bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long Term Anomalous Heat from 9 nm Pd Nanoparticles in an Electrochemical Cell
Authors: Hubler Graham K. , Katti Kavita K. , Pease Dennis , El Boher Arik , Azzizi Orchideh , He Jinghao , Katti Kattesh V.
Published: December 2024

We report 58 days of 120 milliwatts anomalous excess heat in a Fleischman-Pons type open electrochemical cell which integrates to 610,000 Joules of liberated energy, including 4 days of anomalous heat after electrolysis power was shut off. The Pd foil cathode was placed in tension and 9 nm Pd nanoparticles were deposited on the cathode in situ at the onset of the experimental run.
Input Stimuli and Output Signals for LENR Experiments
Authors: Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

One purpose of this paper is to draw attention to particular past LENR experiments and suggest some attractive future LENR experiments. Hence, we consider both past and prospective stimuli into and signals out of LENR experiments. Another goal is to provide a brief compilation of experimental data that can be used to test LENR theories. Rigorous challenges to theoretical results are needed to advance the understanding and practical applications of LENR.
Discrepancies with the Recent Models of Nucleons
Authors: Bowen N. L.
Published: December 2024

Recent theoretical calculations about the mass of the partons within protons have raised questions, specifically regarding what comprises the bulk of the mass of the nucleons. As a result of these recent theoretical calculations and the questions they precipitate, there are many new models of the nucleons that claim to have solved the question of the missing nucleon mass. This paper is an examination these recent nucleon models, exploring the accuracy of the science, the mathematics, and the concepts described therein.
Progress in Energy Generation Research Using Nano-Metal With Hydrogen/Deuterium Gas
Authors: Iwamura Yasuhiro , Kasagi Jirohta , Itoh Takehiko , Takahashi T. , Saito Mari , Shibasaki Y. , Murakami Shoichi
Published: December 2024

The field of condensed matter nuclear science originated in 1989 with Fleischmann and Pons’ electrolysis of Pd with heavy water. However, anomalous heat generation and other related phenomena were observed not only by electrochemical methods, but also by loading of deuterium or hydrogen in metals such as Pd and Ni. In this paper, we will first give a short overview of the progress in these gas loading type experiments. After that, we will describe the recent progress of our research team. The authors have been studying energy generation using nano-sized multilayer metal composites with hydrogen gas. Two nano-sized metal multilayer composite samples, which were composed of Ni, Cu, and other thin films on bulk Ni (25 mm × 25 mm × 0.1 mm), were used. These samples were fabricated by the Ar ion beam method, or by the magnetron sputtering method. Heat bursts and excess energy generation were observed during the experiments under vacuum conditions (<10−4 Pa) using nano-sized metal multilayer composites on Ni substrate and hydrogen gas. Released energy normalized to the total amount of absorbed hydrogen reached 16 keV/H or 1.5 GJ/H-mol. Sometimes spontaneous heat bursts were observed. This suggests that the burst heat release reactions occurred in the near surface region of the nano-sized multilayer metal composite. Furthermore, we have succeeded in intentionally inducing heat bursts, based on the observations of the spontaneous heat bursts. By measuring the optical spectrum emitted from the sample, we detected a simultaneous increase in mid infrared radiation flux when a heat burst occurred.
Non - Accelerator Measurement of the Long - Range Quark - Lepton Interaction in Solids
Authors: Plekhanov V.G.
Published: December 2024

The measurements of the dependence of the energy of strong nuclear interaction on the distance between nucleons in nucleus were performed for the first time. By the adding one neutron to hydrogen nucleus we enable the strong interaction. The initial components of mixed crystals LiHxD1−x are LiH (no strong interaction in the hydrogen nucleus) and LiD (with strong interaction in the deuterium nucleus) crystals are dielectrics with cubic symmetry. The change of the concentration of deuterium in mixed crystals LiHxD1−x determines the change in the distance between nucleons, which is directly manifested in the position of the phononless free exciton emission line in the low - temperature luminescence spectrum. A series of such measurements made it possible to construct a function of the dependence of the energy of strong nuclear interaction on the distance between nucleons in the deuterium nucleus.
Lärdomar från hästar
Authors: Mickelsson Ritva , Borgström Nona
Published: December 2024

Denna artikel är en sammanfattning av en doktorsavhandling (Mickelsson, 2023) som jämfört tre olika interventioner och dess påverkan på välbefinnandet hos elever med särskilda behov i årskurs 3 och 7 i en kommun i södra Finland. Alla tre insatser genomfördes en gång i veckan under vårterminen, 8 veckor totalt från februari till maj. I denna studie är huvudinterventionen icke-verbal och utformas av informella inlärningsaktiviteter med häst som kallas socialpedagogisk hästverksamhet (i denna studie EASE). EASE interventionerna utfördes i stallmiljö. De andra två insatserna genomfördes i klassrum. Aggression Replacement Training® (ART) är ett program som är utformat för att utveckla handlingssätt genom att lära ut hantering av ilska och öka social kompetens. Gemensam matematik (MATH) utgår från att eleverna samarbetar i par eller grupper för att kunna lösa matematiska problemlösnings uppgifter. Förutom interventionsgrupperna fanns det en vanlig traditionell grupp (TAU) som representerade en passiv kontrollgrupp.
Ribosomal RNA methylation by GidB modulates discrimination of mischarged tRNA
Authors: Bi Zhuo , Chen Yu-Xiang , Young Iris D , Su Hong-Wei , Chen Yuemeng , Hong Jia-Yao , Fraser James S , Javid Babak
Published: December 2024

Despite redundant cellular pathways to minimize translational errors, errors in protein synthesis are common. Pathways and mechanisms to minimize errors are classified as pre-ribosomal or ribosomal. Pre-ribosomal pathways are primarily concerned with the appropriate charging of tRNAs with their cognate amino acid. By contrast, the ribosomal decoding centre is considered ‘blind’ to mischarged tRNAs since these have cognate codon•anti-codon pairing. Here, we identified that in mycobacteria, deletion of the 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase gidB led to increased ribosomal discrimination of mischarged tRNAs. Discrimination only occurred in mycobacteria enriched from environments or genetic backgrounds with high rates of mistranslation. GidB deletion was necessary but not sufficient for reducing mistranslation due to misacylation. Analysis of new cryoEM structures of the M. smegmatis ribosomes derived from wild-type and gidB-deleted strains point to the interaction between the base methylated by GidB on the 16S RNA and an asparagine on the ribosomal S12 protein that when mistranslated to aspartate may be involved in altering translational fidelity. Our data suggest a mechanism by which mycobacterial ribosomes can discriminate mischarged tRNAs and that 16S rRNA differential methylation by GidB may act to prevent catastrophic translational error.
Variation in albumin glycation rates in birds suggests resistance to relative hyperglycaemia rather than conformity to the pace of life syndrome hypothesis
Authors: Moreno-Borrallo Adrián , Jaramillo-Ortiz Sarahi , Schaeffer-Reiss Christine , Quintard Benoît , Rey Benjamin , Bize Pierre , Viblanc Vincent A , Boulinier Thierry , Chastel Olivier , Gutiérrez Jorge S , Masero Jose A , Bertile Fabrice , Criscuolo François
Published: December 2024

The pace of life syndrome hypothesis (POLS) suggests that organisms’ life history, physiological and behavioural traits should co-evolve. In this framework, how glycaemia (i.e., blood glucose levels) and its reaction with proteins and other compounds (i.e. glycation) covary with life history traits remain relatively under-investigated, despite the well documented consequences of glucose and glycation on ageing, and therefore potentially on life history evolution. Birds are particularly relevant in this context given that they have the highest blood glucose levels within vertebrates and still higher mass-adjusted longevity when compared to organisms with similar physiology as mammals. We thus performed a comparative analysis on glucose and albumin glycation rates of 88 bird species from 22 orders, in relation to life history traits (body mass, clutch mass, maximum lifespan and developmental time) and diet. Glucose levels correlated positively with albumin glycation rates in a non-linear fashion, suggesting resistance to glycation in species with higher glucose levels. Plasma glucose levels decreased with increasing body mass but, contrary to what is predicted to the POLS hypothesis, glucose levels increased with maximum lifespan before reaching a plateau. Finally, terrestrial carnivores showed higher albumin glycation compared to omnivores despite not showing higher glucose, which we discuss may be related to additional factors as differential antioxidant levels or dietary composition in terms of fibres or polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results increase our knowledge about the diversity of glycaemia and glycation patterns across birds, pointing towards the existence of glycation resistance mechanisms within comparatively high glycaemic birds.
Brainstem neurons coordinate the bladder and urethra sphincter for urination
Authors: Li Xing , Li Xianping , Li Jun , Qin Han , Liang Shanshan , Li Jun , Jian Tingliang , Wang Xia , Yin Lingxuan , Yuan Chunhui , Liao Xiang , Jia Hongbo , Chen Xiaowei , Yao Jiwei
Published: December 2024

Urination, a vital and conserved process of emptying urine from the urinary bladder in mammals, requires precise coordination between the bladder and external urethra sphincter (EUS) that is tightly controlled by a complex neural network. However, the specific subpopulation of neurons that accounts for such coordination remains unidentified, limiting the development of target-specific therapies for certain urination disorders, e.g. detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Here, we find that cells expressing estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1
+
) in the pontine micturition center (PMC) initiate voiding when activated and suspend ongoing voiding when suppressed, each at 100% reliability, respectively. Transection of either the pelvic or the pudendal nerve does not impair PMC
ESR1+
control of the downstream target through the other nerve at all. Anatomically, PMC
ESR1+
cells possess two subpopulations projecting to either the pelvic or pudendal nerve and a third, dual-projecting subpopulation, locking in the coordination of bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation in a rigid temporal order. We identify a cell type in the brainstem that controls the bladder-urethra coordination for urination.
Dual-format attentional template during preparation in human visual cortex
Authors: Chen Yilin , Liu Taosheng , Jia Ke , Theeuwes Jan , Gong Mengyuan
Published: December 2024

Goal-directed attention relies on forming internal templates of key information relevant for guiding behavior, particularly when preparing for upcoming sensory inputs. However, evidence on how these attentional templates is represented during preparation remains controversial. Here, we combine functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an orientation cueing task to isolate preparatory activity from stimulus-evoked responses. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found decodable information of the to-be-attended orientation during preparation; yet preparatory activity patterns were different from those evoked when actual orientations were perceived. When perturbing the neural activity by means of a visual impulse (‘pinging’ technique), the preparatory activity patterns in visual cortex resembled those associated with perceiving these orientations. The observed differential patterns with and without the impulse perturbation suggest a predominantly non-sensory format and a latent, sensory-like format of representation during preparation. Furthermore, the emergence of the sensory-like template coincided with enhanced information connectivity between V1 and frontoparietal areas and was associated with improved behavioral performance. This dual-format mechanism suggests that during preparation the brain encodes more detailed template information beyond its immediate use, potentially providing advantages for adaptive attentional control. Consistent with recent theories of non-veridical, ‘good-enough’ attentional template for initial guidance, our findings established a neural basis for implementing two representational formats in different functional states during preparation: a predominantly non-sensory format for guidance and a latent sensory-like format for prospective stimulus processing.
Embedding stochastic dynamics of the environment in spontaneous activity by prediction-based plasticity
Authors: Asabuki Toshitake , Clopath Claudia
Published: December 2024

The brain learns an internal model of the environment through sensory experiences, which is essential for high-level cognitive processes. Recent studies show that spontaneous activity reflects such learned internal model. Although computational studies have proposed that Hebbian plasticity can learn the switching dynamics of replayed activities, it is still challenging to learn dynamic spontaneous activity that obeys the statistical properties of sensory experience. Here, we propose a pair of biologically plausible plasticity rules for excitatory and inhibitory synapses in a recurrent spiking neural network model to embed stochastic dynamics in spontaneous activity. The proposed synaptic plasticity rule for excitatory synapses seeks to minimize the discrepancy between stimulus-evoked and internally predicted activity, while inhibitory plasticity maintains the excitatory-inhibitory balance. We show that the spontaneous reactivation of cell assemblies follows the transition statistics of the model’s evoked dynamics. We also demonstrate that simulations of our model can replicate recent experimental results of spontaneous activity in songbirds, suggesting that the proposed plasticity rule might underlie the mechanism by which animals learn internal models of the environment.
Learning enhances behaviorally relevant representations in apical dendrites
Authors: Benezra Sam E , Patel Kripa B , Campos Citlali Pérez , Hillman Elizabeth MC , Bruno Randy M
Published: December 2024

Learning alters cortical representations and improves perception. Apical tuft dendrites in Layer 1, which are unique in their connectivity and biophysical properties, may be a key site of learning-induced plasticity. We used both two-photon and SCAPE microscopy to longitudinally track tuft-wide calcium spikes in apical dendrites of Layer 5 pyramidal neurons in barrel cortex as mice learned a tactile behavior. Mice were trained to discriminate two orthogonal directions of whisker stimulation. Reinforcement learning, but not repeated stimulus exposure, enhanced tuft selectivity for both directions equally, even though only one was associated with reward. Selective tufts emerged from initially unresponsive or low-selectivity populations. Animal movement and choice did not account for changes in stimulus selectivity. Enhanced selectivity persisted even after rewards were removed and animals ceased performing the task. We conclude that learning produces long-lasting realignment of apical dendrite tuft responses to behaviorally relevant dimensions of a task.
Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classes
Authors: Bos Hannah , Miehl Christoph , Oswald Anne-Marie , Doiron Brent
Published: December 2024

Synaptic inhibition is the mechanistic backbone of a suite of cortical functions, not the least of which are maintaining network stability and modulating neuronal gain. In cortical models with a single inhibitory neuron class, network stabilization and gain control work in opposition to one another – meaning high gain coincides with low stability and vice versa. It is now clear that cortical inhibition is diverse, with molecularly distinguished cell classes having distinct positions within the cortical circuit. We analyze circuit models with pyramidal neurons (E) as well as parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) expressing interneurons. We show how in E – PV – SOM recurrently connected networks an SOM-mediated modulation can lead to simultaneous increases in neuronal gain and network stability. Our work exposes how the impact of a modulation mediated by SOM neurons depends critically on circuit connectivity and the network state.
Investigation of the relationships between peri-implant diseases, periodontal diseases, and conditions: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Şahin Tuğba
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Peri-implant and periodontal conditions share common underlying factors, including risk factors, microbiology, immunology, and treatment approaches.

Aims

This study aims to investigate the potential co-occurrence of peri-implant and periodontal conditions.

Design

One hundred twenty-three implants were divided into three groups: peri-implantitis (41 implants), peri-implant mucositis (41 implants), and peri-implant health (41 implants). Peri-implant and periodontal statuses were assessed using the 2017 AAP/EFP World Workshop on Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions. All measurements were performed by a single clinician (T.Ş.). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the study groups according to the data. An assessment was conducted regarding the coexistence of periodontal and peri-implant conditions.

Results

Patients with peri-implant mucositis predominantly had gingivitis, whereas those with peri-implant health exhibited periodontal health. In contrast, patients with peri-implantitis mostly had gingivitis, with a lower occurrence of periodontitis. A significant difference was observed between the peri-implant and periodontal groups (p = 0.003). Significant differences were observed between peri-implant and periodontal evaluations for plaque indices, gingival indices, probing depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (p = 0.001), (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

The findings of this study underscore the intricate influence of implant treatment on periodontal health. This observation emphasizes the importance of elucidating the underlying factors to improve clinical management and outcomes in patients with periodontal and peri-implant diseases, highlighting the relevance and potential impact of this research in the field.
First Report of Dendrophthoe falcata (l. F.) Ettingsh on Important Tree Species: Populus deltoides and Melia dubia
Authors: Tomar Anita , Singh Satya Vrat , Singh Sanjay
Published: December 2024

This study reports the first documented instance of Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh., a parasitic plant, infecting Populus deltoides and Melia dubia, two economically valuable timber and pulpwood tree species which have been extensively employed in agroforestry in India. Infected trees in both species exhibited a reduction in the size and growth of secondary branches, culminating in top drying and mortality due to gall formation on primary branches. The incidence of infection was higher in Melia (45 %) than in Poplar (20%). However, it was more severe in Poplar, with more than twice the number of gall formations compared to Melia, and a 10% tree mortality rate in the plantation. It seems that M. dubia is more resistant to D. falcata infestations compared to P. deltoides. Consequently, D. falcata emergence poses a severe threat to Poplar cultivars. Further research is essential to understand Dendrophthoe's distribution, host specificity, and dispersal mechanisms to protect valuable species like Poplar and Melia from its detrimental effects.
The Effects of Complex Family Dynamics on Early Childhood Development: A Case Study
Authors: Tabanao Straichea Mae C.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effects of complex family dynamics on early childhood students' development. This study addresses the cognitive, social, emotional, moral, and coping mechanisms early childhood students adopt. A descriptive case study design and purposive sampling were utilized. Five respondents, from early childhood education nursery and kindergarten students, were interviewed face-to-face while observing proper health protocol. Utilizing Resiliency Theory and Carl Rogers' Self-Actualization framework, the study employed a descriptive case study design with structured interviews. Findings reveal challenges such as emotional neglect, isolation, and anxiety, counterbalanced by nurturing caregiver relationships and effective coping mechanisms. The majority of the students experience a lack of parental support and guidance due to diverse, complex family dynamics like blended families, single parenting, and families affected by divorce or separation. In addition, most of the students experience emotional difficulty, anxiety, loneliness, and isolation. Also, many of them need help socializing and following rules and regulations. Recommendations to improve these experiences include workshops and resources designed to foster parental involvement in their children’s education and emotional well-being and establishing mental health services in schools to offer counseling and support for children facing family-related challenges.
Evaluating the Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal on Growth Efficiency and Feed Utilization in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juvenile
Authors: Mahato Ishori Singh , Paudel Krishna , Timalsina Prem , Chand Sunita
Published: December 2024

Aims: Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae meal is a promising alternative protein source in aquafeed, offering high nutritional value and essential amino acid profiles like fishmeal. Nepalese Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming currently relies on imported shrimp meal, presenting economic and ecological challenges. The focus of this research was to examines the potential of BSFL meal to replace the shrimp meal in trout feed.
Place and Duration of Study: Fisheries Research Station (FRS), Trishuli Nepal, between May 1 to August 7, 2023.
Methodology: A feeding trial was conducted using 750 healthy Rainbow trout (mean individual body weight 5.39±0.55 g) randomly divided into five experimental groups, each having three replicates. The control diet contained no BSFL meal (CON), while experimental diets replaced 25% (BSF25), 50% (BSF50), 75% (BSF75), and 100% (BSF100) of shrimp meal with BSFL meal. Fish were raised in flow-through raceway tanks (300L) and fed twice daily until satiation. The growth efficiency parameters were measured.
Results: The results demonstrated that diets with 25-50% BSFL meal substitution (B25, B50) significantly enhanced growth efficiency compared to the control, reflected in higher final body weight and weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratios (P<0.05). Conversely, higher replacement levels (75% and 100%) negatively impacted growth, possibly due to increased chitin content affecting digestibility. Statistical analysis confirmed the optimal BSFL inclusion range for growth efficiency, with specific growth rates peaking in the B50 group.
Conclusion: In conclusion, BSFL meal can effectively replace 25-50% of shrimp meal in rainbow trout feed, offering a viable and sustainable protein source for trout farming in Nepal. This substitution could reduce dependency on imported shrimp, promoting more sustainable practices.
Nurses’ Perception, Barriers and Associated Factors towards Hand Hygiene Practices for Prevention of Healthcare Acquired Infections in the Intensive Care Units
Authors: Gilbert AHIRWE KAYONGA Henri , Adejumo Oluyinka , Liberatha RUMAGIHWA
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Healthcare-Acquired Infections occur within 72 hours of hospitalization, surgical-related infections, and surgical site infections that develop 30 to 90 days after the procedure. They particularly impact critically ill patients due to their weakened immune systems, with hand washing being the most effective prevention method.
Objective of the study: Assessing nurses’ perceptions, barriers, and the impact of socio-demographic factors towards hand hygiene practices in ICUs.
Methods: The study included 65 ICU nurses from three referral hospitals, using a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design and whole population sampling. The data were collected from 05th November 2021 to 11th Feb 2022. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS software version 21.
Results: Seventy percent of participants viewed health-acquired infections (HAIs) as serious and susceptible, while 83.1% recognized the benefits of hand hygiene. The most commonly cited barrier to hand hygiene was allergies to products, reported by 32.3% of respondents. Positive perceptions of hand hygiene were significantly associated with the working institution and in-service training, with a P-value of less than 0.05.
Conclusion: The study investigated nurses' perceptions, barriers, and factors influencing hand hygiene practices in ICUs. It revealed that allergies to hand hygiene products hinder the hand hygiene adherence, while institutional policies and in service training boost It.
Recommendations: There is a need for conducting research using an observational checklist to assess HH adherence among ICU nurses, enhancing nursing education on HH, and improving in-service training for managerial teams in three hospitals.
Comparative Analysis of Stochastics Approaches in Forecasting Nigeria’s Key Macroeconomic Indicators
Authors: Kruslat Dariyem Naandi , Yahya Waheed B. , Kembe Msugh Moses
Published: December 2024

The Nigerian economy faces significant volatility in key macroeconomic variables, posing challenges to economic stability and growth. This study compares the performance of ARIMA, GARCH, and VAR models in forecasting GDP, exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, and unemployment, using annual data from 1981-2024. Results show that while ARIMA and GARCH models capture certain dynamics, the VAR model consistently delivers the highest forecast accuracy across all variables. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking data-driven strategies to stabilize the economy and manage macroeconomic uncertainty.
Influence of Quantum Effects on Amplitude Modulation in n-InSb Semiconductor
Authors: Vanshpal Ravi , Dangi Gopal Chand , Agrawal Ratna , Dubey Swati
Published: December 2024

The effect of quantum mechanical corrections in semiconductor plasma has been analytically investigated through amplitude modulational instability in unmagnetized piezoelectric semiconductor crystals. In a semiconducting crystal, each energy level can be occupied at most by two electrons owing to the spatial overlap of the wave functions. The Fermi-Dirac distribution rather than Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution functions describe the occupation of the energy level of electrons and incorporate the new quantum forces associated with the quantum Bohm potentials. In this paper, our main aim was to explore the modification in the modulational characteristics of semiconductor plasmas using the QHD model. The results show significant changes in the amplitude modulational characteristics due to the quantum mechanical effects, highlighting the importance of considering quantum hydrodynamic models in semiconductor plasma studies. This research provides valuable insights for understanding the behavior of n-type InSb crystals under laser illumination at low temperatures. The numerical estimates are made for n-type InSb crystal at 77 K duly shone by pulsed 10.6 CO2 laser.
Comparative Evaluation of Glycemic and Glycation Markers in Type I, Type II, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Choba, Rivers State
Authors: Melford Chinwebudu Miller , Simeon George G. , Wankasi Martin Mie-Ebi , Baraclan Merlyn , O’Brien-Melford Marguerite Alofa P.
Published: December 2024

Diabetes Mellitus is a leading global cause of death, highlighting the need for accurate diagnostic and management markers. This study aimed to assess various diabetes indicators and glycation markers related to glycemic status. Conducted in Rivers State (Choba), the study included 90 participants diagnosed with Gestational, Type I, and Type II diabetes, with 30 individuals in each group. Blood samples were collected after fasting to measure Insulin (INS), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c), Glycated Albumin (GA), Fructosamine (FA), and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG). Results showed no significant differences in FBG levels across the groups (F-value = 2.14, P = 0.12). However, INS levels were significantly higher in all groups (F-value = 16.1, P < 0.05). Other markers, including FA, GA, A1c, and 1,5-AG, did not differ significantly between the groups. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between A1c, GA, and FA with FBG. Notably, the correlation between FBG and A1c was strongest in Type II (r² = 0.99) and Gestational diabetes (r² = 0.99), while it was weaker in Type I (r² = 0.56). Overall, A1c emerged as the most reliable marker of glycemic status, providing valuable insights for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. HbA1c remains the gold standard for long-term glycemic control, alternative biomarkers such as fructosamine, GA, and 1,5-AG are gaining recognition for their clinical utility in managing diabetes.
Understanding Fish Immunity and Innovative Vaccination Approaches in Aquaculture
Authors: Iqbal Gowhar , Singh Lukram Sushil , Limbola Maharshi , Singh Arya , Ranjan Devarshi , Bamaniya Pinak , Kumar Ad Viral
Published: December 2024

Fish possess a unique immune system that, while somewhat similar to mammals, exhibits distinct characteristics. This review paper explains the complexities of fish immunity, highlighting the innate and adaptive immune responses that protect against various pathogens, including bacteria (Aeromonas spp, Flavobacterium columnare, Mycobacterium marinum, Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc), viruses (Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) etc.), fungi and parasites (Dioctophyma renale etc). Host-pathogen interactions are dynamic and critical for understanding the immune evasion strategies employed by pathogens, such as antigenic variation, molecular mimicry and biofilm formation. Vaccination is crucial in aquaculture, enhancing fish immunity against diseases through various vaccines, including inactivated, live, subunit, and nucleic acid vaccines. Various delivery methods are employed to maximize immunogenic responses, such as injection, immersion, and oral administration. Additionally, advancements in science and technology have led to innovative techniques to increase vaccine efficacy, including nanoparticle delivery and microencapsulation. Successful vaccination strategies have been adapted to combat significant fish pathogens, demonstrating the potential for enhancing disease resistance in aquaculture. This comprehensive overview underscores the importance of understanding fish immune systems and developing effective vaccination strategies to ensure fish health and sustainability in aquaculture practices.
Introduction to Insect Pests of Niger [Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.] and Their Management: A Review
Authors: Dwarka  , Chadar Nisha , Katara Vijay Kumar , Thakur Shobharam , Shukla Shruti , Parveen Sheeren , Maneesha  , Ahirwar Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2024

Niger, a country located in the Sahel region of West Africa, is primarily dependent on agriculture for food security and economic stability. However, agricultural productivity in Niger is severely threatened by various insect pests, which cause significant losses in crop yield and quality. This review explores the major insect pests affecting in Niger, including their biology, ecology and the current management strategies employed. Additionally, it addresses the challenges faced by local farmers and the potential for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in enhancing sustainable agricultural practices.
Vaginal Ecological Profile and Characteristic of Vaginal Infection of the Genital Tract of Pregnant Women followed at the Laboratory of the Inter-Army Medical Center Senegal
Authors: Lô Gora , Seck El Hadj , Dieng Assane , Ba-Diallo Awa , Ndiaye Abdoulaye , Sow-Ndoye Aissatou , Ndiaye Anna Julienne Selbé , Diawara Papa Silman , Ndiaye Serigne Mbaye , Tine Alioune , Seck Abdoulaye , Diop-Ndiaye Halimatou , Touré-Kâne Ndèye Coumba , Mboup Souleymane , Camara Makhtar
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Female genital tract infections are a public health problem. Initial treatment of vaginal infections is most often probabilistic. The benignity of the condition and the safety of topical medications allow for immediate management, even empirical.  Hence this study, which aims to evaluate the vaginal microecological profile and vaginal infections in pregnant women followed at the laboratory of the Inter Army Medical Center.
Methodology: We carried out a descriptive retrospective study over a period of 8 years, from 2012 to 2020, conducted by the laboratory of the Inter Army  Medical Center., on pregnant women. After the collection of sociodemographic data, each woman was subjected to a vaginal swab in accordance with good laboratory practices. A macroscopic and microscopic examination and culture were carried out on each sample. 
Results: During the study period, 3221 pregnant women were included with an average age of 29.91years. 59.05% of these had normal vaginal cleanliness. 1634 women had type IV flora. The direct examination showed that 210 pregnant women were carriers of Gardnerella vaginalis. The prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis infections was 10.90% and 1.06%.  There was statistically significant difference of the type of flora, bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women of different age groups.
Conclusion: The microecological state of the pregnant women was mostly normal. Low rates of vaginal trichomoniasis infections were found in our study. There was a significant difference between the type of flora and the incidence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women of different age groups.
Relationships between Waters Quality and Mosquito Presence and Abundance: A PCA-Based Study in Souk el Arbaa, Morocco
Authors: Kbibch A. , Khokh Kh. EL , Larhbali Y. , Fatima Aalama , Guamri Y. El , Darif H. , Belghyti D.
Published: December 2024

The degradation of the natural environment with urbanization and ruralization leads to the creation of new areas favorable to the proliferation of mosquitoes, which explains the generally considerable dispersion. The objective of our statistical study is to highlight how the quality of wastewater influences the density and proliferation of mosquitoes in the region of Souk el Arbaa (North-West Morocco).
For two years, we carried out a statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis (PCA), elementary and descriptive) on the variations in the density of species in the three sites studied.
After having identified 5 species of the genus Culex (Culex pipiens Linné 1758, Culex theileri Theobald 1903, Culex perexiguus Theobald 1901, Culex impudicus Ficalbi 1890, Culex quinquefasciatus 1823). In the prospected breeding sites, the systematic inventory of Culicidae revealed that a breeding site must be rich in chloride, organic matter and ammoniacal nitrogen to allow the mosquito to develop rapidly and reach high densities.
Peningkatan Kualitas Kampung Kota Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Masyarakat (Studi Kasus: Kampung Pelangi 200)
Authors: Fauziyah Aoliya , Aisy Alya Rihadatul , Wulandari Bunga Assipa , Utomo Fidela Zaneta , Fathihanis Maisya Dahayu
Published: December 2024

Kampung kota memegang peran krusial dalam konteks pembangunan berkelanjutan, berfungsi sebagai jawaban dari masyarakat terhadap kebutuhan perumahan di lingkungan perkotaan. Namun, seringkali kampung kota dihadapkan pada berbagai tantangan yang meliputi kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi, kondisi kekumuhan, dan kekurangan fasilitas infrastruktur yang memadai. Dalam studi kasus Kampung Pelangi 200 di Bandung, karakter lingkungan kampung dianalisis bersama dengan identifikasi kekurangan fasilitas serta perumusan strategi perbaikan yang diperlukan. Melalui metode penelitian kualitatif yang melibatkan pengumpulan data langsung dan tinjauan literatur, temuan menunjukkan bahwa kampung tersebut mengalami kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan kekurangan fasilitas seperti akses masuk dan tempat parkir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat di kampung tersebut, dengan fokus pada penyediaan dan peningkatan infrastruktur serta fasilitas yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pandangan yang lebih baik dalam merancang strategi pembangunan berkelanjutan di masa depan, dengan menekankan pentingnya perbaikan infrastruktur dan peningkatan kualitas hidup di kampung kota sebagai bagian integral dari proses pembangunan yang berkelanjutan.
Komparasi Tektonika Arsitektur Empat Tiang Utama Pada Rumah Tradisional Madura Dan Jawa
Authors: Hidayat Fariz , Ayowembun Asarias Ari , Pekei Derius , Tulistyantoro Lintu , Hariyanto Agus Dwi
Published: December 2024

Keberadaan empat tiang utama pada rumah Bangsal di Madura memiliki kemiripan dengan rumah tradisional Jawa, yaitu rumah Joglo. Kesamaan ini menarik perhatian untuk mengkomparasikannya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan tektonika empat tiang utama pada rumah Bangsal dan rumah Joglo berdasarkan faktor-faktor tektonika klasik. Komparasi tektonika empat tiang utama dilakukan melalui analisis kualitatif. Hasil komparasi menunjukkan perbedaan dalam menciptakan kekuatan konstruksinya. Rumah Joglo menggunakan pemberat untuk menciptakan kekakuan pada bangunannya karena berada di daerah rawan gempa, sedangkan rumah Bangsal tidak. Selain itu, pemberat dirumah Joglo dapat menghasilkan konstruksi yang tidak stabil pada kondisi gempa tertentu. Detail tektonika mempunyai fungsi campuran selain untuk memberikan fungsi struktural juga keindahan arsitektural. Empat tiang utama memberikan kesan kuat dan kokoh pada ruang. Selain itu menciptakan center point dan terciptanya pembagian ruang secara semu pada rumah Bangsal dan masif pada rumah Joglo. Pada rumah Joglo juga untuk merepresentasikan area yang sakral.
2‐Phenoxyethanol – Method for the determination of 2‐phenoxyethanol in workplace air using gas chromatography after thermal desorption [Air Monitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Krämer W. , Schmitt R. , Hebisch R. , Brock T.H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of 2‐phenoxyethanol [122‐99‐6] in workplace air in a concentration range of one tenth up to twice the currently valid MAK value of 5,7 mg/m3. With this method simultaneously airborne 2‐phenoxyethanol in the gaseous state as well as particles are collected. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter located in the sampling head with an adsorption tube filled with Tenax TA® connected downstream using a suitable pump. The flow rate is set to 0.066 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of approx. 4 litres. The collected 2‐phenoxyethanol alcohol is thermally desorbed and then analysed by means of gas chromatography using two detectors, a FID for quantification and a MSD to recognise potential interferences. The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a multi‐point calibration. The limit of quantification is 0,095 mg/m3based on an air sample of approx. 4 litres.
Addendum to Ethylene glycol dinitrate [BAT value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Klotz K. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value (BAT value) for ethylene glycol dinitrate [CAS No.
628‐96‐6
] in 2017.

Aim of this re‐evaluation was the lowering of the MAK value from 0.05 to 0.01 mL/m
3
(for the sum of ethylene glycol dinitrate, nitroglycerin and propylene glycol dinitrate). The former BAT value of 0.3 µg ethylene glycol dinitrate/L blood was based on a correlation between external and internal exposure to the former MAK value of 0.05 ml/m
3
. The limit of detection of the applied analytical method was 0.2 µg ethylene glycol dinitrate/L blood. Correlating values of ethylene glycol dinitrate to the present MAK value would result in values below the limit of detection. Further studies and more sensitive analytical methods are missing. Therefore, the BAT value was withdrawn.
Addendum to Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds [BAT value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Schmitz‐Spanke S. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has derived a biological guidance value at the workplace (“Biologischer Leitwert”, BLW) and a biological reference value (“Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert”, BAR) and has re‐evaluated the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for cobalt and cobalt compounds [CAS No.
7440‐48‐4
] in 2017. Available publications are described in detail.

The evaluation of the BLW was based on the association between urinary concentration of cobalt to characterize the internal exposure and cardiotoxicity as critical effect. Moderate restrictive lung dysfunctions and slight interferences with thyroid metabolism (hypothyroidism) were observed at urinary cobalt concentrations of 79 µg/L urine and 84 µg/L urine, respectively. At urinary concentrations of 38 µg cobalt/L urine and 36 µg cobalt/L urine no adverse effects of restrictive lung dysfunction and cardiotoxicity were observed. Therefore, a BLW of 35 µg/L urine was derived. The sampling time is for long‐term exposures at the end of the shift after several shifts.

In some biomonitoring studies, the excretion of cobalt in urine of persons occupationally not exposed to cobalt was examined. Due to geogenic differences, a German study was considered for the evaluation, where urine samples of 87 adults were analyzed and a 95th percentile of 1.53 µg cobalt/L urine was recorded. These results are in good accordance with other international studies. Therefore, a BAR of 1.5 µg cobalt/L urine was evaluated.

The relationships between the concentration of cobalt in ambient air and that in urine derived from the more recent studies are in good accordance with the present EKA. The Commission therefore retains the EKA already derived in 1986 and extended in 2006 in the lower range between the concentration of cobalt in the air and in urine.
Borsäure und Tetraborate – Bestimmung von Bor in Urin mittels ICP‐OES [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Michalke B. , Grill P. , Morton J. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method.

The analytical method described hereinafter is used to determine the boron concentration in urine using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (
ICP‐OES
). The method is rapid, simple, reliable, adequately sensitive and also suitable for routine use in laboratories with high sample throughput. It is possible to determine boron at both occupational and environmental concentrations. Sample preparation is performed by 1/20 (V/V) dilution of urine with 5% nitric acid, which largely reduces matrix interferences.
Chlorothalonil [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical compounds in the work Area has re‐evaluated chlorothalonil [
1897‐45‐6
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

In several carcinogenicity studies, orally applied chlorothalonil causes kidney toxicity in mice and rats and kidney tubular carcinomas only in F344 rats, but not in Osborne‐Mendel or Sprague Dawley rats. The reason for this strain difference is unknown. In cells of the kidney proximal tubules thiols are formed which inhibit mitochondrial breathing. This results in cytotoxicity and necrosis followed by cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and tumours. The thiols are generated via β‐lyase which is more active in rats than in humans. As the mechanism of the formation of kidney tumours is evaluated as non‐genotoxic and no carcinomas occurred in Osborne‐Mendel or Sprague Dawley rats at doses higher than those used in F344 rats, chlorothalonil is no longer classified in Category 3B for carcinogens.

Chlorothalonil is irritating to nose, eyes and throat of workers at about 0.3 to 1.2 mg/m
3
and corrosive to the eye of rabbits. A NOAEC after repeated inhalation in humans or animals is not known, therefore no maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived and chlorothalonil is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values.

Chlorothalonil shows a skin sensitizing potential in humans and animals and labelling with “Sh” (for substances which cause sensitization of the skin), but not with “Sa” (for substances which cause sensitization of the airways) is retained.

Dermal absorption of chlorothalonil is low and does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Nitroethane [MAK value documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for nitroethane [79‐24‐3], considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Nitroethane acts locally as well as systemically. A 13‐week study in rats and mice found significantly increased methaemoglobin levels accompanied by changes in the spleen as critical effects. A NOAEC was not obtained. Based on the LOAEC of 100 ml/m3and taking into consideration the higher sensitivity of humans and the possibility of effects increasing with time, the MAK value for nitroethane is lowered to 10 ml/m3. Degeneration, inflammation and hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium occur at higher exposure concentrations. As the critical effect is systemic, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II is retained as well as the excursion factor of 4. Because there are no studies on developmental toxicity with pure nitroethane, the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group D is also confirmed. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and nitroethane is designated with an “H”. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.