bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verapamil administration for acute termination of supraventricular tachycardia in dogs
Authors: Kittleson Mark , Keene Bruce , Pion Paul , Woodfield Jerry
Published: February 2025

Verapamil, a calcium channel-blocking drug, was administered iv at a dosage that ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg of body weight to 14 dogs with supraventricular tachycardia. The dosage was titrated, administering 0.05 mg/kg every 5 to 30 minutes following the initial 0.05 mg/kg dose in all but 1 dog. The drug terminated the arrhythmia in 12 dogs and slowed the ventricular rate in 1 dog. One dog was unresponsive to verapamil administration and became transiently hypotensive after the administration of a total dose of 0.15 mg/kg over 5 to 6 minutes. Various arrhythmias occurred after verapamil administration, but none required additional treatment or caused serious sequelae. Verapamil was an effective treatment for acutely converting supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm in these dogs. It appears to be safe when administered in the aforementioned dosage range.
Radiographic signs of isolated splenic torsion in dogs: Eight cases (1980–1987)
Authors: Stickle R. L.
Published: February 2025

Abdominal radiographs of 8 dogs with confirmed isolated splenic torsions were evaluated retrospectively. Radiographic signs included suboptimal abdominal detail, displacement of other abdominal organs, loss of visualization of the body of the spleen in its normal position (in the left cranial portion of the abdomen) on the ventrodorsal radiographic view, identification of the spleen in an abnormal location or shape, splenomegaly, and splenic gas. When the spleen location and shape could be identified as abnormal (3 dogs), the spleen appeared folded into a C shape in the central portion of the abdomen on the lateral radiographic view.
Avocado (Persea americana) intoxication in caged birds
Authors: Hargis A. M. , Stauber E. , Casteel S. , Eitner D.
Published: February 2025

Avocados of 2 varieties were mashed and administered via feeding cannula to 8 canaries and 8 budgerigars. Two control budgerigars were given water via feeding cannula. Six budgerigars and 1 canary died within 24 to 47 hours after the first administration of avocado. Deaths were associated with administration of both varieties of avocado. Higher dose was associated with greater mortality. The 2 budgerigars given water were normal throughout the observation period. Results indicated that avocados are highly toxic to budgerigars and less toxic to canaries. Postmortem findings observed in some birds included subcutaneous edema in the pectoral area and hydropericardium.
Use of farrowing rate as a measure of fertility of boars
Authors: Clark L. Kirk , Schinckel Allan P. , Singleton Wayne L. , Einstein Mark E. , Teclaw Robert F.
Published: February 2025

The first 100 single-boar services of 140 boars were analyzed to determine whether the farrowing rate resulting from initial services predicted the farrowing rate of subsequent services. The data were analyzed for the influence of parity, number of matings per estrus, season of service, and interaction of these variables on farrowing rate. Sow parity influenced farrowing rate. Sows with parity >8 and gilts had the lowest farrowing rates (P<0.01). Sows with parity 2 through 5 had the highest farrowing rates (P<0.01). One and 2 matings/estrus resulted in reduced farrowing rates (P<0.01), compared with farrowing rates of >2 matings/estrus. Farrowing rate for services during the summer was lower than that for other seasons of the year (P<0.01). Evidence of interaction among these variables was not found. Therefore, the result of each service recorded was adjusted to the mean farrowing rate of sows with parity 2 through 5, sows mated ≥3 times/service, and sows serviced in the spring. After these adjustments, the farrowing rates for the first 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 services were analyzed to determine associations with farrowing rates for subsequent services through 100 farrowings. These data also were analyzed to determine whether the associations were strengthened by removal of the first 10 services from the data. The best farrowing rate association indicated that for each 1% increase in farrowing rate subsequent to the first 50 services, the farrowing rate for the second 50 services increased 0.33% (P<0.01). The maximal R2 value in these regressions was only 11% and was a measure of the proportion of the variability of the later farrowing rates predicted by the variability of the initial farrowing rates. Thus, farrowing rate of initial services of boars (<50) cannot be used as a reliable estimate of farrowing rate for subsequent services through 100 farrowings and, therefore, cannot be used as a management tool for culling subfertile boars to improve herd reproductive performance.
Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities in horses
Authors: Schmidt Andrew R.
Published: February 2025

A 5-MHz transducer was used transrectally to image palpable structures in the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities of 12 horses. In 8 healthy horses, structures scanned transrectally included the left kidney, spleen, urinary bladder, urethra, accessory sex organs in the male, portions of the intestinal tract, caudal portion of the aorta, and iliac arteries, and, in small horses, the cranial mesenteric artery. The transrectal technique was used to evaluate these structures in 4 horses with clinical signs indicating intrapelvic or intra-abdominal disease. Seemingly, transrectal ultrasonography provided diagnostic information about structures accessible to transrectal palpation.
Open joint injuries in horses: 58 cases (1980–1986)
Authors: Gibson K. T. , McIlwraith C. W. , Turner A. S. , Stashak T. S. , Aanes W. A. , Trotter G. W.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study was made of 58 horses with open joint injuries admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. Twenty-five (43%) were admitted within 24 hours of injury, 15 (26%) were examined 2 to 7 days after injury, and 18 (31%) were evaluated a week or more after the initial injury. The joints of the lower portions of the limbs most commonly were affected, with injuries that varied from puncture wounds to severe lacerations with soft tissue deficits. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and results of synovial fluid analysis and radiography. Radiography was found to be an important diagnostic tool, indicating joint involvement in 80% of horses on which it was done. Sixteen horses were euthanatized on the day of admission; of the horses treated, 53% that were examined within the first 24 hours developed septic arthritis, and the overall survival was 65%. Ninety-two percent of horses examined within 2 to 7 days of injury developed septic arthritis, with 38.5% surviving; all horses evaluated a week or more after joint injury had septic arthritis, and 50% survived. The prognosis for return to function was best in horses that were examined within the first 24 hours. Horses examined more than 24 hours after injury had a significantly (P<0.05) higher chance of developing septic arthritis, and thus, were significantly (P<0.0014) less likely to survive the injury.
Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in late gestation
Authors: Blackwell Timothy E. , Werdin Ronald E. , Eisenmenger Michael C. , FitzSimmons Mark A.
Published: February 2025

Effects of feeding sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim to sows and gilts in late gestation were evaluated. One sow and 2 gilts were randomly selected and were fed 1 of 3 rations: (1) a gestation ration from farm A, where congenital goiter in newborn pigs was a problem, (2) gestation ration from farm A containing 275 g of sulfadimethoxine and 55 g of ormetoprim/100 kg of ration, or (3) standard swine gestation ration containing 275 g of sulfadimethoxine and 55 g of ormetoprim/100 kg of ration. Sows and gilts were fed the appropriate ration for 22 to 58 days before farrowing. The numbers of stillborn or weak pigs did not increase in any group. However, congenital goiter was detected in all pigs from swine fed medicated rations 2 and 3. Congenital goiter was not present in pigs from swine given gestation ration 1.
Radiographic evaluation of nonanesthetized and nonsedated dogs for hip dysplasia
Authors: Farrow C. S. , Back R. T.
Published: February 2025

The use of chemical or gas restraint was unnecessary in most large breed dogs being evaluated radiographically for hip dysplasia. Of 100 large-breed dogs, 97 were successfully radiographed for hip dysplasia evaluation without the use of sedation or anesthesia.
Use of an enzyme immunoassay to determine concentrations of progesterone in caprine plasma and milk
Authors: Bretzlatt K. N. , Elmore R. G. , Nuti L. C.
Published: February 2025

Concentrations of progesterone (P4) were determined using enzyme immunoassay kits on plasma and milk samples obtained on the same days from 18 lactating dairy goats. Progesterone profiles documenting anestrus, short estrous cycles, normal estrous cycles, a prolonged follicular phase, and prolonged luteal phases were established. When plasma P4 concentrations were used as an accurate indication of the presence or absence of functional luteal tissue, milk P4 concentrations agreed with plasma determinations in 79.4% of the 465 samples tested. Milk samples could not be used to make a definitive decision because of marginal values in 11.2% of the determinations. Milk P4 concentrations were high when plasma P4 concentrations were low in 6.2% of the paired samples, especially those obtained around the time of estrus when peripheral P4 concentrations were changing rapidly. The remaining 3.2% of milk samples had low milk P4 concentrations when plasma P4 concentrations were high. Composite milk from 8 does in estrus or 8 does in the luteal phase was not consistently different from strippings in butterfat percentage or P4 concentration.
Movement disorders during sleep in cats and dogs
Authors: Hendricks J. C. , Lager A. , O'Brien D. , Morrison A. R.
Published: February 2025

Spontaneous sleep movement disorders in 5 cats and 3 dogs were studied. Objective abnormalities during sleep were confirmed by electrographic or behavioral monitoring techniques in all animals. The cause of the disorder was cns disease in 3 animals. A cause was not discovered in the other 5 animals, although at necropsy, 2 were found to have thyroid tumors.

Many pharmacologic treatments were ineffectual, but trials with the benzodiazepine tranquilizer, clonazepam, suggested it will prove useful in controlling violent movements during rapid-eye-movement sleep.
Mucocutaneous plasmacytomas in dogs: 75 cases (1980-1987)
Authors: Rakich Pauline M. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Weiss Raul , Steffens W. L.
Published: February 2025

Mucocutaneous plasmacytomas were diagnosed in 75 dogs. Medical records and communication with owners and referring veterinarians provided information regarding location and description of the tumor, clinicopathologic data, treatment, and postoperative status of the dogs. Males and females were equally represented, and most dogs were aged adults (mean, 9.7 years). Tumors developed most commonly in the mouth, on the feet or trunk, and in the ears. Plasmacytomas were confined to the skin and mucosa in 70 dogs. Two dogs had disseminated lymphoid neoplasia, and 1 dog developed cutaneous plasmacytoma during clinical remission of lymphosarcoma. Two dogs had multiple myeloma, which was diagnosed concurrently or within a few weeks of diagnosis of the cutaneous tumor. Multiple plasmacytomas were found in 10 dogs but were not associated with clinical signs of generalized disease. Tumors did not recur after surgical excision. Clinicopathologic values, when determined, were normal in all dogs with localized plasmacytomas.
Failure of omasal transport attributable to perireticular abscess formation in cattle: 29 cases (1980-1986)
Authors: Fubini Susan L. , Ducharme Normand G. , Erb Hollis N. , Smith Donald F. , Rebhun William C.
Published: February 2025

During a 7-year period, failure of omasal transport attributable to a perireticular abscess was diagnosed in 29 cows. Affected cattle were examined because of anorexia, hypogalactia, and bilateral abdominal distention. The cows were all female Holsteins, 15 months to 10 years old. The abscess was identified during exploratory celiotomy and rumenotomy or at necropsy. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis was believed to be the cause. Twenty-seven cattle (93%) were treated surgically. The abscess was drained into the reticulum or omasum in 25 cows (86%). Twenty-four cows (83%) survived to the time of discharge from the hospital, and 20 (69%) survived for at least 1 year and became productive members of the herd. This is a better survival rate than that reported for other causes of vagal indigestion.
Effects of the Chernobyl accident on animal husbandry and production, from a Swedish perspective
Authors: Jones B-E. V.
Published: February 2025

About 20% of the Swedish land area was considerably contaminated by radionuclides released by the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in April 1986. However, less than 10% of the arable land was contaminated. The heavy contamination was closely correlated with the amount of rain received during the first days of May 1986. Immediate restrictions on grazing limited the early uptake of contaminants in animal products. Changes in management of animals, especially sheep, goats, and reindeer, in the contaminated areas have effectively reduced the transfer of radionuclides to human beings. One important factor was the possibility of obtaining uncontaminated feeds from unaffected parts of the country. The direct costs during the first 2 years after the accident were approximately $10 million for analyses and $90 million for compensation to farmers for condemned products (milk, mutton, and reindeer meat) and reimbursement for purchase of uncontaminated feeds from other parts of the country.
Oxytetracycline pharmacokinetics, tissue depletion, and toxicity after administration of a long-acting preparation at double the label dosage
Authors: TerHune Terry N. , Upson Dan W.
Published: February 2025

Oxytetracycline(otc) concentration in plasma and tissues, plasma pharmacokinetics, depletion from tissue, and toxicity were studied in 30 healthy calves after im administration of a long-acting otc preparation (40 mg/kg of body weight) at double the label dosage (20 mg/kg). Plasma otc concentration increased rapidly after drug administration, and by 2 hours, mean (±sd) values were 7.4 ± 2.6 μg/ml. Peak plasma otc concentration was 9.6 ± 2.6 μg/ml, and the time to peak plasma concentration was 7.6 ± 4.0 hours. Plasma otc concentration decreased slowly for 168 hours (elimination phase) after drug administration, and the elimination half-life was 23.9 hours. Plasma otc concentration exceeded 3.8 μg/ml at 48 hours after drug administration. From 168 to 240 hours after drug administration, plasma otc concentration decreased at a slower rate than that seen during the elimination phase. This slower phase was termed the depletion phase, and the depletion half-life was 280.7 hours.

Tissue otc concentration was highest in kidneys and liver. Lung otc concentration exceeded 4.4 μg/g of tissue and 2.0 μg/g of tissue at 12 and 48 hours after drug administration, respectively. The drug persisted the longest in kidneys and liver. At 42 days after drug administration, 0.1 μg of otc/g of kidney was detected. At 49 days after drug administration, all otc tissue concentrations were below the detectable limit. Reactions and toxicosis after drug administration were limited to an anaphylaxis-like reaction (n = 1) and injection site swellings (n = 2).
Intramammary antibiotic treatment at the end of lactation for prophylaxis and treatment of intramammary infections in ewes
Authors: Hueston William D. , Boner Garnard J. , Baertsche Steven L.
Published: February 2025

Ewes treated by intramammary infusion of cephapirin benzathine at the end of lactation were less likely to develop new intramammary infections by early in the next lactation. A controlled clinical trial involving 135 treated ewes and 145 untreated control ewes evaluated the prophylactic and treatment efficacy of intramammary antibiotic treatment of ewes at the time of weaning lambs. Milk samples for bacteriologic examination and identification of intramammary infections were collected at weaning of lambs and 1 to 3 weeks into the subsequent lactation. Untreated ewes were 2.6 times more likely than treated ewes to develop new intramammary infections between sampling times. Existence of an intramammary infection in one mammary gland significantly increased the risk of the other mammary gland becoming infected. Treatment also appeared to be associated with a higher cure rate of existing infections.
Preservation of striated-muscle urethral sphincter function with use of a surgical technique for perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Griffin D. W. , Gregory C. R. , Kitchcll R. L.
Published: February 2025

It has been reported that perineal urethrostomy resulted in impairment of striated-muscle urethral sphincter function in male cats, as measured by urethral pressure profilometry and electromyography (emg). Our study was undertaken to describe and evaluate a surgical technique for perineal urethrostomy that reduces trauma to the urethral branches of the pudendal nerve. Perineal urethrostomy was performed on 10 healthy neutered cats after demonstrating that they had normal urethral sphincter function by urethral pressure profilometry (maximal urethral closure pressure [mucp] =151 ± 52 cm of water) and emg activity at the level of the striated-muscle sphincter before surgery. All cats had normal urethral sphincter function 1 week (mucp = 194 ± 19 cm of water, emg activity present) and 3 weeks (mucp > 200 cm of water, emg activity present) after surgery. These results indicated that preservation of the urethral branches of the pudendal nerve during urethrostomy preserved striated-muscle urethral sphincter function.
Thermopsis montana-induced myopathy in calves
Authors: Baker Dale C. , Keeler Richard F.
Published: February 2025

Six heifer calves were administered the dried and ground whole plant of Thermopsis montana by gavage once daily for 2 to 4 days at an initial dosage rate of 1 g/kg of body weight. Two of the 6 heifers died after the second dose, and the remaining 4 calves were humanely killed and their tissues were examined. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased after initiation of plant administration. All calves had skeletal muscular degeneration or evidence of regeneration and repair of damaged myofibers in all skeletal muscle groups examined. Myoglobinuria and cardiac muscle degeneration were not detected in any of the calves.
Efficacy of viral components of a nonabortigenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle
Authors: Talens L. T. , Beckenhauer W. H. , Thurber E. T. , Cooley A. J. , Schultz R. D.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy and safety of components of an im-admimstered vaccine for prevention of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), parainfluenza type-3 (pi-3) virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis were evaluated in cattle, including calves and pregnant cows. Challenge of immunity tests were conducted in calves for ibrv, pi-3 virus, or bvdv vaccinal components. All inoculated calves developed serum-neutralizing antibodies and had substantially greater protection (as measured by clinical rating systems) than did controls after challenge exposure to virulent strains of ibrv, pi-3 virus, bvdv, or rsv.

In in utero tests, ibrv or bovine rsv vaccinal strains were inoculated into fetuses of pregnant cows. Histologic changes or abortions did not occur after fetal inoculation of the rsv vaccinal strain, and 10 of 14 fetuses responded serologically. Of 9 fetuses, one responded serologically to the ibrv vaccinal strain after in utero inoculation and was aborted 3 weeks later.

In an immunologic interference test, 10 calves vaccinated with 2 doses of the multivalent vaccine, containing the 4 viral components and a Campylobacter-Leptospira bacterin, developed serum-neutralizing antibodies to ibrv, pi-3 virus, bvdv, and rsv without evidence of serologic interference. Under field conditions, 10,771 cattle, including 4,543 pregnant cows, were vaccinated. Vaccine-related abortions did not occur.
Epidural analgesia with 0.75% bupivacaine for laparotomy in goats
Authors: Trim Cynthia M.
Published: February 2025

Epidural nerve block with 0.75% bupivacaine (1 ml/4 kg of body weight) was performed in 17 goats tranquilized by im administration of acetylpromazine (0.07 mg/kg). For comparison, epidural nerve block with 2% lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine (1 ml/5 kg) was performed in 7 goats.

Transient signs of cns stimulation were observed during injection of bupivacaine in 5 goats and of lidocaine in 2 goats. Analgesia of the flank was inadequate for laparotomy in 4 goats given bupivacaine (including 1 goat given a two-thirds dose) and in 2 goats given lidocaine. Analgesia for these goats was provided by local infiltration of the operative site with lidocaine. With bupivacaine, the onset of analgesia was up to 40 minutes, and the duration of analgesia was several hours; most goats were unable to stand for at least 11 hours. In comparison, epidural nerve block with lidocaine had a more rapid onset and much shorter duration. For both anesthetic drugs, despite adequate analgesia for laparotomy, response to manipulation of abdominal viscera was observed in 12 goats.

Arterial blood pressure and blood gas tensions were measured in 8 goats given bupivacaine; 3 goats had mean arterial blood pressure <70 mm of Hg. Seven goats had normal PaCO2 but 2 goats had low PaO2; 1 goat sedated with xylazine had increased PaCO2; and hypoxemia.
Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thulliez Ph.
Published: February 2025

Serum samples derived from 7 cats 3 to 950 days after cats were fed tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii were evaluated using Sabin-Feldman dye, modified agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, and latex agglutination tests. The modified agglutination test, using whole formalin-preserved tachyzoites, was more sensitive for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis than were other tests. Titers from the modified agglutination test that used formalin-preserved tachyzoites were higher than those from the modified agglutination test that used acetone-preserved tachyzoites. Although cats had no clinical signs of toxoplasmosis, T gondii antibody titers remained high (> 1:1,000) for up to 29 months.
Cost of mastitis and its prevention in four dairy cattle herds on St Croix, US Virgin Islands
Authors: Ahl A. S. , Gibson C. D. , Kirk J. H. , Kaneene J. B. , Ahl J. G.
Published: February 2025

Nonclinical mastitis in the dairy herds on St Croix, US Virgin Islands, represents a prevalent (97%) and severe problem (44% of quarters had California Mastitis Test results of 2 or 3). Streptococcus agalactiae (26%) and Staphylococcus aureus (22%) were the most prevalent pathogens. More than half (54%) of all organisms isolated and tested for resistance were resistant to ampicillin and benzyl penicillin; 29% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfadiazine. Estimates of the loss of milk production suggested that there was a loss of 4.40 to 13.33 lb/cow/day. The yearly economic cost of prevention was estimated for each cow ($22.07); yearly income loss attributable to mastitis was estimated to be from $339 to $1,022/cow/yr. Suggestions for the prevention and control of mastitis are included.
Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-beta concentrations in 15 dogs with perineal hernia
Authors: Mann F. A. , Boothe H. W. , Amoss M. S. , Tangner C. H. , Puglisi T. A. , Hobson H. P.
Published: February 2025

Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-β concentrations, and serum testosterone-to-estradiol ratio were evaluated in 15 dogs (≥ 5 years old) with perineal hernia (9 sexually intact males and 6 castrated males) and in 9 clinically normal sexually intact male dogs ≥ 5 years old. There was no significant difference in serum testosterone concentration or in the serum testosterone-to-estradiol ratio between sexually intact male dogs with perineal hernia and clinically normal sexually intact male dogs. In castrated dogs with perineal hernia, serum testosterone concentration and testosterone-to-estradiol ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, compared with those values in sexually intact dogs with perineal hernia and in clinically normal sexually intact male dogs. There was no significant difference in serum estradiol 17-β concentration among sexually intact male dogs with perineal hernia, castrated dogs with perineal hernia, and clinically normal sexually intact male dogs.

Serum testosterone and estradiol 17-β concentrations in dogs with perineal hernia did not differ from those values in clinically normal male dogs of the same age. Castration cannot be recommended for the treatment of perineal hernia unless a castration-responsive contributing factor such as prostatomegaly is identified, unless the pelvic diaphragm of dogs with perineal hernia has high sensitivity to normal or low serum testosterone and estradiol 17-β concentrations, or unless there is documentation that other androgens and/or estrogens are involved.
Pituitary macroadenomas and macroadenocarcinomas in dogs treated with mitotane for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism: 13 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Ihle S. L. , Feldman E. C.
Published: February 2025

Pituitary macroadenoma/macroadenocarcinoma (pma; tumor size ≥ 1 cm in diameter) was diagnosed in 13 dogs after 0.5 to 24 months of mitotane treatment for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (pdh). The diagnosis of pdh was established on the basis of results of common tests of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in conjunction with results of x-ray computed tomography or necropsy. Initial clinical findings and clinicopathologic test results were typical of pdh. Signs referable to the cns developed in 7 of the 13 dogs. The most common neurologic sign was stupor. Pituitary macroadenoma/macroadenocarcinoma was an unexpected finding in the other 6 dogs, because none had clinical signs of disease referable to the cns at the time that pituitary tumor was documented. In the 13 dogs, strong correlation existed between tumor volume, compression/invasion of the surrounding nervous tissue, and development of neurologic signs, ie, neurologic signs were most frequently associated with larger tumors. The size of the tumor, however, was not always an indication of whether neurologic signs would be observed.

All 7 dogs with neurologic signs were euthanatized because of the deleterious effects of the pma. Of the 6 dogs without neurologic signs, 2 died of unrelated cause. Alternative treatment (ie, hypophysectomy, 60Co-teleiherapy) was used successfully in 2 other dogs. Alternative treatment would seem indicated if pma is documented in a dog with pdh. However, identification of pma is dependent on evaluation of x-ray computed tomographic images. Signalment, history, physical examination, and alterations in routine clinicopathologic findings in these 13 dogs of our study were similar to previously reported findings in dogs with pdh but apparently without large pituitary tumors. Results of tests of the pituitary-adrenal axis also were not helpful in distinguishing dogs with pdh attributable to macroadenoma/macroadenocarcinoma from dogs with pdh attributable to microscopic pituitary tumors.
Use of dynamic compression plates for treatment of tibial diaphyseal fractures in foals: Nine cases (1980–1987)
Authors: Young David R. , Richardson Dean W. , Nunamaker David M. , Ross Michael W. , Tulleners Eric P.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 9 foals < 4 months old, with fracture of the tibial diaphysis, were reviewed. Open reduction was accomplished by use of 3 approaches; however, a cranial approach was preferred and was used in 7 foals. Two dynamic compression plates were implanted in all foals except the first of this series. The technique of plate luting was used in 7 foals and appeared to improve the ability of implants to resist failure.

Complications after surgery included partial or complete failure of fracture fixation (n = 3 foals), osteomyelitis (n = 2 foals), angular limb deformity (n = 2 foals), minor dehiscence of the surgical wound (n = 3 foals), and mild extensor deficits of the injured limb (n = 4 foals).

One foal was euthanatized 12 hours after surgery because of complete loss of fracture fixation. All other foals were discharged 10 to 295 days after surgery. One or both plates were subsequently removed in 7 foals. Follow-up information was obtained 6 to 36 months after discharge. Excellent results were reported for 6 foals, and good or fair results were reported for the remaining 2 foals.
Silicone ocular prosthesis in horses: 11 cases (1983–1987)
Authors: Provost P. J. , Ortenburger A. I. , Caron J. P.
Published: February 2025

Horses experience a number of ophthalmic diseases and injuries that may result in loss of function of the eye. In the treatment of end-stage ophthalmic disease or injury that precludes salvage of the eye, the use of an inert, silicone prosthetic implant is a cosmetic alternative to simple enucleation. Eleven horses treated either by enucleation and insertion of an intraorbital prosthesis (n = 9) or by evisceration and insertion of an intraocular prosthesis (n = 2) were evaluated for postoperative complications and for long-term cosmetic results. Of the 11 horses treated, complication rate was low; during hospitalization, 1 horse with an intraorbital implant developed a localized incisional infection that resolved in response to antimicrobial therapy. Nine horses were available for follow-up evaluation. Cosmetic appearance was rated as excellent in 5 horses and good in 4 horses. Insertion of an intraocular implant had the best cosmetic result. Complications were not reported by any owner or caretaker. Routine use of intraorbital and intraocular implants is encouraged because of their modest cost and ease of insertion.
Prognostic factors for tumor remission and survival in dogs after surgery for primary lung tumor: 76 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Weigel Ronald M. , Haschek Wanda M. , Withrow Stephen J. , Richardson Ralph C. , Harvey H. J. , Henderson Ralph A. , Fowler J. D. , Norris A. M. , Tomlinson J. , McCaw Dudley , Klausner J. S. , Reschke Robert W. , McKiernan Brendan C.
Published: February 2025

The association of various prognostic factors with remission and survival after the excision of lung tumors was evaluated in 76 dogs. Overall, the median survival time of treated dogs was 120 days; 72% had tumor that underwent remission (median duration of remission, 120 days). Dogs with tumors that underwent remission had significantly (P = 0.001) increased survival time (median, 330 days vs 28 days for dogs with tumors that did not undergo remission). The finding of normal-sized lymph nodes at the time of therapeutic thoracotomy was significantly (P = 0.001) correlated with increased remission probability (85.4% remission rate vs 43.6% in dogs with large lymph nodes). Use of various diagnostic methods to find normal regional lymph nodes before surgery indicated that such finding was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with increased remission duration (median remission duration, 365 days, vs 60 days for tumors in dogs with large lymph nodes), and the finding of normal lymph nodes at the time of surgery was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) correlated with increased survival time (median, 345 days, vs 60 days for dogs with large lymph nodes).
Atresia coli in calves: 26 cases (1977-1987)
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Rings D. Michael , Hull Bruce L. , Hoffsis Glen F. , Robertson James T.
Published: February 2025

Atresia coli was identified in 26 calves. In calves with abdominal distension, progressive depression, and the absence of feces since birth, atresia coli should be suspected.

Surgery was performed on 24 calves, involving decompression of the distended large intestine followed by colonic anastomosis. Nine calves were subsequently discharged; 3 of those calves reached breeding age. As an adult, 1 of the calves produced 5 offspring unaffected by atresia coli. Early postoperative mortality was associated with hypothermia, peritonitis, and ischemic necrosis of the large intestine. Calves with visible signs of peritonitis at surgery had a poor prognosis. Four calves had motility disturbances of the colon after surgery. These were characteristic of a functional obstruction and were unresponsive to treatment. Surgery was most successful in calves that were bright, alert, and ambulatory.
Clinical, ultrasonographic, and surgical findings in foals with umbilical remnant infections
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Collatos Chrysann , Spencer Pamela A. , Orsini James A. , Sepesy Lisa M.
Published: February 2025

Infection of umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, and/or urachus was diagnosed ultrasonographically in 33 foals 1 to 90 days old (mean, 17.7 ± 17.3 days). In these foals, the most common initial problems were umbilical abnormalities, septic arthritis, and/or neonatal septicemia.

In 16 foals, abnormalities of the external umbilical stalk were noticed on admission. Abnormalities of the internal umbilical structures were identified when enlargement and echogenic material (fluid and /or gas) were imaged ultrasonographically within these structures. Multiple structures were affected in 23 foals, with the urachus the most commonly affected structure.

Surgical findings confirmed ultrasonographic identification of infected umbilical structures in 23 foals. Twenty-two samples from affected umbilical remnants submitted for culture at surgery were positive for bacterial growth. Multiple organisms were isolated in 15 cultures. Escherichia coli and β-hemolytic streptococci were the most common isolates. Two foals died of late complications associated with surgical resection, 1 foal treated surgically and 3 foals treated medically died or were euthanatized because of other complications, and the remaining 27 foals lived.
4-Methylpyrazole as treatment for naturally acquired ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs
Authors: Dial Sharon M. , Thrall Mary Anna , Hamar Dwayne W.
Published: February 2025

Eight dogs with ethylene glycol intoxication were treated with 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. Dogs had clinical signs referable to ethylene glycol ingestion including ataxia, depression, vomiting, polyuria, and dehydration. Metabolic abnormalities included high anion gap metabolic acidosis, serum hyperosmolality, isosthenuria, and monohydrate and dihydrate calcium oxalate crystalluria. Serum and urine ethylene glycol concentrations were determined to confirm ingestion of ethylene glycol. A 50-mg/ml solution of 4-methylpyrazole in propylene glycol was administered iv as follows: initial treatment, 20 mg/kg of body weight; at 17 hours after admission, 15 mg/kg; at 25 hours after admission, 5 mg/kg. By 24 hours after admission, all dogs had clinical and metabolic improvement. Of the 8 dogs, 7 were released within 3 days of admission. Four of the 8 dogs returned for follow-up evaluation, at which time biochemical or hematologic abnormalities were not observed.
Use of the partial farm budget technique to predict the economic impact of the flock management decision to use B-mode ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis
Authors: Sprecher D. J. , Ley W. B. , Whittier W. D. , Bowen J. M. , Thatcher C. D. , Pelzer K. D. , Moore J. M.
Published: February 2025

A computer spreadsheet was developed to predict the economic impact of a management decision to use B-mode ultrasonographic ovine pregnancy diagnosis. The spreadsheet design and spreadsheet cell formulas are provided. The program used the partial farm budget technique to calculate net return (nr) or cash flow changes that resulted from the decision to use ultrasonography. Using the program, either simple pregnancy diagnosis or pregnancy diagnosis with the ability to determine singleton or multiple pregnancies may be compared with no flock ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis. A wide range of user-selected regional variables are used to calculate the cash flow changes associated with the ultrasonography decisions. A variable may be altered through a range of values to conduct a sensitivity analysis of predicted nr.

Example sensitivity analyses are included for flock conception rate, veterinary ultrasound fee, and the price of corn. Variables that influence the number of cull animals and the cost of ultrasonography have the greatest impact on predicted nr. Because the determination of singleton or multiple pregnancies is more time consuming, its economic practicality in comparison with simple pregnancy diagnosis is questionable. The value of feed saved by identifying and separately feeding ewes with singleton pregnancies is not offset by the increased ultrasonography cost.
Risk factors for lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of feedlot cattle
Authors: Alexander B. H. , MacVean D. W. , Salman M. D.
Published: February 2025

Using data collected from company lot records, potential risk factors related to feedlot management, the cattle, and climate were determined. The risk factors were analyzed by use of weighted multiple regression techniques to determine their effects on the incidence of lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of 95 lots containing 17,696 cattle. The gender of the cattle, the number of days that groups of cattle filled a lot, pregnancy checking of heifers, and the average temperature change in the first 14 days in which the cattle were on feed significantly influenced the incidence of lower respiratory disease. The incidence of lower respiratory tract disease was most influenced by risk factors in the first 30 days on feed.
Neurologic abnormalities as the predominant signs of neoplasia of the nasal cavity in dogs and cats: Seven cases (1973-1986)
Authors: Smith Mary O. , Turrel Jane M. , Bailey Cleta Sue , Cain Gary R.
Published: February 2025

Neurologic abnormalities were the predominant historic and physical findings in 5 dogs and 2 cats with primary nasal cavity tumors that had invaded the cranial vault. Seizures, behavior changes, and obtundation were the most common signs. Other neurologic signs included paresis, ataxia, circling, visual deficit, and proprioceptive deficit. Although 1 dog and 2 cats had historic findings of mild respiratory disease, no physical abnormalities related to the respiratory tract were found in any of the 7 animals. Nasal cavity neoplasia was suggested by radiographic and computed tomographic studies and was confirmed histopathologically in each case. The nasal tumor types in the 5 dogs were epidermoid carcinoma (n = 1), adenocarcinoma (n = 2), solid carcinoma (n = 1), and anaplastic chondrosarcoma (n = 1). An esthesioneuroblastoma was found in each cat. Radiation therapy was effective for 3 months in palliating the clinical signs in the 2 dogs in which it was used. Neoplasia of the nasal cavity should be considered in the differential diagnosis for animals with neurologic signs suggestive of cerebral disorders.
Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on clinical response and fertility in cows with cystic ovaries, as related to milk progesterone concentration and days after parturition
Authors: Dinsmore R. Page , White Maurice E. , Guard Charles L. , Jasko David J. , Perdrizet John A. , Powers Pamela M. , Smith Mary C.
Published: February 2025

We gave gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or an analog of GnRH to 264 lactating cows with cystic ovaries. The effects of milk progesterone concentration (mpc) and days after parturition (dap) at diagnosis on clinical response 30 days after treatment and on subsequent fertility were examined. Palpation per rectum revealed ovarian cysts in 264 cows; 118 had true follicular cysts (mpc < 1 ng/ml). Clinicians with more than 3 years of experience reported significantly more true cysts than did less experienced clinicians. Clinical response 30 days after treatment did not differ in 3 groups of cows (divided on the basis of mpc at treatment), but fewer cows with mpc <1 ng/ml were bred or conceived than were cows with mpc ≥33 ng/ml. Days after parturition at diagnosis did not affect 30-day clinical response rate, but cows treated <35 dap had significantly more days to first estrus and to conception than did cows treated >90 dap. Significantly more cows treated <35 dap had mpc <1 ng/ml at treatment.
Nosocomial diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens infection in dogs
Authors: Kruth Stephen A. , Prescott John F. , Welch M. Katharine , Brodsky Michael H.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 30 consecutive cases of diarrhea occurring in dogs that were hospitalized in a teaching hospital was performed. A prospective analysis of culture results for Clostridium perfringens of dogs with diarrhea were compared with those of a control nondiarrheal group.

Hospital-acquired diarrhea in dogs was found to be associated with multiple serotypes of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens. Other potential etiologic agents could not be isolated.

Clinical signs were variable, and included mild depression, anorexia, and soft to watery diarrhea with or without frank blood, mucus, and tenesmus. Fever was not present. There were no hematologic or serum biochemical abnormalities, nor were there any consistent virologic or parasitologic findings. Salmonella spp or Campylobacter spp were not identified by fecal culture. No risk factors could be identified. A dog that was euthanatized on the day it developed diarrhea had intestinal histologic findings suggestive of clostridial enteritis.

Dogs with diarrhea had significantly higher fecal clostridial counts than did dogs without diarrhea (mean log10 counts ± sd = 6.34 ± 1.79 vs 4.75 ± 2.07). Enterotoxin was found in the feces of 41% of diarrheic dogs but in only 7% of dogs without diarrhea.
Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967-1987)
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Gillette Deborah M.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-two horses and 3 ponies had neoplasia involving the thoracic cavity. Lymphosarcoma of the thorax was found in 19 (54.2%) of the equids.

The other 16 equids had metastatic adenocarcinoma (7 horses; 20%), metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (5 equids; 14.3%), metastatic hemangiosarcoma (3 equids; 8.6%) or undifferentiated sarcoma (1 horse; 2.9%). Thoracic neoplasia was diagnosed before death in 15 equids (42.9%).
AVMA guide for veterinary medical waste management
Authors: Brody Marcia D. , Markland Moreland Sue
Published: February 2025

Lawmakers have enacted a variety of laws and regulations to ensure proper disposal of certain potentially infectious or otherwise objectionable waste. The veterinary medical profession supports scientifically based regulations that benefit public health. In 1988, Congress passed the Medical Waste Tracking Act, a federal program that mandates tracking certain regulated waste.

Several types of waste generated in the typical clinical veterinary medical practice are considered regulated veterinary medical waste. Discarded needles, syringes, and other sharps; vaccines and vials that contained certain live or attenuated vaccines; cultures and stocks of infectious agents and culture plates; research animals that were exposed to agents that are infectious to human beings and their associated waste; and other animal waste that is known to be potentially harmful to human beings should be handled as regulated veterinary medical waste.

Regulated veterinary medical waste should be handled with care. It should be decontaminated prior to disposal. The most popular, effective methods of decontamination are steam sterilization (autoclaving) and incineration. Chemical decontamination is appropriate for certain liquid waste, Waste should be packaged so that it does not spill. Sharps require rigid puncture- and leak-resistant containers that can be permanently sealed. Regulated veterinary medical waste that has not been decontaminated should be labeled with the universal biohazard symbol.

Generators retain liability for waste throughout the entire disposal process. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that waste transporters and disposal facilities comply with state and federal requirements. Veterinary practices should maintain a written waste management program and accurate records of regulated veterinary medical waste disposal. Contingency planning and staff training are other important elements of a veterinary medical waste management program.

The guide includes a model veterinary medical waste management program; however, it does not address all the variations in state and local regulations, Veterinarians should obtain copies of state and local laws and regulations and modify AVMA's model plan to create an individualized practice plan that complies with federal, state, and local laws and regulations, State and local veterinary medical organizations should monitor state and local regulation to influence decisions that affect veterinarians and to keep their members informed of changing requirements, Veterinarians and veterinary medical organizations must stay involved so that regulations do not unfairly burden the veterinary medical profession.
Clinical signs associated with pseudorabies in dogs
Authors: Monroe William E.
Published: February 2025

Clinical signs in dogs with pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) were tabulated from 25 confirmed cases. The duration of disease was short, ranging from 6 to 96 hours. Eight dogs were euthanatized. Of those not euthanatized, 12 (71%) died within 24 hours of onset, 16 (94%) died within 48 hours, and only 1 (6%) lived longer than 48 hours (96 hours) after the onset of clinical signs. All of the dogs had ptyalism, 84% were restless, 84% were anorectic, 76% were atactic, and 64% wandered aimlessly. Sixty-four percent of the dogs had tachypnea, 60% had dyspnea, 56% vocalized, 52% were pruritic, 48% held their necks rigidly, 36% vomited, 36% had muscle spasms, 36% were aggressive, 28% had trismus, and 24% had dysphagia. Five of 25 dogs (20%) had abnormal pupillary light responses. Two of the 25 dogs circled and 2 walked backwards. Each of the following were detected once: blindness, ptosis, facial paresis, excessive lacrimation, head-tilt, head-pressing, signs of abdominal pain, and photophobia. All dogs had been exposed to swine, although in some instances the farmer was unaware pseudorabies existed in the herd or believed it was not in the herd on the basis of negative results on serologic testing.
Field trial of theophylline in cattle with respiratory tract disease
Authors: McKenna D. J. , Koritz G. D. , Neff-Davis C. A. , Langston V. C. , Berger L. L.
Published: February 2025

A field trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of theophylline in relieving respiratory distress associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever). Theophylline (as aminophylline capsules) was administered po at a dosage of 28 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 days to 20 calves with naturally acquired disease. Twenty similarly affected calves from the same group were given a placebo, and all calves were administered antibiotics concurrently. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature decreased and physical appearance improved in both groups of calves and was attributed to antibiotic administration or to natural remission of the disease. Five of the calves administered theophylline died; however, no calves administered the placebo died. Plasma theophylline concentration was greatly increased, compared with that determined in clinically normal calves in a pilot study. Bovine respiratory tract disease and/or concurrent antibiotic administration appear to cause such a rapid accumulation of lethal concentration of theophylline that its use should be restricted to hospitals capable of monitoring plasma theophylline concentration.