bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance study of a 360° CZT camera for monitoring 177Lu-PSMA treatment
Authors: Vergnaud Laure , Badel Jean-Noël , Giraudet Anne-Laure , Kryza David , Mognetti Thomas , Baudier Thomas , Rida Hanan , Dieudonné Arnaud , Sarrut David
Published: September 2023

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the quantification performance of a 360° CZT camera for 177Lu-based treatment monitoring.

Methods

Three phantoms with known 177Lu activity concentrations were acquired: (1) a uniform cylindrical phantom for calibration, (2) a NEMA IEC body phantom for analysis of different-sized spheres to optimise quantification parameters and (3) a phantom containing two large vials simulating organs at risk for tests. Four sets of reconstruction parameters were tested: (1) Scatter, (2) Scatter and Point Spread Function Recovery (PSFR), (3) PSFR only and (4) Penalised likelihood option and Scatter, varying the number of updates (iterations × subsets) with CT-based attenuation correction only. For each, activity concentration (ARC) and contrast recovery coefficients (CRC) were estimated as well as root mean square. Visualisation and quantification parameters were applied to reconstructed patient image data.

Results

Optimised quantification parameters were determined to be: CT-based attenuation correction, scatter correction, 12 iterations, 8 subsets and no filter. ARC, CRC and RMS results were dependant on the methodology used for calculations. Two different reconstruction parameters were recommended for visualisation and for quantification. 3D whole-body SPECT images were acquired and reconstructed for 177Lu-PSMA patients in 2–3 times faster than the time taken for a conventional gamma camera.

Conclusion

Quantification of whole-body 3D images of patients treated with 177Lu-PSMA is feasible and an optimised set of parameters has been determined. This camera greatly reduces procedure time for whole-body SPECT.
Dual degree branched type-2 fuzzy controller optimized with a hybrid algorithm for frequency regulation in a triple-area power system integrated with renewable sources
Authors: Kumari Nisha , Aryan Pulakraj , Raja G. Lloyds , Arya Yogendra
Published: September 2023

The uncertainties associated with multi-area power systems comprising both thermal and distributed renewable generation (DRG) sources such as solar and wind necessitate the use of an efficient load frequency control (LFC) technique. Therefore, a hybrid version of two metaheuristic algorithms (arithmetic optimization and African vulture's optimization algorithm) is developed. It is called the ‘arithmetic optimized African vulture's optimization algorithm (AOAVOA)’. This algorithm is used to tune a novel type-2 fuzzy-based proportional–derivative branched with dual degree-of-freedom proportional–integral–derivative controller for the LFC of a three-area hybrid deregulated power system. Thermal, electric vehicle (EV), and DRG sources (including a solar panel and a wind turbine system) are connected in area-1. Area-2 involves thermal and gas-generating units (GUs), while thermal and geothermal units are linked in area-3. Practical restrictions such as thermo-boiler dynamics, thermal-governor dead-band, and generation rate constraints are also considered. The proposed LFC method is compared to other controllers and optimizers to demonstrate its superiority in rejecting step and random load disturbances. By functioning as energy storage elements, EVs and DRG units can enhance dynamic responses during peak demand. As a result, the effect of the aforementioned units on dynamic reactions is also investigated. To validate its effectiveness, the closed-loop system is subjected to robust stability analysis and is compared to various existing control schemes from the literature. It is determined that the suggested AOAVOA improves fitness by 40.20% over the arithmetic optimizer (AO), while frequency regulation is improved by 4.55% over an AO-tuned type-2 fuzzy-based branched controller.
Dietary assessment across various life stages of seven-spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Abbas Sohail , Abbas Muneer , Alam Aleena , Feng Xiao , Raza Ali , Shakeel Muhammad , Qin Weibo , Han Xiao , Chen Rizhao
Published: September 2023

Background

Coccinella septempunctata (L.) is an important predator in fighting against aphids on edible crops and vegetables. However, to establish a successful mass-rearing technique, it is crucial to determine the optimal diets for larvae, pupae, and adults in terms of fecundity, longevity, and ingredient ratios. The current study aims to learn more about the biology of ladybird beetle using both artificial and natural food components.

Results

This study tested six different ratios of natural and artificial diets, ranging from a natural aphid diet to a variety of artificial diets containing protein hydrolyzate, casein protein, honey, dry aphids, yeast, and agar. The results showed that the natural diet (D1) produced from aphids showed approximately 290.2 eggs, while artificial diets D2 and D4 produced 56.5 and 40.2 eggs, respectively. The effect of different diets on the longevity of different life stages was also tested. The minimum longevity of egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages were recorded for D1 and D4. Furthermore, the maximum percentage emergence of larval, pupal, and adult stages was observed for D1 and D2. D6 produced the longest adult duration, with a maximum of 84.60 days. However, there was no significant difference in sex ratio among the various diet components.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results suggest that artificial diets are essential for sustaining C. septempunctata cultures in laboratories, especially during periods when natural prey is scarce. The most effective and efficient mass-rearing approach would be to provide both natural and artificial foods simultaneously. These findings may have significant implications for the development of biological control strategies for aphids in agriculture.
Sustainable Integration of US Food and Drug Administration–Approved Biosimilars: Pharmacy- Versus Physician-Driven Change
Authors: Waterhouse David M. , Ward Patrick , Drosick David R. , Burdette Caleb , Davies Daniel , Mendenhall Molly A.
Published: September 2023

PURPOSE

Biosimilars are clinically equivalent to branded products yet cost significantly less. Interchangeability is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that allows generic drugs to be substituted for reference drugs at the pharmacy, without a physician's consent. Currently, no oncologic biosimilar has FDA approval for interchangeability.

METHODS

Building on pharmacy auto-substitution processes with therapeutic interchange, Plan-Do-Study-Act methodology was used to automate conversions from reference biological products to Pharmacy and Therapeutics–/Physician-approved biosimilars. After establishing the baseline metrics, cycle 1 focused on full staff education (completed July 2020) with systematic pharmacy-driven biosimilar conversion initiated in September 2020 for rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab. Physician-initiated conversion of Neulasta biosimilar products was encouraged but not mandated. During cycle 2 (May 1, 2021-November 30, 2021), pharmacy-driven Neulasta biosimilar conversion was mandated. In cycle 3 (December 1, 2021-April 30, 2023), stakeholder education was reinforced and the sustainability of conversions was confirmed.

RESULTS

Systematic pharmacy-driven conversion to biosimilar products improved over cycles 1 and 2 from baseline: 1.8% to 90.3% for rituximab, 9.2% to 89.7% for trastuzumab, and 20.5% to 96.1% for bevacizumab. Physician-driven biosimilar conversion for Neulasta was lower at 12.7% through April 2021. Pharmacy-driven Neulasta biosimilar conversion was initiated during cycle 2, resulting in a conversion rate of 39.7%. The conversion rates remained sustainable through April 2023.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacy-driven auto-substitution of biosimilar products results in rapid and statistically significant biosimilar adoption. The pharmacy-based substitution approach was found to be far more effective than physician-driven substitution. Rapid conversion from branded products to FDA-approved biosimilar is feasible, measurable, and sustainable and can be scaled. Barriers to Neulasta conversion warrant further investigation.
Aimé Césaire’s Yugoslav Detour
Authors: Perisic Alexandra
Published: September 2023

In 1935, while visiting his friend Petar Guberina in Dalmatia, Aimé Césaire saw an island by the name of Martinska (the equivalent of Martinique). Shocked by this discovery, he began writing his Notebook of a Return to the Native Land. While acknowledged, this Yugoslav connection tends to be mentioned as merely anecdotal. This essay argues that Yugoslavia represented an important detour for Césaire. Césaire’s friendship with Guberina and his discovery of Martinska allowed him to see how the particularity of his historical experience as a member of the African diaspora could also serve as the basis for solidarity with other oppressed people. Whereas the accusation of racial essentialism has long followed the founders of the Negritude movement, the Yugoslav connection invites a more layered and nuanced reading of the Notebook, whose unusual origins resonate throughout its verses, positioning it as a text always already in Relation.
Recuperating the Value of Nothing in Erna Brodber’s Short Novel Nothing’s Mat
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: September 2023

In Caribbean Literature and the Public Sphere (2011), Raphael Dalleo draws on the concept of the field to note that Caribbean writers often “operate within a constrained set of possibilities governed by certain historically determined rules . . . from accommodation to opposition to more conflicted positions in-between.” Throughout her essays and fiction, the Jamaican writer, sociologist, and activist Erna Brodber recuperates discarded, illegible, or negative elements in the literary field of Caribbean literature. This essay argues that Brodber uses a mode of self-negation in her short novel Nothing’s Mat (2011) to open discursive space for individual and collective identities illegible within dominant theories of Caribbean literature such as pluralism or creolization: supernatural elements more readily identifiable in Latin American magical realism, a Pan-African vision decades after Negritude, and a commitment to the experiences of Afro-Caribbean womanhood.
IPO delisting
Authors: Γιαννούλης Ιωάννης
Published: September 2023

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αναλύει και εξετάζει τους λόγους για τους οποίους οι περισσότερες αρχικές δημόσιες εγγραφές (Initial Public Offerings-IPO) των εταιριών της περιόδου 1996-2004 στο Χρηματιστήριο Αθηνών (www.athexgroup.gr) στη διάρκεια των ετών έως το 2018. Επίσης παρουσιάζει τα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα της Ελληνικής κεφαλαιαγοράς καθώς και του σύγχρονου επιχειρηματικού περιβάλλοντος. Τα δεδομένα της εργασίας αφορούν 185 αρχικές δημόσιες εγγραφές της περιόδου 1996 έως 2004 και αντλήθηκαν από τα πρωτότυπα ενημερωτικά δελτία των εταιριών της περιόδου της δημόσιας εγγραφής. Τέλος εξετάζουμε τις διαφορές μεταξύ εθελούσιας (voluntary) και μη εθελούσιας/διαγραφής (involuntary/delisting) καθώς και τον χρόνο διαγραφής (time-to-delist). Τα ευρήματά μας είναι τα ακόλουθα: α) υπάρχει θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της πιθανότητας διαγραφής μιας εταιρίας και το αρχικό μέγεθος της δημόσιας εγγραφής καθώς και το μέγεθος της χειραγώγησης των κερδών (earnings manipulation) και β) υπάρχει αρνητική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της περιόδου της δημόσιας εγγραφής (hot-issuance period) και της ποιότητας του ελέγχου (audit quality). Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά συμφωνούν με τη θεωρία της ασύμμετρης πληροφόρησης (asymmetry information), ιδιαίτερα για τις εθελούσιες διαγραφές (voluntary delisted firms).
Toward an Information-Processing Theory of Loss Aversion
Authors: Villas-Boas J. Miguel
Published: September 2023

Imperfect information processing can lead to loss aversion behavior.
A Comprehensive Study on Agricultural Residue Management by Vermicomposting
Authors: T. Babar* Anil , S. Patil Nagraj , Sangmi Sanjeev
Published: September 2023

The green revolution as well as improved seed-based fertilizers and water management have increased food grain production. The planned crop has led to an increase in food grains and biodiversity. Rice farming, wheat production as well as sugarcane crops have also increased the yield and crop waste. This farm waste has also increased the cost of farm management. Many farmers’ burn and dispose of this waste, which causes air pollution. For example, the burning of waste from paddy and wheat farms in Punjab has led to an increase in air pollution in and around New Delhi. Also, the burning of farm waste is causing the loss of organic matter. Therefore, the vermicomposting project is the right way to use all such agricultural waste in the same field. This will enable proper drainage of field waste and enable the concerned farmer to produce vermicomposting containing the maximum amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash in less space. Therefore, while maintaining the balance of the environment, natural air, and water remain clean. Varieties of earthworm species are utilized for making vermicompost, which is useful for the rapid growth of a crop. This reduces the use of chemical fertilizers in the field and enables the farmers to do properly planned farming at a low cost. It takes less time to do vermicomposting. They also make the seedlings grow faster, Increases soil water holding capacity, and Reduce soil BOD. Also, vermicomposting is a boon for the nursery. Stakeholders would be truly intelligent consumers.
Effect of AM Fungi on Infectivity of Pythium Aphanidermatum in Curcuma Longa L.
Authors: Bhosale Kishor , Shinde Bharat , Limaye Abhijit , Kulkarni Abhijit
Published: September 2023

Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) a perennial herb belongs to Zingiberaceae. It’s highly grown for its remarkable medicinal uses. Apart from medicinal properties and importance; Turmeric has not been emphasized much with respect to agricultural view. Sustainable agriculture is need of hour and hence it must be brought in practice on large scale. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has mutually beneficial relationship with the roots and support plants during biotic and abiotic stress. The function of AM fungi in different morphological parameters when Turmeric under biotic stress shows scanty records so far. Existing research studies are intended to evaluate an influence of AM fungi on Turmeric plant during biotic stress. During this investigation Turmeric plants were assessed for Growth and Vigour Index, relative mycorrhizal dependency, some biochemical contents and fresh weight of the rhizome. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed strongly significant results.
Determining Adoption of Agritech by Farmers in Rural Bangalore
Authors: Kumari* Shwetha , M Vineeth
Published: September 2023

The use and dissemination of agricultural technology has sparked widespread attention across disciplines since it is seen as a solution to food shortages, low productivity, income, and yields in farming, particularly in developing nations such as India. As of mid-2021, there are approximately 226 AgriTech startups in Bangalore, Karnataka, out of 700 in India. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors (age, educational level, economic status, farmer category) that influence the adoption of AgriTech startups services in Karnataka's rural Bangalore district. This study was conducted in Byrasandra and Byadarahalli in Namangala taluk of Rural Bangalore among farmers who had adopted AgriTech and who had not adopted agritech services provided by agritech startups. A descriptive analysis such as chi square and cross tab was used to examine the objectives using a random sample of 100 farmers. From the result it was evident that farmer’s age, educational level, economic status and farmer category plays a significant role in the rural Bangalore uptake of AgriTech given by AgriTech startups. The study recommends the future studies on adoption of AgriTech in India to widen the range of variables used by researchers.
Raising the profile of nurse leadership
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: September 2023

Sam Foster, Executive Director of Professional Practice, Nursing and Midwifery Council, reflects on the findings of a study that examined the attributes required of, and the challenges faced by, nurse directors
Digital health post pandemic: turning quick fixes into long-term improvements
Authors: Tweedie Caroline
Published: September 2023

Caroline Tweedie, Specialist Breast Care Nurse ( Caroline.Tweedie@nhs.net ), Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, winner of the Silver Award in the Oncology Nurse of the Year category of the BJN Awards 2023
Selling kidneys
Authors: Ellis Peter
Published: September 2023

This article covers the ethical and moral arguments that arise when human organs are bought or sold in the UK. It is important that kidney care professionals acquaint themselves with the arguments and understand the law, as they are the ones who are ultimately in a position to prevent its occurrence
A Tangled World
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the Atlantic in the eighteenth century. It begins by looking at the story of Olaudah Equiano, which reveals the barbarity of the institution of slavery and its central significance to the eighteenth century. Through the work of the enslaved and the ships that brought them to the New World, networks emerged that turned the Atlantic from a geographic space into a system. Most critically, the manner in which the Atlantic was integrated challenged older ways of conceiving of space, time, and change itself. The Atlantic became a place of intertwining allegiances, exploitation, and opportunity. Its entanglements led to adventure, but they also occasioned war, amplified the power of the state, and led to all sorts of new competition between world powers. Transformations also presaged the advent of new ways of conceiving of trade, mobility, and labor. Eventually, the vast transformations associated with consolidation of the system would create tensions that would lead to an Atlantic-wide crisis.
The Gordian Knot of Fear
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: September 2023

This chapter details how France's most profitable colony, Saint-Domingue, was rocked by violence, but the sort that terrified nearly everyone: slave insurrection. Fears were amplified as deference crumbled and as news swept through planter societies because of events elsewhere. In both Saint-Domingue and France, violence was tied to the breakdown of sovereignty. They were both caught in the same process, one that North Americans had struggled with only years before. The French colonial and metropolitan stories, however, differed from the American case because of the depth of violence. In Saint-Domingue, violence contorted allegiances and complicated the fault lines that defined status in the place. In these critical years throughout the Atlantic—1790 to 1793—the world turned, just as the tide of revolution did, doing so along these axes of hope, fear, anger, violence, and vengeance.
Introduction
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on Native and new immigrant self-representations to show how, despite U.S. exclusionary efforts, new immigrants and Native Americans co-constitute what it means to be (and not to be) an American. The chapter sets out to rethink arguments about national belonging, citizenship, and literary and cultural production within and across these two groups and in relation to Americanization. The chapter primarily discusses the shared spaces, gaps, and erasures occupied by both Native Americans and new European immigrants in the American imaginary at the turn into the twentieth century. It offers a critical lens to understand how the nation-state reproduced itself in two disparate yet intimately connected arenas in the “domestication” and Americanization of both colonized and “foreign” people. The chapter rethinks popular understandings of Americanization and argues that, in their interactions with Americanizers, new immigrants and Native Americans not only challenged the intellectual and cultural debates over inclusion and exclusion but also expanded the narrow definitions of American identity. By recasting the story of American Indians and new immigrants as one of exclusion and a careful recalibration of identity to facilitate membership (if not inclusion) in American society, the chapter illuminates the common project of the two (admittedly diverse) groups: rejecting exclusion.
“You Can’t Come In! The Quota for 1620 Is Full”
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter historicizes Americanization as ideology, on one hand, and federal- and state-sponsored program, on the other. It situates the debates over national identity and citizenship in a broader racial and ethnic context. The chapter begins with the uneasy places Indians and immigrants occupy in the American settler imaginary, in narratives of deficiency that the work of Americanization sought to reinforce. Although many non-Anglo-Saxon peoples were intimately implicated in or co-opted by Americanization, the chapter focuses on Native and new immigrants, two groups rarely read together. Drawing on Indigenous and immigrant literary history, it reveals connections between old Anglo-Saxon anxieties over Indians and new(er) anxieties over new immigrants. The chapter starts and ends with analyses of political cartoons, which speak to larger concerns about Americanization, exclusion, and representation.
“That Is Why I Sent You to Carlisle”
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter engages a key archive of this book: the records of Carlisle Indian Industrial School, the first federally funded off-reservation boarding school. The chapter investigates the surviving student letters and publications from Carlisle and other federal boarding schools, and offers a glimpse into a tumultuous period of Americanization. Writing and reading practices mitigated some of the damage that industrial training did to Native education; print culture offered a platform for creative expression and shaped this period in the American Indian intellectual tradition. The chapter examines why Native student writing was complicit with the institution's ideology, popularized by the school's founder, R. H. Pratt, yet sometimes critical of the demands the institution made of its students. The chapter demonstrates that education for Americanization aimed at erasing tribal identity and instilling patriotism into students, but how Native students integrated Indigeneity into their writing and expressive culture tells a more nuanced story. The chapter emphasizes that the rhetorically bold writings and performances at Carlisle set the stage for the cultural work of the Society of American Indians.
Americanization on Native Terms
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter builds on the argument that Carlisle students' writing and performance set the stage for the more militant cultural work of the Society of American Indians, the first pan-Indian national organization with an agenda for the political and intellectual future of Native communities nationally at the beginning of the twentieth century. It argues that two competing nationalisms, American and Indian—often overlapping—were at the heart of the spirited debates over American citizenship during the Progressive Era. The chapter first considers the cultural work and print culture of Native intellectuals affiliated with the Society of American Indians. It shows that Native intellectuals rewrote the mainstream discourses on “racial difference” and authored Americanization on Native terms. The chapter focuses on several key figures of the Society of American Indians: Gertrude Bonnin, Carlos Montezuma, Arthur C. Parker, Charles Eastman, and Laura Cornelius Kellogg. Studying the activist and print work of the Society of American Indians, the chapter aims to show how Native intellectuals negotiated rhetorical practices to educate readers about Native history, culture, and resilience.
From “Vanishing Indians” to “Redskins”
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyzes some of the possibilities and limitations of the cultural work that silent film did in the Americanization project and the broader understanding of Indigenous representation and its relation to modernity. It emphasizes that silent film representations broaden our understanding of the medium's role in representations of national identity and racial difference, however problematic those representations may be. The chapter then builds on Indigenous and non-Indigenous film critics' work on the early westerns, well-known and newly discovered silent films, which performed two simultaneous tasks at the time. It examines how films helped usher in Indigenous modernity, however uneven the process was at the time. The chapter shows that while mediating between the demands of the genre and a commitment to tribal specificity, these films began to challenge misconceptions about Native representation. It then investigates settler-produced films about Native people, including the popular Western genre, through an Indigenous Studies lens; films by Native directors and films with a Native cast. The chapter identifies moments of slippage or undecidability (the Derridean aporia) in the settler colonial visual narrative, which allows for more nuanced readings of Native presence on and off screen.
Introduction
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter elaborates on the thought process behind the creation of this biography of Martin Heidegger. In the process compiling research for this work, the chapter notes that the author's image of Heidegger has changed throughout, as more and more context as well as the author's own background reveals more questions and contradictions to the subject in question. As the chapter shows, Heidegger's conception of history was not a simple, straightforward expression of the Nazi regime, it was not completely devoid of connections to it, either. Indeed, the question of Heidegger's national and patriotic allegiance itself has become linked with the author's own experiences. As such, a delicate hand is required in establishing Heidegger's ties to Nazism. Moreover, the story of Heidegger's life and work requires both a historical and a philosophical lens to portray the man in full.
A Catholic Childhood in a Town in Southwestern Germany (1889–1903)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes Martin Heidegger's childhood in the rural town of Meßkirch, Germany. Heidegger was born in 1889, the first son of Friedrich (1851–1924) and Johanna Heidegger, née Kempf (1858–1927), both of whom were rural, petty bourgeois Catholics. The young Heidegger's daily life was rural, taking place in a town and a countryside whose limited scope was taken for granted by the people who lived there. Heidegger began elementary school (Volksschule) at the age of six, during a time when schools had an eminently political function. Moreover, Heidegger's childhood was characterized by a sense of military excitement as well, as the German Empire's military achievements during this time gave the army an unprecedented aura of glory. In the 1870s, Heidegger's youth also bore witness to the politics of Kulturkampf as well as the politics of the Reich, which became violently anti-Catholic. The virulence of the confrontation between Catholics and liberals gives an invaluable explanation of the weakness of anti-Semitism in Martin Heidegger's milieu.
A Philosopher in the Great War (1914–1918)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores Martin Heidegger's life during the First World War. Heidegger volunteered when the general mobilization was decreed, but was declared unfit for service because of his heart condition. In 1915, however, as the war dragged on, Heidegger was finally enlisted as part of the reserves (Landsturm), and he quietly pursued his academic career during the war until 1917 without having fired a single shot. A year later and he was finally given his first real experience of the war when he spent five months away from his native region, his time in service thus having expanded his horizons and pushed him further toward conservatism. The war period also witnessed Heidegger's gradual break with Catholicism. The chapter shows how these turbulent times have pushed him further toward an urban and Protestant, militarist, and anti-Semitic Germany.
The Memory of Meßkirch Fades Away (1919–1923)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers Martin Heidegger's life during the immediate postwar period. While Germany's defeat shook the nation's foundations, Heidegger thought that it was time for a philosophical revolution. Apolitical because he lacked knowledge of and esteem for concrete politics, Heidegger accorded much less attention to current events and to his contemporaries than to philosophy and to authors of the past, but he was not unaffected by the anti-Semitism simmering across the country. Despite harboring anti-Semitist beliefs himself, Heidegger nevertheless had close relationships with Jews, including his teacher, the noted philosopher Edmund Husserl. Since the war, however, Heidegger had found himself alone in his enterprise of philosophical revolution. Husserl seemed to him insufficiently radical, and the break with Catholicism had cut him off from his religious friends. Despite his arrogance, Heidegger regretted this solitude, though he gradually found a friend in Karl Jaspers. Moreover, despite an emotional return to his hometown, the revolution caused him increasingly to forget the region of his birth, its religion, and its values. The Meßkirch way was fading away without his realizing it.
The Rector’s Address, or a Self-Portrait of the Philosopher as Führer
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter paints a portrait of Martin Heidegger as a new rector. It reveals an academic philosophy that was as Nazist as it was personal; by teaching his audience what the education of the future Führer of the German people should be, he sought to assume the spiritual leadership of the revolution from his lectern. By closely intertwining rhetoric, philosophy, and politics, Heidegger applied three inseparable concepts on which the new regime was built: leadership, leaders, and followers (Führung, Führer, and Gefolgschaft). Heidegger wanted to revolutionize his people's spiritual world. That expression, “spiritual world,” was at the heart of Heidegger's political and scientific reflections, and, indirectly, of his academic thinking as well, as the chapter shows. Heidegger set great store by blood and soil, which he saw as the “strengths” of a people's existence. His relative originality within Nazism took the form of a strong emphasis on soil understood as a natural and historical environment. He also wanted a secularized science that accepted the distress of existence without affording itself the fallacious refuge of a belief in God that guaranteed science and truth.
An Albatross Tries Out the Goose Step (1933–1934)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines Martin Heidegger's situation as a thinker in Nazi Germany. By virtue of his position, his prestige, and his discourse, he was a zealous promoter of the new regime. He publicly supported its entire policy, which he implemented and sometimes even anticipated. Heidegger repurposed certain elements of his philosophy to make them serve the regime's propaganda. Indeed, the rector of Freiburg did not limit himself to a mastery of speech: he also conducted himself as a loyal and even zealous official of the regime. Heidegger's proclamation of his Führung—his leadership over the university—and his role in elaborating new university bylaws that entitled him to almost absolute power as Führer-rector, did not mean he would actually possess such power. Additionally, the purge policy that Heidegger conducted in tandem with the regime had repercussions for his personal relationships, particularly with “non-Aryans.” The rector, whose anti-Semitic policy was in conformity with that of the Reich, no longer accepted thesis students whom the government deemed to be “Jews.”
An Oracle Facing the Storm (1934–1945)
Authors: Payen Guillaume
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows that, as Martin Heidegger was seeking to inspire the course of the Nazi revolution, he lost his illusions but not his faith in the historical necessity of Nazism. From the lofty heights of Todtnauberg, sensing the Third Reich's rush toward power and toward the abyss, the philosopher became an oracle in the face of the storm unleashed by Berlin. In the meantime, however, his enthusiasm of the early days of the rectorship waned. Following this, Heidegger changed the orientation of his philosophy. He ended up recovering his youthful passion for German literature. Additionally, the chapter also reflects on Heidegger's life during the course of World War II. Heidegger reacted to his country's foreign policy like many Germans, approving of the strong-arm policy conducted by Hitler and worrying about the risk of war, even though he did not really believe in it. However, Germany's declaration of war on the United States changed Heidegger's perception of that conflict within the history of being. Soon enough, however, war sapped his strength and led him to fear he would be unable to store safely his thousands and thousands of pages of manuscripts.
The Two Moralities
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

The left and right will always have strong policy disagreements, but constructive debate and negotiation are not possible when each side demonizes the other. We need to move past our poisonous politics. This book provides a new framework for understanding why and how we disagree. The book asks readers to consider the challenging possibility that both liberalism and conservatism are morally based and reflect genuine concern for the country. Moral psychology is an invaluable lens for understanding the roots of political differences. The book presents a “Model of Moral Motives” that maps the most fundamental motivations recognized by psychology—approach and avoidance—onto these differences. Liberal morality focuses on providing for the group's well-being and ensuring social justice. Conservative morality focuses on protecting the group from threats and preserving order. These moralities can account for the psychological differences between liberals and conservatives and for why certain positions resonate on each side of the political spectrum. Why, for example, do conservatives oppose abortion and favor unfettered free markets while liberals favor a woman's right to choose and economic regulation? Understanding that our political differences are rooted in two natural forms of morality can help us begin to detoxify our politics.
Introduction
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the moral motives associated with the political ideologies of the left and right. It starts with a metaphor for two sides of the political spectrum (liberals and conservatives) by referencing the differences during the early days of the French Revolution. Morality provides an invaluable perspective for perceiving the roots of political differences in the United States. Even if the country always had left and right political divisions, the polarization as of late became particularly threatening. The chapter also considers the potent disagreements that divide liberals and conservatives and the threat that inequality and authoritarianism bring to party politics.
What the Reigning Theory Gets Wrong
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers Jonathan Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory in correlation with the relationship between morality and politics. It also notes Haidt's recent work addressing the dangers of social media. According to Haidt and his colleagues, the five moral foundations revolve around Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity. The concept of Care and Fairness are deemed to be individualizing foundations, while Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity are binding foundations that focus on groups. The chapter notes the failure of the Moral Foundations Theory to distinguish between Social Justice and Fairness. It cites the failure to distinguish between Fairness and Social Justice, they omit a liberal collective morality and conclude that only conservatives have a binding group-based morality.
Threat and Coordination Versus Hope and Cooperation
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the distinction and correlation between the notions of cooperation and coordination. Liberals increase their attractiveness by fostering hope and the possibility of a better society. On the other hand, the appeal of conservatism rises in line with the increasing perception of threat and desire for protection. The chapter explains that Social Order is the collective morality of the right in contrast with Social Justice as the collective morality of the left. It also considers how both political parties and collective moralities handled the Covid-19 pandemic, referencing the conflict and political messaging between Donald Trump and Joe Biden.
Social Justice and the Bane of Inequality
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the notion of Social Justice in correlation to the bane of inequality. As the left calls for Social Justice and greater equality of outcomes, the right fights liberal attempts at redistribution and argues for equal opportunity instead. Moreover, the Social Order morality attempts to defend a hierarchy of wealth that has grown increasingly unequal. The chapter highlights the economic inequality in the United States, which is a problem that suggests having too little Social Justice. The racialization of poverty resulted in a view on the right that Blacks and people of color are getting more than their fair share of resources.
Social Order and Authoritarianism
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how authoritarianism is a sign of too much Social Order. It acknowledges the authoritarianism promoted by Donald Trump and his Republican base as a clear threat to democracy. Trump's authoritarianism relies on the elements of Social Order, but he seems less interested in creating order and stability than in fomenting disorder. Meanwhile, religion served as an effective moral authority for some and afforded meaning and purpose to others. The chapter clarifies that the morality of a political party is determined by its conduct even if collective moralities underlie political liberalism and conservatism, referencing how the Republican Party reflects Trump's immorality.
Moving Forward
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the future of liberals' and conservatives' ideologies that continue to populate the political world. It notes the social psychologists' warning about biases blinding beliefs and viewing others' perspectives as irrational. The differences between political parties are apparent concerning their conflicting views on abortion, guns, entitlements, climate, and many other issues, which only highlighted the absence of an exchange of ideas between parties. The chapter notes how liberals and conservatives should be alarmed about the declining state of Americans' quality of life and well-being. Thus, the nation needs political parties to be committed to governing, which requires negotiation and compromise regardless of differences.
Into the World's Great Heart
Authors: Millay Edna St. Vincent , Peppe Holly
Published: September 2023

Throughout her life, Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote hundreds of letters, which together create a colorful tapestry of her inner life. This selection, based on archival research, represents Millay's correspondence from 1900, when she was eight, until 1950, the last year of her life. Through her letters, readers encounter the vast range of Millay's interests, including world literature, music, and horse racing, as well as her commitment to gender equality and social justice. This edited collection includes previously unpublished correspondence, as well as letters containing early versions of poems, revealing new dimensions in Millay's creative process and influences. It is enriched by a thoughtful introduction and notes, plus a foreword by Millay's literary executor. Millay's observations on her inner life and the world around her—which speak to contemporary concerns as well—add to our understanding of American literature in the first half of the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Peppe Holly
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the letters written by Edna St. Vincent Millay before her passing in 1950. It highlights Millay's vast range of interests: music, gardening, cooking, fashion, visual art, world literature, travel, horse racing, astronomy, and social justice. Moreover, Millay expresses deep appreciation for her friendships in correspondence with, such as poets and novelist Elinor Wylie and composer Deems Taylor. The chapter mentions how her letters are frequently marked by endearing and playful language in her closing remarks and signatures. It clarifies that Allan Ross Macdougall's selected edition of Letters of Edna St. Vincent Millay (1952) remains invaluable for insights into Millay's life.
Letters of Edna St. Vincent Millay
Authors: Peppe Holly
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents a series of correspondences written by Edna St. Vincent Millay. It features photos of Millay's various letters collected from repositories like the Library of Congress. Moreover, the letters include the address of the recipients of Millay's letters, such as her family and friends. The chapter also showcases how Millay expresses her thoughts and feelings in her correspondences, which would sometimes include copies of the poems she wrote. It notes the varying signature and greetings Millay reserves to people who have varying closeness with her, referring to her signature changing to various iterations of her name, Edna and Vincent.
Immortal Malthus
Authors: Valenze Deborah
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the ideas of the eighteenth-century population theorist Thomas Robert Malthus. In a brief polemic, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), Malthus presented “two fixed laws of our nature,” the necessity of food for existence and “the passion between the sexes,” as unavoidable and constant. According to Malthus, without proper restraint among those who could not afford their own maintenance, humankind was likely to remain locked within a perpetual cycle of biological peril and necessary famine. The conservative establishment in Britain embraced Malthus as a valuable truth-teller and, remarkably enough, his essay helped to bring about a complete overhaul of the Elizabethan Poor Laws, accomplished in 1834. More crucially, his principle of population lived on as the foundation of scarcity in formal economic terms, applied with shocking disregard across the colonial world and enshrined in later nineteenth-century neoclassical economics. By training the gaze upon eighteenth-century food production and its environments, the chapter explains that the book's treatment of Malthusian ideas focuses on the structural inequality at the heart of Malthusian thinking.
Nature’s Mighty Feast
Authors: Valenze Deborah
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the first thirty years of Thomas Robert Malthus's life, showing how he wrote the Essay on the Principle of Population. Formative experiences drove Malthus to rebel against the optimism that characterized the Enlightenment, a mutiny he was well equipped to carry out. Timing was everything: his publishing debut came at the height of a turbulent decade of radical expression and political repression following the French Revolution. Rather than subscribing to the belief that the satisfaction of every individual coincided with the needs of all, Malthus identified a wayward, destructive impulse in all human nature. No element of his bad news was original, yet the Essay ultimately gained an appreciative audience and even brought about “a new turn of thought” in economic and social theory. Despite considerable outcry, the arguments of his Essay would find a haven within an influential circle of conservative opinion, ensuring acceptance into a gradually cohering discipline of political economy and its supportive Evangelical wing within the Church of England. Henceforth, Malthus's theory of natural scarcity became crucial to modern economic theory, where it worked as a bulwark against questioning the basic terms of the distribution of resources across society.
The Ignoble Savage
Authors: Valenze Deborah
Published: September 2023

This chapter begins by discussing the model of historical development known as four stages theory, or stadial history, which informed Enlightenment thought during the middle decades of the eighteenth century. The four stages history generated typologies of human behavior corresponding not just to phases of human subsistence labor but to regional and even racial categories of human difference as they were understood at that time. The chapter then looks at how Thomas Robert Malthus presented a highly selective and distorted view of Indigenous culture, showing Native Americans as weaker than they actually were. He argued that their numbers were doomed, not simply because they were being exterminated by settlers but because of their bodily predispositions and their mode of subsistence. The chapter also considers Malthus's reliance on another bestseller, Scottish Enlightenment historian William Robertson's History of America, first published in 1777. Just as Malthus leaned heavily on Robertson, Robertson's account of the Americas leaned heavily on Aristotle, alongside Spanish accounts of the sixteenth century. Aristotle's framework of five “pure types” of modes of subsistence originally placed the nomadic pastoralist at the bottom of the evolutionary ladder and cited the Scythians as a prototype. In their place, New World hunter-gatherers would qualify as the least evolved of any human type in future representations such as Robertson's.
A Natural History of Hunger
Authors: Valenze Deborah
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates how Thomas Robert Malthus intended to create a narrow gauge for his argument about food supplies for a specific reason: grain agriculture and the staple food of wheaten bread represented incontestable measures of the rewards of civilization. While much of the rural economy remained invisible in the pages of the Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus fully recognized that the British population was divided into at least two tiers of dietary expectation. Elite demand for meat forced Malthus to confront inequalities of diet, but this did not alter his adherence to grain and bread as the staple of the laboring classes and a convenient shorthand for food in general. He simply objected to the expansion of acreage devoted to pasturing beef cattle, which he viewed as detrimental to “the maintenance of labor” because of the relatively few hands employed in bringing meat to the market. For Malthus, grain agriculture was destined by history, informed by natural philosophy, and rooted in a particular historical narrative of interaction with the natural environment. The objective of agriculture was to bring natural plants and creatures under the sway of human power through a process of domestication; in a struggle for survival, humans must wage a kind of war against them all, subjugating them to their will.