bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Diffusion of Dyes in Polymer Films by a Micro densitometric Technique
Authors: Peters R. H. , Petropoulos J. H. , McGregor R.
Published: July 2010

The concentration distributions of dye which are established inside polymer films during dyeing have been determined for the following systems: a disperse dye in cellulose acetate and in nylon, a direct dye in cellulose, and an acid dye in nylon. The results have been analysed to give the variation of diffusion coefficient with dye concentration: this information has been correlated with the practical behaviour of these systems and with their thermodynamic properties.
A Study of the Dyeing Behaviour of Abraded Wool
Authors: Hadfield H. R. , Lemin D. R.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the effect of abrasion of wool on the characteristic properties of individual acid dyes on wool fibres. When abrasion takes place before dyeing, the abraded areas dye initially more heavily than the unabraded areas. When abrasion occurs after dyeing, the abraded areas appear to be less heavily dyed, owing to an optical effect caused by fibrillation of the fibres. Rubbing of wool against wool produces an effect identical with that obtained on abrasion by glass‐paper or other abrasives. The time required to produce level dyeings on abraded wool varies widely from dye to dye, and the degree of sul‐phonation of the dye has an important effect. Certain cationic auxiliary agents reduce the time required to produce level dyeings. Apparently, abrasion increases the hydrophilic nature of the fibre surface.
Dyeing and Printing Polyester and Polyester‐Cellulosic Fabrics with Polyestren Dyes
Authors: Musshoff H.
Published: July 2010

Polyester and polyester—cellulosie fabrics can be dyed and printed with a range of vat dyes specially selected and processed for the purpose. The application and properties of these Polyestren dyes are discussed, and compared with those of other dyes suitable for dyeing these fabrics.
Setting of Wool Fibres in Dyeing
Authors: Peryman R. V. , Pickup R. P.
Published: July 2010

The degree of permanence of set (to release in boiling water) in single wool fibres which have been dyed whilst held stretched, varies widely with the method of dyeing.

Dyeing under neutral to slightly alkaline conditions and dyeing by afterchrome methods produce high degrees of permanent set, but supercontraction can occur after the use of strongly acid or acid chrome‐mordant methods with sexivalent chromium. All dyeing processes give temporary set, but this can be much less with certain processes carried out at low temperature or under strongly acid conditions. The steaming of tufts of fibres, previously dyed (or chrome‐dyed) by different methods under tension, produces marked differences in length and crimp. Twist is set more completely than extension and is less affected by subsequent steaming.
The Effect of Sulphuric Acid on Wool
Authors: Elliott R. L. , Asquith R. S. , Jordan B. J.
Published: July 2010

The stability of serine sulphate to hydrolysis with various reagents has been investigated. This ester group is stable to mild hydrolytie treatments both in the free amino acid and in wool protein. Faulty areas in laboratory carbonised and in commercially carbonised wool have been shown to contain a higher concentration of these groups than the surrounding areas, and the groups are apparently responsible for the resistance to acid dyes. Sulphonated derivatives of the aromatic amino acids have not been detected in any fault, and are not therefore responsible for the characteristic unlevel dyeings.
Proceedings of the Society
Authors: Davidson A. N.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the treatment of wool materials in a mixed bath containing peracetic acid and sodium hypoehlorite gives a high degree of unfeltability together with a soft handle, a good colour, and a slight increase in weight. Laboratory experiments and mill trials are described and some properties of the treated wool materials are indicated.
Studies on Haematoxylin and Haematein, the Colouring Principles of Logwood
Authors: Lalor G. C.
Published: July 2010

A method of preparing deaerated aqueous solutions of haematein for kinetic studies is described. By means of solutions prepared by this method, the kinetics of the fading of haematein in aqueous solution have been studied at 25·1°C. Equilibrium is approached by a first‐order reaction which is catalysed by acid. The equilibrium constant at 25·1°C is 8·0; it decreases as the temperature increases.
A Study of the Abnormal Viscosity of Procion‐dyed Cellulose in Cuprammonium Hydroxide
Authors: Mehta H. U. , Ravikrishnan M. R. , Chitale A. G.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the viscosity and iodine sorption of cellulose dyed with cold‐dyeing (Procion) and hot‐dyeing (Procion H) reactive dyes. The fluidity in cuprammonium hydroxide of the dyed cellulose decreases linearly with increasing dye concentration on the substrate and abnormal viscosity behaviour is observed at high dye concentrations. The extrapolated viscosity‐average molecular weights of the dyed substrate do not show a significant difference from that of undyed cellulose. The energy of activation for viscous flow increases and iodine sorption decreases linearly with increasing dye concentration on the substrate. The dyed cellulose absorbs more copper ion as the dye concentration increases. Formation of copper‐dye complexes has been observed with hydrolysed purified Procion dye in neutral and ammoniacal solutions, by means of Job's method. The abnormal viscosity behaviour of Procion‐dyed cellulose can be largely attributed to such complex formation. A method of purifying Procion dyes is described.
SYMPOSIUM ON “FLASH AGEING”
Authors: Hannay R. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews the research work carried out in relation to the development and application of sodium hydrosulphite and the various sulphoxylates derived from it in textile printing, leading to the present two‐stage flash‐ageing process. It discusses also the various problems facing the printer in the application of the several techniques described and finally sets out some of the major advantages claimed for the flash‐ageing process.
The Flash‐age Fixation of Vat Prints Using Sodium Sulphoxylate Formaldehyde as Reducing Agent
Authors: Alsberg F. R. , Liquorice W. F.
Published: July 2010

Since it was introduced, the flash‐ageing process has been modified by the introduction of acetaldehyde sulphoxylate as the reducing agent, to overcome the difficulties of handling and of plant design associated with the low stability of sodium hydrosulphite. The universally used reducing agent for vat printing is sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde, but this is insufficiently reactive for use in the flash‐ageing process as originally operated. It has now been shown that, by the incorporation of a suitable reduction catalyst into the print paste, sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde can be sufficiently activated to render it suitable for use in flash ageing. This paper reviews the steps in the investigation leading to the use of such a catalyst. If the sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde is incorporated in the vat print paste and the catalyst in a caustic alkaline padding liquor, vat‐dye discharge styles can be produced by flash ageing. This process can be extended to the fixation of a reactive dye background in the same flash‐ageing process as the fixation of the vat illuminating pigments.
Synthesis of Vinyl Derivatives and their Textile Applications
Authors: MacGregor J. H.
Published: July 2010

The historical development of acetylene chemistry, with special reference to the vinylation of organic substances, is reviewed and considered. Modern commercial methods of producing the more important vinyl derivatives are outlined, and their properties, both as monomers and as polymers, are noted. The applications (as fibre formers, sizing materials, dyeing assistants, finishing and coating agents, adhesives in the production of bonded‐fibre fabrics, backings for carpets, etc.) of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl cyanide (acrylonitrile), acrylic acid and its esters, styrene, butadiene, divinylsulphone and N‐vinylpyrrolidone are described and discussed.
The Mechanism of Dyeing with Procion Dyes II—The Mechanism of Reaction with Water and Soluble Alcohols or Carbohydrates
Authors: Ingamells W. , Sumner H. H. , Williams G.
Published: July 2010

The rates of reaction of a series of dichloro‐s‐triazine dyes with water have been measured. The rate constants obtained at constant pH are pseudo‐unimolecular. When the true second‐order constants are calculated, allowing for the pH, it is found that the results are best interpreted on the basis that the dye reacts with ionised hydroxyl groups. Similarly, the reaction of a monochloro‐s‐triazine dye with mannitol or methanol is best explained in terms of a mechanism involving the dye and the ionised hydroxyl group of the alcohol.
The Formation of Polymers on Wool I‐Polymethylene
Authors: Wolfram L. J. , Speakman J. B.
Published: July 2010

When all‐wool flannel is immersed in an ethereal solution of diazomethane, after being impregnated with cupric chloride, applied from solution in methanol, polymethylene is formed on the fibres. A satisfactory unshrinkable finish is obtained with a deposit of no more than 7% of the polymer, which masks the surface scale structure. The handle of the treated fabric is excellent, and its wear‐resistance greater than that of untreated flannel. Like earlier work on the formation of polyglycine on wool1, therefore, these results reveal the merits of interfacial polymerisation as a means of modifying the properties of wool textile materials, and provide a basis for the study of related systems of greater practical importance.
Some Interactions of Anionic Dyes used in Medical and Biological Research and Teaching
Authors: Gurr E.
Published: July 2010

Many anionic dyes are amphoteric because they contain basic side‐chains. Such dyes are really artificial amino acids. A large number of polyanionic dyes have been isolated and synthesised in vitro by interactions of simple anionic dyes. These complex dyes are, in effect, artificial peptides or simple synthetic proteins. Structural examples show their molecules to contain sulphonamide or disulphonamide groups. Some of these complex dyes have found useful application (e.g. trifalgic acid in diagnostic pathology; Haplo and Haplos in polarising microscopy9 and cytology). Certain anionic dyes act as decolorising agents towards other dyes, a fact that may be of importance in textile dyeing. A more rational system of dye classification is proposed to supplement the traditional systems commonly used.
Photochemical Reactions of Azo Dyes in Solution with Different Substrates
Authors: van Beer H. C. A. , Heertjes P. M.
Published: July 2010

Solutions of azo dyes iii water containing different soluble substrates have been exposed to ultraviolet and visible radiation. It has been found that many compounds react photochemically as hydrogen donors and cause reduction of azo dyes present in the same solution. Fading of such solutions takes place only when the radiation is absorbed by the substrate. Fading is evidently the result of interaction of excited substrate molecules with dye molecules or excited dye molecules. Substrates containing carboxyl, hydroxyl, or aryl groups attached to methyl, methylene, or aliphatic CH‐ groups show high photochemical activity when the compounds absorb light of long wavelength.

Kinetic measurements have shown that the fading reactions are of first order with respect to the concentration of the excited substrate molecules at low substrate concentrations. Fading of azo dyes in solutions containing different substrates is partly inhibited by the presence of oxygen. The results indicate that oxygen can act as a hydrogen acceptor in the same way as the azo dyes. Kinetic experiments carried out for one system suggest that the inhibition is partly caused by reoxidation of reduced dye radicals to the original dye by peroxide radicals. A mechanism for the inhibition is proposed.
Photochemical Tendering and Fading of Dyed Textiles at Different Humidities
Authors: Little A. H. , Clayton J. W.
Published: July 2010

Early work at the Shirley Institute showed that light fading and tendering of dyed cotton fabrics are affected by the type of light, the humidity, and the presence of metals. More extended exposures under controlled humidity conditions show that many vat and azoic dyes decrease in fastness with rise in humidity. There is also a relationship between the amount of fading and the degree of photochemical damage to the fibre and this effect is pronounced with yellow, orange, and red dyes. Some observations are included on north‐ and south‐facing exposures on dyed cotton and other fibres.
The Early History of the Synthetic Dye Industry*
Authors: Welham R. D.
Published: July 2010

The history of synthetic dyes until the First World War is briefly described. It falls naturally into four parts. In the first an account is given of early work on the composition of natural dyes and of coal‐tar oil. Then follows, starting with Perkin's discovery of Mauve, the story of the early days of the industry and of the “triphenylmethane period”. The third section describes the early development of the azo dyes and finally there is an account of the main trends in the field of the vat dyes.
The Early History of the Synthetic Dye Industry*
Authors: Welham R. D.
Published: July 2010

The various reasons that have been put forward for the failure of the industry to establish itself successfully in Britain by 1914 are discussed. Of these reasons, the absence of an all‐German Patent Law in the early years and the premature retirement of several of the first British manufacturers are considered the most important. The latter event is contrasted with the situation in Germany, where the pioneers stayed in the industry, help and advice were given by Universities, and ambitious research programmes were carried out. The failure of the British educational system is shown not so much in any lack of research chemists, but in the lack of understanding, by managers, of the problems and potential of the industry—an understanding which the social and educational system of Germany made much more widespread in that country.
The Measurement of Particle Size and its Practical Significance in Vat‐dye Quality
Authors: Atherton E. , Cooper A. C. , Fox M. R.
Published: July 2010

The development is described of a new centrifugal apparatus* and technique of wide applicability in the size analysis of finely divided materials. Use of this technique in the study of vat dyes has explained many features of technical behaviour, and has led to the development of higher‐quality products.
The Effect of Light on Textiles
Authors: Little A. H.
Published: July 2010

The fading of dyes and tendering of fibres caused by exposure of dyed textiles to light is illustrated by work carried out at the Shirley Institute, and the importance of considering the fibre–dye–atmosphere system as a whole is emphasised. The same dyes differ in their effect on the photochemical degradation of cellulose acetate and nylon. Tendering of cotton is shown to be caused almost entirely by ultraviolet radiation, and the effect of light quality on fading and tendering is demonstrated. Tendering of vat‐dyed cotton on north‐ and south‐facing exposure is examined, and the behaviour of undyed and dyed cotton on indoor and outdoor exposure leads to the examination of the effects of atmospheric contaminants, particularly sulphur dioxide, in causing serious photochemical damage. Possible methods of protection from the damaging effects of light are discussed.
The Dyeing of Cellulose Acetate with Water‐soluble (Solacet) Dyes
Authors: Balmforth D. , Bird C. L.
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of three Solacet (ICI) dyes on secondary cellulose acetate has been examined, and isotherms of the Langmuir type have been obtained. A resemblance to the behaviour of direct dyes on cellulose has been found, but affinity increases slightly with increasing concentration of sodium chloride. Diffusion is non‐Fickian, the apparent diffusioncoefficient in steady‐state experiments increasing with increasing external concentrationof dye. In the absence of salt, Solacet dyes in solution hydrolyse slowly, and in presence of salt aggregation is liable to occur.
Observations on the Setting Properties of Keratin Fibres
Authors: Jenkins A. D. , Wolfram L. J.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of experiments with samples of hair of widely differing cystine contents, it is postulated that two distinctly different mechanisms of setting exist, viz. co‐operative chain unfolding and molecular slip, each of which is operative under appropriate conditions. This postulate has been successfully tested by application to results obtained with various setting agents.
Further Applications of Chromatography in Dyeing and Finishing
Authors: Brown J. C.
Published: July 2010

The extension to other related topics of work previously carried out on the application of paper chromatography to synthetic dyes1 is described. The identification of oxidation bases, of resin finishes on textiles, of reactive dyes on cellulose, and of fluorescent brightening agents is discussed, together with the use of thin‐layer chromatography in these fields. The interdependence of chromatography and other analytical techniques, e.g. ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, in identification work is demonstrated.
Thermofixation of Dyes on Synthetic‐polymer Fibres and their Blends
Authors: Keaton J. , Preston D. T.
Published: July 2010

After an introduction outlining the advantages of continuous processing, practical details are given of the vital stage of cloth preparation. Suitable methods and machinery for the process are then considered. The fixation of various classes of dye on synthetic‐polymer and cellulosic fibres, and on their blends, is discussed. Particular attention is given to the behaviour of dyes under thermofixation conditions and the effect of heat on certain synthetic‐polymer fibres is indicated. The dyeing of narrow‐width fabrics by the thermofixation technique is discussed, with reference to suitable equipment. The final section deals with the fixation of pigments on textile fibres and blends by resin‐bonding. The absence of fibre substantivity in this method enables solid dyeings to be produced readily on fibre blends.
Colour Differences in Azo Pigments
Authors: Hildreth J. D. , Patterson D.
Published: July 2010

Three azo pigments were prepared under a range of carefully controlled conditions and their colour measured with instruments, as described in Part I of this paper. Measurements of particle‐size distribution on the same pigments have been made by a number of methods, principally by a centrifugal sedimentometer, which is fully described. It was found that the samples of each pigment that had the highest tinctorial power were those that had the largest proportion of particles below 0·25 μ size. The factors found to affect colour values are considered to be those that also affect the nucleation and growth of pigment crystals after the coupling process.
Developments in the Colouring of Rayon and Acrylic Fibres for Carpets
Authors: CHEETHAM R. C. , BRIDGES P. R. , PRATT D. C.
Published: July 2010

The intrinsic properties of rayon and acrylic fibres are outlined, with particular reference to their performance in carpets. The development of fibre blends is described and the dyeing properties of different types of fibre are dealt with in some detail. The application of direct dyes to Fibro, Evlan, and M66 is illustrated and it is shown that the rate of dyeing decreases in the order M66 > Evlan > Fibro. The application of basic dyes to Courtelle is illustrated similarly and an indication is given of the methods for dyeing blends of Evlan and Courtelle, with particular reference to the one–bath two–stage process, in which basic dyes are applied to the Courtelle and then direct dyes are applied to the Evlan. Methods of applying dyes to Courtelle–Evlan blends are referred to and special attention is given to aspects of hank–dyeing and continuous methods of coloration that are of general application. The Embec process of yarn coloration is described in some detail and reference is made to recent work on Evlan yarn and to alternative techniques of coloration. Finally, some of the special techniques used in carpet manufacture are referred to briefly, with particular emphasis on the dyeing and heat–setting of hard–twist yarns used for carpets with a non–crush pile.
The Influence of Consumer Requirements on the Dyeing and Finishing of Celon (Nylon 6)
Authors: ASHWORTH J. L. , BLACKBURN D.
Published: July 2010

The development of the market for nylon textiles is reviewed with regard to the expanding range of end–uses. The technical improvements in processing and in dyeing and finishing that have enabled this expansion to take place are outlined and the accompanying establishment of improved performance standards is discussed. An account is given of the bleaching and general dyeing properties of nylon 6 fibre, including the principles of the dyeing of mixtures with other fibres. Examples are given of various methods of coloration of yarn, fabric, and garments to obtain dyeings of adequate fastness for specific end–uses.
Chemical Reactions between Dyes and Wool
Authors: DERBYSHIRE A. N. , TRISTRAM G. R.
Published: July 2010

Work on the application of chlorotriazinyl reactive dyes to wool is reviewed. It is shown that, under the hot acidic dyeing conditions that must be used to obtain satisfactory dyeings on untreated wool without the aid of solvents, the fixation, and hence the wet–fastness properties, is limited by the absorption of hydrolysed dye. The possibility of applying dichlorotriazinyl dyes to shrink–resist–treated wool under alkaline conditions and at low temperatures is discussed.

The application to wool of dyes containing acrylamido groups is considered in detail. This group does not hydrolyse in the dyebath. Consequently, very high levels of fixation to the fibre can be attained under appropriate conditions, and the relation between fixation and fastness to severe wet treatments is demonstrated. The mechanism of the reaction of acrylamido dyes with wool has been studied. Reactivity towards model compounds in solution suggests that reaction with primary and secondary amino groups and with thiol groups is the principal mechanism of their reaction with wool, and the importance of amino groups is also indicated by the relative reactivity of an acrylamido dye towards wool, silk, and nylon. Amino–acid analyses of wool dyed to heavy depths with unmetallised and 1: 2 metal–complex acrylamido dyes show that reaction takes place predominantly with the –amino group of lysine residues, there being no evidence of reaction with the thiol group of cysteine nor with histidine residues.

Preliminary work with a chloroacetyl reactive dye suggests that this group reacts with both cysteine and histidine residues.
FRIDAY AFTERNOON, 17th SEPTEMBER 1965
Authors: WHITE G. S. J. , BERESFORD J. , CARR W. , LOMBARD G. A.
Published: July 2010

Pigments are now available in a wide range of physical forms and dispersions, e. g. as special pastes, dispersible powders, and chips and granules. These are made either by the pigment manufacturers or by firms which specialise in the dispersion of pigments. The various forms are briefly reviewed with respect to their properties and fields of application. Despite the importance of the degree of dispersion of a pigment, both in dispersions as sold and in pigmented systems, there is as yet no accepted method for measuring it. The measurement of the particle–size distribution of pigments in dispersed systems is beset with practical difficulties. Different methods are discussed and a critical assessment of the suitability of the Coulter Counter for this purpose is described, the experimental results obtained with some organic–pigment pastes are outlined, and the factors involved in measurement are listed.
Particle–size Determination with the Disc Centrifuge
Authors: ATHERTON E. , TOUGH D.
Published: July 2010

The provision ofstable dispersions with desirable technical properties involves the dye manufacturer in careful control of production. The disc centrifuge, with direct removal of the sample from the liquid interface, has been found valuable for this purpose. Several aspects of its operation and accuracy in the analysis of dye and pigment dispersions are discussed.
Jigger Studies. III– The Origin of Ending
Authors: MORTON T. H.
Published: July 2010

Further information on the mechanism of jigger dyeing has been obtained by studying and computing the hypothetical model– ‘the ideal system’– modified by new assumptions as to the character of dye absorption. The consequences are worked out for three separate assumptions– instantaneous absorption to an equilibrium value; dyeing in the bath as well as on the roll; and moderately slow dye absorption on the roll. It has been established that the last assumption corresponds to the most common type of ending of dyeings on the jigger. Ending is discussed in detail, and it is shown that practical observations on jigger dyeing are paralleled by predictions to be derived from the hypothetical model system with appropriate assumptions as to the character of dye absorption.
The Concept of Internal pH in Wool Fibres and the Interpretation of Data Relating to Setting
Authors: CREWTHER W. G.
Published: July 2010

A system consisting of wool fibres immersed in a salt solution has been considered in terms of the Donnan theory and an expression obtained which relates the hydroxyl–ion concentration of the ‘internal solution’ to the pH and salt concentration in the external solution, the affinities of hydroxyl ion, cation, and anion for the fibre, and the numbers of ionisable cationic and anionic groups in the fibre. This showed that at constant external pH and ionic strength, the internal hydroxyl–ion concentration would be increased by increasing the number of ionised cationic groups on the fibre, by adsorption of cations, or by decreasing the number of ionised anionic groups on the fibre. It would be decreased by adsorption of anionic groups. The effects of several chemical modifications of wool fibres on their setting properties can be explained in terms of their effects on the internal hydroxyl–ion concentration.
Mothproofing Properties of Insecticides I–Insecticides containing a Chlorinated Bridged Cyclohexane Nucleus
Authors: HUECK H. J. , BRIJN J. LA
Published: July 2010

The insecticides endosulfan and Alodan, which are structurally related to dieldrin, have been compared with it in respect of mothproofing properties. Both insecticides have been found to be active mothproofing agents, but only endosulfan gives an effect with similar resistance to washing and dry–cleaning to that imparted by dieldrin, which makes it a possible agent for use in durable mothproofing treatments.
THE SEVENTEENTH MERCER LECTURE How the Chemist and Physicist Assist the Practical Dyer
Authors: SUMNER H. H.
Published: July 2010

A few of the ways in which the work of the chemist and physicist has assisted the practical dyer are reviewed. Because of the very wide range of possible topics, discussion has been limited to those subjects most commonly met in the application of dyes to textile materials. In order to do this the various stages of the dyeing process have been considered separately, namely, selection of dyes, determination of dyeing recipe, application of the dye, and final treatments.
The Chemistry of Esters of Leuco Vat Dyes. V– The Action of Light
Authors: CLAUSSEN O. H. , JOHNSON A. , KAMDAR P. T.
Published: July 2010

The rates of reaction, under the influence of light, of the sulphuric acid esters of several leuco vat dyes have been measured in the presence of different amounts of hydrogen peroxide. The results can be explained if light causes hydrolysis of the sulphuric ester to the leuco vat dye, and it has been possible to demonstrate this reaction by spectroscopic identification of leuco dye.
The Dependence of Diazotisation Rates on Acidity
Authors: RIDD J. H.
Published: July 2010

The variation in the rate of diazotisation of aniline in aqueous perchloric acid is described for the range of acidity from pH 3 to 9–M acid. At low acidities (pH 1–3), the rate of diazotisation decreases with acidity, but at about pH 1 the rate passes through a minimum and then increases rapidly to reach a maximum in 7–M perchloric acid. At higher acidities the rate of diazotisation falls off very rapidly, eventually becoming negligible. The mechanisms of diazotisation corresponding to the different regions of the rate profile are discussed, together with the effects of substituents and of some other mineral acids.
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds IV–Photochemistry of some Simple Derivatives in Solution and on Polymer Films
Authors: EGERTON G. S. , GLEADLE J. M. , ROACH A. G.
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to determine the validity of the concept of the dye–ethanolsystem as a model for the photochemical degradation of textile materials sensitised by anthraquinone vat dyes. The action of (a) near–ultraviolet and visible radiation and (b) short–wave ultraviolet radiation (mainly 253–7 mμ) on anaerobic solutions of 1–aminoanthraquinone in ethanol, n–hexane, ethyl acetate, and carbon tetrachloride has been studied. Extensive fading of the dye occurs in these solvents with both typesof radiation. In the hydrogen–containing solvents characteristic spectra of reduction products of 1–aminoanthraquinone are produced, whereas in carbon tetrachloride there is extensive general destruction of the absorbing systems. The spectral changes occurring on the irradiation under anaerobic conditions of 1, 5–diaminoanthraquinone and 2–aminoanthraquinone in solution in ethanol and dyedon polymer films of N–methoxymethyl nylon, nylon 6. 6, and secondary cellulose acetate are compared. Only with 1, 5–diaminoanthraquinone and 1–aminoanthraquinone on N–methoxymethylnylon film are the changes on irradiation in dry nitrogen similar to those in ethanol. It is concluded that the photochemical behaviour ofanthraquinone dyes in organic solvents and in polymer systems can show considerable differences.
Equilibrium Studies on the Dyeing of Polyester Fibre with Disperse Dyes in the Presence of Carriers
Authors: BALMFORTH D. , BOWERS C. A. , BULLINGTON J. W. , GUION T. H. , ROBERTS T. S.
Published: July 2010

The effect of four pure carrier compounds on the equilibrium adsorption isotherm of a disperse dye on polyester fibre has been studied, and an attempt has been mads to relate the nature and magnitude of this effect to the aqueous solubility of the carrier, the partition of carrier between fibre and water, and the solubilising effect of the carrier on the dye.
The Chemistry of Esters of Leuco Vat Dyes VI–The Supposed Production of Semiquinone Esters
Authors: DAWSON A. M. , JOHNSON A.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is presented disproving the previously suggested formation of stable semiquinone esters during the oxidation of the sulphuric acid esters of leuco vat dyes (1). Under appropriate conditions it appears most likely that the leuco compound which may be produced by hydrolysis of the original ester will disproportionate to yield the vat dye and a compound at a lower oxidation level than the leuco compound.
Rates of Adsorption of Sulphuric Acid by Wool in Presence of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: BUCHSBAUM N. , DATYNER A.
Published: July 2010

The addition of anionic surfactants to dilute aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid reduces the initial rate of adsorption of acid by wool but increases acid adsorption after a longer period of contact. The magnitude of these effects depends on the molecular weight and concentration of the surfactant, provided the latter is below the critical micelle concentration. An increase in surfactant concentration beyond the critical micelle concentration has little further effect on the rate of acid adsorption. An explanation is offered of the phenomena observed and the technological implications are discussed.
Dimensional Stability of Wool Cloth and Measurement of Relaxation Potential
Authors: LEES K. , MEDLEY J. A.
Published: July 2010

The following three types of dimensional change in wool cloth are discussed— (1) Relaxation shrinkage, which is irreversible and is caused by the release of latent strains in the cloth. (2) Hygral change, which is the reversible change in dimensions occurring when the regain of wool cloth changes. (3) Press shrinkage caused by pressing cloth in a locked steam press.

A new method of measuring steam‐relaxation shrinkage is described. This is more appropriate than water soaking as a guide to performance in garment manufacture. Finally, high‐temperature decatising is described, and its effects on the properties of the cloth are discussed.
Illuminants for Colour Matching
Authors: McLAREN K.
Published: July 2010

CIE Illuminant C, although primarily established for colorimetry, was adopted as the basis for colour‐matching lamps in both the U.K. (1941) and the U.S.A. (1937). In the U.S.A. it was soon replaced because its colour temperature was too low (6740°K), the replacement eventually being a source having the Abbot‐Gibson 7400°K curve. In the U.K. the recent British Standard for colour‐matching lamps (BS 950:1967) is based on D 6500, a curve destined to replace Illuminant C as the CIE colorimetric standard for daylight. The requirements of BS 950:1967 have been met by a single source, a fluorescent tube, the cheapness and ease of installation of which permit it to be extremely widely used for colour appraisal as well as for colour matching.
Correlation between Structure, Fastness Properties, and Rm Values in Water‐soluble Azo Dyes
Authors: LÖRINC A. , DOBOZY O. K. , PR F.
Published: July 2010

Three acid dyes and six direct dyes have been purified and chromatographed. It is shown that a correlation exists between the Rm value and the nature and position of substituent groups in the dye molecule. The fastness to wet treatments of direct dyes on cellulose appears to be directly proportional to the Rm value.
Some Possibilities of High‐temperature Steaming in Textile Printing
Authors: LOCKETT A. P.
Published: July 2010

A description is given of the use for dye fixation of high‐temperature steam, i.e. superheated steam at atmospheric pressure but at temperatures above 100Â°C. Quantitative details are given for two important outlets in textile printing, viz. Procion (ICI) reactive dyes on cellulosic materials and disperse dyes on man‐made fibres, e.g. triacetate and Terylene. The mechanism of high‐temperature steaming is outlined and the economics of different steaming processes are discussed to show the potential advantage of the new process.
Effect of Processing and Finishing on Wool. I‐Water‐sorption Properties
Authors: LEEDER J. D. , WATT I. C.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium water contents of wool samples taken from many stages of processing and wet finishing have been measured at various humidities. The absorption isotherms obtained have been related to the known effects that specific chemical modifications have on the wool—water isotherm.

Mechanical processing of loose wool to fabric had a negligible effect on water uptake over the whole humidity range. In general, treatments that damage wool caused increased water uptake at high humidities, and two or more such treatments in succession resulted in higher water content than did single treatments. The presence of hygroscopic salts or reaction by‐products also increased water uptake above 80% r.h. The presence of dye generally reduced the water content at low and intermediate humidities. Under mild dyeing conditions the reduction of water content persisted up to saturation, but more severe treatment caused increased saturation water contents. Some setting treatments also reduced the water content at humidities below 80% r.h., presumably owing to the presence of added reagent, and dyeing followed by setting increased the reduction in water uptake. Surface degradation by chemical shrink‐res treatments increased water uptake at high humidities. None of the treatments studied caused large changes in regain in the humidity ranges encountered in normal use.
Treatment of Textile Waste Liquors
Authors: LITTLE A. H.
Published: July 2010

The character of textile waste liquors and methods that can be employed for their purification are discussed. Although the examples are based largely on cotton processing, the methods are applicable generally. The need for mixing and balancing waste liquors is emphasised. Methods of biochemical treatment are described with some indication of relative costs. The method usually used to remove suspended solids is described briefly, and the effects of oxidising and reducing substances on the biochemical treatment are discussed. The ease of treatment of effluents containing surface‐active agents depends on whether the agent is ‘hard’ or ‘soft’, i.e. whether the agent has a low or high BOD. If the waste is discharged to a sewer, the treatment costs depend on the size of the community in which the works is situated. The re‐use of part of the effluent from textile processes and the analytical tests made on the effluent are discussed briefly.
A Relationship between Colour and Structure for Simple Nitro Dyes
Authors: CORBETT J. F.
Published: July 2010

The long‐wavelength bands in the spectra of nitrobenzenes containing one or two strong electron‐donor groups are correlated with the 260‐ or 297‐mμ bands (or both) of nitrobenzene. The shift resulting from the introduction of two electron‐donor groups into nitrobenzene is shown to be equal to the sum of those resulting from analogous monosubstitution. Correlations of the longest wavelength band in the respective spectra of nitrobenzenes containing electron‐donor groups should thus allow for the possibility of these bands having different origins in different isomers.
Surface‐active Agents in Textile Processes and their Effect on Effluents
Authors: BARNES W. V. , DOBSON S.
Published: July 2010

Various types of surface‐active agent and their applications in textile processing are reviewed. In choosing a product for a particular application, the user must consider many factors, such as the biodegradability of the agent and its subsequent influence on effluents, waste treatment, and water pollution. A very wide choice of branded products is currently available, but approximately 95 % of the materials are based on a limited number of organic chemicals, the most important of which are the ethylene oxide condensates of alkylphenols and straight‐chain alcohols, secondary alkyl sulphates, the alkylbenzenesulphonates (both branched‐ and straight‐chain), and the primary alcohol sulphates. The biodegradability of these materials is discussed in relation to their chemical structures.

Many of the surface‐active materials now in use are biologically degradable. However, many non‐ionic agents are biologically hard. Considerable attention is being focused on them since, at very low concentrations, they have a synergistic effect on the foaming of surface waters when traces of anionic detergents are present. Desirably, these biologically hard materials should be replaced by materials that do not have objectionable properties with regard to water purity. When new biodegradable products are being developed full consideration should also be given to their applicational characteristics.
Explanatory Paper on Modern Theory
Authors: COATES E. , RIGG B.
Published: July 2010

The main arguments that led to the definition of the 1931 CIE colour system and of the Standard Observer are presented, together with an interpretation of the colour co‐ordinates obtained in this system. The correlation of CIE co‐ordinates with visual estimates is considered, and other systems of more uniform colour space are discussed. A method of expressing colour differences is indicated and related to colour tolerance. The essential principles on which instrumental methods are based are also given, together with brief descriptions of some typical instruments of different types. The principal applications of colorimetry are outlined and some of the advantages and disadvantages of instrumental methods as compared with visual methods are suggested. Simple numerical examples are included to illustrate important points.
The Fading of Nitrodiphenylamine Disperse Dyes in Relation to their Structure and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , PETERS A. T. , WALLACE F.
Published: July 2010

Previous investigations of the stability of simple nitrodiphenylamine dyes have been extended to include dinitrodiphenylamine dyes. Comments are made on the dyeing propertiesand other properties of these dyes. Theories of the relationships between structure and fastness to light developed for the mononitrodiphenylamines are tested for the dinitrodiphenylamines. The relationships between structure and fastness to light of these dyes agreereasonably with previous findings.
The Dyeing of Unmodified Polypropylene with Disperse Dyes
Authors: BIRD C. L. , PATEL A. M.
Published: July 2010

The behaviour on unmodified polypropylene fibre and film of two commercial disperse dyes and Dimethyl Yellow has been examined. The results indicate that disperse dyes capable of dyeing polypropylene fibre have high diffusion coefficients and low saturation values. Linear adsorption isotherms were obtained with Dimethyl Yellow. The behaviour of polypropylene fibre towards disperse dyes in general is discussed.
Experience with Two Editions of the Ishihara Test for Colour Blindness
Authors: BIRD C. L.
Published: July 2010

Experience with the Ishihara test between 1939 and 1967 is recorded for the benefit of other users of the test. The 7th and 11th editions are compared and particular attention is drawn to repeatedly occurring errors made by normal observers.
Budgets and Standard Costs in Textile Processing
Authors: MAYMAN D.
Published: July 2010

The need for budgets and standard costs is re‐appraised. Practical application rather than principle is dealt with and this is related to longer‐term planning.
Some Observations on the Effect of Urea on the Dyeing Behaviour of Wool at Low Temperatures
Authors: Cockett K. R. F. , Rattee I. D. , Stevens C. B.
Published: July 2010

The effect of adding urea to the dyebath on the rate of absorption of reactive and acid dyes by wool, and of acid dyes by other protein bres, has been studied. Possible modesof action of aqueous solutions of urea on wool are discussed. The observed increase in the ite of dyeing in the presence of urea is due to disaggregation of the dye in solution and reduction in dye‐protein hydrophobic interactions. The action of urea in promoting fibre swelling is also likely to be a contributory factor.
Developments in the Dyeing of Man‐made Fibres
Authors: Gaunt J. F.
Published: July 2010

The ways in which methods of dyeing different types of man‐made fibres have developed are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the main synthetic‐polymer fibres—nylon, acrylic and polyester fibres. Future developments in dyeing are discussed critically, with emphasis on the dyeing of fibre blends, the design of dyeing and other wet‐processing machinery, instrumentation and automatic control, solvent processing, and mass pigmentation.
The Coloration of Plastics
Authors: Balley E. J. G.
Published: July 2010

Although plastics can be coloured by various techniques, in the main they are mass‐coloured with dyes or organic or inorganic pigments. Some of this colouring is done during manufacture, but a growing proportion is now carried out subsequently and even as late as when the plastic is being extruded or injection‐moulded into its final form. The way in which colorants are selected for use with plastics and the problems that beset the colourist in preparing economical colour formulations of good performance are discussed.
Development of Modern Techniques for Dyeing Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Morton N. G. , Kracht M. E.
Published: July 2010

The development of dyeing processes for acrylic fibres from their introduction 21 years ago to the present day is outlined. The development of empirical dyeing techniques for acrylic fibres already in commercial production was followed by closer theoretical studies leading ultimately to a simple dyeing technique—the Defitherm process—evolved from a study of reaction kinetics and fundamental dyeing mechanisms. This process is described.
Package Dyeing of Continuous‐filament Nylon, Polyester and Acrylic Yarns
Authors: Pester A. J. , Whittaker J.
Published: July 2010

The various forms in which yarn is dyed in packages are considered. Package‐dyeing machines are then discussed. Techniques for the dyeing of continuous‐filament nylon, polyester and acrylic yarns are given. Mention is made of the drying of package‐dyed yarns and evaluation of the dyeing. Colour measurement has not yet proved to be an acceptable tool for the practical dyer, although it may eventually provide the required assistance. Detailed attention should be paid to the weighing of dyes and dyebath auxiliaries. Dye ranges should be extended for complex processes such as the package dyeing of continuous‐filament yarns.
Dyeing, Printing and Finishing of Fabrics Containing Lycra Elastomeric Fibre
Authors: Schipholt B. L.
Published: July 2010

The physical and chemical properties of Lycra (DuP) elastomeric yarn are described. The scouring, bleaching, fluorescent brightening, dyeing, printing and finishing of fabrics containing these yarns are discussed. Particular attention is paid to nylon‐Lycra blends.
Aggregation of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Coates E.
Published: July 2010

The general physical principles on which the self‐associating tendencies of dye ions in aqueous media depend are outlined. The importance of the influence of acid‐base properties is stressed and the possible interference of metal‐complex formation indicated. The broad application of thermodynamic and kinetic concepts to the interpretation of data is given and some typical results are presented. The main methods of experimental study are discussed, essentially on the basis of fundamental principles, and some new spectrophotometric and polarographic results reported. Some objections to hydrogen‐bond theories are raised and it is suggested that the major contributions to the driving force for self‐association are dependent on van der Waals' forces and entropy effects.
Some Observations on Continuous Pressure Steaming in Dyeing of Polyester Tow and Wool Sliver
Authors: Cegarra J.
Published: July 2010

Work carried out with a laboratory‐scale and a bulk‐scale unit of the Segard‐Serracant tunnel for dyeing combed wool tops and polyester fibre tow is described. A new system for the continuous dyeing of wool with black chrome dyes is also described, together with its effect on the properties of the wool. The fastness properties of the resultant dyeings are given. A system for the dyeing of polyester fibre tow is outlined. The service—water, steam and electricity—and labour requirements of this system are discussed.
The Physico‐chemical Hydrodynamics of Dyeing
Authors: McGregor R. , Peters R. H. , Varol K.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Leeds Junior Section, held in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, University of Leeds, on 11 November 1969, Mr K. R. F. Cockett in the chair; and of the Manchester Region, held at the Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, on 20 November 1969, Mr H. R. Hadfield in the chair

Films of methoxymethylnylon 6.6 have been inserted into a stream of dye‐liquor. The rates of dyeing of an acid dye at different points down the film were measured. Under some conditions of dyeing, the rate was shown to be controlled by the diffusion in the liquid phase. Values of the thickness of the diffusional boundary layer were calculated from the flux and shown to agree with theory. Modifications of the dyeing conditions, e.g. by increasing the pH or lowering thedyebath concentration, reduced the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the film, and the rate of dyeing became dependent on diffusion both in the film and in the liquid.