bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serinc5 Regulates Sequential Chondrocyte Differentiation by Inhibiting Sox9 Function in Pre‐Hypertrophic Chondrocytes
Authors: Hata Kenji , Wakamori Kanta , Hirakawa‐Yamamura Akane , Ichiyama‐Kobayashi Sachi , Yamaguchi Masaya , Okuzaki Daisuke , Takahata Yoshifumi , Murakami Tomohiko , Uzawa Narikazu , Yamashiro Takashi , Nishimura Riko
Published: November 2024

The growth plate is the primary site of longitudinal bone growth with chondrocytes playing a pivotal role in endochondral bone development. Chondrocytes undergo a series of differentiation steps, resulting in the formation of a unique hierarchical columnar structure comprising round, proliferating, pre‐hypertrophic, and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Pre‐hypertrophic chondrocytes, which exist in the transitional stage between proliferating and hypertrophic stages, are a critical cell population in the growth plate. However, the molecular basis of pre‐hypertrophic chondrocytes remains largely undefined. Here, we employed scRNA‐seq analysis on fluorescently labeled growth plate chondrocytes for their molecular characterization. Serine incorporator 5 (Serinc5) was identified as a marker gene for pre‐hypertrophic chondrocytes. Histological analysis revealed that Serinc5 is specifically expressed in pre‐hypertrophic chondrocytes, overlapping with Indian hedgehog (Ihh). Serinc5 represses cell proliferation and Col2a1 and Acan expression by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of Sox9 in primary chondrocytes. Chromatin profiling using ChIP‐seq and ATAC‐seq revealed an active enhancer of Serinc5 located in intron 1, with its chromatin status progressively activated during chondrocyte differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that Serinc5 regulates sequential chondrocyte differentiation from proliferation to hypertrophy by inhibiting Sox9 function in pre‐hypertrophic chondrocytes, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying chondrocyte differentiation in growth plates.
Antibacterial performance of Co–Zn ferrite nanoparticles under visible light irradiation
Authors: Gubieda Alicia G. , Abad‐Díaz‐de‐Cerio Ana , García‐Prieto Ana , Fdez‐Gubieda M. Luisa , Cervera‐Gabalda Laura , Ordoqui‐Huesa Eduardo , Cornejo Alfonso , Gómez‐Polo Cristina
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

To address water scarcity and promote sustainable resource management, more efficient and cost‐effective water treatment solutions are necessary. Particularly, pathogens in drinking water are a topic of growing concern. One promising technology is the use of photocatalytic nanoparticles activated by visible light as antibacterial agents. This study focuses on the characterization and antibacterial properties of Co–Zn ferrite nanocatalysts, tested against Escherichia coli.

RESULTS

The CoxZn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.4 and 0.6) ferrites were synthesized by the co‐precipitation method. Structural, morphological and optical analyses confirmed that these nanoparticles have a cubic spinel structure, with sizes of around 10 nm, and band gap energies suitable for visible light activation (1.4–1.7 eV). The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles against E. coli was tested and compared with their photocatalytic performance employing phenol as organic pollutant model (highest phenol degradation for x = 0.6). Specifically, the antibacterial capacity of these nanoparticles was evaluated by comparing the ability of bacteria to grow after being incubated with the nanoparticles under visible light and in the dark. It was found that nanoparticles with lower cobalt content (x = 0 and 0.1) significantly reduced bacterial culturability under visible light. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis revealed that nanoparticles with cobalt content caused bacteria to secrete biofilm, potentially offering some protection against the nanoparticles.

CONCLUSION

ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles show the highest antibacterial effect amongst those tested. This is attributed to the combined action of Zn2+ ion release and the photocatalytic effect under visible light. Furthermore, Zn might inhibit protective biofilm secretion, leading to higher antibacterial effects. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
A recyclable polydopamine‐functionalized Fe3O4/PDA‐Fe3+ catalyst for the activation of peroxymonosulfate toward enhanced degradation of tetracycline
Authors: Jiang Xinde , Jiang Guixian , Gao Guiqing , Xiong Shengqin , Li Xian , Liu Zhanmeng
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The increasing usage of tetracycline in antiviral therapy has caused severe aqueous water contamination, and advanced oxidation processes based on sulfate radicals have been recognized as an effective technique for degrading this antibiotic into harmless small molecules.

RESULTS

Herein, a strategy based on dopamine self‐polymerization was utilized to synthesize the magnetite/polydopamine‐ferric ion (Fe3O4/PDA‐Fe3+) catalyst with excellent magnetism and abundant surface functional groups. This catalyst exhibited high performance in activation of permonosulfate for tetracycline degradation. The surface properties and chemical composition of this catalyst were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photon spectroscopy, which indicated that Fe3O4/PDA‐Fe3+ could active permonosulfate to generate strong oxidizing free radicals for catalytic degradation of tetracycline. Beside its excellent catalytic activity, Fe3O4/PDA‐Fe3+ also exhibited superior structural stability and reusability, and this catalyst could be simply recycled from solution using an external magnet. Additional quenching experiments and chemical environment analysis confirmed that hydroxyl, sulfate and superoxide anion radicals, singlet oxygen and surface‐adsorbed oxygen contributed significantly to degradation of tetracycline.

CONCLUSION

This work proved that dopamine self‐polymerization strategy could be used as an effective route to produce highly active and structurally sturdy catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutant. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Innovative preparation of multi‐dentate Schiff base adsorbent for the adsorption of silver and its application on nano silver particles preparation from liquid photographic wastes
Authors: Mahmoud Safwat A. , Atia Bahig M. , Amin Lamiaa Galal , Abdalla Mohamed
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

A novel silver adsorbent, (2Z,2′ E)‐2,2′‐((1,10‐phenanthroline‐2,9‐diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(N‐phenylhydrazine‐1‐carboxamide) (PHMC), was synthesized for efficient Ag+ adsorption. PHMC was prepared by refluxing 1,10‐phenanthroline‐2,9‐dicarboxaldehyde with N‐phenylhydrazinecarboxamide at 120 °C. The structural and morphological properties of PHMC were characterized using various analytical techniques including FTIR, SEM, BET surface area analysis, 13CNMR, 1HNMR, and GC–MS, to confirm the formation of PHMC adsorbent.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that PHMC possesses an exceptional silver sorption capacity of 440.67 mg g−1 in aqueous solutions. Additionally, PHMC exhibited excellent reusability, with effective desorption of Ag(I) using a 1 M thiourea solution, enabling adsorbent regeneration. The adsorption of Ag+ onto PHMC was well described by Langmuir and D‐R isotherms, as well as pseudo‐second order and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) kinetic models. PHMC showed remarkable selectivity for silver, even in the presence of competing ions, and demonstrated significant stability, retaining over 95% of its initial capacity after four regeneration cycles and more than 80% after seven cycles. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the sorption process was endothermic.

CONCLUSION

PHMC proved to be a highly effective adsorbent for silver removal, with superior reusability compared to other materials. Optimal adsorption conditions were established for the removal of silver from liquid photographic waste. The recovered silver nitrate was successfully used to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using trisodium citrate (TSC) as a reducing agent, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques to confirm the formation of silver nanoparticles. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Using implementation science to evaluate longitudinal assessment of entrustable professional activities in dental education
Authors: Quinonez Rocio B. , Vamos Cheryl A. , Obure Renice , Çankaya Uyan Dilek , Tittemore Ashley , Susin Cristiano , Broome Angela , Duqum Ibrahim , Musskopf Marta L. , Phillips Keith , Stewart Denice , Guthmiller Janet M.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the implementation of a longitudinal assessment framework utilizing entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in dental education during the initial 2‐year implementation.

Method

The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was utilized to evaluate contextual factors influencing implementation across the following domains: innovation, outer setting, inner setting, individuals, and process. Purposive sampling was used to ascertain a diverse pool of participants and various perspectives. Inclusion criteria required engagement for >12 months at the time of the study. A semi‐structured interview guide was developed. Two focus groups of faculty and staff and four individual leadership interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams, transcribed, and thematic analyses were performed using MAXQDA.

Results

Fifteen participants described innovation design details, adaptability, complexity, and relative advantage. The contextual fabric of the setting was evaluated, highlighting the influence of the pandemic, institutional culture, structural shifts, and the pivotal role played by champions. The implementation process was investigated with a focus on training, engagement, access to information, faculty capability, motivation, learner experience, and continual assessment of implementation processes. Data suggests the framework was multi‐dimensional, evolving, and learner‐centered. It facilitated early identification of learners requiring support, provided comprehensive information guiding entrustment and practice readiness decisions and demonstrated preliminary evidence of effectiveness of the innovation.

Conclusion

Engaging in longitudinal assessment using EPAs is multifaceted and influenced by implementation context and intrinsic motivation prevalent among faculty members. The study identifies areas for refinement in support of continuous quality improvement and implementation of this innovative assessment framework in dental education, including technological support, training, and ongoing alignment.
Towards Optimal Automated 68Ga‐Radiolabeling Conditions of the DOTA‐Bisphosphonate BPAMD Without Pre‐Purification of the Generator Eluate
Authors: Souche Céleste , Fouillet Juliette , Rubira Léa , Donzé Charlotte , Sallé Audrey , Dromard Yann , Deshayes Emmanuel , Fersing Cyril
Published: November 2024

DOTA‐functionalized bisphosphonates can be useful tools for PET imaging of bone metastases when radiolabeled with 68Ga. Moreover, the versatility of DOTA allows the complexation of radiometals with therapeutic applications (e.g., 177Lu), positioning these bisphosphonates as attractive theranostic agents. Among these molecules, BPAMD is a compound whose radiolabeling with 68Ga has already been described, but only through manual methods. Thus, a fully automated protocol for 68Ga radiolabeling of BPAMD on the GAIA® ± LUNA® synthesis module was designed, and a thorough study of the radiolabeling conditions was undertaken. [68Ga]Ga‐BPAMD was produced in good radiochemical purity (> 93%) and high radiochemical yield (> 91%) using 0.3 M HEPES buffer. The nature of the reaction vessel showed no significant effect on the radiolabeling outcome. Similarly, addition of an antiradiolysis compound to the reaction medium did not significantly improve the already excellent stability of [68Ga]Ga‐BPAMD over time. The radiolabeled product obtained by automated synthesis was evaluated in vivo in healthy mice and confirmed high accumulation in the joints and along the backbone.
Elderly Individuals Exhibit Elevated Levels of Anti‐Monkeypox Virus Antibodies Compared to Adults, Youth, and Children
Authors: dos Santos Izabelle Caires Moreira , Souza Milena Silva , Fogaça Mayanna Moreira Costa , da Silva Brito Ruth Dálety , da Rocha Santos Amanda , Amorim Jaime Henrique
Published: November 2024

The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has claimed more human lives than all other infectious diseases combined. Consequently, any epidemiological event involving related viruses (orthopoxviruses) triggers significant concern, as was the case with the pandemic rise of monkeypox virus (MPXV), the causative agent of monkeypox in 2022−2023. Smallpox vaccines, based on vaccinia virus antigens, are expected to provide cross‐protection against MPXV. Studying the general seroprevalence of orthopoxviruses in populations worldwide is crucial for estimating susceptibility, risks, and the need for vaccination campaigns. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies capable of recognizing MPXV in a Brazilian population and assess the potential for cross‐protection from previous smallpox vaccinations. We analyzed demographic data, vaccination records, and serum levels of anti‐MPXV IgG measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 319 volunteers from Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. Our main findings show that the numbers of volunteers with serum samples recognizing MPXV in ELISA, as well as their serum levels of anti‐MPXV IgG, did not differ significantly according to gender or address type. However, both male and female elderly volunteers exhibited significantly higher concentrations of anti‐MPXV IgG than adults, youth, and children. These results suggest that the elderly may benefit from a cross‐reactive immune response due to previous smallpox vaccinations, whereas adults, youth, and children appear susceptible to MPXV. Further investigations involving other populations are necessary to assess the necessity of vaccinating potentially vulnerable groups.
A novel plate design for rotational guided growth: An experimental study in immature porcine femurs
Authors: Halloum Ahmed , Rahbek Ole , Gholinezhad Shima , Kold Søren , Rasmussen John , Rölfing Jan Duedal , Tirta Maria , Arildsen Marie , Abood Ahmed A.
Published: November 2024

Guided growth for correction of rotational deformities has been reported in several preclinical and clinical studies. Different adverse effects, like growth retardation, articular deformities, and rebound effect have been reported. We have tested a novel plate concept (RotOs PlateTM) intended for the correction of rotational deformities of long bones by guided growth in a porcine model. The plate has sliding screw holes intended to allow for longitudinal growth. Fourteen skeletally immature female pigs were included in the study in a paired design. Mean duration of intervention was 88 days (83–98). CTscans and X‐rays were performed at plate insertion and removal. From the CTscans, 3D‐models of the left and right femora were made and used for measuring the achieved rotation. Three pigs were excluded for reasons not related to the plate design. The plates rotated as intended in all pigs. In two pigs, there was a cut‐out of the proximal screw on the lateral side. Data from these two pigs were included in the results. We observed a mean difference in rotation between the left and right femur of 5.7° in the external direction (CI: 3.7°−7.7°). No statistically significant deformities in the coronal and sagittal plane were observed. The plate worked as intended, that is, the intended rotation was achieved.

Clinical Significance

This large animal study shows promising results for the feasibility of the method. It is an important first step in validating the technique and detecting possible adverse effects before clinical studies.
The role of wearable technology in real‐time skin health monitoring
Authors: Frasier Kelly , Li Vivian , Sobotka Michelle , Vinagolu‐Baur Julia , Herrick Grace
Published: November 2024

The integration of wearable technology in real‐time skin health monitoring represents a significant advancement in personalised healthcare. This review synthesises existing research on wearable devices tailored for skin condition monitoring, encompassing aspects such as ultraviolet exposure tracking, hydration level assessment, and early detection of potential dermatological diseases. Current literature underscores the efficacy of wearable sensors in providing timely insights into skin health parameters, enabling proactive skin care interventions and disease management. Moreover, the seamless integration of sensor data with smartphone applications facilitates user‐friendly monitoring and personalised alerts, enhancing user engagement and adherence to skincare regimens. Moving forward, future research should prioritise the refinement of sensor accuracy and reliability, the development of standardised metrics for skin health assessment, and the exploration of novel applications such as artificial intelligence‐driven predictive analytics for early disease detection. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaborations between engineers, dermatologists, and data scientists hold promise for unlocking the full potential of wearable technology in revolutionising skin health management. Incorporating wearable technology in real‐time skin health monitoring not only revolutionises preventive skincare practices but also holds immense potential for transforming the management of chronic skin conditions, paving the way for personalised, proactive, and patient‐centric dermatological care.
Yield More and Feed More: Unraveling the Multi‐Scale Determinants of the Spatial Variation in Plastic‐Mulched Farmland Across China
Authors: Zhang Yingnan , Yu Li , Li Wenbo , Zhu Yuanli , Xu Liping
Published: November 2024

The global expansion of plastic‐mulched farmland, including China, raises concerns due to its rapid pace. Intensified tillage practices fulfill high food demand with limited farmland by increasing yields but harm the environment and health. Limited understanding exists regarding the underlying mechanisms of spatial diversity. This study uses spatial regression techniques to identify the multi‐scale patterns and driving forces. Nationally, fertility, frequent disasters, population density, and industrialized vegetable bases foster expansion, yet annual precipitation and urbanization‐related factors may impose constraints. Regionally, impacts are at times uncertain and contradicted. In agricultural optimization and development regions (AODRs), the distribution of plastic‐mulched farmland is especially relevant to soil fertility, household income, and planning factors, but is subject to land slope. Moderate development regions (MDRs) with unfavorable conditions witness plastic‐mulched farmland growth propelled by precipitation, temperature, and factors like E‐commerce, fixed assets, and road infrastructure. We have quantified these impacts through policy simulations, and identify that their extents can be largely different across regions. For example, adding one key vegetable county in the plan is assumed to increase the proportion of plastic‐mulched farmland by 0.229% in MDRs while only by 0.089% in AODRs. Crucially, adapting state‐led food localization initiatives is imperative.
Toward Environmental Efficiency: Analyzing the Impact of Green Innovation Initiatives in Enterprises
Authors: Jiang Yanjie , Ding Xiaodi , Zhang Jing
Published: November 2024

Green innovation initiatives (GIIs) in enterprises showcase the potential to revolutionize operational efficiency by minimizing environmental impact. By adopting sustainable practices and eco‐friendly technologies, businesses can streamline processes, reduce waste, and optimize resource utilization. The global imperative to address environmental challenges has fueled a rush forward in green innovation (GI) efforts within organizations. As enterprises navigate the path to sustainability, evaluating and enhancing the efficiency of GII become imperative for long‐term viability in an increasingly eco‐conscious marketplace. Therefore, this study investigates the effectiveness of GII within enterprises, aiming to assess their efficiency in promoting environmental sustainability. This investigation employed a questionnaire survey to collect primary data from a sample of 202 individuals. The data that were gathered was examined using SPSS statistical software. The findings reveal that GII in enterprises exhibit a notable improvement in overall performance. The result reveals that the allocation of resources for GI significantly affects the effectiveness of GII in enterprises. The study's novelty lies in assessing the effectiveness of GII in various organizations, providing a nuanced understanding of their impact on resource use, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental performance. The findings indicate that the level of employee engagement significantly enhances the efficiency of GII in enterprises. Furthermore, the result clarifies that the economic conditions (ECs) significantly influence the level of investment in GI by enterprises.
Synthesis of pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images in radiotherapy based on a new transformer model
Authors: Sun Hongfei , Chen Liting , Li Jie , Yang Zhi , Zhu Jiarui , Wang Zhongfei , Ren Ge , Cai Jing , Zhao Lina
Published: November 2024

Background

PET/CT and planning CT are commonly used medical images in radiotherapy for esophageal and nasopharyngeal cancer. However, repeated scans will expose patients to additional radiation doses and also introduce registration errors. This multimodal treatment approach is expected to be further improved.

Purpose

A new Transformer model is proposed to obtain pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images for esophageal and nasopharyngeal cancer radiotherapy.

Methods

The data of 129 cases of esophageal cancer and 141 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer were retrospectively selected for training, validation, and testing. PET and CT images are used as input. Based on the Transformer model with a “focus‐disperse” attention mechanism and multi‐consistency loss constraints, the feature information in two images is effectively captured. This ultimately results in the synthesis of pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images with enhanced tumor region imaging. During the testing phase, the accuracy of pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images was verified in anatomy and dosimetry, and two prospective cases were selected for further dose verification.

Results

In terms of anatomical verification, the PET/CT fusion image obtained using the wavelet fusion algorithm was used as the ground truth image after correction by clinicians. The evaluation metrics, including peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, structural similarity index, mean absolute error, and normalized root mean square error, between the pseudo‐fused images obtained based on the proposed model and ground truth, are represented by means (standard deviation). They are 37.82 (1.57), 95.23 (2.60), 29.70 (2.49), and 9.48 (0.32), respectively. These numerical values outperform those of the state‐of‐the‐art deep learning comparative models. In terms of dosimetry validation, based on a 3%/2 mm gamma analysis, the average passing rates of global and tumor regions between the pseudo‐fused images (with a PET/CT weight ratio of 2:8) and the planning CT images are 97.2% and 95.5%, respectively. These numerical outcomes are superior to those of pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images with other weight ratios.

Conclusions

This pseudo‐PET/CT fusion images obtained based on the proposed model hold promise as a new modality in the radiotherapy for esophageal and nasopharyngeal cancer.
Concurrent Trajectories of Objectively Measured Insufficient Recovery and Workload Among a Cohort of Shift Working Hospital Employees: Quantitative Empirical Research
Authors: Ropponen Annina , Hirvonen Maria , Kuusi Tero , Härmä Mikko
Published: November 2024

Aim

To investigate concurrent changes in short shift intervals (< 11 h) and workload among hospital employees.

Design and Data Sources

This cohort study of 1904 employees in one hospital district in Finland utilised data on employees' working hours for short shift intervals and workload based on the patient classifications aggregated to a 3‐week period level across 2 years, 2018–2019. The data was analysed by group‐based trajectory modelling and multinominal regression models.

Results

The seven trajectories model had the best fit to the data—Group 1: very few short shift intervals that are decreasing and low workload (15.0%); Group 2: a low amount of short shift intervals that are decreasing and stable low workload (14.2%); Group 3: moderate amount of short shift intervals that are slightly increasing and low workload (25.1%); Group 4: a low amount of short shift intervals that are slightly decreasing and stable low workload that is slightly increasing (12.1%): Group 5: a moderate amount of both short shift intervals and workload (19.8%): Group 6: short shift intervals that are clearly decreasing, with higher than the average workload decreasing (5.6%); Group 7: moderate amount of short shift intervals and very high workload (8.3%).

Conclusions

Only a minority of hospital employees were found to have both high workloads and insufficient recovery possibilities, but the time‐related increases in objective workload were not compensated by better recovery possibilities in working hours. For shift scheduling, it is noteworthy that older employees might seek to work at units in which the workload is lower, which could be considered to support workability.

Reporting Method

Record.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Putative Identification of 47 Compounds from Jieyu Anshen Granule and Proposal of Pharmacopeia Quality‐Assessment Strategy Using TCM‐Specific Library with UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive‐Orbitrap‐MS
Authors: Li Xican , Zeng Jingyuan , Cai Rongxin , Li Chunhou , Chen Xiaoshan , Chen Ban , Zhao Xiaojun , Khan Sunbal
Published: November 2024

Jieyu Anshen Granule is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for depression and primarily comprises five herbal medicines: Zhizi, Chaihu, Zhigancao, Danggui, and Yuanzhi. This study established a traditional Chinese herbal medicine‐specific library using emerging ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐orbitrap‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Through library comparison, the study has fulfilled isomers distinction. As a result, 47 compounds were simultaneously and putatively identified from Jieyu Anshen Granule, including 12 unexpected compounds and 35 expected compounds. The unexpected compounds comprised cyclocommunol, 5‐hydroxyflavone, tangeretin, 3,5,6,7,8,3’,4’‐heptemethoxyflavone, calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, 7,4’‐dihydroxyflavone, naringenin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, matrine, betaine, jervine, alantolactone, and hypericin. Among the 35 expected compounds, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, glycyrrhizic acid, geniposide, ligustilide, and polygalaxanthone III were further investigated using a quantum chemistry approach. Based on these, an effective quality assessment strategy is proposed for the Pharmacopeia, involving the simultaneous analysis of glycyrrhizic acid, geniposide, ligustilide, polygalaxanthone III, saikosaponins A and D through ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐orbitrap‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This strategy enables the detection of adulteration in relation to Zhizi, Chaihu, Zhigancao, Danggui, and Yuanzhi in Jieyu Anshen Granule. The findings of unexpected compounds will deepen the understanding of chemistry in Jieyu Anshen Granule.
Comparative numerical study on the impact resistance of Z‐pin reinforced and unreinforced composite laminates
Authors: Zhao Guozhi , Li Mengjia , Gao Ying , Zhao Yuan , Chen Puhui
Published: November 2024

Compared with the common numerical analysis of out‐of‐plane low‐velocity impact (LVI) of composite laminates, this paper established a finite element model (FEM) for out‐of‐plane LVI of unreinforced laminates and Z‐pin‐reinforced laminates. The mechanical response and damage morphology of the model after impact at energies of 5, 10, 30, and 50 J were verified with experiments. Through mechanical response research, it was found that the numerical analysis models of LVI of unreinforced and Z‐pin‐reinforced laminates have higher prediction accuracy for maximum impact force, maximum displacement, and energy absorption of the laminate. The simulation results showed that the Z‐pin reinforced laminates had higher impact force and lower maximum displacement compared to the unreinforced laminates. From the LVI simulation, it was observed that the damage morphology of the laminate's surface and interior indicated minor fiber damage, which correlated well with the fiber damage observed in the experiments. In contrast, matrix damage played a dominant role during the impact, leading to extensive damage. This extensive damage occurred due to the loss of the stress transfer medium caused by matrix damage, which subsequently resulted in fiber damage.

Highlights

Comparison of simulated and experimental mechanical response

Criteria for determining the initiation of matrix/fiber damage

Simulation analysis of Z‐pin reinforced laminates

Intra‐laminar fiber/matrix damage and inter‐laminar delamination
Advancements in Single‐Cell Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry‐Based Techniques for Unmasking Cellular Diversity in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Nalla Lakshmi Vineela , Kanukolanu Aarika , Yeduvaka Madhuri , Gajula Siva Nageswara Rao
Published: November 2024

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and complex subtype of breast cancer characterized by a lack of targeted treatment options. Intratumoral heterogeneity significantly drives disease progression and complicates therapeutic responses, necessitating advanced analytical approaches to understand its underlying biology. This review aims to explore the advancements in single‐cell proteomics and their application in uncovering cellular diversity in TNBC. It highlights innovations in sample preparation, mass spectrometry‐based techniques, and the potential for integrating proteomics into multi‐omics platforms.

Methods

The review discusses the combination of improved sample preparation methods and cutting‐edge mass spectrometry techniques in single‐cell proteomics. It emphasizes the challenges associated with protein analysis, such as the inability to amplify proteins akin to transcripts, and examines strategies to overcome these limitations.

Results

Single‐cell proteomics provides a direct link to phenotype and cell behavior, complementing transcriptomic approaches and offering new insights into the mechanisms driving TNBC. The integration of advanced techniques has enabled deeper exploration of cellular heterogeneity and disease mechanisms.

Conclusion

Despite the challenges, single‐cell proteomics holds immense potential to evolve into a high‐throughput and scalable multi‐omics platform. Addressing existing hurdles will enable deeper biological insights, ultimately enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.
Identification of a stable immunosuppressive molecular subtype in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on inflammation‐related genes
Authors: Yin Yuan , Zou Zhiyan , Wang Jianjun , Zheng Xueting , Shi Mingsong , Ren Jie , Li Zhaodong , Luo Jiwen , Li Xiaoan
Published: November 2024

Inflammation affects the progression and therapeutic response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The molecular subtypes based on inflammatory response are still under exploitation for clinical application. Expression of inflammation‐related hallmark genes was extracted from three ESCC datasets for subtype clustering using the non‐negative matrix factorization method. The most stable subtype across datasets was identified using a SubMap analysis. The immune status and molecular characteristics of the stable subtype were explored by comparing with other subtypes, and a classifier was constructed and evaluated using machine learning methods. We identified a subtype of ESCC with a higher inflammatory response score, supported by three datasets, indicating its prevalence. This subtype exhibited a high level of immune infiltration, enriched with CD8+ T cells and various immunosuppressive cells, along with elevated expression of immune checkpoints. It also showed a significant similarity to melanomas responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Further analysis revealed that some hub genes in immune pathways likely contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the subtype and hold prognostic value. We developed an 11‐gene classifier for this subtype with an impressive area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9871. Applying it to external data, we identified a group with a similar immunosuppressive environment and potential response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Generally speaking, the stable subtype we identified will be helpful to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment for ESCC.
Propose a practical plan for the identification of Safety‐Critical Equipment
Authors: Lu Yen‐Ju , Lin Rong‐Zan , Wang Chen‐Hua
Published: November 2024

The petrochemical and chemical industries are widely regarded as process industries with significant hazards. Investigations of numerous accidents have shown that over half are caused by equipment failures. Proper management of Safety‐Critical Equipment (SCE) related to major hazards and ensuring their functional integrity can significantly reduce the occurrence of Process Safety Management (PSM) accidents. There are currently many risk assessment technologies available to provide a foundational basis for SCE identification, although each method has its limitations. In 2016, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) published guidelines for asset integrity (CCPS, 2017), outlining the process for determining SCE, offering a practical identification approach to the industry. However, the principles of this method are broad, and its practical implementation remains unclear. Therefore, this paper discusses how to integrate various risk assessment methods and develop a feasible procedure for SCE identification in practice. It highlights the need to link identified SCEs to corresponding safety‐critical tasks to ensure the functional integrity of the equipment.
A Novel Thermally Stable Warm White Phosphor CaYGaO4:Dy3+ for Indoor Lighting Applications
Authors: Zhang Ying , Cui Ruirui , Guo Xiang , Ding Zhao , Deng Chaoyong
Published: November 2024

Trichromatic phosphors can be blended to produce white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) by altering the mixing ratio, albeit with inherent limitations like inadequate thermal stability and imprecise sample proportions. In this study, a series of single‐host CaYGaO4:Dy3+ (CYGO:Dy3+) phosphors are synthesized using a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction method. The microstructure of prepared samples is analyzed through X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The results confirm that Dy3+ ions are effectively doped into the CaYGaO4 (CYGO) host. The band structure and state density of CYGO are calculated based on density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, the band gap (Eg) was verified through the tested absorption spectra (Abs) data. In the spectra of CYGO:Dy3+, there are two excitations in the ultraviolet region, 347 and 364 nm, and the excitation peaks are mainly composed of 485 nm in the blue region and 570 nm in the yellow region. Finally, the phosphor is integrated with a 365 nm chip LED device, and its performance is thoroughly analyzed. The investigation confirms the promising application of CYGO:Dy3+ as a single‐phase warm white phosphor in the realm of indoor lighting applications.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy of Vacancy Type Defects in Electron Irradiated β‐Ga2O3
Authors: Weber Marc H. , Halverson Corey , McCloy John S.
Published: November 2024

Positron annihilation spectroscopy is applied to high‐quality β‐Ga2O3 [010] oriented 5 μm thick epilayer before and after electron irradiation to calculate absolute vacancy concentrations. Room temperature irradiated is carried out with 2.5 MeV electrons to a dose of 1.9 × 1019 cm−2 to generate high concentrations of vacancies. Both oxygen and gallium vacancies are generated. The vacancy‐sensitive depth‐dependent S‐parameter and the positron diffusion length were measured to determine vacancy concentrations. The positron diffusion length dropped from 101 ± 2 nm to 47 ± 2 nm while the S‐value in the epilayer rose 2.1 ± 0.3%. The positron annihilation spectroscopies (PAS) results on the irradiated film, in comparison with unirradiated as‐grown high‐quality bulk single crystals, are used to obtain for the first time a quantitative estimate of the defect concentration from the S‐parameter for various samples. The −3 charge state of gallium vacancies is taken into account. PAS results on irradiated silicon are shown for contrast, to illustrate the complications in β‐Ga2O3 introduced by a significant orientation dependence and, likely, the presence of hydrogen.
Ginsenoside Rb3 Promotes Opa1‐Mediated Regenerative Neurogenesis via Activating the Ido1 Pathway in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Wang Lei , Qin Na , Gao Shiman , Zhu Ting
Published: November 2024

The activation of neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) has been shown to promote the restoration of damaged brain tissues. Ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3) is a bioactive substance known for its pharmacological properties in treating neurological disorders. This study investigated the effects of Rb3 on neural regeneration following ischaemic stroke (IS) and the underlying mechanisms involved. Male C57BL/6 mice were utilized and were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Post‐ischemia, Rb3 was administered through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for either 7 or 28 days. The promotion of Rb3 on regenerative neurogenesis was detected by immunofluorescence staining. NSCs were pretreated with different concentrations of Rb3 for 24 h before oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) exposure. Afterward, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry were used to detect the migration and proliferation of Rb3 in OGD/R‐induced NSCs. Furthermore, Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) transduction experiments, siRNA transfection experiments, gene knockout experiments, targeted metabolomics analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assays were used to explore the promotion and mechanism of Rb3 on regenerative neurogenesis following IS. Rb3 promoted Opa1‐mediated NSCs migration and proliferation. Knockdown of Opa1 blunted the above‐promoting effects of Rb3 in both the brains of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R)‐treated mice and OGD/R‐treated NSCs. Mechanistically, targeted metabolomics, molecular dynamics, molecular docking, CETAS, and DARTS experiments showed that Rb3 promoted Opa1‐mediated neural regeneration required the activation of Ido1 and that Ido1 served as a direct target of Rb3 to repair I/R injury. Moreover, studies in siRNA‐mediated knockdown and KO mice revealed that inhibition of Ido1 attenuated the enhancing effect of Rb3 on mitochondrial fusion. Our study provides novel evidence that Rb3 promotes neurogenesis through an Ido1/Opa1‐mediated pathway involving the interaction between Rb3 and Ido1, leading to improved long‐term neurological function. These results indicate that Rb3 or other mitochondrial fusion promoters could be a potential neurorestorative strategy for regenerative neurogenesis following IS.
Motion Planning and Experimental Research of Rotor‐Leg‐Foot Hybrid Robot
Authors: Guo Feng , Shen Yunian , Zhang Xinyi , Zhang Sai
Published: November 2024

Robots have been widely used in antiterrorism, antiriot, search, and rescue. However, robots with single motion mode cannot meet the needs of complex tasks. Aiming at this problem, this paper designs and manufactures two models of rotor‐leg‐foot hybrid robot, which can freely switch motion modes according to needs and can fly flexibly with four rotors and crawl with four legs. The Type‐B prototype with 3 degree of freedom in one leg was selected for kinematic planning. A compound cycloid that can control both velocity and acceleration was utilized to plan the foot trajectory of the prototype, ensuring smooth motion without impact. Consequently, the motion parameters necessary for achieving a smooth crawl under a static gait were determined. The motion simulation and experiment under linear crawling were conducted. For the displacement in the y‐direction, the relative error of the simulated solution and the planned values of one leg is 3.71%. and the relative error is about 10% after five cycles. The performance measurement of the physical prototype shows that the structure design of the rotor‐leg‐foot hybrid robot is reasonable.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Hydrogels Based on the Water‐Insoluble β‐Glucan From Poria cocos Loaded With Total Flavonoids of Ampelopsis grossedentata
Authors: Wang Jin , Wang Zhi , Hu Junjie , Meng Yan , Zhang Baohui , Zheng Guohua , Wang Qi
Published: November 2024

This study aims to develop and assess an antimicrobial hydrogel that provides a sanitizer effect while avoiding skin oxidative damage. The hydrogel is composed of Poria cocos polysaccharide and loaded with total flavonoids extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata (TF@PCPA‐G). The antibacterial activity of TF@PCPA‐G was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), zone of inhibition, and SYTOX green staining measurements. The findings indicate that TF@PCPA‐G exhibited remarkable antibacterial potency. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the hydrogel were examined using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay models, revealing that TF@PCPA‐G possessed a persistent ability to neutralize free radicals. Subsequently, the antioxidant properties of TF@PCPA‐G were further investigated using cellular and animal models of oxidative damage. As anticipated, TF@PCPA‐G effectively alleviated oxidative stress in cells and animal skin. In conclusion, TF@PCPA‐G has been demonstrated to eliminate bacteria effectively and prevent skin damage.
Theoretical Investigations of 2H‐Iminopyran Derivatives: A Computational Chemistry Approach
Authors: Sharma Pragati , Sinha Pragya
Published: November 2024

This study is a theoretical approach to elucidate the structural, energetic, and spectroscopic properties of already synthesized derivatives of 2H‐iminopyran (4a–4j) by us. Our findings reveal that molecular symmetry, dipole moment, polarizability, and global reactivity descriptors significantly influence the behavior of these compounds within the context of multicomponent reactions. Molecular electrostatic potential surfaces (MEPS) provide valuable insights into potential reactive sites and intermolecular interactions, crucial for understanding the efficiency and selectivity of multicomponent processes that are found to be in accordance with the experimental results. Thermodynamic analysis offers further clarification on the driving forces behind the formation of these compounds. These insights can be leveraged to optimize reaction conditions, design novel multicomponent strategies, and predict the outcome of future synthetic endeavors in this area.
Molecular Structure of Omniphobic, Surface‐Grafted Polydimethylsiloxane Chains
Authors: Khatir Behrooz , Lin Angela , Vuong Thu V. , Serles Peter , Shayesteh Ali , Hsu Nathan Sung Yuan , Sinton David , Tran Helen , Master Emma R. , Filleter Tobin , Golovin Kevin
Published: November 2024

The unique surface properties of grafted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains, particularly their omniphobicity and low friction, are influenced by molecular structure and tethering density. Despite molecularly smoothness and homogeneity, these surfaces exhibit significant variability in wettability and contact angle hysteresis (CAH). This work uncovers the molecular structure of grafted PDMS chains. Grafted PDMS chains synthesized using a difunctional chlorosilane initiator, which exhibits CAH <2° on silicon wafers, adopt a brush‐to‐mushroom conformation with a molecular weight ≈7,800 g mol−1, a grafting density of 0.22 ± 0.4 chains nm−2, and a thickness of ≈3 nm. Each PDMS chain terminates with a silanol group, and ≈96% of substrate silanols remain unreacted. The presence of these terminal silanols is confirmed with time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, as is their removal when exchanged for trimethylsilyl groups, both on the substrate and terminating the PDMS chains. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements show that this “capping” procedure exchanges ≈1.5 silanols nm−2; capping occurs at the substrate and PDMS chain end. The findings suggest that grafted, capped PDMS chains of this molecular weight are able to achieve excellent omniphobic properties even when the majority of surface silanols remain unreacted, which may aid in the design of future omniphobic materials.
Multifunctional Regulation of Chemical Bath Deposition Based SnO2 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Geng Xiuhong , Luo Guohui , Zhang Yi , Ren Penghui , Zhang Linfeng , Ling Xiongxiong , Zeng Junchang , Wu Xiaoping , Xu Lingbo , Lin Ping , Yu Xuegong , Wang Peng , Cui Can
Published: November 2024

SnO2 prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) is among the most promising electron transport layers for enabling high efficiency, large area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the uneven surface coverage of SnO2 and the presence of defects in the film and/or at the SnO2/perovskite interface significantly affect the device performance. Herein, a multifunctional molecule of phosphorylcholine chloride (CP) is introduced to modulate the CBD growth of SnO2 and suppress the generation of defects. The agglomeration of SnO2 nanoparticles is hindered due to the electrostatic repulsion effect, leading to the formation of dense and conformal films with improved optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, the defects both in SnO2 and at the interface of SnO2/perovskite are successfully passivated and the energy band structure is well regulated, contributing to the suppression of nonradiative recombination and the improvement of electron transport. As a result, a remarkably high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.04% is attained for PSCs processed in air ambient. The unencapsulated devices exhibit improved long‐term stability, maintaining over 80% of their initial PCE after storing in air ambient for 1500 h or under one‐sun illumination for 600 h.