bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalizability theory
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John
Published: November 2017

This chapter is a detailed review of generalizability theory (G theory), an extension of classical reliability theory originally devised by Cronbach. The basic concept is that any measurement contains multiple sources of error, and through the use of G theory these various sources can be calculated in a single study. This permits the researcher to examine the relative magnitude of different sources of error and the relation among them. The power of the method rests in its ability to use these estimates to devise optimal strategies for distributing observations. That is, G theory can be used to determine how a fixed number of observations should be distributed across raters, occasions, or cases to optimize reliability.
Validity
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John
Published: November 2017

In order for a scale to be useful, the user must be able to draw accurate conclusions about the presence or absence of the attribute being measured. This is the domain of validity. What validity is and how it is assessed has changed greatly over the past 40 years, although many who develop or validate scales are unaware of this. This chapter discusses what is meant by validity and how it is assessed. The major points are that: (1) validity is not a property of the test, but may change depending on the sample and the conditions under which the test is given, and (2) there are not different ‘types’ of validity—they are all various aspects of construct validity. The chapter also describes different types of studies that can establish construct validity.
Motor control: spinal and cortical mechanisms
Authors: Burke David
Published: November 2017

There is extensive machinery at cerebral and spinal levels to support voluntary movement, but spinal mechanisms are often ignored by clinicians and researchers. For movements of the upper and lower limbs, what the brain commands can be modified or even suppressed completely at spinal level. The corticospinal system is the executive pathway for movement arising largely from primary motor cortex, but movement is not initiated there, and other pathways normally contribute to movement. Greater use of these pathways can allow movement to be restored when the corticospinal system is damaged by, e.g. stroke, but there can be unwanted consequences of this ‘plasticity’. There is an extensive literature on cerebral mechanisms in the control of movement, and an equally large literature on spinal reflex function and the changes that occur during movement, and when pathology results in weakness and/or spasticity.
Cortical activity: single cell, cell assemblages, and networks
Authors: Jef ferys John G. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how the activity of neurons produces electrical potentials that can be recorded at the levels of single cells, small groups of neurons, and larger neuronal networks. It outlines how the movement of ions across neuronal membranes produces action potentials and synaptic potentials. It considers how the spatial arrangement of specific ion channels on the neuronal surface can produce potentials that can be recorded from the extracellular space. Finally, it outlines how the layered cellular structure of the neocortex can result in summation of signals from many neurons to be large enough to record through the scalp as evoked potentials or the electroencephalogram.
Nerve conduction studies
Authors: Kimura Jun
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the principles and practice of nerve conduction studies, which constitute an extension of the clinical history-taking and physical examination, rather than a separate laboratory test. Therefore, in order to take best advantage of the physiological assessment, we need to formulate a reasonable differential diagnosis based on their clinical examination. Nerve conduction studies will help clinicians by confirming the clinical diagnosis, characterizing the neuropathic process by documenting demyelination or axonal degeneration, which dictates the speed and manner of nerve impulse propagation, localizing the site of lesions, differentiating a focal versus diffuse process, and quantitating the abnormalities by the size of the elicited response, which approximately corresponds to the number of functional nerve and muscle fibres. The chapter will appeal to those interested in a broad review of electrodiagnostic medicine and to those wanting a current update on the state-of-the art information of nerve conduction techniques.
Axonal excitability: molecular basis and assessment in the clinic
Authors: Park Susanna B. , Lin Cindy S-Y. , Kiernan Matthew C.
Published: November 2017

Axonal excitability techniques were developed to assess axonal resting membrane potential and ion channel function in vivo, and thereby provide greater molecular understanding of the activity of voltage gated ion channels and ion pumps underlying nerve and membrane function. Axonal excitability studies provide complimentary information to conventional nerve conduction studies, using submaximal stimuli to examine the properties underlying the excitability of the axon. Such techniques have been developed both as a research technique to examine disease pathophysiology and as a clinical investigation technique. This chapter provides an overview of axonal excitability techniques, addressing the role of key ion channels and pumps in membrane function and highlighting examples of clinical case studies, where such techniques have been utilized, including motor neuronopathies, tracking progression of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and assessing treatment response in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
Intracranial electroencephalographic recordings
Authors: Alarcón Gonzalo , Valentín Antonio
Published: November 2017

Around 30% of patients assessed for surgery for the treatment of epilepsy require intracranial electrodes to localize the epileptic focus or to identify functionally relevant cortex. Patients can be very different and the various non-invasive techniques used during presurgical assessment often render conflicting or contradictory results. Deciding the type of electrodes to be used and the sites to be implanted can be puzzling. This chapter describes the electrode types available, their indications, and various implantation strategies. This chapter also summarizes the criteria used to interpret chronic and acute (intraoperative) intracranial recordings, as well at the methods used to carry out and interpret functional mapping with electrical stimulation.
Polysomnography and other investigations for sleep disorders
Authors: Zaiwalla Zenobia , Killick Roo
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the key investigations used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders. The recording and value of polysomnography (PSG), with and without electroencephalography is discussed, including the specific parameters essential for the various sleep related breathing disorders. The technical aspects of the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test are followed by interpretation of findings, recognizing their limitations, especially in adults with co-morbid disorders, and the effect of medication and also shift work. Finally, the value of wrist actigraphy as a diagnostic tool in circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders is discussed. The chapter emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate tests based on clinical information and the importance of units providing diagnostic studies for sleep disorders, constantly reviewing their study protocols and auditing inter-rater reliability of PSG sleep staging in children and adults of various ages and sleep disorders.
Clinical neurophysiology of the pelvic floor
Authors: Fowle Adrian J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a personal view of a service providing pelvic floor studies. It first debunks the myths that put patients and doctors off. A practical approach is outlined to performing the most worthwhile studies from referral to report. Care of the patient and understanding of the anatomy and physiology are emphasized as necessary for the performance of the studies. The most useful studies, examination of the external anal sphincter, and either bulbocavernosus reflex or pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, are highlighted. Finally, the conditions in which these studies may be useful are discussed, including cauda-equina syndrome, post-partum incontinence, and neurological conditions.
Focal neuropathies
Authors: Bland Jeremy D. P.
Published: November 2017

Focal neuropathies discusses the clinical, neurophysiological, and imaging assessment of the group of localized nerve lesions which are often referred to as ‘tunnel syndromes’. It first sets out general principles about how to define these syndromes and for their clinical, neurophysiological, and imaging assessment. Secondly, it discusses the relative importance of neurophysiological testing in diagnosis, prognosis, and the detection of coincident pathology when assessing these disorders. Finally, it then applies these principles to the example conditions of carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, peroneal neuropathy at the knee, and tarsal tunnel syndrome, and illustrates the use of neurophysiological tests as part of a comprehensive assessment intended to guide patient management.
Syncope
Authors: Delamont Shane
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and major causes of syncope. There is a conceptual framework of the physiology behind syncope and a discussion about cerebral blood flow. Particular attention is given to understanding neurocardiogenic syncope, which is the commonest cause. It looks at the latest physiological understanding of syncope and the importance of clinical context which enables risk stratification and facilitates diagnosis of the causes and hence management of syncope. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, their effective use are emphasized, and the importance of understanding the differences between single and multiple syncopal events is detailed. A brief discussion about the role of neurophysiology in syncope and treatment approaches follows.
Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma
Authors: Koutroumanidis Michalis , Howard Robin
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identification and limitation, timing and type of external stimulation and assessment of EEG reactivity, and highlights the main relevant pitfalls. Finally, it explores the role of evoked potentials (EPs) in outcome prediction and the value of Cognitive EPs and quantitative EEG in the assessment of chronic disorders of consciousness.
Migraine, stroke, and cerebral ischaemia
Authors: Alarcón Gonzalo , Lazaro Marian , Valentín Antonio
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews the electroencephalographic changes associated with migraine, stroke and cerebral ischaemia, and their interpretation to aid in their differential diagnosis. The incidence of stroke and cerebral ischaemia is increasing with population aging. They are some of the most common problems faced in emergency medicine, and their diagnosis can be puzzling. This chapter describes and illustrates the patterns seen in such conditions, such as slowing, frontal intermittent delta activity (FIRDA), periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (PLED), generalized periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (GPED), and bilateral periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (BiPED). The chapter reviews their prognostic value in critical care medicine and their differential diagnosis with status epilepticus.
Electroclinical features of paediatric conditions
Authors: Goyal Sushma
Published: November 2017

Paediatric epilepsy is one of the most challenging aspects of clinical neurophysiology, as it is a dynamic entity in continuous evolution. A sound clinical understanding based on clinical history and examination combined with the ability to interpret paediatric electroencephalogram (EEG) is imperative prior to considering a diagnosis of epilepsy in children. A multidisciplinary approach involving regular communication between the referring physician, paediatric neurophysiologist, neuroradiologist, and geneticist is helpful as the child grows and the epilepsy becomes apparent. In a clinical setting, the primary aim is to diagnose seizure type(s) and distinguish it from the multitude of conditions that mimic epilepsy. The secondary aim is to define the electroclinical syndrome and aetiology, where possible, to guide treatment and prognosis. . In this chapter, the major paediatric epilepsies will be described according to the age of presentation from neonatal period, infancy, childhood, and adolescence as this approach mirrors clinical practice.
Health and social care services for older people: achievements, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Beech Roger
Published: November 2017

Key points

• The ageing of the population will increase patient demands for acute hospital beds, a scarce and expensive resource.

• Health and social care service options delivered ‘closer to home’ can improve patient care and reduce older people’s demands for acute hospital beds by preventing acute events and providing an alternative.

• The growth of such service options has created a more complex health and social care landscape.

• Therefore, to improve the patient experience and to ensure their timely access to appropriate care, innovations for improving the integration of services for health and social care need to be developed and evaluated.

• Further increasing the evidence base about care closer-to-home service options and ways of improving their integration represents a shared agenda for service commissioners, providers, and academics.
Assessment and management of pain in older adults
Authors: Schofield Pat
Published: November 2017

Key points

• Chronic persistent pain affects at least 50% of community-dwelling older adults.

• Physiological changes that occur as a result of the ageing process need to be considered when dealing with pain in the older adult.

• Assessment of pain can be complicated when the older adult is unable to articulate their pain; for example, in the presence of cognitive impairment.

• Much of the research into pain management has been carried out among the younger population and simply translated across.
Neurological problems
Authors: Adam Sheila , Osborne Sue , Welch John
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the care and management of neurological disorders commonly seen in critical care, starting with an outline of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. The concepts of awareness, consciousness, and arousal, and the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to assess conscious level are discussed. The management and monitoring of raised intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and the impact on cerebral blood flow are detailed. The management of sodium and water balance, including diabetes insipidus, is outlined. There are overviews of the management and nursing of patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage, status epilepticus, myasthenia gravis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and intracranial abcess. The concept, ethics, and testing of brainstem death, organ donation, and the care of the family are detailed.
Haematological problems
Authors: Adam Sheila , Osborne Sue , Welch John
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses specific haematological disorders that require the patient to be admitted to the critical care unit. It describes the normal physiology of blood cells, clotting mechanisms, and fibrinolysis, and the management of related conditions such as thrombocytopenia, leukaemia, and clotting disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. It also includes the management of the critical care patient with haematological malignancy. Specific therapies such as plasma exchange and anticoagulation therapy are discussed in detail and the monitoring of coagulation tests is explained. The chapter also describes the administration of blood and blood products, together with their associated hazards, and the effects of massive transfusions of blood.
Endocrine, obstetric, and drug overdose emergencies
Authors: Adam Sheila , Osborne Sue , Welch John
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses specific endocrine, obstetric, and drug overdose emergencies that necessitate admission to the critical care unit. First, the underlying physiology and management of endocrine disorders such as phaeocromocytoma, Addisonian crisis, diabetic emergencies (such as diabetic ketoacidosis), thyroid disorders, and calcium abnormalities are discussed. Secondly, the physiology and management of pregnancy-related problems are discussed including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (such as pre-eclampsia), acute fatty liver of pregnancy, peri-partum cardiomyopathy, massive obstetric haemorrhage and amniotic fluid embolism. Finally, the management of drug overdose and toxic substance ingestion from the intial assessment and immediate resuscitation to specific antidotes and supportive therapies is described.
Assessment and stabilization
Authors: Beed Martin , Sherman Richard , Mahajan Ravi
Published: November 2017

Assessment and immediate management of an emergency

Early further management

The assessment and immediate management of critically ill patients follows the established ABC approach (Approach/Airway, Breathing, Circulation). What follows is a brief summary of the ABC approach adapted for patients within a critical care environment, further details on each system are considered in individual chapters. Any deterioration during assessment and resuscitation should prompt a return to ‘A’....
Breathing
Authors: Beed Martin , Sherman Richard , Mahajan Ravi
Published: November 2017

Respiratory failure

Severe hypercapnia

Complications of mechanical ventilation

Severe pneumonia

Aspiration

Inhalational injury

Asthma/severe bronchospasm

Exacerbation of COPD

Air trapping

Tension pneumothorax

Massive haemothorax

Pulmonary haemorrhage

Pulmonary oedema

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Pulmonary embolism/fat embolism

Respiratory failure occurs when air transfer in and out of the lungs is reduced, or when gas exchange within the lungs fails (due to shunt, VQ mismatch, or poor gas diffusion), resulting in either:
...
Metabolic, endocrine, and environmental injury
Authors: Beed Martin , Sherman Richard , Mahajan Ravi
Published: November 2017

Metabolic acidosis

Hypernatraemia

Hyponatraemia

Hyperkalaemia

Hypokalaemia

Hypercalcaemia

Hypocalcaemia

Hyperphosphataemia

Hypophosphataemia

Hypermagnesaemia

Hypomagnesaemia

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

Hypoglycaemia

Addison’s disease

Thyroid storm

Phaeochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome

Malignant hyperpyrexia and neurolept malignant syndrome

Hyperthermia and heat injury

Hypothermia

Metabolic acidosis is defined as pH <7.36 associated with low bicarbonate (<23 mmol/L). PaCO...
Renal
Authors: Beed Martin , Sherman Richard , Mahajan Ravi
Published: November 2017

Fluid balance disorders

Acute kidney injury

Rhabdomyolysis/crush syndrome

Fluid balance disorders include hypovolaemia (oligaemia), dehydration/acute fluid depletion, and hypervolaemia/fluid overload. Careful attention to fluid balance is essential in ICU. Patients are likely to require ‘maintenance’ fluids in addition to any fluid resuscitation.

Hypovolaemia (see also Shock, ...
Trauma, burns, and skin injury
Authors: Beed Martin , Sherman Richard , Mahajan Ravi
Published: November 2017

Trauma

Drowning

Severe burns

Electrocution

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

Trauma is the biggest killer in the UK of those under the age of 45. Trauma deaths can be divided into 3 phases: those that occur at the time of injury, those that occur in the first few hours (and are largely preventable) and those occurring weeks later....
Molecular Functions of the Mammalian Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: Insights Into Mental Retardation and Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Bagni Claudia , Klann Eric
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 discusses how Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the absence of the RNA-binding protein fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is highly expressed in the brain and gonads, the two organs mainly affected in patients with the syndrome. Functionally, FMRP belongs to the family of RNA-binding proteins, shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and, as shown for other RNA-binding proteins, forms large messenger ribonucleoparticles.
Tuberous Sclerosis and Autism
Authors: Ehninger Dan , Silva Alcino J.
Published: November 2017

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a single-gene disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes (Consortium, 1993; van Slegtenhorst et al., 1997). In 70% of cases, TSC gene mutations arise de novo. The remaining 30% of cases are familial with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Tuberous sclerosis belongs to the group of phakomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) and is associated with characteristic manifestations in various organ systems, including the brain, skin, kidney, lung, heart, and liver (Crino, Nathanson, & Henske, 2006; Curatolo, Bombardieri & Jozwiak, 2008). Pathological manifestations in these organ systems often include tumor growths or tissue malformations (hamartomas). While penetrance is high, expressivity of TSC phenotypes is highly variable. The birth incidence of TSC is approximately 1:6,000 (Osborne, Fryer, & Webb, 1991). This chapter is an updated and extended version of a previous article on this topic (Ehninger, de Vries, & Silva, 2009)
PTEN and Autism With Macrocepaly
Authors: Powell Craig M.
Published: November 2017

Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a gene encoding an intracellular signaling molecule. PTEN was originally discovered as the gene responsible for a subset of familial hamartoma (tumor) syndromes associated with increased risk for certain cancers (Nelen et al., 1997) and as a gene often mutated in human cancers and tumor cell lines (Li et al., 1997; Steck et al., 1997). More recently, mutations in PTEN have been linked genetically to the clinical phenotype of autism or developmental delay with macrocephaly (Boccone et al., 2006; Butler et al., 2005; Buxbaum et al., 2007; Goffin, Hoefsloot, Bosgoed, Swillen, & Fryns, 2001; Herman, Butter, et al., 2007; McBride et al., 2010; Orrico et al., 2009; Stein, Elias, Saenz, Pickler, & Reynolds, 2010; Varga, Pastore, Prior, Herman, & McBride, 2009; Zori, Marsh, Graham, Marliss, & Eng, 1998). This chapter examines the role of PTEN in intracellular signaling, the link between PTEN signaling pathways and other autism-related genes and signaling pathways, the genetic relationship between PTEN and autism, model systems in which effects of Pten deletion on the brain have been studied, and promising preclinical data identifying therapeutic targets for patients with autism/macrocephaly associated with PTEN mutations.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Role of Cholesterol in Autism
Authors: Sarphare Geeta , Lee Ryan , Tierney Elaine
Published: November 2017

Cholesterol is manufactured throughout the body, but predominantly in the liver, and is essential for many metabolic processes. Cholesterol plays a critical role in forming membranes and myelin sheaths and is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and vitamin D. It is also essential in the production of bile acids, which in turn helps the body absorb cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Cholesterol is essential in embryonic and fetal development and is also critical in regulating lipid raft processes such as signaling and trafficking (Korade & Kenworthy, 2008). Cholesterol biosynthesis begins with the formation of squalene and ends with the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) into cholesterol by the enzyme 7DHC reductase, and then its spontaneous isomer, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #270400) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis (Elias et al., 1993; Irons, Elias, Salen, Tint, & Batta, 1993; Tint et al., 1994). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome has an estimated incidence among individuals of European ancestry in Canada and the United States of 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 60,000 births (Bzdúch, Behulova, & Skodova, 2000; Lowry & Yong, 1980; Opitz, 1999; Ryan, Bartlett, Clayton, Eaton, Mills, Donnai, & Burn, 1998) and a carrier frequency of 1 in 30 to 1 in 50 (Nowaczyk & Waye, 2001).
Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Weeber Edwin J.
Published: November 2017

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a devastating neurological disorder with a symptom complex that includes but is not limited to severe developmental delay, profound cognitive disruption, motor coordination defects, increased propensity for seizure with a characteristic abnormal electroencephalogram, sleep disruption, behavioral difficulties, a lack of speech, and an overall happy demeanor. Although the disorder was first described in 1965 by British pediatrician Dr. Harry Angelman, because AS is clinically characterized by a wide constellation of symptoms with varying degrees of severity, it is not readily diagnosed by clinical presentation alone and misdiagnosis has commonly occurred.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Mechanisms for Potential Sex Differences Observed in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Carter C. Sue , Jacob Suma
Published: November 2017

The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the brain and behavior can be sexually dimorphic, especially during the course of development (Bales, Kim, et al., 2004; Bales, Pfeifer, et al., 2004; Bales, Plotsky, et al., 2007; Bielsky et al., 2005a; Carter, 2003; Thompson et al., 2006; Yamamoto et al., 2005; Yamamoto et al., 2004). Given the sexual discrepancy observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), these two neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), have received attention for their potential role in ASDs (Green and Hollander, 2010; Insel et al., 1999; Leckman & Herman, 2002; Welch et al., 2005; Winslow, 2005; Young et al., 2002). Changes in either OT or AVP and their receptors could be capable of influencing symptom domains or behaviors associated with ASDs. Arginine vasopressin is androgen dependent in some brain regions (De Vries & Panzica, 2006), and males are more sensitive to AVP, especially during development. We hypothesize here that AVP, which has a unique role in males, must be present in optimal levels to be protective against ASDs. Either excess AVP or disruptions in the AVP system could play a role in development of the traits found in ASDs. In contrast, OT may possibly be secreted in response to adversity, especially in females, serving as a protective factor.
Paradigm 3: Stigma Reduction Requires Well-Developed Plans
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 discusses Paradigm 3 – that stigma reduction requires well-developed plans, including enlightened optimism, networks of practice, governance, and leadership, and how general principles, rather than specific plans, guide anti-stigma activities.
Paradigm 9: Anti-Stigma Campaigns Work
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

Chapter 10 discusses the many limitations to universal anti-stigma campaigns, which mainly rely on mass media to get messages across to the lay public. It also discusses how population-based campaigns tend to be expensive, and are therefore of limited duration, expensive to implement, and expensive to evaluate. It follows that, even if they lead to changes in knowledge or attitudes, it is unlikely that they are potent enough to create social structures that are more inclusive of people with a mental illness, or to change behavior.
Paradigm 11: Stigma Can’t Be Beaten
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

It is easy to believe that stigma is so deeply engrained in our social fabric that no program could prevent or reduce it. It may be that stigma has been difficult to budge because we have been using the wrong approaches. This chapter will challenge the belief that “stigma can’t be beaten”, using examples from the literature as well as our own experiences to highlight promising practices.
Summary of Part I
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

Chapter 13 discusses how in the new paradigm, much can be done by “regular” people in the interests of reducing stigma attributed to mental illnesses. Anti-stigma programs do not have to be nationally coordinated, expensive, or situated in complicated organizational structures. A community development perspective promotes grassroots activities and practice networks that build on local energies and resources as a cost-efficient alternative.
Getting Going
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

Many local community groups and coalitions are interested in creating anti-stigma activities in their communities; often with limited resources and largely volunteer labor. This section is targeted to local groups and individuals who wish to conduct an anti-stigma program and provides direction on how to conduct meaningful activities on a limited budget. Advice is pragmatic and based on our experiences with local, national, and international anti-stigma efforts, but particularly with the World Psychiatric Association’s global anti-stigma network. These experiences have taught us that everyone can take part in anti-stigma programming, and that modest efforts are possible for anyone to achieve.
Program Development
Authors: Stuart Heather , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Sartorius Norman
Published: November 2017

Chapter 16 discusses how, after reviewing the qualitative and quantitative data, the program committee will come to a consensus on the priority areas for action and select target groups, which will be the focus of the program's activities.
Not Appendicitis in a Neutropenic Host
Authors: Neemann Kari
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
When an Uncommon Atypical Bacillus Goes Mainstream
Authors: Bruminhent Jackrapong , Wengenack Nancy L. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Cough and Dyspnea in a Sarcoma Patient
Authors: Crockett David , Shonka Nicole
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Breaking Bad
Authors: Green Jamie S.
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Spots on the Lung
Authors: Hill Joshua A.
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Spots on the Brain
Authors: Misch Elizabeth Ann
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
An Unexpected Trouble
Authors: Norkin Maxim
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
A Swollen Eye
Authors: Wingard John R.
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Take My Breath Away
Authors: Trikha Gaurav
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Delirium During Treatment for Pneumonia
Authors: Gonulalan Murat
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients who receive immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
Clostridium difficile Keeps Coming Back
Authors: Alangaden George J.
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients who receive immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
How Low Did the Hemoglobin Go?
Authors: Hakki Morgan
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
An Ounce of Prevention
Authors: Winkle Jason Van
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
When the Levee Breaks
Authors: Norkin Maxim
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
A Bump in the Neck
Authors: Hsu Jack
Published: November 2017

These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.