bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Bowstead Helen Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

This article is part personal narrative, part exploration of alienation. By tracing my own journey, I have been able to identify, both on a personal and a professional level, the effects (real or perceived) exclusion from a given discourse community may have. I have looked at the ways in which even one's own language can be experienced as 'foreign' and how this can affect self esteem. I have reflected on my own experiences as I return to the UK (and in particular higher education) after more than a decade abroad, and by recording the thoughts and feelings of students and subject tutors as they engage with academic tasks, I have gained an insight into what lies behind the student disengagement I encounter on a daily basis. Drawing on my own research and the work of Sarah Mann, I conclude that a more creative approach, both to the processes of teaching and assessment and models of student support in HE is needed if we are to close the gap between the 'insiders' and the 'outsiders' of the academic community and to allow an increasingly diverse student population to find their voice.
Student as researcher: Rethinking how to make research methods interesting for students
Authors: Rodriguez Alison Marie , Daly Sarah Jane
Published: March 2021

This project aimed to enable students to appreciate the technical and epistemological nuances of different phenomenological approaches. We involved a small group of self-selecting honours level undergraduate students in the plural analysis of focus group data. Students reported that this supportive teaching technique, facilitating peer working, resulted in deeper learning. This case study describes the piloting of a collaborative teaching method, engaging students as researchers. The project lasted six months, with monthly meetings from tutors to guide procedure and to support academic discussion. The group had a shared interest and joint cause but as each student also had an individual task of conducting a certain analysis, we did not observe any group member failing to offer full effort and participation. Reflections of how this type of teaching could be conducted with larger cohorts are considered and critiqued.
'If only we knew what they wanted': bridging the gap between student uncertainty and lecturers' expectations
Authors: Magyar Anna , McAvoy Daniel , Forstner Kathrin
Published: March 2021

It is increasingly accepted that the development of the academic writing required to succeed in higher education is most effective when embedded within the discipline in which students are studying and when integrated with formal teaching. The many initiatives and programmes discussed in this journal suggest a variety of models and collaborations in the move from generic study skills to the integration of writing in the disciplines. As a contribution to this, we discuss the evaluation of an academic writing module for Masters students in the School for International Development at the University of East Anglia. The module was devised collaboratively by the learning developer, subject specialist and postgraduate research students from the department. It was delivered by postgraduate research students, who also participated in its evaluation. The evaluation led to changes not only in the writing module itself but to the main Masters programme. We argue that the post graduate research students played a key role in these changes and that through dialogue between students and the department, academics who were only peripherally involved, nonetheless gained insights about students experience, potentially informing their future practice.
Peer-led academic learning: a global network
Authors: Keenan Chris
Published: March 2021

There is a great deal of evidence to support the view that there are a significant number of benefits to be gained when more experienced students are trained to guide and facilitate less experienced learners. Peer-led academic learning is an increasingly global phenomenon and some UK schemes have been in existence since the early 1990s. In view of this, it was timely for the UK Higher Education Academy (HEA) to commission a report to explore the range and scope of UK schemes, reflect on progress so far, and identify opportunities for future developments. This opinion piece will provide a brief overview of the report findings, and will describe the development of a new world-wide network for practitioners to share their ideas/practice. The new network will also offer opportunities for collaborative research in this exciting area of student experience. ÃÂ
As resistências culturais enfrentadas pela mulher no âmbito das modalidades de lutas
Authors: Souza Juliana de , Franco Laércio Claro Pereira
Published: March 2021

O presente estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender barreiras sociais enfrentadas pelas mulheres praticantes de lutas (artes marciais ou esportes de combate). Este estudo traz artigos acadêmicos, exemplos e fragmentos de textos de conhecimento público que mostram parte do processo histórico que uma mulher enfrenta quando pratica luta. Foi elaborada uma revisão de literatura acerca do tema para encontrar a existência das barreiras sociais e quais são elas. Como consequência, esse artigo é capaz de transmitir superações das mulheres tanto no âmbito das modalidades de lutas quanto no âmbito social. Como resultado, foi identificado alguns fatores e a existência de 5 barreiras sociais: a distinção de gênero, cultura da feminilidade, as mídias, exploração da erotização da mulher e a exclusão social da mesma. Tais barreiras são encontradas estruturadas na sociedade. E, mesmo diante disso, a mulher vem conquistando espaço na sociedade em geral e na área das lutas em particular.
Formação de agentes públicos municipais de esporte e lazer
Authors: Bernabé Andressa Pelói , Starepravo Fernando Augusto
Published: March 2021

O presente ensaio objetiva discutir a formação de agentes públicos municipais de esporte e lazer. Para tanto, discutimos criticamente a literatura produzida sobre gestão pública, gestores esportivos e formação em diálogo com as contribuições de Pierre Bourdieu acerca da educação e de Zarifian em relação ao conceito de competências. Debatemos como aspectos relevantes a serem considerados no processo de formação desses agentes: buscar a qualidade da gestão por meio da otimização dos recursos; preservar e dar utilidade aos recursos por meio do desenvolvimento sustentável; fomentar a participação popular; definir funções e responsabilidades frente aos objetivos propostos; ter domínio dos conhecimentos, técnicas e saberes próprios do esporte e do lazer e saber alinhá-los à realidade da comunidade; buscar a efetivação das políticas; refletir nas ações; desenvolver o princípio da formação política e social e o princípio do reconhecimento e da participação nos processo da gestão ampliada.
Efficacy of target controlled infusion of remifentanil with spontaneous ventilation for procedural sedation and analgesia (Remi TCI PSA): A double center prospective observational study
Authors: Motamed, MD Cyrus , Roubineau, MD Romain , Depoix, MD Jean-Pol , Servin, MD Frédérique , Roche, CRNA Geraldine , Billard, MD Valérie
Published: March 2021

Objective: Remifentanil, a rapid onset rapid offset synthetic opioid and potent analgesic, is often used for procedural conscious sedation in spontaneous ventilation, especially when delivered in target controlled infusion (TCI), which allows precise titration. We assessed efficacy, tolerance, and adverse events related with the use of remifentanil TCI during various procedures.Design: Prospective, observational.Setting: Two teaching hospitals.Patients: We enrolled 434 patients undergoing procedures suitable for conscious sedation.Interventions: The following procedures considered suitable were included: interventional radiology, gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, interventional cardiology, and peripheral dermatology. Sedation options were determined during the preoperative anesthesia assessment.Main outcome measures: Demographics were recorded as well as success rate, remifentanil dosage, pain scores, respiratory or cardiovascular events, and patient and operator satisfaction.Results: The procedure was successful in 429 patients (99 percent), canceled in four patients because of agitation, apnea, desaturation, and converted to general anesthesia in two for major pain. The maximal remifentanil target was around 2-3 ng/ml for most procedures, but it was 3-5 ng/ml for GI endoscopy and urology. A total of 172 patients (40 percent) had bradypnea < 8 min−1, but only 26 (6 percent) had hypoxemia < 90 percent. Eighteen patients (4 percent) required mandibular luxation, and twelve needed face mask ventilation. There were no major cardiovascular adverse events.Conclusions: Remifentanil TCI is a suitable protocol for procedural sedation, but respiratory depression is a permanent concern. This risk requires equipped environment and competent medical personnel on hand to adjust the target before hypoxemia occurs. Respiratory rate monitoring, based on capnography or thoracic impedance is of a great help in anticipating this threat.
High glucose promotes apoptosis and autophagy of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts
Authors: Zhang Pei , Liao Jing , Wang Xiaoju , Feng Zhengping
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Diabetes and osteoporosis are common metabolic diseases. Abnormal high glucose can lead to the apoptosis of osteoblasts. Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that degrades proteins or organelles. In the present study, we comparatively analyzed the effects of high glucose and glucose fluctuation on apoptosis and autophagy of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts.

Material and methods

MC3T3-E1 cells were respectively treated with different concentrations of D-glucose: 5.5 mM for the control group, 25 mM for the high glucose group and 5.5/25 mM for the glucose fluctuation group.

Results

High glucose and glucose fluctuation decreased MC3T3-E1 proliferation and activated autophagy. Also, high glucose and glucose fluctuation might induce the production of reactive oxygen species, decline the mitochondrial membrane potential and trigger apoptosis. The differences in the glucose fluctuation treatment group were more significant. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant reagent, dramatically eliminated the intracellular reactive oxygen species induced by high glucose and glucose fluctuation, and significantly inhibited the autophagy and apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Furthermore, treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of autophagy, significantly increased the apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts.

Conclusions

High glucose, especially high glucose fluctuation, inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis and autophagy of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. This may occur through inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the osteoblasts.
Phosphotyrosine picked threonine kinase stimulates proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Wang Zhe-Xiang , Ren Shao-Chun , Ren Jing
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor, and the main affected population is adolescents. The survival of OS patients was 10–20% when surgery was used as a single treatment. There is less basic research on OS than other tumors, and we need more ways to improve the survival rate. Phosphotyrosine picked threonine kinase (TTK) has been widely reported as an oncogene in multiple types of cancers, and it is also known as a clinical therapeutic target. This study aims to assess TTK expression levels in human OS tissues and its link with the clinical characteristics of OS patients, and to evaluate the potential role in OS development.

Material and methods

Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were conducted to detect the expression levels of TTK in a total of 74 OS tissues and the corresponding adjacent tissues. Furthermore, according to the staining intensity of TTK in tumor tissues, patients were divided into TTK high and low expression groups. The possible correlation between TTK expression levels and clinical features were analyzed, and the effects of TTK on OS cell proliferation were detected through colony formation and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assays. The effects of TTK on tumor growth were detected using an animal model.

Results

Phosphotyrosine picked threonine kinase was abnormally highly expressed in human OS tissues. Meanwhile, TTK was significantly correlated with the clinical characteristics such as tumor size (p = 0.004*) and clinical stage (p = 0.014*) of OS patients. Our results also revealed that the inhibition of TTK dramatically suppressed the proliferation of OS cells in vitro and blocked tumor growth in mice.

Conclusions

We demonstrated the involvement of TTK in the development of OS, and therefore we suggest that TTK should be considered as a promising therapy target for OS.
Survival analysis of advanced lung cancer patients
undergoing personalised treatment or chemotherapy
in a real clinic
Authors: Błach Justyna , Krawczyk Paweł , Pankowski Juliusz , Buczkowski Jarosław , Chmielewska Izabela , Frąk Małgorzata , Szlubowski Artur , Krudys Piotr , Kieszko Robert , Wojas-Krawczyk Kamila , Reszka Katarzyna , Kucharczyk Tomek , Milanowski Janusz
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The importance of modern treatments for the extension of
overall survival in advanced lung cancer (LC) patients is rarely reported in
clinical trials (crossover effect). Recent clinical trials have compared experimental treatment methods and shown that chemotherapy is no longer
a comparator. We studied the relevance of innovative treatment to the extension of overall survival in Polish lung cancer patients.

Material and methods

We described the outcome in 1463 patients diagnosed and treated for advanced LC. The study included patients receiving
all available forms of treatment, i.e. chemotherapy, immunotherapy, EGFR
tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ALK inhibitors, and best supportive care (BSC).

Results

Median OS (mOS) for the whole group of patients was 6.5 months.
mOS was significantly higher in patients with SCC (8.0 months) and AC
(7.0 months) compared to patients with SCLC (6 months) and NSCLC NOS
(3.5 months). mOS was 30 months for EGFR TKI-treated patients, 34 months
for patients receiving second-line immunotherapy, 8.5 months for chemotherapy patients, and 1.0 month for patients who received BSC. mOS for
patients treated with ALK inhibitors and first-line immunotherapy was not
reached. The use of targeted therapies or immunotherapies significantly
(p < 0.0001) reduced the risk of death compared to chemotherapy (HR =
0.373, 95% CI: 0.288–0.484 and HR = 0.313, 95% CI: 0.255–0.385).

Conclusions

The use of modern therapies in one of the treatment lines
compared to chemotherapy significantly increased the long-term survival
of advanced LC patients (34.5 vs. 8.5 months, HR = 0.336, 95% CI: 0.284–
0.397, p < 0.0001). Correct and early LC diagnosis is required, because patients with late diagnosis have a particularly poor prognosis.
Institutions and bureaucracy in brazilian scientific and technological policy
Authors: Nagao Menezes Daniel
Published: March 2021

We present an analysis of the institutional and political trajectory of Brazilian initiatives in science, technology and innovation, starting from the creation of CNPq, with emphasis on the internal dynamics of the Statedescribing the context and the institutionalization dynamics of the sector packed by the developmental diagnoses and the renewed prestige of “science” typical of those years. The purpose of the analysis is to verify known results from the literature on state, institutions and actors in Brazil and to base empirical research on the executive power in this policy field. The interpretation of the data was oriented in order to reconstruct the trajectory of the sector focusing on the internal dynamics of the decision arena and its political constraints. The results confirm theoretical generalizations of the Executive Power literature in Brazil, such as the centrality of personal contact networks in the implementation of policies in the 1960s and 1970s.
TERRITORIALIDADE: A ZONA FRANCA DE MANAUS E SEU IMPACTO SOCIOECONÔMICO NO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS
Authors: Brito Carlos Emílio Bessa de
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo trata da Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM), cujo objetivo é a análise do impacto socioeconômico no estado do Amazonas, especialmente a dicotomia entre o desenvolvimento industrial e o social na cidade de Manaus. Trazendo para a discussão os conceitos de territorialidade, mobilidade, redes e fluxos. Uma vez que, a política de subsídios implantada na região influenciou diretamente a mobilidade de diversas pessoas, que comporiam a força de trabalho do Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM). A pesquisa foi embasada em diversos autores que versam sobre o tema, de modo a construir um referencial teórico que possa discutir a ZFM, no contexto da territorialidade, da industrialização na Amazônia e por fim, de que modo a ideia do desenvolvimento industrial impacta no social, neste caso, usando como base os indicadores de renda, IDH e IDHM da cidade de Manaus. O intuito desse trabalho é compartilhar mais um olhar acerca desse modelo de desenvolvimento associado a conceitos que permeiam não só a geografia, mas à sociedade geralmente.
COMO OS VALORES HUMANOS INFLUENCIAM NO CRESCIMENTO PÓS-TRAUMÁTICO EM PESSOAS DIVORCIADAS?
Authors: Carvalho Francisca Maria de Souza Brito , Pereira Laena Barros , Silva Thaynara Costa , Couto Ricardo Neves
Published: March 2021

O estudo objetiva verificar a relação entre valores humanos e o crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) na ressignificação da vida após o divórcio. Para isso, foi realizado um trabalho de campo, aplicando um instrumento com três questionários: Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Questionário de Valores Básicos e questionário sociodemográfico. Participaram 227 sujeitos do território nacional brasileiro, majoritariamente do sexo feminino 83,3%, com idade média de 33,63 anos. Os resultados apresentam uma correlação significativa de todas as subfunções dos valores humanos e os fatores do CPT, incluindo o fator geral, exceto para a subfunção experimentação. Para este resultado, ressalta-se que os valores humanos encaram uma natureza benevolente e positiva do ser humano, assim, orientam e guiam os comportamentos que auxiliam em uma adaptação positiva e saudável.
PROGRAMA DE REABILITAÇÃO CARDÍACA ASSOCIADO AO TREINAMENTO MUSCULAR INSPIRATÓRIO E NA CAPACIDADE FUNCIONAL EM PACIENTES COM INSUFICIÊNCIA CARDÍACA: UMA REVISÃO
Authors: Costa Luan Silva , Azevedo Luciene Pereira Coelho de , Martins Islane Cristina , Silva Ítalo gomes da
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Insuficiência Cardíaca é uma doença, onde o coração não consegue fornecer sangue suficiente para atender as necessidades metabólicas, causando alterações cardíacas funcionais e estruturais. Com isso, o programa de reabilitação cardíaca, colabora recuperando e preservando a saúde do corpo, com destaque nos exercícios físicos reduzindo as morbimortalidades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi formular uma revisão integrativa da literatura a fim de verificar a efetividade de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca associado ao treinamento muscular inspiratório e na capacidade funcional em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Materiais e Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas das referências nas bases de dados: Periódicos CAPES, Google Schorlar, SciELO, Lilacs e Pubmed em julho de 2020. A busca identificou sete artigos que se ajustaram aos critérios estabelecidos. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa foi possível apontar os benefícios demostrados por meio do programa de reabilitação cardíaca como o aumento no condicionamento e na força muscular respiratória, melhor desempenho no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e elevação dos níveis de aptidão física de pacientes com Insuficiência cardíaca. Conclusão: Conforme os artigos encontrados na literatura consultada, o programa de reabilitação cardíaca é viável, seguro e indicado, devendo ser considerado um recurso importante para tratamento e manutenção da saúde desses pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, contribuindo nos aspectos, físico, psíquico e social, prevenindo complicações, reduzindo as taxas de mortalidade, com isso, melhorando a expectativa de vida.
Spatial patterns of aboveground phytogenic Si stocks in a grass-dominated
catchment – Results from UAS based high resolution remote sensing
Authors: Wehrhan Marc , Puppe Daniel , Kaczorek Danuta , Sommer Michael
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Various studies have been performed to quantify silicon (Si) stocks in plant biomass and related Si fluxes in terrestrial biogeosystems. Most of these studies were performed at relatively small plots with an intended low heterogeneity in soils and plant canopy composition, and results were extrapolated to larger spatial units up to global scale implicitly assuming similar environmental conditions. However, the emergence of new technical features and increasing knowledge on details in Si cycling leads to a more complex picture at landscape or catchment scales. Dynamic and static soil properties change along the soil continuum and might influence not only the species composition of natural vegetation, but its biomass distribution and related Si stocks. Maximum Likelihood (ML) classification was applied to multispectral imagery captured by an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) aiming the identification of land cover classes (LCC). Subsequently, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and ground-based measurements of biomass were used to quantify aboveground Si stocks in two Si accumulating plants (Calamagrostis epigejos and Phragmites australis) in a heterogeneous catchment and related corresponding spatial patterns of these stocks to soil properties. We found aboveground Si stocks of C. epigejos and P. australis to be surprisingly high (maxima of Si stocks reach values up to 98 g Si m−2), i.e., comparable to or markedly exceeding reported values for the Si storage in aboveground vegetation of various terrestrial ecosystems. We further found spatial patterns of plant aboveground Si stocks to reflect spatial heterogeneities in soil properties. From our results we concluded that (i) aboveground biomass of plants seems to be the main factor of corresponding phytogenic Si stock quantities and (ii) a detection of biomass heterogeneities via UAS-based remote sensing represents a promising tool for the quantification of lifelike phytogenic Si pools at landscape scales.
Unveiling the volcanic evolution of the Mohns Ridge
Authors: Stubseid Håvard , Bjerga Anders , Haflidason Haflidi , Pedersen Rolf Birger
Published: March 2021

Volcanic eruptions are far less common along slow-spreading ridges compared to fast-spreading ridges. Consequently, knowledge of the volcanic rejuvenation along close to 1/3 of the global mid-ocean ridges is poorly constrained. To determine the temporal evolution of the rift valley of one of the slowest spreading-ridges in the world, the Mohns Ridge in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, we have interpreted more than 3000 km of sub-bottom profiles. Sedimentation rates derived from several core locations along the ridge are used to calculate the age of the underlying volcanic crust. Here we present a framework for understanding the geological evolution of rift valleys of slow-spreading ridges using an integrated approach combining geological and geophysical data. The high-resolution dataset acquired using autonomous underwater vehicles, cover more than 50% of the 575 km long Mohns Ridge. The results unravel large variation in sediment thickness inside the central rift area, from exposed basalts to several meters of sediments, within only a few hundreds of meters. Studied sub-bottom profiles reveal active volcanism in the deepest parts of the ridge, areas thought to be inactive, surrounded by significantly older crust covered in meters of sediments. We find that all axial volcanic ridge systems (AVRs) in our area completely renewed their surface within the last 30-50 ka. Detailed volcanological investigation of the central parts of an AVR reveal at least 72 individual eruptions during the last 20 ka ranging in size from 1.2x103 m2 - 2.6 x105 m2. These estimates have been verified with visual observations and sampling using an ROV. Our estimates indicate that more than 230 eruptions are required to renew the surface of an average AVR. Based on the acquired age assessments a volcanic eruption is anticipated to occur approximately every 200 years. Volcanic renewal is a first order control on the lifetime of magmatically driven hydrothermal systems.
Forest management and hotter droughts: tree-growth monitoring during 2018/2019 in northeastern Germany
Authors: Cruz-García Roberto , Frieboese Leona , Scharnweber Tobias , Siller-Aguillón Ilse Alejandra , Kalbe Johannes , Wilmking Martin
Published: March 2021

 Forests are vital ecosystem service providers and are thought to play an important role as carbon sinks in climate-warming mitigation. Climate change can modify environmental forcing of tree growth, bringing changes in growth performance and ultimately in ecosystem community composition. Thus, studying how trees and forests react to a changing environment is required to preserve and manage them sustainably. It is largely unexplored how extreme weather events, such as the so called “hotter-droughts”, interact with silvicultural interventions (thinning). To address this problem, we explore a monitoring data set from 2017-2020 of three broadleaved species native to the Central European temperate forest (Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L., Betula pendula Roth). To investigate the effect of thinning interventions and weather conditions on intra-annual growth, an experimental gap was created at the end of 2016 in the studied stands. Trees standing next to the gap and others on closed-stand conditions were equipped with band-dendrometers, which were read out bi-weekly throughout the four vegetation periods. The obtained growth-curves were used to compare absolute and relative growth between experimental conditions (gap vs. closed), and non-linear models were fitted to derive the phenology of stem-growth. In general, trees under gap conditions revealed smaller increments than trees in closed stands during the drought years 2018/2019, but especially for 2019. Species differences indicate beech was most sensitive to the extreme summer drought, as expected given the conclusions of several dendroecological studies. The results indicate different sensitivities to extreme events on the years following silvicultural interventions between tree species. As gap-formation occurs also naturally in temperate forests, these results suggest a possible mechanism through which legacy-effects and variability in individual climate responses arise, which can help unravel climatic signals in tree-rings and explain how they are modulated by ecological conditions and management interventions. Monitoring of tree-growth in a high-temporal resolution seems a valuable approach to understand the impact of extreme events and climate change on tree-growth. The obtained insights are relevant for improving sustainable silvicultural management, as the suitability of a species for a site might change upon further warming and more frequent drought spells. We recommend continuing to explore tree-growth at finer time-scales to shed light on species performance under climate change.
Opening the black box: soil microcosm experiments reveal soot-black carbon short-term oxidation and influence on organic carbon mineralisation
Authors: Crispo Marta , Cameron Duncan D. , Meredith Will , Eveleigh Aaron , Ladommatos Nicos , Masek Ondrej , Edmondson Jill L.
Published: March 2021

Black carbon (BC), the product of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, is ubiquitous in soils globally. Although BC is a major soil carbon pool, its effects on the global carbon cycle have not yet been resolved. It is deemed to represent a large stable pool in soils turning over on geological timescales, but research suggests it can alter soil biogeochemical cycling including that of ecosystem-derived organic carbon. Here, we established two soil microcosm chamber experiments: experiment one added 13C organic carbon to soil with and without added BC (soot and biochar) to investigate whether it suppressed organic carbon mineralisation; experiment two added 13C BC (soot) to soil to establish whether it is mineralised in soil over a short timescale. Gases were sampled over six-months and analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In experiment one we found that the efflux of 13C organic carbon from the soil decreased over time, but the addition of soot to soil significantly reduced the mineralisation of organic carbon from 32% of the total supplied without soot to 14% of the total supplied with soot. In contrast, there was not a significant difference after the addition of biochar in the flux of δ 13CO2 from the organic carbon added to the soil. In experiment two, we found that the efflux 13C from soil with added 13C labelled soot significantly differed from the control, but this efflux declined over time. There was a cumulative loss of 0.17% 13C from soot over the experiment.These experimental results represent a step-change in understanding the influence of BC continuum on carbon dynamics, which has major consequences for the way we measure, monitor and manage soils for carbon storage and sequestration in the future.
Modelling mutual interactions between soil structure and soil biological communities.
Authors: Caruso Tancredi
Published: March 2021

Habitat structure is a key factor controlling the structure of ecological communities. For example, complex habitat structure may increase species number, minimise competition and facilitate the retention of nutrients. Alteration and disturbance of habitat structure may thus negatively affect biodiversity. Soil is an extremely complex and highly structured environmental matrix. Soil structure, defined as a distribution of aggregate/pore space of different sizes, can thus be a major control of soil biological communities, which are for example highly structured in their size distribution. Soil organisms, however, also affect and modify soil structure, and for many organisms the soil habitat structure is thus not just a condition to which they have to adapt but, rather, an environmental feature they also affect. In this talk, I discuss all these aspects from a community ecology point of view and with an emphasis on statistical and dynamical models that soil ecologists are trying to develop to describe and predict the mutual interactions between soil structure and biological communities. I will focus on the different rates at which soil structure affects soil organisms and vice versa, to emphasise that the temporal scales at which we have to measure the two parts of this mutual feedback (i.e. soil structure -> biota vs. biota -> soil structure) are very different, and also variable in space and time. 
Plasma injections arising out of dynamic ionosphere
Authors: Saka Osuke
Published: March 2021

We propose ionospheric plasma injections to the magnetosphere (ionospheric injection) as a new plasma process in the polar ionosphere. The ionospheric injection is first triggered by westward electric fields transmitted from the convection surge in the magnetosphere in association with dipolarization onset. Localized westward electric fields yield electrostatic potential in the ionosphere as a result of differing electron and ion mobility in the E-layer. To ensure quasi-neutrality of ionospheric plasmas, excess charges are released as injections out of the ionosphere, specifically electrons from positive potential region in higher latitudes and ions from negative potentials in lower latitudes. Potential difference on the order of 10 kV in north-south directions produces southward electric fields (100mv/m) at the footprint of the convection surge in both northern and southern hemispheres. Resultant geomagnetic field lines are not in equipotential equilibrium during ionospheric injections but instead develop downward electric fields in positive potential regions in higher latitudes to extract electrons and upward electric fields in negative potential regions in lower latitudes to extract ions. Parallel electric fields can exist in the magnetic mirror geometry of auroral field lines if the magnetospheric plasma follows quasi-neutral equilibrium. Because ionospheric injection has inherent dynamo processes as well as load, we term the polar ionosphere “dynamic ionosphere”.

Cold plasmas injected out of the dynamic ionosphere are transported along the dynamical trajectories to the magnetosphere conserving the total energy (including electrostatic potentials) and first adiabatic invariant. Electrons/ions traveling in downward/upward electric fields lose perpendicular and lower velocities in parallel component, leaving only the energetic part of ionospheric plasmas collimated along the field lines. Steady-state and one-dimensional dynamical trajectory shows that ion and electron temperatures at the ionosphere initially at 1 eV increased parallel temperatures to 202 eV and decreased perpendicular temperatures to 0.001 eV at geosynchronous altitudes where the electrostatic potential difference between ionosphere and magnetosphere was assumed to be 200 V. When potential difference increased to 600 V, the parallel temperatures increased to 602 eV, while perpendicular temperatures remain unchanged. Parallel potentials preferentially heated the ionospheric cold plasmas in parallel directions and transported tailward to feed the magnetosphere.
Salinity variability in satellite subpixels: impact on satellite in-situ comparisons.
Authors: Thouvenin-Masson Clovis , Boutin Jacqueline , Vergely Jean-Luc , Khvorostyanov Dimitry , Perrot Xavier , Reverdin Gilles
Published: March 2021

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) are retrieved from SMOS and SMAP L-band radiometers at a spatial resolution of about 50km.

 

Traditionally, satellite SSS products validation is based on comparisons with in-situ near surface salinity measurements.

 

In-situ measurements are performed on moorings, argo floats and along ship tracks[JB1] , which provide punctual or one-dimensional (along ship tracks) estimations of the SSS.

 

The sampling difference between one-dimensional or punctual in-situ measurements and two-dimensional satellite products results in a sampling error that must be separated from measurement errors for the validation of satellite products.

 

We use a small-scale resolution field (1/12° Mercator Global Ocean Physics Analysis and Forecast) to estimate the expected sampling error of each kind of in-situ measurements, by comparing punctual, [JB2] one-dimensional and two-dimensional SSS variability.

 

The better understanding of sampling errors allows a more accurate validation of satellite SSS and of the errors estimated by satellite retrieval algorithms. The improvement is quantified by considering the standard deviation of satellite minus in-situ salinities differences normalized by the sampling and retrieval errors. This quantity should be equal to one if all the error contributions are correctly considered. This methodology will be applied to SMOS SSS and to merged SMOS and SMAP SSS products.
Assessment of lumped physically-based numerical models of dyke breaching
Authors: Schmitz Vincent , Wylock Grégoire , El Kadi Abderrezzak Kamal , Rifai Ismail , Pirotton Michel , Erpicum Sébastien , Archambeau Pierre , Dewals Benjamin
Published: March 2021

Failure of fluvial dykes often leads to devastating consequences in the protected areas. Overtopping flow is, by far, the most frequent cause of failure of fluvial dykes. Numerical modeling of the breaching mechanisms and induced flow is crucial to assess the risk and guide emergency plans.

Various types of numerical models have been developed for dam and dyke breach simulations, including 2D and 3D morphodynamic models (e.g., Voltz et al., 2017 ; Dazzi et al., 2019 ; Onda et al., 2019). Nevertheless, simpler models are a valuable complement to the detailed models, since they enable fast multiple model runs to test, e.g. a broad range of possible breach locations or to perform uncertainty analysis. Moreover, unlike statistical formulae, physically-based lumped models are reasonably accurate and remain interesting in terms of process-understanding (Wu, 2013 ; Zhong et al., 2017 ; Yanlong, 2020).

Nonetheless, existing lumped physically-based models were developed and tested mostly in frontal configurations, i.e. for the case of breaching of an embankment dam and not a fluvial dyke. Despite similarities in the processes, the breaching mechanisms involved in the case of fluvial dykes differ due to several factors such as a loss of symmetry and flow momentum parallel to the breach (Rifai et al., 2017). Therefore, there is a need to assess the transfer of existing lumped physically-based models to configurations involving fluvial dyke breaching.

Here, we have developed a modular computational modeling framework, in which we are able to implement various physically-based lumped models of dyke breaching. In this framework, we started with our own implementation of the model presented by Wu (2013) and we incorporated a number of changes to the model. Next, we evaluated the model performance for a number of laboratory and field tests covering both frontal (Frank, 2016; Hassan and Morris, 2008) and fluvial (Rifai et al., 2017; 2018; Kakinuma and Shimizu, 2014) configurations. The modular framework we have developed proves also particularly suitable for testing the sensitivity and uncertainties arising from assumptions in the model structure and parameters.
Empirical statistical downscaling with EPISODES in Austria
Authors: Schellander-Gorgas Theresa , Kreienkamp Frank , Lorenz Philip , Matulla Christoph , Tordai Janos
Published: March 2021

EPISODES is an empirical statistical downscaling (ESD) method, which has been initiated and developed by the German Weather Service (DWD). Having resulted in good evaluation scores for Germany, the methodology it is also set-up and adapted for Austria at ZAMG and, hence, for an alpine territory with complex topography.

ESD methods are sparing regarding computational costs compared to dynamical downscaling models. Due to this advantage ESD can be applied in a short time frame and in a demand-based manner. It enables, e.g., processing ensembles of downscaled climate projections, which can be assessed either as stand-alone data set or to enhance ensembles based on dynamical methods. This helps improve the robustness of climatological statements for the purpose of climate impact research.

Preconditions for achieving high-quality results by EPISODES are long-term, temporally consistent observation data sets and a best possible realistic reproduction of relevant large-scale weather conditions by the GCMs. Given these requirements, EPISODES produces high-quality multivariate and spatially/temporally consistent synthetic time series on regular grids or station locations. The output is provided for daily time steps and, at maximum, for the resolution of underlying observation data.

The EPISODES method consists on mainly two steps: At first stage, univariate time series are produced on a coarse grid based on the analogue method and linear regression. It means that coarse scale atmospheric conditions of each single day as described by the GCM projections are assigned to a selection of at most similar daily weather situations of the observed past. From this selection new values are determined by linear regression for each day.

The second stage of the EPISODES method works like a weather generator. Short-term anomalies based on first stage results, on the one hand, and on observations, on the other hand, are matched selecting the most similar day for all used meteorological parameters and coarse grid points at the same time. Together with the high-resolution climatological background of observations and the climatological shift as described by GCM projections the short-term variability are combined to synthetic daily values for each target grid point. This approach provides the desired characteristics of the downscaled climate projections such as multivariability and spatio-temporal consistency.

Recent EPISODES evaluation results for daily precipitation and daily mean temperature are presented for the Austrian federal territory. Performance of the EPISODES ensemble will also be discussed in relation to existing ensembles based on dynamical methods which have already been widely used in climate impact studies in Austria: EURO-CORDEX and ÖKS15.
Assessment of GRACE-FO Laser Ranging Interferometer measurements
Authors: Peidou Athina , Landerer Felix , Wiese David , Ellmer Matthias , Fahnestock Eugene , Yuan Dah-Ning
Published: March 2021

The performance of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On (GRACE-FO) laser ranging interferometer (LRI) system is assessed in both space and frequency domains. With LRI’s measurement sensitivity being as small as 0.05 nm/s2 at GRACE-FO altitude we perform a thorough assessment on the ability of the instrument to detect real small-scale high-frequency gravity signals. Analysis of range acceleration measurements along the orbit for nearly one year of daily solutions suggests that LRI can detect signals induced by mass perturbation up to 26 mHz, i.e., ~145 km spatial resolution. Additionally, high frequency signals that are not adequately modeled by dealiasing models are clearly detected and their magnitude is shown to reach 2-3 nm/s2. The alternative K‐band microwave ranging system (KBR) is also examined and results demonstrate the inability of KBR to retrieve signals above 15mHz (i.e., shorter than ~200 km) as the noise of the KBR range acceleration increases rapidly. Overall, the first stream of LRI measurements shows that the high signal to noise ratio allows for detection of mass transfers in finer scales, however the ability to fully exploit the high-quality signal measured by the LRI in Level 2 products is still constrained by noise of background models and other onboard instrumentation and measurement system errors.

Copyright Acknowledgment: This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cryosphere Science Program.
Discrimination of quarry blasts from earthquakes using artificial neural networks
Authors: Ertuncay Deniz , De Lorenzo Andrea , Costa Giovanni
Published: March 2021

Seismic networks record vibrations that are captured by their stations. These vibrations can be coming from various sources, such as tectonic tremors, quarry blasts and anthropogenic sources. Separation of earthquakes from other sources may require human intervention and it can be a labor-intensive work. In case of lack of such a separation, seismic hazard may be miscalculated. Our goal is to discriminate earthquakes from quarry blasts by using artificial neural networks. To do that, we used two different databases for earthquake signals and quarry blasts. Neither of them have data from our study of interest, which is North-East of Italy. We used three channel signals from the stations as an input for the neural networks. Signals are used as both time series and their spectral characteristics and are fed to the neural networks with this information. We then separated earthquakes from quarry blasts in North-East Italy by using our algorithm. We conclude that our algorithm is able to discriminate earthquakes from quarry blasts with high accuracy and the database can be used in different regions with different earthquake and quarry blast sources in a large variety of distances.
Technological advances to improve the quantification of volcanic emissions
Authors: Fuchs Christopher , Kuhn Jonas , Bobrowski Nicole , Platt Ulrich
Published: March 2021

Variations in volcanic trace gas composition and fluxes are a valuable indicator for changes in magmatic systems and therefore allow monitoring of the volcanic activity. An established method to measure trace gas emissions is to use remote sensing techniques like, for example, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) and more recently SO2-cameras, that can quantify volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions during quiescent degassing and eruptive phases, making it possible to correlate fluxes with volcanic activity. 

We present flux measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions based on the novel remote sensing technique of Imaging Fabry-Pérot Interferometer Correlation Spectroscopy (IFPICS) in the UV spectral range. The basic principle of IFPICS lies in the application of an Fabry-Pérot Interferometer (FPI) as wavelength selective element. The FPIs periodic transmission profile is matched to the periodic spectral absorption features of SO2, resulting in high spectral information for its detection. This technique yields a higher trace gas selectivity and sensitivity than imaging approaches based on interference filters, e.g. SO2-cameras and an increased spatio-temporal resolution over spectroscopic imaging techniques, e.g. imaging DOAS. Hence, IFPICS shows reduced cross sensitivities to broadband absorption (e.g. to ozone, aerosols), which allows the application to weaker volcanic SO2 emitters and increases the range of possible atmospheric conditions. It further raises the possibility to apply IFPICS to other trace gas species like, for example, bromine monoxide, that still can be characterized with a high spatial and temporal resolution (< 1 HZ).

In October 2020, we acquired SO2 column density distribution images of Mt Etna volcanic plume with a detection limit of 2x1017 molec cm-2, 1 s integration time, 400x400 pixel spatial, and 0.3 Hz temporal resolution.  We compare the SO2 fluxes retrieved by IFPICS with simultaneous flux measurements using the mutli-axis DOAS technique.
Towards a nudging of stratospheric overshoots in the 3D mesoscale BRAMS model
Authors: Pichon Justine , Riviere Emmanuel , Behera Abhinna , Burgalat Jeremie
Published: March 2021

Water repartition in the stratosphere is a key compound in the atmospheric chemical and
radiative equilibrium. Since the 80’s, an increase of the water concentration in the
stratosphere has been observed.This presence in the stratosphere can be explained by the
slow ascent of air mass above convective clouds in tropical regions. The amount of water
vapor entering in the stratosphere depends on the coldest temperature and countered
during this slow ascent because it can lead to ice cristal formation that sediment and
dehydrate the air masses. But some other processes may contribute to the stratospheric
water budget, especially to explain the increase of water vapor. Stratospheric overshoots
phenomenon can take part in the stratospheric hydratation, by injecting directly water ice in
the stratosphere. Injected ice water, by sublimation, will hydrate stratosphere locally. The
local role of overshoots is better known but their contributions at the global scale steal need
to be quantified. In order to estimate this contribution, previous studies have used the 3D
simulation mesoscale model BRAMS to show overshoot impact in the upper Tropical
Tropopause Layer (TTL). These studies are the starting point of our study.

The aim of this paper is to present the new development inside BRAMS to nudge
stratospheric ice injection by overshoots. It uses an overshoot occurrence climatology from
MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) satellite measurement. Ice injection in the model is
made according to ice model categories previously shown to be present in the overshoot
plumes with ratios already diagnosed in previous studies. Ice injection is made between two
layers of TTL’s stratospheric part: between 380 and 385K and between 385 et 400K. Nudging
is triggered only if, in the grid mesh (20 x 20 km) where MHS has detected an overshoot,
BRAMS computes a cumulonimbus with a top above 13.5km. For the layer above 385 K
isentrope, a subgrid box of 2 km x 2 km is considered for the computation of ice injection.
Sensibility test of this nudging scheme will be presented in this presentation. 