bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain gray matter structures associated with trait impulsivity: A systematic review and voxel‐based meta‐analysis
Authors: Pan Nanfang , Wang Song , Zhao Yajun , Lai Han , Qin Kun , Li Jingguang , Biswal Bharat B. , Sweeney John A. , Gong Qiyong
Published: February 2021

Trait impulsivity is a multifaceted personality characteristic that contributes to maladaptive life outcomes. Although a growing body of neuroimaging studies have investigated the structural correlates of trait impulsivity, the findings remain highly inconsistent and heterogeneous. Herein, we performed a systematic review to depict an integrated delineation of gray matter (GM) substrates of trait impulsivity and a meta‐analysis to examine concurrence across previous whole‐brain voxel‐based morphometry studies. The systematic review summarized the diverse findings in GM morphometry in the past literature, and the quantitative meta‐analysis revealed impulsivity‐related volumetric GM alterations in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. In addition, we identified the modulatory effects of age and gender in impulsivity‐GM volume associations. The present study advances understanding of brain GM morphometry features underlying trait impulsivity. The findings may have practical implications in the clinical diagnosis of and intervention for impulsivity‐related disorders.
Droplet digital PCR of tumor suppressor gene methylation in serial oral rinses of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fung Sherwood Y. H. , Chan Kwan Chee Allen , Wong Eddy W. Y. , Ng Cherrie W. K. , Cho Ryan , Yeung Zenon W. C. , Lam Jacky W. K. , Chan Jason Y. K.
Published: February 2021

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) currently lacks sensitive approaches to detect cancer‐related traits in body fluid.

Methods

Methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) (PAX5, EDNRB, and DCC) were measured in the oral rinses from 50 HNSCC and 58 control subjects using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Diagnostic accuracies in detecting HNSCC and the detection rate of recurrence in the post‐treatment monitoring were analyzed.

Results

ddPCR TSG methylation detection in oral rinses for diagnosis of HNSCC had an AUC of 0.892 for PAX5, 0.753 for EDNRB, and 0.729 for DCC. Significant drop of TSG methylation was observed after completion of surgery (p < 0.01). 76.9% of the relapse cases had a pre‐emptive rebound of methylation above presurgery levels in at least one of the tested markers before confirmed recurrence.

Conclusions

Utilizing ddPCR for TSG methylation detection in oral rinses shows potential for detection and monitoring of HNSCC.
Comment on “Temporal bone carcinoma: Novel prognostic score based on clinical and histological features”
Authors: Nabuurs Cindy H. , Hannink Gerjon , Kunst Henricus P. M.
Published: February 2021

see page 1687–1689
County‐Level Variation in Hepatitis C Virus Mortality and Trends in the United States, 2005‐2017
Authors: Hall Eric W. , Schillie Sarah , Vaughan Adam S. , Jones Jeb , Bradley Heather , Lopman Ben , Rosenberg Eli S. , Sullivan Patrick S.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Since 2013, the national hepatitis C virus (HCV) death rate has steadily declined, but this decline has not been quantified or described on a local level.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

We estimated county‐level HCV death rates and assessed trends in HCV mortality from 2005 to 2013 and from 2013 to 2017. We used mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and used a Bayesian multivariate space–time conditional autoregressive model to estimate age‐standardized HCV death rates from 2005 through 2017 for 3,115 U.S. counties. Additionally, we estimated county‐level, age‐standardized rates for persons <40 and 40+ years of age. We used log‐linear regression models to estimate the average annual percent change in HCV mortality during periods of interest and compared county‐level trends with national trends. Nationally, the age‐adjusted HCV death rate peaked in 2013 at 5.20 HCV deaths per 100,000 persons (95% credible interval [CI], 5.12, 5.26) before decreasing to 4.34 per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 4.28, 4.41) in 2017 (average annual percent change = −4.69; 95% CI, −5.01, −4.33). County‐level rates revealed heterogeneity in HCV mortality (2017 median rate = 3.6; interdecile range, 2.19, 6.77), with the highest rates being concentrated in the West, Southwest, Appalachia, and northern Florida. Between 2013 and 2017, HCV mortality decreased in 80.0% (n = 2,274) of all U.S. counties with a reliable trend estimate, with 25.8% (n = 803) of all counties experiencing a decrease larger than the national decline.

CONCLUSIONS

Although many counties have experienced a shift in HCV mortality trends since 2013, the magnitude and composition of that shift have varied by place. These data provide a better understanding of geographic differences in HCV mortality and can be used by local jurisdictions to evaluate HCV mortality in their areas relative to surrounding areas and the nation.
Extrahippocampal contributions to spatial navigation in humans: A review of the neuroimaging evidence
Authors: Baumann Oliver , Mattingley Jason B.
Published: February 2021

Spatial navigation is a crucial everyday skill, which when impaired leads to a significant decrease in quality of life. In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided extensive insights into the neural underpinnings of navigation skills. Whereas the hippocampus has been recognized as the prime region underpinning navigation abilities, by providing a cognitive map of the environment, imaging studies have also implicated a range of other brain regions. In this review, we provide an overview of the fMRI evidence for extrahippocampal contributions to spatial navigation. We show that the parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, dorsal striatum, and the posterior parietal cortex provide important complementary functions, and ultimately form part of a functional network that regulates successful way‐finding behavior.
The association mechanism between social network types and health‐related behaviours among the elderly in rural Hubei Province, China
Authors: Ye Liping , Zhang Xinping
Published: February 2021

China's rural population ageing situation is extremely serious, and the social network has become a very important social and environmental factor to ensure the health. This study aims to explore the association mechanism between social network types and health‐related behaviours among the elderly in rural Hubei Province, China. A cross‐sectional cluster sample survey method was used to investigate elderly individuals aged 60 or older. The following three results were obtained: (1) the level of health‐related behaviours differed significantly depending on their social network types. The rural elderly embedded in restricted and family restricted networks had lower levels of health‐related behaviours than those in other networks, especially those in diverse networks; (2) Social network types were found to be significantly associated with health‐related behaviours, the perceived quality of social relationships and social support and (3) Social network types not only had a direct effect on health‐related behaviours (except for health‐seeking behaviour), but also an indirect effect through the mediating effects of the perceived quality of social relationships and social support. Policy makers should formulate relevant measures to improve unfavourable social network types of the rural elderly, thus promoting their health.
Public health competences through the lens of the COVID‐19 pandemic: what matters for health workforce preparedness for global health emergencies
Authors: Czabanowska Katarzyna , Kuhlmann Ellen
Published: February 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic is raising new questions on public health competences and leadership and on health workforce preparedness for global public health emergencies. The present commentary aims to highlight demand and opportunities for innovation through the disruptions caused by the COVID‐19 crisis. We review the public health competency framework recently launched by WHO and ASPHER through the lens of COVID‐19. The framework provides guidance for aligning public health and global health competences across sectors and professional groups. Five critical competency areas can be identified in relation to public health emergencies: (1) flexibility, adaptation, motivation, communication, (2) research, analytical sensitivity, ethics, diversity, (3) epidemiology, (4) preparedness and (5) employability. However, this may not be enough. New models of public health leadership and changes in the health workforce are needed, which transform the silos of professions and policy. Such transformations would include learning, working, leading and governing differently and must stretch far beyond the public health workforce. To achieve transformative capacity, critical public health competences must be considered for all healthcare workers on all levels of policymaking, thus becoming the ‘heart’ of health workforce resilience and pandemic preparedness.
Cathepsin K maintains the compartment of bone marrow T lymphocytes in vivo
Authors: Hausinger Renate , Hackl Marianne , Jardon Alvarez Ana , Kehr Miriam , Romero Marquez Sandra , Hettler Franziska , Kehr Christian , Grziwok Sandra , Schreck Christina , Peschel Christian , Istvánffy Rouzanna , Oostendorp Robert A. J.
Published: February 2021

In this study, we investigated the influence of the loss of cathepsin K (Ctsk) gene on the hematopoietic system in vitro and in vivo. We found that cultures with lineage− SCA1+ KIT+ (LSK) cells on Ctsk deficient stromal cells display reduced colony formation and proliferation, with increased differentiation, giving rise to repopulating cells with reduced ability to repopulate the donor LSKs and T cell compartments in the bone marrow (BM). Subsequent in vivo experiments showed impairment of lymphocyte numbers, but, gross effects on early hematopoiesis or myelopoiesis were not found. Most consistently in in vivo experimental settings, we found a significant reduction of (donor) T cell numbers in the BM. Lymphocyte deregulation is also found in transplantation experiments, which revealed that Ctsk is required for optimal regeneration of small populations of T cells, particularly in the BM, but also of thymic B cells. Interestingly, cell nonautonomous Ctsk regulates both B and T cell numbers, but T cell numbers in the BM require an additional autonomous Ctsk‐dependent process. Thus, we show that Ctsk is required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro, but in vivo, Ctsk deficiency most strongly affects lymphocyte homeostasis, particularly of T cells in the BM.
Economic globalization and public debt inSub‐SaharanAfrica
Authors: Bataka Hodabalo
Published: February 2021

Using data on Sub‐Saharan African countries and over the period from 1980 to 2017, this study empirically investigates the effects of economic globalization on public debt. By disentangling between thede jureand de facto aspects, the study uses second‐generation panel data tests to diagnose the cross‐sectional dependence, unit root and cointegration. The cross‐sectional error correction model with the estimation by dynamic common correlated effect technique, is used. We find that economic globalization as a whole increases the public debt in the short run while decreases it in the long run. For its dimensions, we show that financial globalization increases the public debt in the short and long run, while trade globalization increases the public debt in the short run but decreases it in the long run. Consideration of the de jureand de facto aspects of economic globalization shows that thede jureeconomic globalization does not influence government debt while its trade dimension reduces the short‐run public debt and its financial dimension increases the long‐run public debt. The de facto economic globalization and its dimensions increase public debt in the short run, while in the long run only the de facto trade globalization belittles the public debt.
Experimental study on macropore flow effects in unsaturated soil on subsurface drainage and soil desalination*
Authors: Chen Wenjuan , Li Mingsi , Nie Jinjie , Li Dongwei , Xie Zhongyi
Published: February 2021

Discharging of moisture and salt from unsaturated soil has always been a difficult problem. Therefore, a laboratory experiment in unsaturated soil, under drip irrigation, on subsurface drainage and soil desalination through subsurface drainage pipes (SDP) was conducted for using soil flume, where artificial macropore flow tubes (MFT) were deployed and connected to SDP. We conducted seven different deployment treatments of the artificial MFT, including four deployment tube densities (0, 3, 4, and 5) and two deployment arrangements (curved and straight). The results showed that no flow was observed in the SDP under the base treatment without MFT, increasing flow rates to 9.71 L, 10.7 L, and 12.3 L under the three straight line treatments and 7.81 L, 9.81 L, and 11.2 L under the three curved line treatments. Water content in both the upper and lower soil layers was almost uniform in the treatments with MFT, and an overall desalination trend was observed; the average desalination rate of curved MFT treatments was lower than that of the straight MFT treatments under the same MFT density. The findings serve as the foundation for future studies on drainage and desalination in unsaturated soil and facilitate the design of tile drainage under drip irrigation.
Capabilities and aspirations: A multi‐theory approach to information and communications technology for development in rural Panama
Authors: Pleasant Traben , Zhang Shaozeng
Published: February 2021

Large national development projects often overlook site‐specific theoretical approaches to information and communications technology for development (ICT4D). To address this dilemma, we created a unique multi‐theoretical lens by combining a capabilities approach with an aspirations‐based approach. We use this combination to present an abductive analysis of our ethnographic study in a Black/Afro‐Caribbean community (Basti) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. The study highlights a community/computer center (Infoplaza) that is part of an initiative to close Panama's digital divide. The study objectives were to identify major barriers to post‐secondary education and computer access in Basti, and to assess how the Infoplaza might affect those barriers and people's education and life aspirations. We conclude that while beneficial, the Infoplaza's impact on education, computer access, and influence on education and life aspirations is minimal. This article emphasizes aspirations requiring digital literacy, and it suggests that the Infoplaza (and local schools) prioritize literacy, typing and internet knowledge as a development strategy to increase digital literacy and people's opportunities. Analyzing this study using our combined approach uncovers nuanced inequality in Basti and reveals limited capabilities for people to actualize what they value doing or being. This unique study and analysis is valuable to the Infoplaza initiative and to similar ICT4D research.
Smartphone banking usage in Nigeria: Gamification, technology acceptance and cultural factors empirical perspectives
Authors: Salimon Maruf Gbadebo , Aliyu Olayemi Abdullateef , Yusr Maha Mohammed , Perumal Selvan
Published: February 2021

Several studies have been conducted within the domain of technology adoption, yet, less attention has been paid to how gamification can be employed to elicit fun that can accelerate the rate of smartphone banking usage. Equally, the cultural peculiarities of smartphone banking users have been largely ignored by the majority of the previous studies. This study, therefore, identified the potential influence of the utilization of gamification, hedonic motivation, and cultural factors in the usage of smartphone banking. This is achieved through the conceptualization of a framework that empirically tested the influence of six exogenous variables on smartphone usage using data from 388 respondents from Nigeria, and having employed Partial Least Square (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling as a technique of analysis. The findings of the study reveal that gamification, hedonic motivation, and cultural factors along with the Technology Acceptance Model core variables are strong determinants of Smartphone Banking usage. Practitioners can draw significant insights on how to effectively design smartphone banking using gamification and hedonic techniques, especially that the trend is moving largely towards these directions in the financial industry and through which value can be created for users.
When Shaming Backfires: The Doublespeak of Digitally‐Manipulated Misogynistic Photographs
Authors: Venger Olesya
Published: February 2021

This study examines the case of an iconic digitally-manipulated news photograph, a controversial product of political propaganda featuring Majid Tavakoli, a student leader of the Iranian opposition in 2009, human rights activist, and political prisoner. The photograph depicts Mr. Tavakoli wearing a chador, traditional women's clothing in Iran, and appears to be digitally manipulated with the help of image-editing software. Published during the “Green Movement” protests of 2009, it triggered controversy and the production of a series of political memes mocking the Iranian authorities. This study analyzes how misogynistic shaming tactics utilized to discredit Mr. Tavakoli failed, transforming his digitally-manipulated image into the symbol of resistance. Accounting for the role of social media in raising awareness about the public's discontent regarding gender inequality, human rights violations, and media censorship in Iran, the study extends the typology of standard photojournalistic icons (Perlmutter, 1998) by adding the dimension of credibility to categorize ambiguous digitally-manipulated photojournalistic content in contentious times.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of rhaponticin on LPS‐induced human endothelial cells through inhibition of MAPK/NF‐κβ signaling pathways
Authors: Li Rougang , Chinnathambi Arunachalam , Alharbi Sulaiman Ali , Shair Omar H. M. , Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya , Surapaneni Krishna Mohan , Rengarajan Thamaraiselvan
Published: February 2021

The untreated systemic chronic inflammation leads to autoimmune diseases, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and so on. Phytochemicals effectively inhibit the inflammation, and numerous studies have proved that the phytocomponents possess anti‐inflammatory property via inhibiting the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase signaling pathways. Rhaponticin is one such phytochemical obtained from the perennial plantRheum rhaponticumL. belonging to Polygonaceae family. We assessed the anti‐inflammatory potency of rhaponticin in endothelial cells induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Four different endothelial cells induced with LPS were treated with rhaponticin and assessed for the nitric oxide generation. The cytotoxic potency of rhaponticin was evaluated in endothelial cells using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthizaol‐2yl)−2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) synthesis was quantified using the commercially available assay kit. The inflammatory signaling protein gene expression of TNF‐α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX2), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The gene expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) cytoplasmic catalytic subunits gp91phox, p47phox, and p22phoxwas assessed with real‐time PCR analysis. Finally, to confirm the anti‐inflammatory potency of rhaponticin, the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling protein expression was analyzed with immunoblotting analysis. Rhaponticin treatment significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide and TNF‐α synthesis in LPS‐induced endothelial cells. It significantly decreased the gene expression of inflammatory proteins and NOX signaling protein. The protein expression of NFκB and MAPK signaling proteins was drastically decreased in rhaponticin‐treated endothelial cells induced with LPS. Overall, our results confirm that rhaponticin effectively inhibited the inflammation triggered by LPS in endothelial cells via downregulating iNOS, COX2, and NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Establishing low‐density lipoprotein apheresis tolerability in patients with prior anaphylactoid reactions to lipoprotein apheresis using magnesium sulfate
Authors: Alexander Ethan , Moriarty Patrick M. , Wilk Barry , Eliaz Isaac
Published: February 2021

Background

Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) tolerability is a key factor for the utilization of this therapy. Common reactions to LA are hypotension and nausea. Serious reactions include severe hypotension and anaphylactoid reactions (0.13%‐1.3% and 0.2%‐0.4%, respectively). The bradykinin response drives these reactions and can worsen with the use of angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors. Efforts to mitigate these reactions are necessary for the tolerability of LA with a dextran sulfate‐adsorption (DSA) system.

Materials and Methods

In an effort to increase apheresis tolerability, seven patients at The University of Kansas, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, who had prior anaphylactoid reactions (defined as general cutaneous flushing, nausea/vomiting, tongue swelling, lightheadedness, and hypotension) to the DSA despite pharmacologic intervention, were treated with pre‐LA intravenous magnesium adapted from a protocol developed by co‐author Eliaz. This protocol consists of 1.5 g of magnesium sulfate administered over 45 minutes. All seven patients were treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate immediately before LA.

Results

No episodes of anaphylactoid reactions during LA have been reported to date.

Conclusions

Magnesium infusion before DSA can be utilized to establish tolerability in patients with prior anaphylactoid reactions to LA. Proposed mechanisms include temporary stabilization of the negative‐positive interactions of the dextran sulfate filter leading to a reduction of circulating bradykinin, reduction of nitric oxide, and reduction of the sympathetic response to LA.
Extracellular vesicles and the regulation of tumor immunity: Current progress and future directions
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Sun Zhichao , Wang Hongmei
Published: February 2021

As nano‐level information carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins, DNA or RNA, which maintain the transmembrane transport of biomolecules and the homeostasis of normal cells. EVs can be released by most cell types and absorbed by specific recipient cells, subsequently affecting phenotypic expression. EVs are believed to play an important role in cellular communication, especially in immune cells. During tumor development, EVs of different origins have different effects on the survival and growth of tumor cells. Some tumor cell‐derived EVs can mediate tumor immunosuppressive responses by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and by negatively regulating the expression of T cell receptors, causing tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and proliferate. EVs have therefore become a key component of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In contrast, EVs derived from DCs mediate antitumor immune activation by inducing the killing and inhibitory effects of the immune system. This makes it an antigen component of the antitumor response. Integrating the interaction and connection of EVs to immunosuppression and immune response is significant for the application of EVs in clinical practice. Here, we reviewed the research progress on the role of EVs in the immune regulation of tumors.
Molecular and functional profiling of apical versus basolateral small extracellular vesicles derived from primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions
Authors: Wang Xiangju , Wilkinson Ray , Kildey Katrina , Ungerer Jacobus P. J. , Hill Michelle M. , Shah Alok K. , Mohamed Ahmed , Dutt Mriga , Molendijk Jeffrey , Healy Helen , Kassianos Andrew J.
Published: February 2021

Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) are central players in inflammatory kidney diseases. However, the complex signalling mechanism/s via which polarized PTEC mediate disease progression are poorly understood. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), including exosomes, are recognized as fundamental components of cellular communication and signalling courtesy of their molecular cargo (lipids, microRNA, proteins). In this study, we examined the molecular content and function of sEV secreted from the apical versus basolateral surfaces of polarized human primary PTEC under inflammatory diseased conditions. PTEC were cultured under normal and inflammatory conditions on Transwell inserts to enable separate collection and isolation of apical/basolateral sEV. Significantly increased numbers of apical and basolateral sEV were secreted under inflammatory conditions compared with equivalent normal conditions. Multi‐omics analysis revealed distinct molecular profiles (lipids, microRNA, proteins) between inflammatory and normal conditions for both apical and basolateral sEV. Biological pathway analyses of significantly differentially expressed molecules associated apical inflammatory sEV with processes of cell survival and immunological disease, while basolateral inflammatory sEV were linked to pathways of immune cell trafficking and cell‐to‐cell signalling. In line with this mechanistic concept, functional assays demonstrated significantly increased production of chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐8) and immuno‐regulatory cytokine interleukin‐10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with basolateral sEV derived from inflammatory PTEC. We propose that the distinct molecular composition of sEV released from the apical versus basolateral membranes of human inflammatory PTEC may reflect specialized functional roles, with basolateral‐derived sEV pivotal in modulating tubulointerstitial inflammatory responses observed in many immune‐mediated kidney diseases. These findings provide a rationale to further evaluate these sEV‐mediated inflammatory pathways as targets for biomarker and therapeutic development.
Proteome‐minimized outer membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli as a generalized vaccine platform
Authors: Zanella Ilaria , König Enrico , Tomasi Michele , Gagliardi Assunta , Frattini Luca , Fantappiè Laura , Irene Carmela , Zerbini Francesca , Caproni Elena , Isaac Samine J. , Grigolato Martina , Corbellari Riccardo , Valensin Silvia , Ferlenghi Ilaria , Giusti Fabiola , Bini Luca , Ashhab Yaqoub , Grandi Alberto , Grandi Guido
Published: February 2021

Because of their potent adjuvanticity, ease of manipulation and simplicity of production Gram‐negative Outer Membrane Vesicles OMVs have the potential to become a highly effective vaccine platform. However, some optimization is required, including the reduction of the number of endogenous proteins, the increase of the loading capacity with respect to heterologous antigens, the enhancement of productivity in terms of number of vesicles per culture volume. In this work we describe the use of Synthetic Biology to create Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)Δ60, a strain releasing OMVs (OMVsΔ60) deprived of 59 endogenous proteins. The strain produces large quantities of vesicles (> 40 mg/L under laboratory conditions), which can accommodate recombinant proteins to a level ranging from 5% to 30% of total OMV proteins. Moreover, also thanks to the absence of immune responses toward the inactivated endogenous proteins, OMVsΔ60 decorated with heterologous antigens/epitopes elicit elevated antigens/epitopes‐specific antibody titers and high frequencies of epitope‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells. Altogether, we believe that E. coli BL21(DE3)Δ60 have the potential to become a workhorse factory for novel OMV‐based vaccines.
Small extracellular vesicles deliver osteolytic effectors and mediate cancer‐induced osteolysis in bone metastatic niche
Authors: Ma Qinyu , Liang Mengmeng , Wu Yutong , Dou Ce , Xu Jianzhong , Dong Shiwu , Luo Fei
Published: February 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in regulating bone metastatic microenvironment through mediating intercellular crosstalks. However, little is known about the contribution of EVs derived from cancer cells to the vicious cycle of bone metastasis. Here, we report a direct regulatory mode between tumour cells and osteoclasts in metastatic niche of prostate cancer via vesicular miRNAs transfer. Combined analysis of miRNAs profiles both in tumour‐derived small EVs (sEVs) and osteoclasts identified miR‐152‐3p as a potential osteolytic molecule. sEVs were enriched in miR‐152‐3p, which targets osteoclastogenic regulator MAFB. Blocking miR‐152‐3p in sEVs upregulated the expression of MAFB and impaired osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In vivo experiments of xenograft mouse model found that blocking of miR‐152‐3p in sEVs significantly slowed down the loss of trabecular architecture, while systemic inhibition of miR‐152‐3p using antagomir‐152‐3p reduced the osteolytic lesions of cortical bone while preserving basic trabecular architecture. Our findings suggest that miR‐152‐3p carried by prostate cancer‐derived sEVs deliver osteolytic signals from tumour cells to osteoclasts, facilitating osteolytic progression in bone metastasis.
Low serum albumin at admission is a predictor of early colectomy in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Tanaka Makoto , Takagi Tomohisa , Naito Yuji , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Hotta Yuma , Toyokawa Yuki , Kashiwagi Saori , Kamada Kazuhiro , Ishikawa Takeshi , Yasuda Hiroaki , Konishi Hideyuki , Itoh Yoshito
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Several studies have identified postinduction therapy predictors of long‐term outcomes of ulcerative colitis (UC) in patients who experienced the first attack of the disease or relapsed after therapy. We aimed to identify the preinduction therapy predictors at admission that predicted early colectomy in patients with moderate to severe UC.

Methods

Ninety‐five patients with moderate to severe UC who underwent induction therapy at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine hospital between August 2008 and March 2020 were retrospectively included and categorized into two groups: the colectomy group (n = 27) and the noncolectomy group (n = 68). The clinical parameters (age, gender, disease extent, and disease activity on admission), induction therapies administered [including 5‐aminosalicylic acid, steroids, immunomodulators, calcineurin inhibitor, and anti‐Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)‐α antibodies], and laboratory data (hemoglobin, albumin, C‐reactive protein, and cytomegalovirus reactivation on admission) were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of early colectomy, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

All clinical parameters were not significant predictors of colectomy. Among laboratory parameters, the serum albumin level on admission was a significant independent predictor of colectomy (odds ratio: 6.097, 95% confidence interval: 1.8310–20.3047). Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted for the serum albumin levels of the 95 patients at admission. The cut‐off value of serum albumin was 2.45 g/dL.

Conclusions

When the serum albumin level of UC patients at admission is below 2.45 g/dL, we should consider presenting the option of surgical treatment to patients.
Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage is feasible in low‐risk patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Han Ji Won , Choi Young Hoon , Lee In Seok , Chun Ho Jong , Choi Ho Joong , Hong Tae Ho , You Young Kyoung
Published: February 2021

Background

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap‐C) is generally performed following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). However, the timing of Lap‐C and risk factors for postoperative complications following PTGBD are still unclear.

Methods

We analyzed 331 patients with AC who underwent Lap‐C following PTGBD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for identifying risk factors associated with poor surgical outcomes, including postoperative complications in the total group and the early Lap‐C subgroup (n = 152). Based on the Tokyo guideline 2013 (TG 13), all patients were divided into two groups according to the period (2009–2013, pre‐TG 13 group; 2014–2020, post‐TG 13 group), and each analysis was performed in those subgroups.

Results

We found that early Lap‐C (≤ 42 days after PTGBD) was associated with postoperative complications (OR 2.04, P = .022). Importantly, subgroup analyses revealed that Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (OR 6.15, P < .001) and cholecystitis severity grade (OR 2.93, P = .014) were independent risk factors of postoperative complications in the early Lap‐C group. Among the early Lap‐C group, high CCI was also an independent risk factor for surgical complications in both pre‐TG 13 (OR 14.87, P = .003) and post‐TG 13 (OR 3.23, P = .046) groups. Interestingly, we found that the incidence of postoperative complications in the low‐risk early Lap‐C group was not different from the delayed group, even in the cases of very early surgery (≤ 1 week following PTGBD).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that early Lap‐C is feasible following PTGBD, especially in low‐risk patients, although future prospective large‐scale studies are needed.
Trends and antecedents of inequalities in maternal healthcare coverage in four African countries
Authors: Asuman Derek , Fenny Ama Pokuaa , Anyamesem Odame Doreen Nyarko
Published: February 2021

Using data between 2003 and 2016, this paper assesses the degree and evolution of socio‐economic inequalities in maternal health outcomes in four African countries. The study measures the trends of socio‐economic inequalities in maternal healthcare and assesses the sources of socio‐economic inequalities in maternal health through a decomposition approach. We find cross‐country differences in the evolution of maternal healthcare inequalities. Rwanda and Uganda witnessed a decline in pro‐rich inequalities, whereas changes in Ethiopia and Kenya have been mixed. Further, the study finds significant contributions of personal characteristics of the woman to inequalities in maternal healthcare access.
Grading Soft Tissue Involvement in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Network and Survival Analyses: A Two‐Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Dong Annan , Huang Wenjie , Ma Huali , Cui Chunyan , Zhou Jian , Ruan Guangying , Liang Shaobo , Liu Lizhi , Li Haojiang
Published: February 2021

Background

Soft tissue involvement (STI) indicates poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, only a few studies have systematically assessed this extension using network analysis.

Purpose

To investigate the prognostic value of STI and to propose an improved STI grading system for NPC therapy.

Study Type

Retrospective study.

Population

A total of 1225 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed NPC treated with intensive‐modulated radiotherapy from January 2010 to March 2014 were enrolled from two centers.

Field Strength/Sequence

T1‐ and T2‐weighted imaging and enhanced T1‐weighted imaging with fast spin echo sequence at 1.5 or 3.0 T.

Assessment

The levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini involvement were graded “mild,” prevertebral muscle involvement, “moderate,” medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and the infratemporal fossa involvement, “severe” STI. The above STI sites were evaluated separately by three radiologists using MRI images and graded using network analysis. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were assessed.

Statistical Tests

Kaplan–Meier method, Cox's proportional hazards model, and concordance index (C‐index) were used.

Results

Five‐year OS and PFS rates between mild and moderate groups (90.5% vs. 81.7%, P < 0.05 and 82.9% vs. 72.5%, P < 0.05, respectively) and between moderate and severe groups (81.7% vs. 70.4%, P < 0.05 and 72.5% vs. 61.2%, P < 0.05, respectively) revealed significant differences. The C‐index of the nomogram with STI grading was higher compared with current T‐classification (OS 0.641 vs. 0.604, P < 0.05 and PFS 0.605 vs. 0.581, P < 0.05, respectively). Significant OS differences were observed between patients with severe STI who underwent induction chemotherapy (IC) and those who did not (84.5% vs. 70.7%, P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

STI grading was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS in NPC patients and it may be help to improve the accuracy in predicting survival outcomes. Patients with severe STI might benefit from IC to improve OS.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Based Radiomics Nomogram for Prediction of the Histopathological Grade of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Two‐Center Study
Authors: Yan Ruixin , Hao Dapeng , Li Jie , Liu Jihua , Hou Feng , Chen Haisong , Duan Lisha , Huang Chencui , Wang Hexiang , Yu Tengbo
Published: February 2021

Background

Preoperative prediction of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) grade is important for treatment decisions. Therefore, formulation an STS grade model is strongly needed.

Purpose

To develop and test an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based radiomics nomogram for predicting the grade of STS (low‐grade vs. high grade).

Study Type

Retrospective

Population

One hundred and eighty patients with STS confirmed by pathologic results at two independent institutions were enrolled (training set, N = 109; external validation set, N = 71).

Field Strength/Sequence

Unenhanced T1‐weighted (T1WI) and fat‐suppressed T2‐weighted images (FS‐T2WI) were acquired at 1.5 T and 3.0 T.

Assessment

Clinical‐MRI characteristics included age, gender, tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, progression‐free survival (PFS), and MRI morphological features (ie, margin). Radiomics feature extraction were performed on T1WI and FS‐T2WI images by minimum redundancy maximum relevance (MRMR) method and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. The selected features constructed three radiomics signatures models (RS‐T1， RS‐FST2, and RS‐Combined). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied for screening significant risk factors. Radiomics nomogram was constructed by incorporating the radiomics signature and risk factors.

Statistical Tests

Clinical‐MRI characteristics were performed by a univariate analysis. Model performances (discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness) were validated in the external validation set. The RS‐T1 model, RS‐FST2 model, and RS‐Combined model had an area under curves (AUCs) of 0.645, 0.641, and 0.829, respectively, in the external validation set. The radiomics nomogram, incorporating significant risk factors and the RS‐Combined model had AUCs of 0.916 (95%CI, 0.866–0.966, training set) and 0.879 (95%CI, 0.791–0.967, external validation set), and demonstrated good calibration and good clinical utility.

Data Conclusion

The proposed noninvasive MRI‐based radiomics models showed good performance in differentiating low‐grade from high‐grade STSs.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Stopwatch training improves cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Honma Motoyasu , Murakami Hidetomo , Yabe Yoshiko , Kuroda Takeshi , Futamura Akinori , Sugimoto Azusa , Terao Yasuo , Masaoka Yuri , Izumizaki Masahiko , Kawamura Mitsuru , Ono Kenjiro
Published: February 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) impairs various cognitive functions, including time perception. Dysfunctional time perception in PD is poorly understood, and no study has investigated the rehabilitation of time perception in patients with PD. We aimed to induce the recovery of time perception in PD patients and investigated the potential relationship between recovery and cognitive functions/domains other than time perception. Sixty patients with PD (27 females) and 20 healthy controls (10 females) were recruited. The participants underwent a feedback training protocol for 4 weeks to improve the accuracy of subjective spatial distance or time duration using a ruler or stopwatch, respectively. They participated in three tests at weekly intervals, each comprising 10 types of cognitive tasks and assessments. After duration feedback training for 1 month, performance on the Go/No‐go task, Stroop task, and impulsivity assessment improved in patients with PD, while no effect was observed after distance feedback training. Additionally, the effect of training on duration production correlated with extended reaction time and improved accuracy in the Go/No‐go and Stroop tasks. These findings suggest that time perception is functionally linked to inhibitory systems. If the feedback training protocol can modulate and maintain time perception, it may improve various cognitive/psychiatric functions in patients with PD. It may also be useful in the treatment of diseases other than PD that cause dysfunctions in temporal processing.
Spectroscopic and transport properties of Ba‐ and Ti‐doped BaLaInO4
Authors: Tarasova N. , Galisheva A. , Animitsa I.
Published: February 2021

In this work, the local structure of the acceptor Ba1+хLa1–хInO4–0.5х and donor BaLaIn1–хTiхO4+0.5х doped solid solutions based on BaLaInO4 was investigated. The appearance of new types of the defects (oxygen vacancy and oxygen interstitial) in the crystal lattice was confirmed by the spectroscopic investigations. It was shown that for both solid solutions the same tendency of the increase in the symmetry of the structure and the expansion of interlayer space with increasing dopant concentration is observed. The changes in the transport properties (ionic conductivity) have the same tendency for both solid solutions. The increase in the oxygen‐ionic and protonic conductivity in the area of “low” dopant concentrations (x < 0.05) is due to the increase in the mobility of ions caused by the influence of geometric factor. The decrease in the ionic conductivity values in the area of “high” dopant concentrations (x > 0.05) is caused by the appearance of interaction between defects (concentration factor). The most conductive ionic (oxygen‐ionic and protonic) material with Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) structure based on BaLaInO4 is Ba1.1La0.9InO3.95 composition.
Novel postharvest processing strategies for value‐added applications of marine algae
Authors: Zhu Xianglu , Healy Laura , Zhang Zhihang , Maguire Julie , Sun Da‐Wen , Tiwari Brijesh K
Published: February 2021

Marine algae are regarded as a promising nutrients resource in future as they can be sustainably cultured without land and high investment. These macroalgae are now widely processed into food and beverages, fertilizers and animal feed. Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and polyphenols in seaweeds have proven to have antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties that can be utilized in cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. As a key procedure in seaweed production, the postharvest process not only requires more laboured and energy but also affect the quality of the final product significantly. This article reviewed all current postharvest processes and technologies of seaweed and addressed potential postharvest strategies for seaweed production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding
Authors: Arroyo‐Manzanares Natalia , Rodríguez‐Estévez Vicente , García‐Campaña Ana M , Castellón‐Rendón Elena , Gámiz‐Gracia Laura
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed.

RESULTS

Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z‐Sep+ as sorbent in the clean‐up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg–1. The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg–1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg–1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg–1.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Gradient pretilt angle alignment materials with different photosensitivity for tunable polarization‐independent self‐aligned liquid crystal lens
Authors: Bezruchenko Veronika S. , Muravsky Alexander A. , Murauski Anatoli A. , Stankevich Alexander I. , Mahilny Uladzimir V.
Published: February 2021

Alignment of benzaldehyde materials with different photosensitivity thresholds, capable of changing the pretilt angles of nematic liquid crystal (LC) from 90° to 0° in a controlled manner under UV‐B exposure, has been developed. Inhomogeneous exposure of uniform rubbed alignment layers allows the formation of a refractive index gradient inside the LC cell. The concept of tunable polarization‐independent self‐aligned LC lens based on gradient pretilt angle alignment materials with different photosensitivity is demonstrated. Self‐alignment of two polarization‐dependent sub‐lens is achieved due to a single exposure act of two alignment layers, which are located on the same piece of glass on both sides, forming one common optical axis for a polarization‐independent LC lens. The sub‐lens cells have uniform cell gap and are independently controlled using low‐voltage driving. Devices based on gradient benzaldehyde alignment materials can be used in many modern optical and photonic devices.
Immune checkpoint blockade in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Rappold Phillip M. , Silagy Andrew W. , Kotecha Ritesh R. , Hakimi Ari A.
Published: February 2021

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is the foundation of current first‐line therapies in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with the potential for eliciting long‐lasting remissions. With the expanding arsenal of ICB‐based therapies, biomarkers of response are urgently needed to guide optimal therapeutic selection. We review the data behind ICB therapy in RCC, emerging biomarkers of response, and the evolving role of surgery in patients with mRCC.
Immunotherapy in lung cancer
Authors: Bravo Montenegro Gabriela , Farid Saira , Liu Stephen V.
Published: February 2021

Immunotherapy has emerged as an important treatment modality throughout oncology with a particularly important role in the treatment of lung cancer. Early signals showed responses could be achieved in nonsmall cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer and these monoclonal antibodies have become standards of care for advanced stage disease. They have also shown promise in earlier‐stage disease as complements to radiation or surgery, offering the potential for durable, meaningful survival gains.