bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentencing Asian Offenders in State Courts
Authors: Franklin Travis W. , Fearn Noelle E.
Published: November 2010

A significant body of literature has developed to explain the controversial issue of sentencing disparity among various racial/ethnic groups. According to the focal concerns perspective, judges may rely on race-based stereotypes, among other factors, in reaching sentencing outcomes. This contention has received support by the empirical literature when examining sentencing differences that emerge between similarly situated White, Black, and Hispanic offenders. Unfortunately, very little research has addressed the relative treatment of Asian offenders to determine whether stereotypes that commonly target these individuals—particularly the “model minority” stereotype—emerge as a potential extralegal factor in judicial sentencing decisions. To address this shortcoming, the current study employs a large sample of offenders processed by state courts to examine the sentencing of Asians relative to White, Black, and Hispanic offenders. Findings are consistent with a focal concerns/model minority perspective and indicate that Asians are, in fact, treated more leniently than other racial/ethnic groups at the incarceration decision. This extralegal disparity, however, does not emerge during the sentence length decision. Implications for theory, policy, and future research are discussed.
Cultural Contexts and Situated Possibilities in the Teaching of Second Language Writing
Authors: Tsui Amy B. M. , Ng Maria M. Y.
Published: November 2010

Premised on the conception of teacher knowledge as situated and the agency of the teacher in perceiving and exploiting “situated possibilities” in the classroom, this article argues that it is important for teachers to construct local understanding of their work embedded in the local cultural traditions and to explore possibilities for student learning in the context of constraints. The authors report on an investigation of the pedagogical strategies developed by two L2 writing teachers in Hong Kong, which showed that these strategies emerged as the teachers perceived and responded to situated possibilities for learning and that the strategies were rooted in the cultural traditions of the learners as well as the micro-cultures of the classroom. The authors suggest that teacher education programs should provide ample opportunities for teachers to gain a deep understanding of local cultures and to explore opportunities for student learning that build on such cultural traditions.
Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: A preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial
Authors: Bruijn Jacques , Duivenvoorden Hugo , Passchier Jan , Locher Heiko , Dijkstra Natascha , Arts Willem-Frans
Published: November 2010

Background: Riboflavin seems to have a promising effect on migraine in adults. The present study examines whether riboflavin has a prophylactic effect on migraine in children.

Objective: To investigate whether riboflavin in a dosage of 50 mg/day has a prophylactic effect on migraine attacks in young children.

Subjects and methods: This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial included 42 children (aged 6–13 years) with migraine of whom 14 children were also suffering from tension-type headache. Following a 4-week baseline period, all children received placebo for 16 weeks then riboflavin for 16 weeks (or vice versa) with a washout period of 4 weeks in between. The primary outcome measure was reduction in mean frequency of migraine attacks and tension-type headache in the last 4 weeks at the end of the riboflavin and placebo phase, compared with the preceding baseline or wash-out period. Secondary outcome measures were mean severity and mean duration of migraine and tension-type headaches in the last 4 weeks at the end of the riboflavin and placebo phase, compared with the preceding baseline or wash-out period.

Results: No significant difference in the reduction of mean frequency of migraine attacks in the last month of treatment was found between placebo and riboflavin ( P = 0.44). However, a significant difference in reduction of mean frequency of headaches with a tension-type phenotype was found in favour of the riboflavin treatment ( P = 0.04).

Conclusions: In this group of children with migraine, there is no evidence that 50 mg riboflavin has a prophylactic effect on migraine attacks. We found some evidence that 50 mg riboflavin may have a prophylactic effect on interval headaches that may correspond to mild migraine attacks or tension-type headache attacks in children with migraine.
Developing and Testing a Web-Based Survey to Assess Educational Needs of Palliative and End-of-Life Health Care Professionals in Connecticut
Authors: Schulman-Green Dena , Ercolano Elizabeth , LaCoursiere Sheryl , Ma Tony , Lazenby Mark , McCorkle Ruth
Published: November 2010

Institute of Medicine reports have identified gaps in health care professionals' knowledge of palliative and end-of-life care, recommending improved education. Our purpose was to develop and administer a Web-based survey to identify the educational needs of multidisciplinary health care professionals who provide this care in Connecticut to inform educational initiatives. We developed an 80-item survey and recruited participants through the Internet and in person. Descriptive and correlational statistics were calculated on 602 surveys. Disciplines reported greater agreement on items related to their routine tasks. Reported needs included dealing with cultural and spiritual matters and having supportive resources at work. Focus groups confirmed results that are consistent with National Consensus Project guidelines for quality palliative care and indicate the End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium modules for education.
Waldbrandprävention im Kanton Graubünden | Forest fire prevention in Canton Grisons
Authors: Kaltenbrunner Andrea
Published: November 2010

Thanks to fast alarm systems and modern fire-fighting equipment most forest fires can be extinguished while still very small. Nevertheless, the fire brigade and forest organisations in the Grisons are recurringly confronted with larger fires. Over the past twenty years the Grisons Forestry Service and the fire section of the cantonal Building Insurance Company have invested in fire prevention and improved fire-fighting techniques. To monitor and assess the risk of forest fires, the computer-aided forest fire forecasting system “Incendi” was developed. On its basis, regional forest fire risk maps are drawn up and bans on the lighting of fires are imposed. For use in case of fire, the Forestry Service has drawn up maps of the whole Canton Grisons showing water supply points in and near the forest. Where there are gaps in the water supply, artificial water sources are being created. Fifteen years ago a concept of forest fire-fighting bases was elaborated. The most important elements of this concept are the 18 regional depots of mobile fire-fighting material, which in case of emergency can be transported where needed. The present-day administrative structures and the precautionary measures taken in the Grisons fulfil the conditions for efficient forest fire prevention and control.
Record Linkage Theory and Practice: A Matter of Confidence
Authors: Adman Peter
Published: November 2010

In a recent issue of this journal (Vol.8 no.2) the paper ‘Record linkage theory and practice: an experiment in the application of multiple pass linkage algorithms’ by Charles Harvey, Edmund Green and Penelope J. Corfield described the advances the authors have made on their previously published work. By using a multiple pass methodology they increased the linkage rate between two successive polls (1784 and 1788) from one-fifth to nearly three-fifths of the voters in the parliamentary elections for the City of Westminster. This critique examines the validity of their claims with regard to the confidence levels attained.
Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web
Authors: Bainbridge David , Cunningham Sally Jo
Published: November 2010

This article describes a multimedia, WWW-based oral history collection constructed from off-the-shelf or publicly available software. The source materials for the collection include audio tapes of interviews and summary transcripts of each interview, as well as photographs illustrating episodes mentioned in the tapes. Sections of the transcripts are manually matched to associated segments of the tapes, and the tapes are digitized. Users search a full-text retrieval system based on the text transcripts to retrieve relevant transcript sections and their associated audio recordings and photographs. It is also possible to search for photographs by ma tching text queries against text descriptions of the photographs in the collection, where the located photographs link back to their respective interview transcript and audio recording.
Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity of Sulfated Glucans Generated from a Commercial Preparation of Rice Bran
Authors: Ghosh Tuhin , Auerochs Sabrina , Saha Sudipta , Ray Bimalendu , Marschall Manfred
Published: November 2010

Background:

Many viruses display affinity for polysaccharides presented at the surface of target cells with high biological relevance for virus attachment and entry. This raises the possibility of the application of polysaccharides, particularly their sulfated modifications, in studies of receptor binding and also in antiviral therapy.

Methods:

In this study, we analysed various sulfated glucans, generated from a commercial preparation of rice bran using chemical, chromatographic, spectroscopic and virological methods.

Results:

A number of sulfated polysaccharides with different charge densities were generated from a commercial rice bran preparation by aqueous extraction followed by chemical sulfation. The backbone of the type of glucans identified was made up mainly of α-(1→4)-linked glucopyranosyl residues. Sulfate groups were found to be located at C6 and partly at C2 or C3 of glucopyranosyl residues. Sulfation appeared to be very important for anti-cytomegaloviral activity, as desulfation experiments demonstrated an impairment of activity. Using an established cytomegalovirus replication assay with primary human fibroblasts, data demonstrated that the anti-cytomegaloviral effect was determined primarily at the stage of viral entry.

Conclusions:

Sulfated glucans derived from rice bran possess very promising characteristics for their potential use as entry-inhibiting anti-cytomegaloviral agents.
Treatments to Optimize the Use of Artificial Insemination and Reproductive Efficiency in Beef Cattle under Tropical Environments
Authors: de Sá Filho Ocilon Gomes , Vasconcelos José Luiz Moraes
Published: November 2010

Bos indicuscattle, the preferred genetic group in tropical climates, are characterized by having a lower reproductive efficiency thanBos taurus. The reasons for the poorer reproductive efficiency of theBos indicuscows include longer lengths of gestation and postpartum anestrus, a short length of estrous behavior with a high incidence of estrus occurring during the dark hours, and puberty at older age and at a higher percentage of body weight relative to mature body weight. Moreover, geography, environment, economics, and social traditions are factors contributing for a lower use of reproductive biotechnologies in tropical environments. Hormonal protocols have been developed to resolve some of the reproductive challenges of theBos indicuscattle and allow artificial insemination, which is the main strategy to hasten genetic improvement in commercial beef ranches. Most of these treatments use exogenous sources of progesterone associated with strategies to improve the final maturation of the dominant follicle, such as temporary weaning and exogenous gonadotropins. These treatments have caused large impacts on reproductive performance of beef cattle reared under tropical areas.
Die rol van die etiek in die prediking: Nuwe navorsing in Nuwe Testamentiese etiek en die implikasie daarvan vir die prediking
Authors: Kok Kobus
Published: November 2010

The role of ethics in preaching: New research in New Testament ethics and the implication for preaching To the Reformers, legalism was one of the greatest dangers that threatened the heart of preaching and Christian life in general. Luther argued that where preaching solidifies and degenerates into legalism, the essence of the gospel of grace is lost. Therefore, the dynamic relationship between identity, ethics and ethos in the New Testament has to be rediscovered. It is argued that the classical Bultmanian distinction between indicative and imperative does not do justice to the implicit ethical dimension of Biblical texts. New research into ethics, represented by Zimmermann�s heuristic categories, may help us in rediscovering the implicit ethical dimensions in the New Testament. Those who want to speak of the theology of ethical preaching should also take the new research in New Testament ethics into consideration.
Atmospheric three-dimensional inverse modeling of regional industrial emissions and global oceanic uptake of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Xiao X. , Prinn R. G. , Fraser P. J. , Weiss R. F. , Simmonds P. G. , O'Doherty S. , Miller B. R. , Salameh P. K. , Harth C. M. , Krummel P. B. , Golombek A. , Porter L. W. , Butler J. H. , Elkins J. W. , Dutton G. S. , Hall B. D. , Steele L. P. , Wang R. H. J. , Cunnold D. M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has substantial stratospheric ozone depletion potential and its consumption is controlled under the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. We implement a Kalman filter using atmospheric CCl4 measurements and a 3-dimensional chemical transport model to estimate the interannual regional industrial emissions and seasonal global oceanic uptake of CCl4 for the period of 1996–2004. The Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH), driven by offline National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis meteorological fields, is used to simulate CCl4 mole fractions and calculate their sensitivities to regional sources and sinks using a finite difference approach. High frequency observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and low frequency flask observations are together used to constrain the source and sink magnitudes, estimated as factors that multiply the a priori fluxes. Although industry data imply that the global industrial emissions were substantially declining with large interannual variations, the optimized results show only small interannual variations and a small decreasing trend. The global surface CCl4 mole fractions were declining in this period because the CCl4 oceanic and stratospheric sinks exceeded the industrial emissions. Compared to the a priori values, the inversion results indicate substantial increases in industrial emissions originating from the South Asian/Indian and Southeast Asian regions, and significant decreases in emissions from the European and North American regions.
GOMOS ozone profile validation using ground-based and balloon sonde measurements
Authors: van Gijsel J. A. E. , Swart D. P. J. , Baray J.-L. , Bencherif H. , Claude H. , Fehr T. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Hansen G. H. , Keckhut P. , Leblanc T. , McDermid I. S. , Meijer Y. J. , Nakane H. , Quel E. J. , Stebel K. , Steinbrecht W. , Strawbridge K. B. , Tatarov B. I. , Wolfram E. A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The validation of ozone profiles retrieved by satellite instruments through comparison with data from ground-based instruments is important to monitor the evolution of the satellite instrument, to assist algorithm development and to allow multi-mission trend analyses. In this study we compare ozone profiles derived from GOMOS night-time observations with measurements from lidar, microwave radiometer and balloon sonde. Collocated pairs are analysed for dependence on several geophysical and instrument observational parameters. Validation results are presented for the operational ESA level 2 data (GOMOS version 5.00) obtained during nearly seven years of observations and a comparison using a smaller dataset from the previous processor (version 4.02) is also included. The profiles obtained from dark limb measurements (solar zenith angle >107°) when the provided processing flag is properly considered match the ground-based measurements within ±2 percent over the altitude range 20 to 40 km. Outside this range, the pairs start to deviate more and there is a latitudinal dependence: in the polar region where there is a higher amount of straylight contamination, differences start to occur lower in the mesosphere than in the tropics, whereas for the lower part of the stratosphere the opposite happens: the profiles in the tropics reach less far down as the signal reduces faster because of the higher altitude at which the maximum ozone concentration is found compared to the mid and polar latitudes. Also the bias is shifting from mostly negative in the polar region to more positive in the tropics Profiles measured under "twilight" conditions are often matching the ground-based measurements very well, but care has to be taken in all cases when dealing with "straylight" contaminated profiles. For the selection criteria applied here (data within 800 km, 3 degrees in equivalent latitude, 20 h (5 h above 50 km) and a relative ozone error in the GOMOS data of 20% or less), no dependence was found on stellar magnitude, star temperature, nor the azimuth angle of the line of sight. No evidence of a temporal trend was seen either in the bias or frequency of outliers, but a comparison applying less strict data selection criteria might show differently.
CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil of a burned grassland in Central Africa
Authors: Castaldi S. , de Grandcourt A. , Rasile A. , Skiba U. , Valentini R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The impact of fire on soil fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O was investigated in a tropical grassland in Congo Brazzaville during two field campaigns in 2007–2008. The first campaign was conducted in the middle of the dry season and the second at the end of the growing season, respectively one and eight months after burning. Gas fluxes and several soil parameters were measured in each campaign from burned plots and from a close-by control area preserved from fire. Rain events were simulated at each campaign to evaluate the magnitude and duration of the generated gas flux pulses. In laboratory experiments, soil samples from field plots were analysed for microbial biomass, net N mineralization, net nitrification, N2O, NO and CO2 emissions under different water and temperature soil regimes. One month after burning, field CO2 emissions were significantly lower in burned plots than in the control plots, the average daily CH4 flux shifted from net emission in the unburned area to net consumption in burned plots, no significant effect of fire was observed on soil N2O fluxes. Eight months after burning, the average daily fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O measured in control and burned plots were not significantly different. In laboratory, N2O fluxes from soil of burned plots were significantly higher than fluxes from soil of unburned plots only above 70% of maximum soil water holding capacity; this was never attained in the field even after rain simulation. Higher NO emissions were measured in the lab in soil from burned plots at both 10% and 50% of maximum soil water holding capacity. Increasing the incubation temperature from 25 °C to 37 °C negatively affected microbial growth, mineralization and nitrification activities but enhanced N2O and CO2 production. Results indicate that fire did not increase post-burning soil GHG emissions in this tropical grasslands characterized by acidic, well drained and nutrient-poor soil.
Wave Scattering in Inhomogeneous Strings
Authors: Iraniparast Nezam
Published: November 2010

The scattering of waves in an inhomogeneous infinite string with one change in the density of the string is well known. In this paper, we study the case where there are two discontinuities in the density of the string. It turns out that we can write the solution for this case as well. The form of the solution will be given in finite sums of reflected and transmitted waves over finite time. The finite sums become converging infinite series for infinite time.
Ictal very low frequency oscillation in human epilepsy patients
Authors: Ren Liankun , Terada Kiyohito , Baba Koichi , Usui Naotaka , Umeoka Shuichi , Usui Keiko , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Nakamura Fumihiro , Mihara Tadahiro , Inoue Yushi
Published: November 2010

Using intracranial electroencephalographic recordings, we identified a distinct brain activity in 3 patients with refractory epilepsy characterized by very early occurrence from 8 minutes 10 seconds to 22 minutes 40 seconds prior to clinical seizure onset, periodical appearance of slow negative baseline shift, long interpeak interval of 40 to 120 seconds, and disappearance after clinical seizure. We named this activity “very low frequency oscillation” (VLFO), which reflected a dynamic process during the preictal state. This observation may render new insight into epileptogenesis and provide additional information concerning the epileptogenic zone as well as prediction of epileptic seizures. Ann Neurol 2010
Study on the damping of EVM based blends
Authors: Shi X. Y. , Weina Bi , Shugao Zhao
Published: November 2010

The mechanical and damping properties of blends of ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber(VA content >40 wt %) (EVM)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and EVM/ethylene‐propylene‐diene copolymer (EPDM), both with 1.4 phr BIPB (bis (tert‐butyl peroxy isopropyl) benzene) as curing agent, were investigated by DMA. The effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) on the damping and mechanical properties of both rubber blends were studied. The results showed that in EVM/EPDM/PVC blends, EPDM was immiscible with EVM and could not expand the damping range of EVM at low temperature. PVC was miscible with EVM and dramatically improved the damping property of EVM at high temperature while keeping good mechanical performance. In EVM/NBR/PVC blends, PVC was partially miscible with EVM/NBR blends and remarkably widened the effective damping temperature range from 41.1°C for EVM/NBR to 62.4°C, while CPVC mixed EVM/NBR blends had an expanded effective damping temperature range of 63.5°C with only one damping peak. Curing agents BIPB and DCP had a similar influence on EVM/EPDM blends. DCP, however, dramatically raised the height of tan δ peak of EVM/NBR = 80/20 and expanded its effective damping temperature range to 64.9°C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Single center experience with percutaneous endovascular repair of superior vena cava syndrome
Authors: Canales John F. , Cardenas Juan Carlos , Dougherty Kathryn , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: November 2010

Objectives: To demonstrate short‐term effectiveness and long‐term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without adjunctive therapy in treatment of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Background: Recently, PTA with or without adjunctive therapy has evolved as first‐line therapy for SVCS. Despite growing evidence for PTA with or without adjunctive therapy, there are little data reflecting its short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 14 consecutive patients undergoing PTA with or without adjunctive therapy for SVCS, between July 2001 and September 2009. Results: A total of 14 patients (nine women; mean age, 49 ± 15 years) with SVCS underwent attempted PTA with or without adjunctive therapy. Causes of SVCS were indwelling catheters or pacemaker wires (n = 5), idiopathic (n = 5), thoracic outlet syndrome (n = 2), and cancer‐related thrombosis (n = 2). Obstruction of the SVC involved inflow branches in 86% of patients (n = 12). PTA with or without adjunctive therapy was attempted in all 14 patients and was angiographically successful in 93% (n = 13). PTA and stenting was performed in eight (57%) patients; three (21%) patients had PTA with thrombectomy/thrombolysis; one (7%) patient had PTA alone; and one (7%) patient had thrombectomy/thrombolysis alone. Symptom relief was seen in 86% (n = 12), and initial patency was 90%. There were no procedural complications. Mean follow‐up was 12 months, and no deaths were reported. In the 11 (79%) patients with follow‐up imaging, nine (82%) patients showed patency and two (18%) had residual symptoms, with one patient undergoing surgery. Conclusions: PTA with adjunctive endovascular stent therapy for SVCS is safe and effective at giving both rapid and sustained symptom relief. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal oncology registry of head and neck carcinoma (LORHAN)
Authors: Wong Stuart J. , Harari Paul M. , Garden Adam S. , Schwartz Marc , Bellm Lisa , Chen Amy , Curran Walter J. , Murphy Barbara A. , Ang K. Kian
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

A study was undertaken to examine the patterns of systemic therapy use in conjunction with radiation therapy for patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer.

METHODS:

Between December 1, 2005 and May 11, 2009, 2874 patients with newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell cancer who were scheduled to receive radiotherapy and/or drug therapy were registered in a prospective national database. The database was specifically analyzed to examine patients who received chemotherapy in conjunction with definitive radiotherapy.

RESULTS:

A total of 1144 patients received systemic therapy in conjunction with radiotherapy; 645 (56%) patients received agents concurrent with radiation therapy, 49 (4%) patients received chemotherapy before radiotherapy (induction), 224 (20%) patients received chemotherapy before and during radiotherapy (sequential), and 226 (20%) patients received chemoradiation after surgery. Single‐agent cisplatin, single‐agent cetuximab, and carboplatin plus paclitaxel were, in order, the 3 most commonly prescribed concurrent regimens. Concurrent cisplatin was more frequently used in the academic setting compared with the community setting (P = .0015). Postoperative chemoradiation, rather than radiation alone, was more commonly used in academic centers compared with community practice centers (P = <.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

The LORHAN (Longitudinal Oncology Registry of Head and Neck Carcinoma) database is a useful barometer of current US practice patterns and can be applied to analyze future trends in the combined modality management of head and neck cancer. Sequential chemotherapy is used frequently, but cisplatin‐based concurrent chemoradiation remains the most commonly used regimen for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Fine‐needle aspiration of renal and extrarenal rhabdoid tumors
Authors: Thomson Thomas A. , Klijanienko Jerzy , Couturier Jerome , Brisse Herve , Pierron Gaelle , Freneaux Paul , Sastre‐Garau Xavier , Lagace Real , Bourdeaut Franck
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are rare, renal or extrarenal, high‐grade malignancies. The cytologic diagnosis may be confirmed if combined with genomic results. In the current study, the authors present the cytologic and ancillary techniques used to diagnose RT in their series of 20 tumors in 13 patients.

METHODS:

Clinical charts as well as cytologic, histologic, karyotypic, and molecular biology results were reviewed.

RESULTS:

Twelve fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) were performed for primary diagnosis, 7 were to confirm a metastasis, and 1 was to confirm local recurrence. Primary tumors were in the kidney in 7 cases and 13 were extrarenal. Patient age ranged from 5 months to 26 years. There were 7 females and 6 males. FNAs were cell‐rich in 16 cases and cell‐poor in 4 cases and revealed a mix of atypical spindle‐shaped, round, rhabdoid, or epithelioid cells, singly or in clusters. Mitosis and necrosis occasionally were present. The original cytologic diagnosis was malignant in all cases. There were no unsatisfactory or false‐negative samples. In the 12 primary tumors, the preliminary FNA diagnosis was RT in 7 cases (58%), rhabdomyosarcoma in 4 cases (33%), and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in 1 case (8%). Karyotypes were available in 6 cases, 3 of which demonstrated chromosome 22 changes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed loss of probe signals for the SMARCB1 gene locus in 5 cases; DNA sequence analysis performed in 9 cases revealed deletions in codons of the SMARCB1 gene in 7 cases and a mutation in 2 cases.

CONCLUSIONS:

The primary diagnosis of RT is possible on FNA. In the current study, 12 of 13 cases were diagnosed by FNA with a combination of clinical information, immunocytochemistry, and molecular analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010;. © 2010 American Cancer Society
Technological culture and its interpretation: Research results in Poland
Authors: Wyrwicka Magdalena K.
Published: November 2010

Implementation of the same technologies or ideas in production management can lead to different results, even if they are introduced in enterprises functioning in strongly comparable business environments. The anticipated reasons for this phenomenon are varieties in technological culture. Such conjecture was an inspiration to undertake a study in this matter. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of a literature review on culture is presented. It delivers a background of deeper insight into researchers' views of technological culture and its role in implementation of innovations in enterprises. The focus of this article is how employees perceive technological culture and how it can affect implementation of innovations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of recombinant β‐D‐glucuronidase production under low‐shear modeled microgravity in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Qi Feng , Kaleem Imdad , Lv Bo , Guo Xiaoxiao , Li Chun
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: The effects of low‐shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) on the production of recombinant proteins in a eukaryotic expression host have been investigated. The gene (GenBank Accession No.EU095019) derived from Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll (CGMCC 3. 3708) encoding β‐D‐glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31, PGUS) was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The behavior of P. pastoris growth and recombinant PGUS production during the methanol induction stage were examined in a high‐aspect ratio vessel (HARV) that could model the microgravity environment.

RESULTS: The recombinant P. pastoris showed better growth under LSMMG than normal gravity (NG) during the methanol induction phase. It was also found that the efficiencies of PGUS production were enhanced 1.51 to 2.21‐fold under LSMMG compared with NG control at four different rotary speeds (P < 0.05), and 15 rpm was found to be the optimal for PGUS expression. Furthermore, the efficiency of PGUS secretion was also enhanced under LSMMG (all values above 30%).

CONCLUSIONS: The LSMMG environment significantly enhances production and secretion of the recombinant PGUS expressed in P. pastoris GS115. Results suggest that simulated microgravity techniques could be used for the efficient production of recombinant proteins by microbial hosts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of psychotherapy outcome research: Considerations for school‐based mental health providers
Authors: Zirkelback Emily A. , Reese Robert J.
Published: November 2010

Evaluating psychotherapeutic outcome is an important endeavor given psychology's focus on identifying effective treatments. There is ample evidence to suggest that psychotherapy interventions for children and adolescents are effective. Unfortunately, the child and adolescent psychotherapy outcome literature lags behind the adult‐focused outcome literature in some important areas, as children and adolescents are often viewed as extensions of adults. This review analyzes the pertinent youth meta‐analyses, examining treatment, client, and therapist variables relevant to positive outcomes. We also consider the impact of variables that have received more attention in the adult psychotherapy outcome literature (i.e., the therapeutic alliance, therapist effects, and allegiance effects) and their possible impact on child and adolescent outcomes. Our hope is that this discussion benefits school‐based mental health professionals when discerning what works best with the youth population. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Species identification and chromosome variation of captive two‐toed sloths
Authors: Steiner Cynthia C. , Houck Marlys L. , Ryder Oliver A.
Published: November 2010

Two‐toed sloth species, Linnaeus's and Hoffmman's, are frequent residents of zoo collections in North America. However, species identification has always been problematic because of their large overlap in external morphology, which represents an obstacle to the captive breeding program. We describe here a PCR‐based technique that allows species identification of two‐toed sloths without requiring sequencing, by using a mitochondrial marker (COI gene) and restriction enzyme assay. We also report intra‐ and inter‐specific patterns of chromosome variation in captive two‐toed sloths. Molecularly, we identified 22 samples of Linnaeus's and Hoffmman's two‐toed sloths corresponding to 14 and 8 individuals, respectively. One animal was identified as a hybrid using the nuclear gene Enam having alleles derived from both species. The chromosome number in Hoffman's two‐toed sloths showed low variation ranging only between 50 and 51. In contrast, Linnaeus's two‐toed sloths appeared to vary widely, with diploid numbers ranging from 53 to 67, suggesting distinct geographic groups. The species identification method presented here represents a low‐cost easy‐to‐use tool that will help to improve management of the captive population of two‐toed sloths. Zoo Biol 30:623–635, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The European External Action Service: A Look into Eu Diplomat Training
Authors: Frattini Franco
Published: November 2010

Under the leadership of Catherine Ashton, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the process of establishing the European External Action Service (EEAS) has begun. In order for this initiative to be successful, a training framework founded on fundamental European values must be created for qualified individuals entering the service. Important to this pursuit is the creation of a European School of Diplomacy. The EEAS is a positive step towards a common European voice and acknowledging the need to utilise multilateral bodies to find solutions for the increasingly complex and interconnected global stage.
The Lost World of Gilded Age Politics
Authors: Miller Worth Robert
Published: November 2010

The rambunctious world of Gilded Age politics, with its boisterous partisan rallies and three-hour long declamations on the finer points of tariff schedules and monetary policy, passed from the scene of American politics rather abruptly about a century ago. Despite its superficial similarities with politics today — sex scandals, corporate influence, and partisan gridlock in Washington — the spirit and substance of Gilded Age politics was quite different from political discourse today. Politics was a national obsession to nineteenth century Americans. Partisanship was open and vigorous because common people believed the issues were important and political parties represented divergent viewpoints. Men (and in a few places women) of every ethnic and racial background, and from every walk of life, overwhelmingly participated in America's democratic experiment. This made Gilded Age politicians some of the greatest heroes and villains of the era.
Comparative Perspectives on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
Authors: Campbell Ballard
Published: November 2010

Thanks to Richard Jensen, Kriste Lindenmeyer, Alan Lessoff and William G. Shade for helpful comments on this essay.

Comparative perspectives on the United States have received increased attention in recent years, stimulated apparently by the rise in world history's popularity. David Thelen's sponsorship of transnational history as a subject of three special issues of theJournal of American Historyno doubt has contributed to the trend. The reprinting of C. Vann Woodward'sThe Comparative Approach to American Historyin 1997, the publication of George Fredrickson's essays on comparative history, and the report of the La Pietra Project reflect recent efforts to put United States history in an international perspective. While comparative history hardly has gained equal footing with nationally-centered studies, enough work on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era has appeared over the last decade and a half to warrant an assessment. This essay takes note of scholarship on economics, business, politics and governance that has examined the United States within an international context during the 1870s–1914 era. My objective is to discern trends in the literature and suggest opportunities for future research rather than to provide a comprehensive bibliographical survey.
“To Popularize the Nude in Art”: Comstockery Reconsidered
Authors: Picard Alyssa
Published: November 2010

Of all the figures in the struggle over turn-of-the-century vice reform, Anthony Comstock is perhaps the last one might expect to encounter immortalized in the nude. He acquired his fame as a censor of nudity, among other offenses: from 1873 to his death in 1915, Assistant United States Postmaster Comstock lent his name and his enthusiasm for law enforcement to the prosecution of the “Comstock Laws,” the eponymous statutes which restricted the dissemination of vicious images and information through the United States mail. In his government post and as the head of New York City's private Society for the Suppression of Vice, Comstock prosecuted quack physicians, abortionists, lottery runners, purveyors of lewd literature and art, free love advocates and physical culture devotees. By the end of his career, he had arrested more than 3,700 people and burned over fifty tons of obscene books, 3,984,063 obscene pictures, and 16,900 photographic plates.
Revolution or Evolution: The Socialist Party, Western Workers, and Law in the Progressive Era
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: November 2010

In 1913 Socialist Party (SP) leader Morris Hillquit contended that the United States had embarked on the path toward socialism. He argued that the “modern principle of control and regulation of industries by the government indicates the complete collapse of the purely capitalist ideal of non-interference, and signifies that the government may change from an instrument of class rule and exploitation into one of social regulation and protection.” He then asserted that like “the industries, the government is being socialized. The general tendency of both is distinctly towards a Socialist order.” This fit with his understanding of the stages a nation underwent as it progressed first from a society with little to no state involvement in the economy, to a social democracy with state regulation of corporations and protections for workers, to, finally, a socialist state where a government which the people elected managed the economy.
Revising The Response to Industrialism: Changes in Perspective over Forty Years, 1955–1995
Authors: Hays Samuel P.
Published: November 2010

When I retired in 1991 my first project was to revise The Response to Industrialism, which covered the years from 1877 to 1914. These, of course, are the years we call the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era. When the University of Chicago Press asked if I would undertake a revision as part of their desire to update several books in the History of American Civilization Series, I readily agreed. I did so with some instinctive understanding that much about the book would undergo revision, but just what I did not have clearly in mind. Much had changed in the profession, and much had changed in the way I thought about that period in American history. As I worked my way through the first edition the details of those changes became more clear. And so I prepared an introduction to the revision that outlined for the reader just what had changed in my thinking over those forty years.
The House, the Beast, and the Bloody Shirt: The Doorkeeper Controversy of 1878
Authors: Bradley Ed
Published: November 2010

On Friday, April 5, 1878, Benjamin F. Butler, a Republican from Massachusetts, arose in the U.S. House of Representatives and offered a resolution stating “that the true Union, maimed soldier, Brigadier-General James Shields” be chosen as doorkeeper of that body. Although a seemingly innocuous motion, Butler's resolution would spark a debate over the election of a doorkeeper that would last into the following week. That debate — and the reactions to it — are in turn quite revealing of the political environment of the time. Specifically, the “doorkeeper controversy” of 1878 symbolizes the persistence of sectionalism in the immediate post-Reconstruction years. It also provides yet another example of the turmoil and controversy that characterized Ben Butler's colorful political career.
Phocion Howard Examines the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1873
Authors: Saum Lewis
Published: November 2010

Editor's note: In its October 2004 issue, this journal published a vivid account by Lewis Saum, the well-known historian of the nineteenth-century press, of the dispatches and misadventures of Chicago reporter James “Phocion” Howard during the Black Hills gold rush of 1875. A complete product of an age when news correspondents made no pretence of detachment and no effort to avoid becoming part of their stories, Howard, through what he wrote and what he did, was the sort of reporter who contributed mightily to the image of the post-Civil War era as a Gilded Age. This brief account follows Howard back a little in time, to 1873, when he was noisily bursting illusions along the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad just at the moment when that line's bankruptcy hurled the country into its worst economic collapse in decades.
The Scholarly Odyssey of an Activist Historian: Alan Dawley in Historiography
Authors: Tyrrell Ian
Published: November 2010

It would be tempting to see the late Alan Dawley as an intellectual product of the 1960s, a decade that has attracted considerable attention among historians and that shaped the political and intellectual preoccupations of a generation. To be sure, Dawley played a part in that era's social-protest movement that shaped his career as a scholar-activist. Katy Weschler Dawley spoke recently of a young man “with a purpose,” who “became committed to achieve goals of justice, civil-rights and antiwar movements.” These were indeed abiding commitments that would have made the separation of activism and scholarship difficult for any historian, and there is no doubt that Dawley was such a writer driven at the outset by political ideals.
“Enemy Aliens” and “Silk Stocking Girls”: The Class Politics of Internment in the Drive for Urban Order during World War I
Authors: Hodges Adam
Published: November 2010

This article focuses on the two national internment programs developed in the United States during World War I from the vantage point of Portland, Oregon, and argues that they unfolded locally. Both the male enemy aliens at risk of internment and the girls and women who experienced confinement due to sexual activity tended to be poor. Authorities deemed that they were, or were likely to become, radicals or prostitutes—but that they were not to be prosecuted as such. Officials could banish or track them more easily as threats to the war effort, rather than as threats to urban social stability and economic development. Scholars of the home front have ignored the evolution of local-federal partnerships to track or intern these two groups and have so far failed to establish how local perceptions of the dangerous poor shaped cooperation with wartime federal authority.
A Catholic Progressive? The Case of Judge E. O. Brown
Authors: Nugent Walter
Published: November 2010

Progressivism has been notoriously hard to define, not least because progressives have been so diverse in their views and positions. They came in virtually all shapes, sizes, and opinions. One group, however, has seldom been included under the progressive umbrella, and that is American Catholics. But consider the credentials of Edward Osgood Brown, born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1847 to a long-established Yankee sea-faring family, who migrated to Chicago in 1872 and died there in 1923.
Scientific Racism, Insurance, and Opposition to the Welfare State: Frederick L. Hoffman's Transatlantic Journey
Authors: Hoffman Beatrix
Published: November 2010

Frederick Ludwig Hoffman, statistician and insurance executive, was a formidable opponent of the emerging welfare state during the Progressive Era. As a vice president of the Prudential Insurance Company of Newark, New Jersey, Hoffman led a relentless campaign against proposals for government-ran compulsory health insurance between 1915 and 1920. While he acted in the interests of his insurance company employer, Hoffman's opposition also arose from his ardent beliefs about the nature of welfare states. Social insurance and other forms of state-organized assistance, Hoffman claimed, represented “alien governmental theories” based on “paternalism and coercion,” especially since they originated in autocratic Germany, where in 1885 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had created the world's first sickness insurance system. “In so far as our right to oppose compulsory health insurance is concerned,” explained Hoffman, “it [is] the duty of every American to oppose German ideas of government control and state socialism.” In the anti-German atmosphere engendered by the First World War, his arguments had particular resonance.
Response 2: An Age of Incorporation?
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2010

Richard Schneirov's call for rethinking the post-Reconstruction era is long overdue and most welcome. For reasons he lays out with admirable clarity and insight, recent approaches have not offered a satisfactory synthesis. A new narrative offers considerable benefits to historians of the era and the broader publics we serve.
Putting It To A Vote: The Provision of Pure Milk in Progressive Era Los Angeles
Authors: Koslow Jennifer
Published: November 2010

On May 28,1912, Katherine Philips Edson took her seven-year-old son by the hand and headed for her local polling precinct. Women had recently won suffrage in California, and Edson went to exercise her new right. This was a special referendum election, and she needed to consider a number of very different issues. Should she support the creation of an Aqueduct Investigation Board? Should she allow the city to collect funds to erect a new city hall? On this day, the question on the ballot that interested her most was the one that she had played a role in crafting. It read, “Shall the ordinance providing for the tuberculin test to be applied to dairy cattle producing milk furnished to the City of Los Angeles, or its inhabitants, be adopted?” After casting her vote, she remained outside with her son at her side and attempted to persuade the electorate that they should vote in favor of the tuberculin ordinance because it protected the public, especially children, from tuberculosis. TheLos Angeles Heraldphotographed her plea for pure milk and placed it on the front page of the evening edition. Much to Edson's dismay, however, the bill was resoundingly defeated.