bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A period prevalence study of being a parent in a secure psychiatric hospital and a description of the parents, the children and the impact of admission on parent–child contact
Authors: Argent Sarah Elizabeth , Riddleston Laura , Warr Jodie , Tippetts Hannah , Meredith Zoe , Taylor Pamela Jane
Published: July 2017

Background

Most secure psychiatric hospital patients are of childbearing age, but their parental status is minimally researched.

Aim

The aim of the study is to describe the parent patients in one regional secure hospital and explore post‐admission child–parent contact.

Methods

A 9‐year records survey of a complete secure hospital admissions cohort was conducted.

Results

Nearly half of the cohort of 165 patients (46%) were parents. Parent patients were less likely than childless patients to have diagnostic co‐morbidity or to have received childhood mental health care but were more likely to have committed a homicide/life‐threatening index offence with family or friend victims. Men, whether fathers or not, and childless women were unlikely ever to have harmed a child, but it was more likely than not that mother patients had.

Records indicated minimal discussion about childlessness.

Ninety‐four (60%) of the 157 children involved were under 18 years on parental admission. Adult children who had been living with the parent patient before the parent's admission invariably maintained contact with them afterwards, but nearly half (48%) of such under 18‐year‐olds lost all contact. The only characteristic related to such loss was the index offence victim having been a nuclear family member.

Conclusions

As the discrepancy in whether or not parent patients and their children continued contact with each other after the parent's admission seemed to depend mainly on the child's age and his or her resultant freedom to choose, acquisition of accurate data about affected children's perspective on visiting seems essential. Given that parent patients had experienced relative stability in interpersonal relationships and had rarely had childhood disorders, parenting support in conjunction with treatment seems appropriate. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of lymph node metastases from gastric cancer with a combination of Irreversible Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy: a case report
Authors: Klein Nina , Zapf Stefan , Gunther Enric , Stehling Michael
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

The combination of Irreversible Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy (IRECT) was well tolerated, safe, and had antitumor activity in this case study of a patient with lymph node metastases from gastric cancer. We therefore recommend the consideration of further clinical studies to investigate the treatment of cancerous tissue with IRECT.
Comparison of σ‐Hole and π‐Hole Tetrel Bonds Formed by Pyrazine and 1,4‐Dicyanobenzene: The Interplay between Anion–π and Tetrel Bonds
Authors: Xu Huili , Cheng Jianbo , Yang Xin , Liu Zhenbo , Li Wenzuo , Li Qingzhong
Published: July 2017

The σ‐hole tetrel bond in pyrazine/1,4‐dicyanobenzene⋅⋅⋅TH3F (T=C and Si) and the π‐hole tetrel bond in pyrazine/1,4‐dicyanobenzene⋅⋅⋅F2TO have been compared. The π‐hole tetrel bond is stronger than the corresponding σ‐hole tetrel bond, with a larger interaction energy, shorter binding contact, greater electron density, and bigger charge transfer. Pyrazine forms a more stable tetrel‐bonded complex than 1,4‐dicyanobenzene even though the nitrogen atom in the former has a smaller negative electrostatic potential than the latter. An interesting cooperative effect was found when anion–π and tetrel‐bond interactions coexisted in the same multicomponent complex of X−⋅⋅⋅pyrazine/1,4‐dicyanobenzene⋅⋅⋅TH3F/F2TO (X=F, Cl, and Br). Both interactions displayed a positive cooperative effect, as shown by the larger interaction energies, shorter binding separations, and greater electron densities. The enhancement in the tetrel bond is dependent on the strength of the anion–π interaction and it becomes larger in the order Br−<Cl−<F−. The enhancement in the tetrel bond changes its nature from a purely closed‐shell interaction to a partially covalent interaction. Conversely, the anion–π interaction shows a prominent strengthening of up to −38 kcal mol−1. This effect has been analyzed in terms of electrostatic potentials and charge transfer.
Suppressed oligodendrocyte steroidogenesis in multiple sclerosis: Implications for regulation of neuroinflammation
Authors: Boghozian Roobina , McKenzie Brienne A. , Saito Leina B. , Mehta Ninad , Branton William G. , Lu JianQiang , Baker Glen B. , Noorbakhsh Farshid , Power Christopher
Published: July 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Neurosteroids are reported to exert anti‐inflammatory effects in several neurological disorders. We investigated the expression and actions of the neurosteroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and its more stable 3β‐sulphated ester, DHEA‐S, in MS and associated experimental models. CNS tissues from patients with MS and animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) displayed reduced DHEA concentrations, accompanied by diminished expression of the DHEA‐synthesizing enzyme CYP17A1 in oligodendrocytes (ODCs), in association with increased expression of inflammatory genes including interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐1β. CYP17A1 was expressed variably in different human neural cell types but IFN‐γ exposure selectively reduced CYP17A1 detection in ODCs. DHEA‐S treatment reduced IL‐1β and −6 release from activated human myeloid cells with minimal effect on lymphocyte viability. Animals with EAE receiving DHEA‐S treatment showed reduced Il1b and Ifng transcript levels in spinal cord compared to vehicle‐treated animals with EAE. DHEA‐S treatment also preserved myelin basic protein immunoreactivity and reduced axonal loss in animals with EAE, relative to vehicle‐treated EAE animals. Neurobehavioral deficits were reduced in DHEA‐S‐treated EAE animals compared with vehicle‐treated animals with EAE. Thus, CYP17A1 expression in ODCs and its product DHEA were downregulated in the CNS during inflammatory demyelination while DHEA‐S provision suppressed neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury that was evident as improved neurobehavioral performance. These findings indicate that DHEA production is an immunoregulatory pathway within the CNS and its restoration represents a novel treatment approach for neuroinflammatory diseases.
Epstein‐Barr virus lytic cycle involvement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Cohen Melina , Vistarop Aldana Georgina , Huaman Fuad , Narbaitz Marina , Metrebian Fernanda , De Matteo Elena , Preciado María Victoria , Chabay Paola Andrea
Published: July 2017

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐mediated B cell transformation is achieved predominantly through the action of latent proteins, but recent evidence suggests that lytic EBV replication has also a certain pathogenic role in lymphomagenesis, at least in the early phases of cell transformation. Particularly, in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the EBV lytic cycle is by and large unexplored, so to disclose lytic cell contribution to lymphomagenesis, our aim was to evaluate viral early and late lytic gene expression in relation to several immune response markers in a series of EBV+ DLBCL from Argentina. An unexpected number of cells expressed lytic transcripts, being transcribed at the BZLF1, BHRF1, and BLLF1 locus, by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This lytic antigen expression was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for BMRF1 early lytic protein, and a positive correlation between lytic and latent genes was confirmed, revealing a close link between their expressions in EBV+ DLBCL pathogenesis. Remarkably, BZLF1 displayed a negative correlation with CD4 cell counts, and this could be in part justified by the restriction of antigen presentation previously reported. The direct correlation for the late lytic gene BLLF1 and IFNγ in this series could represent a specific response directed towards this antigen. Interleukin 10 transcripts also displayed a positive correlation with lytic expression, indicating that regulatory mechanisms could be also involved on EBV‐associated DLBCL pathogenesis in our series. Complete lytic reactivation in EBV‐positive tumours could potentially kill EBV‐positive malignant cells, providing a tool to promote tumour cell killing mediated by EBV as a complementary treatment strategy.
Do children think that inheritance determines height and weight?
Authors: Raman Lakshmi
Published: July 2017

Three studies were conducted to investigate if children think that physical growth is determined by inheritance. All three studies employed the “switched‐at‐birth” task. Study 1 investigated if children and adults thought that height and weight were determined by parentage. Study 2 examined preschoolers and elementary school children's and adults' understanding of the role of parentage and nutrition in determining weight. Study 2a examined children's and adults' understanding of the role of parentage and nutrition in determining height. Results indicate that overall, preschoolers and third graders have more of an inheritance bias for height than for weight. However, when nutrition was introduced, apart from third graders, all other grades reasoned that nutrition played a greater role in determining weight. Overall, these results indicate that even young children have a rudimentary but differentiated theory of the role of inheritance in determining height and weight.

Highlights

Participants were presented with switched‐at‐birth tasks to determine if they thought that parentage and/or nutrition influences height and weight.

Young children viewed height as determined more by parentage than weight, suggesting that they have a differentiated and autonomous theory for the determination of height.
How we treat thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Results of a Canadian TTP practice survey
Authors: Patriquin Christopher J. , Clark William F. , Pavenski Katerina , Arnold Donald M. , Rock Gail , Foley Stephen R. ,   for the Canadian Apheresis Group
Published: July 2017

Background

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease with 90% mortality if untreated. Since the Canadian Apheresis Group (CAG) trial showed greater survival with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) versus plasma infusion, there has been widespread adoption of TPE. Beyond TPE, there is significant practice variation. To characterize this, we developed a survey sent to physicians who might be directly involved in TTP management.

Methods

The survey was sent to CAG members as well as hematologists and nephrologists nationwide and addressed areas of controversy or recognized practice heterogeneity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses, and the χ2 test was used to compare respondents who were and were not CAG physicians. We also compared responses by estimated frequency of TTP cases per year.

Results

The CAG response rate was 31% (13 of 42). The survey was sent to 665 non‐CAG physicians, of whom 41 responded (6.1%). Though not statistically different, CAG and non‐CAG respondents varied regarding use of corticosteroids, aspirin, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Significant differences were found between CAG and non‐CAG groups regarding cryosupernatant as fluid choice (69.2% vs. 22.5%, P = .004) and the use of TPE tapering (84.6% vs. 51.3%, P = .034), respectively.

Conclusion

TTP treatment is variable across centres in Canada. Areas of significant variation include the choice of replacement fluid for TPE and whether or not and how to taper TPE. Our survey highlights the practice heterogeneity that exists and identifies areas where more evidence is needed and perhaps where trials should be performed.
Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Carotidynia
Authors: Abrahamy Michael , Werner Myriam , Gottlieb Paul , Strauss Simon
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this work is to draw attention to the characteristic sonographic features of carotidynia, which, in the context of a typical clinical picture support its diagnosis. Six patients presented with primary symptoms of neck pain and focal tenderness. In all patients, focal wall thickening of the distal end of the common carotid artery was found exactly in the region of tenderness, leading to mild lumen narrowing. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or glucocorticoids led to full symptom resolution. Carotidynia will often be encountered first on sonography performed for evaluation of neck pain and has a characteristic sonographic appearance.
Prenatal Assessment of the Position of Fetal Conus Medullaris as a Predictor of Fetal Spinal Lesions
Authors: Zhao Dan , Wei Qiuju , Cai Ailu , Xie Limei , Wang Bing , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study is to compare two different methods in assessment of the position of fetal conus medullaris (CM) and to explore the significance for assessment of CM.

Methods

This study included both normal fetuses and those with the diagnosis of fetal spinal lesions. The position of fetal CM was performed sonographically using two methods: location of CM in relation to the vertebral body (CM level) and measurement of the conus sacrum (CS) distance.

Results

The results showed that intra‐observer and interobserver concordance was high for the two methods, both in the normal and abnormal groups. There was significant association between femur length and CS distance (R2 = 0.917) and between gestational age and CS distance (R2 = 0.892).

Conclusions

We propose the combined use of CM level location and CS distance measurement for the prenatal diagnosis of fetal spinal lesions for complementary needs.
Effect of Levodopa‐carbidopa Intestinal Gel on Non‐motor Symptoms in Patients with Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Standaert David G. , Rodriguez Ramon L. , Slevin John T. , Lobatz Michael , Eaton Susan , Chatamra Krai , Facheris Maurizio F. , Hall Coleen , Sail Kavita , Jalundhwala Yash J. , Benesh Janet
Published: July 2017

Background

Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG; carbidopa‐levodopa enteral suspension in the United States), delivered via percutaneous gastrojejunostomy (PEG‐J) and titrated in the inpatient setting, is an established treatment option for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with motor fluctuations. However, long‐term prospective data on the efficacy of LCIG on non‐motor symptoms and the safety of outpatient titration are limited.

Methods

In this 60‐week, open‐label phase 3b study, LCIG titration was initiated in an outpatient setting following PEG‐J placement in PD patients. The efficacy of LCIG on motor and non‐motor symptoms, quality of life, and safety was assessed.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients were enrolled in the study and 28 patients completed the treatment. A majority of patients (54%) completed outpatient titration within the first week of LCIG infusion. LCIG led to significant reductions from baseline in Non‐Motor Symptom Scale (NMSS) total score (least squares mean ± SE = −17.6 ± 3.6, P < 0.001) and 6 of the NMSS domain scores (sleep/fatigue, attention/memory, gastrointestinal tract, urinary, sexual function, miscellaneous) at week 12. These reductions were maintained at week 60 with the exception of the urinary domain. “Off” time (−4.9 ± 0.5 hours/day, P < 0.001) and “On” time without troublesome dyskinesia (−4.3 ± 0.6 hours/day, P < 0.001) were improved at week 60. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 37 (95%) patients.

Conclusions

LCIG treatment led to reductions in non‐motor symptom burden and motor fluctuations in advanced PD patients. The safety profile was consistent with previous studies that used inpatient titration and outpatient titration did not appear to pose additional risk.
Oxidative stress and cellular and tissue damage in organogenic outbred mouse embryos after moderate perigestational alcohol intake
Authors: Coll Tamara A. , Chaufan Gabriela , Pérez‐Tito Leticia , Ventureira Martín R. , Sobarzo Cristian M. A. , Ríos de Molina María del Carmen , Cebral Elisa
Published: July 2017

Perigestational alcohol consumption by CF‐1 mouse, from before mating up to the period of embryo organogenesis, leads to retarded early embryo development and neural tube defects. Here, we addressed if perigestational alcohol ingestion up to Day 10 of pregnancy induces oxidative stress and changes in macromolecules and organ tissues of early organogenic embryos. Adult CF‐1 female mice were administered 10% ethanol in their drinking water for 17 days prior to mating and until Day 10 of gestation, whereas control females were administered ethanol‐free water. Our results demonstrated significantly reduced Catalase abundance and activity and increased glutathione content in the embryos of ethanol‐treated females. The nitrite level was significantly reduced, but TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) content, an index of lipid peroxidation, did not change. Embryos derived from ethanol‐treated females also showed higher abundance of 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT)‐containing proteins in all tissues, compared to the control group. Apoptosis was significantly increased in the ectoderm and mesoderm, but not in the heart—although this organ did contain more cleaved Caspase‐3‐positive cardiomyocytes per area of ventricular myocardium than controls. In sum, moderate perigestational alcohol ingestion up to Day 10 of gestation in mice induces oxidative stress by altering radical nitrogen species and antioxidant enzymatic and non‐enzymatic mechanisms in embryos. Further, generalized protein nitration, due to unbalanced nitric oxide levels associated with tissue‐specific apoptosis, was detected in embryos, suggesting that oxidative mechanisms may play an important role in the perigestational alcohol‐induced malformation of organogenic embryos exposed to ethanol.
Immunosenescence Induced by Plasma from Individuals with Obesity Caused Cell Signaling Dysfunction and Inflammation
Authors: Parisi Mariana Migliorini , Grun Lucas Kich , Lavandoski Patrícia , Alves Letícia Biscaino , Bristot Ivi Juliana , Mattiello Rita , Mottin Cláudio Corá , Klamt Fábio , Jones Marcus Herbert , Padoin Alexandre Vontobel , Guma Fátima Costa Rodrigues , Barbé‐Tuana Florencia María
Published: July 2017

Objective

To evaluate the consequences of plasma from individuals with obesity on parameters associated with immunosenescence in unrelated healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Methods

Freshly isolated PBMC were incubated in media supplemented with 10% of plasma from individuals with obesity or control subjects for the first 4 hours of 24 to 120 hours of culture.

Results

Plasma from individuals with obesity modulated the phenotype of healthy PBMC, leading to a higher rate of apoptosis, lower amounts of phospho‐γH2AX and ‐p53, and mitochondrial dysfunction. After 120 hours, there was a higher secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐8. CD8+ T lymphocytes presented decreased expression of CD28, which is associated with the immunosenescent phenotype. CD14+ macrophages showed increased expression of CD80 and CD206, suggesting a modulation in the activation of macrophages.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that chronic systemic inflammation observed in obesity induces dysfunctional features in PBMC that are consistent with premature immunosenescence.
Accuracy of self‐reported height, weight and waist circumference in a Japanese sample
Authors: Okamoto N. , Hosono A. , Shibata K. , Tsujimura S. , Oka K. , Fujita H. , Kamiya M. , Kondo F. , Wakabayashi R. , Yamada T. , Suzuki S.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Inconsistent results have been found in prior studies investigating the accuracy of self‐reported waist circumference, and no study has investigated the validity of self‐reported waist circumference among Japanese individuals. This study used the diagnostic standard of metabolic syndrome to assess the accuracy of individual's self‐reported height, weight and waist circumference in a Japanese sample.

Methods

Study participants included 7,443 Japanese men and women aged 35–79 years. They participated in a cohort study's baseline survey between 2007 and 2011. Participants' height, weight and waist circumference were measured, and their body mass index was calculated. Self‐reported values were collected through a questionnaire before the examination.

Results

Strong correlations between measured and self‐reported values for height, weight and body mass index were detected. The correlation was lowest for waist circumference (men, 0.87; women, 0.73). Men significantly overestimated their waist circumference (mean difference, 0.8 cm), whereas women significantly underestimated theirs (mean difference, 5.1 cm). The sensitivity of self‐reported waist circumference using the cut‐off value of metabolic syndrome was 0.83 for men and 0.57 for women.

Conclusions

Due to systematic and random errors, the accuracy of self‐reported waist circumference was low. Therefore, waist circumference should be measured without relying on self‐reported values, particularly in the case of women.
Homology model of the human tRNA splicing ligase RtcB
Authors: Nandy Argha , Saenz‐Méndez Patricia , Gorman Adrienne M. , Samali Afshin , Eriksson Leif A.
Published: July 2017

RtcB is an essential human tRNA ligase required for ligating the 2',3'‐cyclic phosphate and 5'‐hydroxyl termini of cleaved tRNA halves during tRNA splicing and XBP1 fragments during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Activation of XBP1 has been implicated in various human tumors including breast cancer. Here we present, for the first time, a homology model of human RtcB (hRtcB) in complex with manganese and covalently bound GMP built from the Pyrococcus horikoshii RtcB (bRtcB) crystal structure, PDB ID 4DWQA. The structure is analyzed in terms of stereochemical quality, folding reliability, secondary structure similarity with bRtcB, druggability of the active site binding pocket and its metal‐binding microenvironment. In comparison with bRtcB, loss of a manganese‐coordinating water and movement of Asn226 (Asn202 in 4DWQA) to form metal‐ligand coordination, demonstrates the uniqueness of the hRtcB model. Rotation of GMP leads to the formation of an additional metal‐ligand coordination (Mn‐O). Umbrella sampling simulations of Mn binding in wild type and the catalytically inactive C122A mutant reveal a clear reduction of Mn binding ability in the mutant, thus explaining the loss of activity therein. Our results furthermore clearly show that the GTP binding site of the enzyme is a well‐defined pocket that can be utilized as target site for in silico drug discovery.
Charge transport study of perovskite solar cells through constructing electron transport channels
Authors: Dong Wenjing , Zhang Tianning , Chen Xin , Wang Baoyuan , Zhu Bin
Published: July 2017

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have attracted much attention in the recent years. It is important to understand their working principle in order to uncover the reasons behind their high efficiency. In this study, the carrier transport mechanism of PSC by controlling the structure of a scaffold is investigated. CeO2 is used as an electron blocking material in PSCs to study the electron transport behavior for the first time. The influence of light absorption can be excluded because CeO2 has a similar bandgap to TiO2. A variety of scaffolds are constructed using nano‐TiO2 and CeO2. The results show that electrons can transport from light absober (perovskite) to FTO electrode (external circuit) through two kinds of channels. The energy band level, as well as the electronic conductivity of the scaffolds, is are key issues that affect electron transport. Although perovskites are able to transport both electrons and holes, it is still necessary to have effective electron transport channels (ETCs) between perovskite and external circuit for the sake of high efficiency. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis suggests that the lack of such channels will result in high recombination. The number of ETCs and effecient electron‐hole separation are also proven to be important for cell performance.
A semi‐implicit deep‐atmosphere spectral dynamical kernel using a hydrostatic‐pressure coordinate
Authors: Yang Jinhui , Song Junqiang , Wu Jianping , Ying Fukang , Peng Jun , Leng Hongze
Published: July 2017

Most of the present deep‐atmosphere models are based on finite‐difference schemes. This article proposes a novel deep‐atmosphere non‐hydrostatic spectral dynamical kernel with hydrostatic‐pressure based terrain‐following vertical coordinate. Contrary to finite‐difference methods, a spectral transform method is used for the horizontal discretization. The prognostic variables in our dynamical kernel are analogous to the typical ALADIN‐NH spectral model. A two time level semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian time‐stepping scheme is applied to enable large time steps and improve the efficiency of integration. A set of test cases are conducted to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the deep‐atmosphere dynamic kernel.
Doing Gender Beyond the Binary: A Virtual Ethnography
Authors: Darwin Helana
Published: July 2017

This article advances the “doing gender” framework by highlighting some unique interactive challenges that nonbinary individuals encounter within the binary gender system. In order to access testimony about these experiences from a large group of people, this study turns to a genderqueer community on the social media site Reddit. Discourse analysis of discussion threads and content analysis of selfies reveal various symbolic mechanisms through which nonbinary people do, redo, and undo gender. These findings illuminate a range of strategies that people utilize to negotiate gender attribution within the gender binary system. A video abstract is available at http://tinyurl.com/y7odrxbd.
Case Studies in Movement Disorders
Authors: Bhatia Kailash P. , Erro Roberto , Stamelou Maria
Published: July 2017

Drawing on the expertise of an international team of authors, Case Studies in Movement Disorders is a compilation of illustrative cases, demonstrating a step-by-step approach to diagnosing and managing these complex conditions. An extensive collection of over sixty videos shows both common and uncommon presentations of a wide range of movement disorders, and the accompanying text guides readers systematically through the clinical history, examination and investigation findings, and diagnosis, and finally discusses the clinical issues raised. Both surgical and pharmacological management options are presented, helping readers understand some of the controversies involved in treatment. The cases are drawn from all of the major groups of movement disorders: ataxia, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, parkinsonism, tics, and tremor. This will be invaluable for both neurologists in training and more experienced professionals seeking to develop their diagnostic skills, especially when faced with uncommon conditions or uncommon manifestations of common disorders.
The Political Theory of the American Founding
Authors: West Thomas G.
Published: July 2017

This book provides a complete overview of the American Founders' political theory, covering natural rights, natural law, state of nature, social compact, consent, and the policy implications of these ideas. The book is intended as a response to the current scholarly consensus, which holds that the Founders' political thought is best understood as an amalgam of liberalism, republicanism, and perhaps other traditions. West argues that, on the contrary, the foundational documents overwhelmingly point to natural rights as the lens through which all politics is understood. The book explores in depth how the Founders' supposedly republican policies on citizen character formation do not contradict but instead complement their liberal policies on property and economics. Additionally, the book shows how the Founders' embraced other traditions in their politics, such as common law and Protestantism.
How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper
Authors: Gustavii Björn
Published: July 2017

This compact and easy-to-read book contains essential advice on how to take a manuscript from planning right through to publication. It will help both first-time writers and more experienced authors to present their results more effectively. While retaining the easy-to-read and well-structured approach of previous editions, the third edition of this essential guide has been expanded to include comprehensive advice on drawing graphs, and information about Open Access publishing. Illustrations are discussed in detail, with examples of poor illustrations taken from real papers in top-ranked journals, redrawn for comparison. Such before-and-after examples are also provided to demonstrate good and bad writing styles. The reader is offered practical advice - from how to present a paper and where to submit the manuscript, through to responding to reviewers' comments and correcting the proofs - all developed through the author's extensive teaching experience and his many years spent working as a journal editor.
Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law
Authors: Pogoretskyy Vitaliy
Published: July 2017

Gas transit is network-dependent and it cannot be established without the existence of pipeline infrastructure in the territory of a transit state or the ability to access this infrastructure. Nevertheless, at an inter-regional level, there are no sufficient pipeline networks allowing gas to travel freely from a supplier to the most lucrative markets. The existing networks are often operated by either private or state-controlled vertically integrated monopolies who are often reluctant to release unused pipeline capacity to their potential competitors. These obstacles to gas transit can diminish the gains from trade for states endowed with natural gas resources, including developing landlocked countries, as well as undermine WTO Members' energy security and their attempts at sustainable development. This book explains how the WTO could play a more prominent role in the international regulation of gas transit and promote the development of an international gas market.
The Ideology of Failed States
Authors: Woodward Susan L.
Published: July 2017

What do we mean when we use the term 'failed states'? This book presents the origins of the term, how it shaped the conceptual framework for international development and security in the post-Cold War era, and why. The book also questions how specific international interventions on both aid and security fronts - greatly varied by actor - based on these outsiders' perceptions of state failure create conditions that fit their characterizations of failed states. Susan L. Woodward offers details of international interventions in peacebuilding, statebuilding, development assistance, and armed conflict by all these specific actors. The book analyzes the failure to re-order the international system after 1991 that the conceptual debate in the early 1990s sought - to the serious detriment of the countries labelled failed or fragile and the concept's packaging of the entire 'third world', despite its growing diversity since the mid-1980s, as one.
Networks of Communication in South Africa
Authors: Sooryamoorthy R.
Published: July 2017

Within a short period of time, South Africa has made remarkable progress in the adoption of mobile and Internet technologies. In this landmark study, R. Sooryamoorthy examines the development of communication patterns, social contacts and networks in South Africa. Based on pioneering quantitative and qualitative data, he analyses trends in changing media use in Africa, showing the development of the use of new media for communication by South Africans of all ages, races and genders in relation to the development of media infrastructure, its cost and government policy. It shows how people use the media for communication purposes that affirm or break their social contacts and networks, and how they apply media to establish, re-establish or maintain social relationships. This book will be of interest to those researching the growth of communication technology in Africa, as well as those involved in the wider fields of development studies and economics.
Novel FAM83H mutations in patients with amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Xin Wang , Wenjun Wang , Man Qin , Yuming Zhao
Published: July 2017

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), characterized by a deficiency in the quantity and/or quality of dental enamel, is genetically heterogeneous and phenotypically variable. The most severe type, hypocalcified AI, is mostly caused by truncating mutations in the FAM83H gene. This study aimed to identify genetic mutations in four Chinese families with hypocalcified AI. We performed mutation analysis by sequencing the candidate FAM83H gene. Three novel mutations (c.931dupC, p.V311Rfs*13; c.1130_1131delinsAA, p.S377X; and c.1147 G > T, p.E383X) and one previously reported mutation (c.973 C > T, p.R325X) in the last exon of FAM83H gene were identified. Furthermore, constructs expressing Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged wild-type and three novel mutant FAM83Hs were transfected into rat dental epithelial cells (SF2 cells). Wild-type FAM83H-GFP was localized exclusively in the cytoplasm, especially in the area surrounding the nucleus, while the mutant FAM83H-GFPs (p.V311Rfs*13, p.S377X, and p.E383X) were localized predominantly in the nucleus, with lower levels in the cytoplasm.
Active KTaO3 hybrid terahertz metamaterial
Authors: Wu Liang , Liu Jinglong , Li Hui , Ding Chunfeng , Xu Ningning , Zhao Xiaolei , Xu Zongcheng , Sheng Quan , Yao Jianquan , Li Jining , Ding Xin , Zhang Weili
Published: July 2017

The dielectric properties of an active KTaO3 hybrid metamaterial structure and its tunability under external electric fields are investigated at room temperature by means of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Application of the electric field leads to an appreciable tuning of the dielectric loss, which is up to 17%. Meanwhile, the refractive index also changes appreciably. These findings are attributed to the internal space charge field in the crystal caused by the excited free carriers.
Ultralow voltage operation of biologically assembled all carbon nanotube nanomesh transistors with ion-gel gate dielectrics
Authors: Byeon Hye-Hyeon , Kim Kein , Kim Woong , Yi Hyunjung
Published: July 2017

The demonstration of field-effect transistors (FETs) based entirely on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) would enable the fabrication of high-on-current, flexible, transparent and stretchable devices owing to the excellent electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of SWNTs. Fabricating all-SWNT-based FETs via simple solution process, at room temperature and without using lithography and vacuum process could further broaden the applicability of all-SWNT-FETs. In this work, we report on biologically assembled all SWNT-based transistors and demonstrate that ion-gel-gated network structures of unsorted SWNTs assembled using a biological template material enabled operation of SWNT-based transistors at a very low voltage. The compatibility of the biologically assembled SWNT networks with ion gel dielectrics and the large capacitance of both the three-dimensional channel networks and the ion gel allowed an ultralow operation voltage. The all-SWNT-based FETs showed an I
on
/I
off
value of >102, an on-current density per channel width of 2.16 × 10−4 A/mm at VDS = 0.4 V, and a field-effect hole mobility of 1.12 cm2/V · s in addition to the low operation voltage of <−0.5 V. We envision that our work suggests a solution-based simple and low-cost approach to realizing all-carbon-based FETs for low voltage operation and flexible applications.
The Wnt receptor Ryk is a negative regulator of mammalian dendrite morphogenesis
Authors: Lanoue Vanessa , Langford Michael , White Amanda , Sempert Kai , Fogg Lily , Cooper Helen M.
Published: July 2017

The unique dendritic architecture of a given neuronal subtype determines its synaptic connectivity and ability to integrate into functional neuronal networks. It is now clear that abnormal dendritic structure is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, the nature of the extrinsic factors that limit dendritic growth and branching within predetermined boundaries in the mammalian brain is poorly understood. Here we identify the Wnt receptor Ryk as a novel negative regulator of dendritic arborisation. We demonstrate that loss of Ryk in mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons promotes excessive dendrite growth and branching in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of wildtype Ryk restricts these processes, confirming that Ryk acts to restrain dendrite arborisation. Furthermore, we identify a hitherto uncharacterized membrane proximal subdomain crucial for Ryk-mediated suppression of dendrite morphogenesis, suggesting that it may act through a novel signalling pathway to constrain dendrite complexity. We also demonstrate that Ryk performs a similar function in vivo as Ryk haploinsufficient postnatal animals exhibit excessive dendrite growth and branching in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex. These findings reveal an essential role for Ryk in regulating dendrite complexity and raise the intriguing possibility that it may influence neural plasticity by modifying dendritic structure.
A role for microbial selection in frescoes’ deterioration in Tomba degli Scudi in Tarquinia, Italy
Authors: Tomassetti Maria Cristina , Cirigliano Angela , Arrighi Chiara , Negri Rodolfo , Mura Francesco , Maneschi Maria Lorella , Gentili Maria Donatella , Stirpe Mariarita , Mazzoni Cristina , Rinaldi Teresa
Published: July 2017

Mural paintings in the hypogeal environment of the Tomba degli Scudi in Tarquinia, Italy, show a quite dramatic condition: the plaster mortar lost his cohesion and a white layer coating is spread over almost all the wall surfaces. The aim of this research is to verify if the activity of microorganisms could be one of the main causes of deterioration and if the adopted countermeasures (conventional biocide treatments) are sufficient to stop it. A biocide treatment of the whole environment has been carried out before the conservative intervention and the tomb has been closed for one month. When the tomb was opened again, we sampled the microorganisms present on the frescoes and we identified four Bacillus species and one mould survived to the biocide treatment. These organisms are able to produce spores, a highly resistant biological form, which has permitted the survival despite the biocide treatment. We show that these Bacillus strains are able to produce calcium carbonate and could be responsible for the white deposition that was damaging and covering the entire surface of the frescoes. Our results confirm that the sanitation intervention is non always resolutive and could even be deleterious in selecting harmful microbial communities.
Combination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd protects the retina against bright light-induced degeneration
Authors: Bian Minjuan , Du Xiaoye , Wang Peiwei , Cui Jingang , Xu Jing , Gu Jiangping , Zhang Teng , Chen Yu
Published: July 2017

Photoreceptor degeneration is a central pathology of various retinal degenerative diseases which currently lack effective therapies. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are noted for Panax notoginsenoside saponins (PNS) and related saponin compound(s). However, the photoreceptor protective potentials of PNS or related saponin compound(s) remain unknown. The current study revealed that PNS protected against photoreceptor loss in bright light-exposed BALB/c mice. Combination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd, two major saponin compounds of PNS, recapitulated the retinal protection of PNS and attenuated retinal oxidative stress and inflammatory changes. Rb1 or Rd partially alleviated all-trans-Retinal-induced oxidative stress in ARPE19 cells. Rb1 or Rd suppressed lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced proinflammatory gene expression in ARPE19 and RAW264.7 cells. Rb1 or Rd also modulated the expression of proinflammatory microRNA, miR-155 and its direct target, anti-inflammatory SHIP1, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The retinal expression of miR-155 and SHIP1 was altered preceding extensive retinal damage, which was maintained at normal level by Rb1 and Rd combination. This work shows for the first time that altered expression of miR-155 and SHIP1 are involved in photoreceptor degeneration. Most importantly, novel retinal protective activities of combination of Rb1 and Rd justify further evaluation for the treatment of related retinal degenerative disorders.
Selective 1D TOCSY NMR method for the determination of glutathione in white wine
Authors: Kontogianni Vassiliki G. , Tsiafoulis Constantinos G. , Roussis Ioannis G. , Gerothanassis Ioannis P.
Published: July 2017

An efficient selective 1D TOCSY NMR method for the quantification of glutathione in wine has been developed.
A targeted delivery strategy for the development of potent trypanocides
Authors: Gordhan Heeren M. , Milanes Jillian E. , Qiu Yijian , Golden Jennifer E. , Christensen Kenneth A. , Morris James C. , Whitehead Daniel C.
Published: July 2017

A new drug delivery strategy was investigated for the development of potent anti-parasitic compounds againstTrypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness.
Fluorescence emission originated from the H-aggregated cyanine dye with chiral gemini surfactant assemblies having a narrow absorption band and a remarkably large Stokes shift
Authors: Ryu Naoya , Okazaki Yutaka , Pouget Emilie , Takafuji Makoto , Nagaoka Shoji , Ihara Hirotaka , Oda Reiko
Published: July 2017

A cyanine dye formed chiral H-aggregates with a narrow absorption band on gemini surfactant chiral assemblies and showed fluorescence emission with a remarkably large Stokes shift.
The crystalline sponge method: a solvent-based strategy to facilitate noncovalent ordered trapping of solid and liquid organic compounds
Authors: Ramadhar Timothy R. , Zheng Shao-Liang , Chen Yu-Sheng , Clardy Jon
Published: July 2017

A new simple procedure for inclusion of solid and unstable liquid compounds into a crystalline sponge for rapid elucidation is described.
The nature of intermolecular interactions in pyridinium–anion–β-hexachlorocyclohexane molecular crystals
Authors: Grosu I. G. , Rednic M. I. , Miclăuş M. , Grosu I. , Bende A.
Published: July 2017

The nature of intermolecular interactions in different molecular crystal configurations formed by pyridinium cations, chloride or bromide anions as well as β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) molecules has been investigated using high level ab initio quantum chemistry methods.
Smart supramolecular sensing with cucurbit[n]urils: probing hydrogen bonding with SERS
Authors: de Nijs Bart , Kamp Marlous , Szabó Istvan , Barrow Steven J. , Benz Felix , Wu Guanglu , Carnegie Cloudy , Chikkaraddy Rohit , Wang Wenting , Deacon William M. , Rosta Edina , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Scherman Oren A.
Published: July 2017

Rigid gap nano-aggregates of Au nanoparticles formed using cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) molecules are used to investigate the competitive binding of ethanol and methanol in an aqueous environment. We show it is possible to detect as little as 0.1% methanol in water and a ten times higher affinity to methanol over ethanol, making this a useful technology for quality control in alcohol production. We demonstrate strong interaction effects in the SERS peaks, which we demonstrate are likely from the hydrogen bonding of water complexes in the vicinity of the CB[n]s.
Microfluidic and nanofluidic phase behaviour characterization for industrial CO2, oil and gas
Authors: Bao Bo , Riordon Jason , Mostowfi Farshid , Sinton David
Published: July 2017

We critically review both microfluidic and emerging nanofluidic phase behaviour characterization methods for industrial CO2, oil and gas applications.
A new droplet-forming fluidic junction for the generation of highly compartmentalised capsules
Authors: Li J. , Barrow D. A.
Published: July 2017

In this work, we exhibit an oscillatory fluidic junction for the fabrication of definable compartmentalised micro-constructs.
Synthesis of mesoporous silica with different pore sizes for cellulase immobilization: pure physical adsorption
Authors: Chen Baiyi , Qiu Jianhui , Mo Haodao , Yu Yanling , Ito Kazushi , Sakai Eiichi , Feng Huixia
Published: July 2017

The microstructure of mesoporous silica and their adsorbing cellulase process have been analyzed to investigating the physical adsorption mechanism.
Hydrogenation of CO2into formic acid using a palladium catalyst on chitin
Authors: Song Hongbing , Zhang Na , Zhong Caiyun , Liu Zong , Xiao Meng , Gai Hengjun
Published: July 2017

Recently, the conversion from a C-1 source of carbon dioxide into chemicals has drawn wide attention.
Effects of different proton donor and acceptor groups on excited-state intramolecular proton transfers of amino-type and hydroxy-type hydrogen-bonding molecules: theoretical insights
Authors: Kanlayakan Narissa , Kerdpol Khanittha , Prommin Chanatkran , Salaeh Rusrina , Chansen Warinthon , Sattayanon Chanchai , Kungwan Nawee
Published: July 2017

The effect of proton donors (NH and OH) on ESIPT was investigated using DFT and TD-DFT.
Solution blow spun PMMA nanofibers wrapped with reduced graphene oxide as an efficient dye adsorbent
Authors: Mercante Luiza A. , Facure Murilo H. M. , Locilento Danilo A. , Sanfelice Rafaela C. , Migliorini Fernanda L. , Mattoso Luiz H. C. , Correa Daniel S.
Published: July 2017

Composite nanofiber membranes of PMMA-rGO serve as promising materials for effective adsorption of dye pollutants from contaminated water.
Facile growth of Cu2O hollow cubes on reduced graphene oxide with remarkable electrocatalytic performance for non-enzymatic glucose detection
Authors: Wang Yuqin , Ji Zhenyuan , Shen Xiaoping , Zhu Guoxing , Wang Jiheng , Yue Xiaoyang
Published: July 2017

A facile and eco-friendly strategy was developed to grow highly dispersed Cu2O hollow nanocubes on RGO sheets, which exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation.
Intracellular free Ca2+signals antibiotic exposure in cyanobacteria
Authors: González-Pleiter M. , Leganés F. , Fernández-Piñas F.
Published: July 2017

Intracellular free Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, is a key element of the cellular response to many abiotic and biotic stresses.
New decoupled empty substrate integrated waveguide realisation
Authors: Sánchez J.R. , Bachiller C. , Esteban H. , Belenguer A. , Nova V. , Boria V.
Published: July 2017

A novel decoupled empty substrate integrated waveguide (DESIW), which enables AC/DC decoupling in any device that is integrated in it is presented. The decoupling strategy is performed throughout a micro‐milling square pattern of easy implementation that increases the insertion losses compared with the standard ESIW. However, the DESIW related losses are still tolerable, allowing the employment of the new periodic structure in many practical applications. In particular, it can be used for the design and manufacturing of reconfigurable devices which need a bias voltage on the whole device, or just on some of its particular areas. A broadband transition from DESIW to microstrip planar lines has been also successfully designed. The new line has been manufactured and measured.
Bayer demosaicking using optimised mean curvature over RGB channels
Authors: Chen Rui , Jia Huizhu , Wen Xiange , Xie Xiaodong
Published: July 2017

Colour artefacts of demosaicked images are often found at contours due to interpolation across edges and cross‐channel aliasing. To tackle this problem, a novel demosaicking method to reliably reconstruct colour channels of a Bayer image based on two different optimised mean‐curvature (MC) models is proposed. The missing pixel values in green (G) channel are first estimated by minimising a variational MC model. The curvatures of restored G‐image surface are approximated as a linear MC model which guides the initial reconstruction of red (R) and blue (B) channels. Then a refinement process is performed to interpolate accurate full‐resolution R and B images. Experiments on benchmark images have testified to the superiority of the proposed method in terms of both the objective and subjective quality.