bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleic Acid Hybrids as Advanced Antibacterial Nanocarriers
Authors: Obuobi Sybil , Škalko-Basnet Nataša
Published: July 2020

Conventional antibiotic therapy is often challenged by poor drug penetration/accumulation at infection sites and poses a significant burden to public health. Effective strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of our existing arsenal include the use of nanoparticulate delivery platforms to improve drug targeting and minimize adverse effects. However, these nanocarriers are often challenged by poor loading efficiency, rapid release and inefficient targeting. Nucleic acid hybrid nanocarriers are nucleic acid nanosystems complexed or functionalized with organic or inorganic materials. Despite their immense potential in antimicrobial therapy, they are seldom utilized against pathogenic bacteria. With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the associated complex interplay of factors involved in antibiotic resistance, nucleic acid hybrids represent a unique opportunity to deliver antimicrobials against resistant pathogens and to target specific genes that control virulence or resistance. This review provides an unbiased overview on fabricating strategies for nucleic acid hybrids and addresses the challenges of pristine oligonucleotide nanocarriers. We report recent applications to enhance pathogen targeting, binding and control drug release. As multifunctional next-generational antimicrobials, the challenges and prospect of these nanocarriers are included.
Structural Characterization of Co-Crystals of Chlordiazepoxide with p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Lorazepam with Nicotinamide by DSC, X-ray Diffraction, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Garbacz Patrycja , Paukszta Dominik , Sikorski Artur , Wesolowski Marek
Published: July 2020

The low water solubility of benzodiazepines seriously affects their bioavailability and, in consequence, their biological activity. Since co-crystallization has been found to be a promising way to modify undesirable properties in active pharmaceutical ingredients, the objective of this study was to prepare co-crystals of two benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. Using different co-crystallization procedures, slurry evaporation and liquid-assisted grinding, co-crystals of chlordiazepoxide with p-aminobenzoic acid and lorazepam with nicotinamide were prepared for the first time. Confirmation that co-crystals were obtained was achieved through a comparison of the data acquired for both co-crystals using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, with comparisons acquired for the physical mixtures of both benzodiazepines and coformers. The compatibility of PXRD patterns of both benzodiazepines co-crystals with those contained in the base Powder Diffraction File (PDF-4+) suggests that new crystal structures were indeed created under the co-crystallization procedure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that a chlordiazepoxide co-crystal with p-aminobenzoic acid and a lorazepam co-crystal with nicotinamide crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n and P21/c space group, respectively, with one molecule of benzodiazepine and one of coformer in the asymmetric unit. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy corroborated that benzodiazepine and coformer are linked by a hydrogen bond without proton exchange. Furthermore, a DSC study revealed that single endothermic DSC peaks assigned to the melting of co-crystals differ slightly depending on the co-crystallization procedures and solvent used, as well as differing from those of starting components.
Silica-Based Gene Delivery Systems: From Design to Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Carvalho Ana Maria , Cordeiro Rosemeyre A. , Faneca Henrique
Published: July 2020

Advances in gene therapy have been foreshadowing its potential for the treatment of a vast range of diseases involving genetic malfunctioning. However, its therapeutic efficiency and successful outcome are highly dependent on the development of the ideal gene delivery system. On that matter, silica-based vectors have diverted some attention from viral and other types of non-viral vectors due to their increased safety, easily modifiable structure and surface, high stability, and cost-effectiveness. The versatility of silane chemistry and the combination of silica with other materials, such as polymers, lipids, or inorganic particles, has resulted in the development of carriers with great loading capacities, ability to effectively protect and bind genetic material, targeted delivery, and stimuli-responsive release of cargos. Promising results have been obtained both in vitro and in vivo using these nanosystems as multifunctional platforms in different potential therapeutic areas, such as cancer or brain therapies, sometimes combined with imaging functions. Herein, the current advances in silica-based systems designed for gene therapy are reviewed, including their main properties, fabrication methods, surface modifications, and potential therapeutic applications.
RETRACTED: Chitosan-Based Microparticles Enhance Ellagic Acid’s Colon Targeting and Proapoptotic Activity
Authors: Alhakamy Nabil , Ahmed Osama , Kurakula Mallesh , Caruso Giuseppe , Caraci Filippo , Asfour Hani , Alfarsi Anas , Eid Basma , Mohamed Amir , Alruwaili Nabil , Abdulaal Wesam , Fahmy Usama , Alhadrami Hani , Eldakhakhny Basmah , Abdel-Naim Ashraf
Published: July 2020

This study aimed at improving the targeting and cytotoxic effect of ellagic acid (EA) on colon cancer cells. EA was encapsulated in chitosan (CHIT) polymers then coated by eudragit S100 (ES100) microparticles. The release of EA double-coated microparticles (MPs) was tested at simulative pH values. Maximum release was observed at 24 h and pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity of EA MPs on HCT 116 colon cancer cells was synergistically improved as compared with raw EA. Cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry suggested enhanced G2-M phase colon cancer cell accumulation. In addition, a significantly higher cell fraction was observed in the pre-G phase, which highlighted the enhancement of the proapoptotic activity of EA formulated in the double-coat mixture. Annexin-V staining was used for substantiation of the observed cell-death-inducing activity. Cell fractions were significantly increased in early, late, and total cell death. This was backed by high elevation in cellular content of caspase 3. Effectiveness of the double-coated EA to target colonic tissues was confirmed using real-time iohexol dye X-ray radiography. In conclusion, CHIT loaded with EA and coated with ES100 formula exhibits improved colon targeting as well as enhanced cytotoxic and proapoptotic activity against HCT 116 colon cancer when compared with the administration of raw EA.
Does Acid Rain Alter the Leaf Anatomy and Photosynthetic Pigments in Urban Trees?
Authors: Rodríguez-Sánchez Verónica M. , Rosas Ulises , Calva-Vásquez Germán , Sandoval-Zapotitla Estela
Published: July 2020

Megapolis such as Mexico City, have atmospheric pollutants that interact with the humidity and solar radiation. The topography of this city promotes air stagnation, generating atmospheric pollutants and episodes of acid rain, a phenomenon well recorded since the end of the 1980s. However, little we know about how urban trees respond to acid rain in the city. Here we present how simulated acid rain causes anatomical and changes in photosynthetic pigments in two of the most abundant urban trees in Mexico City: Liquidambar styraciflua L. and Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. We first described the leaf anatomy of both species. Then, we used one-year-old trees sprayed with sulfuric acid solutions at pH 2.5 and 3.8, and evaluated visible leaf damage, anatomical alterations, and chlorophyll contents. In both species, the pH 2.5 caused cuticle alterations and areas of total tissue destruction. L. styraciflua showed greater sensitivity, but we discuss some of the tolerance mechanisms. Finally, acid rain also reduced the chlorophyll contents. These results contribute toward a catalogue of urban tree species to describe pollution-induced damages, and the identification of tolerant species useful for short- and mid-term detection of environmental crisis, in cities with similar environmental conditions and urban tree composition.
Elemental Composition and Some Nutritional Parameters of Sweet Pepper from Organic and Conventional Agriculture
Authors: Guilherme Rosa , Reboredo Fernando , Guerra Mauro , Ressurreição Sandrine , Alvarenga Nuno
Published: July 2020

The increasing demand of organic agriculture (OA) is based on the consumer’s belief that organic agricultural products are healthier, tastier and more nutritious. The effect of OA and conventional agriculture (CA) methods on the elemental compositions of green and red sweet peppers were studied. The highest concentrations of Ca, Cu, K and P occur in peppers from OA in both states of ripeness, with emphasis on Ca and K contents. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA), points out to a clear separation, regarding concentrations, between peppers from OA and CA. The average fruit weight is higher in OA, 141 g versus 112 g in CA. Regarding productivity, CA reaches a value of 30.1 t/ha, 7% higher than the value observed for OA, i.e., 28 t/ha. Peppers from CA, exhibited greater protein content than those which originated from OA, regardless of the ripening stage, but not more ashes. Regarding nutritional ratios, the ripening stage and the production mode, can be important for an adequate choice regarding a more balanced Ca/P ratio, and the studied variety contained high Ca values ranging between 1009 and 1930 mg.kg−1. The PCA analysis also revealed that Mn and Fe are inversely correlated, confirming the importance of the Mn/Fe ratio evaluation in nutritional studies.
Verticillium Wilt in Oilseed Rape—the Microbiome is Crucial for Disease Outbreaks as Well as for Efficient Suppression
Authors: Rybakova Daria , Wikström Mariann , Birch-Jensen Fia , Postma Joeke , Ehlers Ralf Udo , Schmuck Maria , Kollmann René , Köhl Jürgen , Berg Gabriele
Published: July 2020

Microbiome management is a promising way to suppress verticillium wilt, a severe disease in Brassica caused by Verticillium longisporum. In order to improve current biocontrol strategies, we compared bacterial Verticillium antagonists in different assays using a hierarchical selection and evaluation scheme, and we integrated outcomes of our previous studies. The result was strongly dependent on the assessment method chosen (in vitro, in vivo, in situ), on the growth conditions of the plants and their genotype. The most promising biocontrol candidate identified was a Brassica endophyte Serratia plymuthica F20. Positive results were confirmed in field trials and by microscopically visualizing the three-way interaction. Applying antagonists in seed treatment contributes to an exceptionally low ecological footprint, supporting efficient economic and ecological solutions to controlling verticillium wilt. Indigenous microbiome, especially soil and seed microbiome, has been identified as key to understanding disease outbreaks and suppression. We suggest that verticillium wilt is a microbiome-driven disease caused by a reduction in microbial diversity within seeds and in the soil surrounding them. We strongly recommend integrating microbiome data in the development of new biocontrol and breeding strategies and combining both strategies with the aim of designing healthy microbiomes, thus making plants more resilient toward soil-borne pathogens.
A Novel Polymer Electrolyte Matrix Incorporating Ionic Liquid into Waterborne Polyurethane for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Zhan Yu , Zhao Chenying , Su Yuefeng , Ge Zhen , Luo Yunjun
Published: July 2020

Ionic liquid has relatively high conductivity at room temperature and good electrochemical stability. Ionic liquid polymer electrolytes have some advantages of both ionic liquid and polymer. In this work, 1-alkyl-3-(2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl)imidazolium chloride (IL-Cl) was incorporated into waterborne polyurethane chain to composite all-solid-state polymer electrolyte matrices. The structure, thermal stability, mechanical property and ionic conductivity of the matrices were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), tensile measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results demonstrated that when the content of IL-Cl was 14 wt%, the mechanical property of film was optimized, with a maximum tensile strength of 36 MPa and elongation at break of 1030%. In addition, as for the film with IL-Cl content of 16 wt%, its oxygen index value increased to 25.2% and ionic conductivity reached a maximum of 1.2 × 10−5 S·cm−1 at room temperature, showing high flame retardancy and ionic conductivity.
Controlled Drug Release by the Pore Structure in Polydimethylsiloxane Transdermal Patches
Authors: Mikolaszek Barbara , Kazlauske Jurgita , Larsson Anette , Sznitowska Malgorzata
Published: July 2020

The use of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) as a drug carrier in transdermal adhesive patches is limited and there is insufficient data on the polymer structure and diffusivity, especially when additives modify the matrix. PDMS films with liquid additives (10% w/w): silicone oil (SO), polyoxyethylene glycol (PEG) or propylene glycol (PG) were prepared and indomethacin (IND; 5% w/w) was incorporated as a model active substance. The microstructure of the PDMS matrix and its permeability to water was investigated and correlated to the kinetics of the in-vitro IND release from the film. Three microscopic techniques were used to characterize in detail the microstructure of PDMS films: scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy and atomic force microscopy. PDMS films with hydrophilic PEG or PG showed different two-phase structures. A two-fold increase in steady-state flux of IND and increased water transport in the presence of PEG was attributed to the pore-like channels created by this polar solvent in the PDMS matrix. This effect was not observed in the films with PG, where only discontinuous droplet-like structures were visible. All additives significantly changed the tensile parameters of the films but the effects were not very pronounced.
Novel Exopolysaccharide Produced from Fermented Bamboo Shoot-Isolated Lactobacillus Fermentum
Authors: Do Thi Bich Thuy , Tran Thi Ai Luyen , Tran Thi Van Thi , Le Trung Hieu , Jayasena Vijay , Nguyen Thi Hong Chuong , Nguyen Chinh Chien , Kim Soo Young , Le Quyet Van
Published: July 2020

This study aimed at providing a route towards the production of a novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) from fermented bamboo shoot-isolated Lactobacillus fermentum. A lactic acid bacteria strain, with high EPS production ability, was isolated from fermented bamboo shoots. This strain, R-49757, was identified in the BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Belgium by the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase gene sequencing method, and it was named Lb. fermentum MC3. The molecular mass of the EPS measured via gel permeation chromatography was found to be 9.85 × 104 Da. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition in the EPS was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Consequently, the EPS was discovered to be a heteropolysaccharide with the appearance of two main sugars—D-glucose and D-mannose—in the backbone. The results of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses prove the repeating unit of this polysaccharide to be [→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-β-D-Manp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→]n, which appears to be a new EPS. The obtained results open up an avenue for the production of novel EPSs for biomedical applications.
Recent Insights into Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis: A Critical Review on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Products Upgrading
Authors: Zadeh Zahra Echresh , Abdulkhani Ali , Aboelazayem Omar , Saha Basudeb
Published: July 2020

Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. Bio-oil refers to biomass pyrolysis liquid, which contains alkanes, aromatic compounds, phenol derivatives, and small amounts of ketone, ester, ether, amine, and alcohol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource for carbon that is readily available in the environment. This review article provides an outline of the pyrolysis process including pretreatment of biomass, pyrolysis mechanism, and process products upgrading. The pretreatment processes for biomass are reviewed including physical and chemical processes. In addition, the gaps in research and recommendations for improving the pretreatment processes are highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of feedstock characterization, operating parameters, and types of biomass on the performance of the pyrolysis process are explained. Recent progress in the identification of the mechanism of the pyrolysis process is addressed with some recommendations for future work. In addition, the article critically provides insight into process upgrading via several approaches specifically using catalytic upgrading. In spite of the current catalytic achievements of catalytic pyrolysis for providing high-quality bio-oil, the production yield has simultaneously dropped. This article explains the current drawbacks of catalytic approaches while suggesting alternative methodologies that could possibly improve the deoxygenation of bio-oil while maintaining high production yield.
Heavy Oil Hydrocarbons and Kerogen Destruction of Carbonate–Siliceous Domanic Shale Rock in Sub- and Supercritical Water
Authors: Nasyrova Zukhra R. , Kayukova Galina P. , Vakhin Alexey V. , Djimasbe Richard , Chemodanov Artem E.
Published: July 2020

This paper discusses the results of the influences of subcritical (T = 320 °C; P = 17 MPa) and supercritical water (T = 374 °C; P = 24.6 MPa) on the yield and composition of oil hydrocarbons generated from carbonaceous–siliceous Domanic shale rocks with total organic content (Corg) of 7.07%. It was revealed that the treatment of the given shale rock in sub- and supercritical water environments resulted in the decrease of oil content due to the intensive gas formation. The content of light hydrocarbon fractions (saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons) increased at 320 °C from 33.98 to 39.63%, while at 374 °C to 48.24%. Moreover, the content of resins decreased by almost twice. Insoluble coke-like compounds such as carbene–carboids were formed due to decomposition of kerogen after supercritical water treatment. Analysis of oil hydrocarbons with FTIR method revealed a significant number of oxygen-containing compounds, which are the hydrogenolysis products of structural fragments formed after destruction of kerogen and high-molecular components of oil. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) method was applied to present the changes in the composition of mono- and dibenzothiophenes, which indicate conversion of heavy components into lighter aromatic hydrocarbons. The specific features of transforming trace elements in rock samples, asphaltenes, and carbene–carboids were observed by using the isotopic mass-spectrometry method.
The Hainanese Temples of Singapore: A Case Study of the Hougang Shui Wei Sheng Niang Temple and Its Lantern Festival Celebration
Authors: Ji Yiwen
Published: July 2020

Shui Wei Sheng Niang (水尾圣娘) Temple is located within a united temple at 109a, Hougang Avenue 5, Singapore. Shui Wei Sheng Niang is a Hainanese goddess, the worship of whom is widespread in Hainanese communities in South East Asia. This paper examines a specific Hainanese temple and how its rituals reflect the history of Hainanese immigration to Singapore. The birthday rites of the goddess (Lantern Festival Celebration) are held on the 4th and 14th of the first lunar month. This paper also introduces the life history and ritual practices of a Hainanese Daoist master and a Hainanese theater actress.
Carbon Dioxide Retrieval from TanSat Observations and Validation with TCCON Measurements
Authors: Wang Shupeng , van der A Ronald , Stammes Piet , Wang Weihe , Zhang Peng , Lu Naimeng , Zhang Xingying , Bi Yanmeng , Wang Ping , Fang Li
Published: July 2020

In this study we present the retrieval of the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) from the TanSat observations using the ACOS (Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space) algorithm. The XCO2 product has been validated with collocated ground-based measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) for 2 years of TanSat data from 2017 to 2018. Based on the correlation of the XCO2 error over land with goodness of fit in three spectral bands at 0.76, 1.61 and 2.06 μm, we applied an a posteriori bias correction to TanSat retrievals. For overpass averaged results, XCO2 retrievals show a standard deviation (SD) of ~2.45 ppm and a positive bias of ~0.27 ppm compared to collocated TCCON sites. The validation also shows a relatively higher positive bias and variance against TCCON over high-latitude regions. Three cases to evaluate TanSat target mode retrievals are investigated, including one field campaign at Dunhuang with measurements by a greenhouse gas analyzer deployed on an unmanned aerial vehicle and two cases with measurements by a ground-based Fourier-transform spectrometer in Beijing. The results show the retrievals of all footprints, except footprint-6, have relatively low bias (within ~2 ppm). In addition, the orbital XCO2 distributions over Australia and Northeast China between TanSat and the second Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) on 20 April 2017 are compared. It shows that the mean XCO2 from TanSat is slightly lower than that of OCO-2 with an average difference of ~0.85 ppm. A reasonable agreement in XCO2 distribution is found over Australia and Northeast China between TanSat and OCO-2.
Exploring Monitoring Systems Data for Driver Distraction and Drowsiness Research
Authors: Lobo António , Ferreira Sara , Couto António
Published: July 2020

Driver inattention is a major contributor to road crashes. The emerging of new driver monitoring systems represents an opportunity for researchers to explore new data sources to understand driver inattention, even if the technology was not developed with this purpose in mind. This study is based on retrospective data obtained from two driver monitoring systems to study distraction and drowsiness risk factors. The data includes information about the trips performed by 330 drivers and corresponding distraction and drowsiness alerts emitted by the systems. The drivers’ historical travel data allowed defining two groups with different mobility patterns (short-distance and long-distance drivers) through a cluster analysis. Then, the impacts of the driver’s profile and trip characteristics (e.g., driving time, average speed, and breaking time and frequency) on inattention were analyzed using ordered probit models. The results show that long-distance drivers, typically associated with professionals, are less prone to distraction and drowsiness than short-distance drivers. The driving time increases the probability of inattention, while the breaking frequency is more important to mitigate inattention than the breaking time. Higher average speeds increase the inattention risk, being associated with road facilities featuring a monotonous driving environment.
Microplastics in Honey, Beer, Milk and Refreshments in Ecuador as Emerging Contaminants
Authors: Diaz-Basantes Milene F. , Conesa Juan A. , Fullana Andres
Published: July 2020

According to the latest research, marine products have the greatest potential for microplastic (MPs) contamination. Therefore, their presence in terrestrial food has not managed to attract much attention—despite the fact that in the future they may represent a serious environmental risk. Research conducted in Europe and the US has indicated the presence of MPs in tap water, bottled water, table salt, honey, beer and snails for human consumption. The presence of MPs in food has not yet been evaluated in Latin America. This work focused on evaluating two widely consumed beverages: milk and soft drinks. Furthermore, honey and beer samples were analyzed and compared to findings in the literature. All products were sourced in Ecuador. In order to determine correlations with the intensity of anthropogenic activity, samples of both industrially processed and craft products were studied. For the analysis, an improvement of previous techniques used to determine MPs in honey was applied. This technique uses microfiltration followed by degradation of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide—and finally, continuous rinsing with deionized water. Size ranges were established between 0.8–200 mm. The number of microplastics found was between 10 and 100 MPs/L, with an average of around 40 MPs/L. The sizes of the particles found in the study are in the range of 13.45 and 6742.48 μm for the fibers, and between 2.48 and 247.54 μm for the fragments. From the composition analysis carried out with FTIR, we were able to confirm the presence of 12% of microplastic. The results generally showed a greater presence of MPs compared to those registered in Europe, probably due to processing methods rather than environmental pollution. Regarding composition, the main microplastics found were polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylamide.
Employment and Gross Value Added in Agriculture Versus Other Sectors of the European Union Economy
Authors: Kołodziejczak Włodzimierz
Published: July 2020

The aim of the paper is to recognize the level of employment and gross value added (GVA) in agriculture in relation to the other sectors of the European Union economy. The following research tasks were formulated: analysis of employment levels and GVA in the sectors of economy in 2000 and 2018 as well as the relationship between employment and GVA, assessment of GVA per 1 person employed in the investigated sectors and its changes in the analysed years, and assessment of the scale of surplus employment in agriculture assuming that GVA per 1 person employed in this sector would be equal to the average level reached in the industry and the services sectors. Comparative analysis and the deduction method were used in the study. Correlation coefficients between the level of employment in individual sectors and GVA per 1 person employed in the time series covering the years 2000–2008 were also calculated. A new measure of the “goal” of employment reduction in agriculture has been proposed, related to the measurement of the distance between agriculture and other sectors in terms of GVA generated per 1 employed—the Excess Employment Rate In The Agricultural Sector (EERAS). The research was based on EUROSTAT data from the years of 2000 and 2018. The process of changes in the sectoral structure of employment will probably be determined by the growth rate of demand for services, structural adjustment referring to matching the characteristics of the agricultural population to the demand for labour force in the services sector and the pace of structural transformations in rural areas. Rationalisation of employment levels in agriculture promotes improvement of its economic and social sustainability. Instruments based on financial transfers from nonagricultural sectors to agriculture should play a secondary role, since they are a burden to more efficient sectors, and in the long term, they may hinder reduction of employment in agriculture. However, due to the inevitable differences in productivity observed between agriculture and the nonagricultural sectors, at a technologically, economically, ecologically and socially justified level of employment in agriculture, transfers of the surplus generated in the secondary and tertiary sectors need at least to reduce, if not eliminate, economic consequences of these differences.
Developing a Methodological Framework for Estimating Temporary Drainage Capacity to Inform Land Requirements for a Highway Construction Project in Scotland
Authors: Wallace Mandy , Meldrum Anita , Mickovski Slobodan , McNee Iain , Lear Derwyn , Flint Sam
Published: July 2020

Silt pollution generated during major highway construction projects can prove detrimental to the water environment and the aquatic species that depend on it. Construction activities can leave many kilometers of exposed soil susceptible to erosion from surface water runoff, which can result in silt pollution and degradation of ecologically sensitive watercourses if appropriate mitigation is not in place. In Scotland, assurances need to be provided during scheme development to demonstrate that there is sufficient space to accommodate temporary drainage. In response, a methodological framework has been developed that can be applied before construction commences to estimate the required capacity of settlement ponds including runoff and soil loss volume estimation, which are estimated using the Rational Method and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The application of the framework as a case-study has demonstrated the potential applicability of the approach and highlighted where further refinements can be made to increase the robustness for future applications by improving the accuracy of input parameters to address site-specific conditions. Furthermore, it demonstrates how adopting erosion control measures can reduce the land required to accommodate temporary settlement ponds.
Do Multilateral Development Bank Trust Funds Allocate Climate Finance Efficiently?
Authors: Michaelowa Katharina , Michaelowa Axel , Reinsberg Bernhard , Shishlov Igor
Published: July 2020

The Paris Agreement has been celebrated as a breakthrough for international climate policy. However, relatively scant attention has been given to the emergent ecosystem of climate finance facilities that support it. We provide an overview of the rising number of climate-related trust funds at multilateral development banks (MDBs). These funds can be distinguished into mitigation funds and adaptation funds. Some funds have a focus on capacity building activities. To maximize their effect on sustainable development, the different types of funds should follow different resource allocation criteria: For adaptation funds, vulnerability should represent the primary criterion. For mitigation funds, the main criterion should be the emission reduction potential. Capacity building should primarily focus on countries with weak institutions. Using a novel dataset of disbursements of climate-related trust funds, available for the World Bank, we examine whether fund allocations correspond to these expectations, and compare them with those of bilateral donors. We find that while trust funds with a focus on mitigation generally allocate aid in line with efficiency considerations, trust funds with a focus on adaptation do not seem to prioritize the countries most strongly in need, contrary to bilateral aid. Furthermore, capacity building activities do not seem to focus on countries with weak institutions. These findings have important implications for the effectiveness and legitimacy of climate aid to developing countries.
A Multi-Criteria Structure for Sustainable Implementation of Urban Distribution Centers in Historical Cities
Authors: de Carvalho Nayara Louise , Vieira José Geraldo Vidal , da Fonseca Paula Nakamura , Dulebenets Maxim A.
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes a structure for sustainable implementation of urban distribution centers (UDCs) in historical cities, considering the opinion of the main stakeholders involved in the urban distribution of goods and a set of additional criteria. Based on a survey that was conducted among carriers, traffic wardens, and retailers, a decision hierarchy structure, consisting of the relevant criteria evaluated by various statistical techniques, will be used for sustainable implementation of UDCs. The methodology uses a database collected in the historical center of Ouro Preto, a Brazilian city which contains common characteristics of other Latin American and some European cities that are included in the World Heritage List. This structure is unique, as it is based on a survey among the main stakeholders, and can be applied by logistics operators and local authorities for implementing UDCs to address urban distribution issues, especially in historical cities. However, without loss of generality, the proposed methodology can be adopted for different cities using the appropriate criteria according to the characteristics of the cities.
Who is More Sustainable? Family Business or Non-Family Business? Czech Evidence
Authors: Mikušová Marie , Friedrich Václav , Horváthová Petra
Published: July 2020

The aim of this research was to find out whether family businesses create better opportunities for their economic sustainability in comparison with non-family businesses. That is, whether family businesses are more responsible in preparing for crises than non-family businesses. Having a sustainable business means being prepared for potential threats of all kinds. Research was carried out in 2019 on a sample of 2300 family and non-family enterprises. On the basis of statistically processed results, a minimum of significant differences in preparation for the crisis was identified. Even the basic hypothesis about a more responsible approach by family businesses to prepare for the crisis could not be accepted. It could not be noted that family businesses are building better conditions for their economic sustainability. The implication for praxis is to encourage owners to involve the family more in the preparation for crises, including development of formalised tools. Predetermined tools will help in solving crises that threaten the source of livelihoods of the whole family. The comparison of family and non-family businesses in this area, as yet unexplored, has the potential to contribute to the deepening of research in both crisis management and family business, which is the main contribution to the theoretical field.
Real Time Implementation of Learning-Forgetting Models for Cycle Time Predictions of Manual Assembly Tasks after a Break
Authors: Hoedt Steven , Claeys Arno , Aghezzaf El-Houssaine , Cottyn Johannes
Published: July 2020

Industry 4.0 provides a tremendous potential of data from the work floor. For manufacturing companies, these data can be very useful in order to support assembly operators. In literature, a lot of contributions can be found that present models to describe both the learning and forgetting effect of manual assembly operations. In this study, different existing models were compared in order to predict the cycle time after a break. As these models are not created for a real time prediction purpose, some adaptations are presented in order to improve the robustness and efficiency of the models. Results show that the MLFCM (modified learn-forget curve model) and the PID (power integration diffusion) model have the greatest potential. Further research will be performed to test both models and implement contextual factors. In addition, since these models only consider one fixed repetitive task, they don’t target mixed-model assembly operations. The learning and forgetting effect that executing each assembly task has on the other task executions differs based on the job similarity between tasks. Further research opportunities to implement this job similarity are listed.
Scoping the Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Research in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Era
Authors: ElAlfy Amr , Palaschuk Nicholas , El-Bassiouny Dina , Wilson Jeffrey , Weber Olaf
Published: July 2020

Amidst a contemporary culture of climate awareness, unprecedented levels of transparency and visibility are forcing industrial organizations to broaden their value chains and deepen the impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. While it may be common knowledge that the 2030 agenda cannot be achieved on a business-as-usual trajectory, this study seeks to determine to what ends the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have impacted CSR research. Highlighting linkages and interdependencies between the SDGs and evolution of CSR practice, this paper analyzes a final sample of 56 relevant journal articles from the period 2015–2020. With the intent of bridging policy and practice, thematic coding analysis has supported the identification and interpretation of key emergent research themes. Using three descriptive categorical classifications (i.e., single-dimension, bi-combination of dimensions, sustainability dimension), the results of this paper provide an in-depth discussion into strategic community, company, consumer, investor, and employee foci. Furthermore, the analysis provides a timely and descriptive overview of how CSR research has approached the SDGs and which ones are being prioritized. By deepening the understanding of potential synergies between business strategy, global climate agendas and the common good, this paper contributes to an increased comprehension of how CSR and financial performance can be improved over the long-term.
Learning from the Best: New Challenges and Trends in IR Reporters’ Disclosure and the Role of SDGs
Authors: Izzo Maria Federica , Dello Strologo Alberto , Granà Fabrizio
Published: July 2020

A worldwide debate on the effectiveness of business reporting information has engaged organizations, policy makers, regulators, and members of the capital market. The documents through which organizations disclose their annual performance are being questioned and criticized, as they appear inadequate for responding to stakeholder needs. In 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) launched a project with the aim of redesigning corporate reporting processes and outputs, introducing integrated reporting (IR). At the center of IR are the six capitals defined by the IIRC representing the basis for an innovative form of evaluating and presenting performance. New topics on the global sustainable development agenda are growing in importance, requiring companies to enrich their disclosure and connect business to environment. In this study, we examined how a group of leaders in IR, 134 European companies from the IIRC IR reporters list, are currently disclosing IR capital and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), developing three evaluation scores: Capital Disclosure Index, SDG Disclosure Index, and SDG Compliance Index.
The Quest for Adaptation through Spatial Planning and Ecosystem-Based Tools in Resilience Strategies
Authors: Salata Konstantina-Dimitra , Yiannakou Athena
Published: July 2020

As climate change and other interdependent challenges are expected to become increasingly acute and unpredictable, so the need for policies and measures to reduce risks and uncertainties in order to adapt to these changes becomes more imperative. Cities can influence their adaptation, resilience, and eventually their sustainability through spatial planning with the use of more ecosystem-based planning tools, such as Green Infrastructure (GI). The present paper is an attempt to assess whether and how city strategies address the objective of an adaptation which interconnects the criteria of vulnerability, adaptability, and resilience through spatial planning. For this purpose, the paper examines the Resilience Strategies of seven European cities of the 100 Resilient Cities initiative (100RC). Based on a thematic analysis, the paper investigates whether these strategies incorporate a spatial planning approach which contributes to adaptation to climate change, focusing on GI as a spatial planning tool. The paper argues that there is room for improvement in all the examined strategies, as none of them fully incorporate the concept of GI, and, furthermore, that some critical planning principles which contribute to adaptation are missing.
Positional Analysis: A Multidimensional and Democracy-Oriented Approach to Decision-Making and Sustainability
Authors: Söderbaum Peter
Published: July 2020

Essential principles of democracy are threatened in many parts of the world. In mainstream economics textbooks, reference to democracy is marginal or non-existent. At issue is if economics as a discipline can contribute to strengthen democracy in policy-making and decision situations more generally. In this essay, it is proposed that democracy becomes part of the definition of economics. While mainstream neoclassical cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is criticized as being technocratic, positional analysis (PA) connected with institutional ecological economics is advocated and presented with its essential elements. While a specific ideological orientation with emphasis on markets is built into CBA, PA represents an attempt to identify more than one ideological orientation or narrative as relevant among actors related to an issue. This is part of an attempt to carry out a many-sided analysis. If we wish to make the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) part of analysis, then multidimensional thinking is needed. PA is an attempt to avoid the “monetary reductionism” of CBA in favor of an analysis where monetary and non-monetary impacts (of different kinds) are separated and where, particularly on the non-monetary side, issues of inertia and irreversibility of impacts are observed.
Polyphenol Extraction by Different Techniques for Valorisation of Non-Compliant Portuguese Sweet Cherries towards a Novel Antioxidant Extract
Authors: Vilas-Boas Ana A. , Campos Débora A. , Nunes Catarina , Ribeiro Sónia , Nunes João , Oliveira Ana , Pintado Manuela
Published: July 2020

Currently, there is special interest in the recovery of polyphenols from non-compliant fruits that have no market value; efforts to find value-added solutions for these food areas are a key option for a sustainable bio-economy. Saco cherries are a traditional Portuguese cherry variety, and although they are a nutritionally important food, rich in powerful dietary polyphenols, significant amounts of these cherries are not sold due to their small size. In this context, this work aimed to select the best method to produce novel antioxidant polyphenol-rich extracts from low calibre and non-compliant Saco cherries. Based on the results, microwaves-assisted extraction (MAE) allowed us to obtain a polyphenol-rich extract with a high antioxidant capacity (50.46 ± 1.58 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry extract (DE) by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 10.88 ± 0.38 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/g DE by 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 9.58 ± 0.42 mg TE/g DE by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) and a high content of polyphenols, namely, hydroxycinnamic acids (neochlorogenic and p-coumaric acids) and anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside), compared with those of conventional extractions with low and high temperature and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The antioxidant extract produced from MAE could be a new alternative for the valorisation of non-compliant cherries since these extracts proved to be a functional ingredient due to the high content of antioxidants, which are linked to the prevention of diseases.
The Effect on Air Quality of Lockdown Directives to Prevent the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Campania Region—Italy: Indications for a Sustainable Development
Authors: Toscano Domenico , Murena Fabio
Published: July 2020

Data on air quality collected by the regional network of fixed stations in the most urbanized areas of the Campania region in the south of Italy are examined. Two periods are considered: before and during the adoption of the main directives limiting human activities to fight the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first period is from the 5th of February to the 5th of March, and the second is from the 13th of March to the 13th of April. Meteorological conditions in the two periods were compared and significant differences were not observed. Therefore, the comparison of air quality data is feasible. During the second period, an intercontinental transport of particulate matter occurred. Data collected during this event (4 p.m. on the 30th of March to 4 p.m. on the 31st of March) were excluded from the analysis. The main reduction of pollutant concentration is observed for NO2 (−48% of the period average). PM10 shows a lower reduction (−17%). The PM2.5 average period concentration was quite constant, while the 98° percentile was reduced by −21%. Ozone shows, on the contrary, an increase in concentration due mainly to an increase in solar irradiation during the 2nd period, but also due to the decrease of NOx concentration. The reduction or the increase of pollutant concentration depends on the category of the station: background, industrial, residential, and traffic. In addition to air quality, the reduction of anthropogenic emissions is also studied. All the information available on the reduction of emissions from transport, industry, heating, and other main emissive sectors were collected. The results give useful insights for the development of air quality management policies that could be adopted when the sanitary emergency will end to guarantee the sustainable development of the Campania region.
Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: A Review
Authors: Shahid Munazzam Jawad , AL-surhanee Ameena A. , Kouadri Fayza , Ali Shafaqat , Nawaz Neeha , Afzal Muhammad , Rizwan Muhammad , Ali Basharat , Soliman Mona H.
Published: July 2020

This article provides useful information for understanding the specific role of microbes in the pollutant removal process in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs). The current literature is collected and organized to provide an insight into the specific role of microbes toward plants and pollutants. Several aspects are discussed, such as important components of FTWs, common bacterial species, rhizospheric and endophytes bacteria, and their specific role in the pollutant removal process. The roots of plants release oxygen and exudates, which act as a substrate for microbial growth. The bacteria attach themselves to the roots and form biofilms to get nutrients from the plants. Along the plants, the microbial community also influences the performance of FTWs. The bacterial community contributes to the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, toxic metals, hydrocarbon, and organic compounds. Plant–microbe interaction breaks down complex compounds into simple nutrients, mobilizes metal ions, and increases the uptake of pollutants by plants. The inoculation of the roots of plants with acclimatized microbes may improve the phytoremediation potential of FTWs. The bacteria also encourage plant growth and the bioavailability of toxic pollutants and can alleviate metal toxicity.
Harmonised Classification of the Causes of Defects in a Global Inspection System: Proposed Methodology and Analysis of Fieldwork Data
Authors: Pereira Clara , de Brito Jorge , Silvestre José D.
Published: July 2020

This research results from the development of a global inspection system based on previous studies about individual expert inspection systems for 12 types of elements/materials of the envelopes of current buildings. The research focuses on the rational harmonisation of the causes of defects in a global classification list, established from 12 individual lists. The process considers predetermined criteria, including guidelines for merging, splitting and combining causes to reach a comprehensive and simple list. The frequency of the prescription of causes of defects is analysed and the causes “C-D12 Dampening of the cladding system” in painted façades and “C-B7 Use of unprescribed, inadequate, incompatible, low-quality, non-certified and/or non-approved materials” in natural stone claddings stand out. Additionally, when analysing the relationship of causes with defects, some causes are highlighted because they are considered direct causes of defects in a broad range of building elements/materials, namely: “C-C9 Accidental collisions with the cladding”, “C-C7 Intentional collisions/vandalism”, “C-D2 Excessive, insufficient or differentiated solar radiation”, “C-D8 Presence of rainwater or snow” and “C-D12 Dampening of the cladding system”. The proposed list of causes successfully gathers causal knowledge on the pathology of the non-structural building envelope in a single component, homogenising the vocabulary used for several building elements/materials.