bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Cells Exhibiting 17.59% Efficiency with Two Compatible Y6 Derivations as Acceptor
Authors: Wang Xuelin , Sun Qianqian , Gao Jinhua , Ma Xiaoling , Son Jae Hoon , Jeong Sang Young , Hu Zhenghao , Niu Lianbin , Woo Han Young , Zhang Jian , Zhang Fujun
Published: January 2021

Efficient organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are fabricated using two structurally similar Y6 derivations (BTP‐BO‐4F and Y6‐1O) as acceptor and PM6 as donor. The two binary OPVs exhibit a high fill factor (FF) (>76%), the complementary short‐circuit‐current density (JSC) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC). The high FFs of binary OPVs indicate the good compatibility of corresponding materials to form efficient charge transport channels. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.59% is obtained from ternary OPVs with 15 wt% Y6‐1O in acceptors, benefiting from the simultaneously improved JSC of 26.13 mA cm−2, a VOC of 0.860 V, and an FF of 78.26%. The values of VOC of ternary OPVs can be gradually increased along with the incorporation of Y6‐1O, suggesting the preferred formation of an alloyed state between BTP‐BO‐4F and Y6‐1O due to their good compatibility. Meanwhile, the cascaded energy levels of BTP‐BO‐4F and Y6‐1O can form efficient electron transport channels in ternary active layers. The main contribution of Y6‐1O can be summarized as enhancing photon harvesting, optimizing phase separation, and adjusting molecular arrangement. The experimental results may provide new insight on developing efficient ternary OPVs by selecting two well‐compatible acceptors.
Short‐Term Study Abroad in TESOL: Current State and Prospects
Authors: Kang Hyun‐Sook , Pacheco Mark B.
Published: January 2021

In line with the fiscal, structural, and academic shifts in higher education, a growing number of universities in English‐speaking countries develop and deliver short‐term study‐abroad (STSA) programs that are shorter than a regular academic term, often under contract with sending universities and governments from non‐English‐speaking countries. Distinct from the well‐established scholarship in SA largely focused on American and European university students going abroad to improve their foreign language skills (c.f., Kinginger, 2008; Mitchell, Tracy‐Ventura, & McManus, 2017), there is an emerging area of inquiry in which Anglophone institutions of higher education host students and (para)professionals from non‐English‐speaking countries for academic and cultural enrichment, as well as for English language teaching. To address the nascent transnational trend, broadly related to ESL in higher education, this article provides an overview of the current state and prospects associated with STSA. After laying out the groundwork for SA, this article identifies the unique scope and potential area of inquiry related to STSA hosted by Anglophone institutions of higher education. The overview article then proposes a potential research agenda that encompasses sojourner identity, goals, and practices vis‐a‐vis institutional goals and practices at the intersection of SA and TESOL.
CCCDTD5: Clinical role of neuroimaging and liquid biomarkers in patients with cognitive impairment
Authors: Brisson Mélanie , Brodeur Catherine , Létourneau‐Guillon Laurent , Masellis Mario , Stoessl Jon , Tamm Alex , Zukotynski Katherine , Ismail Zahinoor , Gauthier Serge , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Soucy Jean‐Paul
Published: January 2021

Since 1989, four Canadian Consensus Conferences on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTDs) have provided evidence‐based dementia diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Canadian clinicians and researchers. We present the results from the Neuroimaging and Fluid Biomarkers Group of the 5th CCCDTD (CCCDTD5), which addressed topics chosen by the steering committee to reflect advances in the field and build on our previous guidelines.

Recommendations on Imaging and Fluid Biomarker Use from this Conference cover a series of different fields. Prior structural imaging recommendations for both computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remain largely unchanged, but MRI is now more central to the evaluation than before, with suggested sequences described here. The use of visual rating scales for both atrophy and white matter anomalies is now included in our recommendations. Molecular imaging with [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]‐FDG) Positron Emisson Tomography (PET) or [99mTc]‐hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime/ethylene cysteinate dimer ([99mTc]‐HMPAO/ECD) Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT), should now decidedly favor PET. The value of [18F]‐FDG PET in the assessment of neurodegenerative conditions has been established with greater certainty since the previous conference, and it has now been recognized as a useful biomarker to establish the presence of neurodegeneration by a number of professional organizations around the world. Furthermore, the role of amyloid PET has been clarified and our recommendations follow those from other groups in multiple countries. SPECT with [123I]‐ioflupane (DaTscanTM) is now included as a useful study in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) from Lewy body disease. Finally, liquid biomarkers are in a rapid phase of development and, could lead to a revolution in the assessment AD and other neurodegenerative conditions at a reasonable cost.

We hope these guidelines will be useful for clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and the lay public, to inform a current and evidence‐based approach to the use of neuroimaging and liquid biomarkers in clinical dementia evaluation and management.
All you need is air—Alternating activated sludge system BIOCOS without electromechanical equipment
Authors: Wett Bernhard , Brückl Annemarie , Aichinger Peter , Ingerle Kurt
Published: January 2021

Exclusively air‐driven operation is an essential feature of the cyclic activated sludge process BIOCOS. Switching the air‐flow between diffusers, agitation, and recycle air‐lift keeps operation and maintenance simple and leads to significant energy savings used for mechanical devices. The overall energy demand for the whole biological system with settling was found to be below 20 kWh/PE.a. This hybrid technology shows a constant water level characteristic for continuous flow systems and time‐based control. Modular rectangular tank configuration and high solids operation targets a compact footprint. Process wise, the settling sludge blanket in the two alternating settling tanks was found to contribute considerably to post‐denitrification and enhances phosphorus removal. During the last years, approximately 200 BIOCOS plants have been implemented mainly in Germany, Austria, Spain, and China, some of the operational results are presented in this paper.

Practitioners points

BIOCOS is a hybrid process with alternating settling tanks at constant water level.

The performance of demonstration plants shows high resilience against hydraulic and organic peak loads.

The energy demand for the process was found to be very small.

The process is driven with no electromechanical equipment but one main blower station.

The sludge blanket in the alternating settler significantly contributes to denitrification and phosphorus removal.
Mastering extreme size constraints in the clathrate‐I borosilicide Cs8B8Si38
Authors: Hübner Julia‐Maria , Jung Walter , Koželj Primož , Bobnar Matej , Cardoso‐Gil Raul , Burkhardt Ulrich , Böhme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Schwarz Ulrich , Grin Yuri
Published: January 2021

Cs8B8Si38 is obtained by high‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis at p=8 GPa and T=1273 K. The new compound (space group Pm
n; a=10.0312(3) Å) is the third example for a clathrate‐I borosilicide after the potassium and rubidium varieties, respectively. The phase slowly deteriorates in air and moisture but is thermally stable up to 1050 K at ambient pressure. [Cs+]8[B–]8[Si0]38 is electronically balanced, diamagnetic, and shows semiconducting behavior.
Assays of Eosinophil Apoptosis and Phagocytic Uptake
Authors: Gachanja Naomi N. , Dorward David A. , Rossi Adriano G. , Lucas Christopher D.
Published: January 2021

Eosinophil apoptosis (programmed cell death) plays an important role in several inflammatory and allergic conditions. Apoptosis triggers various mechanisms including activation of cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and is characterized by morphological and biochemical changes. These include cellular condensation, nuclear fragmentation, increased mitochondrial permeability with loss of membrane potential, and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell membrane. A greater understanding of apoptotic mechanisms, subsequent phagocytosis (efferocytosis), and regulation of these processes is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis and development of potential novel therapeutic agents. Release of soluble factors and alterations to surface marker expression by eosinophils undergoing apoptosis aid them in signaling their presence to the immediate environment, and their subsequent recognition by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Uptake of apoptotic cells usually suppresses inflammation by restricting proinflammatory responses and promoting anti-inflammatory and tissue repair responses. This, in turn, promotes resolution of inflammation. Defects in the apoptotic or efferocytosis mechanisms perpetuate inflammation, resulting in chronic inflammation and enhanced disease severity. This can be due to increased eosinophil life span or cell necrosis characterized by loss of cell membrane integrity and release of toxic intracellular mediators. In this chapter, we detail some of the key assays that are used to assess eosinophil apoptosis, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways involved and phagocytic clearance of these cells.
Einleitung
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Wer sind Professoren mit Migrationshintergrund? Geht es um Menschen aus der Türkei, denen es gelungen ist, in der zweiten Generation eine erfolgreiche akademische Laufbahn bis hin zur Professur in Deutschland zu durchlaufen? Geht es um Menschen, die als Kinder mit ihren Eltern aus Russland, möglicherweise als Aussiedler, nach Deutschland gekommen sind, die das Bildungssystem in Deutschland durchlaufen haben und die mittlerweile auf eine Professur in Deutschland berufen wurden?
Kontextualisierung
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Das Kapitel „Kontextualisierung“ besteht aus drei Unterkapiteln. Der Abschnitt 2.1 beschreibt aus historischer Perspektive die unterschiedlichen Phasen des Wandels Deutschlands zum Einwanderungsland. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Entwicklung seit den 1950er Jahren.
Begrifflicher und theoretischer Rahmen
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Das folgende Kapitel über den begrifflichen und theoretischen Rahmen basiert auf fünf Teilen. Im ersten Unterkapitel geht es um Theorien und Konzepte zur Frage „Wer ist Migrant“. Ziel ist es, die Entscheidung, eine Gruppe der Professoren mit Migrationshintergrund – über die eingangs erläuterte Definition nach dem Mikrozensus – zu konstruieren, zu erläutern.
Auswertung und Ergebnisse
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Die Auswertung und Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit lassen sich in zehn Felder unterteilen. Im ersten Abschnitt 6.1 werden die Herkunft und die Soziodemographie der Professoren mit Migrationshintergrund in den Mittelpunkt gestellt. Im Anschluss werden die Bildungs- und Berufsverläufe (6.2) näher beschrieben.
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Abschließend wird der Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit auf drei Ebenen diskutiert werden. Erstens wird der Beitrag der Arbeit hinsichtlich der Grundlagenforschung im Feld der Hochschulforschung herausgestellt. Zweitens wird der Beitrag der Arbeit für die theoretische Fundierung der Hochschulforschung verdeutlicht.
Low-energy phenomenology of scalar leptoquarks at one-loop accuracy
Authors: Gherardi Valerio , Marzocca David , Venturini Elena
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We perform a complete study of the low-energy phenomenology of S1 and S3 leptoquarks, aimed at addressing the observed deviations in B-meson decays and the muon magnetic dipole moment. Leptoquark contributions to observables are computed at one-loop accuracy in an effective field theory approach, using the recently published complete one-loop matching of these leptoquarks to the Standard Model effective field theory. We present several scenarios, discussing in each case the preferred parameter space and the most relevant observables.
Emergent universe and Genesis from the DHOST cosmology
Authors: Ilyas Amara , Zhu Mian , Zheng Yunlong , Cai Yi-Fu
Published: January 2021

Abstract

In this article, we present an emergent universe scenario that can be derived from DHOST cosmology. The universe starts asymptotically Minkowski in the far past just like the regular Galileon Genesis, but evolves to a radiation dominated period at the late stage, and therefore, the universe has a graceful exit which is absent in the regular Galileon Genesis. We analyze the behavior of cosmological perturbations and show that both the scalar and tensor modes are free from the gradient instability problem. We further analyze the primordial scalar spectrum generated in various situations and discuss whether a scale invariance can be achieved.
2, 12, 117, 1959, 45171, 1170086, …: a Hilbert series for the QCD chiral Lagrangian
Authors: Gráf Lukáš , Henning Brian , Lu Xiaochuan , Melia Tom , Murayama Hitoshi
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We apply Hilbert series techniques to the enumeration of operators in the mesonic QCD chiral Lagrangian. Existing Hilbert series technologies for non-linear realizations are extended to incorporate the external fields. The action of charge conjugation is addressed by folding the$$ \mathfrak{su}(n) $$sunDynkin diagrams, which we detail in an appendix that can be read separately as it has potential broader applications. New results include the enumeration of anomalous operators appearing in the chiral Lagrangian at orderp8, as well as enumeration ofCP-even,CP-odd,C-odd, andP-odd terms beginning from orderp6. The method is extendable to very high orders, and we present results up to orderp16.

(The title sequence is the number of independentC-evenand P-even operators in the mesonic QCD chiral Lagrangian with three light flavors of quarks, at chiral dimensionsp2,p4,p6, …)
Unimodular vs nilpotent superfield approach to pure dS supergravity
Authors: Bansal Sukruti , Nagy Silvia , Padilla Antonio , Zavala Ivonne
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Recent progress in understanding de Sitter spacetime in supergravity and string theory has led to the development of a four dimensional supergravity with spontaneously broken supersymmetry allowing for de Sitter vacua, also called de Sitter supergravity. One approach makes use of constrained (nilpotent) superfields, while an alternative one couples supergravity to a locally supersymmetric generalization of the Volkov-Akulov goldstino action. These two approaches have been shown to give rise to the same 4D action. A novel approach to de Sitter vacua in supergravity involves the generalisation of unimodular gravity to supergravity using a super-Stückelberg mechanism. In this paper, we make a connection between this new approach and the previous two which are in the context of nilpotent superfields and the goldstino brane. We show that upon appropriate field redefinitions, the 4D actions match up to the cubic order in the fields. This points at the possible existence of a more general framework to obtain de Sitter spacetimes from high-energy theories.
Genetics and breeding for climate change in Orphan crops
Authors: Kamenya Sandra Ndagire , Mikwa Erick Owuor , Song Bo , Odeny Damaris Achieng
Published: January 2021

Climate change is rapidly changing how we live, what we eat and produce, the crops we breed and the target traits. Previously underutilized orphan crops that are climate resilient are receiving much attention from the crops research community, as they are often the only crops left in the field after periods of extreme weather conditions. There are several orphan crops with incredible resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some are nutritious, while others provide good sources of biofuel, medicine and other industrial raw materials. Despite these benefits, orphan crops are still lacking in important genetic and genomic resources that could be used to fast track their improvement and make their production profitable. Progress has been made in generating draft genomes of at least 28 orphan crops over the last decade, thanks to the reducing cost of sequencing. The implementation of a structured breeding program that takes advantage of additional modern crop improvement tools such as genomic selection, speed breeding, genome editing, high throughput phenotyping and breeding digitization would make rapid improvement of these orphan crops possible, but would require coordinated research investment. Other production challenges such as lack of adequate germplasm conservation, poor/non-existent seed systems and agricultural extension services, as well as poor marketing channels will also need to be improved if orphan crops were to be profitable. We review the importance of breeding orphan crops under the increasing effects of climate change, highlight existing gaps that need to be addressed and share some lessons to be learned from major crops.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce myocardial infarct size in preclinical animal models of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sayour Alex Ali , Celeng Csilla , Oláh Attila , Ruppert Mihály , Merkely Béla , Radovits Tamás
Published: January 2021

Aims/hypothesis

Large cardiovascular outcome trials demonstrated that the cardioprotective effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors might reach beyond glucose-lowering action. In this meta-analysis, we sought to evaluate the potential infarct size-modulating effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in preclinical studies.

Methods

In this preregistered meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42020189124), we included placebo-controlled, interventional studies of small and large animal models of myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury, testing the effect of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment on myocardial infarct size (percentage of area at risk or total area). Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were calculated and pooled using random-effects method. We evaluated heterogeneity by computing Τ2 and I2 values. Meta-regression was performed to explore prespecified subgroup differences according to experimental protocols and their contribution to heterogeneity was assessed (pseudo-R2 values).

Results

We identified ten eligible publications, reporting 16 independent controlled comparisons on a total of 224 animals. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitor significantly reduced myocardial infarct size compared with placebo (SMD = −1.30 [95% CI −1.79, −0.81], p < 0.00001), referring to a 33% [95% CI 20%, 47%] difference. Heterogeneity was moderate (Τ2 = 0.58, I2 = 60%). SGLT2 inhibitors were only effective when administered to the intact organ system, but not to isolated hearts (p interaction <0.001, adjusted pseudo-R2 = 47%). While acute administration significantly reduced infarct size, chronic treatment was superior (p interaction <0.001, adjusted pseudo-R2 = 85%). The medications significantly reduced infarct size in both diabetic and non-diabetic animals, favouring the former (p interaction = 0.030, adjusted pseudo-R2 = 12%). Treatment was equally effective in rats and mice, as well as in a porcine model. Individual study quality scores were not related to effect estimates (p = 0.33). The overall effect estimate remained large even after adjusting for severe forms of publication bias.

Conclusions/interpretation

The glucose-lowering SGLT2 inhibitors reduce myocardial infarct size in animal models independent of diabetes. Future in vivo studies should focus on clinical translation by exploring whether SGLT2 inhibitors limit infarct size in animals with relevant comorbidities, on top of loading doses of antiplatelet agents. Mechanistic studies should elucidate the potential relationship between the infarct size-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibitors and the intact organ system.

Graphical abstract
A global perspective on the issue of access to insulin
Authors: Beran David , Lazo-Porras Maria , Mba Camille M. , Mbanya Jean Claude
Published: January 2021

The discovery of insulin in 1921 changed the prognosis for people with type 1 diabetes. A century later, availability and affordability of insulin remain a challenge in many parts of the globe. Using the WHO’s framework on understanding the life cycle of medicines, this review details the global and national challenges that affect patients’ abilities to access and afford insulin. Current research and development in diabetes has seen some innovations, but none of these have truly been game-changing. Currently, three multinational companies control over 95% of global insulin supply. The inclusion of insulin on the WHO’s Prequalification Programme is an opportunity to facilitate entry of new companies into the market. Many governments lack policies on the selection, procurement, supply, pricing and reimbursement of insulin. Moreover, mark-ups in the supply chain also affect the final price to the consumer. Whilst expenses related to diabetes are mostly covered by insurance in high-income countries, many patients from low- and middle-income countries have to pay out of their own pockets. The organisation of diabetes management within the healthcare system also affects patient access to insulin. The challenges affecting access to insulin are complex and require a wide range of solutions. Given that 2021 marks the centenary of the discovery of insulin, there is need for global advocacy to ensure that the benefits of insulin and innovations in diabetes care reach all individuals living with diabetes.

Graphical abstract
Perceived and objective availability of green and blue spaces and quality of life in people with dementia: results from the IDEAL programme
Authors: Wu Yu-Tzu , Clare Linda , Jones Ian Rees , Nelis Sharon M. , Quinn Catherine , Martyr Anthony , Victor Christina R. , Lamont Ruth A. , Rippon Isla , Matthews Fiona E. ,   The Improving the Experience of Dementia, Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) Programme
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between quality of life and both perceived and objective availability of local green and blue spaces in people with dementia, including potential variation across rural/urban settings and those with/without opportunities to go outdoors.

Methods

This study was based on 1540 community-dwelling people with dementia in the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) programme. Quality of life was measured by the Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease (QoL-AD) scale. A list of 12 types of green and blue spaces was used to measure perceived availability while objective availability was estimated using geographic information system data. Regression modelling was employed to investigate the associations of quality of life with perceived and objective availability of green and blue spaces, adjusting for individual factors and deprivation level. Interaction terms with rural/urban areas or opportunities to go outdoors were fitted to test whether the associations differed across these subgroups.

Results

Higher QoL-AD scores were associated with higher perceived availability of local green and blue spaces (0.82; 95% CI 0.06, 1.58) but not objective availability. The positive association between perceived availability and quality of life was stronger for urban (1.50; 95% CI 0.52, 2.48) than rural residents but did not differ between participants with and without opportunities to go outdoors.

Conclusions

Only perceived availability was related to quality of life in people with dementia. Future research may investigate how people with dementia utilise green and blue spaces and improve dementia-friendliness of these spaces.
Combined posterolateral knee reconstruction: ACL-based injuries perform better compared to PCL-based injuries
Authors: Lutz Patricia M. , Merkle Michael , Winkler Philipp W. , Geyer Stephanie , Herbst Elmar , Braun Sepp , Imhoff Andreas B. , Feucht Matthias J.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To compare post-operative physical activity and return to work after combined posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction (PLC-R) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)- or posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-based injuries.

Methods

Patients aged > 18 years undergoing PLC-R using the Larson technique combined with either ACL or PCL reconstruction were included. Outcome was evaluated retrospectively after a minimum follow-up of 24 months using Tegner Activity Scale, Activity Rating Scale (ARS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), work intensity according to REFA classification, and a questionnaire about type of occupation and time to return to work.

Results

A total of 32 patients (11 ACL-based injuries and 21 PCL-based injuries) were included. Mean follow-up was 56 ± 26 months in the ACL-based injury group and 59 ± 24 months in the PCL-based injury group. All patients in the ACL-based injury group and 91% of patients in the PCL-based injury group returned to sports activities. Comparing pre- and post-operative values, a significant deterioration of the Tegner Activity Scale and ARS was observed in the PCL-based injury group, whereas no significant change was observed in the ACL-based injury group. KOOS subscales were generally higher in the ACL-based injury with significant differences in the subscale sports and recreational activities. Patients with ACL-based injuries returned to work significantly earlier compared to patients with PCL-based injuries (11 ± 4 weeks vs. 21 ± 10 weeks,p < 0.05).

Conclusion

High rates of return to sports and work can be expected after combined PLC-R in both ACL- and PCL-based injuries. However, deterioration of sports ability must be expected in PCL-based injuries. ACL-based injuries led to superior patient-reported outcomes and an earlier return to work, as compared to PCL-based injuries.

Level of evidence

Level IV.
Knee laxity and functional knee outcome after contralateral ACLR are comparable to those after primary ACLR
Authors: Cristiani Riccardo , Viheriävaara Sofia , Janarv Per-Mats , Edman Gunnar , Forssblad Magnus , Stålman Anders
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To evaluate and compare knee laxity and functional knee outcome between primary and contralateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods

Patients who underwent primary and subsequent contralateral ACL reconstruction (ACLR) at Capio Artro Clinic, Stockholm, Sweden, from 2001 to 2017, were identified in our local database. The inclusion criteria were: the same patients who underwent primary and contralateral hamstring tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft ACLR and no associated ligament injuries. The KT-1000 arthrometer, with an anterior tibial load of 134 N, was used to evaluate knee laxity preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was collected preoperatively and at the 1-year follow-up.

Results

A total of 326 patients with isolated primary and contralateral ACLR met the inclusion criteria (47.9% males; mean age at primary ACLR 23.9 ± 9.4 years and contralateral ACLR 27.9 ± 10.1 years). The arthrometric laxity measurements were available for primary and contralateral ACLR for 226 patients. The mean preoperative and postoperative anterior tibial translation (ATT), as well as the mean ATT reduction from preoperatively to postoperatively, did not differ significantly between primary and contralateral ACLR. The KOOS was available for primary and contralateral ACLR for 256 patients. No significant differences were found preoperatively and at the 1-year follow-up between primary and contralateral ACLR for any of the five KOOS subscales.

Conclusion

The findings in this study showed that anterior knee laxity and functional knee outcome after contralateral ACLR are comparable to those after primary ACLR. It is important for clinicians to counsel patients about their expectations after contralateral ACLR. This study shows that the results after contralateral ACLR in terms of knee laxity and functional knee outcome are predictable and likely to be comparable to those after primary ACLR.

Level of evidence

Level III.
Patient-Reported Outcomes from a Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial of Burosumab Versus Conventional Therapy in Children with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
Authors: Padidela Raja , Whyte Michael P. , Glorieux Francis H. , Munns Craig F. , Ward Leanne M. , Nilsson Ola , Portale Anthony A. , Simmons Jill H. , Namba Noriyuki , Cheong Hae Il , Pitukcheewanont Pisit , Sochett Etienne , Högler Wolfgang , Muroya Koji , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Gottesman Gary S. , Biggin Andrew , Perwad Farzana , Williams Angela , Nixon Annabel , Sun Wei , Chen Angel , Skrinar Alison , Imel Erik A.
Published: January 2021

Changing to burosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting fibroblast growth factor 23, significantly improved phosphorus homeostasis, rickets, lower-extremity deformities, mobility, and growth versus continuing oral phosphate and active vitamin D (conventional therapy) in a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial involving children aged 1–12 years with X-linked hypophosphatemia. Patients were randomized (1:1) to subcutaneous burosumab or to continue conventional therapy. We present patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from this trial for children aged ≥ 5 years at screening (n = 35), using a Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaire and SF-10 Health Survey for Children. PROMIS pain interference, physical function mobility, and fatigue scores improved from baseline with burosumab at weeks 40 and 64, but changed little with continued conventional therapy. Pain interference scores differed significantly between groups at week 40 (− 5.02, 95% CI − 9.29 to − 0.75; p = 0.0212) but not at week 64. Between-group differences were not significant at either week for physical function mobility or fatigue. Reductions in PROMIS pain interference and fatigue scores from baseline were clinically meaningful with burosumab at weeks 40 and 64 but not with conventional therapy. SF-10 physical health scores (PHS-10) improved significantly with burosumab at week 40 (least-squares mean [standard error] + 5.98 [1.79]; p = 0.0008) and week 64 (+ 5.93 [1.88]; p = 0.0016) but not with conventional therapy (between-treatment differences were nonsignificant). In conclusion, changing to burosumab improved PRO measures, with statistically significant differences in PROMIS pain interference at week 40 versus continuing with conventional therapy and in PHS-10 at weeks 40 and 64 versus baseline.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02915705
Chemical functional groups of extractives, cellulose and lignin extracted from native Leucaena leucocephala bark
Authors: Md Salim Rafidah , Asik Jahimin , Sarjadi Mohd Sani
Published: January 2021

Bark from trees is considered a worthless raw material. However, this resource could be economically beneficial if utilized efficiently due to its rich chemical compounds. In this study, an ethanol toluene-soluble extractive, alpha-cellulose and lignin obtained fromLeucaena leucocephalabark were characterized to determine their chemical functional groups. Based on FTIR spectral analysis, the results indicated that the bands of the functional groups of the extractive from the original bark remain unchanged; however, the absorbance intensity was found to be weaker in the group frequency and fingerprint regions. Removal of extractive, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin from the bark indirectly increased the strong absorbance intensity of cellulose. Broad peaks of OH stretching found in all spectra were assigned to the presence of phenolic OH and aliphatic structures for extractive and aromatic structures of lignin. It was revealed that aromatic functional groups were mainly found in the extractive, while water, carbonyl and ether were the dominant groups in cellulose, and methyl, methylene, carbonyl and carboxyl groups were enriched in lignin.

Graphic abstract
Differences in genetic diversity and divergence between brooding and broadcast spawning corals across two spatial scales in the Coral Triangle region
Authors: van der Ven Rosa Maria , Heynderickx Hanneloor , Kochzius Marc
Published: January 2021

The Coral Triangle region contains the world’s highest marine biodiversity, however, these reefs are also the most threatened by global and local threats. A main limitation that prevents the implementation of adequate conservation measures is that connectivity and genetic structure of populations is poorly known. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and connectivity patterns of tropical corals in Indonesia on two different spatial scales, as well as by comparing two different reproduction strategies. Genotyping was based on microsatellite markers for 316 individual Seriatopora hystrix colonies and 142 Acropora millepora colonies sampled in Pulau Seribu and Spermonde Archipelago in 2012 and 2013. Differences in allelic diversity and a strong signature of divergence associated with historical land barriers at the Sunda Shelf were found for the brooding coral Seriatopora hystrix. However, differences in diversity and divergence were not pronounced in the broadcast spawning coral Acropora millepora. Within Spermonde Archipelago, two groups were identified: (1) sites of the sheltered inner-shelf and mid-shelf, which were found to be highly interconnected and (2) mid-shelf and outer-shelf sites characterised by higher differentiation. These patterns of contemporary dispersal barriers and genetic diversity can be explained by the differences in life history of the corals, as well as by oceanographic conditions facilitating larval dispersal. The contemporary dispersal barriers found within the Spermonde Archipelago emphasise the need for incorporating connectivity data in future conservation efforts.
Definition and Analysis of Textbook Outcome: A Novel Quality Measure in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Halpern Samantha E. , Moris Dimitrios , Shaw Brian I. , Kesseli Samuel J. , Samoylova Mariya L. , Manook Miriam , Schmitz Robin , Collins Bradley H. , Sanoff Scott L. , Ravindra Kadiyala V. , Sudan Debra L. , Knechtle Stuart J. , Ellis Matthew J. , McElroy Lisa M. , Barbas Andrew S.
Published: January 2021

Background

“Textbook outcome” (TO) is a novel composite quality measure that encompasses multiple postoperative endpoints, representing the ideal “textbook” hospitalization for complex surgical procedures. We defined TO for kidney transplantation using a cohort from a high‐volume institution.

Methods

Adult patients who underwent isolated kidney transplantation at our institution between 2016 and 2019 were included. TO was defined by clinician consensus at our institution to include freedom from intraoperative complication, postoperative reintervention, 30‐day intensive care unit or hospital readmission, length of stay > 75th percentile of kidney transplant patients, 90‐day mortality, 30‐day acute rejection, delayed graft function, and discharge with a Foley catheter. Recipient, operative, financial characteristics, and post‐transplant patient, graft, and rejection‐free survival were compared between patients who achieved and failed to achieve TO.

Results

A total of 557 kidney transplant patients were included. Of those, 245 (44%) achieved TO. The most common reasons for TO failure were delayed graft function (N = 157, 50%) and hospital readmission within 30 days (N = 155, 50%); the least common was mortality within 90 days (N = 6, 2%). Patient, graft, and rejection‐free survival were significantly improved among patients who achieved TO. On average, patients who achieved TO incurred approximately $50,000 less in total inpatient charges compared to those who failed TO.

Conclusions

TO in kidney transplantation was associated with favorable post‐transplant outcomes and significant cost‐savings. TO may offer transplant centers a detailed performance breakdown to identify aspects of perioperative care in need of process improvement.
A Simple Tool to Improve Visualization of the Vocal Cords on Translaryngeal Ultrasound in Male Patients
Authors: Knyazeva P. , Walz M. K. , Alesina P. F.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Laryngeal ultrasound has been increasingly used for the evaluation of the vocal cords mobility after thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of the method are reported to be higher than 80%. Nevertheless, the visualization rate in male patients remains low; therefore, ultrasound is not attractive for the perioperative workup in those patients. In the present study, we evaluate the ability to improve the visualization rate for male patients by using a gel pad as an interface between the skin and the ultrasound probe.

Methods and Materials

Between December 2018 and January 2019, 92 male patients (mean age 49 years; range: 20–80 years) referred to our hospital with different thyroid pathologies received a laryngeal ultrasound without (TLUS) and subsequently with gel pad (G‐TLUS). TLUS was performed by B‐scan (probe 5–13 MHz, aperture 40 mm). The data were prospectively collected and statistically analyzed.

Results

The visualization rate in the TLUS group was 35% (32 out of 92 patients). The use of the gel pad could increase the rate to 78% (p < 0.0001). For both groups, visualization rates are lower in older patients (> 50 years) compared to younger individuals (TLUS: 25% vs. 45%, p < 0.05; G‐TLUS: 75% vs 82%, p = 0.45).

Conclusion

The gel pad significantly improves the vocal cord visualization rate in male patients and should be used routinely.
Morphological consistency of bilateral hip joints in adults based on the X-ray and CT data
Authors: Zhao Ran , Cai Hong , Tian Hua , Zhang Ke
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The application of the anatomical parameters of the contralateral hip joint to guide the preoperative template of the affected side relies on the bilateral hip symmetry. We investigated the bilateral hip symmetry and range of anatomical variations by measurement and comparison of bilateral hip anatomical parameters.

Methods

This study included 224 patients (448 hips) who were diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femur head, and underwent bilateral primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in our hospital from January 2012 to August 2020. Imaging data included 224 patients X-ray and 30 CT data at the end of the cohort. Anatomical parameters, including the acetabular abduction angle and trochanteric height, were measured using the Noble method. Postoperative measurements included stem size, difference of leg length and offset.

Results

Except for the isthmus width, there were no significant differences in the anatomical morphology of the hip joint. Among the demographic factors, there was a correlation between body weight and NSA. Among various anatomical parameters, a correlation was present between medullary cavity widths of T + 20, T, and T − 20. The difference in the use of stem size is not due to the morphological difference of bilateral medullary cavity, but due to the different of 1- or 2-stage surgery.

Conclusion

Bilateral symmetry was present among the patients with normal morphology of the hip medullary cavity, theoretically confirming the feasibility of structural reconstruction of the hip joint using the hip joint on the uninjured side. Additionally, the difference in the morphology of the hip medullary cavity is not present in a single plane but is synergistically affected by multiple adjacent planes.
Spanning the gap: unraveling RSC dynamics in vivo
Authors: Neumann Heinz , Wilkins Bryan J.
Published: January 2021

Multiple reports over the past 2 years have provided the first complete structural analyses for the essential yeast chromatin remodeler, RSC, providing elaborate molecular details for its engagement with the nucleosome. However, there still remain gaps in resolution, particularly within the many RSC subunits that harbor histone binding domains.

Solving contacts at these interfaces is crucial because they are regulated by posttranslational modifications that control remodeler binding modes and function. Modifications are dynamic in nature often corresponding to transcriptional activation states and cell cycle stage, highlighting not only a need for enriched spatial resolution but also temporal understanding of remodeler engagement with the nucleosome. Our recent work sheds light on some of those gaps by exploring the binding interface between the RSC catalytic motor protein, Sth1, and the nucleosome, in the living nucleus. Using genetically encoded photo-activatable amino acids incorporated into histones of living yeast we are able to monitor the nucleosomal binding of RSC, emphasizing the regulatory roles of histone modifications in a spatiotemporal manner. We observe that RSC prefers to bind H2B SUMOylated nucleosomes in vivo and interacts with neighboring nucleosomes via H3K14ac. Additionally, we establish that RSC is constitutively bound to the nucleosome and is not ejected during mitotic chromatin compaction but alters its binding mode as it progresses through the cell cycle. Our data offer a renewed perspective on RSC mechanics under true physiological conditions.
Cribellate thread production as model for spider’s spinneret kinematics
Authors: Weissbach Margret , Neugebauer Marius , Joel Anna-Christin
Published: January 2021

Spider silk attracts researchers from the most diverse fields, such as material science or medicine. However, still little is known about silk aside from its molecular structure and material strength. Spiders produce many different silks and even join several silk types to one functional unit. In cribellate spiders, a complex multi-fibre system with up to six different silks affects the adherence to the prey. The assembly of these cribellate capture threads influences the mechanical properties as each fibre type absorbs forces specifically. For the interplay of fibres, spinnerets have to move spatially and come into contact with each other at specific points in time. However, spinneret kinematics are not well described though highly sophisticated movements are performed which are in no way inferior to the movements of other flexible appendages. We describe here the kinematics for the spinnerets involved in the cribellate spinning process of the grey house spider, Badumna longinqua, as an example of spinneret kinematics in general. With this information, we set a basis for understanding spinneret kinematics in other spinning processes of spiders and additionally provide inspiration for biomimetic multiple fibre spinning.
Dynamics of the spatiotemporal morphology of Mei-yu fronts: an initial survey
Authors: Hu Yang , Deng Yi , Lin Yanluan , Zhou Zhimin , Cui Chunguang , Dong Xiquan
Published: January 2021

Mei-yu fronts are often accompanied with prominent diabatic heating due to the development of frontal clouds and rain bands. The direct effect and relative importance of diabatic heating on the spatiotemporal morphology of Mei-yu fronts however remain unclear. Here a new frontogenesis function is derived to isolate the effect of diabatic heating and this function is then applied to the latest high resolution reanalysis product ERA5 to conduct an initial survey of dynamic and thermodynamic processes driving the intensity and structure evolutions of three typical Mei-yu fronts. It is found that the direct effect of latent heating (moisture depletion) is always frontogenetical (frontolytical) in the pre-frontal and frontal zone throughout the lifecycle of the front with latent heating (moisture depletion) in general dominates the front intensification (dissipation). Tilting is another critical process that turns the vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature into horizontal gradient leading to frontogenesis during the front development stage, and, after the release of convective instability ahead of the front, flattens the front surface leading to frontolysis during the front decaying stage. Therefore titling maintains consistently positive contributions to the evolution of a Mei-yu front and its importance depends highly on the convective intensity near the front. The deformation effect appears frontogenetical but carries a much smaller weight compared to diabatic heating, moisture depletion and tilting. The structure evolutions of the three Mei-yu fronts studied here exhibit two distinct patterns: “bending and breaking”, and “moving and rotating”. Both patterns are dominated by the front propagation (i.e., frontogenesis through air parcels), further highlighting the critical roles played by diabatic heating, moisture depletion and titling in determining the spatiotemporal characteristics of Mei-yu fronts. As these three processes are all closely tied to updrafts, clouds and precipitation near the fronts, improved representations of clouds and convection are needed to accurately depict their feedbacks to frontal evolutions and ultimately achieve better predictions of heavy rainfall and floods associated with Mei-yu fronts.
WALANT–Epinephrine injection may lead to short term, reversible episodes of critical oxygen saturation in the fingertips
Authors: Moog P. , Dozan M. , Betzl J. , Sukhova I. , Kükrek H. , Megerle K.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Although the WALANT technique’s long-term safeness has been demonstrated in many studies, there are only few data investigating its short-term effects on tissue perfusion and oxygen levels. It was hypothesized that, temporarily, critical levels of tissue perfusion may occur.

Methods

Seventeen patients, who were scheduled for different procedures in WALANT technique, were injected with 5–7 ml of 1% Articain containing 1:200,000 epinephrine at the finger base. Capillary-venous oxygen saturation, hemoglobin volume in the capillaries, and relative blood flow in the fingertips were recorded once per second by white light spectrometry and laser Doppler flowmetry before, during and after injection for an average of 32 min.

Results

Clinically, no persistent tissue malperfusion was observed, and there were no postoperative complications. Capillary-venous oxygen saturation was reduced by ≥ 30% in seven patients. Critical levels of oxygen saturation were detected in four patients during 13 intervals, each lasting for 132.5 s on average. Oxygen saturation returned to noncritical values in all patients by the end of the observation period. Blood flow in the fingertips was reduced by more than 30% in nine patients, but no critical levels were observed, as with the hemoglobin. Three patients demonstrated a reactive increase in blood flow of more than 30% after injection.

Conclusions

Injection of tumescent local anesthesia containing epinephrine into finger base may temporarily cause a substantial reduction in blood flow and lead to critical levels of oxygen saturation in the fingertips. However, this was fully reversible within minutes and does not cause long-term complications.