bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface-wave damping in a brimful circular cylinder
Authors: MARTEL CARLOS , NICOLÁS JOSÉ A. , VEGA JOSÉ M.
Published: July 2002

The natural frequencies and damping rates of surface waves in a
circular cylinder
with pinned-end boundary conditions are calculated in terms of the gravitational

Reynolds and Bond numbers, C−1 and B,
and the
slenderness of the cylinder Λ, in the limit C→0. We
consider
higher-order approximations that include the effect
of viscous dissipation in the Stokes boundary layers and the bulk. A comparison

with clean-surface experiments by Henderson & Miles (1994) shows a
satisfactory
agreement except for the first axisymmetric mode, which exhibits a 26%
discrepancy.
The much larger dramatic discrepancy of former theoretical predictions
is hereby
improved and explained.
Nonlinear evolution of the elliptical instability:
an example of inertial wave breakdown
Authors: MASON D. M. , KERSWELL R. R.
Published: July 2002

A direct numerical simulation is presented of an elliptical instability observed in
the laboratory within an elliptically distorted, rapidly rotating, fluid-filled cylinder
(Malkus 1989). Generically, the instability manifests itself as the pairwise resonance
of two different inertial modes with the underlying elliptical flow. We study in
detail the simplest ‘subharmonic’ form of the instability where the waves are a
complex conjugate pair and which at weakly supercritical elliptical distortion should
ultimately saturate at some finite amplitude (Waleffe 1989; Kerswell 1992). Such
states have yet to be experimentally identified since the flow invariably breaks down
to small-scale disorder. Evidence is presented here to support the argument that such
weakly nonlinear states are never seen because they are either unstable to secondary
instabilities at observable amplitudes or neighbouring competitor elliptical instabilities
grow to ultimately disrupt them. The former scenario confirms earlier work (Kerswell
1999) which highlights the generic instability of inertial waves even at very small
amplitudes. The latter represents a first numerical demonstration of two competing
elliptical instabilities co-existing in a bounded system.
Continuous solutions of the hydrodynamic approach to cosmic-ray propagation
Authors: KO CHUNG-MING
Published: July 2002

A hydrodynamic approach is employed to study a cosmic-ray–plasma
system, which comprises thermal plasma, cosmic rays and two oppositely propagating
Alfvén waves. The hydrodynamic approach is a good approximation in dealing
with the structure or dynamics of the system. In this paper, we concentrate on
the steady-state structures of the system, in particular, structures with continuous
(or smooth) profiles. Three mechanisms are responsible for the energy exchange
between different components. They are work done by plasma flow via pressure
gradients, cosmic-ray streaming instability and stochastic acceleration. The interplay
between these mechanisms generates several morphologically different structures.
They may be divided into two categories: one looks like the test-particle
picture and the other looks like a modified shock. Very often the profiles are non-monotonic,
which is in sharp contrast to systems with only thermal plasma and
cosmic rays, whose flow velocity (and cosmic-ray pressure) profiles are always monotonically
decreasing (and increasing).
Plasma properties in a high-pressure gas mixture for a plasma display panel
Authors: UHM HAN S. , CHOI EUN H. , CHO GUANSUP , WHANG KI W.
Published: July 2002

Electrical breakdown in a mixed gas is investigated. The plasma at breakdown
is evaluated in terms of the mole fraction χ. The optimum condition for the
highest plasma density is described in terms of the ionization energy and collisional
cross-section of the mixed gas. The optimum mole fraction for the highest plasma
density is found to be χ = 0.03 for the case of plasma generation in neon gas mixed
with xenon for a plasma display panel. The optimum condition for the highest
number of electronic excitations is also obtained.
Order and chaos in the magnetic electron drift vortex mode
Authors: MIRZA ARSHAD M. , SHUKLA PADMA K. , YU M. Y. , STENFLO LENNART
Published: July 2002

Ordered structures as well as chaotic motion of the magnetic electron
drift vortex
(MEDV) mode in a unmagnetized nonuniform plasma are discussed. In the collisionless

limit, the nonlinear MEDV waves can self-organize into dipolar vortices

or vortex chains. The latter exist in the regime where dipolar vortices
are forbidden.
When dissipation is included, the governing equations for the MEDV mode
can be
cast into the form of the Lorenz equations, so that chaotic solutions can
exist.
Gasdynamic description of electron-beam flying-off in a plasma
Authors: MEL'NIK V. N. , KONTAR E. P.
Published: July 2002

The propagation of one and two electron beams in a plasma is considered
in the case
when the source is time-dependent. When the electron-plasmon interaction
time
is assumed to be much less than the electron flying-off time, the main
gasdynamic
equations are obtained on the basis of the quasilinear theory of weak turbulence.

The solution for a monoenergetic beam is a beam–plasma structure
moving with
constant velocity. In general, two beams propagate as two beam–plasma
structures
with constant velocities. However, the second electron beam influences the
flying-off
dynamics of both beams. This peculiar interaction modifies the shapes of
the
structures.
Instability of tangential discontinuities in pinching plasmas
Authors: TSYBENKO S. P.
Published: July 2002

A new mechanism for the formation of pinching plasma instability related to a
tangential discontinuity is discussed. With this in mind we use a simple
model of the Davydov–Zakharov class. It appears that there is a strong dependence
of the instability increment on current density, resulting from the corresponding
dispersion relation. Modulation of a current pulse is shown to be a possible way of
stabilizing powerful discharges.
The degradation rates of cytoplasmic tRNA, rRNA and

mRNA in rats are elevated after infection with

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: TOPP H. , DUDEN R. , STEPHAN U. , SCHÖCH G.
Published: July 2002

The effects of a parasitic infection with the nematode

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis on the degradation

rates of cytoplasmic

tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in rats have been investigated by

measuring the renal excretion rates of the modified RNA

catabolites N6-threoninocarbonyladenosine,

pseudouridine and 7-methylguanine. Between days 9 and 13

post-infection

when the expulsion of N. brasiliensis is usually

the most pronounced, the degradation rates of the different

RNA classes were significantly higher than in the control rats

(P<0·05) by, on average, +24% (tRNA),

+34% (rRNA) and +26% (mRNA). We suspect that the elevated

degradation rates of RNA are related to an increased production

of reactive oxygen

species by the host during the expulsion of N. brasiliensis.
A second peak of egg excretion in Strongyloides
ratti-infected rats: its origin and biological meaning
Authors: KIMURA E. , SHINTOKU Y. , KADOSAKA T. , FUJIWARA M. , KONDO S. , ITOH M.
Published: July 2002

In Strongyloides ratti-infected rats, 2 peaks of egg excretion were observed; a large one with maximum egg production
on days 7–8 of infection and a small more inconspicuous one around day 25. The second peak, which had been ignored
in most studies, was produced by adults in the caecum and the colon. The adults were larger in length and had more
embryonated eggs in the uterus compared with adults in the small intestine at day 25 post-infection. It is suggested that
parasitic adults once expelled from the small intestine resettle and recover in the large intestine. Filter paper faecal culture
carried out for 9 days at different days post-infection revealed that the total number of infective larvae that developed
during the second peak was twice the number that developed during the first peak, despite the fact that total egg output
during the second peak was less than one twentieth of the first peak. The results suggest that the small second peak was
as important as the first one in the transmission of S. ratti.
Time and Interrogative Logical Form
Authors: Somerville James
Published: July 2002

Despite some talk of ‘erotetic logic’ and ‘the logic of interrogatives’, logicians have hitherto completely overlooked the peculiar logical form of questions, also shared by interrogative clauses generally. Of relevance to an understanding of time are those interrogative clauses that are janus-like: sometimes raising a question, sometimes answering it—which can then no longer arise. Since a closed question can no longer arise, it might seem that simply the passing of time turns an open into a closed question. Instead, the passing of time itself can be understood as the closing or resolution of open questions, of the determination of what is not fixed but as yet in question.
Personality and risk of cancer in men with coronary heart disease
Authors: DENOLLET JOHAN
Published: July 2002

Background. There still is much debate with regard to

the role of psychosocial factors in cancer.
Evidence suggests that cancer and coronary heart disease (CHD) may have
common causes. This
study examined the role of pessimism, anxiety and personality
in the development of cancer among
men who had been diagnosed with CHD but were free of cancer at baseline.

Methods. Two hundred and forty-six men who were treated for
CHD,
but were free of cancer, filled
out psychological scales at baseline. Patients and their families were

contacted after 6–10 years to determine the incidence of cancer.

Results. At follow-up, 12 patients (5%) had been diagnosed

with cancer (9 cancer deaths).
Development of cancer was unrelated to cardiac pathology but was associated
with age
[ges ]56 years, poor exercise tolerance, pessimism and anxiety. The rate

of cancer was 8/60=13% for men with
a distressed personality (type-D) and 4/186=2% for non-type-D men
(P=0·002); rate of cancer
death was 10% and 2%, respectively (P=0·007). Type-D
refers to the interaction between high
negative affectivity and high social inhibition. Regression analysis
yielded older age (odds ratio 4·6,
95% CI 1·5–14·3) and type-D (odds ratio 7·2,

95% CI 2·9–18·1) as independent prognostic factors

for cancer.

Conclusions. Type-D personality was a prognostic factor for

the development of cancer in men with
established CHD. Psychosomatic research should take a broad enough
view of the specific and the
global psychosocial variables that may play a role in both cancer and CHD.
Arabic ‘June’ (brutuyūn) and ‘July’ (istiriyūn) in Norman Sicily
Authors: JOHNS JEREMY
Published: July 2002

In Arabic documents issued by the dīwān of the Norman kings of Sicily during the twelfth century, brutuyūn and istiriyūn mean, respectively, ‘June’ and ‘July’. The geographer al-Idrīsī, who completed the Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq in Palermo in 1154, also uses istiriyūn for ‘July’. These month-names are derived from Greek *Πρωτοϊούνης, literally ‘first June’, i.e. June, and *Ύστεροϊούνης, literally ‘second June’, i.e. July. The linguistic circumstances in which the coining may have occurred are discussed.
Shaping, channelling, and distributing testosterone in social systems
Authors: Cohen Dov
Published: July 2002

Culture and social structure may affect the
testosterone–behavior link by shaping the way
we construe events; by muting, channelling, or amplifying
the drives that testosterone produces; and by affecting the
distribution and level of testosterone in various parts of the
population. Research on testosterone, culture, and social
class has produced suggestive results, opening broad areas
for research.
Things are what they seem
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: July 2002

The learnability of features and their dependence on task and
context do not rule out the possibility that primitives used for
constructing new features are as small as pixels, nor that they are as
large as object parts, or even entire objects. In fact, the simplest
approach to feature acquisition may be to treat objects not as if they
are composed of unknown primitives according to unknown rules, but
rather as if they are what they seem: patterns of atomic features,
standing in various similarity relationships to other objects, which
serve as holistic features.
Steps to a neurochemistry of personality
Authors: Lawrence Andrew D. , Koepp Matthias J. , Gunn Roger N. , Cunningham Vincent J. , Grasby Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins's (D&C's) work relies on
extrapolation from data obtained through studies in experimental
animals, and needs support from studies of the role of dopamine (DA)
neurotransmission in human behaviour. Here we review evidence from two
sources: (1) studies of patients with Parkinson's disease and (2)
positron emission tomography (PET) studies of DA neurotransmission,
which we believe lend support to Depue & Collins's theory,
and which can potentially form the basis for a true neurochemistry of
personality.
Bifurcations at $\infty$ in a model for 1:4 resonance
Authors: KRAUSKOPF BERND
Published: July 2002

The equation $\dot{z} = e^{i \alpha} z + e^{i \varphi} z |z|^2 + b \bar{z}^3$
models a map near a Hopf bifurcation with 1:4 resonance. It is a conjecture
by V. I. Arnol'd that this equation contains all versal unfoldings of
${\Bbb Z}_4$-equivariant planar vector fields. We study its bifurcations at
$\infty$ and show that the singularities of codimension two unfold versally
in a neighborhood. We give an unfolding of the codimension-three singularity
for $b=1$, $\varphi=3\pi/2$ and $\alpha=0$ in the system parameters and use
numerical methods to study global phenomena to complete the description of
the behavior near $\infty$. Our results are evidence in support of the
conjecture.
The very best of James Brown?
Authors: Ford Charlie
Published: July 2002

Certain critical voices, typically in the world of jazz, have suggested that reissuing alternate takes can be both aesthetically and ethically disrespectful to the artists' and producers' original decisions about the relative value of the various takes. This point of view is, for example, exhibited on ESP discs, which all bear the slogan ‘THE ARTISTS ALONE DECIDE WHAT YOU WILL HEAR ON THEIR ESP-DISK’. In other words, when Charlie Parker recorded ‘Parker's Mood’, and the studio team decided to issue only one take, should we be able to listen to the other four that they rejected, but which were all released by Savoy on The Charlie Parker Memorial Albums?
Electron correlation versus stabilization of atoms
in intense laser pulses
Authors: CECCHERINI F. , BAUER D. , MULSER P.
Published: July 2002

We present a numerical study of the stabilization
process for a fully correlated two-electron model atom
in an intense laser pulse. A comparison with calculations
for a “real” 3D He atom is also done. We concentrate
on the very high frequency regime, where the photon energy
exceeds the ionization energy of both electrons, outer
and inner. Our results show that when correlation
effects are included the ionization probability (IP) is
enhanced. Nevertheless, we still observe a decreasing IP
within a certain intensity domain. The results from the
fully correlated simulations are compared with those from
simpler, approximate models. The full numerical treatment
for the He atom is not yet possible. We therefore present
results obtained with “single active electron”
approximation and time-dependent density functional theory.
Our numerical simulations can be useful for the future
understanding of the stabilization phenomenon for more-than-one
electron atoms.
A TEST OF AUTOCORRELATION IN THE PRESENCE OF HETEROSKEDASTICITY
OF UNKNOWN FORM
Authors: Whang Yoon-Jae
Published: July 2002

This paper develops a test of autocorrelation in
the presence of heteroskedasticity of unknown form in the
nonlinear regression model. The test statistic is based
on the sample autocovariance of the residuals standardized
by a nonparametric kernel estimate of the unknown heteroskedasticity
function. Under appropriate conditions, the test statistic
is shown to have a limiting chi-square distribution. Local
power and consistency results for the test are also established.
Monte Carlo experiments show that the test has reasonable
size performance and generally dominates some of the existing
tests in terms of finite-sample power.
Mosaics of canopy openness induced by tropical cyclones in lowland rain forests with contrasting management histories in northeastern Australia
Authors: GROVE SIMON J. , TURTON STEPHEN M. , SIEGENTHALER DANNY T.
Published: July 2002

Tropical Cyclone ‘Rona’ crossed the coast of the Daintree lowlands of northeastern Australia in 1999. This study reports on its impact on forest canopy openness at six lowland rain forest sites with
contrasting management histories (old-growth, selectively logged and regrowth). Percentage canopy openness was calculated from individual hemispherical photographs taken from marked points below the forest canopy at nine plots per site 3–4 mo before the cyclone, and at the same points a month afterwards. Before the cyclone, when nine sites were visited, canopy openness in old-growth and logged
sites was similar, but significantly higher in regrowth forest. After the cyclone, all six revisited sites showed an increase in canopy openness, but the increase was very patchy amongst plots and sites and varied from insignificant to severe. The most severely impacted site was an old-growth one, the least impacted a logged one. Although proneness to impact was apparently related to forest
management history (old-growth being the most impacted), underlying local topography may have had an equally strong influence in this case. It was concluded that the likelihood of severe impact may be determined at the landscape-scale by the interaction of anthropogenic with meteorological, physiographic and biotic factors. In the long term, such interactions may caution against pursuing
forest management in cyclone-prone areas.
RANDOM k-SET POOL DESIGNS WITH DISTINCT COLUMNS
Authors: Hwang F. K.
Published: July 2002

Random k-set pool designs are known to
be efficient but suffer the presence of clones having identical
test sets (hence indistinguishable). We propose a random
pool design with distinct k-sets. We give an algorithm
to generate the design and compute the expected numbers
of unresolved negatives and unresolved positives. We show
a relation between the two numbers which holds also for
other random designs; hence, it can be used to obtain their
expected numbers of unresolved positives which are not
known. Among these other random designs, the random size-k
design is a new design.
GENERALIZED STOCHASTIC CONVEXITY AND STOCHASTIC ORDERINGS
OF MIXTURES
Authors: Denuit Michel , Lefèvre Claude , Utev Sergey
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a new concept called generalized
stochastic convexity is introduced as an extension of the
classic notion of stochastic convexity. It relies on the
well-known concept of generalized convex functions and
corresponds to a stochastic convexity with respect to some
Tchebycheff system of functions. A special case discussed
in detail is the notion of stochastic s-convexity
(s ∈ [real number symbol]), which is obtained
when this system is the family of power functions
{x0, x1,...,
xs−1}. The analysis is made,
first for totally positive families of distributions and then for
families that do not enjoy that property. Further, integral
stochastic orderings, said of Tchebycheff-type, are introduced
that are induced by cones of generalized convex functions.
For s-convex functions, they reduce to the s-convex
stochastic orderings studied recently. These orderings
are then used for comparing mixtures and compound sums,
with some illustrations in epidemic theory and actuarial
sciences.
Comprehending compounds: evidence for metaphoric skill?
Authors: GOTTFRIED GAIL M.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies of children's comprehension of compound nouns show
that three-year-olds can identify the appropriate referent for a compound
when shown picture arrays that include salient distractors. The four
studies presented here investigate comprehension of one kind of compound,
metaphoric compounds (i.e. noun–noun compounds in which one
noun expresses similarity to another object, as in catfish). Forty-four
three-year-olds, 45 five-year-olds and 22 adults were shown a series of
picture arrays and were asked to identify referents of various types of
metaphoric compounds. The arrays included target pictures that had
metaphoric resemblances based on shape (e.g. bug shaped like a stick) or
on colour/pattern (e.g. shells with black and white stripes, like a zebra).
Results showed that three- and five-year-olds can comprehend shape-based
metaphoric compounds such as stick-bug, even when faced with
salient distractors (e.g. a stick, a bug next to a stick). The younger
children had some difficulty with colour-based compounds, such as
zebra-shells. Overall, five-year-olds outperformed three-year-olds but
performed significantly less well than adults. However, even at age 3,
children did not show a general expectation to interpret the compounds
literally.
Rates of uniform convergence in the real inversion theorem for
Laplace transforms
Authors: ADELL JOSÉ A. , SANGÜESA CARMEN
Published: July 2002

We obtain sharp rates of uniform convergence in the real inversion
theorem for
Laplace transforms. This entails giving estimates of the Kolmogorov distance

between normalized Poisson mixtures and their mixing distribution. Our
approach
combines probabilistic representations in terms of gamma processes with

approximation-theoretic techniques.
Infection with colonization factor antigen I-expressing

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli boosts antibody responses

against heterologous colonization factors in primed subjects
Authors: RUDIN A. , WIKLUND G. , WENNERÅS C. , QADRI F.
Published: July 2002

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhere to

the intestinal mucosa by a number of

fimbrial colonization factors (CFs) that have been claimed to induce only

type-specific

immunity. However, adult Bangladeshi patients infected with CFA/I-expressing

bacteria,

developed significant plasma IgA antibody responses, as determined by enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay, not only against the homologous fimbriae

but also against several

heterologous CFs, i.e. CS1, CS2, CS4 and PCFO166 fimbriae. In contrast,

North American

volunteers, who had probably not been infected by ETEC previously,

responded with serum

IgA against CFA/I fimbriae but not against any other CFs after

symptomatic infection with

CFA/I-expressing ETEC. Thus, infection with CFA/I-expressing

bacteria may boost immune

responses against CFs with a related amino acid sequence in

previously primed subjects.
Prevalence of HIV, syphilis and genital chlamydial infection
among women in North-West Ethiopia
Authors: ASEFFA A. , ISHAK A. , STEVENS R. , FERGUSSEN E. , GILES M. , YOHANNES G. , KIDAN K. G.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women

visiting antenatal (ANC)
and gynaecological clinics in Gondar, north-west Ethiopia, was investigated.
Between April and
August 1995, 728 women consented to enter the study. Prevalence rates
were 5·9% (41/693)
for chlamydial antigen in cervix, 18·8% (113/600) for syphilis

(Treponema pallidum
haemagglutination assay [TPHA]) and 25·3% (150/593)
for
HIV. Active syphilis (RPR)+,
TPHA+ was detected in 7·4% (44/597). HIV infection rate was
higher among women with
higher age of first marriage and low gravidity. It was significantly associated
with young age,
urban residence, and presence of genital ulcer (odds ratio [OR]=6·3),

and lymphadenopathy
(OR=2·8) on examination. Women seropositive for syphilis had married
at an earlier age,
were significantly older and had changed husbands. Low gravidity and age
<30 were
independently significant risk factors for cervical chlamydial antigen
positivity which was
predominantly asymptomatic. Significant association was observed between
HIV infection and
syphilis (OR=2·6). Active syphilis was associated with chlamydial

(OR=3·4) and HIV
infection (OR=4·1). The rate of 23·4% and 15·1% of
HIV
seropositivity among ANC
attenders and rural women respectively is an indicator of the rapid progression
of the HIV
epidemic in the area.
Sustained reduction in the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis

as a result of a community meningococcal disease control programme
Authors: NEAL K. R. , IRWIN D. J. , DAVIES S. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , WALE M. C. J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of a community intervention programme of antibiotics
and meningitis vaccine on
pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was investigated.
Carriage rates were determined
in pupils at both secondary schools (ages 11–18 years) included in
the community intervention
programme and compared with two schools outside the area matched for socio-economic

status. A total of 1869 pupils were studied 6 months after the programmes,
and 2457 pupils
after 11 months.

Six months after the programme was completed there was a 72% reduction
in pharyngeal
carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in pupils attending the schools
in the intervention area
compared with pupils in the control schools. After 11 months this difference
persisted in the
11–14 age group but not in the 15–18 age group. No resistance
to the antibiotics used in the
programme was found.

A community intervention programme of antibiotics and vaccine for the
control of
meningococcal disease led to a long-term reduction in Neisseria meningitidis
carriage in some
age groups.
Microevolution and maternal effects on tadpole Rana temporaria growth and development rate
Authors: Loman Jon
Published: July 2002

Can variation in egg size explain the local variation in tadpole growth and development of the common frog Rana temporaria or are other mechanisms, e.g. microevolution, involved? To study this, tadpoles were raised in outdoor tanks. Each tank housed tadpoles from one clutch. Eggs were collected during 2 years from six different ponds and their sizes were measured. Large eggs gave rise to tadpoles that grew and developed faster than those hatched from small eggs. Tadpoles from large eggs thus metamorphosed earlier but, because they grew for a shorter time, size at metamorphosis was not affected by initial egg size. Tadpoles from different ponds differed in strategy; after correcting for egg size effects, tadpoles from some ponds tended to metamorphose earlier and at a larger size than those from others. These ponds occasionally dry out during or before the tadpoles' period of metamorphosis. I argue that the detected pond differences are genetically based and represent a case of microevolution.
Toward an integrated understanding of dyslexia: Genetic, neurological, and cognitive
mechanisms
Authors: PENNINGTON BRUCE F.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews what is known about developmental dyslexia at three levels of analysis:
cognitive, neurological, and genetic. It also considers the difficult problem of establishing causal
links between these levels of analysis, and argues that solving the gene–behavior problem
is paradoxically easier than solving the brain–behavior problem.
European Museums in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Vadelorge Loïc
Published: July 2002

James D. Herbert, Paris 1937: Worlds on Exhibition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 207 pp., £31.50, ISBN 0-801-43494-7. Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Creating the Musée d'Orsay. The Politics of Culture in France (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 150 pp., $25.00, ISBN 0-271-01752-X. Juan Pedro Lorente, Cathedral of Urban Modernity. The First Museums of Contemporary Art, 1800–1930 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), £47.50, ISBN 1-859-28383-7. Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Direction des Musées de France, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Sociologie des Organisations, Musée National du Moyen Age, Publics et projets culturels. Un enjeu des musées en Europe. Actes des Journées d'étude 26 et 27 octobre 1998, Paris, Musée national du Moyen Age (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000), price not given, ISBN 2-738-48645-2. Paul Rasse, Les Musées à la lumière de l'espace public. Histoire, évolution, enjeux (Paris: L'Harmattan, Logiques Sociales, 1999), 238 pp., price not given, ISBN 2-738-47769-0. Selma Reuben Holo, Beyond the Prado. Museums and Identity in Democratic Spain (Liverpool University Press, 1999), 222 pp., price not given, ISBN 0-853-23535-X. Brandon Taylor, Art for the Nation. Exhibitions and the London Public 1747–2001 (Manchester University Press, 1990), 314 pp., price not given, ISBN 0-719-05452-4.
Growth and viability of human blastocysts in vitro
Authors: Jones GM
Published: July 2002

The transfer of a blastocyst established the first human clinical pregnancy following in vitro fertilization (IVF). Nine years later Cohen et al. reported pregnancies resulting from the transfer of cryopreserved human blastocysts. However, it was another six years before the first report of births resulting from the transfer of human blastocysts produced in vitro appeared in the medical literature. In the intervening period clinics have opted to transfer embryos at the early cleavage stage to the uterus, despite the fact that in vivo the embryo does not enter the uterus until two to three days later at the morula to blastocyst stage of development. The viability and potential for implantation of blastocysts is high, as indicated by the finding that more than 60% of in-vivo-derived blastocysts, recovered by uterine lavage following artificial insemination of fertile donors, implant and develop into viable fetuses when transferred to recipients. This is in stark contrast to the 10–20% of in-vitro-produced embryos transferred at the early cleavage stage of development that result in a live-birth. This reduction in viability following transfer of in-vitro-derived early cleavage stage embryos may have several possible explanations: (1) a failure of implantation due to poor synchronization between the embryo and the uterine endometrium; (2) a hostile environment in the uterus for early cleavage stage embryos; (3) sub-optimal in vitro culture conditions which result in a reduction in embryo viability; (4) the assumption that all oocytes retrieved in an IVF cycle have an equal ability to develop into viable embryos; and (5) the failure to identify the most viable embryo in a cohort. Certainly, improving culture conditions and laboratory techniques for developing high quality blastocysts routinely in vitro will not only address many of the above questions but will also improve the quality and viability of earlier stages of embryo development.
Employer Leadership in the Era of Workplace Rationing
Authors: ILLINGWORTH PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

Recent figures show that 151.7 million nonelderly
Americans who had private insurance received that insurance
from their employers (out of 167.5 million with private
insurance). Employers who contract with health plans on behalf
of their employees influence the health of their employees and,
in turn, the nature and quality of the healthcare system in the
United States. Despite the magnitude of their influence, they
have been relatively free from both government and ethical guidance
with respect to the specific substantive benefits they offer their
employees. Employers have enormous discretion with respect to what
substantive benefits they include in employer health plans because
they are governed by the Employment Retirement Security Act
(ERISA). But the decisions that employers make when they choose
benefits for their employees are just as much rationing decisions
in need of bioethical analysis as are the rationing decisions that
are made at the bedside by patients, physicians, and their families.
Moreover, even strong discretion, of the kind employers have, is
subject to ethical standards.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Literature
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find
an article you think should be abstracted in this section,
do not be bashful—submit it for consideration
to Kenneth V. Iserson care of CQ. If you do not like the
editorial comments, this will give you an opportunity
to respond in the letters section. Your input is desired
and anticipated.
A Measure for the Non-Orthogonality of
a Lattice Basis
Authors: SEYSEN M.
Published: July 2002

Let B = [b1, …,
bn] (with column vectors bi)
be a basis of ℝn. Then
L = [sum ]biℤ is a
lattice in ℝn and A = B[top ]B
is the Gram matrix of B. The reciprocal lattice L* of L has
basis B* = (B−1)[top ] with Gram matrix
A−1. For any nonsingular matrix
A = (ai,j) with inverse
A−1 = (a*i,j), let
τ(A) = max1[les ]i[les ]n
{[sum ]nj
=1[mid ]ai,j
·a*j,j[mid ]}. Then
τ(A), τ(A−1)[ges ]1 holds,
with equality for an orthogonal basis. We will show that for any lattice L there
is a basis with Gram matrix A such that
τ(A), τ(A−1)
= exp (O((ln n)2)). This generalizes a result in
[8] and [20].

For any basis transformation A→Ā with
Ā = T[top ]AT,
T = (ti,j)∈SLn(ℤ), we will show
[mid ]ti,j[mid ][les ]τ(A−1)
·τ(Ā). This implies that every integral matrix representation of a
finite group is equivalent to a representation where the coefficients of the matrices
representing group elements are bounded by exp (O((ln n)2)). This
new bound is considerably smaller than the known (exponential) bounds for automorphisms of
Minkowski-reduced lattice bases: see, for example, [6].

The quantities τ(A), τ(A−1)
have the following geometric interpretation. Let V(L) [ratio ]=
{x∈ℝn[mid ]∀λ∈L
[ratio ][mid ]x[mid ][les ][mid ]x−λ[mid ]} be the Voronoi cell
(also called the Dirichlet region) of the lattice L. For a basis B of
L, we call C(B) =
{[sum ]xibi,
[mid ]xi[mid ][les ]1/2} the basis cell of B. Both
cells define a lattice tiling of ℝn (see [6]); they
coincide for an orthogonal basis. For a general basis B of L with Gram
matrix A we will show
V(L)[les ]τ(A−1)·C(B)
and C(B)[les ]n·τ(A)·V(L).
In vitro fertilisation of mouse oocytes reconstructed by transfer of metaphase II chromosomes results in live births
Authors: Wang Min-Kang , Chen Da-Yuan , Lui Ji-Long , Li Guang-Peng , Sun Qing-Yuan
Published: July 2002

The interaction between nucleus and cytoplasm can be explored through
nuclear transfer. We describe here another tool to investigate this
interaction: MII meiotic apparatus transfer (MAT) between mouse oocytes. In
this study, the MII oocyte meiotic apparatus or spindle from C57BL/6 mice, a
black strain, was transferred into an enucleated metaphase oocyte from
Kunming mouse, a white strain. The results showed that the enucleation rate
by treating oocytes with 3% sucrose was 100%, but the electrofusion
efficiency was very low, with only 17.6% of reconstructed karyoplast-recipient
cytoplasm pairs fused. When the fused oocytes were exposed to spermatozoa
from C57BL/6 mice, 9 of 11 (82%) were fertilised. Eight reconstructed
embryos at 1- to 4-cell stages were transferred into the oviducts of two
synchronously pregnant Kunming strain fosters and one delivered two normal
C57BL/6 offspring. This study indicates that MII meiotic apparatus or
spindle sustains normal structure and function after micromanipulation
and electrofusion. MAT provides a model for further research on the
application of this technique to assisted human reproduction.
Induction of apoptosis mediated by Fas receptor and activation of caspase-3 in MRL-+/+ or MRL-lpr/lpr murine oocytes
Authors: Guo Maowu , Sato Eimei , Li Xiang , Mori Etsuko , Saito Shigeru , Mori Tsuneatsu
Published: July 2002

The molecular mechanisms leading to ovarian follicular atresia in the typical pathways of programmed cell death remain to be clarified. Here we have demonstrated that the apoptotic signalling pathway in MRL-+/+ (MRL/+) murine oocytes is through the Fas receptor followed by the activation of caspase-3. In contrast, we found that the aberrant expression and dysfunction of the mutant Fas receptor in MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) murine oocytes caused by insertion of the early transposable element (ETn) into the Fas gene were associated with an inability to activate the caspase cascade (especially caspase-3) and to induce nuclear DNA fragmentation. These findings indicate that the induction of apoptosis in MRL/lpr murine oocytes did not occur in the presence of a defective Fas receptor lacking the death domain to trigger the caspase cascade, suggesting a failure to induce ovarian follicular atresia.
The Parentified Child: Early
Competence or Childhood
Deprivation?
Authors: Barnett Bryanne , Parker Gordon
Published: July 2002

A review of the psychological, psychiatric, and social science
literature
revealed that parentification and role-reversal are terms that are used

extensively, often without precise definition, although the implication
is
almost invariably that the process is pathogenic. An organismic rather
than
mechanistic view of the situation might suggest that, as is so often the

case, whether the effects are adverse or not depends on a multitude of

other factors. The final outcome for any individual can only be judged
at
the end of his or her life-span and the judgement will be largely subjective.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review of the Current Knowledge
Authors: Sobanski Esther , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: July 2002

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an excessive preoccupation with an
imagined, or real, slight defect in normal physical appearance. The disorder,
which usually begins during adolescence, tends to be chronic, and
probably is much more common than is usually thought. This review
presents an overview of the available scientific literature of BDD. It
provides information about historical aspects, epidemiology, clinical
features, aetiology, and instruments for assessing BDD. The relationship of
BDD with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders
and personality disorders is discussed. Aetiological theories, including
psychological and neurobiological explanations, are reviewed. Finally,
psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment approaches are
presented with special regard to treatment with serotonin-reuptake
inhibitors, behavioural therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Subject–verb agreement in English
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: July 2002

The paper rejects the standard view according to which every tensed verb in English agrees with its subject in person and number. It argues that person is irrelevant to all verbs except BE, and that past-tense verbs and modals (other than BE) have no number agreement features. It discusses agreement mismatches which reflect the subject's meaning, but rejects the idea that subject–verb agreement may be a semantic rule; it proposes instead a new feature ‘agreement-number’. This extra number feature applies only to the subject of a tensed verb and by default has the same value as the subject's ordinary number, while also allowing various kinds of mismatch (for I and you, and for cases of ‘semantic’ agreement). It also offers analyses of agreement with non-nominal subjects and dummy there, and shows how the analysis for Standard English generalizes easily to a range of variations found in nonstandard dialects. The theoretical basis for the analysis is Word Grammar, whose main advantage is that features are free to be assigned by rule because they are not used in classification.
Secure Prolog-based mobile code
Authors: LOKE SENG WAI , DAVISON ANDREW
Published: July 2002

LogicWeb mobile code consists of Prolog-like rules embedded in Web pages, thereby adding
logic programming behaviour to those pages. Since LogicWeb programs are downloaded
from foreign hosts and executed locally, there is a need to protect the client from buggy or
malicious code. A security model is crucial for making LogicWeb mobile code safe to execute.
This paper presents such a model, which supports programs of varying trust levels by using
different resource access policies. The implementation of the model derives from an extended
operational semantics for the LogicWeb language, which provides a precise meaning of safety.
Using Database Matches with HMMGene for Automated Gene Detection in Drosophila
Authors: Krogh Anders
Published: July 2002

The application of the gene finder HMMGene to theAdh region of the Drosophila melanogaster is described, and the prediction results are analyzed.HMMGene is based on a probabilistic model called a hidden Markov model, and the probabilistic framework facilitates the inclusion of database matches of varying degrees of certainty. It is shown that database matches clearly improve the performance of the gene finder. For instance, the sensitivity for coding exons predicted with both ends correct grows from 62% to 70% on a high-quality test set, when matches to proteins, cDNAs, repeats, and transposons are included. The specificity drops more than the sensitivity increases when ESTs are used. This is due to the high noise level in EST matches, and it is discussed in more detail why this is and how it might be improved.
The 10q25 Neocentromere and its Inactive Progenitor Have Identical Primary Nucleotide Sequence: Further Evidence for Epigenetic Modification
Authors: Barry Alyssa E. , Bateman Melissa , Howman Emily V. , Cancilla Michael R. , Tainton Kellie M. , Irvine Danielle V. , Saffery Richard , Choo K.H. Andy
Published: July 2002

We have previously localized the core centromere protein-binding domain of a 10q25.2-derived neocentromere to an 80-kb genomic region. Detailed analysis has indicated that the 80-kb neocentromere (NC) DNA has a similar overall organization to the corresponding region on a normal chromosome 10 (HC) DNA, derived from a genetically unrelated CEPH individual. Here we report sequencing of the HC DNA and its comparison to the NC sequence. Single-base differences were observed at a maximum rate of 4.6 per kb; however, no deletions, insertions, or other structural rearrangements were detected. To investigate whether the observed changes, or subsets of these, might be de novo mutations involved in neocentromerization (i.e., in committing a region of a chromosome to neocentromere formation), the progenitor DNA (PnC) from which the NC DNA descended, was cloned and sequenced. Direct comparison of the PnC and NC sequences revealed 100% identity, suggesting that the differences between NC and HC DNA are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and that formation of the 10q25.2 NC did not involve a change in DNA sequence in the core centromere protein-binding NC region. This is the first study in which a cloned NC DNA has been compared directly with its inactive progenitor DNA at the primary sequence level. The results form the basis for future sequence comparison outside the core protein-binding domain, and provide direct support for the involvement of an epigenetic mechanism in neocentromerization.

[The sequences in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AF222855 (not yet available) for HC; AF042484 for NCI; AF222854 (not yet available) for NCII; andAF222856 (not yet available) for PnC.]
A Quantitative Evaluation of SAGE
Authors: Stollberg Jes , Urschitz Johann , Urban Zsolt , Boyd Charles D.
Published: July 2002

Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is an innovative technique that offers the potential of cataloging both the identity and relative frequencies of mRNA transcripts in a given poly(A+) RNA preparation. Although it is a very effective approach for determining the expression of mRNA populations, there are significant biases in the observed results that are inherent in the experimental process. These are caused by sampling error, sequencing error, nonuniqueness, and nonrandomness of tag sequences. The quantitative information desired from SAGE experiments consists of estimates of the number of genes and the frequency distribution of transcript copy numbers. Of additional concern is the extent to which a given tag sequence can be assumed to be unique to its gene. The present study takes these mathematical biases into account and presents a basis for maximum likelihood estimation of gene number and transcript copy frequencies given a set of experimental results. These estimates of the true state of genomic expression are markedly different from those based directly on the observations from the underlying experiments. It also is shown that while in many cases it is probable that a given tag sequence is unique within the genome, in larger genomes this cannot be safely assumed.
An Integrated Physical Map for the Short Arm of Human Chromosome 5
Authors: Peterson Ellen T. , Sutherland Robert , Robinson Donna L. , Chasteen Leslie , Gersh Meryl , Overhauser Joan , Deaven Larry L. , Moyzis Robert K. , Grady Deborah L.
Published: July 2002

The short arm of human chromosome 5 contains ∼48 Mb of DNA and comprises 1.5% of the genome. We have constructed a mega-YAC/ STS map of this region that includes 436 YACs anchored by 216 STSs. By combining and integrating our map with the 5p maps of other groups using the same recombinant DNA library, a comprehensive map was constructed that includes 552 YACs and 504 markers. The YAC map covers >94% of 5p in four YAC contigs, bridges the centromere, and includes an additional 5 Mb of 5q DNA. The average marker density is 95 kb. This integrated 5p map will serve as a resource for the continuing localization of genes on the short arm of human chromosome 5 and as a framework for both generating and aligning the DNA sequence of this region.
Panel of Microsatellite Markers for Whole-Genome Scans and Radiation Hybrid Mapping and a Mouse Family Tree
Authors: Schalkwyk Leonard C. , Jung Martin , Daser Angelika , Weiher Michael , Walter Jörn , Himmelbauer Heinz , Lehrach Hans
Published: July 2002

To facilitate whole-genome scan experiments, we selected a panel of 128 microsatellite markers on the basis of spacing and polymorphism in the strains DBA/2, BALB/c, AKR, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, A/J, C3H, 129/J, SJL/J, JF1, and PWB. Many of the primer pairs were redesigned for better performance. The last four strains were not characterized previously using these markers. JF1 and PWB are particularly interesting for intersubspecific crosses offering high polymorphism. We provide allele size data for the markers on these strains and add them to the emerging radiation hybrid framework map, which is not continuous except for chromosome 17 and 13. Information on the interrelationships of strains is useful both because of the importance of polymorphism in designing crosses and the background in assessing phenotypes. Microsatellites offer a widely dispersed, selectively neutral set of characters that lends itself conceptually to parsimony methods of analysis. The microsatellite allele size data were recoded as binary discrete characters in such a way that adjacent sizes differ by one step. Trees were generated using a Wagner parsimony method. As expected, the non-Mus domesticusstrains, PWB (musculus) and JF1 (molossinus), are excluded from thedomesticusstrains. Among thedomesticusstrains, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (derived from the same founding pair) form a strongly supported group, as do C3H, A/J, and BALB/c (derived from the Bagg albino stock). No unique branching order for SJL/J, AKR, and DBA/2 is strongly supported, which may reflect a complicated history. Strain 129/J is clearly placed as the most deeply diverged of thedomesticusstrains represented.