bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language Learners’ Characteristics, Target Language Use, and Linguistic Development in a Domestic Immersion Context
Authors: Isabelli‐García Christina , Lacorte Manel
Published: August 2016

Second language acquisition research on the immersion context has focused primarily on study abroad, revealing the extent to which that context promotes learners’ developing linguistic and intercultural competence. However, little research has examined linguistic development in intensive, domestic immersion contexts. This study investigated the extent to which target language interactions in a seven‐week domestic immersion program predicted the acquisition of linguistic features that are not present in the learners’ native language or taught in the classroom. In addition, it addressed the way in which learners’ affective characteristics may account for variability in linguistic outcomes. Data obtained for 98 participants—including self‐reported individual variability questionnaires, language contact surveys, and questionnaires measuring the accuracy of left‐headed noun‐noun compounds, verb‐particle constructions, and resultatives—showed an association between the development of these syntactically complex structures and the amount of interaction with target language speakers in which participants reported engaging. Some participants also reported positive changes in their affective characteristics due to their participation in the intensive domestic immersion program. By emphasizing how language reflects the participants’ social environment, this analysis suggests that the contextual properties of a domestic immersion program can support language learners’ acquisition of syntactically complex linguistic elements.
Functions of interleukin‐34 and its emerging association with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Zhou Ren‐Peng , Wu Xiao‐Shan , Xie Ya‐Ya , Dai Bei‐Bei , Hu Wei , Ge Jin‐Fang , Chen Fei‐Hu
Published: August 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic, synovial inflammation affecting multiple joints, finally leading to extra‐articular lesions for which limited effective treatment options are currently available. Interleukin‐34 (IL‐34), recently discovered as the second colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor (CSF‐1R) ligand, is a newly discovered cytokine. Accumulating evidence has disclosed crucial roles of IL‐34 in the proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells, osteoclastogenesis and inflammation. Recently, IL‐34 was detected at high levels in patients with active RA and in experimental models of inflammatory arthritis. Blockade of functional IL‐34 with a specific monoclonal antibody can reduce the severity of inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that targeting IL‐34 or its receptors may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases such as RA. Here, we have comprehensively discussed the structure and biological functions of IL‐34, and reviewed recent advances in our understanding of the emerging role of IL‐34 in the development of RA as well as its potential utility as a therapeutic target.
Establishing Logistics Service Strategies That Increase Sales
Authors: Leuschner Rudolf , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: August 2016

While the linkage between logistics performance and firm performance has received attention in the literature, typically firm performance is measured as customer satisfaction and customer loyalty rather than share of business or other measures that translate into a financial benefit. Thus logistics executives continue to be judged primarily on cost and asset reductions. Only one study has documented how logistics performance affects customer satisfaction and the percentage of business allocated to the suppliers as well as the differences in outcomes between firms identified as primary and secondary suppliers (Leuschner et al. ). In this research, we use samples in the motion picture and video production industry, and the plastic materials and resins industry to investigate the impact of the Marketing Mix on customer satisfaction and share of business. Our results differ from Leuschner et al. () regarding the impact of product, price, and promotion on customer satisfaction, but we confirm the impact of logistics performance on customer satisfaction and the relationship between customer satisfaction and share of business for primary and secondary suppliers combined. Finally, we provide a framework to identify logistics service strategies based on a customer's current profitability, potential growth, and the share of a customer's purchases obtained.
Computerised attention training for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kirk Hannah E. , Gray Kylie M. , Ellis Kirsten , Taffe John , Cornish Kim M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience heightened attention difficulties which have been linked to poorer cognitive, academic and social outcomes. Although, increasing research has focused on the potential of computerised cognitive training in reducing attention problems, limited studies have assessed whether this intervention could be utilised for those with IDD. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a computerised attention training programme in children with IDD.

Methods

In a double‐blind randomised controlled trial, children (n = 76; IQ < 75) aged 4–11 years were assigned to an adaptive attention training condition or a nonadaptive control condition. Both conditions were completed at home over a 5‐week period and consisted of 25 sessions, each of 20‐min duration. Outcome measures (baseline, posttraining and 3‐month follow‐up) assessed core attention skills (selective attention, sustained attention and attentional control) and inattentive/hyperactive behaviour.

Results

Children in the attention training condition showed greater improvement in selective attention performance compared to children in the control condition (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI 0.02, 0.45). These improvements were maintained 3 months after training had ceased (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI 0.04, 0.48). The attention training programme was not effective in promoting improvements in sustained attention, attentional control or inattentive/hyperactive behaviours.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that attention training may enhance some aspects of attention (selective attention) in children with IDD, but the small to medium effect sizes indicate that further refinement of the training programme is needed to promote larger, more global improvements.
Freshness assessment of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during stroage at 4 °C by physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial evaluations
Authors: Yu Dawei , Xu Yanshun , Jiang Qixing , Yang Fang , Xia Wenshui
Published: August 2016

The freshness of commercial grass carp fillets stored at 4°C was estimated by physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial methods. Total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, thiobarbituric acid, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)‐soluble peptide, water loss, hypoxanthine, inosine and K value increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the content of inosine monophosphate was sharply decreased during storage period. Putrescine and histamine were the major amines and their concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other amines at the end of storage period. With regard to the texture profile analysis, the values of texture parameters (including hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience) decreased rapidly within the first 7 days, and then changed slowly until the end of storage, meanwhile, the variation of springiness was not significant during the whole storage period. All the tested microorganisms increased continuously and H2S‐producing bacteria (including Shewanella putrefaciens) was one of major specific spoilage organisms in refrigerated grass carp fillet. Furthermore, sensory analysis of odor and overall acceptability exhibited negative correlations with storage time (−0.96 and −0.94), which was a reflection of the fillets' loss of freshness. Based on the comprehensive results of physicochemical, microbiological and sensory evaluations, grass carp fillets had a shelf life of approximately 10 days during refrigerated storage.

Practical applications

Grass carp is one of the most important commercial freshwater fish in China and it is popular in market because of its palatability, nutritional characteristic and low price. As we all know, postmortem fish is highly perishable. Investigation of quality changes of refrigerated grass carp is of great significance to fillets' cold‐chain delivery. The quality analysis of refrigerated grass carp fillet will contribute to fishermen and processors in establishing better processing and distribution strategies.
Evaluating Exercise Prescription and Instructional Methods Used in Tai Chi Studies Aimed at Improving Balance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wu Yin , MacDonald Hayley V. , Pescatello Linda S.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To develop an evaluation instrument to determine to what extent Tai Chi interventions aimed at improving the balance of older adults disclosed their exercise prescription (Ex Rx) and instructional methods and met best‐practice exercise recommendations for balance improvement.

Design

Review.

Setting

PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched from their inception until August 22, 2014.

Participants

Adults aged 60 and older without debilitating disease.

Measurements

Three electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Tai Chi interventions aimed at improving balance in older adults without severe debilitating diseases. Three Ex Rx (frequency, time, intervention length) and 10 instructional (e.g., style, number of forms) methods of the included RCTs were evaluated.

Results

Twenty‐seven interventions were identified from 26 RCTs. On average, Tai Chi was performed for a mean 56.5 ± 14.4 minutes per session for 2.8 ± 1.4 sessions per week for 19.7 ± 12.7 weeks. Most interventions reported all three Ex Rx methods items, with a mean reporting rate of 92.6 ± 19.2%. For the 10 instructional methods items, the mean reporting rate was 41.1 ± 18.0%, significantly lower than for the Ex Rx methods items (P < .001). Fewer than half of the interventions reported unsupervised practice (15%), progression (22%), or the use of breathing (30%) and relaxation (15%) techniques. The instructional methods items most important for targeting Tai Chi practice to improve balance were not routinely disclosed, with only 15% reporting names of forms and 52% reporting movement principles.

Conclusion

Most Tai Chi interventions disclosed their Ex Rx methods yet routinely failed to report instructional methods. To increase the effectiveness of Tai Chi to improve balance in older adults, future RCTs should disclose their Ex Rx and instructional methods, especially methods that target balance.
Use and Interpretation of Propensity Scores in Aging Research: A Guide for Clinical Researchers
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Pieper Carl F. , Ahmed Ali , Colón‐Emeric Cathleen S.
Published: August 2016

Observational studies are an important source of evidence for evaluating treatment benefits and harms in older adults, but lack of comparability in the outcome risk factors between the treatment groups leads to confounding. Propensity score (PS) analysis is widely used in aging research to reduce confounding. Understanding the assumptions and pitfalls of common PS analysis methods is fundamental to applying and interpreting PS analysis. This review was developed based on a symposium of the American Geriatrics Society Annual Meeting on the use and interpretation of PS analysis in May 2014. PS analysis involves two steps: estimation of PS and estimation of the treatment effect using PS. Typically estimated from a logistic model, PS reflects the probability of receiving a treatment given observed characteristics of an individual. PS can be viewed as a summary score that contains information on multiple confounders and is used in matching, weighting, or stratification to achieve confounder balance between the treatment groups to estimate the treatment effect. Of these methods, matching and weighting generally reduce confounding more effectively than stratification. Although PS is often included as a covariate in the outcome regression model, this is no longer a best practice because of its sensitivity to modeling assumption. None of these methods reduce confounding by unmeasured variables. The rationale, best practices, and caveats in conducting PS analysis are explained in this review using a case study that examined the effective of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and hospitalization in older adults with heart failure.
Racial Differences in Hospitalizations of Dying Medicare–Medicaid Dually Eligible Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Cai Shubing , Miller Susan C. , Mukamel Dana B.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To examine whether racial differences in end‐of‐life (EOL) hospitalizations vary according to the presence of advance directives, specifically do‐not‐hospitalize (DNH) orders, and individual cognitive status in nursing home (NH) residents.

Design

National data, including Medicare data and Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0, between January 1, 2007, and September 30, 2010, were linked. EOL hospitalizations were hospitalizations in the last 30 days of life. Linear probability models with an interaction term (between race and DNH) and NH fixed‐effects were estimated. The analyses were stratified according to cognitive status.

Setting

Nursing homes in the United States.

Participants

Dually eligible Medicare–Medicaid decedents enrolled in Medicare fee‐for‐service plans and long‐stay NH residents (in NHs ≥ 90 days before death) (N = 394,948).

Measurements

Racial difference in EOL hospitalizations from a NH.

Results

End‐of‐life hospitalization rate was 31.7% for whites and 42.8% for blacks. For participants without DNH orders, adjusted probability of EOL hospitalization was higher for blacks than for whites: 2.7 percentage points in those with moderate cognitive impairment (P < .001) and 4.7 percentage points in those with severe cognitive impairment (P < .001). For those with DNH orders, adjusted racial differences in EOL hospitalization were not statistically significant in those with moderate (P = .25) or severe (P = .93) cognitive impairment, but blacks had a higher probability of EOL hospitalization than whites if they had relatively intact cognitive status.

Conclusion

Racial differences in EOL hospitalization varied with DNH orders and cognitive status in dying residents. Future research is necessary to understand the reasons behind these variations.
End‐of‐Life Discussions with Older Adults
Authors: Kale Minal S. , Ornstein Katherine A. , Smith Cardinale B. , Kelley Amy S.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of end‐of‐life (EOL) conversations with older adults.

Design

National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a prospective, longitudinal survey of Medicare beneficiaries.

Setting

Nationally representative.

Participants

A sample drawn from Wave 2 of the NHATS.

Measurements

The main outcome was the report of an EOL planning discussion, based upon the participant's response to the question “Have you talked to anyone about the types of medical treatment you would want or not want if you became seriously ill in the future?”

Results

Sixty‐one percent of the sample (n = 1,993 individuals, weighted n = 11,123,910) responded that they had discussed EOL treatment preferences with someone. In multivariate regression, factors associated with reporting an EOL discussion included being younger (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–2.47), having more education (high school degree: AOR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.02–2.07; some college: AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.40–2.95), and having multiple chronic conditions (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01–1.55). Black race was associated with lower odds of reporting a discussion (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33–0.65).

Conclusion

Forty percent of a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries had not discussed their preferences regarding EOL medical treatment. Promoting these conversations in clinical and nonclinical settings will be important to ensure that health care is delivered to individuals in a person‐centered manner.
Potential Effect of Substituting Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate for Estimated Creatinine Clearance for Dosing of Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Schwartz Janice B.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To determine the potential effect of substituting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates for renal clearance estimated using the Cockcroft–Gault method (CrCL‐CG) to calculate direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) dosing.

Design

Simulation and retrospective data analysis.

Setting

Community, academic institution, nursing home.

Participants

Noninstitutionalized individuals aged 19 to 80 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011/12) (n = 4,687) and medically stable research participants aged 25 to 105 (n = 208).

Measurements

Age, height, weight, sex, race, serum creatinine, CrCL‐CG, and GFR (according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equations). Outcome measures were dosing errors if GFR were to be substituted for CrCL‐CG.

Results

Renal clearance estimates according to all methods were highly correlated (P < .001), although at lower clearances, substitution of GFR estimates for CrCL‐CG resulted in failure to recognize needs for dose reductions of rivaroxaban or edoxaban in 28% of NHANES subjects and 47% to 56% of research subjects. At a CrCL‐CG of less than 30 mL/min, GFR estimates missed indicated dosage reductions for dabigatran in 18% to 21% of NHANES subjects and 57% to 86% of research subjects. Age and weight contributed to differences between renal clearance estimates (P < .001), but correction of GFR for body surface area (BSA) did not reduce dosing errors. At a CrCL‐CG greater than 95 mL/min, edoxaban is not recommended, and GFR esimates misclassified 24% of NHANES and 39% of research subjects. Correction for BSA reduced misclassification to 7% for NHANES and 14% in research subjects.

Conclusion

Substitution of GFR estimates for estimated CrCl can lead to failure to recognize indications for reducing DOAC dose and potentially higher bleeding rates than in randomized trials.
Dyspnea in Community‐Dwelling Older Persons: A Multifactorial Geriatric Health Condition
Authors: Miner Brienne , Tinetti Mary E. , Van Ness Peter H. , Han Ling , Leo‐Summers Linda , Newman Anne B. , Lee Patty J. , Vaz Fragoso Carlos A.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the associations between a broad array of cardiorespiratory and noncardiorespiratory impairments and dyspnea in older persons.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Cardiovascular Health Study.

Participants

Community‐dwelling persons (N = 4,413; mean age 72.6, 57.1% female, 4.5% African American, 27.2% <high school education, 54.7% ever‐smokers).

Measurements

Dyspnea severity (moderate to severe defined as American Thoracic Society Grade ≥2) and several impairments, including those established using spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)), maximal inspiratory pressure (respiratory muscle strength), echocardiography, ankle–brachial index, blood pressure, whole‐body muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance), single chair stand (lower extremity function), grip strength, serum hemoglobin and creatinine, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), Mini‐Mental State Examination, medication use, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

In a multivariable logistic regression model, impairments that had strong associations with moderate to severe dyspnea were FEV1 less than the lower limit of normal (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.37–3.49), left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45% (aOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.43, 3.16), unable to perform a single chair stand (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.61–2.73), depressive symptoms (CES‐D score ≥16; aOR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.26–3.23), and obesity (BMI ≥30; aOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.67–2.55). Impairments with modest but still statistically significant associations with moderate to severe dyspnea included respiratory muscle weakness, diastolic cardiac dysfunction, grip weakness, anxiety symptoms, and use of cardiovascular and psychoactive medications (aORs = 1.31–1.71).

Conclusion

In community‐dwelling older persons, several cardiorespiratory and noncardiorespiratory impairments were significantly associated with moderate to severe dyspnea, akin to a multifactorial geriatric health condition.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Older Veterans Using Nonclinician Sleep Coaches: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Alessi Cathy , Martin Jennifer L. , Fiorentino Lavinia , Fung Constance H. , Dzierzewski Joseph M. , Rodriguez Tapia Juan C. , Song Yeonsu , Josephson Karen , Jouldjian Stella , Mitchell Michael N.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To test a new cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) program designed for use by nonclinicians.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system.

Participants

Community‐dwelling veterans aged 60 and older who met diagnostic criteria for insomnia of 3 months duration or longer (N = 159).

Intervention

Nonclinician “sleep coaches” delivered a five‐session manual‐based CBT‐I program including stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, and cognitive therapy (individually or in small groups), with weekly telephone behavioral sleep medicine supervision. Controls received five sessions of general sleep education.

Measurements

Primary outcomes, including self‐reported (7‐day sleep diary) sleep onset latency (SOL‐D), wake after sleep onset (WASO‐D), total wake time (TWT‐D), and sleep efficiency (SE‐D); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); and objective sleep efficiency (7‐day wrist actigraphy, SE‐A) were measured at baseline, at the posttreatment assessment, and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Additional measures included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9)), and quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short‐form Survey version 2 (SF‐12v2)).

Results

Intervention subjects had greater improvement than controls between the baseline and posttreatment assessments, the baseline and 6‐month assessments, and the baseline and 12‐month assessments in SOL‐D (−23.4, −15.8, and −17.3 minutes, respectively), TWT‐D (−68.4, −37.0, and −30.9 minutes, respectively), SE‐D (10.5%, 6.7%, and 5.4%, respectively), PSQI (−3.4, −2.4, and −2.1 in total score, respectively), and ISI (−4.5, −3.9, and −2.8 in total score, respectively) (all P < .05). There were no significant differences in SE‐A, PHQ‐9, or SF‐12v2.

Conclusion

Manual‐based CBT‐I delivered by nonclinician sleep coaches improves sleep in older adults with chronic insomnia.
Effect of Primary Care Involvement on End‐of‐Life Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kim Sion L. , Tarn Derjung M.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between primary care involvement in end‐of‐life (EOL) care and health and utilization outcomes.

Design

Systematic review using MEDLINE and Web of Science.

Setting

All English literature published between 1994 and August 31, 2014, that included terms related to primary care providers (PCPs), continuity of care, EOL care, and palliative care.

Participants

Individuals receiving care from a PCP at the end of life.

Measurements

Study design, subject characteristics, study outcomes and results.

Results

Of 2,812 studies screened, 13 were included in this study. The studies were mostly conducted in the United States (n = 5) and Canada (n = 4) and analyzed data collected from 1989 to 2010. Almost all studies used different definitions of PCP involvement in care, but in general, individuals who received more care from PCPs were more likely to be discharged or die with supportive care (home or hospice) than those receiving less PCP care. A few studies indicated that individuals seeing a PCP were less likely to have hospital or emergency department admissions, although the evidence for this was mixed. Studies linking PCP involvement to resource use, symptom management, and survival had mixed results or showed no association.

Conclusion

When PCPs are involved in EOL care, people are more likely to die out of the hospital. Thus, the relationship with the PCP may be particularly important in EOL care, because PCPs may help individual establish goals of care and determine treatment preferences.
Financial Adviser Anxiety, Financial Literacy, and Financial Advice Seeking
Authors: Gerrans Paul , Hershey Douglas A.
Published: August 2016

Seeking professional financial advice to assist with financial decision making is an important option for consumers faced with increased responsibility for their own financial circumstances. We explore the role of two potential barriers/enablers to accessing financial advice. First, we explore the role of a variety of financial literacy measures to explain observed financial advice consultation. Second, we introduce a newly developed measure of financial adviser anxiety. We define adviser anxiety as (an existing or prospective clients') concerns involving the prospect of meeting with a financial adviser. The notion of adviser anxiety is inspired by evidence from medical settings that suggest individuals may refrain from seeking advice when objectively, it is in their best interests to do so. This anxiety may be due to embarrassment, worry, or other forms of apprehension associated with the consultation process. A new scale is presented which has strong validity and a demonstrated ability to explain reported future levels of professional advice seeking.
Framing moving and handling as a complex healthcare intervention within the acute care of older people with osteoporosis: a qualitative study
Authors: Smith Margaret Coulter , O'May Fiona , Tropea Savina , Berg Jackie
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate healthcare staff's views and experiences of caring for older hospitalised adults (aged 60+) with osteoporosis focusing on moving and handling. Specific objectives were to explore the composition of manual handling risk assessments and interventions in osteoporosis.

Background

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that reduces bone density and causes increased fracture risk. Incidence rises with age and osteoporotic fractures cause increased morbidity and mortality. It is a major global health problem. In the UK older hospitalised adults are normally screened for falls risk but not necessarily for osteoporosis. As presentation of osteoporosis is normally silent until fractures are evident, it is frequently undiagnosed. Healthcare staff's knowledge of osteoporosis is often suboptimal and specific manual handling implications are under‐researched.

Design

An exploratory qualitative content analysis research design informed by critical realism.

Methods

The purposive sample comprised 26 nursing and allied health professionals. Semi‐structured interviews addressed topics including knowledge of osteoporosis, implications for acute care, moving and handling and clinical guidelines. Qualitative content data analysis was used.

Results

Awareness of osteoporosis prevalence in older populations varies and implications for nursing are indistinct to nonspecialists. In‐hospital fractures potentially linked to suboptimal moving and handling seemed rare, but prospective studies are needed. Categories of ‘Understanding moving and handling as routine care or as a healthcare intervention’, with further categories ‘healthcare practitioners’ capacities and capabilities for dealing with people with osteoporosis’ and ‘the structural and organisational context for moving and handling’ are reported alongside safety, frailty and dependency dimensions.

Conclusions

This study informs moving and handling in higher risk groups such as osteoporosis. Clinical knowledge/expertise is required when adapting generic manual handling guidelines to specific patients/contexts. Patients’ experiences of moving and handling have received limited attention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Increased focus on musculoskeletal conditions and moving and handling implications is required.
Ice compresses aid the reduction of swelling and pain after scleral buckling surgery
Authors: Li Zhuo , Wang Qin
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate the therapeutic effects of a local ice compress in alleviating eyelid swelling and errhysis and providing relief from pain after surgery.

Background

Eyelid swelling and pain are the most common postoperative symptoms after scleral buckling surgery. A local ice compress can reduce the severity of swelling, errhysis and pain after acute injury as well as after surgery.

Design

A retrospective study.

Methods

A total of 100 patients who had undergone scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment were classified into an ice compress group or a control group. All patients received standard postoperative medical care: a 1% Tropicamide ophthalmic solution (Minims® Tropicamide; Bausch & Lomb, Surrey, UK), a 1% prednisolone acetate (Pred‐Forte; Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA), an ophthalmic tobramycin 0·3%/dexamethasone 0·1% combination ointment (Tobradex®; Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) and 0·5% Levofloxacin eye drops (Santen Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan), plus a homemade ice pack was placed over the operated eye of patients in the ice compress group for 30 minutes, three times a day for two consecutive postoperative days.

Results

The severity of swelling, pain and errhysis in the operated eyes was significantly lower in the ice compress group.

Conclusions

The local ice compress therapy helped reduce swelling, errhysis and pain in the operated eye after scleral buckling surgery.

Relevance to clinical practice

Use of a local ice compress after scleral buckling surgery can reduce swelling and pain on operated eyes, providing greater comfort for patients.
A nurse‐coordinated model of care versus usual care for chronic kidney disease: meta‐analysis
Authors: Xu Haidan , Mou Lisha , Cai Zhiming
Published: August 2016

Aim

To investigate whether a nurse‐led care was more beneficial for implementing chronic kidney disease guidelines and improved multiple risk factors compared with the usual care.

Background

Several independent clinical trials have been carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of a nurse‐led care to improve the outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease and address the risk factors for renal function decline. However, their results and conclusions were inconsistent.

Methods

A meta‐analysis was carried out on September 2015 based on previous studies that evaluated the efficiency of nurse‐led care model for patients with chronic kidney disease. Following quality appraisal, four randomised clinical trials that allocated patients with chronic kidney disease to usual care and nurse‐coordinated care were included. Primary outcomes, such as kidney failure and cardiovascular events, were analysed.

Results

Compared with the usual care group, a nurse‐coordinated care model reduced the risks of composite death, decreased the occurrence rate of end‐stage renal disease and doubled serum creatinine. On the contrary, a slight propulsive effect of nurse‐led interventional care occurred on acute myocardial infarction and heart failure.

Limitations

Only five studies were included and conducted nonstandard evaluating endpoints, causing fewer studies were categorised in each outcome events in this meta‐analysis, subsequently leading to heterogeneity and less persuasive.

Conclusions

Intensive interventions delivered by nurse coordinators are expected to benefit patients to attain longer life expectancy and higher life quality as well as to improve controlling risk factors implicated in chronic kidney disease progression.

Relevance to clinical practice

More government and hospitals should modify the traditional nursing routine based on this study, providing a more intensive nurse‐coaching care model for patients with chronic kidney disease, even aged or other chronic diseases, which shall further help to better control the risk factors and delay disease progression.
Gut complex carbohydrates and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens fed with oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) aqueous extract and vitamin E
Authors: Scocco P. , Forte C. , Franciosini M. P. , Mercati F. , Casagrande‐Proietti P. , Dall'Aglio C. , Acuti G. , Tardella F. M. , Trabalza‐Marinucci M.
Published: August 2016

One hundred and seventy one‐day‐old female broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups fed with different dietary treatments: basal control diet (C); C supplemented (2 g/kg) with an oregano aqueous extract (O); C supplemented (150 mg/kg) with vitamin E (E). Growth performance was evaluated at 21 (T1) and 42 days (T2). On the same days, morphological, histochemical and microbiological analyses were performed. The O group showed the highest (p < 0.01) body weight at T1, while no differences were observed at T2. Light microscopic observation and conventional histochemistry showed no differences with regard to the two sampling times, whereas significant differences emerged among the treatments. The O treatment generally enhanced goblet cell reactivity more than both the C and E treatments. Coliform count was lower in the ileum tract of the O group at both T1 and T2 (p < 0.05) and increased with age in all groups. Escherichia coli showed the lowest values in the caecum of the O group (p < 0.001) at both sampling times. Enterococci, lactobacilli and staphylococci populations showed no differences among the different experimental groups in the caecum. In the ileum, the O group did not exhibit the sharp decline (p < 0.001) in the lactic acid bacteria population observed in the other two experimental groups. In conclusion, oregano aqueous extract supplementation seemed to elicit the best response among treatments, enabling better growth performance, enhancing both the quantity and quality of glycoconjugates involved in indirect defence actions and significantly reducing both the coliform and E. coli counts.
Effect of a dietary supplementation with linseed oil and selenium to growing rabbits on their productive performances, carcass traits and fresh and cooked meat quality
Authors: Matics Zs. , Cullere M. , Szín M. , Gerencsér Zs. , Szabó A. , Fébel H. , Odermatt M. , Radnai I. , Dalle Zotte A. , Szendrő Zs.
Published: August 2016

The present experiment tested a dietary supplementation with linseed oil and selenium to growing rabbits. The basal diet (B) contained 3% sunflower oil, while it was substituted with 3% linseed oil in the experimental feed (S). The selenium (Se) content of the two diets was 0.10 vs. 0.46 mg/kg. Rabbits were fed with B diet from the age of 18 days. One group was fed with the B diet until 11 weeks of age (group B), whereas the experimental groups were fed with S diet for 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks (groups S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively), before slaughtering (11 weeks of age). Live performance and carcass traits of rabbits, fatty acid (FA) profile and selenium content of their hind leg (HL) and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) meat were considered in this study. In addition, the effect of two different cooking methods on the nutritional value of the enriched HL meat was also assessed. The tested dietary supplementation only minimally affected the live performance and carcass traits of rabbits. The S supplementation significantly reduced the Σ n‐6 FA and increased the Σ n‐3 FA of the HL meat and LTL meat, compared to the B diet (p < 0.001); thus, n‐6/n‐3 ratio was improved (p < 0.001). In addition, HL meat and LTL meat of S fed rabbits were significantly enriched in Se reaching a twofold increase in both meat cuts (p < 0.01). Therefore, the S supplementation improved the functional value of the rabbit meat. The heat treatment affected cooking loss, Se and vitamin E contents as well as the oxidative status of the HL meat (p < 0.001), with the different cooking methods providing different results. In addition, even if the beneficial C20:5 n‐3 and C22:6 n‐3 decreased with cooking, the n‐6/n‐3 ratio remained unaffected.
Compounding
Authors: Punske Jeffrey
Published: August 2016

Compounding presents a puzzle both empirically and theoretically to a number of different linguistic frameworks. While the general pattern of compounds is easily accounted for, exceptional forms abound. Because of these exceptions, there is no universally agreed upon definition for “compound”, nor is there total agreement that compounding is actually a process of language. This paper examines the syntax and semantics of compounds including topics of: endocentricity vs. exocentricity, compound stress, and inflectional morphology in compounds. It charts the history and development of thought on compounding through some very challenging data.
Landscape genetics of a pollinator longhorn beetle [Typocerus v. velutinus(Olivier)] on a continuous habitat surface
Authors: Abdel Moniem H. E. M. , Schemerhorn B. J. , DeWoody J. A. , Holland J. D.
Published: August 2016

Landscape connectivity, the degree to which the landscape structure facilitates or impedes organismal movement and gene flow, is increasingly important to conservationists and land managers. Metrics for describing the undulating shape of continuous habitat surfaces can expand the usefulness of continuous gradient surfaces that describe habitat and predict the flow of organisms and genes. We adopted a landscape gradient model of habitat and used surface metrics of connectivity to model the genetic continuity between populations of the banded longhorn beetle [Typocerus v. velutinus(Olivier)] collected at 17 sites across a fragmentation gradient in Indiana,USA. We tested the hypothesis that greater habitat connectivity facilitates gene flow between beetle populations against a null model of isolation by distance (IBD). We used next‐generation sequencing to develop 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and genotype the individual beetles to assess the population genetic structure. Isolation by distance did not explain the population genetic structure. The surface metrics model of habitat connectivity explained the variance in genetic dissimilarities 30 times better than theIBDmodel. We conclude that surface metrology of habitat maps is a powerful extension of landscape genetics in heterogeneous landscapes.
Local endemism and within‐island diversification of shrews illustrate the importance of speciation in building Sundaland mammal diversity
Authors: Demos Terrence C. , Achmadi Anang S. , Giarla Thomas C. , Handika Heru , Maharadatunkamsi   , Rowe Kevin C. , Esselstyn Jacob A.
Published: August 2016

Island systems are important models for evolutionary biology because they provide convenient, discrete biogeographic units of study. Continental islands with a history of intermittent dry land connections confound the discrete definitions of islands and have led zoologists to predict (i) little differentiation of terrestrial organisms among continental shelf islands and (ii) extinction, rather than speciation, to be the main cause of differences in community composition among islands. However, few continental island systems have been subjected to well‐sampled phylogeographic studies, leaving these biogeographic assumptions of connectivity largely untested. We analysed nine unlinked loci from shrews of the genusCrocidurafrom seven mountains and two lowland localities on the Sundaic continental shelf islands of Sumatra and Java. Coalescent species delimitation strongly supported all currently recognizedCrociduraspecies from Sumatra (six species) and Java (five species), as well as one undescribed species endemic to each island. We find that nearly all species ofCrocidurain the region are endemic to a single island and several of these have their closest relative(s) on the same island. Intra‐island genetic divergence among allopatric, conspecific populations is often substantial, perhaps indicating species‐level diversity remains underestimated. One recent (Pleistocene) speciation event generated two morphologically distinct, syntopic species on Java, further highlighting the prevalence of within‐island diversification. Our results suggest that both between‐ and within‐island speciation processes generated local endemism in Sundaland, supplementing the traditional view that the region's fauna is relictual and primarily governed by extinction.
Identifying the essential components of cultural competence in a Chinese nursing context: A qualitative study
Authors: Cai Duanying , Kunaviktikul Wipada , Klunklin Areewan , Sripusanapan Acharaporn , Avant Patricia Kay
Published: August 2016

This qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews was conducted to identify the essential components of cultural competence from the perspective of Chinese nurses. A purposive sample of 20 nurse experts, including senior clinical nurses, nurse administrators, and educators in transcultural nursing, was recruited. Using thematic analysis, four themes: awareness, attitudes, knowledge, and skills, with two subthemes for each, were identified. Notably, culture in China was understood in a broad way. The participants’ responses focused upon demographic attributes, individuality, and efforts to facilitate quality care rather than on the cultural differences of ethnicity and race and developing the capacity to change discrimination or health disparities. A greater understanding of cultural competence in the Chinese nursing context, in which a dominant cultural group exists, is essential to facilitate the provision of culturally competent care to diverse populations.
What we're trying to solve: the back and forth of engaged interdisciplinary inquiry
Authors: Kane Anne T , Perry Donna J
Published: August 2016

Interdisciplinary research assumes that teams of highly specialized scientists develop new knowledge by bridging their respective horizons. Nurse educators preparing nursing doctoral students to conduct interdisciplinary research need insight into how members of interdisciplinary research teams experience knowledge horizons in these complex contexts. Based on the work of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan, this pilot study uses Transcendental Method for Research with Human Subjects to explore interdisciplinary researchers' experiences with and attitudes toward interdisciplinary research. Results reveal the overarching conceptual category of “engaged interdisciplinary inquiry” which includes six themes: (i) valuing interdisciplinary engagement; (ii) direct engagement; (iii) interior engagement; (iv) disengagement; (v) facilitated engagement and (vi) engaged researcher development. Results also suggest engagement depends on vigorous “back and forth”, or dialogue, with self and others, and demonstrate the study method is fruitful for cognitive inquiry. This pilot supports expanded study to inform preparation for and conduct of interdisciplinary research involving nurses and raises important questions about how the trend toward interdisciplinary research affects nursing science.
The endodermis as a checkpoint for nutrients
Authors: Barberon Marie
Published: August 2016

Plant roots forage the soil for nutrients and transport them upwards to the aerial parts. Nutrients entering the plant are transported through the concentric layers of epidermis, cortex and endodermis before reaching the central vasculature. The endodermis is the innermost cortical cell layer that surrounds the vasculature. The endodermis forms barriers, the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae, which have been assumed to play a major role in controlling nutrient acquisition. However, the molecular network controlling its differentiation has started to be investigated only recently, giving an unprecedented opportunity to address the role of these barriers in plant nutrition. This insight aims to present recent advances regarding endodermis differentiation, its function as a barrier for nutrients and its developmental plasticity, all pointing to a pivotal role of the endodermis as a checkpoint for nutrients.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Endodermal differentiation
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III.
The endodermis as a barrier
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IV.
Endodermal plasticity to nutrients
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V.
Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Compatibility of Radiofrequency Surgical Sponge Detection Technology with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Temporary Pacemakers
Authors: SALCEDO JONATHAN D. , PRETORIUS VICTOR G. , HSU JONATHAN C. , LALANI GAUTAM G. , SCHRICKER AMIR A. , HEBSUR SHRINIVAS M. , McGARRY THOMAS J. , HUNTER JESSICA A. , LEWIS KATHRYN E. , KRUMMEN DAVID E. , FELD GREGORY K. , BIRGERSDOTTER‐GREEN ULRIKA
Published: August 2016

Background

Radiofrequency (RF) technology has improved detection of retained surgical sponges with a reported 100% sensitivity and specificity. However, the potential for interactions of the RF signals emitted by the detection system with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) or temporary pacemakers may limit its use in those patients with these devices. This study investigated whether RF detection technology causes interference or clinically significant changes in the programmed settings of implanted pacemakers and defibrillators or temporary epicardial pacemakers.

Methods

Fifty patients who were scheduled either for CIED removal or placement of a temporary epicardial pacemaker (at the time of open heart surgery) were recruited for this study. Device settings and measurements from separate interrogations before and after scanning with the RF detection system were compared. For the temporary pacemakers, we observed for any changes in hemodynamics or signs of pacing interference.

Results

Twenty (40%) pacemakers, 20 (40%) implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and 10 (20%) temporary pacemakers were analyzed in this study. During scanning, no signal interference was detected in any permanent device, and there were no significant changes in programmed settings after scanning with the RF detection system. However, pacing inhibition was detected with temporary pacing systems when programmed to a synchronous mode (DDD).

Conclusions

RF detection technology can be safely used to scan for retained surgical sponges in patients with permanent CIEDs and temporary pacemakers set to asynchronous mode.