bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIGNIFICANT FEATURES TO DETECT PULMONARY NODULES FROM CT LUNG IMAGES
Authors: Mousa Doaa , Zayed Nourhan , Fakhr Mahmoud
Published: December 2017

Lung cancer causes the most number of deaths worldwide in both men and women. Early detection and diagnosis can minimize the disease mortality rate. Commonly, chest computed tomography (CT) scans are used by clinicians to diagnose lung cancer. The lung cancer diagnosis relies on detection of the pulmonary nodules in CT scans. In this paper, we propose computer-aided diagnostic systems that can define and suggest the most important features that can distinguish lung nodule from nonnodule one. The proposed system can be described through the following six steps: (a) Patch Extraction, (b) Image Preprocessing, (c) Feature Extraction, (d) Normalization, (e) Feature Reduction, and (f) Patch Classification. Feature extraction and selection are the most important steps in any disease classification process. A combination of 132 texture features with three shape-based features has been extracted. Then the normalization step has been done using min–max method followed by the feature reduction step based on the wrapper approach. The feature reduction step resulted in selecting a set of eight features for the classification process. The algorithm was developed and tested using 166 patches of CT images. The selected eight features achieve accuracy 96.5% using [Formula: see text]-nearest neighbor classifier. The results were validated using the cross-validation technique, [Formula: see text]-fold method.
Participation to the first Cybathlon: an overview of the FREEWHEELS team FES-cycling solution
Authors: Sijobert Benoît , Fattal Charles , Daubigney Anne , Azevedo-Coste Christine
Published: December 2017

This article is a contribution to a special issue aiming at collecting data and documenting the different specificities of the teams which participated into Cybathlon 2016 FES-bike discipline. Our team prepared one paraplegic pilot over one year and developed a FES-cycling device based on existing commercial products. Our pilot (47 y.o, spinal cord lesion T3 AIS A since year 1995) was qualified for the final race and finished in 6th position over 12 participants in the discipline, covering a total distance of 750m at an average speed of 5.71km/h, propelled by his own quadriceps and hamstrings muscles.
Strategies and performances of Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling using the BerkelBike with Spinal Cord Injury in a competition context (CYBATHLON)
Authors: Berkelmans Rik , Woods Billy
Published: December 2017

The functional electrical stimulation (FES) bicycle race was an event at the Cybathlon, held in Zurich October 2016. BerkelBike BV (The Netherlands) in collaboration with Imperial College London entered a spinal cord injury pilot who had tetraplegia to compete in this event. The BerkelBike Pro is a commercially available FES capable recumbent which is normally driven by the arm- and leg power. The arm cranking part was disabled. Now the tricycle must be driven using the pilots own lower limb muscles through stimulation in accordance with race rules. The bike used during the race was also adapted with a fixed gear for improved efficiency. The pilot who represented this team come second place overall in the event and attained the fastest race time of all pilots who utilised surface electrode FES. Steps can be taken to increase the race efficiency of the BerkelBikes and its FES capabilities even further.
Assessment of perfusion of free flaps used in head and neck reconstruction using pulsatility index
Authors: Kapoor Akshay , Karmakar Malay , Roy Collin , Anand Kaushal Priya
Published: December 2017

Objective: To detect venous or arterial obstruction in the pedicle of a free flap we can monitor resistance in the flap bed which is reflected in Pulsatility Index (PI) Therefore if we detect change in the values of the PI in these flaps then we can detect complications in flap due to vascular insufficiency early. Materials and Methods: Seven patients of Free Fibular Flap Reconstruction and ten patients of Free Radial Forearm Flap reconstruction were evaluated over a period of 18 months. In the pre op we recorded PI of Radial and Peroneal artery using colour doppler study. In the Post Operative Period 2 readings of PI at the anastomotic site were taken on Day 1 and Day 7. Results: Both Free Radial Forearm and Free Fibula flaps which were healthy (n = 15) showed a significant decrease in PI values on first Post Op day as compared to Pre Op. Also there was a significant fall in PI on Post Op Day 7 as compared to post op Day 1 (P < 0.05) in these flaps. The flaps developing complications (n = 2) had significantly higher Day 1 Post op PI readings as compared to healthy flaps (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PI is an objective index which can indicate changes in perfusion of free flaps used in Head and Neck reconstruction based on which we can predict if a flap is susceptible to circulatory compromise.
First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 3): Rehabilitation and immediate outcome
Authors: Sharma Mohit , Iyer Subramania , Kishore P. , Mathew Jimmy , Vijayaraghavan Sundeep , Sankaran Ravi , Nair Arun N. , Janarthanan R. , Wakure Abhijeet , Reddy Raghuveer , Chetan Mali S. M. , Varma Visakh , Chaudhari Ashish , Dhake Swapnil , Omkumar Akshay
Published: December 2017

Introduction: This report covers the strategies adopted for rehabilitation for the first and second dual hand transplants performed in India. Materials and Methods: The team, under a trained physiatrist, including physiotherapy and occupational therapy personnel, was involved in the management of both these patients. The management protocol was developed considering previous reports as well as our management strategies in the rehabilitation of the replanted hands. The involvement of the team with the patients started in the 1st week itself and continued on a daily basis for the entire year. Results: Outcome analysis was performed at 6 months and 1 year using the disability of shoulder and hand evaluation and hand transplant scoring system. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was done at the end of 1 year to assess the cortical integration of the transplanted hand. Conclusion: Despite more than 110 hands being transplanted worldwide, hand transplant remains an experimental procedure. It is still not considered the “standard of care” for hand amputees. Outcome analyses performed worldwide do indicate that the procedure can provide a substantial improvement in the quality of life for the hand amputee, especially the bilateral amputees.
First two bilateral hand transplantations in India (Part 4): Immediate post-operative care, immunosuppression protocol and monitoring
Authors: Iyer Subramania , Sharma Mohit , Kishore P. , Mathew Jimmy , Janarthanan R. , Reddy Raghuveer , Wakure Abhijeet , Vijayaraghavan Sundeep , Mali S. M. Chetan , Varma Visakh , Chaudhari Ashish , Dhake Swapnil , Omkumar Akshay , Kurian George , Nair Rajesh , Mathew Anil , Paul Zachariah , Eapen Malini , Biswas Lalitha
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Being able to counter immune-mediated rejection has for decades been the single largest obstacle for the progress of vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA). The human immune system performs the key role of differentiating the ‘self’ from the ‘non-self’. This, although is quintessential to eliminate or resist infections, also resists the acceptance of an allograft which it promptly recognises as ‘non-self’. Materials and Methods: Pre-operative evaluation of the recipient evaluation included immunological assessment in the form of panel reactive antibodies (PRA), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing, donor-specific antibody detection assays (DSA) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays (CDC). Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Results: Both the recipients were managed by the standard triple drug therapy and have had only minor episodes of rejections thus far which have been managed appropriately. Discussion: Induction immunosuppression was by thymoglobulin and the maintenance by the standard triple-drug therapy. Various groups have tried various other formulations and regimes as well. Conclusion: A comprehensive plan has to be drawn up for immunological screening, selection and the post-operative immunosuppressant usage. The ultimate goal of these immunosuppression modalities is to achieve a state of donor-specific tolerance.
Treatment of dizziness: an interdisciplinary update
Authors: Spiegel Rainer , Rust Heiko , Baumann Thomas , Hergen Friedrich , Sutter Raoul , Göldin Martina , Rosin Christiane , Müri René , Mantokoudis Georgios , Bingisser Roland , Strupp Michael , Kalla Roger
Published: December 2017

This review provides an update on interdisciplinary treatment for dizziness. Dizziness can have various causes and the treatment offered should depend on the cause. After reading this article, the clinician will have an overview of current treatment recommendations. Recommendations are made for the most prevalent causes of dizziness including acute and chronic vestibular syndromes, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, endolymphatic hydrops and Menière’s disease, vestibular paroxysmia and vestibular migraine, cardiac causes, transient ischaemic attacks and strokes, episodic ataxia type 2, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, bilateral vestibulopathy, degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases, upbeat- and downbeat nystagmus. Recommendations include clinical approaches (repositioning manoeuvres), medication (adding, removing or changing current medication depending on aetiology), vestibular physiotherapy, ergotherapy and rehabilitation, treatment of chest pain or stroke units and surgical interventions. If symptoms are acute and severe, medication with antivertigo agents is recommended as a first step, for a maximum period of 3 days. Following initial symptom control, treatment is tailored depending on aetiology. To assist the clinicianin obtaining a useful overview, the level of evidence and number needed to treat are reported whenever possible based on study characteristics. In addition, warnings about possible arrhythmias due to medication are issued, and precautions to enable these to be avoided are discussed.
Impact of Stakeholders on Implementation of Strategic Plans in Tanzania’s Public Sector
Authors: Salum Venance Shillingi , Gakure Roselyn. W. , Othiambo Romanus
Published: December 2017

The study investigated the impact of stakeholders on implementation of strategic plans in Tanzania’s public sector. Organisations fail not due to bad formulation of strategies, but the execution of strategies is vital to their failure or demise; and hence implementation process remains a challenge towards achieving organisation objectives. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of stakeholders on implementation of Strategic Plans in public sector. Seven (7) executive agencies which made 26% of all 27 executive agencies in Tanzania were randomly drawn using simple random sampling. Then, stratified random sampling was used to obtain a sample size of one hundred eighty-eight (188) respondents which was 30% of the target populations (632 employees) in the headquarters of sampled executive agencies. The study found that there was weak positive relationship (R = 0.236) between role of stakeholders and execution of strategic plans; although was statistically significant at alpha = 0.000. Also,  = 0.056 at significance level of 0.05 indicated that, 5.6% of the total variations in implementation of strategic plans is influenced by stakeholders and 94.4% is contributed by other factors which were not considered in this study. The study concluded that stakeholders do influence implementation of strategic plans in public sector. In line with findings, the study recommended that management in public sector should pay more attention on stakeholders if they have to benefit from, otherwise may negatively influence implementation process of strategic plans in public sector.
Trade Protectionism and Intra-industry Trade: A USA - EU Comparison
Authors: Ferreira-Lopes Alexandra , Sousa Candida , Carvalho Helena , Crespo Nuno
Published: December 2017

The aim of this work is to find patterns for products included in the customs tariffs of the USA and the EU (composed of over 5000 products disaggregated at the 6 digit-level) which share similarities, defined by a set of international trade variables, namely the index of revealed comparative advantages (RCA), the Grubel-Lloyd index, and other indicators of international trade. There is a strand in the literature advancing a theory that links the degree of intra-industry trade with the level of protectionism. In order to test this theory we use cluster analysis as a method of data analysis and the Grubel-Lloyd index as a classification variable between groups. For each of the analyzed regions we obtain four different groups. Thereafter each of these four clusters are further characterized with the help of the other international trade indicators and the tariffs. Finally, we establish a comparison between the two regions by examining possible differences and similarities. The results show a significant difference in the tariffs applied between the USA and the EU, with the USA presenting a lower level of protectionism. Additionally, the results for the USA show a positive relationship between the degree of intra-industry trade and a lower level of protectionism, while for the EU the results are not conclusive.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminium Base in situ Metal Matrix Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Mallik B. , Sikdar K. , Roy D.
Published: December 2017

Fe-aluminide and alumina reinforced in-situ aluminium based metal matrix composite was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of aluminium and nanosized Fe2O3 powder mixture. In-situ reinforcements were formed during SPS by exothermal reaction between aluminium and nano-size Fe2O3 particle. The thermal characteristics of the in-situ reaction were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) along with the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to study the microstructural architecture of the composites as a function of SPS temperature and the volume fraction of reinforcement. Microhardness measurement of the composite shows significant increase in hardness with increase in SPS temperature and volume fraction of secondary phase.
The role of nutrigenomics in obesity
Authors: Bobrowska-Korczak Barbara , Skrajnowska Dorota , Orzoł Aleksandra
Published: December 2017

Obesity and overweight is an emerging health problem of growing importance, and much promise for the prevention and treatment of this disease is connected with nutrigenomics. Nutrigenomics corresponds to the use of biochemistry, physiology, bromatology, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics to seek and explain the existing reciprocal interactions between genes and nutrients at a molecular level. It is directed toward determining the effect of nutrients on the expression of genes and identifying the role of genetic variation and individual dietary response. This review describes the results of the current research into the significance of nutrigenomics in obesity.
Representing Pariah Femininity. Sexuality, gender, and class at the fin-de-siècle
Authors: Ohlsson Hélène
Published: December 2017

This article discusses the representation of an actress’s sexuality, femininity, and class at the fin-de-siècle with an emphasis on pariah femininity. The central empirical sources for this study are the correspondence between King Oscar II (1829-1907) and Baroness Henriette Coyet (1859-1941) about the famous actress Ellen Hartman (1860-1945). Tracy C. Davis’s feminist historiographical methodology is put to use in the analysis in combination with Mimi Shipper’s notion pariah femininity. The analysis of the correspondence shows how the actress Ellen Hartman’s femininity was discursively constructed as pariah femininity embodying asexuality, excessive sexuality, and of a degenerate moral. It is argued that Hartman’s specific kind of pariah femininity is based on a perceived threat triggered by her public profession, sexual history and social ambition. Her body was sexualized, her sexuality demonized, and her appearance downgraded to defuse the threatening presence of her profession, femininity, and class. The historical sources also show a change of attitudes toward intersections of femininities and class.
The Employment Contract as Materialization of Social Order. Contracts at Albert Ranft’s Stockholm theatres, 1895-1926
Authors: Näslund Lovisa
Published: December 2017

In the archive, the materialized traces of theatrical organization and performances remain. In this paper, we focus on the employment contract, as a type of source material commonly found but rarely studied in theatre studies. Empirically, the paper is based on a study of contracts from Albert Ranft’s Stockholm theatres, 1895-1926. Ranft built his commercially funded theatrical empire in Stockholm in a period when the competition from subsidized theatre was minimal, and for a time dominated the Stockholm theatres. The study demonstrates how the study of employment contracts allows us to form an understanding of power relations between managers on the one hand, and artists and directors on the other, and also the formal and social aspects of the employment contracts. In the case of Albert Ranft, the contracts bear evidence of his dominant position in Stockholm theatre, which in turn a orded him an unusually powerful position in relation to his employees. The relationship between the formal and social contract is explored, and it is suggested that the formal contract could be seen as a photographic negative of the social contract: if there is an extensive social contract, the formal contract will be more elaborate, and vice versa. The extensive formal contracts of the studied period might therefore be seen as evidence of a relatively thin social contract, implying that industry norms were, at the time, not institutionalized enough to be taken for granted.
Deconstructing Turning Points. A postscript on the canonization of the avant-garde 1900
Authors: Sauter Willmar
Published: December 2017

Deconstructing Turning Points is an attempt to understand why and how the period around the turn of the nineteenth century has been described as a “breakthrough of modern theatre”. Texts by Gösta M. Bergman, Christopher Innes and Erika Fischer-Lichte about this period are examined in order to see how these authors construct periodization. Leaning towards Thomas Postlewait’s concept of periods and Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive approach to discourse, the article points out some paradigmatic assumptions in the discussed texts. The three authors are not compared – writing in different languages and for different purposes – but some of the underlying paradigms become visible, namely their relation to historical development and their view of theatre as the work of the director. As an alternative, the article turns to archival possibilities. New concepts of what an archive is and can do, as Derrida sees them, open up for a living and challenging relation to archival sources, not just as evidence of prefabricated hypotheses, but as inspiring traces of the past.
МЕЂУНАРОДНИ СТАНДАРДИ И ЛИШЕЊЕ СЛОБОДЕ МАЛОЉЕТНИКА
Authors: Грбић-Павловић Николина
Published: December 2017

Лишење слободе малољетника, које се остварује прекозаводских васпитних мјера и казне малољетничког затвора, као и прекокривичнопроцесне установе притвора, представља за малољетногучиниоца кривичног дјела најтежу кривичну санкцију, односно,најтежу мјеру за обезбјеђење присуства малољетног делинквента укривичном поступку. Зато сматрамо да је ову проблематику потребнопосматрати и у свјетлу међународних докумената, односно у областиусклађености домаћег законодавства које се бави овом проблематикомса међународним документима. Тако, ауторка у овом раду разматрамеђународне стандарде који су у вези са лишењем слободе малољетника.
СПЕЦИФИЧНЕ КАТЕГОРИЈЕ ЛИЦА У ВЕЗИ СА ИЗВРШЕЊЕМ КРИВИЧНОГ ДЈЕЛА РАЗБОЈНИШТВА
Authors: Вуковић Младен , Лазић Александар
Published: December 2017

Кривично дело разбојништва као традиционалниоблик насилних имовинских деликата побуђује пажњу стручне иопште јавности (грађана), како због значаја заштићеног добра (објектазаштите), учесталости и обиља појавних облика испољавања усвакодневном животу, тако и због обима и интензитета проузрокованихпоследица, односно начина и средстава његовог извршења. Основнекарактеристике ових дела су велика друштвена опасност, тешкепоследице дела, масовност њиховог извршења, бројност извршилаца,групно извршење кривичних дела, велики поврат (рецидив). У радуће се презентирати, анализитати и проблематизовати специфичнекатегорије лица у вези са извршењем кривичног дела разбојништва акоје се односе на карактеристике самих извршилаца кривичног дела,непосредне сведоке и жртве извршеног кривичног дела разбојништва,као и полицијске службенике које учествују у откривању и доказивањукривичног дела разбојништва.
КОНТРОЛА РАДА ПОЛИЦИЈЕ ОД СТРАНЕ ОДБОРА ЗА БЕЗБЈЕДНОСТ НАРОДНЕ СКУПШТИНЕ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Шетка Гојко
Published: December 2017

Природа и каратеристике полицијског посла захтијевајуперманентну контролу рада полиције. Контрола полицијског радасе може посматрати са више аспеката, али ако контролу посматрамона основу локације појединог средства контроле, тј. да ли се средствоконтроле (или орган који врши контролу) налази унутар полицијскеорганизације или изван ње, онда можемо рећи да постоје спољашнии унутрашњи облици контроле рада полиције. Као важан спољашњиформални облик контроле рада полиције истиче се парламентарнаконтрола. Ову врсту контроле у Републици Српској спроводи Народнаскупштина Републике Српске.У овом раду биће ријечи о контроли рада полиције РепубликеСрпске од стране Одбора за безбједност Народне скупштине РепубликеСрпске, који представља значајан сегмент парламентарне контроле уРепублици Српској. Парламентарна контрола рада полиције представљаформални спољашњи облик контроле, значајна је из више разлога, апредставља и један од параметара на основу кога се може закључити дали је рад полиције био законит у одређеном периоду.
ДИФЕРЕНЦИЈАЦИЈА КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧКИХ РАДЊИ И МЈЕРА
Authors: Миладиновић Александар
Published: December 2017

Диференцијација криминалистичких радњи и мјерау стручној криминалистичкој, а поготово у кривичнопроцеснојлитератури није на завидном нивоу, што свакако има и одређенепрактичне импликације. Практични проблеми наведеног се најчешћеконкретизују приликом перцепције криминалистичке информације,до које се дошло примјеном одређених оперативно-тактичких радњии мјера, као доказне информације, односно доказа у формалном,кривичнопроцесном смислу, иако он није обезбјеђен истражним радњама.Наведеном изостанку теоријског елаборирања проблема, треба додатии терминолошку неуједначеност криминалистичких радњи и мјера,што уноси додатну забуну у актуелну криминалистичку праксу. Усљеднаведеног, у раду се настоје диференцирати криминалистичке радњеи мјере традиционалном подјелом на оперативно-тактичке радње имјере и на истражне радње, уз навођење и одређених диференцирајућихкарактеристика.
ОБРАЂИВАЊЕ ТЕМЕ МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ ПОЛИЦИЈСКЕ САРАДЊЕ У ПОДУЧАВАЊУ ЕНГЛЕСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА ПОЛИЦИЈСКИМ ПОЛАЗНИЦИМА
Authors: Трајковска Весна , Трајкова Зорица
Published: December 2017

Овај рад се бави значајем језика и међукултуралнихвјештина као предусловима успјешне полицијске сарадње намеђународном нивоу. Имајући на уму експанзију енглеског језикана свјетском нивоу и његову улогу као lingua franca, логично је да једобро познавање енглеског неопходно за интеракцију и комуникацијуполицијских службеника из различитих лингвистичких и културнихсредина. Рад је посебно усмјерен на обрађивање теме међународнеполицијске сарадње у подучавању енглеског језика полицијскимполазницима тако да је у њему представљен модел који је успјешнокориштен на Факултету безбједности у Скопљу. Тачније, у њему су датипримјери плана часа о теми међународне полицијске сарадње, заједноса вјежбама које имају за циљ да развију вјештине читања, говора,слушања и писања код полазника. Аутори представљају различитеактивности везане за ангажовање Европске уније у међународнимполицијским мисијама, с посебним освртом на вербалне и културалнеинтеракције чланова мисије који су распоређени у стране земље.
ПРИКАЗ УЏБЕНИКА „СПЕЦИЈАЛНО ФИЗИЧКО ОБРАЗОВАЊЕ 2“ АУТОРА ПРОФ. ДР МИЛАНА ГУЖВИЦЕ И ДР ДАРКА ПАСПАЉА, ПРОФЕСОРА ВИСОКЕ ШКОЛЕ УНУТРАШЊИХ ПОСЛОВА, У ИЗДАЊУ ЕВРОПСКОГ ДЕФЕНДОЛОГИЈА ЦЕНТРА БАЊАЛУКА
Authors: Вејновић Душко
Published: December 2017

У Бањалуци је у јануару 2015. године у издању Европскогдефендологија центра штампан уџбеник Специјално физичкообразовање 2, аутора проф. др Милана Гужвице и др Дарка Паспаља,професора Високе школе унутрашњих послова у Бањалуци (ISBN 978-99955-22-81-0; COBISS.RS-ID 4713496). Ради се о врло опсежном дјелу,које је фокусирано на теоријско-научну и стручно-практичну грађу.Уџбеник је намијењен студентима Високе школе унутрашњих послова уБањалуци, као основна литература за усвајање и овладавање сложенијиммоторичким програмима, који се изучавају на предмету Специјалнофизичко образовање 2. Такође, аутори сматрају да овај уџбеник можебити од користи и полазницима Полицијске академије у Бањалуци, каои другим структурама које се баве безбједносним пословима. Уџбеник јеписан на основу методолошког концепта који се примјењује у изучавањупроблематике борилачких вјештина, којима студенти морају да овладајукако би стекли компетенције за обављање својих професионалнихдужности. Дјело обилује богатством рјешења која су заснована напринципима биомеханике хумане локомоције, који су, опет, прилагођенипојединцу са различитим антрополошким карактеристикама. Ауторисматрају да не постоји универзалан начин рјешавања сложенихситуационих проблема, већ да је потребно да се сваки појединацопредијели којим путем ће да иде, односно да се усмјери на властитеснаге и потенцијале који треба да му омогуће да постане успјешан уобављању професионалних задатака. Они тврде да овакав приступскраћује вријеме едукације, тако што ће сваком појединцу омогућитизнатно већи број понављања, па самим тим лакше и брже усвајањенаставних садржаја, као и знатно већи интензитет у раду.
Regulation of posterior body and epidermal morphogenesis in zebrafish by localized Yap1 and Wwtr1
Authors: Kimelman David , Smith Natalie L , Lai Jason Kuan Han , Stainier Didier YR
Published: December 2017

The vertebrate embryo undergoes a series of dramatic morphological changes as the body extends to form the complete anterior-posterior axis during the somite-forming stages. The molecular mechanisms regulating these complex processes are still largely unknown. We show that the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivators Yap1 and Wwtr1 are specifically localized to the presumptive epidermis and notochord, and play a critical and unexpected role in posterior body extension by regulating Fibronectin assembly underneath the presumptive epidermis and surrounding the notochord. We further find that Yap1 and Wwtr1, also via Fibronectin, have an essential role in the epidermal morphogenesis necessary to form the initial dorsal and ventral fins, a process previously thought to involve bending of an epithelial sheet, but which we now show involves concerted active cell movement. Our results reveal how the Hippo pathway transcriptional program, localized to two specific tissues, acts to control essential morphological events in the vertebrate embryo.
Gassmann Theory Applies to Nanoporous Media
Authors: Gor Gennady Y. , Gurevich Boris
Published: December 2017

Recent progress in extraction of unconventional hydrocarbon resources has ignited the interest in the studies of nanoporous media. Since many thermodynamic and mechanical properties of nanoscale solids and fluids differ from the analogous bulk materials, it is not obvious whether wave propagation in nanoporous media can be described using the same framework as in macroporous media. Here we test the validity of Gassmann equation using two published sets of ultrasonic measurements for a model nanoporous medium, Vycor glass, saturated with two different fluids, argon, and n‐hexane. Predictions of the Gassmann theory depend on the bulk and shear moduli of the dry samples, which are known from ultrasonic measurements and the bulk moduli of the solid and fluid constituents. The solid bulk modulus can be estimated from adsorption‐induced deformation or from elastic effective medium theory. The fluid modulus can be calculated according to the Tait‐Murnaghan equation at the solvation pressure in the pore. Substitution of these parameters into the Gassmann equation provides predictions consistent with measured data. Our findings set up a theoretical framework for investigation of fluid‐saturated nanoporous media using ultrasonic elastic wave propagation.
The Response of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones to Suppression of African Easterly Waves
Authors: Patricola Christina M. , Saravanan R. , Chang Ping
Published: December 2017

Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) genesis is strongly linked with African easterly waves (AEWs) on the synoptic time scale. However, the TC‐AEW relationship is unclear on interannual to climate time scales, and it is unknown whether AEWs are necessary to maintain climatological TC frequency, that is, whether TCs are limited by AEWs. We investigated the impact of AEW suppression on seasonal Atlantic TC activity using a 10‐member ensemble of regional climate model simulations in which AEWs were either prescribed or removed through the lateral boundary condition. The climate model experiments produced no significant change in seasonal Atlantic TC number, indicating that AEWs are not necessary to maintain climatological basin‐wide TC frequency even though TCs readily originate from these types of disturbances. This suggests that the specific type of “seedling” disturbance is unimportant for determining basin‐wide seasonal Atlantic TC number and that in the absence of AEWs, TCs will generate by other mechanisms. The results imply that changes in the presence of AEWs may not be reliable predictors of seasonal variability and future change in Atlantic TC frequency.
Decadal Comparisons of Particulate Matter in Repeat Transects in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean Basins
Authors: Gardner W. D. , Mishonov A. V. , Richardson M. J.
Published: December 2017

Basin‐wide sections of beam cp (proxy for particle concentration) in ocean basins collected during numerous oceanographic programs over the last four decades record variable concentrations in euphotic surface waters, very low concentrations through most of the water column, and very low to very high concentrations near the seafloor. Sections resampled at decadal intervals show that intense benthic nepheloid layers (BNLs) recur in the same general locations in these repeat sections, most often where eddy kinetic energy (EKE: cm2 s−2) is high in overlying waters. Areas beneath regions of low surface EKE consistently have weak to no BNLs. The decadal persistence of the close connection between surface and benthic EKE and presence or absence of BNLs is clear. Understanding the location and causes of intense versus weak BNLs helps in assessing scavenging of adsorption‐prone elements in the deep sea and quantifying the impact of deep ocean sediment dynamics on sediment redistribution.
New Paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronological Results for the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, and Their Tectonic Implications
Authors: Gao Liang , Zhao Yue , Yang Zhenyu , Liu Jianmin , Liu Xiaochun , Zhang Shuan‐Hong , Pei Junling
Published: December 2017

To reconstruct the paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula relative to the South American Plate during the breakup of Gondwana, as well as the opening kinematics of the Drake Passage, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and isotopic chronology studies of Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island) and Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) of the South Shetland Islands. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Agate Beach Formation to the Long Hill Formation in Fildes Peninsula range from 56.38 ± 0.2 Ma to 52.42 ± 0.19 Ma. Low natural remanent magnetization/isothermal remanent magnetization ratios, inconsistency with the polarity constrained by the paleomagnetic results and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints, as well as the widespread cation‐deficient titanomagnetite and Ti‐free magnetite of secondary origin, indicate that the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Fildes Peninsula were remagnetized at about 55 Ma. Combining our results with previous data from the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, we calculated the paleopoles for 110 Ma and 55 Ma for the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The paleomagnetic reconstruction of the relative paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula and South America shows that these plates were connected and experienced a southward movement and clockwise rotation from 110 to 55 Ma. Subsequently, southward translation and clockwise rotation of the Antarctic Peninsula between 55 and 27 Ma separated the Antarctic Peninsula and South America, forming the Drake Passage. Northward translation of South America after 27 Ma increased the N‐S divergence and increased the distance between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South American Plate.
Multiphase Reactive Transport and Platelet Ice Accretion in the Sea Ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Buffo J. J. , Schmidt B. E. , Huber C.
Published: December 2017

Sea ice seasonally to interannually forms a thermal, chemical, and physical boundary between the atmosphere and hydrosphere over tens of millions of square kilometers of ocean. Its presence affects both local and global climate and ocean dynamics, ice shelf processes, and biological communities. Accurate incorporation of sea ice growth and decay, and its associated thermal and physiochemical processes, is underrepresented in large‐scale models due to the complex physics that dictate oceanic ice formation and evolution. Two phenomena complicate sea ice simulation, particularly in the Antarctic: the multiphase physics of reactive transport brought about by the inhomogeneous solidification of seawater, and the buoyancy driven accretion of platelet ice formed by supercooled ice shelf water onto the basal surface of the overlying ice. Here a one‐dimensional finite difference model capable of simulating both processes is developed and tested against ice core data. Temperature, salinity, liquid fraction, fluid velocity, total salt content, and ice structure are computed during model runs. The model results agree well with empirical observations and simulations highlight the effect platelet ice accretion has on overall ice thickness and characteristics. Results from sensitivity studies emphasize the need to further constrain sea ice microstructure and the associated physics, particularly permeability‐porosity relationships, if a complete model of sea ice evolution is to be obtained. Additionally, implications for terrestrial ice shelves and icy moons in the solar system are discussed.
Convectively Driven Tropopause‐Level Cooling and Its Influences on Stratospheric Moisture
Authors: Kim Joowan , Randel William J. , Birner Thomas
Published: December 2017

Characteristics of the tropopause‐level cooling associated with tropical deep convection are examined using CloudSat radar and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) GPS radio occultation measurements. Extreme deep convection is sampled based on the cloud top height (>17 km) from CloudSat, and colocated temperature profiles from COSMIC are composited around the deep convection. Response of moisture to the tropopause‐level cooling is also examined in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using microwave limb sounder measurements. The composite temperature shows an anomalous warming in the troposphere and a significant cooling near the tropopause (at 16–19 km) when deep convection occurs over the western Pacific, particularly during periods with active Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). The composite of the tropopause cooling has a large horizontal scale (~6,000 km in longitude) with minimum temperature anomaly of ~ −2 K, and it lasts more than 2 weeks with support of mesoscale convective clusters embedded within the envelope of the MJO. The water vapor anomalies show strong correlation with the temperature anomalies (i.e., dry anomaly in the cold anomaly), showing that the convectively driven tropopause cooling actively dehydrate the lower stratosphere in the western Pacific region. The moisture is also affected by anomalous Matsuno‐Gill‐type circulation associated with the cold anomaly, in which dry air spreads over a wide range in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). These results suggest that convectively driven tropopause cooling and associated transient circulation play an important role in the large‐scale dehydration process in the TTL.
Combined Flow Abstraction and Climate Change Impacts on an Aggrading Alpine River
Authors: Bakker M. , Costa A. , Silva T. A. , Stutenbecker L. , Girardclos S. , Loizeau J.‐L. , Molnar P. , Schlunegger F. , Lane S. N.
Published: December 2017

Recent climatic warming and associated glacial retreat may have a large impact on sediment release and transfer in Alpine river basins. Concurrently, the sediment transport capacity of many European Alpine streams is affected by hydropower exploitation, notably where flow is abstracted but the sediment supply downstream is maintained. Here, we investigate the combined effects of climate change and flow abstraction on morphodynamics and sediment transfer in the Borgne River, Switzerland. From photogrammetrically derived historical Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), we find considerable net aggradation of the braided river bed (up to 5 m) since the onset of flow abstraction in 1963. Reaches responded through bed level steepening which was strongest in the upper most reach. Widespread aggradation however did not commence until the onset of glacier retreat in the late 1980s and the dry and warm years of the early 1990s. Upstream flow intake data shows that this aggradation coincided with an increase in sediment supply, although aggradation accounts for no more than 25% of supplied material. The remainder was transferred through the studied reaches. Estimations of bed load transport capacity indicate that flow abstraction reduces transport capacity by 1–2 orders of magnitude. While residual transport rates vary with morphological evolution, they are in the same order of magnitude as the sediment supply rates, which is why significant transport remains. However, the reduction in transport capacity makes the system more sensitive to short‐term (annual) changes in climate‐driven hydrological variability and climate‐induced changes in intake management and sediment delivery rates.
Pore‐Scale Determination of Gas Relative Permeability in Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments Using X‐Ray Computed Micro‐Tomography and Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Chen Xiongyu , Verma Rahul , Espinoza D. Nicolas , Prodanović Maša
Published: December 2017

This work uses X‐ray computed micro‐tomography (μCT) to monitor xenon hydrate growth in a sandpack under the excess gas condition. The μCT images give pore‐scale hydrate distribution and pore habit in space and time. We use the lattice Boltzmann method to calculate gas relative permeability (krg) as a function of hydrate saturation (Shyd) in the pore structure of the experimental hydrate‐bearing sand retrieved from μCT data. The results suggest the krg‐ Shyddata fit well a new model krg = (1‐Shyd)·exp(–4.95·Shyd) rather than the simple Corey model. In addition, we calculate krg‐Shydcurves using digital models of hydrate‐bearing sand based on idealized grain‐attaching, coarse pore‐filling, and dispersed pore‐filling hydrate habits. Our pore‐scale measurements and modeling show that the krg‐Shydcurves are similar regardless of whether hydrate crystals develop grain‐attaching or coarse pore‐filling habits. The dispersed pore filling habit exhibits much lower gas relative permeability than the other two, but it is not observed in the experiment and not compatible with Ostwald ripening mechanisms. We find that a single grain‐shape factor can be used in the Carman‐Kozeny equation to calculate krg‐Shyddata with known porosity and average grain diameter, suggesting it is a useful model for hydrate‐bearing sand.
Hot Spots and Hot Moments of Nitrogen in a Riparian Corridor
Authors: Dwivedi Dipankar , Arora Bhavna , Steefel Carl I. , Dafflon Baptiste , Versteeg Roelof
Published: December 2017

We use 3‐D high‐resolution reactive transport modeling to investigate whether the spatial distribution of organic‐carbon‐rich and chemically reduced sediments located in the riparian zone and temporal variability in groundwater flow direction impact the formation and distribution of nitrogen hot spots (regions that exhibit higher reaction rates when compared to other locations nearby) and hot moments (times that exhibit high reaction rates as compared to longer intervening time periods) within the Rifle floodplain in Colorado. Groundwater flows primarily toward the Colorado River from the floodplain but changes direction at times of high river stage. The result is that oxic river water infiltrates the Rifle floodplain during these relatively short‐term events. Simulation results indicate that episodic rainfall in the summer season leads to the formation of nitrogen hot moments associated with Colorado River rise and resulting river infiltration into the floodplain. The results further demonstrate that the naturally reduced zones (NRZs) present in sediments of the Rifle floodplain have a higher potential for nitrate removal, approximately 70% greater than non‐NRZs for typical hydrological conditions. During river water infiltration, nitrate reduction capacity remains the same within the NRZs, however, these conditions impact non‐NRZs to a greater extent (approximately 95% less nitrate removal). Model simulations indicate chemolithoautotrophs are primarily responsible for the removal of nitrate in the Rifle floodplain. These nitrogen hot spots and hot moments are sustained by microbial respiration and the chemolithoautotrophic oxidation of reduced minerals in the riparian zone.
Grote, George (1794–1871)
Authors: Chambers Mortimer
Published: December 2017

George Grote (1794–1871) was an English historian, politician, and student of philosophy. He is best known for his twelve‐volume
History of Greece
(1846–56), a response to the conservative histories of William Mitford and Edward Gibbon. He was greatly influenced by the Utilitarian movement of James Mill and his son, John Stuart Mill. His work was greatly influential in the later nineteenth century, particularly in Germany, where some historians were inspired by him, others replied to him.
Dyestuff, dyeing
Authors: Martínez García M. Julia
Published: December 2017

Color was of great importance in ancient societies as a hierarchical symbol and means of differentiation between groups. Archaeological remains and written sources, especially some technical writings of the third and fourth centuriesce, provide evidence for ancient dyeing. They contain the most important recipes for the elaboration of the fashionable colors in Late Antiquity. The textile remains, colored or decorated with dyed wool from this period, are abundant in the Egyptian necropoleis and show us that the dyers were well acquainted with the art of dyeing. Likewise, the study of ancient workshops in important archaeological sites of the Roman period provides knowledge of the materials and instruments necessary for dyeing operations in antiquity.
Bridges
Authors: Fodorean Florin‐Gheorghe
Published: December 2017

Bridge construction has been attested since the second millennium
bce
. In the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greeks built a bridge at Arkadiko around 1300
bce
. The most famous examples of pontoon bridges are Xerxes’ bridges over the Hellespont, erected in 480
bce
. The Romans transformed bridge construction from technical engineering to monumental art. There are said to be 931 bridges spread across the empire: 800 in Europe, seventy‐four in Asia, and fifty‐seven in Africa. Among the most famous bridges are Trajan's bridge over the Tagus at Alcántara, built in 104
ce
; the Pont du Gard in southern France, spanning the Gardon, built in the middle of the first century
ce
; the bridge over the Danube between Drobeta and Pontes, designed by Apollodorus of Damascus and built under Trajan between 103 and 105
ce
; and Constantine's bridge over the Danube, built in 328
ce
.
Insects
Authors: Hollander David B.
Published: December 2017

Countless species of insect inhabit the Mediterranean and Near East, and many of them influenced, directly or indirectly, the lives of those who inhabited these regions in antiquity. Their impact ranged from merely irritating (e.g., gnats) to potentially devastating (e.g., locusts) or lucrative (bees, silk worms). Ancient zoological and agricultural texts discuss insects at considerable length, and these animals regularly appear in other genres of literature. Depictions of insects are found on coins, amulets, paintings, and in other media.
Lights, lighting, lamps
Authors: Moullou Dorina
Published: December 2017

Light is the natural phenomenon that stimulates our eyes and makes us see. It can be either natural (sunlight) or artificial. Natural light, during daytime, is captured indoors through openings in the walls or roofs of buildings (windows, doors, oculi). At night, artificial light is necessary.

In antiquity, all means of artificial lighting were devices for containing fire. The main types of artificial lighting prior to electricity were hearths, torches, candles, and lamps. These were universally used throughout human history, although the fuel and containers differed from place to place.
Satyrs
Authors: Isler‐Kerényi Cornelia , Beerens Anna
Published: December 2017

Satyrs are singular creatures – part man, part beast, and hard to understand for us today. Mythology makes little mention of them, but they figure frequently in Greek and Roman art. Moreover, in classical Athens they had their own dramatic genre, the satyr play. In accordance with their dual nature, satyrs could be art‐loving and friendly, but also subversive and aggressive. They embodied the existence without boundaries, which, for good as well as evil, was the realm of Dionysos.
Busolt, Georg (1850–1920)
Authors: Chambers Mortimer
Published: December 2017

Georg Busolt (1850–1920) wrote a history of Greece on a scale that will never be surpassed. His history had been planned to come down through 338
bce
but concluded with the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404
bce
. The first volume of his great final work,
Griechische Staatskunde
, surveyed the laws and customs of the Greek states; the second volume examined Sparta, Athens, and Crete in detail.
War in art, Greek
Authors: Schwartz Adam
Published: December 2017

War was an all‐important aspect of Greek antiquity. As such, it was from the outset a pervasive influence on both iconography and literature, providing a rich source material. War and fighting were regularly portrayed in both public and private art, and formed an integral part of the self‐perception of both states and individuals. War was in fact a major generator of art in that war booty was often used for the erection of public monuments at Panhellenic sanctuaries. No less a popular theme in non‐public art, war and its concomitant imagery loomed large from the earliest times in vase and wall paintings, as well as on grave markers, normally underscoring the predominant societal values of the Archaic and Classical periods.
Knucklebones
Authors: Vuolanto Ville
Published: December 2017

Knucklebones were used throughout the ancient world to play games and for gambling. They were used with different sets of rules and scoring, and were also used for divination, having a strong cultural presence in the Greco‐Roman world. Playing knucklebones was a standard way of presenting children in painting and sculpture even though they were used at all levels of society by males and females of all ages.