bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TIME-FREQUENCY CO-MOVEMENT BETWEEN COVID-19 AND PAKISTAN’S STOCK MARKET: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM WAVELET COHERENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: ALI SHOAIB , NAVEED MUHAMMAD , SALEEM AISHA , NASIR MUHAMMAD WAJAHAT
Published: October 2022

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan’s traditional (KSE-100) and Islamic (KMI-30) stock market returns.

Methodology: This study uses daily data of total cases and deaths of COVID-19 from February 25, 2020 to May 26, 2021. We utilize continuous wavelet transform (CWT), partial wavelet transforms and wavelet coherence transform (WCT) approaches to inspect the impact of COVID-19 on the stock return of KSE-100 and KMI-30 from March 13, 2020 to May 26, 2021.

Findings: Contrary to European and several Asian stock markets, these both indexes behave the opposite during COVID-19. This study indicates that COVID-19 influences both these indexes and has a significant impact on both KSE-100 and KMI-30 index in the longer time frame. This study also discloses that with the increasing number of total cases, total death stock market daily return.

Practical implications: Investors diversify their portfolio in the desire to achieve maximum return on minimum risk so they diversify across different countries and certain emerging market indexes might provide them a big edge to maximize their return. This diversified strategy can financially support different well-performing emerging markets and save emerging economies. This study enhances the investors trust and confidence to invest in both KSE-100 and KMI-30 due to favorable return of stocks.

Originality/value: This examines the co-movement between COVID-19 and the traditional and Islamic stock index of Pakistan whereas, the previous paper only examined the volatility of these indexes during COVID-19. This study also extends the literature that examines how COVID-19 affected the traditional and Islamic stock market indexes.
Epidemiology of Congenital Hand Differences at a Tertiary Hospital in Southern India – Establishment of a New Registry and Assessment Using Both the Swanson/IFSSH and the Oberg, Manske and Tonkin Classifications
Authors: SAIT Anika , ACHARYA Ashwath M. , BHAT Anil K.
Published: October 2022

Background: In resource challenged nations, the true magnitude of the congenital hand differences (CHD) remain unknown due to a lack of nation-wide surveillance system. We created a hospital-based registry system with the aim to determine the prevalence and distribution of CHD and compare the Swanson/IFSSH (SI) and Oberg, Manske and Tonkin (OMT) classifications.

Methods: Data of children aged 0 to 18 years with CHD was entered into the online registry and classified based on the SI and OMT classifications from January 2018 to December 2021. The prevalence and distribution of CHD and risk factors like family history were summarised using descriptive analysis. Syndromic and heredity associations were further analysed using Fischer exact test and odds ratio. Clustered columns were used to compare the two classification systems.

Results: A total of 307 patients with CHD presented during the study with a prevalence of 2.4/1,000 patients. Among them, 164 were unilateral, 21 were born of consanguineous marriages (7.6%) and 10 (3.6%) had a family history of CHD. Although not statistically significant, bilateral involvement was twice as likely to be hereditary compared to unilateral involvement. A total of 10 different syndromes were identified among 27 patients of which Holt–Oram syndrome was most common. The most common CHD was Radial longitudinal defificiency (111). A total of 82 (27%) children had other associated anomalies that could not be grouped as a syndrome. Two patients could not be classified using either SI or OMT classifications.

Conclusions: The online registry established an efficient way to store and analyse data related to CHD. It provides new information on its prevalence in South India, which is similar to the existing literature. Most of the CHD can be grouped in both the SI and OMT classifications. However, there still remains some conditions that are unclassifiable. There is a need for a national registry of CDH for effective management, funding and research.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Epidemiological)
Intra-medullary Cannulated Headless Compression Screw for Bone Graft Fixation in Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: KOLAITYTE Valdone , MURUGESAN Logendra , CHAN Jeffrey C. Y.
Published: October 2022

High energy metacarpal fracture presenting with critical bone loss requires bone graft and hardware stabilisation. Early bone grafting and rigid internal fixation allow expedited patient recovery. Plate fixation is the most described technique when an autologous bone graft is being used. In this report, we present an alternative technique to secure bone grafts to metacarpal shafts with intra-medullary headless compression screws (HCS). In the presented patient, significant bone defects of the fourth and fifth metacarpals were bridged using iliac crest cortico-cancellous bone grafts and fixed with HCS. This method of fixation allowed controlled early active mobilisation. Bone graft incorporation and excellent active range of motion were demonstrated.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Low‐Temperature Plasma Short Exposure to Decontaminate Peri‐Implantitis‐Related Multispecies Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces In Vitro
Authors: Panariello Beatriz H. D. , Mody Drashty P. , Eckert George J. , Witek Lukasz , Coelho Paulo G. , Duarte Simone
Published: October 2022

Background. The use of low‐temperature plasma (LTP) is a novel approach to treating peri‐implantitis. LTP disrupts the biofilm while conditioning the surrounding host environment for bone growth around the infected implant. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of LTP on newly formed (24 h), intermediate (3 days), and mature (7 days) peri‐implant‐related biofilms formed on titanium surfaces. Methods. Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104), Porphyromonas gingivalis (W83), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 35037), and Veillonella dispar (ATCC 17748) were cultivated in brain heart infusion supplemented with 1% yeast extract, hemin (0.5 mg/mL), and menadione (5 mg/mL) and kept at 37°C in anaerobic conditions for 24 h. Species were mixed for a final concentration of ~105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL (OD = 0.01), and the bacterial suspension was put in contact with titanium specimens (7.5 mm in diameter by 2 mm in thickness) for biofilm formation. Biofilms were treated with LTP for 1, 3, and 5 min at 3 or 10 mm from plasma tip to sample. Controls were those having no treatment (negative control, NC) and argon flow under the same LTP conditions. Positive controls were those treated with 14 μg/mL amoxicillin and 140 μg/mL metronidazole individually or combined and 0.12% chlorhexidine (n = 6 per group). Biofilms were evaluated by CFU, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Comparisons among bacteria; 24 h, 3‐day, and 7‐day biofilms; and treatments for each biofilm were made. Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were applied (α = 0.05). Results. Bacterial growth was observed in all NC groups, corroborated by FISH. LTP treatment significantly reduced all bacteria species compared to the NC in all biofilm periods and treatment conditions (p ≤ 0.016), and CLSM corroborated these results. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, we conclude that LTP application effectively reduces peri‐implantitis‐related multispecies biofilms on titanium surfaces in vitro.
Nonpharmacological Complementary Interventions for the Management of Pain after Third Molar Surgery: An Umbrella Review of Current Meta-Analyses
Authors: Firoozi Parsa , Moreira Falci Saulo Gabriel , Kim Seong-Gon , Assael Leon A.
Published: October 2022

Objectives. To provide a nonbiased, complete assessment of what the evidence from meta-analyses informs us about complementary and nonpharmacological treatment options for the management of pain after third molar surgery, as well as highlight any discordancy, gaps, or lack of evidence among meta-analyses. Methods. The quality of the included systematic reviews was assessed using the ROBIS tool. Corrected covered area (CCA) was calculated for pairs of similar meta-analyses to identify the amount of overlap. Reviews that were the most recent, comprehensive, and had adequate quality were considered for analyses when reviews showed a high overlap. In cases with a low amount of overlap among meta-analyses, all eligible studies were included. Also, citation matrices were constructed to address overlap. A network meta-analytical approach was adopted to rank different interventions. Results. Ten meta-analyses were included for quantitative synthesis. The quantitative analysis revealed that platelet-rich fibrin and its derivatives as well as ozone therapy reduce early and late pain better than the other complementary interventions compared to control (no complementary intervention). Conclusions. Despite the shortcomings of included meta-analyses, consolidated evidence suggests that platelet-rich-fibrin and its derivatives as well as ozone therapy outperform the other nonpharmacological complementary interventions in reducing early and late postsurgical pain following third molar extraction. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to an unclear risk of bias and lack of firm evidence in the included meta-analyses. Moreover, there is a need for a standard protocol for the application of nonpharmacological complementary interventions.
Giant Dermatofibroma: A Rare Presentation as a Large Scaly Plaque
Authors: Iqbal T. , Mudaliar V.
Published: October 2022

A rare form of dermatofibroma (DF) is described in the literature as giant dermatofibroma. Due to the rarity and distinct presentation that can be confused with more sinister skin tumours, these can cause diagnostic uncertainty and require clinicopathologic correlation. Familiarity with this rare presentation of an otherwise common entity is required to prevent unnecessary clinical doubt and excessive interventions. We report a case of giant dermatofibroma on the leg of a 29-year-old healthy male that presented with a 7 cm, nonulcerated pink, brown plaque, adding to the limited literature of less than 30 known cases.
Chemical Reaction and Generalized Heat Flux Model for Powell–Eyring Model with Radiation Effects
Authors: Salah Faisal
Published: October 2022

In the current research, the numerical solutions for heat transfer in an Eyring–Powell fluid that conducts electricity past an exponentially growing sheet with chemical reactions are examined. As the sheet is stretched in the

x

direction, the flow occupies the region

 
y
>
0

. MHD, radiation, joule heating effects, and thermal relaxation time are all used to represent the flow scenario. The emergent problem is represented using PDEs, which are then converted to ODEs using appropriate similarity transformations. The converted problem is solved numerically using the SLM method. The main goal of this paper is to compare the results of solving the velocity and temperature equations in the presence of

 
K

changes through SLM, introducing it as a precise and appropriate method for solving nonlinear differential equations. Tables with the numerical results are created for comparison. This contrast is important because it shows how precisely the successive linearization method can resolve a set of nonlinear differential equations. Following that, the generated solution is studied and explained in relation to a variety of engineering parameters. Additionally, the thermal relaxation period is inversely proportional to the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and the temperature, but the Eckert number

E
c

is the opposite. As

E
c

grows, the temperature within the channel increases.
Bioaccumulation of Organophosphorus (OPs) and Carbamate (CBs) Residues in Cultured Pangas Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Hasan G. M. M. Anwarul , Das Anuj Kumer , Satter Mohammed A. , Asif Md.
Published: October 2022

In the present study, the presence of organophosphorus (OPs) and carbamates (CBs) residues in the pond water and cultured Pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) samples collected from Comilla and Mymensingh areas were detected and assessed for their potential health risks. A total of 100 samples from each category were analysed among which 17% of the pond water samples and 9% of the fish samples were detected contaminated with OP and CB residues. The pond water and fish samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction, and ultrasonic extraction, respectively, and analysed through gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Among the detected OPs, Dursban (chlorpyrifos) and dichlorvos were detected, while among CB pesticides, carbofuran and sevin (Carbaryl) were detected in fish muscle samples. The detected OP and CB residual levels were below than the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The risk assessment study indicated no potential health risks. However, the level of compliance should be maintained through proper monitoring and controlling the overuse of pesticides in agricultural fields for public health safety.
Gene Expression and Immunochemistry Analysis of ADAMTS-1 and Versican in Ameloblastoma
Authors: de Souza Neto Osvaldo Rodrigues , Thais Fuzii Hellen , Vieira Da Silva Suély , Morais Freitas Vanessa , Viana Pinheiro João de Jesus
Published: October 2022

Background. Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally invasive odontogenic epithelial tumor, associated with a high recurrence rate after treatment. The action of enzymes of the metalloproteinase family is important to the degraded extracellular matrix, contributing to invasion. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the gene and protein expression of ADAMTS-1 and versican in ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods. Twenty cases of ameloblastoma (n = 20) and ten dental follicles (DF) (n = 10) were used as a source for immunochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR for determining the protein and mRNA expressions of the concerned genes, respectively. Moreover, western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analysis were performed in AME cells. Results. ADAMTS-1 and versican were overexpressed in DF than ameloblastoma by RT-PCR. However, in the immunolocalization analysis, ADAMTS-1 was expressed in ameloblastoma more than in DF and versican immunostaining obtained a similar pattern between ameloblastoma and DF. Indirect immunofluorescence detected the ADAMTS-1 and versican expression in cell lines derived from ameloblastoma. Western blot from cell lysate and conditioned medium detected ADAMTS-1 bands representing full-length and different processed forms. Monensin treatment confined ADAMTS-1 in the cell cytoplasm. Versican fragments also were detected in different compartments, intracellular and conditioned medium, allowing the versican process by ADAMTS-1. Conclusion. This study showed a distinct expression of ADAMTS-1 and versican in ameloblastoma and DF, with ADAMTS-1 protein higher expression observed in ameloblastoma and possibly cleaved versican. These findings suggested that ADAMTS-1 may participate in tumor invasion, especially for the degradation of substrates (versican) in the ECM.
The Prognostic Significance and Potential Mechanism of Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Li Chunlei , Zhang Lilong , Xu Yao , Chai Dongqi , Nan Shengchen , Qiu Zhendong , Wang Weixing , Deng Wenhong
Published: October 2022

Background. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 (P3H1) is essential for human collagen synthesis. Here, we investigated its relevance to multiple cancers, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Methods. We estimated the relationship of P3H1 with 33 cancers using publicly available databases. And immunohistochemistry was utilized to verify the P3H1 expression in liver, gastric, colon, pancreatic, and rectal cancer. Then, we attenuated P3H1 expression in BEL-7402 and HLF cells by lentivirus technology and assessed the effect of P3H1 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a significantly higher expression of P3H1 in almost all tumors, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical findings in the liver, gastric, colon, pancreatic, and rectal cancers. P3H1 expression was associated with overall survival, progression-free interval, disease-specific survival, and disease-free interval in most cancers, particularly in LIHC. Besides, we also found that P3H1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for LIHC. And knockdown of P3H1 significantly reduced liver cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in liver cancer cells. Interestingly, P3H1 expression levels showed a significant positive connection with Th2 infiltration through multiple immune infiltration algorithms. ICI treatment was less effective in LIHC patients with high P3H1 expression. Finally, we also identified an upstream regulatory mechanism of P3H1 in LIHC, namely, AL355488.1, HCG18, and THUMPD3-AS1/hsa-miR-29c-3p-P3H1 axis. Conclusion. We have systematically described for the first time that P3H1 is closely related to various tumors, particularly in LIHC, and interference with P3H1 may be a therapeutic target for patients with LIHC.
Transcription Factor FXR Activates DHRS9 to Inhibit the Cell Oxidative Phosphorylation and Suppress Colon Cancer Progression
Authors: Zhao Jinlai , Wang Yigang , Wang Yang , Gao Jianchao , Yang Haichao , Wu Xiaotang , Li Hua
Published: October 2022

Background. Colon cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy. It has been discovered that Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an imperative regulatory role in multitype cancers in recent years. However, its regulatory mechanism in colon cancer has not been clearly explored. This study intended to explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of FXR and its downstream genes on the malignant progression of colon cancer. Methods. The mRNA and protein expression of FXR in colon cancer cells were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The effects of FXR on the biological function of colon cancer cells were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, and transwell assays. The downstream target gene of FXR was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and found to be associated with cellular oxidative phosphorylation. The binding relationship between FXR and its downstream gene dehydrogenase/reductase member 9 (DHRS9) was verified through luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The changes of oxidative phosphorylation were detected by Western blot and oxygen consumption rate determination. The effect of FXR/DHRS9 axis on the malignant progression of colon cancer cells was further confirmed by rescue experiments. Results. FXR was underexpressed in colon cancer tissues and cells, and overexpressing FXR could repress the malignant behaviors of colon cancer cells. Besides, DHRS9 was a downstream gene of FXR, and FXR/DHRS9 inhibited the deterioration of colon cancer through inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, promoting FXR expression in colon cancer cells could partially reverse the biological function changes caused by silencing DHRS9 expression. Conclusion. FXR inhibited the oxidative phosphorylation and inhibited the malignant progression of colon cancer cells via targeting DHRS9.
Color Matching of Universal Shade Resin-Based Composite with Natural Teeth and Its Stability before and after In-Office Bleaching
Authors: AlHabdan AlHanouf , AlShamrani Ahoud , AlHumaidan Randa , AlFehaid AlJohrah , Eisa Sara
Published: October 2022

Objectives. Esthetics is an essential issue for the long-term success of composite resin restoration. Therefore, this study aimed to view the esthetics of universal shade composite resin restorations and to assess its color matching before and after bleaching. Materials and Methods. Overall, 40 freshly extracted premolars were mounted in an acrylic resin mold, and Class V cavities were then prepared and restored by OMNICHROMA composite (Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan) and polished with 2-step polishing system. Baseline color analysis was performed using VITA Easyshade V digital spectrophotometer, and another color analysis was carried out 24 hours after storage in distilled water. In-office bleaching was carried out, and color measurements were taken after bleaching and 2 weeks postbleaching. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0 Windows version statistical software. Changes were considered statistically significant at

P

 = 0.05. Results. ΔE value of OMNICHROMA restoration before and after restoration was 6.474, 3.529 before and after bleaching, and 3.651 two-weeks postbleaching. In-office bleaching was effective in bleaching the OMNICHROMA specimens as the restoration showed positive ΔL

∗

values, which indicated that the specimens were lighter in color after bleaching; however, the bleaching effect was not maintained after 2 weeks. Conclusion. OMNICHROMA universal shade composite resin restoration showed different color matching values with the adjacent enamel of class Vs. The material appeared lighter in shade postbleaching, and the color change was not maintained 2 weeks postbleaching.
Effects of Different Soilless Growing Media on the Growth and Development of Tobacco Seedlings
Authors: Chandiposha Misheck , Takadini Tobias
Published: October 2022

To prevent reliance on a single finite source of the medium in raising tobacco nurseries, there arose a need to evaluate alternative media based on materials already available on farms. An experiment was set to evaluate the effects of different soilless growing media on the growth and biomass of flue-cured leaf tobacco seedlings. The design used was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were 100% pine bark (control), 50% cattle manure + 50% sand, 100% coal rubble, 100% compost manure, 50% pine bark + 50% sand, 100% cattle manure, 75% coal rubble + 25% sand, 75% cattle manure + 25% sand, 50% compost manure + 50% sand, and 75% compost manure + 25% sand. The results showed that increased seed emergence and survival percent were observed in the following media; 50% pine bark + 50% sand, 75% coal rubble + 25% sand, 75% compost manure + 25% sand, 100% coal rubble, 100% compost manure, and 50% compost manure + 50% sand, these treatments were not statistically different from 100% pine bark (control). The stem length and diameter of tobacco seedlings were superior in the medium with 100% compost manure when compared to all other treatments including pine bark. Increased transplantable percent of tobacco seedlings were in 50% pine bark + 50% sand and 100% compost manure, significantly higher than 100% pine bark (control). Most treatments that used cattle manure had significantly lower seed emergence percent, survival percentage, and transplantable percent of tobacco seedlings. Therefore, tobacco growers are recommended to use the growing medium with compost manure and should avoid using cattle manure when raising tobacco seedlings in seed beds.
Sobre a reinvenção das distâncias: artes cênicas e ação cultural na pandemia de covid-19
Authors: Viganó Suzana Schmidt
Published: October 2022

Este artigo apresenta duas experiências artístico-pedagógicas em artes cênicas, no âmbito da ação cultural, desenvolvidas durante a pandemia de covid-19 no ano de 2020. Refletimos sobre os desafios e descobertas de duas arte-educadoras e seus aprendizes no campo da dança e do teatro em dois programas públicos de formação artística da Grande São Paulo. A fim de analisar essas experiências, partimos do questionamento de Boaventura Souza Santos sobre a crise e dialogamos com as ideias de subjetividade e afeto, segundo Guattari, e de experiência, criação artística e cultura. A partir da reflexão colocada por Pierre Lévy em Cibercultura, propomos o questionamento sobre a arte, a educação e a ação cultural no ciberespaço, partindo de uma ética e de uma estética contemporaneizadas pelo universo digital.
A comparison of the breeding biology of White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus, 1758 in plains and hilly areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Naher Habibon , Sarker Noor Jahan , Khan Shawkat Imam
Published: October 2022

The breeding biology of White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis was studied in plains and hilly areas from September 2008 to August 2011. Four villages under Savar upazilla were selected for plains, and Chittagong University Campus, Chattagram for the hilly area. The breeding season started in February in hills and April on plain. Mean (SD) time required to build a new nest was 11.3 (3.9) days in plains and 15.3 (0.57) days in hills. Clutch size was 3–4 in hills and 3–7 in plains. Mean egg parameters (length, width, and weight) and mean egg volume and surface area were similar in both areas. The mean incubation period on plains was 16.4 (1.2) days, in hills 14.1 (0.7) days. On plains fledging success was 52%, compared to 57% in hills. Theft by local inhabitants was a major reason for fledgling loss in plains, hence increased public awareness may reduce nestling mortality and increase breeding success.
Intertidal Ophiuroidea from the Saurashtra coastline, Gujarat, India
Authors: Hitisha Baroliya  , Solanki Bhavna , Kundu Rahul
Published: October 2022

Present communication reports the diversity of intertidal Ophiuroidea (Phylum: Echinodermata) from the intertidal zones of the Saurashtra coastline, Gujarat state. Saurashtra coastlines were extensively surveyed from January 2019 to March 2022 for the Ophiuroidea diversity. A total of nine species of Ophiuroidea belonging to eight genera and six families were noted from the intertidal zones of the Saurashtra coastline. Amongst these, Macrophiothrix variabilis, Ophiothrix savignyi and Ophiomaza cacaotica are newly observed species from the Gujarat coastline. The results of similarity indices show that each sampling site has a diverse variety of brittle star, making them spatially different from each other.
New distribution record of Black Softshell Turtle Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson, 1875) from Manas National Park, Assam, India
Authors: Dutta Gayatri , Hussain Ivy Farheen , Nath Pranab Jyoti , Ahmed M. Firoz
Published: October 2022

A new distribution record of the Black Softshell Turtle Nilssonia nigricans is reported from Assam. It was recorded in the protected area of Manas National Park, Baksa district of Assam. A detailed description along with maps and threats to its population is described.
An updated checklist of reptiles from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India, with sixteen new distribution records
Authors: Malsawmdawngliana  , Boruah Bitupan , Patel Naitik G. , Lalronunga Samuel , Zosangliana Isaac , Lalhmangaiha K. , Das Abhijit
Published: October 2022

We present an updated inventory of the reptilian fauna of Dampa Tiger Reserve based on two separate field surveys during March and September 2021. We recorded 33 species of reptiles which is about 27% of the total reptilian diversity recorded from the state. This includes new distribution records for 16 snake species with observations on rare species: Smithophis atemporalis, Smithophis bicolor, and Boiga quincunciata.
Comparing the Relationships of Genetically Proxied PCSK9 Inhibition With Mood Disorders, Cognition, and Dementia Between Men and Women: A Drug‐Target Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Bell Andrew S. , Rosoff Daniel B. , Mavromatis Lucas A. , Jung Jeesun , Wagner Josephin , Lohoff Falk W.
Published: October 2022

Background

PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors are important therapeutic options for reducing cardiovascular disease risk; however, questions remain regarding potential differences in the neuropsychiatric impact of long‐term PCSK9 inhibition between men and women.

Methods and Results

Using PCSK9 gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms from European ancestry–based genome‐wide association studies of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (N=1 320 016), circulating PCSK9 protein levels (N=10 186), tissue‐specific PCSK9 gene expression, sex‐specific genome‐wide association studies of anxiety, depression, cognition, insomnia, and dementia (ranging from 54 321 to 194 174), we used drug‐target inverse variance–weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) and complementary MR methods (MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode) to investigate potential neuropsychiatric consequences of genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition in men and women. We failed to find evidence surpassing correction for multiple comparisons of relationships between genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition and the risk for the 12 neuropsychiatric end points in either men or women. Drug‐target analyses were generally well‐powered to detect effect estimates at several hypothesized thresholds for both combined‐sex and sex‐specific end points, especially analyses using PCSK9 instruments derived from protein and expression quantitative trait loci. Further, MR estimates across complementary MR methods and additional models using genetic instruments derived from circulating PCSK9 protein levels and tissue‐specific
PCSK9
expression were in alignment, strengthening causal inference.

Conclusions

Genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition showed a neutral neuropsychiatric side effect profile with no major sex‐specific differences. Given statistical power considerations, replication with larger samples, as well as data from other ancestral populations, are necessary. These findings may have important clinical implications for lipid‐lowering drug‐prescribing practices and side effect monitoring of approved and future PCSK9 therapies.
Burden of Stroke and Population‐Attributable Fractions of Risk Factors in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Pacheco‐Barrios Kevin , Giannoni‐Luza Stefano , Navarro‐Flores Alba , Rebello‐Sanchez Ingrid , Parente Joao , Balbuena Ana , de Melo Paulo S. , Otiniano‐Sifuentes Ricardo , Rivera‐Torrejón Oscar , Abanto Carlos , Alva‐Diaz Carlos , Musolino Patricia L. , Fregni Felipe
Published: October 2022

Background

Stroke burden characterization studies in low‐ and middle‐income countries are scarce. We estimated the burden of stroke and its risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

Methods and Results

We extracted GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study 2019 data on overall stroke and 3 subtypes (ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) for 20 LAC countries. We estimated absolute and age‐standardized rates of disability‐adjusted life years, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and deaths. The population‐attributable fractions of 17 risk factors were estimated. All analyses were performed at regional and national levels by stroke subtype, sex, and age subgroups. In 2019, the LAC region had the fourth largest stroke burden worldwide (6.8 million disability‐adjusted life years), predominantly attributable to premature deaths (89.5% of disability‐adjusted life years). Intracerebral hemorrhage was the primary cause of the overall stroke burden (42% of disability‐adjusted life years), but ischemic stroke was the leading cause of disability (69% of total years lived with disability). Haiti and Honduras had the highest age‐standardized rates. Older adults and men had the largest burdens, although women had the highest rate of disability. Socioeconomic development level did not influence the burden. The major risk factor clusters were metabolic (high systolic blood pressure [population‐attributable fraction=53%] and high body mass index [population‐attributable fraction=37%]), which were more influential in hemorrhagic events, women, and older adults. Household air pollution was an important risk factor in low‐income countries in LAC.

Conclusions

The stroke burden and stroke‐related mortality in LAC are higher than the worldwide averages. However, stroke is a highly preventable disease in this region. Up to 90% of the burden could be reduced by targeting 2 modifiable factors: blood pressure and body mass index. Further research and implementation of primary and secondary prevention interventions are needed, as well as integrated national stroke care programs for acute, subacute, and rehabilitation management in LAC.
Finitude in Maurice Blondel
Authors: Emma-Adamah Victor
Published: October 2022

The thought of Maurice Blondel has been read (representatively by Emmanuel Falque) as the theological aspirational movement of human action towards the divine, and therefore as the pre-emptive presence of the infinite to human experience. In this reading, absent has been the appreciation of an original Blondelian account of finitude as the essential experience of a human being-toward-death. Against this approach, this essay explores Blondel’s notion of human finitude as a ‘metaphysical experience’ of the existentially revelatory function of death. To this extent, Blondel’s account of finitude positions the philosopher of Aix, beyond the usual contexts of twentieth-century Catholic apologetic philosophy, squarely within Continental philosophical proposals of finitude as seen in Heidegger, Foucault, and Deleuze. Blondel brings to prominence a French Spiritualist account of the positive value of endurance and resistance against death as the revelatory site of a finitude that is neither determined by an a priori closed boundary nor theologically overdetermined as an aspiration to the infinite.
Naldurg Fort, Deccan, India: Dam, Fortifications, Palace
Authors: Morelle Nicolas
Published: October 2022

The introduction of new water supply techniques in the Deccan region of India helped make water a crucial factor in local warfare. Improved water supply and conservation influenced military networks, especially at sites located on the strategic frontiers between local polities. Water management also served residential complexes within fortified sites and agricultural improvements in the surrounding arid landscape. This survey of the Naldurg Fort, overlooking a lofty gorge on the Bhima River in the modern state of Maharashtra, examines how builders in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries dammed available water to service a strategic frontier military garrison, thereby creating a refreshing environment for a pleasure palace and garden.

All photographs and the survey are by Nicolas Morelle.
Water and Work in Mughal Gardens and Landscapes
Authors: Wescoat James L.
Published: October 2022

Laborers and draft animals played underexamined roles in building and operating the waterworks of Mughal gardens and landscapes. This article analyzes four sources of evidence about water-related work: Mughal paintings; historical texts on the political economy of Mughal waterworks; historical sources assessed in relation to modern estimates of human and animal energy needed to build and operate the waterworks; and historical sources considered in relation to the work of natural waters shaping land and society in material and cultural terms. Taken together, these four lines of inquiry provide a unified framework for research on Mughal waterworks and livelihoods.
Falaj Communities in Oman: A Case for Local Governance?
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Soumyen , Mershen Birgit
Published: October 2022

This contribution studies the complex arrangement of legal, socio-economic, and technical aspects of the aflāj (s. falaj) water distribution and irrigation system, and how they have shaped communities and built environments in Oman, where the falaj has provided the virtual lifeline of oasis life since the first millennium BCE. Three case studies of falaj communities are presented, Birkat al-Mawz, al-Ḥamrāʾ, and Misfāt al-ʿAbrīyin, which developed during the prosperous early-Yaʿrubi period in the mid-eleventh/seventeenth century. It investigates the extent to which the Ibāḍī-Islamic legal framework allowed flexibility for the local governance, management, and organisation of this ancient system, and its adaptation to diverse demographic, environmental, and emergent socio-political conditions.
The Case for Armenians as Indigenous People
Authors: Veeser H. Aram
Published: October 2022

In this article, the question of Armenian indigeneity is considered. The global reach of the question is explored, as well as the special urgency of the question in American- Armenian immigration law and history.
A new species of Forcepsioneura Lencioni, 1999 in honor to Queen Elizabeth II (Odonata: Protoneuridae)
Authors: LENCIONI F. A.A.
Published: October 2022

A new species of Forcepsioneura Lencioni, 1999 is described from seven males and three females (Holotype ♂ (FAAL NC 4521), Brazil, São Paulo, Monteiro Lobato—SP, 22° 57' 19'' S & 45° 50' 27'' W, 653 m, 28.xi.2010). The new species is compared with F. itatiaiae (Santos, 1970) its closest congener. Diagnostic illustrations are presented. The main differences between Forcepsioneura species are: in females, the posterior lobe of the prothorax and in males the shape of cerci and the posterior lobe of the prothorax. The species is named Forcepsioneura elizabethae sp. nov. in honor of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her platinum jubilee.
A Novel Standardized Drought and Flood Potential Index Based on Reconstructed Daily GRACE Data
Authors: Xiong Jinghua , Guo Shenglian , Abhishek  , Li Jun , Yin Jiabo
Published: October 2022

Multiple indicators derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite have been used in monitoring floods and droughts. However, these measures are constrained by the relatively short time span (∼20 years) and coarse temporal resolution (1 month) of the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions, and the inherent decay mechanism of the land surface system has not been considered. Here we reconstructed the daily GRACE-like terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) in the Yangtze River basin (YRB) during 1961–2015 based on the Institute of Geodesy at Graz University of Technology (ITSG)-Grace2018 solution using the random forest (RF) model. A novel antecedent metric, namely, standardized drought and flood potential index (SDFPI), was developed using reconstructed TWSA, observed precipitation, and modeled evapotranspiration. The potential of SDFPI was evaluated against in situ discharge, VIC simulations, and several widely used indices such as total storage deficit index (TSDI), self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI), and multiscale standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Daily SDFPI was utilized to monitor and characterize short-term severe floods and droughts. The results illustrate a reasonably good accuracy of ITSG-Grace2018 solution when compared with the hydrological model output and regional water balance estimates. The RF model presents satisfactory performances for the TWSA reconstruction, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.76 during the test period 2011–15. Spatiotemporal propagation of the developed SDFPI corresponds well with multiple indices when examined for two typical short-term events, including the 2003 flood and 2013 drought. A total of 22 submonthly exceptional floods and droughts were successfully detected and featured using SDFPI, highlighting its outperformance and capabilities in providing inferences for decision-makers and stakeholders to monitor and mitigate the short-term floods and droughts.
Transcriptional regulation mechanism of wheat varieties with different nitrogen use efficiencies in response to nitrogen deficiency stress
Authors: Wang Hanxia , Ma Qiaoyun , Shan Fuhua , Tian Liping , Gong Jie , Quan Wei , Yang Weibing , Hou Qiling , Zhang Fengting , Zhang Shengquan
Published: October 2022

Background

As one of the microelements, nitrogen play essential roles in cereal production. Although the use of chemical fertilizers has significantly improved the yield of wheat, it has also caused increasingly adverse environmental pollution. Revealing the molecular mechanism manipulating wheat nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and cultivating wheat germplasms with high nitrogen use efficiency has become important goals for wheat researchers. In this study, we investigated the physiological and transcriptional differences of three wheat cultivars with different NUE under low nitrogen stress.

Results

The results showed that, under low nitrogen conditions, the activities of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes (GS, NR, GDH), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and soluble protein contents of ZM366 (high NUE cultivar) were higher than those of JD8 (low NUE cultivar). The hybrid cultivar of ZM366 and JD8 showed mid-parent or over-parent heterosis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ‘alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism’, ‘terpenoid backbone biosynthesis’ and ‘vitamin B6 metabolism’ pathways play key roles in nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. The significant enhancement of the ‘Calvin cycle’ and ‘photorespiration’ in ZM366 contributed to its higher level of carbon metabolism under low nitrogen stress, which is an important attribute differs from the other two varieties. In addition, the activation of ABA signal transduction and biosynthesis pathways also helps to maintain NUE under low- nitrogen conditions. Moreover, bHLH transcription factors were also found to play a positive role in wheat NUE.

Conclusions

In conclusion, these results enriched our knowledge of the mechanism of wheat NUE, and provided a theoretical basis for improving wheat NUE and breeding new cultivars.
Physical performance in older age by sex and educational level: the HUNT Study
Authors: Melsæter Kjerstin N. , Tangen Gro G. , Skjellegrind Håvard K. , Vereijken Beatrix , Strand Bjørn H. , Thingstad Pernille
Published: October 2022

Background

Population-based studies on physical performance provide important information on older people’s health but rarely include the oldest and least-healthy segment of the population. The aim of this study was to provide representative estimates of physical performance by age, sex, and educational level based on recent data from a population-based health study in Norway that includes older people with a wide range in age and function.

Methods

In the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (2017–2019), all participants aged 70 + were invited to an additional examination of physical performance assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), either by attending a testing station or by visits from ambulatory teams. The distribution and variation in SPPB total and subscores, as well as gait speed, are presented by sex, age, and educational level.

Results

The SPPB was registered in 11,394 individuals; 54.8% were women; the age range was 70–105.4 years, with 1,891 persons aged 85 + . SPPB scores decreased by 0.27 points (men) and 0.33 points (women) for each year of age, and gait speed by 0.02 m/sec (men) and 0.03 m/sec (women). Using a frailty cut-off for gait speed at < 0.8 m/sec, the proportion of participants categorized as frail increased from 13.9% in the 70–74 years cohort to 73.9% in participants aged 85 + . Level of education $$\le$$
≤
10 years corresponded to 6 years (men) and 4 years (women) earlier onset of frailty (SPPB $$\le$$
≤
9) compared to education $$\ge$$
≥
14 years.

Conclusion

We found that the SPPB captured a gradual decline and wide distribution in physical performance in old age. The results provide information about physical performance, health status, and risk profiles at a population level and can serve as reference data for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare planners.
Screening and evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral effects of secondary metabolites from water extracts of Bersama abyssinica against SARS-CoV-2 Delta
Authors: Zekeya Never , Mamiro Bertha , Ndossi Humphrey , Mallya Rehema Chande , Kilonzo Mhuji , Kisingo Alex , Mtambo Mkumbukwa , Kideghesho Jafari , Chilongola Jaffu
Published: October 2022

Background

Bersama abyssinica is a common herb in Africa, with diverse medical uses in different areas. The plant is well-known in Tanzania for treating respiratory disorders such as TB, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and asthma, and it has lately been utilized to treat COVID-19 symptoms. Water extract of leaf and stem bark has been registered as an herbal medication known as 'Coviba Dawa' in Tanzania for the relief of bacterial respiratory infections. The extracts, however, have not been scientifically tested for their anti-viral activities. The aim of this work was to test for the cytotoxicity and antiviral effects of bioactive ingredients from B. abyssinica extracts against the Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.

Methods

B. abyssinica leaves and stem bark were dried under shade in room temperature and then pulverized to obtain small pieces before soaking into different solvents. One hundred grams of each, leaves and stem bark, were extracted in petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Water extract was obtained by decoction of stem bark and leaves into water. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants were confirmed as components of the extracts. Analysis of polar extracts of bark stem bark and leaves was done. Antiviral screening and cytotoxicity experiments were conducted in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Laboratory facility according to International Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).

Results

By the use of LC–MS/MS analysis, this study confirmed the existence of four phenolic compounds in B. abyssinica water extract; 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl propionate, 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 2,3, 6-trimethoxyflavone with antioxidant activity. This study showed that, while the water extracts of B. abyssinica had significant antiviral activity against SARS Cov2 virus, it showed no cytotoxicity effect on Vero E6 cells. In particular, the water extract (Coviba dawa) showed 75% while ethylacetate fraction of B. abyssinica leaves showed a 50% in vitro viral inhibition, indicating that these substances may be useful for the development of future anti-viral agents.

Conclusion

We therefore recommend isolation of compounds for further profiling and development with a broader concentration range. We further recommend studies that determine the antiviral activity of extracts of B.abyssinica on other viral pathogens of clinical concern.