bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Donor screening algorithm for exclusion of thrombophilia during evaluation of living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Ogawa Hayato , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Koji , Hata Taigo , Nagai Shunji , Kamei Hideya , Arikawa Takashi , Nakamura Taro , Kiuchi Tetsuya
Published: April 2010

Ogawa H, Fujimoto Y, Yamamoto K, Hata T, Nagai S, Kamei H, Arikawa T, Nakamura T, Kiuchi T. Donor screening algorithm for exclusion of thrombophilia during evaluation of living donor liver transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 277–282. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has evolved based on the premise that donor safety is most important. In 2005, we encountered a donor who developed a pulmonary embolism during the early post‐operative period. As it is important for donors to be healthy, most risk factors related to perioperative thrombosis, such as obesity, age, and malignancy are used as exclusion criteria during the evaluation process. We speculated that thrombophilia not detected by conventional laboratory examinations may cause post‐operative thrombotic complications and should be investigated by application of additional parameters, including protein S, protein C, antithrombin III, anti‐β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies (anti‐β2GPI), and lupus anticoagulant. From July 2005 to June 2007, we evaluated 44 donor candidates for LDLT using our novel algorithm for screening of thrombophilia, which revealed two suspected candidates (one with low protein S, one with low protein C, and positive anti‐β2GPI findings), who were subsequently excluded from the donor pool. Thereafter, all donor hepatectomies, which included two borderline donors given anticoagulants perioperatively, were performed without complications. Four donors (two suspected, two borderline) would not have been recognized without additional screening. In conclusion, we were able to detect thrombophilia and avoid donor thrombosis using additional screening criteria and our novel algorithm.
Gene Expression of Spag6 in Chick Central Nervous System
Authors: Hamada T. , Teraoka M. , Imaki J. , Ui‐Tei K. , Ladher R. K. , Asahara T.
Published: April 2010

With 5 figures

Using a differential display method, we identified sperm‐associated antigen 6 (Spag6) as a gene with a dynamic expression profile within the chick embryonic spinal cord. The expression of Spag6 gradually decreased along with spinal cord development. Spag6 expression was detected adjacent to the ventricular zone of the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 4. At E6, Spag6 was apparent in the ventral ventricular zone adjacent to floor plate and the surrounding region close to the ventricular zone, with additional weak expression at the adjacent region to the ventral horn. At E10, the Spag6 mRNA can be detected slightly in the ventral ventricular zone and surrounding region of dorsal ventricular zone. In the E6 hindbrain, Spag6 was detected in the roof, the ventricular zone adjacent to floor plate and the surrounding regions of the ventricular zones. In the E6 caudal diencephalon, Spag6 expression was detected adjacent to the ventricular zone. As Spag6 was expressed in areas containing ependymal progenitor cells and in the borders of undifferentiated regions, Spag6 may be involved in the development of ependymal cells and in the differentiation process of neuronal cells in chick neural organs.
Mango Malformation Disease in South China Caused by Fusarium proliferatum
Authors: Zhan Ru‐Lin , Yang Shun‐Jin , Ho Hon‐Hing , Liu Feng , Zhao Yan‐Long , Chang Jin‐Mei , He Yan‐Biao
Published: April 2010

A total of 13 Fusarium isolates were obtained from samples of malformed mango seedlings from Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China, and five morphologically similar isolates were confirmed causing the disease by satisfying Koch’s postulates. One typical isolate (MG4) was selected for detailed morphological and molecular studies. Based on the following morphological characteristics, isolate MG4 was identified as Fusarium proliferatum: white aerial mycelium on PSA (potato sucrose agar: potato 200 g; sucrose 15 g; agar 18 g; distilled water 1000 ml) medium; hyaline reverse of colonies on PSA; production of pink pigment on rice medium and the production of conidia on branched conidiophore with monophialides bearing false heads of conidia. On carnation leaf agar medium, the microconidia were ovate to elongated ovoid, 0–1 septate, 3.1–10.2 × 1.5–2.2 μm; the macroconidia were fusiform, 3–5 septate, 18–38 × 1.8–2.4 μm, whereas chlamydospores and sexual structures were absent on all media used. The identity of the pathogen was confirmed by its high similarity (99.8–100%) in the sequence alignment of rDNA‐ITS 1 and 4 with both isolates of F. proliferatum in the GenBank database.
Childhood asthma and GOLD‐defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Shirtcliffe P. , Marsh S. , Travers J. , Weatherall M. , Beasley R.
Published: April 2010

Background: Current understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is that it results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate the strength of association of various known risk factors for COPD.

Methods: Detailed written questionnaires, full pulmonary function tests and atopy testing were completed in 749 people, aged 25–75 years, recruited from a random population sample. COPD was defined, using Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines, as a post‐bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio <0.7.

Results: The prevalence of COPD was higher in men (OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7)) and increased with increasing age (OR per decade older 2.1 (95% CI 1.7–2.7)). COPD was more frequent in current and ex‐smokers and increased with increasing pack years (OR per 10 pack years 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.5)). On a logit scale, a diagnosis of asthma as a child conferred a similar risk as an increase in age of 22 years or 62 pack years of cigarette smoking.

Conclusion: Childhood asthma emerged with the strongest association for GOLD‐defined COPD. Possible explanations for this are suggested, including limitations of the current GOLD spirometric definition of COPD, a chance observation because of the high prevalence of both disorders in this population, or alternatively childhood asthma is a risk factor for COPD.
Eliciting views of Australian pharmaceutical industry employees on collaboration and the concept of Quality Use of Medicines
Authors: Wang N. , Lipworth W. L. , Ritchie J. E. , Williams K. M. , Day R. O.
Published: April 2010

Background: Pharmaceutical industry involvement in biomedicine has produced major benefits but has also caused concern. At present, there is no consensus as to how medical and government organizations should relate to the pharmaceutical industry and this is partly due to the absence of systematic study of the various alternatives. In Australia industry cooperation has been elicited through the ‘Quality Use of Medicines’ (QUM) framework within the ‘National Medicines Policy’. Little is known about the way employees of pharmaceutical companies respond to the QUM policy and strategies.

Aims: To examine the engagement of the Australian pharmaceutical industry with QUM with a view to assisting medical, government and consumer organizations who may wish to collaborate with industry.

Methods: We carried out a qualitative study using in‐depth, semistructured interviews with industry employees, primarily from medical and regulatory affairs departments.

Results: Employees of pharmaceutical companies claim that collaboration is important, and that they are altruistic and committed to QUM. At the same time, there is little evidence from this study to support the notion that QUM has brought about structural changes to industry or is positioned as the central goal or framework in designing a company's operational strategies. Moreover, there is a significant degree of ambivalence towards governments and medical organizations.

Conclusions: Employees within the pharmaceutical industry claim a commitment to collaboration and QUM. While these claims cannot be taken entirely at face value, there is potential for meaningful collaboration with industry.
Disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug usage, prescribing patterns and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients in community‐based practice
Authors: Montag K. , Gingold M. , Boers A. , Littlejohn G.
Published: April 2010

Aims: Our aim was to examine the spectrum of disease activity and usage of disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients seen over a period of 12 months in community‐based rheumatology practice.

Methods: Data were prospectively collected on 1059 consecutive RA patients who attended two private, community‐based rheumatology clinics from 1 May 2007 to 1 May 2008. Information on patient demographics, medication history and disease activity was collected. Life table graphs were developed to track medication retention over time. Statistical significance was determined by log–rank tests.

Results: One thousand and fifty‐nine patients with RA were entered into the database over a 12‐month period. Eight hundred and twenty‐six patients (85%) were treated with single or combination conventional DMARD compared with 159 patients (15%) on a biologic DMARD either alone or in combination. Methotrexate monotherapy was the most commonly prescribed DMARD, used in 41% of patients studied. Almost half (47%) were on combination DMARD therapy. Methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors had the highest retention rate over 12 and 30 months since first prescription. A large proportion of patients (47%) had moderate disease activity.

Conclusion: Rates of biologic DMARD usage were similar to other studies and the predominance of methotrexate use was also in keeping with current recommendations for management of RA. There appears to be a significant unmet need for improved disease control among RA patients with moderate disease activity, which requires further investigation.
Influence of native ants on arthropod communities in a vineyard
Authors: Chong Chee‐Seng , D'Alberto Clare F. , Thomson Linda J. , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: April 2010

Ants can have a range of effects on arthropods in crops, including suppressing herbivores such as caterpillars. However, ants can also increase hemipteran densities while reducing natural enemy numbers. In vineyard ecosystem, the effects of native ants and their interactions with other arthropods are poorly understood.

An ant‐exclusion experiment was designed to test the impact of native ants on both canopy and ground arthropods concurrently. The potential influence of ants on predation and parasitism of light brown apple moth (LBAM) eggs, a grape pest, was also examined. Adult grapevine scale insects and earwigs under bark were counted after a season of ant‐exclusion.

Among 23 ground ant species collected, six were found to forage in the canopy, with two Iridomyrmex species being the most commonly encountered.

There was no difference in the abundance of most arthropod orders and feeding groups between ant‐excluded and control vines, although ground spiders were more abundant under ant‐excluded vines, despite increased ground ant foraging pressure. LBAM egg parasitism and predation were low and probably affected by weather and other arthropods. Ant exclusion did not reduce survival of scale insects, although the distribution and abundance of scale insects were negatively associated with earwigs.

In conclusion, native ants did not consistently suppress arthropod assemblages, including natural enemies, and they did not promote the survival of scale insects. Interactions among native ant species within a vineyard might minimize their effects on other arthropods, although this needs further study.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Sri Lankan adults
Authors: Katulanda P. , Jayawardena M. A. R. , Sheriff M. H. R. , Constantine G. R. , Matthews D. R.
Published: April 2010

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity, and the underlying socio‐demographic correlates among Sri Lankan adults. Data were from 4532 adults aged ≥18 years randomly selected for a national level study on diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. The mean (95% confidence interval) BMI and WC were 21.1 kg m−2 (20.9–21.3), 22.3 kg m−2 (22.1–22.4) and 78.0 cm (77.5–78.6) and 77.5 cm (77.0–78.0) for males and females, respectively. According to the proposed World Health Organization cut‐off values for Asians, the percentage of Sri Lankan adults in the overweight, obese and centrally obese categories were 25.2%, 9.2% and 26.2%, respectively. Based on the cut‐offs for Caucasians, these were 16.8%, 3.7% and 10.8%. Our findings were compatible with prevalence of obesity in regional countries. In addition, female sex, urban living, higher education, higher income and being in the middle age were shown to be associated with overweight and obesity in Sri Lankans. In conclusion, we have documented a relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly, abdominal obesity among adults in Sri Lanka which is a middle‐income country. Urgent public health interventions are needed to control the problem at an early stage.
Alienation and obligation: Religion and social change in Samoa
Authors: Thornton Alec , Kerslake Maria T. , Binns Tony
Published: April 2010

This paper will explore social change in contemporary Samoan society with respect to the traditional expectations of the church and kinship conflicting with the modern needs of an urbanising population. In the Samoan way of life – the fa'aSamoa – religion, matai (chiefly system) and reciprocal ‘gift‐giving’ kinship arrangements among the aiga (extended family) are fundamental and closely related elements. However, pressures from continued integration into the global economy, the importance of remittance income and related migration of well‐educated and highly skilled Samoans overseas are presenting several challenges to the strongly held traditions of kinship and church obligations. Among these challenges, low‐income households are increasingly placing the material well‐being of the immediate household first, thus ‘opting out’ of the culturally defined primary obligation to the church and risk alienation from beneficial familial ties. As a result, settlement patterns are shifting towards leaseholds in urbanising Apia, with consequences, we will speculate, that may have deeper cultural implications. Our research revealed that the church has been slow to accept that, increasingly, Samoans are seeking relief from hardships that spirituality alone cannot address. However, given its influence, strengths and resources, the church is well positioned to take a lead role in facilitating opportunities for ‘bottom‐up’, alternative development in Samoa, as well as providing lessons for church‐led participatory approaches in the Pacific Island Region.
SITEs revisited: Socioeconomic and demographic contours of small island tourist economies
Authors: McElroy Jerome L. , Hamma Perri E.
Published: April 2010

This study attempts to do three things: (i) provide a review of recent advances in the small island economy literature using the tourism penetration index, (ii) update the impact of tourism across the same global sample of 36 small islands (less than 1 million in population and 5000 km2 in area) introduced in APV 47 (1) 2006, and (iii) employing an abbreviated version of the destination life cycle as a development paradigm, construct three different socioeconomic and demographic profiles based on low, intermediate and high tourism impact. Results using cross‐sectional data of 27 indicators reveal three statistically distinct profiles that demonstrate three stages of economic development. Specifically, the findings contrast the low‐income, labour‐exporting, least tourism‐penetrated MIRAB‐type (Migrant/Remittances and Aid/Bureaucracy) emerging islands with their more advanced intermediate impact neighbours. In turn, the latter fall at a significant distance from the most successful small island tourist economy (SITE) destinations. Thus, this study further refines the characteristics of SITE islands and confirms the viability of tourism in general and the destination life cycle in particular as an effective engine and model, respectively, of island development.
Islands and beers: Toasting a discriminatory approach to small island manufacturing
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey
Published: April 2010

This paper explores the relationship between beers and island development, using a global sweep but with a special reference to the insular Pacific. It adopts a discriminatory approach, touching upon the role and impact that niche and bouquet beer manufacturing can have on the socioeconomic development of small islands. It departs from a personal observation: many small island jurisdictions have their own brewery. Indeed, the brewery could also be the island territory's largest indigenous manufacturing concern. While small islands are associated with low manufacturing capacity and diseconomies of scale, nevertheless ‘a local brewery’ comes across, in many cases, as a profitable and glaring exception that speaks to the attractions and virtues of locality branding.
Hierarchical Structure Recovery of Point‐Sampled Surfaces
Authors: Attene Marco , Patanè Giuseppe
Published: April 2010

We focus on the class of ‘regular’ models defined by Várady et al. for reverse engineering purposes. Given a 3D surface  represented through a dense set of points, we present a novel algorithm that converts  to a hierarchical representation . In , the surface is encoded through patches of various shape and size, which form a hierarchical atlas. If  belongs to the class of regular models, then  captures the most significant features of  at all the levels of detail. In this case, we show that  can be exploited to interactively select regions of interest on  and intuitively re‐design the model. Furthermore,  intrinsically encodes a hierarchy of useful ‘segmentations’ of . We present a simple though efficient approach to extract and optimize such segmentations, and we show how they can be used to approximate the input point sets through idealized manifold meshes.
Psychotherapy in the aesthetic attitude
Authors: Beebe John
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Drawing upon the writings of Jungian analyst Joseph Henderson on unconscious attitudes toward culture that patients and analysts may bring to therapy, the author defines the aesthetic attitude as one of the basic ways that cultural experience is instinctively accessed and processed so that it can become part of an individual's self experience. In analytic treatment, the aesthetic attitude emerges as part of what Jung called the transcendent function to create new symbolic possibilities for the growth of consciousness. It can provide creative opportunities for new adaptation where individuation has become stuck in unconscious complexes, both personal and cultural. In contrast to formulations that have compared depth psychotherapy to religious ritual, philosophic discourse, and renewal of socialization, this paper focuses upon the considerations of beauty that make psychotherapy also an art. In psychotherapeutic work, the aesthetic attitude confronts both analyst and patient with the problem of taste, affects how the treatment is shaped and ‘framed’, and can grant a dimension of grace to the analyst's mirroring of the struggles that attend the patient's effort to be a more smoothly functioning human being. The patient may learn to extend the same grace to the analyst's fumbling attempts to be helpful. The author suggests that the aesthetic attitude is thus a help in the resolution of both countertransference and transference en route to psychological healing.
The transcendent function in adolescence: miracle cures and bogeymen
Authors: Rytovaara Marica
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This paper proposes that Damasio's mental images, Stern's moments of meeting and Tronick's dyadically expanded consciousness refer to different aspects of the same psychological process as Jung describes in the transcendent function. This proposition is illustrated with two case vignettes of adolescents who functioned on a pre‐symbolic level, but who through a transformative experience were catapulted into new developmental trajectories and the beginning of symbol formation.
The transcendent function, moments of meeting and dyadic consciousness: constructive and destructive co‐creation in the analytic dyad
Authors: Carter Linda
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  In reading the work of Beebe (2002), Sander (Amadei & Bianchi 2008), Tronick (2007) and Stern and the Boston Change Process Study Group (1998), resonances to the transcendent function can be registered but these researchers seem to be more focused on the interpersonal domain. In particular Tronick's concept of ‘dyadic expansion of consciousness’ and ‘moments of meeting’ from the Boston Change Process Study Group describe external dyadic interactions between mothers and babies and therapists and patients while, in contrast, Jung's early focus was on the intrapsychic process of internal interaction between conscious and unconscious within an individual. From an overall perspective, the interpersonal process of change described by infant researchers, when held in conjunction with Jung's internal process of change, together form a transcendent whole that could also be called a complex adaptive system. Such new theoretical perspectives from other fields confirm and elaborate long held Jungian notions such as the transcendent function which is, in many ways, harmonious with a systems perspective. Throughout this paper, clinical vignettes of interactive moments along with sand play and dreams will be used to illustrate theoretical points regarding the healthy process of the transcendent function along with descriptions of failures of such conjunctive experiences.
Race and sex in a lifetime
Authors: De Shong Meador Betty
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  The Jungian analysts who participated in the writing of this paper1 explicitly or implicitly address issues of social and political stasis, retrogression and change via their particular usages of the concept of the transcendent function.

Singer proposes that the transcendent function is a term that is usually applied to individuals in whom symbolic material appears that suggests the reconciling of opposites, leading to psycho‐spiritual growth. He also looks at the notion of the transcendent function as it can appear in a similar way in the collective psyche. In addition, he gives attention to the opposite phenomenon—what might be called the descendent function—as it appears in the collective psyche and its leadership, wherein symbolic material can create the division of groups of people into opposites, mobilizing destructive rather than transformative experience.

Meador states that Jung designated the mediating process of assimilating unconscious images and ideas into consciousness as the transcendent function. Just as this synthesizing process can produce insight in the individual, it can also be applied to changes in collective society. Embedded collective assumptions tend to shift when opposites collide, as they did, for example, in the turmoils of the 1960s. Her contribution focuses on the recent revolution in racial and sexual attitudes as the product of a collective struggle between certain ingrained social mores from the past and conflicting new points of view.

Samuels’ conclusion is that the concept of the transcendent function has little value with respect to political problems. His contribution focuses on: (i) The limitations of using ideas (such as the transcendent function) derived from analysis with individuals in furtherance of an understanding of social and political phenomena. (ii) The specific problem of a lack of credible psycho‐political models for social progress and regress—he argues that the transcendent function is not useful in this regard. (iii) The question of political aggression, violence and conflict in society is explored from the standpoint of the transcendent function so as to investigate its possible role in the management of political conflict. Samuels severely criticizes what he terms ‘triangulation’ and ‘hyper‐reflection’ on the part of analysts who engage with political debates and issues. (iv) Leadership is examined from the standpoint of the transcendent function which, again, does not seem pertinent. Rather, new discoveries in family psychology about the role of the father have greater possibilities as a basis for new thinking about leadership.
Out of nothingness: rhythm and the making of words
Authors: Bisagni Francesco
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This contribution describes some aspects of the work with a four‐year‐old autistic child who was treated for many years with four times weekly sessions of psychotherapy. The fluctuations between the symbolic and non‐symbolic use of external objects are described, as well as the ever changing quality of the child's object relations. The rhythmical element in the analysand‐analyst interplay is of great importance: the construction of the temporal shapes (Alvarez) and the modulation of presence and absence are relevant as regards the progressive capacity to name aspects of external reality and subjective experience. From a theoretical point of view, the contributions of both the post‐Jungian, including Michael Fordham, and the post‐Kleinian traditions are outlined. The notions of pre‐conception (Bion) and of archetype (Jung) are immensely helpful in working with autistic children as they actually help the analyst in assuming that some proto‐trace of representational potential is always present in the individual.
The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features
Authors: Gabbay Vilma , Klein Rachel G. , Katz Yisrael , Mendoza Sandra , Guttman Leah E. , Alonso Carmen M. , Babb James S. , Hirsch Glenn S. , Liebes Leonard
Published: April 2010

Background:  Although adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) is acknowledged to be a heterogeneous disorder, no studies have reported on biological correlates of its clinical subgroups. This study addresses this issue by examining whether adolescent MDD with and without melancholic features (M‐MDD and NonM‐MDD) have distinct biological features in the kynurenine pathway (KP). The KP is initiated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines via induction of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN). KYN is further metabolized into neurotoxins linked to neuronal dysfunction in MDD. Hypotheses were that, compared to healthy controls and to NonM‐MDD adolescents, adolescents with M‐MDD would exhibit: (i) increased activation of the KP [i.e., increased KYN and KYN/TRP (reflecting IDO activity)]; (ii) greater neurotoxic loads [i.e., increased 3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid (3‐HAA, neurotoxin) and 3‐HAA/KYN (reflecting production of neurotoxins)]; and (iii) decreased TRP. We also examined relationships between severity of MDD and KP metabolites.

Methods:  Subjects were 20 adolescents with M‐MDD, 30 adolescents with NonM‐MDD, and 22 healthy adolescents. MDD episode duration had to be ≥ 6 weeks and Children’s Depression Rating Scale‐Revised (CDRS‐R) scores were ≥ 36. Blood samples were collected at AM after an overnight fast and analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Group contrasts relied on analysis of covariance based on ranks, adjusted for age, gender, and CDRS‐R scores. Analyses were repeated excluding medicated patients. Fisher’s protected least significant difference was used for multiple comparisons.

Results:  As hypothesized, KYN/TRP ratios were elevated and TRP concentrations were reduced in adolescents with M‐MDD compared to NonM‐MDD adolescents (p = .001 and .006, respectively) and to healthy controls (p = .008 and .022, respectively). These findings remained significant when medicated patients were excluded from the analyses. Significant correlations were obtained exclusively in the M‐MDD group between KYN and 3‐HAA/KYN and CDRS‐R.

Conclusions:  Findings support the notion that adolescent M‐MDD may represent a biologically distinct clinical syndrome.
Psychological support and outcomes for ICU patients
Authors: Papathanassoglou Elizabeth DE
Published: April 2010

Aims and objectives:To critically review evidence on the effects of psychological support during intensive care unit (ICU) treatment on adult ICU patients' psychological and physiological outcomes. Evidence from intervention studies on imagery and relaxation has been included, as well.

Background:Stress and negative emotions may have both immediate, as well as long‐term effects on ICU patients' psychological and physical well‐being, and they are linked to delayed physical recovery.

Design, methods:A narrative critical review methodology was employed. Databases searched included Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, PsychInfo and the Cochrane Library. Experimental, quasi‐experimental or pretest‐posttest peer‐reviewed intervention studies published since 1970 were included.

Results:Fourteen studies: seven on nurse led relaxation, three on guided imagery, one on nurse‐patient interaction, two on physician‐patient interaction and one correlational study on perceived social support were included. The results suggest significant improvements in patients' outcomes: improved vital signs, decrease in pain ratings, anxiety, rate of complications and length of stay, and improved sleep and patient satisfaction. Eight studies employed randomized experimental, four quasi‐experimental and two descriptive correlational designs. Two studies explored effects on patients' sleep, and two on procedure‐related pain.

Conclusions:The literature is limited in exploring the effects of nurse‐patient interactions. The amount and quality of psychosocial support in the ICU, as well as imagery and relaxation techniques, are linked to short‐term and long‐term patients' outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice:ICU nurses need to engage in psychological support in a systematic way, and to acknowledge the high priority of support interventions.
Standards for nurse staffing in critical care units determined by: The British Association of Critical Care Nurses, The Critical Care Networks National Nurse Leads, Royal College of Nursing Critical Care and In‐flight Forum
Authors: Bray Kate , Wren Ian , Baldwin Andrea , St Ledger Una , Gibson Vanessa , Goodman Sheila , Walsh Dominic
Published: April 2010

Background: Since 1967 the gold standard for nurse staffing levels in intensive care and subsequently critical care units has been one nurse for each patient. However, critical care has changed substantially since that time and in recent years this standard has been challenged. Previously individual nursing organisations such as the British Association of Critical Care Nurses (BACCN) and the Royal College of Nursing have produced guidance on staffing levels for critical care units. This paper represents the first time all three UK Professional Critical Care Associations have collaborated to produce standards for nurse staffing in critical care units. These standards have evolved from previous works and are endorsed by BACCN, Critical Care Networks National Nurse Leads Group (CC3N) and the Royal College of Nursing Critical Care and In‐flight Forum.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the much more detailed document ‘Standards for Nurse Staffing in Critical Care’, which can be found on the BACCN web site at www.baccn.org.uk. The full paper has extensively reviewed the evidence, whereas this short paper provides essential detail and the 12 standard statements.

Methods: Representation was sort from each of the critical care associations. The authors extensively reviewed the literature using the terms: (1) critical care nursing, (2) nursing, (3) nurse staffing, (4) skill mix, (5) adverse events, (6) health care assistants and critical care, (7) length of stay, (8) critical care, (9) intensive care, (10) technology, (11) infection control.

Outcomes: Comprehensive review of the evidence has culminated in 12 standard statements endorsed by BACCN, CC3N and the Royal College of Nursing Critical Care and In‐flight Forum. The standards act as a reference for nursing staff, managers and commissioners associated with critical care to provide and support safe patient care.

Conclusion: The review of the evidence has shown that the contribution of nursing can be difficult to measure and consequently support nurse staffing ratios. However, there is a growing body of evidence which associates higher number of registered nursing staff to patient ratio relates to improved safety and better outcomes for patients. The challenge for nurses is to produce accurate and meaningful outcome measures for nursing and collect data that accurately reflect the input of nursing on patient outcomes and safety.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF RED ALGAL PARASITES: A CASE STUDY OF BENZAITENIA, JANCZEWSKIA, AND ULULANIA (CERAMIALES)1
Authors: Kurihara Akira , Abe Tsuyoshi , Tani Masaya , Sherwood Alison R.
Published: April 2010

A molecular phylogenetic study of red algal parasites commonly found in the Northwestern Pacific and the Hawaiian Islands was undertaken. Four species, Benzaitenia yenoshimensis Yendo, Janczewskia hawaiiana Apt, J. morimotoi Tokida, and Ululania stellata Apt et Schlech (Ceramiales), are parasitic on rhodomelacean species belonging to the tribes Chondrieae and Laurencieae. Although Janczewskia and Ululania are classified in the same tribes as their host species, the taxonomic placement of Benzaitenia has been controversial. To infer the phylogenetic positions of these parasites and to clarify the relationships between the parasites and their hosts, phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA genes and the cox1 gene were performed. The SSU rRNA gene analyses clearly show that both Janczewskia species are positioned within the Laurencia s. str. clade with their host species, while Benzaitenia and Ululania are placed in the Chondrieae clade. According to these analyses, J. hawaiiana and U. stellata are not sister to their current hosts; in contrast, B. yenoshimensis and J. morimotoi are closely related to their current hosts. These data suggest that J. hawaiiana and U. stellata have likely evolved from species other than their current hosts and have switched hosts at some point in their evolutionary history. Likelihood ratio tests do not support the monophyly of J. hawaiiana and J. morimotoi, suggesting multiple origins of parasitism within Laurencia s. str.
The Effects of Extra‐Articular Suture Tension on Contact Mechanics of the Lateral Compartment of Cadaveric Stifles Treated with the TightRope CCL®or Lateral Suture Technique
Authors: Tonks Catherine A. , Pozzi Antonio , Ling Hang‐Yin , Lewis Daniel D.
Published: April 2010

Objective:To determine the effect of suture tension on contact pressures in the lateral compartment of the stifle for the TightRope CCL®(TR) and circumfabellar–tibial suture (LS) techniques.

Study Design:Ex vivo biomechanical study.

Sample Population:Pelvic limbs (n=12) from dogs weighing 21–24 kg.

Methods:A pressure sensor was used to record peak contact pressure (PCP) and mean contact pressure (MCP) and contact area (CA) in limbs mounted in a materials testing machine. Stifles were stabilized using either a TR or LS technique and the prosthesis was tensioned increasingly from 25 to 70 N. PCP, MCP, and CA were collected at each applied tension before and after applying an axial load of 150 N.

Results:In the unloaded condition, LS stabilization resulted in a significant increase (P=.034) in PCP at ≥40 N tensions, whereas TR stabilization resulted in a significant increase (P=.047) in PCP at 70 N tension. There was a significant increase in CA at tensions ≥60 N in the LS group. No effect on MCP was noted. No significant differences in contact pressures were observed in the loaded condition. There were no significant differences in normalized PCP and CA between stabilization groups at any of the tension increment.

Conclusions:The application of high tension to the extra‐articular prosthesis alters lateral compartment contact pressures in the unloaded stifle in this ex vivo model.

Clinical Relevance:Over tightening of an extra‐articular prosthesis may increase lateral compartment pressure at the time of surgery. The clinical implications of this finding are unknown, as weight bearing may negate any detrimental effect of high prosthesis tension.
Computer Simulation of the Distal Aspect of the Femur for Assessment of Donor Core Size and Surface Curvature for Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation in the Canine Stifle Joint
Authors: Böttcher Peter , Zeissler Markus , Grevel Vera , Oechtering Gerhard
Published: April 2010

Objective: To report topographic matching of selected donor sites and donor core sizes for congruous reconstruction of the weight‐bearing aspect of the femoral condyles in dogs for autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) using computer simulation.

Study Design: Computer simulation.

Sample Population: Computed tomographic scans of the distal aspect of 1 femur from each of 6 mature dogs (>20 kg).

Methods: Three‐dimensional surface models of the distal femora were constructed for virtual AOT. Different donor sites (n=15) within and outside the femoropatellar joint and 5 transplant sizes (diameters 3.5, 4.5, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mm) were analyzed with respect to their topographic match with the articular surface of both femoral condyles.

Results: Transplants from the proximal abaxial aspect of the medial condyle and from the abaxial aspects of the medial and lateral trochlear ridges were the best topographic match. Mismatch increased linearly with increasing core diameter. Small core diameters (3.5 mm, 4.5 mm) from within the femoropatellar joint allowed restoration of surface contour at both femoral condyles similar to large core diameters (6 mm, 8 mm) from outside the femoropatellar joint.

Conclusions: Based on this computer simulation, large core diameters should only be harvested from convex donor sites outside the femoropatellar joint, whereas transplants from the concave, axial aspects of the trochlear ridges may result in similar topographic match provided they are of small diameter.

Clinical Relevance: The abaxial aspect of the medial trochlear ridge and the proximal aspect of the medial femoral condyle appear to be the preferred AOT donor sites.
Second Look Arthroscopic Findings after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: Hulse Don , Beale Brian , Kerwin Sharon
Published: April 2010

Objective: To describe the long‐term (range, 2–69 months) arthroscopic appearance of intraarticular structures of the stifle after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Dogs (n=63) that had repeat arthroscopic examination of the stifle after TPLO for treatment of a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifle.

Methods: Medical records (2002–2008) of dogs that had repeat arthroscopic examination to evaluate intraarticular structures after previous TPLO for treatment of CCL injury. Regions of interest were the CCL, caudal cruciate ligament, articular cartilage, and menisci. Signalment, weight, and time to 2nd look arthroscopy were recorded. Radiographs were reviewed to measure pre‐ and postoperative tibial plateau angle, and craniocaudal limb alignment.

Results: There were 17 partial CCL tears with early fiber tearing and 46 stifles with a complete CCL tear or incompetent partial CCL tear. Stifles with an early partial tear had normal to near normal appearance of intraarticular structures. Most dogs with a complete or incompetent partial CCL tear had axial or abaxial grades 3 or 4 articular cartilage abrasion of the medial or lateral femoral condyle.

Conclusion: Intraarticular structures appeared normal or near normal in dogs with early fiber tearing (caudolateral or craniomedial fibers). Most dogs that had a partial tear with an incompetent remaining CCL or a completely ruptured CCL had grades 3 or 4 articular cartilage abrasion.

Clinical Relevance: Early diagnosis of a CCL injury and treatment by TPLO may be protective against further CCL disruption lending stability to the joint and decreasing the incidence of meniscal injury and articular cartilage damage.
Reflections of a Criminal Defense Lawyer on the Simpson Trial
Authors: Gordon Walter L.
Published: April 2010

This article presents observations on the O. J. Simpson trial from the perspective of a criminal defense lawyer in Los Angeles (who was not a principal in the Simpson trial). The article covers the trial's uniqueness from the perspectives of the legal team, the evidence (and the handling of that evidence during the trial), the trial, and the jury. The article concludes with explorations of the public's responses to the not guilty verdict and possible implications for the criminal justice system.
Pretrial Predictors of Judgments in the O. J. Simpson Case
Authors: Peacock M. Jean , Cowan Gloria , Bommersbach Mimi , Smith Shanda Y. , Stahly Geraldine
Published: April 2010

Five hundred seventy‐eight community college and four‐year state university students responded to questionnaires designed to assess judgments regarding O. J. Simpson's guilt, beliefs surrounding the case, general attitudes, and background information. Although African Americans were more likely to perceive Simpson as innocent than non‐African Americans, correlation analyses revealed that, for the most part, the same predictors explained African Americans' and non‐African American's judgments of guilt. Finally, set‐wise hierarchical regression analyses indicated that case‐related beliefs that Simpson abused Nicole Brown Simpson and that the system was biased against him accounted for more significant incremental variance than did demographic variables such as age and ethnicity, personal experiences, and general attitudes. The results suggested that the racial polarization emphasized in public polls does not reflect the diversity of beliefs that existed within both African American and European American populations.
O. J. Simpson: A Threat to Internal Validity?
Authors: Mechanic Mindy B. , Aber Mark
Published: April 2010

We examined the effects of a naturally occurring social event that had the potential to affect the results of an ongoing research project evaluating knowledge of and beliefs about battering in a simulated battered woman's homicide trial. When the O. J. Simpson murder allegations first unfolded, the study was 75% completed. The extent of media attention to issues of battering and domestic homicide necessitated the inclusion of additional research participants and more in‐depth study of several related issues. Very few differences between pre‐Simpson and post‐Simpson participants were unearthed. For the majority of participants, the issue of domestic violence was likely not salient and was seen as a contextual factor for understanding why the homicides might have occurred, rather than as an independent focal point of substantive concern.
Reactions to the O. J. Simpson Verdict: “Mindless Tribalism” or Motivated Inference Processes?
Authors: Newman Leonard S. , Duff Kimberley , Schnopp‐Wyatt Nicole , Brock Bradley , Hoffman Yonit
Published: April 2010

The difference in opinion between White Americans and Black Americans as to whether O. J. Simpson is guilty of murder can be understood within the context of the literature on motivated inference. Both self‐serving and group‐serving motives can lead to bias in how people gather, interpret, and integrate evidence. The current study revealed that the relative salience of race and gender in women's self‐concepts (measured by the Twenty Statements Test) was associated with different beliefs about Simpson's innocence or guilt. Although Black women were more likely than White women to believe that Simpson was not guilty, this was more true for Black women who spontaneously self‐identified in terms of race. Similarly, when gender was an accessible aspect of identity, women were more likely to believe that Simpson was guilty. High need for cognition (i.e., the tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activity) actually magnified some of these differences.
Cognitive‐Affective Processing System Analysis of Reactions to the O. J. Simpson Criminal Trial Verdict
Authors: Mendoza‐Denton Rodolfo , Ayduk Ozlem N. , Shoda Yuichi , Mischel Walter
Published: April 2010

Reactions to the O. J. Simpson verdict were analyzed using the Cognitive‐Affective Processing System (CAPS) model. Content analyses of participants' open‐ended reactions to the verdict revealed that differences in the accessibility of cognitive‐affective units and their subsequent activation pathways characterized respondents' reactions, but participants' race appeared to have no direct effect. The results were used to construct cognitive‐affective domain maps that underlay elated, dismayed, and ambivalent reactions. By promoting a deeper understanding and appreciation of reactions to the verdict, we believe the domain maps facilitate overcoming the widespread tendency to attribute the cause of divergent reactions to an individual's race. The results have implications for the understanding of cultural differences.
Hacks, Flacks, and Counter‐Attacks: Cigarette Advertising, Sponsored Research, and Controversies
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: April 2010

The tobacco industry promotes friendly “experts” and uses public relations tactics to produce uncertainty around research results that threaten it. This inhibits public policies responsive to these research findings. These tactics, long used against medical science, are now being used to counter the studies challenging to the myth that cigarette advertising is of no import. The numerous weaknesses of the industry‐advanced argument are discussed, drawing particularly on the literature of consumer behavior, marketing, and advertising. The vast preponderance of evidence indicates that cigarette advertising plays a meaningful role in influencing the perceptions, attitudes, and smoking behavior of youth. Denials of these effects, without brand new and compelling evidence, are highly suspect.
Predictors of Smoking Cessation and State‐of‐the‐Art Smoking Interventions
Authors: Ward Kenneth D. , Klesges Robert C. , Halpern Michael T.
Published: April 2010

Smoking has strong behavioral and addictive qualities. To develop successful smoking cessation interventions, it is important to understand predictors of smoking cessation and their relationship to the psychological process of cessation. The purpose of this review is to first overview the most popular model of the processes of smoking cessation, the stage of readiness model. Next, the known behavioral and biobehavioral determinants of smoking cessation and smoking relapse are presented in relationship to stage of readiness. Determinants are grouped in four categories: demographic and smoking history; biological components; intrapersonal components; and situational/interpersonal components. Finally, a description of a state‐of‐the‐art smoking cessation program is described, including cognitive/behavioral components and pharmocologic interventions. The information provided in this review will be useful in developing smoking cessation interventions tailored to the relevant characteristics of the target population.