bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can At-Risk Youth Be Diverted From Crime?
Authors: Wong Jennifer S. , Bouchard Jessica , Gravel Jason , Bouchard Martin , Morselli Carlo
Published: May 2016

Existing reviews of the impact of restorative justice programs on juvenile recidivism have reached mixed conclusions. The present meta-analysis identified relevant studies through a systematic search of 20 databases over a 25-year period as well as the ancestry method. Application of inclusion criteria resulted in a set of 21 studies contributing 21 independent effect sizes. Programs were found to be overall effective at reducing recidivism, with a pooled odds ratio of 1.28. Subgroup analyses indicate strong evidence that study and treatment characteristics play a role in evaluation results, such as strength of research design and racial/ethnic mix of program participants. Overall quality of the literature is relatively weak, with the large majority of studies derived from non-peer-reviewed sources and a lack of detail presented on treatment characteristics. Limitations with respect to exclusion criteria, sample sizes, and between-study heterogeneity are discussed.
A Pyrrhic Victory? The Limits to the Successful Crackdown on Informal-Sector Plastics Recycling in Wenan County, China
Authors: Goldstein Joshua
Published: May 2016

Wenan county in Hebei province was “North China’s plastic waste recycling capital,” home to around ten thousand informal enterprises that together processed millions of tons of waste plastic annually until they were finally shut down in 2011. Based on fieldwork in North China’s informal recycling sector and data from gazetteers, government documents, news articles, and Chinese blogs, this article sketches how the informal waste sector developed in Wenan since the 1980s and analyzes how local government approaches to the sector changed as the devastating pollution and health effects of the industry became increasingly apparent. While the 2011 crackdown finally eliminated the sector from Wenan county, it predictably resulted in scattering these polluting enterprises throughout the region to work in more covert conditions, contributing to a “race to the bottom” dynamic in the sector. The conclusion proposes an alternative policy approach to the problem and briefly evaluates a national-scale initiative against the sector being planned for 2016.
Deconstructing the Greek system of industrial relations
Authors: Koukiadaki Aristea , Kokkinou Chara
Published: May 2016

Under external pressure, the Greek system of industrial relations has undergone radical regulatory changes since 2010. These have led to a significant contraction of higher level bargaining and a process of disorganized decentralization, bringing the collective bargaining system to a brink of collapse. Emerging demands on the part of both employers and unions to preserve multi-level bargaining, together with greater support on the part of the state, could halt or even reverse some of these trends. But the scope for success of such efforts depends on how far ‘regulated austerity’ continues to dominate European policy.
Life With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Reitblat Lital , Whittemore Robin , Weinzimer Stuart A. , Tamborlane William V. , Sadler Lois S.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of Hispanic adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) from the perspectives of adolescents and their diabetes clinicians.

Methods

Nine Hispanic adolescents with T1DM and 7 clinicians at a tertiary academic medical center participated in in-depth individual semistructured interviews. Adolescents were purposively sampled to obtain a range in age and metabolic control. Based on interpretive descriptive methodology, data were coded and combined into themes, which were constructed separately for the 2 groups and then compared across groups. Data were analyzed concurrently with data collection.

Results

Adolescents and clinicians reported similar themes related to (1) cultural aspects of living with T1DM; (2) finding the balance of: food, insulin, and exercise; being “perfect at diabetes” versus being a “normal teenager”; and being independent versus needing support, and (3) ways to improve life for Hispanic adolescents with T1DM. Although there were some key cultural distinctions, Hispanic adolescents with T1DM and their clinicians described life and daily management issues as being similar to those of their non-Hispanic peers.

Conclusions

Hispanic adolescents with T1DM have unique experiences and beliefs that affect their living with T1DM, but in many respects, their experiences are similar to those of their non-Hispanic peers with T1DM. Hispanic adolescents with T1DM want their clinicians to learn about their personal lives. Preferably, clinicians and parents should speak the same language. If not possible, interpreters should be used instead of having adolescents translate during clinic appointments.
Music, radio and mediatization
Authors: Michelsen Morten , Krogh Mads
Published: May 2016

Mediatization has become a key concept for understanding the relations between media and other cultural and social fields. Contributing to the discussions related to the concept of mediatization, this article discusses how practices of radio and music(al life) influence each other. We follow Deacon’s and Stanyer’s advice to supplement the concept of mediatization with ‘a series of additional concepts at lower levels of abstraction’ and suggest, in this respect, the notion of heterogeneous milieus of music–radio. Hereby, we turn away from the all-encompassing perspectives related to the concept of mediatization where media as such seem to be ascribed agency. Instead, we consider historical accounts of music–radio in order to address the complex non-linearity of concrete processes of mediatization as they take place in the multiple meetings between a decentred notion of radio and musical life.
The Job Demands–Control–Support Model and Job Satisfaction Across Gender
Authors: Hwang Woosang , Ramadoss Kamala
Published: May 2016

This study examined the gender difference regarding the simultaneous impacts of Job Demands–Control–Support model variables (job demands, job control, supervisor support, and coworker support) on job satisfaction via work–family conflict using multiple group structural equation modeling. The participants were 1,092 male and 1,367 female employees from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. Results showed that job control was only significantly associated with work–family conflict in female employees. In addition, high levels of job control, supervisor support, and coworker support were significantly associated with an increase in job satisfaction in both male and female employees. Regarding the mediating effect, work–family conflict mediated relationships between job demands, supervisor support, coworker support, and job satisfaction in both male and female employees, whereas work–family conflict only mediated the association between job control and job satisfaction in female employees. In this study, the implications considering the gender difference and work–family contexts are discussed.
An individualized exercise programme with and without behavioural change enhancement strategies for managing fatigue among frail older people: a quasi-experimental pilot study
Authors: Liu Justina Y-W , Lai Claudia KY , Siu Parco M , Kwong Enid , Tse Mimi MY
Published: May 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effects of an individualized exercise programme with and without behavioural change enhancement strategies for frail older people with fatigue.

Design:

A three-arm, single-blinded, quasi-experimental pilot study.

Setting:

Community health centres.

Participants:

A total of 79 frail older people with fatigue, mean age 79.32 years (±7.72).

Interventions:

The combined group received a 16-week combined intervention consisting of exercise training and a behavioural change enhancement programme. The exercise group received exercise training and health talks, whereas the control group received only health talks.

Main outcome measure(s):

Feasibility was assessed through the participants’ recruitment, retention, attendance and adherence, feedback, and reports of adverse events. The preliminary effects were assessed by the participants’ level of fatigue, physical endurance, self-efficacy, and self-perceived compliance with exercise.

Results:

Feasibility was achievable with high recruitment (87.2%) and low overall attrition (7.1%) rates. A similar reduction in fatigue was identified in all groups, but a trend of greater improvement in physical endurance was observed in the combined group than in the other two groups. The combined group also had a significantly better attendance rate [F(2,76) = 5.64, p < 0.01)] and higher self-perceived exercise compliance than the exercise group.

Conclusion:

The combined intervention has the potential to enhance the participants’ adherence to exercise regimens by improving their attendance in training sessions and their self-perceived exercise compliance. They are important to maintaining an appropriate level of engagement in daily exercises, especially at the beginning stages of behavioural change, when the participants are establishing the habit of exercising daily.
Current understanding of decision-making in adolescents with cancer: A narrative systematic review
Authors: Day Emma , Jones Louise , Langner Richard , Bluebond-Langner Myra
Published: May 2016

Background:

Policy guidance and bioethical literature urge the involvement of adolescents in decisions about their healthcare. It is uncertain how roles and expectations of adolescents, parents and healthcare professionals influence decision-making and to what extent this is considered in guidance.

Aims:

To identify recent empirical research on decision-making regarding care and treatment in adolescent cancer: (1) to synthesise evidence to define the role of adolescents, parents and healthcare professionals in the decision-making process and (2) to identify gaps in research.

Design:

A narrative systematic review of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research. We adopted a textual approach to synthesis, using a theoretical framework of interactionism to interpret findings.

Data Sources:

The databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, EMBASE and CINHAL were searched from 2001 through May 2015 for publications on decision-making for adolescents (13–19 years) with cancer.

Results:

Twenty-eight articles were identified. Adolescents and parents initially find it difficult to participate in decision-making due to a lack of options in the face of protocol-driven care. Parent and adolescent preferences for information and response to loss of control vary between individuals and over time. No studies indicate parental or adolescent preference for a high degree of independence in decision-making.

Conclusion:

Striving to make parents and adolescents fully informed or urge them towards more independence than they prefer may add to distress and confusion. This may interfere with their ability to participate in their preferred way in decisions about care and treatment. Future research should include analysis of on-ground interactions among parents, adolescents and clinicians across the trajectory.
Carers of people affected by cancer and other long-term conditions at end of life: A qualitative study of providing a bespoke package of support in a rural setting
Authors: Nelson David , Mansfield Paul , Kane Roslyn
Published: May 2016

Background:

A UK charity, Macmillan Cancer Support has funded a local intervention, whereby carers of people affected by cancer and other long-term conditions at end of life are offered a bespoke package of support.

Aim:

This short report describes the qualitative experiences of carers in receipt of the intervention.

Design:

Qualitative research utilising in-depth interviews. Discussions were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Setting/participants:

Participants were carers ( n = 10) in receipt of the intervention. Interviews were conducted between August and September 2014 in Lincolnshire (England).

Results:

Five themes from the interviews were identified: (1) Awareness and advertising, (2) focus of support on the carer, (3) modes of communication, (4) personal attributes and skills of the support worker (5) streamlining and signposting.

Conclusion:

The intervention was successful within a social care setting. The participants had no overtly negative opinions on the service in its current format and all held it in high regard. Carers felt a sense of reassurance from having background support and maintained that their situation would have been worse had this support not been there.
Stitching Together Creativity and Responsibility
Authors: Halpern Megan K. , Sadowski Jathan , Eschrich Joey , Finn Ed , Guston David H.
Published: May 2016

This article explores Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein as an “object of care” for use in examining the relationship between creativity and responsibility in the sciences and beyond. Through three short sketches from different disciplinary lenses—literature, science and technology studies, and feminist studies—readers get a sense of the different ways scholars might consider Shelley’s text as an object of care. Through an analysis and synthesis of these three sketches, the authors illustrate the value of such an object in thinking about broad cultural issues. The article acts as a kind of boundary object by creating distinct, yet overlapping narratives from an object that is owned by many social worlds. The three sketches reveal Frankenstein as a thoughtful consideration about what it means to care for, or fail to care for, one’s creation, rather than as a cautionary tale about the evils of scientific hubris. Although infrastructures at universities often prevent interdisciplinary dialogue, the article concludes that purposeful boundary objects created around objects of care like Frankenstein can help build bridges and create shared meanings for new interdisciplinary spaces.
Middle leadership and its challenges
Authors: Irvine Paul , Brundrett Mark
Published: May 2016

This article presents initial findings from a case study of the challenges facing newly appointed middle leaders in an independent school in the North West of England. The research approach has included interviews with twenty-five staff from within the school. It was observed that the skills set needed for middle leadership is different to that of the classroom teacher. The challenges faced by the middle leader come from a variety of sources which appear to lie largely outside the middle leaders’ control. However, there are also several factors that do lie within the middle leaders’ sphere of influence and which enable them to deal with and overcome the challenges they face. Linking this to international research into skills acquisition, it is concluded that for the newly appointed and inexperienced middle leader there are specific and identifiable factors that can be prioritised for development, and that more focussed approaches of leadership development should be adopted.
Properties of rigid polyvinyl chloride foam composites reinforced with different shape fillers
Authors: Khoshnoud Parisa , Abu-Zahra Nidal
Published: May 2016

In this study, the effect of reinforcements’ shape and type on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam composites is investigated. For this purpose, three different fillers, longitudinal structure glass fiber, flaky structure mica, and spherical structure fly ash, were selected to prepare PVC foam composites with 0–20 wt% loading. The tensile strength in both 10 wt% reinforced mica and glass fiber composites improved slightly, while it decreased with the addition of 10 wt% fly ash. Flexural strength reached its maximum in mica and fly ash-filled composites at 10 wt% loading. Meanwhile, flexural strength exhibited higher saturation levels of longitudinal glass fibers due to their penetration within the foam cells. Charpy impact strength measurements showed a decreasing trend with increasing the filler content; however, the rate of reduction was the lowest in PVC/glass fiber foam composites. The effect of filler type and geometry on thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PVC foam composites was studied using thermogravimetric analyzer and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. First decomposition temperature of PVC composites dropped slightly with the addition of fillers, where glass fiber-reinforced foam composites exhibited the lowest rate of reduction. The second decomposition step of PVC foam composites shifted toward higher temperatures with increasing the filler content. Fly ash was found to be more effective in improving the second decomposition temperature. The dynamic modulus of mica and glass fiber-reinforced composites showed an increasing trend below and above glass transition temperature, up to 10 wt% loading, while the storage modulus in fly ash-reinforced composites increased with increasing the filler content at a constant rate. Morphological studies revealed that mica flakes with a paralleled structure within cell walls and glass fibers with a penetrated structure within the cell bubbles exhibited higher agglomeration compared to fly ash composites.
Integrating Acupuncture Within a Wellness Intervention for Women With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Becker Heather , Stuifbergen Alexa K. , Schnyer Rosa N. , Morrison Janet D. , Henneghan Ashley
Published: May 2016

Purpose: This pilot study explored change over time in symptom management, health promotion, and quality of life following exposure to a holistic intervention combining group acupuncture with group sessions about health promotion for women with multiple sclerosis. Design: This was a pre/post nonexperimental design. Method: Fourteen women (average age 54 years) attended eight classes designed to help participants build the skills necessary to improve their health and consequently their overall quality of life. Acupuncture was provided in a group setting either immediately before or after each class. Findings: Self-reported fatigue, stress, pain, depression, anxiety, and sleep interference decreased significantly, and overall health-promoting behaviors, self-efficacy for health promotion, social functioning, and quality of life increased significantly. In addition, focus groups held with the participants indicated that they responded positively to the combination of acupuncture with an efficacy-building health promotion intervention. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study add to the growing literature demonstrating that holistic health promotion interventions may have positive benefits for people with multiple sclerosis. Delivering acupuncture to a small group of individuals attending wellness classes appears to be feasible and was generally well received by the study participants.
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of new redox-active polyimides with (1-piperidinyl)triphenylamine moieties
Authors: Hsiao Sheng-Huei , Hsiao Ying-Hsiu
Published: May 2016

A series of new electroactive aromatic polyimides with (1-piperidinyl)triphenylamine moieties were prepared from 4,4′-diamino-4″-(1-piperidinyl)triphenylamine and aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides via the conventional two-step polycondensation technique. Flexible and strong polyimide films could be obtained via the thermal curing of their precursor poly(amic acid) films. The polyimides showed high glass transition temperatures between 288°C and 318°C, and they did not show significant decomposition before 500°C in air or nitrogen atmosphere. Cyclic voltammograms of the polyimide films on the indium–tin oxide-coated glass substrate exhibited a pair of reversible oxidation waves with low onset oxidation potentials of 0.45–0.49 V (vs. silver/silver chloride) in acetonitrile solution. Upon oxidation, the color of the polyimide films changes from pale yellow to yellowish green and finally to blue.
The transnational circulation of the ‘organizing model’ and its reception in Germany and France
Authors: Thomas Adrien
Published: May 2016

Approaches to union ‘renewal’ or ‘revitalization’ developed in the USA have influenced debates in other countries on responses to the loss of membership. The ‘organizing model’ was first disseminated to other Anglophone countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) but was subsequently discussed and adopted in a number of continental European countries. This article analyses the transnational circulation of the organizing approach, focusing on its reception in Germany and France and examining the actors and channels of circulation, before exploring the extent to which the ‘organizing model’ has been received, reformulated and adopted.
Power, politics and peripheralization: Two Eastern German cities
Authors: Kühn Manfred , Bernt Matthias , Colini Laura
Published: May 2016

Increasing socio-spatial inequalities in Europe have led to a revival of the term “peripheralization” in urban and regional research. In this context, peripheralization is often seen as an outcome of powerlessness. It is stated that peripheralized actors are lacking the capacities to influence decisions or are excluded from decision-making networks. This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between peripheralization and power by empirically testing if the notion of “powerless” peripheries holds true in the light of established theories on local power. Therefore, we refer to the Community Power Debate, especially to concepts known as the “three faces of power” and the distinction between “power over” and “power to”, which were brought forward by Urban Regime theories. We discuss two empirical cases in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and demonstrate that peripheralization here cannot be regarded as the outcome of an intended disadvantage facilitated by powerful elites (“power over”). Rather, we highlight a number of structural constraints, which decisively limit the capacity to act and the scope for local decision-making (“power to”). We conclude that future research should overcome a perspective on peripheries as exclusively being dominated and disadvantaged by the centres and focus on the lack of resources that hinders peripheries to have a more sustained influence in political decision-making.
“There’s More Thinking to Decide”
Authors: Blackstone Amy , Stewart Mahala Dyer
Published: May 2016

The processes by which women and men decide not to have or rear children are lengthy and complex. Analysis of data from qualitative interviews with 21 women and 10 men reveals two primary themes in adults’ descriptions of their decision not to have children: (1) that the decision was a decidedly conscious decision and (2) that the decision occurred as a process as opposed to a singular event. The features of these two themes are considered, as are their gendered dimensions and social and practical implications.
Relationship Senescence
Authors: Roberts Thomas W. , Booth Jacki , Beach Sara
Published: May 2016

Biosocial factors, such as attachment, temperament, adaptability, genes, and neural functioning, have been mainly ignored by couple therapists. The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between biosocial factors and therapeutic interventions. The main focus of therapy from a biosocial perspective is changing the brain of each partner. Suggestions for interventions aimed at changing the brain include implicit and nonverbal interventions; understanding the role of emotion in rational thinking; altering and reducing the impact of negative emotions; increasing positive experiences; improving romantic and sexual functioning; and improving the whole person including the mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps
Authors: Horvath Bela , Pai Rish K.
Published: May 2016

Hyperplastic polyps of the stomach are routinely encountered during upper endoscopy and often arise in the setting of abnormal surrounding mucosa, particularly Helicobacter pylori, autoimmune gastritis, and reactive gastropathy. Not infrequently gastroenterologists fail to biopsy the surrounding mucosa, thus determining the underlying etiology of the gastric hyperplastic polyp can be difficult. Recently, the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society published guidelines on the use of special stains. The society guidelines indicate that H pylori are not usually present in hyperplastic polyps and special stains in this setting may have limited utility. We analyzed the histologic features of 32 gastric hyperplastic polyps in which the nonpolypoid mucosa demonstrated H pylori gastritis. A consecutive series of 50 hyperplastic polyps in which no surrounding mucosa was sampled was also analyzed. When H pylori are identified in biopsies of the nonpolypoid mucosa, it is also commonly present within the polyp tissue (22/32, 69%). The majority of H pylori organisms were identified on routine hematoxylin and eosin stain (16/22, 72%). In contrast, H pylori were only seen in 2/50 consecutive hyperplastic polyps in which the surrounding mucosa was not sampled. Compared with the hyperplastic polyps that lack the organisms, H pylori associated hyperplastic polyps more commonly had dense lymphoplasmacytic inflammation ( P = .0001) and neutrophils within gastric epithelium ( P = .036). Polyp location, number, size, and presence of intestinal metaplasia was not associated with H pylori. These results provide empirical data to guide evaluation of hyperplastic polyps for H pylori.
Granulomatous Insulitis as a Cause of Acute-Onset Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in a Patient With a Pancreatic Endocrine Carcinoma
Authors: Saab Jad , Qin Lihui , Jessurun Jose
Published: May 2016

Autoimmune destruction of β cells is the cause of most cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Lymphocytic insulitis has been documented in the early phases of this disease as well as in recurrent diabetes after pancreas transplantation and in certain viral infections. We report a unique case of granulomatous insulitis in a patient with an endocrine tumor of the pancreas that clinically manifested as acute-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Granulomata were present in islets with complete disappearance of β cells, as well as in the primary tumor, metastases, and lymph nodes. We postulate that these granulomata represent a sarcoid-like reaction to the tumor with secondary injury to nonneoplastic endocrine cells through a mechanism of molecular mimicry.
Family Nursing Therapeutic Conversations in Heart Failure Outpatient Clinics in Denmark
Authors: Voltelen Barbara , Konradsen Hanne , Østergaard Birte
Published: May 2016

As part of the Heart Failure Family Trial presently being conducted in Denmark, this qualitative process evaluation explored the perceptions of seven practicing cardiac nurses who offered family nursing therapeutic conversations (FNTC) to families in three heart failure outpatient clinics. FNTC were guided by the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models. Data consisted of 34 case reports written by the nurses which documented the use of FNTC, including family responses to the FNTC. A focus group interview with the six of the nurses about their experience of offering FNTC was also conducted. Content analysis was performed using a combined deductive and inductive process. Nurses reported developing a distinct, closer, and more constructive relationship with the patients and their families and reported FNTC increased family bonding and strengthened family relationships. The nurses considered FNTC to be feasible interventions in the routine care provided in heart failure outpatient clinics.
Associations of Eating Two Breakfasts With Childhood Overweight Status, Sociodemographics, and Parental Factors Among Preschool Students
Authors: Bruening Meg , Afuso Kevin , Mason Maureen
Published: May 2016

Background. School breakfast may contribute to increased risk for obesity because children may be consuming two breakfasts: at home and at school. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of preschoolers consuming two breakfasts and to assess relationships with overweight/obesity and other factors. Method. Head Start parents ( n = 273, 84.6% Hispanic) in the southwest completed cross-sectional surveys on child breakfast patterns and parental perceptions of school breakfast and personal breakfast consumption habits. Surveys were linked with sociodemographics and body mass index in Head Start databases in 2013. General estimating equation binomial models (schools as a random effect) were used to assess the relationship between two breakfasts (at home and school) and key variables, adjusting for gender, race, ethnicity, and household income. Results. The prevalence of consuming two breakfasts was 34%. Children’s overweight/obesity status was inversely related to two-breakfast consumption, but it was significant only for the Hispanic subgroup; the odds of being overweight/obese was 60% lower among those who ate two breakfasts ( p < .05). The likelihood of consuming a second breakfast increased over twofold among children who woke up before 7 a.m. ( p = .004). Among Hispanic families, a significant association was observed between children’s two-breakfast consumption and parental perceptions about whether they perceived the breakfast at Head Start was culturally appropriate ( p = .040). Conclusions. Not only was eating two breakfast not associated with obesity, the association was in the opposite of the expected direction and significant for Hispanic participants. Factors such as earlier wake-up time were related to reports of two breakfast intake. While more research is needed, these findings provide information for policy makers and practitioners; caution should be exercised when suggesting that breakfast programs may be related to the consumption of two breakfasts and the risk for childhood obesity, particularly among the preschool students in this study.
What Happens When Parents and Children Go Grocery Shopping? An Observational Study of Latino Dyads in Southern California, USA
Authors: Calderon Joanna , Ayala Guadalupe X. , Elder John P. , Belch George E. , Castro Iana A. , Weibel Nadir , Pickrel Julie
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study was to observe parent–child interactions in tiendas, limited assortment food stores catering to Latinos in the United States, and to examine the extent to which child involvement influenced these interactions and their purchase outcomes. Two confederates, one posing as a tienda employee and one posing as a customer, observed the entire shopping trip of 100 Latino parent–child (mean age = 8 years) dyads and coded the following: number and type of parent- and child-initiated request interactions, types of purchase influence attempts used by children and how parents responded, and whether the product was purchased. Level of child involvement was examined as a potential influencing factor on purchasing. The observations were relatively short (mean duration of 10 minutes), reflecting the “quick trip” nature of the observed shopping trips. From the 100 parent–child dyads, 144 request interactions were observed, and among dyads with at least 1 request interaction during the shopping trip, the average number of request interactions per dyad was 2. Children initiated most of the request interactions by asking for a product or simply placing it in the basket; parents initiated 24% of the request interactions. Child involvement in shopping and checkout were associated with spending and purchase outcomes. These results indicate that children and parents influence each other during grocery shopping, and children who are more involved have greater influence over purchases. Furthermore, this study identified a number of targets for future family/parent and consumer food environment interventions.
Moving Bodies Moving Architecture
Authors: Zhu Ying
Published: May 2016

This essay uses the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to trouble the critique that permanent, enduring architecture no longer effectively stands in for shared, collective memory. Dance studies and memory studies concern themselves with formations of epistemologies emerging outside traditional, text-based sources. For both fields, the performing body is a source of knowledge through which to respectively address the production of culture and the storage/transmission of memory. As such, I insert a dance studies optic, which approaches the body as a meaning-making force, into discourses of architecture as contextualized within practices of commemoration. By pairing investigations of the body as constructed in the archive-tracing processes of memorial production and with an analysis of visitors engaged in an embodied interaction with the actual memorial site, I argue that the Vietnam Veterans Memorial architecture and site harbors the capacity to mobilize into action, acting as a choreographic collaborator in the formation of bodily texts, which participate in memory discourse.
Information processing speed in multiple sclerosis: Past, present, and future
Authors: Costa Silvana L , Genova Helen M , DeLuca John , Chiaravalloti Nancy D
Published: May 2016

Background:

Information processing speed (IPS) is a prevalent cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objectives:

This review aims to summarize the methods applied to assess IPS in MS and its theoretical conceptualization. A PubMed search was performed to select articles published between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013, resulting in 157 articles included.

Results:

The majority (54%) of studies assessed IPS with heterogeneous samples (several disease courses). Studies often report controlling for presence of other neurological disorders (60.5%), age (58.6%), education (51.6%), alcohol history (47.8%), or use of steroids (39.5%). Potential confounding variables, such as recent relapses (50.3%), history of developmental disorders (19.1%), and visual problems (29.9%), were often neglected. Assessments used to study IPS were heterogeneous (ranging from simple to complex tasks) among the studies under review, with 62 different tasks used. Only 9.6% of articles defined the construct of IPS and 22.3% discussed IPS in relation to a theoretical model.

Future directions:

The challenges for the upcoming decade include clarification of the definition of IPS as well as its theoretical conceptualization and a consensus on assessment. Based on the results obtained, we propose a new theoretical model, the tri-factor model of IPS.
Spontaneous self-affirmation is associated with psychological well-being: Evidence from a US national adult survey sample
Authors: Emanuel Amber S , Howell Jennifer L , Taber Jennifer M , Ferrer Rebecca A , Klein William MP , Harris Peter R
Published: May 2016

Emerging evidence suggests that individuals spontaneously self-affirm, by reflecting on values and strengths, in response to daily threats. We examined the prevalence and demographic and well-being correlates of spontaneous self-affirmation in the general population. Participants ( n = 3185) completed the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 4, Cycle 3), and answered questions about spontaneous self-affirmation, demographic factors, well-being, and affect. The majority of the population reported spontaneously self-affirming. Black and Hispanic respondents reported engaging in more spontaneous self-affirmation. Engaging in spontaneous self-affirmation was related to greater happiness, hopefulness, optimism, subjective health, and personal health efficacy, and less anger and sadness.
Theorizing institutional scandal and the regulatory state
Authors: Greer Chris , McLaughlin Eugene
Published: May 2016

One by one, UK public institutions are being scandalized for corruption, immorality or incompetence and subjected to trial by media and criminal prosecution. The state’s historic response to public sector scandal—denial and neutralization—has been replaced with acknowledgement and regulation in the form of the re-vamped public inquiry. Public institutions are being cut adrift and left to account in isolation for their scandalous failures. Yet the state’s attempts to distance itself from its scandalized institutions, while extending its regulatory control over them, are risky. Both the regulatory state and its public inquiries risk being consumed by the scandals they are trying to manage.
Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: A narrative review
Authors: Zestcott Colin A. , Blair Irene V. , Stone Jeff
Published: May 2016

Recent evidence suggests that one possible cause of disparities in health outcomes for stigmatized groups is the implicit biases held by health care providers. In response, several health care organizations have called for, and developed, new training in implicit bias for their providers. This review examines current evidence on the role that provider implicit bias may play in health disparities, and whether training in implicit bias can effectively reduce the biases that providers exhibit. Directions for future research on the presence and consequences of provider implicit bias, and best practices for training to reduce such bias, will be discussed.
Under-coding of secondary conditions in coded hospital health data: Impact of co-existing conditions, death status and number of codes in a record
Authors: Peng Mingkai , Southern Danielle A , Williamson Tyler , Quan Hude
Published: May 2016

This study examined the coding validity of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and depression related to the presence of their co-existing conditions, death status and the number of diagnosis codes in hospital discharge abstract database. We randomly selected 4007 discharge abstract database records from four teaching hospitals in Alberta, Canada and reviewed their charts to extract 31 conditions listed in Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices. Conditions associated with the four study conditions were identified through multivariable logistic regression. Coding validity (i.e. sensitivity, positive predictive value) of the four conditions was related to the presence of their associated conditions. Sensitivity increased with increasing number of diagnosis code. Impact of death on coding validity is minimal. Coding validity of conditions is closely related to its clinical importance and complexity of patients’ case mix. We recommend mandatory coding of certain secondary diagnosis to meet the need of health research based on administrative health data.
Using social media to enhance citizen engagement with local government: Twitter or Facebook?
Authors: Haro-de-Rosario Arturo , Sáez-Martín Alejandro , del Carmen Caba-Pérez María
Published: May 2016

The social media are becoming a major channel of online interactive participation, and local governments are seizing this opportunity to enhance citizen engagement in political and social affairs. This article analyses the various forms of social media used – that is, Twitter or Facebook – by citizens in their relations with Spanish local government, to determine which of these achieves the strongest degree of commitment. We also analyse the influence of various factors on this level of commitment. The results obtained show that Facebook is preferred to Twitter as a means of participating in local government issues. Other factors that are relevant to citizen engagement are the level of online transparency, mood, the level of activity in social media and the interactivity offered by the local government website. The findings of this study contribute significantly to understanding how citizen engagement is influenced by the type of social media adopted.
BookFun – ‘There's more to it than reading a book’ – Implementing a Danish early literacy programme that supports professionalism, language development and social inclusion
Authors: Clasen Line Engel , Jensen de López Kristine
Published: May 2016

Several early literacy programmes have documented their effectiveness in enhancing children's early literacy and language development. Despite recent interest in implementing evidence-based programmes, only a few studies have set out to capture the implementation process of early literacy programmes as seen from the programme users' perspectives. The current study's purpose is to identify best practice for the successful implementation of early literacy programmes in Danish day-care centres. The empirical study presents results from a pre-post design interviewing 18 early educators to identify changes in their professional practice after the implementation of the first Danish early literacy programme based on dialogical reading. The results suggest that after the implementation (1) early educators report having changed their shared book reading practices, taken ownership of the programme and successfully integrated it into current practices, (2) the early literacy programme has supported early educators in their professional development and (3) early educators see the early literacy programme as a tool for improving social inclusion among children in day-care centres. Based on the results we conclude that reflecting on current practices, the development of a new professionalism and taking ownership are crucial processes in changing practices and in the successful implementation of new programmes.
Calories and Cents
Authors: Gertner David , Gertner Alex K. , Araujo Denizar Vianna , Bahia Luciana , Bouzas Isabel
Published: May 2016

In recent decades, obesity has become a critical global health issue. Experts and laypeople alike attribute high obesity rates to lifestyle choices involving diet and exercise. Following decades of increasing portion sizes and decreasing nutritional value, the food and beverage and fast-food industries have felt intense pressure to answer to new consumer priorities and what some see as their role in fueling the obesity epidemic. This article examines marketing and pricing practices implemented by some of the most popular food and beverage and fast-food industry players in the U.S. market that are involved in this response. Although marketers claim they are offering healthier choices and supporting the fight against obesity, our analysis reveals common industry strategies, including value pricing, psychological pricing, quantity discounts, and combo deals that undermine healthy food choices. We argue that in order to truly encourage healthy eating, these industries must revise not only their products but also their fundamental approach to creating customer value. It is also imperative that consumers, legislators, and the media be informed about deceitful strategies used pervasively by food and beverage manufacturers and fast-food restaurant chains that ultimately aggravate the obesity epidemic.
Extended “Visiting Hours”
Authors: DeCarvalho Lauren J. , Cox Nicole B.
Published: May 2016

This article interrogates Netflix’s use of unconventional marketing strategies for season 2 of Orange Is the New Black ( OITNB), and argues that the company takes a mixed approach to cast a wider net for potential subscribers. One campaign emphasizes stereotypes that the program itself problematizes, and another humanizes the images of real-life incarcerated women. Using feminist textual analysis, we explore these campaigns in relation to intersectionality and analyze the construction of intersectional identities within Netflix’s two promotional campaigns: The New York Times’ paid promotional content “Women Inmates: Why the Male Model Doesn’t Work” and the “Crazy Pyes” food truck campaign. Applying theoretical work from scholars such as Lotz and Gray, we discuss the ideological messaging of the campaigns, and examine how Netflix commodifies images of OITNB’s incarcerated, female characters, and also images of actual incarcerated women—and how these images function in exchange for viewership for Netflix and OITNB.
Investigation of the Impact of Cell Cycle Stage on Freeze Response Sensitivity of Androgen-Insensitive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Santucci Kimberly L. , Baust John M. , Snyder Kristi K. , Van Buskirk Robert G. , Baust John G.
Published: May 2016

Background:

Cryoablation, an effective means of ablating cancer, is often used in conjunction with adjuvants that target cancer cells in a specific cell cycle stage to increase treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cell cycle stage on cancer freeze response as well as investigate the potential cellular kinetic effect of calcitriol, the active metabolic of vitamin D3, when used as a cryosensitizing adjuvant in order to maximize prostate cancer cell death.

Methods:

Cell cycle distribution of PC-3 cells was analyzed via flow cytometry to compare gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2/mitosis phase subpopulations pre- and postfreeze as well as changes elicited by calcitriol pretreatment. Distinct gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2/mitosis phase populations were obtained through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and synthesis phase thymidine synchronization. Posttreatment viability was assessed using alamarBlue and fluorescence microscopy to assess live, apoptotic, and necrotic subpopulations.

Results:

A small but statistically significant increase in synthesis phase and decrease in gap 2/mitosis phase populations was noted at 6 hours postfreeze in asynchronous samples. Synchronization in synthesis phase yielded an increase in cell death when combined with freezing to both −15°C and −20°C. Calcitriol pretreatment increased the gap 1 phase population by 20% and a synergistic decrease in viability following freezing. However, gap 1–sorted populations combined with calcitriol treatment did not exhibit this synergistic effect. Fluorescence microscopy of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted cells revealed necrosis as the predominant form of cell death in all phases, though apoptosis did play a role.

Conclusion:

Although initial results suggested a potential sensitivity, PC-3 cells exposed to freezing as sorted populations did not reveal significant differences in cell death. As such, the data from this study suggest that there is no difference in cell cycle stage sensitivity to freezing injury.
Risk Factors Associated With HIV Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in Ecuador
Authors: Hernandez Isabel , Reina-Ortiz Miguel , Johnson Ayesha , Rosas Carlos , Sharma Vinita , Teran Santiago , Naik Eknath , Salihu Hamisu M. , Teran Enrique , Izurieta Ricardo
Published: May 2016

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS estimates that between 0.3% and 0.7% of adults aged 15 to 49 years were living with HIV in Ecuador in 2013. However, very little is known about the HIV prevalence rate among men who have sex with men (MSM) in that country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HIV/AIDS as well as to estimate the prevalence of HIV among MSM in one of the cities with high HIV prevalence rates in Ecuador. In this study, questionnaires were administered to 307 adult MSM. An HIV prevalence of 10% was observed. Knowledge about HIV was high; 91% of participants could identify how HIV is transmitted. Although consistent condom use for anal sex was relatively high (89%) among participants who reported having pay-for-service clients, only 64% reported using a condom during oral sex with a client. Participants who had multiple male sexual partners (i.e., their stable male partners plus other partner[s]) had 3.7 times higher odds of testing positive for HIV compared with those who did not. They also had reduced odds of condom use. Participants who were forced to have anal receptive sex had 3 times higher odds of testing positive for HIV. Despite the finding that participants exhibited high knowledge about HIV/AIDS, a high prevalence rate of HIV was observed, which warrants targeted behavioral interventions. These data are consistent with MSM being one of the highest at-risk population groups for HIV in this region of Ecuador.