bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitin–Proteasome System in Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation
Authors: Podenkova U. I. , Zubarev I. V. , Tomilin A. N. , Tsimokha A. S.
Published: April 2024

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), represented primarily by embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have a unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into all types of somatic cells. Dissecting molecular mechanisms controlling these properties is important for an efficient and safe introduction of PSCs into clinics. Growing evidence indicates that the proteostasis plays a central role in PSCs fate decisions. This review focuses on the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, a key member of the proteostasis network, in the regulation of pluripotency and differentiation of PSCs.
Microglia Cell Line SIM-A9 Features – New Data
Authors: Shaposhnikova D. A. , Moskaleva E. Yu. , Semochkina Yu. P. , Vysotskaya O. V. , Komova O. V. , Nasonova E. A. , Koshlan I. V.
Published: April 2024

SIM-A9 is a line of spontaneously immortalized mouse microglia cells obtained from newborn C57BL/6 mice’s cerebrum. The aim of this work is to characterize SIM-A9 line by the ratio of cells with the resting and activated microglia phenotype, to analyze the expression of stem/progenitor cell markers CD133 and nestin, growth factors receptors CSF-1R and EGFR, and the karyotype of this line. The light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and RT/PCR were used to analyze the morphology, phenotype, and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the mFISH method was used to analyze the karyotype. It was shown for the first time that SIM-A9 cells express a high level of TSPO protein, CD68, CD11b and CD45 markers on the surface membrane of cells, which corresponds to the phenotype of activated microglia. Despite this, the cells of this line respond with additional activation to LPS stimulation, which leads to an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 expression and a high level of active oxygen and nitrogen metabolites formation. It was shown that SIM-A9 cells express stem and progenitor cells markers, CD133+ and nestin, which allows us to consider the cells of this line as early poorly differentiated progenitor cells, despite their phenotype corresponding to activated microglia. It was also found that SIM-A9 cells express receptors of two growth factors CSF-1 and EGF, CSF-1R and EGFR, which indicates the possibility of SIM-A9 cells proliferation stimulation by two alternative mechanisms under the action of the corresponding factors. SIM-A9 cells have a hypotetraploid karyotype with a large number of structural and quantitative chromosome anomalies.
Regulatory Relationship between the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling System and Transcriptional Regulators of Lysosomal Biogenesis
Authors: Chechushkov A. V. , Menshchikova E. B.
Published: April 2024

Despite the key role of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE redox-sensitive signaling system in cellular metabolism, little is known about its relationship to lysosome biogenesis. In this paper, a theoretical and experimental analysis of the possibility of such a link has been carried out. By forming a position frequency matrix in the transcription factor genes TFEB and TFE3, the presence of a large number of ARE-like sequences was found in the non-coding regions. In vitro exposure to J774 cells by Keap1/Nrf2/ARE activators (original synthetic monophenol TS-13 and tert-butylhydroquinone as comparison compound) results in dose-dependent induction of Tfe3 and Tfeb genes, accompanied by a gradual increase in the lysosome number and autosomal-lysosomal fusion intensity. Thus, it can be assumed that the proteins controlling the ARE-dependent genes are able to influence lysosome biogenesis.
Morphological Changes of Erythrocytes in Neonates with Perinatal Hypoxia
Authors: Denisenko O. D. , Perepelitsa S. A. , Sergunova V. A. , Lyapunova S. S. , Litvinova L. S.
Published: April 2024

Despite active research on the functional properties of erythrocytes under pathological conditions, this problem is of great importance. One of the causes of fetal and neonatal distress is hypoxia. The consequences of the negative effects of oxygen deficiency on the embryo and fetus can manifest both in utero and after birth, leading to various diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of acidosis as a marker of perinatal hypoxia on the erythrocyte membrane of newborns in the early neonatal period. The use of an atomic force microscope made it possible to obtain images and cell profiles to assess the morphological and structural characteristics of erythrocytes during hypoxia in children in the early neonatal period. Perinatal hypoxia has been shown to alter erythrocyte morphology and damage membrane structure. The early neonatal period is characterized by changes in the morphological forms and instability of erythrocyte membranes.
Response of the Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cell Genome to the Procedure of Long-Term Cryopreservation
Authors: Grinchuk T. M. , Shorokhova M. A. , Pugovkina N. A.
Published: April 2024

Information about the effect of cryopreservation on functions and the genetic of cells of different genesis is not unambiguous and is in the process of accumulation. This work is aimed at studying the effect of long-term storage (7 years) of human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) in the frozen state on the stability of their genome in vitro. The results showed destabilization of the karyotype structure in the descendants of cells after their thawing, namely, aneupolyploidization, increased fragility of chromosomes, resulting in a huge pool of aberrant chromosomes, and impaired condensation in homologues. Chromosomal breakds in centromeric regions offen accompanied by the preservation of genetic material in the form of independent chromosomes. Almost all chromosomes of the set were involved in the process of destabilization of the eMSCs cell genome. It has been shown that the procedure of long-term cryopreservation can become an inducer of premature cellular aging of eMSCs after their thawing. Comparison of the data obtained with the results of karyotyping of transformed Chinese hamster cells that underwent a similar procedure led to the conclusion that cryopreservation for biological systems can be a stress that induces genetic defects of various types at the karyotype level. The response of the genome of cells of different origin to the same conditions of cryopreservation may differ.
Phagocytosis of Protein-Modified Polymer Microparticles by Immune Cells
Authors: Sakhabeev R. G. , Polyakov D. S. , Grudinina N. A. , Antimonova O. I. , Korzhikov-Vlakh V. A. , Alikparova E. R. , Sinitsyna E. S. , Shavlovsky M. M.
Published: April 2024

The ability of three model green proteins to covalently bind to microparticles (MP) based on poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA). Green fluorescent protein (sfGFP), recombinant human beta2-microglobulin-sfGFP fusion protein (β2M-sfGFP), and recombinant human amylin-sfGFP fusion protein (IAPP-sfGFP) were isolated by affinity chromatography. The double emulsion method was used to form PLA-MPs. The modification of PLA MPs by proteins was testified using laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Phagocytosis of PLA-MPs modified with different proteins and free model proteins by macrophages was also studied using LSM. Recombinant sfGFP has been shown to bind to particle surfaces at lower levels compared to β2M-sfGFP and IAPP-sfGFP. Presumably, this is due to the fact that amino groups that could potentially react with activated carboxyl groups on particle surfaces, are spatially unavailable for this reaction due to the structure of sfGFP. β2M and IAPP within the corresponding recombinant proteins are spacer structures between the surface of spherical particles and sfGFP. It was also found that increasing the protein/particle ratio by a factor of three did not lead to an increase in the amount of bound protein per unit mass of particles, which may indicate that the amount of protein that can be bound per unit mass of particles is limited by the capacity of the particles themselves. The study of phagocytosis of PLA-MPs modified with model proteins revealed that MPs bearing β2M-sfGFP and IAPP-sfGFP were captured by macrophages and, therefore, contribute to the activation of the cellular immune response, which is important in the fight against various viral infections. In addition, model proteins (β2M-sfGFP, IAPP-sfGFP) appeared to be also capable of phagocytosis. This may be due to the fact that both β2M and IAPP are amyloidogenic and aggregation prone proteins. Apparently, the aggregates of these proteins are also able to be absorbed by macrophages due to the increase in size compared to their monomeric forms.
Immunohistochemical Study of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the Left Ventricle of Preterm Rats Heart in the Late Postnatal Development
Authors: Ivanova V. V. , Serebryakova О. N. , Erokhina A. V. , Nikonova A. D. , Milto I. V.
Published: April 2024

Immunohistochemical detection of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 was carried out in the myocardium of the left ventricle of prematurely born (21 and 21.5 days of gestation) and full-term (22 days of gestation) rats at 42, 56 and 180 days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The intensity of immunopositive staining was assessed by a scoring system. Preterm birth leads to an increase in the intensity of the immunopositive reaction to MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the wall of the left ventricle of rats. An increase in the intensity of the MMP-2 positive reaction in the left ventricle of rats is observed the earlier, the greater the degree of prematurity. The intensity of the MMP-9 positive reaction in the left ventricle of male rats is greater with a more pronounced degree of prematurity. An increase in the intensity of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 positive reaction in the wall of the left ventricle of female rats due to preterm birth is determined exclusively in animals born on the 21st day of pregnancy, that is, with a greater degree of prematurity.
The Derivation and Comparative Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lines, Isolated from Human Pulp of a Deciduous Tooth of Children of Different Sexes
Authors: Musorina A. S. , Turilova V. I. , Shatrova A. N. , Yakovleva T. K. , Poljanskaya G. G.
Published: April 2024

Two new non-immortalized fibroblast-like cell lines isolated from the pulp of Deciduous Tooth of Children of Different Sexes, named MSC-DP-1 and MSC-DP-2, were derived and characterized. In order to confirm the status of mesenchymal stem cells, a comparative analysis of a some characteristics in these lines was carried out at early and late passages. In the process of long-term cultivation, significant interline differences were revealed in the nature of replicative senescence (RS) and in growth characteristics. The MSC-DP-1 line was characterized by a later entry into the active stage of RS and more active proliferation compared to the MSC-DP-2 line. Karyotypic analysis showed that both lines have a normal human diploid karyotype at early passages. At the late (18th passage), in the stage of active PS, the MSC-DP-2 line also has a normal karyotype. And the MSC-DP-1 line, which enters the active stage of RS much later (at passage 42), has an abnormal karyotype with a large number of clonal chromosomal rearrangements. Both lines showed a high proportion of cells carrying antigens characteristic of human MSCs: CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, HLA-ABC, and a low frequency of cells with CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR antigens. The cells of the derived lines at an early passage have the ability to differentiate in adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic directions. But the MSC-DP-2 line shows weaker differentiation in the adipogenic direction, than the MSC-DP-1 line. In the process of RS, a significant weakening of adipogenic differentiation takes place in the MSC-DP-1 line, and it disappears in the MSC-DP-2 line. The activity of other differentiations does not change during RS. In general, the derived results confirm the status of MSCs for the derived lines and indicate interline differences in the RS process. However, the derived differences between these lines, as well as the comparison with the previously derived line MSC-DP do not indicate their gender nature. Apparently, they are associated with the genetic characteristics of different donors.
Study of EA.hy926 Endothelial Cells by Atomic Force and Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy
Authors: Pleskova S. N. , Bezrukov N. A. , Gorshkova E. N. , Bobyk S. Z. , Lazarenko E. V.
Published: April 2024

A two-section analytical system was developed and tested to study the culture of EA.hy926 endothelial cells in real time with high resolution imaging. Scanning ion-conductance microscopy was shown as more relevant method because it didn’t cause mechanical damage of cell, and made possible scanning on the membranes, when endothelial cells were surrounded by nutrient medium. The method allowed not only to analyze changes in the cells morphology, but also to identify extracellular (microfilaments) and intracellular (nucleolus) structures. The rigidity mapping showed that the rigidity of the endotheliocyte membrane varied from 357 to 796 Pa. After 240 min from the beginning of the observation, the formation of endothelial cells apoptotic bodies has begun, and the rigidity of the cell gradually increased, while rigidity of the apoptotic bodies decreased.
Effect of Glycodelin on the Level of T-Regulatory Lymphocytes and Acute Phase Proteins in Wistar Rats after Introduction of Allogenous Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Bochkova M. S. , Timganova V. P. , Uzhviyuk S. V. , Shardina K. Yu. , Vlasova V. V. , Rayev M. B. , Zamorina S. A.
Published: April 2024

Amniotic variant of glycodelin (GdA) has pronounced immunomodulatory properties, participating in the formation of immune tolerance during pregnancy. We investigated the effect of glycodelin on the level of T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg) and the level of acute phase proteins (α-2-macroglobulin (α-2M), orosomucoid, C-reactive protein (CRP)) upon administration of allogeneic red bone marrow (BM) cells to Wistar rats in a dynamic experiment in vivo. It was found that the introduction of GdA in animal whith allogeneic BM led to an increase in the proportion of peripheral Treg among CD4+ lymphocytes at the end of the experiment (on the 21st day) in comparison with the group that was injected with BM. It was shown that glycodelin reduced the level of CRP and α-2M, but increased the level of orosomucoid in the serum of experimental animals at the beginning of the experiment (day 3), however, by the end of the experiment (day 21), normalization of protein values was observed in all groups of experimental animals acute phase to the level of intact animals. Thus, glycodelin is able to realize an immunosuppressive effect on allogeneic cells through an increase in the level of Treg and orosomucoid, as well as a decrease in the concentration of CRP and α-2M.
Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Retards Premature Senescence of Human Endometrial Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Burova E. B. , Perevoznikov I. E. , Ushakov R. E.
Published: April 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM), the main component of the extracellular space, mediates signaling between cells and controls the key cell functions—proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The relevance of studying ECM is due to a wide range of its biological properties that can be applied in regenerative medicine and bioengineering. Cell-derived decellularized ECM (dECM) is used to study ECM as a regulator of the cell functional activity, as well as to mimic their tissue-specific microenvironment. Here, we hypothesized that dECM deposited by Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs modulates the senescence phenotype of endometrial MSCs (eMSCs) acquired in response to oxidative stress. This aspect of ECM functioning in the context of eMSCs has so far remained unexplored. A comparative study of prolonged H2O2-induced senescence of eMSCs exposed to both dECM and cultured plastic showed that dECM may effectively downregulate the main senescence markers. Our findings suggest that ECM is able to partially reverse (retard) the eMSCs premature senescence.
Review of Local Cellular and Molecular Processes of Bone Tissue Regeneration Induced by Calcium Phosphate Materials
Authors: Miroshnichenko L. A. , Polyakova T. Yu. , Litvinova L. S. , Khlusov I. A.
Published: April 2024

One of the leading causes of hospitalization, disability and mortality of 50% of women and 20% of men over the age of 50 are bone fractures and their complications caused by diseases of the musculoskeletal system. In this regard, an active search for a solution to the problem associated with the limitations of the use of auto-, allo-, and xenografts in the clinic to replace bone defects initiated the development of a regenerative approach based on the gradual replacement of artificial material with growing bone tissue. Promising in this regard are materials based on calcium phosphates, which act as an active source of chemical elements (calcium, phosphorus, etc.), which can optimize the process of bone defect fusion and ensure the replacement of the implant with new bone tissue. The review summarizes literature data on local biological activity, target cells, and molecular effects of calcium phosphates. It has been shown that calcium phosphate materials are biocompatible, capable of adsorbing regulatory proteins and cells, influencing their genetic and secretory apparatus and triggering the process of MSC differentiation in the osteogenic direction. At the same time, the successful implementation of local mechanisms of osseointegration at the “bone/implant” interface reduces the risk of periprosthetic infection (PJI) and rejection of artificial devices. Further study and use of calcium phosphate materials will make it possible to make a significant breakthrough in solving modern problems of bone tissue regeneration associated with an accurate (digital) bioengineering approach based on additive technologies and artificial intelligence.
Structural Features of Ascending Aorta Wall in Premature Born Rats
Authors: Serebryakova O. N. , Ivanova V. V. , Milto I. V.
Published: April 2024

Preterm birth has a pronounced effect on all body systems, including the cardiovascular system, which undergoes significant adaptive changes in the early postnatal period of ontogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the consequences of preterm birth is essential to ensure early prevention, detection and treatment of long-term adverse health effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of preterm birth on the structure of the wall of the ascending aorta in preterm rats. The paper presents the results of histological and morphometric analysis of ascending aorta wall in Wistar rats born on the 21st and 21.5 days of pregnancy (the total gestation period is 22 days). In ascending aorta wall of preterm born rats, signs of elastolysis and a violation of the parallelism of the elastic fenestrated membranes are found. It has been shown that preterm birth leads to a decrease in the specific volume of elastic fibers and an increase in collagen fibers in the meddle shell of ascending aorta wall in prematurely born rats.
Partial Cell Reprogramming as a Method of Revitalizing Living Systems
Authors: Shorokhova M. A.
Published: April 2024

Aging and associated diseases are an acute problem of modern biology and medicine. Although aging cannot be prevented at present, its impact on the lifespan and health of the elderly can potentially be minimized by interventions aimed at returning these cellular processes to normal functioning. The ongoing search for ways to rejuvenate and improve the regenerative capacity of cells led to the discovery of partial reprogramming in 2016. Partial reprogramming is based on the short-term expression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). As a result, the young epigenetic signature of aging cells is restored. The efficacy of the method has been shown in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In this review we discuss the main successes of partial reprogramming, as well as the problems and unresolved issues faced by the researchers. Separately, we focus on the data on molecular changes during partial reprogramming. The method of partial reprogramming provides a wide range of opportunities for fundamental research of aging and rejuvenation. Further work in this direction can lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to alleviate age-related diseases and thus improve health and longevity.
Structure of the Complex of Veronica spicata L. Pollinators on the Northern Distribution Border
Authors: Filippov N. I. , Teteryuk L. V.
Published: April 2024

The low number of pollinating insects is the limiting factor for entomophilous plants in the north, and the situation is exacerbated by a short growing season and often unfavorable weather conditions for their life. The paper presents the results of studying the complex of pollinators of the specialized melittophilic species Veronica spicata at the northern limit of its distribution. It is shown that the structure of this complex is determined by the structural features of V. spicata flowers, the latitudinal position, and the fferentiation of ecological niches of the species in the north. Unlike other parts of the range, where solitary bees play an important role in the pollination of V. spicata, this function in the north is performed by representatives of the genus Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Considering the level of species diversity and population structure, the pollinator complex of V. spicata is based on short proboscis species of umblebees: Bombus lucorum s.l., B. jonellus, B. pratorum, B. sporadicus, and medium proboscis B. pascuorum. In accordance with the differentiation of ecological niches of V. spicata in the north, differences in the structure of the pollinator complex and foraging strategies of bumblebees were revealed.
The Reduction of the Size of Wolves of the Same Age of the Northwestern Black Sea Region
in the 21st Century
Authors: Lobkov V. A.
Published: April 2024

Four craniological parameters were compared in two groups of young wolves born during the period of abundance depression and recovery from it (1950‒1984) and wolves born during the peak of abundance and decline (2000‒2018). It was found that the average values of the condylobasal length and zygomatic width of males and females of the first group were higher than those of the wolves of the second group. The interorbital width and postorbital width did not change significantly. The reason for the temporary increase in some parameters of the skull may be manifestations of somatic heterosis due to population regroupings and mating of unrelated parents in the population depression phase.
Accumulation of Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds in Plants in Response to Technogenic Soil Salinization
Authors: Chetina O. A. , Eremchenko O. Z. , Pakhorukov I. V.
Published: April 2024

In south-taiga conditions, the plant community developing on a technogenically salinized alluvial soil is represented by ruderal species from the local flora. It was found that species-specific reactions of plants to progressive soil salinization are manifested in the accumulation of low-molecular-weight compounds: oakleaved goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum L.) accumulates proline and glycine betaine; spear saltbush (Atriplex patula L.), proline; weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl.), flavonoids; and toad rush (Juncus bufonius L.), glycine betaine. On acidic saline soils, an elevated proline content was recorded in spear saltbush leaves, and the accumulation of flavonoids was noted in weeping alkaligrass.
Long-Term Dynamics of the Avifauna in the North of Western Siberia
Authors: Golovatin M. G.
Published: April 2024

Changes in the avifauna of the three large regions of the north of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia), the Lower Ob River region, the floodplain of the Lower Ob, and the Yamal Peninsula, have been analyzed for a period of more than 60 years. The analysis is based on relative estimates of the number of species on a 4-point scale; cases of significant shifts in the species ranges also have been considered. It is shown that avifaunae in the long term are highly dynamic formations, the process of their changes is of a permanent nature. Its scale is about half of the species composition for 60 years and its directions vary greatly in different regions, depending on the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Areas with a relatively low anthropogenic impact (the Lower Ob and the Ob floodplain) are characterized by the predominance of the positive trends, mainly expressed in the appearance of new species. Many of them (more than 25% of the modern species composition) have been detected in the Ob floodplain, which indicates the canalization of the penetration process for new species to the north. The Yamal Peninsula region, where the anthropogenic impact associated with domestic reindeer overgrazing is high, is characterized by the predominance of the negative trends in the form of a decrease in the number of typical tundra species.
Changing the Reserves of Green and Lichen Forage Stocks in the Southern Tundra Communities of Yamal from the 1930s to 2017–2019
Authors: Gorbunova A. M. , Gorbunov L. S. , Veselkin D. V.
Published: April 2024

We compared the reindeer forage stocks at two landfills in the southern part of the Yamal Peninsula for the period from the early 1930s to 2017–2019. Data from [30] was used to characterize the feedstock in the 1930s. Feedstocks in the 1930s and 2017–2019 in plant communities in the basins of the the Erkatayakha and Baidaratayakha rivers were compared in the following vegetation divisions: lichen and shrub tundras; moss and grass tundras; shrub tundra; meadow communities; and bogs. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) the total supply of feed in Yamal decreased since the 1930s; (2) the decrease in stocks affected the lichen component to the greatest extent. Both hypotheses were confirmed. The general changes in the stocks and structure of food in the plant communities of South Yamal over the 85–87 years include delichenization, a decrease in the mass of lichens and the proportion of lichen food. The average stock of lichen fodder from the 1930s to 2017–2019 decreased by 5 times in the communities at the Erkatayakha test site and by 2 times at the Baidaratayakha test site. The mass of green fodder for 85–87 years has not changed. Thus, the change in the masses of economically important components of tundra vegetation over a uniquely long period, almost 90 years, has been characterized.
Characteristics of the Vertical Distribution of Chlorophyll in Reservoirs of the Middle and Lower Volga
Authors: Mineeva N. M. , Tsvetkov A. I.
Published: April 2024

The results of the study on the vertical distribution of abiotic characteristics and chlorophyll (Chl a) in the Gorky, Cheboksary, Kuibyshev, Saratov, and Volgograd reservoirs in the summer of 2021 are presented. The content of Chl a varied from 5.5–8.5 to 100 g/L in the Middle Volga to 22 and 47 g/L in the Lower Volga, and was typical for the summer maximum of phytoplankton in the Volga reservoirs. In the absence of density stratification for most stations, a uniform Chl a distribution in the water column was revealed with variation coefficients of no more than 20%.
Temperature Effect on CO2 Emission by Two Xylotrophic Fungi and by Wood Debris
Authors: Diyarova D. K. , Vladykina V. D. , Mukhin V. A.
Published: April 2024

Data characterizing the temperature dependence of the growth and CO2 emission of two species of xylotrophic fungi (D. confragosa and D. tricolor) during their development on wort–agar and wood debris in a laboratory experiment are presented. Currently available estimates of the temperature dynamics of CO2 emission by wood debris do not fully take into account the relationship between temperature, CO2 emission, growth, and respiratory activity of fungi. In the range of 10–30°C, both linear growth and CO2 emission activity of fungal mycelium are positively and linearly related to temperature (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, 0.94–0.97) to the same extent (Q10 of growth, 2.2; Q10 of respiration, 2.1), and CO2 emission is directly proportional to mycelium area and its specific emission activity. As a result, the temperature effect on CO2 emission is a derivative of two equally temperature dependent factors: growth and specific emission activity of mycelium. It is equal to the product of the effects of each of the factors separately and is described by an exponential equation, which reflects the non-additive, possibly synergistic nature of the temperature enhancement of CO2 emission in the range from 20 to 30°C.
Reconstruction of the Environmental Conditions of the Ob and Irtysh Regions on the Basis of the Rodent Fossil Fauna
Authors: Golovanov S. E. , Malikov D. G.
Published: April 2024

The paper compares different approaches to the reconstruction of environmental conditions from rodent fossil complexes, namely, the bioclimatic method and the method of reconstructing soil and plant conditions considering voles. For the reconstruction, data from ten localities in Western Siberia dated to the second half of the Middle Pleistocene were analyzed. The bioclimatic method allowed us to reconstruct the arid climatic zone in the south of Western Siberia (the Pre-Altai Plain and the Middle Irtysh) and the moderately cold and arctic climate for the localities situated northwards. The method of reconstruction of soil and vegetation conditions showed the predominance of xerophytic plant communities for the southern localities and mesophytic, mesohygrophytic, and hygrophytic for the northern ones. As additional indicators of environmental conditions, specialized species were proposed: subterranean animals (Siberian zokor and northern mole voles) and briophages (West Siberian lemming).
Patterns of Reforestation Successions on Abandoned Agricultural Lands of the Bashkir Cis-Urals
Authors: Shirokikh P. S. , Fedorov N. I. , Tuktamyshev I. R. , Bikbaev I. G. , Martynenko V. B.
Published: April 2024

The analysis and forecasting of the course of restoration successions on abandoned agricultural lands of the Bashkir Cis-Urals are presented. It was shown that the consequences of the complex influence of various economic uses of arable land after the cessation of plowing remain for a long time in the successional series. This maintains the differences between the communities of each fallow and is the reason for the high phytocoenotic diversity. Subsequently, strong shading as a result of active reforestation leads to a decrease in species richness, leveling of floristic differences between fallow communities and convergence of phytocenoses. The rate of succession and the dynamics of the floristic composition of communities are the highest in the first 12–15 years after the withdrawal of land from agricultural use before the onset of the formation of long-derived phytocenoses with a dense tree canopy. It is predicted that succession on the fallows will be influenced by the forest vegetation directly in contact with the fallows after the formation of a dense forest stand. However, the final formation of the floristic composition of the lower layers may take more than 100–150 years.
Influence of Hypomagnetic Conditions and Changes in Water Salinity on Production and Morphometric Parameters of Daphnia magna Straus
Authors: Sizova A. A. , Sizov D. A. , Krylov V. V.
Published: April 2024

The joint and separate effects of different water salinity (0.5, 1.5, and 3 g/L) and hypomagnetic conditions on freshwater crustaceans of Daphnia magna were studied. A decrease in the magnetic field induction led to a significant decrease in the size of females and the period between broods, an increase in the number of offspring produced, and the body length of offspring in the first brood, followed by a decrease in the number of offspring produced from the fourth to sixth broods. The increase in water salinity to a lesser extent affected the studied parameters. In water with a salinity of 3 g/L, the first offspring appeared later than in other groups and was more numerous. There is a noticeable trend towards an increase in the length of the tail needle with an increase in salinity. The interaction of factors influenced the timing of the appearance of the first brood and the size of the breeding crustaceans. The causes and possible mechanisms for the occurrence of the described effects are discussed.
Influence of Environmental Factors on the Dynamics of Zooplankton in Lake Kulunda (Western Siberia)
Authors: Vesnina L. V. , Bezmaternykh D. M.
Published: April 2024

The results of studying the influence of the main natural environmental factors on the interannual (2017–2021) and seasonal (from April to October) zooplankton dynamics of the large hypersaline Lake Kulunda located in the Kulunda steppe (Altai krai, Russia) are presented. The relationship of 13 main indicators of the structure of zooplankton (number and biomass in total, the main taxonomic groups: rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, and branchiopods, as well as different stages of the life cycle of Artemia) with the main hydrophysical and hydrochemical indicators (temperature, density, salinity, and pH of water) was analyzed separately by monthly and average annual (for the growing season) values. The influence of the studied factors on the characteristics of the brine shrimp population (number, biomass, and age structure), which dominated the zooplankton of this lake, was analyzed in more detail. It was revealed that the hydrophysical and hydrochemical regimes of the lake in different years are subject to significant changes and are reflected in the indicators of zooplankton. Changes in the structure of zooplankton under the influence of natural factors are mainly due to the stimulating effect of an increase in water mineralization on the Artemia population and its depressing effect on the brackish fauna. With a decrease in water salinity less than 100 g/dm3 since 2017 (127 g/m3) to 2021 (96 g/dm3) maximum (summer) Artemia biomass decreased from 167 to 17.7 g/m3. At the same time, the maximum biomass of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods increased from 0.003, 0, and 0.63 to 6.21, 1.35, and 2.65 g/m3 respectively.
Over 50 Years of Overgrowth of the Ash Dump, The Content of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Changed in Young Soils but it Did Not Change in Plants
Authors: Betekhtina A. A. , Nekrasova O. A. , Uchaev A. P. , Nekrashevich P. S. , Malakheeva A. V. , Radchenko T. A. , Dubrovin D. I. , Petrova T. A. , Veselkin D. V.
Published: April 2024

Changes in the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in the ash substrate and plant leaves during the primary succession of overgrowing ash dumps of different ages were studied. The work was carried out on the young (overgrowth duration 5–8 years) and old (overgrowth duration 53–56 years; two sites – with meadow and forest vegetation) ash dumps of a thermal power plant in the Middle Urals. In the emerging soil and leaves of model plants, the content of N and P was determined on each dump. In young soils, a predictable and explainable successional dynamics of N and P was established: over 53–56 years, the N content increased 2.4–7.1 times, while the P content decreased 1.1–2.1 times. In plant leaves, the content of N and P at different stages of overgrowth was actually constant: 1.6–2.1% of N and 2.2–2.9 mg/g of P. In general, it has been found that in successionally young habitats, and in more advanced ones with developing forest vegetation, against the background of a multiple increase in the N content in the soil, the N content in plants remains low. With a high probability, on both dumps, the availability of nitrogen is a factor limiting the development of plants. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis of N/P ratio values in leaves and comparison of our array of N values in leaves with global averages of N content in the same species. Thus, the results with respect to the successional dynamics of the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils and plants of dumps of different ages turned out to be surprisingly little consistent with each other.
Soil Nematodes of Northern Meadows and Agrocoenoses as Bioindicators of the Transformation Degree in Soil Ecosystems
Authors: Matveeva E. M. , Sushchuk A. A. , Kalinkina D. S.
Published: April 2024

This paper examines the effect exercised by agricultural intensity on soil nematode communities inhabiting natural meadows, hayfields, and monocrop agrocoenoses in the Republic of Karelia. The diversity of the soil nematode fauna in natural meadows is similar to that in hayfields, but it significantly decreases in agrocoenoses. The abundance of nematodes reaches the highest values in soils of meadows and decreases as land use intensity goes up. Bacterial feeders predominate in the eco-trophic structure of nematode communities in all types of biocoenoses reaching the maximum share in agrocoenoses. The relative abundance of predators and nematodes associated with plants in agrocoenoses is significantly lower compared to natural meadows and hayfields. Ecological indices computed for nematode communities indicate the presence of a stable and multicomponent soil ecosystem in meadows. The CI index reflecting the predominant pathway of organic matter decomposition indicates an active participation of bacteria in the destruction. Values of the SI and CI indices decrease in agrocoenoses, while the EI index increases. Such a ratio between indices specifies simplified food web and a disturbed soil ecosystem in agrocoenoses. Discriminant analysis shows that, of all studied biocoenoses, only agrocoenoses and natural meadows can be differentiated statistically significantly based on differences in the SI index. However, the identified positive effect of latitude on the SI index in agrocoenoses indicates that the application of this parameter to northern ecosystems has some limitations.
Effect Exercised by Climate on the Taxonomic Diversity of Vascular Plants in the Middle Volga Region
Authors: Sharaya L. S. , Ivanova A. V. , Shary P. A. , Kostina N. V. , Rosenberg G. S.
Published: April 2024

Analysis of relationships between the richness of three taxonomic ranks of vascular plants in the Middle Volga region and climate showed that the climatic factor explains 74% of variance in the number of species and families and 76% of variance in the number of genera. Taxonomic parameters of a floristic sample collected on 25 polygons 100 km2 in size each were compared with climatic parameters and their functions. Multiple regression models were produced for the three taxonomic ranks (numbers of families, genera, and species), and maps have been constructed on the basis of these models. The main predictors were climatic parameters at the beginning of spring and in winter months. Statistically significant correlations between the richness of species, genera, and families and some functions of climatic parameters that are usually excluded from analysis were identified. The essence of these functions is discussed in the context of their effect on snow melting processes in early spring.
Distribution of Genetic Lineages of Parisotoma notabilis (Collembola) in the Urbanistic Gradient
Authors: Striuchkova A. V.
Published: April 2024

в кратких сообщениях аннотации нет
On the area of plant communities that ensures the preservation of their species richness under the influence of dominant species
Authors: Akatov V. V. , Akatova T. V. , Afanasyev D. F. , Eskina T. G. , Sushkova N. M. , Chefranov S. G.
Published: April 2024

в кратких сообщениях аннотации нет
RESIDENTS AND NON-RESIDENTS: DAILY ACTIVITY OF SMALL MAMMALS IN CONTRASTING BIOTOPES
Authors: Kalinin A. A. , Alexandrov D. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Using the marking and recapture method, we compared the daily activity of four common species of small mammals of the forest zone in three biotopes that differ greatly in their protective properties. Lines of live traps were installed in a dark coniferous forest, on a grassy slope and along a rocky beach along the water's edge on the river. Ilych. The activity of resident and non-resident individuals was assessed with a frequency of checks every 1.5 hours. In the forest, polyphasic activity without pronounced maxima was noted for all species; on the open slope, the maximum activity of resident animals occurred at night, and on the shore only non-resident animals were observed. Non-resident activity in all biotopes is shifted to the night, while in open biotopes the period of activity is shorter and more associated with the dark time of day.
European part of Russia according to summer development indicators
Authors: Novikova Yu. V. , Novoselov A. P. , Dvoryankin G. A. , Matveev N. Yu.
Published: April 2024

в кратких сообщениях аннотации нет
The photosynthetic apparatus of the moss Hylocomium lucidum is resistant to low extreme temperatures
Authors: Chasov A. V. , Minibaeva F. V.
Published: April 2024

The influence of positive and negative temperatures, as well as dehydration/rehydration on the maximum photochemical efficiency, the rate of electron transfer in photosystem II and non-photochemical quenching of the moss Hylocomium splendens, widespread in the boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, is shown. It was found that this moss is resistant to low negative (–20 and –80°C) temperatures and significant water losses. On the contrary, in the hydrated state it is unstable to prolonged exposure to positive temperatures (40°C). High resistance to low temperatures and dehydration allowed H. splendens to successfully adapt to growing in northern latitudes and occupy a wide range.
Response of invertebrate populations of steppe and floodplain meadows to emissions from the Karabash copper smelter
Authors: Nesterkov A. V. , Nesterkova D. V.
Published: April 2024

Based on the data of 2014, the response of invertebrate communities in floodplain and steppe meadows to emissions from the Karabash Copper Smelter (the main pollutants are SO2 and heavy metals) was assessed. When approaching the smelter, the phytomass of forbs decreases (2–7 times) and the proportion of graminoids increases (from 36–45 to 53–85%) in the phytocenoses of both meadow types. The abundance of invertebrates changes similarly in meadows of both types: the total abundance decreases (by 1.4–2.9 times), while the abundance of all trophic and most of the large taxonomic groups does not change. The taxonomic structure of invertebrates in floodplain meadows changes only in the impact zone, whereas in the steppe meadows – already in the buffer zone. This result partially confirms the hypothesis put forward that the response to pollution in floodplain meadow communities is less pronounced than in steppe meadow communities.
Chemical composition of plant leaves as a functional sign of the formation of alpine plant communities
Authors: Onipchenko V. G. , Zamaletdinova K. N. , Makarov M. I. , Kadulin M. S. , Malysheva T. I. , Klink G. V. , Poloshevets T. V. , Elumeeva T. G.
Published: April 2024

The content of C, N, P and the N:P and C:N ratios in plant leaves were studied in four alpine phytocenoses of the northwestern Caucasus to find out 1) how much the species found in them differ in chemical composition from random samples from the local flora; 2) how important the values of these characteristics are for dominance; 3) how phylogenetically conservative they are. The leaves of plants of alpine heaths and variegated fescue meadows contain less, and leaves of geranium-kopec meadows and alpine carpets contain more nitrogen compared to a random sample. Dominants of productive geranium-penny meadows contain more nitrogen than non-dominant species; for other communities, the opposite dependence is noted. Components of all communities, except alpine carpets, contain less phosphorus in their leaves compared to a random sample. The dominant species of alpine heaths contain less, and geranium-penny meadows contain more phosphorus in their leaves compared to non-dominant species. The C:N ratio in leaves is higher than random in species of alpine heaths and variegated fescue meadows and lower in other communities. The dominant species have higher C:N ratios compared to the others in all communities, except for geranium-penny meadows. The N:P ratio was higher than random in species of all communities except variegated fescue meadows. All characters except the C:N ratio have significant phylogenetic signal.
Phenotypic variability of Aphantopus hyperantus and Coenonympha arcania (Lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in the vicinity of the Sredneuralsk copper smelter. 1. Metal content and wing length
Authors: Shkurikhin A. O. , Zakharova E. Yu. , Vorobeichik E. L.
Published: April 2024

We tested the hypotheses that near a copper smelter, marigolds Aphantopus hyperantus and Coenonympha arcania accumulate metals in higher concentrations compared to the background territory and that the accumulation of metals in the body of adults negatively correlates with wing length, but positively with fluctuating asymmetry of wing length. We measured the length of the forewing and individual concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the body of adults captured at different distances from the Sredneuralsk copper smelter (Revda, Russia). The metal content reaches very high levels, with Zn concentrations higher than Cu and Pb concentrations by an order of magnitude, and Cd concentrations by two orders of magnitude. In both species, males accumulate metals significantly more than females. The maximum concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd were found near the plant. Wing length either did not differ between sites or was higher near the plant. Only for females of one of the species (A. hyperantus) a statistically significant negative relationship was found between Cu concentrations and wing size. In both species, fluctuating wing size asymmetry did not differ between sites and was not affected by metal concentrations at the individual level.
On “temperature norms” in the embryonic development of Far Eastern flounder fishes (Pleuronectidae) with different periods of reproduction
Authors: Yusupov R. R. , Yusupov Rus. R.
Published: April 2024

в кратких сообщениях аннотации нет
Heavy metals in birch leaves during reduction of emissions from a large copper smelter
Authors: Belskaya E. A. , Zamshina G. A.
Published: April 2024

The concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the leaves of Betula pubescens were analyzed at 10 sites along the pollution gradient near the Middle Ural copper smelter. The studies were carried out during the period of moderate emissions (2009) and after their reduction to a minimum (2019). Leaf samples were collected in early and late summer. Cu and Cd showed a strong negative correlation with the distance to the smelter. The interannual differences are most pronounced for Pb, the concentration of which significantly decreased in 2019 at the sites closest to the smelter compared to 2009. In both years, the concentrations of metals in the leaves increased towards the end of the growing season.
Thermoperiodic effect on the induction of progeny diapause in Trichogramma telengaiSor. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) females: correction but not replacement of photoperiod
Authors: Voinovich N. D , Reznik S. Ya.
Published: April 2024

In uence of constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) and thermoperiods (daily alternation of high (25 or 30 °C) and low (15 or 20 °C) temperature periods) on the maternal induction of progeny diapause was studied in females of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma telengai Sor. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions. Two variants of each thermoperiod were tested: “short-day” (both thermophase and cryophase durations were 12 h) and “long-day” (thermophase and cryophase durations were 18 and 6 h, correspondingly). In addition, constant temperatures equal to the means of all thermoperiods were tested. The experiments showed that thermoperiods as well as constant temperatures have a substantial impact on the maternal photoperiodic response both in the interaction with various photoperiods and under constant darkness. However, T. telengai are evidently not able to perceive thermoperiods as a source of information on day length (and thereby on time of year).