bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late‐onset Becker muscular dystrophy: Refining the clinical features and electrophysiological findings
Authors: Beltran Papsdorf Tania , Howard James F. , Chahin Nizar
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize a unique distribution of muscle involvement in sporadic Becker muscle dystrophy (BMD). Methods: Retrospective chart review, clinical examination, electrophysiological studies, cardiac testing, and genetic testing were performed in 5 patients. Results: Predominant weakness and atrophy of biceps brachii, hip adduction, and quadriceps muscles was noted along with calf and extensor forearm hypertrophy. Finger flexor muscles were severely weak in 3 of 5 patients, a feature that could lead to a misdiagnosis of inclusion body myositis. Creatinine kinase was only mildly elevated in most patients. Electromyography was abnormal in all patients. Muscle biopsy in 1 patient demonstrated normal immunostaining for dystrophin. Conclusions: We found a unique and uniform distribution of muscle involvement in 5 sporadic cases of BMD. Recognizing these features is important for differentiating it from other myopathies that may have similar features and avoids unnecessary invasive procedures such as muscle biopsy. Muscle Nerve 52: 885–887, 2015
Ketone bodies effectively compete with glucose for neuronal acetyl‐CoA generation in rat hippocampal slices
Authors: Valente‐Silva Paula , Lemos Cristina , Köfalvi Attila , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Jones John G.
Published: July 2015

Ketone bodies can be used for cerebral energy generation in situ, when their availability is increased as during fasting or ingestion of a ketogenic diet. However, it is not known how effectively ketone bodies compete with glucose, lactate, and pyruvate for energy generation in the brain parenchyma. Hence, the contributions of exogenous 5.0 mM [1‐13C]glucose and 1.0 mM [2‐13C]lactate + 0.1 mM pyruvate (combined [2‐13C]lactate + [2‐13C]pyruvate) to acetyl‐CoA production were measured both without and with 5.0 mM [U‐13C]3‐hydroxybutyrate in superfused rat hippocampal slices by 13C NMR non‐steady‐state isotopomer analysis of tissue glutamate and GABA. Without [U‐13C]3‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose, combined lactate + pyruvate, and unlabeled endogenous sources contributed (mean ± SEM) 70 ± 7%, 10 ± 2%, and 20 ± 8% of acetyl‐CoA, respectively. With [U‐13C]3‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose contributions significantly fell from 70 ± 7% to 21 ± 3% (p < 0.0001), combined lactate + pyruvate and endogenous contributions were unchanged, and [U‐13C]3‐hydroxybutyrate became the major acetyl‐CoA contributor (68 ± 3%) – about three‐times higher than glucose. A direct analysis of the GABA carbon 2 multiplet revealed that [U‐13C]3‐hydroxybutyrate contributed approximately the same acetyl‐CoA fraction as glucose, indicating that it was less avidly oxidized by GABAergic than glutamatergic neurons. The appearance of superfusate lactate derived from glycolysis of [1‐13C]glucose did not decrease significantly in the presence of 3‐hydroxybutyrate, hence total glycolytic flux (Krebs cycle inflow + exogenous lactate formation) was attenuated by 3‐hydroxybutyrate. This indicates that, under these conditions, 3‐hydroxybutyrate inhibited glycolytic flux upstream of pyruvate kinase. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encasement of metallic cardiovascular stents with endothelial cell‐selective copolyetheresterurethane microfibers
Authors: Sauter Tilman , Geiger Brett , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: July 2015

Cardiovascular metallic stents established in clinical application are typically coated by a thin polymeric layer on the stent struts to improve hemocompatibility, whereby often a drug is added to the coating to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Besides such thin film coatings recently nano/microfiber coated stents are investigated, whereby the fibrous coating was applied circumferential on stents. Here, we explored whether a thin fibrous encasement of metallic stents with preferentially longitudinal aligned fibers and different local fiber densities can be achieved by electrospinning. An elastic degradable copolyetheresterurethane, which is reported to selectively enhance the adhesion of endothelial cells, while simultaneously rejecting smooth muscle cells, was utilized for stent coating. The fibrous stent encasements were microscopically assessed regarding their single fiber diameters, fiber covered area and fiber alignment at three characteristic stent regions before and after stent expansion. Stent coatings with thicknesses in the range from 30 to 50 µm were achieved via electrospinning with 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFP)‐based polymer solution, while a mixture of HFP and formic acid as solvent resulted in encasements with a thickness below 5 µm comprising submicron sized single fibers. All polymeric encasements were mechanically stable during expansion, whereby the fibers deposited on the struts remained their position. The observed changes in fiber density and diameter indicated diverse local deformation mechanisms of the microfibers at the different regions between the struts. Based on these results it can be anticipated that the presented fibrous encasement of stents might be a promising alternative to stents with polymeric strut coatings releasing anti‐proliferative drugs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excited‐state deactivation channels via internal conversions in two position isomers of hydroxy‐methyl‐pyridine: a theoretical study
Authors: Shterev Ivan G. , Delchev Vassil B.
Published: July 2015

Two position isomers of hydroxy‐methyl‐pyridine (3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐pyridine and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐pyridine) were studied theoretically at the BLYP level of theory in order to find mechanisms explaining the excited‐state deactivations of isomers through ring puckering and “ethylene‐like” conical intersections. The study aims also to clarify the mechanisms of the ground‐state proton transfers. Three conical intersections S0/S1 for each isomer were found, which are accessible through the 1ππ* excited states. In both isomers, there is a 1ππ* excited‐state reaction path, which leads, in a completely barrierless manner, to the one of the conical intersections S0/S1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothetical protein CT398 (CdsZ) interacts with σ54 (RpoN)‐holoenzyme and the type III secretion export apparatus in Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Barta Michael L. , Battaile Kevin P. , Lovell Scott , Hefty P. Scott
Published: July 2015

A significant challenge to bacteriology is the relatively large proportion of proteins that lack sufficient sequence similarity to support functional annotation (i.e. hypothetical proteins). The aim of this study was to apply protein structural homology to gain insights into a candidate protein of unknown function (CT398) within the medically important, obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. C. trachomatis is a major human pathogen responsible for numerous infections throughout the world that can lead to blindness and infertility. A 2.12 Å crystal structure of hypothetical protein CT398 was determined that was comprised of N‐terminal coiled‐coil and C‐terminal Zn‐ribbon domains. The structure of CT398 displayed a high degree of structural similarity to FlgZ (Flagellar‐associated zinc‐ribbon domain protein) from Helicobacter pylori. This observation directed analyses of candidate protein partners of CT398, revealing interactions with two paralogous type III secretion system (T3SS) ATPase‐regulators (CdsL and FliH) and the alternative sigma factor RpoN (σ54). Furthermore, genetic introduction of a conditional expression, affinity‐tagged construct into C. trachomatis enabled the purification of a CT398‐RpoN‐holoenzyme complex, suggesting a potential role for CT398 in modulating transcriptional activity during infection. The interactions reported here, in tandem with previous FlgZ studies in H. pylori, indicate that CT398 functions as a regulator of several key areas of chlamydial biology throughout the developmental cycle. Accordingly, we propose that CT398 be named CdsZ (Contact‐dependent secretion‐associated zinc‐ribbon domain protein).
Crystal structure of A. aeolicus LpxC with bound product suggests alternate deacetylation mechanism
Authors: Miller Matthew D. , Gao Ning , Ross Philip L. , Olivier Nelson B.
Published: July 2015

UDP‐3‐O‐acyl‐N‐acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is the first committed step to form lipid A, an essential component of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria. As it is essential for the survival of many pathogens, LpxC is an attractive target for antibacterial therapeutics. Herein, we report the product‐bound co‐crystal structure of LpxC from the acheal Aquifex aeolicus solved to 1.6 Å resolution. We identified interactions by hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl substituents of the product glucosamine ring that may enable new insights to exploit waters in the active site for structure‐based design of LpxC inhibitors with novel scaffolds. By using this product structure, we have performed quantum mechanical modeling on the substrate in the active site. Based on our results and published experimental data, we propose a new mechanism that may lead to a better understanding of LpxC catalysis and inhibition. Proteins 2015; 83:1706–1719. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the charge‐carrier transport properties of IIa‐Tech SC diamond for radiation detection applications
Authors: Pomorski M. , Delfaure C. , Vaissiere N. , Bensalah H. , Barjon J. , Pinault‐Thaury M.‐A. , Tromson D. , Bergonzo P.
Published: July 2015

Single crystal (SC) diamond has since years demonstrated its interest for the fabrication of radiation detectors, especially where the material properties are providing superior interests with respect to the detection application. Among the industrial suppliers able to provide on a commercial basis high‐grade single crystal diamond, IIa‐Tech has recently appeared in the market as a new player. The aim of this paper is to assess the quality of one SC sample when characterized under α‐particles for the measurement of its carrier transport properties. We observed that full charge collection could be observed at biases as low as 0.11 V/μm with no space charge build‐up (conventionally typical bias values used are closer to 1 V/μm). Velocity reached values of 38 μm/ns and 53 μm/ns for electrons and holes, respectively (values probed at 0.33 V/μm). Similarly, the α detection spectrum displays a sharp line demonstrating the good uniformity of the material over its surface. By combining the measurements with more conventional optical observations such as birefringence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, it comes that the material demonstrates its ability to be used as a detector, with properties that can compare with the highest grade materials today available on the market.
Measurement and Analysis of Vibration Levels in Two and Three Wheel Delivery Vehicles in Southeast Asia
Authors: Kurniawan Muhammad Prasetya , Chonhenchob Vanee , Singh Sher Paul , Sittipod Sukasem
Published: July 2015

Different types of small vehicles such as two‐wheel and three‐wheel motorcycles are commonly used for domestic delivery in many countries in Asia, particularly in Southeast (SE) Asia. These types of vehicles are mostly used for delivery of packages in the last leg of the supply chain. This study was initiated at the Technical Council meeting of International Safe Transit Association to understand the vibration levels that exist in delivering packages in SE Asia for the ‘last leg’. The study measured the vibration levels that are experienced by packages in Thailand and Indonesia. The delivery process in these countries uses two‐wheel and three‐wheel light vehicles to deliver printers and small packages. However, this portion of data and testing has often been overlooked by packaging test standards used in North America and Europe to design and test packages during the development process. The ‘last leg’ delivery method discussed has generally been considered the fast, convenient and flexible way of product delivery. Data recorders were mounted on the vehicle floor to measure acceleration levels during delivery in commonly used routes in the major cities in these two countries. Measured data in this research show that the vibration levels in these ‘last leg’ delivery routes are actually lower than those measured in truck and container shipment across road and rail transportation in North America that has been previously studied by the authors. Vibration levels in the two‐wheel vehicles with rear trunk containers were higher than those in the three‐wheel vehicles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of summer monsoon precipitation derived from five reanalysis datasets over East Asia
Authors: Huang Dan‐Qing , Zhu Jian , Zhang Yao‐Cun , Huang Ying , Kuang Xue‐Yuan
Published: July 2015

Precipitation, which is the predominant component of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), may have large uncertainties among reanalysis datasets. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of five reanalysis datasets in reproducing the EASM precipitation. These datasets are NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 project (NCEP1), NCEP/US Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II reanalysis (NCEP2), Japanese 25‐year Reanalysis project (JRA‐25), Interim ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA‐Interim), and Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Results show that the five reanalysis datasets can generally reproduce the climatology and interannual variability of EASM precipitation. Especially, MERRA and ERA‐Interim have the highest skills. Considering different‐class precipitation, large uncertainties exist in the category of non‐rainfall and heavy rainfall. The five reanalysis datasets overestimate the non‐rainfall frequency, and JRA‐25 and NCEP2 overestimate the heavy rainfall frequency. The well‐known interdecadal variation around the mid‐1990s can also be better depicted by ERA‐Interim and MERRA. For the linear trend of precipitation, only MERRA can reasonably reproduce the increasing tendency over southern China and the western Pacific and the decreasing tendency over the Indo‐China Peninsula. Based on EOF analysis, the spatial–temporal structure of EASM precipitation has been examined. MERRA, NCEP1 and ERA‐Interim can better capture both the spatial patterns and principle components of the first two EOF modes. Based on our evaluation, the preferential reanalysis datasets for investigating the EASM precipitation are ERA‐Interim and MERRA, which also permit the more precise investigation of interannual to decadal variability.
Robotic surgery for ovarian cancers: individualization of the surgical approach to select ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Rabinovich Alex
Published: July 2015

Background

While well‐accepted treatment for endometrial and cervical cancers, the role of robotic surgery in the management of primary and recurrent ovarian cancers remains an area of active study and debate.

Methods

Narrative review of the pertinent literature on the use of robotics in the treatment of ovarian cancers.

Results

The available evidence may indicate the feasibility of robotics for primary and secondary debulking of ovarian cancers. The use of robotics can be considered for the surgical treatment of patients requiring primary tumour excision, alone or with one additional major procedure, and patients with isolated recurrences. However, most of the publications are underpowered, retrospective, fail to provide sufficient data on long‐term oncological outcomes and are published by highly skilled minimally invasive surgeons.

Conclusions

Robot‐assisted surgery may provide a tool to individualize the surgical approach to select ovarian cancer patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of Genome Alterations in Chironomus bernensis Klȍtzli (Diptera) for Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Two Bulgarian Rivers
Authors: Michailova P. , Ilkova J. , White K.
Published: July 2015

This study assesses the effect of sediment contaminants as indicated by the measurement of trace metal levels in two large Bulgarian rivers (river Maritsa and a tributary and the river Chaya) on the genome of the abundant chironomid species Chironomus bernensis Klȍtzli. Six trace metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were analysed in the sediments plus the overlying water. The polytene chromosomes of C. bernensis were very sensitive to the pollutants on the basis of numerous somatic chromosome alterations. Two biomarkers based on the degree of somatic structural chromosome alterations—the somatic and cytogenetic indices were applied. Both indices are a sensitive and reproducible approach for assessing the genotoxic effect of contaminants in the sediments. The somatic index from the differentially contaminated sites varied from 1.93 to 2.61, indicating the sensitivity of the C. bernensis genome to anthropogenic stress. The cytogenetic index revealed a high level of pollution in the rivers with a score between 0.27 and 0.37 (<0.5 indicates ‘highly polluted’). The genome of C. bernensis responded to the trace metal pollution by the appearance of a ‘B’ chromosome in between 4.4% and 7.1% of the individuals and detected for the first time in this species. Pollution also induced a heterozygous state in one of the Nucleolar Organizers in up to 3% of the sampled populations.

The sensitivity of the C. bernensis genome shows that this species is a good candidate for detecting the presence of genotoxic compounds in freshwater and assessing their genotoxic effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling Whitewater Park Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Colorado
Authors: Kolden E. , Fox B. D. , Bledsoe B. P. , Kondratieff M. C.
Published: July 2015

Whitewater parks (WWPs) are increasingly popular recreational amenities, but the effects of WWPs on fish habitat and passage are poorly understood. This study investigated the use of a two‐dimensional (2‐D) model as compared with a three‐dimensional (3‐D) hydrodynamic model (flow‐3D®) for assessing effects of WWPs on fish habitat. The primary aims of this study were to (1) examine the utility of 3‐D modelling versus 2‐D modelling in a hydraulically complex WWP and (2) compare modelled habitat quality for resident fishes with actual fish abundance and biomass generated from field sampling surveys. Two reaches of a wadeable river in Colorado were modelled: a natural reach and a reach containing a WWP. A 2‐D habitat suitability analysis for juvenile and adult brown trout, juvenile and adult rainbow trout, longnose dace and longnose sucker predicted the same or higher habitat quality in the WWPs than the natural pools for all four species and for all modelled flow rates; however, results from fish sampling found significantly higher fish biomass for all four species in natural pools compared with WWP pools. All hydraulic metrics (depth, depth‐averaged velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, 2‐D and 3‐D vorticity) had higher magnitudes in WWP pools than in natural pools. In the WWP pools, 3‐D model results described the spatial distribution of flow characteristics or the magnitude of variables better than 2‐D results. This supports the use of 3‐D modelling for complex flows found in WWPs, but improved understanding of linkages between fish habitat quality and 3‐D hydraulic descriptors is needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of anodic oxidation on corrosion properties of Al coating by arc spraying in seawater
Authors: Dejun Kong , Xuequan Dong , Jinchun Wang
Published: July 2015

A layer of Al coatings was prepared on the S355 steel by arc spraying, which was conducted by anodic oxidation treatment; the morphologies, chemical element compositions and phases of Al coating, and anodic oxide layer were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The corrosion protections of Al coating before and after anodic oxidation were discussed with a seawater immersion test; the corrosion resistance mechanisms of Al coating and anodic oxide layer in the seawater were also investigated. The results show that the thickness of Al coating is about 300 µm by arc spraying, the sample surfaces become loose after seawater immersion corrosion and Cl− and O2− penetrate into the substrate from the cracks, destroying the binding properties of coating–substrate, and the coating fails. After anodic oxidation, the oxide layer is formed in the surface of Al coating with the thickness of about 30 µm; the corrosion products are mainly composed of Al(OH)3, which barraged the holes caused by seawater corrosion. The corrosion cracks are formed during the corrosion, while the number and depth of cracks decrease obviously after anodic oxidation treatment. The corrosion of Al coating becomes the local corrosion after anodic oxidation treatment, and the grains are smaller, which are easily nucleated to form a new corrosion resistance layer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Application of an Extended Hierarchy Theory in Understanding Complex Organizational Situations: The Case of FIReControl
Authors: McBride Neil
Published: July 2015

Hierarchy theory is a fundamental systems approach that offers rich perspectives in understanding the flow of matter and information between different levels of control. This paper offers an extended view of hierarchy theory, which can be used to illuminate complex organizational environments. Firstly, the characteristics of a hierarchy are explored, and the flow of information and resources, the perception of space and time and changing purposes and perspectives are explored. Secondly, the importance of networks, nodes and hubs is examined as a necessary element of understanding hierarchies. Thirdly, the properties of boundaries, which act as filters both maintaining the hierarchy and enabling effective organizations, are discussed. A context for exploring the application of extended hierarchical theory is provided in an exploration of a large‐scale information technology failure in the UK government. The failure of FIReControl, a project which was to provide a nationwide system to manage disasters and terrorist attacks, is explored using the range of extended hierarchy theory concepts. The paper offers an iterative process for applying extended hierarchy theory and calls for a greater attention in systems research to boundaries, filters and networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to Aroclor‐1254 impairs spindle assembly during mouse oocyte maturation
Authors: Liu Shu‐Zhen , Wei Ze‐Feng , Meng Xiao‐Qian , Han Xiao‐Ying , Cheng Dong , Zhong Tao , Zhang Tian‐Liang , Wang Zhen‐Bo
Published: July 2015

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as typical environmental estrogen disruptors, are a structurally‐related group of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that are composed of 209 isomers and present as a mixture in the environment. PCBs congener with different numbers and positions of chlorine atoms substituted on the biphenyl moiety. Aroclor‐1254 is a mixture of more than 60 PCB congeners. Previous studies have provided the evidence that PCBs have severe negative effects on reproductive functions, but the effects of PCBs on spindle assembly during mouse oocyte maturation in vitro have not been reported. In the present study, female ICR mouse immature oocytes were cultured in M2 medium with 1 and 10 μg mL−1 Aroclor‐1254 separately in vitro. The percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the first polar body extrusion were recorded. The results showed no significant difference in the percentage of GVBD or the first polar body extrusion between control oocytes and Aroclor‐1254‐treated oocytes. Further studies showed that the normal localization of γ‐tubulin and Aurora‐A kinase was interfered and α‐tubulin assembling into spindle was affected when mouse oocytes were exposed to Aroclor‐1254. The length of spindle from 10 μg mL−1 Aroclor‐1254‐treated oocytes was longer than that from control oocytes, and the spindle area in the Aroclor‐1254‐treated groups were decreased. Furthermore, the percentage of DNA damage in cumulus cells revealed an increase after exposed to Aroclor‐1254. These results will provide the important reference for the prevention of reproductive disorders caused by PCBs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1652–1662, 2016.
Anticancer activity of Kalanchoe tubiflora extract against human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Hsieh Yi‐Jen , Huang Hsuan‐Shun , Leu Yann‐Lii , Peng Kou‐Cheng , Chang Chih‐Jui , Chang Meng‐Ya
Published: July 2015

Uncontrolled cell proliferation is a common feature of human cancer. Some of herbal extract or plant‐derived medicine had been shown as an important source of effective anticancer agents. We previously reported that an n‐BuOH‐soluble fraction of Kalanchoe tubiflora has antiproliferative activity by inducing mitotic catastrophe. In this study, we showed that the H2O‐soluble fraction of Kalanchoe tubiflora (KT‐W) caused cell cycle arrest, and senescence‐inducing activities in A549 cells. We used 2 dimensional PAGE to analyze the protein expression levels after KT‐W treatment, and identified that the energy metabolism‐related proteins and senescence‐related proteins were disturbed. In vivo experiments showed that the tumor growths in A549‐xenografted nude mice were effectively inhibited by KT‐W. Our findings implied that KT‐W is a putative antitumor agent by inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1663–1673, 2016.
Characterizing power performance and wake of a wind turbine under yaw and blade pitch
Authors: Marathe Neha , Swift Andrew , Hirth Brian , Walker Richard , Schroeder John
Published: July 2015

Wind turbine wakes have been recognized as a key issue causing underperformance in existing wind farms. In order to improve the performance and reduce the cost of energy from wind farms, one approach is to develop innovative methods to improve the net capacity factor by reducing wake losses. The output power and characteristics of the wake of a utility‐scale wind turbine under yawed flow is studied to explore the possibility of improving the overall performance of wind farms. Preliminary observations show that the power performance of a turbine does not degrade significantly under yaw conditions up to approximately 10°. Additionally, a yawed wind turbine may be able to deflect its wake in the near‐wake region, changing the wake trajectory downwind, with the progression of the far wake being dependent on several atmospheric factors such as wind streaks. Changes in the blade pitch angle also affect the characteristics of the turbine wake and are also examined in this paper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Chemistry of the M11+,2+–M22+,3+–(H)‐Arsenites: the First Cadmium(II) Arsenite, Na4Cd7(AsO3)6
Authors: Đorđević Tamara
Published: July 2015

The crystal structures among M1–M2–(H)‐arsenites (M1 = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Pb2+; M2 = Mg2+, Mn2+,3+, Fe2+,3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) are less investigated. Up to now, only the structure of Pb3Mn(AsO3)2(AsO2OH) was described. The crystal structure of hydrothermally synthesized Na4Cd7(AsO3)6 was solved from the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. Its trigonal crystal structure [space group R$\bar{3}$, a = 9.5229(13), c = 19.258(4) Å, γ = 120°, V = 1512.5(5) Å3, Z = 3] represents a new structure type. The As atoms are arranged in monomeric (AsO3)3– units. The surroundings of the two crystallographically unique sodium atoms show trigonal antiprismatic coordination, and two mixed Cd/Na sites are remarkably unequal showing tetrahedral and octahedral coordinations. Despite the 3D connection of the AsO3 pyramids, (Cd,Na)Ox polyhedra and NaO6 antiprisms, a layer‐like arrangement of the Na atoms positioned in the hexagonal channels formed by CdO4 deformed tetrahedra and AsO3 pyramids in z = 0, 1/3, 2/3 is to be mentioned. These pseudo layers are interconnected to the 3D network by (Cd,Na)O6 octahedra. Raman spectra confirmed the presence of isolated AsO3 pyramids.
Non‐invasive Prenatal Diagnosis for BRCA Mutations – a Qualitative Pilot Study of Health Professionals’ Views
Authors: Bennett Jade , Chitty Lyn , Lewis Celine
Published: July 2015

Non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is a rapidly advancing approach that allows diagnostic testing based on analysis of cell free DNA in maternal plasma. This study aimed to explore the views of health professionals regarding the use of NIPD for BRCA1/2 mutations. Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eight participants. Whilst participants viewed NIPD in general as a positive step forward in prenatal testing, they were cautious about its use for BRCA testing. Significant ethical concerns emerged regarding testing prenatally for an adult onset condition, that is not fully penetrant, and the possibility of abrogating the rights of the future child to genetic autonomy. Nevertheless, participants did identify some situations whereby the test might be beneficial, such as for individuals with very negative and traumatic personal experiences of cancer desiring reassurance or wanting to prevent passing on the condition. NIPD was also seen as having benefits over invasive testing and pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis, the only other options currently available to test prenatally for this condition. Exploring the views of a wider range of clinical specialties as well as patients at risk of hereditary breast cancer would be beneficial.
Mono‐Estolide Synthesis from trans‐8‐Hydroxy‐Fatty Acids by Lipases in Solvent‐Free Media and Their Physical Properties
Authors: Martin‐Arjol Ignacio , Isbell Terry A. , Manresa Angels
Published: July 2015

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 is known to produce two hydroxy‐fatty acids, 10(S)‐hydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic and 7,10(S,S)‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acids, when cultivated in a mineral medium using oleic acid as a single carbon source. These compounds were purified, 91 and 96 % respectively, to produce two new families of estolides: trans‐8‐estolides and saturated estolides from the monohydroxylated monomer. trans‐8‐estolides were produced by three different lipases (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM) with reaction yields between 68.4 ± 2.1 and 94.7 ± 2.4 % in a solvent‐free medium at 80 °C in 168 h under vacuum. Novozym 435 was found to be the most efficient biocatalyst for both hydroxy‐fatty acids with reaction yields of 71.7 ± 2.3 and 94.7 ± 2.4 %, respectively. Moreover, saturated estolides were also produced from a saturated 10(S)‐hydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic. These estolides were chemically and enzymatically synthesized with Novozym 435, under the previous described reaction conditions with yields of 60.7 ± 2.1 and 71.2 ± 2.3 % respectively. Finally, viscosity, glass transition temperature, decomposition temperatures and enthalpies were determined to characterize both types of estolides. Thermal applications for both types of polyesters were improved since glass transition temperatures were lowered and decomposition temperatures were increased, with respect to their corresponding substrates.
Transport equation for the mean turbulent energy dissipation rate on the centreline of a fully developed channel flow
Authors: Tang S. L. , Antonia R. A. , Djenidi L. , Abe H. , Zhou T. , Danaila L. , Zhou Y.
Published: July 2015

The transport equation for the mean turbulent energy dissipation rate $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ along the centreline of a fully developed channel flow is derived by applying the limit at small separations to the two-point budget equation. Since the ratio of the isotropic energy dissipation rate to the mean turbulent energy dissipation rate $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}_{iso}/\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ is sufficiently close to 1 on the centreline, our main focus is on the isotropic form of the transport equation. It is found that the imbalance between the production of $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ due to vortex stretching and the destruction of $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ caused by the action of viscosity is governed by the diffusion of $\overline{{\it\epsilon}}$ by the wall-normal velocity fluctuation. This imbalance is intrinsically different from the advection-driven imbalance in decaying-type flows, such as grid turbulence, jets and wakes. In effect, the different types of imbalance represent different constraints on the relation between the skewness of the longitudinal velocity derivative $S_{1,1}$ and the destruction coefficient $G$ of enstrophy in different flows, thus resulting in non-universal approaches of $S_{1,1}$ towards a constant value as the Taylor microscale Reynolds number, $R_{{\it\lambda}}$, increases. For example, the approach is slower for the measured values of $S_{1,1}$ along either the channel or pipe centreline than along the axis in the self-preserving region of a round jet. The data for $S_{1,1}$ collected in different flows strongly suggest that, in each flow, the magnitude of $S_{1,1}$ is bounded, the value being slightly larger than 0.5.
Microwave-heating laboratory experiments for planetary mantle convection
Authors: Limare A. , Vilella K. , Di Giuseppe E. , Farnetani C. G. , Kaminski E. , Surducan E. , Surducan V. , Neamtu C. , Fourel L. , Jaupart C.
Published: July 2015

Thermal evolution of telluric planets is mainly controlled by secular cooling and internal heating due to the decay of radioactive isotopes, two processes that are equivalent from the standpoint of convection dynamics. In a fluid cooled from above and volumetrically heated, convection is dominated by instabilities of the top boundary layer and the interior thermal structure is non-isentropic. Here we present innovative laboratory experiments where microwave radiation is used to generate uniform internal heat in fluids at high Prandtl number (${>}300$) and high Rayleigh–Roberts number (ranging from $10^{4}$ to $10^{7}$), appropriate for planetary mantle convection. Non-invasive techniques are employed to determine both temperature and velocity fields. We successfully validate the experimental results by conducting numerical simulations in three-dimensional Cartesian geometry that reproduce the experimental conditions. Scaling laws relating key characteristics of the thermal boundary layer, namely its thickness and temperature drop, to the Rayleigh–Roberts number have been established for both rigid and free-slip boundary conditions. A robust conclusion is that for rigid boundary conditions the internal temperature is significantly higher than for free-slip boundary conditions. Our scaling laws, coupled with plausible physical parameters entering the Rayleigh–Roberts number, enable us to calculate the mantle potential temperature for the Earth and Venus, two telluric planets with different mechanical boundary conditions at their surface.
Growth and spectra of gravity–capillary waves in countercurrent air/water turbulent flow
Authors: Zonta Francesco , Soldati Alfredo , Onorato Miguel
Published: July 2015

Using direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, we analyse the dynamics of the interface between air and water when the two phases are driven by opposite pressure gradients (countercurrent configuration). The Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}$), the Weber number ($\mathit{We}$) and the Froude number ($\mathit{Fr}$) fully describe the physical problem. We examine the problem of the transient growth of interface waves for different combinations of physical parameters. Keeping$\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}$constant and varying$\mathit{We}$and$\mathit{Fr}$, we show that, in the initial stages of the wave generation process, the amplitude of the interface elevation${\it\eta}$grows in time as${\it\eta}\propto t^{2/5}$. The wavenumber spectra,$E(k_{x})$, of the surface elevation in the capillary range are in good agreement with the predictions of wave turbulence theory. Finally, the wave-induced modification of the average wind and current velocity profiles is addressed.
Modulation of the velocity gradient tensor by concurrent large-scale velocity fluctuations in a turbulent mixing layer
Authors: Buxton O. R. H.
Published: July 2015

The modulation of small-scale velocity and velocity gradient quantities by concurrent large-scale velocity fluctuations is observed by consideration of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. This is a measure that quantifies the loss of information in modelling a statistical distribution of small-scale quantities conditioned on concurrent positive large-scale fluctuations by that conditioned on negative large-scale fluctuations. It is observed that the small-scale turbulence is appreciably ‘rougher’ when the concurrent large-scale fluctuation is positive in the low-speed side of a fully developed turbulent mixing layer, which gives further evidence to the convective scale modulation argument of Buxton & Ganapathisubramani (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, 2014, 125106, 1–19). The definition of the small scales is varied, and regardless of whether the small-scale fluctuations are dominated by dissipation or have the characteristic features of inertial range turbulence they are shown to be modulated by the concurrent large-scale fluctuations. The modulation is observed to persist even when there is a large gap in wavenumber space between the small and large scales, although local maxima are observed at intermediate length scales that are significantly larger than the predefined small scales. Finally, it is observed that the modulation of small-scale dissipation is greater than that for enstrophy with the modulation of the vortex stretching term, indicative of the interaction between strain rate and rotation, being intermediate between the two.
Faraday waves: their dispersion relation, nature of bifurcation and wavenumber selection revisited
Authors: Rajchenbach Jean , Clamond Didier
Published: July 2015

In the current literature, the dispersion relation of parametrically forced surface waves is often identified with that of free unforced waves. We revisit here the theoretical description of Faraday waves, showing that forcing and dissipation play a significant role in the dispersion relation, rendering it bi-valued. We then determine the instability thresholds and the wavenumber selection in cases of both short and long waves. We show that the bifurcation can be either supercritical or subcritical, depending on the depth.
Editorial: A WISC is Never Enough!
Authors: Gilmore Linda
Published: July 2015

Welcome to the first issue of our journal under the new title Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools. This issue is a special one on psycho-educational assessment. We have a range of interesting and stimulating articles on this topic, reflecting the important and substantial role that assessment plays in the work of many school psychologists and counsellors. Psycho-educational assessment includes areas such as behavioural, social-emotional and vocational assessment, although most referrals for assessment in schools are related to learning difficulties. The issue has a truly international flavour, with authors from Australia, Greece, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Peru, Iran and the United States.
Editorial: Applied Practices
Authors: Colmar Susan
Published: July 2015

I am pleased to introduce four diverse and interesting articles, all related to the theme of assessment, in the practitioner section of the journal: Applied Practices.
A State Space Solution Approach for Problems of Cylindrical Tubes and Circular Plates
Authors: Tseng W.-D. , Tarn J.-Q.
Published: July 2015

We present a general solution approach for analysis of transversely isotropic cylindrical tubes and circular plates. On the basis of Hamiltonian state space formalism in a systematic way, rigorous solutions of the twisting problems are determined by means of separation of variables and symplectic eigenfunction expansion.
A New Approach for Simulation of Hot Mix Asphalt; Numerical and Experimental
Authors: Vadood M. , Johari M.S. , Rahai A.R.
Published: July 2015

In this study a novel approach for 3D modeling of cylindrical sample of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is presented. To this end, the cylindrical sample was divided into several slices and using a developed algorithm the processed images were extended to 3D volumetric objects to reconstruct the 3D microstructure of HMA. To evaluate the efficiency of the presented 3D model for prediction of mechanical behavior, HMA was regarded as a two-phase mixture; mastic phase and aggregate phase. The asphalt binder, filler, air voids and fine aggregates were considered as mastic with viscoelastic behavior and the aggregate was considered as an elastic material. Two models (Burger and generalized Kelvin) were studied for determining viscoelastic behavior of mastic. Finally, to verify the model using Finite Element Method (FEM) the behavior of the 3D model was simulated under different uniaxial compressive loads. A good agreement was observed between the simulated results and corresponding experimental data which indicates the efficiency of the proposed model to simulate three-dimensional asphalt.
Exact Elasticity Solution for Axisymmetric Deformation of Circular Plates
Authors: Tseng W.-D. , Tarn J.-Q.
Published: July 2015

We present an exact analysis of axisymmetric bending of circular plates according to elasticity theory. On the basis of Hamiltonian state space approach, a rigorous solution of the problem is determined by means of separation of variables and symplectic eigenfunction expansion in a systematic way. The thickness effect on bending of circular plates and the applicability of the classical plate solutions for the problem are evaluated accordingly.
Studies on Surface Tension Influenced Critical Gap in Cantilever Microstructures
Authors: Yang L.-J. , Marimuthu S.
Published: July 2015

This note presents an elasto-capillary model of a cantilever subject to capillary stiction during drying process of removing sacrificial layers in MEMS. Similar to the dynamic analysis of the electrostatic pull-in of electrostatic micro actuators, the cantilever beam tends to be pulled down to the substrate due to the nonlinear capillary force with respect to the gap. The critical one-half gap deformation and the corresponding critical wetting area for pulling down a micro cantilever by surface tension are analytically found herein. The instability situation of a generalized critical deformation for power-law surface force with respect to gap is also predicted accordingly. Some prior MEMS works are exemplified to justify this critical one-half gap deformation for capillary stiction.
“We are Not an Ethnic Vote!” Representational Perspectives of Minorities in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: Bird Karen
Published: July 2015

This article examines the representational preferences of the represented, a perspective which has been largely neglected by political scientists in Canada. Using focus group interviews, I assess views of representation among three visible minority communities—black, South Asian and Chinese—within the urban and highly diverse setting of the Greater Toronto Area. Applying Hanna Pitkin's classic conceptual framework, I probe the multiple dimensions of political representation, examining the relative importance of its formal, descriptive, substantive and symbolic elements from minorities' perspective. Drawing on more recent advances in representational theory, I examine how minorities evaluate political actors' claims to represent them, and look at the “mobilizing objections” citizens raise in the face of such claims. Finally, I compare the three communities to assess similarities and differences in perceptions of representation along its various dimensions.
Paths towards Autonomy in Indigenous Women's Movements: Mexico, Peru, Bolivia
Authors: ROUSSEAU STÉPHANIE , HUDON ANAHI MORALES
Published: July 2015

Based on comparative research this article analyses indigenous women's organising trajectories and the creation of spaces where they position themselves as autonomous political actors. Drawing on social movement theory and intersectionality, we present a typology of the organisational forms adopted by indigenous women in Peru, Bolivia and Mexico over the last two decades. One of the key findings of our comparative study is that indigenous women have become social movement actors through different organisational forms that in part determine the degree of autonomy they can exercise as political subjects.
Malay and Sanskrit
Authors: RIBEIRO FERNANDO ROSA
Published: July 2015

Collins’ book presents a comprehensive, if necessarily concise, approach to the issue of the relations between Sanskrit—very broadly conceived, including various South Asian languages and writing systems—and Malay, equally broadly conceived, as his work contains forays into other Austronesian languages such as Tagalog, Batak, Rejang, and so on. Collins is not a Sanskrit specialist. Besides, in such a comprehensive and succinct work, covering so many fields, it is inevitable that the author will occasionally fall short here and there, although this in no way detracts from the value of his book. In particular, there is a complex interlocution that the author weaves throughout his text with his intended audience (see below for details). Collins has in fact made a name for himself in Malay linguistics, and perhaps his best known work (extant both in English and Indonesian translation) isMalay, World Language: A Short History. In the book reviewed here, Collins largely taps into over a quarter of a century of his own research and publications in English, Malay, and Indonesian, as well as a plethora of centuries-old colonial works related to Nusantara, originally published in Spanish, Dutch, English, French, and German (he can apparently read in all these languages, bar perhaps Spanish). It is a very informative and delightful work, and it should be translated into English and made more widely known.
The Fellow-Feeling Paradox: Hume, Smith and the Moral Order
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: July 2015

Hume and Smith advance different answers to the question of whether sympathy can ever be the foundation of the moral order. They hold contradictory views of sympathy, called here ‘the Fellow-Feeling Paradox’. For Hume, fellow-feeling tends to reverberate in society, leading to the socialization of the individual and even mob (collective) psychology. Hence, sympathy cannot be the foundation of the moral order. In contrast, for Smith, fellow-feeling develops into critical judgment of the emotions/actions, leading to individual moral autonomy even self-command. Hence, sympathy can be the foundation of the moral order. This paper provides a resolution of the two answers.