bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐acetylcysteine alleviated paraquat‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagy in primary murine neural progenitor cells
Authors: Xiong Guiya , Zhao Lina , Yan Mengling , Wang Xinjin , Zhou Zhijun , Chang Xiuli
Published: August 2019

The developing brain is uniquely vulnerable to toxic chemical exposures. Studies indicate that neural stem cell (NSC) self‐renewal is susceptible to oxidative stress caused by xenobiotics. However, the impact of antioxidants on NSC self‐renewal and the potential mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, primary murine neural progenitor cells (mNPCs) from the subventricular zone were used as a research model. In addition, paraquat (PQ) was used to elicit oxidative stress and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) was used as a powerful antioxidant. mNPCs were treated with 80 μm PQ for 24 hours with or without 4 hours of NAC pretreatment. Our results showed that PQ treatment increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, decreased cell viability and DNA synthesis, and promoted cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, pretreatment with NAC alleviated PQ‐induced cytotoxicity in mNPCs. To elucidate the mechanisms further, we found that NAC pretreatment prevented PQ‐induced reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagy in mNPCs. NAC‐pretreated cells showed increased anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 and decreased pro‐apoptotic protein Bax expression. Similarly, NAC pretreatment increased p‐mTOR and decreased LC3B‐II protein expression. Moreover, NAC decreased mitophagy related mRNA Pink1 and Parkin expression. Taken together, our results suggested that the antioxidant NAC treatment significantly attenuated PQ‐induced mNPC self‐renewal disruption through decreasing autophagy and salvaging mitochondrial morphology. These findings revealed a potential mechanism for neurological treatment relating to antioxidant and suggested potentially relevant implications for PQ‐related neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, our study also provided insight into therapeutic strategies for the neurotoxic effects of oxidative stress‐associated toxicants.
Fast and sensitive delineation of brain tumor with clinically compatible moxifloxacin labeling and confocal microscopy
Authors: Lee Seunghun , Park Won Yeong , Chang Hoonchul , Kim Bumju , Jang Won Hyuk , Kim Seonghan , Shin Younghoon , Kim Myoung Joon , Lee Kyung Hwa , Kim Eui Hyun , Chung Euiheon , Kim Ki Hean
Published: August 2019

Delineation of brain tumor margins during surgery is critical to maximize tumor removal while preserving normal brain tissue to obtain optimal clinical outcomes. Although various imaging methods have been developed, they have limitations to be used in clinical practice. We developed a high‐speed cellular imaging method by using clinically compatible moxifloxacin and confocal microscopy for sensitive brain tumor detection and delineation. Moxifloxacin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibiotic and was used as a cell labeling agent through topical administration. Its strong fluorescence at short visible excitation wavelengths allowed video‐rate cellular imaging. Moxifloxacin‐based confocal microscopy (MBCM) was characterized in normal mouse brain specimens and visualized their cytoarchitecture clearly. Then, MBCM was applied to both brain tumor murine models and two malignant human brain tumors of glioblastoma and metastatic cancer. MBCM detected tumors in all the specimens by visualizing dense and irregular cell distributions, and tumor margins were easily delineated based on the cytoarchitecture. An image analysis method was developed for automated detection and delineation. MBCM demonstrated sensitive delineation of brain tumors through cytoarchitecture visualization and would have potentials for human applications, such as a surgery‐guiding method for tumor removal.
Synthesis and Applications of 2‐Substituted Imidazole and Its Derivatives: A Review
Authors: Daraji Drashti G. , Prajapati Neelam P. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: August 2019

Imidazole and its derivatives are assigned as an exclusive and multifaceted skeleton because of having a variety of applications in medicinal and synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. For these perspectives, various elegant methods for imidazoles and its derivatives have been developing over the last years using different types of catalyst to improve selectivity, purity, and yield of the product. Thus, we have reviewed various synthetic routes for the formation of imidazoles and their applications from 2014 to 2016.
Targeted alpha therapy with bismuth‐213 and actinium‐225: Meeting future demand
Authors: Bruchertseifer Frank , Kellerbauer Alban , Malmbeck Rikard , Morgenstern Alfred
Published: August 2019

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer. The use of alpha emitters for cancer therapy has two distinct advantages over conventional therapies. The short range of alpha radiation in human tissue (less than 0.1 mm), corresponding to only a few cell diameters, allows selective killing of targeted cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. At the same time, the high energy (several MeV) of alpha radiation and its associated high linear energy transfer leads to highly effective cell kill. Consequently, alpha radiation can destroy cells which otherwise exhibit resistance to treatment with beta or gamma irradiation or chemotherapeutic drugs, and can thus offer a therapeutic option for tumors resistant to conventional therapies. Recent results demonstrating the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of alpha emitters to treat various cancers have underlined the clinical potential of TAT. This paper describes the recent clinical experience with 213Bi and 225Ac. In view of the enormous benefit of targeted cancer treatment with alpha emitters, their production will have to be considerably increased beyond current supply capabilities. Alternative production methods based on the irradiation of uranium, thorium, or radium targets at reactors or accelerator facilities have the potential to meet future demand.
Case series of sebelipase alfa hypersensitivity reactions and successful sebelipase alfa rapid desensitization
Authors: Huffaker Michelle F. , Liu Anne Y. , Enns Gregory M. , Vijay Suresh , Amor Antonio J. , Adkinson N. Franklin
Published: August 2019

Allergic immune‐mediated hypersensitivity reactions are known potential complications of enzyme replacement therapy. Sebelipase alfa, recombinant lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), is a potentially life‐altering treatment for patients with LAL deficiency. There is very little information on the diagnosis and management of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to this drug. Here we present three unique cases of hypersensitivity reactions to sebelipase alfa, spanning a broad age spectrum from infancy to adulthood, each managed with successful rapid desensitization.
Pilot Study Experiences With Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI in Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Stødkilde‐Jørgensen Hans , Laustsen Christoffer , Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Schulte Rolf , Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Comment Arnaud , Frøkiær Jørgen , Ringgaard Steffen , Bertelsen Lotte Bonde , Ladekarl Morten , Weber Britta
Published: August 2019

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy Stage: 1
GII.17 norovirus infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan during two decades
Authors: Iritani Nobuhiro , Yamamoto Seiji P. , Abe Niichiro , Kanbayashi Daiki , Kubo Hideyuki , Uema Masashi , Noda Mamoru , Kaida Atsushi
Published: August 2019

Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, and GII.4 has been the predominant genotype worldwide since the mid‐1990s. During the 2014 to 2015 winter, a rare genotype, NoV GII.17, emerged and became prevalent mainly in East Asia. Over the past two decades, NoV molecular surveillance in Osaka City, Japan, has revealed that NoV GII.17 was detected for the first time in February 2001 and that NoV GII.17‐associated outbreaks remarkably increased during the 2014 to 2015 season, with higher incidence recorded in January to March 2015. Genetic analysis indicated that 28 GII.17 outbreak strains were closely related to the novel GII.P17‐GII.17 variants represented by the Kawasaki308/2015/JP strain, similar to that in other regions. Statistical analysis showed that NoV GII.17 infections were more common in adults than GII.3 and GII.4 infections, suggesting that the affected adults most likely did not have antibodies against NoV GII.17 and the novel GII.17 variant had recently appeared. Regarding transmission, food was one of the most important factors involved in the spread of NoV GII.17 among adults; 61% of GII.17 outbreaks were foodborne, with oysters being the most common vehicle. Interplay between pathogens, hosts, and environmental factors was considered to be important in the 2014 to 2015 NoV GII.17 epidemic.
Significance of RANTES‐CCR5 axis and linked downstream immunomodulation in Dengue pathogenesis: A study from Guwahati, India
Authors: Islam Mafidul , Kalita Trishna , Saikia Anjan K. , Begum Anjuma , Baruah Vargab , Singh Nidhi , Borkotoky Raktim , Bose Sujoy
Published: August 2019

We aimed to evaluate the significance of the RANTES‐CCR5 axis and resulting immunomodulatory status in Dengue pathogenesis involving a Guwahati, India based population where Dengue cases have increased alarmingly. An increased CC‐chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) messenger RNA expression and CCR5 positive cell count profile was observed in Dengue cases, the highest being in severe cases. CCR5 ligand RANTES expression was significantly decreased in Dengue cases and inversely correlated with Dengue viremia fold change in severe cases. Monocytes are involved in Dengue virus homing and replication. Its levels and activation profile were higher in Dengue cases. A hyper Th1‐biased immunomodulatory profile with upregulated tumor necrosis factor‐α levels, and downregulated expression of antiviral cytokine interferon‐γ and key regulatory Th2 anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 was observed in severe Dengue cases compared with mild Dengue cases and controls. The results, therefore, suggest the significance of RANTES‐CCR5 axis deregulation and resulting altered immunomodulation in Dengue pathogenesis, and holds prognostic and therapeutic significance.
Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vernalis in grass silage under different ensilage conditions
Authors: Klevenhusen Fenja , Pieper Robert , Winter Janine , Ronczka Stefan , Speer Karl
Published: August 2019

Background

This study evaluated the degradation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from eastern groundsel (Senecio vernalis) in grass silage prepared with different inoculants. Silages were produced from ryegrass with 230 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) content and mixed with eastern groundsel (9:1; w/w fresh matter basis) containing 5.5 g kg−1 DM PA. Treatments were: CON (untreated control), LP (3.0 × 105 cfu g−1 Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862/8866) or LBLC (7.3 × 104 cfu g−1 Lactobacillus buchneri LN40177 / Lactobacillus casei LC32909), and each of the treatments in combination with 30 g kg−1 molasses. Silages were prepared in glass jars and opened after 3, 10, and 90 days. Fermentation characteristics were determined and the PAs analyzed.

Results

Although the levels of fermentation acids differed between treatments, results indicated good quality of all silages during 90 days. Significant time (P < 0.001) and treatment (P < 0.001) effects were observed for PAs. Concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline decreased with molasses, declined over time, and were negatively correlated with lactic, propionic, and butyric acid, or with lactic and butyric acid in case of seneciphylline. In all silages, seneciphylline and senecionine N‐oxides were undetectable after 3 days, whereas senkirkine, the most abundant PA, remained stable.

Conclusions

Silage prepared from grass contaminated with eastern groundsel still contained high PA levels, and was hence a potential health hazard. Molasses supplementation reduced concentrations of senecionine and seneciphylline, while the bacterial inoculants had no effect. Other potentially toxic PA metabolites were not analyzed in the present study and further research is needed. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Outcome according to residual disease (surgeon's report vs pre‐chemotherapy imaging) in patients with bevacizumab‐treated ovarian cancer: Analysis of the ROSiA study
Authors: Korach Jacob , Colombo Nicoletta , Mendiola Cesar , Selle Frédéric , Dolado Ignacio , Donica Margarita , Oza Amit M.
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives

The single‐arm ROSiA study evaluated frontline bevacizumab for advanced ovarian cancer. We explored how discordant surgically and radiologically assessed postoperative residual disease affects outcomes.

Methods

After debulking surgery, 1021 patients received 4 to 8 cycles of carboplatin‐paclitaxel plus bevacizumab until progression or up to 24 months. The primary endpoint was safety; progression‐free survival (PFS) was a secondary endpoint. We performed post hoc exploratory PFS analyses in four subgroups: surgeon‐reported no visible residuum (NVR) without target lesions; surgeon‐reported NVR with target lesions; macroscopic (≤1 cm) residuum; and >1 cm residuum.

Results

Surgical and radiological assessments were concordant in 94% of patients; 61 patients (6%; 21% of those with surgeon‐reported NVR) had NVR with target lesions. Median PFS was numerically longest in patients with concordant surgically/radiologically assessed NVR (35.5 months), intermediate for surgeon‐reported NVR with target lesions (31.8 months), and shortest for visible residuum (27.9 and 20.2 months for visible residuum ≤1 and >1 cm, respectively). One‐year and 2‐year PFS rates showed the same pattern.

Conclusions

These analyses suggest that prognosis is potentially worse in patients with radiologically detected target lesions despite surgeon‐reported NVR compared with concordant NVR by both assessment methods. Postsurgical imaging may add valuable prognostic information.
Locally advanced epithelial sinonasal tumors: The impact of multimodal approach
Authors: Orlandi Ester , Cavalieri Stefano , Granata Roberta , Nicolai Piero , Castelnuovo Paolo , Piazza Cesare , Schreiber Alberto , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Quattrone Pasquale , Miceli Rosalba , Infante Gabriele , Sessa Fausto , Facco Carla , Calareso Giuseppina , Iacovelli Nicola Alessandro , Mattavelli Davide , Paderno Alberto , Resteghini Carlo , Locati Laura Deborah , Licitra Lisa , Bossi Paolo
Published: August 2019

Objective

Outcomes of locally advanced epithelial sinonasal cancers remain unsatisfactory; moreover, only limited and heterogeneous data exist on prognostic factors.

Methods

We reviewed all consecutive patients with American Joint Committee Cancer stage III to IV epithelial sinonasal cancers treated with platinum‐based induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by locoregional treatment between 1996 and 2015.

Results

We identified 69 patients treated with a multimodal approach (IC, surgery, radiotherapy). Overall, 44 patients recurred (64%). Of those, 19 patients received salvage surgery, but only four remained disease‐free. Median overall survival (OS) was 62.5 months. Sinonasal neuroendocrine and small cell histotypes (P = 0.0085), neuroendocrine differentiation (P = 0.006), and lack of response to IC (P = 0.03) were associated with worse OS. In patients who recurred, median OS was 13 months since recurrence. Survival was longer in patients submitted to salvage surgery (44%) than in those receiving chemotherapy alone at recurrence (29.5 vs. 4.6 months). Patients with a clinical benefit after palliative chemotherapy had a longer median OS than those with disease progression (29.2 vs. 4.4 months; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Globally, the prognosis of locally advanced epithelial sinonasal cancers is dismal, with worse outcomes for neuroendocrine lesions. In the recurrent setting, feasibility of salvage surgery and clinical benefit from palliative chemotherapy are associated with longer OS. A multimodal treatment strategy with IC seems to offer improved OS when compared with other retrospective series not employing such a therapeutic tool.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 130:857–865, 2020
Histological characteristics of intra‐temporal facial nerve paralysis in temporal bone malignancies
Authors: Ungar Omer J. , Nadol Joseph B. , Faquin William C. , Carey John P. , Handzel Ophir , Santos Felipe
Published: August 2019

Objective

To describe the histopathologic findings and clinical presentation of intra‐temporal facial nerve invasion in primary and metastatic malignancies of the human temporal bone (TB).

Materials and Methods

Retrospective analysis of all medical records of patients diagnosed with peripheral facial nerve palsy (PFnP) of a malignant origin was performed. Temporal bones underwent standard processing for histologic examination. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained slides were examined by light microscopy. The histologic findings were compared to premortem clinical data.

Results

Eighteen TBs were identified in 16 patients. The male to female ratio was 9:7. The median (range) age of death was 56.5 years (27 months to 75 years). The median time interval from facial nerve injury to death was 5.5 months. There were 11 carcinomas and seven sarcomas identified. Primary TB malignancies were identified in seven TBs (39%), and the rest (11 TBs, 61%) were of metastatic origin. Complete facial nerve paralysis (House‐Brackmann [HB] grade VI), was the most common clinical presentation affecting nine patients (10 TBs, 56%). Neural involvement was multifocal in nature (16 of 18 TBs, 89%). The most commonly involved cranial nerve (CN) VII segment was the meatal segment (13 TBs, 72%), followed by the labyrinthine, tympanic, and vertical segments (nine, eight, and six TBs, respectively).

Conclusion

PFnP can be the result of local, regional, or distant malignancy, and is associated with poor survival. The facial nerve can serve as a route of tumor progression intracranially. Whereas every segment of CNV II can be violated by tumors, not all PFnP are related to direct tumor invasion.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 130:E358–E367, 2020
Pubertal orchestration of hormones and testis in primates
Authors: Bhattacharya Indrashis , Sen Sharma Souvik , Majumdar Subeer S.
Published: August 2019

The term “Puberty”, socially known as “Adolescence” is the transitional period from juvenile life to adulthood with functional maturation of gonads and genital organs. In this process, some remarkable developmental changes occur in morphology, physiology, and behavior leading to reproductive competence. Despite sufficient levels of gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH]), robust spermatogenesis is not initiated during infancy in primates due to the immaturity of testicular Sertoli cells. Recent studies suggest that developmental competence augmenting functional activities of receptors for androgen and FSH is acquired by Sertoli cells somewhere during the prolonged hypo‐gonadotropic juvenile period. This juvenile phase is terminated with the re‐awakening of hypothalamic Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin neurons which induce the release of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone leading to reactivation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐testicular axis at puberty. During this period of pubertal development, FSH and LH facilitate further maturation of testicular cells (Sertoli cells and Leydig cells) triggering robust differentiation of the spermatogonial cells, ensuing the spermatogenic onset. This review aims to precisely address the evolving concepts of the pubertal regulation of hormone production with the corresponding cooperation of testicular cells for the initiation of robust spermatogenesis, which can be truly called “testicular puberty.”
Structure‐preserving space‐time discretization of a mixed formulation for quasi‐incompressible large strain elasticity in principal stretches
Authors: Janz Alexander , Betsch Peter , Franke Marlon
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we propose an energy and momentum consistent time‐stepping scheme for nonlinear elastodynamics. The algorithm is based on a mixed Hu‐Washizu–type variational principle that is inspired by the concept of polyconvexity and relies on a tensor cross product of second‐order tensors. In addition, we introduce a new algorithmic stress formula in its eigenvalue representation to model the transient behavior of hyperelastic bodies of Ogden‐type materials. Finally, several numerical examples show the superior performance of the proposed formulation in terms of numerical robustness and stability.
Emergency medical technicians' experiences with unplanned births outside institutions: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Vagle Hanne , Haukeland Gunn Terese , Dahl Bente , Aasheim Vigdis , Vik Eline Skirnisdottir
Published: August 2019

Aim

To explore emergency medical technicians' experiences with unplanned births outside institutions.

Design

A qualitative interview study.

Methods

Individual semi‐structured interviews with 12 emergency medical technicians in Norway. Systematic text condensation was used to analyse the data material.

Results

Analysis showed that there is a mismatch between society's expectations about emergency medical technicians and the reality they encounter in out‐of‐hospital maternity care, that emergency medical technicians experience a general lack of training in caring for labouring women and that poor communication with other health professions challenges patient safety. The participants expressed how they do their best in caring for both mother and child, in spite of a lack of education, training and competence in assisting labouring women.
Type 2 diabetes familial risk personalization process profiles: Implications for patient–provider communication
Authors: Daack‐Hirsch Sandra , Schumacher Amy C. , Shah Lisa , Campo Shelly
Published: August 2019

People who have a single first‐degree relative with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk for developing T2D over their lifetime. A positive family history of T2D is also associated with developing risk awareness and engaging in risk‐reducing behaviors among the unaffected relatives. Yet, little is known about how people with a positive family history for disease personalize and process their familial risk to form perceptions about their own risk. In this mixed method study, we explored risk personalization among a diverse group of people between the ages of 18 and 60, with a positive family history of T2D, who were themselves unaffected (n = 109). We collected interview and survey data with respect to the
familial risk perception personalization model. Using cluster analysis, qualitative and quantitative data were combined to inductively derive three distinct clusters representing three different familial risk perception personalization processes. These results can serve as a basis for tailored interventions aimed at reducing risk for T2D among people with increased risk due to familial history.
Application of safety triad in preparation for climate extremes affecting the process industries
Authors: Parker Trent , Shen Ruiqing , O'Connor Michael , Wang Qingsheng
Published: August 2019

A number of incidents within the process industries have been attributed to climate extremes. The late Dr. Mannan proposed the concept of a “safety triad,” which represents the three layers of an effective safety system, with deficiencies in any of the layers leading to possible incidents. Using this safety triad, past incidents in the process industries resulting from climate extremes can be investigated. From these investigations, appropriate systems and strategies can be implemented to address deficiencies in any of the layers to reduce the likelihood of similar incidents occurring in the future. This article presents a case study involving the DuPont La Porte facility toxic chemical release to demonstrate the use of the safety triad to identify deficiencies of the layers that led to the incident and propose strategies to address them.
Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success
Authors: Aw‐Yong Kam Leng , NikNadia Nik Mohd Nasir , Tan Chee Wah , Sam I‐Ching , Chan Yoke Fun
Published: August 2019

Enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) from the Picornaviridae family is an important emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks worldwide. EV‐A71 also caused fatal neurological complications in young children especially in Asia. On the basis of seroepidemiological studies from many Asian countries, EV‐A71 infection is very common. Children of very young age are particularly vulnerable. Large‐scale epidemics that occur every 3 to 4 years are associated with accumulation of an immunologically naive younger population. Capsid proteins especially VP1 with the presence of major B‐ and T‐cell epitopes are the most antigenic proteins. The nonstructural proteins mainly contribute to T‐cell epitopes that induce cross‐reactive immune responses against other enteroviruses. Dominant epitopes and their neutralization magnitudes differ in mice, rabbits, and humans. Neutralizing antibody is sufficient for immune protection, but poorer cellular immunity may lead to severe neurological complications and deaths. Some chemokines/cytokines are consistently found in severely ill patients, for example, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17A, MCP‐1, IL‐8, MIG, IP‐10, IFN‐γ, and G‐CSF. An increase in white cell counts is a risk factor for severe HFMD. Recent clinical trials on EV‐A71 inactivated vaccine showed >90% efficacy and a robust neutralization response that was protective, indicating neutralizing antibody correlates for protection. No protection against other enteroviruses was observed. A comprehensive understanding of the immune responses to EV‐A71 infection will benefit the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics, and subunit vaccine candidates. Future development of a multivalent enterovirus vaccine will require knowledge of correlates of protection, understanding of cross‐protection and memory T‐cell responses among enteroviruses.
Biological Metabolism Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanorods from Bacteria as a Biofactory toward High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Xiao Han , Xu Lusheng , Xiao Zhen , Huang Hui , Gan Yongping , Pan Guoxiang , Tao Xinyong , Xia Yang , Xia Xinhui , Zhang Wenkui
Published: August 2019

Increasing awareness toward environmental remediation and renewable energy has led to a vigorous demand for exploring a win‐win strategy to realize the eco‐efficient conversion of pollutants (“trash”) into energy‐storage nanomaterials (“treasure”). Inspired by the biological metabolism of bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) is successfully exploited as a promising eco‐friendly sustainable biofactory for the controllable fabrication of α‐Fe2O3 nanorods via the oxidation of soluble ferrous irons to insoluble ferric substances (Jarosite, KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) and a facile subsequent heat treatment. It is demonstrated that the stable solid electrolyte interphase layers and marvelous cracks in situ formed in biometabolic α‐Fe2O3 nanorods play important roles that not only significantly enhance the structure stability but also facilitate electron and ion transfer. Consequently, these biometabolic α‐Fe2O3 nanorods deliver a superior stable capacity of 673.9 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 over 200 cycles and a remarkable multi‐rate capability that observably prevails over the commercial counterpart. It is highly expected that such biological synthesis strategies can shed new light on an emerging field of research interconnecting biotechnology, energy technology, environmental technology, and nanotechnology.
Reparative macrophage transplantation for myocardial repair: a refinement of bone marrow mononuclear cell-based therapy
Authors: Podaru Mihai-Nicolae , Fields Laura , Kainuma Satoshi , Ichihara Yuki , Hussain Mohsin , Ito Tomoya , Kobayashi Kazuya , Mathur Anthony , D’Acquisto Fulvio , Lewis-McDougall Fiona , Suzuki Ken
Published: August 2019

Reparative macrophages play an important role in cardiac repair post-myocardial infarction (MI). Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) have been investigated as a donor for cell therapy but with limited clinical success. These cells, however, may be utilized as a source for reparative macrophages. This translational study aimed to establish a robust in vitro protocol to produce functional reparative macrophages from BM-MNCs and to establish pre-clinical evidence of the efficacy of reparative macrophage transplantation for the treatment of MI. Mouse BM-MNCs were treated with M-CSF plus IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1 or combinations of these in vitro. The concomitant administration of M-CSF and IL-4 produced the highest rate and largest number of CD11b+F4/80+CD206+ reparative macrophages. Expression and secretion of tissue repair-related factors including IGF-1, TGF-β1, VEGF and IL1-ra were remarkably enhanced in reparative macrophages compared to BM-MNCs. These cells were transplanted in a mouse MI model, resulting in evident improvement in cardiac function recovery, compared to BM-MNC transplantation. Histological studies showed that reparative macrophage transplantation enhanced myocardial tissue repair including augmented microvascular formation, reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and attenuated interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, survival of reparative macrophages in the heart post-transplantation was increased compared to BM-MNCs. Reparative macrophage transplantation also increased host-derived reparative macrophages in part through TGF-β secretion. In conclusion, concomitant M-CSF + IL-4 treatment effectively produced reparative macrophages from BM-MNCs in vitro. Transplantation of produced reparative macrophage achieved a superior therapeutic efficacy, compared to BM-MNC transplantation, through the enhanced quantity and quality of donor cell engraftment. Further development of this advanced cell-based therapy is warranted.
Psychological Distress, Terrorist Involvement and Disengagement from Terrorism: A Sequence Analysis Approach
Authors: Corner Emily , Gill Paul
Published: August 2019

Objectives

This paper utilizes probability-based modelling to unpack the complex and multifaceted individual, sociological, and psychological processes present within terrorist groups which may affect an individual’s psychological wellbeing. We outline the predictors of the onset of psychological distress across three phases of terrorist involvement (engagement, disengagement, and post-disengagement).

Methods

Utilizing a dataset of over 90 terrorist autobiographies, we conduct sequence analyses to pinpoint the onset of psychological problems and the experiences that preceded and proceeded this onset.

Results

The results demonstrate the complexity in the relationship between mental disorders and terrorist engagement and the heterogeneity of the lived experience of ‘being’ a terrorist. The experience of psychological distress is mediated by numerous factors and the combination of these factors.

Conclusions

The results helped highlight the complexity of ‘being’ a terrorist; multiple factors at individual, social, and group levels impact on an individual as they pass through life. Individuals engaged within terrorism encounter a number of risk factors, which if an individual has lower baseline levels of individual resilience and is not fully committed to the group identity, may impact them psychologically. The results highlighted that it is not the presence of risk factors which impact on an individual, but how they perceive these risk factors.
Joint attention to mental content and the social origin of reasoning
Authors: O’Madagain Cathal , Tomasello Michael
Published: August 2019

Growing evidence indicates that our higher rational capacities depend on social interaction—that only through engaging with others do we acquire the ability to evaluate beliefs as true or false, or to reflect on and evaluate the reasons that support our beliefs. Up to now, however, we have had little understanding of how this works. Here we argue that a uniquely human socio-linguistic phenomenon which we call ‘joint attention to mental content’ (JAM) plays a key role. JAM is the ability to focus together in conversation on the content of our mental states, such as beliefs and reasons. In such conversations it can be made clear that our attitudes to beliefs or reasons may conflict—that what I think is true, you might think is false, or that what I think is a good reason for believing something, you might think is a bad reason. We argue that through JAM, children discover that mental contents can be evaluated under various attitudes, and that this discovery transforms their mind-reading and reasoning abilities.
Service Offshoring Fit from Consumers’ Perspective
Authors: Lu Lu , Gregory Gary , Ngo Liem
Published: August 2019

Past research focuses on the location effects in explaining consumers’ responses to service offshoring while the role of service offshoring partners (OSPs)’ characteristics has not yet been addressed. Adapting from information integration and inference theories, this paper develops “service offshoring fit” which is influenced by OSPs’ characteristics and explains the differential responses to service offshoring. Both qualitative and quantitative studies explore the concept of fit and the characteristics of OSPs. The results confirm that corporate reputation of the OSPs and advanced technology owned by the OSPs are the important characteristics that influence service offshoring fit, which in turn affects consumers’ responses to service offshoring. Results also indicate not all the OSPs’ characteristics equally contribute to service offshoring fit but rather be contingent on service types. This study contributes to the current literature as it looks beyond the location effect and explains the differential responses by introducing the concept of fit.
Haunting History Onstage
Authors: Buccola Regina
Published: August 2019

In 2016, Chicago Shakespeare Theater and the Stratford Festival of Canada mounted marathons through Shakespearean history to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the death of Shakespeare with Tug of War and Breath of Kings. Both productions invited parallels to contemporary political events in their promotion and design, just as the original performances of these works in the Shakespearean era used past events to comment on present realities. Endurathons for cast and audience alike, Tug of War and Breath of Kings used double-casting, stylized treatments of violence and 'firsts' for each company to sweeten the bitter pill of these historical narratives.
Inertial impedance of coalescence during collision of liquid drops
Authors: Sambath Krishnaraj , Garg Vishrut , Thete Sumeet S. , Subramani Hariprasad J. , Basaran Osman A.
Published: August 2019

The fluid dynamics of the collision and coalescence of liquid drops has intrigued scientists and engineers for more than a century owing to its ubiquitousness in nature, e.g. raindrop coalescence, and industrial applications, e.g. breaking of emulsions in the oil and gas industry. The complexity of the underlying dynamics, which includes occurrence of hydrodynamic singularities, has required study of the problem at different scales – macroscopic, mesoscopic and molecular – using stochastic and deterministic methods. In this work, a multi-scale, deterministic method is adopted to simulate the approach, collision, and eventual coalescence of two drops where the drops as well as the ambient fluid are incompressible, Newtonian fluids. The free boundary problem governing the dynamics consists of the Navier–Stokes system and associated initial and boundary conditions that have been augmented to account for the effects of disjoining pressure as the separation between the drops becomes of the order of a few hundred nanometres. This free boundary problem is solved by a Galerkin finite element-based algorithm. The interplay of inertial, viscous, capillary and van der Waals forces on the coalescence dynamics is investigated. It is shown that, in certain situations, because of inertia two drops that are driven together can first bounce before ultimately coalescing. This bounce delays coalescence and can result in the computed value of the film drainage time departing significantly from that predicted from existing scaling theories.
An improved Lagrangian model for the time evolution of nonlinear surface waves
Authors: Guérin Charles-Antoine , Desmars Nicolas , Grilli Stéphan T. , Ducrozet Guillaume , Perignon Yves , Ferrant Pierre
Published: August 2019

Accurate real-time simulations and forecasting of phase-revolved ocean surface waves require nonlinear effects, both geometrical and kinematic, to be accurately represented. For this purpose, wave models based on a Lagrangian steepness expansion have proved particularly efficient, as compared to those based on Eulerian expansions, as they feature higher-order nonlinearities at a reduced numerical cost. However, while they can accurately model the instantaneous nonlinear wave shape, Lagrangian models developed to date cannot accurately predict the time evolution of even simple periodic waves. Here, we propose a novel and simple method to perform a Lagrangian expansion of surface waves to second order in wave steepness, based on the dynamical system relating particle locations and the Eulerian velocity field. We show that a simple redefinition of reference particles allows us to correct the time evolution of surface waves, through a modified nonlinear dispersion relationship. The resulting expressions of free surface particle locations can then be made numerically efficient by only retaining the most significant contributions to second-order terms, i.e. Stokes drift and mean vertical level. This results in a hybrid model, referred to as the ‘improved choppy wave model’ (ICWM) (with respect to Nouguier et al.’s J. Geophys. Res., vol. 114, 2009, p. C09012), whose performance is numerically assessed for long-crested waves, both periodic and irregular. To do so, ICWM results are compared to those of models based on a high-order spectral method and classical second-order Lagrangian expansions. For irregular waves, two generic types of narrow- and broad-banded wave spectra are considered, for which ICWM is shown to significantly improve wave forecast accuracy as compared to other Lagrangian models; hence, ICWM is well suited to providing accurate and efficient short-term ocean wave forecast (e.g. over a few peak periods). This aspect will be the object of future work.
Evolution of thermally stratified turbulent open channel flow after removal of the heat source
Authors: Kirkpatrick Michael P. , Williamson N. , Armfield S. W. , Zecevic V.
Published: August 2019

Evolution of thermally stratified open channel flow after removal of a volumetric heat source is investigated using direct numerical simulation. The heat source models radiative heating from above and varies with height due to progressive absorption. After removal of the heat source the initial stable stratification breaks down and the channel approaches a fully mixed isothermal state. The initial state consists of three distinct regions: a near-wall region where stratification plays only a minor role, a central region where stratification has a significant effect on flow dynamics and a near-surface region where buoyancy effects dominate. We find that a state of local energetic equilibrium observed in the central region of the channel in the initial state persists until the late stages of the destratification process. In this region local turbulence parameters such as eddy diffusivity $k_{h}$ and flux Richardson number $R_{f}$ are found to be functions only of the Prandtl number $Pr$ and a mixed parameter ${\mathcal{Q}}$, which is equal to the ratio of the local buoyancy Reynolds number $Re_{b}$ and the friction Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$. Close to the top and bottom boundaries turbulence is also affected by $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ and vertical position $z$. In the initial heated equilibrium state the laminar surface layer is stabilised by the heat source, which acts as a potential energy sink. Removal of the heat source allows Kelvin–Helmholtz-like shear instabilities to form that lead to a rapid transition to turbulence and significantly enhance the mixing process. The destratifying flow is found to be governed by bulk parameters $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$, $Pr$ and the friction Richardson number $Ri_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$. The overall destratification rate ${\mathcal{D}}$ is found to be a function of $Ri_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ and $Pr$.
Laboratory studies of Lagrangian transport by breaking surface waves
Authors: Lenain Luc , Pizzo Nick , Melville W. Kendall
Published: August 2019

While it has long been recognized that Lagrangian drift at the ocean surface plays a critical role in the kinematics and dynamics of upper ocean processes, only recently has the contribution of wave breaking to this drift begun to be investigated through direct numerical simulations (Deike et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 829, 2017, pp. 364–391; Pizzo et al., J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 49(4), 2019, pp. 983–992). In this work, laboratory measurements of the surface Lagrangian transport due to focusing deep-water non-breaking and breaking waves are presented. It is found that wave breaking greatly enhances mass transport, compared to non-breaking focusing wave packets. These results are in agreement with the direct numerical simulations of Deike et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 829, 2017, pp. 364–391), and the increased transport due to breaking agrees with their scaling argument. In particular, the transport at the surface scales with $S$, the linear prediction of the maximum slope at focusing, while the surface transport due to non-breaking waves scales with $S^{2}$, in agreement with the classical Stokes prediction.
Effects of nozzle-exit boundary-layer profile on the initial shear-layer instability, flow field and noise of subsonic jets
Authors: Bogey Christophe , Sabatini Roberto
Published: August 2019

The influence of the nozzle-exit boundary-layer profile on high-subsonic jets is investigated by performing compressible large-eddy simulations (LES) for three isothermal jets at a Mach number of 0.9 and a diameter-based Reynolds number of $5\times 10^{4}$, and by conducting linear stability analyses from the mean-flow fields. At the exit section of a pipe nozzle, the jets exhibit boundary layers of momentum thickness of approximately 2.8 % of the nozzle radius and a peak value of turbulence intensity of 6 %. The boundary-layer shape factors, however, vary and are equal to 2.29, 1.96 and 1.71. The LES flow and sound fields differ significantly between the first jet with a laminar mean exit velocity profile and the two others with transitional profiles. They are close to each other in these two cases, suggesting that similar results would also be obtained for a jet with a turbulent profile. For the two jets with non-laminar profiles, the instability waves in the near-nozzle region emerge at higher frequencies, the mixing layers spread more slowly and contain weaker low-frequency velocity fluctuations and the noise levels in the acoustic field are lower by 2–3 dB compared to the laminar case. These trends can be explained by the linear stability analyses. For the laminar boundary-layer profile, the initial shear-layer instability waves are most strongly amplified at a momentum-thickness-based Strouhal number $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}=0.018$, which is very similar to the value obtained downstream in the mixing-layer velocity profiles. For the transitional profiles, on the contrary, they predominantly grow at higher Strouhal numbers, around $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}=0.026$ and 0.032, respectively. As a consequence, the instability waves rapidly vanish during the boundary-layer/shear-layer transition in the latter cases, but continue to grow over a large distance from the nozzle in the former case, leading to persistent large-scale coherent structures in the mixing layers for the jet with a laminar exit velocity profile.
An improved model of near-inertial wave dynamics
Authors: Asselin Olivier , Young William R.
Published: August 2019

The YBJ equation (Young & Ben Jelloul, J. Marine Res., vol. 55, 1997, pp. 735–766) provides a phase-averaged description of the propagation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) through a geostrophic flow. YBJ is obtained via an asymptotic expansion based on the limit $\mathit{Bu}\rightarrow 0$, where $\mathit{Bu}$ is the Burger number of the NIWs. Here we develop an improved version, the YBJ+ equation. In common with an earlier improvement proposed by Thomas, Smith & Bühler (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 817, 2017, pp. 406–438), YBJ+ has a dispersion relation that is second-order accurate in $\mathit{Bu}$. (YBJ is first-order accurate.) Thus both improvements have the same formal justification. But the dispersion relation of YBJ+ is a Padé approximant to the exact dispersion relation and with $\mathit{Bu}$ of order unity this is significantly more accurate than the power-series approximation of Thomas et al. (2017). Moreover, in the limit of high horizontal wavenumber $k\rightarrow \infty$, the wave frequency of YBJ+ asymptotes to twice the inertial frequency $2f$. This enables solution of YBJ+ with explicit time-stepping schemes using a time step determined by stable integration of oscillations with frequency $2f$. Other phase-averaged equations have dispersion relations with frequency increasing as $k^{2}$ (YBJ) or $k^{4}$ (Thomas et al. 2017): in these cases stable integration with an explicit scheme becomes impractical with increasing horizontal resolution. The YBJ+ equation is tested by comparing its numerical solutions with those of the Boussinesq and YBJ equations. In virtually all cases, YBJ+ is more accurate than YBJ. The error, however, does not go rapidly to zero as the Burger number characterizing the initial condition is reduced: advection and refraction by geostrophic eddies reduces in the initial length scale of NIWs so that $\mathit{Bu}$ increases with time. This increase, if unchecked, would destroy the approximation. We show, however, that dispersion limits the damage by confining most of the wave energy to low $\mathit{Bu}$. In other words, advection and refraction by geostrophic flows does not result in a strong transfer of initially near-inertial energy out of the near-inertial frequency band.
Acceptability of community quarantine in contexts of communicable disease epidemics: perspectives of literate lay people living in Conakry, Guinea
Authors: Kpanake Lonzozou , Leno Jean-Pierre , Sorum Paul Clay , Mullet Etienne
Published: August 2019

During the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, some communities reacted hostilely to the implementation of quarantine measures. This study's aim was to examine the views of lay people in Guinea on the acceptability of community quarantine. From June to August 2016, 302 adults indicated the acceptability of quarantine in 36 scenarios varying as a function of four factors: the infectious disease's level of contagiousness, its level of lethality, the number of cases in the community and whether persons in quarantine are provided with support services. Five clusters were identified: (1) for 18% of the participants, quarantine is never acceptable; (2) 16% considered, in contrast, that quarantine is always acceptable; (3) for 14%, it depends on the disease's level of contagiousness and lethality; (4) 36% based their judgement not only on the levels of contagiousness and lethality, but also on whether those in quarantine are provided with support services; and (5) 16% had no opinion. Interventions to increase voluntary compliance with community quarantine in Guinea must not be ‘one size fits all’, but must be multifaceted and tailored in design and implementation to match the diversity of people's concerns and needs.