bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Inflection Point Detection on the Basis of EHR Data to Identify Clinical Trial–Ready Patients With Cancer
Authors: Kehl Kenneth L. , Groha Stefan , Lepisto Eva M. , Elmarakeby Haitham , Lindsay James , Gusev Alexander , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Hassett Michael J. , Schrag Deborah
Published: June 2021

PURPOSE

To inform precision oncology, methods are needed to use electronic health records (EHRs) to identify patients with cancer who are experiencing clinical inflection points, consistent with worsening prognosis or a high propensity to change treatment, at specific time points. Such patients might benefit from real-time screening for clinical trials.

METHODS

Using serial unstructured imaging reports for patients with solid tumors or lymphoma participating in a single-institution precision medicine study, we trained a deep neural network natural language processing (NLP) model to dynamically predict patients' prognoses and propensity to start new palliative-intent systemic therapy within 30 days. Model performance was evaluated using Harrell's c-index (for prognosis) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC; for new treatment and new clinical trial enrollment). Associations between model outputs and manual annotations of cancer progression were also evaluated using the AUC.

RESULTS

A deep NLP model was trained and evaluated using 302,688 imaging reports for 16,780 patients. In a held-out test set of 34,770 reports for 1,952 additional patients, the model predicted survival with a c-index of 0.76 and initiation of new treatment with an AUC of 0.77. Model-generated prognostic scores were associated with annotation of cancer progression on the basis of manual EHR review (n = 1,488 reports for 110 patients with lung or colorectal cancer) with an AUC of 0.78, and predictions of new treatment were associated with annotation of cancer progression on the basis of manual EHR review with an AUC of 0.84.

CONCLUSION

Training a deep NLP model to identify clinical inflection points among patients with cancer is feasible. This approach could identify patients who may benefit from real-time targeted clinical trial screening interventions at health system scale.
The aerodynamics of flying snake airfoils in tandem configuration
Authors: Jafari Farid , Holden Daniel , LaFoy Roderick , Vlachos Pavlos P. , Socha John J.
Published: June 2021

Flying snakes flatten their body to form a roughly triangular cross-sectional shape, enabling lift production and horizontal acceleration. While gliding, they also assume an S-shaped posture, which could promote aerodynamic interactions between the fore and the aft body. Such interactions have been studied experimentally; however, very coarse models of the snake's cross-sectional shape were used, and the effects were measured only for the downstream model. In this study, the aerodynamic interactions resulting from the snake's posture were approximated using two-dimensional anatomically accurate airfoils positioned in tandem to mimic the snake's geometry during flight. Load cells were used to measure the lift and drag forces, and flow field data were obtained using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The results showed a strong dependence of the aerodynamic performance on the tandem arrangement, with the lift coefficients being generally more influenced than the drag coefficients. Flow field data revealed that the tandem arrangement modified the separated flow and the wake size, and enhanced the lift in cases in which the wake vortices formed closer to the models, producing suction on the dorsal surface. The downforce created by the flow separation from the ventral surface of the models at 0 deg angle of attack was another significant factor contributing to lift production. A number of cases showing large variations of aerodynamic performance included configurations close to the most probable posture of airborne flying snakes, suggesting that small postural variations could be used to control the glide trajectory.
Snowflake morays, Echidna nebulosa, exhibit similar feeding kinematics in terrestrial and aquatic treatments
Authors: Mehta Rita S. , Donohoe Kyle R.
Published: June 2021

Some species of durophagous moray eels (Muraenidae) have been documented emerging from the marine environment to capture intertidal crabs but how they consume prey out of water is unknown. Here, we trained snowflake morays, Echidna nebulosa, to undulate out of the aquatic environment to feed on land. On land, snowflake morays remove prey from the substrate by biting and swallow prey using pharyngeal jaw enabled transport. Although snowflake morays exhibit smaller jaw rotation angles on land when apprehending their prey, transport kinematics involving dorsoventral flexion of the head to protract the pharyngeal jaws and overall feeding times did not differ between terrestrial and aquatic treatments. We suggest that their elongate body plan, ability to rotate their heads in the dorsoventral and lateral directions, and extreme pharyngeal movements all contribute to the ability of durophagous morays to feed in the terrestrial environment.
The influence of the post-pulmonary septum and submersion on the pulmonary mechanics of Trachemys scripta (Cryptodira: Emydidae)
Authors: de Souza Ray Brasil Bueno , Klein Wilfried
Published: June 2021

The respiratory system of chelonians needs to function within a mostly solid carapace, with ventilation depending on movements of the flanks. When submerged, inspiration has to work against hydrostatic pressure. We examined breathing mechanics in Trachemys scripta while underwater. Additionally, as the respiratory system of T. scripta possesses a well-developed post-pulmonary septum (PPS), we investigated its role by analyzing the breathing mechanics of lungs with and without their PPS attached. Static compliance was significantly increased in submerged animals and in animals with and without their PPS, while removal of the PPS did not result in a significantly different static compliance. Dynamic compliance was significantly affected by changes in volume and frequency in every treatment, with submergence significantly decreasing dynamic compliance. The presence of the PPS significantly increased dynamic compliance. Submersion did not significantly alter work per ventilation, but caused minute work of breathing to be much greater at any frequency and ventilation level analyzed. Lungs with or without their PPS did not show significantly different work per ventilation when compared with the intact animal. Our results demonstrate that submersion results in significantly altered breathing mechanics, increasing minute work of breathing greatly. The PPS was shown to maintain a constant volume within the animal's body cavity, wherein the lungs can be ventilated more easily, highlighting the importance of this coelomic subdivision in the chelonian body cavity.
Equity for excellence in academic institutions: a manifesto for change
Authors: Wedekind Lauren , Noé Andrés , Mokaya Jolynne , Tamandjou Cynthia , Kapulu Melissa , Ruecker Andrea , Kestelyn Evelyn , Zimba Machilu , Khatamzas Elham , Eziefula Alice Chi , Mackintosh Claire L. , Nascimento Roger , Ariana Proochista , Best Denise , Gibbs Edward , Dunachie Susanna , Hadley Gina , Ravenswood Hannah , Young Bernadette , Kamau Charles , Marsh Kevin , McShane Helen , Hale Rob , McPhilbin Elena , Ovseiko Pavel V. ,   Oxford Equity in Academia consortium, Surender Rebecca , Worland Claire , White Lisa J. , Matthews Philippa C.
Published: June 2021

Higher academic institutions in the UK need to drive improvements in equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) through sustainable practical interventions. A broad view of inclusivity is based on an intersectional approach that considers race, geographical location, caring responsibilities, disability, neurodiversity, religion, and LGBTQIA+ identities. We describe the establishment of a diverse stakeholder group to develop practical grass-roots recommendations through which improvements can be advanced. We have developed a manifesto for change, comprising six domains through which academic institutions can drive progress through setting short, medium, and long-term priorities. Interventions will yield rewards in recruitment and retention of a diverse talent pool, leading to enhanced impact and output.
Interactive Information Design
Authors: Koessler Frédéric , Laclau Marie , Tomala Tristan
Published: June 2021

We study the interaction between multiple information designers who try to influence the behavior of a set of agents. When each designer can choose information policies from a compact set of statistical experiments with countable support, such games always admit subgame-perfect equilibria. When designers produce public information, every equilibrium of the simple game in which the set of messages coincides with the set of states is robust in the sense that it is an equilibrium with larger and possibly infinite and uncountable message sets. The converse is true for a class of Markovian equilibria only. When designers produce information for their own corporation of agents, robust pure-strategy equilibria exist and are characterized via an auxiliary normal-form game in which the set of strategies of each designer is the set of outcomes induced by Bayes correlated equilibria in her corporation.
Quality analysis of a learning media analog electronics on the Android platform with ISO 25010
Authors: Setyanto Barry Nur , Mushlihudin Mushlihudin , Pradana David Yoga
Published: June 2021

The design of analog electronics learning media applications needs quality analysis. ISO 25010 is one of the standard references in measuring the quality of an Android-based application product. Analysis that can be done is by testing the compatibility and performance efficiency aspect of the media being developed. This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE development model which will produced a quality analog electronics learning media application. Data collection was conducted used a cloud testing and direct testing. Before data collection was conducted validity of media by expert judgement. The results showed that media is "valid" and the quality of the compatibility aspect this media learning was supported on more than 208 smartphones android device and performance efficiency predicate “Satisfied” so that the application could be used for the learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic or tested on other quality aspects.
Mobility management in multi-tier LiFi networks
Authors: Ozyurt Ahmet Burak , Popoola Wasiu O.
Published: June 2021

Mobility management is an important part of the analysis and design of ultra-dense LiFi networks. This paper thus presents a two-tier LiFi network and analyses the cross-tier handover rate between the primary and secondary cells. For different conditions of semiangle at half illuminance of the primary and secondary cells, we propose three different coverage models for the secondary cells. Using stochastic geometry, closed-form expressions are derived for the cross-tier handover rate, ping-pong rate, and sojourn time in terms of the received optical signal intensity, time-to-trigger, and user mobility. The analytical models are validated with simulation results.
High-temperature lithium atomic magnetometry by symmetric hyperfine coherent population trapping resonances
Authors: Ishikawa Kiyoshi
Published: June 2021

A glass lithium vapor cell is an atomic sensor operating at high temperature. The longitudinal magnetic-field strength is measured by coherent population trapping (CPT) in ground-state hyperfine levels. Two linearly polarized light beams are polarized orthogonally to each other. The difference of optical frequencies is tuned to generate a dark state. Additionally, a few light modes of equidistant frequency spacing are generated by modulating the difference frequency. The symmetry of the light modes and the energy levels enables simultaneous measurement of the hyperfine splitting frequency of the ground state and the magnetic-field strength. Tuning the optical frequency difference to the central CPT resonance, a sensitivity of

15

p
T

/

H
z

is achieved. The time response and the sensitivity of the CPT magnetometry are studied by changing the cell temperature, the laser power, the frequency separation of the light modes, and the Zeeman frequency.
Dielectric metasurfaces made from vertically oriented nanoresonators
Authors: Gennaro Sylvain D. , Goldflam Michael , Burckel D. Bruce , Jeong Jeeyoon , Sinclair Michael B. , Brener Igal
Published: June 2021

Dielectric metasurfaces control optical wavefronts via nanoscale
resonators laid out across a surface. However, most metasurfaces are,
by design, planar. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to
fabricate dielectric metasurfaces with vertically oriented dielectric
resonators using membrane projection lithography. We first numerically
characterize the resonant modes of an array of vertically oriented
germanium ellipses with no substrate and identify a narrowband region
where the resonators satisfy the first Kerker condition. We then
fabricate seven metasurfaces by depositing germanium ellipses onto
walls of a 3D micrometer-sized silicon nitride photonic scaffold and
characterize their transmission. We find that signatures of the
multipolar modes seen in the unsupported array persist in the
supported array, but the overall behavior is more complicated due to
the scaffold. Further, we show that for a conceptual metasurface
containing two coupled, vertically oriented ellipses, the ellipses can
generate a sharp resonance with a quality factor of 240.
High-precision passive stabilization of repetition rate for a mode-locked fiber laser based on optical pulse injection
Authors: Yu Tingting , Fang Jianan , Hao Qiang , Yang Kangwen , Yan Ming , Huang Kun , Zeng Heping
Published: June 2021

We have proposed and implemented a novel scheme to obtain high-precision repetition rate stabilization for a polarization-maintaining mode-locked fiber laser. The essential technique lies in the periodic injection of electronically modulated optical pulses into a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror within the laser resonator. Thanks to the nonlinear cross-phase modulation effect, the injected pulses referenced to an external clock serves as a stable and precise timing trigger for an effective intensity modulator. Consequently, synchronous mode-locking can be initiated to output ultrafast pulses with a passively stabilized repetition rate. The capture range of the locking system reaches to a record of 1 mm, which enables a long-term stable operation over 15 hours without the need of temperature stabilization and vibration isolation. Meanwhile, the achieved standard deviation is as low as 100 μHz with a 1-s sample time, corresponding to a fluctuation instability of 5.0×10−12. Additionally, the repetition rate stabilization performance based on the passive synchronization has been systematically investigated by varying the average power, central wavelength and pulse duration of the optical injection.
Efficient generation of ultra-broadband parametric fluorescence using chirped quasi-phase-matched waveguide devices
Authors: Cao Bo , Hisamitsu Mamoru , Tokuda Katsuhiko , Kurimura Sunao , Okamoto Ryo , Takeuchi Shigeki
Published: June 2021

We present a highly efficient photon pair source using chirped quasi-phase-matched (QPM) devices with a ridge waveguide structure. We developed QPM waveguide devices with chirp rates of 3% and 6.7%. Spectrum measurements reveal that the generated photons have bandwidths of 229 nm and 325 nm in full width at half maximum (FWHM), alternatively, 418 nm and 428 nm in base-to-base width for the 3% and 6.7% chirped devices, respectively, which are much broader than the bandwidth of 16 nm in FWHM observed with a non-chirp device. We also evaluate the generation efficiency of photon pairs from coincidence measurements using two superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs). The estimated generation efficiencies of photon pairs were 2.7 × 106 pairs/s·µW and 1.2 × 106 pairs/s·µW for the 3% and 6.7% chirped devices, respectively, which are comparable to the generation efficiency for the non-chirp device of 2.7 × 106 pairs/s·µW. We also measured the frequency correlation of the photon pairs generated from the 6.7% chirped device. The experimental results clearly show the frequency correlation of the generated broadband photon pairs.
Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on an optically transparent focused transducer with a high numerical aperture
Authors: Fang Cheng , Zou Jun
Published: June 2021

This Letter reports acoustic-resolution-photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) based on a new optically transparent focused polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducer with a high acoustic numerical aperture (NA) of 0.64. Owing to the improved fabrication process, the new transducer has a much higher NA (0.64) than the previously reported low-NA transducer (

N
A

=

0.23

). The acoustic center frequency and (pulse-echo) bandwidth are also increased to 36 and 44 MHz, respectively, which provides a 38 µm acoustic focal spot size and 210 µm acoustic depth of focus. For demonstration, AR-PAM was conducted on a twisted wire target in water and chicken breast tissue, and in vivo on a mouse tail. The imaging results show that high acoustic resolution and sensitivity can be achieved with a simple and compact setup to resolve the target at different depths. Such capabilities can be useful for the development of new AR-PAM systems for handheld, wearable, and even endoscopic imaging applications.
Twin lossy mode resonance on a single D-shaped optical fiber
Authors: Imas J. J. , Zamarreño C. R. , Zubiate P. , Del Villar I. , Pérez-Escudero J. M. , Matías I. R.
Published: June 2021

This Letter presents the fabrication of dual lossy mode resonance (LMR) refractometers based on titanium dioxide (

T
i
O

2

) and tin oxide (

S
n
O

2

) thin films deposited on a single side-polished D-shaped optical fiber. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, two independent LMRs are obtained in the same D-shaped optical fiber, by using a step-shaped nanostructure consisting of a first section of

T
i
O

2

with a thickness of 120 nm and a second section with a thickness of 140 nm (120 nm of

T
i
O

2

and 20 nm of

S
n
O

2

). Each section is responsible for generating a first-order LMR with TM-polarized light (

L
M
R

T
M

).

T
i
O

2

is deposited by atomic layer deposition and

S
n
O

2

by electron-beam deposition. The theoretical results show that the depth of each of the resonances of the dual LMR depends on the length of the corresponding section. Two experimental devices were fabricated with sections of different lengths, and their sensitivities were studied, achieving values

∼

4000

n
m

/

r
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x

u
n
i
t

(RIU) with a maximum of 4506 nm/RIU for values of the SRI between 1.3327 and 1.3485.
Visualizing and simplifying convolutional recurrent autoencoder for mismatch compensation of channel-interleaved photonic analog-to-digital converter
Authors: Zou Xiuting , Xu Shaofu , Zou Weiwen
Published: June 2021

Deep learning (DL) has been used to successfully solve numerous problems and challenges in a wide range of fields. The architecture of DL is complex and treated as a black box, making it difficult to understand the principles behind it. Here, we visualize the process of compensating for time mismatches for a two-channel photonic analog-to-digital converter (PADC) by a convolutional recurrent autoencoder (CRAE) with excellent generalizability and robustness. Besides, we explore the effects of different modules of the CRAE on the generalizability. Based on the analysis of the above two operations, we simplify the CRAE and then apply it to a four-channel PADC, which is a more complex channel-interleaved system. Consequently, for both PADC systems, the performance of the simplified CRAE is as good as that of the original CRAE. Moreover, for the two-channel PADC, after simplification, the frame rate of the CRAE is increased from 460 frames/second to 975 frames/second, 20,000 points in each frame. For the four-channel PADC, the spur-free dynamic range is enhanced to 24.6 dBc from 5.2 dBc.
Hollow-core antiresonant terahertz fiber-based TOPAS extruded from a 3D printer using a metal 3D printed nozzle
Authors: Talataisong Wanvisa , Gorecki Jon , van Putten Lieke D. , Ismaeel Rand , Williamson James , Addinall Katie , Schwendemann Daniel , Beresna Martynas , Apostolopoulos Vasilis , Brambilla Gilberto
Published: June 2021

We report the use of a terahertz (THz) transparent material, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC or TOPAS), for fabricating a hollow-core antiresonant fiber that provides an electromagnetic wave guidance in the THz regime. A novel fabrication technique to realize a hollow-core antiresonant polymer optical fiber (HC-ARPF) for THz guidance is proposed and demonstrated. The fiber is directly extruded in a single-step procedure using a conventional fused deposition modeling 3D printer. The fiber geometry is defined by a structured nozzle manufactured with a metal 3D printer, which allows tailoring of the nozzle design to the various geometries of microstructured optical fibers. The possibility to use the HC-ARPF made from TOPAS for guiding in the THz region is theoretically and experimentally assessed through the profile of mode simulation and time-frequency diagram (spectrogram) analysis.
Analogous computations in working memory input, output and motor gating: Electrophysiological and computational modeling evidence
Authors: Rac-Lubashevsky Rachel , Frank Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Adaptive cognitive-control involves a hierarchical cortico-striatal gating system that supports selective updating, maintenance, and retrieval of useful cognitive and motor information. Here, we developed a task that independently manipulates selective gating operations into working-memory (input gating), from working-memory (output gating), and of responses (motor gating) and tested the neural dynamics and computational principles that support them. Increases in gating demands, captured by gate switches, were expressed by distinct EEG correlates at each gating level that evolved dynamically in partially overlapping time windows. Further, categorical representations of specific maintained items and of motor responses could be decoded from EEG when the corresponding gate was switching, thereby linking gating operations to prioritization. Finally, gate switching at all levels was related to increases in the motor decision threshold as quantified by the drift diffusion model. Together these results support the notion that cognitive gating operations scaffold on top of mechanisms involved in motor gating.
Worldwide dynamic biogeography of zoonotic and anthroponotic dengue
Authors: Aliaga-Samanez Alisa , Cobos-Mayo Marina , Real Raimundo , Segura Marina , Romero David , Fa Julia E. , Olivero Jesús
Published: June 2021

Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. The rapid spread of dengue could lead to a global pandemic, and so the geographical extent of this spread needs to be assessed and predicted. There are also reasons to suggest that transmission of dengue from non-human primates in tropical forest cycles is being underestimated. We investigate the fine-scale geographic changes in transmission risk since the late 20thcentury, and take into account for the first time the potential role that primate biogeography and sylvatic vectors play in increasing the disease transmission risk. We apply a biogeographic framework to the most recent global dataset of dengue cases. Temporally stratified models describing favorable areas for vector presence and for disease transmission are combined. Our models were validated for predictive capacity, and point to a significant broadening of vector presence in tropical and non-tropical areas globally. We show that dengue transmission is likely to spread to affected areas in China, Papua New Guinea, Australia, USA, Colombia, Venezuela, Madagascar, as well as to cities in Europe and Japan. These models also suggest that dengue transmission is likely to spread to regions where there are presently no or very few reports of occurrence. According to our results, sylvatic dengue cycles account for a small percentage of the global extent of the human case record, but could be increasing in relevance in Asia, Africa, and South America. The spatial distribution of factors favoring transmission risk in different regions of the world allows for distinct management strategies to be prepared.
Chronic disease stigma, skepticism of the health system, and socio-economic fragility: Qualitative assessment of factors impacting receptiveness to group medical visits and microfinance for non-communicable disease care in rural Kenya
Authors: Dong Rae , Leung Claudia , Naert Mackenzie N. , Naanyu Violet , Kiptoo Peninah , Matelong Winnie , Matini Esther , Orango Vitalis , Bloomfield Gerald S. , Edelman David , Fuster Valentin , Manyara Simon , Menya Diana , Pastakia Sonak D. , Valente Tom , Kamano Jemima , Horowitz Carol R. , Vedanthan Rajesh
Published: June 2021

Background

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the world, and innovative approaches to NCD care delivery are being actively developed and evaluated. Combining the group-based experience of microfinance and group medical visits is a novel approach to NCD care delivery. However, the contextual factors, facilitators, and barriers impacting wide-scale implementation of these approaches within a low- and middle-income country setting are not well known.

Methods

Two types of qualitative group discussion were conducted: 1) mabaraza (singular, baraza), a traditional East African community gathering used to discuss and exchange information in large group settings; and 2) focus group discussions (FGDs) among rural clinicians, community health workers, microfinance group members, and patients with NCDs. Trained research staff members led the discussions using structured question guides. Content analysis was performed with NVivo using deductive and inductive codes that were then grouped into themes.

Results

We conducted 5 mabaraza and 16 FGDs. A total of 205 individuals (113 men and 92 women) participated in the mabaraza, while 162 individuals (57 men and 105 women) participated in the FGDs. In the context of poverty and previous experiences with the health system, participants described challenges to NCD care across three themes: 1) stigma of chronic disease, 2) earned skepticism of the health system, and 3) socio-economic fragility. However, they also outlined windows of opportunity and facilitators of group medical visits and microfinance to address those challenges.

Discussion

Our qualitative study revealed actionable factors that could impact the success of implementation of group medical visits and microfinance initiatives for NCD care. While several challenges were highlighted, participants also described opportunities to address and mitigate the impact of these factors. We anticipate that our approach and analysis provides new insights and methodological techniques that will be relevant to other low-resource settings worldwide.
Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as measured by the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay and ESAT-6 free IGRA among adolescents in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Jeremiah Kidola , Lyimo Eric , Ritz Christian , PrayGod George , Rutkowski Kathryn Tucker , Korsholm Karen Smith , Ruhwald Morten , Tait Dereck , Grewal Harleen M. S. , Faurholt-Jepsen Daniel
Published: June 2021

Background

The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is vastly higher than that of tuberculosis (TB) disease and this enormous reservoir of individuals with LTBI impacts the global TB control strategy. Adolescents are at greatest risk of TB infection and are thus an ideal target population for a potential effective TB vaccine to be added to the current BCG programme as it could reduce the number of latent infections and consequently the number of adults with TB disease. However, LTBI rates are often unknown for this population. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of LTBI and to determine if Tanzanian adolescents would be a good population for a prevention of TB infection trial.

Methods

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that recruited 193 adolescents aged 12 and 16 years from government schools and directly from the community in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected for all enrolled participants. Blood was drawn and tested using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT), and Early Secretory Antigenic Target-6–Free Interferon-gamma Release Assay (ESAT-6 free IGRA). Concordance between QFT-GIT and ESAT-6 free IGRA was evaluated using the McNemar’s test.

Results

Overall estimates of LTBI prevalence were 19.2% [95%CI, 14.1; 25.2] and 18.6% [95%CI, 13.6; 24.6] as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA, respectively. The 16-year-old cohort had a higher LTBI prevalence (23.7% [95%CI, 16.1; 32.9]) as compared to 12-year-old cohort (14.6% [95%CI, 8.6; 22.7]) as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA. When measured by ESAT-6 Free IGRA, LTBI prevalence was 24.7% (95%CI, 16.9; 34.0) for the 16-year-old cohort and 12.5% (95%CI, 7.0; 20.3) among the 12-year-old cohort. According to both tests the prevalence of TB infection and the corresponding annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) and force of infection were high and increased with age. Of all enrolled participants, 97.4% had concordant results for QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA (p = 0.65).

Conclusions

The prevalence of LTBI and the associated ARTI and force of infection among adolescents is high and increases with age in Mwanza Region. There was a high concordance between the QFT-GIT and the novel ESAT-6 free IGRA assays. These findings suggest Mwanza is a promising area to conduct novel TB vaccine research prevention of infection (POI) studies targeting adolescents.
Euskararen lerrokadura ergatiboaren sorreraz
Authors: Martínez Areta Mikel
Published: June 2021

Lan honetan, euskararen lerrokadura morfologiko ergatiboaren sorrera ikertzen da. Hau eragin zuen prozesua akitaniera eta latinarekiko kontaktuaren hasiera baino lehenago kokatu behar dugu, aitzineuskararen uneren batean.Trask-en (1977) proposamenari jarraikiz, onartuko da orainaldiko joskeretako eta lehenaldi/irrealiseko joskera askotako aditz jokatu iragankorren hasierako slot-a P-ak (= Patient) okupatzen duenez, “today’s morphology is yesterday’s syntax” Givón-en printzipioa (adib. nator < *ni da-tor) aplikatuz aditz jokatu iragankorrok predikatu pasiboetatik datozela (adib. nakus ‘nakusa’ < *ni da-kus ‘ni ikusia naiz’).Aurrekoa onartzeak euskal hizkuntzalaritzaren arazo morfologiko eta sintaktiko klasiko batzuei konponbide bat eskain diezaieke, hala nola ergatibitate hautsia, izen-deklinabideko -k marka ergatiboaren sorrera, jatorri ez-izenordainezkoko -t eta -k komunztadura marken sorrera, eta aditu gehienek onarturiko AVO > AOV osagai-hurrenkeraren aldaketa.
Movilidad residencial intraurbana de los españoles y extranjeros en Zaragoza (España): diferentes espacios, distintos procesos
Authors: Escolano-Utrilla Severino , López-Escolano Carlos , Pueyo Campos Ángel
Published: June 2021

La movilidad residencial es una práctica material y simbólica que forma parte de procesos de producción social del espacio urbano. Las condiciones físicas, sociales y la representación del espacio geográfico en el que se localizan la residencia actual y la futura son factores fundamentales de las decisiones que los individuos y familias toman para cambiar de residencia. Cada grupo social, diferenciado por su nacionalidad, etnia, edad o estatus socioeconómico, valora de forma distinta las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada localización, lo que genera diversos patrones espaciales de movilidad residencial. Aquí se estudian, a varias escalas, las configuraciones funcionales y espaciales de los cambios de residencia del grupo de españoles y extranjeros habidos en Zaragoza entre 2003 y 2017, entendidas como una red relacional de lugares conectados por flujos origen-destino de los cambios de residencia. Se utilizan datos individuales agregados en secciones censales a los que se ha aplicado una metodología que combina procedimientos de análisis espacial y de redes geosociales. Los resultados muestran que las redes de movilidad residencial de ambos grupos tienen diferente organización funcional y se desenvuelven, preferentemente, en distintos espacios. Los efectos de la movilidad residencial se manifiestan en variaciones de población y de la composición sociodemográfica de cada área. La distribución de las distancias de los cambios de residencia de españoles y extranjeros se ajusta a un modelo lognormal, permitiendo predecir con precisión la localización de la residencia futura a partir de la localización de la residencia actual.
Does Immigration Increase Concerns about the Provision of Public Services? Evidence from Colombia
Authors: Vega-Mendez Catalina , Visconti Giancarlo
Published: June 2021

Although South American countries have experienced unprecedented regional migration in the last decade, there is little research on the impact of these demographic changes on citizens’ political preferences. Does exposure to immigration affect native residents’ concerns about the provision of public services? To address this question, we use survey data from the AmericasBarometer in Colombia before and after the immigration wave generated by the 2015 political and economic crisis in Venezuela. We implement a difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of distance from border crossings between Colombia and Venezuela on respondents’ concerns about the provision of healthcare and education after the large and rapid influx of immigrants. We find that—after 2015—respondents living closer to a border crossing are more likely to identify a lack of provision of health services but not of education as one of their primary concerns. These results can have relevant political implications since previous research has shown that a fiscal burden on public services can trigger anti-immigration attitudes in host communities.
Landscape in Historical Urban Textures: “Walled City Nicosia From the Past To The Present”
Authors: Köksald Esra , Turkan Zihni , Asilsoy Buket
Published: June 2021

Historical urban textures are the whole of the open and closed public spaces with the buildings and transportation axis, shaped by the cultural heritages of cities. One of the most important elements in historical urban textures, bringing dwellers with nature, and giving life to the city, are landscape spaces.  The capital of Cyprus, Nicosia, also has a very rich historical texture. Within this context, the aim of this study is to examine the landscape of the historical urban texture of Nicosia from the past to the present, within the whole of various cultural periods including the present day status.  Therefore, the development of Nicosia through the historical process is given right after the introduction.  After the introduction, landscape of walled city of Nicosia was examined through the historical periods: Lusignan Period, Venetian Period, Ottoman Period, British Period, Republic of Cyprus Period, and the present day period, TRNC Period.
Eﬀect of phospho-compost and phosphate laundered sludge combined or not with endomycorrhizal inoculum on the growth and yield of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions
Authors: EL Gabardi Soumaya , Mouden Najoua , Chliyeh Mohamed , Selmaoui Karima , Ouazzani  Touhami Amina , Filali-Maltouf Abdelkarim , Ibnsouda Koraichi Saad , Amir Soumia , Benkirane Rachid , EL Modafar Cherkaoui , Douira Allal
Published: June 2021

The study aims to evaluate the eﬀect of endomycorrhizal inoculum (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), phospho-compost and phosphate sludge in single (M, PC, PS) or dual combinations (PC+M, PS+M, PS+PC) compared to agricultural and Mamora soils (A and S) on the growth, ﬂowering, and yield of tomato plants. Among the studied treatments, the substrates containing 5% of phospho-compost combined with endomycorrhizal inoculum (PC+M) gave the most positive eﬀect followed by phospho-compost (PC) and endomycorrhizal inoculum (M). In response to PC+M substrate, tomato plant height, the number of leaves and ﬂowers attained 90 cm, 30, and 25, respectively. In substrates PC and M, tomato plants showed a height of 85 and 75 cm, leaves number of 30 and 19 leave/plant and number of ﬂowers of 21, and 19 ﬂower/plant. An optimal yield with (12 fruits/plant) was recorded in tomato plants grown on the substrate amended with bio-inoculant (AMF) and phospho-compost at a rate of 5%. In terms of qualitative parameters, the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial plant parts and root system were recorded in tomato plants grown in culture substrate incorporating 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum and 5% of phospho-compost reaching respectively103.4 g, 34 g 90.1 g, 28.9 g as compared to 87, 51, 23 and 24.1 g noted by tomato plants on the substrate with phospho-compost (5%) (PC). The highest mycorrhization parameters (frequency (F), intensity of mycorrhization (M), average arbuscular content (A), average vesicular content (V), average intraradicular spore content (S)) were found in the roots of tomato plants growing on substrates amended with 5% phospho-compost plus 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum, with percentages of 100% F, 61% M, 40.67% A, 18.36% V, and 56.9% S.
Boron Diffusion During Carbon Steel Boriding
Authors: Shevchuk E.P. , Plotnikov V.A. , Bektasova G.S.
Published: June 2021

Protective boride coatings are obtained by chemical-thermal treatment of powder mixtures during induction furnace heating and micro-arc chemical-thermal treatment. Their usage can significantly increase the reliability and durability of steel products. The calculated composition of the saturating charge and the welding flux used to boride steel 20 samples demonstrates that obtained boride diffusion coatings are characterized by high hardness and an extensive diffusion zone. The most optimal composition of the charge that contains iron and boric acid is found to be in the proportion of Fe-25%+H3BO3-75 %.

The analysis of the distribution of microhardness over the cross section of coated samples is carried out. The comparative data for the diffusion coefficients and the thickness of the diffusion layers obtained experimentally are presented.

The application of the discussed methods makes it possible to intensify the process of diffusion boriding and to ensure the formation of an extensive diffusion zone on the surface of carbon steel products with a high rate of hardening zone formation. The duration of the process is 5 minutes for the induction treatment and 54.05 s for micro-arc chemical-thermal surfacing. It is the main advantage of the experimental techniques mentioned above.
Is the Intestine a Portal of Entry for the Serious COVID-19 Complications of Endotoxemia and Thrombosis?
Authors: Alpers David H.
Published: June 2021

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has been associated with both endotoxemia and thrombosis of small and large vessels, but the relationship between these 2 phenomena has not been pursued. Oliva et al. in this issue of Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology demonstrate an association between the 2 findings and suggest that increased intestinal permeability is a possible mechanism to explain the endotoxemia. Although the evidence to support this hypothesis is only suggestive, the role of the small intestine in the illness produced by the virus needs to be further explored.
DINÂMICA DA EXPANSÃO DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR NA MICRORREGIÃO GEOGRÁFICA DE ITUIUTABA-MG
Authors: Teixeira Matheus Eduardo Souza , Castanho Roberto Barboza
Published: June 2021

Este estudo objetivou analisar a expansão da cana-de-açúcar na MRG de Ituiutaba-MG e suas implicações territoriais decorrentes deste processo. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em: a) revisão bibliográfica; b) coleta e tabulação de dados de produção de cana-de-açúcar; c) trabalho de campo na MRG de Ituiutaba; d) análises e redação final da pesquisa. Verificou-se que a expansão do setor sucroenergético na MRG de Ituiutaba ocorre inicialmente com o Proálcool e, a partir dos anos 2000, o aumento do setor de forma significativa esteve relacionada principalmente com a ampliação geral da produção de commodities no Brasil, as implicações do Protocolo de Kyoto, a produção de automóveis flex fuel e o financiamento do BNDES. A presença de duas usinas sucroenergéticas também corrobora para a expansão do setor na microrregião, que não apenas aciona as terras dos municípios em que estão inseridas, mas também em municípios do entorno, sobretudo pela necessidade de capturar grandes extensões de terras para suprir sua demanda de processamento da unidade industrial. Portanto, a expansão do setor sucroenergético na MRG de Ituiutaba está intimamente ligada às ações do Estado, que estimularam a produção de cana-de-açúcar em diversas porções territoriais e também pela inserção das usinas na região.
Kazakhstan: Assessment of Renewable Energy Support and a Green Economy
Authors: BESPALYY Sergey
Published: June 2021

The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) shows the desire of the government of Kazakhstan to meet challenges that affect the welfare and development of the state. National targets, government programs, policies influence renewable energy strategies. In the future, renewable energy technologies will act as sources of a green economy and sustainable economic growth. The state policy in the field of energy in Kazakhstan is aimed at improving the conditions for the development and support of renewable energy sources, amendments are being made to provide for the holding of auctions for new RES projects, which replaces the previously existing system of fixed tariffs. It is expected that the costs of traditional power plants for the purchase of renewable energy will skyrocket, provided that the goals in the field of renewable generation are achieved. This article provides an assessment of international experience in supporting renewable energy sources, as well as analyzes the current situation in the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan and the impact on sustainable development and popularization of the «green» economy. The study shows that by supporting the development of renewable energy sources, economic growth is possible, which is achieved in an environmentally sustainable way.
Multidimensional Poverty, Social Networks: Spatial Neighbourhoods on Poverty Eradication in Tumpang District, Malang Regency
Authors: Ari Ismu Rini Dwi , Waloejo Budi Soegiarto , Hariyani Septiana
Published: June 2021

Poverty is multidimensional problem of the development that cause human difficulties in accessing public facility and infrastructure. Along with target of SDGs regarding poverty alleviation, main aims of this research are i) measure poverty level through three dimensions – health, education and standard of living of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), and ii) scrutinize influential variables of the poverty through Spatial Regression Analysis whereby physical as well as social variables are put it together in the model. This research would like to propose a set of research approach on how dealing with poverty in a certain area.  Area of study is Tumpang district in Malang Regency, East Java Province consist of 15 villages, wherein at about 36,61% family are receiver of the Raskin (Beras Miskin – Poor Rice) program as one of the poverty alleviation programs in Indonesia. Both field observation as well as depth interview are conducted towards 274 head of households. Result study finds out that there are five villages which have high value of MPI in Tumpang District, namely Duwet Krajan, Duwet, Benjor, Tulusbesar and Kidal, and the two dimensions – education and living standard give significant contribution to the poverty. Next, poverty in the research area has influenced by both social relations among residents within a village as well as geographical location of the nearest neighbourhoods. Then, eradication poverty is necessary to put consideration on strengthening ‘constructive’ social relations among residents through their existence community groups.
Pengaruh Tata Bangunan dan Jalan Terhadap Aliran Udara Pada Kawasan Perkotaan
Authors: Lestari Lestari , Muazir Syaiful
Published: June 2021

Designing configuration of buildings and streets in an urban area by maximizing air movement is an approach of the sustainable city. The existing buildings and streets of an urban area can affect the microclimate formed, including the airflow. The airflow can be used to create a comfortable city environment. Jalan Gajahmada is one of the economic strategic areas in Pontianak City which requires a comfortable condition to support activities there. The airflow that occurs in Gajahmada Street affects the conditions that occur now. This paper aims to provide an overview of airflow conditions on Gajahmada Street Area. The research method is through computer simulations using the Envi-Met simulation program. The data used local climate data and field data based on surveys. Through the analysis, it is known that the airflow is strongly influenced by the direction of the wind, the surface mass of the building and the ratio between the height of the building to the width of the streets that is formed from the distance between building masses (H / W).
The Impact of FDI on Economic Development: The Case of Georgia
Authors: Charaia Vakhtang , Chochia Archil , Lashkhi Mariam
Published: June 2021

From the strategic point of view, not all foreign direct investments (FDI) are always positively benefiting the host economy, i.e. not all multinational enterprises (MnEs) are promoting local host economies. Even more, not all FDIs are equally beneficial to different sectors within the same economy. The fact is that fdi can impact different sectors in various ways, and the impact is not only based on the amount of fdi itself but on MnEs’ motivations and the peculiarities of the host economy, which can differ from country to county. in other words, only fdi numbers aggregated per year are not really giving a comprehensive picture of the situation and in many cases lead to incorrect strategic decisions, as it has happened in many countries, including Georgia.
Living by the Clock. The Introduction of Clock Time in the Greek World
Authors: Remijsen Sofie
Published: June 2021

This paper discusses how the notion of clock time was introduced in the Greek world. On the basis of an analysis of the earliest (potential) references to hours and clocks in texts from the late fifth to the early third century BC in their historical context, and with reference to the earliest archaeologically attested clocks, it proposes a scenario for the conception and development of this conventional system. It offers a new interpretation of the problematic passage Herodotus 2.109 and argues that an hour-like unit was developed by late fifth century astronomers, under Babylonian influence, to denote the time in which a celestial body moves through a section of its diurnal circle. When this astronomical concept moved to the civic sphere in the second half of the fourth century, it changed from a scientific unit of duration to a civic unit for measuring the time of day. This shift probably took place in Athens, where the first references to hours appear in this period together with multiple experiments in clock making, as well as humorous reactions to the newfound sense of temporal precision. The paper will also show, however, that these first clocks did not yet tell seasonal hours – the type of hours that would eventually define Greco-Roman clock time – and still measured the lapse of time rather than enabling the location of moments in time. Greco-Roman clock time was only fully formed when it incorporated Egyptian notions of the hour in the Ptolemaic kingdom of the early third century BC.