bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linguistic, Mycenaean, and Iliadic Traditions Behind Penelope's Recognition of Odysseus
Authors: Floyd Edwin D.
Published: April 2011

At Od. 18.163, achreîon is best etymologized as being derived from áchri "until." There is thereby an explicit indication that Penelope is "biding her time" when she appears before the Suitors. Subsequently, at 19.250, 23.94-95, 23.206, and 24.346, there are four references to recognition. Against the perspective of Linear B, a Bronze Age writing system, "read" emerges as a potentially defining nuance for forms of anagignó*sko* "recognize" in these passages. One of the four, 23.94-95, has regularly been considered from a perspective of non-recognition ; however, agnó*saske , the verb form which supposedly indicates this, is unparalleled in Homer. It is therefore reasonable to consider reading aggnó*saske , viz., a form, with apocope, of anagignó*sko* . Corroborating the importance of Mycenaean Greek for the Odyssey are various Iliad parallels, especially the ivory simile associated with the wounding of Menelaos at Il. 4.139-47; this resonates both with various Knossos tablets which combine ivory and crimson and with Od. 23.200-01, describing how Odysseus's and Penelope's bed was decorated. Finally, book 24 rounds out the treatment of recognition and suggests an identification of Aktoris, who had been mentioned at 23.228, as Dolios's wife.
Postcolonial Agitations: Avant-Gardism in Dakar and London
Authors: Harney Elizabeth
Published: April 2011

This article questions the applicability of received theories of the avant-garde to artistic practices in postcolonial Africa. In particular, it looks at the politics of exhibition and reception of two vanguard groupings operating in Senegal, one in the 1970s, another in the present day, that have been presented within major forums celebrating global art in the neoliberal era. As complex mixes of indigenous and global forms and ideas, these practices address multilayered histories of interaction and imbrication of cultures and challenge pat assumptions of the traditional avant-garde’s parameters.
African American and Hispanic Self-Employment in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area
Authors: Wang Qingfang
Published: April 2011

Usando Muestras Utilizables de Microdatos Públicos (PUMS) en el año 2000, este estudio examina el empleo por cuenta propia de los negros nacidos en Estados Unidos y los hispanos nacidos en el extranjero en el área metropolitana de Charlotte, la cual se ha transformado radicalmente en las últimas décadas por la inmigración. Los patrones de concentración industrial de los dos grupos indican una posible sucesión entre estos dos grupos dependiendo de la medida en que el mercado de trabajo local se transforma por la inmigración. La diversidad étnica, la historia de la inmigración, y la estructura económica en la zona han creado oportunidades y retos para las minorías étnicas y los inmigrantes para iniciar y mantener sus propios negocios. Este estudio sugiere que el proceso de incorporación económica de las minorías étnicas depende en gran medida de la capacidad institucional y de los recursos sociales, culturales y políticos de las comunidades locales.
2010 VanArsdel Prize Essay: Literary Graftings: Hannah Crafts's The Bondwoman's Narrative and the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Reader
Authors: Soares Rebecca
Published: April 2011

This paper suggests that the most productive way to read Hannah Crafts, alleged author of the unpublished manuscript The Bondwoman's Narrative , is not as an author but rather as a reader of nineteenth-century transatlantic periodicals. After theorizing Crafts in terms of authorship and then in terms of nineteenth-century serial reading practices, the analysis shifts to an examination of Frederick Douglass's Paper in which Charles Dickens's Bleak House , the text that Crafts most unapologetically "borrows" from in her narrative, was reprinted in order to hypothesize how a reader could be influenced to make the disjointed appropriations that characterize her narrative.
HAEMOCYTES OF THE PACIFIC BEETLE COCKROACH, DIPLOPTERA PUNCTATA
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: April 2011

Haemocytes of the Pacific beetle cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Esch.), are described and figured as they appear in vivo and in stained blood films. Although the haemocyte complex in this species is comprised of the same main categories as found commonly in other cockroaches, it is somewhat unusual due to morphological specialization among one category, the granular haemocytes. Most of the cells in this category are similar to those in other species, but some contain distinctive vesicles of mainly proteinaceous material, some are ovoid and contain spherule-size granules, and some are large, fusiform cells that are actively amoeboid in vivo. The other main categories, prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, and spherule cells are fairly typical.
EFFECT OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE ON DEVELOPMENTAL RATE AND GROWTH RATE OF PROGENY IN PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: McMullen L. H. , Sahota T. S.
Published: April 2011

Application of a juvenile hormone analogue (ZR-777), prepared from an emulsifiable concentrate, to adults or to host foliage retarded the developmental and growth rates of the progeny. Possible means of transmission of the effect to the progeny are discussed.
INSECT MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH SARAN PLASTIC SCREEN
Authors: Osgood C. E.
Published: April 2011

The factors responsible for heavy mortality of Culex tarsalis populations in saran plastic screen cages were investigated. Two compounds, Dow Corning® Antifoam A and Aldo® MLD (glyceryl monolaurate, Glyco Chemicals Ltd.), used as foam preventatives in screen processing, were tested with C. tarsalis. One of the compounds, Aldo® MLD, was shown to be toxic to mosquitoes. Toxic principles were removed easily from saran screening by washing with detergent and water.
DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CYNIPID HEXACOLA SP. NEAR WEBSTERI (EUCOILINAE: HYMENOPTERA), A LARVAL–PUPAL PARASITE OF HIPPELATES EYE GNATS (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE)
Authors: Eskafi Fred M. , Legner E. Fred
Published: April 2011

Hexacola sp. near websteri (Crawford), an imported larval–pupal parasite of Hippelates eye gnats, was reared in the laboratory on this host and its immature stages were diagrammed. The duration of each stage at 26 °C was as follows: egg, 2 days; first instar larva, 2 days; second instar larva, 3 days; third instar larva, 4 days; and pupa, 6–7 days. The morphological characters are compared with those of related species and the feeding activity of the larva is described.
AN OVIPOSITION TRAP FOR ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE IN CULEX SP. MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V.
Published: April 2011

A new trapping technique which selectively captures Culex sp. mosquitoes during oviposition is described. A comparison of this trap to CDC and CO2 traps is presented and the advantages of the oviposition trap for viral monitoring discussed.
LABORATORY REARING OF THE BANDED WOOLLYBEAR,PYRRHARCTIA (ISIA) ISABELLA(LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE), ON DIFFERENT DIETS WITH NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE SPECIES
Authors: Goettel Mark S. , Philogène Bernard J. R.
Published: April 2011

The banded woollybear,Pyrrharctia (Isia) isabella(J. E. Smith,) was reared under laboratory conditions from egg to adult. Individually reared larvae were fed one of six artificial diets and fresh plantain at 26 °C, light/dark (h) 15/9. The times of moulting, larval and pupal weights, and adult characteristics (fertility, sex) were recorded.

Larvae were easily reared on bean, wheat germ, casein – wheat germ and fresh plantain, while casein, alfalfa, and plantain diets proved unsatisfactory. Rearing procedure and developmental characteristics are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA VIII. PARASITOID–HOST RECORDS
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: April 2011

Parasitoid-host records were gathered during a study of the arthropod fauna of alfalfa Medicago sativa L., at Ithaca, N.Y., during 1966-71, Dates and number of rearings are given for 46 parasitic taxa. Nine new parasitoid-host relationships are reported.
REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF ARADOPHAGINI (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir , Huggert Lars
Published: April 2011

Seven species of Aradophagini are classified in three genera. Aradophagus Ashmead includes A. fasciatus (USA, Canada, Europe) A. pulchricornis n. sp. (Mexico, USA), and A. microps n. sp. (South India). Ladora n. gen. includes L. brunnea n. sp. (type-species: Morocco, Mallorca, Gambia), L. maura n. sp. (South Africa), and L. trjapitzini n. sp. (Central Asia). Abuko n. gen. with A. sarotes n. sp. (type-species: Gambia). The tribe Aradophagini is redefined and its taxonomic position in the family Scelionidae is discussed. Keys to genera and species of Aradophagini are given.
HEMITHEA AESTIVARIA IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: CHARACTERS OF A PALAEARCTIC GENUS AND SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN FROM NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE: GEOMETRINAE)
Authors: Bolte K.B. , Munroe Eugene
Published: April 2011

The palaearctic species Hemithea aestivaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae: Hemitheini), newly reported from British Columbia, is described, discussed and illustrated. The genus and species are new to the North American fauna.
EVALUATION OF A TRAP FOR THE CITRUS BLACKFLY, ALEUROCANTHUS WOGLUMI (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Meyerdirk D. E. , Hart W. G. , Burnside J.
Published: April 2011

The conventional yellow citrus blackfly trap was tested to determine whether size, shape, and a translucent versus an opaque material had any significant influence on capture of adults. The trap shape (square, rectangle, triangle, and circle) had no influence on efficiency, though the total number of adults caught per trap had a positive correlation with its surface area. Translucent traps were more attractive to adult citrus blackfly than opaque traps. Fluorescent yellow traps with a reflectance of 550–553 nm had a greater attractiveness than yellow with equivalent reflectance.
DEGREE-DAY RELATIONSHIPS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHOCOLLETIS BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Johnson E. F. , Trottier R. , Laing J. E.
Published: April 2011

Degree-day relationships in the development of Lithocolletis blancardella (Fab.) and Apanteles ornigis Weed, its major parasite, were established from laboratory and field studies in Ontario apple orchards during 1973, 1974, and 1975. Under constant laboratory conditions, temperature thresholds for development of overwintering pupae were estimated by three methods, and found to be 6.3°, 6.7°, and 5.7°C for L. blancardella, and 10.4°, 10.4°, and 11.3°C for A. ornigis. Degree-day accumulations in the field were calculated by two methods using daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded from the pupal habitat and a Stevenson screen. Degree-days in the pupal habitat accumulated from 1 January, above 5.7°C for L. blancardella and 11.3°C for A. ornigis were more accurate than Stevenson screen degree-day accumulations for predicting first emergence; however, after emergence, seasonal development was best related to Stevenson screen degree-days accumulated from 1 April, above 6.7°C for L. blancardella and 10.4°C for A. ornigis. This study shows that degree-day relationships can be used in an apple pest management programme to optimize timing of insecticide applications against L. blancardella and preserve A. ornigis, its major natural enemy.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Brown G. C. , Berryman A. A. , Bogyo T. P.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented which show that first brood codling moth larvae have a higher diapause rate (and are thus univoltine) if reared in apples crowded with other larvae than if they are reared in uncrowded apples. From this relationship, a theoretical mechanism is proposed to help explain the interaction of genetic and nutritional effects in determining the dominant voltinism strain in codling moth populations.
INVESTIGATIONS OF EGG NICHES, EGGS, AND RATE OF OVIPOSITION FOR DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Lashomb J.H. , Nebeker T.E.
Published: April 2011

Relationships of egg niches and eggs per unit (cm) of gallery were studied. On average egg niches were found to overestimate eggs by 36%. The rate of egg deposition in the mid-portion of the infested bole was found to be less than the upper and lower portion.
SAFETY TESTS FOR THE BACULOVIRUS OF THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , McNeil Jeremy N. , Lamothe Pierre
Published: April 2011

The baculovirus of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) has proved most effective as a microbial control agent of its host in numerous field trials, however, prior to its general use in an integrated control programme its possible deleterious effects on non-target organisms must be considered. Therefore the pathogenicity of this baculovirus to sheep and its cytopathogenicity to tissue cultures of lamb and calf testes were studied. Preliminary tests on 16 insect species were also carried out. No macro- or microscopic differences were detected between treated and control groups, suggesting that this baculovirus is quite specific and that its use as a microbial insecticide is feasible against T. lineola.
A SAMPLING PROGRAM DEVELOPED FOR POTATO LEAFHOPPER NYMPHS, EMPOASCA FABAE (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), ON ALFALFA
Authors: Simonet D. E. , Pienkowski R. L.
Published: April 2011

Populations of potato leafhopper nymphs were sampled in two alfalfa fields throughout the summers of 1976 and 1977 in Montgomery County, Virginia. A dichlorvos-carton sampling method was used to collect nymphs from 3-stem alfalfa bouquets. Instars were based on head capsule measurements. The spatial distribution of nymphs generally fit the negative binomial model. Based on this distribution pattern optimum sample sizes were computed. The nymphal population can be reliably estimated within 20% c.v. during most of the alfalfa growth period. Although most variation was shown to be between samples and not between areas in the field, samples should be taken at random over the entire area of the field under study.
DIPTERA PUPARIA FROM PRE-HISTORIC GRAVES
Authors: Teskey H.J. , Turnbull C.
Published: April 2011

Archaeological excavation on the Augustine Mound, New Brunswick, Canada is adding new insights into Canada's prehistoric people as well as into entomology. This human burial site (Cfd1-2) consists of an artificially constructed mound of earth, approximately 11 m in diameter and 0.8 m into the gravel subsoil of a river terrace. The site has been dated between 2000 and 2500 years ago, based on cross-dating to other archaeological sites in Eastern North America and on one carbon date of 2330 ± 110 B.P. (F1-344) which was unfortunately from a disturbed context. The artifacts placed with the dead indicate some form of close cultural contact between the people of Atlantic Canada and the American mid-west (Turnbull 1976). The most unusual aspect of the site is the quantity of preserved organic materials recovered from the graves. Many fragmentary pieces of hide, and copper beads (the likely agent of preservation) were found with the dead.
BROOD BIONOMICS OF BOMBUS RUDERATUS IN NEW ZEALAND (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Pomeroy Nelson
Published: April 2011

Observations of five free foraging colonies of Bombus (Megabombus) ruderatus (Fab.) are reported with respect to brood production and mortality. Emphasis is given to the nutrition of larvae and new adults, and larval ejection. Seasonal trends in the sex, caste, and size of adults are reported. Colony size was relatively large for a temperate Bombus species. Intraspecific variation in colony size was related to the timing of male production.
ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): FOLIAGE CONSUMPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE ON SUGARBEET
Authors: Capinera John L.
Published: April 2011

Mean durations (±S.D.) of zebra caterpillar larvae, Ceramica picta (Harris), stadia 1 to 6 were 3.5 ± 1.0, 2.9 ± 1.6, 3.3 ± 1.2, 3.0 ± 1.4, 3.4 ± 1.3, and 7.2 ± 1.1 days when fed sugarbeet foliage and reared at 27 °C. Mean lengths and weights of caterpillar larvae are presented for each day of development. Mean male pupal weight was 333.5 ± 34.4 mg and mean female pupal weight was 362.9 ± 53.0 mg. Fecundity is correlated with pupal weight. Foliage consumption increases in proportion to larval age, weight, and length. Mean total foliage consumption for instars 1 to 6 was 0.55 ± 0.27, 1.49 ± 0.82, 4.61 ± 2.98, 14.4 ± 8.50, 40.32 ± 14.55, and 210.88 ± 54.52 cm2. A method to estimate economic injury levels for zebra caterpillar on sugarbeet is discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHALCIDOID WASPS (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITIC ON THE BALSAM GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN MAINE
Authors: MacGown M. W.
Published: April 2011

Pseudencyrtus borealis and Tetrastichus cecidivorus n. spp. are described as parasites of Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné. Both were reared from balsam fir needle galls in late summer and fall.
HOST DETERMINATION OF CHALCIDOID AND PROCTOTRUPOID HYMENOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH TWO SPECIES OF MIDGES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) FOUND IN NEEDLE GALLS OF BALSAM FIR
Authors: Connor Jonathan Y. , Osgood Eben A.
Published: April 2011

Four species of Chalcidoidea: Tetrastichus marcovitchi (Cwfd.), Tetrastichus sp., T. whitmani (Grit.), Pseudencyrtus sp., and two species of Proctotrupoidea: Platygaster abicollis MacGown and Osgood and P. mainensis MacGown and Osgood were reared and identified as parasites of the balsam fir needle gallmaker, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné. T. marcovitchi was the most abundant. No parasites were found on or reared from Dasineura balsamicola (Lintner). The rearing technique is given.
INFLUENCE OF SNOW COVER ON THE OVERWINTERING OF THREE SPECIES OF GALL-FORMING DIPLOLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE)
Authors: Shorthouse J. D. , Zuchlinski J. A. , Courtin G. M.
Published: April 2011

Prepupae of three species of Diplolepis (D. nebulosa (Bassett) a leaf-gall-former, an undescribed stem-gall-former, and D. radicum (Osten Sacken), a root-gall-former) were overwintered at various heights above the ground. Most prepupae of all three species buried beneath the snow survived the winter, while only stem-gall-formers survived at a height subject to fluctuating snow depths. All specimens of the three species that overwintered above the snow were killed.
SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF FOREST SPRAYING OF CARBARYL (SEVIN-4-OIL®) ON STREAM INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Courtemanch David L. , Gibbs K. Elizabeth
Published: April 2011

The effect on stream invertebrates of carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil®) applied at a rate of 840 g A.I./ha for spruce budworm suppression in Maine was studied. Three streams in each of three different treatment areas were monitored: streams in areas sprayed with carbaryl for the first time, streams in areas sprayed 2 consecutive years, and streams in unsprayed areas.

Initial postspray response was an increase in drift up to 170× in treated streams. Benthos samples showed significant declines among Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera on subsequent sampling dates. Plecoptera did not repopulate any treated stream by 60 days after treatment. Streams treated for the second consecutive year had very low prespray Plecoptera populations compared with those unexposed to carbaryl. Diptera, with the exception of Microtendipes, and Oligochaeta were unaffected.
ATTRACTION OF LASCONOTUS INTRICATUS KRAUS. (COLEOPTERA: COLYDIIDAE) TO THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE OF THE FOUR-EYED SPRUCE BARK BEETLE, POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bowers W.W. , Borden J.H.
Published: April 2011

The cylindrical bark beetle, Lasconotus intricatus Kraus., is attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited either with black spruce logs infested with male four-eyed spruce bark beetles, Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby), or the male-produced aggregation pheromone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. The addition of the host terpenes, bornyl acetate and β-pinene, to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol reduced the attraction of L. intricatus. 3-Carene, myrcene, and α-pinene appeared to have a partial inhibitory effect. Catches in spring and summer disclosed a high degree of temporal coincidence between the two species. We hypothesize that L. intricatus utilizes the aggregation pheromone of P. rufipennis as a host-finding kairomone.
APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA (ESPER), A PALEARCTIC CUTWORM NEW TO NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Fitzpatrick Sheila M. , Lafontaine J. Donald
Published: April 2011

The palearctic cutworm, Apamea ophiogramma (Esper), is reported from North America for the first time. Four specimens were collected at a light trap in Langley, British Columbia, in 1989, 19 in 1990, and 38 in 1991. Descriptions of wing markings and genitalic characters that distinguish A. ophiogramma from the nearctic Oligia fractilinea (Grt.) are provided.
DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) AND PODISUS SAGITTA (FAB.) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) AT VARIOUS CONSTANT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Clercq P. De , Degheele D.
Published: April 2011

Development and survival of the predatory pentatomids Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Podisus sagitta (Fab.) were studied at six constant temperatures ranging from 19 to 35 °C. Time required for development from egg to adult ranged from 48.9 days (19 °C) to 18.9 days (30 °C) for P. maculiventris and from 51.9 days (19 °C) to 16.9 days (33 °C) for P. sagitta. At 33 °C, eggs of P. maculiventris did not hatch and development of nymphs that had emerged at 23 °C was retarded; none of the first-instar nymphs incubated at 35 °C survived the next moult. A constant temperature of 35 °C was fatal to P. sagitta eggs and extended the developmental period of nymphs from 23 °C. Egg hatch ranged from 47% (19 °C) to 57% (27 °C) for P. maculiventris and from 54% (33 °C) to 71% (27 °C) for P. sagitta. Nymphal survival was high at moderate temperatures, with 63–78% and 65–82% of the first-instar nymphs of the respective species reaching adulthood. Mortality during the nymphal stage was significantly increased at high temperatures, but was considerably lower for P. sagitta than for P. maculiventris. Lower threshold temperatures for egg and nymphal development were estimated to be 10.7 and 11.7 °C for P. maculiventris, and 13.3 and 12.2 °C for P. sagitta. Thermal requirements for these stages were 78.2 and 275.5 degree-days, and 60.9 and 265.5 degree-days, respectively. These observations suggest that P. sagitta is somewhat better adapted to high temperatures than is P. maculiventris.
TWO NEW MEXICANISOTOGASTRURA(COLLEMBOLA: ISOTOGASTRURIDAE)
Authors: Palacios-Vargas José G. , Thibaud Jean-Marc
Published: April 2011

Two new species ofIsotogastrura, one from the Pacific coast and one from the Atlantic coast, are described:Isotogastrura ahuizotlisp.nov. andIsotogastrura veracruzanasp.nov. A key for the five species known at present is included.
OLD WORLD PHEROMONE STRAIN IN THE NEW WORLD: SEX ATTRACT ANT COMPOSITION FOR THE CURRANT BORER, SYNANTHEDON TIPULIFORMIS CL. (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE), IN CANADA
Authors: Szöcs Gábor , Henderson Deborah , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: April 2011

The field attractivity of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate (E,Z-2,13-18:OAc) (30 μg loaded on red rubber tubing) alone or in combination with (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate (E,Z-3,13-18:OAc) (0.9 μg added) towards the male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis Cl., (Lepidoptora: Sesiidae), was compared in British Columbia (B.C.) and in Quebec (Canada) by means of trapping trial. The binary mixture attracted males in significantly higher numbers into sticky traps than E,Z-13-18:OAc alone [17.0 male captures/trap/inspection versus 1.7 in Langley (B.C.), 32.7 versus 11.9 in De Roche (B.C.), and 5.3 versus 0.2 in Ile d’Orleans (Que.), respectively]. These results suggest that the Canadian currant borer populations belong to the same strain as those in Europe and New Zealand, with E,Z-3,13-18:OAc remaining an important attractant-synergistic component.
FEEDING PREFERENCES OF A FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), AMONG WILD CRUCIFERS
Authors: Pachagounder Palaniswamy , Lamb Robert J.
Published: April 2011

The crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), feeds primarily on plants in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) (Feeny et al. 1970). Introduced from Europe, it is now a widespread pest of canola, Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L., in North America (Lamb and Turnock 1982; Weiss et al. 1991). Before canola occupied so much crop land in western Canada, flea beetles were present and presumably fed mostly on wild crucifers. These native and weedy crucifers are potential sources of resistance genes that might be transferred to canola. We examine feeding preferences of flea beetles among nine wild crucifers (Table 1) to determine which, if any, are avoided. The suitability of these plants has already been examined for another crucifer-feeding chrysomelid, the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown (Gerber and Obadofin 1981; Gerber 1984), and the feeding responses of the beetles are compared.
THEIMBECILLUSANDRUFUSGROUPS OF THE SPIDER GENUSPHILODROMUSIN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: April 2011

The 29 species and three subspecies comprising theimbecillusandrufusgroups of the genusPhilodromusin North America are described or redescribed, keyed, and illustrated. Theimbecillusgroup contains six species, of whichP.psaroniusis described as new and the female ofP.undarumBarnes is described for the first time. Therufusgroup contains 23 species and three subspecies, of whichP.cubanus,P.distans,P.schicki, andP.bimuricatusare described as new-species, andP.rufus quartusas a new subspecies.P.inaequipesBanks, 1900 is proposed as a new synonym ofP.minutusBanks, 1892, andP.michiganensisLevi, 1951 as a new synonym ofP.peninsulanusGertsch, 1934.P.mediocrisGertsch andP.minutusBanks are raised from synonymy, andP.pacificusBanks is raised from synonymy and made a subspecies ofP.rufusWalckenaer.
A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PIOPHILIDAE, INCLUDING ‘NEOTTIOPHILIDAE’ AND ‘THYREOPHORIDAE’ (DIPTERA: SCHIZOPHORA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: April 2011

The systematic position of the Piophilidae sens. lat. within a group of nine schizophorous families with tephritid-like ovipositors (Lonchaeidae, Otitidae, Platystomatidae, Pyrgotidae, Tephritidae, Tachiniscidae, Richardiidae, Pallopteridae, and Piophilidae) is elucidated. It is shown to be a sister-group of the Pallopteridae, and these two families together with the Richardiidae comprise a monophyletic suprafamily unit within the larger group of families. The evolutionary changes that occurred within the Piophilidae are analyzed and the supposed phylogeny of its component taxa is portrayed. The family is redefined to include neottiophilids and thyreophorids and is classified into two subfamilies, Neottiophilinae and Piophilinae; the latter is divided into two tribes, Mycetaulini and Piophilini (with subtribes Piophilina and Thyreophorina). Twenty-three genera are recognized and taxonomically defined; this includes description of two new genera, Neopiophila and Parapiophila. Clusina Curran is synonymized withProtopiophila Duda (new synonymy), and four nominal species are placed in synonymy for the first time, i.e. Piophila anomala Malloch and Piophila setosa Melander and Spuler = Parapiophila vulgaris (Fallén) (new synonymy), Piophila flavifacies Brunetti = P. casei (Linnaeus) (new synonymy), and Mycetaulus pulchellus Banks = Mycetaulus longipennis Loew (new synonymy). Six new species, Actenoptera avalona (Newfoundland), Neopiophila setaluna (Northwest Territories), Protopiophila atrichosa (Peru and British Honduras), Protopiophila pallida (Peru and British Guiana), Prochyliza azteca (Mexico), and Prochyliza inca (Peru) are described. The following 20 new combinations are made: Mycetaulus lituratus (Melander and Spuler), Allopiophila testacea (Melander), Protopiophila nigriventris (Curran), Prochyliza lundbecki (Duda), nigricornis (Meigen), nigricoxa (Melander and Spuler) and nigrimana (Meigen), Arctopiophila arctica (Holmgren), Parapiophila atrifrons (Melander and Spuler), calceata (Duda), coerulescens (Zetterstedt), dudai (Frey), flavipes (Holmgren), lonchaeoides (Zetterstedt), nitidissima (Melander and Spuler), pectiniventris (Duda), penicillata (Steyskal), vulgaris (Fallén), and xanthopoda (Melander and Spuler). In all, 67 valid species are placed, their geographic distributions are outlined, and the zoogeographic implications are discussed. A lectotype is designated for Piophila flavitarsis Meigen = Madiza glabra Fallén (Milichiidae).A key to subfamilies, tribes, and genera is provided, and keys to world species are given where needed. An annotated world list of all names referred to the family (sens. lat.) is provided. The paper includes 58 figures, two tables, and 122 literature references.
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILY SPHAERIDIINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A
Published: April 2011

A revision of the hydrophilid subfamily Sphaeridiinae (Coleoptera) is presented including a historical review, a discussion of diagnostic characters and techniques, and some conclusive remarks, mostly on the zoogeography of this group in North America.Thirteen genera and 62 species are recognized. Three genera, one subgenus, 12 species, and one subspecies are described as new.SphaeridiolinusMenozzi, 1921, is placed in synonymy withSphaeridiumFabricius, 1775;ErcyconRey, 1885, andParaliocercyonGanglbauer, 1904, are placed in synonymy withCercyonLeach, 1817. On the specific level,Phaenonotum dubiumSharp, 1882, is placed in synonymy withPh.exstriatum(Say, 1837);Sphaeridium quadrimaculatumHerbst, 1783,marginatumFabricius, 1787,daltoniStephens, 1829,semistriatumLaporte, 1840,testaceumHeer, 1841,humeraleWesthoff, 1881,nigrumCsiki, 1953, andpulchrumCsiki, 1953, withS.bipustulatumFabricius, 1781;Sphaeridium striolatumHeer, 1841,pictumMénétries, 1832,marginatumNormand, 1933,nigerrimumReitter, 1909,inhumeraleCsiki, 1953, andconfluensEndrÖdy-Younga, 1967, withS.scarabaeoides(Linné, 1758);Cercyon testaceusBlatchley, 1923, withC.praetextatus(Say, 1825);Cercyon fulvipennisMannerheim, 1852, withC.limbatusMannerheim, 1843;Cercyon mulsantiGanglbauer, 1904, withC.quisquilius(Linné, 1761);Cercyon impunctatusKuwert, 1890, andjanssoniNyholm, 1952, withC.unipunctatus(Linné, 1758);Cercyon incrematusNotman, 1920, withC.lateralis(Marsham, 1802);Cercyon erythropterusMulsant, 1840,discoidalisJ. Sahlberg, 1913,basillarisNotman, 1920, andbifenestratellusEndrÖdy-Younga, 1967, withC.haemorrhoidalis(Fabricius, 1775);Cercyon rufipennisCsiki, 1953, withC.impressus(Sturm, 1807);Cercyon rubripennisKuwert, 1890, withC.melanocephalus(Linné, 1758);Cercyon separandusRey, 1885, andpictithoraxGridelli, 1926, withC.terminants(Marsham, 1802);Cercyon binotatusStephens, 1829, andruficollisSchilsky, 1888, withC.litoralis(Gyllenhal, 1808);Cercyon falliWinters, 1944 (nomen nudum), withC.analis(Paykull, 1798);Cybocephalus unicolorMotschulsky, 1845, withCercyon adumbratusMannerheim, 1843;Cryptopleurum cereiSchwarz, 1899, withC.impressumSharp, 1882.Neotypes are designated forCercyon praetextatus(Say),C.occallatus(Say), andC.minusculusMelsh. Lectotypes are designated forDactylosternum advectumHorn,D.cacti(LeC.),Oosternum costatumSharp,Cercyon roseniKnisch,C.opacellusFall,C.pubescensLeC.,C.kulzeriKnisch,C.nevadanusKnisch,C.floridanusHorn,C.testaceusBlatch.,C.limbatusMannh.,C.fulvipennisMannh.,C.variegatusSharp,C.indistinctusHorn,C.adumbratusMannh.,C.fimbriatusMannh.,C.lunigerMannh.,C.maculatusMelsh.,Genyon navicularis(Zimm.),Megasternum posticatumMannh.,Cryptopleurum impressumSharp,C.cereiSchw., andC.subtileSharp.Keys to tribes, genera, and species are provided. The tribes and genera are described; each species is described and illustrated, and all available bionomic and distributional data are presented; distributional records are mapped.
A CATALOGUE OF THE EGGS OF SOME CANADIAN GEOMETRIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA), WITH COMMENTS
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: April 2011

Presented, with comments, are 131 plates of illustrations of geometrid eggs representing five subfamilies of the Geometridae: one species of Oenochrominae, 72 species of Ennominae, four species of Geometrinae, nine species of Sterrhinae, and 45 species of Larentiinae. The illustrations are useful as identification aids, in demonstrating relationships between species, and in assessing the validity of species groupings based on taxonomic criteria from other life stages.
A REVISION OF THE GENUSALEOCHARAGRAVENHORST OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan
Published: April 2011

A revision of the genusAleocharaof America north of Mexico is presented. Seven subgenera are redefined with 47 currently recognized species, of which nine are described as new (A.arizonica,A.cavernicola,A.curtidens,A.lobata,A.ocularis,A.nidicola,A.rufobmnnea,A.rufonigra,A.unicolor). The species are arranged according to their relationships into species groups within each subgenus. Sixty-one synonymies are newly established (the first specific name is valid): Subg. COPROCHARA,A.bimaculataGravenhorst =B.deserticolaCasey =B.innocuaCasey =B. obsolescens Casey =B. recta Casey;A.notulaErichson =A.duplicataErichson =B.nanellaCasey =B.nitidicollisCasey;A.suffusa(Casey) =B.acuminataCasey =A.verna brundiniBernhauer;A.vernaSay =A.alticolaSharp. Subg.XENOCHARA,A.lacertinaSharp =B.salicolaCasey =B.imbricataCasey =B.idoneaCasey =A.densiventrisBernhauer;A.sallaeiSharp =A.torquataSharp;A.puberulaKlug =B.bipartitaCasey;A.fumataGravenhorst =A.languidaSachse =B.defectaCasey =B.affluensCasey;A.castaneipennisMannerheim =A.glenoranaCasey =B.rotundicollisCasey =B.mannerheimiCasey =B.acomanaCasey =B.insulanaCasey =B.concurrensCasey =B.eludensCasey =A.oregonaHatch;A.quadrataSharp =B.uvidulaCasey =A.sparsicollisBernhauer. Subg.CALOCHARA,A.rubripennisCasey =A.rubripesBlatchley =A.wallawallaeHatch. Subg.ALEOCHARA,A.centralisSharp =A.stygialisSharp;A.gracilicornisBernhauer =A.kansanaCasey =A.pleuralisCasey =A.americanaCasey =A.ellipsicollisCasey;A.lustricaSay =A.pauperSharp =A.serrataSharp =A.texanaCasey =A.fusicornisCasey =A.sternalisCasey =A.algonquinaCasey =A.medialisCasey;A.tahoensisCasey =A.postpictaCasey =A.montanicaCasey;A.thoracicaCasey =A.collusorCasey. Subg.ECHOCHARA,A.lucifuga(Casey) =A.cavicola(Garman). Subg.EMPLENOTA,A.littoralis(Mäklin) =A.maritima(Casey) =P.arenariaCasey =E.quadriferCasey =E.trilimbataCasey =E.longicepsCasey. Subg.MASEOCHARA,A.validaLeConte =M.ponderosaCasey =M.robustaSharp =M.ruficaudaCasey;A.opacella(Sharp) =M.hogeiSharp =M.decipiensCasey;A.depressa(Sharp) =M.puberulaCasey =M.basalisCasey =M.mustaCasey.Ninety-three lectotypes and three neotypes are designated (neotypes are designated for:C.caviolaGarman,A.lustricaSay, andA.vernaSay).Keys to subgenera and species are provided. All species are described, each illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs, and all available bionomic and distributional data are given. Emphasis was put on host records of thoseAleocharaspecies which may be used in biological control of some pest species of Diptera. The systematics and phylogeny of the subgenera and zoogeography of species are discussed.A checklist of NearcticAleocharaand a table listing the known host records for some species is added.
A TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS OF THE BLONDELIINI OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Wood D. M.
Published: April 2011

The species of the tribe Blondeliini of North and Central America and the West Indies (including Trinidad) are grouped into 55 genera. Included is an illustrated key to the genera, a diagnosis of each genus, a list of all generic synonyms, and a taxonomic catalogue of all species recorded from these regions, including their New World synonyms. Type status, type locality, and depository of primary type material is given for each nominal species. One hundred and seventy-seven new generic-level synonyms, 67 new species-level synonyms, and 321 new combinations are proposed.Didyma fuliginipennisWulp, belonging to the tribe Eryciini, was assigned to the genusAmetadoria(see under lectotype designation ofDidyma volucrisWulp). Three new species are described:Ligeria latigenan. sp., from Yukon;Policheta crassisetosan. sp., from Oregon; andSteleoneura novemmaculatan. sp., from Yukon, Banks Island, and Victoria Island. Lectotypes are designated for 93 nominal species.
The Genera and Species of the Nearctic Dolerini (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae: Selandriinae): Classification and Phylogeny
Authors: Goulet Henri
Published: April 2011

The Dolerini consist of two genera (DolerusPanzer andPrionourgusGoulet).Prionourgusconsists of one species.Dolerusis subdivided into one species group and seven subgenera (nitensgroup,NeodolerusGoulet,AchaetoprionGoulet,OncodolerusGoulet,LoderusKonow,DicrodolerusGoulet,Doleruss. str. Panzer, andDosytheusLeach), and consists of 72 Nearctic species.Described as new are one genus [Prionourgus(type species:Dolerus salmaniRoss)], four subgenera [Neodolerus(type species:Dolerus sericeusSay),Achaetoprion(type species:Dosytheus maculicollisNorton),Dicrodolerus(type species:Dosytheus apricusNorton), andOncodolerus(type species:Loderus acidusMacGillivray)], 23 species [Dolerus abstrusus(type locality: Moose Factory, Ontario),Dolerus acer(type locality: Merritt Creek, Klamath County, Oregon),Dolerus aeneiceps(type locality: Robson, British Columbia),Dolerus alutaceus(type locality: Seymour, Illinois),Dolerus californicus(type locality: 1 mi. E Emigrant Gap, Placer County, California),Dolerus columbianus(type locality: Robson, British Columbia),Dolerus comatus(type locality: Pullman, Washington),Dolerus crinitus(type locality: Forestville, California),Dolerus decussatus(type locality: Chaffeys Locks, Ontario),Dolerusfaber(type locality, 25.5 mi. W Lakeview, Oregon),Dolerusfalcatus(type locality: Cheltenham, Pennsylvania),Dolerus fulgens(type locality: Huntingdon, Pennsylvania),Dolerus hebes(type locality: Marmora, Ontario),Dolerus incisus(type locality: Reindeer Depot, Northwest Territories),Dolerus inermis(type locality: Moscow, Idaho),Dolerus interior(type locality: Pullman, Washington),Dolerus laevis(type locality: Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, California),Dolerus maritimus(type locality: Chase Lake, Snohomish County, Washington),Dolerus mimus(type locality: Gatineau Park, Quebec),Dolerus recurvans(type locality: Strawberry, California),Dolerus rossi(type locality: Fredericton, New Brunswick),Dolerus tacoma(type locality: Mount Rainier, Washington), andDolerus urustus(type locality: Tuscarora, Nevada)], and two subspecies [Dolerus elderi pacificus(type locality: Sumas Prairie, British Columbia) andDolerus konowi glacialis(type locality: Yakutat, Alaska)]. A new name,Dolerus sayi, is proposed forD.collarisSay, a junior secondary homonym.Treatment of each taxon includes synonymic list, diagnostic combination, descriptions, taxonomic notes, origin of new epithet, host and/or habitat, geographic distribution, and notes on affinities. In addition, under each species there is a discussion of geographical variation. Important character states are illustrated and geographical distribution is mapped for all species. Relationships between species of Dolerini are reconstructed from the analysis of structural characters using principles of cladistic systematics. Finally a classification is proposed for higher taxa of the Dolerini based on the reconstructed phylogeny.
CATALOGUE OF THE ORIBATIDA (ACARI) OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Marshall Valin G. , Reevrs R. Marcel , Norton Roy A.
Published: April 2011

The catalogue provides systematic information and collates biological and ecological references on species of the acariform mite suborder Oribatida known from North America. Despite the importance of oribatid mites in decomposition processes, this is the first such synthesis in over 75 years. The catalogue deals with 1177 species and subspecies in 329 genera, representing 108 families and 44 superfamilies. The geographical region covered is roughly the Nearctic Realm, excluding Greenland, Mexico, and oceanic islands. Fossil species are included, but quarantine interceptions are omitted. Also not treated are 16 species, listed in the literature as cosmopolitan or American, but whose occurrence in Canada and continental United States has not been confirmed. The systematic arrangement of higher taxa is compiled from many sources, but primarily expresses a functional compromise between the concepts of Grandjean and Balogh.Numerous taxonomic changes were required for the placement of taxa into a modern classification. Four family-group names are given new status (Nehypochthonioidea, Charassobatoidea, Tectocepheoidea, Achipterioidea) mostly to eliminate known polyphyletic taxa. New generic synonymies include:AcrotritiaJacot, 1923 andPeridromotritiaJacot, 1923 withRhysotritiaMärkel and Meyer, 1959;AlloribatesBanks, 1947 withXylobatesJacot, 1929; andBoreozetesHammer, 1955 withNeogymnobatesEwing, 1917. Fourteen species names are given new status, 24 others are newly synonymized, and 120 are placed in new combinations. Four recombinations resulted in junior secondary homonyms for which new names are proposed. Thirty-six species names are recognized as being of uncertain status: 20 nomina inquirendae, five nomina nuda, five unavailable names, two unplaced taxa, and four misidentifications.For each species and subspecies treated, pertinent information from 1229 references, selected on a global basis, is arranged into 14 subject categories, depending on availability of data. Direct information is provided on: location of type material, synonymies and combinations used in the literature, additional references to synonymies and combinations not included in the previous section, and distributional records (by provinces in Canada, states in the United States, and geographical realms outside North America). Number-coded literature references serve as a guide to species description, taxonomy, keys, works with numerous references, morphology, biology, food, miscellany (culture, extraction, parasitology, physiology), ecology, and remarks.
ODONATA OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Hilton Donald F.J.
Published: April 2011

The 196 species of Odonata known to occur in Canada are divided into two suborders: Zygoptera (52 species) and Anisoptera (144 species). None of these exclusively occupies marshes or fens. One zygopteran (Nehalennia gracilis Morse) is restricted to bogs whereas Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) predominantly occupies mossy bogs or fens. The following anisopterans solely, or predominantly, occupy bogs (with some occasionally in Carex marshes and (or) fens): Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say), Aeshna septentrionalis Burmeister, A. sitchensis Hagen, A. subarctica Walker, Williamsonia fletcheri Williamson, Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, S. franklini (Selys), S. incurvata Walker, S. sahlbergi Trybom, S. septentrionalis (Hagen), S. whitehousei Walker, Nannothemis bella (Uhler), and Leucorrhinia patricia Walker. Most of this information is based upon collections of adults, but studies of larvae are needed to determine the adaptations necessary for life in bog, fen, or marsh habitats.
BITING FLIES (DIPTERA) OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Lewis David J.
Published: April 2011

A review of the literature on biting flies of Canadian peatlands and marshes reveals that 21 species of Culicidae, 43 species of Tabanidae, and 6 species of Ceratopogonidae are known to occur in such habitats. Of these 70 species of biting flies, 45 occur in bogs, 22 in fens, and 36 in marshes. Although the species composition of wetland culicids is largely known, immatures of many species of the tabanids and ceratopogonids have yet to be collected and/or described. Almost nothing is known about the biology of the immature stages in wetland habitats. Most species known to inhabit wetlands have been recorded from both peatlands and marshes, but there are representatives of all families that appear to be restricted to a particular type of wetland. Compounding this paucity of information on the biting flies of Canadian wetlands is the inconsistency and lack of specificity in describing wetland habitats.
THE SPECIES GROUPS OFGONATOCERUSNEES IN NORTH AMERICA WITH A REVISION OF THESULPHURIPESANDATERGROUPS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE)
Authors: Huber John T.
Published: April 2011

A provisional cladistic analysis of the species groups ofGonatocerusNees is presented, based on 24 characters. Six species groups are defined, but only the four Nearctic ones are described. The species groups proposed are theater,deficiens,litoralis,membraciphagus,straeleni, andsulphuripesgroups. Theatergroup is divided into themorrilli,ater(s.s.), andbucculentussubgroups. Keys are provided to distinguish the species groups, and females of thesulphuripes- andater-group species. Twenty-four species are recognized in thesulphuripesandatergroups for America north of Mexico. Eight species are recognized in thesulphuripesgroup, of whichcalifornicus,koebelei,maga,mexicanus,rivalis, andutahensisare redescribed. Two species,floridensisandlissonotus, are described as new. One new synonymy is proposed:titillatusis considered a junior synonym ofutahensis. Sixteen species are recognized in theatergroup, of whichashmeadi,capitatus,dolichocerus,fasciatus,latipennis,morrilli,novifasciatus,ovicenatus, andtriguttatusare redescribed. Seven species,bucculentus,enicmophilus,flagellatus,impar,incomptus,inexpectatus, andinflatiscapus, are described as new. Two new synonymies are proposed:maximusis considered a junior synonym oflatipennis, andmarilandicusa junior synonym ofdolichocerus. Lectotypes are designated forashmeadi,capitatus,koebelei,mexicanus,morrilli,ovicenatus,triguttatus, andutahensis.
SCIENTISTS, MODELS, AND RESOURCE MANAGERS
Authors: Walker H. Douglas , Cuff Wilfred R.
Published: April 2011

Concerns are frequently expressed within the resource management community that many of the tools or models being developed to help people manage resources aren't being used. Less clear are the reasons, but a look at the contrasts between resource management and resource science provides some clues. The disciplinary organization of scientific knowledge, compared with the general nature of management problems, contributes to the gap between science and management. Many of the difficulties that resource scientists are experiencing are shared by management scientists attempting to provide problem-solving support to managers. In fact, management scientists who are developing tools for use by managers are sometimes said to be doing research on "toy" problems because of their tendency to oversimplify the "messes" or complex systems with which managers are trying to deal. To derive tools of use in solving real problems, some resource scientists will have to be willing to study and work with resource managers in the context where problems are faced.
BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ORIGINS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA)
Authors: Hynes H.B.N.
Published: April 2011

The present distributions of stonefly genera in North America, their occurrence as endemics, or as shared with the Far East, Europe and South America, are considered in conjunction with geological history. It is concluded that the Plecoptera of North America have four sources of origin.There was an ancient eastern fauna shared with Europe before the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. A second group moved in from the west during the formation of the western mountains. After formation of the isthmus one genus moved northward from South America. After the Pleistocene period several species migrated from the Bering Strait region, possibly from an Alaskan refugium. Some of these have clearly moved eastward, but a few may have moved westward.