bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weed Competitiveness and Herbicidal Sensitivity of Grafted Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicon Mill.)
Authors: Ghosheh Hani , Al-Kawamleh Mohammad , Makhadmeh Ibrahim
Published: October 2010

Weed Competitiveness and Herbicidal Sensitivity of Grafted Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicon Mill.)

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate weed competitiveness and herbicidal sensitivity of grafted tomatoes. Three weed interference levels were established in the field by imposing different weeding pressures. Results indicated that grafting of tomato seedlings did not increase the ability of plants to suppress weeds over self rooted plants. Grafted tomatoes had more vigorous growth and fruit yield compared to self rooted tomatoes across all weed levels. Weeds were found to have more prominent adverse effects on tomato productivity, but had less adverse effects on plant growth. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to detect herbicidal sensitivity of grafted and self rooted tomatoes towards metribuzin and sethoxydim herbicides. The experiments revealed that grafted tomatoes showed a relatively higher herbicidal sensitivity than self rooted seedlings. Grafted plants probably were less able to metabolize and detoxify high herbicide rates whenever variations in plant height or dry matter accumulations were detected in the experiments. Researchers and producers should be aware of this newly observed sensitivity when designing herbicide application programs for weed management in grafted crops.
Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian Vineyards
Authors: Mansour Ramzi , Youssfi Fatma , Lebdi Kaouthar , Rezgui Salah
Published: October 2010

Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian Vineyards

Mealybugs are serious insect pests in Tunisian vineyards where they can cause major production losses. Thus, a management program of these insects is a priority for grape growers. A summer pesticide trial was conducted in a vineyard, located in the Cap-Bon Region of Tunisia. The trial was carried out to assess the use of imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, against mealybugs on vine. Imidacloprid was applied through the drip irrigation system for each vine and was then compared to methidathion, a contact insecticide. Imidacloprid was found to be more effective than methidathion on all mealybug developmental stages. In addition to its outstanding, up to 100% efficiency, imidacloprid provided an interesting long-term control of mealybugs. No significant difference was found between the two imidacloprid rates (1 and 2 ml/vine). Methidathion generated an overall low to intermediate efficacy on mealybugs and was more effective on both first instar nymphs and adult females than on the other mealybug developmental stages. Thus, imidacloprid applied through a drip irrigation system is a new promising option to control mealybugs in vineyards. For this reason it can be employed in an integrated management program against these pests in the Tunisian grape-growing area.
Effect of Glomus Mosseae (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus) On Host - Parasite Relationship of Meloidogyne Incognita (Southern Root-Knot Nematode) on Four Improved Cowpea Varieties
Authors: Odeyemi Ishola , Afolami Steve , Sosanya Olufemi
Published: October 2010

Effect of Glomus Mosseae (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus) On Host - Parasite Relationship of Meloidogyne Incognita (Southern Root-Knot Nematode) on Four Improved Cowpea Varieties

Two pot experiments and a field study were conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The experiments were conducted to determine the effect ofGlomus mosseae, a mycorrhiza fungus, on the reaction of four improved cowpea varieties toMeloidogyne incognita.Cowpea plants were inoculated with a single or a combination of 5 000 eggs ofM. incognitaand 50 g ofG. mosseaeinoculum containing 5 spores/g of soil. The standardized method of screening and reporting resistance of crop germplasm to root-knot nematodes at 60 days after planting, and the modified version of including yield for resistance rating at harvest were used for this study. Root galling due toM. incognitainfection was significantly lower on all the cowpea varieties treated withG. mosseaeand more significantly on IT90K-277-2 and IT89KD-288 in the screenhouse.G. mosseae, suppressed root-knot nematode reproduction on all the varieties compared to cowpea plants infected only byM. incognitaboth in the screenhouse and field experiments. Also,G. mosseaemitigated the damage attributable to the root-knot nematode on all these varieties. Using Gall Index (GI), reproduction factor and yield,G. mosseaewas effective in improving the resistance of the cowpea varieties toM. incognita.IT90K-76 cowpea variety was consistently resistant to the root-knot nematode, while IT90K-277-2 was tolerant withM. incognitainfection but resistant withG. mosseaetreatment. IT90K-941-1 variety was resistant in the screenhouse. The results of this study also confirmedG. mosseaeas a potential bio-control agent forM. incognitaon these cowpea varieties.
Integrated Management Approach for Control of the Pest Complex of Olitorius Jute, Corchorus Olitorius L.
Authors: Rahman Sahidur , Khan Matiyar
Published: October 2010

Integrated Management Approach for Control of the Pest Complex of Olitorius Jute, Corchorus Olitorius L.

Field trials were conducted with six treatments against the pest complex of olitorius jute var. JRO-524 during 2004 and 2005 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. The results revealed that incidence of Anomis sabulifera Guen., Spilarctia obliqua Wlk., Myllocerus discolor Bohemus, Apion corchori Marshall and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks were found causing a minimum of 6.10, 4.68, 12.38, 5.09, and 10.47 percent plant infestation, respectively. These were the results from the 2004 crop season in the IPM module M3 designed against insect, mite and nematode pests as compared to the other treatments. Similar results were obtained in 2005 with a relatively low plant infestation of 7.66, 28.60, 11.90 and 11.21 caused by A. sabulifera, M. discolor, A. corchori and P. latus, respectively, in module M3 as compared to the other treatments. The maximum reduction (69.39 to 82.46%) of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood) population along with low gall index (1.33 to 1.67) at harvest was observed in module (M3) in 2004-05. The yellow mite population was observed to be a minimum of 14.33 and 19.33 per leaf in 2004 and 2005, respectively in M3. The maximum average fiber yield of 30.32 q/ha and the benefit-cost ratio of 7.34 were also recorded in M3. Based on the benefit-cost ratio, the performance of the treatments was in the decreasing order of M3 > M2 > M4 > M5 > M1 > M6. Considering performance for managing insect, mites and root-knot nematodes, M3 was the most effective and economical management strategy against the pest complex of olitorius jute. Four spider species viz. Neoscona mukerji Tikader, Neoscona sp., Araneus sp. and Xysticus sp. were recorded for the first time in the jute ecosystem of West Bengal. The pest population in the jute ecosystem could be suppressed naturally to a great extent, because thirteen insects and ten spider predators were encountered in the experimental field during the crop season. Furthermore, a larval parasitoid (Apanteles obliquae) was found acting on the larvae of bihar hairy caterpillars.
Mushroom Virus × (Mvx): A Novel Disease of Mushrooms in Poland?
Authors: Pudełko Krzysztof
Published: October 2010

Mushroom Virus × (Mvx): A Novel Disease of Mushrooms in Poland?

The emergence of an unusualAgaricus bisporusmushroom disease first reported in the UK, and later termed as "mushroom virus X" (MVX), exhibits a wide range of symptoms. Findings from laboratories in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland indicate that symptomatic MVX mushrooms contain a variable compendium of novel 26 (dsRNA) elements, ranging in size between 20.2 kb and 0.64 kb. Four low molecular weight dsRNA bands (sizes 2.0-0.64 kb) are consistently synchronous to mushroom off-color/browning symptoms. This devastating disease first appeared in 1996 on UK farms. MVX is now more widespread and prevalent in a number of European countries (e.g. Netherlands, Ireland). Symptoms vary and range from the occasional outbreak to severe outbreaks leading to crop losses. Recently a few mushroom farms in Poland reported symptoms of brown-colored mushrooms among the white ones. These observations were very similar to the observations of MVX incidences observed before on Dutch farms. This work is probably the first information about the possible presence of MVX on Polish mushroom farms.
Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum Ustatissimum L.) Cultivation
Authors: Soliman Ibrahim , Hamza Amany
Published: October 2010

Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta EpilinumWeihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum UstatissimumL.) Cultivation

Two field experiments were carried out in Sakha Experimental Station during two seasons to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments (hand combing, butralin, tribenuron-methyl, metosulam and fluazifop-p-butyl) in controlling dodder weed (Cuscuta epilinumWeihe) in Fibre flax. Moreover, the effect of these treatments on some growth characters of flax yield and its components was also determined. All tested herbicide treatments decreased the dodder infestation in flax for up to 49 days. All tested herbicide treatments increased all flax growth characters, (straw yield and seed yield). Butralin herbicide gave the best control of dodder, followed by metosulam, tribenuron-methyl and fluazifop-p-butyl. Also, the data revealed that most herbicidal treatments slightly decreased protein content of flax plants and did not adversely affect the oil content of its seeds. This study suggests that, under heavy infestation of dodder weed, the use of the tested herbicides, especially butralin, is highly recommended.
Toxicity of Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) Products From Nigeria Against Three Storage Insects
Authors: Denloye Abiodun , Makanjuola Winifred , Teslim Oluwakemi , Alafia Oyindamola , Kasali Adeleke , Eshilokun Adeolu
Published: October 2010

Toxicity ofChenopodium AmbrosioidesL. (Chenopodiaceae) Products From Nigeria Against Three Storage Insects

Tests were carried out to study the toxicity, oviposition suppression, ovicidal and larvicidal effects ofChenopodium ambrosioidesL. as powder, extracts and essential oil againstCallosobruchus maculatusF. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae),Sitophilus zeamaisMotschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) andTribolium castaneumJacqueline du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The powder formulation was more toxic toS. zeamaisthan eitherC. maculatusorT. castaneumwith 48 h LC50values of 0.46 g/kg, 1.60 g/kg and 2.14 g/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract was more toxic toC. maculatuswith a 48 h LC50value of 0.023 g/l, than other test insect species. The essential oil treatment demonstrated higher fumigant toxicity againstC. maculatusthanS. zeamaiswith 24 h LC50values of 1.33 μl/l and 1.90 μl/l respectively. The oil vapour showed activity againstC. maculatusegg, but had no appreciable larval mortality. The weight loss of grains admixed withC. ambrosioidespowder was lower than the controls after 150 days of field storage.
Aphid Dynamics in Relation to Meteorological Factors and Various Management Practices in Bread Wheat
Authors: Wains Muhmmad , Ali Muhammad , Hussain Makhdoom , Anwar Javed , Zulkiffal M. , Sabir Waseem
Published: October 2010

Aphid Dynamics in Relation to Meteorological Factors and Various Management Practices in Bread Wheat

The infestation of aphids in wheat is becoming a serious problem nowadays and it might become a threat to the future wheat crop in Pakistan. With this problem in mind we did a study pertaining to aphid dynamics in relation to meteorological factors and various management practices in bread wheat. The study was carried out at the Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate how meteorological factors play a role in the fluctuating aphid population and how different management practices could be effective in combating aphids. The results revealed that a peak aphid population was recorded during the beginning of the third week of March for both of the study year periods of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. Aphid density was positively associated with maximum as well as minimum temperature while it showed a negative correlation with relative humidity. However aphid population was positively but not significantly affected by rainfall. Early sowing on 1st November produced the least aphid infestation hence early sowing was encouraged as a cultural practice for keeping aphids below damaging levels. The recently developed wheat varieties like: SHAFAQ-06, SEHER-06, FSD-08 and LASANI-08, revealed aphid resistance and performed better against aphids. On the other hand the genotypes V-05003, BARS-09 and 0BT006, revealed maximum vulnerability to aphids. Number of aphids per tiller was positive correlated with loss in grain yield. Application of insecticide significantly controlled the aphid population which suggested that a combination of host plant resistance with chemical control could restrain the aphid infestation in wheat.
Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused by Erwinia Carotovora Ssp. Carotovora
Authors: Bdliya Bulus , Abraham Peter
Published: October 2010

Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused byErwinia CarotovoraSsp.Carotovora

The efficacy of combining tuber treatment with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposure to solar heat for the control of potato tuber soft rot was investigated. Artificially inoculated potato tubers were treated with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposed to solar heat for zero, one, two and three hours. The results showed that tuber treatment with the plant extract followed by exposure to solar heat significantly reduced the incidence and severity of tuber soft rot compared to the control group. However, the highest reduction in the incidence and severity of the disease was recorded on tubers treated with the plant extract and incubated immediately after treatment (no exposure to solar heat). This suggests that the plant extract is more effective at lower than higher temperatures. Potato tuber losses due to soft rot could therefore be managed by tuber treatment with mahogany bark extract and no exposure to solar heat.
Dual-task Practice of Temporally Structured Movement Sequences Augments Integrated Task Processing, but not Automatization
Authors: Blischke Klaus , Wagner Florian , Zehren Barbara , Brueckner Sebastian
Published: October 2010

Dual-task Practice of Temporally Structured Movement Sequences Augments Integrated Task Processing, but not Automatization

After initial learning, a one-finger key stroke sequence, defined by a specific relative timing pattern (temporal structure) and absolute total movement time (temporal parameter), was practiced (with KR provided) either under dual-task conditions (experimental group), or under single-task conditions (control group). During dual-task practice, the key stroke sequence (i.e., the primary-task) was always executed in parallel to one of two cognitively demanding secondary tasks (subtracting numbers, or sorting marbles). Secondary tasks were alternated every 20 practice trials. Before (Pre-test) and after practice (Post-test), performance in each group was assessed under single-task and under dual-task conditions (no KR during tests). From Pre- to Post-test, primary-task performance in both groups significantly increased (relative timing in particular). Also, after practice dual-task costs found during Pre-test in both groups were still prevalent in the control group, but completely vanished in the experimental group with respect to those task combinations that were practiced before. However, when a new secondary task (repeating letters) was introduced, dual-task costs fully reappeared in the experimental group with respect to relative timing of the key stroke sequence. These results contradict the notion of readily acquiring automatic control in the course of dual-task practice by "Structural Displacement" (Blischke & Reiter, 2002), but they are well in line with the concept of developing cognitive strategies for "Integrated Task Processing" (Manzey, 1993). Thus, impact of dual-task practice on motor sequence production may be different from that on motor parameter control. In this context, implications of recent findings from neuropsychology on cortical systems engaged in the pursuit of concurrent behavioural goals (cf. Charron & Koechlin, 2010) are discussed.
Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Shoulder Muscular Strength and Joint Position Sense
Authors: Hong Junggi , Velez Mayachela , Moland Abraham , Sullivan Jeff
Published: October 2010

Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Shoulder Muscular Strength and Joint Position Sense

Functional changes following whole body vibration (WBV) training have been attributed to adaptations in the neuromuscular system. However, these changes have mainly been observed in the lower extremity with minimal change to the upper extremity. The purpose of the study is to examine the acute effect of shoulder vibration on joint position sense and selected muscle performance characteristics (peak torque, time to peak torque, and power). Forty young individuals (19.84 ± 1.73 yrs, 171.41 ± 7.73 cm, 70.07 ± 9.32 kg) with no history of upper body injuries were randomly assigned to an experimental (Vibration) or control (No-Vibration) group. To assess shoulder proprioception, active and passive joint position senses were measured on both internal and external rotation of the shoulder. The muscle performance variables (peak torque and time to peak torque) were measured using isokinetic dynamometer with the velocity of 60°/sec. After three bouts of 1 minute vibration training, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in the internal rotation peak torque, time to peak torque and external rotation time to peak torque (p<0.05). However, no-significant differences were revealed for joint position sense, external rotation peak torque, and time to peak torque between the groups. Our findings suggest that short bouts of vibration treatment have a significant effect on shoulder muscle characteristics.
Contribution of Peripheral and Central Fatigue in Different Conditions (Gender and Time of Day Differences)
Authors: Nourshahi Maryam , Alirezaei Fatemeh , Bahrpeyma Farid
Published: October 2010

Contribution of Peripheral and Central Fatigue in Different Conditions (Gender and Time of Day Differences)

The aim of the present study was to examine the rate of central and peripheral contributions in circadian rhythms and gender differences after exhausted maximal exercise. From 36 volunteers, 12 healthy male and female subjects who had H-reflex (It is elicited by electrical stimulation and it has been suggested to be one of mechanisms that could cause central fatigue) were selected (mean age of 23.5±1.37 years, height of 166.83±5.11cm, weight of 59.8±9.15 kg, VO2max of 33.14±4.71 ml. kg-1. min-1in male subjects and mean age of 23±6.32 years, height of 165.17±2.48 cm, weight of 56±2.09 kg and VO2max of 29.05±2.89 ml. kg-1. min-1 in female subjects) and took part in this investigation. Central (MVC, latency of H-reflex, amplitude of H-reflex and ratio of H-reflex to M-wave) and peripheral properties of fatigue (blood lactate and M-wave) were recorded before and after an exhausted maximal exercise at two different times of day: 9 am and 6 pm which is separated by a week. Significant differences were found in HR, blood lactate and latency of H-reflex before and after exercise. However differences between male and female in MVC, amplitude of H-reflex, ratio of H-reflex to M-wave and M-wave was significant. With induced -exercise, central and peripheral fatigue was higher in men in the morning and in women in the afternoon., thus our results recommended designing suitable exercise programs for men and women in the afternoon and morning, respectively. However, further studies are needed to confirm these results, especially in recommending using transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Muscle Strength and Aerobic Endurance as Factors Differentiating Falling and Non-Falling Men over 70 Years
Authors: Maciaszek Janusz
Published: October 2010

Muscle Strength and Aerobic Endurance as Factors Differentiating Falling and Non-Falling Men over 70 Years

The aim of the study was to find factors which differentiate generally healthy elderly men who had fallen versus those whom had not fallen throughout the year prior to the study. The participants (66 generally healthy men aged over 70 years) were divided into two groups - those who had fallen (F) and those who had not fallen (NF) in the period of one year before the study. Their body mass index and fat mass were measured. On the basis of the value of maximum sways on a stable posturographic platform, the sway area was calculated. To study psychomotor fitness reaction time, an analysis was measured by the "Vienna System Test". Functional fitness was measured on the basis of selected tests from "The Senior Fitness Test". The complexity of the multiple mechanisms underlying postural control does not allow for clear indication of the risks of stability loss. The experimental group of men over 70 yrs who had fallen (F) was characterised by lower body strength (p<0.05) and endurance (p<0.05), compared to NF group. Exercise programs designed to prevent accidental falls should incorporate strength and aerobic exercises.
Is Walking Exercise a Protective Factor for Osteoporosis in Young Obese Women?
Authors: Habibzadeh Nasim , Rahmani-Nia Farhad , Daneshmandi Hassan
Published: October 2010

Is Walking Exercise a Protective Factor for Osteoporosis in Young Obese Women?

Twenty obese (BMI>30) women with an average age of 22.00 ± 1.50 years volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned to exercise (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Before and after the training program, both groups were evaluated for anthropometric measurements and blood analysis. Bone mass density (BMD) was evaluated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip and spine (L2- L4). Each walking session was 30 min walking at 50-75% of maximal heart rate, 3 days per week, for 2 months. After 2 months, the exercise group showed no significant effect on BMD at the spine (L2- L4) and hip (p>0.05). However, there was a slightly increase in BMD at both regions, while the control group did not. Also, no change was observed in bloods factors. Percent body fat, fat mass and lean mass changes in response to training were significant in the exercise group (all p=0.000). As a result, it may be suggested that walking programs of longer duration and higher intensity can influence BMD and related factors in obese girls, however to achieve this result, more studies are needed.
Effects of Supplementation with Neptune Krill Oil (Euphasia Superba) on Selected Redox Parameters and Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise
Authors: Skarpańska-Stejnborn Anna , Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Łucja , Basta Piotr , Foriasz Justyna , Arlet Jarosław
Published: October 2010

Effects of Supplementation with Neptune Krill Oil (Euphasia Superba) on Selected Redox Parameters and Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise

This study investigated the effects of supplementation with Krill oil on levels of pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance markers and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in professional rowers submitted to exhaustive exercise.

This double-blind study included 17 members of the Polish National Rowing Team. Subjects were randomly assigned a supplemented group (n=9) which received two capsules (500 mg) of Krill oil daily for 6 weeks, or a placebo group (n=8). At the beginning and at the end of preparatory camp, subjects performed a 2000 m maximum effort test on a rowing ergometer. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein prior to each exercise test, 1 minute after completing the test, and after 24-hours of rest. The following redox parameters were assessed in erythrocytes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration. Additionally, creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured in plasma samples, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) concentrations were measured in the serum.

Exercise significantly increased values of SOD, TNF-α and TBARS in both groups, but recovery levels of TBARS were significantly lower in athletes receiving Krill oil compared with the control group.

Based on these results we conclude that supplementation with Krill oil (1 g per day) in trained rowers diminished post exercise oxidative damage to erythrocytes during recovery, but had no effect on antioxidant enzymes, TNF-α and serum lipid profiles.
Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic Exercise
Authors: Fatemi Rouholah , Ghanbarzadeh Mohsen
Published: October 2010

Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic Exercise

The present study aimed at assessing air way resistance indexes that include FEV1 (Force expiration Volume in one second), FVC (Forced vital capacity) and FEV1/FVC and exercise-induced asthma (EIA) after one session of sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise. Fifty healthy male subjects (age 19-26) from the faculty of Physical Education, University of Shahid Chamran served as the participants of the study. They were randomly assigned to either exercise or control groups. Body height, body mass and pulmonary factors were measured in the pre-test conditions. The study protocol included a sub maximal incremental Astrand - Rhyming test on an ergocycle. After performing this test by the exercise group, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC, were measured again for both groups and compared with pre test evaluations. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics (dependent and independent t test). Results showed that there was a significant difference in FEV1 between the two groups after the exercise protocol (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in FVC between the two groups after exercise, and a significant difference was registered in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC between pre-test and post-test results in the group that performed the aerobic test protocol (p ≤ 0.05). Our results indicate that one sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise session causes a significant change in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, and causes exercise-induced asthma.
Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy and Physical Exercise on Anaerobic and Aerobic Power, Body Composition, Lipoprotein Profile in Middle Aged Men
Authors: Zajâc Adam , Czuba Miłosz , Poprzecki Stanisław , Waśkiewicz Zbigniew , Cholewa Jarosław , Pilch Jan , Chycki Jakub
Published: October 2010

Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy and Physical Exercise on Anaerobic and Aerobic Power, Body Composition, Lipoprotein Profile in Middle Aged Men

Recently growth hormone therapy has been used as an age delaying drug in middle aged men and women as well as in the elderly. Positive effects have been shown in regards to body mass and body composition changes, fat metabolism, bone mineral density and muscle strength. Exercise is a potent physiological stimulus for growth hormone secretion and both aerobic and resistance exercise results in significant, acute serum increases in GH concentration. It is unclear however whether a combination of exercise and hGH therapy further increases physical performance in adults and increases changes in body composition and biochemical variables related to health. For this purpose a group of 15 middle aged men (45,7±5,8 years, 93,2±16,3kg and 183,3±4cm), slightly overweight were randomly divided into an experimental and control groups. Both groups exercised for 3 month, performing 2 aerobic sessions per week and 2 resistance workouts, increasing training loads every two weeks. The experimental group received additionally hGH subcutaneous injections beginning with 0,2 IU daily for the first month and then increasing it to 0,4 and 0,6 IU in successive month. VO2max was evaluated during a progressive ergocycle test to volitional exhaustion, while anaerobic power and capacity were measured during the 30s Wingate test. Additionally body mass and body composition were evaluated as well as the lipoprotein profile and the concentration of chosen anabolic hormones. The results indicate a significant rise in resting concentrations of GH and IGF-1 after the replacement therapy but no additional benefits in regards to aerobic fitness and fat metabolism in comparison to exercise only. A more profound effect was observed in case of anaerobic performance, thus it was concluded that even small doses of hGH stimulated additional protein synthesis following resistance exercise what allowed for significant increases in FFM, anaerobic power (W/kg) and capacity (J/kg) as evaluated obtained during the Wingate test. It was concluded that for a more significant effect of hGH therapy in regards to physical performance greater doses of this hormone have to be used, along with an intensive exercise program.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Morphological Asymmetry Assessment among Field Hockey Players
Authors: Krzykała Magdalena
Published: October 2010

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Morphological Asymmetry Assessment among Field Hockey Players

Every sports discipline is characterized by specific movements which are symmetric or asymmetric. Field hockey belongs to a asymmetric activity. There is suspicion that players, who use more frequently one side of the body during training or the game, have also side-to-side morphological diversification. The main aim of the study is to determine the degree of asymmetry which manifests itself in somatic characteristics. The analysis was done among twenty competitive Polish male field hockey players. All athletes undertook total body Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which divided the body into anatomic segments: arms, trunk, and legs. Professional field hockey participation showed significantly enhanced muscle mass and higher bone mineral density on the left side of the body. The present data should help better understand complicated morphology of highly trained athletes with more comprehensive and accurate approach to their anthropometrical description.
Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in Soccer
Authors: Lago-Ballesteros Joaquin , Lago-Peñas Carlos
Published: October 2010

Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in Soccer

The aim of this study was to identify specific performance indicators that discriminate the top clubs from the others based on significantly different pitch action performance in the Spanish Soccer League. All 380 games corresponding to the 2008-2009 season have been analyzed. The studied variables were divided into three groups related to goals scored (goals for, goals against, total shots, shots on goal, shooting accuracy, shots for a goal), offense (assists, crosses, offsides committed, fouls received, corners, ball possession) and defense (crosses against, offsides received, fouls committed, corners against, yellow cards, red cards). Data were analyzed performing a one-way ANOVA. Significant differences across sections of the league table were found for the following pitch actions: goals for, total shots, shots on goal, shots for a goal, assists and ball possession. The main findings of this study suggest that top teams had a higher average of goals for, total shots and shots on goal than middle and bottom teams (p<0.05). Bottom teams needed a higher number of shots for scoring a goal than the other groups of teams (p<0.05). Middle teams showed a lower value in assists and ball possession than top teams (p<0.05). In conclusion, this paper presents values that can be used as normative data to design and evaluate practices and competitions for peak performance soccer teams in a collective way.
Ball Possession Strategies in Elite Soccer According to the Evolution of the Match-Score: the Influence of Situational Variables
Authors: Lago-Peñas Carlos , Dellal Alexandre
Published: October 2010

Ball Possession Strategies in Elite Soccer According to the Evolution of the Match-Score: the Influence of Situational Variables

In soccer, the ability to retain possession of the ball for prolonged periods of time has been suggested to be linked to success. The accuracy of this assertion was investigated by examining 380 matches involving Spanish League First Division teams during the 2008-2009 season. Possession of the ball, according to the status of the match (winning, drawing and losing), was recorded during the different matches using a multiple-camera match analysis system (Gecasport®). The results suggest that the best classified teams maintained a higher percentage of ball possession and that their pattern of play was more stable. The coefficient of variation, with respect to ball possession per match, was smaller for the best placed teams. Indeed, first placed F.C. Barcelona had the smallest coefficient of variation for possession time (8.4%), while bottom placed Recreativo showed the highest values with 17.1%. Linear regression analysis showed that possession strategies were influenced by situation variables. Team possession was greater when losing than when winning (p<0.01) or drawing (p<0.01), home teams enjoyed greater possession than visiting teams (p<0.01), and playing against strong opposition was associated with a reduction in time spent in possession (p<0.01). The findings indicate that strategies in soccer are influenced by situational variables and that teams alter their playing style accordingly during the match.
Asymmetry of Step Length in Relationship to Leg Strength in 200 meters Sprint of different Performance Levels
Authors: Maćkała Krzysztof , Michalski Ryszard , Ćoh Milan
Published: October 2010

Asymmetry of Step Length in Relationship to Leg Strength in 200 meters Sprint of different Performance Levels

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare asymmetry of stride length during 200 m sprint in different levels of performance. Six sprinters from national and regional levels participated in the study. They were assigned to 3 groups: school-boys (novice sprinters) junior (intermediate) and senior (advance - national and regional level) category. This study investigated selected kinematic parameters with special focus on stride length. The resulting values were measurements of each stride length (rounded-off to nearest full centimeter) during a 200 m sprint, using a manual stride measurement method. The findings indicate that the asymmetry of stride length exists in all categories, and the impact on decreasing velocities of the youngest sprinters (school-boys) are significantly associated with shorter strides, whereas cadence has little change. However, when a statistical adjustment was made for each group of runners it was found that more advanced runners did not have a significantly higher level of asymmetry with stride length at any given velocity.
Assessment of Demographic and Personality Characteristics of Elite Dancers in Turkey
Authors: Tavacioglu Leyla , Kora Kaan , Atilgan Erkut , Savran Canan
Published: October 2010

Assessment of Demographic and Personality Characteristics of Elite Dancers in Turkey

In this study, a descriptive method was used in order to assess the demographic and personality characteristics of athletes in dancing sports.

Data collected with ACL scale were evaluated with a computer programme and subscale scores were obtained. Five subscale categories which have the highest mean scores among all, were decided as typical characteristics of the athletes. The distributions of subscale scores according to demographic variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson correlation test. In all analysis, results were tested two-sided and level of significance was accepted as 0.05.

Preponderance over others, decisiveness, high self-esteem, masculine behavior were found significantly higher in younger athletes compared to old ones. On the other hand, acceptance of psychological consultation was found to be significantly higher among old athletes.
Comparison of Development of Physical Fitness Parameters in different Summer School Programs
Authors: Güngör Elvin , OnurCerrah Ali , Çobanoğlu Halil , Kaçoğlu Celil , Yılmaz Ilker
Published: October 2010

Comparison of Development of Physical Fitness Parameters in different Summer School Programs

The purpose of this study was to compare body composition and physical fitness development of children participating in soccer and different education programs. Nineteen adolescence children (age=12.8±0.3) participated in soccer training and eleven adolescence children (age=13.4±1) participated in multi-purpose physical education program for three weeks. Physical fitness tests were applied for determining the motor fitness, flexibility, agility, explosive power, general balance and endurance of children. Tests were applied before and after two educational programs and paired t-tests were applied between pre- and post-tests of the group. According to results, the weight of children who participated in the multi-purpose physical education program did not change significantly, whereas the weight of children in the soccer training program changed significantly (p<0.05). Standing-broad jump performance, 10 × 5 m speed shuttle run performance, flamingo balance test, abdominal sit-ups and medicine ball performance were significantly increased after two multi-purpose education programs (p<0.05). Furthermore, strength endurance of abdominal muscle group performance increased in only the soccer training group (p<0.05). In conclusion, both training programs had positive effects on performance. However, soccer training is more effective for development of strength and endurance of the abdominal muscle group, because soccer training is more specific for development of motor abilities.
Correlations of Anthropometric and Body Composition Variables with the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters
Authors: Siahkouhian Marefat , Hedayatneja Meysam
Published: October 2010

Correlations of Anthropometric and Body Composition Variables with the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations of anthropometric and body composition variables with the performance (i.e., snatch; clean & jerk; front squat; back squat) of Iranian elite weightlifters. Forty-two subjects (mean ± SD of age 16.21 ± 3.22 years) volunteered to participate in the study.

All subjects competed at the Iranian National Championship. Anthropometric and body composition variables, including height, sitting height, cormic index, lean body mass (LBM), body mass index (BMI), modified BMI (by the cormic index), %fat, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, WHR (wrist to hip ratio), as well as performance of weightlifters (i.e., snatch; clean & jerk; front squat; back squat) were measured.

Results showed that the snatch and clean & jerk records significantly correlated with height, sitting height, weight, shoulder and chest circumference, LBM, BMI; whereas we showed negative correlations between the snatch and clean & jerk records with the %fat as well as WHR values. Results also showed that the snatch and clean & jerk records significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r= 0.357, and r= 0.374; p<0.05); however there was no relationship between snatch and clean & jerk records and the modified body mass index (MBMI).

According to the results, it was concluded that there was strong correlations existing between weightlifter performance and the anthropometric and body composition variables. Also, it is recommended that the cormic index (CI) is a corrective factor for BMI values.
Modern Saber Fencing by Zbigniew Borysiuk published by SKA SwordPlay Books, NYC, Staten Island
Authors: Czajkowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2010

Modern Saber Fencing by Zbigniew Borysiuk published by SKA SwordPlay Books, NYC, Staten Island

Modern Saber Fencing by Zbigniew Borysiuk (SKA SwordPlay Books, New York, USA) is a product of the author's many years of experience as a fencing coach and a researcher of talent identification, mental and motor coaching, with particular interests in information processes, perception, sensori-motor reactions, spacial and temporal anticipation as well as selection in sport and fencing training at all stages of an athlete's development. The greatest asset of the book is the wealth of photographs and presentations of technical and tactical actions by elite saber fencers on a DVD. This book should be extremely useful in fencing training and attract the interest of the fencing community, including collegiate fencing clubs, in the United States, Poland and other countries.
The upper cenozoic evolution of the Duero and Ebro fluvial systems (N-Spain): part I. paleogeography; part II. geomorphology
Authors: Mikeš Daniel
Published: October 2010

Lack of age dates in the terrigenous Cenozoic sediments of the Duero and the Ebro sedimentary basins has complicated tecto-stratic correlation across the two basins. We tentatively synthesize a range of existing studies and new data to construct a rough general paleogeography throughout Upper Cenozoic times. The more extensive erosion of the Ebro has been previously attributed to the earlier moment of opening. We tentatively analyse lithostratic data to conclude that the lower knick-point and different lithologies have also contributed to the deeper erosion in the Ebro Basin. We conclude from lithostratic data and field evidence that the W half of the Rioja was part of the Duero in earlier times and that the escarpment retreated westward through the Rioja in four subsequent episodes of erosion. The tilt of the NW Duero is a consequence of isostatic rebound to this erosion.
Volcanic architecture, eruption mechanism and landform evolution of a Plio/Pleistocene intracontinental basaltic polycyclic monogenetic volcano from the Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field, Hungary
Authors: Kereszturi Gábor , Csillag Gábor , Németh Károly , Sebe Krisztina , Balogh Kadosa , Jáger Viktor
Published: October 2010

Bondoró Volcanic Complex (shortly Bondoró) is one of the most complex eruption centre of Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field, which made up from basaltic pyroclastics sequences, a capping confined lava field (~4 km2) and an additional scoria cone. Here we document and describe the main evolutional phases of the Bondoró on the basis of facies analysis, drill core descriptions and geomorphic studies and provide a general model for this complex monogenetic volcano. Based on the distinguished 13 individual volcanic facies, we infer that the eruption history of Bondoró contained several stages including initial phreatomagmatic eruptions, Strombolian-type scoria cones forming as well as effusive phases. The existing and newly obtained K-Ar radiometric data have confirmed that the entire formation of the Bondoró volcano finished at about 2.3 Ma ago, and the time of its onset cannot be older than 3.8 Ma. Still K-Ar ages on neighbouring formations (e.g. Kab-hegy, Agár-teto) do not exclude a long-lasting eruptive period with multiple eruptions and potential rejuvenation of volcanic activity in the same place indicating stable melt production beneath this location. The prolonged volcanic activity and the complex volcanic facies architecture of Bondoró suggest that this volcano is a polycyclic volcano, composed of at least two monogenetic volcanoes formed more or less in the same place, each erupted through distinct, but short lived eruption episodes. The total estimated eruption volume, the volcanic facies characteristics and geomorphology also suggests that Bondoró is rather a small-volume polycyclic basaltic volcano than a polygenetic one and can be interpreted as a nested monogenetic volcanic complex with multiple eruption episodes. It seems that Bondoró is rather a “rule” than an “exception” in regard of its polycyclic nature not only among the volcanoes of the Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field but also in the Neogene basaltic volcanoes of the Pannonian Basin.
Is Efate (Vanuatu, SW Pacific) a result of subaerial or submarine eruption? An alternative model for the 1 Ma Efate Pumice Formation
Authors: Stewart Robert , Németh Karoly , Cronin Shane
Published: October 2010

The Efate Pumice Formation (EPF) is a trachydacitic volcaniclastic succession widespread in the central part of Efate Island and also present on Hat and Lelepa islands to the north. The volcanic succession has been inferred to result from a major, entirely subaqueous explosive event north of Efate Island. The accumulated pumice-rich units were previously interpreted to be subaqueous pyroclastic density current deposits on the basis of their bedding, componentry and stratigraphic characteristics. Here we suggest an alternative eruptive scenario for this widespread succession. The major part of the EPF is distributed in central Efate, where pumiceous pyroclastic rock units several hundred meters thick are found within fault scarp cliffs elevated about 800 m above sea level. The basal 200 m of the pumiceous succession is composed of massive to weakly bedded pumiceous lapilli units, each 2-3 m thick. This succession is interbedded with wavy, undulatory and dune bedded pumiceous ash and fine lapilli units with characteristics of co-ignimbrite surges and ground surges. The presence of the surge beds implies that the intervening units comprise a subaerial ignimbrite-dominated succession. There are no sedimentary indicators in the basal units examined that are consistent with water-supported transportation and/or deposition. The subaerial ignimbrite sequence of the EPF is overlain by a shallow marine volcaniclastic Rentanbau Tuffs. The EPF is topped by reef limestone, which presumably preserved the underlying EPF from erosion. We here propose that the EPF was formed by a combination of initial subaerial ignimbrite-forming eruptions, followed by caldera subsidence. The upper volcaniclastic successions in our model represent intra-caldera pumiceous volcaniclastic deposits accumulated in a shallow marine environment in the resultant caldera. The present day elevated position of the succession is a result of a combination of possible caldera resurgence and ongoing arc-related uplift in the region.