bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Anfänge einer differenzierten Neuropsychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Untersuchung zur Psycho- und Neuropharmakologie in den 40er und 50er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts
Authors: Gerhard Uwe-Jens , Schönberg Anke
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Die Ansätze einer differenzierten Neuropsychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen lassen sich bis in die 40er und 50er Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts zurückverfolgen. Bestimmte Störungsbilder aus den Bereichen der Psychiatrie und Neurologie konnte man bereits mit einer Vielzahl von Präparaten behandeln. Methodik: Eine umfangreiche Sichtung von exakt 700 stationären Krankenakten von unter 18-jährigen Patienten der Universitätsnervenklinik Jena der Jahre 1942 bis 1945 und 89 Ambulanzblättern der konsiliarisch betreuten Kinder des Trüperschen Erziehungsheimes in Jena von 1946 bis 1954 wurde unter diesem Gesichtspunkt vorgenommen. Ergebnisse: Eine differenzierte Therapie erfolgte zum Beispiel bei Angst- und Erregungszuständen, hyperkinetischen Syndromen, Enuresis, Migräne, Schlafstörungen, Epilepsie, Chorea minor, Spastik, Neuralgien, Neuritiden, Schwindel, Schmerzzuständen, Tetanien und Lues. Schlussfolgerung: Die Intervention bei psychischen Erkrankungen war allerdings vor der Ära der Entwicklung von Neuroleptika und Antidepressiva relativ unspezifisch. So fand bei neurovegetativen Störungen, Psychoneurosen und verschiedenen Psychopathieformen eine Vielfalt von Präparaten Anwendung. Eingesetzt wurden insbesondere die Barbiturate in reiner Form oder Kombination. Da psychische Störungen häufig durch körperliche Erkrankungen bedingt waren, konnten diese ursächlich durch den Einsatz von Chemotherapeutika behoben bzw. gebessert werden. Auch andere somatische Therapien, wie die Krampfbehandlung mit Kampfer und Cardiazol, die Malariakur und die Insulinschockbehandlung, aber auch die Elektrokrampftherapie, wurden insbesondere bei schizophrenen Patienten eingesetzt.

Schlüsselwörter: Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Beginn der Neuropsychopharmakotherapie, Krampfbehandlung, Universitätsnervenklinik Jena, Erziehungsheim von Johannes Trüper
Die Einschätzungsskala der Schulverweigerung: Psychometrische Gütekriterien und Validierung einer modifizierten Version
Authors: Knollmann Martin , Sicking Alexander , Hebebrand Johannes , Reissner Volker
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der ursprünglichen sowie einer modifizierten Version der Einschätzungsskala der Schulverweigerung (Elternversion: ESV-E; Kinderversion: ESV-K; Overmeyer, Schmidt & Blanz, 1994; deutsche Version der School Refusal Assessment Scale, SRAS; Kearney & Silverman, 1993) sollen untersucht werden, um Überarbeitungsalternativen zur nur bedingt validen Revision SRAS-R (Kearney, 2002) zu identifizieren. Der Fragebogen beansprucht, vier Funktionen der Schulverweigerung zu messen («Vermeidung negativer Affekte»; «Vermeidung aversiver Prüfungs- und sozialer Situationen»; «Aufmerksamkeitssuchendes Verhalten»; «Spürbare positive Verstärkung»). Methodik: An einer ambulanten kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Inanspruchnahme-Stichprobe von N = 124 (ESV-E) und N = 156 (ESV-K) Schulvermeidern wurden die inhaltliche Validität, die Item- und Skalenmerkmale, die interne Konsistenz, die faktorielle Struktur und die Konstruktvalidität (Korrelationen mit anderen Fragebögen, u. a. CBCL, YSR) bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Mehrere Items scheinen anstelle der aufrechterhaltenden Bedingungen der Schulverweigerung eher Angstsymptome zu erfassen, ein Item misst primär expansives anstelle von aufmerksamkeitssuchendem Verhalten. Die faktorielle Validität der ursprünglichen Version war nicht gegeben; nach Elimination mehrerer inhaltlich problematischer Items ergaben sich drei Faktoren («Schulangst», «Trennungsangst», «Aktivitäten während der Schulzeit»). Die Zusammenhänge der neu gebildeten Skalen mit anderen Verfahren wiesen auf eine gegebene Konstruktvalidität hin. Angesichts der Probleme der bereits vorliegenden Revision SRAS-R werden weitere Möglichkeiten einer alternativen Überarbeitung und Ergänzung diskutiert.
Investigation of intervertebral disc degeneration using multivariate FTIR spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Mader Kerstin T. , Peeters Mirte , Detiger Suzanne E. L. , Helder Marco N. , Smit Theo H. , Le Maitre Christine L. , Sammon Chris
Published: April 2016

Traditionally tissue samples are analysed using protein or enzyme specific stains on serial sections to build up a picture of the distribution of components contained within them. In this study we investigated the potential of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to deconvolute 2nd derivative spectra of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopic images measured in transflectance mode of goat and human paraffin embedded intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue sections, to see if this methodology can provide analogous information to that provided by immunohistochemical stains and bioassays but from a single section. MCR-ALS analysis of non-degenerate and enzymaticallyin vivodegenerated goat IVDs reveals five matrix components displaying distribution maps matching histological stains for collagen, elastin and proteoglycan (PG), as well as immunohistochemical stains for collagen type I and II. Interestingly, two components exhibiting characteristic spectral and distribution profiles of proteoglycans were found, and relative component/tissue maps of these components (labelled PG1 and PG2) showed distinct distributions in non-degenerateversusmildly degenerate goat samples. MCR-ALS analysis of human IVD sections resulted in comparable spectral profiles to those observed in the goat samples, highlighting the inter species transferability of the presented methodology. Multivariate FTIR image analysis of a set of 43 goat IVD sections allowed the extraction of semi-quantitative information from component/tissue gradients taken across the IVD width of collagen type I, collagen type II, PG1 and PG2. Regional component/tissue parameters were calculated and significant correlations were found between histological grades of degeneration and PG parameters (PG1:p= 0.0003, PG2:p< 0.0001); glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and PGs (PG1:p= 0.0055, PG2:p= 0.0001); and MRI T2* measurements and PGs (PG1:p= 0.0021, PG2:p< 0.0001). Additionally, component/tissue parameters for collagen type I and II showed significant correlations with total collagen content (p= 0.0204,p= 0.0127). In conclusion, the presented findings illustrate, that the described multivariate FTIR imaging approach affords the necessary chemical specificity to be considered an important tool in the study of IVD degeneration in goat and human IVDs.
Synthesis of polyquinolines via an AA/BB-type aza-Diels–Alder polymerization reaction
Authors: Umerani Mehran J. , Dibble David J. , Wardrip Austin G. , Mazaheripour Amir , Vargas Eriberto , Ziller Joseph W. , Gorodetsky Alon A.
Published: April 2016

We report a general, modular, and high yield route to quinoline-based functional materials for applications in organic electronics.
Peptidylation for the determination of low-molecular-weight compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Tang Feng , Cen Si-Ying , He Huan , Liu Yi , Yuan Bi-Feng , Feng Yu-Qi
Published: April 2016

A universal peptide-based derivatization (peptidylation) strategy for the sensitive detection of low-molecular-weight compounds by MALDI-TOF-MS was developed.
A strongly greenish-blue-emitting Cu4Cl4cluster with an efficient spin–orbit coupling (SOC): fast phosphorescence versus thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Authors: Chen Xu-Lin , Yu Rongmin , Wu Xiao-Yuan , Liang Dong , Jia Ji-Hui , Lu Can-Zhong
Published: April 2016

A novel greenish-blue-emitting Cu(i) complex with high PLQY of 90% and short decay time of 9.9 μs is reported. The emission at 293 K consists of approximately equivalent fast phosphorescence and TADF.
H-bonding directed programmed supramolecular assembly of naphthalene-diimide (NDI) derivatives
Authors: Das Anindita , Ghosh Suhrit
Published: April 2016

This review article presents a coherent description on H-bonding driven self-assembly of naphthalene-diimide (NDI) derivatives leading to the formation of wide-ranging functional soft materials.
Minimal C-terminal modification boosts peptide self-assembling ability for necroptosis of cancer cells
Authors: Feng Zhaoqianqi , Wang Huaimin , Du Xuewen , Shi Junfeng , Li Jie , Xu Bing
Published: April 2016

C-terminal modification of ad-peptide enhances self-assembling ability and boosts anticancer activity of the peptide by over an order of magnitude in a cell assay.
The role of halide ions in the anisotropic growth of gold nanoparticles: a microscopic, atomistic perspective
Authors: Meena Santosh Kumar , Celiksoy Sirin , Schäfer Philipp , Henkel Andreas , Sönnichsen Carsten , Sulpizi Marialore
Published: April 2016

We provide a microscopic view of the role of halides in controlling the anisotropic growth of gold nanorods through a combined computational and experimental study.
Occurrence and fate of nitrification and urease inhibitors in the aquatic environment
Authors: Scheurer Marco , Brauch Heinz-Jürgen , Schmidt Carsten K. , Sacher Frank
Published: April 2016

Positive findings of nitrification and urease inhibitors in the aquatic environment can occur after application in agriculture or due to industrial discharge.
Efficient confinement of ionic liquids in MIL-100(Fe) frameworks by the “impregnation-reaction-encapsulation” strategy for biodiesel production
Authors: Han Mingjuan , Gu Zheng , Chen Chong , Wu Zuowang , Que Yigen , Wang Qiang , Wan Hui , Guan Guofeng
Published: April 2016

A new, simple and effective strategy to confine dicationic acid ionic liquids (DAILs, 1,4-bis[3-(propyl-3-sulfonate)imidazolium] butane hydrogen sulfate) in the cages of a MIL-100(Fe) framework was constructed.
Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater using a novel expansive flow biological intermittent aerated filter process with a ceramic filler from reused coal fly ash
Authors: Zhuang Haifeng , Shan Shengdao , Fang Chengran , Yuan Xiaoli
Published: April 2016

A novel expansive flow biological intermittent aerated filter (BIAF) process was employed for the advanced treatment of real biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater (CGW) which had poor biodegradability and a low carbon/nitrogen ratio.
Demonstration of 99% capacity retention in Li/S batteries with a porous hollow carbon cap nanofiber–graphene structure through a semi-empirical capacity fading model
Authors: Behzadirad Mahmoud , Lavrova Olga , Busani Tito
Published: April 2016

Lithium/sulfur batteries are a promising candidate for energy storage as they are capable of providing higher energy density in comparison to conventional Li-ion batteries.
pH-regulative synthesis of Na3(VPO4)2F3 nanoflowers and their improved Na cycling stability
Authors: Qi Yuruo , Mu Linqin , Zhao Junmei , Hu Yong-Sheng , Liu Huizhou , Dai Sheng
Published: April 2016

Na-ion batteries are becoming increasingly attractive as a low cost energy storage device.
A facile spray drying route for mesoporous Li3VO4/C hollow spheres as an anode for long life lithium ion batteries
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Jiaqi , He Xinyi , Wang Jing , Sun Dong , Zhao Jinbao
Published: April 2016

A facile route, involving a spray drying method and subsequent heat treatment process, for preparing mesoporous Li3VO4/C hollow spheres has been developed. The unique structure of the LVO/C offers a synergistic effect to reduce Li+ ion diffusion paths and facilitate the transfer of electrons and electrolytes during prolonged cycling.
Density and glass forming ability in amorphous atomic alloys: The role of the particle softness
Authors: Douglass Ian , Hudson Toby , Harrowell Peter
Published: April 2016

A key property of glass forming alloys, the anomalously small volume difference with respect to the crystal, is shown to arise as a direct consequence of the soft repulsive potentials between metals. This feature of the inter-atomic potential is demonstrated to be responsible for a significant component of the glass forming ability of alloys due to the decrease in the enthalpy of fusion and the associated depression of the freezing point.
Shock wave propagation and spall failure in single crystal Mg at atomic scales
Authors: Agarwal Garvit , Dongare Avinash M.
Published: April 2016

Large scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to investigate the wave propagation and failure behavior of single crystal Mg under shock loading conditions. The embedded atom method interatomic potential, used to model the Mg systems, is first validated by comparing the predicted Hugoniot behavior with that observed using experiments. The first simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of loading orientation on the wave propagation and failure behavior by shock loading the system along the [0001] direction (c-axis) and the [101¯0] direction using a piston velocity of 1500 m/s. The spall strength (peak tensile pressure prior to failure) is predicted to be higher for loading along the [101¯0] direction than that predicted for loading along the [0001] direction. To investigate the effect of shock pressure on the failure behavior and spall strength of the metal, the MD simulations are carried out using piston velocities of 500 m/s, 1000 m/s, 1500 m/s, and 2000 m/s for loading along the c-axis. The results indicate that the higher piston velocities result in higher shock pressures, and the predicted values for the spall strength decrease with an increase in the shock pressure. In addition, the simulations reveal that the various piston velocities result in variations in the interactions between the reflected waves and the tail of the pressure waves and, hence, variations in the failure behavior. In addition, MD simulations are also carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the wave propagation behavior and spall strength by equilibrating the initial system at temperatures of 300 K, 600 K, and 800 K prior to shock loading simulations using a piston velocity of 1000 m/s. The results suggest a decrease in spall strength of the single crystal metal with an increase in the initial temperature of the system. The strain rates generated, the evolution of temperature, the variations in the wave interactions, and the spall strength computed using MD simulations are discussed and compared to experimental results in the literature.
A compact source for bunches of singly charged atomic ions
Authors: Murböck T. , Schmidt S. , Andelkovic Z. , Birkl G. , Nörtershäuser W. , Vogel M.
Published: April 2016

We have built, operated, and characterized a compact ion source for low-energy bunches of singly charged atomic ions in a vacuum beam line. It is based on atomic evaporation from an electrically heated oven and ionization by electron impact from a heated filament inside a grid-based ionization volume. An adjacent electrode arrangement is used for ion extraction and focusing by applying positive high-voltage pulses to the grid. The method is particularly suited for experimental environments which require low electromagnetic noise. It has proven simple yet reliable and has been used to produce μs-bunches of up to 106 Mg+ ions at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. We present the concept, setup and characterizing measurements. The instrument has been operated in the framework of the SpecTrap experiment at the HITRAP facility at GSI/FAIR to provide Mg+ ions for sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions by laser-cooled 24Mg+.
Compact ultrahigh vacuum/high-pressure system for broadband infrared sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy studies
Authors: Liu Shuo , Liu An-an , Zhang Ruidan , Ren Zefeng
Published: April 2016

We have designed a compact ultrahigh vacuum/high-pressure system for in situ broadband infrared (IR) sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) studies. In this system, we have achieved a significant reduction in the distance between the sample and the optical window (<5 mm), which in turn considerably reduces the IR absorption from the gas phase under high pressure conditions. Moreover, with this new system, the IR transmission under high pressure conditions can be measured in situ for calibrating the SFG spectra. Therefore, this modified technique can allow us to study the vibrational spectra of adsorbates on single crystals or polycrystalline foils under high pressure. The preliminary results from SFG measurements of a model CH3OH/TiO2(110) system under both ultrahigh vacuum and high pressure conditions are reported here. These results suggest that this newly developed system is potentially a powerful tool for investigating adsorbate structures and surface reactions under both ultrahigh vacuum and real conditions.
Revealing β-relaxation mechanism based on energy distribution of flow units in metallic glass
Authors: Lu Z. , Shang B. S. , Sun Y. T. , Zhu Z. G. , Guan P. F. , Wang W. H. , Bai H. Y.
Published: April 2016

The β-relaxation, which is the source of the dynamics in glass state and has practical significance to relaxation and mechanical properties of glasses, has been an open question for decades. Here, we propose a flow unit perspective to explain the structural origin and evolution of β-relaxation based on experimentally obtained energy distribution of flow units using stress relaxation method under isothermal and linear heating modes. Through the molecular dynamics simulations, we creatively design various artificial metallic glass systems and build a direct relation between β-relaxation behavior and features of flow units. Our results demonstrate that the β-relaxation in metallic glasses originates from flow units and is modulated by the energy distribution of flow units, and the density and distribution of flow units can effectively regulate the β-relaxation behavior. The results provide a better understanding of the structural origin of β-relaxation and also afford a method for designing metallic glasses with obvious β-relaxation and better mechanical properties.
Vibrationally averaged dipole moments of methane and benzene isotopologues
Authors: Arapiraca A. F. C. , Mohallem J. R.
Published: April 2016

DFT-B3LYP post-Born-Oppenheimer (finite-nuclear-mass-correction (FNMC)) calculations of vibrationally averaged isotopic dipole moments of methane and benzene, which compare well with experimental values, are reported. For methane, in addition to the principal vibrational contribution to the molecular asymmetry, FNMC accounts for the surprisingly large Born-Oppenheimer error of about 34% to the dipole moments. This unexpected result is explained in terms of concurrent electronic and vibrational contributions. The calculated dipole moment of C6H3D3 is about twice as large as the measured dipole moment of C6H5D. Computational progress is advanced concerning applications to larger systems and the choice of appropriate basis sets. The simpler procedure of performing vibrational averaging on the Born-Oppenheimer level and then adding the FNMC contribution evaluated at the equilibrium distance is shown to be appropriate. Also, the basis set choice is made by heuristic analysis of the physical behavior of the systems, instead of by comparison with experiments.
Broadband light sources based on InAs/InGaAs metamorphic quantum dots
Authors: Seravalli L. , Gioannini M. , Cappelluti F. , Sacconi F. , Trevisi G. , Frigeri P.
Published: April 2016

We propose a design for a semiconductor structure emitting broadband light in the infrared, based on InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded into a metamorphic step-graded InxGa1−xAs buffer. We developed a model to calculate the metamorphic QD energy levels based on the realistic QD parameters and on the strain-dependent material properties; we validated the results of simulations by comparison with the experimental values. On this basis, we designed a p-i-n heterostructure with a graded index profile toward the realization of an electrically pumped guided wave device. This has been done by adding layers where QDs are embedded in InxAlyGa1−x−yAs layers, to obtain a symmetric structure from a band profile point of view. To assess the room temperature electro-luminescence emission spectrum under realistic electrical injection conditions, we performed device-level simulations based on a coupled drift-diffusion and QD rate equation model. On the basis of the device simulation results, we conclude that the present proposal is a viable option to realize broadband light-emitting devices.
Rydberg, valence, and ion-pair quintet states of O2
Authors: Lefebvre-Brion H. , Liebermann H. P. , Amero J. M. , Vázquez G. J.
Published: April 2016

We report an ab initio study of the quintet states of molecular oxygen. The calculations are carried out employing the multireference single and double excitation configuration interaction package. Potential energy curves of the six quintet valence states dissociating into ground state atoms and of the four quintet states dissociating to ion-pair atoms were computed. A number of bound quintet Rydberg series converging to the a4Πu and b4Σg− states of the O2+ cation have been identified.
N
=
(
4
,
4
)
vector multiplets on curved two-manifolds
Authors: Lawrence Albion , Soroush Masoud
Published: April 2016

We study the necessary conditions for preserving N=(4,4) supersymmetry on curved 2d backgrounds, following the strategy of Dumitrescu, Festuccia, and Seiberg. We derive the transformation laws and invariant action for off-shell Abelian vector multiplets. An explicit solution of the supersymmetry conditions is found on the round two-sphere.
Ultrafast laser produced zinc plasma: Stark broadening of emission lines in nitrogen ambient
Authors: Rao Kavya H. , Smijesh N. , Nivas Jijil JJ , Philip Reji
Published: April 2016

The effect of ambient pressure on Stark broadening of emission lines from neutrals and ions in an ultrafast laser (100 fs, 800 nm) produced zinc plasma is investigated. Measured spectra reveal that the full width at half maximum (δλ) of neutral lines remains unchanged in the pressure range of 10−6 to 10−1 Torr, shows an even fluctuation in the pressure range of 0.1 to 100 Torr, and then increases with pressure. On the other hand, δλ of ion lines is nearly a constant from 10−6 to 10−3 Torr, and then increases consistently with ambient pressure. A line narrowing of neutral emissions observed in the region of 1 to 100 Torr can be attributed to larger plasma temperatures, whereas the consistent increase in δλ with pressure seen for ion emission results from the prevalence of additional broadening mechanisms related to Coulomb interactions, ion-ion interaction, and Debye shielding. An accurate knowledge of emission line width is crucial for unambiguously calculating number density values for any given ambient pressure. Moreover, it can be relevant for the design of narrow line width, bright plasma sources for various applications.
Simulation of stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering in shock ignition
Authors: Hao L. , Li J. , Liu W. D. , Yan R. , Ren C.
Published: April 2016

We study stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in shock ignition by comparing fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Under typical parameters for the OMEGA experiments [Theobald et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 102706 (2012)], a series of 1D fluid simulations with laser intensities ranging between 2 × 1015 and 2 × 1016 W/cm2 finds that SBS is the dominant instability, which increases significantly with the incident intensity. Strong pump depletion caused by SBS and SRS limits the transmitted intensity at the 0.17nc to be less than 3.5 × 1015 W/cm2. The PIC simulations show similar physics but with higher saturation levels for SBS and SRS convective modes and stronger pump depletion due to higher seed levels for the electromagnetic fields in PIC codes. Plasma flow profiles are found to be important in proper modeling of SBS and limiting its reflectivity in both the fluid and PIC simulations.
Probing orbital ordering in LaVO3 epitaxial films by Raman scattering
Authors: Vrejoiu I. , Himcinschi C. , Jin L. , Jia C.-L. , Raab N. , Engelmayer J. , Waser R. , Dittmann R. , van Loosdrecht P. H. M.
Published: April 2016

Single crystals of Mott-Hubbard insulator LaVO3 exhibit spin and orbital ordering along with a structural change below ≈140 K. The occurrence of orbital ordering in epitaxial LaVO3 films has, however, been little investigated. By temperature-dependent Raman scattering spectroscopy, we probed and evidenced the transition to orbital ordering in epitaxial LaVO3 film samples fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition. This opens up the possibility to explore the influence of different epitaxial strain (compressive vs. tensile) and of epitaxy-induced distortions of oxygen octahedra on the orbital ordering, in epitaxial perovskite vanadate films.
Growth temperature-dependent metal–insulator transition of vanadium dioxide epitaxial films on perovskite strontium titanate (111) single crystals
Authors: Wang Liangxin , Yang Yuanjun , Zhao Jiangtao , Hong Bin , Hu Kai , Peng Jinlan , Zhang Haibin , Wen Xiaolei , Luo Zhenlin , Li Xiaoguang , Gao Chen
Published: April 2016

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) epitaxial films were grown on perovskite single-crystal strontium titanate (SrTiO3) substrates by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The growth temperature-dependent metal–insulator transition (MIT) behavior of the VO2 epitaxial films was then investigated. We found that the order of magnitude of resistance change across the MIT increased from 102 to 104 with increasing growth temperature. In contrast, the temperature of the MIT does not strongly depend on the growth temperature and is fairly stable at about 345 K. On one hand, the increasing magnitude of the MIT is attributed to the better crystallinity and thus larger grain size in the (010)-VO2/(111)-SrTiO3 epitaxial films at elevated temperature. On the other hand, the strain states do not change in the VO2 films deposited at various temperatures, resulting in stable V-V chains and V-O bonds in the VO2 epitaxial films. The accompanied orbital occupancy near the Fermi level is also constant and thus the MIT temperatures of VO2 films deposited at various temperatures are nearly the same. This work demonstrates that high-quality VO2 can be grown on perovskite substrates, showing potential for integration into oxide heterostructures and superlattices.
Analysis on shock attenuation in gap test configuration for characterizing energetic materials
Authors: Kim Bohoon , Park Jungsu , Yoh Jack J.
Published: April 2016

A pyrotechnic system consisting of donor/acceptor pair separated by a gap relies on shock attenuation characteristics of the gap material and shock sensitivity of the donor and the acceptor charges. Despite of its common use, a numerical study of such a pyrotechnic train configuration is seldom reported because proper modeling of the full process requires precise capturing of the shock wave attenuation in the gap prior to triggering a full detonation of a high explosive and accurate description of the high strain rate dynamics of the explosively loaded inert confinements. We apply a hybrid particle level-set based multimaterial hydrocode with reactive flow models for pentolite donor and heavily aluminized cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine as the acceptor charge. The complex shock interaction, a critical gap thickness, an acoustic impedance, and go/no-go characteristics of the pyrotechnic system are quantitatively investigated.
Magnetization reversal behavior of SmCo6.6Nb0.4 nanoflakes prepared by surfactant-assisted ball milling
Authors: Li Y. Q. , Yue M. , Wu Q. , Liu W. Q. , Zhang D. T. , Lu Q. M.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the recoil loops of SmCo6.6Nb0.4 nanoflakes prepared by the surfactant-assisted high energy ball milling (SA-HEBM) were systematically studied. The recoil loop openness was observed in both the aligned and non-aligned samples. Reversible and irreversible portions of the demagnetization process derived from the recoil loop were also investigated. For both the aligned and non-aligned samples, reversible portion (▵mrev) is too small to determine the coercivity. Irreversible portion (▵mirrev) shows similar tendency, i.e. increasing slowly at low reverse field and then growing up rapidly after a critical field (nucleation field Hno). The demagnetization process can be described as following: the reversible demagnetization is dominant when the applied reverse field is lower than 8 kOe, under which the irreversible nucleation also occurs. The reverse domain walls are pinned by the grain boundaries until the reverse field is larger than 8 kOe. With increasing field, the pinning effects are weakened and the rapid reversible demagnetization starts. Finally, the demagnetization process is accomplished. The values of ΔM in the Henkel plots are totally opposite for the aligned and non-aligned SmCo6.6Nb0.4 nanoflakes.
Chaos control of the micro-electro-mechanical resonator by using adaptive dynamic surface technology with extended state observer
Authors: Luo Shaohua , Sun Quanping , Cheng Wei
Published: April 2016

This paper addresses chaos control of the micro-electro- mechanical resonator by using adaptive dynamic surface technology with extended state observer. To reveal the mechanism of the micro- electro-mechanical resonator, the phase diagrams and corresponding time histories are given to research the nonlinear dynamics and chaotic behavior, and Homoclinic and heteroclinic chaos which relate closely with the appearance of chaos are presented based on the potential function. To eliminate the effect of chaos, an adaptive dynamic surface control scheme with extended state observer is designed to convert random motion into regular motion without precise system model parameters and measured variables. Putting tracking differentiator into chaos controller solves the ‘explosion of complexity’ of backstepping and poor precision of the first-order filters. Meanwhile, to obtain high performance, a neural network with adaptive law is employed to approximate unknown nonlinear function in the process of controller design. The boundedness of all the signals of the closed-loop system is proved in theoretical analysis. Finally, numerical simulations are executed and extensive results illustrate effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme.
Low-temperature self-limiting atomic layer deposition of wurtzite InN on Si(100)
Authors: Haider Ali , Kizir Seda , Biyikli Necmi
Published: April 2016

In this work, we report on self-limiting growth of InN thin films at substrate temperatures as low as 200 °C by hollow-cathode plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (HCPA-ALD). The precursors used in growth experiments were trimethylindium (TMI) and N2 plasma. Process parameters including TMI pulse time, N2 plasma exposure time, purge time, and deposition temperature have been optimized for self-limiting growth of InN with in ALD window. With the increase in exposure time of N2 plasma from 40 s to 100 s at 200 °C, growth rate showed a significant decrease from 1.60 to 0.64 Å/cycle. At 200 °C, growth rate saturated as 0.64 Å/cycle for TMI dose starting from 0.07 s. Structural, optical, and morphological characterization of InN were carried out in detail. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of the grown InN films. Refractive index of the InN film deposited at 200 °C was found to be 2.66 at 650 nm. 48 nm-thick InN films exhibited relatively smooth surfaces with Rms surface roughness values of 0.98 nm, while the film density was extracted as 6.30 g/cm3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements depicted the peaks of indium, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen on the film surface and quantitative information revealed that films are nearly stoichiometric with rather low impurity content. In3d and N1s high-resolution scans confirmed the presence of InN with peaks located at 443.5 and 396.8 eV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) further confirmed the polycrystalline structure of InN thin films and elemental mapping revealed uniform distribution of indium and nitrogen along the scanned area of the InN film. Spectral absorption measurements exhibited an optical band edge around 1.9 eV. Our findings demonstrate that HCPA-ALD might be a promising technique to grow crystalline wurtzite InN thin films at low substrate temperatures.
The relationship between working memory capacity and simultaneous interpreting performance
Authors: Wang Jihong
Published: April 2016

This experimental study investigated the relationship between signed language interpreters’ working memory capacity (WMC) and their simultaneous interpreting performance. Thirty-one professional Auslan (Australian Sign Language)/English interpreters participated: 14 native signers and 17 non-native signers. They completed simultaneous interpreting tasks from English into Auslan and vice versa, an English listening span task and an Auslan working memory span task; each interpreting task was followed by a short semi-structured interview. Quantitative results for the sample as a whole showed no significant correlations between bilingual WMC and overall simultaneous interpreting performance in either direction. The same trend was established for both the native signers and the non-native signers, considered as two separate groups. The findings thus suggest that professional signed language interpreters’ WMC as measured by complex span tasks is not closely associated with the overall quality of their simultaneous interpreting performance. Data regarding educational and professional background showed mixed patterns in relation to participants’ interpreting performance in each language direction. In the interviews, participants reported various triggers of cognitive overload in the simultaneous interpreting tasks (e.g. numbers, lists of items, a long time lag, dense information, fatigue) and mentioned their coping strategies (e.g. strategic omissions, summarization, generalization, adjusting time lag).
Lexical decisions and related cognitive issues in spoken and signed language interpreting
Authors: Swabey Laurie , Nicodemus Brenda , Taylor Marty M. , Gile Daniel
Published: April 2016

This study examined omissions, errors, and variability in lexical selection across simultaneous interpretations of President Obama’s 2009 inaugural address, in three spoken languages (French, German, Japanese) and in American Sign Language (ASL). Microanalysis of how information conveyed by 39 source speech lexical items was transferred into the target languages assessed to what extent omissions and errors reflected differences in lexical structure (relative frequency of ready lexical correspondents and of shared cognates between the source and target languages; and, for ASL in particular, size of lexicon compared to English). The highest number of errors and omissions was found in ASL, which has the smallest documented vocabulary, fewest lexical correspondents, and no shared cognates with English. If omission/error rates in interpretation of lexical units are taken as a rough indicator of interpreting difficulty, results suggest that it is more difficult to interpret the speech into Japanese than into French or German and, by the same token, more difficult to interpret it into ASL than into the three spoken languages. These findings are consistent with the idea that language structures impact cognitive load during interpreting, and that interpreting effort increases in relation to the degree of difference between the source and target languages.
Ad-hoc interpreting in international educational settings
Authors: Baraldi Claudio
Published: April 2016

This paper examines interactions during educational activities in international camps for children, with English used as a lingua franca. Data were collected mostly at different camps in Italy (2006–7), but also in Brazil and the USA (both in 2013). The study focuses on 11 extracts from transcribed video and audio recordings of occasions when Italian children experience difficulty understanding and speaking English. On such occasions, Italian educators acting as ad-hoc interpreters often provide renditions not fully consistent with what has been said in English: reduced, summarised or expanded renditions are frequent, with some turns not rendered and others added. In this way, what is purported to be interpreting is often more concerned with achieving preassigned educational tasks. Talk in English is thus reduced to normative explanations, and ad-hoc interpreting takes the form of gatekeeping, the effect of which is to limit children’s active participation in social interactions. This educationally oriented gatekeeping can be avoided by involving children in sequences of conversational exchanges, using Italian: they are thus enabled to express their perspectives, the gist of which can be formulated in English, ensuring a stronger dialogic component in communication and closer attention to the children’s contributions.
High frequency pacing of edge localized modes by injection of lithium granules in DIII-D H-mode discharges
Authors: Bortolon A. , Maingi R. , Mansfield D.K. , Nagy A. , Roquemore A.L. , Baylor L.R. , Commaux N. , Jackson G.L. , Gilson E.P. , Lunsford R. , Parks P.B. , Chrystal C. , Grierson B.A. , Groebner R. , Haskey S.R. , Makowski M.J. , Lasnier C.J. , Nazikian R. , Osborne T. , Shiraki D. , Van Zeeland M.A.
Published: April 2016

A newly installed Lithium Granule Injector (LGI) was used to pace edge localized modes (ELM) in DIII-D. ELM pacing efficiency was studied injecting lithium granules of nominal diameter 0.3–0.9 mm, speed of 50–120 m s−1 and average injection rates up to 100 Hz for 0.9 mm granules and up to 700 Hz for 0.3 mm granules. The efficiency of ELM triggering was found to depend strongly on size of the injected granules, with triggering efficiency close to 100% obtained with 0.9 mm diameter granules, lower with smaller sizes, and weakly depending on granule velocity. Robust ELM pacing was demonstrated in ITER-like plasmas for the entire shot length, at ELM frequencies 3–5 times larger than the ‘natural’ ELM frequency observed in reference discharges. Within the range of ELM frequencies obtained, the peak ELM heat flux at the outer strike point was reduced with increasing pacing frequency. The peak heat flux reduction at the inner strike point appears to saturate at high pacing frequency. Lithium was found in the plasma core, with a concurrent reduction of metallic impurities and carbon. Overall, high frequency ELM pacing using the lithium granule injection appears to be compatible with both H-mode energy confinement and attractive H-mode pedestal characteristics, but further assessment is needed to determine whether the projected heat flux reduction required for ITER can be met.
Conflicting genomic signals affect phylogenetic inference in four species of North American pines
Authors: Koralewski Tomasz E. , Mateos Mariana , Krutovsky Konstantin V.
Published: April 2016

Adaptive evolutionary processes in plants may be accompanied by episodes of introgression, parallel evolution and incomplete lineage sorting that pose challenges in untangling species evolutionary history. Genus Pinus (pines) is one of the most abundant and most studied groups among gymnosperms, and a good example of a lineage where these phenomena have been observed. Pines are among the most ecologically and economically important plant species. Some, such as the pines of the southeastern USA (southern pines in subsection Australes ), are subjects of intensive breeding programmes. Despite numerous published studies, the evolutionary history of Australes remains ambiguous and often controversial. We studied the phylogeny of four major southern pine species: shortleaf ( Pinus echinata ), slash ( P. elliottii ), longleaf ( P. palustris ) and loblolly ( P. taeda ), using sequences from 11 nuclear loci and maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our analysis encountered resolution difficulties similar to earlier published studies. Although incomplete lineage sorting and introgression are two phenomena presumptively underlying our results, the phylogenetic inferences seem to be also influenced by the genes examined, with certain topologies supported by sets of genes sharing common putative functionalities. For example, genes involved in wood formation supported the clade echinata – taeda , genes linked to plant defence supported the clade echinata – elliottii and genes linked to water management properties supported the clade echinata – palustris . The support for these clades was very high and consistent across methods. We discuss the potential factors that could underlie these observations, including incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and parallel or adaptive evolution. Our results likely reflect the relatively short evolutionary history of the subsection that is thought to have begun during the middle Miocene and has been influenced by climate fluctuations.
Modelling spatially dependent predation mortality of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock, and its implications for stock dynamics under future climate scenarios
Authors: Spencer Paul D. , Holsman Kirstin K. , Zador Stephani , Bond Nicholas A. , Mueter Franz J. , Hollowed Anne B. , Ianelli James N.
Published: April 2016

Arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) are an important predator of juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogramus) in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf and have increased 3-fold in biomass from 1977 to 2014. Arrowtooth flounder avoid the summer “cold pool” (bottom water ≤2°C) and variability in cold pool size and location has affected their spatial overlap with juvenile walleye pollock. Developing a method to account for the relationship between climate change and pollock mortality can highlight ecosystem dynamics and contribute to better assessments for fisheries management. Consequently, spatially resolved predation mortality rates were estimated within an age-structured walleye pollock stock assessment population model (based on spatial information on diet and abundance from trawl surveys), along with the effect of sea surface temperature (SST) on pollock recruitment. Projections of SST and cold pool area to 2050 were obtained (or statistically downscaled) from nine global climate models and used within an age-structure population model to project pollock abundance given estimated relationships between environmental variables and predator and prey spatial distributions, pollock recruitment, and maximum rate of arrowtooth flounder consumption. The climate projections show a wide range of variability but an overall trend of increasing SST and decreasing cold pool area. Projected pollock biomass decreased largely due to the negative effect of increased SST on pollock recruitment. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the decline in projected pollock biomass would be exacerbated if arrowtooth flounder increased their relative distribution in the EBS northwest middle shelf (an area of relatively high density of juvenile pollock) in warm years.
Variability in primary productivity determines metapopulation dynamics
Authors: Fernández Néstor , Román Jacinto , Delibes Miguel
Published: April 2016

Temporal variability in primary productivity can change habitat quality for consumer species by affecting the energy levels available as food resources. However, it remains unclear how habitat-quality fluctuations may determine the dynamics of spatially structured populations, where the effects of habitat size, quality and isolation have been customarily assessed assuming static habitats. We present the first empirical evaluation on the effects of stochastic fluctuations in primary productivity—a major outcome of ecosystem functions—on the metapopulation dynamics of a primary consumer. A unique 13-year dataset from an herbivore rodent was used to test the hypothesis that inter-annual variations in primary productivity determine spatiotemporal habitat occupancy patterns and colonization and extinction processes. Inter-annual variability in productivity and in the growing season phenology significantly influenced habitat colonization patterns and occupancy dynamics. These effects lead to changes in connectivity to other potentially occupied habitat patches, which then feed back into occupancy dynamics. According to the results, the dynamics of primary productivity accounted for more than 50% of the variation in occupancy probability, depending on patch size and landscape configuration. Evidence connecting primary productivity dynamics and spatiotemporal population processes has broad implications for metapopulation persistence in fluctuating and changing environments.
Enhanced functional divergence of duplicate genes several million years after gene duplication in theArabidopsislineage
Authors: Hanada Kousuke , Tezuka Ayumi , Nozawa Masafumi , Suzuki Yutaka , Sugano Sumio , Nagano Atsushi J. , Ito Motomi , Morinaga Shi-Ichi
Published: April 2016

Lineage-specifically duplicated genes likely contribute to the phenotypic divergence in closely related species. However, neither the frequency of duplication events nor the degree of selective pressures immediately after gene duplication is clear in the speciation process. Plants have substantially higher gene duplication rates than most other eukaryotes. Here, using Illumina short reads fromArabidopsis halleri, which has highly qualified plant genomes in close species (Brassica rapa, A. thalianaandA. lyrata), we succeeded in generating orthologous gene groups amongB. rapa, A. thaliana, A. lyrataandA. halleri. The frequency of duplication events in theArabidopsislineage was approximately 10 times higher than the frequency inferred by comparative genomics ofArabidopsis, poplar, rice and moss. Of the currently retained genes inA. halleri, 11–24% had undergone gene duplication in theArabidopsislineage. To examine the degree of selective pressure for duplicated genes, we calculated the ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates (KA/KS) in theA. halleri-lyrataandA. hallerilineages. Using a maximum-likelihood framework, we examined positive (KA/KS> 1) and purifying selection (KA/KS< 1) at a significant level (P < 0.01). Duplicate genes tended to have a higher proportion of positive selection compared with non-duplicated genes. More interestingly, we found that functional divergence of duplicated genes was accelerated several million years after gene duplication at a higher proportion than immediately after gene duplication.
Bayesian Markov models consistently outperform PWMs at predicting motifs in nucleotide sequences
Authors: Siebert Matthias , Söding Johannes
Published: April 2016

Position weight matrices (PWMs) are the standard model for DNA and RNA regulatory motifs. In PWMs nucleotide probabilities are independent of nucleotides at other positions. Models that account for dependencies need many parameters and are prone to overfitting. We have developed a Bayesian approach for motif discovery using Markov models in which conditional probabilities of orderk-1 act as priors for those of orderk. This Bayesian Markov model (BMM) training automatically adapts model complexity to the amount of available data. We also derive an EM algorithm for de-novo discovery of enriched motifs. For transcription factor binding, BMMs achieve significantly (p<0.063) higher cross-validated partial AUC than PWMs in 97% of 446 ChIP-seq ENCODE datasets and improve performance by 36% on average. BMMs also learn complex multipartite motifs, improving predictions of transcription start sites, polyadenylation sites, bacterial pause sites, and RNA binding sites by 26%-101%. BMMs never performed worse than PWMs. These robust improvements argue in favour of generally replacing PWMs by BMMs. TheBayesianMarkovModelmotifdiscovery software BaMM!motif is available under GPL athttp://github.com/soedinglab/BaMMmotif.