bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Procurando manter o equilíbrio para atender suas demandas e cuidar da criança hospitalizada: a experiência da família
Authors: Pinto Júlia Peres , Ribeiro Circéa Amália , Silva Conceição Vieira da
Published: February 2006

Este estudo de natureza qualitativa teve como objetivo compreender o significado das interações vivenciadas pela família durante a hospitalização de uma criança de seu núcleo, identificar as demandas da família e construir um modelo teórico representativo dessa experiência. O Interacionismo Simbólico foi adotado como referencial teórico e a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados como referencial metodológico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação e entrevistas com cinco famílias de crianças hospitalizadas por afecção aguda de bom prognóstico. A análise identificou dois fenômenos interativos: perdendo o controle sobre o seu funcionamento expressa as situações vivenciadas pelas famílias que são geradoras de demanda e buscando um novo ritmo de funcionamento, demonstra as estratégias empreendidas pela família para cuidar da criança hospitalizada e manter seu funcionamento. A identificação da categoria central e a construção do Modelo Teórico representam o significado da experiência para a família na hospitalização de uma de suas crianças.
Família e transtornos alimentares: as representações dos profissionais de enfermagem de uma instituição universitária de atenção à saúde mental
Authors: Grando Lucia Helena , Rolim Marli Alves
Published: February 2006

O estudo é qualitativo, de caráter descritivo, cujo recorte se constitui na questão da família da pessoa com transtorno alimentar. Portanto, buscou-se contextualizar essa temática e apreender, dos relatos dos profissionais entrevistados, as representações acerca da família desses pacientes e sua influência na gênese e no desenvolvimento da doença. Inicialmente, os dados apontaram para representações da família como um grupo social primário que faz cobranças e que, como elemento formador, tem participação na origem do distúrbio. Posteriormente, o tema família surge mais encaminhado para a compreensão da mesma como elemento mantenedor do transtorno alimentar, na qual os limites pouco definidos entre os membros conturbam a relação, evidenciando muitas vezes a alteração na hierarquia: os pais passam a ser controlados pelo filho.
Repercussão da desnutrição infantil na família
Authors: Frota Mirna Albuquerque , Barroso Maria Grasiela Teixeira
Published: February 2006

O estado nutricional infantil reflete o consumo alimentar e o estado de saúde, de modo que esses fatores dependem da disponibilidade de alimento no domicílio, da salubridade, do ambiente e do cuidado destinado à criança. Objetivou-se compreender como a família convive com a problemática da desnutrição infantil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo em que se apresentam percepções e sentimentos obtidos mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações realizadas com 10 mães de crianças desnutridas, que residem na periferia de Fortaleza - Ceará, Brasil. As categorias temáticas emergidas no discurso transcrito foram desemprego e incerteza do alimento. A síntese das categorias analisadas evidenciou que o agravante da fome é caracterizado frente a uma incerteza da família. Assim, buscam opções de apoio, como o posto de saúde, familiares, igreja e comunidade. Conclui-se sobre a necessidade de priorizar um trabalho preventivo, mediante políticas públicas de saúde, objetivando medidas que perpassem o real mundo da promoção da saúde.
A assistência domiciliar: conformando o modelo assistencial e compondo diferentes interesses/necessidades do setor saúde
Authors: Pereira Maria José Bistafa , Mishima Silvana Martins , Fortuna Cinira Magali , Matumoto Sílvia
Published: February 2006

Neste estudo objetiva-se proceder à análise de um serviço de Assistência Domiciliar (AD) do setor privado, sob a luz da conformação do Modelo Assistencial. Elegeu-se como instrumentos para coleta de dados o grupo focal e a entrevista semi-estruturada junto aos trabalhadores de enfermagem do nível médio e coordenadores do serviço. Para organização do material empírico recorreu-se ao processo metodológico do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Ficou evidente que o reconhecimento dos elementos constituintes do Modelo Assistencial entre os atores sociais, envolvidos no projeto, é fundamental para negociar, compor e instrumentalizar o atendimento de diferentes interesses, bem como a potência da AD em ser um dispositivo para a revisão do conceito do processo saúde/doença/cuidado e, portanto, promover incorporações de valores que levem a mudanças no seu modo de agir, em direção a um modelo assistencial comprometido em estabelecer relação acolhedora, marcada pelo compromisso e responsabilização pela saúde dos usuários.
A auto e heteroimagem profissional do enfermeiro em saúde pública: um estudo de representações sociais
Authors: Gomes Antonio Marcos Tosoli , Oliveira Denize Cristina de
Published: February 2006

O objeto deste trabalho é a imagem profissional construída por enfermeiros de saúde pública e o objetivo descrever e analisar as imagens profissionais presentes nas representações de enfermeiros que desenvolvem cuidado direto à clientela. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado foi a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido na cidade de Petrópolis - Rio de Janeiro/Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com 30 enfermeiros. A análise lexical foi realizada através do software Alceste 4.5. Os resultados revelam a existência de auto-imagem profissional com três grupos de significados, ser referência para a equipe, a imagem não específica e a imagem de argamassa, e a heteroimagem profissional com quatro grupos de significados, o de administrador, de invisível, imagem positiva e de sobreposição. Conclui-se que o estudo da imagem profissional reflete a própria construção da identidade do enfermeiro, bem como destaca a Teoria das Representações Sociais como ferramenta útil ao desenvolvimento de pesquisas em enfermagem.
O enfermeiro como instrumento de ação no cuidar do idoso
Authors: Brum Ana Karine Ramos , Tocantins Florence Romijn , Silva Teresinha de Jesus do Espírito Santo da
Published: February 2006

Trata-se de um estudo que contextualiza a enfermagem gerontológica na concepção do cuidar. A situação estudada envolve as necessidades de cuidados da pessoa hospitalizada, tendo como objetivo refletir sobre o significado da ação de cuidar do idoso hospitalizado na realidade de enfermagem. A investigação foi desenvolvida mediante a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Sociologia Compreensiva, tendo como cenário um Serviço de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Municipal - RJ. Os sujeitos foram enfermeiros que cuidam de idosos sem expectativa de recuperação, abordados mediante uma entrevista fenomenológica. A análise compreensiva dos significados da ação permitiu identificar como típico desta ação, o cuidar instrumentalizado por estar junto, proporcionando ao mesmo tempo conforto físico e bem-estar, visando o enfrentamento da situação vivida. O estudo permitiu apontar algumas contribuições para as áreas do cuidado, da assistência, do ensino e da pesquisa, contemplando a atitude do enfermeiro como instrumento de ação no cuidar do idoso.
Fluência tecnológica, comportamento e complexidades: um laboratório de informática, o tempo, as pessoas e outras coisas
Authors: Oliveira Gerson Pastre de
Published: February 2006

Este artigo relata uma experiência de campo que utilizou a observação participativa com intuito de evidenciar alguns comportamentos relacionados ao uso de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (NTIC) por parte de estudantes de pós-graduação. Realizado em um laboratório de informática utilizado por mestrandos e doutorandos em educação, o estudo procurou verificar questões relacionadas à fluência no uso das NTIC e algumas trajetórias pessoais de aprendizagem tecnológica entre usuários de alto nível de escolaridade. Em meio a tais interesses, surgiram, no estudo, outras questões: o comportamento dos estudantes na relação com os pares, a relação tempo/novas tecnologias, os recursos não-formais de aprendizagem de uso das tecnologias digitais. A análise dos dados obtidos, longe de obter respostas definitivas e prescrições, abre outros questionamentos cuja investigação é fundamental para a compreensão das novas formas de aprender na sociedade contemporânea, bem como inquietações relacionadas ao tempo e à alteridade.
Novos rumos para o ensino médio noturno: como e por que fazer?
Authors: Gonçalves Lia Rodrigues , Passos Sara Rozinda Martins Moura Sá dos , Passos Álvaro Mariano dos
Published: February 2006

Este artigo se refere à necessidade de se propiciar um canal de reflexão, discussão e ação junto aos professores que atuam no ensino médio noturno e, conseqüentemente, promover a melhoria de um ensino, que há muito tempo é apenas um simulacro. Para tal, apresentamos alguns resultados da investigação iniciada em dezembro de 2003 no Colégio Estadual Presidente Kennedy, em Belford Roxo - Baixada Fluminense/RJ, entre alunos e professores, equipe técnica e gestores. Queremos evidenciar a complexidade do processo de mudança, pois representa um desafio. Não se muda por decreto ou querência deste ou daquele grupo. Mudança é processo e sendo assim, exige um árduo trabalho de desconstrução e reconstrução a que os atores desse processo terão que se dedicar com competência, contínua e pacientemente. Não se trata apenas de mudar, mas de inovar.
Avaliação em alfabetização
Authors: Oliveira João Batista Araujo e
Published: February 2006

O presente artigo analisa as competências da alfabetização com base nas recentes descobertas da Ciência Cognitiva da Leitura. De modo particular demonstra a necessidade de basear as matrizes de avaliação em conceitos claros e sólidos que diferenciam as diferentes competências, especialmente a diferença entre ler e compreender. O artigo também analisa a proposta para avaliação da alfabetização na 2ª. série do ensino fundamental formulada pelo CEALE/UFMG e mostra sua fragilidade para avaliar, de forma independente, as competências de leitura e compreensão.
Ciência e nação: romantismo e história natural na obra de E. J. da Silva Maia
Authors: Kury Lorelai
Published: February 2006

A obra do médico e naturalista Emílio Joaquim da Silva Maia (1808-59) é compreendida como um projeto científico de descoberta do Brasil e de seus habitantes. Seu nacionalismo e sua abordagem romântica da natureza são as bases sobre as quais ele constrói suas teorias científicas, em particular seus estudos sobre a geografia zoológica. Silva Maia faz com que o problema da especificidade biológica das diferentes regiões do mundo seja subordinado aos debates da época sobre a construção do Brasil como nação independente. As escolhas e interpretações que efetua com relação à história natural européia vão no sentido de buscar compreender a natureza brasileira como uma realização particular do cosmos, de acordo com as abordagens de Alexander von Humboldt.
As sociedades contra o Estado existem?: Reciprocidade e poder em Pierre Clastres
Authors: Lanna Marcos
Published: February 2006

Este artigo avalia criticamente a contribuição de Pierre Clastres para o entendimento do poder, enfatizando sua noção de "sociedade contra o Estado". Mostra que a crítica de Clastres a Lévi-Strauss não exclui uma proposta particular de atualização daquilo que o primeiro denomina "troca recíproca" e indica que sua reflexão depende de uma concepção da reciprocidade que a confunde simultaneamente com simetria, equivalência e igualdade. Mostra ainda que a noção de "sociedade contra o Estado" não deixa de se fundamentar, em última análise, na proposição de um modo específico de relação de troca entre os termos "sociedade" e "Estado". Esta troca, cuja existência é negada por Clastres, é implícita e inconscientemente afirmada por ele.
Mitos coletivos, narrativas pessoais: cura ritual, trabalho terapêutico e emergência do sujeito nas culturas da "Nova Era"
Authors: Maluf Sônia Weidner
Published: February 2006

Nos últimos anos, observa-se no cenário urbano brasileiro o cruzamento entre novas formas de espiritualidade e práticas terapêuticas alternativas. Diferentes denominações têm sido utilizadas para definir tais experiências. Diversas publicações antropológicas e sociológicas, porém, já convencionam tratar o fenômeno com a denominação geral de culturas da Nova Era. Neste texto, pretende-se realizar uma reflexão, do ponto de vista terapêutico, sobre este tipo de trabalho e também sobre o exercício espiritual, além dos procedimentos visando ao alívio e à cura dos males ou sintomas no interior desse universo. Questões como a noção de trabalho, o espaço e os comportamentos ritualísticos, o tempo ritual e o tempo terapêutico, a relação terapêutica, as performances narrativas, os mediadores simbólicos, a relação entre mitos coletivos e narrativas pessoais são discutidas e relacionadas aos significados deste tipo de trabalho. Observa-se que, no decorrer de cada processo de tratamento, o objeto da cura dá lugar ao indivíduo como um todo. Um dos sentidos do presente trabalho é o empoderamento do indivíduo e a emergência do sujeito.
The role of serum and urinary urea in the evaluation of enteral protein intake in adequate and small-for-gestational-age very low birth weight infants
Authors: Darcie Silvana , Leone Cléa Rodrigues
Published: February 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have special nutritional needs. There is a current tendency to individualize their protein needs. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of serum and urinary urea as indicators for protein intake in adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) VLBW infants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in the nursery attached to the Maternity Ward of the "Prof. Pedro de Alcântara" Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Seventy-two VLBW infants (mean protein intake = 3.7 mg/kg/day) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in two groups: AGA (n = 34) and SGA (n = 38). Blood samples, six-hour urine (6hUr) collections and urine sample tests (STUr) were obtained for urea and creatinine assays at three and five weeks of life. Statistical analysis: Student's t test, Pearson correlation and linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between groups for serum urea, 6hUr and STUr, or between two assessments within each group. Serum urea correlated with 6hUr in both AGA and SGA, and to STUr in SGA; 6hUr correlated with STUr in both AGA and SGA. There was no correlation between protein intake and serum or urine urea. CONCLUSIONS: Serum and urinary urea did not reflect protein intake when mean intakes of 3.7 g/kg/day were used. Sample tests of urinary urea can be as reliable as urea from urine collected over longer periods.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for breast lesions: a comparison between two devices for obtaining cytological samples
Authors: Freitas Júnior Ruffo , Moreira Marise Amaral Rebouças , Souza Gustavo Antônio de , Hardy Ellen , Paulinelli Regis Resende
Published: February 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy has been accepted worldwide for breast lesions. However, some questions remain, including the appropriateness of the puncture method. The objective of this work was to compare aspirates obtained by the auto-vacuum device and by the syringe pistol holder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized trial for validation of diagnostic method, at Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás and Hospital Araújo Jorge, Goiânia. METHODS: 351 patients presenting breast lumps underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy, either with the auto-vacuum device or the syringe pistol holder. A single cytopathologist analyzed all of the cytology slides. The rates of insufficient material, cellularity, cell distortion and background hemorrhage were evaluated. RESULTS: The percentages of insufficient material were 16% and 22% (p = 0.18), for the auto-vacuum and pistol aspirates, respectively. Good cellularity was seen in 34% of auto-vacuum and 29% of pistol samples (p = 0.4). Cell distortion was seen in 31 and 26 cases, respectively (p = 0.7). Background hemorrhage occurred in 63 (35%) and 54 cases (31%) (p = 0.2), for auto-vacuum and pistol. The sensitivity was 88% and 86%; specificity 99% and 100%, positive predictive value 96% and 100%, negative predictive value 96% and 95% and total accuracy 76% and 75% for the auto-vacuum and pistol, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from the two fine-needle aspiration biopsy methods were equivalent. Therefore, the auto-vacuum device is a good option for obtaining aspirates for cytology.
Purtscher-like retinopathy associated with acute pancreatitis
Authors: Carrera Clayton Rocha Lara , Pierre Leandro Mont'Alverne , Medina Flavio Mac Cord , Pierre-Filho Paulo de Tarso Ponte
Published: February 2006

CONTEXT: Purtscher-like retinopathy with bilateral loss of vision is a rare and severe complication that may follow acute pancreatitis. CASE REPORT: The case of a 35-year-old patient with acute alcoholic pancreatitis who developed sudden loss of visual acuity is described. The ophthalmoscopic examination revealed diffuse retinal whitening of the posterior pole with confluent cotton-wool spots. Fluorescein angiogram showed retinal arteriolar occlusion. The findings were compatible with Purtscher-like retinopathy. Computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated enlarged liver and pancreas with edema and inflammation. The pathogenesis of this form of retinopathy still remains uncertain and there is no specific treatment available.
Pattern of prolactin secretion after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist at the preovulatory phase of intrauterine insemination cycles
Authors: Cavagna Mario , Mantese João Carlos , Freitas Gilberto da Costa , Dzik Artur , Soares Jonathas Borges , Hameiry Yaron , Izzo Vicente Mario , Pinotti José Aristodemo
Published: February 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist at the preovulatory phase is an option for triggering ovulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles. The aim of this work was to investigate the pattern of prolactin secretion after the administration of a single dose of GnRH-agonist at the preovulatory phase. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study at a tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen normally ovulating patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination were studied. METHODS: Ovarian stimulation was carried out using human menopausal gonadotropin (intramuscular 75 IU daily). When at least one follicle reached 17 mm (observed echographically), 0.5 mg of buserelin acetate was administered. Blood samples were taken to determine prolactin concentrations, at the time of agonist injection and 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours later. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in serum levels of prolactin was observed 4, 8 and 12 hours after GnRH-agonist administration, with a peak at 8 hours. CONCLUSION: The administration of a single dose of GnRH-agonist at the preovulatory phase in patients undergoing ovarian stimulation performed with human menopausal gonadotropin causes a significant increase in serum prolactin levels.
Soil resistance to penetration and least limiting water range for soybean yield in a haplustox from Brazil
Authors: Beutler Amauri Nelson , Centurion José Frederico , Silva Alvaro Pires da
Published: February 2006

The objective of this study was determine the resistance to penetration (PR), least limiting water range (LLWR) and critical bulk density (Db-crit) for soybean yield in a medium-textured oxisol (Haplustox). The treatments represented the soil compaction by passing a tractor over the site 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 times, with 4 replications in a randomized experimental design. Samples were collected from 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depths. Soybean (Glycine max cv. Embrapa 48) was sowed in December 2002. Plant height, number of pods, aerial dry matter, weight of 100 seeds, and the yield in 3.6 m² plots were recorded. Soybean yield started reduction at the PR of 0.85 MPa and Db of 1.48 Mg m-3. The LLWR was limited in highest part by water content at field capacity (0.01 MPa tension) and in lowest part by water content at PRcrit, achieved the Db-crit to yield at 1.48 Mg m-3.
Potential of sucrose and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon mulch on the management of Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita
Authors: Santiago Débora Cristina , Homechin Martin , Montalvan Ricardo , Krzyzanowski Alaide Aparecida
Published: February 2006

The effects of sucrose on motility and infectiveness of juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, using brown sugar and crystal sugar. Results showed that crystal and brown sugar solutions reduced motility and promoted morphological alterations of juvenile nematodes in vitro. The increasing dosages of sucrose reduced the number of galls and egg masses in tomato root by reducing the number of infective juveniles. The efficiency of granular sucrose, sucrose solution, with and without elephant-grass mulch, in the reduction of reproduction and final population of M. incognita race 2, were also evaluated. Granular sucrose induced decrease on the numbers of galls and eggs masses per root system as well as on juveniles in the soil. For sucrose solution assay, the best results for reproductive reduction were obtained with 300g of granular sucrose per liter of soil, applied at seven days intervals, associated with elephant-grass mulch.
Effect of carbon source on morphology and histodifferentiation of Araucaria angustifolia embryogenic cultures
Authors: Steiner Neusa , Vieira Felipe do Nascimento , Maldonado Sara , Guerra Miguel Pedro
Published: February 2006

The aim of the present work was to establish in vitro conditions for the induction, stabilization and proliferation of embryogenic cultures of A. angustifolia. Pre-cotyledonary staged zygotic embryos inoculated BM medium supplemented with 5 µM 2,4- D, 2 µM BAP and Kin, and 3% maltose or sucrose resulted in 66.7% induction rate. The rate of induction of embryogenic cultures was affected by the carbon source, as well the multiplication and morphology of the embryogenic cultures. Embryogenic cultures maintained in BM medium with maltose presented bipolar morphology. Globular somatic embryos were obtained BM medium with 9% (PEG) and (9%) maltose. These results could establish an in vitro regenerative protocol towards the conservation and improvement of this important species.
Analysis of biological parameters of Boophilus microplus Canestrini, 1887 exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae Santa Rosa and All strains (Steinernema: Rhabditida)
Authors: Freitas-Ribeiro Gláucia Marques , Furlong John , Vasconcelos Viviane Oliveira , Dolinski Cláudia , Loures-Ribeiro Alan
Published: February 2006

Engorged and partially engorged females of Boophilus microplus were exposed to 600; 3,000; 6,000 and 30,000 infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 Santa Rosa and All strains per dish, under lab conditions. Eggs weight, pre-laying period, laying period, survival period, reproductive efficiency rate, percentage of larval eclosion and lethal concentrations of 50% and 90% (CL50 and CL90) were calculated for engorged females. In the case of partially engorged females, only egg weight, survival period and CL50 and CL90 were calculated. All biological parameters of engorged or partially engorged females were altered by exposition of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs), Santa Rosa and All strains (p<0.05). The increase in the response was directly proportional to the increase of IJs concentration per Petri dish (p<0.05). Results suggested that entomopathogenic nematodes could have a positive role in the control of cattle tick.
Physico-chemical evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils
Authors: Atti-Santos Ana Cristina , Rossato Marcelo , Pauletti Gabriel Fernandes , Rota Luciana Duarte , Rech Juarez Ciro , Pansera Marcia Regina , Agostini Fabiana , Serafini Luciana Atti , Moyna Patrick
Published: February 2006

Nineteen samples of Rosmarinus officinalis were extracted by steam distillation in a pilot plant and evaluated in terms of chemical compositions and physico-chemical characteristics. The volatile oil yields ranged from 0.37% (1999 harvest) to 0.49% (1998 harvest). Twenty components were identified in the oils. The major components were alpha-pinene (40.55 to 45.10%), 1,8-cineole (17.40 to 19.35%), camphene (4.73 to 6.06%) and verbenone (2.32 to 3.86%). The physico-chemical parameters averaged 0.8887 g/cm³ for specific gravity, 1.4689 for refractive index, and +11.82° for optical rotation, and there were no significant variations in either the chemical or physico-chemical data in the different years.
Titanium tetrafluoride and dental caries: a systematic review
Authors: Alves Rubiane Diógenes , Souza Tatyana Maria Silva de , Lima Kenio Costa de
Published: February 2006

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of titanium tetrafluoride as a preventive or cariostatic agent against caries. The databases used to find the articles analyzed were MEDLINE LILACS, and BBO. In MEDLINE and LILACS the search strategy utilized was "titanium" [Words] and "tetrafluoride" [Words] and Spanish or English or Portuguese [Language], whereas In BBO "titânio" [Words] and "tetrafluoreto" [Words] and Espanhol or Inglês or Português [Language]. Out of a total of 42 studies found, which assessed possible preventive/cariostatic effects of titanium tetrafluoride against caries in vivo, only 2 were selected. In both studies, titanium tetrafluoride was shown to be effective against caries. However, given that the quality and consequently the validity of these two clinical studies are questionable, their results do not allow to conclude that titanium tetrafluoride is effective against caries clinically.
Masticatory function in temporomandibular dysfunction patients: electromyographic evaluation
Authors: Berretin-Felix Giédre , Genaro Katia Flores , Trindade Inge Elly Kiemle , Trindade Júnior Alceu Sergio
Published: February 2006

Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a complex disturbance that involves the masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joint, causing damage to the masticatory function. This study evaluated the electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle during habitual mastication of bread, apple, banana, cashew nut and paraffin film (Parafilm M) in 25 adult subjects, of both gender, with TMD. The results were compared to those of a control group, composed of 15 adult subjects, of both sexes, free of signs and/or symptoms of TMD. The MYO-TRONICS Inc., K6-I computer software was used for electromyographic processing and analyzed the following parameters: duration of the act, duration of the masticatory cycle and number of cycles. No significant differences were found between subjects in the control group and individuals with TMD as to duration of the masticatory act and of the masticatory cycle, considering all materials used for mastication. The duration of the masticatory act and cycle was longer during mastication of paraffin film in both groups. The number of masticatory cycles was higher for mastication of apple in comparison to mastication of banana, in both groups. It can be concluded that the consistency of foods influences the duration parameters of the act, duration of the cycle and the number of masticatory cycles, and the behavior of the masticatory muscles in individuals with TMD during habitual mastication is similar to that verified in individuals without TMD.
Microscopic analisys of porous microgranular bovine anorganic bone implanted in rat subcutaneous tissue
Authors: Zambuzzi Willian Fernando , Oliveira Rodrigo Cardoso de , Alanis Danilo , Menezes Renato , Letra Ariadne , Cestari Tânia Mary , Taga Rumio , Granjeiro José Mauro
Published: February 2006

The tissue response to porous bovine anorganic bone implanted in rat connective tissue was evaluated by subjective light microscopy analysis. Forty rats were divided into two groups: control (empty collagen capsules) and test (collagen capsule filled with 0.1g biomaterial) and killed 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after implantation. At 10 days, intense chronic inflammatory infiltrate consisting mainly of macrophages and inflammatory multinucleated giant cells (IMGC) was observed. Neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes were present in discrete amounts and slowly disappeared along the repair process. Porosity of the material was filled by reaction connective tissue exhibiting IMGC. The fibrosis was more intense after 60 days and clearly higher than the control group. Thus, the material did not cause any severe adverse reactions and did not stimulate the immune system. Based on the results it could be concluded that deproteinized bovine cancelous bone was well tolerated by rat connective tissue.
Study on the origin and nature of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Crivelini Marcelo Macedo , Soubhia Ana Maria Pires , Felipini Renata Callestini
Published: February 2006

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a clinically benign lesion. Discussions about the AOT hamartomatous or neoplastic nature, and the probable odontogenic epithelial cell it originates from still exist. This research aimed to study and discuss the subject by the immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratins, laminin, collagen IV, PCNA and p53 in 8 tumor samples and 8 dental follicle samples containing reduced enamel epithelium. The results have shown that CK14 labelling indicated differentiation grades for secreting ameloblasts or ameloblasts in the post-secreting stage in the adenomatoid structure of AOT. Laminin, found on the luminal surface of adenomatoid structures, was compatible with the reduced enamel epithelium during the "protective stage of amelogenesis". PCNA specifically labelled the spindled areas and peripheral cords of the AOT, indicating that these areas are responsible for tumor growth. After considerations about pathogenesis, the authors suggested that the nature of AOT is hamartomatous with histogenesis from the reduced enamel epithelium.
Fluoride uptake in dental enamel after using fluoridated dentifrice, preceded or not by a CaCl2 solution rinse
Authors: Úbeda Liliane Torsani , Cardoso Vanessa Eid da Silva , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: February 2006

INTRODUCTION: The use of a calcium solution previously to brushing could favor the remineralization and the fluoride (F) uptake in dental enamel. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the F in dental enamel after using a F dentifrice, preceded or not by a rinse with a CaCl2 solution. METHODS: Ten subjects (18-30 years) participated in a double-blind, cross-over protocol. Enamel biopsy and 3 min saliva samples were obtained at baseline and after brushing (1.5 g Crest®, 1,000 ppm F as NaF), preceded by a rinse with 10 mL of 20 mM CaCl2 50 mM acetate pH 7.2 or deionized water, for 1 min, followed by a 15 mL water rinse for 5 sec. Biopsies were made before the rinses and after 8-15 and 120 min. Saliva samples were collected before the rinses and after 4, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. F concentration in enamel biopsies was analyzed with the F electrode (Orion 9409) and a miniature calomel reference electrode, while phosphorus concentration was analyzed by spectrophotometry. Saliva samples were analyzed for F with the electrode (Orion 9609) by the direct method. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Mean F concentration ± SD (µg/mL) at baseline up to 120 min for saliva samples were: 0.02±0.01; 9.06±4.26; 2.01±1.76; 0.47±0.33; 0.24±0.17; 0.08±0.08; 0.07±0.04 for the deionized water rinse, and 0.02±0.02; 10.96±14.21; 2.76±3.04; 0.87±1.29; 0.40±0.66; 0.16±0.23; 0.09±0.09 for the CaCl2 rinse. The data for enamel biopsies were (µg/g): 1861.7±1011.0; 1790.5±953.2; 1117.6±585.2 for the deionized water rinse, and 1586.4±776.8; 1536.3±546.4; 1520.5±1340.7 for the CaCl2 rinse. CONCLUSION: According to this protocol, there was not a significant variation in enamel F uptake after using a F dentifrice preceded or not by a rinse with a CaCl2 solution.
Correlation between the clinical phonoaudiological assessment and electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle
Authors: Biasotto Daiana Cristina , Biasotto-Gonzalez Daniela Ap. , Panhoca Ivone
Published: February 2006

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the specificity of masseter muscle palpation when compared to its electromyographic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one young female adults, aged between 17 and 25, participated in this research. The speech therapy evaluation data were obtained by two speech therapists through masseter muscle palpation during isometric contraction, and the electromyographic exam was achieved by using bipolar superficial electrodes, positioned on the masseter muscle. The volunteers were instructed to chew the Parafilm M® material bilaterally and simultaneously. The capture of the electromiographic signals occurred during masseter muscle isometric contractions. The electrical activity study of the masticatory muscle was analyzed through the Root Mean Square value during its isotonic contraction. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: All data were then submitted to Kappa statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results of this study have shown a low correlation between palpation and electromyography (25%), as well as between evaluators (40%). CONCLUSION: According to the findings of the present study, it could be observed that the correlation between masseter muscle palpation and its electromyographic activity was very low, which allows to conclude that muscular palpation cannot effectively replace the eletromyographical exam, but complement it instead.
Toxicity benchmarks for antimony, barium, and beryllium determined using reproduction endpoints forFolsomia candida,Eisenia fetida, andEnchytraeus crypticus
Authors: Kuperman Roman G. , Checkai Ronald T. , Simini Michael , Phillips Carlton T. , Speicher Jason A. , Barclift David J.
Published: February 2006

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) for the ecological risk assessment of contaminants at Superfund sites. The Eco-SSLs for several soil contaminants have been developed from toxicity benchmarks for soil invertebrates in the existing literature. Insufficient information to generate Eco-SSLs for Sb, Ba, and Be necessitated toxicity testing to fill the data gaps. We used standardized toxicity tests with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus, and collembolan Folsomia candida in the present study. These tests were selected on the basis of their ability to measure chemical toxicity to ecologically relevant test species during chronic assays and their inclusion of at least one reproduction component among the measurement endpoints. Tests were conducted in Sassafras Sandy Loam soil, which supports relatively high bioavailability of metals. Weathering and aging procedures for metals in amended soil were incorporated into these studies to better reflect exposure conditions in the field. The relative toxicity of metals to the soil invertebrates tested was Be > Sb > Ba based on the median effective concentration values for reproduction. These studies produced toxicological data that can contribute to the development of Eco-SSLs for Sb, Ba, and Be for soil invertebrates.
Effect of a copper gradient on plant community structure
Authors: Strandberg Beate , Axelsen Jørgen A. , Pedersen Marianne Bruus , Jensen John , Attrill Martin J.
Published: February 2006

Vegetation data including plant cover, biomass, species richness, and vegetation height was sampled on a copper-contaminated field with total copper contents varying from 50 to almost 3,000 mg/kg soil. The field was covered by early succession grassland dominated by Agrostis stolonifera. Plant cover, biomass, species richness, and vegetation height generally decreased with increasing copper content, although the highest biomass was reached at intermediate copper concentrations. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that plant community composition was significantly correlated with soil copper concentration and that community composition at soil copper concentrations above 200 mg/kg differed significantly from community composition at lower copper levels. Comparison of single-species (Black Bindweed, Fallopia convolvulus) performance at the field site and in laboratory tests involving field soil and spiked soil indicates that the laboratory tests conventionally applied for risk assessment purposes do not overestimate copper effects. Interaction between copper and other stressors operating only in the field probably balance the higher bioavailability in spiked soil.
Improvement of the applicability of ecotoxicological tests with earthworms, springtails, and plants for the assessment of metals in natural soils
Authors: Römbke Jörg , Jänsch Stephan , Junker Thomas , Pohl Britta , Scheffczyk Adam , Schallnaß Hans-Joachim
Published: February 2006

The environmental risk assessment of metals in the soil compartment is based mainly on tests performed in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) artificial soil, but ecologically, the use of natural soils would be more relevant. In this contribution, the reproduction and growth of three standard species (an earthworm, a collembolan, and a dicotyledonous plant, respectively) was evaluated in nine natural soils (covering a wide range of pH values, organic matter content, texture, and so on) and in OECD artificial soil. Afterward, the effects of the model chemical zinc nitrate were assessed in all soils that were identified as being suitable for these species. The test results indicate that the toxicity of zinc nitrate can be higher by a factor of approximately four compared to artificial soil for invertebrates (earthworms and collembolans), whereas plants are only slightly more sensitive in some natural soils than in artificial soil. When comparing the different endpoints, it could be confirmed that the median effective concentration (EC50) is the most robust compared to the highly uncertain 10% effective concentration. Decreasing toxicity of zinc nitrate to collembolans was significantly correlated with an increase in soil pH but not with cation exchange capacity (CEC) or organic carbon (OC) content. No significant correlation was found between the toxicity of zinc nitrate to earthworms or plants and soil pH, CEC, or OC content. Possible consequences of the results are discussed, such as the testing of natural soils in addition to the OECD artificial soil or the inclusion of an additional safety factor to use the EC50 in current risk assessment schemes focusing on no-observed-effect concentrations.
Soil factors controlling the expression of copper toxicity to plants in a wide range of European soils
Authors: Rooney Corinne P. , Zhao Fang-Jie , McGrath Steve P.
Published: February 2006

The impact of soil properties on metal bioavailability to plants is well recognized. However, the effect of soil bio-availability parameters on toxicity threshold values for Cu in plants needs quantification. Eighteen European soils varying widely in soil properties were amended with CuCl2 to obtain a range of seven concentrations including an unamended control. Two plant toxicity assays, barley root elongation (4 d) and tomato shoot growth (21 d after emergence), were performed on each soil under controlled environment conditions. The effective concentration of added Cu causing 50% inhibition (EC50) ranged from 36 to 536 mg/kg soil and from 22 to 851 mg/kg soil for barley root elongation and tomato shoot growth, respectively, representing variation in EC50 among soils of 15- and 39-fold. Single regressions carried out between Cu toxicity threshold values and various soil properties showed that exchangeable calcium and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC; measured at soil pH) were the best single predictors for toxicity values from both plant tests. The inclusion of other soil properties, such as iron oxide concentration, soil pH, clay, or organic carbon content, further improved predictions. For risk assessment, we suggest that Cu toxicity threshold values (EC50) be normalized on the key soil property of CEC. If available, soil exchangeable calcium and iron oxide concentration would improve the normalization.
Comparison of soil solution speciation and diffusive gradients in thin-films measurement as an indicator of copper bioavailability to plants
Authors: Zhao Fang-Jie , Rooney Corinne P. , Zhang Hao , McGrath Steve P.
Published: February 2006

The toxicity effect concentrations (10% effective concentration [EC10] and 50% effective concentration [EC50]) of total added Cu derived from barley root elongation and tomato growth assays varied widely among 18 European soils. We investigated whether this variation could be explained by the solubility or speciation of Cu in soil solutions or the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) measurement. Solubility and Cu speciation varied greatly among the soils tested. However, the EC10 and EC50 of soil solution Cu or free Cu2+ activity varied even more widely than those based on the total added Cu, indicating that solubility or soil solution speciation alone could not explain intersoil variation in Cu toxicity. Estimated EC10 and EC50 of free Cu2+ activity correlated closely and negatively with soil pH, indicating a protective effect of H+, which is consistent with the biotic ligand model concept. The DGT measurement was found to narrow the intersoil variation in EC50 considerably and to be a better predictor of plant Cu concentrations than either soil solution Cu or free Cu2+ activity. We conclude that plant bioavailability of Cu in soil depends on Cu speciation, interactions with protective ions (particularly H+), and the resupply from the solid phase, and we conclude that the DGT measurement provides a useful indicator of Cu bioavailability in soil.
Rhizotoxicity of cadmium and copper in soil extracts
Authors: Voigt Astrid , Hendershot William H. , Sunahara Geoffrey I.
Published: February 2006

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) influences metal speciation in soil solutions and, hence, metal toxicity. Root-elongation experiments were conducted to examine the effect of soil solution components, such as Ca, H, and DOM, on metal rhizotoxicity. A biotic ligand model (BLM) was tested for its ability to predict the rhizotoxicity of Cd and Cu in soil extracts. It was hypothesized that the concentration of Cd and Cu bound to functional groups at the root surface estimated using a BLM would be a better predictor of rhizotoxicity than the free-metal ion activity in solution. Both metals became less toxic at higher DOM, Ca, and H concentrations. Solution speciation and the effect on root growth explained most of the variability observed in the DOM experiments, but not in the cation experiments. It was concluded that Ca and H inhibited the rhizotoxicity of both metals tested. Rhizotoxicity data correlated better with estimates of metal-root complexes that have been estimated with a BLM than with free-metal ion activity or with total metal concentrations. The BLM seems to be a promising approach for predicting metal availability in soils and for assessing the associated risk.
Plant toxicity testing to derive ecological soil screening levels for cobalt and nickel
Authors: Kapustka Lawrence A. , Eskew David , Yocum Joan M.
Published: February 2006

Phytotoxicity tests were performed to set ecological soil screening levels for cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) following the American Society for Testing and Materials international E1963–98 Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests. Two soils (a modified artificial soil mixed with 5% organic matter, pH 5.01, and a native riverine sandy soil with 0.1% organic matter, pH 6.3) were treated with cobalt(II) chloride or nickel chloride and allowed to age for four weeks before initiating tests. Alfalfa, barley, radish, perennial rye, and brassica were used to determine the appropriate range of concentrations and to select the most sensitive plant species for definitive tests. The tests were designed to have one to three test concentrations below the 20% effects concentration (EC20), and five to six test concentrations above the EC20. Definitive tests for each chemical used two soil matrices, three plant species, and replicates at 10 nominal concentrations, including negative control. Soil chemical concentrations were determined before planting and on completion of the phytotoxicity tests. Threshold responses interpreted as the EC20 for each species endpoint were calculated from regression analyses. The geometric mean of the EC20 values (excluding emergence, mortality, and nodule numbers) for each species resulted in values of 30.6 mg/kg for Co and 27.9 mg/kg for Ni.
Soil properties affecting the toxicity of CuCl2 and NiCl2 for soil microbial processes in freshly spiked soils
Authors: Oorts Koen , Ghesquiere Uldeen , Swinnen Koen , Smolders Erik
Published: February 2006

It generally is unknown to what extent the toxicity of Cu and Ni for soil microbial processes varies among different soils. A comparative study was made using three different microbial assays (nitrification potential, glucose-induced respiration, and C-mineralization of a plant residue) in 19 (for Cu) or 16 (for Ni) soils with contrasting soil properties. Each soil was spiked with CuCl2 or NiCl2 at seven different concentrations, and the bioassays were started after a 7-d equilibration period. The Cu and Ni toxicity thresholds varied 19- to 90-fold among soils. The differences in both Cu and Ni toxicity among soils were neither explained by soil solution metal concentrations nor by free ion activities calculated from soil solution composition. Copper toxicity thresholds (total concentrations) increased with increasing organic matter content or cation exchange capacity (CEC) and, surprisingly, decreased with increasing pH depending on the assay. Nickel toxicity thresholds consistently increased with increasing CEC, background Ni, and clay content for all three assays. Thresholds expressed as soil solution free ion activities all significantly decreased with increasing soil solution pH (r2 = 0.57–0.93), consistent with a decreased H+:M2+ competition at the biological membrane. That competition largely counteracts the H+:M2+ competition for sorption, effectively explaining the insignificant or weak effect of pH on total Ni or Cu toxicity thresholds. It is concluded that free metal-ion activity alone does not explain variation in metal toxicity among soils.
Transfer of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in a soil-plant-invertebrate food chain: A microcosm study
Authors: Scheifler Renaud , de Vaufleury Annette , Cœurdassier Michaël , Crini Nadia , Badot Pierre-Marie
Published: February 2006

The transfer of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was evaluated in a soil-plant (lettuce, Lactuca sativa)–invertebrate (snail, Helix aspersa) food chain during a microcosm experiment. Two agricultural soils, polluted and unpolluted, were studied. Lettuce was cultivated for eight weeks before introduction of snails into the microcosms (M-snails). In a parallel experiment, snails were exposed to lettuce only (i.e., without soil) in simpler exposure devices called containers (C-snails). Snail exposure duration was eight weeks for both M- and C-snails. No effects on snail survival were found. Both M- and C-snails exposed to polluted soil showed a growth reduction, but only after two weeks of exposure. Time-dependent accumulation in M-snails exposed to the polluted environment showed a regular increase of Cd and Zn concentrations over time and a rapid increase of Pb concentrations within the first two weeks, which then remained stable. Copper and Ni concentrations did not increase during any of the experiments. Concentrations in M- and C-snails were compared to estimate the relative contribution of soil and plant to the total bioaccumulation. The results suggest that the soil contribution may be higher than 80% for Pb, from 30 to 60% for Zn, and from 2 to 40% for Cd.