bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live Multi-Strain Probiotics Enhance Growth Performance by Regulating Intestinal Morphology and Microbiome Population in Weaning Piglets
Authors: Huang Chao-Wei , Liu Shi-Yong , Bhattarai Bishnu Prasad , Lee Ting-Yu , Chang Hsiao-Tung , Lin Hsiao-Ching , Weng Hsiu-Ming , Huang Hsin-Hsuan , Lin Jin-Seng , Lee Jai-Wei
Published: November 2024

The effects of different forms of multi-strain probiotics on weaning piglets are limitedly addressed. Thus, this study investigated the effects of live or inanimate multi-strain probiotics comprising Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal gene expression of weaning piglets. A total of 160 weaning piglets (4 weeks old) were randomly allocated into four treatments (CON: basal diet; AB: basal diet with 110 ppm and 66 ppm colistin in the weaning and nursery phases, respectively; LP: basal diet with 2.0 × 109 CFU/kg live probiotics; and IP: basal diet with 2.0 × 109 CFU/kg inanimate probiotics). Piglets fed with LP had significantly lower FCR compared to those of the CON and IP groups in week 4 to week 8 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP group had significantly higher villus height (VH) compared with AB at week 6, lower crypt depth (CD) compared with IP, and higher VH/CD ratio compared to other treatments at week 10 (p < 0.05), which indicate healthier intestinal morphology. Probiotic treatments (LP and IP) increased Bifidobacterium population compared to CON at week 6 and lowered Enterobacteriaceae at week 6 and week 10 (p < 0.05). Regarding gene expressions of intestinal integrity, LP showed significantly higher TFF3 expression compared with CON and AB at week 6 and compared with other treatments in jejunum at week 10 (p < 0.05). IP treatment had significantly higher MUC2 expression compared to other treatments at week 6 and week 10 (p < 0.05). Overall, live multi-strain probiotics improved growth efficiency by enhancing gut integrity and microbiome balance, making them a potential antibiotic alternative to ameliorate weaning stress and promote productive performance in weaning piglets.
Regulation of the Rhizosphere Microenvironment by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Mitigate the Effects of Cadmium Contamination on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Yang Fan , Han Jinji , Lin Ruizhu , Yin Yuan , Deng Xiaoxia , Li Yueming , Lin Jixiang , Wang Jinghong
Published: November 2024

Rhizosphere microorganisms are crucial for enhancing plant stress resistance. Current studies have shown that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can facilitate vegetation recovery in heavy metal-contaminated soils through interactions with rhizosphere microbiota. However, the mechanisms by which AMF influences rhizosphere microbiota and plant growth under cadmium (Cd) stress remain unclear. In this study, Lolium perenne L. was inoculated with AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis) and grown in soils supplemented with Cd (0 mg kg−1, Cd0; 100 mg kg−1, Cd100). Plant biomass, antioxidant enzyme activities, peroxide content, Cd uptake, and rhizosphere bacterial community composition were evaluated. AMF inoculation reduced Cd influx in aboveground tissues, enhanced nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, and mitigated Cd biotoxicity. Additionally, AMF inoculation improved the scavenging efficiency of reactive oxygen species and alleviated oxidative stress in L. perenne, thereby mitigating biomass reduction. Moreover, AMF treatment increased leaf and root biomass by 342.94% and 41.31%, respectively. Furthermore, under the same Cd concentration, AMF inoculation increased bacterial diversity (as measured by the Shannon index) and reduced bacterial enrichment (as indicated by the ACE index). AMF promoted the enrichment of certain bacterial genera (e.g., Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) in the Cd100 group. These findings suggest that AMF regulated the composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community and promoted the growth of potentially beneficial microorganisms, thereby enhancing the resistance of L. perenne to Cd stress. Cd contamination in soil severely limits plant growth and threatens ecosystem stability, highlighting the need to understand how AMF and rhizosphere microbes can enhance Cd tolerance in L. perenne. Therefore, inoculating plants with AMF is a promising strategy for enhancing their adaptability to Cd-contaminated soils.
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Compounds from the Lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fish Pathogens
Authors: Essadki Yasser , Hilmi Adel , Cascajosa-Lira Antonio , Girão Mariana , Darrag El Mehdi , Martins Rosário , Romane Abderrahmane , El Amrani Zerrifi Soukaina , Mugani Richard , Tazart Zakaria , Redouane El Mahdi , Jos Angeles , Cameán Ana M. , Vasconcelos Vitor , Campos Alexandre , El Khalloufi Fatima , Oudra Brahim , Barakate Mustapha , Carvalho Maria de Fátima
Published: November 2024

Lichens are symbiotic organisms with unique secondary metabolism. Various metabolites from lichens have shown antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, very few studies have investigated the antimicrobial potential of the volatile compounds they produce. This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea collected in two regions of Morocco. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain volatile compounds from samples collected in the High Atlas and Middle Atlas. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified phenolic cyclic compounds as the primary constituents, with atraric acid and chloroatranol being the most abundant. Additionally, eight compounds were detected in lichens for the first time. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Both samples demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects against multidrug-resistant human bacteria, reference microorganisms, fish pathogens, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1000 µg/mL to 31.25 µg/mL. This study provides the first report on the volatile compounds from Pseudevernia furfuracea and their antimicrobial effects, particularly against fish pathogens, suggesting their potential as novel antimicrobial agents for human and veterinary use. Further research is warranted to explore these findings in more detail.
Intestinal Insights: The Gut Microbiome’s Role in Atherosclerotic Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Alexandrescu Luana , Suceveanu Adrian Paul , Stanigut Alina Mihaela , Tofolean Doina Ecaterina , Axelerad Ani Docu , Iordache Ionut Eduard , Herlo Alexandra , Nelson Twakor Andreea , Nicoara Alina Doina , Tocia Cristina , Dumitru Andrei , Dumitru Eugen , Condur Laura Maria , Aftenie Cristian Florentin , Tofolean Ioan Tiberiu
Published: November 2024

Recent advances have highlighted the gut microbiota as a significant contributor to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which is an inflammatory cardiovascular disease (CVD) characterized by plaque buildup within arterial walls. The gut microbiota, consisting of a diverse collection of microorganisms, impacts the host’s metabolism, immune responses, and lipid processing, all of which contribute to atherosclerosis. This review explores the complex mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis promotes atherogenesis. We emphasize the potential of integrating microbiota modulation with traditional cardiovascular care, offering a holistic approach to managing atherosclerosis. Important pathways involve the translocation of inflammatory microbial components, modulation of lipid metabolism through metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that influence vascular health. Studies reveal distinct microbial profiles in atherosclerosis patients, with increased pathogenic bacteria (Megamonas, Veillonella, Streptococcus) and reduced anti-inflammatory genera (Bifidobacterium, Roseburia), highlighting the potential of these profiles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have health benefits on the host. Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary fibers that stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. Interventions targeting microbiota, such as probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), present effective approaches for restoring microbial equilibrium and justifying cardiovascular risk. Future research should focus on longitudinal, multi-omics studies to clarify causal links and refine therapeutic applications.
Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Co-Culture System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Kang Dingyu , Lin Hai , Li Qiang , Su Nan , Cheng Changkun , Luo Yijing , Zhang Zhongzhi , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: November 2024

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a promising technology for oil field extraction. This study investigated a co-culture system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis to increase MEOR efficacy. We analyzed bacterial growth, biosurfactant production, and crude oil emulsified performance under different inoculation ratios. Compared to single cultures, the co-culture system showed superior growth and functional expression, with an optimal inoculation ratio of 1:1. Quantitative assessments of the cell numbers and biosurfactant production during the co-culture revealed that rapid B. subtilis proliferation in early stages significantly stimulated P. aeruginosa growth. This interaction increased cell density and rhamnolipid production by 208.05% and 216.25%, respectively. The microscopic etching model displacement results demonstrated enhanced emulsification and mobilization of crude oil by the co-culture system, resulting in 94.48% recovery. A successful field application in a block-scale reservoir increased cumulative oil production by 3.25 × 103 t. An analysis of microbial community structure and function in different phases revealed that after co-culture system injection, Pseudomonas became the dominant genus in the reservoir community, with an average abundance of 24.80%. Additionally, the abundance of biosurfactant-producing and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria increased significantly. This research and the application of the P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis co-culture system provide novel insights and strategies for MEOR.
Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Francisella spp. and the Identification of F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica
Authors: Shevtsov Alexandr , Dauletov Ayan , Izbanova Uinkul , Kairzhanova Alma , Tursunbay Nailya , Kiyan Vladimir , Vergnaud Gilles
Published: November 2024

Tularemia is an acute infectious disease classified as a natural focal infection, requiring continuous monitoring of both human and animal morbidity, as well as tracking of pathogen circulation in natural reservoirs and vectors. These efforts are essential for a comprehensive prevention and containment strategy. The causative agent, Francisella tularensis, comprises three subspecies—tularensis, holarctica, and mediasiatica—which differ in their geographic distribution and virulence. The ability to directly detect the pathogen and differentiate between subspecies has enhanced diagnostics and allowed a more accurate identification of circulation areas. Real-time PCR protocols for identification of F. tularensis subspecies tularensis and holarctica have been developed, utilizing specific primers and probes that target unique genomic regions. In this study, we present the development of a new real-time PCR assay for the detection of Francisella spp. and differentiation of F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica. The specificity of the assay was tested on DNA from 86 bacterial species across 31 families unrelated to Francisella spp., as well as on DNA collections of F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica. The limit of detection (LOD95%) for real-time PCR in detecting Francisella spp. was 0.297 fg (0.145 genomic equivalents, GE) for holarctica DNA and 0.733 fg (0.358 GE) for mediasiatica DNA. The LOD95% for subspecies differential identification of mediasiatica was 8.156 fg (3.979, GE). The high sensitivity and specificity of these developed protocols enable direct detection of pathogens in biological and environmental samples, thereby improving the efficiency of tularemia surveillance in Kazakhstan.
Isolation, Characterization, and Genome Engineering of a Lytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phage
Authors: Cong Xiaomei , Zhao Shuang , Zhang Qing , Liu Shuo , Zhang Youming , Yan Fu
Published: November 2024

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections have become one of the leading causes of human mortality. Bacteriophages presented great potential for combating antibiotic-resistant infections in the post-antibiotic era due to their high host specificity and safety profile. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, has shown a surge in multidrug-resistant strains, severely impacting both human health and livestock. In this study, we successfully isolated and purified a P. aeruginosa-specific phage, PpY1, from feces collected from a breeding farm. This phage harbors a short tail and a 43,787 bp linear genome, and exhibited potent lytic activity against several pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains. Leveraging Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning and phage assembly techniques in a P. aeruginosa host lacking a restriction–modification system, we developed a genome engineering platform for PpY1. Through a systematic gene knockout approach, we identified and eliminated 21 nonessential genes from the PpY1 genome, resulting in a series of phages with reduced genomes. This research not only enhances our understanding of the phage genome but also paves the way for the functional optimization of phages, e.g., broadening the host spectrum and elevating the lytic capacity, dedicated towards the treatment of bacterial infections.
Structural Stability Comparisons Between Natural and Engineered Group II Chaperonins: Are Crenarchaeal “Heat Shock” Proteins Also “pH Shock” Resistant?
Authors: Furr Mercede , Badiee Shadi A. , Basha Sreenivasulu , Agrawal Shilpi , Alraawi Zeina , Heng Sobroney , Stacy Carson , Ahmed Yeasin , Moradi Mahmoud , Kumar Thallapuranam K. S. , Ceballos Ruben Michael
Published: November 2024

Archaeal group II chaperonins, also known as heat shock proteins (HSPs), are abundantly expressed in Sulfolobales. HSPα and HSPβ gene expression is upregulated during thermal shock. HSPs form large 18-mer complexes that assist in folding nascent proteins and protecting resident proteins during thermal stress. Engineered HSPs have been designed for industrial applications. Since temperature flux in the geothermal habitats of Sulfolobales impacts intracellular temperature, it follows that HSPs have developed thermotolerance. However, despite the low pH (i.e., pH < 4) typical for these habitats, intracellular pH in Sulfolobales is maintained at ~6.5. Therefore, it is not presumed that HSPs have evolved acid-tolerance. To test tolerance to low pH, HSPs were studied at various pH and temperature values. Both circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence indicate that HSPα and HSPβ retain structural integrity at neutral pH over a wide range of temperatures. Structural integrity is compromised for all HSPs at ultra-low pH (e.g., pH 2). Secondary structures in HSPs are resilient under mildly acidic conditions (pH 4) but Anilino naphthalene 8-sulfonate binding shows shifts in tertiary structure at lower pH. Trypsin digestion shows that the HSPβ-coh backbone is the most flexible and HSPβ is the most resilient. Overall, results suggest that HSPα and HSPβ exhibit greater thermostability than HSPβ-coh and that there are limits to HSP acid-tolerance. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations complement the wet lab data. Specifically, MD suggests that the HSPβ secondary structure is the most stable. Also, despite similarities in pH- and temperature-dependent behavior, there are clear differences in how each HSP subtype is perturbed.
Bacillus cereus: An Ally Against Drought in Popcorn Cultivation
Authors: de Oliveira Uéliton Alves , Amaral Junior Antônio Teixeira do , Kamphorst Samuel Henrique , de Lima Valter Jário , Olivares Fábio Lopes , Khan Shahid , de Souza Santos Monique , da Silva Figueiredo Jardel , da Silva Samuel Pereira , Viana Flávia Nicácio , Santos Talles de Oliveira , Gonçalves Gabriella Rodrigues , Campostrini Eliemar , Viana Alexandre Pio , Mora-Poblete Freddy
Published: November 2024

Despite the development of adapted popcorn cultivars such as UENF WS01, strategies such as bacterial inoculation are being explored to enhance plant resilience to abiotic stress. This study investigates the impact of drought stress on popcorn cultivation. Specifically, the aim was to identify the benefits of Bacillus cereus interaction with the drought-tolerant hybrid UENF WS01 for its morphophysiology and growth by comparing inoculated and non-inoculated plants under water-stressed (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. This evaluation was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. For WS with inoculation samples, there were significant increases in relative chlorophyll content, maximum fluorescence intensity, and agronomic water use efficiency. Chlorophyll content increased by an average of 50.39% for WS samples, compared to a modest increase of 2.40% for WW samples. Both leaf and stem biomass also significantly increased for WS relative to WW conditions. Overall, B. cereus inoculation mitigated the impact of water stress, significantly enhancing the expression of physiological and morphological traits, even when paired with a drought-tolerant hybrid.
Seasonal Characterization of the Aerobiome in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Rooms: Potential Risk for Immunosuppressed Patients
Authors: Durán-Manuel Emilio Mariano , Fiscal-Baxin Edgar , Nolasco-Rojas Andres Emmanuel , Loyola-Cruz Miguel Ángel , Cruz-Cruz Clemente , Paredes-Mendoza Marianela , López-Ornelas Adolfo , Razo Blanco-Hernández Dulce Milagros , Nieto-Velázquez Nayeli Goreti , Rodríguez-Tovar Aída Verónica , Ramírez-Granillo Adrián , Vásquez-Jiménez Enzo , Fernández-Sánchez Verónica , Gómez-Zamora Erika , Cureño-Díaz Mónica Alethia , Milán-Salvatierra Andrea , Jiménez-Zamarripa Carlos Alberto , Calzada-Mendoza Claudia Camelia , Bello-López Juan Manuel
Published: November 2024

Infections pose a risk for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants due to their immunosuppression, making them susceptible to opportunistic infections. Therefore, understanding the composition of the aerobiome in this area is vital. The aim of this study was to characterize the aerobiome in an HSC transplant area, evaluating the impact of infrastructure and health personnel operations on air contamination. The environmental parameters and aerobiome of the HSC transplant area at Hospital Juárez de México were quantified over one year. Finally, a double-entry Vester matrix was constructed to classify problems according to their degree of causality. The abundance and taxonomic diversity of the aerobiome were dependent on seasonality, environmental factors, and high-efficiency filtration. Gram-positive bacteria predominated, followed by fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. ANOVA revealed significant differences in the bacterial aerobiome but not in the fungal aerobiome among the transplant rooms. Clinically, fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., and Penicillium spp. were identified. ESKAPE bacteria typing revealed clonal dispersion. Finally, the Vester matrix highlighted critical problems associated with contamination due to the absence of HEPA filtration and non-adherence in patient management practices. HEPA filtration and positive pressure are essential to improve the air quality and reduce the microbiological load. However, the control areas will depend on patient management and routine activities, such as entry protocols in controlled areas.
In Silico Analysis of Probiotic Bacteria Changes Across COVID-19 Severity Stages
Authors: Taufer Clarissa Reginato , da Silva Juliana , Rampelotto Pabulo Henrique
Published: November 2024

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the immune response during COVID-19, with several studies reporting significant alterations in specific bacterial genera, including Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, and Ruminococcus. These genera are symbionts of the gut microbiota and contribute to host health. However, comparing results across studies is challenging due to differences in analysis methods and reference databases. We screened 16S rRNA raw datasets available in public databases on COVID-19, focusing on the V3–V4 region of the bacterial genome. In total, seven studies were included. All samples underwent the same bioinformatics pipeline, evaluating the differential abundance of these seven bacterial genera at each level of severity. The reanalysis identified significant changes in differential abundance. Bifidobacterium emerged as a potential biomarker of disease severity and a therapeutic target. Bacteroides presented a complex pattern, possibly related to disease-associated inflammation or opportunistic pathogen growth. Lactobacillus showed significant changes in abundance across the COVID-19 stages. On the other hand, Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium did not show significant differences, while Oscillospira and Ruminococcus produced statistically significant results but with limited relevance to COVID-19 severity. Our findings reveal new insights into the differential abundance of key bacterial genera in COVID-19, particularly Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides.
Enhancement of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanofibril-Reinforced Lignocellulosic Foams for Packaging and Building Applications
Authors: Alonso Mara Paulette , Hossain Rakibul , El Hajam Maryam , Tajvidi Mehdi
Published: November 2024

Biobased foams have the potential to serve as eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-based foams, provided they achieve comparable thermomechanical and physical properties. We propose a facile approach to fabricate eco-friendly cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-reinforced thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fiber-based foams via an oven-drying process with thermal conductivity as low as 0.036 W/(m·K) at a 34.4 kg/m3 density. Acrodur®, iron chloride (FeCl3), and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) were used to improve the foam properties. Acrodur® did not have any significant effect on the foamability and density of the foams. Mechanical, thermal, cushioning, and water absorption properties of the foams were dependent on the density and interactions of the additives with the fibers. Due to their high density, foams with CPAM and FeCl3 at a 1% additive dosage had significantly higher compressive properties at the expense of slightly higher thermal conductivity. There was slight increase in compressive properties with the addition of Acrodur®. All additives improved the water stability of the foams, rendering them stable even after 24 h of water absorption.
Controlled Formation of Silicon-Vacancy Centers in High-Pressure Nanodiamonds Produced from an “Adamantane + Detonation Nanodiamond” Mixture
Authors: Pasternak Dmitrii G. , Bagramov Rustem H. , Romshin Alexey M. , Zibrov Igor P. , Filonenko Vladimir P. , Vlasov Igor I.
Published: November 2024

Despite progress in the high-pressure synthesis of nanodiamonds from hydrocarbons, the problem of controlled formation of fluorescent impurity centers in them still remains unresolved. In our work, we explore the potential of a new precursor composition, a mixture of adamantane with detonation nanodiamond, both in the synthesis of nanodiamonds and in the controlled formation of negatively charged silicon-vacancy centers in such nanodiamonds. Using different adamantane/detonation nanodiamond weight ratios, a series of samples was synthesized at a pressure of 7.5 GPa in the temperature range of 1200–1500 °C. It was found that temperature around 1350 °C, is optimal for the high-yield synthesis of nanodiamonds <50 nm in size. For the first time, controlled formation of negatively charged silicon-vacancy centers in such small nanodiamonds was demonstrated by varying the atomic ratios of silicon/carbon in the precursor in the range of 0.01–1%.
In Silico Genomic Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated From Marine Seal Colonies
Authors: Chrzastek Klaudia , Kapczynski Darrell R.
Published: November 2024

Genetically diverse avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are maintained in wild aquatic birds with increasingly frequent spillover into mammals, yet these represent a small proportion of the overall detections. The isolation of AIVs in marine mammals, including seals, has been reported sporadically over the last 45 years. Prior to 2016, all reports of AIVs detected in seals were of low-pathogenicity AIVs. In spite of this, the majority of reported AIV outbreaks caused fatal respiratory diseases, with harbor seals particularly susceptible to infection. The H5 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) was detected in seals for the first time in 2016. Recently, many cases of mass seal die-offs have occurred because of 2.3.4.4b HPAIV and are attributed to spillover from wild bird species. The potential for seal-to-seal transmission has been considered after the mass mortality of southern elephant seals off the coast of Argentina. Close contact between seals and wild birds, the rapid evolution of H5N1 AIVs, and the possibility of efficient mammal-to-mammal transmission are increasing concerns due to the potential for the establishment of a marine mammal reservoir and public health risks associated with the pandemic potential of the virus. This manuscript details the detection of AIVs in the seal population, comparing interesting features of various subtypes with an emphasis on avian-to-mammal-to-mammal transmission. Phylogenetic characterizations of the representative seal isolates were performed to demonstrate the relationships within the different virus isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reassortment events between different LPAIVs occurred before and after the viruses reached the seal population. The reassortment of viral segments plays an important role in the evolution of influenza viruses. Taken together, these data report on the 45 year history between seals and AIVs.
Formulation and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ivermectin Within Different Nano-Drug Delivery Vehicles for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Steenekamp Eunice Maureen , Liebenberg Wilna , Lemmer Hendrik J. R. , Gerber Minja
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Ivermectin gained widespread attention as the “miracle drug” during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Its inclusion in the 21st World Health Organization (WHO) List of Essential Medicines is attributed to its targeted anti-helminthic response, high efficacy, cost-effectiveness and favorable safety profile. Since the late 2000s, this bio-inspired active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) gained renewed interest for its diverse therapeutic capabilities. However, producing ivermectin formulations does remain challenging due to its poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability after oral administration. Therefore, the transdermal drug delivery of ivermectin was considered to overcome these challenges, which are observed after oral administration. Methods: Ivermectin was incorporated in a nano-emulsion, nano-emulgel and a colloidal suspension as ivermectin-loaded nanoparticles. The nano-drug delivery vehicles were optimized, characterized and evaluated through in vitro membrane release studies, ex vivo skin diffusion studies and tape-stripping to determine whether ivermectin was successfully released from its vehicle and delivered transdermally and/or topically throughout the skin. This study concluded with cytotoxicity tests using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays on both human immortalized epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human immortalized dermal fibroblasts (BJ-5ta). Results: Ivermectin was successfully released from each vehicle, delivered transdermally and topically throughout the skin and demonstrated little to no cytotoxicity at concentrations that diffused through the skin. Conclusions: The type of nano-drug delivery vehicle used to incorporate ivermectin influences its delivery both topically and transdermally, highlighting the dynamic equilibrium between the vehicle, the API and the skin.
Orange Peel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Development of A Mucoadhesive Nasal Spray with Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity
Authors: Corazza Elisa , Pizzi Asia , Parolin Carola , Giordani Barbara , Abruzzo Angela , Bigucci Federica , Cerchiara Teresa , Luppi Barbara , Vitali Beatrice
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Due to the high frequency and severity of upper respiratory bacterial infections, probiotics could offer a new medical approach. We explored the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the new strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BIA and formulated a nasal spray. Methods: L. plantarum BIA was isolated from orange peel and taxonomically identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Its antibacterial activity was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, while anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by Griess assay. BIA genome was fully sequenced and analyzed to assess its safety. BIA was formulated in a freeze-dried matrix, containing prebiotics and cryoprotectants, to be reconstituted with a polymer solution. Solutions containing two types of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hyaluronic acid were evaluated as resuspending media and compared in terms of pH, viscosity, and mucoadhesion ability. The biological activity of BIA formulated as nasal spray was verified together with the stability of the selected formulations. Results: L. plantarum BIA inhibited human pathogens’ growth and showed anti-inflammatory activity and a safe profile. In the best-performing formulation, the probiotic is lyophilized in 10% fructooligosaccharides, 0.1% ascorbic acid, and 0.5% lactose and reconstituted with HPMC high viscosity 1% w/v. This composition ensured the probiotic’s viability for up to six months in its dried form and one week after reconstitution. It also allowed interaction with the nasal mucosa, preserving its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: The developed nasal spray could become a promising formulation in the field of nasal infectious and inflammatory diseases.
A Qualitative Study of Pharmacists’ Perceptions of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Telepharmacy
Authors: Shoji Masaki , Onda Mitsuko
Published: November 2024

In Japan, telepharmacy is becoming increasingly popular due to deregulation triggered by the outbreak of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the actual state of telepharmacy in Japan by interviewing pharmacists who have experience with telepharmacy and describing its advantages and disadvantages, as well as their outlook for its use going forward. The interviews were conducted online using Zoom. Each interview lasted approximately 30 min. Eleven people were interviewed. The advantages mentioned by the pharmacists were classified into three main categories: “Better communication”, “Time savings”, and “Improved safety”. The disadvantages were classified into the following nine categories: “Drug delivery problems”, “Communication failures”, “Ease of use for patients”, “Emotional reactions”, “Pharmacy system”, “Communication issues”, “Healthcare system issues”, “App system issues”, and “Cost”. Many of these factors correspond to the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) constructs presented by Venkatesh, et al. Many of the pharmacists mentioned that the use of telepharmacy is likely to expand further in the future, but that this will require further development of communication technology and the widespread use of systems such as electronic prescriptions.
Medication Reconciliation of Patients by Pharmacist at the Time of Admission and Discharge from Adult Nephrology Wards
Authors: Ahmadi Hossein , Houshmand Yalda , Raees-Jalali Ghanbar Ali , Karimzadeh Iman
Published: November 2024

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of medication reconciliation by pharmacists at both admission and discharge in hospitalized patients with different kidney diseases. Methods: A prospective study was performed in adult nephrology wards of a teaching referral hospital in Iran from September 2020 to March 2021. All patients hospitalized in the nephrology ward for at least 1 day who received the minimum of one medication during their ward stay within the study period were considered eligible. Medication reconciliation was performed by taking a best-possible medication history from eligible patients during the first 24 h of ward admission. Medications were evaluated for possible intentional as well as unintentional discrepancies. Results: Here, 178 patients at admission and 134 patients at discharge were included. The mean numbers of unintentional drug discrepancies for each patient at admission and discharge were 6.13 ± 4.13 and 1.63 ± 1.94, respectively. The mean ± SD numbers of prescribed medications for patients before ward admission detected by the nurse/physician and pharmacist were 6.06 ± 3.53 and 9.22 ± 4.71, respectively (p = 0.0001). The number of unintentional discrepancies at admission and discharge had a significant correlation with the number of drugs used and underlying diseases. The number of unintentional discrepancies at admission was also correlated with patients’ age. The number of comorbidities was significantly associated with the number of unintentional medication discrepancies at both admission and discharge. At the time of ward discharge, all patients were given medication consultations. Conclusions: The rate of reconciliation errors was high in the adult nephrology ward. The active contribution of pharmacists in the process of medication reconciliation can be significantly effective in identifying these errors.
Living Phenomenology as a Decolonial Practice
Authors: Gordon Lewis R.
Published: November 2024

This paper examines phenomenology as a living form of thought with significance for decolonial epistemic practice. After discussing how phenomenology addresses concerns of living thought, the author outlines disciplinary decadence as a form of colonial epistemic practice and offers his theory of teleological suspensions of disciplinarity among the decolonial epistemic practices that could be devoted not only to the decolonization of thought but also ideas pertaining to normative life.
Other Intelligences: Investigating the Plant-Human Relationship in Domestic Spaces
Authors: Ramos Alfredo , Castellanos Maria , Ganuza Ernesto
Published: November 2024

In recent years, numerous artistic experiments have emerged that engage Critical Plant Studies in dialogue with various forms of artistic creation. The role of plants in these processes, their capacity to influence them, and their impact on human imaginaries are currently subjects of debate. This text aims to analyze these questions within the context of a specific artistic project. The piece Other Intelligences by the artist duo Maria Castellanos and Alberto Valverde introduces novel features regarding the role of plants and the space of encounter between humans and plants. We will analyze this artistic device by applying concepts such as plant agency and performance, opacity, and some considerations related to ethics and care. Additionally, we will present observations of certain plant behaviors and the results of six interviews conducted with project participants.
Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of Gradient Index Micro-Optics in Chalcogenide Glass
Authors: Le Phu Thien , Ledesma Molinero Mariel , Boussard-Plédel Catherine , Le Coq David , Masselin Pascal
Published: November 2024

Gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses have been widely used for many applications. However, the traditional manufacturing methods of GRIN lenses are very time-consuming and only suitable for macro-scale operations. In addition, those methods do not have the ability to produce other GRIN optical components with complex refractive index profiles like aspheric or freeform components. We report here an approach to produce GRIN micro-optical components in chalcogenide glass based on a direct laser writing technique. Using this approach, we are able to locally modulate the refractive index of the glass subtrates and create an arbitrary refractive index profile. To prove the flexibility of the method for the production of GRIN micro-optics, we fabricated GRIN micro-lenses and a micro-Fresnel axicon (Fraxicon). The optical properties of micro-lenses can be controlled by varying the writing parameters or the substrate thickness. As a result, the working distance of the micro-lenses can extend from 0 to more than 1000 μm. Also, the micro-Fraxicon exhibits the ability to convert a Gaussian beam to a Bessel-like beam which concentrates the mid-infrared light into an approximately 1200 μm long confinement zone.
Thermal Analysis of Acousto-Optic Modulators and Its Influence on Ultra-Stable Lasers
Authors: Zhao Pengyang , Meng Fanchao , Xiong Junyang , Jia Jianjun , Meng Lingqiang , Qi Hongxing
Published: November 2024

Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) have been widely used in ultra-stable lasers (USLs) for optimizing its performances. A thermal theoretical model of the AOM, which is made by TeO2, was established. Based on the model, the temperature coefficients of the diffraction angle and efficiency were calculated to be 4.051 μrad/°C and 0.018%/°C. The influences of thermal effects of the AOM on USLs’ cavity coupling and frequency stability were firstly studied. A 1 °C temperature change in the AOM results in a 0.31 Hz frequency fluctuation of the laser within the USL cavity. Simulation and experimental results indicate that, to achieve USLs’ optimal performance, thermal effects of AOMs within the system must be addressed and managed.
Accurate, Fast, and Non-Destructive Net Charge Measurement of Levitated Nanoresonators Based on Maxwell Speed Distribution Law
Authors: Chen Peng , Li Nan , Liang Tao , He Peitong , Chen Xingfan , Wang Dawei , Hu Huizhu
Published: November 2024

Nanoscale resonant devices based on optical tweezers are widely used in the field of precision sensing. In the process of driving the nanoresonator based on the Coulomb force, the real-time, precise regulation of the charge carried by the charged resonator is essential for continuous manipulation. However, the accuracy of the existing charge measurement methods for levitated particles is low, and these methods cannot meet the needs of precision sensing. In this study, a novel net charge measurement protocol for levitated particles based on spatial speed statistics is proposed. High-precision mass measurement based on Maxwell’s rate distribution law is the basis for improving the accuracy of charge measurement, and accurate measurement of net charge can be achieved by periodic electric field driving. The error of net charge measurement is less than 7.3% when the pressure is above 0.1 mbar, while it can be less than 0.76% at 10 mbar. This proposed method features real-time, high-precision, non-destructive, and in situ measurement of the net charge of particles in the medium vacuum, which provides new solutions for practical problems in the fields of high-precision sensing and nano-metrology based on levitated photodynamics.
A Widely and Continuously Tunable Single-Mode Transmitter Based on a Hybrid Microcavity Laser
Authors: Wang Miao-Qing , Zhang Bin , Zhang Zhen-Ning , Hao You-Zeng , Hu Zun-Hao , Yang Yue-De , Xiao Jin-Long , Teixeira António L. , Huang Yong-Zhen
Published: November 2024

A method for achieving the single-mode and efficient unidirectional emission of a whispering gallery mode (WGM) semiconductor laser is presented herein. Hybrid square-rectangular lasers (HSRLs) and hybrid square/rhombus-rectangular lasers (HSRRLs) consisting of a Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity and a square or rhombus cavity microcavity are described. In addition, a transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) based on an HSRRL chip was fabricated, which has a wide and continuous wavelength tuning range. Wavelength channels from 1555.75 nm to 1568.15 nm with a spacing of 50 GHz were demonstrated with a good side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and good output power. These devices have the potential to meet the typical requirements of optical communication networks.
Modeling of Graded-Index Raman Fiber Amplifiers with Pump Depletion
Authors: Maity Sonali , Lara Anuj P. , Roy Samudra , Agrawal Govind P.
Published: November 2024

Graded-index (GRIN) fibers are often used for making high-power Raman amplifiers. We employ numerical and semi-analytical techniques to model such amplifiers and include not only the signal’s amplification and pump’s depletion but also various nonlinear interactions between the signal and pump beams and the self-imaging effects within the GRIN fiber. We solve the coupled nonlinear equations of the pump and signal beams numerically. We also employ the variational technique to obtain simpler equations that can be solved much faster than the full model and still agree with it in most cases of practical interest. We discuss the evolution dynamics of the pump and signal beams, along with a novel process of energy exchange between the two beams because of self-imaging inside the GRIN fiber. The dependence of the signal’s amplification on various input parameters is analyzed in detail to optimize the device’s design and enhance the signal’s amplification for a given pump power and fiber length. Based on our analysis, we establish a resonant condition for the maximum energy transfer from the pump to the signal being amplified. We further show that the periodic self-imaging of the pump and signal beams inside a GRIN fiber leads to higher output powers compared to step-index fibers.
Computer Science Integrations with Laser Processing for Advanced Solutions
Authors: Murzin Serguei P.
Published: November 2024

This article examines the role of computer science in enhancing laser processing techniques, emphasizing the transformative potential of their integration into manufacturing. It discusses key areas where computational methods enhance the precision, adaptability, and performance of laser operations. Through advanced modeling and simulation techniques, a deeper understanding of material behavior under laser irradiation was achieved, enabling the optimization of processing parameters and a reduction in defects. The role of intelligent control systems, driven by machine learning and artificial intelligence, was examined, showcasing how a real-time data analysis and adjustments lead to improved process reliability and quality. The utilization of computer-generated diffractive optical elements (DOEs) was emphasized as a means to precisely control laser beam characteristics, thus broadening the application opportunities across various industries. Additionally, the significance of predictive modeling and data analyses in enhancing manufacturing effectiveness and sustainability is discussed. While challenges such as the need for specialized expertise and investment in new technologies persist, this article underscores the considerable advantages of integrating computer science with laser processing. Future research should aim to address these challenges, further improving the quality, adaptability, and sustainability of manufacturing processes.
Field Experiments of Distributed Acoustic Sensing Measurements
Authors: Shang Haiyan , Zhang Lin , Chen Shaoyi
Published: November 2024

Modern, large bridges and tunnels represent important nodes in transportation arteries and have a significant impact on the development of transportation. The health and safety monitoring of these structures has always been a significant concern and is reliant on various types of sensors. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) with telecommunication fibers is an emerging technology in the research areas of sensing and communication. DAS provides an effective and low-cost approach for the detection of various resources and seismic activities. In this study, field experiments are elucidated, using DAS for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, and for studying vehicle trajectories, earthquakes, and other activities. The basic signal-processing methods of filtering and normalization are adopted for analyzing the data obtained with DAS. With the proposed DAS technology, the activities on shore, vehicle trajectories on bridges and in tunnels during both day and night, and microseisms within 200 km were successfully detected. Enabled by DAS technology and mass fiber networks, more studies on sensing and communication systems for the monitoring of bridge and tunnel engineering are expected to provide future insights.
Research on Support Structure of Rectangular Cryogenic Infrared Lens with Large Aperture
Authors: Shao Mingdong , Guo Jiang , Qi Hongyu , Pang Xinyuan , Li Yibo
Published: November 2024

This paper presents the design and optimization of a composite flexible support structure aimed at addressing the challenges associated with maintaining the positional accuracy and surface integrity of large-aperture cryogenic infrared lenses with long focal lengths. The primary objective of the structure is to maintain precise lens alignment while preserving the surface shape under operational conditions. The design complexities and underlying principles of the flexible support structure are systematically explored. A mechanical model of the flexible support structure was derived based on its structural characteristics, and the equilibrium equation was established to ensure the lens meets thermal deformation requirements in various directions. Optimization of key design parameters was conducted for a lens operating at 200 K, measuring 304 mm × 230 mm. The gravitational deformation of the optimized lens exhibited a root mean square (RMS) surface accuracy of 7.72 nm in the X direction, 7.08 nm in the Y direction, and 9.60 nm in the Z direction for lens surface 1. For lens surface 2, RMS values were 8.62 nm in the X direction, 8.41 nm in the Y direction, and 9.64 nm in the Z direction. At 200 K and lower temperatures, the RMS values of lens surfaces 1 and 2 were 2.41 nm and 2.74 nm, respectively, with a first-order mode frequency of 143.37 Hz.
Dual-Wavelength Confocal Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging Using a Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Du E , Zheng Haohan , He Honghui , Li Shiguo , Qiu Cong , Zhang Weifeng , Wang Guoqing , Li Xingquan , Ma Lan , Shen Shuhao , Zhou Yuan
Published: November 2024

This study developed a novel dual-wavelength confocal laser speckle imaging platform. The system includes both visible and near-infrared lasers and two imaging modes: confocal and wide-field laser speckle contrast imaging. The experimental results confirm that the proposed system can be used to measure not only blood flow but also blood oxygen saturation. Additionally, we proposed a blood flow perfusion imaging method called BlingNet (a blood flow imaging CNN) based on the laser speckle contrast imaging technique and deep learning approach. Compared to the traditional nonlinear fitting method, this method has superior accuracy and robustness with higher imaging speed, making real-time blood flow imaging possible.