bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3-D modelling of salt and heat transport during the 248 m.y. evolution of the Paris basin : diagenetic implications
Authors: Gonçalvès Julio , Violette Sophie , Robin Cécile , Pagel Maurice , Guillocheau François , de Marsily Ghislain , Bruel Dominique , Ledoux Emmanuel
Published: June 2005

A 3-D model of the Paris basin was constructed to reconstitute its 248 m.y. geologic history from the Trias to the present. The model is based on detailed stratigraphic and lithographic data from about 1,100 petroleum drillings. Its scale is regional and it covers a surface area of 700,000 km2, which exceeds the present extent of the basin in order to allow the paleogeographic evolution of the European plate to be taken into account. The geological history is simulated with the numerical model NEWBAS from the Ecole des Mines de Paris.

The model simulates sedimentation, erosion, compaction, fluid flow and processes of solute and heat transport. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the value of this type of modelling for estimating and quantifying the role of fluid circulation in geological processes. Studies of diagenetic cements in the Dogger and Keuper aquifers in the Paris basin have often led their authors to consider the involvement of regional fluid circulation. These studies provide estimates of paleotemperature and paleosalinity which impose constraints on the modelling but the latter may, in turn, contribute to date the events and estimate the relevant processes. By reconstructing heat and salt transport, as proposed in this article, it is therefore possible to define the influence of hydrodynamics on these processes. The history of heat and salt in the basin is shown at various stages on a representative NW-SE cross-section of a present-day flow line which is also valid for Tertiary times. We demonstrate that the role of hydrodynamics may be predominant for salt transport by gravity-driven flow, which explains the salinity increase in the Keuper aquifer and the role of the Bray fault in the salinisation of the Dogger. Although the heat transport is dominated by the conductive component, it is also influenced by the hydrodynamics with a possible convective cooling effect when the head in the aquifers increased at the end of the Tertiary erosion period. This may partly explain the higher temperatures, deduced from fluid inclusions in the Keuper, at the end of the chalk deposition as compared to present ones. According to our simulations, the early Tertiary is the period most compatible with the diagenetic observations for thermal (maximum burial and convective cooling effect) and chemical reasons (topography allowing migration of brines in the Keuper and the Dogger).
A generalization of Cope’s rule
Authors: Guex Jean
Published: June 2005

For numerous shelly invertebrates, Cope’s rule is shown in this paper to merely describe the particular case where volume increase is strictly coupled with diameter or length. Allometries, which are frequently observed in the evolution of the shells’ geometry, mean that their size, volume and surface can vary independently. The consequences of this can be summarized as follows : 1) volume increase not coupled with an increase of diameter or length of the organisms generates increasing involution and/or lateral width in the shell of cephalopods, foraminifera and radiolarians ; 2) an increase of the biomineralizing surface, not coupled with volume increase, generates increasing apparent complexity in the sutures and growth lines in ammonites, and an increase in the complexity and number of chambers in foraminifera.
Control of Permian and Triassic faults on Alpine basement deformation in the Argentera massif (external southern French Alps)
Authors: Delteil Jean , Stephan Jean-François , Attal Mikaël
Published: June 2005

Structural investigations reveal intense and heterogeneous deformation of the sedimentary cover attached to the basement complex of the southern Argentera and Barrot massifs (southernmost External Basement Massifs of the French Alps). Permian and early Triassic syn-depositional extensional tectonics imparted a tilted block pattern to the massifs. An early Miocene first stage of Alpine compression caused pervasive cleavage. This cleavage was controlled by the former pre-existing faults but is nevertheless consistent with NNE contraction. Where regional shortening is orthogonal to the trend of pre-existing faults the pervasive deformation produced either irrotational compressional strain (where no fault inversion occurred), or rotational compressional strain involving syn-cleavage shearing (where faults with favorable paleo-dip were inverted). Where the shortening direction is oblique to the paleo-fault trends, a component of strike-slip movement may locally prevail. A 22 %, N020o directed horizontal shortening, of 11 km, has been calculated based on deformed sedimentary markers in the Permian series and parallel folds in Lower Triassic quartzite. A shallower deformation as brittle reverse faults postdates the cleavage at the southwestern tip of the Argentera Massif and accounts for 4 km of extra shortening. Both types of deformation are connected at depth to a crustal blind thrust system and the Argentera Massif is over-thrust to the south-southwest. The observed strain indicates the Argentera Massif area underwent, from earliest Miocene to Present, a NNE to N rotating compression at distance from the left-lateral southwestern boundary of the Adria block.
The building of pericratonic mountain ranges : structural and kinematic constraints applied to GIS-based reconstructions of SE Asia
Authors: Pubellier Manuel , Ego Frederic , Chamot-Rooke Nicolas , Rangin Claude
Published: June 2005

Southeast Asia represents a valuable playground for studying the mechanisms of supra subduction mountain building. Fast relative plate velocities induce rapid geodynamic changes, so that the parameters for the convergence can be constrained, whereas the recently inactivated systems are still accessible. We make use of the GPS-controlled motion of major plates together with that of smaller units within the deformed belts, to explore the Neogene evolution of SE Asia. We present simplified synthetic sections for the structural control, and used GIS-based reconstructions to support the relative location of the plates and distances between them, so that at a given time, location of units can be confronted to the tectonic observations.

Pericratonic mountain ranges are the result of long lasting convergence which was responsible for both the fragmentation of continental landmasses by the opening of marginal basins, and the shortening of these supra subduction units, which ultimately jammed them back against the motherland, or transferred them to the neighbouring plate. Because the obliquity of the convergence generated strain partitioning, new paired trench and strike-slip systems are created, moving blocks further away from the locus of accretion, so that continental or oceanic fragments may be chopped, transported and eventually severely sheared during final docking. We present simplified cross sections of the margins of the SE Asian regions prior and after the accretions of blocks and reconstructions at 2, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 20 Ma.
Application of proton magnetic resonance soundings to groundwater reserve mapping in weathered basement rocks (Brittany, France)
Authors: Wyns Robert , Baltassat Jean-Michel , Lachassagne Patrick , Legchenko Anatoly , Vairon Jacques , Mathieu Francis
Published: June 2005

The Proton Magnetic Resonance (PMR) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method, coupled with geometrical aquifer modelling, has been used to create a map of groundwater reserves over a 270 km2 study area in a weathered basement setting. Most of the reserves are contained in a stratiform multi-layer aquifer whose geometry is influenced by the weathering front. The depths to the interfaces determined by PMR are considered and validated by comparison with the geometrical approach. Water contents and decay times of the PMR signal for each weathered layer are compared with the hydrogeological model. The results of the study show a decrease in water content from the top downwards for the three main aquifer layers (respectively : unconsolidated alterite, and an upper and a lower fissured zone). The groundwater reserves (80 % in the fissured zone and 20 % in unconsolidated alterite) represent approximately three years of average infiltration.
Review of the tetrapod fauna of the “Lower Stormberg Group” of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa) : implication for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation
Authors: Knoll Fabien
Published: June 2005

On the basis of its tetrapod fauna, the “Stormberg Group” of southern Africa can be divided into at least two zones. The lowest one is composed of the Molteno and Lower Elliot Formations. It has yielded remains of poorly known stereospondyls, unpublished rauisuchians, enigmatic carnivorous dinosaurs, numerous prosauropods, and rare sauro-pods and cynodonts. The presence of an ornithischian and a chelonian is alleged, but that of a dicynodont is quite doubtful. The age of the Lower Elliot Formation has been the subject of much speculation. A parallel is drawn with European Upper Norian-“Rhaetian” sites in which plateosaurid prosauropods constitute the vast majority of macrovertebrate remains. In conclusion, the Lower Elliot Formation is correlated with the Apachean “Land Vertebrate Faunachron”, which suggests that it is not older than late Norian.
Correlation of syn-orogenic tectonic and metamorphic events in the Cyclades, the Lycian nappes and the Menderes massif. Geodynamic implications
Authors: Jolivet Laurent , Rimmelé Gaëtan , Oberhänsli Roland , Goffé Bruno , Candan Osman
Published: June 2005

The recent discovery of HP-LT parageneses in the basal unit of the Lycian nappes and in the Mesozoic cover of the Menderes massif leads us to reconsider and discuss the correlation of this region with the nearby collapsed Helle-nides in the Aegean domain. Although similarities have long been pointed out by various authors, a clear correlation has not yet been proposed and most authors insist more on differences than similarities. The Menderes massif is the eastern extension of the Aegean region but it has been less severely affected by the Aegean extension during the Oligo-Miocene. It would thus be useful to use the structure of the Menderes massif as an image of the Aegean region before a significant extension has considerably reduced its crustal thickness. But the lack of correlation between the two regions has so far hampered such comparisons. We describe the main tectonic units and metamorphic events in the two regions and propose a correlation. We then show possible sections of the two regions before the Aegean extension and discuss the involvement of continental basement in the Hellenic accretionary complex. In our interpretation the Hellenic-Tauric accretionary complex was composed of stacked basement and cover units which underwent variable P-T histories. Those which were not exhumed early enough later followed a high-T evolution which led to partial melting in the Cyclades during post-orogenic extension. Although the Menderes massif contains a larger volume of basement units it does not show significant evidence for the Oligo-Miocene migmatites observed in the center of the Cyclades suggesting that crustal partial melting is strictly related to post-orogenic extension in this case.
The Claps of Luc-en-Diois (Drôme, SE France) : evaluation of a lake fill volume based on a morphological model
Authors: Brocard Gilles
Published: June 2005

The Claps Lake near Luc-en-Diois is a naturally dammed palaeo-lake fed by the Drôme River sediment load during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The present assessment is based on a valley reconstruction using a geomorphic model. It illustrates the potentiality and limits of the geomorphic analysis to accurately predict the buried topography. This method indeed may help to reduce the prospecting work required in classical evaluations of fill volumes of such natural dams.

The lake was rapidly filled with sediments, indicating enhanced erosion of the watershed during the LIA. Several studies have attempted to quantify the volume of the lake fill and use it to assess erosion rates during the LIA. Very little is known, however, about the geometry of the buried valley. Estimated lake volumes and erosion rates vary depending on how the buried valley is reconstructed and what correcting factors are used for calculating erosion rates.

The present assessment is based on a valley reconstruction using a geomorphic model calibrated by the surrounding drainage network, as well as the introduction of correcting factors that improve the corrections applied in the previous works.

The resulting lake volume is 71–81.106 m3, and the mean erosion rate at 0.7-1.2 mm.yr-1, a high value compared to previous estimates. This rate is compared to the results obtained by various methods and over different timescales in the surrounding region.
Tectono-sedimentary evolution of a fore-chain domain : example of the Habt and Sidi Mrayt basins, northwestern external Moroccan Rif ; stratigraphic precisions and tectonic modelling
Authors: Zakir Abdelali , Chalouan Ahmed , Feinberg Hugues
Published: June 2005

In this paper, a tecto-sedimentary evolution model of the northwestern external Rif zones (Morocco) is proposed. It is based on the study of structural relationships and the biostratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis of different Tertiary syn-tectonic units. This zone shows alternating foredeep basins and anticlinal ramps with a NNW-SSE structural trend and a vergence toward the WSW. The trend of turbiditic bodies and palaeocurrent directions (from the SSE to the NNW) are parallel to the regional tectonic strike. Sidi Mrayt and El Habt basins are filled with syn-tectonic middle Eocene to middle Miocene sediments; The Habt basin is subdivided in two sub-basins: Asilah-Larache and Rirha-Gzoula. The deposits are distributed in two separated turbiditic complex, each one including a stacking of turbiditic systems. The Rirha-Gzoula and Asilah-Larache sub-basins are located in front of two anticline ridge structures made up of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Eocene material; they are respectively Boujediane and Arbaa Ayacha anticlines. The distribution of turbiditic bodies, unconformities and structural relationships within the thrusts and folds system in the northwestern external Rif indicate the progression toward the external zones of fault-propagation folds and associated basins.
Morphometry of selected calcareous nannofossils across the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary at the Bidart (France) and Elles (Tunisia) sections. Comparison with carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios
Authors: Thibault Nicolas , Minoletti Fabrice , Gardin Silvia , Renard Maurice
Published: June 2005

A detailed biometric analysis of five species of calcareous nannofossils was carried out on samples from the uppermost Maastrichtian and lowermost Danian of Bidart (Basque Country, SW France) and Elles (central Tunisia). This study reveals the existence of two morphotypes of A. cymbiformis and an abrupt reduction of the five species immediately below the K-T boundary, likely in relation with a stressful environment, which would have developed just before the deposition of the iridium level, followed by a sudden size increase in the basal Danian reflecting the reworking pattern of the Cretaceous species. In addition, the comparison of biometric and isotopic data seems to indicate that the two morphotypes of A. cymbiformis have different ecologies, the large one being favoured in cool waters.
Subduction-related magmatic imprint of most Philippine ophiolites: implications on the early geodynamic evolution of the Philippine archipelago
Authors: Tamayo* Rodolfo A. , Maury* René C. , Yumul Graciano P. , Polvé Mireille , Cotten Joseph , Dimantala Carla B. , Olaguera Francia O.
Published: June 2005

The basement complexes of the Philippine archipelago include at least 20 ophiolites and ophiolitic complexes. These complexes are characterised by volcanic sequences displaying geochemical compositions similar to those observed in MORB, transitional MORB-island arc tholeiites and arc volcanic rocks originating from modern Pacific-type oceans, back-arc basins and island arcs. Ocean island basalt-like rocks are rarely encountered in the volcanic sequences. The gabbros from the ophiolites contain clinopyroxenes and plagioclases showing a wide range of XMg and An values, respectively. Some of these gabbros exhibit mineral chemistries suggesting their derivation from basaltic liquids formed from mantle sources that underwent either high degrees of partial melting or several partial melting episodes. Moreover, some of the gabbros display a crystallization sequence where orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene appeared before plagioclase. The major element compositions of coexisting orthopyroxenes and olivines from the mantle peridotites are consistent with low to high degrees of partial melting. Accessory spinels in these peridotites display a wide range of XCr values as well with some of them above the empirical upper limit of 0.6 often observed in most modern mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) mantle rocks. Co-existing olivines and spinels from the peridotites also exhibit compositions suggesting that they lastly equilibrated under oxidizing mantle conditions.

The juxtaposition of volcanic rocks showing affinities with modern MOR and island arc environments suggests that most of the volcanic sequences in Philippine ophiolites formed in subduction-related geodynamic settings. Similarly, their associated gabbros and peridotites display mineralogical characteristics and mineral chemistries consistent with their derivation from modern supra-subduction zone-like environments. Alternatively, these rocks could have, in part, evolved in a supra-subduction zone even though they originated from a MOR-like setting.

A simplified scenario regarding the early geodynamic evolution of the Philippines is proposed on the basis of the geochemical signatures of the ophiolites, their ages of formation and the ages and origins of the oceanic basins actually bounding the archipelago, including basins presumed to be now totally consumed. This scenario envisages the early development of the archipelago to be largely dominated by the opening and closing of oceanic basins. Fragments of these basins provided the substratum on top of which the Cretaceous to Recent volcanic arcs of the Philippines were emplaced.
Normapolles. Comparison between central and southwestern Europe during the Cenomanian and Turonian : evolution of biodiversity and paleoenvironment
Authors: Méon Henriette , Guignard Gaëtan , Pacltová Blanka , Svobodová Marcela
Published: June 2005

Through a study of some selected sites, the group of pollen, Normapolles, extinct Angiosperms, appears to be an example illustrating the biodiversity in space, both in France and Czech Republic, as well as in time, from Cenomanian to Turonian. This first study shows an evolution, from a low biodiversity during the Middle Cenomanian, to an “explosion” of the number of forms in the late Turonian-early Coniacian. This biodiversity evolution seems to be linked to palaeoenvironmental changes, such as anoxic crisis, climate and/or eustacy...
Oxfordian sedimentary dykes : tectonic and diagenetic implications for the eastern Paris basin
Authors: André Grégoire , Hibsch Christian , Beaudoin Bernard , Carpentier Cédric , Fourcade Serge , Cathelineau Michel , Élion Pascal
Published: June 2005

Vertical fractures in Oxfordian limestones of the eastern part of the Paris Basin are interpreted as resulting from synsedimentary extensional deformations which occurred during the Mesozoic. These NNE-SSW striking fractures are 10 to 20 meters in height, and filled with microgranular material.

The fractures mainly affect crinoidal and oolitic grainstones. Their micritic to microsparitic, lithoclast-bearing infills may have resulted from the solidification of an ancient mud injected from non-lithified, overlying layers of marine sediments. They should therefore be referred to as sedimentary dykes. Graded layering suggests deposition under turbulent flow conditions, whereas later plastic deformation and breccia formation indicate a syndiagenetic reworking. Such observations are consistent with a predominance of the sedimentary dykes in grainstones, which are more rapidly lithified and therefore subject to early fracturing. On the contrary, these dykes are rare in mudstones which may constitute the source of the material for the infills in the grainstones.

Both the analysis of the wall geometry and the reconstruction of the diagenetic history of the infills make possible to distinguish two types of sedimentary dykes. The first type corresponds to a fracturation characterized by irregular walls around the rock-constituting grains (i.e. crinoidal debris or ooids), whereas the walls in the second type are cross-cutting the grains and present a fringe of sparite predating the microsparite infill.

The following scenario is proposed for the first type of sedimentary dykes: i) syntaxial cementation of crinoidal debris and early cementation of ooids; ii) fracturing along grain boundaries under low burial strain; iii) filling of fractures and open porosity by the mud. The second type of sedimentary dykes was formed under deeper burial conditions, which is indicated by both pre-existing bedding-parallel stylolites and the precipitation of sparite on the walls before the sedimentary infill. This early fracturation and the availability of a sedimentary filling, non-lithified material point to a late Jurassic age for these sedimentary dykes.

The δ18OSMOW isotopic signatures measured for the infilling sparite and microsparite materials indicate that these were precipitated from meteoric waters, either early during the formation of the sedimentary dykes or during a later recrystallization event.

The sedimentary dykes have recorded an E-W extension during the Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian period, which is in good agreement with the late Jurassic tectonic history of the western European platform. This early Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian fracturing and its associated fluid paleocirculations is of major interest in the context of the tectonic history of the Paris Basin, since most of these N-S to NNE-SSW tension gashes have been previously attributed to the Eocene Pyrenean shortening and Oligocene rifting stages.
Stratigraphic evolution of Triassic arc-backarc system in northwestern Croatia
Authors: Goričan Špela , Halamić Josip , Grgasović Tonći , Kolar-Jurkovšek Tea
Published: June 2005

Middle Triassic arc-related extensional tectonics in the western Tethys generated a complex pattern of intra-and backarc basins. We studied volcano-sedimentary successions of subsided continental-margin blocks (Mts. Žumberak and Ivanščica) and of dismembered incomplete ophiolite sequences interpreted as remnants of a backarc basin (Mts. Medvednica and Kalnik) in northwestern Croatia. We dated the successions with radiolarians, conodonts, foraminifers, algae, and sponges.

The continental margin experienced a phase of accelerated subsidence in the late Anisian that was approximately coincident with the onset of intermediate and acidic volcanism; pelagic sediments with volcaniclastics accumulated atop subsided carbonate platforms. These relatively shallow basins were later infilled completely by prograding platforms in the late Ladinian-Carnian. In the backarc basin, sea-floor spreading initiated near the Anisian-Ladinian boundary and continued into the late Carnian. Pillow basalts were erupted and interlayered with radiolarian cherts and shales.

The studied area was a part of a larger Triassic arc-backarc system preserved in the southern Alps, Alpine-Carpathian Belt, Dinarides, and Hellenides. Volcano-sedimentary successions of Mts. Medvednica and Kalnik are relics of the Meliata-Maliak backarc basin. In comparison to other previously dated oceanic remnants of this system, the longest continuous sea-floor spreading is now documented in one restricted tectonic unit.
High-frequency relative sea level variation cycles recorded in sedimentary discontinuities
Authors: Hamon Youri , Merzeraud Gilles , Combes Pierre-Jean
Published: June 2005

In the Lodève region (“Caussenard High” southwestern margin of the South-East Basin), upper Hettangian to Lotharingian carbonate series shows more than twenty sedimentary discontinuities of various types. Some of these discontinuities are polyphase surfaces, which record high-frequency sea-level variation cycles. One of these discontinuities has been studied in detail, in order to understand its origin (processes, chronology of formation). Several stages of formation have been recognized. A transgressive erosion occurred first. Next, development of Skolithos and Diplocraterion burrows, associated with iron mineralizations, could be indicative of a condensation phase corresponding to the subsequent maximum-flooding period. The burrows sparitic fills may characterize the highstand period following the maximum-flooding period. Next, alteration and corrosion observed on the surface and in the burrows may indicate an emersion related to a regressive phase and the subsequent lowstand period. Finally, micro mud-mounds (formed by pelecypods and corals trapping fine lime sediment) may indicate a new condensation phase, associated with the transgression and the following maximum-flooding period. Thus, this discontinuity records one and a half relative sea level variation cycle. Counting sequences observed in the deposits and in the discontinuities leads to an estimate of 100,000 years duration for these cycles. That could correspond to the eccentricity variation cycles. Moreover, the local synsedimentary tectonics may have influenced the formation of this type of discontinuity, by forming shallow restricted environments favourable to their development. Recognition and understanding of these particular discontinuities are essential because they may be laterally correlated with other surfaces in continental settings (paleokarst) or with classical sequences in marine environments.
The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho)
Authors: Knoll Fabien
Published: June 2005

In the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa), the “Stormberg Group” can be divided into at least two faunal zones on the basis of its palaeontological content. The upper one encompasses the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations (“Upper Stormberg Group”). It is well known for its prosauropod and cynodont fauna, but it has also yielded some ste-reospondyl remains, a turtle, at least one lepidosaur, a small variety of crocodylomorphs, rare theropod elements, and an assortment of ornithischians. The presence of pterosaurs is put forward on ichnological grounds, but aetosaur and rauisuchian representatives do not appear to be present. The age of the “Upper Stormberg Group” has been the subject of much speculation. Strong analogies with the skeletal and ichnological record of Lower Jurassic North American formations provide evidence that the Upper Elliot Formation is fundamentally Hettangian in age. The lower part of the Clarens Formation would essentially correspond to the Sinemurian whereas its upper part, which is poor in fossils, would be Pliensbachian in age.
Movement of Lagoon‐Liquor Constituents below Four Animal‐Waste Lagoons
Authors: DeSutter Tom M. , Pierzynski Gary M. , Ham Jay M.
Published: June 2005

Movement of liquor constituents from animal‐waste lagoons has the potential to degrade ground water quality. The depth of movement and concentrations of lagoon‐liquor constituents in the soil underlying three cattle (Bos taurus)‐waste retention lagoons and one swine (Sus scrofa)‐waste lagoon were determined. Samples were taken by using a direct‐push coring machine, dissected by depth, and analyzed for total N, organic C, CaCO3, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), texture, and extractable NO3, NH4, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Ammonium N concentrations were greatest in the upper 0.5 m of soil under all four lagoons with concentrations ranging from 94 to 1139 mg kg−1Organic N was determined to make up between 39 and 74% of the total N beneath all lagoons. The swine lagoon had 2.4 kg N m−2in the underlying soil whereas the cattle lagoon with highest quantity of N had 1.2 kg N m−2in the underlying soil. Although N concentrations decreased with depth, N was greater than expected background levels at the bottom of some cores, indicating that the sampling efforts did not reach the bottom of the N plume. Nitrate N concentrations were generally less than 5 mg kg−1immediately below the lagoon floor. In the uppermost 0.5 m of soil underlying the swine and three cattle lagoons, NH4+occupied 44% and between 1 and 22% of the soil cation exchange sites, respectively. The depth of movement of N under these lagoons, as much as 4 m, may pose remediation difficulties at lagoon closure.
Phosphorus Retention in Small Constructed Wetlands Treating Agricultural Drainage Water
Authors: Reinhardt Miriam , Gächter René , Wehrli Bernhard , Müller Beat
Published: June 2005

The construction of artificial wetlands has become a measure increasingly applied to reduce nonpoint‐source (NPS) pollution and to contribute to the restoration of eutrophic lakes and coastal waters. In a 2‐yr study monitoring fluxes of particulate and dissolved phosphorus (P) in a small artificial wetland for the treatment of agricultural drainage water in Central Switzerland, water residence time was identified as the main factor controlling P retention in the system. Since most of the annual P load (62% as dissolved reactive phosphorus, DRP) was related to high discharge events, it was not average but minimum water residence time during flood events that determined the wetland's P retention. In agreement with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model, our investigations suggest a minimum water residence time of 7 d to retain at least 50% of the bioavailable P. The investigated wetland retained only 2% of the bioavailable P, since the water residence time was shorter than 7 d during 61% of time in both years. Settling of phytoplankton rather than DRP uptake into phytoplankton limited the retention of bioavailable P. The overall retention efficiency of 23% total phosphorus (TP), corresponding to a surface related retention of 1.1 g P m−2 yr−1, was due to the efficient trapping of pedogenic particles.
A Seven‐Year Water Balance Study of an Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover Varying in Slope for Semiarid Regions
Authors: Nyhan J. W.
Published: June 2005

The goal of radioactive and hazardous waste disposal in shallow landfills is to reduce risk to human health and to the environment by isolating contaminants until they no longer pose a hazard. To achieve this for a semiarid region, we studied a landfill cover containing a gravel layer, an evapotranspiration (ET) cover, in the field for 7 yr. We measured total water balance at 6‐h intervals for this landfill cover design in four 1.0‐ by 10.0‐m plots with downhill slopes of 5, 10, 15, and 25%. During the 7 yr of the field study, runoff accounted for 1.4 to 3.8% of the precipitation losses on these unvegetated landfill cover designs, whereas similar values for evaporation ranged from 88 to 95%. Evaporation usually increased with increases in slope in our field plots; for example, the ET Cover at slopes of 5 and 15% displayed 274 and 296 cm of evaporation, respectively. Interflow and seepage usually decreased with increasing slope; for example, as slope increased from 10 to 25%, interflow decreased from 18.4 to 8.8 cm. Seepage consisted of up to 1.7% of the precipitation on the ET cover, showing a maximum value of 5.3 cm on the ET cover with the slope of 5%.
New Amides of 5‐Acylamino‐3‐Methyl‐4‐Isothiazolecarboxylic Acid and their Immunotropic Activity
Authors: Lipnicka Urszula , Regiec Andrzej , Sułkowski Emil , Zimecki Michał
Published: June 2005

Several new amides 4 of 5‐substituted 3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid were obtained. These compounds have acetylamino or benzoylamino groups in position 5 of the isothiazole ring. In position 4, the carboxylic group was transformed in the amides using amino‐acid esters. Activities of the obtained derivatives were checked in the humoral immune response and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) in vivo.
A diabetes‐like environment increases malformation rate and diminishes prostaglandin E2 in rat embryos: Reversal by administration of vitamin E and folic acid
Authors: Wentzel Parri , Eriksson Ulf J.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Offspring of women with diabetes are at increased risk for congenital malformations and disturbed growth compared with infants from nondiabetic pregnancies. The precise biological process behind these effects is not yet completely clarified. Previous studies have suggested that diabetic embryopathy is associated with increased level of oxidative stress and disturbed arachidonic acid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a diabetes‐like environment both in vivo and in vitro increases embryonic levels of isoprostanes and alters embryonic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration. Furthermore, we studied whether vitamin E and folic acid treatment rectify such alterations.

METHODS

Embryos from diabetic and nondiabetic rats at gestational days (GDs) 10 and 11 were used. In the in vitro experiments, we used whole embryo culture, which mimics pregnancy. GD 9 embryos from nondiabetic rats were cultured for either 24 hr (corresponding to GD 10) or 48 hr (corresponding to GD 11) and exposed to 10 or 30 mM glucose concentration with or without folic acid.

RESULTS

Embryos from diabetic rats and embryos cultured in a high glucose concentration showed increased malformation rates. Dietary treatment with vitamin E in vivo and supplementation of folic acid in the culture medium with 30 mM glucose in vitro decreased the malformation rate, decreased embryonic isoprostane levels, and increased PGE2 concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes‐induced oxidative stress and disturbance of PGE2 production may contribute to the embryonic dysmorphogenesis in the offspring of diabetic rodents and, thereby, may also have a role in human diabetic embryopathy. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What tangled web: barriers to rampant horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Kurland Charles G.
Published: June 2005

Dawkins in his The Selfish Gene(1) quite aptly applies the term “selfish” to parasitic repetitive DNA sequences endemic to eukaryotic genomes, especially vertebrates. Doolittle and Sapienza(2) as well as Orgel and Crick(3) enlivened this notion of selfish DNA with the identification of such repetitive sequences as remnants of mobile elements such as transposons. In addition, Orgel and Crick(3) associated parasitic DNA with a potential to outgrow their host genomes by propagating both vertically via conventional genome replication as well as infectiously by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to other genomes. Still later, Doolittle(4) speculated that unchecked HGT between unrelated genomes so complicates phylogeny that the conventional representation of a tree of life would have to be replaced by a thicket or a web of life.(4) In contrast, considerable data now show that reconstructions based on whole genome sequences are consistent with the conventional “tree of life”.(5–10) Here, we identify natural barriers that protect modern genome populations from the inroads of rampant HGT. BioEssays 27:741–747, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lessons from nature: On the molecular recognition elements of the phosphoprotein binding‐domains
Authors: Roque A. Cecília A. , Lowe Christopher R.
Published: June 2005

The reversible phosphorylation of proteins regulates many biological processes. Despite the technological advances in the enrichment and detection of phosphorylated proteins, the currently available techniques still struggle with the complexity of the human proteome. The aim of this review is to highlight the molecular recognition elements of the interaction between phosphorylated proteins and peptides and pTyr or pSer/Thr‐binding domains. The identification of the recognition features of the naturally occurring pTyr‐ and pSer/Thr‐binding domains can contribute to an understanding of the molecular aspects of the affinity and specificity for phosphorylated residues. This might inspire the design of small “biomimetic” molecules with potential applications in assessing the extent of the phosphoproteome using affinity‐based strategies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide with high‐doses of arabinosylcytosine and methotrexate (HyperCHiDAM Verona 897)
Authors: Todeschini Giuseppe , Tecchio Cristina , Pasini Felice , Benedetti Fabio , Cantini Maurizio , Crippa Claudia , Draisci Michela , Pizzolo Giovanni
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Patients who have aggressive, refractory or recurrent non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) that are refractory to first‐line anthracycline‐containing regimens (ACRs) have a dismal outcome. Achieving complete remission (CR) is essential for a favorable outcome. To improve the CR rate in these patients, the authors designed a new protocol that contained hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide (CTX), high‐dose arabinosylcytosine (HiDAC), and high‐dose methotrexate (MTX) delivered sequentially in the same cycle and followed by the administration of granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) (HyperCHiDAM Verona 897).

METHODS

Between February 1998 and May 2002, 28 consecutive adult patients (median age, 44 years) with aggressive NHL (B‐lineage in 21%, T‐lineage in 7%, and Ki‐67 percentage > 50 in 82%) were entered on the protocol after they had failed on ACRs (15 patients with refractory disease, 6 patients with stable disease, 5 patients with recurrent disease, and 2 patients in partial remission). Patients characteristics were as follows: Twenty‐two patients had Stage III–IV NHL (78.6%), 19 patients had B symptoms (67.8%), 22 patients had extranodal disease (78.6%), 12 patients had bulky mass (42.8%), 18 patients elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels (66%), and 8 patients had high‐intermediate/high International Prognostic Index scores (64.3%). Patients received hyperfractionated CTX (300 mg/m2) and HiDAC (2 g/m2) every 12 hours on Days 2–4 and received high‐dose MTX (400 mg/m2 bolus plus 1600 mg/m2 as a 24‐hour continuous infusion on Day 1 with folinic rescue), followed by G‐CSF. Subsequently, 15 patients underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT), and 4 patients underwent allogeneic SCT.

RESULTS

A CR was achieved by 18 of 28 patients (64.3%), a partial remission was achieved by 6 patients (21.4%), 4 patients were nonresponders or had progressive disease (14.3%), and there was 1 early toxic death (3.5%). Two of 18 patients developed recurrent disease (11.1%). The median follow‐up for all patients was 35 months (range, from 2 months to ≥ 74 months). Among the patients who achieved a continuous CR, the median follow‐up was 48 months (range, from ≥ 32 months to ≥ 73 months). At the time of the current report, 13 of 28 patients (46.42%) were event‐free.

CONCLUSIONS

HyperCHiDAM Verona 897 was an effective regimen for patients with aggressive NHL who failed on ACRs, and it allowed patients to undergo subsequent SCT. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The Influence of Promoters and Poisons on Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Rh(100): A DFT Study
Authors: Nieskens Davy L. S. , Curulla Ferré Daniel , Niemantsverdriet J. W.
Published: June 2005

Density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the pairwise lateral interaction energies between carbon monoxide and coadsorbed elements from the first three rows of the periodic table on a Rh(100) surface. The atoms were placed in a c(2×2) arrangement of fourfold hollow sites and the carbon monoxide probe molecule in a p(2×2) arrangement, so that each CO molecule had four atoms as nearest neighbours. The alkali atoms show an attractive interaction with CO while the other atoms show a repulsive interaction. For second‐row elements the maximum repulsion is at nitrogen and for third‐row elements at sulphur. Attempts to correlate the interaction energies with properties of the system, such as electronegativity, distances, or change in work function, failed, which implies that each combination of adsorbates needs to be calculated separately.
Can online mediation be transformative? Tales from the front
Authors: Raines Susan Summers
Published: June 2005

This article briefly reviews the precepts of the transformative model of mediation, examines the types of disputes that are most suited to online mediation, and offers some examples from online commercial mediation to show how some of the ideas and techniques borrowed from the “transformative model” may be applied in the realm of online mediation.
New Copper Chalcogenide Clusters with a Selenide Core and a Sulfide Shell
Authors: Fuhr Olaf , Fernandez‐Recio Lucia , Fenske Dieter
Published: June 2005

The reaction of copper(I) acetate with mixtures of PhSSiMe3 and Se(SiMe3)2 in the presence of PPh3 leads to a series of new cluster compounds consisting of a copper selenide core surrounded by a sulfide shell: [Cu17Se(SPh)15(PPh3)4], [Cu20Se(SPh)12(OAc)6(PPh3)4], [Cu28Se6(SPh)16(PPh3)8], [Cu36Se8(SPh)20(PPh3)8], [Cu54Se8(SPh)30(OAc)8(PPh3)6], and[Cu72Se14(SPh)36(OAc)8(PPh3)6]. They have been structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The two smallest clusters have a ball‐like structure with one selenium atom in the center totally enclosed by sulfur atoms. In the other clusters the inner copper–selenium core is surrounded by an incomplete sulfur shell varying between 53 and 87 % coverage. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cationic Iridium Complexes with Chiral Dithioether Ligands: Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity under Hydrogenation Conditions
Authors: Flores‐Santos Leticia , Martin Erika , Aghmiz Ali , Diéguez Montserrat , Claver Carmen , Masdeu‐Bultó Anna M. , Muñoz‐Hernández Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2005

A series of cationic IrI complexes containing chiral dithioether ligands have been prepared in order to study the influence of the sulfur substituents and the metallacycle size on the acetamidoacrylate hydrogenation reaction. In the case of complexes 6, 7 and 10, a mixture of diastereomers is observed in solution due to the sulfur inversion processes. In contrast, this fluxional behaviour is efficiently controlled by using bicyclic ligands which inhibit the S‐inversion in complexes 8 and 9. The solid‐state structure of complex 10b shows only one diastereomer with the sulfur substituents in a relative anti disposition and in an overall configuration of SCSCSSSS at the coordinated dithioether ligand. Iridium complexes containing seven‐ and six‐membered metallacycles (6b–d, 7b,c, 10a,b) react with the substrate through S‐ligand substitution, and the rate of this substitution is related to the position of the fluorine atom on the aromatic ring. On the contrary, complexes containing a bismetallacycle (8 and 9) are not displaced by the substrate. The catalytic hydrogenation activity of complexes 8 and 9 is analysed in terms of the high stability of the corresponding dihydride complexes (13 and 14). In both cases, only two of the four possible diastereomeric dihydride species are formed in solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Additive Nature of Energy Penalties in 10‐Vertex nido‐(Car)boranes
Authors: Kiani Farooq A. , Hofmann Matthias
Published: June 2005

A structural increment system, i.e. quantitative rules that govern the relative stabilities of 10‐vertex nido‐boranes and‐carboranes, has been determined. Density functional theory computations at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level with ZPE corrections were carried out for 81 different boron hydride and carborane structures from [B10H12]2– to C3B7H11 to determine their relative stabilities. A set of eleven disfavored geometrical features that destabilize a cluster structure relative to a hypothetical ideal situation were identified and weighted by so‐called energy penalties. The latter show good additive behavior and allow us to reproduce the DFT computed relative energies mostly with an accuracy of 6.0 kcal mol–1. Some unknown 10‐vertex nido‐carboranes that are thermodynamically more stable than their known isomers are also identified. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Coordination Assembly of TTF Derivatives through CuI Bridges
Authors: Lu Wen , Yan Zhe‐Min , Dai Jie , Zhang Yong , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Jia Ding‐Xian , Guo Wen‐Juan
Published: June 2005

The sulfur‐rich ligand C12H12O4S6 (1) and complexes [(C12H12O4S6)CuI]2 (2) and [(C7H6O4S3)CuI]∞ (3) have been synthesized and characterized crystallographically. Molecules of compound 1, a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative, have a boat‐shaped configuration and are packed discretely within the crystal. Compound 1 coordinates to a rhomboid CuI center forming a dimeric TTF derivative 2. In complex 2 the boat‐shaped configuration of 1 is flattened. Molecules of 2 are packed regularly and compactly in the crystal and are arranged side by side with short S···S contacts, which assemble the molecules into a 1D ribbon structure. This provides evidence that metal coordination or assembly is a useful stratagem for changing the molecular configuration and packing that further influence the intermolecular interactions. Complex 3 has a step‐like polymeric structure formed by copper‐iodine bridges and copper‐sulfur bridges (coordinated thiocarbonyl). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Towards a Library of “Early‐Late” Ti–Ru Bimetallic Complexes
Authors: Bareille Laurianne , Le Gendre Pierre , Richard Philippe , Moïse Claude
Published: June 2005

A series of new titanocene phosphanes 3–6 have been prepared by replacing both chloride atoms at the titanium atom of the complexes [TiCl2(η5‐C5H5){η5‐C5H4(CH2)2PR2}] (1: R = Ph; 2: R = Cy) by sodium fluoride or sodium benzoate in two‐phase systems. Treatment of these new metalloligands with the binuclear complex [(p‐cymene)RuCl2]2 affords the targeted titanocene difluoride and titanocene dibenzoate bimetallic ruthenium complexes 8–11. The first chiral Ti–Ru bimetallic complex 12 bearing a binaphthyloxy ligand at the titanium centre has been synthesised in this way. In each series, an X‐ray crystal structure has been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Bridging β‐Lactam Coordination at Dinuclear Zinc Sites
Authors: Meyer Franc , Pritzkow Hans
Published: June 2005

Two highly preorganized dizinc scaffolds based on compartmental pyrazolate ligands are found to incorporate 2‐azetidinone in its deprotonated β‐lactamide form as an N,O‐bridging ligand within the dimetallic pocket. Both dizinc β‐lactamide complexes 3·(ClO4)2 and 4·(ClO4)2 have been characterized structurally and spectroscopically, revealing a strengthening of the β‐lactamide C–N bond and a weakening of the C=O bond relative to free 2‐azetidinone. These findings contrast the reverse geometrical changes observed recently by Brombacher and Vahrenkamp for β‐lactamide N‐bound to only a single zinc ion, thus underlining the particular dimetallic effect that is achieved by the cooperativity of two adjacent metal ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)