bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lyα Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster Field at z = 3.1
Authors: Huang Yun , Lee Kyoung-Soo , Shi Ke , Malavasi Nicola , Xue Rui , Dey Arjun
Published: October 2021

We present a detailed characterization of the Lyα properties for 93 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z ∼ 3.1 selected from the D1 field of the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey, including 24 members of a massive protocluster. The median-stacked Lyα image shows an extended Lyα halo (LAH) surrounding the galaxy with the exponential scale length 4.9 ± 0.7 kpc, which accounts for roughly half of the total line flux. Accounting for the LAH contribution, the total Lyα escape fraction, f
esc, is 40% ± 26%. Combining the data set with existing measurements, we find a dependence of f
esc on the galaxy’s UV slope (β) and UV luminosity (L
UV). The simultaneous use of both parameters allows prediction of f
esc within 0.18 dex, a substantial improvement over 0.23 dex when only β is used. The correlation between f
esc and E(B − V) suggests that Lyα photons undergo interstellar dust attenuation in a similar manner to continuum photons. Yet, Lyα transmission is typically higher than that expected for continuum photons at a similar wavelength by a factor, which depends on UV luminosity, up to 2 in the samples we studied. These results hint at complex geometries and physical conditions of the interstellar medium, which affect the Lyα transmission or production. Alternatively, the dust law may change with luminosity leading to an over- or underestimation of f
esc. Finally, we report that protocluster LAEs tend to be bluer and more UV luminous than their field cousins, resulting in systematically higher f
esc values. We speculate that it may be due to the widespread formation of young low-mass galaxies in dense gas-rich environments.
Magnetic Fields in the Massive Star-forming Region GL 437
Authors: Soam Archana
Published: October 2021

In this note, I report a R-band polarimetric study on a massive star-forming region GL 437 (a.k.a. AFGL 437) to infer the magnetic field (B-field) geometry of this region. The mean B-field in the diffused region, is found to be parallel to the extended cloud structure and the Galactic plane. I compared present optical polarization results with archival submm results adapted from Curran & Chrysostomou. A flipped field geometry is seen in denser parts of GL 437 which is an interesting finding. An infrared source WK 34 embedded in the cloud is associated with a poorly collimated outflow. These outflows are parallel to the inner field orientation but misaligned with outer B-fields. An investigation of gas kinematics of this region will be carried out to understand if the gas motion have some role in changing the field geometry.
Spectroscopy of the Proposed White Dwarf Pulsar ASASSN-V J205543.90+240033.5
Authors: Wagner R. Mark , Garnavich Peter , Thorstensen John R. , Littlefield Colin , Szkody Paula
Published: October 2021

We obtained spectra of ASASSN-V J205543.90+240033.5 (J2055), a system that shows photometric variations similar to the white dwarf (WD) pulsar AR Scorpii. Our spectra display a continuum rising steeply toward the blue as well as an array of emission lines. Resolved Balmer and Paschen lines are seen with Hα and Hβ having central absorption features. The strongest lines are unresolved C ii, C iii, and N iii as well as doubly ionized helium. The spectra are similar to that of YY Hya, and suggest that J2055 is a post-common envelope binary consisting of a hot compact star irradiating the face of a secondary of unknown spectral type. Velocity variations detected from the emission lines confirm the binary nature of J2055. The origin of the 10 minutes photometric variation remains uncertain.
Supporting the Professional Identity Development of Nursing Alumni: A Phenomenology Study
Authors: Noviani Wulan , Rosa Elsye Maria
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Professional identity is the expected outcome of nursing educational institutions reflected in the values, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of nursing alumni as professional nurses. Nursing alumni’s experiences at the Bachelor nursing program in Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY) related to professional identity development (PID) at various nursing careers need to be explored.
AIM: This study aims to describe Ners alumni in PID at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY).
METHODS: This study was a phenomenological approach with a maximum variation sampling technique. Seventeen nursing alumni who have been working as professional nurses for a minimum of two years and worked in various nursing careers were recruited. A semi-structured interview between 60-90 minutes was conducted. Data analysis used Colaizzi’s methods and Nvivo 12TM Plus.
RESULTS: There were two themes emerged from data; 1) Internal motivation to enhancing nursing career, with two sub-themes: having a great personal motivation and developing expertise, 2) External support driving nursing career, with five sub-themes: family encouragement, supports from a leader, accreditation and credential, exemplary role model and positive nursing image.
CONCLUSION: Nursing alumni engaged in a variety of professional roles that contributed to the nursing workforce. The supporting of PID impacts personal and professional capability and strengthens nurses’ careers.
Atypical Presentation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Encephalitis in Pediatric Age
Authors: Gulizia Carmen , Smilari Pierluigi , Greco Filippo , Fontana Alessandra , Ceccarelli Manuela , Venanzi Rullo Emmanuele , Nunnari Giuseppe , Pavone Piero
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: The annual incidence of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is 1:250–500 thousand in developed countries, which makes it the most common viral cause of encephalitis. Encephalitis caused by HSV-1 probably accounts for most of the cases in the Herpesviridae family and typically affects older children.

CASE REPORT: An atypical presentation of pediatric herpetic encephalitis is reported. The child presented with recurrent seizures that were initially unresponsive to several anticonvulsant drugs. EEG and MRI of the brain were not effective for diagnosis. PCR analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid indicated positivity for HSV DNA and was crucial for the diagnosis as a highly sensitive and specific test.

CONCLUSION: Based on the clinical presentation of the child, viral encephalitis was deemed to be the most likely aetiological condition.
Expression of GATA3 and Cytokeratin 14 in Urinary Bladder Carcinoma (Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study)
Authors: Elzohery Nora , Ismael Nourelhoda Sayed , Khairy Rasha Ahmed , Soliman Somia A. M.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous differentiation (SD) is the most common histologic variant of bladder carcinoma and its presence is associated with poor prognosis which may need early radical cystectomy to avoid progression and recurrence. It is difficult to detect few foci of SD, especially nonkeratinizing or early switch from urothelial to squamous epithelium on only morphological basis. Combination of GATA3 and Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) could be helpful in differentiating pure UC, UC with SD and pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

AIM: Assessment of GATA3 and CK14 expression in urinary bladder carcinoma and correlation with clinical and histopathological variables, for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty cases of archived paraffin blocks of urinary bladder carcinoma were tested for GATA3 and CK14 expression by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit monoclonal antibody against human CK 14 and mouse monoclonal antibody against GATA3, respectively.

RESULTS: There is a significant correlation between GATA3 immunohistochemical expression and histological tumor subtypes of bladder carcinoma (p < 0.001), i.e. the GATA3 is a useful marker for urothelial origin especially in papillary UC. There is a significant correlation between GATA3 immunohistochemical expression and UC grade (p < 0.001). CK14 showed positive cytoplasmic staining in 9/14 (64.3%) cases of UC with SD and (13/13) (100%) cases of pure SCC and negative in 33/33(100%) cases of UC other than UC with SD. CK14 had sensitivity (64.3%) and specificity (100%) for areas of SD.

CONCLUSION: GATA3 is a specific immunohistochemical marker for urothelial origin. CK14 is a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical marker of squamous cell carcinoma.
A Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Support Vector Machine for X-ray Computed Tomography Images on CancerA Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Support Vector Machine for X-ray Computed Tomography Images on Cancer
Authors: Aurelia Jane , Rustam Zuherman
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major health problem not only in Indonesia but also throughout the world. Cancer is the growth and spread of abnormal cells that have distinctive characteristics, that if can no longer be controlled will usually cause death. The number of deaths due to cancer is generally caused by late diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. To reduce mortality from cancer, it is necessary to strive for early detection and monitoring of cancer in patients undergoing therapy. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as one of machine learning methods are designed to produce or process data from two dimensions that have a network tier and many applications carried out in the image. Moreover, support vector machines (SVMs) as a hypothetical space in the form of linear functions feature have high dimensions and trained algorithm based on optimization theory.

AIM: In connection with the above, this paper discusses the role of the machine learning technique named a hybrid CNN-SVM.

METHODS: The proposed method is used in the detection and monitoring of cancers by determining the classification of cancers in X-ray computed tomography (CT) patients’ images. Several types of cancer that used for determination in detection and monitoring of cancers diagnosis are also discussed in this paper, such as lung, liver, and breast cancer.

RESULTS: From the discussion, the results show that the combining model of hybrid CNN-SVM has the best performance with 99.17% accuracy value.

CONCLUSION: Therefore, it can be concluded that machine learning plays a very important role in the detection and management of cancer treatment through the determination of classification of cancers in X-ray CT patients’ images. As the proposed method can detect cancer cells with an effective mechanism of action so can has the potential to inhibit in the future studies with more extensive data materials and various diseases.
Notes on the systematics of Cuscuta sect. Subulatae (subg. Grammica) with the description of Cuscuta mantiqueirana, a new species from Brazil
Authors: Costea Mihai , Soares da Silva Simone , Simao-Bianchini Rosangela , Simoes Ana Rita G. , Stefanovic Sasa
Published: October 2021

Cuscuta mantiqueirana Costea, S.S. Silva & Sim.-Bianch. a new species from montane cloud forests of the Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the new species belongs to sect. Subulatae of subg. Grammica. The new species is related to C. odorata var. botryoides, C. rotundiflora and C. globiflora from which it differs in narrower calyx lobes and the presence of four stomatiferous lobes or projections at the distal part of the ovary. A detailed morphological comparison with C. odorata var. botryoides, morphologically the most similar taxon, is provided along with the geographical distribution, ecology and host range of the species. The morphological and phylogenetic relationships of the new species, as well as the diversity of stomatiferous projections, are discussed in the broader context of sect. Subulatae and subg. Grammica. Cuscuta boliviana var. paranensis is considered a synonym of C. odorata var. botryoides.
On the brink of extinction: a new freshwater amphipod Jesogammarus acalceolus (Anisogammaridae) from Japan
Authors: Tomikawa Ko , Kimura Naoya
Published: October 2021

Freshwater habitats, especially cold springs, are environments in which the risk of extinction faced by organisms remains high due to human activities. To conserve endangered species, it is important to describe and name them. Here, a new, endangered freshwater anisogammarid amphipod species, Jesogammarus (Jesogammarus) acalceolussp. nov., found in a spring in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, is described which is potentially the sole remaining habitat of this species. Both morphological and molecular phylogenetic results strongly support the nesting of the new species within Jesogammarus. Jesogammarus (J.) acalceolussp. nov. is the first species of genus Jesogammarus that was found to lack a calceolus, a sensory organ located on male antenna 2. Thus, the diagnostic criteria for this genus required amendment. A reconstruction of ancestral calceoli, based on a molecular phylogenetic tree, revealed that the common ancestor of Jesogammarus possessed calceoli, which were secondarily lost in J. (J.) acalceolussp. nov. Our results indicate that this new species, which is key to clarifying the evolution of the calceolus, is of high conservation significance.
Motivations, freins et limites de la psychothérapie et de la cure analytique à distance : point de vue singulier sur une expérience de 12 mois de pratique clinique rurale lors de l’épidémie de Covid-19
Authors: Lesœurs Guy
Published: October 2021

Le recours à la psychothérapie et à la cure psychanalytique en ligne s’est accéléré du fait des contraintes imposées par les risques sanitaires de la Covid-19. Au-delà de l’acceptation croissante du media Internet par le thérapeute et par le patient, se posent les questions du cadre et de l’alliance thérapeutique. Si la téléconsultation n’a pas vocation à remplacer à long terme la séance in situ, elle présente une alternative intéressante quand celle-ci ne peut pas ou ne peut plus être envisagée. L’auteur, psychothérapeute agréé A.R.S., psychanalyste et sexothérapeute fait part de son expérience personnelle libérale de téléconsultation exclusive pratiquée sur un an (15 mars 2020 - 15 mars 2021), au Paradou, village proche des Baux de Provence et d’Arles (Bouches du Rhône, France). Cette contribution, non psychométrique, est un témoignage présentant un tableau de synthèse des motivations, freins et limites de la téléconsultation pour le patient et pour le psychothérapeute.
Comment mettre en place un protocole de recherche clinique concernant l’évaluation d’une thérapie complémentaire lorsqu’on ne vient ni du milieu médical ni de celui de la recherche ?
Authors: Bernardinelli Nathalie
Published: October 2021

Comment monter un projet de recherche clinique sur une thérapie complémentaire lorsque l’on ne vient ni du milieu de la Santé Publique ni de celui de la Recherche ? C’est pourtant l’incroyable expérience que je suis en train de vivre. Je m’appelle Nathalie Bernardinelli, je suis professionnelle de Shiatsu depuis bientôt 10 ans. Voici l’histoire peu probable mais pourtant réelle d’une étude sur le Shiatsu et la Spondyloarthrite axiale (SpA). Tout commence par l’initiative du Syndicat des Professionnels de Shiatsu (SPS) qui, en réponse au Ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités, vise à évaluer la balance bénéfice/risque du Shiatsu. Le thème choisi par le SPS est les douleurs inflammatoires dans le cadre de la SpA. La première étape fut la rédaction d’un dossier par la Commission évaluation dont je ne faisais pas encore partie. La seconde fut ma participation au DU Recherche clinique : de l’idée à la publication de l’université Claude Bernard de Lyon. Il a fallu alors rédiger, selon les règles et les codes du milieu de la Recherche, un protocole clinique, bien loin du mode rédactionnel du dossier initial. De nombreuses questions se sont soulevées, une des principales étant comment standardiser la pratique du Shiatsu dont la spécificité est son adaptation à la personne qui le reçoit. Après un faux départ de collaboration avec un CHU, j’ai la chance aujourd’hui de travailler avec le Dr Eric Lespessailles du CHR d’Orléans pour cette étude pilote, précurseur d’une future étude multicentrique à plus haut niveau de preuve.
Comparative effectiveness of environmental regulation instruments: Case of the Moroccan electricity mix
Authors: Bahetta Soufiyan ,   Ibn tofail University of Kénitra, Faculty of Economics and Management—Laboratory of Economics and Management of Organizations, Dahhou Nabil , Hasnaoui Rachid ,   Ibn tofail University of Kénitra, Faculty of Economics and Management—Laboratory of Economics and Management Organizations,   Ibn tofail University of Kénitra, Faculty of Economics and Management—Laboratory of Economics and Management Organizations
Published: October 2021

Fossil fuels dominate the electricity mix of Morocco, the country is placing renewable energy at the heart of its energy strategy, to improve the security of supply and ensure environmental sustainability. However, the penetration of renewable energy technologies (RET) in the Moroccan electricity mix remains low due to an excess of investment in conventional energy technologies. This study first explores the characteristics of the Moroccan electricity mix before studying the dynamic effects of environmental regulatory instruments, in particular the carbon tax and the emission standards. To do so, we analyzed scenarios using a bottom-up linear and dynamic optimization model « OSeMOSYS» . We will therefore assess the impact of the carbon tax and the emission standards on RET adoption in the Moroccan electricity mix, over a period from 2015 to 2040. Our results suggest that environmental regulation in the electricity sector will lead to a large diversification of the Moroccan electricity mix with a large penetration of RET thus reducing the overall production of conventional energy technologies. Therefore, it follows that the carbon tax encourages the adoption of RET in the Moroccan electricity mix with significant reductions on fuel costs and operating & maintenance (O & M) costs of conventional energy technologies compared to emission standards.
Dynamic computation offloading algorithm based on particle swarm optimization with a mutation operator in multi-access edge computing
Authors: Liu Yanpei ,   School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China, Huang Wei , Wang Liping , Zhu Yunjing , Chen Ningning
Published: October 2021

The current computation offloading algorithm for the mobile cloud ignores the selection of offloading opportunities and does not consider the uninstall frequency, resource waste, and energy efficiency reduction of the user's offloading success probability. Therefore, in this study, a dynamic computation offloading algorithm based on particle swarm optimization with a mutation operator in a multi-access edge computing environment is proposed (DCO-PSOMO). According to the CPU utilization and the memory utilization rate of the mobile terminal, this method can dynamically obtain the overload time by using a strong, locally weighted regression method. After detecting the overload time, the probability of successful downloading is predicted by the mobile user's dwell time and edge computing communication range, and the offloading is either conducted immediately or delayed. A computation offloading model was established via the use of the response time and energy consumption of the mobile terminal. Additionally, the optimal computing offloading algorithm was designed via the use of a particle swarm with a mutation operator. Finally, the DCO-PSOMO algorithm was compared with the JOCAP, ECOMC and ESRLR algorithms, and the experimental results demonstrated that the DCO-PSOMO offloading method can effectively reduce the offloading cost and terminal energy consumption, and improves the success probability of offloading and the user's QoS.
Game theory and evolutionary optimization approaches applied to resource allocation problems in computing environments: A survey
Authors: Shamshirband Shahab ,   Future Technology Research Center, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, Joloudari Javad Hassannataj , Shirkharkolaie Sahar Khanjani , Mojrian Sanaz , Rahmani Fatemeh , Mostafavi Seyedakbar , Mansor Zulkefli ,   Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran,   Department of Information Technology, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran,   Department of Computer Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran,   Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: October 2021

Today's intelligent computing environments, including the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing (CC), Fog Computing (FC), and Edge Computing (EC), allow many organizations worldwide to optimize their resource allocation regarding the quality of service and energy consumption. Due to the acute conditions of utilizing resources by users and the real-time nature of the data, a comprehensive and integrated computing environment has not yet provided a robust and reliable capability for proper resource allocation. Although traditional resource allocation approaches in a low-capacity hardware resource system are efficient for small-scale resource providers, for a complex system in the conditions of dynamic computing resources and fierce competition in obtaining resources, they cannot develop and adaptively manage the conditions optimally. To optimize the resource allocation with minimal delay, low energy consumption, minimum computational complexity, high scalability, and better resource utilization efficiency, CC/FC/EC/IoT-based computing architectures should be designed intelligently. Therefore, the objective of this research is a comprehensive survey on resource allocation problems using computational intelligence-based evolutionary optimization and mathematical game theory approaches in different computing environments according to the latest scientific research achievements.
A new structural entropy measurement of networks based on the nonextensive statistical mechanics and hub repulsion
Authors: Tan Fu ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China, Wang Bing , Wei Daijun
Published: October 2021

The structure properties of complex networks are an open issue. As the most important parameter to describe the structural properties of the complex network, the structure entropy has attracted much attention. Recently, the researchers note that hub repulsion plays an role in structural entropy. In this paper, the repulsion between nodes in complex networks is simulated when calculating the structure entropy of the complex network. Coulomb's law is used to quantitatively express the repulsive force between two nodes of the complex network, and a new structural entropy based on the Tsallis nonextensive statistical mechanics is proposed. The new structure entropy synthesizes the influence of repulsive force and betweenness. We study several construction networks and some real complex networks, the results show that the proposed structure entropy can describe the structural properties of complex networks more reasonably. In particular, the new structural entropy has better discrimination in describing the complexity of the irregular network. Because in the irregular network, the difference of the new structure entropy is larger than that of degree structure entropy, betweenness structure entropy and Zhang's structure entropy. It shows that the new method has better discrimination for irregular networks, and experiments on Graph, Centrality literature, US Aire lines and Yeast networks confirm this conclusion.
An Improved Estimation of Parameter of Morgenstern-Type Bivariate Exponential Distribution Using Ranked Set Sampling
Authors: Mehta Vishal
Published: October 2021

In this chapter, the authors suggest some improved versions of estimators of Morgenstern type bivariate exponential distribution (MTBED) based on the observations made on the units of ranked set sampling (RSS) regarding the study variable Y, which is correlated with the auxiliary variable X, where (X,Y) follows a MTBED. In this chapter, they firstly suggested minimum mean squared error estimator for estimation of 𝜃2 based on censored ranked set sample and their special case; further, they have suggested minimum mean squared error estimator for best linear unbiased estimator of 𝜃2 based on censored ranked set sample and their special cases; they also suggested minimum mean squared error estimator for estimation of 𝜃2 based on unbalanced multistage ranked set sampling and their special cases. Efficiency comparisons are also made in this work.
Policy Analysis and Crafting to Empower Authentic Indigenous Learning Experiences in the Pacific Higher Education Landscape
Authors: McVey Troy
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the context of higher education in the Pacific. A brief explanation of the role of colonialism in the formation of institutions of higher education in the region is followed by discussions of policies and practices that empower local dissemination and production of knowledge by and amongst faculty, students, and the communities which they serve. The author concludes that a balance between advancing knowledge in a way that is respectful to academic traditions and cultural traditions in the Pacific can be achieved by harnessing the best values and qualities in common between those traditions.
CNT-Based Nano Medicine From Synthesis to Therapeutic Application
Authors: Ansari Shabana Yasmeen , Ansari Shoaib Anwar , Alshammari Farhan , Anwar Sirajudheen
Published: October 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon consisting of cylindrical tubes, made up of graphite with a diameter of several nm to a length of several mm. They had extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties due to their small size and mass, high mechanical resilience, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. Their large surface area made them applicable in pharmacy and medicine and adsorb or conjugate a broad variety of medical and diagnostic agents (drugs, genes, vaccines, antibodies, biosensors, etc.). They are often used to deliver drugs directly into the cells without going through the metabolic process of body. In addition to drug delivery and gene therapy, CNTs are also used for tissue regeneration, diagnostic biosensors, chiral drug enantiomer separation, drug extraction, and drug or pollutant analysis. CNTs have recently been discovered as effective antioxidants. The ADME and toxicity of different types of CNTs have also been documented here, as well as the prospects, advantages, and challenges of this promising bio-nano technology.
Stress and Anxiety in the Digital Age
Authors: Waseem Khan Humera , Jain Arti
Published: October 2021

While digitalization undoubtedly has improved the access to information and communication with the world, increased cases of cyberbullying, harassment, cyber abuse, and suicide numbers have also surfaced among teens. The hype of the online world, the celebrity culture, and their high status seldom generate the fear of inadequacy, dissatisfaction, and isolation which ultimately aggravate the feeling of anxiety and depression. This chapter will underline the causes of the digital stress and technology-related anxiety among adolescents, their deteriorating psychophysical behavior, factors disintegrating their mental fitness and physical well-being, and most importantly, the answer to the problem. Various small steps can be taken to avoid serious problems such as talking with your family and friends. Some other approaches include cutting off from the negative digital surroundings, limiting the watch time, etc. With the growing online world, there is an urgent need to control the exposure one gives to the social world.
Reform of Education Services for Adolescents Through Digital Technology
Authors: Nadarsyah Nana Noviana
Published: October 2021

The problem of HIV/AIDS cases affects the number of human resources in education such as teachers, administrators, principals who are reduced due to illness or death. Increasing cases of HIV/AIDS that spread among adolescents make the government pay more attention to the increase in these cases. Empirical facts found during the study show that one of the stakeholders in the world of education stated that learning about HIV/AIDS prevention has not been considered an urgent matter. The research is qualitative research using a descriptive approach based on the perspective of public policy. In this case, researchers have developed a basic health promotion system about HIV/AIDS and have been introduced to sufferers newly infected with HIV/AIDS. The results of studies in the city of Banjarmasin explored policy issues in education for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Study findings assist policymakers in making decisions regarding HIV/AIDS prevention policies.
Designing an Education Curriculum Through Collaboration With Institutions of Higher Learning, Libraries, Archives, and Museums
Authors: Netshakhuma Nkholedzeni Sidney
Published: October 2021

The chapter assesses the role of institutions of higher learning in designing education curriculum in collaboration with the library, museum, and archives (LAMs) of the Stevenson Hamilton Knowledge Resource (SHKR) center based at the National Park. This research is based on a qualitative research method. The finding of the NP case study underpins concepts and outcomes described in academic discourse on the relationship between institutions of higher learning and LAMs. LAMs may serve as lifelong learning in South Africa. The results of empirical research allow the researcher to conclude that designing educational materials requires the collaboration of the Ministry of Basic and Higher Education, Training, Science, and Technology and LAMs.
How LAM Sector Can Improve Quality of Life for Underserved Groups via a Whole Person Approach
Authors: Qayyum Muhammad Asim , Taher Mohamed
Published: October 2021

A Whole Person Approach (WPA) can be used in various parts of LAM (Libraries, Archives, and Museums) sector to provide effective services for underserved groups of society to achieve civic engagement with the communities it serves. WPA is a relatively new theoretical framework in the fields of social science and healthcare. It highlights the necessity and importance of having a holistic view in dealing with different life matters and challenges. This chapter focuses on the special services that LAM sector can offer to facilitate the way towards achieving the goal of enhanced civic engagement, as serving the unserved groups of society is an urgent priority for the sector. Several Creative strategies will be discussed that can be implemented in the current services to make sure the special needs of communities that a sector serves are considered and met. A limitation of this chapter is that it is not a case study, nor is it based on field experiences. It is in fact a critical exploration of the concepts to facilitate in building a theory in an interdisciplinary perspective.
Libraries, Digitized Cultural Heritage, and Social Cohesion of Smart Cities
Authors: Fodor János , Kiszl Péter
Published: October 2021

Creating the complex service system of smart cities provides a new opportunity for the proportion and composition of available digital services to serve the satisfaction and the optimal functioning of society. Shaping the network services provided by LAM institutions is just as important in the social life of smart cities as defining the roles of public institutions. The authors of this chapter seek to identify how digital repositories can be effectively interpreted as modules of a complex service system. Five different module models are introduced based on the projects conducted by the Institute of Library and Information Science of Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary. These modules, focusing on different aspects of user interest and activity, are suitable for strengthening social cohesion in the everyday life of smart cities by involving cultural heritage.
Fostering Civic Engagement in Smart Cities
Authors: Bhanu Mariam , Dhanyasree V. K.
Published: October 2021

Smart cities are modern concepts that aim to provide better living conditions to their citizens by creating a sustainable environment. Citizens are the key partners behind the development of a smart city. They have to be aware about the civic duties and responsibilities towards the community. In this chapter, the authors analyze the concept of smart cities and what are the issues and challenges in India for developing a smart city. The authors also examine various civic engagement initiatives by the government of India. The objective of this chapter is to find the role played by public libraries in creating smarter communities and how they will help in promoting civic engagement activities.
Countering Fake News
Authors: Ali P.M. Naushad , Khan Daud
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study is to examine people's attitudes towards fake news and tactics to counter disinformation in India. A national survey through an online questionnaire was conducted through which 200 respondents recruited in the study through snowball sampling technique. The results of the study disclose that more than 90% of the participants perceive that fake news poses a threat, and 78.5% see fake news as harming democracy. Religious harmony and voting decisions are the topmost areas of public life which are mostly targeted by fake news in India. Conspicuously, the top three agents creating and disseminating fake news are politicians, political parties, and journalists. The study's findings provide an insight into countering fake news in India. This study is useful to government agencies in formulating policies related to fake news.
Keeping the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Relevant in the Digital Age
Authors: Zinner Susan E.
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers how the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1989 and ratified by every nation except the United States, protects the present and future rights of all children. However, the digital rights of children could not have been anticipated when the treaty was drafted. How should parents, legislators, child advocates, and others strive to both protect children from potential internet harm while still allowing children to develop the requisite skills needed to negotiate the internet alone? How best to achieve the balance between protection and digital participation will be the primary focus of this chapter.
Business Ethics in a Digital World
Authors: Vasiliu-Feltes Ingrid
Published: October 2021

This chapter will highlight the importance of transforming our conceptualization of business ethics in the digital era and the opportunities related to an optimal design of sustainable digital business ethics programs in this new hyper-connected, hyper-automated digital world. The complex issues of this revised business ethics model will be addressed from three perspectives: corporate governance, leadership, and society. The sections related to corporate governance will highlight the operational challenges when aiming to incorporate ethics into the boardroom's DNA and will emphasize the sustainability imperative ethical business leaders are facing in this digital era. This chapter will also posit that by adopting a design thinking approach for business ethics in this digital era, we can leverage all the benefits offered by emerging technologies and scientific advances while maintaining a human-centric stance.
Ethical Risks in the Cross Section of Extended Reality (XR), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Authors: Manolova Monika
Published: October 2021

The ethical risks which emerge from the cross section of artificial intelligence, extended reality, and geographic information systems could be examined in two broad categories of environmental and user-centric interactions of human beings with AI-curated mixed realities. These categories resonate with the capacity of AI to significantly impact the efficient application of extended reality technologies, while utilizing geodata and behavioral modelling to alter and transform experiences. While regulatory frameworks are catching up with the rights of users in the digital economy, the recently accelerated growth of immersive technologies provides further scenarios and use cases, which ought to be considered for their capacity to amplify biases, produce alternative realities, and affect human emotions.
Discussions on How to Best Prepare Students on the Ethics of Human-Machine Interactions at Work
Authors: Montaudon-Tomas Cynthia Maria , Pinto-López Ingrid N. , Amsler Anna
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes the evolution of the new ways of working, especially in terms of algorithms and machine learning. Special attention is given to algorithmic management and its ethical concerns, as well as to practical examples of the application of algorithms in different sectors. Faculty discussions about how to best prepare students to deal with human-machine interactions at work are presented, with algorithmic management and accountability the discussion's central axis. In algorithmic management, there are distinct positions to analyze; one that favors innovation and efficiency and privileges dignified work and ethics. A brief proposal on introducing algorithmic ethics into the programs offered at a private business school in Mexico is included.
Artificial Intelligence Inroads Into HR
Authors: Bansal Swati , Agarwal Monica , Bansal Deepak , Narayanan Santhi
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence is already here in all facets of work life. Its integration into human resources is a necessary process which has far-reaching benefits. It may have its challenges, but to survive in the current Industry 4.0 environment and prepare for the future Industry 5.0, organisations must penetrate AI into their HR systems. AI can benefit all the functions of HR, starting right from talent acquisition to onboarding and till off-boarding. The importance further increases, keeping in mind the needs and career aspirations of Generation Y and Z entering the workforce. Though employees have apprehensions of privacy and loss of jobs if implemented effectively, AI is the present and future. AI will not make people lose jobs; instead, it would require the HR people to upgrade their skills and spend their time in more strategic roles. In the end, it is the HR who will make the final decisions from the information that they get from the AI tools. A proper mix of human decision-making skills and AI would give organisations the right direction to move forward.
Extremophiles
Authors: Rabari Aniruddh , Ruparelia Janki A. , Jha Chaitanya Kumar
Published: October 2021

Extremophiles are extreme nature devotees, mostly bacteria and archaea, which bloom with extreme environmental parameters like temperature, pH, pressure, and salinity. Extremophiles are responsible for the beginning of geographical structures throughout the evolution and establishment of all presently known ecological units. They are classified into several categories like acidophiles, alkaliphiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles, xerophiles, piezophiles/barophiles, halophiles, and many more, as given in this chapter. The subsistence of these microorganisms in extreme environments produces extremolytes and extremozymes that have the potential of valued resources for the enlargement of a bio-based economy. In addition to their solicitations, extremophiles offer treasured information regarding the physiochemical limitations of natural life. This chapter mainly evaluates extremophiles, the classification of extremophiles, and their biotechnological applications in grey, white, and red biotechnologies with the perspective of exploring celestial life.
Alkalophiles
Authors: Mevada Vishal Arvindlal , Beladiya Urvisha Himmatbhai , Gandhi Himani Rajendrakumar , Mangrola Amitsinh Vijaysinh , Patel Rajesh Kanjibhai
Published: October 2021

Alkalophiles are a class of extremophiles capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. At such high pH, the normal cellular functions are detrimentally affected for mesophilic organisms. The alkalophiles successfully manage stability of DNA, plasma membrane, and function of cytosolic enzymes, as well as other unfavorable physiological changes at such an elevated pH. A recent development in NextGen sequencing technology facilitates identifying uncultivable organisms amongst the extreme environments. In recent years, distribution of alkalophiles was reported from Soda Lake, marine environments, saline deserts, and natural thermal vents to natural water bodies. Although alkalophiles were first reported in 1889, their enzymatic and industrial applications still make them an interesting area of research. This chapter provides basic information on environmental distribution, taxonomy, physiology, bioenergetics, and survival mechanism and enzymes produced by alkalophilic organisms.
Extremophiles and Their Application in Bioremediation
Authors: Pandey Himanshu , Singh Devendra , Dhiman Vinay Kumar , Dhiman Vivek Kumar , Pandey Devendra
Published: October 2021

A microorganism dwelling in severe environmental conditions is termed an extremophile. These unfavorable environmental conditions include high salinity, toxin compounds, heavy metals, unfavorable temperature, and extremely acidic and alkaline pH. Microorganisms belonging to prokaryotes include true bacteria and archaea bacteria which prevail in harsh environments. In recent years, extremophilic, basically, archaea bacteria have been reported for their immense potential application in the bioremediation process. Bioremediation is a technique that utilizes microorganisms for the decomposition of organic and inorganic pollutants; anthropogenic activities are the basic cause of soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution globally. Extremophiles are capable of producing enzymes that are thermolabile and can function normally even in extreme conditions. These enzymes and proteins can be utilized in the bioremediation process under extreme pH, heavy metal stress, and unfavorable temperature conditions. In this chapter, the role of extremophiles in bioremediation is discussed.
Autoimmunity Increases Susceptibility to and Mortality from Sepsis
Authors: Jensen Isaac J , Jensen Samantha N , McGonagill Patrick W , Griffith Thomas S , Mangalam Ashutosh K , Badovinac Vladimir P
Published: October 2021

We recently demonstrated how sepsis influences the subsequent development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) presented a conceptual advance in understanding the postsepsis chronic immunoparalysis state. However, the reverse scenario (autoimmunity prior to sepsis) defines a high-risk patient population whose susceptibility to sepsis remains poorly defined. In this study, we present a retrospective analysis of University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics patients demonstrating increased sepsis prevalence among multiple sclerosis (MS), relative to non-MS, patients. To interrogate how autoimmune disease influences host susceptibility to sepsis, well-established murine models of MS and sepsis and EAE and cecal ligation and puncture, respectively, were used. EAE, relative to non-EAE, mice were highly susceptible to sepsis-induced mortality with elevated cytokine storms. These results were further recapitulated in LPS and Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis models. This work highlights both the relevance of identifying highly susceptible patient populations and expands the growing body of literature that host immune status at the time of septic insult is a potent mortality determinant.
Intimate Adhesion Is Essential for the Pathogen-Specific Inflammatory and Immune Responses in the Gut of Mice Infected with Citrobacter rodentium
Authors: Takahashi Keita , Sugiyama Tsuyoshi , Tokunoh Nagisa , Tsurumi Shun , Koshizuka Tetsuo , Inoue Naoki
Published: October 2021

Citrobacter rodentium is a murine pathogenic bacterium that adheres to intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in loss of microvilli and pedestal formation, and alters multiple cellular processes, including actin dynamics. Translocated intimin receptor (Tir), one of its virulence factors, functions as receptor for intimin, a bacterial adhesin, thereby mediating bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells. Although robust immune responses are induced to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the host, they are suppressed against harmless commensal bacteria. The mechanism(s) underlying such a differentiation remains unclear. This study sought to determine the roles of intimate adhesion in the induction of specific immune responses upon C. rodentium infection. To this end, microbiota-depleted mice were infected with the Tir-F strain expressing full-length Tir or mutant strains expressing the C-terminal truncated Tir that is defective in intimin binding and host cell actin polymerization. There were no differences in the colonization kinetics and Abs responses against C. rodentium LPS among the strains, whereas Abs against the virulence factors were only produced on Tir-F infection. Although there were no differences in the virulence factors mRNA expression levels, colonic hyperplasia, and bacterial translocation to the systemic organs irrespective of the strain, adhesion to colonic epithelial cells was reduced in the mutant strain–infected mice. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated that robust inflammatory and immune responses were only induced in the Tir-F–infected group and were suppressed in the mutant-infected groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that Tir-mediated intimate adhesion induces inflammatory and immune responses, resulting in the induction of virulence factor–specific Abs.
Type I IFN–Driven Immune Cell Dysregulation in Rat Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Qaisar Natasha , Arowosegbe Adediwura , Derr Alan G , Kucukural Alper , Satish Basanthi , Racicot Riccardo , Guo Zhiru , Trombly Melanie I , Wang Jennifer P
Published: October 2021

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells of pancreatic islets. Essential components of the innate immune antiviral response, including type I IFN and IFN receptor (IFNAR)–mediated signaling pathways, likely contribute to human type 1 diabetes susceptibility. We previously showed that LEW.1WR1 Ifnar1−/− rats have a significant reduction in diabetes frequency following Kilham rat virus (KRV) infection. To delineate the impact of IFNAR loss on immune cell populations in KRV-induced diabetes, we performed flow cytometric analysis in spleens from LEW.1WR1 wild-type (WT) and Ifnar1−/− rats after viral infection but before the onset of insulitis and diabetes. We found a relative decrease in CD8+ T cells and NK cells in KRV-infected LEW.1WR1 Ifnar1−/− rats compared with KRV-infected WT rats; splenic regulatory T cells were diminished in WT but not Ifnar1−/− rats. In contrast, splenic neutrophils were increased in KRV-infected Ifnar1−/− rats compared with KRV-infected WT rats. Transcriptional analysis of splenic cells from KRV-infected rats confirmed a reduction in IFN-stimulated genes in Ifnar1−/− compared with WT rats and revealed an increase in transcripts related to neutrophil chemotaxis and MHC class II. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed that MHC class II transcripts are increased in monocytes and macrophages and that numerous types of splenic cells harbor KRV. Collectively, these findings identify dynamic shifts in innate and adaptive immune cells following IFNAR disruption in a rat model of autoimmune diabetes, providing insights toward the role of type I IFNs in autoimmunity.