bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Endosperm Cytokinesis in Two Low Chilling, Short Cycle Peaches and a Nectarine1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Edwards T. W.
Published: September 2022

Development from free nuclear to completely cellular endosperm was observed in ‘Flordasun’ and ‘Early Amber’ peaches and ‘Sunred’ nectarine. The free nuclear stage was present at 33, 38 and 49 days before first harvest, respectively, after which cytokinesis began. Approximately a third of the fruit had completely cellular endosperm at 23, 32 and 43 days before first harvest, at which times seed lengths and fruit diameters were 13.5 and 24.1 mm, 13.2 and 22.9 mm, and 11.4 and 20.5 mm, respectively. During cytokinesis, fruit and seed sizes were larger in the varieties with a shorter developmental cycle. Endosperm was completely cellular in all fruit of each variety at 19, 30 and 39 days and early stages of stone hardening was observed at 21, 30 and 43 days before first harvest. Seed length, fruit diameter and fruit volume were highly correlated within each variety and these parameters were related to the stages of endosperm development.
Triploid Azaleas of the Belgian-Indian Series1
Authors: Pryor R. L. , Frazier L. C.
Published: September 2022

A cytological and histological analysis of the triploid cultivars ‘Redwing’ and ‘Ablaze’ indicate that they are not cytochimeras.
Effect of Ethrel on Growth and Bulb Initiation in Onion1
Authors: Levy D. , Kedar N.
Published: September 2022

Young onion plants were grown in glass tubes under short daylength non-inductive for bulbing. Ethrel was added to the growth medium and caused swelling of leaf-bases, bulb initiation and a pronounced increase in the bulbing index. Swelling of leaf-bases was also observed in Ethrel treated plants of leek. In a replicated field experiment seedlings of 5 cultivars were sprayed once or several times with Ethrel at rates of 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm. Except for one very early cultivar, which showed bulbing due to natural daylength, the treatments resulted in early bulb initiation and in a greatly increased rate of bulbing. Rates of 5,000 and 10,000 ppm Ethrel were more effective than lower concentrations but they also caused retarded leaf growth and a decrease in the final size of bulbs. The possible role of ethylene in bulbing of onion is discussed.
Muskmelon vs. Cantaloupe1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

The common name for botanical varieties and cultivars of Cucumis melo L. is muskmelon. This term includes those forms with both edible and inedible fruits. In the United States the word “cantaloupe” has been applied to cultivars belonging to C. melo var. reticulatus Naud. The fruits of var. reticulatus are medium in size, the surface is netted, and has shallow vein tracts. The flesh is usually salmon colored, but it may vary from green to deep salmon-orange. The vines usually bear andromonoecious flowers, and the fruit generally separates from the stem when mature (slips). Most cultivars grown for commercial purposes in this country belong to C. melo var. reticulatus. The name “cantaloupe” has become firmly imbedded in American culture to indicate these medium-sized, netted melons found in season on shelves of nearly every grocery store and supermarket in the country. For this reason, little can be done to correct its usage except to point out that “cantaloupe” is a misnomer.
A Precision Controlled Atmosphere Storage1
Authors: Greene George M.
Published: September 2022

An inexpensive, versatile, and simple recirculating controlled atmosphere storage system was designed, constructed and tested. It is demonstrated that this controlled atmosphere storage system has minimal variation in O2 and CO2 composition. In addition, the system allows controlled atmosphere research to be conducted in conventional storages that are otherwise unsuited for this type of research.
Some Effects of CCC and Alar on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of Apple1
Authors: McDonnell P. F. , Edgerton L. J.
Published: September 2022

The growth retardants, CCC and Alar, were compared for their effects on fruit set and fruit quality of apple. Early season sprays were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ and midsummer applications were made on ‘Idared’. Pre-bloom sprays of Alar increased fruit set on ‘Golden Delicious’. Pre-bloom applications of CCC and post-bloom applications of Alar tended to reduce set. Neither chemical influenced fruit size, flesh firmness or percent soluble solids of ‘Golden Delicious’ at the concentration used in this study. Pre-bloom sprays of both retardants increased the severity of fruit russet on this cultivar; post-bloom sprays did not affect russet. On ‘Idared’, Alar reduced fruit size and increased red color; it also increased flesh firmness at harvest but not after storage to March. CCC did not affect any measured characteristic of ‘Idared’ apples.
Genetics and Breeding Cooperatives for Horticultural Crops
Authors: Rick Charles M.
Published: September 2022

Attention here will be confined to those non-profit groups that serve to exchange information and materials related to genetics and breeding of specific horticultural crops. Being independent of the formal scientific societies and having arisen electively according to demand, they are highly heterogeneous in regard to functions, organization, support, and even titles. In most respects this heterogeneity is commendable since the needs of the various groups differ, and each group develops a distinctive character. It is beyond the scope of this article to present all the details of each cooperative, but they will be compared in respect to the most important aspects of their structure and functions. I hope to avoid an excessive slant toward the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, with which I have been associated since its inception. Excluded from major consideration in this article are groups devoted exclusively to line testing (ex. Southern Tomato Exchange Program, STEP), those covering an entire crop group (e.g. Vegetable Improvement Newsletter, VIN; Small Fruit Workers, SFW), or those which are restricted regionally.
Texts in Tropical Horticulture, a Difficult Choice
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: September 2022

To most North American horticulturists, tropical horticulture is an “exotic” science. Familiar concepts such as length of growing season, degree of hardiness, winter dormancy, and critical day length are inappropriately applied to many tropical situations. Ignorance of tropical agriculture may lead one to believe that very little research has been done in tropical crops. A missionary attitude may prevail: We ought to send some of our horticulturists down there to show them how. These attitudes and beliefs are inappropriate in an age when American “know-how” is being widely exported.
Effects of Gibberellin and Alar Sprays upon Fruit Set, Seed Development, and Flowering of ‘Bartlett’ Pear1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Edgerton L. J. , Parker K. G.
Published: September 2022

Spray applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) were tested for their effects in increasing fruit set when applied during bloom in two commercial pear orchards in which cross-pollination was limited. No beneficial effects were obtained, and flower bud formation was inhibited at concentrations of 20 to 100 ppm. In one year, the inhibitory effect of GA3 upon flowering was partially offset by spraying with 500 or 1000 ppm of succinic acid, 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at petal fall.
Effect of Fall Application of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Williams M. W.
Published: September 2022

Limb units and whole trees of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ sprayed in the fall with 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Ethrel significantly decreased fruit set and vegetative growth the following season.
Physiological Differences Between a Green and a Tan Dry Podded Line of Snap Bean1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

A green and tan dry podded line of snap bean was compared with respect to respiration rate, chlorophyll degradation, % dry matter of the leaves, effects of light and Ethrel treatment on abscission of petiole expiants, and fresh weight increase of leaf discs floated on a nutrient solution. The green dry podded Une respired at a higher rate, degraded chlorphyll at a slower rate and contained a higher percentage of dry matter than the tan dry podded line. Petiole explants from the green dry podded line abscised faster in the dark and slower in the light than petiole explants from the tan dry podded line. Ethrel treatment of petiole explants resulted in promotion of abscission in both phenotypes but did not change the relative rates of abscission. Fresh weight increase in leaf discs floated in nutrient solution was greater than for the green dry podded line than the tan. These observations suggest that the green dry podded line has a higher endogenous level of kinetin or kinetin-like substance.
Effect of Time of Disbudding on Single-Harvest Yields and Maturity of ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels Sprouts1
Authors: Cutliffe J. A.
Published: September 2022

The terminal bud was removed from ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels sprout plants when sprouts began to develop and at various later stages of sprout development. Total marketable single-harvest yields increased as time of disbudding was delayed and equalled those of normal plants when disbudding was delayed to the 9- whorl stage or later. Thus, terminal bud removal on ‘Jade Cross’ cannot be justified on the basis of increased single-harvest marketable yields. However, time of removal of the terminal bud affected maturity and the optimum harvest period of disbudded plants was advanced as much as 12 to 14 days. This effect of disbudding can be of assistance to a grower or processor in obtaining earlier production or in scheduling an extended harvesting period.
Effects of Certain Soil Fumigants on Essential Nutritive Components and the Respiratory Rate of Carrot1 (Daucus carota L.) Roots
Authors: Wu Maureen , Singh B. , Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. , Dull G. G.
Published: September 2022

Telone (10, 20, 30 gal/acre) and Nemagon (1, 2, 3 gal/acre) were applied to the soil one week before planting of carrots. Compared to the untreated controls, the roots of the treated plants had a significantly higher content of total carotene, β-carotene and total sugars and a lower rate of respiration.
Defoliation of Snap Beans with Preharvest Treatments of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Palevitch Dan
Published: September 2022

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) applied to snap bean plants (cv. ‘Tenderette’) at 250-4000 ppm as a preharvest treatment caused considerable leaf abscission. A reduction in yield per plant resulted from yellowing and abscission of the pods. Much less damage occurred with the lower concentrations and/or by postponing the treatment close to the anticipated harvest time. The effectiveness of Ethrel as a leaf abscission promotor was greater in the summer than in the autumn season. The possible use of Ethrel as an aid for mechanical harvesting of snap beans is discussed.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Sex Expression and Yield in Butternut Squash and its Usefulness in Producing Hybrid Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

Ethrel, 250 ppm, applied at 9 weekly intervals, starting when the first true leaf was about 1 inch in diam. produced 91% pistillate flowers, increased fruit numbers, and decreased fruit wt of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ squash. Plant spread was reduced under this treatment due to a shortening of in tern ode length. Treatments of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm of Ethrel applied once did not change significantly the no. of pistillate flowers on a whole plant basis. The total fruit yield did not differ among treatments. Ethrel could be used to develop a female line of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ as an aid in the development of F1 hybrids having low crookneck frequency.
Optimum Tree Density for Apple Orchards1
Authors: Cain John C.
Published: September 2022

Orchard density is considered as the fraction of land covered by trees at any time. Using a generalized expression for tree spread as a function of age, a general expression is derived for mean lifetime orchard density for trees of various sizes. These curves show maxima with tree sizes of 10 to 15 ft for orchard lifetimes of 24 to 40 years. Evidence is presented showing a significant negative correlation between tree size and production per unit of tree area. This regression applied to mean lifetime orchard density values shows that maximum lifetime production can be expected from trees whose final “hold spread” is 10 to 12 ft when spaced in the row at this distance with a fixed alley clearance of 8 ft.
Horticulture and Pollution
Authors: Day Boysie E.
Published: September 2022

Why should we address ourselves simultaneously to the subjects of Horticulture and Pollution? The two would appear to be poles apart. Horticulture, a gentle, pastoral art, provides for the material and esthetic needs of mankind. It does much good and seemingly harms no one. To think of horticulture is to bring forth visions of golden fruit, crisp lettuce, the noble potato, the aromatic onion, the fragrant rose, and the fragile orchid. Horticulture is the world of bounty and beauty, and pollution is the realm of filth, dissolution, decay, and squalor. Yet, horticulture and pollution do impinge upon one another and have come increasingly to have to coexist in a deteriorating environment.
Plant Tissue Monitoring for Fluorides
Authors: Compton O. C.
Published: September 2022

Air contamination by fluorides is one of our major air pollution problems. These compounds are released by industries processing clays, ores, phosphate rock, coal, or any other fluorine-containing materials. Aluminum reduction, ceramic, phosphate, chemical, steel, and thermal power generation works all release fluorides in their normal manufacturing processes. Both gaseous and particulate fluorides may be emitted.
Growth-Retardant-Treated Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Garrison S. A. , Bergman E. L. , Shannon S.
Published: September 2022

The effects of growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on tomato transplants were evaluated in 9 field experiments. Two or more applications of 5,000 ppm of SADH at the seedling stage offers promise in scheduling tomato harvest by decreasing early yield.
Carryover Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Bartram R. D. , Carpenter W. S.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhy drazide (Alar) applied commercially to 'De licious’ apple trees at a concentration of 1,000 ppm at 8 and 125 days after full bloom in 1968 caused flattened misshapen fruit to be produced in 1969.
Annual Weed Control in Young Prunes1
Authors: Elmore C. L. , Lange A. H. , Buschmann L. L. , Chaney D. H.
Published: September 2022

The control of annual weeds in young prune orchards increased growth. The degree of foliar expressed phytotoxicity did not result in decreased tree growth. Simazine gave long lasting weed control and the most foliar symptoms on prunes, but superior tree growth. Simazine and dichlobenil produced more foliar symptoms than diphenamid, but less indication of growth reduction.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and Cycloheximide on Abscission and Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Griggs William H. , Iwakiri Ben T. , Fridley Robert B. , Mehlschau James
Published: September 2022

Branch units of 20 ‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 250, 500, or 1000 ppm or with cycloheximide (beta-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] glutarimide) at 3, 5, or 20 ppm a wk before the beginning of normal harvest to weaken the abscission layer to facilitate mechanical harvest. Half the trees had been sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to prevent preharvest drop. Nine days after application, Ethrel at 1000 ppm had significantly reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) on trees that had received no NAA. In contrast, the presence of NAA evidently nullified the abscission-promoting effect of Ethrel. All other treatments failed to reduce FRF significantly. None of the sprays caused discernible phytotoxic effects or hastened fruit maturity. However, after storage for 50 days at 0°C, 17% to 50% of the fruits that received Ethrel at 500 or 1000 ppm, broke down during ripening. Cycloheximide caused no breakdown, but 20% to 80% of the fruits aprayed with 5 or 20 ppm had necrotic spots at the calyx end.
Indicator of Freezing in Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky G. , Horanic G. , Galena F.
Published: September 2022

Studies show electrical potential (Millivoltage output) generated by citrus seedlings is useful as an indication of freezing in hardened seedlings or where freeze rates are 1° hr-1 or less. Needle-sharp probes of a gold-amalgam wire attached to a strip chart recorder with a variable millivolt supply were used to detect mv changes in seedlings exposed to freeze conditions in an artificial environment room. An abrupt increase of 2 to 6 mv in the mv signal indicated the onset of freezing in the seedlings as checked by the heat of crystallization measured with thermocouples, visual signs of freezing, and subsequent physical damage studies.
Effect of Temperature on Flower Bud and Leaf Anthocyanin Formation in the Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Hall I. V. , Forsyth F. R. , Newbery R. J.
Published: September 2022

Lowbush blueberry plants had greater flower bud formation with more primordial meristems and more advanced floret primordia and lower concentration of anthocyanins in leaves at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures.
Proposed Guidelines for Reporting Studies Conducted in Controlled Environment Chambers1
Authors: Krizek Donald T.
Published: September 2022

The ASHS Working Group on Controlled Environments will sponsor an informal Evening Discussion on “Growth Chamber Research” at the annual ASHS Meeting in Miami, Florida on Monday, November 2.
Response of Easter Lily to Bulb Treatments of Precooling, Packing Media, Moisture, and Gibberellin1
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. , Box C. O.
Published: September 2022

‘Harson’ lily bulbs were precooled at 45 to 50°F for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in damp peat (68% moisture) or dry peat (8% moisture) and then soaked for 2 hr in a 900 ppm solution of GA or tap water prior to forcing. Bulbs precooled in damp peat for 4 to 6 weeks had the shortest stems and earliest flowering. Four weeks precooling in damp peat hastened stem emergence and flowering but reduced flower no. as compared to those precooled 6 weeks in dry peat. Bulbs GA treated and precooled 2 weeks flowered about 4 weeks earlier without a decrease in flower no. compared with bulbs precooled for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Bulbs precooled 4 weeks in dry peat and treated with GA emerged and flowered as early as those precooled in damp peat for 4 weeks without GA or those in dry peat 6 weeks with or without GA. GA treatment hastened flowering similar to that caused by precooling in damp peat.
Photoperiodic Effects on Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Georgia’ Grown by the Controlled Temperature Forcing Method1
Authors: Carlson William H. , Carpenter William J.
Published: September 2022

The effects of daylength during the 63°F lily rooting period prior to 40° storage and the duration and scheduling of the storage period were determined for Japanese-grown ‘Georgia’ lilies. Benefits from the Controlled Temperature Forcing (CTF) method for increased flower buds and leaves were lost if used with 16-hr day lengths during the 63° period before storage. Artificial fluorescent light of 5 watts per ft2 to create a 16-hr daylength was found adequate to reduce the CTF effects. The length of the 63° period prior to cold treatment affected the days from bulb planting to flowering, no. of flowers, plant height, and no. of leaves. These results were similar at both the 10 and 16-hr day lengths. The effects of 6 week 40° cold period decline at both photoperiods as the duration of the 63° period before storage increases. Delaying the 40° cold period until 10 weeks after planting at the 16-hr daylength resulted in flowering only 4 days before lilies receiving no cold treatment.
Induction of Dormancy and Cold Hardiness in Citrus
Authors: Young Roger
Published: September 2022

Although citrus is grown in the southern regions of the United States, it is exposed to periodic freezes. Freezes are a serious production problem, as evidenced by the enormous loss of fruit and trees in recent years in the major citrus-growing areas (8). In 1962 in Florida, approximately 50 million boxes of fruit were lost, and substantial wood damage and loss of bearing surface occurred in approximately two-thirds of the citrus-producing areas (12). The monetary loss was estimated to exceed 500 million dollars. In Texas in 1951, 85,000 acres of trees were killed, and in 1962, 40,000 acres. Surviving trees lost their entire bearing surface. Many trees were killed back to 2-inch wood (27). Severe freezes also occur periodically in California and Arizona. In 1963, for instance, temperatures as low as 20°F occurred in some areas in California for eight consecutive nights. Injury was primarily to the fruit and very young trees (12). Studies of long-term weather records have indicated that freezes of 22°F minimums and lower occur in all major citrus-growing areas in the United States every 8 to 13 years on the average (5). Thus, it is expected that citrus-growing areas will be exposed to damaging freezes periodically.
Relation of Fall and Winter Temperatures to Flower Bud Behavior and Wood Hardiness of Deciduous Fruit Trees
Authors: Proebsting E. L.
Published: September 2022

As pomologists, our primary responsibility is to fruit trees growing in the frequently hostile environments which we insist on calling “fruit sites.” For most of the country the most consistently and effectively hostile element in a fruit tree’s environment is low temperature.
Effect of Daylength on pH and Soluble Solids Content in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)1
Authors: Sinnadurai Suppiah , Amuti Kofi
Published: September 2022

In 6 tomato cultivars soluble solids of fruits significantly increased under 16 hr as compared to 12 hr daylength but pH remained fairly constant.
Tomato Heat Unit Accumulation At Various Locations in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J.
Published: September 2022

Calculated maturity dates based on a common hypothetical planting date and a 43°F base temperature indicated a 38 day spread in tomato maturity among 12 locations in California. In the inland valleys assumed maturity corresponded to the marine ventilation pattern. Isotherm patterns showed that the cooler longer season areas were in the delta at the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and shorter season areas were in concentric zones on the perimeter of the delta.
Effect of Planting Pattern and Population Pressure on the Yield Response of Tomato1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Row pattern outyielded square pattern at population levels from 2,178 to 52,272 plants per acre in a multiple sequential harvest system. Square outyielded the row pattern in the early harvests but the reverse occurred in later harvests because of an “edge effect” brought about by a continuous growth of vines into the row middles. This edge effect increased with increased plant population.
About Our Cover
Authors: Cutting C. V.
Published: September 2022

Although the Long Ashton Research Station of the University of Bristol, England, became internationally noted for its pioneer work on plant nutrition and plant protection, advances of equal significance have been made in other subjects. One of these is the study of Plant Surfaces, under the direction of Dr. J. T. Martin whose survey, (with Dr. B. E. Juniper), “The Cuticles of Plants” has recently been published.
Horticultural Education in Turkish Universities1
Authors: Bienz D. R.
Published: September 2022

Training of foreign university students is one of the more important aspects of our nation’s commitment to the betterment of life in developing countries. Because of this commitment, most horticulturists have or will have contact with students from Africa, Asia, South America or the Middle East. Not infrequently, both the student and his American advisors and instructors experience frustrations which result from the different educational experience and social attitude of the foreign student. Spending a year in Turkey has greatly increased my appreciation for the difficulties these people face when they come to the United States for advanced training.
The Horticultural Crops Research Program of the Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico
Authors: Gaskins M. H.
Published: September 2022

The Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico is maintained at Mayaguez for crops investigations requiring a tropical environment. When established in 1902, the station was the only institution for agricultural research on the island. The research program included all of the diverse investigations such as animal husbandry, entomology, and forestry, in addition to crops studies, required for improvement of agriculture in Puerto Rico. Today, the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Puerto Rico is responsible for studies related entirely to insular agriculture. Research projects at the Federal station are selected for applicability, not only in Puerto Rico, but in other tropical areas as well. The Federal station also maintains projects with temperate-zone crops when these are needed to supplement investigations at locations on the mainland. Since 1961, the station has been part of the Crops Research Division of the Agricultural Research Service, and joint projects have been maintained with various other research units in the Division.
A Tissue Culture Technique for Studying Chilling Injury of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits1
Authors: Vakis N. , Grierson W. , Soule J. , Albrigo L. G.
Published: September 2022

Visual observations of chilling-injury symptoms and respiration data indicated that discs from ‘Lacatan’ banana, ‘Taylor’ avocado, ‘Key’ and ‘Persian’ limes, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit on tissue-culture medium and intact fruits had similar responses when stored at chilling and non-chilling temperatures.
Replant Problem in Quartz Sand1
Authors: Bunemann Gerhard , Jensen Anne Merete
Published: September 2022

Thoroughly washed quartz sand previously used in culture experiments inhibited seed germination and growth of apple seedlings and grafts. The addition of potassium did not overcome this problem. Black currant germination was unaffected and growth was stimulated by washed used sand.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Growth and Flowering of Broccoli1
Authors: Fontes M. R. , Ozbun J. L.
Published: September 2022

The effects of growth retardants succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzy 1-tributylphosphonim chloride (CBBP) on growth and flowering of Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. ‘Waltham 29’ (broccoli) were investigated. All 3 compounds reduced plant height. At higher concn SADH reduced the no. of plants flowering in both cold and non-cold treated plants. Neither floral induction nor leaf no. was significantly affected by CBBP or CCC. Leaf no. increased with increasing conc of SADH, as a probable result of the increased inhibition of floral initiation.
Horticultural Teaching in Oregon’S Secondary Schools
Authors: Smith R. Albert
Published: September 2022

Horticultural instruction in secondary schools is not new. In fact, it dates back to the middle ages in Western Germany (2). Some of the earlier high school horticultural programs in the United States are found in Los Angeles, 1908 (1), Cleveland, 1911 (1), and Boston 1918 (11). However, only since 1963, has horticultural instruction in secondary schools become widespread in the United States. Loewen (4) conducted a survey of the 50 states in 1968 and found 31 of the 43 states responding had such horticultural programs.
Teaching and Research Training for Tropical Overseas Horticulture
Authors: Krezdorn A. H.
Published: September 2022

Almost one quarter of the land surface of the world and one third of the population is found within the area limited by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, which geographically constitutes the tropics. None of the continental United States lies within this area.
Changes in pH and Total Acidity of Sweetpotatoes Exposed to Wet, Cold Soil Conditions Before Harvest1
Authors: Kushman L. J. , Pope D. T.
Published: September 2022

Changes in pH and total acidity, comparable to those that occur in chilled roots during storage, take place in the field while the roots are still in the ground if wet, cold, soil conditions develop.
Evaluation of Activated Carbon Root Dichlobenil Toxicity Dips for Control of in Nursery Plantings1
Authors: MacCubbin Thomas J. , Link Conrad B.
Published: September 2022

Field studies conducted during 1967 and 1968 evaluated activated carbon as an adsorbent for the reduction of dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzitrile) plant toxicity occurring in newly established nursery plantings. Eight lb. per acre of dichlobenil was a critical level for plant toxicity control through root dips of activated carbon since visual injury was often pronounced where dichlobenil was increased above this rate. Increases in the activated carbon dip concn did not enhance plant protection. Activated carbon dips are most effective where herbicide injury is expected to be marginal and when residues will rapidly dissipate from the soil immediately surrounding a plant’s developing root system.
Production and optimisation of adsorbent materials from teawaste for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution: feasibility of hexavalent chromium removal – kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm study
Authors: Mangwandi Chirangano , Chen Haili , Wu Jiahong
Published: September 2022

A face-centred central composite experimental design scheme was used to find experimental conditions this would result in producing magnetic bleached teawaste (MBTW) adsorbent material to have the optimum hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal capacity. The effect of treatment conditions, namely temperature (200 °C, 350 °C, 500 °C), duration of the heat treatment (2 h, 3 h, 4 h), the concentration of the iron chloride (0.02 g/g, 0.055 g/g, 0.09 g/g) added was investigated. The results obtained showed that the pyrolysis temperature and the amount of iron chloride added during treatment had significant effects on the performance of MBTW material in removal of both total chromium and Cr(VI). Increasing temperature from 200 °C to 500 °C, both Cr(VI) and total Cr removal would decrease. The material with optimum removal of Cr(VI) was used for the detailed adsorption study. The results from the detailed adsorption study indicated that the MBTW material has an excellent Langmuir removal capacity of Cr(VI) (269.9 mg/g). The Cr(VI) removal process also involved the reduction of the Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The removal process was shown to be temperature-dependent and endothermic. According to the FTIR analysis and the kinetic modelling results, chemisorption is the main mechanism responsible for the removal of the Cr(VI). The effect of background ions on the reduction of Cr(VI) was also investigated and the results show that presence of carbonate ions caused a huge reduction in removal of Cr(VI) while chloride ions had the least effect.
Effects of lead pollution on bacterial communities in biofilm attached to submerged plants
Authors: Chang Wenjie , Zhu Xiaoxiao , Sun Jieli , Pang Yong , Zhang Songhe
Published: September 2022

Submerged plants and biofilms have significant advantages in hydro-ecology rehabilitation, but their tolerance and physiological responses to heavy metal stress have thus far been under-investigated. This study investigated the influence of lead on physiological and biochemical responses, as well as variation in bacterial communities and functional characteristics of submerged plant biofilms. The results showed that chlorophyll a content of two submerged plants decreased with increased lead concentration. The concentration of malondialdehyde of both submerged plants was higher under high lead concentrations than under low lead concentrations, and the concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in Vallisneria natans were more stable. The antioxidant enzyme systems of the two plants played protective roles against lead stress. High lead concentration can inhibit the bacterial community and lead to decreased diversity. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (40.9%), Cyanobacteria (21.5%), and Bacteroidetes (14.3%). Proteobacteria abundance decreased with increased lead concentration, while Cyanobacteria abundance increased. The lead concentration in plants (19.7%, P < 0.01) and the lead concentration in aquatic environment (17.7%, P < 0.01) were significantly correlated with variation in bacterial communities. High lead concentration inhibits the activity of these bacteria related to the conversion of nitrogen and sulfur.
Impact of Microbial Diversity on the Environment
Authors: Alatrash Hiba , M. Tawaha Abdel Rahman , Al-Tawaha Abdel Razzaq , Khanum Samia , Rauf Abdur , Karnwal Arun , Dey Abhijit , Lone Sameena , Hussain Khursheed , Saranraj Palani , Imran Bentham Science Publisher , Amanullah Bentham Science Publisher , Khalid Shah
Published: September 2022

Microbial diversity is an essential aspect of any ecosystem on earth.
Microorganisms are the most common and diversified population in the soil. A microbe
is a microscopic organism that can be studied in a single-cell or colony. On the other
hand, microbes have a positive or negative effect on their surroundings. Microbial
diversity plays an essential role in bioremediation, which is the method of detoxifying
or neutralizing radioactive waste into less harmful or non-toxic compounds by
secreting various bacterial and fungal enzymes. In this chapter, we focus on (i) the
impact of microbial diversity on detoxifying pollutants (bioremediation), (ii) microbial
role in biofuel production, (iii) microbial role in ore leaching (bioleaching), (iv)
microbial role in controlling biogeochemical cycles (v) microbial role in soil quality
and agriculture improvement (vi)
Morpholine: Pharmacophore Modulating Pharmacokinetic Properties of Anticancer Leads
Authors: Kumari Archana , Singh Rajesh K.
Published: September 2022

The morpholine ring is considered the most preferred and versatile
heterocylic ring in medicinal chemistry due to its distinctive mechanistic activities that
give it various biological activities. The eminence of the morpholine ring to modulate
the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound, further makes it a fundamental
pharmacophore in developing lead molecules. Multi-drug resistance in cancer leads to
discovering selective and potent chemotherapeutic agents. Researchers are designing
and synthesizing morpholine derivatives as potential anticancer drugs those act by
targeting various signaling pathways driven by various protein kinases in the cell, i.e.
Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK (ERK) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation
and growth. The potency of natural and synthetic derivatives of morpholine makes it a
drug of choice for cancer treatment. Many of the morpholine containing anticancer
drugs are under clinical trials. Hence, morpholine ring synthesis also becomes a central
target for various scientists using green synthesis by straightforward one-step methods.
A substantial literature is available on synthetic techniques of morpholine and
substituted morpholine. The present chapter updates diverse new synthetic strategies of
the morpholine ring and morpholine derivatives with potent anticancer activity. The
chapter will also highlight the clinical data of morpholine derivatives with anticancer
activity and mechanism of action. The latest information on novel anticancer
morpholine derivatives with structural activity relationship (SAR) is also included. This
chapter provides information about the necessary structural modifications required in
drugs' chemical structure and contribute to the anticancer drug discovery program.
Key Heterocyclic Cores for Smart Anticancer Drug–Design Part II
Authors: Kumar Singh Rajesh
Published: September 2022

This book provides an update on heterocyclic compounds that serve as key components of anti-cancer agents administered in pre-clinical settings. Many of the compounds highlighted in the book are being actively investigated for the bioactive properties against a range of cancer cell lines. There is potential for heterocyclic compounds to design agents that can target specific molecules to treat different types of cancers. Chapters are contributed by experts in pharmaceutical chemistry and are written to give a general overview of the topic to readers involved in all levels of research and decision-making in pharmaceutical chemistry and anti-cancer drug design.

Part II of the book set covers these topics:

- Anticancer targets for heterocyclic lead compounds

- Coumarin hybrids for cancer treatments

- Progress in nitrogen and sulphur-based heterocyclic compounds for their anticancer activity

- Imidazole as an anticancer heterocyclic ring

- Morpholine for profiling anticancer lead compounds

- Natural products as anticancer agents
EFFICACY OF CARDIOPROTECTOR TREATMENT OF DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WHO HAVE TRANSFERRED ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN FOCUS
Authors: Levandowska K. V. , Naluzhna T. V. , Merhel T. V. , Yusypchuk U. V. , Gridzhuk T. I.
Published: September 2022

In Ukraine, as well as in Europe and America, chronic heart failure (CHF) remains one of the most pressing problems of cardiology. This diseaseremains a leading factor in development adverse cardiovascular events and reduces the quality of life those patients whohad myocardial infarction. Endothelial dysfunction is a one of the main links in the formation of decompensated heart failure (HF) during the postinfarction period. An alternative direction in its treatment is cytoprotectionthat is characterized by the use of hemodynamically neutral drugs. Such drugs are energy substrate and have the properties of formation and storage of macroergic compounds in cardiomyocytes [2].
Suvremeni pristup liječenju oralnog mukozitisa
Authors: Vidović Juras Danica , Burja Monika , Škrinjar Ivana , Andabak Rogulj Ana , Lončar Brzak Božana , Brailo Vlaho
Published: September 2022

Oral mucositis (OM) is a serious inflammation of the mucosa and occurs in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who are being treated with radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy (CT), and in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The inflammation accompanied with painful ulcerations inside the oral cavity impairs its function making the basic functions like eating and speech hard or even impossible. It usually occurs at the end of the first week of RT and lasts for several weeks after cessation. The intensity of OM can sometimes lead to discontinuation of RT. The degree of mucositis regarding chemotherapy depends on the type of antineoplastic drug, therapeutic procedure, duration of the therapy and dose, as well as previous exposure of the oral cavity to toxic agents.Prolonged or repeated administration of lower doses of chemotherapy is associated with a higher chance of developing oral mucositis comparing to a bolus, while chronomodulation of chemotherapy reduces the possibility of mucositis without affecting antineoplastic activity. The treatment of OM is symptomatic, as there is still no effective treatment. In this review paper, several contemporary options for alleviating the symptoms of oral mucositis are listed.
Karakteristike suicidalnog ponašanja djece i adolescenata
Authors: Paradžik Ljubica , Bogadi Marija , Kordić Ana , Bilić Ivana
Published: September 2022

Cilj: Utvrditi i analizirati određene karakteristike kliničkog uzorka djece i adolescenata sa suicidalnim ponašanjima tijekom 2019. i 2020. godine te pojavnost suicidalnog ponašanja tijekom određenih mjeseci u objema godinama. Metode: Provedeno je presječno, retrogradno, deskriptivno istraživanje na kliničkom uzorku 2428 djece/adolescenata pregledanih u jednoj hitnoj psihijatrijskoj ambulanti. Od navedenog uzorka 447 je izvještavalo o suicidalnom ponašanju. Rezultati: Zabilježeno je postojanje većeg udjela suicidalnih ideja, suicidalnih pripremnih aktivnosti i suicidalnih pokušaja kod djece i mladih u 2020. u odnosu na 2019. godinu. Tijekom svibnja (32,8 % naspram 10,4 %), kolovoza (30,6 % naspram 15,1 %) i rujna 2020. (38,0 % naspram 7,8 %) ta je razlika istatistički značajna za suicidalne ideje (svi p < 0,05). Bilježi se porast suicidalnih pripremnih aktivnosti u 2020. godini čiji je udio statistički značajno viši tijekom svibnja (25,0 % naspram 8,1 %), rujna (17,7 % naspram 6,8 %) i studenog (20,6 % naspram 9,5 %) u odnosu na iste mjesece u 2019. godini (svi p < 0,05). Tijekom svibnja (15,6 % naspram 4,4 %) i kolovoza (6,5 % naspram 0,0 %) značajno je viši udio pokušaja suicida u 2020. u odnosu na 2019. godinu (svi p < 0,05). Medijan dobi pacijenata je 15 godina (8-19). Rezultati pokazuju da je suicidalno ponašanje zastupljenije među pacijenticama, najčešća metoda pokušaja suicida je intoksikacija lijekovima, uz statistički značajne spolne razlike u metodama pokušaja suicida. Kod djevojčica/adolescentica zastupljeniji su emocionalni poremećaji, a kod dječaka/adolescenata mješoviti poremećaj ophođenja i emocija. Zaključci: Rezultate istraživanja treba razmotriti u kontekstu ograničenja te ih ne možemo generalizirati. Potrebno je u budućim istraživanjima razmatrati faktore koji mogu pridonijeti složenom fenomenu suicidalnog ponašanja djece i adolescenata, prepoznavati pravodobno djecu i mlade u riziku te jačati preventivne programe.
Razvoj i validacija GC-MS metode za određivanje utjecaja uređaja izvantjelesne membranske oksigenacije (ECMO) na promjenu koncentracije rokuronijeva bromida u plazmi
Authors: Smirčić Anamarija , Lovrinov Tanja , Jovanović Željko
Published: September 2022

Cilj: Plinska kromatografija s masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS) osjetljiva je i selektivna metoda s potencijalom za standardno određivanje rokuronijeva bromida u plazmi. Primjenom u postupcima izvantjelesne membranske oksigenacije (engl. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; ECMO) možemo utvrditi utjecaj na koncentracije lijekova. Ciljevi rada bili su ispitati primjerenost GC-MS metode za određivanje rokuronijeva bromida u plazmi te usporediti njegove venske i arterijske koncentracije kod pacijenata s ECMO potporom. Materijali i metode: Korištene su standardne otopine različitih omjera, plazma te otopina rokuronijeva bromida (Esmeron, 10 mg/ml, N. V. Organon, Nizozemska), etanol, diklormetan, natrijev dihidrogenfosfat, kalijev jodid, voda, aceton. GC-MS metoda provedena je u Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo PGŽ-a, a klinički dio na pet slučajno odabranih pacijenata liječenih ECMO potporom u KBC-u Rijeka. Rezultati: Dobiveni su validacijom: GD 0,553 μg/ml, GK (potvrđen) 5 μg/ml, preciznost RSD = 2,083 % (RSD ≤ 10 %), intermedijarna preciznost RSD = 3,05 % (RSD ≤ 10 % ), točnost 98,9 % (90 – 110 %), koeficijent korelacije r = 0,9961 (r ≥ 0,995), selektivnost metode – RT = 23,25 min, m/z = 413. Klinička vrijednost metode potvrđena je mjerenjem koncentracija rokuronijeva bromida kod pacijenata s ECMO potporom. Sve vrijednosti bile su više u venskom nego u arterijskom uzorku u svim mjerenjima. Zaključci: Validacijom GC-MS metode potvrđeno je kako se validacijski parametri nalaze u kriteriju prihvatljivosti te je metoda primjenjiva za određivanje rokuronijeva bromida u plazmi. ECMO potpora smanjuje razinu lijeka u arterijskom uzorku, ali zbog malog broja uzoraka i velike varijabilnosti u koncentraciji nije postignuta statistički značajna razlika.
Risks Associated with the Use of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier or Source
Authors:   ENIM ENIM route d’Ars Laquenexy 57078 Metz France, Guy Pluvinage , Julien Capelle ,   ENIM ENIM route d’Ars Laquenexy 57078 Metz France
Published: September 2022

Hydrogen is a dangerous gas due to its low ignition energy, wide flammability range, promotion of the embrittlement of steel, and its high coefficient of permeation for polymers. The fracture toughness and failure elongation of pipe steels are strongly impacted by hydrogen embrittlement, whereas yield stress and ultimate strength are moderately impacted. Specific tools are required for the pipe defect assessment used for the transport of hydrogen, which is pure or blended with natural gas. The safety factors associated with cracks or scratches are obtained through the failure assessment diagram or the notch failure assessment diagram. The corrosion defects are assessed by limit analysis, and the estimated repair factor and dents are evaluated by computing the damage value under service pressure. The design factor in the calculation of the maximum admissible operating pressure (MAOP) is modified depending on the location of the pipes to account for the lethal risks from the torch effect or explosion. It is crucial to monitor the leaks due to hydrogen permeation through domestic hydrogen distribution networks, particularly in closed areas.
The Use of Telegram in Surgical Education: Exploratory Study
Authors: Soon Marcus Khai Siang , Martinengo Laura , Lu Junde , Car Lorainne Tudor , Chia Clement Luck Khng
Published: September 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical education, shifting learning online. Social media platforms, including messaging apps, are well integrated into medical education. However, Telegram’s role in medical education remains relatively unexplored.

Objective

This study aims to explore the perceptions of medical students regarding the role of messaging apps in medical education and their experience of using Telegram for surgical education.

Methods

A Telegram channel “Telegram Education for Surgery Learning and Application (TESLA)” was created to supplement medical students’ learning. We invited 13 medical students who joined the TESLA channel for at least a month to participate in individual semistructured interviews. Interviews were conducted via videoconferencing using an interview guide and were then transcribed and analyzed by 2 researchers using inductive thematic content analysis.

Results

Two themes were identified: (1) learning as a medical student and (2) the role of mobile learning (mLearning) in medical education. Students shared that pandemic-related safety measures, such as reduced clinic allocations and the inability to cross between wards, led to a decrease in clinical exposure. Mobile apps, which included proprietary study apps and messaging apps, were increasingly used by students to aid their learning. Students favored Telegram over other messaging apps and reported the development of TESLA as beneficial, particularly for revision and increasing knowledge.

Conclusions

The use of apps for medical education increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical students commonly used apps to consolidate their learning and revise examination topics. They found TESLA useful, relevant, and trustworthy.
The Utility of Predictive Modeling and a Systems Process Approach to Reduce Emergency Department Crowding: A Position Paper (Preprint)
Authors: Monahan Ann Corneille , Feldman Sue S
Published: September 2022

UNSTRUCTURED

Emergency department (ED) crowding and its main causes, exit block and boarding, continue to threaten the quality and safety of ED care. Most interventions to reduce crowding have not been comprehensive or system solutions, only focusing on part of the care procession and not directly affecting boarding reduction. This position paper proposes that the ED crowding problem can be optimally addressed by applying a systems approach using predictive modeling to identify patients at risk of being admitted to the hospital and uses that information to initiate the time-consuming bed management process earlier in the care continuum, shortening the time during which patients wait in the ED for an inpatient bed assignment, thus removing the exit block that causes boarding and subsequently reducing crowding.