bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN BRAZIL
Authors: Bourguignon François , Ferreira Francisco H. G. , Menéndez Marta
Published: November 2007

This paper proposes a measure of the contribution of unequal opportunities to earnings inequality. Drawing on the distinction between “circumstance” and “effort” variables in John Roemer's work on equality of opportunity, we associate inequality of opportunities with five observed circumstances which lie beyond the control of the individual—father's and mother's education; father's occupation; race; and region of birth. The paper provides a range of estimates of the importance of these opportunity‐forming circumstances in accounting for earnings inequality in one of the world's most unequal countries. We also decompose the effect of opportunities into a direct effect on earnings and an indirect component, which works through the “effort” variables. The decomposition is applied to the distribution of male earnings in urban Brazil, in 1996. The five observed circumstances are found to account for between 10 and 37 percent of the Theil index, depending on cohort and allowing for the possibility of biased coefficient estimates due to unobserved correlates. On average, 60 percent of this impact operates through the direct effect on earnings. Parental education is the most important circumstance affecting earnings, but the occupation of the father and race also play a role.
GROWTH IN EURO AREA LABOR QUALITY
Authors: Schwerdt Guido , Turunen Jarkko
Published: November 2007

Composition of the euro area workforce evolves over time and in response to changing labor market conditions. We construct an estimate of growth in euro area labor quality over the period 1983–2005 and show that labor quality has grown on average by 0.47 percent year‐on‐year. Labor quality growth was significantly higher in the early 1990s than in the 1980s. This strong increase was driven mainly by an increase in the share of those with tertiary education and workers in prime age. Growth in labor quality moderated again toward the end of the 1990s, possibly reflecting the impact of robust employment growth resulting in the entry of workers with lower human capital. The contribution of labor quality to labor productivity has increased over time, accounting for up to one fourth of euro area labor productivity growth. The results point to a lower contribution of total factor productivity to euro area growth.
ON THE TREATMENT OF TAXES AND GOVERNMENT IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Bournay Jacques
Published: November 2007

Framed in the context of the ongoing revision of the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA), this note proposes a new presentation of the National Accounts. While it does not require new information, nor difficult calculations, it is suggested to be conceptually clearer and practically simpler. The changes concern the treatment of taxes and government in the national accounts which imply that: (i) GDP, measured at basic price, is now exactly the sum of all value added, which is split in the compensation of employees and an enlarged operating surplus; (ii) the two functions of government are clearly distinguished in a modified sequence of accounts, that is, as producing non‐market services up to the allocation of primary income account, and then as redistributing the national income; and (iii) with a conventional allocation of government services and GDP broken down between market GDP and non‐market GDP, households remain the only final consumer and the so called question of consumption subsidies is resolved.
Postsurgical intra‐incisional 5‐fluorouracil in dogs with incompletely resected, extremity malignant spindle cell tumours: a pilot study
Authors: Marconato L. , Comastri S. , Lorenzo M. R. , Abramo F. , Bettini G.
Published: November 2007

The safety and efficacy of intra‐incisional 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in the management of incompletely resected malignant spindle cell tumours of extremities was evaluated in six dogs. After marginal surgery, the dogs underwent weekly intra‐incisional 5‐FU for a minimum of six cycles. Treatment was well tolerated by all dogs, with no systemic adverse effects and only one episode of local cutaneous hyperpigmentation, which completely and spontaneously resolved. Median follow‐up for all the dogs was 546 days (mean 619; range 297–1207). At the date of analysis, four dogs were still alive with no evidence of local recurrence, and two dogs had died as a result of their disease. The cause of death was development of distant metastases in one dog and tumour regrowth in the other. Despite the small sample size, this study documents that intra‐incisional 5‐FU chemotherapy is a safe and efficacious adjuvant treatment in the case of incompletely resected malignant spindle cell tumours in dogs and that long disease control can be achieved.
Headaches and Pineal Cyst: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Seifert Christian L. , Woeller Andreas , Valet Michael , Zimmer Claus , Berthele Achim , Tölle Thomas , Sprenger Till
Published: November 2007

Background.— Pineal cysts have been suggested to be linked to headache pathogenesis. However, no systematic studies on this topic have been performed so far.

Objective.— The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pineal cysts and headache and to determine the relevance of the cyst size in this context.

Methods.— We conducted a case–control study of patients who consulted the neurological department between 1999 and 2006 to investigate the relationship between pineal cysts and headache and to determine the relevance of the cyst size.

Results.— A total of 51 patients with pineal cyst were identified, thereby 51% were suffering from headache (half of them had migraine), whereas in the control group, only 25% had headache (thereof 31% suffered from migraine). There was a significant relationship between headache (as well as migraine) and pineal cysts (chi‐square test), but no significant difference in pineal cyst diameter between the patient group with headache versus without headache (t‐test).

Conclusions.— Our data provide evidence for a causal relationship between pineal cysts and headache, respectively, migraine in this patient cohort.
Ginsenosides: Are Any of them Candidates for Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System?
Authors: Nah Seung‐Yeol , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Rhim Hyewhon
Published: November 2007

The last two decades have shown a marked expansion in the number of publications regarding the effects ofPanax ginseng. Ginsenosides, which are unique saponins isolated fromPanax ginseng, are the pharmacologically active ingredients in ginseng, responsible for its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. Recent studies have shown that ginsenosides regulate various types of ion channels, such as voltage‐dependent and ligand‐gated ion channels, in neuronal and heterologously expressed cells. Ginsenosides inhibit voltage‐dependent Ca2+, K+, and Na+channel activities in a stereospecific manner. Ginsenosides also inhibit ligand‐gated ion channels such as N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate, some subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors. Competition and site‐directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that ginsenosides interact with ligand‐binding sites or channel pore sites and inhibit open states of ion channels. This review will introduce recent findings and advances on ginsenoside‐induced regulation of ion channel activities in the CNS, and will further expand the possibilities that ginsenosides may be useful and potentially therapeutic choices in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Limitations of stable carbon isotope analysis for determining natal host origins of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens
Authors: Abney M.R. , Sorenson C.E. , Gould F. , Bradley J.R.
Published: November 2007

Differences in the stable carbon isotope ratios of plants utilizing the C3 vs. C4 photosynthetic pathway have been used to broadly identify the natal host origins of herbivorous insects. This study explored whether adequate variation exists between the carbon isotope ratios of different C3 plants in the host range of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to enable accurate identification of natal host‐plant species. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis of 13C/12C ratios of moths reared on four crop plant species [Gossypium hirsutum (L.), Nicotiana tabacum L., Glycine max (L.) Merrill, and Arachis hypogaea L.] and two common weed species [Geranium carolinianum L. and Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.] revealed a range of δ13C values within that expected for plants utilizing the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Analysis of vegetative and reproductive tissues from the plants utilized in the study resulted in statistically different δ13C values for some plant species; nevertheless, the range of δ13C values observed for many plant species overlapped. Significant differences in mean δ13C values were detected between groups of moths reared on different host‐plant species, but there was no significant correlation between the δ13C values of moths vs. the δ13C value of plant tissue on which they were reared. Feral tobacco budworm moths collected over 3 years were found to have carbon isotope ratios consistent with those having fed on C3 plants, confirming little utilization of C4 plant species by the insect. Results demonstrate that within the range of C3 host plants tested, carbon isotope signatures are not sufficiently unique to enable a reliable determination of natal origin of feral tobacco budworm with current IRMS technology.
Dietary complementation across life stages in the polyphagous lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata
Authors: Michaud J.P. , Jyoti J.L.
Published: November 2007

We investigated the life history consequences of changes in diet between larval and adult life stages in the polyphagous lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Beetles were reared on three larval diets: greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Homoptera: Aphididae), eggs of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and bee pollen. The reproductive performance of females was then evaluated on an adult diet of either greenbug or moth eggs. Moth eggs appeared to be the most suitable diet for larvae, yielding the largest adults, and pollen the least suitable, resulting in the smallest adults and greatly extended developmental time. Pollen‐reared beetles tended to have lower fecundity and fertility than those reared on animal protein, regardless of adult diet. Female fitness was generally increased by a change in diet upon emergence to the alternative source of animal protein, suggesting that dietary complementation occurred across life stages. Among females reared on greenbug, a change of diet to moth eggs reduced the period required for production of 12 clutches and increased egg fertility compared to continued feeding on greenbug. Among females reared on moth eggs, a change of diet to greenbug increased fecundity compared to continued feeding on moth eggs. Among females fed an adult diet of greenbug, those fed moth eggs as larvae had faster production of 12 clutches and higher fecundity. We discuss these novel results in the context of coccinellid life history and ecology and their potential implications for other insects that are predatory as both larvae and adults.
CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm: report of a rare variant with a T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement
Authors: Stetsenko Galina Y , McFarlane Rob , Kalus Andrea , Olerud John , Cherian Sindhu , Fromm Jonathan , George Evan , Argenyi Zsolt
Published: November 2007

CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm (HN), formerly known as a blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma, is a rare subtype of a cutaneous dendritic cell neoplasm notable for highly aggressive behavior. The characteristic features are: expression of the T‐helper/inducer cell marker CD4 and the NK‐cell marker CD56 in the absence of other T cell or NK‐cell specific markers. In particular, CD3 (surface or cytoplasmic) and CD2 are not expressed. Although T‐cell receptor (TCR) genes are generally reported to be in a germline configuration, we present an unusual variant of a CD4+/CD56+ HN with a clonal rearrangement of TCR genes. This feature of a CD4+/CD56+ HN has been only rarely reported. Recognition of the presence of clonal TCR gene rearrangements in a small subset of CD4+/CD56+ HN is important to avoid misdiagnosis of this entity as an unusual variant of a cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are present in cutaneous dermatomyositis lesions in a pattern distinct from lupus erythematosus
Authors: McNiff Jennifer M. , Kaplan Daniel H.
Published: November 2007

Background:  Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are CD123‐positive dendritic cells (DCs) capable of producing interferon‐α (IFN). They are thought to play a role in anti‐viral immunity and the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus (LE). Given the histologic similarities between LE and dermatomyositis (DM), we evaluated the presence and distribution of PDCs in lesional skin of both diseases.

Methods:  Twenty‐eight biopsies of DM and 27 biopsies of LE were labeled with antibodies to CD123 to identify PDCs. The presence and relative distribution of CD123+ cells was recorded.

Results:  PDCs are present in LE and DM, albeit in greater numbers in LE lesions. Interestingly, PDCs are preferentially located in the epidermis of DM, and are primarily located in the dermis of LE.

Conclusions:  Skin lesions of DM contain PDCs. Because PDCs are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of LE, this finding suggests that they may play a role in DM as well. The preferential epidermal localization of PDCs in DM suggests that their contribution to disease pathogenesis or maintenance in DM may be distinct from LE. Finally, although not pathognomonic, the different patterns of PDC localization in LE and DM may prove a helpful criterion for distinguishing between these two entities histologically.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Havill L.M. , Levine S.M. , Newman D.E. , Mahaney M.C.
Published: November 2007

Background  Little is known about the degree to which baboons, an important animal model in skeletal research, spontaneously experience age‐related osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Methods  We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in 667 baboons, assigned T‐scores to older animals based on sex‐specific young adult reference groups, and compared reproductive history in older females with low BMD to those with normal BMD.

Results  Approximately 25% of older baboon females were osteopenic. No females or males were osteoporotic. Neither parity nor interbirth interval spine clearly distinguished low vs. normal BMD groups. Intersite correspondence in low BMD was highest between sites in the same region rather than sites of the same bone type.

Conclusion  As with humans, osteopenia is common among older females. The absence of osteoporotic animals may be due to colony maintenance resulting in truncation of the aged population and selection for healthier animals in the oldest ranges.
Barbiturate euthanasia solution‐induced tissue artifact in nonhuman primates
Authors: Grieves J.L. , Dick E.J. , Schlabritz‐Loutsevich N.E. , Butler S.D. , Leland M.M. , Price S.E. , Schmidt C.R. , Nathanielsz P.W. , Hubbard G.B.
Published: November 2007

Background  Barbiturate euthanasia solutions are a humane and approved means of euthanasia. Overdosing causes significant tissue damage in a variety of laboratory animals.

Methods  One hundred seventeen non‐human primates (NHP) representing 7 species including 12 fetuses euthanized for humane and research reasons by various vascular routes with Euthasol, Sodium Pentobarbital, Fatal Plus, Beuthanasia D, or Euthanasia 5 were evaluated for euthanasia‐induced tissue damage. Lungs and livers were histologically graded for hemolysis, vascular damage, edema, and necrosis. Severity of tissue damage was analyzed for differences on the basis of agent, age, sex, dose, and injection route.

Results  Severity of tissue damage was directly related to dose and the intracardiac injection route, but did not differ by species, sex, and agent used.

Conclusions  When the recommended dose of agent was used, tissue damage was generally reduced, minimal, or undetectable. Barbiturate‐induced artifacts in NHPs are essentially the same as in other laboratory species.
The Suspension of Reading: Wordsworth's ‘‘Boy of Winander’’ and Trauma Theory
Authors: Vermeulen Pieter
Published: November 2007

This article offers a close reading of the different versions of Wordsworth's ‘‘Boy of Winander’’‐passage and of an important exchange between Geoffrey Hartman and Paul de Man on this passage in the 1960s, in which ‘‘reading’’ and ‘‘theory’’ are contrasted as two mutually exclusive options that cannot be combined in one critical account. This tension between reading and theory is then deployed to offer a critique of the field of trauma theory, which has explicitly instituted itself as both a theory and a reading practice. I develop the position of Hartman in order to contrast trauma theory's prevailing fascination with theory, which invests in the figure of a ‘‘fall’’ and in the notion of ‘‘undecidability,’’ with the (to my mind, more promising) possibility of an account of the experience of reading, which consists in the ‘‘suspension’’ of theory and deploys a notion of ‘‘indeterminacy’’ that ultimately gives a more satisfying account of the implication of the reader in the relation between literature and trauma.
The Exotic in the Later Middle Ages: Recent Critical Approaches
Authors: Strickland Debra Higgs
Published: November 2007

This review of scholarly literature highlights recent methodological approaches to the problem of late medieval exoticism as viewed from both historical and postmodernist perspectives. Different identifications and functions of outside culture groups, imaginary beings, and attributes defined as exotic by Western Christian authors and artists are considered in light of related critical issues, including alterity, the body, monstrosity, identity, marginality, and gender. The review ends by posing a series of questions that suggest some possible paths for future research and teaching.
Willa Cather's West: The Question of Intentionality
Authors: Stout Janis P.
Published: November 2007

The important revisionist work of recent decades on women's experiences and visions of the American West has sometimes implied an essentialist theory of gender, as if women's writings emerged inevitably, without conscious purpose of challenging male versions of the West, from the fact of their sex and their traditionally defined roles. Yet conscious critical intention also defines women's writing of a different, reconceptualized, and anti‐masculinist kind of Western. In the case of Willa Cather, we can readily infer a purpose of critique of prevailing modes of the Western from the novels themselves, but demonstrating such intent externally is more difficult, since Cather made relatively few public statements about her own writing. For this purpose, a recently re‐available letter (Cather to Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, August 17, 1912; The College of the Holy Cross) provides important documentation.
PAY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND QUIT PATTERNS OF GOOD, AVERAGE, AND POOR PERFORMERS
Authors: SHAW JASON D. , GUPTA NINA
Published: November 2007

The relationship between pay dispersion and the quits patterns of good, average, and poor performers was explored among a sample of motor carriers. Results showed that under high pay system communication, pay dispersion was negatively related to good performer quits when performance‐based pay increases were emphasized, and positively related when they were not. The results for seniority‐based pay increases were different. Under high pay system communication, pay dispersion was negatively related to average performer quits when seniority‐based pay increases were emphasized, and the relationship was attenuated when they were not. Contrary to expectation, pay dispersion was not consistently related to quit patterns when pay system communication was low. Predictions regarding quit patterns of poor performers were not supported. Implications of the research are addressed and future research directions identified.
THE PRECURSORS AND PRODUCTS OF JUSTICE CLIMATES: GROUP LEADER ANTECEDENTS AND EMPLOYEE ATTITUDINAL CONSEQUENCES
Authors: MAYER DAVID , NISHII LISA , SCHNEIDER BENJAMIN , GOLDSTEIN HAROLD
Published: November 2007

Drawing on the organizational justice, organizational climate, leadership and personality, and social comparison theory literatures, we develop hypotheses about the effects of leader personality on the development of 3 types of justice climates (e.g., procedural, interpersonal, and informational) and the moderating effects of these climates on individual‐level justice–attitude relationships. Largely consistent with the theoretically derived hypotheses, the results showed that leader (a) Agreeableness was positively related to procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice climates; (b) Conscientiousness was positively related to a procedural justice climate; and (c) Neuroticism was negatively related to all 3 types of justice climates. Further, consistent with social comparison theory, multilevel data analyses revealed that the relationship between individual justice perceptions and job attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction, commitment) was moderated by justice climate such that the relationships were stronger when justice climate was high.
PERSONALITY TESTS AT THE CROSSROADS: A RESPONSE TO MORGESON, CAMPION, DIPBOYE, HOLLENBECK, MURPHY, AND SCHMITT (2007)
Authors: TETT ROBERT P. , CHRISTIANSEN NEIL D.
Published: November 2007

Despite widespread and growing acceptance that published personality tests are valid predictors of job performance, Morgeson et al. (2007) propose they be abandoned in personnel selection because average validity estimates are low. Our review of the literature shows that Morgeson et al.'s skepticism is unfounded. Meta‐analyses have demonstrated that published personality tests, in fact, yield useful validity estimates when validation is based on confirmatory research using job analysis and taking into account the bidirectionality of trait–performance linkages. Further gains are likely by use of narrow over broad measures, multivariate prediction, and theory attuned to the complexities of trait expression and evaluation at work. Morgeson et al. also suggest that faking has little, if any, impact on personality test validity and that it may even contribute positively to job performance. Job applicant research suggests that faking under true hiring conditions attenuates personality test validity but that validity is still sufficiently strong to warrant personality test use in hiring. Contrary to Morgeson et al., we argue that the full value of published personality tests in organizations has yet to be realized, calling for programmatic theory‐driven research.
Epistemic Intuitions
Authors: Nagel Jennifer
Published: November 2007

We naturally evaluate the beliefs of others, sometimes by deliberate calculation, and sometimes in a more immediate fashion. Epistemic intuitions are immediate assessments arising when someone's condition appears to fall on one side or the other of some significant divide in epistemology. After giving a rough sketch of several major features of epistemic intuitions, this article reviews the history of the current philosophical debate about them and describes the major positions in that debate. Linguists and psychologists also study epistemic assessments; the last section of the paper discusses some of their research and its potential relevance to epistemology.
The Elusive Scope of Descriptions
Authors: Rothschild Daniel
Published: November 2007

Sentences with more than one quantifier often exhibit ambiguities. For example, ‘Every miner went to a meeting’ has two readings depending on whether we take there to be one meeting that every miner went to or (possibly) different meetings corresponding to each miner. This paper discusses the theory that such ambiguities are directly akin to quantifier scope ambiguities in logic. Certain syntactic and semantic evidence suggests that with indefinite and definite descriptions, such as ‘a meeting’ and ‘the president’, these ambiguities are better understood in some other way, either as being due to quantifier domain restrictions or choice functions. This paper discusses the major considerations in this debate by way of an introduction to the type of research being conducted at the intersection of linguistics and philosophy of language.
Treatment of medial patellar luxation by femoral closing wedge ostectomy using a distal femoral plate in four dogs
Authors: Roch S. P. , Gemmill T. J.
Published: November 2007

This case report describes the treatment of recurrent medial patellar luxation associated with varus deformity of the distal femur by distal femoral ostectomy stabilised using a distal femoral plate. Four dogs (five affected limbs) were included in the study. All cases had received previous surgery for medial patellar luxation but remained significantly lame. All were treated by femoral ostectomy to correct distal femoral varus deformity with application of a distal femoral bone plate. All cases improved following surgery. An excellent outcome was recorded in four of five cases. Lameness persisted in one case despite satisfactory patellar stability as a result of concurrent cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. One case suffered implant failure. Femoral ostectomy is an effective treatment for medial patellar luxation associated with femoral varus deformity. The distal femoral plate provides a convenient method by which to stabilise the ostectomy. Care should be exercised when the 2 mm distal femoral plate is applied.
Coxofemoral luxation in a border collie as a complication of aClostridium tetaniinfection
Authors: Goldhammer M. A. , Chapman P. S. , Grierson J. M.
Published: November 2007

A four‐month‐old male, entire, border collie was presented to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals with a two day history of muscular spasms and “Risus sardonicus”. Tetanus was diagnosed, and the dog was treated with tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics and supportive therapy. Coxofemoral luxation resulted as a complication of the tetanus and was successfully managed by performing a femoral head and neck excision. This is the first report of joint luxation associated withClostridium tetaniinfection in a dog.
The Social Construction of Race and Monacan Education in Amherst County, Virginia, 1908–1965: Monacan Perspectives
Authors: Haimes-Bartolf Melanie D.
Published: November 2007

That's all you heard, everywhere we went, or whatever we done, “oh, he's one of those issues.” We couldn't work with white people, we couldn't be in schools with them, we couldn't associate with them, we couldn't eat [with them]. I think they came up with the slang word “free issue.” They had this hatred; they just had this ungodly hatred. They couldn't accept you as a human.

At the prodding of Thomas Jefferson, the Virginia General Assembly in 1782 passed legislation that allowed slave owners to manumit their slaves by issuing slaves a copy of their emancipation papers and making them “free issues.” Nevertheless, in Amherst County, Virginia, the meaning of “free issue” evolved to connote something very different than it did at its inception for a small mountain community.
Of Victorianism, Civilizationism, and Progressivism: The Educational Ideas of Anna Julia Cooper and W.E.B. Du Bois, 1892–1940
Authors: Alridge Derrick P.
Published: November 2007

Anna Julia Cooper and W.E.B. Du Bois were two of the most prominent African-American educators of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this period, they both envisioned a broad education tailored specifically to the critical intellectual and vocational needs of the entire black community. They also participated in international affairs, attended and worked together at some of the same conferences and meetings, and shared a belief that education should encourage blacks to place their situation and struggles within a global context. In developing their educational ideas, they both addressed a wide range of educational issues (black women's education, education of the black masses, and the history curriculum in black schools) that spoke to the universal as well as the local realities of black life in America. At the core of their educational thought was their belief that social advancement would result in equality for blacks.
The Case of Martha Deane: Sexuality and Power at Cold War UCLA
Authors: Weiler Kathleen
Published: November 2007

Despite widespread support for the postwar expansion of higher education, U.S. colleges and universities in the early 1950s were not isolated from broader social currents, and the deep social anxieties and political tensions of the Cold War found their way onto college campuses. In 1952, the University of California was still reeling from the loyalty oath controversy. In the late 1940s the University of California, like other universities nationwide, had been viewed with increasing suspicion by anti-Communist groups. The search for subversives in California institutions, spearheaded by the Tenney Committee of the California State Legislature, led the University of California's Board of Regents to add a disclaimer of membership in any organization advocating the overthrow of the United States to the oath of allegiance already required of faculty. In an atmosphere of rising hysteria about possible subversives and Communists in academia, on February 24, 1950, the Regents voted to fire anyone employed by the University of California who failed to sign the oath. This decision led to strong opposition from students and faculty. Despite these protests, and particularly after the outbreak of the Korean War in June, 1950, the Regents held firm. On August 25, 1950, thirty-one members of the University of California faculty were dismissed because they refused to sign the loyalty oath. None of them was accused of being a Communist or subversive. After an appellate court ruled against the Regents, in October 1951 the Regents voted to rescind the oath, but maintained their stance that the university would not employ Communists. Although the California Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the appellate court and the non-signers were reinstated to the university, the mood at the university, as in the nation as a whole, continued to be one of anxiety and unease.
Applying Internet Geographic Information System for Water Quality Monitoring
Authors: Jankowski Piotr , Tsou Ming‐Hsiang , Wright Richard D.
Published: November 2007

This article explains the fundamental concepts of Internet geographic information system (GIS) technology and illustrates its capabilities using the example of water quality monitoring in San Diego Bay Watershed, California. Internet GIS technology has democratized public access to geographic data and information services, and software applications such as Google Earth provide millions of users with instantaneous access to digital geographic data and tools that, until recently, were only available to GIS specialists. In addition to making geographic data accessible to a large number of potential users, Internet GIS is also a technological vehicle for encouraging public participation in local decision‐making processes. Key developments of Internet GIS technology are highlighted. The links between Internet GIS and public participation are summarized and an application called Common Ground is described. Common Ground delivers data and information about water quality in the San Diego Bay Watershed to the public. The design, architecture, and capabilities of this Internet GIS application are discussed, and the lessons learned and the outlooks for future Internet GIS developments are evaluated.
Causality of Current Environmental Change in Tropical Landscapes
Authors: Young Kenneth R.
Published: November 2007

Disjunctions in scale, effect, and direction of forcing are characteristic of how global environmental change alters and interacts with landscapes in regards to land cover, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainable land use. Many effects are subtle, indirect, or best characterized as thresholds, wherein change at first modest is followed by abrupt shifts in rate or mode. In the tropics, global climate and atmospheric processes are changing aspects of natural and utilized landscapes, with consequences already discernable for the practices and goals of land use and of biodiversity conservation. The coupled human‐biophysical systems are interconnecting in new ways through globalized movements of information, commodities, and people. An expectation of heterogeneity, asymmetries, and discordances in causality and repercussions provides a useful and holistic analytical framework to evaluate change in tropical landscapes and elsewhere.
Buzz‐and‐Pipeline Dynamics: Towards a Knowledge‐Based Multiplier Model of Clusters
Authors: Bathelt Harald
Published: November 2007

This article critically reviews the idea that regional prosperity and growth are heavily dependent on regional industry networks. In contrast with this view, a cluster approach is presented which emphasises both the need for close local networksandstrong extralocal or global linkages. The approach argues that local interaction or ‘buzz’ and interaction through translocal ‘pipelines’ create a dynamic process of learning, knowledge production and innovation that is central to understand a cluster's success. Based on a reflexive relationship between local and non‐local knowledge flows, this approach is interpreted as a knowledge‐based extension of regional multiplier models that have been intensively discussed in regional economics since the 1960s. The buzz‐and‐pipeline conception suggested here aims to overcome problems of these models by providing a microscale explanation of regional growth processes.
Comparison of multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and conventional cytogenetics as a diagnostic strategy for acute leukemia
Authors: PARK J. S. , YI J. W. , JEONG S. H. , LEE H. W. , KANG S. Y. , CHOI J. H. , KIM H. C. , PARK J. E. , KIM E. , LIM Y. A. , KIM H. J. , CHO S. R.
Published: November 2007

To clarify the usefulness of multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mRT‐PCR) in diagnosing acute leukemia, mRT‐PCR detecting 28 different translocations was performed on bone marrow aspirates of 156 patients with acute leukemia, and the results were compared with conventional chromosomal karyotypes. About 113 of 156 patients had acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 36 had acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) with patients’ ages ranging from 1 to 84 (median: 34.5). Concordance rate between karyotyping and mRT‐PCR was 50% (51% in AML and 44% in ALL). Karyotype revealed chromosomal abnormalities in 70 patients (45%) while mRT‐PCR showed some aberrations in 59 patients (38%). mRT‐PCR detected t(1;19), t(4;11), t(9;11), t(10;11), t(11;19), t(12;21), and TAL1d, which were not detected by G‐banding. In addition, 10 patients with t(15;17), one patient with t(8;21), and four patients with t(9;22) detected by mRT‐PCR revealed normal karyotypes. However, mRT‐PCR did not detect numerical abnormalities, deletions, and translocations other than the 28 translocations included in the assay as expected. In conclusion, although it cannot be a substitute of the conventional chromosome analysis, mRT‐PCR could be a complementary diagnostic strategy of acute leukemia.
Theorizing Hyphenated Selves: Researching Youth Development in and across Contentious Political Contexts
Authors: Fine Michelle , Sirin Selcuk R.
Published: November 2007

In this article, we present social–psychological notions about critical consciousness, change, and power that we consider foundational to the study of youth under siege. Relying on Lewin's field theory and Du Bois’ dual consciousness, and critical psychology literature on sociopolitical understandings of conflict, we propose a new conceptual and theoretical framework that we call ‘hyphenated selves’ to better understand youth identity in and across contentious political contexts. Specifically, we report briefly on our own work with Muslim‐American youth in the US post‐9/11 and post–‘war on terror’ as a context from which we may reflect on a social psychology of youth identity and global conflict. At the same time, we want to think forward about critical methods for researching complicated subjectivities across politically and culturally contentious terrains.
Queer Theory and Its Future in Psychology: Exploring Issues of Race Privilege
Authors: Riggs Damien
Published: November 2007

Queer theory is increasingly making an impact on the discipline of psychology in the UK and elsewhere, both in the form of those who explicitly use queer theory, and those who exhibit a queer sensibility. Yet, it has been suggested, queer theorising more broadly has largely neglected to account for its racial politics, an issue that holds ongoing relevance for its application across disciplines. In this paper, I outline six key areas requiring further attention in regards to the growing use of queer theory within psychology: (i) a greater recognition of the histories on which queer theory builds, (ii) an understanding of how racial hierarchies shape accounts of individualism and universalism, (iii) a continued focus on the operations of a racialised queer desire, (iv) an investigation of the implication of critiques of essentialism, (v) ongoing explorations of language use within queer theorising, and (vi) greater acknowledgement of tensions within queer community building. These six points provide new avenues of consideration for those already in the field, and will encourage those new to the field to explore its unnamed assumptions.
Eavesdropping on Health: A Naturalistic Observation Approach for Social Health Research
Authors: Mehl Matthias R.
Published: November 2007

This article provides an overview of a novel ecological momentary assessment method called the electronically activated recorder or EAR. The EAR is a portable audio recorder that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds from participants’ momentary environments. In tracking moment‐to‐moment ambient sounds, the EAR yields an acoustic log of a person's day as it naturally unfolds. As a naturalistic observation method, it provides an observer's account of daily life and is optimized for the assessment of audible aspects of participants’ daily social environments and interactions. The article discusses the EAR method conceptually and methodologically and identifies three important ways in which it can enrich social health research. Specifically, it can help cross‐validate research findings independent of self‐reports, calibrate psychological measures against behavioral markers of real‐world social functioning, and further our understanding of the role that people's mundane social interactions and language use play in coping and health.
A Review of the Study of the Political Status of Indigenous Peoples in the Global Context
Authors: Iyall Smith Keri E.
Published: November 2007

This paper reviews the literature examining indigenous peoples in the global community. Recent studies tend to focus on one of three themes: definition of indigenousness, relationships with the state, and the role of indigenous peoples in the international governing structure. This paper will examine each of these themes. I begin by exploring definitions of indigenousness, looking at the differing definitions employed by the international governing organizations, indigenous peoples, and the academic literature. In the next section, I explore the relationship between indigenous peoples and the state. The indigenous–state relationship is dominated by the influence of the state. Indigenous groups reject this dominance, seeking freedoms from the state, disputing land rights, and using the weight of morals to motivate the state. However, the state structure itself might enable indigenous groups to attain freedoms and rights. In the final section, I explore discussions of the role of indigenous peoples in the international community.
Natriuretic peptide C receptor signalling in the heart and vasculature
Authors: Rose Robert A. , Giles Wayne R.
Published: November 2007

Natriuretic peptides (NPs), including atrial, brain and C‐type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), bind two classes of cell surface receptors: the guanylyl cyclase‐linked A and B receptors (NPR‐A and NPR‐B) and the C receptor (NPR‐C). The biological effects of NPs have been mainly attributed to changes in intracellular cGMP following their binding to NPR‐A and NPR‐B. NPR‐C does not include a guanylyl cyclase domain. It has been denoted as a clearance receptor and is thought to bind and internalize NPs for ultimate degradation. However, a substantial body of biochemical work has demonstrated the ability of NPR‐C to couple to inhibitory G proteins (Gi) and cause inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and activation of phospholipase‐C. Recently, novel physiological effects of NPs, mediated specifically by NPR‐C, have been discovered in the heart and vasculature. We have described the ability of CNP, acting via NPR‐C, to selectively inhibit L‐type calcium currents in atrial and ventricular myocytes, as well as in pacemaker cells (sinoatrial node myocytes). In contrast, our studies of the electrophysiological effects of CNP on cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated an NPR‐C–Gi–phospholipase‐C‐dependent activation of a non‐selective cation current mediated by transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. It is also known that CNP and BNP have important anti‐proliferative effects in cardiac fibroblasts that appear to involve NPR‐C. In the mammalian resistance vessels, including mesenteric and coronary arteries, CNP has been found to function as an NPR‐C‐dependent endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor that regulates local blood flow and systemic blood pressure by hyperpolarizing smooth muscle cells. In this review we highlight the role of NPR‐C in mediating these NP effects in myocytes and fibroblasts from the heart as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Orai1 subunit stoichiometry of the mammalian CRAC channel pore
Authors: Mignen Olivier , Thompson Jill L. , Shuttleworth Trevor J.
Published: November 2007

Agonist‐activated Ca2+ entry plays a critical role in Ca2+ signalling in non‐excitable cells. One mode of such entry is activated as a consequence of the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. This depletion is sensed by the protein STIM1 in the endoplasmic reticulum, which then translocates to regions close to the plasma membrane where it induces the activation of store‐operated conductances. The most thoroughly studied of these conductances are the Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, and recent studies have identified the protein Orai1 as comprising the essential pore‐forming subunit of these channels. Although evidence suggests that Orai1 can assemble as homomultimers, whether this assembly is necessary for the formation of functional CRAC channels and, if so, their relevant stoichiometry is unknown. To examine this, we have used an approach involving the expression of preassembled tandem Orai1 multimers comprising different numbers of subunits into cells stably overexpressing STIM1, followed by the recording of maximally activated CRAC channel currents. In each case, any necessity for recruitment of additional Orai1 units to these preassembled multimers in order to form functional channels was evaluated by coexpression with a dominant‐negative Orai1 mutant. In this way we were able to demonstrate, for the first time, that the functional CRAC channel pore is formed by a tetrameric assembly of Orai1 subunits.
Reactive oxygen species and fatigue‐induced prolonged low‐frequency force depression in skeletal muscle fibres of rats, mice and SOD2 overexpressing mice
Authors: Bruton Joseph D. , Place Nicolas , Yamada Takashi , Silva José P. , Andrade Francisco H. , Dahlstedt Anders J. , Zhang Shi‐Jin , Katz Abram , Larsson Nils‐Göran , Westerblad Håkan
Published: November 2007

Skeletal muscle often shows a delayed force recovery after fatiguing stimulation, especially at low stimulation frequencies. In this study we focus on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this fatigue‐induced prolonged low‐frequency force depression. Intact, single muscle fibres were dissected from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles of rats and wild‐type and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) overexpressing mice. Force and myoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) were measured. Fibres were stimulated at different frequencies before and 30 min after fatigue induced by repeated tetani. The results show a marked force decrease at low stimulation frequencies 30 min after fatiguing stimulation in all fibres. This decrease was associated with reduced tetanic [Ca2+]i in wild‐type mouse fibres, whereas rat fibres and mouse SOD2 overexpressing fibres instead displayed a decreased myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. The SOD activity was ∼50% lower in wild‐type mouse than in rat FDB muscles. Myoplasmic ROS increased during repeated tetanic stimulation in rat fibres but not in wild‐type mouse fibres. The decreased Ca2+ sensitivity in rat fibres could be partially reversed by application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol, whereas the decrease in tetanic [Ca2+]i in wild‐type mouse fibres was not affected by dithiothreitol or the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine. In conclusion, we describe two different causes of fatigue‐induced prolonged low‐frequency force depression, which correlate to differences in SOD activity and ROS metabolism. These findings may have clinical implications since ROS‐mediated impairments in myofibrillar function can be counteracted by reductants and antioxidants, whereas changes in SR Ca2+ handling appear more resistant to interventions.
: what do we know, and what do we still need to know?
Authors: Levine Benjamin D.
Published: November 2007

Maximal oxygen uptake is a physiological characteristic bounded by the parametric limits of the Fick equation: (left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic volume − LV end‐systolic volume) × heart rate × arterio‐venous oxygen difference. ‘Classical’ views of emphasize its critical dependence on convective oxygen transport to working skeletal muscle, and recent data are dispositive, proving convincingly that such limits must and do exist. ‘Contemporary’ investigations into the mechanisms underlying peripheral muscle fatigue due to energetic supply/demand mismatch are clarifying the local mediators of fatigue at the skeletal muscle level, though the afferent signalling pathways that communicate these environmental conditions to the brain and the sites of central integration of cardiovascular and neuromotor control are still being worked out. Elite endurance athletes have a high due primarily to a high cardiac output from a large compliant cardiac chamber (including the myocardium and pericardium) which relaxes quickly and fills to a large end‐diastolic volume. This large capacity for LV filling and ejection allows preservation of blood pressure during extraordinary rates of muscle blood flow and oxygen transport which support high rates of sustained oxidative metabolism. The magnitude and mechanisms of cardiac phenotype plasticity remain uncertain and probably involve underlying genetic factors, as well as the length, duration, type, intensity and age of initiation of the training stimulus