bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs
Authors: Low A. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.

2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were used; they contained: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF), starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).

3. The flow-rates of nitrogen (N), liquid-fraction N (LN) and non-protein liquid-fraction N (NPLN) were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods.

4. Marked increases in flow of N, LN and NPLN were seen in the duodenum and jejunum after feeding each diet, but not in the ileum.

5. Values for, N output: intake from the duodenal, jejunal or ideal cannulas and in faeces in 24 h periods were respectively: 0.98, 0.88, 0.25 and 0.21 for diet BWF; 1.00, 0.97, 0.22 and 0.24 for diet SSG; 0.98, 0.73, 0.09 and 0.03 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for LN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.53, 0.53 and 0.12 for diet BWF; 0.46, 0.60 and 0.13 for diet SSG; 0.57, 0.50 and 0.06 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for NPLN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.41, 0.38 and 0.09 for diet BWF; 0.35, 0.36 and 0.08 for diet SSG; 0.46, 0.38 and 0.04 for diet SSC.

6. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies, particularly in pigs with duodenal cannulas, in which widely different observations were made.
The nutritional value and quality of squid (Illex illecebrosus) meal as source of dietary protein for broiler chicken
Authors: Hulan H. W. , Proudfoot F. G. , Zarkadas C. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Squid meal (SqM), produced by grinding and drying the whole squid (Illex illecebrosus) common to the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, contained 645 g protein/kg and appeared limiting with respect to lysine, methionine and cystine.

2. Although a comparison of the essential amino acid profiles of SqM with other protein concentrates indicated that SqM was higher than fish meal andsoya-beanmeal but lower than casein or whole-egg protein, these tests could not accurately predict protein quality.

3. A new approach is reported for evaluating protein quality of SqM. It was based on the direct chromato-graphic determination of its collagen content, from the amounts of 5-hydroxylysine or 5-hydroxyproline present, and elastin, from the amounts of desmosine or iso-desmosine present. This method can alsobe routinely used to assess the connective tissue content and protein quality of animal protein supplements such as fish, meat-and-bone meals.

4. A nutritional evaluation of SqM as a source of protein for poultry was carried out using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks fed from I-d-old to 48 d, a control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal or test diets containing 50 g, 100 g or 150 g SqM/kg.

5. Feeding of SqM at a rate of up to IOO g/kg diet resulted in optimum biological response and monetary returns.
Effects of nipple or bucket feeding of milk-substitute on rumen by-pass and on rate of passage in calves
Authors: Abe M. , Iriki T. , Kondoh K. , Shibui H.
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of feeding liquid milk-substitute to young calves either by nipple-pail or open-bucket on the rumen by-pass and on the rate of passage were studied.

2.Sixteen Holstein calves, aged 1 week initially, were used in three experiments in which calves were slaughtered after they were given liquids (milk-substitute and water) containing chromic oxide and SrCl2 6H2O as a tracer either by the nipple- or bucket-feeding method, and the distribution of tracers to the rumen, abomasum and the lower alimentary tracts was examined.

3.When the liquid milk-substitute containing tracers was given by the nipple- or bucket-feeding method to calves having been trained to the corresponding procedures for the preceding 1 week, most of the tracers was directed into the omasum and abomasum. There seemed no difference in the functioning of oesophageal groove closure between the two feeding procedures. Even when the liquid milk-substitute containing tracers was given by the nipple-or bucket-feeding method to calves which had been accustomed to different procedures for the preceding week, the majority of tracers were found in the abomasum immediately after administration, though a slightly greater proportion of the tracers entered the reticulo-rumen.

4.Continuing bucket feeding of liquid milk-substitute effected an efficient closure of the oesophageal groove at least up to 16 weeks of age. After calves were accustomed to consume liquid milk-substitute from the bucket from 1 to 4 weeks of age, drinking warm water from the bucket also caused efficient closure at least up to 16 weeks of age.

When tracers were administered with warm water, Cr2O3 and strontium, especially the latter, transferred much more rapidly to the lower gut than when they were administered with liquid milk-substitute, probably reflecting the curd formation of the milk-substitute in the abomasum. When liquid milk-substitute with tracers was fed by the bucket-feeding method, Sr transferred more rapidly to the lower gut than when the milk-substitute was fed by the nipple-feeding method, indicating that the feeding procedure of liquid milk-substitute has an apparent effect on the rate of passage.
The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets
Authors: Salter D. N. , Daneshvar K. , Smith R. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Two young Friesian steers fitted with rumen cannulas were each given three different isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets for successive periods of 2–3 weeks. The diets consisted mainly of straw and tapioca, with the nitrogen supplied mainly as decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM; diet A), in approximately equal amounts of DCGM and urea (diet B), or entirely as urea (diet C).

2. At the end of each period on a given diet, part of the dietary urea of a morning feed was replaced by a solution of [15N]urea which was infused into the rumen. Samples of rumen contents were removed just before giving the15N dose and at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 24 h afterwards, concentrations of ammonia and its15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed bacteria were prepared. Amino acids, ammonia derived mainly from amide groups, and hexosamines were prepared by ion-exchange chromatography of acid-hydrolysates of the bacteria and analysed for15N.

3. Approximate estimates of net bacterial N synthesis were made from turnover data for rumen fluid and15N enrichments in rumen fractions. From the determined efficiency of incorporation of urea-N into bacteria recovered at the duodenum, it was calculated that on diets A, B and C respectively 82%, 37% and 0% of the bacterial N was derived from dietary protein or other non-urea sources.

4. [15N]urea was converted rapidly to ammonia and the15N then incorporated into bacterial amide-N; it appeared at a slower rate in total bacterial non-amide-N. Rates of incorporation into non-amide-N were highest for glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine, and generally lowest for proline (pro), histidine (his), phenylalanine (phe), arginine (arg), methionine (met) and galactosamine. A similar ranking was also generally observed for relative15N abundances (15N atoms %excess in N component ÷15N atoms % excess in total bacterial N) achieved after several hours. Relative15N abundances in his, arg and pro increased with decreasing protein (DCGM) in the diet but those in the other protein amino acids, including the poorly labelled met phe (and its derivative tyrosine) did not.

5. It was concluded that different extents of labelling of the amino acids (at least those present mainly in protein) indicated that different amounts of preformed units (amino acids or peptides) were used. When an adequate supply of such units was available (particularly on diet A) pro, arg, his, met and phe were derived in this way to a greater extent than the other amino acids, but whereas synthesis of pro, arg and his increased on the low-protein diet C, that of met and phe did not. Thus met and phe may be limiting for bacterial growth on diets low in protein and high in non-protein-N.

6. Differences in the extent of labelling of other bacterial N components may be due to different turnover rates.
Trace nutrients
Authors: Wenlock R. W. , Buss D. H. , Dixon E. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The amount of manganese in nationally-representative samples of prepared and cooked goups of foods, and in a wide variety of individual foods, was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 4.6 mg Mn/d of which half was derived from tea and other beverages, 30% from cereals, and 15% from vegetables and fruit. Animal products provided little Mn.

3. Individual foods other than tea which were particularly rich in Mn in Britain were unrefined and partially-refined cereals, and some spices and herbs. Some vegetables and fruit, coffee, wine, chocolate and brown sugar also contained significant amounts of Mn.
Lipid composition and metabolism in liver and brain of vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings
Authors: Åkesson B. , Fehling C. , Jägerstad Margaretha
Published: September 2005

1. Rat sucklings (18-d-old) bred from vitamin B12-deprived dams were compared with vitamin B12-suplemented dams’offspring, which were considered normal rat sucklings.

2. The vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings had lower body-weight, liver weight and brain weight.

3. Vitamin B12deficiency was also evident from the tenfold lower concentrations of vitamin B12in liver and cerebellum.

4. The concentration of liver lipid was markedly increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats; triacylglycerol accounted for most of the increase. In brain the lipid concentration was slightly decreased (P< 0.05).

5. The methylation of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride to choline phosphoglyceride was reduced in both liver and brain in vitamin B12-deficient rats, as measured after the administration of [14C]ethanolamine. A slight decrease in choline phosphoglyceride concentration could be a consequence of this finding. The composition of phospholipids was otherwise normal.

6. Odd-chain fatty acids (pentadecanoate and heptadecanoate) accumulated in both liver and brain of the vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings and constituted approximately 1% of total fatty acid.

7. The biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from intraperitoneally-injected3H2O and [14C]propionate was unchanged in vitamin B12deficiency.
The measurement of food iron absorption in man
Authors: Hallberg L. , Björn-Rasmussen E. , Rossander L. , Suwanik R.
Published: September 2005

1. The present study was considered as a first step to develop a method to measure food iron absorption from realistic common meals prepared and consumed by the subjects themselves in their own homes. The absorption of Fe from the meals was measured by means of the extrinsic-tag method modified to allow for a free choice of food items.

2. The mean Fe intake was 2.79 mg and the mean Fe absorption approximately 0.30 mg. The Fe status of the subjects corresponded to 31.5% absorption from a reference dose solution containing 3 mg elemental Fe as ferrous ascorbate. The variation in food Fe absorption obtained in this field study was found to be of the same magnitude as that obtained in studies performed under more controlled conditions as in the laboratory.

3. The conclusion was drawn that the proposed method could be used in realistic field studies aimed at, for example, explaining or preventing a high prevalence of deficiency. A sufficiently long run-in period and a careful instruction of the subjects was considered essential for the design of future field studies.
Iron status in a general practice and its relationship to morbidity
Authors: Leyland M. J. , Harris H. , Brown P. J.
Published: September 2005

1. An epidemiological study of iron status in general practice has been undertaken. An age-sex register was established and a 10% stratified random sample (194 males and 220 females) of the patients above the age of 15 years was studied. A full blood count, serum Fe concentration, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration were measured and correlated with clinical features associated with Fe deficiency.

2. The geometric mean for serum ferritin for males was 77 μg/1 (20–196 μg/1) and for females 37 μg/1 (8–177 μg/1). A low serum ferritin (male < 30 μg/1, female < 20 μg/1) in the absence of anaemia was found in fifteen males and thirty-five females. In this group forty patients had clinical features which are aetiologically associated with Fe deficiency. The incidence of similar features in a control group of thirty-three patients was seven.

3. It is suggested that this is indirect evidence that serum ferritin concentration is the most sensitive monitor of Fe status enabling the detection of pre-anaemic Fe deficiency.
The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf
Authors: Williams A. P. , Hewitt D.
Published: September 2005

1. Ten calves (50–58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine requirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively.

2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: other essential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.
Protein quality in cereals and pulses
Authors: Ford J. E. , Hewitt D.
Published: September 2005

1. TheStreptococcus zymogenesassay procedure was modified and used in the estimation of available methionine and relative nutritional value in rice (Oryza sativaL.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers.), barley and field beans (Vicia fabaL.). The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins and ‘dye-binding lysine’, and to published information on the nutritional quality of some of the test samples.

2. In grain of ten varieties of sorghum, for which other workers had reported a correlation (r— 0.82;P< 0.01) between tannin content and amino acid digestibility in chicks, the available methionine content ranged from 6.3 to 17.7 g/kg protein (nitrogen × 6.25) and was highly correlated with tannin content (r— 0.97;P< 0.001). The content of total methionine and dye-binding lysine varied little between varieties and was not related to tannin content.

3. In nine samples of rice the availability of methionine was uniformly high, in accordance with literature values for true digestibility of the N.

4. In field beans the presence of tannins in the seed coat was associated with a significant (P< 0.001) reduction in the availability of methionine. In eleven tannin-free varieties the coefficient of availability averaged 0.791, compared with 0.685 in eleven tannin-containing varieties. The standard deviation associated with both values was 0.04. There was no such difference between the corresponding dye-binding lysine values.

5. Thirty-three samples of barley were examined, representing fourteen varieties, four of which had been grown at several widely different latitudes in England and Sweden. There was little difference in methionine content between samples. The average availability coefficient for eighteen samples grown in England was 0.995 ± 0.044, and for fifteen varieties grown in Sweden it was 0.851 ± 0.042. The difference was not associated with any difference in tannin content, which was uniformly low. The findings contradict published evidence for marked increase in tannin content with increase in geographical latitude of cultivation, associated with decrease in digestibility of N.
Fertility of dairy heifers given a commercial diet free of β-carotene
Authors: Folman Y. , Ascarell I. , Herz Z. , Rosenberg M. , Davidsons M. , Halevi A.
Published: September 2005

1. Dairy heifers given concentrates including vitamin A and wheat straw from 7 to 17 months of age had an average plasma β-carotene concentration of 20–60 μg/1. Control heifers given the same diet but supplemented with β-carotene had a β-carotene plasma concentration of 630–2190 μg/1.

2. In contrast to previous findings no differences in duration of standing oestrus, length of oestrous cycle, plasma progresterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and interval between LH peak and ovulation were observed between the groups. All the heifers conceived after one or two inseminations; conception rate being 69% for heifers given a diet free of β-carotene and 78% for the controls.

3. Average rate of growth of heifers not supplemented with β-carotene was 0.75±0.02 kg/d v. 0.81±0.02 kg/d for the controls (P < 0.02).

4. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between present and previous findings are discussed.
Effect of dietary composition and cold exposure on non-shivering thermogenesis in young pigs and its alteration by the β-blocker propranolol
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , Ingram D. L.
Published: September 2005

1. Young pigs were fed on three diets consecutively, each diet being given for 1 week. The diets were given in random order as (g pig feed/kg body-weight): (a) 20, (b) 60, (c) 20 plus a supplement with the energy equivalent of 40 g pig feed/kg. The supplements included desiccated coconut, fish meal and glucose.

2. At the end of each week resting metabolic rate, beginning 12–14 h after feeding, was measured overnight using an open-circuit respiration chamber at thermoneutrality.

3. The oxygen consumption of pigs on the 60 g/kg diet was always higher than on the 20 g/kg diet. The addition of desiccated coconut, or fish meal also increased metabolic rate; whereas with added glucose, O2 consumption tended to be even lower than on 20 g/kg alone.

4. The administration of the β-blocker propranolol to pigs on ad lib. food intake reduced the rate of overnight resting O2 consumption, measured from 10 until 20 h after feeding, by 12%, but it had no effect on O2 consumption when the intake was 20 g feed/kg. Exposure to mild cold (15°) caused an increase in O2 consumption and this was reduced by 14% after injection of propranolol.
The behaviour of thiomolybdates in in vitro systems
Authors: Weber K. M. , Leaver D. D. , Wedd A. G.
Published: September 2005

The stability of potassium tetrathiomolybdate was studied in vitro using solutions with molybdenum, hydrogen ion and phosphate concentrations similar to those normally found in the rumen. Under these conditions K2[MoS4] hydrolysed rapidly and as a result the solution contained [MoS4]2−, [MoOS3]2−, [MoO2S2]2−, [HS]−and H2S in equilibrium. In view of this hydrolysis, in vivo studies of thiomolybdate on copper metabolism of sheep should not exclude the possibility that either sulphide or molybdate is responsible for any observed effect.
Leucocyte ascorbic acid and the leucocyte count
Authors: Vallance S.
Published: September 2005

1. During the course of a nutritional survey on an Antarctic base, leucocyte ascorbic acid estimations (Denson & Bowers, 1961) were found to be significantly affected (P< 0.0001) by the leucocyte count measured during analysis.

2. The effect was significantly less (P< 0.05) when leucocyte levels were at or near saturation than when subsaturated.

3. This suggests that leucocytes share available ascorbic acid, especially in subsaturated subjects, and that assessment of nutritional status from the leucocyte ascorbic acid level should take account of the leucocyte count and the plasma ascorbic acid titre.
Relationship between biochemical and clinical indices of B-vitamin deficiency. A study in rural school boys
Authors: Bamji M. S. , Rameshwar Sarma K. V. , Radhaiah G.
Published: September 2005

1. A study amongst schoolboys in villages around Hyderabad, India, showed that almost all the boys had riboflavin deficiency, 61% had pyridoxine deficiency, and 9.4% had thiamin deficiency as judged by enzymic tests.

2. The prevalence of angular stomatitis was 41.3% and that of glossitis was 18.2%. Biochemical deficiency of riboflavin and pyridoxine was marginally higher in children with angular stomatitis with or without associated glossitis, than in children without oral lesions.

3. Treatment with B-complex vitamins (containing 4 mg riboflavin and 10 mg pyridoxine) daily for 1 month produced significant reduction in the prevalence of glossitis but had no effect on angular stomatitis. The latter responded to topical application of gentian violet.

4. Small but significant changes in erythrocyte enzymes occurred over the period of 1 month even without vitamin supplements.

5. Results suggest that while glossitis is a relatively early manifestation of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency or both, angular stomatitis has a more complex aetiology perhaps associated with infection.
The effect of dietary fats on the composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative drug metabolism
Authors: Hammer Catherine T. , Wills E. D.
Published: September 2005

1. The dependence of the rate of oxidative demethylation in the liver endoplasmic reticulum on the fatty acid composition of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied by varying the lipid content of the diet.

2. The rate of oxidative demethylation was markedly dependent on the percentage of linoleic acid (18:2) incorporated into the membrane. Feeding diets containing (g/kg) 100 coconut oil, 100 lard or 100 maize oil caused respectively the incorporation of 7.6, 10.3 and 25.1% linoleic acid (18:2) and a demethylation rate of 3.26, 3.15 and 5.03 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein. Feeding 100 g herring oil/kg diet caused incorporation of only 5.1% C18:2but also 27.2% ωw3 unsaturated fatty acids, including 8.7% eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and 17.0% docosahexaenoic acid (22.6) and caused a very high rate of oxidative demethylation (6.53 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein).

3. Destruction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in herring oil by irradiation with 400 krad caused incorporation of a smaller quantity of ωw3 unsaturated acids into the endoplasmic reticulum and decreased the rate of oxidative demethylation (4.83 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein).

4. The inductive effects of phenobarbitone on oxidative demethylation were partially dependent on changes in the fatty acid composition of the endoplasmic reticulum. Phenobarbitone (100 mg/kg) increased the percentage of C18:2from 25.1 to 29.4% in rats given a maize-oil diet, increased the percentage of C20:5from 8.7 to 10.3% in rats given a herring-oil diet and decreased the percentage of arachidonic acid (20:4) and C22:6in rats given a lard, maize-oil, herring-oil or irradiated-herring-oil diet.

5. Intraperitoneal α-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) increased the percentage of C20:4from 11.1 to 13.1% in rats given a lard diet and from 5.9 to 7.3% in rats given a herring-oil diet.

6. It is concluded that dietary C18:2is an important factor in the regulation of the rate of oxidative demethylation in the liver endoplasmic reticulum but this may be replaced effectively by dietary C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3 acids. Oxidative demethylation is regulated by changes in the fatty acid composition of the membranes of the liver endoplasmic reticulum.
Trace nutrients.
Authors: Spring Josephine A. , Robertson Jean , Buss D. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Intakes of magnesium, copper, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Britain were calculated by applying the values selected for the 4th edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods (Paul & Southgate, 1978) to the amounts of food recorded in the National Food Survey made during 1976 (Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food, 1977).

2. National average intakes were (/person per d): Mg 249 mg, Cu 1.51 mg, Zn 9.1 mg, vitamin B6 1.36 mg, vitamin B12 6.6 μg, free folic acid 105 μg and total folic acid 190 μg. Corresponding intakes (/person) in families with four or more children were 10–20% lower.

3. A comparison of intakes with those recommended in Canada (Department of National Health and Welfare, 1976) and the USA (National Research Council, 1974) or by WHO (1973) indicated that for folic acid average values were particulary low, and only for vitamin B12 were the recommendations significantly exceeded.

4. Contributions from alcoholic drinks and confectionery were also calculated and found, on average, to be significant for Cu, vitamin B12 and folic acid.

5. The losses of B-vitamins which might occur on cooking are discussed.
The contribution of protozoa to the protein entering the duodenum of sheep
Authors: Harrison D. G. , Beever D. E. , Osbourn D. F.
Published: September 2005

1. Four sheep, each fitted with a rumen fistula and a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum were fed a semi-purified diet containing urea as the only nitrogen source. The quantities of total protozoal amino acid-N (TPAN) present in the rumen and entering the duodenum were determined when the mean rumen dilution rate (D) was low (0.034/h) and when D was increased to 0.078/h by the intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva.

2. Increasing the dilution rate had no significant effect upon the proportions of TPAN present in the total microbial amino acid-N (TMAN) of the rumen fluid and duodenal digesta. With both dilution rates the mean proportion of TPAN in the duodenal TMAN (0.24) was markedly less than the equivalent proportion (0.45) found in the rumen fluid.

3. The daily flow of TPAN, as measured at the duodenal cannula at both dilution rates was equivalent to only 41 % of the flow of TPAN as predicted from measurements of rumen outflow, indicating that a substantial proportion of rumen protozoal protein was retained within the rumen.
The effects of pregnancy and lactation on the activities of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin in the rat pancreas
Authors: Rolls B. A. , Henschel M. J. , Palmer Maureen F.
Published: September 2005

1. The food intake, pancreas weight and trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) activities in the pancreas were measured in rats during pregnancy and lactation and after the young were weaned.

2. All the quantities measured increased significantly during lactation and had returned to their original values by 4 weeks after weaning. Food intake and pancreas weight were highest after the second week of lactation. Total trypsin and α-chymotrypsin activity, and the activity per g tissue, fell during pregnancy and rose during lactation, reaching a maximum I week after weaning.

3. From these and other results it is suggested that the hypertrophy and hypersecretion of pregnancy and lactation are initiated by changes in insulin secretion and mediated by the trophic effects of gut hormones, and that differences in the nature and timing of the response may be controlled by nutrient availability.
A comparison of the influence of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocytes
Authors: Sanders T. A. B. , Naismith D. J.
Published: September 2005

The proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives of linoleic and linolenic acids in the erythrocyte lipids of infants fed a cow's milk formula was lower than in breast-fed infants. Although the formula provided only 0.55% of the total energy as linoleic acid, essential fatty acid deficiency was not detected; the triene:tetraene ratio was 0.09.
Selective deficiency of hepatic triglyceride lipase and hypertriglyceridaemia in kwashiorkor
Authors: Agbedana E. O. , Johnson A. O. , Taylor G. Oladunni
Published: September 2005

1. Serum postheparin lipolytic activities (PHLA), triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were determined in children with kwashiorkor before and after treatment and also in normal control children.

2. Using the range (571–1650 μmol/l) of serum triglyceride of the control children as normal, five (20%) of the twenty-five children with kwashiorkor had low (less than 570μmol/l), thirteen (52%) had normal (571–1650, μmol/l) and seven (28%) had high (more than 1650 μmol/l) serum triglyceride levels.

3. The serum PHLA did not show any definite correlation with the level of circulating triglycerides, although the lowest levels of PHLA were found in the malnourished children with highest triglyceride level.

4. While the hepatic PHLA in the malnourished children was significantly less than control value, the extrahepatic PHLA did not differ significantly.

5. After treatment, serum PHLA rose significantly and the mean levels were within normal range.

6. Our findings suggest that a defect in catabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein caused by a low hepatic PHLA may cause hypertriglyceridaemia in children with kwashiorkor.
Changes in body composition after thermal injury in the rat
Authors: Al Shamma G. A. , Goll C. C. , Baird T. B. , Broom J. , Nicholas G. A. , Richards J. R.
Published: September 2005

1. The effects on body composition, measured by direct techniques, of a controlled 25% body-surfacearea thermal injury have been studied in two groups of forty male Wistar rats.

2. The extent of weight loss in the animals was directly related to their energy deficit resulting from a combination of injury, food intake and rate of wound healing.

3. Body fat proved the most labile source of tissue energy, decreasing to a minimum of approximately 30 g/kg body-weight.

4. Relationships between water and fat, and water and protein seen in control animals were not significantly different in the traumatized group.
The role of thermoregulatory thermogenesis in the development of obesity in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice pair-fed with lean siblings
Authors: Thurlby P. L. , Trayhurn P.
Published: September 2005

1. In order to quantitatively assess the energetic significance of reduced thermoregulatory thermogenesis in the accumulation of excess body fat in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice experiments have been conducted at four environmental temperatures (17, 23, 28 and 33°) in which young growing obese animals were pair-fed for 10 d to the ad lib. intake of lean siblings.

2. The food intake of the lean mice increased with decreasing environmental temperature: at 17° the intake was 86% higher than that at 33°.

3. The estimated gain in carcass energy of lean mice rose with increasing temperature, from 82 kJ at 17° to 150 kJ at 33°. The energy gain of the pair-fed obese mice was higher than that of the lean at all temperatures but showed a slight decrease with increasing temperature, from 231 kJ at 17° to 191 kJ at 33°.

4. Environmental temperature affected the ‘excess’ energy gain of the obese mice. At 17° the obese mice deposited 182% more energy than the lean but this difference decreased progressively with increasing temperature to 127, 62 and 27% more energy at 23, 28 and 33° respectively.

5. At all environmental temperatures the pair-fed obese mice deposited considerably less protein than their lean controls. The deposition ranged from 32% (at 17°) to 56% (at 28°) of that of the lean mice.

6. It is concluded that environmental temperature plays a major role in determining the excess energy gain of ob/ob mice receiving the same amount of food as lean controls, and that the low energy expenditure and consequent high metabolic efficiency of this mutant is due primarily to reduced thermoregulatory thermogenesis.
WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India
Authors: Mathan V. I. , Baker S. J. , Sood S. K. , Ramachandran K. , Ramalingaswami V.
Published: September 2005

1. A study was conducted in two centres in southern and northern India of the effects of the addition of ascorbic acid and protein supplements to iron, pteroylglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin, in the prophylaxis and treatment of anaemia of pregnancy.

2. A dose of 500 mg ascorbic acid/d had no beneficial effect. Women who received 15 g calcium caseinate/d showed a superior haematological response. The reasons for this are unknown, but are more likely attributable to an increased absorption of the supplemental iron than to the correction of a protein deficiency.
Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life
Authors: Vuori E.
Published: September 2005

1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 μg; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973).

2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.
Effect of zinc deficiency on the weight, cellularity and zinc concentration of different skeletal muscles in the post-weanling rat
Authors: O'Leary Mary J. , McClaln C. J. , Hegarty P. V. J.
Published: September 2005

Zinc-deficient (ZD), weight-restricted (WR), pair-fed (PF) andad lib.-fed (AL) Sprague-Dawley male rats were killed after feeding the respective Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented diets from 3 to 8 weeks of age. Animals killed at the start of the experiment served as a baseline control (BC).

Four different skeletal muscles – biceps brachii, soleus, plantaris and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) – were studied for changes in weight, the number and diameter of muscle fibres and Zn concentration.

The soleus muscle had the highest concentration of Zn. It was the only muscle to reduce its Zn concentration due to Zn deficiency.

There was a loss of muscle fibres during normal growth (groups BCv.AL) in the soleus muscle (P< 0.05). The estimated length of muscle and the diameter of the muscle fibres in all four muscles increased significantly (P< 0.001). Therefore postweanling growth appears to occur as a result of longitudinal and transverse increases in the dimensions of these muscles.

The reduction in muscle fibre number in ZD rats compared to BC animals may occur within the range of expected fibre loss during normal growth. Fibre loss in ZD rats may be more affected by feeding-pattern-dependent metabolic changes than by a deficiency of Zn per se (groups ZDv.WR). Soleus fibre loss in ZD rats may be related to the high Zn concentration in this muscle.

The effect of Zn deficiency per se on muscle fibre diameter may be inaccurately interpreted by comparing the ZD animals with their PF and AL controls. There was no significant difference in fibre diameter in any of the four muscles when ZD and WF rats were compared.
Intraruminal injection of urea and changes in secretion of parotid saliva in sheep
Authors: Obara Y. , Shimbayashi K.
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep were injected with varying doses of urea into the rumen and changes in the amount of saliva secreted from one parotid gland were studied. When the dose of urea was 0.1–0.2 g/kg, the secretion under- went no change. When the dose was 0.3 g/kg. the secretion was inhibited. When the dose was 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg, there was a marked inhibition in the secretion.

2. There was a close relationship between the ammonia level of the jugular blood and the inhibition of salivary secretion. When the ammonia level exceeded approximately 0.28 mmol/l, the secretion was inhibited abruptly.

3. Salivary secretion and rumen movement were inhibited when the blood ammonia level exceeded 0.28 mmoljl, after injection of ammonium acetate into the jugular vein.

4. Based on the results mentioned previously, the mechanism of inhibition on the secretion of parotid saliva is discussed in relation to the domestic ruminant in which urea had been injected into the rumen.
Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Demeyer D. I. , Van Nevel C. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Rumen contents of a fasted fistulated wether, obtained in a faunated, defaunated and refaunated period were incubated in vitro with a mixture of cellobiose and maltose, in the presence of ammonium bicarbonate and32PO43−. Total synthesis of microbial N (Nt) was calculated from32P incorporation and N:P determined in microbial matter. The N:P value was not affected by defaunation. Net synthesis of microbial N (Nn) was calculated from ammonia-N incorporation. An estimate of degradation of microbial N was calculated as Nt–Nn. Energetic efficiency of synthesis was calculated from the volatile fatty acids produced during incubation, as g N incorporated per kg organic matter fermented (g N/kg OMf).

2. Defaunation decreased the proportions of acetate, butyrate and methane and increased those of propionate in fermentation end-products. Fermentation rate when expressed per mg microbial N was not affected by defaunation.

3. Expressed per unit volume of rumen contents, Nnwas increased by defaunation whereas Nfremained unchanged. Thus, a decrease in degradation can be calculated. Energetic efficiences of total and net synthesis were increased from 35 and 13 to 47 and 30 g N/kg OMfrespectively.

4. Specific rates of both total and net synthesis of microbial N were significantly increased by defaunation whereas the specific rate of degradation was not affected.
The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep
Authors: Siddons R. C. , Evans R. T. , Beever D. E.
Published: September 2005

1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum.

2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo.

3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P< 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P< 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net gain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage.

4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P< 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum.

5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.
Effect of sodium chloride deficiency on basal metabolism in broiler chickens
Authors: Walicka Elżbieta , Ryś R , Koreleski J. , Pietras M.
Published: September 2005

1. Male broiler chickens were given a sodium chloride-deficient or NaCl-adequate diet from 7 to 21 d of age in Expt I and 28 to 56 d of age in Expt 2.

2. NaCl-deficient chickens had a markedly poorer growth and food conversion efficiency than those given the NaCl-adequate diet.

3. NaCl deficiency was associated with an increase in basal metabolic rate and increases in oxygen consumption, heat production and respiratory quotients were also noted. The glycogen content of chicken livers was also higher.

4. Measurements of acid–base balance were found to be changed in NaCl-deficient chickens. Values for pH and bicarbonate content in blood plasma were lowered.

5. NaCl deficiency increased the packed cell volume and thyroxine level in blood plasma. Sodium and chloride contents in blood were lowered.

6. Results are discussed in relation to the decreased food conversion in NaCl-deficient chickens.
Foetal plasma magnesium levels during maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia in ewes
Authors: Barlet J.-P. , Davicco Marie-Jeanne , Moncaup Michèle , Lefaivre J.
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia of foetal plasma magnesium levels was studied in pregnant ewes between the 120th and the 145th day of gestation using a permanent catheter insertedin uterointo the left aorta of the foetus on the 115th day of gestation.

2. In seven ewes, carrying eleven foetuses, the injection of 1 α-hydroxycholecalciferol induced a hypomagnesaemia which lasted 72 h. This had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels.

3. In five ewes, carrying six foetuses, hypermagnesaemia induced by a 2 h magnesium chloride infusion had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels.

4. These results provide evidence that in sheep during the last 20 d of gestation the foetal regulation of plasma Mg is independent of the maternal plasma Mg levels.
The 3-methylhistidine content of human tissues
Authors: Elia M. , Carter A. , Smith R.
Published: September 2005

1. The amount of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH) has been measured in eighty-eight samples of tissue takenPost-mortemfrom five adults.

2. The highest concentration (μmol/g fat-free dry weight) of 3-MeH was in skeletal muscle (3.31 ± 0.05); intermediate values (2–3) were found in cardiac muscle and those tissues containing smooth muscle; and low values (less than I) occurred in parenchymal tissues such as liver and kidney.

3. There was little variation between the mean 3-MeH content of striated muscles in different individuals, and no significant difference between the 3-MeH concentrations of striated muscles taken from six different sites.

4. The results suggest that it is justifiable to use values obtained from single muscles to calculate the rate of myofibrillar breakdown from urinary 3-MeH excretion.
The urinary excretion of Nτ-methyl histidine in sheep: an invalid index of muscle protein breakdown
Authors: Harris C. I. , Milne G.
Published: September 2005

1. The validity of the urinary excretion of Nτ-methyl histidine (Nτ-MH) in sheep as a measure of the breakdown of muscle protein in vivo was assessed from the urinary recovery of radioactivity following the intravenous administration of Nτ-[14CH3]methylhistidine.

2. Recoveries of radioactivity in urine from animals of 4 weeks to 7 years of age were incomplete in 7 d but progressively increased with the age of the animal, becoming almost quantitative (90%) in older animals after recovery for 3 weeks.

3. The incomplete urinary recoveries were not due to partial excretion of Nτ-MH in faeces or its oxidation and elimination in expired gases but were related to the presence in muscle of a pool of non-protein-bound Nτ-MH which was several times larger than the expected daily urinary excretion.

4. This pool in newly accreted muscle tissue was maintained by retention of some of the Nτ-MH released by breakdown of muscle protein. Hence, only a proportion of the Nτ-MH released from protein breakdown was available for excretion. This proportion increased with the age of the animal and was probably the main determinant of the improved recoveries of radioactivity obtained in urine from older animals.

5. The non-protein-bound Nτ-MH in muscle consisted of free Nτ-MH and a dipeptide containing Nτ-MH, the latter comprising on average approximately 82% of the total non-protein-bound Nτ-MH in muscle. This proportion did not change appreciably with the age of the animal.

6. The dipeptide appeared to be synthesized in muscle from free Nτ-MH and was not a terminal product of protein breakdown.

7. The results show that urinary excretion of Nτ-MH is not a reliable index of muscle protein breakdown in sheep.
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Thompson S. Y. , Edwards-Webb J. D.
Published: September 2005

1. The abomasal hydrolysis of lipids and the flow of endogenous (biliary) lipids was studied in two Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets, by sampling the duodenal digesta. The diets were: reconstituted, mildly preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 500 g/kg skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF) together with dried whey. The diets were givenad lib.twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for six consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta from the re-entrant cannula situated caudal to the bile duct were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals for each diet. Samples from one collection only were subjected to detailed analysis of the lipid classes.

2. The inclusion of non-milk protein (ASKF and BSKF) not only increased the rate of passage of lipid through the abomasum but also the proportion of the lipid present as triglyceride particularly, in the first 2 h after feeding.

3. In a 12 h period, 2·3–6·3 g ‘polar’ lipids (mainly biliary phospholipids) were estimated to have been secreted. The rate of flow was high during the first hour after feeding and constant thereafter. The quantity of ‘polar’ lipid was not related to the type of milk fed or the duodenal flow of lipid.

4. When diet SK was fed, the small amounts of lipid present were extensively hydrolysed so that free fatty acids represented 700 g/kg lipid of dietary origin passing through the duodenum. When margarine fat was included in the diets (SKF, ASKF and BSKF), the free fatty acids represented only 210 g/kg lipid of dietary origin.

5. The quantities of lipid and nitrogen passing through the duodenum were poorly related to the quantities ingested at the beginning of the 12 h experimental period but were closely related to each other.