bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Changes in the Process of Rendang Tempeh’s Production (Gulai, Kalio, and Rendang)
Authors: Rozi Fachrur , Wellyalina Wellyalina
Published: January 2025

Food processing, such as cooking, can affect the bioactive components of the ingredients. In making rendang tempeh, several stages must be gone through, such as curry (gulai) and kalio formation; therefore, the production of rendang tempeh will take time and might be impacted by the changes in nutrients of the tempeh. This research was conducted to observe changes in chemical components, such as proximate components, antioxidants, fatty acids, and isoflavones, during the process of making tempeh rendang. This study processed tempeh into gulai, kalio, and rendang. Chemical analyses such as proximate analysis (water, fat, protein), antioxidant, fatty acid, and isoflavone analysis were carried out at each stage of making the rendang tempeh. Based on the study's results, it was known that the proximate profile increases during the rendang-making process. Linoleic acid, as the main fatty acid content in tempeh, was decreased, as was the isoflavone content. In this study, From the research, it was concluded that the cooking process changes the profile of the bioactive compounds in tempeh, which might be affected by the decrement of phytochemicals. In this study, the degradation pattern of phytochemical compounds, especially isoflavones, remains unknown, as well as whether the compounds are degraded or changed into aglycone forms with higher bioactivity. Therefore, the observation on molecular perspective on nutritional compounds of rendang tempeh during processing from tempe as raw material to rendang tempeh needs to be further conducted to obtain comprehensive information regarding the benefit of transformation of tempe to become a processed food "rendang tempeh."
Effects of Integrated Soil Fertility Management Technologies on the Productivity of Sorghum in the Drier Parts of Upper Eastern Kenya
Authors: Mogaka Hezron , Kiprotich Shadrack
Published: January 2025

Declining soil fertility amid the devastating effects of climate change is a threat to the state of food security in developing countries like Kenya. Enhancing production intervention through sustainable farming practices like integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies has been promoted. However, there is a dearth of knowledge revealing the efficacy of such technologies, especially in dry regions of the country. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of integrated soil fertility management technologies on sorghum productivity in the drier parts of Upper Eastern Kenya. Data was collected from 370 sorghum farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The initial PSM stage revealed that various socioeconomic and institutional aspects (subsistence farming, access to extension services, perception of innovations, road infrastructure, ISFM awareness and ISFM costs) influence the adoption decision of ISFM. Further, the findings reveal that farmers who adopted ISFM technologies recorded increased sorghum productivity. Hence, the productivity of adopters was better than that of non-adopters. Improving adoption, therefore requires the facilitation of agricultural institutions and service providers who are key in imparting vital knowledge and creating awareness of productive technologies such as ISFM. Similarly, the results have wider policy effects for agriculture, especially in places where ISFM may be very important for long-term food security and agricultural productivity.
Woody Species Composition, Structure and Diversity of Trees-Based Agroforestry System in the Mid-Highlands, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan Agus , Arafah Nur
Published: January 2025

This study aims to examine woody species composition, structure, and diversity of Tree-based agroforestry systems in the mid-highlands, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data was collected in each observation plot in the agroforestry patterns. The total number of observation plots was thirty-three. The plot sizes for saplings 5m x 5m, poles 10m x 10m, and trees 20m x 20m. The results found there were 31 plant species composition belonging to 18 families. Plant species at the tree level 73%, herbaceous 10% and shrubs 17%, native endemic species 74%, and introduced 26%. A total of 77% of plant species were planted and 23% of species grew wild. The structures tree level vegetation with the highest importance value index (IVI) was the Tectona grandis species with IVI 144.9, the pole layers were Tectona grandis with IVI 126.7, and the sapling layers were Theobroma cacao with IVI 94.0. While the structures tree level vegetation with the lowest IVI was Artocarpus heterophyllus with IVI 13.4, the pole layers were Mangifera indica with IVI 13.2, and the sapling layers were Syzygium polyanthum and Citrus aurantiifolia with IVI 15.5. The highest species diversity index in the agroforestry of community forest was 1.7. Species richness index (M') and evenness index (E') were evenly distributed all in the agroforestry patterns with moderate criteria. The findings research show that agroforestry systems in the study area are diverse, with the different wood species compositions and structures.
Keywords: Agroforestry, composition, community forest, konawe regency, species diversity, structure, southeast Sulawesi, vegetation.
Indigenous Knowledge on Shifting Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Krisnawati Krisnawati , Raya Alia Bihrajihant
Published: January 2025

Indigenous knowledge on shifting mountainous farm management of Arfak farmers is the original culture of Arfak people, held firm passed down to generations. This can be seen in the agricultural activities of Arfak farmers who are still applying indigenous knowledge to this day. Modernization can affect the existence and can also be a threat to the indigenous knowledge of Arfak farmers. The low level of education of farmers, the oral transfer of indigenous knowledge and the absence of written documentation of indigenous knowledge are the causes of indigenous knowledge being swept away in the flow of modernization. Apart from that, the existence of indigenous knowledge is increasingly threatened by the development of plantations and urban areas. Especially the increasing demand for land for plantations, infrastructure, settlements and mining. Based on data from the West Papua Agriculture Service, in 2017 plantation development reached 53,806 ha and mining reached 89,256 ha in the Arfak Mountains. Agricultural modernization and industrialization will certainly reduce shifting cultivation and the value of indigenous knowledge. The high biodiversity makes Arfak Mountains a conservation area and makes this region a center of highland vegetable production in West Papua. In 2021, agricultural sector contributed 33.61% to growth Arfak Mountains Gross Regional Domestic Product. This study aims to describe how Arfak farmers apply their indigenous knowledge, namely the concept of igya ser hanjob in managing land to support sustainable agricultural activities. This research uses qualitative approach with inductive methods and case study techniques to document the knowledge and experience Arfak farmers selected with the snowball technique. Data was collected through interviews and observations. This study found that sustainable land management in agricultural activities is based on the ecological concept of the Arfak people, namely igya ser hanjob. This concept regulates appropriate management areas for agriculture and ensures environment sustainability and family food. This ecological concept was socialized for generations Arfak farming family. However, in reality there is a threat of landslides in agricultural areas due to socio-economic and ecological changes in mountainous farming are of Arfak community.
Estimation of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production from New Molecularly Characterized Rhizobacterial Strains
Authors: Harbawi Mohammed Ayad , Al-Barhawee Najwa Ibrahim Khaleel
Published: January 2025

From different fields in Mosul city, we collected sixteen samples of soil surrounding the rhizosphere zone to isolate and characterize rhizobacterial species based on biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene primer amplification using PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis, and similarity to global isolates in the gene bank. All isolates were bacilliform, with clear differences in their response to Gram staining and biochemical tests. On the other hand, the results showed that root colonizing bacteria could produce different amounts of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Molecular analysis tests based on the 16S rRNA primer gene were carried out to characterize the isolated bacteria at the molecular level and showed 99% homology with Azotobacter tropicalis SC39, Azotobacter chroococcum A11, Bacillus subtilis N22 and Ralstonia pickettii ULM005, which are registered worldwide in GenBank. It should be noted that in the diagnostic isolate R. pickettii both A and T were deleted, G was replaced by C and T was added at position 508. On the other hand, in the B. subtilis isolate, the nitrogenous bases A, G and G were deleted and the nitrogenous base G was replaced by the base C. The data for the third isolate, A. tropicalis, showed deletion of the nitrogenous bases C and T and replacement of G by A and A by T. In the fourth isolate, A. chroococcum, deletion of the nitrogenous base, replacement of C by A and C by T and addition of G, T and A in three positions were observed. These will be used as the basis for future scientific experiments to develop new biofertilizers from the rhizobacteria studied for the production of environmentally sustainable crops.
The Potential of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 as Local Indonesian Cellulolytic Inoculum in the Fermentation of Gliricidia sepium Leaf Meal
Authors: Mulyono A. M. W. , Husein M.
Published: January 2025

The study aimed to test the cellulolytic ability of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 inoculum as local Indonesian isolates and their application in the fermentation of Gliricidia sepium leaf meal. Measurement of cellulolytic ability includes qualitative cellulase activity (measurement of clear zone formation around fungal colonies) and quantitative cellulase activity (measurement of the amount of reducing sugar produced by broth enzymes from fungal cultures). Experiments of Gliricidia sepium fermentation using Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were each designed using Completely Randomized Design. The treatments used consisted of fermentation duration of 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 days—identification of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 species using molecular identification method. The research results show that qualitative cellulase activities in Trichoderma AA2 were significantly higher compared to Trichoderma AA1. The CZD/CD ratio of Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were 2.39±0.11 and 1.97±0.10, respectively. The CMC-ase activity of Trichoderma AA2 was 0.332±0.038 µmol/ml/min, and this was significantly higher compared to TrichodermaAA2, which was only 0.201±0.021 µmol/ml/min. Gliricidia sepium fermentation using AA1 and AA2 inoculum showed increased nutritional value, including soluble protein content, In-vitro digestibility of dry matter, and In-vitro digestibility of organic matter in 2 and 4 days of fermentation. There was a decrease in nutritional value in 6 days of fermentation. Trichoderma AA1 and AA2 were identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma asperellum, respectively. The study concluded that T. Koningiopsis AA1 and T. Asperellum AA2 were proven to have cellulolytic abilities and could be used as inoculum in Gliricidia sepium fermentation to increase its nutritional value.
Small-holder Goat Farmer Profile Demographic-based on Financial Aspect in Majene Regency, West Sulawesi Province
Authors: Rivai Muhammad Iqbal , Rasyid Tanrigiling
Published: January 2025

Generally, goat farming in Majene Regency is traditionally managed, with relatively low average livestock ownership. This study aims to classify the demographic profile based on the R/C ratio value to identify groups of farmers who need special attention. This approach allows for more targeted policy development, resulting in more efficient use of resources, increased profitability, and a positive impact on the economy of goat farmers. The sampling method used the limited population formula, resulting in 123 farmers. A simple random sampling method was used, and the data collection method used a survey technique. K-mean cluster analysis was performed to classify farmers into three groups. The results obtained are in the form of several points described as follows: (1) technical efficiency related to physical strength, (2) business efficiency does not depend on formal education, (3) productive age and experience can increase efficiency, (4) efficiency is not maximized due to traditional management and (5) livelihoods of farmers affect the scale of ownership. This finding emphasizes the need for empowerment for women farmers, such as forming a Farmer Women Group (FWG). For goat farmers who consider traditional methods to optimize efficiency, counseling and training are needed. For goat farmers who consider traditional methods to maximize efficiency, counseling and training are needed. More detail, a pilot or fostered goat farm with easy, efficient and profitable management is needed based on technology so that farmers who still make raising livestock a side job are more confident and switch to focus more on goat breeding activities.
Study of Financial Management Behavior Based on Financial Self-Efficacy and Financial Literacy in Small-Scale Agribusiness Development
Authors: Napu Fithriah , Syaifuddin Dedy Takdir
Published: January 2025

Farmers are important actors in agribusiness development. Farmers' businesses are generally classified as small businesses. Various theoretical evidence is sufficient to explain the important role of farmers in agribusiness development which is limited by financial literacy, and financial self-efficacy that influences financial management behavior. However, research on the role of financial literacy and financial self-efficacy on financial management behavior in terms of agribusiness development has not been conducted. This study aims to present new evidence on the role of financial literacy, and financial self-efficacy on financial management behavior in small-scale agribusiness. This study uses a positivist approach also known as quantitative research. Using an explanatory research design and involving around 68 small-scale agribusiness actors in Kendari City. Data were obtained through questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SEM-PLS. It was found that financial literacy by small-scale agribusiness actors can play a role in shaping financial management behavior and financial self-efficacy. Furthermore, the financial self-efficacy skills of small-scale agribusiness actors also play a role in shaping financial management behavior. The theoretical implication is that improving financial management behavior and financial self-efficacy of agribusiness actors can be done by improving financial literacy skills. Likewise, efforts to improve the financial management behavior of agribusiness actors must be supported by financial self-efficacy skills. With this approach, theoretically, agribusiness businesses can develop and be free from all financial risks that lead to business failure. Practical implications for agribusiness actors to improve financial literacy skills to be able to create and/or form financial management behavior and self-efficacy. The second concern is financial self-efficacy which needs to be pursued because it supports financial management behavior in developing agribusiness businesses. For the government, it is better to prepare regulations and instruments that support the creation of an agribusiness business climate. By considering the results of research, policies, and regulations leading to an ecosystem for the formation of financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, and financial management behavior. The research findings open up new avenues for future researchers, namely conducting further analysis using empirical data by measuring agribusiness performance based on the development of the financial curve (profit or gain). Then, it is recommended to use a qualitative paradigm, or a mixed research approach so that the research findings are more comprehensive.
Keywords: Agribusiness, small business, financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, financial management behavior.
Sectoral Interdependencies and Multipliers in Nigeria: An Input-Output Approach
Authors: Okokon Effiong Mfonobong , Sunday Hosu Yiseyon
Published: January 2025

This study examines the sectoral contributions to Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and intersectoral interdependencies using Input-Output (I-O) analysis. Results as obtained from the 2022 Eurostat database revealed significant value added/sectoral contributions, agriculture ($6.512B, 15.1%), fishing ($4.529B, 1.1%), food/beverages ($8.446B, 19.6%), and mining/quarrying ($14.659B, 34.1%). Intersectoral interdependencies highlighted key intersectoral linkages between agriculture and food/beverages, mining/quarrying and other industries, and fishing and food/beverages. Results showed that agriculture's output (74.58%) is primarily consumed by households and used by the food and beverages sector; output from mining/quarrying (85.73%) is consumed mainly by industries (manufacturing/construction), and output from the fishing (81.68%) sector is mainly consumed by households and used by the food and beverages sector. The Type I and Type II multipliers assessed the economic ripple effects of changes in industry demand. The findings indicate substantial indirect effects, with output multipliers ranging from 1.726% (food/beverages), 2.118% (fishing), 1.803% (mining/quarrying), and 1.758% (agriculture). Income multipliers range from income multipliers: to $2.053B (food/beverages), $3.290B (fishing), $2.540B (agriculture), and $3.01B (mining/quarrying). Fishing and mining/quarrying sectors exhibited the highest total multiplier effects, emphasizing their potential for driving economic growth. The study confirms the robustness of the results using I-O analysis, validating the initial findings. Policy implications include targeted investments in strategic sectors such as agriculture, fishing, food/beverages, and mining/quarrying, which would stimulate economic growth and diversification. Also, resource allocation and diversification strategies to enhance intersectoral linkages would maximize economic benefits and reduce dependence on individual sectors.
Optimizing Shallot Growth through Variations Fertilization NPK and Plant Density
Authors: Sitorus Alfonso , Manurung Erpina Delina
Published: January 2025

Variations in macronutrient fertilization and spacing are two important components in increasing shallot yield. This study aims to determine the effect of fertilization and plant spacing on shallot yield. A split-plot design with three replications was applied. The main plots were plant spacing (D1: 20 x 20 cm, D2: 20 x 15 cm, D3: 20 x 10 cm); subplots were fertilization of TSP, NPK, KNO3, Urea, and ZA with four doses: F1 by 188, 600, 0, 180, 400 kg ha-1; F2 by 75, 225, 80, 57, 300 kg ha-1; F3 by 100, 300, 107, 76, 400 kg ha-1; and F4 by 125, 375, 135, 95, 500 kg ha-1, respectively. Data was analyzed using the Anova (Analysis of Varians) and Duncan tests. The number of leaves was positively correlated with wet bulb weight per clump (R2 = 86.36%), and dry bulb weight per clump (R2 = 72.40%). The optimum N, P, and K dosages to achieve the optimum relative yield were 126.85; 178.06; 95.25 kg ha-1. The D3F3 interaction (plant spacing of 20x10 cm with TSP, NPK, KNO3, Urea, and ZA fertilization by 100, 300, 107, 76, and 400 kg ha-1, respectively) enhanced the dry bulbs weight per plot by 84.50%.
Super Dosing of IP6 Phytase in Phosphorus-Deficit Diets to Replace Added Phosphorus and Evaluate Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Bone Mineralization of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Ali Bahadur , Irfan Muhammad
Published: January 2025

Phosphorus in phytate is poorly available to monogastric animals due to their lack of the phytase enzyme, leading to increased phosphorus excretion and environmental pollution. Additionally, broiler diets high in phytate and low in available phosphorus negatively affect growth performance, nutrient absorption, and bone mineralization. This study was planned to evaluate the effect of adding IP6 phytase as a dietary replacement of added phosphorus with generic phosphorus in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone mineralization. Seven hundred and fourteen (714) day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into forty-two experimental pens (6 replicates and 17 birds/pen). Seven isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated for starter (1-21 days) and finisher (22-28 days) phases. The first diet was served as control (C), formulated following nutrient recommendations for Ross® broilers. Three negative control diets were formulated with available phosphorus levels of 0.15%, 0.18%, and 0.21%, each supplemented with phytase at 1000 FTU/kg and 2000 FTU/kg across both phases. Phytase supplementation increased the body weight gain during days 01-07 (p=0.01), 08-14 (p=0.004), 15-21 (p=0.0001), 22-28 (p=0.036) and 0-28 (p<0.001). Feed intake was not significantly affected during days 01-07 (p=0.114) and 08-14 (0.094). However, higher levels of phytase (2000 FTU/kg with 0.21% Av. P) increased feed intake during days 15-21 (0.037) while a decrease in feed intake was observed during days 22-28 (0.009). Increased level of phytase (2000 FTU/kg) also improved the digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049), crude protein (p=0.03), and ether extract (p=0.026). Further, bone mineralization improved with the addition of phytase in the broiler diet. In conclusion, phytase supplementation can replace added phosphorus by releasing bound phosphorus from phytate without compromising the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and tibia mineral content in broilers.
Dynamic Capabilities, Flexibility and Competitive Performance Practices Based on IT; Comparison of Public Organizations and Agricultural Businesses
Authors: Puspitafuri Cindy , Zaid Sudirman
Published: January 2025

The study examines the necessity of information technology (IT)-based transformation across various sectors in the context of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0, highlighting the critical role of human resource management in public organizations and the essential nature of business digitalization. Through a systematic literature review of 37 recent journals, the findings reveal that dynamic capabilities and IT flexibility are more prevalent in agricultural businesses compared to public organizations. The implications suggest that public organizations should enhance IT governance to improve dynamic capacity focused on human resources, promoting flexibility in IT use. For agricultural businesses, prioritizing the development of IT capacity and enhancing the perceptions and behaviors of farmers and extension workers is crucial for fostering competitiveness. This will optimize the agricultural supply chain and support effective digitalization. Public sector improvement implications: a) Improved IT governance, is public organizations should focus on strengthening their IT governance structures to enhance dynamic capacity, particularly related to human resource management; and b) Improved flexibility is ensuring that IT use in these organizations adheres to flexibility principles will be critical to adapting to changing needs. Agriculture business focus implications: a) Improved capacity is agricultural stakeholders should prioritize improving their IT capacity; b) Improved perceptions and behaviors is improving the perceptions and behaviors of farmers and extension workers is critical to developing dynamic IT capabilities and business flexibility; and c) Effective digitalization, this effort is critical to optimizing the agricultural supply chain and ensuring the success of the digital transformation of agricultural practices.
Manganese Quality Detection in Mining Using IoT
Authors: Raut Prof. Swati , Thool Miss. Namrata , Lanjewar Miss. Siddhi , Thakur Mr. Aman , Badguye Mr. Pratik
Published: January 2025

Abstract: Manganese mining operations are fundamental to various industries, and the demand for high-quality manganese ore
is ever-increasing. The efficient extraction and processing of manganese ore are not just industrial necessities but also
imperative for economic viability and environmental sustainability. This research highlights the transformative impact of
manganese detection systems, offering a sophisticated solution to the challenges faced by manganese mining operations.
Consequently, this leads to optimized processes, reduced resource wastage, and, ultimately, significant cost savings. It explores in
detail the advantages of manganese detection systems in the context of manganese mining. By providing a comprehensive
analysis of the technology's capabilities, it aims to guide mining industry stakeholders towards informed decision-making
regarding sensor integration.
Complexity Growth Patterns in the Stelliferous Era of Big History
Authors:   HSE University and Eurasian Center for Big History & System Forecasting at Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Korotayev Andrey
Published: January 2025

A previous study compared the symmetries of the cooling after the Big Bang and the development of life, humans, and civilization on Earth. A simple model of the relative rates of change depicts two cones joined at their bases representing the Big Bang expansion and the acceleration of complexity development on earth through life evolution, human evolution, and civilization development. This indicates points of rapid change at both ends corresponding to at the Big Bang and our current technological and demographic change. However, this depiction oversimplifies complexity growth, specifically at where the transitions from the Universe’s decelerating physical complexity development and Earths accelerating complex adaptive systems. This transition is important in both organization and energy flow. In this paper, the build-up of potential variety in elements and chemicals to later build planets and life is the focus. These are mostly derived from stellar formation through the conversion of gravitational and nuclear potential energy into elements through nuclear fusion. Other’s models have been employed to explore the dynamics of this buildup from the first Population I stars, which were large and short-lived, through the Population II stars of galactic spherical bulges and haloes, to the formation of smaller, long-lived stars with a high amount of non-Hydrogen and Helium atoms, called “metals”. The rates of these dynamics during the transition from cosmic development to terrestrial evolution on Earth are explored here.
Geological Evolution
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow Institute for Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Grinin Leonid E.
Published: January 2025

Geological evolution is incomparably better known than cosmic evolution. However, geological evolution is clearly insufficiently studied within the framework of Big History. At best, it serves as a background to biological evolution. This interesting contradiction calls for more attention to be paid to geological evolution, which is either absent from Big History courses or treated in a very cursory and superficial way. The study of geological evolution as part of mega-evolution has significant peculiarities compared to cosmic and planetary evolution. At the same time, geological evolution is not sufficiently integrated into mega-evolution and general evolutionary laws and rules in the general view of Big History, although geological evolution is well studied in co-evolution with biological evolution (and vice versa). The present article attempts to make synchronous comparisons with the evolution of other planets at certain periods.
Geological Complexity: Bridging Cosmic Evolution and the Evolution of Life
Authors:   Argonne National Laboratory, LePoire David
Published: January 2025

Earth occupies a unique position in Big History as a bridge between cosmic evolution and the rise of complex life. While discussions often emphasize monumental events like the Big Bang or the rise of civilizations, the intermediate phase of planetary formation and life’s emergence reveals the intricate interplay of cosmic, geological, and biological processes. Earth’s development—from the chaotic dynamics of the early solar system, including the Moon-forming collision, to the establishment of a protective magnetic field and diverse energy gradients—created the conditions necessary for life to arise and co-evolve with the planet’s systems.

This co-evolution is evident in feedback loops such as carbon sequestration, atmospheric oxygenation, and life-driven erosion processes, which shaped Earth’s environment over billions of years. Despite challenges like Snowball Earth events, asteroid impacts, and mass extinctions, the planet’s systems maintained a delicate balance of habitability, with life itself playing an active regulatory role as suggested by the Gaia hypothesis.

Understanding Earth’s improbable trajectory highlights the rarity of life-bearing planets, the fragility of planetary systems, and the profound interconnectedness of cosmic and biological evolution. As human activity increasingly disrupts Earth’s delicate balance, this perspective provides valuable insights into planetary sustainability and informs the search for life on other worlds.
Peer Complexity in Big History
Authors: Nielsen J. N.
Published: January 2025

Employing the framework of cosmological periodization of Adams and Laughlin’s The Five Ages of the Universe as an extension of Big History, we will focus on the kinds of emergent complexity that appear to characterize the current age of star formation (the Stelliferous Era). We will define a conception of peer emergent complexity and place the emergent complexities familiar to human beings—life, consciousness, intelligence, technology, civilization—within this context of peer emergent complexity. Placing Earth-originating emergent complexities within a cosmologically conceived class of peer emergent complexities converges on a less anthropocentric conception of what we can expect to find in the pursuit of biosignatures and technosignatures, which categories may prove to be too restrictive. The consequences of these considerations for SETI will then be explored, with stronger and weaker formulations of the Fermi paradox given.
Trends in Urbanization and Urban Size Distribution Over the Last 5000 Years
Authors: Harper Antony
Published: January 2025

Throughout history, the population of the largest city areas have followed a hyperbolic growth pattern. However, when the viewed on a logarithmic scale, a more detailed structure appears, revealing periods of stability (stasis) punctuated by episodes of rapid expansion. This study explores the implications of this historical trend for the size-frequency distribution and complexity of urban areas relative to the largest city of each era.

Several key assumptions underpin the research. First, the size-frequency distribution of urban areas is assumed to follow a power-law (Zipf-Pareto) distribution. Second, the maximum urban area sizes are treated as historical upper limits, shaped by the type and availability of energy sources—such as solar energy for agrarian societies and fossil fuels for industrial systems. By fitting historical city size distributions to a power-law for each century, a pattern of punctuated equilibria emerges.

The concept of "complexity" can be interpreted in various ways, but in this study, it refers to the diversity of urban area sizes within an interconnected system. Analyzing this proxy for complexity over time reveals a trend of increasing complexity, with alternating phases of positive and negative growth. Periods of significant complexity increase align with times of systemic reorganization, such as the Dark Ages as described by Sing C. Chew (2006). Additionally, the correlation between power-law steepness and complexity highlights distinct phases of societal development, corresponding to transitions between agrarian societies, Bronze Age empires, and the shift to industrial and post-industrial eras.
Social Complexity and War: A Civilizational Contribution to Big History
Authors: Satkiewicz Stephen T.
Published: January 2025

The connections between the emergence of social complexity and war are relevant from a Big History perspective as having a reflexive type of relationship. That is, they both influence one another as both cause and effect depending on the context. This connection applies from the origins of organized violence in the Neolithic period to the present day. This was especially in the case of the emergence of early states, empires, and socio-political systems of varying types. Historical sociologist Charles Tilly (1929-2008) famously summarized this relationship as “War made the state and the state made war.” This study will build upon the interdisciplinary work within Civilizational Analysis to assist in the examination of the thresholds of emergent social complexity and the processes of social macroevolution, in order to help ground Big History in the human and social sciences where applicable. War and organized violence do not occur in a vacuum, but its character is very much a reflection of the complex context in which it occurs.
Numerical Uncertainty Propagation to the Number of Possible Galactic Habitable Islands in the Milky Way
Authors:   INAF-IRA, Antonietti Nicolò
Published: January 2025

The model to calculate the average age of potential intelligent life in the Milky Way, that we presented at the IAC 2021, depends on different inputs, like gas surface density, star total mass, initial mass function, supernovae explosions and metallicity. The value of each input comes with an uncertainty due to the amount of different measurements and their complexity. Those uncertainties can be propagated to estimate the uncertainty on the average age of potential intelligent life in the Milky Way; it will thus be possible to tell the inputs that mostly contribute to the final uncertainty and what measurement must be refined first to obtain a more precise estimate. In addition, the model will be integrated to take into account a variance with respect to a 2D radial symmetric model.
PUTUSAN PENGADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA BANDA ACEH NOMOR : 33/G/2019/PTUN-BNA GUGATAN TERHADAP BUPATI ACEH BARAT DAYA DITINJAU DARI UNDANG UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA
Authors: Yasir Arafat Yun  , Rispalman  , Nahara Eriyanti
Published: January 2025

Penyelenggaraan tugas-tugas pemerintahan dan kenegaraan dalam suatu negara hukum itu terdapat aturan-aturan hukum yang tertulis dalam konstitusi atau peraturan-peraturan yang terhimpun dalam hukum tata negara. Pada perkara Nomor 33/G/2019/PTUN.BNA, antara Darwis. B, Spd melawan Bupati Aceh Barat Daya terhadap kasus pemberhentian jabatan sebagai Pegawai Negri Sipil (PNS). Dalam perkara ini majelis hakim mengabulkan gugatan penggugat seluruhnya. Dari uraian permasalahan tersebut diatas maka penulis tertarik untuk meneliti ”Pelaksanaan putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Banda Aceh Nomor : 33/G/2019/PTUN.BNA gugatan terhadap Bupati Aceh Bara Daya ditinjau dari Undang Undang Nomor 5 tahun 2014 dalam bentuk Skripsi”. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimana mekanisme pelaksanaan putusan PTUN yang sudah berkekuatan hukum tetap dan putusan pengadilan tata usaha negara ditinjau dari pertimbangan hakim dan undang undang nomor 5 tahun 2014?”. Penelitian ini mengunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif metode penelitian kualitatif, yaitu jenis suatu penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dan cenderung menggunakan analisis. Ditinjau dari Undang- Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara, dimana hakim telah membuat putusan yang sesuai dengan Undang undang dengan berbagai pertimbangan sehingga aparatur sipil negara yang dapat diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat berdasarkan ketentuan pasal 87 ayat (4) UU Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 dan ketentuan pasal 250 huruf b PP Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang menajemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil yaitu hanya ASN yang menduduki jabatan berdasarkan ketentuan pasal 13 UU Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatul Sipil Negara.
Ante el fin de una era. De la celulosa al silicio: El camino hacia el notariado digital. Algunas reflexiones y próximos desafíos
Authors: Schmidt Walter C.
Published: January 2025

El trabajo trata sobre el impacto que la digitalización ha tenido en el notariado argentino. Avanza en la evolución de la actuación notarial digital y se centra en la actuación notarial a distancia en la cual el notario puede prestar servicio notarial mediante videoconferencias, aún cuando los requirentes se encuentren en el exterior. Explora la posibilidad y justifica la actuación notarial con requirentes en el extranjero y termina con una serie de reflexiones sobre el impacto de las neurociencias en los conceptos y la visión jurídicas de ciertos institutos.
Effect of Plant Extract on Vase Life in Gerbera var. Pre Intenzz
Authors: Vinithbabu B. V. , Preetham S. P. , Patil B. C. , Naveen M. P. , Hiremath J. S. , Kirankumar G. , Prashantha A.
Published: January 2025

The present study was carried out during rabi, 2020–21 (February–June 2021) on “Effect of plant extract on vase life in gerbera” at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Bagalkot, Karnataka (591218), India. The experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design. Among the effect of plant extract on gerbera flowers held in vase solution containing 8-HQS @ 0.8% (Standard check) recorded the longest vase life (11.54 days), cumulative uptake of vase solution (CUV) of 31.72 g days-1, cumulative transpiration loss of vase solution (CTL) of 40.86 g days-1, minimum microbial load 2.92 cfu×10-5 which was on par with Ocimum sanctum @ 5.0% recorded the longest vase life (11.00 days), CUV of 30.82 g days-1, CTL of 39.66 g days-1, minimum microbial load 3.15 cfu×10-5. In different combinations of plant extracts the gerbera flowers held in vase solution containing T3 (Mentha viridis @ 5.0%+Ocimum sanctum @ 5.0%) had recorded a longest vase life of 9.35 days, CUV of 28.96 g days-1, CTL of 29.19 g days-1, fresh weight of 21.58 g days-1, minimum microbial load 4.04 cfu×10-5. Among the effect of plant extract on the vase life of gerbera flowers T2 (Ocimum sanctum @ 5.0%) was found to be best in maintaining vase life and its parameters and which is on par with T16 (8 HQS @ 0.8%). T3 (Mentha viridis @ 5.0%+Ocimum sanctum @ 5.0%) was found effective among the combination of plant extract.
La continuidad formativa del alumnado durante la pandemia
Authors: Zepeda Hurtado María Elena , Cardoso Espinosa Edgar Oliver , Cortés Ruiz Jésica Alhelí
Published: January 2025

El objetivo de la investigación fue valorar la continuidad formativa del estudiantado de posgrado durante la pandemia por COVID-19, para determinar su incorporación y uso permanente en el retorno a la modalidad presencial. El enfoque metodológico fue cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo. La información se recopiló mediante un cuestionario estructurado con una escala tipo Likert, abarcando las dimensiones de acceso y tipo de dispositivo, metodologías didácticas, recursos digitales usados y satisfacción estudiantil. Los resultados mostraron que las metodologías activas fomentan la colaboración entre pares y el uso de materiales didácticos digitales, lo cual promueve habilidades como el análisis, la argumentación, la síntesis y la evaluación en los estudiantes. Se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto al género en la continuidad formativa basada en la enseñanza remota de emergencia (t = 4.365, p = 0.000); no hubo diferencias significativas para el empleo de metodologías activas (t = 0.167, p = 0.485). Se identificaron diferencias significativas por programa educativo en la continuidad formativa basada en la enseñanza remota (t = 4.811, p = 0.000) y en el uso de metodologías activas (t = 5.034, p = 0.000).
Estudio socioeducativo de la transformación del proceso del Reclutamiento y Selección: De los Métodos Tradicionales al Enfoque 5.0
Authors: Valdez Jiménez Luis Armando , Vásquez Martínez Claudio Rafael , Valdez Jiménez Liliana
Published: January 2025

Las empresas buscan sobresalir en la atracción de talento humano que se ajuste a sus necesidades organizacionales. El proceso de reclutamiento y selección asegura que los candidatos tengan el perfil adecuado, integrando valores y competencias exigidos para cada puesto. En los últimos años, el modelo tradicional de reclutamiento ha evolucionado, pasando del reclutamiento 2.0 al 5.0. Estos cambios incluyen enfoques como la selección por objetivos y por competencias. Además, el proceso de contratación se adapta continuamente a los marcos legales vigentes. Este artículo analiza las perspectivas de diversos autores sobre la evolución del reclutamiento y selección, destacando la transición hacia enfoques tecnológicos e inteligencia artificial. La empresa, como organismo vivo, evoluciona junto al avance tecnológico, el marketing y las redes sociales. Fenómenos como la pandemia han acelerado transformaciones, impulsando el uso de inteligencia artificial en lugar de métodos tradicionales.
Software de detección de estilos de aprendizaje basado en el modelo de Felder y Silverman
Authors: Figueroa-Perez J. Francisco , Rodríguez-Guerrero Manuel , Ramírez-Noriega Alan , Martínez-Ramírez Yobani
Published: January 2025

Los estilos de aprendizaje definen comportamientos característicos que identifican cómo una persona aprende y se adapta a su entorno. Estos proporcionan al docente elementos que pueden orientarlo para crear contenidos pedagógicos y didácticos apropiados y adaptados a las características de los estudiantes, con lo que pueden mejorar su desempeño, consolidando sus procesos de aprendizaje. Este artículo presenta un software de detección de estilos de aprendizaje basado en el modelo de Felder y Silverman para ayudar a identificarlos en un individuo o grupo. El documento describe las funcionalidades, arquitectura, detalles de implementación, y características generales del software. Se proporciona y discute un ejemplo de operación del sistema, así como los resultados de sus pruebas funcionales y no funcionales, los cuales fueron satisfactorios. Se concluyó que el sistema es una herramienta útil para los docentes, facilitándoles la identificación de los estilos de aprendizaje y la personalización de estrategias de enseñanza, lo que mejora el proceso educativo.
The Role of Advanced Technologies in Automated Trading Systems and Its Influence on Investor Attitudes
Authors: Shukla Pradip K. , Umashankar Sashan
Published: January 2025

This paper provides an overview of algorithmic trading (robo-trading), which replaces human stockbroker recommendations to investors for buying/selling/holding stocks in their investment portfolio, and the integration of technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing within automated systems. The paper covers the impacts of algorithmic trading, the specific implementations of advanced technologies, and the acceptance of these technologies among college students. The cited articles show that robo-trading has existed since the 1970s. Algorithmic trading has increased stock market efficiency. Artificial intelligence allows for predictive models to adjust to the changing financial markets. On the other hand, quantum algorithms like Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) aid in portfolio optimization. The paper also presents findings from an empirical study on college students’ attitudes toward advanced technologies within robo-trading. Although a few other studies exist on investor attitudes about acceptance of algorithmic trading for stock portfolios, no other study examined the attitudes of college students on the potential application of advanced technologies within robo-trading. A statistical analysis was undertaken to see how attitudes shift based on factors like class level and previous stock market experience. The paper discusses the results and policy implications for stock brokerage firms that hope to implement advanced technologies.
Digital Watermarking for a Bank Card Authentication System
Authors: Ríos Chávez Juan Antonio , Ruiz Carlos Aquino , Bazán Carlos Cortés , García Sánchez Silvestre Ascencion
Published: January 2025

Financial systems are under significant threats through bank card frauds using advanced cloning techniques such as skimming. In this paper, we propose a new method to improve the authentication of bank cards based on digital watermarks. The system puts an impermanent watermark into the magnetic stripe by exploiting its vulnerability, inserting a fragile watermark with the help of Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. Character strings produced from authentic 13 personalized people records are included within the types of card data therefore, once each dealing, it's doable to verify the state of knowledge with watermark. Private key mechanism is using for encrypting and decrypt the watermark during transactions. Flu can also detect cloned cards with the help of its combination of MATLAB functions for embedding and extraction along with certain assessment methodologies which test the possibility to identify cloned card using bit error rate (BER) analysis. It will also work in reducing electronic payment security concerns with unauthorized card use.
Fideiusiunea simplă și cea solidară – o vedere de ansamblu
Authors: Tamba Adrian
Published: January 2025

Lucrarea noastră pune în lumină fideiusiunea simplă și pe cea solidară. Ea este împărțită în nu mai puțin de patru porțiuni. Prima parte constă în niște cuvinte introductive. Cea de-a doua se concentrează asupra fideiusiunii simple; aici sunt avute în vedere beneficiile de discuțiune și de diviziune. Partea a treia are de-a face cu fideiusiunea solidară. Finalul este format din extrem de scurte concluzii.