bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Merchants, Money, and Mischief the British in Mexico, 1821-1862
Authors: Tenenbaum Barbara A.
Published: July 2006

Scholars have frequently argued about the nature and extent of British participation in the economic and political life of the countries which emerged during the nineteenth century. Historians who seek to disprove general or specific theses concerning British imperialism in the nineteenth century, often focus their discussions on the doctrines of “Free Trade” and “Laissez-Faire” and their impact on the formulation and implementation of British official policy. They note that Britain refused any opportunity to attain formal special status and demanded that it have onlyequalopportunities for trade.
Emissary from a Revolution: Luis Cabrera and Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Clements Kendrick A.
Published: July 2006

In January of 1914 a young Mexican lawyer named Luis Cabrera, who was already on his way to becoming one of the most important figures of the Mexican Revolution, arrived in Washington on a special mission for the First Chief of the Constitutional movement, Venustiano Carranza. Cabrera's task was to persuade President Woodrow Wilson to lift a ban on the sale of American arms and munitions to Mexican factions, and his success in this effort encouraged Carranza to turn to him in a variety of other Mexican-American crises during the next three years. In the course of three difficult negotiations he became well-known in Washington and played a role in the development of American policy toward the Mexican Revolution. Though less important then Wilson's own agents in the shaping of American policy, Luis Cabrera should be better-known to those who would understand Wilsonian policy toward Mexico.
Societal Competition in Northwest New Spain
Authors: Voss Stuart F.
Published: July 2006

Late in the spring of 1783, a Franciscan friar, Antonio de los Reyes, arrived in the Province of Sonora and Sinaloa, the first prelate for the newly created bishopric of Northwest New Spain. The bishop was accompanied by his young nephews, Padre José Almada y Reyes and his brother Antonio. A third brother had decided to remain behind in Spain with his parents. The brothers were hidalgos, from the town of Aspe in the province of León.

New Spain was expanding northwestward and the Almada brothers were part of the large influx of peninsulares immigrating from the mother country in the latter third of the 18th century. Their uncle, the bishop, represented royal recognition and promotion of that movement. Like the Almadas, most of the immigrants coming to the Northwest were from the small towns and cities of northern Spain. They brought with them a tradition of urban life in the peninsula dating back into at least the eleventh century. For them, the town was the focal point of civilized society — the center of learning, of business, and of whatever level of culture society had achieved. Not surprisingly, they settled in the embryonic urban centers then emerging in the Province of Sonora and Sinaloa. Urban life was what they knew and what they wanted. They aimed to re-create in the Northwest what they had grown up in back home.
Latin American Militarylore: An Introduction and a Case Study
Authors: Nunn Frederick M.
Published: July 2006

This essay deals with the lore of the military profession in Latin America in two ways. First, it presents a general introduction to militarylore, its applications to the study of military-civilian relations and its limitations as a research tool. Second, it presents an application (with obvious limitations) of concepts discussed in part I to a case study, part II: the lore of the Chilean Army officer class in the twentieth century. I am convinced that militarylore as defined and discussed herein is an especially fertile field for research in the study of the interaction between the armed forces and state, nation and society.

Terminology used in the following pages is for the most part selfexplanatory and free from neologisms, jargon and “sociologese.” There are, though, some terms which merit clarification, not because of their vagueness, but so that they not be confused with similar terms. There is, I believe, a decreasing tendency to generalize about military-civilian relations; clarity is important.
Las Damas de la Havana, el Precursor, and Francisco de Saavedra: A Note on Spanish Participation in the Battle of Yorktown
Authors: Lewis James A.
Published: July 2006

As the American Revolution matured, foreign intervention on behalf of the Thirteen Colonies against Great Britain became increasingly important. Nowhere in that struggle was outside assistance more significant than at the seige of Yorktown during the autumn of 1781. It was here that a French army under the Count de Rochambeau and a French fleet under the Count de Grasse enabled George Washington to force the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Historians have always recognized how crucial French participation was for this last important battle in the English colonies. Indeed, it would not have taken place without their aid. Yet there was another ally of the Continental army at Yorktown whose contribution has often been belittled or ignored. That ally was Spain.
“Links to the Frontier; Jesuit Supply of its Moxos Missions, 1683-1767.”
Authors: Block David
Published: July 2006

Our view of the Spanish missionary Church results from the convergence of two streams of historical writing. The first uses the activities of a particular religious order or its most illustrious members to frame the foundation and growth of a missionary enterprise. The second pursues a thematic approach, emphasizing the importance of the missions as foci of Spanish culture in a native world. Within this second stream falls the particularly North American interest in the frontier with its stress on the mission stations as the vanguard of Iberian religious, political, and social institutions.

Though widely divergent in organization and emphasis, both streams present a picture of isolation. Solitary missions existed as self-contained theocracies on the very edge of the viceroyalty. The missionaries themselves constantly stressed this view. Their correspondence cites the difficulties of operating stations at great remove from the seats of Spanish power in America. Professional historians, following the diaries and letters of the missionary fathers, have placed priests, neophytes, and — in North America — presidial soldiers beyond the aid or control of metropolitan authority touched only by an occasionalvisitaor supply train.
The Disciples of Mutis and the Enlightenment in New Granada: Education, History and Literature
Authors: Wilhite John F.
Published: July 2006

José Celestino Mutis, physician, naturalist and educator, and a native of the port of Cádiz in Spain, arrived at the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada in the year 1760 as personal physician to Viceroy Messía de la Zerda. His arrival coincided with the beginning of a period of change in the cultural history of that reino or “kingdom”. Progressive reform in the colonial universities, stimulus to scientific study, new directions in philosophic and political thought and the formation of an enlightened society were the contributions don José made to the cultural partrimony of New Granada. The results of his activity in this viceroyalty were manifestations of that period in history which is termed the Enlightenment.
The King's Copper Mine: Inguarán in New Spain
Authors: Barrett Elinore M.
Published: July 2006

Long before the Spanish conquest, mines in south-central Michoacán were worked to provide native people with copper for tools and ornaments. (See map.) After the Conquest Spaniards went after gold and silver but left copper mining to the Indians. However, Indians were eventually divested of control of this resource as they were of so many others. Evolution of the pattern of copper mine ownership and the securing of a labor force are the topics of this paper, particularly as they are illustrated in the case of the Crown's mine, San Bartolomé Inguarán.
A Study in Military Leadership: The Sargento Mor in the Portuguese South Atlantic Empire
Authors: Tengwall David
Published: July 2006

The principal and only talent requisite for a governor was conscience… A good lawyer sufficed for administering justice, the camera for political affairs, and for war, the sargento mor…

Padre António Vieira commenting on the colonial government of Brazil to the Crown in 1654.

On the Tagus River approximately eight kilometers from the center of Lisbon stands a monument to Portuguese overseas exploration and expansion—O Padrão dos descobrimentos — erected in 1960 on the 500th anniversary of Prince Henry the Navigator. Facing the Tagus is Prince Henry. Flanking him on each side and representing the reasons behind the success of Portuguese exploration and expansion are several symbolic figures. King Manuel, during whose reign many of the discoveries were made, illustrates the complete support of the Crown that many of the expeditions enjoyed. A priest carrying a cross depicts the religious motives behind expansion—the spreading of Christianity to the heathen. There are also a caulker and a carpenter both important in the production of new sailing vessels. A pilot with an astrolabe portrays the significance of the scientific aspects of overseas exploration. Luís de Camões holds his Os Lusiadas, the epic poem that depicted the triumphs of Portuguese expansion. There are even widows in tears to remind viewers of the great loss of men that Portugal suffered during her conquests. Another important figure depicted on the monument is the conquistador with drawn sword, the symbol of the military—“the backbone of the empire.”
Santa Anna and the Abortive Anti-Federalist Revolt of 1833 in Mexico
Authors: Samponaro Frank N.
Published: July 2006

Historians are familiar with the short-lived alliance between General Antonio López de Santa Anna and the Mexican Federalists that was formed in July 1832 and lasted until April 1834. After achieving its goal of overthrowing the centralist regime of Anastasio Bustamante, the alliance led to the exercise of power by Santa Anna's Federalist vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías, in April 1833, and it disintegrated a year later when Santa Anna returned to Mexico City from his hacienda to seize personal control of the government. By April 1834 the army officer corps and the ecclesiastical hierarchy had become incensed at the Federalists' anti-military and anti-clerical reform program and were demanding the ouster of Gómez Farías and the dissolution of Congress. Members of the proprietary class of central Mexico and a considerable portion of the masses, who had been incited by the clergy, also joined the clamor against the Federalists. One of the factors that contributed to Santa Anna's extraordinary success as a politician was his shrewd sense of timing. In this case, it is well known that he turned against the Federalists when opposition to them from important sectors of the population became widespread and heated. What is not so well known is that, in the absence of such broad opposition, he chose to suppress an anti-Federalist revolt of senior army officers that broke out in May 1833. He did so even though the rebels offered to make him “supreme chief of the nation” if he adhered to their movement. Just as an understanding of Santa Anna's decision to break openly with the Federalists in April 1834 provides important insights regarding his political methods and goals, an assessment of his decision not to do so eleven months earlier in May 1833 can shed additional light on the tactics and objectives that helped to make him the most formidable political figure in Mexico during the post-independence period. Accordingly, this article will analyze the reasons for Santa Anna's decision not to support the anti-Federalist revolt of 1833.
Church and State in Mexico: A Corporatist Relationship
Authors: Schmitt Karl
Published: July 2006

Conventional wisdom holds that two sharp breaks occurred historically in Mexican church-state relations: the first during the Reforma (1857-1861), and the second during the Revolution (1910-1920). These breaks reflected growing estrangement and hostility between secular and ecclesiastical authorities, culminating finally, with the Constitution of 1917, in the most anti-clerical and even anti-religious legislation ever enacted in the hemisphere. This paper has no quarrel with the above interpretation as far as it goes. What I will argue here is that, despite these very real changes, certain basic continuities have persisted in the conceptualization of the relationship between Church and State. Moreover, a number of specific quarrels and modes of government response have roots that extend well into the colonial period. Anti-monasticism has some precedent in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, and the nationalization of Church property in 1859 and again in 1917, in the royal Consolidation of 1804.
The Constitution of Cádiz and the Independence of Yucatán
Authors: Reid Paul Joseph
Published: July 2006

ONE of the principal reasons for the promulgation of the Constitution of Cádiz was the desire of Spanish liberals to answer the complaints of dissenters in overseas colonies and thereby suppress the budding independence movements. This policy met with more success in Yucatán than in most other Spanish colonies. The Yucatecans took advantage of the constitutional reforms to implement a number of economic changes. As long as these changes were in operation, Yucatán was safe from the fervor of the independence movement. To be sure, Yucatán was not completely immune to the appeal of revolutionary propaganda. There was a hard core minority which agitated to disrupt the constitutional system in order to win independence, but this group never gained much popular support. Events outside Yucatán, coupled with the potential threat of crown interference in the economic structure which the Yucatecans were striving to build, led a group of moderates in the Provincial Deputation, an administrative body provided for by the constitution, to declare Yucatán's independence from Spain. Moreover, the motivation for this declaration foreshadowed the factional strife which beset Mexico throughout the nineteenth century.
Blaine, Garfield and Latin America: A New Look
Authors: Peskin Allan
Published: July 2006

IF, as has been suggested, a country without a foreign policy is a happy country, then the United States must have reached the peak of its felicity between the Civil War and the turn of the century. Of all the Secretaries of State in that otherwise obscure progression from William Seward to John Hay only one has managed to escape oblivion and capture the imagination of diplomatic historians. That exception is James G. Blaine. Secretary of State on two separate occasions and under three different presidents, Blaine brought to his office not only his personal dynamism but also an apparently well thought-out conception of foreign affairs. Unlike his contemporaries, who seemed content merely to react to events, Blaine appeared to have a policy. The genesis of that policy has been a source of controversy ever since.
The Expropriation of Pious and Corporate Properties in Costa Rica, 1805-1860: Patterns in the Consolidation of a National Elite
Authors: Gudmundson Lowell
Published: July 2006

Conflicts between Church and State, and between liberals and conservatives over the role of the Church, were a constant feature of nineteenth-century Mesoamerican history. These struggles eventually stripped the Church of much of its wealth, with a consequent decline in its political influence. However, the timing of this disinvestiture, the composition of liberal and conservative factions, and the role of the Church varied substantially throughout Mexico and Central America.

In Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, the Church survived the turmoil of the Independence period, to continue as a major holder of wealth and an important political actor. Notwithstanding repeated royal attacks upon Church prerogatives, and innumerable forced loans levied by both colonial and national authorities against Church wealth, the decisive confrontation between the Church and the Liberal-dominated State in these nations awaited the second half of the nineteenth century.
Between Rosas and Sarmiento: Notes on Nationalism in Peronist Thought
Authors: Winston Colin M.
Published: July 2006

Despite its crucial importance to the development of twentieth century Argentina and the volumes of scholarly, journalistic and partisan exegesis the movement has generated, historians have yet to reach a minimal consensus on the nature of Peronism. In the quarter century since Perón's first fall from power, numerous efforts have been made to explain, glorify or denigrate his regime. Many anti-Peronists have dismissed their bête noire as an unprincipled demagogue, motivated solely by political opportunism and an insatiable desire to retain power. Some supporters of the regime echo its propaganda by picturing Perón as taking the first great strides toward a politically free, economically independent and socially just Argentina. Certain anti-Peronists and a number of foreign commentators grudgingly admit that the movement had political and ideological content, but then label it as an imported fascist interlude, an alien virus that infected the body politic of Argentina just as it neared the end of the long march towards liberal democracy. The London Economist recently described the advent of Peronism as an instant replay of Italian Fascism. “The bulk of his supporters were the lower middle class immigrants who poured into the country from impoverished Italy after the second world war… The new arrivals cheered El Lider as they had cheered Il Duce for two decades. Perón representated the same historical phenomenon as Hitler and Mussolini…”
Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843-1881
Authors: Perry Richard O.
Published: July 2006

The statue of the Christ of the Andes commemorates the termination of a sixty-year boundary controversy that on several occasions brought Argentina and Chile to the brink of war. The dispute amicably resolved by King Edward VII of England in 1902 grew out of the Treaty of 1881, in which the two nations agreed for the first time on the boundaries in Patagonia, and in the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, that we take for granted today. The dispute that preceded the Treaty of 1881 was long and bitter. For although Patagonia and the adjacent areas were without question possessions of the Spanish crown, official neglect throughout the colonial period had denied to either successor state a clear title over them based onuti possidetis.
The Paraguayan Revolution of 1904
Authors: Warren Harris Gaylord
Published: July 2006

The revolution of 1904 was the major political disturbance in Paraguay for thirty years after the revolt of 1873-1874 which succeeded in driving the Liberals from power. Although not formally organized as a political party until 1887, young Liberals succeeded in gaining a brief, precarious ascendancy in postwar Paraguay. They dominated the Constituent Assembly when it met in 1870 to draft a constitution. This assembly elected Juan Bautista Rivarola, the surviving member of the postwar Triumvirate, as provisional president. But the young Liberals distrusted Rivarola and the conservatives, whose acknowledged leader was Cándido Bareiro, a nephew of Francisco Solano López who had served the dictator as a diplomat in Europe. The Liberals executed the first postwar political coup in Paraguay when they succeeded in substituting Facundo Machaín in place of Rivarola for a few hours until Bareiro directed a conservative coup that restored Rivarola as President of Paraguay. Bareiro expected to be elected president in the 1870 elections but Rivarola's position as provisional president gave him the advantage and he won the election.
The Mexican Inquisition and the Indians: Sources for the Ethnohistorian
Authors: Greenleaf Richard E.
Published: July 2006

The Holy Office of the Inquisition in colonial Mexico had as its purpose the defense of Spanish religion and Spanish-Catholic culture against individuals who held heretical views and people who showed lack of respect for religious principles. Inquisition trials of Indians suggest that a prime concern of the Mexican Church in the sixteenth century was recurrent idolatry and religious syncretism. During the remainder of the colonial period and until 1818, the Holy Office of the Inquisition continued to investigate Indian transgressions against orthodoxy, and to provide the modern researcher with unique documentation for the study of mixture of religious beliefs. The “Procesos de Indios” and other subsidiary documentation from Inquisition archives present crucial data for the ethnologist and ethnohistorian, preserving for him a view of native religion at the time of Spanish contact, eyewitness accounts of post-conquest idolatry and sacrifice, burial rites, native dances and ceremonies as well as data on genealogy, social organization, political intrigues, and cultural dislocation as the Iberian and Mesoamerican civilizations collided. As “culture shock” continued to reverberate across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Inquisition manuscripts reveal the extent of Indian resistance or accommodation to Spanish Catholic culture.
The Rise and Decline of the Ariel-Caliban Antithesis in Spanish America
Authors: Reid John T.
Published: July 2006

Seldom has a literary device had such international political resonance as the famous Ariel-Caliban contraposition of José Enrique Rodó's essay. In the decades immediately following its publication in 1900Arielwas an exceptionally valued credo for Spanish American youth, not only for its intrinsic grace, but also because it provided a timely answer to a widespread need. To a generation depressed by the frequently pessimistic conclusions of racist doctrines and an uneasy sense of inferiority, and irked by the admonitions of ninteenthcentury “Nordomaniacs,”Arieloffered in sonorous periods a set of values assumed to be peculiarly Latin and therefore the patrimony of Latin America. As Alberto Zum Felde says, “It was the longed-for reply of this weak backward America to the Titanic potentiality of the North: its self-justification, its compensation, its retaliation.” Luis Alberto Sánchez's generation must have derived, as he says he did, its primary image of the United States fromAriel. Arturo Torres-Ríoseco describes it as “the ethical gospel of the Spanish-speaking world.”
The Function of the Market in Changing Economic Structures in the Mission Communities of Pimería Alta, 1768-1821
Authors: de Murrieta Cynthia Radding
Published: July 2006

The initial thrust of Spanish conquest and colonization in Northwest Mexico, as throughout the great Chichimec frontier, was centered in the mission. Under the terms of thepatronato real, the mission served as an instrument of Spanish imperial policy, aimed to accomplish the pacification and acculturation to Christian and Hispanic norms of society, of the semi-nomadic peoples who occupied the vast regions of mountain barrancas, mesas and valleys, coastal plains and desert lands to the north of the Mesoamerican civilizations.

The mission communities were designed to place the Indians in fixed settlements, thereby preparing the way for civil colonization and further exploitation of the potential riches of these remote dominions of the Kingdom of Castile. The Indians gathered into the missions represented to the Crown a force for productivity as field and mine laborers. Although mission Indians were exempt from tribute, in the Northwest, the surplus produce from mission lands contributed to the economy of the region; and, as early as the seventeenth century, mission Indians appeared in the mines of Sonora and Chihuahua.
The Original Manuscript of Ulrich Schmidl: German Conquistador and Chronicler
Authors: Huffines Marion Lois
Published: July 2006

In 1534 Ulrich Schmidl set sail for South America where he participated in the Spanish conquest of the River Plate region. He remained there twenty years, after which he returned to his native town Straubing and wrote a diary of his adventures. This account represents one of the oldest and most important sources of information about the Spanish conquest of the River Plate region and the first settlements in Argentina. Although it is often difficult to identify tribes and villages due to his distorted spellings of the Indian names, historians regard the account as generally reliable. The text is preserved in three manuscripts in Stuttgart, Munich, and Hamburg. The Stuttgart manuscripts stems from Ulrich Schmidl himself. It is located in the Hautstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, where it is identified as Cod. hist. 4° 153. It was edited in 1893 by Johannes Mondschein, who, in the preface to his edition, characterized the manuscript as “die erste Niederschrift von der ungeübten Hand des eben von einem langen und wilden Kriegsund Abenteuerleben heimgekehrten Kriegsmannes.” The two other manuscripts are later copies, although the Munich manuscript does contain Schmidl's signature in his own hand.
Fiscal Policy and Royal Sovereignty in Minas Gerais: The Capitation Tax of 1735
Authors: White Robert Allan
Published: July 2006

A study of the capitation tax of 1735 in Minas Gerais is interesting since it illustrates the way in which the Crown of Portugal succeeded in enforcing its will through the machinery of colonial administration in a newly incorporated, frontier society. It also tells something about the men of that administration and the political process in which they were involved.

The collection of the tax on mineral wealth known as the quinto was one of the most enduring problems confronting Crown officials in Brazil during the eighteenth century. The king permitted his subjects to mine precious metals in his dominions in return for the payment of one fifth of the annual production. Rich alluvial gold deposits discovered in the closing years of the seventeenth century, lay beyond the territory effectively controlled by the governors of the littoral captaincies. Hidden in the shadows of Sabarabuçú, the shining mountain of Indian legends, the isolation of the mines and the tenuous control of the region by the royal administration made collection of the tax haphazard. As the eighteenth century progressed, the production of the gold mines increased, however the king's share failed to grow accordingly. The need for added revenue and the realization that the full amount due the Crown was not arriving at the customs house in Lisbon convinced the king that payment of the quinto should be rigorously enforced.
Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen therapy on type II collagen degradation and structural integrity of articular cartilage in rats: Implications of the time of initiation
Authors: Oestergaard Svetlana , Sondergaard Bodil C. , Hoegh‐Andersen Pernille , Henriksen Kim , Qvist Per , Christiansen Claus , Tankó László B. , Karsdal Morten A.
Published: July 2006

Objective

To investigate how the time of initiation influences the effects of estrogen therapy on type II collagen (CII) turnover and the structural integrity of articular cartilage in ovariectomized rats and to determine whether estrogen exerts direct effects on the catabolic function of chondrocytes ex vivo.

Methods

A total of 46 Sprague‐Dawley rats were distributed into 1 of the following treatment groups: 1) ovariectomy, 2) ovariectomy plus early estrogen therapy, 3) ovariectomy plus delayed estrogen therapy, or 4) sham operation. Cartilage turnover was estimated by measuring the serum levels of C‐telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX‐II). Cartilage lesions at week 9 were quantified using a published scoring technique. The presence of the CTX‐II epitope in articular cartilage was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of estrogen (1–100 nM) on chondrocytes were investigated in bovine cartilage explants subjected to catabolic cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα] and oncostatin M [OSM]).

Results

In ovariectomized rats, estrogen therapy evoked significant decreases in serum CTX‐II independently of the time of initiation; yet, delayed initiation resulted in diminished efficacy in terms of preventing cartilage lesions. CTX‐II fragments were present in articular cartilage, colocalizing with early lesions at the cartilage surface. In untreated animals, the early relative increases in serum CTX‐II were proportional to the severity of cartilage lesions at week 9 (r = 0.73, P < 0.01). Estrogen significantly and dose‐dependently countered CTX‐II release from TNFα plus OSM–stimulated cartilage explants ex vivo.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that estrogen counters the acceleration of CII degradation and related structural alterations, and these benefits can be maximized by early initiation after menopause. The protective effect of estrogen seems to involve direct inhibition of the catabolic function of chondrocytes.
Reduced levels of antiinflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic widespread pain
Authors: Üçeyler Nurcan , Valenza Regine , Stock Michael , Schedel Robert , Sprotte Günter , Sommer Claudia
Published: July 2006

Objective

The term chronic widespread pain refers to a group of painful diseases of poorly understood pathophysiology. One major subgroup is fibromyalgia (FM), as defined by the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. Among other hypotheses, a potential pathophysiologic role of cytokines in chronic widespread pain has been proposed. We undertook this study to investigate whether cytokine profiles differ in patients with chronic widespread pain and controls.

Methods

We analyzed cytokine expression patterns in 40 patients with chronic widespread pain (26 of whom had FM), 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls, and an additional 15 patients with chronic widespread pain who were recruited from a different center. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐4, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in peripheral blood was analyzed using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum protein levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

We found significantly lower relative gene expression (P < 0.0001 for IL‐4; P = 0.03 for IL‐10) and lower levels of serum protein concentrations (P < 0.0001 for IL‐4; P = 0.04 for IL‐10) of the Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐10 in patients with chronic widespread pain than in the control group. This finding was corroborated in an additional group of 15 patients with chronic widespread pain. There were no significant differences between the groups in levels of mRNA for IL‐2, IL‐8, TNFα, or TGFβ1. Protein data paralleled the real‐time PCR results.

Conclusion

Chronic widespread pain is associated with a lack of antiinflammatory and analgesic Th2 cytokine activity, which may contribute to its pathogenesis.
The main neutrophil and neutrophil‐related functions may compensate for each other following exercise—a finding from training in university judoists
Authors: Mochida Noriko , Umeda Takashi , Yamamoto Yousuke , Tanabe Masaru , Kojima Arata , Sugawara Kazuo , Nakaji Shigeyuki
Published: July 2006

In order to clarify the relationship between exercise and neutrophil function, we measured three major neutrophil and neutrophil‐related functions, viz. the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability and phagocytic activity (PA) of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity (SOA), simultaneously before and after a unified loading exercise under three different sets of conditions. Thirteen female collegiate judoists were examined with a unified exercise loading (2 h) immediately before and after a 64 day training period. Immediately thereafter, the athletes took part in a 6 day intensified training camp, following which the same exercise loading was repeated. Responses from circulating neutrophils were estimated by comparing the two sets of values obtained before and after the two instances of exercise loading. The parameters assessed included neutrophil count, SOA, PA and ROS production capability. ROS production increased after the exercise loading performed immediately before and after the 64 day training period just before the camp, (p < 0.01) but decreased following the exercise loading performed after the camp (p < 0.05). This suggested depressed bacteriocidal capability of the circulating neutrophils. PA decreased after the exercise loading sessions imposed prior to and after the 64 day training period (p < 0.01) but did not change in the loading session after the camp. No changes were seen in SOA produced with the loading exercise either before the 64 day exercise period or before the camp, but increased significantly following the post‐camp session (p < 0.05). In conclusion, athletic training‐induced changes in immune functional activities of neutrophils, such as ROS production and PA, and neutrophil‐related factors, such as SOA, may compensate for each other to maintain the overall integrity of the neutrophil immune function. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐Initiating Activity of 3β‐Methoxy‐13α,14α‐epoxyserratan‐21β‐ol (PJJ‐34) from the Stem Bark of Picea jezoensis Carr. var. jezoensis
Authors: Tanaka Reiko , Minami Toshifumi , Tokuda Harukuni
Published: July 2006

Ultraviolet light is the major cause of skin cancers in human, and several effects of ultraviolet light B (UVB) are thought to contribute to skin photocarcinogenesis. 3β‐Methoxy‐13α,14α‐epoxyserratan‐21β‐ol (PJJ‐34; 1) isolated from Picea jezoensis Carr. var. jezoensis showed the strongest antitumor‐promoting activity among naturally occurring triterpenoids in the in vivo two‐stage mouse skin‐carcinogenesis test. To investigate the anti‐initiating activity, we further studied mouse models initiated with ultraviolet‐B (UVB) and promoted with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA). Oral administration of the PJJ‐34 (1) during a period before and after the three times of UVB irradiation led to a remarkable effect: oral administration of a 0.0025% solution of 1 only to the test group, which started one week before and ended one week after the irradiation, showed less than half papillomas, and inhibition of tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity in comparison to the control group. Therefore, it was recognized that PJJ‐34 (1) showed strong anti‐initiating activity as well as anti‐promoting activity. After all, 1 seems to be useful as cancer‐chemopreventive agent.
Formation of Phosphaethyne Dimers: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: Höltzl Tibor , Szieberth Dénes , Nguyen Minh Tho , Veszprémi Tamás
Published: July 2006

High‐level ab initio (CCSD(T), CBS‐QB3 and CASSCF, CASPT2, MR‐ACPF, MR‐ACPF‐2) and density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations were carried out to study the dimerization of phosphaacetylene or phosphaethyne (HCP). Seventeen low energy closed‐shell and five open‐shell phosphaacetylene dimers were found on the potential energy surface. Two head‐to‐head, one head‐to‐tail and three other dimerization reaction pathways were determined, all with high activation barriers, suggesting that closed‐shell minima are usually kinetically stable. An open‐shell head‐to‐head reaction pathway has also been found with moderate initial barrier (95.0 kJ mol−1) leading to 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene, suggesting that polymerization of HCP and oligomerization of its derivatives have open‐shell mechanism. Formation of 1,2‐diphosphacyclobutadiene is both thermodynamically and kinetically favored over 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene. A head‐to‐head reaction involving LiBr as a catalyst was also studied. It has been pointed out that LiBr catalyze the closed‐shell mechanism. All the four possible reaction channels of this reaction yield 1,4‐diphosphatriafulvene with a fairly low activation Gibbs‐free energy (44.8 kJ mol−1), suggesting that this compound could be synthesized. This finding fully supports the experimental results.
Effect of the mobile phase on the retention behavior of optical isomers of the mandelic acid derivative methyl 2‐phenyl‐2‐(tetrahydropyranyloxy) acetate by chiral HPLC
Authors: Shen Baochun , Xu Xiuzhu , Chen Juanjuan , Zhang Xuejun , Xu Beijia
Published: July 2006

Conditions for separation of enantiomers of a mandelic acid derivative, methyl 2‐phenyl‐2‐(tetrahydropyranyloxy) acetate (the analyte) were studied. Because of the presence of two chiral carbons, the analyte consists of four stereoisomers stable at ambient temperature. Chiral HPLC of the analyte resulted in four peaks, using an (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1 column with the mobile phase consisting of hexane and the t‐butyl methyl ether (TBME). It was found that TBME dramatically changed the retention of the isomers, though it produced the best enantioseparation on (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1. The amount of TBME in the mobile phase influenced the degree of retention shift; 5% (v/v) TBME gave a bigger shift than 8% (v/v) and 10% (v/v). 2‐Propanol did not produce the same results. The chiral separation was also tried on cellulose tris (3, 5‐dimethyl phenylcarbamate) (CDMPC), but only three peaks were seen, indicating some but not full enantiomer resolution. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial exploration induces ARC, a plasticity‐related immediate‐early gene, only in calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II‐positive principal excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the rat forebrain
Authors: Vazdarjanova Almira , Ramirez‐Amaya Victor , Insel Nathan , Plummer Thane K. , Rosi Susanna , Chowdhury Shoaib , Mikhael Dalia , Worley Paul F. , Guzowski John F. , Barnes Carol A.
Published: July 2006

Active behavior, such as exploring a novel environment, induces the expression of the immediate‐early gene Arc (activity‐regulated cytoskeletal associated protein, or Arg 3.1) in many brain regions, including the hippocampus, neocortex, and striatum. Arc messenger ribonucleic acid and protein are localized in activated dendrites, and Arc protein is required for the maintenance of long‐term potentiation and memory consolidation. Although previous evidence suggests that Arc is expressed in neurons, there is no direct demonstration that only neurons can express Arc. Furthermore, there is no characterization of the main neuronal types that express Arc. The data reported here show that behavior‐ or seizure‐induced Arc expression in the hippocampus, primary somatosensory cortex, and dorsal striatum of rats colocalizes only with neuronal (NeuN‐positive) and not with glial (GFAP‐positive) cells. Furthermore, Arc was found exclusively in non‐GABAergic α‐CaMKII‐positive hippocampal and neocortical neurons of rats that had explored a novel environment. Some GAD65/67‐positive neurons in these regions were observed to express Arc, but only after a very strong stimulus (electroconvulsive seizure). In the dorsal striatum, spatial exploration induced Arc only in GABAergic and α‐CaMKII‐positive neurons. Combined, these results show that although a very strong stimulus (seizure) can induce Arc in a variety of neurons, behavior induces Arc in the CaMKII‐positive principal neurons of the hippocampus, neocortex, and dorsal striatum. These results, coupled with recent in vitro findings of interactions between Arc and CaMKII, are consistent with the hypothesis that Arc and CaMKII act as plasticity partners to promote functional and/or structural synaptic modifications that accompany learning. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:317–329, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic Information Content of NMR Dipolar Couplings: A Conformational Investigation of 1,3‐Butadiene in a Nematic Phase
Authors: Celebre Giorgio , Concistré Maria , De Luca Giuseppina , Longeri Marcello , Pileio Giuseppe
Published: July 2006

The conformational equilibrium of 1,3‐butadiene in a condensed fluid phase is investigated by liquid‐crystal NMR spectroscopy. The full set of DHH and DCH dipolar couplings is determined from the analysis of the 1H spectra of the three 1,3‐butadiene most‐abundant isotopomers (i.e. the all 12C and the two single‐labeled 13C isotopomers) for a total of 21 independent dipolar couplings. A very good starting set of spectral parameters for the analysis of the 1H spectrum is determined in a semiautomated way by the analysis of the (N−1) (specifically, N=6, the number of 1/2 spin nuclei in the spin system) quantum refocused (5QR), and not (5Q), spectra. As an alternative approach, a Monte Carlo (MC) numerical simulation, capable of predicting the solute ordering, is tested to simulate the 5QR spectrum. The set of Dij couplings is very good, proving that the MC method can represent a novel, valid alternative to the existing spectral simplification procedures. The experimentally determined dipolar‐coupling data set is fully compatible with the 1,3‐butadiene conformational distribution reported in the literature for isolated molecules, indicating the presence of about 99 % of s‐trans conformer. With regards to the remaining 1 %, in spite of the direct and very strong dependence of the observables on the molecular structure, it was not possible to discriminate between the planar s‐cis and s‐gauche forms, both of which produce a very good fit of the dipolar couplings. Vibrational corrections, up to the anharmonic term, were applied; the calculated geometrical parameters are in good— although not exact—agreement with those reported in the literature from experimental and theoretical investigations. This result can be considered as supporting the methodology used for obtaining the structure and conformational distribution of a flexible molecule in a liquid phase.
Anforderungen und Verwendung von Umweltproduktdeklarationen aus Sicht des Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik
Authors: Jasch Erich , Misch Wolfgang
Published: July 2006

Seit Jahren ist festzustellen, dass die Nachfrage nach gesundheitlich unbedenklichen und umweltverträglichen Bauprodukten stetig zunimmt. Diese Aspekte sind mehr und mehr in das Bewusstsein der Öffentlichkeit und damit auch der Baustoffhersteller, des Baustoffhandels, der Architekten und Ingenieure, der Gebäudenutzer und Eigentümer sowie der Politik und der zuständigen Behörden gelangt. Wir haben nun Antworten zu geben auf die gestellten Fragen, haben damit einhergehenden Sorgen zu begegnen, haben Vertrauen zu schaffen in die moderne Bautechnik und ihre Produkte. In der Vergangenheit geführte Diskussionen zu Formaldehyd, Asbest, PCP und PCB – und dies sind nicht alle – mit den daraus resultierenden Sanierungsvorschriften und den erforderlichen, immens teuren Sanierungen stellen in dieser Hinsicht Rückschläge dar, weil sie das Vertrauen in Produkte, deren Verwendung, Prüfung und Überwachung nachhaltig erschüttern können.
Überarbeitung der EU‐Bauproduktenrichtlinie – Die Sicht der EOTA
Authors: Seyfert Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2006

In Anbetracht der von der Kommission angekündigten Absicht der Überarbeitung der Bauproduktenrichtlinie hat sich auch die Europäische Organisation für Technische Zulassungen (EOTA) mit der Frage möglicher Verbesserungen der Richtlinie befasst. Die bisherigen Beratungen haben im Wesentlichen zu folgenden Ergebnissen geführt.

1. Allgemeine Grundsätze und Zusammenhänge

2. Ziele der Harmonisierung

2.1. Einheitliche Definition, Ermittlung, Sicherung und Deklaration von Produkteigenschaften

2.2. Anpassung der nationalen Vorschriften und technischen Regeln für den Entwurf und die Ausführung von Bauwerken an die harmonisierten Begriffe und Methoden

3. Bedeutung der CE‐Kennzeichnung

4. Harmonisierte Normen

5. Europäische Technische Zulassung

6. Konformitätsbescheinigung

7. Koexistenzperioden

Zusammenfassung
Multimodal imaging of mouse development: Tools for the postgenomic era
Authors: Dickinson Mary E.
Published: July 2006

With the sequence of the mouse genome known, it is now possible to create or identify mutations in every gene to determine the molecules necessary for normal development. Consequently, there is a growing need for advanced phenotyping tools to best understand defects produced by altering gene function. Perhaps nothing is more satisfying than to directly observe a process in action; to disturb it and see for ourselves how the process changes before our very eyes. No doubt, this desire is what drove the invention of the very first microscopes and continues to this day to fuel progress in the field of biological imaging. Because mouse embryos are small and develop embedded within many tissue layers within the nurturing environment of the mother, directly observing the dynamic, micro‐ and nanoscopic events of early mammalian development has proven to be one of the greater challenges for imaging scientists. Here, I will review some of the imaging methods being used to study mouse development, highlighting the results obtained from imaging. Developmental Dynamics 235:2386–2400, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global analysis of gene expression inXenopushindlimbs during stage‐dependent complete and incomplete regeneration
Authors: Grow Matthew , Neff Anton W. , Mescher Anthony L. , King Michael W.
Published: July 2006

Xenopus laevistadpoles are capable of limb regeneration after amputation, in a process that initially involves the formation of a blastema. However,Xenopushas full regenerative capacity only through premetamorphic stages. We have used the AffymetrixXenopus laevisGenome Genechip microarray to perform a large‐scale screen of gene expression in the regeneration‐complete, stage 53 (st53), and regeneration‐incomplete, stage 57 (st57), hindlimbs at 1 and 5 days postamputation. Through an exhaustive reannotation of the Genechip and a variety of comparative bioinformatic analyses, we have identified genes that are differentially expressed between the regeneration‐complete and ‐incomplete stages, detected the transcriptional changes associated with the regenerating blastema, and compared these results with those of other regeneration researchers. We focus particular attention on striking transcriptional activity observed in genes associated with patterning, stress response, and inflammation. Overall, this work provides the most comprehensive views yet of a regenerating limb and different transcriptional compositions of regeneration‐competent and deficient tissues. Developmental Dynamics 235:2667–2685, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid is required for endodermal pouch morphogenesis and not for pharyngeal endoderm specification
Authors: Kopinke Daniel , Sasine Joshua , Swift Jennifer , Stephens W. Zac , Piotrowski Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Because tissues from all three germ layers contribute to the pharyngeal arches, it is not surprising that all major signaling pathways are involved in their development. We focus on the role of retinoic acid (RA) signaling because it has been recognized for quite some time that alterations in this pathway lead to craniofacial malformations. Several studies exist that describe phenotypes observed upon RA perturbations in pharyngeal arch development; however, these studies did not address whether RA plays multiple roles at distinct time points during development. Here, we report the resulting phenotypes in the hindbrain, the neural crest–derived tissues, and the pharyngeal endoderm when RA synthesis is disrupted during zebrafish gastrulation and pharyngeal arch morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that RA is required for the post‐gastrulation morphogenesis and segmentation of endodermal pouches, and that loss of RA does not affect the length of the pharyngeal ectoderm or medial endoderm along the anterior‐posterior axis. We also provide evidence that RA is not required for the specification of pharyngeal pouch endoderm and that the pharyngeal endoderm consists of at least two different cell populations, of which the pouch endoderm is sensitive to RA and the more medial pharyngeal endoderm is not. These results demonstrate that the developmental processes underlying pharyngeal arch defects differ depending on when RA signaling is disturbed during development. Developmental Dynamics 235:2695–2709, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.