by bureaucratic inertia. I develop two analytical categories of civil society actors: Activists impose a political cost to impunity and challenge victim-blaming narratives, whereas advocates facilitate the flow of investigative information between state officials and family members of victims. Drawing from original statistical, ethnographic, and interview evidence, I find that a synergistic political dynamic between activists and advocates can emerge in which political pressure is mounted by activists and channeled into investigatory advances by advocates. While local groups usually anchor these activist–advocate dynamics, international actors may play definitive roles in disrupting tenacious patterns of impunity.
Introduction: D’Annunzio’s Beauty, Reawakened
Authors: Raffaelli Lara Gochin , Subialka Michael
Published: March 2017

D’Annunzio’s uneven reception both within and outside of Italy is partially due to the close association between his work and Italian fascism. Yet his concept of beauty certainly exceeds the narrow confines of that association. His aesthetics is more than a (fascist) aestheticism. In this article we introduce the special issue on D’Annunzio’s beauty by articulating the complex, multifaceted role of the aesthetic in D’Annunzio’s works and thought. He idealizes art as a refuge against the levelling forces of modern capitalism, bourgeois society, democracy and massification. This positions him in between decadentism and modernism, on the one hand, and between the aestheticism of post-Kantian idealism and a heroic vision of nationalism, on the other. Ever an eclectic thinker and artist, D’Annunzio’s legacy remains rich, challenging, prolific: now, a century from the war in which he became a nationalist hero, is an ideal moment to return to the question of how these complex, conflicting elements emerge in D'Annunzio's seductive picture of beauty.
Head Rotation Movement Times
Authors: Hoffmann Errol R. , Chan Alan H. S. , Heung P. T.
Published: March 2017

Objective:

The aim of this study was to measure head rotation movement times in a Fitts’ paradigm and to investigate the transition region from ballistic movements to visually controlled movements as the task index of difficulty (ID) increases.

Background:

For head rotation, there are gaps in the knowledge of the effects of movement amplitude and task difficulty around the critical transition region from ballistic movements to visually controlled movements.

Method:

Under the conditions of 11 ID values (from 1.0 to 6.0) and five movement amplitudes (20° to 60°), participants performed a head rotation task, and movement times were measured.

Results:

Both the movement amplitude and task difficulty have effects on movement times at low IDs, but movement times are dependent only on ID at higher ID values. Movement times of participants are higher than for arm/hand movements, for both ballistic and visually controlled movements. The information-processing rate of head rotational movements, at high ID values, is about half that of arm movements.

Conclusion:

As an input mode, head rotations are not as efficient as the arm system either in ability to use rapid ballistic movements or in the rate at which information may be processed.

Application:

The data of this study add to those in the review of Hoffmann for the critical IDs of different body motions. The data also allow design for the best arrangement of display that is under the design constraints of limited display area and difficulty of head-controlled movements in a data-inputting task.
An analysis of technical facilities failures in modern Spanish houses
Authors: Carretero-Ayuso Manuel J. , Moreno-Cansado Alberto , García-Sanz-Calcedo Justo
Published: March 2017

The correct execution of facilities in housing determines their maintenance and comfort. The objective of this article is to identify the usual functional failures, common in technical facilities of houses, study their causes and determine their consequences. To this effect, a total of 153 detached houses (18%), 231 attached houses (27%), 444 apartment blocks (52%) and 26 residential buildings of other types (3%) were analysed. The facilities with the greatest number of detected failures were ‘covered sanitation pipes’ (24.00%), ‘exposed sanitation pipes’ (20.73%), ‘ventilation’ (13.93%), ‘heating and air conditioning’ (11.01%) and ‘plumbing’ (9.72%). The most common types of failures identified were ‘malfunctions’ (41.22%) and ‘humidity/runoffs in finished elements’ (37.55%). The housing typology which concentrates the most failures is ‘apartment block’ (52%), followed by ‘attached houses’ (27%). The causes, in general, are one of the following three: ‘installation anomaly’, ‘omission of/in an installation’ and ‘joints or tail-ends inadequately placed or deteriorated’.

Practical application: This work presents a methodological procedure which allows designers to identify the most common incidences in building facilities and the causes leading to them, analyse their consequences and avoid their appearance in the design stage.
Person-Centered Communication for Nursing Home Residents With Dementia: Four Communication Analysis Methods
Authors: Williams Kristine N. , Perkhounkova Yelena , Jao Ying-Ling , Bossen Ann , Hein Maria , Chung Sophia , Starykowicz Anne , Turk Margaret
Published: March 2017

Person-centered communication recognizes the individual as a person and responds to the individual’s feelings, preferences, and needs. This secondary analysis tested four interdisciplinary strategies to measure changes in person-centered communication used by nursing home staff following an intervention. Thirty-nine nursing assistants were recruited from 11 nursing homes and participated in the three-session Changing Talk communication training. Video recordings were collected at baseline, immediately postintervention, and at 3-month follow-up. Staff communication was analyzed using behavioral, psycholinguistic, and emotional tone coding of elderspeak communication and content analysis of communication topics. Sign rank test was used to compare postintervention changes for each measure of communication. Postintervention improvements in communication occurred for each measure; however, the changes were statistically significant only for behavioral and psycholinguistic measures. Methods and results for each communication measure were compared. Implications for future research and use of measures of person-centered communication as a tool to improve care are discussed.
Predictors of Resourcefulness in Preadolescent Children
Authors: Wang Ya-Fen , Zauszniewski Jaclene A.
Published: March 2017

Resourcefulness is a set of cognitive-behavioral self-control skills for coping with stress to maintain quality of life. However, research examining precursors in the development of resourcefulness in preadolescents is scant. A cross-sectional approach was used to investigate hypothesized predicting effects of intrinsic contextual factors (children’s age, gender, and school performance), extrinsic contextual factors (parents’ age, gender, education, income, and resourcefulness), and process regulators (academic stress and dispositional optimism) in a convenience sample of 361 preadolescent–parent dyads. Results show that preadolescents’ process regulators, academic stress, and dispositional optimism were significant predictors of resourcefulness. The findings suggest that preadolescents’ resourcefulness was greatly influenced by process regulators, which are cognitive perceptions intervening the use of resourcefulness. Further research with various study designs is needed to examine additional factors that may influence resourcefulness in large and more diverse child–parent samples.
Transitions in marriage
Authors: Brisini Kellie St.Cyr , Solomon Denise Haunani , Nussbaum Jon
Published: March 2017

This study examines transitions in marriage by merging the frameworks of the relational turbulence model and the experiencing life transitions model. An online survey presented 208 married individuals with open-ended questions and closed-ended scales that gathered information about a particularly important transition in the respondent’s marriage, the quality of their relationship during the transition, and the strategies used to navigate the transition. Analyses, which focused on 157 participants who reported experiencing a transition in their marriage, revealed 10 categories of transitions, the most frequent of which were sparked by health issues or the death of a loved one. Type of transition demonstrated unique associations with relational uncertainty, interference from a partner, relational turbulence, and transition processing activity. Several significant associations between qualities of relational turbulence, engagement in transition processing activity, and transition valence emerged.
Lawsonia intracellularis in Pigs: Progression of Lesions and Involvement of Apoptosis
Authors: Guedes Roberto M.C. , Machuca Mariana A. , Quiroga Maria A. , Pereira Carlos E. Real , Resende Talita P. , Gebhart Connie J.
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to follow the progression of gross and histologic lesions and apoptosis events in Lawsonia intracellularis-infected enterocytes through the course of the disease, proliferative enteropathy (PE). Thirty 5-week-old pigs were divided into 2 groups: 20 challenged and 10 control animals. Groups of 3 pigs, 2 challenged and 1 control, were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 19, 24, 29, and 35 days after inoculation. Complete necropsies were performed with gross evaluation. Tissue samples from different sites of the gastrointestinal tract and other visceral organs were collected for routine histologic staining and for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for L. intracellularis. In addition, caspase-3, terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling assay, and electron microscopy were performed in ileum samples. Macroscopic and histologic lesions suggestive of PE were first detected 11 days after infection and continued through day 24. L. intracellularis antigen was first detected in the intestine by IHC on day 5 after inoculation, and the bacterium was first detected by transmission electron microscopy on day 15. Positive IHC staining for [L. intracellularis] and enterocyte proliferation, but no gross lesion, were detected on day 29. All 3 pigs euthanized on day 35 were grossly and histologically normal and IHC negative. Hyperplastic crypts in challenge pigs had more apoptotic cells on days 15, 19, and 24 postinfection ( P < .05) compared to control pigs. Our results demonstrated the progression of lesions and infection by L. intracellularis and that inhibition of enterocyte apoptosis is not involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy.
Myths of nation and empire
Authors: Go Julian
Published: March 2017

While empires and civic-liberal nations have been seen as opposite and even contradictory political forms, this essay argues that they are similar. Both create and depend upon hierarchical differentiation accompanied by exclusion and subjugation. Furthermore, they are logically related. The hierarchies typically attributed to empires are inscribed into the very theoretical and institutional core of civic-liberal nationhood. Using the American ‘liberal empire-state’ as the example, the essay uncovers these hierarchies and discusses two logics of imperial differentiation: the subjugation of bodies and of territory. It suggests that exploring the shifting lines and principles of hierarchization offers the most fruitful analytic strategy for examining the history of nations and empires.
Preparation of wormlike polymeric nanoparticles coated with silica for delivery of methotrexate and evaluation of anticancer activity against MCF7 cells
Authors: Gharebaghi Farhad , Dalali Naser , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Danafar Hossein
Published: March 2017

Methotrexate is one of the most effective drugs that is commonly used in the treatment of cancer. However, its application is limited due to low solubility, high toxicity and rapid metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, worm-like polymeric nanoparticles as carrier of methotrexate were prepared using biodegradable copolymers (mPEG–PCL). The impact of nanoparticles’ geometry on the loading, delivery and drug’s anti-cancer activity was investigated. The di-block copolymer mPEG–PCL was being synthesized by a ring opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone in the presence of mPEG as the initiator and Sn(oct)2 as the catalyst. It was used for the preparation of worm-like micelles and coated with silica, so that their structures are stable after drying. The synthesized copolymers and nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, HNMR, GPC, XRD, TGA, DLS, and FE-SEM analyses. The efficiencies of drug loading and release of nanoparticles as in vitro, was studied by high performance liquid chromatography. The MTT method was used to estimate the toxicity on MCF-7 cell category. The obtained results showed that the nanoparticles were worm-like particles with less than 150 nm diameter and about 1 µm length. The loading and encapsulation efficiencies of drug by the worm-like nanoparticles were 3.5 ± 0.14% and 65.6 ± 0.12%, respectively, while they were obtained as 2.1 ± 0.08% and 26 ± 0.10%, respectively, for spherical nanoparticles. The methotrexate diffusional behavior of worm-like nanoparticles was compared with that of the spherical ones. On the other hand, the anti-cancer activity of MTX-loaded nanoparticles was more than the free drug. The results of the MTT assay showed strong and dose-dependent inhibition of cell (MCF-7 category) growth by the nanoparticles compared with MTX. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50 i.e. reduction viability of cell to 50%) obtained for worm-like, spherical nanoparticles and free drug (incubation times 72 h) were 8.25 ± 0.20, 9.15 ± 0.17, 12.28 ± 0.15 µg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that application of non-spherical nanoparticles is a better and more effective strategy for controlled and slow release of methotrexate in the treatment of cancer.
The Keys to Managing Instruction and Behavior: Considering High Probability Practices
Authors: Cooper Justin T. , Scott Terrance M.
Published: March 2017

Academics and behavior are inextricably linked, and as such, management of behavior should be considered not as an addition to the teacher’s repertoire of skills but as an integral foundational component of effective instruction. Paradoxically, teachers report that students with challenging behavior are both their greatest challenge and that behavior management is the skill with which they are least prepared in their teacher preparation programs. In this article, the authors first review a rationale for considering high probability practices as those that provide the best probability for student success. Next, they present a set of key teacher-implemented management strategies as an essential part of the curriculum for any prospective teacher.
Assessing Teachers’ Behavior Support Skills
Authors: Myers Diane , Sugai George , Simonsen Brandi , Freeman Jennifer
Published: March 2017

In this article, the authors provide an overview of empirically supported practices and techniques for monitoring and assessing teachers’ use of effective behavior support practices. They focus on how teacher preparation programs, administrators, and supervising teachers provide pre-service teachers with helpful feedback on their teaching performance. In addition, they describe a behaviorally based conceptual model for assessing teachers’ fluent and sustained use of empirically supported classroom behavior support practices and provide recommendations for enhancing the preparation of pre-service educators.
Effect of discontinuous long polyimide fiber on mechanical properties, fracture morphology, and crystallization behaviors of polyamide-6 matrix composites
Authors: Jiang Chichi , Han Enlin , Wang Xiaodong , Wu Dezhen
Published: March 2017

This work has conducted an extensive investigation on the effect of discontinuous long polyimide (PI) fiber on the mechanical properties, fracture morphology, and crystallization behaviors of polyamide-6 (PA6) matrix composites. A series of PA6 matrix composites with different contents of PI fiber were prepared through a standard melt-pultrusion process. The resulting composite specimens not only achieved a prominent reinforcement but also obtain a significant improvement in impact toughness. It is highlighted that the composites achieved a remarkable increase in Izod impact strength by a factor of five compared to pure PA6 when 12 wt% of PI fiber was incorporated. Moreover, the tensile strength of the composites reached 143 MPa at a fiber content of 18 wt%. The mechanical properties could be well predicted by the Cox-Krenchel model, but a negative deviation in experimental data was observed at high fiber concentrations due to the decrease of residual fiber length and fiber aggregation. The morphologic observation of fracture surface indicated that fiber pullout was a major mechanism for tensile failure as a result of long PI fiber-reinforcing effectiveness, and it was also the predominant energy absorption mechanism for the impact fracture of composite specimens. The presence of long PI fiber not only enhanced the crystallinity of PA6 matrix but also induced a well-defined transcrystalline layer on the fiber surface due to its high nucleating ability.
The effect of concrete damage on the penetration depth by the tandem projectiles
Authors: Dashtian Gerami Nasser , Liaghat Gholam Hossein , Rahimi Gholam Hossein , Khazraiyan Najmeh
Published: March 2017

Tandem projectile is one approach of the development of anti-structure concrete projectile, which is made of the forward shape charge and the follow-through projectile. In this paper, in order to study the performance of anti-structure tandem projectiles, experimental and numerical analyses of the penetration process were performed for forward shape charge with conical copper liner hitting into the concrete targets. Having a well agreement, numerical and empirical results indicate that a forward shape charge with a conical copper liner will make appropriate tunnel diameter through the concrete targets. Following the validation of the applied numerical method, numerical simulations were conducted for the penetration of the follow-through projectile, by three different concrete targets: undamaged concrete, pre-drilled concrete, and damaged pre-drilled concrete. The parametric results show that the damaged pre-drilled concrete affects the penetration depth and residual velocity of the follow-through projectile significantly.
Dynamic mechanical experiments and microstructure constitutive model of frozen soil with different particle sizes
Authors: Zhu Zhiwu , Liu Zhijie , Xie Qijun , Lu Yesen , Li Dingyun
Published: March 2017

To reveal the influences of soil particle size on the dynamic impact mechanical properties of frozen soil, four groups of frozen soil specimens composed of different particle sizes are tested using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Based on the Druger–Prager failure criterion and coupled damage-plasticity, a dynamic micro-constitutive model is established for describing the dynamic mechanical behavior of the frozen soil. Macroscopically, frozen soil is assumed to be homogeneous and continuous, although a large number of micro-cracks and micro-voids are distributed randomly throughout the volume. When a frozen soil specimen is subjected to a substantial shock, the propagation of micro-cracks and the collapse of micro-voids can induce damage. The evolution equations of the two damage mechanisms are proposed. Finally, through a comparison, it was shown that simulation results agreed well with the experimental results, thus validating the suitability of the developed model.
Rheumatoid Forefoot Reconstruction in the Nonrheumatoid Patient
Authors: Nixon Devon C. , McKean Richard M. , Klein Sandra E. , Johnson Jeffrey E. , McCormick Jeremy J.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Recurrent pain and deformity following forefoot surgery can cause significant patient disability. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis with lesser metatarsal head resections—termed the rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction—has been shown to be a reliable operation for pain relief and deformity correction. Limited data, however, have been published on outcomes of the same forefoot reconstruction operation in the nonrheumatoid patient. Here, we describe our experience with this procedure in patients without rheumatoid disease, hypothesizing improved clinical and radiographic outcomes following surgery.

Methods:

Following chart review and reviewing billing codes, we retrospectively identified patients without a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis who underwent first MTP arthrodesis with lesser metatarsal head resections. Phone surveys were conducted to assess clinical outcomes including pain and patient satisfaction. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were reviewed for 1, 2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle (HVA), second MTP angle (MTP-2), and lesser MTP alignment (in both sagittal and axial planes). Postoperative radiographs were assessed for radiographic union. We identified 14 nonrheumatoid patients (16 feet) who underwent forefoot reconstruction. Of those, 13 patients (15 feet) were successfully contacted via follow-up phone survey at an average of 44.3 months postoperatively (range: 20-76 months).

Results:

Mean postoperative satisfaction scores were 9.0 (out of 10). No patients required reoperation at final phone follow-up. Pain scores significantly decreased from 6.2 preoperatively to 1.9 postoperatively ( P <.001). Radiographic parameters (1,2 IMA, HVA, MTP-2, and lesser MTP alignment in the sagittal plane) improved with surgery ( P <.05), and all 16 feet achieved union of the first MTP arthrodesis.

Conclusion:

With decreased pain, high satisfaction rates, and improved radiographic parameters, first MTP arthrodesis coupled with lesser metatarsal head resection was a viable option for nonrheumatoid patients who failed prior attempts at forefoot reconstruction or have chronic forefoot pain with deformity.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Operative Treatment of Traumatic Hallux Valgus in Elite Athletes
Authors: Covell D. Jeff , Lareau Craig R. , Anderson Robert B.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Traumatic hallux valgus is an increasingly common injury in the athletic population and represents a unique variant of turf toe. Failure to appropriately recognize and treat these injuries can lead to continued pain, decreased performance, progressive deformities, and ultimately degeneration of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint. Limited literature currently exists to assist in the diagnosis, management, and operative treatment.

Methods:

Nineteen patients were reviewed in this series, including 12 National Football League, 6 college, and 1 high school player who was a college prospect. The average age for all patients at the time of surgery was 24.4 years (range, 19-33 years). Return to play and complications were evaluated.

Results:

Overall, good operative results were obtained, with 74% of patients returning to their preinjury level of play at an average recovery time of 3.4 months.

Conclusion:

Traumatic hallux valgus is an increasingly common injury in the athletic population and represents a unique variant of turf toe. The impact of this injury cannot be overstated, as one-quarter of players were unable to return to play.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series.
Thrombin Generation in Patients With Suspected Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Wexels Fredrik , Dahl Ola E. , Pripp Are H. , Seljeflot Ingebjørg
Published: March 2017

Increasing number of patients with clinically suspected venous thromboembolism is referred to radiological departments for definitive diagnosis. A simple assay to exclude the diagnosis and avoid radiological examinations is needed. We have reported correlations between D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 measured in plasma and urine. To further develop an analysis based on urine, more understanding of thrombin generation in these patients is needed. The aim of this study was to compare ex vivo thrombin generation with in vivo markers in plasma and urine in patients with and without venous thromboembolism. Urine and blood samples were collected from patients with suspected venous thromboembolism. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to analyze the samples for in vivo thrombin generation. The ex vivo thrombogram parameters were measured by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay. Venous thromboembolism was verified with compression ultrasound of the lower extremity deep veins or with computer tomography of the pulmonary arteries. Venous thromboembolism was diagnosed in 117 of 591 patients, and they had significantly higher levels of urine and plasma prothromin fragment 1 + 2, D-dimer, lag time, time to peak, and endogenous thrombin potential when adjusted for covariates. The pattern of ex vivo and in vivo thrombin generation in patients with suspected venous thromboembolism was comparable when adjusted for covariates. Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 in plasma and urine reflects thrombin generation ex vivo in the same manner. This indicates that urine may be an alternative substrate to quantify a procoagulant state.
Low-velocity impact and compressive behavior for shifted-tri-axial composite panels
Authors: Li Jinghao , Hunt John F , Gong Shaoqin , Cai Zhiyong
Published: March 2017

This paper presents the experimental behavior of low-energy impact and quasi-static compression test of shifted-tri-axial structural wood-fiber-based composite panels made from laminated paper. The experimental results were analyzed based on design parameters and configurations of panels for the further design and optimization. The results showed that the face stiffness and strength was a significant factor to improve both impact performance and compressive performance. The panels made with additional carbon fiber fabric composite faces had higher energy absorption compared with the same panels made without it. The core configuration also affected the impact behavior of the panels, the foam filled core integrated with the shifted-tri-axial rib structure improved the impact load and absorbed more energy than the same panels without the foam. Further, the structure and size of the element in the core influenced the impact performance and energy absorption. The location for both compression and impact at the triangular lattice element center of the ribs had higher absorbed energy than the location at the hexagonal lattice element center of the ribs. A 3D contour surface map of maximum energy absorption was made based on the experimental data, the contour shows localized energy absorption based on the impact location on the core, the small triangular lattice element of the core had highest maximum energy absorption of panels. For both the quasi-static compression tests and the low-velocity impact tests, the panels with the same core configuration had similar compressive load–displacement trends during the early contact phase. However, the peak load was higher in compression than the peak load for the low-velocity impact for panels with the same configuration.
Lesion symptom map of cognitive–postural interference in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ruggieri Serena , Fanelli Fulvia , Castelli Letizia , Petsas Nikolaos , De Giglio Laura , Prosperini Luca
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To investigate the disease-altered structure–function relationship underlying the cognitive–postural interference (CPI) phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

We measured postural sway of 96 patients and 48 sex-/age-matched healthy controls by force platform in quiet standing (single-task (ST)) while performing the Stroop test (dual-task (DT)) to estimate the dual-task cost (DTC) of balance. In patient group, binary T2 and T1 lesion masks and their corresponding lesion volumes were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain. Normalized brain volume (NBV) was also estimated by SIENAX. Correlations between DTC and lesion location were determined by voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) analyses.

Results:

Patients had greater DTC than controls ( p < 0.001). Among whole brain MRI metrics, only T1 lesion volume correlated with DTC ( r = −0.27; p < 0.01). However, VLSM analysis did not reveal any association with DTC using T1 lesion masks. By contrast, we found clusters of T2 lesions in distinct anatomical regions (anterior and superior corona radiata, bilaterally) to be correlated with DTC ( p < 0.01 false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected). A multivariable stepwise regression model confirmed findings from VLSM analysis. NBV did not contribute to fit the model.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the CPI phenomenon in MS can be explained by disconnection along specific areas implicated in task-switching abilities and divided attention.