bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prices and Opening Hours in the Retail Sector: Welfare Effects of Restrictions on Opening Hours
Authors: Rouwendal J , Rietveld P
Published: October 2006

In this paper a model for price and opening hours in the retail sector is developed. Demand is modelled in the discrete choice framework. General patterns of correlation between the random utilities of shopping at various times are allowed. First, the authors study a monopolist who has to determine price and opening times in order to maximise profits. The behaviour of this monopolist is then shown to be similar to that of a monopolistic competitor in a market with many suppliers. The effects of entry and exit are studied in relation to restrictions on opening hours in a market with many identical firms. It is shown that the welfare effects of upper limits on opening hours are negative when new firms enter the market.
Understanding Climate Change and Farming: Scientific and Farmers' Constructions of ‘Global Warming’ in Relation to Agriculture
Authors: Holloway L
Published: October 2006

The construction and translation of ‘global warming’ in relation to agriculture is discussed. Scientific construction of global warming as an issue is examined in relation to farmers' understanding of scientific discourse and their translation of that understanding through lay knowledge of their own locally specific experiences and contexts. The author demonstrates that scientific researchers construct environmental issues such as global warming in ways which effectively, if unintentionally, marginalise alternative knowledge forms and configure farmers in relation to scientific knowledge forms. Attempts are made to ‘translate’ scientific understanding into farmers' knowledge systems through media constructed for consumption by farmers. However, farmers negotiate between scientific knowledge and situated experiential knowledges, and they also differentiate between ‘distant’ and ‘local’ forms of scientific knowledge.
The Spatiality of Class and State Power: The Case of India's Land Reforms
Authors: Das R J
Published: October 2006

The capitalist state is supposed to create conditions for capitalist accumulation and maintain the unity of the society by pacifying the exploited classes. Yet, the state policies which have precisely these objectives fail. Why? I suggest that an important part of the answer lies in state form. I pursue this theme by looking at the land-reform policy of the Indian state. The land-reform policy happened to be one of the ways in which the postcolonial Indian state tried to create the conditions for capitalist development. But the democratic form of the state and the class alignment in the society set some limit within which the state had to work, and in particular, conditioned the form that the policy took. In short, the policy became bureaucratic as opposed to popular, and also entailed the mediation of market relation. This form of the policy was not what was struggled for by the lower classes. Yet, the state triumphed in imposing this form of the policy. To the extent that the policy failed to benefit the lower classes and to remove the fetters on capitalist development effectively, this was because of the form of the policy. However, the state has not failed equally everywhere. With a different parallelogram of class forces and thus a different context of the state action in particular States than that which generally existed at the national level and in most States, the outcome of the policy was, to some degree, different there. Statistical and qualitative analyses are presented to support this claim.
Domestic Water Demand in Rural Semiarid Northeastern Nigeria: Identification of Determinants and Implications for Policy
Authors: Nyong A O , Kanaroglou P S
Published: October 2006

The basic premise in this paper is that the level of domestic water demand in arid and semiarid rural areas of developing countries is closely related to their culture, social organization and demographic structure. We also provide a methodological framework within which the implications of policies related to domestic water demand can be evaluated, before the policies themselves are implemented. We make use of primary data collected in Katarko, a rural village in northeastern Nigeria. Through regression models for the dry and rainy seasons we demonstrate that beyond socio-cultural and demographic factors, economic ones are also significant in determining domestic water demand. These findings underscore not only the importance of demand-side management in water-related projects, but also the need to incorporate economic principles in them. Making use of the identified determinants into water-demand projections further reveals how changes in these variables can affect future demand.
Space for Stakeholding? Stakeholder Capitalism and Economic Geography
Authors: Sunley P
Published: October 2006

In this paper I review recent stakeholding proposals and critically assess their implications for debates on local and regional economic development. I highlight some of the benefits, tensions, and ambiguitics of the stakeholding metaphor, before considering whether it offers a blueprint for the construction of more ethically and socially responsible regional and local economies. I argue that the idea's main limitations stem from its basis in a notion of corporate autonomy which detracts from the diversity of ways in which places and regional contexts condition the range of feasible and beneficial company strategies. The debate highlights the need for more research into how corporate governance affects regional economic fortunes. I criticise stakeholding proposals for implying that the benefits of cooperative economic relations are sufficient to ensure the formation of new industries and new technological trajectories. In the final section of the paper I briefly examine the use of stakeholding in public policy debates in Britain, and the likely geographical consequences. I argue that the use of the term reflects an optimistic communitarianism, and that the benefits of emphasising community participation, rights, and responsibilities should not be used to legitimate a policy abandonment of those communities lacking the resources to participate as stakeholders.
Niche Markets and Regional Speciality Food Products in Europe: Towards a Research Agenda
Authors: Ilbery B , Kneafsey M
Published: October 2006

Set within the context of recent rural restructuring in developed market economies, the authors examine the potential of niche markets for speciality food products (SFPs) to contribute towards rural development in peripheral (lagging) regions. Drawing on elements of regulation theory, actor-network approaches, and consumption studies, niche markets for SFPs are conceptualised as the outcomes of the intersecting activities of networks of producers, consumers, and institutions. On the basis of this conceptualisation and preliminary empirical evidence from a European research project, it is suggested that unique configurations of networks at local and regional levels, and their relationships to cxtralocal networks, will contribute to the success or failure of regional SFPs in promoting endogenous development. It is also argued that a focus on particular products, markets, and regions is required to gain a holistic understanding of the complex and contested network relationships through which niche markets for SFPs are constructed.
There's No Place like Home: Nonmigration and Civic Engagement
Authors: Irwin M , Tolbert C , Lyson T
Published: October 2006

Demographic stability in local areas is achieved by maintaining a population core that does not move. However, relatively little is known about contextual factors related to nonmigration. What research exists on nonmigration suggests that the factors anchoring people to places may be different than the factors that are primary determinants of migration. In this paper we discuss the social foundations that anchor people to places and present an analysis that demonstrates an interrelationship between community social institutions and nonmigration. Specifically, we show that the proportion of persons remaining between 1985 and 1990 in 3024 US counties varies directly with the number of locally owned small-scale retail establishments, the number of small-scale manufacturing firms and family farms, the number of local civic associations, and the proportion of the local population in civically active religious denominations.
Fuzzy Theory and Environmental Control in Buildings
Authors: Willey H B
Published: October 2006

Current models of the environmental performance of buildings embody physical variables and are either deterministic or probabilistic or a combination of the two. It is argued that this is an inappropriate basis for any submodel of occupant action to control the environment. Fuzzy variables and fuzzy algorithms reflect the imprecision and complexity of the control exercised by people and have been used to model human control of industrial processes. It is proposed that fuzzy theory be applied to the modelling of environmental control by building occupants. A brief tutorial on fuzzy reasoning and its industrial applications is given and a research programme to establish a fuzzy model of environmental control is discussed.
Demonstration of Combes's Formulae by Use of the Theory of Graphs
Authors: Gutiérrez F
Published: October 2006

In this paper Combes's (1976) formulae for counting the number of edges in the rectangular dissection of a rectangle are deduced directly through graph-theoretical considerations.
Dual-Vector Half-Tangents for the Representation of the Finite Motion of Rigid Bodies
Authors: Keler M
Published: October 2006

The finite motion of rigid bodies in space from one position to another is represented by a dual-vector half-tangent. An algorithmic procedure is presented for obtaining the dual-vector, or motor, in various circumstances, and several special cases are considered. The rule for transforming a motor between different coordinate systems is also discussed and finally a formula is presented for determining the (noncommutative) resultant of two successive finite motions.
On the Relationship between Rotations and Lorentz Transformations in Two, Three, and Four Dimensions
Authors: Rooney J
Published: October 2006

Rotations and Lorentz transformations are compared geometrically and algebraically for two-, three-, and four-dimensional space and space-time. The close analogy between the two types of transformation is revealed by means of orthogonal and pseudo-orthogonal matrices, complex numbers and double numbers, and quaternions and tetrons. The most natural and elegant forms are shown to be the complex and hypercomplex number representations. The relationship is essentially based on the direct correspondence between the circular functions sin θ and cos θ, and the hyperbolic functions sinh φ and cosh φ.
The Nature and Methods of Applied Research in Architecture
Authors: Savchenko M R
Published: October 2006

This paper develops a framework for architectural research of an applied nature, that is, research that will generate ‘operational knowledge’ in relation to architecture's principal identifying characteristic, and that element which rests in the hands of the designer, namely the organisation of space. A theoretical framework is developed which insists upon a clear distinction between the characteristics of the space and the ‘meanings’ constructed upon the spatial object by ‘consumers’. The nature of ‘conflict’ is defined, as that noncorrespondence within the system comprising a society and its architectural activity which propels the evolution of new spatial types forward over real time. Architectural objects are conceived as complex products of three categories of relationships; functional, compositional, and constructive. On the basis of those categories are defined architectural types, activity types, and ‘applied’ types, each of which may exist in conflict-bearing or canonical forms. The framework for an architectural science is then constructed which distinguishes its object, its subject matter, and its method. Measurements are identified as the fundamental elements of operational knowledge, and they are distinguished as being of two kinds—‘parameters’ of the object itself, and ‘properties’ describing its functioning in some human context.

A methodology of applied architectural research is presented which comprises alternating deductive and inductive cycles. Each has three component operations, which are discussed in some detail. The discussion of parameters and properties leads to the distinguishing of three classes of object, the empirical (actual), the hypothetical (possible), and the type (the required), and a corresponding array of functional, compositional, and constructive models.
Towards a Clear Grasp of the Possibilities: A Review of L N Avdot'in's Textbook The Application of Computer Techniques and Modelling in Architectural Design
Authors: Belousov V N
Published: October 2006

This paper reviews The Application of Computer Techniques and Modelling in Architectural Design, by L N Avdot'in, published in 1978, and authorised by the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialised Education of the USSR as a textbook for students taking courses on this topic in Architecture disciplines of Higher Education Establishments throughout the Soviet Union. The review outlines the range of topics covered by the book and places it in the context of an official view about the proper role of such techniques in design. The text has been supplemented here with figures reproduced from the book itself.
Abstraction as a Tool of Automated Floor-Plan Design
Authors: Galle P
Published: October 2006

The automated design of architectural floor plans satisfying given topological and dimensional constraints is a challenging field of research. In this paper abstraction is pointed out as an important conceptual tool of this field. A critical discussion of existing plan-design methods leads to the conclusion that the potentials of abstraction as a tool have not yet been fully recognized. The rest of the paper is an attempt to improve this situation by suggesting a new approach to automated floor-plan design. Theoretically, design is viewed as a one-to-many relation; a tree whose lines are directed from the root (the problem) towards the leaves (the solutions). Abstraction is viewed as the inverse many-to-one relation. A particular relation of abstraction is defined, such that the intermediate nodes of the tree (between root and leaves) are themselves floor plans, but are less detailed than the solutions. From the study of this concept of abstraction it is concluded that a design algorithm based on it is likely to have certain useful properties.
A Formalism for Problem Restructuring and Resolution in Design
Authors: Akin Ö
Published: October 2006

It is no longer unusual to find automated systems as partners in the architectural design process. Most, if not all, of these systems are limited to solving well-structured problems efficiently and accurately. The use of these systems relies on manual decomposition of complex problems into more limited, well-defined ones and the subsequent recomposition of the solutions into comprehensive ones. In this paper a formal representation is developed for the process of problem structuring to enable decomposition and recomposition of architectural problems. This consists of a heuristic method for manipulating the parameters of a general purpose generate-and-test mechanism which is capable of solving well-defined problems.
Built Forms and Building Types: Some Speculations
Authors: Steadman J P
Published: October 2006

A number of speculations are offered about the classification of building types and built forms, in the context of a project to build a database of the nondomestic building stock of England and Wales. This database will be used by the Department of the Environment to help assess national policy on greenhouse gas emissions and energy conservation. The speculations relate to the classification of building types by activities and forms; to criteria of room size and lighting for classifying built forms; to possible regularities in the relationships of wall area to floor area in forms so classified; and to the modelling of hybrid assemblies of different types of forms. Connections are drawn throughout to the land-use and built form studies pioneered by March and Martin at Cambridge in the 1970s, which have provided the starting point for many of the ideas put forward here.
From Cells to Cities
Authors: Batty M , Xie Y
Published: October 2006

Since mathematical models came to be applied to problems of architectural and urban form, new concepts based on predicting large-scale structure from local rules have emerged through insights originating in computation and biology. The clearest of these are computer models based on cellular automata (CA) and their recent generalization in evolutionary biology and artificial life. Here we show how such models can be used to simulate urban growth and form, thus linking our exposition to the longer tradition of ideas in studies of built form emanating from the ‘Cambridge School’. We first review developments of CA in general and then in urban systems in particular. We propose a general class of CA models for urban simulation and illustrate two simple applications, the first a simulation of the development of the historical ‘cell’ city of Savannah, Georgia, the second, a generic hypothetical application. We then show how this generic model can be used to simulate the growth dynamics of a suburban area of a mid-sized North American city, thus illustrating how this approach provides insights into the way microprocesses lead to aggregate development patterns.
Get with the Program: Common Fallacies in Critiques of Computer-Aided Architectural Design
Authors: Flemming U
Published: October 2006

This paper introduces four common fallacies that are often developed explicitly or implied when approaches toward computer-aided architectural design are criticized from a broader ‘philosophical’ perspective. It contains suggestions of what the author considers more fruitful directions for research in connection with the issues raised. The first two fallacies are very general. The first of these treats design as a monolithic, indivisible process that cannot be decomposed and thus partially supported. The second one insists that computer aids support current practice as it stands and rejects approaches that challenge that practice. The last two fallacies are very specific. The first of these occurs when shape grammars and related mechanisms are criticized for being based on a ‘linguistic analogy’. The last one deals with a specific version of appeals to authority that treats Heidegger as the ultimate arbiter in resolving philosophical issues in connection with computer-aided architectural design.
Landscape Change in an Agricultural Watershed: The Effect of Parcelization on Riparian Forest Cover
Authors: Kleiman R E , Erickson D L
Published: October 2006

In this research we address factors contributing to landscape change in a midwestern (USA) watershed. Specifically, the relationship between the parcelization of agricultural land (ownership subdivisions) and changes in amounts of riparian forest cover are explored. The study area is the River Raisin Watershed in southeastern Michigan, which is typical of rural watersheds in the lower Great Lakes region. Two townships within the watershed were sampled from data spanning a 20-year time period. Using land-use and land-cover data for 1968, 1978, and 1988, combined with ownership records for the same years, we determined a relationship between rates of parcelization and changes in forest cover. These findings indicate that increasing trends in riparian forest area follow increases in land parcelization at the township scale. For these two townships, agricultural decline and land-use diversification seem positively related to larger areas and widths of riparian forests. As the number of acres being farmed and the number of farms have decreased, the land has been divided into more and smaller lots and the forests along rivers like the Raisin and its tributaries have increased in area. There are several possible factors at the township and farm scale which may influence this landscape phenomenon, including land-use policies, governmental programs, agricultural mechanization, and agricultural economics.
Urban Convergence: Morphology and Attraction
Authors: Krafta R
Published: October 2006

A model, based on detailed descriptions of spatial configuration and a probabilistic approach to the user's choice, is proposed to measure the relationship between demand and supply locations in urban local systems. According to this model, the articulation of the public space grid, associated to the uneven distribution of facilities, generates a powered supply network to which demand locations are related. Choice, as well as demand satisfaction, will then be a function of the relative position (centrality) and attractiveness of supply locations. The model gives a simultaneous account of the spatial opportunity of demand and the spatial convergence of supply. Concurrently it can offer a picture of the stability of space in terms of possible land-use changes.
The Maximum Capture Problem with Uncertainty
Authors: Serra D , Ratick S , ReVelle C
Published: October 2006

The strategic location of servers by a firm in a competitive environment is basic in the determination or division of market shares. Let us suppose that a firm wants to locate p servers so as to maximize market capture in a region where competitors are already located but where there is uncertainty—there are several possible future scenarios with respect to demand and/or the location of competitors. The firm will want a strategy of positioning that will do as ‘well as possible’ over the future scenarios. In this paper we will present a discrete location model formulation to address this maximum capture problem with uncertainty.
Architectonics of Proportion: Historical and Mathematical Grounds
Authors: March L
Published: October 2006

With the intention of reevaluating proportion theory in design, I provide here a grounding for a pictorial approach to the anthyphairetic procedures of Platonic mathematics.
Design by Grammar: An Interpretation and Generation of Vernacular Hayat Houses in Contemporary Context
Authors: Colakoglu Birgul
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the application of an informal shape grammar whose purpose is to generate new house designs in the hayat style. The hayat is a large shaded gallery open to the garden. It occupies the most important place in the composition of the house. The study is based on a corpus of eight hayat houses designed in the classic Ottoman style in the 18th and 19th centuries in Sarajevo. In this paper, the emphasis is on the generation of new houses. The informal grammar does not explain the designs in detail but rather generates new house designs by transferring some knowledge embedded in original designs. The generation of a new house type within the grammar proceeds in three steps: (1) primitive hayat house generation, (2) subhouse generation, and (3) house variations.
Improving Governance Arrangements in Support of Sustainable Cities
Authors: van Bueren Ellen , ten Heuvelhof Ernst
Published: October 2006

Governance to support sustainable development always seems to encounter the same difficulties. The chances of successful governance increase when governance arrangements are better tuned to the environment that it tries to change. However, a better fit leaves less room for change. Governance arrangements supporting sustainable development are more prone to failure, as they aim at changing that environment. Radical institutional change is at the core of sustainable development, but without the help of external factors, such as major crises like the oil crisis in the 1970s, the sense of urgency for such radical change is lacking, and incremental change seems to be the only road available. The authors explore how governance arrangements deal with this recurring barrier to institutional change. Their conclusion is that the more governance arrangements respect the institutional context in which they are used, the higher their quality. To speed up the incremental track, the design of governance arrangements should include positive incentives for actors to cooperate.
Permanence and Change: The Relations between Central Government and Local Authorities in France
Authors: Mény Y
Published: October 2006

The system of government in France has been dominated by central control, with local-government structure arising largely from historical rather than from current administrative needs. The reforms of 1982 show the first linkage for a century of the local and central political majorities towards a policy of dentralisation. Stimulated by this socialist movement these reforms have aimed to reduce the power of the prefect, to institute general socialist change, to increase the power of local communities, and to decrease central administrative checks and controls. The effect of the reforms has been to strengthen the départements and large cities against the prefect, but for the small communities decentralisation will probably remain a pious hope. The paper discusses these reforms against the background of the historical ‘honeycomb’ structure of French central-local relations.
Employment Policy for Regional Labor Markets
Authors: Pfaff M , Hurler P
Published: October 2006

In the past, considerable attention has been paid to the global economic and social consequences of high and persistent unemployment. Regional or spatial aspects did not receive nearly as much attention. However, high unemployment rates tend to generate their own spatial dynamics. Thus a process of differentiation in the labor market takes place at two levels: First, via the spatial polarization of opportunies to earn income; second, via the incidence of high and persistent unemployment affecting particular groups, especially in ‘problem regions’, that is, in regions with high unemployment. As a consequence, ‘problem groups' of the unemployed face persistent and much higher levels of unemployment in those regions.

An employment policy which attempts to operate via the demand for labor should necessarily take note of the peculiarities of each region. Thus it must be selective and specific rather than global and general in nature. Therefrom results the need for a better consideration of structural factors, such as sectoral structure, industry mix, size of enterprise, and type of enterprise, all of which influence the regional employment situation. The paper attempts to explain persistent differences in regional unemployment in terms of the regional economic structure.
Predicting the Consequences of a Nuclear Attack on Britain: Models, Results, and Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Openshaw S , Steadman P
Published: October 2006

The paper describes the structure of a suite of linked computer models of the sort used by central government to predict the effects of nuclear war on civilian populations. The models are used to report the casualties that could result from two attack scenarios; one is based on the 1980 Home Defence exercise codenamed ‘Square-Leg’, and the other is devised by the authors. A number of different sensitivity analyses are also performed. The results indicate that current official estimates about the numbers of casualties are highly optimistic. Current Home Defence policies involve a fraudulent attempt, in the authors' view, to lull the public into a false sense of safety. It is hoped that this paper will be the beginning of a more informed and open public and political debate about a subject which hitherto has escaped academic attention.
Labor Demand and Economic Development Policy
Authors: Clark G L
Published: October 2006

Neoclassical theory presumes that the demand for labor is a function of its real wage. Many local development agencies have taken this proposition as an article of faith, designing policies that effectively lower the real cost of labor. Empirical evidence for the textiles and electronics industries in a set of states in the USA provides only limited support for this theory and its implied policy menu. Alternative models of the demand for labor are explored, including neo-Keynesian fixed-price quantity-adjustment models. Analysis is based on a set of time-series adjustment models which emphasize the dynamics of labor demand.
Effects of Revenue Distribution and Income Distribution on the Impacts of Local Taxation
Authors: Jones D W , Morrow-Jones C R
Published: October 2006

A computable equilibrium model of city government tax policy is constructed and analyzed for the impacts of taxes on all land and on capital, with four patterns of distribution of the tax revenue. Workers' utilities are exogenous. Choices of tax base and of tax distribution policy affect the extent of tax-exporting and the efficiency of tax collection, as does the distribution of landownership. Local land taxation is more efficient than local capital taxation, regardless of landownership patterns. A non-Tiebout theory of local government is implicit in the model, and interaction of government structure and choice of policies merits further study.
A New Financial Framework for the Local Authority Education Service in Britain
Authors: Bailey S J
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the point is argued that the British block grant system for local government finance is becoming increasingly inappropriate as a means of achieving both equalisation and control of local spending. It calls for a separate educational block grant which would facilitate achievement of both these objectives. Furthermore, it would clarify the fields of responsibility of British central and local government by integrating the concept of minimum standards of service provision into the grant system.
Policy with Respect to Aliens, and Migration Research, in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1973–1983
Authors: Weidacher A
Published: October 2006

In this paper, policies in the Federal Republic of Germany with regard to the recruitment of labour are considered. Though this recruitment discontinued in 1973, the immigration of family members has been allowed to continue ever since. Thus a large group of migrant workers and their families now live in the Federal Republic. As migrant workers they occupy a low rank in the social hierarchy of the German population. In the first part of this paper, the development is briefly sketched of official government policy concerning aliens at the federal and Länder (state) levels since 1973, with reference to the guidelines of the Christian Democratic Union-Christian Social Union, the Free Democratic Party, and the Social Democratic Party. Then a short description is given of the current research on migrant workers in the FRG: What the expectations of politicians and administrators are with respect to such research; the main problem areas on which the research focuses; how experts view the demand for and the current state of the research; and, finally, in which areas the most important formulations of theory have been made in migration research.
Continuity, Autonomy, and Peripheralisation: The Anatomy of the Centre's Race Statecraft in England
Authors: Bulpitt J
Published: October 2006

The rapid emergence of a multiracial society in England after 1945 should have caused considerable political conflict. In fact conflicts over race have had only an ad hoc impact on the polity. In this paper, this curious phenomenon is explained in terms of the structure of centre-periphery relations in England. The argument is that the race statecraft of the centre has exhibited a significant degree of continuity over four decades. The centre has always sought autonomy from white and black peripheral forces, yet at the same time has attempted to peripheralise the management of race policies and problems. On both counts it has been highly successful. Race management deserves to rank as one of the great political ‘jobs’ of the 20th century.
Distributional Impacts of Government Policies in Switzerland
Authors: Leu R E , Frey R L
Published: October 2006

This paper is a summary of the major findings of a large research project on the distributional impacts of government policies in Switzerland. First, the budget incidence of the entire public sector, including the social security system, is presented. The results indicate a substantial redistribution from upper-income to lower-income classes. The effect is largely due to public spending rather than to taxation. Second, the distributional impacts of public policy in selected policy areas—transportation, social security, agriculture, and health—are investigated. Redistribution is pro the poor for transportation and health, and pro the rich for agriculture. A mixed picture is found for social security. Within groups of the same marital status or sex, redistribution is pro the poor. Between these groups, it is pro the rich. Third, the distributional impacts of changes in selected macroeconomic variables are analyzed. The major conclusion is that macroeconomic growth policies, if successful, lead to a reduced equality of income distribution.
Regional Policy and Transport in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Heinze G W
Published: October 2006

In this paper the transport policy aspects of the regional policy presently being pursued in the Federal Republic of Germany is dealt with. The regional policy objectives of resource allocation equity and resource allocation efficiency form the starting point of a discussion outlining the basic relationships between the processes of ‘bridging space’ (that is, between the totality of all transport and communication processes) and the process of control of regional development. With such relationships can be associated classes of intervention measures affecting supply, adaptation, and conservation. The concept of differentiating transport policy problems according to regional policy problem areas is explained by means of examples taken from the field of passenger transport. In this context, reference is made principally to the results of recent empirical research directed by the author. It will be shown that changes in regional policy occurring within the overall process of structural change can lead to new concepts and strategies (‘rationalisation’ and ‘innovation’).
Regional Planning in Central Europe: Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and Switzerland
Authors: Berentsen W H
Published: October 2006

The paper provides a systematic comparison of regional planning in four Central European nations. Despite different political ideologies and institutional arrangements for regional planning, it is argued that the countries' regional problems and regional planning goals, strategies, and measures have a number of similarities. An idealized regional planning ‘system’ is used to review the planning experience of each nation and to compare and contrast it to the others.
The Budgetary Behavior of Local Governments and Intergovernmental Grant Policies: A Case Study for Japan
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2006

The basic aim in this paper is to clarify intergovernmental fiscal relations in Japan. Particular attention is paid to the impact of various types of central government grants on the local government budgets. This is an important issue in a nation like Japan, where the fiscal system is strongly centralized. First, a model is constructed to express the local fiscal behavior under the present grant policies, following the past attempts developed in the United States of America. Then, the estimates of this model are attempted using available data, and some policy questions are examined. The main empirical conclusions that are drawn from the Japanese experience are much more plausible than those in the US case. This implies that the control of central government via various grant policies is more dominant in Japan.
Expectations-Achievement and Overthrows: An Empirical Test of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis
Authors: Laband D N
Published: October 2006

There is a strong theoretical supposition in the political science literature that civil unrest in a political jurisdiction is a consequence of the ‘relative deprivation’ of the population within its borders. This proposition is tested empirically in this paper, with respect to incidence of attempted coups d'etat across fifty-four countries in 1981. The findings suggest that relative economic deprivation does precipitate political unrest. Social deprivation, as measured by repression of the population, also incites a demand for political change, although repression has a predictable supply-side effect of dampening the population's ability to translate demand for political change into actuality.
The Relationship of Social Science to Policy: The Case of the President's Crime Commission
Authors: Bengston W F
Published: October 2006

The structure and methods of operation of President Johnson's Crime Commission are described. From the unpublished transcripts of the Commission meetings, the process by which the Commission utilized relevant data, theory, and perspectives in the formulation of its policy recommendations is analyzed. It is concluded that social scientific information and perspectives, although important, were not the significant basis for formulating the recommendations of the Crime Commission. The scientific purposes, methods, and audiences of social science are not readily transferred to the political purposes, methods, and audiences of social policy formulation. Extrascientific political considerations become the significant immediate consideration in policy formulation and implementation.
SMEs and Environmental Regulations: A Study of the UK Screen-Printing Sector
Authors: Patton Dean , Worthington Ian
Published: October 2006

In the literature of corporate greening, the regulatory domain has been identified as a key influence on the environmental behaviour of firms and has been linked to actions beyond compliance and to the pursuit of competitive advantage. That said, studies of the environmental performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) suggest that, on the whole, smaller firms tend to take a more reactive and compliant stance with regard to environmental legislation, with little evidence existing to suggest that regulation provides a strong baseline for internally driven change. The authors report the findings from empirical research undertaken to assess the impact of environmental legislation upon the activities of SMEs within the screen-printing sector in the United Kingdom and explore the motivations that have driven responses to such legislation. The aim of the research was to examine the extent to which regulation was a factor in explaining SME environmental behaviour, and to identify the nature of corporate responses to environmental change. In addressing these issues a hybrid methodology was adopted, based on a quantitative survey of 200 firms in the UK screen-printing industry and a qualitative analysis of five organisations chosen from the survey respondents. The results of the survey—which had a usable response rate of 33%—and from the case-study interviews shed important light on SME attitudes, awareness, and responses to existing regulatory requirements. The authors comment on how far the evidence supports the propositions in the extant literature and examine possible policy implications of the findings.
The Problem of Land Banking: A French Solution
Authors: Enders M J
Published: October 2006

Land-banking efforts in the United States of America have been hampered by several obstacles, the most important of which involve the structural and operational characteristics of a land-banking agency. These are the difficulty of operating at a regional scale, the problem of linking land banking to the planning process, and the scarcity of financial resources. An unusual type of French land-banking agency, the public real-estate corporation, may provide the answers as to how these obstacles can be overcome. This paper provides an analysis of the structure, policies, financing, and operations of one such agency, the Lower Seine Valley Public Real Estate Corporation or EPBS (Établissement Public Foncier de la Basse Seine).
Inflation in Latin America, 1970–1980
Authors: Cole J H
Published: October 2006

In explaining the highly varied inflationary experience of sixteen Latin American countries, a simple quantity theory model is shown to be quite robust in the sense that variations in the rate of monetary growth and in the rate of real growth explain practically all of the variation in the rate of inflation. The correlation-causation issue is addressed within the framework of a monetary-base-multiplier model of the determination of monetary growth. It is shown that the larger share of monetary growth in Latin America has been due to changes in the monetary base. Changes in the money multiplier due to changes in reserve requirements were also significant in some cases. It is argued that this evidence, taken jointly with the strong correlation between monetary growth and inflation, implies that the direction of causality runs from money to prices.
The Taxation of Capital Gains on Land in a Growing Economy
Authors: Carlberg M
Published: October 2006

Firms employ land, capital, and labour to produce a homogeneous commodity which is used for consumption and investment. Government levies a tax at a flat rate and spends the proceeds on public consumption and public investment. Factor income and capital gains on land, diminished by taxation, form disposable income. Households save a fixed share of disposable income. Savings, in turn, serve to finance both private investment and capital gains on land. This gives rise to a portfolio made up of two assets: Land and capital. Land income consists of land rents and capital gains, whereas capital income consists of interest payments. In equilibrium, land and capital yield the same rate of return after tax. Under the restrictive income tax (excluding capital gains), a tax increase generally raises the land price. Under the comprehensive income tax (including capital gains), a tax increase has no bearing on the land price. Under special land taxes, however, a tax increase lowers the land price.
Industrial Development Policy and the Restructuring of the Northern Ireland Economy
Authors: Harrison R T
Published: October 2006

There can be little doubt that Northern Ireland has experienced, and continues to experience, severe economic and social disadvantages within the United Kingdom context. These are manifested most noticeably in high and persistent levels of unemployment. In this paper the nature of the regional problems in Northern Ireland is outlined, and the development and implementation of an industrial development policy designed to strengthen and diversify the industrial base of the region is summarised. There is then an examination of the contribution of the industrial development (ID) programme to employment change in Northern Ireland since 1945. Particular attention is given to the employment performance of various age cohorts of project openings and to the impact of country of ownership and industrial structure on the pattern of employment change. The impact of the ID programme on, and implications for, the region's growth performance are then drawn out, and the paper concludes with some suggestions for the development of ID policies in the 1980s.
The Evaluation of Norwegian Regional Policy: Parameter Variation in Regional Shift Models
Authors: Bivand R S
Published: October 2006

Starting from a conventional shift-share analysis of Norwegian industrial employment series for 1951-1982, the author attempts to establish the existence of a breakpoint in the shift series for counties subject to regional policy measures, by using recursive regression methods. Such a change having been found in the plots of trend and quadratic trend parameters, the counterfactual method is used to estimate the effects of regional policy, 1970–1982, for four counties.
Optimal Control Theory and Grants in Aid
Authors: Livesey D A
Published: October 2006

The methodology of optimal control theory is used to highlight some of the current policy issues raised in the United Kingdom by the central government's allocation of grants to local authorities. It is shown that there is a link between the number of policy variables and targets and the freedom of action of individual local authorities. One consequence of current policy is shown to be that it makes optimal control theory an even more relevant tool for the analysis of the rate support grant system. Another is that the demise of local control appears to be the logical outcome in the long run.
The State and the Foreign Worker Problem. A Case Study of the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria
Authors: Leitner H
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a description and critical analysis of the nature and scope of policies concerning the employment and treatment of foreign workers and their families that have been pursued by the national governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Elements of a materialist theory of the state are drawn on to unravel the forces, interests, and conflicts which have shaped migration policies at different times in these countries. Emphasis is placed on the processes of transformation, whereby demands upon the state apparatus are translated into political and administrative action. Analysis reveals that a dominant trend throughout has been the pursuit of the economic goal of providing a low-cost flexible labour force. Confronted with human beings rather than economic units, concerns of integrating the migrant population and maintaining the nations' cultural integrity entered into play in the determination of policies; but essentially only as secondary goals. It is concluded that neither the overriding goal nor the ad hoc nature of migration policies will change in the near future.
Impacts of North-South Cooperation on World Regional Growth: A Simulation
Authors: Cordova M L
Published: October 2006

Under the optic of North-South cooperation, the impacts that optimistic policies and assumptions have on future economic growth of centrally planned economies, nations of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), less developed nations (excluding OPEC nations), and developed capitalist nations are examined using a simulation of a four-region world econometric model, COLD. Special focus is given to developing and developed regions, and it is suggested that the level of effort required to implement a North-South cooperation is relatively modest and economically viable for the donor developed region while being significant for the development of the recipient less developed region. The conclusion suggests that—being morally correct—North-South cooperation, if wisely and creatively implemented, may have a favorable economic effect on the donor region while helping decisively to improve the situation of the Third World.
Assessing City Responses to Federal Subventions
Authors: Fossett J W
Published: October 2006

This paper reports on a series of case studies in which the consequences are examined of the major buildup in federal grants to urban areas over the 1970s in eleven major US cities. Conventional economic models of the impact of this buildup are argued to rely overmuch on assumptions about the manner in which local officials perceive and structure choices, neglecting important program features and ignoring variations across place and time in the structure of utility functions and in the types of behavior seen as likely to achieve a desired outcome. The case studies suggest that local uses of federal funds are structured by the uncertainty in both level and form of grant receipts and by a propensity for risk-aversion behavior on the part of local general-purpose officials.