bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Students’ Perceptions of Males: Entering the Dietetic Profession
Authors: Lordly Daphne
Published: August 2012

Purpose: Perceptions about males within the dietetic profession were examined among students enrolled in dietetic programs.

Methods: A survey was administered in classes or online to first- and fourth-year nutrition students in seven dietetic programs. Data were subjected to content analysis to determine why students thought more males were not choosing dietetics as a career, and what impact an increase in males choosing dietetics might have on the profession.

Results: Barriers to career choice were primarily gendered. Respondents believed an increase in male dietitians would be positive, increasing professional diversity. Specifically, more male role models would reach more male clients and increase male interest in dietetics as a career. Students also foresaw improved professional status, leading to greater professional respect and credibility. Current stereotyping would be challenged. Perspectives revealed heteronormative assumptions that would influence recruitment strategies.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that broadening the current sex composition of the profession could be beneficial. Attitudes and practices from inside and outside the dietetic profession can influence career choice. Further research would allow a more nuanced approach to the complex and interrelated issues associated with sex and gendered behavior as they relate to the professional complement.
The world is a room
Authors: Guarné Blai
Published: August 2012

It is well accepted that the discussion about intellectual centers and peripheries has a reductionist character that conceals the complexity of a globalizing world. Despite this, we cannot ignore that in the academic history of anthropology central traditions and hegemonic discourses were established, while others were rendered as peripheral or marginal. This historical context has set a disciplinary framework of inequalities and imbalances that created the conditions of possibility for the global production and dissemination of anthropological knowledge. By re-examining the controversy surrounding the anthropology of the Mediterranean and its relation with debates about native anthropology, this article points out the challenge of revising this disciplinary framework in the project of developing a truly global anthropology.
Faltering dialogue?
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: August 2012

Both inside and outside Europe, many societies have drawn on their own textual traditions to generate bodies of knowledge possessing some affinity to comparative socio-cultural anthropology. The premise of this article is that even where the focus is restricted to one country or one nationality, such “national ethnography“ should be considered as a legitimate branch of a broadly conceived anthropological field, rather than belittled or denigrated. Under socialism, both native and foreign researchers carried out fieldwork in similar rural locations in Hungary. A dialogue began, but it seems to have weakened in recent years, despite the fact that access to the region has become incomparably easier. Another change is that Hungarian students are now able to study socio-cultural anthropology as a seperate program in a separate faculty, distinct from Hungarian néprajz. This article is critical of such developments and takes the Hungarian example to argue for the benefits of institutional unification. The resulting department would be larger and more cosmopolitan than the old departments of néprajz, but it would retain its local roots. The integration of “national ethnography“ into research and teaching programs in anthropology would facilitate the persistence of distinctive national, regional, and institution-specific intellectual traditions; such departments could also facilitate the work of fieldworkers from abroad.
Silence, echo, theory
Authors: Thurner Mark
Published: August 2012

The echoes that Andrés Guerrero hears and
shares with us here are strictly inequivalent: the
one is an echo of an archival silence, the other
of sensational newsflashes. The newsflash conjures
more telling silences, and perhaps a film
(Biutiful comes to mind); but the echo of such
silences demands not film but theory. How so?
Anti-Obesity Effect of Nepetae spica Extract in High-Fat Mice
Authors: Roh Changhyun , Park Min-Kyoung , Shin Hee-June , Kim Insub , Kim Jin Kyu , Jung Uhee
Published: August 2012

In recent years, obesity is the most common metabolic disease emerging as a global problem especially in developed nations. The discovery of bioactive compounds from natural plant extracts is one possible way to control obesity and prevent or reduce the risks of getting various obesity-related diseases. In this study, we elucidated that Nepetae spica extract significantly reduced the body weight gain induced through feeding a high-fat diet to C57BL/6 mice. The treatment of Nepetae spica extract significantly reduced the adipose tissue weight to 1.5/100 g of body weight in high-fat mice. When their adipose tissue morphology was investigated for histochemical staining, the distribution of cell size in the high-fat diet groups was hypertrophied compared with those from Nepetae spica extract-treated mice. In addition, in Nepetae spica extract-treated mice, a significant reduction of serum triglyceride and T-cholesterol was observed at to 13% and 16%, respectively. These results suggest that Nepetae spica extract could be useful for prevention or treatment of obesity.
Considering Animals: Contemporary Studies in Human-Animal Relations. By Carol Freeman, Elizabeth Leane and Yvette Watt. Ashgate: Surrey, UK, 2011; Hardcover, 236 pp; ISBN 978-1-4094-0013-4
Authors: O’Sullivan Siobhan
Published: August 2012

In 2005 a small group of academics gathered at the University of Western Australia for a modest yet highly significant interdisciplinary conference focused on scholarship in the emerging field of human-animal studies. A critical mass of academics from the University of Tasmania attended that first conference and pledged to host a second human-animal studies conference two years later. True to their word a second human-animal studies conference was held in Hobart, Australia, in 2007. The organisers called the second conference “Considering Animals” and the book under review here is a compilation of papers presented at that conference. [...]
Direct Observation of Protein Microcrystals in Crystallization Buffer by Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Maruyama Yuusuke , Ebihara Tatsuhiko , Nishiyama Hidetoshi , Konyuba Yuji , Senda Miki , Numaga-Tomita Takuro , Senda Toshiya , Suga Mitsuo , Sato Chikara
Published: August 2012

X-ray crystallography requires high quality crystals above a given size. This requirement not only limits the proteins to be analyzed, but also reduces the speed of the structure determination. Indeed, the tertiary structures of many physiologically important proteins remain elusive because of the so-called “crystallization bottleneck”. Once microcrystals have been obtained, crystallization conditions can be optimized to produce bigger and better crystals. However, the identification of microcrystals can be difficult due to the resolution limit of optical microscopy. Electron microscopy has sometimes been utilized instead, with the disadvantage that the microcrystals usually must be observed in vacuum, which precludes the usage for crystal screening. The atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM) allows samples to be observed in solution. Here, we report the use of this instrument in combination with a special thin-membrane dish with a crystallization well. It was possible to observe protein crystals of lysozyme, lipase B and a histone chaperone TAF-Iβ in crystallization buffers, without the use of staining procedures. The smallest crystals observed with ASEM were a few µm in width, and ASEM can be used with non-transparent solutions. Furthermore, the growth of salt crystals could be monitored in the ASEM, and the difference in contrast between salt and protein crystals made it easy to distinguish between these two types of microcrystals. These results indicate that the ASEM could be an important new tool for the screening of protein microcrystals.
Deciphering the Molecular Nature of Ovarian Cancer Biomarker CA125
Authors: Weiland Florian , Martin Karina , Oehler Martin K. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: August 2012

The ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 has been extensively investigated over the last 30 years. The knowledge about the exact molecular nature of this protein, however, remains fragmented. This review provides an overview of the structural research regarding CA125, and presents an orthogonal verification method to confirm the identity of this molecule. The need for independent identification of CA125 is exemplified by several reports where mutually exclusive data concerning the existence of isoforms and the glycan moieties is presented. Mass spectrometry can overcome the pitfalls of a single detection/identification method such as antibody probing. Independent verification of CA125 identity in characterization studies will help establish a refined model of its molecular structure that will promote the development of new approaches for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of ovarian cancer.
Sea Anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) Toxins: An Overview
Authors: Frazão Bárbara , Vasconcelos Vitor , Antunes Agostinho
Published: August 2012

The Cnidaria phylum includes organisms that are among the most venomous animals. The Anthozoa class includes sea anemones, hard corals, soft corals and sea pens. The composition of cnidarian venoms is not known in detail, but they appear to contain a variety of compounds. Currently around 250 of those compounds have been identified (peptides, proteins, enzymes and proteinase inhibitors) and non-proteinaceous substances (purines, quaternary ammonium compounds, biogenic amines and betaines), but very few genes encoding toxins were described and only a few related protein three-dimensional structures are available. Toxins are used for prey acquisition, but also to deter potential predators (with neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity effects) and even to fight territorial disputes. Cnidaria toxins have been identified on the nematocysts located on the tentacles, acrorhagi and acontia, and in the mucous coat that covers the animal body. Sea anemone toxins comprise mainly proteins and peptides that are cytolytic or neurotoxic with its potency varying with the structure and site of action and are efficient in targeting different animals, such as insects, crustaceans and vertebrates. Sea anemones toxins include voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels toxins, acid-sensing ion channel toxins, Cytolysins, toxins with Kunitz-type protease inhibitors activity and toxins with Phospholipase A2 activity. In this review we assessed the phylogentic relationships of sea anemone toxins, characterized such toxins, the genes encoding them and the toxins three-dimensional structures, further providing a state-of-the-art description of the procedures involved in the isolation and purification of bioactive toxins.
Pardaxin, a Fish Antimicrobial Peptide, Exhibits Antitumor Activity toward Murine Fibrosarcoma in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Wu Shu-Ping , Huang Tsui-Chin , Lin Ching-Chun , Hui Cho-Fat , Lin Cheng-Hui , Chen Jyh-Yih
Published: August 2012

The antitumor activity of pardaxin, a fish antimicrobial peptide, has not been previously examined in in vitro and in vivo systems for treating murine fibrosarcoma. In this study, the antitumor activity of synthetic pardaxin was tested using murine MN-11 tumor cells as the study model. We show that pardaxin inhibits the proliferation of MN-11 cells and reduces colony formation in a soft agar assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that pardaxin altered the membrane structure similar to what a lytic peptide does, and also produced apoptotic features, such as hollow mitochondria, nuclear condensation, and disrupted cell membranes. A qRT-PCR and ELISA showed that pardaxin induced apoptosis, activated caspase-7 and interleukin (IL)-7r, and downregulated caspase-9, ATF 3, SOCS3, STAT3, cathelicidin, p65, and interferon (IFN)-γ suggesting that pardaxin induces apoptosis through the death receptor/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway after 14 days of treatment in tumor-bearing mice. An antitumor effect was observed when pardaxin (25 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/day) was used to treat mice for 14 days, which caused significant inhibition of MN-11 cell growth in mice. Overall, these results indicate that pardaxin has the potential to be a novel therapeutic agent to treat fibrosarcomas.
Nonlinear Modeling for Distortion Analysis in Silicon Bulk-Mode Ring Resonators
Authors: Bijari Abolfazl , Keshmiri Sayyed-Hossein , Babazadeh Farshad
Published: August 2012

A distributed modeling approach has been developed to describe the dynamic behavior of ring resonators. The model includes the effect of large amplitudes around primary resonance frequencies, material and electrostatic nonlinearities. Through a combination of geometric and material nonlinearities, closed-form expression for third-order nonlinearity in mechanical stiffness of bulk-mode ring resonators is obtained. Moreover, to avoid dynamic pull-in instability, the choices of the quality factor, ac-drive and DC-bias voltages of the ring resonators, with a given geometry are limited by a resonant pull-in condition. Using the perturbation technique and the method of harmonic balance, the expressions for describing the effect of nonlinearities on the resonance frequency and displacement are derived. The results are discussed in detail, showing the effect of varying operating conditions and the quality factor on the harmonic distortions and third-order intermodulation distortion. The detailed nonlinear modeling and distortion analysis are applied as appropriate tools to design bulk-mode ring resonators with low motional resistance and high linearity.
Performance of VIDISCA-454 in Feces-Suspensions and Serum
Authors: De Vries Michel , Oude Munnink Bas B. , Deijs Martin , Canuti Marta , Koekkoek Sylvie M. , Molenkamp Richard , Bakker Margreet , Jurriaans Suzanne , Van Schaik Barbera D. C. , Luyf Angela C. , Olabarriaga Silvia D. , Van Kampen Antoine H. C. , Van der Hoek Lia
Published: August 2012

Virus discovery combining sequence unbiased amplification with next generation sequencing is now state-of-the-art. We have previously determined that the performance of the unbiased amplification technique which is operational at our institute, VIDISCA-454, is efficient when respiratory samples are used as input. The performance of the assay is, however, not known for other clinical materials like blood or stool samples. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of VIDISCA-454 with feces-suspensions and serum samples that are positive and that have been quantified for norovirus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, respectively. The performance of VIDISCA-454 in serum samples was equal to its performance in respiratory material, with an estimated lower threshold of 1,000 viral genome copies. The estimated threshold in feces-suspension is around 200,000 viral genome copies. The decreased sensitivity in feces suspension is mainly due to sequences that share no recognizable identity with known sequences. Most likely these sequences originate from bacteria and phages which are not completely sequenced.
Influence of Short-Course Antenatal Antiretroviral Therapy on Viral Load and Mother-To-Child Transmission in Subsequent Pregnancies among HIV-Infected Women
Authors: French Clare E , Tookey Pat A , Cortina-Borja Mario , De Ruiter Annemiek , Townsend Claire L , Thorne Claire
Published: August 2012

Background

HIV-infected women not requiring treatment for their own health usually receive short-course anti-retroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy. Little is known about the effect of this on response to HAART in subsequent pregnancies.

Methods

We analysed data from the UK and Ireland's National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood for 2000–2010. Analyses were restricted to live births among women not on ART at conception but receiving antenatal HAART. We compared risk of detectable viral load at delivery and mother-to-child transmission in two pregnancy groups: ‘ART-naive’ and ‘HAART-experienced’ (≥7 days of HAART during previous pregnancy). Multivariable analyses were conducted using logistic regression.

Results

There were 5,372 pregnancies in the ART-naive group and 605 in the HAART-experienced group. Overall, there was weak evidence of an increased risk of detectable viral load in the HAART-experienced group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.27; 95% CI 1.01, 1.60); however, the increased risk was apparent only among women who previously received non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART (aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.25, 2.63), and not among those with previous protease-inhibitor-based HAART exposure (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 0.81, 1.45). There was no difference in mother-to-child transmission risk between the ART-naive and HAART-experienced groups (aOR 0.42; 95% CI 0.10, 1.78), although the number of transmissions was small.

Conclusions

We found no increased risk of detectable viral load at delivery among women exposed to short-course, protease-inhibitor-based HAART during a previous pregnancy. However, women with prior exposure to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART appeared to be at increased risk of not adequately suppressing the virus. These findings highlight the need for careful management of HIV-infected women presenting with repeat pregnancies.
La littérature négro-africaine face à l'histoire de l'Afrique
Authors: Kesteloot Lilyan
Published: August 2012

La littérature négro-africaine écrite naît entre 1930 et 1940, à la suite des premiers mouvements d’émancipation négro-américains et africains, avec l’éclosion de revues spécifiques. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, avec la revue Présence africaine , apparaît une littérature de protestation. Parallèlement, le roman africain se développe en réponse à la politique anticoloniale précédant les indépendances. Après 1960, la littérature africaine décrit les problèmes internes aux nouveaux États africains. De 1985 à 2005, un virage rend compte de la détérioration progressive des structures sociales, politiques et économiques de ces États dirigés par des dictateurs. Au xxi e  siècle émergent des auteurs soucieux de s’affranchir du chaos africain au profit d’une identité « mondiale » et purement littéraire.
Natural occurrence of masked deoxynivalenol in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products during 2008-2011
Authors: Li F.Q. , Wang W. , Ma J.J. , Yu C.C. , Lin X.H. , Yan W.X.
Published: August 2012

A total of 697 samples of wheat and wheat-based products collected from 24 provinces in China during 2008-2011 were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-O-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). DON was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently. Nine wheat flour samples were positive for DON at levels exceeding the Chinese regulatory limit of 1000 μg/kg for DON in wheat. Moderate concentrations of DON-3G and lower concentrations of both 3-ADON and 15-ADON were found in the presence of high DON levels. DON-3G was detected at concentrations of 4-238 μg/kg (mean 52 μg/kg) in wheat kernels and 3-39 μg/kg (mean 11 μg/kg) in wheat flour in 2008; and 3-235 μg/kg (mean 22 μg/kg), 3-53 μg/kg (mean 14 μg/kg) and 3-87 μg/kg (mean19 μg/kg) in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The average relative ratio of DON-3G to DON was 33±3% in wheat kernels and 10±1% in wheat flour in 2008; and 22±7%, 9±4% and 14±7% in wheat products in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The natural occurrence of DON-3G is positively correlated with that of DON in all samples over the 4-year period. DON-3G was present at a level higher than 3-ADON and 15-ADON in all samples examined, possibly due to the fact that a higher level of DON, the precursor of DON-3G, was found compared to either 3-ADON or 15-ADON. As for the toxin proportion, DON-3G accounted for 30% (wheat kernel) and 13% (wheat flour), as well as 14%, 11% and 13% of the total 4 toxins tested in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 samples, respectively. These results indicate the importance of considering DON-3G with regard to setting a regulatory limit for DON in Chinese wheat and wheat-based products.
Occurrence of mono- and di-glycosylated conjugates of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in naturally contaminated cereals
Authors: Veprikova Z. , Vaclavikova M. , Lacina O. , Dzuman Z. , Zachariasova M. , Hajslova J.
Published: August 2012

An increasing incidence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) representing group A trichothecenes has been observed in Fusarium infected small grain cereals in the last decade. Quite recently, the existence of glucosides of T-2 and HT-2 has also been proved next to the common parent forms. There is a strong desire to deepen the knowledge of the occurrence of these conjugates and the possibilities of their analytical determination. A new analytical procedure has been developed for monitoring T-2/HT-2 conjugates in cereal samples. Four different sample preparation methods based on crude acetonitrile:water extraction, QuEChERS, solid phase extraction and immunoaffinity clean-up, were tested. The latter approach employing dedicated immunoaffinity cross-reactive cartridges was shown to be the best option for selective isolation and pre-concentration of the target conjugated analytes. The samples obtained in this way were examined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry that enabled the confirmation of the presence of conjugated T-2 and HT-2. In addition to mono-glycosylated forms of T-2 and HT-2 detected in naturally contaminated barley, wheat and oats, we have also documented for the first time the existence of diglucosides of HT-2 in barley.
Spatial and Temporal Trends of Freshwater Mussel Assemblages in the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, USA
Authors: Hinck Jo Ellen , McMurray Stephen E. , Roberts Andrew D. , Barnhart M. Christopher , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Wang Ning , Augspurger Tom
Published: August 2012

The Meramec River basin in eastcentral Missouri has one of the most diverse unionoid mussel faunas in the central United States with 40 species identified. Data were analyzed from historical surveys to test whether diversity and abundance of mussels in the Meramec River basin Big, Bourbeuse, and Meramec rivers, representing 400 river miles decreased between 1978 and 1997. We found that over 20y, species richness and diversity decreased significantly in the Bourbeuse and Meramec rivers but not in the Big River. Most species were found at fewer sites and in lower numbers in 1997 than in 1978. Federally endangered species and Missouri Species of Conservation Concern with the most severe temporal declines were Alasmidonta viridis, Arcidens confragosus, Elliptio crassidens, Epioblasma triquetra, Fusconaia ebena, Lampsilis abrupta, Lampsilis brittsi, and Simpsonaias ambigua. Averaged across all species, mussels were generally being extirpated from historical sampling sites more rapidly than colonization was occurring. An exception was one reach of the Meramec River between river miles 28.4 and 59.5, where mussel abundance and diversity were greater than in other reaches and where colonization of Margaritiferidae, Lampsilini, and Quadrulini exceeded extirpation. The exact reasons mussel diversity and abundance have remained robust in this 30mile reach is uncertain, but the reach is associated with increased gradients, few long pools, and vertical rock faces, all of which are preferable for mussels. Complete loss of mussel communities at eight sites 16 with relatively diverse historical assemblages was attributed to physical habitat changes including bank erosion, unstable substrate, and sedimentation. Mussel conservation efforts, including restoring and protecting riparian habitats, limiting the effects of instream sand and gravel mining, monitoring and controlling invasive species, and protecting water quality, may be warranted in the Meramec River basin.
Les savoirs, l’amour, et les mots dans La sal me sabría a polvo
Authors: Ponce Néstor
Published: August 2012

Cet article étudie le volume de poésie de Jaime Labatida La sal me sabría a polvo (2009). Il s'intéresse en particulier aux rapports entre poésie et réalité, entre langage et représentation esthétique, entre instance poétique et société. La clef du livre s'articule autour des questionnements philosophiques, d'un ensemble de questions qui donnent par ailleurs la ligne mélodique du recueil. La poésie se postule comme une forme de connaissance et de reconnaissance et l'existence devient dans ce contexte voyage vers l'inconnu.
« Agua de rosas » de Lila Downs : une expérience de vision
Authors: Roche Mélanie
Published: August 2012

Dans son album Entre copa y copa, canciones de cantina(2006), Lila Downs, une artiste mexico-étatsunienne de musique du monde, propose une composition intitulée « Agua de rosas », dans laquelle l’artiste prend pour thème le bain de roses que des guérisseuses zapotèques de Juchitán de Zaragoza, dans l’Etat d’Oaxaca, Mexique, lui ont donné pour qu’elle se détende et soigne ses peines. Cette chanson correspond également à un éloge funèbre adressé à Idalia Linares Sánchez, une amie personnelle. Idalia Linares représentait un membre actif de la Coalición Obrera, Campesina y Estudiantil del Istmo, une association indienne qui remporte les élections municipales de Juchitán en 1981. Un entretien avec la fille d’Idalia Linares, Marlene Linares, qui a notamment connu une expérience migratoire aux Etats-Unis, ainsi que le discours poétique de Lila Downs nous amèneront à nous interroger sur la vie et la subjectivité des femmes zapotèques, sur les continuités et les ruptures entre deux générations, sur les tensions entre l’ancien et le moderne.
From Margin to Centre
Authors: Surugiu Oana
Published: August 2012

À l’époque de l’ouverture intellectuelle, de la globalisation, du multiculturalisme et du désir de  franchir le seuil entre le centre et la périphérie, on se confronte toujours à un certain complexe de marginalité, à la lutte pour atteindre le centre, à savoir le monde anglophone. En utilisant comme point de départ les considérations de Lawrence Venuti sur les relations assymétriques entre les littératures, les « normes préliminaires » identifiées par Gideon Toury, le concept d’ « autorité culturelle » (André Lefevere) et les directions postcoloniales dans la traductologie, cet article se propose d’examiner les chances de la littérature roumaine postcommuniste, en tant que littérature « périphérique », « mineure » d'être traduite et promue sur le marché du livre américain.
La inmigración sirio-libanesa en la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina : continuidades, desvanecencias e intercambios socioculturales
Authors: Bérodot Solène , Pozzo María Isabel
Published: August 2012

El presente artículo refiere a la inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina ; específicamente, en la ciudad de Rosario. Con respecto a ella, describe las instituciones creadas por la colectividad para mantener vivos los vínculos con la comunidad de origen. Asimismo, releva las principales manifestaciones socioculturales (la lengua, la danza y los hábitos culinarios) en su afán de preservar las costumbres de origen (continuidades), los aspectos que decaen con el paso del tiempo y la distancia geográfica (las desvanecencias) y las modificaciones (los intercambios) que la nueva realidad imprime a las prácticas de origen. La descripción se desprende de un trabajo de campo realizado en la ciudad con inmigrantes y descendientes.
Las meninas del vaquero
Authors: Aubague Laurent
Published: August 2012

Le photographe mexicain Hernández Claire a consacré son travail à la saisie des stéréotypes de la vie quotidienne dans son État natal, le Jalisco. Ses photos interrogent les clichés habituels véhiculés par certains de ces stéréotypes. Dans la photographie intitulée Navo, cowboy de pick-up, Hernández Claire s’amuse à déconstruire, grâce à des procédés spéculaires, le mythe du cow-boy. De la sorte, le rétroviseur d’un pick-up se transforme en écran où viennent se fondre le regard du photographe et l’image de l’homme dont il fait le portrait. La particularité de cette cristallisation est de multiplier les approches des différents niveaux de sens de cette photographie qui forme un ensemble de regards assimilables à une polyphonie.
Cutting Edge: IL-6 Is a Marker of Inflammation with No Direct Role in Inflammasome-Mediated Mouse Models
Authors: McGeough Matthew D. , Pena Carla A. , Mueller James L. , Pociask Derek A. , Broderick Lori , Hoffman Hal M. , Brydges Susannah D.
Published: August 2012

IL-6 is a known downstream target of IL-1β and is consistently increased in serum from patients with NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated conditions. Therefore, IL-6 could be a therapeutic target in the treatment of IL-1β–provoked inflammation. IL-6 was increased in serum with accompanying neutrophilia in tissues of an inducible mouse model of Muckle–Wells syndrome. However, an IL-6–null background failed to provide phenotypic rescue and did not significantly impact inflammatory cytokine levels. In a second model of IL-1β–driven inflammation, NLRP3 activation by monosodium urate crystals similarly increased IL-6. Consistent with our Muckle–Wells syndrome model, ablation of IL-6 did not impact an acute neutrophilic response in this in vivo evaluation of gouty arthritis. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-6 is a reliable marker of inflammation, with no direct role in inflammasome-mediated disease.
Caveolin-1–Mediated Negative Signaling Plays a Critical Role in the Induction of Regulatory Dendritic Cells by DNA and Protein Coimmunization
Authors: Li Jinyao , Geng Shuang , Xie Xiaoping , Liu Hu , Zheng Guoxing , Sun Xiaolin , Zhao Gan , Wan Ying , Wu Yuzhang , Chen Xuan , Zhong Yiwei , Wang Bin
Published: August 2012

Induction of Ag-specific regulatory T cells (iTregs) by vaccination is a promising strategy for treating autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that DNA and protein covaccination converted naive T cells to Ag-specific iTregs by inducing CD11c+CD40lowIL-10+ regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs). However, it is unclear how coimmunization induces the DCregs. In this paper, we report that the event is initiated by coentry of sequence-matched DNA and protein immunogens into the same DC via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which leads to inhibition of phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the main component of caveolae, and upregulation of Tollip. This triggers downstream signaling that upregulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and downregulates NF-κB and STAT-1α. Silencing either Cav-1 or Tollip blocks the negative signaling, leading to upregulated expression of CD40, downregulated production of IL-10, and loss of iTreg-inducing function. We further show that DCregs can be induced in culture from primary DCs and JAWS II DC lines by feeding them sequence-matched DNA and protein immunogens. The in vitro-generated DCregs are effective in ameliorating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in several mouse models. Our study thus suggests that DNA and protein coimmunization induces DCregs through Cav-1– and Tollip-mediated negative signaling. It also describes a novel method for generating therapeutic DCregs in vitro.
‘n Homilie oor geloofsonderskeiding in ‘n akkoord van drie
Authors: Van der Merwe J. Christo
Published: August 2012

A homily on discernment of faith in a chord of three. This article reflects on discernment as a key Christian faith practice of the believing community that wants to live according to its vision and mission as articulated in 1 Peter 2:21: To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps. This homily is presented as a chord consisting of three notes that entices the readers to contribute their own harmonies – to witness to their own contexts of tension between true and false prophecy, to choose for God’s presence in Jesus Christ and to perservere as followers of Jesus amid the coldness and cruelty of this world. These disciples choose Jesus in spite of the chaos in their own lives and in their world. A similar choice was made by one of the criminals on the cross alongside Jesus (Lk 23:42). The three notes that make up the chord are: discernment on the basis of the Bible with the guidance of the Holy Spirit in order to distinguish the will of God for the road ahead.
IMPACTO DE LA IVERMECTINA SOBRE EL AMBIENTE
Authors: Aparicio-Medina Manuel José , Paredes-Vanegas Varinia , González-López Odalys , Navarro-Reyes Omar
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v11i17.780 La Calera Vol.11 No.17, p.64-66
LOS AGRICULTORES Y SUS NUEVAS PRIORIDADES: EXIGIR UNA EDUCACIÓN ÚTIL, PROFESIONALIZARSE Y DEPONER EL INDIVIDUALISMO
Authors: Polan Lacki
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v11i17.781 La Calera Vol.11 No.17, p.67-69
Les à-côtés de la philosophie et le commérage transcendantal
Authors: Méchoulan Éric
Published: August 2012

Par une analyse de textes philosophiques de Parménide, Platon, Aristote et Rousseau, l’auteur montre la présence ambivalente du récit. Les apparences mises en scène par la narration ont pu être écartées, par toute une tradition de pensée, comme inopportunes ou accessoires, elles font en fait partie des modalités mêmes de la réflexion, définissant ainsi dans les replis du récit les figures temporelles des idées.
La philosophie de Platon à l’épreuve de l’autobiographie
Authors: Castelnérac Benoît
Published: August 2012

Dans la réception critique de la philosophie de Platon, l’expérience à Syracuse est intimement liée à l’utopie de la République, car l’utopie et l’autobiographie se complètent en partageant des positions diamétralement opposées sur le narrateur, le récit et le réel. Une étude de la Lettre VII, et plus particulièrement de la narration que fait Platon de la mise à l’épreuve philosophique de Denys II, montre que l’autobiographie est une réponse adéquate à la construction spéculative qui occupe les livres centraux de la République. Ici, le récit autobiographique est l’antidote aux débordements spéculatifs de la réflexion normative en philosophie.
Images de la nature dans les romans de la Grande Guerre : esquisse d’une typologie
Authors: Schoentjes Pierre
Published: August 2012

Dans un des meilleurs témoignages qui nous restent de la Grande Guerre, le Belge Deauville écrit : « La guerre, au milieu du spectacle coloré et changeant de la nature, est une chose mécanique, surajoutée, comme une voie de chemin de fer qui court dans un site de montagne ». Il annonce là, cinquante ans avant que le critique américain Léo Marx ne s’en empare, le paradigme selon lequel peuvent s’organiser pour l’homme les rapports conflictuels entre la nature et la guerre. S’appuyant sur un corpus important et qui montre la diversité des images à travers lesquelles 14-18 se donne à lire dans la littérature de fiction, cette contribution esquisse une typologie qui espère contribuer à baliser ce vaste champ thématique. Elle fournira l’occasion de nous arrêter aux six catégories majeures, sur un éventail qui se déploie de l’Arcadie à l’Apocalypse.
Julio Cortázar : fantastique et mysticisme oriental
Authors: Chen Fanfan
Published: August 2012

Cet article essaie de mettre en lumière la présence occulte du mysticisme oriental dans les récits de Julio Cortázar, lieux d’un équilibre délicat entre la littérature et le sentiment vécu de frisson fantastique. Pour commencer, je propose une vue générale sur le fantastique, le mysticisme et Cortázar. Je propose ensuite une exploration sur la structure formelle et spirituelle de trois schèmes avec l’hypersensibilité qui conduit au « non-je ». Enfin, je proposerai une lecture de l’absence de causalité logique qui débouche sur une rhétorique mystique et donne forme à l’écriture fantastique de Cortázar.
Yucatan Current variability through the Cozumel and Yucatan channels
Authors: Athié G , Candela J , Sheinbaum J , Badan A , Ochoa J
Published: August 2012

A comparison based on eight months of simultaneous observations of the flow variability in the Yucatan and Cozumel channels shows that the portion of the Yucatan Current that crosses through Cozumel Channel is best correlated with the flow near the center of the Yucatan Channel within the core of the Yucatan Current (defined here as velocities in excess of 0.6 m s–1). The core has a mean transport of 9 Sv, which is about 40% of that measured for the entire Yucatan Channel cross section. The position of maximum current velocity oscillates within the mean core position in the Yucatan Channel, shifting eastward when the current intensifies in Cozumel Channel and westward when it weakens, indicative of a current behavior dominated by inertia instead of topographic control. Mesoscale features, possibly eddies passing through the region, seem to couple the variability in both channels, giving a plausible explanation for the observed current patterns.
Effect of supplying four copepod densities (Acartia sp. and Calanus pacificus) onthe productive response of Litopenaeus vannamei pregrown intensively at microcosm level
Authors: Martínez-Córdova LR , Campaña-Torres A , Martínez-Porchas M
Published: August 2012

A seven-week experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of supplying copepods (Acartia sp. and Calanus pacificus), as exogenous feed during the intensive pre-growout phase of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), on the productive parameters and water quality. Five treatments were tested in which shrimp were fed formulated feed and the addition of 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 copepods mL–1. Treatments with 1 and 4 copepods mL–1 had higher ammonia nitrogen levels than the rest of the treatments (>4 mg L–1). Nitrite levels were significantly higher in the treatment with 8 copepods mL–1, whereas nitrate levels were higher in all treatments relative to the control. Phosphate concentration was higher in the treatments with 4 and 8 copepods mL–1. Shrimp from the treatments with 2, 4, and 8 copepods mL–1 showed a higher survival (>93%), weight (>3.1 g), and final biomass (>77 g). The treatment with 2 copepods mL–1 had the best feed conversion ratio (1.19) compared with the rest (>1.7). The results suggest that the additional supply of copepods as exogenous feed during the intensive pre-growout phase of shrimp culture can have a negative effect on the water quality, although survival was not affected; however, the effect on the production parameters was positive, indicating that the use of copepods as exogenous live feed is feasible in the culture of white shrimp.
Wind-driven coastal circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico
Authors: Velázquez-Muñoz FA , Martínez JA , Chavanne C , Durazo R , Flament P
Published: August 2012

Sea surface current measurements and wind stress and sea surface temperature satellite data were used to study the effect of northerly wind events (Tehuanos) on coastal dynamics in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. The winter 2005 observations show a significant change in the intensity and direction of surface currents during wind events, which is reflected in an increase in kinetic energy and negative relative vorticity. The analysis revealed that kinetic energy of the coastal current decreases (increases) in periods when there is absence (presence) of Tehuano wind events, and that the relative vorticity has a tendency to positive values under low wind conditions and a tendency to negative values during high wind events. An asymmetric ocean response was observed due to wind stress forcing and the interaction between a persistent coastal current and offshore wind stress. Con base en mediciones de corrientes superficiales del océano e información satelital de vientos y temperatura superficial del océano, se estudió el efecto de los eventos de viento del norte (tehuanos) sobre la dinámica costera en el golfo de Tehuantepec, México. Las observaciones realizadas durante el invierno de 2005 mostraron un cambio significativo en la intensidad y dirección de las corrientes superficiales durante los eventos de viento, que se vio reflejado en un aumento de la energía cinética y de la vorticidad relativa negativa. El análisis mostró que la energía cinética de la corriente costera decrece (incrementa) en los periodos cuando hay ausencia (presencia) de eventos de viento tehuano, y que la vorticidad relativa presenta una tendencia a valores positivos bajo condiciones de viento débil y una notoria tendencia a valores negativos durante los eventos de viento intenso. Se observó una asimetría en la respuesta del océano por el forzamiento del esfuerzo del viento y la interacción entre una corriente costera persistente y el viento normal a la costa.
Main and Moderated Effects of Moral Cognition and Status on Bullying and Defending
Authors: Caravita Simona C. S. , Gini Gianluca , Pozzoli Tiziana
Published: August 2012

This study analyzed the relations of two dimensions of moral cognition (i.e., acceptance of moral transgression and moral disengagement) and two forms of status in the peer group (i.e., social preference and perceived popularity) with bullying and defending among 235 primary‐school children and 305 middle‐school early adolescents. Social status was tested as a moderator of the associations between moral cognition and bullying and defending. Participants completed self‐reports assessing the two dimensions of moral cognition and peer nominations for status, bullying, and defending. Both acceptance of moral transgression and moral disengagement were associated to bullying among early adolescents only, whereas in childhood moral disengagement was linked to defending among girls. Social status moderated the associations between morality dimensions and bullying and defending. The moderating effects of status were discussed considering status as a magnifying lens for the relations between individual characteristics and social behavior. The results were also discussed with reference to age and gender differences in the associations. Aggr. Behav. 38:456‐468, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attrition of Ca‐based CO2‐adsorbents by a high velocity gas jet
Authors: Valverde Jose Manuel , Quintanilla Miguel Angel Sanchez
Published: August 2012

Attrition of Ca‐based adsorbents is a subject of interest that determines the efficiency of the Ca‐looping process for CO2capture. In this article, we report an experimental test to assess the mechanical strength of cohesive Ca‐based adsorbents based on particle sizing by laser diffractometry. In this technique, the powder sample is dispersed, either by a high velocity air jet (dry dispersion) or by a liquid before the particle size distribution (PSD) is measured. In the dry dispersion unit, particle aggregates are subjected to high energy collisions intended to cause their fragmentation. The PSDs obtained at a low dispersive air pressure for calcined CaO shows that there is a remarkable population of large aggregates due to strong van der Waals of attraction. A second population consists of compact small aggregates, which are relatively stronger due to material sintering at interparticle contacts. As the dispersive air pressure is increased, these aggregates are broken. Their size scales as a power law of the jet air velocity in agreement with the prediction of a fracture mechanics theory of brittle materials. In contrast, the population of large aggregates of a modified adsorbent, consisting of a CaO/nano‐silica composite, is not significative, which can be attributed to the effect of nano‐silica in decreasing the van der Waals attractive force. Moreover, the small compact aggregates of the composite are broken at a lower rate with the dispersive air pressure. The enhanced strength of these composite aggregates is further supported by the PSDs obtained for samples dispersed in a liquid and previously excited by high energy ultrasonication. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1096–1107, 2013
Does Confirmed Pathogen Transfer between Sanctuary Workers and Great Apes Mean that Reintroduction Should not Occur?
Authors: UNWIN STEVE , ROBINSON IAN , SCHMIDT VANESSA , COLIN CHRIS , FORD LISA , HUMLE TATYANA
Published: August 2012

This commentary discusses the findings and conclusions of the paper “Drug resistant human Staphylococcus aureus findings in sanctuary apes and its threat to wild ape populations.” This paper confirms the zoonotic transfer of Staphylococcus aureus in a sanctuary setting. The assertion that this in itself is enough to reconsider the conservation potential of ape reintroduction provides an opportunity to discuss risk analysis of pathogen transmission, following IUCN guidelines, using S. aureus as an example. It is concluded that ape reintroduction projects must have disease risk mitigation strategies that include effective biosecurity protocols and pathogen surveillance. These strategies will assist with creating a well planned and executed reintroduction. This provides one way to enforce habitat protection, to minimise human encroachment and the risks from the illegal wildlife trade. Thus reintroduction must remain a useful tool in the conservation toolbox. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1076‐1083, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive impairment in lacunar strokes: The SPS3 trial
Authors: Jacova Claudia , Pearce Lesly A. , Costello Raymond , McClure Leslie A. , Holliday Stephen L. , Hart Robert G. , Benavente Oscar R.
Published: August 2012

Objective:

Lacunar strokes are a leading cause of cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. However, adequate characterization of cognitive impairment is lacking. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and characterize the neuropsychological impairment in lacunar stroke patients.

Methods:

All English‐speaking participants in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) trial (National Clinical Trial 00059306) underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline. Raw scores were converted to z scores using published norms. Those with impairment (z ≤ −1.5) in memory and/or nonmemory domains were classified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Results:

Among the 1,636 participants, average z scores on all tests were <0, with the largest deficits seen on tests of episodic memory (range of means, −0.65 to −0.92), verbal fluency (mean, −0.89), and motor dexterity (mean, −2.5). Forty‐seven percent were classified as having MCI (36% amnestic, 37% amnestic multidomain, 28% nonamnestic). Of those with modified Rankin score 0–1 and Barthel score = 100, 41% had MCI. Younger age (odds ratio [OR] per 10‐year increase, 0.87), male sex (OR, 1.3), less education (OR, 0.13–0.66 for higher education levels compared to 0–4 years education), poststroke disability (OR, 1.4), and impaired activities of daily living (OR, 1.8) were independently associated with MCI.

Interpretation:

In this large, well‐characterized cohort of lacunar stroke patients, MCI was present in nearly half, including many with minimal or no physical disabilities. Cognitive dysfunction in lacunar stroke patients may commonly be overlooked in clinical practice but may be as important as motor and sensory sequelae. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:351–362