bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, Central Minnesota, 1996
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Frenchik M. , Mote C. , Rowe J.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn [crylA(b) gene] against a natural ECB infestation in Rosemount, MN. Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30 inch row spacing) were established in Dakota silty loam soil on 23 May at a rate of 26,100 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. First generation ECB measurements recorded Jul to Aug included % shot-holing, leaf injury ratings, and tunnel length and number. Measurements for second generation ECB recorded in Sept included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Yield data were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1993
Authors: Benedict J.H. , Ring D.R. , Correa J.C. , Buehler R.E. , Johnson E.M. , Kimball J.C. , Deaton W.R
Published: December 2017

Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1993 Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by a modified crylA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (i.e.. Bollgard Gene, Monsanto Company) were planted 17 May near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb|AIJ/acre) and Curacron (1.0 lb[AI]/acre) to control tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 7 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression were sprayed on 16, 22, 29 Jul, 5, and 13 Aug with Karate and Curacron using a backpack CO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed for in-season control of insect pests. such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic Bollgard cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by ex-amining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, and 12 Aug for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields/plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation during the season but not within 48-h following a lepidopteran control application. The plots were hand-harvested (40 ft from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994
Authors: Benedict J.H. , Ring D.R. , Correa J.C. , Buehler R.E. , Johnson E.M. , Bradshaw L.D. , Deaton W.R.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994 Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the cryIA(c) gene (i.e., Bollgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312, were planted 25 Apr near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lep-idopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and sub-plots were 8 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression (with a conventional foliar insecticide) were sprayed on 29 Jun, 6, 14, and 20 Jul with Karate using a backpackCO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed in-season control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 28 Jun, 5, 12, and 19 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation during the season but not within 48-h following a lepidopteran con-trol application. The plots were hand-harvested (20 ft from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
Efficacy Of A Commercial Budworm-Resistant Variety In Reducing Budworm Damage, 1996
Authors: Southern P. Sterling , Micou M.Browne
Published: December 2017

Efficacy Of A Commercial Budworm-Resistant Variety In Reducing Budworm Damage, 1996 Tests were established on private tobacco farms in four locations. In each test, two commercially available flue-cured tobacco varieties were planted in an RCBD with 6 or 8 (Greene Co.) replications. Plots were 4 rows wide, 0.031 (Greene Co.) or 0.042 acre in area and were separated laterally by vacant 5th rows and on the ends by alleys of 16 ft. After transplanting, each test was visited weekly until the tobacco had been topped. All plants (excluding the first and last) in rows 1 and 3 were checked for budworm infestation and recent budworm damage (these data not shown in table). Seven weeks after transplanting, the cu-mulative leaf area lost on each plant was estimated and totaled. Average leaf area lost (LEL) per plant was calculated. The number of plants with any obvious budworm feeding was determined and the LEL per damaged plant calculated. After harvest and curing, the tobacco was graded by a government grader and the grades converted to a quality index (1-100, 100 high). All data were subjected to ANOVA. Prior to analysis, the proportion of plants damaged was transformed to the arcsine of the square root of the proportion. Data in the table are shown untransformed and the proportion of plants damaged is expressed as a percentage.
Comparison Of 4 Varieties Of Spring Wheat For Resistance To Russian Wheat Aphid And Hessian Fly
Authors: Bragg D.E
Published: December 2017

Four Varieties of spring wheat (Alpowa, Centennial, ID488, and Wakanz) were seeded in a RCBD of 4 15 X 354 ft replicates per variety at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, on 6 May. Varieties were evaluated at 65 DAE (Feeks scale 10.5) for heads/ 10 plants, tiller/10 plants, % HF infested tillers, % RWA infested tillers, and % DR parasitized RWA. Harvest data was collected 9 Aug by cutting a 15 ft strip per replicate and weighing the grain on weight pads. Yield data per acre were calculated for each replicate. Data were subjected to ANOVA/LSD at P = 0.05.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 5 miniblocks, each 1/3 acre, of 18-yr-old trees on Halford rootstock. Trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and measured 11 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width. The experimental design consisted of a single mini-block (36 trees) of each of 5 treatments. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates [stages] of application were 29 Apr [petal fall (PF)], 10 May [shuck split (SS)], 20 May [shuck fall (SF)], 3 Jun [first cover (1C)], 18 Jun [second cover (2C)], 3 Jul [third cover (3C)], 17 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], and 1 Aug [fifth cover: (5C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Rovral, and Topsin-M.
Spanworm Control, 1996A
Authors: Collins J.A. , Drummond F. A.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 22 May to 20 by 20 ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Jonesboro, Maine. There were 4 replications of each treatment and a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to prespray population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 40-inch boom sprayer with 4, flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 35 psi (Test 1) or a CO2-propelled 80-inch boom sprayer with 4, flat spray, 80002VS TeeJet nozzles operating at 30 psi (Test 2). At treatment, larvae were first to third instar and plants were ca. 10% swollen bud, 40% tight cluster, 50% loose cluster. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep-net were taken systematically through the center area of each plot avoiding plot boundaries. The larvae were counted and then distributed back into the same plot. High winds on 27 and 28 May made sweep-net sampling difficult and may have confounded the results for those two dates.
Blueberry, Early Season Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1996
Authors: Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 GPA with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatment plots were arranged in a CRB design of two 44 ft long rows containing a total of 22 bushes, replicated 4 times. Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 10 Jun (1st egg laying, Bloom), 19 Jun (Petal Fall), 25 Jun (PF + 7 days), and 2 Jul (1C). Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 12 Jul by randomly picking 25 blueberry fruit clusters per replicate, or 100 clusters per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for CBFW and CFW injury.
COntrol of Root Weevil in Red Raspberry, 1996B
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in a mature field of ‘Chilliwack’ red raspberries in Vancouver, WA. Treatments were replicated 4 times on 9 X 30 ft plots in a RCB design. Sprays were applied on 18 Jun along the lower 3 feet of canes with a 2-ft hand-held boom sprayer equipped with 3 hollow cone D4-45 TeeJet nozzles at 150 psi that delivered 180 gpa at 2 mph. Field counts were made on 21 and 25 Jun beginning at 10PM by placing 25-ft long X 4-ft wide strips of white linen sheet under each side of the row and simultaneouly shaking the top training wire vigorously 10 times at 2 locations, one-quarter of the way in from each end of both sheets
Citrus Leafminer Control on Citrus, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Micromite, Alert and Provado were compared with the standard treatment Agri-Mek + NR 435 Oil for efficacy against CLM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on single tree plots in a 3-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 18 X 24 ft spacing. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff on 12 Sep using a Hypro 5200 high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date, 4 new flush terminals (each with 10-12 leaves) were randomly collected per replicate and taken to the laboratory. All live and dead CLM lst--4th stage larvae and pupae were counted on each terminal. The insects were recorded as dead by lack of movement and/or evidence of dessication when examined microscopically at 20 X. Percent mortality of all CLM immature stages was determined for each treatment.
Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Tellez T.
Published: December 2017

Eight year old lemon trees in Yuma, AZ were treated with insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design, consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 by 90 ft) consisted of three trees 30 ft apart in a row. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Treatments were initiated approximately 14 days after petal fall and were applied on Apr 3, Apr 30 and May 15. Evaluations were made on 5 Apr, 9 Apr, 15 Apr, 23 Apr, 29 Apr, 2 May, 6 May, 13 May, 17 May, 20 May and 29 May. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. Fruit damage was assessed on Aug 16 by rating the degree of rind scarring: 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentage fruit infested with immature CT were transformed using a square-root transformation for analysis, percentage values are presented in the tables. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Evaluation of Sevin and Lorsban for Thrips Control on Citrus During Bloom, 1996
Authors: Childers C. C. , Harvey M. , Threlkeld D. K.
Published: December 2017

Two Sevin formulations were compared against Lorsban for controlling adults and larvae of Frankliniella bispinosa. Treatments were assigned to 8 rows wide X 12 trees/row ( = 96 tree) to 8 rows X 13 to 21 trees/row (= 150 tree) plots in a RCB design, replicated 4 times on 12-18 ft tall trees with 15 X 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 25 and 26 Mar using a Rears PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 200 gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 open flowers were randomly collected from at least 5 trees in the center of each replicate. Each flower was picked individually and placed immediately in a one pint jar containing ca. 100 ml of 70% ethanol. The jars were returned to the laboratory and the number of open flowers were recorded per jar. Individual flowers per jar were teased apart to expose and flush thrips motile stages from the areas between petals, filaments and the pistil. The numbers of both F. bispinosa adults and larvae per 20 open flowers were recorded as one observation. Data were subjected to log10 (X + 1) transformations for statistical analysis and untransformed means are presented in the tables for comparison.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1995, 1996
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Acaricides for control of citrus red mite were evaluated in the spring of 1995 and 1996 on ≈20 year old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. The acaricides were compared for efficacy against citrus red mite as well as their impact on populations of a predatory mite, which feeds on citrus red mite in San Joaquin Valley orchards. The acaricides were applied on 19 May in 1995; and on 8 Apr in 1996 using a Bean hand-sprayer at 300 psi and approximately 300 gpa (3^1 gal/tree). Single tree treatments were assigned based on pretreatment sampling of citrus red mite conducted on 9 May 1995 and 7 Apr 1996. Samples consisted of five leaves from the periphery of four quadrants of each tree (20 leaves per tree). The number of all active stages of citrus red mite and predatory mites per leaf were recorded weekly.
Citricola Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1994,1995
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against various stages of citricola scale on citrus compared with a water application, a standard organophosphate insecticide treatment, and a 0.33% narrow range Uni-Par spray oil treatment. Insecticides were applied to individual 20 year old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Late summer applications (31 Aug 1994) targeted 1st instar nymphs on the leaves. Late spring applications (2 Jun 1995) targeted mature females and newly deposited eggs on twigs. Six replications of single tree treatments were applied at 300 gpa (3-4 gal/tree), 300 psi using a Bean hand-sprayer. During the spring (May-Jun) live female citricola scale on 10 twigs (approximately 30 cm in length) per tree were counted. During summer and fall (Jul-Oct) live 1st instar nymphs on 10 or 20 leaves collected from the northeast quadrant of each tree were counted.
Abamectin Grower Cooperator Citrus Thrips Trials, 1994
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G.
Published: December 2017

Abamectin was compared with a standard pesticide (Baythroid, Carzol, or Veratran D) at ten sites in the San Joaquin Valley during spring, 1994. Treatments were applied to navel oranges except at the Cameo site where ‘Valencia’ oranges were treated. Treatments were replicated once or twice at each site and each replicate plot was at least 6 rows wide (most were larger, 2 acres or more). Citrus thrips fruit scarring was evaluated from Oct 1994-Feb 1995. For this, all fruit from eye to knee level on the exterior of 30 randomly selected trees from the interior of each plot were examined except at Carter where 20 trees per treatment were evaluated. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in ;i commercial operation). In a normal year, approximately 5% severe scars are regarded as the economic scarring levels.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1996
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1996 in Field 41-42 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gallons of water per acre and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and were replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 10 fruit randomly selected from each data tree (100 fruit per plot, 200 fruit per treatment in each field). Predaceous mite levels were monitored by counting the number of motile mites on 10 leaves picked from 0.5 m inside the canopy. Citrus thrips fruit scarring was evaluated in October, 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Approximately 5% severe scars are normally regarded as economic scarring levels.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer and Fall Webworm in Pecans, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Smith Michael W. , McCraw B. Dean
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC and FW on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Bristow, OK (Creek Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 11 blocks of trees, one being the untreated check and the remaining ten receiving one of the insecticidal treatments. Each block was about one acre in size. The trial used a mixture of native and cultivar pecan trees. Pretreatment PNC infestation levels were determined on 29 May. Twenty-five nut clusters on each of ten trees across blocks (250 nut clusters per treatment) were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg or damage was found on any nut within a cluster, it was considered infested. Treatments were applied on 1 and 2 Jun using an Ag-1, PTO driven, air blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 70 gpa. Only one application was made. Damage was evaluated on 26 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree on 10 trees (250 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for casebearer entries.
Control of Lepidopteran Pests in Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hines R. L. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Cabbage was transplanted bare-root on 28 Jun. Plots consisted of two 25 ft (7.6 m) rows on 40 inch (1.0 m) centers with plants spaced 13 inches (0.33 m) apart. Ten ft (3.0 m) borders and 10 ft (3.0 m) alleys separated plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatment applications were initiated during the 9-12 true leave stage, before precupping. Treatments were applied 26 and 31 Jul, 08, 14 and 21 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 3 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles) per row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 47 psi (3.3 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments (except Confirm treatments) at a rate of 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.8 ml/liter). Counts were taken from 5 heads per plot on 15 Aug and 10 heads per plot on 26 Aug. Ten heads per plots were evaluated for feeding damage on 30 Aug using Green’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62:4 798-800): 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (1 % eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2–5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = >30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1991
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set out on 4 Apr at the UG Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farrt near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Plots were two rows wide, 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated font times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a two-row boom equipped with three Spraying Systems TX18 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivered 50 gpa at a pressure of 100 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77, was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 25 Apr, 1,7, 14, and 28 May. Larval counts were made on five plants per plot on 13 and 17 May. Market quality was assessed on 3 Junby scoring lOheadj per plot using a 0-5 scale as given in the Table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05)
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1994
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set out on 21 Mar (Test 1) and 12 May (Test 2) at the UG Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farm near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a two-row boom equipped with three Spraying Systems TX18 hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 50 gpa at a pressure of 100 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77 was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 25 Apr, 2, 9, 17, and 25 May (Test 1), and 1, 8, 13, 21 June; 8 and 13 July (Test 2). Larval counts on five plants per plot were made on 29 Apr, 5, 13 May (Test 1); 3, 10, 16, 24 Jun and 12 July (Test 2). On 30 May (Test 1) and 21 July (Test 2), market quality was determined by scoring 10 mature heads per plot using a 0-5 scale as given in the Table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate (Mk-244) and other Insecticides Against Dbm, 1995
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Dunbar D. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from May to June. The field was set up in a RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft by 7.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage on 36 in. centers and 18 in. in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 4.5 ft row spacing. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. wide space that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. Treatments were applied using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank; therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled by the sprayer operator. The first treatment was applied using hollow cone TX-18 (Spraying Systems) nozzles at 100 psi. Due to excessive drift caused by the small droplet size, the nozzles were changed to TX-26 for the second to fifth treatment application. The pressure was reduced to 45 psi to give an output of 100 gallons per acre. For the last two treatments, the twin jet TJ-60 8006 nozzles at 25 psi were used for an output of 100 gallons per acre. The first treatment was made on 16 May, 12 days after transplanting. Subsequent applications were made on the following dates: 23 and 30 May, 6, 13, 20, and 27 June.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Dbm, 1995
Authors: Mau R. F. L , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S. , Dunster K. W.
Published: December 2017

Three insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from July to September. The field was set up in a RCB design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a single row of cabbage planted at 18 inch between plant spacing. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 24 inch row spacing. Blocks were separated by a 36 inch spacing. Total field size was 68 ft. by 70 ft. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer set at 60 psi with an output of 100 gpa. One hollow cone nozzle (TX-26) was used per row. The first treatment was applied one week after transplanting into the field on 18 Jul. Subsequently, six applications were made weekly until the week before harvest on the following dates: 25 Jul, 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 Aug.
Early Season Acaricide Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Agnello A. , Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Dunham M.
Published: December 2017

Tests were set up to compare the effectiveness of different spring treatments using Sunspray 6E Oil (1% or 2%), Apollo (0.3 lb (Al)/acre), and Savey (0.09 lb (AI)/acre) in the control of European red mite (ERM) in two orchards. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa to 0.03-acre plots. In the Smith orchard the trees were 6 ft high and planted 8 by 14 ft apart. In the Wells orchard the trees were 8 ft high and planted 11 by 16 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Control schedules were compared in single-application treatments using the following treatments and rates (formulation per 100 gal): oil (2 gal) at half-inch green, 23 Apr; Apollo (4 oz) at tight cluster, 5 May; Savey (3 oz) at tight cluster; oil (1 gal) + Apollo (4 oz) at tight cluster; Apollo (4 oz) at pink, 14 May; and Apollo (4 oz) at petal fall, 5 Jun. ERM eggs and motile forms were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication at weekly intervals.
Season-Long Control of Corn Lepidoptera with Foliar Applications of Beauveria Bass1Ana, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Vandenberg J. D.
Published: December 2017

Corn was planted on 1 Jul at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The planting had a RCB design with four replicates of five treatments and one check. Plots consisted of seven 25-ft rows of sweet corn on 30-inch centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 25 ft. To ensure adequate populations of European corn borers, fifteen random plants per treatment were inoculated with neonate larvae from a laboratory-reared colony. Inoculations were made on 27 Aug with 5 neonates per plant, 7 Sep with 9 neonates per plant, and on 15 Sep with 5 neonates per plant. Treatments consisted of three applications of each insecticide. Foliar sprays were applied with a 5-row CO2-pressurized high-boy tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with flat fan 110015 tips, and delivering 30 gpa at 47 psi and 2.5 mph. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1% v/v with Warrior and Dipel foliar treatments. Insecticides were applied on 30 Aug, 6 and 16 Sep. On 2 Oct, primary ears from the 15 inoculated plants of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Commercial Eggplant, 1997
Authors: Stansly Philip A. , Mayra C. , Avilez G
Published: December 2017

A commercial field of staked eggplant was used ap-proximately 45 days after transplanting for this trial in the Culican Valley of Sinaloa, Mexico. The field was 100 m wide and approximately 2 km in length, located between 2 fields of corn. The crop had recently been sprayed with endosulfan (Thiodan®). Consequently, relatively few adult whiteflies could be observed although the presence of eggs and young nymphs indicated the likelihood of increasing infestation, and no further applications were made by the grower for the duration of the trial. Experimental design was completely randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Beds were 100 m in length running north and south with 1.5 m between centers and 2 rows per bed. Plots were 4 beds wide and 15 m long with 1.5 m between plots (90m2). Three weekly applications were made beginning on 12 Feb with 2 Maruyama™ motorized backpack sprayers equipped with a hand-held boom carrying 2 bronze T-Jet™ D2 hollow cone nozzles containing #45 spinner plates. Each bed was sprayed from both sides with 5 liters per replicate of each treatment, delivering a volume of 60.5 gpa. Each plot was sampled for whitefly adults and immature stages prior to application. A beat pan made of an aluminum cake pan 22.5cm X 32.5 cm painted black and covered with a film of vegetable oil and liquid detergent (9:1) was used to sample adults. Three samples were taken in each plot by beating the pan 10 times against the foliage in the middle 2 rows and counting the whiteflies trapped in the oil mixture. Immatures were sampled by counting all whitefly eggs, small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae in 4 lensfields of 1.77 cm2 per leaf (3 leaves per plot). Additional samples were taken 3 days after each successive treatment. Small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae were combined as “immatures” for analysis.
Evaluation of Experimental Compounds for Leafminer Control on Lettuce, 1996
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded on 13 Sep. at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center. Each plot consisted of four, 60-ft-long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by 2 untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Prior to application of treatments, a Lannate (0.75 lb (AI)/acre) and Karate (0.3 lb (AI)/acre) spray was applied to all plots on 27 Sep to control lepidopterous larvae. Foliar treatments were applied on 10 and 17 Oct with a tractor drawn sprayer operated at 150 psi, delivering 45 gpa. No spreader-sticker was added to any of the spray treatments. Insecticide efficacy was determined by randomly selecting 10 lettuce plants in each replicate and placing them in emergence containers for 3-4 weeks to allow for pupation and emergence of liriomyza and parasitoid adults. Adults were counted and their species recorded. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Evaluation of Experimental Compounds for Western Flower Thrips Control in Lettuce, 1997
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Two field trials were conducted at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center. Lettuce was direct seeded 8 Nov in trial 1, and 22 Nov in trial 2 into double-row beds on 42-inch centers. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 60 feet long with a two-bed buffer between the plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The foliar treatments were applied in 40 gpa total volume at 160 psi. A spreader/sticker was used with all treatments (Latron at 0.25% v/v). Three disc-type cone nozzles were used per bed. Two applications were made in each trial; 22 and 29 Jan in trial 1; and 11 and 24 Feb in trial 2. Evaluation of thrips control was based on the number of live adults and nymphs per plant sampled from the center 2 rows of each replicate at intervals fol-lowing each application. Numbers of thrips from 5 plants per replicate were recorded on each sample. Samples were taken by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan. Inside of the pan was a sticky trap to catch the dislodged thrips. Sticky traps were then taken to the laboratory where adult and immature thrips were identified to species and counted. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Thrips Control on Pepper, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , McHugh J. J.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on Waikele Farms, Inc. located at Kunia, HI. The field was set up in a RCB design with seven treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of two rows of plants 30 ft long. Each plot was separated by a 5.5-ft spacing. Blocks were separated by 10-ft spacing. Plants were planted at 18-inch spacing. Total field size was 0.17 acre. Treatments were applied at 40 psi with an output of 60 gpa using a compressed CO2 sprayer. One TJ60 8006 spray nozzle was used per row. Treatments were applied at 7-day intervals on 13, 20, 27 Sep, and 10 Oct. Surveys were made on a bi-weekly basis for a total of two post-treatment surveys. At each survey, two stages of the plant were sampled: flowers and young fruit approximately 1-2" in diameter. Ten randomly selected flowers and fruits were sampled from each treatment plot and separately placed in plastic zip-lock bags. Each sample was washed separately with a detergent solution and the thrips were collected on a 150-mesh sieve. Thrips were recorded by developmental stages; first-instar larvae (LI), second-instar larvae (LII), and adults (A). At harvest, mature fruits were examined and ranked on a scale of 0-5. A rating of “0” indicated no damage on the fruit. The maximum rank of “5” was assigned to a fruit showing 50% or more of its surface scarred with thrips damage. Each rated fruit was also rated as ‘marketable’ or ‘unmarketable’ based on established grading criteria.
Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer in Spring and Fall Peppers, 1997
Authors: Speese John , Nault Brian A.
Published: December 2017

Peppers were transplanted on 23 May (spring crop) and 1 Aug (fall crop) at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 20-ft-rows with 3-ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCBD for both plantings. Sprays were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer using 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows and delivering 46 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 was used with each application at 0.12% vol./vol. Weekly applications were made on both crops beginning when fruit was ≥2 inches in diameter. The spring crop was sprayed from 31 Jul-10 Sep (6 sprays), and the fall crop was sprayed from 17 Sep-8 Oct (4 sprays). To evaluate efficacy of the treatments, the market-sized fruit was harvested from the most uniform row and examined for ECB damage. The number and weight of undamaged (marketable) fruit, and the number of ECB damaged fruit, were recorded for each crop. Harvest dates are indicated in the tables. Plant stand counts were taken in all harvested rows, and yields and % damaged fruit were adjusted to a per plant basis.
Potato Insect Control Trial, Planting Time Treatments, 1997
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Tupy Andrea , Kramer-Wilson Karen , Gerace Dan , Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Al-Jaber Ahmed , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm, Ft. Collins, CO. Plantings were made 23 Apr. Individual plots consisted of four 30-inch rows, 27-ft in length, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. At planting, furrows remained uncovered to allow in-furrow treatments; these were covered immediately after application. Granular formulations (Temik 15G) were applied as a 5-7-inch band. Liquid treatments (Admire, Agenda) were diluted in water (3 gal/acre) and sprayed over the seed piece. Evaluations of CPB involved counting all adults and larvae in the center two rows of each plot. PFB injury evaluations were done by having 3 to 4 individuals estimate the average number of flea beetle feeding punctures on lower leaves. Green peach aphid and potato/tomato psyllid populations were determined by counting insects on 50 leaves/plot selected from the lower canopy of the plants.
Potato Pest Control, 1997
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted 23 May at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 38 inches between rows and 9 to 10 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (1750 lb/acre 10-20-20). The Admire 2F (in-furrow) treatment was applied at planting using a CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a 8004 flat-fan nozzle delivering the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated for weed control on 10 Jun with 0.67 lb/acre of Sencor DF plus Dual 8 E at 2 pt/acre. Fungicide, 1.5 lb/acre Pencozeb DF, was applied 2, 10, 17, 24 Jul, and 26 Aug. Bravo Ultra at 1.33 lb/acre was applied 4 Sep. Paraquat, 1 qt/acre, was applied 18 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 40 ft in length, with 9-ft alleys separating plots and 3-ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Foliar treatments were initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots. Foliar applications of Provado were made 27 Jun and 12 Aug only. All other foliar treatments were applied 27 Jun, 11 Jul, 12 and 28 Aug. A spreader-sticker was added to all M-Trak applications. Cygon 4 E, 1 pt/acre, was added to the M-Trak treatment 11 Jul to suppress PLH populations. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted drop-nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Number of egg masses, small (stadium 1-2), large (stadium 3-4) larvae, and adults were counted and percent defoliation was visually estimated in five 1 -m lengths of row per plot. Leafhopper nymphs and aphids were sampled by visually inspecting 25 compound leaves per plot on each sampling date. Hopperburn was rated 16 Jul by inspecting ten leaves per plot and assigning a damage rating for each leaf as follows; 0 = no symptoms, 1 = curling only, 2 = curling with chlorosis or brown edges. We report the cummulative rating for the ten leaves in each plot. For example, if all ten leaves in a plot had curling and brown edges then the cummulative rating would be 20; if all ten leaves had only curling then the cummulative rating would be 10. Potatoes were harvested 2 Oct and graded 23 Oct, separating tubers into “A” and “B” sizes and culls (rotted or damaged).
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1997A
Authors: Longtine Craig A. , Ragsdale David W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: December 2017

This trial was located in a non-irrigated commercial potato field near Hollandale in southern Minnesota. Plots consisted of a single treatment row 25 ft in length bordered on each side by two untreated guard rows. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a single Teejet 8003-E flat-fan nozzle delivering 40 gpa/acre at 35 psi. All treatments were applied on 2 Jul. Spraying conditions were windy, but winds were constant. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of early instars (first and second) and late instars (third and fourth) were made on every plant in each plot on 3 Jul. The data were subjected to analyses of variance following log10(x +1) transformation.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1997B
Authors: Longtine Craig A. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Ragsdale David W.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 20 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experi-ment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots consisted of a single treatment row 30 feet in length with 10 feet of untreated potatoes between plots within rows. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Treated rows were separated by one row of untreated potatoes. Admire 2F was applied over the top of the potato pieces just before the furrows were covered. Foliar applications were made on 15 Jul with a CO2-pressurized sprayer fitted with a Teejet 8003-E flat-fan nozzle delivering 40 gpa at 35 psi. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on every plant in each plot on 16 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Analyses of variance was performed on data after log10(x +1) transformation.
Colorado Potato Beetle and Green Peach Aphid Control with Soil-Applied Insecticides and Foliar Sprays, 1997
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 28 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Ten treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a RCB design. Individual plots were 4 rows (36-inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5-ft alleyways separating the plots. Green peach aphids were mass reared in the greenhouse on mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. ‘Florida Broadleaf’) for release into individual plots. Aphid releases were made into test plots on 14 Jun. A total of four heavily infested leaves were released per plot. On a weekly basis, adults, large larvae (3-4 instar), small larvae (1-2 instar), and egg masses of Colorado potato beetle were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center 5 hills of the middle 2 plot rows. Green peach aphid counts were made by non-destructively sampling 20 leaves at random from the top, middle, and bottom sections of plants in the center two rows of each plot. The data collected and presented is the total no. of aphids/20 leaves. Admire treatments were applied at planting as an in-furrow S over the seed piece on 28 Apr. Temik and Thimet were applied in-furrow with the seed piece at-planting. Post-emergence Admire was side dressed and shanked on 29 May. Furadan and the at-emergence, pre-hilling Admire treatment were applied on 6 Jun. Furadan was applied in a six-inch banded S over the plants at 4-inch rosette stage of plant growth using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer. The at-emergence, pre-hilling Admire treatment was shanked to the side of the plants (3 inch to side and 4 inch deep) and then hilled. On 26 Jun the CGA-215944 and Sevin treatments were S applied. All foliar S treatments were broadcast applied using the backpack CO2 sprayer at a rate of 20 gpa (30 psi, with 4, 10X hollow-cone nozzles). On 28 Jul a second foliar application of Furadan was made. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD Test.
Control of Aphids on Spinach with Imidacloprid and Other Treatments, 1996
Authors: Riley David
Published: December 2017

Fresh-market type ‘Fall Green’ spinach, was direct seeded on 11 Oct 1995 in 100-cm-width beds and maintained with standard cultural practices at Weslaco, TX. Plots consisted of two rows by 10 m and were arranged in a RCB design with six treatments and four replicates. Admire (imidacloprid) was applied at planting as an 8-cm banded spray in the seed furrow. All other insecticide treatments were foliar sprays which were initiated when aphid numbers exceeded 1 per leaf. Spray applications were made on January 16, 23 and February 14 with three TX6 hollow-cone tips (Spraying Systems Company) per row. The spray volume was 284 ]/ha. Aphids were counted on one expanded leaf per plant on 5 plants per plot. An additional destructive sample was taken at harvest on 8 and 16 Feb to determine the number of gpa per 10 leaves per plot and number of root aphids per 5 mechanically extracted tap roots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means.
Foliar Sprays to Control Green Peach Aphidsl on Spinach, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Spinach was planted on 5 Sep in a commercial field in Tasley, VA. Each plot was 5 ft wide X 15 ft long and contained 6 rows of plants. The test consisted of 9 treatments replicated 3 times in a RCB design. A pre-treatment count of live aphids on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot was made in the plots designated to be untreated checks immediately prior to the first application on 5 Dec. This count indicated moderate to heavy GPA pressure with an average of 412 live aphids/10 leaves. Subsequent counts to evaluate efficacy were made in a similar manner on the dates indicated in the table. The treatments were applied with a three flat-fan (8003, T Jet) nozzle boom delivering 46 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A second application was made on 11 Dec after a prolonged rainy period from the evening of 5 Dec through 9 Dec totaling 1.27 in. Latron B-1956 at a rate of 8 fl oz formulation/100 gal water was added to each treatment, except for the Pymetrozine 50WP at 0.045 lb(AI)/acre + Silwet.
Evaluation of Mp062 for Control of Armyworm on Tomatoes, 1997
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Mullen R. , Cutter D.
Published: December 2017

Nine treatments were evaluated in a RCB design with 4 replicates of 5 ft X 25 ft each in a field near Farmington, CA. Treatments were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 gpa and 40 psi on 15 Aug, 29 Aug, and 12 Sep. Treatments were evaluated on 15 Aug, 29 Aug, and 12 Sep by lifting the vines, counting and removing all damaged fruit. The harvest evaluation was made on 24 Sep by cutting and shaking all fruit from plants in a 5’ section of each plot.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Tomato Insects, 1996
Authors: Griffin R. P. , Khan M.F.R.
Published: December 2017

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 22 Apr at the Cherry Farm, Clemson, SC. Experimental plots consisted of two adjacent 3-ft wide bedded-rows, 15 ft long, with 6-ft spacing between rows, arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Seedlings were placed 18 inches part within rows and were drip irrigated. Treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using TX10 hollow cone tips on a three-nozzle boom, delivering 48 gal finished spray/acre at 60 psi. Both sides of each row were sprayed. Treatments using formulations containing Bacillus thuringiensis were applied on approximately a 5-d schedule. Able + Agree; Mattch + MPEDE were applied on 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29 Jun, 3, 9, 12, 17 and 19 Jul. All other treatments were applied on approximately a 10-d schedule: 4, 14, 24 Jun, 3,12 and 19 Jul. Maintenance sprays comprising of the fungicides Manzate 200 at 3 lb product/acre and Kocide DF at 2 lb product/acre were tank-mixed and applied with the insecticide treatments on the 10 d schedule. Thrips population was evaluated on 17 Jun by selecting 10 flowers at random from each plot, dissecting the flowers and counting the numbers of FT. Actual numbers of thrips/10 flowers/plot are reported. On 24 Jul, 25 fruits were picked at random from each plot and examined for fruitworm injury. The data are expressed as percent fruitworm injury. Twenty-five fruits were harvested at random from each plot on 24 Jul and examined for stink bug injury. The data are expressed as percent stink bug injury.