bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensino de História: políticas curriculares, cultura escolar, Saberes e práticas docentes
Authors: Carvalho Filho Roper Pires de
Published: December 2012

O texto aborda alguns aspectos do discurso curricular para o ensino de História escolar produzido a partir da década de 1970 do século XX, no qual se entrecruzam contribuições de saberes provenientes de diversos campos do conhecimento, e de como tal discurso é apropriado pelos professores e transformado em saberes ensináveis por meio da distribuição do currículo em conteúdos de ensino. Para isto, buscamos articular o saber histórico escolar a diferentes instâncias de produção: No âmbito das políticas educacionais, da qual sobressai o currículo como produção elaborada em diferentes esferas por processos de reinterpretação do texto curricular; da disciplina História como componente do currículo escolar e como saber simultaneamente construído para a escola e pela escola, nesse estudo analisados sob a perspectiva da cultura escolar. Noutra interface, abordamos algumas facetas das práticas dos professores, vistas nesse estudo como resultantes de um complexo processo, no qual comparecem tanto os saberes provenientes da sua formação acadêmica, quanto outros, advindos da sua experiência docente. Nessa perspectiva, consideramos a atuação do Estado como formulador de políticas públicas determinante para a concretização da(s) sua(s) proposta(s) curricular(es) no âmbito da escola por meio de diferentes mecanismos: seleção e organização dos conteúdos nos programas de ensino, prescrição de procedimentos de ensino, promoção de avaliações externas e processo de seleção do(s) livro(s) didático(s), entre outros. Entretanto concordamos com Marin e Sampaio (2004), quando estas afirmam ser fundamental inserir os professores no processo de formulação das reformas curriculares propostas pelo Estado para que estas sejam bem sucedidas.
De anônimo a best-seller: digressões sobre o sucesso do Projeto Araribá - História no PNLD de 2008
Authors: Silva Jeferson Rodrigo da
Published: December 2012

Considerando o fato de a coleção Projeto Araribá: História ser uma das mais distribuídas pelo PNLD de 2008, as características que a tornaram uma obra singular e o contexto educacional do início do século XXI, este texto problematiza os aspectos relacionados à constituição, à divulgação e à escolha dessa obra que podem explicar tal sucesso. São apresentadas algumas características gerais como: a abrangência da coleção para diversas disciplinas, o objetivo de desenvolver a competência leitora, a autoria coletiva e o contexto da editora Moderna após a entrada do grupo espanhol Santillana. Com o intuito de ampliar a discussão, busca-se compreender, além do objetivo de desenvolver a competência leitora, a apresentação da coleção no PNLD de 2008, as estratégias agressivas de venda e a autoria coletiva como identidade da coleção. Conclui-se que o sucesso dessa coleção está vinculado a complexas relações entre as atuais demandas para um ensino de qualidade e os interesses comerciais, bem como entre a constituição de uma ferramenta que busca desenvolver a leitura proficiente e as políticas públicas que, de certo modo, legitimam os propósitos da coleção.
Visões sobre a conquista da américa hispânica pela música popular
Authors: Duarte Geni Rosa , Gonzalez Emilio
Published: December 2012

O objetivo deste artigo é propor algumas reflexões para o ensino de História da América com base em questões abordadas pela música popular sobre o tema da Conquista. Essas composições tematizam tanto o genocídio e silenciamento das populações indígenas quanto às resistências por elas oferecidas. Tratando-se de uma produção musical difundida principalmente nos anos 1970/1990, essas composições aproximam-se da perspectiva de uma “história dos vencidos”, procurando se contrapor às epopéias da Conquista difundidas por abordagens mais tradicionais.
Entender História: os filmes e o ensino
Authors: Pereira Lara Rodrigues , Alamino Caroline Antunes Martins
Published: December 2012

Resenha do livro Ver História: o ensino vai aos filmes, organizado por Marcos Silva e Alcides Freire Ramos.
O mundo do cordel a partir de uma tipografia
Authors: Menezes Neto Geraldo Magella de
Published: December 2012

Arcanos do verso: trajetórias da literatura de cordel é fruto da dissertação de mestrado em História de Rosilene Alves de Melo pela Universidade Federal do Ceará. A autora, professora da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, trata da trajetória da tipografia São Francisco, de propriedade de José Bernardo da Silva, na produção de folhetos de cordel entre os anos de 1939 e 1982. O estudo recebeu o prêmio “Sílvio Romero” de melhor monografia sobre cultura popular no âmbito nacional em 2003, sendo publicado pela editora 7Letras no ano de 2010.
A escola ética: a 11º escola de estratégia na selva organizacional
Authors: Junior Paulo Hayashi , Ito Nobuiuki Costa , Gimenez Fernando Antonio Prado
Published: December 2012

A estratégia é sempre benquista ao tratar de assuntos relacionados à competição, sobrevivência e sucesso no mercado. Todavia, para uma empresa ter sucesso, é necessário que haja condições de sinergia e de círculos virtuosos de amparo e desenvolvimento. Em uma tentativa de auxiliar no desenvolvimento do campo da estra­tégia, sugere-se a emergência de uma nova escola baseada em uma forma híbrida de racionalidade em que a racionalidade instrumental compartilha espaços com a substantiva. Assim, a ética e a etiqueta organizacional são postas como elementos de estratégia e de progresso do indivíduo, da organização e da própria sociedade.
Cost Calculation Model for Logistics Service Providers
Authors: Bokor Zoltán
Published: December 2012

The exact calculation of logistics costs has become a real challenge in logistics and supply chain management. It is essential to gain reliable and accurate costing information to attain efficient resource allocation within the logistics service provider companies. Traditional costing approaches, however, may not be sufficient to reach this aim in case of complex and heterogeneous logistics service structures. So this paper intends to explore the ways of improving the cost calculation regimes of logistics service providers and show how to adopt the multi-level full cost allocation technique in logistics practice. After determining the methodological framework, a sample cost calculation scheme is developed and tested by using estimated input data. Based on the theoretical findings and the experiences of the pilot project it can be concluded that the improved costing model contributes to making logistics costing more accurate and transparent. Moreover, the relations between costs and performances also become more visible, which enhances the effectiveness of logistics planning and controlling significantly
Marine Traffic Optimization Using Petri Net and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Gudelj Anita , Kezić Danko , Vidačić Stjepan
Published: December 2012

The paper deals with the traffic control and job optimization in the marine canal system. The moving of vessels can be described as a set of discrete events and states. Some of these states can be undesirable such as conflicts and deadlocks. It is necessary to apply adequate control policy to avoid deadlocks and blocks the vessels’ moving only in the case of dangerous situation. This paper addresses the use of Petri net as modelling and scheduling tool in this context. To find better solutions the authors propose the integration of Petri net with a genetic algorithm. Also, a matrix based formal method is proposed for analyzing discrete event dynamic system (DEDS). The algorithm is developed to deal with multi-project, multi-constrained scheduling problem with shared resources. It is verified by a computer simulation using MATLAB environment.
A Reliability-Based Resource Allocation Model for Transportation Networks Affected by Natural Disasters
Authors: Mohaymany Afshin Shariat , Ehteshamrad Shideh , Babaei Mohsen
Published: December 2012

This paper is concerned with the development of a resource allocation model for road networks under supply uncertainty caused by natural disasters. An optimization model is proposed to determine which links should be invested for the system to perform better while encountering natural disasters such as earthquake. The connectivity reliability and travel time reliability of origin-destinations (ODs) are selected as performance measures to do so. The Monte-Carlo simulation method is used to estimate the reliability measures and the model is solved by the genetic algorithm. The proposed model is implemented on a test network to demonstrate the results.
Analysis of Traffic Accidents Caused by Drivers by Using Log-Linear Models
Authors: Olmuş Hülya , Erbaş Semra
Published: December 2012

Log-linear modelling is advanced as a procedure to identify factors that underlie the relative frequency of occurrence of various characteristics. The purpose of this study is to present a modelling effort using log-linear models to estimate the relationships between driver’s fault and carelessness and the traffic variables such as gender, accident severity, and accident time. The study was conducted in four different districts in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. There were 1,325 people selected for the study; and they were asked whether they had been in an accident. Four hundred and forty-eight of them answered that they had been involved in an accident. As drivers, 276 out of 448 people, namely 61.6%, had traffic accidents. The data on the variables, namely gender, driver’s fault and carelessness, accident severity and accident time, were collected through a questionnaire survey. Detailed information has been created based on this information. The analysis showed that the best-fit model regarding these variables was the log-linear model. Furthermore, the odds ratio between these variables, the associations of the factors with the accident severity and the contributions of various factors, and the multiple interactions between these variables were assessed. The obtained results provide valuable information in regard to preventing undesired consequences of traffic accidents.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Chemicals Relevant to the Chemical Weapons ConventionUpdate based on the original article by Eric R.J. Wils,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Alcaraz Armando
Published: December 2012

Mass spectrometry in combination with gas chromatography (GC/MS) is at present the most suitable technique for the analysis of chemicals related to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), as GC/MS is capable of providing the required analytical evidence needed to sustain any claim of noncompliance under the Convention.(1–3) Chemical analysis will be carried out on‐site, during an inspection using mobile GC/MS equipment, or off‐site, in at least two designated laboratories selected by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). GC/MS analysis under the Convention is focused primarily on qualitative analysis (unambiguous identification) rather than on quantitative analysis. Moreover, GC/MS analysis has to be established under a strict quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program. The two most applied techniques in verification analysis are low‐resolution electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) GC/MS under full scan conditions. EI is the oldest and still most used ionization technique for the analysis of CWC‐related chemicals. Therefore, special attention is paid in this article to the fragmentation under EI conditions of a number of chemicals belonging to the CWC Schedule list. The chemicals placed on this list are the target for verification analysis, especially the Schedule 1 chemicals, which encompass the well‐known chemical warfare agents (CWA) such as the nerve agents sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), andO‐ethyl‐S‐2‐diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX) and the vesicants sulfur mustard (HD) and lewisite (L). Sample preparation methods for these chemicals and their degradation products in environmental, synthetic material, and biological sample matrices are described in this article.
Capillary Electrophoresis in Clinical ChemistryUpdate based on the original article by Yan Xu,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Wabuyele Simuli L. , Xu Yan
Published: December 2012

Clinical chemistry also known as chemical pathology is a discipline that is generally concerned with analysis of biological fluids for diagnosis of human diseases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is electrophoretic separation run in narrow‐bore capillary format, which has become a highly efficient and versatile separation technique available for analysis of a wide variety of biologically active molecules. Implementation of CE in clinical laboratories will enhance the capability of the current clinical diagnostic system and improve the efficiency and quality of routine clinical testing. Owing to the nature of clinical diagnostics, the adoption of CE in clinical laboratories has been slow. However, CE has begun to replace some older and antiquated conventional techniques with unique applications in some pioneering clinical laboratories. This review covers a brief introduction to the CE technique (i.e. principle of separation, modes of operation, instrumentation, and practical considerations), and a summary of its applications in clinical chemistry (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, drugs, and organic and inorganic ions), as well as the future prospects of this field.
Atomic Spectroscopy in Food AnalysisUpdate based on the original article by Scott A. Baker and Nancy J. Miller‐Ihli,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Baker Scott A. , Miller‐Ihli Nancy J. , Fodor Péter , Woller Ágnes
Published: December 2012

There are several reasons that can explain why food analysis is a topic of strong interest for a large number of institutes around the world. Consumer demands have increased toward healthier and safer food products produced in environment‐friendly conditions. Food manufacturers and food distribution companies have to improve their quality control (QC) of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and end‐products to provide safe, healthy, and high‐quality products at reasonable price. Evaluation of element (e.g. essential and toxic) contents is an important part of nutrition and health claims made on foods. The methods best suited to meet this task are atomic spectroscopic methods such as atomic absorption, atomic emission, and elemental mass spectrometry (MS). Methods commonly used in the generation of food composition data include flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). FAAS and ICP/AES offer similar detection limits (DLs) (ng mL−1levels), whereas GFAAS and ICP/MS can provide sub‐ng mL−1detection capability. The choice of a method often depends on detection capability, but ease of use, speed of analysis, and cost must also be considered. ICP/AES, ICP/MS, and more recently GF/AAS offer the advantage of providing simultaneous multielement measurements, making them well suited for the analysis of large numbers of elements in food samples. If one or a few elements are to be determined, less expensive atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) methods might be more suitable.

The most critical stage in the development of analytical methods is sample preparation. Samples can be prepared using numerous procedures, but the most useful for a wide range of analytes and sample matrices are based on wet ashing of the sample.

In addition to total element determinations, speciation measurements are important to determine the exact chemical form of the element that is present in the sample. As important properties, such as the bioavailability of an element, are dependent on its chemical form (speciation), the development of reliable methods for identification and quantification of trace element species is critical. The most practical difficulty encountered in speciation is to preserve the integrity of the sample and the species of interest during sampling, storage, and sample preparation. Hyphenated techniques, such as the coupling of chromatographic separation and atomic spectroscopic detection, have proven useful for elemental speciation measurements.
Solid‐Phase Extraction and Clean‐Up Procedures in Pharmaceutical AnalysisUpdate based on the original article by P. Campíns‐Falcó, A. Sevillano‐Cabeza, R. Herráez‐Hernández, and C. Molins‐Legua,
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Campíns‐Falcó P. , Sevillano‐Cabeza A. , Herráez‐Hernández R. , Molins‐Legua C. , Moliner‐Martínez Y. , Verdú‐Andrés J.
Published: December 2012

Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using small cartridges filled with sorbents of a small particle size has rapidly established itself as an important sample clean‐up technique. It has prospered at the expense of liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE), which is considered labor intensive and frequently plagued by problems, such as emulsion formation and use of large volumes of hazardous solvents. A remarkable characteristic of SPE is its easy adaptation to on‐line mode by column‐switching techniques; switching can be effected manually or by automated controllers.

The same analyte/sorbent interactions that are exploited in liquid chromatography (LC) are of use in SPE, but particle sizes employed are greater. Chemically bonded silica (SI), usually with C
18
and C
8
organic groups, is by far the most commonly used material. Cross‐linked polystyrene and other polymeric resins and mixed‐mode SPE sorbents are also widely used. Recently, different sorbents have been introduced to improve the selectivity, such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and immunoaffinity sorbents, or to improve the extraction capacity through the increment of the surface‐to‐volume ratio (i.e. hypercross‐linked resins). A guide to improve sample clean‐up procedure can be established.

Current trends in SPE are aimed toward the development of miniaturized systems that facilitate its automation and increase its precision, throughput, and cost‐effectiveness. Examples of such trends are the new formats of SPE such as tip‐based microextraction and solid‐phase microextraction with capillary columns (in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction, IT‐SPME).

There are different approaches to automation for both off‐line and on‐line SPE, which involve different levels of apparatus cost. SPE is generally easier and cheaper than LLE. The precision obtained is similar for both techniques, while the recoveries obtained by SPE are generally better than those obtained by LLE.

Enrichment and derivatization can also be carried out by use of sorbents as supports.
Neutron Scattering in the Analysis of PolymersUpdate based on the original article by D. G. Bucknall,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Roland C. Michael
Published: December 2012

The focus of this article is the application of neutron scattering in polymer science, with various examples given to illustrate the types of problems addressed. Neutron scattering is a powerful analytical tool for investigating polymers. Unique aspects such as the capacity to measure thick samples with an absence heating or radiation‐induced damage, selective control of the scattering contrast by isotopic substitution, and the measurement of dynamic properties as a function of length scale are among the many attributes that make neutron methods not just complementary to other analytical techniques, but in many cases the only means to address material issues. The information that can be obtained from neutron scattering — the size, form, and orientation of molecular chains, the thermodynamics and phase structure of mixtures, interfaces and interfacial phenomena, the dynamics at both the local and global length scales, details of the structure of complex nanocomposites and biological materials, etc. — has only been surveyed herein. It is a testament to the utility of neutron scattering that even though the application of neutrons to polymers did not begin in earnest until the 1990s, through the past decade, about 325 peer‐reviewed publications per year have appeared on the topic. Whether this figure changes in the future will likely depend on the availability of the specialized, costly facilities required for neutron experiments. Certainly there is no expectation of abatement in the number of important problems in polymer science that can be addressed using neutron methods.
Raman Spectroscopy in Process AnalysisUpdate based on the original article by M. Anne Leugers and Elmer D. Lipp,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Lipp Elmer D. , Leugers M. Anne , Chen Xiaoyun , Rickard Mark A. , Wang Xianghuai
Published: December 2012

Process analysis involves the on‐line measurement of chemical or physical properties of a process, generally a manufacturing process, which provides timely data so that the process can be monitored and conditions adjusted if necessary. As a tool for process analysis, Raman spectroscopy has some desirable attributes. Foremost among these are the options for sampling. The use of visible and near‐infrared (NIR) light for the Raman measurement allows the use of commonly available fiber optics for both delivery of light to a sampling point, and then collection of the scattered light and return to a spectrometer. The probes can be insertable into a process or fully noncontact. The noncontact probes operate through windows on the process and provide one of the few means of collecting analytical information without disturbing the process. Raman spectra often provide a high level of chemical and structural information, and the seconds to minutes time frame of the measurement is well suited to process control. In this article, we discuss modern Raman instrumentation and provide a number of application examples, both conventional manufacturing processes and unconventional applications, where the principles and goals of process analysis still apply.
Efficiency Calculation of Gamma Detectors byMonteCarlo Methods
Authors: Sima Octavian
Published: December 2012

γ‐Ray spectrometry is a powerful nondestructive multielemental analysis technique. Its quantitative application requires efficiency calibration. Among the methods available for the computation of the efficiency calibration curve, Monte Carlo simulation is ever increasing in popularity. The need for Monte Carlo simulation is the consequence of the inability of experimental calibration to cope with the broader scope and measuring configurations (shape, volume, and matrices of the samples), with the enhanced coincidence‐summing nuclide specific effects (favored by the current tendency to use high‐efficiency detectors) and with the desired performance parameters (detection limit and uncertainty) met in present‐day applications of γ‐ray spectrometry. The availability of a variety of Monte Carlo packages that can be applied to efficiency computation, several of them user friendly indeed, enlarged the class of potential users of this method. While experimental calibration remains the preferred method in the case of point sources and specific volume sources, such as solutions, it is the flexibility of Monte Carlo calculation that can provide a comprehensive calibration of γ‐ray detectors for a broad range of applications. In this article, the principles of Monte Carlo method are introduced, the applications to detector simulation are presented, and the solutions of typical problems in the calibration of γ‐spectrometry systems are reviewed.
Environmental Science
Authors: Cross Douglas
Published: December 2012

Returns from environmental crime are comparable to those from the narcotics trade, while the risks of conviction and penalty are relatively low, providing attractive opportunities for organized criminal groups. The emerging field of environmental forensics has borrowed extensively from general forensic science to develop techniques that can be used to detect and counter the growing global problem of environmental crime. The demand for protected species places increasing pressures on endangered species of animals and plants, while the chemicals sector produces an astonishing range of novel substances that may enter and adversely affect the environment. The high costs of treating and disposing of hazardous wastes has led to a lucrative market in illicit waste disposal, much of which is also hazardous. Faced with such diverse threats to thousands of vulnerable species, conservationists have been forced to prioritize forensic capacity to protect the most severely threatened resources, and there is a clear trend toward integrated global collaboration to follow international routes of exploitation and disposal. This article provides a brief overview of the main fields of environmental forensic science, and summarizes urgent issues currently faced by practitioners.
Firearms: Gas Spring and Air Weapons
Authors: Heard Brian J.
Published: December 2012

This article deals with compressed air, gas, and spring air guns, their operation and potential power, together with the various missiles that can be fired from them; the wounding and penetrative capability of air gun missiles when fired at human tissue; the penetrative capability of the said missiles when fired at glass, together with indicators to assist in determining the type of missile causing the damage. The article also discusses whether low‐powered air guns can be classified as lethal barreled weapons and how they could fit within appropriate legislation.
Postmortem Toxicology: Artifacts
Authors: Skopp Gisela A.
Published: December 2012

This article attempts to highlight important artifacts (misleading signs) being an inherent part of postmortem toxicology. A major issue with specimens collected for a postmortem toxicology investigation is an understanding of drug use in the antemortem setting as well as the medical history. Drug concentration is likely to change already during perimortem. The potential for postmortem redistribution largely depends on the drug's physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties and environmental conditions, and can be dependent on the site and time. Body fluids and tissues as well as drugs are affected by autolysis (cell disruption) and putrefaction. Degradation as well as formation of new entities occurs as competing processes to postmortem redistribution. Analysis of formalin‐treated samples may create problems with regard to sample processing along with the loss, decomposition, or methylation of drugs. The main collection artifact is contamination. Poor sampling will severely affect a case investigation, as well as the use of inappropriate specimen containers and preservatives. Precaution taken to preserve drug stability during storage until analysis is guided by current knowledge. Problems may also occur during the isolation and identification of a drug. A thoroughly evaluated determination of the parent drug along with major metabolites/degradation products seems necessary to avoid misinterpretation.
Disaster Mental Health
Authors: Bulling Denise , Abdel‐Monem Tarik
Published: December 2012

Disaster mental health is an evolving field of clinical practice that involves a combination of clinicians and indigenous workers. It is typically a set of interventions for use after a disaster or humanitarian emergency that normalize the responses people have to the event. Situations in which disaster mental health interventions may be offered include natural disasters (e.g., tornadoes, floods, etc.), human‐caused disasters (e.g., technological disasters, terrorism, etc.), school and workplace shootings or suicides, or any situation in which groups of people are believed to have been subjected to danger or exploitation (e.g., civil or human rights abridgments or cultural dislocations associated with community or “compound” legal interventions). The philosophy behind disaster mental health is that most people experience normal or common reactions to the event and only a few will develop pathological symptoms that require extensive treatment. The set of interventions employed by disaster mental health practitioners usually consists of outreach, public education, and screening for more problematic reactions to the event. People who may show symptoms of major psychological disorders (such as depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder) are referred to clinicians offering longer term treatment services. There are legal protections in place for disaster mental health practitioners who are part of a larger disaster response.
Mass Grave Investigation
Authors: Connor Melissa A.
Published: December 2012

Mass graves are graves of four or more individuals buried at or about the same time. When bodies are piled on top of each other, the mass decomposes differently than a single body in a grave, owing to accumulated water and body fluids. The variation in decomposition stages, as well as the sheer size of the graves, can make the exhumations logistically challenging. Criminal mass graves rarely result from simple homicide, but often are a result of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. Framing a charge relies on attention to the cause and manner of death of decedents, grave demographics, artifacts, and personal effects, as well as other factors. Attention to how the grave is dug and bodies arranged can help to corroborate witness testimony on the sequence of events and mechanics of execution and body disposal.
Threat Assessment: School
Authors: Cornell Dewey G.
Published: December 2012

Threat assessment is a form of violence prevention that can be applied to school settings. This review covers the reasons why threat assessment is preferable to profiling approaches; research findings that counter misperceptions regarding risk of school violence; and the Virginia model for student threat assessment.
Alcohol: Behavioral and Medical Effects
Authors: Brick John
Published: December 2012

This article reviews the behavioral and medical consequences of alcohol. Alcohol, more than any other drug, is a common factor in toxicology and forensic medicine, and proper understanding of its effects is critical to the interpretation of forensic evidence. Acute intoxication results in increased risk for, and is a contributing factor in, a variety of injuries during driving, fall‐downs, bicycling, thermal, water sport and aircraft operation, and suicide. Intoxication may also affect the outcome of certain types of injuries and shorten life. Chronic alcohol abuse also increases risk and injuries of the nature often encountered in forensic evaluations because of frequent intoxication to high blood‐alcohol concentrations. Physiological changes, such as in bone density and liver pathology, can affect the severity of injury, behavior, pharmacokinetics, and life span.
Solid Propulsion: Ignition Transients
Authors: Schlueter Sam S.
Published: December 2012

Ignition transients are a critical and complex period of operation in solid rocket motors. During the ignition interval, many factors combine which must be taken into account in the design of the entire system. There are many methods in use to analyze different aspects of the ignition processes, and the level of analysis complexity varies with need and available resources. These methods vary from empirically based sizing rules to complex physics‐based analyses. There are still many aspects of ignition transient behavior that have not been fully characterized, and research is continuing to fully understand all processes that occur during ignition transients in solid rocket motors.
High‐Risk Flight Testing
Authors: Lowry Wilson R.
Published: December 2012

“High risk” flight testing is a label typically applied to envelope expansion flights on an unproven aircraft or to flights of an aircraft that has undergone significant modification. It can also include flights containing test points that have proven hazardous in the past and where a risk assessment leads to a likely possibility of aircraft damage or loss associated with achieving the test points. This chapter covers risk identification and assessment tools, safety checklists, appropriate pilot proficiency, and currency considerations, flight test data cards, chase aircraft responsibilities, risk mitigation strategies, operational area assessments, and structured build‐up flight test techniques. All of these topics are referenced to high‐risk category types of flight testing though they all may be applied to any flight test effort in order to mitigate that program's risk as well.

High‐risk flight testing typically covers envelope expansion flights on an unproven aircraft or flight testing of an aircraft that has received significant modifications. This category of testing can also include flights containing test points that have proven hazardous in the past and where a detailed risk assessment leads to a likely possibility of aircraft damage or loss associated with achieving the test points. In any of these instances, key steps in undertaking high‐risk flight testing are to first identify the risks and then proactively inject suitable measures designed to mitigate those risks and enable successful and efficient test completion.
Geology, Geochemistry and Natural Abundances
Authors: McLennan Scott M. , Ross Taylor Stuart
Published: December 2012

Rare earth elements (REE) are important trace elements for evaluating geological processes and are strategic metals with applications in high technology. REE are lithophile, electropositive, mostly trivalent, and refractory; their importance to geochemistry results from systematic variations in ionic radius and complexing, cerium (Ce
3+/4+
) and europium (Eu
2+/3+
) redox states, and slight variations in condensation temperatures. Influence from the tetrad effect remains controversial. In most common rock‐forming minerals, REE are incompatible and concentrated in magmas and late crystallizing minerals. They are essential constituents in about 200 minerals, most being rare in nature. Economical concentrations are found mostly in association with carbonatite magmatism, heavy mineral placers, and several types of regolith. Type CI chondritic meteorites have relative REE abundances identical to the solar photosphere and are taken to represent the REE content of the solar nebula. The silicate fraction of terrestrial planets and the Moon also have chondritic‐relative REE distributions, but absolute abundances differ depending on volatile content and amount of iron partitioned into metal cores. Refractory inclusions in some carbonaceous chondrites display erratic REE patterns resulting from fractionation of most from least refractory REE during localized evaporation/condensation. On Earth, REE partition into silicate mantle and crust and are excluded from the metal core. Oceanic crust is depleted in light REE (LREE), paralleling the pattern of “depleted” mantle, which in turn largely reflects long‐term growth of LREE‐enriched continental crust by partial melting of the upper mantle above subduction zones. Continental crust is further separated into lower and upper crust. Very uniform sedimentary REE patterns are representative of upper continental crust. The pattern is notable for europium depletion due to partitioning of Eu
II
into residual plagioclase during partial melting. Since plagioclase is stable only to 40 km depth on Earth, the anomaly points to shallow intracrustal partial melting processes. Such patterns are observed back to the late Archean, at which time, the upper crust does not display anomalous europium on average and thus formed by different processes. Natural waters are characterized by extremely low but variable REE concentrations due to low solubility and tendency to adsorb onto particle surfaces. Seawater is characterized by severe cerium depletion, resulting from oxidation to Ce
IV
and separation from other REE by preferential uptake onto Mn
IV
‐oxide particles. Enrichment of heavy REE in seawater relative to the crust results from greater stability of heavy rare earth element (HREE) complexes. REE residence times in seawater are short, ranging from 50 (Ce) to about 2500 (HREE) years.
Lanthanides: Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Brennan John G.
Published: December 2012

This article reviews the chemistry and physical properties of molecules and clusters with lanthanide‐chalcogen bonds.
Lanthanides: Organic Synthesis
Authors: Mori Yuichiro , Kobayashi Shũ
Published: December 2012

Recently, rare earth elements have significantly contributed to the development of organic synthesis. The unique physical and chemical properties of rare earth metals afford fine‐tuned catalyst‐ligand complexes that can be utilized for various kinds of organic transformations including catalytic asymmetric reactions. One remarkable character of rare earth metal‐based Lewis acids is its compatibility with water. Organic reactions in aqueous media in the presence of rare earth metal catalysts are rapidly developing. Rare earth elements also constitute multifunctional catalysts for highly enantioselective reactions. Recent topics using rare earth metal catalysts are highlighted.
Lanthanides: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Liddle Stephen T.
Published: December 2012

This chapter describes the fundamental properties of organometallic rare earth chemistry. The history and importance of the field are described. The bonding in this area is outlined with reference to (i) zero‐valent compounds; (ii) the more common rare earth(II) and (III) complexes; (iii) the general dearth of π‐acid derivatives such as carbonyls and olefins; (iv) the general paucity of rare earth‐ligand multiple bond linkages. The basic physicochemical properties of the area are discussed in terms of (i) thermodynamic and kinetic considerations; (ii) solvation; (iii) salt occlusion; (iv) aggregation. The stability of organometallic rare earth complexes is detailed in terms of (i) handling; (ii) elimination reactions and design features of hydrocarbyl ligands; (iii) saturation of the coordination sphere; (iv) the use of dono‐functionalized ligands. Methods of preparation and reaction types are surveyed including (i) salt elimination; (ii) metathesis; (iii) oxidation and transmetallation; (iv) acid‐base chemistry; (v) metal vapor synthesis; (vi) donor cleavage and adduct formation; (vii) σ‐bond metathesis; (viii) classical reactivity patterns; (ix) one‐electron redox chemistry.
Progeroide Laminopathien zwischen Hutchinson-Gilford-Syndrom, restriktiver Dermopathie und mandibuloakraler Dysplasie
Authors: Wehnert M. , Meinke P.
Published: December 2012

Es gibt eine Gruppe primärer und sekundärer Laminopathien mit progeroidem Phänotyp. Sie sind mit pleiotropen Mutationen im LMNA- bzw. ZMPSTE24-Gen assoziiert und äußern sind klinisch als Hutchinson-Gilford-Syndrom, restriktive Dermopathie oder mandibuloakrale Dysplasie. Neben diesen klinisch klar abzugrenzenden progeroiden Laminopathien gibt es eine zunehmende Anzahl atypischer progeroider Laminopathien – auch als atypisches Werner-Syndrom bekannt –, die sich klinisch nicht zuordnen lassen, da sie Merkmale mehrerer Laminopathien aufweisen. Exemplarisch werden zwei solcher atypischer primärer und sekundärer progeroider Laminopathien vorgestellt, die klinisch sich überschneidende Merkmale des Hutchinson-Gilford-Syndroms, der restriktiven Dermopathien, der mandibuloakralen Dysplasie und darüber hinaus muskulärer Laminopathien aufweisen.
Progeroide autosomal-rezessive Cutis-laxa-Syndrome
Authors: Kornak U.
Published: December 2012

Alle autosomal-rezessiven Cutis-laxa-Syndrome haben mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte progeroide Züge. Sie zeigen als Gemeinsamkeit Veränderungen des Bindegewebes, die u. a. zu faltiger, schlaffer Haut führen, und eine unterschiedlich starke Reduktion der Knochenmineraldichte. Daneben können je nach Typ zusätzlich Haarveränderungen, kardiovaskuläre, neurologische, gastrotintestinale und urologische Symptome bestehen. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die klinischen Charakteristika, die Gendefekte und den momentanen Wissensstand bezüglich der Mechanismen.
Morphology of the facial motor nuclei in a rat model of autism during early development
Authors: Oyabu Akiko , Tashiro Yasura , Oyama Takahiro , Ujihara Kensaku , Ohkawara Takeshi , Ida‐Eto Michiru , Narita Masaaki
Published: December 2012

The development of facial nuclei in animal models of disease is poorly understood, but autism is sometimes associated with facial palsy. In the present study, to investigate migration of facial neurons and initial facial nucleus formation in an animal model of autism, rat embryos were treated with valproic acid (VPA) in utero at embryonic day (E) 9.5 and their facial nuclei were analyzed by in situ hybridization at E13.5, E14.5 and E15.5. Signals for Tbx20, which is expressed in early motor neurons, appeared near the floor plate at the level of the vestibular ganglion and extended caudolaterally, where they became ovoid in shape. This pattern of development was similar between control and VPA‐exposed embryos. However, measurements of the migratory pathway and the size of the facial nuclei revealed that exposure to VPA hindered the caudal migration of neurons to the facial nuclei. Signals for cadherin 8, which is expressed in mature facial nuclei, revealed that exposure to VPA caused a significant reduction in the size of the facial nuclei. Our findings provide the first quantitative description of tangential migration and nucleus formation in the developing hindbrain in a rat model of autism.
Updated WHO guidance on safe abortion: Health and human rights
Authors: Erdman Joanna N. , DePiñeres Teresa , Kismödi Eszter
Published: December 2012

Since its first publication in 2003, the World Health Organization's “Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems” has had an influence on abortion policy, law, and practice worldwide. To reflect significant developments in the clinical, service delivery, and human rights aspects of abortion care, the Guidance was updated in 2012. This article reviews select recommendations of the updated Guidance, highlighting 3 key themes that run throughout its chapters: evidence‐based practice and assessment, human rights standards, and a pragmatic orientation to safe and accessible abortion care. These themes not only connect the chapters into a coherent whole. They reflect the research and advocacy efforts of a growing field in women's health and human rights.
Putting the Alzheimer's cognitive test to the test I: Traditional psychometric methods
Authors: Hobart Jeremy , Cano Stefan , Posner Holly , Selnes Ola , Stern Yaakov , Thomas Ronald , Zajicek John ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2012

Background

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Behavior section (ADAS‐Cog) is the most commonly used cognitive test in AD clinical trials. However, there are concerns about its use in early‐stage disease. Herein we examine those concerns using traditional psychometric methods.

Methods

We analyzed ADAS‐Cog data (n = 675) based on six psychometric properties: data completeness; scaling assumptions; targeting; reliability; validity; and responsiveness.

Results

At the scale‐level, criteria tested for data completeness, scaling assumptions (item total correlations 0.33–0.59), targeting (no floor/ceiling effects), reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.74), and validity (correlation with MMSE = −0.70) were satisfied. Responsiveness (baseline to 12 months; n = 145) was moderate to high (effect size = −0.73). However, 8 of 11 ADAS‐Cog components had substantial ceiling effects (range 32%–83%), and decreased responsiveness associated with low to moderate effect sizes (0.14–0.65).

Conclusion

In our study, many patients with AD found large portions of the ADAS‐Cog too easy. Future research should consider modifying the ADAS‐Cog or developing a new test.
Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America
Authors: Mudde Cas , Rovira Kaltwasser Cristóbal
Published: December 2012

Although there is a lively academic debate about contemporary populism in Europe and Latin America, almost no cross-regional research exists on this topic. This article aims to fill this gap by showing that a minimal and ideological definition of populism permits us to analyse current expressions of populism in both regions. Moreover, based on a comparison of four prototypical cases (FN/Le Pen and FPÖ/Haider in Europe and PSUV/Chávez and MAS/Morales in Latin America), we show that it is possible to identify two regional subtypes of populism: exclusionary populism in Europe and inclusionary populism in Latin America.
Long-chain fatty acids differentially alter lipogenesis in bovine and caprine mammary slices
Authors: Bernard Laurence , Montazer Torbati Mohamad B. , Graulet Benoit , Leroux Christine , Chilliard Yves
Published: December 2012

Indirect comparisons from studies in vivo have suggested that caprine mammary tissue is less sensitive than bovine mammary tissue to the anti-lipogenic effect of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), including specific rumen biohydrogenation (RBH) intermediates of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Our objective was to investigate the effects on lipogenesis of 18-carbon LCFA differing in the degree of unsaturation and/or double bond conformation using cultured slices of bovine and caprine mammary tissues. Mammary tissues were collected from five multiparous Holstein × Normande cows and six multiparous Alpine goats in mid lactation. The expression of genes involved in milk component synthesis was measured in tissues collected at slaughter and after slice preparation:FASN, SCD1, CD36, SREBF1andPPARG1mRNA levels were higher in bovine than caprine samples, whereas the opposite was observed forCSN2mRNA levels. Bovine and caprine mammary slices were incubated for 20 h in a medium with BSA (control), cis-9-18 : 1, 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11-CLA, or trans-10, cis-12-CLA (the latter at 3 increasing concentrations: C1 (0·11 mm), C2 (0·16 mm), C3 (0·37 mm)). Lipogenesis was estimated by measuring the incorporation of14C-acetate into total lipid. Significant differences of individual LCFA (P < 0·05) were observed between species: bovine tissue showed a decrease in total lipogenesis with 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, trans-10,cis-12-CLA (C2 and C3) while caprine tissue showed an increase after treatment with 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11-CLA or trans-10, cis-12-CLA (C3). These results were not related to the mRNA abundance of our set of genes in the mammary slices after incubation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that caprine mammary slices reacted differently from bovine mammary slices to the anti-lipogenic activity of specific LCFA and suggests that regulation of lipogenesis via other genes and/or at protein level and enzyme activity may be involved.