bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology and Diet of Some Rodents From the Lower Montane Region of Papua-New-Guinea
Authors: Mcphee EC
Published: June 2005

Information relating to the habitat, reproduction and diet is given for five murine rodents from the
vicinity of Wau, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Rattus steini was found to be present in all
four habitats investigated (kunai, gardens, coffee plantations, forest), whereas R. exulans was absent
from the forest; Melomys rufescens, M. lorentzi and Pogonomys macrourus were only trapped in the
forest, and in low numbers. Although climatically similar to other montane regions in Papua New
Guinea, the Wau area appeared to have an earlier start to the peak breeding season than elsewhere,
and litter sizes seemed to be higher. The diet of Melomys species and P. macrourus appeared to be
largely frugivorous (>90%), whereas Rattus species consumed a wide range of food items. While there
was considerable overlap between the diets of Ratlus species, R. steini consumed more leafy material
and insects, and less fruit, woody and vegetable material than R. exulans. Habitat modification by
human activity in the Wau area has radically affected the diversity and relative abundance of rodent
species, although it was difficult to discern any strong relationship between diet and habitat. While
specific and generic identification of particular food items was not possible, an index of invertebrate
diversity in the diet of rodents is suggested as a means of assessing changes in food availability, and
therefore habitat change.
Variations in Distribution of Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus-Ocydromus, in the Tutanning Nature Reserve and Their Impact on Adjacent Farmland
Authors: Arnold GW , Steven DE
Published: June 2005

The distribution of western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus, within the Tutanning
Nature Reserve, near Pingelly W.A., was monitored for six years from faecal accumulation on fixed
transects throughout the reserve, and from locations of animals sighted. Animal density varied between
the eastern and western halves of the reserve, but this variation could not be explained by differences
in the vegetation characteristics that were measured. Significantly more use was made by the kangaroos
of Eucalyptus wandoo-E. accedens open woodland than of dense areas of Casuarina huegliana or of
tall kwongan vegetation.
Animal numbers declined by 40% in 1982 (from 800 to 500), a drought year, and remained at this
lower level for the final three years of the study.
The numbers of animals seen on farmland at night were higher on crops than on pastures, and
higher in areas adjacent to parts of the reserve with greater densities of kangaroos. The proportion of
the population seen on farmland on any one night varied seasonally, but averaged 4.5% in 1981, before
the population decline, to 5.6% in 1983, a year of very low winter rainfall.
Estimation of crop damage made in one year shows that damage was restricted to those parts within
100 m of the reserve. The crop losses appear to be around 1% of paddock yields.
Effects of Weather Conditions in Summer on the Maintenance Behavior of Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus
Authors: Arnold GW , Lecrivain E , Johnson KG , Grassia A
Published: June 2005

The behaviour of seven western grey kangaroos was observed, in a 0.2 ha paddock of annual pasture
over nine days on which the daily maximum temperature ranged from 22�C to 42�C. Grazing, standing
and lying activities and use of shade were recorded. Regression and fourier analyses were used to relate
behavioural measurements to environmental conditions. Cyclic patterns of grazing and lying closely
followed those of ambient and radiant temperatures. When maximum radiant and ambient temperatures
were higher, grazing began later in the evening and ceased earlier in the morning. Grazing time
decreased as daytime radiation and relative humidity rose. With increasing heat load, animals lay
down more during the day; the radiant temperature in the sun between 0600 and 0900 h determined
when they first lay down while radiant temperature in the shade determined when animals moved to
shade. Environmental conditions did not greatly influence the time spent standing, but animals stood
for more of their resting time with increased daytime humidity. Individuals differed in the mean times
spent on major activities, but not in the timing of these activities or the use of shade.
The Southern Oscillation Regulates the Annual Numbers of Green Turtles (Chelonia-Mydas) Breeding Around Northern Australia
Authors: Limpus CJ , Nicholls N
Published: June 2005

The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of six turtle species which breeds around northern Australia
and Indonesia. The number of green turtles observed nesting varies substantially from year to year.
The interannual fluctuations in the number of nesting turtles are in phase at widely separated rookeries.
They are also correlated with an index of the Southern Oscillation, a coherent pattern of atmospheric
pressure, temperature and rainfall fluctuations which dominates the interannual variability of the climate
of the tropical Pacific. Major fluctuations in the numbers of turtles breeding occur two years after
major fluctuations in the Southern Oscillation. The relationship is strong enough to be useful in
predicting, two years in advance, the numbers of green turtles breeding in Great Barrier Reef rookeries.
This is the first study to report a biological impact of the Southern Oscillation that allows such a
long-range prediction of the impact.
The Toxicity of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to Captive Feral Pigs, Sus-Scrofa
Authors: Obrien PH
Published: June 2005

The toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) to captive feral pigs, Sus scrofa, was assessed over
a range of doses (1.50-21.3 mg 1080 kg-1 bodyweight) administered orally in wheat bait to 80 animals.
Calculated LD*50 was 4.11 mg 1080 kg-1 (95% fiducial limits: 3.02-5.34 mg kg-1) and LD*9O was
11.25 mg kg-1 (8.05-21.69 mg kg-1). The incidence (98%) and frequency (mean � SD = l3.6 � 6.7
overall) of vomiting were high. Frequency of vomiting was unrelated to log*10 dose (r= -0.015;
N= 80; NS), although time until vomiting began (r= -0.558; N=77; P<O.05) and time until death
(r= -0.391; N=47; P<0.05) had a significant negative association with log*10 dose. Median latency
was 49 min (range 10-350 min; N=77) and median time until death was 244 min (range 131-7200
min; N=47). Sex and bodyweight had no effect on frequency of vomiting, time until death or
prognosis.
Feral pigs yere much less sensitive to 1080 under these test conditions than those in earlier studies.
Because the present experiment seems likely to resemble field situations, these results warrant careful
examination of field intake and mortality of feral pigs during 1080 poisoning.
Birds in a Tropical Mosaic - the Distribution of Bird Species in Relation to Vegetation Patterns
Authors: Woinarski JCZ , Tidemann SC , Kerin S
Published: June 2005

Wilson and Bowman (1986) classified and mapped vegetation in a complex mosaic at Howard's
Peninsula, Northern Territory. The relationship of bird distribution to this vegetation classification
was considered through 10 repeat censuses of 5 replicate quadrats in each of 20 vegetation units.
Censusing period was April-May. 118 bird species were recorded. Closed forests (3 units), mangroves
(2 units) and swamplands (3 units) all had distinctive bird species compositions, but bird species showed
a relatively poor relationship with the classification of woodland and grassland units. Eucalyptus
woodlands regrowing after devastation by a cyclone in 1974 had similar bird species diversity and density
to undamaged woodlands, though somewhat different bird species composition. Eucalyptus woodlands
with a dense shrubby understorey had significantly greater bird density and species diversity than those
with open or grassy understories and their bird species composition showed appreciable association with
that of closed forests. Closed forest and, less so, mangrove units had highest diversity and density
(despite their relatively small proportion in the study area and in the region generally), probably because
they offered a wider range of foraging possibilities.
The Distribution of the Nests of the Magpie Goose (Anseranas-Semipalmata Latham) at Kapalga, Nt - a 4-Year Study
Authors: Tulloch D , Cellier KM , Hertog AL
Published: June 2005

A survey of the distribution and abundance of nests of the magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata
Latham) was carried out over 4 years (1980-83 inclusive) at a site covering about 1000 ha on the
South Alligator River floodplain at Kapalga, N.T. There were large differences in the number of nests
built from year to year. Maximum water depth on the plains and the length of time the plains were
flooded varied considerably from year to year and since these factors have an effect on the type and
distribution of the vegetation, a study of the relationship between the density of nests, water depth and
the vegetation present was made in each year.
Breeding was confined to three recognisable vegetation types: (1) a mixture of spike rushes,
Eleocharis spp., and wild rice, Oryza meridionalis; (2) pure stands of Oryza meridionalis; (3) pure
stands of Eleocharis sphacelata.
The density of nests was higher in areas of Eleocharis spp./Oryza meridionalis mixture than in
E. sphacelata or 0. rneridionalis and in 3 years out of 4, more nests were built in deep water rather
than shallow, while in the fourth year nests were built at intermediate water depths. Significant numbers
of nests were built in the areas of Oryza meridionalis in only one year when the density of nests was
greater in deep water rather than shallow.
Aspects of the Demography of the Western Grey-Kangaroo, Macropus-Fuliginosus-Melanops, in Semiarid Northwest Victoria
Authors: Norbury GL , Coulson GM , Walters BL
Published: June 2005

The study was carried out at Hattah-Kulkyne National Park in semiarid north-west Victoria, during
3 years immediately following a severe drought. A sample of animals which died as a result of the
drought (n= 196) and a shot sample (n=546) were examined to determine patterns of breeding,
mortality and age structure. Births were concentrated in spring and summer, with a peak in November.
Only 46% of mature females bred during the drought, whereas 100% bred two seasons later. The sex
ratio of pouch young was not significantly different from parity, but showed a slight male-bias, however,
the sex ratio of the adult population was markedly female-biased (1:3). Projected population growth
was not realised in the years following the drought because of high mortality. There was evidence of
male-biased mortality which was apparently accentuated during the drought. This biased mortality
appeared similar in all adult age classes, and may have been a consequence of the disparate energy costs
imposed by sex differences in body size and in mobility.
Factors Influencing the Intake of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound-1080) by Free-Ranging Feral Pigs
Authors: Obrien PH , Lukins BS
Published: June 2005

Post-mortem investigations of 207 feral pigs poisoned in the field were conducted to assess the influence
on 1080 dose of bait type, site, sex, bodyweight and distance from bait stations. The stomachs of most
(126/207) pigs contained only bait material., Bait type significantly affected intake and 1080 dose, with
pellet intake greater than cereal baits. Sex and bodyweight also influenced intake: females ingested
significantly larger 1080 doses than males; and larger pigs tended to consume more bait in absolute
terms but lower doses of 1080 (mg kg-1). Average intake of 1080 varied widely at different locations.
Pigs that died close to bait stations had higher 1080 doses but smaller proportions of bait in their
stomach contents than those that died away from bait stations.
Similarities and contrasts in the diets of foxes, Vulpes vulpes, and cats, Felis catus, relative to fluctuating prey populations and drought
Authors: Catling P. C.
Published: June 2005

The diets of the fox, Vulpes vulpes, and feral cat, Felis catus, were studied at Yathong Nature Reserve in semi-arid western New South Wales. The overall occurrence of rabbit was 45.1% in stomachs of foxes and 54.0% in cats, representing 51.3 and 82.6% respectively of the weight of stomach contents. Both predators exhibited a functional response to rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, (their staple prey) during the rabbit breeding season. Predation on rabbits was greatest on an increasing prey population during good pasture conditions and a decreasing population during drought. After the rabbit breeding season, diet changed to other prey and resulted in an annual prey cycle which was similar for foxes and cats. Both predators successfully co-exist in the semi-arid environment by primarily utilising different age groups of the same staple prey and to some extent different supplementary prey. Foxes mainly ate adult rabbits and cats young rabbits. During the drought foxes preyed heavily on adult rabbits; cats ate some rabbits but relied heavily on other food sources. The supplementary prey of foxes were invertebrates, birds, reptiles and carrion; small mammals and fruits opportunely eaten. Invertebrates, birds, reptiles and small mammals were supplementary prey for cats with carrion opportunely eaten.
Changes in an Assemblage of Small Birds in the Understorey of Dry Sclerophyll Forest in Southwestern Australia After Fire
Authors: Wooller RD , Calver MC
Published: June 2005

Changes in the numbers and types of small birds caught in mist-nets in the understorey of dry
sclerophyll forest in south-western Australia were recorded for three years after a low intensity fire.
There were few changes in the species composition of the assemblage but abundances of the 6-8 most
numerous and relatively sedentary species were approximately halved. Many marked individuals (22%)
were recaptured up to three years after the fire. After the fire, the number of prey taxa recorded from
the faeces of birds caught fell from twelve to six, and the birds ate proportionately more ants and fewer
beetles. Ants eaten after the fire were smaller than those eaten before it.
Tree Hollow Requirements of Leadbeater's Possum and Other Possums and Gliders in Timber Production Ash Forests of the Victorian Central Highlands.
Authors: Smith AP , Lindenmayer D
Published: June 2005

A model is presented of relationships between the density of Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) and other tree-hollow dependent possums and gliders and the density of potential nest trees (PNT) in Eucalyptus regnans/E. delegatensis forests, where PNT are defined as all living or dead trees with d.b.h. more than or equal to 0.5 m and ht. more than or equal to 6 m. The total density of all possums and gliders increased linearly with PNT density, in an approx. 1:1 ratio, then plateaued at an av. max. density of 11.3 animals per 3 ha once PNT density exceeded 12 per 3 ha. Regression models predict that G. leadbeateri will be absent from the majority of sites with less than 4.2 PNT per 3 ha and will increase linearly in density to an av. max. of 7.8 animals (or 3.1 colonies) per 3 ha on sites with more than 10 PNT per 3 ha. The absence of G. leadbeateri from sites with fewer than 4.2 PNT per 3 ha was attributed to: competition for hollows from other species; use of more than one PNT by individual colonies; and unsuitability of hollows in up to 2 out of every 3 PNT. Regression models predict that current logging prescriptions in ash forests, which call for retention of a minimum of 15 trees for every 10 ha clear felled, will result in elimination of G. leadbeateri from the majority of clearfelled coupes, and will reduce the total number of hollow-dependent possums and gliders to less than one-eighth of their av. max. density in unlogged forest. A range of forest management options are presented and discussed to ensure the continued availability of PNT for hollow-dependent arboreal mammals in timber production forests.
Lead-Poisoning in Black Swans, Cygnus-Atratus, Exposed to Spent Lead Shot at Bool Lagoon Game Reserve, South-Australia
Authors: Koh TS , Harper MJ
Published: June 2005

Following an outbreak of lead-poisoning in waterfowl at the Boo1 Lagoon Game Reserve in southeastern
South Australia, a survey was undertaken to determine the extent of lead contamination in the
black swan, Cygnus atratus, at the Reserve. Fifty swans were examined for lead shot in gizzard contents
and for lead in blood, muscle, liver and wing bone. The data showed that about 40% of swans had
excessive exposure to lead above the background levels. Assay of copper, iron, selenium and zinc in
liver indicated there was no interaction between these trace elements and lead. This study demonstrated
the need for more research into the effects of hunting on Australian waterfowl populations.
Bait Type Influences the Toxicity of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to Feral Pigs
Authors: Obrien PH , Lukins BS , Beck JA
Published: June 2005

The toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) to captive feral pigs was compared in wheat and pellet
bait. Mortality following 4.34 mg 1080 kg-1 was significantly higher among pigs receiving 1080 in
wheat bait (60%, 24/40) than in pellet bait (28%, 11/40, X*2=7.31, 1 d.f., P<O.05). There were no
significant differences between pigs receiving each bait type in terms of time until vomiting began,
frequency, mass of vomitus produced, or in time until death. The amount and concentration of 1080
in vomitus and the proportion of 1080 dose ejected were unrelated to bait type. Surviving pigs produced
vomitus with a greater 1080 concentration but smaller mass than those that died. Bait type is an
important determinant of the toxicity of 1080 to captive feral pigs and should be closely evaluated
before specific bait types are used in the field.
Bag Sizes of Waterfowl in New-South-Wales and Their Relation to Antecedent Rainfall
Authors: Briggs SV , Holmes JE
Published: June 2005

Bag sizes of game ducks in New South Wales between 1977 and 1984 were compared with antecedent
annual rainfall in eastern Australia. Mean bag size is equivalent to 'catch-per-unit-effort', an index of
population abundance. Annual rainfall is an index of habitat availability for waterfowl. Bag sizes of
Pacific black duck and all game species combined were significantly (P<O.05) related to antecedent
rainfall. Rates of increase (computed from annual catch-per-unit-effort) of black duck, maned duck
and all species combined were significantly related to rainfall difference between the preceding 2 years.
This study indicates that prior rainfall is a useful predictor of duck numbers in New South Wales.
Habitat Preferences of Fresh-Water Turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New-South-Wales
Authors: Chessman BC
Published: June 2005

Preferences of Chelodina expansa, Chelodina longicollis and Emydura macquarii (Testudines : Chelidae)
for different types of aquatic habitat on the Murray River flood plain in south-eastern Australia were
inferred from catch statistics. E. macquarii was the species most often caught in the river itself and river
backwaters, whereas C. longicollis formed the majority of captures from oxbow lakes, anabranches,
ponds, rain pools and a swamp. Relative abundance of E. macquarii was significantly positively
correlated with water body depth, transparency, persistence during dry conditions and flow speed, and
negatively correlated with remoteness from the river. C. longicollis demonstrated the opposite pattern,
and the proportional catch of C. expansa was weakly correlated with environmental variables. The
capacity of C. longicollis for colonising and surviving in small, remote and ephemeral ponds and pools
relates to its ability to aestivate and resist desiccation and its propensity for overland migration.
Population-Structure and Reproductive Status of Koalas on Raymond Island, Victoria
Authors: Mitchell PJ , Bilney R , Martin RW
Published: June 2005

In December 1980, 87 adult (>1-year-old) koalas (36 males, 51 females) were captured and marked
on Raymond Island, in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria. A further 85 adults and 34 juveniles (6-12
months old) were sighted but not captured. In August 1985, 25 females and 24 males were captured
and examined. The proportions of animals in the older age classes (age classes 4 and above) were
61% in 1980 and 39% in 1985, while the reproduction rates were 38 and 40%, respectively. The low
reproduction rates, and the high proportions of older animals in 1980, were attributed to reproductive
tract disease, although the presence of this disease did not prevent the population from increasing to
a density at which trees were being overbrowsed.
Habitat Use, Movements and Activity Patterns of Free-Ranging Diamond Pythons, Morelia-Spilota-Spilota (Serpentes, Boidae) - a Radiotelemetric Study
Authors: Slip DJ , Shine R
Published: June 2005

Miniature radio transmitters were surgically implanted in 15 adult diamond pythons from two areas
near Sydney, N.S.W., in south-eastern Australia, and the snakes monitored for intervals of 4-32
months. We document patterns of habitat use and movements, and interpret these in terms of the
feeding habits and reproductive biology of the pythons. These snakes were usually sedentary in summer
and autumn, with occasional long movements to new sites. During spring (the mating season), males
moved long distances, often daily. Telemetered pythons were generally diurnal and terrestrial rather than
arboreal. Snakes were most commonly recorded coiled under vegetation which provided filtering cover
(34% of locations). The relative use of different habitats by diamond pythons changed with season.
In summer and autumn, snakes were most frequently in disturbed habitats (such as areas around
houses), where prey are relatively common. In winter the snakes used rocky habitats, especially
sandstone crevices. No winter aggregations were observed. The radio-tracked snakes had large (up
to 124 ha), well-defined but overlapping home ranges, and these varied significantly between sexes and
among seasons. Detailed analysis of python movements shows that at least two assumptions of many
home-range analyses (normally distributed data and adequacy of small sample sizes) are invalid for
our study.
Patagial Tags - Do Benefits Outweigh Risks to the Animal
Authors: Saunders DA
Published: June 2005

The use of patagial tags to individually mark animals, particularly birds, is a recent method of
identification. Disadvantages to the animal may outweigh any benefits to the researcher. I compare
the rate of return to the breeding area of leg-banded and patagial tagged Carnaby's cockatoos,
Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris. Adult females which were patagial tagged had a first year rate
of return of 59% (N= 172) compared with 100% (N= 12) for females with leg bands. Immature
females which were patagial tagged before fledging had a return rate to breed in the study area (4 years
later) of 1.3% (N= 150) compared with 12.7% (N=71) for leg-banded individuals. The data used
in these comparisons were not collected in the same years but they suggest that patagial tags may
increase mortality; in the case of Carnaby's cockatoo predation is the most likely cause. This possible
increased mortality indicates that data gathered from resighting of patagial-tagged individuals should
not be used in life tables and calculations of 'normal' survival rates until such effects can be discounted.
A strong case for the use of patagial tags should be made before they are used on rare, vulnerable or
endangered species.
Diurnal and Nocturnal Habitat Utilisation by the Whiptail Wallaby, Macropus Parryi.
Authors: Southwell CJ , Southwell CJ , Fletcher MS , Fletcher MS
Published: June 2005

Diurnal and nocturnal habitat use was determined from walk transect counts in a 40 000 ha study area in SE Queensland containing 3 land systems: (a) alluvial flats mainly clear of natural vegetation; (b) hills extending from the alluvial flats with open forest; and (c) plateaux with grassy and shrubby open forest. Habitat utilization was examined in relation to 3 vegetation variables (shrub density, live tree density and dead tree density) and 3 topographic variables (altitude, aspect and slope). Utilization was most consistent between day and night for live tree density and slope, being biased toward areas of moderate live tree density and against flat areas at both times. A preference for areas with moderate shrub density was more pronounced during the day than at night. Areas with moderate dead tree density were strongly preferred over areas with low dead tree density during the day, but at night there was no strong bias for or against areas with dead trees. M. parryi avoided very low altitudes at all times. Utilization of higher areas varied day and night, a diurnal preference for higher altitudes being ameliorated by some apparent downhill movement to lower slopes at night. A preference during the day for north and west aspects was not evident at night.
Use of Roost Sites by Four Species of Bats in State Forest in South-Eastern Tasmania.
Authors: Taylor RJ , Savva NM
Published: June 2005

Roosting requirements and movements between foraging areas and roost sites were studied in Eptesicus regulus, E. sagittula, Chalinolobus morio and Nyctophilus geoffroyi in an area of artificially regenerated eucalypt (Eucalyptus) forest surrounded by mature eucalypt forest. Movements between traps and roost sites were normally about 1 km, with the maximum distance recorded being 4.8 km for a female N. geoffroyi. Different species of eucalypts were used as roost sites in proportion to their occurrence in the forest. However, large trees over 80 cm d.b.h. were favoured. There was no tendency to avoid roost sites close to the ground. Spaces used as roost sites had one dimension little greater than the bat itself. Five types of roost sites were distinguished: in fissures, inside burnt-out boles, in hollows, under bark and on the ground. Individuals changed roost sites frequently but roosts used by any one individual were in the same general vicinity. The factors associated with production of roost sites in trees were: large size, overmaturity, death, rot and fire. No bats were found to roost in regenerated forest. Patches of mature forest will need to be retained to ensure a shortage of roosts does not occur as more areas of mature forest are converted to production forest.
A Note on the Sightability of Emus During an Aerial Survey
Authors: Hone J , Short J
Published: June 2005

Observed densities of emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae, estimated from aerial surveys were compared with
results of a drive count in 1985 and 1986. The study area was mostly open shrubland. True density of emus
was 2.56 per km2 in 1985 and 1.15 per km2 in 1986. Aerial survey estimates were 66 and47% oftrue density in
the two years, respectively, and the weighted average was 60%. Over the limited range tested ofeach variable,
observed density was not significantly affected by temperature, cloud cover or time of day.
A Comparison of Grid and Index-Line Trapping Methods for Small Mammal Surveys
Authors: Read VT , Malafant KWJ , Myers K
Published: June 2005

An investigation is made of trapping methods used to survey small mammal communities in Australia.
Assessment is made of sampling configuration and intensity by comparing combinations of those variables at
a field site on Blundells Creek in the Brindabella Range, A.C.T. Indices of diversity were used to analyse
capture data. These show that capture data from traps set in a grid configuration are highly sensitive to
sampling intensity and are unlikely to represent the true community diversity. In contrast, capture data from
traps set along index-lines are relatively immune to sampling intensity differences and closely measure true
community diversity.
A Compact Frequency-Synthesized Receiver for Radio-Tracking Fruit Bats
Authors: Spencer HJ
Published: June 2005

For a recently initiated large-scale study of the biology of pferopid fruit bats in eastern Australia to be
economically feasible, all radio-tracking equipment had to be designed and constructed as part of the project.
A compact and lightweight receiver, operating in the 150-2 MHz frequency range, which combines a simple
and radically novel design with high performance, was developed following a thorough re-evaluation of the
requirements for radio-tagging and tracking these animals. The receiver uses a frequency synthesiser to
provide 200 channels at 10 kHz spacing. Some initial findings obtained from the project are discussed.
Habitat Selection by the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, the Red-Necked Wallaby, Macropus-Rufogriseus, and the Common Wombat, Vombatus-Ursinus, in Logged, Burnt Forest Near Bega, New-South-Wales
Authors: Lunney D , Oconnell M
Published: June 2005

This study examined the habitat selected by the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, the red-necked wallaby,
Macropus rufogriseus, and the common wombat, Vombatus ursinus. The habitats were unlogged forest and
three age classes of logged forest at 16 weeks and 72 weeks after a fire in November 1980 in Mumbulla State
Forest on the south coast ofNew South Wales. Habitat selection was determined from decay-corrected dung
counts. The dung count for each species varied with the topography and age class of the forest, demonstrating
that logging and fire had a marked effect on the habitat selected. The ridges logged during the
woodchip-sawlog operation in 1979 and 1980 had little dung, indicating low use as feeding areas. Since these
habitats were the most exposed, the conclusion drawn was that they were rarely used by the herbivores.
However, ridges logged 10-15 years earlier supported all species because they provided both food and refuge
shelter. Recommendations for management of forests subject to logging and fire include the retention of
unlogged gully forest and spreading operations through both space and time to minimise population
fluctuations.
The Diet of the Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby in New-South-Wales
Authors: Short J
Published: June 2005

The diet of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Petrogale penicillata, was studied at two sites on the central
coast and tablelands of New South Wales over a 12-month period of below-average rainfall. Diet was
assessed by microscopic analysis of faeces. Particles within the faeces were identified to broad categories
of vegetation: grasses, sedges, forbs, parallel-veined shrubs, reticulate-veined shrubs, and ferns. Diets
were similar at both sites despite considerable differences in annual average rainfall (1330 v.577mm)
and vegetation. Grasses constituted 35-50% of the diet, forbs 25-40%, and browse 12-30%. Ferns
and sedges were of minor importance or were absent from the diet. Preferences for particular plant
categories (measured as abundance in diet divided by abundance in habitat) were greatest in summer.
Parallel-veined shrubs and trees and forbs were most preferred at one site; grasses and shrubs and trees
at the other. Ferns were preferred least.
The Effect of Drought on Road Mortality of Macropods
Authors: Coulson G
Published: June 2005

Road-kills of eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, and swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor,
were monitored during and after the severe 1981-83 drought in central Victoria, Australia. These were
compared with a survey of the same area prior to the drought. The frequency of road-kills of both
species during the drought was higher than pre-drought and post-drought levels, and over 9 years the
seasonal frequency of kangaroo road-kills was inversely related to the rainfall of the previous season.
Road-kills of kangaroos were predominantly males, and almost half were juveniles.
Short-Term Effects of Fuel Reduction Burning on Populations of Small Terrestrial Mammals
Authors: Thompson MB , Medlin G , Hutchinson R , West N
Published: June 2005

Small mammals (Rattus fuscipes, Mus musculus, Antechinus flavipes, Isoodon obesulus) were livetrapped
for 18 months prior to fuel reduction burning (FRB) in dry sclerophyll forest dominated by
Eucalyptus obliqua south of Adelaide. Although the fire prescription was hotter than that normally
conducted for a FRB in this habitat, the fire was of low intensity, removing most of the litter and
understorey but only singeing the canopy in a few places. Trapping continued for 16 months after the
burn, when the study site was destroyed by a wildfire (Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983). No animals
were known to have died as a direct result of the FRB and little effect was observed on the population
dynamics of A. flavipes. However, numbers of R. fuscipes declined precipitously in the 3 months
following the FRB and remained at low levels with no summer recruitment of juveniles over the
following 16 months (2 summers) as there had been in the summer prior to the FRB. No movements
to unburned areas were recorded in either species after the FRB. There was no influx of M, musculus
after the fire and there was no marked affect on the population of I. obesulus.
A Comparison of the Normal Habitats of Skinks of 3 Electrophoretically Distinguishable Forms of Lampropholis-Declicata (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in South-Eastern-Queensland
Authors: Mather PB
Published: June 2005

The microhabitat preferences of three genetically distinct but morphologically conservative population
groups of the skink Lampropholis delicata were assessed using multivariate comparisons of 17 habitat
variables to determine if ecological, in addition to genetic, differences were observable between them.
DFA and PCA analyses revealed that two forms (B and C) had narrow, distinct, non-overlapping
microhabitat requirements while those of the third form (A) were broad and showed limited (7%)
overlap with those of forms B and C. The two microhabitat-restricted forms were limited to small
patches of wet sclerophyll or vine forest while populations of form A utilised a wide variety of different
habitat types and were found in narrow zones of sympatry with populations of forms B and C.
Populations of form A with very broad microhabitat requirements, were also found to successfully
utilise wet sclerophyll habitats of similar structure where populations of the microhabitat-specialist forms
were absent.
Macropod Studies at Wallaby Creek. Viil. Capture of Wild Red-Necked Wallabies by 'blow-Darting'.
Authors: Higginbottom K
Published: June 2005

Wild red-necked wallabies, Macropus rufogriseus banksianus, which had been habituated to observers,
were captured by blow-darting with a xylazine-ketamine mixture and released after injecting with
yohimbine, a reversing agent. The drugs caused rapid immobilisation and unconsciousness, with no side
effects. Recovery was rapid and non-traumatic provided animals were undisturbed while they regained
consciousness. No mortality or lasting damage occurred, and the approachability and observability of
wallabies were unaffected by darting. The technique is, thus, an improvement on past methods of
capture in situations where animals can be approached closely enough for darting.
Movement Patterns of the White-Footed Dunnart, Sminthopsis Leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae), in a Logged, Burnt Forest on the South Coast of New South Wales.
Authors: Lunney D , Leary T
Published: June 2005

The study was carried out between June 1980 and Dec. 1984 in the Mumbulla State Forest. Ninety-nine individuals were caught in Eucalyptus forest that had been logged in 1979-80 and burnt in 1980. The population was discrete, occupying an area of about 500 ha near the centre of the forest. The repeated capture of 35 individuals enabled movement patterns to be determined. Females occupied small home ranges, and capture sites did not overlap with those of other females. Males did not have exclusive capture sites and the home ranges overlapped. Their movement patterns fell into two groups: explorer males and resident males. The largest movement of an explorer male was 1025 m in 24 h. With data pooled for all trapping periods, the observed range length was 79.5 plus or minus 8.2 m for females; 104.9 plus or minus 14.5 m for resident males and 720.7 plus or minus 93.5 m for explorer males; the average distance between captures was 49.3 plus or minus 2.8 m for females, 63.4 plus or minus 10.3 m for resident males and 481.8 plus or minus 106.1 m for explorer males. Suitable habitat, such as recently disturbed forest, may occur naturally only as disjunct and temporary patches, hence the ability to travel long distances enables this species to utilize these suddenly abundant and transient resources.
The Vertebrate Fauna of Broombush Melaleuca-Uncinata Vegetation in Northwestern Victoria, With Reference to Effects of Broombush Harvesting
Authors: Woinarski JCZ
Published: June 2005

The vertebrate fauna of broombush Melaleuca uncinata vegetation in north-western Victoria was
assessed by censusing in marked quadrats, trapping and wide-ranging observations. Most species of
vertebrates known to occur in mallee shrublands in Victoria we recorded in broombush (those recorded
included four amphibian, 42 reptile, 126 bird and 18 mammal species). This high diversity resulted
from a substantial variation in vertebrate (particularly reptile and bird) species composition between
broombush of differing ages (0-80 years). Some floristic variation between broombush stands and the
local presence within these stands of particular plant species (notably Triodia irritans and Banksia
ornata) also added to vertebrate species diversity. Locally, broombush patches were characteristically
simple in structure and of low floristic diversity. Bird species diversity and density were low (<3
individuals per ha). Broombush is being harvested at an accelerating rate in Victoria. The effects of this
industry on vertebrates generally are minor. No vertebrate species is restricted to broombush, and most
vertebrate species recorded in this survey were found in harvested areas. Nonetheless, broombush is
an important habitat for several species (e.g. Ctenophorus pictus, Ctenotus uber, C. brooksi, Leipoa
ocellata, Pachycephala rufogularis, Psophodes nigrogularis, Drymodes brunneopygia, Cercartetus
lepidus and Notomys mitchelli). Information on the ecology of most species of vertebrates living in
the mallee is very limited, and some species may be affected by broombush cutting through a decrease
in area of habitat of suitable age.
Aerial Surveys of Sea Turtles in the Northern Great Barrier-Reef Marine Park
Authors: Marsh H , Saalfeld WK
Published: June 2005

In 1984 and 1985, during surveys designed primarily to census dugongs, six species of sea turtles were counted
from the air at an overall sampling intensity of 9% over a total area of 31 288 km2 within the northern sections
of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The sea turtles were not identified to species. We attempted to correct
sightings for perception bias (the proportion of animals visible in the transect which are missed by observers),
and to standardise for availability bias (the.proportion of animals that are invisible due to water turbidity)
with survey-specific correction factors. The resultant minimum population estimate in November 1985 was
(mean � s.e.) 32 187 � 2532 sea turtles at an overall density of 1.03 � 0.08 km-2, a precision of 8%. We
consider this to be a gross underestimate of numbers present. Significant differences between population and
density estimates obtained from repeat surveys of the same areas were accounted for by differences in
Beaufort sea state and cloud cover. The analysis of covariance data suggested that we had not been successful
in standardising all biases. Turtles were widely distributed throughout the Great Barrier Reef lagoon from
inshore seagrass beds to mid- and outer-shelf reefs. Highest densities were observed on inshore seagrass beds
and on mid-shelf reefs, particularly between Murdoch Island and Cape Melville, and in Princess Charlotte
Bay. Maps of density and distribution are given. We discuss the value and limitations of this survey regime for
censusing sea turtles.
Helminth-Parasites of Rock-Wallabies, Petrogale Spp (Marsupialia), From Queensland
Authors: Beveridge I , Spratt DM , Close RL , Barker SC , Sharman GB
Published: June 2005

Helminth parasites were examined from the following rock-wallaby species from Queensland: Petrogale
penicillata penicillata (2), P. penicillata herberti (1l), P. inornata (15), P. assirnilis (36), 'Mareeba' (3)
and 'Mt Claro' (4) chromosomal races of P. assirnilis, P. godrnani (13), P. lateralis purpureicollis (3),
and P. persephone (2). Of the 41 species of nematodes and the six species of cestodes encountered,
relatively few (10 of 47) were restricted to rock-wallabies. Major differences occurred between the
helminth communities of rock-wallabies from different regions, suggesting that many parasite species
may have been acquired by rock-wallabies from sympatric, but unrelated, macropodid hosts. The
helminth communities of rock-wallabies thus appear not to have co-evolved closely with their hosts.
Dry-Season Distribution and Ecology of Carettochelys-Insculpta (Chelonia, Carettochelydidae) in Kakadu-National-Park, Northern Australia
Authors: Georges a , Kennett R
Published: June 2005

Carettochelys insculpta is widely distributed (though not necessarily abundant) in Kakadu National Park
during the dry season, occupying permanent billabongs from the black-soil plains to the base of the
escarpment. High population densities were found in the upper reaches of the South Alligator drainage
(33.8 turtles ha-1; 227.4 kg ha-1) and are interpreted as dry-season concentrations of turtles that
would occupy a much wider range in the wet season. C. insculpta nest in clean, fine sand adjacent to
water from mid July to early November. About 15 hard-shelled spherical eggs were laid in a shallow
chamber (maximum depth 18-21 cm) between 1.0 and 3.7 m from water, with the height above water
ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 m. The nests suffered heavy predation from varanid lizards. The turtles are
general omnivores that draw upon a wide variety of food, including algae, aquatic macrophytes, fruits,
seeds and leaves of riparian vegetation, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and carrion. Its catholic tastes
provide great scope for opportunism, and its diet varies greatly in accordance with the foods available
from locality to locality. The ecological basis for the restricted global distribution of C. insculpta is
unclear since the species appears to have very broad habitat requirements.
Comparison of the Diets of Nestling Cattle Egrets and Intermediate Egrets in the Hunter Valley, New-South-Wales
Authors: Baxter GS , Fairweather PG
Published: June 2005

The foods of Ardeola ibis coromandus and Egretta intermedia plumijera were determined from boluses
regurgitated by chicks. There were 61 boluses collected from A. ibis and 33 from E. intermedia over
four breeding seasons. A. ibis ate orthopteran insects (66% bulk weight) with fewer vertebrates (23%).
E. intermedia relied on vertebrates (69%), mainly fish (58%), but also ate orthopterans (22%).
Each species was largely opportunistic in its feeding but probably selected different habitats in which
to forage. From the small dietary overlap revealed in this study, we conclude that interspecific competition
for food was unlikely during the 1985-1987 breeding seasons.
A New Trap Design for the Capture of Sugar Gliders, Petaurus-Breviceps
Authors: Mawbey R
Published: June 2005

A weatherproof and durable trap has been designed to capture sugar gliders. The trap can be secured
to the trunk of a tree, and it can be left in an open, inactivated state. In tests, the trap was more
effective in catching gliders than the aluminium Elliott trap (type A or B), and it maintained them in
a comfortable environment in an unstressed condition. By adjusting the size of the entrance, the trap
can also be used to selectively trap other small arboreal or terrestrial mammals.
Distribution and Abundance of Dugongs in the Northern Great Barrier-Reef Marine Park
Authors: Marsh H , Saalfeld WK
Published: June 2005

In 1984 and 1985, dugongs were censused from the air at an overall sampling intensity of 9% over
a total area of 31 288 km2 within the northern sections of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
Sightings were corrected for perception bias (the proportion of animals visible in the transect which
are missed by observers), and availability bias (the proportion of animals that are invisible due to
water turbidity) with survey-specific correction factors. There were no significant differences between
population and density estimates obtained from repeat surveys of the same areas. The resultant
population estimate (�s.e.) was 8110 � 1073 dugongs at an overall density (� s.e.) of 0.26�0.03 km-2,
a precision of 13%. Dugongs occurred up to 58 km offshore and in water up to 37 m deep. The highest
density of animals was seen on coastal seagrass beds at depths of <5 m. Maps of density and distribution
are given. The design and timing of future surveys is also discussed.
Effect of Fire on the Availability of Hollows in Trees Used by the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula Kerr, 1792, and the Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus Peregrinus Boddaerts, 1785.
Authors: Inions GB , Tanton MT , Davey SM
Published: June 2005

Characteristics of trees used for shelter during the day by brushtail and ringtail possums were identified in a study in open forest dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla in the Perup Fauna Nature Reserve, SW Western Australia. The effect of high-intensity fire on the availability of trees used by the possums was studied by comparing a burnt area (36 ha) with an unburnt area (22 ha) one and 32 months after the fire. Suitable hollows were used by possums regardless of the species, condition, height or size of the tree. Hollows deeper than 1 m were used significantly more frequently than shallow ones. Hollows of suitable size appear to develop in E. marginata when trees reach a mean age of about 300 yr, and in E. calophylla when trees reached a mean age of about 200 yr. The average age of trees inhabited by possums could be as high as 500 yr for E. marginata and 400 yr for E. calophylla. About 3 trees/ha were used by possums for diurnal refuge; the distribution of these trees was random. Fire of high intensity (1000-1400 kW/m) destroyed 38% of the trees previously inhabited by possums; the damage to other inhabited trees was related to their condition and the intensity of fire. In the longer term, high-intensity fire increased the rate of formation of hollows by direct excavation or by providing new sites for fungal and termite infestation. Thirty-two months after the fire, the average age of trees containing suitable hollows was estimated to be about 100 yr less than before the fire because of the destruction of older trees and the formation of new hollows, or the deepening of existing ones, in younger trees.
Effectiveness of Strychnine Bait Trails for Poisoning Mice in Cereal Crops
Authors: Mutze GJ
Published: June 2005

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the number of house mice in immature crops and
stubble-pastures could be effectively reduced by poisoning with 0.3% strychnine-treated wheat, and
whether pre-feeding would improve the level of control. Bait material was laid in thin trails at rates of
0.7-1.0 kg ha-1. Mouse numbers were reduced by 69-99%. Poisoning success was not improved by
pre-feeding.
Energetics and Behavior of Active Subnivean Insectivores Antechinus-Swainsonii and Antechinus-Stuartii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in the Snowy Mountains
Authors: Green K , Crowley H
Published: June 2005

Antechinus spp. respond to a snow-covered environment by increasing their metabolic rate and by
occupying an insulated nest while not active. However, the two species occurring in the Snowy
Mountains have different behavioural adaptations: Antechinus swainsonii is diurnal (allowing the
benefits of basking in the sun), whereas A. stuartii is nocturnal and makes frequent visits to a communal
nest. Antechinus stuartii is able to survive the winter with a lower ratio of field metabolic rate
to basal metabolic rate, indicating that it is energetically less stressed and better adapted to existence
in the cold per se than is A. swainsonii. However, A. swainsonii appears to forgo the energetic benefits
of communal nesting in favour of the lesser competition for food afforded by solitary nesting.