bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Low Bandgap CsPb1−xSnxI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells with Excellent Phase Stability
Authors: Chen Gangshu , Li Pengwei , Xue Tangyue , Su Meng , Ma Junjie , Zhang Yiqiang , Wu Tianhao , Han Liyuan , Aldamasy Mahmoud , Li Meng , Li Zehua , Ma Jiale , Chen Shuyao , Zhao Yao , Wang Fuyi , Song Yanlin
Published: June 2021

Novel all‐inorganic Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites are developed aiming for low toxicity, low bandgap, and long‐term stability. Among them, CsPb1−xSnxI2Br is predicted as an ideal perovskite with favorable band gap, but previously is demonstrated unable to convert to perovskite phase by thermal annealing. In this report, a series of CsPb1−xSnxI2Br perovskites with tunable bandgaps from 1.92 to 1.38 eV are successfully prepared for the first time via low annealing temperature (60 °C). Compared to the pure CsPbI2Br, these Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskites show superior stability. Furthermore, a novel α‐phase‐stabilization mechanism of the inorganic Sn‐Pb alloyed perovskite by reconfiguring the perovskite crystallization process with chloride doping is provided. Simultaneously, a dense protection layer is formed by the coordination reaction between the surface lead dangling bonds and sulfate ion to retard the permeation of external oxygen and moisture, leading to less oxidation of Sn2+ in perovskite film. As a result, the fabricated all‐inorganic Sn‐Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show a champion power conversion efficiency of 10.39% with improved phase stability and long‐term ambient stability against light, heat, and humidity. This work provides a viable strategy in fabricating high‐performance narrow‐bandgap all‐inorganic PSCs.
Synthesis of Ultrathin 2D Nonlayered α‐MnSe Nanosheets, MnSe/WS2 Heterojunction for High‐Performance Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Zucheng , Zhao Bei , Shen Dingyi , Tao Quanyang , Li Bo , Wu Ruixia , Li Bailing , Yang Xiangdong , Li Jia , Song Rong , Zhang Hongmei , Huang Ziwei , Zhang Zhengwei , Zhou Jingyuan , Liu Yuan , Duan Xidong
Published: June 2021

Numerous efforts have been made to synthesize 2D atomic semiconductor materials and their heterojunctions because of the diverse novel properties and potential applications in constructing next‐generation highly compact electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, intrinsic 2D p‐type semiconductor materials are still scarce. Herein, to enrich the p‐type 2D semiconductor family, epitaxial growth of a large‐area, ultrathin 2D nonlayered p‐type semiconductor α‐MnSe on mica with the thickness down to one unit crystal cell (0.9 nm) is reported. Moreover, the thickness of the α‐MnSe nanosheets can be systematically tailored from over 150 to 0.9 nm by increasing the flow rate of the carrier gas. X‐ray‐diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction studies confirm that the resulting 2D nanosheets are high‐quality single crystals. The photodetector based on the p‐type α‐MnSe nanosheet shows a fast response time of 4 ms. Furthermore, α‐MnSe/WS2 heterojunctions are synthesized and a diode based on p‐type α‐MnSe and n‐type WS2 displays outstanding photodetectivity (1.00 × 1013 Jones), high photoresponsivity (49.1 A W−1), and an obvious rectification ratio (283). Together, the synthesis of α‐MnSe and the α‐MnSe/WS2 p–n heterojunction provides opportunities for next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics.
Grain boundaries contribute to highly efficient lithium‐ion transport in advanced LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 secondary sphere with compact structure
Authors: Liu Cheng , Xia Heyi , Wei Yinping , Ma Jiabin , Gan Lin , Kang Feiyu , He Yan‐Bing
Published: June 2021

LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) secondary particles with high tap density have a great potential for high volumetric energy density lithium (Li)‐ion power battery. However, the ionic conductivity mechanism of NCA with compact structure is still a suspense, especially the function of grain boundaries. Herein, we systematically investigate the Li‐ion transport behavior in both the primitive NCA (PNCA) secondary sphere densely grown by single‐crystal primary grains and ball‐milled NCA (MNCA) nanosized particle to reveal the role of grain boundaries for Li‐ion transport. The PNCA and MNCA have comparable Li‐ion diffusion coefficients and rate performance. Moreover, the graphene nanosheet conductive additive only mildly affects the Li‐ion diffusion in PNCA cathode, while which severely blocks the Li‐ion transport in MNCA cathode. Through high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we clearly observe Li‐ion depletion at lower state of charge (SOC) and Li‐ion aggregation at high SOC along the grain boundaries of PNCA secondary particles during high‐rate lithiation process. The grain boundaries can construct an interconnected Li‐ion transport network for highly efficient Li‐ion transport, which contributes to excellent high‐rate performance of compact PNCA secondary particles. These findings present new strategy and deep insight in designing compact materials with excellent high‐rate performance.
Unpacking the connections between 8th graders' climate literacy and epistemic cognition
Authors: Quarderer Nathan Anderson , Fulmer Gavin W. , Hand Brian , Neal Ted A.
Published: June 2021

Our epistemic cognition informs what scientific claims we choose to endorse over others, how we come to know in science, and our assumptions about the construction of scientific knowledge. The topic of climate change provides context for how we come to know about our surrounding environment. The development of climate literacy in young learners has received heightened attention over the last decade. What learners choose to believe about the topic of climate change presents an epistemic challenge for science educators as they help students navigate through a sea of information that often contains competing claims. The study described here examines how climate literacy and epistemic cognition interact in a group of 8th grade students in the Midwestern United States. Findings from Rasch analysis of survey responses and coding of student interviews suggests a positive relationship between learners' climate literacy and epistemic cognition, with participants tending to exhibit quasi‐reflective judgment when justifying their beliefs about the causes and effects of climate change, how scientists come to know about Earth's climate, and the level of certainty that researchers have about changes to our climate system. Implications for the development of learning environments that help shape adolescents' epistemic cognition and engage with the topic of climate change using place‐based learning and teaching materials will be discussed.
Young GI angle: Living through a crisis: How to manage downturns in your career
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Heinrich Henriette
Published: June 2021

Depending on its reason, a crisis can last a time and needs patience and persistence to be solved. First, you feel the shot and realize what is happening. Then, you will probably remain shocked for some time, and you will need time to manage the crisis and get back on your feet. Moreover, you must consider, that after the end of the acute crisis, that a recovery period will be necessary to adapt yourself to the new environment and stand up again. During that time frame, it could be extremely hard to go ahead with your clinical and scientific career (e.g., learning new skills or carrying on new research), and you can feel scared. Because we humans are programmed to be skeptical when it comes to change—although it is an eternal constant. Also do not be afraid of wasting or losing time: even if it will take months to solve the issue, this time will not be wasted. You will have found a new balance, and, more importantly, you will have learned important skills how to manage a difficult situation and be ready for the next one. The term “crisis” means originally “separation”. This can reflect both the need of a choice and the fact that, after a crisis, you will not be the same. Despite being unpleasant, a crisis can be an opportunity for your life and your career—it can make you understand what you really want, depending on your ideas and your ambitions. A re‐establishment of your environment can be fruitful for your career and your motivation—so do not hesitate to embrace change and learn from it.
Ultrasound prediction of adverse perinatal outcome at diagnosis of late‐onset fetal growth restriction
Authors: Dall'Asta A. , Stampalija T. , Mecacci F. , Minopoli M. , Schera G. B. L. , Cagninelli G. , Ottaviani C. , Fantasia I. , Barbieri M. , Lisi F. , Simeone S. , Ghi T. , Frusca T.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between Doppler and biometric ultrasound parameters measured at diagnosis and perinatal adverse outcome in a cohort of late‐onset growth‐restricted (FGR) fetuses.

Methods

This was a multicenter retrospective study of data obtained between 2014 and 2019 including non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies complicated by late‐onset FGR (≥ 32 weeks), which was defined either as abdominal circumference (AC) or estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age or as reduction of the longitudinal growth of AC by over 50 percentiles compared to ultrasound scan performed between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation. We evaluated the association between sonographic findings at diagnosis of FGR and composite adverse perinatal outcome (CAPO), defined as stillbirth or at least two of the following: obstetric intervention due to intrapartum fetal distress, neonatal acidemia, birth weight < 3rd percentile and transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Results

Overall, 468 cases with complete biometric and umbilical, fetal middle cerebral and uterine artery (UtA) Doppler data were included, of which 53 (11.3%) had CAPO. On logistic regression analysis, only EFW percentile was associated independently with CAPO (P = 0.01) and NICU admission (P < 0.01), while the mean UtA pulsatility index (PI) multiples of the median (MoM) > 95th percentile at diagnosis was associated independently with obstetric intervention due to intrapartum fetal distress (P = 0.01). The model including baseline pregnancy characteristics and the EFW percentile was associated with an area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve of 0.889 (95% CI, 0.813–0.966) for CAPO (P < 0.001). A cut‐off value for EFW corresponding to the 3.95th percentile was found to discriminate between cases with and those without CAPO, yielding a sensitivity of 58.5% (95% CI, 44.1–71.9%), specificity of 69.6% (95% CI, 65.0–74.0%), positive predictive value of 19.8% (95% CI, 13.8–26.8%) and negative predictive value of 92.9% (95% CI, 89.5–95.5%).

Conclusions

Retrospective data from a large cohort of late‐onset FGR fetuses showed that EFW at diagnosis is the only sonographic parameter associated independently with the occurrence of CAPO, while mean UtA‐PI MoM > 95th percentile at diagnosis is associated independently with intrapartum distress leading to obstetric intervention. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Recent progress on multiscale modeling of electrochemistry
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Hui , Zhuang Yong‐Bin , Zhu Jia‐Xin , Le Jia‐Bo , Cheng Jun
Published: June 2021

Computational electrochemistry, an important branch of electrochemistry, has shown its advantages in studying electrode/electrolyte interfaces, such as the structures of electric double layers. However, modeling electrochemical systems is still a challenge, especially in interface electrochemistry, because not only solvation effects and ion distribution in electrolyte solutions should be considered, but also the treatment of the electrode potential and the response of electrolytes to applied potentials. Here, we review the latest development in the field of computational electrochemistry. We first introduce various energy models used in simulating electrolytes and electrodes at multiple scales. Then, to better explain and compare between different methods, we discuss the calculation methods of solution electrochemistry and interface electrochemistry in separate. At last, we introduce the methods to electrify the interfaces in various multiscale models. This review aims to help understand various levels of methods in simulations of different scenarios in electrochemistry, and summarizes a set of schemes covering multiple scales.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Considerations on Optimization as an Architectural Design Tool
Authors: Canestrino Giuseppe
Published: June 2021

Some architects use design processes that conceive each architecture as a model to be optimized with tools borrowed from various disciplines. Therefore, modelling in architecture may assume the role of an interpretative tool for complex phenomena, capable of guiding a design towards its best possible configuration. Today, we can work with discrete data with extreme efficiency. Consequently, we can also create models in architectural design with a new approach that aims to contain and generate large amounts of information. It is precisely by analyzing that information, with various tools of applied mathematics and through the strength of correlation, that modelling may interpret complex phenomena. In both approaches, the search for optimization may shape the purpose of modelling in architectural design. This contribution addresses the evolution and role of optimization in architectural design with an interdisciplinary approach.
How to choose an abdominal imaging fellowship
Authors: Sun Derek C. , Lee Jean H.
Published: June 2021

Radiologists in training draw from their early experiences in residency when choosing a fellowship. Once they have decided on an abdominal imaging fellowship, applicants must learn to navigate the interview process. During this challenging time, applicants explore the difference in clinical curricula and rotations, meet potential mentors and clinical faculty, consider potential academic interests and projects, and choose what location they would like to train for one year after residency. When in training, fellows undergo the challenge of finding employment while learning new skills and refining their abilities to become a well-rounded radiologist and clinician. This article summarizes key points potential applicants should consider when deciding on an abdominal imaging fellowship, how to prepare for the interview season, and how to plan their fellowship year before fellows take the next step to becoming attendings.
Bony callus stiffness indirectly evaluated by the axial load-share ratio in vivo as a guide to removing a monolateral external fixator safely
Authors: Liu Yanshi , Cai Feiyu , Liu Kai , Zhang Xingpeng , Li Hong , Fu Xuefei , Zhang Tao , Yusufu Aihemaitijiang
Published: June 2021

Purpose

As the monolateral external fixator is increasingly used in trauma-control and definitive management for high-energy long bone fractures, timing the fixator removal remains a challenge for surgeons. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the bony callus stiffness indirectly evaluated by the axial load-share ratio in vivo as a guide to removing a monolateral external fixator safely.

Methods

A total of 131 patients with tibial shaft fractures treated by the monolateral external fixator in our institution were collected from January 2013 to July 2019. In group I, the fixators were removed based on the clinical and radiological assessment only by the treating surgeon. As for group II, the axial load-share (LS) ratio test was accomplished by another medical team without the knowledge of the clinical results. The external fixator was removed when the mechanical test outcome (LS ratio < 10%) was consistent with the conclusion drawn from the clinical and radiological assessment (bone union achieved) by the treating surgeon.

Results

There was no statistical significance in demographic data between the two groups (P > 0.05). In group I, four patients suffered refracture (the refracture rate was 7.7%) after fixator removal and were successfully treated by an intramedullary nail. In group II, 71 patients underwent fixator removal after the first mechanical test, and another eight patients terminated the external fixation after the second test. None of the 79 patients in group II suffered refracture (the refracture rate was 0%). There was statistical significance in the refracture rate between the two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The bony callus stiffness indirectly evaluated by the axial load-share ratio in vivo using the additional circular frame components is an effectively quantitative indicator to complement the clinical assessment of fracture healing in a monolateral external fixation treatment. Removal of the monolateral external fixator is safe when the axial load-share ratio dropped below 10%.
Perceived Barriers to the Use of Assisted Colonization for Climate Sensitive Species in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Rivera Shannon N. , Fortini Lucas Berio , Plentovich Sheldon , Price Melissa R.
Published: June 2021

Conservation actions to safeguard climate change vulnerable species may not be utilized due to a variety of perceived barriers. Assisted colonization, the intentional movement and release of an organism outside its historical range, is one tool available for species predicted to lose habitat under future climate change scenarios, particularly for single island or single mountain range endemic species. Despite the existence of policies that allow for this action, to date, assisted colonization has rarely been utilized for species of conservation concern in the Hawaiian Islands. Given the potential for climate driven biodiversity loss, the Hawaiian Islands are a prime location for the consideration of adaptation strategies. We used first-person interviews with conservation decision makers, managers, and scientists who work with endangered species in the Hawaiian Islands to identify perceived barriers to the use of assisted colonization. We found that assisted colonization was often not considered or utilized due to a lack of expertize with translocations; ecological risk and uncertainty, economic constraints, concerns regarding policies and permitting, concerns with public perception, and institutional resistance. Therefore, conservation planners may benefit from decision tools that integrate risk and uncertainty into decision models, and compare potential outcomes among conservation actions under consideration, including assisted colonization. Within a decision framework that addresses concerns, all conservation actions for climate sensitive species, including assisted colonization, may be considered in a timely manner.
Testing the randomness of shares in color visual cryptography
Authors: Chmielewski Leszek J. , Nieniewski Mariusz , Orłowski Arkadiusz
Published: June 2021

The concept of black-and-white visual cryptography with two truly random shares, previously applied to color images, was improved by mixing the contents of the segments of each coding image and by randomly changing a specified number of black pixels into color ones. This was done in such a way that the changes of the contents of the decoded image were as small as possible. These modifications made the numbers of color pixels in the shares close to balanced, which potentially made it possible for the shares to be truly random. The true randomness was understood as that the data pass the suitably designed randomness tests. The randomness of the shares was tested with the NIST randomness tests. Part of the tests passed successfully, while some failed. The target of coding a color image in truly random shares was approached, but not yet reached. In visual cryptography, the decoding with the unarmed human eye is of primary importance, but besides this, simple numerical processing of the decoded image makes it possible to greatly improve the quality of the reconstructed image, so that it becomes close to that of the dithered original image.
Fire Behaviour of a Prestressed Thin-Walled Concrete V-Beam
Authors: Pedron Augusto , Tondini Nicola
Published: June 2021

The present work investigates the fire behaviour of a prestressed thin-walled concrete V-beam with variable cross section along its longitudinal axis. In particular, the results obtained from different modelling strategies implemented through analytical computations and Finite Element (FE) thermo-mechanical analyses conducted both with Euler–Bernoulli beam elements and with shell elements were compared. The models were able to properly allow for the prestressing force and its variation with temperature. The mode of failure was analysed both at ambient temperature and at elevated temperature by employing the ISO 834 standard heating curve as well as parametric fire curves so as to investigate the behaviour in the cooling phase. The outcomes showed that the beam model was not capable of accurately predicting the failure mode by largely overestimating the time of collapse. Indeed, the FE analysis with shell elements highlighted that beam behaviour assumptions with sections that remain plane were not satisfied as fire progressed. Furthermore, it also showed that the failure mode was not flexural in the longitudinal direction but due to the failure of the webs in transverse bending that interacted with longitudinal stresses. Finally, the analyses conducted by applying parametric fire curves highlighted possible failure in the cooling phase, which emphasises the need of careful analysis for these types of structural members.
Assessing income tax perturbations
Authors: Christiansen Vidar , Jia Zhiyang , Thoresen Thor O.
Published: June 2021

We present a scheme for analysing income tax perturbations, applied to a real Norwegian tax reform during 2016–2018. The framework decomposes the reform into a structural reform part and a tax level effect. The former consists of a distributional impact and a social efficiency effect measured as the behavioural-induced change in tax revenue. Considering the overall welfare effect conditional on inequality aversion, we back out the pivotal value of the decision makers’ inequality aversion, according to which unfavourable redistributional effects exactly cancel out a social efficiency enhancement.
SIRM–SIC appropriateness criteria for the use of Cardiac Computed Tomography. Part 1: Congenital heart diseases, primary prevention, risk assessment before surgery, suspected CAD in symptomatic patients, plaque and epicardial adipose tissue characterization, and functional assessment of stenosis
Authors: Esposito Antonio , Francone Marco , Andreini Daniele , Buffa Vitaliano , Cademartiri Filippo , Carbone Iacopo , Clemente Alberto , Guaricci Andrea Igoren , Guglielmo Marco , Indolfi Ciro , La Grutta Ludovico , Ligabue Guido , Liguori Carlo , Mercuro Giuseppe , Mushtaq Saima , Neglia Danilo , Palmisano Anna , Sciagrà Roberto , Seitun Sara , Vignale Davide , Pontone Gianluca , Carrabba Nazario
Published: June 2021

In the past 20 years, Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT) has become a pivotal technique for the noninvasive diagnostic work-up of coronary and cardiac diseases. Continuous technical and methodological improvements, combined with fast growing scientific evidence, have progressively expanded the clinical role of CCT. Recent large multicenter randomized clinical trials documented the high prognostic value of CCT and its capability to increase the cost-effectiveness of the management of patients with suspected CAD. In the meantime, CCT, initially perceived as a simple non-invasive technique for studying coronary anatomy, has transformed into a multiparametric “one-stop-shop” approach able to investigate the heart in a comprehensive way, including functional, structural and pathophysiological biomarkers. In this complex and revolutionary scenario, it is urgently needed to provide an updated guide for the appropriate use of CCT in different clinical settings. This manuscript, endorsed by the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) and by the Italian Society of Cardiology (SIC), represents the first of two consensus documents collecting the expert opinion of Radiologists and Cardiologists about current appropriate use of CCT.
Trust Amongst Refugees in Resettlement Settings: a Systematic Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Essex Ryan , Kalocsányiová Erika , Rumyantseva Nataliya , Jameson Jill
Published: June 2021

Trust is of particular relevance to refugee populations, given the adverse, often protracted and liminal nature of the refugee journey. What trust means, how it shapes and is shaped by this journey, is crucially important for this population group and it can vary substantially. The extent, range and nature of research activity in this area are limited; this article therefore reports on a systematic scoping review that explored trust amongst refugees and asylum seekers in resettlement settings. Studies were included if they were primary research and explored trust amongst refugees and asylum seekers in a resettlement context and excluded if trust was not a major focus of the study (i.e. a number of studies were excluded that explored related concepts, such as social capital), if the study did not identify participants as refugees or asylum seekers or the study examined trust in a transitory setting. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 studies remained, which were reviewed and analysed. Sixteen studies used qualitative methods, six used quantitative methods and one used mixed methods. Trust was presented as fundamentally relational, taking shape between and within refugees, asylum seekers and others. Trust was also presented as temporal and contextual, across refugee journeys, hardships experienced and resettlement. A major theme was the fundamental need in resettlement for a restoration of lost or damaged trust.
A Regretful Journey Home: Albanian Return Migration in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008
Authors: Cena Elida , Heim Derek
Published: June 2021

Despite occurring almost a decade ago, the effects of the 2008 global financial crisis continue to influence the lives of many people today. Intra-European migration literature, for example, suggests that migration patterns were reshaped in its aftermath and emerging literature details mobilities and experiences of migrants in destination societies post-crisis. To date, less research documents the experiences of individuals who, in the wake of the crisis, were forced to abandon their migratory endeavours and had to navigate returning to their country of origin in a particularly challenging socio-economic context. Utilising in-depth interviews and family case studies with purposively recruited Albanian return migrants who had lived in Greece and Italy pre-crisis, the current study highlights how conditions in both destination and origin countries impacted return experiences. Findings illustrate an adverse interplay of circumstances that led to the unsettled return and portray a perturbing fluidity in the lives of return migrants who appear overcome by a sense of ‘double failure’ with regard to both outward migration and subsequent return to their country of origin.
Age, frequency of volunteering, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but not money to combat COVID-19 during lock-down
Authors: Nowakowska Iwona
Published: June 2021

Restrictions due to COVID-19 necessitated staying at home, but in some cases, encouraged charitable behavior, e.g., donating items to people in need (e.g., clothes, food), or money to support combatting COVID-19. Drawing on the previous findings regarding helping during disastrous situations and roles of time perspective in helping behaviors, the study tested the predictive value of age, gender, previous volunteering, altruistic social value orientation, and time perspectives of donating items to people in need or money to combat COVID-19. The study is pioneering in terms of including time perspectives as individual differences which might contribute to making donations during COVID-19 circumstances. The study was questionnaire-based and conducted online in the eighth week of social distancing in Poland. 150 young adults (age 18–35) took part in the study. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that age, frequency of volunteering before the epidemic, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but none of the tested variables predicted donating money to combat COVID-19. The findings suggest that charitable behavior, especially in the context of extraordinary social situations, needs to be treated as a multifaceted phenomenon. The study indicates that a Present-Hedonistic time perspective would be a promising individual difference to test in future studies on prosociality.
Lean Stability Approaches in Pharmaceutical Product Development, Registration, and Post-marketing CMC Change Management; Industry Survey Insights
Authors: Pulliam Donnie , McMahon Megan , Regler Brian P. , Smith Susan , Martin Cheryl , Babayan Yelizaveta , Hoaglund-Hyzer Cherokee , Lesslie Michael , Qiu Fenghe , Adamec Eric , Wang Jin , Forenzo Pat , Wannere Chaitanya S. , Zhuang Ping , Gruenig Lars
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This paper summarizes results from a recent pharmaceutical industry survey to understand the adoption status of science- and risk-based approaches in pharmaceutical stability (lean stability) in regulatory submissions across the full pharmaceutical product life cycle and to ascertain whether companies are deriving their stability strategies based on scientific risk or applying generic strategies.

Methods

A comprehensive survey was distributed to pharmaceutical companies affiliated with the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ Consortium) to solicit non-proprietary responses pertaining to regulatory strategies for stability monitoring across the product life cycle, perceived risks, and health authority feedback.

Results

Among the 19 responding companies, utilization of lean stability approaches varied with respect to (1) phase of product life cycle, (2) specific product quality attributes cited in effective ICH guidances or which demonstrated shelf-life limiting stability trends, and (3) the degree of perceived risk of rejection by health authorities based upon companies’ degree of experience from previous regulatory submissions.

Conclusion

Continued collaboration between the pharmaceutical industry and health authorities—through case studies and revision/harmonization of regulatory guidances—will be essential for continued implementation of lean stability strategies to accelerate delivery of innovative medicines to the clinic and to the market.
Effects of fungal inoculation on the growth of Salicornia (Amaranthaceae) under different salinity conditions
Authors: Gonçalves Danilo Reis , Pena Rodica , Zotz Gerhard , Albach Dirk C.
Published: June 2021

Endophytic fungi are known to be present in roots of salt marsh plants, but their ecological role in this symbiosis is still largely unknown. Generally considered parasitic or saprophytic, they may still be mutualistic, at least under certain circumstances. Among salt marsh plants,Salicorniaspp. are recognized as particularly salt-tolerant and their frequent colonization by root endophytes has also been reported. This study aimed to investigate whether the inoculation ofSalicorniawith different root endophytes isolated from field-collectedSalicorniaaffects biomass production, nutrient uptake and photosynthesis (assessed via chlorophyll fluorescence). In addition, we investigated whether fungal inoculation confers tolerance to salt stress given that endophytes are suggested to increase salt tolerance and improve plant fitness in other less salt-tolerant plants. The inoculation ofSalicorniawith an isolate of the genusStemphyliumpositively influenced total biomass production and nitrogen concentration in roots at optimum salinity condition (150 mM NaCl). However, under salt stress (650 mM NaCl), no significant effects of fungal inoculation on biomass production and photosynthesis were observed. Further, positive and negative effects of fungal inoculation on nutrient concentrations were observed in roots and shoots, respectively. Our results indicate that different endophytic fungi and their interaction result in distinct fungal species-specific plant growth responses ofSalicorniaunder different growth conditions.
A technique to identify the predominant pore direction in a porous medium and application to reservoir rocks
Authors: Roque Waldir L. , Neto Edvaldo F. M. , Cruz Júnior José V. P.
Published: June 2021

The study of the pore space structure of a porous medium has been very much improved with the aid of microtomographic imaging and its analysis through image processing. In this paper, a technique to identify the predominant pore direction (PPD) in the pore space is introduced and according to that the pore space can be partition as vertical (V), horizontal (H) or diagonal (D). The PPD technique has been developed for 2D and 3D spaces based on microCT images of a porous medium and can be used to both, pore or grain spaces. An implementation of the PPD has been done in an in-house computer program using Phyton. A set of application tests for 2D and 3D PPD partitioning is given, being, respectively, i) a synthetic binary image and a binary image of a Berea sandstone rock sample and ii) a Berea sandstone and a Carbonate reservoir rock core samples, both provided by the MicroCT Images and Networks of Imperial College London database, and a 3D grain partitioning of a trabecular bone structure. Additionally, the V, H and D PPD effective pore networks of a pore space are determined; the porosities for the PPD subspaces and for their effective pore networks are computed and results are provided. Finally, a brief discussion about the implementation and computational cost for the 2D and 3D cases is provided. It is worth to mention that the findings of this study may help for better understanding of directional fluid flow and mechanical stress in porous medium.
Adsorption of malic acid at the hydroxyapatite/aqueous NaCl solution interface
Authors: Janusz Władysław , Skwarek Ewa
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was the basic incidence on the phenomenon of adsorption that occurs at the hydroxyapatite/malic acid interface, leading to a change in the surface properties of hydroxyapatite, Analytical methods used in the research: X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as by the, adsorption–desorption of nitrogen (ASAP), potentiometric titration. The specific adsorption of malic acid ions at the hydroxyapatite interface was investigated by means of the radioisotope method. The zeta potential of hydroxyapatite dispersions was determined by electrophoresis with Zetasizer Nano ZS90 by Malvern. The particle sizes of hydroxyapatite samples were analyzed using Masteriszer 2000 Malvern. Studies on the kinetics of malic acid on hydroxyapatite from a solution with an initial concentration of 1 mmol/dm3 have shown that the adsorption process is initially fast, followed by a slow adsorption step. An increase in the pH of the solution causes a decrease in the malic acid adsorption as a result of competition with hydroxyl ions. The presence of adsorbed malic acid was confirmed by the FTIR measurements. The effect of malic acid adsorption on the zeta potential and particle size distribution of hydroxyapatite in the NaCl solution was investigated.
Pure and Sb-doped ZrO2 for removal of IO3− from radioactive waste solutions
Authors: Suorsa V. , Otaki M. , Virkanen J. , Koivula R.
Published: June 2021

Radioactive 129I with a long half-life (1.57 × 107 y) and high mobility is a serious radiohazard and one of the top risk radionuclides associated with its accidental and planned releases to nature. The complex speciation chemistry of iodine makes its removal a complicated task, and usually a single method is not able to remove all iodine species. Especially its oxidized form iodate (IO3−) lacks a selective and effective removal method. Here, the granular aggregates of hydrous zirconium oxides with and without antimony doping were tested for IO3− removal and the effects of contact time, competing anions in different concentrations and pH were examined. The materials showed high selectivity for IO3− (Kd over up to 50,000 ml/g) in the presence of competing ions and relatively fast uptake kinetics (eq. < 1 h). However, B(OH)4− and SO42−, as competing ions, lowered the iodate uptake significantly in basic and acidic solution, respectively. The suitability of the materials for practical applications was tested in a series of column experiments where the materials showed remarkably high apparent capacity for the IO3− uptake (3.2–3.5 mmol/g).

Graphic abstract
Familie und Schule in der Adoleszenz: Ergebnisse qualitativer Längsschnittuntersuchungen zu Bewährungsanforderungen von der Grundschule bis zum Übergang in die Ausbildung bzw. das Studium
Authors: Silkenbeumer Mirja , Thiersch Sven
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag stützt sich auf Erkenntnisse aus drei qualitativen Längsschnittstudien, in denen Heranwachsende und ihre Familien in relevanten Phasen der Schullaufbahn befragt und Bildungsverläufe aus subjekttheoretischer Sicht analysiert worden sind. Auf der Grundlage der übergreifenden Befunde dieser Untersuchungen wird argumentiert, dass sich Jugendliche in schulischen Bildungsverläufen, unabhängig davon, wie erfolgreich diese vollzogen werden und in welche sozialen Strukturen sie eingebettet sind, als Subjekte bewähren müssen. Sie sind in der Adoleszenz damit konfrontiert, sich gegenüber schulischen Anforderungen und bildungsbezogenen Delegationen in ihren Familien zu positionieren und den Bildungsverlauf in das werdende Selbst zu integrieren. Diese kaum erforschten und diskutierten subjektiven Modi, Bewährungsanforderungen zu gestalten, sind mit Selbst- und Fremdzuschreibungen im Kontext beziehungsdynamischer, intergenerational strukturierter Ablösungs- und Individuationsprozesse in Familie und Schule verbunden. Im Beitrag werden unterschiedliche adoleszente Bewährungsformen im Zusammenspiel von Familie und Schule typologisch ausgeleuchtet. Vor diesem Hintergrund differenzieren wir die bisherigen Erkenntnisse der Schul- und Bildungsforschung zur sozialen Hervorbringung schulbezogener Haltungen sowie zu Verläufen und Übergängen von Jugendlichen im Bildungssystem.
Quantitative evaluation of augmented strain at the weld metal during the Trans-Varestraint test
Authors: Yamashita Shotaro , Okano Shigetaka , Mochizuki Masahito , Saida Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2021

The hot cracking susceptibility in the Trans-Varestraint test was evaluated using the nominal strain calculated using the curvature radius of a bending block and the thickness of a specimen based on the theory of material mechanics. The nominal strain was calculated using the material properties at room temperature. Thus, in the Trans-Varestraint test, the non-uniformity of the strain around the weld part due to the temperature distribution is not considered. Therefore, the strain in the Trans-Varestraint test cannot be evaluated correctly. The aim of this study is to reveal the loaded strain at the weld metal to understand the evaluation of hot cracking susceptibility in the Trans-Varestraint test. The loaded strain around the trailing edge of the weld pool of pure iron was measured in-situ using a high-speed camera and high-resolution optical lens. The results of strains measured using image analysis and the finite-element method at the center of the weld bead were compared. Accordingly, it was clarified that the strain was concentrated on the weld part owing to the bending occurring along the weld line, and the strain exceeding the nominal strain was loaded to the trailing edge of the weld pool.
Shared Cultural Values Influence Mental Health Help-Seeking Behaviors in Asian and Latinx College Students
Authors: Zhou E. , Kyeong Y. , Cheung C. S. , Michalska K. J.
Published: June 2021

The current study sought to understand the influence of cultural values on mental health attitudes and help-seeking behaviors in college students of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Asian and Latinx college students (N = 159) completed an online survey in which they reported on their adherence to cultural values as measured by ethnicity-specific cultural values and general attitudes towards mental health. Factor analysis revealed two common factors of cultural values irrespective of ethnicity: Interdependent Orientation (IO) and Cultural Obligation (CO). Regardless of ethnicity, the more students endorsed IO values, the less likely they were to perceive a need for mental health treatment. IO value adherence was also predictive of more negative attitudes towards mental health. CO values were not predictive of perceived need or help-seeking behaviors. Findings highlight the importance of understanding shared cultural values across ethnic-racial groups and considering how the multidimensionality of culture may help explain shared mental health behaviors crossing lines of ethnic group membership.
An infrastructure-assisted job scheduling and task coordination in volunteer computing-based VANET
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Shah Munam Ali , Khan Abid , Jeon Gwanggil
Published: June 2021

Vehicular networks as the key enablers in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are key components of smart sustainable cities. Vehicles as a significant component of smart cities have emerging in-vehicle applications that can assist in good governance for sustainable smart cities. Most of these applications are delay sensitive and demand high computational capabilities that are provided by emerging technologies. Utilizing the distributed computational resources of vehicles with the help of volunteer computing is an efficient method to fulfill the high computational requirements of vehicles itself and the other components of smart cities. Vehicle as a resource is an emerging concept that must be considered to address the future challenges of sustainable smart cities. In this paper, an infrastructure-assisted job scheduling and task coordination mechanism in volunteer computing-based VANET called RSU-based VCBV is proposed, which enhances the architecture of VANET to utilize the surplus resources of vehicles for task execution. We propose job scheduling and task coordination algorithms for different volunteer models. Further, we design and implement an adaptive task replication method to seek fault tolerance by avoiding task failures due to locations of vehicles. We propose a task replication algorithm called location-based task replication algorithm. Extensive simulations validate the performance of our proposed volunteer models while comparing average task execution time and weight ratios with existing work.
Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz im Rahmen der Arbeitnehmerentsendung
Authors: Kohte Wolfhard
Published: June 2021

Entsendung führt zu Problemen im Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz, weil die Bildung betrieblicher Sonderwelten, die oft sprachlich und kulturell abgeschieden sind, Defizite gegenüber der allgemeinen betrieblichen Arbeitsschutzpolitik hervorrufen. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass sich dadurch verstärkt Unfälle und Gesundheitsprobleme bei entsandten Beschäftigten ergeben.
Die Europäische Union hat 1996 mit der Entsenderichtlinie die Mitgliedsstaaten in für Pflicht genommen, dass sie für entsandte Beschäftigte die Sicherung der Arbeitszeit- und Arbeitsschutzvorschriften gewährleisten. Diese Pflicht ist in Deutschland in § 2 AEntG normiert worden, jedoch fehlt bis heute die gebotene Umsetzung. Die Arbeitsschutzbehörden erhalten nicht die erforderlichen Informationen, so dass auch eine gezielte Überwachung bisher nicht stattfindet. Die Information der entsandten Beschäftigten in ihrer eigenen Sprache ist weiterhin unzureichend. Angesichts dieser Situation legt ein erster Schwerpunkt der Arbeitsschutzpolitik in einer besseren Verpflichtung der deutschen Auftraggeber, die bereits im Baustellenrecht und der Fleischwirtschaft verwirklicht worden ist. Weitere Verbesserungen können durch eine effektive Umsetzung von Kooperationspflichten (§ 8 ArbSchG) sowie auf dem zivilgesellschaftlichen Weg durch Beratungsstellen und die Arbeit der Betriebsräte und Gewerkschaften erfolgen.
The COVID-19 Pandemic from the Health Workers’ Perspective: Between Health Emergency and Personal Crisis
Authors: Marinaci Tiziana , Venuleo Claudia , Savarese Giulia
Published: June 2021

Different scholars have emphasised the psychological distress experienced by health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, there are almost no qualitative studies and we know very little about the everyday experience of this group. The present study’s goal was to explore how health workers interpreted the meaning of the pandemic crisis in their life. An online survey was available during the Italian lockdown. Respondents were asked to write a passage about the meaning of living in the time of COVID-19. A total number of 130 questionnaires (M = 42.35; DS = 10.52; women: 56.2%) were collected. The Automated Method for Content Analysis (ACASM) procedure was applied to the collected texts to detect the factorial dimensions underpinning (dis)similarities in the respondents’ narratives. Such factors were interpreted as the markers of latent dimensions of meanings (DS). The two main DS that emerged were characterised by the pertinentisation of two extremely basic issues: what the pandemic represents (health emergency versus personal crisis) and its impact (powerlessness versus discovery of new meanings). On the whole, health workers’ narratives help to highlight the risk of normalising the feelings of fear and impotence experienced when facing the health emergency and the need to recognise that such feelings are strictly intertwined with the limited resources received to “face the battle”; the need to recognize the human vulnerability of the women and men “inside the lab coat” and the human effort to maintain or reconstruct a sense of self and purpose in the face of troubled circumstances.
3D FEM Model on the Parameters’ Influence of EPB-TBM on Settlements of Single and Twin Metro Tunnels During Construction
Authors: Forsat Masoud , Taghipoor Mohammad , Palassi Masoud
Published: June 2021

The present research exposes the investigation on three-dimensional modeling of the single and twin metro tunnels for the case of the Tehran metro line. At first, simulation implemented on the comparison of the ground movements in the single and twin tunnels. Then the simulation has been performed on the influence of effective parameters of EPB-TBM on the surface settlements throughout excavation. The overcutting, shield conicity, grouting, and the final lining system modeled and the influence of face supporting pressure, grout injection pressure, as well as the clear distance of the tunnels, has been analyzed. The initial results showed a valid ground settlement behavior. The maximum settlements occurred at the end of the shield tail and it was higher in the single tunnel. The face supporting pressure had more effect on the surface settlement in comparison to the grout injection pressure. By increasing the face pressure in the single tunnel, the place of maximum settlement moved back while the grout pressure is insignificant for decreasing the settlements. Furthermore, the influence of the clear distance in the twin tunnels led to zero after the length of 30 m. Accordingly, for more distances, the tunnels must be examined independently and as two different single tunnels.