bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Summerside project - an AFBC boiler for high-sulphur coal and wood chips
Authors: Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

The paper describes two conceptual designs of coal-burning AFBC demonstration heating plant planned for Atlantic Canada. The designs were prepared under contract by two separate teams of designers of which one drew upon British, the other upon American
technology. The demonstration plant will consist of two boilers each generating 18 Mg/h of medium-pressure steam. The design fuel is high-volatile bituminous coal containing approximately 20% ash and 5% sulphur. Wood chips have been specified as a supplementary fuel to provide up to 30%
of the heat input. Additional design criteria call for overbed feeding of 50 mm x 0 coal, special provisions to deal with wet and frozen coal, 4.5 to 1 turndown range, and emission limits on SO2, NO x and particulates. The two conceptual boiler designs differ substantially. One proposes four
identical bed sections with forced circulation bed cooling and overbed feed of coal, limestone and wood chips by means of water-cooled screw conveyors. The other design proposes spreader-firing of the fuel onto two bed sections, one being a preferential bed having only peripheral cooling, the other
being a secondary bed with in-bed as well as peripheral cooling. This design uses natural circulation throughout. Some data from pilot-scale tests with the design coal and limestone are also present. The same design teams are now preparing detailed designs and firm price proposals, which are to be
submitted in January, 1981. One system will then be selected for construction, and commissioning is expected in 1982 or 1983.
Conceptual design of the CANMET two-stage hydrocracking process
Authors: Tscheng J , Khulbe C P , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

A Two-Stage CANMET Hydrocracking Process is proposed to achieve over 95 wt % of pitch conversion. The two-stage process will offer smoother plant operation in comparison with the one-stage process at the same high severity· of conversion. Higher
distillate yields and lower hydrogen consumption should be obtainable for the two-stage process making it more economically attractive. A connnercial projection for the two-stage process is discussed.
Pilot-scale evaluation of flame stability and heat transfer characteristics of milled wood shavings
Authors: Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Banks G N , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of milled plane shavings has been evaluated in a pilot-scale refractory lined kiln and compared to No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils. The wood fuel, which contained between 5% and 16% moisture, and had a calorific value of about 8700
Btu/lb, was milled to three particle size ranges. These were designated coarse, medium and fine and corresponded to mass mean diameters of 840 pm, 510 pm and 145 pm respectively. The fine and medium material produced acceptable luminous flames and were considered comparable to oil flames; in fact
the fine material transferred about 14% and 8% more heat than did No. 2 fuel oil and No. 6 fuel oil respectively. The coarse material and locally-procured sawdust having a mass mean diameter of 1600 pm and a moisture content of 33% produced unstable flames, even when the combustion air
was highly swirled. Milled plane shavings would appear to be a feasible substitute for fuel oil in a kiln, if the wood is milled fine enough to produce a stable flame. The necessary degree of milling will be dependent on the scale of the equipment. In the CCRL pilot-plant facility the mass median
diameters below 500 pm produced an acceptable flame.
Evaluation of an automated electrokinetic analyser
Authors: Angle C W , Hamza H A
Published: November 2018

This report presents an evaluation of a microprocessor-based automatic zeta potential sensor and its utility for studying the electrokinetics of fine particles in suspension for future utilization at Western Research Laboratory. The electrokinetic behavior of a
number of particulate-water systems consisting of inner phases (particulates) of varied materials ranging from oil, latex, glass, silver-chloride, rutile, coal and clays were investigated using this instrument. Time of the measurements was reduced to 3 minutes from the usual times of approximately
1.5 hours using a standard zetameter. Greater precision of the measurements was also obtained with a standard deviation of + 1% mv as compared to + 10% mv in a typical standard zetameter. The instrument also has the advantage that accessories can be obtained that allow measurements to be
performed at relatively high particulate concentrations, alleviating the need for a time-consuming series of dilutions. The instrument presents the data as frequency distributions rather than as a single average which permits better evaluation of the mobilities.
Fluidized bed combustion of Suncor coke
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Frioedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Coke from the Suncor (formerly Great Canadian Oil Sands) oil sands extraction process has been burned in a pilot-scale atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory. Gas concentrations including carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide and sulphur dioxide have been measured for a range of operating conditions. These together with elutriation data are presented along with heat and mass balances. An attempt has been made to represent the carbon carryover data in terms of a multivariable analysis of the fundamental bed
parameters, fluidizing velocity, excess air and bed temperature. One test was carried out using Havelock limestone from New Brunswick as a sulphur sorbent. A Ca/S ratio of 3:1 resulted in an 80 per cent reduction of sulphur dioxide concentration in the gas stream bringing the sulphur dioxide level
from a theoretical value of 3570 ppm to an average of 700 ppm.
Upgrading of laguna vacuum residue by the CANMET hydrocracking process final report for run series 80-cg-225 to 231 and 80-cg-232 to 238
Authors: de Bruijn T J W , Logie R B , Khulbe C P
Published: November 2018

Two short series of experiments were carried out with Venezuelan Laguna feed in order to demonstrate the operability of the CANMET Hydrocracking Process on this feedstock. Conversion data, product yields and product properties were measured over a wide range of
temperatures. The CANMET Process was able to successfully handle this feedstock up to very high conversions (> 95%).
Combustion trials with Shaughnessy coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk T , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Shaughnessy coal was assessed as a boiler fuel in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical and petrographic analyses confirm that this coal could be burned acceptably in large boiler furnaces. The coal sample received, handled
and pulverized without difficulty, ignited readily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The coal ash produced moderate slagging of refractory-lined surfaces and superheater deposits were light and powdery with no evidence of sintering. Sulphur dioxide emissions
were borderline with respect to the current allowable North American guidelines. The nitric oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these emissions could no doubt be reduced through the utilization of more appropriate available burner hardware and
technology.
Combustion evaluation of Quintette coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Quintette coal was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. The coal, which contained 8% total moisture, handled and flowed readily and burned with acceptable ignition and flame stability. The coal ash
sintered on high temperature refractory-lined boiler surfaces, but deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The coal's potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide were less than current
allowable North American guidelines.
Combustion evaluation of Galt seam coal from the Kipp Mine in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of washed Galt Seam coal from the Kipp Mine was evaluated in a pulverized-coal-fired research boiler. Chemical and petrographic analyses of this coal, which indicated that it could be burned acceptably as a thermal fuel, were confirmed
by the pilot-scale combustion trials. This coal, which contained 10-15% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-plant conveying systems. The coal pulverized without difficulty, ignited readily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The
resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin slag deposit over the hot refractory surfaces, but deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions were well below current allowable North American guidelines and the coal's
potential for low-temperature corrosion due to sulphuric acid was minimal. The nitric oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these emissions could probably be reduced through the utilization of the more efficient burner hardware and technology presently
available.
The CANMET hydrocracking process effect of water vapour on product properties and process operability (runs 81-cg-57 to 63 using cold lake vacuum bottoms
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Ng F T T
Published: November 2018

The effect of water vapour on the CANMET hydrocracking process using Cold Lake vacuum bottoms with 1 wt-% CANMET MB-476A, -200 mesh additive was investigated in this run series. The experiment consisted of short runs at temperatures of 410 °C to 450
°C and a pressure of 13.89 MPa. The liquid hourly space velocity was 0.75 h-1 and the recycle gas rate with 85% hydrogen was 0.045 m3 /h. Experiments with and without water vapour addition (- 180 g/h) have been carried out to examine the effect of steam on pilot plant operation and reactor
bed behaviour. Results showed some effect on pilot plant operation but no significant effect on product properties.
Addition of pitch materials to commercial Canadian coking blends a CCRA/CANMET project
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Six commercially available coal and petroleum derived pitch materials were evaluated as coking additives by carbonizing them in CANMET's 460-mm wide test oven at a 5% level with two typical coking blends used in Canada. ASTM tumbler testing of the resultant
cokes showed that increasing blend fluidity with these pitches had little if any effect on coke stability probably because these blends already had sufficient coking properties to make good coke. However, with some pitches coke reactivity was significantly improved with pitch addition. Analytical
and rheological investigations indicated that the pitches that retain their coal-like properties were generally the best binders and gave the most improvement to dilatation and fluidities of blends investigated. The low melting pitches generally increased coke oven wall pressures and coking times
and significantly reduced coke oven productivities. Further additive studies should be done using high inert coal blends.
The CANMET hydrocracking process a theoretical analysis of heat transfer behaviour
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , de Bruijn T J W
Published: November 2018

A theoretical model describing the heat transfer phenomena in a tubular reactor used in the CANMET hydrocracking process has been developed. This model is designed for analyzing the bottom part of the reactors in the CANMET pilot plant operations. Formulae with
regard to the coupling between thermal and hydrodynamic behaviour have been derived. Applications of the model to the results of the run series 82-CG-201 to 207 have been made. This model shows that, in addition to the coke deposition on the reactor wall, the fluid viscosity is a primary factor
affecting the downstream thermal behaviour. We propose that the toluene insoluble organic residue (TIOR) formed at severe cracking conditions is directly related to the viscosity. A linear correlation between these two parameters has been observed from the Run 82-CG-207 data. In order to better
control the process in future experiments, monitoring the TIOR concentration in the reactor is highly recommended.
The CFB Summerside project Canadian state-of-the-art in AFBC boilers
Authors: Taylor M E D , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

The paper describes two approaches to the design of a heating plant which will demonstrate the combustion of coal in atmospheric fluidized-bed boilers. The designs were prepared in response to competitive tenders sought for the supply and installation of a
heating plant to operate in conjunction with an existing steam plant at Canadian Forces Base Summerside, Prince Edward Island. One design was based on British technology and the other on North American technology. The new plant will consist of two boilers, each with a generating capacity of 18 Mg/h
of steam at 965 kPa. The design fuel is high-volatile bituminous coal containing approximately 20% ash and 5% sulphur. The performance of the boilers on inferior coals, and with wood chips as a supplementary fuel providing up to 30% of the heat input, will also be demonstrated. The
design requirements call for overbed feeding of coal sized 50 mm x 0, special provisions to deal with wet and/or frozen coal, a 4.5 to 1 turn-down range, and limits on emissions of SO2 and particulates. The two boilers differ considerably. The British design incorporates a single combustion bed with
three fluidizing zones, all situated in a refractory chamber beneath the radiant furnace of a normal watertube boiler. Immersed tubes with forced circulation of boiler water remove heat from the bed to stabilize the bed temperature. The coal and limestone are simultaneously fed directly over the
three fluidizing zones, by watercooled screw conveyors. With the American concept there are two separate beds. Both have peripheral waterwall cooling with a common water wall between them, and one also has immersed tubes within the bed. This design uses natural circulation throughout. Coal is fed to
each bed by a spreader stoker while the limestone is fed by a drop pipe into each bed at the end opposite from the coal spreader. Detailed designs and firm price proposals were received in January 1981. After thorough assessment by the sponsoring government departments the decision was made to
purchase North American design. Construction is now in progress with completion scheduled for December 1982. Because of the design competition procedure adopted, two Canadian manufacturers have been brought to the point of being able to offer fluidized-bed boilers for burning low-grade
coal.
The universal pitch conversion rate constants of Cold Lake vacuum bottoms in the CANMET hydrocracking process
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J
Published: November 2018

The pitch conversion rate of the Cold Lake Vacuum Bottoms (CLVB) in the CANMET hydrocracking process with 1 wt % CANMET additive and a superficial recirculating hydrogen gas hourly space velocity of - 10 h-1 at room temperature and system pressure (13.9 MPa)
has been modelled by the dispersion model. A universal rate constant equation and a correlation equation for the dispersion number as a function of liquid hourly space velocity have been obtained. Using these two empirical correlations, the pitch conversion of CLVB in the CANMET process at any
operating condition of interest can be accurately predicted according to the first-order dispersion plug-flow performance equation given by Wehner and Wilhelm (17). The theoretical foundation and procedure for the model are described in detail. Also, suggestions for optimizing the effort to handle
new feedstocks are given.
Combustion evaluation of mixed mercoal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Whaley H , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Mercoal thermal coal was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. The mixed coal, which contained about 11% total moisture, handled and flowed readily and burned with good ignition flame stability and carbon
burn-out. The coal ash sintered on high temperature refractory- lined boiler surfaces, but deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The coal's potential for low- temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissi ons of nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide
were less than current allowable North American guidelines.
Potential of vegetable oils as a domestic heating fuel
Authors: Hayden A C S , Palmer C E
Published: November 2018

The dependence on imported 011 for domestic heating hos led to the examination of other potential fuel substitutes. One potential fuel is some form of vegetable oil, which could be a yearly-renewable fuel. In Western Canada, canola has become a major oilseed
crop; in Eastern Canada, sunflowers increasingly are becoming a source for a similar oil; for this reason, the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CC L) has chosen these oils for experimentation. Trials have been conducted in a conventional warm air oil furnace, fitted with a flame retention
head burner. Performance has been measured with pure vegetable oils as well as a series of blends with conventional No.2 oil. The effects of increased fuel pressure and fuel preheating are estab1ished. Emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons and particulates are given
for bath steady state and cyclic operation. Canola oil cannot be fired in cyc1ic operation above 50:50 b1ends with No.2 oil. At any level above a 10% b1end, canola is difficult to burn, even with significant increased pressure and temperature. Sunflower oil is much easier to burn and can be
fired as a pure fuel, but with high emissions of incomplete combustion products. An optimum blend of 50:50 sunflower in No.2, oil yields emissions and performance similar to No .2 oil. This b1end offers potential as a means of reducing demand of imported crude oil for domestic heating
systems.
Upgrading of cold lake vacuum bottom. Effect of additive on the operability of the CANMET hydrocracking process runs 82cg-14 to 28
Authors: Ng F T T , Logie R B , Liu D D S
Published: November 2018

The control of reactor solids was successfully achieved by withdrawing reactor samples primarily from point 1 of the reactor and smooth pilot plant operation was observed for the upgrading of Cold Lake vacuum bottom with the CANMET hydrocracking process (runs
82-CG-14 to 28). At a given temperature, a few days were required to establish an approximate steady state ash profile. The effect of the additive Fe/coal ratio and the concentration on pitch, TIOR and asphaltene conversion were discussed.
The role of the water-gas shift reaction in the upgrading of low-grade oxidized coal from western Canada for conversion processes
Authors: Nandi B N , MacPhee J A , Ciavaglia L A , Chornet E
Published: November 2018

In western Canada many of the Cretaceous coals suffered oxidation during metamorphosis subsequent to the Rocky Mountain upheaval; in addition, these coals are rich in inert macerals. Large scale conversion of oxidized coal to liquid by hydrogenation processes is
hampered by coke formation. Development of mesophase in the early stages of hydrogenation reduces the oil yield. A new approach involving initial upgrading of this inertrich oxidized Cretaceous coal using the watergas shift reaction (CO + H 20 CO2 + H 2 ) to improve the rheological properties and
softening characteristics has been developed. The conversion to oil of the inertrich oxidized coal by hydrogenation is increased by pretreatment of the coal via the watergas shift process. Supporting evidence from microscopy, rheology, chemical analysis and nmr spectroscopy is
discussed.
Autoclave studies of the effect of the CANMET additive on the hydrocracking of light Arabian vacuum bottoms, runs 82-LAVB-1-13
Authors: Ng F T T , Patmore D J , de Bruijn T J W
Published: November 2018

A series of batch autoclave experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the CANMET additive iron loadings and concentration on the hydrocracking of Light Arabian Vacuum Bottoms. The amount of toluene and pentane insolubles obtained from these
experiments were measured and these provide a basis for evaluating the effect of the CANMET additive on the suppression of coke formation. Petrographic analysis were also carried out on the toluene insolubles.
Removal of nitrogenous compounds from processing products using sorbents: an economic assessment
Authors: Jean G
Published: November 2018

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Modification of combustion and fly ash characteristics by coal blending
Authors: Lee G K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

Pilot-scale boiler trials were conducted to study the combustion and fly ash precipitation characteristics of a series of two- and three-component bituminous coal blends. The blends consisted of a partially oxidized eastern US coal with selected additions of
either a western Canadian oxidized coal and/or a western Canadian unoxidized coal. It was found that the degree of carbon burn-out was highly dependent on the concentration of unreactive coal macerals in each blend, and that additions of the Canadian unoxidized coal improved the burn-out of both the
US and Canadian oxidized coals. For blends with about 50% US coal the fly ash resistivity decreased dramatically as the combustible in fly ash exceeded 12%. The base to acid ratio and the potential slagging temperature of the coal input ash provided reliable indicators of the structure of
the furnace ash deposits. In all trials the moderate slagging and fouling tendency of the US coal was reduced by blending with one or both of the high-ash fusion Canadian coals.
Gasification study of nine Canadian coals
Authors: Fung D P C
Published: November 2018

The chemical reactivity of nine Canadian coals was compared in a laboratory fixed-bed gasifier under two experimental conditions, one with steam at 820°c and the other without steam at 850°c. It has been found that in general the reactivity of a coal
increases with decrease in rank. This trend is more pronounced when the gasification is carried out in the absence of steam. The chemical composition of the product gas of these coals from steam gasification is also reported. Each coal has its own gasification characteristics with different products
and chemical reactivity. Among the coals studied, lignite coals were most reactive and producted between 30 to 45 vol% of hydrogen and 10 - 13 vol% of carbon monoxide.
Comparison of non-volatile bituminous residues and coal materials by pyrolysis gas chromatography
Authors: Poirier M A , Smiley G T
Published: November 2018

A study of non-volatile bituminous residues and coal materials by pyrolysis gas chromatography has been undertaken. The objective is to determine the coal and the coke precursors in a residue from the co-processing of coal and bitumen. This was investigated by
quantifying eight model aromatic compounds and their co-eluting compound group in the pyrolysis products. Five samples consisting of Gold Lake coke, non volatile bituminous residue obtained from co-processing Forestburg coal with Gold Lake bitumen, Forestburg coal and a residual coal from
liquefaction were pyrolysed from ambient temperature to 900°C, and the volatile products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Hydrocarbons up to c 7 have been detected in the gas region of the pyrogram, methane being predominant. The wide variety of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons produced by
pyrolysis of these samples arise from the cleavage of their highly condensed aromatic structures. Naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene were abundant in the Cold Lake coke. On the other hand, indole and fluoranthene predominate in the Forestburg coal. Residual coal resembles Forestburg coal more than
other non volatile residues.
Combustion evaluation of Balmer Mine (harmer seam) coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Harmer seam coal from the Balmer Mine was evaluated as a boiler fuel in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermal analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal required an extended
period of oil support in order to produce a stable combustion flame in the pilot-scale boiler. The ash deposits, being friable, did not slag or foul on high temperature boiler surfaces. The combustion of this coal produced moderately high levels of nitrogen oxide but the levels of sulphur oxide
emissions were less than the current allowable 1981 Canadian national emission guidelines. The low electrical resistivity of the fly ash indicated that electrostatic p'recipitator performance would probably be low. The overall combustion performance of this coal from the Balmer Mine was considered
to be poor.
Combustion evaluation of thermal Lodgepole coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Lodgepole coal was evaluated as a boiler fuel in the CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic, and thermal analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal and coal blends handled and pulverized
easily, ignited readily and produced stable flames. The combustion of this coal and coal blends produced moderately high levels of nitrogen oxide and the levels of sulphur dioxide emission were marginal with respect to the current Canadian national guidelines. The coal ashes were friable and did not
present slagging or fouling problems on high temperature boiler surfaces, but the low resistivity of the fly ash indicates that the electrostatic precipitator performance will be low. Although the combustion, fouling and emission characteristics of the coal blends were not as amenable as those of
the more reactive reference coal, they would probably be acceptable as a thermal fuel to large commercial utility boilers when the blends contained at least 50% of the more reactive coal.
In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic examination of a Co-Mo-Alumina Hydrotreating catalyst
Authors: Brown J R , Ternan M
Published: November 2018

This study was performed in an attempt to examine a sulphided catalyst in its working state. The reactor containing the catalyst was bolted to the X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), but separated by an ultra-high vacuum gate valve. The catalyst was mounted
on a heatable transfer rad. Reaction studies with thiophene were performed at atmospheric pressure and products from the reactor analyzed by gas chromatography. When the reaction study was cornplete, the catalyst was transferred to the XPS chamber for surface exarnination. This transfer permits the
catalyst reactivity ta be compared ta its composition without exposing it to the atmosphere. Our findings indicate that under reaction conditions, the catalyst in its working state (sulphided) contains nonstoichiometric elemental sulphur in addition ta stoichiometric sulphide anions. Approximately
half the surface molybdenum cations are fully sulphided (MoSz). The remainder is sited as an oxide associated with the alumina [i.e. Alz(Mo0 4 ) 3 ] or possibly an oxysulphide [Al 2 (Mo0 2S2 ) 3]. A separate study in which pure Mo0 3 (Mo-octahedral) was sulphided yielded nearly total conversion ta
MoS2 - The composition of the sulphided catalyst after reaction with thiophene vapour for periods up to 2 hours is much the same as after sulphiding alone, indicating the sulphiding process transforms the catalyst into its working state.
The fluidized bed combustion of a medium volatile bituminous coal from British Columbia
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Byron Creek, a bituminous coal from British Columbia, was burnt in a pilot scale atmospheric fluid bed combustor (with a cross section of 0.155 m 2 ). Some of the surface seams of this coal are partially oxidized and coal from an oxidized portion of such a seam
was used in this study. A test matrix requiring three bed temperatures (800°, 900 0 , and 1000°C); three fluidizing velocities (1.8, 2.4 and 3 m/s) and one excess oxygen level of 4% was employed. Ten of the tests were carried out with fly ash recycle and the remaining nine tests were
carried out without recycle. Without recycle the combustion efficiencies varied from 70 to 90%. With recycle they rose to 93 to 98%. Attempts to correlate carbon carryover, fcc, with fluidizing velocity (expressed as a dimensionless fluidizing velocity p = gL/u2 where g is the acceleration
due to gravity; L, a characteristic length, in thiS cale 406 mm, the length of one side of the bed and U is the fluidizing velocity) and bed temperature gave the following result: fcc = 0.139 p - 0.348 exp (5740) Varying the number of cooling tubes in the bed frod 2 to 20 for these tests did not
affect the correlation. No such correlation could be developed for tests with recycle. * Trials with recycle had higher combustion efficiencies when the bed temperatures were high and the fluidizing velocities were low. However, attempts to determine the dependence of the combustion efficiency
on the recycle rate, either expressed directly or as a ratio of the feed rate were unsuccessful. The bedside heat transfer coefficients H w for the inbed cooling tubes were determined. The majority of these ranged from 300 to 400 W/m 2 K. The emissions from the bed were within acceptable limits. NOx
levels varied from 20 to 350 ppm; SO2 from 200 to 370 ppm and CO concentrations from 100 to 1500 ppm.
Combustion evaluation of Goodrich coal in the mark ii CCRL pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Goodrich coal from northeastern British Columbia was evaluated in the recently commissioned CCRL pilot-scale pulverized- coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermal analyses were performed on samples of
the coal. This coal, which contained 4% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale conveying system. Although it was difficult to maintain a consistent size product from the pulverizer, the coal ignited readily and produced stable flames at greater than 99% combustion
efficiency. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the hot refractory surfaces, but deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions were within the current Canadian national emission
guidelines and the potential of the coal for low-temperature corrosion, due to sulphuric acid, was minimal. The nitric oxide emissions exceeded these guidelines, but in practice these emissions could probably be reduced through the utilization of a more appropriate burner technology that is
currently available.
The direct conversion of methane to methanol by controlled oxidation: 'a review'
Authors: Prakash C B , Gesser M D , Hunter N R
Published: November 2018

Substantial reserves of natural gas in Canada provide sufficient incentive to develop new processes for its direct conversion to liquid fuels. One such process is the controlled oxidation of methane (major component in natural gas) to methanol. If its commercial
viability is proven it could replace the existing less efficient two stage process, involving the steam reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas (CO+H z ) and its subsequent conversion to methanol. A literature review of the past work related to direct oxidation of methane to methanol is reported.
Process conditions most conducive to high methanol yield are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for future research in this field.
CCRA-NKK coal and coke exchange
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: November 2018

During 1981 the Canadian Carbonization Research Association (CCRA) and Nippon Kokan K.K. (NKK) agreed to an exchange of coal and coke and data concerned with their technical testing. This report describes the results obtained by CCRA from tests performed by a
member steel company and by the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory which is part of the Energy Research Laboratories of CANMET.
The coal liquefaction unit at the government industrial development laboratories, Hokkaido, Japan.
Authors: Sears P L
Published: November 2018

A visit was made in July 1982 to the Government Industrial Development Laboratories (GIDL), Hokkaido, Japan to observe experiments on Canadian coals. Construction and operation of the GIDL coal liquefaction unit are described in this
report.
Combustion evaluation of thermal Coalspur coal sample no. 2 in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J , Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of blended thermal Coalspur coal was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical and petrographic analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal, which contained 6.5% moisture, handled
and flowed readily and burned with acceptable ignition and flame stability. The coal ash formed a sinter-like deposit, with slight surface glazing, on high temperature refractory-lined boiler surfaces. The superheater deposits were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The
coal's potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of sulphur dioxide were within the current Canadian national emission guidelines, but the nitric oxide emissions were above these guidelines. The intermediate resistivity of the fly ash indicated that the electrostatic
precipitator performance would probably be acceptable. Comparison with the Coalspur sample 1 (1) indicates that the blended Coalspur sample 2 is more amenable to combustion, resulting in a higher combustion efficiency and lower combustible content in the fly ash than was achieved with Coalspur
sample 1.
Compound type studies of coprocessing products of Cold Lake vacuum bottoms & an Alberta sub-bituminous coal
Authors: Ahmed S W , Fouda S A , Rahimi P M , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

Characterization of distillable hydrocarbons obtained during co-processing of Cold Lake vacuum bottoms and sub-bituminous coal, have been undertaken. These products were separated by solid-liquid chromatography technique into compound-types namely, saturates,
mono-, di, and polynuclear aromatics, and polar materials. The effect of co-processing variables and severity on the composition of these hydrocarbons, have been discussed. The salient feature appears to be the increased production of saturates and mononuclear aromatic compounds with increased
severity.
Effects of wet and dry quenching methods on coke properties
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Fung A , Zobruk R
Published: November 2018

In North America, metallurgical coke for steelmaking is generally wet quenched by spraying water onto incandescent coke in a quench car. Inconsistent quenching practice can cause variations in moisture contents resulting in operational difficulties in the blast
furnace because of variations in the carbon/iron ratio. Dry quenching coke has not been adopted by North American steel companies even though it avoids problems associated with moisture variations and results in large energy recoveries. This project investigates the effects of wet and dry quenching
techniques on coke quality after an industrial blend was carbonized in CANMET's 460 -mm wide Carbolite pilot oven. Two water temperatures and four flowrates based on 2.75 m3 water/tonne of coke were used for the wet quenches. Results indicated that quenching techniques can alter coke quality
results. Dryquenched coke generally has slightly superior ASTM stability, JIS DI 30 , CSR, and CRI indices than wet-quenched coke. Wet quenching, faster rates and warmer water decreased coke moisture. Faster quench rates appear to give better CSR and CRI properties but poorer ASTM
stabilities.
An XPS examination of six ore powders following various treatments
Authors: Brown J R , Galbraith L
Published: November 2018

The surface composition and surface chemistry of six ore powders, submitted by the "Separation and Characterization Section" of HPRL were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two ores, pendlandite and a complex Nb . silicate had not been treated
prior to analysis. The remaining four ores had been pre-reacted as follows: pyrite in HCR solution, pyrrhotite in bromine, sphalerite and pyrrhotite in mercuric chloride solution. Except for the sphalerite sample, much of the original near surface sulphide sulphur had been oxidized to sulphate. Nil
or trace chlorine and mercury species were detected on the treated sulphide ore surfaces. However, a large bromine enrichment (F. 40 wt.%) was measured on the pyrrhotite ore surface.
Microscopy of coke from three Canadian coals with pitch additives
Authors: Ramey W J , Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: November 2018

Three Western Canadian coals of various ranks, coal 1 (Ro = 1.08), coal 2 (go = 1.24) and coal 3 (110 . 1.42) were carbonized individually and also co-carbonized with 7% of each of three pitches designated as A, B and D, in a 460 mm movable-wall coke oven.
Reflectance (go) was measured and optical textures were examined and categorized on polished pellets of the resultant cokes. The optical texture of coke from coal 1 was virtually unaltered on cocarbonization, whereas, coke from coals 2 and 3 showed some textural modification. Pitch-coke was
recognized in the carbonization products of all three coal/pitch blends of coal 1, but was not observed in the coke from coal 2 or coal 3 blends. A correlation appears to exist between the extent of formation of elongated-flow type anisotropy and the strength of the resultant coke for coal 2 and
coal 3 blends. Pitch A appears to contribute to high reflectance values in the coke blends followed by pitch D.
Membrane filtration for solid/liquid separation of coal and heavy oil/bitumen coprocessiong product
Authors: Farnand B A , Rahimi P , Fouda S , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

A pressurized membrane filtration method for the solid/liquid separation of coprocessinq slurry product is described. The method is considerably faster than the present spinning band distillation method but requires further development. The method does not
provide fractionation of liquid products. The difficulties that were encountered are described and methods for their resolution are discussed.
Petrographic analysis of two drill core samples from the Wildhay property submitted by Denison Mines limited
Authors: Jorgensen J G
Published: November 2018

This investigation involved the petrographic analysis of two drill core samples from the Wildhay Property in the Alberta Foothills near Hinton submitted by Denison Mines Limited. The project was initiated by S.H. Evans, Geologist, Coal Division, Denison Mines
Limited in a letter dated October 27, 1983. A copy of the letter is included in Appendix 1. The results of the petrographic analysis of the two coal samples are shown in Table 1.
An evaluation of the use of porous membranes for the dewatering of wellhead bitumen/water/mineral emulsions
Authors: Farnard B A , Sawatzky H , Poirier M A
Published: November 2018

In situ bitumen and heavy oil recovery by steam stimulation can produce large volumes of oil-in-water emulsions. Several difficulties facing recovery operations are the limited water supply in relation to the volumes required for steam injection, and the
processing of water-rich emulsions to low-water content bitumen. In current practice, these emulsions require substantial amounts of chemical additives with large settling tanks and elevated temperatures. An evaluation of the use of porous membranes for the treatment of these emulsions has been made
which has led to the development of a process that will produce single pass (80%) steam quality water as membrane permeate and a bitumen-rich stream which can be processed by existing dewatering methods. Details of the performance of several membranes of various pore sizes are given and a
comparison is made with existing single-pass steam boiler requirements. Of those tested, cellulose membranes resisted fouling by the bitumen thus were the most promising.
Upgrading of light arabian vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process using a continuous stirred tank reactor: part 1 characterization runs 83-SR-1 to 13
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

A series of CSTR characterization runs using light Arabian vacuum bottoms (LAVB) with 3 wt % of CANMET additive MB-503-W-10 was carried out at LHSV ~0.55 h- 1 and gas recycle rate ~o.045 m3 (at 15°C and 13.9 MPa). Two sets of experiments were
performed - one at a constant stirrer speed of 1000 rpm and reactor temperature from 410°C to 460°C and the other set from 500 to 2500 rpm at a constant temperature of 450°C. Conversions and product properties were examined. The vortex size changed at a critical stirring speed of
about 1400 rpm.
Parameters affecting the reactivity and strength after reaction of coke
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: November 2018

Coke strength after reaction (CSR) and coke reactivity (CRI) have become important parameters to blast furnace operations overseas. CANMET has done CSR and CRI measurements on cokes from several CANMET and CCRA research projects which include: effects of ash on
coke quality; partial briquetting of coke oven charges; and correlation of test and industrial ovens. This paper discusses the coal, coke, and carbonization parameters that influence CSR and CRI results. Conclusions are: increased basicity of the coal (or coke) ash; increases coke reactivity and
lowers CSR; increased ash content lowers CSR; higher inert levels in the coke lowers CSR and increases CRI; carbonization conditions influence CSR and CRI moderately; coal rank has little if any influence on CSR or CRI (contrary to other studies); and CSR test is much more rigorous than conditions
in a blast furnace. Future investigations should include methods to prepare cokes that are less susceptible to the influences of ash and alkali.
Upgrading of light arabian vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process using a continuous stirred tank reactor: part 4- the effect of feed rate on process stability
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J , de Bruijn T J W
Published: November 2018

This report describes results of an experiment conducted in the CANMET pilot plant using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The objective was to study the stability of the CANMET hydrocracking process as a function of feed rate for light Arabian vacuum
bottoms when other operating parameters were fixed. It was carried out at a stirrer speed of 500 rpm and was initially conducted at feed rates from 2.7 kg/h to 8.5 kg/h (LHSV ~0.56 to 1.76 h-1) in increments of 0.2 kg/h. Steady state runs were made at LHSV ~0.56, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1,5 and
1.75. After reaching a value of 8.5 kg/h, the feed rate was reduced in steps of 0.2 kg/h to ~4.4 kg/h at which point a plug in the hot separator and withdrawal line terminated the experiment. When either increasing or decreasing the feed rate, unstable operations such as coke formation were
observed at ~4.4 kg/h. Yeilds, conversions and product properties of steady state runs are reported. Comparisons of product properties with those observed in Runs 83- SR-l to 6 and 11 to 13 carried out at 1000 rpm and LHSV ~0.55, are made to examine the effect of feed rate on the
hydrocracking process. On inspection of the reactor about 851 g of solid deposits were found. It is believed that the these deposits were formed at a feed rate of ~4.4 kg/h.
Upgrading Venezuelan blend 24 vacuum bottoms by CANMET hydrocracking - processability improvements through effective control of reactor toluene insolubles (runs 83-cg-319 to 332)
Authors: Dawson W H , Ng F T T , Sears P L
Published: November 2018

The objective of this experiment was to improve the processability of Blend 24 feedstock by controlling the formation and accumulation of insoluble material in the reactor. The additive's concentration and iron content were chosen such that control of the reactor
contents was then possible by adjusting the dragstream. Pilot plant operability was very smooth. The feedstock was Venezuelan Blend 24 vacuum bottoms (29-B24-83) with 5 wt % of normal (8% iron) CANMET additive. The conditions chosen resulted in a considerable improvement in processability.
The average pitch conversion over a 368 h period at 450°C was 86% while only 80.6 g of deposit accumulated in the reactor. The experiments verified that the toluene insolubles concentration at the bottom of the tubular reactor can be successfully controlled at 40% by withdrawing reactor
samples. The sampling rate to achieve this was 2.0 to 2.5 wt % of feed. A gas bypass line was used to reduce pressure surges in the preheaters. The hydrostatic pressure across the reactor was monitored continuously in order to measure changes in the amount of solids and liquids in the reactor
during upsets. Several operational upsets were encountered during the run, most notably feed stoppages and pressure surges. Their probable effect on the experiments is discussed.
Upgrading Cold Lake vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process- pilot plant operability at reduced gas rate (runs 81-CG-242 to 248)
Authors: de Bruijn T J W D , Logie R B
Published: November 2018

The operability of the CANMET hydrocracking process was determined at a relatively low gas rate and at 88% pitch conversion. The experiment used Cold Lake vacuum bottoms with 1 wt % additive, a LHSV of 0.75 h- 1, 81% hydrogen purity, and a
gas-to-liquid flow ratio of 6043 scf/bbl. Operability was smooth and there were no significant effects on the yields and properties of the liquid products. The relatively large reactor deposit of 371 g after 797 h of operation (684 h at high conversion) suggests that a low gas rate is detrimental to
the processability of this feedstock.
Aspects of coal weathering as studied by spectroscopic techniques
Authors: MacPhee J A , Nandi B N , Lynch B M , Lancaster L I , Ripmeester J
A , Ratcliffe C I
Published: November 2018

The oxidation or weathering of coals, either in situ or during transportation and stockpiling, is a process having a generally deleterious effect on technological behaviour whether it be carbonization, combustion or liquefaction. A fundamental knowledge of the
processes involved is an intriguing one and of considerable interest to the organic chemist. On a theoretical level it can shed some light on the molecular structure of coals while at the practical level it can be used to characterize the extent of oxidation. Spectroscopie techniques (e.g. FTIR, 13c
nmr) have been applied to this problem with varying degrees of success. Indeed confusion, or at least controversy, concerning the mechanism of coal oxidation seems to have increased as a result of recent work rather than have diminished. Some results concerning recent work on carefully
characterized coal samples (fresh and oxidized) will be presented in an attempt to clarify some points of interpretation. The evidence cornes mainly from FTIR and l 3 C nmr work performed by ERL in collaboration with St. F.X. University and NRC, Ottawa. It is shown that good correlations between
infrared parameters and chemical composition make possible the assessment of the extent of oxidation of a coal sample. This is particularly easy when using photoacoustic detection.
The use of basic nitrogenous compounds in the liquefaction of high volatile bituminous coal
Authors: Sears P L , McVeigh J A
Published: November 2018

The effects of basic nitrogen-containing organic compounds in the dissolution of a Nova Scotia high-volatile "A" bituminous coal were studied. Experiments were carried out in tetralin and in anthracene oil, both at atmospheric pressure and in a closed autoclave.
It was found that the extent of coal dissolution is strongly dependent on the amine used. Results are discussed with reference to the structures of these amines.