bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of near‐infrared transmittance calculations for remote sensing applications to recent changes in spectroscopic information
Authors: Menang Kaah P.
Published: November 2019

An accurate determination of atmospheric transmittance relies greatly on the quality of both absorption line parameters and continuum absorption model. A line‐by‐line radiative transfer model has been used to determine the magnitude of the changes in atmospheric transmittance due to recent updates of HITRAN (HIgh‐resolution TRANsmission) line parameters and differences in water vapour continuum formulation. The radiative transfer calculations were carried out at two narrow near‐infrared carbon dioxide bands near 4,854 cm−1 (2.06 μm) and 6,211 cm−1 (1.61 μm), which are currently used by satellite‐based instruments for retrieval of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Transmittance calculations using line parameters from the last three HITRAN editions (2008, 2012 and 2016) show that HITRAN2016 is more similar to HITRAN2012 than HITRAN2008. However, differences of up to about 5% were obtained between transmittances computed using HITRAN2016 and HITRAN2012. Considering the fact that some groups still use HITRAN2012 in forward models for very high (sub percent) accuracy retrievals of CO2 from satellite measurements, these differences are significant and should be accounted for in the uncertainty budget. Transmittances calculated using the semi‐empirical MT_CKD 2.5 (Mlawer–Tobin–Clough–Kneizys–Davies) and the laboratory‐measured CAVIAR (Continuum Absorption at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths and its Atmospheric Relevance) water vapour continuum models differ by up to about 5–6%. The impact of the continuum formulation adopted for near‐infrared transmittance calculations needs to be quantitatively assessed, most especially as the strength of the water vapour continuum in this spectral region is still contested.
Reconfiguration of large‐scale functional connectivity in patients with disorders of consciousness
Authors: Martínez Darwin E. , Rudas Jorge , Demertzi Athena , Charland‐Verville Vanessa , Soddu Andrea , Laureys Steven , Gómez Francisco
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Functional connectivity alterations within individual resting state networks (RSNs) are linked to disorders of consciousness (DOC). If these alterations influence the interaction quality with other RNSs, then, brain alterations in patients with DOC would be characterized by connectivity changes in the large‐scale model composed of RSNs. How are functional interactions between RSNs influenced by internal alterations of individual RSNs? Do the functional alterations induced by DOC change some key properties of the large‐scale network, which have been suggested to be critical for the consciousness emergence? Here, we use network analysis to measure functional connectivity in patients with DOC and address these questions. We hypothesized that network properties provide descriptions of brain functional reconfiguration associated with consciousness alterations.

Methods

We apply nodal and global network measurements to study the reconfiguration linked with the disease severity. We study changes in integration, segregation, and centrality properties of the functional connectivity between the RSNs in subjects with different levels of consciousness.

Results

Our analysis indicates that nodal measurements are more sensitive to disease severity than global measurements, particularly, for functional connectivity of sensory and cognitively related RSNs.

Conclusion

The network property alterations of functional connectivity in different consciousness levels suggest a whole‐brain topological reorganization of the large‐scale functional connectivity in patients with DOC.
Collective ideological work for an alternative to consumerism: How an intentional community balances ideals and practice
Authors: Binay Itir , Brace‐Govan Jan , Oppewal Harmen
Published: November 2019

This paper extends the discussion on alternatives to consumerism by examining how consumers may distance themselves from the market by entering communal interdependency, aspiring to create alternative social structures and culture. We apply the lens of ideological work to analyse how an eco‐community in Turkey attempts to achieve a communally agreed ideal. A participatory ethnography allowed us to observe how this aspiring collective of individuals manage the tensions that arise between the variously derived ideals and the efforts to communally achieve the ideal. Specifically, our ethnography uncovers how aspirations for transformation from market dependence to communal interdependence are brought into existence through practical and symbolic ideological work. The paper presents the community members, their ideals and aspirations, and the community's activities. It discusses the challenges faced when the symbolism and practicalities of ideological work come together in quotidian life. The paper shows the role of ideological work in generating communally agreed alternatives to consumerism and in managing moral dilemmas.
Triptolide improves spinal cord injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis
Authors: Zhu Ning , Ruan Jianwei , Yang Xinming , Huang Yang , Jiang Yuting , Wang Yucheng , Cai Danyang , Geng Yu , Fang Marong
Published: November 2019

We investigated the effect of triptolide (TP) on spinal cord injury (SCI), and its underlying mechanism. Following the establishment of the SCI model using YFP H‐line transgenic mice, TP was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg once daily for 7 days. Behavioral tests, Nissl staining, and hematoxylin–eosin staining were employed to assess motor function recovery and neuronal cell death. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess autophagy‐associated proteins (LC3B, p62, Beclin‐1) and the apoptosis‐associated proteins (Bcl‐2, caspase‐3, Bax). The TP‐treated group showed improved motor functions, and reduced neuronal cell death. Also, significant upregulation of Bcl‐2 and LC3B expressions, with the downregulation of p62, Bax and caspase‐3 expressions were found in the TP‐treated group. Additionally, phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) was decreased in the TP‐treated group. TP mediates its protective effect in SCI by promoting the autophagic pathway while inhibiting the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of TP in SCI.
Paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: El Mouhayyar Christopher , Chehab Omar , Khalil Emilia , Al Hallak Mohammed Najeeb , Kanj Amjad , Bishop Carter
Published: November 2019

Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung malignancies can lead to leukemoid reaction with an elevation of eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. The elevation of these three lineages together due to paraneoplastic syndromes has not been described in literature yet.
ATP Regeneration System in Chemoenzymatic Amide Bond Formation with Thermophilic CoA Ligase
Authors: Lelièvre Chloé M. , Balandras Mélanie , Petit Jean‐Louis , Vergne‐Vaxelaire Carine , Zaparucha Anne
Published: November 2019

CoA ligases are enzymes catalyzing the ATP‐dependent addition of coenzyme A to carboxylic acids in two steps through an adenylate intermediate. This intermediate can be diverted by a nucleophilic non enzymatic addition of amine to get the corresponding amide for synthetic purposes. To this end, we selected thermophilic CoA ligases to study the conversion of various carboxylic acids into their amide counterparts. To limit the use of ATP, we implemented an ATP regeneration system combining polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2 Class III) and inorganic pyrophosphatase. Suitability of this system was illustrated by the lab‐scale chemoenzymatic synthesis of N‐methylbutyrylamide in 77 % yield using low enzyme loading and 5 % molar ATP.
Coke Formation during Propane Dehydrogenation over Ga−Rh Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions
Authors: Wolf Moritz , Raman Narayanan , Taccardi Nicola , Haumann Marco , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: November 2019

Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (SCALMS) were recently described as a new class of heterogeneous catalysts, where the catalytic transformation takes place at the highly dynamic interface of a liquid alloy. Their application in alkane dehydrogenation has been claimed to be superior to classical heterogeneous catalysts, because the single atom nature of Rh dissolved in liquid Ga hinders the formation of significant amounts of coke, e. g. by oligomerisation of carbon fragments and excessive dehydrogenation. In the present study, we investigate the coking behaviour of Ga−Rh SCALMS during dehydrogenation of propane in detail by means of high‐resolution thermogravimetry. We report that the application of Ga−Rh SCALMS indeed limits the formation of coke when compared to the Ga‐free Rh catalyst, in particular when relating coke formation to the catalytic performance. Furthermore, the formed coke has been shown to be highly reactive during temperature programmed oxidation in 21 % O2/He with onset temperatures of approx. 150 °C enabling a regeneration of the Ga−Rh SCALMS system under mild conditions. The activation energy of the oxidation lies in the lower range of values reported for spent cracking catalysts. Monitoring the formation of coke and performance of SCALMS in situ via thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the continuous formation of coke, which becomes the only process affecting the net weight change after a certain time on stream.
Hierarchical Multiporous Nickel for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Assavapanumat Sunpet , Ketkaew Marisa , Garrigue Patrick , Lapeyre Véronique , Reculusa Stéphane , Wattanakit Chularat , Kuhn Alexander
Published: November 2019

The front cover artwork for Issue 24/2019 is provided by researchers from the Analytical Nanosystems group of the Institute of Molecular Science in Bordeaux (France) and the Advanced Magic Porous Material group at the Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (Thailand). The image illustrates one of the results of a long lasting collaboration between the two groups dedicated to the design, the synthesis and applications of advanced porous materials. In this particular case, the combination of macroporous and mesoporous features in a nickel layer is tested for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201901509.
A Photo‐Assisted Chargeable Aqueous Zinc‐Iodine Battery
Authors: Man Yanyan , Hao Qingfei , Chen Fei , Chen Xiangtao , Wang Yanjun , Liu Tiangang , Liu Fei , Li Na
Published: November 2019

Solar energy is an abundant and renewable energy resource, but it must be captured and stored for practical application in view of the intermittency and low‐energy density. The search for an effective solar energy storage system is highly required, yet remains a challenge. In this paper, we design a novel solar energy storage device by integrating a TiO2 photo‐electrode into an aqueous zinc‐iodine battery (ZIB). During charging process under illumination, I− in catholyte is oxidized to I3− by photo‐excited holes from TiO2 photo‐electrode. Meanwhile, the photo‐excited electrons transfer to the anode through the external circuit and reduce the Zn2+ into Zn. Due to the compensation of photo‐voltage, an ultralow charging voltage of 0.56 V is achieved, much lower than the discharging voltage (1.2 V), resulting in 54 % input electric energy savings.
Odd‐Even Effects on Transport Properties of Polycyclic Arene Molecular Devices with Decreasing Numbers of Benzene Rings
Authors: Xia Yujie , Li Tao , Yuan Chao , Fletcher Cameron , Dai Xinyue , Zhang Xingfan , Zhang Lishu , Jiang Yanyan , Li Hui
Published: November 2019

The electron transport properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with different numbers of benzene rings tethered to narrow zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) electrodes have been investigated. Results show that the transport properties of PAHs are dependent on whether the number of benzene rings in the width direction is odd or even. This effect is strong for narrow width PAHs, but its strength decreases as the width of the PAH is increased. PAHs with an odd number of rings exhibit poor transport properties, whereas the ones having an even number of rings show excellent transport properties coupled with a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect. Moreover, the linkage points and the structure of the molecules have a noticeable effect on the transport properties of the PAH, making the odd‐even effect weaker or disappear entirely. Although the PAH with three benzene rings displays poor transport capabilities, it shows excellent rectification behavior compared to the other examined molecules. These studies present a feasible avenue for designing molecular devices with enhanced performance by the careful manipulation of the PAH molecular structure.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Acyl Anion Organocatalysis by Ball‐Milling
Authors: Nicholson William I. , Seastram Alex C. , Iqbal Saqib A. , Reed‐Berendt Benjamin G. , Morrill Louis C. , Browne Duncan L.
Published: November 2019

The ability to conduct N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalysed acyl anion chemistry under ball‐milling conditions is reported for the first time. This process has been exemplified through applications to intermolecular‐benzoin, intramolecular‐benzoin, intermolecular‐Stetter and intramolecular‐Stetter reactions including asymmetric examples and demonstrates that this mode of mechanistically complex organocatalytic reaction can operate under solvent‐minimised conditions.
Activated microglia desialylate their surface, stimulating complement receptor 3‐mediated phagocytosis of neurons
Authors: Allendorf David H. , Puigdellívol Mar , Brown Guy C.
Published: November 2019

The glycoproteins and glycolipids of the cell surface have sugar chains that normally terminate in a sialic acid residue, but inflammatory activation of myeloid cells can cause sialidase enzymes to remove these residues, resulting in desialylation and altered activity of surface receptors, such as the phagocytic complement receptor 3 (CR3). We found that activation of microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fibrillar amyloid beta (Aβ), Tau or phorbol myristate acetate resulted in increased surface sialidase activity and desialylation of the microglial surface. Desialylation of microglia by adding sialidase, stimulated microglial phagocytosis of beads, but this was prevented by siRNA knockdown of CD11b or a blocking antibody to CD11b (a component of CR3). Desialylation of microglia by a sialyl‐transferase inhibitor (3FAx‐peracetyl‐Neu5Ac) also stimulated microglial phagocytosis of beads. Desialylation of primary glial‐neuronal co‐cultures by adding sialidase or the sialyl‐transferase inhibitor resulted in neuronal loss that was prevented by inhibiting phagocytosis with cytochalasin D or the blocking antibody to CD11b. Adding desialylated microglia to glial‐neuronal cultures, in the absence of neuronal desialylation, also caused neuronal loss prevented by CD11b blocking antibody. Adding LPS or Aβ to primary glial‐neuronal co‐cultures caused neuronal loss, and this was prevented by inhibiting endogenous sialidase activity with N‐acetyl‐2,3‐dehydro‐2‐deoxyneuraminic acid or blockage of CD11b. Thus, activated microglia release a sialidase activity that desialylates the cell surface, stimulating CR3‐mediated phagocytosis of neurons, making extracellular sialidase and CR3 potential treatment targets to prevent inflammatory loss of neurons.
Complications of tissue expansion in the head and neck
Authors: Azzi Jayson L. , Thabet Chloe , Azzi Alain J. , Gilardino Mirko S.
Published: November 2019

Background

The authors aim to present a comprehensive review detailing the present state of evidence with regard to complications following tissue expansion in the head and neck.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all studies reporting complications of tissue expansion in the head and neck between 2000 and 2019. Subgroup comparisons based on expander locations and planes were conducted.

Results

A total of 7058 patients were included. Tissue expansion was associated with an overall complication rate of 8.73% (616/7058). The most common complications were extrusion (207/7009; 3.0%) and hematoma (200/7009; 2.9%). Overall complications were highest in the scalp (65/238; 27.3%) and lowest in the mastoid (347/5688; 6.1%). Complications were more common with expansion in the non‐subcutaneous plane (63/590; 10.7%).

Conclusion

In the absence of large clinical trials, systematic reviews such as these can help inform clinical guidelines and provide practitioners with an evidence‐based reference to improve informed consent.
Pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HPV‐associated oropharynx cancer
Authors: Sadeghi Nader , Khalife Sarah , Mascarella Marco A. , Ramanakumar Agnihotram V. , Richardson Keith , Joshi Arjun S. , Bouganim Nathaniel , Taheri Reza , Fuson Andrew , Siegel Robert
Published: November 2019

Background

A paradigm shift has led to de‐escalation trials for the treatment of HPV‐positive oropharynx cancer (OPC). The objective of this study was to assess the ability of tumor volume reduction on imaging to predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with HPV‐positive OPC.

Methods

A prospective observational study of 54 patients with HPV‐positive OPC enrolled in a clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery was performed. Patients underwent three cycles of induction chemotherapy (cisplatin/docetaxel); prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy imaging were obtained. Receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression analyses were used.

Results

The complete pathologic response (pCR) rate at primary and nodal sites were 72% and 57%, respectively. Tumor volume reduction of ≥90% following induction chemotherapy predicted pCR of the primary tumor.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive transoral surgery is a new paradigm worthy of further investigation and MRI is a reliable modality to assess preoperative response.
Radiation treatment of soft palate squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rapp Cooper T. , Chera Bhishamjit S. , Morris Christopher G. , Amdur Robert J. , Kirwan Jessica M. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: November 2019

Background

To report our institution's experience treating soft palate squamous cell carcinoma with radiotherapy alone or combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or neck dissection for residual disease.

Methods

We analyzed 159 patients treated curatively between 1963 and 2016. Median follow‐up was 4 years.

Results

The 5‐year local control rates were T1, 90%; T2, 90%; T3, 70%; and T4, 59%. The 5‐year cause‐specific survival (CSS) rate was nearly identical for patients with stage I‐III disease (88%, 86%, and 88%, respectively) compared to stage IVA/B (58%). Five‐year overall survival was similar between patients with stage I‐III disease (50%, 57%, and 54%, respectively) and approximately double that of patients with stage IVA/B disease (26%). Thirteen patients (8%) had severe complications related to radiotherapy.

Conclusions

The likelihood of cure after definitive radiotherapy is relatively high in patients with stage I‐III disease with soft palate carcinoma. Patients with stage IVA/B disease have a lower cure rate but with a 5‐year CSS exceeding 50%.
An Open‐Label, Dose‐Escalation Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of IL‐22 Agonist F‐652 in Patients With Alcohol‐associated Hepatitis
Authors: Arab Juan P. , Sehrawat Tejasav S. , Simonetto Douglas A. , Verma Vikas K. , Feng Dechun , Tang Tom , Dreyer Kevin , Yan Xiaoqiang , Daley William L. , Sanyal Arun , Chalasani Naga , Radaeva Svetlana , Yang Liu , Vargas Hugo , Ibacache Mauricio , Gao Bin , Gores Gregory J. , Malhi Harmeet , Kamath Patrick S. , Shah Vijay H.
Published: November 2019

Background and Aims

Interleukin‐22 has beneficial effects on inflammation and impaired hepatic regeneration that characterize alcohol‐associated hepatitis (AH). F‐652 is a recombinant fusion protein of human interleukin‐22 and immunoglobulin G2 fragment crystallizable. This study aims to assess the safety and efficacy signals of F‐652 in patients with moderate and severe AH.

Approach and Results

A phase‐2 dose‐escalating study was carried out. F‐652 (10 μg/kg, 30 μg/kg, or 45 μg/kg) administered on days 1 and 7 was tested in 3 patients each with moderate (Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease [MELD] scores: 11‐20) and severe AH (MELD scores: 21‐28). Safety was defined by absence of serious adverse events and efficacy was assessed by Lille score, changes in MELD score, and serum bilirubin and aminotransferases at days 28 and 42. Three independent propensity‐matched comparator patient cohorts were used. Plasma extracellular vesicles and multiplex serum cytokines were measured to assess inflammation and hepatic regeneration. Eighteen patients (9 moderate and 9 severe AH) were enrolled, 66% were male, and the mean age was 48 years. The half‐life of F‐652 following the first dose was 61‐85 hours. There were no serious adverse events leading to discontinuation. The MELD score and serum aminotransferases decreased significantly at days 28 and 42 from baseline (P < 0.05). Day‐7 Lille score was 0.45 or less in 83% patients as compared with 6%, 12%, and 56% among the comparator cohorts. Extracellular vesicle counts decreased significantly at day 28 (P < 0.013). Cytokine inflammatory markers were down‐regulated, and regeneration markers were up‐regulated at days 28 and 42.

Conclusions

F‐652 is safe in doses up to 45 μg/kg and associated with a high rate of improvement as determined by Lille and MELD scores, reductions in markers of inflammation and increases in markers of hepatic regeneration. This study supports the need for randomized placebo‐controlled trials to test the efficacy of F‐652 in AH.
Reshaping the activated sludge process: has the time come or passed?
Authors: Orhon Derin , Sözen Seval
Published: November 2019

Despite the amazing achievements over the years, the activated sludge (AS) process still maintains inherent drawbacks, namely gravity settling, high sludge ages, low excess sludge generation, etc., which hinder its successful operation and sometimes disrupt system performance. Substantial research on the subject has provided clear scientific evidence that time has come – or even passed – for reshaping the AS process. In the novel AS process, gravity settling will be replaced by membrane filtration, which will convert the system configuration into a membrane activated sludge (MAS) reactor; this configuration will be operated at an extremely low sludge age range of 2 to 4 days, which will maximize sludge generation and it will abandon the traditional anaerobic sludge digestion for optimizing energy recovery. It is suggested that super‐fast membrane activated sludge (SFMAS) reactor be the new face of the AS process. SFMAS reactor will be the core unit of the AS process essentially limited to organic carbon (chemical oxygen demand) removal and energy recovery. The core SFMAS unit will also enable to benefit from all the assets of the AS process, such as nutrient removal, biopolymer recovery, etc., by means of hybrid systems in different configurations, i.e. by reactors with various functions that will be attached to the core unit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Invasion of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes into the Mauthner axon myelin sheath following spinal cord injury of the adult goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Koganti Lahari , Liu Jun , DeMajewski Andrea , Agostini Mark A. , Wong Tina W. , Faber Donald S. , Zottoli Steven J.
Published: November 2019

Rapid activation of resident glia occurs after spinal cord injury. Somewhat later, innate and adaptive immune responses occur with the invasion of peripheral immune cells into the wound site. The activation of resident and peripheral immune cells has been postulated to play harmful as well as beneficial roles in the regenerative process. Mauthner cells, large identifiable neurons located in the hindbrain of most fish and amphibians, provided the opportunity to study the morphological relationship between reactive cells and Mauthner axons (M‐axons) severed by spinal cord crush or by selective axotomy. After crossing in the hindbrain, the M‐axons of adult goldfish, Carassius auratus, extend the length of the spinal cord. Following injury, the M‐axon undergoes retrograde degeneration within its myelin sheath creating an axon‐free zone (proximal dieback zone). Reactive cells invade the wound site, enter the axon‐free dieback zone and are observed in the vicinity of the retracted M‐axon tip as early as 3 hr postinjury. Transmission electron microscopy allowed the detection of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes, some of which appear to be neutrophil‐like, at each of these locations. We believe that this is the first report of the invasion of such cells within the myelin sheath of an identifiable axon in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). We speculate that microglia/macrophages and granulocytes that are attracted within a few hours to the damaged M‐axon are part of an inflammatory response that allows phagocytosis of debris and plays a role in the regenerative process. Our results provide the baseline from which to utilize immunohistochemical and genetic approaches to elucidate the role of non‐neuronal cells in the regenerative process of a single axon in the vertebrate CNS.
VP7 and VP4 genotypes of rotaviruses cocirculating in Iran, 2015 to 2017: Comparison with cogent sequences of Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccine strains before their use for universal mass vaccination
Authors: Motamedi‐Rad Mahdieh , Farahmand Mohammad , Arashkia Arash , Jalilvand Somayeh , Shoja Zabihollah
Published: November 2019

The present study was conducted to analyze the genotypic diversity of circulating species A rotavirus (RVA) strains in Iran and also to investigate comparative analysis between the genotypes of VP4 and VP7 of cocirculating RVA and vaccine strains before the vaccine is introduced in the national immunization program. The G3‐lineage I was found in this study as the most common G genotype which was followed by G9‐lineage III, G1‐lineages I, II, G12‐lineage III, G2‐lineage IV, and G4‐lineage I. Also, P[8]‐lineages III, IV was found as the predominant P genotype which was followed by P[4]‐lineage V, and P[6]‐lineage I. Overally, G3P[8] was determined as the most common combination. Moreover, the analysis of the VP7 antigenic epitopes showed that several amino acid differences existed between circulating Iranian and the vaccine strains. The comparison of genotype G1 of Iranian and vaccine strains (RotaTeq and Rotarix), and genotypes G2, G3, and G4 of Iranian and RotaTeq vaccine strains revealed three to five amino acids differences on the VP7 antigenic epitopes. Furthermore, analyzing of the VP8* epitopes of Iranian P[8] strains indicated that they contained up to 11 and 14 amino acid differences with Rotarix and RotaTeq, respectively. Based on different patterns of amino acid substitutions in circulating and vaccine strains, the emergence of antibody escaping mutants and potentially the decrease of immune protection might ensue in vaccinated children. However, considering the broad cross‐protective activity of RVA vaccines, their efficacy should be monitored after the introduction in Iran.
RLS iOH: ExoMars Raman laser spectrometer optical head bread board to flight model design and performance evolutions
Authors: Ramos Gonzalo , Sanz‐Palomino Miguel , Moral Andoni G. , Pérez Carlos , Belenguer Tomás , Canchal Rosario , Prieto José A.R. , Santiago Amaia , Gordillo Cecilia , Escribano David , Lopez‐Reyes Guillermo , Rull Fernando
Published: November 2019

Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) is the Pasteur Payload instrument of the ExoMars mission that will perform Raman spectroscopy for the first time in a planetary space mission. RLS main units are: SPU (SPectrometer Unit), iOH (internal Optical Head), and ICEU (Instrument Control and Excitation Unit), that includes the laser for samples excitation purposes.

The iOH focuses the excitation laser into the crushed samples (located at the ALD, Analytical Laboratory Drawer, carrousel) through the excitation path, and collects the Raman emission from the sample (collection path). Its original design presented a high laser trace reaching to the SPU detector, and although a certain level was required for instrument calibration, the found level was expected to be capable of degrading the acquired spectra confounding some Raman peaks. So, the iOH optical and opto‐mechanical designs were needed to be updated from the BB (Bread Board) to the engineering and qualification model (iOH EQM), in order to fix the desired amount of laser trace, and after the fabrication and the commitment of the commercial elements, the assembly and integration verification (AIV) process was carried out. Considering the results obtained during the EQM integration verification and the first functional tests, the RLS calibration target (CT) emission analysis, additional changes were found to be required for the Flight Model, FM.

In this paper, the RLS iOH designs and functional tests evolutions for the different models are summarized, focusing on the iOH AIV process and emphasizing on the iOH performance evaluation (by using CT spectra) from the re‐design activities.
Seamless ultrathin rear projection display
Authors: Kitai Adrian H.
Published: November 2019

A new architecture for a thin (2‐cm depth) rear projection display is described. In order to achieve this small depth, a very high density of rear projectors is used. Three prototype displays using rear projectors on both 5‐ and 2‐cm pitch arrays are described. The displays can achieve an effective screen pixel pitch of as small as 0.5 mm, which makes this technology competitive in terms of resolution with fine pitch LED displays; however, orders of magnitude fewer LEDs are required: Each rear projector requires only one white LED and a color liquid crystal light modulator. In the three prototypes, the projector light modulators utilize 101‐cm (40 in.), 80‐cm (31.5 in.), and 60‐cm (24 in.) diagonal liquid crystal display glass. To minimize cost, no lenses are utilized for the rear projectors. An RGB LED array may augment the projector array, which provides a low resolution component of the image onto which the high resolution component is superimposed by the projector array. Edge gaps between active areas on adjacent LCD glass units are completely eliminated by the rear projection approach enabling low profile wall‐size seamless displays. Display contrast depends on rear projection screen design.
Disappearing colorectal liver metastases: Strategies for the management of patients achieving a radiographic complete response after systemic chemotherapy
Authors: Araujo Raphael L. C. , Milani Jean Michel , Armentano Daniela Pezzutti , Moreira Raphael Brandão , Pinto Gustavo S. F. , de Castro Luís Antônio , Lucchesi Fabiano R.
Published: November 2019

The mainstays of treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) are surgery and chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic benefits of tumor shrinkage and systemic control of micrometastases are in part counterbalanced by chemotoxicity that can modify the liver parenchyma, jeopardizing the detection of CRLM. This review addresses the clinical decision‐making process in the context of radiographic and pathologic responses, the preoperative imaging workup, and the approaches to the liver for CRLM, which disappear after systemic chemotherapy.
Simultaneous separation and determination of seven chelating agents using high‐performance liquid chromatography based on statistics design
Authors: Liu Zihe , Chen Yuancai , Hu Yongyou
Published: November 2019

We describe an optimization approach to determine simultaneously occurring chelating agents (glycine, malonic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, DL‐malic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in an electroplating effluent using high‐performance liquid chromatography. With chromatography signal area and overall resolution considered as responses, detection conditions were optimized via multiple functions combined with response surface methodology and Plackett–Burman design. Optimized detection conditions were as follows: 15 mmol/L ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), a 94:6 v/v ratio of ammonium phosphate buffer/acetonitrile, a column temperature of 23.3°C, and a mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min. The experimental values conformed to the predicted values and were repeatable (relative standard deviation < 6.4%) and linear (r2 > 0.991) over concentration ranges of 1–100 µmol/L. Moreover, the quantification limit (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 10) and the detection limit (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) ranged from 0.03 to 0.15 µmol/L and from 0.01 to 0.04 µmol/L, respectively. These results indicate that high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with statistical design may be a simple and rapid method for simultaneously determining multiple chelating agents in electroplating wastewater effectively.
Habitat, Climate, and Fisher and Marten Distributions
Authors: Suffice Pauline , Cheveau Marianne , Imbeau Louis , Mazerolle Marc J. , Asselin Hugo , Drapeau Pierre
Published: November 2019

Since the mid‐twentieth century, fisher populations (Pekania pennanti) increased in several eastern jurisdictions of North America, particularly in the northern part of the species’ range. Changes in fisher distribution have led to increased overlap with the southern portion of the range of American marten (Martes americana), whose populations may be locally declining. This overlap occurs particularly in habitats undergoing natural and anthropogenic modification. The objective of our study was to determine the respective effects of habitat changes and climatic conditions on fisher and marten populations in Quebec, Canada, based on trapper knowledge. We analyzed annual fisher and marten harvest (number of pelts sold/100 km2) between the 1984–1985 and 2014–2015 trapping seasons using linear mixed models. Fisher harvest increased with the increased abundance of mixed forests >12 m tall, resulting from decades of forest harvesting. Fisher harvest decreased with increasing spring rains, which can affect survival when rearing young. Marten harvest decreased with increasing winter rains, which lower thermoregulation capacity and hamper movements by creating an ice crust on the snowpack, reducing access to subnivean areas. Decline in marten harvest during the 30‐year study period coincided with an increase in fisher harvest, suggesting possible interspecific competition. Results highlight that managers should strive to maintain mixedwood stands taller than 12 m to maintain high quality habitat for fishers. Our study confirms the importance of working with trappers to assess furbearing population trends in response to habitat changes and climatic conditions. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Opioid Prescribing and Use in Ambulatory Otolaryngology
Authors: Pruitt Liese C. C. , Casazza Geoffrey C. , Newberry C. Ian , Cardon Ryan , Ramirez Alexander , Krakovitz Paul R. , Meier Jeremy D. , Skarda David E.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate surgeon‐prescribing patterns and opioid use for patients undergoing common otolaryngology surgeries. We hypothesized that there was little consistency across surgeons in prescribing patterns and that surgeons prescribed significantly more opioids than consumed by patients.

Methods

E‐mail–based surveys were sent to all postoperative patients across a 23‐hospital system. The survey assessed quantity of opioids consumed postoperatively, patient‐reported pain control, and methods of opioid disposal. We compared patient‐reported opioid consumption to opioids prescribed based on data in the electronic data warehouse.

Results

There was wide variation in prescribing between providers both in the quantity and type of opioids prescribed. Patients used significantly less opioids than they were prescribed (10 vs. 30 tablets, P < 0.001) for both opioid‐exposed and opioid‐naïve patients. More than 75% of patients had excess opioids remaining.

Conclusion

Opioids are consistently overprescribed following ambulatory head and neck surgery. Otolaryngologists have an important role in the setting of the national opioid epidemic and should be involved in efforts to reduce excess opioids in their community.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130: 1913–1921, 2020
The impact of resident involvement on tonsillectomy outcomes and surgical time
Authors: Leader Brittany A. , Wiebracht Nathan D. , Meinzen‐Derr Jareen , Ishman Stacey L.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Posttonsillectomy hemorrhage can be life‐threatening, so we investigated whether patients are at increased risk with an inexperienced surgeon. There is scant information on how surgical experience affects outcomes in pediatric tonsillectomy. We hypothesized that supervised residents would have longer operative times but no difference in complication rates compared to attending surgeons.

Study Design

Retrospective case series of children who underwent tonsillectomy from July 2014 to April 2017 at a tertiary pediatric medical center.

Methods

We assessed outcomes and operative times, based on the primary surgeon's level of training, for children (14 months to 22 years) who underwent tonsillectomy.

Results

A total of 7,606 children were included (mean age 7.0 ± 4.1 years, 51% female) with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 18.6 ± 5.48 kg/m2; 76% were white; and 13% were black. Residents assisted with tonsillectomy in 43% of cases. The readmission rate (5%–6%) was not different (P = 0.48) by level of experience. Similarly, return to the operating room for control of hemorrhage (3.3%–3.5%) did not differ by level of experience (P = 0.95). The median procedure time for adenotonsillectomy was shortest for attendings (9 minutes), followed by fellows (13 minutes), and residents (14 minutes, P < 0.0001). Among residents, time for adenotonsillectomy decreased significantly with each increasing year of training (P < 0.0001) from postgraduate year (PGY) 1 (17 minutes), to PGY2 (15 minutes), to PGY3 (14 minutes), and to PGY4 (12.5 minutes).

Conclusion

Attending surgeons completed tonsillectomy more quickly, and operative times decreased with increasing experience level. However, there was no difference in readmission or postoperative hemorrhage rates between residents and attending surgeons.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:2481–2486, 2020
Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Glasgow Benefit Inventory in otosclerosis subjects
Authors: Redfors Ylva Dahlin , Jönsson Radoslava , Tideholm Bo , Finizia Caterina
Published: November 2019

Objective

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI).

Methods

A prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted. A total of 123 otosclerosis subjects were included in the study. The subjects were divided in three groups based on the following interventions: (a) stapedotomy without any prior hearing‐aid rehabilitation (n = 60); (b) hearing‐aid rehabilitation without any prior stapedotomy (n = 33); and (c) stapedotomy with prior hearing‐aid rehabilitation (n = 30). Pre‐ and post‐operative pure tone audiometry were measured. The Swedish version of the GBI was completed by the subjects 6 months after the intervention. Test‐retest reliability and internal consistency, factor analysis, construct validity, and criterion validity, was assessed.

Results

The Swedish version of the GBI was well accepted by the subjects. It showed good psychometric properties with an overall high reliability. Factor analysis resulted in a 5‐factor solution explaining 66.6% of the variance where factors 1 and 2 represented the general health domain.

Conclusions

Overall, the Swedish version of the GBI showed good psychometric properties. Based on the factor analyses, there is the possibility that the general health domain should be divided in two separate domains: general health and psychosocial health.

Level of Evidence

2c.
Electrochemical Manipulation of Aligned Block Copolymer Templates
Authors: Liu Sherri S. Y. , Ludwigs Sabine
Published: November 2019

Block copolymers have a wide range of functions in advanced electrochemistry because of their ability to self‐assemble into ordered nanometer‐sized structures, resulting in their extensive usage as nanoporous templates that can be electrochemically manipulated. These highly ordered nanoporous templates are used as working electrodes for electrodeposition and electropolymerization to build nanoelectrode arrays and can serve as models to study the diffusion pathway of redox‐active units with regard to chemical modification of pores. The block copolymer system allows different morphologies to be utilized, but the most exploited structures are standing cylinders of the minority block that are etched to expose highly aligned porous nanoelectrode array templates. This review starts with introducing alumina and track‐etched membranes as pioneer porous templates transitioning to the production of block copolymer films as succeeding templates, with a particular focus on both poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(methylmethacrylate) (PS‐b‐PMMA) and poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(lactide) (PS‐b‐PLA). The aim is to give fundamental insights of electrochemistry where functionality extends beyond to applications in the nanoscience field of biosensors and plastic electronics.
Cervical Dystonia Incidence and Diagnostic Delay in a Multiethnic Population
Authors: LaHue Sara C. , Albers Kathleen , Goldman Samuel , Lo Raymond Y. , Gu Zhuqin , Leimpeter Amethyst , Fross Robin , Comyns Kathleen , Marras Connie , de Kleijn Annelie , Smit Robin , Katz Maya , Ozelius Laurie J. , Bressman Susan , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Comella Cynthia , Klingman Jeffrey , Nelson Lorene M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Tanner Caroline M.
Published: November 2019

Background

Current cervical dystonia (CD) incidence estimates are based on small numbers in relatively ethnically homogenous populations. The frequency and consequences of delayed CD diagnosis is poorly characterized.

Objectives

To determine CD incidence and characterize CD diagnostic delay within a large, multiethnic integrated health maintenance organization.

Methods

We identified incident CD cases using electronic medical records and multistage screening of more than 3 million Kaiser Permanente Northern California members from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2007. A final diagnosis was made by movement disorders specialist consensus. Diagnostic delay was measured by questionnaire and health utilization data. Incidence rates were estimated assuming a Poisson distribution of cases and directly standardized to the 2000 U.S. census. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to assess diagnoses and behaviors preceding CD compared with matched controls, adjusting for age, sex, and membership duration.

Results

CD incidence was 1.18/100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35–2.0; women, 1.81; men, 0.52) based on 200 cases over 15.4 million person‐years. Incidence increased with age. Half of the CD patients interviewed reported diagnostic delay. Diagnoses more common in CD patients before the index date included essential tremor (odds ratio [OR] 68.1; 95% CI, 28.2–164.5), cervical disc disease (OR 3.83; 95% CI, 2.8–5.2), neck sprain/strain (OR 2.77; 95% CI, 1.99–3.62), anxiety (OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.63–3.11) and depression (OR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.4–2.68).

Conclusions

CD incidence is greater in women and increases with age. Diagnostic delay is common and associated with adverse effects. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Genetic and molecular mechanism for distinct clinical phenotypes conveyed by allelic truncating mutations implicated in FBN1
Authors: Lin Mao , Liu Zhenlei , Liu Gang , Zhao Sen , Li Chao , Chen Weisheng , Coban Akdemir Zeynep , Lin Jiachen , Song Xiaofei , Wang Shengru , Xu Qiming , Zhao Yanxue , Wang Lianlei , Zhang Yuanqiang , Yan Zihui , Liu Sen , Liu Jiaqi , Chen Yixin , Zuo Yuzhi , Yang Xu , Sun Tianshu , Yang Xin‐Zhuang , Niu Yuchen , Li Xiaoxin , You Wesley , Qiu Bintao , Ding Chen , Liu Pengfei , Zhang Shuyang , Carvalho Claudia M. B. , Posey Jennifer E. , Qiu Guixing ,   Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis and COmorbidities (DISCO) study, Lupski James R. , Wu Zhihong , Zhang Jianguo , Wu Nan
Published: November 2019

Background

The molecular and genetic mechanisms by which different single nucleotide variant alleles in specific genes, or at the same genetic locus, cause distinct disease phenotypes often remain unclear. Allelic truncating mutations of FBN1 could cause either classical Marfan syndrome (MFS) or a more complicated phenotype associated with Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome (MPLS).

Methods

We investigated a small cohort, encompassing two classical MFS and one MPLS subjects from China, whose clinical presentation included scoliosis potentially requiring surgical intervention. Targeted next generation sequencing was performed on all the participants. We analyzed the molecular diagnosis, clinical features, and the potential molecular mechanism involved in the MPLS subject in our cohort.

Results

We report a novel de novo FBN1 mutation for the first Chinese subject with MPLS, a more complicated fibrillinopathy, and two subjects with more classical MFS. We further predict that the MPLS truncating mutation, and others previously reported, is prone to escape the nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD), while MFS mutations are predicted to be subjected to NMD. Also, the MPLS mutation occurs within the glucogenic hormone asprosin domain of FBN1. In vitro experiments showed that the single MPLS mutation p.Glu2759Cysfs*9 appears to perturb proper FBN1 protein aggregation as compared with the classical MFS mutation p.Tyr2596Thrfs*86. Both mutations appear to upregulate SMAD2 phosphorylation in vitro.

Conclusion

We provide direct evidence that a dominant‐negative interaction of FBN1 potentially explains the complex MPLS phenotypes through genetic and functional analysis. Our study expands the mutation spectrum of FBN1 and highlights the potential molecular mechanism for MPLS.
Incidence and remission of stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence in midlife and older women: A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Legendre Guillaume , Fritel Xavier , Panjo Henri , Zins Marie , Ringa Virginie
Published: November 2019

Aims

To analyze factors related to the incidence and remission of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) among women at midlife.

Methods

A total of 2115 women participants in a prospective longitudinal survey (GAZEL cohort) were included. In 2000 and 2008, a specific questionnaire about urinary incontinence (UI) symptoms was sent to all participants. Incidence, remission, and risk factors associated with each type of UI were considered.

Results

Within our population followed up for 8 years, we observed an overall incidence rate of UI of 21.9% (95% CI, 19.6‐24.2%) and a remission rate of 33.3% (30.1‐36.5%). For the different UI types, the incidence and remission rates were respectively 14.9% (12.9‐24.2%) and 37.9% (37.8‐42.0%) for SUI, 3.2% (2.2‐4.2%) and 25.5% (3.5‐37.5%) for UUI, 3.1% (2.1‐4.1%) and 24.6% (19.3‐29.9%) for MUI. Educational level, increase in body mass index (BMI), BMI and depression at inclusion were associated with SUI incidence. The history of surgery for UI was associated with the incidence of UUI and MUI. Surgery for SUI was significantly associated with remission, while pelvic floor rehabilitation and vaginal delivery were significantly associated with a lower SUI remission. Vaginal delivery was also negatively associated with MUI remission.

Conclusions

The influence of the standard risk factors seems to differ in each type of UI.