bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Human Milk Composition Beyond One Year Postpartum
Authors: Perrin Maryanne , Fogleman April , Allen Jonathan
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Evaluate longitudinal changes in human milk composition during the 2nd year of lactation and compare 2nd year milk samples to unpasteurized, pooled milk collected by Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) milk banks in order to create evidence‐based guidelines regarding donor exclusions.

Methods

Nineteen mothers provided sequential monthly milk samples (n = 154) between <12 months (control) and 18+ months postpartum by complete expression of one breast. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients and key bioactive compounds including lactoferrin, lysozyme and IgA. Unpasteurized, pooled milk samples (n = 33) from two HMBANA milk banks were also analyzed.

Results

A bivariate regression analysis showed that protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA concentration increased significantly based on Month of Lactation (P < 0.05). Fat content was not impacted by Month of Lactation (P = 0.6132). Volume Expressed had a significant inverse effect on all nutrients (P < 0.0001). Longitudinal samples beyond 12 months postpartum had significantly higher concentrations of all nutrients (P < 0.05) than milk bank samples.

Conclusions

Human milk during the 2nd year of lactation has increasing levels of total protein, IgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme that were significantly greater than levels observed in pooled milk bank samples. Because protein is especially important for the preterm infant, this research suggests that milk donors beyond one year postpartum should be considered as quality donors with the potential to raise the protein composition and supply of pooled donor milk. However, the late lactation changes might not be as evident in women who are aggressively pumping to donate and are thus producing large daily volumes.
Perceptions of Food Access and Food Purchasing Behaviors in a Low‐income Brazilian Urban Community: Formative Research Findings
Authors: Vedovato Gabriela , Gittelsohn Joel , Trude Angela , Oliveira Maria , Martins Paula
Published: June 2021

Formative research to data gathering helps design effective community‐based programs. We examined perceptions of the food environment and food purchasing behaviors of low‐income families living in a Brazilian urban area to inform a planned food store intervention. We established a partnership with a community organization and conducted weekly workshops (n=32) over a period of 12 months to social engagement and to create an agenda to intervene in local stores. We also performed in‐depth interviews with 7 key informants and direct observation with a family household to identify individuals' perceptions and behaviors related to food access, selection, buying and eating. Interviews and workshop reports were transcribed and coded. Perceived barriers to food access in local stores were: high price; low variety and quality of fresh produce; absence of a grocery delivery service; and poor customer relations. Local small stores were used primarily to purchase 1‐2 selected foods items, especially for cooking purpose. In contrast, most residents planned a monthly trip to wholesalers for bulk purchasing to compensate for limited local food access. These findings highlight some key points to address access dimensions in the upcoming food store intervention, such as improvement of availability, affordability of food and accommodation of community needs. Funded by CNPq #479885/2013‐3.
Feasibility of Post‐Hospitalization Interventions to Improve Physical Function in Older Adults
Authors: Deer Rachel , Goodlett Shawn , Fisher Steve , Dickinson Jared , Volpi Elena
Published: June 2021

Acute hospitalization can have catastrophic consequences for physical function and independence in older adults. The inability to regain function following a hospital stay is a strong predictor of re‐hospitalization and mortality. We have shown that nutritional interventions, exercise, and anabolic steroids independently increase muscle size and function, thus representing promising therapeutic strategies.

The goal of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of interventions (placebo supplement (P), nutrition supplement (N, whey protein), progressive in‐home exercise + placebo (E+P), exercise + nutrition (E+N), or single testosterone injection (T)) to improve physical function in older adults following acute hospitalization.

Subjects (>65 years) were recruited during hospitalization at UTMB Acute Care for Elders unit. Demographics and short physical performance battery (SPPB) were collected at hospital discharge and 1‐month post discharge.

Mean baseline SPPB score was 6.6. At 1‐mo testing, interventions tended to enhance improvement in raw SPPB score (P: 1.3, N: 3.3, E+P: 2.2, E+N: 3.2, T: 2.3) and percent of subjects with a clinically meaningful improvement (蠅1 point) (P: 50%, N: 100%, E+P: 80%, E+N: 80%, T: 88%). Gait speed was low in all groups at baseline (0.60‐ 0.71 m/s). Interventions tended to augment gait speed at 1‐mo (P: 25%, N: 50%, E+P: 45%, E+N: 44%, T: 21%).

These preliminary data (n=4‐8), from an ongoing clinical trial, indicate that interventions after acute hospitalization are feasible and can improve physical function in older adults.

Dairy Research Institute (1229) and UTMB Claude D. Pepper OAIC (5P30‐ AG024832).
Changing the Consistency of Animal Source and Micronutrient‐Rich Complementary Foods to Improve Acceptability and Consumption among Infants and Toddlers: Formative Research (FR) in Rural Peru
Authors: Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary , Bartolini Rosario , Goya Cecilia , Bentley Margaret
Published: June 2021

In many parts of rural Peru and other developing countries where stunting and anemia are prevalent, caregivers culturally prefer non‐nutrient dense preparations such as soups as first complementary foods. Animal source foods (ASF) are frequently introduced towards the end of the first year. Through conducting in depth interviews (24), focus groups (6) and observations (4) with caregivers, we explored the potential acceptance of commercial infant food grinders (IFG) to facilitate giving available micronutrient‐rich family foods and ASFs to infants and young children from 6 months.

Mothers considered the IFG transforms negative qualities attributed to ASF to positive: the grinding of the food made it “soft”, the ASF is transformed from “hard” to a consistency considered appropriate for eating and digesting for a 6 – 7 month old; the food is “tastier because it has meat in it and child will eat more”. Advantages for the mothers included its ease and facility to use and wash; it “saves time”, and that a baby will not choke on this food. These soft preparations can be used as a vehicle for multi‐micronutrient powders, recently being distributed by the MOH.

The first phase of the FR is followed by household behavioral trials with 40 caregivers and their children 6 – 15 months to further explore the use of the IFG during a period of 2 ‐3 weeks, to learn of the types of foods used, frequency of use and changes in dietary intake, information to be used to design a community efficacy trial to explore potential dietary impact of the IFG at scale in this setting.

Funding: Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition
Association of Dietary Intake Contribution of Prospera Supplements and Socioeconomic Level in Children in San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Authors: Gaona‐Pineda Elsa , Cuevas‐Nasu Lucia , Gomez‐Acosta Luz , Mendez Ignacio , Shamah Teresa
Published: June 2021

Objective

To estimate the contribution to dietary intake of Prospera (former Oportunidades) supplements in children and the association with socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods: Within the study of “Impact evaluation of food assistance programs in San Luis Potosi, Mexico” we obtained information from 398 children (< 3y old) beneficiaries of Prospera. Through a food semicuantitative frequency questionnaire we estimated the percentage contribution to total dietary intake (PCDI) of energy, protein, zinc, iron, folate and vitamin B12 of Prospera distributed supplements. We studied the association of PCDI and SES with zero‐inflated negative binomial regression models adjusted by sex and age, interaction between SES and sex was tested.

Results: Interaction between SES and sex was found for energy and protein intakes. Girls of low SES showed higher PCDI than boys (energy and protein p= 0.054 and 0.0456; respectively). Children of low SES had higher PCDI of zinc, iron, folate and vitamin B12 than children of high SES.

[Table 1]
PCDI (CI 95%)
PCDI (CI 95%)

Nutriment
Low SES
High SES

Energy (Boys)
10 (8,11.9)
4 (3, 5)

Energy (Girls)
13 (11, 14)
6 (3, 9.7)

Protein (Boys)
15 (12,17)
5 (2,8)

Protein (Girls)
17 (15, 20)
8 (4, 12)

Zinc
56 (53, 58)
39 (34, 43)

Iron
52 (49, 55)
35 (31, 39)

Folate
27 (25, 30)
17 (15, 20)

Vitamin B12
31 (28, 35)
14 (14, 21)

Conclusions

The PCDI of supplements is higher in children of low SES. It is necessary to study dietary quality in Prospera beneficiaries and asses the program target population.

Supported by FOMIX SLP. Project: FMSLP‐213‐C02‐208475
Food Insecurity Leads to Lower Dietary Diversity Among Smallholder Farmers in Haiti
Authors: Parent Jasmine , Dallmann Diana , Sinclair Kate , Garcia Miguel , Melgar‐Quinonez Hugo
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity (FI) (mild to severe) is highly prevalent amongst smallholder farmers in Haiti. This study is based on 500 surveys nationally distributed where FI was measured using the Latin American and Caribbean Household Food Security Scale which categorizes the households (HH) in food secure (FS=2.6%), mildly (7.2%), moderately (28.3%) and severely (62.0%) FI. Dietary Diversity Scores (DDS) were generated using the FAO's Household Dietary Diversity Index Guidelines. Results show that the DDS decreased significantly from mild (11.0) to moderate (10.0) to severe (9.4) FI levels, after controlling for number of children, gender of head of HH, daily per capita income, education, number of animals and land size. Furthermore, the number of total food items consumed decreased significantly from the mildly (34.3) to the moderately (25.9) and severely (22.5) FI households after controlling for the same variables. The decrease affected staple foods, eggs, dairy, meat/fish, fruits and vegetables. Sugar consumption remained the same in all groups. When compared to all foods consumed, the proportion of animal source foods decreased from FS HH (18.6%) to severely FI HH (11.6%) while the proportion of sugars and oils increased from FS HH (14.0%) to severely FI HH (18.6%). These results show that more severe FI in a HH, the lower the dietary diversity, as well as the intake of nutrient dense foods. Dietary diversity has been shown to imply nutrient adequacy and when compromised, results in poor health status. Furthermore, higher intakes of low nutrient dense foods like sugars and oils imply a need for appropriate interventions to improve access to a greater variety of nutrient dense foods in all FI groups.
Food Insecurity and Quality of Life among Obese Latino Adolescents
Authors: Bruening Meg , Shaibi Gabriel , Williams Allison , Konopken Yolanda , Skelton Kara
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the relationship between quality of life and food insecurity among obese Latino adolescents participating in a diabetes prevention program.

Methods

Baseline surveys including the USDA food security screener and the Youth Quality of Life scale were administered to 62 parent‐adolescent (mean age 14.8 yrs) dyads prior to the intervention. Multivariate regressions were used to assess the relationship between youth's quality of life and food insecurity (both household and adolescent's self‐report) , adjusting for parent employment status, household size, and youth's gender and age.

Results

Self‐reported food insecurity prevalence was high among parents (54.2%) and moderate among youth (19.7%). The odds of a child reporting food insecurity was 3.8 times higher if parents reported food insecurity (p=0.07). The mean adolescent quality of life score was 81.0±11.3. There was no significant relationship between adolescents' quality of life and food insecurity status(β=‐3.67; p=0.33), or in the relationship in adolescents' quality of life and parents' food security status even after adjusting for child food insecurity status (β=‐2.01; p=0.59).

Conclusions

Parents may protect their children from food insecurity, given the lower relative prevalence of food insecurity in adolescents as compared to parents. Surprisingly, there was no association observed between food security and quality of life; health professionals addressing food insecurity among youth may consider capitalizing on the positive outcomes in overall quality of life when designing interventions.
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Food Insecure Households in San Pedro, Paraguay
Authors: Dallmann Diana , Lopez Ross Mabel , Orue Juan Carlos , Melgar Quinonez Hugo
Published: June 2021

A study in San Pedro Paraguay applied an experience‐based food security (FS) scale (Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria ‐ ELCSA), classifying 598 households (HH) in the national FS plan PLANAL into 4 groups: food secure (fsHH – 14%), mildly (53%), moderately (21%), and severely (12%) food insecure (fiHH). This study aimed to determine the socioeconomic characteristics of fiHH. The sample was randomly selected, and is representative of PLANAL HH in San Pedro. The internal validity of ELCSA was assessed using Rasch modelling. The relative severity of the scale items reflected the theoretical framework of ELCSA. Most of the items (14) showed acceptable INFIT values (0.7 ‐ 1.3). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.94. In contrast with fsHH, and with increasing severity of FI, fiHH had less access to health insurance and lower per capita income. Additionally, the proportion of single‐headed HH and of HH speaking only Guaraní language, the rates of illiteracy and poverty, as well as the inability to satisfy basic needs increased with the severity of FI. Finally, fiHH showed a higher rate of stunted children, and reported consuming a lower number of food items, particularly animal‐source foods. Multivariate statistical models confirmed the association of FI with the variables described above. This study contributes to a better understanding of the situation of fiHH in Paraguay, providing policy makers and practitioners with valuable information on how to better address FI. Furthermore, it shows the importance of experience‐based‐scales for targeting fiHH, and its relevance for the national evaluation and monitoring system in Paraguay.
Examining Trends in Meal Patterns between 1995 and 2011 Using Two National Surveys
Authors: McNaughton Sarah , Leech Rebecca , Worsley Anthony
Published: June 2021

Background

While international research suggests that meal patterns of the population may be changing, possibly with adverse health consequences, little is known about the meal patterns of Australians. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in meal patterns of Australians between 1995 and 2011.

Methods: Data from two nationally representative Australian surveys were used (1995 National Nutrition Survey, 10851 adults 蠅19 years, n=2986 children/adolescents 2‐18 years; 2011‐2013 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, 8964 adults 蠅19 years, 2783 children/adolescents 2‐18 years). Dietary intake was assessed via 24‐hour recall and respondents and eating occasions (EOs) including meals and snacks were reported. Frequency of meals, snacks and all EOs, time between EOs and energy intake (EI) from meals, snacks and all EOs were compared between the two surveys using an F‐test. All results were weighted, adjusted for sample design effects and presented as means and Taylor linearized standard errors.

Results: Overall, there was little change in frequency of total EOs over time. Time between EOs decreased among women but not men between 1995 and 2011‐12 (181 [1.15] vs 171 [1.29], P<0.001) and among children (164 [1.40] vs 157 [1.47], P=0.001). The proportion of total EI from meals decreased in both children and adults between 3‐7% (P<0.001) whereas the proportion of total EI from snacks increased between 3‐7% (P<0.001).

Conclusions

Overall, only small changes in meal patterns have occurred between 1995 and 2011 among children and adults. However, increases in the proportion of energy from snacks warrants further investigation. Future research will examine changes in nutrient profiles of meals and snacks over time.
Older African‐American Men Have Higher Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Compared to Women, Based on the Diabetic Indicators Prediction
Authors: Carter Ashley , Ilich Jasminka , Ralston Penny , Young‐Clark Iris
Published: June 2021

African‐Americans (AA) have disproportionately higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to other ethnicities. Various factors play role in the development of either one of the diseases. Our objective was to assess diabetes indicators in relation to CVD risk factors in AA adult women and men, taking into account possible confounders. Participants (n=79, 69% were women) were mid‐life and older AAs, 59.3±9.2 y (mean±SD), BMI 34.7±8.3 kg/m2, recruited from North Florida churches. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured in standard fashion. Fasting serum was analyzed for glucose, insulin, lipid profile, Apo A1 and B. CVD Risk Scores for each participant were determined using the Framingham and American Heart Association Assessments. The diabetes indicators HOMA‐β and HOMA‐IR were also assessed. In the regression analyses, the confounders of gender, education, marital status, current smoking, perceived health, medication use, physical activity, and dietary intake were taken into account. There were no difference in age, BMI and blood pressure between women and men. Men had higher energy intake and blood glucose but lower HDL compared to women (p<0.05). In the total population, HOMA‐β and HOMA‐IR were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with LDL and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Based on the CVD Risk Assessments, men were significantly (p<0.05) more likely to develop heart disease than women. Overall, the results suggest that diabetes could be an important indicator for CVD risk, particularly in AA men.
Soy Protein Isolate Reduces Liver Cholesterol and Lipids in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Navaei Negin , Johnson Sarah , Arjmandi Bahram
Published: June 2021

Soy is a rich source of isoflavones which are reported to have cardioprotective effects in humans and animal models. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17β‐estradiol (E2) and can therefore bind to estrogen receptors. Dietary intake of soy protein is often recommended for improvement of total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, contributors to the development of coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the degree to which consumption of soy protein isolate (SPI) for 30 days would modulate lipid metabolism in thirty‐two 90‐day‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats were assigned to four groups: sham‐operated (Sham); ovariectomized (Ovx); Ovx + soy; Ovx + E2. Serum samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglycerides. Liver samples were evaluated for total cholesterol and total lipids. Total liver lipids (mg/gram liver) in animals fed SPI (38.5 ± 0.86) were significantly lower than the Sham, Ovx and E2 groups (43.7 ± 1.28, 45.4 ± 1.54, 43.7 ± 1.47, respectively). Total liver cholesterol levels (µmol/gram liver) in animals fed SPI (13.4 ± 3.57) were significantly lower than Ovx animals (21.2 ± 6.21) but not those of Sham (16.4 ± 3.72) or E2 (17.7 ± 2.74) animals. SPI had no effect on serum total cholesterol or triglyceride levels, whereas E2 increased serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels without affecting HDL or liver values. Our findings suggest that consumption of soy protein reduces the production of cholesterol and lipids in the liver; however, it may take longer to see similar effects on serum values.
Whole Grain Gluten‐free Vegetable Spicy Snacks
Authors: Kahlon Talwinder , Chiu Mei‐chen
Published: June 2021

Four kinds of spicy snacks (gluten‐free, whole grains with fresh vegetables, low in fat and salt) were evaluated. Composition of the base mix was brown rice flour 45%, sorghum flour 20%, tapioca flour 17%, mashed potato 8%, canola oil 6%, guar gum 2%, baking powder 1.5%, salt 0.5% and cayenne pepper 0.25%. Fresh vegetables (broccoli, spinach, carrots and red onion) were chopped and 10% fresh minced garlic was added to broccoli, spinach and carrots. Snack dough was prepared using 100 mL water for 100 g of (1:1) base mix and vegetables. About 20 g of snack dough was placed in two portions on the preheated KrumKake Baker and cooked for 2 minutes. Sixty two in‐house volunteers judged that broccoli snacks as significantly higher in color/appearance than spinach snacks. Red onion snacks had significantly better odor/aroma than spinach snacks. Texture/mouth feel of carrot, broccoli and spinach snacks were similar and significantly higher than red onion snacks. Acceptance and Taste/flavor of carrot snacks were judged significantly better than red onion snacks. Water activity of all the snacks tested ranged from 0.19‐0.29 indicating that these snacks were very crispy. Acceptance of snacks tested was carrot 77%, broccoli 68%, spinach 61% and red onion 53%. This is the first report of gluten‐free, 50% vegetable spicy snacks, which offers a nutritional snack choice for all and a healthy option for gluten sensitive individuals.
Near‐Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy of Amniotic Fluid (AF) Distinguishes Between AGA and LGA Infants
Authors: Sanchez‐Galan Javier , Burns David , Koski Kristine
Published: June 2021

Background

NIR of AF has been used to characterize fetal lung maturity and prematurity. However, this approach has been seldom used to classify infants according to birth weight for gestational age.

Objectives

We explored the possibility that NIR of 2nd trimester AF could identify early metabolomic differences between appropriate‐ (AGA, n=494) and large‐ (LGA, n=51)‐for‐gestational age infants. A secondary objective explored whether these AF profiles differed by maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI: normal BMI<24.9kg/m2 (n=310) vs overweight/obese BMI>25 kg/m2 (n=168).

Methods

Eight NIR functional groups (1600‐2400nm) were selected (CH, SH, POH, ROH, amide, amine, lactate and glucose); their values and calculated ratios were compared among experimental groups using Mann‐Whitney U‐test and Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way ANOVA test, followed by post‐hoc comparisons.

Results

Thirteen functional group ratios differed. LGA infants had higher AF glucose relative to CH, SH, POH and ROH and higher AF amines relative to POH, ROH, glucose and amides. In contrast, AGA infants had higher POH and ROH relative to glucose, amines and amides and higher CH:glucose and SH:glucose compared to AF of LGA infants. When subdivided by BMI categories, only AGA infants of overweight/obese mothers had higher AF glucose compared to normal weight mothers; surprisingly this maternal BMI‐based difference did not exist for LGA infants.

Conclusion

NIR spectral profiles of 2nd trimester AF differed between LGA and AGA infants but maternal BMI was not sufficient to fully explain early 2nd trimester metabolic perturbations.
Effect of Sinigrin on Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule‐1 Expression in TNF‐α‐Stimulated Mouse Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Downregulation of NF‐κB Signaling Pathways
Authors: Lee Hee Weon , Lee Kyoung Ran
Published: June 2021

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries. Since chronic inflammation increases the expression of various adhesion molecules, interfering with the expression of the adhesion molecules could be an important therapeutic target of inflammatory disorders. Sinigrin has been known to have a variety of biological activities including anti‐inflammatory activities. However, other biological activities of sinigrin and its molecular mechanisms have not been known and characterized in detail yet. In the present study, we examined the effect of sinigrin on the expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) in TNF‐α‐induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Western blot analysis and ELISA showed that the increased expression of VCAM‐1 by TNF‐α was significantly suppressed by the pre‐treatment of sinigrin (1‐100 μg/ml) for 2 hours. Our data also revealed that sinigrin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB induced by TNF‐α. Overall, these results suggest that sinigrin inhibits TNF‐α‐stimulated VCAM‐1 expression through the suppression of NF‐κB signaling pathways. Therefore, sinigrin is considered as a therapeutic agent to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
The Gap between Expectations and Reality of Exercise‐Induced Weight Loss Is Associated with Discouragement
Authors: Kyle Theodore , Thomas Diana
Published: June 2021

Background

Exercise interventions result in modest weight loss, yet exercise is frequently prescribed for weight loss. The relationship between exercise expectations and persistence is unknown.

Purpose

To determine predictors of individuals more likely to be discouraged when exercise does not cause weight loss.

Methods

Representative samples of 3,509 U.S. adults were recruited in Aug‐Oct 2014 for anonymous, voluntary online surveys. Respondents were asked about beliefs regarding exercise and weight loss and their perceived weight status. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed in JMP® Pro 11.0.0 (2013, Cary, NC) considering input variables of age, gender, income, perceived weight status (WS), belief that exercise is a very effective way to lose weight (BE), and response time. A second ANOVA tested interaction terms between WS, BE, age, and gender.

Results

BE was common (73% of respondents). The linear model adjusted R2 was 0.06. Stronger BE (p<0.001) and higher WS (p=0.04) positively predicted discouragement with exercise. Longer response time was also a significant predictor (p=0.05). Being female had borderline significance for higher discouragement (p=0.06). The second model resulted in an adjusted R2 of 0.11 and the WS‐BE interaction term was a significant positive predictor of discouragement (p=0.01).

Conclusions

Individuals with higher WS and BE are more likely to become discouraged when exercise does not lead to satisfactory weight loss. Prescribing exercise for weight loss might contribute to expectations associated with discouragement about exercise. Future studies should evaluate ways to set expectations that will lead to more persistent exercise.
LACK FRACTIONATION MEALS:RISK FOR BEHAVIOR CHANGES CARDIOMETABOLIC
Authors: Cassani Roberta , Amâncio Olga Maria , Geloneze Bruno , Pareja José
Published: June 2021

IntroductionCardiovascular diseases is public health problem.Dietary patterns have become frequent among children.Afternoon period is longer than period of morning.Fractionation diet has been reported as a feeding behavior that promotes prevention of chronic diseases.Absence,especially in the afternoon has shown association with nutritionally unbalanced meals.Such meals are characterized by high glucose, loads rich in saturated fat, poor fibers,it favors nutritional dysmetabolism.Objectives Compare presence of cardiometabolic changes,adiposity that perform or not meals in the afternoon prior to the dinner.Methods cross‐sectional study 524(64%women) BMI 25.67+/‐4.94kg/m2 were evaluated waist circumference,fasting glucose,total cholesterol,HDL‐c,LDL‐c,triglycerides,uric acid, ALT adiponectin.Sample was divided at2 groups ,according to the evening meal :noG1(n=194)G2presence (n=330). Dietary assessment performed by means of habitual dietary recall.Statistical analysis Mann‐Whitney test,p<0.05. ResultsG1(afternoon extended fasting) G2(presence of evening meal) differed as BMI(26.44vs.25.22 kg/m2p=.003) CA(88.68vs 83.43cm p<0.001),MM(52.65 vs.49.38kg,p= 0.004)HDL‐c(50.78vs. 53.8mg/dl, p= 0.022)TG (115.88vs96.44 mg /dL,p=0.038)uric acid(4.92vs4.51 mg /dL,p=0.001) TGP/ALT(22.83vs20.24 U/L p=0.038)adiponectin(3.88vs4.56ug/ml ,p=0.030).G1 showed higherconsumption of foods with high glycemic index meal in dinner.Conclusion:Absence of dietary fractionation resulted in the presence of metabolic abnormalities due to higher energy density in the dinner
High Fructose Corn Syrup and Sucrose do not Differ in Their Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Series of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Choo Vivian , Ha Vanessa , Blanco Mejia Sonia , Kendall Cyril , de Souza Russell , Jenkins David , Sievenpiper John
Published: June 2021

Background

Increased consumption of fructose‐containing sugars has been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes and their cardiometabolic complications. HFCS has come under particular scrutiny more than sucrose due to its higher ratio of fructose to glucose.

Objective

To compare the effects of HFCS and sucrose on cardiometabolic risk factors, we conducted a series of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of controlled trials lasting 蠅7 days.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through February 27, 2014).

Data Extraction

Two independent reviewers extracted data from eligible trials. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals.

Data Synthesis

Eligibility criteria were met by 7 randomized controlled trials (n=659) comparing the effects of HFCS versus sucrose over a wide dose range (8‐30% total energy) and median follow‐up of 10 weeks (range, 10‐12 weeks) on various cardiometabolic endpoints: body weight, measures of adiposity, serum lipids, blood pressure, glycemic control, uric acid and inflammation. Sucrose and HFCS did not differ in their effects across all cardiometabolic endpoints (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Pooled analyses show that HFCS and sucrose in isocaloric comparisons behave similarly in their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. To inform public policy further, there is a need for high quality trials focusing on the effects of ad libitum substitution of HFCS or sucrose with other sources of calories likely to replace them under ‘real world’ conditions.
Reduced Acidity Cranberry Improves Glycemic Response in Persons with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Dahl Rachel , Kristen Bolstad , Googins Sarah , Hunter Stephanie , Mackay Mackay , Vorsa Nicholi , Limburg Paul , Wilson Ted
Published: June 2021

Persons with metabolic syndrome could benefit from improved fruit consumption and reduced caloric intake. A cranberry fruit containing reduced titratable acidity was developed and used to create a 27% reduced calorie cranberry juice (RCCBJ) containing less added sugar (74 Cal/240 ml) relative to the 110 Cal/240 ml industry standard cranberry juice (CBJ). Subjects were recruited for metabolic syndrome (n=18; 53 16 years; BMI=34.4 ± 3.9) and their metabolic response to CBJ and RCCBJ was evaluated in single cross‐over fashion. Plasma glucose for CBJ at 0‐, 30‐, 60‐, and 120‐min was 105.6±12.3, 149.5±22.6, 127.9±30.3, and 98.6±14.6 (mg/dl). Plasma glucose for RCCBJ was 104.6±13.3, 140.3±22.5, 116.0±27.23, and 100.4±13. Plasma insulin for CBJ at 0‐, 30‐, 60‐, and 120‐ min was 10.21±5.1, 41.5±22.6, 30.3±19.7, and 12.0± (µIU/ml). Plasma insulin for RCCBJ was 12.2±8.4, 34.8±21.6, 20.7±13.9, and 12.3±9.8. For CBJ and RCCBJ plasma glucose and insulin significantly increased relative to baseline at 30‐ and 60‐min. At 60 min RCCBJ glucose and insulin were significantly less than CBJ. Plasma adiponectin and glucagon like peptide‐1 responses were also measured for CBJ and RCCBJ at 0‐, 30‐, 60‐, and 120‐min. Reduced acidity cranberry fruit was associated with RCCBJ containing 33% fewer calories and a beneficial metabolic response in persons with metabolic syndrome.
Effects of a Diet‐based Weight‐reducing Intervention in Obese Women Resistant to Weight Loss
Authors: Panahi Shirin , Couture Christian , Lepage Catherine , Drapeau Vicky , Tremblay Angelo
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a diet‐based weight‐reducing intervention on energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, resting metabolic rate, appetite sensations and sleep habits in obese women resistant to weight loss. Obese women (n = 75; aged 39 ± 8 years; BMI: 33 ± 4 kg/m2) were counselled to reduce energy intake by 500‐700 kcal/d over 12‐16 weeks and were classified in tertiles of weight loss (high, moderate and low responders) a posteriori. Post‐intervention, women reduced their body weight and fat mass by 3.2 kg (p < 0.001) and 2.8 kg (p < 0.001), respectively, increased protein intakes (16%, p < 0.001) and reduced their intake of total fat (15%, p < 0.001); however, resting metabolic rate remained unchanged. High and moderate responders had greater reductions in body weight and fat mass (6.2 kg and 3.4 kg, respectively; p < 0.001), energy intakes, total and saturated fat intakes compared with the low responders (p < 0.001) who did not lose weight. Protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre and micronutrient intakes and resting metabolic rates were not significantly different between the tertiles; however, low responders had higher fasting and postprandial hunger in response to the dietary intervention. High responders reported an improvement in sleep quality and duration compared with low and moderate responders (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the differences observed in body weight between tertiles in response to dietary supervision may be explained, in part, by variations in energy and fat intakes, appetite sensations and sleep habits.
Anti‐obesity Activity of Black Rice with Giant Embryo in ob/ob Mice
Authors: Lee Yoon‐Mi , Han Sang‐Ik , Won Yu‐Jin , Song Byeng Chun , Kim Si‐Kwan , Yeum Kyung‐Jin
Published: June 2021

Obesity is closely related to metabolic disorder such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Male C57BL/6J‐ob/ob mice (n=55) and littermate (C57BL‐6J, n=45) were randomly assigned to black rice with giant embryo, white rice or AIN‐93G (Control) and were pair‐fed for 14 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were measured throughout the study period, and body fats at the end of the study (n=5, each group). Body fats were determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, blood pressure by a non‐invasive tail‐cuff method, and blood glucose from the tail vein. Body weights of ob/ob mice were significantly higher than the littermates as expected. There was no difference in body weight among the three groups of ob/ob mice. On the other hand, body fat of black rice with giant embryo‐fed ob/ob mice were significantly lower than those of control‐ (p<0.05) as well as white rice‐fed ob/ob mice (p<0.01). Fasting blood glucose tends to be lower in black rice with giant embryo‐fed ob/ob mice than those of control‐ and white rice‐fed ob/ob mice. In addition, the liver weights of black rice with giant embryo‐fed ob/ob mice were significantly lower than those of control‐ (p<0.001), and white rice‐fed ob/ob mice (p<0.05). Our study suggests biological functions of black rice with giant embryo against obesity and related metabolic disorder in mice.

Supported by Rural Development Administration (PJ010059), Republic of Korea.
Improvement of Alimentary Menú of Therapeutic Diets of Patients from Hospital de Psiquiatría ¨Dr. Samuel Ramírez Moreno¨
Authors: Garcia Canchola Lourdes Adriana , Jimenez Zamarripa Carlos Alberto , Onofre Mendoza Nayely , Altamirano Librado Luis A , Rivera Llano Aidee , Rivera Garcia Carlos
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Frequently the preparation of menus have high proportions of fat and sugar associated to more elevated calories than fresh foods.

As a whole, scientific evidence shows that are not specific dietary components that cause the problems, but their contribution to energy density, reduce the risks of being overweight or obese, a fact that has relevance in the hospital as psychiatric patients.

Objective

Modify menus that contain high energy density, reducing the total caloric content of the diet, without this impacting on the assessment of the menus.

Metodology

We reviewed a total of 248 menus normal diets, soft, low‐sodium, low‐fat, diabetic and reduction, high fiber, high calorie and high protein and pap, menus with high energetic density were modified by others with lower density.

Results

A retrospective analysis of weight and fat percentage showed that while they were in the average weight, percent fat was gradually increasing.

Regarding the analysis of the energy density was found that this was high and designing new menus, reducing calories menu was statistically significant, of 3044kcal± 422kcal to 2586± 340kcal, this for standard diet .As for high calorie and high protein, efforts were made to not exceed 10%.

Conclusions

With the implementation of these menus is to decrease consumption of fat and sugar without impact on satiety of patients have, considering BMI and percent fat will be followed to observe the impact of this study.

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Reduction of calories in the menus.

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Reduction for each type dietary.
Prebiotic Fiber Consumption Decreases Energy Intake in Overweight and Obese Children
Authors: Hume Megan , Nicolucci Alissa , Reimer Raylene
Published: June 2021

Excess energy intake is thought to be a major driver of the obesity epidemic and even small disturbances in energy balance may lead to the onset of pediatric obesity. Prebiotic fiber improves appetite regulation and decreases energy intake in obese adults; however, its' therapeutic potential in the obese pediatric population has not been investigated. To determine the effect of prebiotic fiber intake on prospective food consumption and energy intake in the obese pediatric population, 39 male and female overweight and obese children (7‐12y) consumed 1) 8 g/d of prebiotic fiber (1:1 oligofructose:inulin); or 2) equicaloric dose of maltodextrin for 16 wk. Subjective appetite ratings were obtained before and after an ad libitum breakfast buffet at 0 and 16 wk as well as Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) scores. Energy intake was measured at the breakfast buffet and in weighed 3‐day food records. The first of 2 cohorts to complete the study showed a decreased desire to eat following fiber supplementation (p=0.02). There was also a trend for increased fullness and decreased prospective food consumption in the fiber group. CEBQ scores showed increased satiety responsiveness with fiber consumption (p=0.01). The change in energy intake at the final breakfast buffet was 84 kcal lower with fiber versus placebo. In conclusion, long term prebiotic fiber intake may lead to reductions in energy intake that positively impact body weight. Potential causes for decreased energy intake include heightened satiety responsiveness and fullness following fiber consumption. Funded by CIHR, BMO Financial Group,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.
The Impact of Beverages Varying in Macronutrient Content on Appetite and Energy Intake
Authors: Dougkas Anestis , Östman Elin
Published: June 2021

Dietary protein is considered as the most satiating macronutrient, yet there is little evidence on whether the effects observed are attributed to the protein or to the concomitant manipulation of carbohydrates and fat. The effect of macronutrient consumption at breakfast on appetite and energy intake was investigated using a randomised, within‐subjects, 2‐level factorial design, with the two factors ‘protein’ and ‘carbohydrate (CHO)/fat ratio’ being varied simultaneously. Thirty‐six healthy adults (age 27 ± 5 y; BMI 24.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2) received a breakfast consisting of one of seven isovolumetric (600 ml) and isoenergetic (450 kcal) beverages matched for energy density and sensory properties but with different macronutrient composition (levels: 9, 24 or 40 % of energy from protein combined with 0.4, 2 or 3.6 in CHO/fat ratio). Appetite sensations were measured by 100 mm visual analogue scales at baseline and every 30 min thereafter for 210 min. Energy intake was measured in an ad libitum lunch meal served 210 min after breakfast. A repeated measures ANOVA showed suppressed appetite with increasing protein content of the beverages (P=0.049). Prospective consumption was 12% lower after intake of the high‐protein/low fat (40%: 3.6 CHO/fat ratio) compared with the low protein/high fat (9%: 0.4 CHO/fat ratio) beverage (P=0.02) due solely to the increased protein irrespective of the manipulation of the other macronutrients based on multiple linear regression analyses. An interaction was seen for fullness, which was influenced more by the protein content in beverages with low than high CHO/fat ratio (P<0.05). However, subsequent food intake was not affected. In conclusion, protein and fat are the most and least influential macronutrients, respectively on affecting the satiating capacity of breakfasts in healthy adults.
Adherence to Daily Diet Monitoring using One of Three Commercial Diet Apps via Smart Phones was Associated with Significant Weight Loss in Healthy Overweight Adults Irrespective of the Diet App
Authors: Johnston Carol , Thompson‐Felty Claudia
Published: June 2021

Self‐monitoring of dietary intake is a successful weight loss and weight maintenance strategy. The traditional paper/pencil method of self‐monitoring is rapidly being replaced by technology, specifically the use of diet apps on smart phones and iPads. We recently demonstrated that participants in a structured weight loss trial randomized to a diet app group were more consistent in recording dietary intake than those using a paper/pencil method of recording dietary intake (77% vs 55% of days tracked). In the present study, 30 healthy overweight adults (28.0 ± 8.7 y; 31.4 ± 6.4 kg/m2), were randomly assigned to follow one of three different commercial diet apps for 8 weeks. Participants received no dietary guidance aside from that provided via the assigned app. Body weight change did not vary significantly between groups during the trial (+0.2 ± 2.9, +0.7 ± 2.3, and ‐0.2 ± 2.5 kg; p=0.749). Mean adherence to daily diet monitoring ranged from 50‐69% of days and did not differ between groups. However, across all app groups, weight loss was related to diet monitoring adherence (r=‐0.522, p=0.004). Moreover, participants who adhered to daily diet monitoring 蠅60% of days (n=13) lost body weight compared to those who adhered less (n=15) (‐1.2 ± 2.5 and +1.5 ± 1.7 kg respectively; p=0.006). These data suggest that the act of consistently monitoring dietary intake and not the app content itself was associated with weight loss success. These data support the social cognitive theory of self‐regulation that human behavior is regulated by the ongoing exercise of self‐influence: for successful behavior change, individuals must pay adequate attention to their own actions and their consequences.
Serum Biomarkers of Dietary Fatty Acids are Associated with Abdominal Obesity Measures in a Large Population‐based Cohort of Men and Women.
Authors: Alsharari Zayed , Marklund Matti , Hellénius Mai‐Lis , Laguzzi Federica , Gigante Bruna , Leander Karen , Sjögren Per , Cederholm Tommy , de Faire Ulf , Risérus Ulf
Published: June 2021

Recent feeding trials suggest that the major saturated fatty acid (FA) Palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) and the major polyunsaturated FA linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) has diverse effects on abdominal fat accumulation, suggesting a beneficial role of LA on fat deposition.

Objective

To investigate associations between these FAs assessed in serum cholesterol esters (CE) and anthropometric measures of abdominal obesity.

Methods

LA and PA were measured by gas chromatography in serum CE. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), waist circumference (WC), and waist‐hip ratio (WHR) were assessed by anthropometry in a population‐based cross‐sectional study of 3965 (1920 men and 2045 women) 60‐year old participants living in Stockholm county, Sweden.

Results

PA was positively correlated with SAD, WC, and WHR in men (r= 0.15, 0.16, and 0.14, respectively; all p ˂0.001), whereas inverse correlations were observed for LA in both men (r= ‐0.23, ‐0.22, and ‐0.22, respectively; p ˂0.001) and women (r= ‐0.15, ‐0.18, and ‐0.18, respectively; p ˂0.001).Overall, these associations remained after adjusting for lifestyle factors.

Conclusions

Linoleic Acid was consistently inversely associated with all abdominal obesity measures in both men and women. Palmitic Acid showed positive correlations in men only. These findings support recent interventional data suggesting that a higher relative intake of dietary LA from vegetable oils is associated with decreased abdominal adiposity.
Maternal Fatty Acid Intake and Effects on Functional Connectivity in Neonates
Authors: Holton Kathleen , Fair Damien , Nigg Joel
Published: June 2021

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the association of maternal fatty acid (FA) intake during pregnancy with functional connectivity (FC) in the brains of their offspring. Pregnant women (mean(SD) = 30.5(4.8)) were recruited from the Portland, OR area. During the 2nd trimester, 24‐hour recalls were completed and blood was drawn. Average percent fat intake was computed and the concentration of omega‐3 FAs in the blood was determined with HPLC. After birth, neonates (N=16) were scanned using resting state functional connectivity MRIs (rsfc‐MRI) at <40 days of age. The amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were used as seed regions, and FC was compared between those above and below the median cut‐off for percent fat (<35% vs. 蠅35%) and omega‐3 FAs (<440 nmol/ml, vs. 蠅440 nmol/ml). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, none of the findings were statistically significant due to small sample size. However, interesting visual differences were suggestive for future research. When using the PCC as the seed region, greater FC was observed in the neonates born to mothers with omega‐3 FA concentrations 蠅440 nmol/ml. Similarly, qualitatively greater FC with the PCC and the amygdala was noted in infants born to mothers who consumed a diet with <35% fat. This preliminary MRI data supports the idea that future research is needed to look at the effects of maternal FA intake on brain development using rsfc‐MRI in infants. Funding: The Moore Nutrition and Wellness Institute
Possible in vitro Artefacts Associated with the Collection and Processing of Blood for Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Analysis
Authors: O'Reilly Erin , Laidlaw Maggie , Butt Rodney , Keene Katie
Published: June 2021

The major trial objective of this experiment is to determine whether differences in the collection and processing of anticoagulated whole blood for plasma omega‐3 fatty acid analysis creates in vitro artefacts that may affect results obtained. Previous research has highlighted effects of variables of blood collection, processing and storage on results obtained for total plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the omega‐3 fatty acids of significant interest in cardiovascular health and optimal brain function. While some authors have reported in vitro blood processing artefacts, none have systematically evaluated the combined effects of the key variables associated with collection, processing and storage on the bioanalytic results.

Methods: Five subjects will participate, and the following criteria for blood collection will be assessed:

1. Anticoagulant used: K2EDTA, K3EDTA, Na heparin.

2. Type of vacutainer: glass or plastic.

3. Tourniquet or no tourniquet.

4. Temperature prior to centrifugation: 4°C or room temperature.

5. Time that has passed prior to centrifugation: 0‐10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours.

6. Centrifuge temperature: 4°C or room temperature.

7. Storage temperature: short‐term at 4°C then longer‐term at ‐20°C or ‐80°C.

8. Storage time: days or weeks.

Plasma samples obtained under these varying conditions will be analysed for total levels of EPA and DHA, and results will be compared for differences.

It is expected that this study will highlight optimum conditions for the collection, processing and storage of plasma samples for measurement of total EPA and DHA levels.

Research Support: Industrial Research Assistance Program (Canada) and Nutrasource Diagnostics Inc.