bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing long term flash flooding frequency using historical information
Authors: Archer David R. , Parkin Geoff , Fowler Hayley J.
Published: March 2016

Flash floods are distinguished from ‘normal flooding’ by an abrupt onset arising from intense short period rainfall. Historical information based on pre-gauged descriptive information is used to prepare time series of flash floods for Northeast England and Southwest England as decadal numbers of events from 1800. The time series show a minimum in the late twentieth century for both locations. Flash flood frequency is then assessed for three locations in Northeast England by comparing recent extreme floods with historical accounts: (1) an urban pluvial flood in Newcastle in June 2012, (2) a severe flood in September 1968 on the Cotting Burn, a small ungauged tributary of the River Wansbeck, and (3) an extreme rate of rise in river level on the River Wansbeck in August 1994. Although there have been no comparable recent occurrences, several flash floods of equal or greater magnitude at the same locations were identified from historical accounts. Using the longer historical record in conjunction with limited recent observations has advantages when assessing the frequency of occurrence of rare events. However, these advantages are tempered by the possibility of non-stationarity in the historical series owing to catchment changes, from natural climatic variability and from potential anthropogenic climate change.
Partially penetrating slug tests in an unweathered till layer
Authors: Ostendorf David W. , Lukas William G. , DeGroot Don J.
Published: March 2016

This research improves field based estimates of aquitard compressibility and permeability. A semianalytical model of partially penetrating, overdamped slug tests achieves this objective. The short term solution is an existing fully penetrating model, the long term solution is the polar residue of an inverse Laplace transform, and an exponential spline function patches the solutions together. Large amplitude slug test data from ten pairs of partially penetrating monitoring wells installed in an unweathered till at Scituate Hill in eastern Massachusetts calibrate the model. The deposit is bound by weathered till and the Dedham Granite fracture zone, and both are far more permeable than the unweathered till. The calibrated till permeability of 8.4 × 10–16 m2 is about 25% less than existing model calibrations that include boundary recharge in permeability values. The calibrated till compressibility of 5.1 × 10–10 Pa–1 reflects the proper inclusion of recharge as a long term source of groundwater, rather than the unrealistically large compressibility calibrations required by fully penetrating models.
A novel antifungal peptide purified from Bacillus subtilis strain EDR4
Authors: Ji Jingyuan , Yang Jie , Huang Lili , Kang Zhensheng
Published: March 2016

Bacillus subtilis strain EDR4 is a potential biocontrol agent against Valsa
mali (Vm), the fungus causing apple canker disease. In this study, we
identified and characterized the antifungal peptide produced by B. subtilis
EDR4. Peptides were isolated by 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation and
purified by column chromatography. A 4-kDa peptide exhibiting antifungal
activity was obtained and designated as P6. The amino acid sequence of P6 was
determined by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry.
P6 showed inhibitory effects against eight different pathogenic plant fungi,
and was stable (i.e., retained its biological activity) at temperatures as
high as 121?C for 20 min and at pH values ranging from 3 to 11. Microscopic
examination of Vm hyphae treated with P6 showed protoplasm release, and in
vitrospore germination was also inhibited. These results suggest that P6 is
the active substance responsible for the antifungal activity of B.
subtilisEDR4 against Vmand that P6 may be effective in the biocontrol of Vmas
well as other plant pathogenic fungi.
The logging waste as inexhaustible resource for alternative energy
Authors: Gryazkin Anatoliy , Beliaev Vladimir , Beliaeva Natalia , Kovalev Nikolay , Shakhov Alexey
Published: March 2016

The article shows that during the production and consumption of fuel wood for bioenergy projects in the organization of the Northwest and other regions of Russia there is the problem of lack of raw materials. It is established that the waste timber, during cutting on average, about 20% of the stock of standing timber. This value varies according to region, type forest resources and the skills, and technical equipment performer. Therefore, the main purpose of the article is a system evaluation of the use of forest residues in Russia. The authors present data on volumes of raw materials for production of wood chips and pellets on example, the Northwest region of Russia. Only about 30% of wood chips are now received from wood waste, bulk wood chips, and pellets produced from the wood of stems. Small volume of use of bark, twigs, branches, tops, stumps, and roots is due imperfection of processing technologies. Another important issue addressed in the article ? the lack of standards and guides taxation inventory valuation and structure of the waste in many regions of Russia. This primarily relates to the hardwood. Research has shown that, depending on tree species, the structure and volume of waste are significantly different. Expert evaluation conducted by the authors shows that the proportion of forest residues from 5 to 20% of the stock of wood. It is found that in different forest types share twigs, branches, stumps, and roots vary considerably according to species of tree. But even within the forest reserves such as twigs, branches, and underground parts of the same species depend strongly on the age of stands and their completeness, and the differences may reach 2 to 5 times the size.
Experimental research of the influence of particle size and fluidization velocity on zeolite drying in a two-component fluidized bed
Authors: Janevski Jelena , Stojiljkovic Mladen , Stojanovic Branislav , Vukic Mica
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the results of the kinetics research into the drying of
fine grained material in a two-component fluidized bed. A review of
theoretical and experimental investigations of aerodynamics of the fluidized
bed is given, with a special insight into two-component fluidized beds, as
well as the basics of heat and material transfer through a fluidized bed.
Apart from the theoretical basis of convective drying of wet materials in a
stagnant fluidized bed, the paper also emphasizes different approaches to
fine grained material drying kinetics. Based on the experimental
investigations, where zealots used as a representative of fine grained
material and polyethylene as a representative of inert material (another
component), an analysis of the influence of working parameters on drying in a
two-component fluidized bed is performed. It is established that, apart from
the influence of the considered parameters, such as fluidization velocity,
diameter of fine grained material particles and drying agent temperature, on
the drying curve, the participation of inert material can considerably
increase the intensity of heat and material transfer in the fluidized bed. A
comparison of the experimental drying curves of fine grained material in the
two-component fluidized bed with the results from the studies by other
authors shows satisfactory agreement.
Vertical stiffness for tube bridges: Comparing pontoons and tethers
Authors: Reiso Marit , Fossbakken Stine , Søreide Tore , Myhr Anders , Berge Kristensen Vegard , Solemsli Jon , Sekse Jorunn , Minoretti Arianna
Published: March 2016

The present paper focuses on dynamic action challenges for Submerged Floating Tube Bridges (SFTB) over longer spans. Response analyses have been performed in time domain for a tether concept and a pontoon concept, respectively, using 3Dfloat software. Natural periods are compared with an analytic approach. Vertical displacements and accelerations are taken out for different swell and wind generated sea load cases.
Effect of sanhuanghuoxue decoction on the treatment of chronic renal failure
Authors: Wu Qiang , Wang Pu , Wang Changhong , Liu Xiangrong , Zhang Xue
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of sanhuanghuoxue decoction in the treatment of chronic renal failure by examining the changes in serum creatinine and blood urine nitrogen using rat models. Compared with the control group, which was treated by coated aldehyde oxystarch, the group treated by sanhuanghuoxue showed remarkable decrease in serum creatinine and blood urine nitrogen. The difference was found statistically significant.
Correction: Cooray et al. The Deep Physics Hidden within the Field Expressions of the Radiation Fields of Lightning Return Strokes. Atmosphere, 2016, 7, 21.
Authors: Cooray Vernon , Cooray Gerald
Published: March 2016

The authors would like to correct the published article [1] as follows.[...]
Infection and Pulp Regeneration
Authors: Kim Sahng
Published: March 2016

The regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex has been a great challenge to both scientists and clinicians. Previous work has shown that the presence of prior infection may influence the characteristics of tissues formed in the root canal space after regenerative endodontic treatment. The formation of ectopic tissues such as periodontal ligament, bone, and cementum has been observed in the root canal space of immature necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis, while the regeneration of dentin and pulp has been identified in previously non-infected teeth. The current regenerative endodontic therapy utilizes disinfection protocols, which heavily rely on chemical irrigation using conventional disinfectants. From a microbiological point of view, the current protocols may not allow a sufficiently clean root canal microenvironment, which is critical for dentin and pulp regeneration. In this article, the significance of root canal disinfection in regenerating the pulp-dentin complex, the limitations of the current regenerative endodontic disinfection protocols, and advanced disinfection techniques designed to reduce the microorganisms and biofilms in chronic infection are discussed.
Spinal Glutamate Transporters Are Involved in the Development of Electroacupuncture Tolerance
Authors: Cui Luying , Ding Yi , Zeng Jie , Feng Yan , Li Meng , Ding Mingxing
Published: March 2016

Background: Electroacupuncture (EA) tolerance is a gradual decline in EA antinociception because of its repeated or prolonged use. This study aims to explore the role of spinal glutamate transporters (GTs) in EA tolerance (EAT). Methods: Rats were treated with EA once per day for eight consecutive days, and their L4-5 spinal cords were collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The levels of three spinal GTs and their mRNAs were detected with Western blot and pPCR, respectively. Then, riluzole, a positive GT regulator, was administered intrathecally in order to observe its effect on EA analgesia after repeated EA. Results: The expression levels of the spinal GTs increased at days 2 and 4, and gradually decreased as the times of EA increased. At day 8, no difference was observed in the spinal GTs between the sham treatment and the EA treatment. Intrathecal administration of riluzole dose-dependently attenuated the decreased EA analgesia. Conclusion: These results indicated the participation of the spinal GTs in EAT.
Topological Design of Cellular Phononic Band Gap Crystals
Authors: Li Yang , Huang Xiaodong , Zhou Shiwei
Published: March 2016

This paper systematically investigated the topological design of cellular phononic crystals with a maximized gap size between two adjacent bands. Considering that the obtained structures may sustain a certain amount of static loadings, it is desirable to ensure the optimized designs to have a relatively high stiffness. To tackle this issue, we conducted a multiple objective optimization to maximize band gap size and bulk or shear modulus simultaneously with a prescribed volume fraction of solid material so that the resulting structures can be lightweight, as well. In particular, we first conducted the finite element analysis of the phononic band gap crystals and then adapted a very efficient optimization procedure to resolve this problem based on bi-directional evolutionary structure optimization (BESO) algorithm in conjunction with the homogenization method. A number of optimization results for maximizing band gaps with bulk and shear modulus constraints are presented for out-of-plane and in-plane modes. Numerical results showed that the optimized structures are similar to those obtained for composite case, except that additional slim connections are added in the cellular case to support the propagation of shear wave modes and meanwhile to satisfy the prescribed bulk or shear modulus constraints.
Spatial Frequency Responses of Anisotropic Refractive Index Gratings Formed in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals
Authors: Fukuda Yoshiaki , Tomita Yasuo
Published: March 2016

We report on an experimental investigation of spatial frequency responses of anisotropic transmission refractive index gratings formed in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs). We studied two different types of HPDLC materials employing two different monomer systems: one with acrylate monomer capable of radical mediated chain-growth polymerizations and the other with thiol-ene monomer capable of step-growth polymerizations. It was found that the photopolymerization kinetics of the two HPDLC materials could be well explained by the autocatalytic model. We also measured grating-spacing dependences of anisotropic refractive index gratings at a recording wavelength of 532 nm. It was found that the HPDLC material with the thiol-ene monomer gave higher spatial frequency responses than that with the acrylate monomer. Statistical thermodynamic simulation suggested that such a spatial frequency dependence was attributed primarily to a difference in the size of formed liquid crystal droplets due to different photopolymerization mechanisms.
A Peptoid-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Cyanide Detection
Authors: Lim Bumhee , Lee Jeeyeon
Published: March 2016

Peptoids, N-substituted glycine oligomers, are versatile peptidomimetics with diverse biomedical applications. However, strategies to the development of novel fluorescent peptoids as chemical sensors have not been extensively explored, yet. Here, we synthesized a novel peptoid-based fluorescent probe in which a coumarin moiety was incorporated via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Fluorescence of the newly generated coumarin-peptoid was dramatically quenched upon coordination of the Cu2+ ion, and the resulting peptoid-Cu2+ complex exhibited significant Turn-ON fluorescence following the addition of CN−. The rapid and reversible response, combined with cyanide selectivity of the synthesized peptoid, reflects a multistep photo-process and supports its utility as a new type of CN− sensor.
Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Some New 2-Phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Xie Xiaoyang , Cai Yuanhong , Yang Xiaolan , Li Jiayu , Li Yinghan , Chen Wenna , He Minghua
Published: March 2016

A series of new 2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives was synthesized starting from aniline, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, pyruvic acid followed by Doebner reaction, amidation, reduction, acylation and amination. All of the newly-synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS. The antibacterial activities of these compounds against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), as well as one strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria were evaluated by the agar diffusion method (zone of inhibition) and a broth dilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)), and their structure-activity relationships were obtained and discussed. The results revealed that some compounds displayed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Compounds 5a4 and 5a7 showed the best inhibition with an MIC value of 64 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and with an MIC value of 128 μg/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. The results of the MTT assay illustrated the low cytotoxicity of Compound 5a4.
Does Wind Discourage Sustainable Transportation Mode Choice? Findings from San Francisco, California, USA
Authors: Kim Hyungkyoo , Macdonald Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

This paper explores whether and to what extent wind discourages sustainable transportation mode choice, which includes riding public transportation, bicycling, and walking. A six month-long field study was carried out at four locations in San Francisco, a city that has been promoting sustainable transportation mode choice but that experiences high wind levels. It involved surveying pedestrians and on-site recording of microclimate data using various instruments. The survey adopted a mixed-method approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical analyses using Kruskal Wallis tests and ordinal logistic regression models identified the significant effect of wind speed on San Francisco’s residents in estimating their discouragement for waiting at transit stop without shelter, bicycling, and walking. Qualitative data revealed a deeper understanding of how wind influences their sustainable transportation mode choice. This research argues for the need to adopt climate-based efforts in urban planning and policy and sheds light on the climate resilience of cities
World Heritage Site Designation Impacts on a Historic Village: A Case Study on Residents’ Perceptions of Hahoe Village (Korea)
Authors: Kim Soonki
Published: March 2016

This study examines the relationship between World Heritage Site (WHS) designation and the community sustainability of a historic village, focusing on Hahoe Village, Korea, which was inscribed in 2010. It examines residents’ perceptions of increasing tourism at Hahoe Village by adopting a questionnaire and using an interview as research methods. This study examined both the positive and negative impacts that Hahoe Village’s WHS designation has had on its sustainability. Of all of the impacts examined in this research, the three most noteworthy issues are identified: (1) the acceleration of the change of the village’s industrial base and the influx of strangers; (2) the degradation of quality of life (in the physical aspects) caused by increasing tourism; and (3) the collision predicated by the tension between conserving the village’s historic environments and developing tourism. In conclusion, the WHS designation impacts on Hahoe Village, which local residents perceived, have both positive and negative aspects. WHS designation needs to be accompanied by a management plan that is more concerned about the impact from tourism after the designation. In this context, Hahoe Village must not only have a comprehensive preservation plan that balances with the demand for tourism development, but also secure the village’s community sustainability as a living place other than a tourist destination.
Human Cytomegalovirus Nuclear Egress Proteins Ectopically Expressed in the Heterologous Environment of Plant Cells are Strictly Targeted to the Nuclear Envelope
Authors: Lamm Christian , Link Katrin , Wagner Sabrina , Milbradt Jens , Marschall Manfred , Sonnewald Uwe
Published: March 2016

In all eukaryotic cells, the nucleus forms a prominent cellular compartment containing the cell’s nuclear genome. Although structurally similar, animal and plant nuclei differ substantially in details of their architecture. One example is the nuclear lamina, a layer of tightly interconnected filament proteins (lamins) underlying the nuclear envelope of metazoans. So far no orthologous lamin genes could be detected in plant genomes and putative lamin-like proteins are only poorly described in plants. To probe for potentially conserved features of metazoan and plant nuclear envelopes, we ectopically expressed the core nuclear egress proteins of human cytomegalovirus pUL50 and pUL53 in plant cells. pUL50 localizes to the inner envelope of metazoan nuclei and recruits the nuclear localized pUL53 to it, forming heterodimers. Upon expression in plant cells, a very similar localization pattern of both proteins could be determined. Notably, pUL50 is specifically targeted to the plant nuclear envelope in a rim-like fashion, a location to which coexpressed pUL53 becomes strictly corecruited from its initial nucleoplasmic distribution. Using pUL50 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screening, the cytoplasmic re-initiation supporting protein RISP could be identified. Interaction of pUL50 and RISP could be confirmed by coexpression and coimmunoprecipitation in mammalian cells and by confocal laser scanning microscopy in plant cells, demonstrating partial pUL50-RISP colocalization in areas of the nuclear rim and other intracellular compartments. Thus, our study provides strong evidence for conserved structural features of plant and metazoan nuclear envelops and identifies RISP as a potential pUL50-interacting plant protein.
CONFIRMING THE EXISTENCE OF A QUIESCENT GALAXY POPULATION OUT TO z = 3: A STACKING ANALYSIS OF MID-, FAR-INFRARED, AND RADIO DATA
Authors: Man Allison W. S. , Greve Thomas R. , Toft Sune , Magnelli Benjamin , Karim Alexander , Ilbert Olivier , Salvato Mara , Floc’h Emeric Le , Bertoldi Frank , Casey Caitlin M. , Lee Nicholas , Li Yanxia , Navarrete Felipe , Sheth Kartik , Smolčić Vernesa , Sanders David B. , Schinnerer Eva , Zirm Andrew W.
Published: March 2016

We performed a comprehensive stacking analysis on ∼14,200 quiescent galaxy (QG) candidates at z = 0–3 across mid-, far-infrared (MIR and FIR), and radio wavelengths. Identified via their rest-frame NUV − r and r − J colors, the QG candidates (

) have drastically different IR and radio properties depending on their 24 μm emission strength. The fraction of QG candidates with strong 24 μm emission (equivalent to inferred star formation rates SFR

, hereafter “IR-bright”) increases with redshift and peaks at 15%, and their stacked MIPS 24 μm, Herschel (PACS and SPIRE) and VLA emissions are consistent with being star-forming galaxies (SFGs). In contrast, the majority of QG candidates are faint or undetected at 24 μm individually (i.e., SFR24 < 100 M
⊙ yr−1, hereafter “IR-faint”). Their low dust-obscured SFRs derived from Herschel stacking (SFRH ≲  3, 15, 50 M
⊙ yr−1 out to z ∼ 1, 2, 3) are >2.5–12.5× lower than compared to SFGs. This is consistent with the quiescence, as expected from their low unobscured SFRs, as inferred from modeling their ultraviolet-to-NIR photometry. The discrepancy between the L
IR derived from stacking Herschel and 24 μm indicates that IR-faint QGs have dust SEDs that are different from those of SFGs. For the most massive (

) IR-faint QGs at z < 1.5, the stacked 1.4 GHz emission is in excess of that expected from other SFR indicators, suggesting a widespread presence of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei. Our results reaffirm the existence of a significant population of QGs out to z = 3, thus corroborating the need to quench star formation in galaxies at early epochs.
A FOUR-FLUID MHD MODEL OF THE SOLAR WIND/INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM INTERACTION WITH TURBULENCE TRANSPORT AND PICKUP PROTONS AS SEPARATE FLUID
Authors: Usmanov Arcadi V. , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Matthaeus William H.
Published: March 2016

We have developed a four-fluid, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium. The unique features of the model are: (a) a three-fluid description for the charged components of the solar wind and interstellar plasmas (thermal protons, electrons, and pickup protons), (b) the built-in turbulence transport equations based on Reynolds decomposition and coupled with the mean-flow Reynolds-averaged equations, and (c) a solar corona/solar wind model that supplies inner boundary conditions at 40 au by computing solar wind and magnetic field parameters outward from the coronal base. The three charged species are described by separate energy equations and are assumed to move with the same velocity. The fourth fluid in the model is the interstellar hydrogen which is treated by separate continuity, momentum, and energy equations and is coupled with the charged components through photoionization and charge exchange. We evaluate the effects of turbulence transport and pickup protons on the global heliospheric structure and compute the distribution of plasma, magnetic field, and turbulence parameters throughout the heliosphere for representative solar minimum and maximum conditions. We compare our results with Voyager 1 observations in the outer heliosheath and show that the relative amplitude of magnetic fluctuations just outside the heliopause is in close agreement with the value inferred from Voyager 1 measurements by Burlaga et al. The simulated profiles of magnetic field parameters in the outer heliosheath are in qualitative agreement with the Voyager 1 observations and with the analytical model of magnetic field draping around the heliopause of Isenberg et al.
Le grand écart : religions et sociétés séculières
Authors: Schlegel Jean-Louis
Published: March 2016

Les modernes sont souvent aveugles à l’énergie des croyances religieuses. Dans un contexte de globalisation et de radicalisation identitaire, elles interrogent les équilibres politiques. L’islam surtout, en crise et dynamique, met à l’épreuve les sociétés et la liberté religieuse.
Que sont les mœurs sans la loi ?
Authors: Laacher Smaïn
Published: March 2016

Une nation gouvernée par la loi peut-elle donner l’hospitalité à des moeurs musulmanes ? La proposition de Pierre Manent présente des risques pour la dignité des personnes. Il ne faut rien concéder aux musulmans en tant que nation, et tout leur accorder en tant que citoyens.
La tolérance sociale et les nouveaux Européens
Authors: Duhem Gilles
Published: March 2016

Perdus dans un monde dont ils ne maîtrisent pas les codes, les réfugiés qui arrivent en Europe risquent la marginalisation, le rejet et le repli sur soi. L’exemple allemand de la tolérance sociale offre des modèles d’intégration.
L’émotion souveraine
Authors: Boucheron Patrick , Fœssel Michaël , Laurentin Emmanuel
Published: March 2016

Il y a une histoire politique des émotions : la colère, qui était l’apanage des grands, est dévolue au peuple dans les démocraties modernes. Mais la littérature et les sciences de l’homme se doivent de demander aux colères leurs raisons.
Tuer tout le monde ou mourir de colère ?
Authors: Nahoum-Grappe Véronique
Published: March 2016

Les figures de protestations solitaires contre un ennemi global, tout comme les grandes manifestations collectives, nous invitent à interroger le rêve de vengeance dans nos sociétés contemporaines.
Les puissances de l’indignation
Authors: Lordon Frédéric , Fœssel Michaël
Published: March 2016

Nos institutions procèdent des affects communs de la multitude, qu’ils soient conservateurs ou au contraire séditieux dans l’indignation. L’art de la politique consiste à capter les colères.
Solutions liquides
Authors: Servet Jean-Michel
Published: March 2016

Les citoyens ne semblent plus protester devant la montée des inégalités. Mais, avec la financiarisation du capitalisme, les propositions de monnaie complémentaire témoignent de la reconnaissance d’un commun local.
Apologie du cheval blanc
Authors: Thébaud Jean-Loup
Published: March 2016

Selon certains intellectuels, la tâche qui nous incombe est de conserver le monde, de préférer l’injustice au désordre et l’éthique au politique. C’est oublier l’excellence de la saine colère.
Globalisation et dialogues interreligieux
Authors: Boyer Alain
Published: March 2016

Face à la globalisation et à l’uniformisation du monde, le XXI e siècle assiste à un fort retour du religieux. Quand elles ne « s’absolutisent » pas, les religions peuvent être un lieu d’échange et de dialogue, à l’instar des grandes rencontres nationales ou internationales à caractère interreligieux. De la même manière, de nombreuses associations œcuméniques ayant pour vocation de développer le « vivre ensemble » voient le jour. Ces diverses actions suscitent notamment l’intérêt de l’entreprise : l’initiative des dialogues interreligieux lui permet de favoriser la paix sociale et le bien-être de chacun en son sein, mais également de pouvoir proposer une formation à la rencontre interculturelle, désormais courante dans ce monde globalisé. Il importe que les pouvoirs publics favorisent ces échanges au niveau national et international.
Géoéconomie du proto-État dirigé par Daech
Authors: Piolet Vincent
Published: March 2016

Le proto-État dirigé par Daech doit organiser ses fonctions régaliennes afin d’asseoir sa légitimité. Pour cela, il s’est doté d’un budget annuel où les ressources doivent couvrir les dépenses. Contrebande de pétrole et d’antiquités, diverses taxes et extorsions constituent l’essentiel de ses revenus pour financer son économie de guerre mais aussi les services publics. Si Daech perd ou échoue à saisir des territoires supplémentaires, sa puissance économique pourrait ne pas être tenable dans le long terme. Privée d’échanges, les ressources n’étant pas extensibles, cela favoriserait ainsi une transition et la fin de ce proto-État.
Quelques enjeux de l’inscription de patrimoines alimentaires à l’Unesco
Authors: Csergo Julia
Published: March 2016

L’inscription du « Repas gastronomique des Français » ainsi que d’autres éléments de cultures alimentaires sur les listes du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’Unesco, soulève d’importants enjeux relatifs à l’économie de la culture immatérielle. Ces inscriptions posent en réalité la question de l’impact que pourrait avoir sur les marchés commerciaux internationaux, la reconnaissance officielle et internationale de l’alimentation – et de la gastronomie – comme domaine culturel à part entière, qui pourrait dès lors bénéficier de dérogations aux règles du libre échange, et ce, en vertu des instruments juridiques et contraignants relatifs à la diversité culturelle.
α-NAC–Specific Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells in Atopic Dermatitis Are of an Effector Memory Type and Secrete IL-4 and IFN-γ
Authors: Roesner Lennart M. , Heratizadeh Annice , Wieschowski Susanne , Mittermann Irene , Valenta Rudolf , Eiz-Vesper Britta , Hennig Christian , Hansen Gesine , Falk Christine S. , Werfel Thomas
Published: March 2016

Autoreactivity may play a critical role in the chronification of atopic dermatitis (AD). Several studies showed that AD patients produce IgE Abs specific for autoantigens, and we described Th as well as CD8+ T cells specific for the autoallergen Hom s 2, the α-chain of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (α-NAC). This study aimed to investigate the frequency and inflammatory phenotype of autoallergen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cell immunodominant epitopes of α-NAC were mapped by applying prediction softwares, and binding affinity was confirmed by stabilization of empty MHC complexes. MHC class I tetramers were assembled and binding cells were analyzed directly ex vivo by flow cytometry and in terms of single-cell assessment by ChipCytometry. We report significantly elevated numbers of α-NAC–specific peripheral T cells in sensitized patients compared with nonatopic controls. These cells secrete IL-4 and IFN-γ, and surface markers revealed significantly elevated frequencies of circulating terminally differentiated α-NAC–specific CD8+ T cells in patients with AD compared with nonatopic donors. The observed phenotype of α-NAC–specific CD8+ T cells indicates a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
TRIM21 Immune Signaling Is More Sensitive to Antibody Affinity Than Its Neutralization Activity
Authors: Foss Stian , Watkinson Ruth E. , Grevys Algirdas , McAdam Martin B. , Bern Malin , Høydahl Lene Stokken , Dalhus Bjørn , Michaelsen Terje E. , Sandlie Inger , James Leo C. , Andersen Jan Terje
Published: March 2016

Ab-coated viruses can be detected in the cytosol by the FcR tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21), which rapidly recruits the proteasomal machinery and triggers induction of immune signaling. As such, TRIM21 plays a key role in intracellular protection by targeting invading viruses for destruction and alerting the immune system. A hallmark of immunity is elicitation of a balanced response that is proportionate to the threat, to avoid unnecessary inflammation. In this article, we show how Ab affinity modulates TRIM21 immune function. We constructed a humanized monoclonal IgG1 against human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and a panel of Fc-engineered variants with a wide range of affinities for TRIM21. We found that IgG1-coated viral particles were neutralized via TRIM21, even when affinity was reduced by as much as 100-fold. In contrast, induction of NF-κB signaling was more sensitive to reduced affinity between TRIM21 and the Ab variants. Thus, TRIM21 mediates neutralization under suboptimal conditions, whereas induction of immune signaling is balanced according to the functional affinity for the incoming immune stimuli. Our findings have implications for engineering of antiviral IgG therapeutics with tailored effector functions.
Стеганографическая емкость одномерного марковского контейнера
Authors: Voloshko V A
Published: March 2016

Для стационарных вероятностных мер на множестве двусторонних двоичных последовательностей-контейнеров вводится понятие емкости - максимальной доли вкрапления равномерно распределенной случайной последовательности, допускающей восстановление распределения контейнера с точностью до распределения вероятностей слов заданной длины. Восстановление распределения вероятностей при этом производится не затрагивающей вкрапления корректировкой информационных знаков контейнера. На примере марковского контейнера исследуются свойства введенной емкости. В частности, показывается, что последняя может быть существенно увеличена ослаблением стандартного требования независимости знаков встраивающего процесса. Представлены результаты компьютерных экспериментов на реальных данных.
Progress and Free Will: On the Buddhist Concept of “Time” and Its Possibilities for Modernity
Authors: DESSEIN Bart
Published: March 2016

An even only cursory glance at the way Buddhism is experienced, interpreted, and lived in the contemporary world––both Western and Oriental––reveals Buddhism’s multiple “modern faces”. This paper does not intend to describe all or even a selected group of these many faces, but attempts to contribute to our understanding of how peculiar developments within Buddhist philosophy have made it possible that such a variety of “Buddhist modernities” could develop. It is shown that it is the peculiar Buddhist interpretation of the concept of time that has provided the basis on which the various modern features of Buddhism could build, because the Buddhist interpretation of time contains an aspect of progress and free will. It is suggested that these two aspects increased the prominence given to the individual adept in the Mahāyāna. The article then claims that it precisely are the ideas of rationality, progress and individualism that are also characteristic for the modern world that contain the possibility for Buddhism to develop its multitude of modern faces.
On the Simplest Reading of Bartol’s Alamut
Authors: AHMADIPOUR Tahereh
Published: March 2016

Bartol’s Alamut as a valuable Slovenian literary work has been exposed to several interpretations for more than 70 years. The simplest or maybe the most credulous reading of this book is the one that considers it as a history book. This reading deems that the novel literally narrates the political and social events of Iran in the 11th century, the time that the Ismailis with Hasan Sabbah as the leader ruled over Alamut Castle. In this article the novel’s most important interpretations have been provided by discussing the deliberate critical essays through content analysis and historical criticism of the happenings. Then by using some important historical documents and relevant evidence, some events and persons of that time have been detected. The main aim of the article is to show that while Bartol incorporated a vast knowledge of the history of the Middle East as the core part of his novel, he also regarded his own nation and the miserable events of his own country. As a matter of fact he sent a harsh message through creating his own Hasan Sabbah, without any concern for the history.
The Role of Religion in the Life of Zainichi Koreans in Japan
Authors: VISOČNIK Nataša
Published: March 2016

Among the many elements that define people’s identity is ethnicity, which refers mainly to a person’s or a group’s sociocultural heritage, based on characteristics such as common or shared national origin, language, religion, dietary preferences, dress and manners, and other traits that denote a common ancestry. Religious identity, especially if shared, can influence one’s socioeconomic adjustment within an ethnic boundary that promotes ethnic identity, and religious faith can be a source of ethnic and even inter-ethnic solidarity. Korean immigrants in Japan established numerous mutual aid organizations, religious institutions, and self-governing bodies that aimed to promote the welfare of Korean communities, and thus work to establish the Korean identity in Japan. The religious practice of Japan’s Korean minority represents Confucianism, Christianity, shamanism, and Buddhism, or even a combination of two or more of them. This paper asks whether religion worked as a strong homogenising and distinguishing factor in the case of Korean minority and how did this role change through the generations of Koreans in Japan?
What is Time?: Yogācāra-Buddhist Meditation on the Problem of the External World in the Cheng Weishi Lun
Authors: Li Jianjun
Published: March 2016

Because it asserts that there is consciousness-only (vijñapti-mātratā), the difficulty in philosophically approaching the Yogācāra-Buddhist text Cheng weishi lun centers on the problem of the external world. This paper is based on a review by Lambert Schmithausen that, specifically with regard to the problem of the external world, questions Dan Lusthaus’s phenomenological investigation of the CWSL. In it I point out that the fundamental temporality of consciousness brought to light by the Yogacaric revelation of the incessant differentiation of consciousness (vijñāna-pariṇāma) calls into question every temporally conditioned, and hence appropriational, understanding of vijñapti-mātratā. Therefore, the problem of the external world cannot be approached without taking into account the temporality of consciousness, which, furthermore, compels us to face the riddle of time.
Buddhism and Cognitive (Neuro)Science: An Uneasy Liaison?
Authors: VÖRÖS Sebastjan
Published: March 2016

The main aim of this article is to shed light on the intricate relationship between Buddhism and science by focusing on what is becoming an increasingly popular area of contact between the two domains, namely the study of consciousness in the field of cognitive (neuro)science. First, three fundamental ways of approaching the relationship between Buddhism and science are outlined: (a) rejection (Buddhism and science are not, and cannot be, compatible); (b) acceptance (Buddhism and science share important commonalities); (c) construction (Buddhism and science are compatible because they have been made compatible in the course of specific historical processes). It is claimed that which of the three stances one takes depends ultimately on how one construes the two parties involved and the nature of their (potential) interaction. To exemplify this, the scope of the discussion is narrowed to the domain of consciousness research and a general overview of some of the main arguments for and against the collaboration between Buddhism and cognitive (neuro)science (“Three Turnings of the Wheel of (Non)Interaction”) is provided. Finally, in light of the tentative results of our analysis, a short reflection of some of the most pertinent presuppositions and entailments of different stances towards Buddhism-science dialogue is laid out, with special emphasis on the distinction between construing Buddhism as “living” versus “dead” tradition.
Frequency of Needle Stick Injury among Dental Students and Dentists of Karachi
Authors: Ikram Kashif , Siddiqui Humayun Kaleem , Maqbool Sana , Altaf Maham , Khan Sania
Published: March 2016

Objective

To determine the frequency of needle stick injury in dental practice and to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of the dental students and dentists regarding needle stick injuries prevention.

Materials and methods

This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken at eight different institutes of Karachi from July 2014 to March 2015. Data were collected in 800-sample questionnaire forms that comprised of ten questions in English language. Questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding frequency, awareness and prevention of needle stick injury. Data were entered and analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.

Result

A total of 800 samples were returned with a 100% response rate. About 73% participants gave a history of needle stick injury during practice. Of these 42% were the house officers. It was reported that knowledge regarding vaccination against hepatitis B was prevalent among participants. Most of the participants agreed that they have received guidelines regarding prevention and protection from needle stick injury.

Conclusion

It was concluded from this study that hepatitis B vaccination is necessary to prevent needle stick injury and proper instruments/guidelines should be given to all health related professionals in order to minimize the risk of bloodborne infections through needle stick injury.

How to cite this article

Ikram K, Siddiqui HK, Maqbool S, Altaf M, Khan S. Frequency of Needle Stick Injury among Dental Students and Dentists of Karachi. World J Dent 2015;6(4): 213-216.
The Prevalence of Use of Areca Nut and Its Effect on Oral Health in School Going Children in Gadap Town, Malir, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Maqbool Sana , Leghari Mohammad Ali , Ali Sajjad
Published: March 2016

Background

Areca nut chewing in different forms is getting more prevalent among the south Asian inhabitants. Its uses are progressing from adults to adolescents and especially its frequent use among the school going children. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of areca nut chewing and its effect on the oral health of school going children.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study using a close ended questionnaire was conducted to collect the data from the school going children of Gadap town, Malir, Karachi. A random sample of 285 students (n = 285) were examined. The research instrument was self-structured close ended questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions regarding the knowledge and consequences of chewing areca nut, its products and its effect on their oral health. The questionnaires were administered to the students in their respective classes and the filled questionnaires were collected on the same day. Chi-square test was used for differences in frequencies among the types of areca nut, practices of using areca nut and gender variables. Stata 11 was used for data analysis. Total number of 285 children were surveyed.

Results

There were 75.09% boys and 24.91% girls, mean age of the students was 6.23 (1.05). The range of the students was 4 to 8 years. The frequency of using areca nut and products containing areca nut in our study was 77.9%. There were 60.35% students both male and female who were identified to gutkha chewing habit. Frequency of consumption of chewing areca nut made products increases as the age's increases. The 74.38% respondents were suffering from oral lesions.

Conclusion

Chewing of areca nut and products containing areca nut is prevailing in rural areas especially among the lower age group of school going children. Both genders are equally and frequently use areca nut as habit.

How to cite this article

Leghari MA, Ali S, Maqbool S. The Prevalence of Use of Areca Nut and Its Effect on Oral Health in School Going Children in Gadap Town, Malir, Karachi, Pakistan. World J Dent 2016;7(1):6-9.
Development of a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal–spatial resolution based on NRT traffic data and its impact on air pollution in Beijing – Part 1: Development and evaluation of vehicle emission inventory
Authors: Jing Boyu , Wu Lin , Mao Hongjun , Gong Sunning , He Jianjun , Zou Chao , Song Guohua , Li Xiaoyu , Wu Zhong
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This paper presents a bottom-up methodology based on the local emission factors, complemented with the widely used emission factors of Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) model and near-real-time traffic data on road segments to develop a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal–spatial resolution (HTSVE) for the Beijing urban area. To simulate real-world vehicle emissions accurately, the road has been divided into segments according to the driving cycle (traffic speed) on this road segment. The results show that the vehicle emissions of NOx, CO, HC and PM were 10.54  ×  104, 42.51  ×  104 and 2.13  ×  104 and 0.41  ×  104 Mg respectively. The vehicle emissions and fuel consumption estimated by the model were compared with the China Vehicle Emission Control Annual Report and fuel sales thereafter. The grid-based emissions were also compared with the vehicular emission inventory developed by the macro-scale approach. This method indicates that the bottom-up approach better estimates the levels and spatial distribution of vehicle emissions than the macro-scale method, which relies on more information. Based on the results of this study, improved air quality simulation and the contribution of vehicle emissions to ambient pollutant concentration in Beijing have been investigated in a companion paper (He et al., 2016).