bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminated cutaneous cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent elderly long‐term pigeon fancier
Authors: Futatsuya Taketoshi , Anzawa Kazushi , Mochizuki Takashi , Shoji Akinobu , Hoshino Yasutaka , Abe Masahiro
Published: February 2020

Cutaneous cryptococcosis is classified as localized cutaneous cryptococcosis and cutaneous manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. The former presents as lesions, confined to isolated parts of the skin, which are neither systemically disseminated nor associated with cryptococcal fungemia or antigenemia. The latter presents as lesions through dissemination of Cryptococcus from visceral organs such as the lungs, with most cases being immunosuppressed hosts. We report the case of an immunocompetent elderly long‐term pigeon fancier who presented with disseminated cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Although the patient had been at risk of inhaling the pathogen by keeping pigeons for many years, and had been treated with topical steroids for a localized nodular lesion, the cause of development of multiple skin lesions could not be determined. The patient paradoxically showed no pulmonary or central nervous system symptoms, fungemia or glucuronoxylomannan antigenemia. Treatment with oral itraconazole 200 mg/day was not effective, but combination therapy of 5‐fluorocytosine 200 mg/kg per day and fluconazole 100 mg/day resolved the disease.
A retrospective study of DNA prevalence of porcine parvoviruses in Mexico and its relationship with porcinecircovirusassociated disease
Authors: Garcia‐Camacho Lucia Angélica , Vargas‐Ruiz Alejandro , Marin‐Flamand Ernesto , Ramírez‐Álvarez Hugo , Brown Corrie
Published: February 2020

Worldwide, many emerging porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) have been linked to porcine circovirus‐2 (PCV2) associated disease (PCVAD), which includes post‐weaning multi‐systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2‐related reproductive failure (PCV2‐RF), as well as other syndromes. To determine the DNA prevalence of PPVs and their relationship with PMWS and PCV2‐RF in Mexico, 170 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues were selected from archival collections to detect PPVs using a nested polymerase chain reaction. The tissues were composed of 50 PMWS cases, 20 age‐matched tissues from healthy pigs, 56 PCV2‐related reproductive failure (PCV2+‐RF) cases, and 44 PCV2‐‐RF cases. Overall, PPV2 and PPV6 were the most prevalent species (90.0% and 74.7%, respectively). In 8–11 week old pigs, the highest prevalence was for PPV6 and PPV3. Concerning reproductive failure, the PCV2‐affected farms had a significantly higher prevalence for PPV6 (61.6%) and PPV5 (36.4%) than the PCV2‐unaffected farms (35.0% and 5.0%, respectively). The concurrent infection rate was high, being significant for PPV2/PPV4 and PPV1/PPV5 within the PMWS cases and for PPV6/PPV5 among the PCV2+‐RF tissues. PPV5 showed a significant relationship with PMWS, whereas PPV5 and PPV6 were significant for PCVAD. The prevalence and coinfection rate of PPVs in Mexico were markedly higher than that described in other countries, denoting that PPV5 and PPV6 might have a potential role in PCVAD in Mexico. It is concluded that it is likely that the density population of pigs in Mexico is contributing to high PPV inter‐species and PCV2 coinfections which might lead to a different pathogenic outcome.
The Managerial Ombudsman
Authors: Gill Chris , Mullen Tom , Vivian Nial
Published: February 2020

This article identifies a major development in the role and practice of the ombudsman. It argues that the New Public Management practices that have transformed public administration in the last 30 years have led to a more managerial approach to the ombudsman's work. The article's argument is developed through analysis of an empirical case study of the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman, which illustrates how the aims and techniques of managerialism have been deployed in the ombudsman context. The article evaluates the significance of these developments for the ombudsman institution and for the wider justice system. It examines the risks and opportunities inherent in this turn to managerialism and whether it represents a departure from the ombudsman's mission or a necessary adaptation to a changed world of public administration. In identifying the rise of the ‘managerial ombudsman’, the article provides a new framework for conceptualising developments in the modern ombudsman institution.
Indigenous Cosmogony and Andean Architecture in El Alto, Bolivia
Authors: Poupeau Franck
Published: February 2020

This essay applies Bourdieu's analysis of the formation of the ‘scholastic habitus’ in medieval times—elaborated in his 1967 afterword to his French translation of Erwin Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism—to the correspondence between indigenous mental categories and architectural innovation in the Bolivian ‘rebel city’ of El Alto. The principle of homology between mental categories and building layout (rooted in a shared habitus) can be used to interpret one of the most spectacular features of Bolivia's ‘emerging architectures’, known as chalets. The term chalet designates a hybrid structure consisting of a colorful and ornate penthouse and multi‐story dwelling erected on building rooftops. The chalets are architectural forms embedded within an economy of symbolic goods characterized by a ‘dual truth’: they are at once material and symbolic; they perform economic functions while seeking public visibility. The conspicuous lifestyle advertised by the construction of chalets can be understood by reference to the rising social power of the indigenous elites (cholos) dominating the thriving ‘ethnic economy’ of the city. The fraternities of El Alto emerge as the structural equivalent of the scholastic institution that Bourdieu associated with Gothic architecture: they are the site of production of a specific habitus, shared by native urban categories defined by similar residential locations, economic activities and forms of collective organization.
Urban Symbolic Violence Re‐Made: Religion, Politics and Spatial Struggles in Istanbul
Authors: Tuğal Cihan
Published: February 2020

The symbolic and physical map of Istanbul has undergone dramatic shifts over the past four decades. Squatters—the persistent underdogs in this huge metropolis—have mounted an attack against established economic and cultural hierarchies. This challenge has transformed the structures of symbolic violence through the production of an alternative urban space (contentious neighborhoods and districts, teahouses, innovative district and street layouts, and ‘Islamic’ internal and external architecture). In the process, the meanings of urbanity and provinciality, of secularity and Islam, have been altered—and stigma, along with urban rent, has been systematically redistributed (although redistribution has been far from egalitarian). The dominant sectors ultimately absorbed the attack: squatters remained subordinated, but the terms of subordination have changed. A synthesis of Bourdieu and (a geographically revised) Gramsci sheds light on this process of challenge and absorption in and through urban space.
Constructing an index for comparing human resources management sustainability in Europe
Authors: Diaz‐Carrion Rosalia , López‐Fernández Macarena , Romero‐Fernandez Pedro M.
Published: February 2020

Assuming that a company's institutional context influences its sustainability approach and its human resources management (HRM), this article compares firms' sustainable HRM systems across countries. Despite the presence of a supranational government, different social models exist in Europe according to the level of social protection in each country. The article compares the engagement of companies with sustainable HRM across Europe and develops an index with which to compare HRM sustainability in countries that present significant institutional differences: Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The index is constructed based on a formative measurement model, which reflects the implementation levels of sustainable HRM in 106 western European firms. The index reveals significant differences between companies from the four countries and between liberal and coordinated market economies, indicating the need to address the impact of the national institutional context on firms' HRM sustainability.
TRIAP1 knockdown sensitizes non‐small cell lung cancer to ionizing radiation by disrupting redox homeostasis
Authors: Hao Chun‐cheng , Luo Jia‐ning , Xu Cui‐yang , Zhao Xin‐yu , Zhong Zhen‐bin , Hu Xiao‐nan , Jin Xiao‐ming , Ge Xiaofeng
Published: February 2020

Background

Radioresistance of some non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) types increases the risk of recurrence or metastasis in afflicted patients, following radiotherapy. As such, further improvements to NSCLC radiotherapy are needed. The expression of oncogene TP53‐regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) in NSCLC is increased following irradiation. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has suggested that TRIAP1 might be involved in maintaining redox homeostasis. This in turn might enhance cell radioresistance.

Methods

In this study we irradiated human NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H460), while knocking down TRIAP1, to determine whether a disrupted redox homeostasis could attenuate radioresistance.

Results

Irradiation notably increased both mRNA and protein levels of TRIAP1. In addition, TRIAP1 knockdown decreased the expression of several antioxidant proteins, including thioredoxin‐related transmembrane protein (TMX) 1, TMX2, thioredoxin (TXN), glutaredoxin (GLRX) 2, GLRX3, peroxiredoxin (PRDX) 3, PRDX4, and PRDX6 in A549 and H460 cells. In addition, silencing TRIAP1 impaired the radiation‐induced increase of the aforementioned proteins. Continuing along this line, we observed a radiation‐induced reduction of cell viability and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species following TRIAP1 knockdown.

Conclusions

In summary, we identified TRIAP1 as a key contributor to the radioresistance of NSCLC by maintaining redox homeostasis.
Three new species of Hadreule Thomson (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from the Southern Hemisphere with an identification key to world species
Authors: Souza‐Gonçalves Igor , Lopes‐Andrade Cristiano , Lawrence John F
Published: February 2020

Hadreule Thomson, 1859 is a small genus of ciid beetles, comprising three Holarctic and one Australasian species. Here, three additional species from the Southern Hemisphere are described: H. mineira sp. nov. from Southeast and Northeast Brazil, characterised by the eight‐segmented antennae and male with large abdominal sex patch; H. vivianae sp. nov. from Southeast Brazil, characterised by the elytra darker than pronotum and male with small abdominal sex patch; and H. pacifica sp. nov. from Polynesian and Micronesian islands, characterised by the third antennomere being twice as long as the fourth and the possession of a two‐segmented antennal club. A brief description and images of the presumed larva of H. pacifica sp. nov. are also provided, together with images of the presumed larva of H. mineira sp. nov. and an identification key for adults of the world species of Hadreule.
Hoffmannocoris sinuatus sp. nov. and a new generic synonym in the Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of Africa, with a brief history of ‘Rhaphidosomatini’
Authors: Swanson Daniel R
Published: February 2020

Knowledge of the biodiversity of a region can have wide‐ranging implications for other disciplines and enterprises, including public health, agriculture and pest management, and conservation. However, in order to properly assess a region's biodiversity, an accurate and up‐to‐date taxonomy is needed. While description of new taxa plays a sizeable role in how biodiversity changes over time, the re‐assessment of previously described taxa and the recognition of synonyms are of equal importance. In this service, taxonomic study of ‘Rhaphidosomatini’ and its variously associated taxa was undertaken. ‘Rhaphidosomatini’ are a group of harpactorine assassin bugs centred around three predominantly sub‐Saharan genera. However, its composition has remained obfuscated, as nine other small (mostly monotypic) genera have been subsequently associated with the group, either explicitly or through implied relationship. Its basic history, culminating in the rejection of ‘Rhaphidosomatini’ as a valid taxonomic group, is here discussed. Also, during this investigation, both a new species and a new generic synonym were discovered, necessitating the following taxonomic changes. Hoffmannocoris sinuatus sp. nov. is herein described from Grahamstown, South Africa. Harrisocoris africanus Miller, 1959 is here considered a junior synonym of Igora repraesentatus Hesse, 1925 syn. nov.; this taxonomic change relegates the genus Harrisocoris Miller, 1959 to a junior synonym of Igora Hesse, 1925 syn. nov. Finally, a single new country record for Rhaphidosoma collarti Schouteden, 1952 from Uganda is reported.
Right atrial versus right ventricular HeartWare HVAD position in patients on biventricular HeartWare HVAD support: A systematic review
Authors: Maynes Elizabeth J. , O’Malley Thomas J. , Patel Preeyal , Prochno Kyle W. , Wood Chelsey T. , Choi Jae Hwan , Morris Rohinton J. , Entwistle John W. , Massey H. Todd , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang
Published: February 2020

In patients with biventricular heart failure or refractory right heart failure following HeartWare HVAD placement, off‐label placement of a right‐sided HeartWare HVAD has been described both in the right ventricular (RV) and right atrial (RA) positions. We sought to evaluate and compare the outcomes of right‐sided HeartWare HVAD using the RA versus RV approach. An electronic search was performed in the English literature to identify all reports of left‐ and right‐heart support with HeartWare HVAD. Of the 1,288 articles identified, 13 articles with 56 cases met inclusion criteria. Patient‐level data were extracted and analyzed. The median patient age was 52 years (IQR 33.0‐59.0) and 40/50 (80.0%) were male. Overall, 21/56 patients (37.5%) had RA HVAD, while 35/56 (62.5%) had RV HVAD. Most underwent concomitant HVAD placement [RA: 17/21 (81.0%) vs. RV: 31/35 (88.6%), P = .69]. In those who did not, the median time between left and right HVAD was 10 days (IQR 7‐14) for RA HVAD and 12 days (IQR 8‐30) for RV HVAD (P = .77). The median time of support was 351 days (IQR 136‐626) for RA HVAD compared to 135 days (IQR 61‐244) for RV HVAD (P = .02). Pump thrombosis occurred at a similar rate [RA: 3/10 (30.0%) vs. RV: 6/20 (30.0%), P = 1], as did GI bleeding [RA: 10/35 (28.6%) vs. RV: 5/21 (23.8%), P = .94] during the follow‐up time period. Kaplan‐Meier analysis when censored for transplant showed higher survival with RA HVAD compared to RV HVAD (P = .036), with an estimated survival at 1 year of 91.7% (95% CI 77.3‐100.0) in RA HVAD versus 66.2% (95% CI 48.9‐89.6) for RV HVAD. RA HVAD appears to be a viable option for durable right‐sided support with outcomes at least comparable to RV HVAD.
Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Replication Note
Authors: Wismans Annelot , Thurik Roy , Verheul Ingrid , Torrès Olivier , Kamei Katsuyuki
Published: February 2020

There is a small body of literature linking attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its symptoms to entrepreneurial manifestations. Some studies take a subclinical perspective by studying the presence of symptoms, while other studies take a clinical perspective by studying the formal diagnosis of ADHD. The entrepreneurial manifestations examined range from entrepreneurial intention to the choice to become self‐employed and from entrepreneurial orientation (EO) to entrepreneurial success. Despite its prominence in the entrepreneurship literature, to date only one study tested for a link with EO. The present study aims to replicate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and EO using a large data set of French small business owners. We do so by discriminating between the two dimensions of ADHD, namely attention‐deficit and hyperactivity, as well as the three dimensions of EO, namely innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk‐taking. We do not find a link between ADHD and EO, although we do find a positive link between ADHD and the risk‐taking subdimension of EO. Hyperactivity symptoms are positively related to EO, which is mainly driven by the subdimensions proactiveness and risk‐taking. We do not find a link between attention‐deficit symptoms and EO, though there is a negative link between attention‐deficit and proactiveness.
Effects of topical treatment of cannabidiol extract in a unique manuka factor 5 manuka honey carrier on second intention wound healing on equine distal limb wounds: a preliminary study
Authors: McIver VC , Tsang AS , Symonds NE , Perkins NR , Uquillas E , Dart CM , Jeffcott LB , Dart AJ
Published: February 2020

Objective

Evaluate the effect of topical 1% cannabidiol on second intention wound healing in distal limb wounds of horses.

Design

Experimental.

Animals

Six Standardbred horses.

Methods

A total of five 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm full thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsomedial aspect of the metacarpi of 6 horses. Wounds were contaminated with faeces on the day of wound creation. Each wound was then assigned to a treatment group; compounded 1% cannabidiol in unique manuka factor (UMF) 5 manuka honey, UMF 5 manuka honey, UMF 20 manuka honey or saline. Each treatment was applied topically daily for a total of 42 days. Legs were bandaged and bandages were changed, daily, for 13 days postoperatively. Digital photographs of each wound were taken on day 1 then weekly for 6 weeks. Wound size, daily healing rate and total time to healing were recorded and compared statistically.

Results

Irrespective of the treatment, wounds did not retract as expected in the first 7 days after wound creation. There was no difference in wound area, daily healing rate, days to complete healing between treatment groups.

Conclusions

This preliminary study failed to demonstrate any difference in wound healing variables between treatment groups in this model of second intention wound healing. This was unexpected due to the established effects of UMF 20 manuka honey on wound healing using the same model. This may be due to systemic effects of cannabidiol and study design. Further research into the use of cannabidiol in equine wounds is warranted.
Distinguishing spontaneous from deliberate mind wandering in adolescents: The role of attentional control and depressive symptoms
Authors: Vannucci Manila , Chiorri Carlo , Nocentini Annalaura , Menesini Ersilia
Published: February 2020

Research on individual differences in mind wandering (MW) in healthy adults has supported the separation of spontaneous and deliberate MW given their different association with a number of psychological traits. This study aimed to further test this distinction by investigating the associations of the two types of MW with attentional control and depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Data were collected on 439 9–10th graders, who completed measures of spontaneous and deliberate MW, distractibility, difficulty in attentional shifting, and depressive symptomatology. A multivariate three‐level multiple regression revealed that distractibility was a significant predictor of only spontaneous MW, whereas difficulties in attentional shifting and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of both types of MW. However, the last two variables were stronger predictors for spontaneous than for deliberate MW. These findings provide support for the distinction, beyond their theoretical and empirical overlap, between the two types of MW also in adolescents and suggest the independent contribution of cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms.

Statement of contribution

What is already known?

Studies on mind wandering (MW) in adults have shown that spontaneous and deliberate MW reflect dissociable cognitive experiences.

In adults, trait‐level tendency to spontaneous MW seems to reflect difficulties in controlled attentional processing.

The majority of studies on MW in adolescents have treated this phenomenon as unitary and found a relation with negative affect, stress, and self‐esteem.

What does this study add?

This is the first study to examine cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms as correlates of spontaneous and deliberate MW in adolescents.

We found that distractibility is a significant predictor of only spontaneous MW.

Difficulties in attentional shifting and depressive symptoms are significant predictors of both types of MW, although stronger for spontaneous MW.

The findings support the distinction, beyond their theoretical and empirical overlap, between the two types of MW also in adolescents and call for future studies on the function of deliberate and spontaneous MW across development.
The management of lower limb arteriovenous grafts in the perioperative period following renal transplantation
Authors: Isaak Andrej , Madurska Marta J. , Stevenson Karen S. , Gürke Lorenz , Kingsmore David B.
Published: February 2020

Background

The presence of a lower limb arteriovenous graft (LL‐AVG) is indicative of a group of complex hemodialysis patients who have precarious long‐term vascular access. The aim of this study is to describe our experience of the clinical decisions and interactions between LL‐AVG and renal transplantation.

Methods

The records of 23 patients who received a transplant in the presence of a LL‐AVG between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed: firstly, to determine whether patients with a LL‐AVG received extended criteria transplants, the implantation procedure, and the management of the LL‐AVG in the post‐operative period.

Results

Seventeen patients (74%) had “end‐stage access” and were thus considered for all offer stratified by the kidney donor profile index (KDPI) and donor type (DBD or DCD). In eleven patients (48%), a kidney with a high risk of delayed graft function was transplanted. Same‐sided renal transplantation occurred in only 35% of cases, and of these, only one LL‐AVG was ligated immediately to improve transplant perfusion.

Conclusion

A patient‐based approach applied in decision‐making on management of the LL‐AVG post‐transplantation should include (a) the likelihood of delayed graft function, (b) the need for post‐operative hemodialysis, (c) the side of proposed transplant compared to the LL‐AVG, and (d) local complications.
Distribution of breeding humpback whale habitats and overlap with cumulative anthropogenic impacts in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Chou Emily , Kershaw Francine , Maxwell Sara M. , Collins Tim , Strindberg Samantha , Rosenbaum Howard C.
Published: February 2020

Aim

Species distribution modelling is a useful tool for determining important habitats. By accounting for specific animal behaviour in the model, it is possible to identify finer‐scale patterns of habitat use. Together with spatially explicit data on anthropogenic activities, models can be used to assess human impacts and inform conservation management. This study used observations of breeding behaviour to identify fine‐scale breeding habitats of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), as well as potential overlap of these habitats with cumulative anthropogenic impacts.

Location

Eastern Tropical Atlantic, West Africa.

Methods

Maxent was used to model humpback distribution using pertinent environmental predictors and an integrated dataset of humpback whale occurrences filtered for breeding‐specific behaviours. In conjunction with multiple anthropogenic activities, a subsequent cumulative utilization and impact analysis assessed the degree of overlap between predicted breeding habitat and potential anthropogenic impacts.

Results

Greatest habitat suitability occurred in warm coastal waters of Gabon, and other highly suitable areas occurred off Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cameroon and Angola. Sea surface temperature and height contributed most to the model. Highest overlap between humpback whales and potential impacts from anthropogenic activities occurred off Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cameroon and Angola. Impacts associated with oil and gas development (where oil and gas platforms serve as an indicator for industry activity) appeared to contribute most to potential cumulative impact.

Main Conclusions

Depth and sea surface temperature of predicted breeding habitats were consistent with previous studies. However, lesser known characteristics such as sea surface height and wind speed, resulting in potentially more sheltered areas for breeding whales, may also be important in delineating finer‐scale habitat suitability. Identified areas of high potential cumulative impact occurred within exclusive economic zones of multiple countries and likely represent the minimum level of impact to humpback whales in the region, highlighting the need for additional research and effective management throughout the area.
Influence of an SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on the resting heart rate in relation to adipose tissue insulin resistance
Authors: Nojima T. , Matsubayashi Y. , Yoshida A. , Suganami H. , Abe T. , Ishizawa M. , Fujihara K. , Tanaka S. , Kaku K. , Sone H.
Published: February 2020

Aims

To examine the effects of a sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on resting heart rate by exploring baseline factors that independently influenced changes in the resting heart rate.

Methods

Data on 419 participants in tofogliflozin phase 2/3 trials were analysed. Changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24 were analysed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with groups (tofogliflozin/placebo) as a fixed effect and baseline values as covariates. The antilipolytic effect was evaluated as adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo‐IR) and was calculated as the product of fasting insulin and free fatty acid. Multivariate analysis evaluated independent factors for changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24.

Results

Of the participants, 58% were men, and mean age, HbA1c, BMI and resting heart rate were 57.6 years, 65 mmol/mol (8.1%), 25.5 kg/m2 and 66 bpm, respectively. At week 24, adjusted mean difference vs. placebo in the change from baseline was −2.3 bpm [95% confidence interval (CI) −4.6, −0.1] with tofogliflozin. Changes in resting heart rate were positively correlated with changes in Adipo‐IR, whereas reductions in HbA1c, body weight and blood pressure were similar independent of changes in resting heart among quartiles of resting heart rate change. On multivariate analysis, higher baseline resting heart rates and Adipo‐IR values were significantly associated with greater reductions in resting heart rate.

Conclusions

Tofogliflozin corrected resting heart rate levels in accordance with baseline levels. Correction of high resting heart rates may be attributed to improved adipose tissue insulin resistance, leading to correction of hyperinsulinaemia.
Recognizing limits of Z‐nucleic acid binding protein (ZBP1/DAI/DLM1) function
Authors: Koehler Heather S. , Feng Yanjun , Mandal Pratyusha , Mocarski Edward S.
Published: February 2020

Z‐nucleic acid binding protein (ZBP)1 (also known as DAI and DLM1) is a pathogen sensor activated by double‐strand character RNA to recruit receptor‐interacting protein (RIP) kinase via a RIP homotypic interaction motif. The activation of receptor‐interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 and initiation of virus‐induced necroptosis were initially reported in a landmark publication Upton et al. (Cell Host Microbe 11: 290, 2012) employing the DNA virus murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). M45‐encoded viral inhibitor of RIP activation prevents virus‐induced necroptosis. Additional virus‐encoded suppressors of necroptosis were then identified, including herpes simplex virus ICP6 and vaccinia virus E3L. Caspase‐8 suppressors encoded by these DNA viruses block apoptosis, unleashing necroptosis mediated through Z‐nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1) recruitment of RIPK3. These studies all utilized ZBP1‐deficient mice generated by the Akira Lab (Zbp1−/− AK) to bring the significance of virus‐induced necroptosis to light. C57BL/6 mice were chosen as controls based on the assumption that mutant mice were congenic; however, these mice were recently found to display an unexpected innate immune deficit, lacking C57BL/6‐specific NK1.1 and Ly49H natural killer cell subpopulations important in the early control of MCMV infection. Short nucleotide polymorphism analysis of Zbp1−/− AK breeders revealed a mixed genetic background (~ 71% C57BL/6 DNA and ~ 29% 129). Even though this level of 129 strain background does not alter ZBP1 cell‐autonomous function as a sensor and mediator of necroptosis, it confounds innate immune response characteristics. In the future, genetic background must be carefully controlled before implicating ZBP1 function in response characteristics that shape immunity, inflammation, metabolism, and pathogenesis.
Embracing a new paradigm for temperature sensitivity of soil microbes
Authors: Alster Charlotte J. , von Fischer Joseph C. , Allison Steven D. , Treseder Kathleen K.
Published: February 2020

The temperature sensitivity of soil processes is of major interest, especially in light of climate change. Originally formulated to explain the temperature dependence of chemical reactions, the Arrhenius equation, and related Q10 temperature coefficient, has a long history of application to soil biological processes. However, empirical data indicate that Q10 and Arrhenius model are often poor metrics of temperature sensitivity in soils. In this opinion piece, we aim to (a) review alternative approaches for characterizing temperature sensitivity, focusing on macromolecular rate theory (MMRT); (b) provide strategies and tools for implementing a new temperature sensitivity framework; (c) develop thermal adaptation hypotheses for the MMRT framework; and (d) explore new questions and opportunities stemming from this paradigm shift. Microbial ecologists should consider developing and adopting MMRT as the basis for predicting biological rates as a function of temperature. Improved understanding of temperature sensitivity in soils is particularly pertinent as microbial response to temperature has a large impact on global climate feedbacks.
Internalizing Symptoms in Pediatric Migraine: A Systematic Review Protocol
Authors: Falla Katherine , Ronksley Paul , Noel Melanie , Orr Serena L.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The primary objective of the proposed systematic review is to determine if there is an association between internalizing disorders and symptoms (ie, subclinical symptoms) and migraine in children and adolescents.

Methods

We will perform a peer‐reviewed Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception to December 2019. The authors will also review all reference lists of included studies for relevant citations. Observational studies on the association of pediatric migraine with internalizing disorders and symptoms will be included in this review. Case‐control, cohort, and cross‐sectional studies that include participants aged 18 years and under will be eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome for this systematic review will be migraine and the exposures of interest will include internalizing disorders (eg, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder) and internalizing symptoms (depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, obsessive compulsive symptoms, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms). Two investigators will independently carry out an initial screen of abstracts, followed by a second screen of full‐text manuscripts. Data extraction will be completed by 2 independent investigators. Study quality will be assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa criteria for case‐control and cohort studies and using a modified version of the Newcastle‐Ottawa criteria for cross‐sectional studies. A narrative synthesis of the data will be provided and, if possible, data will be quantitatively summarized using appropriate meta‐analytic methods. Throughout the manuscript, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis reporting standards will be followed.

Results

The goal of this systematic review will be to provide a narrative, and if possible, quantitative summary on the association between pediatric migraine and internalizing disorders and symptoms.

Conclusions

The methods applied in this systematic review protocol can be used to inform the design of future systematic reviews of observational studies in headache medicine. The results of this systematic review will be used to inform the clinical community on the association between pediatric migraine and internalizing disorders and symptoms and may also be used to inform the design of future research studies in this area.
Electrical and mechanical properties of BZT − xBCT lead‐free piezoceramics
Authors: Hayati Raziye , Fayazi Mohammad , Diargar Hadi , Kaveh Mohammad , Tayebi Lobat
Published: February 2020

In this study, lead‐free (1 − x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 − x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 compositions are synthesized via conventional solid oxide route, and the ceramics are fabricated with normal sintering in air. The effects of composition fluctuations on dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical properties are investigated. The phase structure and the microstructure are analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The best dielectric and piezoelectric properties of εr = 11 207 and d33 = 330 pC/N were obtained for BZT−0.35BCT and BZT−0.5BCT ceramics, respectively. The mechanical behavior—in terms of Vickers hardness and compressive and flexural strengths—was investigated, and the best mechanical behavior was found in the vicinity of the phase transition boundary with x values between 0.5 and 0.6.
Contemporary climate change hinders hybrid performance of ecologically dominant marine invertebrates
Authors: Hudson Jamie , McQuaid Christopher D. , Rius Marc
Published: February 2020

Human activities alter patterns of biodiversity, particularly through species extinctions and range shifts. Two of these activities are human mediated transfer of species and contemporary climate change, and both allow previously isolated genotypes to come into contact and hybridize, potentially altering speciation rates. Hybrids have been shown to survive environmental conditions not tolerated by either parent, suggesting that, under some circumstances, hybrids may be able to expand their ranges and perform well under rapidly changing conditions. However, studies assessing how hybridization influences contemporary range shifts are scarce. We performed crosses on Pyura herdmani and Pyura stolonifera (Chordata, Tunicata), two closely related marine invertebrate species that are ecologically dominant and can hybridize. These sister species live in sympatry along the coasts of southern Africa, but one has a disjunct distribution that includes northern hemisphere sites. We experimentally assessed the performance of hybrid and parental crosses using different temperature regimes, including temperatures predicted under future climate change scenarios. We found that hybrids showed lower performance than parental crosses at the experimental temperatures, suggesting that hybrids are unlikely to expand their ranges to new environments. In turn, we found that the more widespread species performed better at a wide array of temperatures, indicating that this parental species may cope better with future conditions. This study illustrates how offspring fitness may provide key insights to predict range expansions and how contemporary climate change may mediate both the ability of hybrids to expand their ranges and the occurrence of speciation as a result of hybridization.
Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy: An Evidence‐Based, Patient‐Centered Approach to Care
Authors: Schafer Robyn , Phillippi Julia C.
Published: February 2020

Screening and management of group B streptococcus (GBS) bacteriuria in pregnancy aims to reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis and GBS‐related neonatal morbidity and mortality. Universal screening and management of GBS bacteriuria in pregnancy are standards of care in the United States; however, some women may decline guideline‐based recommendations for screening, treatment, or intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. This article uses a case study approach to discuss evidence‐based, patient‐centered care for GBS bacteriuria in pregnancy as well as ethical incorporation of individual patient preferences and values.
Chronic hepatitis C treatment in HIV co‐infection in Portugal: Results from a cohort OF 2133 patients presented by GEPCOI (Portuguese Coinfection Study Group)
Authors: Miranda Ana Cláudia , Mendez Josefina , Serrão Rosário , Vale Francisco , Manata Maria José , Pinto Sara , Gomes André , Valente Cristina , Pacheco Patrícia , Pazos Rosário , Pereira Rui , Martins Ana , Germano Isabel , Rocha Sónia , Reis Ana Paula , Sarmento‐Castro Rui
Published: February 2020

Direct‐acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) have recently changed the paradigm of hepatitis C therapy, significantly improving treatment response rates, patient life expectancy and quality of life. In Portugal, sofosbuvir (SOF) and SOF/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) were fully reimbursed by the National Health System since early 2015 and generalized use of interferon‐free DAA based regimens became current practice. During 2016, the remaining DAAs were sequentially added and covered by the same health access policy. The Portuguese Study Group of Hepatitis and HIV Co‐infection (GEPCOI) collected data from 15 clinical centres in Portugal, pertaining to the HCV treatment experience with DAA regimens. A cohort of 2133 patients was analysed, representing one of the largest DAA treated HCV/HIV co‐infected individuals. The global sustained virologic response (SVR) achieved was 95% in this real‐life cohort setting. Linear regression analysis showed significant differences in treatment response rates when using SOF plus ribavirin (RBV) combination in genotype 2 or 3 infected individuals (P < .002) and in those with liver cirrhosis (P < .002). These findings corroborate that early treatment is mandatory in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients, as response rates may be negatively influenced by higher fibrosis stages and suboptimal DAA regimens. The current national Portuguese health policy should continue to promote wider treatment access and individualized therapy strategies, aiming at the elimination of HCV infection in this high‐risk co‐infected population.
Eltrombopag treatment of a dog with idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia
Authors: Kelly Darren , Lamb Valerie , Juvet Florence
Published: February 2020

Idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia is an uncommon disease in dogs which results in pancytopenia and for which an immune‐mediated etiology is suspected. A small number of affected dogs reported in the veterinary literature have responded to immunosuppressive medication but the prognosis generally is considered poor with a reported mortality rate of 80%. Reported response rates to immunosuppression alone in affected people are low with overall and complete responses of 65 and 10%, respectively. With the addition of eltrombopag, an orally available thrombopoietin receptor agonist, reported overall and complete response rates in people increase to 94 and 58%, respectively. Herein, we report the use of eltrombopag in a dog with idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia. Eltrombopag was started after no response was seen to treatment with prednisolone and cyclosporine. Complete remission was achieved after the addition of eltrombopag and was sustained after stopping the medication.
Species‐specific secretion of ESX‐5 type VII substrates is determined by the linker 2 of EccC5
Authors: Bunduc Catalin M. , Ummels Roy , Bitter Wilbert , Houben Edith N. G.
Published: February 2020

Mycobacteria use type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) to translocate a wide range of proteins across their diderm cell envelope. These systems, also called ESX systems, are crucial for the viability and/or virulence of mycobacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. We have previously shown that the M. tuberculosis ESX‐5 system is unable to fully complement secretion in an M. marinum esx‐5 mutant, suggesting species specificity in secretion. In this study, we elaborated on this observation and established that the membrane ATPase EccC5, possessing four (putative) nucleotide‐binding domains (NBDs), is responsible for this. By creating M. marinum‐M. tuberculosis EccC5 chimeras, we observed both in M. marinum and in M. tuberculosis that secretion specificity of PE_PGRS proteins depends on the presence of the cognate linker 2 domain of EccC5. This region connects NBD1 and NBD2 of EccC5 and is responsible for keeping NBD1 in an inhibited state. Notably, the ESX‐5 substrate EsxN, predicted to bind to NBD3 on EccC5, showed a distinct secretion profile. These results indicate that linker 2 is involved in species‐specific substrate recognition and might therefore be an additional substrate recognition site of EccC5.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus FcrX, a Fur‐controlled regulator that inhibits repression by Fur
Authors: Morabe Maria L. , McCarter Linda L.
Published: February 2020

Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms, but its limited availability and inherent toxicity necessitate the strict regulation of iron homeostasis. In bacteria, iron starvation affects a broad range of phenotypes including virulence, motility and biofilm formation. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine bacterium and pathogen, iron limitation is a signal modulating swarmer cell differentiation. In this work, we show the iron regulation of swarming works through the ferric uptake regulator protein Fur. We identified a new Fur‐controlled regulator that is upregulated upon iron starvation. FcrX is a 144‐amino acid protein containing a domain of unknown function (DUF2753) with three tetratricopeptide repeats. We found that overexpressing fcrX+ was sufficient to induce swarming, luminescence and iron uptake gene expression in multiple Vibrio species; furthermore, ectopic expression increased the transcription of a Fur‐controlled gene in Escherichia coli. FcrX production increased intracellular iron. Thus, the overexpression of fcrX+ phenocopied a fur mutant and may prove a generally useful tool to ectopically derepress the Fur regulon. Both V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli Fur interacted with FcrX, and this interaction was altered by iron availability. These data support a model in which this new regulator of iron homeostasis limits the repressive action of Fur.
Repertoire of peripheral T cells in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shan Zhongyan , Liu Sixuan , Yang Liu , Liu Ziyi , Hu Yanjia , Yao Zhigang , Tang Zhangui , Fang Liangjuan , Quan Hongzhi
Published: February 2020

Background

The establishment of adaptive immune responses to neoplasms involves not only the tumour tissue, but also the peripheral blood. We aimed to conduct a preliminary exploration to understand the immune response of T lymphocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC‐Ts) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

A total of 103 blood samples from OSCC patients and 18 blood samples from healthy donors (HD) were analysed by flow cytometry.

Results

Compared to those in HD, a series of unique features of PBMC‐Ts were observed in OSCC patients including a significant increase in CD4+ T cells, a shift from naïve to memory/effector phenotype, an increased frequency of exhausted phenotypes (programmed death‐1 [PD‐1], T cell Ig and mucin protein‐3 [Tim‐3] and Tregs), an abundance of Th17s and Tc17s and an imbalance in Th17/Tc17 and Th17/Treg ratios. Furthermore, in OSCC patients, we also found that CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in patients with larger tumours than smaller tumours, memory/effector phenotype and exhausted phenotypes were significantly associated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis, and the Th17/Treg ratio was associated with early clinical stage and no lymph node metastasis.

Conclusion

PBMC‐Ts may be involved in the development and progression of OSCC, which suggested to be a manifestation of an immune response between host and tumour neoantigens.
Antimicrobial solid media for screening non‐sterile Arabidopsis thaliana seeds
Authors: Behrendorff James B.Y.H. , Borràs‐Gas Guillem , Pribil Mathias
Published: February 2020

Stable genetic transformation of plants is a low‐efficiency process, and identification of positive transformants usually relies on screening for expression of a co‐transformed marker gene. Often this involves germinating seeds on solid media containing a selection reagent. Germination on solid media requires surface sterilization of seeds and careful aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination, but surface sterilization techniques are time consuming and can cause seed mortality if not performed carefully. We developed an antimicrobial cocktail that can be added to solid media to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth without impairing germination, allowing us to bypass the surface sterilization step. Adding a combination of terbinafine (1 μM) and timentin (200 mg l−1) to Murashige and Skoog agar delayed the onset of observable microbial growth and did not affect germination of non‐sterile seeds from 10 different wild‐type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. We named this antimicrobial solid medium “MSTT agar”. Seedlings sown in non‐sterile conditions could be maintained on MSTT agar for up to a week without observable contamination. This medium was compatible with rapid screening methods for hygromycin B, phosphinothricin (BASTA) and nourseothricin resistance genes, meaning that positive transformants can be identified from non‐sterile seeds in as little as 4 days after stratification, and transferred to soil before the onset of visible microbial contamination. By using MSTT agar we were able to select genetic transformants on solid media without seed surface sterilization, eliminating a tedious and time‐consuming step.
Familiar soil conditions help Pinus ponderosa seedlings cope with warming and drying climate
Authors: Remke Michael J. , Hoang Tonny , Kolb Thomas , Gehring Catherine , Johnson Nancy C. , Bowker Matthew A.
Published: February 2020

Changes in temperature and moisture as a result of climate forcing can impact performance of planted trees. Tree performance may also be sensitive to new soil conditions, for example, brought about by seeds germinating in soils different from those colonized by ancestral populations. Such “edaphic constraint” may occur with natural migration or human‐assisted movement. Pinus ponderosa seedlings, sourced from one location (“home” site), were grown across a field environmental gradient in either their original home soil or in soils from two different “away” sites. Seedlings were inoculated with site‐specific soil organisms by germinating seeds in living soil. After 6 months, the inoculated seedlings were transplanted into sterilized soils from the home or away sites. This experimental design allowed us to uncouple the importance of abiotic and biotic soil properties and test (1) how biotic and abiotic soil properties interact with climate to influence plant growth and stress tolerance, and (2) the role of soil biota in facilitating growth in novel environments. Seedlings grew least in hotter and drier away sites with away soil biota. Home soil biota ameliorated negative impacts on growth of hotter and drier away sites. Measurements of photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll florescence (Fv/Fm) suggest that edaphic constraint reduced growth by increasing tree water stress. Results suggest that success of Ponderosa pine plantings into warming environments will be enhanced by pre‐inoculation with native soil biota of the seed source.