bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logic, Reality and Mind Style in Alan Bennett's The Lady in the Van
Authors: McIntyre Dan
Published: April 2006

Work on mind style (Fowler 1977) has suggested that unusual world views may be indicated in fiction via such elements as deviant grammatical constructions, graphological deviation and the use of certain conceptual metaphors. In this article I suggest that a further way in which a deviant mind style can be indicated is through the abnormal use of inductive logic. I also propose that the sociological notion of paradigms of reality (Harris 1984) may be employed in the analysis of mind style to distinguish between those mind styles which are the result of genuine cognitive impairment and those which are employed simply for tactical reasons.
(Re)thinking modality: A text-world perspective
Authors: Gavins Joanna
Published: April 2006

The late Paul Werth’s model of human discourse
processing, Text World Theory (Werth 1994, 1995a, 1995b, and 1999), has been
subject to some dramatic evolutionary changes over the last decade. Here I
examine in particular the text-worlds created by the presence of modalized
propositions in literary fiction and suggest a number of modifications to
Werth’s (1999) handling of this area of discourse. I question Werth’s
explanation of modality and use Simpson’s (1993) modal grammar of narrative
fiction to formulate a refined text-world account of the conceptual structure of
modalized propositions. As a consequence of this investigation, however, I also
suggest that a text-world perspective on modality may have much to offer both to
Simpson’s modal grammar and to our understanding of modality as a
whole.
Vers une théorie générale de la fiction
Authors: Jacquenod Claudine
Published: April 2006

Cet article remet en question une définition de la
fiction parue en 1988, dans un ouvrage intitulé « Contribution à une étude
du concept de fiction » (Peter Lang). Etant fondée sur la théorie des actes de
langage, cette définition présentait en effet l’inconvénient de ne pouvoir
s’appliquer qu’aux fictions verbales.

Une nouvelle définition est donc proposée dans cet
article, faisant apparaître clairement la fiction comme un concept de nature
pragmaticosémiotique : une fiction est une représentation, verbale ou non
verbale, qu’un auteur produit consciemment dans le but de la transmettre à un
destinataire. En transmettant cette représentation, l’auteur de la fiction
adopte une attitude spécifique, consistant à inviter le destinataire à imaginer
un monde fictif dont les caractéristiques sont compatibles avec celles du monde
décrit dans la représentation.

Sur la base de cette définition, l’article recense
des exemplifications de fictions aussi diverses que possible, selon la nature
de leur support de représentation et selon leur fonction, puis il pose la
question du rôle des fictions dans notre vie quotidienne et, en particulier, sur
la manière dont elles nous apprennent quelque chose sur le monde
réel.
Art — depression — fiction: A variation on René Thom’s three important kinds of human activity
Authors: Augustyn Prisca
Published: April 2006

The construct of ‘alexithymia,’ formulated in
the late 1960s, described the inability to express one’s feelings as a deficit
in the signifying-abilities of men and women. In this study, the profile
of the alexithemic serves as a point of reference for a discussion
concerning language and consciousness and the cognitive/neuroscientific turn in the
past decades. The objectives of this paper are to show that the
cognitive/neuroscientific turn profoundly affected the understanding of alexithymia in particular
and the relationship between language and consciousness in general. As
the dominant cognitive/neuroscientific models of consciousness ignore the social
embeddedness and the importance of the signifying abilities of human beings,
this paper presents alternative models of consciousness and issues of
intersubjectivity by proposing a variation on a model from René Thom’s
‘catastrophe theory’ and Uexküll’s theory of ‘autoambience.’ These models,
predicated upon social embeddedness and semiotic ability, explain how certain
circumstances, such as are often identified as ‘depression,’ can be catalysts of
productive outcome. In particular, the notion of ‘play’ in René Thom’s
catastrophe theory underscores the primacy of ‘language play’ as a combinatorial
signifying activity with a restorative function that is exemplified in the
notion of fiction in the work of David Lodge.
Dritter Bericht zur griechischen Patristik: Über Editionen und Textkritik, Handschriften, Instrumente und Verwandtes (1998-2001) (2. Teil)
Authors: Uthemann Karl-Heinz
Published: April 2006

Hier werden auch Editionen genannt, die im wesentlichen nichts Neues zur Textkritik beitragen, wohl aber eine Übersetzung anbieten.
Strafgesetzgebungstechnik in Deutschland und Europa
Authors: Scheffler Uwe
Published: April 2006

Einleitung: Zwischen Kasuistik und Generalisierung

Vor gut einem Vierteljahrhundert hat Heinrich Honsell, der Wanderer zwischen deutschen, österreicherischen und schweizerischen Rechtsfakultäten,in seiner Salzburger Antrittsvorlesung „Vom heutigen Stil der Gesetzgebung“konstatiert: Man habe schon in der Antike „erkannt, daß der Gesetzgeberzwischen der Skylla einer über das Ziel hinausschießenden, die Gefahrungewollter Verallgemeinerung heraufbeschwörenden Abstraktion und der Charybdis einer das Ziel nie erreichenden, notwendig unvollständigen Kasuistikden richtigen Weg finden muß“.

Nun zeigt diese Beschreibung schon, dass es havarieträchtig wäre, etwa mit dem leider „heute nahezu vergessene[n] … ‚Papst‘ des Prozeßrechts“ Adolf Wach kurz zu meinen, „mit der fortschreitenden Kultur“ müsse sichdie Strafgesetzgebungstechnik „von der Kasuistik zur Generalisierung“ erheben.Kasuistik ist zwar sicher ein Relikt, solange eine Norm einen Sachverhaltnicht verallgemeinert, sondern sich damit begnügt, nur einen speziellen Fall zu regeln. Die oft zitierte Regelung in der lex salica aus dem 6. Jahrhundertüber die Verwundung am Kopfe, bei der drei Knochensplitter oberhalbdes Gehirnes hervortreten, möge als Beispiel dienen – vielleicht aber auch§ 266a Abs. 3 des heutigen deutschen StGB, das Veruntreuen von Arbeitsentgelt.
„Krieg gegen den Terror“ –Konsequenzen für ein rechtsstaatliches Strafrecht
Authors: Albrecht Peter-Alexis
Published: April 2006

Das Strafrecht kann den Staat nicht schützen, es kann nur Unrecht öffentlich skandalisieren und sanktionieren. Der „Krieg gegen den Terror“ hat ein auf den ersten Blick nicht sogleich erkennbares, weiteres Opfer: Die Vernichtung des rechtsstaatlichen Strafrechts steht bevor. Schon länger ist die Rede vom „Feindstrafrecht“ (Günther Jakobs), das die Menschenwürde teilenwill und der Rechtsvernichtung Vorschub leistet. Es ist deshalb aktuelle Aufgabe einer europäischen Strafrechtswissenschaft, Entwicklung und Schutz eines prinzipiengeleiteten Strafrechts in Europa als Herausforderunganzunehmen, um im „Krieg gegen den Terror“ bestehen zu können. Esbedarf hierzu einiger Impulse.
Zur Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs –ein Zwischenruf aus rechtsvergleichender Sicht
Authors: Jung Heike
Published: April 2006

I. Einführung

Die Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs gilt seit und mit der Regelung der §§ 22, 23 Abs. 3 StGB als jedenfalls im Grundsatz geklärt. Immerhin schwelt die Kontroverse um den Versuch des untauglichen Subjekts weiter und auch die Abgrenzung zum grob unverständigen und zum abergläubischen Versuch bereitet nach wie vor einiges Kopfzerbrechen. Hört man genau hin, so stellt man fest, dass es auch sonst noch rumort. Verschiedene Anläufe konvergieren in dem Bestreben, einen generellen Rückschnitt der Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs vorzunehmen. Unabhängig davon, welcher Status diesen Überlegungen angesichts der gesetzlichen Regelung zukommt, bestätigen sie, dass wir von einem Konsens im Schrifttum weiter entfernt sind, als es bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung scheinen mag. Insofern ist – so meint auch Roxin – über die Strafbarkeit mindestens bestimmter Formen untauglicher Versuche das letzte Wort noch nicht gesprochen.
Solvent extraction studies on Th(IV) and U(VI) using PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) based aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with 18-crown-6
Authors: Lohithakshan K. V. , Mithapara P. D. , Pai S. A. , Aggarwal S. K.
Published: April 2006

Extraction of Th(IV) and U(VI) using PEG-2000/(NH4)2SO4(40% w/w of each) aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) as the extractant was studied at four fixed temperatures in the range 288 to 318 K. The species extracted were identified to be [Th·(18-C-6)](SO4)2and [UO2·(18-C-6)]SO4by the slope ratio method. The equilibrium constant (K) was evaluated for the extraction reactions. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated by the temperature coefficient method at 298 K showed that the reaction is favoured by decrease in enthalpy and counteracted by decrease in entropy. The large decrease in the enthalpy values was attributed to direct bonding of crown ether to the central metal atom (i.e.the formation of inner sphere complex).
The Vai Script
Authors: Klingenheben A.
Published: April 2006

About the middle of the last century, an English marine officer, F. E. Forbes, caused a sensation among his contemporaries by the report that he had discovered an indigenous script in use among the Vai people of West Africa. The question immediately arose how these natives, hitherto hardly known even by name to the civilized world, and pursuing an unobtrusive existence in the seclusion of the primeval forest far from the course of the world's traffic, came to possess a cultural treasure of so high a quality, one usually met with only among peoples of ancient and rich culture. Little wonder then, that in the years that followed, the solution of this problem occupied the attention of a number of European scholars.
Formations Récentes de Sociétés Secrètes au Congo Belge
Authors: de Jonghe Éd.
Published: April 2006

Les malentendus que provoque fatalement dans les colonies la rencontre d'une civilisation supérieure avec des civilisations inférieures, dégénèrent de temps en temps en troubles violents. Ces mouvements de révolte se produisent plus fréquemment aux époques de crise économique. Si nous recherchons les causes profondes de ces mouvements, et de ces troubles, nous finissons presque toujours par y découvrir l'action de quelque panacée mystérieuse, détenue par une société secrète, ou mise à la disposition de la collectivité tout entière.
Education in Abyssinia
Authors: Eriksson Olle
Published: April 2006

It is hardly possible to speak of public instruction, so far as Abyssinia is concerned, in the sense of an organized system of education embracing the whole country. Education has always been of a private character, dependent upon the zeal and enterprise of individuals and small groups. Neither the State nor the Church, as such, has ever really felt itself responsible for the instruction of the young, with the natural result that the majority of the people grow up in ignorance.
Property among the Ciga in Uganda
Authors: Edel May Mandelbaum
Published: April 2006

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This is an account of property-holding among the Ciga, who live in the mountain highlands of western Uganda and northern Ruanda. When British dominion over them was established the Ciga were independent. They were even then resisting attempts at conquest from Ruanda, and were themselves pressing against their northern neighbours. Unlike most peoples of the region, the Ciga were not ruled by Hamitic overlords.
The Evolution of Tribal Control
Authors: Northcote R. C.
Published: April 2006

The adaptation of the tribal structure to meet changing political conditions is a problem to-day, and this article gives the summary of an effort in that direction. It refers to a portion of the Nyamwezi tribe in Tanganyika Territory, and should be read in that restricted light.

The present organization is made up of one cohesive unit, to which are attached various vassal sections. The undermentioned are the titles of the various ranks recognized, though some had fallen into desuetude.
‘Slavery in all its Forms’
Authors: Lugard
Published: April 2006

Readers of Africa cannot fail to be interested in the reason for the proposal by the recent Committee of Experts on Slavery, which was accepted by the League Assembly last autumn, that a small permanent Slavery Commission and Bureau should be created, the more so that the subject is likely to be prominent next year when we celebrate the Centenary of the Abolition of Slavery throughout all British possessions. That great achievement was the crowning triumph of long years of untiring effort by Wilberforce, Clarkson, Fowell-Buxton, and the group of Abolitionists whom they led; the story is admirably told by Professor Coupland in his Life of Wilberforce.
Language Perversions in East Africa
Authors: Raum Otto F.
Published: April 2006

The language phenomena recorded here have been collected from four tribes, the Chaga, Pare (Wasu), Shambala, and Iramba. My informants were students at the Teachers' Training School, Marangu. The script employed is that used by the various missionary societies for literary and educational purposes.
La Famille dans l'Organisation Sociale du Mayombe. Hier. — Aujourd'hui.— Demain.
Authors: Cleene N. De
Published: April 2006

Toute la population Yombe est répartie en neuf groupes généalogiques à l'intérieur desquels la loi de l'exogamie n'est plus guère observée aujourd'hui. Ces groupes dénommés zimvila (sing, mvila) s'appellent du nom de leur ancêtre respectif Ntinu Makaba, Nanga Nakongo, Phudi Nzinga, Makhuku i Ntinu, Manianga Nakongo, Mbenza Nakongo, Numbu Nzinga, Ngimbi i Khota, Madunga Namboma, tous fils d'une mère légendaire Mbangala, la femme auxneuf seins.
Social Administration of the Kru. A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Mekeel H. Scudder
Published: April 2006

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The Kru, a West African Negro group, inhabit the central and southern part of Liberia. They are surrounded by the Basa peoples to the north-west, by the Grebo to the south-east and by the Putu to the north-east. The informant, Thomas Tarbour (Sieh Tagbweh), from whom the following material was derived, was a native of Grand Cess (Siglipo), a large coast town near the border of the Grebo country. The Kru, along with other related groups in that part of West Africa, have a tradition of having migrated from far to the north-east. The physical type is that of the short, stocky Bush negro. No archaeological work has been done in the region, and such ethnological material as has been collected is a mere beginning.
Principles of Practical Orthography for African Languages—I.
Authors: Meinhof Carl
Published: April 2006

The more the number of Africans who can read and write their mother tongue increases, and the more books, newspapers, and magazines are printed in Africa, the more pressing becomes the necessity of introducing a good, legible system of writing these languages wherever it is lacking. For this reason the Institute has begun to occupy itself with the production of such a system of orthography, and it therefore seems opportune to consider more closely the method and scope of this undertaking before making detailed proposals for a practical orthography.
Social Administration of the Kru, A Preliminary Survey, Part II
Authors: Mekeel H. Scudder
Published: April 2006

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Societies And Organizations Not Based On The Gens. The Soldiers of the State. The soldiers are recruited from Grand Cess as a state. The army contains no recognized village or gens units. It is grouped first by age. Then each age group is divided into two divisions—the bobi's men and the tugbewa's men.
The Missionary as an Anthropological Field-Worker
Authors: Westermann Diedrich
Published: April 2006

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The following remarks are not addressed to specialists, but to those Europeans and Africans working in Africa who have for professional reasons an interest in getting to know the native better and, if possible, in making this knowledge available to a wider circle. This applies pre-eminently to missionaries. They, more than any other body of men, have an interest in studying the people among whom they work. It is their aim to transform the inner life of the tribe and of the individual. They are co-operating in creating a new religious, moral, and often social order. Only those who know the traditional environment of the native have the opportunity and the right of effecting such a transformation, as they are thus in a position to forge links between the old and the new, and in consequence will make the new ideas develop naturally from the old ways of thought. Old traditions must not be pushed on one side and ignored, on the contrary they should be carefully studied to see if there is not embedded in them something that can be incorporated in the new order, or something that has to be transformed.
The Future of Native Authorities
Authors: Bourdillon Bernard
Published: April 2006

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Some months ago, in a paper read before the Royal Society of Arts on the subject of ‘Partnership in Nigeria’, I called attention to the necessity for a closer connexion between native authorities and the central legislature. I went on to say that I did not consider the native authority system to be incompatible with self-government at the centre, and that I saw no reason why native authorities should not become an integral part of a representative government. I have been asked to enlarge upon these views, and am very glad to have this opportunity of doing so, particularly because a practical expression of them has appeared in the proposals for the revision of the constitution of Nigeria which have just been laid before Parliament and which, according to The Times, have received the unanimous and hearty approval of the unofficial members of the Nigerian Legislature.
Anuak Village Headmen
Authors: Lienhardt Godfrey
Published: April 2006

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The Anuak are a Nilotic people of the south-east of the Sudan and adjacent Ethiopia. They may number between 30,000 and 40,000 people, of whom at least two thirds live in Ethiopia, where a number of difficulties prevented me from visiting them. As described in Professor Evans-Pritchard's writings, two somewhat different political systems and forms of rule and leadership are found in the villages of Anuakland. In the south-east, several ecological and other circumstances have favoured the spread of the influence of a noble clan, members of which reign in villages which, according to tradition, were at one time politically isolated from each other and autonomous under local headmen. These villages of the noble clan are drawn, through the nobles associated with them, into competition for the acquisition of a single set of royal emblems, of which the most important are several ancient bead-necklaces. It seems that the influence of this noble clan has spread and is even now spreading farther among the villages of Anuakland, though in the land as a whole most villages are still under the sway of headmen chosen from lineages which traditionally provided them. It is with the organization of these villages, and the way in which their members change their headmen, that this paper deals.
Social Control and Vengeance in Plateau Tonga Society
Authors: Colson E.
Published: April 2006

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I am here concerned with social control as it exists in Tonga society, where there are no obvious political institutions concerned in the maintenance of order. As in any society, control rests eventually on the sanction of force, here applied through a resort to vengeance on the part of an organized group if it feels that this is the only way to enforce its rights.
Secondary Industries for Tropical Africa
Authors: Cahan Theresa
Published: April 2006

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There is a tendency in some quarters to regard secondary industries as a panacea for all the economic ills of tropical Africa. It would be well at this initial stage to sound a note of warning. In the past, the industrialization of agricultural countries has had two results: one good, one bad. On the one hand, the establishment in a country of labour-saving machinery and large-scale production in place of the old laborious method of making things by hand has led to a rise in the general standard of living within the country in terms of real incomes. On the other hand, the drift of workers to the towns and the herding together of large numbers of people in factories resulted in the sum of social evils associated with the ‘dark satanic mills’: overcrowding, sweated labour, destitution, unemployment, and many more. The problem for tropical Africa to-day is to combine the maximum of the first and good effect with a minimum of the second evil.
A Further Note on Joking Relationships
Authors: Radcliffe-Brown A. R.
Published: April 2006

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Professor Griaule's article on ‘L'Alliance cathartique’ in Africa of October 1948 raises a methodological point of considerable importance. If we wish to understand a custom or institution that we find in a particular society there are two ways of dealing with it. One is to examine the part it plays in the system or complex of customs and institutions in which it is found and the meaning that it has within this complex for the people themselves. Professor Griaule deals in this way with the custom by which the Bozo and the Dogon exchange insults with each other. He considers it as an element in a complex of customs, institutions, myths, and ideas to which the Dogon themselves refer by the term mangou. He shows us also what meaning the natives themselves attribute to this exchange of insults (p. 253). As a piece of analysis the article is admirable, and is a most important contribution to our growing knowledge of West African society.
Recent Social Welfare Developments in British Tropical Africa
Authors: Jeffries Charles
Published: April 2006

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As one walks by a great river on a windy day, the surface of the water is tossed about in all directions and it is impossible to discern the flow of the current. Yet undisturbed by this superficial agitation the mighty stream rolls on. So, underlying the storm-tossed surface of present discontents there is a surge of the human spirit towards a new conception of the State as an instrument for giving practical effect to the collective will of the people.
Pokot Sanctions and Structure
Authors: Peristiany J. G.
Published: April 2006

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This paper attempts to relate some types of sanctions and some agencies of social control to their structural background. When the analysis has been made the interrelation may appear self-evident. This may simply mean that we recognize that a certain type of social structure is a condition of the operation of a certain type of sanctions. The study of these interrelations may enable us to gain a better understanding of both sanctions and structure.
Le Message de Lord Lugard et l'Afrique d'Aujourd'hui
Authors: de Laddersous A. Moeller
Published: April 2006

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Le 2 mai 1923, Sir Frederic LUGARD prenait la parole à Bruxelles, dans la Salle de l'Union Coloniale, en présence de S.M. le Roi Albert. Le cycle de conférences organisé par le Ministre des Colonies de Belgique, M. Louis Franck, pour l'étude des problèmes coloniaux sous l'éclairement des diverses solutions adoptées par les principales nations coloniales, devait nécessairement appeler à cette tribune, pour cette confrontation, l'ancien gouverneur général de la Nigérie, le tenant de l'administration indirecte, qui venait, l'année précédente, de consigner les données de son expérience et d'exposer sa doctrine dans un ouvrage dont le retentissement allait s'étendre à toute l'Afrique et qui deviendrait le bréviaire des administrateurs coloniaux.
A Note on the Luimbi of Central Angola
Authors: Scott Cecil W.
Published: April 2006

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The Luimbi-speaking people occupy a region in the centre of Angola. This area is of a somewhat irregular shape, approximately 200 miles from north to south, between latitudes 10° 30′ and 14° S. and varying from 30 to 100 miles in width roughly between longitudes 17° and 19° E. In general their home thus lies along the Quanza valley from the source of that river to near its confluence with the Luandu river. To the east is the 150-mile stretch of the ‘hungry country’, a sandy but in parts fertile and well-wooded region which is, nevertheless, uninhabited because, by local tradition, it ‘lies under the curse of a king’. This divides the Luimbi from the arrogant, fierce, and once cannibal Chokwe who, however, are tending to infiltrate both south and north.
Situation Matérielle, Morale et Coutumière de la Femme dans l'Ouest-Africain
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: April 2006

Le but de cette étude est de formuler certaines remarques au sujet de la situation réelle ou supposée de la femme indigène dans les collectivités de l'Ouest-africain. Une littérature abondante et variée a été consacrée depuis longtemps à cette thèse qui s'est enrichie récemment de démonstrations nouvelles. Mais, parmi les auteurs qui ont collaboré à ces exposés, nombreux sont encore ceux qui s'accordent pour peindre avec les mêmes expressions, les mêmes traits et les mêmes exemples la condition misérable des Négresses, vendues contre leur gré, tout au moins sans leur consentement, à des maris qui se conduisent à leur égard comme des brutes sauvages, les traitent en esclaves, les font travailler ainsi que des bêtes de somme, les mettent en gage pour payer leurs dettes, les louent et les prostituent afin d'en tirer profit. Le veuvage, observe-t-on, ne libère pas ces créatures misérables, puisque la coutume les oblige à demeurer dans la famille de leur défunt mari, à épouser et servir jusqu'à la mort un parent de ce dernier. Elles sont de plus contraintes de supporter la polygamie et ses conséquences, sans pouvoir réagir contre des habitudes dégradantes, sans nourrir même I'espérance d'améliorer leur sort, n'ayant point, dans leur malheur indicible, la ressource de constituer, comme leurs sœurs d'Europe, des ligues des syndicats de défense, et de se mettre en grève.
Some Aspects of Investment and Economic Development in the Continent of Africa
Authors: Frankel S. Herbert
Published: April 2006

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To endeavour to epitomize the problems of capital investment in a continent in a few pages must in itself be regarded as presumptuous; to make the attempt when that continent is Africa, with its immense regional, political, and racial diversities, may well be foolhardy. Therefore in submitting this note, in response to the invitation of the Interim Committee of the International Economic Association that I should set down some headings for discussion at its conference, I have endeavoured to focus attention on some fundamental issues which are in some degree common to Africa south of the Sahara.
Recent French Legislation concerning African Marriage
Authors: Phillips Arthur
Published: April 2006

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Social legislation of far-reaching importance for Africans in the French territories of West and Equatorial Africa is contained in a recently published decree (No. 51-1100 of 14 September 1951, relatif à certaines modalités du mariage entre personnes de statut personnel en A.O.F., en A.E.F., au Togo et au Cameroun).

This legislation involves the overriding of native customary law at certain vital points, particularly in relation to the institution of bride-price. In so far as bride-price is a factor contributing to the dependent status of the adult African woman and tending (under modern conditions) towards the commercialization of the marriage transaction, the decree is designed to neutralize its effects.
Sul Significato della Scultura Africana
Authors: Grottanelli Vinigi L.
Published: April 2006

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La conoscenza della scultura africana ha avuto una storia paradossale. Nei secoli in cui fioriva in Europa la moda dell'esotismo orientaleggiante, quest'arte esotica per eccellenza fu totalmente ignorata; ma essa divenne celebre nel momento in cui l'esotismo tramontava. I suoi capolavori più genuini furono raccolti a migliaia quando quasi nessuno sospettava il loro intrinseco valore; acquistarono iperbolica fama ad opera di persone che ignoravano tutto a loro riguardo, e furono esaltate proprio per quei pregi che in realtà non possedevano. Nello stesso momento in cui la plastica negra rappresentava un lievito di grande importanza, per quanto male impiegato, nella cultura occidentale, gli Europei ne causavano il completo tracollo. E infine, fenomeno ancora più malinconico, gli Africani acquistano consapevolezza riflessa della loro nobilissima tradizione artistica proprio oggi, in un mondo che, a meno di miracoli, sembra aver posto su quella tradizione una triste pietra tombale.
Changing Political Processes among the Abaja Ibo
Authors: Smock David R.
Published: April 2006

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The basic features of the political processes among the Ibo of Eastern Nigeria are well documented. The most striking element of the system is its decentralization. Margery Perham wrote thirty years ago that ‘it is almost impossible to imagine a wider diffusion of authority’ than one finds in Ibo society (Perham, 1937, p. 234). When a decision affecting an Ibo community is to be made, several groups and organizations concern themselves with the issue and within each organization near unanimity must be reached before discussion can be closed. Participation is on such a broad scale that most traditional meetings have no chairman or central direction, take no votes, permit more than one person to speak at a time, have no agenda, and continue for long periods. A decision reached by one organization within a community that is not acceptable to another organization can usually not be implemented. Margaret Green writes: ‘Ibo democracy works through a number of juxtaposed groups and a system of checks and balances rather than on a unitary or hierarchical principle’ (Green, 1947, p. 145).
Right and Left Hand among the Kaguru: A Note on Symbolic Classification
Authors: Beidelman T. O.
Published: April 2006

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This paper presents the general features of dualistic symbolic classification among the Kaguru, a Bantu people of east-central Tanganyika, East Africa.

It has been written as a result of my reading Needham's stimulating article, ‘The Left Hand of the Mugwe’, which recently appeared in Africa. Using Bernardi's ethnographic data on the Meru, Needham isolates a dualistic symbolic classification of those people. The result is a very striking illustration of the order and understanding gained by the social anthropologist once this important feature of Meru ideology is shown. Needham then goes on to indicate some of the relations which such a symbolic classification may have to certain structural divisions of a society.
The Morphology of Mpondomise Descent Groups
Authors: Hammond-Tooke W. D.
Published: April 2006

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This paper had its genesis in an attempt to understand certain aspects of the ancestor cult of the Mpondomise, a Cape Nguni people of the Transkei, South Africa. Like all Southern Bantu, the Mpondomise have only a vague idea of a supreme being and effective ritual behaviour is directed towards the shades of deceased agnatic forebears, the izinyanya. It was immediately obvious that any understanding, particularly of the structural aspects of the cult, depended on a clear picture of the lineage, of what is, in effect, its ‘congregation’ (in the Durkheimian sense). It is an anthropological truism that ancestor cults exhibit to a high degree that congruence between ritual behaviour and social structure emphasized by Durkheim. In strong contrast to the universalistic world religions, recruitment to the cult group is in terms of a kinship idiom, either through birth, marriage, or adoption, the beings to whom worship is directed are highly differentiated and structurally defined, and their sphere of influence is similarly bounded. There is evidence that the ancestor cult is inversely correlated with a highly developed cult of a supreme being and that sacrifice to the manes tends to symbolize commensalism (as one would expect with erstwhile kinsmen) rather than the explicit identification of the worshipper with the offering found, for example, both among the Nuer, with their conceptualization of an omnipotent High God, and, in some of its symbolism at least, in the Christian Eucharist. Be this as it may, ancestor cults have been particularly congenial to the structural interests of modern social anthropologists and the growing number of detailed studies has greatly increased our knowledge of this religious form. It was thus essential, as a preliminary exercise, to define the congregation of the cult, the locus of ritual authority within it, and the relationship of the living members of the group to the dead.
A Further Contribution to the Study of Zande Culture
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

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In a recent number of Africa (October i960) I showed that a number of Zande cultivated plants must have been borrowed from other peoples and that others were probably borrowed too. The points there emphasized were: firstly, that the agricultural economy of the Azande is derived from many different sources; secondly, that the Azande themselves see it that way; and thirdly, that in the past it must have been much simpler than in recent times, leading us to suppose that there has probably been a connexion between bionomic development and political development. I now turn to a consideration of certain arts and crafts to show further that it is not only in the cultivation of plants that Zande culture is a complex of borrowed elements, as the people themselves are a complex of peoples of different ethnic origins, but also in their material culture generally. I do not attempt to cover all of their material culture, only some parts of it for illustration and as an indication of the extent to which it has been taken over from peoples absorbed into the original Mbomu stock or from neighbouring peoples.
The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot, and Bantu Linguistic Relationships
Authors: Westphal E. O. J.
Published: April 2006

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The languages dealt with in this paper are Bush ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’, Kwadi, Hottentot, and about 20 Bantu language groups, comprising more than 50 distinct dialects. It is concerned with pre-Bantu history and the Bush, Kwadi, and Hottentot languages, but material on Bantu is included for the following reasons: (a) The information relevant to a discussion of the peopling of Southern Africa by Bantu-speaking peoples is scattered in the available literature or is not available at all, and, (b) Bantu traditional lore has something to say on the subject of pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Southern Africa, and there must therefore be some evaluation of the relationship of modern and early Bantu languages and an attempt must be made to define their recent and early traditional language areas.
The Migrant Tenant Farmer of Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Udo R. K.
Published: April 2006

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In Eastern Nigeria today there is a growing movement of people from very densely populated rural districts to those which are sparsely peopled. The movement involves farmers who, because of the increasing pressure on the already overworked and impoverished soils of their village territories, move to districts favoured with abundant and more fertile farmlands. Migration to the farm during the farming season (February-October) may be distinguished from that in which the migrant stays at his place of work for many years before returning to his own village. The former is generally associated with short-distance movement to farmlands rarely more than twenty miles from the natal village. The latter, on the other hand, often involves movement over long distances. The migrant farmer is engaged not only in growing crops but also in harvesting and processing palm fruits. The various economic, demographic, and environmental factors which give rise to this pattern of farming are discussed in this paper, which also reviews the socio-economic implications of migrant tenant farming in Eastern Nigeria.
Labour Migration and its Relationship to Socio-Cultural Change in Mossi Society
Authors: Skinner Elliott P.
Published: April 2006

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Labour migration is an outstanding feature in most contemporary African societies. It not only touches on nearly all aspects of the lives of the peoples involved, but is often the cause as well as the result of important social and cultural changes. It therefore holds a special interest for students of such changes. Here they can observe the movements of vast numbers of people, and the concomitant problems which arise with the exposure of these people to new social, political, and economic conditions. Furthermore, working with data from migrants and their home and host communities, social scientists are able to test many theoretical assumptions which are held about the nature of socio-cultural change.
The Hausa System of Social Status
Authors: Smith M. G.
Published: April 2006

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In this discussion of the forms of Hausa social placement I wish to direct attention to the important sociological problems connected with status distribution. The Hausa afford excellent illustrative material for this purpose since their society, which lays great stress on status, is neither tribal nor modern but roughly midway between these extremes.
Right and Left in Nyoro Symbolic Classification
Authors: Needham Rodney
Published: April 2006

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The aims of this analysis are: (1) to investigate a puzzle in Nyoro ethnography; (2) to support the theme of a forthcoming handbook on the symbolism of right and left; (3) to make a further contribution to the understanding of secular-mystical diarchy or complementary governance; and (4) to carry out a routine exercise in the structural analysis of symbolism, in a continuing attempt to isolate its general principles.
Nyamayingi's Song: An Analysis of a Konzo Circumcision Song
Authors: Alnaes Kirsten
Published: April 2006

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To an outsider the most striking feature of the Konzo circumcision ritual is the songs which can be heard almost constantly from the circumcision lodges. The teaching of songs is an important part of the instruction which takes place during the ritual and in many of them a special language is used which is, to a large extent, unintelligible to a person who has not undergone the rites. In this paper I shall analyse one of the Konzo circumcision songs and try to show how, by its special language, the song conveys to the initiands certain aspects of the circumcision ritual and suggest some of their wider implications on both the social and the individual levels.
The Kpelle Moot: A Therapeutic Model for the Informal Settlement of Disputes
Authors: Gibbs James L.
Published: April 2006

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Africa as a major culture area has been characterized by many writers as being -marked by a high development of law and legal procedures. In the past few years research on African law has produced a series of highly competent monographs such as those on law among the Tiv, the Barotse, and the Nuer. These and related shorter studies have focused primarily on formal processes for the settlement of disputes, such as those which take place in a courtroom, or those which are, in some other way, set apart from simpler measures of social control. However, many African societies have informal, quasi-legal, dispute-settlement procedures, supplemental to formal ones, which have not been as well studied, or—in most cases—adequately analysed.
Structural Dichotomy and Jural Processes among the Arusha of Northern Tanganyika
Authors: Gulliver P. H.
Published: April 2006

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In his ethnographic survey of the Masai Huntingford remarks that ‘there is a constant dualism in the structure of Masai groups, largely expressed in terms of cattle colour. It is found not only in an antagonistic setting, as when cattle are divided after a raid, but also in the sections into which a tribe may be divided.’ He gives examples only of major divisions of the Kisongo and Wuasingishu Masai and the Samburu which, at least for the Kisongo, entail the apportionment of all clans to one of two groupings. In many kinds of social groupings and social activities the Arusha conceive of a similar organizational principle by which people can be aligned for particular purposes into two categories which are sociologically determined but not necessarily or perhaps even usually of numerical equality. It is possible that among the Masai this principle has a rather wider application and significance than has so far been reported; but for the Arusha, who derive much of their culture from the Masai, it is of major importance in social contexts concerning the family, lineages, dangroups, the territorial system, and the age-group system.
Chiefship and Politics in the Mlanje District of Southern Nyasaland
Authors: Wishlade R. L.
Published: April 2006

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Mlanje is an Administrative District in the Southern Province of Nyasaland. It is densely populated compared with other parts of Central Africa, having a population of 209,522 in 1945, which represented a density of 138 per square mile. The population is tribally heterogeneous, and was composed, in 1945, of 71 per cent. Nguru, 21 per cent. Nyanja, and 5 per cent. Yao people. The Nguru are the most recent arrivals, having immigrated into Nyasaland mainly during the present century. The term Nguru is used to refer to the representatives in Nyasaland of a number of tribes inhabiting that part of Portuguese East Africa which Lies to the east of Nyasaland; these immigrants call themselves Lomwe and in Mlanje are mainly Mihavani and Kokola. The Nyanja are the indigenous inhabitants of the area, who were living there before the invasion of the Mangoche Yao during the nineteenth century. Although they are linguistically distinct, the social organization of these three groups is markedly similar, and there has been a great deal of intermarriage between them, particularly between the Nyanja and the Nguru. No one of them is in sole occupation of a continuous stretch of territory, even the smallest residential groups are often tribally heterogeneous, the similarity of the social organization enabling Nyanja to be absorbed into Nguru hamlets and vice versa. For this reason it is impossible to use a tribal unit as a unit of reference in a discussion of the political organization of this area.
Homtodzoe: Expiation by Cremation among some Tongu-Ewe in Ghana
Authors: Ametewee Victor K. , Christensen James B.
Published: April 2006

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There is a general belief among the Ewe of Ghana and Togo that when a person dies the soul of the deceased goes to live in a nether world which is beyond a river, a common belief along the Guinea Coast of West Africa. This spirit-world, known as Tsiefe to the Ewe, is believed to be divided into two units, one for those who have led exemplary lives and the other for ‘criminals’ such as witches, sorcerers and murderers. Some Ewe believe that even the ‘bad part’ of the underworld will not accept the spirit of a criminal unless a special type of ritual has been performed following death. In this case the spirit of the deceased criminal lingers on in this world, plaguing and punishing members of his family or lineage until the appropriate ceremony is performed.
Visibility and Vulnerability: the Politics of Pacemakers
Authors: Vincent Joan
Published: April 2006

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Pacemaking groups are characterized first by their success with the authorities; second, by their achievements in economic life; and, third, by their efficient mobilization and organization of supporters (Morris, 1968: 34). The existence of such groups tends to inhibit the emergence of occupational or class interests since less successful individuals attribute the success of the pacemaking group to their corporate ethnic solidarity rather than to any organizational skills. This essay explores the characteristics of two such groups, ethnically distinctive pacemakers and the salariat (government paid officials), by presenting the case of an individual who sees both types as his reference groups in the small country town of Gondo in Eastern Uganda in 1966. Because of their marked visibility, both types of pacemaking group are politically vulnerable at times of change, transition, and unrest. They become the object of political scapegoating and, in extreme cases, are subject to ‘cephalicide’. An analysis of the context in which this is likely to occur throws light upon the position and role of pacemakers in the total situation.
Social Theory and the Study of Christian Missions in Africa
Authors: Beidelman T. O.
Published: April 2006

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In the past anthropology was concerned with alien, exotic societies such as Indians, Africans, and Pacific Islanders. Today it is in vogue to do the anthropology of modern societies. Abroad this is termed the study of nation-building and development; at home it becomes the study of various sub-cultures with attention towards ethnic minorities and deviant groups rather than upon the more powerful and prominent segments of our society. Anthropologists tend to neglect those groups nearest themselves, and in the scurry to conduct relevant research, a broad area of great theoretical interest has been passed by. Almost no attention was ever paid by anthropologists to the study of colonial groups such as administrators, missionaries, or traders. Today we can read anthropological studies of the impact of such groups upon native populations, but the focus of such work dims with the colour line. Thus, an anthropologist has studied the machinations of the members of a Nigerian emirate but not the tactics of the British Resident and his staff. Another applied potted Weberian bureaucratic theory to Soga local government but neglected to discuss the British district officers in the same chiefdom. Another asked how Christian Tswana behaved, but not about those missionaries who had converted them. Anthropologists may have spoken about studying total societies, but they did not seem to consider their compatriots as subjects for wonder and analysis.* In the studies of Christianity in Africa, consideration was mainly in terms of the relations of the convert to his traditional society, to the process of social change, or sometimes to the development of native separatist churches. It never included the missionaries who had made the conversions or described everyday affairs at the mission station, clinic, or school.
Rural-urban movement among Botswana's skilled manpower: some observations on the two sector model
Authors: Bell Morag
Published: April 2006

Theoretical Background and Aims

Orthodox theories of social change emphasise the importance of formal training in the structural transformation of traditional systems within less developed countries (Peil 1973; Dore 1978). It is assumed that through investment in human capital economically-backward societies will achieve modernisation and growth, and that a sequence of changes in the social and occupational structure following the typical Western model will occur. A close association between educational and occupational attainment is postulated which forms the basis for a new system of social stratification defined by educational qualification and income level (Foster 1977). Intervening between the academic achievement of individuals and their entry into the job market an important additional spatial variable is included in the dual sector model (Lewis 1954; Forde 1968). Given that rural-urban dichotomy exists between traditional and modern sectors the model suggests that considerable selective movement from countryside to town is an additional necessary condition for economic growth. Finally it is assumed that the resultant spatial separation of the educated from their traditional environment coupled by secure employment in town consolidates the process of acculturation into a Western value system (Foley 1977).