bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiative forcing and climate response to projected 21st century aerosol decreases
Authors: Westervelt D. M. , Horowitz L. W. , Naik V. , Golaz J.-C. , Mauzerall D. L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. It is widely expected that global emissions of atmospheric aerosols and their precursors will decrease strongly throughout the remainder of the 21st century, due to emission reduction policies enacted to protect human health. For instance, global emissions of aerosols and their precursors are projected to decrease by as much as 80 % by the year 2100, according to the four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The removal of aerosols will cause unintended climate consequences, including an unmasking of global warming from long-lived greenhouse gases. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Climate Model version 3 (GFDL CM3) to simulate future climate over the 21st century with and without the aerosol emission changes projected by each of the RCPs in order to isolate the radiative forcing and climate response resulting from the aerosol reductions. We find that the projected global radiative forcing and climate response due to aerosol decreases do not vary significantly across the four RCPs by 2100, although there is some mid-century variation, especially in cloud droplet effective radius, that closely follows the RCP emissions and energy consumption projections. Up to 1 W m−2 of radiative forcing may be unmasked globally from 2005 to 2100 due to reductions in aerosol and precursor emissions, leading to average global temperature increases up to 1 K and global precipitation rate increases up to 0.09 mm day−1. However, when using a version of CM3 with reduced present-day aerosol radiative forcing (−1.0 W m−2), the global temperature increase for RCP8.5 is about 0.5 K, with similar magnitude decreases in other climate response parameters as well. Regionally and locally, climate impacts can be much larger than the global mean, with a 2.1 K warming projected over China, Japan, and Korea due to the reduced aerosol emissions in RCP8.5, as well as nearly a 0.2 mm day−1 precipitation increase, a 7 g m−2 LWP decrease, and a 2 μm increase in cloud droplet effective radius. Future aerosol decreases could be responsible for 30–40 % of total climate warming (or 10–20 % with weaker aerosol forcing) by 2100 in East Asia, even under the high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The expected unmasking of global warming caused by aerosol reductions will require more aggressive greenhouse gas mitigation policies than anticipated in order to meet desired climate targets.
Observations of water vapor mixing ratio and flux in Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu S. , Dai G. , Song X. , Liu B. , Liu L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The water vapor expedition experiment campaign was operated in the Tibetan Plateau during July and August 2014, by utilizing the Water vapor, Cloud and Aerosol Lidar (WACAL). The observation was carried out in Nagqu area (31.5° N, 92.05° E), which is 4508 m above the mean sea level. During the observation, the water vapor mixing ratio at high elevation was obtained. In this paper, the methodology of the WACAL and the retrieval method are presented in particular. The validation of water vapor mixing ratio measured during the field campaigns is completed by comparing the Lidar measurements to the radiosonde data. WACAL observations from July to August illustrate the diurnal variation of water vapor mixing ratio in the planetary boundary layer in this high elevation area. The mean water vapor mixing ratio in Nagqu in July and August is about 9.4 g kg−1 and the values vary from 6.0 to 11.7 g kg−1 near ground. The SNRs and relative errors of the data are analyzed and discussed as well in this paper. Finally, combining the vertical wind speed profiles measured by the coherent wind lidar, the vertical flux of water vapor is calculated and the upwelling and deposition of the water vapor are monitored. It is the first application, to our knowledge, to operate continuously atmospheric observation by utilizing multi-disciplinary lidar at altitude higher than 4000 m which is significant for research on the boundary dynamics and meteorology of Tibetan Plateau.
Characterization of ocean biogeochemical processes: a generalized total least-squares estimator of the Redfield ratios
Authors: Guglielmi V. , Goyet C. , Touratier F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The chemical composition of the global ocean is governed by biological, chemical and physical processes. These processes interact with each other so that the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrate and phosphate vary in constant proportions, referred to as the Redfield ratios. We build here the Generalized Total Least-Squares estimator of these ratios. The interest of our approach is twofold: it respects the hydrological characteristics of the studied areas, and it can be applied identically in any area where enough data are available. The tests performed on the Atlantic Ocean highlight a variability of the Redfield ratios, both with geographical location and with depth. This variability emphasizes the importance of local and accurate estimates of Redfield ratios.
Turbulent heat transfer as a control of platelet ice growth in supercool under-ice ocean boundary-layers
Authors: McPhee M. G. , Stevens C. L. , Smith I. J. , Robinson N. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Late winter measurements of turbulent quantities in tidally modulated flow under land-fast sea ice near the Erebus Glacier Tongue, McMurdo Sound, identified processes that influence growth at the interface of an ice surface in contact with supercool seawater. The data suggest that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean-ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing, analogous to similar results for moderate melting rates in seawater above freezing. Platelet ice growth appears to increase the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared with undeformed fast ice without platelets. We hypothesize that platelet growth in supercool water under thick ice is rate-limited by turbulent heat transfer and that this is a significant factor to be considered in mass transfer at the under-side of ice shelves and sea ice in the vicinity of ice shelves.
Amor y control: notas etnográficas sobre migración, crianza y generación
Authors: Moscoso María Fernanda
Published: November 2015

El objetivo del artículo es llevar a cabo, a partir de un estudio de caso, un análisis de los discursos sobre las relaciones entre padres, madres e hijos en un contexto migratorio. En concreto, el interés del artículo consiste en analizar de qué manera la experiencia migratoria de un grupo de familias ecuatorianas que se trasladan a España y Alemania modifica las relaciones de generación en su interior y, en general, entre estas con distintas instituciones sociales y con la sociedad en general, desde la perspectiva de los padres y las madres.
Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Alabama Consumers’ Perceptions on Use of Chemicals in Livestock Products
Authors: Tackie Nii O , Bartlett Jannette R. , Adu-Gyamfi Akua , Quarcoo Francisca A. , Jahan Mst Nusrat
Published: November 2015

Production methods in livestock production have been a major source of contention in the public domain. This study focused on the impact of socioeconomic factors on Alabama consumers’ perceptions on the use of chemicals in livestock products. The data were obtained by using convenience sampling; the sample size comprised 432 respondents from South Central Alabama. They were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic analysis. The socioeconomic factors revealed a high proportion of middle-aged or younger persons, with moderate educational levels, and many had low to moderate annual household incomes. Most thought the use of chemicals (pesticides, antibiotics, growth stimulants or hormones, artificial fertilizers, additives and preservatives, and artificial coloring) in locally or regionally produced beef or goat meat was a serious or somewhat serious hazard. The ordinal logistic results revealed that education and household income had significant effects on use of antibiotics; education had a significant effect on the use of growth stimulants or hormones; education had a significant effect on use of additives and preservatives; and education and household income had significant effects on use of artificial coloring. It was recommended that producers and processors be encouraged to use minimum amounts of chemicals, especially the four afore-mentioned ones, in meat products.
The Masculinity of Christ according to Zinzendorf: Evidence and Interpretation
Authors: Vogt Peter
Published: November 2015

This article explores the question of evidence and interpretation in relation to Zinzendorf's view of Christ's masculinity. The point of departure is the debate about Fogelman's thesis that eighteenth-century Moravians believed in a female Jesus. This debate has made clear that the Moravian view of Jesus included female aspects, which are especially linked to the notion of maternal tenderness and the symbolism of the side-wound as birth organ. Generally, however, Zinzendorf's view of Christ is marked by a strong emphasis on masculinity, associated with Jesus’ male body and his role as heavenly bridegroom. A close reading of the sources suggests that Zinzendorf possessed a comprehensive and coherent theological understanding of Christ's masculinity that can be described as paradigm of masculinity. For this reason, the interpretation of Zinzendorf's Christology in terms of androgyny is problematic. The presence of female attributes in Moravian Christology express the pastoral intent to show that the redemptive power of Christ transcends the lines of gender.
The Most Memorable Circumstances: Instructions for the Collection of Personal Data from Church Members, circa 1752
Authors: McCullough Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

Moravian archival facilities around the world house over 40,000 memoirs, known in the German language as Lebensläufe, from members of the Moravian Church. This article is a translation of a memorandum, found at the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, about the collection of biographical information from members of the Moravian Church. This source, an undated request from Matthaeus Hehl, provides instructions for how to collect such information. Because Hehl calls upon Moravians to provide detailed information about their lives, he may have in effect contributed to the development of autobiographical discourse within the church. This manuscript is a significant discovery, as it builds upon our current understanding of autobiographical writing within the Moravian Church.
Imaginación, narrativa y figurabilidad en la escritura de púberes y adolescentes
Authors: Grunin Julián , Schlemenson Silvia
Published: November 2015

Los jóvenes con problemas de aprendizaje suelen presentar modalidades rígidas de simbolización que obstaculizan el despliegue de los procesos imaginativos en sus producciones simbólicas (lectura, discurso, gráficos y escritura), derivando en formas estereotipadas de elaboración de sentido que se expresan en sus cuadernos de trabajo en el transcurso de las sesiones grupales del tratamiento psicopedagógico. El presente artículo expone una investigación cuyo objetivo consistió en caracterizar las modalidades de simbolización de los púberes y adolescentes a través del análisis específico de las escrituras narrativas y figurativas espontáneas que desarrollaban en los márgenes de sus cuadernos a lo largo del tratamiento. Para su abordaje, se generaron herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas que permitieron describir diferentes modalidades de organización de la temporalidad, entramado del afecto y elaboración de conflictivas identificatorias en sus producciones.
Padrões de revelação e descoberta do abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Baía Pedro Augusto Dias , Veloso Milene Maria Xavier , Habigzang Luísa F. , Dell’Aglio Débora Dalbosco , Magalhães Celina Maria Colino
Published: November 2015

O estudo sobre a revelação do abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes relaciona-se à prevenção primária/secundária, subsidiando intervenções neste tipo de violência. Este artigo objetivou caracterizar os padrões de revelação/descoberta do abuso sexual, verificando a associação com fatores individuais das vítimas e dos agressores (idade, sexo) e fatores relacionais (familiaridade entre vítimas e agressores, e receptor da revelação). Foram analisados 232 prontuários de abuso sexual, registrados em três serviços especializados, sendo um localizado no estado brasileiro do Pará (PA) e dois no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Os padrões de revelação/descoberta foram significativamente associados à idade e sexo das vítimas, e ao local da amostra. A revelação intencional foi mais frequente entre vítimas do sexo feminino (33.5%) e a detecção acidental foi mais frequente entre meninos (44.7%). Na amostra do PA, predominou a detecção acidental (46.9%), enquanto entre as vítimas do RS houve a prevalência da revelação intencional (31.1%). Discute-se a importância de questões como gênero, etapa de desenvolvimento e influência dos fatores culturais e estruturais nas políticas públicas de prevenção do abuso sexual.
Implications of Kant’s Theories of Art for Developing Creative Identity in Students
Authors: Katz-Buonincontro Jen
Published: November 2015

In light of the enduring question of whether student creativity and artistic talent are inborn traits versus learnable skills, this paper presents an exploration of these tensions outlined in an interpretation of philosopher Immanuel Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment, in which Kant outlines his theories of "fine art," "genius," and taste." This paper builds upon past explorations of Kant’s relevance to art appreciation and production to reveal how the intrinsic purpose of making fine art is the primary way that humans can expand their imaginative and reflective capacities and, hence, their phenomenological experiences. Three areas of teaching for developing creative identity are discussed in light of Kant’s theories: First, it is important to help art students transition from other academic norms and learn to immerse themselves in the artistic process without fear of peer- or instructor-based judgment. Second, encouraging students to explore art media freely is essential for strengthening their abilities to take risks, even when that means defying conventional behavior expectations in mainstream academic disciplines. Finally, expanding what Kant calls "reflective judgment" can help make the "crit," or critique format, a positive learning experience to help students’ better manage their apprehension about their artistic abilities.
How Daring Is the Reading: Emerson’s Aesthetic Reading
Authors: Boatright Michael D. , Faust Mark A.
Published: November 2015

With the Common Core State Standards now adopted in an overwhelming number of U.S. states, the authors argue that American writer and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson offers a complementary approach to the teaching of literature, one that focuses on and fosters aesthetic reading experiences. Emerson’s aesthetic reading speaks to a purposeful playfulness that encourages readers to allow their imaginations full sway and to play with interpretation; it also views reading experiences as events that take into consideration the experiences made possible when actively paying attention to the moments, oneself, and one’s relationships and surroundings when reading; finally, it values the performance of reading, of living through the experience of reading that nurtures creativity, risk taking, and an enlivening of the imaginative spirit. These three interrelated and complementary concepts situate Emerson as an apostle for aesthetic reading experiences and provide a much needed supplement to the Common Core State Standards that delimit reading in schools, especially the reading of literature, to a narrow set of possible readings with standards-based outcomes.
Narrative Inquiry as an Approach for Aesthetic Experience: Life Stories in Perceiving and Responding to Works of Art
Authors: McKenna Martha Barry
Published: November 2015

In "Life as Narrative" Jerome Bruner points out that narrative occurs on two levels: "There is a landscape of action on which events unfold …[and] a landscape of consciousness, the inner worlds of the protagonists involved in the action." Just as narrative inquiry moves the perceiver beyond the story to the meaning of the narrative composed, the aesthetic experience requires the perceiver to move beyond subject matter to interpreting meaning expressed through the artist’s use of elements. Drawing upon Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, sketches of his experiences in Paris during the 1920s, this study explores the use of narrative inquiry as an approach for engaging in aesthetic perception and response by focusing on the use of narrative elements within the artwork and the possible relationship of the narrative to experiences in the artist’s life. This approach is then applied across the arts to Woody Allen’s film Midnight in Paris, Faith Ringgold’s story quilt series The French Collection, Harry Chapin’s story song "Mr. Tanner," and Alvin Ailey’s modern dance masterpiece Revelations. While the aesthetic experience rests with the work of art, research on the artist and the life story portrayed enhance the aesthetic experience and inform interpretation.
Butterflies of the Soul: Cajal’s Neuron Theory and Art
Authors: Zwirn Susan Goetz
Published: November 2015

Santiago Ramon y Cajal, a Spanish scientist (1852-1934), is considered the father of neuroscience. This article examines the role that his artistic techniques played in his development of neuron theory. Cajal’s ability to discover what is called neuron doctrine was facilitated by his and his disciples’ artful approach to drawing images seen through a microscope. They did not copy what they saw but used varied perceptual approaches to capture the nature and structure of neurons through drawing with diverse media. Cajal maintained that drawing not only disciplined the eye but was fundamental to scientific observation and understanding. Examples of these techniques are presented to assist educators in approaches to develop students’ perception of visual phenomena. An examination of Cajal’s approach to neuroscientific exploration provides illuminating exemplars for the study of visual phenomena. This subject is particularly timely now, when fMRI productions provide the ubiquitous images that guide most analyses of brain activity. Art integrated with science follow the tradition of great scientific discovery.
Propranolol Targets Hemangioma Stem Cells via cAMP and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Regulation
Authors: Munabi Naikhoba C.O. , England Ryan W. , Edwards Andrew K. , Kitajewski Alison A. , Tan Qian Kun , Weinstein Andrew , Kung Justin E. , Wilcox Maya , Kitajewski Jan K. , Shawber Carrie J. , Wu June K.
Published: November 2015

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumor and arise from a hemangioma stem cell (HemSC). Propranolol has proved efficacious for problematic IHs. Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist that can lower cAMP levels and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway downstream of βARs. We found that HemSCs express β1AR and β2AR in proliferating IHs and determined the role of these βARs and the downstream pathways in mediating propranolol's effects. In isolated HemSCs, propranolol suppressed cAMP levels and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in a dose-dependent fashion. Propranolol, used at doses of <10−4 M, reduced cAMP levels and decreased HemSC proliferation and viability. Propranolol at ≥10−5 M reduced cAMP levels and activated ERK1/2, and this correlated with HemSC apoptosis and cytotoxicity at ≥10−4 M. Stimulation with a βAR agonist, isoprenaline, promoted HemSC proliferation and rescued the antiproliferative effects of propranolol, suggesting that propranolol inhibits βAR signaling in HemSCs. Treatment with a cAMP analog or a MAPK inhibitor partially rescued the HemSC cell viability suppressed by propranolol. A selective β2AR antagonist mirrored propranolol's effects on HemSCs in a dose-dependent fashion, and a selective β1AR antagonist had no effect, supporting a role for β2AR signaling in IH pathobiology. In a mouse model of IH, propranolol reduced the vessel caliber and blood flow assessed by ultrasound Doppler and increased activation of ERK1/2 in IH cells. We have thus demonstrated that propranolol acts on HemSCs in IH to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion via β2AR perturbation, resulting in reduced cAMP and MAPK activation.

Significance

The present study investigated the action of propranolol in infantile hemangiomas (IHs). IHs are the most common vascular tumor in children and have been proposed to arise from a hemangioma stem cell (HemSC). Propranolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has proven efficacy; however, understanding of its mechanism of action on HemSCs is limited. The presented data demonstrate that propranolol, via βAR perturbation, dose dependently suppresses cAMP levels and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Furthermore, propranolol acts via perturbation of β2AR, and not β1AR, although both receptors are expressed in HemSCs. These results provide important insight into propranolol's action in IHs and can be used to guide the development of more targeted therapy.
Indo-Tibetan Philosophical and Medical Systems: Perspectives on the Biofield
Authors: Jain Shamini , Daubenmier Jennifer , Muehsam David , Rapgay Lopsang , Chopra Deepak
Published: November 2015

The word biofield is a term that Western scientists have used to describe various aspects of energy and information fields that guide health processes. Similar concepts and descriptions of energy and information patterns exist in various cultures and have guided whole systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine. This article describes Vedic, Jain, and Tibetan philosophical and medical systems’ concepts of consciousness and subtle energy and their relationships to health processes in order to foster deeper crosscultural dialogue on the nature of the biofield. Similarities and differences within the 3 traditions are noted, and suggestions for considering these concepts to extend current biofield research are discussed.
Biofield Science and Healing: History, Terminology, and Concepts
Authors: Rubik Beverly , Muehsam David , Hammerschlag Richard , Jain Shamini
Published: November 2015

Biofield science is an emerging field of study that aims to provide a scientific foundation for understanding the complex homeodynamic regulation of living systems. By furthering our scientific knowledge of the biofield, we arrive at a better understanding of the foundations of biology as well as the phenomena that have been described as “energy medicine.” Energy medicine, the application of extremely low-level signals to the body, including energy healer interventions and bio-electromagnetic device-based therapies, is incomprehensible from the dominant biomedical paradigm of “life as chemistry.” The biofield or biological field, a complex organizing energy field engaged in the generation, maintenance, and regulation of biological homeodynamics, is a useful concept that provides the rudiments of a scientific foundation for energy medicine and thereby advances the research and practice of it. An overview on the biofield is presented in this paper, with a focus on the history of the concept, related terminology, key scientific concepts, and the value of the biofield perspective for informing future research.
Ecological drivers and habitat associations of estuarine bivalves
Authors: McKeon C. Seabird , Tunberg Björn G. , Johnston Cora A. , Barshis Daniel J.
Published: November 2015

Community composition of the infaunal bivalve fauna of the St. Lucie Estuary and southern Indian River Lagoon, eastern Florida was sampled quarterly for 10 years as part of a long-term benthic monitoring program. A total of 38,514 bivalves of 137 taxa were collected and identified. We utilized this data, along with sediment samples and environmental measurements gathered concurrently, to assess the community composition, distribution, and ecological drivers of the infaunal bivalves of this estuary system. Salinity had the strongest influence on bivalve assemblage across the 15 sites, superseding the influences of sediment type, water turbidity, temperature and other environmental parameters. The greatest diversity was found in higher salinity euhaline sites, while the greatest abundance of individual bivalves was found in medium salinity mixohaline sites, the lowest diversity and abundances were found in the low salinity oligohaline sites, demonstrating a strong positive association between salinity and diversity/abundance. Water management decisions for the estuary should incorporate understanding of the role of salinity on bivalve diversity, abundance, and ecosystem function.
Local electron heating in the Io plasma torus associated with Io from HISAKI satellite observation
Authors: Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kagitani Masato , Yoshioka Kazuo , Kimura Tomoki , Murakami Go , Yamazaki Atsushi , Nozawa Hiromasa , Kasaba Yasumasa , Sakanoi Takeshi , Uemizu Kazunori , Yoshikawa Ichiro
Published: November 2015

Io‐correlated brightness change in the Io plasma torus (IPT) was discovered by the Voyager spacecraft, showing evidence of local electron heating around Io. However, its detailed properties and the cause of electron heating are still open issues. The extreme ultraviolet spectrograph on board the HISAKI satellite continuously observed the IPT from the end of December 2013 to the middle of January 2014. The variation in the IPT brightness showed that clear periodicity associated with Io's orbital period (42 h) and that the bright region was located downstream of Io. The amplitude of the periodic variation was larger at short wavelengths than at long wavelengths. From spectral analyses, we found that Io‐correlated brightening is caused by the increase in the hot electron population in the region downstream of Io. We also found that the brightness depends on the system III longitude and found primary and secondary peaks in the longitude ranges of 100–130° and 250–340°, respectively. Io's orbit crosses the center of the IPT around these longitudes. This longitude dependence suggests that the electron heating process is related to the plasma density around Io. The total radiated power from the IPT in January 2014 was estimated to be 1.4 TW in the wavelength range from 60 to 145 nm. The Io‐correlated component produced 10% of this total radiated power. The interaction between Io and the IPT continuously produces a large amount of energy around Io, and 140 GW of that energy is immediately converted to hot electron production in the IPT.
Low resistivity and permeability in actively deforming shear zones on the San Andreas Fault at SAFOD
Authors: Morrow C. , Lockner D. A. , Hickman S.
Published: November 2015

The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) scientific drill hole near Parkfield, California, crosses the San Andreas Fault at a depth of 2.7 km. Downhole measurements and analysis of core retrieved from Phase 3 drilling reveal two narrow, actively deforming zones of smectite‐clay gouge within a roughly 200 m wide fault damage zone of sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones. Here we report electrical resistivity and permeability measurements on core samples from all of these structural units at effective confining pressures up to 120 MPa. Electrical resistivity (~10 Ω‐m) and permeability (10−21 to 10−22 m2) in the actively deforming zones were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the surrounding damage zone material, consistent with broader‐scale observations from the downhole resistivity and seismic velocity logs. The higher porosity of the clay gouge, 2 to 8 times greater than that in the damage zone rocks, along with surface conduction were the principal factors contributing to the observed low resistivities. The high percentage of fine‐grained clay in the deforming zones also greatly reduced permeability to values low enough to create a barrier to fluid flow across the fault. Together, resistivity and permeability data can be used to assess the hydrogeologic characteristics of the fault, key to understanding fault structure and strength. The low resistivities and strength measurements of the SAFOD core are consistent with observations of low resistivity clays that are often found in the principal slip zones of other active faults making resistivity logs a valuable tool for identifying these zones.
Attribution of human characteristics and bullying involvement in childhood: Distinguishing between targets
Authors: van Noorden Tirza H. J. , Haselager Gerbert J. T. , Lansu Tessa A. M. , Cillessen Antonius H. N. , Bukowski William M.
Published: November 2015

This investigation researched the association between the attribution of human characteristics and bullying involvement in children by distinguishing between targets. Study 1 focused on the attribution of human characteristics by bullies, victims, bully/victims, and non‐involved children toward friends and non‐friends. The data from 405 children (M = 10.7 years old) showed that they attributed fewer prosocial and more antisocial human characteristics to non‐friends than to friends. Moreover, boy victims attributed fewer prosocial human characteristics to non‐friends than boy bullies and non‐involved boys did. In addition, victims attributed more antisocial human characteristics to non‐friends than non‐involved children did. Study 2 addressed bullies’, victims’, bully/victims’, and non‐involved children's attribution of human characteristics to each other. The data of 264 children (M = 10.0 years old) showed that bullies, victims, and bully/victims attributed fewer prosocial and more antisocial human characteristics to each other than to non‐involved children. Non‐involved children attributed fewer prosocial human characteristics to bully/victims than to bullies and victims, and more antisocial human characteristics to bully/victims than to victims. In addition, girls attributed more prosocial and fewer antisocial human characteristics to girls than to boys, whereas boys did not distinguish between girls and boys. Based on these findings, suggestions for future research are provided and implications for bullying prevention and intervention are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 42:394–403, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rational Thinking Promotes Suspect‐friendly Legal Decision Making
Authors: Rassin Eric
Published: November 2015

Judges, juries, and other legal decision makers are frequently obligated to find facts about an alleged crime. Does this fact finding benefit from purely rational decision making or from a more intuitive approach? In three studies, rationality was found to be related to more suspect‐lenient decision making. The data suggest that fact finding in criminal proceedings is served best with strictly rational analyses of the evidence, rather than with intuition, gut feeling, and other obscure decision processes.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sol–Gel Assisted Inkjet Hologram Patterning
Authors: Yakovlev Aleksandr V. , Milichko Valentin. A. , Vinogradov Vladimir. V. , Vinogradov Alexandr V.
Published: November 2015

Hereby, it is presented for the first time a method of producing holographic text and images using inkjet printing. For this purpose, colorless TiO2 ink with a high refractive index is used and deposited on top of exposed poly(ethylene terephthalate)‐based microembossed paper by an inkjet printer. Nanoscale coating the paper containing printed text or graphics with transparent polymers or lacquers provides an optical effect of selective preservation of the holographic pattern. The resulting image is preserved only at the site of the colorless ink with a high refractive index from an inkjet printer, allowing to quickly generate any image with a holographic effect. Achieving these results has succeeded through the use of a colloidal dispersion of nanocrystalline titania with a refractive index of 1.75 ± 0.08 in the entire visible range, which meets inkjet rheological requirements. It is shown that the diffraction effect and optical transparency in the visible region are fully preserved. For the first time, it is demonstrated the importance of chemically prepared nanomaterials and nanostructures for an application in the field of holography.
A Bio‐Inspired Rod‐Shaped Nanoplatform for Strongly Infecting Tumor Cells and Enhancing the Delivery Efficiency of Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Li Dan , Tang Zhaomin , Gao Yuqian , Sun Huili , Zhou Shaobing
Published: November 2015

The rapid clearance of circulating nanocarriers in blood during systemic drug delivery remains a challenging hurdle in cancer chemotherapy. Here, inspired by the unique features of bacterial pathogens, an original biodegradable polymer micellar system with a rod‐like shape similar to the morphology of bacterial pathogens is developed. These novel nanocarriers have excellent features such as a great capacity of overcoming the rapid clearance of reticuloendothelial system (RES) with long blood circulation, high cellular internalization, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy against cancers. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice reveal that the rod‐like micelles of ≈40 nm in diameter and 600 nm in length possess a minimal uptake by the RES and excellent blood circulation half‐lives (t1/2β = 24.23 ± 2.87 h) for carrying doxorubicin in contrast to spheres (t1/2β = 8.39 ± 0.53 h). The antitumor activity of the rod‐shaped micelles in Balb/c mice bearing H22 tumor xenograft models reveals that they are promptly internalized by tumor cells, resulting in their superior potency and efficacy against artificial solid tumors. These findings suggest that the bio‐inspired nanocarriers as an emerging drug delivery platform may have considerable benefits for enhancing the delivery efficiency of anticancer drugs and in turn enhancing cancer therapy in future clinical applications.
Supported Lipid Bilayers for the Generation of Dynamic Cell–Material Interfaces
Authors: van Weerd Jasper , Karperien Marcel , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: November 2015

Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) offer unique possibilities for studying cellular membranes and have been used as a synthetic architecture to interact with cells. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art in SLB‐based technology is presented. The fabrication, analysis, characteristics and modification of SLBs are described in great detail. Numerous strategies to form SLBs on different substrates, and the means to patteren them, are described. The use of SLBs as model membranes for the study of membrane organization and membrane processes in vitro is highlighted. In addition, the use of SLBs as a substratum for cell analysis is presented, with discrimination between cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry. The study is concluded with a discussion of the potential for in vivo applications of SLBs.
Crossing Thermal Lubricity and Electronic Effects in Friction: Vanadium Dioxide under the Metal–Insulator Transition
Authors: Kim Jong Hun , Fu Deyi , Kwon Sangku , Liu Kai , Wu Junqiao , Park Jeong Young
Published: November 2015

The remarkable turnover of friction on a vanadium dioxide (VO2) surface driven by the metal–insulator transition is revealed using temperature‐variable atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. Phononic and electronic contributions are known as two major components in mediating friction energy dissipation. Here, a VO2 thin film is prepared on a silicon wafer with preferential orientations of (100) and (120) in the monoclinic phase using pulsed laser deposition. Corresponding friction and conductivity images show that friction decreases below the critical temperature, above which two trends are seen as the temperature increases: less friction on the insulating domains and higher friction on the metallic domains. This distinct temperature dependence of friction is attributed to the combined effects of thermal lubricity and electronic contributions. This study indicates the promising potential for vanadium oxide to tune friction in the electric regime as well as with temperature.
Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Substituted 1,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1,4‐benzo‐ diazepin‐2‐ones via a Domino Copper‐Catalyzed SN2/Coupling Reaction
Authors: Lu Dongming , Ma Chang , Yuan Shuai , Zhou Lihong , Zeng Qingle
Published: November 2015

A novel protocol for the facile synthesis of chiral 3‐substituted 1,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenzo[e][1,4]diazepin‐2‐ones via a domino reaction has been developed, which involves a cascade of SN2 nucleophilic substitution and copper‐catalyzed CN coupling reactions of α‐amino acid amides and ortho‐halobenzyl halides. This protocol has some merits, such as one‐pot process, easy operation, a wide scope of substrates. Furthermore, no heavy racemization occurs during the reaction.

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Synthesis of 2‐Acylselenophenes via Iodine‐Promoted Nucleophilic Cyclization of [2‐(Butylselanyl)phenyl]‐propynols
Authors: Pistoia Renan P. , Roehrs Juliano A. , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: November 2015

We describe the synthesis of [2‐(butylselanyl)phenyl]propynols and their application as substrates in intramolecular iodine‐promoted nucleophilic cyclization reactions for the preparation of 2‐acylselenophenes. [2‐(Butylselanyl)phenyl]propynols were prepared by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of 2‐halobenzaldehydes with lithium butylselenolate followed by alkynylation of the carbonyl function with lithium acetylides. Effects of solvent, temperature, reaction time and iodine amount on the efficiency of the cyclization reactions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the best yields of 2‐acylselenophenes were obtained when iodine (1.1 equiv.) and ethanol (3 mL) at room temperature were applied to [2‐(butylselanyl)phenyl]propynols. The utility of 2‐acylselenophene derivatives was also studied through alkynylation of a carbonyl group to obtain the alkynol derivatives followed by an electrophilic cyclization reaction to give selenophene‐fused aromatic compounds. The 2‐acylselenophene was also applied as a substrate in cyanation reactions.

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para‐Selective CH Amidation of Simple Arenes with Nitriles
Authors: Xiang Shi‐Kai , Li Jin‐Mei , Huang He , Feng Chun , Ni Hai‐Liang , Chen Xiao‐Zhen , Wang Bi‐Qin , Zhao Ke‐Qing , Hu Ping , Redshaw Carl
Published: November 2015

A para‐selective CH amidation of simple arenes with nitriles has been developed. By increasing the amount of arenes, a further meta‐selective CH arylation of the produced amides occurred. Both steric and electronic effects are utilized to control the selectivity, resulting in only para‐selective amidation products. The readily available nitriles as amidation reagents instead of amides makes the synthesis of N‐arylamides more accessible.

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Three Solvent‐Free Catalytic Approaches to the Acetal Functionalization of Carbohydrates and Their Applicability to One‐Pot Generation of Orthogonally Protected Building Blocks
Authors: Traboni Serena , Bedini Emiliano , Giordano Maddalena , Iadonisi Alfonso
Published: November 2015

Three alternative protocols were developed to carry out the selective installation of acetal groups on carbohydrates and polyols under mildly acidic, solvent‐free conditions. One protocol is based on a diol/aldehyde condensation at room temperature, with an acetolysis process serving for the activation of the carbonyl component. A second approach is based on an orthoester‐mediated activation of the carbonyl component at high temperature. The third protocol is instead entailing a transacetalation mechanism. Combination of these methods allows a wide set of acetal‐protected building blocks to be accessed in short times under very simple experimental conditions working under air. The scope of the latter two approaches was also extended to unusual one‐pot synthetic sequences leading to concomitant Fischer glycosidation/acetal protection of reducing sugars.

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Significant Stability Enhancement in High‐Efficiency Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells by Blocking Ultraviolet Photons from Solar Light
Authors: Jeong Jaehoon , Seo Jooyeok , Nam Sungho , Han Hyemi , Kim Hwajeong , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Bradley Donal D. C. , Kim Youngkyoo
Published: November 2015

Achievement of extremely high stability for inverted‐type polymer:fullerene solar cells is reported, which have bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers consisting of poly[4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐alt‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐2‐carboxylate] (PTB7‐Th) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by employing UV‐cut filter (UCF) that is mounted on the front of glass substrates. The UCF can block most of UV photons below 403 nm at the expense of ≈20% reduction in the total intensity of solar light. Results show that the PTB7‐Th:PC71BM solar cell with UCF exhibits extremely slow decay in power conversion efficiency (PCE) but a rapidly decayed PCE is measured for the device without UCF. The poor device stability without UCF is ascribed to the oxidative degradation of constituent materials in the BHJ layers, which give rise to the formation of PC71BM aggregates, as measured with high resolution and scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The device stability cannot be improved by simply inserting poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) interfacial layer without UCF, whereas the lifetime of the PEI‐inserted PTB7‐Th:PC71BM solar cells is significantly enhanced when UCF is attached.
Impact of ownership structure along the value chain in the manufacturing business
Authors: Scholtz Jan H.
Published: November 2015

In the chemical and petrochemical industry, it is quite common that the manufacturing of a final product is the result of several consecutive steps which can be owned and operated by one or many participants. Although not always practical, equal ownership among all partners along the value chain is often recommended as a way to simplify business structure, ensuring all partners share equally in the ups and downs of an uncertain market. In contrast to this approach, there are instances where more benefit can be derived from having different owners and operators along the value chain. Examples which are common practice in the industry are the supply of utilities (e.g., electricity), feedstock, and services. In these cases, the nonintegrated approach offers value as: It provides the operator of the upstream or utility plants the opportunity to specialize, for example, by operating very similar plants around the world. Such specialization enables the use of regional operating centers, minimum onsite cash costs, optimized operating conditions, minimized energy consumption, and the optimal use of other variable cost parameters. This article shows that if outsourcing results in a cash cost saving by an upstream operator, the benefit to the downstream owner will (in financial reward) be proportional to the cash cost saving achieved. In absolute terms, the magnitude of the benefit is moderated by the size of the downstream capital investment (The bigger the downstream investment relative to the upstream investment, the smaller the impact of the saving on the economics of the downstream company). As a “utility provider” an upstream operator benefits from lower risk in terms of offtake and market price uncertainties. Such owners benefit from a lower cost of capital, and as such also have lower return expectations than players further along in the value chain (who are exposed to all the uncertainties in volatile markets). This article shows that the positive impact of such benefits to the return of the downstream partner is directly proportional the difference in return expectations between the upstream and downstream company. Once again, the absolute magnitude of the saving becomes more substantial as the ratio of upstream capital investment increases relative to the downstream capital investment. Economy of learning may also enable a specialized upstream company to obtain an asset at a lower capital than a less specialized downstream operator. This article shows that the positive impact of such a benefit is very similar to that of a lower return expectation by the upstream company. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1092–1103, 2016
CART‐cells merge into the fast lane of cancer care
Authors: Frey Noelle V. , Porter David L.
Published: November 2015

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be introduced into T‐cells redirecting them to target specific tumor antigens. CAR‐modified T cells targeting CD19 have shown remarkable activity against CD19+ malignancies including B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Complete remission rates as high as 90% have been observed for patients with relapsed and refractory ALL and greater than 50% response rates have been seen in heavily pre‐treated CLL and NHL. Excitingly, some remissions have been durable without any additional therapy, a finding which correlates with in‐vivo T‐cell persistence and B‐cell aplasia. The major treatment related toxicities include B‐cell aplasia, neurologic toxicities, and a potentially severe cytokine release syndrome. This review summarizes outcomes for patients treated with CD19‐CAR T‐cells while exploring the field's challenges and future directions. Am. J. Hematol. 91:146–150, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconducting Fabrics by In Situ Topochemical Synthesis of Polydiacetylene: A New Dimension to the Use of Organogels
Authors: Krishnan Baiju P. , Mukherjee Somnath , Aneesh Pacheri M. , Namboothiry Manoj A. G. , Sureshan Kana M.
Published: November 2015

A diyne functionalized 4,6‐O‐benzylidene β‐d‐galactopyranoside gelator, which can align its diyne motifs upon self‐assembly (gelation) have been synthesized. The organogel formed by this gelator undergoes topochemical polymerization to polydiacetylene (PDA) under photoirradiation. This strategically designed gelator has been used to make semi‐conducting fabrics. By developing the organogel on the fabrics, the gelator molecules were made not only to self‐assemble on the fibers, but also to adhere to fabrics through hydrogen bonding. UV irradiation of the gel‐coated fabric/fiber resulted in the formation of PDA on fibers. The benzylidene motif could be deprotected to get PDA with pendant free sugars that strongly bind to the cotton fibrils through multiple hydrogen bonds. Conductivity measurements revealed the semiconducting nature of these fabrics.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Martinellic Acid
Authors: Pappoppula Mukesh , Aponick Aaron
Published: November 2015

An enantioselective total synthesis of martinellic acid is described. The pyrroloquinoline alkaloid core is efficiently prepared from a quinoline, employing a method which relies on a newly developed Cu‐catalyzed enantioselective alkynylation using the chiral imidazole‐based biaryl P,N ligand StackPhos to establish the absolute stereochemistry. The remaining carbon atoms are then installed by means of a diastereoselective Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylation and the synthesis is completed after straightforward functional‐group manipulation. This new synthetic method enables the most concise enantioselective synthesis of this important class of molecules to date.
The Electrochemical Characterization of Single Core–Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Holt Lucy R. , Plowman Blake J. , Young Neil P. , Tschulik Kristina , Compton Richard G.
Published: November 2015

We report the direct solution‐phase characterization of individual gold‐core silver‐shell nanoparticles through an electrochemical means, with selectivity achieved between the core and shell components based on their different redox activities. The electrochemically determined core–shell sizes are in excellent agreement with electron microscopy‐based results, successfully demonstrating the electrochemical characterization of individual core–shell nanoparticles.