bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Federal family and disability policy: Special relevance for developmental disabilities
Authors: Turnbull H. Rutherford , Stowe Matthew J. , Agosta John , Turnbull Ann P. , Schrandt M. Suzanne , Muller John F.
Published: June 2007

The article reviews the federal statutes and relevant decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that constitute the core concepts of disability policy and their application to persons with disabilities (especially developmental disabilities) and their families. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:114–120.
The implications of no child left behind for students with developmental disabilities
Authors: Wakeman Shawnee Y. , Browder Diane M. , Meier Irene , McColl Ann
Published: June 2007

In a review of current research and the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation, this paper focuses on two specific issues: (a) how students with developmental disabilities show adequate yearly progress, including a description of the assessments in which this population may participate, and (b) the policy issues surrounding NCLB including technical requirements of alternate assessments, alignment of content standards, assessments, and instruction, the requirement of all teachers to be highly qualified, and the relationship between NCLB and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004). Areas for future research are identified through a review of relevant literature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:143–150.
Residential supports for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Lakin K. Charlie , Stancliffe Roger J.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews the current and changing status of residential supports for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD). It examines four major trends in those supports: (1) Decreasing use of larger institutions and increasing use of community housing; (2) Decreasing size among community settings; (3) Increasing numbers of people living in homes that they themselves own or rent; and (4) Decreasing out‐of‐home placements of children and youth. Within each trend the article provides a statistical description of the trend, its foundation in public policy, reviews the evidence of the trend's benefit to people with ID/DD, and identifies future challenges in sustaining the trend. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:151–159.
Emerging policy challenges in intellectual disabilities
Authors: Fujiura Glenn T. , Parish Susan L.
Published: June 2007

The forces shaping intellectual disability policy‐making are diverse; while many of the policy issues reviewed in this issue are specific to intellectual disabilities, there are others that transcend disability‐specific concerns. Our review is organized around six emerging demographic and socio‐cultural trends that may directly and profoundly impact the intellectual disability field: aging, changing labor markets, immigration, families, federalism, and culture. Each of these trends is discussed in terms of their relevance and potential impact on disability policy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:188–194.
A stepwise damping‐solvent extraction method for large‐scale dynamic soil–structure interaction analysis in time domain
Authors: Li J. B. , Yang J. , Lin G.
Published: June 2007

Time‐domain analysis of dynamic soil–structure interaction based on the substructure method plays an increasing role in practical applications as compared with the frequency‐domain analysis. Efficient and accurate modelling of the unbounded soil or rock medium has been a key issue in such an analysis. This paper presents a subregional stepwise damping‐solvent extraction formulation for solving large‐scale dynamic soil–structure problems in the time domain. Accuracy and efficiency of the formulation are evaluated in detail for a classical problem involving a rigid strip foundation embedded in a half‐space. A practical large‐scale soil–structure interaction problem, which represents a high concrete gravity dam subjected to seismic load, is then
analysed using the proposed method. Various responses of the dam, including time histories of the crest displacement and acceleration and contours of the peak principal stresses within the dam body, are presented. Comparisons are also made between these results with those obtained using other models for the unbounded medium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical vibration of an elastic strip footing on saturated soil
Authors: Cai Y. Q. , Cheng Y. M. , Alfred Au S. K. , Xu C. J. , Ma X. H.
Published: June 2007

Based on Biot's dynamic coupled equations, the vertical vibration of an elastic
strip footing on the surface of saturated soil is studied. Utilizing the Fourier transform, the governing dynamic differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved. Considering the mixed boundary value conditions at the bottom of the foundation, a pair of dual integral equations about the vertical vibration of an elastic strip footing is derived, which can be converted to a set of linear equations by means of infinite series of orthogonal functions. The relation between the dynamic compliance coefficients and the dimensionless frequency tends to be gentle with decreasing footing rigidity, while the dimensionless frequency has only small effect on the dynamic compliance coefficients. When the dynamic permeability is large, its effect on the dynamic compliance coefficients should be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the dynamic compliance coefficients are found to be not sensitive to Poisson's ratio of the soil for footing on saturated soil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Settlements and stresses of multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds by equivalent elastic method
Authors: Hirai Hiroyoshi
Published: June 2007

The investigation of equivalent elastic method is made to predict settlements and stresses of multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds. Analytical models to represent the heterogeneous elastic properties of layers in vertical and horizontal directions for multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds are proposed in taking into account the equivalent elastic modulus and the equivalent thickness. By introducing the equivalent thickness derived from Terzaghi's formula of the vertical stress, the equivalent elastic method of using the equivalent elastic modulus and the equivalent thickness is applied to the formulations concerning immediate settlements and vertical stresses in multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds. Comparison is performed between rigorous solutions and simulations for immediate settlements and vertical stresses in multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds. It is found that the proposed method is able to describe properly the characteristics of distributions for settlements and vertical stresses in
multi‐layered grounds and improved grounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of nocturia in a Korean population aged 40 to 89 years
Authors: Choo Myung‐Soo , Ku Ja Hyeon , Park Choal Hee , Lee You Sik , Lee Kyu‐Sung , Lee Jeong Gu , Park Won‐Hee
Published: June 2007

Aims

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of nocturia in Korea, to examine the relationship between nocturia and demographic variables, and to determine the impact of nocturia on daily living.

Methods

A national telephone survey using quota sampling methods was conducted in Korea. The clinically validated computer‐assisted telephone interview approach was used for the survey.

Results

Of 2005 subjects (1,005 women and 1,000 men) interviewed, 33.5% reported voiding once per night and 48.2% twice or more per night. Nocturia increased with age among both genders and was more common among young women than young men. In all subjects, multivariate analysis indicated that female gender, older age and an overweight condition were independent risk factors. Body mass index was associated with an increased likelihood of nocturia in male but not in female subjects. In female subjects, the likelihood of at least one night‐time void was related to delivery number (odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.32). An impact of nocturia on daily life was reported by 14.6% of subjects and only 3.8% (4.0% of men and 3.7% of women) sought medical care. Commonly reported reasons for not seeking medical care were the belief that nocturia is a normal consequence of aging or is not a disease (92.8% of subjects reporting an impact of nocturia on daily life).

Conclusions

Although nocturia is highly prevalent in the Korean population, it has only a minor impact on daily living, and few individuals seek medical care. Our study provides a valuable insight into the need for tailored nocturia education addressed to the population who view the condition as trivial. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copolymerization ofsec‐butenyl acetate with styrene via emulsion polymerization
Authors: Alidedeoglu Alp H. , Dutta Sandipan , Misra Rahul , Rawlins James W. , Morgan Sarah E.
Published: June 2007

The incorporation of allylic monomers into highly reactive vinyl polymerizations provides a means to control molecular weight, conversion, and Trommsdorff effect to produce copolymers with desirable performance characteristics. The copolymerization behavior of styrene withsec‐butenyl acetate, whose copolymerization properties have not been reported, is investigated. Copolymers were produced via semicontinuous emulsion polymerization and characterized via NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. A high degree of chain termination due to allylic hydrogen abstraction was observed, as expected, with resultant decreases in molecular weight and in monomer conversion. However, high conversions were achieved, and it was possible to incorporate high percentages of the allylic acetate comonomer into the polymer chain. Copolymer thermal properties are reported. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3191–3203, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of light‐emitting main‐chain metallo‐polymers containing bis‐terpyridyl ligands with various lateral substituents
Authors: Chen Yi‐Yu , Lin Hong‐Cheu
Published: June 2007

A series of conjugated monomers (5a‐5d) with various lateral substituents were symmetrically synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling reaction, in which central aromatic units (i.e. 9,9‐dipropylfluorenes) were linked to 2,2′:6′,2′‐terpyridyl (tpy) units via phenylene/ethynylene fragments. These light‐emitting monomers were further reacted with zinc(II) ions and subsequently anion exchanged to produce supramolecular main‐chain metallo‐polymers (6a‐6d). The formation of polymers 6a‐6d was confirmed by the increased viscosities (up to 1.5–1.83 times) relative to those of their analogous monomers. The results of 1H NMR titration and UV‐Vis spectral titration revealed a detailed complexation process of metallo‐polymers by varying the molar ratios of zinc(II) ions to monomers. After coordination with zinc(II) ions, the luminescent and thermal properties of the polymers were enhanced by the formation of metallo‐supramolecular structures in contrast to their monomer counterparts. PLED devices employing these metallo‐polymers as emitters gave yellow to orange electroluminescence (EL) emissions with turn‐on voltages around 6 V. The maximum power efficiency, external quantum yield, and brightness of the PLED device containing polymer 6c were 0.33 cd A−1 (at 14 V), 1.02%, and 931 cd m−2 (at 14 V), respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3243–3255, 2007
Core‐shell microspheres with surface grafted poly(vinyl alcohol) as drug carriers for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen T. L. Uyen , Farrugia Brooke , Davis Thomas P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: June 2007

Core(polyvinyl neodecanoate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)‐shell(polyvinyl alcohol) (core (P(VND‐EGDMA))‐shell(PVA)) microspheres were developed by seeded polymerization with the use of conventional free radical and RAFT/MADIX mediated polymerization. Poly(vinyl pivalate) PVPi was grafted onto microspheres prepared via suspension polymerization of vinylneodecanoate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The amount of grafted polymer was found to be independent from the technique used with conventional free radical polymerization and MADIX polymerization resulting into similar shell thicknesses. Both systems—grafting via free radical polymerization or the MADIX process—were found to follow slightly different kinetics. While the free radical polymerization resulted in a weight gain linear with the monomer consumption in solution the growth in the MADIX controlled system experienced a delay. The core‐shell microspheres were obtained by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl pivalate) surface grafted brushes to form poly(vinyl alcohol). During hydrolysis the microspheres lost a significant amount of weight, consistent with the hydrolysis of 40–70% of all VPi units. Drug loading was found to be independent of the shell layer thickness, suggesting that the drug loading is governed by the amount of bulk material. The shell layer does not appear to represent an obstacle to the drug ingress. Cell testing using colorectal cancer cell lines HT 29 confirm the biocompatibility of the empty microspheres whereas the clofazimine loaded particles lead to 50% cell death, confirming the release of the drug. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3256–3272, 2007
Preparation and properties of polyethoxysilsesquioxane‐C60 hybrids
Authors: Gunji Takahiro , Sakai Yosuke , Arimitsu Koji , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: June 2007

Free‐standing films of C60‐polyethoxysiloxane hybrids were prepared, and their optical limiting properties were evaluated. Triethoxysilylated C60, with a formula of H3C60[Si(OEt)3]3, was synthesized by the hydrolysilylation of C60 with triethoxysilane in the presence of platinum catalyst. C60‐polyethoxysiloxanes were prepared by a cohydrolytic polycondensation of triethoxysilylated C60 with tetraethoxysilane in a molar ratio of Si/C60 = 10–1000 under nitrogen flow. The molecular weight of C60‐polyethoxysiloxane increased with a decrease of Si/C60. Transparent and flexible free‐standing films were prepared by aging an ethanol solution of C60‐polyethoxysiloxane at 80 °C for 6–8 days. The mechanical strength and Young's modulus increased with a decrease in Si/C60. These free‐standing films showed an optical limiting property, for which the threshold value decreased from 1163 mJ/cm2 (Si/C60 = 1000) to 130 mJ/cm2 (Si/C60 = 10) with a decrease of Si/C60. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3273–3279, 2007
One‐ and two‐photon activity of cross‐conjugated photoinitiators with bathochromic shift
Authors: Heller Christian , Pucher Niklas , Seidl Bernhard , Kalinyaprak‐Icten Kadiriye , Ullrich Gerald , Kuna Ladislav , Satzinger Valentin , Schmidt Volker , Lichtenegger Helga C. , Stampfl Jürgen , Liska Robert
Published: June 2007

Intrigued by the good performance of 1,5‐diphenylpenta‐1,4‐diyn‐3‐one (DPD) as photoinitiator for radical polymerization we prepared and investigated several donor substituted derivatives. UV‐Vis spectroscopy revealed a gradual red‐shift of λmax and higher extinction in the order of the donor capability. A methoxy‐substituted derivative (O‐DPD) exhibited significant photoinitiation activity in photo‐DSC experiments. Steady state photolysis experiments showed decreased decomposition rates with increasing donor capability. A dimethylamino derivative N‐DPD was even photostable under these conditions. Because of to the D‐π‐A‐π‐D system of these compounds two‐photon induced 3D photopolymerization experiments were performed and N‐DPD showed outstanding performance compared to often applied single photon initiators. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3280–3291, 2007
4‐methoxy‐substituted poly(triphenylamine): A p‐type polymer with highly photoluminescent and reversible oxidative electrochromic characteristics
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Yang Yi‐Lung , Chen Wen‐Chang , Su Yuhlong Oliver
Published: June 2007

A 4‐methoxy‐substituted triphenylamine‐containing homopolymer, poly [N,N‐diphenyl‐4‐methoxyphenylamine‐4′,4′′‐diyl] (PMeOTPA), with blue light (435 nm) fluorescence quantum efficiency up to 79% was easily prepared by oxidative coupling polymerization of N,N‐diphenyl‐4‐methoxyphenylamine (MeOTPA) using FeCl3 as an oxidant. Its reversible oxidation redox couple was at 0.41 V versus Fc/Fc+ in acetonitrile solution. It exhibited good thermal stability with 10% weight‐loss temperatures above 500 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere and relatively high softening temperature (154 °C). The simply designed homopolymer revealed moderate stability of electrochromic characteristics, changing color from original pale yellowish to red, and then to black. The PMeOTPA based field effect transistor also showed p‐type characteristics with significant temperature dependence. The present study suggests that PMeOTPA is a multifunctional polymer for various optoelectronic device applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3292–3302, 2007
Chemical modification of polyamide‐6 by chain extension with 2,2′‐bis(2‐oxazoline)
Authors: Lu Chengxiang , Chen Tan , Zhao Xuzhong , Ren Xiancheng , Cai Xufu
Published: June 2007

The chain‐extension behavior of 2,2′‐bis(2‐oxazoline) (BOZ) was studied to evaluate the coupling effect on polyamide‐6 (PA6) in a Haake Rheocord mixer and an extruder. The relative torque of PA6 dramatically increased within 1–2 min, and the results were similar whether the added amount of BOZ in PA6 was the theoretical amount or twice as much at 240 °C; however, after 5 min, the coupling results showed an optimal dosage of the chain extender, a lack of which caused a deficiency of chain extension and an excess of which led to a greater blocking reaction. The final torque was 2.16 times as much as that of a control sample when the reaction temperature was 240 °C, and the added amount of BOZ in PA6 was 1.156%; at the same time, the initial carboxyl content of the chain‐extended products decreased to 40% for PA6, and this corresponded to the intrinsic viscosity of PA6 increasing to 1.636 dL/g, whereas that of the control sample was 1.384 dL/g. Furthermore, the effects of BOZ on the thermal and mechanical properties of chain‐extended PA6 were investigated. The degree of crystallinity decreased as the chain extender was added to PA6. The Izod impact strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the resultant products dramatically improved under wet conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1976–1982, 2007
Crystallization kinetical and morphological peculiarities in binary crystalline/crystalline polymer blends
Authors: Liu Jieping , Jungnickel B.‐J.
Published: June 2007

A survey is presented on the crystallization kinetics and the morphology of miscible crystalline/crystalline polymer blends. There are only few corresponding systems. In them, however, a number of strange kinetic and structural phenomena can be observed: (i) spherulitic crystallization of the components side‐by‐side, (ii) “interpenetrating crystallization,” (iii) “interlocking spherulitic crystallization,” and (iv) “interfilling crystallization.” Cocrystallization is forbidden for crystallographic reasons. The blend partners grow instead in their own lamellar stacks, and mixed lamellar stacks are a seldom and questionable exception. They crystallize also usually stepwise and not simultaneously. Upon step crystallization, the crystallization of the second component is determined by its redistribution with crystallization of the former. Those composition inhomogeneities are an independent issue that arises also with the development of the morphology in crystalline/amorphous blends, and a corresponding survey is yielded, too. The blend poly (vinylidene fluoride)/poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is a convenient model system as it can show all of these morphological and kinetic features after suitable thermal treatment. Some of them are demonstrated in the present publication. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1917–1931, 2007
Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Tande Brian M. , Wagner Norman J. , Kim Young H.
Published: June 2007

Fourth and fifth generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimers and methyl and benzyl functionalized copolymers of these dendrimers are solution blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The methyl‐derivative copolymer is observed to be dispersed in PVC as judged by optical and dynamic scanning calorimetry measurements. This dispersion leads to a substantial reduction in the glass transition temperature and a commensurate plasticization effect, demonstrating that functionalized dendrimer copolymers can successfully plasticize semicrystalline polymers. This plasticization is thought to occur as a result of additional free volume from the highly branched structure of the dendrimer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1970–1975, 2007
On the Permeability of Thermally Damaged PBX 9501
Authors: Zerkle David K. , Asay Blaine W. , Parker Gary R. , Dickson Peter M. , Smilowitz Laura B. , Henson Bryan F.
Published: June 2007

Theoretical analysis, modeling, and simulation are used to provide insight into the development of permeability during thermal damage of the high explosive PBX 9501. In a recently published article, Terrones et al. [1] conclude that samples of PBX 9501 thermally damaged at 186 °C are not permeable to gas flow in a manner consistent with Darcy's Law. We disagree with their conclusion. We show that they have misreported data from the literature, and that their argument depends on a fluid flow model that is physically incorrect and is applied with inappropriate physical parameters.
Phase diagram of a thin Heisenberg antiferromagnetic film
Authors: Cabral Neto J. , Ricardo de Sousa J.
Published: June 2007

We investigate the thickness dependence of the Néel temperature of a thin quantum spin‐1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic film as a function of the magnetic field on a simple cubic lattice. The Néel temperature TN(H, ℓ) is obtained by using the framework of the effective‐field theory for films consisting of ℓ = 2, 3, 5, 10 and ∞ (bulk) interacting layers. We present the phase diagram of T versus H in the whole range of the magnetic field for several values of ℓ. A continuous phase‐transition line separating the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases is observed. The critical temperature TN(H, ℓ) of the film is smaller than the corresponding bulk critical temperature $ T^{\rm b}_{\rm N} $(H) ≡ TN(H, ∞) of the infinite system, which has been analyzed recently by Bublitz Filho and de Sousa [Phys. Lett. A 323, 9 (2004)]; as ℓ is increased, TN(H, ℓ) also increases and approaches $ T^{\rm b}_{\rm N} $(H) for large values of ℓ. We have, also, studied the quantum phase transition where three critical fields were found: Hc(ℓ) = 6.224 for ℓ ≥ 3 (three‐dimensional regime), Hc(ℓ = 2) = 5.210 (intermediate regime) for ℓ = 2 and, finally, the two‐dimensional regime at ℓ = 1 with Hc(ℓ = 1) = 4.194. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Today's challenges in quantum dot materials research for tomorrow's quantum functional devices
Authors: Nötzel Richard , Anantathanasarn Sanguan , Zhou Dayong , Lippen Twan van
Published: June 2007

Size, shape, position control, and self‐organized lateral ordering of epitaxial semiconductor quantum dot (QD) arrays are demonstrated. This constitutes the prerequisite for the ultimate control of the electronic and optical properties of man‐made semiconductor heterostructures at the single and multiple charge, spin, and photon level, including their quantum mechanical and electromagnetic interactions in view of applications such as quantum information processing and computing. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical analysis of dislocation‐related physical processes in GaN‐based epilayers
Authors: Jiang De‐Sheng , Zhao De‐Gang , Yang Hui
Published: June 2007

In this paper, recent progresses in optical analysis of dislocation‐related physical properties in GaN‐based epilayers are surveyed with a brief review. The influence of dislocations on both near‐band edge emission and yellow luminescence (YL) is examined either in a statistical way as a function of dislocation density or focused on individual dislocation lines with a high spatial resolution. Threading dislocations may introduce non‐radiative recombination centers and enhance YL, but their effects are affected by the structural and chemical environment. The minority carrier diffusion length may be dependent on either dislocation density or impurity doping as confirmed by the result of photovoltaic spectra. The in situ optical monitoring of the strain evolution process is employed during GaN heteroepitaxy using an AlN interlayer. A typical transition of strain from compression to tension is observed and its correlation with the reduction and inclination of threading dislocation lines is revealed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of planar photonic crystals using a quantum well infrared photodetector
Authors: Schartner S. , Golka S. , Austerer M. , Andrews A. M. , Schrenk W. , Gornik E. , Strasser G.
Published: June 2007

A GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector was combined with a deeply etched three‐fold PhC structure. This makes the detector sensitive to mid‐infrared radiation incident via the sample surface. The geometrically tunable peak responsivity is polarization independent when operated at normal incidence. Changing the angle of incidence a structure of several peaks is observed. In contrast to normal incidence illumination where the single peak can be identified as one particular PhC mode at the Γ‐point near the second order Bragg condition, the multiple peaks apparent under an arbitrary angle refer to all PhC modes which lie within the spectral responsivity of the detector. The measurement therefore represents a direct characterization procedure for band structure mapping of photonic crystals. A study of the polarization dependence shows that TM polarized waves excite even modes while TE waves couple to modes with odd symmetry. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination and improvement of spontaneous emission quantum efficiency in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wang J.‐B. , Ding D. , Johnson S. R. , Yu S.‐Q. , Zhang Y.‐H.
Published: June 2007

The injection and temperature dependence of the spontaneous emission quantum efficiency of molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures is determined using excitation dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Two samples are compared; one grown with Sb as a surfactant and one grown without Sb. The PL measurements were performed at temperatures from 80 to 320 K using a HeNe pump laser with powers ranging from 0.6 to 35 mW. The quantum efficiency is inferred from the power law predicted by the rate equations that links pump power and integrated PL signal. The use of Sb as surfactant improved the extrapolated peak spontaneous emission quantum efficiency from 0.970 to 0.977 at 300 K and from 0.996 to 0.998 at 180 K. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Band bending of n‐InN epilayers and exact solution of the classical Thomas–Fermi equation
Authors: Klochikhin A. A. , Davydov V. Yu. , Strashkova I. Yu. , Brunkov P. N. , Gutkin A. A. , Rudinsky M. E. , Chen H.‐Y. , Gwo S.
Published: June 2007

The exact solution of the Thomas–Fermi equation for a planar accumulation layer of a degenerate semiconductor is presented. The obtained results are compared with theoretical literature data. The applicability of the solution is demonstrated by using results of electrochemical capacitance–voltage measurements and photoluminescence data for n‐InN epilayers. It has been found that the difference between the electron concentrations estimated from the Hall and photoluminescence measurements is a measure of the electron content in the accumulation layer with acceptable accuracy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical properties of edible films based on cassava starch as affected by the plasticizer concentration
Authors: Bergo P. V. A. , Carvalho R. A. , Sobral P. J. A. , dos Santos R. M. C. , da Silva F. B. R. , Prison J. M. , Solorza‐Feria J. , Habitante A. M. Q. B.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of glycerol contents on physical properties of cassava starch films. The films were prepared from film‐forming solutions (FFS) with 2g cassava starch/100g water and 0, 15, 30 and 45g glycerol/100g starch, and were analysed to determine its mechanical properties by tensile tests, the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the crystallinity by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The infrared spectra of the films were also recorded. The resistance values of the films decreased, while those of the elasticity increased with an increase in glycerol concentration due to the plasticizer effect of glycerol, which was also observed in DSC curves. The Tg of the films prepared decreased with the glycerol content. However, for samples with 30 and 45g glycerol/100g starch, two Tg curves were observed, probably due to a phase separation phenomenon. According to the XRD diffractograms, the films with 0 and 15gglycerol/100g starch presented an amorphous character, but some tendency to show crystalline peaks were observed for films with 30 and 45g glycerol/100g starch. The results obtained with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) corroborated these observations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of missing observations in two‐level split‐plot designs
Authors: Almimi Ashraf A. , Kulahci Murat , Montgomery Douglas C.
Published: June 2007

Inserting estimates for the missing observations from split‐plot designs restores their balanced or orthogonal structure and alleviates the difficulties in the statistical analysis. In this article, we extend a method due to Draper and Stoneman to estimate the missing observations from unreplicated two‐level factorial and fractional factorial split‐plot (FSP and FFSP) designs. The missing observations, which can either be from the same whole plot, from different whole plots, or comprise entire whole plots, are estimated by equating to zero a number of specific contrast columns equal to the number of the missing observations. These estimates are inserted into the design table and the estimates for the remaining effects (or alias chains of effects as the case with FFSP designs) are plotted on two half‐normal plots: one for the whole‐plot effects and the other for the subplot effects. If the smaller effects do not point at the origin, then different contrast columns to some or all of the initial ones should be discarded and the plots re‐examined for bias. Using examples, we show how the method provides estimates for the missing observations that are very close to their actual values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐space models for optical imaging
Authors: Myers Kary L. , Brockwell Anthony E. , Eddy William F.
Published: June 2007

Measurement of stimulus‐induced changes in activity in the brain is critical to the advancement of neuroscience. Scientists use a range of methods, including electrode implantation, surface (scalp) electrode placement, and optical imaging of intrinsic signals, to gather data capturing underlying signals of interest in the brain. These data are usually corrupted by artifacts, complicating interpretation of the signal; in the context of optical imaging, two primary sources of corruption are the heartbeat and respiration cycles. We introduce a new linear state‐space framework that uses the Kalman filter to remove these artifacts from optical imaging data. The method relies on a likelihood‐based analysis under the specification of a formal statistical model, and allows for corrections to the signal based on auxiliary measurements of quantities closely related to the sources of contamination, such as physiological processes. Furthermore, the likelihood‐based modeling framework allows us to perform both goodness‐of‐fit testing and formal hypothesis testing on parameters of interest. Working with data collected by our collaborators, we demonstrate the method of data collection in an optical imaging study of a cat's brain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracted and replaced: Software component composition: a subdomain‐based testing foundation
Authors: Hamlet Dick
Published: June 2007

The following article from Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, Software component composition: a subdomain‐based testing foundation by Dick Hamlet published online on 14 June 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the author, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief Jeff Offutt and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed because the article was not ready for publication and an early version without revisions was published in error. Replacement article DOI: 10.1002/stvr.376. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[18F]FPhEP and [18F]F2PhEP, two new epibatidine‐based radioligands: Evaluation for imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in baboon brain
Authors: Valette Héric , Dollé Frédéric , Saba Wadad , Roger Gaelle , Hinnen Françoise , Coulon Christine , Ottaviani Michele , Syrota André , Bottlaender Michel
Published: June 2007

The radioligand 2‐[18F]fluoro‐A‐85380 has been developed for imaging α4β2 nAChRs with PET. However, it has slow kinetics and a large fraction of bound activity is nondisplaceable. In an attempt to address these problems, two epibatidine‐based α4β2 nicotinic antagonists, coded FPhEP and F2PhEP, were evaluated in vivo in baboons. They were radiolabeled with fluorine‐18 from the corresponding N‐Boc‐protected bromo‐derivatives and the no‐carrier‐added K[18F]F‐Kryptofix®222 complex. Radiochemically pure [18F]FPhEP or [18F]F2PhEP was obtained in 80 min in amounts of 1.11–2.22 GBq (111–185 GBq/μmol). After injection of 215 MBq of [18F]FPhEP or [18F]F2PhEP, dynamic PET data were acquired. Thalamic radioactivity peaked at 20 min (4.9% ± 0.2% ID/100 mL tissue) for [18F]FPhEP. For [18F]F2PhEP, the peak was at 45 min (3.3% ± 0.1% ID/100 mL tissue). Regional distribution of both radiotracers was in accordance with the known distribution of nAChRs. In presaturation experiments, nicotine, cytosine, or FPhEP reduced brain radioactivity of [18F]FPhEP. In a displacement experiment with nicotine only a small amount of [18F]F2PhEP was dislodged. In spite of a moderate to high in vitro affinity, both ligands do not fulfill the widely adopted criteria for a PET radioligand. Synapse 61:764–770, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female social dominance in two Eulemur species with different social organizations
Authors: Marolf Brigitte , McElligott Alan G. , Müller Alexandra E.
Published: June 2007

Female social dominance is rare in mammals, but common in lemurs. We investigated social dominance in two Eulemur species; the polygynous crowned lemur (E. coronatus) and the monogamous red‐bellied lemur (E. rubriventer), using four and two social groups, respectively. We collected data on agonistic interactions and two types of affiliative behavior (grooming and maintaining spatial proximity). We used a combination of focal watches of individuals, instantaneous scan‐sampling of groups, and all‐occurrence of some behaviors in groups. We found that overall rates of agonistic interactions were higher in E. coronatus, and they also had more decided intersexual agonistic interactions than E. rubriventer. However, in both species the females won the vast majority of these agonistic interactions. E. coronatus females were groomed more often by males than vice versa, whereas no sex differences in grooming were observed in E. rubriventer. We found that males were responsible for maintaining spatial proximity in E. coronatus whereas in E. rubriventer, females were responsible. In one group of E. coronatus, the male was overweight and dominant to the female and this is the first observation of male dominance in a lemur species typically described as female dominant. We suggest that body weights in captivity be monitored for maintaining normal dominance relationships. Overall, agonistic behaviors were consistent with clear female social dominance in both E. coronatus and E. rubriventer. The affiliative behaviors also provided clear evidence for female dominance E. coronatus, but not for E. rubriventer. Zoo Biol 0: 1–14, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative determination of medium chain triglycerides in infant formula by reverse phase HPLC
Authors: Lee Theresa W.
Published: June 2007

Two methods were developed for the separation of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) using reverse phase HPLC. Both methods employed a C18 microbond HPLC column as the stationary phase and an isocratic solvent system. The first method described consists of acetonitrile/acetone as the mobile phase with a differential refractometer as the detector. In the second method, acetonitrile/water was used as the mobile phase and a UV detector at 210 nm. Trinonanoin was used as the internal standard for quantitative determination. This method is suitable for milk‐, whey‐ and soy protein‐based matrices. With minor modification, it is applicable to MCT levels ranging from 10 to 50% of total fat.
Tocopherol content in oil palm leaflet
Authors: Gapor Ab. , Kato A. , Ong A. S. H.
Published: June 2007

Mature oil palm leaflets are readily available as byproducts from oil palm plantations.α‐Tocopherol and chlorophyll contents of palm leaflets obtained from oil palm trees of different ages and varieties were determined.α‐Tocopherol and chlorophyll contents were in the range of 0.14–0.28% and 0.23–0.31%, respectively, in palm leaflets on wet bases. The molar ratios ofα‐tocopherol to chlorophyll were 0.78–2.37.
Laboratory continuous deodorizer for vegetable oils
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Friedrich J. P. , Mounts T. L.
Published: June 2007

A laboratory‐scale continuous deodorizer, based on a modified Snyder distillation column, was constructed and tested for the deodorization of alkali‐refined and bleached vegetable oils. Soybean oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and without further processing also was deodorized to a finished edible oil. Results of taste panel evaluations of the finished oils show that the quality of oils deodorized over a temperature range of 194–260 C is equivalent to commercial salad oils. Oil flow rates are 1 to 2 ml/min, and contact time is about 5 min; a vacuum of 0.5 to 1.0 mm Hg is maintained with countercurrent steam flow of 1 to 5% of the oil weight. Small samples of oil (250–1000 ml) are readily accommodated in this equipment, and the deodorization conditions more nearly simulate commercial practice than do traditional small‐scale batch deodorizers.
Oxidative stability of avocado oil
Authors: Werman M. J. , Neeman I.
Published: June 2007

This study is concerned with the extent of oxidative deterioration and oil stability as determined by measuring peroxide and conjugable oxidation products (COP) values and AOM time of refined bleached avocado oil in comparison with refined soybean and olive oil. The formation of peroxides in avocado oil exposed to daylight at room temperature is similar to that of soybean oil but greater than that of olive oil. No differences were found in peroxide formation, oxodiene values and COP values between the tested oil stored in the dark, at 60 C and at room temperature. The COP ratio in oils stored at 60 C is similar for avocado and olive oil, but differs from that of soybean oil.

The AOM stability time both for refined avocado and soybean oil was approximately 14 hr, and for refined olive oil was 15 hr.

The extent of oxidative stability of crude avocado oil was determined by measuring peroxide value compared with crude olive oil. Crude avocado oil is very sensitive to oxidation when exposed to daylight and fluorescent light, in contrast to its stability in the dark at room temperature. The chlorophyll content in crude avocado oil is reduced rapidly on exposure to daylight and fluorescent light.
Shifting of the double bond in methyl oleate during hydrogenation
Authors: Knegtel J. T. , Boelhouwer C. , Tels M. , Waterman H. I.
Published: June 2007

The displacement of the double bond of methyl oleate during hydrogenation with a nickel‐kieselguhr catalyst at 180°C. was investigated, particularly with respect to the analysis of dicarboxylic acids, obtained either by oxidation of the reaction products with KMnO4 in acetic acid or by means of ozone.

In the oxidation experiments with KMnO4 a considerable degradation of lower molecular dicarboxylic acids occurs that makes a quantitative analysis of the isomerization phenomena uncertain.

According to the ozonization experiments an equal migration of the double bond in both directions, toward and opposite the ester group, takes place.
A simplified method for the preparation of α‐ and β‐eleostearic acids and a revised spectrophotometric procedure for their determination
Authors: Hoffmann Joan S. , O'Connor R. T. , Heinzelman D. C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: June 2007

Simplified methods for the preparation of pure α‐ and β‐eleostearic acids are described. These procedures involve saponification of α‐ and β‐tung oils under mild conditions, followed by direct crystallization of the liberated acids at −20°C. from ethanolic solution. Only one recrystallization from ethanolic solution at +5°C. was required to produce the pure acids.

Absorptivities obtained from measurements of the ultraviolet absorption revealed α‐eleostearic acids of from 3–4% higher purity than those used in obtaining the equations previously recommended for the simultaneous determination of α‐ and β‐eleostearic acids. This has necessitated a revision of these equations. Equations for the determination of each isomer from both cyclohexane and ethanol are reported. Equations are also given for an independent determination of total eleostearic acid, and for the determination of one isomer in the absence of the other.

Infrared absorption spectra in the rock salt region from 2–15 microns have been measured from potassium bromide discs. These solid‐state or crystalline spectra reveal, in addition to the prominent bands assigned to characteristic groupings of the eleostearic acid molecule, the progression bands by means of which carbon chain length can be computed.
Analysis of polyethylene glycol esters
Authors: Malkemus J. D. , Swan J. D.
Published: June 2007

The products obtained by esterification of polyethylene glycols with fatty acid, or by means of the reaction of ethylene oxide with fatty acids, can be analyzed for their content of monoester, diester, and unreacted polyethylene glycol by taking advantage of the extractability of the polyethylene glycol with water. A hot salt solution is used to insure selective extraction. Saponification and hydroxyl numbers are used to calculate the composition of the mixture; the molecular weights of the acid and glycol are presumed to be known.
Qualitative foam stability evaluation of hand dishwashing detergents
Authors: Leenerts Lester O. , Myers Howard J.
Published: June 2007

A technique utilizing a common household washer for the evaluation of the foaming properties of hand dishwashing detergents has been developed, which has been shown to correlate well with blind‐product consumer‐testing. In contrast with many tests now in use this procedure incorporates the use of a variety of soil ingredients which may be present in actual home and institutional dishwashing practice, namely, fats, egg, vegetable juice, starches, etc. The design of the test equipment makes possible the simultaneous observation of two products or formula variations, thereby permitting the use of a standard of measurement for relative comparisons. Photographing the test at designated time‐intervals makes it possible to study the character of the foams after the completion of the evaluation. The test measures the properties of initial foam build‐up and stability to soil and has shown good reproducibility.
The solubility of sodium and potassium soaps and the phase diagrams of aqueous potassium soaps
Authors: McBain James W. , Sierichs William C.
Published: June 2007

Solubility data are provided and collected for the pure sodium and potassium soaps. Hydrolysis obscures the temperatures of solution but is obviated by the presence of a small excess of alkali. Each sodium soap has a large range of temperature between fair and high solubility, whereas the potassium soaps go abruptly into solution, at almost the same temperature and concentration of each soap.

The only soaps that are even moderately soluble at room temperature are potassium laurate, myristate, and oleate, the potassium salt of acids from coconut oil, and the sodium oleate. The other sodium and potassium soaps of the saturated fatty acids require elevated temperatures for solution.

Phase diagrams for the five commonest potassium soaps are developed and recorded.
Studies on conjugated hydrogenation: Nickel catalyst with alcohols
Authors: Basu H. N. , Chakrabarty M. M.
Published: June 2007

Studies have been made on the conjugated hydrogenation of peanut and safflower oils using nickel catalyst and with alcohols as hydrogen donors. Peanut oil was reduced with ethyl alcohol to a final iodine value of 64舑71 and the reaction is selective because little saturated acid is formed but some linoleic acid is retained. When the same oil is reduced with isopropyl or secondary butyl alcohols an iodine value of 蝤25 is reached while all linoleic acid has disappeared. With safflower oil and isopropyl alcohol an iodine value of 蝤46 is reached and the reaction is selective since all linoleic acid has disappeared. Thus the amount of monoene retained depends on initial unsaturation of the oil when a secondary alcohol is used as hydrogen donor.
Quantitative studies on methyl ketone formation in butteroil: Effect of temperature
Authors: Schwartz D. P. , Parks O. W. , Yoncoskie R. A.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative study of the effect of various heat treatments on methyl ketone formation in butteroil was conducted. Methyl ketone formation was found to follow first‐order reaction kinetics. The energy of activation was calculated to be approximately 26.55 kcal/mole. The ketones were formed in a fairly constant molar ratio approximating to the following C15,2蝘C13,1蝘C11,1蝘C9,1蝘C7,2蝘C5,1. The temperature‐time conditions had little or no effect on the ratio.
Interfacial mechanism of soil removal
Authors: Jennings W. G. , Whitaker S. , Hamilton W. C.
Published: June 2007

A previously recognized interface‐activated mechanism of soil removal appears to be related to the Marangoni effect. This mechanism, which may be the most powerful cleaning mechanism in a system, is due to surface motion created by local variations in the surface tension. The effects of several variables on this mechanism of soil removal were investigated and are discussed.