bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scour influence on the fatigue life of operational monopile‐supported offshore wind turbines
Authors: Rezaei Ramtin , Duffour Philippe , Fromme Paul
Published: April 2018

Offshore wind turbines supported on monopiles are an important source for renewable energy. Their fatigue life is governed by the environmental loads and in the dynamic behavior, depending on the support stiffness and thus soil‐structure interaction. The effects of scour on the short‐term and long‐term responses of the NREL 5‐MW wind turbine under operational conditions have been analyzed by using a finite element beam model with Winkler springs to model soil‐structure interaction. It was found that due to scour, the modal properties of the wind turbine do not change significantly. However, the maximum bending moment in the monopile increases, leading to a significant reduction in fatigue life. Backfilling the scour hole can recover the fatigue life, depending mostly on the depth after backfilling. An approximate fatigue analysis method is proposed, based on the full time‐domain analysis for 1 scour depth, predicting with good accuracy the fatigue life for different scour depths from the quasi‐static changes in the bending moment.
Anomalous non-conservation of fermion/chiral number in Abelian gauge theories at finite temperature
Authors: Figueroa Daniel G. , Shaposhnikov Mikhail
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We discuss the non-conservation of fermion number (or chirality breaking, depending on the fermionic charge assignment) in Abelian gauge theories at finite temperature. We study different mechanisms of fermionic charge disappearance in the high temperature plasma, using both analytical estimates and real-time classical lattice numerical simulations. We investigate the random walk of the Chern-Simons number

$$ Q\propto {{\displaystyle \int d}}^4x{F}_{\mu \nu }{\tilde{F}}^{\mu \nu } $$

Q
∝

∫

d

4

x

F

μ
ν

F
˜

μ
ν

, and show that it has a diffusive behaviour in the presence of an external magnetic field B. This indicates that the mechanism for fermionic number non-conservation for B ≠ 0, is due to fluctuations of the gauge fields, similarly as in the case of non-Abelian gauge theories. We have determined numerically, with lattice simulations, the rate Γ of chirality non-conservation, extracting it from the diffusion process. We find that it is a factor ∼ 60 larger compared to previous theoretical estimates, what calls for a revision of the implications of Abelian fermion number and chirality non-conservation for baryogenesis, magnetogenesis and chiral symmetry evolution.
Extended Riemannian geometry II: local heterotic double field theory
Authors: Deser Andreas , Heller Marc Andre , Sämann Christian
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We continue our exploration of local Double Field Theory (DFT) in terms of symplectic graded manifolds carrying compatible derivations and study the case of heterotic DFT. We start by developing in detail the differential graded manifold that captures heterotic Generalized Geometry which leads to new observations on the generalized metric and its twists. We then give a symplectic pre-NQ-manifold that captures the symmetries and the geometry of local heterotic DFT. We derive a weakened form of the section condition, which arises algebraically from consistency of the symmetry Lie 2-algebra and its action on extended tensors. We also give appropriate notions of twists — which are required for global formulations — and of the torsion and Riemann tensors. Finally, we show how the observed α′-corrections are interpreted naturally in our framework.
Supersymmetric Janus solutions of dyonic ISO(7)-gauged $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 supergravity
Authors: Suh Minwoo
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We study supersymmetric Janus solutions of dyonic ISO(7)-gauged

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 supergravity. We mostly find Janus solutions flowing to 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 8 SYM phase which is the worldvolume theory on D2-branes and non-conformal. There are also solutions flowing from the critical points which are dual to 3d SCFTs from deformations of the D2-brane theory.
A Choice Based Experiment of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): A Valuation of Attributes
Authors: Yu Qiushuo , Campbell Ben , Liu Yizao , Martin Jiff
Published: April 2018

Community-supported agriculture (CSA) operators are becoming more innovative in their efforts to attract consumers to become CSA shareholders. Therefore, CSA operators must understand which attributes consumers value. Using an online survey of Connecticut consumers in conjunction with a choice experiment, we evaluate consumer preference and willingness to pay for various attributes, including risk mitigation. We find younger consumers are more likely to prefer CSAs with organic products, while a greater diversity of products in the CSA share will increase preference for a CSA for some consumers. Further, we find that consumers with and without CSA experience value the risk-mitigation attribute.
Are ‘nudges’ getting a fair shot? Joint versus separate evaluation
Authors: DAVIDAI SHAI , SHAFIR ELDAR
Published: April 2018

The most effective behavioral policies are often also the most contentious. Psychologically informed interventions that promote non-deliberative behaviors (‘nudges’) are often more effective than ‘traditional’ policies (like informational and educational campaigns) that target more deliberative processes. Yet, precisely because of their deliberative nature, people are often said to prefer the latter over the former. In contrast, we provide evidence that people's preferences regarding nudges are malleable and influenced by the method of evaluation – whether the policy alternatives are evaluated separately or jointly. We show that while people exhibit a strong preference for more traditional public policies in joint evaluation, this preference is significantly attenuated in separate evaluation. We find that people perceive nudges as less paternalistic when judged on their own merits, that they are more likely to endorse nudges in separate than in joint evaluation, and that, provided with relative effectiveness information, people are willing to endorse nudges even in joint evaluation. We discuss the implications of these findings for researchers, policy-makers, and the general public.
Firearm-related injuries among Canadian children and youth from 2006 to 2013: A CHIRPP study
Authors: Cox Catherine M.J. , Stewart Samuel A. , Hurley Katrina F.
Published: April 2018

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe Canadian contextual trends in pediatric firearm injuries and death from powder and non-powder firearms.

Methods

This is a registry study of firearm-related injuries captured by the Canadian Hospitals Injury and Reporting Prevention Program (CHIRPP) for children ages 0 to 18 years presenting to participating CHIRPP emergency departments (EDs) from 2006 to 2013. Data included age, sex, year, setting, circumstance, and disposition for each case.

Results

The CHIRPP dataset included 325 non-powder firearm injuries and 80 powder gun injuries. The rate of firearm injuries remained stable from 2006 to 2013 (44 per 100,000 ED visits). Forty-five patients required hospital admission and 2 died in the ED; 8 of 9 intentional self-harm injuries were inflicted with a powder gun. Most injuries occurred unintentionally from non-powder firearms (n=298, 71%) in the context of recreation (n=179) and sport (n=48). Eyes were the most commonly injured body part (n=150), 98% of which resulted from a non-powder firearm. Forty-three percent (n=141) of non-powder firearm injuries required treatment or admission.

Conclusions

Eye injuries inflicted by non-powder firearms are a prevalent category of firearm-related injury. Most occurred through recreation and sport, highlighting a potential focus for primary prevention.
Are lateral ankle injuries in children fractures or sprains?
Authors: Beatty Erica , Deschênes Maude , Archambault Patrick
Published: April 2018

Clinical question

What is the prevalence of Salter-Harris type I distal fibula fractures in children with lateral ankle injuries?

Article chosen

Boutis K, Plint A, Stimec J, et al. Radiograph-negative lateral ankle injuries in children occult growth plate fracture or sprain? JAMA Pediatr 2016;170(1):e154114.
System outcomes associated with a pediatric emergency department clinical decision unit
Authors: Karacabeyli Derin , Meckler Garth D , Park David K , Doan Quynh
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Our objectives were to describe disposition decisions and emergency department return (EDR) rates following a clinical decision unit (CDU) stay; and to determine changes to short stay (<48 hour) hospitalization rates after CDU implementation.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric emergency department (PED) visits with a CDU stay from January 1 to December 31, 2015. Health records data were extracted onto standardized online forms, then used to determine disposition and 7-day EDR rates. Two trained investigators blindly reviewed EDR visits to determine if they were related to the index CDU stay. We compared short stay inpatient admission rates (i.e., hospital length of stay <48 hours) in 2013 and 2015, before and after CDU implementation.

Results

Of 1696 index CDU stays, 1503 (89%) were discharged, and 139 discharged patients (9.2%) had ≥1 clinically-related EDR. Median (IQR) CDU length of stay (LOS) was 4.4 hours (2.7-7.8) and total PED LOS (including CDU) was 7.8 hours (5.4-12.0). Asthma represented 31% of cases. Short stay hospitalization rate decreased from 3.62% in 2013 to 3.23% in 2015 (difference=0.39%; 95% CI=0.15-0.63; p=0.001).

Conclusions

Most CDU patients were discharged, but 9% had a clinically-related ED revisit. CDU implementation was associated with a small but significant reduction in short stay hospitalization.
The Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Jiancong , Liu Fangfei , Tartari Ermira , Huang Jianan , Harbarth Stephan , Pittet Didier , Zingg Walter
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in mainland China.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SETTING

Adults and children from secondary and tertiary acute-care hospitals in mainland China.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan Fang for multicenter point-prevalence surveys of acute-care hospitals in mainland China from January 2006 to August 2016. All reports related to HAI, using a point-prevalence methodology and published either in English or Chinese were eligible.

RESULTS

In total, 3,021 publications were identified; 115 were eligible for quality assessment and data abstraction. The weighted HAI prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) overall, in general hospitals, children’s hospitals, maternal and child health hospitals, and oncology hospitals were 3.12% (95% CI, 2.94%–3.29%), 3.02% (95% CI, 2.79%–3.26%), 4.43% (95% CI, 3.39%–5.47%), 1.88% (95% CI, 1.47%–2.29%), and 3.96% (95% CI, 3.12%–4.79%), respectively. In general hospitals, prevalence was highest in adult intensive care units (26.07%; 95% CI, 23.03%–29.12%), followed by surgery (3.26%; 95% CI, 2.96%–3.57%), and internal medicine (3.06%; 95% CI, 2.67%–3.46%). Overall, lower respiratory tract infection was the most frequent HAI (24,185, 47.28%), followed by urinary tract infection (5,773, 11.29%) and upper respiratory tract infection (5,194, 10.15%). Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequently isolated pathogens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3,395, 14.91%), and Escherichia coli (2,918, 12.82%) were the most common single microorganisms.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the largest systematic review on the prevalence of HAI in mainland China. These results provide a benchmark for future PPSs and a reference for infection prevention and control strategies in mainland China.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:701–709
Surveying Cystic Fibrosis Care Centers to Assess Adoption of Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations
Authors: Saiman Lisa , Zhou Juyan J. , Jiang Xiaotong , Kosorok Michael R. , Muhlebach Marianne S.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

In 2013, the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Foundation developed an updated guideline for infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices for CF. We sought to assess the adoption of specific recommendations by CF care centers.

METHODS

Directors of the 277 CF care centers in the United States were asked to complete a confidential online survey regarding the adoption of selected IP&C recommendations. Selected recommendations were those we considered less likely to be incorporated into a center’s written IP&C policies.

RESULTS

Center directors from 198 of 277 CF centers (71%) completed the survey between December 2015 and June 2016; pediatric and larger centers were more likely to do so. Overall, 70% have adopted ≥75% of the selected recommendations. As recommended, almost all provided education to CF center staff (98%) and patients and families (97%); fewer developed educational materials in collaboration with local IP&C teams (59%) and/or patients and families (37%). Among 108 centers with non–English-speaking patients, 65 (60%) provided educational materials in relevant languages. Most (74%) held group education events; of the 138 centers with in-person meetings, 45% allowed 1 individual with CF to attend, and 51% allowed no individuals with CF to attend. Most centers (93%) held outdoor events, and 84% allowed >1 individual with CF to attend. Audits of exam-room cleaning were performed by 49% of CF centers.

CONCLUSIONS

Cystic fibrosis centers in the United States have adopted many of the recommendations addressed in this survey. Nonetheless, these findings suggest opportunities for improvement. More CF centers should provide education to non–English-speaking patients and families, and CF centers should perform audits of room cleaning.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39:647–651
The Risk of Adverse Events Related to Extended-Dwell Peripheral Intravenous Access
Authors: Campagna Sara , Gonella Silvia , Zerla Pietro Antonio , Corona Gianvito , Correggia Tiziana , Mussa Baudolino , Berchialla Paola , Dimonte Valerio
Published: April 2018

Midline catheters (MCs) may be useful to avoid repeated venipuncture in patients requiring prolonged intravenous infusions with limited adverse events (AEs). We analyzed 2 Italian hospital databases to ascertain the safety of MCs. Among 1,538 adult patients, 154 MC-related AEs (10%; 2.49 AEs per 1,000 MC days) were reported.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;875–877
A Review of the Processes By Which School Psychologists and Counsellors Can Use Taxonomies to Evaluate Health-Related Apps
Authors: Ostojic Marko , Chung Jasmine , DiMattia Michael , Furlonger Brett , Busacca Margherita , Chittleborough Philip
Published: April 2018

School students are increasingly using apps for health-related purposes, either on their own or when recommended by psychologists or counsellors, as apps offer a way to assist students to change their behaviour. However, there is a growing need for psychologists and counsellors to be able to evaluate the quality and usefulness of such apps to effect behaviour change. This study was therefore undertaken to identify methods by which school psychologists and counsellors could evaluate health-related apps for clinical use or research purposes. After examining 15 studies of apps that met the inclusion criteria, it was clear that researchers used a number of taxonomies to evaluate the apps. There were seven taxonomies identified, of which five were generalisable to all health conditions, with the behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy being the most comprehensive, containing 13 key behaviour strategies. Despite the utility of the taxonomies to identify the amount of behaviour change content within the apps, it was difficult to determine how the behaviour change strategies were measured, thus reducing the ability to predict app effectiveness. Approaches to improving methods by which apps can be developed and evaluated are proposed.
Resolving the identity of Platylithophycus, an enigmatic fossil from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous, Coniacian–Campanian)
Authors: Bronson Allison W. , Maisey John G.
Published: April 2018

Misidentified fossils are common in paleontology, but Platylithophycus has undergone a particularly problematic series of descriptions. The holotype of P. cretaceus comes from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, and was first described as a calcareous green alga, based on the surface texture of the specimen. Later, Platylithophycus was re-identified as a sepiid cephalopod, based partly on a comparison of microstructure between P. cretaceus and the pen of modern squids. Platylithophycus then became part of the University of Nebraska teaching collection, where, according to paleontological legend, an undergraduate student suggested that the fossil’s tessellated surface looked a lot like shark cartilage. However, that interpretation has not been formally proposed until now. This work re-describes the holotype of Platylithophycus cretaceus as part of the branchial endoskeleton of an elasmobranch, based on both gross morphology and ultrastructure, including recognizable tessellated cartilage with intertesseral pores and joints.
Specimens, slips and systems: Daniel Solander and the classification of nature at the world's first public museum, 1753–1768
Authors: ROSE EDWIN D.
Published: April 2018

The British Museum, based in Montague House, Bloomsbury, opened its doors on 15 January 1759, as the world's first state-owned public museum. The Museum's collection mostly originated from Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), whose vast holdings were purchased by Parliament shortly after his death. The largest component of this collection was objects of natural history, including a herbarium made up of 265 bound volumes, many of which were classified according to the late seventeenth-century system of John Ray (1627–1705). The 1750s saw the emergence of Linnaean binomial nomenclature, following the publication of Carl Linnaeus'Species Plantarum(1753) andSystema Naturae(1758). In order to adopt this new system for their collections, the Trustees of the British Museum chose to employ the Swedish naturalist and former student of Linnaeus, Daniel Solander (1733–1782) to reclassify the collection. Solander was ordered to devise a new system for classifying and cataloguing Sloane's natural history collection, which would allow both Linnaeans and those who followed earlier systems to access it. Solander's work was essential for allowing the British Museum to realize its aim of becoming a public centre of learning, adapting the collection to reflect the diversity of classificatory practices which were existent by the 1760s. This task engaged Solander until 1768, when he received an offer from Joseph Banks (1743–1820) to accompany him on HMSEndeavourto the Pacific.
JOHN LOCKE AND THE FABLE OF LIBERALISM
Authors: STANTON TIMOTHY
Published: April 2018

This article explores the ways in which John Locke was claimed by liberalism and refashioned in its image. It was Locke's fate to become the hero of what I term ‘the fable of liberalism’, the story liberalism recounts to itself about its origins and purposes. Locke is a pivotal figure – perhaps the pivotal figure – in this story, because he put into currency conceptions which contributed centrally to the emergence and spread of liberal ways of thinking about politics which continue to ramify. It was Locke who established that the legitimacy of a political authority was a necessary condition of obedience to it and that its legitimacy was a product of the consensual route by which it came into existence; it was Locke who established that the route by which it came into existence determined the ends for which it existed and, with these, the scope of its authority. All this was explained in an exemplary way by Locke (the story goes), and he remains the great exemplar for understanding and conducting politics legitimately even today. This article puts question marks beside the Locke who emerges from this story. It substitutes a new and very different Locke in his place.
TRANSYLVANIAN SAXON POLITICS AND IMPERIAL GERMANY, 1871–1876
Authors: KWAN JONATHAN
Published: April 2018

This article investigates the potential influence of the newly formed Imperial Germany on Transylvanian Saxon politics. The Saxons were German-speaking settlers with long traditions of local autonomy and political privileges within the kingdom of Hungary. From the early eighteenth century, Saxon politics had been defined by its relations to Hungary and to the Habsburg monarchy as a whole. Under the dualist system set up in the 1867 Compromise, the Hungarian government exerted control over Transylvania. The unification of Germany in 1871 introduced a new factor into Saxon politics since there was a clear territorial subject for the indistinct notions of pan-German cultural, religious (Lutheran), and historical affinities. The issue of Saxon administrative and political autonomy, eventually removed by the Hungarian government in 1876, forms a case-study of Saxon politics and the place of Germany within it. There was a spectrum of responses, not simply increased German nationalism amongst Saxons, and the article traces the careers of Georg Daniel Teutsch, Jakob Rannicher, and Guido Baussnern to highlight the diversity within the Saxon camp. From the perspective of Imperial Germany, diplomatic considerations such as regional stability outweighed any possible intervention in Hungarian domestic matters. Moreover, the German public remained largely indifferent to appeals for support.
IMAGINING THE RUSSIAN CONCESSION IN HANKOU
Authors: CRAWFORD ALAN
Published: April 2018

In 1896, the Russian empire established a territorial concession in the Chinese treaty port of Hankou. Russian activity in the treaty ports has usually been subsumed into a wider ‘European’ or ‘Western’ presence, the assumption being that the Russian empire copied existing British and French concessions. This article traces the development of the idea of establishing a Russian concession from its inception to the early years of its development. The various arguments made at different stages in this process make clear that the decision was not a simple case of imitation of existing concessions, but was reached in the context of a broader shift in ideas about the proper relationship between economy, nation, and the Russian imperial state.
ROBERT PERSONS, POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE LATE ELIZABETHAN SUCCESSION DEBATE
Authors: INNES M. J. M.
Published: April 2018

This article explores how, and why, Robert Persons's A conference about the next succession to the crowne of Ingland (1594) scandalized late Elizabethan England. By invoking the spectres of popular sovereignty and political resistance, Persons, as is well known, threatened to disrupt the succession of James VI of Scotland to Elizabeth I's throne. In doing so, however, he also undermined the very notion that the English crown passed by succession at all. After discussing Persons's political thought, this article examines the responses to it by such writers as John Hayward, Henry Constable, Peter Wentworth, and James VI himself. Their turn towards natural law as a basis for James's title was, it is argued, a direct consequence of the Conference’s argument. As well as shining long-overdue light on Hayward's political thought, the article thus argues that the reception of Persons's Conference was a significant influence on the development of English political thought in the early seventeenth century.
PROTOCOL 15 AND ARTICLES 10 AND 11 ECHR—THE PARTIAL TRIUMPH OF POLITICAL INCUMBENCY POST-BRIGHTON?
Authors: Cram Ian
Published: April 2018

Protocol 15 inserts a new recital into the Preamble of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) which affirms the primacy of national authorities in securing the effective realization of Convention rights. The article discusses the context for Protocol 15, notably the Brighton Declaration, and the democratic principles it engages. A selective retreat from substantive supranational review towards systemic supranational review in political expression cases may be occurring. The article questions the emerging pattern by which newer and transitional democracies remain subject to strict levels of supranational scrutiny, whilst their more established counterparts look set to be the main beneficiaries.
Dendrorchis pampae sp. n. (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) a killifish from southern Brazil, with an emended diagnosis of Dendrorchis
Authors: Monteiro C.M. , Wendt E.W. , Zebral Y.D.
Published: April 2018

A new species of Dendrorchis is described and compared with others in the genus. The parasites were found in the swim bladder of the annual killifish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia. Hosts were collected from a seasonal wetland in southern Brazil. The main characteristics of D. pampae are: genital pore in the intestinal bifurcation region elongate and lobed vitellaria uterine loops limited to the acetabular region and to the rear end of the body; and wide intestinal caeca. An emended diagnosis of the genus Dendrorchis includes the characteristics of the new species. This is the first record of an adult digenean in an annual killifish from South America.
Schistosomicidal, antifibrotic and antioxidant effects of Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil and praziquantel combined treatment for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a mouse model
Authors: Beshay E.V.N. , Rady A.A. , Afifi A.F. , Mohamed A.H.
Published: April 2018

Despite the seriousness of schistosomiasis, its treatment depends only on praziquantel (PZQ), which has begun to lose its efficacy against the emergent Schistosoma mansoni-resistant strains. Therefore, the discovery of a novel schistosomicidal drug is an urgent priority. This study was designed to evaluate treatment with Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin) seed oil (PSO) alone and combined with PZQ against S. mansoni in experimentally infected mice. The study involved five groups: GI was the normal control; GII was the infected control; GIII was treated with an oral dose of PZQ of 500 mg/kg/day for two successive days, starting in the sixth week post infection; GIV was treated with an oral dose of PSO of 50 mg/kg/day for four weeks, starting in the fourth week post infection; and GV was treated with combined PSO–PZQ. Worm burden, tissue egg load and oogram pattern were estimated, and the ultrastructure alterations were examined. Histopathological examination of granuloma diameters, collagen deposition (Picro Sirius red stain), and angiogenesis (immunohistochemical expression of CD34+) was conducted and serum liver enzymes were measured to assess the liver condition. Moreover, the oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the amounts of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase in liver homogenates. The results revealed significant changes in all the assessed parameters with PSO administration. However, PZQ was significantly more effective as an antiparasitic agent, whereas PSO was better in terms of fibrosis and oxidative stress. The most significant results were obtained in group V, which may be attributed to a synergy between PZQ and PSO, with antiparasitic, antioxidant and antifibrotic properties.
Local energy transfer rate and kinetic processes: the fate of turbulent energy in two-dimensional hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell numerical simulations
Authors: Sorriso-Valvo Luca , Perrone Denise , Pezzi Oreste , Valentini Francesco , Servidio Sergio , Zouganelis Ioannis , Veltri Pierluigi
Published: April 2018

The nature of the cross-scale connections between the inertial-range turbulent energy cascade and the small-scale kinetic processes in collisionless plasmas is explored through the analysis of two-dimensional hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell numerical simulation (HVM), with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ particles, and through a proxy of the turbulent energy transfer rate, namely the local energy transfer (LET) rate. Correlations between pairs of variables, including those related to kinetic processes and to deviation from Maxwellian distributions, are first evidenced. Then, the general properties and the statistical scaling laws of the LET are described, confirming its reliability for the description of the turbulent cascade and revealing its textured topology. Finally, the connection between such proxy and the diagnostic variables is explored using conditional averaging, showing that several quantities are enhanced in the presence of large positive energy flux, and reduced near sites of negative flux. These observations can help in determining which processes are involved in the dissipation of energy at small scales, as for example the ion-cyclotron or mirror instabilities typically associated with perpendicular anisotropy of temperature.
Multiscale modelling for tokamak pedestals
Authors: Abel I. G. , Hallenbert A.
Published: April 2018

Pedestal modelling is crucial to predict the performance of future fusion devices. Current modelling efforts suffer either from a lack of kinetic physics, or an excess of computational complexity. To ameliorate these problems, we take a first-principles multiscale approach to the pedestal. We will present three separate sets of equations, covering the dynamics of edge localised modes (ELMs), the inter-ELM pedestal and pedestal turbulence, respectively. Precisely how these equations should be coupled to each other is covered in detail. This framework is completely self-consistent; it is derived from first principles by means of an asymptotic expansion of the fundamental Vlasov–Landau–Maxwell system in appropriate small parameters. The derivation exploits the narrowness of the pedestal region, the smallness of the thermal gyroradius and the low plasma$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$(the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures) typical of current pedestal operation to achieve its simplifications. The relationship between this framework and gyrokinetics is analysed, and possibilities to directly match our systems of equations onto multiscale gyrokinetics are explored. A detailed comparison between our model and other models in the literature is performed. Finally, the potential for matching this framework onto an open-field-line region is briefly discussed.
Genetic identity of two physonect siphonophores from Southern Ocean waters – the enigmatic taxonMica miculaandPyrostephos vanhoeffeni
Authors: Panasiuk Anna , Jażdżewska Anna , Słomska Angelika , Irzycka Marta , Wawrzynek Justyna
Published: April 2018

Based on some coincident morphological characters and distribution, it was believed for a long time thatMica miculawas the post-larval stage of a species ofBargmannia, a genus having a very wide geographic distribution. Recent studies, however, have shown that it is much more likely to be the post-larval form of the physonectPyrostephos vanhoeffeni, which is very common in both Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters. Until now, molecular evidence to support this theory has been lacking. In the present study 34 nectophores ofP. vanhoeffeniand four colonies ofM. miculacollected from three areas in the Southern Ocean were analysed for the 16S rRNA gene. Five haplotypes were identified, which formed two clearly distinct lineages. Three haplotypes were found exclusively in Admiralty Bay and were shared between individuals of both studied taxa, confirming thatM. miculais indeed the post-larval stage ofP. vanhoeffeni. Two additional haplotypes were found in one open ocean locality and in Admiralty Bay.
Low latitude habitat use patterns of a recovering population of humpback whales
Authors: Gonçalves Maria Isabel Carvalho , De Sousa-Lima Renata Santoro , Teixeira Niel Nascimento , Morete Maria Emilia , De Carvalho Gustavo Henrique , Ferreira Harildon Machado , Baumgarten Julio Ernesto
Published: April 2018

The coast of Brazil is an important low latitude nursery ground for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The number of humpback whales in this region has increased and its population is reoccupying areas where it has been depleted during the whaling period. The goal of this study was to conduct land-based observations during 2014 and 2015 to characterize patterns of habitat use and relative abundance of humpback whales that migrate to one of these reoccupation areas: Serra Grande, Bahia state. The observed mean group size was 2.12 ± 0.96 individuals and did not vary through the reproductive season nor between years. Dyads (32.9%) and singletons (26.7%) were more frequently observed, and groups with calves represented 21.2% of the sightings. The mean number of whales counted per hour increased from 2014 (3.44 ± 3.35) to 2015 (5.12 ± 4.18). Habitat use varied during the season; whales used shallower waters closer to shore as the season progressed. The spatial distribution of groups with calves was dependent on the presence and number of escorts. Spatial segregation of groups with calves closer to shore is a key factor in understanding the overall distribution of whales in the area, suggesting that social strategies are affected by environmental factors, as seen in other wintering grounds. Small-scale studies from land-based stations, in areas such as this where there is no previous knowledge about the species, are cost effective. They provide information about the overall behavioural and spatial patterns while anthropogenic activity is still low, allowing habitat protection and management decisions before implementation and increase of human activities.
Fatty acids from controlled feeding as dietary markers of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus
Authors: Kwan Billy K.Y. , Hu Menghong , Wang Youji , Cheung Siu Gin , Shin Paul K.S.
Published: April 2018

The potential use of fatty acid (FA) profile as a dietary tracer in juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus was assessed in a feeding experiment. Selected feed was provided to the juveniles at various growth stages according to their food sources in the wild: larval and adult brine shrimp Artemia salina for the first six months, followed by a mixture of short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum and greasyback shrimp Metapenaeus ensis for a further six months. Juvenile horseshoe crab haemolymph and tissues of book gill, opisthosomal spine, chelicera and swimming leg were sampled after the feeding experiment. The FA profiles revealed that the juvenile haemolymph and various tissues had a total of 23–24 FA components. The major FA components consisted of saturated (palmitic and stearic) at 22–34%, monosaturated (oleic) at 7–34% and polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic) FAs at 9–27%. According to principal component analysis, the FA signatures of juvenile haemolymph were greatly influenced by the shift of food sources from brine shrimp to clam and shrimp meat, whereas the FA profiles of different tissues were more resistant to the nutrient alteration. The present findings confirmed that the FA profile of both juvenile haemolymph and different tissues reflected the FA composition of recent and previous diets, respectively; and thus may be useful in indicating the foraging information of juvenile horseshoe crabs in the field.
Evolutionary relationships of the Tehuelche scallopAequipecten tehuelchus(Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from the south-western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Trovant Berenice , Real Luciano E. , Parma Ana M. , Orensanz J.M. , Basso Néstor G.
Published: April 2018

This study addresses aspects of the phylogenetic relationships of the commercial Tehuelche scallop,Aequipecten tehuelchuss.l. (Bivalvia: Pectinidae), from southern South America using molecular techniques. The Tehuelche scallop presents two different putative subspecies,A. t. tehuelchusandA. t. madrynensis,and a potentially related sympatric species,Flexopecten felipponei. The Tehuelche scallop is a very important component of ecosystems and is the target of artisanal fisheries in the northern Patagonian gulfs of Argentina. Despite its importance, the systematic relationships of these taxa have not been fully addressed. The main goal of this study is to place the Tehuelche scallop within a partial phylogenetic framework of the family Pectinidae. Scallops were sampled at 10 localities distributed along the south-western Atlantic Ocean. Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out from two mitochondrial (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) and two nuclear markers (28S rRNA and H3) using Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two putative subspecies of the Tehuelche scallop together withF. felipponeiform a monophyletic clade, without differentiating at the specific level. Observed differences would be the result of phenotypic plasticity, probably caused by environmental factors. However, further analysis using genes with faster evolution rate are needed to corroborate it. Our phylogenetic analysis resolved toAequipectenas polyphyletic. The Tehuelche scallop has a basal position within theArgopectengroup and we recommend that it should be transferred to this genus. The relationship between the hypotheses about the origin of the Tehuelche scallop implicit in the literature and our results are discussed.
The status of African elephant Loxodonta africana populations in South Africa
Authors: Pretorius Yolanda , Garaï Marion E. , Bates Lucy A.
Published: April 2018

With an increase in poaching of elephants Loxodonta africana across Africa, it is vital to know exactly how many elephants remain and where they occur, to ensure that protection and management are planned appropriately. From a nationwide survey we provide current population and distribution data for elephants in South Africa. We consider the viability of elephant populations in the country, as well as some of the management techniques implemented and how effective these are in controlling elephant numbers. According to our surveys there were 28,168 elephants in South Africa as of December 2015, with 78% of these occurring in Kruger National Park and reserves bordering and open to the Park. Of the country's 78 discrete reserves that host elephants, 77% have populations of < 100 elephants, which could mean they are not genetically viable. We discuss our findings in terms of the conservation value of South Africa's elephant reserves, and the animal welfare implications. We recommend that the fragmentation of elephant habitat in the country be addressed through a national elephant management strategy that promotes wildlife corridors between existing, neighbouring elephant reserves.
Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in Hemis National Park, India: 22 years of reported snow leopard depredation
Authors: Jamwal Pushpinder S. , Takpa Jigmet , Parsons Michael H.
Published: April 2018

Hemis National Park of the Trans-Himalayas is home to a large population of the snow leopard Panthera uncia and increasing numbers of agro-pastoralists. To persist in this harsh terrain, farmers have to either farm livestock or hunt free-ranging, native ungulates. The availability of more livestock and fewer natural prey created a dynamic whereby snow leopards depredated livestock, followed by retaliatory killing of snow leopards. In 1992, to assist farmers and wildlife, the government enacted a cost-compensation scheme. Following a decade with marginally fewer depredation events, in 2002, two additional strategies were implemented: predator-proof holding pens and the Himalayan Homestay Programme. We assessed 22 years (1992–2013) of depredation data, comparing the periods before and after the additional initiatives. Government records showed that during 1992–2013, 1,624 livestock were depredated from 339 sites, with c. USD 15,000 paid as compensation. There were significantly more kills annually before (a mean of 41) than after (3.5) the initiatives, and mass killings (≥ 5 animals killed per attack) were significantly reduced from 5.5 to 0.5 events per year. Goats and sheep (57%) and horses (13%) comprised the majority of losses. The marked reduction in depredation occurred whilst regulations against hunting were being enforced, probably resulting in an increase in the number of wild prey as alternative food. We conclude that together, cost-compensation, tighter hunting regulations, improved holding pens and the Homestay Programme helped support the well-being of the community while aiding conservation efforts.
A comparative network analysis of eating disorder psychopathology and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment
Authors: Smith Kathryn E. , Mason Tyler B. , Crosby Ross D. , Cao Li , Leonard Rachel C. , Wetterneck Chad T. , Smith Brad E. R. , Farrell Nicholas R. , Riemann Bradley C. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Moessner Markus
Published: April 2018

Background

Network analysis is an emerging approach in the study of psychopathology, yet few applications have been seen in eating disorders (EDs). Furthermore, little research exists regarding changes in network strength after interventions. Therefore the present study examined the network structures of ED and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment for EDs.

Method

Participants from residential or partial hospital ED treatment programs (N= 446) completed assessments upon admission and discharge. Networks were estimated using regularized Graphical Gaussian Models using 38 items from the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results

ED symptoms with high centrality indices included a desire to lose weight, guilt about eating, shape overvaluation, and wanting an empty stomach, while restlessness, self-esteem, lack of energy, and feeling overwhelmed bridged ED to depression and anxiety symptoms. Comparisons between admission and discharge networks indicated the global network strength did not change significantly, though symptom severity decreased. Participants with denser networks at admission evidenced less change in ED symptomatology during treatment.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that symptoms related to shape and weight concerns and guilt are central ED symptoms, while physical symptoms, self-esteem, and feeling overwhelmed are links that may underlie comorbidities in EDs. Results provided some support for the validity of network approaches, in that admission networks conveyed prognostic information. However, the lack of correspondence between symptom reduction and change in network strength indicates that future research is needed to examine network dynamics in the context of intervention and relapse prevention.
Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Authors: Barzilay Ran , Calkins Monica E. , Moore Tyler M. , Wolf Daniel H. , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Cobb Scott J. , Jones Jason D. , Benton Tami D. , Gur Ruben C. , Gur Raquel E.
Published: April 2018

Background

Traumatic stressors during childhood and adolescence are associated with psychopathology, mostly studied in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We investigated broader associations of traumatic stress exposure with psychopathology and cognition in a youth community sample.

Methods

The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9498) is an investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a diverse (56% Caucasian, 33% African American, 11% other) US youth community population (aged 8–21). Participants were ascertained through children's hospital pediatric (not psychiatric) healthcare network in 2009–2011. Structured psychiatric evaluation included screening for lifetime exposure to traumatic stressors, and a neurocognitive battery was administered.

Results

Exposure rate to traumatic stressful events was high (none, N = 5204; one, N = 2182; two, N = 1092; three or more, N = 830). Higher stress load was associated with increased psychopathology across all clinical domains evaluated: mood/anxiety (standardized β = .378); psychosis spectrum (β = .360); externalizing behaviors (β = .311); and fear (β = .256) (controlling for covariates, all p < 0.001). Associations remained significant controlling for lifetime PTSD and depression. Exposure to high-stress load was robustly associated with suicidal ideation and cannabis use (odds ratio compared with non-exposed 5.3 and 3.2, respectively, both p < 0.001). Among youths who experienced traumatic stress (N = 4104), history of assaultive trauma was associated with greater psychopathology and, in males, vulnerability to psychosis and externalizing symptoms. Stress load was negatively associated with performance on executive functioning, complex reasoning, and social cognition.

Conclusions

Traumatic stress exposure in community non-psychiatric help-seeking youth is substantial, and is associated with more severe psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits across domains, beyond PTSD and depression.
Soft Hands, Hard Power: Sponging Off the Empire of Leisure (Virgil,Georgics4)
Authors: Geue Tom
Published: April 2018

This article seeks to jumpstart the politico-historicist scholarship on Virgil'sGeorgicsin the direction of Marxist criticism. I argue that theGeorgicsshould be understood less as a battle site for intra-elite power struggles or civil strife, more as an ideological stomping ground to work out, and dig in, the particular relationships of slavery and imperialism disfiguring the Roman world in 29b.c.e. After a brief analysis of the dynamics oflaborin Books 1–3, I train on a close reading of Book 4, which sees the bees (et al.) as crucial to the new dominant logic of compelling others (whether slaves or provincial subjects) to produce and give up the fruits of their labour — all for the leisured enjoyment of the upper crust.
Multi-robot coverage path planning using hexagonal segmentation for geophysical surveys
Authors: Azpúrua Héctor , Freitas Gustavo M. , Macharet Douglas G. , Campos Mario F. M.
Published: April 2018

The field of robotics has received significant attention in our society due to the extensive use of robotic manipulators; however, recent advances in the research on autonomous vehicles have demonstrated a broader range of applications, such as exploration, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. In this sense, the problem of efficiently building a model of the environment using cooperative mobile robots is critical. Finding routes that are either length or time-optimized is essential for real-world applications of small autonomous robots. This paper addresses the problem of multi-robot area coverage path planning for geophysical surveys. Such surveys have many applications in mineral exploration, geology, archeology, and oceanography, among other fields. We propose a methodology that segments the environment into hexagonal cells and allocates groups of robots to different clusters of non-obstructed cells to acquire data. Cells can be covered by lawnmower, square or centroid patterns with specific configurations to address the constraints of magneto-metric surveys. Several trials were executed in a simulated environment, and a statistical investigation of the results is provided. We also report the results of experiments that were performed with real Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in an outdoor setting.