bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives Fulfilled: The Work and Thought of J. V. Neel (1915-2000)
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M , Schull William J
Published: February 2007

JamesV. Neel was one of the leaders who developed
human genetics into a predominant field of 20th-century science. Neel
was originally trained in basic biology, and this fact was clearly
reflected in the evolutionary, population perspective of his life's
work. His interests were in the amount and burden of mutation in human
populations. He studied this problem in clinical samples, survivors of the
atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and minimally acculturated
indigenous populations in Amazonia. Because his perspective was
populational, he cautioned that the most serious health problems faced by
our species should not be approached as if they have a genetic solution.
Race, Ethnicity, and Health: Can Genetics Explain Disparities?
Authors: Braun Lundy
Published: February 2007

Over the past decade, numerous studies have documented
profound racial and ethnic disparities in disease in the United
States. This essay examines how popular and scientific concepts of
race and ethnicity converge with dominant understandings of genetics
to inform the design and interpretation of research, public health
policy, and medical practice. Although there is some acknowledgment in
the biomedical community that racial and ethnic categories are social and
not genetic, ideas about race and ethnicity that circulate in biomedicine
are contradictory. Thus, in practice genetic explanations for observed
differences are common both in the scientific literature and in popular
media accounts of biomedical research. Such explanations naturalize racial
and ethnic difference and create a conceptual barrier to developing a
research program that explores the complex ways in which social inequality
and experiences of racial discrimination interact with human biology to
influence patterns of disease. Importantly, genetically based ideas lead
to disease prevention policies that are bound to be ineffective.
Media Appeals for Directed Altruistic Living Liver Donations: Lessons from Camilo Sandoval Ewen
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: February 2007

Recently, a Canadian couple sought media help to find a person
who was willing to donate part of his or her liver to their infant son,
Camilo Sandoval Ewen, who suffered from biliary atresia. Although Canadian
transplant programs do not perform transplants from non-emotionally
related living donors, they are accepted by some U.S. transplant centers,
particularly when donated in a nondirected fashion. This paper examines
the ethical questions raised by media appeals for directed altruistic
living donations of solid organs, specifically liver lobes, and argues
that media-directed altruistic donations are ethically problematic. While
they can and do succeed, they raise ethical concerns regarding (1)
who has access to the media; (2) who will be successful in their media
campaigns; and (3) how coercion and inducement by brokers (families or
institutions) can be prevented. Justice requires that the media adopt
a policy not to cover organ appeals by families, despite their human
interest value, and that transplant centers develop a unified policy
restricting directed living donations to those who have an
emotional relationship.
Functional Salutogenic Mechanisms of the Brain
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: February 2007

Neuroscientists are typically interested in the brain in relation
to disease, but much could also be learned by studying the brain in
relation to health. The brain has processes, functional salutogenic
mechanisms, that contribute to health by enabling one's outlook on life
to benefit one's health. For example, the belief that things will work
out as well as can reasonably be expected is a key aspect of the outlook
of people who tend to stay well even when in potentially stressful
situations. Believing in God, feeling happy, being mutually in love,
and expecting things to change for the better are also outlooks that
can be salutogenic. Beliefs need not even be rational or realistic in
order for them to be salutogenic, as shown by phenomena such as faith
healing and the placebo effect. Thus, the brain responds to stimuli
and interprets them, mainly without one's awareness, in ways that can
enhance one's well-being. Although little is presently known concerning
neuropathways of functional salutogenic mechanisms, further research on
relations between salutogenesis and brain function can be expected to
provide new strategies for improving health worldwide.
Head-Counting vs. Heart-Counting: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta
Authors: Barilan Y. Michael
Published: February 2007

This paper reexamines the recent case of the conjoined twins
from Malta. Survival was said to be possible only through separation,
which would actually leave only one twin alive. The parents refused to
allow the killing of one to save the other, but the court ruled that this
would amount to the neglect of innocent life. The article questions the
assumption that the case is indeed a struggle between two people. Further,
it questions the assumption that a conjoined twin's natural interest
and wish is separation. Historical evidence shows that many conjoined
twins do not wish for separation, even when it becomes a question of
survival.The article concludes with a critical evaluation of the tendency
in contemporary society and particularly in bioethics to regard ethical
challenges as rivalry between individuals competing for scarce resources.
Fleming's Unfinished
Authors: Wainwright Milton
Published: February 2007

It is often suggested that, soon after he discovered penicillin,
Alexander Fleming lost interest in what became the most important of all
the antibiotics. Fleming's notebooks, however, show that he continued
working with penicillin throughout the 1930s, even to the point when
Florey and Chain became interested in it. During this period, Fleming
isolated new airborne molds and checked them for their ability to produce
antibacterial agents, and he also investigated other examples of microbial
antagonism, such as bacteriophages. Unfortunately, none of this work was
published. What follows is a simulation, based largely upon Fleming's
notebooks, of a paper that he might have written in early 1940. This
version of"Fleming's Unfinished" should once and for all dismiss the
view that he failed fully to recognize the significance of his famous
discovery.
What Is the Quality of Quality of Medical Care Measures?: Rashomon -like Relativism and Real-World Applications
Authors: Chin Marshall H , Muramatsu Naoko
Published: February 2007

Much attention has been directed toward the measurement of health outcomes and the quality of medical care. Some policymakers tout outcomes mea-surement as a promising tool for improving health care, while others question whether current quality of care assessment is valid and of practical importance. Although significant advances have been made in the ability to measure quality of care with validity, several major methodological challenges remain. We analyze the quality of quality of medical care measures, using a conceptual framework that outlines the purpose of the measures; paradigms of the quality of care, including Donabedian's structure-process-outcome model and continuous quality improvement; and other key elements, such as scope, time, unit of analysis, and perspectives. Patient preferences and organizational contexts have been underemphasized, and should be incorporated into the framework for conceptualizing quality of care. Quality of care has relativistic and dynamic aspects. Different perspectives lead to different views of what high quality care is, and quality of care is a changing concept since medical science and treatment are constantly evolving. The most appropriate quality measures depend upon whose perspective one takes and the purpose of the measures; if the measures are chosen wisely, the current state of quality of medical care measurement is adequate for both accountability and quality improvement.
State-Sponsored Research on Creatine Supplements and Blood Doping in Elite Soviet Sport
Authors: Kalinski Michael I.
Published: February 2007

The former Soviet Union began participating in international sport
after World War II and soon achieved a dominant position in the Olympic
Games and other competitions. The success of Soviet athletic programs led
to charges of unfair practices but, because of secrecy surrounding Soviet
research in exercise biochemistry, it has been difficult to substantiate
these charges. This article presents previously restricted information
regarding the development and use of creatine supplements and blood
doping in the USSR. Early work by Olexander Palladin established the
role of creatine in muscle function. In the 1970s, Soviet scientists
showed that oral creatine supplements improved athletic performance in
short, intense activities such as sprints. Subsequent studies in the
West substantiated these investigations and have led to the widespread
acceptance and use of creatine supplements to enhance muscle function
and athletic performance. In addition, however, the Soviet government
supported the development of blood doping, which is banned by the
International Olympic Committee. Blood doping was pervasive in the USSR
in the 1970s and 1980s, and was used by many Soviet athletes in the
1976 and 1980 Olympic Games. Open publication and discussion may help
to prevent the abuses that can come from secret scientific research.
Synthesis of Scientific Disciplines in Pursuit of Health: The Interactive Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Lindau Stacy Tessler , Laumann Edward O , Levinson Wendy , Waite Linda J
Published: February 2007

Twenty-five years ago, George Engel proposed a
challenge to the biomedical model and its limited view of disease as
biologically rooted. Building on Engel's work, we present the Interactive
Biopsychosocial Model (IBM). The IBM argues for a reorientation in
biomedicine where research, education, and clinical practice: (1)
address health in addition to illness; (2) aim to decipher interrelated
biophysical, psychocognitive, and social processes in health and disease,
rather than seek a single root cause; and (3) take into account the social
networks of the individual to achieve, maintain, and maximize health and
well-being for individuals, their significant others, and society. Based
on an interdisciplinary collaboration of medical and social scientists,
this paper demonstrates the application of the IBM to understanding
and generating hypotheses about the longitudinal relationship between sexuality and
health, and sexuality and chronic illness (diabetes mellitus) at older
ages. The model provides a dynamic, dyadic, framework for building
scientific hypotheses about the etiologies and consequences of health,
well-being, and disease throughout the life course.
Individual Good and Common Good: A Communitarian Approach to Bioethics
Authors: Callahan Daniel
Published: February 2007

The field of bioethics emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Among
its early issues were the protection of human research subjects, the
rights of patients, abortion, and reproductive issues. Partly as a
reflection of the times, and of those issues, the field became focused
on autonomy and individual rights, and liberal individualism came to
be the dominant ideology in the 1980s and 1990s. Communitarianism,
as an alternative ideology focused more on the common good and the
public interest than on autonomy, was a neglected approach. But
many bioethical issues can not reasonably be reduced to questions of
individualism and choice only. Issues of genetics and reproduction
will of necessity touch on the society as a whole, its values, and
its social institutions. Serious ethical analysis must take the social
implications seriously and not simply assume that they should be left
to autonomous choices of individuals. Human beings are social animals
and our nature is distorted if we think of ourselves only as co-existing
social atoms. Various approaches to communitarianism are outlined, and
the question of the relationship between individual good and common good
is confronted.
The Rationalist Tendency in Modern Buddhist Scholarship: A Reevaluation
Authors: Cho Sungtaek
Published: February 2007

Contemporary Buddhist studies has been strongly affected by its origins in
the Victorian era, when Western religious scholars sought to rationalize and
historicize the study of religion. Modern Asian scholars, trained within the
Western scholarly paradigm, share this prejudice in avor of the rational. The
result is a skewed understanding of Buddhism, emphasizing its philosophical
and theoretical aspects at the expense of seemingly "irrational" religious
elements based on the direct experience of meditation practice.
Making the World My Body: Simone Weil and Somatic Practice
Authors: Pirruccello Ann
Published: February 2007

French philosopher Simone Weil (1909-1943) was convinced that bodily or
somatic practices could play a significant role in human moral and religious
development. Weil believed that such development hinges on how the world
is read (lecture) or interpreted, and somatic practices play a key role in shifting rom more to less egocentric readings. While she did not live to complete
her research on somatic practice, it is fruitful to follow out the lines of her
program. Comparing her considerations with those of Japanese Buddhists,
and especially Dogen, helps throw into relief her philosophical commitment
concerning the body and reveals her preoccupation with purity. Weil's
research raises interesting questions for philosophers of somatic practice.
'Place' and 'Being-time': Spatiotemporal Concepts in the Thought of Nishida Kitarō and Dōgen Kigen
Authors: Raud Rein
Published: February 2007

Presented here is a comparative analysis of spatiotemporal concepts in the thought of Nishida and Do gen, arguing that both thinkers articulate fundamental notions about being and self/subject through them. It starts with an analysis of the notions of 'world' (sekai) and 'place' (basho) as well as time and order in Nishida's work, which is followed by an effort to elucidate his philosophical position by comparing his views to those of Dogen and by demonstrating their similarity in several important aspects, thus showing that Nishida's philosophy, regardless of its debt to Western influence, is firmly embedded in the tradition of Asian thought.
Defining the Remote Library User: An Online Survey
Authors: Graham Krista , Grodzinski Alison
Published: February 2007

An online survey was administered to assess the needs
of the Central Michigan University Library's remote population. Results
indicate that most users access resources remotely; however, they also
continue to use the physical library. Services can be designed to target
the remote user group but traditional services should not be abandoned.
Reliability and Structure of LibQUAL+ Scores: Measuring Perceived Library Service Quality
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Cook Colleen , Thompson Russel L
Published: February 2007

LibQUAL+TM is a tool designed to measure user
perceptions of service quality in academic libraries. This web-based
protocol was recently completed by 20,416 participants representing
forty-three universities. For the purposes of the present report
these data were evaluated to address two research questions: (a) how
reliable were the LibQUAL+TM scores?; and (b) what were the
dimensions underlying user perceptions of library service quality? The
second question focuses upon identifying the most appropriate scales to
report LibQUAL+TM scores to librarians using the protocol
to improve service quality.
Representation and Political Deliberation in the Massachusetts Constitutional Ratification Debate
Authors: Morrow Terence S
Published: February 2007

Sustained political deliberation marked the national debate
concerning ratification of the Constitution in 1787-88. Federalist and
Antifederalist delegates to the Massachusetts ratification convention
presented competing visions of representation. Federalists advocated
an independent representative model whereas Antifederalists urged
close constituent control. The convention arguments reveal how each
group envisioned rhetorical ability and character appropriate to the
deliberative process, which in turn raised issues intimately tied to
the question of ratification.
The Shot Seen 'Round the World: The Impact of the Images of Mogadishu on American Military Operations
Authors: Dauber Cori Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that visual images of American
casualties and POWs have had a profound effect on senior leadership's
perceptions of what level of casualties the American public will and will
not support during humanitarian interventions. The result is the current
policy of "zero casualties," a policy that makes it virtually impossible
to justify military operations in humanitarian crises because the policy
is based on a profound misreading of the way the American public will
interpret photojournalistic images. An argument- and rhetoric-based
analytic provides a more viable and pragmatic basis for interpretation
and hence for foreign policy decision making.
"The Circle of Our Felicities": Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address and the Rhetoric of Nationhood
Authors: Browne Stephen H
Published: February 2007

Jefferson's first inaugural address is best understood as a conspicuous
display of its author's style and thought. It is a statement about what
oratory ought to look and sound like to a nation of republicans. A speech
about politics, it offers as well a politics of speech, a rhetorical
expression of the republican creed, and the republican expression of a
rhetorical creed. The address thus constitutes its own theory of rhetoric;
it is an exemplification of republican virtue, the conception, design,
and delivery of which was meant to instantiate Jefferson's vision of a
new moral and political order.
"Strategic governance:" the wrong questions?
Authors: Leslie David W
Published: February 2007

This review essay discusses the conclusions of Strategic
Governance about strategizing, planning, and governing in higher
education. The study of joint big decision committees reported in
this book is carefully and thoroughly reported, but its conclusion
that strategy and legitimate governance are in tension with one
another may result from too narrow a conceptual starting point. The
review essay concludes that a wider range of adaptions than formal
strategic planning may serve higher education well in a time of
great external challenges.
Presidential Address: Rediscovering Roots: Public Policy and Higher Education Research
Authors: Terenzini Patrick T
Published: February 2007

Despite a decade of critiques that research on higher education is
largely unrelated to urgent policy issues, little seems to have
changed. This article (from the 1995 ASHE Presidential Address)
argues that higher education researchers have lost sight of their
field's origins as an applied field of study. Five suggestions are
offered for narrowing the gulf between research, policy, and
practice.
"A Rose by Any Other Name": Which Colleges Became Universities
Authors: Morphew Christopher C
Published: February 2007

This study examines the institutional characteristics of the more than 100 institutions that changed their name from "college" to "university" during the 1990s. It explores three competing hypotheses to explain these name changes. The findings show that the institutions involved were predominantly less selective institutions that enrolled greater numbers of graduate students than their peers.
Posttenure Review: The Disparity Between Intent and Implementation
Authors: Patriquin Lisa , Bensimon Estela Mara , Polkinghorne Donald , Bauman Georgia , Gonzales Bleza Michelle , Oliverez Paz Maya , Soto Martha
Published: February 2007

Based on the analysis of faculty responses and a review of other studies, this
study argues that externally mandated posttenure review has failed in its primary
policy objective to motivate the majority of faculty to improve quality
and quantity. For externally mandated posttenure review to become an effective
policy intervention, faculty and administrators must devise processes that
deliver meaningful feedback, rewards, and recognition for solid faculty performance
and that tie institutionally supported professional development to
tangible outcomes.
Exploring the Link Between Inquiry Paradigm and the Process of Collaboration
Authors: Creamer Elizabeth G
Published: February 2007

Case studies of long-term collaborators here test the links between inquiry paradigm or worldview and the practical aspects of the conduct of scholarly inquiry. The findings reveal that differences in ontological and epistemological assumptions do not always translate into practical differences in collaboration, while those who share the same inquiry paradigm can also have substantial differences in working methods. The article concludes that multiple models exist of effective collaboration.
Perceived Organizational Fit: Nurturing the Minds, Hearts, and Personal Ambitions of University Faculty
Authors: Lindholm Jennifer A
Published: February 2007

This qualitative study examines how faculty define the key elements within the
university work environment that promote their personal sense of organizational
fit. Findings show that intellectual stimulation and social-emotional support derived
from connections with institutional colleagues are important in establishing
a sense of fit. Even more important for some is the institution's capacity to provide
structural support that enables them to fulfill their professional ambitions.
The Nile River Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth
Authors: Swain Ashok
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Hydropolitics in the Nile River Basin have been dominated by Egypt,
which has developed its water-related infrastructure unilaterally. As a
result of Egypt's policies, relations with both Ethiopia and Sudan have
deteriorated over time, increasing the potential for contentious issues
to escalate into conflict. Recent population and agricultural trends
have only further exacerbated already tense relations. The challenge
lies in cooperation. Basinwide initiatives have been attempted, but,
until recently, have largely failed. The most recent Nile Basin Initiative
holds the strongest potential for establishing a basinwide framework for
cooperation. Nevertheless, a subbasin model would be more appropriate
and effective because it would diffuse existing tensions first without
jeopardizing basinwide cooperation prematurely.
Handling North Korea: Strategy and Issues
Authors: Choo Yong Shik
Published: February 2007

In many aspects policies toward North Korea have been driven
by perceptions of its regime and prospects for its future. Handling
Pyongyang, however, includes dealing with various critical issues, such as
weapons of mass destruction, human rights violations, Korean unification,
the U.S.-ROK alliance, and stability in East Asia. Those issues must be
carefully prioritized for any effective coordination between Washington
and Seoul. Engagement or containment alone will not untangle these complex
issues. A more cautious, gradual, and selective approach is required.
France and Senegal: The End of the Affair?
Authors: Chafer Tony
Published: February 2007

Links between Senegal and France go back more than three
centuries. Senegal was France's oldest colony in black Africa, and
the two countries have maintained the close ties developed during the
colonial period since political independence in 1960. The article argues
that decolonization in fact reinforced the ties between Senegal and
France, rather than the opposite, and that this "special relationship"
is only now changing. Senegal has recently begun to diversify its foreign
relations, both within Africa and elsewhere. President Abdoulaye Wade,
who won the 2000 presidential election and whose party now controls
the government, has sought closer relations notably with Washington but
also with London. As one of the leading promoters of the New Partnership
for African Development, Wade has also sought to build stronger links
within Africa, particularly with South Africa and Nigeria. The days of
the Franco-Senegalese "special relationship" appear to be numbered.
The Russian Oil Sector and the Global Oil Economy: A Prospectus
Authors: Quayat David
Published: February 2007

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, interest in
the Russian oil sector has increased, particularly within the Bush
administration. Russia is viewed as a potential buffer, if not substitute,
for America's dependence on Middle Eastern oil. This paper presents an
overview of the Russian oil sector and suggests that this optimistic
vision is unlikely to be born out in reality. Incomplete attempts
at legal and political reform continue to deter foreign investors,
and the profits that drove Russian oil companies production gains in
the late 1990s have all but evaporated. Russia also suffers from export
infrastructure problems that could hamper its ability to play a meaningful
role in the global market. This does not mean Russia cannot play any role
in the evolving global oil market. Rather, Russia should consider its
development strategy carefully, and U.S. policymakers should accept that
the Middle East will continue to dominate the global energy supply.
The Mother as Bawd in The Revenger's Tragedy and A Mad World, My Masters
Authors: Panek Jennifer
Published: February 2007

The Revenger's Tragedy and A Mad World, My Masters reveal how the motif of the mother as bawd taps into early modern anxieties about maternal authority. In Gratiana's attempted prostitution of her virgin daughter, The Revenger's Tragedy plays disturbingly upon the paradox of a woman's inherent moral weakness being scripturally sanctioned to command her children's obedience. The Revenger's Tragedy thus illuminates Mad World's unexpectedly subversive use of the same motif. The commodification of virginity, Mad World implies, has little to do with untrustworthy mothers; rather, it is inextricable from a patriarchal society's definition of chastity as the supreme female virtue.
Aristocratic Monstrosity and Sublime Femininity in De Monfort
Authors: Brigham Linda
Published: February 2007

This article presents Romantic-era playwright Joanna Baillie as a significant theorist of the emotions. The argument proceeds by comparing her assumptions about the passions as provided in her theoretical writings to those of Edmund Burke, particularly as they relate to political and feminist topics in the 1790s and early nineteenth century. Specifically, Baillie seeks to redress the automatism of the passions in Burke by bringing their causes under scrutiny. The article presents one of Baillie's most famous dramas, De Monfort, as just such a causal account.
The Restoration English History Plays of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery
Authors: Tomlinson Tracey E
Published: February 2007

The two English history plays written by Roger Boyle, earl of Orrery, during the first decade of the Restoration, The History of Henry the Fifth and The Black Prince, were instrumental in reviving the genre in the late seventeenth century. Although Boyle's Restoration plays have commonly been understood as inaugurating English heroic drama, this article situates them instead in an enduring tradition of seventeenth-century English history plays. Both complimentary and critical of court policy, these plays respond to the experience of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, from the early enthusiasm for war to the later disappointment with its disastrous outcome. The article aims to demonstrate how later seventeenth-century history plays, like their Elizabethan counterparts, continued to serve as vehicles for political critique and an important forum for the debate of pressing topical issues.
Thomas Hardy and the Language of the Inanimate
Authors: Nishimura Satoshi
Published: February 2007

Like the romantic poets, Thomas Hardy might appear "morbid"
when considered in terms of John Ruskin's pathetic fallacy. As I
argue, however, the pathetic fallacy is a trope, another name for
personification which, more than being one trope among many,
is an inherent human characteristic of language. Using various
examples of Hardy's work, I demonstrate the ways in which personification
operates not only as an essential trope to literature,
but also as a primary aspect of language and a basic resource of
knowledge.
Uncertain Travelers
Authors: Agosin Marjorie
Published: February 2007

"Uncertain Travelers" narrates multiple and layered stories of Marjorie
Agosin's family from war-torn Europe and Russia to the shores of
the Chilean Pacific Ocean. This is a lyrical exploration of the meaning of
travel during uncertain times for Jews. The story evokes the complexities
of the Diasporic imagination.
Leo Zeitlin's Musical Works on Jewish Themes for New York's Capitol Theatre, 1927-1930
Authors: Baker Paula Eisenstein
Published: February 2007

Little attention has been paid to the music for the stage shows that
accompanied the movies at the "picture palaces" during the 1920s, or to
the works played on radio broadcasts from the theatres (which began at
the Capitol, in 1923), or to the music performed at the light classical
concerts produced by the theatres (which the Capitol introduced, in 1927).

Some of this music was drawn from the standard Western repertory,
but much of it was composed or arranged each week. Among the extant
examples of this ad hoc music are works--several of them
on Jewish themes--by Leo Zeitlin (1884-1930), a member of the
Society for Jewish Folk Music. It is the career of this St. Petersburg
Conservatory-trained "child of the Pale" at the Capitol that is the
subject of this article.
Teaching Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Ben-Gurion University
Authors: Koen-Sarano Matilda , Mitchell Bruce
Published: February 2007

This article relates experiences I have had in teaching spoken
Judeo-Spanish at Ben-Gurion University in the Negev during a four-year
period. The course itself was given in Merkaz Eliachar.

I describe two courses offered for one semester; the first is for
beginners and the second is for advanced students. Both courses attempt
to integrate the two sides of language learning: form and content,
rules for reading and writing, grammar and syntax, all explained through
proverbs, songs, stories, modern poetry, and more.

I use language manuals which I myself have written and published, one
for beginners and another for advanced students along with vocabulary
lists and Judeo-Spanish verb charts.

The orthography used in my courses and language manuals is the system
of Latin letters developed by the magazine Aki Yerushalayim. Rules for
the use of accents have been adopted from norms in contemporary Spanish.
Opening Up a Tradition, a Return from Exile: The Vision in Charles Reznikoff's Jerusalem the Golden
Authors: Manaster Robert
Published: February 2007

In Jerusalem the Golden, Charles Reznikoff becomes one of the
first members in a "tribe" of American-Jewish poets who have helped found
and continue a Jewish-American poetic tradition. This watershed book,
his fourth of six pre-Holocaust poetry books, more fully integrates and
reconciles the American and Jewish experience for Reznikoff. In general,
the poems in this collection seem to divide into three distinct groups
even though Reznikoff doesn't explicitly indicate this division. The
first group of poems destabilizes his identity as a Jewish poet in
America. The second group grounds his poetic vision as American and
Jewish. The third group transforms place and history, negotiating between
America and Jerusalem. In essence, he enacts a return from a Jewish and
literary exile, incorporating his objectivist style and transforming it
into something that is not just American and not just Jewish.
Difference at War: Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenberg, U. Z. Grinberg, and Poetry of the First World War
Authors: Matalon Avi
Published: February 2007

"Difference at War" is a comparative study of three Jewish poet-soldiers
of the First World War: Siegfried Sassoon, Isaac Rosenberg, and
U. Z. Grinberg. The article traces the development of poetic expression
in relation to wartime and other experiences and argues for a necessary
dichotomy between global occurrences and their representation in local
cultures. The poetry of each of these Jewish poets was transformed by
the War, but each was very differently transformed, even in the face of
similar experiences in the trenches.
Patterns of Conceptual Encoding in ASL Motion Descriptions
Authors: Taub Sarah F. , Galvan Dennis
Published: February 2007

Languages differ in how they include, emphasize, and omit information about motion events. The present study looks at American Sign Language patterns of co-occurrence of conceptual elements, drawing data from adults� retellings of the story Frog, Where Are You? (Mayer 1969).
The Life and Times of the French Deaf Leader, Ferdinand Berthier: An Analysis of His Early Career
Authors: Quartararo Anne T. (Anne Therese)
Published: February 2007

By studying the early career of the deaf intellectual, Ferdinand Berthier, we can better understand the social and cultural interests of the early French Deaf community. Berthier was a pioneer for deaf education and the use of sign language in the 1820s and 1830s. He defended the work of his teacher and mentor, Auguste B�bian, the linguist who systematized the study of French sign language. Berthier was also instrumental in forging a greater Deaf community by instigating the banquet movement that annually celebrated the birthday of Abb� de l�Ep�e. However, Berthier�s longer-lasting contribution to his community would be to provide French deaf people with a sense of their own history through his diverse writings. It is apparent that Berthier consciously molded a deaf identity for future generations of deaf French people.
CAN'T: The Negation of Modal Notions in ASL
Authors: Shaffer Barbara
Published: February 2007

Historical linguistics is at times akin to archaeology. The researcher pieces together bits of evidence to create a complete picture of a particular phenomenon. For a linguist studying a signed language, the task is more daunting still, due to the relative dearth of available data. Nonetheless, linguistic typology and a thorough understanding of the language under investigation can yield exciting returns. This article explores the development of the negative modal can�t in ASL. This study involves many overlapping areas, including modality, negation, lexicalization, and grammaticization. Because of the historical relationship between ASL and French Sign Language (LSF), a diachronic study of certain grammatical features of ASL necessitates a discussion of Old LSF (see Lane [1984] for an account of the historical relationship between ASL and LSF and of the circumstances that brought LSF to the United States). Finally, one cannot ignore the sociolinguistics of the Deaf communities in France and North America. The result is a holistic investigation of the development of can�t that suggests that this modern ASL sign developed not from a positive modal expressing possibility or ability, as one might expect, but from a modal indicating deontic necessity, specifically, Old LSF il faut �it is necessary.�
The Roles of Literacy and Collaboration in Documenting Native American Languages: A Report from the Jicarilla Apache Dictionary Project
Authors: Axelrod Melissa , Gomez de Garcia Jule , Lachler Jordan
Published: February 2007

This article reports on the progress of a project to produce a dictionary
of the Jicarilla Apache language. Jicarilla, an Eastern Apachean
language, is spoken on the Jicarilla Apache reservation in northern
New Mexico. Approximately 21 percent of the population is fluent
in the language. This is a collaborative project involving linguists and
a small circle of speakers in the Jicarilla Apache community in Dulce,
New Mexico. Through this project we have learned much about the
role of literacy in language standardization and in speaker empowerment,
and we believe that many parallels exist between writing a
dictionary of an endangered Native American language and writing
a dictionary of a sign language.
Captivity and Redemption: Aspects of Slave Life in Early Colonial Quito and Popayán
Authors: Lane Kris
Published: February 2007

In mid-July 1594 a notary recorded the last wishes of an elite woman on her deathbed in Quito. Ysabel de Baeza was a native of the old Kingdom of Granada, a four-time widow, owner of some houses in Seville and a modest estancia in Ambato, a few days' ride south of Quito. She also claimed five slaves: Magdalena and her four children, Luisa, Felipe, Juan, and Antón. Doña Ysabel's real estate was to go mostly to her children and grandchildren in Quito, but the fate of the slaves was more carefully circumscribed. Magdalena would serve her dying master's daughter for four years, after which she would be freed. Luisa was to serve Baeza's granddaughter, Leonor de Ayala, and Felipe a great-grandson, Alonso Bonifaz, both “until the time when they ransom themselves (se rescaten) and give each one on their own behalf four hundred pesos of current silver.” The younger Juan and Antón were to stay in the household of Baeza's executors until they also freed themselves, each for 300 pesos. The slaves were not to be sold by these temporary masters, and the 1,400 pesos thus collected was to be placed in a chaplaincy fund (capellanía) administered by Quito's Augustinians. The masses thus financed by the self-redemption of Ysabel Baeza's slaves would in turn help release her soul from the temporary captivity and untold pain of Purgatory.
‘Giving Plants a Civil Status’: Scientific Representations of Nature and Nation in Costa Rica and Venezuela, 1885-1935
Authors: McCook Stuart
Published: February 2007

In a 1924 essay, the botanist Henri Pittier worried that many of Latin America's tropical products—particularly its plants—lacked a ‘civil status.’ By this, Pittier meant that they had not yet been identified and named scientifically. He likened the plants’ lack of a botanical ‘civil status’ to a person's lacking a passport or credentials that proved their citizenship. This was more than a casual analogy. Over the previous half-century, many states in Latin America had begun to take inventories of their plants, just as they had begun taking censuses of their citizens, and surveying and mapping their national territories. These botanical inventories helped states establish control over the natural world, just as censuses helped the state establish control over civil society. Between 1885 and 1935, governments throughout Latin America began to fund botanical research institutions and to finance the publication of national floras. Pittier had been actively involved in this process: he had helped establish national natural history museums in Costa Rica and Venezuela, and wrote or edited three national flora: thePrimitiae Florae Costaricensis(1891-1901), theEnsayo sobre las plantas usuales de Costa Rica(1908), and theManual de las plantas usuales de Venezuela(1926). National floras such as these were not simply ‘entertainment for intellectuals’ but also part of broader programs by Latin American governments to incorporate the natural world into the national political and economic order.
Reading The 1835 Parish Censuses from Bahia: Citizenship, Kinship, Slavery, and Household in Early Nineteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: Barickman B.J.
Published: February 2007

Since the late 1960s, a growing number of studies have drawn on local manuscript censuses, also known as household or nominal lists, to reshape the historiography of late colonial and early nineteenth-century Brazil. While many of those studies focus on family or household composition, manuscript censuses have also been used to explore topics ranging from proto-industrialization and demographic trends to patterns of slaveholding and the status of women. In working with this documentation, scholars have generally restricted themselves to quantitative analyses; they have seldom devoted much explicit attention to the format of censuses and to the categories found in them. As a result, the ideological assumptions and political concerns that census-takers in late colonial and early nineteenthcentury Brazil brought to bear in enumerating, classifying, and ordering the population have remained largely unexplored topics. To detect those assumptions and concerns, we need to go beyond quantification and to read Brazilian manuscript censuses for the qualitative information they contain. At the very least, reading censuses qualitatively holds out the possibility of raising questions that complement and enhance the findings from the more familiar quantitative studies.
"Strong, Invincible Arguments?" Tidal Models as Management Instruments in Twentieth-Century Dutch Coastal Engineering
Authors: Disco Cornelis , Ende Johannes Cornelis Maria van den
Published: February 2007

In the twentieth century Dutch hydraulic engineers developed different types of models for tidal calculations, including numerical, electrical and hydraulic ones. These models aimed specifically to predict the propagation of tides at sea into bays and estuaries and up tidal rivers. The aim was to predict the effects of projected hydraulic works-which were becoming ever more ambitious-on tidal levels and currents at inshore locations. We argue that these models were not motivated primarily by technical considerations but rather by the engineers' need to manage the network of stakeholders around their hydraulic projects. As the scale and risk of projects increased in the course of the century, engineers' ability to mobilize support depended increasingly on establishing public trust in their tidal propagation models. Early models developed for the Zuider Zee only had to assuage fears about the effects of an established plan; they could be slow and laborious. In the Delta region in the1930s where different hydraulic/political options had to be investigated, rapidity, flexibility and accuracy all became important. In this phase the management potential of the models became their most salient feature.
French Scenes in Greek Tragedy: The Scenic Structure of Classical Drama
Authors: Damen Mark
Published: February 2007

When measured in "French scenes" (dramatic units demarcated by the entrances and exits of speaking characters), the surviving corpus of Greek tragedy shows that, as ancient dramatists gained a better understanding of their craft, there is a general trend toward shorter, faster scenes. But contrary to expectation, the average length of scenes in Sophocles' and Euripides' surviving plays gradually increases over time, dropping only during the last decade of their careers. The reason for this appears to be the tragedians' reaction to the rising popularity of Old Comedy, a theatrical form which naturally turns over scenes quickly.
Indians : the Globalized Woman on the Community Stage
Authors: Sieg Katrin
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the German opera Indians, about an Indian computer programmer who comes to work in Germany, in light of the current debates about the gender politics of globalization. It argues that the opera stages a feminist critique of the neoliberal emancipation paradigm and constructs a sexual rhetoric of capitalist desire. This article also dramatizes a critique of race and immigration by juxtaposing a musical score by the nineteenth-century Jewish composer Giacomo Meyerbeer and a libretto that reflects contemporary controversies about race and migration, thereby drawing attention to important political reversals in the discourses of race and nation in the transnational context. Finally, it examines how the opera grapples with the lure of computer technologies, and shows that the fantasy that humans' interfacing with computers would solve the problem of the body is exposed as a betrayal of the struggles of negotiating differences and crafting communities. This politics evidences the theater's commitment to the poor, immigrant Berlin neighborhood where it is located.
Psycho-Medical Discourse in South African Research on Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: MacLeod Catriona , Durrheim Kevin
Published: February 2007

Catriona Macleod and Kevin Durrheim apply a Foucauldian
analysis to the scientific literature on teenage pregnancy.
Economics
Authors: Monaghan Megan
Published: February 2007

This brief article names a few of the non-artistic forces which can have the effect of keeping producing theater companies more artistically conservative than they, or anyone else, might wish.
Dramaturg as Instructor/Instructor as Dramaturg: Seeking Balanced Approaches to Working with Professional and Student Playwrights
Authors: Shimko Robert
Published: February 2007

This article lays out a range of dramaturgical action between, on one end, working to support the artistic interests of an established playwright in a large repertory theatre and, on the other, instructing university-level aspiring playwrights in basic approaches to understanding the traditions and possibilities of dramatic structure(s) while encouraging the individual and effective expression of their ideas. Particular attention is paid to ways in which dramaturgical techniques from the professional theatre can function in the classroom and vice versa.
Why We Don't Need Directors: A Dramaturgical/Historical Manifesto
Authors: Zelenak Michael X
Published: February 2007

The introduction of dramaturgy at Yale was the watershed for the profession in America, but it bypassed serious examination of the nature and purpose of dramaturgy because of its a priori assumption that the dramaturg was not a "dramatist" but a "critic." The success of the Yale model erased the American model of dramaturgy that had emerged in the early twentieth century. "Drama" was originally invented, created, performed and staged by "dramaturgs" The playwright-dramatist remained the animateur of the theatre into the early twentieth century until the advent of the specialist "professional" director. Unfortunately, the cult of the director became so pronounced in the twentieth century that the director is now seen as the sine qua non of the theatrical event, replacing the playwright and actor as the arbiter and center of the dramatic creation. Save us from the directors! Let us destroy the parasite directors and return theatre to the dramatists.
Ding Dong School (Skits and Things): Teaching Performance Art
Authors: Clark Laurie Beth
Published: February 2007

In this in-depth discussion of a semester length course in performance art, Laurie Beth Clark articulates her pedagogical objectives and provides specific examples of student projects. The author, who has taught performance art in an art department context for the last twenty years, offers the details of her curriculum for use by theatre practitioners.
Tony and the Wonderful Door : A Forgotten Classic of American Children's Fantasy
Authors: Tal Eve
Published: February 2007

Published approximately the same time as Tom's Midnight Garden, The Children of Green Knowe both now regarded as classic children's fantasy, Tony and the Wonderful Door has been forgotten. Tal examines the possible reasons for this. Remarkably, this book is set in America and Tony enters the world of New Amsterdam complete with native Americans. Like other time slip fantasies, the door operates at its own unpredictable will and in the end, it is closed to him leaving him, however, with the resources of the Museum of American Indians.
Picture Books about the Golem: Acts of Creation Without and Within
Authors: Sonheim Amy
Published: February 2007

Beverly Brodsky McDermott's The Golem: A Jewish Legend (1976) and David Wisniewski's Golem (1996) use dissimilar designs to express similar sensibilities: they celebrate creating the golem, while recognizing him as a projection of evil. Brodsky's inky watercolors have been criticized as too dark for children. Yet, Brodsky purges fear through layout, visual metaphors, and resolution in mystery. Wisniewski's cut-paper illustrations create Jungian shadows, reflecting the evil expressed by the enemies and suppressed by the rabbi. The art of Brodsky and Wisniewski reaches the same conclusion: the created, the creator, and the enemy bear likeness.