bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Anterior Negativities Caused by Misapplications of Morphological Rules
Authors: Krott Andrea , Baayen R. Harald , Hagoort Peter
Published: October 2006

This study investigates functional interpretations of left anterior negativities (LANs), a language-related electroencephalogram effect that has been found for syntactic and morphological violations. We focus on three possible interpretations of LANs caused by the replacement of irregular affixes with regular affixes: misapplication of morphological rules, mismatch of the presented form with analogy-based expectations, and mismatch of the presented form with stored representations. Event-related brain potentials were recorded during the visual presentation of existing and novel Dutch compounds. Existing compounds contained correct or replaced interfixes (dame + s + salons > damessalons vs. * dame + n + salons > * damensalons “women's hairdresser salons”), whereas novel Dutch compounds contained interfixes that were either supported or not supported by analogy to similar existing compounds (kruidenkelken vs. ?kruidskelken “herb chalices”); earlier studies had shown that interfixes are selected by analogy instead of rules. All compounds were presented with correct or incorrect regular plural suffixes (damessalons vs. * damessalonnen). Replacing suffixes or interfixes in existing compounds both led to increased (L)ANs between 400 and 700 msec without any evidence for different scalp distributions for interfixes and suffixes. There was no evidence for a negativity when manipulating the analogical support for interfixes in novel compounds. Together with earlier studies, these results suggest that LANs had been caused by the mismatch of the presented forms with stored forms. We discuss these findings with respect to the single/dual-route debate of morphology and LANs found for the misapplication of syntactic rules.
Differences in Mnemonic Processing by Neurons in the Human Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Regions
Authors: Viskontas Indre V. , Knowlton Barbara J. , Steinmetz Peter N. , Fried Itzhak
Published: October 2006

Different structures within the medial-temporal lobe likely make distinct contributions to declarative memory. In particular, several current psychological and computational models of memory predict that the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions play different roles in the formation and retrieval of declarative memories [e.g., Norman, K. A., & O'Reilly, R. C. Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: A complementary-learning systems approach. Psychological Review, 110, 611–646, 2003]. Here, we examined the neuronal firing patterns in these two regions during recognition memory. Recording directly from neurons in humans, we find that cells in both regions respond to novel stimuli with an increase in firing (excitation). However, already on the second presentation of a stimulus, neurons in these regions show very different firing patterns. In the parahippocampal region there is dramatic decrease in the number of cells responding to the stimuli, whereas in the hippocampus there is recruitment of a large subset of neurons showing inhibitory (decrease from baseline firing) responses. These results suggest that inhibition is a mechanism used by cells in the human hippocampus to support sparse coding in mnemonic processing. The findings also provide further evidence for the division of labor in the medial-temporal lobe with respect to declarative memory processes.
Task Switching and Novelty Processing Activate a Common Neural Network for Cognitive Control
Authors: Barcelo Francisco , Escera Carles , Corral Maria J. , Periáñez Jose A.
Published: October 2006

The abrupt onset of a novel event captures attention away from, and disrupts, ongoing task performance. Less obvious is that intentional task switching compares with novelty-induced behavioral distraction. Here we explore the hypothesis that intentional task switching and attentional capture by a novel distracter both activate a common neural network involved in processing contextual novelty [Barcelo, F., Periáñez, J. A., & Knight, R. T. Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport, 13, 1887–1892, 2002.]. Event-related potentials were recorded in two task-cueing paradigms while 16 subjects sorted cards following either two (color or shape; two-task condition) or three (color, shape, or number; three-task condition) rules of action. Each card was preceded by a familiar tone cueing the subject either to switch or to repeat the previous rule. Novel sound distracters were interspersed in one of two blocks of trials in each condition. Both novel sounds and task-switch cues impaired responses to the following visual target. Novel sounds elicited novelty P3 potentials with their usual peak latency and frontal-central scalp distribution. Familiar tonal switch cues in the three- and two-task conditions elicited brain potentials with a similar latency and morphology as the novelty P3, but with relatively smaller amplitudes over frontal scalp regions. Covariance and principal component analyses revealed a sustained frontal negative potential that was distorting concurrent novelty P3 activity to the tonal switch cues. When this frontal negativity was statistically removed, P3 potentials to novel sounds and task-switch cues showed similar scalp topographies. The degree of activation in the novelty P3 network seemed to be a function of the information (entropy) conveyed by the eliciting stimulus for response selection, over and above its relative novelty, probability of occurrence, task relevance, or feedback value. We conclude that novelty P3 reflects transient activation in a neural network involved in updating task set information for goal-directed action selection and might thus constitute one key element in a central bottleneck for attentional control.
Increased Responsiveness to Novelty is Associated with Successful Cognitive Aging
Authors: Daffner Kirk R. , Ryan Katherine K. , Williams Danielle M. , Budson Andrew E. , Rentz Dorene M. , Wolk David A. , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: October 2006

The animal literature suggests that exposure to more complex, novel environments promotes neurogenesis and cognitive performance in older animals. Studies in humans indicate that participation in intellectually stimulating activities may serve as a buffer against mental decline and help to sustain cognitive abilities. Here, we show that across old adults, increased responsiveness to novel events (as measured by viewing duration and the size of the P3 event-related potential) is strongly linked to better performance on neuropsychological tests, especially those involving attention/executive functions. Cognitively high performing old adults generate a larger P3 response to visual stimuli than cognitively average performing adults. These results suggest that cognitively high performing adults successfully manage the task by appropriating more resources and that the increased size of their P3 component represents a beneficial compensatory mechanism rather than less efficient processing.
ENSO Evolution and Teleconnections in IPCC’s Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations: Realistic Representation?
Authors: Joseph Renu , Nigam Sumant
Published: October 2006

This study focuses on the assessment of the spatiotemporal structure of ENSO variability and its winter climate teleconnections to North America in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations of twentieth-century climate. The 1950–99 period simulations of six IPCC models are analyzed in an effort to benchmark models in the simulation of this leading mode of interannual variability: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Coupled Model version 2.1 (CM2.1), the coupled ocean–atmosphere model of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS-EH), the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), the NCAR Parallel Coupled Model (PCM), the Hadley Centre Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model version 3 (HadCM3), and version 3.2 of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate at high resolution [MIROC3.2 (hires)].

The standard deviation of monthly SST anomalies is maximum in the Niño-3 region in all six simulations, indicating progress in the modeling of ocean–atmosphere variability. The broad success in modeling ENSO’s SST footprint—quite realistic in CCSM3—is however tempered by the difficulties in modeling ENSO evolution: for example, the biennial oscillation in CCSM3 and the lack of regular warm-to-cold phase transition in the MIROC model. The spatiotemporal structure, including seasonal phase locking, is, on the whole, well modeled by HadCM3; but there is room for improvement, notably, in modeling the SST footprint in the western Pacific.

ENSO precipitation anomalies over the tropical Pacific and links to North American winter precipitation are also realistic in the HadCM3 simulation and, to an extent, in PCM. Hydroclimate teleconnections that lean on a stationary component of the flow, such as surface air temperature links, are however not well modeled by HadCM3 since the midlatitude ridge in the ENSO response is incorrectly placed in the simulation; PCM fares better.

The analysis reveals that climate models are improving but are still unable to simulate many features of ENSO variability and its circulation and hydroclimate teleconnections to North America. Predicting regional climate variability/change remains an onerous burden on models.
Tropical Indian Ocean Variability in the IPCC Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations*
Authors: Saji N. H. , Xie S-P. , Yamagata T.
Published: October 2006

The twentieth-century simulations using by 17 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs) submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) are evaluated for their skill in reproducing the observed modes of Indian Ocean (IO) climate variability. Most models successfully capture the IO’s delayed, basinwide warming response a few months after El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) peaks in the Pacific. ENSO’s oceanic teleconnection into the IO, by coastal waves through the Indonesian archipelago, is poorly simulated in these models, with significant shifts in the turning latitude of radiating Rossby waves. In observations, ENSO forces, by the atmospheric bridge mechanism, strong ocean Rossby waves that induce anomalies of SST, atmospheric convection, and tropical cyclones in a thermocline dome over the southwestern tropical IO. While the southwestern IO thermocline dome is simulated in nearly all of the models, this ocean Rossby wave response to ENSO is present only in a few of the models examined, suggesting difficulties in simulating ENSO’s teleconnection in surface wind.

A majority of the models display an equatorial zonal mode of the Bjerknes feedback with spatial structures and seasonality similar to the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in observations. This success appears to be due to their skills in simulating the mean state of the equatorial IO. Corroborating the role of the Bjerknes feedback in the IOD, the thermocline depth, SST, precipitation, and zonal wind are mutually positively correlated in these models, as in observations. The IOD–ENSO correlation during boreal fall ranges from −0.43 to 0.74 in the different models, suggesting that ENSO is one, but not the only, trigger for the IOD.
A Method of Homogenizing the Extremes and Mean of Daily Temperature Measurements
Authors: Della-Marta P. M. , Wanner H.
Published: October 2006

To be confident in the analyses of long-term changes in daily climate extremes, it is necessary for the data to be homogenized because of nonclimatic influences. Here a new method of homogenizing daily temperature data is presented that is capable of adjusting not only the mean of a daily temperature series but also the higher-order moments. This method uses a nonlinear model to estimate the relationship between a candidate station and a highly correlated reference station. The model is built in a homogeneous subperiod before an inhomogeneity and is then used to estimate the observations at the candidate station after the inhomogeneity using observations from the reference series. The differences between the predicted and observed values are binned according to which decile the predicted values fit in the candidate station’s observed cumulative distribution function defined using homogeneous daily temperatures before the inhomogeneity. In this way, adjustments for each decile were produced. This method is demonstrated using February daily maximum temperatures measured in Graz, Austria, and an artificial dataset with known inhomogeneities introduced. Results show that given a suitably reliable reference station, this method produces reliable adjustments to the mean, variance, and skewness.
Regional Tropical Precipitation Change Mechanisms in ECHAM4/OPYC3 under Global Warming*
Authors: Chou Chia , Neelin J. David , Tu Jien-Yi , Chen Cheng-Ta
Published: October 2006

Mechanisms of global warming impacts on regional tropical precipitation are examined in a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (ECHAM4/OPYC3). The pattern of the regional tropical precipitation changes, once established, tends to persist, growing in magnitude as greenhouse gases increase. The sulfate aerosol induces regional tropical precipitation anomalies similar to the greenhouse gases but with opposite sign, thus reducing the early signal. Evidence for two main mechanisms, the upped-ante and the anomalous gross moist stability (M′) mechanisms (previously proposed in an intermediate complexity model), is found in this more comprehensive coupled general circulation model. Preferential moisture increase occurs in convection zones. The upped-ante mechanism signature of dry advection from nonconvective regions is found in tropical drought regions on the margins of convection zones. Here advection in both the atmospheric boundary layer and lower free troposphere are found to be important, with an additional contribution from horizontal temperature transport in some locations. The signature of the M′ mechanism—moisture convergence due to increased moisture in regions of large mean vertical motion—enhances precipitation within strong convective regions. Ocean dynamical feedbacks can be assessed by net surface flux, the main example being the El Niño–like shift of the equatorial Pacific convection zone. Cloud–radiative feedbacks are found to oppose precipitation anomalies over ocean regions.
Conflicting Signals of Climatic Change in the Upper Indus Basin
Authors: Fowler H. J. , Archer D. R.
Published: October 2006

Temperature data for seven instrumental records in the Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountains of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) have been analyzed for seasonal and annual trends over the period 1961–2000 and compared with neighboring mountain regions and the Indian subcontinent. Strong contrasts are found between the behavior of winter and summer temperatures and between maximum and minimum temperatures. Winter mean and maximum temperature show significant increases while mean and minimum summer temperatures show consistent decline. Increase in diurnal temperature range (DTR) is consistently observed in all seasons and the annual dataset, a pattern shared by much of the Indian subcontinent but in direct contrast to both GCM projections and the narrowing of DTR seen worldwide. This divergence commenced around the middle of the twentieth century and is thought to result from changes in large-scale circulation patterns and feedback processes associated with the Indian monsoon.

The impact of observed seasonal temperature trend on runoff is explored using derived regression relationships. Decreases of ∼20% in summer runoff in the rivers Hunza and Shyok are estimated to have resulted from the observed 1°C fall in mean summer temperature since 1961, with even greater reductions in spring months. The observed downward trend in summer temperature and runoff is consistent with the observed thickening and expansion of Karakoram glaciers, in contrast to widespread decay and retreat in the eastern Himalayas. This suggests that the western Himalayas are showing a different response to global warming than other parts of the globe.
Family Structure as a Source of Female and Male Homicide in the United States
Authors: Schwartz Jennifer
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in the ecology of crime have identified robust family structure effects on homicide but have not yet comprehensively explored these macro-level effects on cross-community variation in female homicide rates. The author addresses this omission by using seemingly unrelated regression techniques to comparatively assess family and other structural covariates of female and male homicide across 1,600 counties. Family structure is a robust predictor of cross-community differences in both female and male homicide levels, though it is more consequential for male rates of homicide. In addition, for both sexes, family structure exerts a stronger influence than structural disadvantage or other ecological predictors. The author concludes that the sources of female and male homicide offending overlap considerably, yet attention to gender-specific causal factors is also warranted.
Effect of the Crystal Plane on the Catalytic Etching Behavior of Diamond Crystallites by Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Konishi Shunsuke , Ohashi Tatsuya , Sugimoto Wataru , Takasu Yoshio
Published: October 2006

Catalytic etching of synthetic diamond crystallites using small cobalt particles in a hydrogen atmosphere was found to be dependent on the crystal planes of diamond crystallites. The etched surface formed on the {100} planes at 900 °C consisted of reversed pyramid-like etch pits with {111} walls. Those on the {111} planes conversely showed a characteristic morphology consisting of nanochannels with flat walls perpendicular to the flat {111} base.
The Possibility of Involvement of “Cyclase” Enzyme of the Calditol Carbocycle with Broad Substrate Specificity in Sulfolobus acidcaldarius, a Typical Thermophilic Archaea
Authors: Yamauchi Noriaki , Kamada Norisuke , Ueoka Hideyoshi
Published: October 2006

The cyclopentane ring of calditol, a characteristic lipid molecule of Sulfolobus, a major thermophilic Archaea, was biosynthesized from glucose directly, and galactose was converted to calditol with a similar extent to glucose. This finding indicates the possibility of the “cyclase” enzyme of the calditol carbocycle and the involvement of catalytic oxidoreduction at the C-4 of glucose with broad specificity.
Satellite communications for supporting medical care in the aftermath of disasters
Authors: Nagami Kiyoko , Nakajima Isao , Juzoji Hiroshi , Igarashi Kiyoshi , Tanaka Kenji
Published: October 2006

At present, mobile phones are not a useful tool for medical control during a disaster. We have estimated the number of satellite channels that would be needed for telemedicine in a major disaster using the Erlang B equation. This indicated that 29 satellite channels would be sufficient for the operation of a telemedicine system for hospital-to-hospital communications during a major disaster in Japan. Governments at local and national levels in Japan, as well as private organizations, require an independent satellite telecommunication infrastructure to deal with the aftermath of disasters.
Are Base-Stock Policies Optimal in Inventory Problems with Multiple Delivery Modes?
Authors: Feng Qi , Sethi Suresh P. , Yan Houmin , Zhang Hanqin
Published: October 2006

We present a periodic review inventory model with multiple delivery modes. While base-stock policies are optimal for one or two consecutive delivery modes, they are not so otherwise. For multiple consecutive delivery modes, we show that only the fastest two modes have optimal base stocks, and provide a simple counterexample to show that the remaining ones do not. We investigate why the base-stock policy is or is not optimal in different situations. This note is an abridged version of Feng et al. (2006).
A New Decomposition Method for Multiregional Economic Equilibrium Models
Authors: Chung William , Fuller J. D. , Wu Y. June
Published: October 2006

This paper discusses decomposition of a multiregional economic equilibrium model that is characterized by a cost minimizing, linear programming (LP) model of the supply side and a vector-valued function that gives demand prices as functions of the quantities demanded. Our motivation is to ease model development and maintenance by a solution method that links separately developed regional models only when a consistent multiregion solution is desired. A heuristic strategy is described to extend any existing (LP) decomposition principle to a procedure for decomposing an equilibrium model by region. This strategy is applied to extend Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition to the multiregional economic equilibrium model, and several theoretical results are derived for the resulting algorithm. The central result is a proof of asymptotic convergence, under usefully general conditions. The extended Dantzig-Wolfe procedure is illustrated with an existing, two-region model of Canadian energy supplies and demands.
Interruptible Electricity Contracts from an Electricity Retailer's Point of View: Valuation and Optimal Interruption
Authors: Baldick Ross , Kolos Sergey , Tompaidis Stathis
Published: October 2006

We consider interruptible electricity contracts issued by an electricity retailer that allow for interruptions to electric service in exchange for either an overall reduction in the price of electricity delivered or for financial compensation at the time of interruption. We provide a structural model to determine electricity prices based on stochastic models of supply and demand. We use stochastic dynamic programming to value interruptible contracts from the point of view of an electricity retailer, and describe the optimal interruption strategy. We also demonstrate that structural models can be used to value contracts in competitive markets. Our numerical results indicate that, in a deregulated market, interruptible contracts can help alleviate supply problems associated with spikes of price and demand and that competition between retailers results in lower value and less frequent interruption.
History of an obscure case of intracranial infection with autopsy findings
Authors: Kerrison Philip D.
Published: October 2006

Bone and Cartilage Grafting in the Correction of External Deformities of the Nose. L,. Cohen, South. Mod. Jour., 1919, xii, 151.
Report of the new york committee on otitic meningitis
Authors: Dwyer J.G.
Published: October 2006

The New York Committee on Meningitis has been carrying on the work during the last year and in making its annual report would point out that, for the first time, we have been able to report progress in several directions, which will be elaborated upon further.
A one‐stage combined approach for the management of large cerebellopontine angle tumors
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Hays James W. , Jackson C. Gary , Steenerson Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

After 15 years of being involved in the surgical removal of acoustic tumors, otologists are still faced with the general opinion that large tumors are only managed by neuro‐surgeons. With improvement in surgical technique and the advancement of neurosurgery, large tumors can be successfully removed by the translabyrinthine or a combined approach.

The purpose of this paper is to define how tumor size is determined, the diagnostic problems of large tumors, and the technical aspects of their surgical removal. There are many advantages to the combined translabyrinthine‐suboccipital procedure when employed by an otologist‐neurosurgeon team. Morbidity and mortality rates are lowered considerably by this method.
Laser surgery and immunotherapy in the management of laryngeal papilloma
Authors: Lyons George D. , Schlosser Joseph V. , Lousteau Ray , Mouney Daniel F. , Benes Edmund N.
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐three cases of laryngeal papilloma have been treated and followed for four years utilizing laser excision and laser excision/immunotherapy. Fourteen cases responded well to laser excision alone, nine did not and immunotherapy was instituted as adjunctive treatment. To date, immunotherapy has contributed little to the relief in this group of refractory cases.
The effect of the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt operation on vestibular function
Authors: Silverstein Herbert
Published: October 2006

Preoperative vestibular function was studied in 56 patients undergoing the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure for Meniere's disease by electronystagmographic recording of bithermal air caloric stimulation. Fifty‐two percent had normal vestibular function while 48% had a reduced vestibular response on the affected side using 20% difference as being significant. Best results of surgery with relief of vertigo were found in the group of patients with normal preoperative vestibular function (82%) while the group with reduced vestibular response preoperatively showed 63% with a good result.

Postoperatively, 81% had a reduced vestibular response in the operated‐on ear with 62% obtaining relief of vertigo. In patients with normal vestibular function postoperatively, excellent relief of vertigo was obtained. Of patients with normal vestibular function preoperatively, 69% developed a reduced vestibular response postoperatively with only 55% having relief of vertigo.

The results of surgery could be predicted more accurately using the results of vestibular function tests than audiometric data.

It appears that for best results the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure should be performed early in the course of Meniere's disease when hearing is fluctuating and vestibular function is normal.
Presurgical counseling needs of laryngectomees: A survey of 78 patients
Authors: Keith Robert L. , Linebaugh Craig W. , Cox Barbara G.
Published: October 2006

Studies of candidates for laryngectomy have revealed a wide range of misconceptions about this surgery and its sequellae. To evaluate current preoperative counseling practices, counseling deficits, and needs as perceived by the patient and his family, we surveyed all persons who had undergone laryngectomy at this institution since January 1974. The data indicated that present presurgical counseling practices are inadequate for most patients. There was considerable discrepancy between the actual counseling the patients received and what they considered ideal. For example, most received preoperative information only from their surgeons. Yet many indicated that laryngectomy candidates should be counseled by nurses, speech pathologists, recovered laryngectomees, and others. Almost all reported that the spouse should be present during counseling. Many survey respondents indicated that printed materials and/or audiovisual programs would also be desirable.
Metastatic sweat gland carcinoma
Authors: Fierstein Jeffrey T. , Thawley Stanley E. , Druck Norman S. , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: October 2006

Only 48 cases of metastatic sweat gland carcinoma have been published. Our case report is of an elderly lady with a sweat gland carcinoma of the scalp with metastatic disease in the neck. She was treated with radical neck dissection and wide local excision. Follow‐up of three years has revealed no recurrence. The most common location of sweat gland carcinoma is on the scalp. The diagnosis of malignant non‐metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is difficult because there are no definite histologic criteria for diagnosing these tumors. Of the tumors that metastasize, most involve the regional lymph nodes. The differentiation between apocrine and eccrine metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is quite difficult and the criteria are not adequate to be of practical use. Sweat gland tumors may remain the same size for many years and then show a rapid period of growth followed by metastasis. Most metastases are in the regional lymph nodes, however, systemic disease does occur. Wide local excision of the primary tumor with resection of the involved regional lymph nodes is the recommended initial treatment. Prognosis of metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is poor although a few cases may have rather long survivals.
Radiation‐Associated disease: Disease incidence and cost effectiveness of follow‐up
Authors: Schramm Victor L. , Carroll Robert G.
Published: October 2006

The organization, costs and outcome of a metropolitan area‐wide recall campaign for patients irradiated for benign disease is documented. The campaign resulted in an increase in the number of thyroid malignancies discovered in both the irradiated and the nonirradiated population. The organization of the campaign cost $100,000. An estimated excess of 100 thyroid carcinomas were found in the 17 months following the campaign compared to the 17 months prior to the campaign in the Pittsburgh Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Of 150 patients who were radium exposed as infants and remained in the Pittsburgh area, 60% knew of their exposure only by direct hospital contact and were not reached by media public education. Seven of those 150 patients had thyroid carcinoma on 35 year follow‐up, and 30% had some benign or malignant tumor.
Cellular immunity in patients with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck
Authors: Papenhausen Peter R. , Kukwa Andrew , Croft Charles B. , Borowiecki Bernard , Silver Carl , Emeson Eugene E.
Published: October 2006

Forty‐three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated immunologically at various times before and after treatment. Impaired DNCB skin reactivity was found in patients with more advanced disease (Stages II‐IV).

In the 24 patients evaluated prior to therapy, only the mean percentages of two subpopulation T‐cell tests, T‐RFC29 and “active” T‐RFC and mean absolute T‐RFC2$ per mm3 and PHA responses were significantly depressed. These depressed values could not, however, be correlated with the stage of the disease. In patients with poorly to moderately differentiated tumors there was a significant decrease in mean percentage of active T‐RFC and PHA stimulation. A marked difference in mean percentages of T‐RFC29 between pretreated patients without nodal involvement (40.5 ± 2.1) and those with this complicity (58.1 ± 4.9) suggests that this assay may be used to detect occult nodal involvement.

A comparison of the effects of surgery, irradiation and the combination of the two on patients indicated that only radiation affected any of their immune parameters. Irradiated patients demonstrated a marked decline in the mean absolute level of lymphocytes, total T‐RFC and mean PHA responsiveness within one month of the termination of therapy: however, these values returned to the pretreatment level within seven months. None of the treatments was effective in “curing” the immune deficits observed in pretreatment patients.
Frequency and significance of epithelial atypia in laryngeal papillomatosis
Authors: Quick Cedric A. , Foucar Elliott , Dehner Louis P.
Published: October 2006

Laryngeal papillomatosis is the most common proliferative lesion of the larynx in children. The best evidence to date suggests that a virus, presumably one of the papova virus group, is responsible and that there is a strong relationship between laryngeal papilloma and the condylomata of the mother.

The clinical behavior of these lesions is characterized by relentless recurrences and in some cases eventual spread down the tracheobronchial tree to the lung parenchyma. Although classified histologically as benign varying degrees of atypia of the epithelium have been observed together with changes in the cellular composition of the subepithelial layers. Some of the epithelial changes have bordered on carcinoma in situ. The pathologists have been reluctant to make this diagnosis because of the implication of such an interpretation. Parenthetically an identical appearance from a laryngeal biopsy from an adult would unhesitatingly be interpreted as severe dysplasia‐carcinoma in situ. It is apparent that the malignant potential of these histological alterations is extremely low as reflected by the rarity of squamous cell carcinoma arising in laryngeal papilloma. Some exceptions have been reported in children who received radiation therapy, and there have been occasional reports of carcinoma of the larynx arising without irradiation.

To what extent should the interpretation of atypia influence the management of the patient? What are the criteria for labelling atypia and cellular change in papillomatosis? What exogenous influence exists which may induce this atypia; is it related to a longer course of the disease, tracheostomy or to the site of the lesions? These questions pose a dilemma to the pathologist and surgeon.

The surgical‐pathological specimens of laryngeal papillomatosis will be correlated with the clinical course of the disease and the presence of exogenous factors. A system of grading atypias will be presented, and criteria for diagnosis will be suggested. Correlation between histological grading and clinical course of the disease will be explained. A literature review reveals that apparently there has been no previously reported study of these factors, and it would seem essential that if patterns of change exist they must be clearly interpreted by the pathologist and promptly brought to the attention of the surgeon.
Symposium: Adjuvant cancer therapy of head and neck tumors: The role of preoperative irradiation in cancer control
Authors: Conley John , Bryce Douglas P. , Bird Russell J.
Published: October 2006

The most effective methods of treatment of patients with head and neck cancer are surgery and radiotherapy. A combination of these in which radiotherapy preceeds surgery in a planned treatment protocol is attractive as it has the potential of combining the best features of each of these proven modalities.

The basis of rational preoperative radiation rests on a failure analysis for accepted therapy for all areas in which such treatment can be considered. When it can be shown that failure is due to lack of primary and regional control, and when survival by either irradiation or surgery alone is less than 50%, such a treatment regimen can be rationally applied. The closest cooperative effort between surgeon and radiotherapist and modification of each method of treatment — to avoid the cummulative bad effects and to provide the desirable benefits of each method — are necessary.

The necessary rational cooperative effort by those treating head and neck malignancies is largely lacking at the present time. The acceptance of the necessary principles for this method of therapy is developing but only slowly. Nevertheless, such combination of effective therapy still offers the greatest possibility for improvement in our presently accepted modalities for treatment of lesions of the hypopharynx, oral pharynx, advanced lesions of the oral cavity and the nasal sinuses.
Chronic vasomotor rhinitis: Cryogenic and other surgical modes of treatment
Authors: Principato Jerold J.
Published: October 2006

Cryosurgical treatment of chronic vasomotor rhinitis provides a safe, effective and uncomplicated mode of management for this very common otolaryngologic disorder. Data relating to three hundred fifty patients is presented with particular reference to patient selection criteria, cryosurgical techniques and results.
The cochlear aqueduct: Structural considerations
Authors: Kelemen G. , La Fuente A. Denia , Olivares F. Perez
Published: October 2006

Perusing 170 series of temporal bone sections, the course of the aqueduct was found to be a spindle shape, based on numerous dilatations in the middle section. Ample space was offered for development of bony excrescences such as exostotic depositions and osteoma‐like protrusions of all sizes. These added considerably to the difficulties of a free passage through the aqueduct.
Directional handle for zeiss operating microscope
Authors: Eibling David , Smith Howard W.
Published: October 2006

A new directional handle for the Zeiss operating microscope is presented. This handle offers the advantage of single‐handed (right or left) control by natural movement of the wrist. The handle may be used by grasping it through the see‐through sterile drape or sterilized separately and placed outside the sterile microscope drape.
Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses: A new clinical entity
Authors: Mcgill Trevor J. , Simpson George , Healy Gerald B.
Published: October 2006

Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses represents a new clinical entity occurring in individuals with depressed immunological responses. It is marked by a rapid malignant course, requiring early recognition, aggressive surgery and chemotherapy. Clinical manifestations include a rapidly progressive gangrenous mucoperiostitis advancing relentlessly to destruction of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses within a few days. The recent emergence of this form of aspergillosis appears to be directly related to the increased intensity of chemotherpay and immunosuppression in the treatment of previously fatal neoplastic diseases. Control of this disease process requires aggressive therapy. This may include radical sinus ablation, debridement of nasal structures, chemotherapy and possible correction of immunological deficits, i.e., bone marrow transplantation. Four cases are discussed in detail to present the clinical spectrum of this new disease entity.
Giant cell tumors of the maxilla in children
Authors: Quick Cedric A. , Anderson Roger , Stool Sylvan
Published: October 2006

Three types of giant cell lesions occur in the facial skeleton; namely, giant cell reparative granuloma, Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, and true giant cell tumor — osteo‐clastoma preferably called giant cell neoplasm. An appraisal of the clinical course biochemical laboratory data, radiographic appearance, and histological features are all necessary to distinguish between these varieties. Differentiation is a prerequisite to treatment because the management differs in each lesion. Three case reports illustrate these features. The important considerations of facial growth following surgery to the facial skeleton of a child are discussed. Long‐term observation is imperative.
Diagnostic use of ultrasound in diseases of the head and neck
Authors: Chodosh Paul L. , Silbey Robert , Oen K. T.
Published: October 2006

Ultrasound has been utilized for diagnostic purposes for the past ten years. It was originally utilized mainly in ophthalmology and obstetrics and gynecology, although recently it has proven invaluable in diagnosis of cardiac and abdominal diseases. While there have been some reports on its use in thyroid and parotid diseases, there are few reports on its general use in the diagnosis of head and neck diseases. This technique is non‐invasive and is cost effective when compared to CAT scanning. Ultrasound is capable of differentiating not only cystic from solid lesions but also can be helpful in the diagnosis of malignant vs. benign masses. Its value in delineating the presence of multiple lymph nodes as well as following the course of resolution of infectious diseases is presented, and its use in the diagnosis of those conditions involving the parotid gland itself as well as the parapharyngeal space is presented. It would appear to be a valuable adjunct in our management of head and neck diseases.
Neonatal nasotracheal intubation: An evaluation
Authors: Stewart A. R. , Finer N. N. , Moriartey R. R. , Ulan O. A.
Published: October 2006

A retrospective review of 100 surviving infants, all requiring nasotracheal intubation in the neonatal period for greater than 24 hr. was performed to assess the morbidity of this form of airway management. Seventy infants needed only one intubation, 22 were intubated twice and 8 infants required 3 intubations. No infant had evidence of laryngeal or tracheal sequelae, either in the immediate newborn period or on follow‐up. Nasotracheal intubation by an experienced practitioner with appropriate tube fixation and toilet coupled with the use of low pressure ventilation and a consistent extubation routine will result in very low long‐term tracheal morbidity in the neonate.
The diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea by metrizamide ct scanning
Authors: Schaefer Steven D. , Diehl Jan T. , Briggs William H.
Published: October 2006

A case of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is presented in which routine diagnostic evaluation failed to disclose the site of leakage. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning with metrizamide, a nonionic contrast medium, provided not only documentation of the leak but also demonstrated the actual sinus involved.

Metrizamide cisternography with CT scanning is a valuable technique in the evaluation of CSF rhinorrhea. It may only be used when an active leak is present. The patient described in this report lost several drops of CSF from the nose per minute in the face‐down position.

Neurotoxicity may be avoided by routine pre‐examination medication with valium or phenobarbital. Mixing of the contrast agent with CSF. is diminished by injecting in the subarachnoid space at C1‐C2.

The methods used in this examination and their indications are described, and the literature concerning metrizamide toxicity and pharmacologic properties reviewed.
Address of the guest of honor the american rhinologic society: Its foundation and its future responsibilities
Authors: Bordley John E.
Published: October 2006

This presentation includes a brief outline of the historical background of rhinology and a description of the founding of the American Rhinologic Society 25 years ago. It discusses the original aims of the society and points out a number of responsibilities that it should accept for the future development of rhinology.
Management of intratemporal vascular tumors.
Authors: Mangham Charles A. , Carberry Joseph N. , Brackmann Derald E.
Published: October 2006

Vascular tumors (vascular malformations and hemangiomas) of the temporal bone are uncommon, and guidelines for their management have not been published. In an effort to develop an approach to their management, the present study examined the pathological, clinical, and surgical experience with ten of these lesions treated at the Otologic Medical Group, Inc., and St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles from 1960 to 1980.

Intratemporal vascular tumors occurred most frequently at two sites, the internal auditory canal and the geniculate ganglion. Histological features and clinical behavior did not correlate. Both vascular malformations and hemangiomata invaded the facial nerve. Surgical excision in these cases required severence and repair of the involved facial nerve. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice of vascular lesions of the temporal bone.
Pericranial flap for the closure of defects of craniofacial resections.
Authors: Johns Michael E. , Winn H. Richard , McLean W. Copley , Cantrell Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Malignant neoplasms involving the ethmoid sinuses mandate en bloc resection via the craniofacial approach. This technique leaves a direct communication between the nasal chamber and the extradural space to be closed. The elevation of dura from the anterior cranial fossa and cribriform area may result in small dural tears, CSF leak and/or CNS infections. We have utilized an inferiorly based pericranial flap and a laterally based osteoplastic bone flap to successfully close this space and dural defects. The laterally based bone flap allows insetting the pericranial flap without compromising the vascularized inferior base and gives generous exposure of the area to be resected.

This approach has been used successfully in four patients in the last year. Three patients had esthesioneuroblastomas and the fourth had a squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilloethmoid complex. This communication describes the technique and lists advantages of the inferiorly based pericranial flap.
Familial non‐chromaffinic paragangliomas (glomus tumors) : Clinical aspects.
Authors: Baars Frank Van , Brobk Paul Van Den , Cremers Cor , Veldman Jan
Published: October 2006

The clinical aspects of a study of a large family suffering from glomus tumors are presented. A great deal of fragmentary information is obtained from the literature, but never before has so much information been obtained from one single family.

The aim of this study was to screen the individual members of this family by careful history, with special interest taken in symptoms which could be indicative of glomus tumors, and by a physical examination. Because these tumors may be without symptoms or signs, the screening was extended with dynamic angioscintigraphy.
The contralateral ear in acoustic tumors and hearing conservation
Authors: Clemis Jack D. , Mastricola Patricia G. , Schuler‐Vogler Maria
Published: October 2006

Hearing conservation in acoustic tumor surgery is an admirable goal and a logical extension of micro neurotologic surgery, but ideal candidates for conservation are few, and attempts to preserve hearing in those few fail in about half of all cases. Conserved hearing most often falls far beyond a range that will provide binaural function and is, therefore, of questionable use. The problem of hearing conservation in acoustic tumor surgery is rationally approached based upon the implications of the total presurgical overview, particularly with reference to age, general health, tumor size, and especially hearing in the tumor ear, the contralateral ear, and interaural relationships. Technical considerations, the morbidity and mortality, and, finally, probability factors are reviewed from the literature. The patient's consideration regarding potentials for hearing conservation, his need for conservation, and alternative options are discussed.

Rehabilitative options for unilateral hearing impairment are discussed. A review of the amplification requirements of 45 acoustic tumor patients — S or more years postoperative — indicated that three‐quarters had normal hearing in the contralateral ear, 24% of whom required CROS amplification; 67% of the remaining quarter had mild to moderate hearing losses and were effectively wearing BiCROS aids. None were rehabilitated with monaural aids; 20% of the entire group studied had demonstrated some degree of additional hearing loss in the non‐tumor ear since surgery.
Central auditory battery testing in brain stem disease
Authors: Hendershot E. L. , Wood James W. , Karnuta M. A.
Published: October 2006

The CAT scan and the BERA have revolutionized the practice of otology. There is a tendency to accept a negative scan report as indicating a lack of pathology. The authors have found cases where central battery testing has indicated progressing brain stem disease in the presence of a normal CAT scan. In one case, the abnormal test preceded a hemiplegia by two weeks. This raises the possibility of delaying or aborting an infarct if the correct diagnosis is made early.
Polytomography and congenital external and middle ear anomalies
Authors: Wright J. William
Published: October 2006

The preciseness of the detail which can be demonstrated by multidirectional tomography makes it a useful and almost essential method of examination of congenital anomalies of the external and middle ear. Multiple examples are described which are of inestimable value to the surgeon in the diagnosis and surgical correction of anomalies of the temporal bone. Variations of the external canal, temporomandibular joint, pneumatization of the temporal bone, tegmen, tympanic cavity, ossicles, oval and round windows, jugular bulb and carotid artery and facial nerve as seen by polytomography are described.