bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Enterprise Portals on Knowledge Management Projects
Authors: de Carvalho Rodrigo Baroni , Tavares Ferreira Marta Araújo , Choo Chun Wei , da Silva Ricardo Vidigal
Published: May 2011

In an attempt to consolidate various departmental intranets, organizations are constructing corporate intranets or portals(Choo, Detlor, & Turnbull, 2000). They are becoming single points of entry through which users and communities can perform their business tasks, and also evolving into virtual places where people can get in touch with other people who share common interests. Due to this evolution from intranets towards portals, many organizations are using them as the major technological infrastructure of their knowledge management (KM) initiatives. KM studies analyze people, organizations, processes and technology. Although technology is not the main component of KM, it would be naïve to implement KM without considering any technological support. KM is of particular relevance to information science and information system research because technologies play a critical role in shaping organizational efforts for knowledge creation, acquisition, integration, valuation, and use (Sambarmurthy & Subramani, 2005).
E-Government Portals Personalization
Authors: Laskaridis Giorgos , Markellos Konstantinos
Published: May 2011

Several governments across the world enhance their attempt to provide efficient, advanced, and modern services to their users (citizens and businesses) based on information and computer technologies (ICT) and especially the Web. The remarkable acceptance of this powerful tool has changed the way of conducting various transactions and offers citizens, businesses, and public authorities’ limitless options and opportunities. Besides citizens’ awareness and expectations of Web-based, public services have also increased in recent times.
Encouraging Global IS Collaborative Networks with a Knowledge Portal
Authors: Pollard Carol , Palvia Prashant , Lind Mary , Basu Choton
Published: May 2011

This article describes the proposed design, development, implementation and evaluation of an extensive interactive knowledge portal to support the global IT management community. The portal will provide universal access to a knowledge database and online collaborative tools, including a research lab and online educational materials and pedagogical tools. Specific objectives include support and facilitation of an ambitious program of collaborative research; a shared facility for storing large datasets; a platform for student use; tool development collaboration; interface with community leaders; a share data archive for course projects; supporting the complex, collaborative, and international network of academic and industrial global information technology communities. The objective of this article is to provide a template for those who are considering submissions to funding agencies for similar infrastructure development.
E-Value Creation in a Government Web Portal in South Africa
Authors: Maumbe Blessing M. , Taylor Wallace J.
Published: May 2011

By the end of 2005, an emerging era of e-government had arrived in South Africa with the promise to transform public service delivery and the relationships between government, business and the citizens. E-government has been perceived as the second revolution in public management after the new public management of the 1980s (Saxena, 2005; Teicher, Hughes, & Dow, 2002). The advent of e-government information and services globally has brought increasing focus on the need to develop user-oriented quality Web portal services. Prior to this time, governments paid little attention to citizen service quality issues (Teicher et al., 2002).
Factors Affecting Portal Design
Authors: Feng Xiuzhen
Published: May 2011

The word portal has been citied in the literature as one of the most popular terms. A Google search on the Web for the word revealed 25.6 million entries in December2003. Due to a considerable degree of overuse and overlap, portals are seen everywhere and it would be difficult to make any use of the Web without encountering one (Tatnall, 2004). According to White (2000), a portal provides user-customizable access to information and applications through a Web browser. Tatnall (2004) specifies that a portal aggregates information from multiple sources and makes that information available to various users. In other words, a portal can be defined as an integrated and personalized Web-based application that provides the end user with a single point of access to a wide variety of aggregated content anytime and from anywhere using any Web-enabled client device.
Hosting Portals on an E-Marketplace
Authors: Welsh Karyn , Hassall Kim
Published: May 2011

This article addresses the possibilities of foregoing the build option for the corporate portal and hosting the corporate portal on an e-marketplace. From the users perspective there is essentially no difference. From an image perspective it may mean an adjustment in culture that is required especially from those organizations who still may not accept outsourcing as an option. From a financial perspective the savings can be considerable as the e-marketplace hosting option provides the required portal infrastructure. Both authors having been involved heavily in e-logistics and e-markets respectively since 1999, discuss the e-marketplace hosting option for potential business advantages and savings.
Intelligent-Agent-Supported Enterprise Information Portal
Authors: Tang Zaiyong , Bagchi Kallol
Published: May 2011

Enterprises in today’s highly competitive environment must cope with mountainous information. At the same time, they must act quickly to make timely business decisions. Providing the right information at the right time has been a challenge for information technology professionals. Wells, Sheina, and Harris-Jones (2000) found that in the average company in the United States, 80% of information is kept on individual personal computers, and less than five percent of employee knowledge is captured and made available in enterprise systems. Various systems, such as management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and knowledge management systems have been used to support the information needs of organizations. In recent years, enterprise information portal (EIP) have been developed to provides an effective platform for knowledge workers in organizations to find, manage, use, and share previous disparate information. An EIP gives the user a single point of access to data, information, and knowledge across the entire enterprise, thus holding the promise of increasing the competitiveness of the organization (Mitchell, 2005; Schroeder, 2000).
Interoperability Integrating E-Government Portals
Authors: Laskaridis Giorgos , Markellou Penelope
Published: May 2011

In recent years, we have witnessed the rapid evolution of the World Wide Web. This development allowed millions of people all over the world to access, share, interchange, and publish information. In this context, many governments have realized that their information resources are not only of value in themselves. They are valuable economic assets— the fuel of the knowledge economy. By making sure the information they hold can be readily located and passed between the public and private sectors, taking account of privacy and security obligations, it will help to make the most of this asset, thereby driving and stimulating national and international economy. The governments take advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the continuing expansion of the Web and started e-government strategies to renew the public sector and eliminate existing bureaucracy and therefore reduce costs (Riedl, 2003; Tambouris, Gorilas, & Boukis, 2001).
Java Portals and Java Portlet Specification and API
Authors: Costagliola Gennaro
Published: May 2011

Second generation Web portals distinguish themselves from first generation ones for their architecture, which is component-oriented. In particular, the basic component constituting them is often referred to as portlet. The portal is responsible for aggregating information coming from different sources, local or remote, available in the form of mark-up fragments. Each of those fragments is produced by a portlet. In the context of Web portals, the possibility to deploy a portlet in any portal is particularly significant. To this extent, that is, to achieve interoperability among portals, it has been necessary to define a standard way to develop and deploy portlets.
Mobile Portals
Authors: Turel Ofir , Serenko Alexander
Published: May 2011

The diffusion of mobile services is one of important technological phenomena of the twenty-first century (Dholakia & Dholakia, 2003). According to the International Telecommunication Union,1 the number of mobile service users had exceeded 1.5 billion individual subscribers by early 2005. This represents around one-quarter of the world’s population. The introduction of .mobi, a new top-level domain,2 is expected to further facilitate the usage of mobile services. Because of their high penetration rates, mobile services have received cross-disciplinary academic attention (e.g., Ruhi & Turel, 2005; Serenko & Bontis, 2004; Turel, Serenko & Bontis, 2007; Turel, 2006; Turel & Serenko, 2006; Turel & Yuan, 2006; Turel et al., 2006). While the body of knowledge on mobile services in general is growing (Krogstie, Lyytinen, Opdahl, Pernici, Siau, & Smolander, 2004), there seems to be a gap in our understanding of a basic, yet important service that mobile service providers offer, namely mobile portals (m-portals).
Modifying the News Industry with the Internet
Authors: Serarols-Tarrés Christian
Published: May 2011

The advent of the digitalization of pure information products has created new opportunities and changes in the information goods markets. The increasing acceptance and usage of the Internet and the decrease of access costs provide a new broad scope of economic activities and business models. These business models are based on the production, distribution, and sale of information goods (Clemons & Lang, 2003), and they have been developed either by traditional incumbents or by new players such as internet intermediaries.
Navigability Design and Measurement
Authors: Zhu Hong , Zhang Yanlong
Published: May 2011

Navigation has been a significant issue in portal design and evaluation because one of the biggest problems in using the Web is “lost in the information ocean.” To solve navigability problems in the development of Web sites in general, and portals in particular, navigation design guidelines and navigability metrics have been proposed and investigated in the literature. The guidelines are rules for the design of portal’s structures to ensure acceptable navigability. The metrics provide a set of quantitative measurements to analyse and evaluate the designs of portals so that the navigability can be judged objectively and compared precisely. These two approaches are complementary to each other, and form a set of Web engineering techniques to solve Web portal navigability problem.
Network-Centric Healthcare and the Entry Point into the Network
Authors: von Lubitz Dag , Wickramasinghe Nilmini
Published: May 2011

The concept of e-health gains rapid and widespread international acceptance as the most practical means of reducing burgeoning healthcare costs, improving healthcare delivery, and reducing medical errors. However, due to profit-maximizing forces controlling healthcare, the majority of e-based systems are characterized by non-existent or marginal compatibility leading to platform-centricity that is, a large number of individual information platforms incapable of integrated, collaborative functions. While such systems provide excellent service within limited range healthcare operations (such as hospital groups, insurance companies, or local healthcare delivery services), chaos exists at the level of nationwide or international activities. As a result, despite intense efforts, introduction of e-health doctrine has minimal impact on reduction of healthcare costs. Based on their previous work, the authors present the doctrine of network- centric healthcare operations that assures unimpeded flow and dissemination of fully compatible, high quality, and operation-relevant healthcare information and knowledge within the Worldwide Healthcare Information Grid (WHIG). In similarity to network-centric concepts developed and used by the armed forces of several nations, practical implementation of WHIG, consisting of interconnected entry portals, nodes, and telecommunication infrastructure, will result in enhanced administrative efficiency, better resource allocation, higher responsiveness to healthcare crises, and—most importantly—improved delivery of healthcare services worldwide.
Ontology, Web Services, and Semantic Web Portals
Authors: Kor Ah Lian
Published: May 2011

In the article, entitled “Semantic Web, RDF, and Portals”, it is mentioned that a Semantic Web Portal (SWP) has the generic features of a Web portal but is built on semantic Web technologies. This article provides an introduction to two types of Web ontology languages (RDF Schema and OWL), semantic query, Web services, and the architecture of a Semantic Web Portal.
An Open Streaming Content Distribution Network
Authors: Fortino Giancarlo , Palau Carlos E.
Published: May 2011

Motivated by the increasing availability of media content in the Internet, improvements of network bandwidth in the Internet backbone and the availability of faster “last mile” connections, such as cable modems and DSL (digital subscriber lines) services, users are becoming increasingly interested in watching movies or TV broadcasts, listening to radio or music, or viewing lectures over the Internet. Consequently, streaming media content (i.e., audio and video) is becoming a significant fraction of the total traffic in the Internet and demands for effective as well as efficient media delivery infrastructures. To this purpose, the streaming content distribution networks (SCDNs) have lastly conveyed huge interest. An SCDN is an overlay network aiming at improving the streaming-based delivery of content to the end users (or clients) in the Internet, in which popular content may be cached or replicated at a number of servers, placed closer to some of the client populations. Being an emergent technology, SCDNs have to face several technical open issues related to the internal content distribution infrastructure, content management policies, content discovery mechanisms, redirection mechanisms, and delivery of media streaming.
Personal Portals
Authors: Shambaugh Neal
Published: May 2011

A portal, generally viewed as a gateway to resources, can be more pragmatically defined by its context of use. Portal development follows a continuum of use, beginning first with organizational portals, followed by more niche-driven user portals, and finally, a new category, personal portals. Personal portals have evolved out of individual and small group needs to advocate, educate, and collaborate. A foundational perspective, predominant influences, and examples describe each category.
Portal Economics and Business Models
Authors: Langdon Christoph Schlueter , Bau Alexander
Published: May 2011

In late 2005, the market capitalization of Google was the envy of every major media and telecom company. More than any other Web portal, Google had succeeded in benefiting from the superior economics inherent in digital interactive channel systems. At the core of Web portal success is a set of economic mechanisms, including, but not limited to rooted in how structure and competition have evolved in digital channel systems, which is discussed based on organizational theory in a separate article titled “Digital Interactive Channel Systems and Portals: Structure and Economics.” One subcategory of transaction cost, lower search cost, has played a particularly important role in the success of portal business models.
Portal Strategy for Managing Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Zhang Zuopeng , Jasimuddin Sajjad M.
Published: May 2011

Since its maturity four or five years ago, portal has become the common practice in organizations. A portal strategy is a way in which a Web site is customized that provides people easy access to most of the information, tools and applications they need to use—all with a single sign-on. Portal has been growing rapidly within organizations. META Group’s Worldwide IT Benchmark Report 2004 confirms this trend, showing that 46% of their respondents spent more on portals in 2003 than they did in 2002 (36% spent the same, 18% spent less) (cited in Roth, 2004).
Portals in Application Integration
Authors: Gou Juan Qiong
Published: May 2011

Integration is widely used in different areas, but few are explained. A common understanding is that integration is a process by which parts of a whole become more connected so that they are, in effect, less “part” and more “whole”; that is, such that functions formerly carried out by one part are carried out by others and usually vice versa. Normally, in the IS area, we use integration in such a case: formerly separated or loosely connected parts are expected to be considered as whole, then we need approaches to connect them more tightly, and at the same time, functions in the “new” system are redefined and redistributed to “new” parts.
Semantic Portals
Authors: Abrahams Brooke
Published: May 2011

Web portals provide an entry point for information presentation and exchange over the Internet for various domains of interest. Current Internet technologies, however, often fail to provide users of Web portals with the type of information or level of service they require. Limitations associated with the Web affect the users of Web portals ability to search, access, extract, interpret, and process information. The Semantic Web (Berners-Lee, Hendler, & Lassila, 2001) enables new approaches to the design of such portals and has the potential of overcoming these limitations by enabling machines to interpret information so that it can be integrated and processed more effectively.
Setting Up and Developing an Educational Portal
Authors: Joia Luiz Antonio , Rodrigues Elaine Tavares
Published: May 2011

Over the past few years, an ever-increasing number of portals have been appearing on the Web. However, there is still precious little systematic knowledge about how the creation process works and how maintenance and development of a portal should be conducted once the implementation phase is complete. The scope of this article is to detail the stages of creation of an institutional portal in the education sector in Brazil, as well as to present the activities involved in monitoring and developing this portal.
Sharing and Managing Knowledge through Portals
Authors: Paavola Teemu
Published: May 2011

Any attempt to develop IT applications to manage information processes in a knowledge work setting will inevitably encounter the work of Ikujiro Nonaka (1991) on the importance of knowledge management in organizations. Almost all work can nowadays be loosely defined as knowledge work, since even ditch digging, for example, may involve the use of a GPS positioning device. Unwittingly establishing a doctrine of knowledge management, Nonaka took Polanyi’s (1958, 1966) old definition of tacit knowledge as the starting point in his theory, and went on to describe the relationship between implicit and explicit (communicable) knowledge, and their importance within an organization.
A Study of a Wine Industry Internet Portal
Authors: Sellitto Carmine
Published: May 2011

A simple definition of a portal sees it as a special Internet (or intranet) Web site designed to act as a gateway to give convenient access to other related sites (Davison, Burgess, & Tatnall, 2003). Moreover, portals can be grouped or classified based on genre, with a diverse number of different types of portal types being based on alliances, geographic regions, special interest, and communities. Regional portals that are of particular interest in this article tend to be a special type of community portal centred on a specific locality. As such, they have a utility in providing various advantages for the participants, allowing them to feel as if they are part of, and contribute to, the local regional community. Moreover, there are significant benefits that portal participation provides in allowing firms to interact with other local businesses, allowing not only physical products/services to be transacted, but also in fermenting new business relationships (Sellitto & Burgess 2005). Indeed, regional portal participation contributes to the goodwill factor that manifests at the local business level and invariably, also at the social level throughout the regional community. This article introduces some background on portals, and provides an illustration of how a real-world regional wine cluster adopted an Internet portal to strengthen and benefit their regional partnerships. Arguably, the research is one of the few published works on industry clusters and their association to Internet portals.
University Portals as Gateway or Wall, Narrative, or Database
Authors: Sobol Stephen
Published: May 2011

Most definitions of a portal involve the term “gate” or “gateway” and a Web portal can thus be seen as a gateway to information and services on the Web. In the context of corporate intranets, and universities in particular, the allusion is to the entrance to a walled city. The parallel is worthy of some consideration. As technologies develop and intranets expand to provide information tailored to specific user requirements, and access to personal information, authentication becomes a central issue.
Using Intelligent Learning Objects in Adaptive Educational Portals
Authors: Silveira Ricardo Azambuja , Gomes Eduardo Rodrigues
Published: May 2011

The learning object (LO) approach is based on the premise that the reuse of learning material is very important to designing learning environments for real-life learning. According to Downes. (2001), Mohan and Brooks (2003), and Sosteric and Hesemeier (2002), a learning object is an entity of learning content that can be used several times in different courses or in different situations. One of the benefits of the reusability is that it significantly reduces the time and cost required to develop e-learning courses. For Friesen (2001), reusability is given as a result of three features: interoperability, discoverability, and modularity. The interoperability is the capability of working in different environments. The discoverability is the capability of being discovered based on the educational content. The modularity is the capability of having learning material that can be, at the same time, big enough to be coherent and unitary and small enough to be reused. These features would be very useful if added to pedagogical agents (PA) (Johnson & Shaw, 1997).
Web Directories for Information Organization on Web Portals
Authors: Fu Xin
Published: May 2011

Two methods are currently used to organize and retrieve information on the Internet. Search engines like Google and AltaVista use a robot-based keyword searching method by constructing inverted index files for Web pages and matching users’ query terms with the index terms. The other method organizes human-selected Internet resources into a searchable database, and gives users structured hierarchical access to the database in a similar way to browsing through library classification schemes. We call this structured hierarchical system a Web directory. Knowledge structures, like a library classification schema or a Web directory, visualize and reflect what people know about things, and help people understand things better, identify gaps, recognize patterns, predict future trends, and so forth (Kwasnik, 2005). Moreover, Web directories offer quality control and give access only to selected Internet resources. All these advantages make the browsing structure based on subject classification a desirable complement to the search engine type service (Koch, Day, Brümmer, Hiom, Peereboom, Poulter, & Worsfold, 1997).
A Web Portal for the Remote Monitoring of Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Hürster Walter , Wilbois Thomas , Chaves Fernando
Published: May 2011

Nuclear power plants are equipped with safety installations that should, for all practical cases, preclude the occurrence of a nuclear accident. However, additional safety measures pertaining to disaster control, and the provision of radiation protection could be required in the event of an imminent, occurring, or already terminated release of radioactive nuclides. For instance, the distribution of iodine tablets or a precautionary evacuation are included among these measures. The remote monitoring system for nuclear power plants (RM/NPP) includes the collection of radiological and meteorological variables that have an influence on the diffusion and deposition of radioactive nuclides. A central role of the monitoring system is the use of these variables in the calculation of radiation exposure values and areas. These results are used for decision support, dissemination of information, and the issuing of public warnings.
Web Portals Designed for Educational Purposes
Authors: Di Paola Lucy
Published: May 2011

The increase in the use of technology in daily life activities has led to the growth and popularity of Internet portal sites. Portals are gateways that provide information ranging from general to specific interests. There are four generally recognized classifications of Web portals: (1) horizontal, (2) vertical, (3) enterprise information portals, and (4) B2B portals (Goodman & Kleinschmidt, 2002). Horizontal portals such as Excite, Lycos, MSN, or Yahoo! provide services such as news, entertainment, weather, stock information, e-mail accounts, or provide links to other searching or sponsored sites. Vertical or niche portals (or vortals) provide services to public audiences searching for specific content or interest. Enterprise information portals (also called enterprise resource portals or corporate portals) provide restricted access to private resources of an organization. B2B portals, sometimes referred to as industry portals, are a relatively new phenomenon designed to sell particular goods to consumers online; they are corporate in nature yet vertical in application. Educational Web portals would best fit into the vertical portal category and will be the focus of this article.
WSRP Relationship to UDDI
Authors: Polgar Jana , Polgar Tony
Published: May 2011

In most cases, portlets are built to be deployed by local portals. This is not practical if the organisation wishes to publish their Web services and expects other business partners to use these services in their portals. UDDI extension for WSRP enables the discovery and access to user facing Web services provided by business partners while eliminating the need to design local user facing portlets. Most importantly, the remote portlets can be updated by the Web service providers from their own servers. Remote portlet consumers are not required to make any changes in their portals to accommodate updated remote portlets. This results in easier team development, upgrades, administration, low cost development, and usage of shared resources. In this chapter, we deal with the technical underpinning of the UDDI extensions for WSRP (user facing remote Web services) and their role in service sharing among business partners. We outline the WSDL extensions relevant to the remote portlets and WSRP (WSRP specification version 1, 2003). publishing and binding process in UDDI.
Steganography
Authors: Warkentin Merrill , Schmidt Mark B. , Bekkering Ernst
Published: May 2011

Steganography, the process of hiding information, can be used to embed information or messages in digital files. Some uses are legitimate, such as digital watermarking or the combination of text with medical images. But the technique can also be used for criminal purposes or by terrorists to disguise communications between individuals. We discuss some commonly available steganographic tools, the detection of stegonography through steganalysis, and future challenges in this domain. In the future, the legality of steganography may depend on legal issues and challenges. Jurisdictional differences may play a role. Privacy will have to be balanced by the duty of authorities to safeguard public safety, both from threats by criminals and terrorists. Techniques for steganalysis will become increasingly important, and will be complicated by the use of the Internet and emerging technologies such as VOIP. Packet routing complicates analysis of files, and new data streams offer new opportunities for hiding information. An internationally coordinated response to threats may be necessary.
Deception in Defense of Computer Systems from Cyber Attack
Authors: Rowe Neil C.
Published: May 2011

While computer systems can be quite susceptible to deception by attackers, deception by defenders has increasingly been investigated in recent years. Military history has classic examples of defensive deceptions, but not all tactics and strategies have analogies in cyberspace. Honeypots are the most important example today; they are decoy computer systems designed to encourage attacks to collect data about attack methods. We examine the opportunities for deception in honeypots, and then opportunities for deception in ordinary computer systems by tactics like fake information, false delays, false error messages, and identity deception. We conclude with possible strategic deceptions.
Spam, Spim, and Illegal Advertisement
Authors: Politis Dionysios V. , Theodoridis Konstantinos P.
Published: May 2011

Economists and regulators, along with the Internet community as a whole, are involved in confronting illegal promotional strategies that may deregulate the advertising sector. Apart from the quantitative research (ex ante and ex post) on policy changes, spam and illegal advertisement are actions that target after all the average Internet user, factually challenging the peer-to-peer nature of the Internet. Alarming is also the projection of this situation to mobile telephony, the so called spim. Having reached record levels the last couple of years, the phenomenon of unsolicited commercial communication raised consciousness that the Internet was endangered by an erosive threat similar to the uncontrollable, massive, free circulation of MP3s that devastated the musical industry some years ago. Recent combined advances in the software industry and in the legal front have reduced the phenomenon. The technical, social, financial and legal parameters of this issue are examined in this article, under the prism of networked economies.
Cyber Security Models
Authors: Schneidewind Norman F.
Published: May 2011

Predictive models for estimating the occurrence of cyber attacks are desperately needed to counteract the growing threat of cyber terrorism. Unfortunately, except to a limited degree, there is no genuine database of attacks, vulnerabilities, consequences, and risks to employ for model development and validation. However, it is still useful to provide definitions, equations, plots, and analyses to answer the “what if” questions concerning potentials attacks. We do this by reasoning about the elements of predictive models and their relationships, which are needed to mirror objects and events in the real world of cyberspace. The application of these models is to provide the user with a vehicle for testing hypotheses about how to respond to a cyber attack before it occurs, using risk, vulnerabilities, time between attacks, and intrusion (number and duration) concepts.
Use of Remotely Sensed Imagery in Cyber Warfare and Cyber Counterterrorism
Authors: Gong Gang , Leipnik Mark R.
Published: May 2011

Remote sensing refers to the acquisition of information at a distance. More specifically, it has come to mean using aerial photographs or sensors on satellites to gather data about features on the surface of the earth. In this article, remote sensing and related concepts are defined and the methods used in gathering and processing remotely sensed imagery are discussed. The evolution of remote sensing, generic applications and major sources of remotely sensed imagery and programs used in processing and analyzing remotely sensed imagery are presented. Then the application of remote sensing in warfare and counterterrorism is discussed in general terms with a number of specific examples of successes and failures in this particular area. Next, the potential for misuse of the increasing amount of high resolution imagery available over the Internet is discussed along with prudent countermeasures to potential abuses of this data. Finally, future trends with respect to this rapidly evolving technology are included.
Access Control Models
Authors: Thion Romuald
Published: May 2011

Access control, or authorization, is arguably the most fundamental and most pervasive security mechanism in use today in computer systems. In computer systems, to grant authorization is to determine whether a subject can access resources. Informally speaking it is to decide “who can do what.” Access control is critical to enforce confidentiality (only authorized users can read information) and integrity (only authorized users can alter information) in computer systems, preventing hackers and cyber-terrorists from reading and modifying sensitive files. Several access control models have been proposed since 1960 up today: from simple access matrix to task based access control through military models. Each one providing a different way to organize and express users’ privileges. For example, the role based access control model aggregate privileges thanks to the concept of role: all users receive permissions only through the roles to which they are assigned. We first introduce the purpose of access control, then we describe models in use today, their specificities and the mechanisms which they rely on. The end of the this chapter is dedicated to current issues on access control.
Bio-Cyber Machine Gun
Authors: Samraj Andrews
Published: May 2011

The bio-cyber machine gun (BCMG) is a defensive tool used to protect misuse of authentication, access control, and aid cryptography and information hiding by means of password shooting. BCMG is developed to be a ray of hope for the disabled community who live in the dark expanses of life, by providing all possible technical support to the disabled by increasing their ability by means of creating innovative software and hardware that helps them to live independently in a stress free environment and to enjoy the desired choice, control and freedom as others. The brain wave P300 component is used for this purpose. This chapter describes that how the P300 components are created, identified, extracted, and classified for the use in the BCMG.
A Model for Emergency Response Systems
Authors: Jennex Murray E.
Published: May 2011

Cyber war and cyber terrorism is real and is being waged. Cyber terrorists and cyber warriors are attacking systems and succeeding in their attacks. This requires management to prepare for the worst case, the loss and destruction of critical data and systems. This chapter helps management prepare for this worst case by discussing how to design and build emergency response systems. These systems are used to respond to worst case attacks. Additionally, these systems are useful for responding to other disasters that can cause the loss of systems and data. This chapter presents research into emergency response systems and concludes with a model of what an emergency response system should consist of.
Cyber Forensics
Authors: Coulondre Stéphane
Published: May 2011

Nowadays, terrorists master technology. They often use electronic devices that allow them to act without being physically exposed. As a consequence, their attacks are quicker, more precise, and even more disastrous. As cyber- terrorism relies on computers, the evidence is distributed on large-scale networks. Internet providers as well as government agencies around the world have set up several advanced logging techniques. However, this kind of information alone is not always sufficient. It is sometimes paramount to also analyse the target and source computers, if available, as well as some networking elements. This step is called cyber-forensics, and allows for precisely reconstructing and understanding the attack, and sometimes for identifying the intruders. In this paper, we present the basics and well-known issues, and we give some related perspectives.
USA's View on World Cyber Security Issues
Authors: Schneidewind Norman
Published: May 2011

There is little evidence that the world is more secure from a major cyber attack than in 2000 because attacks on the Internet go on unabated . In addition to calling for new legislation and oversight, this chapter serves as a source of information about cyber security that domestic and international security analysts can use as a resource for understanding the critical issues and as a guide for preparing for hearings and legislative initiatives.
Active Queue Management
Authors: de Araújo Espíndula Lima Michele Mara , Saldanha da Fonseca Nelson Luís
Published: May 2011

Although powerful and necessary to prevent network collapse, the congestion control mechanism of the TCP is not sufficient to avoid congestion. Since TCP sources exert a limited control of the network, and unresponsive flows, which do not slow down their sending rates when congestion occurs, may be present, the efficacy of end-to-end congestion control also relies on queue mechanisms at the routers.
Comparison of Multipath Schemes for Hybrid Models in MPLS
Authors: Lee Kyeongja , Toguyeni Armand , Rahmani Ahmed
Published: May 2011

Congestion is derived from insufficient network resources and unbalanced traffic distribution. To treat today’s greedy applications, adding more bandwidth to networks is not the solution for solving the congestion problems in the long term. There are two main approaches to improve quality of service (QoS) of actual network: QoS routing and traffic engineering (Wang, 2001). QoS routing searches the paths by constraint-based routing for better delivery of traffic and is serviced to attract more customers, while traffic engineering aims to reduce congestions and to improve resource utilization through the network by carefully managing the traffic distribution inside a network (Wang, 2001).
Congestion Control in Multicast Networks
Authors: Rodríguez Pérez Miguel , López-García Cándidol , Herrería-Alonso Sergio
Published: May 2011

Multicast is a transmission service that simultaneously delivers packets from a sender to a group of receivers. The set of receivers form a multicast group logically identi?ed by a unique multicast address. In a network with network level multicast support (e.g. IP) a copy of each packet is transmitted once on each link of a directed tree rooted at the sender with the receivers as leaves. In the public Internet, IP Multicast in an extension to the basic routing and forwarding model, endowed with its own address space, signaling (IGMP), and routing protocols (MOSPF, DVMRP, PIM).
Multimedia Internet Applications over WiMAX Networks
Authors: Scalabrino Nicola , Miorandi Daniele , Gregori Enrico , Chlamtac Imrich
Published: May 2011

The market for conventional first mile solutions (e.g., cable, fiber etc.) presents indeed high entrance barriers, and it is thus difficult for new operators to make their way into the field. This is due to the extremely high impact of labor-intensive tasks (i.e., digging up the streets, stringing cables etc.) that are required to put the necessary infrastructure in place. On the other hand, the market is experiencing an increasing demand for broadband multimedia services (Nokia, 2001), pushing towards the adoption of broadband access technologies. In such a situation, Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) represents an economically viable solution to provide Internet access to a large number of clients, thanks to its infrastructure-light architecture, which makes it easy to deploy services where and when it is needed. Furthermore, the adoption of ad hoc features, such as self-configuration capabilities in the Subscriber Stations (SSs) would make it possible to install customer premises equipment (CPE) without the intervention of a specialized technician, so boosting the economical attractiveness of WiMAX-based solutions. In this context, WiMAX is expected to be the key technology for enabling the delivery of high-speed services to the end users.
Rate Adaptation Mechanisms for Multimedia Streaming
Authors: Patrikakis Charalampos , Fafali P. , Karamolegkos Pantelis N. , Despotopoulos Y. , Minogiannis N.
Published: May 2011

During the last decade, multimedia streaming has experienced explosive growth. Adaptive video has become a necessity for meeting stringent QoS requirements in non-guaranteed IP networks. Since the user is the final point in the multimedia distribution chain, transmission rate must be adjusted to match the requirements set, the end-to-end effective bandwidth, and the capabilities of the terminals used to access the services offered. In addition, the concept of pervasive and ubiquitous computing has increased the need for rate adaptation so as to fulfill the restrictions posed by mobile terminals (e.g., phones and handhelds). The ultimate goal is the optimization of the subjective audio-visual quality.
The Semantic Web
Authors: Curran Kevin , Gumbleton Gary
Published: May 2011

Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), states that, “The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation” (Berners-Lee, 2001). The Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an environment where software agents, roaming from page to page, can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users. The Semantic Web (SW) is a vision of the Web where information is more efficiently linked up in such a way that machines can more easily process it. It is generating interest not just because Tim Berners-Lee is advocating it, but because it aims to solve the problem of information being hidden away in HTML documents, which are easy for humans to get information out of but are difficult for machines to do so. We will discuss the Semantic Web here.
Standards in Asynchronous E-Learning Systems
Authors: Gutiérrez Sergio , Pardo Abelardo , Delgado Kloos Carlos
Published: May 2011

E-learning has evolved very rapidly in recent years, from a first stage in which a set of documents were simply made available to the students in an electronic platform, to current tools that integrate not only academic but also administrative aspects in educational institutions. Today, learning is possible virtually anywhere, anytime and new scenarios are possible thanks to the technological support available. The so-called “learning management systems” (LMS) or “learning content management systems” (LCMS) now must handle aspects ranging from tuition fees to personalized pedagogical approaches or collaborative activities.
ALBA Architecture as Proposal for OSS Collaborative Science
Authors: Bosin Andrea , Dessi Nicoletta , Fugini Maria Grazia
Published: May 2011

A framework is proposed that would create, use, communicate, and distribute information whose organizational dynamics allow it to perform a distributed cooperative enterprise also in public environments over open source systems. The approach assumes the Web services as the enacting paradigm, possibly over a grid, to formalize interaction as cooperative services on various computational nodes of a network. A framework is thus proposed that defi nes the responsibility of e-nodes in offering services and the set of rules under which each service can be accessed by e-nodes through service invocation. By discussing a case study, this chapter details how specifi c classes of interactions can be mapped into a service-oriented model whose implementation is carried out in a prototypical public environment.
Issues to Consider when Choosing Open Source Content Management Systems (CMSs)
Authors: Boateng Beatrice A. , Boateng Kwasi
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines the main issues that have to be considered when selecting an open source content management system. It involves a discussion of literature and the experiences of the authors after installing and testing four widely used open source CMSs (Moodle, Drupal, Xoops, and Mambo) on a stand-alone desktop computer. It takes into consideration Arnold’s (2003) and Han’s (2004) suggestions for the development of CMSs, and identifies six criteria that need to be considered when selecting an open source CMS for use.
Legal and Economic Justifi cation for Software Protection
Authors: de Vuyst Bruno
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses legal and economic rationale in regards to open source software protection. Software programs are, under TRIPS1, protected by copyright (reference is made to the Berne Convention2). The issue with this protection is that, due to the dichotomy idea/expression that is typical for copyright protection, reverse engineering of software is not excluded, and copyright is hence found to be an insufficient protection. Hence, in the U.S., software makers have increasingly turned to patent protection. In Europe, there is an exclusion of computer programs in Article 52 (2) c) EPC (EPO, 1973), but this exclusion is increasingly narrowed and some call for abandoning the exclusion altogether. A proposal by the European Commission, made in 2002, called for a directive to allow national patent authorities to patent software in a broader way, so as to ensure further against reverse engineering; this proposal, however, was shelved in 2005 over active opposition within and outside the European parliament. In summary, open source software does not fit in any proprietary model; rather, it creates a freedom to operate. Ultimately, there is a need to rethink approaches to property law so as to allow for viable software packaging in both models.
Free Access to Law and Open Source Software
Authors: Poulin Daniel , Mowbray Andrew
Published: May 2011

Law consists of legislation, judicial decisions, and interpretative material. Public legal information means legal information produced by public bodies that have a duty to produce law and make it public. Such information includes the law itself (so-called primary materials) as well as various secondary (interpretative) public sources such as reports on preparatory work and law reform and resulting from boards of inquiry and available scholarly writing. The free access to law movement is a set of international projects that share a common vision to promote and facilitate open access to public legal information. The objectives of this chapter are to outline the free access to law movement, to set out the philosophies and principles behind this, and to discuss the role that open source software has played both in terms of its use and development.
Use of OSS by Local E-Administration
Authors: Favier Laurence , Mekhantar Joël
Published: May 2011

This chapter deals with the integration of OSS in local and territorial e-administration and its relations with the state level in France. France includes both many local collectivities: (36,568 local collectivities) on four levels (local, departmental, regional, and central) and a centralized State. The policies defined in France and promoted by initiatives from the European Union are leading to the definition of a normative framework intended to promote interoperability between information systems, the use of free software and open standards, public-private partnerships, development of know-how and abilities. These policies are applicable to State agencies but are not required for local and regional collectives because of the constitutional principle of administrative freedom. The chapter shows how the integration of all administrative levels can be operated in an e-administration framework OSS based, often coexisting with proprietary software. The legal, political, and technical (III) frameworks of such integration are presented.