bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oclusão arterial aguda de membros inferiores por êmbolo tumoral em paciente com neoplasia de pulmão
Authors: Alcântara Viviane Queli Macedo de , Souza Germana Gabriela Campos de , Borges Rodrigo Dafico Bernardes de Sousa , Milhomem Paula Sabrina Araújo , Sales Werther Souza , Brandão Marcelo Luiz , Rassi Ana Lúcia , Fernandes Ly de Freitas
Published: December 2012

A embolia arterial periférica originada de tumores malignos é considerada uma manifestação rara da doença neoplásica, podendo se originar de vários sítios, incluindo coração, aorta e veias pulmonares, sendo estas últimas, fontes massivas de embolia por trombo ou tumores com erosão para seu lúmen. Apesar de infrequente, a neoplasia pulmonar deve ser considerada como uma fonte de êmbolos para as extremidades, principalmente quando há invasão neoplásica para as veias pulmonares. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino submetido à pneumectomia por neoplasia pulmonar, que evoluiu com oclusão arterial aguda de membros inferiores por êmbolo tumoral " a cavaleiro".
(Multi)letramento(s) digital(is) e teoria do posicionamento: análise das práticas discursivas de professoras que se relacionaram com as tecnologias da informação e comunicação no ensino público
Authors: Saito Fabiano Santos , Ribeiro Patrícia Nora de Souza
Published: December 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as práticas discursivas de três professoras que se relacionaram direta e indiretamente com as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de uma escola pública na cidade de Juiz de Fora - MG. Para cumprir com esse objetivo, utilizamos o modelo de Multiletramentos Digitais (SELBER, 2004) no que se refere aos usos e práticas sociais da Era Digital. Para enriquecer a análise deste estudo, trouxemos também as contribuições da Teoria do Posicionamento (HARRÉ; VAN LANGENHOVE, 1999), para podermos compreender como as professoras assumiam posições em um contexto de ensino que faz uso das tecnologias digitais. Esta pesquisa de abordagem qualitativo-interpretativista configurou-se metodologicamente como um estudo de caso etnográfico aliado a uma análise do discurso. Os resultados apontam que, embora as professoras assumam em um primeiro momento uma posição tecnófila (ou seja, uma posição favorável ao uso das TICs em ambiente educacional), essa posição é rejeitada pelas professoras indiretamente relacionadas à sala de informática em posicionamentos (tomadas de posição discursiva) posteriores, em que é possível identificar posições tecnofóbicas (de medo ou resistência às tecnologias), que são indícios de falta de formação docente que tornem o uso das TICs mais eficiente e situado. Além disso, as posições e posicionamentos assumidos pelas professoras indicam um modelo de Letramento Digital Funcional na escola investigada, que é motivado por problemas de infraestrutura informacional e forças institucionais de instâncias sociais superiores à escola. Assim, uma das contribuições teórico-metodológicas deste estudo é relacionar a Teoria do Posicionamento com o Modelo de Multiletramentos Digitais para explicar os discursos que atravessam o contexto em que as TICs são usadas. Além do mais, esperamos contribuir para uma abordagem mais crítica e questionadora desses contextos educacionais, considerando a formação docente como essencial para a apropriação e o uso situado das TICs. Também é nosso intento levantar discussões transdisciplinares nas áreas de Linguística, Ensino e Tecnologia.
Ler e recarregar a página: um exercício analítico sobre a reescrita da webnotícia
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Elisa , Gonzaga-Pontes Camila
Published: December 2012

A notícia escrita na web vem sendo considerada, pelos estudiosos da comunicação, como um gênero com características próprias, que a diferenciam da notícia impressa. A atualização constante, possível na internet, faz com que esse texto noticioso vá sendo reescrito enquanto é apurado. Com base nos conceitos de retextualização e reescrita, apresentamos uma análise de uma webnotícia. Selecionamos um texto factual e salvamos, por meio de um software, todas as suas atualizações (sete, no total) ao longo do dia. A análise dessa notícia, em construção por mais de uma hora, diante dos olhos do leitor, mostra operações de reescrita e questões de apuração jornalística que podem fazer diferença tanto para os processos de produção noticiosa (um novo paradigma, provavelmente) quanto para as práticas sociais do leitor.
Temperature, not Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), is Causally Associated with Short-Term Acute Daily Mortality Rates: Results from One Hundred United States Cities
Authors: Cox Tony , Popken Douglas , Ricci Paolo F
Published: December 2012

Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air (C) have been suspected of contributing causally to increased acute (e.g., same-day or next-day) human mortality rates (R). We tested this causal hypothesis in 100 United States cities using the publicly available NMMAPS database. Although a significant, approximately linear, statistical C-R association exists in simple statistical models, closer analysis suggests that it is not causal. Surprisingly, conditioning on other variables that have been extensively considered in previous analyses (usually using splines or other smoothers to approximate their effects), such as month of the year and mean daily temperature, suggests that they create strong, nonlinear confounding that explains the statistical association between PM2.5 and mortality rates in this data set. As this finding disagrees with conventional wisdom, we apply several different techniques to examine it. Conditional independence tests for potential causation, non-parametric classification tree analysis, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA), and Granger-Sims causality testing, show no evidence that PM2.5 concentrations have any causal impact on increasing mortality rates. This apparent absence of a causal C-R relation, despite their statistical association, has potentially important implications for managing and communicating the uncertain health risks associated with, but not necessarily caused by, PM2.5 exposures.
Identification of Risk Factors for Falls in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gunn Hilary J. , Newell Paul , Haas Bernhard , Marsden Jonathan F. , Freeman Jennifer A.
Published: December 2012

Background

Falls are a significant issue in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), with research demonstrating fall rates of more than 50%.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with falling in people with MS.

Data Sources

Mixed search methods were used, including computer-based and manual searches. Additionally, hand searches of reference lists and conference abstracts were performed. All literature published from the source's earliest date to January 2012 was included; only full-text English-language sources (or those where a translation was available) were included.

Study Selection

Eligibility criteria specified articles evaluating any aspect of fall risk in adults with a confirmed MS diagnosis, where the incidence of falling as determined by prospective or retrospective participant report was included.

Data Extraction

Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers using a written protocol and standardized extraction documentation. Detailed assessment of each article was independently undertaken by both reviewers, including assessment of study quality using an adaptation of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale plus extraction of key data (participant characteristics, fall incidence, and outcomes).

Data Synthesis

The final review comprised 8 articles with a total of 1,929 participants; 1,037 (53.75%) were classified as fallers. Eighteen different risk factors were assessed within the included studies. Meta-analysis demonstrated an increase in fall risk associated with impairments of balance and cognition, progressive MS, and use of a mobility aid. Narrative review of the qualitative articles and those factors where meta-analysis was not possible also was undertaken.

Limitations

Variation in assessment, analysis, and reporting methods allowed meta-analysis for only 4 factors.

Conclusion

There is limited evidence of the factors associated with fall risk in people with MS. Further methodologically robust studies are needed.
Minority of One: Violet King's Entry to the Legal Profession
Authors: Bailie Rachel K.
Published: December 2012

Violet King est née en 1929 à Calgary, en Alberta. Elle était la fille aînée de John King qui avait quitté l'Oklahoma pour le Canada en 1911 avec sa famille et un groupe d'immigrants noirs. En 1911 et 1912, en raison de l'intolérance du public et du gouvernement, le Canada limitait à moins de 2 000 le nombre total d'immigrants noirs dans les Prairies canadiennes. Lorsque Violet s'est inscrite à l'Université de l'Alberta à Edmonton en 1948, elle était la seule étudiante noire. Violet a assumé un rôle actif de leader à l'université et au conseil étudiant.

Après avoir obtenu son diplôme en 1953, Violet est revenue à Calgary pour faire son stage de droit chez un éminent avocat de la ville. En 1954, elle fut la première avocate noire admise au barreau de l'Alberta et la première avocate noire au Canada. Elle s'est ensuite installée à Ottawa, en Ontario, pour travailler au ministère fédéral de la Citoyenneté. Elle est ensuite partie aux États-Unis pour travailler avec le YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association). En 1976, elle fut nommée directrice principale au Conseil national du groupe de développement organisationnel du YMCA, devenant ainsi la première femme occupant un poste de haute direction dans cet organisme national américain.
Every Breath You Take: Erotic Asphyxiation, Vengeful Wives, and Other Enduring Myths in Spousal Sexual Assault Prosecutions
Authors: Busby Karen
Published: December 2012

L'importante décision de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt J.A. devrait faire cesser le recours à la défense invoquant le consentement donné à l'avance, offrant ainsi une protection contre les agressions sexuelles aux femmes qui se retrouvent inconscientes pour quelque raison que ce soit. Même si une analyse plus profonde du cas et de la jurisprudence connexe révèle que les praticiens du sadomasochisme ont peu de raisons de craindre des poursuites criminelles au Canada, la présente analyse met en lumière d'autres problèmes sérieux, par exemple en ce qui concerne les poursuites pour agressions sexuelles entre conjoints, y compris le fait de minimiser les risques reliés à l’étranglement, une volonté de considérer la violence comme agréable et l'invocation constante du comportement sexuel antérieur sans plus d'information sur le contexte, notamment les actes de violence antérieurs du défendeur contre la plaignante. De plus, l'article remet en question la nécessité et l’à-propos de la preuve d'experts dans des cas d'agression sexuelle dans un contexte conjugal.
Application of Nano-Baskets for Extraction of Lanthanides
Authors: Mokhtari Bahram , Pourabdollah Kobra
Published: December 2012

Eight proton di-ionisable diacid conformers of nano-baskets including 25,26-di(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene-crown-3, -crown-4, -crown-5 and -crown-6 in the cone conformation have been synthesised and shown to extract lanthanide cations effectively. Their selectivities were greatly influenced by the acidity of the solution and the conformations of the calix-crown. The extraction loading was improved by having the p-tert-butyl-moiety in the upper rim. The scaffold bearing the crown-4 ether moiety showed the least loading, while scaffolds with crown-3- and crown-5-ether moieties had the best selectivities.
Editorial Vol.1(1)
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammed Raihan
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i1.12943
Development of Ibuprofen Loaded Solid Dispersion with Improved Dissolution Using Tween 80 & Span 80
Authors: Shahrin Naila , Huq Asma
Published: December 2012

To develop a novel dosage form of ibuprofen loaded solid dispersion with improved dissolution, formulations were developed using mixture of tween 80 & span 80 with a sugar such as dextrose, icing sugar. Percentage of tween 80 & span 80 was 10% & 5%, 7.5% & 7.5%, 5% & 10% and amount of sugar was fixed (1.2 g). In-vitro dissolution study was conducted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 1 hour. Release property from formulations of both sugars was investigated. In both cases, enhanced release property was observed where the release was compared with pure ibuprofen powder. Formulations having same amount of tween 80 & span 80 showed maximum release of drug. Formulations of icing sugar showed maximum release of drug within 1 hour time frame than the formulations of dextrose. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i1.12946 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(1) 2012
Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of Vildagliptin from table dosage form
Authors: Malakar Aparajita , Bokshi Bishwajit , Nasrin Dilruba
Published: December 2012

A new simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed-phase liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of Vildagliptin (VLG) in pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation was achieved on a Xterra® Waters C18 column (150mm×4.6mm, 5?m) using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of aqueous phase (1 ml of 25% ammonium hydroxide was dissolved in 1000 ml of water for chromatography, pH of the solution was adjusted to the value of 9.5 using a 50% solution of phosphoric acid) and organic phase (methanol) in the ratio of 60:40 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 210nm. The retention time of Vildagliptin was found to be 6.3 min. The calibration curve was found linear between 5- 200?g/ml (r2 = 0.9997). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1.47 and 4.90 ?g/mL, respectively. The percentage recoveries of Vildagliptin were found to be in the range of 99.11-100.62%. The method was validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization acceptance criteria for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and system suitability. The excipients did not interfere in the determination of VLG. The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of VLG in tablet dosage form, which will help to improve quality control. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i1.12947 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(1) 2012
Lean Approach to Quality Control Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Chowdhury Nusrat
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i1.12948 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(1) 2012
Dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble drug by solvent evaporation method using hydrophilic polymer: a solid dispersion technique
Authors: Minhaz Md Armin , Rahman Md Mofizur , Ahsan Md Qamnul , Khalipha Abul Bashar Ripon , Chowdhury Mohammed Raihan
Published: December 2012

In order to investigate the effect of polymers on release mechanism of poorly soluble drugs from solid dispersions, Clonazepam was used as a model drug for these purposes. Five types of solid dispersions were prepared using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG- 6000), Kollicoat IR, Kollidon VA 64 and Poloxomer in different drug-tocarrier ratios (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10). The solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of solid dispersions. The in-vitro dissolution study with temperature of 37° C and a paddle method, 100 rpm was used in 1000 ml of distilled water as dissolution medium in each dissolution basket for the pure drug and solid dispersions. For pure Clonazepam showed very slow dissolution rate and the solid dispersion considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. Decreased crystalline and increased amorphous fraction of the drug was probably done by wettability and dispersibility. The highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of Clonazepam was observed in PEG-6000, Poloxomer and Kollidon VA 64 (1:10 ratio). Solid dispersions containing polymer (1:10 ratio) prepared by solvent method showed significant improvement in the release profile as compared to pure drug, Clonazepam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i2.12952 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(2) 2012
In-vitro interaction study of Cephradine with different essential mineral salts and its influence on antimicrobial activity (MIC) of Cephradine
Authors: Hossen SM Moazzem , Sarkar Md Raihan , Islam Md Shahidul , Barua Abanti , Hossain Mohammad Kamal , Hossain Md Sahamir
Published: December 2012

Present paper describes the interactions of Cephradine with different essential mineral salt like Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride in an aqueous system at pH 7.4. This Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride are essential trace element. From spectrophotometric study, it has been found that Cephradine forms 1:1 complex with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride. Spectral studies helps to detect the initial complexation between drug and mineral salts. Jobs plot at 7.4 provides same type of information. The Ardons spectrophotometric method confirmed the 1:1 complexation and the value of stability constants was calculated using Ardons plot. An individual antimicrobial study (MIC) of Cephradine in 1:1 mixture with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride at pH 7.4 was performed. These studies were carried out by observing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the complexes and compared with the parent Cephradine against both Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms in nutrient broth medium. Study confirms interactions of the Cephradine with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride and the interactions results into change the antimicrobial activity of Cephradine. Result shows that the antimicrobial activity increasing trends in presence of Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate and decreasing trends in presence of Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i2.12953 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(2) 2012
Thrombolytic & cyto-toxic property of Ethanol, Acetone & DM water extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp: An in-vitro evaluation
Authors: Hossen SM Moazzem , Hoque Mohammad Enamul , Sarkar Md Raihan , Islam Md Shahidul , Hossain Md Sahamir , Rashid Md Mahbub
Published: December 2012

In-vitro evaluation of Thrombolytic and cyto-toxic property of Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp in three different extract, Ethanol, Acetone and DM water extract is the aim of the research work. The methods adopted in the investigation are Brine shrimp Lethality Bioassay for cytotoxic activity determination and in-vitro Thrombolytic study for clotlysis activity determination. The findings of the investigation were significant and found that Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp have potential thrombolytic and cytotoxic activity. Tamarindus indica Linn. fruits pulp may be a new and potential source of thrombolytic and cytotoxic agent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i2.12954 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(2) 2012
Use of computer in drug design and drug discovery: A review
Authors: Rahman Md Mofizur , Karim Md Rezaul , Ahsan Md Qamrul , Khalipha Abul Bashar Ripon , Chowdhury Mohammed Raihan , Saifuzzaman Md
Published: December 2012

Drug design through computer, a recent, very effective technique in modern arena. Now a days Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) technologies are used in nanotechnology, molecular biology, biochemistry etc. The main benefit of the CADD is cost effective in research and development of drugs. There are wide ranges of software are used in CADD, Grid computing, window based general PBPK/PD modeling software, PKUDDS for structure based drug design,APIS, JAVA, Perl and Python, CADD as well as software including software libraries. There are different techniques used in CADD visualization, homology, molecular dynamic, energy minimization molecular docking, QSAR etc. Computer aided drug design is applicable in Cancer disease, transportation of drug to specific site in body, data collections and storages of organics and biologicals. Conformational properties and energetics of small molecules and DNA cleavage, molecular diagnostics based on fluorescences are focusing using this technique. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i2.12955 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(2) 2012
In-vitro interactions of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride with different essential mineral salts and its influence on antimicrobial activity (MIC) of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
Authors: Hossen SM Moazzem , Islam Md Shahidul , Masumder Kafil Uddin , Hossain Md Salim , Chowdhury Amitava , Deb Amit Kumar , Shobuj Shafaith Mohammad
Published: December 2012

Present work describes the interactions of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride with different essential mineral salt like Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride in an aqueous system at pH 7.4. This Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride are essential trace element. From spectrophotometric study, it has been found that Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride forms 1:1 complex with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride. Spectral studies helps to detect the initial complexation between drug and mineral salts. Jobs plot at 7.4 provides same type of information. An individual antimicrobial study (MIC) of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in 1:1 mixture with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride at pH 7.4 was performed. These studies were carried out by observing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the complexes and compared with the parent Cephradine against both Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms in nutrient broth medium. Study confirms interactions of the Cephradine with Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride and the interactions results into change the antimicrobial activity of Cephradine. Result shows that the antimicrobial activity increasing trends in presence of Magnesium Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate and decreasing trends in presence of Zinc Sulfate and Potassium Chloride.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12977 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
Anti-diarrheal, Analgesic and Anti-microbial activities of the plant Lalmesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa): A review
Authors: Sarkar Md Raihan , Hossen SM Moazzem , Howlader Md Sariful Islam , Rahman Md Ashfaqure , Dey Avijit
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study was to phytochemically investigate the ethanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. calyces and to evaluate the analgesic, anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal activities of this. The calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa were separated from the other plant parts and sun dried and extracted using ethanol and phytochemically and pharmacologically evaluated.Different Phytochemical tests were performed for phytochemical screening and for determining the functional groups. Different methods like Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial activity determination, Castor oil induced diarrhea in mice method for the antidiarrheal study and Acetic acid induced writhing test for analgesic activity were employed. Phytochemical screening of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa ensured the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins in the crude ethanolic extract. The peripheral analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid induced Writhing method. The extract produced 66.85% (p< 0.001) inhibition of writhing in mice at the dose of 500-mg/kg body weight, which is comparable to diclofenac sodium (78.45% (p<0.001) at the dose of 25mg/kg). The anti-diarrheal activity of the crude extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa was evaluated using the model of castor oil induced diarrhea in mice. The crude etanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (calyces) showed a marked antidiarrhoeal activity at dose of 500 mg/kg-body weight as compared to the standard antidiarrhoeal agent loperamide (dose:50mg/kg-body weight). Hibiscus sabdariffa caused an increase in latent period i.e. delayed the onset of diarrhoeal episode and decreased the frequency of defecation. Anti-microbial activity was tested using a number of micro-organisms. The peripheral analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa against acute inflammatory pain was significantly high as compared to potent inhibitory activity of Diclofenac (25mg/kg). Therefore, it is likely that the ethanolic extract at a dose of 400mg/kg might suppress the formation of these substances or antagonize the action of these substances and thus exerts its analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing test. Anti-diarrheal activity was present in the ethanolic extract (500mg/kg) which indicate that the drug in decreased intestinal motility. This plant sample didnt show any antimicrobial activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12978 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
Synergistic Effects of Disintegrants on Release of poorly Water soluble drug
Authors: Rahman Md Mofizur , Khalpha Abul Basar , Chaurasiya Amit Kumar , Jha Mithilesh Kumar , Ahsan Md Qamrul , Faruki Zakaria , Ferdaus Md Jannatul
Published: December 2012

We have done research work in lab to find out proper formulation of immediate release tablet by using of various types of disintegrants (crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose), in order to examine the effect of mode of absorption of disintegrants on release mechanism from tablets. Acetaminophen, a poor soluble drug was used as a model drug to estimate its release pattern from different formulations. The USP paddle method was selected to perform the dissolution profiles carried out by USP apparatus 2 (paddle) at 50 rpm in 900 ml phosphate buffer pH 5.8. Successive dissolution time, time required for 25%, 50% and 80% of the drug release (T25%, T50%, T80%) was used to evaluate the dissolution results. A One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to recognize the result. Statistically significant differences were found among the drug release profile from all the formulations except mode of addition of crosspovidone. At a fixed amount of disintegrants, extragranular mode of addition seemed to be the best mode of incorporation. The best release was achieved with the sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sodium starch glycolate containing formulations. The T50 and T80 values were analytical of the fact that the drug release was faster from tablet formulations containing carboxymethylcellulose and sodium starch glycolate. The drug release was very much negligible difference by the mode of crospovidone addition. Two formulations found very small T50 and T80 values indicating very much faster release. From the all formulations corresponded extragranular mode of addition could be the best mode of incorporation. The drug release was unaffected by the mode of crospovidone addition. The mode of incorporation of disintegrants suggested enchancing the release of poor soluble drugs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12979 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
Validated Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Al Masud Abdullah , Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Hasan Moynul , Ripon Md Kamal Hossain , Khan Ahsanur Rahman , Islam Md Rabiul , Sarkar Md Raihan
Published: December 2012

A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the deterrmination of Olmesartan Medoxomil in raw material and tablets. The ?max of Olmesartan Medoxomil was found to be 256 nm. The linear dynamic response was found to be in the concentration range of 4-14 ?g/mL and coefficient of correlation was found to be 0.9993. The %RSD value was below 2.0 for intraday and interday precision indicated that the method was highly precise. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.105 and 0.3045 ?g/mL respectively which revealed that method was highly sensitive. The percentage recovery value was higher than 100 %, indicating the accuracy of the method and absence of interference of the excipients present in the formulation. The proposed method was simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible and hence can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Olmesartan Medoxomil in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12980 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
General Concept of Calibration
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammed Raihan
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12981International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
Superiority of a High Loading Dose of Cholecalciferol to Correct Hypovitaminosis D in Patients with Inflammatory/Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: SAINAGHI PIER PAOLO , BELLAN MATTIA , NERVIANI ALESSANDRA , SOLA DANIELE , MOLINARI ROSSELLA , CERUTTI CHIARA , PIRISI MARIO
Published: December 2012

Objective.

To compare 3 different cholecalciferol supplementation regimens in patients with rheumatic diseases.

Methods.

One hundred fifty-four patients who completed a 6-month course of cholecalciferol supplementation, of whom 111 had an autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic disease (ARD) and 43 osteoarthritis (NARD), were retrospectively identified from a database of 872 consecutive adult patients who attended a tertiary level immuno-rheumatology clinic from 2007 to 2010. Patients with renal failure or primary hyperparathyroidism were excluded. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were evaluated at baseline and after completion of treatment with (i) a single oral dose of cholecalciferol 300,000 IU, followed by oral cholecalciferol 800–1000 IU daily for 6 months [high-dose loading treatment (HLT) group; n = 40]; (ii) a single oral dose of cholecalciferol 100,000 IU, followed by daily oral cholecalciferol as above [low-dose loading treatment (LLT) group; n = 30]; or (iii) daily oral cholecalciferol as above but without the loading dose [standard therapy (ST); n = 84].

Results.

The rates of serum 25(OH)D and PTH normalization (defined as values > 75 nmol/l and < 72.9 pg/ml, respectively) were as follows: HLT, 52.5% (95% CI 37.5–68.5) and 69.2% (95% CI 54.7–83.3); LLT, 36.7% (95% CI 19.7–54.3) and 53.8% (95% CI 36.2–71.8); ST, 31.0% (95% CI 21.1–40.9) and 35.0% (95% CI 14.1–55.9). All regimes increased 25(OH)D (p < 0.001) but only HLT reduced PTH (p < 0.01) in comparison to baseline. The ARD group had a similar 25(OH)D increase but a smaller PTH reduction than the NARD (p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

An HLT cholecalciferol regimen is needed to correct hypovitaminosis D of patients with rheumatic diseases, with superior 25(OH)D normalization and PTH suppression rates at 6 months.
The Adverse Impact of Maternal Obesity on Intrapartum and Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Vinayagam Dimuthu , Chandraharan Edwin
Published: December 2012

Background. Confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the UK have repeatedly highlighted increased maternal morbidity and mortality associated with maternal obesity. Objective. To determine the impact of increased body mass index (BMI) on intrapartum outcomes. Materials and Methods. A retrospective case-control analysis of intrapartum outcomes of the study group (100 women), with a BMI above 40 kg/m2 (class III Obesity) at booking and a control group (100 women) with a booking BMI between 20 and 25 kg/m2 was performed. Results. A statistically significant increase in delivery by caesarean section (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.26–4.29), minor and major postpartum haemorrhage (OR 5.93, 95% CI 2.34–11.98, OR 16.11, 95% CI 2.08–125.09, resp.), perineal trauma (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.44–4.69), and fetal macrosomia (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.25–7.79) was noted in the study group. Babies also had an increased risk of having a lower APGAR scores in the study group as compared to the control group (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.07–8.94). Conclusion. Women with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 experience increased incidence of intrapartum complications and hence, input of skilled birth attendants during labour is essential to improve intrapartum outcomes.
Teaching Listening
Authors: Vandergrift Larry
Published: December 2012

Listening is a critical part of everyday life; yet it is the weakest language skill for many second and foreign‐language (L2) learners.
Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India
Authors: Kapoor Upasana , Srivastava M.K. , Srivastava Ashutosh Kumar , Patel D.K. , Garg Veena , Srivastava L.P.
Published: December 2012

A total of 250 samples—including fruits, fruit juices, and baby foods (50 samples each), vegetables (70 samples), and cereals (30 samples)—were collected from Lucknow, India, and analyzed for the presence of imidacloprid residues. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method of extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis were carried out, and imidacloprid residues were qualitatively confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Imidacloprid was not detected in samples of fruit juices and baby foods. It was, however, detected in 38 samples of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, which is about 15.20% of the total samples. Of samples of fruits, 22% showed the presence of imidacloprid, and 2% of samples showed residues above the maximal residue limit. Although imidacloprid was detected in 24% of vegetable samples, only 5.71% showed the presence of imidacloprid above the maximal residue limit. However, 33% of cereal samples showed the presence of imidacloprid, and about 3% of samples were above the maximal residue limit. The calculated estimated daily intake ranged between 0.004 and 0.131 µg/kg body weight, and the hazard indices ranged from 0.007 to 0.218 for these food commodities. It is therefore indicated that lifetime consumption of vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, baby foods, wheat, rice, and pulses may not pose a health hazard for the population of Lucknow because the hazard indices for imidacloprid residues were below one. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:723–727. © 2012 SETAC
Oral exposure to industrial effluent with exceptionally high levels of drugs does not indicate acute toxic effects in rats
Authors: Rutgersson Carolin , Gunnarsson Lina , Fick Jerker , Kristiansson Erik , Larsson D.G. Joakim
Published: December 2012

The Patancheru area near Hyderabad in India is recognized as a key link in the global supply chain for many bulk drugs. A central treatment plant receives wastewater from approximately 90 different manufacturers, and the resulting complex effluent has contaminated surface, ground, and drinking water in the region. Ecotoxicological testing of the effluent has shown adverse effects for several organisms, including aquatic vertebrates, at high dilutions. In addition, a recent study of microbial communities in river sediment indicated that the contamination of antibiotic substances might contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In an attempt to start investigating how exposure to effluent-contaminated water may directly affect humans and other terrestrial vertebrates, rats were tube-fed effluent. Several pharmaceuticals present in the effluent could be detected in rat blood serum at low concentrations. However, results from exploratory microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays indicated no marked effects on hepatic gene transcription after 5 d of exposure. Clinical analysis of blood serum constituents, used as biomarkers for human disease did not reveal any significant changes, nor was there an effect on weight gain. The authors could not find evidence for any acute toxicity in the rat; however, the authors cannot rule out that higher doses of effluent or a longer exposure time may still be associated with risks for terrestrial vertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:577–584. © 2012 SETAC
Association of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity with treatment and clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis C (HCV)
Authors: Everhart James E. , Wright Elizabeth C.
Published: December 2012

Increased γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity is associated with liver injury and with mortality in the general population. Less is known about its association with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) outcomes. We examined GGT as a predictor of both virological response to treatment and long-term clinical outcomes in the Hepatitis C Anti-viral Treatment Against Cirrhosis Trial (HALT-C). HALT-C enrolled patients with advanced liver disease (Ishak fibrosis score ≥3) in two phases: a lead-in to establish lack of sustained viral response with full dose pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin followed by a 3.5-year randomized trial with low-dose IFN. Low-dose IFN did not prevent liver disease progression, and patients were then followed for up to an additional 5 years off therapy. Analyses were performed for 1,319 patients who had GGT measured prior to initiation of treatment. Increases in risk with each increase in quintile of GGT (10-57, 58-89, 90-139, 140-230, 231-2,000 IU/L) were determined by logistic regression for treatment response or Cox regression for clinical outcomes. Baseline GGT was associated with male sex, nonwhite ethnicity, diabetes and insulin resistance, interleukin (IL)28B rs12979860 CT and TT genotypes, and numerous markers of liver disease injury and severity. In the lead-in phase, increasing GGT was strongly associated with diminished week 20 response, end of treatment response, and sustained virological response in both univariate and multivariate analyses controlling for factors known to be associated with treatment response (

P

< 0.0001). GGT was also associated with all clinical outcomes in univariate and multivariate analysis (

P

< 0.05) except for hepatocellular carcinoma (

P

= 0.46 in multivariate analysis).

Conclusion :

GGT is an independent predictor of both virological response and clinical outcomes among patients with advanced liver disease due to HCV.
Kinetics and mechanism of certain benzoylation reactions under Vilsmeier–Haack conditions using benzamide and oxychloride in acetonitrile medium
Authors: Rajanna K. C. , Venkateswarlu M. , Satish Kumar M. , Umesh Kumar U. , Venkateshwarlu G. , Saiprakash P. K.
Published: December 2012

Vilsmeier–Haack (VH) benzoylation reactions with benzaldehydes and acetophenones in acetonitrile medium obeyed second‐order reaction kinetics. Under kinetic conditions, the reactions afforded benzoyl derivatives irrespective of the nature of oxychloride (POCl3 or SOCl2) used for the preparation of VH reagent along with benzamide. The present finding is advantageous to understand the nature of reactive species as well as the mechanism of benzoylation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 69–80, 2013
Explaining the Gender Wealth Gap
Authors: Ruel Erin , Hauser Robert M.
Published: December 2012

To assess and explain the United States’ gender wealth gap, we use the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to examine wealth accumulated by a single cohort over 50 years by gender, by marital status, and limited to the respondents who are their family’s best financial reporters. We find large gender wealth gaps between currently married men and women, and between never-married men and women. The never-married accumulate less wealth than the currently married, and there is a marital disruption cost to wealth accumulation. The status-attainment model shows the most power in explaining gender wealth gaps between these groups explaining about one-third to one-half of the gap, followed by the human-capital explanation. In other words, a lifetime of lower earnings for women translates into greatly reduced wealth accumulation. After controlling for the full model, we find that a gender wealth gap remains between married men and women that we speculate may be related to gender differences in investment strategies and selection effects.
GENERALISATIONS OF INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES OF HERMITE–HADAMARD TYPE THROUGH CONVEXITY
Authors: MUDDASSAR MUHAMMAD , BHATTI MUHAMMAD IQBAL , IRSHAD WAJEEHA
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we establish various inequalities for some differentiable mappings that are linked with the illustrious Hermite–Hadamard integral inequality for mappings whose derivatives are $s$-$(\alpha , m)$-convex. The generalised integral inequalities contribute better estimates than some already presented. The inequalities are then applied to numerical integration and some special means.
Management of repeated trauma to bone-anchored hearing aids in a paediatric patient
Authors: Shamil E , Topsakal V , Grolman W
Published: December 2012

Objective:

To outline the management options and neurological complications associated with repeated traumatic falls that cause intrusion of bone-anchored hearing aid abutments.

Case report:

A three-year-old boy with coloboma, heart defects, atresia of nasal choanae, retarded growth, genital abnormalities, ear defects and deafness was fitted with a bone-anchored hearing aid for severe conductive hearing loss and congenital ear malformations. Six months later, a traumatic fall caused an intrusion injury which rendered the bone-anchored hearing aid abutment unusable. Without removing the original abutment, a second abutment was inserted on the same side to aid his hearing. Two years later, the child fell again and damaged his second bone-anchored hearing aid abutment. Having been offered a surgical option to repair the area, the parents opted to keep the abutments in situ.

Conclusion:

Direct trauma to the fixture of a bone-anchored hearing aid is a relatively common long-term complication in children which can disrupt osseointegration and disable the implant. For young children who are either prone to falling or have behavioural problems, a bone-anchored hearing aid Softband may be more appropriate to non-invasively aid hearing.
Thermodynamics of cercarial development and emergence in trematodes
Authors: MORLEY N. J. , LEWIS J. W.
Published: December 2012

Temperature is an important factor influencing the biology of ectothermic organisms and is intrinsically linked to climate change. Trematodes are potentially susceptible to temperature changes and in order to develop predictive frameworks of their responses to climate change large-scale analyses are needed. The present study, using the Q10 value, analyses experimental data from the scientific literature on the effects of temperature on cercarial development and emergence across a wide range of temperature in low (⩽35°) and mid-latitude (36–60°) species. Temperature appears to have no significant effect on the rate of development of cercariae within molluscan hosts. Data on cercarial emergence, corrected to incorporate the minimum emergence temperature threshold (METT) and acclimation status, was found to be largely unaffected by temperature over optimum ranges of ≈20 °C (15–25 °C) for mid-latitude species and ≈25 °C (20–30 °C) for low-latitude species. In addition, a decline in emergence rates was shown at higher temperatures. These results are contrary to a previous study on the meta-analysis of cercarial emergence. Some evidence of strain-specific differences and thermostability over a wide temperature range for both cercarial development and emergence was apparent. The significance of these results in furthering our understanding of cercarial biology under natural conditions is discussed.
Interpretation of contrastive pitch accent in six- to eleven-year-old English-speaking children (and adults)
Authors: ITO KIWAKO , BIBYK SARAH A. , WAGNER LAURA , SPEER SHARI R.
Published: December 2012

Both off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch prominence. To test whether children achieve adult-like proficiency in processing contrast-marking prosody during school years, an eye-tracking experiment examined the effect of accent on referential resolution in six- to eleven-year-old children and adults. In all age groups, a prominent accent facilitated the detection of a target in contrastive discourse sequences (pink cat→greencat), whereas it led to a garden path in non-contrastive sequences (pink rabbit→greenmonkey: the initial fixations were on rabbits). While the data indicate that children as young as age six immediately interpret contrastive accent, even the oldest child group showed delayed fixations compared to adults. We argue that the children's slower recovery from the garden path reflects the gradual development in cognitive flexibility that matures independently of general oculomotor control.
Compositional production in Spanish second language conjugation
Authors: PRESSON NORA , SAGARRA NURIA , MACWHINNEY BRIAN , KOWALSKI JOHN
Published: December 2012

Dual-route models of second language (L2) morphology (Clahsen & Felser, 2006; Ullman, 2004) argue that adult L2 learners rely on full-form retrieval, and therefore cannot use combination to produce inflected forms. We tested this prediction with learning of Spanish verb conjugations. Beginning (Experiment 1) and intermediate (Experiment 2) learners (total N = 816) completed 80–90 minutes of web-based training, conjugating regular and subregular verbs in present and preterite tense. Tests of generalization items showed that training led to substantial improvement, equally for metalinguistic and analogical feedback. Comparison with an untrained group showed that gains were maintained 18 weeks after training. In contrast with dual-route model predictions, pre-test accuracy and learning gains were strongly predicted by conjugation pattern, showing that full-form retrieval was insufficient to explain learner performance. Results indicate that adult L2 learners apply compositional analysis, and that conjugation patterns are learned on the basis of their relative cue validity.
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: implications for our food supply?
Authors: Doyle M. Ellin , Hartmann Faye A. , Lee Wong Amy C.
Published: December 2012

Food-borne intoxication, caused by heat-stable enterotoxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus, causes over 240,000 cases of food-borne illness in the United States annually. Other staphylococci commonly associated with animals may also produce these enterotoxins. Foods may be contaminated by infected food handlers during slaughter and processing of livestock or by cross-contamination during food preparation.S. aureusalso causes a variety of mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans and other animals. Antibiotic resistance is common in staphylococci. Hospital-associated (HA)S. aureusare resistant to numerous antibiotics, with methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) presenting significant challenges in health care facilities for over 40 years. During the mid-1990s new human MRSA strains developed outside of hospitals and were termed community-associated (CA). A few years later, MRSA was isolated from horses and methicillin resistance was detected inStaphylococcus intermedius/pseudintermediusfrom dogs and cats. In 2003, a livestock-associated (LA) MRSA strain was first detected in swine. These methicillin-resistant staphylococci pose additional food safety and occupational health concerns. MRSA has been detected in a small percentage of retail meat and raw milk samples indicating a potential risk for food-borne transmission of MRSA. Persons working with animals or handling meat products may be at increased risk for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review discusses the scope of the problem of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and some strategies for control of these bacteria and prevention of illness.