bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Allelic Dropout and False Allele Error Rates From Microsatellite Genotypes in the Absence of Reference Data
Authors: Johnson Paul C D , Haydon Daniel T
Published: December 2006

The importance of quantifying and accounting for stochastic genotyping errors when analyzing microsatellite data is increasingly being recognized. This awareness is motivating the development of data analysis methods that not only take errors into consideration but also recognize the difference between two distinct classes of error, allelic dropout and false alleles. Currently methods to estimate rates of allelic dropout and false alleles depend upon the availability of error-free reference genotypes or reliable pedigree data, which are often not available. We have developed a maximum-likelihood-based method for estimating these error rates from a single replication of a sample of genotypes. Simulations show it to be both accurate and robust to modest violations of its underlying assumptions. We have applied the method to estimating error rates in two microsatellite data sets. It is implemented in a computer program, Pedant, which estimates allelic dropout and false allele error rates with 95% confidence regions from microsatellite genotype data and performs power analysis. Pedant is freely available at http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/∼paulj/pedant.html.
Type IV Procollagen Missense Mutations Associated With Defects of the Eye, Vascular Stability, the Brain, Kidney Function and Embryonic or Postnatal Viability in the Mouse, Mus musculus: An Extension of the Col4a1 Allelic Series and the Identification of the First Two Col4a2 Mutant Alleles
Authors: Favor Jack , Gloeckner Christian Johannes , Janik Dirk , Klempt Martina , Neuhäuser-Klaus Angelika , Pretsch Walter , Schmahl Wolfgang , Quintanilla-Fend Leticia
Published: December 2006

The basement membrane is important for proper tissue development, stability, and physiology. Major components of the basement membrane include laminins and type IV collagens. The type IV procollagens Col4a1 and Col4a2 form the heterotrimer [α1(IV)]2[α2(IV)], which is ubiquitously expressed in basement membranes during early developmental stages. We present the genetic, molecular, and phenotypic characterization of nine Col4a1 and three Col4a2 missense mutations recovered in random mutagenesis experiments in the mouse. Heterozygous carriers express defects in the eye, the brain, kidney function, vascular stability, and viability. Homozygotes do not survive beyond the second trimester. Ten mutations result in amino acid substitutions at nine conserved Gly sites within the collagenous domain, one mutation is in the carboxy-terminal noncollagenous domain, and one mutation is in the signal peptide sequence and is predicted to disrupt the signal peptide cleavage site. Patients with COL4A2 mutations have still not been identified. We suggest that the spontaneous intraorbital hemorrhages observed in the mouse are a clinically relevant phenotype with a relatively high predictive value to identify carriers of COL4A1 or COL4A2 mutations.
A Genetic Screen for Modifiers of the Delta1-Dependent Notch Signaling Function in the Mouse
Authors: Rubio-Aliaga Isabel , Soewarto Dian , Wagner Sibylle , Klaften Matthias , Fuchs Helmut , Kalaydjiev Svetoslav , Busch Dirk H , Klempt Martina , Rathkolb Birgit , Wolf Eckhard , Abe Koichiro , Zeiser Stefan , Przemeck Gerhard K H , Beckers Johannes , de Angelis Martin Hrabé
Published: December 2006

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved transduction pathway involved in embryonic patterning and regulation of cell fates during development. Recent studies have demonstrated that this pathway is integral to a complex system of interactions, which are also involved in distinct human diseases. Delta1 is one of the known ligands of the Notch receptors. Mice homozygous for a loss-of-function allele of the Delta1 gene Dll1lacZ/lacZ die during embryonic development. Here, we present the results of two phenotype-driven modifier screens. Heterozygous Dll1lacZ knockout animals were crossed with ENU-mutagenized mice and screened for dysmorphological, clinical chemical, and immunological variants that are dependent on the Delta1 loss-of-function allele. First, we show that mutagenized heterozygous Dll1lacZ offspring have reduced body weight and altered specific clinical chemical parameters, including changes in metabolites and electrolytes relevant for kidney function. In our mutagenesis screen we have successfully generated 35 new mutant lines. Of major interest are 7 mutant lines that exhibit a Dll1lacZ/+-dependent phenotype. These mutant mouse lines provide excellent in vivo tools for studying the role of Notch signaling in kidney and liver function, cholesterol and iron metabolism, cell-fate decisions, and during maturation of T cells in the immune system.
Genetic Evidence for aSPO1-Dependent Signaling Pathway Controlling Meiotic Progression in Yeast
Authors: Tevzadze Gela G , Pierce Jessica V , Esposito Rochelle Easton
Published: December 2006

The yeast spindle pole body (SPB) plays a unique role in meiosis, initiating both spindle assembly and prospore membrane synthesis. SPO1, induced early in development, encodes a meiosis-specific phospholipase B (PLB) homolog required at three stages of SPB morphogenesis: MI, MII, and spore formation. Here we report in-depth analysis of the SPO1 gene including its transcriptional control by regulators of early gene expression, protein localization to the ER lumen and periplasmic space, and molecular genetic studies of its role in meiosis. Evidence is presented that multiple arrest points in spo1Δ occur independently, demonstrating that Spo1 acts at distinct steps. Loss of Spo1 is suppressed by high-copy glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins, dependent on sequence, timing, and strength of induction in meiosis. Since phosphatidylinositol (PI) serves as both an anchor component and a lipase substrate, we hypothesized that GPI-protein expression might substitute for Spo1 by decreasing levels of its potential substrates, PI and phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs). Partial spo1Δ complementation by PLB3 (encoding a unique PLB capable of cleaving PI) and relatively strong Spo1 binding to PI(4)P derivatives (via a novel N-terminal lysine-rich fragment essential for Spo1 function) are consistent with this view. Epistasis of SPO1 mutations to those in SPO14 (encoding a PLD involved in signaling) and physical interaction of Spo1 with Spo23, a protein regulating PI synthesis required for wild-type sporulation, further support this notion. Taken together these findings implicate PI and/or PIPs in Spo1 function and suggest the existence of a novel Spo1-dependent meiosis-specific signaling pathway required for progression of MI, MII, and spore formation via regulation of the SPB.
Potential of CD34 in the Regulation of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Divisions by Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
Authors: Bullock Tabitha E. , Wen Baiping , Marley Stephen B. , Gordon Myrtle Y.
Published: December 2006

The control of symmetric and asymmetric division in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell population is critically important for the regulation of blood cell production. Asymmetric divisions depend on cell polarization, which may be conferred by location and/or interaction with neighboring cells. In this study, we sought evidence for polarization in CD34+ cells, which interact by binding to one another. In these cells, surface molecules became redistributed by mechanisms that included transport by lipid rafts, and the interacting cells were able to communicate via gap junctions. These changes were accompanied by modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins (p16Ink4a, p27kip1, cyclins D, and the retinoblastoma pathway proteins) and a reduction in progenitor cell proliferation in vitro. These results are consistent with an increase in asymmetric cell division kinetics. Accordingly, we found that interaction between CD34+ cells influenced the plane of cell division in a way that suggests unequal sharing of Notch-1 between daughter cell progeny. We conclude that interaction between CD34+ cells may coordinate cell function and participate in the control of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell division kinetics.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Matching Estimations in a Hypothetical Bank of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines in the Japanese Population for Use in Cell Transplantation Therapy
Authors: Nakajima Fumiaki , Tokunaga Katsushi , Nakatsuji Norio
Published: December 2006

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines are of great potential in cell transplantation therapy. However, recipients of such allogeneic transplants probably need treatment with immunosuppressants. Recently, Taylor et al. [Lancet 2005;366:2019–2025] proposed banking of hES cell lines and estimated the required number of hES cell lines for beneficial human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching in the U.K. population. Here, we carried out such an estimation in the Japanese population. We calculated the proportion of patients who can find at least one HLA-matched donor at three loci of HLA-A, -B, and -DR. With a bank of hES cell lines from 170 randomly selected donated embryos, 80% of patients were expected to find at least one hES cell line with a single mismatch at one HLA locus or a better match. Furthermore, 80% of patients are expected to find at least one donor with complete matching at the three HLA loci if parthenogenetic homozygous hES cell lines are established from 55 randomly selected donated oocytes. The relatively low ethnic diversity of the Japanese population may have resulted in a high success rate in beneficial matching. Moreover, parthenogenetic hES cell lines can greatly reduce the number required for a higher degree of HLA matching.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Categorizing nasal septal perforations of occupational origin as cases of corrosive rhinitis
Authors: Castano Roberto , Thériault Gilles , Gautrin Denyse
Published: December 2006

Background

In clinical practice a perforation of the nasal septum secondary to an occupational exposure to corrosive chemicals is not considered a sequel of rhinitis.

Methods

Relevant articles published in the last 26 years were searched and retrieved from PubMed.

Results

Patients with nasal septal perforations of occupational origin show a history of rhinitis with a gradual installation of symptoms and damage of the nasal mucosa progressing to ulceration and ultimately to perforation of the nasal septum.

Conclusion

Patients with nasal septal perforations of occupational origin exhibit the clinical and histopathological features of rhinitis whereby they should be categorized as rhinitics. This rhinitis should be considered as a type of irritant‐induced occupational rhinitis and classified as corrosive rhinitis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxic effects of antifungal flusilazole administered by gavage to mice
Authors: Farag Amina T. , Ibrahim Hala H.
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND: The developmental toxicity of flusilazole was studied in CD‐1 mice after oral administration. METHODS: Pregnant mice were given flusilazole at doses of 0 (corn oil), 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/day, by gavage, on gestational days (GD) 6–15. RESULTS: Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by reduction in body weight gain and signs of toxicity, was observed at the middle‐ and high‐dose groups. No significant incidence of resorptions or death was observed in any of dose groups. There was a pronounced reduction in fetal weight, which was significantly lower than control from 20 and 40 mg/kg/day. There was no significant increase in the incidence of fetuses with external or visceral malformations in any of dose groups, but there was a significant increase in the incidence of skeletal malformations was observed at 20 and 40 mg/kg/day. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study reported marked maternal toxicity, growth retardation, and skeletal abnormalities in the mid‐ and high‐dose groups. It seems likely that marked maternal toxicity contributed to the observed alterations in fetal growth retardation and skeletal development. The no‐observed‐effect level in the present study for maternal and developmental toxicity was 10 mg/kg/day. Birth Defects Res B. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combustion and Pyrolysis Reactions in a Naphtha Cracking Furnace
Authors: Han Y. L. , Xiao R. , Zhang M. Y.
Published: December 2006

Numerical simulation on combustion and pyrolysis reactions in a tubular reactor is carried out on a 100,000 t/a naphtha cracking furnace. A complex arrangement of bottom burners is contained in the furnace model. The hydrodynamic and radiation models are included for calculating the flue gas flow pattern and heat transfer. A molecular reactions model is applied on the basis of a two‐dimensional tubular reactor model. The results calculated indicate that there is recirculation of the flue gas at each side of the reactor tubes due to the high inlet velocity from the bottom burners, which contributes to the uniformity of flue gas temperature in the furnace. Higher temperature profiles of the tube skin are mainly located 15–20 m along the tubular reactor. The calculated pyrolysis product yield and the tube skin temperatures are in good agreement with experimental data.
Work of Adhesion as a Dominant Factor in Formation of Composition‐Gradient Thermosensitive Gel
Authors: Tokuyama H. , Sasaki M. , Sakohara S.
Published: December 2006

By copolymerizing a thermosensitive primary component, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), and an ionic secondary component, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) between two substrates of hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), a novel composition‐gradient copolymer gel, in which the AMPS content decreases gradually towards Teflon, is prepared. The formation of the composition‐gradient in NIPA‐co‐AMPS gels is discussed in terms of the work of adhesion between a solution and a substrate, i.e., the liquid‐solid interfacial free energy. The work of adhesion is determined from the Young‐Dupré equation on the basis of the measured contact angle and the surface tension in the system consisting of an aqueous solution containing NIPA or AMPS monomers or polymers and glass or Teflon as the substrate. The values of the work of adhesion of AMPS monomer and polymer on Teflon were lower than those on glass. Thus, AMPS remains relatively stable at the glass interface and unstable at the Teflon interface. This repulsion of AMPS due to the hydrophobicity of the Teflon wall generates the composition‐gradient.
Kinetics of the Selective Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Gasoline
Authors: Zhou Z. M. , Cheng Z. M. , Cao Y. N. , Zhang J. C. , Yang D. , Yuan W. K.
Published: December 2006

The kinetics of the selective hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) over commercial Pd/Al2O3 catalyst particles were investigated using a stirred semi‐batch reactor in the absence of transport limitations. The effects of reaction temperature and pressure on the conversion of styrene, cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene and 1‐hexene were obtained over ranges of temperature (313–343 K) and total pressure (2–5 MPa). Competitive hydrogenation between monoolefins and diolefins was extensive, and the reaction rates of diolefins were much faster than those of the monoolefins. A Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type model was proposed and successfully fitted to the experimental data. The kinetic and adsorption parameters were estimated by using the fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method together with the Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm, which minimized the residual sum of squares between the experimental concentrations and the calculated values. The orders of the estimated activation energies and the adsorption parameters were consistent with the order of the reaction rates of monoolefins and diolefins.
Layer Frustration, Polar Order and Chirality in Liquid Crystalline Phases of Silyl‐Terminated Achiral Bent‐Core Molecules
Authors: Keith Christina , Amaranatha Reddy Ramaiahgari , Prehm Marko , Baumeister Ute , Kresse Horst , Chao Jessie Lorenzo , Hahn Harald , Lang Heinrich , Tschierske Carsten
Published: December 2006

A novel class of bent‐core molecules with oligo(siloxane) or carbosilane units at both ends was synthesized and the self‐organization of these molecules was investigated by polarizing microscopy, DSC, X‐ray scattering, dielectric and electrooptical methods. Depending on the size of the silicon‐containing segments, smectic and columnar liquid crystalline phases are formed. Most smectic phases are low birefringent and composed of macroscopic domains of opposite handedness (dark conglomerate phases). The switching process in these smectic phases is surface stabilized ferroelectric and, depending on the conditions, two distinct slow relaxation processes to nonpolar structures were observed. It is proposed that the smectic phases are built up by chiral and polar SmCsPF layer stacks which are separated by anticlinic interfaces. If the size of these layer stacks is sufficiently large a coupling to the substrate surfaces takes place and ferroelectric switching is observed. It is also suggested that the sponge‐like layer distortion, occurring in the low birefringent mesophases, is due to an escape from the local polar order within these SmCsPF layer stacks. For compounds with larger silylated units a steric frustration arises, which leads to layer modulation (columnar ribbon phases) and this is associated with a transition from ferroelectric to antiferroelectric switching. All compounds show a switching of the molecules around the long axis which reverses the layer chirality.
Molecular Tectonics of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): A Rational Design Strategy for Unusual Mixed‐Connected Network Topologies
Authors: Du Miao , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Tang Liang‐Fu , Wang Xiu‐Guang , Zhao Xiao‐Jun , Batten Stuart R.
Published: December 2006

To systematically explore the higher‐dimensional network structures with mixed connectivity, a series of two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with unusual (3,6)‐connected net topologies are presented. These crystalline materials include [{[Mn(btza)2(H2O)2]⋅2 H2O}n] (1), [{[Zn(btza)2(H2O)2]⋅2 H2O}n] (2), [{[Cu(btza)2]⋅H2O}n] (3), and [{[Cd(btza)2]⋅3 H2O}n] (4), which have been successfully assembled through a predesigned three‐connected organic component bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)acetate (btza) with a variety of octahedral metal cores based on the modular synthetic methodology. The topological paradigms shown in this work cover the 2D CdCl2, 3D (42.6)2(44.62.87.102), and pyrite (pyr) types. That is, when properly treated with the familiar first‐row divalent metal ions, btza may perfectly furnish the coordination spheres for effective connectivity to result in diverse (3,6)‐connected nets. Beyond this, a detailed analysis of network topology for all known 3D (3,6)‐connected frameworks in both inorganic and inorganic–organic hybrid materials is described. Specific network connectivity of these MOFs indicates that the metal centers represent the most significant and alterable factor in structural assembly, although they show reliable and similar geometries. In this context, the combination of the distinct d10 AgI ion with btza in different solvents affords two isomorphous MOFs [{[Ag(btza)]⋅glycol}n] (5) and [{[Ag(btza)]⋅CH3OH}n] (6) with a binodal 4‐connected 3D SrAl2 (sra) topology. The network structures of MOFs 1–3 and 5 turn out to be more complicated and interesting if one considers the hydrogen bonding between the host coordination frameworks and the intercalated solvent molecules. Furthermore, the role of the included solvents in the generation and stabilization of MOFs 1–6 is also investigated.
Growth and properties of dyed KDP crystals
Authors: Velikhov Yu. , Pritula I. , Ganina I. , Kolybayeva M. , Puzikov V. , Levchenko A. N.
Published: December 2006

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals doped with xylenol orange (XO) and methylthymol blue (MTB) are grown from aqueous solutions by the method of solvent evaporation at room temperature under the conditions of natural convection and by the method of temperature lowering. Studied is the influence of the mother solution acidity on the character of the crystal coloration. The color and coloration intensity of the grown crystals are shown to strongly depend on the solution's pH. It is revealed that the crystal habit changes in the presence of organic dyes. The optical transmission spectra and the luminescence spectra of KDP:XO solutions and of the grown crystals are measured. The effect of thermal treatment and UV‐irradiation on the coloration stability of the crystals is studied. It is found that the laser damage threshold in the prismatic impurity rich colored sectors of KDP:XO is the same as that in the prismatic sectors of pure KDP crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal dehydration of the double salts K2Be(XO4)2·2H2O (X = S, Se)
Authors: Georgiev M. P. , Stoilova D. G. , Marinova D. M. , Karadjova V. A.
Published: December 2006

The thermal dehydration of the title compounds was studied by TG, DTA and DSC methods and the enthalpies of dehydration were calculated (87.6 kJ mol–1 and 167.5 kJ mol–1 for the sulfate and selenate compound, respectively). The larger value of ΔHdeh of K2Be(SeO4)2·2H2O is due to the stronger hydrogen bonds formed in the selenate as compared to those formed in the respective sulfate owing to the stronger proton acceptor capabilities of the SeO42– ions. The enthalpies of formation (ΔHf0) of the dihydrates are also calculated from the DSC measurements (– 4467.4 kJ mol–1 and – 3447.1 kJ mol–1 for the sulfate and selenate compound, respectively). The anhydrous double salt, K2Be(SO4)2, forms tetragonal crystals with lattice parameters: a = 7.232(2) Å; c = 14.168(2) Å; V = 741.0 Å3, while the anhydrous salt, K2Be(SeO4)2, forms monoclinic crystals with lattice parameters: a = 9.217(3) Å; b = 10.645(3) Å; c = 8.989(2) Å; β = 108.52(4)°; V = 836.2 Å3. Vibrational spectra (infrared and Raman) of both the dihydrates and the anhydrous compounds are also presented and discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐diffraction and edge enhanced effect in the photorefractive crystal (Ca0.28Ba0.72)0.75(Sr0.60Ba0.40)0.25Nb2O6
Authors: Gao Ch. Y. , Xia H. R. , Xu J. Q. , Si Sh. Ch. , Ran D. G. , Ling Z. Ch. , Zhang H. J. , Wang J. Y. , Song H. L.
Published: December 2006

The optical properties based on Self‐diffraction phenomena and the edge enhanced of optical correlation pattern effect with a Ca2+‐doped (Ca0.28Ba0.72)0.75(Sr0.60Ba0.40)0.25Nb2O6 (CSBN75) crystals and a He‐Ne laser at 632.8 nm are studied in this paper. The experimental results show that its practical application as photorefractive material is worth further investigation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Three polymorphs of bis(5‐methylthio‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione)‐disulfide
Authors: Rudershausen S. , Drexler H.‐J. , Bansse W. , Kelling A. , Schilde U. , Holdt H.‐J.
Published: December 2006

The title compound, bis(5‐methylthio‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione)‐disulfide, was yielded for the first time as by‐product of the reaction of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions with 5‐methylthio‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione‐4‐thiolate. The compound can be obtained directly by oxidation of the ammonium salt of the ligand. C8H6S10 forms three polymorphs: (I), which crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121, (II) and (III), which crystallize in the monoclinic space groups P21/c and P21/n, respectively. The crystal and molecular structures are presented here. The determination of the absolute configuration of (I) indicated the P‐helical enantiomer. In contrast to this, the crystals of (II) und (III) are racemic, containing P‐ and M‐helical enantiomers. The polymorphs differ in the kind of skewing around the disulfide bond and of the positions of the both dithiole rings to the S‐S‐moiety. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and crystal structure of hexaaquamagnesium hydrogen phosphododecatungstate tetrahydrate [Mg(H2O)6][HPW12O40]·4H2O
Authors: Kremenović A. , Poleti D. , Ghermani N. E. , Karanović L. , Mioč U. B. , Nedić Z. , Spasojević‐de Biré A.
Published: December 2006

Crystals suitable for X‐ray structure analysis were obtained after the slow evaporation of the reaction mixture containing equimolar quantities of magnesium chloride and dodecatungstophosphoric acid aqueous solution insuring pH of the solution between 1.0 and 1.2. This simple synthetic route yielded stability of Keggin anion and high quality [Mg(H2O)6][HPW12O40]·4H2O single crystals. The obtained compound belongs to the group of heteropoly compounds and its structure is composed of Keggin [PW12O40]3– anions, [Mg(H2O)6]2+ cations and lattice water molecules. Zigzag arrangement of Keggin anions along c‐axis creates irregular channels occupied by [Mg(H2O)6]2+ cations and lattice H2O molecules. The calculation of the total potential solvent volume indicated the presence of 4.1 lattice H2O lattice molecules per formula unit, which is in agreement with the here presented structural model. The position of one lattice water molecule is well defined, while each of three other molecules is statistically distributed over two locations. Hydrogen bonds involve all coordinated and lattice H2O molecules, as well as some oxygen atoms from the Keggin anion. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira C. , Martin Offringa , Kremer Leontien C. M.
Published: December 2006

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Cates CJ, Crilly JA, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta‐agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000052. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000052.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira C. , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien C. M.
Published: December 2006

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Alhashimi D, Alhashimi H, Fedorowicz Z. Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005506. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005506.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentaries on ‘Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents’
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth J. , Peadon Elizabeth , Bayreuther Jane , Maconochie Ian
Published: December 2006

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Alhashimi D, Alhashimi H, Fedorowicz Z. Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.:CD005506. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005506.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tauchfahrt zu einem Methusalem der Meere
Authors: Hissmann Karen , Fricke Hans
Published: December 2006

Der Quastenflosser existierte bereits vor 400 Millionen Jahren. Forscher haben die Lebensweise dieses archaischen, nachtaktiven Fisches untersucht
Uridine supplementation antagonizes zalcitabine-induced microvesicular steatohepatitis in mice
Authors: Lebrecht Dirk , Vargas-Infante Yetlanezi A. , Setzer Bernhard , Kirschner Janbernd , Walker Ulrich A.
Published: December 2006

Zalcitabine is an antiretroviral nucleoside analogue that exhibits long-term toxicity to hepatocytes by interfering with the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Uridine antagonizes this effectin vitro. In the present study we investigate the mechanisms of zalcitabine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and explore therapeutic outcomes with oral uridine supplementation. BalbC mice (7 weeks of age, 9 mice in each group) were fed 0.36 mg/kg/d of zalcitabine (corresponding to human dosing adapted for body surface), or 13 mg/kg/d of zalcitabine. Both zalcitabine groups were treated with or without Mitocnol (0.34 g/kg/d), a dietary supplement with high bioavailability of uridine. Liver histology and mitochondrial functions were assessed after 15 weeks. One mouse exposed to high dose zalcitabine died at 19 weeks of age. Zalcitabine induced a dose dependent microvesicular steatohepatitis with abundant mitochondria. The organelles were enlarged and contained disrupted cristae. Terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays showed frequent hepatocyte apoptosis. mtDNA was depleted in liver tissue, cytochrome c-oxidase but not succinate dehydrogenase activities were decreased, superoxide and malondialdehyde were elevated. The expression of COX I, an mtDNA-encoded respiratory chain subunit was reduced, whereas COX IV, a nucleus-encoded subunit was preserved. Uridine supplementation normalized or attenuated all toxic abnormalities in both zalcitabine groups, but had no effects when given without zalcitabine. Uridine supplementation was without apparent side effects.Conclusion:Zalcitabine induces mtDNA-depletion in murine liver with consequent respiratory chain dysfunction, up-regulated synthesis of reactive oxygen species and microvesicular steatohepatitis. Uridine supplementation attenuates this mitochondrial hepatotoxicity without apparent intrinsic effects. (Hepatology 2007;45:72–79.)
Alterations in cell proliferation and apoptosis in colon cancers with microsatellite instability
Authors: Sinicrope Frank A. , Rego Rafaela L. , Garrity‐Park Megan M. , Foster Nathan R. , Sargent Daniel J. , Goldberg Richard M. , Wiesenfeld Myron , Witzig Thomas E. , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Burgart Lawrence J.
Published: December 2006

Colon cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI) demonstrate a host immune response characterized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that may exert effects upon tumor cell apoptosis and cell proliferation. Accordingly, we compared rates of apoptosis and cell proliferation in colon cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair and their association with phenotypic features and clinical outcome. Primary Astler‐Coller stage B2 and C colon carcinomas (n= 329) were analyzed for MSI and for hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression. Apoptosis (TUNEL assay) and p53 expression were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and TILs were quantified by morphology. DNA ploidy and proliferation (PI: S phase + G2M) were evaluated using flow cytometry. MSI‐H (n= 58) colon cancers showed increased TILs that were significantly associated with increased apoptosis, higher apoptosis to proliferation (AI/PI) ratios, reduced proliferative indices (PI) and diploid DNA content. Increased TILs (p= 0.036) and reduced PI (p= 0.042), but not AI or AI/PI, were associated with improved disease‐free survival. Tumors with MSI‐H (p= 0.032) or loss of hMLH1 or hMSH2 proteins (p= 0.040), or diploidy (p= 0.0015), had better adjusted overall survival rates. Interestingly, similar rates of cell turnover and overlapping survival rates were found in diploid MSS/MSI‐L tumors and in MSI‐H cases. In conclusion, higher apoptosis/proliferation ratios and reduced cell proliferation are phenotypic features of MSI‐H tumors that are associated with increased TILs, indicating an activated immune response that may contribute to their favorable survival rates. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk for breast cancer among women with endometriosis
Authors: Bertelsen Lisbeth , Mellemkjær Lene , Frederiksen Kirsten , Kjær Susanne K , Brinton Louise A , Sakoda Lori C , van Valkengoed Irene , Olsen Jørgen H
Published: December 2006

Although several risk factors are common to endometriosis and breast cancer, the results of observational studies of an association have so far been inconsistent. We evaluated the relationship between endometriosis and breast cancer on the basis of data on selected cancers and medical histories from the Danish nationwide cancer and hospital registries used in a large case–cohort study. A total of 114,327 women were included in the study of whom 1,978 women had received a diagnosis of endometriosis and 16,983 had had a diagnosis of breast cancer between 1978 and 1998. Of the women with endometriosis, 236 subsequently received a diagnosis of breast cancer. The crude overall rate ratio for breast cancer after endometriosis was 1.00 and after adjustment for reproductive factors, calendar‐period, bilateral oophorectomy and benign breast disease, the rate ratio was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.85–1.11). The risk for breast cancer increased with age at diagnosis of endometriosis, so that women in whom endometriosis was diagnosed at a young age (approximately <40 years) had a reduced risk for breast cancer and women in whom endometriosis was diagnosed at older ages (approximately ≥40 years) tended to have an increased risk for breast cancer. The reduced risks observed among young women may reflect their exposure to drugs with antiestrogenic effects. The increased risk associated with endometriosis among postmenopausal women may be due to common risk factors between postmenopausal endometriosis and breast cancer or an altered endogenous estrogen. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodological aspects on measurement of Clara cell protein in urine as a biomarker for airway toxicity, compared with serum levels
Authors: Andersson Lena , Lundberg Per‐Arne , Barregard Lars
Published: December 2006

The Clara cell protein CC16, secreted from Clara cells in the lung, is discussed as a potential biomarker for toxic effects on the airways. An increased concentration of CC16 in serum may be caused by increased permeability of the lungs, caused by high levels of air pollution. Since CC16 is eliminated by renal excretion, it may be possible to use urine instead of serum samples. Few studies have been conducted on urinary CC16 (U‐CC16), however.

The aim was to investigate the optimal way of sampling and quantifying CC16 in urine samples and compare CC16 in human serum and urinary samples. Repeated sampling was performed in two groups of healthy subjects. First morning urine, 24 h urine, and matched blood and urine samples were collected.

The excretion of U‐CC16 increased over the day, e.g. from 0.08 µg h−1 in the morning to 0.28 µg h−1 in daytime and 0.16 µg h−1 in the evening (medians in males). Morning samples (µg h−1) from males properly reflected the 24 h excretion (r = 0.91). The best correlation with 24 h excretion was obtained with creatinine‐corrected first morning urine samples (r > 0.9). Generally, females had lower excretion of CC16 than males (medians 2.5 µg 24 h−1 in females and 16 µg 24 h−1 in males). There was significant intraindividual variation, but the interindividual variation was larger in both groups. There was an association between serum CC16 (S‐CC16) and U‐CC16 in morning samples. With optimal methods for sampling U‐CC16, urine samples may be used in experimental studies of air pollution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combustion synthesis of porous biomaterials
Authors: Ayers Reed A. , Burkes Douglas E. , Gottoli Guglielmo , Yi Hu‐Chun , Zhim Fouad , Yahia L'Hocine , Moore John J.
Published: December 2006

This article discusses the unique material manufacturing process of self‐propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) as applied to the making of porous biomaterials. Porous materials have long been considered as the first step toward in‐vivo bone tissue engineering and the creation of patient life‐time implants. The authors have approached this challenge by utilizing combustion synthesis, to create novel materials such as NiTi + TiC as well as porous forms of materials that are commonly accepted for biomedical applications such as tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. In the SHS product, physico‐chemical properties are controlled by, but not limited to, reactant stoichiometry; green density; particle size of the reactant mix; use or presence of a gasifying agent; heating rate of the reactants and gravity. By balancing these parameters, the energy of the reaction is controlled to create the desired product stoichiometry, porosity, and mechanical properties. SHS provides a means to rapidly manufacture materials, saving time and production costs as well as enabling the synthesis of custom devices through the use of individual molds. Mold materials can range from graphite to paper or paper machete. Combustion synthesis offers a method for the rapid manufacture of affordable, individual biomedical devices that will reduce patient recovery time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis on nitrogen ion implanted CoCrMo alloy material
Authors: Öztürk Orhan , Sudagidan Mert , Türkan Uğur
Published: December 2006

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the primary cause of medical device‐related infections due to its adhesion and biofilm forming abilities on biomaterial surfaces. For this reason development of new materials and surfaces to prevent bacterial adhesion is inevitable. In this study, the adhesion of biofilm forming S. epidermidis strain YT‐169a on nitrogen (N) ion implanted as well as on as‐polished CoCrMo alloy materials were investigated. A medical grade CoCrMo alloy was ion implanted with 60 keV N ions to a high dose of 1.9 × 1018 ions/cm2 at substrate temperatures of 200 and 400°C. The near‐surface implanted layer crystal structures, implanted layer thicknesses, and roughnesses were characterized by XRD, SEM and AFM. The number of adherent bacteria on the surfaces of N implanted specimens was found to be 191 × 106 CFU/cm2 for the 200°C and 70 × 106 CFU/cm2 for the 400°C specimens compared to the as‐polished specimen (3 × 106 CFU/cm2). The adhesion test results showed that S. epidermidis strain YT‐169a adhere much more efficiently to the N implanted surfaces than to the as‐polished CoCrMo alloy surface. This was attributed mainly to the rougher surfaces associated with the N implanted specimens in comparison with the relatively smooth surface of the as‐polished specimen. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Biofilm formation by Propionibacterium acnes on biomaterials in vitro and in vivo: Impact on diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Bayston Roger , Ashraf Waheed , Barker‐Davies Robert , Tucker Emily , Clement Rhys , Clayton Juliet , Freeman Brian J.C. , Nuradeen Bryar
Published: December 2006

Propionibacterium acnes is found increasingly as a cause of delayed infection, usually involving implanted biomaterials. Despite susceptibility to common antibiotics, such infections are very difficult to treat and usually require surgical removal of the device. Three clinical isolates of P. acnes were assessed for ability to adhere to titanium, surgical steel and silicone, with and without a plasma conditioning film. After adherence, the biomaterials were then incubated for a further 6 days and examined for biofilm development. All three isolates adhered to all three biomaterials similarly. Importantly, we were able to demonstrate biofilm formation, including production of exopolymer similar in appearance to the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis. A case summary also demonstrated failure to eradicate P. acnes infection in a hydrocephalus shunt after prolonged treatment. The removed shunt showed obvious biofilm formation, initially obscured by exopolymer when viewed by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm development by P. acnes explains the difficulties encountered in clinical management of such infections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 80A:, 2007
Marriage rehearsal: How to prepare for the deal
Authors: Sherman Andrew J. , Badillo Alejandro
Published: December 2006

After the owner of a company decides to sell it, the seller starts to wonder how the process will work. Who are the players on his team, and how can those players help him reach his goals? This is a critical time for the seller, because what he does now will determine how successfully he reaches his goals and maximizes the sale's value. How should the seller prepare to negotiate with prospective buyers? Two business strategy experts give you a detailed road map to follow. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of in vitro expansion of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells for cell‐therapy approaches: Further insights in the search for a fetal calf serum substitute
Authors: Bernardo M.E. , Avanzini M.A. , Perotti C. , Cometa A.M. , Moretta A. , Lenta E. , Del Fante C. , Novara F. , de Silvestri A. , Amendola G. , Zuffardi O. , Maccario R. , Locatelli F.
Published: December 2006

There is great interest in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell‐therapy and tissue engineering approaches. MSCs are currently expanded in vitro in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS); however, FCS raises concerns when used in clinical grade preparations. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MSCs expanded in medium supplemented with platelet‐lysate (PL), already shown to promote MSC growth, are endowed with biological properties appropriate for cell‐therapy approaches. We confirm previously published data showing that MSCs expanded in either FCS or PL display comparable morphology, phenotype, and differentiation capacity, while PL‐MSCs were superior in terms of clonogenic efficiency and proliferative capacity. We further extended these data by investigating the immune‐regulatory effect of MSCs on the alloantigen‐specific immune response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). We found that MSCs‐PL are comparable to MSCs‐FCS in their capacity to: (i) decrease alloantigen‐induced cytotoxic activity; (ii) favor differentiation of CD4+ T‐cell subsets expressing a Treg phenotype; (iii) increase early secretion of IL‐10 in MLC supernatant, as well as induce a striking augmentation of IL‐6 production. As compared with MSCs‐PL, MSCs‐FCS were more efficient in suppressing alloantigen‐induced lymphocyte subset proliferation and reducing early IFNγ‐secretion. Resistance to spontaneous transformation into tumor cells of expanded MSCs was demonstrated by molecular karyotyping and maintenance of normal morphology/phenotype after prolonged in vitro culture. Our data support the immunological functional plasticity of MSCs and suggest that MSCs‐PL can be used as an alternative to MSCs‐FCS, although these latter cells might be more suitable for preventing/treating alloreactivity‐related immune complications. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 121–130, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of bulgur as a meat replacement: bulgur‐sucuk (a vegetarian dry‐fermented sausage)
Authors: Bayram Mustafa , Bozkurt Hüseyin
Published: December 2006

In this study, bulgur was used to produce a new sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage) as a vegetarian product. Yellow and black/brown bulgurs were mixed into the sucuk dough as fat and meat imitations respectively. Instead of animal fat, olive oil was used for lubrication. Nitrite and nitrate were not added to the recipe. The bulgur‐sucuk was ripened at 60–95% relative humidity and 18–25 °C over 15 days. During ripening, pH, moisture content and textural (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience), sensory (flavour, colour, cutting and overall scores) and colour (Hunter L, a, b, yellowing index (YI), total colour difference, hue angle, chroma and browning index values) attributes were monitored. The pH and moisture content of the bulgur‐sucuk were 5.81 and 493 g kg−1 respectively before ripening and decreased to 4.14 and 280 g kg−1 during ripening. The colour values L, a, b and YI decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 33.03, 7.67, 11.63 and 80.70 respectively during ripening. Some of these decreases in colour values were expected owing to the lack of nitrite and nitrate. All instrumentally measured textural properties of the bulgur‐sucuk increased significantly (P < 0.05) during ripening. From the results of the parameter measurements and sensory evaluations, bulgur appears to be suitable as a meat replacement when used in a dry‐fermented formulation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The singular sources method for cracks
Authors: Fotouhi Morteza
Published: December 2006

The singular sources method is given to detect the shape of a thin infinitely cylindrical obstacle from a knowledge of the TM‐polarized scattered electromagnetic field in large distance. The basic idea is based on the singular behaviour of the scattered field of the incident point source on the cross‐section of the cylinder. We assume that the scatterer is a perfect conductor which is possibly coated by a material and investigate two models with different boundary conditions. Also we give a uniqueness proof for the shape reconstruction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal nasal bone length in the second trimester in Korean population
Authors: Jung Eui , Won Hye‐Sung , Ryang Lee Pil , Kim Ahm
Published: December 2006

Objective

To establish the reference range of fetal nasal bone length (NBL) in the second trimester in the Korean population and to determine its clinical value in screening for trisomy 21.

Study Design

A total of 3019 consecutive fetuses at 16‐28 weeks of gestation underwent ultrasonographic measurement of NBL at Asan Medical Center from October 2003 to August 2005.

Results

Fetal profile was successfully examined in 95.6% (2885/3019) of the fetuses. NBL increased linearly with advanced gestation (R2 = 0.4337, p < 0.001). During this period, 23 fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities (including nine with trisomy 21, two with trisomy 18, and three with Turner syndrome) were detected. In trisomy 21, hypoplastic nasal bone (<2.5th percentile) was seen in 3/9 fetuses, and the NBL of one fetus was between the 2.5th and 5th percentile. Hypoplastic nasal bone was seen in 3.1% (89/2833) of fetuses with normal chromosomal or postnatal examination findings.

Conclusion

We present the normal range of NBL in the second trimester in the Korean population and also their linear relationship with gestational age (GA). The NBL appears to be shorter in Korean fetuses than Caucasian and Chinese fetuses. This indicates that the normal range would vary between races and that a relative percentile is a more reliable screening criterion than an absolute value. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emission lines from excitons with collision in indirect semiconductors
Authors: Kanno Shokichi , Okushi Hideyo
Published: December 2006

Detailed characteristics of excitonic emission in indirect semiconductors are theoretically examined based on Bose–Einstein statistics and mathematical formulations for the excitonic emission lines are presented. In the calculation of the emission lines we take into account the collision of excitons using a conventional Lorentzian form for a spectral function. We also take into account higher order momentum dependence of the transition matrix and the excitation energy of excitons. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)