bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 9. The Textbook genre and its rhetorical organisation
in four scientific disciplines
Authors: Parodi Giovanni
Published: March 2014

It is hard to find research in which the rhetorical organisation of a discourse genre and the respective frequency of occurrence of moves and steps are worked together across disciplines. This chapter aims to become a step in helping to fill this gap in research on Spanish. The Textbook genre, the occurrence of its rhetorical macro-moves, moves and steps and disciplinarity become the focus of this study. This chapter is offered as a continuation and complementation of the previous one. More specifically, in this chapter we concentrate on the frequency with which each of the macro-moves, moves and steps are executed throughout 126 textbooks. We distinguish the area of knowledge (Basic Sciences and Engineering and Social Sciences and Humanities) as well as the specific discipline (Social Work, Psychology, Industrial Chemistry and Construction Engineering). The main findings show there are interesting differences between the occurrence of some moves and steps across the disciplines under study.
Chapter 11. Academic discourse comprehension in Spanish and English
Authors: Ibáñez O. Romualdo
Published: March 2014

Psychodiscursive skills allowing university students to comprehend disciplinary texts are considered to be essential. Besides, in countries where English is not the mother tongue, university students must also develop the ability to comprehend disciplinary texts written in English. As a result, reading comprehension of academic texts written in English and in Spanish has become a focus of investigation for Chilean researchers, bringing up questions such as: how much do university students comprehend when facing an academic text? Is there any relation between levels of comprehension and the knowledge students have about the genre they have to read? Can reading skills be transferred to a process developed in a second language? Approaching some of these questions, in this chapter we examine the comprehension process executed by undergraduate university students when facing disciplinary texts written in English and in Spanish. The students belonged to an Industrial Chemistry programme. We focused on the level of comprehension these students achieved when facing a Disciplinary Text written in English and also on the way that level of comprehension was predicted by the participants’ English proficiency level, their degree of insertion into the disciplinary community, and their reading skills in Spanish.
Chapter 12. Corollary
Authors: Parodi Giovanni
Published: March 2014

In this last chapter of the book, a revision of all findings is presented. Also, a critical analysis of the theoretical framework and the proposed criteria for identifying genres (Chapter 2 and 3) with a comparison with the empirical outcomes obtained through the chapters is offered. Projections and future research niches are outlined.
Problems in investigating keyness, or clearing the undergrowth and marking out trails…
Authors: Scott Mike
Published: March 2014

The article explores what might be meant by keyness in Corpus Linguistics. Keyness is a textual quality which is beginning to arouse interest, but as yet it is little understood and much exploratory work is needed. To this end, the chapter focuses in on a number of specific issues: the amount of text to take as a unit when computing keyness, statistical problems in making claims of different kinds about they keyness of words and phrases, the choice of an appropriate reference corpus, and the types of repetition which characterize key words. Many of these are illustrated by reference to Shakespeare plays. However, the overall aim is less to characterise the Shakespeare plays than to delineate the research area, to pin down the nature of keyness.
Closed-class keywords and corpus-driven discourse analysis
Authors: Groom Nicholas
Published: March 2014

Keywords belonging to closed grammatical classes (i.e. conjunctions, determiners, prepositions and pronouns) are often perceived as useful indicators of the characteristic style of a particular text or corpus, but as being of less interest to researchers interested in its semantic properties. The aim of this chapter is to propose, contrary to this mainstream view, that closed-class keywords can form a valid and even preferable basis for empirical linguistic research into specialized discourses, “discourses” being defined here as constellations of meanings and values associated with specific communities or institutions. The argument is illustrated with practical examples drawn from a keywords analysis of a 3-million-word corpus of academic journal articles representing the academic disciplinary discourse of history.
Hyperlinks
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: March 2014

The hyperlink of digital hypertext is a text organizing device which allows the creation of alternative structures through texts organized as networks. This paper examines the inherent keyness of the hyperlink by comparing hyperlinks to statistical keywords derived from text through computational means. The argument is made that because hyperlinks are selected by a human author for a discursive, coherence promoting purpose, they possess an inherent keyness and are key words, but do not necessarily correspond with the statistical keywords of the text.
Web Semantics vs the Semantic Web?
Authors: Rastier François
Published: March 2014

The Semantic Web programme aims to replace the “Web of Documents” with the “Web of Data”, thus extending the classical programme of knowledge representation. In contrast, a corpus-linguistic inspired Web Semantics situates knowledge within texts and the documents that convey them. Data cannot therefore be abstracted without losing their contextual value and relevance. This leads to a recontextualisation of the notion of “data” and a rethinking of the relationship between data and metadata.
Key words and key phrases in a corpus of travel writing
Authors: Gerbig Andrea
Published: March 2014

WordSmith Tools offers three procedures (key words, key-key words and associates) to select words from texts that are noteworthy in a statistical sense. All three procedures are applied in the present paper in order to make visible, statistically, the most noticeable propositional and stylistic changes in the representation of a specific field of interest over the course of five centuries. Some of these quantitative results (identified through key-key words) are followed up in more detail and their development and role throughout the centuries is discussed, for example in grammaticalization processes. These findings are supplemented further by an analysis of the most frequent phrases and n-grams, again diachronically. Together, they show the development of linguistic habits in society.
Metaphorical keyness in specialised corpora
Authors: Philip Gill
Published: March 2014

What is more important in text: the topical content, or the manner in which topical content is presented? While statistically-generated key words tell us about a text’s content, the inter-relation between these words and the message of the text can be difficult to ascertain. One method of doing so is to observe the inter-relation of key words with evaluative language: in this case, metaphor. Metaphors are notoriously difficult to locate in corpora, but this paper sets out a method for their semi-automatic identification, and demonstrates how their interaction with keywords is both systematic and pervasive. Studying the interaction of key words and metaphors brings to light attitudes which lurk beneath the surface of text.
A contrastive analysis of keywords in newspaper articles on the “Kyoto Protocol”
Authors: Bassi Erica
Published: March 2014

In 1997, an international environmental agreement was negotiated in Kyoto. It became famous as the Kyoto Protocol. Using corpus-linguistics tools, this chapter analyses the treatment of the controversial “Kyoto Protocol” in two national newspapers: the Italian La Repubblica and the American The New York Times. As a preliminary study, I compute the keywords for the articles about Kyoto, and then group the keywords into semantic fields to study the main specific groups of meaning to which Kyoto is related. I then focus on the words denoting ‘disaster’ and ‘alarm’. To conclude, I consider some positive keywords studying the concordance lines in order to describe their associated semantic prosody. The analysis will show how, despite some similarities in the lexical usage, the meaning conveyed by the two dailies is quite different.
General spoken language and school language
Authors: Leone Paola
Published: March 2014

The current study uses keyness to identify the essential lexicon and lexical patterns of history textbooks and match them to the out-of-school input to which a young learner might be exposed. Two frequency-ordered lists have been compared using the KeyWords component of WordSmith Tools v. 5.0 (Scott 2008). The first, compiled from a corpus of history textbooks used in lower secondary schools in Italy, named CoMaS (Corpus di Manuali di Storia), ascertains words needed to study history at school. The other, compiled from a published corpus of Italian spoken language, called LIP (Lessico di Frequenza dell’Italiano Parlato), specifies words frequent in daily communication. Results show discoursal, lexical, semantic, and morphological features which may be unfamiliar to the learner, and which should therefore be considered in a syllabus designed to develop students’ ability to interpret and express historical discourse.
From EFL to ESL
Authors: Gilquin Gaëtanelle , Granger Sylviane
Published: March 2014

This chapter revisits the dichotomy that is traditionally made in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) and argues, on the basis of data from the International Corpus of Learner English, that it should be viewed as a continuum instead, with many in-between categories corresponding to a variety of learning contexts. Using the case of the preposition into as an illustration, we show that the different environments in which Spanish-, French-, Dutch- and Tswana-speaking students learn English are reflected in their syntactic, semantic and lexical use of the preposition. More precisely, it appears that the Spanish-, French- and Dutch-speaking learners, who represent a cline in terms of exposure to the target language, from little exposure for the Spanish learners to considerable exposure for the Dutch learners, also form a cline in their use of into, from most distant to most similar to native (British) English. As for the Tswana variety, which clearly displays characteristics of both EFL and ESL, it occupies different positions along the cline, being sometimes closest to native English and sometimes most dissimilar, depending on the features of the use of into that are considered.
Overuse of the progressive in ESL and learner Englishes – fact or fiction?
Authors: Hundt Marianne , Vogel Katrin
Published: March 2014

New Englishes and learner varieties of English are both reported to overuse the progressive. Furthermore, previous research suggests that speakers of English as a Second Language (ESL) and learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) use the progressive construction differently, at times, from the way it is used by native speakers. Previous research, for the most part, has looked at New Englishes and Learner English separately. This study combines the data on the use of the progressive in academic writing by ESL and EFL speakers. As research on the progressive in varieties such as British and New Zealand English has shown, there are also differences in the ongoing spread of the progressive in English as a native language (ENL), so it is not enough to compare ESL and EFL varieties with just one ENL variety. This paper therefore brings together evidence from corpora of inner, outer and expanding-circle varieties of English to test the hypothesis of ‘overuse’ and ‘deviation’ in ESL and EFL use of the progressive. The results show that we might have to reconsider some of the models of World English that suggest neat divides between ENL, ESL and EFL usage.
The historical shift of scientific academic prose in English towards less explicit styles of expression
Authors: Biber Douglas , Gray Bethany
Published: March 2014

The stereotypical view of professional academic writing is that it is grammatically complex, with elaborated structures, and with meaning relations expressed explicitly. In contrast, spoken registers, especially conversation, are believed to have the opposite characteristics. Our goal in the present paper is to challenge these stereotypes, based on results from large-scale corpus investigations. First, we argue that both conversation and professional academic writing are structurally complex, but their complexities are dramatically different: in some ways, conversation is more structurally elaborated than academic writing (e.g., finite dependent clauses are more common in conversation than in academic writing). In contrast, written academic discourse is actually much more ‘compressed’ than elaborated, with phrasal (non-clausal) modifiers embedded in noun phrases being the major type of structural complexity found in academic writing. Our historical analysis shows that academic writing has changed dramatically over the past century to prefer these compressed discourse styles. Second, we argue that a consideration of the meaning relations among structural elements illustrates that academic written texts are anything but explicit at the grammatical level. Rather, the ‘compressed’ discourse style of academic writing is much less explicit in meaning than alternative styles that employ elaborated structures. Again, our historical analysis shows that academic writing has changed dramatically over the past century to strongly prefer these less explicit styles of presentation.
Heteroglossic (dis)engagement and the construal of the ideal readership
Authors: Pérez-Llantada Carmen
Published: March 2014

Appropriating White’s (2003) distinction of ‘heteroglossic engagement/disengagement’ modes of expression, this paper analyses a sample of grammatical patterns and their rhetorical functionality for the expression of intersubjective stance in research articles written in English by scholars from two cultural contexts (an Anglophone-based context and a Spanish context) and articles written in Spanish by Spanish scholars. Results show that the scholars from the Anglophone context prefer patterns that construct a heteroglossic disengagement mode, suggesting the construal of their readership as sharing similar values, beliefs and attitudes. The texts in Spanish display patterns that create a heteroglossic engagement mode, indicating that writers conceive their readership as having potentially dissenting views. Remarkably, the texts written in English by the Spanish scholars strategically combine a heteroglossic disengagement mode with a heteroglossic engagement mode, hence creating a hybrid dialogic space for writer/reader interaction.
Structure, content and functions of calls for conference abstracts
Authors: Gesuato Sara
Published: March 2014

This paper examines the pragmatic functions and structural organisation of 100 Calls for Conference Abstracts (CfCAs) in Biology, Computing, History and Linguistics. These goal-oriented communicative acts focus on the representation-dissemination of disciplinary values and goals. They comprise the communicative core, the invitation – textually marginalised – and various auxiliary, textually prominent moves: informative, regulatory and persuasive-argumentative (announcements, offers, orders and requests). These qualify the CfCAs as representative, directive and commissive texts. The CfCAs are structurally similar – they share moves appearing in typical sequences – but do not instantiate an identical text type or structure potential, as no functional component is common to them all. The individual CfCAs thus exemplify the genre to different degrees of prototypicality, which paves the way for generic innovation.
The use of adverbial hedges in EAP students’ oral performance
Authors: Pérez-Paredes Pascual , Sánchez Purificación , Aguado-Jimenez Pilar
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses the natural, non-elicited occurrence of adverbial hedges in the production of Spanish learners of EAP and British students of Modern Languages. The two sets of corpus data we discuss in this research are made up of interviews which were conducted following the same methodology and mirroring the tasks in the LINDSEI oral corpus (de Cock 1998). Linguistically, our research builds on Biber (1988) and Biber et al.’s (1999) Multidimensional Analysis of language, which maintains that there is a tendency for linguistic features of morpho-syntactic and semantic nature to cluster together around dimensions of use. Results show important differences in the frequency of use as well as in the categories of adverbial hedges in these two comparable communities of use. Our research shows that, overall, both groups of speakers use adverbial hedges in a statistically significant and different way.
Integrating approaches to visual data commentary
Authors: Sancho Guinda Carmen
Published: March 2014

This paper highlights the need for explicit instruction in visual data commentary within ESP environments, positing its status as a multi-skill and cross-disciplinary practice. It reviews the state of the art in linguistic and didactic research and reports on a preliminary case study conducted at the School of Aeronautical Engineering of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica) which involves samples written by fifty-seven second-year students. Findings reveal: (a) a scarce use of metadiscourse and presentational constructions with the adoption of compensatory tactics, (b) a strong preference for common-core and pre-modified superordinate nouns, and (c) certain collocational interferences with the L1. A final outline of pedagogic directions is provided following the principles of Systemic Functional Grammar and Discourse Analysis.
Some dichotomies in genre analysis for Languages for Specific Purposes
Authors: Flowerdew John
Published: March 2014

Genres are staged, structured, communicative events, motivated by various communicative purposes, and performed by members of specific discourse communities (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993, 2004; Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995; Johns, 1997). Since its inception with the two seminal works on the topic by Swales (1990) and Bhatia (1993), genre analysis has taken pride of place in much of the ongoing research in languages for specific purposes (LSP). The goal of much of this research is pedagogic, the understanding being that good genre descriptions can feed into pedagogy in the form of syllabus and materials design. This chapter considers four dichotomies for genre research. These dichotomies are: 1. Individual genres vs genre networks; 2. Written vs spoken genres; 3. Macro vs micro levels of analysis; and 4. Move structure vs. lexico-grammar. Each of these dichotomies has important implications for LSP pedagogy, not just the last, and these are highlighted in the course of the chapter.
English for legal purposes and domain-specific cultural awareness
Authors: Isani Shaeda
Published: March 2014

In a departure from mainstream language-orientated English for Legal Purposes (ELP) didactic approaches, this article focuses on target legal culture. It identifies the ‘Continental paradox’ which relates to the appropriation of common law legal culture as source legal culture by the lay public of civil law countries, and evokes the didactic repercussions of the phenomenon. The author identifies the 3-phase cognitive process which underlies the acquisition of the ersatz legal culture in the light of Konrad Lorenz’s imprinting theories and Stephen Krashen’s acquisition theories. Focusing on a French environment, she then probes into the media-related, academic and didactic reasons which sustain such misconceptions, notably amongst law students themselves, but concludes that changing public expectations regarding transparency in the justice system may usher in remedial counter-discourse.
The Talking Cure
Authors: Lazar Gillian Diane
Published: March 2014

Narrative, particularly of an oral nature, is not generally a genre given much consideration in the teaching of academic writing in the tertiary sector. Yet, in everyday discourse, oral narrative predominates. This article begins by describing the difficulties of some British university students engaged in writing academic assignments which were grounded in reflective practice. The use of oral narratives was found to be a useful bridge into academic writing for these students. Thus, I consider some features of narrative discourse, and the ways in which these can be exploited to develop academic writing skills which incorporate argument. Some examples of practical classroom techniques and materials used with students from different disciplinary backgrounds, including education and product design, are suggested.
UrgentiAS, a lexical database for medical students in clinical placements
Authors: Buyse Kris , Saver Eva , Laffut An , Vekemans Herlinda
Published: March 2014

The UrgentiAS database was compiled to meet the needs of Dutch-speaking Belgian medical students attending classes of Medical English/French/Spanish to prepare for their clinical placements abroad. The database provides students with an easy-to-use multilingual medical lexicon, which can help them acquire the vocabulary needed for their placements in obstetrics/gynaecology, pediatrics and internal medicine. Its main purpose is to ensure that the representative vocabulary is presented and acquired in context, both semantically and syntactically. Our corpus analysis of both scientific and popular medical language use resulted in an online database (partially available on paper) consisting of terminology cards with associative contexts, to be used in a setting of blended learning.
OBT+stat
Authors: Johannessen Janne Bondi , Hagen Kristin , Lynum André , Nøklestad Anders
Published: March 2014

The paper describes the improvement of the rule-based Constraint Grammar (CG) Oslo-Bergen Tagger (OBT) by the addition of a statistical module. It is in the nature of CG taggers to leave some words ambiguous between different readings, due to a lack of coverage by the linguistics-based rules. Such ambiguities are often a problem for applications that use the tagger, among them the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus. Our statistical module not only removes part of speech (PoS) and morphological ambiguities, but also disambiguates lemmas. We show how this new system, referred to as OBT+stat, in a straightforward manner combines the strengths of the linguistic knowledge-based CG approach with data-driven methods. The result is a high-performing, fully disambiguating PoS/morphological tagger and lemmatizer with very satisfactory evaluation results.
Exploring corpora through syntactic annotation
Authors: Rosén Victoria
Published: March 2014

Syntactic analysis is a valuable addition to corpus annotation, since it enables the retrieval of structural information which is otherwise difficult to access. The Norwegian Infrastructure for the Exploration of Syntax and Semantics is adding syntactic information to the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus and is effectively producing a treebank as a parsed corpus.
Collocations and statistical analysis of n-grams
Authors: Lyse Gunn Inger , Andersen Gisle
Published: March 2014

Multiword expressions (MWEs) are words that co-occur so often that they are perceived as a linguistic unit. Since MWEs pervade natural language, their identification is pertinent for a range of tasks within lexicography, terminology and language technology. We apply various statistical association measures (AMs) to word sequences from the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus (NNC) in order to rank two-and three-word sequences (bigrams and trigrams) in terms of their tendency to co-occur. The results show that some statistical measures favour relatively frequent MWEs (e.g. i motsetning til ‘as opposed to’), whereas other measures favour relatively low-frequent units, which typically comprise loan words (de facto), technical terms (notaries publicus) and phrasal anglicisms (practical jokes; cf. G. Andersen this volume). On this basis we evaluate the relevance of each of these measures for lexicography, terminology and language technology purposes.
Automatic topic classification of a large newspaper corpus
Authors: Hagen Thomas M.
Published: March 2014

This paper describes how machine learning methods, along with a limited amount of manual classification, were used in a fairly successful attempt to automatically classify, by topic, newspaper articles from The Norwegian Newspaper Corpus.The Norwegian Newspaper Corpus is a challenge to automatically classify, since not all of it has been boilerplate cleaned. Our automatic topic classifier achieved 54% accuracy, while our human annotators achieved only slightly more; 59% accuracy.We used several machine learning methods built into the programming language CRM114. We used used six annotators, who manually classied 1,400 articles from the corpus. The machine learner trained only on errors it made when attempting to classify these articles.
A data-driven approach to anglicism identification in Norwegian
Authors: Losnegaard Gyri Smørdal , Lyse Gunn Inger
Published: March 2014

Anglicisms are words of English origin that have entered into Norwegian, either denoting conceptual innovations such as interface or denoting existing concepts in parallel with their Norwegian counterparts (boots). In this chapter we investigate whether machine-learning methods could improve the anglicism component of the classification tool that is currently used to categorize new words appearing in the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus. We derive classification features by extracting three-character sequences (trigrams) from long lists of uniquely English and Norwegian words. Next, we test two frequency-based and a statisticsbased approach to selecting features from this initial pool of trigrams. Finally, using the TiMBL memory-based learning system, we train a classifier with our selections of trigrams, identifying the sets of trigrams that are most predictive for identifying anglicisms. The results show that the datadriven frequency approach, although not sufficient as a stand-alone method for automatic anglicism identification, provides a valuable supplement to the existing knowledge-based classification tool.
A corpus-based study of the adaptation of English import words in Norwegian
Authors: Andersen Gisle
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on English influence on Norwegian lexis and addresses the orthographic adaptation of import words, such as the change from blog to blogg, or squash to skvåsj. This adaptation can be viewed from a top-down perspective, by considering the effect of standardisation decisions made by the Norwegian Language Council, or from a bottom-up perspective, by considering unsolicited adaptation initiated by the language users themselves. Both types are observable in the 900 million word Norwegian Newspaper Corpus (NNC). The paper aims to show that the NNC lends itself easily to a large-scale investigation of either top-down or bottom-up adaptation. First of all, the corpus-based investigation illustrates the extent to which English-based import words are represented using original or adapted orthography. Secondly, the corpus provides empirical data that may shed significant light on the linguistic aspects of the adaptation process. Thus, through a quantitative and qualitative inspection of the data, I point to a set of linguistic and contextual factors that appear to have important bearings on the degree to which words undergo spelling adaptation. At the same time, the paper is intended to illustrate the usefulness of some of the facilities of the newly developed Corpuscle search engine and interface and to show its value when applied to a specific empirical research task.
Norm clusters in written Norwegian
Authors: Dyvik Helge
Published: March 2014

Written Norwegian comes in two standards, Bokmål and Nynorsk, each allowing much variation in stem forms and inflections. Actual texts show intricate interdependencies among the alternative options. This chapter reports on the use of correspondence analysis and implicational analysis applied to a newspaper corpus in order to chart the patterns of variation. The aim is to test the utility of the method itself, and the study therefore concentrates on a small selection of phenomena. The long-term aim of a future extended project is to monitor actual usage in relation to the official standards, thereby identifying possible emerging subvarieties. This will be of value in the maintenance of the official written standards. The results indicate that the approach can yield valuable insights.
Lexical neography in modern Norwegian
Authors: Fjeld Ruth Vatvedt , Nygaard Lars
Published: March 2014

This article presents a short history of Norwegian neography and some of the problems in the field of lexical development. Norwegian linguistic purism has unfortunately led to a negative perspective on loanwords, and for a long time there was little neography in Norwegian lexicography. When registration of neologisms was initiated, the methodology and coverage was insufficient. This article presents a classification of neologisms and a new method of semi-automatic identification of neologisms from the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus (NNC). Some of the results show that the overwhelming amount of new words in Norwegian are inherited words, mostly compounds, and that genuinely new words are fairly rare.
Ash compound frenzy
Authors: De Smedt Koenraad
Published: March 2014

The creation and use of Norwegian compounds with aske ‘ash’ in the media in the spring of 2010 was remarkable. The Norwegian Newspaper Corpus has provided suitable data for an empirical study concerning neology and ‘burstiness’ on this topic. The results indicate that the number of new types as well as token frequencies rose markedly and the variety of compounds in use remained elevated for over a month.
Financial jargon in a general newspaper corpus
Authors: Kristiansen Marita
Published: March 2014

The present paper presents an investigation of financial jargon evident in Norwegian newspapers that can be related to the recent financial crisis. The study is a first step in exploring whether newspapers are useful sources from which to extract Norwegian terminology to be included in for instance termbases. In addition, it will provide a basis for considering whether there may be a need for a planned development of financial terminology in Norway. The paper reports on how financial jargon is used in Norwegian newspapers in relation to the concepts of financial crisis, credit crunch, subprime and hedge fund. In particular, the analysis focuses on whether Norwegian terminology is formed or English terms are maintained to describe these concepts.
Metonymic extension and vagueness
Authors: Halverson Sandra L.
Published: March 2014

The language sample provided by the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus (NNC) provides an appropriate corpus for the investigation of emerging uses of existent linguistic forms. A case in point is the development of new metonymical uses of place names; such uses often involve reference to events located at specific places, or the participants or results of such events. The same metonymic uses also exhibit signs of vagueness between one or more metonymic readings. In this study vagueness is defined in cognitive terms, using Tuggy’s model (1993/2006), and the development of metonymic senses is studied in two place name categories at different stages of development. The findings are discussed in light of Peirsman and Geeraerts (2006a, b) prototype model of metonymic relationships.
Spatial metaphors in present-day Norwegian newspaper language
Authors: Breivik Leiv Egil , Swan Toril
Published: March 2014

The present investigation is a continuation and extension of our previous work on Norwegian opp/ned (‘up/down’) metaphors; cf. Swan & Breivik (2005) and Swan (2010). The investigation will be conducted within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Our primary concern will be with Norwegian opp/ned metaphors. The use of spatial words such as høy ‘high’, lav ‘low’, topp ‘top’, bunn ‘bottom’, over ‘over’ and under ‘under’ will be shown to support Lakoff (1987; inter alia) and Taylor (1995); the concepts oppe/høyt ‘up/high’ on the whole have positive associations, whereas the associations of nede/lav ‘down/low’ are negative. This of course mirrors one of the main tenets of cognitive theory, namely that language reflects experience. We will focus on two issues. Firstly, Norwegian uses the spatial words in question less in their concrete meaning than as metaphors; why should this be the case if the concrete use is basic and anterior? Secondly, the frequency of the opp-words seems to be lower than the ned-words. Our Norwegian data will be drawn from the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus.
Can’t see the wood for the trees?
Authors: Beal Joan C.
Published: March 2014

This paper provides an overview of the effect of what we might call the “corpus revolution” on Late Modern English (LModE) studies, transforming it from the “Cinderella” of historical linguistic study to the exciting and innovative field that it is today. In acknowledging what has been gained from this turn to corpora, it also discusses whether this is restricting the kinds of research questions being asked and the fields in which research takes place. More specifically, it demonstrates how phonology, which used to dominate historical language studies, has been sidelined due to the lack of searchable corpora or databases of phonological evidence from the LModE period. Finally, it outlines how a corpus of LModE phonology might be created.
Spelling variation in Middle English manuscripts
Authors: Diemer Stefan
Published: March 2014

This paper illustrates spelling variation in Middle English (ME) manuscripts and proposes the integration of manuscript images and spelling tags into corpora. Examples come from the five-million-word corpus of ME texts produced by the English reformer John Wycliffe and his followers (Wycliffe Corpus). It describes general issues such as layout, font type, spacing, deterioration and glossing, as well as more fundamental differences such as narrow and broad script, multi-level writing, punctuation and cancellations. The paper concludes with an example of how spelling variation can influence lexical analysis of verbal compounds.
The development of compound numerals in English Biblical translations
Authors: Hashimoto Isao
Published: March 2014

The history of the English compound numerals from 21 to 99 remains vague. The three basic types in the order in which they appeared are: the Old English (OE) type such as one and twenty, the middle type such as twenty and one and the modern type such as twenty-one. An analysis of data collected from eight English Bibles, the Vulgate and the Hebrew Bible demonstrates that the changes were caused and accelerated by successive biblical translations and not just by the language history of the time. The middle type was introduced into biblical English from the Latin of the Vulgate, where it appeared through the faithful translation of the Hebrew middle type. The modern type in English Bibles originates in the Latin modern type in the Vulgate.
The complements of causative make in Late Middle English
Authors: Iyeiri Yoko
Published: March 2014

The present paper discusses the complement forms of causative make in the fifteenth century. It shows that the verb is still followed most frequently by (for) to-infinitives towards the end of the Middle English (ME) period, and that the use of bare infinitives is not yet the rule. Simultaneously, the choice of complements appears to be subject to certain linguistic conditions. The make believe type, for example, displays a slight inclination to occur with bare infinitives. Also, the cognitive “integration” or “directness” between make and its complement seems to be relevant. Furthermore, the discussion demonstrates that Rohdenburg’s Complexity Principle explains a number of linguistic conditions related to the choice of complement forms.
The pragmaticalization and intensification of verily, truly and really
Authors: Defour Tine
Published: March 2014

This article discusses the semantic-pragmatic developments of three adverbs from the semantic field of veracity, verily, truly and really. They share a number of truth-assessing functions in present-day discourse but show significant differences in terms of frequency and in their individual range of semantic-pragmatic meanings. Our aim is to explore the hypothesis that the selected forms have undergone a double “meaning extension” involving both pragmaticalization and grammaticalization patterns, respectively acquiring more pragmatic meanings of subjective emphasis, and more grammaticalized uses as intensifiers. Results are based on detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of corpus data drawn from the Helsinki Corpus and Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760, and indicate that each form is influenced by individual semantic source contexts and meanings.
Concept-driven semasiology and onomasiology of CLERGY
Authors: Lodej Sylwester
Published: March 2014

The semantic and morphological activities of the terms pope, bishop and priest show uneven distribution in time. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) dating of the first occurrences of semasiological and onomasiological developments related to these terms points to their increased activity in the period 1550–1700. This paper aims to explain the motivation of these processes, viewing them in the context of historical developments. The corpus consists of comic drama texts available from the Literature Online (LION) database. The relevant texts give evidence that semasiology and onomasiology overlap, being governed by the same patterns of motivation. The linguistic processes accounted for in the article are closely related to the social and political events of the post-Reformation period in England.
ANGER and TĒNE in Middle English
Authors: Diller Hans-Jürgen
Published: March 2014

Anger, tēne and their derivatives in Middle English (ME) mean both ‘anger’ and ‘sorrow’. This is odd from the point of view of modern psychology and modern semantics, which commonly distinguish between passive emotions like sorrow or sadness and active emotions like anger. While the meaning of ME ANGER has been repeatedly studied, ME TĒNE has received very little attention. The considerable overlap between the meanings of the two word families calls for an explanation of the disappearance of TĒNE. For this purpose evidence has been collected from the quotations of Middle English Dictionary (MED) Online and from the Innsbruck Prose Corpus of Innsbruck Computer Archive of Machine-Readable English Texts (ICAMET). The Innsbruck corpus is preferred to the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse (CMEPV) because ME religious prose, an important site of the demise, is represented in the former corpus more fully than in the latter. While TĒNE is more frequent than ANGER in ME writings as represented in the MED quotations, this predominance is almost entirely due to its continuing use in poetry. In prose the dominance of ANGER is little short of complete. The semantic analysis of the two word families is based on their preferred contexts. These are distinguished by both syntactic and semantic criteria. The results suggest that the referents of ANGER are clearly confined to the realm of emotions, while those of TĒNE tend to vacillate between emotions and physical suffering. In conclusion, a re-analysis of the psychological and linguistic literature provides evidence that the difference between sorrow and anger is less fundamental than current taxonomies suggest.
Some notes on the distribution of the quantifier all in Middle English
Authors: Yanagi Tomohiro
Published: March 2014

Through a study of the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, Second Edition (PPCME2), this paper reveals that the quantifier all in Middle English (ME) exhibits the following distributional properties: it almost never follows noun phrases, regardless of whether they are subjects or objects; ME all cannot precede object pronouns; and with subject pronouns both the “all-pronoun” and the “pronoun-all” orders are observed with approximately the same frequency. The present paper proposes that the grammatical person of subject pronouns and the clause type have an effect on the choice between the “all-pronoun” and the “pronoun-all” orders: e.g. the first/second person subject favors the “pronoun-all” order, whereas a third person pronominal subject tends to follow the quantifier all. The results also show that the distribution by grammatical person is statistically significant.
Colloquialization and not-contraction in nineteenth-century English
Authors: Smitterberg Erik
Published: March 2014

The present study examines the distribution of not-contracted and uncontracted forms in nineteenth-century English. The results show that the proportion of not-contracted forms increases across the nineteenth century, although there is a great deal of variation along genre lines. The results are linked to a discussion of the applicability of the concept of colloquialization to Late Modern English (LModE). Previous research on the colloquialization of English has focused chiefly on late 20th-century developments. This study demonstrates that the 1800s exhibit some similarities to the late 20th century as regards certain types of societal change, which makes it relevant to attempt to apply the colloquialization framework to the LModE period.
The complexity and diversity of the words in Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary
Authors: Markus Manfred
Published: March 2014

Given that the Late Modern English (LModE) period has been widely neglected in English historical linguistics and that dialect is now seen by many to play a role as sociolect rather than regionalect, the material on English dialects in Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) (1898––1905) is all the more valuable and, therefore, discussed in this paper in its substantiality and complexity. The dictionary provides much more than just the attribution of dialect words to region. Wright has compiled data on practically all levels of the language system and on many kinds of usage features – sometimes, as in the case of pragmatics, features of which he could not have been aware. This survey paper presents a selection of such features, which range from phonetics and spelling to idiomatic phrases, and from rhyme and rhythm to types of word formation. At the same time, the paper demonstrates how the interface of EDD Online, the computerized version of the dictionary, tries to reflect and make accessible the EDD’s wealth of information.
Etymology in the English Dialect Dictionary
Authors: Chamson Emil
Published: March 2014

This article discusses the treatment of etymology in Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) (1898–1905), a topic about which the literature has offered virtually no information. The focus is, first, on the presentation and characteristics of etymological comments in the EDD, followed by questions of their reliability and usefulness, drawing in large part on comparisons with other sources, especially the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Comparative analysis has shown a high degree of agreement, with limitations pertaining less to the information included in the EDD than to information not included. That is, EDD etymologies are often sparse and, more important, seldom reflect uncertainties. In sum, the investigation suggests that the EDD provides valuable impulses for the study of etymology in Late Modern English (LModE) dialect lexis, offering the potential to expand our understanding of the area enormously.
Towards an understanding of Joseph Wright’s sources
Authors: Ruano-García Javier
Published: March 2014

This paper builds on previous research into the making of the English Dialect Dictionary (1898–1905): Thompson (2008), Markus (2009) and Beal (2010), among others. It evaluates the contribution of Bishop White Kennett’s glossary to Parochial Antiquities (1695) to Joseph Wright’s dictionary. By applying quantitative methods of analysis, my main aim is to ascertain the proportion of words that were illustrated by means of Kennett’s data, and to assess the treatment that Wright gave to this information. In so doing, hope that this paper may cast some light on the documentary structure of the dictionary, and contribute to our understanding of the documents that were taken as testimonies to Late Modern English (LModE) dialects.
The importance of being Janus
Authors: Upton Clive
Published: March 2014

It is well understood that boundaries between linguistic varieties are not solid, but rather that there are transition zones where competing variants merge almost imperceptibly into one another in both geographical and social space. Between northern and southern England there exists the populous region of the Midlands, inhabited by millions of people whose speech is a unique blend of northern, southern and regionally-specific features. Using data from a range of recent-historical and present-day surveys, this paper explores what we can divine of the uniqueness of speech in an area which is neither “northern” nor “southern”. It helps towards a better understanding of (especially geographical) linguistic transitions, so shedding light on the notion of the “dialect area”.
Regression analysis in translation studies
Authors: Gries Stefan Th. , Wulff Stefanie
Published: March 2014

This paper provides an overview of how to compute simple binary logistic regressions and linear regressions with the open source programming language R on the basis of data from the INTERSECT corpus of English texts and their French and German translations. First, we show how one of the key statistics of logistic regressions is conceptually similar to the chi-square test of frequency tables. Second, we exemplify different applications of logistic regressions – with a binary predictor, with an interval/ratio-scaled predictor, and with a combination of both. Finally, we briefly exemplify a linear regression. In all cases, we discuss significance tests and provide examples for effective visualizations.
Compiling a Norwegian-Spanish parallel corpus
Authors: Hareide Lidun , Hofland Knut
Published: March 2014

The current paper describes the compilation process of The Norwegian Spanish Parallel Corpus (NSPC) created at the University of Bergen (Norway), as well as preliminary findings from ongoing and planned research based on the NSPC. The corpus is primarily constructed for research in Translation Studies, and is built to be roughly comparable to the Spanish-English P-ACTRES corpus. As of June 2011 the corpus consists of 31 of the 41 text pairs in the population, however, an expansion is planned for the inclusion of the entire population by early 2012.
Describing a translational corpus
Authors: Oakes Michael P.
Published: March 2014

There are a number of different ways to describe a single corpus. We consider how the frequencies of linguistic features may be quantified, such as in terms of their “average” occurrence, dispersion among text segments, and whether they follow the familiar “bell curve” characteristic of a normal distribution. We describe how to determine the required corpus size so that these things can be measured with the required degree of confidence. We consider “aboutness”: the extent to which individual linguistic features characterise the corpus as a whole. We describe the vocabulary richness, the extent to which the author of a text constantly brings in new vocabulary, and collocations: groups of words which are found together more often than one would expect by chance.