bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOMINAL AND REAL GROUP PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO MANIFEST ANXIETY AND INDUCED STRESS
Authors: Kanekar Suresh , Neelakantan Priya , Lalkaka Pareen K.
Published: May 2006

Female college students were selected on the basis of their scores on the Manifest Anxiety Scale. The subjects worked either alone or in pairs on a multiple-solution anagrams task. The experiment had a 2 × 2 × 2 design, with group type (nominal versus real), manifest anxiety
(low versus high), and induced stress (low versus high) as the three variables. The results indicated that increased anxiety and stress were relatively more detrimental to the performance of real groups as compared with nominal groups.
SELF-REPORTED FEARS AND ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSIVENESS OF HIGH AND LOW TRAIT ANXIOUS SUBJECTS TO FEAR OF FAILURE AND OTHER STRESSORS
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Sutker Patricia B. , Roitzsh John C. , Mason Robert L.
Published: May 2006

This investigation examined the relationship between self-reported fears on the Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule and scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) among hospitalized male veterans and evaluated the effects of threat of failure and loss of self-esteem on the electrodermal
activity of 32 male college students classified as high or low trait anxious. Results showed a significant relationship between trait anxiety and fearfulness with HA-Trait individuals demonstrating greater overall fearfulness than those classified as LA-Trait with the most significant differences
indicated for fears of failure. There were no differences in electrodermal activity between HA. and LA-Trait Subjects in response to manipulation of instructions designed to increase the level of A-State. Though high stress instructions involving ego and failure threat produced an increased
frequency of nonspecific EDRs in both groups, there was no evidence that HA-Trait Subjects responded with any greater increase in electrodermal activity.
EFFECT OF RESOURCES SIMILARITY ON SATISFACTION WITH EXCHANGE
Authors: Teichman Meir , Foa Uriel G.
Published: May 2006

It was predicted that the amount of satisfaction following an interpersonal exchange will be higher when the resource given is similar to the one reciprocated, and lower when they are dissimilar. Interpersonal exchange situations were experimentally created in which two independent
variables—the resource given by the subject and the resource received by him—were manipulated. Each subject was induced to give a confederate, upon the latter's bidding, a given one of the following six resources: love, status, information, money, goods, and services. The
confederate then reciprocated with one of two predetermined resources—money or love. The hypothesis was supported when money was the resource of reciprocation. For love reciprocation internal analysis and an additional experiment indicated that the lower-than-expected satisfaction was
affected by devaluation effect and the short time allowed for the exchange. Application of the findings is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF CLOTHING STYLE UPON THE REACTIONS OF A STRANGER
Authors: Judd N. , Bull R. H. C. , Gahagan D.
Published: May 2006

Our reactions to a stranger can often be influenced by the clothes he wears. In this study a male experimenter, whilst posing as a market researcher, dressed either smartly or untidily. Style of dress was found to have a significant influence upon the number of agreements from both
older and younger women to answer the interviewer's questions. Dress did not have a significant influence upon men and older individuals were more influenced by clothing than were the younger ones. The results of this study are believed to have implications for many kinds of interview
settings.
THE EFFECTS OF THWARTING OF AGGRESSION ON SUBSEQUENT AGGRESSION
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Penner Louis A. , Hawkins Harold L.
Published: May 2006

In the first of two studies, male undergraduates were either angered or not angered by a confederate and then randomly assigned to one of three conditions (no thwarting, non-arbitrary thwarting, and arbitrary thwarting) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Following the thwarting manipulation,
subjects were given an opportunity to aggress against the confederate. It was hypothesized that: (a) greater aggression would be displayed by the angry subjects and (b) thwarting of both classes of aggression (angry and-non-angry) would lead to an increase in subsequent aggression. Both hypotheses
were confirmed - subjects in the angry condition displayed more aggression, and thwarting increased subsequent aggressivity. Additionally, the amount of aggression displayed increased linearly from the no-thwarting to the non-arbitrary thwarting to the arbitrary thwarting condition for both
classes of aggression. In the second study, a delayed post-test was employed to determine the durability of aggression following the arbitrary thwarting of an instigation to aggress. It was found that the aggression aroused by arbitrary thwarting was maintained for at least one day.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AS A DETERMINANT OF WILLINGNESS TO DEFEND A COUNTERATTITUDINAL POSITION
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Rozelle Richard M.
Published: May 2006

The effects of several factors on willingness to take a counterattitudinal position in a forthcoming debate were investigated. Subjects were presented with the dilemma of either compromising their own position and thereby not forfeiting a competitive advantage in the debate or forfeiting
a competitive advantage by not compromising their own position. Subjects were more willing to compromise their own position when they anticipated performing before an evaluative audience than when the debate was to be held in “private”. This effect generalized across type of audience
(teammates or experimenter), type of issue (central or peripheral religious issue), and subject's initial position (extreme or moderate). While several of the manipulated variables significantly affected perceptions of the situation, none of the perceptions was strongly related to the
behavioral measure. One implication of the results is that perhaps evaluation of performance per se is largely responsible for the observed lowered willingness on the part of group representatives to forfeit a competitive advantage.
CHURCH MEMBERSHIP AND PERSONALITY: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Barton Keith , Vaughan G. M.
Published: May 2006

Groups of active churchmembers and non-churchmemhers were examined for personality changes over a five-year period. Personality assessment was obtained through use of the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PF) questionnaire. Results indicated that at both testing times the active churchmember
group was significantly and consistently different on several personality dimensions. Specifically the active churchmembers tended to be more tender-minded, higher in super ego strength, lower in dominance, and more conservative than the non-churchmember group. Over the fiveyear period only
the active churchmember group decreased significantly in guilt proneness and anxiet y. These results were found to be consistent with other researches in the area and possible implications are suggested.
INFORMATION WEIGHTING, FAMILIARIZATION, AND THE RISKY SHIFT
Authors: Knowles Eric S.
Published: May 2006

The question whether individual study of risk problems (familiarization) leads to greater risk taking was investigated. Several explanations of the risk-taking shifts are explicit in their requirement for group or social interaction. From an information weighting theory it was hypothesized
that the relative number of arguments favoring risk rather than some process inherent in group interaction produces the risky shift. One hundred and sixty subjects in groups of 5 or alone developed arguments only in favor of the successful risky outcome in 6 Choice Dilemma problems or worked
on risk-irrelevant tasks. Risk arguments (p < 0.025) but not group discussion (F < 1) produced shifts toward greater risk taking. When the relative number of arguments favoring risk are controlled, individuals working alone show as large a risk shift as groups. Because
of earlier failures to find a familiarization effect, it appears that groups may be more efficient or capable than individuals in developing arguments favoring culturally valued positions.
GRAVITATION TOWARD WALLS AMONG HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Dabbs James M. , Wheeler Patricia A.
Published: May 2006

In two studies, subjects in a classroom corridor who walked near the wall (“gravitators”) were contrasted with those who walked near the center (“nongravitators”). Gravitators were lower than non-gravitators on Autonomy and Defendence and appeared to be less
responsive to other persons. Gravitation is an innate behavior among some animals; among human beings there are marked individual differences. Some social encounters may involve gravitation toward the other person as an object.
PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDE DETERMINANTS OF VOTING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Brigham John C. , Severy Lawrence J.
Published: May 2006

Measures of racial attitude, conceptual style, commitment to candidate and to the electoral process, social-political orientation, candidate evaluation, and voting intentions, were administered to white college students in 7 geographical areas shortly before the 1972 Presidential election.
Persons intending to vote for Nixon showed significantly more negative racial attitudes, more concrete conceptual functioning, greater commitment to the electoral process, more conservative social-political orientations, and more positive evaluations of Nixon, than did McGovern voters. Subsequent
regression and path analyses indicated that only racial attitude and candidate evaluation were strong, direct predictors of voting intentions; the effects of the remaining independent variables appeared to be indirect. These results suggest that the prediction of behavioral intentions becomes
more powerful as the attitudinal measures are made more directly relevant to the behavioral act.
MOTIVATIONAL INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIORAL DESIRABILITY ON ACTORS' AND OBSERVERS' ATTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Lowe Charles A. , Ansen Ranald D.
Published: May 2006

Jones and Nisbett's (1971) proposition that actors favor environmental attribution and observers personal attribution was investigated. Subjects attributed causality from two perspectives (observer versus role-playing actor) for verbally-described behaviors which varied in desirability
(low versus moderate versus high). The results suggested that motivational considerations mediated actor-observer attributional differences. While observers attributed more personal cause than did actors at all levels of desirability, this actor-observer difference was attenuated as behavioral
desirability increased. Actor-observer differences were not evidenced on environmental attribution, suggesting that perspective differences represent a differential salience of personal causes for actors and observers.
LIKING AND POWER AS FACTORS AFFECTING COALITION CHOICES IN THE TRIAD
Authors: Nacci Peter L. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: May 2006

The effects of resource capability and interpersonal attraction on coalition behavior were studied. Power was distributed the same way in all triads (A = 4, B = 3, C = 2). Male and female subjects were asked to play the role of B and were distributed across three experimental conditions:
(1) no additional information was provided; (2) subjects were informed that A and B had similar attitudes and that C had dissimilar attitudes; or (3) subjects were informed that B and C had similar attitudes and that A had dissimilar attitudes. Subjects were asked to select a coalition partner,
predict which coalition would form, and estimate how the winnings would be distributed between coalition partners. Males chose A and C equally often in all experimental conditions, but most frequently predicted that the BC coalition would form and estimated that winnings would be distributed
by a norm of equity. In contrast, females chose the liked person as a coalition partner, predicted that attracted persons would form coalitions, and estimated that winnings would be distributed according to a norm of equality. The implications of the results for game, minimum power, and relational
theories of coalition behavior are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INCONSISTENCY ON THE CATEGORIZATION OF PEOPLE
Authors: Cochran L. R.
Published: May 2006

Does inconsistent information about others produce more discrimination of people and lead to alternative ways of categorizing? In a pretest -post-test control group design with ten subjects randomly assigned to an inconsistency group and a control group, judges rated photo-persons
once before and once after treatment. During treatment, subjects formed impressions of photo-persons based on inconsistent trait combinations. The results indicate that inconsistency produced more discrimination of others, but the effect was limited to those constructs directly involved in
inconsistency. Inconsistency also produced alternative ways of categorizing others, but the effect was limited by systematic individual differences.
MACHIAVELLIANISM, DISCUSSION TIME, AND GROUP SHIFT
Authors: Lamm Helmut , Myers David G.
Published: May 2006

The first purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the social-emotional and rational-cognitive explanations of group risky shift on choice dilemmas (hypothetical life situations) by comparing shift in groups of low Mach (emotional) and high Mach (non-emotional) subjects. Consistent
with the rationalcognitive explanations of group shift, group composition was not observed to affect shift magnitude.The second purpose was to examine the effects of Machiavellian beliefs on social functioning. Mixed support was obtained for hypotheses derived from prior theory and research
on the Machiavellian personality. The perceptions of high Machs, as compared with low Machs, concerning the direction of shift, were more in line with their actual shift, providing evidence for the proposition that the former are more astute social observers.
RACE, SETTING, AND ACTOR-TARGET DIFFERENCES IN PERSONAL SPACE
Authors: Tennis Gay H. , Dabbs James M.
Published: May 2006

This study examines the effects of race, setting and type of approach upon interpersonal distance preferences among black and white female undergraduate students. Subjects were tested two at a time in same-race pairs, using both direct and indirect measures in corner and center settings
as each subject approached and was approached by her partner, Direct measures showed interpersonal distance to be greater in the corner than in the center setting and greater when subjects were approached by than when approaching their partner, but there was no significant effect for race
of subject. Indirect measures showed no effects. Interactions showed the effects of type of approach depended to some extent upon both race and setting.
GENDER, AUTHORITARIANISM, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD FEMINISM
Authors: Sarup Gian
Published: May 2006

In a 2 × 3 design, 69 men and 59 women who were high, medium, or low in authoritarianism responded to a Likert-type scale measuring attitudes toward feminism. For both gender groups, high-authoritarian respondents exhibited more antifeminist tendencies than did low-authoritarian
respondents; and for each level of authoritarianism, males were less profeminist than females. When controlled for age, education, and religion, the relationship of gender and authoritarianism to attitudes toward feminism tended to persist substantially. In examining the psycho-social bases
of racism and antifeminism, the paper interprets the relative contributions of gender and authoritarianism in terms of Hood and Sherif's model of interrelating sociocultural and personality factors in the dynamics of attitudes.
RACIAL RECIPIENTS, SOCIAL DISTANCE, AND SHARING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN
Authors: Zinser Otto , Bailey Roger C. , Edgar Ralph M.
Published: May 2006

Thirty-six preschoolers and 41 second graders were asked: (a) to rank, in order of preference, a white child, a black child, and an Indian child as recipients of sharing; (b) to share with the preferred recipient items of low and high value; and (c) to rank the three recipients as companions
in several hypothetical, social interaction situations varying in social distance. The distributions of first choices for sharing indicated that the preschool subjects preferred the white recipient most, the Indian recipient next, and the black recipient least, while the second graders preferred
the Indian recipient over the white and black recipients. The second graders who preferred the black recipient shared a larger number of items than those who preferred to share with one of the other two recipients. The distributions of first choices for the social distance items were generally
consistent with those for sharing, and subjects from one school exhibited some differential sensitivity to the items of the social distance scale. The results of this investigation and those of previous research suggest that the influence of the race of the recipient on sharing behavior varies
with the experimental design used.
HUMOR: AGGRESSION, DEFENCE, AND CONSERVATISM GROUP CHARACTERISTICS AND DIFFERENTIAL HUMOR APPRECIATION
Authors: Askenasy George H.
Published: May 2006

A Humor Appreciation Inventory consisting of fifty-four jokes representing nine joke categories was administered to a broad sample of subjects. In addition, a conservatism scale was employed. The major finding revealed that with few exceptions humor appreciation scores were remarkably
similar. League of Women Voters and policemen, persons on skidrow and successful businessmen, and students and military officers had practically identical is basically unrelated to the implicit differences between such groups, much of humor research must be reevaluated in this light.
In addition, the correlation between humor and conservatism was found to be unclear; fanaticism and humor appreciation tended to be mutually exclusive; and many professional cartoonists seemed unable to judge popular taste in humor accurately.
DISSONANCE, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES AND METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Authors: Jastrebske Ellen M.
Published: May 2006

Resolution of cognitive dissonance following a pleasant and unpleasant task was examined under conditions of high and low justification. Sixty male subjects either wrote numbers at random, or rated a series of feminine photos, watched a film, and decided a verdict on a court case. Justification
was varied by the offer of monetary payment or lack of such payment prior to a request for counterattitudinal description of the task. All subjects described the task to the next subject (confederate), a peer. Both task and justification main effects were observed (p < 0.01) indicating
mode of dissonance resolution to be a function of situational variables. Changes in task ratings supported dissonance theory predictions only when consequences of the advocacy were unequivocally negative.
COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY, MATERNAL CHILD REARING, AND ACQUIESCENCE
Authors: Goldstein Kenneth M. , Blackman Sheldon
Published: May 2006

A study of 48 undergraduates indicated that subjects low in cognitive complexity tend to be acquiescent and to have mothers whose childrearing attitudes indicated their rejection of the mothering role. Measures of the students' perceptions of their mothers' child-rearing practices
did not increase the variance accounted for in cognitive complexity.
ATTRIBUTIONS IN PERSONAL AND HIERARCHICAL CONTEXTS
Authors: Mann J. W.
Published: May 2006

In a statement about refusal of good advice, descriptions of refuser and adviser are varied. Choices from words referring to refuser traits of different degrees of insultingness are made by 250 Ss divided into 5 treatment groups. Transposition of refuser and adviser matters when
they are described as white employer and black servant, but not when described as self and friend. Instead of “kicking themselves” relatively hard, Ss are lenient towards the self.
PERCEIVED FREEDOM, ACCIDENT SEVERITY AND EMPATHIC VALUE AS DETERMINANTS OF THE ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Gleason James M. , Harris Victor A.
Published: May 2006

The effects of severity of an accident, perceived freedom of the perpetrator, and empathic value of the victim were examined in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. 192 subjects read detailed accident scenarios and then made judgments as to the responsibility of each of a number
of plausibly responsible agents. In line with the hypotheses, subjects attributed more responsibility to the perpetrator under high severity than low severity conditions, and more responsibility under high than low perceived freedom. The hypothesis that more responsibility would be attributed
to the perpetrator when the victim was human than when the victim was a dog was not supported. Additionally, there was no clear evidence for victim derogation. The implications of these findings for defensive attribution and just world hypotheses as well as for methodological issues are discussed.
THE SHIFT TO COMPETITION IN THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA GAME
Authors: Pines Ayala
Published: May 2006

The relative power of cooperative and trusting patterns of behavior versus those of exploitation and distrust in affecting the results of group decision-making processes was investigated. The outcome of a study using the Prisoner's Dilemma Game seems to suggest the disproportionate
influence of competitive people in these settings. When groups consisting of cooperative and competitive players were asked to reach a unanimous decision about game strategy, in the majority of cases their decision was not to cooperate. This is a rather disturbing finding in light of the prevalence
and importance of group decisions in everyday life. Three additional studies were carried out in an attempt to explore some alternative explanations of this shift to competition. The combined outcome of the three studies suggests that the shift to competition is reflecting both a group effect
and a player effect.
EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION STRATEGEMS TOWARD CHANGING ETHNOCENTRIC ATTITUDE
Authors: Parker Kermit E. , Anchor Kenneth N. , Weitz Lawrence J. , Roback Howard B.
Published: May 2006

This study attempted to show that a change in ethnocentrism could be accomplished through the use of behavior modification techniques. A total of 18 Caucasian subjects were divided into six groups: three control groups and three experimental groups. In one control and one experimental
condition, Ss read statements printed on index cards. Experimental group Ss were reinforced for reading certain anti-ethnocentric statements. Control group Ss received no reinforcement no matter what statements they made. In a second condition, Ss underwent a structured
interview with experimental Ss being reinforced for anti-ethnocentric statements. Attitude change was determined by subtracting the pretest from the post-test scores on the Ethnocentrism Scale which was administered to all subjects. Results showed that reinforcement was effective in
producing attitude change.
IDEOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CREATIVITY: A RE-EVALUATION OF A HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2006

Using political fragmentation and imperial instability as indicators, an earlier study attempted to show that cultural diversity has a positive influence on personal creative development. This paper re-examines that hypothesis by first introducing ideological diversity as a more direct
indicator and then testing for relationships using cross-lagged correlation analysis. With data extending over 122 generations (20-year periods) of Western history, it was found that: (1) political fragmentation, imperial instability, and ideological diversity all correlate with creativity,
but the first indicator has no contemporaneous relationship with the last two; (2) none of the cross-lagged correlations between the three cultural diversity indicators and creativity were statistically significant, and hence they may not be developmental influences; and (3) political fragmentation
has a significant impact on the emergence of ideological diversity in the next generation. The inference was that the original hypothesis is probably oversimplified.
THE IMPACT OF SELF-SELECTION AND REFERENCE GROUP IDENTIFICATION IN A UNIVERSITY LIVING-LEARNING CENTER
Authors: Fisher Ronald J. , Andrews John J.
Published: May 2006

A co-educational living-learning center for the arts was studied through participant observation and quantitative assessment. Residents who had selfselected into the center exhibited higher aesthetic interests and greater satisfaction than members who were assigned by their location
preferences. Members who perceived the membership group as a positive reference group exhibited higher aesthetic interests, lower religious interests, greater satisfaction, and less traditional academic behavior than members who saw it as a negative reference group. The results document the
importance of full self-selection into a membership group and demonstrate the relationships between reference group identification, basic interests in personality, and social behavior.
A STUDY OF A PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
Authors: Stones M. J.
Published: May 2006

An empirically oriented study of a pathological liar is described. It was hypothesized that such an individual might be characterized by a construct system that is atypically loose over a wide range of conventional, socially relevant constructs. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis
was obtained from the Thought Disorder Grid (TDG) and by a marked response bias on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). However, a conventional Repertory Grid (administered twice) yielded scores to indicate that construing was tight over a limited range of idiosyncratic, socially relevant
constructs. It was concluded that the individual's understanding of his social environment was generally unreliable and this might be a factor to account for the lying behavior.
ETHNIC PREFERENCE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR THEIR OWN AND OTHER RACIAL GROUPS
Authors: Jones Sandra , Diener Edward
Published: May 2006

Ethnic preferences of black and white college students were measured using subjects' ratings of employment applications of either Afro-Americans, Asian-Americans, or Whites. Participants rated the “applicants” on items falling into three broad dimensions: inferred traits
possessed by the applicant (e.g., intelligence), personal liking for the applicant, and heterosexual attraction to the applicant. The data revealed that whites preferred white applicants and blacks preferred black applicants across all three categories. The findings were weakest in
the inferred trait category, but preference for one's own race was extremely strong in liking and heterosexual attraction categories. The present findings contradict earlier studies which suggested that blacks prefer white stimuli.
THE EFFECTS OF SENSATION SEEKING, PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS OF STIMULI, AND EXPOSURE FREQUENCY ON LIKING
Authors: Pheterson Marion , Horai Joann
Published: May 2006

Fifty-four males and 46 females who scored high or low on a sensation seeking scale were exposed to slides of physically attractive or unattractive person stimuli 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 times in the 2× 2 × 2 × 5 repeated measures design. Liking and future recognition expectancy
were positive linear functions of exposure frequency. Sensation Seeking × Stimuli interactions indicated that high sensation seekers both liked and expected to recognize the physically attractive persons in the future more than the physically unattractive persons, while low sensation
seekers did not differ on their ratings of the attractive or unattractive persons. Results were discussed in terms of Stang's learning-affect theory. the optimal stimulation approach, and the physical attractiveness stereotype.
THE EFFECT OF ATTITUDE AND STATEMENT FAVORABILITY UPON THE JUDGMENT OF ATTITUDE STATEMENTS
Authors: Corenblum B. , Corfield Vera K.
Published: May 2006

Male and female introductory psychology students who held extreme attitudes toward legalized abortion judged the favorability of attitude statements on that issue. Both Sherif's social judgment theory and Helson's adaptation-level theory suggest an inverse relationship between
judgment and subject attitude. Accentuation theory predicts that statement ratings reflect the congruency between attitude, value connotations of the rating scale, and the extremity of the attitude statements. To test these predictions, subjects judged an initial triad consisting of either
two pro or two con abortion statements plus a moderate abortion statement. The pro or con contexts were alternated over the nine trials with the moderate statement appearing in the third position. Subjects with favorable attitudes evidenced favorable judgments of the moderate and pro statements
and unfavorable judgments of the con statements. By comparison, subjects with unfavorable attitudes were less extreme in their evaluations of the attitude statements. Judgments of the statements were shown to be largely inconsistent with predictions from social judgment theory and adaptation-level
theory, but consistent with accentuation theory.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF FOUR COMPONENTS OF CREATIVITY TO LOCUS OF CONTROL
Authors: Glover John A. , Sautter Fred
Published: May 2006

The Unusual Uses subtest of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rotter Social Reaction Inventory were administered to a total population of 168 graduate students at a predominantly Black university. Internality-externality scores were used to assign students
to internal or external groups. This grouping was the independent variable, while the four measures of creativity the Unusual Uses test yields - fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality - were the dependent variables. Internals and externals were compared on each of these four measures
via t-tests. Internals were found to have significantly higher scores on the flexibility and originality measures, while the externals had significantly higher elaboration scores. No significant differences were obtained between the internal and external groups for fluency.
HELPING BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL EXCHANGE
Authors: Enzle Michael E. , Lowe Charles A.
Published: May 2006

Social exchange theory was employed to predict instigative helping behavior as a function of two types of resources available to the recipient for reciprocation (social and non-social). Prior to subjects' opportunity to help a partner through their performance on a manual dexterity
task, the conditions of a 2 × 2 factorial design were established by informing subjects that their partner would or would not later be able to (a) express the extent of her attraction toward them and (b) distribute a monetary benefit to them. The possibility of influencing reciprocation
of both types of resources produced significant increases in subjects' helping.
COMPLIANCE IN THE FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE AS A FUNCTION OF ISSUE SIMILARITY AND PERSUASION
Authors: Seligman Clive , Miller Rick , Goldberg Gwen , Gelberd Linda , Clark Nathan , Bush Malcolm
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to test two alternative explanations for the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. The involvement hypothesis predicts that agreement to a small request will lead to greater compliance with a large request only when the initial and final requests are concerned with the
same issue. The doer personality hypothesis predicts that there will be no difference in compliance with the large request between the dissimilar and similar conditions. It was found that the issue similarity variable had no effect on compliance. However, within the similar issue condition
there was a cumulative effect of persuasive message and small request.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: 1. CONSENSUAL VALIDATION
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F. , Giokas John A. , Hornstein Henry A.
Published: May 2006

Compared to control group data obtained under standard instructions, subjects asked to fake their replies to the Howarth Personality Questionnaire in the way they felt a Machiavellian (i.e., socially manipulative) individual would honestly respond scored significantly higher
on Ascendance-Dominance, Trust vs Suspicion and Impulsiveness, and significantly lower on Superego, Inferiority and Cooperativeness-Considerateness. Preliminary analysis suggests that these traits are congruent with the personality characteristics of authentic high Machs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPECTANCY OF SUCCESS AND TASK DIFFICULTY AS A FUNCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SUCCESS CRITERIA
Authors: Smith Ronald E. , Ascough James C. , Ettinger Ronald F.
Published: May 2006

Subjects made expectancy of success (Ps) statements in a dart throwing task under two success criterion conditions. In an absolute criterion condition. subjects estimated the probability of their gaining a fixed number of points on trials at increasing distances from the
target. Subjects in a relative success criterion condition estimated where they would rank in a group of 100 subjects on each trial. A significant difference in linear trends (p < 0.001) between the criterion groups was obtained, with Ps remaining relatively constant across difficulty
levels in the relative criterion condition while declining rapidly as a function of task difficulty in the absolute criterion condition. Implications regarding the generality of the expectancy variable in the Akinson-Feather motivational model are discussed.
RACE AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS AS CRITERIA FOR WHITE SUBJECTS' DATING CHOICES
Authors: Allen Bem. P.
Published: May 2006

Research involving race as a criterion for various social choices indicates that race may rival attractiveness for the determination of dating choices. This possibility was explored in two experiments involving “desirability for a date” ratings of black and white stimulus
persons who varied in attractiveness. Experiment 1 results indicated that white male and female subjects gave appreciable weight to race and attractiveness, but females gave race more weight than attractiveness, while attractiveness was given more weight than race by males. The interaction
between race and attractiveness had approximately the same form for males and females: attractive black stimulus persons were lumped together with unattractive stimulus persons.Female subjects in Experiment 2, who were informed about an opportunity to date a stimulus person of their choice
before seeing slides of stimulus persons, tended to discount attractiveness as a criterion for choices. None of these subjects were willing to accept an actual date. It was noted that race may be a stronger rival to attractiveness relative to the more abstract factors with which attractiveness
has been compared, because race, like attractiveness, is highly concrete and visible.
PREADOLESCENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO A TEST OF RESPONSES TO MORAL DILEMMAS
Authors: Smart Russell C. , Smart Mollie S.
Published: May 2006

The Cornell Parent Behavior Inventory and Moral Dilemmas Test were administered to 146 girls and 123 boys in all eleven fifth-standard class-rooms of a school in New Zealand. Factor analysis of the first test yielded two factors of similar loadings for mothers and fathers of girls and
for mothers and fathers of boys. The factors are Support and Punishment. Boys with high parental support factor scores had a higher mean score on the Moral Dilemmas Test than boys with low scores. The girls' parent perception factor scores did not relate to the Moral Dilemmas
Test.
INTRAINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN THE COORDINATION OF SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Bearison David J.
Published: May 2006

The focus of the present study is on the relationship between the ability to coordinate social perspectives and levels of anxiety induced by the social context. Following a procedure devised by Feffer, levels of perspective coordination were assessed by having subjects construct stories
based on pictures of people engaged in some form of social interaction. In addition to an initial story, subjects reconstructed stories from the perspectives of each of the pictured figures. The task was administered under two experimental conditions, a “neutral” and an “anxious”
condition. The quality of the experimental conditions was determined by independent ratings of the nature of social interaction depicted in the stimulus pictures. Results showed a relative failure to coordinate perspectives in the “anxious” compared with the “neutral”
condition and were discussed in terms of the social contextual effects on aspects of social cognitive functioning.
THE EFFECT OF ROLE-TAKING TRAINING ON ROLE-TAKING AND SOCIAL BEHAVIORS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: O'Connor Margaret
Published: May 2006

The hypotheses of this study were that role-taking training would increase (1) role-taking skills and (2) relative amount of peer interaction as compared with adult interaction. Forty-two pre-school children were subjects, selected on the basis of egocentric scores on a battery of two
spatial role-taking and two conceptual role-taking tasks. Subjects were assigned to experimental, placebo, and non-treatment control groups. Experimental and placebo subjects were observed for social interactions. Experimental intervention was a 2-month program of 24 training lessons. Placebo
subjects participated in story groups. Results were that experimental subjects increased significantly in spatial role-taking only, although changes in conceptual scores were in the predicted direction. Trend level differences in the predicted direction were found for measures of relative
preference for peer interaction.
A PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF ATTRIBUTION APPLIED TO AN ACHIEVEMENT SITUATION
Authors: Valle Valerie A. , Valle Ronald S.
Published: May 2006

A model of the attribution process based upon an observer's probability estimates is presented. Four hypotheses were tested using hypothetical achievement situations. Subjects were presented with a student's present quiz grade, the class average, and the student's average
on past quizzes. Five levels for each of these three independent variables created a 5 × 5 × 5 factorial design. The model assumed that the results of achievement behavior can be attributed either internally or externally and either stably or unstably. The dependent variables were
subjects' ratings of the level and importance of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck as possible causes for the student's present quiz grade. Three of the four hypotheses were strongly supported. The advantages and implications of this approach are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AUTHORITARIANISM AND BEHAVIOR MODELING IN PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS
Authors: Candler Ann , Goodman Gay
Published: May 2006

This study was concerned with the relationship between authoritarianism and tendencies toward behavior modeling in a population of 23 students involved in a teacher training program at the University of Houston. Of specific interest was whether or not subjects rated as highly authoritarian
demonstrate a significantly greater tendency to model neutral teaching behavior than do subjects who were rated as less authoritarian. Selected items of the Rokeach Scale of Dogmatism (D Scale) were used to measure authoritarianism. Subjects observed a videotaped model while she taught a linear
math concept, then each subject was asked to teach the same concept. A panel of five judges observed the teaching performance and rated subjects according to the degree of imitative behavior which was evidenced. A Kendall's tau was used to investigate the relationship between level of
authoritarianism and degree of imitative behavior. This procedure yielded a correlation of τ = 0.47 and a z of 2.879. These results indicated a statistically significant (p < 0.002) relationship between subjects' ratings on the authoritarian variable and their tendencies
to model the behavior of teaching experiences which they observed.
EFFECTS OF INGRATIATION, TOUCH, AND USE OF NAME ON EVALUATION OF JOB APPLICANTS AND INTERVIEWERS
Authors: Staneski Richard A. , Kleinke Chris L. , Meeker Frederick B.
Published: May 2006

Videotapes were made of male actors playing the roles of interviewers and job applicants in an interview for the position of research assistant. During the four-minute interview, interviewers either touched or did not touch the job applicants, they either used or did not use the applicants'
first names, and they were presented as being in an ingratiating or a non-ingratiating position with regard to the job applicants. The videotapes were shown to introductory psychology students (n = 90) for affective ratings of the interviewers and job applicants. Name-using interviewers
were characterized most significantly as being friendly, warm, and polite. Interviewer touching did not influence ratings of interviewers, but did have a significant effect on evaluations of job applicants. When an inter-viewer who was initially described as uninterested in a job applicant
shook the applicant's hand, the applicant was evaluated as more sincere and as liking the interviewer more, but also as less intelligent and somewhat less polite. It was concluded that behaviors of interviewers can influence perceptions of job applicants as well as perceptions of interviewers.
The attempt to manipulate interviewer ingratiation was not successful and a more effective treatment for ingratiation was suggested.
DEINDIVIDUATION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Diener Edward
Published: May 2006

Previous definitions of deindividuation are reviewed and a current conceptualization is offered. The research literature is reviewed under possible antecedents to deindividuation. It is concluded that research has failed to confirm the causal role of deindividuation in releasing antisocial
behavior. Research strategies are suggested which will help more quickly to verify or disconfirm the existence and causal role of the construct.
PERSONALITY AND DELINQUENCY: A MULTI. VARIATE EXAMINATION OF EYSENCK'S THEORY WITH SCOTTISH DELINQUENT AND NON-DELINQUENT BOYS
Authors: Forrest Russell
Published: May 2006

The Eysenck Junior P.1. questionnaire was administered to groups of institutionalized and non-institutionalized delinquents and to non-delinquents. Scores were evaluated at scale and item level by discriminant analysis. A further analysis of discriminant items produced new, empirically
validated dimensions which, reapplied to a discriminant function program, allowed examination of their relative effectiveness in the (posterior) prediction of group membership. Additional hypotheses from Eysenck's theory concerning the behavior of items with more homogeneous subgroups
within the larger delinquent sample were examined. Of 38 items discriminating delinquents from non-delinquents, 15 were found to define six discriminant factors called (i) Neuroticism/Depression; (ii) Social Adjustment/Sensitivity; (iii) Psychoticism; (iv) Impulsivity; (v) Social Extraversion;
and (vi) Delinquency/Social Non-Conformity. Two largely congruent “second order” factors were identified as Extraversion and Neuroticism. But a third second-order factor differed markedly between the two samples. Theoretical implications are discussed.
COMMENTS ON PERSONALITY AND DELINQUENCY
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: May 2006

The paper by Forrest (1977), on which this brief note is a comment, is of such high quality that I would not wish any of my remarks to be taken as criticisms of the design, execution or analysis of the study. My comments reflect rather a puzzlement over certain facts which have become
apparent in the course of the many studies carried out in the attempt to find personality correlates of delinquency. The most apparent of these is the notable difference in outcome between studies otherwise largely comparable. Thus Forrest fails to find evidence of implication for E and N
in most of his comparisons; yet, in a very similar sample, Foggitt (1974) found loadings of 0.44 for E and 0.42 for N on a general delinquency factor embracing all the major criminal activities of the sample! Of the two, E was particularly related to “destructiveness and violence”,
“frequency of violence”, and group delinquency, while N was particularly closely related to attempted suicide and vagrancy.
INTELLIGENCE AND OPINION CHANGE THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION AS A FUNCTION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVISATION AND TIME OF OPINION MEASUREMENT
Authors: Watts William A.
Published: May 2006

Improvisation demands and time of opinion measurement were varied to test the prediction that verbal intelligence would facilitate opinion change through active participation (essay writing), compared with passively reading messages, only when a high degree of improvisation is required.
Each of 79 subjects participated in one of the following conditions: total improvisation, partial improvisation (where the subjects were given three basic points to develop in their arguments), and reading persuasive communications. Opinion was measured both immediately and two weeks after
the experimental treatments. The prediction was confirmed by the fact that a significant interaction effect was obtained at each time of measurement between verbal ability and those methods of opinion change involving total improvisation and reading standard messages, with intelligence facilitating
opinion change in the former and inhibiting it in the latter condition. Under conditions of partial improvisation, the effect of verbal ability not only washed out, but actually reversed in direction, although this trend was not significant.
THE EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SIGNATURE SIZE
Authors: Zweigenhaft Richard L.
Published: May 2006

This paper is a summary of a series of studies which have related signature size to various situational and personological attributes. In general, these studies have produced a consistent set of findings, all pointing to a positive relationship between the size of one's signature
and one's status, one's self-esteem, and even one's temporary feelings of success or failure. These findings are somewhat surprising when one considers the frequency and routineness with which we sign our names. As such, the signature represents an unobtrusive expressive movement,
evidence not only of what John Doe's name is, but also of John Doe's status, and how he feels about himself.
THE EFFECT OF MODELING AND LENGTH OF OWNERSHIP ON SHARING BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN
Authors: Canale Joseph R.
Published: May 2006

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of two independent variables, namely, observing a model share versus not observing a model share and long versus short possession time of the item to be shared, on the sharing behavior of children. Four groups, representing each
possible treatment condition, were formed with 15 five- and six-year-old children in each. The results indicated that both observing a model share and longer ownership of the item facilitated sharing in these children, although the latter was originally hypothesized to retard sharing.