bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF SALICYLIC ACID RESIDUE IN ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID TABLETS
Authors: IGBINADUWA P. O. , ALKALI A. K.
Published: March 2023

The pharmacological indications for acetyl salicylic acid have been on the increase over the years. It was initially indicated for the management of inflammation but its use as a cardioprotective agent  is now more prominent. However, one of the major drawbacks of this drug is gastric irritation and bleeding which could lead to ulcer, anemia and several medical complications. These drawbacks are attributable to salicylic acid residue in acetyl salicylic acid.  The determination of salicylic acid residue in acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets was carried out using a spectrophotometric method.

Twenty one formulations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets were assayed. From the results, 71.43%   of   the   formulations   failed   to   meet   up   the   British pharmacopoeia standard of 0.75% limit of free salicylic acid in acetylsalicylic acid tablets. This work highlights the need for regulatory agencies to routinely determine the level of free salicylic acid   in acetylsalicylic acid formulations to ensure that they conform to pharmacopoeia standard
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DAIRY CATTLE IN A RURAL COMMUNITY
Authors: IGBINOSA E. O. , BESHIRU A.
Published: March 2023

The emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci among livestock production have revealed different epidemiological dimension to the understanding of the staphylococcal infection. The aim of this study was to investigate methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains isolated from raw milk and nasal cavity from free range dairy cattle in rural community using phenotypic profiling. A total of 283 samples were examined from free range dairy cattle (137 milk samples and 146 nasal swabs) were assessed between February and April 2015. Staphylococcal were isolated and positively identified using morphological and biochemical reactions. Of the 283 samples, 100 isolates (50 nasal and 50 milk samples) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species and were further characterized by phenotypic methods. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using the phenotypic disc diffusion method. Phenotypic characterization using Modified Hodge Test showed that 45/50 (90%) and 48/50 (96%) of the isolates from nasal and raw milk revealed carbapernemase activity respectively. Also, 2/50 (4%) of the isolates from the nasal cavity and 4/50 (8%) of the isolates from raw milk were positive to Double Disc Synergistic Test and thus revealing metallo-?-lactamases (MBLs) production. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase activity, carbapenemase activity and metallo-beta-lactamase activity producing isolates are becoming prevalent in food animal settings. The detection of staphylococcal strains that are phenotypically resistant to oxacillin and methicillin are known to pose serious health concerns and are of great clinical relevance.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PHYTONUTRIENT CONSTITUENTS OF THE PEELS, PULPS AND SEEDS OF RIPE ORANGES GROWN IN NIGERIA AND THIER HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
Authors: OBAHIAGBON F. I. , IZEKOR M. O.
Published: March 2023

There are increasing interests and investigations into the phytochemical constituents of plant foods. Currently there are scarce literature on the quantified phytochemical constituents of the peel, seed and pulp of the ripe orange fruits cultivated in Nigeria. Arising from this background this research was conducted. The quantitative analytical methods were used in analyzing the peels, pulps and seeds of the oranges. Results indicates that varied concentrations of flavonoids, alkaloids, phytates, tannins, phenols, oxalates, terpenols and saponins exists in the peels, pulps and seeds of the ripe oranges. The statistical analysis done on the results shows that some significant differences exist between the determined parameters at (P < 0.05). The variations in the phytochemicals of the peels, pulps and seeds of the fruits could be attributed to several factors such as, the differences in growth conditions, genetic factors, geographical variations, harvesting conditions et cetera. The phytochemicals detected have been well documented for their  roles as antioxidants, capable of scavenging the free radicals, thus preventing tissue damages and degenerative diseases like some cancers. Conclusively, the consumption of the pulps of oranges could afford the humans access to positive health maintenance while the constituents of the peels and seeds could be useful in pharmacological preparations and as feed stuff for animals
EVALUATION OF BIOMOLECULAR INDICES OF STRESS IN CADMIUM AND HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA CALYX EXTRACT-EXPOSED AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: OBI F. O. , OJO I. K. , UFEBE O. G. , ADAIKPOH M. A.
Published: March 2023

Stress inducing abilities of cadmium (Cd) and possibly too of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueos extract (HSCE) in the African catfish have been examined based on the levels of three biomolecules in the blood, brain and heart. The bimolecules used as stress indices are total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Forty catfishes divided into four experimental groups of not less than six fishes each were used for this study. Fishes in group A, the control, were Cd and HSCE-free. Group B, no Cd but exposed to HSCE (0.25% v/v). Group C, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) but no HSCE. Group D, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) and HSCE (0.25% v/v). The treatments were carried out for 14 days. When compared to the control, Cd alone, caused significant (p0.05) increases in serum MDA, TC and TAG levels; increase in brain MDA as well as increases in heart MDA and TAG. Relative to the Cd only group catfishes exposed to Cd and HSCE had significantly (p<0.5) reduced serum MDA, TC and TAG; brain MDA, as well as heart MDA and TC. Catalase activities were significantly (p0.05) increased in sera of HSCE only and Cd +HSCE groups relative to the control. SOD activities in the serum were significantly (p0.05) decreased in all three groups relative to the control. Catalase activities in the heart followed the same pattern found in the serum but its SOD activities were significantly (p0.05) reduced in HSCE only and Cd + HSCE groups compared to the control. These findings indicate that Cd can cause general physiological stress (evidenced by increaseD serum, brain and heart TC and TAG) and oxidative stress (evidenced by increased serum, brain and heart MDA) in the African catfish and that HSCE counteracts the Cd-induced stress
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOCIDAL STUDIES OF PREDOMINANT BIOFOULING PROTEUS STRAINS AND FUNGI ON BOAT HULLS
Authors: OBIDI O. F. , AGBAJE A. C. , NWACHUKWU S. C. U.
Published: March 2023

Coliform bacteria occurring in bio?lms were isolated from the hulls of boats at the Ojo water front, Lagos Nigeria using MacConkey agar and Eosine methylene blue agar. They were subsequently identi?ed by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences and assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility to industrial in-can biocide (Acticide BX-H).  All the sequences were classified using the Ribosomal database project (RDP) and submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Analysis using 16S rDNA indicated that the 16 strains sequenced belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family and included Proteus mirabilis strain BB2000, P. mirabilis strain UT5, P. vulgaris strain CYPV1, P. penneri strain YCY34 and Proteus sp.CIFE_HT14. Fungi isolated were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Candida albicans and Penicillim chrysogenum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) observed was 20µL/ml for P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. penneri strains respectively. For fungal isolates, MICs were 40µL/ml, 40µL/ml, 20µL/ml, 40µL/ml and 40µL/ml for F. oxysporum, A. flavus, A. niger, C. albicans and P. chrysogenum respectively. Zones of inhibition recorded were 20.25mm, 17.75mm, 15.50mm, 15. 22mm and 14.50mm for P. penneri strain YCY34, P. vulgaris strain CYPV1, P. mirabilis strain BB2000, P. mirabilis strain UT5 and Proteus sp. CIFE_HT14 respectively. Result of the study showed that the biocide has a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) AND SUITABILITY OF SOME RIVERS FOR DOMESTIC USES IN EDO STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: EKHATOR O. , AKHERE M. A. , OKOSUN P. O.
Published: March 2023

The water quality index (WQI) of five rivers in Edo State, Southern Nigeria, was investigated for six months in the wet season from April to September, 2015. The physico-chemical parameters analyzed include, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductively, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, phosphate and dissolved oxygen. Analysis of water samples from the rivers for the parameters was done at the phycology laboratory in the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City.WQI values revealed that all the rivers studied were unsuitable for domestic purposes and did not fall within permissible range of pollution. This was attributed to a lot of anthropogenic activities in the surrounding watershed of the study areas as well as flooding associated with the wet season which brought in allocthonous materials into the rivers
MALAPTERURUS ELECTRICUS, (GMELIN 1789), AND ITS PARASITES, AS HEAVY METAL BIOMONITORS IN LEKKI LAGOON, NIGERIA
Authors: SALIU J. K. , UKWA U. D. , AKINSANYA B.
Published: March 2023

The concentration of some heavy metals, Lead, Nickel, Zinc and Iron from the waters, sediment and liver of Malapterurus electricus collected from Lekki Lagoon were investigated. The parasites found inside M.electricus were also investigated for these metals. The concentration of Pb, Ni, Zn and Fe in the liver of M . electricus exceeded the WHO (1993) approved limits and were  significantly higher (P<0.01) than those found in the water and sediment of the Lagoon (Pb, 0.976 + 0.79mg/kg, Fe, 24.54 + 55.07mg/kg, Zn, 6.83 + 8.20mg/kg and Ni, 34.20 + 6.26mg/kg). The concentration of Ni (0.089 + 0.050mg/kg), Zn (0.80 + 0.036mg/kg) and Fe (0.950 + 0.030mg/kg) were higher in the sediment than the water samples (Ni, 0.039 + 0.004mg/kg, Zn, 0.175 + 0.019mg/kg and Fe, 0.150 + 0.028mg/kg).  The bioaccumulation factors showed that the trend of metal accumulation from the water and sediment and the liver of M. electricus was Fe > Pb > Zn > Ni. Concentrations of Pb, Fe and Zn were higher in females than male, although not significant.  M. electricus with condition factors lower than 1.4 (< 1.4) accumulated more of Pb, Zn and Ni while those with condition factor greater than 1.4 (> 1.4) accumulated only Fe.  The parasito fauna of M. electricus includes Electrotaenia malopteruri, ( Cestoda) and Procamallanus longus (Nematoda). Both E. malopteruri and P. longus accumulated more heavy metals than the liver of M. electricus.  E. malopteruri accumulated 8.6 times more Pb, 3 times more Fe, 43 times more Zn and 4 times more Ni while P. longus accumulated 8.5 times more Pb, 4 times more Fe, 27 times more Zn and 5 times more Nickel than the liver of M . electricus. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues of fin fish poses a significant threat to the health of end users. Continuous bio monitoring of aquatic ecosystems and enforcement of regulatory laws is therefore essential
HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND FISH (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus AND Sarotherodon melanotheron) AT IGBEDE RIVER, LAGOS NIGERIA
Authors: AYOOLA S. O. , TAOREED F. Y.
Published: March 2023

The contamination of freshwaters due to several harmful substances, like metals, through inputs from anthropogenic sources, industrial and agricultural activities, domestic sewage, groundwater leaching and runoffs from agriculture has devastating effects on plants and animals. The Igbede River, located around Ojo local council area of Lagos state is one of such fresh water bodies. Investigation into the accumulation of heavy metals in the water, sediment and two fish species (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Sarotherodon melanotheron) from Igbede river in Lagos State, Nigeria between March, 2013 and August, 2013 was carried out in order to ascertain the pollution status of the river. The results revealed different levels of accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Fe in the fish, water and sediment. The results showed that sediment contained a higher concentration of the metals than the water and fish samples with Zn recording the highest value in sediment (68.467±49.524mg/kg) against 43.798 ± 31.875mg/L, 6.367±4.254mg/kg and 3.108±1.869mg/kg in water and the two fish species. Statistical analyses of the mean levels indicated that the distribution of the metals in the samples followed the order Zn>Cu>Fe>Pb>Cd>Cr for sediment; Zn >Cu>Fe>Cr>Pb for water; Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr for Sarotherodon melanotheron. Cd was not detected in water and fish samples. The concentration of Pb, Cd and Cr in water, sediment and fish samples were within limit permitted by Federal Environment Protection Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO). However, the concentration of Cu, Zn and Fe in the samples was above the recommended standard which poses threat to human health as well as the living aquatic resources inhabiting this habitat
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BIOTHERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF Thaumatococcus danielli Benn. ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: AKINNIBOSUN F. I. , AKINNIBOSUN A. H. , OSAKUE E. A. , AFEGBUA A. , OSADOLOR S.
Published: March 2023

The biotherapeutic potential and phytochemical properties of ethanolic leaf extract ofThaumatococcus danielli were determined in this study. Antibacterial sensitivity bioassaywas performed using the agar-well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichiacoli, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pyogenes were used as test organisms. Resultsrevealed varying antibacterial activity, with the extract having broad spectrum of activity andbeing more effective against the Gram-negative bacteria than the Gram-positive bacteria.Concentration of 100 mg/ml was most effective against the organisms, with E. coli. (27.000.66 mm) being the most susceptible. B. subtilis (12.66 0.57 mm), was the leastsusceptible. The antibacterial activity was shown to be concentration-dependent. Theminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 12.50 mg/ml to 25.00 mg/ml while theminimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 25.00 mg/ml to 50.00 mg/ml. Itwas also observed that B. subtilis had the highest MIC (25.00 mg/ml) and MBC (50.00mg/ml). Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the test bacteria used in this researchwere multi-drug resistant. Comparatively, the extract was more potent than the standardantibiotics against the Gram-negative bacteria than the Gram-positive bacteria.Phytochemical screening showed the presence saponins, tannins, alkaloids, andflavonoids, which have antimicrobial properties. It is possible therefore, to use the ethanolicleaf extract of T. danielli in the management of infections caused by the test bacteria.
DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA RECOVERED FROM COCKROACHES (PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. DICTYOPTERA; BLATTIDAE) IN HOUSEHOLD BENIN CITY
Authors: IGBINOSA E. O. , GWAFAN J. Z.
Published: March 2023

In the present study we assessed the presence of bacteria pathogen fromcockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in different household and their surroundingsin Benin City, Nigeria. A total of seventy-five cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)were collected randomly from 10 different household between June and July, 2013.Standard culture-based procedures were used for the isolation and identification ofthe bacterial pathogen. The bacterial pathogen was isolated from the externalsurfaces of the cockroaches examined. The external surface of the homogenaterevealed that cockroaches are potential carriers of Bacillus spp., 10(13.33%),Citrobacter freundii 8(10.66%), Proteus spp., 5(6.66%), Escherichia coli 10(13.33%),Salmonella spp., 8(10.66%), Streptococcus spp., 10(13.33%), Pseudomonasaeruginosa 25(33.33%), Enterobacter spp., 15(20.00%), Klebsiella pneumonia25(33.33%), and Staphylococcus spp., 15(20.00%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa andKlebsiella pneumonia were the most recovered bacteria from cockroaches. Proteusspp. was the least prevalent bacteria recovered on their external surface. Weconclude that cockroaches are potential reservoir and can transmit pathogenicbacteria within the community. Thus their presence in houses may be considered apotential public health hazard and a sanitation challenge.
AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF GARLIC ON CHOLESTEROL INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR WALL OF ADULT WISTAR RATS
Authors: EZE G. I. , EHIMIGBAI A. R. , ENIFOGHALE O. U.
Published: March 2023

This study is designed to investigate the effect of cholesterol and cholesterol in thepresence of aqueous extract of garlic on the cardiovascular wall of adult Wistar rats.A total of twenty Wistar rats (both sex) weighing 200-275 grams were used in thestudy. The rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats per group.Group A served as the control while Group B, C and D served as the treatmentgroups. Group A received no treatment, Group B was fed a high cholesterol diet,Group C received garlic treatment and Group D was fed a high cholesterol diet andalso received garlic treatment. The Aqueous garlic extract was administered at adose of 250mg /kg / body weight via orogastric tube for a period of 30 days (4weeks). The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation method on the 31st day of theexperiment. Blood sample was collected by cardiac puncture for cholesterol analysis.The heart and blood vessel was carefully harvested and fixed in 10% formal salinefor histological studies using haematoxylin and eosin procedures. The Findingsindicated that high cholesterol fed rats when compare with the control showed thatthere was a significant increase in cholesterol level (P > 0.05) and also there wasno significant difference in the cholesterol level (P > 0.05) in garlic treated rats fedwith high cholesterol diet. The rats fed a high cholesterol diet showed a significantdamage to the intima of blood vessel of the heart and other blood vessels as well asconsequent myocardial injury. However with injection of garlic there was a protectiveresponse by reduction in blood cholesterol and activation of the local immunesystem. This led to minimal injury to both the heart and blood vessels. It isrecommended that garlic may be beneficial to reduce damage of cholesterol to thecardiovascular and induce local protective immune response.
HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND BIOACCUMULATION INDEX IN FISH (Chrysicthys walkeri) FROM WARRI RIVER
Authors: IYORAH I. E. , EHAGBOME B. J. , ILEGAR E. I.
Published: March 2023

Bioaccumulation of any heavy metal above its maximum limits invariably results tothe detrimental health of an organism. This present study was carried out to evaluatethe levels of eight heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd) in surface water,sediment and bioaccumulation index of (Chrysicthys walkeri) from Warri River, DeltaState, Nigeria. Samples were collected between the period of July to September,2015 from two designated stations. The order of heavy metal mean rank profile, insurface water, sediment and fish were Pb>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cr>Cd>Ni>Cu;Fe>Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cd>Pb>Cr and Pb>Ni>Zn>Mn>Cd>Fe>Cr>Cu respectively.When compared with regulatory standards of WHO, FAO and FEPA threshold limitmost of the metals were above the limits for both water, sediment and fish Tissue.The bioaccumulation index of fish were above BI ? 1.0 indicating possibility ofecological concern. These findings implies that Warri River is polluted andconsumption of these fishes could have grave health consequences even with theexcellent condition factor of the fishes. Therefore, the input of pollutants into this rivershould be monitored in order to avoid associated risks
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS EXPOSED TO CRUDE OIL AND PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ENANTIA CHLORANTHIA
Authors: OLUBODUN S. O. , OSAGIE O. A.
Published: March 2023

Oral ingestion of crude oil represents a pathway for the delivery of potential toxicants to anorganism. Various toxicants have been shown to induce oxidative stress. The antioxidantand hepato-protective role of Enantia chloranthia was evaluated in crude oil inducedoxidative stress in rats. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomly grouped into five withsix rats in each group. Phytochemical tests reveal the presence of saponins, flavonoids,tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids and terpenoids. The biochemical parameters analyzedindicated significant (p < 0.05) increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP),alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in rats gavaged with crude oil only when compared with control. Significant(p <0.05) alterations was also observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX)and catalase (CAT) activities. However, the group of rats treated with chloranthia showedsignificant reverse and restoration towards control values in a dose dependent manner.This result indicates that crude oil generates oxidants that may induce oxidative stress.The antioxidative effects of chloranthia in the crude oil treated animals emphasized itshepato-protective role.
GROWTH EVALUATION OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS L. (CUCUMBER PLANT) IN ARSENIC AND CHROMIUM TREATED SOILS
Authors: VWIOKO E. D. , OSAZUWA K. O.
Published: March 2023

Evaluation of the growth of Cucumis sativus in arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) treatedsoils was carried out. Parameters measured were germination, plant height, number ofleaves, relative water content and total chlorophyll. The concentrations of metalsolutions applied were 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 ppm of arsenic and chromium saltsseparately. The study was conducted as potted field experiment. The treatments werereplicated four times. Three days after planting (DAP), C. sativus seeds germinated inall soil treatments. The highest percentage germination was obtained in controltreatments 15 DAP. The metal treatments depressed germination. Similarly, plantheight was depressed significantly by As and Cr treatments (?=0.05). Plant heightvalues recorded for 240 ppm As and 240 ppm Cr were 24.1% and 36.5% of theirrespective values for control. Differences in number of leaves produced per plants werefound to be statistically significant under arsenic treatment only. The values obtained forrelative water content and total chlorophyll showed that plants grown in As and Crtreated soils were inhibited. Generally, plants grown under control conditions gavehigher values. From the growth parameters evaluated, arsenic treatments was moretoxic to Cucumis sativus than chromium treatments.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF THE AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA
Authors: IKPONMWOSA-EWEKA O. , ORIAIKHI K. , OIGBOCHIE A. T. , NWANZE E.A.C.
Published: March 2023

Phoenix dactylifera (P. dactylifera) is common for its nutritional and medicinalbenefits in the northern part of Nigeria. This study was carried out to qualitatively andquantitatively estimate the phytochemicals present in aqueous and ethanol extractsof P. dactylifera. Proximate composition was also determined. The result showedthat the ethanol and aqueous extracts contained high amount of total phenol (72.00± 0.50 and 60.70 ± 0.80 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract respectively) andproanthocyandins (37.50 ±0.50 and 21.67 ± 0.84 mg catechin equivalent /g extractrespectively), but moderate amount of total flavonoids content (8.56 ± 1.36 and 5.35± 0.50 mg quercetin equivalent /g extract respectively). Phytochemical screeningrevealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroid andcarbohydrate in both extract. In the proximate analysis, carbohydrate was thepredominant component with values of 52.0 % followed by moisture 15.0 %, crudeprotein 14.43 %, lipid 10.0 %, ash 5.5 % and crude fibre 3.0 %. Both extracts of P.dactyliferia screened for phytochemical constituents seemed to have the potential toact as a source of useful drugs and also to improve the health status of theconsumers as a result of the presence of various secondary metabolites that are vitalfor good health.
HAEMATOLOGY OF NILE TILAPIA, Oreochromis niloticus FED Mytilus edulis SHELL MEAL SUBSTITUTED FOR DI CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Authors: Soyinka O. O. , Akeredolu E. O. , Ifedayo S. O.
Published: March 2023

The effect of the inclusion of Mytilus edulis shell collected from the Lagos Lagoon front, University of Lagos, in diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the haematology of the fish was investigated in the Marine Research Laboratory of the University. Ten fingerlings each of O. niloticus were placed in plastic tanks and fed for 12 weeks with feed containing milled M. edulis shell substituted for Di calcium phosphate (DCP), in other to utilize locally available and abundant non conventional food materials. The substitutions were at the rate of 100% (T4), 75% (T3), 50% (T2), 25% (T1) and 0% (T0) the control diet. Each feeding regime was in triplicates. The mean water parameters during experimental period were within the normal range for tropical fishes, and were: mean temperature (27.78±0.57 28.17±0.570C); pH(4±0.07 7.49±0.10) and dissolved oxygen (6.19±0.633 6.46±0.633mg/l). The proximate analysis of M. edulis shell showedhigher crude protein content compared to DCP; this probably had a positive effect on the growth of the fish fed M. edulis shell. Fish fed with M. edulis shell showed a remarkable significant decrease (P>0.05) amongst diet in haematological parameters (Hb, WBC and RBC). However, the PCV values was highest in T3 (0.363±0.465) and lowest in the control diet (T0) (0.133±0.015). In conclusion, 75% level of substitution of Di calcium phosphate with M. edulis shell in the diet O. niloticus yielded a better haematological parameter
EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF LOCAL MANGO FRUITS WITH HANDLING METHODS AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: ADE-ADEMILUA O. E. , OLAWALE S. M.
Published: March 2023

This study is aimed at developing cost-effective methods of prolonging the shelf life of Magniferea indica L. (mango) fruits that were bought from farms in Oyo state to be sold in Lagos. Fruits were transported either under cool (23 - 26 ºC) or under warm (32 - 36 ºC) condition for about 5 hours from Ogbomosho, Oyo state to Akoka, Lagos state.  Upon arrival in Lagos, fruits were either washed with tap water or left unwashed and then stored indoor or outdoor.  Some of the washed fruits were treated with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0% of calcium chloride solutions by dipping for 30 minutes.  Transport under cool condition was able to prolong the shelf life of the mango fruits for 1.20 to 2.80 days depending on if the fruits were stored outdoor or indoor on arrival.  Indoor storage further extended the shelf life of fruits for 0.65 to 2.25 days depending on how the fruits were transported.  Calcium chloride coat of 5% had the highest shelf life extension of 14.25, increasing the shelf life of the fruits by 5 days.  The combination of transport under cool condition, washing and coating with 5% calcium chloride and storing indoor was able to get the shelf life of the mango fruits to be 14.25 days as against the 3.80 days of fruits transported under warm condition, not washed, not coated and stored outdoor.  Even without calcium chloride, combination of other handling methods still prolonged shelf life to 9.25 days
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GRADED GINGER ENRICHED DIET
Authors: FLOYD A. C. , BIOSE E.
Published: March 2023

The effect of ginger on the hepatic enzymes, blood glucose, lipids profile and serum protein of five groups (control group and four test groups) of albino rats were analyzed using routine laboratory methods. Results from the control group showed that the concentrations of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were3.0±0.7 iu/l, 3.0±0.7 iu/l, 22.0±2.2iu/l respectively; Serum Protein and Blood Glucose were found to be 4.5±0.4g/dl and 38.0±0.7mg/dl respectively; While results determined for Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) was102.0±1.7 mg/dl, 93.0±0.7 mg/dl, 66.0±2.1 mg/dl, 41.0±1.5 mg/dl respectively. Though the four test groups with concentrations of 2g, 4g, 6g, and 8g of ginger respectively in feed administered, presented results that lie within the reference normal range irrespective of their concentration. Statistical analysis however showed that there was significant difference (P ?0.005) in the results at different concentrations of ginger. However, the results of this study showed that there is no side effect such as hepatotoxicity following ginger consumption.
ASSESSMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION MARKERS IN AMIETOPHRYNUS MACULATUS AND PTYCHADENA PUMILIO AS A BIOMONITORING TOOL OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN SELECTED AREAS OF LAGOS STATE.
Authors: Osuala F. I. , Onadeko A.
Published: March 2023

The sensitivity of African amphibians Amietophrynus maculatus and Ptychadena pumiliowere exploited in determining oxidative stress induced by heavy metals pollution in selected areas of Lagos state.Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni) which is one of the factors that contribute to amphibian population decline.The mean levels of Total protein (TP), Aspartate Aminotransferases (AST) Alanine Aminotransferases (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) induced in the liver of both sampled animalsin five selected locations in Lagos State (Ibafo, Iwaya, Makoko 1, Makoko 2 and Unilag) were assessed for their sensitivity to pollution as a biomomitoring tool in heavy metals polluted environment.Three healthy matured A.maculatus (79.00 ± 5.00g) and P. pumilio(62.00 ± 5.00g)were randomly collected from three points of eachselected locations.The resultsshowed thatthe highest mean values for TP, AST, ALT and ALP detected in the animals were 55.43 g/L, 71.67 U/L, 19.00U/L and 31.00 U/L respectively. AST detected in both animals sampled from all the selected locationswere the only consistent liver function markers.Additionally, Makoko 2 and Ibafolocations were the most polluted relative to the other selected sites as indicated in both amphibians sampled. Therefore, the role of these liver function test parameters in the sampled animals and their sensitivity could be a good battery of heavy metals pollution monitoring tools in assessing the environmental health as an early warning signalin environmental toxicology studies.
EFFICACY OF THE LEAF POWDER OF AN INDIGENOUS PLANT, OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (L.) AGAINST CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (FAB.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: ILOBA B. N. , JUMBO B. D. , UYI O. O.
Published: March 2023

The use of botanicals in the control of stored product insects is an ancient tradition and has been practiced for several decades. This study evaluated the toxicity of the leaf powder of an indigenous plant, Ocimum gratissimum (L.) (Lamiaceae) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Toxicity test was evaluated by introducing five pairs of freshly emerged adults of C. maculatus to the leaf powder at the rates of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g per 20 g of cowpea grains. An untreated control was included. Percentage beetle mortality at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours post treatment was noted and utilized in assessment of the efficacy of the plant powder. The data obtained showed that the leaf powder was effective against the beetles when compared with the control. The highest mortality (100%) was recorded after 120 hours for grains treated with 6.0 g/20 g of the leaf powder followed by those treated with 4.0 g/20 g (84% mortality) and 2.0 g/20 g (72%) while the control recorded zero mortality. The results demonstrated that beetle mortality was dependent on concentration and duration of exposure. The findings of this present study suggest that the leaf powder of O. gratissimum can be used as a potential bio organic pesticide for the control and management of C. maculatus in parts of the world where synthetic pesticides are expensive or impractical
BACTERIAL FLORA OF CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) FROM FISH PONDS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Uzeh R. E. , Onwuekweikpe C. U.
Published: March 2023

Fish is a very important component of human diet. A total of 64 samples of Clarias gariepinus were collected from two fish ponds each in Yaba, Ijegun, Ikorodu and Epe in Lagos State, Nigeria. The bacterial flora of the fishes were determined quantitatively and qualitatively. The mean total viable count ranged from log10 7.6 cfu/g to log10 7.9 cfu/g. The bacterial load on the skin and in the intestine were generally higher than in the gills. Salmonella count ranged between log10 7.2 cfu/g and log10 7.6 cfu/g and it was highest in the intestine, followed by skin and gills. Coliform count was higher in the intestine and on the skin than the gills with range values of log10 7.6 cfu/g) to log10 7.9 cfu/g. Staphylococcal count was highest on the skin than the intestine and gills. The range of count was log10 7.2 cfu/g in the gills to log10 7.6 cfu/g on the skin. The bacteria isolated were identified based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index and they include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Vibrio fluvialis, Serratia odorifera, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus penneri, Burkholderia cepacia, Enterobacter pyrinus, Salmonella enteritidis, Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus mycoides, Corynebacterium pilosum, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus polymyxa, Micrococcus leteus and Corynebacterium kutscheri. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria may constitute public health hazard
HEAVY METALS AND POLY AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTAMINANTS IN SMOKED AND FRESH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS
Authors: Osuala F. I. , Igwo-Ezikpe M. N.
Published: March 2023

This study investigated the level of heavy metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in fresh and smoked African catfish, Clariasgariepinus from a cultured system in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of ten randomly selected life specimens of Clariasgariepinus were collected from the Marine Science Department (Aquaculture unit) University of Lagos and smoked in a 44 gallon smoking kiln for four hours. The heavy metals content was determined using FAO / SIDA, 1983 method while PAH was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS). The results of fresh fish samples obtained were compared withnonsmoked fish samples. Heavy metals and PAHs were detected in both samples at varying concentration. However, it was observed that there was higher concentration cadmium, lead, and zinc in smoked fish though not significantly (P < 0.05) different from that in fresh fish whereas iron and copper were insignificantly (P > 0.05) higher in fresh fish. Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and benzo (g,h,i) perylene} were higher in the smoked fishes though Naphthalene, and anthracene were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in smoked fishes than fresh fishes. The maximum concentration of lead was 0.0492 mg/kg that is higher than the EPA safety limit (0.001 mg/kg) while 2 methylnaphthalene concentration was highest in the smoked fishes with a mean value of 4.13 mg/kg. The statistical analysis using one way ANOVA showed that there was significant (P < 0.05) differences in the heavy metals and PAH content in the fresh and smoked fish. This study suggests that smoked fish have higher concentrations of heavy metals and poly aromatic hydrocarbons which might pose a health risk to humans when consumed
BRONZE OR PINK LEAF, WHICH IS BEST FOR ANTIGFUNGAL USE OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA ‘BRONZE PINK’?
Authors: ADE-ADEMILUA O. E.
Published: March 2023

Leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana ‘bronze pink’ once produced, change colour over time from green to bronze and then to pink. Leaves of all shades except green are often collected for treatment of skin fungal infections. The relationship between the phytochemical content and antifungal activity of different shades of leaves are studied. Bronze (approx. 100%), 50% pink/bronze and Pink (approx. 100%) coloured leaves were used for the analyses. Results showed that pink leaves have the highest amount of anthocyanins and the least total amount of chlorophyll while bronze leaves showed the highest total amount of chlorophyll and least amount of anthocyanins. Phytochemical analyses of leaf sample of Acalypha wilkesiana showed that bronze leaves recorded the least amount of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolics while pink leaves showed the highest content of all. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaf samples were tested against Aspergilus flavus and Aspergilus terreus. Extracts of pink leaves recorded the highest zones of inhibition against the test organisms in both aqueous and methanolic while bronze leaves showed the least zones of inhibition against the same test organisms and solvents. Results of the study showed that the efficiency of the leaves of A. wilkesiana in treating skin diseases increases as the leaves turn from bronze to pink. Collectors for treatment of dermatophytes are therefore advised to harvest the pink leaves while giving the bronze leaves the opportunity to turn to pink before being used.
THE EFFECT OF ANTI HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ON TEAR SECRETION AND STABILITY
Authors: SHUAIBU A. O. , UWABGOE P. N. , ODUNZE C. E.
Published: March 2023

Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. This research work studied the effect of antihypertensive drugs specifically beta adrenergic blockers (atenolol) and angiotensin converting enzymes (lisinopril) on tears secretion and stability in adults. A total of 75 people (35 65years) male and female participated and completed the study with a mean age of 52.8±1.83years. These subjects were divided into group A (control) comprised of 25 normotensive subjects; group B (experimental) which comprised of 25 hypertensive subjects on atenolol alone (beta blocker) and group C (experimental) comprised of 25 hypertensive subjects on lisinopril (angiotensin converting enzymes ) alone .Tear volume was determined using schirmer strips and tear stability was determined using fluroscein strip. These patients were examined for all the tests at first week (baseline) and repetition of all tests one week later after oral drug administration of atenolol (Group B) or lisinopril (Group C). When the tear break up at time baseline and follow up measurement of group B were compared, it was observed that there was a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05). When the tear breakup time at baseline and follow up measurements of Group C were compared, it was observed that there was a statistically significant decreased.(P<0.05) The use of antihypertensive drugs atenolol (beta blocker) has an effect on the tear break up time. Also lisinopril (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) has an effect on tear break time.
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATION OF PAH AND TRACE HEAVY METALS IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM A PETEROLEUM REFINING AREA
Authors: Ogbeide O. , Enuneku A. , Omorogbe R. , Chinye Ikejiunor N. , Dom-Etetafia D. , Ezemonye L.
Published: March 2023

The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in soil samples from vicinity around a petroleum refinery in Nigeria was investigated in an attempt to elucidate its public health implication. Soil samples were collected from three stations around the refinery; Ifie, Ijala and Ubeji which are in close proximity to the Refinery. Soil samples collected were digested and extracted for PAHs and Heavy metals using standard methods while analysis was carried out using a Gas Chromatograph and an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer respectively. Health impact of the concentrations of PAH and heavy metals were estimated using the chronic daily intake and the hazard quotient. Results showed varying concentrations of PAH and Heavy metals in soil samples from the vicinities close to Warri refinery. The concentrations of the heavy metals followed the sequence; Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd, while the predominant PAHs were Benzo (a) anthracene, pyrene and chrysene. Ubeji station had the highest PAH and heavy metal concentrations in soil samples. Health risk assessment of heavy metals showed that there were no potential noncarcinogenic effects from exposure through accidental ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation because estimates were below the safety threshold. However, health risks assessment of PAH in soil samples indicated that there is a potential for carcinogenic effects upon dermal exposure to PAH. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of petroleum refining, particularly the potential hazards of to the health of individuals residing in areas close to the refinery.
Környezeti fenntarthatóság a Közös Agrárpolitikában és az EU-taxonómiában
Authors: Lámfalusi Ibolya , Hámori Judit , Rózsa Andrea , Goda Pál
Published: March 2023

Az Európai Zöld Megállapodás, amely az Európai Unió (EU) hosszú távú stratégiája a Párizsi megállapodásban vállalt klímasemlegességi célok 2050-re történő elérése érdekében, komoly környezeti elvárásokat támaszt a gazdasági szereplőkkel szemben. Az agrár- és élelmiszer-ellátási láncok szereplőinek már nemcsak a Közös Agrárpolitika (KAP) szabályozásán keresztül kell megfelelniük a zöld követelményeknek, hanem a piaci finanszírozás is átalakulóban van az EU-taxonómiarendelet következtében. Felvetődik a kérdés, hogy az EU-taxonómia támasztotta környezeti elvárások és a KAP zöld célkitűzései a 2021–2027 közötti időszakban mennyire vannak összhangban. Tanulmányunkban ezen két zöld követelményrendszert hasonlítottuk össze a KAP indikátorkészlet segítségével. Az eredmények rámutattak arra, hogy a Közös Agrárpolitika és a taxonómiarendelet célrendszerei nagyrészt megfeleltethetők egymásnak, a legtöbb indikátor illeszkedik az egyes taxonómiai célterületekhez és azok aldimenzióihoz, illetve azok között mélyebb tartalmi összefüggések is kimutathatók, mint ahogyan az a célkitűzések megnevezéséből feltételezhető lenne. Ugyanakkor kiemelendő, hogy az indikátorok eltérő mértékben lehetnek alkalmasak az egyes taxonómiai célok mérésére, részben számosságuk, részben jellegük miatt (a KAP programszintű értékelést célzó indikátorai üzemszinten nem értelmezhetők). Emellett elemzésünk eredményei alapján a KAP környezeti indikátorkészlete nem fedi le a teljes értékláncot a termőföldtől az asztalig, az élelmiszeripar esetében hangsúlyosabb szerepet kapó körforgásos gazdaságra való átállás mérésére nincsen megfelelő számú indikátor, így ehhez további mutatók kidolgozására van szükség.
FFV-MBC: A Novel Fused Finger-Vein Recognition Method Based on Monogenic Binary Coding
Authors: Zhi-Yong Tao Zhi-Yong Tao , Zhi-Yong Tao Meng Wang , Meng Wang Xin-Ru Zhou , Xin-Ru Zhou Jie Li , Jie Li Sen Lin
Published: March 2023

To improve pattern representation capabilities and robustness in traditional finger-vein recognition algorithms. In this paper, we propose FFV-MBC, a novel fused finger-vein recognition method based on monogenic binary coding (MBC). First of all, the amplitude, orientation, and phase information of the finger-vein images are filtered by a multi-scale monogenic log-Gabor filter and encoded by the binary coding theory. Three local features, MBC-A, MBC-P, and MBC-O, are achieved from different combinations of local image intensity and variation coding. After obtaining the features, we utilize the block-based Fisher Linear Discriminant method to reduce the dimension. Finally, the similarity components are calculated by the cosine distance and fused for the final finger-vein recognition results. We evaluate our proposed method on two publicly available datasets and one self-built dataset, i.e., Malaysian Polytechnic University (FV-USM), the Group of Machine Learning and Applications of Shandong University (SDUMLA-HMT), and our team, Signal and Information Processing Laboratory (FV-SIPL). On average, the proposed method achieved high recognition accuracy, i.e., 99.30%, and 1.10% equal error rates (EER). Overall, the proposed method performs better than most classical and state-of-the-art finger-vein recognition methods.

 
Improving Adversarial Robustness via Finding Flat Minimum of the Weight Loss Landscape
Authors: Jiale Yan Jiale Yan , Jiale Yan Yang Xu , Yang Xu Sicong Zhang , Sicong Zhang Kezi Li , Kezi Li Xiaoyao Xie
Published: March 2023

Recent studies have shown that robust overfitting and robust generalization gap are a major trouble in adversarial training of deep neural networks. These interesting problems of robust overfitting and robust generalization gap motivate us to explore more solutions. Inspired by recent research on the idea of smoothness, this paper introduces the latest research work on the Adversarial Model Perturbation (AMP) method of finding the flatter minimum of the weight loss landscape into the adversarial training (AT) framework of deep neural networks to alleviate the robust overfitting and robust generalization gap troubles, called AT-AMP method. The validity of the flat minimum is explained from the perspective of statistical generalization theory. Although the idea is plain, this approach is surprisingly effective. Experiments demonstrate that by incorporating the AMP method into adversarial training framework, we can boost the robust accuracy by 1.14% ~ 5.73%, on three different benchmark datasets SVHN, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and two threat models norm constraint and L2 norm constraint, across diverse types of adversarial training framework such as AT, TRADES, MART, AT with pre-training and RST and diverse white-box and black-box attack, achieving the state-of-the-art performance in adversarial training framework. In addition, we compare several classical regularization and modern deep learning data augmentation tricks for robust overfitting and robust generalization with the AMP method, and the experimental research results consistently indicate that introducing the AMP method achieves advanced adversarial robustness in the adversarial training framework.

 
Multi-satellite Mission Planning Algorithm Based on Preemptive Priority Model
Authors: Hai-Ping Gan Hai-Ping Gan , Hai-Ping Gan Lin Cao , Lin Cao Pei-Ran Song , Pei-Ran Song Xiao-Peng Cao , Xiao-Peng Cao Bing-Nan Du , Bing-Nan Du Kang-Ning Du , Kang-Ning Du Ya-Nan Guo
Published: March 2023

Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming and insufficient guarantee of high-priority task completion in the large-scale multi-satellite multi-observation mission planning application, a multi-satellite multi-mission planning model based on preemptive priority model is proposed. Combined with the whole-neighborhood greedy search strategy, an improved tabu search algorithm is designed, taking the combination of satellite observation windows as the decision variables. The designed algorithm realizes an efficient solver to the proposed mission planning model. The simulation results show that the average solving time of the algorithm is 144s under the problem scale of 100 satellites and 3000 tasks. Compared with the existing algorithm, the calculation time is shortened by at least 75% under the premise that the total number of planning tasks is comparable, which is more in line with the high time efficiency requirements for satellite mission planning in engineering applications.

 
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN AUDIO VISUAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS PADA SISWA KELAS IV SD
Authors: Adittia Arya
Published: March 2023

The goal to be achieved in the research is to know whether the use of audio visual media can improve the learning outcomes of IPS students of grade IV SDN 2 Datar. The type of research used is quantitative research of experimental type with pre-experimental type with pre-postest design of desaign. Population used is all sample that is class IV even academic year 2016/2017 by using saturated sampling. The results showed an increase in the pretest and postest results experienced a difference. The average pretest is 65 and the posttest is 81, which means there is an increase in IPS learning outcomes of grade 4 students SDN 2 Datar after using audio visual media.Keywords: learning result, audio visual media, IPS.