bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RUANG LINGKUP BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN C++ DALAM MENGELOLA SUMBER DAYA KOMPUTER
Authors: herris Fhatur robby tanzil
Published: January 2022

Bahasa C ialah bahasa pemrograman procedural, dimana penyelesaian terhadap suatu masalah dilakukan dengan membagi- bagi masalah tersebut ke dalam sub- sub masalah yang lebih kecil. Sementara itu C++ merupakan bahasa pemrograman yang mempunyai sifat Object Oriented Programming( OOP). Bahasa C++ didasarkan atas bahasa C sehingga bisa dilakukan komplikasi program- program yang ditulis dalam bahasa C dengan memakai compiler C++. C++ ialah bahasa turunan dari bahasa pemrograman C, dan C++ dapat menggunakan dan mempunyai seluruh sarana yang ada dalam bahasa pemrograman C tanpa perubahan sedikitpun dalam fungsi- fungsi C. dan juga C++ dapat melakukan pemrograman Assembly langsung di dalam program yang merupakan fitur turunan dari C.
Jurnal PIK Mhd fikar ardiansyah
Authors: nst Mhd fikar ardiansyah
Published: January 2022

Pengujian perangkat lunak adalah yang keempat dalam pengembangan perangkat lunak. Tes perangkat lunak dijalankan untuk menemukan bug dalam perangkat lunak yang Anda kembangkan. Pada tahap analisis, desain, dan implementasi perangkat lunak, kami tidak mengklaim bahwa perangkat lunak tersebut bebas dari kesalahan. Untuk menghilangkan atau menghilangkan kesalahan perangkat lunak, Anda memerlukan periode pengujian untuk menemukan kesalahan yang terdapat dalam perangkat lunak. Saat membuat perangkat lunak berkualitas tinggi, persyaratan yang Anda gunakan selalu dipertimbangkan sehingga Anda dapat memberikan solusi bagi pengguna Anda. Selain itu, karena persyaratan kualitas produk yang valid, implementasi kualitas selalu melalui fase pengujian singkat.
GIẢI PHÁP CHO VẤN ĐỀ BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU VÀ NĂNG LƯỢNG TRONG THẾ KỶ 21
Authors: Khiem Bui Quang
Published: January 2022

Vào những năm 70 của thế kỷ XX, để đối phó với vấn đề cạn kiệt nguồn năng lượng hóa thạch, nhiều quốc gia nhắm đến việc sử dụng năng lượng hạt nhân làm lựa chọn thay thế. Tuy nhiên, chỉ khoảng 10 năm sau, vào những năm 80, thế giới đã chứng kiến sự thất bại của kế hoạch này.
Prarancangan Pabrik Etanol Dari Etylen Dengan Proses Hidrasi Kapasitas 30000 Ton Per Tahun
Authors: Bakhri Syamsul
Published: January 2022

Pabrik etnol dari etylen direncanakan didirikan di Lakhsumawe Sumatera dengan kapasitas produksi dirancang 30000 ton per tahun, membutuhkan bahan baku etylen sebesar 21260100 kg/tahun. Bahan baku etylen dan air direaksikan dalam reaktor multitube yang beroperasi pada temperatur 300oC dan tekanan 26 atm. Reaksi berlangsung secara isothermal dan sebagai pendingin digunakan air yang dilewatkan dalam shell sedangkan reaktan yang berupa campuran etylen dengan air dengan perbandingan 6 : 1 melalui bagian tube di mana akan terkonversi 97%.Utilitas berupa air sebesar 9681 ton/tahun, listrik 378 KVA, steam jenuh 8,08 ton/jam serta bahan bakar bakar 22800000 liter/tahun.Bentuk perusahaa adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan sistem garis dan staf, membutuhkan tenaga kerja sebanyak 85 orang. Pabrik ini direncakanan didirikan di atas tanah seluas 20000 m2. Berdasarkan perhitungan evaluasi ekonomi untuk pendirian pabrik etanol di atas dibutuhkan modal tetap sebesar Rp 280,172, 972,000.00, modal kerja sebesar Rp 49,717,000.00 atau total investasi Rp 330,144,670,000.00.Profitabilitas meliputi Rate of Investment (ROI) sesudah pajak sebesar 42,90 %, Pay of Time (POT) sesudah pajak 3,33 tahun, Interaksi rate of Return (IRR) sebesar 15,4 % dan Break Event Point (BEP) sebesar 29,61 %. Berdasarkan pertimbangan teknik dan hasil perhitungan analisis di atas, maka pabrik etanol berkapasitas 30000 to/tahun cukup layak untuk dilanjutkan ke tahap perencanaan.
Finding the bigger picture: macro- (but not micro-) level features of the discourse reveal age-related differences in referential choice
Authors: Long Madeleine , Rohde Hannah , Oraa Ali Michelle , Rubio-Fernandez Paula
Published: January 2022

A common-held belief, based on half a century of research, is that the domain of language remains relatively stable over the adult lifespan. However, emerging research in one particular area of language (pragmatics) suggests otherwise: there studies have found age-related decline due to cognitive, linguistic, and/or social factors. The current study adds to this growing body of work by examining referential choice in a large sample of adults (N=496 participants, ages 18-82) across four storytelling tasks involving 2-panel scenes where characters reappear in different contexts. We manipulated both macro-level features of the discourse (i.e., conceptual overlap and the relative frequency with which characters are mentioned across sentences), and micro-level features (i.e., referential complexity, indexed by the number/gender of characters in the scene). Based on findings from the language processing literature, we predicted that older adults’ documented difficulty in inhibiting irrelevant information from conceptually similar mental models (i.e., those involving the same characters) would result in an increased use of pronouns (due to familiarity effects). Our first three experiments provide evidence in favor of this prediction, while our fourth experiment found the opposite effect: younger adults used pronouns more than older adults. We attribute this to an additional manipulation in the final experiment: re-mentioning of the main character. While these macro-level features of the discourse revealed age-related differences, our micro-level manipulations did not, as younger and older adults adjusted their use of referential forms in similar ways according to the number/gender of characters in the scene.
The MacArthur-Bates CDI-III for Spanish-speaking Children
Authors: Jackson-Maldonado+ Donna , Marchman Virginia A. , Dale Philip , Rubio-Codina Marta
Published: January 2022

Parent report measures have been shown to be effective, valid and cost-effective means for obtaining information about early child language development. There are several measures available in multiple languages for children below the age of 3. There has been a need for such measures for older children. This study presents the development of a Spanish version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory-III for children 2 ½ to 4 years of age. A total of 571 families of monolingual Spanish-speaking children from a diverse socio-economic group were asked to fill out the parent report measure in order to obtain a norming sample. Data are presented by age and socio-economic groups that show developmental growth curves for vocabulary production and sentence complexity. Norming tables that show variability by ages are presented. Additional information is given for a General Concepts section. This study presents a new parent report instrument that can be used both clinically and for research purposes.
The evolution of human music in light of increased prosocial behavior: a new model
Authors: Nikolsky Aleksey , Benítez-Burraco Antonio
Published: January 2022

Together with language, music is perhaps our most distinctive behavioral trait. Following the lead of paleolinguistic research, different hypotheses have been proposed to explain why only humans perform music and how this ability might have evolved in the species. In this paper, we advance a new model of music evolution that builds on the theory of self-domestication, according to which the human phenotype is, at least in part, the outcome of a process similar to mammal domestication, triggered by a progressive reduction in reactive aggression levels in response to environmental changes. In the paper, we specifically argue that changes in aggression management through the course of human cultural evolution can account for the behaviors conducive to the emergence and evolution of music. We hypothesize 4 stages in the evolutionary development of music under the influence of environmental changes and evolution of social organization: starting from musilanguage, proto-music gave rise to personal and private forms of timbre-oriented music, then to small-group ensembles of pitch-oriented music, at first of indefinite and then definite pitch, and finally to collective (tonal) music. These stages parallel what has been hypothesized for languages and encompass the diversity of music types and genres described worldwide. Overall, music complexity emerges in a gradual fashion under the effects of enhanced abilities for cultural niche construction, resulting from the stable trend of reduction in reactive aggression towards the end of the Pleistocene, leading to the rise of hospitality codes, and succeeded by increase in proactive aggression from the beginning of the Holocene onward. This paper addresses numerous controversies in the literature on the evolution of music by providing a clear structural definition of music, identifying its structural features that distinguish it from oral language, and summarizing the typology of operational functions of music and formats of its transmission. The proposed framework of structural approach to music arms a researcher with means to identify and comparatively analyze different schemes of tonal organization of music, placing them in the context of human social and cultural evolution. Especially valuable contribution to the understanding of transition from animal communication to human music and language is the theory of so-called “personal song”, described and analyzed here from ethological, social, cultural, cognitive, and musicological perspectives. The emergence of personal song and its development into a social institution are interlinked with the evolution of kinship and placed into the timeline of cultural evolution, based on totality of ethnographic, archaeological, anthropological, genetic, and paleoclimatic data.
Aversive inhibition in adult ADHD and its restoration by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A behavioral pilot study
Authors: Geurts Dirk , Ouden Hanneke den , Janssens Lotte , Swart Jennifer , Froböse Monja Isabel , Cools Roshan , Speckens Anne
Published: January 2022

Background: Control over the tendency to make or withhold responses based on contextual Pavlovian information, might play a key role in understanding impulsivity/hyperactivity in ADHD. Here we set out to assess (1) the understudied relation between Pavlovian inhibitory control and hyperactivity/impulsivity in adults with ADHD and (2) whether this inhibition can be enhanced by mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT).Methods: 50 Adult ADHD patients were assessed before and after 8 weeks of treatment as usual (TAU) with (n=24) or without (n=26) MBCT. We employed a sophisticated, well-established Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task that quantifies Pavlovian control over instrumental behavior. Results: Task results revealed (1) less aversive Pavlovian inhibition in patients with clinical hyperactivity/impulsivity; and (2) enhanced inhibition after TAU+MBCT compared with TAU. Conclusions: Aversive Pavlovian inhibition plays a role in clinically relevant hyperactivity/impulsivity in adult ADHD and MBCT can be used to enhance this form of inhibition.
Critical thinking; the father of all disciplines
Authors:   epartment of Philosophy, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria., Akapo M. Adeyinka
Published: January 2022

Looking at the history of philosophy, one will see that philosophy is often credited with the attributes of critical thinking, hence, critical thinking is always discussed as a tool of or the same as philosophy. Whereas it seems almost impossible to find philosophy or philosophizing without critical thinking, it may not be true to say that they are the same. This work therefore, demonstrates that philosophy and critical thinking are very complementary, but are not same, and critical thinking is not a tool of philosophy. It agrees that philosophy is the mother, but show that critical thinking is the father, of rational enquiries. For long, critical thinking and philosophy have served to produce results of rational enquiry hence the identification of the critical thinking DNA as is found in all the results of rational and creative thought. Adopting the method of critical analysis, this work concludes that critical thinking should be seen and appreciated for what it is and that it is better for all disciplines to emphasize the need and role of their paternal (critical thinking) DNA as it is what brings them to their pragmatic utilitarian value.
Dust Structure Nearby G229-03
Authors: Shrestha Hem , Jha Ajay Kumar , Nepal Saroj , Tiwari Aatmaram , Bantawa Kamana , Limbu Dhiren Subba
Published: January 2022

The Sky View Virtual Observatory was used for the systematic search of dust structures within the far-infrared loop G229-03. The source (object) responsible for the formation of the cavity of interest was detected by the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data (SIMBAD) database. The total mass of the loop was 8.50031 × 1029 kg which is about 0.425 times the mass of the Sun at a distance of 1300 pc. The size of the cavity was 3.67° × 3.6°, whereas its core size was 0.531° × 0.255° located at R.A. (J2000) = 7h10m0.8s and Dec.(J2000) =15h55m30s. The minimum and maximum temperatures were between 20.24 ± 1.16 K and 18.63 ± 1.96 K respectively. In the core region, the average temperature was 19.53 K, approximately equal to Gaussian center 19.267 K with an offset temperature of 0.4 K showing that the core region of the cavity is dynamically stable. The Far-infrared loop was found to be located within a 1° radius around the high-velocity cloud HVC oriented by 45° to the plane of the sky. The inclination angle of the core of the loop was greater than 60° whereas the inclination angle for the larger structure was 13.71°. The Gaussian distribution of temperature was well fitted with the center of 19.267 K which shows that the cavity was in thermal equilibrium and the outer region with offset temperature of about 35 K suggesting that the loop was dynamically unstable possibly due to high-velocity cloud
Effect of Salt Concentration on the Preparation and Quality of Lemon Pickle (Nimki)
Authors: Acharya Anubha , Pradhananga Mahalaxmi
Published: January 2022

The main aim was to study the effect of dry salting (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight) on the quality of lemon pickle. The samples were analyzed for microbial profile (Yeast, mold) and chemical characteristics at 15 days intervals till 90 days and the organoleptic quality of the product was evaluated after 90 days of storage. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA (no blocking) at a 5% level of significance results showed that titratable acidity decreased with storage time till 60 days and remained constant thereafter at all levels of salt concentrations; Vitamin C remained fairly constant at all levels of salt concentrations over the storage periods whereas it decreased steadily during storage in the control sample (i.e. 0%); Mold count was nil at 15 days for all the level of salt except control and 5% concentration and Yeast count increased with storage time regardless of the salt% used in a lemon pickle. The optimized salt concentration for the preservation of lemon was found to be 15% salt which was the best product through sensory evaluation with the least microbial load and having appreciable sensory attributes and good vitamin C retention.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among the Patients Visiting Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Madhav Raj , Jha Sohan , Jha Pawan , Dahal Prashant
Published: January 2022

Intestinal parasitic infections caused by intestinal helminthes and protozoa are the most common human infections endemic throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries including Nepal. This study was conducted to study the prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients visiting Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura, Nepal. Altogether 480 stool samples were collected from April 2017- October 2017. Microscopic examination of stool was done by using formal-ether concentration technique in the Microbiology Laboratory of Sub-Regional Hospital, Dadeldhura Nepal. The overall prevalence rate was found to be 10.625%. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in males (52.94%) than in females (47.06%). In the age group below 15 years, the prevalence was found to be higher (52.94 %) than other age groups. Total 6 species of intestinal parasites; 2 (33.33%) were protozoan parasites viz. cysts and trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica, and 4 (66.67%) were helminths viz. ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, Hymenolepis nana, and Ancylostoma duodenale. The infection rate was found to be higher in people taking normal tap water. The study concluded that intestinal protozoan infection is still a public health problem of concern among the people of Dadeldhura. The prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection was found to be high in children and low educated groups in Dadeldhura. Thus, health education along with infection management actions and awareness programs for sanitation improvements are required to reduce protozoan infections.
Proces legislacyjny na sejmach w czasach Jana III Sobieskiego (1674–1696)
Authors: Kołodziej Robert
Published: January 2022

Out of a total of 12 Sejms which assembled during the reign of Jan III Sobieski (1674–96), half passed constitutions (laws). At that time the legislative initiative belonged predominantly to the monarch and the nobility (via sejmiks instructions), although other persons could also present projects of constitutions in the form of supplications. The king’s programme proposed in pre-Sejm documents was rather sparse, with Jan III attempting to avoid controversial points, which he promoted unofficially through the intermediary of the sejmiks, at which his adherents guarded the interests of the royal court. The distinctive feature of parliamentary work carried out during this period was a transference of the burden of the debate on the creation of law to the time of the conclusions (debates held by joint estates), which instead of the statutory five days lasted for as much as over ten weeks or more. For this reason participants in the debate included also senators and the king. The characteristic aspect of the debates as such was their extremely low efficacy – the outcome of the fact that particular constitutions had to be accepted by all persons attending the Sejm sessions and the increasingly frequent blocking of debates by members of particular political camps since absolute unanimity also as regards procedural issues remained binding. In 1679 the opposition managed to introduce an obligatory oath to be sworn by the marshal of the Sejm (speaker of the house) and constitution legislators (who edited the final texts of constitutions) – this was to limit the king’s influence in the Chamber of Deputies. The new regulation, however, did not produce actual benefits, and the scale of deceptions committed in the course of post-Sejm sessions held by the constitution deputation was much larger than in previous years. The last years of the reign of Jan III brought a progressive obstruction of Sejm debates, and in the 1690s resulted in the paralysis of this institution.
WORLD ECONOMIC PROBLEMS DURING THE COVID PANDEMIC
Authors: Iago Beridze
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the main economic events during the Covid pandemic that caused significant damage to various countries, it also focuses on the main findings, parameters and numeric indicators observed during the current global economic problems, as well as on the action plans with which the countries began to tackle economic recovery, the article also implies principal challenges and recommendations, which will be important for effective planning and management of economic processes.
THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS ON FORMING COMPETITIVENESS OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE
Authors: Fertas Nadjib
Published: January 2022

Current functioning of an enterprise in terms of the limited resources require their efficient and rational use. The concept of economic entities' activity is a necessary factor in ensuring successful development and stable functioning. Introducing scientific methods for managing the competitiveness of the resource potential of the enterprise is essential for sustaining economic prosperity. The existing theoretical principles of forming the competitiveness of the resource potential of enterprises still need some improvement and adaptation to modern conditions of doing business. The paper covers the concept of the competitiveness of resource potential by assessing the resource use in the economic activity of Ukraine's enterprises, the dynamics of gross domestic product, the profitability and unprofitability of Ukrainian businesses. Focus on a directly proportional relationship between efficiency of the enterprises and gross domestic product. Comparability of statistical data for different years, analysis and calculations of the use of the enterprise resources are presented in US dollars. Analyzing scientific approaches to the definition of competition, competitiveness, and competitive potential, the author's definitions of competitive resource potential and competitiveness of resource potential are proposed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIRTH PROMOTION MEASURES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Manuk Movsisyan  , Lusine Karapetyan  , Gor Harutyunyan
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the study of birth promotion measures in the RA and European countries. Birth rates throughout the world have dropped dramatically in recent decades. The above-mentioned issue is highlighted in European countries. In 2019 the fertility rate was 1.5 in EU member countries. The same issue exists in Armenia. Since 1990 the birth rates have dropped dramatically in Armenia. Various measures have been carried out and implemented in European countries to promote the birth rate. However, only a few countries have managed to increase the birth rate through state socio-demographic measures and register positive trends. According to the domestic and foreign professional literature, there are two groups of measures of birth promotion (statutory leave and benefits) in the socio-demographic policies of each country. Numerous measures have been developed in Armenia, but by 2014 they had more of a social than demographic component; they did not provide the desired result.
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC TRADE IN AZERBAIJAN AND SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS IN THIS FIELD
Authors: Shamxal Mammadov
Published: January 2022

The article provides information on the establishment and development of e-commerce in Azerbaijan, emphasizing that the scale of this field will expand in our country in a short time. Information was provided on the number of payment cards in Azerbaijan in 2016-2020, the volume of non-cash payments, transactions with debit and credit cards, transactions per ATM and one POS-terminal. The article also notes the volume of transactions carried out by foreigners visiting Azerbaijan through bank cards in January-October 2021 and e-commerce in Azerbaijan in January-October 2019-2021.
Conceptual approaches to the formation of the country’s food security system (in the order of discussion)
Authors:   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESkH, Moscow, Russia, Serkov Alexander F.
Published: January 2022

The article outlines some provisions related to the development of a forecast of agricultural development for the long term. The necessity of its interrelation with the forecast of the functioning of the economy and social sphere of the village, solving the problem of food security of the country is substantiated.
SOCIAL MEDIA’S OFFICIAL DESTINATION PROMO VIDEOS AND COUNTRY IMAGE INFLUENCING VISITING INTENTION TO RISKY DESTINATIONS
Authors: Firoz Dyuty
Published: January 2022

Social media destination promo videos (DPVs), are among the most important information sources of travel decision-making for their interactive and sharing features, and outstanding destination promotion strategy. Country image is also another important factor for travel decision-making. This study’s purpose is to assess whether the social media DPVs like DMOs’ promo videos and country image have any impact on visiting intentions towards risky destinations. A quantitative method was used for this study. Data was collected by online questionnaires, and 609 valid responses were considered for the analysis of the study. The results showed that the country's image positively influences the attitude of young tourists towards the country and that attention towards the promo videos positively influences young tourists’ overall emotions, attitudes, social norms, interests, desires and behaviours toward visiting a risky destination. This study results would be beneficial for those who are interested in using social media DPVs as part of their destination-promotion strategy, and also can guide destination-marketers to monitor and create better destination promotional contents in social media platforms, to encourage tourism to the destinations, especially risky ones.
Działania wojenne gen. Żeligowskiego wobec Litwy. Próby rozstrzygnięcia konfliktu przez ligę narodów
Authors: Łach Wiesław
Published: January 2022

The situation after World War I was far from stabilizing, and the area of the Vilnius region became the subject of a conflict that for many years cast a shadow on Polish-Lithuanian relations. One should look at this conflict from the perspective of one hundred years, remembering that it turned into an antagonism so sharp and fierce that it even aroused the amazement of bystanders. The taken up topic has been presented in many aspects: events in August and September 1920 preceding the occupation of Vilnius, the position of General Lucjan Żeligowski to this situation, warfare (called "rebellion"), the establishment of Central Lithuania and an attempt to sanction the situation in the League of Nations forum. This paper is about a military and political activities of occupation of Vilnius and its neighboring areas by the Poland in October 1920. The originator of this undertaking was Józef Piłsudski. He admitted to it after years, exactly on the 24th and 25th of August 1923 during the lectures in the hall of the Grand Theater in Vilnius. Polish-Lithuanian relations in the analyzed years should be considered far from accepted international standards. Both Poles and Lithuanians can be held responsible in point of above facts. Awareness of these events is extremely important for both nations for mutual understanding and agreement.
Ordynacja lachowicka hrabiów Kossakowskich
Authors: Klempert Mateusz
Published: January 2022

The subject of this article is the history of the Kossakowski counts representation on the Lachowicze estate. The entailment functioning dates from 1858 to its abolition by the last representat in 1923/24 or in 1939, when the Second Republic of Poland government introduced the act of all family representation abolition. Until now, there were no documents confirming the actual existence of the Kossakowski representation and all references to this subject were reproduced from 19th century armorials. Analysis of the preserved source material has made it clear that Kossakowski family efforts to secure their property were successful and in 1882 they received approval in the Russian Empire.
Selected countries of Eastern and Central Europe in the face of challenges of modern financial technologies (on the example of Robo-Advice)
Authors: Waliszewski Krzysztof , Warchlewska Anna
Published: January 2022

The aim of this article is to diagnose the state of technological advancement in the field of personal finance in Eastern European countries on the example of automated financial advice. The considerations were based on the literature on the subject, and in the empirical part a critical analysis of secondary data from databases was made and the results of research on robo-advice and determinants that may affect the advancement of the use of modern tools in personal finance management were published. Based on the data analysis, it was concluded that technological sophistication in personal finance in the studied countries of Eastern and Central Europe was at a high level, as evidenced by the high concentration of assets and the growing number of robo-advice users.
Czy partnerstwo Polski i Rosji jest platformą do kontaktów i współpracy gospodarczej?
Authors: Kisiel Roman , Zabielska Izabela
Published: January 2022

Partnership creates a basis for relations and connections (including between states, cross-border and interregional), enabling the development of contacts and comprehensive economic and non-economic cooperation. This role is performed in its various forms and on a different basis. The article presents the partnership (including the economic one) that is being implemented between Poland and Russia, its scope, stages of development and the existing tariff, non- and par-tariff barriers in trade. The analysis shows that currently the Polish-Russian partnership is selective in nature and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty as a result of political decisions.
Alois Rašin – czeski i czechosłowacki ekonomista. Przegląd wybranych koncepcji, poglądów i doświadczeń
Authors: Oleksiuk Adam
Published: January 2022

Alois Rašín (1867-1923) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician, economist, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and its first finance minister. Alois Rašín is also the author of the first Czechoslovak law and the creator of the national currency, i.e. the Czechoslovak koruna. Rašín was a representative of conservative liberalism. The paper presents a review of Alois Rašín's concepts, views as the Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia. Particular attention was paid to his efforts to regulate the currency and monetary system of Czechoslovakia, and to fight galloping inflation (hyperinflation). Rašín supported the free competition, believed in an entrepreneurial society, and believed that the state should strive to maintain a balanced budget.
Financial aspects of unregistered employment in Poland and other Eastern European countries
Authors: Sawicka Janina , Szewczyk-Jarocka Mariola , Nowacka Anna
Published: January 2022

A review of the specialist literature and analysis of own study results reveal that a scale of the phenomena of undeclared work is both globally and locally significant and differentiated. Comparative research for the entire geographical area is difficult, as these are countries with very diverse economies. This was due to historical conditions, dynamic of socio-political changes and ties with other political alliances, membership in organizations and economic partnerships. The aim of the empirical research was to identify the financial aspects of undertaking work in the grey zone from the workers point of view. The study target group were chosen from unemployed registered at the Municipal Employment Office in Płock, Mazovia Region. Results show that the unemployed turn to undeclared work for financial reasons, such as higher reimbursement, unsatisfactory income or excessively high social insurance contributions. Respondents assessed their financial situation most often as bad, and indicated difficulties in finding work through registered employment. People who undertake work in a grey zone are predominantly those from low income groups, socially excluded, migrants, long time unemployed.
Détente między Zachodem a Wschodem. Konferencja Bezpieczeństwa i Współpracy w Europie z perspektywy Polski
Authors: Żukowski Arkadiusz , Chełminiak Marcin
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this article is to analyse the policy of détente between the West and the East at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from Poland’s perspective. The article begins with a synthetic theoretical and historical introduction concerning the formation of a new international order, particularly in Europe. The state of research on the CSCE in Poland is also outlined in a synthetic way. Then the analysis of Poland's role in the CSCE forum is presented in the context of the multifaceted negotiation processes in a chronological and problematic arrangement from the perspective of the theory of international roles. Endo-, and especially exogenous, connections concerning Poland’s functioning in the Eastern Bloc, including the hegemonic position of the USSR in it, were taken into account. Particular focus is placed on the implications of the CSCE Final Act for Poland. The article is based on Polish and English-language sources.
Instytucjonalna reakcja państwa wobec przestępczości w Rosji
Authors: Laskowska Katarzyna
Published: January 2022

This dissertation examines criminality in Russia. It presents actual crime situation and judicial activities between 2009 and 2018 as well as dynamics and structure of committed crime. In addition, the Author introduces figures, structure, main features of the sentenced and imposed penalties. These considerations lead to the assumption that during the period of crime decrease in Russia, penalties become to be really harsh. Both statistical analysis of state authorities and criminological literature were used in the research.
От жанра к формату через визуализацию «упаковки» контента
Authors: Raspopova Svetlana , Simakova Svetlana
Published: January 2022

The article refers to the fact that the genres of journalistic texts, the functional purpose of which has historically been to inform the audience, today form the basis of multimedia formats in which information occurs with elements of entertainment. When analyzing the formats of new media, we came to the conclusion that the core of the format is made up of elements of a particular genre, that only the “packaging” is changing in order to promote the format and taking into account the new information needs of society. The next important conclusion of the study is that visualization is the main means of creating a format in view of the spectacular nature of modern culture.
О конъюнктивном употреблении разделительных союзов (на материале польского и русского языков)
Authors: Kiklewicz Aleksander
Published: January 2022

The author considers the problem of conjunctive use of disjunctive conjunctions in the perspective of functional grammar. In the first part of the article, the author verifies the logical approach to conjunctions, especially disjunctive conjunctions. The linguistic meaning of a conjunction is defined as information on the credibility or applicability of a (semantically) compound sentence under condition [10, 01], which means an alternative participation of referents in the described situation. In the following chapters, the author analyzes several language facts, namely sentences that contain a disjunctive relationship and which nevertheless express the general meaning of conjunction. The author explains these phenomena by the fact that in such sentences there are the types of configurations of conjunction with the exponents of other semantic categories: quantification and modality.
One More Time about the Heart: Naive Anatomy in the Kazakh Language in Comparison with Russian and English
Authors: Temirgazina Zifa , Albekova Assiya , Kurmanova Zauresh
Published: January 2022

The naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, the nomadic Turkic people, has evolved over millennia and is based on knowledge about the anatomy of animals. Various mental properties, emotions are attributed to the internal organs of a person, which is reflected in the metaphorical and metonymic use of their names and idioms. The article examines the somatism jurek (‘heart’) in the Kazakh naive anatomy which denotes the second most important internal organ, giving way to the primacy of the liver, the most important organ from the point of view of nomads. The carriers of Russian-speaking and English-speaking cultures consider the heart as the most important internal organ. The complex of meaningful features is determined, showing the universality of the conceptualization of jurek/ serdtse/ heart, while a number of descriptors demonstrate the peculiarity of the naive-anatomical views of the Kazakhs.
Success Rate of Hysteroscopy and Endometrial Scratching in Repeated Implantation Failure: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Zahiri Ziba , Sarrafzadeh Yasaman , Kazem Nejad Leili Ehsan , Sheibani Alireza
Published: January 2022

Background: Endometrial receptivity is one of the most important factors in vitro fertilization (IVF) success rate. Many different methods have been suggested to enhance the rate of implantation in IVF\ intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Endometrial injury, as an intentional trauma aimed at improving the fertility results, has gained significant popularity among women seeking pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine the success rate of hysteroscopy and scratching before microinjection in cases of repeated implantation failure. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized controlled trial consist of 228 women who were referred to the Al-Zahra Infertility clinic for fertility treatment with the history of failure in at least two ICSI cycles. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was treated by hysteroscopy without intervention, while the second group underwent hysteroscopy and scratching in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle prior to microinjection cycle. The controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) was performed in all patients using the antagonist method. The success was considered based on the observation of the fetal heart activity in ultrasound. Results: The success rate of hysteroscopy and scratching (41.5%) was higher compared to hysteroscopy alone (34.3%), but this difference was not statistically significant based on the Chi-square test (P=0.280). The rate of miscarriage in hysteroscopy plus scratching and hysteroscopy alone were 5.7% and 12.4%, respectively which were not statistically different (P=888). Furthermore, the effect of hysteroscopy and scratching on visualizing the fetal heart activity was not statistically different compared to hysteroscopy alone (P=0.223). Conclusion: The results showed that the success rate in hysteroscopy plus endometrial scratching was not significantly different from hysteroscopy alone. [GMJ.2021;10:e1399]
Anticipation of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Effect on Post Myocardial Infarction Depression Disorder
Authors: Alizadeh Parichehr , Bahramali Ehsan , Hedayati Arvin , Dehghan Azizallah
Published: January 2022

Background: The natural history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as the most prevalent public health issue in Iran has changed with the introduction of novel therapeutic strategies that have reduced its mortality significantly. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric disorder and frequently co-exist with AMI. There are proposed pathophysiological links between the two diseases among which inflammation is the most important. With more patients surviving a myocardial infarction (MI) event, post-MI depression has become an important determinant of disability and mortality. Materials and Methods: In this study we defined a 1-month post-MI depressive scale of 200 patients using Beck’s inventory questionnaire II and measured serum high Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) to look for the association between inflammatory state and atherosclerosis in different depression score categories. Results: Minimum and maximum Beck scores were 1 and 43, respectively with a mean of 13±8. The mean CIMT was 0.77±0.26 mm. Serum hs-CRP level was measured with a mean of 1.51±1.6 mg/L. According to BDI-II scores, 44.2% of patients 1-month post-MI suffered from more than mild depression. Being affected was not correlated with either the level of hs-CRP or CIMT. Nearly 44 percent of patients suffered more than mild depression. There was a negative association between serum hs-CRP level and CIMT as a measure of atherosclerosis in groups of depressed versus non-depressed patients. This may indicate that the extent of atherosclerosis is not correlated with the inflammatory state after MI in depressed versus non-depressed patients. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the extent of atherosclerosis is not correlated with the inflammatory state after MI in depressed versus non-depressed patients. Nonetheless, the prognostic indications of increased hs-CRP and depression after AMI remains to be investigated further. [GMJ.2021;10:e1512]
Developing a Shared Decision-Making Model for Diabetic Patients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Vaskouei Eshkevarei Khorshid , Hajinabi Kamran , Riahi Leila , Maleki Mohammadreza
Published: January 2022

Background: Patient participation in healthcare leads to increased satisfaction and trust, reduction of anxiety, and a better understanding of patients’ needs. The components of shared decision-making (SDM) are well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to design an SDM model for diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was performed in three steps. First, a descriptive comparative study was conducted using the widely-used George Brady method. Next, the perceptions of participants (both physicians and patients) were collected via interview and in focus group discussions (FGDs). Content analysis was used to categorize the comments made by participants. In the final step, the model of SDM for diabetic patients was designed based on expert panel discussions. Results: Twelve components were extracted from the comparative study. Two themes and six sub-themes were extracted from data resulting from physicians’ interviews, and two themes and ten sub-themes were extracted from data resulting from the FGDs involving patients. The model of SDM for diabetic patients was designed in light of three concepts; practitioners’ behavior, participatory decision-making process, and patients’ autonomy. Conclusion: This model was valuable because it recognizes the process of SDM in the context of Iran. The model’s main purpose was to help choose optimum strategies for the care of diabetic patients within the health sector. [GMJ.2021;10:e1735]
Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and Diamond Nanoparticles on Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Testicular Damages in Rats
Authors: Masoumi Masoumeh , Salehi Mitra , Angaji Seyed Abdolhamid , Hashemi Mehrdad
Published: January 2022

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced by testicular torsion can damage the testicles. In the present study, we assessed the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and diamond nanoparticles on sperm parameters in I/R testes in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight Wistar adult male rats were divided into eight groups: healthy control (Ch), diamond nanoparticle healthy control group (Ch+Dia), CoQ10 healthy control group (Ch+Q10), diamond nanoparticles+CoQ10 healthy control group (Ch+Q10+Dia), torsion/detorsion group (Ct), the Ct group that received diamond nanoparticles (Ct+Dia), the Ct group that received CoQ10 (Ct+Q10), and Ct group that received diamond nanoparticles and CoQ10 (Ct+Q10+Dia). The rats were euthanized, and we collected the semen from the epididymal tissues to evaluate sperm viability, motility, concentration, and morphology parameters. Results: The I/R of the testicles significantly reduced sperm concentration, motility, viability, and altered sperm morphology in the rats. However, the administration of CoQ10 significantly improved sperm parameters in the rats with testicular I/R. Diamond nanoparticles decreased the sperm parameters; however, simultaneous administration of diamond nanoparticles and CoQ10 led to improved sperm parameters. Conclusion: CoQ10 potentially appeared to have protective effects against the long-term side-effects of I/R in testes in rats. Co-administration of diamond nanoparticles with CoQ10 significantly improved sperm parameters and greatly reduced the negative effects of diamond nanoparticles alone. Therefore, green synthesis of nanoparticles with the use of antioxidants such as CoQ10 is recommended. [GMJ.2021;10:e2029]
Nrf2 Dysregulation in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Ghanbarirad Maryam , Hashemi Mehrdad , Saberi Seyed Mehdi , Majd Ahmad
Published: January 2022

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are two of the most important mental disorders that greatly impact different aspects of life. These conditions imply heavy health and economic burden and are heterogeneous in nature. Inflammation is reported as the etiology of mental disorders. Nrf2 transcription factor plays a key role in the defense mechanisms against inflammation and oxidative stress. So, this study aimed to evaluate the expression level of Nrf2 in MDD and BPD patients and compared it with healthy control subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate the expression level of Nrf2 in 100 MDD and 100 BPD patients compared to 100 healthy control subjects. Statistical analysis conducted on GraphPad Prism 8 and SPSS21 included ANOVA, Tukey’s test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and odds ratio. Results: Results suggest a significant downregulation of Nrf2 in these conditions compared to the control group. ROC curve analysis demonstrates Nrf2 as a biomarker of these psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: The elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and downregulation of detoxifying enzymes were observed in MDD and BPD, which can be associated with the downregulation of Nrf2. Concerning its role in inflammatory response pathways, alternation of Nrf2 expression can be associated with the pathology of these conditions.
Evaluation of the Anti-Oxidative Effects of Monocyte Cells Treated with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Supernatant on Experimental Colitis in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Ghalavand Majdedin , Esmaili Gouvarchin Ghaleh Hadi , Jalali Kondori Bahman , Razaviyan Javad , Mohammadi-Yeganeh Samira
Published: January 2022

Background: Alternate activation of monocytes could induce anti-inflammatory impacts. This study aimed to investigate whether monocyte cells treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells supernatant (MSC-Sp) could improve anti-inflammatory responses as a cell transfer therapy for colitis. Materials and Methods: The induction of experimental colitis was done by acetic acid in four groups of male BALB/c mice, including the control colitis, treated-monocytes, non-treated-monocytes, and mesalazine groups. Following MSCs culture, the supernatant was harvested, and then 50% conditioned media, or negative control media was added to the monocytes for 24 h. After ten days, peritoneal injection of treated or non-treated-monocytes (105 cells/100µL) was performed in animals' relevant groups of colitis. Ten days later, the oxidative stress profile and histopathological evaluation of colon tissue were assessed. Results: Treated monocytes showed a significant improvement in the oxidative stress profile, namely myeloperoxidase (0.126±0.008), nitric oxide (0.153±0.01), and malondialdehyde (0.148±0.014) compared to the control colitis group (P<0.05). Also, histopathological results revealed that the rate of damage in the treated-monocytes group was less than in normal mice. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the treated monocytes had anti-oxidative potential in colitis mice and were usable as a complementary therapy. [GMJ.2021;10:e2131]