bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fraternité de lait dans les cultures du Maghreb
Authors: Marchand-Tonel Claire
Published: April 2017

L’administration de lait de donneuse aux bébés prématurés est une pratique courante dans les services français de néonatologie. Or, cette pratique scientifiquement fondée est susceptible d’entrer en conflit avec la notion de « frères de lait » qui a cours au Maghreb. En effet, la filiation par le lait engage donneuse et receveur dans une relation unique, faite d’interdits et d’engagements réciproques, lesquels sont incompatibles avec certaines règles en vigueur dans les lactariums chargés de collecter et de distribuer le lait des donneuses dans les services de néo-natologie, telles que l’anonymat et le mélange de laits issus de différentes donneuses. À la lumière d’une vignette clinique, l’auteure propose une réflexion autour de cette question qui engage les pratiques soignantes.
De quoi le lien fraternel est-il le nom ?
Authors: Collomb Natacha
Published: April 2017

Pour pouvoir en dire quelque chose, ne faut-il pas commencer par se demander ce qui se dissimule ou se dévoile derrière les mots « lien fraternel » ? Le métier d’anthropologue contient dans son adn la remise en question des catégories avec lesquelles nous pensons, que nous tenons pour devoir être, avant toute autre chose, pensées. Rien n’est plus précieux à ce titre que l’ethnographie de contrées étrangères, quelle que soit la distance géographique réelle où nous les situons. C’est ici la fréquentation d’un village t’ai dam du Nord-Laos et de ses habitants qui est, à la fois, la source et le sujet de cette invitation à remettre en question l’évidence et du lien et de la compréhension que nous en avons.
Différentes représentations de la fratrie dans la littérature jeunesse
Authors: Séguret Chloé , Gaudré Séverine
Published: April 2017

La fratrie est un sujet très souvent abordé par la littérature jeunesse : parents et professionnels se tournent volontiers vers les livres pour accompagner leurs aînés dans cette aventure. Dans cette abondance, certains albums sortent du lot. Ce sont ceux qui, par leurs qualités littéraires et graphiques, laissent aux jeunes lecteurs leur place de sujets qui ne demandent qu’à être acteurs de leur propre vie.
Le terrorisme en Italie et en France
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: April 2017

Les études sur le terrorisme ont souvent eu tendance depuis le début des années 2000 à proposer des comparaisons entre le terrorisme le plus récent et celui qui avait frappé l’Italie durant les « années de plomb ». Partant du grand développement de la recherche historique sur la violence politique de l’Italie des années 1960 et 1970, cet article pose quatre questions qui peuvent avoir une résonance sur le terrorisme djihadiste qui a touché la France et d’autres pays européens : comment désigner ce qui se passe ? Peut-on comparer les actions terroristes ? Quelle histoire sociale du terrorisme ? Quelle politique de l’État face au défi terroriste ?
L’engagement anticolonialiste précoce et intense des étudiants de Besançon
Authors: Ponçot Bénédicte
Published: April 2017

L’Association générale des étudiants de Besançon (AGEB) prend des positions anticolonialistes dès 1953. L’AGEB est dirigée par de jeunes catholiques. Leur lutte s’effectue dans l’unité avec les étudiants d’outre-mer et les communistes. Ces étudiants anticolonialistes reçoivent le soutien de la majorité de leurs camarades et de quelques enseignants. Ils constituent le moteur de l’intersyndicale dans le combat contre la guerre d’Algérie. Leurs positions sont plus radicales que celles de la direction « mino » de l’Union nationale des étudiants de France (UNEF). Ainsi, à la fin de l’année 1957, une jeune étudiante, Francine Rapiné, est la première Française arrêtée pour aide directe au Front de libération nationale (FLN). Besançon apparaît comme un exemple particulier de l’engagement étudiant pour l’indépendance de l’Algérie jusqu’en 1962.
Les jeunes catholiques de la Jeunesse ouvrière chrétienne face à la « révolution sexuelle » des années 1970 en France
Authors: Favier Anthony
Published: April 2017

Cet article explore le positionnement complexe des membres d’un mouvement de jeunesse catholique (JOC-F) face aux thématiques de la révolution sexuelle dans les années 1968. À partir des périodiques publiés par le mouvement ainsi que de documents déposés aux Archives départementales des Hauts-de-Seine, il envisage le basculement progressif d’un mouvement confessionnel, au fort patrimoine militant et idéologique, vers une forme de modernité bio-éthique et morale sur les questions d’éducation sexuelle, de contraception et de droit à l’interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG). Cette conversion n’aboutit pas à la déconfessionalisation du mouvement. Le nouveau positionnement, non conforme au point de vue institutionnel catholique, s’établit également en tension avec des standards plus laïcs.
De jeunes militants révolutionnaires à l’épreuve d’un mouvement étudiant et lycéen « apolitique »
Authors: Melchior Hugo
Published: April 2017

Le mouvement étudiant et lycéen contre le projet de loi Devaquet, par son « apolitisme » revendiqué, son caractère défensif et ses revendications limitées, semble bien, à première vue, avoir été « une révolte sans révolutionnaires ». Pourtant, des militants d’extrême gauche, engagés dans cette mobilisation sans précédent par le nombre de participants, il y en eut, comme à l’Université Rennes-II, où de jeunes militants trotskistes, appartenant aux Jeunesses communistes révolutionnaires (JCR), jouèrent un rôle inversement proportionnel à leur poids politique réel à l’échelle de leur Université.
L’américanisation du commerce français au début des années 1960
Authors: Jacques Tristan
Published: April 2017

L’hypermarché, inventé en France en 1963, a participé d’une mutation profonde des structures du commerce de détail. Cet article s’intéresse au processus d’américanisation ayant favorisé ces évolutions, et plus spécifiquement aux séminaires Modern Merchant Methods , organisés par la National Cash Register et animés par Bernardo Trujillo entre 1957 et la fin des années 1960. Ces stages aux États-Unis, s’adressant aux professionnels du commerce pour leur vanter entre autres les avantages de la vente en libre-service, ont laissé une forte empreinte en France. Ils restent toutefois mal connus. Aussi cet article vise-t-il à documenter leur fonctionnement et à interroger leur influence, notamment en les comparant aux missions de productivité.
Des citoyens législateurs
Authors: Peretz Pauline
Published: April 2017

Les années 1970 sont marquées aux États-Unis par un renouveau de l’utilisation des instruments de démocratie directe. En Californie, en particulier, l’initiative populaire est utilisée par des groupes citoyens pour décliner au niveau de l’État des mesures de moralisation de la vie politique déjà adoptées à l’échelon fédéral. Deux conceptions de l’initiative coexistent, portées par des organisations très différentes qui font pourtant alliance en vue de l’adoption du Political Reform Act de 1974 : une conception progressiste selon laquelle l’initiative doit être utilisée en cas de blocage des institutions représentatives, et une conception populiste qui privilégie par principe le recours à cet instrument pour contourner des élus jugés sourds aux attentes citoyennes.
Optical parametric amplification by incoherent conical pump beam
Authors: Tamulienė Viktorija , Smilgevičius Valerijus , Kudarauskas Domas , Butkus Rytis , Stabinis Algirdas , Piskarskas Algis
Published: April 2017

Optical parametric amplification of an input narrowband signal beam in the field of a spatially incoherent conical pump is investigated. Two amplification regimes – onset and exponential – are distinguished. The possibility to amplify the signal beam significantly and obtain a smooth intensity profile at the output is revealed. It is shown that the incoherent conical beam may act on the signal beam as a plane wave. Good agreement of theoretical and experimental data is obtained.
The Effect of Asymmetrically Confined Circular Cylinder and Opposing Buoyancy on Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
Authors: Laidoudi Houssem , Bouzit Mohamed
Published: April 2017

In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical investigation is carried out to understand the effects of opposing thermal buoyancy and Prandtl number on fluid flow and mixed convection heat transfer characteristics of symmetrically and asymmetrically confined cylinder submerged in Newtonian fluid. The detailed flow and temperature field are illustrated in term of streamlines and isotherm contours to interpret the flow and thermal transport visualization. The numerical results are presented and discussed for the range of conditions as: Ri = 0 to -4, Pr = 0.7 to 50, eccentricity factor ε = 0 to 0.7 at Re = 40 and for a fixed blockage parameter B = 0.2. The effect of opposing buoyancy is brought about by varying Richardson numbers. The overall drag coefficient and average Nusselt number are computed to elucidate the role of Prandt number, eccentricity factor and Richardson number on the flow and heat transfer. At ε = 0, it is found that, when the buoyancy is opposed the flow becomes asymmetrically and some rotating zones appear under and above the cylinder. Moreover, the eccentricity factor has a tendency to decrease the rotating regions and to increase the heat transfer rate. For example an increase in eccentricity factor from 0 to 0.6 increases Nu by 77% at Ri = 4.
Numerical Exploration of Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux and Mass Transfer in Magnetohydrodynamic Flow over Various Geometries
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Sandeep Naramgari , Animasaun Isaac Lare , Tshehla M.S.
Published: April 2017

The flow geometry plays a major role in heat and mass transfer processes of many engineering and industrial applications.In the present paper, we examined the combined effects of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, external magnetic field, chemical reaction, heat source and buoyancy forces on the flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid with heat and mass transfer over three different geometries (cone, wedge and a plate). The nonlinear governing equations are obtained and tackled numerically using shooting technique with Runge-Kutta-Felhberg integration scheme. Numerical results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. It is found that the thermal boundary layer is highly effective on the flow over a wedge when compared with the other two geometries (plate and a cone).
Chemically Reacting MHD Mixed Convection Variable Viscosity Blasius Flow Embedded in a Porous Medium
Authors: Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Mishra S.R.
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the combined effects of magnetic field, buoyancy forces, nth order chemical reaction, heat source, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and variable viscosity on mixed convection Blasius flow of a conducting fluid over a convectively heated permeable plate embedded in a porous medium is investigated. The fluid properties are assumed to be constant except for the density variation with the temperature and reacting chemical species concentration. The nonlinear governing differential equations were obtained and solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique. The dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown graphically. The effects of pertinent parameters on the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are examined. It is found that skin friction decreases while Nusselt number and Sherwood number increase with a decrease in the fluid viscosity in the presence of magnetic field.
MHD Stagnation-Point Flow Past over a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Non-Darcy Porous Medium and Heat Source/Sink
Authors: Mishra S.R. , Nayak B. , Sharma R.P.
Published: April 2017

The steady boundary layer magnetohydrodynamic stagnation- point flow past a stretching sheet through porous media in the presence of heat source /sink has been studied. Dissipative effects such as viscous, Joule and Darcy dissipation are also considered in the present study. The governing nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are modified into self-similar ordinary differential equations by appropriate similarity transformations and then the transmuted equations are numerically solved by Runge-Kutta fourth order method. Particular importance of pertinent physical parameters of interest which cover velocity ratio parameter, magnetic parameter, porous matrix, Prandtl number, Eckert number, temperature index parameter and heat source parameter. The outcomes acquired for velocity, temperature and skin friction has been displayed in tables and graphs. For the verification of the present outcomes with the earlier published results in a particular case is also presented and it is found that the present result is in good agreement.
Influence of climatic factors on the abundance of Culex pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) adults in the Western Coast of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hassan M.I. , Kenawy M.A. , Al Ashry H.A. , Shobrak M.
Published: April 2017

This study aims to examine the effect of weather factors, temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and wind velocity (WV) on the abundance of Cx. (Cux.) pipiens L. and Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus. Say, the two common and important mosquito species in the western coast of Saudi Arabia. The two species had the same ranges of T (15.00-30.00°C), RH (8.00-72.00%) and WV (0.10- 8.06 Km/h). Cx. quinquefasciatus had insignificantly (P˃0.05) lower means of the three factors than those of Cx. pipiens. Regression analysis indicated that abundance of Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus negatively related to T (regression coefficient, b=-0.06 and -0.01 for the two species, respectively) and WV (b=-0.40 and -0.16 for the two species, respectively) and positively related to RH (b=0.05 for both species). Such factors accounted for 81% and 76% of the variance in abundance of Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively while the remaining parts (19% and 24% for the two species, respectively) may be attributed to other factors mainly rainfall.
The first record of grass-living thrips, Chirothrips hamatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Iran
Authors: Mombeini S. , Ramezani L. , Minaei K.
Published: April 2017

Species of the genus Chirothrips Haliday live on various species of grasses (family Poaceae). In this research, Chirothrips hamatus Trybom is reported for the first time in Iran as the seventh species recorded in this country for the genus so far. Most specimens of C. hamatus were collected on Phragmites sp. in Khuzestan Province (Iran). As for Chirothrips atricorpus Girault that has been previously reported in Iran, the second antennal segment in C. hamatus is symmetrical. The morphological differences of these two species are discussed and illustrated herein.
Revision of the genus Chaetocladius Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae), 1st note: description of four new species from Italy
Authors: Rossaro B. , Montagna M. , Magoga G.
Published: April 2017

Four new species belonging to the genus Chaetocladius, known to occur in Italy, are here described as adult males: C. aedeagovirgatus sp. nov., C. subalpinus sp. nov., C. ticinoi sp. nov., and C. valdostanus sp. nov. C. aedeagolobatus is characterized by a robust aedeagal lobe, C. subalpinus and C. valdostanus by a characteristic inferior volsella, C. ticinoi by a tubercle on the basis of gonostylus. Geographical distribution of the other species known to occur in Italy is given. A key to adult males is presented.
Agonum tulliae sp. n. from the Sila National Park (Calabria, southern Italy) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini)
Authors: Mazzei A. , Brandmayr P.
Published: April 2017

Agonum tulliae sp. n. is described from the Sila Massif upland in Calabria, Italy. This species is similar to Agonum (Olisares) sexpunctatum (Linné, 1758) as far as the external morphology is concerned, but it is easy to distinguish by the colour pattern, the shape of pronotum, and at best by the morphology of male genitalia. The study includes some remarks about the habitat and ecology of the new species. It lives only in the eastern part of the Sila massif and occupies the southernmost part of the distribution area of the Agonum sexpunctatum (Linné, 1758) complex in Italy.
The insect antenna: segmentation, patterning and positional homology
Authors: Minelli A.
Published: April 2017

The basic mechanism by which the antennal flagellum is subdivided into flagellomeres is probably the same in all insects, irrespective of whether the process occurs in the embryo, in the eye/antenna imaginal disc, or through a series of post-embryonic increments punctuated by moults. The ultimate origin of (all?) flagellomeres is the first antennomere following the pedicel, from which split off in apical direction new primary flagellomeres, each of which is eventually the source of secondary flagellomeres, according to specific spatial and temporal patterns subject to heterochrony. Only a detailed knowledge of the underlying segmentation processes could provide the ultimate background for determining positional homology between flagellomeres of two antennae with different number of antennomeres. The antennae of the Heteroptera are likely re-segmented, as their second antennomere seems to include a flagellar component. The larval antennae of the holometabolans are temporal serial homologues of those of the adult, but their segmental composition is problematic. Significant progress will be done by understanding what differentiates antennomeres that divide, either embryonically or post-embryonically, from those that do not; and by discovering whether the spatial and temporal pattern of division along the flagellum depends on local cues, or on signals travelling along the whole proximo-distal axis of the appendage.
Thermokarst ponding, North Slave region, Northwest Territories
Authors: Morse P D , McWade T L , Wolfe S A
Published: April 2017

This open file provides an inventory of thermokarst pond development between 1945 and 2005 in a study area that is representative of the southern North Slave region between Behchoko and Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. The primary purpose of this inventory is
to approximate the location and size of thermokarst ponds in a study area representative of the region to assist in better understanding present and future permafrost conditions. Because construction of the GNWT Highway 3 in the mid-1960s utilized locally-available fine-grained materials sourced
along the right-of-way, we examine potential thermokarst initiation at those sites and compare ponding adjacent to the highway with results for the region. The inventory and database were prepared to evaluate the dominant controls on the distribution of thermokarst in the region, and the potential
influence that highway construction may have had on thermokarst development. The accompanying shapefile format data can be used in a GIS to place areas of thermokarst ponds onto digital maps for referencing.
Genetic Markers for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis on Chromosome 19p13.3 among Saudi Arabian Girls
Authors: Al-Othman Abdallah Ahmad , Sadat-Ali Mir , Amer Ahmed Sh. , Al-Dakheel Dakheel A.
Published: April 2017

Study Design

Prospective case-controlled study.

Purpose

This study aimed to assess genetic influence in Saudi Arabian children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Overview of Literature

The genetic locus linked to chromosome 19p for idiopathic scoliosis has been described. A pilot study conducted at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar showed that three microsatellite markers (D19S216, D19S894, and DS1034) of chromosome 19p13.3 were significant in Saudi Arabian females compared with healthy subjects.

Methods

A total of 100 unrelated Saudi Arabian girls treated for AIS, their parents, healthy siblings, and healthy subjects were recruited for genetic analysis of markers on chromosome 19p13.3. After informed consent was obtained from their parents, blood samples were collected and parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses were performed using GENEHUNTER ver. 2.1. Multipoint linkage analysis was used to specify an autosomal dominant trait with a gene frequency of 0.01 and an estimated penetrance of 80% at the genotypic and allelic levels.

Results

Five hundred blood samples were collected and analyzed for microsatellite markers (D19S216, D19S894, and DS1034) of chromosome 19p13.3. Comparison among patients, family members, and healthy subjects revealed no significant association between markers and scoliosis at the genotypic level: D19S216 (p=0.21), D19S894 (p=0.37), and DS1034 (p=0.25). However, at the allelic level, a statistically significant association was observed for marker DS1034 (p=0.008), and marker D19S216 showed significance between fathers and patients (p<0.001) compared with patients and mothers. The other two markers, D19S216 (p=0.25) and D19S894 (p=0.17), showed no significant association between patients and mothers.

Conclusions

At the allelic level, marker DS1034 was significantly associated with AIS patients and their fathers. This allelic marker on chromosome 19p13.3 appears to be important in AIS etiology.
Correlation between Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity Changes and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Surgically Treated for Cervical Myeloradiculopathy
Authors: Chikhale Chaitanya Baban , Khurjekar Ketan Shripad , Shyam Ashok Kumar , Sancheti Parag Kantilal
Published: April 2017

Study Design

This was a single surgeon, single center-based retrospective study with prospective data collection.

Purpose

To assess the correlation between T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (SI) changes and factors such as age, duration of symptoms, baseline modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score and to determine its prognostic value in predicting recovery after surgery.

Overview of Literature

Whether intramedullary cord T2-weighted MRI SI changes can predict operative outcomes of cervical myeloradiculopathy remains debatable, with only a few prospective studies analyzing the same.

Methods

Forty-six consecutive patients who underwent cervical myeloradiculopathy were included and were followed up for an average of 1 year. Preoperative T2-weighted MRI SI grading was performed for all patients. The correlation between MRI SI changes and age, duration of symptoms, preoperative mJOA score, and mJOA score at 1-year follow-up were analyzed.

Results

Fifteen patients had single-level (21.73%) or double-level (10.86%) prolapsed discs; 54.34% had degenerative cervical spondylosis with canal stenosis or multilevel disc prolapse and 13.07% had ossified posterior longitudinal ligaments. The mean age was 56.17±9.53 years (range, 35–81 years). The mean baseline mJOA score was 10.83±2.58 (range, 6–16), which postoperatively improved to 13.59±2.28 (range, 8–17; p<0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between mJOA score at 1 year and MRI T2 SI grading (p=0.017).

Conclusions

Patients with longer symptom durations had high grades of intramedullary cord T2-weighted MRI SI changes. Age and preoperative neurological status were not significantly correlated with the existence of intramedullary cord SI changes. However, patients without or with mild and diffuse intramedullary cord T2-weighted MRI SI changes had better postoperative neurological recovery than those with sharp and focal SI changes.
Novel Measurement Technique for the Sagittal Vertical Axis and Its Clinical Application in Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Yoshida Go , Kurosu Kenta , Yamato Yu , Hasegawa Tomohiko , Yasuda Tatsuya , Togawa Daisuke , Matsuyama Yukihiro
Published: April 2017

Study Design

Prospective physical measurement of the sagittal vertical axis (SVA).

Purpose

To evaluate a simple method for measuring SVA by analyzing its relationship with radiographic measurements and clinical appearance.

Overview of Literature

No studies have examined physical measurements using the cranial center of gravity (CCG) in a relaxed standing position.

Methods

The physical measurement of the horizontal distance between CCG and spina iliaca posterior superior (CCG-SIPS) was measured using a straight ruler in 252 healthy volunteers and 56 patients with adult spinal deformity. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was evaluated using the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and clinical symptoms were assessed according to standing status and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Results

CCG-SIPS increased with age in the volunteer group and strongly correlated with radiographic SVA in the patient group (r=0.984). Differences increased between CCG-SIPS in patients in the relaxed position and radiographic SVA with an increase in sagittal malalignment (r=0.692, p<0.001). ODI with high sagittal malalignment (CCG-SIPS>120 mm) was significantly larger in the patient group than in the group with low sagittal malalignment (59.9±18.8 vs. 45.1±17.0; p=0.004); these patients (CCG-SIPS>120 mm) needed crutches or walkers for standing. The patient group with GERD had significantly larger sagittal malalignment than the group without GERD (160.3 mm vs. 81.0 mm).

Conclusions

The CCG-SIPS correlated with age and strongly reflected radiographic SVA and HRQOL in the patients. Moreover, it reflects a relaxed posture without a backward shift in the radiographic position even in patients with severe sagittal malalignment. The critical limit of CCG-SIPS can be relevant to clinical appearance, including standing assistance (>120 mm) and the existence of GERD (>150 mm). Thus, it will be a useful predictor of true SVA in clinical practice before radiographic evaluation.
Elderly Patients Achieving Clinical and Radiological Outcomes Comparable with Those of Younger Patients Following Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Nikhil N. Joshi , Lim Joel Wei-An , Yeo William , Yue Wai-Mun
Published: April 2017

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of prospective database.

Purpose

To compare 2-year clinical and radiological outcomes after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) among “middle-age” (50–64.99 years), “young-old” (65–74.99 years), and “old-old” (>75 years) patients.

Overview of Literature

Owing to higher perioperative morbidity and mortality rates, elderly patients with degenerative lumbar conditions are occasionally denied surgical care, even after conservative treatment failure. MIS-TLIF advantages include reduced blood loss, reduced analgesia requirements, early mobilization, and shorter hospital stays.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2012, 22 patients (age >75 years) treated with 1-2 level MIS-TLIF were matched with “young-old” and “middle-age” patients (22 each) based on race, body mass index (BMI), diagnosis, spinal level, number of spinal levels operated upon, and bone graft type. Clinical outcomes included the Oswestry disability index (ODI), neurogenic symptom score (NSS), 36-item short form health survey (SF-36), and visual analogue scale (VAS) for back and leg pain. Radiological assessment included plain radiographs and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plain radiographs at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months postoperatively. Fusion grade, loosening, cage migration, and adjacent segment degeneration were assessed.

Results

The groups had similar fluoroscopy time, operation duration, and postoperative analgesia type used. “Old-old” patients took longer to ambulate (1.6 days) and had longer hospital stays (6 days). All patients showed significant improvement in clinical outcome scores at all time-points compared with the preoperative status. “Middle-age” patients showed better ODI and SF-36 physical function scores than “old-old” patients preoperatively and 2 years post surgery. NSS, VAS (back and leg), and SF-36 mental function scores were similar between groups preoperatively and at every time-point postoperatively. Minimal clinical important differences (63.6%–95.5% at 2 years) were achieved. Grade 1 fusion occurred in a minimum of 80% patients in each group 2 years post surgery. Complication rates were similar. Adjacent segment disease occurred in 2 patients from the “young-old” group, with no significant differences between groups.

Conclusions

MIS-TLIF showed comparable results in selected “old-old” patients compared with “young-old” and “middle-age” patients without increased complication risks.
One-Stage Anterolateral Debridement, Bone Grafting, and Internal Fixation for Treating Lumbosacral Tuberculosis
Authors: Zhang Tao , Ma Lihua , Lan Xu , Zhen Ping , Wang Shiyong , Li Zhilin
Published: April 2017

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Purpose

To investigate the clinical efficacy and feasibility of one-stage anterolateral debridement, bone grafting, and internal fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis.

Overview of Literature

There has been no consensus regarding the optimal means of treating lumbosacral tuberculosis. The one-stage anterolateral extraperitoneal approach for radical debridement, bone grafting, and internal fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis is rare in literature.

Methods

Twenty-one patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent the surgery of anterolateral debridement after regularly antituberculous drugs therapy. We evaluated the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, visual analogue score, and Oswestry disability index before and after surgery.

Results

All patients completed a follow-up survey 9–48 months after surgery. All patients' wounds healed well without chronic infection or sinus formation, and all patients with low-back pain reported relief after surgery. All cases had no tuberculosis recurrence. Solid bony fusion was achieved within 6–12 months. At final follow-up, evaluated the erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased from 38.1±12.5 to 11.3±7.1 mm/hr, C-reactive protein decreased from 6.2±4.2 to 1.6±1.3 mg/dL, the visual analog scale score decreased from 4.6±1.1 to 1.4±1.0, the Oswestry disability index score decreased from 50.2%±11.9% to 13.0%±6.6%, and the lumbosacral angle increased from 20.0°±4.8° to 29.0°±3.9° (p<0.05).

Conclusions

One-stage anterolateral debridement, bone grafting, and internal instrument fixation for treating lumbosacral tuberculosis is safe and effective.
A third era of credit theory? Endogenous money from Wolfgang Stützel's balance mechanics perspective*
Authors: Ellermann Christoph , Lindner Fabian , Reissl Severin , Tarne Ruben
Published: April 2017

We present an introduction to the translation of a part of the stock-flow consistent (SFC) framework published by the German economist Wolfgang Stützel in 1958, which follows in this issue. While not a quantitative model, Stützel's ‘balance mechanics’ has some features which still stand out today when compared with contemporary SFC literature. Among these strengths is an accounting decomposition of all economic transactions along three dimensions and a careful distinction between propositions which are true at different levels of aggregation, so as to avoid fallacies of composition. We argue that ‘balance mechanics’ provides value added, both as a didactic tool and as a complement to formal SFC modelling exercises, since it can be used to assess the validity and coherence of economic propositions. We demonstrate this claim by translating a section on the so-called ‘third stage of credit theory’ in the translation that follows this introductory paper. Therein, Stützel synthesises the two opposing positions in the controversy on the causal priority of deposits versus loans in banking.
A proposal for a federalized unemployment insurance mechanism for Europe
Authors: Davis Leila E. , Konstantinidis Charalampos , Tripodis Yorghos
Published: April 2017

The ongoing crisis in the eurozone, together with growing evidence of structural imbalances, points to a role for new institutions to support a more stable European Monetary Union (EMU) structure. As is well established in the context of monetary union when business cycles are not synchronized, a system of fiscal transfers can support monetary union. Unemployment insurance (UI) is, in particular, a key component of fiscal crisis management. UI supports household incomes during downturns, and also acts as an automatic stabilizer, thereby helping individual countries respond to asymmetric shocks. This paper proposes a ‘federalized’ EMU-level UI mechanism as one program that can contribute to a system of fiscal transfers in the EMU, and estimates the cost of the proposed system under different financing and eligibility scenarios. We find that, under a variety of reasonable institutional parameters, such a system is fiscally feasible with limited reason to expect adverse employment effects in member countries. We conclude that fiscal transfers extended via automatic stabilizers are a productive avenue towards a more stable eurozone architecture.
editorial 2
Authors: Abbott Scott
Published: April 2017

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Citizen participation in urban local government: a case study of Kanaighat Paurashava in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Shahjahan , Aktaruzzaman Md
Published: April 2017

Scholars have identified many variables as determinants of citizen participation, but not all of these are relevant to citizen participation in specific cultural and political contexts. This paper seeks to identify the specific factors which work as drivers for citizen participation in Bangladesh through a case study of Kanaighat Paurashava (municipality), an urban local government. It identifies the following variables which strongly affect citizen participation: the role of elected representatives, notably their willingness and awareness; the provision of information to citizens; citizens’ capacity; and resources available. Findings also suggest that a holistic approach is needed to understand and change representatives’ attitudes towards citizens and ensure participation.
Genesis of diamond dust, ice fog and thick cloud episodes observed and modelled above Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Ricaud Philippe , Bazile Eric , del Guasta Massimo , Lanconelli Christian , Grigioni Paolo , Mahjoub Achraf
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Episodes of thick cloud and diamond dust/ice fog were observed during 15 March to 8 April 2011 and 4 to 5 March 2013 in the atmosphere above Dome C (Concordia station, Antarctica; 75°06′ S, 123°21′ E; 3233 m a.m.s.l.). The objectives of the paper are mainly to investigate the processes that cause these episodes based on observations and to verify whether operational models can evaluate them. The measurements were obtained from the following instruments: (1) a ground-based microwave radiometer (HAMSTRAD, H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers) installed at Dome C that provided vertical profiles of tropospheric temperature and absolute humidity every 7 min; (2) daily radiosoundings launched at 12:00 UTC at Dome C; (3) a tropospheric aerosol lidar that provides aerosol depolarization ratio along the vertical at Dome C; (4) down- and upward short- and long-wave radiations as provided by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) facilities; (5) an ICE-CAMERA to detect at an hourly rate the size of the ice crystal grains deposited at the surface of the camera; and (6) space-borne aerosol depolarization ratio from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) platform along orbits close to the Dome C station. The time evolution of the atmosphere has also been evaluated by considering the outputs from the mesoscale AROME and the global-scale ARPEGE meteorological models. Thick clouds are detected during the warm and wet periods (24–26 March 2011 and 4 March 2013) with high depolarization ratios (greater than 30 %) from the surface to 5–7 km above the ground associated with precipitation of ice particles and the presence of a supercooled liquid water (depolarization less than 10 %) clouds. Diamond dust and/or ice fog are detected during the cold and dry periods (5 April 2011 and 5 March 2013) with high depolarization ratios (greater than 30 %) in the planetary boundary layer to a maximum altitude of 100–300 m above the ground with little trace of precipitation. Considering 5-day back trajectories, we show that the thick cloud episodes are attributed to air masses with an oceanic origin whilst the diamond dust/ice fog episodes are attributed to air masses with continental origins. Although operational models can reproduce thick cloud episodes in the free troposphere, they cannot evaluate the diamond dust/ice fog episodes in the planetary boundary layer because they require to use more sophisticated cloud and aerosol microphysics schemes.
In situ measurements of cloud microphysics and aerosol over coastal Antarctica during the MAC campaign
Authors: O'Shea Sebastian J. , Choularton Thomas W. , Flynn Michael , Bower Keith N. , Gallagher Martin , Crosier Jonathan , Crawford Ian , Fleming Zoë , Listowski Constantino , Kirchgaessner Amélie , Ladkin Russel S. , Lachlan-Cope Thomas
Published: April 2017

Abstract. During austral summer 2015 the Microphysics of Antarctic Clouds (MAC) field campaign collected detailed airborne and ground based in situ measurements of cloud and aerosol properties over coastal Antarctica and the Weddell Sea. This paper presents the first results from the experiment and discusses the key processes important in this region. The sampling was predominantly of stratus cloud, at temperatures between −20 and 0 °C. These clouds were dominated by supercooled liquid water droplets, which had a median concentration of 113 cm−3 and an inter-quartile range of 86 cm−3. The concentration of large aerosols (0.5 to 1.6 μm) decreased with altitude and were depleted in airmasses that originated over the Antarctic Continent compared to those more heavily influenced by the Southern Ocean and sea ice regions. The dominant aerosol in the region was hygroscopic in nature, with the hygroscopicity parameter, κ having a median value for the campaign of 0.64 (interquartile range = 0.34). This is consistent with other remote marine locations that are dominated by sea salt/sulphate. Cloud ice particle concentrations were highly variable with the ice tending to occur in small isolated patches. Below ca 2000 m glaciated cloud regions were more common at higher temperatures; however the clouds were still predominantly liquid throughout. When ice was present at temperatures higher than −10 °C, secondary ice production most likely through the Hallet-Mossop mechanism lead to ice concentrations 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the number predicted by commonly used primary ice nucleation parameterisations. The drivers of the ice crystal variability are investigated. No clear dependence on the droplet size distribution was found. However, higher ice concentrations were found in updrafts and downdrafts compared to quiescent regions. The source of first ice in the clouds remains uncertain, but may include contributions from biogenic particles, blowing snow or other surface ice production mechanisms.
Airborne particles in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: One-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment
Authors: Martins Pereira Guilherme , Teinilä Kimmo , Custódio Danilo , Gomes Santos Aldenor , Xian Huang , Hillamo Risto , Alves Célia A. , Bittencourt de Andrade Jailson , Olímpio da Rocha Gisele , Kumar Prashant , Balasubramanian Rajasekhar , de Fátima Andrade Maria , de Castro Vasconcellos Pérola
Published: April 2017

Abstract. São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of airborne particles from local sources and long-range transport of biomass burning-impacted air masses. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution (PM) and related health risks, a year-round sampling was performed for PM2.5 (≤ 2.5 μm) and PM10 (≤ 10 μm) in 2014 through intensive (every day sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized to have lower average precipitation comparing to meteorological data, and high pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase of pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions and monosaccharides were determined by chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species by thermal-optical analysis. The associated risks to particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was done by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, besides the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.
A new oxidation flow reactor for measuring secondary aerosol formation of rapidly changing emission sources
Authors: Simonen Pauli , Saukko Erkka , Karjalainen Panu , Timonen Hilkka , Bloss Matthew , Aakko-Saksa Päivi , Rönkkö Topi , Keskinen Jorma , Dal Maso Miikka
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) or environmental chambers can be used to estimate secondary aerosol formation potential of different emission sources. Emissions from anthropogenic sources, such as vehicles, often vary on short timescales. For example, to identify the vehicle driving conditions that lead to high potential secondary aerosol emissions, rapid oxidation of exhaust is needed. However, the residence times in environmental chambers and in most oxidation flow reactors are too long to study these transient effects ( ∼  100 s in flow reactors and several hours in environmental chambers). Here, we present a new oxidation flow reactor, TSAR (TUT Secondary Aerosol Reactor), which has a short residence time ( ∼  40 s) and near-laminar flow conditions. These improvements are achieved by reducing the reactor radius and volume. This allows studying, for example, the effect of vehicle driving conditions on the secondary aerosol formation potential of the exhaust. We show that the flow pattern in TSAR is nearly laminar and particle losses are negligible. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced in TSAR has a similar mass spectrum to the SOA produced in the state-of-the-art reactor, PAM (potential aerosol mass). Both reactors produce the same amount of mass, but TSAR has a higher time resolution. We also show that TSAR is capable of measuring the secondary aerosol formation potential of a vehicle during a transient driving cycle and that the fast response of TSAR reveals how different driving conditions affect the amount of formed secondary aerosol. Thus, TSAR can be used to study rapidly changing emission sources, especially the vehicular emissions during transient driving.
Correcting negatively-biased refractivity below ducts in GNSS radio occultation: An optimal estimation approach towards improving planetary boundary layer (PBL) characterization
Authors: Wang Kuo-Nung , de la Torre Juarez Manuel , Ao Chi O. , Xie Feiqin
Published: April 2017

Abstract. GNSS radio occultation (RO) measurements are promising in sensing the vertical structure of the Earth’s planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, large refractivity changes near the top of PBL can cause ducting and lead to a negative bias in the retrieved refractivity within the PBL (below ~ 2 km). To remove the bias, a reconstruction method with assumption of linear structure inside the ducting layer models has been proposed by Xie et al. (2006). While the negative bias can be reduced drastically as demonstrated in the simulation, the lack of high-quality surface refractivity constraint makes its application to real RO data difficult. In this paper, we use the widely available precipitable water (PW) satellite observation as the external constraint for the bias correction. A new framework is proposed to incorporate optimization into the RO reconstruction retrievals in the presence of ducting condition. The new method uses optimal estimation to select the best refractivity solution whose precipitable water (PW) and PBL height best match the external PW measurements and the known a-priori, respectively. The near coincident PW measurements from AMSR-E microwave radiometer instruments are used as an external observational constraint. This new reconstruction method is tested on both the simulated GNSS-RO profiles and the actual GNSS-RO data. Our results show that the proposed method can greatly reduce the negative refractivity bias when compared to traditional Abel inversion.
Long term Observations minus Background monitoring of ground-based microwave radiometer network. Part 1: Brightness Temperatures
Authors: De Angelis Francesco , Cimini Domenico , Löhnert Ulrich , Caumont Olivier , Haefele Alexander , Pospichal Bernhard , Martinet Pauline , Navas-Guzmán Francisco , Klein-Baltink Henk , Dupont Jean-Charles , Hocking James
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWRs) offer the capability to provide continuous, high-temporal resolution observations of the atmospheric thermodynamic state in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with low maintenance. This makes MWR an ideal instrument to supplement radiosonde and satellite observations when initializing numerical weather prediction (NWP) models through data assimilation. State-of-the-art data assimilation systems (e.g., variational schemes) require an accurate representation of the differences between model (background) and observations, which are then weighted by their respective errors to provide the best analysis of the true atmospheric state. In this perspective, one source of information is contained in the statistics of the differences between observations and their background counterparts (O-B). Monitoring of O-B statistics is crucial to detect and remove systematic errors coming from the measurements, the observation operator, and/or the NWP model. This work illustrates a 1-year O-B analysis for MWR observations in clear sky conditions for an European-wide network of six MWRs. Observations include MWR brightness temperatures (TB) measured by the two most common types of MWR instruments. Background profiles are extracted from the French convective scale model AROME-France before being converted into TB. The observation operator used to map atmospheric profiles into TB is the fast radiative transfer model RTTOV-gb. It is shown that O-B monitoring can effectively detect instrument malfunctions. O-B statistics (bias, standard deviation and root-mean-square) for water vapor channels (22.24–30.0 GHz) are quite consistent for all the instrumental sites, decreasing from the 22.24 GHz line center (~ 2–2.5 K) towards the high-frequency wing (~ 0.8–1.3 K). Statistics for zenith and lower elevation observations show a similar trend, though values increase with increasing air mass. O-B statistics for temperature channels show different behaviour for relatively transparent (51–53 GHz) and opaque channels (54-58 GHz). Opaque channels show lower uncertainties (