bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização mineralógica, micromorfológica e geoquímica da fase fosfática de compostos organo-fosfatados obtidos pelo processo Humifert
Authors: Toledo Maria Cristina Motta de , Passos Camila M , Ferrari Viviane Carillo
Published: November 2013

As jazidas fosfáticas brasileiras são, principalmente, produtos da laterização de corpos ígneos carbonatíticos enriquecidos em apatita. O intemperismo laterítico concentra o mineral de minério numa primeira fase, mas sua progressão modifica e desestabiliza a apatita residual, gerando materiais de menor qualidade do ponto de vista do aproveitamento mineral, embora ainda ricos em P2O5 (TOLEDO et al. 1999). Estes materiais, rejeitados, podem representar material valioso em processos alternativos de utilização de materiais fosfáticos, como o processo Humifert (STERNICHA 1988), que produz compostos organo-fosfatados a partir de minérios marginais ou de rejeitos de minas e de matéria orgânica úmida, pelo ataque nítrico, sendo os compostos formados mais solúveis que os fosfatos naturais iniciais e menos que os fertilizantes tradicionais. O processo Humifert foi aplicado pela primeira vez em materiais fosfáticos brasileiros por OBA (2000), e os compostos obtidos por este autor foram caracterizados neste trabalho, visando ao entendimento das transformações dos grãos de apatita, das interações entre os componentes presentes, das neoformações ocorridas e das propriedades adquiridas pelo material transformado, além de correlacionar esta caracterização com os materiais minerais originais utilizados pelo autor mencionado, provenientes de Catalão I (GO), Jacupiranga (SP) e Patos de Minas (MG), e com os resultados diferenciados dos ensaios agronômicos de seu trabalho. As observações em microscopia mostraram, nos produtos, fases correspondentes a compostos neoformados e grãos de apatita diferentes dos grãos dos materiais iniciais. As análises térmicas mostraram, além da perda da água livre dos produtos, um pico exotérmico a 490-520ºC, que foi relacionado a novos compostos. As medidas da solubilidade do P em diferentes extratores (água, ácido cítrico 2% e citrato neutro de amônio) mostraram um aumento de solubilidade dos produtos em relação aos respectivos materiais iniciais. Os melhores resultados agronômicos, dentre os produtos, foram apresentados por aqueles obtidos a partir de materiais mais intemperizados e com apatita não relacionada ao quartzo.
Towards the thermodynamic treatment of humic substances in soils
Authors: Tardy Yves , Toledo Maria Cristina Motta de , Bailly Jean-René , Guiresse Maritxu , Revel Jean-Claude
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um modelo para abordar a estabilidade termodinâmica de substâncias húmicas no ambiente de interação entre solo, planta e água. Nas últimas décadas, muitas pesquisas foram dedicadas ao estudo das propriedades estruturais e físico-químicas das substâncias húmicas, tendo sido acumulado um grande número de resultados. Para contribuir às interpretações sobre a evolução da matéria orgânica nos solos, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem baseada numa "diferenciação imaginária de grupo atômico" (CH2O, CO, CH2 e C), derivada da composição elementar (C, H, O e N), e da estequiometria das reações, que auxilia nos raciocínios termodinâmicos e procedimentos para balanços de massa ou cálculos de transferências no âmbito dos sistemas solo-planta-água.
Registro de paleoniscóides na base do Membro Taquaral, Formação Irati, Permiano da Bacia do Paraná
Authors: CHAHUD Artur , PETRI Setembrino
Published: November 2013

Uma camada de arenito conglomerático localizada na base da Formação Irati (Grupo Passa Dois) no município de Rio Claro, centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, exibe diversas espécies de vertebrados fósseis. Ocorrem formas de Chondrichthyes representadas por dentes e espinhos de diversas ordens, mas são os Osteichthyes os fósseis mais abundantes, caracterizados por escamas, dentes e fragmentos ósseos indeterminados de Actinopterygii. São descritos aqui dentes e escamas deste grupo encontrados na base do Membro Taquaral da Formação Irati.
Surviving as a Widow in 19th-century Montreal
Authors: Bradbury Bettina
Published: November 2013

This paper is a preliminary attempt to examine demographic and economic aspects of widowhood in 19th-century Montreal and the ways working-class widows in particular could survive. Although men and women lost spouses in roughly equal proportions, widows remarried much less frequently than widowers. In the reconstruction of their family economy that followed the loss of the main wage earner, some of these women sought work themselves, mostly in the sewing trades or as domestics or washerwomen. A few had already been involved in small shops, and some used their dower, inheritance, or insurance policies to set up a shop, a saloon, or a boarding-house. Children were the most valuable asset of a widow, and they were more likely to work and to stay at home through their teens and twenties than in father-headed families. Additional strategies, including sharing housing with other families, raising animals, or trading on the streets, were drawn upon; they established an economy of makeshift arrangements that characterized the world of many working-class widows.
An Urban Middle-Class Calling
Authors: Jardine Pauline O.
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the prime factors in the emergence of modern nursing from 1881 to 1914 at Toronto General Hospital School for Nurses (TGH). Based on primary sources in the TGH archives and early issues of The Canadian Nurse, the paper reveals that ethical principles, academic achievement, and a new public image derived from the middle-class thrust in nursing education were the basic components that led to the evolution of the trained nurse. It further explores the extent to which the nursing profession in a major teaching hospital was influenced by educated middle-class women.
Éteindre le Red Light
Authors: Lévesque Andrée
Published: November 2013

The Red Light district in Montreal has long been the object of sporadic efforts, if not to eliminate it, at least to control, regulate or limit it to a definite area of the city. Enquiries on the police in 1905, 1909, and 1924 give us information on the official position of the authorities and the activities of pressure groups concerned with prostitution. Founded in 1917, the Committee of Sixteen for a decade carried the torch of those social reformers eager to eliminate "commercial vice" in Montreal. The Committee was able to count on the support of the Montreal Local Council of Women, which was concerned with the problems of the white slave trade and prostitution. In addition to moral considerations, especially after the Great War, were the concerns raised by veneral diseases. After years of reformers' agitation neither abolitionism nor regulation triumphed; instead toleration prevailed, accompanied by a watchfulness and control of a sitution that suited a large number of interests linked to business in the Red Light district.
"To Shield From Temptation"
Authors: Sebire Dawn
Published: November 2013

The "business girl," a term coined early in the 20th century, was a relatively new phenomenon in the labour-force. Referring to clerical workers, the expression included stenographers, secretaries, typists, file clerks, and receptionists. In 1891, 14.3 per cent of all Canadian clerical workers were female. However, by, 1941 as a new level of clerical work was created as a result of an administrative revolution, the number of women engaged in this once male-dominated occupation grew to 50.1 per cent.1 A rise in corporate capitalism necessitated the employment of an educated, efficient, and cheap work-force. Women, it was felt, possessed these qualifications and would accept lower wages than men who held the same qualifications.
The Social Geography of the North American City, 1900–40
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: November 2013

Most observers of the North American city have agreed with E. W. Burgess that in the first part of this century only the middle classes could afford to live in the suburbs.1 Such a view has been perpetuated by those, such as S. B. Warner and Robert Fishman, who have concentrated on middle-class suburbs.2 Of course there have been dissenters. Among their contemporaries, both Graham Taylor and Harlan Douglass emphasized the extent to which working-class settlement in the suburbs had progressed by the second and third decades of this century.3 Homer Hoyt made a similar point in his study of residential neighbourhoods in American cities.4 More recently, Paul-André Linteau's work on Maisonneuve has documented with great care the development in this period of a working-class suburb of Montreal.5 But, in surprisingly unmodified form, Burgess's view still prevails in many texts and historical surveys. Ken Jackson's recent, and in many ways definitive, account of the process of suburban growth in the United States is a case in point.
The Information Revolutions and the Future of Research on Urban Canada
Authors: Weaver John
Published: November 2013

The information revolutions that now have converged may present the most significant set of challenges and opportunities to research on urban Canada since the introduction of quantification two decades ago. There are two major areas that ought to be of vital interest to historians, political scientists, geographers, and sociologists, not to mention journalists and public-interest groups. First, the computer and the positive or welfare state have created a glut of information the disposal of which demands careful planning by the generating agencies, archivists, and the academic community. Ironically, records managers and archivists now have discovered that the computer, once thought to promise a saving of space, has generated more paper than ever before. We will return to the issue of disposal and selection toward the end of the note. Secondly, more governments have followed Ottawa with legislation concerning freedom of information and protection of privacy legislation.
Architecture et forme urbaine
Authors: Legault Réjean
Published: November 2013

This article examines Montreal's urban fabric as it was shaped during the urban expansion at the end of the 19th century. Focusing on the development of the St. Jean-Baptiste neighbourhood between 1870 and 1914, the study attempts to explain the origins of the street layouts and the built forms of this area. While the dominant interpretations of Montreal's housing forms favor alleged rural folk influence and economic and demographic factors, this study stresses the importance of bourgeois architectural and landscape ideals as well as the constraints of lot shapes. The study points to the complex origins of the residential forms which became typical of Montreal's neighbourhoods at the beginning of the 20th century.
Kingston Adopts the Telephone
Authors: Pike Robert M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract Kingston Adopts the Telephone: The Social Diffusion and Use of the Telephone in Urban Central Canada, 1876 to 1914 Robert M. Pike The adoption and use of the telephone in urban central Canada between 1876 and 1914 are explored within the context of the wider communications environment and the marketing strategies of the Bell Telephone Company. This context becomes the framework for a case study of the social diffusion of the telephone in Kingston, Ont., between 1883 and 1911. Utilizing telephone directories and early city directories, the case study concentrates on the socioeconomic and organizational characteristics of early phone subscribers and the physical location of their phones. Both business and residential subscribers are shown throughout the period to have been drawn mainly from the commercial and prof essional classes in Kingston and to have used the phone mainly for institutional, work-related purposes.
Volumetric and Dosimetric Assessment by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans in Head and Neck Radiation Therapy: A Monitoring in Four Phases of Treatment
Authors: Cozzolino Mariella , Fiorentino Alba , Oliviero Caterina , Pedicini Piernicola , Clemente Stefania , Califano Giorgia , Caivano Rocchina , Chiumento Costanza , Fusco Vincenzo
Published: November 2013

Due to the anatomical changes frequently occurring during the course of head and neck (H&N) cancer radiotherapy, the dose distribution, which was actually delivered to the patient, might significantly differ from that planned. The aim of this paper is to investigate these volumetric changes and the resulting dosimetric implications on organs at risk (OARs) and clinical target volumes (CTVs) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans throughout the treatment. Ten H&N patients, treated by Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, were analyzed. CTVs and OARs were delineated on four CBCT, acquired at the 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th treatment session, and then compared with the ones at planning CT. The planned beams were applied to each CBCT to recalculate the dose distribution and the corresponding dose volume histograms were compared with those generated on planning CT. To evaluate the HU discrepancies between the conventional CT and CBCT images we used a Catphan® 504, observing a maximum discrepancy of about 30 HU. We evaluated the impact of this HU difference in dose calculation and a not clinically relevant error, within 2.8%, was estimated. No inhomogeneity correction was used. The results showed an increased CTV mean dose (Dmean) of about 3% was found, without significant reduction in volume. Due to the parotids' shrinkage (up to 42%), significant dosimetric increases were observed: ipsilateral gland at 15th CBCT (Dmean by 18%; V30 by 31%); controlateral gland at the 10th CBCT (Dmean by 12.2%; V30 by 18.7%). For the larynx, a significant increase of volume was found at the 20th (15.7%) and 25th CBCT (13.3%) but it complied with dose constraint. The differences observed for the spinal cord and mandible maximum doses were not clinically relevant. In conclusion, the dosimetric analysis on CBCT can help clinicians to monitor treatment progress and to evaluate whether and when a new plan is necessary. The main benefit of replanning could be to preserve the parotids and our data support the hypothesis that the 3rd week of radiotherapy should be a check point for parotids.
A New Method for Detecting Urinary Bladder Cancer by Using FDG PET/CT
Authors: Chen Yen-Kung , Yeh Chung-Hsin , Su Chen-Tau , Tsui Chih-Cheng , Cheng Ru-Hwa , Hung Guang-Uei , Kao Chia-Hung
Published: November 2013

To evaluate the accuracy of a new fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) method when applying an increased upper limit of the image threshold (IULIT) to detect bladder cancer. All patients with an unknown history of bladder tumors were retrospectively included for analysis. Applying an IULIT in PET showed a hypermetabolic focus. 18F-FDG accumulation in the bladder that was higher or lower than the urinary level of 18F-FDG was considered an abnormal focus. In 12 of the 28,767 patients with bladder cancer, applying an IULIT in PET allowed the visualization of the contrast between lesion and urinary activity. The proposed method could increase the accuracy of detection of bladder cancer.
Professional Positions on Online Psychosocial Care in Canada: A Review of Current Policy Statements
Authors: Rojubally Adina , Stephen Joanne , Fergus Karen , Sellick Scott , McLeod Deborah , Speca Michael , Taylor-Brown Jill , Collie Kate , Turner Jill
Published: November 2013

With the advent of online mental health care, concerns related to online practice are emerging among mental health professionals. This paper assesses and organizes the current status of several professions in Canada—including medicine, nursing, psychology, counselling, and social work—on the issue of practice via the internet, so that these professions may be productively compared and considered. Psychology, social work, and counselling have few stated e-health policies within their regulatory colleges, and those that do exist are conservative and tend towards restricting mental health practice online. The remaining hurdle for e-health, including online psychosocial care development, is cross-provincial practice—which, in turn, appears to rest on the definition of “where therapy resides” in the event of legal action.
Air‐sea disequilibrium of carbon dioxide enhances the biological carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Follows Michael J.
Published: November 2013

Sinking and subduction of organic material removes carbon from the surface ocean and stores it in inorganic form after remineralization. The wind‐driven upwelling of deep waters, notably in the Southern Ocean, counteracts the biological carbon sequestration by returning excess carbon from the abyss, potentially releasing it back to the atmosphere. Numerical models have shown that significant fraction of the excess carbon in the Antarctic Surface Water is not degassed to the atmosphere but reenters into the deep ocean due to the incomplete air‐sea equilibration, effectively increasing the efficiency of biological carbon storage in the deep ocean. We develop a simple theory to consider the controls on this effect. The theory predicts a strong coupling between biological carbon sequestration and air‐sea disequilibrium expressed as a linear relationship between the biological carbon pump and the degree of supersaturation in the deep ocean. Sensitivity experiments with a three‐dimensional ocean biogeochemistry model support this prediction and demonstrate that the disequilibrium pump almost doubles the efficiency of biological carbon sequestration, relative to the effect of nutrient utilization.
Sudden deep gas eruption nearby Rome's airport of Fiumicino
Authors: Ciotoli Giancarlo , Etiope Giuseppe , Florindo Fabio , Marra Fabrizio , Ruggiero Livio , Sauer Peter E.
Published: November 2013

On 24 August 2013 a sudden gas eruption from the ground occurred in the Tiber river delta, nearby Rome's international airport of Fiumicino. We assessed that this gas, analogous to other minor vents in the area, is dominantly composed of deep, partially mantle‐derived CO2, as in the geothermal gas of the surrounding Roman Comagmatic Province. Increased amounts of thermogenic CH4 are likely sourced from Meso‐Cenozoic petroleum systems, overlying the deep magmatic fluids. We hypothesize that the intersection of NE‐SW and N‐S fault systems, which at regional scale controls the location of the Roman volcanic edifices, favors gas uprising through the impermeable Pliocene and deltaic Holocene covers. Pressurized gas may temporarily be stored below these covers or within shallower sandy, permeable layers. The eruption, regardless the triggering cause—natural or man‐made, reveals the potential hazard of gas‐charged sediments in the delta, even at distances far from the volcanic edifices.
A numerical simulation study of the collisional‐interchange instability seeded by the pre‐reversal vertical drift
Authors: Sousasantos Jonas , Kherani E. A. , Sobral J. H. A.
Published: November 2013

The collisional interchange instability (CII) is known to lead to the equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) development when the ionosphere is raised to higher altitudes by the prereversal electric field or vertical drift (PRVD). The PRVD presents considerable longitudinal variation (with scale size ∼15°) across the sunset terminator and this variation may act as a seeding perturbation as proposed by Woodman (1994) and Huang and Kelley (1996b). In the present work, we examine the efficiency of this longitudinal variation of the PRVD to act as a seeding for the CII and to give rise to EPB in the absence of any other kind of initial perturbation. To do so, we carried out the CII simulation at the equator in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. We consider a few simplified cases choosing a Gaussian‐shaped longitudinal variation of PRVD with various possible minimum and peak values and finally consider a realistic case with a spatial‐temporal configuration of PRVD obtained using SAMI2 model. Simulations with simplified cases show that the EPB develops only for minimum value greater than 20 m/s and amplitude (difference between the peak‐to‐minimum value) greater than 40 m/s. Simulation with a realistic case shows that the PRVD during high solar flux summer satisfies these threshold conditions and with the seeding scale ∼15°, the EPB of longitudinal size ≈2° is developed toward east of the PRVD peak.
Subducted slabs stagnant above, penetrating through, and trapped below the 660 km discontinuity
Authors: Fukao Yoshio , Obayashi Masayuki
Published: November 2013

A newPwave tomographic model of the mantle was constructed using more than 10 million travel times. The finite‐frequency effect of seismic rays was taken into account by calculating banana‐donut kernels at 2 Hz for all first arrival time data, and at 0.1 Hz for broadband differential travel time data. Based on this model, a systematic survey for subducted slab images was developed for the circum‐Pacific; including the Kurile, Honshu, Izu‐Bonin, Mariana, Java, Tonga‐Kermadec, southern and northern South America, and Central America, arcs. This survey revealed a progressive lateral variation of the configuration of slabs along arc(s), which we interpret as an indication for successive stages of slab subduction through the Bullen's transition region with the 660 km discontinuity at the middle. We identified the four distinct stages: I ‐ slab stagnant above the 660 km discontinuity; II ‐ slab penetrating the 660 km discontinuity; III ‐ slab trapped in the uppermost lower mantle (at a depth of 660–1000 km); and IV ‐ slab descending well into the deep lower mantle. The majority of slab images are found to be either at Stage I or III, suggesting that Stages I and III are relatively stable or neutral and II and IV are relatively unstable or transient. There is a remarkable distinction for the deepest hypocentral distribution between slabs at Stage I and slabs at Stages II or III.
Thermal insights into the dynamics of Nyiragongo lava lake from ground and satellite measurements
Authors: Spampinato L. , Ganci G. , Hernández P. A. , Calvo D. , Tedesco D. , Pérez N. M. , Calvari S. , Del Negro C. , Yalire M. M.
Published: November 2013

We present new insights into the short‐ and long‐term thermal activity of the Nyiragongo lava lake by ground‐based and satellite infrared thermal imagery recorded in the first half of 2012. This is the very first time in which FLIR camera and SEVIRI data have been compared at this volcano. Maximum temperatures recorded at the molten lava were of ~1180 K, whereas the lake skin remained always below ~734 K in areas far from the upwelling zone and below ~843 K in those proximal to the source region. Ground‐based imagery yielded mean radiative power values between ~0.80 and 1.10 GW. Consistently, satellite observations showed similar mean values of 1.10 GW. Overall the thermal activity of the lava lake was quite variable along the three days of field measurements at both daily and intradaily scale. SEVIRI radiative power values retrieved for the January–June 2012 period revealed fluctuations within the same variability range suggesting that no significant changes of the lava lake area had occurred over the six months. Comparison with previous radiative power estimates showed that our data well agree with the general increasing trend recorded since the reappearance of the lava lake after the last flank eruption in 2002.
Intrusion of warm surface water beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Stern A. A. , Dinniman M. S. , Zagorodnov V. , Tyler S. W. , Holland D. M.
Published: November 2013

Key Points

There is an annual intrusion of warm water beneath the McMurdo ice shelf

This intrusion causes elevated melt rates near to the ice front

The intruding water is surface water originating west of the Ross Sea Polynya
Oxygen isotopes in tree rings record variation in precipitation δ18O and amount effects in the south of Mexico
Authors: Brienen Roel J. W. , Hietz Peter , Wanek Wolfgang , Gloor Manuel
Published: November 2013

Natural archives of oxygen isotopes in precipitation may be used to study changes in the hydrological cycle in the tropics, but their interpretation is not straightforward. We studied to which degree tree rings of Mimosa acantholoba from southern Mexico record variation in isotopic composition of precipitation and which climatic processes influence oxygen isotopes in tree rings (δ18Otr). Interannual variation in δ18Otr was highly synchronized between trees and closely related to isotopic composition of rain measured at San Salvador, 710 km to the southwest. Correlations with δ13C, growth, or local climate variables (temperature, cloud cover, vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) were relatively low, indicating weak plant physiological influences. Interannual variation in δ18Otr correlated negatively with local rainfall amount and intensity. Correlations with the amount of precipitation extended along a 1000 km long stretch of the Pacific Central American coast, probably as a result of organized storm systems uniformly affecting rainfall in the region and its isotope signal; episodic heavy precipitation events, of which some are related to cyclones, deposit strongly 18O‐depleted rain in the region and seem to have affected the δ18Otr signal. Large‐scale controls on the isotope signature include variation in sea surface temperatures of tropical north Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In conclusion, we show that δ18Otr of M. acantholoba can be used as a proxy for source water δ18O and that interannual variation in δ18Oprec is caused by a regional amount effect. This contrasts with δ18O signatures at continental sites where cumulative rainout processes dominate and thus provide a proxy for precipitation integrated over a much larger scale. Our results confirm that processes influencing climate‐isotope relations differ between sites located, e.g., in the western Amazon versus coastal Mexico, and that tree ring isotope records can help in disentangling the processes influencing precipitation δ18O.
Involvement of primary mesenchymal precursors and hematopoietic bone marrow cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients by BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene
Authors: Chandia Mauricio , Sayagués José-María , Gutiérrez María-Laura , Chillón María-Carmen , Aristizábal José-Alejandro , Corrales Alejandro , Castellanos Marta , Melón Alberto , Sánchez María-Luz , Bárcena Paloma , Matarraz Sergio , González‐González María , Barrena Susana , López Antonio , del Cañizo María-Consuelo , Sánchez‐Guijo Fermín , Orfao Alberto
Published: November 2013

For decades now, it is well established that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell (HPC) disorder. However, it remains to be determined whether BCR‐ABL1 gene rearrangement occurs in a HPC or at an earlier stem cell and whether the degree of involvement of hematopoiesis by the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene relates to the response to therapy. Here, we have investigated by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) the distribution of BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene in FACS‐sorted bone marrow (BM) populations of mesenchymal precursor cells (MPC) and other hematopoietic cell populations from 18 newly diagnosed CML patients. Overall, our results showed systematic involvement at relatively high percentages of BM maturing neutrophils (97% ± 15%), basophils (95% ± 12%), eosinophils (90% ± 8%), CD34+ precursors cells (90% ± 7%), monocytes (84% ± 30%), nucleated red blood cells (87% ± 24%), and mast cells (77% ± 33%). By contrast, MPC (30% ± 34%), B‐cells (15% ± 27%), T‐lymphocytes (50% ± 26%), and NK‐cells (35% ± 34%) were involved at lower percentages. In 8/18 CML patients, ≥2 tumor BCR‐ABL1+ subclones were detected by iFISH. Of note, all tumor cell subclones were systematically detected in CD34+ cells, whereas MPC were only involved by the ancestral tumor cell subclone. In summary, here we confirm the presence at diagnosis of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene in MPC, CD34+ precursors, and other different BM hematopoietic myeloid cell lineages from CML patients, including also in a significant fraction of cases, a smaller percentage of T, B, and NK lymphocytes. Interestingly, involvement of MPC was restricted to the ancestral BCR‐ABL1+ subclone. Am. J. Hematol. 89:288–294, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The consequences of linear growth stunting: Influence on body composition among youth in the bolivian amazon
Authors: Tanner Susan , Leonard William R. , Reyes‐García Victoria ,   TAPS Bolivia Study Team
Published: November 2013

Stunting, or linear growth retardation, has been documented in up to half of all children in rural indigenous populations of South America. Stunting is well understood as a signal of adverse conditions during growth, and has been associated with developmentally induced modifications to body composition, including body fat and muscularity, that stem from early growth restriction. This article examines the relation between short stature and three anthropometric indicators of body composition during childhood and adolescence among a rural, indigenous population of forager‐horticulturalists. Anthropometric data were collected annually from 483 Tsimane' youth, ages 2–10 years, in 13 communities in the Beni region of Bolivia for 6 consecutive years (2002–2007). Baseline height‐for‐age was used to indicate stunting (HAZ < −2.0) and compared with z‐scores of body mass index (BMI), sum of two skinfolds, and arm muscle area. Multilevel regression models indicate baseline stunting is associated with lower BMI z‐scores (B = −0.386; P < 0.001), body fatness (ZSkinfold, B = −0.164; P < 0.001), and arm muscularity (AMAZ, B = −0.580; P < 0.001) in youth across a period of 6 years. When split by sex, there was a stronger relation between baseline stunting and lower skinfold body fat scores among girls (B = −0.244; P < 0.001) than boys (B = −0.080; P = 0.087). In contrast, baseline stunting was associated with lower arm muscularity in both girls (B = −0.498; P < 0.001) and boys (B = −0.646; P < 0.001). The relation between linear growth restriction and indicators of body composition persist into adolescence, providing additional insight into the influence of adverse conditions during growth. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:92–102, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylidenkomplexe der Seltenerdmetalle
Authors: Kratsch Jochen , Roesky Peter W.
Published: November 2013

Übergangsmetallcarbene sind bereits seit 50 Jahren bekannt und haben eine breite Anwendung als Reagentien und Katalysatoren in der organischen Synthese gefunden. Die Carbenchemie der Seltenerdmetalle ist dagegen noch recht wenig untersucht und erst in den letzten Jahren in den Fokus der Forschung gerückt. Vor allem Seltenerdmetallalkylidenverbindungen, insbesondere Methylidenkomplexe, sind eine aufstrebende Verbindungsklasse mit einem hohen Potential für die Organometallchemie und möglicherweise künftig für die organische Synthese.
Genomic Imprinting – der Kampf der Geschlechter auf molekularer Ebene
Authors: Jurkowska Renata Z. , Jeltsch Albert
Published: November 2013

Genomic Imprinting (genomische Prägung) – die unterschiedliche Expression von maternal und paternal vererbten Genen – wurde als ein faszinierendes Beispiel für die Kontrolle der Genexpression durch epigenetische Prozesse im menschlichen Körper entdeckt. Es betrifft etwa 100 Gene, die oft an der Steuerung von Wachstum und Entwicklung beteiligt sind. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die Mechanismen, die zur Erzeugung von geschlechtsspezifischen Imprints in Form von DNA‐Methylierungsmustern führen, ihre Erhaltung während des Wachstums und der Entwicklung des Organismus und die Prozesse, welche die elterlichen Imprints in eine monoallelische Genexpression umsetzen. Wir diskutieren die geschlechtsspezifische, dimorphe Natur von Imprints aus evolutionärer Sicht und präsentieren das vorherrschende Modell, dass molekulare Prägung in einem Interessenskonflikt zwischen den Eltern vermittelt, der in lebendgebärenden Tieren auftritt. Abschließend fassen die Relevanz dieses Vorgangs für die menschliche Gesundheit zusammen.
Rare‐Earth‐Metal Methylidene Complexes
Authors: Kratsch Jochen , Roesky Peter W.
Published: November 2013

Transition‐metal carbene complexes have been known for about 50 years and widely applied as reagents and catalysts in organic transformations. In contrast, the carbene chemistry of the rare‐earth metals is much less developed, but has attracted the research interest in the recent years. In this field rare‐earth‐metal alkylidene, especially methylidene, compounds are an emerging class of compounds with a high synthetic potential for organometallic chemistry and maybe in the future also for organic chemistry.
Artificial Genetic Sets Composed of Size‐Expanded Base Pairs
Authors: Winnacker Malte , Kool Eric T.
Published: November 2013

We describe in this Minireview the synthesis, properties, and applications of artificial genetic sets built from base pairs that are larger than the natural Watson–Crick architecture. Such designed systems are being explored by several research groups to investigate basic chemical questions regarding the functions of the genetic information storage systems and thus of the origin and evolution of life. For example, is the terrestrial DNA structure the only viable one, or can other architectures function as well? Working outside the constraints of purine–pyrimidine geometry provides more chemical flexibility in design, and the added size confers useful properties such as high binding affinity and helix stability as well as fluorescence. These features are useful for the investigation of fundamental biochemical questions as well as in the development of new biotechnological, biomedical, and nanostructural tools and methods.
Testing the suffocation false alarm theory of panic disorder
Authors: Klein Donald F.
Published: November 2013

The need for hypotheses concerning the nature of those functions that have been impaired in stereotyped psychiatric syndromes is emphasized. With regard to panic disorder, the key role of the spontaneous panic attack became apparent from several viewpoints. However, panics seem to be a type of misreleased fear, which guided the thinking concerning the nature of possible psychological or physiological malfunctions. We indicate that spontaneous panic cannot be fear, but must represent some other malfunction and suggest that the spontaneous panic is a suffocation false alarm.

The development of this idea is outlined, and attempts to develop tests of this hypothesis are indicated. In particular, studies of children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, dyspnea, field measures of panic, pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, as well as the premenstrual syndrome afford pointed opportunities, new information and potential tests of the theory. A recent challenge to the theory from acetazolamide infusion is discussed. Developing a possible antecedent for the pathologically depressed threshold for the suffocation alarm, in the form of a phasic endorphinergic deficiency, is presented. Anxiety 1:1–7 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth hormone response to clonidine in the nervous pointer dog model of anxiety
Authors: Uhde Thomas W. , Malloy Lisa C. , Benson Brenda B.
Published: November 2013

Blunted growth hormone responses to clonidine have been reported in most studies of humans with panic disorder but have been an inconsistent finding in the study of other anxiety syndromes. The growth hormone response to oral clonidine (100 μg/kg) was investigated in the adult nervous pointer dog, a genetic animal model of anxiety. Compared with placebo, clonidine produced significant increases in plasma levels of growth hormone; however, there were no differences in the growth hormone (GH) responses to clonidine in the nervous compared with the normal pointer dogs. Findings in this animal model are discussed within the context of noradrenergic‐hypothalamic‐GH dysfunction reported in some but not all types of anxiety disorders in humans. Anxiety 1:45–49(1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient stage of change predicts outcome in a panic disorder medication trial
Authors: Beitman Bernard D. , Beck Niels C. , Deuser William E. , Carter Cameron S. , R. Jonathan , Davidson T. , Maddock Richard J.
Published: November 2013

Objective: The authors test the hypothesis that patient readiness to change predicts outcome in a placebo‐controlled medication trial. Method: Outpatients with panic disorder and agoraphobia completed the Stages of Change (SOC) questionnaire, a measure of readiness to change, before being randomly assigned either sustained release (SR) adinazolam or placebo in a 4‐week double‐blind trial. Results: In the “intent to treat” analysis, for the 202 subjects who made at least one visit after baseline, adinazolam SR was significantly more effective than placebo on most major outcome measures. Of the 126 subjects who completed the SOC questionnaire, regression analyses showed significant correlations between SOC scores and all 5 outcome measures. In a second analysis, cluster membership based on SOC scores was predictive of outcome on 3 of 5 measures. In each statistical analysis, subjects who were not predisposed to change as measured by the SOC were significantly less likely to change. Conclusions: Patient readiness to change was strongly correlated with outcome in a placebo‐controlled panic disorder trial with an effective medication. In this study, the SOC category, Precontemplation (i.e., those subjects who reported the belief that they had no problem) were less likely to change compared to those who believed that they had a problem. Anxiety 1:64–69 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The numbing scale: Psychometric properties, a preliminary report
Authors: Glover Hillel , Ohlde Carroll , Silver Steven , Packard Peter , Good‐nick Paul , Hamlin Gary L.
Published: November 2013

This study explored the psychometric properties of a new self‐report instrument, The Glover Numbing Scale©. The scale measures a variety of behaviors reported by individuals experiencing an inability to access feelings other than hostility and rage. The scale was administered to inpatient Vietnam combat veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 323), PTSD diagnosed Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatient and veterans' outreach center veterans (n = 208), two Vietnam veteran non‐combat groups (n = 45), two psychiatric non‐combat controls (anxiety disorder, n = 40; major depressive disorder, n = 31), and a non‐psychiatric never‐in‐Vietnam veteran control group (n = 48). Reliability information suggested that the scale was internally consistent with good test‐retest correlations. Convergent and discriminant validations were assessed based on the pattern of the scale's correlations with relevant Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales. The contrasting pattern of correlations provided by a subgroup of veterans who reported always feeling dead or shut down was highlighted. Principal component analysis resulted in a five‐factor solution that provided evidence for the scale's factorial validity. Numbing Scale scores discriminated levels of psychopathology within the veteran population. PTSD outreach center veterans' sum scores and item scores on the Numbing Scale were more similar to responses of anxiety disorder patients than to major depressive disorder patients. Overall, the findings strongly support the clinical application of the Numbing Scale. Anxiety 1:70–79 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dot‐probe evaluation of cognitive processing biases in patients with panic disorder: A failure to replicate and extend
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Stein Murray B.
Published: November 2013

A number of cognitive psychology paradigms have been used to demonstrate that panic disorder patients selectively process stimuli that are related to themes of physical threat and catastrophe. The present investigation was an attempt to replicate and extend initial findings obtained with the dot‐probe paradigm, a visual attention paradigm which allows for the assessment of allocation of visual attention to stimuli of varied emotional valence via the measurement of detection latencies for visual probes that follow their presentation. Twenty‐two panic disorder patients and 20 healthy control subjects were tested using neutral, social threat, and panic symptom/fear cues. No between‐group differences were observed in detection latencies for visual probes that followed neutral, social threat, or panic symptom/fear cues. These results represent a failure to replicate previous reports of selective processing in panic disorder and suggest that panic disorder patients may not selectively process cues related to bodily sensation and panic‐related fears. Implications of this finding are discussed. Anxiety 1:123–128 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal degradation behavior of polypropylene base wood plastic composites hybridized with metal (aluminum, magnesium) hydroxides
Authors: Gwon Jae Gyoung , Lee Sun Young , Kim Jung Hyeun
Published: November 2013

The effect of hybridization of wood fibers and metal hydroxides on the thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) based plastic composites is studied through thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The wood fiber increases thermal stability of the metal hydroxide hybridized WPC including aluminum hydroxide (AH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH). Hybridization with the AH increases decomposition temperature of the maximum loss rate (Tmax) of the PP due to reinforcement of residue, but the onset‐temperature of the PP decomposition is nearly shifted. However, hybridization with the MH increases both the onset‐temperature and theTmaxof the PP thermal degradation. Both AH and MH fillers increase theTmaxof the PP matrix decomposition with increment of their contents. Besides, the MH case shows higher thermal stability of the PP resin in WPC decomposition than the AH case at the same loading level. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40120.
Disrupted Brain Circuitry for Pain‐Related Reward/Punishment in Fibromyalgia
Authors: Loggia Marco L. , Berna Chantal , Kim Jieun , Cahalan Christine M. , Gollub Randy L. , Wasan Ajay D. , Harris Richard E. , Edwards Robert R. , Napadow Vitaly
Published: November 2013

Objective

While patients with fibromyalgia (FM) are known to exhibit hyperalgesia, the central mechanisms contributing to this altered pain processing are not fully understood. This study was undertaken to investigate potential dysregulation of the neural circuitry underlying cognitive and hedonic aspects of the subjective experience of pain, such as anticipation of pain and anticipation of pain relief.

Methods

Thirty‐one FM patients and 14 controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, while receiving cuff pressure pain stimuli on the leg calibrated to elicit a pain rating of ∼50 on a 100‐point scale. During the scan, subjects also received visual cues informing them of the impending onset of pain (pain anticipation) and the impending offset of pain (relief anticipation).

Results

Patients exhibited less robust activation during both anticipation of pain and anticipation of relief within regions of the brain commonly thought to be involved in sensory, affective, cognitive, and pain‐modulatory processes. In healthy controls, direct searches and region‐of‐interest analyses of the ventral tegmental area revealed a pattern of activity compatible with the encoding of punishment signals: activation during anticipation of pain and pain stimulation, but deactivation during anticipation of pain relief. In FM patients, however, activity in the ventral tegmental area during periods of pain and periods of anticipation (of both pain and relief) was dramatically reduced or abolished.

Conclusion

FM patients exhibit disrupted brain responses to reward/punishment. The ventral tegmental area is a source of reward‐linked dopaminergic/γ‐aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) neurotransmission in the brain, and our observations are compatible with reports of altered dopaminergic/GABAergic neurotransmission in FM. Reduced reward/punishment signaling in FM may be related to the augmented central processing of pain and reduced efficacy of opioid treatments in these patients.
Preparation of Yolk‐Shell and Filled Co9S8 Microspheres and Comparison of their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Ko You Na , Choi Seung Ho , Park Seung Bin , Kang Yun Chan
Published: November 2013

In this study, we report the first preparation of phase‐pure Co9S8 yolk–shell microspheres in a facile two‐step process and their improved electrochemical properties. Yolk–shell Co3O4 precursor microspheres are initially obtained by spray pyrolysis and are subsequently transformed into Co9S8 yolk–shell microspheres by simple sulfidation in the presence of thiourea as a sulfur source at 350 °C under a reducing atmosphere. For comparison, filled Co9S8 microspheres were also prepared using the same procedure but in the absence of sucrose during the spray pyrolysis. The prepared yolk–shell Co9S8 microspheres exhibited a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area of 18 m2 g−1 with a mean pore size of 16 nm. The yolk–shell Co9S8 microspheres have initial discharge and charge capacities of 1008 and 767 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1, respectively, while the filled Co9S8 microspheres have initial discharge and charge capacities of 838 and 638 mA h g−1, respectively. After 100 cycles, the discharge capacities of the yolk–shell and filled microspheres are 634 and 434 mA h g−1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity retentions after the first cycle are 82 % and 66 %.
Robust Exponential Stability Analysis of Uncertain Discrete Time‐Varying Linear Systems
Authors: Yao Yu , Liu Kai , Balakrishnan Venkataramanan , She Wenxue , Zhang Jianhong
Published: November 2013

This paper studies the robust exponential stability of uncertain discrete linear time‐varying (UDLTV) systems. The key tool is the recently proposed generating functions. It can be found that a class of improved generating functions (IGFS) can fully characterize the robust exponential stability of UDLTV systems, and the maximum exponential decay rate of system trajectories can be computed by the radius of convergence of the IGFS. Moreover, the application of convex optimization technique and dynamic programming method provides an effective algorithm for the computation of the IGFS. Finally, the numerical example illustrates the efficacy and advantage of the proposed approach.
From venoms to BBB shuttles: Synthesis and blood–brain barrier transport assessment of apamin and a nontoxic analog
Authors: Oller‐Salvia Benjamí , Teixidó Meritxell , Giralt Ernest
Published: November 2013

Venoms are currently the focus of many drug discovery programs because they contain highly bioactive and selective components. Among them, apamin, a peptide found in bee venom, has received considerable attention because of its affinity for certain potassium channels and also because of its interesting structure and high stability to extreme pH and temperatures. Although apamin has long been claimed to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), only a few studies have been performed producing controversial results. In this article, it is shown that not only apamin is indeed able to penetrate the BBB in a cell‐based model but also that an analog reported to be nontoxic passes through this barrier. Furthermore, the permeability values obtained, together with some evidence of an active transport mechanism and an amazing stability to serum proteases, make these peptides promising candidates for BBB shuttles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 675–686, 2013.