bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges to treatment: the price‐infrastructure trap and access to HIV/AIDS drugs
Authors: Shadlen Kenneth C.
Published: November 2004

The paper draws attention to broad issues in international political economy that affect responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the developing world. I argue that stable access to affordable medicines is essential for developing countries to tackle HIV/AIDS epidemics. Developing countries must overcome the ‘price–infrastructure trap’, where high prices reduce the feasibility of scaling‐up treatment programmes, reduced feasibility of treatment decreases the incentives to invest in public health infrastructure, and poor public health infrastructure makes even limited treatment programs less effective than they could otherwise be. I examine four mechanisms for increasing developing countries' access to affordable drugs. I consider the political economy obstacles to scaling up treatment based on each of these mechanisms, with particular attention paid to the impediments posed by the new global regime on intellectual property rights. I show how each mechanism remains inadequate for realizing the central objective, that of achieving sufficient stability of supply so to stimulate domestic mobilization of resources and thereby escape from the price‐infrastructure trap. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of sorbates in the presence of EDTA: effect of pH, packaging material and sequestrant level
Authors: Castro Marcela P , Gerschenson Lía N , Campos Carmen A
Published: November 2004

The effect of pH (3.5 or 5.0), packaging material (glass or polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and EDTA level (0.075 or 0.500 g kg−1) on sorbate stability in model aqueous systems was studied. At pH 3.5, the addition of 0.075 or 0.500 g kg−1 of EDTA showed a protective effect on sorbate stability in both types of packaging materials studied. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and using PET flasks, no effect of EDTA was observed. However, when the systems were packed in glass, EDTA presence increased sorbate degradation. The latter trend might be attributed to the greater iron scavenging ability exhibited by EDTA in those conditions. According to observed trends, in order to minimize sorbate destruction at pH 3.5, the use of glass flasks is recommended and an EDTA level of 0.075 g kg−1. At pH 5.0, however, it is better to use PET flasks, and in these conditions EDTA addition did not influence preservative destruction. The results stress the importance of considering the interactions between system pH, additives, level of use and packaging material in relation to food stability of new formulated products. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fractionation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity from pea and whey protein in vitro gastrointestinal digests
Authors: Vermeirssen Vanessa , Van Camp John , Verstraete Willy
Published: November 2004

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of pea and whey protein produced high angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.070 and 0.041 mg protein ml−1 respectively. Ultrafiltration/centrifugation using a membrane with a molecular weight cut‐off of 3000 Da decreased the IC50 value to 0.055 mg protein ml−1 for pea permeate and 0.014 mg protein ml−1 for whey permeate. Further fractionation by reverse phase HPLC gave IC50 values as low as 0.016 mg protein ml−1 for pea and 0.003 mg protein ml−1 for whey. Consequently, these purification steps enriched the ACE inhibitory activity of the pea digest more than four times and that of the whey digest more than 13 times. HPLC profiles after digestion and ultrafiltration indicate that high ACE inhibitory activity is due to short and more hydrophobic peptides. The results also suggest that potent ACE inhibitory peptides were present alongside low active peptides in whey hydrolysate, while all peptides had more or less the same ACE inhibitory activity in pea hydrolysate. In addition, the hydrolysates and enriched fractions will resist in vivo gastrointestinal digestion after oral administration. Hence these ACE inhibitory peptides, as part of functional foods, can play significant roles in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of current applications of mass spectrometry for biomarker/molecular tracer elucidations
Authors: Simoneit Bernd R.T.
Published: November 2004

Mass spectrometry, especially coupled with gas chromatography or tandem, is the analytical method of choice in elucidations of biomarker compounds present in organic mixtures extracted from geological, environmental, or biological samples. This review describes the biomarker concept; i.e., the precursor natural products to the geological/environmental derivatives, and their application as tracers in the geosphere and ambient environment. The mass spectrometric methods currently utilized for such analyses are reviewed, and typical examples of applications are described with a general key to the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:719–765, 2005
Fibrotic valvular heart disease is not related to chemical class but to biological function: 5‐HT2B receptor activation plays crucial role
Authors: Horowski Reinhard , Jähnichen Sven , Pertz Heinz H.
Published: November 2004

Companion letters have been published in this issue of Movement Disorders: Chaudhuri et al., pp 1522–1523, and Rascol et al., pp 1524–1525.
Valvular heart disease and fibrotic reactions may be related to ergot dopamine agonists, but non‐ergot agonists may also not be spared
Authors: Chaudhuri K. Ray , Dhawan Vandena , Basu Sumit , Jackson Gordon , Odin Per
Published: November 2004

Companion letters have been published in this issue of Movement Disorders: Horowski et al., pp 1523–1524, and Rascol et al., pp 1524–1525.
Evaluation of an antibiotic intravenous to oral sequential therapy program
Authors: Pablos Ana I. , Escobar Ismael , Albiñana Sandra , Serrano Olga , Ferrari José M. , de Tejada Alberto Herreros
Published: November 2004

Aim

This study was designed to analyse the drug consumption difference and economic impact of an antibiotic sequential therapy focused on quinolones.

Method

We studied the consumption of quinolones (ofloxacin/levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) 6 months before and after the implementation of a sequential therapy program in hospitalised patients. It was calculated for each antibiotic, in its oral and intravenous forms, in defined daily dose (DDD/100 stays per day) and economical terms (drug acquisition cost). At the beginning of the program ofloxacin was replaced by levofloxacin and, since their clinical uses are similar, the consumption of both drugs was compared during the period.

Results

In economic terms, the consumption of intravenous quinolones decreased 60% whereas the consumption of oral quinolones increased 66%. In DDD/100 stays per day, intravenous forms consumption decreased 53% and oral forms consumption increased 36%.

Conclusions

Focusing on quinolones, the implementation of a sequential therapy program based on promoting an early switch from intravenous to oral regimen has proved its capacity to alter the utilisation profile of these antibiotics. The program has permitted the hospital a global saving of $41 420 for these drugs during the period of time considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic and excited species in irradiated poly(dimethylsiloxane) doped with pyrene
Authors: Szadkowska‐Nicze M. , Mayer J.
Published: November 2004

The influence of temperature (77–230 K) on the fate of pyrene (Py) radical ions and Py excited states in irradiated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) doped with Py is described. At 77 K, the Py radical ions seem to be stable, whereas the Py excited states [fluorescence (λ = 395 nm) and phosphorescence (λ = 575–650 nm)] are generated via tunneling charge transfer. In the range of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg = 152–153 K), the Py radical ions start to decay, taking part in a recombination process and leading to the Py monomer and Py excimer fluorescence (λ = 475 nm). The wavelength‐selected radiothermoluminescence (WS RTL) observed at approximately 395, 475, and 600 nm has helped us to identify the Tg range (152–153 K). The absorption maximum at approximately 404 nm, found in the temperature range under consideration, is thought to represent PyH•, cyclohexadienyl‐type radicals produced as a result of the reaction of Py•− with protonated PDMS macromolecules. With the initial‐rise method of evaluating the activation energy (Ea) with the WS RTL peaks observed in the Tg range, Ea values of 123–151 kJ mol−1 have been found. Such high Ea values can be explained by the contribution of energy connected to the molecular relaxation of the matrix in the Tg range. The well‐known Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, with universal constants C1 = 17.4 and C2 = 12.7, has been successfully applied to the interpretation of old pulse‐radiolysis/viscosity data found for crosslinked PDMS doped with Py. The mechanisms involved in these phenomena are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6125–6133, 2004
Real‐time monitoring of the ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide with in situ attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with conduit and diamond‐composite sensor technology
Authors: Messman Jamie M. , Storey Robson F.
Published: November 2004

Polymerization rates were proportional to initial Sn(Oct)2 concentration at low [Sn(Oct)2]0/[PrOH]0 values, but began to level off at higher values. When [Sn(Oct)2]0/[PrOH]0 was significantly greater than unity, the opposite behavior occurred. Tin(II) alkoxide concentration became limited by the initial PrOH concentration and independent of initial Sn(Oct)2 concentration. Addition of 2‐ethylhexanoic acid caused polymerization rate retardation, without affecting molecular weight. A control polymerization was conducted in the absence of PrOH. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer was consistent with the measured water content (3.7 wt % by Karl Fisher titration) of the as‐received Sn(Oct)2. The polymerization rate in the absence of PrOH was slow, and this suggested that water is less efficient than an alcohol in creating polymerization‐active stannyl ether bonds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6238–6247, 2004
New insights into Hansen's solubility parameters
Authors: Ho Derek L. , Glinka Charles J.
Published: November 2004

Correlations among the three components, δd2 (dispersion), δh2 (hydrogen‐bonding), and δp2 (polar) that make up the Hansen solubility parameter equation, δo2 = δd2 + δh2 + δp2, have been analyzed for a large number of organic solvents. A relationship is found that enables δh and δp to be estimated if δo and δd are known. This relationship is applied to a variety of common polymers and remarkably good agreement is obtained with tabulated values for δh and δp. Additional correlations are found that can be expressed in approximate functional form. The analysis also reveals relationships, expressed as inequalities, among the parameters that limit their range of possible values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4337–4343, 2004
Amine‐cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites. I. Processing and chemical characterization
Authors: Miyagawa Hiroaki , Rich Michael J. , Drzal Lawrence T.
Published: November 2004

The processing of nanocomposite materials composed of amine‐cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) reinforced with organomontmorillonite clay is reported. A novel sample preparation scheme was used to process the modified clay in the glassy epoxy network, resulting in nanocomposites where the clay was both exfoliated and intercalated by the epoxy network. The processing scheme involves sonication of the constituent materials in a solvent, followed by solvent extraction to generate a composite with homogeneous dispersions of the nanoclay. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier transform (FT‐)Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the chemical structure of the epoxy network was not affected by the use of solvents in this processing scheme. The glass‐transition temperature, Tg, linearly increased with an increased weight ratio of the nanoclay. The microstructure of clay nanoplatelets in the composites was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that the clay nanoplatelets were well‐dispersed, and were intercalated as well as exfoliated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4384–4390, 2004
Time–concentration–mortality modeling of the synergistic interaction of Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid against Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Feng Ming‐Guang , Pu Xiao‐Ying
Published: November 2004

Interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana SG8702, and imidacloprid on Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) were studied in laboratory bioassays by spraying suspensions of unformulated conidia (assay 1) and aqueous dilutions of emulsifiable conidia formulation alone (assay 2) or together with imidacloprid at the sub‐lethal rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg ml−1 (assays 3–5). Each assay consisted of five conidia concentrations plus an appropriate control and three replicates, each including 30–40 third‐instar nymphs, so as to generate time–concentration–mortality data for modeling analysis. A mineral oil‐based emulsion used to formulate B bassiana slightly enhanced fungal activity but had no significant impact on the background mortality of N lugens. On the basis of LC50 estimates and associated variances on days 4–12 after spraying, synergistic interactions of both agents or formulations were determined by estimating relative potencies of assay 2 over assay 1 (1.2–9.0), assay 3 over assay 2 (1.3–1.7), assay 4 over assay 2 (7.5–9.6), assay 5 over assay 2 (22.7–101), assay 4 over assay 3 (3.8–5.8), assay 5 over assay 3 (16.1–61.0), and assay 5 over assay 4 (3.0–10.5). The time–concentration–mortality modeling method was not only mathematically but also biologically robust to evaluate the interactions of B bassiana and imidacloprid on N lugens. Compared with their counterparts, enhanced fungal formulations displayed consistently earlier or greater activities against the pest species based on LC50 and LT50 estimates determined from their time–concentration–mortality relationships. The results highlight a potential for pest control by combined formulation or application of B bassiana and imidacloprid. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pretilachlor and fenclorim on carbohydrate and protein formation in relation to their persistence in rice
Authors: Scarponi Luciano , Del Buono Daniele , Vischetti Costantino
Published: November 2004

The persistence of pretilachlor applied to rice singly or in combination with the safener fenclorim was investigated in connection with starch, glucose and protein formation. The addition of fenclorim to pretilachlor did not reduce the accumulation of the latter, but reduced its persistence in rice shoots, while the presence of pretilachlor did not affect the persistence of fenclorim, but significantly increased its accumulation in the shoots. Therefore the safening effect of fenclorim consisted of a more rapid detoxification of pretilachlor. Over the period of pretilachlor and fenclorim detoxification, decreases in starch content, partially counterbalanced by increases of free glucose, and decreases in total protein content were observed in pretilachlor‐treated shoots; decreases in both starch and free glucose, as well as in total protein content, were observed in fenclorim ‐treated shoots compared with the untreated controls. The decreases in starch and total glucose appeared to be a direct consequence of reduced glucokinase and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase activity, and the decrease in total protein an indirect consequence of reduced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase activity, in response to pretilachlor and fenclorim treatments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Oligo[methyl(phenyl)silane] ion–radical conformations calculated by the B3LYP method
Authors: Toman Petr , Nešpůrek Stanislav , Jang Jae Won , Lee Cheol Eui
Published: November 2004

A quantum mechanical study of ion–radical conformations in oligo[methyl(phenyl)silane] (OMPSi) was performed. The conformations of the neutral, positively, and negatively charged OMPSi were optimized by means of the Hartree‐Fock (HF) and B3LYP methods. The common result of both methods is that the anion–radical conformation shows a significant stretching of the chain, whereas the cation–radical conformation is contracted. This fact is associated with changes of electron density distribution. On the other hand, the conformations of OMPSi calculated by the HF and B3LYP methods significantly differ in the spatial extent of the conformational defect associated with the presence of the introduced charge. The experimental and calculated infrared vibrational spectra of the cation–radical are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Molecular impurities in crystals: (ReO4)2− Jahn‐Teller ion in KCl
Authors: Vieito I. , Iglesias M. , García‐Lastra J. M. , Aramburu J. A. , Moreno M.
Published: November 2004

First density functional calculations on ReO molecules embedded in KCl are reported. The results on the isolated ReO molecule confirm the existence of a strong Jahn‐Teller effect induced by the e vibrational mode and favoring a squashed D2d tetrahedron as stable geometry, where the unpaired electron is placed in an ∼3z2‐r2 orbital. Calculations carried out on an 81 atom cluster reveal that the Jahn‐Teller distortion in KCl is essentially the same as that for the free ReO molecule, which is thus in agreement with the geometry inferred from EPR data on KCl: ReO. Despite this fact, the Cl− → ReO replacement is shown to produce outwards or inwards relaxations on close ions in the KCl lattice, whose origin is briefly discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Thermodynamics of apocalmodulin and nitric oxide synthase II peptide interaction
Authors: Censarek Petra , Beyermann Michael , Koch Karl-Wilhelm
Published: November 2004

The Ca2+‐free form of calmodulin (CaM), apocalmodulin (ApoCaM), regulates a variety of target proteins including nitric oxide synthase II (NOS‐II). The CaM‐binding site of NOS‐II can bind ApoCaM with high affinity. Substitution of hydrophobic amino acids by charged amino acids at crucial positions 3, 9 and 13 within the CaM‐binding motif did not abolish the ApoCaM interaction that occurred with significant affinity, though the affinity of the interaction was decreased remarkably. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that interaction of ApoCaM and synthetic NOS‐II peptides was driven entropically.
Identification of enzymes acting on α‐glycated amino acids in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wiame Elsa , Duquenne Armelle , Delpierre Ghislain , Van Schaftingen Emile
Published: November 2004

We have characterized the Bacillus subtilis homologs of fructoselysine 6‐kinase and fructoselysine‐6‐phosphate deglycase, two enzymes that specifically metabolize the Amadori compound fructose‐ε‐lysine in Escherichia coli. The B. subtilis enzymes also catalyzed the phosphorylation of fructosamines to fructosamine 6‐phosphates (YurL) and the conversion of the latter to glucose 6‐phosphate and a free amino acid (YurP). However, their specificity was totally different from that of the E. coli enzymes, since they acted on fructoseglycine, fructosevaline (YurL) or their 6‐phosphoderivatives (YurP) with more than 30‐fold higher catalytic efficiencies than on fructose‐ε‐lysine (6‐phosphate). These enzymes are therefore involved in the metabolism of α‐glycated amino acids.
Tiptoeing through a constitutional minefield: the great Sharia controversy in Nigeria
Authors: Iwobi Andrew Ubaka
Published: November 2004

Since the restoration of civilian rule in Nigeria in 1999, the governments of various Northern states have initiated reforms designed to remodel their legal systems in conformity with the Sharia. An issue which has generated intense controversy, especially in legal and political circles, is whether these reforms are consistent with certain key provisions of the 1999 Constitution. This study begins by tracing the historical process through which the application of the Sharia has emerged as a matter of profound constitutional importance in Nigeria. This is followed by a detailed analysis of specific provisions of the 1999 Constitution which are considered to have a direct bearing on the constitutionality of the Sharia reforms. Particular attention is paid to those provisions which proclaim the supremacy of the Constitution, prohibit the adoption of a state religion and prescribe the jurisdiction of various courts. Consideration is also given to the effect of various fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution on the Sharia penal regimes introduced as part of the reforms. The study demonstrates that various facets of the reforms are difficult to reconcile with the 1999 Constitution and concludes that fundamental constitutional reforms will be required to redress this state of affairs.
Determinants of the geographical distribution of endemic giardiasis in Ontario, Canada: a spatial modelling approach
Authors: ODOI A. , MARTIN S. W. , MICHEL P. , HOLT J. , MIDDLETON D. , WILSON J.
Published: November 2004

Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used in spatial regression models to investigate determinants of the geographic distribution of endemic giardiasis in southern Ontario. Higher giardiasis rates were observed in areas using surface water [rate ratio (RR) 2·36, 95% CI 1·38–4·05] and in rural areas (RR 1·79, 95% CI 1·32–2·37). Lower rates were observed in areas using filtered water (RR 0·55, 95% CI 0·42–0·94) and in those with high median income (RR 0·62, 95% CI 0·42–0·92). Chlorination of drinking water, cattle density and intensity of manure application on farmland were not significant determinants. The study shows that waterborne transmission plays an important role in giardiasis distribution in southern Ontario and that well-collected routine surveillance data could be useful for investigation of disease determinants and identification of high-risk communities. This information is useful in guiding decisions on control strategies.
Population-based Toxoplasma seroprevalence study in The Netherlands
Authors: KORTBEEK L. M. , De MELKER H. E. , VELDHUIJZEN I. K. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: November 2004

During 1995–1996 a population-based seroprevalence study was conducted in The Netherlands. Risk factors were established for postnatally acquired toxoplasmosis. The results were compared with a study conducted during 1987–1988 in pregnant women in the Southwest of The Netherlands in order to estimate the change in seroprevalence. In total, 7521 sera were tested and the national seroprevalence was 40·5% (95% CI 37·5–43·4). Living in the Northwest, having professional contact with animals, living in a moderately urbanized area, being divorced or widowed, being born outside The Netherlands, frequent gardening and owning a cat were independently associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity. Risk factors like eating undercooked meat could not be studied. The seroprevalence among women aged 15–49 years was 10% lower (35·2%, 95% CI 32·9–38·6) in the study of 1995–1996, compared to the Toxoplasma study of 1987–1988 (45·8%, 95% CI 45·2–46·3). The steepest rise in seroprevalence still occurred among the subjects aged 25–44 years.
Assessment of areas at increased risk for poliovirus circulation in Ecuador
Authors: DAYAN GUSTAVO H. , RODRÍGUEZ RODRIGO , VINJÉ JAN , VÁSCONEZ NANCY , CÁCERES VÍCTOR , GREGORICUS NICOLE , SOBSEY MARK , LANDAVERDE MAURICIO
Published: November 2004

To assess areas at risk for poliovirus circulation in Ecuador, we first selected provinces at highest risk based on low immunization coverage with three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine, and a low number of reported cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Subsequently, we reviewed discharge data for the period 1996–2000 for diagnoses compatible with AFP in the only two national referral hospitals in Quito, and at least two main hospitals in each of the six selected provinces. Environmental samples from one or two cities/towns in each selected province were tested for poliovirus. Of the 14 identified AFP-compatible cases, 8 (57%) had been previously reported and investigated. We visited four out of the six unreported cases; none of those four had sequelae compatible with poliomyelitis. From the 14 environmental samples taken, we identified Sabin viruses in six of the samples; no vaccine-derived polioviruses were isolated. Using this methodology, we found no evidence of undetected poliovirus circulation in Ecuador.
Factors influencing length of hospital stay in community-acquired pneumonia: a study in 27 community hospitals
Authors: CABRE M. , BOLIVAR I. , PERA G. , PALLARES R.
Published: November 2004

We did a retrospective study of 1920 episodes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 27 community hospitals and analysed inter-hospital variability in length of hospital stay (LOS), mortality and readmission rates. The overall adjusted LOS (mean±S.D.) was 10·0±9·8 days. LOS increased according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) risk class: 7·3 days for class I to 11·3 days for class V (P<0·001). In a multiple regression model, LOS increased (P<0·001) according to the hospital (inter-hospital variability), PSI risk class, complications during hospitalization, admission to ICU, need of oxygen and transfer to a nursing home. Hospitals with shorter LOS did not show an increased readmission rate (adjusted OR 1·02, 95% CI 0·51–2·03, P=0·97) and post-discharge mortality (adjusted OR 1·20, 95% CI 0·70–2·05, P=0·51). There are significant inter-hospital variations in LOS in patients with CAP which are related to differences in clinical management. The reduction of these differences will further improve efficiency and quality of care.
Salmonella bacteriuria: an increasing entity in elderly women in the United States
Authors: SIVAPALASINGAM S. , HOEKSTRA R. M. , McQUISTON J. R. , FIELDS P. I. , TAUXE R. V.
Published: November 2004

Salmonellosis is a major cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and can lead to septicaemia, and other extra-intestinal illness including urinary tract infections (UTIs). To examine trends in Salmonella bacteriuria in the United States, surveillance data from the National Salmonella Surveillance System from 1980 to the end of 1999 were reviewed. Overall, 17442 urinary Salmonella isolates were reported, representing 2% of all Salmonella isolates from a known source. This proportion increased from 2% during 1980–1984 to 4% during 1995–1999. The median age of persons from whom these isolates came was 51 years; 12176 (70%) were women. Compared to the last national survey conducted between 1968 and 1979, the rate of Salmonella bacteriuria increased among women, from 2·0 per million persons in 1980 to 3·7 in 1999; the highest rate occurring in women [ges ]70 years. National reporting of Salmonella bacteriuria increased in absolute incidence and as a proportion of all Salmonella, especially in elderly women and may represent an increase in the incidence of Salmonella UTIs. Better understanding of the uropathogenicity of Salmonella serotypes may further clarify the mechanisms of Salmonella UTIs.
Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with a school-lunch dessert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2001
Authors: MATSUI T. , SUZUKI S. , TAKAHASHI H. , OHYAMA T. , KOBAYASHI J. , IZUMIYA H. , WATANABE H. , KASUGA F. , KIJIMA H. , SHIBATA K. , OKABE N.
Published: November 2004

A Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) outbreak in Japan was investigated with an observational study, analytical epidemiology and bacteriological examination (including phage typing). The outbreak occurred among 96 schoolchildren, and was caused by SE phage type 1. The outbreak source was dessert buns served at a school lunch (RR 42·55, 95% CI 5·93–305·11, P<0·001). The buns were probably cross-contaminated from eggs from a factory with a history of SE-contaminated products. The incubation period was longer than usual (3–16 days, median 8 days). A low contaminating dose may account for the long incubation period and low attack rate. Outbreak detection was hampered by the absence of routine Salmonella surveillance in Japan. The investigation was complicated by concurrent illnesses from other SE phage types. It was successful, in part, because adequate food samples were available for microbiological testing.
The sperm, a neuron with a tail:‘neuronal’receptors in mammalian sperm
Authors: Meizel Stanley
Published: November 2004

A number of plasma membrane receptor types originally thought to be specific to neurons have been found in other somatic cells. More surprisingly, the mammalian sperm and neuron appear to share many of these‘neuronal’receptors. The morphology, chromosome number, genomic activity, and functions of those two cell types are as unlike as any two cells in the body, but they both achieve their highly disparate goals with the aid of a number of the same receptors. Exocytosis in neurons and sperm is essential to the functions of these cells and is strongly influenced by similar receptors.‘Neuronal’receptor types in sperm may also play a role in the control of sperm motility (a function of course not shared by neurons).

This review will consider the evidence for the presence of sperm plasma membrane‘neuronal’receptors and for their significance to mammalian sperm function. The persuasiveness of the evidence varies depending on the receptor being considered, but there is strong experimental support for the presence and importance of a number of‘neuronal’receptors in sperm.
The granin family of uniquely acidic proteins of the diffuse neuroendocrine system: comparative and functional aspects
Authors: Helle Karen B.
Published: November 2004

The chromogranins A (CgA) and B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII) constitute the main members of a family of uniquely acidic secretory proteins in elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These genetically distinct proteins, CgA, CgB, SgII and the less well known secretogranins III–VII are collectively referred to as‘granins’and characterised by numerous pairs of basic amino acids as potential cleavage sites for processing by the co‐stored prohormone converting enzymes PC 1/3 and PC2.

This review is directed towards comparative and functional aspects of the granins with emphasis on their phylogenetically conserved sequences. Recent developments provide ample evidence of widely different effects and targets for the intact granins and their derived peptides, intracellularly in the directed trafficking of storage components during granule maturation and extracellularly in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine interactions. Most of the effects assigned to the granin derived peptides fit into patterns of direct or indirect inhibitory modulations of major functions. So far, peptides derived from CgA (vasostatins, chromacin, pancreastatin, WE‐14, catestatin and parastatin), CgB (secretolytin) and SgII (secretoneurin) are the most likely candidates for granin‐derived regulatory peptides, of postulated relevance not only for homeostatic processes, but also for tissue assembly and repair, inflammatory responses and the first line of defence against invading microorganisms.
The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds
Authors: Roulin Alexandra
Published: November 2004

The hypothesis that ornaments can honestly signal quality only if their expression is condition‐dependent has dominated the study of the evolution and function of colour traits. Much less interest has been devoted to the adaptive function of colour traits for which the expression is not, or is to a low extent, sensitive to body condition and the environment in which individuals live. The aim of the present paper is to review the current theoretical and empirical knowledge of the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of colour plumage traits for which the expression is mainly under genetic control. The finding that in many bird species the inheritance of colour morphs follows the laws of Mendel indicates that genetic colour polymorphism is frequent. Polymorphism may have evolved or be maintained because each colour morph facilitates the exploitation of alternative ecological niches as suggested by the observation that individuals are not randomly distributed among habitats with respect to coloration. Consistent with the hypothesis that different colour morphs are linked to alternative strategies is the finding that in a majority of species polymorphism is associated with reproductive parameters, and behavioural, life‐history and physiological traits. Experimental studies showed that such covariations can have a genetic basis. These observations suggest that colour polymorphism has an adaptive function. Aviary and field experiments demonstrated that colour polymorphism is used as a criterion in mate‐choice decisions and dominance interactions confirming the claim that conspecifics assess each other's colour morphs. The factors favouring the evolution and maintenance of genetic variation in coloration are reviewed, but empirical data are virtually lacking to assess their importance. Although current theory predicts that only condition‐dependent traits can signal quality, the present review shows that genetically inherited morphs can reveal the same qualities. The study of genetic colour polymorphism will provide important and original insights on the adaptive function of conspicuous traits.
Impact of ice particle habits on simulated clouds
Authors: Reinhardt T. , Wacker U.
Published: November 2004

The effect of the choice of ice particle type in the parameterization of cloud microphysics on the simulated cloud and precipitation properties is investigated. Generalized parameterization equations for riming and deposition rates as well as sedimentation fluxes are given. Simulation studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model for a two‐dimensional flow over a hill show that the fields of condensate content and precipitation strongly depend on the interpretation of the sedimenting ice particles as e.g., graupel or unrimed aggregates. A parameterization model to account for the variation of particle attributes due to riming is presented.
Highly efficient yellow and white organic electroluminescent devices doped with 2,8-di(t-butyl)-5,11-di[4-(t-butyl)phenyl]-6,12-diphenylnaphthacene
Authors: Liu Tswen-Hsin , Wu Yao-Shan , Lee Meng-Ting , Chen Hsian-Hung , Liao Chi-Hung , Chen Chin H.
Published: November 2004

We describe the applications of a sterically-hindered yellow dopant, 2,8-di(t-butyl)-5,11-di[4-(t-butyl)phenyl]-6,12-diphenylnaphthacene (TBRb) which, when compared to 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rb) in either tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum or 1,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N′-phenylamino]−4,4′ diamine (NPB) as host emitter, shows a 50%–34% increase in luminance efficiency over that of Rb device without significantly affecting its color. In addition, we have incorporated the TBRb doped yellow NPB emitter into the two-element white organic light-emitting diodes based on p-bis(p-N,N-di-phenyl-aminostyryl)benzene doped 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl) anthracene sky-blue emitter which improved the luminance efficiency by 44% over that of Rb to 12.8cd∕A and 4.3lm∕W at 20mA∕cm2 with CIEx,y=[0.31,0.38].
S
-band Tm3+-doped tellurite glass microsphere laser via a cascade process
Authors: Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Yonezawa Zen-o , Iwai Ryuta , Ohta Jun , Nunoshita Masahiro
Published: November 2004

We present a Tm3+-doped tellurite glass microsphere laser operating in the S band via a cascade process. The microsphere is fabricated by melting the end of a tellurite glass wire, and the microsphere laser is pumped at 800nm using a tapered optical fiber. Laser oscillation is observed simultaneously in the S band and the 1.9μm band. The threshold of lasing in the 1.9μm band is lower than in the S band, and the quantum efficiency in the 1.9μm band increases with pump power above the lasing threshold of the S band.
Tailoring of ferromagnetic Pr0.85Ca0.15MnO3∕ferroelectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 superlattices for multiferroic properties
Authors: Murugavel P. , Saurel D. , Prellier W. , Simon Ch. , Raveau B.
Published: November 2004

Superlattices composed of ferromagnetic Pr0.85Ca0.15MnO3 and ferroelectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 layers were fabricated on (100) SrTiO3 substrates by a pulsed-laser deposition method. The capacitance and resistive parts of the samples were analyzed from the complex impedance measurements. The superlattice with larger ferroelectric thickness shows unique characteristics which are not present in the parent ferromagnetic thin film. The superlattice shows both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric transitions which is an evidence for the coexistence of both the properties. The high magnetoresistance (40% at 80K) shown by the superlattice can be attributed to the coupling between ferromagnetic and ferroelectric layers, i.e., to the magnetoelectric effect.
Selective separation of positional isomers under the action of infrared free electron laser
Authors: Gorelik Sergey , Nomaru Keiji , Kuroda Haruo
Published: November 2004

The possibility of positional isomer separation induced by radiation of an infrared free electron laser has been demonstrated. Experiments were carried out in 1:1 mixture of para- and meta-hexafluoroxylenes in gaseous phase. Wide tunability of free electron laser allowed for enrichment of the reaction mixture either by meta- or para-isomer. The maximum isomer selectivity achieved, defined as a ratio of dissociation yields per laser pulse of corresponding species, was higher than 300.
Ballistic electron emission microscopy on spin valve structures
Authors: Heer R. , Smoliner J. , Bornemeier J. , Brückl H.
Published: November 2004

Spin valve structures, as employed in base layers of spin valve transistor devices, are characterized by ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM). In detail, Co–Cu–Permalloy–Au layers sputtered onto n-type GaAs bulk substrates were studied. BEEM spectra taken on these multilayers show that magnetocurrents on the order of 600% can be achieved even at room temperature. Small area images (400nm×400nm) show that the spin filtering effect of the spin valves is quite homogeneous on the submicron scale. On larger scales, magnetic domains were imaged close to the switching field of the spin valve structure.
Characterization of field-electron emission from carbon nanofibers grown on Pd wire
Authors: Kita S. , Sakai Y. , Fukushima T. , Mizuta Y. , Ogawa A. , Senda S. , Okuyama F.
Published: November 2004

Field-electron emission from carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on Pd wires of 50μm in diameter was extensively studied in ultrahigh vacuum ambience by measuring current–voltage curves and stability over time. The CNFs, grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, were aligned perpendicular to the wire and were topped with a faceted single crystal of Pd. The emission from the CNFs was characterized by remarkable stability over a long time (600 h), and exhibited a maximum current of I=1.3mA. The maximum current corresponds to a current density of J≅0.6A∕cm2 when estimated considering only the geometrical emitting area.
Analysis of the temperature performance of type-II interband cascade lasers
Authors: Kisin Mikhail V. , Suchalkin Sergey D. , Belenky Gregory , Bruno John D. , Tober Richard , Luryi Serge
Published: November 2004

The temperature performance of type-II semiconductor lasers has been analyzed by comparing the temperature-concentration dependence for a charge-carrier subsystem at the threshold with steady-state temperature-concentration relationship implied by the carrier heating process. The low material gain characteristic of type-II heterostructures and the high resistance of the thermal link to the heat sink are primarily responsible for limiting the continuous-wave laser operation to low temperatures. We show also that the number of cascades for type-II interband cascade lasers can be optimized with respect to the highest achievable operating temperature.
Thermal expansion of Ti-containing hydrogenated amorphous carbon nanocomposite thin films
Authors: Shi B. , Meng W. J. , Daulton T. L.
Published: November 2004

The effective coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of Ti-containing hydrogenated amorphous carbon (Ti–C:H) thin films were measured. Ti–C:H thin films with compositions ranging from nearly pure a-C:H to nearly pure TiC were deposited on Si(100) substrates. Effective CTEs were determined from temperature induced changes in the curvature of film/substrate assemblies. Measured effective CTE values for Ti–C:H are ∼5.7×10−6K−1, and show little dependence on the Ti composition.
Real-time detection of single-electron tunneling using a quantum point contact
Authors: Vandersypen L. M. K. , Elzerman J. M. , Schouten R. N. , Willems van Beveren L. H. , Hanson R. , Kouwenhoven L. P.
Published: November 2004

We observe individual tunnel events of a single electron between a quantum dot and a reservoir, using a nearby quantum point contact (QPC) as a charge meter. The QPC is capacitively coupled to the dot, and the QPC conductance changes by about 1% if the number of electrons on the dot changes by one. The QPC is voltage biased and the current is monitored with a current–voltage (I–V) convertor at room temperature. We can resolve tunnel events separated by only 8μs, limited by noise from the I–V convertor. Shot noise in the QPC sets a 25ns lower bound on the accessible timescales.
Formation of metallic In in InGaN∕GaN multiquantum wells
Authors: Daele B. Van , Tendeloo G. Van , Jacobs K. , Moerman I. , Leys M. R.
Published: November 2004

In x Ga 1 − x N ∕ Ga N light-emitting diode structures with a high In concentration may lose all optical output after capping the active region with a p-type GaN layer. Transmission electron microscopy has been applied to determine the microstructural changes that occur in the quantum-well (QW) region during this capping process. The loss of the optical output is related to a clustering of In into metallic In platelets in the QW region. The properties of these In platelets are described and a formation model is proposed.
Contrast and scattering efficiency of scattering-type near-field optical probes
Authors: Haefliger D. , Plitzko J. M. , Hillenbrand R.
Published: November 2004

We show that the scattering efficiency and image contrast of commercial Si tips used in “apertureless” scattering-type near-field optical microscopy can compare well with PtIr- or Au-covered tips as predicted by a simple dipole model. However, high scattering efficiency of Si tips is only achieved after etching an unexpected up to 20-nm-thick amorphous SiO2 layer generally found at the tip apex. The oxide was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The unverified presence of SiO2 may explain contradicting reports published on the optical performance of Si probes. Bare Si tips offer advantages over metal probes due to reduced fluorescence quenching, low nonlinear optical coefficient, and less wear.
Transmission-electron-microscopic studies of mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles
Authors: Jaroenapibal P. , Luzzi D. E. , Evoy S. , Arepalli S.
Published: November 2004

The mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles were studied via the observation of mechanical resonance in a transmission electron microscope. The bundles were capacitively actuated using tunable ac signals applied through a custom built specimen holder. Resonant frequencies ranging from 0.2to9MHz were observed in bundles of diameters and lengths ranging from 15to70nm, and from 1to10μm, respectively. An effective bending modulus of Eb=76±4GPa was extracted from the data. Onset of nonlinear frequency response was observed under large actuation amplitudes.
Strain-induced elastic moduli softening and associated fcc↔bcc transition in iron
Authors: Lai W. S. , Zhao X. S.
Published: November 2004

Using molecular dynamics calculations we demonstrate that with decreasing the thickness of ultrathin body-centered-cubic (bcc) α-Fe film with (001) surfaces, the biaxial strain results in first bcc(001)→face-centered-cubic (fcc) (001) transition along the inverse Bain path due to softening of C33, and then fcc(001)→bcc(011) because of shear modulus vanishing along fcc ⟨110⟩ directions. For the bulk fcc γ-Fe, the tensile biaxial strain along the Bain path transforms fcc (001) into bcc (001) with fcc⟨110⟩‖bcc⟨100⟩, while compressive strain results in shear instability, in agreement with recent ab initio calculations.
Synchronized laser micromanipulation of multiple targets along each trajectory by single laser
Authors: Arai Fumihito , Yoshikawa Keiichi , Sakami Toshihiro , Fukuda Toshio
Published: November 2004

A laser micromanipulation is suitable for manipulation of a microscopic object suspended in the liquid. Here we proposed the synchronized laser micromanipulation (SLM) for the trajectory control of the multiple targets with each designed trajectories independently by the single laser. SLM is different from the existing laser scanning micromanipulation in that we can manipulate multiple targets independently by the single laser by changing discrete laser scanning pattern. Here we show the condition for stable transportation of targets depends on the effect of Brownian motion. Accordingly we can manipulate multiple microbeads stably along with each designed trajectories by the proposed method.
Nonlinear microwave response of MgB2
Authors: Dahm T. , Scalapino D. J.
Published: November 2004

We calculate the intrinsic nonlinear microwave response of the two gap superconductor MgB2 in the clean and dirty limits. Due to the small value of the π-band gap, the nonlinear response at low temperatures is larger than for a single gap Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer s-wave superconductor with a transition temperature of 40K. Comparing this result with the intrinsic nonlinear d-wave response of YBa2Cu3O7, we find a comparable response at temperatures around 20K. Due to its two gap nature, impurity scattering in MgB2 can be used to reduce the nonlinear response if the scattering rate in the π-band is made larger than the one in the σ-band.
Ultrahigh-frequency surface acoustic waves for finite wave-vector spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons
Authors: Kukushkin I. V. , Smet J. H. , Höppel L. , Waizmann U. , Riek M. , Wegscheider W. , von Klitzing K.
Published: November 2004

Ultrahigh-frequency (up to 24GHz) surface acoustic waves were excited with short-period interdigital transducers and detected in GaAs∕AlGaAs quantum wells with an optical scheme. We demonstrate that the transducers can be driven in a contactless fashion. Sets of two transducers permitted the coherent emission of surface acoustic waves and the creation of standing waves due to interference. The methods described offer bright prospects for finite wave-vector spectroscopy of two-dimensional electrons in a noninvasive way up to wave numbers of 106cm−1.
Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum-modified indium tin oxide for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of organic light-emitting devices
Authors: Liew Yoon-Fei , Zhu Furong , Chua Soo-Jin , Tang Jian-Xin
Published: November 2004

Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), which is typically used as an electron transport material for organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), was used in this study for OLED anode modification. The electronic structure at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/organic interface for improvement of carrier injection was studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial analysis reveals that the barrier height at the ITO/organic interface can be varied from ∼0.6–1.08eV. It is demonstrated that the barrier for hole injection from an ITO anode to a hole transporting layer can be engineered by inserting an ultrathin interlayer of Alq3, a few nanometers thick. The presence of an Alq3 interlayer is shown to improve the current balance, leading to an enhancement in the electroluminecent efficiency and operational stability of OLEDs.