bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Burden of HIV/AIDS
Authors: DiClemente R. J , Crosby R. A , Sims J. P
Published: December 2018

Beginning with the observation that AIDS has a tendency to invade subpopulations within a nation that are the most marginalized, this chapter provides case examples of the epidemic within five different nations. Specifically, the authors discuss Lesotho, the United Kingdom, Thailand, Ukraine, and India. The chapter characterizes the vast differences that exist across the national HIV epidemics that comprise the AIDS pandemic. The authors examine specific vulnerable populations, such as sex workers, intravenous drug users, transgendered people, and men who have sex with other men. They also discuss the role of social conditions and social norms, such as women’s rights, not only in the spread of but also the treatment of HIV.
Community Mobilization as an HIV Prevention Strategy
Authors: Parker R , Garcia J , Muñoz-Laboy M , Murray L , Seffner F
Published: December 2018

This chapter documents the ways in which the Brazilian focus on community mobilization and empowerment has succeeded in implementing timely and effective HIV prevention programs in key affected communities such as sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Further, the chapter analyzes the ways in which this strategy made it possible to address many of the structural drivers of HIV in these communities. Of great importance, however, it also highlights the extent to which addressing these structural forces depended on a favorable political context capable of supporting and nurturing such approaches. The subsequent “shift” of focus in terms of HIV prevention in Brazil is then examined to show how the broader political ecology of the country unfavorably changed what had been an effective initial response to ending AIDS in Brazil.
Enhancing Theory of Structural-Level Interventions for HIV Prevention and Care
Authors: Hensen B , Dringus S , Eakle R , Remme M , Hargreaves J
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides multiple insights into the theoretical basis of structural-level intervention approaches to the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Set within the context of social science theories applied to HIV/AIDS and the growing realization that behavioral theories are lacking in effect, the chapter suggests an expanded role of social science theory in the development of structural-level interventions. A case is presented that moving forward to prevent and control the pandemic will require improved theoretical frameworks for addressing persistent inequities. Topics covered include the emergence of “structural interventions” in HIV/AIDS and ways to move theoretically informed structural interventions. A theoretically informed agenda for a new generation of structural interventions is proposed.
Social Conditions and the AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Crosby R. A , DiClemente R. J , Sims J. P
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the AIDS pandemic as being intimately linked with inequitable social conditions. The case is made that these social inequities must be the primary “target” of HIV prevention efforts. The five pillar model is introduced and used as guide for illustrating the inherent value of structural-level interventions to the goal of ending AIDS. The chapter further makes the case that rectifying social inequities is the basis for going beyond the goal of ending AIDS and moving toward global health for all people. The chapter describes the social drivers of the pandemic, a prevention paradigm, and a proposed framework for structural-level interventions.
Servitus Judaeorum
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on a status of hereditary inferiority that emerges out of typological interpretations of Jews as slaves to Christians. Paul’s reading of the servility of Esau and Hagar as figuring a lesser spiritual status shapes Augustine’s formulation, which adds Cain and Ham, to identify these types as Jews punished with enslavement to Christians for the (alleged) crucifixion of Jesus. This curse continues to affect contemporary Jews in their subjection to the Christian Roman Empire. Medieval exegetes draw on Matthew 27:25 to reformulate the servitus Judaeorum into perpetual slavery. In emphasizing the generational consequences of this condition, these texts develop a racial idea of hereditary inferiority. The figures of Cain and Hagar/Ishmael also enter into canon law directives to justify the legal subordination of Jews. The racist status of perpetual enslavement defines Jews as ontologically inferior to Christians and facilitates the realization of their degradation in discriminatory laws.
Cain, Ham, and Ishmael
Authors: Kaplan Lindsay
Published: December 2018

This chapter tracks how figures of Jewish hereditary inferiority translate to Muslims and Africans. The canon law formulation of Jews as enemies of Christendom, punished with enslavement, influences attitudes toward other infidels. The figure of Ishmael facilitates this connection, since he represents both Jews and Muslims. Anachronistically, popes and canonists begin describing Muslims as cursed with perpetual servitude for the crime of deicide, thus subjecting them to the same rationale that secured Jewish subordination to Christians. Crusader logic provides the legal justification for the European expansion into Africa, which begins in North African territory frequently associated with Islam. The language of papal bulls transfers the figural concept of hereditary inferiority through the inclusion of the term “perpetual servitude” in edicts that not only authorize the Iberian appropriation of African lands, but also license the trade in enslaved peoples by representing Africans as already inferior enemies of Christendom.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and the Military
Authors: Crow Calyn
Published: December 2018

This chapter will describe how SFBT has been used in the military. Many people in the military have experienced some type of trauma throughout their lifetime. However, the military culture itself has not historically embraced or taught the importance of mental health or emotional well-being and are taught not to cry. This chapter discusses how using SFBT is effective in a culture where clients are not always allowed to show emotion. Solution-focused questions allow clients to quickly explore what is important to them, what it is they want or need currently, and how they are going to move forward. The chapter stresses the importance of not fixing what is not broken and how the solution is not necessarily related to the problem.
Countering Systemic Retraumatization for Sex-Trafficking Survivors
Authors: Belous Christopher K. , Smith Carla P.
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses how SFBT clinicians can work effectively to treat the trauma associated with victimization through human and sex trafficking. The chapter also addresses the threat for survivors of sex trafficking to be retraumatized (defined as the continual negative or oppressive—overt and covert—traumatization from a helping professional while engaged in the process of trying to help a survivor) through their interactions with law enforcement, medical personal, and even mental health providers, even when these professionals are trying to be helpful. The chapter highlights the importance of building hope and meeting each survivor’s specific needs, and outlines tips and strategies for SFBT clinicians working with this population.
Enemy Number One
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

Enemy Number One tells the story of Soviet propaganda and ideology toward the United States during the early Cold War. From Stalin’s anti-American campaign to Khrushchev’s peaceful coexistence, this book covers Soviet efforts to control available information about the United States and to influence the development of Soviet-American cultural relations until official cultural exchanges were realized between the two countries. The Soviet and American veterans of the legendary 1945 meeting on the Elbe and their subsequent reunions represent the changes in the superpower relationship: during the late Stalin era, the memory of the wartime alliance was fully silenced, but under Khrushchev it was purposefully revived and celebrated as a part of the propaganda about peaceful coexistence. The author brings to life the propaganda warriors and ideological chiefs of the early Cold War period in the Soviet Union, revealing their confusion and insecurities as they tried to navigate the uncertain world of the late Stalin and early Khrushchev cultural bureaucracy. She also shows how concerned Soviet authorities were with their people’s presumed interest in the United States of America, resorting to monitoring and even repression, thereby exposing the inferiority complex of the Soviet project as it related to the outside world.
Introduction
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

This chapter covers Russian and Soviet views of America before the Second World War, during both the tsarist period and the earliest years of the Bolshevik regime, when American technology was admired and emulated even as its economic and racial inequalities were criticized. It then delves into the Soviet-American wartime alliance, with a focus on the 1945 meeting on the Elbe that marked the high point of Soviet and American camaraderie resulting from their allied wartime victory. The fate of the wartime alliance is a recurring theme in the book, and this chapter introduces Soviet efforts in propaganda and ideology toward the former ally in the early Cold War.
American Sources of Information and Soviet Interest in the Enemy
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

This chapter is devoted to American official propaganda in the late Stalin era. It analyzes Soviet reactions to the broadcasting of the Voice of America and the publishing of a glossy magazine called Amerika in the Soviet Union. The chapter also covers one of the most radical actions the Soviet state took in controlling its people. As part of a much larger phenomenon, the Soviet state imprisoned and sentenced people who allegedly praised the United States, illustrating the effects of the anti-American campaign on the lives of ordinary Soviet people. The political repressions also show how yet another parallel image of America developed in the Soviet Union: not at all like the “second America” that the anti-American propaganda hailed, this other image of America was a fairytale version, the exact opposite of the bleak realities some experienced under socialism in the late 1940s and the early 1950s.
From Anti-Americanism to Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Rósa
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 discusses the revival of Soviet-American cultural relations under Khrushchev in 1955 and the ensuing rediscovery of America. With the revival came an unsettling rediscovery of the American enemy: the America that Soviet delegations encountered in the 1950s was very different from the images the anti-American propaganda had presented. This chapter also revisits the veterans of the Elbe meeting. In 1955, the Elbe reunion was the only encounter where the Soviet Union compared favorably with the United States, and that was all thanks to the efforts of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. This reunion is also a testimony to the growing importance of the wartime alliance in Soviet ideology and how it was used to prove that the two superpowers were able to peacefully coexist.
Criminal Justice Issues Among Homeless Veterans
Authors: Blue-Howells Jessica , Timko Christine , Clark Sean , Finlay Andrea K.
Published: December 2018

While there is not research that demonstrates that homelessness causes incarceration or that incarceration causes homelessness, there has long been an understanding that the two influence and create risk for one another. This chapter examines the prevalence of and risk factors for criminal justice involvement among homeless Veterans and the prevalence of and risk factors for homelessness among criminal justice–involved Veterans. The lack of shared definitions of homelessness and criminal justice involvement results in a wide range of prevalence estimates, few risk factors have been identified, and the cyclical nature and mechanisms explaining the link between homelessness and criminal justice involvement among Veterans is largely unknown. The US Department of Veterans Affairs currently has two programs designed to address treatment needs, including homelessness, among criminal justice–involved Veterans. As these programs expand and evolve, research is needed to fill our extensive knowledge gaps and develop programs and interventions to attenuate Veterans’ risks for chronic homelessness and criminal justice involvement.
Homelessness and Money Management in Military Veterans
Authors: Elbogen Eric B.
Published: December 2018

Research has identified many factors associated with homelessness in Veterans; however, relatively less attention has been given to how poor financial decision-making may contribute to homelessness in Veterans. This chapter first outlines money management challenges and issues faced by Veterans and emphasizes unique characteristics of military service and Veteran status that may play a role. Evidence of a link between mental health problems and money management in Veterans is then presented, along with a review of empirical literature on money management and Veteran homelessness. The chapter then discusses how to effectively improve money management and financial literacy in Veterans, highlighting US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and military programs aimed at improving financial literacy. In the end, it is argued that striving to improve money management in Veterans’ lives should be a core component in efforts to eliminate Veteran homelessness.
Aging and Mortality in Homeless Veterans
Authors: Schinka John A. , Byrne Thomas H.
Published: December 2018

In this chapter the authors describe and discuss two emerging related issues in the homeless Veteran population: aging and mortality. To facilitate the presentation of the current status of these issues, the authors have divided the chapter into four sections. The first section provides an overview on the current state of homelessness in Veterans and a perspective on the factors contributing to Veteran homelessness. The second and third sections present reviews of aging and mortality in homeless Veterans. These are two separate yet related issues, given that the homelessness is disproportionately represented in older Veterans, the Veteran homeless population is aging, and homeless Veterans have increased mortality risk across the age range but especially in older age. The last section provides a summary with comments on intervention strategies for older homeless Veterans.
What We Mean When We Say “Conspiracy Theory”
Authors: Walker Jesse
Published: December 2018

The meaning of “conspiracy theory” constantly contracts and expands. On one hand, the phrase is regularly used to describe fringe views that do not involve alleged conspiracies. On the other hand, people tend to avoid using the phrase when describing conspiracy claims embraced by the mainstream, even when those ideas are highly dubious. Popular narratives about terrorism, gang activity, and new religious movements resemble more marginal conspiracy theories, particularly when they confuse decentralized networks with centralized organizations, perceive plots that don’t exist at all, or draw on the lurid imagery of pulp fiction.
Conspiracy Theory
Authors: McKenzie-McHarg Andrew
Published: December 2018

Conspiracy theories have been around for a long time, though how long is a matter of debate. As for the concept of conspiracy theory, it might seem reasonable to expect a more exact answer about the moment of its emergence. When do we first find people talking and writing about conspiracy theories? While much of the literature points to the twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper and his famous work The Open Society and Its Enemies (1st edition: 1945), newspaper databases allow us to locate earlier occurrences of “conspiracy theory.” They reveal that the term proliferates in newspapers from the 1870s onward, particularly after the assassination of President Garfield in July 1881. What can this discovery then tell us about the modern-day phenomenon of conspiracy theories?
Learning about Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Cullen Jay T.
Published: December 2018

The triple disaster of the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear reactor meltdowns that struck Japan in March 2011 led to the release of massive amounts of radioactive isotopes into the environment. My research and that of other professionals in the international scientific community demonstrates that the short- and long-term impacts of these releases on environmental and human health will be difficult to detect. Most of the public response to my work on the Fukushima disaster has been positive. However, a vocal minority, enamored of conspiracy theories, responded with personal threats, accusations of scientific fraud, and attacks on my professional and personal integrity.
Conspiratorial Thinking and Dueling Fact Perceptions
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: December 2018

Polarized perceptions of facts have become a defining feature of American politics. Scholars have described this phenomenon as contested facts, misinformation, cultural cognition, partisan facts, and dueling fact perceptions. But is there a connection between conspiratorial thinking and dueling facts? Are conspiratorial thinkers more likely to have different perceptions of climate change, the national debt, racism, or several other disputed facts like the safety of GMOs or the origins of sexual orientation? Recent survey evidence suggests that conspiratorial thinking is strongly related to some of the most prominent dueling fact perceptions on both right and left, grounded in rejection of scientific and scholarly consensus.
The Truth Is Around Here Somewhere
Authors: Bost Preston R.
Published: December 2018

Recent years have seen a sharp acceleration in the publication of empirical studies on conspiracy beliefs. Collectively this work demonstrates markers of an energized but exploratory field still seeking theoretical focus and depth. The research has arrived at an inflection point that will lead to increased expectations for theory-driven work that tests specific predictions and arrives at answers with the potential to improve public discourse about conspiracy theories. Three specific lines of research can advance our understanding of the place of conspiracy beliefs in adaptive cognition: clearly defining the phenomenon under investigation, exploring the situational factors that contribute to conspiracy beliefs, and testing the positive as well as negative outcomes that result from conspiracy beliefs.
Policy and Poverty in Seven European Union Countries in the Lisbon Decade
Authors: Hills John , Paulus Alari , Sutherland Holly , Tasseva Iva
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the extent to which tax and benefit policy changes introduced in the period 2001−2011 had poverty- or inequality-reducing effects. The analysis uses the tax−benefit model EUROMOD and covers seven diverse EU countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It separates effects of structural policy reforms and those resulting from methods used for indexation of monetary parameters of the systems. Adequate indexation was typically more important in alleviating poverty and inequality than changes to the structure of policies. In fact, most of the structural changes that governments introduced, especially in the 2007−2011 crisis-onset period, had poverty- and inequality-increasing effects. There was considerable variation among the countries in how different policy instruments were adjusted and in the effects of the adjustments by income, by age, and by household composition.
Do Employment-Conditional Earnings Subsidies Work?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: December 2018

Cash transfers and tax credits to people in paid work but with low earnings are increasingly prominent in affluent countries. How effective are these programs at reducing poverty and increasing employment? The experiences of the United States and United Kingdom suggest that, in an economy with weak unions and limited labor market regulations, an employment-conditional earnings subsidy increases employment among persons at the low end of the labor market but reduces low-end wage levels somewhat. Overall, it appears to boost the absolute incomes of low-end households. Even so, cross-country comparison offers little support for a conclusion that the institutional configuration in these countries, including the employment-conditional earnings subsidy, is especially effective at generating high and rising employment, high and rising incomes among low-end households, or low and decreasing relative poverty rates. Quite a few other affluent nations have done as well as or better than the United Kingdom and the United States in recent decades.
Improving Poverty Reduction
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn , Novy Andreas , Kazepov Yuri , Cools Pieter , Saruis Tatiana , Leubolt Bernhard , Wukovitsch Florian
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the potential of social innovations as effective policies and actions to reduce poverty. Social innovations are driven by an unconventional mix of actors and apply multidimensional approaches to respond to social needs that are not adequately met by macro-level welfare policies. The chapter first gives a brief overview of the history of social innovation as an academic concept and an important concept in current European policies to combat poverty. It then turns to the implications of adopting a social innovation perspective for our understanding of poverty. We stress the multidimensional and relational character of poverty, highlight the importance of place-based developments and their multilevel governances, and point out the crucial role of participation and empowerment. Finally, we present preliminary lessons for anti-poverty strategies based on our extensive case-study analysis, stressing the important link to broader strategies to foster social cohesion, the value of bottom-linked approaches, and the importance of collective empowerment.
Social Investment at Crossroads
Authors: Cronert Axel , Palme Joakim
Published: December 2018

The concept of social investment has gained ground among European Union policymakers as a strategy to reconcile the goals of employment, growth, and social inclusion. However, scholars have criticized the social investment approach for not achieving its intended distributional consequences and have questioned the complementarity between the goals of increasing employment and decreasing poverty. We argue that distinguishing between the “Enlightened Path”—more commonly known as the “Nordic approach”—and the “Third Way” approach to social investment is important for understanding the relationships between social investment policies, employment, and poverty. By critically examining policy developments in Sweden, we find that the recent noticeable increase in relative poverty can best be accounted for by changes in tax and transfer policies that represent a shift from the Nordic approach to the Third Way approach, whereas an “employment vs. poverty” trade-off is mitigated by the sustained presence of a compressed wage structure.
The Design of In-work Benefits
Authors: Vandelannoote Dieter , Verbist Gerlinde
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the impact of the design of in-work benefits on work incentives and poverty reduction. Focusing on one country, Belgium, microsimulation techniques are used to study stylized design changes in a stepwise manner, examining in each step which characteristics of an in-work benefit “make it work.” As this study makes clear, both the size and design matter. Sufficient budget is needed to reach significant changes in outcomes, while the exact specifications of the way in which the benefit is designed are crucial. The results show some trade-offs between employment and poverty objectives, as well as between labor-supply outcomes at the extensive and the intensive margin. For the Belgian context, an individual-based system that uses hourly wages as a threshold seems to reconcile both work incentives and poverty outcomes in a satisfactory way.
The True Size of Government
Authors: Light Paul C.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 provides detailed estimates of the total number of employees who work within the government-industrial complex. The estimates show the changing distribution of federal, contract, and grant employees between 1984 and 2015: the total government-industrial headcount held steady from 1984 to 1995, dropped sharply from 1995 to 1999, and accelerated to a forty-year high in 2010 before falling sharply by 2015 and holding steady in 2017. These patterns form the basis for detailed histories of the five administrations in office during the period and ends with an early snapshot of the Trump administration’s policy. The history compares inaugural promises with the eventual effects of each administration. The chapter also examines the key decisions that produced the rise, fall, rise, and then fall again in the true size of the government-industrial complex. The chapter ends with a history and assessment of the major personnel caps, cuts, and ceilings used to constrain federal employment between 1940 and 2017. This section ends with a discussion of the impacts of each action.
Pressures on the Dividing Line
Authors: Light Paul C.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 explores the pressures that encourage government dependence on contract and grant employees. The chapter begins by reviewing Eisenhower’s call for a “proper meshing” between the military and industry. The chapter then explains the time, bureaucratic, and political pressures that increase the temptation to use contract and grant employees in lieu of federal employees. The time pressures stem from the federal government’s (1) sluggish hiring process, (2) aging workforce, (3) high promotion speed, (4) inflated performance appraisals, and (5) and changing mission. The bureaucratic pressures stem from (1) skill gaps in mission-critical occupations, (2) the barriers to federal employee engagement, (3) disagreements on how much federal and private employees cost, (4) weak oversight, and (5) a sluggish presidential appointments process. Finally, the political pressures arise from (1) the thickening of the leadership hierarchy, (2) the need to protect government achievements and fix breakdowns, (3) public trust and distrust toward government, (4) high levels of political polarization, and (5) cabal, intrigue, and corruption.
Ajax
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

As critics both ancient and modern have recognized, Sophocles’ Ajax is profoundly indebted to Homer. This chapter argues that the protagonist tracks the Iliadic Achilles’ developmental path in significant respects, but that Sophocles provides his own explanation of Ajax’s character: he anchors the hero’s so-called megalomania in the harsh upbringing Ajax has received from his father, Telamon, and passes on to his own son, Eurysaces. Defeated by Odysseus in the contest for Achilles’ arms, Ajax experiences a crisis of disillusionment that takes a savage and self-destructive form. Although Ajax, like the Homeric Achilles, subsequently experiences a crisis of empathy, the impulse is both tardy and partial. It is Odysseus who matches and even exceeds the Iliadic Achilles’ compassion, thereby defeating Ajax a second time in a different contest.
Hippolytus
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

Hippolytus’ fundamental mistake (hamartia) has been variously described as devotion to chastity (symbolized by his worship of Artemis), as life-denying puritanism or excessive arrogance (symbolized by his hostility to Aphrodite), and as a failure to progress to maturity via the normative rites of passage. This chapter explains Hippolytus’ failure in educational rather than initiatory terms. The play’s repeated references to Hippolytus’ youthfulness, its focus on the connotations of sōphrosunē (good sense, modesty), its depiction of Hippolytus’ failings, and its reliance on the vocabulary of teaching and learning all point in that direction. Comparison with Ion in his Euripidean name play further clarifies where Hippolytus’ education has fallen short. The empathy that Hippolytus manifests toward the end of the play for his stepmother, Phaedra, and his father, Theseus, is both tardy and partial; his suffering offers a salutary lesson for others, but not himself.
Coda
Authors: Gregory Justina
Published: December 2018

THE EDUCATION OF Achilles enjoyed a long afterlife in the Western literary tradition. In the first book of Matthew Arnold’s dramatic poem Empedocles on Etna, published in 1852, the philosopher Empedocles, who has climbed the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily with the intention of ending his life there, overhears a young harpist named Callicles singing of another mountain and another sage:...
To Stay or Not to Stay January–June 1995
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2018

The four-month cessation of hostilities agreement took effect in January 1995. There was tension between expanding UNPROFOR and the UNPROFOR withdrawal option known as OPLAN 40104. The Deputies and Principals spent early 1995 focused on Croatia and the intentions of Croatian President Franjo Tudjman. The costs of UNPROFOR and OPLAN 40104 seized some Situation Room discussions. Serbian President Slobodan Milošević finally refused to mutually recognize Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina as steps toward a peace deal. The Principals decided in March 1995 to maintain diplomatic engagement and provision of humanitarian relief, keep UNPROFOR deployed in Bosnia and Croatia, and take measures to contain the conflict. Washington continued to support the Bosnian government’s goal of a political settlement consistent with the Contact Group proposal but seek to lower public expectations of immediate success and avoid any illusion that the United States or NATO would intervene militarily on behalf of the Bosniaks.
The Enduring Significance of Segregation
Authors: Purnell Jason Q.
Published: December 2018

Residential segregation remains a perennial problem in major metropolitan areas across the United States. Many researchers have focused on the effects of segregation on housing patterns, educational disparities, and the geographic concentration of poverty. This chapter explores how these and other results of residential segregation affect population health. Using as its backdrop the St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area—one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the nation—this chapter reviews the scientific literature on segregation and health outcomes. It also discusses potential strategies for addressing segregation in this local context and nationally. Much of the local discussion draws on For the Sake of All, a landmark study on the health and well-being of African Americans in St. Louis. An analysis of the cultural, psychological, political, and practical barriers to integration is also presented.
Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing and the Inclusive Communities Project Case
Authors: Tegeler Philip D.
Published: December 2018

The Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) provisions of the 1968 Fair Housing Act require affirmative steps by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and its grantees to promote residential integration. By the beginning of the Obama administration, compliance with this provision had become an empty bureaucratic ritual for many jurisdictions and was identified as a key civil rights reform for the new HUD secretary. The final AFFH rule, issued in 2015, represents an important modernization of the Fair Housing Act’s AFFH provision and also signals a new kind of partnership among federal, state, and local governments to address racial and economic segregation.
Enabling More Families with Housing Vouchers to Access Higher-Opportunity Neighborhoods
Authors: Sard Barbara
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, which helps more than two million low-income households—nearly half with minor children in the home—to pay for modestly priced, decent-quality homes in the private market. The program has reduced housing cost burdens, decreased homelessness, and increased housing stability, but vouchers currently do less than they could to help families live in low-poverty, high-opportunity neighborhoods. Public housing agencies have flexibility to implement strategies to improve location outcomes in their HCV programs. But unless changes in federal policy encourage them to take such steps and to modify counterproductive policies—and reliable funding is available to maintain the number of families receiving HCV assistance and to administer the program effectively—there is little reason to expect better results. Federal, state, and local agencies can make four sets of interrelated policy changes that will help families in the HCV program to live in better locations.
Promoting Poverty Deconcentration and Racial Desegregation through Mixed-Income Development
Authors: Joseph Mark L.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the achievements and limitations of mixed-income development as a desegregation strategy. Mixed-income development has proven to be an effective way to harness private-sector interest in urban revitalization in order to generate the production of high-quality affordable housing. Beyond the goals of physical redevelopment and residential integration, there is evidence that mixed-income approaches promote stable, safe communities. After 20 years of the HOPE VI initiative, the federal government sought to enhance the mixed-income approach by launching Choice Neighborhoods in 2010. Significant questions remain about how to increase the benefits to low-income households through this approach and how to avoid reinforcing stigma and marginalization within the new developments. After briefly reviewing the history of mixed-income housing and the theoretical propositions underlying it, this chapter reviews the evidence of its benefits and shortcomings as a desegregation approach and proposes an array of strategies for strengthening the approach.
Disorientation
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

Moments of disorientation—be they personal, communal, economic, or political—can become opportunities to rethink our habitual ways of being in the world. This chapter presents embodied practices that underscore how disorientation productively shifts our perspective from a focus on visibility and stability to a sensibility energized by proprioception and instability. In addition, it traces the implications of shifting orientations, getting lost, embracing the unforeseen, and moving in between states of knowing and unknowing. The practice of dwelling in the unforeseen requires a tolerance for ambiguity and conjures a state of being that is at once open to the world around us and grounded in our own sensory experience. Certain physical practices can train for a psychic tolerance for chaos, confusion, being off-balance or feeling uncomfortable—paving the way to respond to disorientation with curiosity rather than reacting with fear.
Afterword (7/29/2018)
Authors: Cooper Albright Ann
Published: December 2018

This Afterword was written on the seventh anniversary of my nephew’s death. It concisely summarizes the life lessons embedded in each chapter of this book. Addressed to the memory of my nephew, this brief writing details how the practices of feeling support and connection with others can keep us engaged with living even as we vacillate between states of fall and recovery, knowing and not knowing, and the discovery of new, previously unimaginable, pathways. Although it was not written exclusively for him or about him, John Christian’s struggles wove their way through each chapter of How to Land: Finding Ground in an Unstable World.
The Folly of the Cross
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

This work surveys the ways in which theologians, artists, and composers of the early modern period dealt with the passion and death of Christ. The fourth volume in a series, it locates the theology of the cross in the context of modern thought, beginning with the Enlightenment, which challenged traditional Christian notions of salvation and of Christ himself. It shows how new models of salvation were proposed by liberal theology, replacing the older “satisfaction” model with theories of Christ as bringer of God’s spirit and as social revolutionary. It shows how the arts during this period both preserved the classical tradition and responded to innovations in theology and in style.
The Aesthetic Mediation
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

New texts and styles predominated in the period following Bach’s settings of the passion. In Protestant church music, more poetic and operatic settings became common, with more emotional stress. Roman Catholic passion music centered on the genre of the sepolcro, with meditations on the reactions of Jesus’ disciples to his suffering and death. The Romantic period produced only a few great works centered on the passion.
Epilogue and Prospect
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: December 2018

The works of the Theosophist Annie Besant represent a modern effort to reinterpret Christ’s passion in light of non-Christian religions and universal experience. They introduce perspectives and questions that were formative for the postmodern period.
Specters of Belonging
Authors: Félix Adrián
Published: December 2018

In the context of research on the “thickening” of borders, Specters of Belonging raises the related question: How does transnational citizenship thicken across the political life cycle of Mexican migrants? In addressing this question, this book resembles what any good migration corrido (ballad) does—narrate the thickening of transnational citizenship from beginning, middle, to end. Specifically, Specters of Belonging traces Mexican migrant transnationalism across the migrant political life cycle, beginning with the “political baptism” (i.e., naturalization in the United States) and ending with repatriation to México after death. In doing so, the book illustrates how Mexican migrants enunciate, enact, and embody transnational citizenship in constant dialectical contestation with the state and institutions of citizenship on both sides of the U.S.-México border. Drawing on political ethnographies of citizenship classrooms, the first chapter examines how Mexican migrants enunciate transnational citizenship as they navigate the naturalization process in the United States and grapple with the contradictions of U.S. citizenship and its script of singular political loyalty. The middle chapter deploys transnational ethnography to analyze how Mexican migrants enact transnational citizenship within the clientelistic orbit of the Mexican state, focusing on a group of returned migrant politicians and transnational activists. Last, the final chapter turns to how Mexican migrants embody transnational citizenship by tracing the cross-border practice of repatriating the bodies of deceased Mexican migrants from the United States to their communities of origin in rural México.
Conclusion
Authors: Félix Adrián
Published: December 2018

The final chapter concludes by raising the specter of transnational afterlife and the implications of the book for migration studies. By tracing the thickening of transnational citizenship across the migrant political life cycle, Specters of Belonging adds to our understanding of migrant cross-border affiliations, allegiances and attachments. In doing so, the book challenges the linear logic of neo-assimilationists, who contend that the U.S. continues to integrate migrants as it did during previous eras of mass migration, by pointing to the institutional racism that impedes the process of migrant “incorporation.” Conversely, the book also challenges the irresolute circularity of the transnational perspective, which depicts migrants as ambivalent about their sense of belonging to their country of settlement and of origin. By capturing migrants’ cross-border enunciations, enactments and embodiments of transnational citizenship, Specters of Belonging argues that Mexican migrants are tenaciously transnational, defying the border in life and death.
Epilogue
Authors: Félix Adrián
Published: December 2018

IN HIS SEMI-AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL Orange County: A Personal History, Gustavo Arellano describes a surrealist dream of return migration to his ancestral village of El Cargadero, deep in the heart of north-central México. “A couple of months before finishing this book,” Arellano writes, “I experienced the most vivid dream: I won a contest in which the main prize was the ability to fly” (2008: 25). After crisscrossing disparate geographies, from South East Asia to Eastern Europe, Gustavo decided to descend on El Cargadero, arriving in the late afternoon, when “the sun bathes everything in a soft, radiant glow.” Gustavo’s dream depicts the village quite accurately, verging on the utopian before taking a surrealist turn: “El Cargadero sits on the slope of a mountain, so rays either enveloped houses or cast them in shadows.” Hovering above, Gustavo tried to eavesdrop on conversations, “but all I heard was the laughs of contentment,” he writes. Once he landed on terra firma, “Streetlights flickered on, lending a beautiful shine to the village,” and people greeted him warmly....
Chains of Persuasion
Authors: Hertzberg Benjamin R.
Published: December 2018

Democratic citizens around the world appeal to religious arguments, ideals, identities, and institutions in their political activism. And yet predominant theoretical accounts of liberal democracy provide precious little applicable guidance to citizens who must make judgments about religion’s proper role in their politics. Chains of Persuasion: A Framework for Religion in Democracy provides a new moral framework to guide citizens’ evaluations of religious politics. Rejecting claims that religion must be relegated to the private sphere or that all attempts to evaluate its political roles are oppressive, the book argues that democratic ideals are robust enough to assess the full range of ways religion influences democratic political life. The analysis weaves together insights from critical theories of religion, philosophical debates about public reason, deliberative and instrumental justifications of democracy, and democratic virtue theory to argue that citizens must understand democracy as a way of life—with crucial implications for civic society beyond formal political institutions—in order to properly evaluate the ways in which religion can both enhance and undermine democracy. The analysis concludes by criticizing American public discussions of two prominent religious minorities: Mormons and Muslims. If citizens are to make judgments consistent with democratic norms, they must pay more attention to the nature of religions’ authority claims instead of merely evaluating the values religions proclaim.
Chains of Persuasion
Authors: Hertzberg Benjamin R.
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the roles that religious arguments may play in democratic deliberation. Attempts to include religion suffer from three problems: religious arguments are not widely persuasive; some religious people are not open to persuasion from those who do not share their religious commitments; and when those people make religious arguments in democratic discussions, they seem to appeal to a double standard—expecting their fellows to listen to them while they ignore others. These problems are a consequence of improperly understanding the nature of deliberation; when deliberation is considered as a systemic practice in democratic societies, it becomes clear that under the right circumstances, religious arguments can contribute to persuasion and religious people can be persuaded. The required condition is that religions allow internal pluralism and loose affiliation within their communities. Democratic citizens can apply this criterion to assess religious political participation.
Mormons and Muslims in American Democracy
Authors: Hertzberg Benjamin R.
Published: December 2018

The concluding chapter summarizes the criteria developed above and applies them to the religions with which the book opened: Mormonism and Islam. Citizens should consider not just the values that religions teach and their compatibility with liberal democratic norms; they also need to consider whether religions structure their adherents’ relationship with the religious community to allow for internal pluralism, how the religions’ institutional forms relate to political institutions, and whether the religions shape their adherents in ways that allow them to develop the virtues necessary for crucial democratic practices like reciprocal accountability. Although Americans typically think that Mormons are religiously odd but politically benign while Muslims are more threatening, this is a consequence of insufficiently developed evaluative criteria.
Reviving Sheila
Authors: Jones Katherine (Trina) Janiec
Published: December 2018

This chapter observes that many undergraduates find themselves drawn to more than one religious tradition, philosophical perspective, or lifestance. Indeed, the concept of “multiple religious belonging” may describe a very common circumstance, in which human beings find themselves drawn to, and sometimes overwhelmed by, an eclectic blend of beliefs and practices. Certain parallels may be drawn between these experiences and the broader experience of adolescent women, who find themselves pulled in many directions by the demands of contemporary culture. The chapter brings together a discussion of Mary Pipher’s book Reviving Ophelia with the example of “Sheila” in Habits of the Heart (ed. Robert Bellah et al.). Rather than assuming that experiences of multiple belonging result from confusion or indifference, the author counsels meeting these perspectives where they are, exploring how this quest for meaning might positively shape vocational reflection and discernment.
The Call of Death and the Depth of Our Callings
Authors: Gill Rahuldeep
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on a reality that every human being faces: the prospect of death. When this reality is brought to the forefront, one’s callings in life take on a new element; they become more significant, operating at a greater depth. This encourages those who are undertaking vocational reflection and discernment to consider the quality of their callings, rather than simply being satisfied that they have found one. The chapter draws heavily on the poetry of Guru Nanak, considered the founder of Sikhism, whose meditations on death—and on how an awareness of death shapes one’s life—suggest a new perspective on vocation. Nanak’s approach is compared with two Christian figures, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Luther King Jr., who also considered how our consciousness of death shapes the quality and depth of our vocations.
Introduction
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

In nineteenth-century America, Native Americans communicated long distance with smoke signals and Indian sign language to combat U.S. invasions across the American plains. Recently immigrated Morse telegraphers began to organize “online” for safer working conditions. Women telegraphers entered electric speech forums. These interactions inspired the creation of what this book dubs “telegraph literature”—the fiction, poetry, social critique, and autobiography that experiences of telecommunication inspired authors from vastly different social locations to write throughout nineteenth-century America. The telegraphic virtual inspired such canonical authors as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, alongside such lesser known authors as Lida Churchill and Crow medicine woman Pretty Shield, to explore how seemingly instantaneous, disembodied, nationwide speech practices challenged American conceptions of self, text, place, nation, and God.