bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental deep tissue pain in wrist extensors—a model of lateral epicondylalgia
Authors: Slater Helen , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Wright Anthony , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas
Published: April 2003

The aim of this experimental study was to develop an in vivo model demonstrating sensory and motor interactions comparable to those seen in patients presenting with lateral epicondylalgia (i.e., deep tissue pain and hyperalgesia localised to specific sites in the wrist extensors, attenuation of wrist extension force). The effect of saline‐induced deep pain combined with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) on deep tissue sensitivity and motor function in wrist extensors was examined. Muscle pain intensity (visual analogue scale: VAS), distribution, and quality were assessed in 12 subjects. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded at five different sites around the elbow. Maximal wrist extension force was recorded. In the absence of DOMS, hypertonic saline administrated into different parts of the wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator, common extensor origin) induced significantly (P<0.05) higher VAS scores and larger pain areas compared with a control injection of isotonic saline. The typical quality of saline‐induced pain was described as “drilling”, “taut”, “nagging” and “intense”. In non‐exercised wrist extensors, hyperalgesia to pressure was not detected during saline‐induced pain but maximal wrist extensor force decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with pre‐pain recordings and recordings post isotonic saline. DOMS induced by eccentric wrist extension contractions generated moderate levels of soreness but no resting pain up to 24 h post exercise. PPTs and maximal wrist extension force were significantly decreased (P<0.05) during DOMS compared with baseline and 7 days post exercise (P<0.05). VAS scores to injection of hypertonic saline into the DOMS arm were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with injections into the unexercised arm. This is another manifestation of muscle hyperalgesia. Saline‐induced pain combined with DOMS further decreased maximal wrist extension force (P<0.05). The simultaneous deep tissue pain and hyperalgesia linked with force attenuation support the use of the saline‐induced deep tissue pain combined with DOMS as an experimental model simulating the clinical sensorimotor correlates of lateral epicondylalgia.
A search for H/ACA snoRNAs in yeast using
MFE secondary structure prediction
Authors: Edvardsson Sverker , Gardner Paul P. , Poole Anthony M. , Hendy Michael D. , Penny David , Moulton Vincent
Published: April 2003

Motivation: Noncoding RNA genes produce functional RNA molecules rather than coding for proteins. One such family is the H/ACA snoRNAs. Unlike the related C/D snoRNAs these have resisted automated detection to date.

Results: We develop an algorithm to screen the yeast genome for novel H/ACA snoRNAs. To achieve this, we introduce some new methods for facilitating the search for noncoding RNAs in genomic sequences which are based on properties of predicted minimum free-energy (MFE) secondary structures. The algorithm has been implemented and can be generalized to enable screening of other eukaryote genomes. We find that use of primary sequence alone is insufficient for identifying novel H/ACA snoRNAs. Only the use of secondary structure filters reduces the number of candidates to a manageable size. From genomic context, we identify three strong H/ACA snoRNA candidates. These together with a further 47 candidates obtained by our analysis are being experimentally screened.

Contact: vincent.moulton@lcb.uu.se

Supplementary Information: Tables 1–5 referred to in the text can be downloaded from http://RNA.massey.ac.nz/fisher/

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

† Both authors contributed equally to this work.
IPPRED: server for proteins interactions inference
Authors: Goffard Nicolas , Garcia Virginie , Iragne Florian , Groppi Alexis , de Daruvar Antoine
Published: April 2003

Summary: IPPRED is a web based server to infer protein–protein interactions through homology search between candidate proteins and those described as interacting. This simple inference allows to propose or to validate potential interactions.

Availability: IPPRED is freely available at http://cbi.labri.fr/outils/ippred/.

Contact: Antoine.daruvar@pmtg.u-bordeaux2.fr

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
BioQuery: an object framework for building
queries to biomedical databases
Authors: Brundege James M. , Dubay Christopher
Published: April 2003

Summary: BioQuery is an application that helps scientists automate database searches. Users can build and store queries to public biomedical databases, and receive periodic updates on the results of those queries when new data is available. The application is implemented on a portable object framework that can provide database-searching capability to other applications. This framework is easily extensible, allowing users to develop plug-ins that provide access to new databases. BioQuery thus provides end-users with a complete database searching interface and updating service, and gives developers a toolkit to provide database-searching capability to their applications.

Availability: Free to all users: http://www.bioquery.org

Contact: support@bioquery.org

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
MuGeN: simultaneous exploration of multiple
genomes and computer analysis results
Authors: Hoebeke Mark , Nicolas Pierre , Bessières Philippe
Published: April 2003

Motivation: The availability of increasing amounts of sequence data about completely sequenced genomes spurs the development of new methods in the fields of automated annotation, and of comparative genomics. Tools allowing the visualization of results produced by analysis methods, superimposed on possibly annotated sequence data, and enabling synchronized navigation in multiple genomes, provide new means for interactive genome exploration. This kind of visual inspection can be used as a basis to assess the quality of new analysis algorithms, or to discover genome portions to be subjected to in-depth studies.

Results: We propose a software package, MuGeN, built for navigating through multiple annotated genomes. It is capable of retrieving annotated sequences in several formats, stored in local files, or available in databases over the network. From these, it then generates an interactive display, or an image file, in most common formats suitable for printing, further editing or integrating in Web pages. Genome maps may be mixed with computer analysis results loaded from XML files, whose format is generic enough to be adapted to a majority of sequence oriented analysis methods.

Availability: MuGeN is available at http://www-mig.jouy.inra.fr/bdsi/MuGeN

Contact: mark.hoebeke@jouy.inra.fr

Supplementary information: The supplementary information cited in this paper is available at http://www-mig.jouy.inra.fr/bdsi/MuGeN/Paper/supp.html

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
BioEditor—simplifying macromolecular structure annotation
Authors: Yang Peng , Craig Paul A. , Goodsell David , Bourne Philip E.
Published: April 2003

Summary: BioEditor is an application to enable scientists and educators to prepare and present structure annotations containing formatted text, graphics, sequence data, and interactive molecular views. It is intended to bridge the gap between printed journal articles and Internet presentation formats. BioEditor is relevant in the era of structural genomics, where annotation and publication could become the rate determining step in structure determination.

Availability: BioEditor is available at http://bioeditor.sdsc.edu. The Web site includes the latest version of the software for Microsoft Windows, including documentation, the opportunity to submit bug reports and suggestions, example documentaries prepared with BioEditor and a repository where users can submit documentaries for posting to the site.

Contact: bourne@sdsc.edu

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
SCide: identification of stabilization centers
in proteins
Authors: Dosztányi Zsuzsanna , Magyar Csaba , Tusnády Gábor , Simon István
Published: April 2003

Summary: SCide is a program to identify stabilization centers from known protein structures. These are residues involved in cooperative long-range contacts, which can be formed between various regions of a single polypeptide chain, or they can belong to different peptides or polypeptides in a complex. The server takes a PDB file as an input, and the result is presented in graphical or text format.

Availability: SCide is available on the web at http://www.enzim.hu/scide. The source code can be obtained from the authors on request.

Contact: zsuzsa@enzim.hu

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Self-healing in fractured fine-grained soils
Authors: Eigenbrod K D
Published: April 2003

Fine-grained soils, when exposed to cyclic freezing and thawing, generally, but not always, experience considerable increases in hydraulic conductivities, due to the formation of a system of fissures and cracks. Some soils, such as nonplastic or very low-plastic soils on the one hand, or very highly swelling soils on the other hand, do not experience such changes in permeability, even though after the freezing stages ice-filled separation zones can be commonly observed in the soil matrix. Self-healing of these cracks occurs during subsequent thawing and permeation. To identify possible self-healing mechanisms and to understand when they can be expected, data from freeze&thaw tests on fine-grained soils (as found in the literature and supplemented by a series of additional tests) were analyzed and discussed. Three main causes for closure of fractures in fine-grained soils could be identified: (i) an increase of effective stress above the level of the undrained shear strength of the intact soil; (ii) clogging of fractures by particles eroded from the fracture surfaces during permeation for non- or low-plastic soils; and (iii) swelling of the clay particles near the fracture surfaces in highly swelling clay. The boundaries between soils that were affected and those that were not affected by self-healing are quantified on the basis of standard classification tests, such as plasticity index and activity, for an initial assessment of their suitability as mineral soil liners.Key words: freeze-thaw, fine-grained soils, hydraulic conductivity, open fractures, self-healing, mineral soil liner.
Comportement d'un pieu bi-fonction, fondation et échangeur de chaleur
Authors: Laloui Lyesse , Moreni Matteo , Vulliet Laurent
Published: April 2003

The behaviour of a pile subjected to thermo-mechanical loads was studied in situ with the aim of quantifying the thermal influence on the bearing capacity of heat exchanger piles. To accomplish this, a pile situated in a building under construction was equipped with a pipe system to inject heat into it using a special heat pump. Load cells, deformation gauges, and thermometers were installed to evaluate the behaviour of the pile during seven tests with coupled thermo-mechanical loads. The temperature variations applied to the pile were of the order of 15°C and the mechanical load reached 1300 kN. The results permitted the quantification of three significant effects brought about by the temperature increase: (i) pile uplift, (ii) mobilization of skin friction due to the relative displacement of the pile with respect to the ground, (iii) additional load generated in the pile by constrained dilation.Key words: heat exchanger pile, in situ test, loading test, thermo-mechanical loads, mobilization of skin friction.
EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF FERMION LATTICE SYSTEMS
Authors: ARAKI HUZIHIRO , MORIYA HAJIME
Published: April 2003

We study equilibrium statistical mechanics of Fermion lattice systems which require a different treatment compared with spin lattice systems due to the non-commutativity of local algebras for disjoint regions.

Our major result is the equivalence of the KMS condition and the variational principle with a minimal assumption for the dynamics and without any explicit assumption on the potential. Its proof applies to spin lattice systems as well, yielding a vast improvement over known results.

All formulations are in terms of a C*-dynamical systems for the Fermion (CAR) algebra [Formula: see text] with all or a part of the following assumptions:

(I) The interaction is even, namely, the dynamics αtcommutes with the even-oddness automorphism Θ. (Automatically satisfied when (IV) is assumed.)

(II) The domain of the generator δαof αtcontains the set [Formula: see text] of all strictly local elements of [Formula: see text].

(III) The set [Formula: see text] is the core of δα.

(IV) The dynamics αtcommutes with lattice translation automorphism group τ of [Formula: see text].

A major technical tool is the conditional expectation from [Formula: see text] onto its C*-subalgebras [Formula: see text] for any subset I of the lattice, which induces a system of commuting squares. This technique overcomes the lack of tensor product structures for Fermion systems and even simplifies many known arguments for spin lattice systems.

In particular, this tool is used for obtaining the isomorphism between the real vector space of all *-derivations with their domain [Formula: see text], commuting with Θ, and that of all Θ-even standard potentials which satisfy a specific norm convergence condition for the one point interaction energy. This makes it possible to associate a unique standard potential to every dynamics satisfying (I) and (II). The convergence condition for the potential is a consequence of its definition in terms of the *-derivation and not an additional assumption.

If translation invariance is imposed on *-derivations and potentials, then the isomorphism is kept and the space of translation covariant standard potentials becomes a separable Banach space with respect to the norm of the one point interaction energy. This is a crucial basis for an application of convex analysis to the equivalence proof in the major result.

Everything goes in parallel for spin lattice systems without the evenness assumption (I).
HOW SEPTUAGINTAL IS ISA. 5:1-7 IN MARK 12:1-9?
Authors: Evans Craig
Published: April 2003

Recently it has been claimed that elements drawn from Isa. 5:1-7 in Mark 12:1-9 are septuagintal and that these elements never agree with the MT against the LXX. Although a degree of septuagintalism cannot be denied, there is in fact agreement with the Hebrew, the presence of non-septuagintal elements, and important points of coherence with Jewish interpretive traditions.
REVISITING THE EMPTY TOMB: THE POST-MORTEM VINDICATION OF JESUS IN MARK AND Q
Authors: Smith Daniel
Published: April 2003

Q 13:34-35 connects Jesus' disappearance with his future eschatological role as the "Coming One" in a manner suggestive of other Jewish materials that understand the assumption of a prophet or sage as the basis of a special eschatological function. If Q also betrays a knowledge of Jesus' death, the assumption of Jesus becomes, for Q , the mode of his post-mortem vindication. Mark's "Empty Tomb" story (Mark 16:1-8) may be seen as a post-mortem disappearance narrative; this raises the possibility that Q and Mark (or a pre-Markan source) may have expressed a belief in Jesus' vindication by God in quite similar terms.
IGDA. 9: Linking diagnosis to care – treatment planning
Authors:   IGDA Workgroup, WPA
Published: April 2003

Clinical care starts with the first diagnostic interview. Therapeutic planning and prognosis should be based on competently conducted and documented comprehensive diagnosis, i.e. a standardised multi-axial formulation covering clinical disorders, disabilities, contextual problems and quality of life, as well as an idiographic or personalised formulation articulating the perspectives of the clinician with those of the patient and family on contextualised clinical problems, the patient's positive factors, and expectations about restoration and promotion of health.
Polyimide Orientation Layers Prepared from Lyotropic Aromatic Poly(Amic Ethyl Ester)s
Authors: Neuber C. , Giesa R. , Schmidt H.‐W.
Published: April 2003

The synthesis and characterization of liquid‐crystalline precursor polymer solutions[1] for polyimides permit for the first time the preparation of bulk‐ and surface‐oriented polyimide thin films from the nematic lyotropic state by shear. A special shearing technique was developed and optimized to orient viscous solutions into thin films with thicknesses below 100 nm. The films produced were thermally imidized and characterized by polarized light microscopy, as well as polarized FTIR and UV‐vis spectroscopy before and after imidization. The dichroic ratios (DRs) before imidization were determined as 5 by FTIR, and 4.5 by UV‐vis spectroscopies. After imidization the DRs increased to 14 and 7, respectively. The shear‐oriented layers possess a surface profile in the form of striations, which was characterized by mechanical surface scanning and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The profile height was determined in the nanometer range in contrast to the profile distance in the micrometer range, thus the latter is a magnitude larger than the film thickness. To quantify and compare the orientation potential of the obtained orientation layers, cells with a liquid‐crystalline host and a dichroic azo dye as guest were prepared. Interesting for this class of rod‐like polyimides is that layers, which were cast from low concentration isotropic solutions and rubbed, exhibited an almost doubled DR of 15 compared to analogously prepared alignment layers based on commercial flexible polyimide systems (DR = 8).
The Preparation and Characterization of Small Mesopores in Siloxane‐Based Materials That Use Cyclodextrins as Templates
Authors: Yim J.‐H. , Lyu Y.‐Y. , Jeong H.‐D. , Song S.A. , Hwang I.‐S. , Hyeon‐Lee J. , Mah S.K. , Chang S. , Park J.‐G. , Hu Y.F. , Sun J.N. , Gidley D.W.
Published: April 2003

Porous thin films containing very small closed pores (∼ 20 Å) with a low dielectric constant (∼ 2.0) and excellent mechanical properties have been prepared using the mixture of cyclic silsesquioxane (CSSQ) and a new porogen, heptakis(2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (tCD). The pore sizes vary from 16.3 Å to 22.2 Å when the content of tCD in the coating mixture increases to 45 wt.‐% according to positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) analysis. It has also been found that the pore percolation threshold (the onset of pore interconnectivity) occurs as the ∼ 50 % tCD porogen load. The dielectric constants (k = 2.4 ∼ 1.9) and refractive indices of these porous thin films decreased systematically as the amount of porogen loading increased in the coating mixture. The electrical properties and mechanical properties of such porous thin films were fairly good as interlayer dielectrics.
Photodimerization of Coumarin‐Derived Pentacyclo[9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13]octasiloxane to Fabricate a Three‐Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Material
Authors: Fujiwara M. , Shiokawa K. , Kawasaki N. , Tanaka Y.
Published: April 2003

An organic–inorganic hybrid material was prepared from a pentacyclo[9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13]octasiloxane bearing eight coumarin groups. The coumarin groups were photodimerized by UV‐light irradiation to connect the monomer units of the octasiloxane. Using a concentrated solution, the intermolecular photodimerization of these coumarin groups leaded to the cross‐linking of the octasiloxane, fabricating an organic–inorganic hybrid material with a three‐dimensional nanostructure. Whereas in dilute solution the intramolecular photodimerization was preferred to the intermolecular reaction, resulting in no formation of polymeric material.
Effects of spouses on distress experienced by BRCA1 mutation carriers over time
Authors: Wylie Jean E. , Smith Ken R. , Botkin Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2003

Concerns about psychological distress have arisen regarding genetic testing for susceptibility to late‐onset diseases such as breast and/or ovarian cancer. Early results do not show large‐scale psychological distress among those tested; therefore, research is now focusing on identifying subgroups that may be at risk for negative outcomes. Social support has been shown to buffer both negative physical and psychological outcomes in health research. The role of spouses as part of the tested person's social support system is shown to be significant in a sample of 57 BRCA1 mutation carriers. Separately, the tested person's perception of his/her spouse's anxiety and his/her perception of the spouse's support at the time of testing are predictive of the tested person's psychological distress up to 2 years after testing. The interaction of the two variables is even more predictive. For those tested who perceived their spouse to be both anxious and nonsupportive at the time of testing, distress levels reached clinically significant levels 1 week after results were received and remained above clinical threshold measured 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years after testing. While the effects were greatest for women, they were significant for both male and female carriers. These findings are an important addition to the literature and will augment clinicians' ability to identify individuals potentially at risk for negative responses to adverse genetic test results. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) riverine habitat using River Habitat Survey data
Authors: Hastie L.C. , Cooksley S.L. , Scougall F. , Young M.R. , Boon P.J. , Gaywood M.J.
Published: April 2003

The feasibility of using River Habitat Survey (RHS) data to describe freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) macrohabitat in the River Spey, north‐east Scotland, was investigated.

Mussels were found to be positively associated with a number of RHS variables. These included: boulder/cobble river bed substrates, broken/unbroken standing waves (channel flow types), aquatic liverworts/mosses/lichens and broadleaf/mixed woodland/bankside tree cover. Negative associations with gravel‐pebble/silt substrates and emergent reeds/sedges/herbs were also found.

Two binary logistic regression models, based on seven and four variables, respectively, were constructed in order to predict the presence/absence of mussels at any given site. Predictive success rates of 83% and 78% were achieved.

Another binary logistic regression model, based on four variables, was constructed in order to predict the occurrence of ‘optimal’ M. margaritifera habitat (overall mussel densities ≥ 1 m−2). A predictive success rate of 83% was achieved.

The results indicate two potentially important applications of RHS for the conservation management of M. margaritifera: (1) for monitoring the effects of physical changes on extant mussel beds (and predicting their effects on mussel populations), and (2) for determining the habitat suitability of historically occupied sites for re‐introductions.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer simulations in solid‐state NMR. II. Implementations for static and rotating samples
Authors: Edén Mattias
Published: April 2003

In the first article in this series (Concepts Magn Reson Part A 17A:117–154, 2003), we outlined a theoretical framework for calculating solid‐state NMR time‐domain signals and frequency‐domain spectra. This article explains how the theory may be implemented on a computer for simulating NMR signals from a single crystal in a static and rotating sample. The general building blocks of a computer program for numerically calculating NMR signals are discussed. Computer algorithms for carrying out the simulations are presented as flowcharts and implemented in C/C++ code. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 18A: 1–23, 2003
Idiotype‐specific CD4+CD25+ T suppressor cells prevent, by limiting antibody diversity, the occurrence of anti‐dextran antibodies crossreacting with histone H3
Authors: Specht Christoph , Schlüter Bernhard , Rolfing Meike , Brüning Kristina , Pauels Hans‐Gerd , Kölsch Eckehart
Published: April 2003

CD25+ suppressor T cells regulate the immune response against the type‐2 "thymus independent" bacterial polysaccharide antigen α(1→3)dextran (Dex) in BALB/c mice. These T cells, represented by the clone 178‐4 Ts, restrict the Dex‐specific IgG antibody repertoire such that the J558 idiotype dominates. Antibodies with other structures in the heavy‐chain variable region (VH region), predominantly within the CDR3 domain, occur when the T cell control fails. This increase of antibody diversity caused by a lack of CD25+ Ts cells, e.g. in nude mice, does not result in the appearance of antibodies with enhanced affinity to the antigen Dex, but often leads to a crossreactivity with autologous proteins. Twenty‐two out of sixty Dex‐specific hybridomas from nude mice, but no hybridomas from euthymic mice, crossreact with a nuclear protein, as tested by ELISA. This nuclear protein was identified as histone H3. Ten of the sixty hybridomas from nude mice were sequenced and show VH sequences that deviate from the original J558 sequence. Three of these ten hybridomas crossreact with the histone H3. Adoptive transfer of CD25+ Ts cells to nude mice leads to a marked increase of antibodies carrying the original J558 idiotype within the IgG pool after immunization with Dex. Our data demonstrate a CD25+ Ts cell‐mediated restriction of VH usage, which prevents the appearance of crossreactive autoantibodies.
Pax‐5 is a key regulator of the B cell‐restricted expression of the CD23a isoform
Authors: Visan Ioana , Goller Martin , Berberich Ingolf , Kneitz Christian , Tony Hans‐Peter
Published: April 2003

Human CD23 (the low affinity IgE receptor) is a B cell differentiation marker involved in inflammatory responses. Two isoforms (CD23a and CD23b) are known, which differ only in their cytoplasmic domain. Whereas CD23b expression is specifically induced by IL‐4 on B cells and cells of the myeloid lineage, CD23a expression is restricted to B cells. Each isoform is regulated by its own promoter. Pax‐5 is a B‐cell‐restricted transcription factor with an essential role in early and late B cell development. Analyses of the CD23a promoter revealed a Pax‐5‐binding site, which can compete a high affinity Pax‐5‐binding site or directly bind Pax‐5 protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Introducing mutations into this site abrogates the binding. Expression of Pax‐5 in 293 cellsresulted in a seven‐ to tenfold activation of a CD23a core promoter construct. Most importantly, ectopic expression of Pax‐5 in the monocytic cell line U‐937, which regularly expresses only the CD23b isoform, led to CD23a expression after stimulation with IL‐4 and PMA. Our results suggest that Pax‐5 is a key regulator of the B‐cell‐restricted expression of the CD23a isoform.
Redundant functions of TCF‐1 and LEF‐1 during T and NK cell development, but unique role of TCF‐1 for Ly49 NK cell receptor acquisition
Authors: Held Werner , Clevers Hans , Grosschedl Rudolf
Published: April 2003

Members of the TCF/LEF (T cell factor / lymphoid enhancer factor) family of DNA‐binding factors play important roles during embryogenesis, the establishment and/or maintenance of self‐renewingtissues such as the immune system and for malignant transformation. Specifically, it has been shown that TCF‐1 is required for T cell development. A role for LEF‐1 became apparent when mice harbored two hypomorphic TCF‐1 alleles and consequently expressed low levels of TCF‐1. Here we show that NK cell development is similarly regulated by redundant functions of TCF‐1 and LEF‐1, whereby TCF‐1 contributes significantly more to NK cell development than LEF‐1. Despite this role for NK cell development, LEF‐1 is not required for the establishment of a repertoire of MHC class I‐specific Ly49 receptors on NK cells. The proper formation of this repertoire depends to a large extent on TCF‐1. These findings suggest common and distinct functions of TCF‐1 and LEF‐1 during lymphocyte development.
Inactivation of the EGF‐TM7 receptor EMR4 after the Pan‐Homo divergence
Authors: Hamann Jörg , Kwakkenbos Mark J. , de Jong Esther C. , Heus Henk , Olsen Anne S. , van Lier René A.W.
Published: April 2003

We here report on the identification of a novel human EGF‐TM7 receptor, designated EMR4. Like most EGF‐TM7 receptor genes, EMR4 is localized on the short arm of chromosome 19, in close proximity to EMR1. Remarkably, due to a one‐nucleotide deletion in exon 8, translation of human EMR4 would result in a truncated 232‐amino acid protein lacking the entire seven‐span transmembrane region. This deletion is not present in nonhuman primates, including chimpanzees, suggesting that EMR4 became nonfunctional only after human speciation, about five million years ago. Thus, EMR4 surprisingly accounts for a genetic difference between humans and primates related to immunity.
Heterotrinuclear Complexes of the Platinum Group Metals with 2,2′‐Biimidazole as a Bridging Ligand
Authors: Mayboroda Andrey , Comba Peter , Pritzkow Hans , Rheinwald Gerd , Lang Heinrich , Koten Gerard van
Published: April 2003

The novel trinuclear complexes [(Pt{C6H3(CH2NMe22,6)2})2(μ‐Hbiim)2Os(O=PPh3)2](NO3)(SO3CF3)2 [C6H3(CH2NMe2‐2,6)2 = pincer ligand, H2biim = 2,2′‐biimidazole] and [(PdL)2(μ‐biim)2Os(O=PPh3)2](NO3)3 (L = cod, 1,5‐cyclooctadiene or L = en, ethylene‐1,2‐diamine) were prepared by the reaction of the mononuclear complex [Os(H2biim)2(O=PPh3)2](NO3)3 with [Pt{C6H3(CH2NMe2‐2,6)2}](SO3CF3), or with PdL(NO3)2 (L = cod or L = en), in the presence of a base. The exchange reaction between [Os(Hbiim)2(O=PPh3)2](NO3)3 and [Me2NH2][RhCl4(NHMe2)] led to the formation of [Os(Hbiim)2(O=PPh3)2][RhCl4(NHMe2)]. The solid‐state structures of [Os(Hbiim)2(O=PPh3)2][RhCl4(NHMe2)] and [(Pt{C6H3(CH2NMe2‐2,6)2})2(μ‐Hbiim)2Os(O=PPh3)2](NO3)(SO3CF3)2·4H2O were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystals of [Os(Hbiim)2(O=PPh3)2][RhCl4(NHMe2)] are triclinic with a space group P$\bar 1$
, with a = 10.4293(5), b = 10.6365(6), c = 13.0287(7) Å, β = 91.6840(10), γ = 109.8540(10)°, V = 1316.14(12) Å3, Z = 1. The crystals of the complex [(Pt{C6H3(CH2NMe2‐2,6)2})2(μHbiim)2Os(O=PPh3)2](NO3)(SO3CF3)2·4H2O are triclinic with a space group P$\bar 1$
, with a = 12.604(3), b = 13.471(3), c = 14.347(3) Å, β =77.530(5), γ = 66.613(4)°, V = 2005.6(7) Å3, Z = 1. Deprotonation of 2,2′‐biimidazole in the mononuclear osmium complex, followed by coordination to an additional transition metal fragment leads to a modification of the ligand field and a variation of the redox properties of the OsIII center. [{Pd(cod)}2(μ‐biim)2Os(O=PPh3)2](NO3)3 shows significant catalytic activity towards hydrogenation of terminal and cyclic alkenes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Structural Characterization and a New One‐Pot Synthesis of trans‐Chloro(phenyl)bis(triphenylphosphane)nickel(II)
Authors: Zeller Alexander , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Strassner Thomas
Published: April 2003

trans‐[NiCl(Ph)(PPh3)2], the organometallic precursor for a new class of neutral polymerization catalysts, has been synthesized via a new synthetic route. The previously used alkylaluminum compounds are replaced by zinc dust for the reduction of the nickel(II) salt in the presence of triphenylphosphane forming the intermediate Ni(PPh3)4. In a one‐pot reaction, chlorobenzene then adds oxidatively to the intermediate to form the title compound, which was structurally characterized, in high yields. Its geometry is compared to known structures of the higher homologues of group 10. All complexes adopt a distorted square‐planar geometry, but the parent structure shows significantly shorter metal‐ligand bond lengths than its Pd and Pt congeners, as expected. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/6−31G*) on the full structure are in very good agreement with the solid‐state structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Solvothermal Synthesis of a Layered Open‐Framework Chlorocadmium Oxalate, Cd2(C2O4)0.5Cl3NaCl·4H2O
Authors: Vaidhyanathan R. , Natarajan Srinivasan , Rao C. N. R.
Published: April 2003

The metathesis reaction between CdCl2·2H2O and sodium oxalate in n‐hexanol under solvothermal conditions yields a hybrid compound of formula Cd2(C2O4)0.5Cl3NaCl·4H2O. It consists of one‐dimensional chains formed by Cd and Cl atoms, containing μ2(Cl) and μ3(Cl) bridges, and cross‐linked by oxalate units to give a layered structure. The Na+ ions and water molecules occupy the interlamellar spaces. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Rapid and Selective Oxidation of Metallosulfophthalocyanines Prior to Their Usefulness as Precatalysts in Oxidation Reactions
Authors: d’Alessandro Nicola , Tonucci Lucia , Bressan Mario , Dragani Luana K. , Morvillo Antonino
Published: April 2003

Two metallosulfophthalocyanines, RuPcS and FePcS, used in many catalytic oxidation reactions, were readily oxidized by hydrogen peroxide or monopersulfate, under acidic or neutral conditions in water, to form novel metal complexes derived from the facile oxidation of the PcS ring. Meso‐nitrogen‐oxide derivatives and metal‐biliverdin‐like derivatives were identified among the products at early reaction times, whereas at longer times fragmentation of the phthalocyanine ring occurred, with formation of sulfophthalimide and metal complexes containing the resulting tridentate ligand. The oxidative degradation of the MPcS complexes has been investigated by ESI‐MS, UV/Vis‐NIR and 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. These rapidly formed, coordinatively unsaturated complexes represent the dominant species in oxidizing media, at least in the case of the Ru derivative, and must be the real catalyst precursors in previously published oxidation reactions using MPcS complexes. The oxidative degradation reactions occurred with selective mono‐denitrogenation of one meso‐nitrogen atom and formation of ammonia, thus recalling the celebrated selective degradation of heme to verdoheme and/or biliverdin and CO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The Dicopper(II) Complex of the Novel Asymmetric Dinucleating Ligand Hpy3asym as a Structural Model of Catechol Oxidase
Authors: Koval Iryna A. , Pursche Daniel , Stassen Arno F. , Gamez Patrick , Krebs Bernt , Reedijk Jan
Published: April 2003

The new asymmetric dinucleating ligand 2‐{[bis(2‐pyridinylmethyl)amino]methyl}‐4‐methyl‐6‐{[(2‐pyridinylmethyl)amino]methyl}phenol (Hpy3asym) has been designed in order to model the type‐3 active site of the copper proteins. This phenol‐based “end‐off” compartmental ligand has one tridentate and one didentate arm attached to the 2‐ and 6‐positions of the phenolic ring, respectively. A dinuclear copper(II) nitrate complex with this ligand [Cu2(py3asym)(H2O)1.5(NO3)2]NO3 has been obtained and structurally characterized. In this complex both copper ions have a distorted octahedral geometry and are endogenously bridged by the phenolic oxygen atom of the deprotonated ligand. The complex shows a donor‐atom asymmetry that consists of an N3O3 donor set for the Cu1 ion and an N2O4 donor set for the Cu2 ion. The electrochemical, magnetic behavior and spectral properties of the complex are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Phosphane‐Substituted Selenido−(carbonyl)iron and −(carbonyl)ruthenium Clusters: Structures, Fluxionality and Reactivity
Authors: Graiff Claudia , Predieri Giovanni , Tiripicchio Antonio
Published: April 2003

Selenium‐transfer reactions from tertiary phosphane and diphosphane selenides to the carbonyl clusters [M3(CO)12] (M = Fe or Ru) provide a simple, stepwise synthetic route to phosphane‐substituted, mono‐ and diselenido−(carbonyl)iron and −(carbonyl)ruthenium clusters. Four families of clusters are generally obtained: (i) the M2Se2L6 tetrahedral species (only for iron), (ii) the M3SeL10 capped triangular species, (iii) the M3Se2L9 square‐pyramidal nido species (for iron and ruthenium), and (iv) the M4Se2L11 octahedral closo species (only for ruthenium), with L being a phosphane or carbonyl ligand. When the tertiary phosphane selenide contains heterocyclic fragments, the reaction is not only limited to the transfer of the selenium atom, but proceeds by P−C and, sometimes, C−H bond cleavages, affording new selenido‐phosphido carbonyl clusters bearing coordinated heterocyclic fragments. Many clusters show fluxional behaviour in solution because of either ligand mobility or M−M bond migration. Furthermore, dimetallic substituted carbonyl clusters have been prepared by two different synthetic approaches: (1) MM′ + PSe (reactions between preformed dimetallic clusters and tertiary phosphane selenides) and (2) MSeP + M′ [cluster growth reactions from preformed chalcogenido− (carbonyl)metal clusters and suitable organometallic fragments]. In particular, from the tetrahedral clusters [HMCo3(CO)12] (M = Fe or Ru) monoselenido clusters [MCo2(μ3‐Se)] with a tetrahedral core have been obtained. The second type of approach has been applied to the open‐triangular nido clusters [Ru3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)9−nLn] (L = tertiary phosphane, n = 1 or 2), which can add zero‐s.e.p.’s organometallic fragments, such as M(CO)3 (M = Mo or W), giving the corresponding closo clusters [MRu3(µ4‐Se)2(CO)12−nLn]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Potentiometric Ion Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers
Authors: Bobacka Johan , Ivaska Ari , Lewenstam Andrzej
Published: April 2003

Conducting polymers (electroactive conjugated polymers, ECPs) have emerged as one of the most promising transducers for chemical sensors. This is related to the unique electrical, electrochemical and optical properties of conjugated polymers that can be used to convert chemical information (concentration, activity, partial pressure) into electrical or optical signals in the solid state. Application of conjugated polymers in potentiometric ion sensors (ion‐selective electrodes, ISEs) is reviewed.
Electrochemical and Microgravimetric Investigations of Lead, Cadmium and Copper Deposition and Stripping on Solid Electrodes
Authors: Wagner K. , Strojek J. W. , Koziel K.
Published: April 2003

Electroanalytical methods and quartz crystal microbalance were used to study the mechanisms of deposition and stripping of lead in the presence of cadmium or copper at solid electrodes. Interaction between atoms of different metals deposited on the electrode surface change the heights and potentials of the stripping peaks and cause major errors in metal determination. The formation of a solid solution during simultaneous electroreduction of Pb and Cu was confirmed. ASV determination of lead in the presence of cadmium also gives uncertain results because cadmium atoms are covered (blocked) by lead and can be oxidized together with lead at more positive potential.
Application of Sol‐Gel Technology for Electroanalytical Sensing
Authors: Shustak G. , Marx S. , Turyan I. , Mandler D.
Published: April 2003

The applicability of thin sol‐gel films as selective interfaces in electrochemical sensors has been examined. This requires not only to create a selective interface but also to enable facile diffusion of the analytes across the films. Creation of selectivity has been aimed by molecularly imprinting an electroactive species in the course of sol‐gel formation. We have focused primarily on imprinting an iron(II) complex, i.e., tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)iron(II) (Fe(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$$)$, as a means of selectively determining iron(II) in aqueous solution. Hence, the effect of different parameters, such as the composition of the sol‐gel film and the hydrolysis and drying time, on the diffusion of Fe(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$, has been studied. We find that diffusion can be remarkably enhanced upon adding polyethylene glycol or a surfactant, such as decanoic acid. Nevertheless, so far we have not been able to develop thin films, which exhibit selectivity towards this inorganic species. The difficulties in designing such selective interfaces for heavy metals as opposed to organic species is demonstrated by successfully applying the same approach for designing a selective interface for diethyl‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon).
Effect of the Volume Phase Transition on Diffusion and Concentration of Molecular Species in Temperature‐Responsive Gels: Electroanalytical Studies
Authors: Zhang Weimin , Gaberman Irina , Ciszkowska Malgorzata
Published: April 2003

Effect of the volume phase transition on the diffusion and concentration of molecular probes was studied in temperature‐responsive polymeric hydrogels. Results were compared for two gels, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), NIPA, and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid), NIPA‐AA. These gels undergo discontinuous, reversible volume phase transition as a response to temperature changes; this transition results in release of approximately 40% and 90% of the solution/solvent from NIPA‐AA and NIPA gel phases, respectively. 1,1′‐Ferrocenedimethanol, Fc(MeOH)2, served as an electroactive and spectroscopic probe. Diffusion of Fc(MeOH)2 was investigated using voltammetry and chronoamperometry with platinum disk electrodes, while UV‐vis supported electroanalytical techniques to determine the concentration of that probe in the gel. The diffusion coefficient of Fc(MeOH)2 was inversely proportional to the concentration of the polymer in both NIPA and NIPA‐AA swollen gels for temperatures below the volume phase transition, and differed from that in an aqueous solution. The diffusion coefficient was 16 and 46% smaller than that in an aqueous solution for 3% NIPA and NIPA‐AA gels at 25 °C, respectively. As a result of the volume phase transition, after the gel collapses, no significant changes in the diffusion coefficient values were observed for NIPA‐AA gels. However, for NIPA gels, the diffusion coefficient of a probe decreases approximately two orders of magnitude. The volume phase transition also resulted in a change of the concentration of a probe in the collapsed gel phase. The concentration of Fc(MeOH)2 in collapsed NIPA gel was as much as 4.5 times higher than that in the original swollen gel, while for NIPA‐AA gel that increase in concentration was only 20%.
Grafted Silicas in Electroanalysis: Amorphous Versus Ordered Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Walcarius Alain , Etienne Mathieu , Sayen Stéphanie , Lebeau Bénédicte
Published: April 2003

This work reports the enhanced response of electrodes modified with ordered mesoporous silica‐based materials, as compared to corresponding amorphous materials, in case of open‐circuit accumulation and voltammetric detection of a target analyte. Several porous silica samples grafted with either thiol or ammonium groups, displaying high surface areas with various structural characteristics and different pore sizes, have been examined with respect to their ability to concentrate HgII species. Better accessibility to the binding sites and faster diffusion processes in the interior of grafted silicas have been observed for the ordered samples prepared by micelle‐templating because they contain channels of regular size, which are less tortuous than the irregular pore systems in amorphous materials. When applied in electrochemical detection of HgII after preconcentration, the ordered solids gave rise to voltammetric signals higher by more than one order of magnitude in comparison to the amorphous organically‐modified silicas. This rather new class of materials, which can be easily produced as ordered organic‐inorganic hybrids, is expected to improve the performance of silica‐modified electrodes in various fields of electroanalysis.
Flow‐Injection Analysis of Residual Glucose in Wines Using a Semiautomatic Analyzer Equipped with a Prussian Blue‐Based Biosensor
Authors: Ulasova E. A. , Micheli L. , Vasii L. , Moscone D. , Palleschi G. , Vdovichev S. V. , Zorin A. V. , Krutovertsev S. A. , Karyakina E. E. , Karyakin A. A.
Published: April 2003

The Prussian Blue modified glassy‐carbon (GC) electrode assembled with glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilized in Nafion on the top of the electrode surface area has been inserted in a wall‐jet cell connected to a semiautomatic analyzer, which controls all the operations for carrier buffer, flow and sample injection. The Prussian Blue based glucose biosensor inserted in the FIA analyzer has shown linear response to glucose at an applied potential of 0.0 V (Ag/AgCl) in the range of 10−6–10−3 M. Residual glucose has been detected in red and white wines. A dilution of 1 : 1000 has been used for all the wines tested. Neither matrix effect, nor electrochemical interferences were observed. A comparison with a spectrophotometric glucose kit gave excellent correlation for levels of glucose detected. FIA analyzer compared with the standard analytical kit resulted in simplified procedures and a reduced time for the analysis.
Determination of Mobile Thallium in Soil by Flow Injection Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Lukaszewski Zenon , Karbowska Bozena , Zembrzuski Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2003

A procedure for the determination of mobile thallium in soil has been developed. Free thallium(I) was extracted with deionized water, while the sorbed and exchangeable metal was extracted with 1 M ammonium nitrate. Thallium in extracts was determined by differential‐pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in a flow‐injection system with medium circulation. 0.05 M EDTA was the base electrolyte. The procedure was applied for the determination of mobile thallium in a sample of ground from a waste dump which was a potential source of thallium pollution. The total concentration of thallium in the sample was 17.9 μg g−1. 3.97±0.25% of total thallium was found to be water soluble and 12.4±1.1% was sorbed and exchangeable. An attempt to determine the thallium bound to the carbonate fraction failed because of the high accumulation of interfering lead in this fraction. A single extraction cycle recommended by the literature was not sufficient to extract the whole thallium content of the fraction. Minor rivers of the area of the waste dump have a thallium concentration higher by two orders of magnitude than in reference rivers.
Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes Modified with Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: Amplification Factor for Catechol vs. Reversibility of Ferricyanide
Authors: Dock Eva , Ruzgas Tautgirdas
Published: April 2003

A number of screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) have been electrochemically studied revealing strong correlation between the reversibility of the Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-}}}$/Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{4-}}}$ couple and the sensitivity for catechol at the same electrodes modified with cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH). Pretreatment of the electrode surfaces increased both the heterogeneous ferricyanide reaction rate and the catechol sensitivity. From cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements of Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-}}}$ it was concluded that the tested SPCEs behave as microelectrode arrays. Using the “pinhole” model the fraction of electroactive area was determined to directly correlate to a faster heterogeneous electron transfer for ferricyanide and a higher CDH‐modified biosensor sensitivity for catechol. An electroactive area of 50% and higher is sufficient to create a sufficiently good biosensor for catechol.