bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying important comorbidity among cancer populations using administrative data: Prevalence and impact on survival
Authors: Sarfati Diana , Gurney Jason , Lim Bee Teng , Bagheri Nasser , Simpson Andrew , Koea Jonathan , Dennett Elizabeth
Published: December 2013

Aims

Our study sought to optimize the identification and investigate the impact of comorbidity in cancer patients using routinely collected hospitalization data.

Methods

We undertook an iterative process of classification of important clinical conditions involving evaluation of relevant literature and consultation with clinicians. Patients diagnosed with colon, rectal, breast, ovarian, uterine, stomach, liver, renal or bladder cancers (n = 14 096) between 2006 and 2008 were identified from the New Zealand Cancer Registry. Conditions were identified using data on diagnoses from hospital admissions for 5 years prior to cancer diagnosis. Patients were followed up until end of 2009 using routine mortality data. Prevalence estimates for each condition by site were calculated. All‐cause mortality impact of common conditions was investigated using Cox regression models adjusted for age and stage at diagnosis.

Results

Patients with liver and stomach cancers tended to have higher comorbidity and those with breast cancer, lower comorbidity than other cancer patients. Of the 50 conditions, the most common were hypertension (prevalence 8.0–20.9%), cardiac conditions (2.1–13.5%) and diabetes with (2.3–13.3%) and without (2.9–12.9%) complications. Comorbidity was associated with higher all‐cause mortality but the impact varied by condition and across cancer site, with impact less for cancers with poor prognoses. Conditions most consistently associated with adverse outcomes across all cancer sites were renal disease, coagulopathies and congestive heart failure.

Conclusion

Comorbidity is highly prevalent in cancer populations, but prevalence and impact of conditions differ markedly by cancer type.
The incretin effect does not differ in trained and untrained, young, healthy men
Authors: Lund M. T. , Dalby S. , Hartmann B. , Helge J. , Holst J. J. , Dela F.
Published: December 2013

Aim

After both oral and intravenous glucose administration, peripheral insulin concentrations are lower in trained compared with untrained humans. Part of this is explained by an adaptation within the β‐cell. The insulin secretion rate is higher after oral compared with intravenous glucose administration due to the release of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) enhancing the glucose‐induced insulin secretion (the incretin effect). Our aim was to investigate whether GIP or GLP‐1 release or the incretin effect was different in trained compared with untrained humans after oral and intravenous glucose administration.

Methods

A 3½‐h oral glucose tolerance test was performed in eleven trained and ten untrained, young, healthy men. On a separate day, an isoglycaemic intravenous glucose infusion was performed matching the individual glucose concentrations obtained during the oral glucose tolerance test. Blood samples for insulin, C‐peptide, GIP and GLP‐1 analyses were obtained frequently during both tests, and the insulin secretion rate, incretin effect and insulin clearance were calculated.

Results

Plasma GIP and GLP‐1 concentrations, the incretin effect and the insulin clearance did not differ, and plasma glucose, insulin and C‐peptide concentrations and the insulin secretion rate were lower in trained compared with untrained subjects during both tests.

Conclusion

With no difference in incretin effect and insulin clearance between the two groups, the lower plasma insulin concentrations found in trained compared with untrained, young, healthy men are most likely explained by lower β‐cell sensitivity to glucose and enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in the former group.
The scientific and political legacy of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09): an undergraduate perspective
Authors: Kelly N M S
Published: December 2013

The 2008 Climate Change Act and ‘adaptation reporting power’ afforded to the UK Government have generated demand for information on future climate risks. The UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) are the latest generation of national climate change scenarios. This Commentary reflects on the enduring scientific and political contribution of UKCP09 as evidenced by academic literature, adaptation reports and media perspectives. It is contested that the more explicit treatment of uncertainty by the UKCP09 projections compared with the predecessor (UKCIP02) was a significant step forward. User unfamiliarity with the probabilistic format can be managed through support and guidance, so the complexity of UKCP09 need not be limiting. Some may question the value added by climate modelling (and downscaling) to adaptation planning given present fiscal retrenchment. However, the benefit of UKCP09 could be greater than expected, especially if new ways of responding to climate uncertainty emerge.
The Development of Worldwide Sustainability Reporting Assurance
Authors: Mock Theodore J. , Rao Sunita S. , Srivastava Rajendra P.
Published: December 2013

This research investigates the development of assured sustainability reports (SRs) during this century's first decade. More specifically, it presents basic descriptive data on a sample of 148 SRs published in 2006 and 2007 and contrasts this sample with the sample discussed in Mock et al. 2007. The prior study examined a sample of 130 assured SRs issued between 2002 and 2004. Both samples provide information about the nature of SRs, allowing us to investigate important questions such as which countries and industries are more likely to have an assurance statement, what levels of assurance are provided, and what factors affect the level of assurance provided. In addition to providing descriptive data relative to the above questions, we run logistic regressions where the dependent variable is whether a Big 4 firm provided the assurance for both periods being considered. Some important differences are observed related to whether the assurance provided applies to both the quantitative and qualitative assertions made in the report (significantly negatively associated with the Big 4 in the 2002–2004 period, but not significant in 2006–2007), whether the report uses symbols to identify assured statements (significantly positively associated with the Big 4 in the 2002–2004 period, but not significant in 2006–2007), and whether the procedures used are disclosed (not significant in 2002–2004, but significantly positively associated with the Big 4 in 2006–2007).
The impacts of network centrality and self‐regulation on an e‐learning environment with the support of social network awareness
Authors: Lin Jian‐Wei , Huang Hsieh‐Hong , Chuang Yuh‐Shy
Published: December 2013

An e‐learning environment that supports social network awareness (SNA) is a highly effective means of increasing peer interaction and assisting student learning by raising awareness of social and learning contexts of peers. Network centrality profoundly impacts student learning in anSNA‐related e‐learning environment. Additionally, self‐regulation behavior significantly influences online learning of students. However, exactly how network centrality and self‐regulation influence learning behavior and effectiveness in an e‐learning environment remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigates how both variables (ie, network centrality and self‐regulation) impact student learning in anSNA‐related e‐learning environment. Analytical results indicate that the student group with high‐level centrality and low‐level self‐regulation more significantly progresses in learning achievement than the other groups. The second finding shows the group also has the highest number of students asking for help, revealing they have the highest system utilization rate.
Video game learning dynamics: Actionable measures of multidimensional learning trajectories
Authors: Reese Debbie Denise , Tabachnick Barbara G. , Kosko Robert E.
Published: December 2013

Valid, accessible, reusable methods for instructional video game design and embedded assessment can provide actionable information enhancing individual and collective achievement. Cyberlearning through game‐based, metaphor‐enhanced learning objects (CyGaMEs) design and embedded assessment quantify player behavior to study knowledge discovery and application. CyGaMEs is grounded by analogical reasoning theory, cognitive task analysis and knowledge representation. A construct representation argument for validity using evidence‐centered design warrants CyGaMEs, its web‐based learning environment, Selene: A Lunar Construction GaME, its embedded assessment, and a learning dynamics approach to student, measurement and statistical models. Two studies (US volunteers, Study 1: n = 267, mean (M)age = 15; Study 2: n = 90, Mage = 12) cross‐validate learning dynamics (learner progress, rate of progress and changes in that rate) for Selene's multidimensional goals while players learn and apply standard‐based science about fundamental geology and space science concepts. Gameplay data analyzed using regression, calculus and hierarchical linear modeling exhibit overall relatively high standardized rates of progress toward each goal statistically higher than zero. For example, adjusting for nesting within individual players, average rate of progress toward the goal of accreting lunar mass is a z‐score of 1.4 (99% confidence interval = 1.40lower, 1.48upper) or 1.4 standard deviations above zero.
Is breastfeeding in infancy predictive of child mental well‐being and protective against obesity at 9 years of age?
Authors: Reynolds D. , Hennessy E. , Polek E.
Published: December 2013

Background

Preventing child mental health problems and child obesity have been recognized as public health priorities. The aim of the present study was to examine whether being breastfed (at all or exclusively) in infancy was a predictor of mental well‐being and protective against risk of obesity at age 9.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from a large, nationally representative cohort study in the Republic of Ireland was used (n = 8357). Data on breastfeeding were retrospectively recalled. Child mental well‐being was assessed using a parent‐completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Child's height and weight were measured using scientifically calibrated instruments.

Results

Logistic regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables, being breastfed in infancy was associated with a 26% (P < 0.05) reduction in the risk of an abnormal SDQ score at 9 years. Being breastfed remained a significant predictor of child mental well‐being when child obesity was controlled for, indicating that being breastfed, independent of child obesity, is a predictor of child mental well‐being. The results of a second logistic regression indicated that, after controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables, being breastfed for between 11 and 25 weeks was associated with a 36% (P < 0.05) reduction in the risk of obesity at 9 years, while being breastfed for 26 weeks or longer was associated with a 48% (P < 0.01) reduction in the risk of obesity at 9 years.

Conclusions

Breastfeeding in infancy may protect against both poor mental well‐being and obesity in childhood.
Weight status is associated with cross‐sectional trajectories of motor co‐ordination across childhood
Authors: Lopes V. P. , Stodden D. F. , Rodrigues L. P.
Published: December 2013

Background

Research indicates the development of motor co‐ordination (MC) may be an important contributing factor to positive or negative weight trajectories across childhood.

Objectives

To analyse cross‐sectional associations between MC and weight status in children (boys n = 3344 – girls n = 3281), aged 6–11 years and assess overweight/obese risk across different ages.

Methods

Body mass index (BMI) was calculated [body mass (kg)/height (m2)]. MC was evaluated using the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder (KTK) and a motor quotient (MQ) was calculated. MQ distribution data were split into tertiles. The effect of age, sex and MQ tertiles on BMI and MC was tested with a factorial anova. A logistic regression also was performed to calculate odd ratios (OR) for being overweight/obese at each age.

Results

Children with higher MQ demonstrated lower BMI levels (F(2,6224) = 222.09; P < 0.001). Differences in BMI among MQ tertiles became larger across age (F(10,6224) = 4.53; P < 0.001). The OR of being overweight/obese in both sexes within the lowest MQ tertile increased in each age group from 6 to 11 years. Specifically, OR increased from 2.26 to 27.77 and from 1.87 to 6.81 in boys and girls respectively.

Conclusions

Children with low levels of MC have a higher risk of being overweight/obese and this risk increases with age.
High‐fluoride toothpaste: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in adults
Authors: Srinivasan Murali , Schimmel Martin , Riesen Martine , Ilgner Alexander , Wicht Michael J. , Warncke Michael , Ellwood Roger P. , Nitschke Ina , Müller Frauke , Noack Michael J.
Published: December 2013

Objective

The aim of this single – blind, multicenter, parallel, randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of a high‐fluoride toothpaste on root caries in adults.

Methods

Adult patients (n = 130, ♂ = 74, ♀ = 56; mean age ± SD: 56.9 ± 12.9) from three participating centers, diagnosed with root caries, were randomly allocated into two groups: Test (n = 64, ♂ = 37, ♀ = 27; lesions = 144; mean age: 59.0 ± 12.1; intervention: high‐fluoride toothpaste with 5000 ppm F), and Control (n = 66, ♂ = 37, ♀ = 29; lesions = 160; mean age: 54.8 ± 13.5; intervention: regular‐fluoride toothpaste with 1350 ppm F) groups. Clinical examinations and surface hardness scoring of the carious lesions were performed for each subject at specified time intervals (T0 – at baseline before intervention, T1 – at 3 months and T2 – at 6 months after intervention). Mean surface hardness scores (HS) were calculated for each patient. Statistical analyses comprised of two‐way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni–Dunn correction.

Results

At T0, there was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to gender (P = 0.0682, unpaired t‐test), or age (P = 0.9786, chi‐squared test), and for the overall HS (Test group: HS = 3.4 ± 0.61; Control group: HS = 3.4 ± 0.66; P = 0.8757, unpaired t‐test). The anova revealed significantly better HS for the test group than for the control groups (T1: Test group: HS = 2.9 ± 0.67; Control group: HS = 3.1 ± 0.75; T2: Test group: HS = 2.4 ± 0.81; Control group: HS = 2.8 ± 0.79; P < 0.0001). However, the interaction term time‐point*group was not significant.

Conclusions

The application of a high‐fluoride containing dentifrice (5000 ppm F) in adults, twice daily, significantly improves the surface hardness of otherwise untreated root caries lesions when compared with the use of regular fluoride containing (1350 ppm F) toothpastes.
Levels of interleukin 33 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Yan Jun , Lin Clement Y.H. , Pfluger Casey M. , McCombe Pamela A.
Published: December 2013

Aim

Interleukin 33 (IL‐33) functions as an alarmin and is produced by damaged tissue. It is reported that the levels of both IL‐33 and its receptor, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), are elevated in some inflammatory diseases. As acute ischemic stroke causes local inflammation and a systemic immune response, the aim of the present study was to examine the changes of IL‐33 and sST2 serum levels in patients with stroke.

Methods

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum levels of IL‐33 and sST2 in 56 healthy subjects and total 28 stroke patients on day 1, day 7, and week 3 after stroke. The correlation of changes of IL‐33 and sST2 serum levels with clinical features of stroke patients was determined.

Results

The levels of sST2 were significantly reduced on day 1, week 1 and week 3 after stroke (P < 0.0001 at all three time‐points). The levels of sST2 at week 1 and 3 were significantly correlated with 6‐month modified Barthel index scores.

Conclusions

The serum level of sST2 could predict the recovery of stroke. IL‐33 serum level might be protective from brain tissue damage of stroke. Regulation of IL‐33/sST2 pathway after stroke might be related to the peripheral immune response induced by ischemic stroke.
NLRP3 “inflammasome” plays a central role in “inflammatory” demyelination of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Yamamura Takashi
Published: December 2013

In the innate immune system, the NOD‐like receptors recognize various pathogen‐associated and danger‐associated molecular patterns in immunocompetent cells. These diverse stimuli rapidly induce the formation of inflammasomes that serve as a molecular platform for efficient activation of caspase‐1, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐18. Recent studies have shown that aberrant activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a central role in inflammatory processes of gout, Crohn's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, its role in multiple sclerosis remains unknown. The study of Kawana et al. in the present issue of the journal might provide a clue to the possible role of NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory demyelination of multiple sclerosis.
CCCTC‐binding factor mediates effects of glucose on beta cell survival
Authors: Tsui S. , Dai W. , Lu L.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Pancreatic islet β‐cell survival is paramount for regulation of insulin activity and for maintaining glucose homeostasis. Recently, Pax6 has been shown to be essential for many vital functions in β‐cells, although many molecular mechanisms of its homeostasis in β‐cells remain unclear. The present study investigates novel effects of glucose‐ and insulin‐induced CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF) activity on Pax6 gene expression as well as for subsequent effects of insulin‐activated signalling pathways, on β‐cell proliferation.

Materials and methods

Pancreatic β‐TC‐1‐6 cells were cultured in DMEM and stimulated with high concentrations of glucose (5–125 mm); cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Effects of CTCF on Pax6 were evaluated in the high glucose‐induced environment and CTCF/Erk‐suppressed cells, by promoter reporter and western blotting analyses.

Results

Increases in glucose and insulin concentrations upregulated CTCF and consequently downregulated Pax6 in β‐cell survival and proliferation. Knocking‐down CTCF directly affected Pax6 transcription through CTCF binding and blocked the response to glucose. Altered Erk activity mediated effects of CTCF on controlling Pax6 expression, which partially regulated β‐cell proliferation.

Conclusions

CTCF functioned as a molecular mediator between insulin‐induced upstream Erk signalling and Pax6 expression in these pancreatic β‐cells. This pathway may contribute to regulation of β‐cell survival and proliferation.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and Kimura's disease – a clinical and histopathological comparison
Authors: Buder Kristina , Ruppert Sabrina , Trautmann Axel , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina , Goebeler Matthias , Kerstan Andreas
Published: December 2013

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a benign vascular neoplasm mainly affecting middle‐aged women. Lesions typically affect the head and neck region. ALHE is considered a distinct disease entity different from Kimura's disease, a benign reactive lymphoid proliferation that is predominantly seen in young Asian men although it can affect all ethnic groups. In contrast to ALHE, Kimura's disease is typically associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia, increased serum IgE and lymphadenopathy. Several case reports suggest an overlap between ALHE and Kimura's disease. We review the current literature and discuss whether AHLE and Kimura's disease might represent two extreme variants of the same disease entity.
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for advanced endoscopic procedures: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sethi Saurabh , Wadhwa Vaibhav , Thaker Adarsh , Chuttani Ram , Pleskow Douglas K. , Barnett Sheila R. , Leffler Daniel A. , Berzin Tyler M. , Sethi Nidhi , Sawhney Mandeep S.
Published: December 2013

Background and Aim

The optimum method for sedation for advanced endoscopic procedures is not known. Propofol deep sedation has a faster recovery time than traditional sedative agents, but may be associated with increased complication rates. The aim of the present study was to pool data from all available studies to systematically compare the efficacy and safety of propofol with traditional sedative agents for advanced endoscopic procedures.

Methods

Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials updated as of January 2013 were searched. Main outcome measures were procedure duration, recovery time, incidence of complications (hypotension, hypoxia), sedation level, patient cooperation and amnesia during advanced endoscopic procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and deep small bowel enteroscopy.

Results

Nine prospective randomized trials with a total of 969 patients (485 propofol, 484 conscious sedation) were included inthe meta‐analysis. Pooled mean difference in procedure duration between propofol and traditional sedative agents was −2.3 min [95% CI: −6.36 to 1.76, P = 0.27], showing no significant difference in procedure duration between the two groups. Pooled mean difference in recovery time was −30.26 min [95% CI: −46.72 to −13.80, P < 0.01], showing significantly decreased recovery time with propofol. There was also no significant difference between the two groups with regard to hypoxia and hypotension.

Conclusions

Propofol for advanced endoscopic procedures is associated with shorter recovery time, better sedation and amnesia level without an increased risk of cardiopulmonary complications. Overall patient cooperation was also improved with propofol sedation.
Perspectives on narrow‐band imaging endoscopy for superficial squamous neoplasms of the orohypopharynx and esophagus
Authors: Goda Kenichi , Dobashi Akira , Tajiri Hisao
Published: December 2013

Background and Aim

Narrow‐band imaging (NBI) is widely available and over the last decade has been applied as a detection and characterization technique for superficial neoplasms of the aerodigestive tract. The aims of the present study were to systematically review clinical trials of NBI endoscopy and to investigate an upgraded NBI system using a novel endoscope for superficial squamous neoplasms in the orohypopharynx and esophagus.

Methods

Studies on the diagnostic use of NBI endoscopy for superficial squamous neoplasms in the orohypopharynx and esophagus were retrieved from MEDLINE and PubMed and reviewed. An upgraded NBI system using a novel endoscope was investigated with our clinical cases.

Results

In many clinical trials, NBI endoscopy with or without magnification had high diagnostic value for superficial squamousneoplasms in the orohypopharynx and esophagus. An upgraded NBI system can produce a significantly brighter endoscopic view than conventional endoscopes with high‐quality magnified images that could be used to diagnose superficial squamous neoplasms.

Conclusions

NBI endoscopy with or without magnification has diagnostic utility for superficial squamous neoplasms in the orohypopharynx and esophagus. The upgraded NBI endoscopic system is expected to facilitate the use of NBI and magnifying endoscopic diagnosis.
Carotid Sinus Massage in the Echocardiography Laboratory
Authors: Fadel Bahaa M. , Alasousi Nader , Bakarman Hatem , Almardini Amin , Di Salvo Giovanni , Bech‐Hanssen Odd
Published: December 2013

Proper interpretation of the spectral Doppler signal and elucidation of the underlying hemodynamics can at times be problematic due to confounding factors, one of them being a rapid heart rate. In this article, we discuss the use of carotid sinus massage (CSM) in the echocardiography laboratory as a maneuver to reduce the resting heart rate and thus render the transmitral Doppler signal more amenable to analysis. We provide examples of the value of the CSM in the assessment of left ventricular filling pressure.
Feasibility of Myocardial Performance Index for Evaluation of Left Ventricular Function during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography before and after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Hashemi Nashmil , Samad Bassem A. , Hedman Anders , Brodin Lars‐Åke , Alam Mahbubul
Published: December 2013

Aims

Myocardial performance index (MPI) is a measure of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial function. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) an increase in MPI is consistent with myocardial dysfunction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in MPI after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) at rest and at peak dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).

Methods and Results

Thirty‐six patients diagnosed with CAD and accepted for CABG were studied by standard echocardiography and DSE 1 month prior and 3 month after CABG. The MPI was calculated using pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW‐TDI) of the left ventricular (LV) wall‐motion velocity. At baseline, ejection fraction (EF; 42.7 ± 8%) and wall‐motion score index (WMSI; 1.1 ± 0.2) were impaired at rest as well as at peak DSE (EF; 49.2 ± 9 and WMSI 1.4 ± 0.2). MPI was prolonged both at rest (0.61 ± 0.13) and at peak DSE (0.78 ± 0.16). After CABG, EF and WMSI did not improve at rest (43.7 ± 8% and 1.1 ± 0.2, respectively). On the other hand, MPI improved substantially both at rest (0.45 ± 0.08; P < 0.001) and at peak DSE (0.56 ± 0.1; P < 0.001). At peak DSE an improvement of EF (54.2 ± 9; P < 0.05) and WMSI (1.1 ± 0.16; P < 0.001) was seen as well.

Conclusion

Myocardial performance index shows significant improvement after CABG in patients with CAD both at rest and peak DSE and appears to be a sensitive measure of myocardial function.
Delineation of an Octopus‐Like Thrombus Attached to the Eustachian Valve
Authors: Kalcik Macit , Toprak Cüneyt , Ozan Gursoy M. , Yesin Mahmut , Ocal Lutfi , Eren Hayati , Özkan Mehmet
Published: December 2013

Eustachian valve (EV) is a vestige of the valve of the inferior vena cava which directs the umbilical vein blood through open foramen ovale in fetal life. Following birth it gradually regresses, but it may persist in variable size, shape, and thickness as a functionless and benign structure. However, there are reports suggesting that persistent EV may not be completely innocent. It has been accused of being a predisposing cause of patent foramen ovale and paradoxical embolism and also interfering with transseptal interventional procedures. It may serve as a site of infective vegetations and be mistaken as a tumor or thrombus. In the present case, an octopus‐like thrombus attached to the EV was delineated with the utility of two‐dimensional and real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. EV was considered to play an essential role in preventing potential pulmonary embolism.
Tribute to Tinbergen: Public Engagement in Ethology
Authors: Hecht Julie , Cooper Caren B.
Published: December 2013

Public engagement in research, called citizen science, has led to advances in a range of fields like astronomy, ornithology, and public health. While volunteers have been making and sharing observations according to protocols set by researchers in numerous disciplines, citizen science practices are less common in the field of animal behavior. We consider how citizen science might be used to address animal behavior questions at Tinbergen's four levels of analysis. We briefly review resources and methods for addressing technical issues surrounding volunteer participation—such as data quality—so that citizen science can make long‐standing contributions to the field of animal behavior.
The influence of local spring temperature variance on temperature sensitivity of spring phenology
Authors: Wang Tao , Ottlé Catherine , Peng Shushi , Janssens Ivan A. , Lin Xin , Poulter Benjamin , Yue Chao , Ciais Philippe
Published: December 2013

The impact of climate warming on the advancement of plant spring phenology has been heavily investigated over the last decade and there exists great variability among plants in their phenological sensitivity to temperature. However, few studies have explicitly linked phenological sensitivity to local climate variance. Here, we set out to test the hypothesis that the strength of phenological sensitivity declines with increased local spring temperature variance, by synthesizing results across ground observations. We assemble ground‐based long‐term (20–50 years) spring phenology database (PEP725 database) and the corresponding climate dataset. We find a prevalent decline in the strength of phenological sensitivity with increasing local spring temperature variance at the species level from ground observations. It suggests that plants might be less likely to track climatic warming at locations with larger local spring temperature variance. This might be related to the possibility that the frost risk could be higher in a larger local spring temperature variance and plants adapt to avoid this risk by relying more on other cues (e.g., high chill requirements, photoperiod) for spring phenology, thus suppressing phenological responses to spring warming. This study illuminates that local spring temperature variance is an understudied source in the study of phenological sensitivity and highlight the necessity of incorporating this factor to improve the predictability of plant responses to anthropogenic climate change in future studies.
Variability in mangrove change estimates and implications for the assessment of ecosystem service provision
Authors: Friess Daniel A. , Webb Edward L.
Published: December 2013

Aim

To quantify the variability in estimates of change in mangrove area for key countries throughout the tropics, and to highlight potential implications for the assessment of global mangrove ecology, function and conservation.

Location

Pan‐tropical, covering 15 countries, and accounting for c. 67% of global mangrove area.

Methods

We review 314 national mangrove area estimates (authoritative statements with defined time periods) from various sources. Linear regression models of mangrove area over time were applied to various data point combinations, defined by data source. These included various FAO resources, as well as academic and government statistics and remote sensing studies.

Results

National trends of change in mangrove area exhibited high variability depending on which data points were modelled. Many countries showed high variability in deforestation rate when the results of all models were combined, e.g. Indonesia had an average deforestation rate of 331.65 (± 222.26) km2 yr−1, Nigeria lost 92.09 (± 188.95) km2 yr−1 and Cuba lost 34.82 (± 142.17) km2 yr−1. The standard deviations were large due to high variability in national estimates, and hence the number of contradictory trends that could be extracted. Conflicting trends of long‐term mangrove loss and gain could be derived for eight of the 15 countries analysed, including Indonesia, Brazil and the Philippines.

Main conclusions

The great variability in trends of mangrove extent suggests that estimates of ecosystem functional loss, biodiversity threat assessments and science‐based conservation policies will be hampered by low confidence in mangrove area dynamics. Variable and inaccurate baseline data feed into various estimates of biodiversity and ecosystem functional loss, such as IUCN Red List assessments and estimates of global carbon emissions from mangrove deforestation. We also require robust information to inform conservation actions and policies hoping to reduce functional loss. Variability has important implications for all ecosystems where statistics are required over large scales.
Climate change and elevational range shifts: evidence from dung beetles in two European mountain ranges
Authors: Menéndez Rosa , González‐Megías Adela , Jay‐Robert Pierre , Marquéz‐Ferrando Rocío
Published: December 2013

Aim

Mountain regions are particularly well‐suited for investigating the impact of climate change on species ranges because they encompass both upper and lower limits of species distribution. Here, we investigate changes in the elevational distribution of dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in two separate mountain regions in Europe.

Location

South‐western Alps (France) and Sierra Nevada (Spain).

Methods

We compared historical and current data on dung beetle distributions along elevation gradients for 30 species in the SW Alps and 19 species in the Sierra Nevada. We tested for significant changes between survey periods in three parameters: mean elevation and upper and lower range limits.

Results

We found up‐slope range shifts for 63% and 90% of the species in the SW Alps and Sierra Nevada, respectively. Up‐slope range shifts resulted mainly from expansion of upper range limits in the SW Alps and from changes of both range limits in the Sierra Nevada. The magnitudes of range shifts were consistent with the level of warming experienced in each region, but they also reflected the asymmetrical warming observed along the elevation gradients. Smaller changes were observed for species reaching their historical range limits at the higher elevations, associated with a non‐significant increase in temperature between periods.

Main conclusions

The differences observed between regions are related to the geographical position of each mountain range, which determines the characteristics (including thermal tolerance) of the regional species pool, and the level of warming, which determines whether maximum thermal tolerance has been exceeded for the majority of species in the region. Our results highlight the importance of considering both the biogeography of the mountain and the species pool under study when assessing the sensitivity of species to future climate change in mountain regions.
Access to Networks in Genderized Contexts: The Construction of Hierarchical Networks and Inequalities in Feminized, Caring and Masculinized, Technical Occupations
Authors: Kankkunen Tina Forsberg
Published: December 2013

This article aims to contribute knowledge on how access to hierarchical networks of communication is constructed through organizational contexts associated with the gendered nature of feminized, caring work and masculinized, technical work, respectively. The article is based on interviews with 43 middle managers. Both men and women in male‐dominated technical occupations and female‐dominated caring occupations were interviewed. Eight interviews with politicians and strategic managers were also carried out. The results show that middle managers' access to hierarchical networks differs between feminized and masculinized contexts; hierarchical networks between organizational levels are common in male‐dominated technical jobs, while such networks are almost non‐existent in female‐dominated caring occupations. The results illustrate how organizational conditions follow the gender segregation in organizations and the labour market and, further, how these contexts shape men's and women's access to hierarchical networks. The results also illustrate how the patterns of networks create and reproduce inequalities in sex‐segregated organizations.
Musculoskeletal evaluation in severe haemophilia A patients from Latin America
Authors: Ozelo M. C. , Villaça P. R. , Pérez‐Bianco R. , Candela M. , Garcia‐Chavez J. , Moreno‐Rodriguez B. , Rodrigues M. B. , Rodriguez‐Grecco I. , Solano M. H. , Chumpitaz G. , Morales‐Gana M. M. , Ruiz‐Sáez A.
Published: December 2013

There is a paucity of literature on haemophilia treatment in Latin American countries, a region characterized by rapidly improving systems of care, but with substantial disparities in treatment between countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal status of haemophilia patients from Latin America and to examine the relationship between musculoskeletal status and treatment practices across countries. The Committee of Latin America on the Therapeutics of Inhibitor Groups conducted a survey of its member country representatives on key aspects of haemophilia treatment in 10 countries. Musculoskeletal status of patients was obtained during routine comprehensive evaluations between March 2009 and March 2011. Eligible patients had severe haemophilia A (factor VIII <1%) without inhibitors (<0.6 BU mL−1) and were ≥5 years of age. Musculoskeletal status was compared between three groups of countries, based primarily on differences in the availability of long‐term prophylaxis. Overall, 143 patients (5–66 years of age) were enrolled from nine countries. In countries where long‐term prophylaxis had been available for at least 10 years (Group A), patients aged 5–10 years had significantly better mean World Federation of Hemophilia clinical scores, fewer target joints and fewer affected joints than patients from countries where long‐term prophylaxis has been available for about 5 years (Group B) or was not available (Group C). In Latin America, the musculoskeletal status of patients with severe haemophilia without inhibitors has improved significantly in association with the provision of long‐term prophylaxis. As more countries in Latin America institute this practice, further improvements are anticipated.
Joint health scores in a haemophilia A cohort from Pakistan with minimal or no access to factorVIIIconcentrate: correlation with thrombin generation and underlying mutation
Authors: Khanum F. , Bowen D. J. , Kerr B. C. , Collins P. W.
Published: December 2013

Haemophilia A is associated with recurrent joint bleeding which leads to synovitis and debilitating arthropathy. Coagulation factorVIIIlevel is an important determinant of bleed number and development of arthropathy . The aim of this study was to compare the haemophilia joint health score (HJHS) and Gilbert score with severity, age, thrombin generation (TG) and underlying mutation in a haemophilia A cohort which had minimal access to haemostatic replacement therapy. Ninety‐two haemophilia A individuals were recruited from Pakistan. Age, age at first bleed, target joints, haemophilic arthropathy joints,HJHSand Gilbert score were recorded. A strong correlation was found betweenHJHSand Gilbert score (r = 0.98), both were significantly higher in severe (n = 59) compared with non‐severe (n = 29) individuals before the age of 12 years (P ≤ 0.01) but not thereafter. When individuals were divided according to developmental age (<12 years, 12–16 years and >16 years), bothHJHSand Gilbert score were significantly lower in the youngest group (P ≤ 0.001), there was no difference between 12–16 years and >16 years. In severe individuals there was no correlation betweenin vitroTGand joint score, whereas in non‐severe individuals there was a weak negative correlation. In the severe group, no significant difference was observed for either joint score according to the underlying mutation type (inversion, missense, nonsense, frameshift). In this cohort of haemophilia A individuals with minimal access to haemostatic treatment, haemophilic arthropathy correlated with severity and age; among severe individuals, joint health scores did not relate to either the underlying mutation orin vitroTG.
Safety of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in patients with congenital haemophilia with inhibitors: overall rFVIIa exposure and intervals following high (>240 μg kg−1) rFVIIa doses across clinical trials and registries
Authors: Shapiro A. D. , Neufeld E. J. , Blanchette V. , Salaj P. , Gut R. Z. , Cooper D. L.
Published: December 2013

Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is indicated for treatment of bleeding in congenital haemophilia with inhibitors (CHwI) using 90 μg kg−1 every 2–3 h (EU and US) or a single 270 μg kg−1 dose (EU only) with ~90% efficacy reported for both regimens. Dosing of rFVIIa varies, and home treatment makes assessment of frequency of doses >90 μg kg−1, the intervals before additional treatment, and the risk for thromboembolic events (TEs) more difficult. This post hoc analysis assessed the safety and distribution of rFVIIa dosing in CHwI and the impact of >240 μg kg−1 dosing on subsequent bypassing agent (BPA) dosing interval and frequency. Data regarding on‐demand or prophylactic rFVIIa dosing, TE incidence and subsequent BPA dosing after high rFVIIa doses were compiled from multiple sources incorporating safety surveillance. A total of 61 734 rFVIIa doses were reported in 481 patients treated for 3947 bleeds and for 43 135 prophylaxis days. Over half (52%) exceeded 120 μg kg−1, 37% exceeded 160 μg kg−1 and 15% exceeded 240 μg kg−1. Subsequent doses of BPA(s) were administered after 38% of initial and 49% of any rFVIIa dose >240 μg kg−1, and were most frequently administered ≥24 h after initial (40%) or any (53%) doses >240 μg kg−1. No TEs were reported. The findings of this analysis show that rFVIIa doses >90 μg kg−1 are utilized for ‘real‐world’ treatment of children and adults. When additional BPA was administered following an rFVIIa dose >240 μg kg−1, reported intervals were prolonged, often ≥24 h. No safety issues were identified in the 61 734 doses analysed.
The Ignatian Matrix of Henri De Lubac's Thought on Temptation, Ascesis, and the Homo Ecclesiasticus
Authors: Ruddy Christopher
Published: December 2013

This article argues that Henri de Lubac's conception of the homo ecclesiasticus has deep roots in the spirituality of Ignatius of Loyola. Drawing upon Splendor of the Church, the article first presents de Lubac's vision of the homo ecclesiasticus and his or her temptations; particularly important here is what de Lubac calls the ‘camouflage of the good’ and the consequent importance of discernment and asceticism. The article concludes by analyzing the Ignatian matrix of de Lubac's thought, especially its emphasis on the discernment of spirits, a generous catholicity, and the inseparability of the spiritual and the ecclesial.
The energy density of laser light differentially modulates the skin morphological reorganization in a murine model of healing by secondary intention
Authors: Novaes Rômulo D. , Gonçalves Reggiani V. , Cupertino Marli C. , Araújo Bruna M. , Rezende Rafael M. , Santos Eliziária C. , Leite João Paulo V. , Matta Sérgio Luis P.
Published: December 2013

This study investigates the influence of gallium–arsenide (GaAs) laser photobiostimulation applied with different energy densities on skin wound healing by secondary intention in rats. Three circular wounds, 10 mm in diameter, were made on the dorsolateral region of 21 Wistar rats weighting 282.12 ± 36.08 g. The animals were equally randomized into three groups: Group SAL, saline solution 0.9%; Group L3, laser GaAs 3 J/cm2; Group L30, laser GaAs 30 J/cm2. Analyses of cells, blood vessels, collagen and elastic fibres, glycosaminoglycans and wound contraction were performed on the scar tissue from different wounds every 7 days for 21 days. On day 7, 14 and 21, L3 and L30 showed higher collagen and glycosaminoglycan levels compared to SAL (P < 0.05). At day 21, elastic fibres were predominant in L3 and L30 compared to SAL (P < 0.05). Type‐III collagen fibres were predominant at day 7 in both groups. There was gradual reduction in these fibres and accumulation of type‐I collagen over time, especially in L3 and L30 compared with SAL. Elevated density of blood vessels was seen in L30 on days 7 and 14 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). On these same days, there was higher tissue cellularity in L3 compared with SAL (P < 0.05). The progression of wound closure during all time points investigated was higher in the L30 group (P < 0.05). Both energy densities investigated increased the tissue cellularity, vascular density, collagen and elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, with the greater benefits for wound closure being found at the density of 30 J/cm2.
Wild‐type K‐ras has a tumour suppressor effect on carcinogen‐induced murine colorectal adenoma formation
Authors: Luo Feijun , Poulogiannis George , Ye Hongtao , Hamoudi Rifat , Dong Gehong , Zhang Wenyan , Ibrahim Ashraf E. K. , Arends Mark J.
Published: December 2013

K‐ras mutations are found in ~40% of human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas and contribute to colorectal tumour formation at an early stage. Wild‐type K‐ras has been reported to be deleted in some tumours, but the consequences of changes in wild‐type K‐ras copy number for experimental colorectal carcinogenesis have not been investigated. To characterize the effects of K‐ras copy number changes on formation of carcinogen‐induced colorectal neoplasms in mice, wild‐type (K‐ras+/+) and heterozygous K‐ras exon 1 knockout (K‐ras+/−) mice were given 10 weekly treatments of 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce colorectal tumours. Colorectal expression levels of K‐ras 4A and 4B transcripts in K‐ras+/− mice were ~50% decreased compared with K‐ras+/+ mice. One year after DMH treatment, survival of K‐ras+/− mice decreased from 88 to 82% compared with wild‐type mice. Colorectal adenomas significantly increased from 0.52 ± 0.15 in K‐ras+/+ mice to 0.87 ± 0.14 in K‐ras+/− mice (mean ± SEM per mouse, P < 0.01); total tumour volume increased 2.13‐fold (P < 0.05). Comparing K‐ras+/+ with K‐ras+/− murine adenomas, Ki‐67‐positive proliferating tumour cells significantly increased from 7.77 ± 0.64% to 9.15 ± 0.92% and cleaved caspase‐3‐positive apoptotic tumour cells decreased from 1.40 ± 0.37% to 0.80 ± 0.22% (mean ± SEM, P < 0.05 for both). No K‐ras or B‐raf mutations were detected in the adenomas. Immunohistochemical studies showed no significant changes in extracellular signal regulating kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (Erk/MapK) or PI3K/Akt pathway activation in the adenomas. In conclusion, the data collectively show that a 50% reduction in K‐ras gene dosage and RNA expression promoted experimental colorectal tumourigenesis, consistent with wild‐type K‐ras having a tumour suppressor effect on carcinogen‐induced murine colorectal adenoma formation.
The bioavailability of an omega‐3‐rich algal oil is improved by nanoemulsion technology using yogurt as a food vehicle
Authors: Lane Katie E. , Li Weili , Smith Chris , Derbyshire Emma
Published: December 2013

Global trends show that habitual omega‐3 intakes are short of recommended guidelines, particularly among vegetarians. Subsequently, alternative dietary sources of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC3PUFA) from vegetarian sources are needed. Food technology methods are advancing, and nanoemulsion technologies have improved the bioavailability of certain lipid‐based nutrients. This study examined whether ingestion of an omega‐3 algal oil nanoemulsion led to improved bioavailability compared to the bulk oil. Eleven subjects completed a single‐blind, randomised crossover trial, with a 21‐day washout between interventions. Results demonstrated that LC3PUFA absorption from the nanoemulsion was significantly higher than the bulk oil. Percentage blood fatty acids were significantly increased for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; P ≤ 0.05) while LC3PUFA: PUFA ratios increased (P ≤ 0.05) and omega‐6:omega‐3 ratios were reduced (P = 0.028). Larger and longer intervention studies are now needed, but these preliminary findings demonstrate that nanoemulsion technology may improve the absorption of omega‐3 fatty acids.