bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Was the Turkish Financial Crisis in 2001 Caused by External or Internal Factors?
Authors: Konak Fatih , Turan Hakan
Published: December 2019

There has been much discussion on the issue of whether financial crisis are caused by external factors or internal factors. This research has attempted to demonstrate what were the real reasons whether internal or external factors, behind the Turkish financial crisis in 2001. The crucial question that demands an answer is ‘which one of them overwhelmingly triggered the crisis. It was argued that before the crisis occurred, the Turkey economy had been affected by some unfavourable external shocks such as, rise in crude oil prices which increased the current account deficit; however, it can be seriously solved by employing correct finance technique that using long-term capital and direct investment instead of short-term capital. Therefore, external factors effects on the economy can be eliminated by right monetary policy, which means they were not the key factors. On the other hand, there were many internal factors behind the crisis such as fragile finance and banking system, ruling out dis-inflation negative effects and seasonal factors and so on. It could be advocated that these factors led the Turkish economy into uncertain situation and they had central part in the crisis because, when the last global financial crisis was occurred in 2008, although all unexpected external factors were soared, the Turkish economy was less affected, because the Turkish economy has been become more durable by solving the internal triggering factors.
The Importance of Independent Regulatory and Supervisory Agencies in Restructuring of the Banking Sector: Lessons for Transition Economies from the Ca
Authors: Yazıcı Resül , Yazıcı Ayla
Published: December 2019

For countries, who did not know whence and how to start the quest for reform, that has come into question because of crises and downfalls, the solution process extends and the cost increases. In countries that are in the process of restructuring, the most important reform to alleviate these adversities will be the establishment of independent regulatory and supervisory agencies. The financial sector which is acting as an intermediary in the development of market economies should be at most subject to regulation and supervision. However, if these regulations and supervisions are supragovernmental the success of the transition to market economies will improve quickly. In this study the causes of the banking crises experienced in Turkey in 2001, and the means of solution to overcome them, are discussed. Owing to the creation of independent regulatory and supervisory agencies, the Turkish banking sector has qualitatively and quantitatively grown and has transfered positive externalities to the economy. Especially due to the efficient functioning of the regulatory and supervisiory agencies in the banking sector, Turkey has so far successfully managed the global financial crises. In this context with this study, it is aimed to present for transition economies in the process of restructuring, that the services of resource utilization to the private sector, which is the main function of banking, will develop and, like Turkey, these countries can achieve the same outcomes. This means that, these economies can benefit from Turkey's experiences.
New Actor of the Local Economies, Regional Innovation Strategies: RIS Mersin Application
Authors: Tutar Filiz , Fırat Emine , Erkan Çisil , Tutar Erdinç
Published: December 2019

Innovation is in a key position of competition and development in our globalizing world.Regional innovation system can be defined to minimize interzonal imbalances,to take the skilled labor and policies and strategies implemented to enhance the competitiveness of firms.In this connection , regional innovation strategy plays an important role in terms of increasing the regions innovation. Mersin which is an important port city in the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, is not at the place it deserves in socio-ecenomic sense either in turkey or in the world. In general to promote regional innovation systems in order to increase of the region’s innovation potential and competitiveness and in particular put forth of Mersin’s regional innovation strategy’s strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats is form of the purpose of the study.
De-Leveraging and Mitigating Pro-Cyclicality of Capital Flows in Emerging Market Economies: Role of Macro-Prudential Policies
Authors: Dağlaroğlu Tolga , Demirel Baki , Varlık Serdar
Published: December 2019

International capital flows have been on an unprecedented roller-coaster ride in recent years. Capital flows to emerging market economies have been strongly correlated with changes in global financing conditions, rising sharply during periods with relatively low global interest rates and low VIX (called risk-on) and shrinking afterward. In open emerging market economies, interest rate increases can attract excessive capital inflows appreciating the exchange rate, and leading to excessive borrowing in foreign currency, and encouraging leverage. A well-designed macro prudential policy prevents credit –driven bubble and mitigating pro-cyclicality of capital flows.
The Impact of the US Dollar and the Euro on Currencies in Europe and Asia
Authors: Doman Malgorzata , Doman Ryszard
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we analyze dependencies between the currencies of chosen emerging countries and the major (global) currencies – the euro and the American dollar. The idea is taken from a paper by Eun and Lai proposing a method to verify an opinion that currencies systematically co-move and the pattern of co-movement is significantly driven by the relative influence of the two global currencies. The observation by Eun and Lai is that in the case when a minor currency XYZ is driven by the US dollar, the exchange rates XYZ/EUR and USD/EUR co-move very closely. In the opposite case, i.e. when the XYZ is influenced by the euro, the exchange rates XYZ/USD and EUR/USD show strong interdependence. In our approach, the dynamics of dependencies is modeled by means of 3-regime Markov regime switching copula models, and the considered measures of the strength of the linkages are dynamic Spearman’s rho and tail dependence coefficients. Applying the Markov regime switching copula models allows us to capture temporal changes in the impact of the global currencies on the analyzed minor ones. Our results show that the euro area of influence is widening, and that during the considered period some of the analyzed currencies are releasing from the US dollar impact.
Environmental Effects of the Consumerist Society
Authors: Karakehya Naile
Published: December 2019

Consumerist society is a concept which was exist in modern history and raised up with postmodern period. Therefore, it belongs to the period of time corresponding to after modernity of mankind. Some features of the consumerist society like consumption of images and consumption for pleasure, causes serious environmental problems. Because of frantic production and energy consumption in order to meet the demands about consuming and discharging of goods without obsolescence, our planet is becoming less and less livable. Create awareness of this is to be done first to put a stop to dangerous downturn. In order to emerge a social reaction and to provide conscious consumption, it is necessary to create awareness about the damage to the environment of people first. Otherwise it seems to, it will not be a livable world for our future and our children. Here the key issue at this point to keep in mind is, there is no other planet that we can live yet.
Impact of Globalization on Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Authors: İncekara Ahmet , Savrul Mesut
Published: December 2019

Contemporarily, globalization is regarded as one of the most comprehensive forces that shape the modern world. It led to major increases in worldwide trade and exchanges in an increasingly open, integrated, and borderless international economy. The participation of developing countries in the globalization process created an opportunity for them to better utilize their comparative advantages through entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is often associated with job creation, wealth creation, innovation and its related welfare effects. Thus it is generally credited with economic development instrument especially for developing countries. In this regard, impact of globalization on entrepreneurship in developing countries is investigated in the study. Entrepreneurship and globalization data is collected from KOF Index of Globalization and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The data of the countries classified by UNDP Country Classification System. Comparison of the data has shown that globalization has a positive impact on entrepreneurial activities and although entrepreneurship levels are rising all over the world it is more effective in developing countries than developed ones and emerging markets in the last decade due to the increase in the globalization process.
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Trade on Gross Domestic Product in Eurasian Countries: Panel Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Songur Mehmet , Yaman Demet
Published: December 2019

In recent years, with the phenomenon of globalization, both foreign trade and foreign direct investment have become important factors that impact on economic growth. The effect of foreign trade and foreign direct investment on economic growth has been an important research area for many economists. For this purpose, this study investigates the effects of foreign direct invesment and foreign trade on economic growth, with the help of Pedroni Panel Cointegration Analysis,for 9 Eurasian countries using annual data for the period 1995-2011.The results show that in analyzed countries, there has been a long-term relationship between the variables. The results of cointegration coeffficients show that, import and export has a negative impact but foreign direct invesment has a positive impact on GDP. From these results, Eurasian economies on one hand should develop policies to increase the effeciency of foreign direct invesment and increase foreign trade. On the other hand Eurasian economies should improve policies to increase the economic and human infrastructure.
Inter-Organizational Relations in Hospitality Industry in the form of Strategic Alliance and a Model Suggestion
Authors: Vatansever Toylan Nilüfer , Semerciöz Fatih
Published: December 2019

In this study, strategic alliances are discussed from the perspective of hospitality industry and inter organizational relation factors that regulate the formation of strategic alliances have been revealed in hospitality industry. In addition, the relations between inter organizational relation factors, knowledge sharing and organizational innovativeness are raised within the scope of the literature and a model is proposed. In this context, with review of literature, relation factors between hospitality businesses that affects knowledge sharing are examined. These factors are specified as inter organizational trust, the intention of learning, shared vision, communication, (partner-specific) absorptive capacity and commitment. Knowledge sharing and innovativeness variables are especially important in terms of competitive advantage in the market for hospitality strategic alliances. Thus, the main problem of the study is to investigate the relationships between all of these variables.
Disincentive Factors for Transformation of the Economic Cooperation Organization to Regional Integration: An Assessment Regarding Intra-regional Trade
Authors: Çeştepe Hamza , Güven Tamer
Published: December 2019

In this study, the structure and level of intra-regional trade in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which is a movement of regional cooperation founded in the Western and Central Asia region, has been analyzed. In ECO, with a share below its potential at the world trade, intra-regional trade is low relative to other regional integrations such as the European Union. However, the volume of intra-regional trade in the region countries, except a few countries, tend to increase in recent years. In this study, as a result of the evaluation made by the indices calculated, it was found that the region countries is in the position of more complementary economies in context of foreign trade; the countries has generally a high trade intensity with its neighbors; intra-industry trade in the region is at low level. As a result, although the level and structure of intra-regional trade in ECO region seems to be disincentive for the transformation to regional integration as of today, recent developments suggest that this obstacle will gradually diminish in the future. In addition, if some of advantages and potential of the region in terms of regional integration can be valued it does not seem very difficult to reach more advanced stages of integration for this cooperation movement.
An Assessment on the National Hotel Chain Growth Success: The Case of the Rixos Hotel Group
Authors: Durna Ufuk , İnal Mehmet Emin , Kurar İhsan
Published: December 2019

This study examines the growth phenomenon and strategies of Rixos Hotel Group, which is regarded as one of the local hotel groups. The growth forms of international hotel businesses vary from country to country. The hotel businesses need to get to know the working ways of both local partner and national tourism sector with the fact that legal arrangements and socio-cultural characteristics are very important in terms of growth strategies of hotel businesses in service industry. A Turkish Hotel Group has not been examined so far in the studies which have been already done about multinational hotel businesses. In this context, the growth type, growth strategy, guest relationships, education of employees and innovation applications of Rixos Hotel Group which is regarded one of the local hotel groups, are examined for the first time, which contributes to the importance level of this study in a positive way.
The New Geopolitical Environment of Turkey
Authors: Çiftçi Hakkı , Koç Murat
Published: December 2019

The World Political Atlas has been reorganized, the direction of this reorganization is determined by shared sovereignty reflexes, and is applied through strategic decisions. Metropolitan and hinterland borders form the backbone of the newly formed world political atlas Various western- (or the US) origin approaches such as “Neo Liberal Colonialism” , The Clashes of Civilizations”, “The End of History”, and Eurasian Sovereignty”, introduced as the application components of the framework of sovereignty, attract particular attention as the primary sources of the newly formed political atlas . Within the embracing scope of the concept of globalization, “The new World Order” formed through a new political atmosphere with such concepts and claims as “postmodernism”, neo-liberalism”, “the end of history”, and “the cashes of civilizations” can neither maintain its validity nor is wholly embracing in its attempt to perceive the political future of the world . Instead of establishing a comprehensive reconciliatory platform, all of these concepts and claims reflect enormous controversy due to their characteristics leading to constant arguments and, therefore, result in new conflicts, new political actors, new relations of power, and new searches for sovereignty. New “geopolitical gaps” constitute the focus of sovereignty and power relations of the new process.
Guerilla Marketing on the Internet and an Evaluation on the Tourism Industry
Authors: Kutluk Aysegül
Published: December 2019

At the present time, managements which can see and use alterations, they can remain stand and strive with their competitors. Changes are in managements only able to possible by using new strategies, that can make a management comperior under the competition clause. These strategies are: last trends, fun promotions, flash mobbings, guerrilla advertising and even the viral applications that can make people unwittingly a marketer. On the other hand, at the first times, while guerilla marketing was a method that small scale enterprise can struggle against the big bussiness, nowadays it is a very simple method which every management can apply easily.The aim of guerilla marketing is to make more sales, like traditional marketing. But, the methods that used, are different from eachother. This method try to find with very low budget some works, that will take place more higher from other traditional marketing methods' effects. This works have to be effective, different, enjoyable and unforgetable. That is possible to see them in out,on ethernet and somewhere of our life. Especially, these activities are organized contemplated by advertising agencies; diversified according to the imagination of the creators. Guerilla marketing and the other similar marketings are done especially online network in tourism sector of Turkey. The purpose of this study; is increasing the awareness of guerilla marketing as an alternative method in academic and sectorel context, that can increase the sales of tourism managements and at the same time can provide quickly and easily reach to their target group.
A Comparison and some Suggestions for Turkey’s and Eurasian Economic Community Countries’ Logistic Performance Index Scores
Authors: Sofyalıoğlu Çiğdem , Kartal Burak
Published: December 2019

Turkey is a bridge between Asia and Europe and this fact provides an opportunity for Turkey, whose exports mostly go to Europe, to diversify its export markets. In this geography, cooperation and integration are needed to sustain and to flourish economic activities. In that sense, Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEc) is one of the most important economic integrations in the world considering the initiatives of becoming a Customs Union. EurAsEc includes five member and three observer countries while some other Eurasian countries are expected to join this community in the years to come due to its potential advantages. The members of are positive towards a cooperation with Turkey which has a strategic role in many important transport corridors within the Western Europe-Asia transit transport framework. Anyway, the development of international trade depends on logistic performance, logistic infrastructure and effectiveness of logistic sectors of the countries in this region. Therefore, Turkey and EurAsEc countries need to cooperate in overcoming logistics problems to develop international trade. Bearing that in mind, we compared logistic performance indexes of Turkey and EurAsEc countries in our study and we discussed what can be done to improve logistic activities in the region within the framework of mutual cooperation. The findings indicate that a better logistics infrastructure should be available throughout the EurAsEC countries and it is essential to adopt transit pass by EurAsEc countries and to improve the information technology infrastructure to accelerate customs transition.
TheEffects of Empowerment Applications on Organizational Loyality in the Banking Sector: A Study of Trakya Region
Authors: Gürbüz Gözde , Kumkale İlknur , Oğuzhan Adil
Published: December 2019

It is necessary that several applications should be done by the firms to adaptation to the changing market conditions and taking advantage of loyality. The first-major one of these applications is “empowerment” which is a modern management application. Efforts and labor of employees, who are so important for the firms’ developing and growing process, make valuable the firms. As businesses are aware of this, give power, responsibility, authority, and confidence to the employees; and thus they will be empowered. When the employees feel that they are empowered, their loyality will increase to the employer. This is important for the firms in today's hard conditions. In this study, it was investigated how was applied empowerment in the banking sector that there is intensive competition and how the empowerment effect the loyality level on the organization. The study is done via first data acquired from questionnary which were applied to 382 employees in 20 banks in Edirne, Tekirdağ and Kırklareli city-centers, and seconder data is from the literrature. The reliability test, demographical dispersion of employees, interpretation of employee empowerment and organizational commitment’s surveys, factor analiysis, variation tests (Kolmogrov-Smirnov Z, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis), regression and correlation analysis was made by SPSS. As a result of the study, it is concluded that, the empowerment applications in the banking sector, increased the loyality of the employee to the organizations.
Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: Emissions Trading
Authors: Narin Müslüme
Published: December 2019

The growth of the world economy, rapid population growth and urbanization increased the demand for energy. Nowadays, a large part of the growing demand for energy provided by fossil fuels, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of these fuels leading to climate change and global warming. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in 1994 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The Kyoto Protocol, emission volume of the three market-based flexibility mechanisms have to be considered. One of these mechanisms is emissions trading. This study will focus on emissions trading systems and carbon markets. All over the world in recent years, based on the spot and futures contracts are traded on the carbon. In this direction of the world's carbon stocks and its activities will be discussed. Also in 2008, in the aftermath of the global crisis and European Debt Crisis its effects on carbon markets will be investigated.
Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law and Crimes of Pollution
Authors: Özenbaş Nazmiye
Published: December 2019

Environmental problems due to economic growth and development policies in the last century ignorant to humanitarian values has become a risky issue for the future of humanity. Since 70's it become a debatable problem in the international arena and due to the search of solutions for the environmental problems, right to environment has stated as a part of fundamental human rights and protected with law. Recently with the emphasis to the preventive functions of criminal law actions against the right of living in a healthy and balanced environment has started to be described as crime and are becoming subject to penalty in the criminal codes. With this study we will analyze crimes of polluting the environment.
Turkey’s Trade with Neigbor Countries: A Gravity Model Analysis
Authors: Ata Sezai
Published: December 2019

With the ever-increasing level of integration in world economy, neighborhood relations become much more important for two-fold reasons. Firstly, neighbor countries are most important trade partners in general and secondly they form a bridge with the other countries. So, while good relations with neigbors have positive externalities for the trade with other countries, bad relations with neigbors mean reduced trade with other countries of a specific region. The main purpose of this study is to analyze Turkey's export potential with the neighbor countries with the help of the gravity model. For this purpose, first a gravity model has been set up using panel data which consists of bilateral data for 68 countries for the period 1980-2009, and then Turkey’s exports potential to 10 neigbor countries is analyzed. One important finding of the study is that Turkey’s exports to neighbor countries in general is below potential and there is a further room for increasing exports. While the short distance, one of the two most important indicator of trade in a gravity model (the other is GDP), is one of the main drivers of high trade among countries, its full effect depends on the geographical conditons of two countries. Our analysis shows that, high levels of untapped export potential exists for the majority of neighboring countries.
Turkey’s Export Performance: Examining the Main Determinants of Export Volume (1995-2012)
Authors: Balcılar Mehmet , Bal Harun , Algan Neşe , Demiral Mehmet
Published: December 2019

The main objective of this study is to investigate the short and the long run relationships between export performance proxied by export volume index and real effective exchange rate changes in Turkey using the aggregated quarterly data sets covering the period of 1995-2012. The other factors that are expected to affect export performance such as wage, foreign income, productivity, trend GDP and exchange rate volatility are also added to the model. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is performed in the estimation process. The causalities among the variables in the model are determined based on the estimated ARDL models. The empirical results reveal that the variables of interest are cointegrated. Real effective exchange rate coefficient is significantly positive in the short run whereas negative in the long run and exchange rate volatility has no significant effect on export performance in contrast with theoretical expectations. Other evidences indicate that the recent export boom in Turkey can be explained by wages, productivity and world demand, rather than exchange rate changes. Consequently, findings suggest that policies that depressing wages and stimulating high productivity can help export sectors increase their export volume and competitiveness in Turkey.
Economic Effects of European Neighborhood Policy on Countries
Authors: Ballı Esra , Güreşçi Pehlivan Gülçin
Published: December 2019

After the fifth enlargement of European Union in 2004 and with the expansion of European Unions borders and new neighbors, it became one of the important policies to provide security, stability and prosperity, and develop relationship between neighborhood countries. Although, enlargement process provide some opportunities to the member states of European Union, it brings about some difficulties. The differences at the life standards, environment, public health, prevention and combating organized crime between European Union and neighbor countries caused to create new policies. European Neighborhood Policy was launched in 2004, and consists of 16 countries, namely: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, The Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Lebanon, Algeria, Syria, Libya and Belarus. European Union and the partner country sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements, and then the Agreement Action Plans are mutually adapted. Action Plans include privileged relationship, mutual commitment to common values, democracy and human rights, legal and market economy principles, good governance, sustainable development, energy and transportation policies. Within the framework of European Neighborhood Policy, the main aim is to arrange the relationship between the neighbors of European Union. In this study, economic effects of the European Neighborhood Policy will be examined for the relevant countries.
Economic and Legal Aspects of Trafficking in Human Beings
Authors: Tepecik Filiz
Published: December 2019

In the next decade, trafficking in human beings is expected to be the largest part of the illegal markets such as drug and arms trafficking. Trafficking in human beings can be done in many different purposes which includes the sexual exploitation, the practices similar to slavery or servitude. The problem is becoming visible both for the Eurasian countries and for Turkey. Despite being an inhuman trade, all parties of the trafficking in human beings are rational economic agents and they are acting according to the rules of supply and demand. Therefore in this paper, this economic structure that nourish the illegal market is primarily be discussed. It is focused on the push and pull factors to this market members and this is tried to shown in a quantitative dimension of the market. Secondly, in order to combat trafficking in human beings, legal and social measures are being taken. These regulations generally aim to find and punish perpetrators, and /or protect victims of trafficking. But these regulations always cause a change of the benefits and the costs of the parties involved in trafficking in human beings. Thus the economic perspective are convenient to analyze these results. Finally, with this paper it is aimed to produce a common ground for people who want to work in this academic field.
Analysis of Turkey’s Export and Import Demand Functions within the Context of Foreign Trade with Russia
Authors: Yayar Rüştü , Birol Yunus Emre , Demir Yusuf
Published: December 2019

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the foreign trade of Russia and Turkey. Considering the foreign trade volume between the two countries, an experimental study was carried out to determine export and import demand functions of Turkey. The Russian Federation has been one of the countries having an important part in export of Turkey. Whereas textile products have taken the first place within the export of Turkey, petroleum gas and natural gas have taken the first place in import. The data used in the study covered the period between 1995 and 2010 quarterly. The data were obtained from Turkish Republic Central Bank, International Money Fund, Russian Central Bank and Russian Federal Statistics Service databases. According to obtained results, export of Turkey to Russia has affected more from the income of Russia rather than the relative prices, and import of Turkey from Russia has affected more from the income of Turkey rather than the relative prices. When income and price elasticity of export and import demands were analyzed, income and price elasticity of the export demand was noticed as being greater than the income and price elasticity of the import demand.
The Effects of the Criminal Law to Arbitration
Authors: Arslan Çetin
Published: December 2019

While the arbitration, in essence, is a special law institution, there are various points it intersect with the criminal law. It is quite important to investigate the aforementioned probabilities that criminal law norms may affect the arbitration procedures and/or decisions and the probable consequences of these. In this respect, the feasibility of the use of the Criminal Procedure Law (i.e. criminal conviction, illegal evidence) in the Arbitration Law, the bindingness and the indirect effects of the decisions of the criminal court and the punitive responsibilities of the refrees are all some of the important issues that can be examined under this heading. The subjects mentioned in the paper will be evaluated from the perspective of Turkish Law theory and practice.
Problems in Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Turkey
Authors: Deynekli Adnan
Published: December 2019

If the arbitral award which requested to recognition and enforcement given in the country is a party to New York Convention dated 1958, primarily the provisions of this Convention shall be applied. The recognition and enforcement of domestic law and regulations duly implemented. Whether judgment fees should be fixed or proportional are discussion. The demand for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral tribunal shall not review the basis of the decision of the referee. The necessary conditions for enforcement of foreign arbitral decisions and must be moved. The existence of the arbitration agreement against the enforcement of the arbitration requested by referee assignments, and to be aware of the dispute to arbitration and enforcement required to be favorable verdict must not be contrary to public policy.
The Public and Private Health Sectors in Kyrgyzstan and Prospects for their Cooperation
Authors: Japarova Damira
Published: December 2019

The public sector does not provide funding for the program of state guarantees. Private sector where high levels of profitability and higher prices. The purpose of public-private partnerships in health care – the preservation and improvement of the health status of the population. In Kyrgyzstan, the investment in health infrastructure of the state are planned. The private investor can build a building and provide meals for patients as required by the hospital. Require opening a public-private laboratories for urgent tests at each hospital and clinic. To finance the public-private partnership in the health sector can be used in co-financing, guarantee the payment rate for OMS services.
Examining the Turkish-Russian Trade Relations after Russia’s World Trade Organization Accession
Authors: Kartal Burak
Published: December 2019

Turkey and the Russian Federation (RF) have deep historical political and economic relations. The trade between the two countries have been growing since late 1980s when Turkey began to procure natural gas from Russia. The dissolution of USSR and the revival of Russian economy offered new opportunities for Turkish businessmen. During the last decade, Russia became one of the few major markets for Turkish construction and contractor companies whereas Turkey has been a favorable touristic destination for Russians. The agreements regarding Akkuyu nuclear power plant and natural gas pipelines have strengthened the ties between the two countries. In 2012, Russia became the 156th member of the WTO. Russia’s WTO accession, along with the country’s other economic cooperation and integration moves provide foreign companies interested in Russia with a better investment climate and business environment. Having competitive advantage in many goods and services categories needed by Russia, Turkish companies should benefit the new developments in RF and increase their business volumes in that country. This paper examines the current trade relations between RF and Turkey in detail considering the potential effects of RF’s WTO membership.
Competitiveness Analysis of Selected Members of Commonwealth of Independent States and Turkey in Vegetables and Fruit Sector
Authors: Öztürk Fahriye , Saraçoğlu Sıtkıcan , Kortan Işın
Published: December 2019

Our paper aims to quantify levels of competitiveness of the selected Commonwealth of Independent States countries(Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine) and Turkey in vegetables and fruit sector and sub-sectors during the 1995-2012 period with respect to world market. Because only these CIS countries have prolonged annual data for vegetables and fruit sector in this period, these countries are selected for our paper. Our paper uses export and import data obtained from UNCTAD database and the data set covers the period of 1995 to 2012. To investigate competitiveness of these five countries five indexes are calculated: The Relative Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), The Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP), The Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) and The Revealed Competitiveness (RC). Our findings indicate that Moldova and Turkey have high comparative advantage in vegetables and fruit sector than Belarus, Russia and Ukraine with respect to the world market. The comparative advantage level of Turkey has decreasing trend during the 1995-2012 period. The import penetration of Moldova has been higher level than Turkey which can be said as her rival.
What Kind of Sustainable Development do we need for the Solution of Global Climate Change Problems?
Authors: Satır Ayşen , Reyhan Hakan
Published: December 2019

The base issue is for sustainable development is removed on discrepancies of arising from ecological, economic and cultural concepts. Sustainability is procurable with balance on this three factor. Setting up this balance is presented to change of life style and economic manner especially development countries. Sustainability manner is not only in countries, but also providing for base on ethics and climate justice based upon rationalism in abroad. For this reason, sustainable development approach have need to review is to remedy of solutions from the point of global climate change/ global warming as known prime environment problems.
Kyrgyzstan and Eurasian Customs Union
Authors: Turdubekova Aigul , Kupsuralieva Elmira
Published: December 2019

This paper looks at the issue of joining the Eurasian Customs Union for Kyrgyzstan. We first provide a short description of how some former Soviet Union countries attempted to rejuvenate their regional integration followed by the review of the economic, social and political background of Kyrgyzstan in joining the Eurasian Customs Union. The main conditions for and the associated impact of joining the Union on customs tariffs and the international trade of Kyrgyzstan are discussed. By comparing the main development indicators of the Customs Union member countries we try to find any advantages for the Kyrgyz economy from joining the Union. An additional discussion of the potential losses and benefits shows that there are more benefits from joining the Customs Union. In general, we find that since the founders of the Customs Union – Russia and Kazakhstan – are also very important geographical, economic and political partners of our country, joining the Union seems inevitable for Kyrgyzstan.
Value Determination Landmarks of Humanized Economy
Authors: Koychuev Turar
Published: December 2019

The report characterized valuable indicators for evaluating the processes of humanization of social development, revealed the interdependence and interaction of processes of socio-economic structure and development of the productive forces of scientific and technological achievements, highlighted the fundamental and crucial stages in their development trends. The humanized society is seen as a special stage of economic development and public relations.
An Evaluation of the Potential of Energy Economies in Eurasia
Authors: Kök Recep
Published: December 2019

The basic hypothesis of this evaluation is how efficient the natural resource-rich countries use rents they can create so much sustainable welfare; how inefficient they use the rents, they will be subject to a welfare loss. When we consider the case of energy profile in the case of Eurasia in the scale of inventory, fossil oil, natural gas, coal and water reserves should be examined primarily. Shortly after, examining the distribution of the natural resource will be beneficial. In fact, it would be possible to develop more efficient policy propositions than the potential situation if we take into account the caring of the transportation/trade infrastructure and the infrastructure that enables a larger scale production through the current production and distribution channels. In this study, the results of different experiences acquaired till today will be elaborated. Some indicators will be given place with reference to the importance of R/P ratio. The priority condition for Eurasian countries to catch the contemporary civilization is directly related with the efficiently sustainable and steadily utilization of natural resources. Briefly, the evaluation of all propositions which are parts of the responsibilities of making projections for the future, especially with the historical mission of Turkey, will make contribution to the social peace as well as the welfare of people living in this region.
Anti-Keynesian Views: Fiscal and Monetary Guidelines
Authors: Hiç Özlen , Gencer Ayşen Hiç
Published: December 2019

In this article, we will cover the main anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems that arose in the post Keynes period as well as their fiscal and monetary policy guidelines. As is known, the early Classical economists introduced a macroeconomic system based on the Quantity Theory and Say’s Law resulting in automatic full-employment equilibrium; and finally after 1929-1934 Great World Depression, the Keynesian System was introduced as a “revolution” (Keynesian Revolution) in theory and practice. As a result of the Keynesian policies implemented, European countries and the United States not only got over the Great World Depression but also in the years following the World War II, they have observed a fast and stable growth for a long time. Moreover, cyclical fluctuations have been controlled to a great extent. Even so, at the stage when the Keynesian System was introduced, anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems were immediately introduced. Intense academic discussions between advocates of these views and the Keynesian economists have continued up until today. Meanwhile, many economists such as J.R. Hicks, R.F. Harrod, N. Kaldor, M. Kalesci, A.W. Philips, A. Hansen, P.A. Samuelson, E. Domar, J. Tobin, R. Solow, A.M. Okun, W. Helier, G. Ackler, F. Modigliani, and R. Musgrave and many others have developed and defended the Keynesian System from different aspects. We can characterize significant anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems as the “Counter-Revolution”.
On the Economical Impacts of Cloud Computing in Information Technology Industry
Authors: Şaykol Ediz
Published: December 2019

Cloud computing, as defined by United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), “... is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” Goal of the study is to highlight the positive economical impacts of cloud computing for companies, which can be assessed by focusing on their business goals to make more profit. Under the cloud computing model, firms can rent as many virtual machines as they need at any given time, and either design or use off-the-shelf solutions to integrate company-wide data and then easily distribute access to users within and outside of the company. Hence, cloud computing converts fixed capital costs to variable costs, prevents under or over provisioning, and allows minute by minute flexibility. Hence, the companies concentrate on their own business goals on top on a stable and effective information technology backbone. Most literature on cloud computing reside in computer science resources. However, there is little work focusing on the social and economic significance of cloud computing in the economics literature. Hence, this paper first discusses the basics of the cloud computing along with its implications on information technology (IT) field, with paying special attention to economical aspects. Then, empirical results and elaborations are to be given to yield a conclusion.
The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Bulut Cihan , Hasanov Fakhri , Suleymanov Elchin
Published: December 2019

The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structure of these countries’ economies, which leads to income inequality based on employment via a mechanism of labor compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. We are going to employ co-integration and error correction methods in our empirical analysis. Is there a long-run relationship between the oil revenues and the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union; What is the role of dynamics of the oil revenues in the standard of living in the short run; What is the magnitude of speed of adjustment from the short-run fluctuation towards long-run equilibrium of the system; What is the direction of long- and short-run causality in the oil revenues - standard of living relationship.
Fruit Value Chain
Authors: Umetaliev Akylbek
Published: December 2019

This paper examines to get a clear picture about the status quo of fruit distribution, to identify current drawbacks, also to develop and to implement an end-to-end distribution system, covering the total value chain from the local farmer in the countryside, through regional consolidation points, through consolidation centers in the oblast up to the export preparation and processing. The study encompasses a conceptual framework for stepwise restructuring and transition to an efficient and responsive fruit value chain, tasks and milestones for implementation, accordingly apply following methods: interviews, document analysis, business process modeling techniques, all classical methods weak points analysis, requirement documentation techniques, workshops, network optimization models, facility locations models, transport optimization models, information flow optimization models and use-value analysis.
Multi-dimensional Poverty and Human Development in Turkey and Transition Economies
Authors: Gökçek Karaca Nuray , Gökçek Berrin
Published: December 2019

The main objective of this research is to determine and evaluate the multidimensional poverty and human development in Turkey in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries which is called Transition Economies. For this purpose, in this study, human development and multidimensional poverty in Turkey were examined in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. In this study, carried out through comparative relation scanning model and literature model, the sample group was established the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with Turkey. The research data was collected through Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by UNDP. The findings from this study revealed that CEE countries which are the member of EU have higher human development rate than EU candidate countries and CIS countries. In addition, Turkey has the highest rate of GNI per capita and poverty as well as the lowest education index in comparison with the other EU candidate countries. In this study, these results is tried to be analyzed in the lights of index data and potential effects of the existing differences between countries.
A Comparison of Turkey and Transition Economies in terms of Educational Development and Conditions
Authors: Karaca Erol
Published: December 2019

The main objective of this research is to determine and evaluate the dimensions of educational development in Turkey in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. For this purpose, in this study, Turkey is compared to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with regard to the educational development and conditions. In this study, carried out through comparative relation scanning model and literature model, the sample group was established the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with Turkey. The research data was collected by means of data from HDI Report developed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). On the base of data obtained from report, the study concluded that the lowest rate of adult literacy and population with at least secondary education belongs to Turkey. The rate of enrolment in primary education, however, is higher in Turkey than most of the CEE and CIS countries. This affirmative data can be attributed to the high rate of young population and/or education campaigns in Turkey since the lowest rate of secondary education and the highest level of primary school dropout rate is also seen in Turkey. In addition, performance of 15-year old students in reading, mathematics and science is generally lower in Turkey, CEE and CIS countries than in OECD countries.