bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilized Pd-alloy/AlN/Si Hydrogen Sensors
Authors: Zhang Linfeng , Al-Homoudi Ibrahim , Rahman Md H. , McCullen Erik F. , Rimai Lajos , Baird Ronald J. , Naik Ratna , Newaz Golam , Auner Gregory W. , Ng K.Y. Simon
Published: April 2017

In order to extend the dynamic range of a hydrogen sensor with a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) type structure, Pd-Cr and Pd-Ni alloy gated samples were studied. The PdCr gated sample shows quite stable and reproducible response, and could measure hydrogen concentrations from 100 to 50, 000 ppm. While the Pd-Ni gated sample shows turn-on/off response drift, this drift is probably due to the presence of oxygen on the surface of the insulator and the formation of metal hydride. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen on the sensors response was investigated; oxygen may deplete protons from the metal/insulator interface and could reduce the sensor's response.
Growth, Characterization and Processing of VO2 Thin Films for Micro-switching Devices
Authors: Soltani Mohamed , Stafford Luc , Chaker Mohamed , Margot Joëlle
Published: April 2017

Single-phase vanadium-dioxide (VO2) thin films have been deposited on various substrates by means of a reactive pulsed-laser-deposition technique. While the preferred orientation is (011) monoclinic for the films deposited on silicon substrates and (020) monoclinic for those deposited on sapphire substrates, the thermochromic properties of the VO2 layers is found to be fairly independent of the substrate type. It is further shown that W doping and Ti-W co-doping significantly improve the thermochromic properties. Following growth, VO2 layers were used in the context of the development of micro-switching devices. For this purpose, patterning of the VO2 layers was investigated using a high-density argon magnetoplasma. Highly anisotropic features have been produced with a high etch rate and a good selectivity over resist. The etch rate for VO2/Al2O3 samples is found to be higher than that for VO2/Si samples, which is due to the higher number of surface dangling bonds in the (020) phase as compared to the (011) phase.
Effects of Substrate Materials on the Electrical Behavior of Pd/AlN/Semiconductor Based Hydrogen Sensors
Authors: Rahman Md. H. , Zhang L. , Rimai L. , Baird R.J. , Naik R. , Ng K.Y.S. , Auner G. , Newaz G.
Published: April 2017

C-plane textured wurtzite AlN films deposited on both, 3C and 6H SiC as well as Si, have been employed in Pd/AlN/Semiconductor diode Hydrogen sensor structures. The SiC based devices behave as rectifiers and do not show the bias dependent capacitance expected for an MIS structure when reverse biased. The Si based devices, albeit exhibiting rectifying characteristics do show the expected dependence of capacitance on reverse bias, with typical depletion and inversion regions. The SiC based devices show the sensor response as change in bias voltage at constant forward current but the Si based device showed no response in this mode of operation albeit it did respond well in terms of the Hydrogen induces shift of the depletion capacitance vs. bias characteristic. As the AlN itself has the same structure in all cases, the differences in both, electrical characteristics and sensing response mechanism are related to differences in the AlN/Substrate heterojunction resulting from differences in the electronic band structure of the substrates.
Ultra-Fine ZnO Nanobelts and their Photoluminescence Emission
Authors: Khan Aurangzeb , Kordesch Martin E
Published: April 2017

Ultra-Fine ZnO nanobelts are grown via thermal evaporation and condensation method without the use of any catalyst on the substrates. These nanobelts have an average width of about 5.8 nm. Photoluminescence spectra reveal that there is a blue shift in the near band edge ultra violet emission from 381 nm to 367 nm equal to 124 meV. These ultra-fine nanobelts have been studied for size induced optical and electrical properties.
Quantum Sizing of Power Electronics: A Trend Towards Miniaturiation of Power Electronic Systems and Equipments
Authors: Chakraborty Arindam , Emadi Ali
Published: April 2017

Human ability to manipulate atoms and molecules on quantum basis has generated a new dimension of physical structures for molecular scale transistors and devices. We will discuss about nanodimensional single electron transistor. This molecular device works as a switching element by controlling the electron tunneling for amplifying the current. The basic structure consists of two tunnel junctions isolated by a common insulator of nanodimensional length.

One broader aspect of nano power electronics is that, it has got significant role in nanodimensional device regime as tunneling diodes. They have got inherently fast tunneling rate, which makes them highly suitable for high-speed operation. A special type of tunneling diode is an interband tunneling diode (ITD), which is actually, a p-n diode. The V-I characteristics of such diodes are dependent upon the tunneling barrier and tunneling process itself. Another special feature of these diodes is their negative-differential-resistance characteristics. This special characteristic of such diodes makes them very useful in switching digital circuits.
Critical Process Issues in the Fabrication of a Lateral, Self-cleaning, MEMS Switch
Authors: Shi Yong , Kim Sang-Gook
Published: April 2017

A lateral contact MEMS switch was developed to address the needs for long life cycle, low contact resistance and low cost switches. The device is unique in its self-cleaning of particles, self-alignment of contact surfaces and the mechanical anchoring of the contact metal into the switch structures. The major issue for the lateral contact device fabrication is the creation of the vertical Au sidewall. Existing physical and chemical vapor deposition methods are found not satisfactory. The final Au sidewalls for electric contact are formed by electroplating in pre-patterned photoresist mold. SEM pictures show that the designed undulated contact surfaces are created successfully, and the surface of the electroplated Au is much smoother and denser than that by e-beam evaporation. The long lifecycle test shows that the contact resistance has been maintained below 0.1 Ω over 1010 cycles. The test results of the fabricated switch have proved the self-cleaning concept and opened the possibility of direct contact MEMS switch for high power and low cost RF applications.
The Performance of the Gate Electrode Using Co Thin Films Selectively Deposited on SAMs Patterns for a-Si TFT
Authors: Yang H.J. , Lee J.G. , Cho B. S. , Lee J. H. , Jeong C. O. , Chung K. H.
Published: April 2017

Selective deposition of Co thin films has been developed to produce Co pattern for TFT gate electrode on glass. We have been carried out by the selective growth of Co films with combination of micro-contact printing and metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at low temperature below 100°C. In the first step octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS) layer with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) stamps was pre-patterned on glass. The patterned OTS area created a hydrophobic surface on glass which can prohibit nucleation and growth of Co films. In the second step a MOCVD Co selective deposition examined the difference of incubation time between OTS coated glass and pure glass.

We optimized Co selective deposition through working pressure, deposition temperature, and gas flow rate ratio. Root mean square (rms) of Co films deposited on glass is 2nm enough to use gate electrode.

OTS pattern was decomposed by UV treatment in the range of 280 and 350nm and then trilayer(n+Si/a-Si/SiNx) was continuously created on the sample which was selectively organized Co gate electrode on glass. We fabricated thin film transistor (TFT) of inverse staggered type using selectively deposited Co gate pattern. Reflectance was used to evaluate incubation time for Co deposition time and AFM was employed to confirm selectivity of Co thin film. The subthreshold slope and on/off current ratio was 0.88 V/decade and 6x106, respectively. The electron field-effect mobility at saturation was 0.35 cm2/Vs for Vd = 9V.
TiN/GaN Metal/Semiconductor Multilayer Nanocomposites Grown by Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Rawat Vijay , Sands Timothy D.
Published: April 2017

TiN/GaN multilayers with periods ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm were grown by reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using elemental metal targets in an ammonia ambient at 20mtorr onto Si(100), MgO(100) and sapphire(0001) substrates. For growth on Si and MgO substrates, an epitaxial 40 nm thick TiN buffer layer was deposited prior to deposition of the multilayers. An epitaxial 150 nm GaN buffer layer was grown on sapphire substrates. For all substrates, layer thicknesses and periods investigated, x-ray diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed {0001} texture for GaN, and {111} texture for TiN in the multilayers. Both TiN layers and GaN layers thicker than ∼ 2nm appear to be continuous, with no evidence of agglomeration. Both phases are crystalline, with lateral grain sizes comparable to the layer thickness. These results suggest that epitaxy will not be necessary to fabricate pinhole free metal/semiconductor multilayers in the nitride system.
Through-Wafer Polysilicon Interconnect Fabrication with In-Situ Boron Doping
Authors: Luusua Ismo , Henttinen Kimmo , Pekko Panu , Vehmas Tapani , Luoto Hannu
Published: April 2017

Bulk micromachining technology can be used to produce conducting through-wafer polysilicon interconnects, i.e., polysilicon via plugs. This paper presents the process fabrication steps of polysilicon via plugs with in-situ boron doped polysilicon material in order to develop fast one-step doping process, without additional diffusion. The via holes can be processed by high-aspect ratio silicon etching with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Only one deep ICP etching is required if the wafer is mechanically ground (from the backside) to reduce the wafer thickness of 500 microns to a typical of 400, in order to overcome deep etching sidewall profile problems. After hole formation with ICP the via plug fabrication process continues by growing an insulating thermal oxide layer with a thickness of the order of a micron, followed by an in-situ boron doped LPCVD polysilicon growth to fill the holes with sufficient step coverage. The polysilicon growth temperature at 680°C ensures sufficient step coverage, reasonable furnace process time and enables planarization processing, such as grinding and chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). The subsequent planar processing typically requires planarization of the polysilicon layer down to the original silicon (or oxide) surface with CMP, and some doping activation step, which usually can be performed together with some additional oxidation step. Applications of the via plugs in the field of silicon-based sensors or actuators enable significant reduction of the front surface wiring density, which opens additional space for denser packing or other desired components.
Self Assembled Monolayer Methods in the Fabrication of High-Tc Superconductor SNS Junction Nano-Devices
Authors: Kim Sungwook , Chang In Soon , Patel Fannyben , McDevitt John T.
Published: April 2017

Although the superconductor/normal metal (SN) interface is one of the most important controlling factors in determining the performance of superconductor/normal metal/superconductor (SNS) junctions, controlling the SN interface still remains difficult. The in situ deposit techniques have been widely used to cope with this problem, but they limit the types of SNS junctions that can be explored. Soft Chemistry Etching methods were developed to fabricate the YBCO/Au/YBCO and TX-YBCO/Au/TX-YBCO SNS junction nano-devices with ex situ deposit. The planar SNS junctions controlled by such methods exhibited good transport properties above 80 K with less than 10-8ω-cm2 contact resistivity. The current state of the suitable fabrication methods of SNS nano-devices will be described with experiment results.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Self-Assembled, Ordered Gold Nanocrystal/Silica Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Processing
Authors: Yang Kai , Fan Hongyou , O'Brien Michael J. , Fontaine Sima La , Lopez Gabriel P. , Malloy Kevin J. , Brinker C. Jeffrey , Sigmon Thomas W.
Published: April 2017

Highly ordered gold NC/silica films are synthesized by self-assembly of water-soluble gold nanocrystal micelles and soluble silica using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The optical properties are analyzed using ellipsometry and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The absorption spectra show a strong surface plasmon absorption band at ∼520 nm for all samples. Angular excitation spectra of the surface plasmon show a steep dip in the reflectivity curve at ∼65°. Charge transport behavior of the films is examined using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures.MOS capacitor samples exhibit charge storage with discharge behavior dominated by electron transport within the gold NC arrays.
PENENTUAN KEBUTUHAN KADAR PROTEIN PAKAN UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN BENIH IKAN JELAWAT (Leptobarbus hoeveni)
Authors: Suhenda Ningrum , Tahapari Evi
Published: April 2017

Informasi tentang kebutuhan nutrien benih ikan jelawat diperlukan dalam usaha pembenihannya. Suatu percobaan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan kadar protein dalam pakan benih ikan jelawat sebagai data dasar guna pembuatan formulasi pakan untuk benih ikan omnivora telah dilakukan di laboratorium nutrisi, Sukamandi.
EFEK IMPLANTASI HORMON LHRH-A PADA IKAN BOTIA (Botia macracantha Bleeker) TERHADAP KERAGAAN PEMATANGAN GONADNYA
Authors: Subagja Jojo , Komarudin Oman , Effendi Johan
Published: April 2017

Induk ikan Botia (Botia maeracantha Bleeker) hasil tangkapan dari Sungai Batang hariJambi, telah diimplantasi dengan hormon LHRH-a des Gly10 [D - Ala6] Sigma Chemical pada dosis 100, 150, 200 pg/kg bobot badan induk. Percobaan dilakukan pada awal Januari 1995.
STUDI BEBERAPA PARAMETER EKONOMI SEBAGAI TOLOK UKUR PENGARUH PENELITIAN PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM USAHA TANI MINAPADI (Studi Kasus di Desa Nanggerang, Kecamatan Binong, Kabupaten Subang)
Authors: Noor Mohammad , Us Khaidir Ahmady
Published: April 2017

Penelitian pengembangan sistem usaha tani minapadi telah dilakukan. Metode yangdigunakan adalah metode survai dengan pendekatan Zero-One Relationship Approach, yaitu membagi petani terpilih dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok petani yang dibina (cooperator) dan kelompok petani yang tidak dibina tetapi dipantau kegiatan sistem usaha taninya (non cooperator).
Quality data for strategic infrastructure decisions in Ireland
Authors: Moloney Mary , McKenna Ted , Fitzgibbon Kevin , McKeogh Eamon
Published: April 2017

There is a need for change in Ireland’s current decision-making process for infrastructure planning and investment, moving away from the historic silo-type mentality, where each project is evaluated in isolation. This paper proposes the development of a ‘systems of systems’ (SoS) methodology for Ireland’s national infrastructure planning and delivery, using dynamic modelling. Building information modelling offers the methodologies and technologies to develop the required digital asset database to best inform life cycle decisions associated with conception, design, construction and operation of physical infrastructure assets. By developing the appropriate digital asset database, the demand for new infrastructure can itself be tested, in an SoS methodology, under various policy scenarios, to provide evidence for investment decisions. Ireland has a poor level of national asset registers and data sets, the building blocks for infrastructure network models. This paper evaluates the availability of the data sets necessary to develop such a methodology.
Monetary Policy and the Predictability of Nominal Exchange Rates
Authors: Eichenbaum Martin , Johannsen Benjamin K. , Rebelo Sergio
Published: April 2017

This paper documents two facts about the behavior of floating exchange rates in countries where monetary policy follows a Taylor-type rule. First, the current real exchange rate is highly negatively correlated with future changes in the nominal exchange rate at horizons greater than two years. This negative correlation is stronger the longer is the horizon. Second, for most countries, the real exchange rate is virtually uncorrelated with future inflation rates both in the short and in the long run. We develop a class of models that can account for these and other key observations about real and nominal exchange rates.
AIM reference track - test site for V2X communication systems and cooperative ITS services
Authors: Frankiewicz Tobias , Burmeister Alexander
Published: April 2017

Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) based on Vehicle2X (V2X) communication are currently under development in the automotive industry and regarded to be in mass-production in the near future. In order to develop and test cooperative ITS services, the Institute of Transportation Systems of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) operates a large-scale test site in the city of Braunschweig, Germany. This research infrastructure facilitates test activities, measurements as well as evaluation activities for C-ITS in a real-life environment.
Extensive small bowel gangrene at mid-term pregnancy with fruitful outcome
Authors: Elbashir Abdulhadi M. , Alsareii Saeed A. , Mustafa Sana B.
Published: April 2017

Intestinal obstruction during pregnancy is very rare. The mechanical intestinal obstruction was mostly due to adhesion from previous surgery.  Pregnancy may mask the symptoms of intestinal obstruction, and virgin abdomen adds to the ambiguity of the diagnosis. The mortality and morbidity increased for the mother and the fetus in the presence of bowel gangrene. We present a case of intestinal obstruction at mid-term pregnancy with extensive small bowel gangrene which necessitates right hemicolectomy and ends with a good outcome for the mother and fetus.
Outcome of skin incision by cautery versus steel scalpel in hernia surgery: a prospective cohort study at a tertiary medical college hospital in South India
Authors: V. Ragesh K. , S. Mahendran , Mathad Siddarth
Published: April 2017

Background: Since a long time, skin incisions have routinely been made with scalpels. Now a days there is a shift in trend from this method to electrosurgical skin incisions. However, fear of bad scars and improper wound healing has prevented its wide spread use. The aim of the study was to compare the Diathermy versus Scalpel skin incision in elective hernia surgeries with regards to post-operative pain, post-operative wound infection rate and wound healing.Methods: A total of 200 patients were taken for this study. 100 patients underwent diathermy incision (group A) who were compared with 100 scalpel incision patients (group B). Variables used in this study were postoperative pain, wound infection and scar.Results: Patients with diathermy skin incision were having less post-operative pain which was assessed by visual analogue scale when compared with scalpel incision since the p value was 0.01 which is significant (<0.05). The postoperative infection rate and scar were comparable in both the groups since the p-value is >0.05 in each which is insignificant.Conclusions: Diathermy incisions are therefore less harmful to the skin. It has got more advantages than scalpel incisions like less postoperative pain.
The outcome of severe acute malnutrition children admitted to nutrition rehabilitation centre of a tertiary level care hospital
Authors: K. Dhanalakshmi , C. Gayathri Devi
Published: April 2017

Background: Malnutrition is common in paediatric age group and is responsible for high morbidity, mortality and serious long term sequelae. A nutritional therapy followed by nutritional rehabilitation is a very important aspect for these children. Optimal management of these acutely ill children and a good outcome depends on an evidence based regimen of care in the Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre (NRC). We under took this study to know the outcome of SAM children admitted to the NRC of our hospital.Methods: 736 children were enrolled in the study. Data of the children like age, sex, criteria for admission, associated complications, feeding pattern, response to therapy and their outcome were evaluated.Results: female were 371 (50.40%) and male were 365(49.5%) children. 221 (30.02%) were <6months, 231(31.38%) 6-12months, 144 (19.56%) 12months-24months and 140(19.02%) were >2 years. The weight for height of all the children were less than -3SD. 72.9% of the children had complication, diarrhoea in 28.49% and pneumonia in 35.75% were the common complications. 513 (74.55%) children showed some weight gain. The mean weight gain was 4.4 gm/kg/day. Mean duration of stay was 8.45 days. Cure rate was 81% and death rate was 6.52%.Conclusions: With a cure rate of 81%, death rate of 6.52% and defaulter rate of 12.09%, falling within the acceptable range and duration of stay 8.4 days, weight gain of 4.4g/kg/days in the lower range, management of these children in specialised feeding centre is important for faster recovery and a better weight gain.
Comparison of neurocognitive deficit among euthymic bipolar I disorder patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy controls
Authors: Gowda Sunil N. , Chandak Sumit , Sawant Vishal , Kulkarni Amit
Published: April 2017

Background: Bipolar patients often suffer from debilitating cognitive impairment in different stages of the disease (manic, depressive or euthymic states). We assessed and compared the frequency of neurocognitive deficit among individual with bipolar I disorder but currently in euthymic state, their first-degree blood relatives and healthy controls. In addition, we also probed further into the type of neurocognitive deficit that can be seen among them and observed the influence of sociodemographic characteristics with the occurrence of neurocognitive deficit in individual with bipolar I disorder patient.Methods: Patients (N=30) who fulfilled the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV TR) criteria for bipolar I disorder but currently in remission were assessed for any neurological deficits using the standard instruments. In this study, 30 first-degree blood relatives of bipolar I disorder patients and selected 30 hospital staff as healthy controls were also assessed for neurological deficits.Results: We did not find any significant frontal dysfunction among first-degree blood relatives of bipolar I disorder patient when compared with euthymic bipolar I disorder patients. Factor that significantly affected neurocognitive performance in the bipolar patients who were in euthymic state included age, total duration of illness and number of manic episode.Conclusions: As neurocognitive impairment is associated with number of manic episode and total duration of illness; the objective of treatment should be to prolong remission and impart psychoeducation regarding nature of illness. On the contrary, anticipating definite cognitive impairment in first-degree blood relatives of bipolar I disorder patient when compared to healthy control warrants periodic neurocognitive testing and psychoeducation about deficit and medical intervention, if required.
Health implications of inorganic phosphate additives in food products: a systematic review
Authors: Anukam Chinedu C. , Agu Benedicta N.
Published: April 2017

Background: Evidence based data identifies phosphate additives in food products as a public health concern, especially in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is limited public awareness of the risks associated with phosphate additives. This study focuses on a systematic review of findings on health implications of phosphate additives, with the aim of strengthening public health knowledge, insight, understanding and prevention of exposure to phosphate toxicity and chronic diseases.Methods: Studies with primary data on phosphate additives were identified using keyword electronic database search in PubMed and BMC. To meet the review criteria, articles needed to (1) be published in English (2) focus on phosphate additives (3) address the potential health risks associated with phosphate additives (4) identify existing health problems caused by phosphate additives (5) published between 2005 to 2017 to provide a more dynamic review and (6) hold a strong research evidence that confirms the associated risks of phosphate additives.Results: Findings from reviewed literature suggest a link between high phosphate content in food products and chronic renal failure, cardiovascular complications, accelerated aging process, allergic reactions and increased morality rate. The need to regulate the use of phosphates additives in food products and strengthen public health education is essential to minimise high exposure to phosphate additives.Conclusions: Further research, proper food labelling, strict regulation of unhealthy food additives, nutrition education and sensitisation of consumers are required to minimise exposure to phosphate additives and susceptibility to chronic diseases.
Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients treated under DOTS in Calicut
Authors: Mohandas Bindu , Pawar Anant T. , John Annie , Kumar Durgesh
Published: April 2017

Background: Tuberculosis remains a worldwide public health problem despite the fact that highly effective drugs are available making TB a curable disease. DOTS chemotherapy remains central to the public health approach to tuberculosis control under RNTCP. The present study is conducted to know the clinical profile and treatment outcome of TB patients registered under RNTCP in Mukkam CHC, Calicut. The study was conducted with the following objectives: 1) to study the treatment outcome of TB patients receiving DOTS, 2) to find the occurrence of pulmonary, extra-pulmonary and MDR TB and 3) to find out factors responsible for poor treatment outcome.Methods: This record based study was conducted in Mukkam CHC. Details of patients who were enrolled under RNTCP in the year 2013 were collected from RNTCP records. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results are expressed in percentage. Statistical analysis used was Chi square test.Results: Out of 289 patients studied, 66.78% were males and 33.22% were females. 69.5% of the patients were having pulmonary TB and 30.5% extrapulmonary TB. There were two cases of MDR TB. 58% of the patients with pulmonary TB were sputum positive and 42% were sputum negative. 87.8% were given Cat I treatment and 11.7% were given Cat II treatment. Only one patient was on Non DOTS regimen. 96.6% of the patients had completed DOTS. When treatment outcome was analyzed, the patients with treatment completed was 54%, cured 35%, defaults 4%, treatment failure 2% and transfer out 2% and 3% of patients died during the course of the treatment. 7.61% of patients had diabetes mellitus and only one case was reported HIV positive. Treatment outcome was significantly associated with type of patient and pulmonary TB sputum positivity.Conclusions:The treatment success rate was 100% in 0-5 years and least in > 65years of age group. Further studies are required to find out the reasons for comparatively high proportion of sputum smear negative cases.
Surgical management of fractures of distal end radius using uniplanar external fixator augmented with percutaneous kirschner wire fixation
Authors: Shivakumar H. B. , Channappa T. S. , C. Sushma , Jayaram Manju
Published: April 2017

Background: Distal end radius fractures is one of the most common fractures of the upper limb especially in the elderly population, accounting for about 17% of all upper limb fractures. Surgical stabilization of these fractures remains a challenge even today. Although the recent trend is towards internal fixation with locking plates, the external fixator itself has its own advantages in the treatment of these fractures.

Methods: This study is a prospective, time bound, hospital based study conducted in Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, between November 2014 to April 2016. The study included 30 cases of distal end radius fractures that were operated with the closed reduction and uniplanar external fixator augmented with k-wire for distal end radius by the principle of ligamentotaxis.

Results: In our study, 14 (46.6 %) patients had excellent results. Whereas, 11 (36.7%) patients had good results and 3 (10%) had fair and only 2 (6.7%) patients had poor results. Most of the fractures united by 12 weeks. Complications associated with the study was stiffness, malunion, sudeck’s  osteodystrophy and pin tract infection.

Conclusions: The uniplanar external fixator augmented with k-wire is a good choice in the treatment of distal end radius fractures  in terms of providing a good functional outcome if proper preoperative planning, good reduction and surgical technique are followed, leading to high rate of bone union, minimal soft tissue damage and complications.
Management of vascular lesions using advanced laser technology
Authors: Tzermias Christofer , Eleftheriadi Areti , Gkiouzepaki Ioulia
Published: April 2017

One of the most widely used cutaneous applications of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (laser) concerns the treatment of vascular lesions. During the past two decades, very significant advances in the application of laser technology in dermatology have occurred, with selective photothermolysis being the most important. This review focuses on the application of modern laser devices (Pulsed Dye Laser, or PDL; potassium titanyl phosphate laser, or KTP; diode laser; and neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser, or Nd:YAG), as well as the combination of laser and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of vascular lesions. In particular, both congenital (haemangiomas and port-wine stains) and acquired vascular lesions (facial and leg telangiectasias, rosacea, Poikiloderma of Civatte, spider angioma, pyogenic granuloma, and venous lakes) are discussed. The review of many recent research studies demonstrates that modern applications of lasers in dermatology constitute the finest method for the treatment of vascular lesions, combining the advantages of invasive therapy with the security offered by non-invasive therapy, while in certain cases they are the single and only choice for the treatment of these lesions.
Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized using Latex of Jatropha curcas and Lannea grandis
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Halder Dipankar , Mitra Atanu
Published: April 2017

This paper reports rapid and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of two different plants Jatropha curcas (Jc) and Lannea grandis (Lg). Latex of these plants act as both reducing as well as capping agent. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of as-synthesized silver nanocolloids (AgNC) appeared at 440 nm and 415 nm for the AgNC synthesized by latex of Jc and Lg, respectively. TEM images show that the latex of Lg produced smaller regular-shaped particles than those produced by latex of Jc. The influence of different synthesis parameters like concentration of latex, concentration of metal ion, time of reaction etc., on the morphology of the particles were also studied by monitoring UV-Vis spectra of the samples.
Reduction of Nitrous Oxide in Diesel Engine using Metal Salt Macro-Emulsion
Authors: Sendilvelan S. , Bhaskar K.
Published: April 2017

In this paper four new emulsions were prepared by mixing 0.5% tween 85 and 0.5% span 80 with diesel fuel using 10% aqueous metal salt solution with concentration of 0.4 mol/dm3. The performance and emission tests were carried out by using these fuels in single cylinder water cooled diesel engine. The results were compared with that of diesel and comparison graphs were plotted to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using the new emulsions over diesel. This report analyze on the effect of new emulsion fuels combustion on brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon emissions. The emulsions used for analysis achieved reasonable reductions in the NOx emission from diesel engines without requiring any retrofitting of the engines and also there was no notable increase in emission of other pollutants.
Preparation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles and Solid Supported Bilayer from Large Unilamellar Vesicles: Model Biological Membranes
Authors: Basu Amrita , Maity Pabitra , Karmakar Prasanta , Karmakar Sanat
Published: April 2017

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUV) and supported planar membranes are excellent model biological systems for studying the structure and functions of membranes. We have prepared GUV from Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUV) using electroformation and Supported planar Lipid Bilayer (SLB) by vesicle fusion method. LUV was prepared using an extrusion method and was characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. The techniques for obtaining GUV as well as SLB from LUV have been demonstrated. We have directly observed the formation of GUV under phase contrast microscopy. This study will provide some insights into the physico-chemical properties of both nano and micron size vesicles. We believe that this method could be extremely useful for reconstituting various bio-molecules in GUV. We have presented one example where an antimicrobial peptide NK-2 was reconstituted in GUV prepared from LUV. SLB formation was monitored and characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
Development of Chemical Conversion Coating for Blackening of a Grade of Stainless Steel Useful for Fabrication of Optical Devices
Authors: Chauhan Lakhi Ram , Singh Majar , Bajpai J. K. , Misra Kshipra , Agarwal Amit
Published: April 2017

An improved chemical conversion coating process for blackening of a specific type of stainless steel has been developed. In this process a new optimized bath compositions and operating procedures were set-up by using different trial & error methods to get the desired coating. The technique is also developed for the simplicity, and economical aspect than other techniques. Characterization of coating is done in terms of morphology, optical, hardness by using SEM, Spectrophotometer, and Indentation Hardness methods. Sea-water and temperature variations effects on the coated surface are also studied.
The Analogical Practitioner: Relating Theory to Practice in Vocational Settings Using Problem Solutions, Causality, Design Patterns, Abstraction, and Case-Based Reasoning
Authors: Kingsley Paul
Published: April 2017

Universally true generalizations, from which specific conclusions can be deduced, are often unavailable to the practitioner, defined as anyone carrying out an occupation or profession. Theoretical shortcomings in the body of knowledge presented by academics can be counteracted by the practitioner using his or her knowledge of problem solutions. These can be stored as particular cases or as more generalized design patterns. They will typically contain information about cause-and-effect relationships and normative information about acceptable solutions. Use can be made of these solutions by employing reasoning by analogy and case-based reasoning. Similar problems require similar solutions. Cause-and-effect theory can be generated by practitioners using abstraction from particular cases, as an alternative to enumerative induction. The difference between this theory and that of the academic can be largely one of degree of generality. There is a continuum of cause-and-effect relationships at different levels of abstraction, which does not justify the abrupt separation of the academic and practitioner worlds, which has been encouraged by a reasonable interpretation of Bernsteins work. The study of exemplary problems in vocational education can be made more effective if it is accompanied by an examination of the actual outcomes of previously proposed solutions.
Flottement Du Taux De Change Et Incomplétude De La Transmission De La Politique Monétaire Au Taux Débiteur
Authors: Alaoui Hassan Hachimi
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a partial equilibrium model of the credit market where the interference between nominal exchange rate, banks' balance sheet and credit channels of monetary policy transmission give rise to an incomplete pass through to the lending rate. The model shows that the overlapping of these three channels under floating exchange rate regime and external debt with endogenous risk premium is the cause of a conflictual effect of monetary shocks on banks behavior. This is in line with research highlighting externalities of floating exchange rate regime.
La Planification Du Developpement: Un Outil De Performance Des Etablissements De Microfinance (EMF) Au Cameroun
Authors: Innocent Essomme
Published: April 2017

This research deals with the relationship between Development Planning and the performance of enterprises in the MFI sector in the city of Yaound. Based on the Pearson chi-square test performed on 46 EMFs observed over the period 2011-2014, our results show that the performance of these firms is not independent of how they formalize their decisionmaking processes in the form Development plan. In addition, the study notes that firms that choose to make proactive and rational decisions as a management model, places more emphasis on planning. However, the use of a formal plan for long-term planning allows for good performance of MFIs. This is why we suggest to these companies the use and implementation of the development plan and the making of advance decisions for growing their business.
Controle Et Performance Des Reseaux De Pme Camerounaises : Une Approche Transactionnelle
Authors: Tyéri B. Tcheubeu Nana , Désirée Ngomesse Njike
Published: April 2017

Nowadays, companies, and especially SMEs, are engaged in fierce competition. One of the solutions to this strong competition is for these companies to reduce the number of potential suppliers and to establish strategic partnership relationships. This is how a networked organization allows them to be more flexible and better able to adapt to this environment. Research, however, reveals a very weak life experience of business networks. The objectives of this work are to present the control in the transactional approach within SME networks, to check whether it can explain the performance of these SMEs. From an observation of 54 Cameroonian SMEs in the manufacturing and logistics sectors, it is clear that among the tools of the transactional control mode, contracts less than six months are the most used and these negatively influence the performance of network SMEs. This important use of contracts of less than six months may be due to non-compliance with the terms of the contract by the partners, legal and judicial insecurity which leads the partners to evaluate first the performance of a contract less than six months, before moving on to another contract.
Equidad, Género Y Diversidad En Educación
Authors: Domínguez Yolanda Márquez , Gutiérrez-Barroso Josué , Gómez-Galdona Nayra
Published: April 2017

Education has a significant role to play in the lives of everyone. Schools are still one of the ways of achieving valuable goals in education, both socially and individually. Education has an impact on our health, political participation, equal opportunities, environment, economy, culture, citizenship, human rights, and on the equitable distribution of social benefits (Pérez-Jorge, Márquez-Domínguez, Gómez-Galdona, De la Rosa-Hormiga & Marrero-Morales, 2016). Education offers people the opportunity to make decision regarding their own lives; to use their abilities; to take care of themselves as well as other people; to maintain our high expectations and interests; and to make social and political participation possible. In that sense, education is a way to make us free and in living a fulfilled life. In this essay on “Equity, Gender and Diversity in Education”, it will be exposed (starting from the initial idea on the importance of education) that nowadays, schools (education), despite all the technological advancement and educational reforms, has little to do with an ideal model of diversity and gender directed towards equal opportunities in education (Criado, 2004). In this study, we will try to analyze the treatment that is being carried out by public policies about gender equality and diversity. Also, we will make significant contributions, if possible, to the debate and reflect on the achievement of quality and inclusive education. This contribution is one that is able to respond to the educational need for diversity in education.
A Theory for Everything? Is a Knowledge of Career Development Theory Necessary to Understand Career Decision Making?
Authors: Matthews Robert J.
Published: April 2017

Career decisions are complex ones. Whether clients plan their career in a systematic way, carefully considering their options and making an informed choice or build their careers their own way seizing opportunities, taking chances and profiting from chance and serendipity, career guidance professionals need a least a cursory knowledge of career development theory to adequately understand these decisions. As practitioners, we do not work with homogenised groups, we work with individuals with varying levels of internal and external constraints on career choice. Career decisions are not always made in a considered and informed way. Evidence from Brimrose (2006) suggest that only 25% of the population use a strategic or rational approach to career decision making. In fact, Gladwell (2005) suggests intuitive decision making may be more effective. As Mitchell (2003) attests careers are seldom planned but are often developed by being aware of and acting on the landmarks that appear on the way (Mitchell, 2003, p.4). This dichotomy has led to certain amount of ambivalence to career theory from practitioners. Kidd, et al, (1994) found that practitioners were virtually unanimous in their dismissal of the value of theories of guidanceit was frequently described as airy-fairy or wooly (Kidd, et al, 1994, p.391). Closs (2001) argues that practitioners should focus on meeting the needs of clients and not concern themselves with theory. While development theory can attempt to explain the past experiences, quantifying chance and clients ability to profit from it, is more difficult. However, an understanding of career development theory can help us adapt our professional practice to individual need.
Mora: ¿Fuente De Ingresos Para Productores Y Comercializadores?. Un Enfoque Desde El Análisis De La Dinámica Del Mercado De Las Familias De La Ciudad De Riobamba. Estudio De Caso: Parroquia El Altar, Ecuador.
Authors: Romero Gabriela Natalí Fonseca , Vizuete Danny Daniel Castillo , Báez Luis Alberto Quevedo
Published: April 2017

Agriculture is one of the main economic activities in Ecuador, and it is fundamental to an economy in terms of food security. Currently, the country is involved in a process of changing its production system. Its main objective is to carry out the substitution of exports for imports and the generation of added value. In order to achieve these goals, agriculture is considered as a dynamic element of the rural Andean regions. El Altar is a rural parish located in the Penipe area of Chimborazo Province. Due to its particular geographical location, El Altar has several climates ranging from the subtropical to the high altitude plane. This climate facilitates the development of a heterogeneous agriculture. In this mix, the cultivation of blackberries has developed into an important economy activity for the parish inhabitants. Consequently, based on an analysis of the demand of the competition and a calculation of the objective demand, we determined the likely acceptance of families in Riobamba to consume the blackberries cultivated in the El Altar parish. Also, we ascertain the possibility of the producers to expand their market and the profit the seller could receive. In conclusion, it was found that families in Riobamba would like to consume the blackberry cultivated from El Altar. However, this activity could generate significant economic benefits for the producers and commercial sellers of this fruit.
Las 'Babiloníacas' de Jámblico. Una novela erótica 'sui generis'
Authors: Rojas Álvarez Lourdes
Published: April 2017

Las Babiloníacas, escrita por Jámblico en el s. II d. C., fue transmitida por Focio en el Cod. 94 de su Biblioteca. Esta obra, ubicada dentro del grupo de las denominadas novelas eróticas, comparte con ellas muchos elementos: aventuras de los protagonistas, persecuciones, muertes aparentes, confusión de personajes, segundas nupcias de la protagonista, cartas y acontecimientos asombrosos (mirabilia).La trama tiene como telón de fondo la persecución que sufren los protagonistas por órdenes del rey Garmo, y en ella se insertan los demás episodios en un tiempo de ficción que parece breve, pero que es interrumpido por numerosas digresiones. La finalidad de este artículo es presentar las características ya señaladas de esta novela y ofrecer diversos pasajes que nospermitan hacernos una idea más clara de la obra, muy popular en su tiempo, como lo denota la cantidad de citas del Léxico Suda, que también destaca su riqueza léxica.
Placeres verdaderos y falsos en el Filebo de Platón
Authors: Schmidt Osmanczik Ute
Published: April 2017

El Filebo, diálogo sumamente complicado, con el subtítulo “Sobre el placer”, trata, entre otros asuntos, el tema poco común de los placeres “verdaderos”y “falsos”. En otras palabras, se plantea la cuestión de la verdad y de la falsedad de sentimientos y emociones, problema que es evidentemente falso. Sin embargo, Platón insiste en ello y en el curso de la obra se verá que los predicados “verdadero” y “falso” se aplican en un sentido no común a los placeres. El hecho de que Platón insista en la verdad y la falsedad de los placeres, se debe a que combate el hedonismo y toda ética subjetivista.
La planificación del borde urbano-rural: el caso del Plan Finger 2007 de Copenhague [Dinamarca]
Authors: López-Goyburu Patricia
Published: April 2017

La dispersión urbana invade el territorio rural con inmensas urbanizaciones de muy baja densidad que arrasan con la calidad natural, económica y social del medio rural. Para que las instituciones puedan llegar a planificar dicho espacio es necesario encontrar herramientas que permitan actuar sobre este territorio. Para desarrollar este objetivo se realiza la revisión de las propuestas que plantea el último plan territorial de la ciudad respecto a esta temática, el Plan Finger 2007. La metodología aplicada es de de tipo cualitativa en la medida que lo que persigue es explicar las estrategias de intervención en el borde urbano rural. Para ello, se analiza y evalúa dicho plan a través de tres miradas (nodos, infraestructura y espacios abiertos). Los resultados del trabajo realizado muestran que el plan establece una estructura que permite dar lugar a un espacio de borde urbano-rural con una forma definida. El estudio realizado muestra como la jerarquización de los lugares, la jerarquización de vías de comunicación y la utilización de los espacios abiertos permiten estructurar el territorio. La superposición e interrelación de dichos instrumentos ha permitido generar un orden que facilita la lectura, la orientación y la conformación de bordes urbano-rural flexibles y adaptables a los sucesivos cambios pero dentro del marco establecido por la estructura.