bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLUORIDE: GEOCHEMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN EAST AFRICAN WATERS AND SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Kilham Peter , Hecky Robert E.
Published: March 2010

The geochemistry of fluoride in East African lakes and rivers was examined to elucidate processes of fluoride acquisition, concentration, removal, and diagenesis in inland waters in a region relatively little influenced by man. The range of fluoride concentrations (0.02–1,627 mg liter−1) is the greatest found anywhere. A strong correlation was found between the concentration of fluoride in the predominant crystalline rocks of each particular drainage basin and the F:Cl ratio in surface waters. Because fluoride‐rich volcanic rocks are common in East Africa very high fluoride concentrations, the products of chemical weathering, are often observed. Fluoride removal from surface waters is not significant; concentration by evaporation proceeds until saturation with respect to villiaumite is reached. Fluoride : chloride ratios for the interstitial waters of a 7‐m core from Small Momela Lake, Tanzania, indicate that in sedimentary environments fluoride may be removed from pore waters as fluorite and possibly fluorapatite.

Geographical evidence suggests that the high fluoride concentrations may influence the distribution of man, livestock, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and higher aquatic plants.
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF HAWAIIAN FRINGING‐REEF CRUSTOSE CORALLINACEAE AND AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION METHODOLOGY1
Authors: Littler Mark M.
Published: March 2010

Estimates of the mean net total contribution to the Waikiki reef by Porolithon onkodes, P. gardineri, and Sporolithon erythraeum are quite close. Hydrolithon reinboldii and melobesioid “C” contribute 5 and 3 times more. The net contribution to the total reef system by fringing‐reef crustose Corallinaceae is 5.7 g C m−2 day−1. Crustose coralline algae are comparable, as producers, to other photosynthetic reef organisms.

Several measurements of productivity were used in replicate on the same thalli. The 14C data, although somewhat higher, were not significantly different from the O2 and pH electrode data; rates determined by all three techniques showed the same serial order, by species, from highest to lowest producer. The pH and O2 electrode methods are more useful and reliable than the 14C data where high sensitivity is not critical.
ORGANIC CARBON PRODUCTION ON THE WINDWARD REEF FLAT OF ENIWETOK ATOLL1
Authors: Smith Stephen V. , Marsh James A.
Published: March 2010

Oxygen and carbon dioxide were used to make two separate but simultaneous estimates of organic carbon production on the windward reef flat of Eniwetok Atoll. The methods give correlated results, showing a metabolic ratio (ΔCO2:ΔO2) of −1, uncorrected for gas exchange.

A predominantly algal community had both a higher gross production and a higher ratio of gross production to respiration than one visually dominated upstream by algae and downstream by corals. The two communities exhibited similar respiration rates, perhaps as a result of limitations imposed by O2 diffusion rates.

The mixed coral‐algal community had an overall gross production to respiration ratio near 1; the coral‐dominated part of that community is apparently heterotrophic. The autotrophic (algal‐dominated) portion of the community may limit the metabolic rate of the heterotrophic (coral‐dominated) portion.
THE FORMATION OF PARTICLES IN FRESHWATER LEACHATES OF DEAD LEAVES1
Authors: Lush Donald L. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: March 2010

Leaves of similar morphology and condition release a similar quantity of soluble organic material. However, the quantity of material that precipitates, the rate of precipitation and the size of particles that result depend on leaf species and water chemistry. A microbial component and an abiotic component are apparent in the precipitates; the latter bears a similarity to particulate material from seawater and soils.
A rapid method of quantifying algal carbon uptake kinetics
Authors: YOUNG THOMAS C. , KING DARRELL L.
Published: March 2010

A rapid and inexpensive method of obtaining and assembling kinetic data from algal cultures is presented which allows evaluation of the interactions between limits imposed on algal carbon uptake kinetics by nutrient or physical factors and those imposed by carbon availability.
A modified sedimentation trap1
Authors: WHITE W. SEDGEFIELD , WETZEL ROBERT G.
Published: March 2010

A sedimentation trap with replicated, discrete upper and lower sections, which permit correction for nonsedimenting and attached organisms among sedimented matter, is described. A simple arrangement of the collecting framework on the supporting line allows one person to retrieve the collected material.
Nitrogen fixation associated with seagrasses1
Authors: MCROY C. PETER , GOERING JOHN J. , CHANEY BARBARA
Published: March 2010

The nitrogen fixing ability of three species of seagrasses—Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme from Florida and Zostera marina from North Carolina and Alaska—was examined using the acetylene reduction technique. Rates of nitrogen fixation were extremely low or undetectable. The generalization of others that this process supplies the nitrogen required for the high productivity of seagrasses is not supported by our results.
An evaluation of the Miller method for dissolved oxygen analysis
Authors: ELLIS J. , KANAMORI S.
Published: March 2010

The Miller and Winkler methods for dissolved oxygen determination are compared over a range of salinities and oxygen levels. By performing the Miller titration using a capillary sidearm flask, atmospheric oxygen may be excluded and a precision of ± 0.05 mg O2 liter−1 obtained. The Miller end point is highly dependent on pH and on the ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium potassium tartrate, so that carefully standardized conditions must be used to obtain accurate and reproducible results.
On predation and Holopedium gibberum (Zaddach) distribution1
Authors: STENSON JAN A. E.
Published: March 2010

Differences in temperature, pH, calcium content, specific conductivity, and food in eight small forest lakes did not account for differences in abundance and size of Holopedium gibberum. Variations in number and size of Holopedium may result from different predation rates caused by differences in fish species composition, fish density, and presence or absence of fish fry.
Production equations in terms of chlorophyll concentration, quantum yield, and upper limit to production
Authors: Bannister T. T.
Published: March 2010

For eventual incorporation into a general theory of phytoplankton dynamics, an equation for gross daily production in a water column is needed which is an explicit function of phytoplankton concentration and which does not contain parameters or coefficients dependent on phytoplankton concentration: the production equations of Steele, of Vollenweider, and of Fee are transformed to meet this requirement. It is also desirable, in order to simplify theoretical analysis, that the parameters in production equations be chosen so as to minimize the range of values needed to describe the variation of photosynthesis in nature. This can be achieved by choosing the quantum yield of photosynthesis in weak light as parameter instead of the maximum rate in saturating light. In lakes, the value of the quantum yield in weak light is likely to be about 0.06 moles carbon per einstein absorbed. An additional advantage of the transformed equations is to make evident a simple relation between actual daily production and the upper limit to production.
Annual and seasonal variations of phytoplankton, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis in Lake Kinncret1
Authors: Berman Thomas , Pollingher Utsa
Published: March 2010

Annually, during the months January to June, a heavy bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum fa westii occurs in warm (13–30° C), monomictic Lake Kinneret, Israel. The rates of carbon assimilation, determined with 14C, were not exceptionally high, but algal biomass and chlorophyll concentrations measured during the bloom season were among the highest recorded for the trophogenic zone of any natural water body. Effective utilization of environmental conditions by the motile Peridinium, which dominates the phytoplankton assemblage and is only slightly grazed, may partly explain the large standing crops. During the bloom, physiological activities are minimal (low assimilation numbers, activity coefficients, and specific growth rates); conversely, high values for these parameters occur in late summer and fall (when Chlorophyta predominate) and at the start of the bloom. The patterns of algal behavior in Lake Kinneret may have general implications for understanding the role of phytoplankton in warm eutrophic ecosystems.
Metabolic rates of arctic lakes1
Authors: Welch Harold E.
Published: March 2010

A technique for calculating the respiration rates of arctic lakes during winter is presented. Respiration rates range from a low of 30 g O2 m−2 yr−1 at Resolute, Cornwallis Island, to over 200 at Disko Fjord, Greenland, but a general range of 40–70 can be expected at 75° N latitude. Differences in lake productivity are tentatively ascribed to variations in turbidity and plant cover in the drainage basin.
Trophic complexity in a littoral boulderfield
Authors: Fotheringham Nick
Published: March 2010

A food web constructed for the major invertebrate carnivores in a littoral boulderfield suggests that trophic complexity was very low. Each of the predators consumed several prey species but monopolized one or two species, producing a sharp partitioning of food resources. Spatial heterogeneity and differences in feeding behavior reinforced this pattern. The distributions of bored shells of Protothaca staminea and Tegula funebralis among the size classes of empty shells available in the boulderfield suggested that their primary predator, Octopus, had no size preferences.
Further studies on the distribution of stream animals within the substratum1
Authors: Hynes H. B. N.
Published: March 2010

Samples collected with apparatus consisting of a series of pipes filled with gravel, driven into a streambed, and then opened for lateral colonization, confirm that invertebrates occur deep in the substratum: between 16 and 18 animals were found in each 600 ml from 13.5 cm down to at least 50 cm. Samplers buried in a trench dug into the true bank under the soil do not confirm studies suggesting that stream animals occur far from the water’s edge under the banks: only a few truly aquatic animals were found 50 cm into the bank, although some occurred as far as 2 m from the water.
Horizontal distribution and abundance of Diaptomus clavipes Schacht in relation to Potamogeton foliosus in a pond and under experimental conditions1
Authors: Gehrs Carl W.
Published: March 2010

Higher concentrations of adult Diaptomus clavipes were found in the open water area of a pond than in the region in which rooted aquatic vegetation, primarily Potamogeton foliosus, approached the surface. Laboratory experiments revealed high mortality and no reproduction in cultures of D. clavipes in which P. foliosus was allowed to float free, with no significant changes from controls when vegetation was restricted to a small area. Inclusion of simulated rooted aquatics (polyethylene tubing) lowered the reproductive rate below that in cultures without tubing. These . results suggest that P. foliosus is important in regulating both distribution and density of D. clavipes in the pond.
The feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex from Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin1
Authors: Berman Mark S. , Richman Sumner
Published: March 2010

The feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex from Lake Winnebago was studied under conditions approximating those in the lake and in lake water enriched with algae in mixed culture. When one size particle offered a significantly larger biomass than the others in the water, the animals selected for the abundant particle; selection seemed to increase with increasing particle concentrations until consumption of the particle was maximized. When this mechanism was in operation, filtering rates on other particles were reduced. However, when the concentrations (by biomass) of all particles were approximately equal, selection was for small particles present in high numbers.
Sulfide production in anaerobic microcosms
Authors: Ramm Alan E. , Bella David A.
Published: March 2010

The source of free sulfide in tidal flat sediments and the mechanisms leading to its generation were investigated by growing mixed cultures of anaerobic sediment bacteria in media containing organic material extracted from sediments and benthic algae. Sulfide production was observed in all cultures; stoichiometric considerations indicated sulfate reduction was the most important mechanism. Sulfide production rates were directly dependent on the transient concentrations of both sulfate and soluble organic carbon in the media.
Concentration and removal of liquid microlayers from a seawater surface by bursting bubbles1
Authors: Bezdek H. F. , Carlucci A. F.
Published: March 2010

A monomolecular layer of radioactive stearic acid has been used to determine the concentration and transport of surface liquid microlayers from a natural seawater surface. The monolayer was prepared by allowing drops of a 0.08 mM solution of stearic acid dissolved in hexane to spread over the sample area, and then laterally compressing the resultant monomolecular layer with a castor oil film. The surface microlayers were sampled by collecting the top drop resulting from a gas bubble bursting at the air‐liquid interface.

The ratio of surface liquid to bulk liquid in a drop increases with decreasing drop size, supporting our previous model. The measurements also show that small drops (diameters of 28–108 µm) are effective for removing organic surface‐active material from a seawater surface.
Bubble tube: Apparatus for determining rate of collection of bacteria by an air bubble rising in water1
Authors: Blanchard Duncan C. , Syzdek Lawrence D.
Published: March 2010

An air bubble rising through a bulk suspension of bacteria can be made to rise into a tube containing sterile water, which can then be cultured to determine the number of bacteria carried by the bubble. If the distance of bubble rise is varied, data are obtained from which one can calculate both the attachment rate of bacteria to the bubble and the collection efficiency. For a bubble of about 1‐mm diameter rising through a suspension of Serratia marcescens, the collection efficiency is about 0.1%.
On the determination of turbulent diffusivity in shallow waters by aerial photography of floating markers
Authors: Djurić Dušan , Leribaux Henri R.
Published: March 2010

Aerial photography is used in an experiment with 200 floating markers to determine their dispersion on the surface of a lake. The dispersion proceeded with a practically constant diffusivity coefficient, independent of the size of the diffusing cluster.
A new technique for the study of epiphytic algae
Authors: Brown Helen Davis
Published: March 2010

Several species of aquatic macrophytes are capable of growing both submerged and as terrestrial plants near the shoreline of lakes. Rapid colonization by algal epiphytes follows submergence of the land form of these plants and can then be correlated with a definite period of time, whereas the time of attachment of communities on naturally growing macrophytes is unknown.
A counterstaining technique for use in sorting benthic samples1
Authors: Williams D. Dudley , Williams N. E.
Published: March 2010

Two staining techniques for use in benthic sample sorting are described. The primary stain, rose bengal or Lugol’s iodine, is counterstained with chlorazol black to provide a high color contrast between the animal and detritus fractions of such samples.
Longshore sand transport in the surf zone along the Mediterranean Egyptian coast
Authors: Sharaf El Din S. H.
Published: March 2010

From 1960 to 1969 a detailed survey of current pattern was carried out at Rosetta and Damietta estuaries of the Nile Delta and the outlets of the coastal lakes. In 1968 littoral drift observations were made using fluorescent tracers at Ra’s al‐Barr. A coastal survey program in progress since 1971 at fixed locations along the coast has evaluated the dynamics of coastal erosion. The average littoral current is 35 cm sec−1 at Burullus inlet, 40 at Rosetta exit, and 28 at Damietta. The coastal surveys have shown coastal processes, including erosion and deposition, to be different in different stretches along the deltaic coast from Rosetta to Port Said, indicating that more detailed studies over many years will be necessary.
Seasonal variation of the water mass along the Oregon‐northern California coast
Authors: Bourke Robert H. , Pattullo June G.
Published: March 2010

Temperature and salinity data collected at five Oregon—northern California coastal stations from 1960 to 1971 are used to assess the influence of local processes in modifying the water mass along the coast. A bivariate model is constructed for the summer and winter seasons at each coastal station permitting a quantitative measure of the degree of importance of each process.

In summer the dominant modifying process is different at each shore station with local heating, upwelling, and mixing with shelf/slope water and Columbia River water being the major factors. In winter rainfall and runoff is the dominant process along the coast except near the northern border where mixing with shelf/slope water occurs slightly more frequently.

In winter offshore surface waters within 81 km of the coast have nearly the same T–S as the waters at the coast. In summer offshore surface waters become cooler and more saline in the shoreward direction with the coolest and saltiest water occurring at the coast.
The stability of meromictic lakes in central Washington1
Authors: Walker K. F.
Published: March 2010

Schmidt’s stability concept is used in a comparison of profiles of temperature and salinity for six meromictic lakes in 1953–4958 and 1972. The dual control of density in these lakes is emphasized by distinguishing “thermal” from “chemical” (or “meromictic”) stability. A slight modification of the Schmidt equation is made to yield a plot with depth of the minimum work required for destratification. Significant erosion of the salinity stratification has occurred in nearly all those lakes investigated, with consequent decreases in stability. Soap Lake, in the Lower Grand Coulee, has been considerably modified by dilution; one effect has been to prolong the existence of meromixis by at least 20 years.
Bicarbonate and carbonate ion‐pairs and a model of seawater at 25°C1
Authors: Pytkowicz R. M. , Hawley J. E.
Published: March 2010

The apparent (stoichiometric) association constants for the formation of ion‐pairs between bicarbonate and carbonate and the major cations of seawater at 25°C were determined experimentally. The results were used, in conjunction with earlier data on sulfate ion‐pairs, to calculate the concentrations of the major species present in seawater.
Amino acid uptake by marine phytoplankters1,2
Authors: Wheeler Patricia A. , North Barbara B. , Stephens Grover C.
Published: March 2010

Axenic cultures of 25 species of unicellular marine algae were tested for their ability to utilize nine common amino acids, supplied at high concentrations in batch culture, as a nitrogen source; most species were able to use several amino acids, although growth was often slower than on nitrate nitrogen. The algae were also tested for their ability to take up 14C‐labeled amino acids supplied at low, natural concentrations. In most cases, species that could grow on an amino acid at high concentration in culture could also take up amino acids at low concentrations. Uptake rates were higher in cells that had been deprived of nitrogen during growth. In some cases, uptake rates at low concentrations—if sustained—would be sufficient to support moderate growth rates. The ability to accumulate amino acids from dilute solution occurs in many phytoplankters, particularly in species that normally occur in inshore and littoral habitats.
Uptake and regeneration of free amino acids in marine waters of Southeast Alaska1
Authors: Schell Donald M.
Published: March 2010

The nutritive importance of dissolved organic nitrogen to phytoplankton populations was assessed in Auke Bay, Alaska. Nitrate, ammonia, total dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved free amino acids were monitored and related to phytoplankton growth. Uptake rates of 15N‐labeled glycine and glutamic acid ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 µg‐atom N/hr‐µg‐atom particulate N, compared to 0.03 to 0.05 for nitrate and ammonia. Uptake experiments using both 15N‐ and 14C‐labeled glycine and glutamic acid showed that the nitrogen of glycine is preferentially incorporated, the carbon being respired; the reverse is true for glutamic acid, the nitrogen presumably being released as ammonia. Phytoplankton supplied with 15N‐labeled nitrate released about 10% of the 15N back into the seawater as dissolved organic nitrogen within 48 hr. This value is probably conservative by virtue of the experimental procedure.
Mechanisms that regulate growth rates of phytoplankton in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota1
Authors: Megard Robert O. , Smith Paul D.
Published: March 2010

Mean concentrations of chlorophyll a at six localities in Shagawa Lake ranged from 15 to 25 mg m−3 during June and July, increased to a maximum of 150 mg·m−3 during a bloom of Aphanizomenon that occurred in August, and decreased rapidly in early September. Theoretical limits for integral photosynthesis and the total annual integral photosynthesis wore calculated from estimates of attenuation coefficients for illumination, specific photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll concentrations.

Mechanisms responsible for the phytoplankton bloom are inferred from the changes of specific rates of production and specific rates of loss of particulate organic carbon in the mixed layer. Both rates decreased as the bloom developed, the latter decreasing faster than the former. The bloom ended when the specific loss rate suddenly increased. The specific production rate may have decreased during the bloom as nutrient utilization was inhibited by self‐shading; buoyancy changes may have been primarily responsible for the changes of specific loss rates, acting as a critical mechanism of population regulation.

The effects on phytoplankton populations of changing specific production and loss rates are demonstrated by comparing the integral photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll concentrations that would prevail under steady state conditions.
Continuous automated measurement of rates of photosynthesis and respiration in an undisturbed river community1
Authors: Kelly Mahlon G. , Hornberger George M. , Cosby B. J.
Published: March 2010

A precise, continuous function (a Fourier series) describing undisturbed net community production throughout a day has been obtained from automatically recorded and processed oxygen concentration data from two stations in a river. The linear relationship found between light and productivity confirmed the precision of the method and was used to give a nearly continuous estimate of community photosynthesis, respiration, and gross productive efficiency. Respiration and efficiency may remain constant for one to several days, or may change over a few hours. Day‐to‐day variation in community photosynthesis and respiration may preclude extrapolation of a number of isolated single‐day measurements to determine seasonal or other long term trends.
The in situ chemostat—a self‐contained continuous culturing and water sampling system1
Authors: deNoyelles Frank , O'Brien W. John
Published: March 2010

An in situ continuous culturing system requiring no external power source, put in a pond or lake, draws in either unaltered or automatically filtered water and passes a continuous flow through submerged culture chambers into collection chambers having a system for automatic preservation of the sample. Attached reservoirs allow the addition of nutrients or toxins, and a variety of other perturbations may be simulated by slight changes in the basic device. Such a device can also be used as a continuous water sampler with the automatic preservation system.
Carbon dioxide content and metabolic activity of microorganisms in some acid lakes in Japan
Authors: Satake Ken'ichi , Saijo Yatsuka
Published: March 2010

The CO2 content of the water of certain volcanic acid lakes was much higher than theoretically calculated values based on solubility in acid water. A portion of the CO2 was derived from volcanic gas and from in situ microbial decomposition of organic matter. Considerable photosynthesis by Chlamydomonas acidophila was observed in Lake Katanuma, having a pH of 1.8 to 2.0. Growth‐pH relations of microalgae, a mold, and a yeast isolated from Lake Katanuma distinguished both extremely acid tolerant and acidophilic types.
Tubificids alter profiles of redox potential and pH in profundal lake sediment1
Authors: Davis Ronald B.
Published: March 2010

At 10°C tubificids increased the redox potential of profundal lake sediment at 1–4‐cm depth, with greatest average increases (294 and 241 mV) at 2 and 3 cm. The oxidized layer (> 200 mV) was deepened 0.3–1.6 cm. pH was decreased slightly in the upper 1–2 cm and below this was increased to depths > 14 cm.
The importance of the mesh size for the extraction of the muddy bottom meiofauna1
Authors: de Bovée F. , Soyer J. , Albert Ph.
Published: March 2010

A set of five screens (mesh apertures: 100, 80, 63, 50, and 40 µ) was used to sort twelve samples collected from fine gray terrigenous mud, at 32.5‐m depth. The data show higher counts (2,917–8,881 individuals 10 cm−2; annual avg = 4,855) than those previously reported by others from similar areas. Substantial variations in the percentage of extracted fauna are observed through the year. In most cases, the 100‐, 80‐, and 63‐µ screens retain 90% of the meiofauna. A 40‐µ mesh is necessary to study the dynamics of the nematode population; at certain times more than 30% of the individuals of some species may pass through a 50‐µ screen.
Depth distribution of photosynthetic activity in a Myriophyllum, spicatum community in Lake Wingra1
Authors: Adams Michael S. , Titus John , McCracken Michael
Published: March 2010

Photosynthetic rates and productivity of Myriophyllum spicatum L. were examined in the littoral by incubating shoot sections at three rooting depths using a 14C technique. At a rooting depth of 240 cm, the interrelation of biomass and photosynthetic rates resulted in the production of 56% of the total photosynthetic productivity within 100 cm of the water surface in May. In August, 57% of the total productivity occurred within only 20 cm of the surface. Variations in the depth distribution of biomass, due to differing growth and sloughing patterns, resulted in different depth relations of photosynthesis at the other rooting depths. Light extinction and light adaptation of photosynthetic tissues were other factors determining the depth relations of photosynthesis.
Primary production of edaphic algal communities in a Delaware salt marsh1
Authors: Gallagher John L. , Daiber Franklin C.
Published: March 2010

Gross primary production of edaphic algae was estimated for five areas in a high salinity tidal marsh near Lewes, Delaware. Salt pan and bare bank (free of angiosperms) algal production did not vary significantly from one part of the year to another. Algal productivity in the tall Spartina alterniflora and Distichlis spicata areas was greatest from mid‐January to mid‐May. In the short S. alterniflora area algal productivity did not decrease in the warmest part of the year as it did in the two other grass areas. Annual cycles of light, temperature, and salinity were measured. Gross algal production was about a third of the angiosperm net production. Since much of the algal production occurs when angiosperms are dormant, it complements the pattern of angiosperm energy fixation.
The physiological state with respect to phosphorus of Cayuga Lake phytoplankton1
Authors: Peterson Bruce J. , Barlow John P. , Savage Alice E.
Published: March 2010

This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right.
Responses of phosphorus limited Lake Michigan phytoplankton to factorial enrichments with nitrogen and phosphorus1
Authors: Schelske Claire L. , Rothman Edward D. , Stoermer Eugene F. , Santiago Mila A.
Published: March 2010

Factorial nutrient enrichment experiments were conducted with water containing natural phytoplankton assemblages collected from Grand Traverse Bay. Levels of phosphorus (phosphate) were 5, 15, 25, 40, and 60 µg P liter−1 and levels of nitrogen (nitrate) were 0.23, 0.84, and 1.12 mg N liter−1. Nutrients were maintained at these levels by additions at 2‐ or 3‐day intervals. Two different analyses of variance tests indicated that the responses were due to effects of phosphorus and not nitrogen. Production of chlorophyll a at the four highest levels of phosphorus was independent of concentration and could be predicted by

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19741930409:lno19741930409-math-0001

where XXX was the ln of Chl a at day 4 and t was time in days. Phytoplankton growth, measured as chlorophyll production, fitted a Michaelis‐Menten model when phosphorus concentrations were adjusted to correct for chemically measurable phosphorus apparently not available to phytoplankton. Assimilation numbers and species composition were not affected greatly by the nitrogen and phosphorus enrichments.
Production of pelagic Sargassum and a blue‐green epiphyte in the western Sargasso Sea1
Authors: Carpenter Edward J. , Cox James L.
Published: March 2010

North of 30°N Sargassum production averaged about twice that to the south, possibly related to the degree of winter mixing. Production rates were relatively high in continental shelf areas or near land masses but showed no major seasonal variations nor was there an obvious relationship with concentrations of NO2, NO3, NH3, and PO4. Under normal daylight conditions in October Sargassum photosynthesizes at a maximum rate. Average carbon turnover time is no more than 40 days and Sargassum and its epiphytes contribute no more than 0.5% of the total primary production in the western Sargasso Sea.

Carbon turnover rate of the epiphyte Dichothrix exceeded that of its host Sargassum by an average of fourfold. Dichothrix production on the shelf averaged as much as 15% of the pelagic macroalgal production in October. Dichothrix is most abundant in the continental shelf waters and lowest in the Sargasso Sea; this distribution may be related to the available iron in the seawater.
The feeding behavior of a predatory planktonic copepod, Torlanus discaudatus1
Authors: Ambler Julie W. , Frost Bruce W.
Published: March 2010

Adult females of Tortanus discaudatus can capture nearly all of the developmental stages (nauplius III to copepodid IV) of a probable natural prey species Calanus pacificus. Tortanus appears to search at random for prey and the capture of prey to depend on tactile stimuli. The relationship between ingestion rate of Tortanus and prey (nauplius stage III or V) density is satisfactorily described by an Ivlev curve, with maximum ingestion rates falling within the range of natural prey densities.
Failure of interbreeding between Atlantic and Pacific populations of the marine calanoid copepod Acartia clausi Giesbrecht1
Authors: Carrillo B.‐G Enrique , Miller Charles B. , Wiebe Peter H.
Published: March 2010

An attempt has been made to interbreed populations of Acartia clausi from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Individuals from these populations are morphologically similar, but differ somewhat in size. Cultures from both sources produced many successive generations in the laboratory, but interbreeding with production of viable offspring did not occur. This is evidence that the Atlantic and Pacific populations have diverged in isolation to the level required to be assigned specific rank.
The chemical ecology of copepod distribution in the lakes of East and Central Africa1
Authors: LaBarhera Michael C. , Kilham Veter
Published: March 2010

The copepods in plankton samples from 48 lakes in East and Central Africa were identified and the conductivity (k20) of the epilimnion of each lake was determined. A range, mean, and standard deviation were calculated for the conductivity of the waters in which each copepod species was found. There appears to be a definite range of conductivities in which each species can maintain a viable population.
Stratigraphic effects of tubificids in profundal lake sediments1
Authors: Davis Ronald B.
Published: March 2010

Experiments conducted with natural mixed populations of 800 and 1,800 tubificids m−2 in sediment from Messalonskee Lake, Maine, showed average sediment transport by alimentation at 10°C 2–3 times greater than highest rates previously reported. More than 95% of feeding on introduced pollen was at depths above 7 cm, with greatest feeding at 3–4 cm. Small amounts of pollen were raised to the surface from as deep as 15 cm. Downward transport was 14 and 19% of upward. Small pollen grains (< 40 µ) were fed upon and displaced at higher rates than large grains. Organic matter was less in the surface layer of feces than in sediment from feeding depths and in surface sediment where no worms were present. A mathematical model was used to appraise the stratigraphic effects of the worms by deriving age‐frequency composition of sediment at various depths.
Bacteria in intertidal sediments: Factors related to their distribution1
Authors: Dale Norman G.
Published: March 2010

Direct counts of bacteria from intertidal deposits support previous suggestions of a strong relationship between bacterial numbers and sediment properties. Bacteria were counted after acridine orange staining. Numbers ranged from 1.17 × 108 to 9.97 × 109 g−1 of dry sediment and were highly correlated with grain size and other granulometric properties. Sediment organic carbon and total nitrogen were correlated with bacterial numbers beyond what would be expected from the relationships of these properties to grain size; yet grain size alone accounts for over 80% of the variance in bacterial numbers.

Bacterial biomass to a depth of 10 cm varied from 5.5 to 26.8 g m−2, in the same range as previously reported for meiofauna and mixed macrofauna in sediments.
Measurement of microbial oxidation of methane in lake water
Authors: Rudd John W. M. , Hamilton R. D. , Campbell N. E. R.
Published: March 2010

A radiotracer method which measures rates of oxidation of methane to cell material, extracellular products, and carbon dioxide has been applied to two lakes and indicates that methane oxidation occurred in a narrow band where methane and oxygen occurred together in the water column. Oxidation rates of 1.0 µM hr−1 were recorded in a eutrophic lake; rates in a meromictic lake reached 0.15 µM hr−1. Usually a third of the carbon from oxidized methane was found in cell material and extracellular products and the rest was converted to carbon dioxide. This ratio was observed to change at very low oxygen concentrations.
A method for measuring dissolved gases in pore waters1
Authors: Martens Christopher S.
Published: March 2010

A modified method for measurement of dissolved gases and ions in pore waters extracted from sediment cores with no air contact has been developed. Sediment is transferred from sealed core liners to a filter press sediment squeezer through a CO2‐ or He‐flushed interlock. Pore water intended for dissolved gas analysis is squeezed directly into a He‐flushed sampler‐stripper, which is then mounted directly on a gas chromatograph, stripped for gases by the helium carrier gas, and analyzed for Ar, N2, and CH4 or other gases.
Some observations on direct counts of freshwater bacteria obtained with a fluorescence microscope
Authors: Jones J. Gwynfryn
Published: March 2010

The use of different fluorochromes for direct counts of bacteria in water was compared. The two dyes in most common use, acridine orange (AO) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were compared with an acridine derivative, euchrysine 2GNX (E‐2GNX). Minor changes in technique could produce significant differences in counts. The acridine based dyes were easier to apply than FITC, and of these, E‐2GNX gave consistently higher counts, all at a final dye concentration of 5 mg liter−1 with a contact time of 3 min. Details of the methodology should be consulted since changes can produce opposite results.
Spin‐up of the Baja California upwelling ecosystem1
Authors: Walsh John J. , Kelley James C. , Whitledge Terry E. , MacIsaac Jane J. , Huntsman Susan A.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal onset of coastal upwelling off Baja California was studied during March 1972. Time series of stations were taken for 2 weeks at 27°N off Punta San Hipolito; data on physical, chemical, and biological variables are used to estimate the source of upwelled water, the rate of nutrient input to the euphotic zone, and the rate of subsequent biological utilization. Red tide dinoflagellates were observed to be a precursor of the presumably more typical diatom community of this upwelling ecosystem. This Gonyaulax polyedra dominated system suggests that these organisms lead to a longer food chain than that found later in the upwelling season. Pleuroncodes planipes, a facultative herbivore, was observed in large numbers but did not appear to be phytophagous during the transition from an oceanic to an upwelling food chain.
Remote sensing of water color and sea surface temperatures off the Oregon coast1
Authors: Pearcy W. G. , Keene Donald F.
Published: March 2010

Multispectral scanner measurements from aircraft revealed complicated and often abrupt changes in ocean color which appeared less conservative than changes of sea surface temperature measured with an infrared radiometer, although the general areal patterns were similar. Color and thermal fronts, which often coincided, were most pronounced between upwelled water, Columbia River plume water, and oceanic waters.

Normalized spectra of backscattered light in seven bandwidths and differences between specific bands were useful in identifying water types. The blue (0.45–0.47 µ) minus green (0.52–0.55 µ) differences were highest in oceanic water, intermediate in plume water, and low in chlorophyll‐rich upwelled water. The green (0.52–0.55 µ) minus orange (0.58– 0.63 µ) were highest inshore and lowest offshore. Near the mouth of the Columbia River, where water contained a large load of particulate matter, both blue — green and green — orange differences were low.

Multiple color bands in the upwelling zone and fronts along both inshore and offshore margins of the Columbia River plume result from dynamic processes that may influence concentrations of pelagic fishes.
Optically effective area of particle ensembles in the sea
Authors: Owen Robert W.
Published: March 2010

The optically effective area (OEA) concentration of particles was computed from measured size distributions and concentrations of particles in the upper 100 m of the Pacific Ocean off Baja California and is shown to correspond closely to direct measurements of the volume coefficient of light scattering at an angle of 20°, shown previously to be proportional to total scattering.

Plots of OEA as a function of particle diameter exhibit a maximum contribution at about 2 µm diameter at offshore stations and at 3.5 µm at nearshore stations. The roll‐off at smaller particle diameters is attributed to diminished optical efficiency rather than to decreased concentrations of smaller particles.
Relation between total quanta and total energy for aquatic photosynthesis1
Authors: Morel André , Smith Raymond C.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of underwater spectral irradiance have been used to investigate the behavior of the ratio of total quanta to total energy (Q : W) within the spectral region of photosynthetic activity. In data from a wide range of optical water types, the Q : W ratio varies by no more than ±10% and is 2.5 ± 0.25 × 1018 (quanta sec−1 watt−1). Within this range Q : W varies systematically and thus it may be predicted within ±5%, if either the wavelength of maximum spectral irradiance or the chlorophyll concentration of the water under investigation is approximately known. The value of Q : W may be used to determine the total quanta available for photosynthesis accurately from a measurement of the total energy and vice versa.
Some relationships between algal standing crop, water chemistry, and sediment chemistry in the English Lakes1
Authors: Gorham Eville , Lund John W. G. , Sanger Jon E. , Dean Walter E.
Published: March 2010

Estimates of standing crop, derived approximately from algal counts in surface waters, have been used to separate the English Lakes into three groups of low, intermediate, and high fertility. The fertile lakes are proportionally poorer than the infertile lakes in µ‐algae, but richer in “large algae” and Cyanophyta. The fertile lakes are richer in dissolved ions, especially calcium and bicarbonate, in filter‐passing and particulate vitamin B12, in sedimentary sulfur, and in sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives and carotenoids. The relationship noted by Pearsall between lake fertility and agricultural activity is shown by a strong correlation between algal standing crop and the percentage of the drainage basin under cultivation. Sediment ratios of carbon to sulfur and of chlorophyll derivatives to carotenoids decline with increasing lake fertility, whereas the ratio of carbon to nitrogen shows little change.

This study lends support to the use of sedimentary pigments as indices to lake productivity. The pigment data also indicate that much of the organic matter in sediments of productive lakes comes from autochthonous sources within the lakes.
Loss rates from a lake phytoplankton community1
Authors: Jassby Alan D. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass in Castle Lake are presented for an 8‐month period. Primary productivity and phytoplankton carbon content under a square meter of lake surface exhibit similar seasonal trends and achieve maximum values in July. Phytoplankton loss rates are calculated by subtracting the rate of change of carbon content from the primary productivity, and specific loss rates are estimated by dividing loss rates by phytoplankton carbon. Specific loss rates range from more than 0.80 day−1 in May to less than 0.20 day−1 in midsummer and in December. Loss rates in the spring cannot be attributed to water transport, sinking, or grazing. Cell mortality and decomposition when environmental tolerances are exceeded may be significant causes of phytoplankton loss in the lake.
Some experiments on the sinking characteristics of two freshwater diatoms
Authors: Smayda Theodore J.
Published: March 2010

The sinking rates of living and heat‐killed cells of Asterionella formosa and Tabellaria flocculosa and after treatment with CuSO4, NaHClO3, Formalin, Lugol’s solution, butanol, and isopropanol at 15°C are reported. Dead cells sank faster than living cells, particularly those of Tabellaria. Some interspecific differences were observed in the degree to which sinking is heightened after treatment with algicides. Sinking rates increased after exposure to certain concentrations of isopropanol and butanol. This was accomplished without loss of viability, suggesting that suspension may be partially regulated physiologically in these diatoms. The sinking rates fall within the range for growing and senescent populations of marine pennate diatoms having similar geometry. The results suggest that subtle physical or physiological conditions can influence diatom suspension, but these appear to be of secondary importance to vertical mixing in permitting their suspension.
The use of field data to derive population statistics of multivoltine copepods1
Authors: Rigler F. H. , Cooley J. M.
Published: March 2010

The mean duration of each instar of planktonic copepods is obtained from field data only, by using the relation:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19741940636:lno19741940636-math-0001

where Mn is the mean pulse time of instar n and tn is the duration of that instar. The method is used to calculate population statistics of univoltine populations from European lakes and of a multivoltine population of Skistodiaptomus oregonensis in a 0.5‐ha meromictic lake in southern Ontario.

As a check on the method, development times of eggs, first nauplius, and second nauplius were determined in the laboratory and combined with in situ vertical distribution and water temperature data to give an independent estimate of in situ development times of these instars. The two compared favorably.

Growth rate of S. oregonensis is not simply a function of temperature.
Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. 6. The role of turbidity currents in lake sedimentation1
Authors: Ludlam Stuart D.
Published: March 2010

Turbidity currents are formed in Fayetteville Green Lake by sediment slumping on the sides of the lake basin. Deposition from these currents accounts for about 50% of all sediment accumulation on the floor of the main basin. Rate of sediment loss from the basin sides through the formation of turbidity currents approximately equals nonturbidite sedimentation rates on the gently sloping basin floor. Major turbidity currents arise most frequently where sources of terrestrial sediment are present. Major turbidity currents involve about 200–300 m3 (dry volume) sediment and extend over about 6 × 104 m2.
Invariance of apparent equilibrium constants with pH1
Authors: Pytkowicz R. M. , Ingle S. E. , Mehrbach C.
Published: March 2010

The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater are independent of pH for the range 6.5–8.5. These constants, therefore, can be used in the study of geochemical and biochemical processes in the oceans. The arbitrary nature of the pH of seawater does not affect its value in oceanographic practice.
Cesium 137 to strontium 90 ratios in the Atlantic Ocean 1966 through 19721
Authors: Bowen Vaughan T. , Noshkin Victor E. , Volchok H. L. , Livingston H. D. , Wong K. M.
Published: March 2010

Ratios of 137Cs to 90Sr are summarized from analyses of a large number of seawater samples collected in and about the Atlantic Ocean from 1966 to 1972 at various depths. Analytical comparisons by the participating laboratories are presented.

In open‐ocean surface samples the mean ratio is 1.43, and in subsurface samples containing no less than 5 dpm 137Cs per 100 liters the mean is 1.44; in subsurface samples containing less than 5 dpm 137Cs per 100 liters, the mean is 1.64. No trend in this ratio with time can be seen, nor can any systematic difference be seen between North Atlantic, South Atlantic, or Mediterranean samples. Agreement of the various open‐ocean ratios with that predicted in fallout, 1.45, is excellent.

In nearshore samples from several different areas however the mean ratio is 1.07. Material balance and other considerations seem to preclude simple selective loss of 197Cs to the sediments. A number of other processes are available, nearshore, for reducing the 137Cs:90Sr ratio, but it is not now possible to evaluate their relative importance, nor to explain why their action should result in about the same ratio in so many different nearshore environments.
On the interpretation of data for the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio of phytoplankton1
Authors: Banse Karl
Published: March 2010

Previously published data on the C:N ratio in large‐scale cultures of seminatural marine plankton are used to demonstrate the importance of choosing the appropriate method for data interpretation. The remarks hold for work on other ratios in such cultures. The difficulty of deriving the elementary composition of phytoplankton from field samples is noted.
An improved, self‐contained polarographic dissolved oxygen probe1,2
Authors: Kanwisher John W. , Lawson K. D. , McCloskey L. R.
Published: March 2010

Detailed directions for the construction of a small, inexpensive, accurate oxygen electrode are given. The electrode contains its own voltage source and signal amplifier and may be directly mated with a strip chart recorder.