bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of the Integument of the Domestic Pig (Sus scroh) from One through Fourteen Weeks of Age
Authors: Monteiro‐Riviere N. A. , Stromberg M. W.
Published: June 2007

The biopsies of normal lumbar and dorsal thoracic pig epidermis and dermis are described ultrastructurally at one, three, five, seven, nine and fourteen weeks and compared to the human integument. In the epidermis, basal cell projections extended into the dermis and increased slightly with age. Intraepidermal axons were seen. The basal lamina thickened opposite the hemidesmosomes of the epidermal‐dermal junction. Small anchoring fibrils extended from the basal lamina into the dermis. Mitochondria were concentrated beneath the cellular nuclei of the stratum basale. Upper stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum cells contained membrane coating granules. The stratum corneum contained cells of varying density. The only intraepidermal nonkeratinocytes observed were melanocytes and Langerhans‐like cells. Both were similar to those of humans. In the dermis, the interfollicular muscle resembled the arrector pili and smooth muscle found in other body areas. Nerve fibers were similar to those described in humans except subepidermal nerve endings contained mitochondria. One unexpected finding was the presence of mast cells which were enveloped by a zone of loose floccular material which stained positive with PAS from seven through fourteen weeks of age. Mast cell population density peaked at seven weeks and was greater in the papillary dermis than in the reticular dermis. Generally, the pig integument is morphologically similar to that of man and would serve as a useful animal model when age changes are accounted for.
Radiological Observations of the Thorax and Abdomen of the Piglet
Authors: Wood A. K. W.
Published: June 2007

A contrast radiographic study of the urinary and gastrointestinal system was carried out in 43 animals, with the aid of barium sulfate, orally for esophageal, stomach, small intestine and large intestine studies; barium sulfate as an enema to complete the large intestine studies; sodium and meglumine diatrizoate intravenously for urography and iodipamide meglumine intravenously for cholecystography. Both unanesthetized and anesthetized or tranquilized animals were used in the study. The results of the study are illustrated, and contrasted with studies of a similar nature in other animals.
Die Anordnung der Blutgefäśe in der Haut beim Schwein zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt
Authors: Godynicki Von S. , El‐Bab M. R. Fath , Schwarz R.
Published: June 2007

The present report is part of a study of the development and distribution of blood vessels in the skin of various domestic animals. Twenty‐six newborn pigs were injected with a mixture of equal parts of India ink and bovine serum. The fixed skin was dehydrated and cleared. The formation and pattern of the cutaneous arterial networks and venous plexuses were studied.
Schädelformen beim Hund
Authors: Brehm Von Helga , Loeffler K. , Komeyli H.
Published: June 2007

Skulls of 38 breeds were measured, and from the data a new classification of breeds with long, medium and short skulls is presented.
Morphological Study on the Nasal Turbinates (Conchae) of the Pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens) and the Valcano Rabbit (Romerolagus diazi)
Authors: Kuramoto K. , Nishida T. , Mochizuki K.
Published: June 2007

The nasal conchae of the pika and volcano rabbit were studied by gross examination and by serial histological sections stained with hematoxylin. The organization of the nasal conchae were compared with those of the domestic rabbit, with the goal of providing data for the determination of taxonomic relationship of the pika and the volcano rabbit to the domestic rabbit. This relationship is of interest because of a recent classification of these animals as Lagomorphs.
Anatomie Topographique des Différents Constituants du Massif Facial du Porcelet
Authors: Martineau‐Doizé Par Béatrice , Martineau Guy‐P.
Published: June 2007

Fourteen landrace piglets were killed in pairs at the age of three days and every week until the oldest pair was 6 weeks old. Their noses were serially sectioned transversely for making microradio‐graphs. The latter were compared with similar sections of decalcified noses. This method enabled us to describe more precisely the topography of the facial bones, especially the nasal conchae and their development in the young piglet.
Verlauf und Mündung des Ductus pancreaticus und seiner Lappenäste bei der Ziege
Authors: Amselgruber W.
Published: June 2007

Course and opening of the pancreatic duct and its radicles in the goat

The ducts of thirty‐nine pancreases of adult goats (Bunte deutsche Edelrasse) were studied using corrosion cats and microdisseaion. Thirty‐six glands were drained by one duct which entered the bile duct on the average 3.6 cm before reaching the duodenum. In three goats a second duct was found also entering the bile duct. The variations of the intrapancreatic duct System in the region of the body of the gland are shown by schematic drawings.
Fine Structure of the Choriocapillaris, Bruch's Membrane and Retinal Epithelium of the Cow
Authors: Braekevelt Charlie R.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and retinal epithelium was investigated in both the tapetal and non‐tapetal fundus of the bovine eye. In ail locations the retinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells are joined laterally by apically located tight junctions and throughout the retina display numerous basal infoldings and fine apical processes which enclose rod outer segments. All retinal epithelial cells are rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and contain phagosomes. Although not as abundant, profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes are also noted in all locations. In non‐tapetal areas, melano‐somes are numerous whereas over the central tapetum fibrosum they are absent. The absence of melanosomes over a functional tapetum is to be expected. While lysosomes are present throughout the epithelial layer, over the tapetal region they appear to be more numerous. The apparent increase in lysosomal numbers in this location may indicate an enhanced shedding of outer segment material over the tapetum. Although some retinal epithelial cells are modified to accomodate a tapetum lucidum their morphology is basically similar throughout the retina and probably indicates that ail regions of the retinal epithelium are capable of the normal functions of this indispensible retinal layer. The choriocapillaris is heavily fenestrated on the border facing the retina and overlying the tapetum also displays fenestrae on its choroidal edge. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is pentalaminate throughout the retina and is slightly thicker in the posterior fundus.
Fine Structure of the Bovine Tapetum Fibrosum
Authors: Braekevelt Charlie R.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic cow was studied by electron microscopy. In this ungulate the reflective layer is a tapetum fibrosum situated in the choroid and mainly restricted to the superior fundus. The tapetum is composed of a large array of fine extracellular collagen fibrils separated into lamellae by fibrocytes. The collagen fibrils display the normal cross‐striations of native collagen, are 0.2 μm in diameter and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern with a center‐to‐center spacing of about 0.2 μm. The diameter and spacing of these fibrils is consistent with the constructive interference of reflected light. A vascular lamella adjacent to the retinal epithelial layer contains the choriocapillaris and some irregularly arranged collagen fibrils. The tapetum is pierced by blood vessels which supply the choriocapillaris. Over the tapetum the retinal epithelium is non‐pigmented while in nontapetal regions this layer is pigmented. The choriocapillaris is not indented into the retinal epithelium as is the case in species with a tapetum cellulosum.
The Morphology of 16 and 17 Day Old Bovine Blastocysts from Virgin and Repeat Breeder Heifers
Authors: Gustafsson H. , Plöen L.
Published: June 2007

The morphology of 16–17 days old embryos from virgin heifers (VH) and repeat breeder heifers (RBH) was compared using light and electron microscopy. In addition some embryos transferred from one heifer category to the other were studied. Embryos from VH were elongated blastocysts and the oval embryonic disc had three germ layers. The ectoderm was stratified and many mitoses were seen. The endoderm lining the blastocoelic cavity consisted of almost squamous cells conjoined by tight junctions. Between the ectoderm and the endoderm the mesoderm had developed and expanded laterally and the coelom had formed. The trophoblastic cells adjacent do the embryonic disc were cylindrical, whereas those more peripheral located were cuboidal. The trophoblastic cells were conjoined by tight junctions and they had numerous long microvilli on their peripheral surface. Except in the embryonic disc region, the endodermal cells had filopodial processes towards the trophoblast. The embryos from RBH varied in appearance. One was similar to those from VH whereas the others were, more or less retarded, without formation of mesoderm. The smaller one consisted ot trophoblastic cells only. The transferred embryos (representing surviving embryos: 2 out of 9 in VH‐RBH and 5 of 6 in RBH‐VH) had a morphology similar to that of VH blastocytes two though, appeared somewhat retarded. It is suggested that the retarded embryos lack the ability to complete embryonic development and that the uterine environment of RBH is not favourable to sustain normal embryonic development.
Der Vorgang des Schlupfes bei Gans und Ente*
Authors: Fehér G.
Published: June 2007

The process of hatching in goose and duck

From the 4th to the 16th or 17th day of incubation the wall of duck and goose amnion actively, peristaltically and rythmically contracts 20 and 12 times per minute, respectively. A pause of five seconds follows each 5th contraction. The contractions also passively influence the yolk sac, the allantois and the air cell.

The M. complexus grows more than four times its original size during the 24th to the 27th day of incubation. It contains two kinds of myosin: neonatal myosin (200,000 Dalton) and adult myosin (480,000 Dalton). The amounts of the adult myosin present at the time of hatching is about 15 times the amount in the skeletal muscles. The process of hatching is described in the duck and goose.
Morphological Observations on the Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes of Blue Tongue Lizards (Lacertilia: Scincidae, Tiliqua)
Authors: Canfield P. J. , Shea G. M.
Published: June 2007

Blood cell appearances and sizes varied little between T. scincoides and T. rugosa. Both mature and immature erythrocytes were present in circulating blood. They were oval and, ultrastructurally, had prominent marginal microtubules. Thrombocytes were oval and often showed vacuolation. On TEM examination they had parallel arrays of microtubules and scattered dense granules. Lymphocytes were small and sometimes difficult to distinguish from thrombocytes. Ultrastructurally, they had few organelles in their cytoplasm. Monocytes were commonly packed with fine azurophilic granules which, ultrastructurally, corresponded to variably‐shaped dense granules. Type I granulocytes had eccentric, irregularly shaped nuclei, and cytoplasm which contained many orange‐brown oval to round granules. Ultrastructurally, the granules were membrane bound, dense, and round to elongate oval. Type II granulocytes had eccentric, oval to round nuclei and numerous purple red, round to irregularly oval granules. On TEM examination the granules were commonly large, light grey and reticulate, and often contained a variably sized fibrillar rod. Type III granulocytes had a centrally located nucleus and numerous round, purple blue granules. The granules were round and homogeneously dense at the ultrastructural level.
Histochemical Examination of the Vaginal Epithelium of Sows at Various Stages of the Estrus Cycle
Authors: Branscheid W. , Holtz W.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to histochemically determine the substrates which have a bearing on the carbohydrate metabolism of the vaginal mucosa. Ten multiparous sows of the German Landrace breed were used. Samples were taken from the vagina with a biopsy device throughout the estrus cycle. Increased concentrations of glycoproteins and glycogen occur between proestrus and metestrus. Glycogen in the pig does not reach to vaginal lumen. It is most likely used for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins in deeper layers of the epithelium. Consequently, the drop in pH observed in the vaginal lumen during estrus must result from secretion of acidic glycoproteins by epithelial cells, rather than from the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid. During proestrus and estrus, the superficial cell‐layer of the epithelium secretes mucus. Mucus secretion plays an important role during estrus by supporting phagocytic activity of the neutrophilic granulocytes, and therefore the self‐cleaning effect of the vagina. The lamina propria demonstrates cyclical changes as well: fibrocytes in the lamina propria contain increased amounts of cytoplasmic RNA during proestrus and estrus, indicating increased protein synthesis. The protein involved here is most likely a compound of hyaluronic acid‐containing proteolycans, which are deposited in the interfibrous substance. RNA determined histochemically in the fibrocytes of the lamina propria is a reliable criterion for diagnosis of proestrus and estrus.
Motor Neuron Organization and Corticospinal Fibers in the Cervical Intumescence of the Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Spinal Cord
Authors: Amann John F. , Cummings John F.
Published: June 2007

Experiments were performed on 19 raccoons to determine the organization of the spinal alpha motoneurons innervating the muscles of the thoracic limb. Chromatolysis of motoneurons was provoked by resecting major nerves or removing individual muscles or muscle groups. Proximal intrinsic limb muscle motoneurons were located cranially in the cervical spinal intumescence and distal muscle motoneurons more caudally. Flexor motoneurons were generally dorsal and more laterally located within the lateral motoneuronal cell group than were the cell bodies innervating their extensor antagonists. The distribution of motor cortex projections to motoneurons was studied in five raccoons by selective silver impregnation of degenerating fibers after unilateral motor cortex ablation. Degenerating cortical projections within the motoneuronal cell group (Rexed's lamina IX) were seen only in the more dorsal and the lateral portions in the seventh and eighth cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments. Motor cortex preterminal and terminal fibers were in close apposition to the proximal dendrites and the somata of alpha motoneurons innervating primarily the more distal limb musculature and particularly the intrinsic muscles of the manus.
Afferent and Efferent Fibres in the Putative Caudal Cutaneous Femoral Nerve in the Sheep
Authors: Kirk E. J. , Kitchell R. L. , Johnson R. D.
Published: June 2007

Anatomical dissections supported by neurophysiological recordings have shown the putative caudal cutaneous femoral nerve in the sheep, when present, to contain afferent and efferent nerve fibres passing in both directions between the pudendal and sciatic nerves. Fascicles from the ventral branches of one or more sacral spinal nerves may join this interconnection directly: other fascicles either bypass the interconnection, or arise from it, and pass distally to innervate muscle and/or skin. We suggest that the interconnection should be regarded simply as part of the lumbosacral plexus.
Comparative Thickness of the Medulla of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Kidneys
Authors: Mbassa Gabriel Kihanda
Published: June 2007

Twenty kidneys of 4 years old Bos taurus cattle and 26 kidneys of 2—4 years old Bos indicus (Zebu cattle) of East African Shorthorn breen were examined lobe by lobe after fixation. The cortex and medulla with subunits were measured and compared in the two sub‐species. The width of the cortex was about the same in both. The outer and inner stripes of the outer medullary zone were significantly broader in Bos taurus whereas outer inner zone was significantly broader in Bos indicus. The width of the entire medulla was greater in Bos taurus.
Untersuchungen der Vaskularisation der Disci intervertebrales des erwachsenen Hundes1
Authors: Brunner K. , Frewein J.
Published: June 2007

A study of the blood supply to the intervertebral discs in the adult dog

The (mainly lumbar) intervertebral discs of 21 recently euthanatized dogs (aged 3 days to 14 years) were examined grossly, under the dissection microscope and by light microscopy. The findings of the adult animals and the salient differences from the younger ones are reported. A few capillaries were observed in the outer 2–4 layers of the anulus fibrosus; these arose from segmentai arteries that lay directly on the intervertebral discs. The principal supply of all intervertebral discs occurs by diffusion emanating from capillary loops. These are visible at 10–30 times enlargement in both unstained and benzidin stained preparations. They pass through the end plate of the vertebral body to where the bone gives way to the softer tissue of the disc. The capillary loops have wider lumina and are more numerous opposite the nucleus pulposus and in the adjacent perinuclear zone than more peripherally where the annular fibers attach to the bone.
Demonstration of Sugar Residues in the Ultimobranchial Tubule and Thyroid C‐Cells of the Rat using Peroxidase Labelled Lectins
Authors: Moreno A. M. , Martin‐Lacave I. , Montero C. , Gomez‐Pascual A. , Fernandez A. , Galera H.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of various sugars, that contribute to the composition of the carbohydrate components of the glycoprotein in the ultimobranchial tubule and the thyroid C‐cells has been studied, using eight peroxidase‐labelled lectins (Dolichos biblorus, Glycine max, Baubinia purpurea, Helix pomatia, Arachis hipogaea, Ulex europaeus I, Limax flavus and Sophora japonica). The results obtained seem to show that there are receptors for Dolichos biflorus, Glycine max, Bauhinia purpurea, Helix pomatia, Arachis hipogaea, Ulex europaeus I and Limax flavus in the ultimobranchial tubule, suggesting the existence of N‐acetylgalactosamine, galactose, L‐fucose and sialic acid. However, the C‐cells show only a positive reaction with Ulex Europaeus I indicating the existence of fucosyl residues in those cells. All these findings supports the contention that the ultimobranchial body might contribute decisively not only to the formation of C‐cells but also, partially, to the constitution of certain follicular cells.
Cytological, Immunocytochemical and Ultrastructural Study of GH Cells of Pars Distalis Adenohipophysaria of Kids (Capra hircus)
Authors: Gomez M. A. , Navarro J. A. , Camara P. , Sanchez J. , Sierra M. A. , Bernabé A.
Published: June 2007

Staining and histochemical methods, immunocytochemical and electron microscopy were used to individualize the somatotropic or GH cells in the adenohypophyseal pars distalis of the kid. They are found in a saggital section throughout the pars distalis constituting 34% of the hypophyseal cell population. They are 12.37 micron in size and have as an ultrastructural characteristic secretory spherical granules of a large size (males, 391 nm and females, 427 nm) which are very electrodense.
Mecanismos de Desarrollo de la Cúpula en los Conductos Semicirculares de las Aves: II. Reorganizacion Celular
Authors: Pablos J. E. Guijarro de , Sequeros O. Gonzalez , Rubio J. R. Moral , Gonzalez J. A. Ramirez
Published: June 2007

Mechanisms of development of the cupula of the semicircular canals of birds (Gallus gallus) II. Cellular reorganization

A light microscopic study of the epithelia of the crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals of the embryonic chicken indicates that the epithelial cells undergo irregular degenerative changes, with continual mitotic replacement of surface cells. The cupula develops over the surface epithelia through vesicular secretions containing acidophils fibrillar material mixed with globular formations derived from fragmentation of the surface epithelial cells.

Electron microscopic studies demonstrate the mode of secretion of rounded or oval supraepithelial bodies from surface epithelium, contributing to the development of the cupula ampullaris. These observations provide evidence of cytoplasmic contributions of surface epithelial cells of the crista ampullaris contributing to the development and continued reorganization of the cupula ampullaris during embryonic development.
The Development of the Sulci and Gyri of the Bovine Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Louw Graham J.
Published: June 2007

This study contributes to the existing knowledge and includes a complete description of the gyri and sulci of the bovine cerebral hemisphere, the chronological order of appearance of these sulci and gyri and the ages at which the sulci and gyri reach their final pattern as seen in the bovine adult.

The research was undertaken because this specific area has not been covered by anatomists in any depth. The results of this study will contribute to the more complete descriptions of the anatomy of the bovine adult, as well as of the embryological development of the animal.

A number of bovine embryos and fetuses were collected from the abattoir. Serial sections of the embryos were studied histologically, while the brains of the fetuses were examined macroscopically or with a dissection‐microscope.

Up until day 58 the cerebral hemisphere is smooth. Then an indentation appears which marks the position of the Fissura sylvia. The Sulcus rhinalis lateralis appears at day 68. At day 90 the following grooves are visible: the Sulcus suprasylvius, the Sulcus cinguli, the Sulcus splenialis, the Sulcus genualis, and the Sulcus corporis callosi. At this age, all the gyri associated with these sulci develop, although the gyri are well developed only after the grooves have formed. At day 110 the Sulcus ectosylvius, the Sulcus marginalis, and the Sulcus presylvius are visible, once again with their associated gyri appearing a short time thereafter. At day 130 the following grooves are visible: the Sulcus coronalis, the Sulcus cruciatus, the Sulcus ansatus, and the Sulcus endomarginalis. The cerebrum of the foetus at this stage has well developed gyri. At day 160 the Sulcus proreus, the Sulcus ectomarginalis, the Sulcus suprasplenialis, the Sulcus endosplenialis, the Sulcus calcarinus, and the Sulcus endogenualis have developed. The final groove to form is the Sulcus rhinalis medialis. Then the brain looks like that of the adult animal.
étude Histomorphométrique des Variations Morphologiques du Follicule Thyroïdien chez le Rat en Fonction de l'âge et du Sexe
Authors: Delverdier M. , Cabanie P. , Enjalbert F. , Plaisancie P. , Haverbeke G. van
Published: June 2007

Histomorphometrical examinations of morphological variations on thyroid follicles of the rat dependent on age and sex of the animal

The thyroid glands of maie and female rats (Sprague Dawley) 10 to 60 weeks of age were examined histomorphometrically.

The results show a clear sex dimorphism. The thyroid follicles in the maie animais show a greater functional activity than in the female animals. But while the morphology of the follicles in the females was constant throughout the period of observation, in the males the activity gradually diminished.
The Os Coxae of a Digging Form of the Northern Water Vole, Arvicola terrestris (Rodentia, Arvicolidae)
Authors: Ventura J. , Gosálbez J. , Götzens V. J.
Published: June 2007

Data on the morphology, relative growth and sexual dimorphism of the os coxae of a digging form of the northern water vole Arvicola terrestris (A. t. monticola) are given. Two hundred ninety‐nine specimens (146 males and 153 females) caught in the Aran Valley (Spanish Pyrenees) were analyzed. The specimens were distributed into six classes of relative age, according to the skull morphology, kind of coat, moulting state, weight and sexual state.

The morphological features of the os coxae in these specimens are similar to those described in other species of Arvicolidae. The hormonal effect upon the pelvis in adult females during pregnancy and parturition leads to the appearance of marked intersexual differences in the obturator foramen length, the pubis length, the pelvis length and, specially, in the pelvis height and the pubis width. By means of Becker's and Dunmire's procedures both sexes can be correctly discriminated in a 78.87 and a 76.4 % respectively. Conjugating the variation patterns obtained with Becker's index and the pelvis height, we have obtained a more effective method of sexual differentiation (an 85.51 % of correct discrimination).
Induction of Thyroid Proliferative Changes in Rats Treated with Antithyroid Compound
Authors: Rodriguez A. Fernandez , Davidson H. Galera , Villadiego M. Salguero , Fernandez A. Moreno , Lacave I. Martin , Sanz J. Fernandez
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to investigate the histologic changes in goitrogen‐induced thyroid growth of the rat. The animals were orally treated by 1 % potassium perchlorate except the controls and were sacrificed in intervals ranging from 1 to 12 months.

The thyroid weight increased progressively along the treatment and after 2 months showed a diffuse homogeneous hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells, decreased amount of colloid and increased vascularity. After sixth month of treatment true nodules appeared with complex morphology.
Fine Structural Aspects of Postnatal Development of Feline Lung
Authors: Al‐Tikriti M. S. , Henry R. W. , Eiler H. , Schultz T. W. , Breider M. A. , Cullens W. C.
Published: June 2007

Lung development was studied in late prenatal, 1‐, 7‐, 14‐, and 21‐days postnatal and adult cats. Cats were born with a few alveoli, and the lungs appeared to have patches of primitive air spaces (saccules). The saccules of prenatal kittens were thick walled, very cellular, and lined by type II pneumocytes. Eosinophils were observed in the septum, intraepithelially, and in the alveolar space of growing cats. Secondary septa were flanked by a double capillary network and divided saccules into multiple shallow alveoli. Septation was irregular and time dependent and not completed by day 231 of postnatal life. Elastic fibers accumulated at the tip of the septa, seemingly playing an important role in alveolar formation. Type II pneumocytes were located at the base of the secondary septa in growing cats, thus strengthening secondary septa to withstand the stresses of respiration. Pores of Kohn were not observed in growing cats.
Undifferentiated Spermatogonia and their Role in the Seasonally Fluctuating Spermatogenesis in the Mink, Mustela vison
Authors: Tiba T. , Kita I.
Published: June 2007

Three classes of spermatogonia were discerned: undifferentiated A spermatogonia (Ais, Apr, Aal), differentiated A spermatogonia (A1, A2) and differentiated B spermatogonia (B1, B2). Cell counts performed throughout the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the breeding season revealed that the number of undifferentiated A spermatogonia was lowest in the presence of differentiated A1 and A2 spermatogonia during stages I–II to III–IV. In the non‐breeding season a highly significant increase in the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia occurred in an animal with moderate germ cell loss exclusively at stages I–II to III–IV, when the Ai and A2 spermatogonia degenerated. In three other animals involved in severe cell loss, enhanced proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia was much greater than in the animal mentioned above. These results suggest the presence of a feedback mechanism between undifferentiated and differentiated spermatogonia, which may be considered to play an important role in regulating seasonal changes in spermatogonial proliferation.
Cell Types in the Main Excretory Duct of the Submaxillary Gland of the Rat
Authors: Marfn M. S. Gutierrez , Davidson H. Galera , Sanz J. Fernandez , Ocana M. E. Dorado
Published: June 2007

This work is an ultrastructural study of the cells of the excretory duct epithelium of the submaxillary gland of the rat. This epithelium undergoes progressive loss of cytoplasm which leads to the presence of three distinct types of cell.
Tissue Expansion in Pig Skin – A Histochemical Approach
Authors: Wollina U. , Berger U. , Stolle Christine , Stolle H. , Schubert H. , Zieger M. , Hipler Christina , Schumann D.
Published: June 2007

In the present study, a porcine model for controlled skin expansion was investigated to improve our understanding of epidermal and vascular responses following stretching. The model is of outstanding importance not only for the clinical use of tissue expansion but provides interesting data for skin physiology and oncology, too.

Thirteen out of 15 animals, who underwent silicone tissue expander implantation showed good clinical results. In all of them, skin biopsies were taken at the end of a controlled tissue expansion procedure (final expander volumes 350 or 500 ccm): one tissue specimen was obtained from the centre of the expanded skin area and a second from the neighbouring but nonexpanded skin. The tissue specimens were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and processed to 4 urn thick acetone‐fixed frozen sections. Lectin histochemistry and immunohistology were performed using the following techniques: direct and indirect immunofluorescence technique (DIPT, IIFT), immunoperoxidase technique (POX) with either 3,3'‐diamino‐benzidine (DAB) or 3‐amino‐9‐ethyl‐carbazole (AEC). The histochemical findings were supplemented by measurements of the number of vital epidermal cell layers, the epidermal thickness (um), and the papillary vascular count per visual field.

There was a significant diminuation of the vascular count (mean ± S. D. = 55.0%± 12.5%; U‐test: p< 5%). By immunohistochemistry, a loss of the basal cell reactivity for the following antibodies was noted: ACAM (against calmodulin), K.8.12 (against keratins 13 + 16) and A51‐B/H4 (against keratins 8, 14, 18). There was a remarkable increase of filaggrin expression in the uppermost spinal cell layers in expanded skin, which was most pronounced in those specimens with the shortest interval to the last fluid injection into the expander. We gained no evidence for alterations of the expression of suprabasal epidermal keratins, lectin binding sites (UEA I, PNA, ConA, WGA), and vascular lectin‐ and immunoreactivity due to tissue expansion. The subdermal capsule, which had formed around the silicone expander, was strongly vimentin‐reactive.

In conclusion, controlled tissue expansion is capable to change the basal cell phenotype –a feature which is shared with a number of conditions with increased proliferative activity and with the epidermis covering different skin tumours. The regular expression of suprabasal keratins and epidermal lectin binding sites provides evidence for a normal epidermal cell differentiation. Furthermore, the porcine skin is a reliable model for studying physiology and pathophysiology of human skin.
Die Altersbeurteilung beim weiblichen Steinwild (Capra ibex ibex L.) anhand der Skelettentwicklung*
Authors: Habermehl Karl‐Heinz
Published: June 2007

Age Determination of Female Capra ibex ibex by Skeletal Development

In female ibex up to an age of six years, a sufficiently accurate age determination can be made based on the degree of skeletal ossification and length of the bones (s. Table 2). Definitive ossification of the epiphyseal discs with the body of the vertebrae in the female ibex is not complete at end of the growth period. Observations with regard to sex‐related dimorphism of the skeleton will not be possible until corresponding investigations have been carried out on the buck.
über die biologische Wertigkeit der Bewegungen in den Radioulnargelenken bei Katze und Hund*
Authors: Roos Heide , Brugger Sylva , Rauscher Thomas
Published: June 2007

On the biological valence of the motions in the radioulnar joints of the cat and dog

Whereas Kolwe described and measured pronation and supination in the cat as early as 1920, the present study deals with rotation of the lower limb of the cat and dog from both comparative and functional aspects. Active supination predominates in cats during climbing and the capture of prey; in the canine passive supination and rotation of the lower limb are used in conjunction with directional changes involved in the chase. The difference in the extent of inward rotation between long‐ and short‐legged breeds of dogs underscores this hypothesis.
Morphometric Studies on Hearts and Coronary Arteries of the Fetal and Adult Oxen
Authors: Ocal M. K. , Cakir A.
Published: June 2007

Quantitative investigations were performed on hearts and coronary arteries of 10 fetal and 7 adult oxen. Relative heart weights were 0.42 % in adults and 0.80 % in fetuses. An interesting observation was that left coronary artery predominated by a ratio of 2.55 in adults and 1.41 in fetuses although the percentage of left ventricular weight was similar in both adults and fetuses. Linear regressions were also determined between ventricular weights and coronary arterial diameters.
Veränderungen der Muskelfasertypenverteilung im M. longissimus dorsi von Ebern während des Wachstums, dargestellt mit verschiedenen histochemischen Methoden
Authors: Wegner J. , Fiedler Ilse , Klosowska Danuta , Klosowski B. , Ziegan Brigitte
Published: June 2007

Changes in the distribution of muscle‐fiber‐types from the M. longissimus dorsi of male pigs. A Histochemical Approach

Samples of the M. longissimus dorsi from growing up pigs were taken by a shooting‐biopsy. The types of muscle‐fibers could be demonstrated by two different histochemical staining procedures. With these two histochemical staining procedures significant differences between the different structure of the muscle‐fibers during increasing age of the pigs could be detected.
Ultrastructural Changes in Nervous Elements associated with the Granular Cells of the Common Carotid Artery of the Domestic Fowl after Distal Vagal Ganglionectomy
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M.
Published: June 2007

Intramural granular cells of the left and right common carotid artery of the domestic fowl were examined with the electron microscope after left distal vagal ganglionectomy. The vast majority of the nerve fibers and endings associated with the granular cells of the left common carotid artery degenerated rapidly after ispilateral ganglionectomy, indicating that they are derived from the left vagus. On the other hand, left distal vagal ganglionectomy resulted in transformation of the intramural granular cells of the right common carotid artery and the few nervous elements associated with them, into a typical chemoreceptor tissue. This tissue was made up of small granule (60 ‐120 nm) containing cells associated with many nerve fibers, nerve endings and fenestrated capillaries. The nerve endings were of two types; presumptive afferent endings and adrenergic efferent endings. Both types of endings made synaptic junctions with the granular cells.
Branching Mode of the Middle Rectal Artery from the Prostatic Artery in the Dog
Authors: Wakui S. , Matsuda M. , Furusato M. , Kano Y.
Published: June 2007

The branching mode of the middle rectal artery from the prostatic artery was studied by gross dissection in 50 male dogs. The prostatic artery arose at the level of the lst‐3rd sacral vertebra from the internal pudendal artery, and gave off the ductus deferential and the middle rectal arteries, and supplied the prostate. The middle rectal artery ran caudally along the pelvic peritoneum, and supplied the rectum ampulla. The branching mode of the middle rectal artery could be classified into four types. Nineteen cases on the right side and 22 cases on the left side showed that the middle rectal artery was a first visceral branch of the prostatic artery. Fifteen cases on the right side and 11 cases on the left side showed that it was a second visceral branch of the prostatic artery which gave off the ductus deferential artery as its first visceral branch. Nine cases on the right side and 7 cases on the left side showed that it arose at the prostatic artery ramifying at the surface of the prostate. Seven cases on the right side and 10 cases on the left side showed that it arose at the urethral branch of the prostatic artery.
Die laterokranialen Faszienstrukturen am Ober‐ und Unterarm sowie Unterschiede im Ansatz des M. biceps brachii bei Haussäugetieren
Authors: Künzel W. , Forstenpointner G. , Skolek‐Winnisch Rita
Published: June 2007

Structures of the laterocranial Fascia in the Upper‐ and Forearms of Domestic Mammals, including Differences in the Aponeuroses of the M. biceps brachii

The laterocranial fascia of the upper arm and forearm, as well as aponeurotic relationships of the Musculus biceps brachii were investigated on each of ten forelimbs from horses, cattle and swine. Ten canine biceps were also investigated. Equine and bovine fascia contain elastic components. An as‐yet undescribed ligament‐like aponeuroses of the laterocranial forearm fascia to the Fossa radialis humeri was seen in all three species studied. The laterocraniale fascia of the upper and forearm form a common passage for the Musculi hrachialis et extensor carpi radialis. In the case of the horse, the ulnar aponeurotic tendon of the biceps muscle crosses below the Ligamentum collaterale cubiti medialis. In cattle, on the other hand, it runs between the two branches of the collateral ligament, to attach on the olecranon. This portion of the equine tendon protrudes into the joint. It has connective tissue character in young animals, but becomes fibrocartilaginous in older horses. The radial aponeuroses of the canine biceps exhibits two branches. A situation similar to that seen for the ulnar aponeuroses of the equine Musculus biceps brachii is observed on the inside surface of the porcine Ligamentum cubiti mediate, in which a wedge of connective tissue protrudes into the joint, taking on fibrocartilaginous character in older animals.
Histochemical Identification of the Striated Muscle of the Canine Esophagus
Authors: Hudson L. C.
Published: June 2007

Histochemistry on the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal esophageal muscle of immature, young, and adult normal dogs revealed type IIA striated musculature in contrast to some other species. No other types or subtypes were observed. This suggests that esophageal muscle type is established at birth and does not vary or that any variation has been completed by 4 weeks‐of‐age unlike some canine limb musculature.
An Additional Bone in the Carpal Region of Raptorial Birds
Authors: Smith B.J. , Smith S. A. , Holladay S.D.
Published: June 2007

In a series of 4 species of owls and 12 species of diurnal raptors, an additional bone was present bilaterally in the area of the carpus. Designating the bone as an “additional bone of the raptorial carpal region” is suggested pending appropriate embryological studies to determine the origin of the bone. Generally, the bone was present in owls and in diurnal raptors with relatively short, rounded wings, but was absent in species with longer, more tapered wings. The bone lies at the cranial edge of the carpal area near the radial carpal bone, and is fixed to the surrounding skeleton by ligaments. The tendon of the tensor patagium longus muscle has one slip that attaches to the additional bone and another that passes over its craniodorsal surface en route to insertion. Awareness of the occurrence of this bone in some raptors, but not others, is essential in clinical evaluation of wing injuries, as well as in forming a prognosis for the return to soundness, the potential for release, and, therefore, the life of an injured raptor.
Anatomía del Desarrollo del Tracto Digestivo y Forma Corporal Externa Durante el Período Embrionario en el Caprino (Copra hircus)
Authors: Molinari E. , Goicoechea O.
Published: June 2007

Anatomy of the digestive tract and external body development during the embryonic stages of the caprine (Copra, bircus)

The purpose of this work has been to establish the pattern of prenatal growth and normal development of the digestive tract and annex glands during goat embryonic stages. 21 embryos with ages ranging from 14 to 34 days (1.69 to 5.90 cm CR) as determined by registering the mating time, were obtained by cesarea. This material was histologically processed to obtain complete serial sections of the stomatodaeum, foregut, midgut, hindgut and cloaca.

In this work, it is chronologically described the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the mouth, hypophysis, pharynx and its derivatives, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas and cloaca. The results obtained establish chronological comparisons with the development of the lamb and gives information on the unitary origin of the gastric compartments in ruminants.
Regularities and Irregularities in the Structure of the Seminiferous Epithelium in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Tiba Tosiro , Yoshida Kazuyuki , Miyake Masahito , Tsuchiya Kazuo , Kita Isao , Tsubota Toshio
Published: June 2007

A cellular association demarcated by two perpendiculars which were drawn between adjacent bundles of elongate spermatids from the tubular lumen to the basement membrane, was made the unit of histometrical observation in this study (provisionally called a “column”). Cell counting revealed that the average numbers per column of various types of germ cells do not show any significant differences among 5 fowls and between paired testes. The frequency of spermiogenic steps (numbered 1–8) was investigated in each column. A definite and common pattern was found in the frequency distribution in the 5 fowls observed. A relationship between spermiation and younger spermatid steps was also investigated in each column. The spermiation was found at different steps, but most frequently at step 2 (30.6 %). Based on these observations and referring to other author's information, an average time interval between two successive spermiations was calculated roughly at 3.3 ± 1.2 days. Theoretically, this value is equal to an average length of one epithelial cycle. Such a variable cycle may have caused irregular cellular associations in this species.
Etude Morpho‐Structurale des Papilles Linguales chez le Buffle (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Scala G. , Pelagalli G. V. , Vittoria A. , Girolamo P. DE
Published: June 2007

Morphostructural characteristics of lingual papillae in buffalos

The morphostructural characteristics of lingual papillae in 30 adult buffalos were studied by SEM. In this species, dorsal lingual surface papillae shos different shape so that their classification is complicated. Topography and morphology of conical and vallate papillae presents significant aspects. Particularly, the conical papillae have a different morphological organization when they are localized over the side of the tongue apex or over dorso‐lateral tract of the tongue body. The functional aspects are discussed.
Anatomical Studies on the Spinal Cord Segments of the Impala
Authors: Rao G. S. , Kalt D. J. , Koch M. , Majok A. A.
Published: June 2007

The anatomy of the spinal cord segments was studied and recorded for the impala. The root attachment lengths were greatest at C3, T10 and L3 cord segment levels in the respective regions. As to the root emergence length the greatest lengths were observed at C7, T]0> L5 and S1 cord segment levels respectively. The interroot interval was longest at C2, T8 and L1 segments respectively. The longest cord segments were C2, T13, L2 and S2 segments. The widest cord segments of their respective regions were C7, T1, L5 and S1 cord segments. As to segment volume C3, T13, L2 and S1 were the most voluminous cord segments in the respective cord regions.

Statistical analysis revealed a high correlation among all of the study parameters suggesting a high degree of multicolinearity.

Gross anatomical relationships concerning the location of the spinal cord segments with respect to the vertebrae were studied. The cord segments C], Ts–T4 and Li–L3 were within their vertebral limits. In the impala the spinal cord terminated at the midlevel of S4 vertebra.
Morphometric Analysis of the Scleral Bony Ring with Different Numbers of Ossicles in the Eye of Coturnix Coturnix Japonica
Authors: Canavese B. , Fazzini U. , Colitti M.
Published: June 2007

The scleral bony ring (s. b. r.) of Coturnix coturnix japonica was examined and evaluated mor‐phometrically in its characteristic formations (scleral ossicles, overlapping sectors). The modal class14–14, the most representative, was compared to others having minor or major numbers of ossicles with complex or simple overlaps in the left and right eyes.

It was observed that the ossicles, numbered as in the literature, are ordered in a characteristic manner to form the s. b. r. The ossicle dimensions are different and numbers 4 and 7 are always smaller and larger. The s. b. r. with different numbers of ossicles compared to the model class14–14 (0,0) showed an evident compensatory behaviour in all classes. In fact, when the ossicle number decreased, single ossicle area increased, retaining a constant s. b. r. area.
The Evidence of Carotid Body in the Carotid Rete of the Shiba Goat
Authors: Rerkamnuaychoke W. , Ohsawa K. , Kurohmaru M. , Hayashi Y. , Nishida T.
Published: June 2007

The carotid body was found in/on the cavernous sinus of the carotid rete of the Japanese miniature Shiba goat by light and electron microscopies. The carotid body‐like aggregated cell group consisted of two types of cells arranged in the lobule. The first type contained membrane‐bound granular vesicles; these cells resembled to the type‐I cells in the carotid body. The second type contained no cytoplasmic vesicles, and were located in the periphery, investing the type‐I cells. These features appear to be consistent with those of the type‐II cells in the carotid body. The nerve ending showed two peculiar features in the intercellular space of type‐I cells. The clear vesicle‐containing nerve ending showed a structural feature indicative of efferent synapsis. The small granular vesicle‐containing nerve ending has been described as a baroreceptor‐like ending by VERNA (1979). All of these features are typical characteristics of the carotid body.
Morphological Study of the Surface Structure of the Omasal Laminae in Cattle, Sheep and Goats
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Kitamura N. , Yamada J. , Andrén A. , Yamashita T.
Published: June 2007

The mucosal relief of the omasum in cattle, sheep and goats was examined by the naked eye, stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope. The mucosal relief of the omasum showed wide variations both between and within these species. Omasal papillae on the laminae varied highly in shape, i. e. conical, rounded, claw‐like, wart‐like, finger‐like etc. They decreased gradually in size from the oral to the aboral region of the omasal lamina. Ridge‐like structures and linear arrangements of the papillae were also seen on the omasal laminae of cattle and sheep. Many grooves and folds were found on the lateral surface of the omasal papillae in adult cattle and on the inter‐papillar surface of the laminae of all three species. The mucosal relief of the omasum in cattle seemed to be more well‐developed than those of sheep and goats. Dietary effects on the omasal mucosa were also discussed.