bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focusing Event Characteristics and Issue Accompaniment: The Case of Domestic Terrorism
Authors: Worrall John L.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the impact of domestic terrorism on the public agenda. Specifically, it examines the extent to which the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing required assistance, or "accompaniment," to capture the attention of lawmakers. Accompaniment was defined in terms of governmental and popular concerns for an issue prior to a focusing event. Content analyses of The Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, the New York Times Index, the Washington Post Index, and Congressional Quarterly, as measures of prior congressional, presidential, and public interest, suggested that domestic terrorism did not require accompaniment to achieve agenda status. Instead, unique focusing event characteristics—the intendedly violent, sudden, novel, and criminal nature of the explosion—were responsible.
Social Altruism, Tax Policy, and Crime: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Chamlin Mitchell B. , Novak Kenneth J. , Lowenkamp Christopher T. , Cochran John K.
Published: March 2007

This present investigation, drawing on social altruism theory, considers the feasibility of manipulating the federal tax code to reduce the level of crime across macro-social units. The OLS regression analyses of state level data reveal that the ratio of tax deductible contributions to the total number of returns is positively related to violent, and to a lesser extent property, crime rates. The implications of these findings for social theory and social policy are discussed.
The Rewards Outweigh the Efforts: Breastfeeding Outcomes for Mothers of Preterm Infants
Authors: Kavanaugh Karen , Meier Paula , Zimmermann Beth , Mead Linnea
Published: March 2007

This study describes the rewards and efforts of breastfeeding for mothers of preterm infants. Using a semi-structured interview guide, 20 mothers of preterm infants were interviewed in their homes approximately 1 month after infant discharge from a Level III NICU. Mothers described the following rewards of breastfeeding: knowing they were providing the healthiest nutrition for the infant, enhancing closeness between the mother and infant, perceiving infant contentment and tranquility during breastfeeding, providing convenience for the mother, and giving the mother a tangible claim on the infant. Most mothers identified some "efforts" associated with breastfeeding their preterm infants, but indicated that overall, breastfeeding was a rewarding experience. These data provide scientific support for the promotion and facilitation of breastfeeding for mothers of preterm infants, in that mothers perceive specific emotional advantages that they relate to the breastfeeding experience.
Breastfeeding Counseling by Health Care Providers
Authors: Izatt Susan D.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to identify the content and source of information given to prospective breastfeeding mothers. The population included 111 mothers attempting to breastfeed at a community hospital during a 3-month period. Questionnaires were used to assess prenatal preparation and specific breastfeeding issues discussed by health care providers. During the prenatal period, 23% of mothers received counsel from their obstetrician, 47% from books, and 21% from classes. Postpartum, nurses provided breastfeeding information to 87% of mothers whereas obstetricians and pediatricians provided advice to 27% and 33% of mothers, respectively. Many women do not receive supportive breastfeeding counseling from physicians. Health care providers must develop better methods of prenatal and postpartum education to enhance breastfeeding initiation and continuation.
Employer Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding in the Workplace
Authors: Bridges Catherine B. , Frank Deborah I. , Curtin John
Published: March 2007

A descriptive, exploratory study of 69 male and female employers was done in a small rural community to determine their attitudes toward breastfeeding or expressing milk in the workplace. Business variables, such as experience working with women who have breastfed and knowledge of other businesses who have employed breastfeeding women, appeared to be better predictors of a positive level of support toward breastfeeding in the workplace than personal attributes, such as age, education level, and personal history with a spouse or friend who breastfed. The health care provider needs to become instrumental in promoting breastfeeding in the workplace by focusing on the positive effects on the business and providing employers with successful examples of workplace breastfeeding programs.
Workplace Lactation Support, Part 1: A Return-to-Work Breastfeeding Assessment Tool
Authors: Bar-Yam Naomi Bromberg
Published: March 2007

As health professionals with expertise in the physiological and social aspects of breastfeeding, lactation consultants are in a unique position to help new mothers succeed at combining breastfeeding and employment. This involves helping women address logistical and interpersonal issues in the workplace as well as the mechanics of safe pumping and storage of breast milk. This article describes a return-to-work breastfeeding assessment tool designed to help lactation consultants evaluate clients' workplace lactation support. It also offers suggestions for use of this tool and other exercises to help new mothers negotiate the time, space and workplace support necessary to continue nursing upon return to work. The second part of this series addresses how lactation consultants can work with employers to support workplace lactation.
The Effect of a Peer Counseling Program on Breastfeeding Initiation and Longevity in a Low-income Rural Population
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth , Kaczorowski Janusz
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding rates among low-income women in the east-south-central United States are among the lowest in the country. This study examined the effect of a peer counseling program on breastfeeding initiation and duration in a low-income rural population in West Tennessee. A postpartum survey and chart review were conducted with WIC clients at nine health departments. Response rate was 99% (291/293). Breastfeeding initiation and duration at 6 weeks were increased in the peer counselor group (n= 156) compared with women in the no-peer counselor group (n= 135) (53% vs. 33%,p<0.001, and 26% vs. 13%,p=0.006, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that women in the peer counselor group were significantly more likely to initiate breastfeeding (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.23-4.67) and to be breastfeeding at 6 weeks (OR=2.78, 95% CI=2.08-9.5 1), than those in the no-peer counselor group.
RIP 0FF TH E BIG GAME, Paul Hoch. Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books, 1972. 222 pp. $1.95.
Authors: Sprandel Dennis S.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. theses. They will be printed, with credit, within limits of space and multiple submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to Peter K. Manning, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823.
The Interactional Study of Organizations
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Strong Phil M.
Published: March 2007

The article reviews recent perspectives on the study of organizations, including negotiated order and the "new" organizational theory. It argues that both are inherently limited by their failure to address certain methodological problems in the relationship between theory, analysis, and data. The answer may lie in a more detailed consideration of the role of language and the possiblity of inspecting it for evidence of the devices employed by organization members to coordinate action.
BAD BLOOD
Authors: KRETZMANN MARTIN J.
Published: March 2007

Paid plasma donors are subject to a distinctive moral stigma that is characterized in this article as “bad blood.” Participant observations in an urban plasma center are used to illustrate how donors were mistrusted and regarded as morally unworthy by staff. The interactional processes of screening, control, and delay are examined in terms of status degradation. The urban plasma center is characterized as an ambiguous setting because staff encouraged the “gift” and “medial” relationships as legitimizing rhetorics, yet denied donors the ritual deference and rights normally associated with these forms of interaction. In conclusion, paid donors are provided few interactional resources for maintaining a positive situational identity. Some experienced donors, however, created a sense of worth by construing the demands of the paid donor role as a form of work.
UNDERCOVER DECEPTION
Authors: JACOBS BRUCE A.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the deception strategies deployed by undercover narcotics agents located in a moderate-sized midwestern municipality and offers a typology of deception based on four central components: rehearsal, appearance manipulation, verbal diversion, and physical diversion. Observations are then made concerning the implications of undercover deception for dramaturgical theory. The article provides a continuum of impression management plotted along the degree and nature of deception involved in each of three presentational categories: backstage, front stage and misrepresentational front stage, a new category. Data were drawn primarily from ethnographic interviews with 35 current and former agents.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
“SURELY YOU'RE NOT IN THIS JUST TO BE HELPFUL”
Authors: OSTRANDER SUSAN A.
Published: March 2007

Starting from a premise that greater knowledge about elites will facilitate a challenge to their position, and based on three distinct research projects that include or focus entirely on elites, this article lays out a range of strategies and techniques for gaining access, establishing rapport, and conducting successful interviewing. The author suggests that the difficulties of gaining access and rapport have been exaggerated, whereas issues of how to protect the integrity of the research have been rarely discussed. She shows how the special concerns of interviewing elites arise from the social positions they occupy and from the way in which elites—especially upper-class elites—are typically raised to privilege. She urges researchers not to be overly deferential, to be straightforward (as elite subjects most often are), and not to be so concerned about rapport that challenging questions are avoided.
NEGOTIATING STATUS
Authors: ALDRIDGE ALAN
Published: March 2007

The clergy of the Church of England are members of an ancient and elite profession. although the legal privileges enjoyed by the Established Church have dwindled, its cultural influence remains extensive. The Church is central to national and civil religion; bishops enjoy high social status, which diffuses to rank-and-file clergy; and clergy themselves have high professional autonomy. In this article, conventional studies of social mobility—which have accorded significantly lower status to clergymen than to university academics—are criticized for conceptualizing social status in a manner that misses its fluid, multivalent, and context-dependent character. In their historical development, the clerical and academic professions in England have been highly congruent, so that clergy typically see themselves as members of the same professional milieu as university faculty. This taken-for-granted assumption profoundly influences the research relationship between social scientists and clergy. Gaining access, achieving rapport, and adopting an appropriate research methodology to elicit high-quality responses from informants involve the researcher in negotiating the status relationship to achieve a mutually agreed mix of acceptance and deference.
TOWARD ETHNOGRAPHIES OF INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE
Authors: MILLER GALE
Published: March 2007

The article describes the ethnography of institutional discourse perspective. Institutional discourses are made up of the assumptions, concerns, and vocabularies of members of socially organized settings, and the ways in which they interact. The perspective is an analytic framework and research program that combines ethnographers' concern for in-depth observations of everyday life with aspects of ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and Foucauldian discourse studies. The perspective focuses on the ways in which setting members use discursive resources in organizing their practical actions, and how members' actions are constrained by the resources available in settings. The perspective is developed by considering how institutional discourses and settings are reflexively linked, institutions are organized as situated conventions, and institutional discourses involve talk and interpretation and are dispersed within and across settings.
ETHNOGRAPHIC FRAGMENTS IN POSTMODERN SPACES
Authors: GOTTSCHALK SIMON
Published: March 2007

Various authors interested in postmodernism suggest that Las Vegas is a particularly strategic site that promotes and even exaggerates a postmodern logic and “structure of feeling.” The present ethnographic fragments seek to evoke this postmodern logic through its subjectively experienced structure of feeling. The approach used to produce these fragments consists of juxtaposing postmodern insights; unstructured interviews with, and interventions by, a wide variety of individuals encountered in Las Vegas; and self-reflexive observations in the rapidly disappearing space separating the mediascape from the everyday.
ETHNOGRAPHY AND ORTHOGRAPHY
Authors: WEST CANDACE
Published: March 2007

In this article, I make a methodological plea for the utility of transcribing in field research. I begin by noting that, despite much recent talk of the mutual relevance of ethnography and conversation analysis, transcribing has not been addressed as a topic in its own right. I consider the goals of transcribing from a conversation analytic perspective and compare these with the aims of producing field notes. Then, I explicate the process of transcribing, calling attention to problems that arise from conventional procedures for representing talk in texts. Consideration of the difficulties many ethnographers face in attempting to introduce audio and video tape recorders into their field sites leads me to examine the analytical advantages of transcribing with—and without—tape-recorded data.
Quasi-Economic Locational Determinants of Large Foreign Headquarters: The Case of New York City
Authors: Centonze Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates, through surveys and interviews, the attitudes of foreign headquarters in New York City regarding nineteen quasi-economic locational determinants. Using common factor analysis and literature on geographic location theory, the determinants were grouped within five locational factors. The findings indicate that the headquarters have strong locational preferences, namely access to flows of information, personal contacts, intermetropolitan transportation networks, and that they have strong linkages to advanced corporate services in the city. However, the executives interviewed perceive that the benefits of agglomeration are dispersing and the importance of a head-quarters center location is declining. Further, the findings diminish the notion that a large labor pool and high-quality environmental infrastructure are critical location determinants. The data and conclusions could have a significant impact on urban development strategies in other large or emerging central cities. Public policy initiatives are discussed.
Exploring the Politics of State Economic Development Policy
Authors: Anton Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Four major studies of economic development policies adopted by a number of state and local governments have been published recently. Because the books are all lengthy treatments of a problem that has come to preoccupy many public officials, a review of their contents can establish the current state of the art in this important area. The studies all report that an enormous amount of attention has been paid to economic development in the states, leading to a great variety of programs and approaches. The sources of these policies are explored here, as are their results, the most important of which appear to have less to do with economic development than with institutional change. Emergence of the states as leaders in economic development policy suggests the continuing vitality of American federalism, which disburses power and thus encourages broad participation in policymaking.
Enterprise Zones: A Decade of Diversity
Authors: Wolf Michael Allan
Published: March 2007

A full decade has passed since Enterprise Zones (EZs) were first proposed as a program to help revive the most depressed pockets of America's cities and towns. Activity on the federal level pales in comparison to the impressive variety of approaches found in states throughout the country. In this "second generation of enterprise zones" -that is, state zones in operation-we can observe some marked shifts away from original EZ theory, some impressive and innovative techniques, and some glaring weaknesses. The agenda for the next few years, as American EZs continue to evolve (perhaps complemented soon by a substantive federal program), involves addressing these shortcomings and continuing to modify the incentives, targeting, and administration for this widespread economic development tool.
Managing Economic Development
Authors: Mier Robert
Published: March 2007

The authors review six recent books on managing local economic development, focusing on how they join scholarship to practice. They note that the books provide sufficient information on tools and techniques of economic development practice but fail to describe or account for conflict so characteristic of the development process. Although the books emphasize the importance of creating partnerships in development, they ignore demands for inclusion by minorities, unions, and other groups historically not included in the partnerships that ultimately determine development strategy. Likewise, strategy formulation is treated as a logical outcome of economic analysis and the influence new participants might have in defining problems and developing alternative strategies remains unanswered. The authors suggest that these weaknesses can be overcome by developing generative metaphors integrating scholarship and practice. New insights might emerge from a methodology not guided exclusively by technical rationality, one more narrative and subjective in focus.
Professional Education in Economic Development: Conflicting Expectations for College Programs in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Visser James A. , Wright Bradley E.
Published: March 2007

The economic development profession has called for expanding college degree programs to prepare practitioners for tomorrow's challenges. However, the nature and effectiveness of the academy's response will be determined by market-related issues of demand and supply, the degree of congruence between the academy and the profession about the content of program curricula, and the level of participation by all appropriate stakeholders in curriculum development, to ensure its relevancy for practice. This study of graduate economic development education in the Great Lakes region reveals that (1) market demand may be limited, (2) congruence in curriculum content is lacking, and (3) some stakeholders, capable of providing valuable feedback for program efficacy and relevancy, do not participate in curriculum development. Consequently, this approach to expanding the economic development education network may not be as promising as the profession might hope. Several action principles to enhance prospects for success are recommended.
More of the Same: A Research Note on Local Economic Development Policies over Time
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Fasenfest David
Published: March 2007

This article examines local economic development policies over time. Using a quasi-longitudinal trend design, the authors address the following questions: Has the use of economic development incentives increased over time? To the extent that local policies are influenced by intercity competition and the diffusion and transmission of knowledge, are localities becoming more uniform in the techniques used? and, Have local governments changed the types of policies employed based on policy research, evaluation, and experience? Cities in Michigan and Ontario are employing more economic development mechanisms of all types. However, a subtle shift toward more entrepreneurial techniques and a reduced reliance on traditional locational incentives are also apparent.
Neighborhood Initiative and the Regional Economy
Authors: Nowak Jeremy
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the limitations of the neighborhood development model, particularly as it relates to the challenges of inner-city household poverty. By placing the problem of inner-city poverty within a regional economic context, the article examines the connection and disconnection between the traditional service and real estate activities associated with community development and the requirements of increasing income security and asset accumulation. Using an example from Philadelphia, the article argues for a form of community development that works at the intersection of regional development and neighborhood revitalization. A key focus of this kind of community development involves an understanding of the requirements and possibilities of workers, and the strategies required to link them to nonneighborhood economic opportunities.
The Impact of Spatial Mismatch on Female Labor Force Participation
Authors: Thompson Mark A.
Published: March 2007

John Kain hypothesized that housing discrimination, coupled with the suburbanization of low-skill jobs, has contributed to the poor economic status of minority central-city residents by creating a spatial mismatch between where poor central-city residents reside and the location of low-skill jobs. Four recent reviews of the spatial mismatch literature indicate that there is support for the hypothesis. Although a large amount of research on the spatial mismatch hypothesis has been conducted, the impact of spatial mismatch on women has been largely ignored. This study explores the impact of spatial mismatch on the labor force participation of White, Black, and Hispanic women using the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample. The results suggest that spatial mismatch has an impact on laborforce participation of women regardless of race and that racial disparities in labor force participation rates are partially explained by a higher degree of mismatch faced by minority women.
Regional Efficiency in the Manufacturing Sector: Integrated Shift-Share and Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Dinc Mustafa , Haynes Kingsley E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors propose an approach to investigate regional economic structure, sectoral productivity, and relative efficiency by using a modified shift-share model and data envelopment analysis (DEA). To illustrate the proposed approach’s usefulness, the authors applied it in two states to assess and compare the foundations of economic performance in manufacturing. The authors first investigate the impacts of productivity and output change on employment change in these states by employing the Haynes and Dinc extension of the shift-share model. The DEA method is then employed to diagnose the efficiency of potential lead sectors.
MARKET SUCCESS OR FEMALE AUTONOMY?
Authors: GRASMUCK SHERRI , ESPINAL ROSARIO
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of gender on the relative economic success of microentrepreneurs, their contributions to family income, and the impact of gender ideology and income on household decision making. The concept of economic success is problematized by examining how these businesses, even those of limited assets and income generation, offer women increased autonomy in household budgetary matters and decision making. The analysis draws on data from a representative survey of 201 male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. The findings show that household decision making is influenced by variations in economic power but that gender ideologies structure the direction and extent of this influence, reflected in distinct “gender thresholds,” or the point at which income contributions start to matter.
“OH NO! I'M A NERD!”
Authors: KENDALL LORI
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author presents findings based on her research on BlueSky, an online interactive textbased forum. She discusses BlueSky participants' online performances of gendered and raced identities. Participants interpret their own and others' identities within the context of expectations and assumptions derived from offline U.S. culture, as well as from their membership in various computer-related subcultures. Given the predominance of white men on BlueSky, such identity interpretations also rely on expectations concerning masculinity and whiteness. The author explores BlueSky participants' understandings of themselves as “nerds” and considers the implications of this nerd identity for their relationship to hegemonic masculinity, especially to expectations of heterosexuality. Analyzing online identity performances in this way provides information pertaining not just to online interaction but to a better understanding of the social construction of gendered and raced identities more generally.
THE GLASS CEILING HYPOTHESIS
Authors: BAXTER JANEEN , WRIGHT ERIK OLIN
Published: March 2007

The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority—the odds of women having authority are less than those of men—there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.
“MARRYING MY RAPIST?!”
Authors: LUO TSUN-YIN
Published: March 2007

This study conceptualizes rape trauma as embedded in the cultural construction of rape and consequently manifested in the psychological process of individual rape survivors. The author conducted indepth interviews with 35 female rape survivors in Taiwan to examine their self-reported traumatic experiences in relation to the cultural meaning of rape in Chinese society. In analyzing the interview accounts, this study identified several kinds of trauma predominantly experienced among the interviewed rape survivors. This study found that the psychological trauma among individual rape survivors in Taiwan, although similar to rape trauma symptoms documented in Western literature, seems to manifest a relatively distinct cultural construction of rape in Chinese society. Study implications for rape-related educational and treatment programs in Taiwan are suggested in the context of Chinese cultural construction of rape.
IT HURTS TO BE A GIRL
Authors: HALL JULIA
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author asserts that a group of poor white middle school young women in the postindustrial urban Northeast are living among high concentrations of domestic violence. Many of these females are constructing futures characterized by jobs and self-sufficiency. As their narrations indicate, such plans are fueled by the hope that by living independent lives as single career women, they will bypass the domestic violence that currently rips through their own and their mothers' lives. By not critically exploring the issue of violence against women in classrooms, the author argues that schools become implicated in the silencing and “normalizing” of abuse. This analysis is one piece of a large-scale ethnographic study in which the production of identities among poor white urban girls and boys is explored.
THE LOSS THAT HAS NO NAME:
Authors: IMAMURA ANNE E.
Published: March 2007

The data from a sample of wives living in countries not their own led to a challenge of the assumption that womanhood is an ascribed status. The article contrasts social womanhood with biological womanhood and shows the ways wives attempted to bridge the gaps between definitions of womanhood in their own and in their husbands' societies. If womanhood is an achieved status, further work is needed to define the dimensions and the criteria for this status.
GENDER REPRESENTATION IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE: 1900-1984
Authors: GRAUERHOLZ ELIZABETH , PESCOSOLIDO BERNICE A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores trends in the presence and centrality of males and females in American children's picture books in the twentieth century. Using the Children's Catalog as a population base and a time series analysis, we found that the imbalance in depicting males and females varies through the century in a curvilinear fashion. The earlier and later periods of the century show more egalitarian representations of females in titles and central roles. However, when stories involving only adults or animal characters are considered, males become more prominent over time. Changes in literary themes and the position of women during this time span may be useful in developing a theory to account for these trends.
THE POLITICS OF RESEARCH AND ACTIVISM:
Authors: FINE MICHELLE
Published: March 2007

This article reflects on the troubles wrought by individualistic academic research and presents more fully a vision for feminist activist research on the institutionalization of violence against women. I explore what research might look like if constructed by activist-researchers and encourage academic researchers to collaborate with and for social movements concerned with violence against women.
IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES:
Authors: GRELLA CHRISTINE E.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meanings of social class for American women who have experienced downward mobility after divorce. These women experienced social class as a process of negotiation, and subjective elements often predominated over objective criteria. However, serious changes in their material reality subsequently forced redefinition of class identity. While divorced women sometimes identify with other women in the same situation, this identification is often mitigated by the effects of stigma and cognitive processes of differentiation, inhibiting the development of a collective group identity. Theoretically, the study showed that social class identity needs to be seen as changing over time, at times existing in a state of conflict between subjective identification and objective economic status, rather than as a neatly resolved or static social identity.
OBSCENE AND THREATENING TELEPHONE CALLS TO WOMEN
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL D. , MORRA NORMAN N.
Published: March 2007

Data from a survey on the sexual harassment of women in Canada reveal that 83.2 percent of the 1,990 women interviewed had received obscene or threatening telephone calls. Divorced and separated women, young women, and women living in major metropolitan areas were most likely to have been victims of this harassment. The “most disturbing” calls usually came at night when the respondent was home alone. The typical caller was an adult male unknown to the woman. Relatively few women reported these calls to the police or the phone company, and those who did tended to get an unhelpful response. Most women said that the calls affected them emotionally, with fear being by far the most prevalent response. The results provide strong support for feminist theorizing about violence, fear, and the social control of women.
GIVING BIRTH TO A SETTLEMENT
Authors: EL-OR TAMAR , ARAN GIDEON
Published: March 2007

On October 27, 1991, a Jewish woman named Rachel Drouk, a settler in the West Bank, was killed by Palestinian Intifada fighters. Twenty-five women spontaneously gathered at the site of the murder and held a vigil—a vigil that eventually developed into a protest settlement. The women, all of whom were married mothers, presented their initiative in maternal narratives: grounds, motives, and justifications for the act, and targets and anticipations were all related to the practice of care. This article conducts an artificial dialogue between the women's discourse and Ruddick's theory of maternal thinking, enabling deconstruction of the former and a critique of the theory of care.
ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND MARITAL VIOLENCE
Authors: ABRAHAM MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Based on a two-stage questionnaire with six South Asian organizations that focus on South Asian women, this article examines the factors that determined the creation of such organizations. Through an analysis of their organizational ideology, structure, goals, and strategies, the article demonstrates their relevance and the instrumental role they play in shifting marital violence among South Asians in the United States from a “private problem” to a “social issue.” Central to the analysis is how ethnicity and gender intersect in addressing social change. These organizations are a growing social movement.
GENDER AND FAMILY EFFECTS ON THE “SECOND-SHIFT” DOMESTIC ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE-EDUCATED YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: PERKINS H. WESLEY , DeMEIS DEBRA K.
Published: March 2007

This study examines gender differences in the extent and type of household activity and sense of domestic obligation across familial stages within a sample of young college-educated adults (N = 1,151). When children are present, substantial gender differences appear in housework and perceived home obligations. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of gender socialization and preparation for parenting.
PREPARING TO TESTIFY
Authors: KONRADI AMANDA
Published: March 2007

This article is about how rape survivors prepare themselves for courtroom appearances. Through it, the author attempts to take research on rape processing beyond a focus on the affective responses of rape “victims” have to the behavior of legal personnel and toward an investigation of the agency of rape survivors. The study builds on law and society research about lay litigants' efforts to use the U.S. civil court system, linguistic research about witnesses involvement in courtroom interaction, and the existing literature on rape processing. It is based on face-to-face interviews with 32 survivors and 12 courtroom observations. The analysis is inductive; the presentation is ethnographic. The author explicates six types of preparation for court: appearance work, role rehearsal, emotion work, team building, role research, and case enhancement. The author discusses how survivors' perceptions of what the criminal justice process entails are reflected in the different preparation activities, and the author offers policy implications regarding the treatment of rape survivors in the criminal justice system.
CLASS-BASED MASCULINITIES
Authors: PYKE KAREN D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a theoretical framework that views interpersonal power as interdependent with broader structures of gender and class inequalities. In contrast to oversimplified, gender-neutral or gender-static approaches, this approach illuminates the ways that structures of inequality are expressed in ideological hegemonies, which enhance, legitimate, and mystify the interpersonal power of privileged men relative to lower-status men and women in general. The discussion centers on how the relational construction of ascendant and subordinated masculinities provide men with different modes of interpersonal power that, when exercised, (re)construct and reaffirm interclass male dominance. Examples of how the construction of femininity can undermine women's interpersonal power and implications for other forms of masculinities and femininities are discussed. Examples are drawn from an analysis of conjugal power in the accounts of remarried individuals' first and second marriages to illustrate the main points of this perspective.
“OUTSIDER WITHIN” THE FIREHOUSE
Authors: YODER JANICE D. , ANIAKUDO PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

From the perspective of African American women firefighters, the authors examine the social interactions that make them excluded “outsiders within” their firehouses and different from not only dominant white men but also other subordinated groups of Black men and white women firefighters. Drawing on extensive survey data from 24 Black women career firefighters nationwide and detailed interviews with 22 of these, the authors found persistent and pervasive patterns of subordination through the exclusion of Black women, reflected in insufficient instruction, coworker hostility, silence, close supervision, lack of support, and stereotyping. Perceived differences of Black women from white and Black men as well as white women created strained relations, especially when Black men and white women gained some acceptance by virtue of their gender and race, respectively, and thus reportedly distanced themselves from Black women. The experiences of African American women firefighters highlight the omnirelevance and intertwining of race and gender.
COMING OUT AND CROSSING OVER
Authors: GAGNÉ PATRICIA , TEWKSBURY RICHARD , McGAUGHEY DEANNA
Published: March 2007

Drawing on data from interviews with 65 masculine-to-feminine transgenderists, the authors examine the coming-out experiences of transgendered individuals. Drawing on the literature that shows gender to be an inherent component of the social infrastructure that at an individual level is accomplished in interaction with others, they demonstrate that interactional challenges to gender are insufficient to challenge the system of gender. Whereas many transgenderists believe that their actions and identities are radical challenges to the binary system of gender, in fact, the majority of such individuals reinforce and reify the system they hope to change.
WHEN MOTHERS MATTER
Authors: WHARTON AMY S. , THORNE DEBORAH K.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies suggest that social class, class background, and social mobility have important consequences for family life. Exploring hypotheses derived from these studies, as well as the literature on intergenerational relations, the authors focus on one key aspect of family relations: adult daughters' ties to their mothers. Analyzing data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors explore how employed women's relations with their mothers are shaped by race, social class memberships and backgrounds, and family arrangements. Their results suggest that social class and mobility exert powerful effects on women's sense of their relations with their mothers, especially among Whites. In addition, however, it is shown that mother-daughter ties among African American and White women are also influenced by family arrangements that operate somewhat independently of social class and mobility.
PROTECTING THE BOUNDARY
Authors: MIRCHANDANI KIRAN
Published: March 2007

Feminist scholars have consistently argued for broadened definitions of work that include the invisible family and emotion work done predominantly by women. This article focuses on women's resistances to placing these various activities into the common category of work. Drawing from interviews with teleworkers (women who work at home), it examines how and why women narrowed the meaning of work and explores some of the costs that may accompany a more expansive definition of work.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING OR ORGANIZING COMMUNITY?
Authors: STALL SUSAN , STOECKER RANDY
Published: March 2007

This article looks at two strains of urban community organizing, distinguished by philosophy and often by gender, and influenced by the historical division of American society into public and private spheres. The authors compare the well-known Alinsky model, which focuses on communities organizing for power, and what they call the women-centered model, which focuses on organizing relationships to build community. These models are rooted in somewhat distinct traditions and vary along several dimensions, including conceptions of human nature and conflict, power and politics, leadership, and the organizing process. The authors conclude by examining the implications of this analysis and questions for further research and practice.
A New Italian Pedigree with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rainero Innocenzo , Bergamini Lodovico , Bruni Amalia Cecilia , Ferini-Strambi Luigi , Foncin Jean-François , Gei Giorgio , Macciardi Fabio , Montesi Maria Paola , Pinessi Lorenzo , Vaula Giovanna
Published: March 2007

We have recently discovered in Torino (Italy) a new pedigree with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. The index patient is a woman who, at the age of 43 years, showed progressive memory impairment and ideomotor apraxia. Several relatives of the patient have had a history of dementia. The ancestors of the patient were from Calabria (southern Italy) and members of the family emigrated to the north of Italy, to France, and to the United States. Up to now, the new kindred comprises 1950 members, distributed in eight generations. Thirty members affected with Alzheimer's disease have been identified. Neuropathologic confirmation of antemortem clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease has been achieved for one patient. The pedigree is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. The clinical course of the disease is fairly uniform: the first symptom is memory loss, beginning around age 40 years. Psychiatric symptoms like hallucinations and delusions follow. At a later stage of the disease, several patients developed myoclonus and generalized epileptic seizures and even-tually died with profound dementia. The “Torino family” shows several genealogic and clinical similarities with other large multigenerational familial Alzheimer's disease pedigrees originating from the Calabria region.
Effects of Hypericum Extract on the Expression of Serotonin Receptors
Authors: Müller W.E.G. , Rossol R.
Published: March 2007

The influence of hypericum extract LI 160 on the expression of serotonin receptors was investigated using a neuroblastoma cell line to establish a model for the regulation of neurotransmitters by immunologically active compounds such as cytokines. The cells were incubated with hypericum extract LI 160 in kinetic form for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours, then washed. The serotonin receptor expression analysis was compared to that of a placebo control solution. The neuroblastoma cells showed a clearly reduced expression of the serotonin receptors under treatment with hypericum extract. First stimulation experiments with interleukin-1 (IL-1) and hypericum extract suggest that a further reduction of the serotonin receptors is possible when IL-1 is added.
Neuroleptic Treatment of Agitation and Psychosis in Dementia
Authors: Devanand D.P. , Levy Stephanie R.
Published: March 2007

Neuroleptics remain the mainstay for the treatment of behavioral disturbance and psychotic symptoms in demented patients. The limited available data suggest that low-dose neuroleptics are significantly more efficacious than placebo, though the magnitude of the effect is moderate in most published studies. Demented patients are particularly prone to neuroleptic side effects, and individualized dose titration may be necessary to achieve the optimal trade-off between efficacy and side effects. Target behavioral symptoms and side effects, including effects on cognition and activities of daily life, should be identified and assessed serially during neuroleptic treatment. The choice of neuroleptic depends more on likely side effects than differential efficacy, and non-response or intolerable side effects should lead to dose adjustment or a switch to an alternative class of neuroleptic (or an alternative type of medication). Further studies of optimal neuroleptic dosage, the optimal duration of continuation neuroleptic treatment, and placebo-controlled studies comparing neuroleptics to other classes of medications are needed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995; 8(suppl 1):S18-S27).
Impact Resistance of Cross-Plied Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites
Authors: Vedula Murali , Koczak Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Impact resistance and residual strength of thermoplastic polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites are studied with regard to laminate configurations consisting of cross-plied Glass/PPS, 50% hybrid Glass/Graphite/PPS and Graphite/PPS. By means of impact testing, ballistic limit measurements show that hybridization can be used to modify penetration resistance. Residual strength measurements show that the percent reduction in strength is about 50% for all the laminate configurations The original strength values are Glass/PPS-440 MPa (63 ksi), 50% hybrid Glass/Graphite/PPS-530 MPa (76 ksi), and Graphite/PPS-585 MPa (84 ksi). For microstructural comparison of the damage modes and progression, two series of impact tests were done In one series, impact was inhibited such that only damage initiation was possible, and in the second series, the impact was allowed to a completion. Three impact velocities, 10 m/sec, 20 m/sec, and 30 m/sec were used. Microstructural observation of damage initiation alone revealed matrix cracking in Glass/PPS, delamination in Glass/Graphite/PPS, and spalling of Graphite/PPS. Further, upon completion of impact, Glass/PPS is minimally perforated and exhibits matrix crack ing and delamination, Glass/Graphite/PPS is delaminated and matrix cracking has oc curred and there is shear cut-out, and Graphite/PPS is severely sheared and forms a plug. Thus, by evaluating the microstructure after damage initiation and completion, the damage development and progression for each configuration is described.