bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation
Authors: Leeder Karen
Published: October 2020

‘We know we have to find the “voice” to write a poem. The voice, not of the author, but if anything, the voice of the poem.’ The esteemed Irish poet Paul Muldoon utters these words in conversation with the German poet, novelist, essayist, and publisher Michael Krüger. In line with its etymological roots, translation is frequently thought of as an act of ‘carrying’ a verbal construct ‘across’ linguistic boundaries, before setting it down in a new language. This is not what Muldoon and Krüger, accomplished translators both, argue for in their discussion of translation captured in this chapter, however. Instead, they urge us to consider that literature becomes multiply authored when it circulates in the world, and that translators, far from being mere shipping agents wrapping a poem in gauze, instead impose their presence upon the work.
Universities
Authors: Green George , Mort Graham
Published: October 2020

In the UK, Creative Writing programmes have been established in higher education for over thirty years, and for much longer than that in the US. Yet an independent quality assurance benchmark recognizing the unique teaching methodologies of Creative Writing in the UK was established only in 2016. Meanwhile, writers outside academia have attacked its teaching methods, assessment criteria, and outcomes as inauthentic and invalid since the subject’s inception. Originally conceived as practice-based and student-centred within the values of a socially inclusive education system, Creative Writing’s foundational values are now being repositioned as transactional expectations through a neoliberal focus on fees generation, marketization, and privatization of higher education. This chapter explores the consequences of these changes for writing tutors and student writers and for the discipline itself.
Digital Writing
Authors: Punday Daniel
Published: October 2020

Through the framing concept of the ‘platform’, this chapter shows how digital texts frequently impose voluntary constraints upon themselves. Digital media distinguish between what Lev Manovich calls the database and interface. Print texts have only one interface on their fictional worlds, while in a digital work our encounter with that material is variable. Initially this distinction manifested itself in works like hypertext fiction that still functioned within a traditional literary framework of authorship. More recent work has, however, exploited text generated in other ways: through communal authorship, or through computational models, where texts are generated either out of a fixed body of material or in response to real-world events. Drawing on a wide range of contemporary examples, this chapter shows how the digital writer working within the boundaries of these self-imposed constraints resembles a curator or remix artist. He or she becomes an ‘author’ by arranging existing data in novel and meaningful ways.
Neurobiological susceptibility to peer influence in adolescence
Authors: Do Kathy T. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: October 2020

Peers have a profound impact on shaping adolescents’ attitudes and norms about the consequences of engaging in health risk behaviors. However, not all adolescents are equally susceptible to peer influence. Thus, a question that remains unanswered is whether there are potential biomarkers that index an individual’s level of susceptibility to peer environments. The present review considers emerging evidence on the construct of peer influence susceptibility and proposes neurobiological biomarkers that might render some adolescents more susceptible to peer influence than others. Using a differential susceptibility framework, this chapter discusses how individual variation in peer influence susceptibility interacts with different types of peer environments (e.g., risk-promoting versus risk-averse) to predict shifts in adolescent behavior. This perspective suggests that a heightened susceptibility to peer influence may not only increase maladaptive, antisocial behavior in negative peer environments, but may also promote adaptive, prosocial behavior in positive peer environments.
Depression in young people: cognitive biases and targets for intervention
Authors: Pile Victoria , Lau Jennifer Y. F.
Published: October 2020

Depression is common, impairing and typically begins in adolescence. As interventions for adolescent depression are limited in their effectiveness and difficult to access, a fuller understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms is needed to drive treatment development. Cognitive biases are suggested to not only feature during an episode of depression but also to be associated with the onset, course and risk of relapse in depression. This chapter reviews evidence for cognitive biases in the processing of emotional material, in particular biases in attention, interpretation and memory. There is (some) evidence that depression in young people is associated with biases in interpretation and memory processes. Evidence for a relationship with attention biases is less consistent, perhaps due to differences in methodology. Whilst greater understanding of cognitive biases has begun to generate treatment innovation for young people, these are in their infancy.
Affective disorders in development
Authors: Morningstar Michele A. , Mattson Whitney I. , Nelson Eric E.
Published: October 2020

Pediatric anxiety and depression significantly impair youth’s social and emotional functioning. The increased emergence of affective disorders during adolescence points to the involvement of several developing systems at the neural and behavioral level. This chapter characterizes deficits in social information processing and their underlying neural correlates in pediatric affective disorders. While typically-developing adolescents show enhanced amygdala response to salient stimuli in the context of deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulation, anxious and depressed youth show hyperactivation in both regions in response to negative or threatening cues. Additionally, depressed adolescents show reduced limbic response to positive stimuli, suggesting deficits in appetitive motivational systems. These behavioral and neural patterns are related to phenotypic symptoms characteristic of anxiety and depression in youth.
The New Testament
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus , Kozitza Evangeline
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines several distinct strands in the New Testament’s reflection on Jesus’ Nativity: from the mystery surrounding his origins in the earliest Gospel, Mark, to the respective infancy narratives of Matthew and Luke, to John’s mystical language of the Word’s origins, and non-narrative conceptions of Jesus’ coming into the world in Paul, other letter-writers, and Revelation. It argues that the slender ancient accounts of ‘Jesus becoming Jesus’ nonetheless offer a rich tapestry of insights on the Incarnation at the heart of Christmas. Brief engagement with the early reception of these texts in theology and apologetics, literary production and art, devotion and liturgy, lend significant support to this conclusion.
Reformed and Dissenting Protestants
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2020

The meaning and observance of Christmas has always been contested and perhaps those most associated with opposition are to be found amongst Reformed and Dissenting Protestants. In the aftermath of the Reformation, Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, and their heirs in both the Old and New Worlds most vociferously opposed and effectively proscribed the religious and secular observance of Christmas. Yet taking a longer perspective demonstrates that they too wavered between protest and participation and had to adapt their principles to changing circumstances. Was Christmas a holy day, a holiday, or neither? How could church leaders and theologians transform popular opinion and practice? Complexity of attitudes and often-pragmatic accommodation were inescapable as marking the passage of time and involved a range of complex issues. Their attitudes were further complicated by Church–State relations and denominational differences in which the celebration of Christmas became a sign of difference. Most of the groups belonging to these traditions dissented from Episcopalian state churches and objected to liturgies that followed the Christian Year; even in Scotland, where Presbyterians became the state church, the religious non-observance of Christmas became a symbol of Scottish identity in contrast to their larger English neighbour. Opposition to Christmas was also tempered over time by the involvement of Reformed and Dissenting Protestants in the broader evangelical movement as well as the commercial and industrial revolutions of the period. Groups belonging to this tradition were both the cause and the victim of the secularization and commercialization of the season.
The Holy Family
Authors: Coolman Holly Taylor
Published: October 2020

The Holy Family, as such, is all but absent in Christian imagination and devotion for the first thousand years of the Church’s existence. In close connection to the cult of St Joseph, the Holy Family gains new prominence toward the end of the medieval period, and then grows dramatically in importance in the early modern period. Traditions in the New World such as Las Posadas are also discussed in this chapter. Especially important in Catholic thought and practice, the Holy Family has come to have central symbolic importance for all Christians in contemporary Christmas celebrations such as children’s Nativity plays and pageants.
Bethlehem and the Census
Authors: Huizenga Leroy A.
Published: October 2020

The Lukan author is regarded as an ancient historian of the first rank, and yet in Luke 2 he seems to have committed a gross error in placing Jesus’ birth during a census conducted by Quirinius (which most believe happened in 6/7 ce) while also claiming that Jesus was born during the last season of Herod the Great’s life (which most believe ended in 4 bce). The Lukan author likely believes that Jesus was actually born in Bethlehem—he does not seem to concoct the story for apologetic purposes, as he does not quote Micah 5:2—but does wish for readers to perceive Jesus as the Davidic Messiah by virtue of his birth in David’s city, Bethlehem. The evocation of Rome by the very name of Augustus suggests both that God works His providence through the empires of the world, even Rome, but also that the Messiah to be born will rise up to challenge Rome, as that Messiah, Jesus, will share titles also shared with Caesar Augustus in Roman imperial eschatology. The census that Luke mentions is likely not the famous census of Quirinius, but rather an earlier census otherwise lost to historical record, if one understands the grammar of Luke 2:1 to be referring to a census ‘before’ the one Quirinius conducted in 6 ce.
The Inn, the Manger, the Swaddling Cloths, the Shepherds, and the Animals
Authors: Lewis Jody Vaccaro
Published: October 2020

While both the Gospels of Matthew and Luke narrate the story of the Nativity, only Luke’s account provides the unique details of the inn, manger, swaddling cloths, and shepherds. In the earliest tradition, an ox and ass become incorporated into the scene, though they are not mentioned in Luke 2:1–20. Each one of these elements presents historical aspects which the original Greco-Roman and Jewish audiences would be familiar with as part of everyday life. They all also convey important symbolism, alluding to various Old Testament passages that signify the theological meaning of the birth of this infant as the Davidic Messiah. Luke’s literary skill demands that each element be considered carefully in terms of its context and relevance to the account. Artistic depictions of the inn, manger, swaddling cloths, shepherds, and animals offer some intriguing interpretations of these elements.
The Winter Solstice and Other Celebrations of the Season
Authors: Gifford Daniel
Published: October 2020

Christmas has been engaged in a millennia-long conversation with the holidays that surround it on the calendar. Winter solstice and a plethora of other winter milestones, occasions, and celebrations have contributed to Christmas through a sustained process of competition, appropriation, and recontextualization. Examining the overlap and differences between Christmas and these other holidays (spanning everything from Advent to Epiphany, Hanukkah to Saturnalia, Thanksgiving to Kwanzaa) sheds light on the evolution of ‘the holiday season’ in its modern incarnation. The counter-Christmas festival, Festivus, is also examined in this chapter. Winter is shown to be a special and unique time linking histories, cultures and people throughout the world.
Public Holidays and the Law
Authors: Garnett Richard W. , Blais Jackson C.
Published: October 2020

A peculiar feature of the celebration of Christmas in the United States is that its observance and its symbols became and continue to be the subjects of First Amendment litigation regarding the Establishment Clause. It has been frequently claimed, and courts have sometimes agreed, that the public display of Christmas decorations and symbols, and the official recognition of Christmas as a legal holiday, are unconstitutional ‘establishments’ of religion. After the Supreme Court’s created the Lemon test to consider Establishment Clause claims, courts’ rulings under the test have been inconsistent and unpredictable, and the subject of widespread academic and popular criticism. There are reasons to believe, however, that the current Supreme Court is moving away from a strict form of ‘Church–State separation’ and towards a greater appreciation for tradition, history, and practice.
James and Religion
Authors: Bush Stephen S.
Published: October 2020

William James made signal contributions to the philosophical and psychological study of religion. One of James’s greatest contributions to the study of religion is his defense of the permissibility of religious beliefs. In his essay “Will to Believe,” he argues that it can be permissible (morally and epistemically), if certain criteria are met, to hold beliefs for which one does not have conclusive evidence in support (provided there isn’t conclusive evidence against). This applies to religious beliefs, but also to moral beliefs and certain beliefs that are essential to our social lives and to the scientific enterprise. His second-greatest contribution to the study of religion is his methodological focus on individuals’ religious experiences, which we see most extensively in Varieties of Religious Experience. In addition to these two contributions, he has important things to say on the relation between religion and other aspects of culture, such as ethics, politics, science, and philosophy.
Eddas, Sagas, and Victorians
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: October 2020

The British reading public discovered the rich corpus of medieval Icelandic literature for the first time during the ‘long nineteenth century’. This chapter describes the ways in which British readers became aware of Old Norse-Icelandic literature through translations into English and through English-language editions of texts in the original language. Beginning with pioneering work of the pre-Victorian period, the chapter focuses on Victorian translators of medieval Icelandic literature (especially G. W. Dasent, William Morris, Sabine Baring-Gould, and W. G. Collingwood), as well as the collaborative editions and translations of Guðbrandur Vigfússon with Dasent or F. York Powell. The chapter shows that the dissemination of Icelandic sources was often linked with the discovery of Iceland as a travel destination or involved collaborating with Icelandic scholars resident in Britain. The conclusion briefly considers the legacy and influence of Victorian translators.
Illuminating Propaganda
Authors: Haywood Ian
Published: October 2020

This chapter brings back into circulation the career and achievements of the radical poet and wood-engraver William James Linton. Linton’s socialism and his commitment to bringing beauty to the masses made him a transitional figure between Romanticism and the Arts and Crafts movement of the later nineteenth century. His vision of medievalism was influenced by the radical nostalgia of Cobbett but it also spoke to the agrarian utopianism of the Chartist Land Plan. These motivations came together in his masterpiece of illuminated poetry, Bob Thin; Or the Poorhouse Fugitive, which appeared in the Illuminated Magazine in 1845. Through a close reading of both the satirical and pastoral elements of this poem, the chapter argues for Linton’s reinstatement in the canon of Victorian medievalism.
The Pre-Raphaelites
Authors: Lepine Ayla
Published: October 2020

Across media including painting, stained glass, architecture, photography, and furniture, the Pre-Raphaelites and their circle explored medievalism’s inheritances and produced new and radical responses to the Middle Ages in bold new visual culture within Britain and its empire. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Malory’s Morte d’Arthur provided stimulating springboards for emerging ideas regarding the arts in relation to narrative, memory, religion, and romance. Tropes of love, heroism, and beauty were by turns subverted and lauded in diverse Pre-Raphaelite efforts to contend with the Middle Ages and to graft their own values within its spirit. Focusing on what made the Pre-Raphaelite vision innovative, and considering the differing registers of engagement with the Middle Ages through encounter with contemporary and medieval literature across the arts, this chapter considers the unique contribution of artists including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Ford Madox Brown, John Everett Millais, and Edward Burne-Jones to the spirit of medievalism that gripped the modern Victorian imagination
Medievalist Music and Dance
Authors: Haines John
Published: October 2020

Central to Victorians’ medievalism was the notion, prevalent since the sixteenth century, that English medieval song and dance had been preserved in kernel form by modern folk traditions. This assumption of a hidden medieval-folklore link played out in the main musical medievalisms of the nineteenth century: in antiquarian research on dance and song, both liturgical chant and vernacular music; in the more creative medievalisms of opera and music hall; and in their inheritor, the ultimate song-and-dance entertainment of the machine age, cinema. One exception to the idea of medieval art as preserved by the folk is the curious case of the motet, a quintessentially antiquarian object of study emerging in the late 1900s in connection with the burgeoning industry of academia.
Grímur Thorkelin, Rasmus Rask, and the Origins of Philology
Authors: Wolf Kirsten
Published: October 2020

The chapter gives an overview of the life, education, and scholarly work of Grímur Thorkelin, an Icelander, and Rasmus Rask, a Dane. It assesses the reception of their research and the impact their scholarship had on future philologists. It demonstrates that Rask exercised considerable influence on philology, especially Danish philology, whereas Thorkelin’s claim to fame is limited to his work on Beowulf. What these two figures had in common, however, was their importance to early nineteenth-century Romanticism, and in particular, the resurrecting of the glorious ancient past of the Nordic countries. The work of Thorkelin and Rask invigorated interest in, and appreciation of, the shared Germanic past of Britain and Scandinavia.
Monastic Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Blée Fabrice
Published: October 2020

The chapter offers a theological approach to Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (MID), a recent and creative development within Benedictine monasticism. It highlights the centrality of hospitality in this movement and its relevance for a Church and a world in crisis. If MID ensures the continuity of the practice of hospitality, to which the Rule of St Benedict devotes an entire chapter, it nevertheless signals a change by its openness to religious otherness. Hence the contrast with one of the most radical exponents of Christian hospitality, the Order of Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem. Heir to a long tradition which has manifested itself in various forms through the ages, MID offers a new paradigm for today, in which the relationship to someone who believes differently is no longer a threat to one’s faith, but rather a privileged place for its expression.
Archaeological Evidence for the Study of Early Monasticism
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter, organized in three sections, reviews and critiques the history of archaeological practice and interpretation pertaining to early Christian monastic sites. The first section introduces readers to the development of cultural-historical, processual, and post-processual approaches in modern archaeology. The second and third sections address methodological problems related to the identification and dating of monastic remains. Selected case studies from the first millennium ce are cited to illustrate how modern historians and archaeologists have often over-interpreted the evidence available to them. This chapter aims to sponsor scholarly awareness about the limits of our current state of knowledge and to establish a set of more reliable and consistent criteria for evaluating what constitutes material evidence for the study of early Christian monasticism.
Monasticism in the Byzantine Empire
Authors: Hatlie Peter
Published: October 2020

Modern scholars are in a good position to write broad, engaging, and coherent accounts of Byzantine monasticism, ones that explain its vital role in politics and society, its remarkable resiliency in response to historical change, and its lasting contribution to values and culture. Yet scholars today tend to prefer more specialized research, and very few comprehensive studies exist. Hagiography and charters (or typika), along with the writings of important reformers such as Theodore of Stoudios and Paul of the Evergetis Monastery, offer valuable insights into the movement. Important centres in Asia Minor, Constantinople, Mount Athos, and elsewhere are sufficiently documented and well studied. This chapter recommends three approaches towards a new narrative of monasticism. The first focuses on historical continuities, including an enduring attachment to patristic authority. The second charts historical divergences, notably over right relations between monks and society. The third discusses sporadic internal conflicts, including that over hesychasm.
Prayer
Authors: Fulton Brown Rachel
Published: October 2020

Prayer lies at the centre of the monastic life, but what is prayer? For medieval monks and nuns, prayer was above all a ‘lifting up of the mind and soul to God’, whether in speech or song, requiring the whole of one’s attention and thus careful preparation and life-long discipline. It was a service offered to God, an exercise of penance, and a battle fought on behalf of one’s neighbours against the powers of darkness and sin. Like modern Christians, medieval monks and nuns worried whether their prayers were offered with appropriate devotion and understanding. Their most important models for and sources of prayer were the psalms of the Old Testament, which they sang daily in the Divine Office.
Sickness and Healing
Authors: Horden Peregrine
Published: October 2020

How should a medieval monk behave when sick? Must submission to divine test or judgement be the only response, or is resort to secular as well as spiritual medicine allowed? What is the role of the infirmary in a monastery and, for the individual monk, what are the benefits and disadvantages of staying in it? The chapter traces medieval answers to such questions through case studies drawn from the earliest phase of monasticism in late antiquity, from Carolingian Europe, from the twelfth century, and from the later Middle Ages, concluding with an outline of a set of topics for further research.
The Benedictines
Authors: Bruce Scott G.
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the history of the word ‘Benedictine’ in the Middle Ages. Although it is currently employed by scholars to describe cloistered communities loyal to the tenets of the Rule of Benedict, the term ‘Benedictine’ was not used in medieval Europe. Moreover, its use in contemporary discourse threatens to obscure the rich diversity and historical development of monastic practice in the Middle Ages, because it implies that all monks read and interpreted Benedict’s rule in the same way. After providing an introduction to the Rule of Benedict and its author, the chapter examines the varieties of monastic expression in medieval Europe, and it highlights neglected areas of research in the premodern Benedictine tradition.
The Protestant Tradition
Authors: Mager Inge
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses the Protestant tradition in Germany. The Reformation did not bring an end to the monastic system in Germany. Many convents adhering to Protestant principles survived until the Thirty Years’ War, and others lasted until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some few convents continue to exist today as so-called Protestant women’s foundations. Not all monastic property was secularized; what remained was used for educational, cultural, and social purposes. An aspiration for more intense forms of devotion, as well as for alternative ways of communal living, endured throughout the post-Reformation era. But it was only in the twentieth century that German Protestant churches began to recover the monastic dimension for themselves, with the founding of brotherhoods and sisterhoods. These communities base their faith and life on the Gospel, and they aim to contribute to a contemporary society that is otherwise largely alienated from the Christian tradition.
Contemporary Monasticism
Authors: Casey Michael
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the unprecedented change experienced by monks and nuns following the Rule of Benedict from 1960 to the present. It describes the monastic world as it stood in 1960, how it changed as a result of the Second Vatican Council, and how it grapples with declining numbers of members, ageing communities, and new technologies, among other things. It concludes by suggesting areas that will need to be dealt with in the future if the institution of monasticism is to continue: the need for consistent and creative leadership, the strengthening of the mystical dimension of monasticism, the formulation of a new asceticism, and appropriate adaptation.
Lectio Divina
Authors: Polan Gregory J.
Published: October 2020

The ancient monastic practice of lectio divina, the prayerful reading of sacred Scriptures, was revived in the twentieth century after the Second Vatican Council II (1962–1965). In this practice, the reader—monk or member of the laity—enters into conversation with God, the one who speaks to the reader in the sacred texts. The practice of lectio divina calls for an openness to the work of the Holy Spirit in guiding the reader to both prayer and deeds of compassion, mercy, and kindness. Thus the slow and careful reading of sacred texts calls for listening in a spirit of silence, obedience, and humility.
Musical and Liturgical Practice
Authors: Grier James
Published: October 2020

The liturgy adopted by monastic communities offered their members the opportunity to express their piety and spiritual concerns, while simultaneously providing a public representation of the community’s spiritual identity. In particular, the cults of local saints, often supported by their relics, distinguished individual monasteries from their peers in the ongoing competition for prestige, patronage, and pilgrimage traffic. Many communities, Saint Denis just outside Paris, Farfa north of Rome, and Cluny foremost among them, tailored their liturgy to attract the patronage of powerful monarchs and secular aristocrats. A similar story emerges from Limoges, where the abbey of Saint Martial cultivated a relationship with the dukes of Aquitaine. The prayers and chants of the Mass and the Divine Office became the public face of the monastery and defined the complexion of monastic spiritual life.
Police Training Revisited—Meeting the Demands of Conflict Training in Police with an Alternative Pedagogical Approach
Authors: Koerner Swen , Staller Mario S
Published: October 2020

While operational actions place high demands on police officers, conflict training aims to prepare them for the demands of deployment and thus forms the central hinge between professional practice and education. However, international data suggest a problem: the transfer of competence between training and deployment must be improved. The following article identifies pedagogical design and practice as the key factors in making this leap. To illustrate this point, the evidence-based constraints-led approach (CLA) is introduced. By dealing with key concepts as well as the practical implications of the CLA for conflict training in police, the article provides an orientation for police trainers and their practice as well as for the further professionalization of police training.
Novel pre-vascularized tissue-engineered dermis based on stem cell sheet technique used for dermis-defect healing
Authors: Fan Zengjie , Xie Xuzhuzi , Zhu Shengqian , Liao Xiaozhu , Yin Zhengrong , Zhang Yujue , Liu Fengzhen
Published: October 2020

Insufficient donor dermis and the shortage of three-dimensional vascular networks are the main limitations in the tissue-engineered dermis (TED). To solve these problems, we initially constructed pre-vascularized bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet (PBMCS) and pre-vascularized fibroblasts cell sheet (PFCS) by cell sheet technology, and then superimposed or folded them together to construct a pre-vascularized TED (PTED), aiming to mimic the real dermis structure. The constructed PTED was implanted in nude mice dorsal dermis-defect wound and the wound-healing effect was quantified at Days 1, 7 and 14 via the methods of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that PTED could rapidly promote the wound closure, especially at Day 14, and the wound-healing rate of three-layer PTED could reach 97.2% (P < 0.01), which was faster than the blank control group (89.1%), PBMCS (92.4%), PFCS (93.8%) and six-layer PTED (92.3%). In addition, the vessel density in the PTED group was higher than the other groups on the 14th day. Taken together, it is proved that the PTED, especially three-layer PTED, is more conducive to the full-thickness dermis-defect repair and the construction of the three-dimensional vascular networks, indicating its potential application in dermis-defect repair.
Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Tolosa Andres F , Shull Caleb M , Brown Catherine B , Alencar Stephan A S , Ellis Michael
Published: October 2020

Piglets experience a rapid decrease in body temperature immediately after birth, increasing the risk of mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. The study was carried out at a commercial sow facility using a completely randomized design with four treatments (applied to piglets at birth): Control (no drying or warming), Desiccant (dried using a desiccant), Warming Box (placed in a box under a heat lamp for 30 min), and Desiccant + Warming Box (both dried and warmed as above). Farrowing pens had one heat lamp, temperatures under which were similar to the warming box (35 °C). A total of 68 litters (866 piglets) were randomly allotted to a treatment at the birth of the first piglet. At birth, each piglet was identified with a numbered ear tag and weighed; rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1,440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures model using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a subsample of the litter; and the model included the fixed effects of treatment, time (the repeated measure), and the interaction. Rectal temperatures at birth and 1,440 min after birth were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments. At all times between 10 and 120 min after birth, Control piglets had lower (P ≤ 0.05) temperatures than the other three treatments. The Desiccant and Warming Box treatments had similar (P > 0.05) temperatures at most measurement times, but the Desiccant + Warming Box treatment had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) rectal temperatures at most times between 10 and 60 min. In addition, for all treatments, light (<1.0 kg) birth weight piglets had lower (P ≤ 0.05) temperatures than medium (1.0–1.5 kg) or heavy (>1.5 kg) piglets at all times between 10 and 120 min. In addition, at these measurement times, the deviation in temperature between the Control and the other three treatments was greater for light than medium or heavy piglets. In conclusion, both drying and warming piglets at birth significantly increased rectal temperatures between 10 and 120 min after birth, with the combination of the two interventions having the greatest effect, especially for low birth weight piglets.
Designing academic career trajectories: identifying internal assets and evaluating external challenges
Authors: Padela Aasim I
Published: October 2020

When I joined the Society of Behavioral Medicine’s Mid-Career Leadership Institute in 2016, I was at an academic crossroads where my motivation to pursue a research career was waning. Specifically, I was challenged in obtaining funding for my unique research focus, and by the loss of institutional mentors and sponsors. In this commentary, I describe how I utilized components of the SBM Leadership Institute, specifically executive coaching and peer mentorship, as well as introspection to identify career trajectories that align with my internal motivations, as well as acknowledge dynamics in my scholarship area and at my institution. By specifying several concrete possibilities for career advancement that are both personally meaningful and institutionally practical, I have been better able to focus my scholarly pursuits and seek out leadership positions. In general terms, the leadership institute helped me to evaluate my own internal assets (e.g., skills and passions), to critically examine trends in my area of scholarship, and to delineate alternative career pathways. In my view such periodic introspection and evaluation is critically important for maintaining a fulfilling academic career.
Identification of Translational microRNA Biomarker Candidates for Ketoconazole-Induced Liver Injury Using Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Li Dongying , Knox Bridgett , Gong Binsheng , Chen Si , Guo Lei , Liu Zhichao , Tong Weida , Ning Baitang
Published: October 2020

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure. Reliable and translational biomarkers are needed for early detection of DILI. microRNAs (miRNAs) have received wide attention as a novel class of potential DILI biomarkers. However, it is unclear how DILI drugs other than acetaminophen may influence miRNA expression or which miRNAs could serve as useful biomarkers in humans. We selected ketoconazole (KCZ), a classic hepatotoxin, to study miRNA biomarkers for DILI as a proof of concept for a workflow that integrated in vivo, in vitro, and bioinformatics analyses. We examined hepatic miRNA expression in KCZ-treated rats at multiple doses and durations using miRNA-sequencing and correlated our results with conventional DILI biomarkers such as liver histology. Significant dysregulation of rno-miR-34a-5p, rno-miR-331-3p, rno-miR-15b-3p, and rno-miR-676 was associated with cytoplasmic vacuolization, a phenotype in rat livers with KCZ-induced injury, which preceded the elevation of serum liver transaminases (ALT and AST). Between rats and humans, miR-34a-5p, miR-331-3p, and miR-15b-3p were evolutionarily conserved with identical sequences, whereas miR-676 showed 73% sequence similarity. Using quantitative PCR, we found that the levels of hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-331-3p, and hsa-miR-15b-3p were significantly elevated in the culture media of HepaRG cells treated with 100 µM KCZ (a concentration that induced cytotoxicity). Additionally, we computationally characterized the miRNA candidates for their gene targeting, target functions, and miRNA/target evolutionary conservation. In conclusion, we identified miR-34a-5p, miR-331-3p, and miR-15b-3p as translational biomarker candidates for early detection of KCZ-induced liver injury with a workflow applicable to computational toxicology studies.
Ocular Toxocariasis in Parasitology Consultation in Quindío, Colombia: Description of Cases and Contact Studies
Authors: Gómez-Marín Jorge Enrique , Londoño Ángela Liliana , Cabeza-Acevedo Nancy , Torres Elizabeth , Navarrete-Moncada Leonidas , Bueno Oriana , Nati Alejandro , Nieto-Rodríguez Pedro , Ariza-Pardo Stiven , Isaza Karol Johana , Chacón-Álvarez Valeria , Romero-Delgado Stefany Andrea , Grijalva-Plaza Saray
Published: October 2020

We report diagnosis, treatment and evolution of cases of ocular toxocariasis in specialized consultation in Quindío, Colombia. No cases were seen during the 2000–17 period, but five cases were confirmed from November 2017 to March 2019; two children resulted with definitive loss of vision on the affected eye. Studies in contacts found that 12 of 19 (63%) family members and 15 of 25 (60%) children <15 years of age living on the same street were positive for IgG Toxocara antibodies. Epidemiological studies are necessaries to establish the reasons for the increase in cases at this region.
Vaginal Delivery After External Cephalic Version in Patients With a Previous Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Homafar Mona , Gerard Jessica , Turrentine Mark
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate the rate of vaginal delivery after successful external cephalic version for breech presentation in women with compared with without a previous cesarean birth.

DATA SOURCES:

We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies comparing the mode of delivery after successful external cephalic version in women with and without a previous cesarean birth.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:

Two reviewers independently identified studies, extracted data, and evaluated study quality. The rate of vaginal delivery after successful external cephalic version in women with and without a previous cesarean birth was compared, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were estimated.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:

Six cohort studies and two case–control studies, reporting on 14,515 women were identified. The median point prevalence of a successful external cephalic version was 74% (interquartile range 63–81%) in women with a previous cesarean birth compared with 69% (interquartile range 64–83%) in women without a previous cesarean birth. The overall success rate of external cephalic version in women with a previous cesarean birth was similar compared with women without a previous cesarean birth (pooled OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.61–1.15). The median point prevalence of a vaginal delivery was 75% (interquartile range 61–84%) in women with a previous cesarean birth compared with 92% (interquartile range 85–95%) in women without a previous cesarean birth after a successful external cephalic version. The overall success rate of a vaginal delivery in women with a previous cesarean birth was less compared with women without a previous cesarean birth (pooled OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.50). A planned subgroup analysis on studies that included only multiparous women in the control group (parity one or greater) noted the overall success rate of external cephalic version in women with a previous cesarean birth 76% (853/1,123) was lower compared with multiparous women without a previous cesarean birth 84% (9,911/11,855) (pooled OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.89, I2 37%). The overall success rate of a vaginal delivery in women with a previous cesarean birth 83% (666/806) was less compared with women without a previous cesarean birth 97% (9,449/9,746) (pooled OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.12–0.39, I2 73%).

CONCLUSION:

Women with previous cesarean birth have similar rates of successful external cephalic version when compared with women without a cesarean birth. Although the rate of vaginal delivery is lower, the majority of patients have a successful vaginal birth after cesarean.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:

PROSPERO, CRD42020160145.
Birth Behind Bars
Authors: Dahl Carly M. , Geynisman-Tan Julia M. , Premkumar Ashish
Published: October 2020

The population of women within carceral systems is growing rapidly. A portion of these individuals are pregnant and will deliver while incarcerated. Although shackling laws for pregnant persons have improved, incarcerated patients are forced to labor without the support of anyone but a carceral officer and their medical staff. We believe access to continuous labor support is critical for all pregnant persons. Carceral systems and their affiliated hospitals have the opportunity to change policies to reflect that continuous labor support is a basic human right and should be permitted for incarcerated pregnant persons in labor, either through a doula program or a selected person of choice.
Identification of Juvenile Cystic Adenomyoma Using High-Resolution Imaging
Authors: Wilcox Annemieke , Schmidt Megan , Luciano Danielle
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Juvenile cystic adenomyoma is a rare condition that is often misdiagnosed as a noncommunicating uterine horn or adnexal mass during adolescence.

CASES:

We describe two patients who presented with dysmenorrhea unresponsive to standard management with oral contraceptives. Both patients were initially misdiagnosed as having endometriotic cysts. Juvenile cystic adenomyoma was suspected on standard pelvic ultrasound scan and subsequent high-resolution three-dimensional ultrasonography. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed and the lesions successfully treated laparoscopically.

CONCLUSION:

Gynecologists should be aware of the possibility of juvenile cystic adenomyoma in adolescents with dysmenorrhea refractory to medical management. Three-dimensional ultrasonography may provide the resolution necessary to distinguish this rare condition.
Pain Control and Medication Use in Children Following Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Are We Still Overprescribing Opioids?
Authors: Stillwagon Matthew R. , Feinstein Shawn , Nichols Byrd , Andrews Paul N. , Vergun Anna D.
Published: October 2020

Background:

The purpose of this 2-part study is to determine opioid prescribing patterns and characterize actual opioid use and postoperative pain control in children following discharge after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a supracondylar humerus fracture.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted from 2014 to 2016 to determine pain medication prescribing patterns at a single level 1 trauma center. Next, a prospective, observational study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 to determine actual pain medication use and pain scores in the acute postoperative period. Data were collected through telephone surveys performed on postoperative day 1, 3, and 5. Pain scores were collected using a parental proxy numerical rating scale (0 to 10) and opioid use was recorded as the number of doses taken.

Results:

From 2014 to 2016, there were 126 patients who were prescribed a mean of 47 doses of opioid medication at discharge. From 2017 to 2018, telephone questionnaires were completed in 63 patients. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in pain ratings or opioid use by fracture type (Gartland), age, or sex. Children required a mean of 4 doses of oxycodone postoperatively. There were 18 (28%) patients who did not require any oxycodone. On average, pain scores were highest on postoperative day 1 (average 5/10) and decreased to clinically unimportant levels (<1) by postoperative day 5. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were utilized as first-line pain medications in only 25% and 9% of patients, respectively. Two of 3 patients who used >15 oxycodone doses experienced a minor postoperative complication.

Conclusions:

Pediatric patients have been overprescribed opioids after operative treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures at our institution. Families who report pain scores >5 of 10 and/or persistent opioid use beyond postoperative day 5 warrant further clinical evaluation. Two of 3 pain outliers in this study experienced a minor postoperative complication. With appropriate parental counseling, satisfactory pain control can likely be achieved with acetaminophen and ibuprofen for most patients. If oxycodone is prescribed for breakthrough pain, then the authors recommend limiting to <6 doses.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—observational, cohort study.
Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases
Authors: Alejandri-Gamboa Vanessa , Téllez-Rodríguez Pedro J. , López-Fernández María C.R. , Sanjuan-Martínez Abel , Sarmiento Lina
Published: October 2020

Submental intubation (SMI) is useful in surgical procedures where nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated and orotracheal intubation is not ideal, making it an alternative to tracheostomy since it is performed in less time, with less morbidity and mortality, minimal postoperatory care, as well as an aesthetically acceptable scar. We present 2 cases of pediatric patients with a successful SMI. In addition, we briefly review current literature regarding pediatric population.
Cost-benefit relationship of keeping dantrolene stocks from the point of view of healthcare institutions
Authors: Rincón-Valenzuela David A. , Gómez-Ardila Ciro
Published: October 2020

Introduction:

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an acute syndrome triggered by certain anesthetic medications. Dantrolene is the only specific treatment for MH crises. Without treatment, lethality may be as high as 80%. In Colombia, it is not mandatory to keep dantrolene supplies in stock.

Objective:

To establish the cost-benefit ratio, from the perspective of healthcare institutions, of keeping dantrolene supplies in stock in the operating theater.

Methods:

Using a decision tree, a Monte Carlo simulation was run with 10,000 scenarios to determine the median annual cost of keeping full or partial stocks (36 or 12 vials x 20 mg, respectively) of dantrolene. For the option of not keeping supplies in stock, the cost threshold was calculated where the expected value of both alternatives of the decision tree is equalized. Indifference curves were constructed for complete and partial supplies.

Results:

The median annual cost was estimated at 6.6 million Colombian pesos (COP) for full dantrolene supplies, and at COP 2.2 million for partial supplies. The median economic consequence threshold for 1 death due to the unavailability of dantrolene was estimated at COP 18.5 million for full supplies, and at COP 57.0 million for partial supplies.

Conclusion:

If, as a result of the unavailability of dantrolene, the economic consequences of a death due to MH exceed the threshold of COP 57.0 or COP 18.5 million, the purchase of full or partial stocks, respectively, is justified.