bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kenelm Henry Digby and English Catholicism
Authors: Morris Kevin L.
Published: July 2016

Though Kenelm Henry Digby, a romantic convert, is a minor figure within the story of the development of nineteenth-century English Catholicism, his name is recalled in passing in many of the text books; and so, perhaps, some seventy years after Bernard Holland’s sketchy biography of him, there is room for a reassessment of his place within Victorian Catholicism, in which milieu his name was well-known, his books widely read, and his person much-loved. In W. G. Roe’s estimate, his writings ‘made a considerable contribution, if not to the thought, at least to the atmosphere of the Catholic revival.’ He was interesting as the first man to use the widespread fascination with the Middle Ages for the purpose of Catholic apologetic. When so distinguished a figure as Lord Acton noted his influence, and a contributor to theDublin Reviewsuggested in 1843 that Digby’s writings had helped to reduce anti-Catholic prejudice, it is of interest to reconstruct his views on, and his contribution to, English Catholicism. The task is difficult, for he was and remains an elusive figure, somewhat isolated, uncontroversial, obsessively restless and given to writing numerous volumes of poor prose and terrible meditative poetry, which, despite their autobiographical nature, are frustratingly unrevealing.
Gladstone and German Liberal Catholicism
Authors: Erb Peter C.
Published: July 2016

When the subject of German Liberal Catholicism is raised alongside Gladstone's name, one is initially directed to the Munich historian and theologian, Ignaz von Döllinger (1799–1890). Few biographies of Gladstone omit a description of his first meeting with the German historian on September 30, 1845. The initial contact between the two men was certainly significant in Gladstone's career, but what is often not related is the full context of that meeting. Too often the incident is framed by their later meeting and correspondence, the Vaticanism controversies, and Döllinger's own opposition to the declaration of papal infallibility. At the end of his career, Gladstone himself interpreted their relationship in light of their later association, writing: ‘Nothing ever so much made me anglican versus Roman as reading in Döllinger over forty years ago the history of the fourth century and Athanasius contra mundum.’
St. Edmund's College, Ware and St. Edmund's College, Cambridge; Historical Connections and Early Tribulations
Authors: Mcclelland V. Alan
Published: July 2016

In the archives of Propaganda there is an evocative letter in which John Henry Newman urges the Cardinal Prefect not to grant permission for Catholic youths to attend Oxford or Cambridge. It is of significance because the views evinced are not those commonly associated with Newman in the years after 1865:
A Topographical Index of Hiding-Places, II
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: July 2016

Part I of this Index was published in Recusant History fifteen years ago, in October 1982. It was designed to serve two purposes: as an appendix to an earlier series of articles in Recusant History, in which I had discussed about thirty of the most important houses; and as a preliminary list of additions and corrections to Granville Squiers, Secret Hiding-Places (1933), which had been out of print since the publisher’s warehouse was bombed on the night of 29 December 1940. In 1989 my own book, also entitled Secret Hiding-Places, was published by Veritas; but, in order to allow room for necessary architectural and genealogical material, it only deals with about 180 houses, against 360 in Squiers, and of the 180 only 120 are in Squiers. Even after 1989, therefore, there remained about 240 houses where the hides had not been discussed in print since 1933, together with a number of others which had never been collected at all. Part II of the Index now lists another 123 houses (making a total of 300), of which 83 were in Squiers and 40 not. There are also further details on a few houses which were included in Part I, but these retain their original reference nos. (in square brackets) and so do not affect these statistics. Houses which were not in Index I but are in Hodgetts 1989 are not included here unless there is more to report on them, as with nos. 230, 236 and 239.
Richard Verstegan and Catholic Martyrologies of the Later Elizabethan Period
Authors: Petti A.G.
Published: July 2016

The early 1580’s saw a large increase in the publication of martyrologies concerning the sufferings and executions of Catholics in England; understandab1y so, in view of the mounting intensity of the persecution laws, in particular the statutes of 1581 and 1585, the numerous anti-Catholic proclamations, and the large scale executions, including those of Campion and his fellow missionaries in December 1581.
John Taylor (1597–1655), English Catholic Gentleman and Caroline Diplomat
Authors: Lindquist Thea
Published: July 2016

During the Thirty Years’ War, John Taylor served at the Habsburg courts in Brussels, Madrid, and Vienna. Although he figured prominently in Charles I's secret Habsburg foreign policy during the war and was one of the ‘persons of distinction’ included in the original Dictionary of National Biography, published information on Taylor is sparse. His story is especially compelling given his own and his family's connections with Continental Catholicism as well as his involvement, as a gentleman of indisputably Catholic background, in English diplomacy of the time.
The Rôle of John Fisher's Memory and Philip Melanchthon's Hermeneutics in the Household of Bishop Stephen Gardiner
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: July 2016

On 11 August 1553, having received a pardon from Queen Mary, Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, returned to the house at Southwark where his household had reassembled, ready for the work ahead. Gardiner's household was a formidable political and ideological instrument. It had been forged during his battles with Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in the 1540s and early 1550s. It was Gardiner's household which defended him at his trial in the winter of 1550 and supported him through his confinement until 1553. Key individuals, especially Thomas Watson, assisted him in the theological contest with Cranmer which he carried on from the Tower of London. At Mary's accession in 1553, these men began a constant round of preaching engagements, visitations, work in Parliament, and formal disputations, and three, Watson, John White and James Brooks, took up places on the episcopal bench. Of the artefacts of this work that remain to us, some of the most significant are the printed political treatises, books of sermons, and school textbooks produced by Gardiner's household. These items offer a window into the intellectual culture and ideology of the Lord Chancellor's household at a time when Gardiner had more control over national life than ever before in his long career. A study of the ideological literature published by Gardiner's household falls naturally into three areas: material connected with the parliament of April 1554, material which promoted popular engagement with the Fathers of the Church, and material connected with St John's College, Cambridge, and John Fisher. It is this last area that will be the focus of this paper.
A Cult from Above: The Cause for Canonisation of John Fisher and Thomas More
Authors: Davies John
Published: July 2016

But of late years a knowledge and love of our very own English martyrs has not permeated the rank-and-file of the Catholic church in this country… the majority of our people neither revere them nor know them.
Father Victor Braun and the Catholic Church in England and Wales, 1870–1882
Authors: Gallagher Brigid
Published: July 2016

Nineteenth century London, like many towns and cities in Britain, experienced phenomenal population growth. At the centre of the British Empire, and driven by free trade and industry, it achieved extraordinary wealth, but this wealth was confined to the City and to the West End. East London, however, consisted of ‘an expanse of poverty and wretchedness as appalling as, and in many ways worse than the horrors of the industrial North’. There was clear evidence of the lack of urban planning, as factories were established close to the immense dock buildings constructed near Stratford. Toxic materials such as paint and varnish were produced in large chemical works owned by the German chemist, Rudolf Hersel, as were matches by the firm Bryant and May, and rubber, tar and iron for the building trade by various industrialists. Social historians have viewed the poverty of mid-nineteenth century London's East End as a symbol of urban disintegration in which skilled artisans were reduced to sweated, lowly-paid, labourers. Their homes, built close to the industrial sectors, were erected hastily and cheaply, and lacked proper hygienic and sanitary facilities, so that slum conditions prevailed. Moreover, this housing had to be demolished frequently to make way for new roads and railways, thus creating great hardship for an already destitute people.
Liverpool’s Catholic Ships’ Captains c. 1745–1807
Authors: Pope David J.
Published: July 2016

During the second half of the eighteenth century the shipping industry of the port of Liverpool continued to expand, as it had done since about 1660, as the port’s trade increased and became more diversified, both geographically and in terms of the commodities which it handled. Though the surviving statistical evidence is not entirely reliable and statistics produced at different times during the period are not strictly comparable with each other, there being, for example, no system of general ship registration before 1786 from which statistics of vessels owned within the port could have been calculated, it does appear that during the second half of the eighteenth century the amount of shipping owned within the port more than doubled, if not trebled. In 1751, 220 vessels were reputedly owned there, while on 30 September 1793, 606 vessels were officially on the Liverpool shipping register. Several thousand vessels were owned within the port at different times and for varying lengths of time during the period under review, for example, in the period from August 1786, when the system of general ship registration commenced, to December 1799, 1,571 vessels were either registered for the first time under the 1786 Ship Registry Act at the port of Liverpool or, having been purchased by Liverpool owners, were transferred to the Liverpool register from the registers of other ports. Clearly, opportunities for employment as ships’ captains were considerable. Indeed, such was the size of the Liverpool shipping industry in the second half of the eighteenth century that more than 2,000 individuals found employment as such, including several—possibly between 100 and 150—who were Catholics, though a precise figure is impossible to calculate on account of the difficulty of identifying captains who were of this faith.
Paul Maclachlan and the Ironmaster: A Case Study in Controversya
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: July 2016

Born at the small Highland farm of Belachknockan in Glenlivet on 18 September 1805, Paul Maclachlan was the second of John Maclachlan and Helen Grant’s sons to be educated for the priesthood. There were already clergy kinsmen from Banffshire, a county which produced many priests for the increasingly industrial Lowlands of Scotland. Two James Maclachlans had attended the nearby seminary of Scalan, and Paul Maclachlan and his brother John, the older by nineteen months, were sent to the successor college of Aquhorties in Aberdeenshire. Paul, who won renown for his high intellectual qualities, entered the Lowland District seminary nine months ahead of his older brother on 17 March 1819. In January 1821 he was in the second class studying Caesar under the future Bishop James Kyle, while John was a year behind with the Rev. James Sinnott and Cornelius Nepos.
‘A More Unobserved and Convenient Location’: A Derbyshire School Reopened
Authors: Turner Richard H.
Published: July 2016

Of the forty-two clandestine Catholic schools Beales lists as documented in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, none has been more graphically described or frequently recalled than the Jesuit school at Stanley Grange near West Hallam in south-east Derbyshire. Unmasked by Government in 1625, it survived there for a further decade before its abrupt suppression in 1635.

A few deliberately but tantalizingly vague references show that the school continued to operate on a small scale elsewhere in Derbyshire, under the aegis of the fledgling Jesuit College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC). From that time, and particularly since the foundation of Mount St. Mary’s College at Spinkhill by the CIC in 1842, there has been speculation as to whither this precursor school moved and how it fared after Stanley Grange. The most recent contribution is a significant reassessment by Hendrik Dijkgraaf in 2003 of the anonymous but painstaking editorial article in the Mount St. Mary’s magazine The Mountaineer for 1912, written in rebuttal of a suggestion that the school had remained at Stanley Grange into the mid-1640s.
Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? Social Networks and Religious Allegiances at Lord Petre’s Dinner Table, 1606–1619
Authors: Schmitt Anna
Published: July 2016

Recent discussion about confessional divisions in England before the Civil War concerns questions of toleration, loyalty, and politics. While the historiography of early modern Catholicism concentrates on matters of persecution, Michael Questier has demonstrated that the Catholic community in England was not as powerless, leaderless and frustrated as some have suggested. In particular, he portrays Anthony Browne, first Viscount Montague, as an influential Catholic who successfully projected a public persona of loyalism to a Protestant monarch. Catholic aristocrats faced a perpetual dilemma. On one hand they existed in confessional opposition to their monarch and society, on the other they were often servants of the Crown in their county or at Court and great landowners who seldom suffered complete social ostracism, or experienced the full penalties the law prescribed for Catholics. How did individual peers attempt to reconcile this paradox?
Manning's Ultramontanism and the Catholic Church in British Politics
Authors: von Arx Jeffrey P.
Published: July 2016

After his conversion to Roman Catholicism, the first major controversy in which Henry Edward Manning found himself involved as a member of his new church concerned the Roman Question, or the Temporal Power; that is, the political status and future of the Papal States. Now the question of the temporal power of the pope, and the amount of controversy it engendered, is one of those issues in nineteenth century church history whose significance it is difficult for us to understand. By the mid-nineteenth century, especially in relation to the movement for Italian unification, the temporal power of the popes looks to us like an historical anachronism. To Roman Catholics today, it is obvious that the ability of the church to preach the gospel has been enhanced and its mission in the world correspondingly facilitated by being disembarrassed of the burden of political control in central Italy. How to explain, then, the tremendous controversy the Roman Question aroused over so long a period in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the conviction, especially of the papacy's defenders, that the preservation of the Papal States was critical for the survival, not only of religion, but, as we shall see, of civilization in the West?
Loca Secretiorain 1581
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: July 2016

In Richard Simpson's biography of Edmund Campion (1867) there is an account of conditions in England in 1580-1 which includes the following sentence:

The hiding-holes had become known, by means of searchers and false brethren, by the middle of 1581, so that even thus early the Catholics were compelled, when there was a night alarm, to betake themselves to woods and thickets, to ditches and holes.
The Publication of Sir Edward Hyde's Consideraciones at Madrid in June 1650
Authors: Loomie Albert J.
Published: July 2016

In the biography of Sir Edward Hyde, his visit to Madrid between November 1649 and March 1651 has usually been neglected for the little that is known about it is largely found in the episodes recalled nearly two decades later in Book XIII of his History of the Rebellion. Yet his sojourn, for close to a year and a half, at the court of Philip IV deserves attention since during it he published anonymously in Spanish an eloquent short pamphlet defending the legitimacy of Charles II’s right to the English throne, while he denounced the Commonwealth as a tyrannical usurpation of authority without a basis in English law or the law of nations. The occasion was the unexpected murder of Anthony Ascham, the diplomatic agent of the English régime, early in June 1650 in the capital by six young English royalists. While writing in their defence Hyde presented one of the earliest examples of his case to earn diplomatic support for the exiled Charles II by the Catholic kings of western Europe and the papacy during the coming decade.
‘A College of Jesuits’ at Holbeck in Nottinghamshire
Authors: Holt T. Geoffrey
Published: July 2016

‘Upon information given to this House that at Holbeck in Nottinghamshire is a settled College of Jesuits and a library of Books belonging to them worth about a Thousand Pounds, which is not fit to remain there: It is Ordered by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled that the Lords with White Staves do attend His Majesty humbly to desire him from this House “that His Majesty will be pleased to give Orders that One or more of the Messengers … may be sent to seize and bring away the said Books to be disposed of as His Majesty shall think fit”! (Die Jovis, 27 die Martii, 1679, 31 Car II)’. And a day or two later ‘Ordered by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled that the Messenger appointed by His Majesty to seize and bring away the Books which are secured at Holbeck in Nottinghamshire be, and is hereby, authorized and required to bring away also the Trunks which remain there under seizure and sealed up …’ (Die Sabbati, 29 die Martii).
The Making of Young Imperialists: Rev. Thomas Seddon, Lord Archibald Douglas and the Resettling of British Catholic Orphans in Canada
Authors: McClelland V. Alan
Published: July 2016

Thomas Seddon was born in Liverpool a decade before the impact of the great immigration of Irish families, fleeing before the famine blights of 1845 to 1849, had begun to pose insuperable difficulties upon the small remnant of native-born Roman Catholics. In the 1841 census, the Irish were estimated at some 2.2% of the total population of England, Wales and Scotland; ten years later the census recorded the number as having almost doubled. Edward St. John described graphically the condition of the Irish poor, depicting them as being ‘crowded into the wretched slums of our cities’ where they tried to keep body and soul together ‘on the starvation wages of casual labourers, under conditions that are past description’. Workhouses ‘were crowded with orphans and deserted children, who were therein more like animals than human creatures’.
Thomas Habington’s Account of the 1606 Search at Hindlip
Authors: Gilbert C. Don
Published: July 2016

The details of the Gunpowder Plot of November 1605 are well known. This article deals with one of the consequences of the failure of that Plot, the search at Hindlip, Worcestershire, in January 1606, and the sequel to that, as related by the man whose house at Hindlip was searched. It is now generally accepted that Fr. Henry Garnet, the Jesuit Superior, was aware of the Plot from information acquired in confession. The Jesuit Fr. Oswald Tesimond seems certainly to have been privy to the Plot. The authorities, determined to implicate the Jesuits, issued a proclamation against three Jesuits—Garnet, Tesimond and Fr. John Gerard (who was not privy to the Plot)—on 15 January 1605–6. Garnet was in hiding at Hindlip House, a house near Worcester belonging to Thomas Habington, from early December. The house had a large number of secret hiding places. It was searched in January 1606 by a local magistrate, Sir Henry Bromley of Holt, and Garnet, Fr. Edward Oldcorne alias Hall, S. J., and the Jesuit lay brothers Nicholas Owen (who had probably built most of the hides in the house) and Ralph Ashley were discovered. Three of them were later executed; Owen died in the Tower as the result of the torture to which he had been subjected.
The First Earl of Salisbury’s Pursuit of Hugh Owen
Authors: Edwards Francis
Published: July 2016

Robert Cecil, the first Earl of Salisbury and James I’s principal secretary of state, had every reason for regarding Hugh Owen with intense dislike. Born at Plas Du on the Lleyn peninsula in Caernarvonshire in 1538, he belonged to a family that was completely devoted and committed to the old faith. For some time until 1571, he was secretary to Henry Fitzallan, twelfth and last Earl of Arundel of his house. He left Wales for the Low Countries in 1571 looking for the freer life that the Marian exiles sought abroad under Mary I. It was alleged by some that this was a virtual admission that he had been involved in the recent Ridolfi plot. Lord Lumley who knew him was prepared to defend him from any implication in that conspiracy. In fact the plot, like most of the plots of the period, was more likely to have been a contrivance to get rid of rivals and opponents.
Jesuit Reactions to the Restoration of the Hierarchy: The Diocese of Liverpool, 1850–1880
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: July 2016

In the haphazard circumstances of the English mission, the Society of Jesus offered the virtues of discipline and organisation, the methodical self-programming of the Spiritual Exercises, and a record of missionary success from China to Peru’. The healthy survival of Catholicism in Lancashire through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries owed a great deal to the active ministry of the Jesuits and by the 1770s they were running fifteen missions in the county. After the suppression of the Society in 1773 they continued to run these as ex-Jesuits but the years of the suppression became increasingly difficult. One important issue concerned the ownership of the Society’s funds and property: the Vicars Apostolic believed these should continue to be applied to the purposes for which they had originally been entrusted to the Society, that is the good of religion in the various Districts; some of the ex-Jesuits, however, believed they were the obvious inheritors and should control and benefit from the accumulated funds.
Closing the Circle: Nicholas Owen and Walter Owen of Oxford
Authors: Hogge Alice
Published: July 2016

In her essay Blessed Nicholas Owen: Jesuit Brother and maker of hiding holes—a summary of the material on the soon-to-be saint held in the possession of the office of the Vice-Postulation, Farm Street— Margaret Waugh first identified Walter Owen, an Oxford carpenter, as the father of Nicholas Owen. Michael Hodgetts, in his article The Owens of Oxford published in this journal in October 1999, laid out all the known facts about Walter Owen and his family but stressed there was no conclusive evidence to support this identification. Although Nicholas Owen’s relationship to the printer Henry Owen, a former apprentice of Joseph Barnes (founder of Oxford University Press), suggested some connection between Nicholas and the city of Oxford— the information that Henry Owen was ‘brother to that Oven [sic] who ripped out his own bowels in the Tower, being imprisoned for the Gunpowder Treason’ comes on the authority of both the government informer William Udall, and John Gee, writing in 1624—there was still nothing concrete to link Nicholas to Walter Owen.
Tyrwhitt of Kettleby, Part I: Goddard Tyrwhitt, Martyr, 1580
Authors: Martin Patrick , Finnis John
Published: July 2016

Nor must we think them only to achieve this triumph, who by apparent violence, by wounds or effusion of blood conclude their life: but all they, though never so unknown, whose days by imprisonment, banishment or any other oppression are abridged in defence of the Catholic Faith

Among the most prominent Lincolnshire families in Tudor and Jacobean times were the Tyrwhitts of Kettleby and Twigmore. Other Lincolnshire branches of the family were seated at Scotter, Cammeringham and Stainfield. TheVictoria County History of Lincolnshiresays, ‘To follow various members of the Tyrwhitt family, whose names re-appear from first to last in connexion with Romanist sympathy, is to trace the history of recusancy in the county.’ But some important parts of the history of the Kettleby Tyrwhitts have been confused or overlooked by historians, and the record should be corrected. Here we shall focus on one of the sons of Sir Robert Tyrwhitt of Kettleby, a son who died in prison in 1580. In a further article we will identify a grandson of Sir Robert who gave John Gerard SJ much financial support from about 1598 until Gerard left England in 1606.
Catholic Representatives in Parliament: The North West of England 1918–1945
Authors: Davies John
Published: July 2016

Cardinal Manning argued that the Catholic Church had two services it should render to the world outside it; its first task was to save souls but secondly it should ‘ripen and elevate the social and political life of men . . .’ In 1890, however, he noted that none of the recent great works of charity had been initiated or promoted by Catholics. His successor Vaughan found that his main support in attempting to exercise social influence came, not from the English laity, but from the Irish (Catholic) M.P.s, fifty seven of whom had been returned to Parliament after the extension of the franchise in 1884. There were few English Catholics in Parliament and Bourne, after Vaughan, continued to rely on the Irish M.P.s. With the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1921 and the departure of the Irish M.P.s, one authority argues that Catholics were left with very few representatives in the House of Commons and that ‘politically since the withdrawal of the Irish members, the Catholic influence has, on the whole, been negligible.’
Mother Mary More and the Exile of the Augustinian Canonesses of Bruges in England: 1794–1802
Authors: Young Francis
Published: July 2016

Mother Mary Augustina More was the ninth and last lineal descendant of St. Thomas More and the sister of Fr. John More, S.J., Provincial of the English Jesuits at his death in 1794. She was among the most important figures in eighteenth century English Catholic life, and has been somewhat neglected by historians of the period. Born at Barnborough (or Bamburg), Yorkshire, in 1732, she was the daughter of Thomas More and Catherine Giffard. In 1753 she made her first profession at the Priory of Nazareth, Bruges and, in 1766, succeeded Mother Olivia Darrell as seventh prioress of the community, a duty she fulfilled until her death, on 5th May 1807. These were some of the most difficult years that the community ever suffered, and it was largely because of Mother More’s resolute leadership that the community survived as the only English convent remaining in mainland Europe.
‘Those Crafty Adversaries’: Bishop Francis Hutchinson and Anti-Catholic Rhetoric in Early Hanoverian England c. 1714–21
Authors: Sneddon Andrew
Published: July 2016

Bishop Francis Hutchinson (1660–1739) has been of interest to historians of English witchcraft largely as a result of the publication in 1718 of his sceptical witchcraft text,An Historical Essay Concerning Witches and Witchcraft. However, Hutchinson was also responsible for the publication of an array of anti-Catholic writing, published both in England and Ireland. This article examines two of these books in detail, namelyA Compassionate Address to … Papists(1716) andA Defence of a Compassionate Address(1718). It is argued below that these books contain the type of the anti-Catholic propaganda issued by Whigs, in the aftermath of the Hanoverian accession, as part of their campaign to build lasting political hegemony out of short-term ascendancy.
Lisbon College: the Penultimate Chapter
Authors: Williams Michael E.
Published: July 2016

It is more than twenty-five years since the English College Lisbon closed. While it may still be too soon to give a complete account of that closure, one can consider some of the events in its more recent history that preceded its final end. The closure cannot be attributed solely to the conditions obtaining in 1971 and the decline in the recruitment to the secular clergy of England and Wales. In that year vocations to the priesthood had not yet reached their lowest point. Moreover, throughout its 350 years Lisbon had not depended for its viability on enrolling a large number of students. It had always been a small college. Although its primary purpose was to prepare men for the priesthood it had frequently found itself having to fulfil other functions in addition to those of a seminary.
Where did Bishop Challoner Die?
Authors: Worrall E.S.
Published: July 2016

It is known that Mrs. Mary Hanne (or Hanna) was landlady to Bishop Richard Challoner, Vicar Apostolic of the London District in the eighteenth Century. In the parish ratebooks (now at Holborn Town Hall) for the years 1767, 1768, 1772, 1776, 1778 and 1780 her name always appears in the same position among those living on the west side of Gloucester Street, now Old Gloucester Street, near the church of St. George, Queen Square. Her name is also to be found in the Watch ratebook for 1777, but not in that for the year 1780, where its place is taken by the new entry “Wm. Burgis Middx 81.”
VI.—Generating Functions of Certain Continuous Orthogonal Systems
Authors: Erdélyi A.
Published: July 2016

10. Generating functions and bilinear generating functions (of the type of Mehler's celebrated formula) are known to be of great importance in the formal theory of orthogonal sequences. The present paper contains analogous formulae for a number of continuous orthogonal systems as well as “mixed” systems (which have a point spectrum as well as a continuous one). Four systems of the hypergeometric type have been selected as examples which are thought to be of some importance because of their presenting themselves in certain problems of Mathematical Physics.

My thanks are due to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for grants towards the printing of this paper and my paper in Proceedings, vol. lx, no. 26, 1940.
VII.—The Clear-Day Barometric Curve at Ben Nevis
Authors: Tannahill T. R.
Published: July 2016

An examination of the Ben Nevis barometric records shows that, when the non-periodic convex variation is eliminated, the clear-day barometric curve differs but little from the normal curve obtained from all days. The results prove that the clear-day excess found by Buchan and Omond is mainly (though not entirely) due to bias in the selection of data.
XXIV.—Time-Scales in Relativity
Authors: Walker A. G.
Published: July 2016

1. Introduction.—One of the most important of Milne's discoveries is undoubtedly the significance of time-scale regraduations and, in particular, the relation between atomic t-time and gravitational τ-time. Although in Milne's work t-time is more fundamental than τ-time, this relationship is not inevitable, as was shown in an axiomatic development of cosmology given recently by the author. There the τ-scale was the more fundamental, and it was not found necessary to introduce Milne's t-scale. The object of the present paper is to discuss this primitive τ-scale still further, and to show how the t-scale may be introduced by means of an axiom. The unpublished work mentioned above is not required for this purpose because the cosmological models considered here were described in earlier papers (Walker, 1937, 1940 b). We also examine the various constants, absolute and conventional, which are connected with the different scales of time and length, and with different models.
XXVII.—Expansions of Lamé Functions into Series of Legendre Functions
Authors: Erdélyi A.
Published: July 2016

28. This paper contains the investigation of certain properties of periodic solutions of Lamé's differential equation by means of representation of these solutions by (in general infinite) series of associated Legendre functions. Terminating series of associated Legendre functions representing Lamé polynomials have been used by E. Heine and G. H. Darwin. The latter used them also for numerical computation of Lamé polynomials. It appears that infinite series of Legendre functions representing transcendental Lamé functions have not been discussed previously. In two respects these series seem to be superior to the generally used power-series and Fourier-Jacobi series, (i) They are convergent in some parts of the complex plane of the variable where both power-series and Fourier-Jacobi series diverge, (ii) They permit by simply replacing Legendre functions of first kind by those of second kind, to deal with Lamé functions of second kind as well as Lamé functions of first kind (§ 15).

In §§ 2 and 8 of the present paper the series are heuristically deduced from the integral equations satisfied by periodic Lamé functions. Inserting the series found heuristically, with unknown coefficients, into Lamé's differential equation, recurrence relations for the coefficients are obtained (§§ 9–12). These recurrence relations yield the (in general transcendental) equations in form of (in general infinite) continued fractions for the determination of the characteristic numbers. The convergence of the series can be discussed completely.

There are altogether forty-eight different series. Every one of the eight types of Lamé polynomials is represented by six different series (see table in § 13). There are interesting relations (§ 14) between series representing the same function.

Next infinite series representing transcendental Lamé functions are discussed. It is seen that transcendental Lamé functions are only simply-periodic (§§ 18, 19). Lamé functions of real (§§ 20–22) and imaginary (§§ 23-24) period are represented by series of Legendre functions the variables of which are different in both cases.

The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the most important limiting cases, and a short mention of other types of series of Legendre functions representing Lamé functions.
XXXVI.—Graphite Crystals and Crystallites. II. Energies of Mobile Electrons in Crystallites Infinite in One Direction
Authors: Coulson C. A. , Rushbrooke G. S.
Published: July 2016

The shapes of the energy bands have been determined for the mobile electrons in graphitic strips of infinite length but finite width, using as a basis the approximation of tight binding discussed for finite crystal layers in the previous paper. It appears that the effect of including overlap between the orbitals of adjacent atoms, whose incorporation in this type of calculation has hitherto been neglected, is to widen the top half of the band by a factor of the order of 2 or 3, the lower half of the band not being greatly affected. Some of these strips may be classed as conductors, the others as insulators; but the distinction between the two may not be made on the basis of any simple chemical bond diagrams.
XLII.—The Nature of Scientific Philosophy
Authors: Dingle Herbert
Published: July 2016

The title I have chosen for this lecture contains an implication which perhaps will not be generally accepted; there was a time when I would not have accepted it myself. The implication is that a particular kind of philosophy is possible which may be called scientific in contrast with other kinds which cannot be so called. I would go further and identify this scientific philosophy with what is generally called science, and this implies that the distinction that is often assumed to exist between science and philosophy is a false one. For this view I believe there is historical evidence. Science, as a separate, self-contained study, dates from the seventeenth century. Before that time, such consideration as was given to the subject-matter of present-day science was given it by philosophers and regarded as a part of their philosophising, and when in the seventeenth century a new kind of procedure was introduced, it was looked upon by its pioneers not as an attack on a new problem but as a new attack on an old problem. The science of that time was the “new philosophy”, faintly adumbrated by some mediæval philosophers, struggling for expression in Francis Bacon, and coming to full recognition in Galileo. Only later, when it had made such progress in certain limited fields of study that a new body of investigators was called into being who confined themselves to those fields, was the new philosophy transformed into a non-philosophy and called generally by the name “science”.
XLIV.—The Equivalence of the Gravitational and Invariant Mass of an Isolated Body at Rest
Authors: Clark G. L.
Published: July 2016

Throughout the preceding discussion we have considered only those contributions to the stresses which are due to either the motion of the body or the presence of other bodies. That is, we have not considered the stresses which occur in the systems discussed by Whittaker, and we have, in effect, assumed that the gravitational mass of an isolated body at rest is the same as its invariant mass at least as terms of order m2 are concerned. In this appendix we complete the investigation by demonstrating the validity of this assumption.
L.—Quantum Theory of Rest-Masses
Authors: Born M. , Green H. S. , Cheng K. C. , Rodriguez A. E.
Published: July 2016

It has been acknowledged for a long time that current quantum theory is incomplete. The difficulties and unanswered problems which have gradually become apparent during the development of the theory will not be discussed here, and only one aspect of the situation will be mentioned, that there seems to exist a large number of particles with different rest-masses, the numerical values of which demand a theoretical explanation. The experimental material has recently been greatly increased by the discovery of several kinds of mesons with different rest-masses.
XV.—Theorems on the Convergence and Asymptotic Validity of Abel's Series
Authors: Macintyre A. J. , Macintyre Sheila Scott
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In this paper we discuss the Abel series for a function F(z) which is regular in an angle | arg z | ≤ α and at the origin. We investigate conditions under which the series converges and conditions under which its sum is asymptotically equivalent to the function F(z) in the half-plane R(z) > 0.
XXVI.—The Normal Penetration of a Thin Elastic-Plastic Plate by a Right Circular Cone
Authors: Craggs J. W.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A study is made of the propagation of elastic and plastic deformation in a thin plate, initially unstressed, and of infinite extent, when it is penetrated normally by a cone moving with uniform velocity. The work is an extension of unpublished researches by Sir G. I. Taylor on the corresponding problem for a thin wire, and a summary of his results is included.
XXIX.—The First Chemical Society, the First Chemical Journal, and the Chemical Revolution (Part II)
Authors: Kendall James
Published: July 2016

Since the delivery of my presidential address (1) in July I have assembled an amount of supplementary information regarding “the Chemical Society instituted in the beginning of the Year 1785”. This, together with a brief description of some other chemical societies of the revolutionary period, forms the basis of the present paper.

First of all, it will be expedient to furnish a complete list of the dissertations read before the Society during 1785–86 and included in the first volume of its Proceedings, appending short comments with respect to the communicators or their topics when anything of special interest arises.
III.—The Problem of Two Bodies in Whitehead's Theory
Authors: Clark G. L.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In a recent paper J. L. Synge (1952) has shown that the theories of Einstein and Whitehead predict practically the same phenomena in the solar field. He finds that the rotation of perihelion, the deflexion of light rays and the red-shift in the sun's spectrum are the same in both theories. In this paper the motion of the centre of mass of a double star is investigated. It is found that Whitehead's theory predicts a secular acceleration in the direction of the major axis of the orbit towards periastron of the larger mass. The possibility of a binary star having such an acceleration has already been considered by Levi-Civita (1937), and he has given an example in which it may become detectable in less than a century. On the other hand, it has been shown by Eddington and Clark (1938) that there is no secular acceleration according to Einstein's theory.
X.—A Configuration of Points and Spheres in Four-dimensional Space
Authors: Brown L. M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A theorem, due to Dr Grace, about a configuration of lines in [3], has been shown by him to be a rewording of a theorem about a configuration of points and spheres in [4]; in this six spheres pass through each point. The present paper discusses the analogous configuration in which seven spheres pass through each point.
XVI.—Two Hologram Methods in Diffraction Microscopy
Authors: Rogers G. L.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The Bragg two-hologram method for eliminating the unwanted image in Diffraction Microscopy is here thoroughly examined. It is shown to be of general validity for objects containing both amplitude and phase-contrast terms.

Other two-hologram methods are briefly discussed. In principle any two sufficiently distinct holograms may be used, but the Bragg 2:1 focal ratio is the simplest. The pair of holograms at ±f is also of interest, since it allows moderate degrees of phase-contrast and amplitude-contrast terms in the original object to be separated. A “three-wavelength” technique for obtaining the Bragg records is briefly outlined.
XXII.—On Methods of Summability Based on Power Series
Authors: Borwein D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Given a power series with real non-negative coefficients and having radius of convergence p, a summability method P is defined as follows:

The main concern of this note is to establish conditions sufficient for one such method to include another.
XV.—Dual Series Relations II. Dual Relations Involving Dini Series
Authors: Srivastav R. P.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The problem discussed is that of determining the sequence {an} such that

where (λn) is the sequence of positive zeros of the function λJν(λ) + HJν(λ), arranged in order of increasing magnitude, þ, ν and H are real constants (−I <þ < I, ν > −½) and f1(ρ), f2(ρ) are prescribed. By expressing the sequence {cn} in terms of a sequence of integrals involving a function g(t) the problem is reduced to the solution of a non-singular Fredholm integral of the second kind for g(t).
XIX.—The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for Semi-rings
Authors: Rutherford D. E.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A new proof of the Cayley-Hamilton theorem avoiding the use of determinants makes it possible to apply this theorem to matrices over a commutative semi-ring. The relationship of this theorem to a theorem by Lunts concerning switching matrices is investigated.
XX.—Differential Geometry on Hypersurfaces in a Cayley Space
Authors: Yano K. , Sumitomo T.
Published: July 2016

A seven-dimensional Euclidean space considered as the space of purely imaginary Cayley numbers is called a Cayley space. The six-dimensional sphere in a Cayley space admits an almost complex structure which is not integrable. Moreover the algebraic properties of the imaginary Cayley numbers induce an almost complex structure on any oriented differentiable hypersurface in the Cayley space. The Riemannian metric induced on the hypersurface from the metric of the Cayley space is Hermitian with respect to the almost complex structure.

It is proved that the induced Hermitian structure of an oriented hypersurface in the Cayley space is almost Kaehlerian if and only if it is Kaehlerian, that a necessary and sufficient condition for a hypersurface in a Cayley space to be an almost Tachibana space is that the hypersurface be totally umbilical, and that a totally umbilical hypersurface in a Cayley space admits a complex structure when and only when it is totally geodesic.

For a hypersurface in the Cayley space with the induced Hermitian structure which is an *O-space it is proved that all the principal curvatures of the hypersurface are constant, and from this is deduced a classification of such *O-spaces.
XXI.—A Mathematical Model of a Retinal Rod
Authors: Duxbury Anne
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A study is undertaken of the field excited in a semi-infinite cylindrical dielectric rod having small conductivity when plane harmonic electromagnetic waves are incident obliquely upon its end. All back-scattering and the complicated edge effects due to the end of the rod are neglected. Expressions for the normalized power absorbed in the rod are obtained by an approximation technique from the corresponding results for a similar rod whose conductivity is zero, assuming that the radiation through the walls of the rod may be ignored. Selected numerical results are presented and the relevance of these to models of a retinal rod of the human eye is discussed.
II.—On Hadamard's Elementary Solution
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: July 2016

Hadamard elementary solutions are found for the tri-axially symmetric potential equation in space of three dimensions and for the bi-axially symmetric potential equation in space of two dimensions. The elementary solutions involve hypergeometric functions of several variables.
XIV.—On Bounded Integral Operators in the Space of Integrable-Square Functions
Authors: Chisholm R. S. , Everitt W. N.
Published: July 2016

§ 1. Let L2(0, ∞) denote the Hilbert space of Lebesgue measurable, integrable-square functions on the half-line [0, ∞).

Integral operators of the form

acting on the space L2 (0, ∞) occur in the theory of ordinary differential equations; see for example the book by E. C. Titchmarsh [4; § 2.6]. It is important to establish when operators of this kind are bounded; see the book by A. E. Taylor [3; § 4.1 and §§4.11, 4.12 and § 4.13].
XV.—A Uniform Asymptotic Expansion for a Certain Double Integral
Authors: Jones D. S.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The effect of the presence of singularities on the method of stationary phase for a certain integral of two variables is examined. The singularities lie on two straight lines whose positions depend upon parameters. For certain values of the parameters the straight lines can pass through the point of stationary phase.

The asymptotic development, which is uniform with respect to the parameters, is determined. It is found that it can be expressed in terms of a function which, in certain circumstances, reduces to a Fresnel integral. The main properties of this function are derived in an appendix.

Explicit formulae are given for the dominant asymptotic terms in the cases when the point of stationary phase is approached by (i) neither line, (ii) only one of the lines, (iii) both lines.
XXI.—The Synthesis of Some Methyl- and Dimethylfluoranthenes
Authors: Andrew H. F. , Campbell Neil , Swan E. M. , Wilson N. H.
Published: July 2016

3-Methylfluorene-9-propionic acid (1) with hydrofluoric acid undergoes ring-closure on the substituted ring to give 1,2,3,10b-tetrahydro-5-methylfluoranthen-3-one (II).

Wolff-Kishner reduction of the ketone yielded l,2,3,10b-tetrahydro-5-methylfluoranthene which on dehydrogenation gave 2-methylfluoranthene (III, R=H) identical with a sample prepared according to the method of Tucker (1952) and differing from 8-methylfluoranthene. This proved that ring-closure of (I) had occurred as expected on the methyl-bearing benzene ring. In this instance ring-closure occurs in the position meta to the methyl group and is reminiscent of the similar ring-closure of 2-phenyl-2-p-tolylpropionic acid to give 6-methyl-3-phenylindanone (Pfeiffer and Roos 1941). It thus provided a further example of the limitations of von Braun's statement that Friedel-Crafts ring-closure occurs much less readily at the position meta to a methyl group than on a phenyl ring (von Braun, Manz and Reinsch 1928).