bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Profitability and Decreased Consumer Welfare Through Manufacturers' Cents‐Off Coupons
Authors: HOWELL JAMIE
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the potential increase in oligopolistic manufacturers' profits due to a policy of cents‐off couponing and the resulting changes in consumer welfare and resource allocation. This paper offers support to the hypothesis that the observed couponing policies of U.S. manufacturers are motivated by their desire to increase profits through third‐degree price discrimination—a practice that results in welfare losses to consumers. While some conclusions reached have been dealt with by other researchers, its approach differs in that it attempts to quantify the probable magnitudes of the welfare effects and profit potential of manufacturers' couponing policies within the framework of a third‐degree price discrimination model where firms are assumed to behave as Cournot oligopolists.
Personal Factors Related to Consumer Product Disposal Tendencies
Authors: HARRELL GILBERT D. , McCONOCHA DIANE M.
Published: July 2010

Extended channels of distribution provide numerous options for consumers who wish to move still useful but unwanted products to other consumers. The rationales consumers use in choosing disposal options, including those resulting in redistribution, are described. Affect and demographic correlates for each disposition tendency provide information to help develop consumer behavior theory regarding redistribution, as well as provide strategic implications for extended channels.
Women and the Demand for Alcohol: Estimating Participation and Consumption
Authors: BLAYLOCK J. R. , BLISARD W. N.
Published: July 2010

Demand models which are alternatives to the widely used Tobit model are specified and estimated. These alternative models allow the consumer to choose whether or not to participate in a particular market, and if so, to choose the level of consumption. This approach is contrasted to the Tobit model which assumes all consumers are potential users of a good and that consumption levels and market participation are influenced by the same variables in the same way.
Evidence of Changing Contestability in Commercial Airline Markets During the 1980s
Authors: JOESCH JUTTA M. , ZICK CATHLEEN D.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, rising market concentration has been cited as an indicator of deregulation‐induced troubles within the U.S. commercial airline industry. In this paper, a contestable market framework is used to examine whether changes in market concentration increased airfares in 19 different destination markets at three different points in time. The empirical analyses indicate that concentration measures gained in importance in setting airfares during the 1980s suggesting that market contestability may have declined. The estimates also show that the demand for air travel, on average, became more own‐price elastic over the 1980s for the 19 destination cities analyzed.
Family Communication Patterns and Marketplace Motivations, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Children and Mothers
Authors: CARLSON LES , WALSH ANN , LACZNIAK RUSSELL N. , GROSSBART SANFORD
Published: July 2010

This study examined the relation between family communication patterns (FCP) and mothers' marketplace motivations, attitudes, and behaviors (MAB). Adolescents' prediction accuracy of mothers' consumption motivations was also investigated. Results indicate mothers' materialistic and shopping tendencies, advertising attitudes, information use, and consumption motivations are linked to FCP. Adolescents' predictions of mothers' consumption motivations coincided with mothers' self‐reported motivations. The findings suggest that FCP may play a role in the acquisition of marketplace MAB.
Consumer Acceptance of a New Experience Good: A Case Study of Vacuum Packed Fresh Beef
Authors: EASTWOOD DAVID B.
Published: July 2010

Vacuum packaging represents an alternative way of providing fresh beef to food shoppers. However, the air‐tight seal leads to the beef having a brownish‐red color in the package. Consequently, there is an information gap between consumers' perception of red indicating quality fresh beef and the appearance in vacuum packaging. A regression model is estimated using scan data to compare four cuts of steak in the two types of packaging. Results suggest that the information gap is a problem for three lower priced steaks but not for filet mignon.
Determinants of Perceived Health and Safety Risks of Selected Hazardous Products and Activities
Authors: OGLETHORPE JANET E. , MONROE KENT B.
Published: July 2010

Based on an empirical analysis, this paper presents models of the determinants of consumers' perceptions of health and safety risks of eight frequently used products. Using eight variables that have been postulated by researchers to be determinants of perceived risk, multiple linear regression models were developed for each product. These models indicate that different products have different determinants of perceived risk.
Consumer Reaction to a Risk/Benefit/Option Message about Agricultural Chemicals in the Food Supply
Authors: CHIPMAN HELEN , KENDALL PATRICIA , AULD GARRY , SLATER MICHAEL , KEEFE THOMAS
Published: July 2010

Audience segmentation and focus group methods were used to evaluate consumer reactions to a risk/benefit/option message about agricultural chemicals in the food supply. The approach was well‐received and showed potential for raising consumers' concerns regarding health and environmental risks associated with pesticides, along with confidence in their ability to minimize exposure to residues. Concern and confidence increased most among consumers who already were concerned and who were most removed from agriculture.
Determinants of Household Expenditures on Alcohol
Authors: YEN STEVEN T. , JENSEN HELEN H.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the determinants of household alcohol expenditures by using a nonnormal and heteroscedastic double‐hurdle model to accommodate zero observations in the sample. The model is a generalization of the double‐hurdle model estimated in previous studies of alcohol consumption. We also examine the effects of explanatory variables by calculating and decomposing the elasticities. Findings support the use of a more generalized error distribution. Income, region, education, and household demographics are among the significant determinants of alcohol expenditures.
The Use of Sponsorship‐Linked Marketing by Tobacco Firms: International Public Policy Issues
Authors: CORNWELL T. BETTINA
Published: July 2010

Worldwide, the marketing and promotion practices of tobacco firms are coming under scrutiny. Although tobacco advertising in traditional media such as television has been banned in most countries for many years, the use of nontraditional media such as sponsorship has only recently come into question. This paper analyzes how sponsorship‐linked marketing programs function like advertising in promoting tobacco products. The various marketing tactics utilized by international tobacco firms are discussed as are policy recommendations for governments, businesses, households, and communities that seek to reduce tobacco promotion in their environments.
Socialization, Gender, and Adolescent's Self‐Reports of Their Generalized Use of Product Labels
Authors: MANGLEBURG TAMARA F. , GREWAL DURUV , BRISTOL TERRY
Published: July 2010

This study examines how various aspects of the consumer socialization process affect male and female teenagers' tendencies to use product labels in general. In contrast to the traditional information‐processing perspective used in many studies of gender differences and studies of labeling, this research focus more on sociological explanations for gender differences in teens' tendencies to read product labels. Specifically, because males and females are likely to receive differential consumer socialization, differences are expected in the genders' use of product labels. Male and female teenagers may be differentially taught about the importance and use of product labels through differences in exposure to marketplace‐related communication from parents, peers, and mass media. Exposure to marketplace‐related communication, in turn, is likely to have positive effects on teens' tendencies to use product labels in general. With the exception of exposure to mass media, results based on data from a sample of high school students generally supported this mediational model.
Impact of Sociodemographic Factors on Perceived Importance of Nutrition in Food Shopping
Authors: NAYGA RODOLFO M.
Published: July 2010

This study examines how the perception of a household main meal planner about the importance of nutrition in food shopping is related to the person's sociodemographic characteristics. Results of this study suggest that black, female, higher educated, and nonworking main meal planners generally perceive nutrition as more important in food shopping than do others. Findings also suggest that nutrition is more important to main meal planners who reside in cities and in the South. The results have important implications for government nutrition programs. The perceived importance of nutrition is also crucial to the success of consumer information programs that promote health and market nutritious foods.
Racial Differences in Consumer Environmental Concern
Authors: NEWELL STEPHEN J. , GREEN CORLISS L.
Published: July 2010

Past research has suggested that black and white consumers differ in their concern for the environment. The general consensus has been that whites are significantly more concerned than blacks about environmental issues. Most of this research, however, Is limited in scope and fails to account for variables, such as education and income, which may help to explain these differences. This study investigates and analyzes black and white consumer environmental concern. Results of this study indicate that there are significant differences between African‐Americans and white Americans in their environmental concern at lower income and educational levels. However, as income and education rise, the gap in environmental concern between blacks and whites significantly decreases. These findings provide important implications for policy makers in making decisions related to environmental education and protection as well as for businesses intending to target consumers with environmentally focused promotional campaigns.
Mature Consumer Awareness and Attitudes Toward Retirement Housing and Long‐Term Care Alternatives
Authors: GIBLER KAREN MARTIN , LUMPKIN JAMES R. , MOSCHIS GEORGE P.
Published: July 2010

The retirement housing and long‐term care industries have been responding to the needs of aging consumers by developing a wide range of housing facilities and personal care services. The increasing variety of long‐term care options is expected to better satisfy the heterogeneous needs of older consumers. Results of a national study and qualitative research suggest that many present and potential consumers of supportive housing and long‐term care services do not have a good understanding of these offerings. Many are unaware of the alternatives available. Mature consumers often perceive all long‐term care negatively as nursing homes. The proliferation in the variety of housing and long‐term care services and the lack of standardization in labeling products may be contributing to the misunderstanding of various options. This misunderstanding leads to consumers not obtaining the housing and long‐term care services best suited to their needs. Government agencies, consumer interest groups, and housing and long‐term care providers can help to differentiate products and educate consumers to better serve their needs.
Coping with Consumer Fraud: The Need for a Paradigm Shift
Authors: FRIEDMAN MONROE
Published: July 2010

A review of recent informational initiatives to help consumers avoid being defrauded revealed that advice offered draws heavily on past fraud cases in which swindlers were successful in victimizing consumers. This article draws upon behavioral theory to argue that such case studies are limited in usefulness. It is further argued that a paradigm shift is needed to focus on unsuccessful efforts by swindlers to defraud consumers. An investigation that surveyed such case studies is summarized with illustrations presented of how its findings could be used to help consumers cope more effectively with threats posed by swindlers.
Ambiguity and Exaggeration in Price Promotion: Perceptions of the Elder and Nonelder Consumer
Authors: LICATA JANE W. , BISWAS ABHIJIT , KRISHNAN BALAJI C.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the effects of plausible as well as implausible or exaggerated tensile discounts on consumer discounting behavior, price perceptions, and behavioral intentions. The effects are compared across two consumer segments, elder and nonelder, for a product and a service. Findings indicate that age of the consumer had a significant interaction with discount level for consumer discounting behavior regarding the product offer. While consumers were skeptical of implausible discounts, the effects of implausible and high‐plausible discounts on price perceptions were higher than that of low‐plausible discounts. In addition, there were no significant differences between the implausible and high‐plausible discount levels for price perceptions or behavioral intentions. The results provide implications for public policy makers.
Are Apparel Trade Restrictions Regressive?
Authors: FAN JESSIE X. , LEE JINKOOK , HANNA SHERMAN
Published: July 2010

Consumer welfare losses from apparel trade restrictions are estimated across different household income levels using Hicksian Equivalent Variations. The 1980–1992 Consumer Expenditure Survey, the 1980–1992 Consumer Price Index, and the 1990 ACCRA Cost of Living Index were used. For price differences under 45 percent, consumer welfare loss from higher apparel prices due to trade restrictions is greater as a percent of total expenditures for wealthy households than for poor households. Apparel trade restrictions, therefore, have a progressive effect.
The Hierarchy of Consumer Participation and Patterns of Economic, Social, and Political Participation1
Authors: HYMAN DREW , SHINGLER JOHN
Published: July 2010

This article examines relationships between the hierarchy of consumer participation and propensities for general political and community participation. The results of an empirical study reveal how patterns of participation, knowledge seeking, and decision making are interrelated and deeply rooted in the sociopolitical culture. Cluster analysis reveals that economic, social, and political bias are cumulative in individuals, creating differential patterns in the American political culture resulting in a comparative advantage for some and a structural disadvantage for others. The findings have important implications for understanding behavior in democratic polities, market economic systems, political, economic, and social participation, citizen/consumer education and protection, and policymaking.
Consumer Willingness‐to‐Pay for Food Safety in Taiwan: A Binary‐Ordinal Probit Model of Analysis
Authors: HUANG CHUNG L. , KAN KAMHON , FU TSU‐TAN
Published: July 2010

A probit model for whether or not consumers are willing to pay a premium for hydroponically grown vegetables (HGV) is estimated jointly with an ordered probit model analyzing the magnitude of such premiums for consumers who would pay them. Results of the joint estimation and the conventional single equation ordered probit model were presented for comparison. Unlike the single equation approach, the joint estimation allows the flexibility of parameterizing separately the probability and level of premiums that a consumer is willing to pay for a safer food. The results show that family health status and household income are the most important and significant factors that determine the amount of premium a consumer is willing to pay for HGV. However, they are insignificant in predicting the likelihood of a consumer's willingness‐to‐pay a higher price. In addition, marginal probabilities were calculated to assess the influence of various socioeconomic and attitudinal variables on the likelihood that a consumer would be willing to pay a premium for HGV and the additional amount of premiums.
Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Procedural Justice in a Complaint Context
Authors: SAXBY CARL L. , TAT PETER K. , JOHANSEN JANE THOMPSON
Published: July 2010

The idea of procedural justice as perceived by consumers has not been explored in the consumer behavior literature, although there has been some mention of consumer perceptions of fair treatment. This article describes the development of a scale using procedural justice as its theoretic base to measure consumers' perceptions of fair treatment when they complain. Results indicate that consumers make a distinction between the complaint process and the outcome of their complaint, indicating that procedural justice has further research potential. In addition, the proposed scale possesses the psychometric properties of an acceptable scale.
Can the Truth Hurt? How Honest and Persuasive Advertising Can Unintentionally Lead to Increased Consumer Skepticism
Authors: KOSLOW SCOTT
Published: July 2010

In some situations, unsought, honest, but persuasive advertising claims may be difficult for many consumers to believe. To resist the hidden tactics and persuasive efforts of advertisers, defensively motivated consumers may challenge claims even if they have no rational reason for doing so. That is, consumer skepticism may evolve as a defensive coping and reactance response to pervasive advertising attempts.
The Effects of Credit Attitude and Socioeconomic Factors on Credit Card and Installment Debt
Authors: CHIEN YI‐WEN , DEVANEY SHARON A.
Published: July 2010

Most previous research on credit use has examined the effect of socioeconomic and attitude variables without considering the possible correlation among these factors. Also, the studies have not considered whether there is a difference between general and specific attitudes toward credit and the use of credit. This study addresses those problems and includes installment debt as well as credit card debt in the analysis. The study used data from the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances. The findings show the higher the specific attitude index, the higher the outstanding credit card balances, and the more favorable the general attitude toward using credit, the higher the installment debt. The results suggest the need for greater awareness on the part of consumers and consumer educators on the influence of attitude in the use of credit.
Absolute and Relative Consumption of Married U.S. Households in 1960 and 1996: The Cleavers Meet the Taylors
Authors: WALDEN MICHAEL L.
Published: July 2010

Consumer Expenditure Survey data for 1960 and 1996 are used to examine the real consumption of single‐earner and dual‐earner households. Both real consumption quantities and budget shares of consumption categories were found to differ by household earner type. However, both real consumption quantities and budget shares of the majority of consumption categories were more similar for singleearner households and dual‐earner households with two full‐time workers in 1996 than in 1960. Also, the savings rate of all household earner types improved significantly from 1960 to 1996.
Shopping from a List: International Studies of Consumer Online Experiences
Authors: Mayer Robert N.
Published: July 2010

In response to the growth of online shopping, consumer groups from around the world participated in two mystery shopping exercises. These exercises, conducted during the Christmas holiday seasons of 1998 and 2000, involved buying a variety of products from web sites located both domestically and abroad. A number of serious problems were identified within the research, especially lack of disclosure of key consumer information and failures in delivering goods and refunding consumers when goods were returned. The research has been used by consumer organizations to enhance consumer education and to lobby governmental and self‐regulatory bodies for greater consumer protection in the online environment.
In Search of a Competition Policy in a Competitive Economy: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: HO SUK‐CHING , CHAN CHI‐FAI
Published: July 2010

The authors propose an exploratory framework to study competition policy development in general and apply it in the context of Hong Kong. Competition policy (in the U.S., commonly referred to as antitrust policy) is defined here as concerned with the public policy prohibiting anticompetitive behavior and the abuse of dominant market power on the part of businesses. The framework identifies four core variables that are important in influencing the development and implementation of a competition policy. These variables are the consumer protection agenda, external pressure, the political landscape, and the size of the economy. It is proposed that the way government responded to these forces has been instrumental in shaping how and why the competition policy debate in Hong Kong evolved the way it did. It also underscores the importance of recognizing the indigenous nature in the development of competition policy in any economy. Future research directions to generalize the framework are also suggested. These include further development and expansion of the core variables, contextualization of the framework for cross‐national comparisons, and undertaking longitudinal studies to examine the sensitivities of the competition policy to changes in the core forces over time.
The Effect of Consumer Participation on Price Sensitivity
Authors: HSIEH AN TIEN , CHANG EN TING
Published: July 2010

This study examined the noneconomic factors affecting consumers’ participation in purchase decisions, focusing in particular on the social aspect of the buyer‐seller interaction. In addition, we attempted to clarify the association between consumer participation and price sensitivity. Of the four social dimensions of consumer participation—preparation, relationship building, information exchange, and intervention—our results indicated that the first three dimensions are negatively associated with price sensitivity but the intervention dimension is not. Additionally, we also found that, given the same level of preparation, industries typically characterized by higher participation, such as hair salons, are associated with lower consumer price sensitivity as compared to those typically characterized by lower participation, such as fast food restaurants. Similarly, given the same level of relationship building, information exchange, and intervention, industries typically characterized by higher participation have lower consumer price sensitivity than those typically characterized by lower participation.
Policy makers’ paradigms and evidence from consumer interpretations of dietary supplement labels
Authors: Russo France Karen , Fitzgerald Bone Paula
Published: July 2010

The regulation of marketplace information regarding health and nutrition is in flux. Nowhere, perhaps, is this more evident than in the dietary supplement industry. Herein, we present an experiment that examines the two major types of claims used for dietary supplements, testing the underlying assumptions made by policy makers. Our study suggests that a direct‐effects consumer decision‐making model does not apply in this context; instead, consumers process label claims through various biasing filters.
Cues of credibility and price performance of life insurance comparison Web sites
Authors: Mayer Robert N. , Huh Jisu , Cude Brenda J.
Published: July 2010

An array of Web sites is available to help consumers find the best deals on products and services. While these sites have the potential to save time and money by directly comparing alternatives, consumers still have the task of assessing the credibility of these comparison sites. Experts recommend that consumers look for certain key disclosures or “cues” to assess a site's credibility (e.g., a site's identity, the currency and authoritativeness of its information, its sponsors and business relationships, and its privacy practices). Focusing on 32 life insurance comparison Web sites, this research found that these recommended cues are often not present on Web sites and, when they are, do not seem to predict a site's ability to deliver the lowest‐priced quotes for term life insurance policies.
Unequal effects of elders’ health problems on wealth depletion across race and ethnicity
Authors: Kim Hyungsoo , Lee Jinkook
Published: July 2010

We investigate the impact of health on wealth depletion of African American, Hispanic, and non‐Hispanic white elders. Using the data from 4,464 elderly households that participated in both the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old and the 1998 Health and Retirement Study, we find that health problems contribute to wealth depletion differently across elders in different racial and ethnic groups. We draw policy implications from the findings regarding ways to help consumers protect their financial security from health shocks in later life.
Infrastructure Public‐Private Partnerships Re‐Defined: An Increased Emphasis on “Partnerships”
Authors: Runde James , Offutt J. Perry , Selinger Stacie D. , Bolton Jennifer Sarah
Published: July 2010

A public‐private partnership, also known as a “P3,” is usually structured as a long‐term lease of a municipal asset (such as a toll road, port, or airport) by a private investor (and/or operator). Five years ago, P3s were viewed by municipalities primarily as a means for raising capital, and maximizing the upfront proceeds was often viewed as the primary goal. Today's transactions are now being redefined with the goal of developing sustainable long‐term partnerships between the public and private sectors. Governments are increasingly intent on realizing efficiencies by partnering with the private sector to achieve improved services and accelerate needed capital improvements. As a result of this redefining, the P3 has become an essential tool in governments' financial arsenal to manage the many challenges facing municipalities, including budget deficits, large pension obligations, and extensive infrastructure funding needs.
THE FUNCTION OF P700 AND CYTOCHROME f IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER OF SYSTEM 1 IN RED ALGAE
Authors: Amesz Jan , Fork David C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract— Kinetics and quantum yields of light‐induced oxidation of P700 and the f‐type cytochrome were measured in marine red algae from absorbance changes in the region 420, 435 and 705 nm. The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation in Iridaea splendens and Schizymenia pacifica was 0.5‐0.65 in far‐red light, at 20d̀ and at 0d̀C.

Oxidation rates of P700 measured when varying amounts of cytochrome were in the oxidized state indicated that a reaction center of system 1 in Iridaea contains 1 P700 and 4 cytochrome molecules. Oxidized P700 only accumulates when all 4 cytochromes are oxidized. The rate of photochemistry of system 1, measured as the sum of the rates of P700 and cytochrome oxidation, was independent of the oxidation level of cytochrome, but decreased with accumulation of oxidized P700. This decrease was less than proportional to the fraction of P700 that was in the oxidized state, which suggested transfer of excitation energy between reaction centers.

The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation after dark periods of 1 min or more was only about 0.2. This effect was tentatively ascribed to a dark reduction of the cytochrome coupled to phosphorylation.
UV‐Mediated DNA Strand Breaks in Corneal Epithelial Cells Assessed Using the Comet Assay Procedure¶
Authors: Choy Camus Kar Man , Benzie Iris Frances Forster , Cho Pauline
Published: July 2010

Ultraviolet (UV)‐mediated DNA damage in various tissues has been well documented. However, research on the damaging effect of UV irradiation on the DNA of corneal epithelium is scarce, even though this is of interest because the cornea is directly exposed to damaging solar (UV) radiation. In this study, we developed a corneal epithelium Comet assay model to to assess the background DNA damage (as strand breaks) n cells retrieved from different layers of the porcine corneal epithelium, and to investigated the effect of UV irradiation on DNA damage in corneal epithelial cells. Results show that the background DNA strand breaks decreased significantly (P < 0.001) toward deeper layers of the epithelium. Exposure to the same intensity (0.216 J/cm2) of UVA, UVB and UVC caused a significant (P < 0.001) increased in DNA strand breaks of deeper‐layer cells: mean ± SD %DNA scores (10 gels per treatment, with 100 irradiated cells scored per gel) were 10.2%± 1.4% for UVA, 27.4%± 4.6% for UVB, and 14.7%± 1.8% for UVC compared with 4.2%± 0.05% for controls (ambient room light). This study has shown for the first time that the Comet assay for DNA strand breaks can be used successfully with corneal epithelial cells. This report will support future studies investigating environmental influences on corneal health and the assessment of possible protective strategies, and in applying DNA lesion‐specific versions of the Comet assay in this corneal epithelial cell model.
Effect of Photothermal Therapy on Breast Tumor Vascular Contents: Noninvasive Monitoring by Near‐infrared Spectroscopy¶
Authors: Gu Yueqing , Chen Wei R. , Xia Mengna , Jeong Sang W. , Liu Hanli
Published: July 2010

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of photothermal laser irradiation on rat breast tumor (DMBA‐4) vascular contents. An 805‐nm diode laser was used in our experiment with a power density ranging from 0.32 to 1.27 W/cm2. The dynamic changes of oxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin concentrations, Δ[HbO2] and Δ[Hb]total, in rat tumors during photothermal irradiation werenoninvasivelymonitored by a near‐infrared spectroscopy system. A multichannel thermal detection system was also used simultaneously to record temperatures at different locations within the tumors. Our experimental results showed that: (1) photoirradiation did have the ability to induce hyperthermic effects inside the rat breast tumors in a single exponential trend; (2) the significant changes (P< 0.005) of Δ[HbO2] and Δ[Hb]totalin response to a low dosage of laser irradiation (0.32 W/cm2) have a single exponential increasing trend, similar to that seen in the tumor interior temperature; and (3) the increase in magnitude of Δ[Hb]totalis nearly two times greater than that of Δ[Hb]total, suggesting that photoirradiation may enhance tumor vascular oxygenation. The last observation may be important to reveal the hidden mechanism of photoirradiation on tumors, leading to improvement of tumor treatment efficiency.
Treatment Options for Hyponatremia in Heart Failure
Authors: Goldsmith Steven R.
Published: July 2010

Hyponatremia is independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary cause of hyponatremia in CHF is the inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). The binding of AVP to V2receptors in the renal collecting duct promotes water retention, a process that can lead to dilutional hyponatremia as well as increased ventricular preload. Conventional treatment of hyponatremia in CHF is largely based on water restriction, which is neither effective nor well‐tolerated. V2‐ and dual V1a/V2‐receptor antagonists offer physiologically based treatment for dilutional hyponatremia. Clinical trials in patients with hyponatremia including those with CHF using both selective and nonselective vasopressin antagonists have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of these agents in correcting this common electrolyte abnormality. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16(4)(suppl 1):S15–S18.©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No‐categoricity in first‐order predicate calculus1
Authors: SVENONIUS LARS
Published: July 2010

We have considered complete consistent systems in the first‐oder predicate calculus with identity, and have studied the set of the models of such a system by means of the maximal consistent condition‐sets associated with the system. The results may be summarized thus: (a) A complete consistent system is no‐categorical (= categorical in the denumerable domain) if and only if for every n, the number of different conditions in n variables is finite (T10). (b) If a complete consistent system has a model M with finite character (i.e. a model M such that every maximal consistent condition‐set satisfied in M has a finite basis), then this model M is uniquely characterized by the property that every other model is an arithmetic extension of M (T 5). (c) Every complete consistent system, which has only a denumerable number of different associated maximal consistent condition‐sets, has a model with finite character (T8).
The unreal future
Authors: BURGESS JOHN P.
Published: July 2010

Perhaps if the future existed, concretely and individually, as something that could be discerned by a better brain, the past would not be so seductive: its demands would he balanced by those of the future. Persons might then straddle the middle stretch of the seesaw when considering this or that object. It might be fun. But the future has no such reality (as the pictured past and the perceived present possess); the future is but a figure of speech, a specter of thought.
Two more proofs of present qualia
Authors: WRIGHT EDMOND
Published: July 2010

Now in so far as it is recognized that the constituents of the environment are not present inside the body in the same way as they are present outside it, to that extent they are bound, the moment they are inside it, to become something essentially different from the environment.
Rules and Exceptions
Authors: BRANNMARK JOHAN
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Over the last decades the traditional emphasis on moral rules, or principles, has been attacked by particularists like Jonathan Dancy. I argue that particularists are correct in rejecting traditional attempts at moral codification, but that it is still possible to have a rule‐oriented approach to morality if we distinguish between different ways in which features can be morally relevant. I suggest that there are first a limited number of features that can serve as basic moral reasons for action, and then a class of relational features that can change the relevance of these features. I then argue that while particularists do well in drawing attention to the fact that sometimes our basic moral duties are put out of play by other relevant features, they fail to make sense of the exceptional nature of such situations. Only a rule‐oriented understanding of morality can do this.
Dispositional Moral Properties and Moral Motivation
Authors: STRANDBERG CAJ
Published: July 2010

Abstract.Inspired by an analogy between moral and secondary properties, some moral philosophers have argued that moral properties are dispositions. According to one version of this view, most clearly represented by Jonathan Dancy, a moral property is the property of being such, having base properties such, that an entity with the property elicits morally merited and motivating responses. Its proponents have argued that this notion can explain how moral judgements can be objective in the sense of expressing properties that are independent of will and yet imply motivation by those who assert them. In special consideration of Dancy'sMoral Reasons, I argue that the dispositional account does not save the idea of objectivity in the required sense and implies an untenable view of moral motivation. I therefore conclude that the dispositional account fails to explain the two features of moral judgements.
Has Dancy Shown a Problem in Consequentialism?*
Authors: KAPPEL KLEMENS
Published: July 2010

Abstract. If we tried, all the time, to do the acts which, according to consequentialism, are right, this would be worse, on consequentialist terms, than if we were less ambitious. In this way consequentialism is indirectly self‐defeating, as Parfit says in Reasons and Persons. But, as Parfit also says, this is not an objection to consequentialism. In a recent contribution, Dancy argues that this is a mistake, however. There is, Dancy suggests, a sense in which consequentialism both recommends that we do certain acts, and that the same time says that we should not do them, and no ethical theory can do so. I discuss Dancy's objection, and argue that there is no way to understand it such that it presents a challenge to consequentialism.
The Contingent and the A Priori
Authors: STERNBERG FREDRIK
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The traditional equating of the a priori and the necessary was challenged by Kripke, who indicated the possibility of a priori knowledge of contingently true sentences, as well as a posteriori knowledge of necessarily true sentences. This note discusses a new species of sentences with such properties. One example of this is (1) This sentence is necessarily false which appears to be a contingently false sentence, known a priori, although it is hard to see when it might be true. Further examples are considered, and it is argued that the notions of being known a priori and aposteriori should be examined further, along with the notions of necessary and contingent truths.
What Shall We Do With Deontic Logic?
Authors: Danielsson Sven
Published: July 2010

James Wm. Forrester, Being Good and Being Logical. Philosophical Groundwork for a New Deontic Logic. Armonk and London, M.E. Sharpe, 1996. Pp.x+332.
Aggregating Harms — Should We Kill to Avoid Headaches?
Authors: CARLSON ERIK
Published: July 2010

Abstract: It is plausible to claim that it is morally worse to kill an innocent person than to give any number of people a mild one‐hour headache. Alaistar Norcross has argued that consequentialists, at least, should reject this claim. According to him, any harm that can befall a person can be morally outweighed by a sufficient number of very small harms. He gives a general argument for this view, and tries to show, by means of an argument from analogy, that it is less counter‐intuitive than it appears. I show that his main argument relies on a false assumption, and argue that the purported analogy is dubious.
Full Meet Revision on Stratified Bases
Authors: FREUND MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We show how to construct partial nontrivial base revision operators that satisfy the analogues of the AGM postulates and depends on no extra‐logical consideration. These operators, closely related to the full meet revision process, are defined on stratified bases, in which the information can be ranked in logical sequences. Stratified bases, which can be viewed as sets of graded sheaves, are exactly the knowledge bases for which the full meet revision operator satisfies the rationality postulate K*8. As the revision of a stratified base is again a stratified base, it is possible to perform iterated revisions, and the resulting output is particularly easy to determine.
Measuring the disvalue of inequality over time
Authors: RASMUSSEN KASPER LIPPERT
Published: July 2010

It is often assumed that when we measure the disvalue of inequality over time we should simply compare people's lives as a whole. Larry Temkin has shown this to be unwarranted. I argue that his case against the complete lives view is decisive in that the ranking‐order segment account not only accommodates the intuitions which favour the former view, but also gets support from the intuitions which conflict with it. According to the ranking‐order segment account, a segment of A's life corresponds to a segment of B's life in virtue of having the same ranking in relation to the other segments of A's life as the corresponding segment of B's life has in relation to the other segments of B's life (e.g., being the best segment). Ranking‐order segment egalitarians hold it to be bad with regard to inequality when people are unequally well off in same‐ranking segments.
Non‐Contradiction and Substantial Predication
Authors: CRESSWELL M.J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract In Book Γ of the Metaphysics Aristotle states and attempts to prove what he calls the basic principle of the science of being as being: the law of non‐contradiction. In this paper I defend an interpretation of his proof, inspired by Elizabeth Anscombe's 1961 essay in ‘Three Philosophers’, though some of its features were remarked on by Lukasiewicz in 1910, according to which Aristotle is proving this principle only for substance predicates, and that it is to be understood as the basic principle of metaphysics rather than of logic. It is the principle that every substance has an essential nature, and if it is of the essential nature of x to be F then it cannot be of the essential nature of x to be not‐F since then x's being F and x's being not‐F would be the same. He puts it by saying that in such a case F and not‐F would ‘signify the same’ for x. Since they do not, x cannot be both.
Reviews
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: July 2010

HETHERINGTON, STEPHEN: Good Knowledge, Bad Knowledge: On Two Dogmas of Epistemology
McDowell's Kantianism*
Authors: MACFARLANE JOHN
Published: July 2010

Abstract  In recent work, John McDowell has urged that we resurrect the Kantian thesis that concepts without intuitions are empty. I distinguish two forms of the thesis: a strong form that applies to all concepts and a weak form that is limited to empirical concepts. Because McDowell rejects Kant's philosophy of mathematics, he can accept only the weaker form of the thesis. But this position is unstable. The reasoning behind McDowell's insistence that empirical concepts can have content only if they are actualizable in passive experience makes it mysterious how the concepts of pure mathematics can have content. In fact, historically, it was anxiety about the possibility of mathematical content, and not worries about the “Myth of the Given,” that spurred the retreat from Kantian views of empirical content. McDowell owes us some more therapy on this score.
Contrariety and Subcontrariety: The Anatomy of Negation (with Special Reference to an Example of J.‐Y. Béziau)
Authors: HUMBERSTONE LLOYD
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We discuss aspects of the logic of negation bearing on an issue raised by Jean‐Yves Béziau, recalled in §1. Contrary‐ and subcontrary‐forming operators are introduced in §2, which examines some of their logical behaviour, leading on naturally to a consideration in §3 of dual intuitionistic negation (as well as implication), and some further operators related to intuitionistic negation. In §4, a historical explanation is suggested as to why some of these negation‐related connectives have attracted more attention than others. The remaining sections (§§5, 6) briefly address a question about a certain notion of global contrariety and the provision of Kripke semantics for the various operators in play in our discussion.
Perception, Introspection and Functional Consonance
Authors: DILWORTH JOHN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: What is the relation between a perceptual experience of an object X as being red, and one's belief, if any, as to the nature of that experience? A traditional Cartesian view would be that, if indeed object X does seem to be red to oneself, then one's resulting introspective belief about it could only be a conforming belief, i.e., a belief that X perceptually seems to be red to oneself‐ rather than, for instance, a belief that X perceptually seems to be green to oneself instead. I offer some non‐Cartesian, functionalist reasons supporting such an introspective certainty view, based on a concept of logical consonance of perceptual dispositions, according to which both experience‐based and belief dispositions cannot diverge in their content, on pain of their having inconsistent manifestations in relevant situations, such as color‐sorting tasks. In addition, other views of introspection are criticized from the perspective of this consonance view.
What Descartes' Demon Can Do and his Dream Cannot
Authors: WEINTRAUB RUTH
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The reason Descartes cites for invoking the demon argument in addition to the dream argument is that the demon argument is intended to broaden the scope of Descartes' scepticism, to subsume additional beliefs under it. I present an additional, unfamiliar reason. There is, I argue, an important difference between the two sceptical arguments. It pertains not to their scope, but to their “depth”, to the kind of scepticism they are capable of inducing.
On Practical Abduction
Authors: HILPINEN RISTO
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In this paper practical reasoning is understood in the Aristotelian sense as reasoning leading to action or to an intention to do something. Georg Henrik von Wright and a number of other philosophers have tried to assimilate certain forms of such reasoning to deductive reasoning. Many examples of practical reasoning, including some examples given by Aristotle, do not fit a deductive or quasi‐deductive model. It is argued that instances of good practical reasoning often resemble abductive rather than deductive or inductive reasoning, and that the principles governing abduction, including the Principle of Economy, are applicable to practical reasoning.
Radical Interpretation and Moore's Paradox
Authors: VAHID HAMID
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Moore's sentences of the form “P & ∼I believe that P” and “P & I believe that ∼P” are thought to be paradoxical because they cannot be properly asserted despite being possibly true. Solutions to the paradox usually explain the oddity of such sentences in terms of phenomena as diverse as the pragmatics of speech acts, nature of belief or justification. In this paper I shall argue that despite their seemingly different approaches to the problem, there is a single strategy that underlies all such proposals. Having criticized these suggestions, I shall defend my own solution according to which Moorean sentences are defective not because of some associated logical impropriety but because their assertion violates a certain interpretive constraint, viz., the principle of charity, on an adequate theory of meaning.
Doctors and Lawyers: A Comment on the Theory Of the Professions*
Authors: Rueschemeyer Dietrich
Published: July 2010

La théorie actuelle ayant trait aux professions utilise surtout la profession médicale comme modèle. Elle accorde aux variables indépen‐dantes — le partage d'un ensemble systématisé de connaissances, la pertinence de l'activité professionnelle par rapport aux principales valeurs de la société et les problèmes de contrôle social — un rôle prépondérant dans la détermination de l'organisation structurale des professions et de la place qu'on leur accorde dans la société. Le droit diffère de la mèdecine sur des aspects importants des variables indépen‐dantes. L'auteur traite de ces differences et des conséquences quant aux variables dépendantes; il suggère trois modifications au modèle théorique.
Bicultural and Bilingual Adaptations in French Canada: The Example of Retail Advertising
Authors: Elkin Frederick , Hill Mary B.
Published: July 2010

Dans le secteur de la distribution commerciale au Québec, les rapports entre anglophones et francophones diffèrent a certains égards de ceux qui prévalent dans l'industrie. La reclame faite par les grands magasins anglophones auprés des deux groupes linguistiques fait montre de certains adaptations de la population de langue anglaise. Cette publicite offre parfois des marchandises différentes aux deux groupes; en français, elle accorde alors plus d'importance à des produits moins coûteux et à des articles qu'on associe à la civilisation canadienne‐française. Les traducteurs publicitaires tentent d'avoir recours au français international plutfit qu‘à des expressions locales. A l'encontrc de ce qui se fait en anglais, ils adoptent un style qui évite, d'une part, la familiarité argotique, et d'autie part, l'expression, qui seiait agressive à force de se vouloir convaincante. Les gérants et les proposés à la publicité expliquent ces differences en faisant état du cout de la réclame, de la proportion des clients anglophones et francophones, des groupes de pression de la soeiété canadienne‐française et, spécialement, de I'idée qu'ils se font des Canadiens français. La politique des entreprises de distribution subit l'influence de la “Révolution tranquille” au Quebec.