bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
comTHE CONSTRUCTION OF NEGOTIATING SPACE IN MODERN AFGHAN CONFLICT
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Zaripova Zebiniso
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to analysis of all content in the process of construction the agenda of negotiation in current afghan conflict. Through the prism of conflict transformation theories, we offer the variants of changing context, structure of participants and the variants of proposals for discussion. The ending of this conflict will become real if all parties want to do it.Keywords: Negotiation space, the transformation theories, USA, Taliban, the Government of IRA, position of parties, agenda for negotiation
REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEM OF POWER TRANSFORMER USING IoT AND GSM
Authors: Parvez Jehan
Published: October 2021

The power transformer is the most important and expensive element in the power system. It is used to change the voltage levels at different stages in a power system. The foremost responsibility of the utility grid is to ensure smooth and reliable availability of power through the transformer. But there are different abnormal conditions that can occur in the transformer such as overheating, overexcitation, abnormal frequency, overload, abnormal voltage, open circuit, and breaker failure. These abnormal conditions reduce the life, efficiency, and performance of the transformer, as a result, the overall reliability of the power system gets decreased. Moreover, in case of any failure of the power transformer, the consumers will suffer a severe power outage and consequently, a massive economic loss will occur. During abnormal conditions, the health of a transformer is deteriorating, and it is very important, that the operator should act quickly and accurately in terms of any abnormality occurred. For this purpose, need a proper health monitoring system that should properly monitor the health of the transformer and take proper action to prevent it from greater damages. The proposed system is user-friendly, flexible, reliable, and presenting more functionalities with almost 10 times lower cost than the existing system. This research work has developed a low-cost GSM and internet of things (IoT) based indigenous prototype for transformer monitoring that will be able to early inform the relevant staff through SMS and web data for the different abnormal conditions.
Pedagogika cyrku - jako metoda pracy z uczniem niedostosowanym społecznie
Authors: Wojszel Anna
Published: October 2021

Prezentowany artykuł jest próbą podsumowania autorskiego, innowacyjnego programu pracy metodą pedagogiki cyrku z uczniami niedostosowanymi społecznie oraz zaburzeniami zachowania i emocji, realizowanego przez autorkę od 10 lat w Szkole Podstawowej nr 1 w Różanymstoku. Szkoła Podstawowa Specjalna Nr 1 w Różanymstoku wchodzi w skład Salezjańskiego Ośrodka Wychowawczego im. Św. Jana Bosko w Różanymstoku i przeznaczona jest dla uczniów niedostosowanych społecznie, do której przyjmowani są chłopcy, wobec których właściwy Sąd Rodzinny do spraw Nieletnich orzekł zastosowanie środka wychowawczego w postaci umieszczenia w placówce resocjalizacyjnej. Struktura organizacyjna szkoły obejmuje klasy V-VIII. W niniejszym artykule prezentuję opracowany program oraz analizuję pojawiające się problemy i możliwości jego realizacji w wybranej instytucji jako efekt badania w działaniu.
Spotkanie baśni i obrazu jako projektowanie procesu kompetencji kulturowej
Authors: Kaliszewska-Henczel Magdalena
Published: October 2021

Celem niniejszego tekstu uczyniłam refleksję nad procesem nabywania kompetencji kulturowej przez dorosłych użytkowników języka. Uczestnictwo w owym procesie pozwoliło na poznanie studenckich strategii czytania baśni w relacji z obrazem – rozrusznikiem wyobraźni. Rozważania, w oparciu o realizowaną obserwację uczestniczącą i badanie w działaniu – sytuuję w paradygmacie jakościowym. Interpretacje tekstów kultury, formułowane przez kandydatów na nauczycieli są „wypadkową”: 1) wzorców uformowanych za pośrednictwem doświadczanej uprzednio tradycyjnej edukacji oraz 2) uczestnictwa w sytuacji edukacyjnej pobudzającej proces nadawania znaczeń.
Disfluencies in sight translation vis-à-vis dominating text function: A pilot study based on English-Polish sight translation performed by professional interpreters
Authors: Gorszczyńska Paula
Published: October 2021

The aim of the paper is to provide an account of a pilot study whose primary intention was to classify and analyse disfluencies that recur in sight translations performed by professional interpreters. For this purpose, Gósy’s disfluency taxonomy (2004, 2007) was modified and applied to ten professional translations of three source texts (STs), the latter representing three text functions reflecting Christina Nord’s interpretation of Katherine Reiss’ classification (Reiss 1989 in Nord 1997), namely informative, expressive and operative one. An attempt was also made to trace any interdependencies of disfluency occurrence and ST dominating function.
Структурные классы молекулярных кристаллов с единственным опорным контактом
Authors: Банару А.М. , Банару Д.А. , Аксенов С.М.
Published: October 2021

Из перечня 305 структурных классов (СК), ранее перечисленных Бельским с соавторами, на основе данных о числе порождающих элементов у 230 пространственных групп выявлены те СК моносистемных гомомолекулярных кристаллов, в которых может быть реализован ровно один опорный межмолекулярных контакт. Всего найдено 37 СК, среди которых нет ни одного «гиганта» и большого СК, но есть два малых СК: Fdd2, Z = 8(2) (СК DMSO4) и P41212, Z = 4(2) (СК PhCN). Показано, что в этих СК комбинаторно-различимая сеть, построенная на одном контакте, единственная и относится к топологическому типу dia. Приведены примеры кристаллических структур. По результатам анализа молекулярных полиэдров Вороного—Дирихле рассчитаны молекулярные координационные числа (МКЧ) и энергия межмолекулярного взаимодействия в атом-атомном приближении.
The relocation of a heritage bridge
Authors: Hogesteeger Paul , Vergoossen Rob , Bruchner Marc
Published: October 2021

This paper describes the history of a heritage bridge in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) and the efforts made for the relocation of this bridge. Investigations were made to determine the structural integrity of the original elements and structural assessments were done to find the remaining capacity for future use. The Ultimate Limit State for the original elements was investigated. Lateral stability was checked and based on the historical use and the required future use the fatigue loads were calculated for the different cross sections and for critical connections. These calculations showed that a required residual service life of 30 years after relocation was technically possible for this bridge. Some pros and cons for the re-use of this bridge are also discussed.
Afsluitdijk climate resilient with XblocPlus
Authors: Reedijk Bas , Bakker Pieter
Published: October 2021

The Afsluitdijk forms 32 km of the primary sea defence of the Netherlands. The Afsluitdijk was built as a closure dam in 1932 and separates the IJsselmeer from the Wadden-Sea and North Sea. Because of climate change the Afsluitdijk needs to be strengthened. A higher crest height is required to limit overtopping at higher water levels due to sea level rise. Heavier armour is required to protect the Afsluitdijk from higher wave heights. Because of the historic value of the Afsluitdijk, stringent architectural requirements are in place on the visual appearance of the dam after strengthening [1]. Therefore, a new concrete armour unit was developed to provide protection of the seaward side of the Afsluitdijk. This armour unit is called XblocPlus. The development of the armour unit is based on the breakwater armour unit Xbloc which has been applied since 2004. A saving of 56% on CO2 footprint was achieved compared to the Clients reference design.
Characterization of operational vibrations of highway bridges Via Lidar
Authors: Trias Adriana
Published: October 2021

During the examination of data obtained from scanning an operational steel girder bridge, local ripples were noted in horizontal elements that were expected to be planar in nature (such as girder flanges). It was hypothesized that these ripples are a result of the bridge vibrating under truck traffic. The objective of this paper is to examine this hypothesis through the use of data obtained from an operating highway bridge together with the use of numerical and physical models. After analyzing the data, by estimating the distance between the peak of these ripples (and translating this into time using the data acquisition metrics) the frequency of the vibrating object can be estimated. For the operating bridge and physical model employed in this research, the natural frequencies were estimated within 2% to 10% and 0,22% to 5%, respectively.
Bridge weigh-in-motion using bridge influence surface and computer vision: an experimental study
Authors: Jian Xudong , Zhong Jiwei , Wang Yafei , Xia Ye , Sun Limin
Published: October 2021

Complicated traffic scenarios, including random lane change and multiple presences of vehicles on bridges are the main obstacles preventing bridge weigh-in-motion (BWIM) technique from reliable and massive application. To tackle the complicated traffic problems of BWIM, this paper develops a novel BWIM method by integrating the bridge influence surface theory and deep-learning based computer vision technique. For illustration and verification, the proposed method is applied to identify gross weights of vehicles in scale experiments, where various complicated traffic scenarios are simulated. Identification results confirm the favourable robustness, accuracy, and cost- effectiveness of the method.
Comparison on outlier detection methods using measured data from a long span tied-arch bridge
Authors: Ni Peng , Jiang Haili , Fu Wurong , Xia Ye , Sun Limin
Published: October 2021

As the demand for the detections of outliers in the structural health monitoring data-set increases, numerous approaches are presented for it. However, the characteristics of the existing methods dealing with different kinds of measured data are not yet clear enough for practical use. Therefore, this paper conducts a comparative study of several popular rule-based methods based on monitoring data of an arch-tied bridge in China. For measured data, outliers are not known in advance. In this way, this study evaluates and compares the detection performances rely on two indicators: the quantity of the detected outliers and the extreme value of the outliers deviating from the mean of the data. Conclusions on the features and applicable situations of involved methods are given. Additionally, combining the results of different methods proves to be beneficial. Finally, a software incorporating the research results is developed for outlier detection.
Bridge-vessel anti-collision monitoring system: design and implementation
Authors: Shao Zhufeng , Ma Haiying , Xia Ye , Su Dan
Published: October 2021

Shipping is an important mode of transportation. Due to the rapid development of shipping and the growth of cross channel bridges, vessel-bridge collision accidents have become a serious problem that threatens the safety of cross channel bridges. The active bridge-vessel anti-collision monitoring System is proposed to directly reduce the probability of ship collision accidents and avoid the problems such as economic loss and negative social impact caused by the accidents. The monitoring system monitors the bridge area. The dangerous ships are determined by analyzing the information such as the track; after that, the warning equipment such as sound and light is used to remind the unsafe ships to prevent the ship collision accident. This paper introduces an active bridge-vessel anti-collision monitoring System based on the NVIDIA development board.
Climate impact estimation – from feasibility study to handover
Authors: Lagerkvist Johan , Simonsson Peter , Karlsson Mats , Rempling Rasmus , Bosch-Sijtsema Petra , Lædre‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ Ola
Published: October 2021

Responsible for 1/5 of the total CO2-equivalents emissions and 50% of the materials resources used globally, the construction industry plays a vital role for a sustainable future. All parties in the construction industry address the challenge from their perspective and national transport administrations are often considered as the driver toward a fossil free industry. In this study, three Swedish infrastructure projects are studied by means of interviews, focusing on the usage and acceptance of the recently implemented climate estimation process. From the interviews, it is found that currently there is a lack of knowledge regarding climate estimations among bridge and environmental specialists as well as project managers. To address this challenge, it is important to educate the industry and increase the knowledge about climate estimations and declarations as well as inform which actions have the largest impact to reduce the CO2-equivalents emissions.
Experimental study on anti-collision device using titanium steel and recycle tires
Authors: Xin Ziheng , Ma Haiying , Wang Junjie , Gao Hao , Song Yanchen
Published: October 2021

Anti-collision devices can reduce the damage of bridge columns under ship collision, and a new device is proposed in the paper using a combination of titanium steel and recycle tires. The proposed device effectively improves the performance of buffering energy dissipation and durability under strong impact load. A 0.6 scale test specimen was designed and tested to investigate the behavior of the device under impact load; finite element models were conducted to analyze and compare with the experimental results. The performances of different types of the anti-collision device are compared, and the failure mechanism is studied.
Nonlinear finite element analysis for structural assessment of existing bridges: network manager experiences
Authors: de Boon Johan , Roosen Marco A. , Schaafsma Dick G. , Hendriks Max A. N.
Published: October 2021

The Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat) is assessing its bridges as a part of the major renovation and replacement task of bridge-structures in the Netherlands. For assessments it appears that calculations show that an increasing number of existing bridges no longer comply with current assessment standards or are becoming restricted in their functionality. Complete renovation is costly, results in disruption of traffic, and is not sustainable. The Eurocode permits to demonstrate sufficient safety using a nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA). NLFEA offers a possibility to demonstrate additional structural safety of the existing bridge-structures.

The challenge is to gain confidence that the approach gives reliable results for the structural safety of the considered bridge. Moreover, experience learns that NLFEA demands many choices to be made by Rijkswaterstaat as a client and will not always lead to unambiguous results. These choices concern modelling aspects, applied safety format, load positions, and the required sensitivity analyses. Another question is what conclusions, based on the obtained results of this analysis, can be drawn for similar structures.

This paper shows how Rijkswaterstaat has dealt with these challenges with case 'Peddemors' and what lessons are learned, all from the viewpoint of a client.
The development of a BIM data structure for bridge maintenance
Authors: Baumgartner Sebastian , El-Mahrouk Omar , Kopp Michaela , Vill Markus
Published: October 2021

The application of Building Information Modeling is based on the definition of basic classifications to create a clear data structure in which specific parameters can be defined. In building construction, such basic classifications are already in use. However, there are no standardized definitions of the data basis concerning the transport infrastructure stock. Therefore, a data structure is needed to capture all planes of design, construction, and maintenance. In the course of this work, a BIM data structure was developed together with Austrian infrastructure owners –Austrian Federal Railways and Highways Agency. Within the research group, the University of Applied Sciences “FH Campus Wien”, Vienna, was responsible for the topic of bridges and bridge maintenance. A consistent data structure is the basis for BIM implementation in infrastructure engineering. The potentials range from the use of BIM models for static calculations to their application in maintenance management.
Concepts for walkable coverings of historic site
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe , Van Staen Gilles , De Backer Hans
Published: October 2021

Historic and archaeological sites are often subjected to harmful environmental as well as human factors. Covering these sites with protective structures or shelters does not always render the desired result, since the authentic character of the site may be impaired. By building walkable covers above the area, social interest in historic remains can be promoted, as visitors can observe them from above without intruding activity or influence the ambient conditions. In addition, these walkways can be equipped with lateral cables to shift foils above the site, whenever visits are prevented by the weather. Three typologies of adapted footbridges are introduced. For each type, requirements of strength, stability, human induced vibration and effects of wind, including vortex are being verified. In some cases vortex shedding seems the most critical condition, albeit simple adequate systems can be installed for mitigation.
The Enshi funicular
Authors: Cayatte Charles , Lemaire Arnaud
Published: October 2021

Enshi Grand Canyon is one of China's remarkable sites. A one-kilometre-long funicular, carried by steel viaducts on half of the line and a slab track on the other half, will soon be inaugurated to transport visitors with a nearly carbon-free transportation system. These metal structures have unique designs, dictated by the strong constraints of the funicular system and the constraints of accessibility, constructability and transport on this mountainous site. This article presents the main characteristics of these works.
Real condition experiment on a new bridge weigh-in-motion solution for the traffic assessment on road bridges
Authors: Cartiaux François-Baptiste , Le Corvec Véronique , Semiao Jorge , Jacob Bernard , Schmidt Franziska , Brouste‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ Alexandre , Ehrlacher Alain
Published: October 2021

Weigh-in-Motion is currently the only way to precisely assess and monitor traffic loads on road bridges from real measurements. This assessment helps to detect potential overweight vehicles and to optimize the maintenance operations on the bridge thanks to an accurate knowledge of its real load conditions.

An experiment, performed on a precast prestressed concrete beam girders bridge overcrossing a highway in France, is described. The Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) system uses the bridge deck as a large scale, part of the weighing device, and measures strain in critical parts of the structure.

The system is able to get significantly accurate estimations of the gross weight of the vehicles on most types of bridges, including long span box girders, large composite decks or the multiple precast prestressed concrete beams considered in the study. However, the axle load estimation is still much less accurate and not presented here.

The experiment started in February 2019 and is still going on, also proving the robustness of the solution for an operation over long durations, as a permanent part of the bridge management through its whole lifecycle. Thus, the WIM sensors used are relevant for the Structural Health Monitoring of the bridge deck as well.
Design of Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit package CP103
Authors: Scantlebury Richard , Hewson Nigel
Published: October 2021

Completed in 2019, Jakarta’s first MRT system is providing much-needed relief to the congested road network of this city and to its population of around ten million people. Constructing infrastructure in a congested, developed urban area provides substantial challenges for designers, the contractor and client. This paper considers the design of the viaducts and stations within one of the MRT packages, and how site constraints impacted the ultimate solution. Also discussed is the impact of onerous seismic design criteria such as those specified for this project. High serviceability ground accelerations challenged the designer to introduce flexibility into the structural response, whilst simultaneously providing necessary resistance in the ultimate case.
Numerical calibration of railway bridge based on measurement data
Authors: Lachinger Stefan , Ralbovsky Marian , Vorwagner Alois , Hekič Doron , Kosič Mirko , Anžlin Andrej
Published: October 2021

Bridges rarely behave precisely according to design assumptions. In most cases, they have some hidden reserves and behave preferable under traffic loads. To take these benefits into consideration numerical models can be calibrated based on measured structural response. The case study presented herein shows the calibration process for a railway truss bridge in Austria and the comparison of calibration results obtained by two individual teams. Each team did an individual and independent calibration based on different finite element models based on measured train passages. Both calibrations improved the precision of the calculated model response compared to the initial model, but also showed that the calibration parameters must be chosen with care to ensure plausibility of the results.
Permanent glass-fibre-reinforced under water concrete floor
Authors: Laagland Jeroen
Published: October 2021

Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) has been applied in underwater concrete floors as part of the permanent structure of two underpasses within a road upgrade project in The Netherlands. This application is unique in view of the permanent nature of the use of GFRP in such structures. These underwater concrete floors are subjected to both downwards loads, such as traffic loads and permanent load, as well as by water pressure uplift.

The construction pit consists of permanent sheet piling with a prefab concrete deck on top and a permanent underwater concrete floor between the sheet piling. This permanent underwater concrete floor is reinforced with only GFRP reinforcement. The fibre prevents cracking in the outer zone and increase the tensile strength.
Accidental impact by ships in the updated EN 1991-1-7
Authors: Kunz Claus
Published: October 2021

Ship collision is still one of the risk-prone expositions for bridges crossing navigable inland and mar- itime waterways. Within the preparation of the 2nd generation of the Eurocodes a 3rd (final) draft of an updated EN 1991-1-7 is edited [2]. Rules and background information for the Eurocode impact rules concerning inland and maritime waterway traffic are given. The rules and recommendations cover aspects like impact dynamics, load-indentation-functions, collision angles, collision probabili- ties and reliability criteria. For seagoing vessels new impact mechanics have been included. Infor- mation from some National Annexes and open questions are mentioned. Examples with determined ship impact forces are presented.
Classification of earthquake-induced building damage using innovative methods
Authors: Kohns Julia , Stempniewski Lothar
Published: October 2021

In the event of an earthquake, damaged and destroyed buildings are of central importance. Using a combination of automatic approaches and human crowdsourced visual interpretation based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) derived data for the classification of earthquake damage offers a fast and objective assessment of the damage situation. Earthquake engineering knowledge is transferred to these innovative methods by developing and implementing a damage catalogue. This damage catalogue includes typical damage patterns for five damage grades ranging from crack widths to failure modes and focuses on the two common building materials - reinforced concrete and masonry. This paper presents the structure of such damage catalogue, defines crack widths and gives examples for particular damage grades. Moreover, the application of the damage catalogue in automatic and crowdsourcing approaches for a classification into five damage grades is explained.
Variations in seismic retrofit design of cable-stayed bridges of different sizes
Authors: Kaneda Takao , Yamaguchi Kazunori
Published: October 2021

There are three cable-stayed bridges in Nishi-Seto Expressway, the westernmost route of Honshu- Shikoku Expressway; Shin-Onomichi Bridge (maximum span of 215 m), Ikuchi Bridge (center span of 490 m), and Tatara Bridge (center span of 890 m). The results of seismic analyses of the bridges revealed the considerable sway-mode vibrations in longitudinal direction, and seismic devices such as viscous dampers and stoppers were found to be necessary to mitigate the above vibrations. In this paper, the vibration characteristics of the cable-stayed bridges of different sizes and the difference in the seismic retrofit design for the bridges are presented.
Refurbishment of orthotropic steel decks with steel plates
Authors: Rikken Maarten , Tjepkema Daan , Gibson Rupert , Gration David
Published: October 2021

A common problem in steel bridges is fatigue of orthotropic decks due to heavy traffic demands. Whilst replacing the asphalt with a high strength concrete overlay can solve this problem, it imposes significant additional self-weight. This additional self-weight often requires strengthening of the superstructure which in turn can result in long execution times with associated hindrance and costs. As no existing method addressed these issues Arup engineers developed an innovative solution for Rijkswaterstaat (RWS), the Dutch Highways Authority. The new solution consists of bolting steel plates to the orthotropic steel deck, stiffening it for fatigue. Arup and RHDHV work in a joint venture, the Managing Contractor, on the renovation of steel bridges for and with RWS.
Influence of inspection on the safety of fatigue loaded welded cruciform steel joints – comparison of simplified and advanced crack growth models
Authors: Leonetti Davide , Maljaars Johan , Snijder Bert
Published: October 2021

Probabilistic fatigue life prediction models of welded steel joints are often used to estimate the level of safety, which is given in terms of the probability of failure or the reliability index as a function of the applied load cycles. Prediction models based on fracture mechanics allow taking into account the effect of inspections on the estimated level of safety. Recent developments in fracture mechanics based fatigue prediction models allow modeling the behavior of short and long fatigue cracks under constant and variable amplitude loading. Short cracks are relevant since their growth characterizes most of the fatigue life, especially under service loading. A recently proposed model by the authors is considered and compared to a more traditional and simplified model as proposed in the standard BS7910, where no distinction is made between short and long cracks. The effect of the model uncertainty, the type of inspection, and the time of the inspection on the estimated level of safety are quantified for welded cruciform steel joints.
Monitoring of a Norwegian steel-concrete bridge strengthening for composite action
Authors: Vestman Victor , Collin Peter , Hällmark Robert , Arason Magnús
Published: October 2021

Traffic density and vehicle weight have been increasing over time, which implies that many existing road bridges were not designed for the high service loads and the increased number of load cycles that they are exposed to today. One way to increase the traffic load capacity of non-composite steel- concrete bridges is to use post-install shear connectors and one type of shear connector is the coiled spring pin. This type of connector has advantages for strengthening of existing bridges, since it enables an installation from below while the bridge is still in service and does not bring along removal of concrete and pavement, nor welding to the top flange.

This paper describes one ~50 years old Norwegian single span steel-concrete bridge that was strengthened with post-installed coiled spring pins. The strengthening method and the design procedure are presented, along with the results from a field monitoring on Sagstu bridge, performed to evaluate the behaviour of the strengthened structure. The results show that the coiled spring pins counteract the slip and bring along a very good degree of composite action.
Condition assessment, rehabilitation and upgradation of stadia in Delhi using modern technology
Authors: Roy B. C. , Ekambaram R.
Published: October 2021

India organized the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi in 2010 for which some new stadia were built while some others were renovated. Delhi organized the Asian Games in 1982 successfully building new stadiums. The intervening period of over 25 years had witnessed major advancement in sports technology. Upgrading the stadia using advanced assessment methods and satisfy more stringent requirements were major challenges to ensure that their service lives are extended and that they remain versatile.

The stadia remodelled/retrofitted were Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (JNS), Dr. S. P. Mukherjee Swimming Pool Complex, (SPM), Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Complex (IG), and Major Dhyan Chand Stadium. In JNS, the centrepiece of the Games, the open spectator stands needed to be covered accommodating the constraints imposed by the existing playing field. SPM, which was open to sky, required an indoor facility. The IG indoor stadium, hosting gymnastics, required major repair and retrofitting. The paper details these efforts
Fire performance of reinforced concrete slabs: a numerical analysis
Authors: Fanton Andreia Romero , de Almeida Luiz Carlos , Mouta Trautwein Leandro
Published: October 2021

The emergence of tensile membrane action as a key load-carrying mechanism has increased experimental and numerical studies on the fire performance of concrete slabs since 2000, however, the different behaviour due to aggregate type is less studied in slabs numerical analysis. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the thermomechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs exposed to fire, using Finite Element Modelling in ATENA and GiD. Results were validated against experimental data from the literature subjecting slabs to ISO834 and hydrocarbon time- temperature curves. 3 calibration steps were done to combine mechanical and thermal behaviours. A parametric analysis was carried out with calcareous and siliceous aggregates to provide information for safer slab design and consequent fewer accidents related to fire situation. The choice of aggregate type must always be considered in design.
Enhancement of structural safety by safety factors – a case against the common approach
Authors: Brehm Eric , Hertle Robert
Published: October 2021

In every available structural design code, safety concepts, which account for uncertainties in the design, are defined. The safety factors underlying these concepts vary strongly in their magnitude and application - one can find partial safety factors, which exhibit different values for load actions and resistances, as well as global safety factors, which are applied either on load actions, when geometrical non-linearities are prevailing, or on the structure’s resistances, when a straightforward linear determination of the forces and moments acting within the structure is sufficient. The values of the safety factors have been derived traditionally by experience before probabilistic approaches, that attempt to cover every significant epistemic and aleatory uncertainty in the design, were available. By application of stochastic methods, the objective is and was the derivation of optimal safety factors. The derived values of safety factors are subject of many discussions within the professional and scientific community, since they can shift market shares of different construction methods and materials significantly or make structural verification of existing structures impossible. The latter mentioned argument is especially valid when dealing with existing, often decades or centuries old, structures. Sometimes, the safety factors are even used to exclude certain materials from the market. However, the importance of such factors should be questioned [1]. When analysing the reasons for structural failures, widespread research show that the massively larger share of failures is associated with human error, which is, due to its very nature, not covered by safety factors. To explain the antagonism between safety factors solely relying on a probabilistic approach and the nature of human error, corresponding examples will be discussed, the corresponding probabilities of failure will be assessed and the consequences on future structural design rules will be highlighted in this paper.
Reliability-based structural assessment of a historical steel railway bridge
Authors: Bouzas Óscar , Conde Borja , Cabaleiro Manuel , Barros Brais , Riveiro Belén , Riego Nicolás
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a simplified probabilistic analysis approach is presented. The Barqueiro Bridge, a four- span riveted iron bridge located in Galicia, Spain, is selected as a case study. This bridge is placed in an environment with high humidity and salinity which could potentially induce severe damages to the structure. These damages introduce considerable uncertainty in the structural parameters that should be used in reliability-based assessment procedures for verifying current safety conditions. To alleviate this issue, non-destructive experimental testing is used which also helps during numerical modeling. Model uncertain parameters are described through adequate probability distributions and then grouped by using two different strategies; based on structural element type and on stress level. According to this strategy, the limit state of interest is analyzed to verify the probability of failure and the reliability index of the structure.
Impact evaluation of human-made hazards on terrestrial transport infrastructure assets: modelling variables and failure modes
Authors: Galvão Neryvaldo , Sousa Hélder S. , Matos José C.
Published: October 2021

This work provides an overview of human-made hazards impact on the malfunctioning of terrestrial transportation systems. The impacts evaluation is gathered in four major groups, specifically: human, economic, environmental and political/social impacts. For further characterization or forecast of human-made hazards impact in real case scenarios, a traditional risk assessment framework is proposed by assuming four main steps: i) hazard identification; ii) probability of occurrence; iii) asset vulnerability; iv) impacts. The present work was carried within the SAFEWAY project, which aims at improving the resilience of transport infrastructures, developing a holistic toolset with transversal application to anticipate and mitigate the effects of extreme events at all modes of disaster cycle.
A low-carbon, funicular concrete floor system: design and engineering of the HiLo floors
Authors: Ranaudo Francesco , Van Mele Tom , Block Philippe
Published: October 2021

This paper reports on the integrated computational design, engineering and construction of the concrete, rib-stiffened funicular floors of the HiLo research & innovation unit, built on the NEST platform in Dübendorf, Switzerland. These floors represent the first application of this innovative technology in a real project. The lightweight structural floors significantly reduce environmental impact and embodied carbon emissions, when compared to common reinforced concrete slabs, both by minimising material needs and by using a large percentage of recycled construction waste, thus additionally contributing to a circular economy in construction.
ViA15 - A paradigm switch for bridge design
Authors: Maas Toon , Ney Laurent , Bodarwè Eric
Published: October 2021

Designing new highway infrastructure creates accessibility and improve traffic situations, however, on the direct environment, a positive impact is less evident. This paper discusses the project vision and the bridge design of the new highway infrastructure over the Pannerdensch Kanaal and its surrounding Natura-2000 area. The project is part of the extension of the A15 and connection to the A12 in Gelderland, The Netherlands. When designing new highway infrastructure, the car is the biggest winner. The others unfortunately tend to lose. The others are, what we like to call, “The local habitat”: local population, cyclists and pedestrians, but as well the flora and fauna. A paradigm switch is needed and lays at the basis of this nature-inclusive infrastructure, with the longest covered cycle bridge in the world.
HISTORIOSOPHICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CULT OF PERSONALITY IN THE BIOGRAPHIES OF V.I. LENIN 1924–1956
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Barysheva Elena V. , Morozov Dmitriy V. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: October 2021

The authors make an attempt to analyse on the basis of Hayden White’s theory of historical narrative historiosophical prerequisites for the formation of the cult of personality in the soviet biographies of V.I. Lenin published in 1924–1956. The basis of texts is a plot structure, implying, on the one hand, the existence of immutable laws of historical development, which humanity is forced to obey, and, on the other, a person who is able to learn them through the bitterness of defeats and put them at his service. The explanation of the facts of the historical narrative takes place by using two types of formal argument: Mechanism, which emphasizes the laws of historical development and the role of the masses in the historical process, and organicism, which gives high priority to V.I. Lenin himself and the party he created. The authors conclude that the articulation of the plot structure and types of formal argument embodied in the biographies becomes a prerequisite for the formation of the cult of personality. The latter implies the construction of an image of a person capable of transforming the reality, according to the concept of historical development that dominates in the party political historiography
Las Casas entre o Direito Corporativo e o Direito Internacional
Authors: Hoornaert Eduardo
Published: October 2021

Escolhemos um trecho do Prólogo para resolver ou tentar ver claro num ponto que nos preocupa desde algum tempo em relação à análise de Las Casas e que pode ser formulado assim: como o autor do ‘Tratado Comprobatório’ pode ser o mesmo do ‘De unico vocationis modo’? Qual o fio lógico que une ambos os textos tão diversos nos seus propósitos? Como unir dois pontos aparentemente tão diversos e contraditórios?
The Computational Calculation and Molecular Docking of Aeroplysinin-1 As Antibacterial
Authors: Maahury Mirella Fonda , Allo Veliyana Londong
Published: October 2021

Aeroplysinin-1 is naturally found from marine sponges as an anti-bacterial compound. Computational calculation and molecular docking were performed for aeroplysinin. Aeroplysinin as an inhibitor has optimized in the gas phase using DFT with 6-31G(d) functional. The structure from geometry optimization of aeroplysinin-1is, not in one plane. The interaction of aeroplysinin-1 with two different DNA gyrase from E. Coli and S. Aureus. In this research,aeroplysinin-1 can inhibit the protein with the free binding energy of about -5.7 kcal/mol and -6.35 kcal/mol, respectively, for E. Coli and S. Aureus. The dominant molecular interaction is the hydrogen bond.
The Role of Animal Research in Pandemic Responses
Authors: Brockhurst Jacqueline K , Villano Jason S
Published: October 2021

The significant advances made by the global scientific community during the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplified by the development of multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in less than 1 y, were made possible in part because of animal research. Historically, animals have been used to study the characterization, treatment, and prevention of most of the major infectious disease outbreaks that humans have faced. From the advent of modern 'germ theory' prior to the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic through the more recent Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks, research that uses animals has revealed or supported key discoveries in disease pathogenesis and therapy development, helping to save lives during crises. Here we summarize the role of animal research in past pandemic and epidemic response efforts, as well as current and future considerations for animal research in the context of infectious disease research.
CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE ZONE OF JUNCTION BETWEEN THE CENTRAL ASIAN AND PACIFIC FOLD BELTS
Authors:   Institute of Complex Analysis of Regional Problems, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrishchevsky A.M.
Published: October 2021

Spatial distributions of gravity sources and density contrast of geological media, which is reflected by the values of parameter μz , into the crust and upper mantle of Northeast China are analyzed. Features of rheological layering of the tectonosphere and deep spatial relationships of tectonic structures (cratonic blocks, marginal terranes, and sedimentary basins) are defined. In the density contrast distributions the formal signs of Paleozoic subduction of the North-China Craton and Mesozoic subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Amurian Plate were revealed. Crustal deformations are in sharp contrast with upper mantle deformations in structural planes resulting from different directions of tectonic stresses in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Thrusting of marginal terranes (Jamusi, Khanka) over the Amurian Plate lithosphere is revealed. Rheology and deep structure of North East China bear many similarities to other regions of the Pacific western margin in Asia and Australia.
SUBMARINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND UNDERGROUND WATERS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK REGION
Authors:   Institute of the Water and Ecology Problems Far Eastern Branch of  Russian Academy of  Sciences, Kulakov V.V.
Published: October 2021

The results of multi-year regional geological, geophysical, oil, and hydrogeological exploration related to the study of seas and oceans were used to characterize the submarine hydrogeological structures of the Sea of Okhotsk region - hydrogeological massifs, artesian and volcanogenic basins. The hydrogeological stratification of the geological cross-section was performed, according to which five Cenozoic aquifer systems were distinguished in the artesian basins. The chemical composition of submarine groundwater was characterized, whose mineralization decreases with depth from 27–30 g/dm3 to14–20 g/dm3. Gases (mainly methane) and thermal waters forming orebodies of metallic sulfides and non-metallic minerals are discharged into the bottom sea waters along zones of tectonic faults.
Instrumenti zaštite vjerovnika društava
kapitala koja sudjeluju u prekograničnim pripajanjima i spajanjima u poljskom
te slovačkom pravu
Authors: Żaba Mateusz
Published: October 2021

Prekogranična pripajanja i spajanja sve su češći predmet analize u pravnoj doktrini država članica Europske unije. Pripajanje i spajanje između društava iz različitih država temelji se na načelu djelovanja jedinstvenog tržišta u Europskoj uniji. Prekogranično pripajanje ili spajanje nosi sa sobom niz pravnih posljedica i utječe na položaj dosadašnjih vjerovnika društava koja sudjeluju u tim postupcima. U radu su detaljno obrađeni mehanizmi koji služe zaštiti interesa vjerovnika društava kapitala koja sudjeluju u pripajanju i spajanju prema poljskom i slovačkom zakonodavstvu. Pri izboru analiziranih pravnih poredaka uzeto je u obzir da su te zemlje u posljednjih trideset godina prošle preobliku državnog uređenja, stvorile nove mogućnosti za gospodarske djelatnosti u sklopu slobodnoga tržišnog gospodarstva i postale države članice Europske unije 1. svibnja 2004. U radu se ponajprije analizira zaštita interesa vjerovnika na institucionalnoj i individualnoj razini. U posebnim su poglavljima predstavljeni instrumenti povezani s opisanom tematikom, primjerice odgovornost društva slijednika za obveze, odvojeno upravljanje imovinom, prvenstveno pravo namirenja iz imovine društva dužnika i pravo zahtijevati davanje osiguranja tražbina.
Neka pitanja vezana uz uporabu i osiguranje
osobnih malih električnih vozila
Authors: Dobrić Slaven , Filipović Čugura Jakša , Galić Marin
Published: October 2021

Suvremeni život u urbanim sredinama ima mnoge pozitivne strane. No, suočava nas i s brojnim izazovima, kao što su prometna zakrčenost i onečišćenje okoliša zbog povećane uporabe prometnih sredstava. U urbanim sredinama vožnja od samo nekoliko kilometara za vrijeme „prometnog čepa“ traje znatno dulje od očekivanog. Zagreb ima i kronični problem nedostatka parkirnih mjesta u centru grada, kao i dostupnosti javnih garaža. Širenjem prometnica, uvođenjem novih pješačkih zona i izgradnjom interpolacija, broj parkirnih mjesta stalno se smanjuje. Usto, fiskalna politika Vlade u pogledu visokih trošarina na uvoz novih automobila poskupljuje nabavu novih vozila i kupce usmjerava prema starijim i rabljenim modelima. Novu vrstu mobilnosti u gradskim sredinama omogućuju mala električna vozila: električni romobil (e-romobil), Segway, hoverboard i električni skateboard (e-skateboard).
Čedomorstvo u Kaznenom zakonu iz
1852.
Authors: Milotić Dunja , Vlačić Mateo
Published: October 2021

Cilj je rada analizirati uređenje čedomorstva u Kaznenom zakonu o zločinima, prijestupima i prekršajima iz 1852., koji se primjenjivao u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji od 1852. do 1929., kada je zamijenjen Krivičnim zakonikom za Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju. Osim normativnog okvira, analizira se i relevantna sudska praksa, pod čime se misli na slučajeve u kojima su sudovi razložili načelna shvaćanja o čedomorstvu. Primjeri iz sudske prakse prvotno obuhvaćaju presude najviših sudova, ali i slučajeve koji su u tadašnjim komentarima kaznenog zakona i udžbenicima bili istaknuti kao relevantni za određivanje spornih obilježja bića čedomorstva. Ti primjeri upućuju na načine i motive počinjenja te pružaju uvid u osobna i sociodemografska obilježja počiniteljica. Napokon, analizom statističkih publikacija, u onom opsegu koji dopušta statistika kao kriminološka metoda, upućuje se na rasprostranjenost i učestalost čedomorstva na području Hrvatske i Slavonije. Statistički podatci ne daju potpunu sliku jer je u prirodi čedomorstva potaja pa je tamna brojka (tj. nepoznati i neotkriveni kriminalitet) sigurno visoka.