bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimación del tamaño muestral para estudios de variabilidad morfológica in situde Lippia integrifolia (Verbenaceae) en el Parque Nacional Talampaya, La Rioja (Argentina)
Authors: Brunetti Paula , Bruno Cecilia , Zapata Ricardo , Torres Lorena , Barboza Gloria , Ojeda Marta
Published: May 2019

Lippia integrifolia“incayuyo” es un arbusto aromático y medicinal de interés económico cuya distribución abarca desde Bolivia hasta el noroeste y centro de Argentina. Presenta una amplia variabilidad intraespecífica, la cual podría ser el resultado de la interacción con el ambiente y/o estar determinada genéticamente. Debido a esta variabilidad, estudios de caracterización son necesarios para posteriores evaluaciones agronómicas, mejoramiento genético, selección,reproducción y conservación de ejemplares con características deseables. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar, utilizando dos métodos de estimación, el número de individuos mínimo a relevar in situque representen la variabilidad morfológica de una población de L. integrifolia. A partir de un muestreo preliminar realizado en el Parque Nacional Talampaya en el que se registraron 11 caracteres morfométricos en L. integrifolia, se realizó una estimación paramétrica y una no paramétrica del Tamaño Muestral Mínimo. Sobre la base de los caracteres morfométricos aquí evaluados se recomienda un tamaño de muestra mínimo de entre 35 a 40 ejemplares, determinado por los caracteres que mostraron mayor variabilidad, con el cual se garantizaría poder captar la variabilidad morfológica de la especie.
Novidades taxonômicas em Maytenus (Celastraceae) para a flora da Argentina
Authors: Biral Leonardo
Published: May 2019

No decorrer dos estudos taxonômicos de Maytenus Molina desenvolvidos pelo autor para a América do Sul, novidades taxonômicas para a flora argentina são apresentadas. Essas novidades incluem três sinonimizações, cinco lectotipificações e um novo registro de ocorrência no país. Dessa forma objetiva-se atualizar as informações disponíveis sobre o presente táxon na Argentina
Elías Ramón de la Sota (1932-2014)
Authors: Meza Torres Esteban Ismael
Published: May 2019

El 21 de enero de 2014, a las 12.30 am, el Dr. Elías Ramón de la Sota, o Cacho como le decían las personas más allegadas, dejó de estar físicamente con nosotros para radicarse en nuestra memoria. Nacido en la ciudad de Tucumán, el 27 de septiembre de 1932, completó su primera etapa de formación botánica en esa ciudad.
Encarnación Rosa Guaglianone (1932-2014)
Authors: López María Gabriela
Published: May 2019

El 12 de octubre 2014 falleció la prestigiosa botánica Encarnación Rosa Guaglianone, quien marcó un camino importante en el estudio de la familia botánica Cyperaceae, también realizó valiosos aportes en familias como Liliaceae, Phytolaccaceae y Smilacaceae.
Nuevas especies de Sida, sección Sida (Malvaceae)
Authors: Krapovickas Antonio
Published: May 2019

Se describen las especies nuevas Sida ignaciana, S. Kelleri, S. loretana, S. palustris, S. ramoniana de Argentina; S. albinervia, S. carandana, S. cruziana de Bolivia; S. abadiana, S. adrianopolitana, S. arcuata, S. bortolanensis, S. farroupilhensis, S. Heringeri, S. Kranzii, S. magnifolia, S. piraporana, S. Santosii, S. silvaniana de Brasil; S. tapiraguensis de Paraguay; S. ambatense del NW de Argentina y Bolivia, y S. Saraviae del NW de Argentina hasta Perú.
Algunos datos sobre etnobotánica mocoví
Authors: Martínez Crovetto Raúl N.
Published: May 2019

Se presenta una cuantiosa información inédita acerca de la etnobotánica mocoví recabada durante 1967 en el sudoeste de la provincia del Chaco. Estos fueron hallados por el Dr. Gustavo Scarpa en la biblioteca del Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE) (Corrientes, Argentina). La decisión de publicar tales datos, su actualización, ordenamiento y clasificación en categorías y subcategorías corresponde al investigador mencionado y a la Dra. Cintia Rosso, quienes se encuentran desarrollando investigaciones sobre esta temática desde hace más de cuatro años.
La etnobotánica moqoit inédita de Raúl Martínez Crovetto 2 : Descripción, actualización y análisis de usos de las plantas
Authors: Scarpa Gustavo F. , Rosso Cintia N.
Published: May 2019

En el Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE) se hallaron valiosos datos inéditos sobre la etnobotánica moqoit que fueron documentados en la década de 1960 en la provincia del Chaco por Raúl Martínez Crovetto. Se propone sistematizar y difundir esta información histórica, contextualizarla espacio-temporal y socioculturalmente y analizar en términos generales los usos asignados a las plantas. Se emplea la metodología propia de la “etnobotánica histórica” que considera a los datos del pasado como una fuente de información primaria. Se registró un total de 400 datos etnobotánicos asignados a 231 especies. El 95% de las plantas resultaron nativas. Las especies con mayor cantidad de usos registrados por Martínez Crovetto fueron P. alba, Copernicia alba, Zea mays, P. nigra, B. serra y Schinus fasciculatus. El 49% de aplicaciones fueron medicinales, el 23% alimenticias y el resto de las categorías utilitarias agrupaba menos del 5% de los datos. Esta valiosa información representa uno de los antecedentes más importantes sobre la etnobotánica moqoit publicados hasta el momento.
Pengetahuan Sejarah Dekolonialisasi Pernanan Pendidikan dan Implementasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Ryan
Published: May 2019

Role, Education, and Implementatation Islamic law developed along with the development of Islam in various regions, causing Islamic law to have different styles in each region it came. Indonesia is one of these regions. Differences or uniqueness that arise together with the acceptance of Islamic law in Indonesia by experiencing various kinds of changes in accordance with the time, space and place of the law applied. The role of various kingdoms in disseminating Islamic teachings is legitimate evidence, how Islam becomes an integral part of the Indonesian Nation. Changes began to occur when the Dutch colonial government ruled Indonesia. The receptio in complexu theory, and the receptie theory are proof of the attachment of the Dutch legal order in Indonesia which began in the V.OC era. Independence as the starting point of the struggle to reduce the influence of the two theories with efforts to decolonize Islamic law through receptie exit theory. This theory directs that the development of Islamic law in Indonesia is based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, which is marked by the emergence of KHI as a guideline compiled and formulated to fill a substantial legal vacuum in the courts in the religious court that tried the Islamic civil case in 1991
Manajemen Pendidikan di Rumah Qur'an SDIT Bina Insani Muslim Jatimulya Bekasi
Authors: Elkarimah Mia Fitriah
Published: May 2019

Background this study was the interest of researchers against the management education in the House of the Qur'an Bina Insani Muslims are hereinafter referred to as RQ BIM, which is the flagship program of the ektrakurikuler SD IT BIM. Extracurricular program was developed independently. starting from low grade to grade tingggi with allot time for 4 hours. This research aims to analyze the implementation of management education that includes planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring. Research methods the research was descriptive writers do kualitif. This research was the Chief informant RQ, head of the elementary school IT BIM, and teachers as well as other data that is still closely related to this study. engineering data retrieval is done by way of observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation.. The results of this research it can be concluded that Management RQ BIM already done but rudimentary research results showed: (1) implementation management education RQ BIM is: (a) planning; RQ BIM which has vision and mission, objectives, strategies and development plans activity. (b) organizing the learning through the delivery of the material, learning strategies, and learning methods are used by RQ BIM (c) implementation phases is that cause an organization runs, all of which involved in the organisation should strive towards the aims to conform with the planning. Based on the reality that this is has not been done well (d) supervision, observations indicate that the coordinators of the RQ usually asks and shares to the teachers about the progress of the children, and always establish the teacher’s  quality. (2) factors affecting program implementation RQ BIM. (2) Factors affecting program implementation RQ BIM can be divided in two parts; which support RQ programs and inhibit it
Pengaruh Motivasi Belajar dan Kecerdasan Numerik Siswa terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika
Authors: Saragih Tuty Kurniawaty
Published: May 2019

This research was experiment used survey method using Korelasional analysis techniques. Results of the study explained that the motivation of learning provide positive influence toward learning math achievements marked by the acquisition of koefesien determination R2 = 0.483 of significance that 48.3% of achievement can learn math variable explained by the motivation to learn. Numerical intelligence provide positive influence toward learning math achievements marked by the acquisition of the coefficient determination R2 of 0.616 has significance that 61.6% achievement learning math can be explained by the variable numeric Intelligence students. Learning motivation and numerical intelligence together gave a positive influence towards the achievements of the students learn math which is characterized by the coefficient of determination (R) 2 of 0.824 82.4%  meaning the accomplishment of learning math can described by the learning motivation variables and numerical intelligence together
Predatory hemipteran bugs detected with thrips on ornamental plants in the Çukurova region of Turkey
Authors: ATAKAN Ekrem
Published: May 2019

In this study, 30 plant species belonging to 18 plant families were sampled for thrips (Thysanoptera) and predatory insects. Collections of thrips and predatory bugs were carried out on ornamental plants in parks, home gardens and greenhouses in the Çukurova region of Turkey, mainly Adana Province. Thrips were sampled from ornamental plants at irregular intervals during 2013-2014. A total of 20 Thysanoptera species were recorded. The most notable species present (at least 10% of samples) were, in descending order of abundance, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lind. The thrips fauna was dominated by F. occidentalis which was found on 51% of the samples and contributed 81% of all specimens. A total of 5 predatory hemipteran species were recorded. Orius niger (Wollf) (Anthocoridae) was collected in the highest number (250 specimens), accounting for 43% of all individuals. Thrips and beneficial insects (mainly O. niger) were most common on the plant species belonging to the families Asteraceae Lamiaceae and Verbanaceae. On many plant species, the prey/predator ratio was less than 5 thrips per predator, which may indicate that species of thrips are being effectively suppressed by the predatory bugs detected, particularly on ornamental plants grown in open areas.
Türkiye’de meyve ağaçlarında ekonomik zarar meydana getiren Pseudococcid’ler (Hemiptera) ve doğal düşmanları
Authors: TELLİ Selda , YİĞİT Abdurrahman
Published: May 2019

Meyve ağaçlarında zarar meydana getiren pseudococcid
türleri verim ve kalite kaybına yol açmaktadır. Bunların mücadelesinde geniş
etkili pestisitlerin kullanımı sonucunda yeni zararlı tür salgınları ortaya çıkmakta
ve üründe ilaç kalıntısı meydana gelmektedir. Bu yüzden unlubitlerle mücadelede
biyolojik savaş etmenlerinin rolü önemlidir. Bu derlemede ülkemizde meyve
ağaçlarında görülen zararlı unlubit türleri [Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus
ficus Signoret, Phenacoccus aceris
Signoret,  Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, Pseudococcus
longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, Pseudococcus
viburni Signoret, Pseudococcus
cryptus Hempel ve Nipaecoccus nipae Sulc
(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] ve biyolojik mücadele etmenleri ile ilgili yapılan
çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Buna göre söz konusu zararlıların entegre
mücadelesinde, yerli doğal düşmanların etkilerinin arttırılmasını destekleyecek
girişimlerde bulunulmalı, karınca mücadelesi yapılmalı, yaşama ortamlarının
çeşitliliği arttırılmalı ve geniş etkili pestisit uygulamalarından kaçınılmalıdır.
Eğer kimyasal ilaç kullanımı gerekiyorsa, türe özel olan ve doğal düşmanlara
etkisi olmayan pestisitler seçilmelidir. Ortamda uygun doğal düşman türlerinin
bulunmaması durumunda, etkili doğal düşmanların başka bölgelerden getirilip
salımı yapılarak sözkonusu zararlıların yoğunluklarının düşürülmesi sağlanmalıdır.
ADMINISTRASI PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Ernita Novela
Published: May 2019

Abstrak—The purpose of student administration is to organize the activities of students from starting to enter school. This article is structured with systematic methods and steps to facilitate research. In this article, the researcher uses the literature study method by collecting literature (material materials) sourced from books, journals, and other sources related to the science of Educational Administration. Administration of students is an activity of recording students from the admissions process until students graduate from school or out of school transfer or other causes. In the administration of students there is a process carried out by the administrator, namely the activity of the beginning of the school year, during the school year and the end of the school year. Instruments in student administration are master books, book clusters, student condition lists, student attendance books and student file storage files. In administration the teacher acts as a new student selection committee, plays a role in making it easier for students to adapt to the school environment, recording and controlling student attendance, conducting competency tests, creating an atmosphere that motivates students, creating good school / classroom discipline, and carrying out guidance career and graduate search.
The interplay of age and pedagogy in maturation of error-monitoring
Authors: Denervaud Solange , Tovar David A. , Knebel Jean-François , Mullier Emeline , Gómez Yasser Alemán- , Hagmann Patric , Murray Micah M.
Published: May 2019

Error monitoring allows us to adapt to an inherently dynamic environment. Error monitoring relies mainly on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Its protracted maturation suggests a window for experience-dependent plasticity. To investigate this possibility, we measured error-related response-locked potentials components with morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of the ACC in twenty-six schoolchildren, aged 6-12 years, enrolled in either a Montessori or a traditional curriculum. We show that the caudal ACC undergoes significant morphometric changes during this age range that relate to error detection ERP activity. Furthermore, pedagogy modulates source localization activity related to error detection within the caudal ACC amongst others. We provide early evidence for a window of opportunity regarding the acquisition of error monitoring skills, with implications for educational practices.
WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION: A REVIEW
Authors: Al-Tashi Qasem
Published: May 2019

In the process of natural language, a lot of words have different connotations. The correct sense of a word depends upon the context in which the word occurs. Word sense disambiguation known as the process of selecting the most correct sense of the word in a given sentence. Furthermore, Most of natural language processing applications, such as the extraction of information, machine translation, and Analysing of content are supported by the process of word sense disambiguation which can be an essential pre-processing step for them.
BrainIAK tutorials: User-friendly learning materials for advanced fMRI analysis
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Ellis Cameron Thomas , Lu Qihong , Zhang Hejia , Capota Mihai , Willke Theodore L. , Ramadge Peter J. , Turk-Browne Nicholas , Norman Kenneth
Published: May 2019

Advanced brain imaging analysis methods, including multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), functional connectivity, and functional alignment, have become powerful tools in cognitive neuroscience over the past decade. These tools are implemented in custom code and separate packages, often requiring different software and language proficiencies. Although usable by expert researchers, novice users face a steep learning curve. These difficulties stem from the use of new programming languages (e.g., Python), learning how to apply machine-learning methods to high-dimensional fMRI data, and minimal documentation and training materials. Furthermore, most standard fMRI analysis packages (e.g., AFNI, FSL, SPM) focus on preprocessing and univariate analyses, leaving a gap in how to integrate with advanced tools. To address these needs, we developed BrainIAK (brainiak.org), an open-source Python software package that seamlessly integrates several cutting-edge, computationally efficient techniques with other Python packages (e.g., Nilearn, Scikit-learn) for file handling, visualization, and machine learning. To disseminate these powerful tools, we developed user-friendly tutorials (in Jupyter format; https://brainiak.org/tutorials/) for learning BrainIAK and advanced fMRI analysis in Python more generally. These materials cover techniques including: MVPA (pattern classification and representational similarity analysis); parallelized searchlight analysis; background connectivity; full correlation matrix analysis; inter-subject correlation; inter-subject functional connectivity; shared response modeling; event segmentation using hidden Markov models; and real-time fMRI. For long-running jobs or large memory needs we provide detailed guidance on high-performance computing clusters. These notebooks were successfully tested at multiple sites, including as problem sets for courses at Yale and Princeton universities and at various workshops and hackathons. These materials are freely shared, with the hope that they become part of a pool of open-source software and educational materials for large-scale, reproducible fMRI analysis and accelerated discovery.
Big Boy. Smarts So Big, Senses So Little: The “theoretical” science of the respectable physicist Prof. Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and 60,000 Hiroshima funerals
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: May 2019

His smarts so great, his senses so little... A cautionary tale for all ofcomputer science! And, in particular, those computer scientists who seeno moral dilemmas in working for various ‘big tech’ companies, or States.
How to Teach and Do Research in Physics Education?
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: May 2019

This work provides a resource for those who are new to elaborations of the learning model in physics education, including key terminology, brief definitions, and links to literature for further explorations.
Center for Open Science: Proposal for NSF 19-537 Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Ofiesh Lucy , Pfeiffer Nicole , Bowman Sara D. , Litherland David M , Booth Abram , Elliott Fitz , Davis James , Frazier Matthew , Pattison Dawn , Geiger Brian J. , Brooks Ronald E , Grasty Fielding L. , Mellor David Thomas
Published: May 2019

The Center for Open Science (COS) proposes to undertake a Mid-scale RI-1 Implementation Project entitled, Expanding open infrastructure for robust, open, reproducible research, primarily in association with the SBE Directorate. Reproducibility is the ability to obtain independent evidence supporting scientific findings. Recent investigations suggest that reproducibility of published findings is lower than expected or desired, thus interfering with research progress. COS’s Open Science Framework (OSF) enables rigorous, reproducible science by providing collaboration, registration, and data management support across the entire research lifecycle. With support from NSF 19-537, OSF will become essential mainstream infrastructure supporting researchers’, institutions’, and federal agencies’ priorities to maximize return on investment in research. Adoption of open science behaviors via OSF will enable rigor and reproducibility in harnessing the data revolution, increase accessibility and inclusivity of research for all, stimulate discovery, and accelerate progress in science. Seeded with private philanthropy in 2012, the open-source OSF’s user base and key performance indicators have shown rapid, non-linear growth since inception. OSF is now a popular, robust, and important infrastructure for registering studies and analysis plans; managing and archiving research data, code, and materials; and accelerating open or controlled sharing of research outcomes and all supporting research contents. This mid-scale NSF research infrastructure grant will build on OSF’s success by meeting four major objectives: 1. Expand OSF functionality and workflows to meet the needs of a broad number of research disciplines and communities; 2. Integrate OSF with other established scholarly infrastructure to make search, discovery, transfer, and preservation of scholarly content and metadata more efficient; 3. Manage OSF design for efficient and sustainable long-term service; 4. Provide training to improve effectiveness of registration and results reporting and ensure inclusivity of beneficiaries to these innovations.
Supplemental materials for paper: HUBUNGAN KURIKULUM 2013 DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DI SMK PELITA CIAMPEA
Authors: Sulfemi Wahyu Bagja
Published: May 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui persepsi peserta didik tentang kurikulum 2013, Untuk mengatahui motivasi peserta didik dalam pembelajaran, untuk mengetahui hubungan antara persepsi peserta didik tentang kurikulum 2013 dengan motivasi belajar peserta didik SMK Pelita Ciampea, dan penelitain dosen di STKIP Muhammadiyah Bogor. Dari hasil penelitian dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 57 orang didapat hasil Persepsi peserta didik tetang kurikulum 2013 di SMK Pelita Ciampea memiliki fenomena yang positif, terbukti dari nilai maksimal yang dapat diperoleh peserta didik yaitu 185, nilai tertinggi 175, terendah 111, rata-rata 147,74. (2) Motivasi belajar peserta didik di SMK Ciampea memiliki fenomena yang positif, terbukti dari hasil angket dengan nilai maksimal yang dapat diperoleh sebesar 135, nilai tertinggi 126, terendah 90, sedangkan rata-ratanya 105,72. (3) Dari hasil uji korelasi produk momen hubungan antara persepsi peserta didik tentang kurikulum 2013 dengan motivasi belajar peserta didik memiliki nilai sebesar 0,969 sedangkan nilai r-tabel 0,266, dan 0,969 > 0,266 atau r-hitung > r-tabel. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima atau dengan kata lain terdapat hubungan yang positif antara variabel X (persepsi peserta didik tentang kurikulum 2013) dengan variabel Y (motivasi belajar peserta didik). Adapun tingkat hubungan antara variabel X dan variabel Y terletak pada interval 0,80-1,00 yang berarti tingat hubungan keduanya sangat kuat
Administrasi hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat
Authors: Ningtias Shilvia Ayu , Afriansyah Hade
Published: May 2019

This article is about the administration of school relations with the community, the relationship between the school and the community is a process of communication between the school and the community, the aim of which is to improve the community about educational needs and activities that encourage community interest and cooperation in school improvement and development. The method used is descriptive method and technique that can be applied such as: written techniques, oral and electronic techniques. By using existing techniques and methods a school can run well between the school and the community around it, besides that between the School and the Community, it is necessary to have an intensive relationship to be able to improve the behavior of students.
Penggunaan Metode Modelling The Way Berbantu Media Audio Visual Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi, Minat dan Hasil Belajar
Authors: Sulfemi Wahyu Bagja
Published: May 2019

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus pada peserta didik kelas V SD Muhammadiyah 2 Depok sebanyak 27 peserta didik terdiri dari Laki-laki 24 dan perempuan 13. PTK ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan motivasi, minat, dan hasil Belajar Bahasa Indonesia. Dalam pembelajaran Prasiklus diperoleh hasil rata-rata peserta didik 56,67, terdapat 10 orang peserta didik mencapai KKM atau 37%. Hasil pengamatan guru terhadap peserta didik yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan guru hanya 7 peserta didik, atau sebesar 26%. Siklus 1 diperoleh rata-rata nilai 66,67 yang mencapai KKM 17 orang atau 63%. Berdasarkan data pengamatan guru terhadap peserta didik yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan berjumlah 15 peserta didik atau 56%. Siklus 2 diperoleh rata-rata nilai 86,30 dan semua peserta didik sudah mencapai KKM. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan guru terhadap 27 peserta didik di siklus 2 semua dapat menjawab dengan baik dan benar, dan sudah 100% mencapai KKM. Penerapan metode modelling the way melalui media audio visual telah memberikan pengaruh yang sangat baik bagi peserta didik dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar, dan memotivasi peserta didik dalam proses belajar mengajar di kelas lebih bertambah semangat, hidup dan Percaya diri. Sehingga materi yang disampaikan guru dapat dengan mudah dipahami dan di mengerti oleh peserta didik. Tanggung jawab peserta didik terhadap tugas menjadi tinggi, serta membantu peserta didik untuk terlibat aktif di dalam kelas dan lebih kreatif dalam mengeluarkan ide-ide dalam kata-kata penulisan surat undangan
Teknik Tafsir Pemakaian Kutipan Perjanjian Lama dalam Perjanjian Baru
Authors: Adiatma Daniel Lindung
Published: May 2019

Studi Intertekstual merupakan bagian dari pembelajaran Hermeunetik yang berusaha mengungkap hubungan antara Perjanjian Lama dan Perjanjian Baru. Salah satu bentuk teks yang memuat hubungan intertekstual adalah pemakaian bagia Perjanjian Lama dalam Perjanjian Baru berupa kutipan. Seringkali penafsir hanya memperhatikan konteks Perjanjian Baru tanpa memperhatikan maksud penulis Perjanjian Lama. Penting bagi para penafsir kutipan PL dalam PB memahami teknik tafsir kutipan PL dalam PB agar tafsiran sesuai dengan maksud asli penulis.
A Brief Overview of Singapore Mathematics Syllabus
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: May 2019

This qualitative descriptive work briefly examines the political context: Singapore mathematics curriculum that has the highest performance in international education and tops in global rankings, expecially mathematical literacy.
Bias awareness predicts color conscious racial socialization methods among White parents
Authors: Perry Sylvia , Skinner-Dorkenoo Allison , Abaied Jamie L
Published: May 2019

The majority of White parents in the U.S. are uncomfortable discussing race with their children and tend to avoid it. When they do discuss race with their children, they often take a color blind approach—in which they emphasize a belief that race does not matter—instead of a color conscious approach—in which they acknowledge race-related issues. In the current study, we sought to explore the individual difference factors that may be associated with White American parents’ racial socialization practices. Results indicated that parents’ racial bias awareness was associated with greater willingness to discuss race with their children, increased color consciousness, and decreased color blindness; when statistically controlling for their racial attitudes, motivations to respond without prejudice, and interracial contact. The potential impact of bias awareness interventions on White parents’ racial socialization behaviors are discussed.
Extracellular Tau and Glymphatic Influx in Sleep and Anesthesia
Authors: Reddy J. Shashi Kiran
Published: May 2019

Holth and colleagues recently examined how the sleep-wake cycle influence/regulate the amount of metabolic waste, mainly extracellular tau, in the brain (1). They report that interstitial fluid (ISF) tau in mice increases approximately by 90% during normal wakefulness versus sleep, and 100% during sleep deprivation (SD) as compared to 50% increase in CSF tau in humans. During SD, humans also registered increased levels of certain proteins like tau and synuclein with no significant changes in the levels of other neural proteins, suggesting some specificity in sleep/protein level interaction. This indicates that the above changes may be due to increased release of certain proteins rather than changes in global ISF clearance, which authors attribute to elevated neuronal metabolism/synaptic strength during SD and wakefulness (2). A major portion of the extracellular tau in the brain results from high neuronal/synaptic activity (2,3), but, we suggest, other potential factors may also add up to elevate the levels of tau normally present in ISF.
Loving Amazonian nature? Extending the study of psychological nature connection to rural areas in the Global South.
Authors: Mikołajczak Katarzyna , Barlow Jos , Lees Alexander C. , Schultz P. Wesley , Pato Claudia , Parry Luke
Published: May 2019

There is growing recognition that environmental management decisions taken by key conservation stakeholders such as farmers are underpinned by both economic and psycho-social factors. However, conservation psychology is still in infancy and there are few validated tools suitable for measuring psycho-social constructs in the Global South. Subjective connection with nature (CWN) is considered to be the basis for pro-conservation attitudes and behaviours but has so far received only scant attention from research into farmers’ decision-making. Here, we introduce a new scale of affective CWN tailored for use in rural areas of the Global South and provide the first field assessment of cognitive and affective CWN in the rural tropics. Our survey found high levels of CWN among non-indigenous farmers living at a major Amazonian deforestation frontier in Brazil. This suggests that CWN has the potential to positively influence farmers’ environmental views and decisions. We also highlight the importance of understanding what kind of “nature” people feel most connected to when responding to CWN measures.
Fatigue Fractures
Authors: Naumann Friedrich Karl , Spies Ferdinand
Published: May 2019

A bolt breaks along a change in cross section well below its rated capacity. An anchoring screw spins freely in place, having snapped at its first supporting thread. A motor unexpectedly disengages its load, its driveshaft having fractured near a keyway. Such failures – involving axles, leaf springs, engine rods, wing struts, bearings, gears, and more – can occur, seemingly without cause, due to vibrational fracture. Vibrational fractures begin as cracks that form under cyclic loading at nominal stresses which may be considerably lower than the yield point of the material. The fracture is proceeded by local gliding and the development of cracks along lattice planes favorably orientated with respect to the principal stress. This non-reversible process is often misleadingly called “fatigue” and presents significant challenges to engineering teams that ill-advisedly take to searching for material faults. Several examples of notch-induced vibrational fractures are presented along with guidelines for investigating their cause.
Analysis of Vibration-Related Problems
Authors: Gardner Craig , Krashes David
Published: May 2019

A multi-million dollar, four-color printing press used to produce a major weekly magazine was breaking pinions (shouldered shafts) on rolls. The cause of fracture was cyclic fatigue. Steel quality and heat treatment met expected standards. The pinion fracture showed multiple origins indicating rotational vibration fatigue. Keeping bolts tight solved this problem. In another case, grinding machines were unable to produce surfaces of uniform quality and smoothness on steel bearing products. Measurements showed that self-excited vibrations were created when particular steels were ground. It was found that the natural frequency of the wheel truing device was the culprit. A tuned damped absorber was designed and built to modify the resonance. This eliminated the problem.
Failure Analysis of Cylinder Clamping Rods in Diesel Engines
Authors: Krishna B.V. , Verma A.
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the failure of cylinder clamping rods in single cylinder diesel engines. The AISI 4140 hardened and tempered steel clamping rods were failing after 200 to 250 h of operation. The fatigue failures initiated at the root of the last thread on the clamping rod that was engaged in a blind hole in the cylinder block. The failures were caused by loose tolerances on the threads that resulted in a non-uniform distribution of load. The load was concentrated on the last threads to engage, thus causing fatigue crack nucleation at the thread root and propagation until the rod broke by overload. Changing the tolerance on the threads virtually eliminated the fatigue problem.
Pump Shaft Failure
Authors: Furtado H.C. , Le May Iain
Published: May 2019

The drive shaft on a centrifugal pump fractured after five months of operation. The fracture occurred at a packing gland inside a sleeve against which the packing material sealed. The shaft and sleeve were of duplex stainless steel. In contrast to a previous conclusion that heating had caused property deterioration resulting in embrittlement and fracture, it was concluded that the shaft must have fractured (most probably by fatigue cracking originating at the change of section) and that heating had then taken place from friction between the rotating input shaft and the remaining part attached to the pump. High temperature was thus a result, not the cause, of the failure.
Characterization of Metallic Piercings That Caused Adverse Reactions During Use
Authors: Azevedo C.R.F. , Spera G. , Silva A.P.
Published: May 2019

This investigation characterizes five surgical stainless steel piercings and one niobium piercing that caused adverse reactions during use, culminating with the removal of the jewelry. Chemical composition shows that none of the materials are in accordance with ISO standards for surgical implant materials. Additionally, none of the stainless steel piercings passed the pitting-resistance criterion of ISO 5832-1, which implies that [%Cr + 3.3(%Mo)] > 26. Under microscopic examination, most of the jewelry revealed the intense presence of linear irregularities on the surface. The lack of resistance to pitting corrosion associated with the poor surface finishing of the stainless steel jewelry may induce localized corrosion, promoting the release of cytotoxic metallic ions (such as Cr, Ni, and Mo) in the local tissue, which can promote several types of adverse effects in the human body, including allergic reactions. The adverse reaction to the niobium jewelry could not be directly associated with the liberation of niobium ions or the residual presence of cytotoxic elements such as Co, Ni, Mo, and Cr. The poor surface finish of the niobium jewelry seems to be the only variable of the material that may promote adverse reactions.
Discoloration of a Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink
Authors: Suess S.J.
Published: May 2019

A section from a stainless steel kitchen sink showed a round red stain on its surface after a short time in storage. Several of these sinks were stacked together and separated by felt pads while in storage, and the mating sink showed a nearly identical stain in the same area, while no stains were noted on any of the other sinks in the stack. The stain was located near one of the pads; however, no discoloration was noted at the pad location. EDS analysis showed the base metal to be austenitic stainless steel, such as type 304. FTIR analysis of the stain revealed carboxylic salts and salts of organic acids, in addition to hydroxyl functionality. The discoloration was caused by localized rusting of the sink from prolonged exposure to a chloride containing substance. The appearance suggests that the substance may actually have been a drop of perspiration (sweat) from a factory worker. Based on these findings, one of the recommendations was to use thicker pads between the sinks to allow any such liquids to dry before causing corrosion damage.
Litagation Analysis Related to a Fragmented Fishhook
Authors: Sauer J.P.
Published: May 2019

Failure analysis of a fishhook that broke during retrieval is described. Although the broken hook was discarded, several companion hooks were analyzed (chemistry, microhardness, metallographic cross section, and tensile properties) as were comparable products made by other hook manufacturers. Tensile test data indicated that the companion hooks were significantly different from hooks made by other manufacturers. The hooks broke into several pieces and failed with little or no plastic deformation, while hooks made by other manufacturers plastically deformed and did not break during testing.
Bicycle Failure
Authors: Le May I. , Bagnall C.
Published: May 2019

The outer tube, or stem, on a bicycle frame fractured after two years of use. Detailed investigation revealed that the lower stem bearing had been loose for some time and the bottom bearing cup contained many cracks. Metallographic examination of the chromium-plated cup confirmed the brittle nature of the cracks, located along prior austenite boundaries. The failure was attributed to hydrogen embrittlement due to improper manufacturing procedures following chromium plating. The cracking led to looseness in the bearing and consequent scoring, cracking, and overloading of the stem.
A Fracture Mechanics Based Failure Analysis of a Cold Service Pressure Vessel
Authors: Tait R.B. , Spencer D.P. , Fry P.R. , Garrett G.G.
Published: May 2019

Following a fracture mechanics “fitness-for-purpose” analysis of petroleum industry cold service pressure vessels, using the British Standard PD 6493, it was realized that an analogous approach could be used for the failure analysis of a similar pressure vessel dome which had failed in service some years previously. The failed pressure vessel, with a diam of 2.5 m and several meters tall, had been made of 12 mm thick IZETT steel plate of the same type and heat treatment as used in the earlier fitness-for-purpose already measured. Examination of the fracture surfaces suggested, from fatigue striations manifested by SEM, that the vessel was subject to significant fatigue cracking, which was probably corrosion assisted. From COD measurements at the operating temperature of -130 deg C (-202 deg F), and a finite stress analysis, a fracture mechanics evaluation using BS PD6493 yielded realistic critical flaw sizes (in the range 51 to 150 mm). These sizes were consistent with the limited fracture surface observations and such flaws could well have been present in the vessel dome prior to catastrophic failure. For similar pressure vessels, an inspection program based on a leak-before-break philosophy was consequently regarded as acceptable.
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Pipeline Failure Analysis
Authors: Bradley Walter L.
Published: May 2019

A natural gas pipeline explosion and subsequent fire significantly altered the pipeline steel microstructure, obscuring in part the primary cause of failure, namely, coating breakdown at a local hard spot in the steel. Chemical analysis was made on pieces cut from the portion of the pipe that did not fracture during the explosion and from piece 5-1 which contained the fracture origin site. Both pieces were found to have 0.30% carbon and 1.2% Mn with sulfur and phosphorus impurities acceptably low. Fracture mechanics analysis used in conjunction with fractographic results confirmed the existence of a very hard spot in the steel prior to the explosion, which was softened significantly in the ensuing fire. This finding allowed the micromechanism leading to fracture to be identified as hydrogen embrittlement resulting from cathodic charging.
Fracture of Tempered Leaf Springs
Authors: Naumann Friedrich Karl , Spies Ferdinand
Published: May 2019

U-shaped leaf springs, intended to serve as spacers between oil tank floats and the inner walls of the containers, broke while being fitted, or after a short time in use, in the bend of the U. The springs were made of tempered strip steel of type C 88 with 0.84 % C, bent at room temperature, and electroplated with cadmium for protection against corrosion. Each fracture showed seven or eight kidney-shaped cracks. At the origins of these cracks on the concave inner surface of the springs, crater-like depressions and beads of melted and resolidified material were found. Fracture of the springs was caused by stress cracks as a consequence of local hardening. The hardening caused by melting and resolidification, and therefore the cracks in the springs, was the result of a faulty procedure during cadmium electroplating.
Failure of a Steel Liquid Petroleum Gas Storage Tank
Authors: Lam M.
Published: May 2019

When a large LPG low-carbon steel storage tank was put into service for the first time and filled beyond the proof testing level, a brittle fracture crack initiated at a fillet weld between a stiffener ring and the wall. The crack propagated to a length of 5.5 m and arrested. Analysis showed that the plates satisfied the criteria of BS 4741. It was concluded that the cause of crack initiation was the lack of a mouse hole at the junction between the stiffening ring and the wall of the tank. The tank was repaired and put back in service. When it was filled beyond the proof test level, again a brittle crack was initiated at a horizontal weld defect and propagated vertically, destroying the tank and the liquefaction plant. The initiation site was a thumbnail elliptical crack in a horizontal weld, having a depth of 1.5 mm, and a length of 4.5 mm. This showed that as late the mid-1970s, misunderstanding of brittle fracture led to the wrong design and construction of an LPG storage tank. The best design specification is to use a correlation between LAST, the Lowest Anticipated Service Temperature, and the DBTT measured by either Charpy tests or DTT.
Corrosion Failure of an Oil Return Hose Leading to a Drill Rig Fire
Authors: Krismer S.
Published: May 2019

A fireball engulfed half of a drill rig while in the process of drilling a shot hole. Subsequent investigation revealed the cause of the fire was the failure of the oil return hose to the separator/receiver in the air compressor. The failed hose was a 50.8 mm 100R1 type hose, as specified in AS 3791-1991 Hydraulic Hoses. This type of hose consisted of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, a single medium-carbon steel wire braid reinforcement, and an oil-and-weather resistant synthetic rubber cover. The wire braiding was found to be severely corroded in the area of the failure zone. The physical cause of the hose failure was by severe localized corrosion of the layer of reinforcing braid wire at the transition between the coupling and the hose at the end of the ferrule. This caused a reduction of the wire cross-sectional area to the extent that the wires broke. Once the majority of the braid wires were broken there was not enough intrinsic strength in the rubber inner hose to resist the normal operating pressures.
Strain-age Cracking of Alloy 601 Tubes at 600 °C
Authors: Stahl Henrik , Smith Gaylord , Wastiaux Sophie
Published: May 2019

This case study demonstrates that Alloy 601 (UNS N06601) is susceptible to strain-age cracking. The observation illustrates the potential importance of post weld heat treatment to the successful utilization of this alloy in certain applications.
El problema de la seguridad de la atención obstétrica
Authors: Salazar Marzal Ego
Published: May 2019

*En los últimos años, el problema de la seguridad de la atención en obstetricia ha tenido especial relevancia debido al interés de los profesionales de la salud en reducir los eventos adversos y mejorar su atención. Sin embargo, esta se realiza en escenarios de complejidad variable e incertidumbre, donde existen riesgos múltiples y el comportamiento del factor humano es proclive a incrementar la probabilidad de errores. Al atenderse dos pacientes simultáneamente -la madre y el feto-, en muchos casos debemos tomar decisiones a corto plazo y la madre espera un trato deferencial con expectativa permanente en cualquiera de los momentos de la atención prenatal, parto y puerperio. Estos procesos involucran excesivas actividades y tareas donde la frecuencia de fallas es significativamente alta. Ante el cambio de paradigma, donde el paciente es involucrado en el proceso de atención y colabora en la toma de decisiones, debemos de brindar la información más completa, basada en la mejor evidencia, para evitar eventos adversos prevenibles y lograr los mejores resultados.
Paquetes de atención en obstetricia
Authors: Leyton Valencia Imelda Beatriz
Published: May 2019

La morbimortalidad materna en el mundo sigue siendo una preocupación para los prestadores de la atención de la salud materna. La patología asociada a la maternidad puede ser severa e incluso mortal, y es en una proporción importante evitable. Ello motiva que los equipos de salud desplieguen esfuerzos para mejorar la seguridad de la atención obstétrica. En ese contexto, las iniciativas de mejoramiento de la calidad de la atención siguen siendo vitales para alcanzar esta meta. Los paquetes de atención en obstetricia constituyen una serie de medidas basadas en la evidencia para prevenir o limitar la severidad de la morbilidad, y facilitar el trabajo de los proveedores de cuidados maternos en la obtención de mejores resultados.
Citomegalovirus y gestación. Reporte de un caso en gestación gemelar
Authors: Monzón Castillo Eli Pedro , Tejada Martínez Gabriel , Oliva García Ana Belen
Published: May 2019

El citomegalovirus (CMV) es la causa más frecuente de infección congénita en los países desarrollados y aparece entre 0,3 y 0,6% de los recién nacidos en Europa. La primoinfección durante el embarazo ocurre en 1 a 4% de las gestantes seronegativas. En este caso, el 40% de los fetos se infecta y 10% presenta síntomas al nacimiento. La mitad de estos niños y 13% de los que nacen asintomáticos desarrollan secuelas permanentes, especialmente hipoacusia neurosensorial y retraso mental. En la actualidad, la determinación de la avidez de los anticuerpos IgG maternos y la detección del virus en líquido amniótico por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) permiten el diagnóstico de la primoinfección en la embarazada y el diagnóstico de la infección en el feto. El diagnóstico de la infección congénita en el recién nacido debe realizarse mediante el cultivo del virus en shell vial o mediante la identificación del genoma viral por PCR en una muestra de orina recogida en las 2 primeras semanas de vida. A día de hoy, solo disponemos de medidas higiénico-sanitarias para la prevención de la infección durante la gestación, a la espera de resultados en el desarrollo de una nueva vacuna contra el CMV y de estudios multicéntricos controlados que avalen el uso o no de antivirales e inmunoglobulinas en gestantes infectadas por CMV.