bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Composition, Transformation, Retention, and Transport in Naturally Phosphate-Rich and Phosphate-Poor Tropical Streams
Authors: Triska Frank J. , Pringle Catherine M. , Zellweger Gary W. , Duff John H. , Avanzino Ronald J.
Published: August 2008

The composition, transformation, and transport of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was compared in waters associated with two lowland streams in Costa Rica. The Salto River is enriched by geothermal-based soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), which raises the concentration up to 200 μg/L whereas Pantano Creek, an unimpacted tributary, has an SRP concentration <10 μg/L. Ammonium concentration in springs adjacent to the Salto and Pantano was typically greater than channel water (13 of 22 locations) whereas nitrate concentration was less (20 of 22 locations). Ground waters were typically high in ammonium relative to nitrate whereas channel waters were high in nitrate relative to ammonium. Sediment slurry studies indicated nitrification potential in two sediment types, firm clay (3.34 μg N∙cm−3∙d−1) and uncompacted organic-rich sediment (1.76 μg N∙cm−3∙d−1). Ammonium and nitrate amendments to each stream separately resulted in nitrate concentrations in excess of that expected after correction for dilution using a conservative tracer. SRP concentration was not affected by DIN amendment to either stream. SRP concentration in the Pantano appeared to be regulated by abiotic sediment exchange reactions whereas DIN composition and concentration were regulated by a combination of biotic and abiotic processes.
Shell regeneration in Helix: shell matrix composition and crystal formation
Authors: Saleuddin A. S. M. , Chan Wilson
Published: August 2008

The chemical nature of the electron-dense areas appearing on the organic matrix during the early stage of shell regeneration in Helix has been ascertained. These areas of 500–5000 Å are made up mainly of acid mucopolysaccharides as detected by thorium staining. When treated by 1% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) for a short period, these electron-dense areas took up the stain, suggesting the presence of mucoprotein and glycoproteins, and are probably the nucleation sites for calcification because small crystals of CaCO3 appear with them. The small crystals join to form larger ones. Crystals grow presumably by dendritic growth, and eventually form a calcified layer. Electron diffraction studies on these crystals show the presence of aragonite (type present in the normal shell) and calcite.
Seal milk. I. Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) milk: composition and pesticide residue content
Authors: Cook H. W. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was collected from three harp seals which were caught on the ice floes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The gross composition, fatty acid constitution, mineral composition, and pesticide residue content of the milks were determined.
Sodium and potassium in spontaneously produced salt gland secretion and tears of ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, acclimated to fresh and saline waters
Authors: Hughes Maryanne Robinson , Ruch Jr. Frank E.
Published: August 2008

The spontaneously produced salt gland secretion (SGS) and tears of the domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos, were analyzed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) (Cl in SGS only). Acclimation to seawater did not enhance the concentrating ability of the salt glands. The NaCl concentration exceeded that of seawater by only a small margin. The tears of saline-acclimated birds contained less Na and more K than birds drinking water with low NaCl content. Salt stress significantly increased the weight of the salt glands and of the Harderian glands; the lacrymal glands were not affected. An estimation of the relative possible contribution of the cloacal fluid, SGS, and tears to cation excretion was made.
Oxyspirura lumsdeni n. sp. (Nematoda:Thelaziidae) from Tetraonidae in North America
Authors: Addison Edward M. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Oxyspirura lumsdeni n. sp. from the orbit of Pedioecetes phasianellus (type host), Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Centrocercus urophasianus, Bonasa umbellus, and hybrids of P. phasianellus and Tympanuchus cupido in Canada and the United States is distinguished from other members of the subgenus Oxyspirura by the absence of a gubernaculum, the presence and arrangement of three preanal pairs and three postanal pairs of caudal papillae, the presence of deirids, and the length and morphology of the spicules.
Parasitic protozoa from marine and euryhaline fish of Newfoundland and New Brunswick. I. Peritrichous ciliates
Authors: Lom Jiří , Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Trichodina elizabethae n. sp. (which is commonly hyperparasitized by the suctorian Endosphaera engelmanni Entz), T. galyae n. sp., and T. domerguei (Wallengren) saintjohnsi n. subsp. are described from Newfoundland waters; the first two from the radiated shanny and lumpfish respectively, and the last from the mailed sculpin, lumpfish, and shorthorn sculpin. T. jarmilae n. sp. parasitizes the sea raven in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. In both provinces, T. cottidarum Dogiel, sensu lato, occurs on shorthorn and longhorn sculpins. Two species of fish from brackish pools (the threespine stickleback in both areas; the mummichog in the Bay of Fundy) are often heavily parasitized by T. tenuidens Fauré-Fremiet. All the ciliates referred to were collected from the gills of their hosts, only two of which bore peritrichs other than trichodinids. One of these, Caliperia brevipes Laird, is found on the little skate in the Bay of Fundy and has been described elsewhere. The other, Scyphidia arctica Zhukov, is now reported from the longhorn sculpin in Newfoundland. Only five (16%) of 31 species of marine fish from Newfoundland bore trichodinids, as compared with nine (35%) of 26 from New Brunswick. However, four of the latter group had extremely light or sporadic infestations. Three of the rest, showing high incidence and heavy to extremely heavy infestations, were sculpins (Cottidae), as were three of the five Newfoundland hosts. Thus, while information is accumulating to suggest that marine fish trichodinids find optimum environmental conditions where mean seawater temperatures are not extreme (neither very warm nor very cold), certain fish are evidently more prone to infestation than others. This may well be due to varying ecological vulnerability to parasitization rather than to the operation of host specificity, an important question which, like that of environmental tolerances, merits early experimental attention. The paper includes a list of 61 species of Trichodina and the closely related Tripartiella and Trichodinella now known from marine and euryhaline fish, their validity being assessed on the basis of technique and the taxonomic criteria used.
The effects of in vivo light and temperature acclimation on in vitro responses of heart rate to temperature in a cold-climate reptile, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis
Authors: Aleksiuk Michael
Published: August 2008

A multifaceted hypothesis regarding seasonal metabolic function in cold-climate reptiles is set forth. It is hypothesized that (1) cold-climate reptiles do not possess a capability for time-dependent temperature compensation; (2) seasonal activity patterns are governed by air–ground thermal gradients; and (3) a metabolic depression is induced by constant darkness during the hibernation period.In vitro rates of heartbeat were measured in relation to temperature in 10 garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) acclimated for 30 days to each of the following experimental regimes: 32 °C, 8L16D; 32 °C, 0L24D; 5 °C, 8L16D; 5 °C, 0L24D. R–T curves exhibited a triphasic pattern in all cases, with a plateau in the 20.0–25.0 °C range. Time-dependent temperature compensation in the rate of heartbeat did not occur. The R–T curve of the 5 °C, 0L24D treatment group possessed a significant depression, relative to the other three treatment groups, in the region below the plateau. These findings provide preliminary support for aspects of the hypothesis, and create a number of additional hypotheses.
Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XLIX. The occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Alaska, with notes on other species
Authors: Rausch R. L. , Hilliard D. K.
Published: August 2008

Cestodes representing six species of the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858, were collected from naturally infected terrestrial mammals in Alaska during the period 1949–1970. Additional specimens were reared in experimentally infected animals. Of the species identified, viz., D. latum (Linnaeus, 1758), D. dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824), D. lanceolatum (Krabbe, 1865), D. ursi Rausch, 1954, D. dalliae Rausch, 1956, and D. alascense Rausch and Williamson, 1958, all but D. alascense were obtained from man after treatment with quinacrine. D. latum occurred most commonly in man; D. ursi is reported for the first time from this host, and D. lanceolatum in man was represented by a single plerocercoid. D. lanceolatum, a characteristic parasite of phocids, was found also in dogs; D. alascense was obtained only from dogs. In man, rates of infection by Diphyllobothrium spp. were highest in the delta region of the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers, western Alaska. Included is a description of D. latum and a discussion of morphologic variation, based upon specimens from Alaska, with a consideration of differential characters of the other species reported. Some biological characteristics of these cestodes are briefly discussed.
A taxonomic study of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) from Rocky Mountain forest soils of the Kananaskis region of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Dash Madhab C.
Published: August 2008

The following species of Enchytraeidae are described from Rocky Mountain forest soils of the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta: Henlea perpusilla, Henlea nasuta, Enchytraeus buchholzi, Fridericia bulboides, Marionina argentea, Marionina canadensis, Marionina craggi, Cernosvitoviella christenseni, Mesenchytraeus armatus kananaskis, and Bryodrilus parvus kananaskis. Except Henlea nasuta, all are new records for Canada and they include three new species and two new varieties. These descriptions bring the number of North American species to about 122.
The Hutton vireo (Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster) in the Bradshaw Mountains, Arizona
Authors: Barlow Jon C. , Williams Nikki
Published: August 2008

The Hutton vireo is recorded for the first time as occurring and breeding in the Bradshaw Mountains of central Arizona.
The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). VII. A histophysiological study of certain skeletal muscles
Authors: George J. C. , Vallyathan N. V. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

A quantitative and histochemical study of Ms. pectoralis, gluteus, psoas, diaphragma (dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts separately) of the harp seal was carried out. Myoglobin and iron contents of all the muscles were high, highest being of M. psoas. Fat and glycogen were low in all muscles. The low glycogen value was possibly due to rapid glycolysis during struggle in capture and while the animal was under an overdose of sodium pentobarbital that was administered for killing it. Phosphorylase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity levels were also low. Lipase (tributyrinase) activity was high, that of M. diaphragma being higher than the other muscles studied. The histochemical investigation revealed some of the morphological and biochemical properties of the component fibers. Two types of fiber, the red (type 1) and white (type 2), comparable to those of other skeletal muscles were distinguished in all muscles except in the case of M. pectoralis where an intermediate type was also seen in sections treated for the histochemical demonstration of SDH activity.The low levels of fat and SDH in the muscles indicate that fat is not a favored metabolite for muscular energy. The significance of the high lipase (tributyrinase) activity is doubtful. It is suggested that the role of this enzyme is to clear the fat so as to prevent the accumulation of fat in the muscles which are, by and large, geared for a glycolytic metabolism as an adaptation for the animal's diving habit. The high myoglobin content of the muscles, however, should provide the oxygen necessary for the oxidation of glucose during the initial part of the dive.
Two Coelomomyces infections of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae in Marion Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Weiser Jaroslav , McCauley Victor J. E.
Published: August 2008

Four species of chironomid larvae, Tanytarsus sp. A, Tanytarsus sp. B, Tanytarsini sp. A, and Psectrocladius sp. G from Marion Lake, British Columbia, are recorded as hosts of either Coelomomyces beirnei n.sp. or Coelomomyces chironomi var. canadense n. var. They are the first record of Coelomomyces infections of chironomid larvae outside Europe and represent only the third record of such hosts thus far known.
Shell thickness, DDE levels in eggs, and reproductive success in common terns (Sterna hirundo), in Alberta
Authors: Switzer Bruce , Lewin Victor , Wolfe Fred H.
Published: August 2008

A comprehensive study of reproductive success of an isolated colony of common terns (Sterna hirundo) reveals that DDE, the principal chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide found in the terns, cannot be correlated to eggshell thickness. The low reproductive success observed was attributed in large measure to disappearance of eggs and nest abandonment, responsible for 76% of the failures, while cracked or broken eggs accounted for only 16%. It is suggested that the direct correlation of DDE to eggshell thickness, implicated in the reproductive failure of other avian species, may be an oversimplification in the case of the common tern.
Age and growth of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur)) in Newfoundland waters
Authors: Gray R. W. , Andrews C. W.
Published: August 2008

The age (otolith readings) and growth of American eels (Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur)) from fresh and brackish waters in Newfoundland were studied. The eels in Burnt Berry Brook grew faster than eels in the other areas. The growth of young eels in brackish water was slow. Although the growth of these eels increased in subsequent age groups, freshwater eels were consistently larger at each age.The silver eel migrates after spending 12 to 13 years in Newfoundland waters. The American eel in Newfoundland is generally larger than the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) at the onset of migration; however, its appearance and state of maturity parallel the condition described in the European eel.
Neurologic disease in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) introduced into Ontario
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

In May, 1969, a small herd of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Norway was placed in a recently enclosed area formerly inhabited by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The animals subsequently developed signs of neurologic disease. An analysis of clinical and pathologic findings, as well as a consideration of the history of the introduction, indicates the reindeer became infected in June with meningeal worm (Pneumostrongylus tenuis Dougherty, 1945) harbored by molluscs which had survived during the winter in the enclosure.
Factors affecting blue goose nesting success
Authors: Harvey John Michael
Published: August 2008

Blue geese at McConnell River, N.W.T., lost 20% of eggs, mostly late in incubation. Parasitic jaegers and herring gulls were attracted to the colony and were efficient at finding eggs although geese defended their nests strongly. Since egg loss could only occur in the absence of both geese, jaegers, and gulls acted as scavengers rather than predators. Factors causing desertion were the true causes of egg loss. These may have been inexperience of younger geese, or starvation during incubation.During nesting, geese had very little to eat and lost about 25% of spring weight. While the birds were fasting, weight loss is a function of heat loss, in turn controlled by weather conditions. The relationship between heat loss and several weather parameters was determined by means of a water-heated model goose in a simulated environment. This relationship allowed prediction of heat loss, and hence weight loss, from air temperature, wind speed, incident radiation, and goose surface temperature.Severe weather could result in considerable weight loss and it is suggested that this impaired the goose's ability to incubate steadily. Extreme weight loss could result in death, and many nesting geese were found apparently starved during the hatch.
Comparative studies on the sense organs on the antennae and maxillary palps of selected male culicine mosquitoes
Authors: McIver Susan
Published: August 2008

The sense organs on the antennae and maxillary palps of male Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett), Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex territans Walker, and Culex pipiens L. are similar to those observed on female culicines including water, olfactory, and carbon dioxide receptors. Although males have the same variety, they have fewer of each type of sense organ. The difference in number of any one type of sense organ is more variable in the female than the male except for the sensilla basiconica.
Host–parasite interactions of Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum with Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Soltice Gordon E. , Arai Hisao P. , Scheinberg Eliyahu
Published: August 2008

An investigation of (1) host infection and respiration, and (2) parasite development and crowding, between two Tribolium hosts and Hymenolepis diminuta has been carried out.The results show that infection of the host was influenced by temperature but not by the host's species or sex or the number of eggs ingested. The respiration of the host was observed to increase with infection and to occur at a higher rate in Tribolium castaneum and the female sex of each host. The results also indicate that parasite development was more rapid in the female host. The effects of parasitic crowding on the parasite could not be demonstrated. The results of this study are discussed in relation to current knowledge and suggestions about the mechanisms of the aforementioned effects are proposed.
The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). X. The air audiogram
Authors: Terhune J. M. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

A free-field air audiogram from 1 to 32 kHz was obtained for a Pagophilus groenlandicus trained to respond to pure tone signals. The lowest threshold was at 4 kHz at a level of 29 db//0.0002 dynes/cm2. The air audiogram was generally flat. The critical ratios at 2 and 4 kHz were 10%. The lumen of the external auditory meatus is probably acoustically blocked. The outer and (or) middle ear structures and their acoustic impedance mismatch with the air are believed responsible for the comparatively irregular and slightly insensitive hearing of the seal in air.
Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water
Authors: McEwan E. H. , Whitehead P. E.
Published: August 2008

The relation between water turnover and milk intake of five reindeer and caribou calves was determined using the tritium dilution technique. The results indicate that mean turnover rates of tritiated water of male calves from birth to 4 weeks of age increased from 1.44 to 1.65 liters per day, and that caloric intake ranged from about 3500 to 4100 kcal/day.
Quelques données sur la croissance, la biomasse et la production annuelle de trois mollusques Unionidae de la région de Montréal
Authors: Magnin Etienne , Stanczykowska Anna
Published: August 2008

Three species of Unionidae, Elliptio complanatus (Solander), E. dilatatus (Rafinesque), and Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin), collected from Lake des Deux Montagnes and Lake St. Louis were used to estimate relative numbers, population density, shell growth, growth in weight, longevity, standing crop, and production. These parameters were compared between the species in each lake and between the populations of the two lakes. Comparisons with the data of other workers on other species are also included.
Pseudomazocraeoides ontariensis n. sp. (Monogenoidea: Mazocraeidae) from Dorosoma cepedianum (LeSueur) in Bay of Quinte, Ontario
Authors: Hanek George , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Pseudomazocraeoides ontariensis n. sp. is described and figured from Dorosoma cepedianum (LeSueur) caught in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada. This is the first record of a species of Mazocraeidae from Canada.
Sexual dimorphism in Sitophilus granarius (L.) as viewed in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Tombes Averett S.
Published: August 2008

The morphological features of the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), which are used in sexing the adults, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The rostrum of the female is nearly 10% longer and 15% thinner than that of the male. The terminal segments of the male's abdomen are deflected downward about 30° from the longitudinal axis of the body while the tip of the female's abdomen remains close to the horizontal plane of the body.
An ecological study of Banksiola crotchi Banks (Trichoptera, Phryganeidae) in Marion Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Winterbourn Michael J.
Published: August 2008

The life history and feeding relationships of larvae of the phryganeid caddisfly Banksiola crotchi Banks were investigated in Marion Lake, British Columbia. Eggs were laid on submerged vegetation in fall, larval growth was rapid in fall and spring, and adults were present from July to September. Larvae in instars two to four fed primarily on filamentous algae but in the final (fifth) instar, and to a lesser extent in the fourth, larvae were predaceous. Feeding rates of larvae were examined in the laboratory and the efficiency with which algae were used as food was investigated. A larval energy budget was constructed from field and laboratory data.
Eimeria spermophili n. sp. and other Eimeria spp. (Sporozoa, Eimeriidae) from three species of Alberta Spermophilus (Rodentia, Sciuridae)
Authors: Hilton Donald F. J. , Mahrt Jerome L.
Published: August 2008

Oocysts of Eimeria bilamellata and E. callospermophili were each present in fecal samples from Spermophilus columbianus, S. franklinii, and S. richardsonii. Oocysts of E. lateralis were present in samples from S. columbianus and S. richardsonii. Eimeria spermophili n. sp. is described. It was present in fecal samples from S. franklinii and S. richardsonii. The differences in size of oocysts of each of the four species of Eimeria from the three host species are compared.
A polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa, from the Ottawa River, and its North American distribution
Authors: Mackie G. L. , Qadri S. U.
Published: August 2008

Several specimens of a polychaete worm, Manayunkia speciosa Leidy, were found during a limnological survey of the Ottawa River. The specimens occurred only in substrates composed of silt and sand and in moderately moving waters. They were not found in the polluted areas of the Ottawa River. An up-dated record of the species in North America, from 1858 to the present, is also given.
Liver and muscle composition of mature lampreys
Authors: Kott E.
Published: August 2008

Lengths, weights, liver weights, and color of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) from Cayuga Lake and Lake Superior and of American brook lamprey (Lampetra lamottei) were recorded. Liver and muscle of the sea lamprey samples were analyzed for fat, water, and protein content. American brook lamprey were analyzed only for fat and water content. In both populations of sea lamprey, male livers had a higher fat content and lower water content than female livers, but the protein content was similar in the sexes. The liver composition of the Lake Superior sample, which represented a sample of late migrants, was not significantly different from the liver composition of earlier spawners (Lake Cayuga sample). In both populations of sea lamprey there was no sexual difference in muscle composition; however, the muscle fat was reduced and the muscle water was elevated in the late migrants as compared to the earlier migrants. No sexual differences in the composition of either the liver or the muscle were found in American brook lamprey. Although the brook lamprey examined were early migrants both liver and muscle had a reduced fat content when compared to early sea lamprey migrants.Using Lake Cayuga data, the approximate composition of male sea lamprey liver at the start of the spawning migration was 20% fat, 50% water, and 15% protein. Comparable values for females were 5% fat, 75% water, and 15% protein. The muscle composition, of both sexes at the beginning of the migration, was 8% fat, 70% water, and 20% protein.
Insects parasitic on the saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin) (Aves: Strigidae)
Authors: Woods John Gregory
Published: August 2008

Records of nine parasitic insects from Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin) are listed. These include three Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, and Diptera.
Morphological characterization of the stage of arrested development of Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Authors: Blitz N. M. , Gibbs H. C.
Published: August 2008

During autumn and winter, early fourth-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus were recovered from sheep autopsied at least 21 days postinfection. The development of these larvae was arrested at a precise stage. Comparison of these larvae with normally developing parasites indicated that development of the males was suspended at a stage equivalent to 3 to 4 days postinfection, with no differentiation of the genital primordium apparent. The females were arrested at a slightly later stage, with some sexual maturation evident. Conspicuous crystals were observed within the intestinal cells of the arrested larvae. These inclusions varied considerably in size and number; they disappeared as the larvae recommenced development, and passed the fourth molt in spring.
Calcium storage in the soft tissues of freshwater gastropods. The influence of environmental calcium concentrations
Authors: Haley G. F. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

An investigation was made of the influence of an environmental calcium concentration gradient on the storage of calcium spherules in Helisoma duryi eudiscus. A preliminary survey of adult snails revealed that the primary sites of calcium storage are the subepithelial connective tissues of the mantle-edge, pulmonary region, and foot. Snails were hatched and raised for 6 weeks in one of seven solutions of different calcium concentrations. These calcium chloride solutions contained the following concentrations of calcium: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg calcium/100 ml of demineralized water. It was found that a significantly higher number of calcium spherules are stored at both extremes of this concentration range, that is, in the 1, 32, and 64 mg calcium/100 ml solutions. The effects of the intermediate concentrations on calcium storage are not significantly different with respect to each other.
The effect of gonadotropins on the in vitro growth of the free-living nematode Cephalobus sp. Bastian
Authors: Thong Cyril H. S. , Webster John M.
Published: August 2008

Cephalobus sp. was exposed to four concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol in an in vitro culture. The rate of development was not affected. There was a significant increase in the mean body lengths of gravid females and mature males at concentrations of oestradiol between 0.001 and 0.05 mg and at concentrations of testosterone between 0.01 and 0.05 mg. These changes are interpreted as stress reactions of the nematodes to an unnatural environmental condition.
Flight range, longevity, and habitat preference of female Simulium euryadminiculum Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Bennett G. F. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

Female Simulium euryadminiculum were collected with fan traps and insect nets, marked with phosphorus32 in aqueous solution and released. An estimated 94 000 blackflies were marked with isotope and 204 (0.16%) of 127 000 simuliids captured subsequently were labeled. Marked blackflies were recovered 5 mi from the point of release, although most were taken within a radius of [Formula: see text]. The average life span of the simuliid was 2 to 3 weeks. Largest collections of the flies were made at or near the shore lines of lakes and rivers and they are apparently adapted to open water and littoral habitats, the preferred environments of the common loon.
A technique for precisely timing captures of Peromyscus maniculatus
Authors: Harling John
Published: August 2008

An electrical system is described which precisely times the captures of wild deermice in Longworth traps. This enables the immediate handling of trapped animals and permits more accurate determinations to be made of activity, body weights, and rate of fecal production. Subsequent release of deermice allows multiple recaptures in a single night, providing a better indication of movement patterns. Some results collected over a 12-month period indicate the value of the technique.
Variation of body weight and proteins in three Ontario populations of hibernating Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (LeConte) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Carmody G. R. , Fenton M. B. , Lee D. S. K.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-five hibernating male Myotis lucifugus were collected from each of three abandoned mines in Ontario during November 1970. They were compared morphologically using forearm length and body weight and genetically using electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin, indophenol oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and tissue esterases. No significant difference in forearm size was observed, but differences in body weights of the bats from different populations were significant and proportional to the elapsed time between collection and processing. No variation within or between samples was observed for hemoglobin and indophenol oxidase. One population contained a single specimen homozygous for a rare allele at the malate dehydrogenase locus. Polymorphism was found to be the same in each population for lactate, succinate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Great individual variation was present in the tissue esterases, but they yielded no evidence indicating genetic differentiation among the three populations. These results confirm that the M. lucifugus of Ontario consist of one large interbreeding population which is maintained, at least in part, by peregrinations of bats during swarming behavior.
Cardiac glycosides in the Lygaeinae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: Scudder G. G. E. , Duffey S. S.
Published: August 2008

Cardiac glycosides are shown to occur in brightly colored species belonging in most genera of the Lygaeid subfamily Lygaeinae. These insects appear to sequester these chemicals from their host plants. Several genera possess a special series of glands which appear to have as a principal function the concentration of these potent chemicals. Cardiac glycosides can also be detected in the other better known defensive secretions of these Hemiptera. It is concluded that most genera of Lygaeinae contain species that have the chemical basis for being protected. Their participation, as models, in mimicry complexes is thus suggested.
Sciadiocara denticulata n. sp. (Acuariidae) from Actitis macularia (L.) and other nematodes from spotted sandpiper and black-bellied plover
Authors: Gibson George G.
Published: August 2008

Seven black-bellied plovers, Squatarola squatarola (L.), from British Columbia and Quebec, and six spotted sandpipers, Actitis macularia (L.), from British Columbia harbored a total of nine species of nematodes. Squatarola squatarola yielded Sciadiocara umbellifera (Molin, 1860), Ancyracanthopsis coronata (Molin, 1860), Viktorocara shejkini Guschanskaya, 1950, Desmidocercella numidica (Seurat, 1920), and Capillaria contorla (Creplin, 1829). Actitis macularia harbored Sciadiocara denticulata n. sp., Ancyracanthopsis coronata, Streptocara c. crassicauda (Creplin, 1829), Capillaria (?) totani (von Linstow, 1875), and a third-stage (?) Skrjabinocerca sp. Sciadiocara denticulata n. sp. is smaller and noticeably more delicate than S. umbellifera; its cephalic lappets are narrow and bear a fringe of minute teeth, and it has an elaborate left spicular apex. Sciadiocara umbellifera and V. shejkini are reported for the first time from North America, and D. numidica (syn. Desmidocerca nudicauda Mawson, 1957) for the first time in a charadriiform bird.
Deep-sea Amphipoda from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Caprellidea
Authors: Laubitz Diana R. , Mills Eric L.
Published: August 2008

Five species of Caprellidea (Amphipoda) occur on a benthic transect between Gay Head, Massachusetts and Bermuda. Three species, Caprella rinki Stephensen, Mayerella limicola Huntsman, and Proaeginina norvegica (Stephensen) are refigured and redescribed. A new species of Thorina and a new genus and species are described from bathyal and abyssal depths. All five species are arctic–boreal in affinities and may be expected to range south only to Cape Hatteras on the continental slope, but much farther south at abyssal depths.
Biology of Ixodes cookei Packard (Ixodidae) of groundhogs (Marmota monax Erxleben)
Authors: Ko Ronald C.
Published: August 2008

Observations were made on the biology of the tick under natural conditions in southern Ontario and in the laboratory at 30C and 90–95% relative humidity. Twenty-nine percent of 569 groundhogs examined from March to September during 1969 and 1970 were infested with I. cookei. Four hundred and forty-four I. cookei were collected; most females were recovered in May and larvae in August. In the laboratory the life cycle of the tick was completed in about 3 months. Most females began to lay eggs 4 days after feeding. Eggs hatched in about 3 weeks. Larvae molted about 3 weeks after feeding and nymphs in about 4 weeks.
A second specimen of Vampyressa brocki (Stenoderminae: Phyllostomatidae) from Guyana, South America, with further notes on the systematic affinities of the genus
Authors: Peterson R. L.
Published: August 2008

A second specimen and the first known male of Vampyressa (Metavampyressa) brocki from Guyana, South America, is compared with the female holotype with respect to measurements and other anatomical details. The configurations of the palatal ridges of V. brocki and Vampyressa (Vampyriscus) bidens are illustrated for the first time. The systematic relations of the two species and their affinities with Mesophylla macconnelli are discussed.
The sexuality of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the green peach aphid, in New Brunswick (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: August 2008

In New Brunswick, populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on potato and weed hosts appear to be composed of anholocyclic races that have overwintered as parthenogenetic viviparous females in greenhouses, storage cellars, and other protected places. In adjacent Maine, U.S.A., holocyclic races that have overwintered as eggs on Prunus nigra Ait. are reported to be predominant in the population on potato. Holocyclic races of M. persicae are seldom encountered on P. nigra and potato in New Brunswick.
Gill irrigation in Rana catesbeiana. Part II. On the musculoskeletal mechanism
Authors: Gradwell Norman
Published: August 2008

The jaw and hyoidean movements and the activity of certain of the muscles which cause these movements have been correlated with hydrostatic pressures in the irrigation system of the bullfrog tadpole. The jaws are capable of three modes of expression: narrow opening, wide opening, and protrusion. During inspiration the initial depression of the buccal floor is passive; active depression occurs near the end of the inspiration phase.Water flows continuously from the gill cavity and is most effusive at the onset of inspiration. Intermittent variations in the amplitude of irrigation result from natural and experimental irritation of the gill cavity. These variations, or hyperirrigations, are correlated with the activity of special muscle fibers, called fibrillic fibers, in the H1c, H2a, H3a, and B4 muscles. The respective contributions to rhythmic irrigation of the alternating buccal and pharyngeal pumps depend on ambient temperature. An auxiliary branchial force pump behind the gill clefts is powered by the H3a muscle in the soft opercular skin.
Changes in the aggression of the male three-spined stickleback after fertilization of eggs
Authors: Wootton R. J.
Published: August 2008

The aggression of male sticklebacks towards a male conspecific was measured at intervals for 24 h after the males had each fertilized a single clutch of eggs. One group of males saw a conspecific male only for short intervals in the 24-h period, and were isolated for the rest of the time. A second group of males could see a male conspecific throughout the 24-h period. Both groups showed a decline in the frequency of biting at the conspecific, a decline that was the consequence of a decline in the rate of biting while oriented towards the conspecific rather than a decline in the total time spent oriented towards the conspecific. Both groups showed a decline in the frequency of dorsal spine-raising. These changes were not dependent on the method of presentation of the male conspecific.
Pelage and molt in the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque))
Authors: Cowan I. McT. , Raddi A. G.
Published: August 2008

The pelage of the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) has been studied through the year using skin biopsies taken from young and mature individuals. Four pelages, natal, juvenile, adult summer, and adult winter are grown. Six types of hairs are identified and the annual cycle of the follicles producing the four types found in the adult animal is described.This species molts twice annually. The spring molt involves guard hair follicles only, with the undercoat shed by breakage. The autumn molt involves all follicles. The long guard hairs have a sensory function.The guard hairs increase in diameter progressively from birth to adult winter pelage. They are longest in the adult summer pelage, which also has the greatest difference between body areas in length and thickness of the hair. The fawn birth coat is the simplest, the adult winter pelage the most complex.Length–diameter regressions of the guard hairs through the four pelages reveal a steady progression.Study of the color banding of the hair in the four pelages, and upon five body regions revealed constant differences in the component contributed by each of four color zones. The hairs of the five body regions differ most in color in the fawn pelage and least in the adult pelage.Strong inference points to the same follicle as the source of the distinctively different summer and winter hairs, as well as of the age sequence found in the hair.Samples of guard hairs from O. h. sitkensis and from California and Vancouver Island specimens of O. h. columbianus showed significant differences between the three stocks in the length–diameter relationships of the hairs grown by each of these stocks.
Photoperiodic control of development in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii
Authors: Bradshaw William E. , Lounibos L. Philip
Published: August 2008

Wyeomyia smithii diapause in the third larval instar. Long days avert or terminate and short days promote or maintain diapause. Diapause occurs early in the third instar and may be terminated by photoperiodic stimuli without the intervention of chilling or other factors. Fifty percent termination of diapause requires about 3 long days and another [Formula: see text] days are consumed in the third instar for postdiapause development. The critical daylength is identical for both the initiation and termination of diapause, 14.75 h of light per day. But, the photoperiodic clock monitoring diapause decisions is several times as accurate during initiation as in termination, reflecting the more drastic environmental consequences of development misdirection in the fall than in the spring. This accuracy is further enhanced by a prolongation of the second instar under short-day conditions. The doubling in the duration of the second instar exhibits the same critical daylength properties as diapause determination.The third instar is divisible into four distinct developmental periods: prediapause, diapause, termination of diapause, and postdiapause. Methods for quantifying these periods are presented. Similar manipulations could be employed for other diapausing arthropods, regardless of the stage at which dormancy occurs or the cues used in its regulation.
Functional morphology of the pretarsus in larval Thysanoptera
Authors: Heming B. S.
Published: August 2008

Legs of larval thrips differ in form and function from those of the adults. The tarsal depressor muscle and tibial gland of the adult are absent, the trochanter and tarsus are fused to the femur and tibia, respectively, and the relative sizes and shapes of the remaining parts differ.Contraction of the pretarsal depressor muscle elevates and flattens the unguitractor plate and flexes the ungues laterally and downward. Extenders associated with the bases of the ungues rotate outward and pull out and spread the arolium. This subsequently inflates with blood pressure. When the depressor muscle relaxes, the recoil of two stretched restraining tendons originating on the tibiotarsal walls and inserting proximally into the unguitractor apodeme returns the unguitractor plate to its resting position. The ungues approach each other anteriorly and the extenders flip back into the pretarsus, pulling the arolium within the unguitractor plate as the latter rolls up longitudinally. Minor differences in pretarsal function existing between larvae of the two suborders are indicated.Replacement of the first- by the second-instar pretarsus is described and an explanation is offered for the origin of the divergence between larval and imaginal mechanisms.
The accumulation of radioactive cesium, phosphorus, strontium, and yttrium by mosquito larvae and its relevance to radiation dose
Authors: Scott A. G. , Guthrie J. E.
Published: August 2008

Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae were reared in solutions of 137Cs, 32P, and 90Sr + 90Y and the apparent concentration ratios of the individual radionuclides which were accumulated are reported. A consideration of the significance of accumulation to the internal radiation dose delivered to the larvae reveals that larvae reared in identical concentrations of a radionuclide did not receive the same dose, nor were they exposed to the greatest dose-rate at the same stage of development. The probable dose to larvae reared in radioactive solutions cannot be calculated solely from a knowledge of the radionuclide concentration in the rearing medium.
Development of selective responses to individual maternal vocalizations in young Gallus gallus
Authors: Evans Roger M. , Mattson Mark E.
Published: August 2008

One-day-old domestic chicks responded selectively to individual maternal clucks that had previously been presented in association with a familiar visual stimulus. These results are interpreted as evidence that familiar visual stimuli can mediate the development of auditory discriminations between biologically relevant adult vocalizations. Further, such discriminations occur at a time when individual recognition of parental vocalizations is thought to be important for maintaining family units which are threatened with potential disruption after the development of locomotor ability in the precocial young.
Changes in the proximate body composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with starvation
Authors: Niimi A. J.
Published: August 2008

The bioenergetics of starvation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was determined through integrating changes in proximate body composition, energy yields, and changes in weight. Weight losses during starvation showed good correlation with changes in proximate body composition. After adjustments for relative increases in the proportion of moisture were made, tissue utilization and the corresponding energy equivalents were estimated. The energy requirements over the 40-day starvation period were derived from lipid and protein at a 60:40 ratio.
Y organ, molting gland, and mandibular organ: a problem in decapod crustacea
Authors: Sochasky Jeffrey B. , Aiken D. E. , Watson Nelson H. F.
Published: August 2008

In the crab Carcinus the Y organ (a functional molting gland) and the mandibular organ are distinct. In the lobster Homarus and the crayfish Orconectes no structure obviously comparable to the Y organ of Carcinus can be demonstrated, and in these and other macrurans the terms Y organ, ecdysial gland, and molting gland have been applied to the mandibular organ, which is probably not a molting gland in the classical sense.
Volume relationships during the pregnancy cycle of the tsetse fly Glossina austeni
Authors: Tobe S. S. , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

Because of their haematophagous and viviparous habits, female Glossina austeni undergo large changes in both volume and weight during each pregnancy cycle. As the developing larva in the uterus increases in size, the volume of the mother also increases. These changes in volume of the adult fly occur almost exclusively in the abdomen, which does not contain significant air sacs with which to buffer the volume changes. The changes in abdominal volume are made possible by an elastic ventral abdominal cuticle which is manifested in histological sections as changes in the thickness of the ventral abdominal cuticle during the pregnancy cycle. Stretching appears to occur in the endocuticle.Female G. austeni tend to feed to a constant weight irrespective of their reproductive state. Before the first ovulation, flies feed to a weight of about 50 mg but subsequently feed to a weight of about 80 mg. This increase coincides with the cessation of postemergence cuticle deposition, as well as ovulation, but it is not known whether these events are functionally related.Haemolymph volume of female G. austeni remains at a low level throughout the observed pregnancy cycles at a value of about 5 μliters. This small volume may impose limitations on the transport of nutrients through the haemolymph. Following feeding, haemolymph volume does not change.
The importance of methods of fixation in the study of insect blood cells
Authors: Lai-Fook J. , Neuwirth M.
Published: August 2008

Two of the several methods used in fixing insect blood cells were found satisfactory. Rapid dispersion of cells in fixative followed by centrifugation resulted in sufficiently large numbers of cells for observation. This was not true of injection of fixative into the haemocoel. The shape, size, and inclusions, important features in the characterization of insect blood cells, are greatly altered by some of the methods. The use of thick plastic sections allowed structures to be seen which are not normally discernible with the light microscope.
Reproductive biology, breeding seasons, and growth of eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Canada
Authors: Smith Lorraine C. , Smith Donald A.
Published: August 2008

Reproductive, age, and body-size data from 1403 museum specimens from Manitoba to Nova Scotia and data on live chipmunks studied in the field in southeastern Ontario were analyzed. Schedules of the major stages of reproduction and growth are summarized graphically. Most adult males are in breeding condition (with large testes in black scrotal sacs and macroscopic tubules in caudae epididymidon) from March to June. As females can breed in March–April and (or) June–July, eastern chipmunks are unique among hibernating sciurids in that they have two breeding seasons per year. These occur over much of the Canadian range, with distinct waves of young appearing above ground in June and September. Spring breeding is probably annual and ubiquitous but records are too few to reveal the local frequency of summer breeding. Young have emerged in four consecutive Septembers at Stanley Corners, Ontario. Litter sizes from embryo and scar counts averaged 4.8 and 4.9. Although the young attain adult size and dentition in 3 months, most do not breed until 11 months old. We have questioned or explained conflicting reports and conclude that the breeding habits of Canadian chipmunks are essentially similar to those described by some U.S. workers.