bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frullania subarctica—a new species of the Frullania tamarisci complex (Frullaniaceae, Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Vilnet Anna Alexandrovna , Borovichev Eugeny Alexandrovich , Bakalin Vadim Andreevich
Published: June 2014

This study tests the phylogenetic affinity and clarifies the taxonomy of Frullania tamarisci s. l. in Russia and adjacent areas based on critical morphological reinvestigation and DNA analyses. More than 100 accessions of F. tamarisci s. l. from the collections of KPABG, VBGI and UBC were studied morphologically, and the nrITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and trnL–trnF cpDNA loci of sixteen accessions were sequenced. Molecular data were combined with accessions from GenBank and phylogenetic estimations by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches were performed. The tree topologies obtained were congruent and resolved the specimens previously referred to F. nisquallensis from Russian North in a clade together with an accession from Alaska. This clade is only distantly related to European F. tamarisci s. str. and temperate western North American F. nisquallensis. Taking into account the morphological differences, we describe a new species Frullania subarctica Vilnet, Borovich. & Bakalin sp. nov. The species status for F. appendiculata occurring mainly in temperate East Asia was supported by molecular evidence, based on specimens from the Primorsky Territory of Russia. Populations of F. tamarisci s. str. from the Russian North West and the Caucasus Mountains are quite similar to those from European countries both morphologically and molecularly.
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 57. Cheilolejeunea boliviensis and Cheilolejeunea savesiana, two new synonyms in Lejeunea (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae)
Authors: Qiu Qiong , Wei Y.-M. , Cheng Xia-Fang , Zhu Rui-Liang
Published: June 2014

Cheilolejeunea boliviensis Stephani (1916: 266) is a poorly known species from Bolivia. It was listed as a doubtful taxon by Gradstein et al. (2003). Cheilolejeunea savesiana Stephani (1895: 244) is also a doubtful species and was treated as Lejeunea sp. in Reiner-Drehwald & Grolle (2012)’s review of Rectolejeunea Evans (1906: 8).
Australian species of spore-feeding Thysanoptera in the genera Carientothrips and Nesothrips (Thysanoptera: Idolothripinae)
Authors: EOW LI-XIN , MOUND LAURENCE A , TREE DESLEY J , CAMERON STEPHEN L
Published: June 2014

The species from Australia in the genera Carientothrips and Nesothrips are reviewed and an illustrated key is provided. Carientothrips is distinguished based on the unusual form of the maxillary palps. Two species, badius Hood comb.n. and capricornis Mound comb.n., are transferred to Nesothrips from Carientothrips; and Nesothrips melinus Mound syn.n. is synonymised with Carientothrips miskoi Mound. In Carientothrips the following six new species are described: alienatus sp.n., calami sp.n., horni sp.n., palumai sp.n., snowi sp.n., tasmanica sp.n.; while flavitibia Moulton stat.rev. is recalled from synonymy with C. mjobergi (Karny). In Nesothrips four new species are described: barrowi sp.n., brigalowi sp.n., coorongi sp.n., rossi sp.n.; while rhizophorae (Girault) syn.n. is placed as a synonym of minor Bagnall.
Description, host range and distribution of a new Macrodiplosis species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces leaf-margin fold galls on deciduous Quercus (Fagaceae) with comparative notes on Palaearctic congeners
Authors: KIM WANGGYU , YUKAWA JUNICHI , HARRIS KEITH M , MINAMI TSUNEO , MATSUO KAZUNORI , SKRZYPCZYŃSKA MAŁGORZATA
Published: June 2014

A gall midge that induces upwardly folded leaf-margin galls on Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata (Fagaceae) in Japan and South Korea is described as Macrodiplosis selenis sp. n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). M. selenis is distinguished from Palaearctic congeners by a combination of morphological characters. Genetic differences supported the result of morphological comparison and indicated that M. selenis is closely related to the European M. roboris, whose gall is similar to that of M. selenis.
Morphological diversity and genetic structure within Lerista kalumburu Storr, 1976 (Squamata: Scincomorpha: Sphenomorphidae)—taxonomic implications
Authors: AMEY ANDREW P. , WILMER JESSICA WORTHINGTON
Published: June 2014

Discovery of a population of two-toed Lerista allied to L. kalumburu prompted a morphological and genetic examination of this taxon.  Molecular analysis showed limited divergence and paraphyly of three-toed populations with respect to the two-toed form.  We contend that these populations are best viewed as a single species exhibiting remarkable diversity in limb morphology.  As this prevents successfully identifying the taxon using published keys, we provide a new diagnosis and a redescription of the species.
Cyrtodactylus kunyai (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a new cave-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko from Loei Province, northeastern Thailand
Authors: PAUWELS OLIVIER S.G. , SUMONTHA MONTRI , KEERATIKIAT KAWEESAK , PHANAMPHON EAKARIT
Published: June 2014

We describe a new cave-dwelling Cyrtodactylus from Suan Hin Pha Ngam, Nong Hin District, Loei Province, northeastern Thailand, characterized by a maximal known snout-vent length of 87.9 mm, a banded dorsal pattern with a medially interrupted nuchal loop and four or five brown bands between nuchal loop and hind limb insertions and three bicolored band interspaces between limbs insertions, a dark orangeish iris, a continuous series of enlarged femoro-precloacal scales with 5–6 femoral pores on each side separated by a diastema from 3 precloacal pores in males (no pores in females), 19 irregularly arranged dorsal longitudinal tubercle rows at midbody, 34 ventral scale rows between ventrolateral skin folds, transversely enlarged subcaudal plates, and no precloacal groove.
Olyra saginata, a new species of bagrid catfish (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) from northeastern India
Authors: NG HEOK HEE , LALRAMLIANA LALRAMLIANA , LALTHANZARA HMAR
Published: June 2014

Olyra saginata, new species, is described from the Kaladan [=Kolodyne] River system in Mizoram, northeast India. It differs from congeners in having the following unique combination of characters: interorbital distance 27.9–35.9% HL; 54–66 lateral-line pores; body depth at anus 10.5–12.0% SL; length of adipose-fin base 17.3–22.4% SL; adipose fin separate from upper principal caudal-fin rays; post-adipose distance 11.8–14.3% SL; caudal peduncle length 14.8–17.7% SL; and caudal peduncle depth 7.8–8.9% SL. The taxonomy of congeners is also briefly discussed.
Chakra, a new genus of Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from India, along with description of a new species
Authors: KELOTH RAJMOHANA , KAMALANATHAN VEENAKUMARI
Published: June 2014

A new genus and one new species of Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae) is described and illustrated from India: Chakra Rajmohana and Veenakumari, gen. nov. and Chakra sarvatra Rajmohana and Veenakumari, sp. nov. The new genus is most similar to Opisthacantha Ashmead and differs from it in the presence of a unique sculpture on the head and mesosoma: large and round tubercles separated by sinuous, narrow furrows; the position of lateral ocelli; the dorsally extended prominent interantennal prominence and the fore wing with stigmal and postmarginal veins distinctly longer than the marginal vein.
The prison adjustment of Aboriginal offenders
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Gottschall Shannon
Published: June 2014

This study examined the misconduct of all 18,075 Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders admitted to Canadian federal prisons between 2006 and 2009. We found that Aboriginal prisoners had a higher involvement in incidents of major and minor misconduct than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Consistent with prior prison research, younger prisoners, males, and those with higher levels of risk and dynamic needs had higher involvement in misconduct as perpetrators. By contrast, prisoners who had participated in violence reduction or substance abuse programs were involved in fewer incidents. Both gang involvement and victimization were also robust predictors of prison misconduct. These findings can guide the development of programmatic responses to help offenders develop better skills to adjust to their incarceration and successfully reintegrate in the community following release from prison. Consistent with the Statistics Canada (2013) definition, Aboriginal refers to persons who are Status Indians, Métis peoples (people of mixed Indian and other ethnicities) and Inuit peoples (persons from the far North).
Organizational blind spots: Splitting, blame and idealization in the National Health Service
Authors: Fotaki Marianna , Hyde Paula
Published: June 2014

The article examines the escalation of commitment to failing strategies from a psychodynamic perspective as an affective process connecting organizational, systemic and individual levels. We propose a theory of organizational blind spots to explain how such escalation of commitment occurs. Blind spots develop as an organizational defence mechanism for coping with problems resulting from attempts to implement unrealistic strategy or policy goals. Unrealistic strategic aims mobilize and reinforce blind spots through processes of splitting, blame and idealization, thus enabling organizations to persist with unsuccessful courses of action. Organizational blind spots arise when leadership and/or operational members in organizations are unable to acknowledge unworkable strategies. Vignettes from the National Health Service in England (the NHS) are used to illustrate how blind spots sustain an illusory possibility of success while commitment to a failing strategy escalates. The theory of blind spots offers a novel social-psychological approach to understanding how these dysfunctions of strategy develop and become institutionalized, putting organizations in jeopardy and threatening their survival.
Extending organizational cognition: A conceptual exploration of mental extension in organizations
Authors: Islam Gazi
Published: June 2014

The study of collective cognition has taken many forms in recent years, including collective managerial cognition, organizational learning, shared mental models, transactive memory and psychological climate. However, few studies have confronted the foundational ideas underlying group mentality directly, leaving the concept as largely metaphorical. The current work reviews foundational debates around the conceptual components of group minds to serve as a meta-theoretical heuristic to orient future research. To lay out this framework, conceptual distinctions are drawn between phenomenal, vehicle, content and context elements of cognition. Next, existing approaches are reframed as conjunctions of claims across the four levels, leading to a distinction between configurationalist, situated and extended views of collective cognition. Finally, future research is proposed regarding the interfaces between conceptual levels and the possibility of establishing bona fide group mental entities.
Double-breasting employee voice: An assessment of motives, arrangements and durability
Authors: Dundon Tony , Cullinane Niall , Donaghey Jimmy , Dobbins Tony , Wilkinson Adrian , Hickland Eugene
Published: June 2014

This article explores employee voice within the specific institutional arrangement of double-breasting. Double-breasting is when multi-plant organizations recognize trade unions in some company sites, with non-union arrangements at other company plants, or where a unionized firm acquires a new site that it then operates on a non-union basis. We examine three research questions in four separate case study organizations that operate employee voice double-breasting arrangements across 16 workplace locations on the island of Ireland. These questions consider employer motives for double-breasting, the practices that characterize double-breasting employee voice, and the micro-political implications of double-breasting. The article contributes to knowledge on the emergence and impact of double-breasting and employee voice systems. We subsequently advance two theoretical propositions: the first theorizing employer motives for double-breasting, and the second explaining the extent to which the practice of double-breasting is durable over time.
Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger
Authors: Johnson Genevieve , Connelly Shane
Published: June 2014

Using the emotions as social information (EASI) model, this study investigated the emotional, attitudinal and behavioral reactions to failure feedback by manipulating negative emotional displays (angry, disappointed or none) and the position level and relational distance of the feedback source. Undergraduate students ( N = 260) responded to an organizational failure feedback vignette and completed a subsequent performance task. Results demonstrated that guilt was the complementary emotional experience following displays of disappointment, while reciprocal anger followed displays of anger. These emotional reactions served as important mediators between the emotional displays paired with the feedback message and participant responses of social behaviors, creative task performance and perceptions of the feedback source. In addition, our findings indicated that negative emotions can have positive organizational and interpersonal outcomes. Guilt in response to disappointed displays resulted in beneficial behaviors and attitudes, while anger in response to angry displays was socially detrimental. The emotion displayed during feedback provision also served as a consistent contextual factor that did not interact with the position level or relational distance of the feedback source to impact behavioral and attitudinal reactions. Overall, this study indicates that discrete negative emotions have unique social-functional properties that require further investigation.
Caregiver burden is associated with disability in schizophrenia: Results of a study from a rural setting of south India
Authors: Kumar Channaveerachari N , Suresha Kudumallige K , Thirthalli Jagadisha , Arunachala Udupi , Gangadhar Bangalore N
Published: June 2014

Background:

Taking care of patients with schizophrenia is a major source of burden to the family. Research on burden experienced by family members of patients living in rural communities is sparse.

Methods:

Data were obtained from a community intervention program for psychoses in a rural community of south India, where persons with severe mental disorders were identified, treated and followed up. As part of the program, caregivers of 245 schizophrenia patients were interviewed using the Burden Assessment Schedule. Psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PANSS), treatment status and disability (Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale; IDEAS) experienced by the patients were also assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the influence of different factors on the caregiver burden.

Results:

Level of burden had a significant direct correlation with disability (Pearson’s r = .35; p < .01) and severity of psychopathology ( r = .21; p < .01). Duration of treatment had an inverse correlation with burden (Pearson’s r = −.16; p < .01). Multivariate analysis revealed that total IDEAS score (Beta = .28; t = 4.37; p ≤ .01), duration of treatment (Beta = −.17; t = −2.58; p = .01), age of the family caregiver (Beta = .15; t = 2.4; p = .02) and gender of the patient (Beta = −.13; t = −2.1; p = .04) were significant predictors of burden. The model including total IDEAS score explained 14% of variance (adjusted R2 = .139; p < .01).

Conclusion:

Burden experienced by family caregivers of schizophrenia patients depends on the level of disability experienced by the patient, age of the family caregivers and gender of the patient. Interventions to reduce disability of the patients may reduce the caregiver burden.
Building Knowledge Structures by Testing Helps Children With Mathematical Learning Difficulty
Authors: Zhang Yiyun , Zhou Xinlin
Published: June 2014

Mathematical learning difficulty (MLD) is prevalent in the development of mathematical abilities. Previous interventions for children with MLD have focused on number sense or basic mathematical skills. This study investigated whether mathematical performance of fifth grade children with MLD could be improved by developing knowledge structures by testing using a web-based curriculum learning system. A total of 142 children with MLD were recruited; half of the children were in the experimental group (using the system), and the other half were in the control group (not using the system). The children were encouraged to use the web-based learning system at home for at least a 15-min session, at least once a week, for one and a half months. The mean accumulated time of testing on the system for children in the experimental group was 56.2 min. Children in the experimental group had significantly higher scores on their final mathematical examination compared to the control group. The results suggest that web-based curriculum learning through testing that promotes the building of knowledge structures for a mathematical course was helpful for children with MLD.
Civic Orientation in Cultures of Privilege
Authors: Ballard Parissa J. , Caccavale Laura , Buchanan Christy M.
Published: June 2014

The context of privilege provides unique opportunities and challenges for youth civic development. A mixed-method approach was used to examine links between school-based community service, school climate, and civic orientation among students in cultures of privilege. Surveys completed by students ( N = 376) at two private high schools—one with an extracurricular community service requirement and one without—suggest that students in the school without the service requirement report similar, and in some cases more positive, civic attitudes than students from the school with the requirement. Focus-group data indicated that the service requirement was viewed positively, but illuminated other school experiences that might promote community orientation in cultures of privilege, such as an emphasis on global awareness and making civic priorities fundamental to school identity.
Tourism Satellite Account Support Using Online Analytical Processing
Authors: Giannopoulos Konstantinos , Boutsinas Basilis
Published: June 2014

The 10 tables in the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) framework store a significant amount of data. These data when broken down are able to support significantly more statistical analysis. However, sophisticated software is needed, not only for the efficient processing of and access to the data but also for the effective extraction of the information needed in a user-friendly, consistent, and efficient manner. This enforces researchers and tourism actors in the use of tourism statistics and thus supports future research and decision making. To achieve this, we have developed a Tourism Information System application using Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), the “TSA-OLAP Model,” based on commercial “off-the-shelf” software to ensure worldwide access. Additionally, through the OLAP process, we probe deeply in TSA’s information and identify extended methodological and/or theoretical issues of TSA. Thus, we discuss the future research and development of the TSA framework driven by the TSA-OLAP model.
The Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management (SESAM) Model
Authors: Knobloch-Westerwick Silvia
Published: June 2014

The present contribution aims to advance discussion toward theoretical and methodological shifts in the field by tailoring a media-effects model to selective exposure research. The first section reviews earlier theorizing and highlights media exposure motivations, conceptualizations of media user characteristics, and methodology with an emphasis on exposure measures. The second section develops the Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management (SESAM) model, which is based on the selective exposure paradigm and addresses the roles of the self, affect, motivations, and time. The third section illustrates applications of the model with analyses involving messages about race, politics, and health.
Multiple sensor estimation using a new fifth-degree cubature information filter
Authors: Jia Bin , Xin Ming
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a new class of cubature information filters (CIF) is proposed for multiple sensor estimation. This new CIF generalizes the conventional third-degree CIF to attain higher estimation accuracy using a class of higher-degree cubature integration rules including the fifth-degree Mysovskikh’s spherical rule and the arbitrary degree radial rule. The statistical linear error propagation method is utilized to incorporate the high-degree cubature rule into the extended information filtering framework such that more accurate estimation can be achieved than the extended information filter. It also outperforms the unscented information filter as well as the particle filter. In addition, the high-degree CIF maintains close performance to the Gauss–Hermite information filter but uses significantly fewer quadrature points. As a result, the curse of the dimensionality problem existing in the tensor product-based Gauss–Hermite information filter can be greatly alleviated. Besides the improved estimation accuracy and computation efficiency, the high-degree CIF also exhibits the desirable robustness under unknown noise statistics. The proposed CIF is compared with other information filters via the state estimation of a two-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor and a target tracking problem, and demonstrates the best performance.
Wavelet-based prognosis for fault-tolerant control of induction motor with stator and speed sensor faults
Authors: Gaied Khalaf Salloum
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a wavelet-based prognosis technique for fault-tolerant control (FTC) of an induction motor (IM) drive. The wavelet is used for analysis in fault detection due to its good filtering characteristics, localized capability and superior de-noising. The fault-tolerant algorithm is applied to a 1-kW IM to maintain the performance of the machine at an acceptable level. The FTC algorithm has been implemented in a new topology to ensure the best performance recovery in case of open and short stator winding faults, as well as speed sensor faults. In the worst-case scenario of operation, a protection stage has been implemented to stop motor operation. Experimental results demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the technique for diagnosis and prognosis of stator and speed sensor faults. The Texas Instrument TMS 320F28335 is used for the real-time implementation of the proposed wavelet-based prognosis and the FTC of the IM drive under different fault situations.
Which Analysts Lead the Herd in Stock Recommendations?
Authors: Booth Laurence , Chang Bin , Zhou Jun
Published: June 2014

This article identifies a leader–follower relationship in stock recommendations and documents the characteristics of lead analysts. We develop a metric for identifying lead analysts based on the observation that lead analysts have directed a “path” for the consensus in the past year. We find that recommendations are more likely to direct a path for the consensus when they are issued by lead analysts, accompanied by concurrent earnings forecast in the same direction from the same analysts, away from the consensus, followed by price momentum, issued on large and high growth firms, and issued by analysts from large brokers with less frequent recommendations. This result still holds even after controlling for public information, excluding news announcement dates, Regulation Fair Disclosure legislation, and other robustness checks. Empirical analysis shows that there is a greater market reaction to the recommendations of lead analysts than others.
Intracranial Facial Nerve Crush Injury and Facial Motor Nuclei Cell Loss in Rats
Authors: Amine Muhamad , Foecking Eileen M. , Marzo Sam J.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to (1) assess the degree of motoneuron cell loss and (2) the combinatorial effects of electrical stimulation (ES) and testosterone propionate (TP) on cell survival following an intracranial facial nerve crush injury and (3) compare these results to distal injuries.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: intracranial sham surgery or intracranial crush injury with or without ES and TP treatments. The intracranial sham group underwent exposure of the meatal segment of the right facial nerve. The intracranial crush groups underwent a crush of the meatal segment following exposure with or without ES and TP treatment immediately following the injury and followed for 8 weeks. Brain sections were thionin‐stained, and facial motor nuclei (FMN) were counted using light microscopy. Results were compared to intratemporal and extracranial facial nerve crush injuries.

Results

Intracranial crush injury resulted in a significant decrease in cell survival (n = 6) of 65.6% as compared to the sham group (99.4%; n = 9). The treatments increased cell survival to 93.8% (n = 2). The cell loss in the intracranial facial nerve injury is more substantial than the intratemporal (85.8%; n = 7) and extracranial (103.3%; n = 4) injuries.

Conclusions

Intracranial injury results in a more profound cell loss compared to the distal injuries. These data suggest a critical importance for the development of treatment modalities that can help improve cell survival following facial nerve injuries.
Posterior pericardiotomy in cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ali-Hassan-Sayegh Sadegh , Mirhosseini Seyed Jalil , Liakopoulos Oliver , Sabashnikov Anton , Dehghan Hamid Reza , Sedaghat-Hamedani Farbod , Kayvanpour Elham , Ghaffari Naser , Vahabzadeh Vahid , Aghabagheri Mahdi , Mozayan Mohammad Reza , Popov Aron-Frederik
Published: June 2014

This systematic review with meta-analysis sought to determine the impact of posterior pericardiotomy on incidences of atrial fibrillation and supraventricular arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, tamponade, and the length of hospital stay after cardiac surgery. We searched for randomized controlled trials, using Medline, Embase, Elsevier and Sciences online databases as well as Google Scholar literature. The effect sizes measured were odds ratio for categorical variables and standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval for calculating differences between mean values of hospital stay in intervention and control groups. A value of p < 0.1 for Q test or I2 > 50% indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. The literature search of all major databases retrieved 20 studies. After screening, 12 suitable trials were identified, which reported outcomes of 2052 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Posterior pericardiotomy had an odds ratio of 0.33 [95% confidence interval: 0.18–0.61] p < 0.001 for atrial fibrillation; odds ratio 0.32 [0.15–0.67] p = 0.003 for supraventricular arrhythmias; odds ratio 0.09 [0.04–0.19] p = 0.000 for early pericardial effusion and odds ratio 0.04 [0.02–0.08] p < 0.001 for late pericardial effusion; odds ratio 1.64 [1.23–2.20] p = 0.001 for pleural effusion, odds ratio 0.07 [0.02–0.27] p < 0.001 for tamponade, and standard mean difference = 0.01 [−0.12 to 0.14] p = 0.8 for hospital stay. Posterior pericardiotomy is a simple intraoperative technique that can improve postoperative clinical outcomes. However, the incidence of pleural effusion associated with posterior pericardiotomy might be higher.
Lung cancer developing from tracheal bronchus
Authors: Sezen Celal Bugra , Celik Ali , Fazlioglu Mithat , Memis Leyla , Tastepe Abdullah Irfan
Published: June 2014

Tracheal bronchus is a rare congenital anomaly of the bronchial tree, in which an aberrant bronchus originates in the trachea anywhere above the carina, but usually within 2 cm of it. Lung neoplasms that develop from tracheal bronchus have been identified only rarely. We present a case of tracheal bronchus that included a malignancy of the affected right upper lobe. The post-surgical histological stage was T4N0M0 stage IIIA. The patient was in good condition 24 months after the operation, and there was no evidence of recurrence. Before 2012, 14 cases of lung cancer that developed from tracheal bronchus had been reported.
1914: The German War?
Authors: Neilson Keith
Published: June 2014

In the one hundred years that have passed since July 1914 the origins of the First World War have been continuously contested. This article reviews the debate and takes stock of the recent literature. Its first part outlines how the various explanations for the occurrence of the war came about and sketches the main contentions of these interpretations. The second part of the article considers the historical writing that provides the contextual foundations for the work on the origins of the war itself. The arms races, alliances and foreign policies of the powers involved are outlined and their relevance for the assumptions about the origins of the war is assessed. The article reviews the more prominent recent work on the July crisis in this context and evaluates the contrasting new interpretations. The essay concludes with suggestions as to what is required in further scholarship dealing with the topic.
The Société Typographique de Neuchâtel (STN) and the Politics of the Book Trade in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1769–1789
Authors: Seaward Louise
Published: June 2014

Disseminating literature in eighteenth-century Europe was an immense and intricate undertaking. This article concentrates on a somewhat neglected facet of the print trade during this age; namely the role and significance of political support and protection. Making use of the extant records of an eighteenth-century publishing house, this article highlights how government agents collaborated and cooperated with book traders. The Société typographique de Neuchâtel was a Swiss publishing business which harnessed the power of government agents from across the continent by enlisting their assistance as commercial intermediaries. Whilst the capabilities, willingness and opportunities available to these individuals limited the scope of their actions, they were nevertheless participants in a network of patronage which helped to sustain the international print trade of eighteenth-century Europe.
Mechanisms involved in attenuated cardio-protective role of ischemic preconditioning in metabolic disorders
Authors: Rana A , Goyal N , Ahlawat A , Jamwal S , Reddy BVK , Sharma S
Published: June 2014

Myocardial infarction is a pathological state which occurs due to severe abrogation of the blood supply (ischemia) to a part of heart, which can cause myocardial damage. The short intermittent cycles of sub-lethal ischemia and reperfusion has shown to improve the tolerance of the myocardium against subsequent prolonged ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury, which is known as ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Although, IPC-induced cardioprotection is well demonstrated in various species, including human beings, accumulated evidence clearly suggests critical abrogation of the beneficial effects of IPC in diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. Various factors are involved in the attenuation of the cardioprotective effect of preconditioning, such as the reduced release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the over-expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), impairment of mito-KATP channels, the consequent opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), etc. In this review, we have critically discussed the various signaling pathways involved in abrogated preconditioning in chronic diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. We have also focused on the involvement of PTEN in abrogated preconditioning and the significance of PTEN inhibitors.
The use of balanced HES 130/0.42 during complex cardiac surgery; effect on blood coagulation and fluid balance: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Schramko A , Suojaranta-Ylinen R , Niemi T , Pesonen E , Kuitunen A , Raivio P , Salmenperä M
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

Colloids and crystalloid are used during cardiac surgery for priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. Colloids may decrease postoperative fluid balance because of their high oncotic pressure and low risk of fluid extravasation. On the other hand, colloids have been shown to impair blood coagulation.

Materials and methods:

In a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, 50 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting or a valve procedure were planned to be randomized to receive either balanced 6% HES130/0.42 or Ringer-acetate solution for CPB priming. Randomization was stopped prematurely after 35 randomized patients (19 in the HES and 16 in the Ringer groups) because of the published report where HES130/0.42 was associated with impaired renal function. Effects on haemostasis and fluid balance were investigated.

Results:

The rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) parameters and chest tube drainage on the first postoperative morning (1POM) were comparable between the groups (p>0.05). However, patients in the HES group needed more blood and blood product transfusions. The total volume administered into the CPB circuit was lower in the HES than in the Ringer (RIN) group, 2905±1049 mL versus 3973±1207 mL (p=0.011), but there was no statistically significant difference in total fluid balance on the 1POM (5086±1660 mL in the HES group versus 5850±1514 mL in the RIN group, respectively).

Conclusions:

After complex cardiac surgery, the use of balanced 6% HES130/0.42 solution for CPB circuit priming did not impair haemostasis measured by ROTEM®, but it increased the need for transfusions. Fluid balance after CPB was less positive in the HES group, but, on the 1POM, it was comparable between the groups.
The Fukushima nuclear accident and Japan’s civil society: Context, reactions, and policy impacts
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi
Published: June 2014

The Fukushima nuclear accident raised important questions concerning Japan’s civil society: first, what was the role of civil society prior to the accident; second, what were civil society’s reactions to the accident; third, what impact has civil society had on Japan’s nuclear policies following the accident. Focusing on societal, organizational, and local community-level activities, this article explores these questions analyzing documents and news clippings pertinent to the accident, participant observations of protest activities, and a comparative analysis of Japan’s nuclear policies with Germany’s policy shift. The relative weakness of civil society provided the context for the accident. After the accident, however, energetic citizen protests became frequent. The structures around which protests and public demonstrations were organized changed substantially over time. Civil society has begun to influence public policy, and is fostering a deeper public discourse, while advancing policy proposals.
Place-based development strategies: Possibilities, dilemmas and ongoing debates
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Bentley Gill
Published: June 2014

This article concludes the special issue – (Re)appraising place-based economic development strategies – by weaving together some of the key strands explored, debated and examined by each contribution. The place-based meta-approach is far from an uncontested concept. It may be more accurately understood (and more efficiently practised) as an innumerable range of place-based economic strategies – each one connected by some common attributes, which could form an ideal-typical place-based policy model, although each approach to place-based development is likely to be contextually distinct. Actualising a place-based mode of thinking shapes how places are understood, conceptualised and codified, which can have significant implications for the formulation of policy and the implementation of development initiatives. The article also identifies some of the most pertinent research gaps, as we conclude by exploring potential future directions as part of the ongoing search for solutions to addressing uneven patterns of development. In many ways, the search has only just begun. Theories and philosophical presuppositions will be challenged, concepts will be deconstructed and reconstructed, machineries of governance will be remodelled, policies will be recast and practice will be recalibrated. Consequently, a continued (re)appraisal of place-based endeavours will be necessary if we are to achieve a qualitative improvement in the present situation marked by an unequal and unsustainable global society.
Dose reduction for chest CT: comparison of two iterative reconstruction techniques
Authors: Pourjabbar Sarvenaz , Singh Sarabjeet , Kulkarni Naveen , Muse Victorine , Digumarthy Subba R , Khawaja Ranish Deedar Ali , Padole Atul , Do Synho , Kalra Mannudeep K
Published: June 2014

Background

Lowering radiation dose in computed tomography (CT) scan results in low quality noisy images. Iterative reconstruction techniques are used currently to lower image noise and improve the quality of images.

Purpose

To evaluate lesion detection and diagnostic acceptability of chest CT images acquired at CTDIvol of 1.8 mGy and processed with two different iterative reconstruction techniques.

Material and Methods

Twenty-two patients (mean age, 60 ± 14 years; men, 13; women, 9; body mass index, 27.4 ± 6.5 kg/m2) gave informed consent for acquisition of low dose (LD) series in addition to the standard dose (SD) chest CT on a 128 - multidetector CT (MDCT). LD images were reconstructed with SafeCT C4, L1, and L2 settings, and Safire S1, S2, and S3 settings. Three thoracic radiologists assessed LD image series (S1, S2, S3, C4, L1, and L2) for lesion detection and comparison of lesion margin, visibility of normal structures, and diagnostic confidence with SD chest CT. Inter-observer agreement (kappa) was calculated.

Results

Average CTDIvol was 6.4 ± 2.7 mGy and 1.8 ± 0.2 mGy for SD and LD series, respectively. No additional lesion was found in SD as compared to LD images. Visibility of ground-glass opacities and lesion margins, as well as normal structures visibility were not affected on LD. CT image visibility of major fissure and pericardium was not optimal in some cases ( n = 5). Objective image noise in some low dose images processed with SafeCT and Safire was similar to SD images ( P value > 0.5).

Conclusion

Routine LD chest CT reconstructed with iterative reconstruction technique can provide similar diagnostic information in terms of lesion detection, margin, and diagnostic confidence as compared to SD, regardless of the iterative reconstruction settings.
Computer-aided detection system for chest radiography: reducing report turnaround times of examinations with abnormalities
Authors: Kao E-Fong , Liu Gin-Chung , Lee Lo-Yeh , Tsai Huei-Yi , Jaw Twei-Shiun
Published: June 2014

Background

The ability to give high priority to examinations with pathological findings could be very useful to radiologists with large work lists who wish to first evaluate the most critical studies. A computer-aided detection (CAD) system for identifying chest examinations with abnormalities has therefore been developed.

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of a CAD system on report turnaround times of chest examinations with abnormalities.

Material and Methods

The CAD system was designed to automatically mark chest examinations with possible abnormalities in the work list of radiologists interpreting chest examinations. The system evaluation was performed in two phases: two radiologists interpreted the chest examinations without CAD in phase 1 and with CAD in phase 2. The time information recorded by the radiology information system was then used to calculate the turnaround times. All chest examinations were reviewed by two other radiologists and were divided into normal and abnormal groups. The turnaround times for the examinations with pathological findings with and without the CAD system assistance were compared.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of the CAD for chest abnormalities were 0.790 and 0.697, respectively, and use of the CAD system decreased the turnaround time for chest examinations with abnormalities by 44%.

Conclusion

The turnaround times required for radiologists to identify chest examinations with abnormalities could be reduced by using the CAD system. This system could be useful for radiologists with large work lists who wish to first evaluate the most critical studies.
Required skills for children's and youth librarians in the digital age
Authors: Hamada Dalia , Stavridi Sylvia
Published: June 2014

We are living in a world that is changing rapidly due to the technological revolution and, as such, both libraries and librarians seem to be struggling to maintain their traditional roles. It is essential to respond to and integrate this new technology into library services, while maintaining the traditional role of librarians. In an age where knowledge and information are delivered in a fast paced mode, it is essential to re-evaluate the core competencies for librarians serving children and young adults. This paper presents a literature review of the key skills required for librarians in a digital era and the ALA competencies of librarians working with children and young adults. The paper also presents the feedback of nine librarians, working at the children's and young adult libraries at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, on a survey that listed the essential skills required for them to serve their users in the best possible way. The skills were divided according to the age group and nine librarians responded to the survey by checking the skills they viewed as essential for a children's or young adults’ librarian. Finally, it presents a list of skills and competencies essential to our roles in providing access to information in a fast-changing digital age.
Mentoring librarians for scholarly publishing
Authors: Namhila Ellen Ndeshi
Published: June 2014

This paper illustrates the experiences of the University of Namibia (UNAM) Library in demonstrating that librarians in its employment are, indeed, academic staff by research and publications and by performing academic support functions for researchers, students, faculties and centres. This was tested through the UNAM Library capacity building project initiative in partnership with the Helsinki University (HU) Library and Tampere University (UTA) Library, in Finland. The learning objectives of this collaborative project were to improve competencies of UNAM Library staff so that they are able to function expertly and competently in an academic environment and to evidently assert their position as academic staff. The approach applied in this collaborative capacity building project included staff exchanges to share best practices; joint seminars, meetings and mentorship programs with research as a cross cutting issue in all the areas. Staff members were encouraged to think critically about what they have learned, how it contributes to their work at UNAM and to develop their research skills. One of the highlights of this collaborative project is a book with the title Empowering People – Collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries. The book provides evidence to the librarians themselves as well to the university community that research and scholarly communication is equally a part and parcel of the librarians’ work.
An overview of libraries in France
Authors: Andissac Marie-Noëlle , Blin Frédéric , Blot-Julienne Grégor , Claerr Thierry , Jacquet Amandine , Lahary Dominique , Verdy Danièle , Verneuil Anne
Published: June 2014

The paper presents an overview of the various types of libraries in France, including public libraries, academic and research libraries, other types of libraries, documentation, France’s library policy and the library staff and professional association environment The paper is based on a chapter from Les bibliothèques en Europe, projets, perspectives, (Libraries in Europe, Projects and Prospects) by Frederic Blin and Thierry Claerr, Paris, Editions du Cercle de la Librairie, 2013, with kind permission of the publisher and authors.
Co-production of activated carbon, fuel-gas, and oil from the pyrolysis of corncob mixtures with wet and dried sewage sludge
Authors: Shao Linlin , Jiang Wenbo , Feng Li , Zhang Liqiu
Published: June 2014

This study explored the amount and composition of pyrolysis gas and oil derived from wet material or dried material during the preparation of sludge-corncob activated carbon, and evaluated the physicochemical and surface properties of the obtained two types of sludge-corncob-activated carbons. For wet material, owing to the presence of water, the yields of sludge-corncob activated carbon and the oil fraction slightly decreased while the yield of gases increased. The main pyrolysis gas compounds were H2 and CO2, and more H2 was released from wet material than dried material, whereas the opposite holds for CO2. Heterocyclics, nitriles, organic acids, and steroids were the major components of pyrolysis oil. Furthermore, the presence of water in wet material reduced the yield of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 6.76% to 5.43%. The yield of furfural, one of heterocyclics, increased sharply from 3.51% to 21.4%, which could be explained by the enhanced hydrolysis of corncob. In addition, the surface or chemical properties of the two sludge-corncob activated carbons were almost not affected by the moisture content of the raw material, although their mesopore volume and diameter were different. In addition, the adsorption capacities of the two sludge-corncob activated carbons towards Pb and nitrobenzene were nearly identical.
On Negative Genesis – The Role of Dyadic and Network Attributes in the Emergence of Hostile Relationships
Authors: Roda Renato
Published: June 2014

In spite of the currently growing interest in the study of negative relationships, little is known about the processes that influence the emergence of negative ties. This paper presents the results of an empirical test of the theory of “Hostile Ties” proposed by Davide Barrera, about the probability of hostile tie’s creation as consequence of the dyad’s and the network’s attributes, in relation to the degree of functional interdependence in the considered network. Using the data of a research about relationships among high school students, I have tested a series of multilevel logistic models, estimating the probability of the emergence of a negative tie at time t2, as a function of the theory inspired predictors measured at time t1. Our results confirm the importance of good relational assets as a shield against new hostile ties. On the other hand, the propositions about dyadic and network attributes role are not corroborated.
Invitation Design Elements in Web Surveys – Can One Ignore Interactions?
Authors: Mavletova Aigul , Deviatko Inna , Maloshonok Natalia
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates the effects on response and breakoff rates in Web surveys of e-mail invitation design elements including: subject line, estimated survey duration, and invitation length. The analysis is focused not only on the main effects, but also on an issue which has not yet been studied systematically: interaction effects between these design elements. A factorial complete block design Web experiment – among students, faculty, and administrative staff at the Higher School of Economics in Russia – varying the estimated length of the survey (10 vs. 20 minutes), subject line (formal “monitoring” vs. informal “help” request), and invitation length (short vs. long) was conducted. We discuss the results of the experiment and argue that we should not ignore interaction effects between design elements to understand response in Web surveys more thoroughly.