bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality of Lady Beetle Adults and Lacewing Larvae Following Exposure to Semiochemical-Based Corn Rootworm Baits, 1992-93
Authors: Ellsbury M. M. , Gaggero J. M. , Johnson T. B.
Published: December 2017

Two semiochemical-based corn rootworm baits were evaluated for toxicity to GLW and CLB. Slam, a microsphere formulation containing carbaryl as an active ingredient, was applied with a high-clearance sprayer. A bait mixture of Compel, a feeding stimulant, to which carbaryl was added as the toxicant, was applied by use of a specially designed applicator mounted at the rear of a high-clearance sprayer about 2 m above ground level. Baits were applied at lx, 2x, 3x and 4x the labelled rate (Slam: 1.56 oz [All/acre, Compel + carbaryl: 1.16 oz carbaryl [All/acre) to 10 ft by 30 ft plots of corn grown in rows 40 inches apart. Bioassays were done in the laboratory with GLW larvae and CLB, and WCR adults exposed to baits on excised whole leaves taken from the field plots. Bioassays for WCR and CLB were repeated four times in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Controls were untreated corn leaves. CLB and WCR were confined in 4 by 4 inch clear plastic cages, 10 insects per cage, held in place over each corn leaf by rubber bands. Bioassays for GLW were done twice in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications, using treated leaves from the same plots used for the first two groups of CRW and CLB. Because of their cannibalistic nature, GLW larvae were exposed to treatments singly in ½ inch clear plastic boxes clipped to treated corn leaves. All test insects were starved for 24 hr prior to use.
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Mississippi, III, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at Mississippi State University in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 15 June with a spray chamber equipped with a single TX3 hollow cone nozzle and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 28 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the lab where leaf disks 48 mm in diameter were cut and placed in 50 X 11 mm Petri dishes. Four leaf disks with 5 plant bugs each were used per plot. The bugs were evaluated for mortality at 24 h and those failing to move when prodded were considered dead.
Maize Plant Resistance To Fall Armyworm Larvae, 1995
Authors: Wiseman B. R.
Published: December 2017

Fiftyfour Plant Introductions from the U.S. Germplasm Maize Project, and a resistant and a susceptible check were evaluated for leaffeeding resistance against the fall armyworm in a field at Tifton, GA. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. At the 8-leaf stage 2 applications of 20 first instar fall armyworm larvae were placed in the whorl of 10 plants per plot in each replication on the same day. Whorlleaves damaged by larval feeding were given a plot rating at 7 and 14 days after infestation (DAI) on a 0-9 rating scale where 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage tothe whorl.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticide Testing, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (9 May), petal fall (26 May), and as cover sprays on 14 Jun, 29 Jun, 10 Jul, 26 Jul, 7 Aug, and 20 Aug. Treatments of the standard compound, Guthion, were applied at pink, and petal fall through sixth cover. Comply and CGA-59205 were applied at pink and first cover and Guthion 3F was applied alone in the other sprays (petal fall and second through sixth cover). Several schedules of V71639 were compared; (1) A complete seasonal schedule applied at pink, petal fall, and in the first through sixth cover sprays. (2) A pink and first cover spray. (3) A petal fall and second cover spray. Guthion 3F was applied alone to fill in the other normal spray intervals in the reduced programs (2 & 3) of V71639. Treatments were replicated 3 times on a single tree plot of ‘McIntosh’ apples and arranged in a RCB design. Damage from early-season plum curculio and the first generation of codling moth were estimated by sampling 100 apples on the tree in each replication on 5 Jul. At harvest (6-12 Sep) 100 apples from each replication were evaluated for insect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication on 4 Aug. On 6 Jul (7 days post-treatment) aphids were counted on the second or third distal leaf on each of 10 actively growing terminals in each replication. WALH were counted on 25 spur leaves on 29 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 fruit clusters from the ‘McIntosh’ trees in each replication on 21 June. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on the six distal leaves on 10 randomly selected “hardened off” terminals/replication on 29 Aug.
Thrips Control/Variety Test In Cotton With Payload, 1995
Authors: Klein C. D , Johnson D. R. , Meyers H. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 Mayat the James Ray farm in Lonoke County. Treatments were applied with Gandy boxes and consisted of either Ridomil PC + Payload or Ridomil PC + no Payload. Plots were 6 rows (38 inch centers) X 50 ft arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicationsEvaluations were made 1, 8, and 15 Jun. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants/plot, washing the plants through a series of sieves and counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. The center two rows ofeach plot were harvested on 3 Nov using a John Deere 2row picker.
Field Performance Of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1994
Authors: Peterson Gary C. , Teetes George L. , Anderson Roger M. , Pendleton Bonnie B.
Published: December 2017

Twentyfive sorghum hybrids were eval uated for resistance to sorghum midge (SM) in a RCB design with 3 replications in field trials at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extensio Center, Corpus Christi, and at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. The test was composed of 16 resistant X resistant experimental entries, 3 resistant X resistant checks, 2 resistant X susceptible checks, and 4 susceptibl X susceptible checks. Plots were sown 7 Apr with 96.5 cm between rows at Corpus Christi and 30 Apr with 76.2cm between rows at College Station. SM were not controlled during sorghum flowering to place maximum pressure on resistance genes. Grain yields and SM damage ratings of experimental entries were compared with those ol the checks. Physiologically mature sorghum was rated for SM damage on a scale of 1 = 1-10, 2 = 11-20, up to 9 = 81-100 kernel loss. For grain yields, all panicles per plot (0.0025 ha) were hand harvested and threshed using a stationary plot thresher. Grain yields were calculated by converting grain weight to kg/ha ANOVA and LSD05 were used to analyze data.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Scarab Grub Complex on Blueberries, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S.
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted in a 5-year-old ‘Duke’ blueberry field in full production, near Hammonton, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 4-5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart and were irrigated season long with overhead sprinklers. Soil type at this location was sandy loam with a pH of 4.0. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design with each replicate consisting of 40-ft long row of 10 bushes. Treatments were separated by 18-ft between blocks and 20-ft between treatments within a block. Insecticides were applied as a 2-ft band on both sides of the plant for a total of 160 ft2 per replicate. Treatments were applied on 13 Aug with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a single TeeJet nozzle (8002VS). The sprayer was operated at 40 PSI and calibrated to deliver 150 gpa of finished spray. Field was irrigated with approximately 0.5 and 1.0 inches of water before and after spraying, respectively. Treatment effects were assessed by examining soil and roots in 12-inches-diam. by 16-inches deep areas around each of 4 randomly selected plants per replication for scarab grubs. Plants were sampled between 20-25 September. At the time of sampling, species composition of grubs (n = 2,015) was 92.8% OB, 6.7% AGB and 0.5% M-JB.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests During Bloom on Blueberries, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Polk D. F.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field in full production near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9X4 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times with each replication consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. Two unsprayed rows between blocks and 5 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block served as buffers. Insecticides were applied with a Mighty Mac model PS-322T garden sprayer equipped with a handgun calibrated to deliver 200 gal/acre at 75 PSI. Insecticides were applied once on 16 May approximately at 50% bloom. GM eggmasses were obtained from USDA-APHIS facility at Otis Air Base in Cape Cod, MA, to augment larval populations in the field plots. Eggmasses were stapled to the bush on 3 May at the rate of 1 eggmass per bush. Eggmasses began to hatch on 6 May and larvae were well distributed on the bushes within a week after hatching. Larval populations were assessed by sampling 25 clusters from each of 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate for a total of 100 leaf and flower clusters/replicate on 15 May (pre-treatment count) and 26 May (post-treatment count). Leaf and flower clusters were randomly selected from the top, middle and bottom thirds of each bush.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer in Pecans, 1995
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Smith Michael W. , McCraw B. Dean
Published: December 2017

Five insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Bristow, OK (Creek Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 6 blocks of trees, with each block receiving one of the treatments. Each block was ca. one acre in size. The trial used a mixture of native and cultivar pecan trees. Determination of pretreatment PNC infestation levels was done on 10 Jun. Twenty-five nut clusters, on each of four trees per block (100 nut clusters per treatment), were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg was found on any nut within a cluster, the cluster was considered infested. Treatments were applied on Jun 11-12 using an Ag-1, PTO driven, air-blast sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 70 gpa. Only one application was made. Damage was evaluated on 29 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree (100 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for casebearer entries. A cluster was considered infested if one or more nuts within the cluster showed signs of larval entry.
Microbial and Insecticidal Control of Lepidopteran Pests in Minnesota Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Battels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Cabbage was transplanted 14 Jun. Plots consisted of two 25 ft (7.6 m) rows on 40 inch (1.0 m) centers with plants spaced 13 inches (0.33 m) apart. Ten ft (3.0 m) borders and 10 ft (3.0 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatment applications were not initiated until early head formation because of mechanical problems with the sprayer. Treatments were applied 2, 10, and 21 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 3 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles) per row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 47 psi (3.3 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments at a rate of 0.10 fi oz/gal (0.8 ml/liter). Counts were taken 7 and 23 Aug. Plots were harvested and evaluated for feeding damage on 25 Aug using Greene’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62:4 798-800). 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (≤ 1% eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2-5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = > 30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 21 lun. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 29 ft long, and separated by 10 ft alleys. Plants were on 1 ft spacing within the rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Treflan 4 E at 2 pts/acre was incorporated just prior to planting. The field was sprayed with Methoxyclor 2 EC, 1.0 qt form/acre on 14 Jul to reduce flea beetle damage. Treatments were applied 11, 22, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. On 13 Sep, three plants per plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (lst-2nd instars) and large (≥3rd instars) larvae and pupae; the heads of these three plants were weighed. To rate marketability, 10 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 13 Sep, and rated according to Greene et al. 1969 (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). Using this system, a rating of 2 or lower is marketable as U.S. No. 1 grade cabbage, rating.s of 3 or greater refer to cabbage with feeding damage on the head.
Flea Beetle Control in Crucifers, Crookston, MN, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Cymbulak Todd
Published: December 2017

Chemicals used to protect Canola from flea beetle seedling injury were applied to vegetable seedlings. Cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower of seed were purchased. A portion of each was sent to Gustafsons, Inc. at Piano, TX for treating with Gaucho 480F. Plots were a single row with 30 inch spacing, 50’ in length, planted on 19 May. Furadan & Counter were mixed with the seed at the time of planting. Sevin XLR was applied as a foliar on 3 & 7 June. Stand count, damage rating and stand rating were recorded.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Cabbage, Spring 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were planted onto raised beds of rockdale soil on 21 Dec. The beds were covered with black polyethylene mulch. The soil was fumigated with 75% methyl bromide and 25% chloropicrin (Terr-O-Gas) at 242 kg/ha 7 d before planting. Fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O) was incorporated into the soil during bed preparation. Plants were drip irrigated, 4 h/d. The seeds were spaced 0.3 m apart within each of two rows per bed that were 0.76 m apart on 1.83-center beds. Treatment plots were 2 rows (2 beds) wide by 6.1 m long. Six treatments were arranged in RCB with 4 replications. Treatments evaluated were: 1) Emamectin benzoate (0.0075 lb. [a.i.]/A); 2) Xentari (1.0 lb./A); 3) Dipel 2X (1 lb/A); 4) 2 weekly applications of Treatment 1 followed by 2 weekly applications of Treatment 2; repeated this application cycle for a total of 6 weeks; 5) 2 weekly applications of Treatment 1 followed by 2 weekly applications of Treatment 3, repeated this application cycle for a total of 6 weeks; and 6) a nontreated control. Applications were made weekly on six dates between 2 March and 14 April 1995 with a tractor mounted single bed sprayer with two disc cone nozzles on each side of the bed and one nozzle over the center of each bed. Spray volume was 934 liter/ha at 4.8 km/hour. Treatments were evaluated by recording total number of diamondback moth larvae/plant on randomly selected 10 plants per treatment plot 24 h after each application.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly in Fall Canataloupe with Beavveria Bassiana, 1995
Authors: Knowles T. C. , Jaronski S. T.
Published: December 2017

Drip irrigated ‘Durango’ cantaloupe were direct seeded in a single row on slant beds with 80 inch centers in Aug 1995 near Vicksberg, AZ. Each large field plot was 9 beds wide by 1200 ft long. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 2 replicates. Sixteen oz/acre Admire 2F (imidacloprid) was injected through the drip irrigation system three weeks after planting. Additionally, all plots received applications of endosulfan (1.3 qt/acre Thiodan 3EC) on 6 Oct, abamectin (8 oz/acre Agri-Mek 0.15EC) on 9 Oct, and sulfur (9.9 lb/acre Golden Dew) on 16 and 26 Oct. Treatments were initiated on 2 Oct when SLWF numbers reached 6 nymphs per cm2 leaf disc, and repeated on 9 and 23 Oct. Treatments were applied with a 9-row FMC air blast sprayer at 30 gpa and water used to prepare each spray solution was buffered with acid to a pH of 6.0. The boom height and sprayer pressure were adequate to get underside leaf coverage. A nonionic surfactant (4 oz/100 gal Kinetic) was used with the Mycotrol WP formulation. Insect data were collected from the inner 4 beds of each plot. Plots were sampled weekly beginning on 2 Oct at 0 days after initiation (DAI), and terminating on 30 Oct (28 DAI). Adult SLWF were assessed by randomly selecting 20 leaves from the terminal area on primary vines (4th fully expanded leaf from the apex of the vine) between 0900-1100 hrs. Immatures were assessed by counting the number of small (1st and 2nd instar) and large (3rd and 4th instar) nymphs on 2-cm2 disk sections from each of 40 leaves sampled at random from the crown area on primary vines (7th to 9th leaf from the crown of the plant).
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Ear-Worm on Sweet Corn, 1996
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI at 23,000 seeds per acre on 24 Jun. Each treatment was 6 rows wide and 60 ft long, arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times. The sprays were applied 21, 26 Aug and 3, 10 Sep. All treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 TeeJet disc-core nozzles and delivered 10.3 gallons of finished spray per acre at 40 psi when driven at 2.5 MPH. Plots were evaluated 18 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the numbers of damaged ears and of the larvae present in different developmental stages.
Apple, Pest and Natural Enemy Effects Under Tabm Control Tactics, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Effects of various insecticides timed for TABM control were assessed for their activity against some other apple pests and their natural enemies. The experimental and registered materials were applied to replicated 12-15 tree plots in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. These trees were spaced at 18 X 25 ft and were 17 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph. Application timings were based on the accumulation of degree days from first adult moth capture in a sex pheromone trap (18 May) in order to predict various percentages of egg hatch for each TABM brood. Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°F and 91°F, respectively. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50DF, Penncozeb 75DF, Rubigan 1EC, and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the experiment.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Transplant Drench Treatments of Admire to Bedding Trays of Eggplants, 1996
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Cain Carol , Boltz Melanie
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with four replications and 8 treatments. Drenching doses were 0 (two controls per block), 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ounces of Admire 2F per acre equivalence of bedding trays. The diluted drench was applied to individual cells of bedding trays using a pipetted volume of one ml per plant. In addition, a drench treatment of 16 fluid oz of Admire was applied in the transplant water. Plot size for each treatment combination was one row 20 feet long (10 eggplants) with rows spaced 64 inches apart. Plots were planted 14 May. After transplanting, weekly counts were made of egg clusters, early larvae (first/second instars), late larvae (third/fourth instars), live adults, and dead adults on the ground. Percent defoliation per plant was estimated two times, coinciding with peak injury by first and second generation larvae. Plots were harvested weekly starting 2 Jul and ending 31 Jul.
Field Insecticide Trial Against Various Pests of Red Ginger, 1995
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 27 Jun through 31 Aug in an existing, 6-yr old ginger planting at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plots (approx 40 plant stalks per plot) per replicate arranged in a RCB experimental design. Selected insecticides were applied at the following rates: Deltamethrin 5SC, 5.5 ml (AI) by volume/100 gal; Saga 40WP, 6.0g (AI)/100 gal; Decathlon 20WP, 10.8g (AI)/100 gal; Dursban 50W, 226.8g (AI)/100 gal. Insecticides were applied biweekly beginning 5 Jul for a total of four applications using a solo backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Mewport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi (54.0 gpa). A spreader sticker (Bond, Loveland Industries, Greeley, CO) was added to all foliar treatments including the control at a rate of 1.0 pt per 100 gal. Pretreatment data were taken on 27 Jun. Treatment efficacy was determined biweekly by dissecting and examining the flower bracts and terminal leaf sheath for various insect pests. Flowers were considered infested if a single live 1 moving) insect was found. The three species of mealybugs were pooled for analysis. The percentages of infested flowers were transformed to arcsine square root and subjected to ANOVA. Back transformed means are presented.
Control of Aphids on Lettuce, 1996
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Red Fire’ leaf lettuce was planted at the Muck Crops Branch, Celeryville, OH, on 6 Aug. The field was fertilized with 800 lbs of 17-17-17 per acre. The experimental plots were three rows 20 inches apart, 30 ft long, with plant spacing at 12 inches within rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment aphid counts were made 11 Sep by randomly selecting plants from the outside rows of each plot in replicates one and two and counting the number of aphids per plant. Pretreatment aphid counts averaged 32.2 aphids per plant. Treatment applications were made 11 and 19 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Aphid populations were evaluated 17 and 26 Sep by randomly selecting five lettuce plants from the middle row of each plot and counting the density of aphids on each plant.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Onion Thrips Control on Dry Onion, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from June to September. The field was set up in a RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of four rows of plants planted at 8 in. between-plant spacing. Each row consisted of 45 plants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field on 17 Jun. Treatments were applied using a compressed carbon dioxide sprayer at 60 psi and 100 gpa. Two twin jet nozzles (TJ-6502) were used per two rows. Applications of Warrior at 0.02 and 0.03 lb. (AI)/acre, Lannate, and Ammo were made at 7-day intervals on 16, 23, 30 July, 6, 13, 20 Aug for a total of six applications. An additional treatment of Warrior @ 0.03 lb. (AI)/acre was made when thrips numbers exceeded 3 thrips/plant on 23 Jul, 6 and 20 Aug.
Armyworm And Pepper Weevil Control on Bell Pepper, Spring 1996
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 26 Feb, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 14 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 11, 18, 26 Apr, 1, 8, 15, 22, 31 May, 5, 12, 19, 28 Jun, 3 and 10 Jul. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. Because of a very heavy population of southern armyworm larvae, weekly applications of Bacillus thuringiensis (Javelin and Xentari alternating weekly) were initiated on 13 Jun. On 20 May and 7 Jun, each plot was rated by two persons for increasing percentage of defoliation by armyworm larvae using the Horsfall-Barratt system. With this system, ratings of 1-12 corresponded to 1-100% defoliation. The ratings were averaged prior to analysis. On 24 Jun, each plot was sampled by dislodging the aphids from the tops of five plants with a 12 inch garden stake into the bottom of a rectangular cake pan painted black and coated with a thin film of vegetable oil. Fruit were harvested on 20 May, 4, 18, 26 Jun, 8 and 17 Jul. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit were also examined for the presence of surface oviposition scars and larval feeding damage inside, caused by the pepper weevil.
Colorado Potato Beetle and European Corn Borer Control with Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Atlantic’ potatoes were | planted by the grower in early Mar near Elizabeth City, NC and in late Mar at McGees Crossroads (MGX) near Benson, N.C. The test plots were each 20 ift. long, with single-row spacing on 42 inch centers and a guard row between treatments. The tests at both locations were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 10 ft, perpendicular to rows, were used between replicates in Test 1 (Pasquotank Co., Elizabeth City, NC) and 5 ft. alleys were used in Test i2 (Johnston Co., MGX). Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to J deliver 54.5 gpa. In Test 1, potatoes were uncovered and Admire 2F was applied over the top on 25 Mar and in Test 2, on 26 Mar. Both tests received Admire 2F at the rate of 1.0 fluid oz per 1000 linear ft of row. Provado 1.6F was applied at CPB egg stage only on 6 May for Test and on 22 May for Test 2. All other treatments were applied on 13 May for Test 1 and on 22 and 28 May for Test 2 when small larvae were present. Test 1 apparently received an overspray of Provado for CPB by the grower and we were unable to make any weekly CPB counts or ratings. Counts of CPB on 3 hills/plot as well as visual damage ratings were made on 28 May and 4 Jun for Test 2 at MGX. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instar, and large larvae, third and fourth instar. Counts of entry points of ECB for the entire row were taken on 11 Jun for Test 1 and on 12 Jun for Test 2. Due to grower error, no yield data were obtained in Test 1. In Text 2, potatoes were harvested on 10 ft of row to measure yields at 12 Jun.
Management of Insects on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Spring 1996C
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

On 1 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-21 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 20, 27 May, 10 and 17 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was fitted with eight Albuz orange nozzles per row delivering 120 gpa. The Admire treatment was applied in 4 oz water/plant on 4 Mar. Because of a very heavy population of southern armyworm larvae, weekly applications of Bacillus thuringiensis (Javelin and Xentari alternated weekly) were initiated on 13 May. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each often plants on 30 May, 3, 6, 12 and 24 Jun. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae (red eye nymphs) of the silverleaf whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 12 and 24 Jun and the fruit were separated by the presence of southern armyworm, thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on blossom end) and stink bug damage and were counted and weighed.
Apple, Evaluation of Insecticides on Indirect Pests, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 8 years old and planted at a spacing of 20 x 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa driven at 2.4 mph. All plots recieved a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP and the insecticide Imidan 70WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the spirea aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and by rating the density of aphids/most infested leaf on 0-4 scale as explained in the table footnotes. The number of natural enemies of aphids was determined by counting the number observed on 10 growing shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum, was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of the 1st and 2nd generations. Also, STLM parasitism was evaluated at the end of the second generation by collecting 25 random leaves/tree and dissecting the mines found. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Control of Squash Bug on Watermelon, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

Watermelon, ‘Sangria’, was direct seeded in May ‘96 at the Lane AREC, Lane. OK. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 15 treatments. Plots were one bed wide, 9 ft, by 50 ft long with 10 ft alleys between plots Foliar insecticide treatments were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer that broadcast a 72 inch spray swath over the plots using 4 nozzles (TXVS261 delivering 41 gal/acre at 42 psi. Furadan and Admire were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer at planting. Plots were treated on 15 and 22 Aug. Squash bug populations were surveyed on 26 Aug by counting total number of bugs (adults and nymphs) in 0.5 sq yd area in each plot.
Control of Aphids and Whiteflies on Watermelon, 1995
Authors: Webb S. E.
Published: December 2017

Watermelon was direct-seeded on 30 Mar at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Leesburg, FL. Each plot consisted of four 35-ft rows, 7 ft apart with plants spaced 2.5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated four times in an RCB design. Fungicide (mancozeb or chlorothalonil) was applied weekly, usually 2 d after insecticides. All materials were applied with a 2-row tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albuz (lilac) ceramic hollow cone nozzles, spaced 8 inches apart, delivering 178 gpa at 400 psi or 133 gpa at 200 psi (CGA-215944 and Thiodan only). Silwet (0.02% or 0.03%, vohvol) was tank-mixed with Mycotrol. CGA-215944 was tested for aphid control only and was applied when the number of aphids exceeded five per leaf (high rate on 24 May only, low rate on 24 May and 7 Jun). All other treatments were applied on 24 May, 1,7, 13, and 20 Jun except Thiodan which was not applied on 24 May. Small whitefly nymphs (first and second instars) and large nymphs (third and fourth instars, pupae) were counted and summed on three 0.6-inch diam leaf disks cut from each of 20 leaves per plot for 5 weeks, beginning on 29 May and ending on 26 Jun. Aphids were counted on whole leaves. A square root transformation was used to stabilize the variance of counts for analysis. A two-way ANOVA and a mean separation test (Waller-Duncan k-ratio) were used to determine differences among treatments.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Rebarchak Paul
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA on a third year (second full harvest year) alfalfa (Pioneer 5373) crop. Plots of 40 X 40 ft were arranged in a RCB design with an untreated check in each of four replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch dia insect-beating net taken randomly across each plot. Prior to treatment, potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 17 Jun (Experiment 1) and 1 Aug (Experiment 2). All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 21 Jun for Experiment 1 and 2 Aug for Experiment 2. Cygon 4E was added as a standard insecticide treatment in Experiment 2. Alfalfa height at application was 4-6 inches. Insecticides were applied in 25 gpa at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom containing 80° fiat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 25, 28 Jun and 5, 12 Jul (4, 7, 14, 21 DAT) for Experiment 1, and 6, 8, 16, 22, 29 Aug (4, 6, 14, 20, 29 DAT) for Experiment 2. Densities reported represent the number of adults, number of nymphs, and the combined numbers of adults and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Alfalfa yield was determined on 16 Jul (Experiment 1) and 30 Aug (Experiment 2) from a 60 ft2 swath taken from each plot with a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Percent moisture was determined by oven drying a subsample of alfalfa (approximately 2 lb wet). Alfalfa yield is reported as dry weight lb/acre.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1996
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 34 ft X 36 ft, were in a 5-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gpa. Treatments were applied on 2 May with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of Furadan 4F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1996
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Roberts S. J. , Armbrust E. J. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments for potato leafhoppers (PLH) were evaluated on a two year stand of alfalfa during the 2nd growth period at the Southern Illinois University, Belleville Research Center. Plots were 40 X 50 ft with four replications of treatments in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 19 Jun with a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 19.7 gpa at 30 psi through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat fan nozzles (TeeJet 8002VS) spaced 20 inches apart.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Test plots were established near Filer, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Four treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each individual test plot was 25 X 25 ft. Sprays were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gpa with four, 10X hollow cone nozzles. Sampling was accomplished by taking five, 90° pendulum sweeps (15-inch diam sweep net) per plot. Counts were made of all alfalfa pest species present as well as all beneficial insects. A pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied on 17 Jun. Additional counts were made at 48 h, 7 and 9 DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Neuman-Keuls multiple means comparison (P = 0.05).
Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer Under Artificial Infestation, 1996
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Corn was planted at the Shaw Foundation Farm, Champaign, IL in rows 30 inches wide on 17 Jun. A RCB design was used, and each treatment was replicated four times. Two untreated controls were used per replication and averaged for the analysis. Each plot was 4 rows wide X 60 ft long. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of each plot; the 2 outside rows were left untreated. Treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV) with a rear-mounted boom. Granules were applied through Noble units mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The Noble units were driven with electric motors, and the granules were applied over the whorls in a 7-inch band. Liquid insecticides were broadcast over the center 2 rows of the 4-row plot with TeeJet even fiat-fan spray tips (8003VS) mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The height of the nozzles was approximately 18 inches above the whorls. The liquids were delivered with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 11.0 gpa at 20 psi at a speed of 2.5 mph. Plants were artificially infested with ECB on 18 and 19 Jul. Two black head stage ECB egg masses were placed in the whorl of 15 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of a 4-row plot on each of the 2 infestation dates. On 26 Aug, 10 of the infested plants from each of the middle 2 rows in each plot were split with a corn knife for evaluation. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. The mean percentage of plants with cavities and percent control were determined for each treatment.
Evaluation of Mycotrol Wp9504 (Beauveria Bassiana) and Provado (Imidacloprid) to Control Tarnished Plant Bug on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Brown J.Z. , Steinkraus D. C. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of Mycotrol and Provado alone and in combination to kill TPB caged on cotton plants was studied. Cotton was planted 17 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR. Adult TPB were collected 8 Jul from flowering mustard planted in cotton. Nylon tulle (1 mm2 mesh) sleeve cages 3 ft long by 1 ft diameter were placed over the first 6 terminal nodes of flowering cotton plants in plots 50 ft long by 4 rows in width. Cages were separated across rows by 4 rows of mustard and within rows by 10 ft. TPB were placed in cages either before or after spraying (direct and indirect application). A RCB design was used with 4 blocks and 6 cages per treatment within a block (3 direct and 3 indirect applications) with 15 TPB per cage. Treatments were applied 9 Jul at 15 gpa with a 0.04% Kinetic solution as the carrier using a hand held CO2 powered boom sprayer at 35 psi with Twin Jet 8002 VS nozzles. The check was 0.04% Kinetic solution. Three, DAT, TPB were collected. Live TPB were placed in individual 30 ml plastic cups with a 2.5 cm piece of fresh green bean and monitored for mortality 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Dead TBP were placed in sporulation chambers (9 cm Petri dishes with moist filter paper) sealed with Parafilm and examined after 1 wk to assess mycoses. ANOVA and mean separation by LSD were performed using the arcsine/square root of the proportion dead from each cage.
A Threshold Management Test with Nucotn 33B, 1996
Authors: Burris E. , Cook D. R. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were eight rows (40 in spacing) X 45 ft. Transgenic cotton seed expressing the Bt delta endotoxin and seed of the non-transgenic parent line (DP 5415) were planted on 15 May, on a Commerce silt loam soil which was fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 charged spray system through 25015 flat fan nozzles positioned in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and were calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. All plots received 0.5 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Terraclor Super X 2E at planting. Insecticide control measures were applied to treatments when boll worms and tobacco budworms first deposited eggs in Jul, and at 2, 5, and 7 percent BW/TBW/BAW damaged squares. The test was conducted in the presence ol high boll weevil population densities. Beet army worms were present in late Jul, Aug and Sep. Control of boll weevils and tarnished plant bugs was maintained on an “as needed” basis using the following treatments: Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) on 11 Jul; Vydate 3.77CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 Jul; Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) + Orthene 90S, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) on 6 Aug; Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) + Dimethoate 4E. (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 13 Aug; Baythroid 2E, (0.045 lb (AI)/acre) on 11 Sep. In addition to the overspray treatments listed above, the DP 5415 and NuCOTN 33B spray strategies (treatments 2 and 4) received the following insecticide treatments: Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 22 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 25 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 5 Aug; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 8 Aug. Cu-racron 8E, (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pirate 3E, (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Vydate 3.77CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 15 Aug and Curacron 8E, (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pi-rate 3 SC, (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Methyl parathion 4E (0.33 lb (AI)/acre on 26 Aug. Bollgard® threshold treatments 2% and 5% were sprayed with Karate IE, (0.033 lb (AI)/acre) on 8 Aug and Curacron 8E (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pirate 3 SC (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Vydate 3.77 CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 15 Aug. All NuCOTN 33B threshold treatments were sprayed with Baythroid 2E (0.045 lb (AI)/acre), on 11 Sep. Plant terminals and squares were examined for BW/TBW eggs, larvae, damage and boll weevil damaged squares on 11, 24, 30 Jul, and 2, 8, 13 and 19 Aug. Terminals were examined on all dates except 19 Aug. The center four rows of the plots were harvested on 14 Oct to determine seedcotton yield. Plots were harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lb seedcotton/acre.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphids, 1996
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

One test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated no-till cotton planted 5 May. Plots consisted of 3 rows (40 inch centers) X 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test area. Treatments were applied 21 Jun. Insecticides were applied with a hand-boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 25 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling five terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 3, 7, 10, and 14 DAT. Treatments were evaluated on 24, 28 Jun and 1, 5 Jul. Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.03 and 0.08 inch rainfall on 22 and 24 Jun, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Efficacy of Insecticides to Lygus in Cotton, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Tellez T.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 12 Apr at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. The test was a RCB design consisting of four replicates. Each plot was 4 rows by 60 ft, bordered on each side by 2 blank rows. Applications were made using a tractor-mounted sprayer with a CO2 charged delivery system. The boom consisted of 3, TX-6 hollow cone nozzles per row, with one nozzle centered and the others on 18 drops to either side. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Jun, 3 and 10 Jul. Evaluations were made on 1,8, 12, 15 and 18 Jul, using a 15 inch diameter sweep net, by counting the number of adult and immature lygus per 15 full sweeps. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Insecticide Mixtures for Aphid Control, 1996
Authors: Micinski S. , Scarborough R. G. , Forrester F. D.
Published: December 2017

Eight treatments (insecticides and mixtures) were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling aphids on cotton. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plots were planted 18 Apr and were 6 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. Foliar applications were made on 28 Jun with applications being made to the center 4 rows of each 6-row plot. Insecticide treatments were applied in 5.9 gpa at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Aphid infestations were determined by sampling the first fully expanded leaf from 10 randomly selected plants in the center 2 rows of each plot on 27 Jun, 1 and 5 Jul.
Comparison of Insect Control on Two Cultivars of Bt Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Cotton
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 6 rows 25 ft long with 3 ft spacing between rows. Approximately 100 seeds were planted/row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB. The two outside rows of each plot were used as untreated guard rows. Two plots of each cultivar were planted in each replication; one plot was treated and the other was left untreated. The cultivars evaluated in this study were the Bt transgenic cultivars HX 5170 and HX 6304 and their non-transgenic equivalents, H 1215 and H 1277, respectively. The following thresholds were used in making spray decisions in the treated plots: 10% of terminals with BW eggs (non-transgenic cultivars only), 3% of bolls with live BW or ECB and/or fresh feeding damage (all cultivars), and 1 stinkbug/25 sweeps (transgenic cultivars only). GSB was the only stinkbug species observed. Application dates and materials are listed in the spray schedule table.