bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutronen machen Wasserstofftransport und Gasbildung in Ni‐Metallhydrid‐Batterien sichtbar
Authors: Nikolic Marin , Cesarini Alessia , Billeter Emanuel , Weyand Fabian , Trtik Pavel , Strobl Markus , Borgschulte Andreas
Published: September 2023

Effizienzverluste aufgrund von Nebenreaktionen sind eine der größten Herausforderungen bei der Batterieentwicklung. Obwohl Standardanalysen wertvolle Erkenntnisse liefern, können die Ergebnisse beruhend auf einzelnen Komponenten nicht einfach auf das gesamte Betriebssystem extrapoliert werden. Daher sind zerstörungsfreie und Ortshochauflösende Ansätze gefragt, die die Untersuchung des gesamten Systems ermöglichen. In dieser Arbeit haben wir die Neutronenradiographie und ‐tomographie kombiniert mit der elektrischen Überwachung des Ladezustands handelsüblicher Ni‐Mischmetallhydrid‐Batterien, um den Austausch und Transport von Wasserstoff unter Betriebsbedingungen zu verfolgen. Dieser zerstörungsfreie Ansatz ermöglicht sowohl die Quantifizierung der Wasserstoffverteilung in den Elektroden in 4D als auch die Unterscheidung zwischen dem elektrochemisch ausgetauschten Wasserstoff und dem durch Nebenreaktionen erzeugten Wasserstoffgas in Abhängigkeit vom angelegten elektrischen Potenzial und Strom. Eine der kontraintuitivsten Beobachtungen ist, dass die Erzeugung von Wasserstoffgas während der Entladung vom Ladezustand der Batterie abhängt. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse liefern neue Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die die elektrochemischen Prozesse während des Betriebs von Ni‐Mischmetallhydrid‐Batterien steuern, und ebnen auch den Weg für die Anwendung dieser Methode zur Untersuchung von Li‐Ionen‐Batterien.
Varying the Stiffness and Diffusivity of Rod‐Shaped Microgels Independently through Their Molecular Building Blocks
Authors: Kittel Yonca , Guerzoni Luis P. B. , Itzin Carolina , Rommel Dirk , Mork Matthias , Bastard Céline , Häßel Bernhard , Omidinia‐Anarkoli Abdolrahman , Centeno Silvia P. , Haraszti Tamás , Kim Kyoohyun , Guck Jochen , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , De Laporte Laura
Published: September 2023

Microgels are water‐swollen, crosslinked polymers that are widely used as colloidal building blocks in scaffold materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Microgels can be controlled in their stiffness, degree of swelling, and mesh size depending on their polymer architecture, crosslink density, and fabrication method—all of which influence their function and interaction with the environment. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of how the polymer composition influences the internal structure of soft microgels and how this morphology affects specific biomedical applications. In this report, we systematically vary the architecture and molar mass of polyethylene glycol‐acrylate (PEG‐Ac) precursors, as well as their concentration and combination, to gain insight in the different parameters that affect the internal structure of rod‐shaped microgels. We characterize the mechanical properties and diffusivity, as well as the conversion of acrylate groups during photopolymerization, in both bulk hydrogels and microgels produced from the PEG‐Ac precursors. Furthermore, we investigate cell‐microgel interaction, and we observe improved cell spreading on microgels with more accessible RGD peptide and with a stiffness in a range of 20 kPa to 50 kPa lead to better cell growth.
High‐Performance Alkaline Seawater Electrolysis with Anomalous Chloride Promoted Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Hao , Shen Wei , Jin Huanyu , Xu Jun , Xi Pinxian , Dong Juncai , Zheng Yao , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: September 2023

A highly selective and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst is the bottleneck for direct seawater splitting because of side reactions primarily caused by chloride ions (Cl−). Most studies about OER catalysts in seawater focus on the repulsion of the Cl− to reduce its negative effects. Herein, we demonstrate that the absorption of Cl− on the specific site of a popular OER electrocatalyst, nickel‐iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH), does not have a significant negative impact; rather, it is beneficial for its activity and stability enhancement in natural seawater. A set of in situ characterization techniques reveals that the adsorption of Cl− on the desired Fe site suppresses Fe leaching, and creates more OER‐active Ni sites, improving the catalyst's long‐term stability and activity simultaneously. Therefore, we achieve direct alkaline seawater electrolysis for the very first time on a commercial‐scale alkaline electrolyser (AE, 120 cm2 electrode area) using the NiFe LDH anode. The new alkaline seawater electrolyser exhibits a reduction in electricity consumption by 20.7 % compared to the alkaline purified water‐based AE using commercial Ni catalyst, achieving excellent durability for 100 h at 200 mA cm−2.
Pd Loaded NiCo Hydroxides for Biomass Electrooxidation: Understanding the Synergistic Effect of Proton Deintercalation and Adsorption Kinetics
Authors: Liu Guihao , Nie Tianqi , Song Ziheng , Sun Xiaoliang , Shen Tianyang , Bai Sha , Zheng Lirong , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: September 2023

The key issue in the 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation reaction (HMFOR) is to understand the synergistic mechanism involving the protons deintercalation of catalyst and the adsorption of the substrate. In this study, a Pd/NiCo catalyst was fabricated by modifying Pd clusters onto a Co‐doped Ni(OH)2 support, in which the introduction of Co induced lattice distortion and optimized the energy band structure of Ni sites, while the Pd clusters with an average size of 1.96 nm exhibited electronic interactions with NiCo support, resulting in electron transfer from Pd to Ni sites. The resulting Pd/NiCo exhibited low onset potential of 1.32 V and achieved a current density of 50 mA/cm2 at only 1.38 V. Compared to unmodified Ni(OH)2, the Pd/NiCo achieved an 8.3‐fold increase in peak current density. DFT calculations and in situ XAFS revealed that the Co sites affected the conformation and band structure of neighboring Ni sites through CoO6 octahedral distortion, reducing the proton deintercalation potential of Pd/NiCo and promoting the production of Ni3+−O active species accordingly. The involvement of Pd decreased the electronic transfer impedance, and thereby accelerated Ni3+−O formation. Moreover, the Pd clusters enhanced the adsorption of HMF through orbital hybridization, kinetically promoting the contact and reaction of HMF with Ni3+−O.
Work‐Function‐Induced Interfacial Electron/Ion Transport in Carbon Hosts toward Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Feng Yu‐Shuai , Li Yun‐Nuo , Wang Pei , Guo Zai‐Ping , Cao Fei‐Fei , Ye Huan
Published: September 2023

Coupled electron/ion transport is a decisive feature of Li plating/stripping, wherein the compatibility of electron/ion transport rates determines the morphology of deposited Li. Local Li+ hotspots form due to inhomogeneous interfacial charge transfer and lead to uncontrolled Li deposition, which decreases the Li utilization rate and safety of Li metal anodes. Herein, we report a method to obtain dendrite‐free Li metal anodes by driving electron pumping and accumulating and boosting Li ion diffusion by tuning the work function of a carbon host using cobalt‐containing catalysts. The results reveal that increasing the work function provides an electron deviation from C to Co, and electron‐rich Co shows favorable binding to Li+. The Co catalysts boost Li+ diffusion on the carbon fiber scaffolds without local aggregation by reducing the Li+ migration barrier. The as‐obtained dendrite‐free Li metal anode exhibits a Coulombic efficiency of 99.0 %, a cycle life of over 2000 h, a Li utilization rate of 50 %, and a capacity retention of 83.4 % after 130 cycles in pouch cells at a negative/positive capacity ratio of 2.5. These findings provide a novel strategy to stabilize Li metal by regulating the work function of materials using electrocatalysts.
Adaptive neural network control of multiple‐sectioned flexible riser with time‐varying output constraint and input nonlinearity
Authors: Liu Fengjiao , Yao Xiangqian , Liu Yu
Published: September 2023

In this paper, an adaptive neural network controller is proposed for vibration suppression of a multisectional riser system with unknown boundary disturbance, time‐varying asymmetric output constraint, and input nonlinearity. The considered riser system is composed of a continuous connection of several different pipes, and its dynamic models are represented by a set of multiple continuously connected partial differential equations (PDEs) and an ordinary differential equation (ODE) at the top boundary. Considering input nonlinearity, external disturbance, and system uncertainty, radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are adopted to eliminate the effect of these uncertain terms. Besides, a barrier Lyapunov function is employed to guarantee the restrictions. With the proposed boundary control, the stability of the closed‐loop system is proved and simulations are given to illustrate the well performance of the proposed control strategy.
Verformungsverhalten von R‐Beton mit 100 % rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung
Authors: Eßer Angelika , Vievers Yannick , Johansen Roman
Published: September 2023

Durch die Verwendung von Abbruchmaterial in Form von Beton‐ oder Mauerwerksbruch als Gesteinskörnung im Beton lassen sich zum einen enorme Mengen des anfallenden Bauschutts wiederverwenden, sodass eine Entsorgung für diese Stoffströme nicht erforderlich ist. Zum anderen lassen sich Primärrohstoffe für die Herstellung von Betonbauteilen einsparen, wodurch der weltweiten Verknappung von Sand und Kies effektiv entgegengewirkt wird. In den letzten Jahren wurden die (verfahrens‐)technischen Methoden zur Aufbereitung solcher Abbruchmaterialien stetig weiterentwickelt und das Angebot an rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung ist noch lange nicht erschöpft. In Deutschland werden durch normative Regelungen die Anwendungsbereiche von ressourcenschonendem Beton (R‐Beton) festgelegt und die Rezyklatmengen in Abhängigkeit von der Expositionsklasse auf maximal 45 % der groben Gesteinskörnung begrenzt. Mithilfe dieser Studie wird das Verformungsverhalten von R‐Betonen mit 100 % Rezyklat näher charakterisiert.
Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy approach to the emotional regulation effect of drawing: Venting versus distraction
Authors: Zhang Xinlei , Yan Wenhua , Xu Cheng , Yang Aiping , Shen Zihan , Guo Xinwei
Published: September 2023

Background

Drawing can regulate emotions through venting or distraction. Distraction is more helpful for short‐term emotion recovery; however, the sustainability of this difference is yet to be clarified. This study used functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore potential differences between venting and distraction.

Methods

A total of 44 college students participated in the experiment. After inducing fear by video, they were divided into two groups: The venting group drew their emotional experience, and the distraction group drew a house. Subsequently, the participants were instructed to relax by a brief video.

Results

Although the distraction group had a higher valence than the venting group at the end of the drawing activity, there was no difference between the two groups after a relaxation period. Additionally, the activation pattern of the prefrontal cortex differed between the two groups. Compared to the distraction group, the venting group had fewer channels with elevated prefrontal activity during drawing, suggesting less cognitive control, and had more channels with reduced prefrontal activity during relaxation, suggesting a higher level of relaxation. Drawing coding and fNIRS data were both associated with variations in valence.

Conclusion

The less the cognitive control over emotion and the more free the expression of emotion during drawing, the higher the increase in valence; inversely, the more the cognitive control over emotion and the less free the expression of emotion, the lower the increase in valence.
Potential Applications of Ionic Liquids in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
Authors: Munir Nadia , Awang Raja Azman , Muhammad Nawshad , Ismail Noor Huda , Khan Abdul Samad , Inayat Naveed
Published: September 2023

Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as potential solvents in dentistry has increased. Dental polymers use ionic liquids as solvents, plasticizers, surfactants, and disinfectants. Additionally, they possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. This review aimed to evaluate the potential of task‐specific liquids in dental applications. Methodology: The Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched electronically for studies published between May 2013 and May 2022. Relevant publications were retrieved, evaluated, and organized for data compilation. Results and conclusion: The inclusion of ILs in dental cement, resin composites, or surface modifiers on dental implants could lead to the development of novel procedures in dentistry. The influence on the durability, structural rigidity, and other physical and mechanical properties of dental materials is profound. Additionally, they have attracted the attention of dental researchers worldwide as potent antimicrobial agent. However, further research is required to determine the effects of ILs on biosafety of host cells and mechanical properties of dental materials.
Methodologies of Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water Using Various Waste Materials: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Jamkar Subhadra , Tripathy Arpita , Mallik Sandipan , Pal Dipankar
Published: September 2023

The contamination of water with heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead, and cobalt presents a pressing and formidable challenge for numerous countries. The surge in industrial activities has exacerbated the pollution of freshwater sources, resulting in an alarming escalation of toxic metal concentrations in lakes, rivers, and underground water reservoirs. Consequently, millions of individuals in developing nations face significant health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. Compounding this issue is the limited accessibility to advanced water treatment methods, intensifying the gravity of the situation. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to investigating low‐cost adsorbents derived from waste materials. It has been observed that the complete removal of heavy metals can be obtained using waste materials like eggshells, neem leaves, red mud, and black tea waste. The objective is to enhance the efficacy of heavy metal removal from water by employing modified waste materials as effective adsorbents. In this comprehensive review, concise and in‐depth information about the utilization of readily available waste materials is provided, including black tea waste, fruit peels, vegetable peels, sawdust, and other similar resources. This review emphasizes the kinetics and mechanisms involved in removing heavy metals. Additionally, the factors that impact the efficiency and extent of heavy metal removal in different waste materials have also been discussed.
Enhanced Cr(VI) Photocatalysis Reduction by Layered N‐doped TiO2 Sheets from Template Free Solvothermal Method
Authors: Zhang Xinyi , Yang Jingxia , Wang Jinjie
Published: September 2023

Layered TiO2 sheets with high Cr(VI) photoreduction ability were prepared by template free solvothermal method using ethylene glycol (EG) as structure directing agent. EG linking function in the layered TiO2 structure were confirmed by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XPS and so on. Moreover, the obtained large sized TiO2 (20~50 μm in length, about 5~10 μm in width) were assembled by N‐doped TiO2 thin sheets with about 1.2 nm gap in between, resulting in very high surface area (327.5 m2/g) and abundant Ti3+ sites for Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction. This structure can not only have good performance during Cr(VI) photocatalysis reduction application (Cr(VI) removal rate: 0.84 mg*g−1*min−1), but also endow the material with good cycle ability.
Systematic engineering of BiVO4 photoanode for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation
Authors: Liang Zhiting , Li Meng , Ye Kai‐Hang , Tang Tongxin , Lin Zhan , Zheng Yuying , Huang Yongchao , Ji Hongbing , Zhang Shanqing
Published: September 2023

BiVO4 is one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar energy conversion, but it still suffers from poor photocurrent density due to insufficient light‐harvesting efficiency (LHE), weak photogenerated charge separation efficiency (ΦSep), and low water oxidation efficiency (ΦOX). Herein, we tackle these challenges of the BiVO4 photoanodes using systematic engineering, including catalysis engineering, bandgap engineering, and morphology engineering. In particular, we deposit a NiCoOx layer onto the BiVO4 photoanode as the oxygen evolution catalyst to enhance the ΦOX of Fe‐g‐C3N4/BiVO4 for PEC water oxidation, and incorporate Fe‐doped graphite‐phase C3N4 (Fe‐g‐C3N4) into the BiVO4 photoanode to optimize the bandgap and surface areas to subsequently expand the light absorption range of the photoanode from 530 to 690 nm, increase the LHE and ΦSep, and further improve the oxygen evolution reaction activity of the NiCoOx catalytic layer. Consequently, the maximum photocurrent density of the as‐prepared NiCoOx/Fe‐g‐C3N4/BiVO4 is remarkably boosted from 4.6 to 7.4 mA cm−2. This work suggests that the proposed systematic engineering strategy is exceptionally promising for improving LHE, ΦSep, and ΦOX of BiVO4‐based photoanodes, which will substantially benefit the design, preparation, and large‐scale application of next‐generation high‐performance photoanodes.
Symmetrical and Mixed Tris(acyl)phosphines: Synthesis, Oxidation and Photochemistry
Authors: Wiesner Tanja , Neshchadin Dmytro , Glotz Gabriel , Gfader Zeno , Schrader Erik , Christen Samuel , Fischer Roland C. , Kelterer Anne‐Marie , Gescheidt Georg , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Haas Michael
Published: September 2023

Herein, we present a convenient synthesis for symmetrical and mixed substituted tris(acyl)phosphines (TAPs) starting from red phosphorus. All TAPs exhibit a phosphaalkene‐acylphosphine equilibrium, which was investigated in detail by variable‐temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy supported by density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations. Depending on the substituents, two phosphaalkene derivatives and ten acylphosphine derivatives could be isolated. NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography enabled a clear structural assignment of these compounds. Oxidation of selected TAPs led to the formation of the corresponding tris(acyl)phosphine oxides (TAPOs). Furthermore, their spectroscopic properties as well as their photochemistry was investigated. Especially, the TAPO compounds were evaluated for their suitability as photoinitiators by CIDNP spectroscopy, photobleaching measurements and by storage stability tests.
Concise Synthesis of (±)‐Fortuneicyclidins and (±)‐Cephalotine B Enabled by Pd‐Catalyzed Dearomative Spirocyclization**
Authors: Uwabe Yota , Muto Kei , Yamaguchi Junichiro
Published: September 2023

Total syntheses of C11‐oxygenated Cephalotaxus alkaloids, fortuneicyclidins A and B, and cephalotine B, were achieved. The key for the synthesis is a Pd‐catalyzed dearomative spirocyclization of bromofurans with N‐tosylhydrazones, followed by acid‐mediated tandem transformation to construct the tetracyclic skeleton with the C11‐oxygen functional group. Chemo‐selective and catalytic functional group conversions of the tetracyclic intermediate completed the synthesis of fortuneicyclidins and cephalotine B in 8 and 9 steps, respectively.
Immunological Exploration of Helicobacter pylori Serotype O2 O‐Antigen by Using a Synthetic Glycan Library
Authors: Zhao Ming , Tian Guangzong , Qin Chunjun , Zou Xiaopeng , Seeberger Peter H. , Hu Jing , Yin Jian
Published: September 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a threat to human health. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O‐antigen holds promise for developing vaccines. It is meaningful to explore the immunological activity of oligosaccharides with different lengths and frameshifts for antigen development. Herein, a glycan library of H. pylori O2 O‐antigen containing eight fragments is constructed. After screening with anti‐H. pylori O2 LPS sera and patients’ sera by glycan microarray, the disaccharide HPO2G‐2b and trisaccharide HPO2G‐3a show strong antigenicity and then are separately conjugated with carrier protein CRM197. Both glycoconjugates elicit a robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) immune response in rabbits. The anti‐HPO2G‐3a IgG antibodies possess a much stronger binding affinity with the LPS and bacteria of H. pylori O2 than the anti‐HPO2G‐2b IgG antibodies. There is no cross‐reaction between both sera IgG antibodies with LPS and bacteria of H. pylori O1, O6, and E. coli. The results demonstrate the trisaccharide HPO2G‐3a is a promising candidate for H. pylori vaccine development.
Assessing individual variability of the entorhinal subfields in health and disease
Authors: Oltmer Jan , Greve Douglas N. , Cerri Stefano , Slepneva Natalya , Llamas‐Rodríguez Josue , Iglesias Juan Eugenio , Van Leemput Koen , Champion Samantha N. , Frosch Matthew P. , Augustinack Jean C.
Published: September 2023

Investigating interindividual variability is a major field of interest in neuroscience. The entorhinal cortex (EC) is essential for memory and affected early in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We combined histology ground‐truth data with ultrahigh‐resolution 7T ex vivo MRI to analyze EC interindividual variability in 3D. Further, we characterized (1) entorhinal shape as a whole, (2) entorhinal subfield range and midpoints, and (3) subfield architectural location and tau burden derived from 3D probability maps. Our results indicated that EC shape varied but was not related to demographic or disease factors at this preclinical stage. The medial intermediate subfield showed the highest degree of location variability in the probability maps. However, individual subfields did not display the same level of variability across dimensions and outcome measure, each providing a different perspective. For example, the olfactory subfield showed low variability in midpoint location in the superior–inferior dimension but high variability in anterior–posterior, and the subfield entorhinal intermediate showed a large variability in volumetric measures but a low variability in location derived from the 3D probability maps. These findings suggest that interindividual variability within the entorhinal subfields requires a 3D approach incorporating multiple outcome measures. This study provides 3D probability maps of the individual entorhinal subfields and respective tau pathology in the preclinical stage (Braak I and II) of AD. These probability maps illustrate the subfield average and may serve as a checkpoint for future modeling.
A comprehensive modeling approach for the task mapping problem in heterogeneous systems with dataflow processing units
Authors: Wilhelm Martin , Geppert Hanna , Drewes Anna , Pionteck Thilo
Published: September 2023

We introduce a new model for the task mapping problem to aid in the systematic design of algorithms for heterogeneous systems including, but not limited to, CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs. A special focus is set on the communication between the devices, its influence on parallel execution, as well as on device‐specific differences regarding parallelizability and streamability. We give a comprehensive description on how a given task mapping can be abstractly evaluated including mappings to dataflow‐based hardware accelerators. We show how this model can be utilized in different system design phases and present two novel mixed‐integer linear programs to demonstrate the usage of the model, showing significant improvements compared to pure CPU mapping for randomly generated task graphs. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first ILP for task mapping that considers pipelining effects when streaming tasks on an FPGA.
A Primer for Research Scientists on Assessing Mouse Gross and Histopathology Images in the Biomedical Literature
Authors: Gifford Andrew J.
Published: September 2023

Advances in genomic technologies have enabled the development of abundant mouse models of human disease, requiring accurate phenotyping to elucidate the consequences of genetic manipulation. Anatomic pathology, an important component of the mouse phenotyping pipeline, is ideally performed by human or veterinary pathologists; however, due to insufficient numbers of pathologists qualified to assess these mouse models morphologically, research scientists may perform “do‐it‐yourself” pathology, resulting in diagnostic error. In the biomedical literature, pathology data is commonly presented as images of tissue sections, stained with either hematoxylin and eosin or antibodies via immunohistochemistry, accompanied by a figure legend. Data presented in such images and figure legends may contain inaccuracies. Furthermore, there is limited guidance for non‐pathologist research scientists concerning the elements required in an ideal pathology image and figure legend in a research publication. In this overview, the components of an ideal pathology image and figure legend are outlined and comprise image quality, image composition, and image interpretation. Background knowledge is important for producing accurate pathology images and critically assessing these images in the literature. This foundational knowledge includes understanding relevant human and mouse anatomy and histology and, for cancer researchers, an understanding of human and mouse tumor classification and morphology, mouse stain background lesions, and tissue processing artifacts. Accurate interpretation of immunohistochemistry is also vitally important and is detailed with emphasis on the requirement for tissue controls and the distribution, intensity, and intracellular location of staining. Common pitfalls in immunohistochemistry interpretation are outlined, and a checklist of questions is provided by which any pathology image may be critically examined. Collaboration with pathologist colleagues is encouraged. This overview aims to equip researchers to critically assess the quality and accuracy of pathology images in the literature to improve the reliability and reproducibility of published pathology data. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Autoimmune uveitis in Behçet's disease and Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease differ in tissue immune infiltration and T cell clonality
Authors: Kang Hao , Sun Hongjian , Yang Yang , Tuong Zewen K , Shu Minglei , Wei Yunbo , Zhang Yu , Yu Di , Tao Yong
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Non‐infectious uveitis is often secondary to systemic autoimmune diseases, with Behçet's disease (BD) and Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease (VKHD) as the two most common causes. Uveitis in BD and VKHD can show similar clinical manifestations, but the underlying immunopathogenesis remains unclear.

Methods

To understand immune landscapes in inflammatory eye tissues, we performed single‐cell RNA paired with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of immune cell infiltrates in aqueous humour from six patients with BD (N = 3) and VKHD (N = 3) uveitis patients.

Results

Although T cells strongly infiltrated in both types of autoimmune uveitis, myeloid cells only significantly presented in BD uveitis but not in VKHD uveitis. Conversely, VKHD uveitis but not BD uveitis showed an overwhelming dominance by CD4+ T cells (> 80%) within the T cell population due to expansion of CD4+ T cell clusters with effector memory (Tem) phenotypes. Correspondingly, VKHD uveitis demonstrated a selective expansion of CD4+ T cell clones which were enriched in pro‐inflammatory Granzyme H+ CD4+ Tem cluster and showed TCR and Th1 pathway activation. In contrast, BD uveitis showed a preferential expansion of CD8+ T cell clones in pro‐inflammatory Granzyme H+ CD8+ Tem cluster, and pathway activation for cytoskeleton remodelling, cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

Single‐cell analyses of ocular tissues reveal distinct landscapes of immune cell infiltration and T‐cell clonal expansions between VKHD and BD uveitis. Preferential involvements of pro‐inflammatory CD4+ Th1 cells in VKHD and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in BD suggest a difference in disease immunopathogenesis and can guide precision disease management.
Challenges of clinical translation from single‐cell sequencing to measures in clinical biochemistry of haematology: Definition of immune cell identities
Authors: Liu Xuanqi , Wang Diane C. , Powell Charles A. , Wang Xiangdong
Published: September 2023

Peripheral immune cells play important roles in the maintenance of systemic and microenvironmental hemostasis. Measurements of circulating blood cells by single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) were proposed as one of the routine measures in clinical biochemistry of hematology. Out of translational challenges, defining precise identities of cell subsets and states is more difficult, due to the complexity of immune cell development, location, regulation, function, and metabolism. It is also a challenge to precisely interpret clinical significance and impact of each cell identity marker gene panel (ciMGPs). ciMGPs have potential to advance the understanding of systemic responses of the disease, identify disease‐specific biomarkers, and to define cell heterogeneity. Recently, a large number of peripheral cell subsets and expending/activating states have been identified and validated for use in the fast developments in clinical single cell biomedicine. Defining specificity, measurability, and repeatability of cell subsets/states is important for translation of peripheral scRNA‐seq in clinical hematology and biochemistry. The development of standard operating procedure and performance of clinical trials in large populations at various ages, diseases, and therapies will promote the clinical translation of ciMGPs to measures. Thus, defining cell subset/state identities will provide the multi‐dimensional and comprehensive readouts of systemic immune cells, the precision monitoring of immune dynamics, and deeper‐understanding of the disease and response to therapy.
The new 222‐nm far ultraviolet‐C lowers bacterial contamination to endoscopists during esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Authors: Fukutoku Yukari , Kikuchi Hidezumi , Hoshi Kentaro , Narita Kouji , Asari Taka , Miyazawa Kuniaki , Sawada Yohei , Hayamizu Shiro , Tatsuta Tetsuya , Oota Shinji , Hasui Keisuke , Hiraga Hiroto , Chinda Daisuke , Mikami Tatsuya , Subsomwong Phawinee , Asano Krisana , Yamane Kyosuke , Ogawa Yoshimasa , Sasaki Masahiro , Koi Toru , Ohashi Hiroyuki , Nakane Akio , Sakuraba Hirotake
Published: September 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify the disinfectant efficacy of the 222‐nm far ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) during esophagogastroduodenoscopy using bacterial cultures.

Methods

The endoscopists performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy wearing a gown with a tryptic soy agar medium plate on their epigastric region and were divided into two groups: 222‐nm far UV‐C irradiation (UV group) and non‐UV irradiation (non‐UV group). As a control group, tryptic soy agar medium plates were placed about 110 cm above the floor. The incidence of bacterial contamination was determined by positive bacterial culture. The cultured bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, the actual UV exposure dose was measured using the UV‐indicator card which changed colors upon exposure to 222 nm far UV‐C.

Results

The bacterial culture positivity in the UV group (5.03%) was significantly lower than that in the non‐UV group (25.76%), p < 0.0001. Most of the bacteria identified in the UV and non‐UV groups were normal constituents of the oral flora, including Streptococcus salivarius and Staphylococci. Conversely, pathogenic microbes were found in the control group. The actual exposure doses of 222‐nm far UV‐C at the endoscopists’ face, neck, and epigastric region were 2.09 ± 0.29, 5.89 ± 0.49, and 7.36 ± 0.58 mJ/cm2, respectively.

Conclusions

The 222‐nm far UV‐C irradiation reduced bacterial contamination for endoscopists. It can be used with conventional physical coverings to provide more effective infection control.
Perforation of pancreatic pseudocyst diagnosed with endoscopy and treated with percutaneous drainage
Authors: Koseki Mako , Hashimoto Yusuke
Published: September 2023

Perforation is a rare but fatal complication of pancreatic pseudocysts. It is generally diagnosed by computed tomography imaging with hemorrhagic ascites and pneumoperitoneum. Traditionally, surgery was the mainstream for treating this critical state. Recently, alternative therapies have also been deemed useful. Herein, we describe the case of a 54‐year‐old with perforation of pancreatic pseudocyst which was confirmed by endoscopy, and managed by endoscopic and percutaneous drainage. The patient was initially referred to our hospital for treatment of a pancreatic pseudocyst with hemorrhagic ascites and underwent endoscopic ultrasonographic‐guided stent placement. The next day, imaging demonstrated pneumoperitoneum and worsening ascites consistent with perforation, and the patient was treated conservatively. One week later, the patient developed severe abdominal pain. Endoscopy showed a large perforation site inside the pseudocyst connected to a large fluid collection and direct visualization inside the pseudocyst and fluid collection. The fluid collection was treated with percutaneous drainage, and the patient was discharged one week later with no complications.
Access to Electron‐Rich Dibenzofurans through NBu4OAc‐Mediated Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Power Mark , Mackey Katrina , Light Mark E. , Jones David J. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: September 2023

Dibenzofuran and its derivatives are ubiquitous and important medicinal and natural products. Many contain electron‐rich aryl rings. Forming the key intramolecular Ar−Ar bond using traditional cross‐coupling is difficult. The C−H functionalisation (C−H activation) approach is, in principle, far more useful. However, we previously found that the well‐established conditions, which promote C−H functionalisation through Concerted Metalation‐Deprotonation (CMD), proved unsatisfactory. Herein, we report a Pd‐catalysed C−H functionalisation protocol that works with electron‐rich arenes. We use tetrabutylammonium acetate (NBu4OAc), which we suspect can act as base, ligand and solvent, rendering this protocol a simple and efficient route to electron‐rich dibenzofurans.
Isotherm and kinetic studies for sorption of Cr(VI) onto Prosopis cineraria leaf powder: A comparison of linear and non‐linear regression analysis
Authors: Singh Mohini , Rayaz Mohd. , Arti R.
Published: September 2023

This research investigated the utilization of Prosopis cineraria leaf powder (PCLP) as biosorbent in the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto PCLP after 2 h was 10.283 mg g−1 under optimum conditions: initial concentration 10 mg L−1, pH 5, dose 0.4 g L−1 and temperature at 293 K. For equilibrium modeling, two‐parameters (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin) and three parameters (Redlich‐Peterson, Sips and Toth) isotherm models were used to fit the equilibrium data. Kinetic modeling was performed using Lagergren pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Elovich, Weber‐Morris intraparticle diffusion, and Bangham's model. Both linear and nonlinear regression were compared coupled with several error functions to determine the best fit and model parameters were evaluated. The results revealed that nonlinear method best explain the experimental data revealing Temkin (R2 = 0.9938) and pseuso‐second‐order (R2 = 0.9935) models as the best‐fitted models with lower error functions. Therefore, the present investigation convinced that PCLP could be used as cost effective, efficient and eco‐friendly biosorbent to reduce Cr(VI) concentration in aqueous solution.
Abolition of seizures following Forel‐H‐tomy for drug‐resistant epilepsy: A case report
Authors: Horisawa Shiro , Miyao Satoru , Hori Tomokatsu , Kim Kilsoo , Kawamata Takakazu , Taira Takaomi
Published: September 2023

A 62‐year‐old female experienced an extensive cerebral contusion in the left frontotemporal lobe due to an acute subdural hematoma at the age of 44 years. Six months after the injury, the patient developed epileptic seizures. The seizures were generalized with right cervical rotation and fencing posture. Despite prescriptions for four antiepileptic drugs, partial seizures occurred several times a month and focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures once every 2 months. Video‐electroencephalography showed epileptic discharges in the left frontal lobe. The patient was subsequently referred to our department for palliative surgery. The patient underwent a left Forel‐H‐tomy. The prescription of antiepileptic drugs was not changed, and the patient was seizure free for 1 year. Forel‐H‐tomy, a surgical procedure for intractable epilepsy, was pioneered by Dennosuke Jinnai. Despite its previously reported remarkable efficacy, Forel‐H‐tomy has not been performed for several decades. Nevertheless, it remains a potential alternative treatment option for drug‐resistant epilepsy.
Accelerated solutions of convection‐dominated partial differential equations using implicit feature tracking and empirical quadrature
Authors: Mirhoseini Marzieh Alireza , Zahr Matthew J.
Published: September 2023

This work introduces an empirical quadrature‐based hyperreduction procedure and greedy training algorithm to effectively reduce the computational cost of solving convection‐dominated problems with limited training. The proposed approach circumvents the slowly decaying ‐width limitation of linear model reduction techniques applied to convection‐dominated problems by using a nonlinear approximation manifold systematically defined by composing a low‐dimensional affine space with bijections of the underlying domain. The reduced‐order model is defined as the solution of a residual minimization problem over the nonlinear manifold. An online‐efficient method is obtained by using empirical quadrature to approximate the optimality system such that it can be solved with mesh‐independent operations. The proposed reduced‐order model is trained using a greedy procedure to systematically sample the parameter domain. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on two shock‐dominated computational fluid dynamics benchmarks.
Construction of the Caroline Ridge uppermost basement in the West Pacific: Implications from intrabasement seismic reflectors
Authors: Zhang Zhengyi , Dong Dongdong , Li Sanzhong , Wang Xiujuan , Zhang Guangxu , Fan Jianke , Li Cuilin
Published: September 2023

The construction model of the Caroline Ridge uppermost basement is still unresolved, requiring more inference from limited geophysical observational data. Here, we systematically reveal intrabasement seismic reflectors of volcanic sequences within the rifted and subsidence domains of the Caroline Ridge. Extrusive centres and three types of intrabasement reflectors, that is, relatively horizontal, ridgeward‐dipping and folded reflectors, have been identified. Extrusive centres in the rifted domain are characterized by domal shapes and produce sub‐parallel stratified intrabasement reflectors within the conduits that connect with the relatively horizontal reflectors distributed on both sides of the basement highs. Intrabasement reflectors display increasing dip angles away from the extrusive centre and present ridgeward‐dipping reflectors but not troughward‐dipping reflectors in subsidence domain 1, suggesting a brittle deformation process. Layered intrabasement reflectors are developed within subsidence domain 2 but display folded and mounded morphologies, suggesting a ductile deformation process. We propose that the Caroline Ridge formation was supported by discrete extrusive centres, and the uppermost basement construction model has experienced stages of transition from brittle deformation to ductile deformation, which can provide new clues for the early‐stage crustal evolution of global oceanic plateaus.
Two Continuums Collide: Accreditation and Assessment
Authors: Lubinescu Edward S. , Ratcliff James L. , Gaffney Maureen A.
Published: September 2023

Much has been written of accreditation and assessment, yet many college faculty and administrators lack a basic understanding of what they are, how they operate, how they came about, and how they relate.
Creating Your Reflection Map
Authors: Eyler Janet
Published: September 2023

A systematic approach to encouraging reflection can help students get the most out of service‐learning courses.
Cultural proximity and cross‐border banking flows
Authors: Thang Doan Ngoc
Published: September 2023

This paper disentangles the impacts of cultural proximity on cross‐border banking flows, using large country‐pair data from 1996 to 2019. On applying the gravity model with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator, our main findings show that cultural proximity is both a push and pull factor, which robustly anticipates increased outflows (cross‐border lending) and inflows (cross‐border borrowing). The impacts of cultural proximity are transmitted throughout the information asymmetry and cost reduction channels. These impacts become pronounced for geographically proximate country pairs and hold for a different measure of cultural goods taxonomy and for controlling the endogeneity problem.
Suitability of different reconstructed human skin models in the skin and liver Chip2 microphysiological model to investigate the kinetics and first‐pass skin metabolism of the hair dye, 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxytoluene
Authors: Brandmair Katrin , Tao Thi‐Phuong , Gerlach Silke , Przibilla Julia , Schepky Andreas , Marx Uwe , Hewitt Nicola J. , Kühnl Jochen , Maschmeyer Ilka
Published: September 2023

The HUMIMIC skin‐liver Chip2 microphysiological systems model using the epidermal model, EpiDerm™, was reported previously to mimic application route‐dependent metabolism of the hair dye, 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxytoluene (AHT). Therefore, we evaluated the use of alternative skin models—SkinEthic™, EpiDermFT™ and PhenionFT™—for the same purpose. In static incubations, AHT permeation was similar using SkinEthic™ and EpiDerm™ models. Older Day 21 (D21) SkinEthic™ models with a thicker stratum corneum did not exhibit a greater barrier to AHT (overall permeation was the same in D17 and D21 models). All epidermal models metabolised AHT, with the EpiDerm™ exhibiting higher N‐acetylation than SkinEthic™ models. AHT metabolism by D21 SkinEthic™ models was lower than that by D17 SkinEthic™ and EpiDerm™ models, thus a thicker stratum corneum was associated with fewer viable cells and a lower metabolic activity. AHT permeation was much slower using PhenionFT™ compared to epidermal models and better reflected permeation of AHT through native human skin. This model also extensively metabolised AHT to N‐acetyl‐AHT. After a single topical or systemic application of AHT to Chip2 model with PhenionFT™, medium was analysed for parent and metabolites over 5 days. The first‐pass metabolism of AHT was demonstrated, and the introduction of a wash step after 30 min decreased the exposure to AHT and its metabolites by 33% and 40%–43%, respectively. In conclusion, epidermal and FT skin models used in the Chip2 can mimic the first‐pass skin metabolism of AHT. This highlights the flexibility of the Chip2 to incorporate different skin models according to the purpose.
Development of hydrogel‐based composite scaffolds containing eggshell particles for bone regeneration applications
Authors: Calvert Nicholas D. , Proulx Scott , Rodriguez‐Navarro Alejandro , Ahmed Tamer , Lehoux Eric A. , Hincke Maxwell T. , Catelas Isabelle
Published: September 2023

This study describes the development and characterization of novel composite scaffolds, made of an alginate‐chitosan hydrogel matrix containing eggshell (ES) particles, for bone tissue engineering applications. Scaffolds with ES particles, either untreated or treated with phosphoric acid to create a nanotextured particle surface, were compared to scaffolds without particles. Results indicate that the nanotexturing process exposed occluded ES proteins orthologous to those in human bone extracellular matrix. Scaffolds with ES or nanotextured ES (NTES) particles had a higher porosity (81 ± 4% and 89 ± 5%, respectively) than scaffolds without particles (59 ± 5%) (p = .002 and p < .001, respectively). Scaffolds with NTES particles had a larger median pore size (113 μm [interquartile range [IQ]: 88–140 μm]) than scaffolds with ES particles (94 μm [IQ: 75–112 μm]) and scaffolds without particles (99 μm [IQ: 74–135 μm]) (p < .001 and p = .011, respectively). The compressive modulus of the scaffolds with ES or NTES particles remained low (3.69 ± 0.70 and 3.14 ± 0.62 kPa, respectively), but these scaffolds were more resistant to deformation following maximum compression than those without particles. Finally, scaffolds with ES or NTES particles allowed better retention of human mesenchymal stem cells during seeding (53 ± 12% and 57 ± 8%, respectively, vs. 17 ± 5% for scaffolds without particles; p < .001 in both cases), as well as higher cell viability up to 21 days of culture (67 ± 17% and 61 ± 11%, respectively, vs. 15 ± 7% for scaffolds without particles; p < .001 in both cases). In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity increased up to 558 ± 164% on day 21 in the scaffolds with ES particles, and up to 567 ± 217% on day 14 in the scaffolds with NTES particles (p = .006 and p = .002, respectively, relative to day 0). Overall, this study shows that the physicochemical properties of the alginate‐chitosan hydrogel scaffolds with ES or NTES particles are similar to those of cancellous bone. In addition, scaffolds with particles supported early osteogenic differentiation and therefore represent a promising new bone substitute, especially for non‐load bearing applications.
Demonstration of a High‐Performance 3 dB Power Splitter in Silicon Nitride Loaded Lithium Niobate on Insulator
Authors: Chen Li , Han Xu , Zhou Xudong , Yin Ruoyu , Yuan Mingrui , Xiao Huifu , Nguyen Thach Giang , Boes Andreas , Ren Guanghui , Mitchell Arnan , Tian Yonghui
Published: September 2023

Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) has emerged as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) due to the excellent electro‐optic (EO) properties of lithium niobate (LN). However, such a platform still lacks many critical passive components with superior performance for constructing PICs. The 3 dB power splitters are one of the important passive components in PICs for separating and combining optical energy to construct the other crucial photonic devices such as Mach–Zehnder modulators, optical switches, and optical phased arrays, et al. In this contribution, an ultra‐broadband and compact 3 dB power splitter is proposed and demonstrated using a tapered subwavelength grating (SWG)‐assisted Y‐branch on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) loaded LNOI platform. The SWG is used to alleviate fabrication challenges and reduce radiation loss while increasing the evanescent coupling. The simulation result shows an excellent operation bandwidth of 800 nm (from 1.2 to 2.0 µm) at the insertion loss (IL) of 0.12 dB. The proposed device with a compact footprint (9.6 × 3 µm2) is finally fabricated on a Si3N4 loaded LNOI platform, and the experimental result shows the IL of <0.2 dB in the wavelength ranges from 1.5 to 1.6 µm, which makes it suitable for broadband PICs required for future communication systems.