bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pea SAD Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase: Quinone Reduction, Tissue Distribution, and Heterologous Expression
Authors: Scherbak Nikolai , Ala-Häivälä Anneli , Brosché Mikael , Böwer Nathalie , Strid Hilja , Gittins John R. , Grahn Elin , Eriksson Leif A. , Strid Åke
Published: February 2011

The pea (Pisum sativum) tetrameric short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein (SAD) family consists of at least three highly similar members (SAD-A, -B, and -C). According to mRNA data, environmental stimuli induce SAD expression. The aim of this study was to characterize the SAD proteins by examining their catalytic function, distribution in pea, and induction in different tissues. In enzyme activity assays using a range of potential substrates, the SAD-C enzyme was shown to reduce one- or two-ring-membered quinones lacking long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. Immunological assays using a specific antiserum against the protein demonstrated that different tissues and cell types contain small amounts of SAD protein that was predominantly located within epidermal or subepidermal cells and around vascular tissue. Particularly high local concentrations were observed in the protoderm of the seed cotyledonary axis. Two bow-shaped rows of cells in the ovary and the placental surface facing the ovule also exhibited considerable SAD staining. Ultraviolet-B irradiation led to increased staining in epidermal and subepidermal cells of leaves and stems. The different localization patterns of SAD suggest functions both in development and in responses to environmental stimuli. Finally, the pea SAD-C promoter was shown to confer heterologous wound-induced expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which confirmed that the inducibility of its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Delivery of Prolamins to the Protein Storage Vacuole in Maize Aleurone Cells
Authors: Reyes Francisca C. , Chung Taijoon , Holding David , Jung Rudolf , Vierstra Richard , Otegui Marisa S.
Published: February 2011

Zeins, the prolamin storage proteins found in maize (Zea mays), accumulate in accretions called protein bodies inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of starchy endosperm cells. We found that genes encoding zeins, α-globulin, and legumin-1 are transcribed not only in the starchy endosperm but also in aleurone cells. Unlike the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells accumulate these storage proteins inside protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) instead of the ER. Aleurone PSVs contain zein-rich protein inclusions, a matrix, and a large system of intravacuolar membranes. After being assembled in the ER, zeins are delivered to the aleurone PSVs in atypical prevacuolar compartments that seem to arise at least partially by autophagy and consist of multilayered membranes and engulfed cytoplasmic material. The zein-containing prevacuolar compartments are neither surrounded by a double membrane nor decorated by AUTOPHAGY RELATED8 protein, suggesting that they are not typical autophagosomes. The PSV matrix contains glycoproteins that are trafficked through a Golgi-multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. MVBs likely fuse with the multilayered, autophagic compartments before merging with the PSV. The presence of similar PSVs also containing prolamins and large systems of intravacuolar membranes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) starchy endosperm suggests that this trafficking mechanism may be common among cereals.
Pharmacogenetics of cutaneous adverse drug reactions
Authors: AIHARA Michiko
Published: February 2011

Drug‐induced hypersensitivity reactions are of major medical concern because they are associated with high morbidity and high mortality. In addition, individual patients' reactions are impossible to predict in each patient. In the field of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cutaneous ADR) such as Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DHIS) or drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), major advances have recently been gained through studies of an association between HLA alleles and drug hypersensitivity induced by specific drugs. The results of these pharmacogenomic studies allow prediction of the risk of adverse reactions in patients treated with certain drugs, including carbamazepine and other aromatic antiepileptic drugs, allopurinol and abacavir. However, different ethnic populations show variations in the genetic associations. A strong association between carbamazepine‐induced SJS/TEN and HLA‐B*1502 has been found in Southeast Asian patients but not in Caucasian and Japanese patients. Moderate associations between aromatic amine anticonvulsants and other HLA alleles have been proposed in Japanese patients. In contrast, HLA‐B*5801 was found to be associated with allopurinol‐induced cutaneous ADR, including SJS/TEN and DIHS/DRESS, in Caucasian and Asian patients, including the Japanese. These differences may, at least in part, be due to the differences in allele frequency in different ethnic populations. This article reviews the progress in pharmacogenomics, associated mainly with carbamazepine and allopurinol in different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetic screening based on associations between adverse reactions and specific HLA alleles helps to avoid serious conditions associated with drug hypersensitivity.
Effect of atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the next‐generation HIV integrase inhibitor, S/GSK1349572
Authors: Song Ivy , Borland Julie , Chen Shuguang , Lou Yu , Peppercorn Amanda , Wajima Toshihiro , Min Sherene , Piscitelli Stephen C.
Published: February 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• S/GSK1349572, an investigational HIV integrase inhibitor, is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation by UGT1A1, with a minor component by CYP3A4. As such, inhibitors of UGT1A1 have the potential to increase S/GSK1349572 concentrations. Because S/GSK1349572 and atazanavir (ATV) may be used in combination and because ATV is a potent inhibitor of UGT1A1, this study evaluated the effect of ATV and ritonavir‐boosted ATV (ATV/RTV) on the pharmacokinetics of S/GSK1349572.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• The effects of concomitant atazanavir (ATV, a UGT1A1 inhibitor) and S/GSK1349572 pharmacokinetics were previously unknown and were evaluated in this study. Co‐administration of ATV/RTV and ATV was generally well tolerated and produced a modest, non‐clinically significant increase in S/GSK1349572 exposure. No dose adjustment for S/GSK1349572 is necessary when it is co‐administered with ATV and ATV/RTV.

AIMS S/GSK1349572 is an unboosted, once daily, next generation integrase inhibitor with potent activity, low pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and a novel resistance profile. As the primary route of metabolism is via glucuronidation, the effects of atazanavir (ATV, a UGT1A1 inhibitor) and atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) on S/GSK1349572 PK were evaluated.

METHODS A randomized, open label, two period, crossover study was conducted in healthy adult subjects. Twenty‐four subjects received S/GSK1349572 30 mg every 24 h for 5 days. Subjects then were administered S/GSK1349572 30 mg every 24 h in combination with either ATV/RTV 300/100 mg every 24 h (n= 12) or ATV 400 mg every 24 h (n= 12) for 14 days. Serial PK samples and safety assessments were obtained throughout the study.

RESULTS The combination of S/GSK1349572 with ATV/RTV or ATV was generally well tolerated. All adverse events were mild or moderate, and no subject withdrew because of an adverse event. The AE of highest frequency was ocular icterus, observed only during combination of S/GSK1349572 and ATV or ATV/RTV. Co‐administration with ATV/RTV resulted in increased plasma S/GSK1349572 area under the concentration–time curve during a dosing interval (AUC(0,τ)), observed maximal concentration (Cmax), and concentration at the end of dosing interval at steady state (Cτ) by 62%, 34% and 121%, respectively. Co‐administration with ATV resulted in increased plasma S/GSK1349572 AUC(0,τ), Cmax, and Cτ by 91%, 50% and 180%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS Co‐administration of ATV/RTV and ATV was generally well tolerated and produced a modest, non‐clinically significant increase in S/GSK1349572 exposure. No dose adjustment for S/GSK1349572 is necessary when co‐administered with ATV and ATV/RTV.
Increased killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor expression and functional defects in natural killer cells in lung cancer
Authors: Al Omar Suliman Y. , Marshall Ernie , Middleton Derek , Christmas Stephen E.
Published: February 2011

Frequencies of natural killer (NK) cells from patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC) did not differ from healthy controls. A higher proportion of NK cells from NSCLC patients expressed the killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) CD158b than in controls (P = 0·0004), in the presence or absence of its ligand, HLA‐C1. A similar result was obtained for CD158e in the presence of its ligand HLA‐Bw4 in NSCLC patients (P = 0·003); this was entirely attributable to the Bw4I group of alleles in the presence of which a fivefold higher percentage of CD158e+ NK cells was found in NSCLC patients than controls. Proportions of CD158b+ NK cells declined with advancing disease in NSCLC patients. Expression of NKp46, CD25 and perforin A, and production of interferon‐γ following stimulation with interleukin‐12 and interleukin‐18, were all significantly lower in NK cells from NSCLC patients than in controls. Both NK cell cytotoxicity and granzyme B expression were also reduced in lung cancer patients. Increased inhibitory KIR expression would decrease NK cell cytotoxic function against tumour cells retaining class I HLA expression. Furthermore, the reduced ability to produce interferon‐γ would restrict the ability of NK cells to stimulate T‐cell responses in patients with lung cancer.
TyG index, HOMA score and viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis C due to genotype 1
Authors: Petta S. , Di Marco V. , Di Stefano R. , Cabibi D. , Cammà C. , Marchesini G. , Craxì A.
Published: February 2011

Summary.  The triglycerides × glucose (TyG) index is a recently proposed surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR), calculated from fasting plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. We tested the host and viral factors associated with Tyg and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores, comparing their associations with histological features and with sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C(G1CHC). Three hundred and forty consecutive patients with G1CHC were considered. All had a liver biopsy scored by one pathologist for staging and grading (Scheuer), and graded for steatosis, which was considered moderate–severe if ≥30%. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements, including IR measured by both HOMA and TyG, were registered. By linear regression analysis, TyG was independently associated with waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol, presence of arterial hypertension, Log10 HCV‐RNA and steatosis. Similarly, WC and steatosis were significantly associated with HOMA. Older age (OR, 1.036; 95%CI, 1.004–1.070, P = 0.02), higher WC (1.031; 1.004–1.060; P = 0.02) and higher TyG (11.496; 3.163–41.784; P < 0.001) were linked to moderate‐to‐severe steatosis (≥30%) by multiple logistic regression analysis. When TyG was replaced by HOMA‐IR in the model, the latter remained significantly associated with steatosis ≥30% (1.237; 1.058–1.448; P = 0.008). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed a similar performance of TyG (AUC 0.682) and HOMA‐IR (AUC 0.699) in predicting moderate–severe steatosis. No independent associations were found between both TyG and HOMA and fibrosis or SVR. In patients with G1CHC , TyG, an easy‐to‐calculate and low‐cost surrogate marker of IR, is linked to liver steatosis and shows an independent association with viral load.
Autonomic nerve function in adult patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome
Authors: Hejazi R. A. , Lavenbarg T. H. , Pasnoor M. , Dimachkie M. , Foran P. , Herbelin L. , Mccallum R. W.
Published: February 2011

Background Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) in adults is a disorder characterized by recurrent and stereotypic episodes of severe nausea and vomiting separated by symptom‐free periods. Autonomic dysfunction has been a postulated mechanism for the pathogenesis of this disorder in children but has not been explored in adults.

Methods Our goals were to investigate autonomic nerve function in adult patients with CVS. The sympathetic nervous system was evaluated through postural changes in heart rate and blood pressure and sympathetic skin response in the hand and foot. The parasympathetic nervous system was tested through heart rate response to deep breathing [expiration/inspiration (E/I)], Valsalva and postural indices (30 : 15 ratio). All patients had a 4‐h standard isotope labeled egg beater meal gastric emptying test (GET).

Key Results Twenty‐two adult (18 female), mean age 35 ± 11 (range 19–61 years), who met Rome III criteria for CVS were included. History of migraine headache was reported in three patients. Five (23%) had pediatric onset. Of 21 patients who completed the test, nine patients had 21 abnormalities detected in their autonomic nerve testing profile and the remaining 12 had normal autonomic function results. Orthostatic tachycardia was observed in two (mean heart rate increase 39 beats min−1) and a decline in blood pressure (BP) in three patients (mean BP drop 30/14 mmHg). Parasympathetic abnormalities were elicited in six patients with an abnormal response to deep breathing and E/I index <1.25. Sympathetic nerve dysfunction was reported in seven patients with absent sympathetic skin response in the foot and/or hand. Twelve (57%) of CVS group had rapid GET (<50% retention at 1 h). The frequency of abnormal autonomic nerve function was not significantly higher in rapid GET subgroup.

Conclusions & Inferences (i) Autonomic nerve dysfunction is common in adult CVS patients, being observed in 43% of our cohort; (ii) Sympathetic abnormalities dominate; and (iii) Rapid gastric emptying, present in 57% of patients, did not correlate with autonomic testing results. These new data provide more insight into the pathophysiology of CVS in adults and help explain the spectrum of clinical manifestations observed in this entity.
Genotyping Cephalosporium gramineum and development of a marker for molecular diagnosis
Authors: Wafai Baaj D. , Kondo N.
Published: February 2011

This study investigated the genetic variation of 40 isolates of Cephalosporium gramineum, the causal agent of cephalosporium stripe disease of wheat, based on variations in internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and intergenic spacers (IGS) of rDNA. Of the isolates, 29 were from Japan and the rest from the USA and Europe. The ITS region was about 600 bp and almost identical among these isolates. In the IGS region (∼5 kbp), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis detected four genotypes among the 40 isolates. One representative isolate was selected from each of the four genotypes, and the IGS region was sequenced. Attempts to design a genotype‐specific marker based on the size of PCR products amplified with selected primers failed to differentiate among the four genotypes. Alternatively, a species‐specific primer set (CGIGS1 and CGIGS2) was developed that annealed within the conserved region, producing a DNA fragment of about 1·8 kbp. Tests of this primer set on a wide range of other fungi from 11 genera confirmed that it was specific to C. gramineum. This primer set could serve as an effective tool in the molecular diagnosis of C. gramineum and has the potential to assist in a better understanding of the host–pathogen interaction.
An Early Triassic evolving erg system (Iberian Chain, NE Spain): palaeoclimate implications
Authors: Soria Ana R. , Liesa Carlos L. , Rodríguez‐López Juan Pedro , Meléndez Nieves , de Boer Poppe L. , Meléndez Alfonso
Published: February 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 76–84, 2011

The Triassic Buntsandstein facies in the north‐eastern Iberian Chain (central eastern Spain), previously considered to be fluvial in origin, is shown to contain an evolving erg system. The preserved erg accumulation comprises a succession that represents the transition from a wadi belt via inner erg‐margin to a central‐erg system. This study supports Early Triassic (Olenekian) palaeoclimate models for Western Europe, which predict (extremely) arid conditions for Iberia. The two main easterly and southerly palaeowind directions are in accordance with data from other Triassic dune fields in Europe and corroborate the influence of monsoonal circulation, which affected precipitation in the Variscan Massif to the south and west.
Insights from theMw6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Central Apennines) – unveiling new seismogenic sources through their surface signatures: the adjacent San Pio Fault
Authors: Di Bucci Daniela , Vannoli Paola , Burrato Pierfrancesco , Fracassi Umberto , Valensise Gianluca
Published: February 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 108–115, 2011

We analysed a broad region around L'’Aquila in search of seismogenic faults similar to that responsible for the 6 April 2009 earthquake (Mw6.3). Having in mind the lessons learned from this earthquake, we focused on adjacent areas displaying similar morphotectonic, geological and structural features. The basin running from Barisciano to Civitaretenga‐Navelli, notably located near the southeastern edge of the 2009 aftershock pattern, appears to be one such area. We collected morphotectonic and structural data indicating that this basin is underlain by a major active normal fault (the San Pio Fault). All the observations are very much reminiscent of the morphotectonic, geological and structural setting of the area struck by the L'’Aquila earthquake, suggesting that the newly identified fault has the potential for aMw6.2 shock.
Quantification of the relationship between strigolactones and Striga hermonthica infection in rice under varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: JAMIL M , CHARNIKHOVA T , CARDOSO C , JAMIL T , UENO K , VERSTAPPEN F , ASAMI T , BOUWMEESTER H J
Published: February 2011

Jamil M, Charnikhova T, Cardoso C, Jamil T, Ueno K, Verstappen F, Asami T & Bouwmeester HJ (2011). Quantification of the relationship between strigolactones and Striga hermonthica infection in rice under varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Weed Research51, 373–385.

Strigolactone exudation, as well as Striga hermonthica germination and attachment, was studied under different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in two cultivars of rice (IAC 165 and TN 1). Exudation of strigolactones by rice was the highest under mineral‐deficient conditions, whereas increasing N and P dose reduced the amount of strigolactones in the exudates. Deficiency of P led to the highest strigolactone exudation, when compared with N or NP deficiency. Production of strigolactones differed strongly between the two cultivars. IAC 165 produced about 100‐fold higher amounts than TN 1 of 2′‐epi‐5‐deoxystrigol, orobanchol and three new strigolactones. Across all N and P treatments, a positive relationship was found between the amount of strigolactones in the exudates of both cultivars and in vitro S. hermonthica germination. These results show that the positive effect of fertiliser application in S. hermonthica control is, at least partly, because of the suppression of strigolactone production and hence of S. hermonthica germination and subsequent attachment. This warrants further research into practical application. Maintaining suitable N and P nutrient status of soil through fertiliser use might be a promising strategy to reduce damage in cereals by this notorious weed.
Quality of life and depression assessment in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Shah Maulik , Mavers Melissa , Bree Alanna , Fosko Scott , Lents Nathan H.
Published: February 2011

Background  Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a rare genetic disease which causes a variety of dermatological lesions, especially basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), often on the face, neck, and head.

Methods  Persons attending a national NBCCS support group meeting were asked to participate in survey‐based assessments of quality of life and depressive symptoms. Inclusion criteria required a self‐reported NBCCS diagnosis, voluntary agreement to participate, and age over 18 years. Exclusion criteria included cognitive impairment. Skin‐related quality of life was assessed with Skindex‐29, completed by 32 participants. Depressive symptomatology was determined with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), completed by 18 participants. Sociodemographic, medical, and social variables were also analyzed.

Results  Median Skindex‐29 scores for the emotions, symptoms, and functioning scales were 42.50, 32.14, and 28.13, respectively (means: 41.17, 37.05, and 29.30, respectively). These scores were slightly higher than those observed in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, a similar genetic disease with skin symptoms. The CES‐D scores (median = 15.50, mean = 17.50) suggested that 50% of participants had significant depressive symptomatology. Variables showing moderate associations with the scores included diet, number of affected family members, and treatment type. Interestingly, the number of BCCs had no effect.

Conclusions  Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome impacts the quality of life of its subjects in a similar manner to other genodermatoses. Depressive symptoms are particularly prevalent. Several demographic, medical, and social characteristics affect these outcomes. Thus, the psychological impact of this disorder should be evaluated in the course of considering the care of persons with NBCCS.
Clinical and histological evaluation of 1% nadifloxacin cream in the treatment of acne vulgaris in Korean patients
Authors: Jung Jae Yoon , Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Yeom Kkot Bora , Yoon Mi Young , Suh Dae Hun
Published: February 2011

Objectives  Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. Although it is used as an acne treatment in some European countries, it has not been used to treat Korean acne patients. We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1% nadifloxacin cream and the histological changes it incurs when used to treat mild to moderate facial acne in Korean patients.

Methods  An eight‐week, randomized, prospective, split‐face, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled trial was performed. All participants were treated with 1% nadifloxacin cream on one‐half of the face and vehicle cream on the other, twice per day for eight weeks.

Results  At final visits, inflammatory acne lesions were reduced by 70% on nadifloxacin‐treated skin and increased by 13.5% on vehicle‐treated skin; non‐inflammatory acne lesions showed reductions of 48.1 and 10.1%, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the two treatments at four weeks. Histopathological examinations of the acne lesions showed decreased inflammation and interleukin‐8 expression but no change in transforming growth factor‐β expression in nadifloxacin‐treated skin compared with vehicle‐treated skin after eight weeks of treatment.

Conclusions  Nadifloxacin 1% cream is an effective, safe, and well‐tolerated topical treatment for Korean patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Histopathological changes after nadifloxacin treatment were well correlated with clinical outcomes. Therefore, nadifloxacin can be used as an effective and safe treatment option in the management of mild to moderate acne in Asian subjects.
Internet use by dermatology outpatients to search for health information
Authors: AlGhamdi Khalid M. , Almohedib Mohammed A.
Published: February 2011

Background  As the use of the Internet increases, it is important to gain insight into how it is used by patients to obtain health‐related information.

Objectives  We aimed to explore the attitudes and practices of dermatology outpatients regarding their use of the Internet to find health information. We also aimed to investigate the consequences of this Internet use on the patient–doctor relationship.

Methods  A self‐administered questionnaire on Internet use was given to adult dermatology outpatients attending the Dermatology Department at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2008.

Results  A total of 86% (432/500) of distributed questionnaires were returned. The mean age of respondents was 29.7 ± 10.0 years. Of the respondents who answered the relevant items, 42% (185/431) were females, 87% (376/432) were Internet users, and 47% (190/404) stated that they had accessed the Internet to obtain general medical information. Younger women educated to college level and with higher incomes tended to search for online health‐related information more often than other groups. More than 93% (343/367) of respondents reported that they relied on their doctors as their primary source of information, but 69% (277/401) indicated that online medical information was beneficial, and almost 8% (30/399) stated that they would always trust data obtained from the Internet.

Conclusions  A significant proportion of patients use the Internet to search for medical information. This has a positive effect on the patients’ skin diseases and on their relationships with their doctors. Therefore, doctors should be more aware of the health‐related information available online and should guide patients to reliable websites.
Trichoscopy as a clue to the diagnosis of scalp sarcoidosis
Authors: Torres Fernanda , Tosti Antonella , Misciali Cosimo , Lorenzi Sandra
Published: February 2011

Background  Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease, in which non‐caseating granulomas formations can occur in any organ. Although rare, involvement of the scalp can occur, which might lead to cicatricial alopecia. Dermoscopic features of scalp sarcoidosis had not been reported.

Methods  Clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological features of two patients with scalp sarcoidosis were reviewed.

Results  Two Caucasian female patients aged 22 and 60 years old presented with diffuse folliculitis‐like lesions and patchy alopecia, respectively. Dermoscopy of the lesions showed decreased hair density associated with perifollicular and follicular yellowish to pale orange round spots in the first case and diffuse orange discoloration with prominent telangiectasia in the second patient. Few dystrophic hairs were seen in both cases.

Conclusions  The orange spots seen at trichoscopy of lesions in scalp sarcoidosis may represent a clue to the diagnosis of this condition. Dystrophic hairs may indicate granulomatous activity.
Integrating modern dermatology and Ayurveda in the treatment of vitiligo and lymphedema in India
Authors: Narahari Saravu R. , Ryan Terence J. , Bose Kuthaje S. , Prasanna Kodimoole S. , Aggithaya Guruprasad M.
Published: February 2011

Absract

Background  Globally, governments have recognized the growing popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicines and the possibility of their combined use with biomedicine. Decisions within the Government of India have led to a conducive environment for conducting clinical studies, to achieve integration of more than one system of medicine, so that their combined benefits can be brought to bear on chronic, difficult‐to‐treat conditions.

Aim  To develop integrative dermatology treatment protocols for patients with long‐standing skin diseases who have received treatment from many centers.

Materials and Methods  A team of doctors from modern dermatology, Ayurveda, yoga therapy, and homeopathy studied recruited patients to develop mutual orientation on each therapeutic system and a working knowledge of approach to their clinical diagnosis. Six‐hundred thirty‐eight patients affected by lower limb lymphedema requiring skin care as a major part of treatment were treated integrating modern dermatology and Ayurveda. Three‐hundred eighty‐one vitiligo patients were examined and treated to understand the clinical presentations and treatment options in Ayurveda.

Results  A two‐step cluster analysis performed by SPSS Version 16 showed average volume reductions of 13.3% and 23% on day 14, 19.7% and 31.1% on day 45, and 23.4% and 39.7% on day 90 of treatment in small and large lymphedematous limbs. Inflammatory episodes before the onset on this treatment was reported by 79.5% of our lymphedema patients, and 9.4% reported this at the end of three months after our treatment. Among vitiligo patients, we found that 39.6% of patients had kapha, 39.8%pitta, 10.8% had vatha and 0.52% has tridoshaja presentation. There are over 100 treatment options available in Ayurveda to treat vitiligo.

Discussion  Each system of medicine recognizes the same disease albeit with minor difference in description. Skin care procedures like washing and emollients restore the barrier function and skin health. We have converged Ayurvedic skin care with that of dermatology with an aim of achieving patient management that is better than that achievable by a single system alone. Overload of the lymphatic system due to loss of epidermal barrier function and consequent inflammation from bacteria and soil irritants is responsive to selected Ayurvedic herbal preparations.

Conclusion  It is evident that integration at the therapeutic level is possible, although the pathological basis is interpreted differently. Irrespective of background understanding of the given disease, a mutually oriented multisystem therapeutic team was able to effectively use medicines from more than one system of medicine and to develop guidelines for their prescription and a patient care algorithm.
Do physicians’ recommendations pull patients away from their preferred treatment options?
Authors: Mendel Rosmarie , Traut‐Mattausch Eva , Frey Dieter , Bühner Markus , Berthele Achim , Kissling Werner , Hamann Johannes
Published: February 2011

Context and objective  Shared decision making is especially advocated for preference‐sensitive decisions. We investigated whether physicians’ recommendations pull patients away from their preferred treatment option when making a preference‐sensitive decision.

Design, participants and methods  Inpatients (N = 102 with schizophrenia, N = 101 with multiple sclerosis) were presented with a hypothetical scenario (the choice between two drugs). They were first asked about their preferences concerning the two drugs and then they received a (fictitious) clinician’s recommendation that was contrary to their preferences. Subsequently they made a final choice between the two drugs.

Main outcome measures  The main outcome measure was whether the patient followed the physician’s advice in the hypothetical scenario. Thereby patient’s (pre‐recommendation) preferences served as a baseline.

Results  In the decision scenario, about 48% of the patients with schizophrenia and 26% of the patients with multiple sclerosis followed the advice of their physician and thus chose the treatment option that went against their initial preferences. Patients who followed their physician’s advice were less satisfied with their decision than patients not following their physician’s advice (schizophrenia: t = 2.61, P = 0.01; multiple sclerosis: t = 2.67, P = 0.009).

Discussion and conclusions  When sharing decisions with patients, physicians should be aware that their advice might influence patients’ decisions away from their preferred treatment option. They should encourage their patients to identify their own preferences and help to find the treatment option most consistent with them.
Age‐related sensitization profiles for hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in a birch‐endemic region
Authors: De Knop K. J. , Verweij M. M. , Grimmelikhuijsen M. , Philipse E. , Hagendorens M. M. , Bridts C. H. , De Clerck L. S. , Stevens W. J. , Ebo D. G.
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: De Knop KJ, Verweij MM, Grimmelikhuijsen M, Philipse E, Hagendorens MM, Bridts CH, De Clerck LS, Stevens WJ, Ebo DG. Age‐related sensitization profiles for hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in a birch‐endemic region. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: e139–e149.

Background:  Symptoms of hazelnut allergy seem related to geographic and possibly age variations in allergen recognition.

Objective:  To investigate sensitization profiles of hazelnut allergy in different age groups in a birch‐endemic region using component resolved diagnosis (CRD) by microarray.

Methods:  Sixty‐five patients with hazelnut allergy, 27 healthy control individuals tolerant to hazelnut, and 34 birch pollen allergic but hazelnut tolerant individuals were included. All blood samples were analyzed using ISAC microarray.

Results:  Twenty‐nine patients with hazelnut allergy suffered from a systemic reaction (17 preschool children with a median age of 2 years, six school children, and six adults), whereas 36 patients reported an oral allergy syndrome (OAS; three preschool and nine school children and 24 adults). In the hazelnut allergic preschool children with systemic reactions, 65% were sensitized to Cor a 9, 12% to Cor a 8, 18% to Cor a 1.04, 6% to Cor a 1.0101, and 29% to Bet v 1. Of the school‐aged systemic reactors, 50% were sensitized to Cor a 9, 17% to Cor a 8, 50% to Cor a 1.04 and Cor a 1.0101, and 67% to Bet v 1. In adults with hazelnut allergy, 3.3% were sensitized to Cor a 9, 6.7% to Cor a 8, 90% to Cor a 1.04 and Bet v 1, and 87% to Cor a 1.0101. In regard to systemic reactors in this group, 17% were sensitized to Cor a 9, 33% to Cor a 8 and Cor a 1.0101, and 50% to Cor a 1.04 and Bet v 1. In the patients with OAS, irrespective the age group, all were sensitized to Bet v 1 and over 97% to Cor a 1.04 and Cor a 1.0101. No sensitization to Cor a 9 or Cor a 8 was found in patients with only an OAS. Of the patients with birch pollen allergy, tolerant to hazelnut, none were sensitized to Cor a 9 or Cor a 8, 56% to Cor a 1.0101, 82% to Cor a 1.04, and 92% to Bet v 1. In healthy controls, no sensitization to components of hazelnut, hazel pollen or birch pollen was demonstrable.

Conclusion:  Hazelnut allergy in a birch‐endemic region exhibits age‐related sensitization profiles with distinct clinical outcomes that can be identified using CRD. The majority of hazelnut allergic preschool and school children in a birch‐endemic region show systemic reactions on consumption of processed hazelnut, mostly being sensitized to the hazelnut legumin‐like allergen Cor a 9 but unrelated to birch pollen allergy. In contrast, adults generally suffer from an OAS apparently as a result of cross‐reactivity between Cor a 1.04 from hazelnut and Bet v 1 from birch pollen.
Season of birth and childhood food allergy in Australia
Authors: Mullins Raymond James , Clark Sunday , Katelaris Constance , Smith Victoria , Solley Graham , Camargo Jr Carlos A.
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: Mullins RJ, Clark S, Katelaris C, Smith V, Solley G, Camargo CA, Jr. Season of birth and childhood food allergy in Australia. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011; 22: 583–589.

Background:  Recent studies suggest a possible role for low ultraviolet radiation exposure and low vitamin D status as a risk factor for food allergy. We hypothesized that children born in autumn/winter months (less sun exposure) might have higher food allergy rates than those born in spring/summer.

Methods:  We compared IgE‐mediated food allergy rates by season of birth in 835 children aged 0–4 yr assessed 1995–2009 in a specialist referral clinic, using population births as controls. To address potential concerns about generalizability, we also examined national prescriptions for adrenaline autoinjectors (2007) and infant hypoallergenic formula (2006–2007).

Results:  Although live births in the general ACT population showed no seasonal pattern (50% autumn/winter vs. 50% spring/summer), autumn/winter births were more common than spring/summer births among food allergy patients (57% vs. 43%; p < 0.001). The same seasonal pattern was observed with peanut (60% vs. 40%; p < 0.001) and egg (58% vs. 42%; p = 0.003). Regional UVR intensity was correlated with relative rate of overall food allergy (β, −1.83; p = 0.05) and peanut allergy (β, −3.27; p = 0.01). National data showed that autumn/winter births also were more common among children prescribed EpiPens (54% vs. 46%; p < 0.001) and infant hypoallergenic formula (54% vs. 46%; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The significantly higher rates of food allergy in children born autumn/winter (compared to spring/summer), the relationship between relative food allergy rates and monthly UVR, combined with national adrenaline autoinjector and infant hypoallergenic formula prescription data, suggest that ultraviolet light exposure/vitamin D status may be one of many potential factors contributing to childhood food allergy pathogenesis.
The treatment of an unusual complication associated with a HeartMate II LVAD in an adolescent
Authors: Echo Anthony , Kelley Brian P. , Bullocks Jamal M. , Morales David L.
Published: February 2011

Echo A, Kelley BP, Bullocks JM, Morales DL. The treatment of an unusual complication associated with a HeartMate II LVAD in an adolescent.

Abstract:  The HeartMate II LVAD has provided a bridge to heart transplantation or a permanent fixture for destination therapy for patients with heart failure. LVAD infections are associated with significant morbidity even when treated with explantation, device exchange, or a salvage procedure. We present an unusual complication following the placement of the HeartMate II device in an adolescent, whereby a pocket infection resulted in a large soft tissue defect overlying and surrounding the device. The novel use of a VRAM flap was successfully used to repair the defect and salvage the device.
Antigen‐binding specificity of anti‐αGal reagents determined by solid‐phase glycolipid‐binding assays. A complete lack of αGal glycolipid reactivity in α1,3GalT‐KO pig small intestine
Authors: Diswall Mette , Gustafsson Anki , Holgersson Jan , Sandrin Mauro S. , Breimer Michael E.
Published: February 2011

Diswall M, Gustafsson A, Holgersson J, Sandrin MS, Breimer ME. Antigen‐binding specificity of anti‐αGal reagents determined by solid‐phase glycolipid‐binding assays. A complete lack of αGal glycolipid reactivity in α1,3GalT‐KO pig small intestine. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 28–39. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  αGal‐specific lectins, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (Abs) are widely used in xenotransplantation research. Immunological assays such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Western blot and thin layer chromatography are often the only applicable characterization procedures when limited amount of tissue is available and biochemical characterization is impossible. Hence, detailed knowledge of the Ab/lectin carbohydrate‐binding specificity is essential.

Methods:  The binding specificity of human blood group AB serum, three different affinity‐purified human polyclonal anti‐Gal Ab batches, and two anti‐Gal mAb clones (TH5 and 15.101) as well as Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 and Marasmius oreades agglutinin were examined for reactivity with glycolipid fractions isolated from human and pig (wild‐type and α1,3GalT‐KO) tissues using thin layer chromatogram and microtiter well binding assays.

Results:  All anti‐Gal‐specific reagents reacted with the pentaglycosylceramide Galα1,3nLc4, and several 6–12 sugar compounds in wild‐type pig kidneys. However, their staining intensity with different αGal antigens varied considerably. Some, but not all, anti‐Gal reagents cross‐reacted with a pure iGb3 glycolipid reference compound. No reactivity with glycolipids isolated from α1,3GalT‐KO pig small intestine or human tissues was found, confirming the specificity of the anti‐Gal reagents in those tissues for α1,3Gal‐epitopes produced by the α1,3GalT (GGTA1).

Conclusions:  Different anti‐Gal reagents vary in their carbohydrate epitope specificity. Mono‐/polyclonal Abs and lectins have different carbohydrate epitope fine specificity toward pig glycolipids as well as purified Galα1,3nLc4, and iGb3. Despite the difference in αGal specificity, all reagents were completely non‐reactive with glycolipids isolated from α1,3GalT‐KO pig small intestine.
Antioxidant Profile and Polyphenol Oxidase Activities in Apple Leaves after Erwinia amylovora Infection and Pretreatment with a Benzothiadiazole‐type Resistance Inducer (BTH)
Authors: Skłodowska Maria , Gajewska Ewa , Kuźniak Elżbieta , Wielanek Marzena , Mikiciński Artur , Sobiczewski Piotr
Published: February 2011

This study focused on the biochemical effects of benzo‐(1,2,3)‐thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic acid S‐methyl ester (BTH), an active compound of the commercial preparation Bion, as an elicitor of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in apple. We determined activities of main antioxidant enzymes: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and glutathione transferase (GST), enzymes associated with phenolic metabolism: phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), levels of low molecular antioxidants [ascorbate, glutathione, tocopherol (TOC)], phenolic acids and flavonoids as well as markers of oxidative processes: superoxide anion radical (O2·−) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in apple leaf tissues pretreated and non‐pretreated with BTH before inoculation with E. amylovora. The results indicate that successful invasion of pathogen might be associated with a significant decrease in the ascorbate pool in an early phase of plant–pathogen interaction. Generation of O2·− and changes in some antioxidant parameters (APX, GSH‐Px, GST, TOC) were less intensive and/or occurred earlier in the BTH‐pretreated apple leaves than in non‐pretreated ones. In the BTH‐pretreated group, PPOs activities were higher than in the control throughout the experiment, whereas in the non‐pretreated group, the increase started from the 7th day after inoculation. Infection strongly enhanced chlorogenic and o‐coumaric acids accumulation, and BTH weakened this effect. The opposite was observed with respect to phloretin and phloridzin.
Effects of Breeding at the Second Oestrus or After Post‐Weaning Hormonal Treatment with Altrenogest on Subsequent Reproductive Performance of Primiparous Sows
Authors: Werlang RF , Argenti LE , Fries HCC , Bernardi ML , Wentz I , Bortolozzo FP
Published: February 2011

Contents

This study investigated the effects of breeding at the second oestrus after weaning or after feeding an orally active progestagen (altrenogest) on the subsequent reproductive performance of primiparous sows. After 3 weeks of lactation, 663 weaned sows of two genotypes were allocated into three groups: G1 – breeding at the first oestrus after weaning; G2 – breeding at the second oestrus after weaning and G3 – treatment with altrenogest for 5 days after weaning and breeding at the first oestrus after the end of the treatment. Body weight at breeding was lower in G1 and G3 than in G2 sows (p < 0.05). The interval to show oestrus was similar for G1 and G2 groups (p > 0.05) but higher (p < 0.05) than that observed in G3 group. Within genotype A, percentages of females in oestrus within 10 days were not different (p > 0.05) among groups, whereas in genotype B, more G1 and G2 sows (p < 0.05) showed oestrus than G3 sows. In both genotypes, lower farrowing rates were observed in G3 than in G1 and G2 sows (p < 0.05) and a greater litter size (p < 0.05) was observed in G2 sows. In genotype A, the number of total born piglets was similar for G1 and G3 groups (p > 0.05), whereas in genotype B, G1 sows had a greater litter size than G3 sows (p < 0.05). Body weight at weaning and at breeding was similar (p > 0.05) between farrowed and non‐farrowed sows in all groups. Reproductive performance is not improved in primiparous sows treated with altrenogest during 5 days after weaning. The reproductive performance of genotype B sows is compromised in Control and Altrenogest‐treated sows but not in those bred at the second oestrus after mating. Breeding at the second oestrus after weaning allows primiparous sows to gain weight between weaning and service, and increases their farrowing rate and subsequent litter size.
Spatial and Temporal Gene Expression of Fn‐Type II and Cysteine‐Rich Secretory Proteins in the Reproductive Tracts and Ejaculated Sperm of Chinese Meishan Pigs
Authors: Song CY , Gao B , Wu H , Wang XY , Zhou HY , Wang SZ , Li BC , Chen GH , Mao JD
Published: February 2011

Contents

Fibronectin type II and cysteine‐rich secretory proteins have been well studied in the murine and human. The present study evaluated CRISP1, CRISP2, CRISP3 and Fn‐type II (ELSPBP1 and pB1) gene expression patterns in ejaculated sperm and reproductive tracts of Chinese Meishan pigs from birth to day 150 of age. In ejaculated sperm, except for ELSPBP1, all others genes studied were detectable. In sexually mature boars and gilts, CRISP1 gene was expressed strongly in whole epididymides, moderate in prostate and weak in seminal vesicle. CRISP2 gene represented extensive distribution along reproductive tracts with highest abundance in testis. CRISP3 gene was expressed highly in prostate and bulbourethral gland, but weakly in testis. ELSPBP1 gene was expressed with highest abundance in cauda epididymides, moderate in corpus epididymides and weak in seminal vesicle and prostate. pB1 mRNA expression was also abundant along reproductive tracts. During the sexual development of boars after birth, these genes showed different expression patterns. CRISP1 and CRISP3 gene expression was high on day 1 and maintained until day 150, while CRISP2 expression was detectable on day 60 with high abundance and maintained until day 90 and dropped on day 150. ELSPBP1 showed low expression at birth and increased significantly on day 30 (p < 0.05) and then kept static until day 150. pB1 gene displayed moderate expression from birth to day 30 and increased significantly on day 60 (p < 0.05) and maintained at high level until day 150. Collectively, CRISP and Fn‐type II genes were expressed extensively along genital tracts, and most of them showed mRNA signal in ejaculated sperm. The expression of CRISP1 and CRISP3 genes in Meishan boar was not age‐dependent, while CRISP2 and pB1 gene expression was parallel with sexual development. Their unique gene expression patterns may shed light on the mechanism for the high prolificacy of Meishan pigs.
Spatial–temporal distribution of ornithochorous seeds from an Elaeagnus umbellata community dominating a riparian habitat
Authors: KOHRI MARI , KAMADA MAHITO , NAKAGOSHI NOBUKAZU
Published: February 2011

The dispersal efficiency and potential distribution of ornithochorous seeds of Elaeagnus umbellata in a riparian habitat were evaluated to clarify this species' establishment site in relation to the disturbance regime of the floodplain. Fruit removal by avian frugivores was monitored using fruit bags, and the spatial distribution of excreted seeds was quantified by seed traps set randomly on a gravel bar as an isolated seed source in the Yoshino River throughout an autumn fruiting season. Although more than 45% of the fruits remained on the twigs in the fruit bags, almost all fruits on the control twigs without fruit bags were exploited by the beginning of January. The fruit removal rate and seed dispersal distance were positively correlated with an increase in wintering bird species and their abundance. Intact bird‐dispersed seeds of E. umbellata were trapped within a 400‐m range and damaged seeds were limited to traps set within 50 m from the seed source. Frugivore behavior, such as feces excretion on rocks near water drinking sites and perching on surrounding woodland, greatly influenced the spatial and temporal dispersal pattern of the seed rain. In the present study, the avian frugivores showed upstream seed dispersal; thus, in years with stochastic autumnal floods, secondary dispersal via hydrochory downstream may be facilitated. The intensive seed dispersal in E. umbellata indicates that the present distribution of parent trees in the restricted elevation range of the gravel bars is the result of survival through disturbance, rather than seed dispersal limitation.