bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The N-recognin UBR4 of the N-end rule pathway is targeted to and required for the biogenesis of the early endosome
Authors: Kim Sung Tae , Lee Yoon Jee , Tasaki Takafumi , Mun Su Ran , Hwang Joonsung , Kang Min Jueng , Ganipisetti Srinivasrao , Yi Eugene C. , Kim Bo Yeon , Kwon Yong Tae
Published: August 2018

The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system in which single N-terminal residues of proteins act as N-degrons. These degrons are recognized by N-recognins, facilitating substrate degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) or autophagy. We have previously identified a set of N-recognins [UBR1, UBR2, UBR4 (also known as p600) and UBR5 (also known as EDD)] that bind N-degrons through their UBR boxes to promote proteolysis by the proteasome. Here, we show that the 570 kDa N-recognin UBR4 is associated with maturing endosomes through an interaction with Ca2+-bound calmodulin. The endosomal recruitment of UBR4 is essential for the biogenesis of early endosomes (EEs) and endosome-related processes, such as the trafficking of endocytosed protein cargos and degradation of extracellular cargos by endosomal hydrolases. In mouse embryos, UBR4 marks and plays a role in the endosome-lysosome pathway that mediates the heterophagic proteolysis of endocytosed maternal proteins into amino acids. By screening 9591 drugs through the DrugBank database, we identify picolinic acid as a putative ligand for UBR4 that inhibits the biogenesis of EEs. Our results suggest that UBR4 is an essential modulator in the endosome-lysosome system.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Channeling vorticity: Modeling the filter-feeding mechanism in silver carp using μCT and 3D PIV
Authors: Cohen Karly E. , Hernandez L. Patricia , Crawford Callie H. , Flammang Brooke E.
Published: August 2018

Invasive silver carp are thriving within eutrophic environments in the United States due in part to their highly efficient filter-feeding mechanism. Like many filter feeding fishes, silver carp utilize modified gill rakers to capture a specific range of food; however, the greatly modified filtering morphology of silver carp allows them to feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton ranging in size from 4-85μm. The filtering apparatus of silver carp is comprised of rigid filtering plates where the outer anatomy of these plates is characterized by long parallel channels (riddled with openings of different sizes) that change in orientation along the length of the plate. Here we investigate the underlying morphology and concomitant hydrodynamics that support the filtration mechanisms of silver and bighead carp. Bighead carp are also invasive filter feeders but their filtering apparatus is morphologically distinct from silver carp composed of thin, flattened individual rakers more similar to that of filter feeders such as Brevoortia sp. or Anchoa sp. Gill rakers from adult silver and bighead carp were scanned using a micro CT scanner at 15.2 micron and 17.0 micron voxel resolution, respectively. Scans were segmented and reconstructed in 3D, printed as a 3D structure in resin, and placed in a 2200 L recirculating flow tank (into which 50 micron buoyant particles had been added) with water flowing across the model in an anteroposterior direction. Using 3D PIV, we determined how particles and fluid interact with the surface of the gill rakers/plates. Filtering plates in silver carp induce strong directed vortical flow whereas the filtering apparatus of bighead carp resulted in a type of haphazard crossflow filtration. The organized vortical flow established by silver carp likely increased the number of interactions that the particle-filled water has with the filtering membrane. This strong vortical organization is maintained only at 0.75BL(body lengths)/s and vortical flow is poorly developed and maintained at slower and faster speeds. Moreover, we found that absolute vorticity magnitude in silver carp is an order of magnitude greater than in bighead carp. Vortical flow established in the silver carp model suggests that this species is a more effective and likely efficient filter feeder than bighead carp, perhaps explaining the success of silver carp as an invasive species.
Wing inertia as a cause of aerodynamically uneconomical flight with high angles-of-attack in hovering insects
Authors: Phan Hoang Vu , Park Hoon Cheol
Published: August 2018

Flying insects can maintain maneuverability in the air by flapping their wings, and to save energy, the wings should operate following the optimal kinematics. However, unlike conventional rotary wings, insects operate their wings at aerodynamically uneconomical and high angles-of-attack (AoAs). Although insects have continuously received attention from biologists and aerodynamicists, the high AoA operation in insect flight has not been clearly explained. Here, we use a theoretical blade-element model to examine the impact of wing inertia on the power requirement and flapping AoA, based on three-dimensional free-hovering flight wing kinematics of a horned beetle, Alloymyrina dichotoma. The relative simplicity of the model allows us to search for the best AoAs distributed along the wingspan, which generate the highest vertical force per unit power. We show that, although elastic elements may be involved in flight muscles to store and save energy, the insect still has to spend substantial power to accelerate its wings, because inertial energy stores should be used to overcome aerodynamic drag before being stored elastically. At the same flapping speed, a wing operating at a higher AoA requires lower inertial torque, and therefore lower inertial power output, at the stroke reversals than a wing operating at an aerodynamically-optimal low AoA. An interactive aerodynamic-inertial effect thereby enables the wing to flap at sufficiently high AoAs, which causes an aerodynamically uneconomical flight in an effort to minimize the net flight energy.
Towards personalized medicine in Ménière’s disease
Authors: Lopez-Escamez Jose Antonio , Batuecas-Caletrio Angel , Bisdorff Alexandre
Published: August 2018

Ménière’s disease (MD) represents a heterogeneous group of relatively rare disorders with three core symptoms: episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and sensorineural hearing loss involving 125 to 2,000 Hz frequencies. The majority of cases are considered sporadic, although familial aggregation has been recognized in European and Korean populations, and the search for familial MD genes has been elusive until the last few years. Detailed phenotyping and cluster analyses have found several clinical predictors for different subgroups of patients, which may indicate different mechanisms, including genetic and immune factors. The genes associated with familial MD areCOCH,FAM136A,DTNA,PRKCB,SEMA3D, andDPT. At least two mechanisms have been involved in MD: (a) a pro-inflammatory immune response mediated by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and IL-6, and (b) a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation in the carriers of the single-nucleotide variant rs4947296. It is conceivable that microbial antigens trigger inflammation with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines at different sites within the cochlea, such as the endolymphatic sac, the stria vascularis, or the spiral ligament, leading to fluid imbalance with an accumulation of endolymph. Computational integration of clinical and “omics” data eventually should transform the management of MD from “one pill fits all” to precise patient stratification and a personalized approach. This article lays out a proposal for an algorithm for the genetic diagnosis of MD. This approach will facilitate the identification of new molecular targets for individualized treatment, including immunosuppressant and gene therapy, in the near future.
The evolution and diversity of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway
Authors: Lloyd James P. B.
Published: August 2018

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is a eukaryotic pathway that degrades transcripts with premature termination codons (PTCs). In most eukaryotes, thousands of transcripts are degraded by NMD, including many important regulators of development and stress response pathways. Transcripts can be targeted to NMD by the presence of an upstream ORF or by introduction of a PTC through alternative splicing. Many factors involved in the recognition of PTCs and the destruction of NMD targets have been characterized. While some are highly conserved, others have been repeatedly lost in eukaryotic lineages. Here, I outline the factors involved in NMD, our current understanding of their interactions and how they have evolved. I outline a classification system to describe NMD pathways based on the presence/absence of key NMD factors. These types of NMD pathways exist in multiple different lineages, indicating the plasticity of the NMD pathway through recurrent losses of NMD factors during eukaryotic evolution. By classifying the NMD pathways in this way, gaps in our understanding are revealed, even within well studied organisms. Finally, I discuss the likely driving force behind the origins of the NMD pathway before the appearance of the last eukaryotic common ancestor: transposable element expansion and the consequential origin of introns.
СОГЛАСИЕ ПАЦИЕНТА В ЭТИКО-ПРАВОВОМ ДИСКУРСЕ НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА В РОССИИ
Authors: Pyzhova Olesya Vladimirovna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Сквозь ретроспективную призму дискуссий, развернувшихся в начале XX столетия в среде врачей и правоведов относительно оценки врачебной деятельности, автор ставит целью проследить истоки формирования практики информированного согласия, выявить возможные причины актуальных для современной системы здравоохранения проблем правомерности действий врача при взаимодействии с пациентами, врачебной этико-правовой ответственности за последствия медицинских манипуляций, защиты интересов, как врачей, так и пациентов.Метод и методология. Исследование основано на сравнительно-историческом методе с привлечением общенаучных методов анализа и синтеза.Результаты. В ходе проведенного анализа различных точек зрения выдающихся врачей и правоведов начала XX века установлено, что первые попытки обоснования необходимости согласия пациента при оказании медицинской помощи предпринимались врачами исключительно в контексте врачебной этики. В юридическом же сообществе в связи с резким ростом судебных разбирательств по делам врачей возникла необходимость в правовой оценке медицинской деятельности, но отсутствие достаточного опыта не позволяло ее корректно квалифицировать. Автор полагает, что преодоление сложившихся препятствий к конструктивному обсуждению дилемм вокруг согласия пациента восходит к началу установления этико-правового диалога.Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут найти применение в решении современных вопросов этико-правового регулирования практики информированного добровольного согласия пациента на медицинское вмешательство, а также в курсах биоэтики и правоведения.
ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ЭФФЕКТ ГИПЕРБОЛЫ В МЕДИАДИСКУРСЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО И РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
Authors: Prom Natalya Alexandrovna , Vysotskaya Inna Vladimirovna , Glebova Ekaterina Alexandrovna , Tikhayeva Viktoria Viktorovna
Published: August 2018

Данная статья рассматривает прагматический потенциал гиперболы. Источниками материала исследования послужили немецкие и российские спортивные издания и газеты, содержащие рубрику «Спорт». Материал в немецком и русском языках был сопоставлен как по количественному, так и по качественному показателям.Цель. Статья посвящена прагматико-стилистическому аспекту медиадискурса. Предметом анализа выступает прагматический потенциал гиперболы на материале спортивного немецкого и русского дискурса. Целью исследования стало определение прагматических функций гиперболы в медиатексте.Метод или методология проведения работы. В ходе исследования авторы использовали стилистический анализ и прием количественного подсчета.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что авторы выделяют эмоционально-экспрессивную и аттрактивную функции гиперболы в текстах спортивного дискурса. Мейозис как разновидность литоты, которая рассматиривается в рамках гиперболы, определяется как одно из самых эффективных средств эвфемизации в газетном тексте и в спортивном репортаже, в частности. Поскольку при сопоставлении материала в немецком и русском языках количественные и качественные показатели имеют близкие значения, представленные выводы могут считаться релевантными для обеих лингвокультур.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть учтены при описании прагматических особенностей в целом и при сопоставительных описаниях немецкого и русского медиадискурсов.
ВАРИАТИВНОСТЬ АНГЛИЙСКИХ ЭВФЕМИЗМОВ-ТАБУИЗМОВ
Authors: Nikitina Irina Nikolaevna , Alexandrova Galina Nikolayevna , Belyakova Olga Vladimirovna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной в современной лингвистике теме эвфемизации речи. Предметом анализа выступают английские эвфемизмы-табуизмы одной тематической группы, а именно «наименования, относящиеся к сфере туалета, отправления естественных потребностей». Цель исследования – раскрыть вариативность эвфемизмов-табуизмов и факторы, определяющие выбор варианта.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют описательно-сопоставительный и функциональный методы. Анализ и описание языкового материала осуществляется на основании общенаучных методов наблюдения, сопоставления и обобщения языковых фактов.Результаты. В результате проведенного исследования авторы прослеживают в употреблении английских эвфемизмов-табуизмов гендерную дифференциацию, противопоставление по возрасту, а также по профессиональной и региональной принадлежности.Область применения результатов. Теоретическая значимость работы определяется ее вкладом в изучение процесса эвфемизации речи. Практическая ценность результатов исследования состоит в возможности их использования в курсе практической и теоретической лексикографии, в преподавании общей и частной (английской) лексикологии, стилистики, а также в переводческой практике.
СТРУКТУРА СИНТАГМАТИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОМ ГНЕЗДЕ С ВЕРШИНОЙ БУГ В ЭВЕНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Authors: Nesterova Elena Vasilievna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена малоизученной в эвеноведении теме словообразовательных гнезд. Предметом анализа выступают словообразовательные цепи с исходным словом буг. Автор ставит целью, раскрыть структуру словообразовательного гнезда с вершиной буг по горизонтальной оси.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основным методом исследования служит описательный; использованы методы словообразовательного и семантического анализа.Результаты. В статье установлен деривационный объем словообразовательного гнезда с вершиной буг в эвенском языке. Выявлены бинарные и полинарные словообразовательные цепи. Словообразовательное гнездо характеризуется значительным количеством полинарных цепей, большую часть из которых занимают пятикомпонентные. Наиболее высокой деривационной продуктивностью в гнезде отличается производное первой ступени словообразования буй.Область применения результатов. Результаты работы могут быть применены в исследованиях по синхронному словообразованию в тунгусо-маньчжурских языках.
ОБРАЗ СОБЫТИЯ: ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ В МЕДИАДИСКУРСЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АМЕРИКАНСКИХ СМИ)
Authors: Chepurnaya Alena Ivanovna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена анализу стратегий интерпретации и модализации образа события в американских средствах массовой информации (на примере крушения рейса MH17).Метод или методология проведения работы. В ходе исследования использовались методы дискурс-, контент- и лексикографического анализа.Результаты. В результате исследования были выявлены следующие стратегии модализации анализируемого образа события в американском медиадискурсе, направленные на управление процессом восприятия события аудиторией: имажинеринг-драматизация, атрибуция ответственности, тематическая подача информации, семантическое манипулирование.Область применения результатов. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы специалистами в области языкознания, когнитивной лингвистики, журналистики и кризисной коммуникации, а также в рамках учебных курсов по этим направлениям.
Verwendung von Blockchain und Custom Tokens zur Projektkoordination – Ein Pilotversuch
Authors: Schützeneder Philipp , Lehner Johannes , Sametinger Johannes
Published: August 2018

Einer der wichtigsten Aspekte der Blockchain-Technologie ist die vertrauenslose Kommunikation der Teilnehmer im Netzwerk. Der Einsatz dieser Eigenschaft für Anwendungsgebiete abseits von Kryptowährungen wird seit der Entwicklung von Smart Contracts und Custom Tokens immer interessanter. Bisher wurden Anwendungsfälle primär für marktbezogene Transaktionen diskutiert. In diesem Beitrag soll dagegen auf organisationsinterne Steuerungsprozesse fokussiert werden, welche mit dieser Technologie neu gestaltet werden können. Beispiele betreffen die Verteilung und Steuerung von Projekttätigkeiten, die Gestaltung interner Anreizsysteme oder auch Formen der Mitarbeiterbeteiligung. Als konkreter Testfall wird die Waves-Blockchain verwendet, welche eine benutzerfreundliche Möglichkeit bietet, eigene Tokens auf Basis einer öffentlichen Blockchain zu erschaffen und zu transferieren. Diese Möglichkeit wurde für einen Anwendungsfall aus der Projektorganisation genutzt. Eine Projektgruppe bestehend aus Studierenden der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz soll sich untereinander und selbstständig organisieren können. Verschiedene Projektaufgaben weisen eine unterschiedliche Wertigkeit auf, welche durch die „Kepler“-Tokens abgebildet werden. Die Wertigkeit wird je nach Modell entweder von der Projektgruppe selbst bestimmt oder durch den Auftraggeber. Auch Hybrid-Varianten sind möglich, wobei z. B. der Auftraggeber je nach Projektfortschritt oder Projektergebnis eine Anzahl an Tokens an das Team sendet, das sich diese untereinander aufteilt. Die Aufteilung passiert durch Transaktionen auf einer öffentlichen Blockchain, somit ist sie transparent, für alle teilnehmenden Parteien sofort einsehbar und nachvollziehbar. Transaktionen können zwar indirekt rückgängig gemacht werden, dies bleibt aber nicht verborgen. Auf größerer Ebene kann sich ein Ökosystem entwickeln, wobei die eingesetzten Tokens einen reellen Wert entwickeln und gegen Währungen getauscht werden können. Wir erarbeiten Kriterien zur Auswahl einer Blockchain zur Schaffung von Tokens bzw. Kryptowährungen für organisationale Anwendungen. Eine dieser Plattformen testen wir konkret an einer organisationalen Anwendung und sammeln dabei erste Erkenntnisse über die Möglichkeit mittels Custom Tokens Projekte zu steuern und opportunistisches Verhalten einzudämmen.
Self-Management Counseling and Physical Health Status among Patients with Pulmonary TB in Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Jauhar Muhamad , Nursasi Astuti Yuni , Wiarsih Wiwin
Published: August 2018

Background: Patients with pulmonary TB experience physical, psychological, social, and spiritual changes, affecting their physical health status. Self-management counseling is an intervention which enhances the physical health status of patients with pulmonary TB.Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of self-management counseling on physical health status in patients with pulmonary TB.Methods: This study used a pre and post-test quasi-experimental design with a control group and took place in a hospital in Bogor. The total respondents were 60 patients who were assigned into two groups and recruited using purposive sampling. The counseling was given for four sessions in two weeks for about 60-90 minutes each session. The data were collected using the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-tuberculosis (FACIT-TB) and analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test.Results: The result showed that the physical health status in the intervention group increased significantly (MD=8.0, p=0.000) compared to the control group. However, there was no influence of self-management counseling on the improvement of physical health status (MD=3.24, p=0.314).Conclusion: Self-management counseling did not significantly increase the physical health status of pulmonary TB patients. More rigorous studies are needed to investigate the effect of self-management counseling delivered at early treatment on the improvement of physical health status. It is expected that patients can manage their TB symptoms and able to improve their physical health status.
Truncation in message-oriented phonology: a case study using Korean vocative truncation
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Lee Seunghun J.
Published: August 2018

This paper analyzes the vocative truncation pattern in Korean from the viewpoint of Message-Oriented Phonology (MOP), which capitalizes on the idea that sound patterns are governed by a principle that makes message transfer effective. In the traditional naming pattern, Korean first names consist of a generation marker and a unique portion, and the order between these two elements alternates between generations. To derive vocative forms, the generation marker is truncated, and the suffixal [(j)a] is attached to the unique portion. We argue that MOP naturally predicts this type of truncation. As the generation marker is shared by all the members of the same generation, the generation marker is highly predictable and hence does not reduce uncertainty about the intended message. To achieve effective communication, predictable portions are deleted. Our analysis implies that MOP is relevant not only to phonetic implementation patterns, but also to morphophonological patterns. It also provides support for MOP based on data from a non-Indo-European language. Finally, we aim to integrate insights of MOP with a more formal proposal like Optimality Theory, by relating the predictability of a contrast to the ranking of the faithfulness constraint that it protects, following the spirit of the P-map hypothesis.
Practice makes perfect: the consequences of lexical proficiency for articulation
Authors: Tomaschek Fabian , Tucker Benjamin V. , Fasiolo Matteo , Baayen R. Harald
Published: August 2018

Many studies report shorter acoustic durations, more coarticulation and reduced articulatory targets for frequent words. This study investigates a factor ignored in discussions on the relation between frequency and phonetic detail, namely, that motor skills improve with experience. Since frequency is a measure of experience, it follows that frequent words should show increased articulatory proficiency. We used EMA to test this prediction on German inflected verbs with [a] as stem vowels. Modeling median vertical tongue positions with quantile regression, we observed significant modulation by frequency of the U-shaped trajectory characterizing the articulation of the [a:]. These modulations reflect two constraints, one favoring smooth trajectories through anticipatory coarticulation, and one favoring clear articulation by realizing lower minima. The predominant pattern across sensors, exponents, and speech rate suggests that the constraint of clarity dominates for lower-frequency words. For medium-frequency words, the smoothness constraint leads to a raising of the trajectory. For the higher-frequency words, both constraints are met simultaneously, resulting in low minima and stronger coarticulation. These consequences of motor practice for articulation challenge both the common view that a higher-frequency of use comes with more articulatory reduction, and cognitive models of speech production positing that articulation is post-lexical.
Frequency and time fault diagnosis methods of power transformers
Authors: Gutten Miroslav , Korenciak Daniel , Kucera Matej , Janura Richard , Glowacz Adam , Kantoch Eliasz
Published: August 2018

The authors describe experimental and theoretical analyses of faults of power transformer winding. Faults were caused by mechanical effect of short-circuit currents. Measurements of transformer were carried out in high-voltage laboratory. Frequency and time diagnostic methods (method SFRA - Sweep Frequency Response Analysis, impact test) were used for the analyses. Coils of transformer windings were diagnosed by means of the SFRA method and the time impact test. The analyzed methods had a significant sensitivity to a relatively small deformation of coil. In the analysis a new technique for analyzing the effects of short-circuit currents is introduced. This technique is developed for high-voltage transformers (different types of power). The proposed analyses show that it is necessary to analyze the value of short-circuit current. Short-circuit current represents a danger for the operation of the power transformer. The proposed approach can be used for other types of transformers. Moreover, the presented techniques have a potential application for fault diagnosis of electrical equipment such as: transformers and electrical machines.
Origin of the spade-shaped staters of the Púchov Culture and the first contemporary forgery of that type
Authors: Fröhlich Július
Published: August 2018

The spade-shaped staters from the area characterized by the Púchov Culture in Slovakia differ from other Celtic coins by their special spade-shaped form and also by their material. The known types of the spade-shaped staters were made – with some exceptions – of alloy with different portions of gold and silver. The first stater here, because of its weight, characteristic shape and finding place (near Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia), could be classified under the type preceding all other types of the spade-shaped staters. The second piece – a part cut from a spade-shaped stater – represents a contemporary forgery of the same type as it is in the case of the previous coin. The core of the forged specimen is made of high-quality silver plated by a thick gold foil. This kind of forgeries is known mainly from the Hellenistic period, these pieces come from the Macedonian-Thracian region, and they appeared in the Celtic milieu starting with the 3rd century BC.
Robotics for soft skills training
Authors: Rubinacci Franco , Ponticorvo Michela , Passariello Rosa , Miglino Orazio
Published: August 2018

Robotics is a powerful tool in education and it has gained a notable impact in the field of teaching computer science, engineering, math, physics and similar. As educational robotics laboratories stimulate many different abilities in students, such as problem solving and group working, it is possible to use robotics to promote soft skills as well.

Soft skills are necessary to complement hard skills to build the 21st century professionalism, so it seems relevant to start promoting these skills as soon as possible. In this paper, we describe a lab for primary and first grade secondary schools in which robotics is employed to train soft skills in an informal context.
The “Commons” Discourse on Marine Fisheries Resources: Another Antecedent to Hardin’s “Tragedy”
Authors: Scheiber Harry N.
Published: August 2018

Throughout the fifty years since its publication, Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the Commons” has been regarded as a seminal paper in the environmental movement, although his emphasis on population control (which actually formed the core concern of the article) has been largely forgotten. Hardin argued that free access by a growing population to common resources would inevitably lead to the depletion of those resources, citing as one example how maritime nations’ belief in the freedom of the seas, combined with their belief in the inexhaustibility of marine resources, had brought whales and many species of fish close to extinction. Hardin failed, however, to take account of the extensive debates throughout much of the twentieth century by scientists and policymakers on the general problem of the ocean commons — what they generally termed the “dilemma of the commons” — as it applied not only to living marine resources but also to mineral resources. By mid-century, as improved fishing technology gave rise to ever greater catches, the notion of the inexhaustibility of fisheries was largely discredited; hence scientists as well as experts in both national and international law became focused on addressing the dilemma of the commons through fisheries management, and specifically by determining the Maximum Sustainable Yield. Some economists, arguing instead for maximum efficiency, urged that open access be abandoned in favor of limited entry. Such measures to resolve the dilemma of the commons were the subject of numerous conferences (including the second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958) and were widely debated in scholarly publications and, indeed, by the late 1960s had been practically implemented by a number of laws and treaties. By 1966, national control over a twelve-mile fishing zone offshore of coastal nations had been well established. These developments regarding the oceans commons, predating Hardin’s article, were apparently either of no interest to him or (if he knew of them) purposefully subordinated to his main polemical objective, which was his Malthusian analysis of the commons issue and his call for limits on “human breeding.”
Confronting Hardin: Trends and Approaches to the Commons in Historiography
Authors: Bonan Giacomo
Published: August 2018

This Article analyses both the role of historiography in Hardin’s The Tragedy of the Commons (1968) and his paper’s impact on historiographical debates of the last five decades. Concerning the role of historiography in Hardin’s argument, the ‘tragedy of the commons’ itself derived from a pamphlet written by a nineteenth century supporter of English enclosures, who proposed a variant of Malthus’ theory. If Hardin inevitably dealt with previous historical interpretations of the commons, the reverberations aroused by his paper have strongly influenced subsequent historical research on this subject. It is possible to group the historiographical production of the last decades concerning the commons into three main lines of research. The first line has developed in the field of economic history and has been influenced by Elinor Ostrom’s principles for long-enduring institutions that efficaciously manage commons. The second line has focused on the conflicts caused by exogenous interferences in the management of common land, such as state or market intervention, and their social and environmental consequences. The third line has devoted attention to the role of common lands in the internal dynamics of the local communities and the conflicts over their use at the local level. The conclusion of this Article focuses on the role of Hardin’s legacy in the current debate on the global environmental crisis.
Biolabeling with cobaltocinium tags
Authors: Müller-Bomke Susanne , Sperling Michael , Hayen Heiko , Karst Uwe
Published: August 2018

A label for amino and thiol functionalities of peptides and proteins based on the activated cobaltocinium hexafluorophosphate succinimide ester (CoS) is presented. Despite the known selectivity of a succinimide ester towards amines, CoS also modifies cysteine residues under the same reaction conditions. The derivatized biomolecules were investigated using liquid chromatography with subsequent electrospray-mass spectrometric detection (LC/ESI-MS). In combination with their remarkable stability under physiological conditions, easy handling and good spectroscopic properties, cobaltocinium ions provide all requirements for a powerful labeling reagent. Furthermore, in direct comparison to the isoelectronic well-established ferrocene reagents, the higher redox potential and the chemical stability of the cobaltocinium moiety add to the benefits as a derivatizing agent for bioanalysis.
CRYOABLATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: RATIONALE OF THE NATIONAL PROSPECTIVE REGISTRY AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Mikhailov E. N. , Lyubimtseva T. A. , Davtyan K. V. , Topchian A. G. , Tarasyuk E. S. , Kryzhanovskiy D. V. , Kosonogov A. Ya. , Sagitov I. Sh. , Khomutinin D. N. , Grachev N. I. , Revishvili A. Sh. , Artyukhina E. A. , Korolev S. V. , Nechepurenko A. A. , Chetverikov S. Yu , Rzaev F. G. , Lebedev D. S.
Published: August 2018

Aim. Current registry is the continued national study on cryoablation in atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the project is assessment of safety and efficacy of cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary veins from AF treatment in real clinical practice prospective observation.

Material and methods. The project has been developed for prospective inclusion of the data to guarded automatic informational system, on clinical data of patients, ablation parameters, repeat ablation and results of 12-month follow-up. To participate in the project in January of 2017, the representatives of 33 in-patient facilities were invited, that routinely perform the procedure.

Results. Twenty five institutions confirmed their participation, and by December of 2017, the database was completed by specialists from 13 clinics: information on the ablation procedure and outcomes is included for 451 patient. The enrollment is ongoing with estimated end by January 2019; prospective follow-up to be completed by January 2020.

Conclusion. Prospective registry of AF cryoablation is important for gathering of experience and common analysis of the procedures throughout the country. Detailed analysis will make it to reveal predictors of efficacy and methods for procedural risk decrease.
THE RESULTS OF AN AIMED INCOMPLETE MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION WITH LOW INVASIVE AND STANDARD TECHNICS OF CORONARY BYPASS
Authors: Tarasov R. S. , Kazantsev A. N. , Barbarash L. S. , Zinets M. G. , Danilovich A. I. , Shabaev I. F.
Published: August 2018

Aim.Comparison of in-hospital results of two strategies on an aimed incomplete myocardial revascularization (AIMR) ONCAB and MIDCAB of left anterior descending artery (LAD) in multivessel coronary disease patients.

Material and methods.To the study, 63 patients included with achieved AIMR (LAD shunting) in multivessel disease. All patients, depending on the strategy of revascularization, were selected to 2 groups: 1. ONCAB (47,6%, n=30) and 2. MIDCAB (52,4%, n=33).

Results.In the early post-surgery period of follow-up, among the adverse cardiovascular events, in the general selection of patients, there was non-fatal Q-myocardial infarction in MIDCAB group, followed by a decline of the left ventricle ejection fraction from 65% to 38%. ONCAB group was characterized by higher volume intra-operational blood loss, rate of wound and hemorrhagic complications, that in one case led to remediastinotomy, and in every tenth patient — blood transfusion during the early period. In our study, the chosen surgical strategy was the only alternative to medication therapy.

Conclusion.In the study, at in-hospital stage of management there were comparable outcomes of AIMR with either ONCAB and MIDCAB. Nevertheless, coronary bypass with MIDCAB technology demonstrated a range of benefits related to decreased risk of hemorrhagic complications, wound infection and lower duration of hospitalization.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION AT ICTAL AND POSTICTAL PERIODS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURE
Authors: Terian R. A. , Serdyuk S. E. , Davtyan K. V. , Drapkina O. М.
Published: August 2018

In epilepsy patients during video-electroencephalographic monitoring there are various electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during the epileptic seizure, sometimes remaining at postictal period as well. In the literature, various cardiac rhythm and conduction disorders are described, ventricular and supraventricular disorders, ST segment shifts. Some among these might be life-threatening, probably leading to unexplained sudden death in epilepsy. In the review, we focus on the most common ECG changes in patients with ongoing epileptic seizures.
NEW BOWEL PREPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR COLONOSCOPY: CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING AQUANET AND MANNITOL
Authors: KAISER-JÚNIOR Roberto Luiz , DE-QUADROS Luiz Gustavo , FLAMINI-JÚNIOR Mário , FARIA Mikaell Alexandre Gouvea , CAMPO Juan Carlos Ochoa , DE-OLIVEIRA Vera Lúcia , ZOTARELLI-FILHO Idiberto José
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT Background: Fifty-five percent of Americans aged 50-65 are submitted to colonoscopy. For over 65-year, this number increases to 64%. In Brazil, it is forecast that the population submitted to colonoscopy will grow, even though inadequate preparation is still a major problem. Aim: To analyze the quality of a new intestinal preparation technique, Aquanet EC-2000®, compared to oral Mannitol solution. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 200 patients with indication for colonoscopy. The sample was randomly allocated to two groups of 100; one group received Aquanet EC-2000® to prepare for colonoscopy and the other Mannitol solution. The Boston scale was used to analyze the results. Results: As expected both preparations produced similar results with the bowel cleansing of the different regions of the colon being classified as Boston scale 3 (excellent) in most patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of bowel preparation using Aquanet EC-2000® were similar to using Mannitol solution.
Chemical sterilization of culture medium for in vitro multiplication of Cochlospermum regium
Authors: Gavilan Natália Helena , Furlan Fernanda Cardoso , Zorz Alex Zichner , Oliveira Leandro Silva de , Campos Wellington Ferreira , Brondani Gilvano Ebling
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT: Cochlospermum regium roots are used in popular medicine and its extract has diverse phytochemical molecules some with antimicrobial activity, consequently exposing this specie to genetic erosion risks. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop an in vitro multiplication protocol using chemical sterilization of culture medium. Therefore, explants obtained from apical buds of C. regium seedlings were inoculated into with 0.05mg L-1 NAA and 1mg L-1 BAP sterilized by chemical agent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 0.001%, 0.003% and 0.005% of active chlorine (Cl). Autoclaved culture medium was used as control. Result showed that the contamination by bacterial at 91 days of cultivation was significantly (P<0.05) controlled by autoclaving, 0.001% and 0.005% Cl. Moreover, the callus induction in the culture medium with 0.001% and 0.005% Cl was, respectively, 30% and 20% major than autoclaving sterilization. There was not significant (P<0.05) in the percentage of shoot induction among the sterilization preparations methods, and 65% of the explants survived in the presence of culture medium with 0.005% Cl. Histological analyses indicated that the Cl did not have any deleterious effects on morphogenic events. These results indicated that the chemical sterilization using 0.001% - 0.005% Cl controlled the fungal and bacterial multiplication in the culture medium and no affected the C. regium explants development, becoming it an alternative to autoclaving method.
Sunlight transmitted by colored shade nets on photosynthesis and yield of cucumber
Authors: Tafoya Felipe Ayala , Juárez Moisés Gilberto Yáñez , Orona Carlos Alfonso López , López Raymundo Medina , Alcaraz Teresa de Jesús Velázquez , Valdés Tomás Díaz
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT: Black shading nets are widely used in the protected cultivation of vegetables as a technique for controlling light and temperature, while the colored shading nets, with special optical properties to improve the use of solar radiation, appeared recently in the agricultural plastics market. Light quality transmitted by gray, aluminized, pearl, blue, red and black (control) nets with 30% shade was evaluated, as well as its effects on photosynthetic properties and fruits production of cucumber plants. Treatments (shade nets) were established under a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The red net transmitted 23.7 and 40.3% more photosynthetic photon flux density (400 to 700nm) and red light (600 to 700nm) and the blue net transmitted 36% more blue light (400 to 500nm) in comparison with the respective transmissions of black net. All nets increased the photosynthetic responses: transpiration, stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, observed in plants grown under black net. Leaf greenness (41.6 SPAD units) and foliar area (90dm2) increased 22.8 and 38.9% with the red net, while the dry weight of leaf (52.5g) increased 21.9% with pearl net. Pearl, red, aluminized and blue nets showed to be viable alternatives because the production of fruit increased in 71, 48, 46 and 46%, respectively, in comparison with the conventional black net (52t ha-1).
Physiological responses of rabbits fed with diets containing rapeseed meal, white lupine and pea seeds as soybean meal substitutes
Authors: Gugołek Andrzej , Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Kowalska Dorota , Zwoliński Cezary , Sobiech Przemysław , Strychalski Janusz
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT In recent years, a trend has emerged to eliminate soybean meal (SBM) from rabbit diets. It was hypothesized that a dietary mixture composed of rapeseed meal (RSM), white lupine seeds (WLS) and pea seeds (PS) could be a substitute for SBM in diets for growing rabbits without compromising their growth and physiological parameters. To verify this hypothesis, selected parameters describing the growth rate of rabbits, their blood and slaughter parameters and caecum function were analyzed. The experiment was performed on ninety HYPLUS rabbits. Control group (C) animals were fed a diet containing 15% SBM. The diet administered to the first experimental group (E1) contained 7.5% SBM, 5.0% RSM, 4.0% WLS and 3.0% PS. In the diet fed to the second experimental group (E2), SBM was completely replaced with RSM, WLS and PS. The substitution did not exert a significant negative effect on the growth rate of rabbits, selected morphological and biochemical blood parameters or carcass characteristics. The comparable growth parameters of control group rabbits and rabbits fed diets containing SBM substitutes could be partially attributed to beneficial changes in the enzymatic activity of caecal microbiota, which have a positive influence on fermentation processes in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The results of this study indicate that SBM can be completely replaced with a mixture of RSM, WLS and PS in growing rabbit diets.
Avaliação do nível de conhecimento em relação à Aids e sífilispor idosos do interior cearense, Brasil
Authors: Bastos Luzia Mesquita , Tolentino Jéssika Mayhara Souza , Frota Maria Alanne de Oliveira , Tomaz Wellington Costa , Fialho Maria Luisa de Sousa , Batista Ana Cristina Beviláqua , Teixeira Ana Karine Macedo , Barbosa Francisco Cesar Barroso
Published: August 2018

Resumo O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento de idosos acerca da sífilis e Aids antes e após a realização de ações educativas. Foram selecionados 55 idosos que participavam de grupo de conveniência no território dos Terrenos Novos, em Sobral - CE. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado sobre HIV/Aids e sífilis, incluindo características gerais e informações sobre conceito, transmissão, prevenção, vulnerabilidade e tratamento. O questionário foi aplicado antes e após a realização de oficinas educativas sobre Aids e sífilis. Dentre os investigados, 96,4%, tinham conhecimento sobre Aids e 67,3% desconheciam a sífilis. Entretanto, 38,1% acreditavam que beijo na boca e 78,1% que picada de mosquito eram meios de transmissão do HIV. Desconheciam a forma de transmissão da sífilis 70,9%. Após as oficinas os índices alteraram positivamente. A análise dos dados revelou lacunas no conhecimento deste grupo quanto ao conceito, transmissão e tratamento dessas doenças. As intervenções educativas mostraram-se eficazes para a assimilação de conhecimento.
Uso de medicamentos e fatores associados à polifarmácia em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus em Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Silva Michael Ruberson Ribeiro da , Diniz Leonardo Maurício , Santos Jéssica Barreto Ribeiro dos , Reis Edna Afonso , Mata Adriana Rodrigues da , Araújo Vânia Eloisa de , Álvares Juliana , Acurcio Francisco de Assis
Published: August 2018

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de medicamentos, a prevalência e os fatores associados à polifarmácia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) em Minas Gerais. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com descrição dos medicamentos em uso e análise da associação entre características sociodemográficas e clínicas com polifarmácia, por meio de regressão logística. Dos 2619 entrevistados, 56,5% estavam em polifarmácia. Medicamentos para DM, agentes no sistema renina-angiotensina e diuréticos foram os mais usados. Fatores como envelhecimento, presença de comorbidades e maior acesso aos serviços de saúde foram associados à polifarmácia. Observou-se elevada prevalência de polifarmácia, o que requer um cuidado adequado e melhor qualidade do uso de medicamentos para essa população.
O lugar da experiência do adoecimento no entendimento da doença: discurso médico e subjetividade
Authors: Palmeira Amanda Barros Pereira , Gewehr Rodrigo Barros
Published: August 2018

Resumo Discussões recentes acerca do discurso médico buscam demonstrar o aparente esquecimento progressivo do sujeito, assim como da noção de subjetividade, no desenvolvimento da medicina moderna, tanto em seus fundamentos na prática clínica quanto em seu corpo teórico de base. Com isso, mostram que a Medicina evoluiu no entendimento da doença, embora ainda mantenha a experiência do sofrimento como ponto cego. Como reação, são realizadas inúmeras tentativas de restituir a subjetividade no processo terapêutico e no discurso médico, buscando um cuidado integral e humanizado através do que podemos considerar como discursos de exterioridade. Tendo por referencial a Psicologia Analítica de Jung, analisamos como a experiência do sofrimento e seus desdobramentos estão presentes na prática clínica, como expressão de subjetividade, nos campos teórico e prático.
Associação do uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas, sexo e condição socioeconômica entre adolescentes de 12 anos de idade
Authors: Paiva Haroldo Neves de , Silva Carlos José de Paula , Galo Rodrigo , Zarzar Patrícia Maria , Paiva Paula Cristina Pelli
Published: August 2018

Resumo Introdução O uso de drogas entre adolescentes está aumentando, e o hábito vem se enraizando cada vez mais precocemente. Objetivo Investigar a associação do uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas, sexo e condição socioeconômica entre adolescentes de 12 anos. Método Estudo transversal foi realizado em amostra representativa de adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas da área urbana de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Dados foram coletados por meio de questionários autoaplicados. O consumo de drogas foi investigado utilizando o instrumento ASSIST (Teste para Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Cigarro e Outras Substâncias). Para investigar a condição socioeconômica, foram utilizados os indicadores: tipo de escola, renda familiar e escolaridade materna. As associações foram testadas pelos testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher (p < 0,05). Resultados A prevalência do consumo de álcool foi de 45,6% (260/588); uso de maconha, de 1,5% (9/588); de cocaína, 0,3% (2/588); e de inalantes, 1,7% (10/588). Sexo masculino esteve associado estatisticamente com consumo de maconha (p = 0,018) e de álcool (p = 0,012), mas não com uso de inalantes (p = 0,536). Na amostra estudada, não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o consumo de drogas ilícitas e os indicadores socioeconômicos. O consumo de álcool esteve associado ao uso de maconha p = 0,013 [OR:9,814 (1,220-78,984)]. Conclusão O consumo de álcool e o uso de maconha estiveram estatisticamente associados com o sexo masculino, mas não com os indicadores socioeconômicos.