bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal morbidity in outpatients undergoing oral surgical procedures under general anaesthesia in the dental surgery
Authors: Hempenstall P. D. , de Plater R. M. H.
Published: May 2009

Economic pressures have resulted in an increased demand for surgical treatment under general anaesthesia on an outpatient basis. Previous studies have reported a high incidence of severe morbidity associated with general anaesthesia in both general dentistry and oral surgery. This is particularly marked with dento‐alveolar procedures.

The ready availability of relatively inexpensive monitoring equipment together with upgraded standards recently announced by various authorities necessitates that all practitioners review their current practices in the areas of sedation and general anaesthesia.

In addition to the ultimate importance of patient care and safety, the increased incidence of litigation leaves no latitude for complacency.

This paper details a relatively simple, cost‐effective general anaesthetic technique suitable for outpatient oral surgical procedures in the dental surgery in which all relevant recommendations at the time of writing were observed or exceeded.

Associated morbidity was considerably less than previosuly reported, with a high degree of patient satisfaction.
A ten‐year follow‐up case report following surgical correction of anterior open bite
Authors: Lew K. K. K. , Loh H. S.
Published: May 2009

A case is reported whereby an anterior open‐bite was treated with the Köle osteotomy in an adult Chinese girl. This study documents cephalometrically the post‐treatment changes occurring in the dento‐alveolar complex over a ten year follow‐up period and describes the possible mechanisms contributing to the remarkable stability of the open‐bite correction.
The range of functional mandibular movement in bruxists. 3. Results
Authors: Faulkner Keith D. B.
Published: May 2009

Part 3 presents the results of the examination carried out in Part 2. A summary of the tooth tapping task and the chewing task is given with comment on the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal plane of bruxists and non‐bruxists.
Normative dental treatment needs of Alzheimer patients
Authors: Chapman P. J. , Shaw R. M.
Published: May 2009

The results of this survey show that the dental needs of non‐institutionalized Alzheimer patients are quite high — three out of four requiring dental treatment. This concurs with the results of the only other similar study published. Physicians should be made aware of the extent of the problem and the importance of advising dental referral soon after a patient is diagnosed.
Endurance of jaw elevator muscles during cementation of a single molar crown
Authors: Shepherd B. G. , McNamara D. C. , Henry P. J.
Published: May 2009

Muscle activity of four jaw‐closing muscles was monitored in 19 healthy subjects by EMG, under conditions associated with cementation of a crown restoration. Each subject performed two maximum voluntary contractions (MVC), each of two minutes duration, separated by a thirty‐minute time interval. There was no visual feedback of muscle activity. Local analgesia, psychologic reinforcement and actual cementation were other conditions tested. All muscles fatigued as a function of time. For this experimental procedure the ipselateral muscles demonstrated less endurance than contralateral muscles. Psychologic reinforcement did not alter muscle activity. The effect of local analgesia was inconclusive and requires further investigation.
Dental health of disabled children in Singapore
Authors: Vignehsa H. , Soh G. , Lo G. L. , Chellappah N.K.
Published: May 2009

The oral health status of the disabled has generally been poorer than the general population as the treatment and care afforded to them has been minimal. This paper examines the relationship of the various types of disabilities to dental health status.

The dental status of a random sample of 322 disabled children aged between 6 and 18 years was assessed. The children had various disabilities: intellectual, hearing, visual, and musculo‐skeletal. Most differences in the prevalence and severity of the dental conditions assessed among the children in the various disability groups were not significant. However, in comparison with normal schoolchildren aged 6 to 18, the disabled children had higher levels of disease and received less dental attention.
Severe abrasion of composite and amalgam restorations in a patient with Lupus erythematosus systemic. Case report
Authors: Hogan Paul F. , Bryant Roland W. , Klineberg Iven J.
Published: May 2009

A case of repeated severe abrasion of amalgam and composite resin restorations in a patient under treatment for Lupus erythematosus systemic is reported. The patient had a history of audible nocturnal bruxism. Severe roughening occurred within three weeks of placement of the restorations and was related precisely to surfaces in contact with the opposing restored dentition. Examination by SEM revealed an unusual wear pattern of the amalgam restorations.
The early development of palatal rugae in the rat
Authors: Thomas C. J. , Rossouw R. J.
Published: May 2009

The palatal rugae in rats are contained in two of three zones of morpho‐differentiation and develop around the time of palatal closure. Previous studies in humans and pigs have been based on crown‐rump lengths but now controlled breeding in rats has allowed exact timing to be established. Twenty‐nine female DB IX rats were fertilized and sacrificed in a controlled procedure and foetuses processed for light microscopy and SEM. Serial sagittal sections were made and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Verhoef's stains. At day 13 the palate was open and no rugae were visible. At day 14 the palatal shelves had started to migrate medially and the antemolar rugae appeared. At day 15 the palatal shelves were touching and the inter‐molar rugae became visible, and at day 16 fusion was all but complete and the definitive rugal pattern established. The development and differentiation is more advanced than in humans and it is concluded that the rugae probably have a role to play in the oral function of animals whereas in humans they are becoming attenuated and the development timetable is retarded because of redundancy.
Treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery: the significance of tooth inclination and dental compensations
Authors: Jacobs Stanley G.
Published: May 2009

The scope of orthodontic treatment is examined and the importance of the initial tooth inclinations and skeletal base relationships is explained. Dental compensations which occur in all three planes of space are discussed. Special attention is given to the importance of dental compensations in the antero‐posterior plane in orthognathic surgery treatment planning. There is a necessity for early definitive decision‐making in the borderline orthognathic surgery patient and the role of orthodontic camouflage is pointed out. Case selection for treatment with removable appliances is explored.
Cervical enamel projections in Chinese first permanent molars*
Authors: Zee Kwan Yat , Chiu Mei Ling Bonnie , Holmgren Christopher J. , Walker Richard T. , Corbet Esmonde F.
Published: May 2009

Cervical enamel projections in relation to molar furcations may act as predisposing factors in periodontal attachment loss. Limited data are available documenting these features in Chinese teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution in a sample of first permanent molars from Hong Kong Chinese. Three hundred and sixty‐two extracted first molars (194 maxillary, 168 mandibular) were selected from the Prince Philip Dental Hospital tooth collection and examined using a dissection microscope for identification and classification. Cervical enamel projections were identified in 59 per cent of maxillary and 79 per cent of mandibular first molars. Buccal aspects were more frequently involved. Forty‐nine per cent were Grade III (extending to the furcation area); over one‐ half were particularly slender while 18 per cent were discontinuous. A modification to the classification system is proposed in order to delineate these features in future studies.
Clinical evaluation of four composite resins in posterior teeth. Five‐year results
Authors: Tyas M. J. , Wassenaar P.
Published: May 2009

Four different composite resins (three small particle and one microfill) were placed in 106 posterior teeth and followed over a five‐year period. Colour and marginal discoloration characteristics were assessed from standard photographs, and wear evaluated by standardized measurement of cavity wall exposure and scanning electron microscopy of replicas. The colour of the materials changed, but not to an unacceptable degree, over the five‐year period, and marginal discoloration increased slightly. The wear rate of the four materials was similar, and appeared to decrease after about 2–4 years. Some materials exhibited surface damage, and some of the microfill restorations failed catastrophically.
The treatment of facial disharmony and malocclusion by jaw surgery. Case reports
Authors: Barker J. H. , Brown T. , David D. J. , Nugent M. A. C.
Published: May 2009

Examples are given of the Australian Cranio‐Facial Unit's methods of dealing with facial disharmony and malocclusion by orthognathic surgery. Members of the Unit specialize in different aspects of craniofacial structure and function, and their teamwork is described. Treatment planning and assessment are illustrated by traditional cephalometric and other analytical procedures, and by pattern profile analysis. An appraisal is made of the Unit's increasing use of computer technology to facilitate these analyses, and to integrate various sources of information about facial disharmony.
The range of functional mandibular movement in bruxists. 4. Discussion and conclusions
Authors: Faulkner Keith D. B.
Published: May 2009

Part 4 presents a discussion of the results of the study and compares the differences in mandibular movement between bruxists and non‐bruxists following analysis of the tests used.
Replacement of low copper amalgams by a group of general dental practitioners
Authors: Cheetham J. D. , Makinson O. F. , Dawson A. S.
Published: May 2009

The replacement of low copper amalgams was studied in a number of general practices in Adelaide in 1975 duplicating, by design, the method of a similar Canadian study. The results of this study are in surprising agreement with the Canadian data, and are still relevant to modern practice as the high copper alloys have not proven to have greatly superior longevity.

This study involved 60 dentists who, over 271 working days, replaced an average of 6.7 amalgam surfaces/dentist/day. This is equivalent to 1541 amalgam surfaces replaced/dentist/year. In addition, the reasons given for the removal of existing amalgam restorations were closely congruent with those given by the Canadian dentists.

This study also indicated that many of these restorations increased in size. This is evident through restorations extending from two surfaces to involve three surfaces.
Mandibular refracture as treatment method for jaw alignment. Case report
Authors: Watson D. E.
Published: May 2009

A case of malocclusion of the lower jaw following trauma and healing which was subsequently corrected by mandibular refracture is described.
A clinical technique for the formation of crown cores: the Core Mould
Authors: Knapp M. W.
Published: May 2009

The use of moulds to facilitate the placement and formation of cores on broken‐down teeth prior to crown construction is described. The moulds are made of a transparent thermoplastic material and are designed in a number of configurations according to the tooth to be restored. They produce cores of a predetermined taper and an axially corrugated surface.
Mongoloid features of the permanent mandibular second molar in Singaporean Chinese
Authors: Loh H. S.
Published: May 2009

The permanent mandibular second molar is usually described as four‐cusped, two placed buccally and two lingually. It has been reported that five‐cusp forms were more commonly present in dentitions of mongoloid origin. The prevalence and features of this tooth form were examined in a Singaporean sample of 380 subjects with bilateral presence of the mandibular second molars. One‐hundred and sixty four cases (43.1 per cent) were found to have bilateral occurrence of five‐cusp forms and thirty‐four cases (8.9 per cent) with unilateral occurrence. Six‐cusp forms were detected in three cases. There was almost equal prevalence in both sexes and both sides were equally involved in unilateral cases. The extra cusp was smallest, placed disto‐buccally and sometimes midway at the distal border. The occlusal outline of five‐cusp second molars was rectangular with a somewhat similar groove pattern to the first molar. There was an increase in the mesio‐distal width of the crown. The high incidence was comparable with other studies of mongoloid dentitions and it could be considered as an important morphological and racial characteristic of the Singaporean Chinese.
Direct posterior composite resin restorations: A review. 2. Clinical technique
Authors: Bryant Roland W.
Published: May 2009

Despite the increased use of composite resin to restore posterior teeth, there is evidence that clinicians should be selective in their use of these restorations.

This paper describes the clinical technique — preparatory procedures, preparation of the cavity, preparation for placement of composite resin, placement of composite resin and finishing of the restoration — for the relatively conservative use of composite resin in posterior teeth and reviews the literature to discuss briefly many of the controversial aspects of the technique.
Microleakage of glass ionomer/composite resin restorations: a laboratory study. Part 2. The influence of bonding systems
Authors: Martin F. Elizabeth , Smith E. Dell Kingsford , Andrews Nectarios
Published: May 2009

Acid‐etching and bonding of composite resin to bevelled enamel margins has been reported to produce a reliable seal. However, achieving a seal with dentine and cementum margins is more difficult. Four different dentine bonding systems were used in combination with Silux composite resin to restore cervical cavities in vitro.

None of the bonding systems used completely sealed either the occlusal or gingival margins. Of the four systems, GLUMA provided the best seal at both the occlusal and gingival margins.
Restoration longevity in an Australian Defence Force population
Authors: Dawson Squadron Leader A. S. , Smales R. J.
Published: May 2009

Replacement of restorations comprises a considerable portion of the work of most dentists. Consequently, factors that affect restoration longevity can influence the pattern of dental practice in a given community. Based on the results of research into treatment provision in the General Dental Service in Scotland, it was considered possible that factors such as the frequency with which patients were examined, and the frequency with which they changed dentists, might influence restoration longevity in other populations. Therefore, the present study was initiated to investigate the effects of these two factors in a population of 100 long‐term members of the Royal Australian Air Force. No statistically significant relationship could be found between examination frequency, or frequent changes in dental practitioner, and restoration longevity. It is proposed that the large differences found in restoration longevity between this study and the Scottish study upon which it was based, may be due in part to the differing modes of remuneration of the dentists in the two studies.
Emigration tendencies among Hong Kong Chinese dentists — 1990
Authors: Corbet E. F. , Davies W. I. R.
Published: May 2009

A postal questionnaire survey was conducted in April‐May 1990 among 1223 Hong Kong Chinese dentists resident in Hong Kong to ascertain their plans for emigration from the Territory, as there were no data on emigration trends among dentists. A response rate of 47 per cent was obtained. Only 7 per cent of respondents definitely did not plan to emigrate and 47 per cent planned definitely or hopefully to emigrate, mostly in the years prior to 1997. Canada, Australia and the United States of America were the destinations most commonly cited by those planning to emigrate, and only one‐quarter of these have any plans to return to Hong Kong. It was concluded that the emigration and return of Hong Kong dentists would influence workforce planning in the territory, and thus should be monitored.
Survey of dental practice/dental education in Victoria. Part V. One‐year follow‐up survey of 1988 graduating class
Authors: Stewart Barry L. , Macmillan Cleo H.
Published: May 2009

A follow‐up survey of the 1988 graduating class was carried out in order to compare views of the same cohort after 12 months of dental practice. The most significant finding was that there were few changes in opinion in respect to those subjects where 60 per cent or more respondents in the 1988 survey had judged the practical and/or theoretical components to have too little emphasis. These included fixed prosthodontics, occlusion, orthodontics, endodontics, aesthetic dentistry, oral surgery, conservative dentistry and care of the special patient. Recent changes to the undergraduate curriculum were highlighted and the need for further development in continuing education courses was re‐emphasized.
The adverse effects of dental restorative materials — a review
Authors: Mongkolnam Paitoon
Published: May 2009

Several materials used in dentistry are described as biomaterials. Owing to the intimate contact of these materials with the oral tissues, they should possess a high degree of biocompatibility. However, some materials may exhibit adverse effects, causing both local and general pathological changes, even though the occurrence seems to be relatively low. It is, therefore, the dentist's responsibility to be aware of the potential adverse effects of these materials and to take precautions to protect the patient from such effects. The purpose of this article is to review the potential adverse effects of some commonly used restorative materials, mainly with regard to patients.
Acrylic resins reinforced with highly drawn linear polyethylene woven fibres. 1. Construction of upper denture bases
Authors: Clarke D. A. , Ladizesky N. H. , Chow T. W.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a detailed description of the construction of complete acrylic upper dentures reinforced with highly drawn linear polyethylene fibres. The work forms part of a continuing project to elucidate the properties and potential of the new system.
Reducing the incidence of palatally impacted maxillary canines by extraction of deciduous canines: a useful preventive/interceptive orthodontic procedure. Case reports
Authors: Jacobs Stanley G.
Published: May 2009

The early detection of palatally impacted permanent maxillary canines is stressed. Appropriate radiographs to determine impactions are suggested and removal of deciduous canines to eliminate impactions in patients who have good dental arches with no space deficiency is recommended. Two case histories are presented to illustrate the method.
The use of role‐play and psychodrama in the education of the dental undergraduate
Authors: Cheung Garry S. P. , Dimmer Anne , Walker Richard T.
Published: May 2009

The delivery of effective information flow through self learning, critical thinking and problem solving is one of the objectives of current curriculum development within the Dental Faculty of the University of Hong Kong. These objectives reflect a desire to encourage skills related to ‘comprehension learning’ and ‘meaning orientation’ rather than ‘rote’ learning and ‘surface’ approaches. This paper explains the way in which role‐play and psychodrama are used in an effort to achieve these objectives.
Oral submucous fibrosis. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Oliver A. J. , Radden B. G.
Published: May 2009

A case history and brief literature review of oral submucous fibrosis is presented. This condition is most frequently found in the Indian subcontinent and only rarely encountered elsewhere. The aetiology is considered to be related to dietary habits and customs found in the population. The condition has a known malignant potential.

With increasing migration to Australia from the Indian subcontinent the condition should be known and recognized by clinicians.
Colour stability of composite resins: A clinical comparison
Authors: Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Ninety three Class III cavities were prepared in 66 patients, and restored with one of three resin‐based restorative materials; a hybrid self‐cure material, a microfine self‐cure material, or a microfine light‐cure material. Standard sets of clinical colour transparencies were used to evaluate colour match with the surrounding tooth and marginal discoloration over five years.

After five years, all materials had become slightly darker, the microfine self‐cure material significantly more so than the light‐cure material. There was no significant development of marginal discoloration.
Dimensional accuracy of small gold alloy castings. Part 4. The casting ring and ring liners
Authors: Morey Erica F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The role of the casting ring and its asbestos liner is discussed. Asbestos as a liner has now largely been replaced by two alternative materials, one based on cellulose and the other on ceramic fibres. The limited literature on the effect of these newer materials on casting accuracy is also reviewed as their introduction may require significant changes in the traditional technology of dental casting.
Surgical management of drooling. Case report
Authors: Young B. K. , Chapman P. J. , Crewe T. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Drooling occurs when excessive quantities of saliva dribble from the opened mouth. This distressing condition affects many mentally handicapped patients who are unable to effectively clear their normal salivary flow by swallowing. Any method employed for the control of drooling must still allow a sufficient volume of flow for mastication, deglutition and oral hygiene. Surgery is generally indicated for marked or severe cases of drooling and Wilkie's operation involving redirection of the parotid flow into the oropharynx is the most commonly performed surgical procedure. This operation may be combined with bilateral removal of the submandibular salivary glands if the problem is severe.
Assessment of the cariogenic potential of fruit fingers, muesli bars and jelly beans
Authors: Chandler N. P. , Thomson C. W. , Thomson M. E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Intra‐oral tests of a fruit bar, a muesli bar and jelly beans were performed to establish their cariogenic potential by means of enamel hardness changes. Little difference was found when the fruit finger and muesli bar were compared. Surprisingly, the jelly beans did not produce a greatly increased degree of softening when compared with the fruit fingers. Statistical significance was not reached in either of the experiments carried out.
The tunnel restoration – nine years of clinical experience using capsulated glass ionomer cements. Case report
Authors: Knight Geoffrey M.
Published: May 2009

The clinical potential of the tunnel restoration is restrained by perceived difficulties of access to proximal caries and lack of long‐term clinical data.

This paper describes a technique that affords proximal access similar to that of a standard Class II cavity preparation and provides an evaluation of a technique, using capsulated glass ionomer cements. It is supported by more than nine years of clinical experience that confirms the viability of this procedure as an alternative to conventional Class II cavity restorations for initial proximal lesions.
Microsurgical repair of nerves injured during third molar surgery*
Authors: Jones Robert H. B.
Published: May 2009

The inferior dental and lingual nerves are in close proximity to the mandibular third molar. In approximately 5 per cent of cases of the surgical removal of this tooth one or other of these nerves may be injured. In most cases the injury is reversible but in 1 per cent a distressing dysaesthesia may occur. The diagnosis of the sensory deficit is made by repeated sensory testing. If there is no improvement by six to nine months then complete spontaneous recovery will not occur. These irreversible nerve injuries can be successfully treated microsurgically.
Facial palsy in the dental surgery. Case report and review
Authors: Miles Peter G.
Published: May 2009

Facial palsy is a relatively uncommon condition with a variety of causes including dental intervention. A brief history of two cases of facial palsy with dental implications is presented. The aetiology of facial palsy is reviewed and the management of such cases is discussed. The option of immediate treatment of Bell's palsy with prednisone is stressed.
The effect of interface adhesion, water immersion and anatomical notches on the mechanical properties of denture base resins reinforced with continuous high performance polyethylene fibres
Authors: Ladizesky N. H. , Chow T. W.
Published: May 2009

Previous work1 has presented a study of the mechanical properties of denture base resins reinforced with a new type of high performance fibre. It is now shown that the substantial improvements demonstrated in those composites remain largely unaffected by a watery environment, anatomical notches, moulding pressure and other factors of denture construction.

The understanding of the reinforced resins is here complemented with a detailed study of the interface strength, taking into account the various couplings occurring within the system.
Survey of continuing dental education attendance in Western Australia
Authors: Tan Albert E. S.
Published: May 2009

A survey of attendance at continuing dental education courses convened by the University Postgraduate Dental Education Committee, University of Western Australia, and the Australian Dental Association. Western Australian Branch was collated for one calendar year. Attendances were compared relating to the number of dentists registered in the State, ADA membership, metropolitan versus rural dentists and the number of courses attended. The mandatory and voluntary options for continuing dental education are discussed in the light of the survey findings.
Parallel bonded cast attachments for removable partial dentures
Authors: Murray Michael D.
Published: May 2009

The original design of a semi‐precision extra‐coronal attachment for partial dentures is illustrated, and its fabrication in a cast non‐precious bondable alloy is described. A step‐by‐step method is also described of bonding multiple attachments in parallel for the retention and support of removable partial dentures. Clinical cases are illustrated. The results of trials indicate that the method is clinically viable and, in selected cases, appears to offer distinct advantages over existing retention systems.
One‐year clinical performance of PMDM‐based dentine bonding agents
Authors: Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

Two PMDM‐based dentine bonding agents and a microfilled composite were used to restore a total of forty non‐undercut caries‐free cervical abrasion lesions without enamel etching. Restorations were evaluated over one year and the loss rate calculated using a life table analysis. Marginal staining was assessed from colour photographs on a continuous linear rating scale. After one year, 5 per cent of Tenure bonded restorations were lost compared with 52 per cent of Mirage bonded restorations. Slight marginal staining was evident around Tenure bonded restorations after one year.
Binder's syndrome due to prenatal vitamin K deficiency: A theory of pathogenesis
Authors: Howe Andrew M. , Webster William S. , Lipson Anthony H. , Halliday Jane L. , Sheffield Leslie J.
Published: May 2009

There is evidence that vitamin K‐deficiency during human pregnancy can be caused by the therapeutic use of warfarin or phenytoin. The pregnancy histories of three cases of Binder's syndrome are reported. One was associated with warfarin exposure, one with phenytoin exposure and one with alcohol abuse. It is proposed that Binder's syndrome can be caused by prenatal exposure to agents that cause vitamin K‐deficiency.

Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated from postnatal day 1 to 12 weeks with daily doses of warfarin (100 mg/kg) and concurrent vitamin K1 (10 mg/kg). This regimen creates a net extra‐hepatic vitamin K‐deficiency. The treated rats developed with a distinct facial appearance characterized by a markedly reduced snout. Histological examination showed that the normally non‐calcified septal cartilage was extensively calcified. It is proposed that normal growth of the septal cartilage is necessary for the development of the profile of the nose and midface and that normal growth will only take place while the septal cartilage is uncalcified.
Terminology of facial morphology in the vertical dimension
Authors: Collett A. R. , West V. C.
Published: May 2009

Consideration of facial type plays an important role in the formulation of an orthodontic treatment plan and prognosis of treatment. Of particular importance is the vertical relationship, that is, whether an individual is long‐faced (dolichofacial), or short‐faced (brachyfacial). The vertical facial type provides a clue regarding the growth direction of the facial complex, and should be used with an anteroposterior classification to describe a patient's face. The potential for confusion in communicating vertical facial types exists due to the nature of the terminology in use. For example, the term dolichoprosopic as used in the Bimler analysis has an opposite meaning to the term dolichofacial. It would seem prudent that if such terminology is to be employed there should be some attempt at standardization, and at least an appreciation of the derivations of the terms, and their differences.
Study of gypsum‐bonded casting investments. Part 1
Authors: Mori Toshiko
Published: May 2009

In order to develop analytical methods for identifying plaster or dental stone (calcium sulphate hemihydrate) and quantifying its content in gypsum‐bonded dental casting investments, six dental gypsum products were studied by means of simultaneous differential thermal analysis‐thermogravimetry (DTA‐TG). Under the same analytical conditions employed in the present study, a phase change in calcium sulphate anhydrite (III‐CaSO4 to ll‐CaSO4) was shown to occur at about 220°C for four dental stones manufactured by various wet methods and at about 350°C for two plasters manufactured by dry methods. This confirms the general view that the two types of calcium sulphate hemihydrate manufactured by dry or wet method could be identified by the DTA method. A reasonable estimate of chemically bound water could be made from the TG results at 300°C. The present DTA‐TG method can be used to identify the plaster or dental stone and calculate its content in gypsum‐bonded casting investments.
Clinical evaluation of three amalgam alloys
Authors: Tyas Martin J. , Ewers Graeme J.
Published: May 2009

A total of 117 high‐copper amalgams of three types (platinum‐modified, palladium‐modified and dispersed phase) was placed by two operators in 59 patients. Restorations were assessed for marginal fracture, tarnish, corrosion, and tooth staining on continuous linear photographic rating scales. After one year, the platinum‐ and palladium‐modified alloys showed a significant amount of tarnish, and all three alloys had statistically significant marginal fracture. The only significant difference between alloys at one year was the greater tarnish of the platinum‐modified alloy. There was no association between static creep and marginal fracture.
A microscopic examination of bond surfaces in failed electrolytically etched cast metal fixed prostheses
Authors: Berekally Thomas L. , Makinson Owen F. , Pietrobon Raoul A.
Published: May 2009

The aims of this investigation were to examine the patterns of resin cement failure between debonded electrolytically etched (Maryland) bridge retainers and their respective abutment teeth and to determine if the clinical assessment of bond failure corresponded to the types of failure observed in the scanning electron microscope. Twenty‐eight (18 anterior and 10 posterior), debonded bridges were examined. The results indicated that the classification of bond failures at the clinical level did not correspond to the SEM assessments of failure. It appeared from the specimens examined that loss of retention occurred as a result of resin failure within the cement layer close to the enamel‐resin interface. Only one metal retainer specimen showed a small area of resin‐metal failure. There appeared to be no differences in the patterns of resin failure between anterior and posterior bridges. The observations also indicated that the resin cements used for bridge cementation adhered well to electrolytically etched retainer surfaces.
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis with a recessive mode of inheritance. Case reports
Authors: Singer Steven L. , Goldblatt Jack , Hallam L. A. , Winters John C.
Published: May 2009

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis is characterized by varying degrees of attached gingival hyperplasia and may in rare cases present as a feature of a generalized syndrome. It is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant condition though recessive forms are described. The dental and genetic features of an affected brother and sister with a probably unique autosomal recessive hereditary fibromatosis syndrome are presented.
Multiple supernumerary premolars: their occurrence in three patients
Authors: King Nigel M. , Lee Albert M. P. , Wan Peter K. C.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of supernumerary teeth in the premolar regions of three patients is reported. Of the 20 supernumerary teeth identified, 16 had crowns which resembled premolars and may thus be considered to be supplemental premolars, while the remainder were conical in shape. The delayed development of the supernumerary teeth in the premolar region supports the hypothesis that these teeth were part of a post‐permanent dentition. The eruption of six of the eight supernumerary teeth in the 30‐year‐old patient demonstrated that given time some of these teeth can erupt into the dental arch.
Marginal seal of cervical tooth‐coloured restorations. A laboratory investigation of placement techniques
Authors: Martin F. Elizabeth , O'Rourke Meredith
Published: May 2009

Incremental placement of composite resin has been suggested as a means of overcoming the contraction that occurs during polymerization of the composite material and as a consequence should allow an improved gingival dentine seal. Numerous incremental placement techniques for composite resin restorations have been documented in the literature. This study examined four different methods of placing Silux in class V cavities, located in the region of the cemento‐enamel junction, and lined with Vitrabond.

None of the placement methods used completely sealed either the enamel or dentine margins. Of the four techniques employed, the one which involved incremental placement of the gingival component first showed the least amount of leakage at the dentine margin. This result, however, was only significantly different from that of the bulk placement method.

In the majority of cases where leakage did occur at the dentine margin, it progressed no further than the Vitrabond lining. It appeared that the high initial adherence to dentine of the light cured glass‐ionomer cement prevented deeper penetration of the dye.
Xerostomia: the missing diagnosis?
Authors: Crockett David N.
Published: May 2009

Xerostomia is a distressing condition which may be associated with a number of specific diseases, iatro genically induced following the administration of drugs or radiotherapy, or the result of inflammatory processes affecting salivary gland tissue. In this article epidemiological background is briefly reviewed and aetiological conditions associated with xerostomic states are summarized. The oral sequelae of xerostomia are discussed and approaches to diagnosis demonstrated. Treatment of xerostomia is basically supportive and the main elements are presented.
A proposal for voluntary continuing dental education accreditation
Authors: Tan Albert E. S. , McKerracher Peter W.
Published: May 2009

The paper proposes a simple method of voluntary continuing dental education accreditation for dentists. It is suggested that the Australian Dental Association should adopt a positive role in promoting a method of accreditation for its members. The reasons for such a scheme are discussed in the light of the current scrutiny directed at the professions on this important issue.
Diflunisal — a long‐acting non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug.
Authors: Lawton G. M. , Chapman P. J.
Published: May 2009

Diflunisal is frequently used for management of postoperative dental pain as it has some advantages over other commonly used non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs including improved analgesia, a prolonged duration of action lasting up to 12 hours, and a low incidence of side effects. The aim of this paper is to review the relevant pharmacologic actions of the drug including its mechanism of action in suppressing the inflammatory response, and indications for its use in dentistry. Diflunisal can be safely recommended for the dental patient following oral surgery and exodontia, periodontal surgery and endodontic surgery.
Periodical gingival bleeding as a presenting symptom of periodontitis due to underlying cyclic neutropenia. Case report
Authors: Yamahk Nermin , Yavuzyilmaz Ezel , Çaǧlayan Feriha , Tezcan İlhan , Berkel İzzet , Ersoy Fügen , Sanal Özden
Published: May 2009

A 13‐year‐old boy presenting with spontaneous and periodical gingival bleeding accompanied by fever was thoroughly examined in order to determine the underlying aetiology of the gingival bleeding. Following repeated blood tests, the patient was diagnosed as having cyclic neutropenia. Thus, it was suggested, gingival bleeding, especially when spontaneous and periodical, should be carefully investigated to eliminate the possibility of cyclic neutropenia.
Hypochlorite injury to the lip following injection via a labial perforation. Case report
Authors: Linn J. L. , Messer H. H.
Published: May 2009

This report documents ulceration of the oral aspect of the lip, with facial swelling, following injection of Milton's solution into the lip through a labial perforation of tooth 13. After palliative therapy the ulceration healed within six weeks, and paraesthesia within three months.
Study of gypsum‐bonded casting investments. Part 2
Authors: McAloon Janis , Mori Toshiko
Published: May 2009

The simultaneous differential thermal analysis — thermogravimetry (DTA‐TG) method used in Part 1 of this two‐part study was extended to analyse two gypsum‐bonded dental casting investments, Kerr Cristobalite Inlay and GC Cristobalite Micro. Both investments had a similar cristobalite content of about 70 per cent. The remaining 30 per cent was dental stone in GCM, and a mixture of plaster and dental stone in KCI. Inclusion of plaster in KCI appeared responsible for the greater amount of water required for mixing this investment. The DTA‐TG method used in the present study can be applied to identify the type and amount of hemi‐hydrate, and the type of silica, in currently available gypsum‐bonded investments.
Failure of an intra‐oral wound to heal. Case report
Authors: Csillag G. D.
Published: May 2009

Failure to treat the soft tissue component of dento‐alveolar wounds may complicate wound healing mechanisms, retarding the rate of healing and increasing the risk of infection. A case is presented of a five‐year‐old with an intra‐oral wound which, left untreated for eleven days, failed to resolve.
Some problems of dental treatment. Part 1. Patient anxiety: Some correlates and sex differences
Authors: Smyth John S.
Published: May 2009

An analysis of questionnaire data obtained from 110 adult patients attending the Dental Department of the Lower Hutt Hospital and four private dental practices in Lower Hutt and Wellington, New Zealand indicates that patient treatment anxiety is more severe in women than men and that it is correlated with patients' descriptions of dental treatment. Altogether, survey findings indicate that treatment anxiety has adverse effects and that, with few exceptions, it results directly or indirectly from unpleasant experiences during dental treatment. Two of the most common of such experiences are evidently pain arising from the stimulation of sensitive tissue and oral injections. The eradication of treatment anxiety is therefore heavily dependent on the unobtrusive induction of profound analgesia prior to painful procedures.
Cost‐conservative dentistry: Appropriate dentistry at lower cost
Authors: Smith Ian R. , Brownlea Arthur A.
Published: May 2009

Dental practitioners in both private and public dentistry are faced with patients who for reasons of public or private finance are not able to be treated with the most sophisticated available dentistry. A concept of appropriate dentistry is provided whereby, with reference to available literature, it is shown that cost‐conservative treatment can be provided that is likely to be satisfactory to both the client and the practitioner.
Orthodontic treatment needs in Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School
Authors: Howell Susan , Morel Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

One hundred and fifty‐four adolescents, 76 female and 78 male consented to take part in this survey. The two authors examined and assessed them for dental aesthetics, malocclusion related features and TMJ related signs. The patients were also questioned about their opinion of dental aesthetics, their interest in having orthodontic treatment and their TMJ symptoms. Only 63 per cent of the adolescents who were considered suitable for orthodontic treatment expressed an interest in wanting treatment. Twenty‐seven per cent of patients had signs and/or symptoms of TMJ disturbance. No association was found between individual malocclusion problems and TMJ signs and symptoms. The authors considered 56.5 per cent of the total group for orthodontic treatment, the majority for aesthetic reasons, and placed them into high, medium and low priority groups. Fixed appliance therapy for both arches was the recommended type of treatment for most patients.
Relationship between CPITN and oral health behaviour in Japanese adults
Authors: Kawamura M. , Sasahara H. , Kawabata K. , Iwamoto Y. , Konishi K. , Wright F.A.C.
Published: May 2009

Many studies on toothbrushing have concentrated on clinically diagnosing plaque and measuring periodontal status as indicators of oral health behaviour. From a behavioural point of view, however, the more important objective is the health behaviour itself. To investigate the relationship of oral health behaviour to periodontal status, 517 urban employees in Japan (249 men and 268 women aged 20–59 years) responded to a 20‐item dental health behaviour questionnaire, entitled the HU‐DBI, and had their periodontal conditions examined using the CPITN. Only 1 per cent were found with a healthy periodontium (Code 0), and 9 per cent had bleeding on probing (Code 1). Calculus (Code 2) was the most prevalent condition with 51 per cent of subjects having this code as the worst condition, followed by shallow pockets (Code 3) in 30 per cent, and deep pockets (Code 4) in 9 per cent of the sample. The mean HU‐DBI score was 4.2 (out of 12). Females had somewhat higher scores than males (4.4 vs. 4.0, p<0.05). CPITN had a negative relationship with the HU‐DBI (r=‐0.26, p<0.001), and a positive relationship with age (r = 0.40, p<0.001). Similar relationships were observed in each gender. These data demonstrate the relationship of age with periodontal status, and periodontal status with oral health behaviour. A two‐dimensional matrix of HU‐DBI score by CPITN may provide a simple and effective means of identifying low and high risk individuals.
The vascular response in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Zoellner H. , Hunter N.
Published: May 2009

The role of vascular endothelial cells (EC) in periodontitis was investigated in a series of histological studies. Expansion of the vasculature was found to occur with development of gingivitis and periodontitis. This was thought to contribute to the characteristic tissue degradation in the developing disease. Vascular expansion could also play a role in the formation of a previously unreported perivascular hyaline material (PHyM). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are known to be protective in periodontitis, and the location, incidence and extent of PHyM suggested a role for PHyM in periodontitis by inhibiting PMN emigration. PMN emigration was found to occur from specialized high EC (HEC) lined post capillary venules. This was unexpected, as such vessels have previously been found to exchange lymphocytes almost exclusively. Detailed histochemical, ultrastructural and biosynthetic studies of these specialized blood vessels led to the suggestion that HEC may be specially adapted for the synthesis of cytokines in periodontitis. A negative association between expression of the membrane bound ectoenzyme, alkaline phosphatase, and HEC suggested a role for this enzyme in leukocyte emigration. These observations compel re‐evaluation of the role of EC in chronic inflammation, and in periodontitis in particular. The direction of current and future work is discussed.
The glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus salivarius
Authors: Jacques Nicholas A.
Published: May 2009

This review covers some of the more recent developments in the understanding of the different glucosyltransferases (GTFs) secreted by oral streptococci, particularly those produced by Streptococcus salivarius — a species that has been intensively studied at the Institute of Dental Research in Sydney.
The effect of vitamin A on the proliferation of oral epithelium in the rat
Authors: Winning Tracey A. , Cameron John , Savage Neil W.
Published: May 2009

This study assessed the effect of topical and systemic 13‐cis‐retinoic acid on rat palatal epithelial proliferation with bromodeoxyuridine labelling and silver stained nucleolar organizer regions. Sixty male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to a control group or treatment groups of topical orabase, RA in orabase, 5 times/week or twice weekly systemic doses of 12 mg RA in coconut oil. The rats were treated for 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks and killed 1 h post‐injection of 40 mg/kg BrdUrd. The palatal mucosae were processed, using immunoperoxidase staining or silver stain to visualize BrdUrd utilization or AgNORs, respectively. The number of BrdUrd positive nuclei/mm overlying epithelium and number and area of AgNORs in the basal cells were assessed using image analysis. ANOVA indicated there was no significant effect of treatment on LN/mm or the numbers or areas of AgNORs. The LN/mm for the 8 w group (29.5) was significantly lower than the other groups. RA did not influence rat palatal epithelial proliferation, but across all groups increased age was associated with decreased proliferation. It would appear that the proliferation of normal oral mucosa may not be subject to altered proliferation when treated with therapeutic doses of topical or systemic RA.