bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative Three-Row Pile Support System of Ultra-Deep Foundation Pit and Cooperative Construction Technology with Basement for High-Rise Tower Structures
Authors: Zhu Yuxuan , Qin Huilai , Zhang Xiangping , Wei Desheng , Zhai Lei , Hu Lixin
Published: April 2024

This paper proposes the structural design and calculation model of stepped three-row pile and verifies its antioverturning and antisliding stability, based on the Xinghe Yabao deep foundation pit project in Shenzhen, China. The three-row pile model is constructed using finite element software, and the force and deformation of the piles are analyzed. The influence of the direction of the prestressing anchors on the support effect of the three-row pile is investigated by simulating the prestressing anchors in three directions: oblique, horizontal, and vertical. The results show that the combined support effect of the oblique anchor and the three-row pile is the most effective, resulting in the smallest deformation, followed by the horizontal anchor, and the vertical anchor produces the largest deformation. Finally, the innovative construction method of the three-row pile removal and the basement top-down construction method is proposed. The three-dimensional model of the tower building and the basement is established by the finite element software to simulate the structural grading load and the cooperative construction of the supporting structure and the basement structure. The research results have greater engineering application value and significant economic benefits, which could provide reference and guidance for the design and construction of deep foundation pits in similar projects.
Ultrasmall Glucose-Functionalized Au-Carbon Nanohybrids: Exploiting the Warburg Effect to Image Tumors by Multimodal CT/Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Cillari Roberta , Scirè Sergio , Cavallaro Gennara , Mauro Nicolò
Published: April 2024

Utilizing glucose as a targeting agent represents a pioneering approach in selectively directing nanoparticles towards cancer cells, capitalizing on the pronounced glucose uptake observed in tumors attributable to the Warburg effect. In this study, we have successfully adopted this targeting strategy to facilitate the specific uptake of advanced nanotools, comprising carbon nanocrystals incorporating gold seeds (AuCDs). Leveraging the advantageous optical and size-related properties of carbon nanodots in conjunction with gold-mediated X-ray attenuation capabilities, these hybrid nanomaterials have been engineered as contrast agents for a bi-modal imaging modality, exploiting the synergistic benefits of fluorescence imaging and X-ray computed tomography. Notably, for the synthesis of AuCDs, we present, for the first time, the incorporation of gold seeds within the molecular precursors of carbon nanodots during their solvothermal synthesis process, showcasing the efficacy of this synthetic pathway in yielding nanoscale carbon structures incorporating bioeliminable gold ultrasmall nanoparticles (d < 5 nm). Subsequently, we employed an azido-alkyne click chemistry reaction to functionalize the nanoparticle surface with 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a targeting moiety. The demonstrated cancer-targeting proficiency, as assessed via fluorescence imaging, renders the proposed nanosystem highly promising for a spectrum of applications in precision anticancer theranostics, encompassing both diagnostic and therapeutic endeavors.
Uncommon and Rare EGFR Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with a Focus on Exon 20 Insertions and the Phase 3 PAPILLON Trial: The State of the Art
Authors: Fabrizio Federico Pio , Attili Ilaria , de Marinis Filippo
Published: April 2024

Uncommon (ucEGFRmuts) and rare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations account for 10–15% of diagnosed cases and consist of a heterogeneous group represented by several clusters within exons 18–21 (e.g., exon 18 point mutations, exon 21 L861X, exon 20 S768I), as well as exon 20 insertions (Ex20ins). Their incidence is under molecular and clinical investigation following recent findings that reported an increase of sensitivity and specificity of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Consequently, their detection allows for the selection of emerging treatment options to significantly improve patients’ outcomes in these particular subgroups of EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Specifically, this commentary is focused on the notable progress of the Phase 3 PAPILLON study that showed primary efficacy results from amivantamab, a bispecific antibody with specific binding and affinity to extracellular domains of EGFR and MET, plus chemotherapy in the first-line setting for EGFR exon 20 insertion–mutated advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients, as compared with chemotherapy alone, thus becoming the new standard of care in this group of patients.
Real-World Outcome and Prognostic Factors in MDS Patients Treated with Azacitidine—A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Wiśniewski Kamil , Pruszczyk-Matusiak Katarzyna , Puła Bartosz , Lech-Marańda Ewa , Góra-Tybor Joanna
Published: April 2024

Azacitidine (AZA) is recognized as a vital drug used in the therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) due to its beneficial effect on survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, many patients fail to respond to AZA treatment, as prognostic factors still are not identified. The present retrospective analysis included 79 patients with MDS treated with AZA as first-line therapy in a real-life setting. The percentage of patients with good, intermediate, and poor cytogenetics was 46.8%, 11.4%, and 34.2%, respectively. The overall response rate (complete remission [CR], partial remission [PR], and hematological improvement [HI]) was 24%. The CR, PR, and HI rates were 13.9%, 2.5%, and 7.6%, respectively. Stable disease (SD) was documented in 40.5% of patients. The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 17.6 and 14.96 months, respectively. Patients with ORR and SD had a significantly longer median OS (23.8 vs. 5.7 months, p = 0.0005) and PFS (19.8 vs. 3.5 months, p < 0.001) compared to patients who did not respond to AZA. In univariate analysis, only an unfavorable cytogenetic group was a prognostic factor of a lower response rate (p = 0.03). In a multivariate model, older age (p = 0.047), higher IPSS (International Prognostic Scoring System) risk (p = 0.014), and higher IPSS-R cytogenetic risk (p = 0.004) were independent factors of shorter OS. Independent prognostic factors for shorter PFS were age (p = 0.001), IPSS risk (p = 0.02), IPSS cytogenetic risk (p = 0.002), and serum ferritin level (p = 0.008). The safety profile of AZA was predictable and consistent with previous studies. In conclusion, our study confirms the efficacy and safety of AZA in a real-world population and identifies potential biomarkers for response and survival.
Targeting Siglec–Sialylated MUC1 Immune Axis in Cancer
Authors: Ayyalasomayajula Ramya , Cudic Mare
Published: April 2024

Siglecs play a key role in mediating cell–cell interactions via the recognition of different sialylated glycoconjugates, including tumor-associated MUC1, which can lead to the activation or inhibition of the immune response. The activation occurs through the signaling of Siglecs with the cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing proteins, while the inhibition signal is a result of the interaction of intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-bearing receptors. The interaction of tumor-associated MUC1 sialylated glycans with Siglecs via ITIM motifs decreases antitumor immunity. Consequently, these interactions are expected to play a key role in tumor evasion. Efforts to modulate the response of immune cells by blocking the immune-suppressive effects of inhibitory Siglecs, driving immune-activating Siglecs, and/or altering the synthesis and expression of the sialic acid glycocalyx are new therapeutic strategies deserving further investigation. We will highlight the role of Siglec’s family receptors in immune evasion through interactions with glycan ligands in their natural context, presented on the protein such as MUC1, factors affecting their fine binding specificities, such as the role of multivalency either at the ligand or receptor side, their spatial organization, and finally the current and future therapeutic interventions targeting the Siglec–sialylated MUC1 immune axis in cancer.
Low-Volume Metastases in Apparent Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer: Prevalence, Clinical Significance, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Fumagalli Diletta , De Vitis Luigi A. , Caruso Giuseppe , Occhiali Tommaso , Palmieri Emilia , Guillot Benedetto E. , Pappalettera Giulia , Langstraat Carrie L. , Glaser Gretchen E. , Reynolds Evelyn A. , Fruscio Robert , Landoni Fabio , Mariani Andrea , Grassi Tommaso
Published: April 2024

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most diagnosed gynecologic malignancy, and its incidence and mortality are increasing. The prognosis is highly dependent on the disease spread. Surgical staging includes retroperitoneal evaluation to detect potential lymph node metastases. In recent years, systematic lymphadenectomy has been replaced by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and ultrastaging, allowing for the detection of macrometastases, micrometastases, and isolated tumor cells (ITCs). Micrometastases and ITCs have been grouped as low-volume metastases (LVM). The reported prevalence of LVM in studies enrolling more than one thousand patients with apparent early-stage EC ranges from 1.9% to 10.2%. Different rates of LVM are observed when patients are stratified according to disease characteristics and their risk of recurrence. Patients with EC at low risk for recurrence have low rates of LVM, while intermediate- and high-risk patients have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with nodal metastases, including LVM. Macro- and micrometastases increase the risk of recurrence and cause upstaging, while the clinical significance of ITCs is still uncertain. A recent meta-analysis found that patients with LVM have a higher relative risk of recurrence [1.34 (95% CI: 1.07–1.67)], regardless of adjuvant treatment. In a retrospective study on patients with low-risk EC and no adjuvant treatment, those with ITCs had worse recurrence-free survival compared to node-negative patients (85.1%; CI 95% 73.8–98.2 versus 90.2%; CI 95% 84.9–95.8). However, a difference was no longer observed after the exclusion of cases with lymphovascular space invasion. There is no consensus on adjuvant treatment in ITC patients at otherwise low risk, and their recurrence rate is low. Multi-institutional, prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of ITCs in low-risk patients. Further stratification of patients, considering histopathological and molecular features of the disease, may clarify the role of LVM and especially ITCs in specific contexts.
Real-World Data and Evidence in Lung Cancer: A Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Kokkotou Eleni , Anagnostakis Maximilian , Evangelou Georgios , Syrigos Nikolaos K. , Gkiozos Ioannis
Published: April 2024

Conventional cancer clinical trials can be time-consuming and expensive, often yielding results with limited applicability to real-world scenarios and presenting challenges for patient participation. Real-world data (RWD) studies offer a promising solution to address evidence gaps and provide essential information about the effects of cancer treatments in real-world settings. The distinction between RWD and data derived from randomized clinical trials lies in the method of data collection, as RWD by definition are obtained at the point of care. Experimental designs resembling those used in traditional clinical trials can be utilized to generate RWD, thus offering multiple benefits including increased efficiency and a more equitable balance between internal and external validity. Real-world data can be utilized in the field of pharmacovigilance to facilitate the understanding of disease progression and to formulate external control groups. By utilizing prospectively collected RWD, it is feasible to conduct pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) that can provide evidence to support randomized study designs and extend clinical research to the patient’s point of care. To ensure the quality of real-world studies, it is crucial to implement auditable data abstraction methods and develop new incentives to capture clinically relevant data electronically at the point of care. The treatment landscape is constantly evolving, with the integration of front-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, affecting subsequent treatment lines. Real-world effectiveness and safety in underrepresented populations, such as the elderly and patients with poor performance status (PS), hepatitis, or human immunodeficiency virus, are still largely unexplored. Similarly, the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of these innovative agents are important considerations in the real world.
Preparation of CaO@CeO2 Solid Base Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Kingkam Wilasinee , Maisomboon Jirapa , Khamenkit Khemmanich , Nuchdang Sasikarn , Nilgumhang Kewalee , Issarapanacheewin Sudarat , Rattanaphra Dussadee
Published: April 2024

The study investigated the use of CeO2 extracted from monazite with calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The wet impregnation method was used to produce CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts with 0–50 wt.% CaO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to characterize the catalysts. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, the effect of different CaO compositions on the performance of CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts was examined. The catalytic activity of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst for the transesterification reaction of palm oil to produce biodiesel was studied. The results show that the optimum yield of biodiesel can reach 97% fatty acid methyl ester over the 30CaO@CeO2 catalyst at the reaction conditions of 5 wt.% catalysts, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, with a reaction temperature of 65 °C within 30 min. The results show that the high catalytic activity and stability of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst make it a promising candidate for industrial-scale biodiesel production. Further study is needed to improve the stability and efficiency of catalysts in transesterification reactions to achieve a high FAME yield using long-life-span catalysts. Moreover, it is necessary to investigate the economic feasibility of this process for application in large-scale biodiesel production.
Consequences of Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia Associated with High Altitude on Spermatogenesis and Seminal Parameters: A Literature Review
Authors: Cornejo-Guerra Carlos , Salazar-Ardiles Camila , Morales Patricio , Andrade David C.
Published: April 2024

Preclinical research has provided compelling evidence indicating that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) results in a deterioration of spermatogenesis. This adverse effect extends to the underlying molecular mechanisms, progressively leading to impairments in the seminiferous epithelium and germ cells and alterations in semen parameters. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that animals exposed to HH, whether in natural high-altitude environments or under simulated hypoxic conditions, exhibit damage to the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogenesis, an increase in germline cell apoptosis, and structural alterations in the seminiferous tubules. One of the primary mechanisms associated with the inhibition of differentiation and an increase in apoptosis among germ cells is an elevated level of oxidative stress, which has been closely associated with HH exposure. Human studies have shown that individuals exposed to HH, such as mountaineers and alpinists, exhibit decreased sperm count, reduced motility, diminished viability, and increased sperm with abnormal morphology in their semen. This evidence strongly suggests that exposure to HH may be considered a significant risk factor that could elevate the prevalence of male infertility. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive description and propose potential mechanisms that could elucidate the infertility processes induced by HH. By doing so, it contributes to expanding our understanding of the challenges posed by extreme environments on human physiology, opening new avenues for research in this field.
Cellular Immunity of Drosophila willistoni Reveals Novel Complexity in Insect Anti-Parasitoid Defense
Authors: Cinege Gyöngyi , Fodor Kinga , Magyar Lilla B. , Lipinszki Zoltán , Hultmark Dan , Andó István
Published: April 2024

Coevolution of hosts and their parasites has shaped heterogeneity of effector hemocyte types, providing immune defense reactions with variable effectiveness. In this work, we characterize hemocytes of Drosophila willistoni, a species that has evolved a cellular immune system with extensive variation and a high degree of plasticity. Monoclonal antibodies were raised and used in indirect immunofluorescence experiments to characterize hemocyte subpopulations, follow their functional features and differentiation. Pagocytosis and parasitization assays were used to determine the functional characteristics of hemocyte types. Samples were visualized using confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. We identified a new multinucleated giant hemocyte (MGH) type, which differentiates in the course of the cellular immune response to parasitoids. These cells differentiate in the circulation through nuclear division and cell fusion, and can also be derived from the central hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. They have a binary function as they take up bacteria by phagocytosis and are involved in the encapsulation and elimination of the parasitoid. Here, we show that, in response to large foreign particles, such as parasitoids, MGHs differentiate, have a binary function and contribute to a highly effective cellular immune response, similar to the foreign body giant cells of vertebrates.
Identification of Four Mouse FcRn Splice Variants and FcRn-Specific Vesicles
Authors: Haddad George , Blaine Judith
Published: April 2024

Research into the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increased dramatically ever since Simister and Mostov first purified a rat version of the receptor. Over the years, FcRn has been shown to function not only as a receptor that transfers immunity from mother to fetus but also performs an array of different functions that include transport and recycling of immunoglobulins and albumin in the adult. Due to its important cellular roles, several clinical trials have been designed to either inhibit/enhance FcRn function or develop of non-invasive therapeutic delivery system such as fusion of drugs to IgG Fc or albumin to enhance delivery inside the cells. Here, we report the accidental identification of several FcRn alternatively spliced variants in both mouse and human cells. The four new mouse splice variants are capable of binding immunoglobulins’ Fc and Fab portions. In addition, we have identified FcRn-specific vesicles in which immunoglobulins and albumin can be stored and that are involved in the endosomal–lysosomal system. The complexity of FcRn functions offers significant potential to design and develop novel and targeted therapeutics.
A New Immortalized Human Lacrimal Gland Cell Line
Authors: Gleixner Sophie , Zahn Ingrid , Dietrich Jana , Singh Swati , Drobny Alice , Schneider Yanni , Schwendner Raphael , Socher Eileen , Blavet Nicolas , Bräuer Lars , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste , Balk Matthias , Schulze-Tanzil Gundula , Günther Claudia , Paulsen Friedrich , Arnold Philipp
Published: April 2024

The lacrimal gland is crucial for maintaining ocular health by producing the aqueous component of the tear film, which hydrates and nourishes the ocular surface. Decreased production of this component results in dry eye disease, a condition affecting over 250 million people worldwide. However, the scarcity of primary human material for studying its underlying mechanisms and the absence of a cell model for human lacrimal gland epithelial cells present significant challenges. Here, we describe the generation of immortalized human lacrimal gland cell lines through the introduction of an SV40 antigen. We successfully isolated and characterized three cell clones from a female lacrimal gland donor, confirming their epithelial identity through genomic and protein analyses, including PCR, RNAseq, immunofluorescence and cultivation in a 3D spheroid model. Our findings represent a significant advancement, providing improved accessibility to investigate the molecular pathogenesis mechanisms of dry eye disease and potential therapeutic interventions. We identified the expression of typical epithelial cell marker genes and demonstrated the cells’ capability to form 2D cell sheets and 3D spheroids. This establishment of immortalized human lacrimal gland cells with epithelial characteristics holds promise for future comprehensive studies, contributing to a deeper understanding of dry eye disease and its cellular mechanisms.
SMAD4-Dependent Signaling Pathway Involves in the Pathogenesis of TGFBR2-Related CE-like Phenotype
Authors: Wang Yen-Chiao , Zolnik Olivia Betty , Liu Chia-Yang
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Our previous data indicated that disturbance of the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway via its Type-2 Receptor (TGFBR2) can cause a Corneal Ectasia (CE)-like phenotype. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether the SMAD4-dependent signaling pathway is involved in the TGFBR2-related CE-like pathogenesis. (2) Methods: Smad4 was designed to be conditionally knocked out from keratocytes. Novel triple transgenic mice, KerartTA; Tet-O-Cre; Smad4flox/flox (Smad4kera-cko), were administered with doxycycline (Dox). Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was performed to examine Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), Corneal Radius, Anterior Chamber and CE-like phenotype and compared to the littermate Control group (Smad4Ctrl). (3) Results: The OCT revealed normal cornea in the Smad4Ctrl and a CE-like phenotype in the Smad4kera-cko cornea, in which the overall CCT in Smad4kera-cko was thinner than that of Smad4Ctrl at P42 (n = 6, p < 0.0001) and showed no significant difference when compared to that in Tgfbr2kera-cko. Furthermore, the measurements of the Anterior Chamber and Corneal Radius indicated a substantial ectatic cornea in the Smad4kera-cko compared to Smad4Ctrl. The H&E staining of Smad4kera-cko mimics the finding in the Tgfbr2kera-cko. The positive immunostaining of cornea-specific marker K12 indicating the cell fate of cornea epithelium remained unchanged in Smad4kera-cko and the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) immunostaining further indicated an enhanced proliferation in the Smad4kera-cko. Both immunostainings recapitulated the finding in Tgfbr2kera-cko. The Masson’s Trichrome staining revealed decreased collagen formation in the corneal stroma from both Smad4kera-cko and Tgfbr2kera-cko. The collagen type 1 (Col1a1) immunostaining further confirmed the reduction in collagen type 1 formation in Smad4kera-cko. (4) Conclusions: The aforementioned phenotypes in the Smad4kera-cko strain indicated that the SMAD4-dependent signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of the CE-like phenotype observed in Tgfbr2kera-cko.
Generation of Artificial Blastoids Combining miR-200-Mediated Reprogramming and Mechanical Cues
Authors: Pennarossa Georgia , Arcuri Sharon , Gandolfi Fulvio , Brevini Tiziana A. L.
Published: April 2024

In vitro-generated blastocyst-like structures are of great importance since they recapitulate specific features or processes of early embryogenesis, thus avoiding ethical concerns as well as increasing scalability and accessibility compared to the use of natural embryos. Here, we combine cell reprogramming and mechanical stimuli to create 3D spherical aggregates that are phenotypically similar to those of natural embryos. Specifically, dermal fibroblasts are reprogrammed, exploiting the miR-200 family property to induce a high plasticity state in somatic cells. Subsequently, miR-200-reprogrammed cells are either driven towards the trophectoderm (TR) lineage using an ad hoc induction protocol or encapsulated into polytetrafluoroethylene micro-bioreactors to maintain and promote pluripotency, generating inner cell mass (ICM)-like spheroids. The obtained TR-like cells and ICM-like spheroids are then co-cultured in the same micro-bioreactor and, subsequently, transferred to microwells to encourage blastoid formation. Notably, the above protocol was applied to fibroblasts obtained from young as well as aged donors, with results that highlighted miR-200′s ability to successfully reprogram young and aged cells with comparable blastoid rates, regardless of the donor’s cell age. Overall, the approach here described represents a novel strategy for the creation of artificial blastoids to be used in the field of assisted reproduction technologies for the study of peri- and early post-implantation mechanisms.
Forecasting Pitch Response of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines with a Deep Learning Model
Authors: Barooni Mohammad , Velioglu Sogut Deniz
Published: April 2024

The design and optimization of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) pose significant challenges, stemming from the complex interplay among aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, structural dynamics, and control systems. In this context, this study introduces an innovative method for forecasting the dynamic behavior of FOWTs under various conditions by merging Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network. This model outperforms traditional numerical models by delivering precise and efficient predictions of dynamic FOWT responses. It adeptly handles computational complexities and reduces processing duration, while maintaining flexibility and effectively managing nonlinear dynamics. The model’s prowess is showcased through an analysis of a spar-type FOWT in a multivariate parallel time series dataset using the CNN–GRU structure. The outcomes are notably promising, underscoring the model’s proficiency in accurately forecasting the performance of FOWTs.
Evaluating Global and Temporal Trends in Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation: Public Awareness and Engagement
Authors: Garcia Valencia Oscar A. , Thongprayoon Charat , Jadlowiec Caroline C. , Mao Shennen A. , Leeaphorn Napat , Budhiraja Pooja , Khoury Nadeen , Vaitla Pradeep , Suppadungsuk Supawadee , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: April 2024

Background: Pancreas transplantation is a crucial surgical intervention for managing diabetes, but it faces challenges such as its invasive nature, stringent patient selection criteria, organ scarcity, and centralized expertise. Despite the steadily increasing number of pancreas transplants in the United States, there is a need to understand global trends in interest to increase awareness of and participation in pancreas and islet cell transplantation. Methods: We analyzed Google Search trends for “Pancreas Transplantation” and “Islet Cell Transplantation” from 2004 to 14 November 2023, assessing variations in search interest over time and across geographical locations. The Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test was used to determine the stationarity of the trends (p < 0.05). Results: Search interest for “Pancreas Transplantation” varied from its 2004 baseline, with a general decline in peak interest over time. The lowest interest was in December 2010, with a slight increase by November 2023. Ecuador, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia showed the highest search interest. “Islet Cell Transplantation” had its lowest interest in December 2016 and a more pronounced decline over time, with Poland, China, and South Korea having the highest search volumes. In the U.S., “Pancreas Transplantation” ranked 4th in interest, while “Islet Cell Transplantation” ranked 11th. The ADF test confirmed the stationarity of the search trends for both procedures. Conclusions: “Pancreas Transplantation” and “Islet Cell Transplantation” showed initial peaks in search interest followed by a general downtrend. The stationary search trends suggest a lack of significant fluctuations or cyclical variations. These findings highlight the need for enhanced educational initiatives to increase the understanding and awareness of these critical transplant procedures among the public and professionals.
Recent Developments in Using a Modified Transfer Matrix Method for an Automotive Exhaust Muffler Design Based on Computation Fluid Dynamics in 3D
Authors: Bugaru Mihai , Vasile Cosmin-Marius
Published: April 2024

The present work aims to investigate the newly modified transfer matrix method (MTMM) to predict an automotive exhaust muffler’s transmission loss (AEMTL). The MTMM is a mixed method between a 3D-CFD (Computation Fluid Dynamics in 3D), namely AVL FIRETM M Engine (process-safe 3D-CFD Simulations of Internal Combustions Engines), and the classic TMM for the exhaust muffler. For all the continuous and discontinuous sections of the exhaust muffler, the Mach number of the cross-section, the temperature, and the type of discontinuity of the exhaust gas flow were taken into consideration to evaluate the specific elements of the acoustic quadrupole that define the MTMM coupled with AVL FIRETM M Engine for one given muffler exhaust. Also, the perforations of intermediary ducts were considered in the new MTMM (AVL FIRETM M Engine linked with TMM) to predict the TL (transmission loss) of an automotive exhaust muffler with three expansion chambers. The results obtained for the TL in the frequency range 0.1-4 kHz agree with the experimental results published in the literature. The TMM was improved by adding the AVL FIRETM M Engine as a valuable tool in designing the automotive exhaust muffler (AEM).
Optimizing Lumber Densification for Mitigating Rolling Shear Failure in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Authors: Pradhan Suman , Mohammadabadi Mostafa , Seale Roy Daniel , Thati Manikanta , Entsminger Edward D. , Nkeuwa William Nguegang
Published: April 2024

Rolling shear in cross-laminated timber (CLT) has been identified as the governing factor influencing design value. Likewise, densification has been found to be an effective method of enhancing the rolling shear strength of lumber and in turn, CLT. In this study, utilizing knowledge of material properties, optimization of the compression ratio for densification has been presented. Three-layered CLT beams made from non-densified lumber, grade #1 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), were subjected to a bending load at a span-to-depth ratio of eight and had a rolling shear failure at the mid-layer with a shear strength of 3 MPa. Assuming the same modulus of rupture (MOR) for both lumber and CLT made from the same species and grade, the MOR of lumber was used to calculate the minimum required shear strength (MRSS) of the transverse mid-layer to change the failure mode of the CLT beam from rolling shear to tensile failure. Using the relationship between the compression ratio and the increase in rolling shear strength, the optimized compression ratio for densification was calculated. This procedure resulted in a compression ratio of 16.67% for densification of the mid-layer to avoid rolling shear in the case of CLT beams with a span-to-depth ratio of eight. To verify this process, CLT beams with mid-layers densified at 16.67% were fabricated and submitted to a bending test. Rolling shear failure was mitigated and densified CLT beams failed in tension with a MOR similar to that of lumber, 47.45 MPa. Likewise, rolling shear strength was observed to increase by 48% for CLT that had a densified mid-layer at 16.67%.
Nanoemulsions Containing Passiflora quadrangularis L. Fruit Extracts for Cosmetic Application and Skin Efficacy Study
Authors: Yanasan Nareekan , Wangkananon Worrapon , Natakankitkul Surapol , Kiattisin Kanokwan
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to determine the anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities of Passiflora quadrangularis fruit extracts (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed), develop stable nanoemulsions, and evaluate the efficacy of the nanoemulsions containing extracts in human volunteers. The results indicated that the epicarp and seed extracts exhibited collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibition effects. Gallic acid was identified in the extracts, with the highest concentration found in the endocarp extract (1449.35 mg gallic acid/g extract) followed by the seed extract (839.63 mg gallic acid/g extract). The endocarp and seed extracts demonstrated good stability at different temperatures. Consequently, these extracts were selected for incorporation into nanoemulsions due to their high yield, excellent anti-tyrosinase and anti-aging activity, and good stability, making them suitable for cosmetic products. The nanoemulsions were prepared using the ultrasonication method, resulting in a particle size of 133.1 ± 0.8 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.33 ± 0.03, and a zeta potential of −61.8 ± 0.6 mV, indicating good stability. The nano-serum containing extracts was non-irritating and safe for the skin. Skin evaluation among human volunteers after 60 days of application revealed improvements in skin hydration and reduction in wrinkles. In conclusion, nanoemulsions containing P. quadrangularis fruit extracts have the potential to be effective cosmetic products.
Comparative Analysis of Examination Methods for Periapical Lesion Diagnostics: Assessing Cone-Beam Computer Tomography, Ultrasound, and Periapical Radiography
Authors: Karkle Aleksandra , Slaidina Anda , Zolovs Maksims , Vaskevica Anete , Meistere Dita , Bokvalde Zanda , Neimane Laura
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Periapical lesions of teeth are typically evaluated using periapical X-rays (PA) or cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT); however, ultrasound imaging (US) can also be used to detect bone defects. A comparative analysis is necessary to establish the diagnostic accuracy of US for the detection of periapical lesions in comparison with PA and CBCT. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the measurement precision of US against PA and CBCT in detecting periapical lesions. Methods: This study included 43 maxillary and mandibular teeth with periapical lesions. All teeth were examined clinically, radiographically, and ultrasonographically. Observers evaluated and measured the periapical lesions on CBCT, PA, and US images. Results: The comparison of lesion size showed that it differs significantly between the different methods of examination. A statistically significant difference was found between CBCT and US (mean difference = 0.99 mm, 95% CI [0.43–1.55]), as well as between CBCT and PA (mean difference = 0.61 mm, 95% CI [0.17–1.05]). No difference was found between the US and PA methods (p = 0.193). Conclusion: US cannot replace PA radiography in detecting pathologies but it can accurately measure and characterize periapical lesions with minimal radiation exposure. CBCT is the most precise and radiation-intensive method so it should only be used for complex cases.
Artificial Intelligence-Based Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Medical Students for Mortality and Readmission Prediction
Authors: Dadon Ziv , Rav Acha Moshe , Orlev Amir , Carasso Shemy , Glikson Michael , Gottlieb Shmuel , Alpert Evan Avraham
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound has become a universal practice, employed by physicians across various disciplines, contributing to diagnostic processes and decision-making. Aim: To assess the association of reduced (<50%) left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) based on prospective point-of-care ultrasound operated by medical students using an artificial intelligence (AI) tool and 1-year primary composite outcome, including mortality and readmission for cardiovascular-related causes. Methods: Eight trained medical students used a hand-held ultrasound device (HUD) equipped with an AI-based tool for automatic evaluation of the LVEF of non-selected patients hospitalized in a cardiology department from March 2019 through March 2020. Results: The study included 82 patients (72 males aged 58.5 ± 16.8 years), of whom 34 (41.5%) were diagnosed with AI-based reduced LVEF. The rates of the composite outcome were higher among patients with reduced systolic function compared to those with preserved LVEF (41.2% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.014). Adjusting for pertinent variables, reduced LVEF independently predicted the composite outcome (HR 2.717, 95% CI 1.083–6.817, p = 0.033). As compared to those with LVEF ≥ 50%, patients with reduced LVEF had a longer length of stay and higher rates of the secondary composite outcome, including in-hospital death, advanced ventilatory support, shock, and acute decompensated heart failure. Conclusion: AI-based assessment of reduced systolic function in the hands of medical students, independently predicted 1-year mortality and cardiovascular-related readmission and was associated with unfavorable in-hospital outcomes. AI utilization by novice users may be an important tool for risk stratification for hospitalized patients.
Unraveling Ghana’s Resource Curse Hypothesis: Analyzing Natural Resources and Economic Growth with a Focus on Oil Exploration
Authors: Baafi Joseph Antwi
Published: April 2024

This study examines the intricate relationship between natural resource abundance, with a specific focus on oil production, and its impact on economic growth in Ghana. Through the application of the robust Fully Modified OLS methodology and using data spanned from 1960–2021 the research underscores the essential inclusion of oil as a significant variable in comprehending economic growth dynamics. Contrary to traditional resource curse theories, the study unveils a positive nexus between oil production and economic growth, particularly within a comprehensive variable framework. This finding challenges simplistic resource curse notions and underscores the need for a holistic economic perspective. Overall, the results show that the impact of oil production on economic growth is sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of other variables in the model. In Model 1, where all variables are included, oil production has a significant positive (0.0112**) impact on growth. Ghana’s success in avoiding the resource curse is attributed to a multifaceted strategy encompassing diversified economic approaches, transparent governance, and responsible oil revenue management. Importantly, the inclusion of oil as a pivotal variable is well-justified by its tangible contributions to economic growth. The observed positive impacts emphasize the benefits of harnessing oil resources while maintaining a holistic view of the broader economic context. Looking ahead, the insights inform policymakers in resource-rich nations, illustrating how strategic resource management—illustrated by oil—can drive resilient and comprehensive economic growth. Ghana’s experience serves as a compelling template for informed policy decisions, offering valuable lessons for achieving sustainable prosperity.
Reconfigurable Holographic Surface-Assisted Wireless Secrecy Communication System
Authors: Xu Yiming , Liu Jinshuo , Wu Xiaoguang , Guo Tianwen , Peng Huadong
Published: April 2024

This new antenna, called the reconfigurable holographic surface (RHS), is lightweight and compact, and it can precisely steer many beams at once. Because of its reflecting characteristic, it differs from the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which is frequently employed as a passive relay. To leverage the holographic technology and generate the necessary beam, RHS is most likely to be integrated with the transceiver as an ultra-thin and lightweight planer antenna. This has enormous potential to satisfy the growing demands of the future generation network. This paper is the first to study a wireless secrecy communication system with a base station that has and is helped by an RHS. We suggest a strategy for simultaneously optimizing the holographic beamforming at the RHS and the digital beamforming at the base station with the introduction of artificial noise (AN) to attain the highest secrecy rate. However, because of its non-convexity and changeable coupling, this problem is challenging to solve. A proficient algorithm that utilizes alternating optimization and is capable of solving the problem below the ideal level is suggested. According to simulation studies, RHS outperforms RIS in terms of enhancing the performance of wireless secrecy communication systems, indicating that RHS has a wide range of potential applications in the realm of physical layer security.
Comparison of Neck Pain and Posture with Spine Angle Tracking System between Static and Dynamic Computer Monitor Use
Authors: Kim Hayoung , Won Young Il , Kang Soohee , Choi Yunhee , Park Jin Ho , Lee Jongshill , Kim In Young , Chung Chun Kee
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the effect of dynamic changes in monitor height and tilt on neck pain and posture of computer users. Using a wearable device, we aim to compare neck pain and spine angle between static and dynamic monitors. A spine angle tracking system using the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was proposed, and the accuracy was validated. Eight office workers participated for five hours over two days, and each day used either a static monitor or a dynamic monitor that changed height and tilt every 30 min. The angles of C0, C7, L1, and S1 endplates were estimated using the proposed system. Changes in neck pain and spine angle with time were compared in static and dynamic monitors. The intraclass correlation coefficient confirmed a high concordance between the estimated and actual angles (p < 0.001). Rehabilitation Bioengineering Group (RBG) score increased less in the dynamic monitor compared to the static monitor (p = 0.003). Spinal curvatures are bent in the static monitor compared to the dynamic monitor. The estimated angles aligned well with X-ray measurements. A dynamic monitor that changes height and tilt at regular intervals may reduce neck pain increase and reduce bend forward posture compared to a static monitor.
From Sensors to Insights: An Original Method for Consumer Behavior Identification in Appliance Usage
Authors: Portase Raluca Laura , Tolas Ramona , Potolea Rodica
Published: April 2024

In light of the energy crisis, extensive research is being conducted to enhance load forecasting, optimize the targeting of demand response programs, and advise building occupants on actions to enhance energy performance. Cluster analysis is increasingly applied to usage data across all consumer types. More accurate consumer identification translates to improved resource planning. In the context of Industry 4.0, where comprehensive data are collected across various domains, we propose using existing sensor data from household appliances to extract the usage patterns and characterize the resource demands of consumers from residential households. We propose a general pipeline for extracting features from raw sensor data alongside global features for clustering device usages and classifying them based on extracted time series. We applied the proposed method to real data from three different types of household devices. We propose a strategy to identify the number of existent clusters in real data. We employed the label data obtained from clustering for the classification of consumers based on data recorded on different time ranges and achieved an increase in accuracy of up to 15% when we expanded the time range for the recorded data on the entire dataset, obtaining an accuracy of over 99.89%. We further explore the data meta-features for a minimal dataset by examining the necessary time interval for the recorded data, dataset dimensions, and the feature set. This analysis aims to achieve an effective trade-off between time and performance.
Study of the Use of Gas Diffusion Anode with Various Cathodes (Cu-Ag, Ni-Co, and Cu-B Alloys) in a Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Włodarczyk Paweł P. , Włodarczyk Barbara
Published: April 2024

Advancing microbial fuel cell (MFC) technologies appears to be a crucial direction in bolstering wastewater treatment efforts. It ensures both energy recovery (bioelectricity production) and wastewater pre-treatment. One of the problems in the widespread use of MFCs is the generation of a small amount of electricity. Hence, a pivotal concern revolves around enhancing the efficiency of this process. One avenue of investigation in this realm involves the selection of electrode materials. In this research, a carbon-based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) was used as the anode of MFC. Whereas for the cathode, a copper mesh with various catalysts (Cu-B, Ni-Co, and Cu-Ag) was used. This research was conducted in glass MFCs with the sintered glass acting as a chamber separator. This research was conducted for various electrode systems (GDE/Cu-Ag, GDE/Ni-Co, and GDE/Cu-B). This study analyzed both the electrical parameters and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction time. In each case (for each electrode system), bioelectricity production was achieved. This work shows that when GDE is used as the anode and Cu-B, Ni-Co and Cu-Ag alloys as the cathode, the most efficient system is the GDE/Cu-Ag system. It ensures the fastest start-up, the highest power density, and the shortest COD reduction time.
Detection of Non-Technical Losses on a Smart Distribution Grid Based on Artificial Intelligence Models
Authors: Souza Murilo A. , Gouveia Hugo T. V. , Ferreira Aida A. , de Lima Neta Regina Maria , Nóbrega Neto Otoni , da Silva Lira Milde Maria , Torres Geraldo L. , de Aquino Ronaldo R. B.
Published: April 2024

Non-technical losses (NTL) have been a growing problem over the years, causing significant financial losses for electric utilities. Among the methods for detecting this type of loss, those based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been the most popular. Many works use the electricity consumption profile as an input for AI models, which may not be sufficient to develop a model that achieves a high detection rate for various types of energy fraud that may occur. In this paper, using actual electricity consumption data, additional statistical and temporal features based on these data are used to improve the detection rate of various types of NTL. Furthermore, a model that combines both the electricity consumption data and these features is developed, achieving a better detection rate for all types of fraud considered.
Biohydrogen Production and Quantitative Determination of Monosaccharide Production Using Hyperthermophilic Anaerobic Fermentation of Corn Stover
Authors: Rupani Parveen Fatemeh , Sakrabani Ruben , Sadaqat Beenish , Shao Weilan
Published: April 2024

Second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass remain critical and require several challenges due to lignin compounds’ inefficient degradation and recalcitrate characteristics. In this regard, this study focuses on enzymatic technology as a promising treatment that is beneficial in breaking down the biomass’s hemicellulose and cellulosic parts. Thermostable bacterial species owe thermostable enzymes that are able to degrade complex carbohydrate compounds and produce efficient hydrogen production. The present study investigates the direct utilization of ligninolytic enzymes such as cellulase and xylanase derived from the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima (ATCC 43589 strain). The results show that xylanase and cellulase enzymes extracted from Thermotoga maritima could depolymerize the lignin bonds of corn stover substrate and release monomers such as Galactose in the media. In conclusion, this study can open a new advanced research window on directly applying a hyperthermophilic consortium of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulose material toward hydrogen production.