bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faculty Performance Evaluation Using Citation Analysis
Authors: Sanchez Thomas W.
Published: March 2016

This article provides a citation analysis for faculty from Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) member schools. The article argues that Google Scholar data is a particularly valuable source of citation data for urban planning because its coverage extends beyond traditional peer-reviewed publications. The analysis reports the level of scholarly activity within the urban planning discipline. The results show citation patterns for planning faculty, departments, and universities along with discussing the distribution of citation activity across the discipline. The article concludes by encouraging planning scholars and administrators to undertake more analysis of planning scholarship to understand scholarly performance and impact.
Photoperiod- and Triiodothyronine-dependent Regulation of Reproductive Neuropeptides, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Peripheral Physiology in Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Banks Ruth , Delibegovic Mirela , Stevenson Tyler J.
Published: March 2016

Seasonal trade-offs in reproduction and immunity are ubiquitous in nature. The mechanisms that govern transitions across seasonal physiological states appear to involve reciprocal switches in the local synthesis of thyroid hormone. In long-day (LD) summer-like conditions, increased hypothalamic triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates gonadal development. Alternatively, short-day (SD) winter-like conditions increase peripheral leukocytes and enhance multiple aspects of immune function. These data indicate that the localized effects of T3 in the hypothalamus and leukocytes are photoperiod dependent. We tested the hypothesis that increased peripheral T3 in SD conditions would increase aspects of reproductive physiology and inhibit immune function, whereas T3 injections in LD conditions would facilitate aspects of immune function (i.e., leukocytes). In addition, we also examined whether T3 regulates hypothalamic neuropeptide expression as well as hypothalamic and splenic proinflammatory cytokine expression. Adult male Siberian hamsters were maintained in LD (15L:9D) or transferred to SD (9L:15D) for 8 weeks. A subset of LD and SD hamsters was treated daily with 5 µg T3 for 2 weeks. LD and SD controls were injected with saline. Daily T3 administration in SD hamsters (SD+T3) resulted in a rapid and substantial decrease in peripheral leukocyte concentrations and stimulated gonadal development. T3 treatment in LD (LD+T3) had no effect on testicular volumes but significantly increased leukocyte concentrations. Molecular analyses revealed that T3 stimulated interleukin 1β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the spleen and inhibited RFamide Related Peptide-3 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, there was a photoperiod-dependent decrease in splenic tumor necrosis factor–α mRNA expression. These findings reveal that T3 has tissue-specific and photoperiod-dependent regulation of seasonal rhythms in reproduction and immune function.
Gangs and guilt: Towards a new theory of horror film
Authors: Kord T S
Published: March 2016

The most basic and unanimous statement made in scholarship on horror films is that horror films are ‘about’ fear: the primary purpose of horror films is to scare viewers. Based on horror films from the 1970s until the present in which child gangs play a significant part, this essay advances a new theory of horror film, namely, that horror films primarily seek to elicit not fear but guilt. The analysis focuses on four topics: themes, camera angles, horror’s cinematic casting of ‘abnormality’ and the rift, unique to the horror genre, between audience ‘alignment’ and ‘allegiance’.
Theories and concepts in critical discourse studies: Facing challenges, moving beyond foundations
Authors: Krzyżanowski Michał , Forchtner Bernhard
Published: March 2016

This article emphasises the need to devote more attention to concepts and theories in critical discourse studies (CDS). We are particularly eager to emphasise that CDS theory of the second decade of 2000s – often known as the post-crisis era or as the period of ‘late neoliberalism’ – faces a number of challenges that are both real world (social) and academic in nature. On the one hand, CDS theory must be reconsidered from the point of view of socio-political challenges and the necessity to tackle new (public and private) discourses as well as their trajectories that no longer undergo the once long-standing socio-political or politico-economic dynamics. On the other hand, we see the need for embracing new ways of theorising and conceptualising discourse in late modernity in the wider landscape of the social theories and their engagement with discourse. This article emphasises the need to address some voices that come from beyond the ‘core’ CDS community with the aim to enrich CDS theory by ideas that would help us move the latter beyond its foundations as well as face socio-political and academic challenges ahead.
Responsiveness-informed multiple imputation and inverse probability-weighting in cohort studies with missing data that are non-monotone or not missing at random
Authors: Doidge James C
Published: March 2016

Population-based cohort studies are invaluable to health research because of the breadth of data collection over time, and the representativeness of their samples. However, they are especially prone to missing data, which can compromise the validity of analyses when data are not missing at random. Having many waves of data collection presents opportunity for participants’ responsiveness to be observed over time, which may be informative about missing data mechanisms and thus useful as an auxiliary variable. Modern approaches to handling missing data such as multiple imputation and maximum likelihood can be difficult to implement with the large numbers of auxiliary variables and large amounts of non-monotone missing data that occur in cohort studies. Inverse probability-weighting can be easier to implement but conventional wisdom has stated that it cannot be applied to non-monotone missing data. This paper describes two methods of applying inverse probability-weighting to non-monotone missing data, and explores the potential value of including measures of responsiveness in either inverse probability-weighting or multiple imputation. Simulation studies are used to compare methods and demonstrate that responsiveness in longitudinal studies can be used to mitigate bias induced by missing data, even when data are not missing at random.
Treatment Barriers and Support for Male Ex-Armed Forces Personnel in Prison
Authors: Wainwright Verity , McDonnell Sharon , Lennox Charlotte , Shaw Jenny , Senior Jane
Published: March 2016

Ex-armed forces personnel represent a potentially vulnerable group within the prison population. To provide support to this group, we need to understand their needs and help-seeking behavior. A focus group with professionals and semi-structured interviews with service users explored perspectives of the treatment barriers faced by this group and their support needs. Data were analyzed using constant comparison methods, and four primary themes were identified. The findings suggest ex-armed forces personnel consider prison an opportunity to access support but find it difficult to ask for help. Staff having an awareness of military issues was thought to encourage help-seeking, but the variability of provision across prison establishments was considered a barrier. Resettlement was a prominent concern, and access to support when preparing for, and after, release was felt by all participants to be important. Implications for the provision of support in prison are discussed along with recommendations for practice.
Selecting Universal Screening Measures to Identify Students at Risk Academically
Authors: Salinger Rachel L.
Published: March 2016

Universal screening measures can be used to identify students at risk academically due to learning disabilities or other difficulties. Research and legislation support the use of screening measures early in students’ education to ensure they receive any supports necessary to bolster their academic achievement. When selecting a screening measure, school personnel should identify the purpose of the screening measures in their school and the resources available. The research literature should then be consulted on established screening measures, with careful attention paid to required resources, evaluation of the students as a whole through the consultation of varied sources of information, relative biases of screening measures, further assessments for low-scoring students, and test metrics. This article discusses research-based procedures to follow in selecting screening measures, specifies factors to consider in this process, and provides examples of existing measures for use in the universal screening process.
Premature, Untimely, and Traumatic Death of Family Members, and Mental Health Disorders Among Inpatient Substance Users
Authors: Horton E. Gail , Luna Naelys , Malloy Tammy
Published: March 2016

Premature, untimely, or traumatic death of a family member has been shown to be related to later substance use issues among some surviving family members. However, research on these deaths has been limited in that no studies to date have explored associations between these deaths and other mental health disorders co-occurring with substance use. Therefore, this study examined the relationships between premature, untimely, and traumatic deaths of family members (parents, grand- and great grandparents, other family members, and pets) and comorbid psychopathology among a convenience sample of 104 individuals attending treatment for substance use issues. Results indicated that these kinds of death are commonly found within the families of the respondents. In addition, it showed that these deaths were significantly related to higher levels of comorbid anxiety, mood, and personality disorder symptoms. Of particular interest was the finding that these symptoms were significantly related to death among respondents’ grand- and great grandparents rather than among their nuclear families. Further research is needed to assess what kinds of family dysfunction related to death are present in this population and what kinds of interventions may be effective in treating them.
Application of hybrid electromagnetic suspension in vibration energy regeneration and active control
Authors: Wang Ruochen , Ding Renkai , Chen Long
Published: March 2016

To improve the reliability of active electromagnetic suspension and reduce energy consumption, a hybrid electromagnetic suspension that consists of linear motor and passive damper in parallel is proposed in this paper. First, a dynamic model is established and passive energy regeneration and active control systems are built. Thereafter, energy regeneration, ride comfort, and driving safety are taken as control objects. The effect of damping values on different control objects are studied, and the best values are determined. Passive suspension is taken for comparison, and comparative simulation analysis is conducted. Finally, a bench test of 1/4 suspension is performed to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.
Strategies of Integration in Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Tunarosa Andrea , Glynn Mary Ann
Published: March 2016

The challenge of integration, namely, the bridging across different intellectual paradigms to combine empirical insights into a coherent and plausible explanation, is endemic to mixed methods research. In this article, we address this challenge in two ways: first, by drawing attention to the role that theoretical integration plays in mixed methods research as a complement to empirical integration and second, by broadening the repertoire of strategies for enhancing the interplay of theoretical and empirical elements in a mixed methods study. We use the technique of relational algorithms, a linguistic exercise designed to produce “novel relations between pairs of things” by experimenting with different words that can connect theory and empirics. We propose that connector words (e.g., along, near, within) can forge linkages between quantitative and qualitative methods that extend the simple coupling implied by and. We advance five strategies of integration, two that are commonly used in management research—conjoined and sequential—and three high-potential but relatively underused strategies—simultaneous, full-cycle, and mono-logic. We illustrate each of these with examples from the management and organizational literature.
A good training based on insufficiency: Work in health care as an ethics
Authors: Casetto Sidnei J , Henz Alexandre O , Garcia Maurício L , Aguiar Fernanda B , Montenegro Julia T , Unzueta Leandro B , Capozzolo Angela A
Published: March 2016

The article discusses psychology training in health care at the Federal University of São Paulo. It places curriculum guidelines in a changing movement of training for health professions, proposing Work in Health Care as one of its common axes. In the Baixada Santista campus, the course is based on learning by experience, public health services and multidisciplinary team work. Three vectors derived from the experience in this project and its assessment are discussed: a common clinic, work in health care as an ethics and the idea of good training by insufficiency.
The matrix approach to mental health care: Experiences in Florianopolis, Brazil
Authors: Soares Susana , de Oliveira Walter Ferreira
Published: March 2016

This article reports on the experience of a matrix approach to mental health in primary health care. Professionals who work in the Family Health Support Nuclei, Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família, pointed to challenges of this approach, especially regarding the difficulties of introducing pedagogic actions in the health field and problems related to work relationships. As the matrix approach and its practice are new aspects of the Brazilian Unified Health System, the academic knowledge must walk hand in hand with everyday professional practice to help improve the quality of the services offered in this context.
The construction of autonomy for professionals who work with drug users: An analysis of two intervention projects in the largest asylum centre in Brazil
Authors: Conejo Simone Peixoto , Lisboa Valéria CA , Caldeira Adriana RO , Garcia Marcos RV
Published: March 2016

Based on results of two intervention projects with professionals working with drug users in Sorocaba, São Paulo, the article discusses the possibilities of health promotion in the field of mental health, understood as a form of resistance to the regulatory powers of official policies. The projects proved to be promising for the construction of autonomy of these workers. The guiding principles of humanized care in health care and respect for human rights of drug users proved to be important tools for these interventions as were university extramural activities.
Impact of delays and cancellations on travel from small community airports
Authors: Stone Matthew J
Published: March 2016

Commercial air service is important to residents and tourists in small communities, but small communities have seen a reduction (and sometimes elimination) of commercial air service. Anecdotal evidence suggests that flight interruptions (delays and cancellations) negatively impact these airports, as local residents drive to nearby hubs instead of flying from the local airport. This study looks at the impact of delays and cancellations by considering their effect on an entire travel itinerary. This study investigates 207 itineraries from eight small American airports to 11 hub airports. On average, passengers on about one in six (16.4%) connecting itineraries would face a missed connection due to delay or cancellation. In addition, delays on origin flights magnify across connections. An average delay on the initial flight (68 min) would lead to an average arrival delay of 90 min across all itineraries, while a cancellation would lead to an arrival delay of over 10 h. This study also introduces a measure of overall lateness that combines delay and cancellation percentages with final destination arrival times across nonstop and connecting itineraries. These flight interruptions may have consequences on maintaining air service, which affects community residents and potential visitors.
Fast wavenumber measurement for accurate and automatic location and quantification of defect in composite
Authors: Mesnil Olivier , Yan Hao , Ruzzene Massimo , Paynabar Kamran , Shi Jianjun
Published: March 2016

As the use of and dependence on composite materials is increasing in all industries, there is a strong need for reliable, accurate, and fast techniques for damage detection and quantification in composite plate-like structures. Among the various nondestructive evaluation and structural health monitoring techniques, many rely on Lamb wave long-range propagation. A wavenumber quantification technique called frequency domain instantaneous wavenumber has been previously proven to be an efficient technique to estimate in-plane (i.e. position) and out-of-plane (i.e. depth) coordinates of defects in composites. This paper further develops this technique by (1) reducing the acquisition time by one order of magnitude while improving the quality of detection, (2) implementing an automatic feature extraction process to automatically assess the geometry and obtain information which can be directly used for decision making, and (3) quantifying the cumulative error of the whole process.
Rapid evaluation of machine tools with position-dependent milling stability based on response surface model
Authors: Zhang Li , Gao Weiguo , Zhang Dawei , Chang Wenfen , Nie Yingxin
Published: March 2016

The milling stability is one of the important evaluation criterions of dynamic characteristics of machine tools, and it is of great importance for machine tools’ design and manufacturing. The milling stability of machine tools generally varies with the position combinations of moving parts. The traditional milling stability analysis of machine tools is based on some specific positions in the whole workspace of machine tools, and the results are not comprehensive. Furthermore, it is very time-consuming for operation and calculation to complete analysis of multiple positions. A new method to rapidly evaluate the stability of machine tools with position dependence is developed in this article. In this method, the key position combinations of moving parts are set as the samples of calculation to calculate the dynamic characteristics of machine tools with SAMCEF finite element simulation analysis software. Then the minimum critical axial cutting depth of each sample is obtained. The relationship between the position and the value of minimum critical axial cutting depth at any position in the whole workspace can be obtained through established response surface model. The precision of the response surface model is evaluated and the model could be used to rapidly evaluate the milling stability of machine tools with position dependence. With a precision horizontal machining center with box-in-box structure as an example, the value of minimum critical axial cutting depth at any position is shown. This method of rapid evaluation of machine tools with position-dependent stability avoids complicated theoretical calculation, so it can be easily adopted by engineers and technicians in the phase of design process of machine tools.
Utility of the PRE-DELIRIC delirium prediction model in a Scottish ICU cohort
Authors: Paton Lia , Elliott Sara , Chohan Sanjiv
Published: March 2016

The PREdiction of DELIRium for Intensive Care (PRE-DELIRIC) model reliably predicts at 24 h the development of delirium during intensive care admission. However, the model does not take account of alcohol misuse, which has a high prevalence in Scottish intensive care patients. We used the PRE-DELIRIC model to calculate the risk of delirium for patients in our ICU from May to July 2013. These patients were screened for delirium on each day of their ICU stay using the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CAM-ICU). Outcomes were ascertained from the national ICU database. In the 39 patients screened daily, the risk of delirium given by the PRE-DELIRIC model was positively associated with prevalence of delirium, length of ICU stay and mortality. The PRE-DELIRIC model can therefore be usefully applied to a Scottish cohort with a high prevalence of substance misuse, allowing preventive measures to be targeted.
Does the use of a template board imply new normative data for the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test?
Authors: Harte Daniel , Hamill Philip , Wilson Lynn
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Recent research reports the necessity of a template board to ensure accuracy when administering the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. However, the original studies that collected normative data did not use a template board. This study collected a sample of data for one female age group of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test using a template board.

Methods

Thirty female participants with no history of hand trauma or a condition affecting the hand were recruited. Each participant carried out subtests 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, which was compared to the normative data available for this test.

Results

Results show a significant difference in the mean performance for subtest 2 (non-dominant) and subtest 3 (dominant and non-dominant) with p-values < 0.05 for a difference in means t-test. The remaining subtests 5, 6 and 7 were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The findings reported in this study add to the empirical evidence investigating the normative data for the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. The statistically significant difference in mean times for two subtests suggests that new normative data may need to be established if clinicians intend to use a template board when administering the test. Resolving this issue is a natural avenue for further research in this area.
The First Study of Cartilage by Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Xia Yang , Stilbs Peter
Published: March 2016

Objective

To recap the historical journey leading to the first cartilage research article using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), published in 1955 by 2 Swedish researchers, Erik Odeblad and Gunnar Lindström.

Design

Extensive Internet search utilizing both English and Swedish websites, and reading the dissertations available at the Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm, Sweden) and via interlibrary loans at Oakland University (Michigan, USA).

Results

Using a primitive NMR instrument that Lindström built for his graduate research at the Nobel Institute for Physics (Stockholm, Sweden), Odeblad and Lindström studied the characteristics of the NMR signal in calf cartilage. The authors wrote, “In cartilage and fibrous tissue, in which the proton signals probably arise from highly viscous water with short spin-lattice relaxation time, the signals were also larger than would correspond to the water content.” The authors speculated the signal differences between water and biological tissues could be attributed to the absorption and organization of the water molecules to the proteins in the tissue, which was remarkably accurate.

Conclusions

It is quite certain that Odeblad and Lindström published the first biomedical study using NMR in 1955. In this article, cartilage and a number of other biological tissues were examined for the first time using NMR.
There But for the Grace of God
Authors: Buffone Anneke , Gabriel Shira , Poulin Michael
Published: March 2016

Past research suggests that thinking counterfactually leads to a perception that major life events are fated or predetermined. We hypothesized that a perception that events are fated will activate perceptions that God played a role in the event, which will increase feelings of religiousness. Because most people view God as a positive influence, we hypothesized that this would only happen when imagining how events might have turned out worse (i.e., downward counterfactuals). Across two experiments, we examined the hypothesis that thinking counterfactually increases religiosity. The studies supported our predictions. Generating counterfactuals increased belief in God and religiosity across several variables. Furthermore, evidence was found for the proposed pathway. In summary, the studies provided strong and consistent empirical support for counterfactual thinking’s role in religious faith and for this effect to be due to increased perceptions of God’ role in the event. Implications for religion, cognition, and counterfactual thinking are discussed.
The politics of ontology and ontological politics
Authors:   Bawaka Country including S Wright, Suchet-Pearson S , Lloyd K , Burarrwanga L , Ganambarr R , Ganambarr-Stubbs M , Ganambarr B , Maymuru D
Published: March 2016

There is a politics to what ontologies are recognized as existing; what pasts, presents and futures are made real; what configurations of place, time and being are validated; and what ethics underpin the reality of our connections with and as the world. And there is a powerful violence associated with their dismissal. In responding to Simon and Randalls’ discussion of the ontological politics of resilience, we consider ontological politics in an Indigenous context. We do this as an Indigenous–non-Indigenous, human–more-than-human collective, from, and as, Bawaka, an Indigenous Australian homeland in northern Australia. We offer an ontography of Bawaka and, in so doing, attend to the layers of lirrwi (charcoal) in the sand to recognize what lirrwi can tell us about being, and politics, in a Country that has always co-become with Yolŋu people.
Community, virtue and the White British poor
Authors: Merry Michael S , Manley David , Harris Richard
Published: March 2016

Whilst media and political rhetoric in Britain is sceptical and often outright damning of the (presumed) morals and behaviours of the White marginalized poor, our aim is to explore the conditions under which successful communities are nevertheless built. Specifically, we examine the features of community and stress its importance both for belonging and bonding around shared norms and practices and for fostering the necessary bridging essential for interacting and cooperating with others. In considering what it means to foster a community that acts as a breakwater against the tides of stigma or disadvantage, we pay special attention to what we will call enabling conditions – essential features that communities either can or should be able to provide or that exist independent of communities and are indispensable for accessing opportunities in the wider society. We detail the dynamics of White poverty and exclusion before turning our attention to possible responses to these challenges. In searching for viable responses to stigma and disadvantage, we compare some different typologies of community presently available to the White poor in Britain and examine whether these are sufficient to satisfy the enabling conditions associated with more robust forms of group membership.
Causal attributions following a cardiac event: Short- and long-term differences in health appraisals and outcomes
Authors: Bennett Kymberley K , Clark Jillian MR , Harry Kadie , Howarter Alisha D
Published: March 2016

This study examined attributions generated by cardiac rehabilitation patients shortly after experiencing a cardiovascular event, exploring whether attribution type was associated with health appraisals and outcomes concurrently and 21 months later. Attributions fell into three categories: controllable behavioral ones, uncontrollable biological ones, and stress-related causes. Linking attribution type to appraisals and outcomes showed that creating a behavioral attribution was beneficial in the short-term for control appraisals, but was associated with increased anxiety symptoms 21 months later. Thus, cardiac rehabilitation providers should encourage patients to maintain a future-focus that promotes perceived control over health promotion behaviors that reduce risk for recurrence.
The Incidence of Surgery in Osteochondritis Dissecans in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Weiss Jennifer M. , Nikizad Hooman , Shea Kevin G. , Gyurdzhyan Samvel , Jacobs John C. , Cannamela Peter C. , Kessler Jeffrey I.
Published: March 2016

Background:

The frequency of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), a disorder of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage, is not well described.

Purpose:

To assess the frequency of pediatric OCD lesions that progress to surgery based on sex, joint involvement, and age.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review (2007-2011) was performed on OCD. Inclusion criteria included OCD of any joint and patients aged 2 to 19 years. Exclusion criteria included traumatic osteochondral fractures or coexistence of non-OCD intra-articular lesions. Differences in progression toward surgery were compared between age groups, sex, and joint location. Logistical regression analysis was performed by sex, age, and ethnicity.

Results:

Overall, 317 patients with a total of 334 OCD lesions were found. The majority of lesions (61.7%) were in the knee, with ankle, elbow, shoulder, and foot lesions representing 25.4%, 12.0%, 0.6%, and 0.3% of all lesions, respectively. The majority of joints needing surgery were in the knee (58.5%), with ankle and elbow lesions representing 22.9% and 18.6% of surgeries performed, respectively. The percentage of all OCD lesions progressing to surgery was 35.3%; surgical progression for knee, ankle, and elbow joints was 33.5%, 31.8%, and 55.0%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis found no statistically significant different risk of progressing to surgery for OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle between sexes. Patients aged 12 to 19 years had a 7.4-times greater risk of progression to surgery for knee OCD lesions than 6- to 11-year-olds. Patients aged 12 to 19 years were 8.2 times more likely to progress to surgery for all OCD lesions than patients aged 6 to 11 years. Progression to surgery of ankle OCD did not significantly differ based on location. Three of 4 trochlear lesions progressed to surgery, along with 1 of 1 tibial, 1 of 3 patellar, 40.3% of lateral femoral condylar, and 28.2% of medial femoral condylar lesions.

Conclusion:

In this large cohort study of pediatric OCD patients, 35% progressed to surgery. Progression to surgery did not differ significantly between sexes with OCD of any joint. Progression to surgery for OCD of the knee, elbow, and ankle strongly correlated with patient age at the time of diagnosis.

Clinical Relevance:

The knowledge of likelihood of progression to surgery of OCD by location, sex, and age is useful in counseling patients and in planning treatment. This study confirms a worse prognosis in the nonoperative treatment of older patients with OCD.
An Asymmetrical Portrait
Authors: Lindemann Danielle J. , Rush Carly A. , Tepper Steven J.
Published: March 2016

While a large body of work has focused on gendered income inequalities in other fields, virtually no literature has explored this phenomenon within artistic careers. We use the Strategic National Arts Alumni Project (SNAAP)—a nationwide survey of 33,801 individuals who have received degrees in the arts—to assess the gendered earnings gap for artists and for nonartists. We find that the gendered earnings gap is comparable for artists and nonartists, and that artistic careers are subject to some of the same social forces that drive disparity in other occupational realms. Yet in the arts, we do not find the wage penalty to motherhood that has been documented in virtually every other field. Broader implications for scholarship on gender and work, as well as suggestions for further research and policy, are discussed.
Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Growth, Nutrition, and Adipokines at School Age
Authors: Suursalmi Piia , Korhonen Päivi , Kopeli Tarja , Nieminen Riina , Luukkaala Tiina , Moilanen Eeva , Tammela Outi
Published: March 2016

This study evaluated nutrition and growth in relation to plasma adipokine levels in 21 very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) children with radiographic bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 19 VLBW controls, and 19 term controls with a median age of 11.3 years. We took anthropometric measurements; assessed plasma levels of adipsin, resistin, adiponectin, and leptin; and analyzed the children’s 3-day food records. Children with BPD had a smaller age-adjusted head circumference and more microcephaly but no other significant growth differences. Daily recommended nutritional intake levels were poorly met but did not differ between the groups. Leptin levels correlated positively with the body mass index standard deviation score in VLBW children. No other associations between adipokine concentrations and growth were found. There were negative correlations between leptin concentrations and fat intake, resistin levels and carbohydrate intake, and adiponectin, adipsin, and leptin levels and energy intake.
Structural anomalies in tobelite-2M2 explained by high resolution and analytical electron microscopy
Authors: Capitani G. C. , Schingaro E. , Lacalamita M. , Mesto E. , Scordari F.
Published: March 2016

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation was undertaken in order to elucidate the nature of the structural disorder in a tobelite specimen from the sedimentary rocks of the Armorican sandstones (western France). This structural disorder may be the origin of residual electron-density maxima in difference-Fourier maps reported previously in single-crystal XRD studies of tobelite. The TEM investigation of tobelite confirmed that it is the 2M2 polytype in subfamily-B, but the ordered sequence is interrupted by numerous stacking faults parallel to (001), for which the stacking vectors belong to both subfamilies-A and -B of mica polytypes, with a prevalence of the latter. Chemical heterogeneity depending on the Si/Al ratio and Na and Mg concentration was observed at the nanoscale among different mica lamellae in a single crystal. The observed variations are consistent with a change in mica chemistry leading to interlayer vacancies which may cause shortening of the interlayer separation, as revealed by the single-crystal structure refinements.
A review of the potential for rare-earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece
Authors: Deady Éimear A. , Mouchos Evangelos , Goodenough Kathryn , Williamson Ben J. , Wall Frances
Published: March 2016

Rare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as 'critical metals' due to a complex array of production and political issues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer process that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource ofREE. Karst bauxite deposits represent the ideal source material forREE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of the bauxite allow for the retention ofREE. TheREEpass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in the waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across Europe, representing a potentialREEresource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the other in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm totalREE, with an enrichment of light over heavyREE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primaryREEdeposits (Mountain Pass and Mount Weld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available, the cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work shows that ∼12,000 tonnes ofREEexist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger resources existing across Europe as a whole.
Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota governs the lifespan of circulating phagocytes at homeostasis
Authors: Hergott Christopher B. , Roche Aoife M. , Tamashiro Edwin , Clarke Thomas B. , Bailey Aubrey G. , Laughlin Alice , Bushman Frederic D. , Weiser Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2016

Key Points

The intestinal microbiota regulates the steady-state survival and turnover kinetics of circulating neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. The cytoplasmic peptido-glycan sensor Nod1 relays microbial signals into IL-17A–dependent stimulation of myeloid cell persistence.
RAS isoforms and mutations in cancer at a glance
Authors: Hobbs G. Aaron , Der Channing J. , Rossman Kent L.
Published: March 2016

RAS proteins (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, NRAS and HRAS) function as GDP–GTP-regulated binary on-off switches, which regulate cytoplasmic signaling networks that control diverse normal cellular processes. Gain-of-function missense mutations in RAS genes are found in ∼25% of human cancers, prompting interest in identifying anti-RAS therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. However, despite more than three decades of intense effort, no anti-RAS therapies have reached clinical application. Contributing to this failure has been an underestimation of the complexities of RAS. First, there is now appreciation that the four human RAS proteins are not functionally identical. Second, with >130 different missense mutations found in cancer, there is an emerging view that there are mutation-specific consequences on RAS structure, biochemistry and biology, and mutation-selective therapeutic strategies are needed. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide a snapshot of the differences between RAS isoforms and mutations, as well as the current status of anti-RAS drug-discovery efforts.
Recent advances in managing chronic HCV infection: focus on therapy in patients with severe liver disease
Authors: Maan Raoel , van der Meer Adriaan J.
Published: March 2016

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection still represents a major public health problem, as it is thought to be responsible for more than 350,000 deaths around the globe on a yearly basis. Fortunately, successful eradication of the virus has been associated with improved clinical outcome and reduced mortality rates. In the past few years, treatment has improved considerably by the implementation of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). From 2014 onwards, sofosbuvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir, ledipasvir, paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). Regimens with various combinations of these new drugs, without the use of interferon (IFN), proved to be very effective and well tolerated, even among patients with advanced liver disease. Moreover, treatment duration could be shortened to 12 weeks in the majority of patients. The high costs of these DAAs, however, limit the availability of IFN-free therapy worldwide. Even in wealthy countries, it is deemed necessary to prioritize DAA treatment in order to limit the immediate impact on the health budget. As patients with advanced liver disease are in most need of HCV clearance, many countries decided to treat those patients first. In the current review, we focus on the currently available IFN-free treatment options for patients with cirrhosis. We discuss the virological efficacy as well as the clinical relevance of these regimens among this specific patient population.
Metals and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Chen Pan , Miah Mahfuzur Rahman , Aschner Michael
Published: March 2016

Metals play important roles in the human body, maintaining cell structure and regulating gene expression, neurotransmission, and antioxidant response, to name a few. However, excessive metal accumulation in the nervous system may be toxic, inducing oxidative stress, disrupting mitochondrial function, and impairing the activity of numerous enzymes. Damage caused by metal accumulation may result in permanent injuries, including severe neurological disorders. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a strong correlation between aberrant metal exposure and a number of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, Guillain–Barré disease, Gulf War syndrome, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Wilson’s disease. Here, we briefly survey the literature relating to the role of metals in neurodegeneration.
Overcoming Stickiness: How the Timing of Knowledge Transfer Methods Affects Transfer Difficulty
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel , Ringov Dimo , Jensen Robert J.
Published: March 2016

Knowledge transfer can be facilitated through the judicious timing of transfer methods. Yet, extant research has neglected the impact of the timing of transfer methods. Departing from this observation, we theorize the existence of two knowledge transfer modes—“front-loading” and “back-loading”—based on whether the affordance for tacit knowledge exchange provided by the transfer methods used is higher during the initiation or during the implementation phase of a transfer. We suggest that the impact of front-loading and back-loading on transfer difficulty is contingent on the causal ambiguity of the knowledge being transferred and on the arduousness of the relationship between the source and the recipient of knowledge. We operationalize front-loading and back-loading and test our propositions using primary data on 2,711 instances of method use in 116 transfers of 37 organizational practices in 8 companies. We hypothesize and find empirical support for the claim that front-loading affordance for tacit knowledge exchange reduces transfer difficulty when the causal ambiguity of the knowledge to be transferred is high, whereas it increases difficulty when the relationship between the source and recipient of knowledge is arduous.
The importance of the antenatal home visit by the health visitor
Authors: Christie Lynn
Published: March 2016

It is recognised that contact with a health professional during pregnancy can contribute towards the reduction of health inequalities at birth, in infancy, throughout childhood and across the whole of an individual's life course. Research has shown that the antecedents of many lifelong conditions and illnesses in the middle and later years of life have their roots in the antenatal period, and health visiting is the only universal service that can provide health promotion, early intervention and primary prevention in the antenatal period that continues into the early years. This article discusses the benefits of an antenatal home visit carried out by the health visitor, not only for children and families, but also for the health visitor, health visiting service, the health organisation and the country as a whole, identifying this visit to be the most valuable within a health visiting programme. The article will look at the picture across the UK; and, in particular, how Scotland has the potential to implement an antenatal home visit within the core programme.
Big bang theory
Authors: Chalmers Debbie
Published: March 2016

Strong beat or steady rhythm? By encouraging children to play music of their choice and to dance and sing along, you will be helping them to communicate feelings and bring stories to life.
Effects of Denaturation on the Structure and Properties of Soy Protein Composites
Authors: Eyler Allen , Liu Tian , Scudiero Louis , Wo Pui Ching , Zhong Wei-Hong
Published: March 2016

Soy protein (SP), a widely abundant biomaterial with a high concentration of polar and reactive functional groups and a complex three dimensional structure, has frequently been used in polymer blends and composites. However, few studies have focused on the critical role of denaturation in the application of SP to composites. The denaturation conditions profoundly affect the protein structure at scales approaching the molecular level and therefore can be expected to significantly influence the morphology and properties of SP-containing composites. In this study, the influences of three SP denaturation methods on the structures and properties of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite films were compared. Of these methods, urea treatment followed by dialysis process results in the most effective denaturation, with nanoscale SP particle size and high PEO/SP interfacial area, stable dielectric properties, and super-elasticity resulting from improved PEO/SP interactions. This work guides the customization of biocomposite properties via the control of denaturation conditions.
A Review on Biodegradations of Polymers and its Effect on Environment
Authors: Islam Saiful , Saha Supriya , Bakr Abu , Mondal Ibrahim Hossain
Published: March 2016

Biodegradation refers to the chemical dissolution of materials by microorganisms or other biological means. Biodegradability of a material refers to the ability of that material to be decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria. Carbon dioxide and water are produced during aerobic biodegradation and carbon-dioxide, water and methane are produced during anaerobic biodegradation. The process of degradation induces changes in polymer properties resulting in bond scission, chemical transformation and formation of new functional groups. Most of the polymers are non-degradable and some are degraded after longtime and causes environmental pollution. Biodegradation of polymers have both positive and negative impact on environment but the negative impacts are more remarkable. Because some polymeric materials take about million year to degrade in environment. Disposal problem will be introduced from these materials and finally destroy our ecological balance. To protect the environment some advisory steps should be taken such as development of standards and testing, life cycle assessment, determination of appropriate disposal environments. Environmental benefits that may be derived from the use of biodegradable polymers.
The New Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Oral Fluid Cutoffs for Cocaine and Heroin-Related Analytes Applied to an Addiction Medicine Setting: Important, Unanticipated Findings with LC-MS/MS
Authors: Flood James G , Khaliq Tahira , Bishop Kenneth A , Griggs David A
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

We implemented oral fluid (OF) as an alternative specimen type to urine for detection of cocaine (COC) and opiate abuse in outpatient addiction medicine clinics.

METHODS

We implemented a 2-μg/L limit of quantification OF LC-MS/MS assay and compiled and reviewed all findings from a 22-month collection period for COC, benzoylecgonine (BZE), codeine (COD), 6-acetylmorphine (MAM), and morphine (MOR). We also compared the results of our clinical samples at different OF cutoffs and analytes specified in the new 2015 SAMHSA OF guidelines.

RESULTS

Of 3608 OF samples, COC and BZE were positive in 593 and 508, respectively. COC or BZE was positive in 662 samples. Importantly and unexpectedly, 154 samples were COC positive and BZE negative, with 125 having COC 2.0–7.9 μg/L. A simulation with the new guideline cutoffs confirmed 65% (430 of 662) of all COC- or BZE-positive data set samples. Similarly, the new guidelines confirmed 44% (263 of 603) of data set samples positive for MOR or COD. Simulation found that the new, lower MAM guideline cutoffs detected 89% of the 382 MAM-positive samples in the data set, 104 of which the new guidelines had identified as negative for MOR and COD.

CONCLUSIONS

COC (not BZE) is the dominant low-concentration OF analyte in an addiction medicine setting. This information will aid OF test interpretation. It also illustrates the importance of the 2015 guideline's new immunoassay cross-reactivity requirements and the likely improvement in detection of heroin use stemming from the new, lower MAM cutoffs.