bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Complexes in Human Melanoma: A Consequence of Deranged Immune Regulation
Authors: JERRY L. M. , ROWDEN G. , CANO P. O. , PHILLIPS T. M. , DEUTSCH G. F. , CAPEK A. , HARTMANN D. , LEWIS M. G.
Published: June 2006

Circulating immune complexes were detected in 62 individuals with malignant melanoma by precipitation with isolated human C1q and polyclonal rheumatoid factors. In 56 patients the C1q deviation assay showed low to moderate levels of complexes, with increased amounts with advancing stage of disease. Both heavy (>19S) and intermediate (7S to 19S) varieties were present, and complexes containing tumor antigen‐antibody or antibody‐ anti‐antibody were identified. Complexes were found in the kidneys of one patient with malignancy and the nephrotic syndrome and in two further patients with melanoma in whom there were DO clinical manifestations of nephrosis. Serial determinations in 51 patients showed slow cyclic variations in the levels of complexes and fluctuations in response to therapy. The coexistence of anti‐antibodies, immune complex disease, and anergy in melanoma patients may indicate a deranged immune regulation consequent to chronic antigenic stimulation by the tumor.
Partial Tolerant State Against H‐2 Disparate Cells
Authors: JACOBSSON H. , LILLIEHÖÖK B. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Injection of CBA mice with H‐2‐compatible lymphoid cells from C3H hybrids induces a specific reduction of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of their lymphoytes. This is not the case after injection of H‐2‐disparate C3H‐hybrid cells, presumably because they are rapidly eliminated due to the immune response of the host. This investigation shows that CBA mice injected with CBA × C57B1 cells (H‐2‐disparate) at an age of 0–3 days, but not older, develop a specifically reduced MLC response after infusion of C3H × C57B1 cells as adults, indicating that they were tolerant to the C57B1‐determined antigens. However, lymphocytes from such mice showed a normal reactivity against C57B1 as assessed by MLC, graft‐versus‐host tests, and capacity to produce specific antibodies.
Oligoclonal Measles Virus‐Specific IgG Antibodies Isolated from Cerebrospinal Fluids, Brain Extracts, and Sera from Patients with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E. , NORDAL H. J. , DECRÉ M.
Published: June 2006

Measles virus‐specific antibodies were isolated from sera, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and brain extracts of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by absorption with measles antigens and subsequent acid elution of the antigen–antibody precipitates. Electrophoretically homogeneous measles antibodies were isolated from CSF or brain extracts in five patients with SSPE and in five out of seven patients with MS. Homogeneous IgG antibodies were also demonstrated in the sera from all SSPE patients and from three of the MS patients. The antibodies isolated from various control sera and from pooled CSF were electrophoretically heterogeneous. The results support the concept of a local synthesis in the nervous system of oligoclonal IgG antibodies to measles virus in all patients with SSPH and in some patients with MS. In SSPE, most or all oligoclonal IgG proteins of the CSF or brain carry measles antibody activities. In MS, only part of the oligoclonal IgG appears to be associated with measles antibody activity
The Serine Protease Nature of the C3 and C5 Convertases of the Classical and Alternative Complement Pathways
Authors: MEDICUS R. G. , GÖTZE O. , MULLER‐EBERHARD H. J.
Published: June 2006

Activated Factor B, incorporated into the cobra venom factor (CVF)‐dependent C3/C5 convertase, was inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). In‐activation was time‐ and dose‐dependent and was enhanced by the presence of substrate. Treatment of the zymogen of Factor B with DFP effected significant inactivation. Incorporation of [3H]diisopropylphosphate into the zymogen and into the activated form of Factor B was demonstrated after [3H]DFP treatment and subsequent electrophoresis of the proteins on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Inactivation of activated C2 incorporated into the classical c5 convertase was observed on DFP treatment of the enzyme. DFP also reduced the activity of the C2 zymogen. The description of their serine proteinase nature further emphasizes the close structural and functional relationship of C2 and Factor B.
Antibody Suppression and Antiallotype Antibodies
Authors: JERNE D.
Published: June 2006

Sera from Rh‐sensitized women representing presumable failure of the prophylactic treatment with IgG anti‐D (Rh) have been examined for activity against allotype markers on IgG1. Antiallotype antibodies were found with increased frequency compared with a nonsensitized control. In general, however, interference of antiallotype antibodies is not considered to be a great risk of Rh prophylaxis at present. Some requirements which, in this context, may be of importance to the composition and dose of the IgG anti‐D‐containing preparations used are stressed.
The Effect of Various Metal Ions end Chelating Agents on the Formation of Noncovalently and Covalently Linked IgM Polymers
Authors: ESKELAND T.
Published: June 2006

The influence of various concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, EDTA, or 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonic acid on the formation in vitro of polymeric IgM from reduced and dissociated IgM has been investigated. 4–200μM Zn, Cd, or Hg ions in the dialysis buffer used for reassociation resulted in the formation of a homogeneous polymer sedimenting as 195 IgM, whereas the other metal ions resulted in the formation of polymers sedimenting mostly as tetramers, pentamers (19S IgM), and hexamers. Dialysis in the presence of 1 and 3mM EDTA or 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonic acid gave slight polymer formation: 10 mM of the agents gave none. Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, or Hg ions regularly gave only noncovalently linked polymers, whereas Cu ions in particular, but also Co and to a minor extent, Mn ions catalyzed the formation of covalently linked polymers Experiments performed with Mg, Ca, Ni, and Zn ions or with Cu and Zn ions in the same buffer during reassociation showed that Zn ions inhibit the effect of the other ions on polymer assembly and covalent stabilization.
Human Leukocyte Migration Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
Authors: BENDTZEN K.
Published: June 2006

Previously reported experiments suggested that an esterase or a protease, or both, might participate in the expression of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). To clarify this further, a wide variety of simple esters were tested for the ability to protect LIF against inactivation by the serine esterase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). α‐N‐benzoyl‐L‐arginine ethylester (BAEE), a typical trypsin substrate, and bis‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP); a phosphodiester, were the only esters capable of retaining LIF activity in the presence of PMSF. Agents chemically closely related to these esters were inactive. Moreover, the protection afforded by BAEE and BNPP was the kind that would be anticipated if the esters and irreversible inhibitor competed for the same site on LIF. BAEE and BNPP also protected against inactivation by di‐isopropyl‐fluorophosphate (DFP), another irreversible serine esterase inhibitor. In addition, LIF‐treated leukocytes partly escaped migration inhibition in the presence of BAEE and BNPP, respectively. These results indicate that human LIF contains a serine residue necessary for lymphokine activity. It is still not proved, however, that LIF as an enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing BAEE and BNPP, although it seems highly possible. The substrate specificities of a putative LIF enzyme are discussed on the basis of the chemical structure of BAEE and BNPP.
Leukocyte Migration Agarose Test for the Assessment of Human Neutrophil Chemotaxis
Authors: REPO H.
Published: June 2006

To apply the leukocyte migration agrose test (LMAT) to the in vitro assessment of human neutrophil chemotaxis, effects of different culture conditions on neutrophil migration under agarose were, studied. Presence of either serum or human serum albumin (HSA) in the culture medium was necessary for detectable neutrophil migration. HSA was preferred since heat‐stabile chemotactic agents were found to be generated from fresh serum in the presence of agarose additional CO2 in the assay milieu could be replaced by decreasing the NaHCO3 concentration of the culture medium. Both the directed and the spontaneous migration rates of neutrophil leukocytes increased when the concentration of agarose was decreased. Area and distance of migration and cumulative cell count of migrated neutrophil leukocytes were suitable for quantitative the neutrophil migration rate.
The Effect of Levamisole on Gingival Inflammation in Man
Authors: IVANYI L. , LEHNER T.
Published: June 2006

The effects of levamisole on gingival inflammation and on cell‐mediated immunity were examined in patients with gingivitis and in subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. Treatment with levamisole promoted the development of givitis and aggravated the severity of established gingivitis, although the amount of bacterial plaque at the gingival margin was not significant increased. This effect was short‐lasting, as the gingival indices returned almost to base‐line values by the end of the fifth month after treatment with levamisole. The development of gingivitis was associated with increased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by antigens from oral bacteria. The role of cell‐mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation is discussed.
Mechanism of Action of Suppressor Cells
Authors: EKSTEDT R. D. , WATERFIELD J. D. , NESPOLI L , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The addition of a small proportion (10%) of in vivo concanavalin‐A (Con‐A)‐activated spleen cells to normal spleen cell cultures suppressed the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) but had no effect on the thymus‐independent primary immune response to 3,5‐dinitro‐4‐hydroxy‐phenacetyl‐conjugated lipopolysaccharide. When Con‐A‐activated cells were added after 24 h, there was no suppression of the anti‐SRBC response but rather an enhanced response when few cells were admixed. Con‐A‐activated cells did not influence activation of normal cells by polyclonal T‐ and B‐cell activators, ft is concluded that Con‐A‐induced suppressor cells do not act on B cells but rather on helper cells (T tells or macrophages) at a very early stage of the immune response to thymus dependent antigens.
Kinetics of Theta‐Positive and Theta‐Negative Lymphocytes in Thymus‐Deprived and Normal Mice
Authors: RÖPKE C.
Published: June 2006

Life spans and proliferative kinetics of theta‐positive (θ+) and theta‐negative (θ‐) cells were evaluated in normal, neonatally thymectomized (NeoTx) and sham‐thymectomized (ShamTx) Balb/c mice. This was done by exposing cell suspensions, incubated with anti‐θ antiserum + complement, to a dye exclusion test followed by fixation and autoradiography. Results from normal mice given [3H]thymidine injections 5 weeks before being killed indicated that long‐lived θ+ and θ‐ cells constituted about equal percentages of the respective populations in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Long‐lived θ+ cells constituted a relatively high percentage of θ+ cells in the bone marrow, whereas a minority of the Θ‐ lymphocytes were long‐lived. Results from NeoTx and ShamTx mice, given intensive injections of [3H]thymidine, showed that the θ‐ cells of the mesenteric nodes were renewed at comparable rates in both groups of mice, whereas the θ+ cells were more rapidly renewed in NeoTx mice than in sham‐operated littermates. In the bone marrow, the majority of both θ‐ and θ+ cells were very rapidly renewed, indicating a production of these cells in the bone marrow of ShamTx mice and also in NeoTx mice, in which the number of bone‐marrow θ+ cells was significantly higher than in ShamTx littermates.
Expression of the Acid α‐Naphthyl Acetate Esterase Marker by Activated and Secondary T Lymphocytes in Man
Authors: TÖTTERMAN T. H. , RANKI A. , HÄYRY P.
Published: June 2006

Acid α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity is charecteristic of resting human T lymphocytes. The expression of the ANAE marker by activated human T and B lymphocytes (blasts) and by corresponding ‘secondary’ lymphocytes has been investigated. Human blood lymphocytes were stimulated by selective T‐cell (phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A)) or B‐cell (Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1) mitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and the percentage of blasts expressing the marker in quantitated. Whereas 95% of Con‐A‐activated blasts expressed the marker, approximately 25%‐30% of MLC‐activated blasts and only 10%‐25% of PHA‐activated blasts were ANAE‐positive. After reversion to secondary lymphocytes, the PHA‐ and MLC‐activated cells regained the ANAE activity, and more than 90% of the blast‐derived secondary T lymphocytes were ANAE‐positive. Only 2%‐8% of the blast cells activated by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 were ANAE‐positive. We therefore conclude that ANAE is not a reliable marker fur T cells when activated cells (blasts) are considered.
The Study of Human Ia‐Like Specificities Using Antibody Eluates from Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: KAMOUN M. , FELLOUS M. , LEPAGE V. , DAUSSET J.
Published: June 2006

Five sera from multiparous women were absorbed and eluted from the Daudi cell line devoid of HLA antigens. These eluates recognized a specificity, Ly‐Lil, of the Ly‐Li system. Further absorption of one eluate on Bjab or Raji cell line subdivided this specificity. Family studies showed that the five eluates from the Daudi cell line segregate into two distinct groups.
Primed LD Typing: Reagent Preparation and Definition of the HLA‐D‐Region Antigens
Authors: BACH F. H. , JARRETT‐TOTH E. K. , BENIKE C. J. , SHIH C.‐Y. , VALENTINE E. A. , SONDEL P. M. , BACH M. L.
Published: June 2006

Primed LD typing cells were prepared against single HLA haplotypes within families and used to type a random panel of 48 individuals. PLT cells could be grouped on the basis of highly correlated responses with the panel test cells; the 21 different PLT cells could be used to define 6 different PL antigens. One of these, PL 3, was split by the responses of two of the 21 PLT cells which measured an antigen called PL 3.1.
Role of Macrophage‐Derived Factors in Generation of Cytotoxic and Antibody Responses
Authors: GORCZYNSKI R M.
Published: June 2006

The ability of macrophage subpopulation. separated by virtue of differences in size, to liberate soluble factors able to reconstitute antibody and cell‐mediated immune responses in macrophage‐depleted lymphoid cultures has been investigated. Evidence is presented to show that all macrophages release trypsin‐ and pepsin‐sensitive molecules with molecular weights of 30,000 to 35,000 and 50,000 to 70,000 that are able to reconstitute only syngeneic lymphocyte responses. In contrast, a molecule(s) with molecular weight of 10.000 to 15,000 daltons is released only by large macrophages and can apparently reconstitute both syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte responses. This material is also pepsin‐sensitive and. to a lesser degree, trypsin‐sensitive.
Modeling and Computer Simulation Approach to the Mechanism of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Neutralization Assays
Authors: TRAUTMAN R. , HARRIS W. F.
Published: June 2006

Block neutralization data since 1949 for the foot‐and‐mouth disease virus system have been analyzed in terms of a unified mass‐action theory for computing the amounts of infectious complexes. Proof that infectious complexes contribute considerably to the assays was obtained by demonstrating a reduction in titer after an additional reaction with anti‐Ig antibody before the assay. In the suckling mice assay with intraperitoneal inoculation, both the data of others and our own on several types indicate that for IgG probably three of the unknown total number of critical sites on the virion must be available for infectivity and death. For IgM, just one of an unknown different total number of critical sites on the virion must be available. In tissue culture infectivity assays the minimum number is two or three, whereas in the bovine tongue assay it could be one or two, but probably two. The difficulties in establishing the at present unknown total numbers of neutralization sites to both IgG and IgM are considerable. However, by the simplest interpretation of the data, the number is estimated to be between 5 and 10 for IgG and perhaps just 1 for IgM. A speculation, consistent with the known virion architecture, is that just 1 of the 12 vertices is uniquely involved in infectivity and death, at least in the suckling‐mice assay.
T Lymphocyte Recognition of Alloantigen in Vitro
Authors: HERTEL‐WULFF B. , RUBIN B.
Published: June 2006

The present experiments were curried out in order to answer the question whether the precursor T cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (PCTL) are Fc receptor positive (FcR+). Fc receptor negative (FcR−), or both. The data show that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated in vitro from both FcR+ and FcR− PCTL. Furthermore, we investigated if the function of FcR+ and FcR− CTL differed in the allograft response in vitro. Qualitatively, FcR− PCTL differentiate into FcR− CTL only, whereas FcR+ PCTL differentiate into both FcR+ and FcR− CTL. However, quantitatively, CTL generated from FcR+ PCTL display a higher T cell mediated cytotoxicity than CTL generated from FcR+ PCTL. Mixing experiments indicate that FcR+ T cells regulate the differentiation of FcR− PCTL into CTL. These conclusions hold true for PCTL in both normal and memory responder cell populations.
Difference in the Effect of Immobilized Ligands on the Fc and C3 Receptors of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in Vitro
Authors: KAPLAN G. , ESKELAND T. , SELJELID R.
Published: June 2006

The function of the Fc and C3 receptors on the free surface of normal and endotoxin activated mouse peritoneal macrophages seeded on glass bound antibody‐antigen (AbAg) complexes or complement was examined. We found that the glass bound AbAg complexes interfered with attachment and internalization of particles recognized by the Fc receptor. The C3 receptor function in these cells was not affected. On the other hand, normal and activated macrophages seeded on glass bound complement showed no change in the function of the C3 and the Fc receptors.
Circulating Immune Complexes, Complement Activation Kinetics and Serum Sickness following Treatment with Heterologous Anti‐snake Venom Globulin
Authors: NIELSEN H. , SØRENSEN H. , FABER V. , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: June 2006

Consecutive strum and plasms samples, from a patient receiving 100 ml polyvalent horse anti‐venom globulin after a rattlesnake bite, were analysed for circulating immune complexes (IC) and activation of complement factors. IC were determined by two independent methods, a complement consumption assay and a C1q‐binding assay. Rapidly rising levels of complement‐fixing circulating IC were detected as early as 4‐5 days after the serum treatment and distinct IC‐activity was recorded in both assays on day 8 when clinical symptoms of serum sickness were observed. The IC remained in circulation for at least 5 weeks. Signs of intravascular C‐activation in the form of low C3, C4 and C5 values was noted on day 1 after treatment. Factor B was demonstrable 3–4 days after the snake bite and this factor and C3c attained a peak around day 8, just before maximal suppression of native C3 and C4, 14 days after the globulin treatment C3c and B were declining rapidly while C3 and C4 approached normal values first 36 days after treatment. An increase in heterophilic antibodies to sheep erythrocytes was observed after treatment with anti‐venom globulin.
Dynamics of the Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and Components of the Immune Response
Authors: AUST‐KETTIS A. , SUNDQVIST K.‐G.
Published: June 2006

The possible implications of cell membrane dynamics in the host parasite relationship has been studied. Entamoeba histolytica rapidly redistributed and internalized antibodies and Con A bound to its surface. The process was dependent on temperature, cell metabolism and changes of pH in the environment. Phagocytizing amoebae displayed a higher rate of membrane perturbations, which were similarly affected by temperature, cell metabolism and pH variations. Cytochalasin B partially inhibited the redistribution whereas colchicine did not. Colchicine in combination with Cytochalasin B augmented the inhibitory effect of Cytochalasin B alone. The expression of antigens as the surface of the amoeba showed cyclic fluctuations during cell growth.
Mycobacterium leprae Specific Antibodies Detected by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: HARBOE M. , CLOSS O. , BJUNE G. , KRONVALL G. , AXELSEN N. H.
Published: June 2006

A radioimmunoassay was developed for demonstration of antibodies against M. leprae specific antigenic determinants. The specificity of the assay was tested with hyperimmune rabbit antisera against other mycobacteria and shown to be very high. The titre of M. leprae specific antibodies in a lepromatous serum pool was 105. Sixty‐one of sixty‐two lepromatous sera, all of twelve borderline sera and twenty of forty‐eight tuberculoid sera were positive in the assay, whereas all of thirty‐eight control sera from tuberculin positive individuals from a leprosy non‐endemic area were negative. Application as a diagnostic test for subclinical infection with M. leprae is discussed. The principle of the test appears promising for serological distinction between pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis and other mycobaeteria.
Macrophage Activation by Lymphokines and after Direct Contact with Sensitized Lymphocytes: Histocompatibility Requirements and the Effect of Inhibitors
Authors: RIISGAARD S. , RHODES J. M. , BENNEDSEN J.
Published: June 2006

A comparison was made between two procedures which give rise to in vitro activation of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages: (1) normal macrophages were incubated for 22 h with sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay A), and (2) normal macrophages were incubated for 70 h with supernatants from sensitized lymphocytes and antigen (assay B). The activation of macrophages was measured as an increase in 1‐14C glucose oxidation. Combinations of lymphocytes and macrophages from different mouse strains demonstrated that activation of macrophages in assay A, but not in assay B, required cells which were derived from strains of mice sharing identical H‐2 antigens. Treatment of lymphocytes with mitomycin C blocked the activation of macrophages in both assays. Addition of α‐L‐fucose (0.1 m) during the incubation period blocked the activation of macrophages in assay B, but not in assay A. It is concluded that there is a qualitative difference between the two methods for activating macrophages and that direct contact between lymphocytes and macrophages is probably necessary in assay A.
The Phagocytosis‐Associated Chemotaxis of Human Mononuclear Leucocytes from Peripheral Blood is not Antitubulin‐Sensitive
Authors: RYDGREN L. , NORBERG B. , SVENSSON B. , SIMMINGSKOELD G.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoprep®‐isolated and glass‐adherent mononuclear leucocytes (L‐MNs) from the peripheral blood of healthy donors appeared to display directional locomotion towards sparsely distributed yeast cells during continuous observation in coverslip preparations and during observations by means of time‐lapse filming in Rose chambers. The phagocytosis‐associated L‐MN chemotaxis was not inhibited by antitubulin concentrations which were antichemotactic in parallel experiments by means of Boyden chambers. These observations support the hypothesis that a direct antitubulin‐insensitive chemotaxis exists in L‐MNs, besides the antitubulininhibited L‐MN chemotaxis reported in a previous study.
The Polyclonal B Cell Activator Dextran‐Sulphate Induces Formation of Colony Stimulating Activity
Authors: GRANSTRÖM M. , WAHREN B. , GRONOWICZ E. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The effect of dextran‐sulphate (DS), a polyclonal activator known to stimulate immature murine B‐cells, was assayed in a culture system allowing the growth of myeloid cells. It was known that DS induced the production of a myeloid colony stimulating factor (CSF) by cells from both spleen and bone marrow. Nylonwool purified mouse spleen cells, enriched for T cells, showed a dimished CSF production in response to DS, while CSF production in response to Con A was increased. Furthermore, DS induced CSF in both spleen and bone marrow cells from nude mice. Removal of macrophages did not affect CSF production. The CSF induced was non‐dialysable and no small molecular weight or lipoprotein inhibitors could be demonstrated. The results suggest that DS activates cells other than T cells or macrophages (possibly B cells or null cells) to produce a myeloid stem cell stimulating substance. These results indicate that interactions between lymphoid and myeloid cells can take place during differentiation.
The Disappearance of SpA‐IgG Antibody Complex on ‘Armed’ Lymphoid and Macrophages Cells
Authors: LAKY M. , GHERMAN M. , GHETIE V. , SJÖQUIST J. , SULICA A.
Published: June 2006

The disappearance rate of rabbit IgG antibody complexed with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) on ‘armed’ mouse and rabbit spleen lymphocytes, and on ‘armed’ mouse peritoneal macrophages, was investigated by rosette and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. The half time of disappearance of complex from the surface of lymphoid cells was found to be 36 min in both assays. Macrophages, ‘armed’ with IgG antibody complexed with SpA, bind the corresponding antigens and subsequently lyse the target cells by extracellular and/or intracellular mechanisms. ‘Armed’ macrophages have both ADCC and phagocytosis ability, although a short half‐time of disappearance of complex was observed (8 min).
Studies on IgM Polymerization: Reassociation to Non‐covalently and Covalently Linked Fc5μ Fragments
Authors: PAUS E. , ESKELAND T.
Published: June 2006

Fc5μ fragments were purified from a trypsin digest of native IgM by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Fc5μ fragments in sodium dodecyl sulphate disclosed a major and a minor band with molecules of 320,000 and 285,000 daltons, respectively. The μ chain fragments showed a molecular weight of 34,500. After reduction of the Fc5μ fragments to free μ chain fragments and J chain removal of the reducing agent by dialysis for 24 h under nitrogen in the presence of Zn ions gave non‐covalently linked Fc5μ fragments. This shows that the non‐covalent interactions operating between the μ chains of non‐covalently linked native IgM are present in the C‐terminal part of the μ chains. Additional dialysis in the presence of Zn and Cu ions resulted in the formation of covalently linked Fc5μ fragments.
Partial Characterization of Cell Surface Idiotypes on Alloantigen‐Activated T Lymphoblasts
Authors: BINZ H. , FRISCHKNECHT H. , MERCOLLI C. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

T lymphoblasts of specificity Lewis anti‐DA, Lewis anti‐BN, BN anti‐DA and L.BN anti‐DA were purified on Ficoll‐Paque from mixed leucocyte cultures on day 5. Blasts were radiolabelled with iodine‐125 by the lactoperoxidase method and lysed by the aid of Nonidet P40. Idiotypic molecules were puried from the lysates by the use of anti‐idiotypic antiserum of specificity anti‐(Lewis anti‐DA) and Staphylococcus aureus bearing protein‐A. In this way, molecules with a molecular weight of 150,000 and 75,000 daltons could be isolated from Lewis anti‐DA and L.BN anti‐DA T lymphoblasts but no significant radioactivity was brought down by the same procedure from Lewis anti‐BN or BN anti‐DA T lymphoblasts. No additional molecules were detected in the lower molecular weight regions where light chains of Ig type as well as conventional products of the MHC genes would appear. The 150,000 dalton molecules are composed of two single polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of around 75,000 daltons. These data are in complete agreement with earlier results on antigen‐binding, idiotypic receptors obtained from normal rat T lymphocytes.
Human Transfer Factor in Vitro: Identification of L‐Serine and Glycine as Components with Augmenting Effect in Lymphocyte Transformation Assay
Authors: UOTILA A. , MARNELA K.‐M. , HAMBLIN A. , KROHN K.
Published: June 2006

The components of human leucocyte dialysate thought to contain transfer factor, which irresponsible for its capacity to augment antigen or mitogen induced lymphocyte blasogenesis in vitro, were determined by comparing the activity of the original dialysate with its fractions derived from chromatography on Sephadex G‐10. Augmentation of leucoagglutinin (LA) induced transformation was only observed using the original dialysate and two fractions (IIb and IIc) eluting before the total volume of the column. These fractions contained the majority of free amino acids in the dialysate, and no trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable material. Synthetic mixtures, containing the same amount of free amino acids as the fractions, augmented both tuberculin PPD and LA induced blastogenesis in a similar manner to the fractions. The augmenting activity of the synthetic mixture and hence, presumably, the dialysate fractions seemed to be due mostly to l‐serine and glycine, non‐essential amino acids not present in MEM‐S, the culture medium used. No augmenting affect by leucocyte dialysate was seen when MEM‐S was replaced by RPMI 1640, a culture medium containing both l‐serine and glycine. The results suggest that the non‐specific in vitro activity of leucocyte dialysate in this test may be due to a medium supplementation effect and that this phenomenon is probably not relevant to the nonspecific consequences of injection of transfer factor in vivo.
The Complex Role of Target Cells in the Effects of Soluble Substances Released by Monocyte—Macrophage Cell Populations
Authors: ARALA‐CHAVES M. P. , KEY M. , FETT J. W. , PORTO M. T. , FUDENBERG H. H.
Published: June 2006

Supernatants of human peripheral blood monocytes (SMØ) and the nondialysable fraction (NDF) and dialysable fraction (DF) thereof were tested for their effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells not depleted of adherent cells (TC) or progressively depleted of adherent cells (NAC) and on human thymocytes alone or supplemented with human monocytes (MØ) obtained from peripheral blood. PHA, Con A and PPD were used as stimulants of the target cells. A standard SMØ (from MØ cultured at 2 × 105 cells/ml), which did not produce any detectable effect on TC, enhanced the responses of NAC that had been partially depleted of adherent cells and of thymocytes not supplemented with MØ, and suppressed the response of NAC more completely depleted of adherent cells. The NDF increased the level of 3H‐thymidine uptake by thymocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells when the cell populations were depleted of adherent cells and stimulated by PHA, Con A, or PPD; NDF suppressed 3H‐thymidine uptake by populations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells not depleted of adherent cells and by populations of thymocytes supplemented with monocytes, under the same conditions of stimulation. The DF showed effects completely opposite to those of the NDF; i. e. cultures that were enhanced by NDF were suppressed by DF, and those enhanced by DF were suppressed by NDF. The suppressor effects of SMØ and of its subfractions were more evident in PPD‐stimulated cultures than in cultures stimulated by Con A or PHA, whereas the enhancing effect was most evident in Con A‐stimulated cultures. In both cases the PHA‐stimulated cultures were the least affected. Both the enhancing and suppressor effects were highly dependent on the dose of stimulant used.
Comparison of the Effector Cells in Human Spontaneous Cellular Cytotoxicity and Antibody‐Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity: Differential Sensitivity of Effector Cells to in Vivo and in Vitro Corticosteroids
Authors: PARRILLO J. E. , FAUCI A. S.
Published: June 2006

The effector cells mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCC) in humans have been reported to possess similar characteristics. Multiple cell separation techniques were employed in an attempt to physically separate and distinguish the effector cells in these two types of cellular cytotoxicity. Subpopulations of mononuclear cells obtained by a variety of fractionation procedures which either enriched or depleted monocytes, lymphocytes bearing a receptor for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), a receptor for complement (CRL) or an Fc receptor for IgG always had similar effects on both ADCC and SCC. Aggregated gamma globulin blockade of Fc receptors produced similar dose‐dependent depressions of ADCC and SCC. Despite our inability to physically separate the effector cells of ADCC and SCC, administration of in vivo dexamethasone caused a relative increase in ADCC but a profound decrease in SCC. Furthermore, in vitro dexamethasone in pharmacologic and suprapharmacologic concentrations caused no change in ADCC but significantly decreased SCC. This study demonstrates that although the effector cells cannot be physically separated, ADCC and SCC are differentially sensitive to corticosteroids and are hence functionally distinct either on the basis of different subsets of effector cells with similar surface markers or different mechanisms of cytotoxicity by the same effector cell.
In Vivo Generation of Mouse Natural Killer Cells: Role of the Spleen and Thymus
Authors: HALLER O. A. , GIDLUND M. , KURNICK J. T. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

The role of the spleen and thymus was investigated in the natural killer (NK) cell system. These NK cells have the ability to kill a variety of tumour cells as demonstrated in vitro in short‐term 51Cr release assays. The work presented deals with three observations: (1) the effect of splenectomy on the levels of NK activity in the blood and lymph nodes. (2) the effect of splenectomy on the reconstitution of irradiated animals with bone marrow cells, and (3) the level of NK activity in adult thymectomized, irradiated animals which were reconstituted with bone marrow or thymus cells from either high or low NK activity animals. Thus, for the third point, chimaeras were established between histocompatible strains of mice A. BY (a low NK strain), and C57B1/6 (a high NK strain). The ability of T cells from one strain could then be observed to either help or suppress the NK activity of the bone‐marrow‐derived cells. The data presented show that the absence of a spleen does not affect MK activity or reconstitution of NK cells in irradiated animals. Further, T cells from one strain do not affect NK activity of animals reconstituted with bone marrow cells from a histocompatible strain. Thus T cells from a low NK stain (A. BY) did not suppress the high activity of C57B1/6 cells, and, conversely, the C57B1/6 T cells did not compensate for the low NK activity of A. BY cells.
F1‐Hybrid Anti‐Parental‐Strain Reactivity I. Impaired Proliferation of CBA Lymphocytes in the Spleens of Irradiated C3H×CBA Mice Pretreated with CBA Spleen Cells
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Previous investigations have indicated that C3H×CBA hybrid lymphocytes can neutralize lymphocytes which are reactive against the C3H‐determined MIs antigen when injected into the H‐2‐compatible strain CBA. In this study we have inoculated C3H×CBA hybrids with CBA spleen cells and 2 weeks later lethally irradiated the mice and injected them with CBA lymphocytes to study their proliferation in the host spleen. Proliferation of lymphocytes From CBA mice, but not from C57Bl mice, was significantly impaired in such hosts, indicating that the hybrids had become immunized against the parental cells. In contrast, such an effect was not detected by treating CBA×C57Bl mice with CBA spleen cells. Humoral antibodies in the C3H×CBA hybrids capable of blocking the response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H×CBA cells could not be detected, indicating that inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is cell mediated rather than by humoral factors.
Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Function during Pregnancy
Authors: BJÖRKSTEN B. , SÖDERSTRÖM T. , DAMBER M.‐G. , VON SCHOULTZ B. , STIGBRAND T.
Published: June 2006

Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function was studied in pregnant women and related to the serum concentration of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and to mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Neutrophil chemotaxis was depressed in pregnant women. Pregnancy serum inhibited the MLC‐reaction. The serum levels of PZP were inversely related to chemotactic responsiveness (P<0.05) and depression of MLC reactivity (P<0.01). The capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium was depressed in PMNs from pregnant women, and pregnancy scrum inhibited phagocytosis of Escherichia colt by control PMNs. Neutrophils from pregnant women showed increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan. The results may be explained by depression of ingestion by pregnancy serum and increased oxidative metabolism in PMNs from pregnant women.
Identification of Different Antigenic Determinants within the Synthetic Multichain Co‐polymer Poly(lTyr, lGlu) ‐ poly(dlAla)—poly(lLys), (T,G)‐A—L, as Recognized by the Chicken II. Fine‐Specificities of the Anti‐(T,G) Part of Chicken Anti‐(T,G)‐A–L Antisera
Authors: SØRUP P.
Published: June 2006

Sera from three chickens obtained from a genetic high‐responder inbred strain immunized with the multichain polypeptide poly(lTyr, lGlu)‐poly(dlAla)‐Poly(lLys) ((T, G)‐A‐L) were analysed for possible restrictions in the fine‐specificities of anti‐(lTyr, lGlu) antibodies. A panel of synthetic hexa‐ and heptapeptides composed of l‐Tyr and l‐GLU residues linked to a C‐terminal spacer tripeptide, and with l‐Tyr as N‐terminal, were used as inhibitors in a double‐antibody radioimmunoassay. Results showed that all peptides tested possessed some inhibitional potential, although the percentage of displacement for the different sequences varied between 43% and 58%, 20% and 56%, and 48% and 85%, respectively, for the three sera tested at a given inhibitor concentration. Different peptide sequences appeared as the most efficient inhibitor in the three sera tested. No simple relationship was found between substitution/elongation of inhibitor peptides and their inhibitional potential, as would have been expected from a simple conception of (T,G)‐A–L possessing only one sequential determinant. Possible evidence for conformational determinants in the (T. G)‐A–L antigen is discussed.
DNA Synthesis in Subpopulations of Blood Mononuclear Leucocytes in Human Subjects after Vaccination against Yellow Fever
Authors: EHRNST A. , LAMBERT B. , FAGRAEUS A.
Published: June 2006

After vaccination of five volunteers with yellow fever live vaccine, blood mononuclear cells were isolated and labelled with 3H‐thymidine at intervals. DNA synthesis was measured by scintillation counting and autoradiography of resetted cells. Rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E‐RFC) identified T cells, and such erythrocytes coated with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC‐RFC) identified B cells and monocytes. DNA synthesis in the total mononuclear cell fraction, as well as in subfractions enriched in or deprived of E‐RFC, displayed a sharp increase on day 10–11 after vaccination, remained high on day 13–14, and then returned to the prevaccination level. There was a corresponding morphological transformation, measured by size distribution and number of nucleoli per cell. The major fraction of DNA‐synthesizing cells before, during and after the peak of activity was found among non‐rosette‐forming cells. However, during the activity peak the numbers and proportion of DNA‐synthesizing E‐RFC were increased while the response with regard to EAC‐RFC was not obvious. Thus within a complex cellular response a transient T‐cell response was identified.
The Recovery of Mice from Influenza A Virus Infection: Adoptive Transfer of Immunity with Influenza Virus‐specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Recognizing a Common Virion Antigen
Authors: YAP K. L. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

Mice inoculated intranasally with infectious influenza virus of a given A strain were adoptively transferred 24 h later with preparations of secondary influenza virus‐immune T cells generated either in vitro or entirely in vivo. The immune cells were raised during infection with homologous or heterologous A strain influenza viruses or with a type B virus. The greatest antiviral effect, measured by reduction in lung virus level of recipient mice, occurred if homologous viruses were used. Sharing of haemagglutinin specificity was shown to be important, but significant antiviral activity was still expressed if neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificities were shared. The antiviral effect was type‐specific. Adoptive transfer of type A influenza immune T cells did not express antiviral activity against type B virus, and vice versa. On the basis of earlier work, the effector population in the transferred cells was cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Intranasal reinfection of mice with a heterologous type A virus sharing neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificity with the first infecting virus induced enhanced and earlier production of cross‐reactive Tc against type A influenza viruses. This was paralleled by significantly lower virus levels in the lungs. The results of this work demonstrate heterotypic cell‐mediated immunity in influenza virus infection in mice.
The Specificity of Radiostaining in Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: AUKRUST L. , ALMELAND T. L. , AAS K.
Published: June 2006

The major allergen from codfish (DS 22) was used to study specific and non‐specific radiostaining in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). Various modifications of CRIE experiments were performed including experiments where immunoprecipitates in agarose were transferred to test tubes and the radioactivity was measured in a gammacounter. The degree of non‐specific binding of IgE and 125I‐anti‐IgE to the precipitates was low. A linear relation was found between the amount of human serum IgE antibody used in CRIE and the degree of radiostaining obtained. Increasing the amount of DS 22 in the precipitates from 0.31 to 2.5 μg resulted in a moderate increase in the uptake of125I‐anti‐IgE, whereas further increase of the amount of DS 22 (5–10 μg) resulted in reduced uptake of isotope. Serum from a patient containing IgE antibodies to rabbit serum gave rise to radiostaining over the entire antibody‐containing gel area, and it is suggested that such human sera be avoided when using CRIE.
Purification of Human Interferon by Antibody Affinity Chromatography, using Highly Absorbed Anti‐interferon
Authors: BERG K. , HERON I. , HAMILTON R.
Published: June 2006

Antibodies against partially purified human leucocyte interferon (PIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B and crude interferons applied on this affinity column were purified, up to 8 × 105 interferon units (IFU) per mg protein in one step. Antibodies against PIF were absorbed with immobilized crude human leucocyte interferon bound to Sepharose, whereby antibodies against impurities were predominantly removed. Extensively absorbed antisera were coupled to Sepharose and used for antibody affinity chromatography of crude interferon preparations. Leucocyte and fibroblast interferons were purified in one step with around 100% recovery, up to 1 × 108 IFU per mg protein, and Namalva interferon up to 2 × 107 IFU/mg. SDS electrophoresis of affinity‐purified leucocyte interferon revealed that the interferon activity appeared in two bands (19,000 and 23,000 D).
Macrophage Requirement for Production of the Human Mitogenic Factor in Vitro
Authors: LARSSON E.‐L.
Published: June 2006

Highly purified T‐cell preparations are not induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) to produce mitogenic factors (MF). As few as 0.1% adherent cells restore PHA induction to MF secretion. Non‐adherent, highly purified T‐cells, on the other hand, perform independently in producing MF once activated, while adherent cells are not capable of detecting MF secretion.
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody in Myasthenia Gravis: Purification and Characterization
Authors: LEFVERT K. , BERGSTRÖM K.
Published: June 2006

Acetylcholine receptor antibody was measured in serum and IgG fractions from patients with myasthenia gravis using different analyses for antibody interfering with the toxin binding site and for antibody directed against othersites. No correlation was found between the concentration of receptor antibody as measured with the two assays. The different antibody activities also showed different isoelectric spectra. Receptor antibody was purified about 1000 times from IgG by affinity chromatography on a partially purified human skeletal muscle receptor preparation. The purified antibody was homogeneous in SDS‐gel electrophoresis and showed a polyclonal pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Both kinds of light chains were demonstrated, The results imply that the acetytcholine receptor antibody found in myasthenia gravis is heterogeneous and of multiclonal origin.
Demonstration of High‐Affinity Binding Sites for C3a Anaphylatoxin on Guinea‐Pig Platelets
Authors: BECKER S. , HADDING U. , SCHORLEMMER H. U. , BITTER‐SUERMANN D.
Published: June 2006

3H‐serotonin release from guinea‐pig platelets was demonstrated to be the consequence of C3a binding to these cells. A Scatchard analysis of dose‐response data of the 125I‐C3a binding pattern to guinea‐pig platelets pointed to the existence of binding sites with high and low affinity for the C3a molecule (HA and LA receptors). HA receptors are specific for C3a with intact C‐terminal arginine. whereas C3adesarg only interacts with LA receptors. The release of serotonin may be induced by a combined reaction of C3a with HA receptors and LA receptors on the platelet membrane.
Presence of Alloreactive Ia Antigens on Murine Intestine Epithelial Cells
Authors: CURMAN B. , KÄMPE O. , RASK L. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

Purified intestine epithelial cells express la antigens as determined by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis. The intestinal la antigens react at least with alloantisera directed against the H‐2 I‐A subregion.
Heterologous B‐Cell Antisera May Detect Non‐Ig, Non‐HLA‐DR Antigens
Authors: BERNTORP E. , TURESSON I. , ZETTERVALL O.
Published: June 2006

A heterologous antiserum (antiserum 7420) against B‐lymphocyte antigen(s) was raised in a rabbit by immunization with peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). After absorptions with pooled normal human serum, IgA, IgD, and IgM M‐components, the fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated F(ab′)2 fragments were prepared and further absorbed with normal peripheral blood leucocytes. The F(ab′)2 fragments, studied in direct immunofluorescence, reacted with both normal and CLL B lymphocytes but not with T lymphocytes. Comparative studies with an HLA‐DR antiserum showed that the antigen(s) detected by 7420 antiserum did not redistribute together with HLA‐DR antigens in cocapping experiments, nor did the HLA‐DR antiserum block the reaction of 7420 F(ab′)s fragments with B lymphocytes. The 7420 F(ab′)z fragments precipitated detergent‐solubilized B‐cell membrane material with a molecular weight of around 40,000 and 150,000 daltons. The conclusion drawn is that the 7420 and HLA‐DR antigens are different. The 7420 antigen was also shown to be different from classical HLA antigens, β2‐microglobulin, surface immunoglobulin, the Fc receptor, and HC protein.