bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Care of the Chronically Ill at Home: An Unresolved Dilemma in Health Policy for the United States
Authors: BUHLER‐WILKERSON KAREN
Published: September 2010

The problems of caring for patients with disabling illnesses who neither get well nor die are not new. Such patients have always required assistance at home from family, benevolent volunteers, or paid caregivers. Despite two centuries of experimentation, however, no agreement exists concerning the balance between the public and private resources to be allocated through state funding, private insurance, and family contributions for the daily and routine care at home for chronically ill persons of all ages. This article examines these issues and the unavoidable tensions between fiscal reality and legitimate need. It also uses historical and policy analyses to explain why home care has never become the cornerstone for caring for the chronically ill.
CONCILIAR, NOT CONCILIATORY: HANS URS VON BALTHASAR'S ECCLESIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF VATICAN II
Authors: LÖSEL STEFFEN
Published: September 2010

In this essay, I analyze von Balthasar's ecclesiology against the backdrop of Vatican II and identify its ecumenical challenges. I demonstrate how von Balthasar's ecclesiology reflects the last council particularly in terms of its integration of ecclesiology and mariology, its gendered conceptualization of the church and its hierarchy, and its reaffirmation of papal primacy. From a Protestant perspective, I have, however, a number of critical questions. First, I question von Balthasar's sacred sociology, which ultimately privileges the magisterium as the decisive source of divine revelation. Second, I point out the peculiarities of von Balthasar's typological interpretation of scripture and its consequences for his ecclesiological vision. Finally, I take issue with his outdated binary gender anthropology.
Pressurised partnership: a case of perishable compromise in contested terrain
Authors: Jenkins Jean
Published: September 2010

This paper analyses the life cycle of a partnership agreement in the context of managerially driven changes to work organisation at an aluminium manufacturing plant (Aluminium) located in South Wales, UK. The paper highlights the contingent, context‐specific nature of workplace partnerships and their limited influence and vulnerability to the operation of the market.
DISPLAY, DISCLOSURE AND CONCEALMENT: THE ORGANIZATION OF RAW MATERIALS IN THE CHAMBERED TOMBS OF BOHUSLÄN
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD , PHILLIPS TIM
Published: September 2010

Summary.  The Neolithic chambered tombs of Bohuslän on the west coast of Sweden were built out of locally occurring raw materials. These exhibit a wide variety of colours, textures and mineral inclusions, and all were used to contrive a series of striking visual effects. Certain of these would have been apparent to the casual observer but others would only have been apparent to someone inside the passage or the burial chamber. There is no evidence that the materials were organized according to a single scheme. Rather, they permitted a series of improvisations, so that no two monuments were exactly alike. The effects that they created are compared with those found in megalithic art where the design elements were painted or carved, but in Bohuslän all the designs were created using the natural properties of the rock.
POST‐MIDDENISM: DEPOSITIONAL HISTORIES ON LATER BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS AT BROOM, BEDFORDSHIRE
Authors: BRUDENELL MATT , COOPER ANWEN
Published: September 2010

Summary.  This paper considers recent discussions of ‘deliberate’, ‘formal’, ‘placed’, ‘special’, ‘structured’, or ‘token’ deposits on later prehistoric settlements in Britain. It argues that while these concepts have certainly been very important in raising and forefronting the interpretative possibilities that depositional practices might offer, the idea of structured deposition has, at times, been adopted and applied somewhat simplistically. In such instances, exploration of the potential complexity and interpretative scope of depositional histories on later prehistoric settlements has been substantially curtailed. Current understandings of depositional practices involving pottery and burnt human bone are examined, and alternative interpretations offered, through a case study of the evidence recovered from a series of later Bronze Age settlements at Broom Quarry, Bedfordshire.
ON THE ORIENTATION OF ROMAN TOWNS IN ITALY
Authors: MAGLI GIULIO
Published: September 2010

Summary.  Several Roman writers report on the existence of a town foundation ritual, inherited from the Etruscans, which allegedly included astronomical references. However, the possible existence of astronomical orientations in the layout of Roman towns has never been considered in a systematic way. As a first step in this direction, the orientation of 38 Roman towns in Italy is studied here. Non‐random orientation patterns emerge from these data, calling for further research in this field.
FORM AND FUNCTION: THE EXPERIMENTAL USE OF ROMAN SAMIAN WARE CUPS
Authors: BIDDULPH EDWARD
Published: September 2010

Summary.  Wear‐patterns inside Roman samian ware vessels provide a clue as to how the pots were used. The wear repeatedly seen in the cups, Dragendorff 27 and Dragendorff 33, is particularly distinctive. This paper reports the results of using reproduction cups to replicate the patterns in order to discover how these may have been formed. The results suggest that Dragendorff 27 was used in the kitchen as a mortar, while Dragendorff 33 was a wine‐drinking vessel. Evidence from historical sources and graffiti supports this view, and suggests that the inhabitants of Roman Britain were conversant with Roman ways of cooking and dining.
BUTCHERING PATTERNS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FAUNAL ANIMAL REMAINS CONSUMED AT THE LOS MILLARES CHALCOLITHIC SETTLEMENT (SANTA FE DE MONDÚJAR, ALMERÍA, SPAIN)
Authors: NAVAS ELENA , ESQUIVEL JOSÉ A. , MOLINA FERNANDO
Published: September 2010

The archaeological settlement of Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería) is located in the Mediterranean coastal area of southern Spain. This archaeological site constitutes one of the most important settlements belonging to the Copper Age in the Iberian Peninsula and has given its name to the ‘millariense’ culture. The settlement has been completely excavated, yielding major archaeological faunal remains, with 27,426 bone fragments classified by researchers from Munich University (Germany).

In this paper, we apply different statistical methods (mainly χ2 analysis) to study the spatial distribution of bones from domestic and wild animals, reconstructing the patterns of appearance within specific functional spaces. These functions can be associated with meat consumption (sites to cut the animals into small pieces, areas where the meat was eaten, garbage sites, etc.) and the production of handmade objects (bone tools, stone tools, etc.).

The results show different spatial distributions of faunal remains within the areas of the settlement, according to the animal species and particular parts of the animal skeleton, as well as the age and the sex of individuals. The findings reflect social behaviour that relates the consumption of certain species to a specific sector of population, and such behaviour can be discerned in the animal remains. Moreover, there is evidence regarding economic matters, such as meat production and the exchange of animals, which require further research.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND HUMAN SPACE IN NORTH‐EASTERN IBERIA DURING THE THIRD CENTURY BC
Authors: RUESTES CARME
Published: September 2010

By using GIS (Geographical Information System) visibility analysis, the visual surveillance of, and ways in which people engaged and experienced, an Iberian landscape north of Barcelona during the third century BC are explored.

The study of visual surveillance from the hillforts that dominated the area is understood as a means to address issues of social structure and hierarchy. How Iberian people might have viewed and rationalized their world, which is an issue that has so far not been addressed within the theoretical approaches that currently characterize this area of Mediterranean archaeology, is explored here for the first time. Emphasis is placed on people's sense of place and on hillforts' prominence.

Visibility analysis indicates a highly structured society, where each hillfort might have primarily controlled given zones of the landscape and might have informed others about events taking place there through an integrated visibility network. Whilst hillforts appear to have been sited according to the view that they offered, they do not seem to have been intended to maximize their own visual impact. Social and experiential approaches compellingly coincide to suggest a subdivision of this society between mountain and coastal communities in both practical and perceptual terms.
POLITIES AND PRINCES AD 400–800: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUNERARY LANDSCAPE OF THE SOUTH SAXON KINGDOM
Authors: SEMPLE SARAH
Published: September 2010

Burials, borders and boundaries are themes much pursued in early medieval research. Barrow burials, in particular, have been suggested as markers or ‘sentinel graves’; funerary monuments used to define territorial boundaries and entrance points to kingdoms. This paper assesses the burial evidence of the fifth to eighth centuries from West Sussex, England, taking a topographic perspective and examining the uses made of ancient remains and natural topography. Certain distinctive topographic traits in cemetery and burial placement are argued to exist and, when considered alongside the written accounts of the kingdom, are suggested here as evidence for putative early micro‐kingdom structures, centred around the major river valleys, surviving into and perhaps even beyond the seventh century AD.
GRADUAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION WITH SLUGGISH CAPITAL MOVEMENT
Authors: Kim HanSung , Wong Kar‐Yiu
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  This paper analyses how domestic sluggish capital movement can affect multilateral trade negotiations between countries. In multilateral trade talks, including the current Doha Round of trade talks organized by the World Trade Organization, countries take steps to liberalize even though they seem to be moving towards the ultimate free trade equilibrium. This paper argues that when capital moves sluggishly between sectors in an economy, there are cases in which countries do not want to move to the ultimate free trade equilibrium immediately. Instead, they find it more beneficial if they simultaneously move gradually, with their tariffs lowered step by step.
MEN, MONEY, AND MEDALS: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Authors: Lui Hon‐Kwong , Suen Wing
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Population size and the level of income per capita are major determinants of the number of medals won by a country in the 1952–2004 Olympic Games. A parsimonious count (Poisson) model fits the data very well: the squared correlation between the predicted value of the number of medals won and the observed value is about 56%. There exist strong country‐specific effects in Olympic medals results. While the USA and China tend to outperform other countries relative to their size and income, the Asian dragons tend to under‐perform in the Games.
Loyal Sons and Daughters of God? American Catholics Debate Catholic Antiwar Protest
Authors: Moon Penelope Adams
Published: September 2010

American Catholics witnessed a wave of radical Catholic action during the Vietnam War. Many Catholics protested the war by burning draft cards and destroying draft files. Radical Catholic action continued into the 1980s with the Plowshares actions, protests in which religious activists attempted to damage nuclear weapons and facilities. The response of ordinary Catholics to such protests, gleaned from Catholic editorial letters, was mixed. Some Catholics drew on a tradition in American Catholicism that emphasized patriotism and sought to keep religious and secular matters separate. Others supported the protests on biblical grounds and found justification in church tradition and teaching. Response to Vietnam‐era Catholic protests tended to focus on the propriety of Catholic protests and the changes wrought by the Second Vatican Council, rather than the war itself. By the 1980s, however, American Catholics had become more comfortable with Catholic public protest and focused their editorial debate on the morality of nuclear weapons.
President Eisenhower and Dr. King on Peace and Human Nature
Authors: Chernus Ira
Published: September 2010

Fifty years ago Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., began his rise to fame while President Dwight D. Eisenhower was at the height of his prestige. They offered two contrasting views of human nature and peace. Eisenhower saw desire inevitably leading to selfishness and conflict. His concept of peace was based on voluntary restraint of desire, which ultimately meant restraint of historical change. In King's vision of the beloved community, desire coming from the center of each person's being could be fulfilled with no danger to the community, because all people are inherently connected in “a single garment of destiny.” For King, peace was nonviolence: the process of making the beloved community real in the present historical moment. Thus, King saw no need to restrain change. After fifty years, the U.S. society is still dominated by Eisenhower's view. But King's view remains a viable realistic alternative.
Adverse Selection, Investor Experience and Security Choice in Venture Capital Finance: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Hartmann‐Wendels Thomas , Keienburg Georg , Sievers Soenke
Published: September 2010

This article analyses 336 German venture capital transactions from 1990 to 2005 and seeks to determine why selected financial securities differ across deals. We find that a broad array of financial instruments is used, covering straight equity, mezzanine and debt‐like securities. Based on the chosen financial securities’ upside potential and downside protection characteristics, we provide an explanation for the differing use of these securities. Our results show that investors’ deal experience, adverse selection risks and economic prospects in the public equity market influence the selection of financial securities.
‘You Make Me Feel like a Woman’: Therapeutic Cultures and the Contagion of Femininity
Authors: Swan Elaine
Published: September 2010

This article explores the relations between processes of emotionalization in society, therapeutic cultures in the workplace and new forms of emotional subjectivity and self‐presentation. For many commentators, this subjectivity is culturally feminized, drawing as it does on first‐person narratives, confessionals, emotional performances and ‘the personal’ and it is also highly problematic. In particular, the article speculates on the emergence of a somewhat hostile reaction by some prominent critics to these emotional selves, to whom they appear to represent a form of emasculation. Exploring a range of ‘archives’ in different discourse registers, the article suggests that these dismissive responses could be seen to signify growing cultural anxieties about the imagined feminization of the self and the workplace. The article concludes by proposing that while therapeutic cultures are politically ambivalent, the significance of the resources and solace that they offer should not be ignored or trivialized.
‘Girls Who Do Boys Like They're Girls’? Exploring the Role of Gender in the Junior Management of Contemporary Service Work
Authors: Brannan Matthew , Priola Vincenza
Published: September 2010

This article attempts to explain the clustering of women managers at junior managerial grades in the service sector by focusing on the structuring and organization of work in a call centre. The article is based on an ethnography of an organization and seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate in gender research by exploring and documenting the requirement for the enactment of masculinities at work for successful managers. Central to our account is the role of team leader which, as a junior management position, occupies a key role in understanding and accounting for the gendered hierarchical terrain of contemporary service‐based organizations. In exploring the role of team leader, a position that tends overwhelmingly to be held by female staff, we draw attention to the perception of the gendered nature of the role by subordinate members of the organization, the team‐leaders themselves and more senior managers. The position is also brought into sharp relief in comparison with the subordinate role of the ‘problem manager’, a position overwhelmingly held by men.
SEMINONPARAMETRIC MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF CONDITIONAL MOMENT RESTRICTION MODELS*
Authors: Ai Chunrong
Published: September 2010

This article studies estimation of a conditional moment restriction model with the seminonparametric maximum likelihood approach proposed by Gallant and Nychka (Econometrica 55 (March 1987), 363–90). Under some sufficient conditions, we show that the estimator of the finite dimensional parameter θ is asymptotically normally distributed and attains the semiparametric efficiency bound and that the estimator of the density function is consistent under L2 norm. Some results on the convergence rate of the estimated density function are derived. An easy to compute covariance matrix for the asymptotic covariance of the θ estimator is presented.
THE PURE CHARACTERISTICS DEMAND MODEL*
Authors: Berry Steven , Pakes Ariel
Published: September 2010

In this article, we consider a class of discrete choice models in which consumers care about a finite set of product characteristics. These models have been used extensively in the theoretical literature on product differentiation and the goal of this article is to translate them into a form that is useful for empirical work. Most recent econometric applications of discrete choice models implicitly let the dimension of the characteristic space increase with the number of products (they have “tastes for products”). The two models have different theoretical properties, and these, in turn, can have quite pronounced implications for both substitution patterns and for the welfare impacts of changes in the number and characteristics of the goods marketed. After developing those properties, we provide alternative algorithms for estimating the parameters of the pure characteristic model and compare their properties to those of the algorithm for estimating the model with tastes for products. We conclude with a series of Monte Carlo results. These are designed to illustrate: (i) the computational properties of the alternative algorithms for computing the pure characteristic model, and (ii) the differences in the implications of the pure characteristic model from the models with tastes for products.
EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF SEMIPARAMETRIC MODELS BY SMOOTHED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD*
Authors: Cosslett Stephen R.
Published: September 2010

A smoothed likelihood function is used to construct efficient estimators for some semiparametric models that contain unknown density functions together with parametric index functions. Smoothing the likelihood makes maximization with respect to the unknown density functions more tractable. The method is used to show the efficiency gains from knowledge of population shares in three cases: (1) binary choice; (2) binary choice when only one outcome is sampled, supplemented by random sampling of the explanatory variables; and (3) linear regression, where the shares are defined by a threshold value of the dependent variable. Semiparametric efficiency is achieved both for parametric components and for a class of functionals of the error density.
VEHICLE CHOICE BEHAVIOR AND THE DECLINING MARKET SHARE OF U.S. AUTOMAKERS*
Authors: Train Kenneth E. , Winston Clifford
Published: September 2010

We develop a consumer‐level model of vehicle choice to shed light on the erosion of the U.S. automobile manufacturers' market share during the past decade. We examine the influence of vehicle attributes, brand loyalty, product line characteristics, and dealerships. We find that nearly all of the loss in market share for U.S. manufacturers can be explained by changes in basic vehicle attributes, namely: price, size, power, operating cost, transmission type, reliability, and body type. U.S. manufacturers have improved their vehicles' attributes but not as much as Japanese and European manufacturers have improved the attributes of their vehicles.
NATIONAL TREATMENT AT THE WTO: THE ROLES OF PRODUCT AND COUNTRY HETEROGENEITY*
Authors: Saggi Kamal , Sara Nese
Published: September 2010

This paper analyzes the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) national treatment (NT) clause in a two‐country model where quality of goods and/or market size are heterogenous across countries. When market size is symmetric across countries, a reciprocal NT agreement (i) benefits the high‐quality country, (ii) hurts the low‐quality country, and (iii) delivers higher aggregate world welfare. However, such an agreement can arise in equilibrium if the high‐quality country's market is relatively bigger and the quality gap between goods is small (i.e., goods are sufficiently alike). The qualitative nature of these results does not change when quality is endogenously determined.
Comparing the Psychometric Characteristics of Ratings of Face‐to‐Face and Videotaped Structured Interviews
Authors: Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Raymark Patrick H. , Roth Philip L. , Payne Holly S.
Published: September 2010

Videotaped interviews are used for both research and for making selection decisions in organizations. However, little research has examined the extent to which the psychometric characteristics of ratings of videotaped interviews are comparable with those of ratings made on the basis of face‐to‐face (FTF) interviews. Within a simulated selection setting, we compared ratings of interviewers who conducted FTF structured interviews to ratings of interviewers who viewed videotapes of those interviews. Results revealed that FTF ratings were significantly higher than video ratings of the same interviewees. We also found that the two sets of interviewers rated the relative performance of interviewees differently. For example, the correlation between FTF and video ratings (r=.31) was significantly smaller than the correlation between ratings of interviewers who conducted FTF panel interviews with the same interviewees (r=.73). Overall results suggest that researchers and practitioners should be cautious about generalizing research findings and selection decisions made on the basis of videotaped interviews to FTF interviews.
In Defense of a Disputed Study of Construct Validity from South Africa
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe
Published: September 2010

This analysis of a critique finds that the original study accurately showed that the items found easy or difficult by Black South African undergraduates were those found easy or difficult by their White and South Asian counterparts (r's=.90). There was no evidence of any culture‐specific effect. Instead, African/non‐African differences were found to be most pronounced on g. This was shown by item‐total correlations (estimates of the item's g loading), which predicted the magnitude of African/non‐African differences on those same items, and by a confirmatory factor analysis. The tests were equally predictive for Blacks and non‐Blacks on external criteria such as course grades. The results indicate the remarkable cross‐cultural generalizability of item properties across sub‐Saharan Africans, South Asians, and Europeans and that these reflect g more than culturally specific ways of thinking.
Decision‐making on social assistance in major cities in Sweden
Authors: Gustafsson B. , Hydén L.‐C. , Salonen T.
Published: September 2010

It is desirable to strive for uniformity in decisions on social assistance. By presenting hypothetical new clients to social workers and asking for decisions, we investigated the occurrence of lack of agreement in decision‐making. Surveys were made in Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö. The results demonstrated variation in the assessment of applications for social assistance between the cities as well as within parts of the same city and between individual social workers in the same office. The reasons for these variations are discussed.
Segregation, Social Polarization and Immigration in Athens during the 1990s: Theoretical Expectations and Contextual Difference
Authors: MALOUTAS THOMAS
Published: September 2010

This article investigates trends in segregation, polarization and inequality in Athens during the 1990s, and focuses on what may seem a paradoxical coexistence of decreasing segregation with increasing social polarization and inequality. To explain this coexistence, the article examines the distinction between social polarization in specific contexts and the dominant assumptions about social polarization, which derive from the global city thesis, and the structure of the city's housing market, which prevented the substantial wave of immigration during the 1990s from intensifying segregation. Arguing for more context awareness, the article does not try to stress the specificity of the Athenian case, but, mainly, to reveal the context‐dependent character of the dominant assumptions about segregation and social polarization and, therefore, to show their limitations.
An Empirical Comparison of Price‐Limit Models*
Authors: LEVY TAMIR , YAGIL JOSEPH
Published: September 2010

Using futures traded on the Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange and New York Board of Trade, we test six alternative models of the return‐generating process (RGP) in futures exchanges that adopt a price‐limit regime. We rank the six models according to their return‐prediction ability, based on the mean square error criterion, and we find that the near‐limit model performed best for both the estimation period and the prediction period. A reliable prediction of the expected return can have important implications for both traders and policy makers, concerning related issues such as the employment of long or short strategy, margin requirements and the effectiveness of the price limit mechanism.
Are Feedback Factors Important in Modeling Financial Data?
Authors: VEIGA HELENA
Published: September 2010

This paper provides empirical evidence that continuous time models with one factor of volatility are, under some circumstances, able to fit the main characteristics of financial data and reports insights about the importance of introducing feedback factors to capture the strong persistence caused by the presence of changes in the variance. We use the Efficient Method of Moments (EMM) by Gallant and Tauchen (1996) to estimate logarithmic models with one and two stochastic volatility factors (with and without feedback) and to select among them.
Stock Index Futures Prices and the Asian Financial Crisis*
Authors: HASSAN TAUFIQ , MOHAMAD SHAMSHER , ARIFF MOHAMAD , NASSIR ANNUAR MD
Published: September 2010

This study reports new findings on the behavior of index futures (FKLI: code name of Kuala Lumpur Index Futures contract) prices and also records the effect of a major financial crisis on the prices. Since the inception of trading in 1995, the FKLI has been selling at a discount, which gradually increased till early 1997; further, at the onset of the financial crisis in July 1997, FKLI prices were at a high premium relative to its theoretical values. This significant mispricing of the contract declined after the initial overreaction to the crisis. Herding behavior during crisis, liquidity constraint and imposition of trading restrictions are some plausible explanations for the mispricing. This study also investigates whether trades by foreign investors had any impact when compared with prices by domestic investors. We find that foreign investors had a negative influence on permanent price changes while the domestic investors had a positive effect.
Competition and Market Structure of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
Authors: KIM YOUNGSOO , MEHROTRA VIKAS
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we study the relation among market structure, trading costs, and competition in National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ). In particular, we address the following questions: Do NASDAQ dealers exercise market power and extract economic rents in setting bid‐ask spread? How persistent is the market power of dominant dealers? Our estimate of the rent is approximately ¢8.76, or 0.54% of stock price. The half‐life of the persistence of this rent is approximately 20 months for the entire sample, while the half‐life of younger stocks tend to be shorter than those of more mature stocks. Our result supports Schultz: NASDAQ dealers make markets only for stocks where they have competitive advantages in accessing order flow and in information. It might take a while before a market maker poses effective competition to existing dominant market makers. In the meantime, incumbent market makers are able to exercise market power and appear to earn abnormally large profits.
After the Algerian war: reconstructing identity among the Pieds‐noirs
Authors: Savarese Eric
Published: September 2010

The reconstruction of a Pied‐noir identity reflects the transformations experienced in a recent group made up of very dissimilar individuals: there is no Pied‐noir vote, identity, or memory. But there are identity strategies that seek to transform a set of heterogeneous persons into a homogenous group through the intervention of tradition; strategies that are, moreover, disputed, particularly by those Pieds‐noirs who do not consider themselves to be represented by the repatriating organisations. Furthermore, identity traumas affect some individuals considered to be Pieds‐noirs but who, faced with the sequels of a tragic Algerian war, identify Algerian immigration with the return of the former rebels – the fellagas – to what they used to call metropolitan France.
The shadow of heroes: former combatants in post‐war Bosnia‐Herzegovina
Authors: Bougarel Xavier
Published: September 2010

The combatant population (former combatants, disabled ex‐servicemen, and the families of fallen soldiers) has a key position in post‐war Bosnian society, both numerically and symbolically. During the war, the three existing armies set up new systems to care for combatants and their families and to redeploy military models inherited from the Communist period. The emergence of the combatant population as a specific social group accelerated in the first years of the postwar period and can be explained by a combination of its experience of violence, its legal and symbolic status, and its integration into various association networks. At the end of the 1990s the decline in the material well‐being of the combatant population and its gradual loss of prestige led to a serious identity crisis. In 2001–2002, following the electoral victory of the Social Democratic Party in the Croat‐Bosniak Federation, the associations of former combatants supported the vague secessionist intentions of the Croatian Democratic Community and strongly opposed reform of the military pension system. But former combatants also participate more informally in the evolution of Bosnian society and can even play an important role in inter‐community mediation.
An evaluation of community and corporate bias in assessment tools
Authors: Bauer Irmgard , Thomas Katie
Published: September 2010

This is a comprehensive review and evaluation of the main international and national tools utilised to assess the impact of developments on communities to determine their validity of their capacity to detect and measure impacts across a wide spectrum of community resources. Manuals from environmental, health and social impact assessment were reviewed. The criteria for evaluation were the type of indicators used in the tool; the stage at which communities were involved in the assessment process and whether assessments were completed from an insider (local) or outsider (expert) perspective. The findings were that few guidelines include detail in measuring, monitoring, and including community‐validated indicators. It is still rare to find impact assessments that include criteria that are meaningful to the community rather than to the developer or outside expert. While the need to include the target community in the assessment process has been acknowledged over the last 10 to 20 years the rigorous work required for the development of criteria to validate community‐driven assessment still needs to be completed.
Sachverständige und der Einfluss von Expertise auf Reformen: Eine räumliche Analyse der Föderalismusreform II
Authors: König Thomas , Luig Bernd , Solomon Stephan Marc
Published: September 2010

This article sheds light on the relationship between politicians and scientific advisors in the second stage of reform of Germany’s fiscal federalism. Based on the principal agent theory and a specific model presented by Bueno de Mesquita we derive two hypotheses. Concretely, we expect that policy change depends on both the homogeneity of the experts’ signals (H1) and the strength of the experts’ signals independently of their preferred policies (H2). For an empirical investigation, we exploit a dataset that includes information about the status quo, the experts’ positions and the degree of policy change relating to 416 conflict issues. According to two separate questionnaires in the policy advisory process we differentiate between the fiscal reform in narrower sense and the administrative reform. Our findings show that H1 and H2 have explanatory power for the partly far-reaching fiscal reform, whereas only H1 explains the “fig leaf” of administrative reform.
Nudging the Responsibility Objection
Authors: LANG GERALD
Published: September 2010

abstract  The ‘Responsibility Objection’ to Judith Thomson's famous argument for the permissibility of abortion challenges the relevance of her ‘Violinist Analogy’ to certain types of voluntary unwanted pregnancy, on the grounds that those pregnancies, even though they may be unwanted, are pregnancies for which the woman can be plausibly held responsible. This article considers the force of a number of recent objections to the Responsibility Objection, advanced by Harry Silverstein, David Boonin, and Jeff McMahan, and judges them to be unpersuasive. It is concluded that, in the absence of further considerations, the Responsibility Objection carries force.
On the Prospects of Collective Informed Consent
Authors: VARELIUS JUKKA
Published: September 2010

abstract  It has been suggested that collective informed consent procedures could be used in solving moral problems arising in connection with such collective arrangements as land use planning, business administration, and developing new technology. Critics have however argued that informed consent is not an appropriate method for collective moral decision‐making for three reasons. Firstly, informed consent procedures only allow the affected parties to choose between rejecting and accepting certain predetermined options, while those parties should be allowed to take part in the decision‐making process as a whole. Secondly, identifying the parties whose informed consent should be sought would in many cases be problematic. Thirdly, informed consent is a veto power concept, and granting all parties affected by a collective arrangement veto power as to its completion would make taking such collective action extremely difficult. In this article, it is argued that these criticisms do not undermine collective informed consent.
Emergency Management and Land Use Planning in Industrial Hazardous Areas: Learning from an Italian Experience
Authors: Caragliano Simona , Manca Davide
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses some methodological and organizational issues characterizing local policies for industrial risk prevention in Italy. These include both emergency preparedness and land use control as strategic activities aimed at risk reduction in areas where Seveso facilities are located. The article discusses an Italian case study in the Lombardia region. It covers the development of a so‐called Local Operating Manual for external industrial emergency management as well as a so‐called Technical Study for land use control around hazardous plants. After these documents were revised, a real accident occurred, showing the limitations of planning. The lessons learnt from this experience suggested some multi‐organizational directions and methodological procedures for further research on risk management and communication.
MLH1 Differential Allelic Expression in Mutation Carriers and Controls
Authors: Santibanez Koref Mauro , Wilson Valerie , Cartwright Nicola , Cunnington Michael S. , Mathers John C. , Bishop D. Timothy , Curtis Ann , Dunlop Malcolm G. , Burn John
Published: September 2010

Germline defects in the MLH1 gene are associated with Lynch syndrome. A substantial proportion of these mutations leads to premature termination codons and can induce nonsense mediated decay (NMD) of the corresponding transcript. Resulting allelic expression differences represent a fast and inexpensive method to identify patients carrying MLH1 mutations. In patients and controls, we show that allelic expression imbalance (AEI) can be readily detected in RNA extracted from whole blood from patients carrying mutations expected to elicit NMD using mass spectrometry. Mutations closer to the 5′ end of the gene tend to show smaller imbalances. AEI can also be detected in normal controls. Analysis of allelic expression in controls and individuals with mutations not expected to exhibit NMD revealed that MLH1 expression is influenced by sequence variation acting in cis. A maximum likelihood framework was used to identify two SNPs, rs1799977 (c.655G>A; p.I219V) and rs1800734 (c.‐93 G>A) that are independently associated with expression. These influences are, however, small compared to the differences associated with pathological variants.
Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices
Authors: TRIA KERKVLIET BENEDICT J.
Published: September 2010

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers’ everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.
Personality subtypes in adolescents with eating disorders: validation of a classification approach
Authors: Thompson‐Brenner Heather , Eddy Kamryn T. , Satir Dana A. , Boisseau Christina L. , Westen Drew
Published: September 2010

Background:  Research has identified three personality subtypes in adults with eating disorders (EDs): a high‐functioning, an undercontrolled, and an overcontrolled group. The current study investigated whether similar personality prototypes exist in adolescents with EDs, and whether these personality prototypes show relationships to external correlates indicative of diagnostic validity.

Methods:  Experienced clinicians from an adolescent practice‐research network provided data on ED symptoms, DSM‐IV comorbidity, personality pathology, and family and developmental history for 120 adolescent patients with EDs.

Results:  Consistent with the findings from the adult literature, three types of personality pathology emerged in adolescents: High‐functioning/Perfectionistic, Emotionally Dysregulated, and Avoidant/Depressed. The High‐functioning prototype showed negative associations with comorbidity and positive associations with treatment response. The Emotionally Dysregulated prototype was specifically associated with externalizing Axis I and Cluster B Axis II disorders, poor school functioning, and adverse events in childhood. The Avoidant/Depressed prototype showed specific associations with internalizing Axis I and Clusters A Axis II disorders, poor peer relationships, poor maternal relationships, and internalizing disorders in first‐degree relatives.

Conclusions:  These data support the presence of at least three diagnostically meaningful personality prototypes in adolescents with EDs, similar to those found previously in adults. Diagnosis of adolescents with EDs may be usefully supplemented by the assessment of personality style.
Questioning the impact of the ‘graduatization’ of the managerial labour force upon the management of human resources in the Scottish hotel industry
Authors: Ingram Arthur , Jamieson Roddy , Lynch Paul , Bent Richard
Published: September 2010

This paper outlines the findings of a questionnaire survey returned by 125 Scottish hotels from a sample of 500 small and middle‐sized enterprises. We asked questions on the level of impact that hospitality graduates have had upon human resource management practices within individual units. The research reports that, although the cumulative graduatization of the managerial workforce appears to be under way, the main route to a permanent management post still remains one of practical work experience, rather than the attainment of a hospitality‐related degree. Although manpower planning is widely used by line managers for managing the conditions of local/external labour markets and operatives’ jobs, there is less evidence of a systematic approach to the management of graduate careers/skills or of the management of internal job structures and labour market processes in order to improve the quality of customer service. Our work suggests a need for smaller hotels to strike a fresh balance between traditional operationally driven approaches to people management and strategic human resource management frameworks.
The retailing environment in Ireland and its effect on the chilled ready meal market
Authors: Reed Zandra , McIlveen Heather , Strugnell Christopher
Published: September 2010

Food retailing in the island of Ireland has experienced a number of changes with the relatively recent arrival of the UK multiples. This preliminary study examined retailing developments in Ireland focusing on the chilled ready meal sector and on an identification of the factors that influence chilled food choice. Interviews, supermarket analysis, consumer focus groups and questionnaires revealed that the chilled ready meal market was experiencing a period of growth assisted by the arrival of the UK multiples, but there was great potential to further expand the market. Convenience was cited as the primary reason for purchase of chilled ready meals but taste continued to play an important role in chilled food choice. Retailers must respond by informing and educating consumers about their product offerings. In addition, they must listen to the unique needs and wants of consumers on this island to assist in the development and provision of a range of chilled ready meals suitable for the Irish market‐place.
Computerized electronic temperature control system for thermal efficiency during baking in food research
Authors: Viljoen D. L. , Muller M. , De Swardt J. B. , Sadie A. , Vosloo M. C.
Published: September 2010

A more sophisticated temperature control system than the capillary thermostat in conventional electric ovens is necessary for laboratory research on foods. The aim of the study was to develop a computerized temperature control system (CTCS) for conventional electric ovens and to determine whether the CTCS could effect comparable and consistent results in two ovens with regard to oven and product characteristics of baked products. No significant differences were found between the two ovens with regard to average oven temperature, texture and height of products. In most instances there were also no significant differences between the ovens with regard to instrumental colour measurement and moisture loss. The regression results also illustrated the effectiveness of the CTCS, i.e. that an increase in set oven temperature of 1°C has a significant effect on specific oven and product characteristics. The CTCS therefore significantly improved the reproducibility of quality characteristics of baked products. Thus, more consistent and repeatable results can be obtained to improve the reliability of consumer‐driven food research.
Good practice in multicultural integration work in Finland: collaborative learning in culturally sensitive projects
Authors: Janhonen‐Abruquah Hille , Palojoki Päivi
Published: September 2010

Finland is undergoing a rapid change from a homogenous culture to a heterogeneous culture. With immigrants from all over the world making Finland their home, a lot of multicultural integration work is needed. Collaborative learning in peer groups can work as a useful framework for enhancing tolerance toward differences, and consumer education and home economics education offer a fruitful setting for this kind of collaborative teaching of tolerance. In particular, the practical nature of consumer education and home economics makes it suitable to teach multiculturalism in a daily life setting. In this study, 10 integration projects in Finland were examined through a qualitative summary to reveal the key elements in successful multicultural integration work. The focus was on multicultural, collaborative interactions. The results show that problems are bound to arise when people from different cultures meet. Daily life situations, culturally unequal settings, poor participation and a lack of real interaction between different cultural groups can be problematic. These problems need to be overcome before the richness of different cultures can be revealed. People need to learn how to use the tools of multicultural and collaborative learning before the group can act successfully.
Interdependence between consumption in the North and sustainable communities in the South
Authors: Shanahan Helena , Carlsson‐Kanyama Annika
Published: September 2010

The issues we want to address and discuss in this article are related to the interdependence between consumption in households in high‐income countries and life in the low‐income countries, seen in a sustainable perspective. In the consumer society the underlying premise is that ever‐escalating consumption is accepted, even desirable. During the past decade, an increasing critique of consumer lifestyle has come from environmentalists, who argue that the resource use to maintain a consumer lifestyle is putting too hard a burden on the ecosystems. We give examples of the abundant evidence of interdependence between North and South at global levels, such as climate change and appropriation of ecosystem capacities, and related to specific types of consumption such as clothing, flowers, food and cosmetics. We argue that the loss of feedback to individual households in the North is a serious barrier for change towards more sustainable consumption habits, and raise a question about how impacts of production and consumption can be communicated to consumers. On the basis of previous and ongoing research, we highlight some impacts of positive and negative labelling schemes as well as extended environmental information.