bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information: Commodity or Social Good
Authors: Goulding Anne
Published: March 2008

Considers the dichotomy that exists in the general attitude of governments and policy-makers towards the role of information and information technology in society. Information is seen by some as a social good, enhancing the social, political and cultural life of citizenry and forming a de facto ‘fourth right of citizenship’ and by others as an economic commodity essential for the society’s continued prosperity. Takes a UK-specific perspective to discuss British initiatives and policies relating to the successful development of an effective information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure, considering the implications of the information society for individuals and communities. Issues considered include electronic commerce (e-commerce), business-to-business communications, the internet and World Wide Web. Concludes that the concept of ‘information as commodity’ is not new but suggests that the commodification of information has been accelerated by recent technological innovations. Suggests that, although the Government believes that the UK economy will thrive through business and industry taking advantage of e-commerce, its social exclusion and lifelong learning agendas are heavily reliant on the extension of ICT into communities, reducing barriers to information, knowledge and learning. How well these two priorities can be married so that any further commodification of information and privatization of information channels do not encroach upon the citizen’s fundamental right of access to knowledge, ideas and the products of creative thought and intellectual activity, is the main challenge for the future.
Evaluating the effectiveness of bibliographic instruction
Authors: Shoham Snunith
Published: March 2008

Examines and evaluates the types of bibliographic instruction provided by school libraries to secondary school students who are preparing and writing their term papers. Attempts to determine the extent to which students adopt systematic and graduated strategies in the searching and retrieving of bibliographic information using existing bibliographic tools and aids (computer software, databases, internet/World Wide Web). Reports results of a study, conducted from October 1995 to January 1996, involving an experimental group of 28 tenth-grade students in one school, receiving bibliographic instruction and a control group of 26 students, from the same school but without bibliographic instruction. Each student within the two groups had to write a paper on a specific topic, all of the topics drawn from the same historical period. Three days before the submission date of the term papers (March 1996), the students were requested to fill out questionnaires, which included 20 questions dealing with proficiency in the use of the library to carry out work on the particular project. The study sought to test hypothesized disparities between the two groups in three areas: extent of use of bibliographic materials; proficiency in search of bibliographic material; and independence in location of material. Concludes that the experimental group utilized a larger number of bibliographic items in the work for their term papers compared to the control group; the experimental group performed a more systematic search procedure in terms of phases of the search compared to the control group; and no disparities were found between the two groups in regard to the requesting of assistance from the librarians.
Setting the Standard for Comprehensive and Efficient Public Library Services
Authors: Goulding Anne
Published: March 2008

Outlines the new public library standards for England, drawn up by the Department of Cultur Media and Sport (DCMS) and coming into force in April 2001. The degree to which the new standards are likely to satisfy the critics of the Public Library and Museums Act, 1964, particularly regarding the definition of what constitutes a “comprehensive and efficient” service, is discussed. It is concluded that the new standards, drawn up by the DCMS in collaboration with the Library Association and the Local Government Association, are a bold step, defining what library users can expect and what kinds of services local authorities must provide to comply with the 1964 Act. It is argued that the requirement for authorities to adhere to a set of standards setting out requirements for access, range and scope of services will result in a fundamental and consistent level of library provision throughout England. Users will have a clear idea of what to expect from services and a set of rules governing when the Ministry will intervene if standards fall short of requirements. Areas covered by the standards, including the need to secure adequate funding, worries about declining book borrowing and the continuing emphasis on buildings and library stock, are summarized. It is concluded that the new standards and targets will ensure that all public libraries in England meet their statutory duty and strengthen the provisions laid down by the 1964 Act.
Users of official European statistical data
Authors: Blakemore Michael , McKeever Lucy
Published: March 2008

Reports the findings of a research project, undertaken by r•cade (the Resource Centre for Access to Data on Europe) into the needs of users of European statistical data. The aim was to assist r•cade with the future development of its own services and to disseminate the research findings and their implications to the wider data-providing community, through partnership in the EU Info 2000 MADAME project (Methods for Access to Data and Metadata on Europe) (http://www.info2000-madame.org/). The study involved focus groups, a questionnaire survey, helpdesk logging data, and feedback questionnaires from academics attending a training programme in 1999. The consultation process revealed the complex environment in which r•cade operates and the extent to which any disseminator of official statistics has little control over the data supply chain. The mixed customer focus group clearly highlighted the considerable variation in service expectations. While Eurostat is the sole source of official harmonized statistics for the European Union, the potential market is enormous and very complex. Eurostat has to balance its service delivery between different, and sometimes conflicting, customer and supplier groups, while at the same time balancing access rights versus data protection; harmonization versus specificity; and high resource demands versus a complex supply chain.
Bibliographical information on books
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Adam Ralph , Watkinson Anthony
Published: March 2008

Bibliographical information on books: a survey of provision and use in academic and public libraries. Reports results of a questionnaire survey of acquisitions librarians, cataloguers and head librarians, in 236 UK academic and public libraries, selected from the NIRG directory, followed by interviews and informal discussions with key industry players. The electronic questionnaires were sent out via electronic mail and 50 questionnaires were returned and deemed usable (21 per cent response rate). The broad aim of the study was to determine how and for which reasons libraries obtain bibliographical data on new books and what functional use is made of this data by library staff. In particular, the study sought to discover: which bibliographic providers were used and favoured; what were the valued characteristics of bibliographic data suppliers; the use to which bibliographic data was put; what factors influence book acquisitions; the forms in which bibliographic data was supplied; the extent to which the bibliographic record was being customized; the library budgets for bibliographic data; and whether the overall market in bibliographic information for books can usefully be divided into market sectors (by type of library and geographical sector). Results indicated that two bibliographic providers were used by 25 per cent of libraries, the most frequently mentioned provider being the British Library (14.6 per cent), followed by BLCMP (12.2 per cent), book suppliers (9.8 per cent), Amazon (9.1 per cent), Whitaker’s British Books in Print (7.9 per cent) and Whitaker’s Bookbank (7.9 per cent). Concludes that the situation is volatile and confusing and that any future changes will be at a pace and direction set by Amazon.
An examination of the copyright clearance activities in UK Higher Education
Authors: Gadd Elizabeth
Published: March 2008

Reports results of a questionnaire survey of 57 persons with copyright clearance functions in UK higher education organizations and beyond. Of the total sample, 51 (89 per cent) were from Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and 6 were from Further Education (FE) colleges, public libraries or specific projects requiring clearance. The survey was followed up by case study interviews. This article provides an overview of the clearance process used in UK HEIs, including: who clears rights and where; what materials were being cleared and for what purpose; and what licences and clearing houses were used. The clearance procedures themselves were examined, including; receiving requests from internal customers, tracing rights holders, sending requests, rights holder response times and chasing, refusals and unanswered requests, and the terms of permission, including cost. Survey results indicated that rights clearance is a complex and time-consuming process and two-thirds of responding HEIs involved at least two staff members on the task. On average an HEI submits over 400 clearance requests per year, one-third of which require chasing, five per cent of which are never answered at all. The clearance process itself is lengthy, requiring a minimum of ten distinct steps. There are up to 14 different copyright licences to get to grips with and there is clearly room for improvement with some clearing houses.
The ILS professional in the City of London
Authors: Sabatier Sophie , Oppenheim Charles
Published: March 2008

Presents a literature review of the common theories of personality and the testing methods used to determine people’s personality types. Reports results of a survey of a sample of 53 librarians and their managers working in financial institutions in the City of London. The Integrated Psychological Type Indicator (IPTI) personality testing instrument was used to investigate the so-called ‘glass ceiling’ issues, the invisible barrier existing in organizations, particularly that discriminating against groups such as women. Findings indicated that the major glass ceiling issues are not related to gender as much as commitment, where library and information science (LIS) staff tend not to have sufficient commitment to corporate goals. The personalities of LIS staff differed from those measured in earlier studies. LIS staff in the City of London are extroverted and exhibit business qualities, reflecting the needs of their employers. Concludes that further research is needed to assess whether this reflects a trend throughout the profession, or simply reflects their particular field of employment.
Online Communication: For Good or Evil
Authors: Goulding Anne
Published: March 2008

The rapidly growing numbers of people using the Internet has turned attention increasingly away from the mechanics of Internet access and towards the impact of the Internet on society, with questions relating to how it affects individuals’ mental and physical well-being and how it may be changing communities. This concern has been made more acute by the spread of Internet usage away from purely home access and towards access in public spaces, such as public libraries, Internet cafes and supermarkets. In the UK, the UKOnline Centres initiative aims to provide access to ICTs in local, community-based sites such as community centres, village halls and libraries across the country. Some research suggests that, while expanding individuals’ ability to communicate far and wide, the Internet can cause a decline in their communication with family members and the size of their social circle, with a tendency to increase their depression and loneliness. However, other research suggests the contrary, with the Internet becoming part of people’s lives and the negative effects disappearing as their Internet use becomes more sophisticated. The proliferation of mobile telephones and the readiness of users to talk endlessly and without inhibitions suggest that the Internet may not have the dramatic impact on socialisation that some have feared.
Accessible, open and inclusive
Authors: Creaser Claire , Davies J. Eric , Wisdom Stella
Published: March 2008

Reports the key findings from a project, undertaken by the Library and Information Statistics Unit, Loughborough University (LISU) and funded by Resource: The Council for Museums Archives and Libraries, under the auspices of the Share the Vision Programme, to conduct an extensive survey of visually impaired people in the UK, with a view to determining their perceptions, opinions and activities regarding relevant information sources and library services that are available to them. It was hoped that the statistics and findings from the survey would provide useful input to evidence-based decision making and would be acted upon positively. A full report detailing the methodology, findings and recommendations was published in large print and on the World Wide Web http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/dils/lisu/pub-lic.html. A total of 582 interviews was obtained from a sample of people, the vast majority of whom were registered as either blind or partially sighted. The survey was carried out using a structured interview technique, either face to face with visually impaired people in clubs and drop-in centres across the UK, or by telephone. The survey focused on: levels of use; alternative formats; use of information technology; and user satisfaction. Concludes that there are opportunities for greater cooperation between the various agencies since, in 1999, less than one third of public library authorities reported having working relationships with any of the other providers considered in this study, and this picture had not changed for some years.
LIS
Authors: McNicol Sarah
Published: March 2008

Researchers from different disciplines may choose to work together for a variety of reasons. Their complementary skills may enable problems to be solved more quickly; they may be better placed to tackle a multi-faceted problem; or they may wish to learn new skills and expand their methodological range. In other cases, research funders may require such an approach. Alternatively, the complexity or high cost of the research may mean that working together is the only viable option if the research is to be carried out at all. Interdisciplinary research was just one of a number of topics to be investigated as part of a short research project, ‘The LIS Research Landscape: a review and prognosis’, conducted by the Centre for Information Research (CIRT) at the University of Central England in Birmingham (UCE) in 2001. To address new problems facing the library and information world, researchers need to develop new skills. This project reported that there was a need for a stronger, closer interface between various disciplines; it acknowledged that, currently, researchers from different subject backgrounds tended to work independently. There is a need for more cooperation between researchers in different fields and for explicitly interdisciplinary research to address the problems currently facing the LIS community. However, more needs to be done to encourage interdisciplinary research, for example funders and professional organizations should promote research opportunities which bring together researchers from different disciplines.
‘Making a Difference’ to nurse education
Authors: Gannon-Leary Pat , Wakeham Maurice , Walton Graham
Published: March 2008

This paper reports on a study commissioned by the University Health Sciences Librarians group seeking to investigate the impact on HE libraries serving nurses of the new curriculum based upon the government’s ‘Making a Difference’ strategy for nurse education and the responses that libraries are making to it. The main areas of ‘Making a Difference’ likely to be relevant to libraries and information services were identified as increasing access to information and communication technologies (ICT); increasing workforce; more flexibility in approach with part-time study and step-on, step-off study modes; longer placements; lifelong learning; continuing professional development; and evidence-based practice. Questionnaires were e-mailed to library and information service personnel at higher education (HE) institutions offering pre-registration nursing courses. Survey respondents describe how ‘Making a Difference’ has affected their services in relation to curriculum planning; increased student numbers; academic staff and student attitudes; user education; and increased student time on placement. As a result of their responses, recommendations are made including increasing involvement of LIS staff in curriculum development; emphasis on IT skills of student nurses; integration of library user education into nurse education programmes; and liaison between HE and National Health Service (NHS) library staff.
The creed of a librarian
Authors: Brewerton Antony
Published: March 2008

A re-appraisal of Foskett’s 1962 paper, considering how much of it is relevant to contemporary librarianship. Foskett’s contention was that librarianship lacked the underlying historical and philosophical underpinning central to a professional outlook; the most sustained attempt was Ranganathan’s work, with its encapsulation into five Laws. Foskett emphasized professional education as a means to achieve what should be the goal of libraries - to bring readers and information together through a knowledge of both, and through organization, specifically indexing and classification. Despite some stylistic datedness, his arguments still have validity today, although he did not emphasize enough the practical form our profession’s philosophy needs to take. Reflection on the ‘Why?’ of librarianship matters because it informs practice, helping us develop in both overall professional approach and in specific areas of daily work. Without reflection we become stuck in our ways, unable effectively to reason with our detractors and opponents. As the concept of the library becomes more abstract, it is essential that we can argue cogently against views that libraries are no longer important. Of all Ranganathan’s Laws, ‘Save the time of the reader’ may be the key message today.
Learned Libraries in West Germany
Authors: Andrews John S.
Published: March 2008

This report, based upon a study tour made in 1967, attempts to give an overall picture of German librarianship today. The emphasis is upon libraries in universities, although notice is taken of those in other learned and research institutions. After general remarks on the three-tier staff structure and its implications, some account is given of education for librarianship and the part played by library schools. An outline follows of the "routine" side of library work, including such topics as accessions and exchanges, access to stock, cataloguing and classification, and service to readers. Under the section on book-stock the relative prosperity of German libraries is underlined, and the problem of multiple copies of texts is briefly discussed. Some attempt is then made to assess the merits of the German system of book-selection. After a note on the State Libraries the role of the union catalogues is investigated. The next section deals with the debated problem of the relationship between the main university library and institute libraries. The article closes with some information about the role of computers in German librarianship. Supporting bibliographical references are provided throughout, and three appendices are added.
Continuous Education: A Nineteenth-Century Pioneer
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: March 2008

The Rev. F. W. Naylor, in a remarkable volume published in 1858, expressed his conception of education as something which is continuous throughout life and is involved in all life's activities. Libraries, he argued, were essential to complete the education given in school and he makes suggestions for their management and for discussion-meetings and lectures which might be arranged in connection with them. Now, once again the educational aspect of public library work is to the fore, and the concept of continuous education is widely accepted.
Survey of Inter-Library Lending in Eight Local Areas
Authors: Clements D W G
Published: March 2008

An account is given of a survey carried out by OSTI in January I968 of inter-library lendirig in eight local areas; four of which had formal co-operative schemes and the others had not. Academic, public and industrial libraries participated in the survey. An analysis is given of the more important factual information collected and shows the needs of the different libraries and the relative parts played by the various channels in satisfying requests.
An Examination of the Personality Concept and its relevance to the Colon Classihcation Scheme
Authors: Roberts Norman
Published: March 2008

The faceted structure of the Colon Classification is based upon the idea of five fundamental categories. Of these that of personality is generally recognised as the most important. The definitions of personality found in the literature suggest a concept that is to be understood in subject terms only, ignoring the crucial relationships between the vsers of subject materials and the subject itself. The limitations and irrelevance of such a concept in practice and the various attempts made to define personality are examined.
Prospects for a New General Classification
Authors: Austin Derek
Published: March 2008

In traditional classification schemes, the universe of knowledge is brokeii down into self- contained disciplines which are further analysed to the point at which a particular concept is located. This leads to problems of:

(a) currency: keeping the scheme in line with new discoveries.

(b) hospitality: allowing room for insertion of new subjects

(c) cross-classification: a concept may be considered in such a way that it fits as logically into one discipline as another.

Machine retrieval is also hampered by the fact that any individual concept is notated differently, depending on where in the scheme it appears.

The approach now considered is from an organized universe of concepts, every concept being set down only once in an appropriate vocabulary, where it acquires the notation which identifies it wherever it is used. It has been found that all the concepts present in any compound subject can be handled as though they belong to one of two basic concept types, being either Entities or Attributes. In classing, these concepts are identified, and notation is selected from appropriate schedules. Subjects are then built according to formal rules, the final class number incorporating operators which convey the fundamental relationships between concepts.

From this viewpoint, the Rules and Operators of the proposed system can be seen as the grammar of an IR language, and the schedules of Entities and Attributes as its vocabulary.
Indicators of the Use of Periodicals
Authors: Vickery B.C.
Published: March 2008

Demand on libraries, citation, holdings in libraries, and other indicators have been adopted as measures of literature use. Five such indicators of the use of British science and technology periodicals are compared, and the bias in each is discussed.
The Birth of County Libraries: CUKT Experiments, I9I5-I9I9
Authors: Keyse F.A.
Published: March 2008

This year sees the fiftieth anniversary of the Public Libraries Act (I9I9), and the con sequent birth of county libraries. But for five years before the Act, experiments in rural library provision had been sponsored and financed by the CUKT, which laid valuable foundations. Three types of experiment were tried in sixteen areas before the Trust felt confident in its recommendations to the Covernment concerning the proposed new legislation, which was to shape the administrative pattern of British county libraries.
Humanistic Institution or Information Factory?
Authors: Saunders W.L.
Published: March 2008

The problems facing university libraries in the last third of the twentieth century are considered, with special emphasis on the diificulties created by the increasing scale and complexity of world publication. This problem is being met in the USA by (i) systematic programmes of co-operative acquisitions and ( ii) by accepting the need for very large acquisition programmes for individual university libraries. British university library provision com pares very unfavourably with that of the USA, Australia, Western Germany and Canada, to the detriment of research activity, particularly in the humanities.

If the scale of acquisitions does increase, as it should, this will bring professional and managerial problems of a totally different order from those of the past. The need for greatly improved reader services will also be accentuated, with a demand for corresponding increases in staff.

The potential contribution of information science is considered, particularly the application of computers to university library problems. The implementation of shared cataloguing and the MARC programme is expected to release senior staff for reader service and other duties, including instruction in the use of the library: the teaching role of the library and its potential as the heart of a Faculty of Communication Studies is considered to be of special importance. Finally, reference is made to the implications for university libraries of computer based systems such as MEDLARS, specialized information centres and remote searching of computer banks of bibliographical materials.
University Libraries in English-Speaking Central Africa
Authors: Made Stanley M
Published: March 2008

A brief survey is made of the move to establish university institutions in the former British Central African Territories after the Asquith recommendations in 1945. The three university establishments in English-speaking Central Africa are recently founded and small. The pattern of university library development is influenced by immediate, cultural and social needs and conditions peculiar to Tropical Africa—lack of other types of libraries and lack of adequate book supplies. The libraries resemble those of small UK universities. Some com parative evaluation follows, of the administrative organization, acquisitions policy, readers' services and staff composition. Bibliographic and reference services, though well provided, should extend to training the student reader in an independent approach. The universities are providing national reference and information services. They should encourage greater co-ordination of library resources through co-operative activities. Training of indigenous librarians for national needs at all levels is an activity already being tackled and more help should begiven. Bibliographical projects and library research should be the main preoccupation for national benefit.
The Logistics of Book Supply
Authors: Sharr F.A.
Published: March 2008

The public library service in Western Australia is unlike any British service in that while the books are provided, owned and distributed, by a State agency, The Library Board of Western Australia, the service points are independent libraries controlled by local authorities. Due in part to this inter-governmental relationship but mainly in the interests of efficiency, it has been necessary to analyse and formalize the procedures involved in financial estimation, processing and allocation of books to libraries.

The paper discusses the methods adopted to plan and control these three activities and indicates the principles upon which the methods are based. It is possible that the principles might have some application in other systems, both unitary as in Britain and State-aided as found in many overseas countries.
The Viability of Branch Libraries
Authors: Brookes B.C.
Published: March 2008

A simple model of a two-stage hierarchical library system is described. The model indicates, in terms of "user costs" and library "viability", how the branch library should be stocked. The most significant factor used in the analysis is shown to be the ratio of the two actual user costs, rather than the actual costs themselves. It is shown that the viability level of stock provision of the branch library is determined by this ratio.
The Training of Librarians and Documentalists in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Kunze H.
Published: March 2008

This is an edited version of a special lecture given at the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College, London, in March 1968. Editorial and translating assistance of Mr. Brian Alderson is gratefully acknowledged.
Review : Particulars and principles: case studies in librarianship
Authors: Needham Christopher D
Published: March 2008

With recent developments in professional education and research, the number of case studies is likely to increase. The case method in education, with its emphasis on real situations and problems, engages the interest of students and helps them to understand the processes of decision-making. In education, research and practice, case studies supply needed information about particulars and provide a basis for the establishment of general principles. Generaliza tion is a fundamental process both in the observation and description of particulars and in their interpretation. It is essential that case-collectors make their underlying attitudes and assumptions explicit. Some case studies in librarianship are inadequate in this respect. If the case method in education is not supported by a systematic approach to learning, and if too great an emphasis is placed on decision-making, education is likely to degenerate into training and conservative attitudes will be fostered. Those undertaking case studies not primarily intended for educational purposes should also recognize the need for a systematic framework if the knowledge derived from their studies is to be cumulative and of service in the formulation of action. Additionally, a vision of the library and its role in society ( which can best be discovered in sources outside librarianship) is essential if the particulars and principles we investigate are to be of wide significance.
Czechoslovak Librarianship I968-I969
Authors: Walker Gregory
Published: March 2008

The deep impact on Czechoslovak librarianship of rapid changes in the country in the last three years. The more open expression of professional opinion led to calls for reform in government policy and control, access to stock, improved central services and better financial provision. Some progress was achieved, and independent librarians' associations founded. The invasion of August 1968 revealed a profound awareness of national identity and professional tradition. The desire remains to preserve continuity with the past while pressing for reforms in library administration and services, but some such efforts are now being frustrated.
The Lilliputian Magazine- A Pioneering Periodical?
Authors: Grey Jill E.
Published: March 2008

The writer describes "The Lilliputian Magazine", a mid-eighteenth-century children's book, as known from surviving copies, and uses evidence found in the printer William Strahan's ledgers to show that John Newbery not only ordered the printing of this title but also planned it as a periodical.
Work Study in Libraries
Authors: Gilchrist Alan
Published: March 2008

A brief review of the principal work study techniques is given. It is suggested that these techniques are applicable to libraries and librarians and will become increasingly useful as the problems of increased work loads become more severe. Data concerning standard times and performances would be useful for systems design and planning, providing such data is put in its proper context and particularly if it is used to improve effectiveness as well as efficiency.
Recent Disturbances in Northern Ireland: some documentary sources
Authors: Smith Gerry
Published: March 2008

Lists and describes the more important fugitive literature which explains the attitudes of conflicting groups in Northern Ireland I968-69.
Patent Library Service in the United Kingdom
Authors: Duchesne Roderick M
Published: March 2008

Twenty four UK libraries are officially listed as making UK patent literature freely available to all. A list of these libraries is given, arranged by Economic Planning Region, and observa tions are made on this system of patent libraries, its historical development, functions and costs. Considering the costs of the system, available statistics suggest that the present level of use does not justify the maintenance of some of the present provincial patent collections. Possible reasons are given for differences in levels of use between individual libraries. The main conclusion drawn is that, at a given level of expenditure, the system of patent libraries would be more effective if its resources were concentrated in fewer, but larger libraries. These libraries should offer facilities not greatly inferior to NRLSI facilities for UK and the most heavily used foreign patent literature, and should be sited with regard to the distribution of population and industry in UK.

It is observed that the suggestions made accord with the general approach of the National Libraries Committee and represent a continuation of longstanding trends in the development of the system.
Criteria for the Evaluation of Public Library Services
Authors: Jones Arthur
Published: March 2008

Evaluation must be based on a clear conception of objectives. A list of objectives is suggested, and questions to be answered about each. The provision of resources can most easily be quantified and evaluated statistically. A basic technique, to be used with discretion, is comparison with standards and norms. These are tabulated for a number of aspects of the public library service, as a basis for comparison.

An edited version of a paper presented at the Library Association, London and Home Counties Branch, course for senior librarians, June 1970.
Blanket Orders and the Bibliographer in the Large Research Library
Authors: Steele Colin
Published: March 2008

Analyses the mainly American practices of blanket orders and bibliographers, and considers their implications for the larger English libraries. The paper indicates that research libraries are tending to become more influenced by the area approach to acquisition than the subject approach. Much will depend, however, on the Government's detailed reaction to the Dainton Committee Report for any project comparable to the American National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloguing.
Public Library Services for Children in England and Wales, I928-I942
Authors: Ellis Alec
Published: March 2008

This article surveys the history of children's libraries in England and Wales between the reports of the Kenyon Committee and L. R. McColvin, a period which was dominated by the economic depression and the Second World War. It shows how much of the progress in the development of library work with young people took place in the immediate years prior to the war, and defends the record of children's librarians of the period who have been harshly criticized by a later generation. The growth of an increased desire to appeal to a layer section of the community is exemplified in the organization of book weeks and co- operation with employment exchanges and youth clubs. These were years of adversity, and a spirit of co-operation had never been so evident.
The Practice of Classification: a study towards standardization
Authors: Bruin Joyce E.
Published: March 2008

An examination of the problems encountered by the British National Bibliography in applying a "standard" Decimal Classification notation to new books in parallel with the practice of the Decimal Classification Division of the Library of Congress; and of the implica tions for standardization of practice generally in this field.

This article is an edited version of the paper given by the author at the Cataloguing &. Indexing Group Seminar "Subject to Information", Aberystwyth, April 1970.
Children's Reading and Children's Television: a Survey of 6 and 7 year-old Children in Leeds
Authors: Jenkins Penelope
Published: March 2008

A survey was carried out in I968/69, among 6 and 7 year-old children in Leeds, to try to determine the effects of television viewing on their reading habits, and to attempt to assess the characteristics of a storytelling pregramme on television that appeal to children. Besides data relating to these two investigations, a great deal of information was obrained about the reading patterns of young children, and their usage of publie libraries.
College of education libraries: a cause for concern?
Authors: Roberts Norman
Published: March 2008

During the sixties colleges of education increased their student numbers at an unprecedented rate. As a consequence college libraries grew in size and improved their standards of provision. The evidence indicates, however, that this development of college libraries in no way matched the overall expansion of the colleges. This point is established by an examination of bookgrants, bookstocks, book prices, use, accommodation and staffing. The extent of this failure, compounded by present inflationary tendencies, is a cause for professional concern.
Measuring Catalogue Utility
Authors: Maltby A.
Published: March 2008

The value of investigation into the ways in which readers use catalogues and the type of information with which they commence searches is emphasised. Some comments are made on the scope and methodology for such investigation, with reference to a number of surveys that have been carried out or are currently taking place. Attention is drawn to various problems and special circumstances which need to be recognised if final results are to be a reliable signpost for future cataloguing policy.
Regional Libraries for Adult Education
Authors: Fisher R.K.
Published: March 2008

Since the war there has been a remarkable increase in the number and diversity of university and WEA courses for adults, and the future needs are currently being assessed by the Russell Committee. The problem of book provision for adult students is long-standing and has not yet been adequately solved. The present situation is described, and it is argued that the best solution is likely to be the formation of regional libraries for adult education, based where possible on existing extramural libraries of universities and responsible to regional liaison committees.
Public Library Services for Children in England and Wales, I943-I959
Authors: Ellis Alec
Published: March 2008

This article surveys the development of public library services for children and young people during the years between the McColvin Report of 1942 on The Public Library System of Great Britain and the Roberts Report of 1959 on The Structure of the Public Library Service in England and Wales. It is a continuation of four earlier articles, two of which appeared in the Library Association Record (July 1967 and Augnst 1969) and two in the Journal of Librarianship (April 1970 and January 1971). It describes the trends of library work with young people during the restrictive years of the war and the succeeding period of austerity, to the palmier years of the 1950s which were probably the most promising in the history of public libraries prior to 1960. The period itself was frustrating for very few new libraries could be built and specialist staff were scarce, and progress was not generally evident, particularly in the field of co-operation with other organizations. These were years when story reading and telling became more prevalent than the traditional talks to children, and when, in a number of ways, the status of children's librarianship was at its nadir in the profession.
Overlap of Acquisitions in the University of London Libraries: a study and a methodology
Authors: Urquhart John A. , Schofield J.L.
Published: March 2008

The orders from forty-nine of fifty-nine University of London libraries were collected for a period of six months.

A stratified sample of the orders was recorded on card and filed by country of publication. Coded details on each card gave the title and author of each order, the library making the order, the week of ordering, the publication date and the country of the publisher. Altogether 40000 orders were collected and 5000 were recorded and filed. Orders for the same publication were stapled together and placed in the duplicate file.

About half the orders received were for BNB material; a third of the orders were for current BNB material.

The results revealed comparatively little duplication even over a period of six months. An examination of the change of duplication with time showed that most publications were ordered on a random basis even over the six-month period. From the data received it was possible to give maximum estimates for the overlap in a twelve-month period and the eventual catalogue overlap of 1970 material.
The Characteristics of the Literature Used by Historians
Authors: Jones Clyve , Chapman Michael , Woods Pamela Carr
Published: March 2008

The article is based on an analysis of over 7000 references drawn from a sample of articles on English history, with the aim of discovering the nature of materials used by historians. Results suggest a high use of non-serial publications compared with serials, a significant concentration of periodical use on a few 'core' journals and a low use of materials published abroad or in foreign languages. The pattern of age distribution of references suggests that 'secondary' historical works become fairly rapidly 'obsolescent' but that the 'primary' sources for the historian retain their value over time. Comparisons of the results with those of citation analyses in other disciplines, where they could be made, suggest that history lies somewhere between the social sciences and the humanities in its patterns of literature use.
The UK Catalogue Use Survey
Authors: Maltby A. , Sweeney R.
Published: March 2008

Ihe final and main stage of this survey took place in Spring 1971, when staff and students from the Schools of Librarianship visited appropriate academic and public libraries and interviewed readers with the aid of a controlled and standardized questionnaire. The principal statistics and comments relating to various types of library are now presented and discussed and some tentative conclusions are drawn from the findings to date. A copy of the questionnaire used and a list of libraries visited appear as appendices.
Public Lending Right and the Working Party Report
Authors: Maidment William R.
Published: March 2008

The Public Lending Right campaign began in 1951 and the details of the proposals have been changed over the years. A report by the Arts Council in 1967 put forward the first scheme which librarians could consider workable. Some of the arguments used to support the campaign are questionable: Scandinavian countries, for instance, provide no exact parallels. The 1972 Working Party Report makes no recommendation but many of the facts it assembles can be used to oppose PLR in its proposed form.
The Reprint Trade: Retrospect to Forecast
Authors: Neuburg Victor
Published: March 2008

The upsurge of facsimile reprinting in recent years has been of great service in scholarly, literary and specialist markets; but it has at the same time created its own problems. This article looks at the background, the achievements and some of the confusions, the future scope— and the price—of reprinting.
The Ability of a University Library to Provide Books Wanted by Researchers
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: March 2008

Library 'failures' can be at various levels. This paper is concerned with basic stock failure— the library's inability to supply items wanted ( but not necessarily demanded of the library) by readers. The problems of studying stock failures are reviewed, with reference to two attempts at the University of Bath to identify the references wanted by researchers, the action taken by them on these references, and the ability of the library to supply them.
Graduates in Academic Libraries: a survey of past students of the Post-Graduate School of Librarianship and Information Studies, Sheffield University, I964/65-I970/7I
Authors: Roberts Norman
Published: March 2008

The Sheffield "Follow-up" Study revealed that an overwhelming majority of graduates of the Post-Graduate School of Librarianship and Information Science are satisfied with their work and working situations. Some of the factors relating to job satifaction/dissatisfaction are examined together with job mobility and "drop-out" rates.
Scientists and Social Scientists as Information Users: a comparison of results of science user studies with the investigation into information requirements of the social sciences
Authors: Skelton Barbara
Published: March 2008

This paper seeks to draw generalized profiles of a scientist and a social scientist as an information user. The profilts are based rrpon the results of a selection of science user studies and the Investigation into Information Requirements of the Social Sciences (INFROSS). The problems encountered in comparind user studies are discussed. On the whole scientists and social scientists do not differ to any large extent in their information seeking behaviour. They both use similar information sources, similiar methods to retrieve information and both experience similiar problems in dealing with information. However, the extent of use of different methods and the degrees of problem created do vary and account for the differences in the information seeking behaviour of scientists and social scientists.
Relations in Chains
Authors: Mineur B.W.
Published: March 2008

The criticisms made against chain indexing are reviewed, and PRECIS briefly considered as a possible ( but improbable) general substitute for indexing. The failures of chain indexing arise mainly from an inherited overemphasis on generic relationships, encouraged by careless use of the term 'chain'. The use of symbols to represent relations between terms is suggested for the chain index, to emphasize syntagmatic relations and prevent ambiguity. These relation ships can be used to manipulate the index terms into likely additional index approaches, employing the logical concepts of Symmetry and Transitivity which derive from a structure inherent between relations, a sort of 'metarelations'. The transitivity of the relations of Action or Property to Object over the relation of Material to Object are particularly con sidered, and clues to this relational structure obtained from Aristotle's theory of causation.
Considerations on the support of Antiquarian and other Special Collections in University Libraries
Authors: Burnett A.D.
Published: March 2008

There is a devaluation of antiquarian and other special collections in university and other libraries which needs to be countered. Arguments for the support of such collections in universities and in their libraries are advanced and possible sources of support considered with particular attention to the relevant observations and recommendations of the Parry Report.
Jesse Shera and the Theory of Bibliography
Authors: Brookes B.C.
Published: March 2008

Twenty years ago Jesse Shera suggested that there was a need for a more analytical study of bibliography which might help to bridge library and information services. Little note was taken of this proposal at the time but developments have since occurred and are here briefly reported. It is argued that Shera's "macrobibliography" or "social epistemology" provides not only a subject for theoretical study but that it will also be needed for the rational design of library and information systems and networks of the near future.