bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest canopy nitrogen uptake can supply entire foliar demand
Authors: Ferraretto Daniele , Nair Richard , Shah Nadeem W. , Reay Dave , Mencuccini Maurizio , Spencer Michael , Heal Kate V.
Published: January 2022

Plant canopies intercept, process and potentially assimilate atmospheric nitrogen (N) additions, but the forest‐scale effects of canopy processes on N cycling and plant nutrition are not clear. Substantial method artefacts and scaling issues exist in previous experimental studies which measure relevant N fluxes either at (a) natural abundance, (b) via a 15N tracer or (c) by incorporation of additional 15N into measured biomass, meaning these processes are often overlooked or discounted.

Here, working in a mature Sitka spruce plantation and under ambient conditions, we used all three of these methods independently at stand, tree and branch scale to assess the effects of canopy interception on capture, assimilation and incorporation of inorganic N deposition by canopy biomass.

We consistently found that above 70% of N deposition was unaccounted for (i.e. assimilated, processed beyond detectability, volatilised or retained) when passing through the canopy, independent of the assessment method. Using short‐term 15N tracers, we found that this unaccounted N was retained in canopy tissues. Apparent uptake from monitoring of ecohydrological fluxes was sustained and consistent, suggesting that the tree canopies were a sink for N deposition. Seasonal variation in recovery also suggested biological activities influenced fluxes and transformations of this ion within the canopy.

The total amount of this canopy N uptake was greater than the mean annual N in litterfall, implying that this flux was supporting the turnover of the canopy. When we used 15N to directly assess uptake into branch biomass we also did not find evidence for immediate relocation to other parts of the tree.

Our findings suggest that at our N‐limited site, canopy uptake of N deposition is likely to be as important as root uptake of N but may be limited to supplying N to the canopy rather than the whole tree. Further research in this area is crucial to better understand the interactions of future changes in N deposition on primary production and carbon storage in forests.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Traits and phylogenies modulate the environmental responses of wood‐inhabiting fungal communities across spatial scales
Authors: Abrego Nerea , Bässler Claus , Christensen Morten , Heilmann‐Clausen Jacob
Published: January 2022

Identifying the spatial scales at which community assembly processes operate is fundamental for gaining a mechanistic understanding of the drivers shaping ecological communities. In this study, we examined whether and how traits and phylogenetic relationships structure fungal community assembly across spatial scales.

We applied joint species distribution modelling to a European‐scale dataset on 215 wood‐inhabiting fungal species, which includes data on traits, phylogeny and environmental variables measured at the local (log‐level) and regional (site‐level) scales.

At the local scale, wood‐inhabiting fungal communities were mostly structured by deadwood decay stage, and the trait and phylogenetic patterns along this environmental gradient suggested the lack of diversifying selection.

At regional scales, fungal communities and their trait distributions were influenced by climatic and connectivity‐related variables. The fungal climatic niches were not phylogenetically structured, suggesting that diversifying selection or stabilizing selection for climatic niches has played a strong role in wood‐inhabiting communities. In contrast, we found a strong phylogenetic signal in the responses to connectivity‐related variables, revealing phylogenetic homogenization in small and isolated forests.

Synthesis. Altogether, our results show that species‐level traits and phylogenies modulate the responses of wood‐inhabiting fungi to environmental processes acting at different scales. This result suggests that the evolutionary histories of fungal traits diverge along different environmental axes.
South Australia's quiet multiculturalism: Elite perspectives of the policy success of immigrant multiculturalism from 2007 to 2017
Authors: Ridley Adam , Manwaring Rob , Ziersch Anna
Published: January 2022

Despite the long‐standing connection between South Australia and the national development of immigrant multiculturalism, epitomised through the role of Premier Don Dunstan, recent policy developments have not yet been studied at the state level. This article evaluates the development and ‘policy success’ of multiculturalism in South Australia from 2007 to 2017, a period characterised by the so‐called ‘backlash against multiculturalism’ in many liberal democracies. The study is based on interviews with policymakers and policy stakeholders, triangulated against policy documentation and other grey literature. Overall, policy efforts by successive state governments can be characterised as ‘quiet multiculturalism’, in that they have become entrenched as the political norm. Multiculturalism tends not to be politically contentious, leaving policymakers to implement policies without much fanfare. At the same time though, there is a risk of fragility. Deeper structural barriers to equal opportunity may be overlooked due to an attitude that existing policies promoting ‘access and equity’ are sufficient or can be scaled down.
Radiographic presentation of artifactual dyed hair on lateral cephalograms, chemical processing, and forensic application: Novel case report
Authors: Brooks John K. , Franco Ademir , Thompson Richard B. , Biederman Daniel E. , Kumar Vandana , Michel Sarah L.J. , Pritts BS Jordan D. , Frederickson Christopher J. , Bashirelahi Nasir , Price Jeffery B.
Published: January 2022

Forensic assessment employs an array of methods to identify human remains. Radiologic examinations with panoramic radiographs, computed tomography scans, Waters view, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may offer evidentiary clues in challenging cases, such as mass disasters. In these cases, alternative forensic tools are used to narrow lists of target victims using their biological features. This study aims to I) report on the unusual radiographic aspect of chemicals used for hair dyeing, and II) discuss the potential forensic application of this finding for human identification. The case depicts an asymptomatic 14‐years‐old female who presented for orthodontic therapy. During radiographic examination on a lateral cephalogram, numerous thin radiopaque streaks were visible, extending to the posterior neck between the occipital region of the skull base and vertebra C6. Clinical investigations revealed that these were artifactual hair images (possibly documented for the first time in the scientific literature). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analysis of the patient's scalp hair was performed for 10 heavy metals, including zinc, copper, iron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, antimony, and bismuth. Eight of these metals were detected at normal levels, ranging from 160 parts per million (ppm) for zinc to less than 1 ppm for nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, and antimony. Conversely, slightly elevated levels of chromium at 0.41 ppm and bismuth at 0.025 ppm were found in the hair sample. The distinctive radiographic presentation of artifactual hair images combined with the chemical properties of hair exposed to dye products may provide useful traces for human identification, especially in mass disasters.
Disruption of ER‐mitochondria tethering and signalling in C9orf72‐associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Gomez‐Suaga Patricia , Mórotz Gábor M. , Markovinovic Andrea , Martín‐Guerrero Sandra M. , Preza Elisavet , Arias Natalia , Mayl Keith , Aabdien Afra , Gesheva Vesela , Nishimura Agnes , Annibali Ambra , Lee Younbok , Mitchell Jacqueline C. , Wray Selina , Shaw Christopher , Noble Wendy , Miller Christopher C. J.
Published: January 2022

Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 are the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The mechanisms by which the expansions cause disease are not properly understood but a favoured route involves its translation into dipeptide repeat (DPR) polypeptides, some of which are neurotoxic. However, the precise targets for mutant C9orf72 and DPR toxicity are not fully clear, and damage to several neuronal functions has been described. Many of these functions are regulated by signalling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. ER‐mitochondria signalling requires close physical contacts between the two organelles that are mediated by the VAPB‐PTPIP51 ‘tethering’ proteins. Here, we show that ER‐mitochondria signalling and the VAPB‐PTPIP51 tethers are disrupted in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from patients carrying ALS/FTD pathogenic C9orf72 expansions and in affected neurons in mutant C9orf72 transgenic mice. In these mice, disruption of the VAPB‐PTPIP51 tethers occurs prior to disease onset suggesting that it contributes to the pathogenic process. We also show that neurotoxic DPRs disrupt the VAPB‐PTPIP51 interaction and ER‐mitochondria contacts and that this may involve activation of glycogen synthase kinases‐3β (GSK3β), a known negative regulator of VAPB‐PTPIP51 binding. Finally, we show that these DPRs disrupt delivery of Ca2+ from ER stores to mitochondria, which is a primary function of the VAPB‐PTPIP51 tethers. This delivery regulates a number of key neuronal functions that are damaged in ALS/FTD including bioenergetics, autophagy and synaptic function. Our findings reveal a new molecular target for mutant C9orf72‐mediated toxicity.
Why Do Middle‐Class Positions Matter? The Alignment of Short‐Term Rental Suppliers to the Interests of Capital
Authors: Yrigoy Ismael , Morell Marc , Müller Nora
Published: January 2022

Underlying the idea of the middle classes there is a contradictory positionality, the relations of which ultimately enhance capital accumulation. By opening Marxist critique to Weberian approaches to class, we explain how the self‐ascription of short‐term rental (STR) suppliers to the middle‐class idea boosts exploitation and accumulation. Housing income, and recently that originating in STRs, has been used to maintain the symbolic and material status of the so‐called middle classes in Spain, and specifically in Palma. Based on statistical data analysis and interviews with STR suppliers, managers and workers, we analyse the contradictory class positionality of STR suppliers in Palma (Majorca, Spain). First, we argue, that STR suppliers are part of the middle classes since they bear attributes of rent, labour and also capital, as they employ workers to produce a tourism commodity. Second, we contend that STR overnight stays should not only be considered as land rent payments, but also as the sale of a tourism commodity. Third, we claim that the contradictory positionality of the middle classes fuels self‐exploitation, for STR suppliers misalign their interests with those of capital.
Introduction of an efficient method for placenta decellularization with high potential to preserve ultrastructure and support cell attachment
Authors: Sajed Roya , Zarnani Amir‐Hassan , Madjd Zahra , Arefi Soheila , Bolouri Mohammad Reza , Vafaei Sedigheh , Samadikuchaksaraei Ali , Gholipourmalekabadi Mazaher , Haghighipour Nooshin , Ghods Roya
Published: January 2022

The placenta, as a large discarded tissue and rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), is an excellent candidate for biological scaffolds in reconstructive medicine. Considering the importance of ECM structure in cell fate, the aim of this study was to achieve human placenta decellularization protocol that preserve the structure of scaffolds. Thus, human placenta was decellularized by four protocols and decellularization efficacy was compared by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and DNA measurement. Decellularized placenta structure preservation was assessed by Masson's trichrome staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and immunofluorescence (IF) for collagen I, IV, and fibronectin. Finally, liquid displacement measured scaffolds’ porosity. After culturing menstrual blood‐derived stem cells (MenSCs) on placenta scaffolds, cell adhesion was investigated by SEM imaging, and cell viability and proliferation were assessed by MTT assay. According to H&E and DAPI staining, only protocols 1 and 3 could completely remove cells from the scaffolds. DNA measurements confirmed a significant reduction in the genetic material of decellularized scaffolds compared to native placenta. According to Masson's trichrome, IF, and SEM imaging, scaffold structure is better preserved in P3 than P1 protocol. Liquid displacement showed higher porosity of P3 scaffold than P1. SEM imaging confirmed cells adhesion to the decellularized placenta, and the attached cells showed good viability and maintained their proliferative capacity, indicating the suitability of the scaffolds for cell growth. Results introduced an optimized protocol for placenta decellularization that preserves the scaffold structure and supports cell adhesion and proliferation.
A pandemic of hate: Social representations of COVID‐19 in the media
Authors: Ittefaq Muhammad , Abwao Mauryne , Baines Annalise , Belmas Genelle , Kamboh Shafiq Ahmad , Figueroa Ever Josue
Published: January 2022

Since the COVID‐19 pandemic started, Asians, particularly those in Chinese communities, have faced increased discrimination and overt racism in addition to the virus itself. In this study, the authors examined social representations of COVID‐19 in mainstream newspapers. We evaluated 451 articles from three major publications representing three countries: China, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A qualitative thematic analysis, conducted through the lens of social representations theory (SRT) and its concept of cognitive polyphasia, revealed four major themes: (a) the virus’ portrayal as a threat; (b) the racialization of COVID‐19 as a multi‐faceted threat; (c) calls for collectivization to curb the racialization of the virus; and (d) speculative solutions to end discrimination against Asians. Our results suggest that print media emphasize the idea that global efforts must be made to change how people think about, talk about, and understand the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Retrograde flow in aortic isthmus in normal and fetal heart disease by principal component analysis and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Zhao Hongkai , Zhao Ying , Han Jiancheng , Yang Xu , Throckmorton Amy , Wei Zhenglun , Ge Shuping , He Yihua
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Reverse flow Retrograde flow (RF) of blood in the aortic isthmus can be observed in different types of fetal heart disease (FHD), including abnormalities in heart structure and function. This study sought to investigate the relationship between RF and blood flow parameters, and develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to understand the mechanisms underlying this observation.

Material and methods

A total of 281 fetuses (gestational age [GA] 26.6±.3 weeks) with FHD and 2803 normal fetuses (GA: 26.1±.1 weeks) by fetal echocardiography collected from May 2016 to December 2018. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to find the relationship and the CFD model reconstructed from 3D/4D spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) images to simulate hemodynamics.

Results

There was a significant difference in the percentages of RF between the study (80/201 (39%)) and control (29/2803 (1%)) groups (p < 0.05). The RF occur when the aorta flow rate (left heart) is reduced to 60% by CFD stimulation. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between flow rate and wall shear stress(WSS) (r = .883, p = 0.047) variables at the AI.

Conclusion

Volumetric flow rate of AO or left heart was the main component of the cause of RF. The hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system have highly complex behavior hinge on the turbulent nature of circulating blood flow.
Identifying and conserving sympatric diversity in trout of the genus Salmo, with particular reference to Lough Melvin, Ireland
Authors: Ferguson Andrew , Prodöhl Paulo A.
Published: January 2022

Salmonid (Salmonidae) sympatric diversity is the co‐occurrence, in a lake or river, of two or more reproductively isolated populations/subpopulations, or phenotypes resulting from phenotypic plasticity. Sympatric populations can arise through allopatric and/or sympatric evolution. Subsequently, allopatric lineages can occur in sympatry due to independent colonisation and/or through anthropogenic introduction. Sympatric divergence is often driven by feeding opportunities, with populations segregating as planktivorous, benthivorous and piscivorous ecotypes (“trophic polymorphism”), and further segregation occurring by feeding depth and body size. Subpopulations evolve by natal homing where a water has two or more discrete spawning areas, often resulting in phenotypically and ecologically cryptic sympatry. Most known sympatric populations/phenotypes in trout of the genus Salmo (Eurasian trout aka brown trout) involve sympatric piscivorous (ferox) and lifetime invertivorous trout. Segregation on the benthic–limnetic axis has been poorly studied in Eurasian trout compared with other salmonids but is likely commoner than currently described. While three sympatric populations/species of Eurasian trout are recognised from Lake Ohrid (Albania/North Macedonia), limited ecological information is available and there are only two lakes with three or four sympatric populations with described benthic, limnetic and piscivorous trophic segregation: Lough Melvin (Ireland) and Loch Laidon (Scotland), the latter having the only identified case of a sympatric profundal benthic feeding populations, possibly due to the absence of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the lake. Many thousands of waters are yet to be examined. Some sympatric populations are extinct, and others are vulnerable with conservation action being urgently required. This should ideally be based on populations/conservation units, but the lack of recognition of intraspecific units in most legislations in the native Eurasian trout range necessitates a pragmatic approach, with species classification, where appropriate, based on integrative taxonomy. Some sympatric populations clearly merit species status and should be formally classified as such if a valid previous name is not available.
The effect of task on object processing revealed by EEG decoding
Authors: Yip Hoi Ming Ken , Cheung Leo Y. T. , Ngan Vince S. H. , Wong Yetta Kwailing , Wong Alan C.‐N.
Published: January 2022

Recent studies showed that task demand affects object representations in higher‐level visual areas and beyond but not so much in earlier areas. There are, however, limitations in those studies including the relatively weak manipulation of task due to the use of familiar real‐life objects, the low temporal resolution in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the emphasis on the amount and not the source of information carried by brain activations. In the current study, observers categorised images of artificial objects in one of two orthogonal dimensions, shape and texture, while their brain activity was recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG). Results showed that object processing along the texture dimension was affected by task demand starting from a relatively late time (320‐ to 370‐ms time window) after image onset. The findings are consistent with the view that task exerts an effect on the later phases of object processing.
Mode Effects in College Admissions Testing and Differential Speededness as a Possible Explanation
Authors: Steedle Jeffrey T. , Cho Young Woo , Wang Shichao , Arthur Ann M. , Li Dongmei
Published: January 2022

As testing programs transition from paper to online testing, they must study mode comparability to support the exchangeability of scores from different testing modes. To that end, a series of three mode comparability studies was conducted during the 2019–2020 academic year with examinees randomly assigned to take the ACT college admissions exam on paper or online. Unlike many prior mode comparability studies, examinees testing online earned higher scores on average than examinees testing on paper, especially on the English, reading, and writing tests. Much of the observed mode effects were accounted for by items near the ends of the tests. Subsequent examination of item omit rates, differential item functioning by mode, and change‐point analyses supported the notion that the observed mode effects were related to differential speededness. Specifically, examinees testing online were slightly less speeded, and were therefore able to perform better on items near the ends of the tests. Practical implications for linking across modes, test design, and test administration conditions are discussed.
Population genetic structure of the carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) in North America
Authors: Bessette Marianne , Ste‐Croix Dave T. , Brodeur Jacques , Mimee Benjamin , Gagnon Annie‐Ève
Published: January 2022

Population genetic studies of insect pests enhance our ability to anticipate problems in agroecosystems, such as pest outbreaks, insecticide resistance, or expansions of the host range. This study focuses on geographic distance and host plant selection as potential determinants of genetic differentiation of the carrot weevil Listronotus oregonensis, a major pest of several apiaceous crops in North America. To undertake genetic studies on this species, we assembled the first complete genome sequence for L. oregonensis. Then, we used both haplotype discrimination with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approach to characterize the genetic population structure. A total of 220 individuals were sampled from 17 localities in the provinces of Québec, Ontario, Nova Scotia (Canada), and the state of Ohio (USA). Our results showed significant genetic differences between distant populations across North America, indicating that geographic distance represents an important factor of differentiation for the carrot weevil. Furthermore, the GBS analysis revealed more different clusters than COI analysis between Québec and Nova Scotia populations, suggesting a recent differentiation in the latter province. In contrast, we found no clear evidence of population structure associated with the four cultivated apiaceous plants tested (carrot, parsley, celery, and celeriac) using populations from Québec. This first characterization of the genetic structure of the carrot weevil contributes to a better understanding of the gene flow of the species and helps to adapt local pest management measures to better control this agricultural pest.
Environmental organic pollutants in hair samples from sport horses
Authors: Yavuz O. , Arslan H. H. , Tokur O. , Nuhoglu Z. , Marangoz O. , Mushtaq S. , Arslan A. , Ozdil C.
Published: January 2022

Background

Previous studies have shown high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their risks in humans and domestic animals, especially in cats and dogs. However, studies regarding the levels of POPs in horses are limited.

Objectives

To study the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in hair samples collected from 52 sport horses in Turkey and to investigate the possible relationship among current exposure situation, age and gender of horses.

Study design

Original article.

Methods

Hair samples were collected from 52 sport horses which were divided into three groups according to age: Group I: < 5 years (n = 17), Group II: 5–10 years (n = 16) and Group III: >10 years (n = 19). In addition to age, the samples were also analysed by location and gender. Thirty environmental pollutants (2 OPs, 7 OCPs, 15 PCBs and 6 PAHs) were analysed using a sensitive GC‐MS method.

Results

All samples contained a minimum of one pollutant, and 23 of the 30 measured pollutants were identified in at least one sample. Number of positive samples and concentrations of POPs were higher in Group 2 and Group 3 than Group I (p < 0.05). Females and males presented similar results. In terms of location, concentrations of almost all chemicals were higher in Sanliurfa than Ankara (p < 0.05).

Main limitations

Feed, drinking water and the other related environmental samples were not analysed to evaluate the relationship between those sources and POPs levels in hair samples collected from sport horses.

Conclusions

The concentration of POPs in the hair and other tissues of sports horses should be monitored periodically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate levels of the POPs in hair samples from sport horses in Turkey.
Analysis of risk factors for blood transfusion in preterm infants based on statistical analyses
Authors: Liu Jianhui , Wang Jiao , Ma Panpan , Geng Juanjing , Chen Wenyan , Sun Zhiping
Published: January 2022

In order to improve the analysis effect of risk factors for blood transfusion in preterm infants, this paper studies the natural gradient algorithm based on statistical analysis methods and analyzes the data processing effect of the algorithm. Moreover, this paper combines the analysis of risk factors for blood transfusion in preterm infants to build a factor analysis system based on statistical analysis algorithms and intelligent algorithms, and combines back propagation (BP) neural networks to build the statistical intelligence model. In addition, this paper designs experiments to verify the performance of the statistical intelligence model constructed in this paper, combines statistical methods to perform data processing, and analyzes experimental results through control experiments. From the experimental research results, it can be known that the statistical processing method of risk factors proposed in this paper has a certain effect. Simultaneously, through a large amount of data training research and analysis, it is confirmed that the system constructed in this paper has good data processing effects and can be applied to practice.
Control of fatigue failure mechanisms in multilayer coatings by varying the architectural parameters of an intermetallic interlayer
Authors: Lu Songsong , Cook Richard , Zhang Yi , Reed Philippa
Published: January 2022

A multilayer overlay coating system containing an intermediate intermetallic layer is an architecture expected to show good fatigue resistance. Experimental characterization and modeling simulations were carried out to classify the different crack initiation mechanisms occurring during fatigue of this coating system (2IML coating system) and to reveal how changes in the layer architecture lead to fatigue improvement. Surface crack initiation seems to play the dominated role in the fatigue failure of this coating system as over 55% of observed cracks were surface cracks. Fatigue improvement is achieved by increasing surface initiation resistance via decreasing the IML‐Top layer thickness. However, subsurface initiation mechanisms inhibit the improvement (dominated by surface initiation mechanism) achieved by locating the IML‐Top layer closer to the top surface. Optimizing the design of 2IML multilayer coatings based on the fatigue performance should eliminate the unreacted nickel layer in the intermediate IML‐Top layer, increase the subsurface interface strength, and decrease the density of voids occurring in the annealing process.
How is patient‐centred care conceptualized in obstetrical health? comparison of themes from concept analyses in obstetrical health‐ and patient‐centred care
Authors: Dong Kelly , Jameel Bismah , Gagliardi Anna R.
Published: January 2022

Background

Due to gender inequities that exist for women of childbearing age, there exists a need to deliver care tailored to their needs and preferences. Patient‐centred care (PCC) can be used to meet these needs. This review aims to compare patient care delivery between PCC and obstetrical care. This can help us address how PCC should be delivered to women before, during and after pregnancy versus how it is delivered to patients regardless of sex.

Methods

A review of literature was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SCOPUS for English PCC and high‐quality perinatal reviews published between 2010 and 2021. The data were analysed using a modified Walker and Avant framework.

Results

A total of 2138 unique studies were identified, with 11 PCC and 9 high‐quality obstetrical care studies included. Common defining features between PCC and obstetrical care include respect and dignity, informed decision‐making, therapeutic alliance, effective communication, social relationships and autonomy. PCC‐specific features were holistic care, empowerment, individualized care, coordinated care and empathy. Unique high‐quality obstetrical care themes included continuity of care, privacy and confidentiality, provider education and status, physical environment and equitable maternal care.

Conclusions

There are shared defining attributes between PCC and obstetrical care, including respect and dignity, informed decision‐making, the therapeutic alliance, effective communication, social relationships and autonomy. However, there remain unique defining attributes for high‐quality obstetrical care and PCC. This highlights the need for a unique approach to obstetrical care. More research on care for different physiological conditions in women is needed to address patient care that addresses different parts of the lifespan and develop frameworks that can influence health policy, patient care and health system evaluation.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study was one part of a larger, multicomponent study of how to implement PCC for women across the lifespan. While we did not specifically consult or involve women in this dual concept analysis, our larger study (content analysis of clinical guidelines and government policies, qualitative interviews with women and clinicians, Delphi study to prioritize consensus recommendations for achieving PCC for women) was guided by the experiences and input of a 50+ women advisory panel.
Incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among COVID‐19 vaccinated and unvaccinated healthcare personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers: Eight US locations, January–September 2021
Authors: Naleway Allison L. , Grant Lauren , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. , Wesley Meredith G. , Burgess Jefferey L. , Groover Kimberly , Gaglani Manjusha , Yoon Sarang K. , Tyner Harmony L. , Meece Jennifer , Kuntz Jennifer L. , Yoo Young M. , Schaefer‐Solle Natasha , Olsho Lauren E. W. , Gerald Joe K. , Rose Spencer , Thiese Matthew S. , Lundgren Jessica , Groom Holly C. , Mak Josephine , Louzado Feliciano Paola , Edwards Laura J. , Lutrick Karen , Dunnigan Kayan , Phillips Andrew L. , Lamberte Julie Mayo , Noriega Roger , Sokol Brian E. , Odean Marilyn , Ellingson Katherine D. , Smith Michael , Hegmann Kurt T. , Respet Karley , Dickerson Monica , Cruz Alexandra , Fleary Deanna E. , Murthy Kempapura , Hunt Angela , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Gallimore‐Wilson Damena , Harder Jenna A. , Odame‐Bamfo Leah , Viergutz Jennifer , Arvay Melissa , Jones John M. , Mistry Peenaz , Thompson Mark G. , Fowlkes Ashley L.
Published: January 2022

Background

We sought to evaluate the impact of changes in estimates of COVID‐19 vaccine effectiveness on the incidence of laboratory‐confirmed infection among frontline workers at high risk for SARS‐CoV‐2.

Methods

We analyzed data from a prospective frontline worker cohort to estimate the incidence of COVID‐19 by month as well as the association of COVID‐19 vaccination, occupation, demographics, physical distancing, and mask use with infection risk. Participants completed baseline and quarterly surveys, and each week self‐collected mid‐turbinate nasal swabs and reported symptoms.

Results

Among 1018 unvaccinated and 3531 fully vaccinated workers, the monthly incidence of laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in January 2021 was 13.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.4–17.4), declining to 0.5 (95% CI ‐0.4‐1.4) per 1000 person‐weeks in June. By September 2021, when the Delta variant predominated, incidence had once again risen to 13.6 (95% CI 7.8–19.4) per 1000 person‐weeks. In contrast, there was no reportable incidence among fully vaccinated participants at the end of January 2021, and incidence remained low until September 2021 when it rose modestly to 4.1 (95% CI 1.9–3.8) per 1000. Below average facemask use was associated with a higher risk of infection for unvaccinated participants during exposure to persons who may have COVID‐19 and vaccinated participants during hours in the community.

Conclusions

COVID‐19 vaccination was significantly associated with a lower risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection despite Delta variant predominance. Our data demonstrate the added protective benefit of facemask use among both unvaccinated and vaccinated frontline workers.
Non‐random distribution of ungulate salt licks relative to distance from North American oceanic margins
Authors: Maro Aleksey , Dudley Robert
Published: January 2022

Aim

Terrestrial deposition of aerosol marine sodium declines with distance from coastlines. Salt deprivation in vertebrate herbivores and salt‐seeking behaviours should hence increase with distance inland. We analyse published geospatial data on ungulate‐patronized salt licks to test whether they are non‐randomly distributed relative to distance from oceans and elevation.

Location

Canada, Alaska and the contiguous United States.

Taxon

Cetartiodactyla (even‐toed ungulates).

Methods

We determined the land area and median elevation of 100 km increments from the North American coast. The null model of the expected number of licks within each interval was determined by the ratio of the interval's land area to the total land area, multiplied by the total number of licks. We asked whether the number of licks further from coastlines was significantly higher than chance. We also assessed whether licks occur disproportionately at higher elevations, comparing the median elevation of observed licks to the median elevation within each interval.

Results

We found a strong positive relationship between salt lick patronage by ungulates and distance from the coast. Licks occurred significantly less often within, and more often beyond, 500 km inland, and at significantly higher elevations than would be expected by chance.

Main conclusions

These findings indicate that the patronage of salt licks is constrained geographically, and that the foraging behaviour of ungulates and other phytophagous vertebrate taxa may be influenced over large spatial scales by sodium availability. Salt‐seeking behaviour varies on a wide biogeographical scale across North America, with concomitant implications for vertebrate herbivore behaviour and ecology.
Effects of contextual interactive healthcare training on caregivers of patients with suspected COVID‐19 infection: Anxiety, learning achievements, perceived support and self‐efficacies during quarantine
Authors: Lin Xiao‐Fan , Liang Zhong‐Mei , Chan Kan Kan , Li Wenyi , Ling Xiaolan
Published: January 2022

Background

The contextual and interactive learning research was motivated by the need to enhance the healthcare training effect of caregivers of patients with suspected COVID‐19 infection during quarantine. However, there is a lack of effective approaches to integrating mobile contextual learning into interactive learning.

Objectives

Therefore, this study developed a mobile augmented reality‐integration contextual interactive healthcare training system, and then investigated the effects of the proposed system on anxiety, learning effects, perceived support and self‐efficacies.

Methods

To validate the effectiveness of the system, we conducted a quasi‐experiment with a sample of 91 caregivers of patients with suspected COVID‐19 infection.

Results and conclusions

Results showed that the experimental group with the developed system was superior to the control group with e‐pamphlet instruction in mobile devices, in terms of learning effect, perceived support, self‐efficacies and reduction of anxiety during quarantine. Therefore, the mobile contextual interactive healthcare training system could be useful to improve caregivers' self‐efficacies as well as their ability to care for patients in the context of COVID‐19 infection prevention.

Implications

This is one of the few studies of the effective approach for technology‐enhanced healthcare education in the COVID‐19 pandemic. Some corresponding suggestions are proposed: implementing mobile contextual interactive training activities to enhance caregivers' knowledge, skills and self‐efficacies; involving social interactions to relieve caregivers' anxiety; providing professional communications and support while facing difficulties in taking care of patients with suspected COVID‐19 infection.
Gender‐specific outcomes after percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: A nationwide readmission database analysis
Authors: Patel Neel , Ranka Sagar , Hajra Adrija , Bandyopadhyay Dhrubajyoti , Amgai Birendra , Chakraborty Sandipan , Khalid Mazin , Goyal Amandeep , Dalia Tarun , Reddy Yeruva Madhu , Shani Jacob
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Thromboembolism‐associated stroke is the most feared complication of atrial fibrillation (AF). Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (pLAAC) is indicated for stroke prevention in patients with AF who can not tolerate long‐term anticoagulation. We aim to study gender differences in peri‐procedural and readmissions outcomes in pLAAC patients.

Methods

Using the national readmission database from January 2016 to December 2018, AF patients undergoing the pLAAC procedure were identified. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses and time‐to‐event Cox regression analyses to conduct the study. Propensity matching with the Greedy method was done for the accuracy of results.

Result

A total of 28 819 patients were included in our study. Among them 11 946 (41.5%) were women and 16 873 (58.6%) were men. The mean age of overall population was 76.1 ± 8.5 years, with women ~1 year older than men. The overall rate of complications was higher in women (8.6% vs. 6.6%, p < .001), primarily driven by bleeding‐related complications, that is, major bleed (odds ratio [OR]: 1.32 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.69, p = .029), blood transfusion (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06–1.97, p = .019), and cardiac tamponade (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.13–2.89, p = .014). Women had two times higher peri‐procedural ischemic stroke. There was no difference in peri‐procedural mortality. Women remained at 20% and 13% higher risk for readmission at 30 days and 6 months of discharge.

Conclusion

Women had higher peri‐procedural complications and were at higher risk of readmissions at 30 days and 6 months. However, there was no difference in mortality during the index hospitalization. Further studies are necessary to determine causality.
A critical review on natural compounds interacting with the plant plasma membrane H+‐ATPase and their potential as biologicals in agriculture
Authors: Havshøi Nanna W. , Fuglsang Anja T.
Published: January 2022

The plant plasma membrane (PM) H+‐ATPase is an essential enzyme controlling plant growth and development. It is an important factor in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and is subject to tight regulation. We are in demand for new sustainable natural growth regulators and as a key enzyme for regulation of transport into the plant cell the PM H+‐ATPase is a potential target for these. In this review, we have evaluated the known non‐protein natural compounds with regulatory effects on the PM H+‐ATPase, focusing on their mechanism of action and their potential as biologicals/growth regulators in plant production of future sustainable agriculture.
Prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses type II by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry in amniotic fluid
Authors: Aboulnasr Aly A. , Elnouri Amr , Abdel Sameea Gamal , Gouda Amr S. , Ibrahim Mona M. , Shalabi Taghreed A. , Gaber Khaled R.
Published: January 2022

Aim

To introduce a quantitative determination of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate by mass spectrometry and to compare it with two‐dimensional electrophoresis of the glycosaminoglycans in the amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses type II (MPS II).

Methods

Thirty pregnancies each with single fetus were subjected to amniocentesis at 16 weeks: 10 with a previously affected MPS II infant and 20 as controls. Prenatal diagnosis was done by both mass spectrometry two two‐dimensional electrophoresis.

Results

Two‐dimensional electrophoresis showed four affected with MPS II and six unaffected fetuses. Mass spectrometry verified these results.

Conclusion

Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of the glycosaminoglycans in amniotic fluid is a good qualitative method and mass spectrometry is a new accurate quantitative method for prenatal diagnosis of MPS II. Quantitative determination of glycosaminoglycans in amniotic fluid by mass spectrometry is both rapid and accurate. Prenatal diagnosis is recommended for at risk pregnancies and mass spectrometry offers speed and quantitation.
Prognosis of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney disease
Authors: Wong Florence , Garcia‐Tsao Guadalupe , Reddy K. Rajender , O'Leary Jacqueline G. , Kamath Patrick S. , Tandon Puneeta , Lai Jennifer C. , Vargas Hugo E. , Biggins Scott W. , Fallon Michael B. , Thuluvath Paul J. , Maliakkal Benedict J. , Subramanian Ram , Thacker Leroy , Bajaj Jasmohan S.
Published: January 2022

Background

The prognosis of acute kidney disease (AKD), defined as a glomerular filtration rate of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or a rise in serum creatinine (sCr) of <50% for <3 months, is not clearly known.

Aim

To study the prevalence, predictive factors and clinical outcomes in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with AKD.

Methods

The North American Consortium for the Study of End‐Stage Liver Disease prospectively enrolled hospitalized decompensated cirrhotic patients. Patients were separated into those with normal renal function (controls or C), AKD or stage 1 AKI as their worst renal dysfunction per International Club of Ascites definition and compared. Parameters assessed included demographics, laboratory data, haemodynamics, renal and patient outcomes.

Results

1244 patients with cirrhosis and ascites (C: 704 or 57%; AKD: 176 or 14%; stage 1 AKI: 364 or 29%) with similar demographics were enrolled. AKD patients had similar baseline sCr but higher hospital admission in the previous 6 months, and higher peak sCr, compared to controls, with their peak sCr being lower than that in stage 1 AKI patients (all P < .0001). The in‐hospital and 30‐day survival for AKD patients were intermediary between that for controls and stage 1 AKI patients (96% vs 91% vs 86%, P < .0001). The strongest predictors for AKD development while in hospital were the presence of a second infection (OR: 2.44) and diabetes (OR: 1.53).

Conclusions

Patients with AKD had intermediate outcomes between stage 1 AKI and controls. AKD patients, especially those with diabetes and a second infection, need careful monitoring and prompt treatment for AKD to prevent negative outcomes.
Well‐being, part 1: The concept of well‐being
Authors: Lin Eden
Published: January 2022

Judgments about how well things are going for people during particular periods of time, and about how well people's entire lives have gone or will go, are ubiquitous in ordinary life. Those judgments are aboutwell‐being—or, equivalently,welfareorquality of life. This article examines the concept of well‐being and the related concepts of prudential value and disvalue (i.e., goodness or badness for someone). It distinguishes these concepts from ones with which they might be conflated, exhibits some of the roles they play in ethical thought, and examines some attempts to analyze or define them.
Well‐being, part 2: Theories of well‐being
Authors: Lin Eden
Published: January 2022

Theories of well‐being purport to identify the features of lives, and of intervals within lives, in virtue of which some people are high in well‐being and others are low in well‐being. They also purport to identify the properties that make some events or states of affairs good for a person and other events or states of affairs bad for a person. This article surveys some of the main theories of well‐being, with an emphasis on work published since the turn of the century.
Identification of the novel HLA‐C*07:976 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing
Authors: Chen Chen , Fu Rui , Zhang Wei , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: January 2022

HLA‐C*07:976 shows nine nucleotides insertion at position 971 to 972 when compared to HLA‐C*07:02:01:01.
Global Med Ed Café: A safe space for conversations
Authors: Dzara Kristina , Bruynell Karen L. , Alexander Erik K. , DePaula Caitlyn R. , Ramani Subha
Published: January 2022

Background

Communities of practice foster knowledge sharing, scholarly collaboration, mentoring and professional identify formation. Easier access to technology overall and the desire to engage with peers during the pandemic have increased opportunities to engage in virtual global conversations.

Approach

The Brigham Education Institute designed and implemented a series of six bimonthly, 1‐hour ‘Global Medical Education Cafés’ between September 2020 and June 2021. They were offered on the Zoom platform and featured a core educational topic led by one or two discussants, followed by small group interactions surrounding specific questions or challenges. Discussants were selected based on their international reputation and recognition as health professions education scholars and leaders with expertise in specific areas. Each café was advertised through newsletters, social media, educational email lists and open to educators from any healthcare discipline or geographical region.

Evaluation

Between 26 and 41 participants attended each session from 12 countries representing five continents. Content analysis of preliminary education evaluation data from chats and reflective narratives identified four key themes: (1) exciting interactive format; (2) sense of worldwide community; (3) safe space for conversations; and (4) strong moderators facilitating engaging peer conversations.

Implications

The series leaders aimed to emphasise inclusive, non‐hierarchical and cross‐cultural conversations. Preliminary evaluation suggests that this goal was achieved; these will remain priorities in future series. Educators worldwide can organise similar events with minimal resources. A safe space for conversations and open‐mindedness to learning from a variety of learning and societal cultures are likely essential elements for success.