bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combination Chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Vinblastine, Procarbazine and Prednisone in the Treatment of Malignant Lymphomas
Authors: Høst Herman , Abrahamsen Arne Foss
Published: August 2010

Combination chemotherapy with four different drugs — cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisone — was used in 159 patients with malignant lymphoma. The drugs were given in 2‐week cycles interrupted by a 4‐week rest period. Complete remissions were obtained initially in 59 % of the patients with Hodgkin's disease, in 42 % of the patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, and 61 % of the lymphosarcoma cases. Those who had been treated previously with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy did not respond so well as those previously untreated or those who had received either radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. The 3‐year survival rates were as follows: Hodgkin's disease 58 %, reticulum cell sarcoma 32%, and lymphosarcoma none. The major toxic effect was leucopenia which was most pronounced in patients previously treated with chemotherapy and/or extensive radiotherapy. Alopecia was the most troublesome side effect and was the main reason for the replacement of cyclophosphamide by nitrogen mustard in later studies.
A Human IgA‐Myeloma Protein with Anti‐Streptococcal Hyaluronidase (ASH) Activity
Authors: Videbæk Aa. , Mansa B. , Kjems E.
Published: August 2010

5, 200, 000 units of ASH were found per ml serum from a patient with myelomatosis. The patient showed changes typical for myelomatosis: 82% myeloma cells in the bone marrow, several lesions and fractures of bones and 2.6 g IgA‐myeloma protein/100 ml serum. It was demonstrated that the M‐component possessed the antibody activity and that the combining sites were localized in the Fabα fragment.
Bovine Fibrinogen‐Induced Platelet Factor 3 and Acid Phosphatase Availability in Human Platelets
Authors: Kubisz P. , Suranová J.
Published: August 2010

On the assumption that, under certain conditions, acid phosphatase may serve as an enzymatic marker of the lipoprotein complex which shows the thromboplastic activity of platelets, the changes in the platelet factor 3 (PF 3) activity after induction by bovine fibrinogen were studied simultaneously with those in acid phosphatases (APh). It has been found that bovine fibrinogen induces not only the aggregation of human platelets and the ADP release, but also the availability of PF 3 and APh. The effect of bovine fibrinogen depends to a certain degree upon its quantity, and the presence of extracellular calcium; it is potentiated by ADP. The inhibitors of the aggregation by bovine fibrinogen inhibit proportionately even the availability of PF 3 and APh. It seems that the mechanisms, by means of which PF 3 and APh become available, depends not only on the release of ADP from the platelets, but above all on the intensity of aggregation.
Abnormal Cation Movements in Human Hypochromic Red Cells Incubated in vitro
Authors: Chapman S. J. , Allison J.V. , Grimes A. J.
Published: August 2010

Hypochromic blood from patients with thalassaemia or iron‐deficiency anaemia has been incubated at 37° C in vitro for up to 72 h. Prelytic changes in red cell volume, Na+ and K+ have been studied. It was found that the abnormal changes in red cell volume that occurred during the incubation period could be correlated with the low MCHC values. These abnormal volume changes were attributable to abnormalities in red cell Na+ and K+ flux. Evidence is presented that in these red cells with low MCHC values there is an abnormally high net efflux of K+ and an abnormally low influx of Na+ when the cells are allowed to become metabolically depleted during incubation.
Differentiation of Leukaemic Cells in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: A.Vilpo J.
Published: August 2010

Morphological and cytochemical characteristics of cells obtained from Shay chloroleukaemia tumour growing subcutaneously in the rat and after 0.5–16 d of diffusion chamber culturing were assayed using seven different cytochemical procedures. Further, the cytochemical characteristics of the recent subline of Shay chloroma were compared with those reported in 1962 by other workers.

The chloroleukaemia cells did undergo some maturation in diffusion chamber cultures, but full differentiation to polymorphonuclear cells was not seen. The most striking change in the cytochemical pattern of chloroleukaemia cells during the diffusion chamber culturing was a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. There were some cytological differences in the recent chloroma tumour compared with that described 10 years ago.

The observations made in the present work show that all properties of cells after a neoplastic transformation are not irreversible: many characteristics of malignant chloroleukaemia cells can alter when these cells are maintained in different host animals or in the diffusion chamber milieu.
The Normal Platelet Count and Platelet Factor 3 Availability in Some Nigerian Population Groups
Authors: Essien E. M. , Usanga E. A. , Ayeni O.
Published: August 2010

As part of a study to establish the normal values of haemostatic parameters in Nigeria, we have found that among blood donors aged 18–45 years, the mean normal platelet count as determined by phase contrast microscopy was 186, 740/μl (± 94, 000) or in round numbers, 190, 000/μl ± 90, 000. These donors were almost all peasant farmers and represent the bulk of the Nigerian population. Among ‘elite’ Nigerians (doctors, senior civil servants etc.) however, the mean count was 218, 100/μl (± 100, 000) (220, 000/μl ± 100, 000); the difference in the counts between both groups is statistically significant. Thus the ‘normal’ platelet count in the bulk of the Nigerian population is significantly lower than usually accepted values.

An assessment of the functional capacity of the blood donor platelets by platelet factor‐3 availability suggests that, compared with a control group, donor platelets make their platelet factor‐3 more readily available for coagulation and may thus compensate for their relatively low circulating number.
Perturbation of Generation Cycle of Human Leukaemic Blast Cells in vivo by Daunomycin
Authors: Ernst Peter
Published: August 2010

The in vivo effect of daunomycin on the cell kinetics of leukaemic blast cells has been investigated in 4 patients with acute myeloblasts leukaemia and in 2 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by a method of combined autoradiography and microspectrophotometry. After a dose of about 1.5 mg daunomycin/kg bw a decrease in the mitotic index was observed, and in 4 cases also a depression of the in vitro 3H‐thymidine labelling index was noticed. Microspectrophotometric analysis showed an accumulation of cells in G2 phase and a depression of DNA synthesis. In 3 of the patients studied a rapid decline in the peripheral blast cell count was noticed. The data indicate that the effect of daunomycin on cell proliferation is a randomized cytocidal effect, superimposed on which there is a specific inhibitory action on the progression of cells through G2 phase and a depression of DNA synthesis.
The Laboratory Diagnosis of Low‐Graded Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Study in Rabbits
Authors: Slaastad R. A. , Jeremic M.
Published: August 2010

The present data indicate that disseminated intravascular coagulation experimentally induced leads both to consumption as well as synthesis of clotting factors. In massive DIC all parameters are markedly affected, and the diagnosis easily settled. In low graded DIC normal or even high levels of clotting factors may be met with. In this situation the ethanol gelation test appears to be a sensitive indicator.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in 5 Siblings
Authors: Schweitzer Marjan , Melief C. J. M. , Ploem J. E.
Published: August 2010

In 5 siblings of a family comprising 7 siblings and 2 half sibs, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was diagnosed. Since the occurrence of such families strongly suggest that a familial factor may play a role in the aetiology of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, parameters of the immune system and several genetic markers were determined. In addition electron microscopy and chromosome studies of the lymphocytes were performed. However, so far no clue about the nature of such a familial factor could have been detected.
Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Myelofibrosis
Authors: Selroos Olof , Vuopio Pekka
Published: August 2010

A presentation is made of a patient with myelofibrosis and chronic haemolytic anaemia. Known causes of haemolysis in combination with myelofibrosis were excluded. A hereditary red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency was found. The case history is reported, along with the results of haematological investigations in the affected members of the family. Emphasis is laid on the opinion that not only red cell sequestration in the spleen and a PNH‐like syndrome must be taken into account, but also G‐6‐PD deficiency, particularly when haemolytic episodes occur in combination with bacterial infections in patients with myelofibrosis.
Periodic Acid‐Schiff Positive Myeloblasts in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia: Relation to Karyotype Evolution
Authors: Pedersen Bent
Published: August 2010

PAS‐positive myeloblasts, which frequently occur in the blastic crisis of CML, may be due to disturbed myeloblast differentiation. As there is evidence suggesting that evolution of karyotypes containing excess chromosomes, in particular C members, is associated with delayed or inhibited CML granulocyte precursor differentiation, the present study concerns the relation between PAS‐positive CML myeloblasts and the cytogenetic characters of the granulocyte precursors. In 20 venous blood samples from 11 patients with Ph1‐positive CML the frequencies of PAS‐positive myeloblasts were determined. Karyotype analysis was performed after in vitro culture of the samples. It was shown that the frequencies of circulating PAS‐positive myeloblasts were positively correlated (1) to the relative size of the myeloblastic compartment, (2) to the frequencies of metaphases containing additional chromosomes, and (3) in particular to those showing excess C chromosomes. These observations may suggest that premature development of PAS positivity like the accumulation in blastic crisis of poorly differentiated cells reflects a defective granulocyte precursor differentiation which is due to evolution of certain types of aneuploid clones.
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia with Positive Ham and Crosby's Test and Scleroderma: A Case Report
Authors: Loft Birte , Olsen Finn
Published: August 2010

A report is given on a case of scleroderma with a fulminant, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with positive Ham's and Crosby's tests as the first symptom. The scleroderma was localized to the skin. The haemolytic anaemia was treated effectively with corticosteroids.
Effects of Adrenergic Alpha‐ and Beta‐Receptor Stimulation on the Release of Lymphocytes and Granulocytes from the Spleen
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Sandberg Göran
Published: August 2010

The effects of adrenergicα‐and β‐receptor stimulating and blocking drugs on the splenic release of white cells into the blood were studied in guinea pigs. Furthermore, the effect of chemical sympathectomy was investigated. The release of white cells from the spleen was measured by the comparison between the cellular content in splenic afferent and efferent blood. The determination of the splenic blood flow with the xenon 133 clearance method enabled calculation of the number of white cells released from the spleen per min.

Within 5 min after administration, noradrenaline (NA) and isoproterenol resulted in an increased splenic veno‐arterial difference in number of lymphocytes and granulocytes. As the splenic blood flow was not significantly altered, this indicates that the two drugs markedly increase the release of white cells from the spleen. NA also increased the number of lymphocytes per μl of arterial blood and the arterial haematocrit.

The effects of NA were blocked by phentolamine and the effects of isoproterenol were blocked by propranolol. Propranolol, phentolamine, or chemical sympathectomy did not abolish the splenic veno‐arterial difference in cellular content found in control animals.

The results indicate that the basic release of splenic lymphocytes occurring in normal guinea pigs is independent of adrenergic innervation and stimulation, and that specific adrenergic stimulation ofα‐or β‐receptors causes a considerable mobilization of lymphocytes and granulocytes from the spleen.
Immunological Deficiency in Myelofibrosis
Authors: Selroos Olof , Skrifvars Bo , Wasastjerna Curt
Published: August 2010

An immunological study has been made of 12 patients with myelofibrosis. The study included determinations of serum protein and immunoglobulin concentrations, serial tuberculin skin tests, and in vitro stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes with phyto‐haemagglutinin (PHA). In two patients, very low gammaglobulin values were found (low IgG and IgA concentrations; low IgM in one of them). Four other patients had subnormal IgA values. Depressed delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions were observable in four of eight patients tested. The immuno‐deficiency noted was probably secondary to the bone marrow damage. Nevertheless, a disturbed immune response may contribute to the development of bone marrow fibrosis and myeloid metaplasia.
The Etiocholanolone Test for Prediction of the Leukopenic Effect of Cytotoxic Drugs
Authors: Karjalainen J. , Wasastjerna C.
Published: August 2010

A study has been made of the blood‐granulocyte response to an intramuscular injection of etiocholanolone in 44 patients prior to treatment with cytotoxic drugs. The response was considered normal if the granulocyte increment (δ G) exceeded 2,600 per μ1. No correlation was found between the base‐line leukocyte and δG. Asa rule, the leukopenic effect of cytotoxic agents was more pronounced if the granulocyte increment after etiocholanolone was less than 2,600 per μ1. Nevertheless, as several exceptions were noted, in individual cases etiocholanolone cannot provide a reliable prediction of the leukopenic effect of therapy.
Coexistence of a Myelo‐ and Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Authors: Louwagie A. C. , Desmet V. J. , Van Berghe H. Den
Published: August 2010

A 66‐year‐old man developed generalised lymphadenopathy several years after the onset of anaemia due to an agnogenic myelosclerosis. Cytological and histological examination of the lymph nodes confirmed the diagnosis of a coexisting lymphosarcoma. At that time, the peripheral blood smear still showed a leuco‐erythroblastic picture. The blood volume and iron kinetic data were consistent with myelosclerosis. Chromosomal analysis of the peripheral blood showed numerous extra‐chromosomes with presence of two marker chromosomes belonging to the C‐ and G‐group respectively. A decreased immunoglobulin level and a severe impairment of the in vitro lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with PHA were found. The patient was never treated with the cytostatic drugs neither was he submitted to radiation therapy. Different possibilities for the pathogenesis are considered. A defect of the ultimate progenitor stem cell of the haematopoietic and immunopoietic system is proposed as a possible explanation.
A Method for Concentrating Platelets for Direct Studies of Platelet Aggregation in Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Sanderson J. H.
Published: August 2010

A method is described for concentrating platelets to enable studies of platelet aggregation to be carried out in patients with thrombocytopenia.
The Influence of Haemoglobin on the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System
Authors: Ogston D. , Herbert R. J.
Published: August 2010

Haemoglobin, at concentrations above 0.05 mg/ml, inhibited both contact‐induced generation of fibrinolytic activity and that induced by HF co‐factor in glass‐adsorbed plasma; at higher concentrations myoglobin had a similar inhibitory activity. In contrast, cytochrome c inhibited contact‐induced fibrinolysis, but did not influence HF co‐factor‐induced fibrinolysis. HF did not inhibit the fibrinolytic or AGLMe esterase activity of urokinase, and did not influence the caseinolytic or ALMe esterase activity of plasmin. It is concluded that HF exerts its inhibitory effect on the factor XII‐dependent fibrinolytic pathway at a stage between activated HF co‐factor and the activation of plasminogen.
Platelet Factor 4 (PF‐4) A Study on Methodology and Physiology
Authors: Gjesdal Knut
Published: August 2010

A modification of the serial heparin dilution technique for platelet factor 4 assay (Harada & Zucker 1971) is presented, using ox plasma as a source of fibrinogen and heparin cofactor. Activities are expressed in units heparin being neutralized per ml PPP or per platelet. Strong centrifugation forces induced release of PF‐4 from the platelets. Sample pH slightly influenced the results. The activity was considerably reduced upon heating to 56° C. Normal values are presented. Each individual seemed to have fairly constant activities. Following a fatty meal, fasting or heavy physical exercise, there was a significant increase in PPP heparin neutralizing activity (HNA). Reduction in activity per platelet was significant only after exercise. These findings are suggestive of in vivo release. Pregnancy did not change the activity levels, whereas women taking oral contraceptives had a considerably higher platelet activity than a reference group. Their PPP activities were similar. The results indicate that assays of heparin neutralizing activity in PPP and per platelet may be an index of platelet release, and thus be useful as a platelet function test in clinical medicine.
Human Platelet Aggregation by Thrombofax® An Electron‐Microscopic Study of the Sequence of Events
Authors: Clerck F. de , Borgers M. , Vermylen J. , de Gaetano G.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural changes and the kinetics of 14C‐serotonin release during the adhesion‐aggregation reaction of human platelets induced by Thrombofax® (Ortho Pharmaceuticals), a commercial cephalin prepared as an ether extract of acetone dried bovine brain, were analyzed.

The initial phase of interaction of Thrombofax with platelets is characterized by the development of adhesion sites on normally shaped cells; thereafter, loss of discoid shape, pseudopod formation and inward movement of granules, surrounded by a circumferential bundle of microtubules, become apparent. Measurements of 14C‐serotonin release show that these ultrastructural changes precede the release reaction. The later stages which are detectable turbidometrically and which only occur in stirred samples and in the absence of release inhibitors, are characterized mainly by large aggregate formation, platelet degranulation and strong release of 14‐C‐serotonin.
Particulate Emboli Retained by Bypass Blood Filters
Authors: Schneider Morris D.
Published: August 2010

Filters are considered necessary for continuously separating particulate emboli 25 pm and larger forming in extracorporeally oxygenated blood during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients. The formation and source of particulate emboli was investigated experimentally in a model animal (the calf), with 3 designs of bypass blood filters used in extracorporeal shunts. In this study, the scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microscopic morphology and organization of the particulate removed by the filters. A search was made for clues relevant to the filtering process causing the retention of potentially deleterious emboli at the bloodlforeign material contact faces. The fibers of a packed filter (device A) almost immediately after going on bypass (no oxygenator, no pump) retained copious numbers of impaired platelets (disfigured forms with protruding pseudopods). The monofilaments of a woven screen filter (device B) captured excessive numbers of impaired leucocytes (these elements adhered to the surfaces of the monofilaments by means of filipodia or lamellipodia). The strands of a polyfilter design (device C) retained numerous leucocytes and platelets. The leucocytes anchored to the bloodlsynthetic material interfaces by means of filipodia or microspikes. The precise mechanism of the filter retention process is imperfectly understood. It is conceivable the filter design, by influencing the pattern of the emerging blood flow, causes alterations in shape and adhesiveness of platelets and leucocytes. The possibility exists that functionally impaired platelets and leucocytes themselves release, locally in the filter, endocellular macromolecules, granular or‐ganelles, and secretions which contain extraordinarily high concentrations of powerful platelet aggregating agents (such as adenosine diphosphate, platelet‐specific fibrino‐gen, serotonin, and platelet factor 3). These biochemical agents adsorbing locally at the foreign material faces, may play more of a role in the retention by filters of abnormal platelets and leucocytes and particulate emboli than previously recognized.
Studies on Plasma Coagulation and Fibrinolysis during Oral Contraception of Various Types With Special Reference to Cold Activation of Factor VII
Authors: Gjönnæss Halvard , Fagerhol Magne K.
Published: August 2010

Various coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters and proteinase inhibitors were studied in plasma samples from 72 women treated with oral contraceptives. Anovlar® was given to 40 women, Sequens® to 21, and the progestogen Ro‐3129 to 11.

The most impressive observation was the marked effect of oestrogen treatment on the extrinsic coagulation system. Notably the cold activation of factor VII was influenced by the oestrogens, increasing the incidence in this series from about 9 % to about 65 %. Progestogen treatment had no such effect.

This effect of oestrogen treatment was additional to changes in the concentrations of fibrinogen, factors II‐VII‐X, VIII, IX, and antithrombin III, that were in accordance with earlier reports. The concentration of C'l‐inactivator of complement decreased.

Also for plasminogen and plasminogen proactivator the concentrations increased as a result of oestrogen treatment.

The in vivo importance of the changes is discussed, and it is suggested that cold activation of factor VII may indicate an increased tendency towards intravascular coagulation.
Failed Schilling Tests
Authors: Chanarin I. , Waters D. A. W.
Published: August 2010

21 % of 228 tests for vitamin B12 absorption were unsatisfactory because of a discrepancy between the result obtained by the urinary excretion method and by the measurement of plasma radioactivity.

The usual error was recording a too low value for the urinary excretion because of incomplete urine collection or impaired renal function. In all these cases the plasma radioactivity was within the normal range. In 4 patients plasma radioactivity was too low but urinary excretion normal.
Depletion of Thymus Dependent Lymphocytes in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Andersen Erik
Published: August 2010

The spontaneous binding of sheep erythrocytes to human lymphocytes with the formation of rosettes was used as a measure of thymus derived lymphocytes in the peripheral blood from patients with Hodgkin's disease. The percentage of rosette‐forming cells as well as the absolute number were reduced in patients with Hodgkin's disease regardless of stage and generalized symptoms. Lower absolute numbers of rosette‐forming cells were seen in cases of mixed cellularity than were seen in nodular sclerosis of Hodgkin's disease. Under treatment with cytostatic drugs, either given as maintenance therapy or because of relapse, a further reduction was found, whereas no obvious alterations were seen in a few patients tested over a period of months to years after radiotherapy.
The Radner Needle a Bone‐Marrow Biopsy Device
Authors: Dombernowsky Per , Worm Anne‐Marie , Hainau Bo , Hansen Heine H. , Nissen Nis I.
Published: August 2010

Experience gained in 2000 bone‐marrow biopsies performed by means of the Radner needle is reported. The site for the biopsies was in all cases the posterior superior iliac crest. The technique is routinely used in patients with haematological disorders, such as leukaemia and malignant lymphomata, or with solid tumours.

Technically, the Radner needle is easy and simple to use, and in nearly all cases it has yielded ideal specimens for histological examination.

The only complications encountered were slight pain and a small haematoma at the biopsy site in a few cases.

The method is recommended for routine use simultaneously with bone‐marrow aspiration.
Ribonuclease ‐ Ribonuclease Inhibitor Patterns in Lymphocytes of Chronic Lymphocytx Leukaemia
Authors: Mansson P. E. , Deutsch A. , Nordén A.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were analysed for acid ribonuclease (pH 5.8), alkaline ribonuclease (pH 7.8) and alkaline ribonuclease inhibitor. At the same time, responsiveness of the lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin was measured by determination of the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in culture. Lymphocytes responsive to phytohaemagglutinin showed higher levels of total acid and alkaline ribonuclease than lymphocytes with low or no response to phytohaemagglutinin. In addition, large proportions of free alkaline ribonuclease were formed and all ribonuclease inhibitor inactivated in lymphocytes isolated from patients with low white cell counts. In contrast, low free ribonuclease and relatively high free inhibitor levels were found in lymphocytes from patients with high white cell counts.
Familial IgA Defects
Authors: Beermann Björn , Holm Goran
Published: August 2010

Previous reports indicate that deficiency of IgA is sometimes under genetical control. Dominant, recessive and autosomal modes of inheritance have been suggested. This paper describes a family with abnormal levels of IgA in three generations. There was one male with benign monoclonal IgA‐λ‐elevation in the first generation. The daughter and two of her three children (one male and one female) had IgA deficiency. In addition, two of these subjects had subnormal levels of IgE. One of the IgA (and IgE) deficient individuals had chronic urticaria, whereas the other two were healthy.
Adenosine Diphosphate‐Induced Platelet Aggregation of Hospitalized Men
Authors: Davis James W. , Yue Kenneth T. N. , Phillips Phyllis E. , McField James R.
Published: August 2010

The subjects of this study were 54 hospitalized men whose clinical evaluation included a glucose tolerance test. Platelet aggregation induced by 1.7 μM ADP at room temperature was measured turbidimetrically in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) derived from each man's fasting blood sample. The men were classified as to whether they had ischaemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus (2‐h glucose, 140 mg/100 ml or more) and by age and race. No significant difference between mean platelet aggregation values was found for any of these 4 comparisons. Platelet counts were done with 31 PRP, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triglyceride concentrations were determined in 21 of the fasting plasmas. There was no significant correlation between platelet aggregation and age or between platelet aggregation and the plasma concentrations of glucose, platelets, triglycerides, total nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) or any of the 6 major individual NEFA.
Cytogenetic Evidence for Splenic Origin of Blastic Transformation in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Mitelman F. , Brandt L. , Nilsson P. G.
Published: August 2010

Serial chromosomal analyses of bone marrow and spleen cells using the Giemsa banding technique were performed in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia followed from the chronic phase until blastic transformation. The results suggest that the spleen may be more important than the bone marrow for the further karyotypic evolution of Ph1‐positive cells which herald the blastic transformation.
Platelet Producton and Survival in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Goldschmidt B. , Sarkadi B. , Gardos G. , Matlary A.
Published: August 2010

Studies of platelet survival time, ‘turnover’, sequestration with use of 51Cr‐labelled platelets as well as platelet size distribution as an index of the age of platelet population and the rate of platelet production were performed in 13 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD). Platelet survival was significantly shorter in CCHD than in the normal subjects. The platelet population was younger in CCHD and the size distribution of platelets showed a shift to the right, i.e. the percentage proportion of megathrombocytes was increased (24–52 %) as compared with controls (6–15 %). The absolute number of megathrombocytes was also increased in some patients. The differences from the control values were statistically significant. The results suggested that an increased peripheral destruction of platelets (thrombocytolytic state) is present in children with CCHD.
Prevention of Thromboplastin‐Induced Intravascular Coagulation in Rabbits by Warfarin as Monitored by Thrombotest
Authors: Slaastad R. A.
Published: August 2010

During sustained DIC in rabbits, the protection by warfarin depended on the anticoagulant effect obtained, as reflected by Thrombotest (TT). Moderate treatment (‘IT below 18 %) was sufficient to prevent decrease in thrombocytes and plasma content of various clotting factors, whereas more intense treatment (TT below 9 %) was required to prevent the Occurrence of soluble fibrin in plasma, as indicated by a positive ethanol gelation test. The present observations suggest that, unless the ethanol test becomes negative, anticoagulant treatment must be considered as insufficient.
The Action of Erythropoietin on Erythroid Cells in vitro
Authors: Silver Ruth K. , Erslev Allan J.
Published: August 2010

The in vitro action of erythropoietin on erythroid cells from bone marrow of adult rabbits was explored utilizing a plasma clot medium which enabled the study of the development of erythroid colonies from single cells. Bone marrows from normal, polycythaemic, bleeding anaemic and haemolytic anaemic rabbits were cultured with and without erythropoietin, and colonies were identified and enumerated on days 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12.

Daily observations of erythropoietin‐enriched cultures from normal rabbits revealed continuous emergence and disappearance of erythroid colonies for up to three weeks. Periodic examination of stained preparations led to the following conclusions: 1) The continuous emergence in erythropoietin‐enriched media of early colonies throughout the period of observation supports the hypothesis that one action of erythropoietin is to cause blast transformation of stem cells to proerythroblasts. 2) Prolonged erythropoietic stimulation appears to increase the total number of erythropoietin‐committed stem cells. 3) Since the speed of maturation appeared to be more rapid in erythropoietin‐enriched cultures from chronic haemolytic rabbits, it seems possible that prolonged erythropoietic stress causes the formation of stem cells with an altered proliferative potential. 4) There appeared to be little, if any, effect of erythropoietin on maturing erythroid cells as shown by the lack of increase in numbers or size of late erythroid colonies in erythropoietin‐enriched cultures from rabbits exposed to a brief period of erythropoietic suppression or stimulation.
Cytochemical Differences in Leucocytes of Normal Adult Males and Females
Authors: Kidd Vincent J. , Shaw Michael T.
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood samples were drawn from 50 patients (25 males and 25 females) with no apparent haematologic disorders. Smears were stained for Periodic Acid‐Schiff and β‐glucuronidase reactions. Diffuse to moderate activity was observed in leucocytes for both stains. There was a significant difference in males and females in positive reactions in monocytes stained for β‐glucuronidase and in lymphocytes and granulocytes stained for PAS.
Trisomy 8 in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Philip Preben
Published: August 2010

Two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia with trisomy 8 in all examined bone marrow cells are reported. The occurrence and the prognostic significance of trisomy C in myeloproliferative disorders are discussed. The published reports of myeloproliferative disorders with chromosomal abnormalities identified by the banding technique are reviewed. It is to be noted that among group C anomalies in the acute myeloid leukaemias, only involvement of chromosome no. 7, 8 and 9 have been reported so far.
Erythropoiesis Inhibiting Factor(s) in Intact and Haemolyzed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Lindemann Rolf
Published: August 2010

A previous report have shown that both intact red blood cells (RBC) and an equal number of haemolyzed cells were able to inhibit erythropoiesis on ESF‐induced erythropoiesis, suggesting a cell compound to be responsible for the inhibitory effect. Haeme and haeme compounds have been found to stimulate or inhibit both erythropoiesis and haeme synthesis. The present work presents data on the inhibitory effect of haemolyzed RBC and compounds from intact RBC on erythropoiesis. The inhibiting factor was found to be of a small molecular size and of the same range as a urinary erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (EIF). The inhibitor did not contain haeme. Both Fe2+ and Fe3+ were tested, showing no reduction of the 59Fe incorporation into RBC in the test animals. The inhibition could not be due to dilution of the 59Fe with unlabelled iron from the haemolyzed cells. On the contrary, Fe3+‐ions rather stimulated erythropoiesis, probably due to increased amounts of available iron. Haemolysates were prepared from RBC with different amounts of immature cells. With increasing amounts of reticulocytes, a reduction of the inhibitory effect occurred. Also foetal cells showed less inhibition than an equal amount of adult cells. After high speed centrifugation, the inhibitory effect of haemolysates was found in the supernatant, while ghost cells exerted no inhibition. No species differences were found using both exhypoxic polycythaemic mice and rats. An inhibiting factor was liberated into the incubation medium when RBC were incubated for 20 h. No haemolysis occurred during the incubation period. Mature, adult RBC therefore contain a substance which is different from haeme, with a negative feedback on erythropoiesis.
An Inhibitor of Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis in Reticulum Cell Sarcoma
Authors: Ruutu T. , Ruutu P. , Vuopio P. , Franssila K. , Linder E.
Published: August 2010

In a study of neutrophil functions in haematological disorders using in vitro techniques, a heat‐stable inhibitor of chemotaxis and phagocytosis was demonstrated in the plasma and serum of a 64‐year‐old woman with reticulum cell sarcoma. In partial purification by chromatography, the inhibitory activity could not be separated from IgG. Clinically the patient did not exhibit abnormal susceptibility to infections.
In Vitro Inhibition of Endotoxin Induced Platelet Aggregation with Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate (Solu‐Cortef®)
Authors: Nelson Wm. R. , Taylor Glen A.
Published: August 2010

Citrated canine platelet rich plasma stimulated with ADP, thrombin, collagen and E. coli endotoxin demonstrated platelet aggregation when measured with Payton aggregometer. Following incubation with hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu‐Cortef®) the same platelet rich plasma did not undergo platelet aggregation when stimulated by these agents.

Solu‐Cortef added to platelet rich plasma during ATP, thrombin, collagen and endotoxin stimulated platelet aggregation resulted in a reversal of the optical density suggesting deaggregation. These in vitro observations support the beneficial effects observed when steroids are administered in vivo to experimental or clinical shock.
Amino Acid Concentrations in Plasma and Erythrocytes in Aregeneratory and Haemolytic Anaemias
Authors: Seip Martin , Lindemann Rolf , Gjesdahl Per , Gjessing Leiv R.
Published: August 2010

The concentrations of unbound amino acids in erythrocytes and in plasma from 7 normal individuals, 11 patients with various types of aregeneratory anaemia, and 4 patients with hereditary haemolytic anaemias were determined on a Technicon Amino Acid Analyzer (Perry et al 1970).

Most amino acids were normally found in higher concentrations in plasma than intracellularly. Cystine, methionine and tryptophan were almost exclusively present in plasma. Aspartic acid, however, was mainly found in erythrocytes, and glutathione only in erythrocytes. Glutamic acid and ornithine were more concentrated in the cells, while glycine and asparagine showed approximately the same concentrations in erythrocytes as in plasma.

In the patients, plasma amino acids showed little deviations from normal, but in the erythrocytes there were striking changes. Erythrocyte glutamic acid concentrations were moderately to markedly elevated in all patients studied, and glycine concentrations in 13 out of 15 patients. In addition, the following amino acids were increased intracellularly in more than one patient: glutamine (8 patients), serine (7), asparagine (5), threonine (4), taurine (3), alanine (2), valine (2), ornithine (2), lysine (2), citrulline (2). Aspartic acid was decreased in erythrocytes from 4 patients with aregeneratory and 1 with haemolytic anaemia.
Haematopoietic Defects of W/Wv Mice Studied with the Spleen Colony, Agar Colony, and Diffusion Chamber Techniques
Authors: Benestad H. B. , Bøyum A. , Warhuus K.
Published: August 2010

Bone marrow progenitor cells from anaemic W/Wv mice were compared with normal +/+ cells utilizing the spleen colony, the agar colony and the diffusion chamber techniques. Spleen colony formation from W/Wv cells was markedly defective, and more so for erythroid than for granuloid colonies. The progenitor cell concentration was apparently normal as measured by the two other techniques. The concentration of circulating progenitor cells also seemed to be normal. On the other hand, the cell formation per progenitor cell was subnormal in all three assay systems. The initial proliferative response of W/Wv spleen colony‐formers and agar colony‐formers to short‐term diffusion chamber culturing was apparently normal. The incorporation of 3H‐thymidine, related to the number of proliferative granulocytes present in the chambers, also seemed to be normal.

The results indicate that the W/Wv defect is not limited to the multipotent stem cells. A possible interpretation is that it is the capacity for continued self‐renewal of immature cells that is defective.
Ultrastructural Study of Bone Marrow‐Derived Granulocytic Colonies in Diffusion Chambers in Rats
Authors: Ben‐Ishay Zina
Published: August 2010

An ultrastructural study of diffusion chamber granulocytic colonies is reported. The colonies were derived from normal rat bone marrow cells and the chambers were inserted into the peritoneal cavity of lethally irradiated rats.

The colonies were processed en bloc for electron microscopy enabling observation of cellular relationship to be made. Ultrastructural analysis of colonies disclosed normal maturing cells at all stages of maturation, with the exception of occasional granulocytes of neutrophil type that presented narrow strips of chromatin (‘nuclear blebs’). The cells in colonies generally occurred in close apposition to one another and to occasional macrophages. This organization possibly enhanced transmission of factors of maturation.

Advantages of diffusion chamber haematopoietic cultures are discussed; among the most important are the occurrence of fibroblasts originating from implanted marrow cells and the local formation of fibrin within the chambers.
Death of Blood Lymphocytes Studied by Supravital Dye Exclusion and 3H‐Thymidine‐Autoradiography
Authors: Claësson M. H.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocyte death in peripheral blood of the mouse represents the death of both short‐ and long‐lived lymphocytes. The present data were based on lymphocyte separation, supravital dye exclusion, and autoradiographical procedures. The data strongly indicate that the frequency of intravascular cell death in the population of short‐lived lymphocytes is 4–10 times higher than the frequency of intravascular cell death of long‐lived lymphocytes.
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia with Peculiar Nuclear Abnormality
Authors: Weiss S. , Gafter U. , van der Lyn E. , Dialdetti M.
Published: August 2010

A patient with clinical and haematological findings compatible with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) most probably type II is described. In contradistinction to previous observations, electron microscope examination of the erythroid cells in the bone marrow showed the concomitant appearance of nuclei at different maturation stages in a single cell. In addition, a marked tendency toward multinuclearity of the megakaryocytes was found. The mature erythroblasts showed an increased uptake of 3H‐uridine, while the proerythroblasts revealed an uptake of 3H‐thymidine less than is normally found in these cells. Thes findings suggest an impairment in RNA and DNA synthesis.
Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation for the Treatment of Leukaemia
Authors: Alvegård T. A. , Herzig G. P. , Graw R. G.
Published: August 2010

22 HL‐A antigen and mixed leukocyte culture‐matched sibling bone marrow transplants were attempted in patients with acute leukaemia (at the National Cancer Institute) to define the toxicities of four different immunosuppressive regimens, the complications associated with warrow engraftment and antileukaemic effect. 73% (16/22) were engrafted as indicated by a change to donor red blood cells (RBC) type, leukocyte, immunoglobulin allotype or by the speed of marrow repopulation and the occurrence of the Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD). 12 of 16 (75%) successful engrafted patients developed GVHD.

The current published results of clinical bone marrow transplantation from major centers has been reviewed and will be discussed in relationship to current clinical complications associated with bone marrow transplantation.
Transplacental Passage of Foetal Blood Cells
Authors: Zilliacus R. , De La Chapelle A. , Schröder J. , Tiilikainen A. , Kohne E. , Kleihauer E.
Published: August 2010

With the brightly fluorescent Y chromatin as a marker, the proportion of foetal lymphocytes in maternal blood was found to be 0.02 ‐ 0.16 % in 7 of 11 primigravidae bearing a boy, but not a single XY mitosis was found among 112,000 leucoagglutinin‐stimulated mitoses from the same women. The proportion of foetal lymphocytes did not change appreciably during pregnancy (first appearance detected at 15 weeks' gestation), nor were there any unequivocal foetal erythrocytes in spite of ABO and Rh compatibility. These findings suggest that foetal lymphocytes pass actively into the mother's blood relatively early during pregnancy. The cells are protected from immunological elimination, and therefore may remain in the maternal blood for long periods. They are a valuable potential source of material for antenatal foetal diagnosis.
Human Fetal Endothelial Cells in Culture
Authors: Henriksen Tore , Evensen Stein A. , Elgjo Ragna Følling , Vefling Anne
Published: August 2010

Human endothelial cells were isolated from the umbilical cord vein by collagenase treatment and cultured for periods up to 6 weeks. The cultured cells were identified as endothelium by cell morphology and growth pattern, the presence of Weibel‐Palade bodies, and their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes (Hirschberg et al 1974). Cultured fibroblast‐like cells derived from the umbilical cord were clearly different in all three respects. Approximately one third of the primary endothelial cultures showed clear evidence of proliferation during the first 3–4 days in culture as judged by cell counting. Replicating ability in a culture was correlated with cell density at the time of seeding. Autoradiography of endothelial cells after exposure to 3H‐thymidine showed a 30‐fold increase in nuclear labelling from day 1 to day 3 in culture. The endothelial cells have so far been subcultured three times.
Chromosome Abnormalities Identified by Banding Technique in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Complicating Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Lundh B. , Mitelman F. , Nilsson P. G. , Stenstam M. , Söderström N.
Published: August 2010

Chromosome analyses using the Giemsa banding technique were performed on bone marrow cells in a patient with the association of Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemia. All cells had an abnormal karyotype showing an extra chromosome No. 14, loss of one chromosome No. 17 and gain of one chromosome No. 18. These abnormalities are in many respects similar to the karyotype changes of lymphoid cells in malignant lymphomas, suggesting a pathogenetic relationship between the two disorders.
A Rare Case of Megaloblastic Anaemia Caused by Disturbances in the Plasma Cobalamin Binding Proteins in a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nexø Ebba , Olesen Henrik , Nørredam Kai , Schwartz Michael
Published: August 2010

A patient with hepatocellular carcinoma, megaloblastic anaemia and increased concentration of serum cobalamin is described. Plasma TC I was increased to 10,000 times the normal concentration, thus explaining the increased concentration of serum cobalamin and a false Schilling test. The increase in plasma TC I in concurrence with undetectable amounts of plasma TC II was a likely explanation for the anaemia. The electron microscopic picture of the hepatocellular carcinoma was in accordance with TC I being produced by the tumour cells.
Generalized Proteolysis in a Young Woman with Weber‐Christian Disease (Nodular Nonsuppurative Panniculitis)
Authors: Henriksson P. , Hedner U. , Nilsson I. M. , Nilsson P.‐G.
Published: August 2010

A patient with Weber‐Christian disease (syn. nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis) is reported. The generalized cellular destruction in this patient resulted in liberation of proteolytic enzymes into the circulation, which led to multiple haemostatic disturbances with haemorrhagic diathesis. The most prominent haemostatic defects were thrombocytopenia with a normal life span of isologous platelets, high levels of AHF‐related antigen, hypofibrinogenaemia with short fibrinogen survival, low levels of Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor = FSF) and increased amounts of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Proteolytic enzymes, other than thrombin and plasmin which especially degrade Factor XIII and fibrinogen, derived from destroyed cells (probably leukocytes) seem to have been involved in the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in this patient.
Extremely Long Duration of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia with Ph1 Negative and Ph1 Positive Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: BrandT L. , MitelmaN F. , PananI A. , LenneR H. C.
Published: August 2010

A male patient still surviving 17 years after the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is described. A chromosome analysis of the bone marrow 16 years after the diagnosis revealed 84% Ph1 negative and 16% Ph1 positive cells, all containing the Y chromosome. The disease has been very sensitive to treatment with busulphan but bone marrow hypoplasia has not been induced. It is probable that in some CML patients with such a double cell population the prognosis may be extraordinarily good and that they run a considerable risk of being overtreated due to a pronounced sensitivity to alkylating drugs. Such rare cases should not serve as arguments for aggressive treatment of CML.