bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tortuous internal carotid artery presenting as a pharyngeal mass
Authors: Hosokawa S , Mineta H
Published: March 2010

Background:

Deformities of the carotid artery are rare. Tortuosity, kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery may be observed with advancing age. A tortuous internal carotid artery may cause an abnormal sensation in the throat. In the early twentieth century, there were several reported cases of fatal haemorrhage during pharyngeal surgical procedures, because this condition went undetected.

Method and results:

We present two cases of tortuosity of the right internal carotid artery. Both women complained of abnormal throat sensations. Endoscopic studies and radiological examinations revealed tortuous right internal carotid arteries presenting as pulsatile masses. A literature review revealed that, in most reported cases, this deformity occurred on the right side. We believe that the defect and its right-sided predominance can be attributed to anatomical influences and factors affecting blood pressure.

Conclusion:

In most reported cases of tortuous internal carotid artery, the defect occurred on the right side and patients complained of an abnormal sensation in the throat. This information is useful in the diagnosis of this condition. It is important for otolaryngologists to recognise this anomaly, because fatal haemorrhage can occur in patients with this condition during surgical procedures on the pharynx.
Use of a closed set questionnaire to measure primary and secondary effects of neurofibromatosis type 2
Authors: Neary W J , Hillier V F , Flute T , Stephens D , Ramsden R T , Evans D G R
Published: March 2010

Objectives:

To identify the greatest difficulties reported by people affected by neurofibromatosis type 2, and to determine the relationship between the primary and secondary effects of the disease.

Design:

Postal questionnaire study.

Setting:

Questionnaire sent to subjects' home addresses.

Participants:

Eighty-seven adult patients under the care of the Manchester multidisciplinary neurofibromatosis type 2 team were invited to take part.

Main outcome measure:

The response rate was 62 out of 87 (71 per cent).

Results:

Respondents' answers emphasised that their greatest problem was deafness, which resulted in communication difficulties with social contacts, close partners, family and friends. Correlation coefficients indicated a relationship between general mood changes and hearing difficulties, social communication problems, balance difficulties and mobility problems. Self-confidence was significantly related only to social communication problems.

Conclusions:

The use of a closed set neurofibromatosis type 2 questionnaire identified hearing problems and subsequent communication difficulties as the main problems faced by people with this condition.
Introduction
Authors: Marinis Theo
Published: March 2010

This Special Issue ofApplied Psycholinguisticsincludes the third Keynote Article in our Journal. This format has been very successful, and thus far it has generated fruitful discussions in two areas of research: the relationship between nonword repetition and word learning (Gathercole, 2006) and grammatical processing in language learners (Clahsen & Felser, 2006).
The use of descriptive data from bilingual children to inform theories of specific language impairment
Authors: Weismer Susan Ellis , Kaushanskaya Margarita
Published: March 2010

In her Keynote Article, Paradis reviews evidence from bilingual language development to assess the claims of two opposing theoretical views of language disorders. Specifically, she examines the evidence for similarities in language profiles of typically developing (TD) sequential bilingual (second language [L2]) children and monolingual children with specific language impairment (SLI) with respect to Rice's extended optional infinitive (EOI) account. A limited processing capacity (LPC) account of SLI, Leonard's surface hypothesis, is evaluated within the context of comparisons among bilingual children with SLI, monolingual children with SLI, and TD bilingual children. Paradis concludes that the evidence from bilingual children poses challenges for both accounts of SLI.
Interface or face to face? The profiles and contours of bilinguals and specific language impairment
Authors: Gathercole Virginia C. Mueller
Published: March 2010

What makes a child's language development trajectory have the patterns that it has, and what causes differences across children in those patterns? These fundamental questions have for over half a century been at the heart of research on language development in monolingual children, on the cross-linguistic development of language in children from distinct language communities, on bilingual language development, and on development in cases of language disorders in children. Paradis has taken the important step of carefully comparing the trajectories of two populations of children—children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children growing up bilingually—who both differ in interesting ways from normally developing monolingual children. Her Keynote Article highlights striking similarities and potential differences between these two groups. This Commentary focuses on three issues: what influences developmental profiles in language development, bilinguals' development of vocabulary and syntax, and assessment issues related to treating monolinguals as the “standard.”
Development or impairment?
Authors: Håkansson Gisela
Published: March 2010

Joanne Paradis' Keynote Article on bilingualism and specific language impairment (SLI) is an impressive overview of research in language acquisition and language impairment. Studying different populations is crucial both for theorizing about language acquisition mechanisms, and for practical purposes of diagnosing and supporting children with language problems. If the child is a second language (L2) learner it is assumed that the support should differ from the kind of language therapy given to children with language disorders. The article deals with the interface of bilingual development and child language disorders in two dimensions: the discussion concerns the disentangling of bilingual and L2 development from children with SLI, as well as monolingual and bilingual children with diagnosis of SLI. Traditionally, discussions of language impairments have only dealt with children in monolingual environments, but during the last decades an increasing number of studies have extended the analyses to bilingual populations. Contrary to expectations, grammatical development of monolingual children with SLI has been found to be more similar to L2 children than to monolingual first language (L1) children (e.g., Crago & Paradis, 2003; Grüter, 2005; Håkansson & Nettelbladt, 1993, 1996; Paradis & Crago, 2000). These findings are intriguing, and they have inspired new research on both bilingualism and language impairment.
Beyond morphosyntax in developing bilinguals and “specific” language impairment
Authors: Kohnert Kathryn , Ebert Kerry Danahy
Published: March 2010

In the Keynote Article, “The Interface Between Bilingual Development and Specific Language Impairment,” Johanne Paradis considers issues and evidence at the intersection of children learning two languages and primary or specific language impairment (SLI). The review focuses on morphosyntactic evidence and the fit of this evidence with maturational (domain-specific) and limited processing capacity (LPC; domain-general) theories of language impairment. We agree with Paradis that studies that systematically and simultaneously investigate the behavioral profile of dual-language learners and children with language impairment are of significant theoretical and practical value. In our commentary we aim to broaden the behavioral profile to be considered in these populations, beyond the level of morphosyntax. In line with this aim we use the term primary language impairment (PLI) for the same population referred to as SLI by Paradis.
Evaluating maturational parallels in second language children and children with specific language impairment
Authors: Rice Mabel L.
Published: March 2010

In her Keynote Article in this issue, Paradis explores the nature of bilingual language acquisition by examining the question of possible similarities between children learning a second language (L2) and children with specific language impairment (SLI) who are monolingual or bilingual. She evaluates the maturation model of Rice (2004), the extended optional infinitive (EOI) model, that focuses on children's acquisition of finiteness marking during the early childhood period. Paradis alludes to the issue of how to deal with the nonparallels between chronological age and acquisition in the comparison of L2 and SLI language acquisition within maturational models. I explore that issue further in this Commentary, using the available growth templates drawn from the work on English-speaking typically developing children and children with SLI for projected possible growth trajectories for bilingual and L2 children, with and without SLI.
The potential of studying specific language impairment in bilinguals for linguistic research on specific language impairment in monolinguals
Authors: Rothweiler Monika
Published: March 2010

In her Keynote Article, Paradis discusses the role of the interface between bilingual development and specific language impairment (SLI) on two different levels. On the level of theoretical explanations of SLI, Paradis asks how domain general versus domain-specific perspectives on SLI can account for bilingual SLI, as well as what bilingual SLI may contribute to the discussion of these theories. Paradis argues in favor of domain-specific deficits (in addition to well-documented processing deficits in SLI), and especially for the maturational model (Rice, 2004). She argues against a mere processing deficit of input information and against deficits in working memory and processing speed as sole sources of SLI. On the practical level, Paradis focuses on the question of whether and how language tests that have been standardized for monolingual children are valid for the assessment of SLI in bilingual children. Both discussions, on theory and on practice, are based on empirical data from Canadian studies on bilingual children with and without SLI carried out by Johanne Paradis, Martha Crago, and Fred Genesee (e.g., Crago & Paradis, 2003; Paradis, 2007; Paradis, Crago, & Genesee, & Rice, 2003).
All acquisition begins with the projection of a bare verb phrase
Authors: Vainikka Anne , Young-Scholten Martha
Published: March 2010

One of the main conclusions that we (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1994) make in regard to the second language (L2) German development of uninstructed Korean and Turkish adults was the resemblance of their morphosyntactic development to that of the German children under study at the time by Harald Clahsen and colleagues (see, e.g., Clahsen, Eisenbeiss, & Vainikka, 1994; Clahsen & Penke, 1992). Data from these L2 learners also indicated initial transfer of the headedness of their native language verb phrases (VPs), a claim then strengthened by research on L2 learners whose first language (L1) headedness differed from German, namely, Italian and Spanish (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1996). L2 learners' initial grammars were argued to consist of just a “bare” VP, based on comprehensive lack of inflectional morphology and complex syntax, and similar to children acquiring L1 German, these L2 learners' nonfinite verb forms were typically in final position, either early on (for head-final Korean and Turkish speakers) or a bit later, once headedness shifted to the German value from head-initial (for Italian and Spanish speakers). Similar to child L1 learners, the L2 morphosyntactic data pointed to subsequent projection of a head-initial underspecified functional projection and, with sufficient input, projection of higher functional projections. Apart from some details, the claim was that for children and adults learning German, acquisition is defined by the emergence of syntactic projections and the morphology associated with them.
We can no longer afford a monolingual norm
Authors: Zurer-Pearson Barbara
Published: March 2010

In her Keynote Article, Johanne Paradis does a service for the research and the clinical communities with this comprehensive review of the literature encompassing bilingualism and specific language impairment (SLI). Her work and the work of her colleagues for more than a decade have been persistent in bringing these two threads together: using bilingual (BL) data to speak to theoretical issues and using research findings to inform clinical practice. I am not alone in my appreciation (and admiration) of her many contributions, which are nicely pulled together here and placed in better perspective than in the several articles that have presented much of the work in isolation.
Response to Commentaries on the interface between bilingual development and specific language impairment
Authors: PARADIS JOHANNE
Published: March 2010

The Keynote Article examined research situated at the interface of bilingualism and specific language impairment (SLI) primarily to evaluate theories of SLI and secondarily for clinical considerations. The purpose was not to argue for one theoretical perspective over another, but instead to demonstrate how they both need some refinements and extensions to account for data from bilingual children. The breadth and depth of the Commentaries on this Keynote Article were impressive, and common themes emerged across many of them. This response article is organized into sections according to these themes. I hope that the review and synthesis in each section reveals how this collection of contributions has moved us forward in our understanding of the interface between bilingual development and SLI. The final section of this article includes more longitudinal data from English second language (L2) children to explore ideas arising from the discussion of cross-linguistic transfer, cognitive processes, and age effects.
On the manufacture and dating of the Pistoia choirbooks
Authors: MAIELLO JAMES VINCENT
Published: March 2010

Pistoia, Archivio capitolare, manuscripts C.119, C.120 and C.121 – two twelfth-century graduals and a troper from the cathedral of San Zeno – are relatively small, undecorated choirbooks copied during a time when the cathedral chapter gained unprecedented wealth, power and autonomy. This study closely connects the choirbooks to their cultural milieu and specifically to two high-ranking Pistoiese clerics who were likely involved in their manufacture. By examining the political and social environment in which they were created, this article places the manuscripts in a specific historical context and uses paleographical and historical evidence to date them between 1108 and as early as 1116.
Enhancing the Ave Maria in the Ars Antiqua
Authors: ANDERSON MICHAEL ALAN
Published: March 2010

The Ave Maria remains the most widely repeated prayer in Christian devotional life, and music has played a critical role in its formation and propagation. This article reviews the essential contribution of music in the dissemination of texts based on the original verses from the gospel of Luke, with new evidence concerning the tradition of affixing a petition to the core devotion. While the Ave Maria remained unfixed in form and function until the sixteenth century, this article presents three significant examples from the corpus of Ars Antiqua polyphony in which versions of the text that include both the biblical verses and a supplicatory conclusion are not only used, but are also emphasised through polyphonic techniques.
Patent oval foramen transcatheter closure: results of a strategy based on tailoring the device to the specific patient’s anatomy
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , Dell’Avvocata Fabio , Ronco Federico , Giordan Massimo , Cardaioli Paolo
Published: March 2010

Background

Usually the literature results for device-closure of patent oval foramen concern a single type of device or different devices implanted without anatomical preferences. We propose a strategy of device type and selection based on intra-cardiac echocardiography measurements of inter-atrial septum characteristics.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 100 consecutive patients with amean age of 43 plus or minus 15.5 years, 68 females, who had been referred to our centre for catheter-based closure of inter-atrial shunts over a 48-month period. On the basis of intra-cardiac echocardiography findings the operators selected the Amplatzer Occluder family (AGA Medical Corporation) or the Premere Closure System (St Jude Medical Inc.). Determinants of the selection process were presence and extension of atrial septal aneurysm, tunnel length, rims length, and thickness, presence of additional fenestrations.

Results

According on intra-cardiac echocardiography study, 26 patients have a long channel patent oval foramen, 44 patients had a large atrial septal aneurysm (more than four RL), 24 patients had a moderate atrial septal aneurysm (more than two RL but less than four right-to-left), and six patients had hypertrophic rims. Thus, the Amplatzer PFO Occluder was selected in 24 patients, the Amplatzer ASD Cribriform Occluder in 44 patients, and the Premere device in 32 cases. No aortic erosions, device thrombosis, or recurrent ischaemic cerebral events were observed. Pre-discharge and follow-up occlusion rates were 91% and 96%, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study suggested that such strategy driven from identification and measurements of the right atrium and inter-atrial septum components resulted in low complications and high-success rates, mandatory conditions when facing with otherwise healthy subjects, such as the patients with patent oval foramen.
Use of an Amplatzer vascular occluding device to close a synthetic Blalock–Taussig shunt in an infant
Authors: Anderson Ben , Sholler Gary
Published: March 2010

We describe our experience with the closure of a synthetic Blalock–Taussig shunt using an Amplatzer vascular occluding device placed with the aid an exteriorised guidewire loop in an infant with congenital cardiac disease. The technique used in a neonate and the physiological benefits of this approach are discussed. We highlight the extended use of the Amplatzer vascular plug in this clinical setting and the advantages of using and the exteriorised guidewire loop for its placement.
TENSOR EXTENSION PROPERTIES OF C(K)-REPRESENTATIONS AND APPLICATIONS TO UNCONDITIONALITY
Authors: KRIEGLER CHRISTOPH , LE MERDY CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2010

Let K be any compact set. The C*-algebra C(K) is nuclear and any bounded homomorphism from C(K) into B(H), the algebra of all bounded operators on some Hilbert space H, is automatically completely bounded. We prove extensions of these results to the Banach space setting, using the key concept ofR-boundedness. Then we apply these results to operators with a uniformly bounded H∞-calculus, as well as to unconditionality on Lp. We show that any unconditional basis on Lp ‘is’ an unconditional basis on L2 after an appropriate change of density.
Moys Classification and Norton Rose
Authors: O'Sullivan Catherine
Published: March 2010

Catherine O'Sullivan of Norton Rose outlines the benefits of using the Moys scheme in a large law firm library. She also briefly discusses how the firm has tailored it to their specific requirements and she finishes by pointing out the potential disadvantages of the scheme.
Research and Resources for Corporate Taxation
Authors: Speight Dunstan
Published: March 2010

Tax, (both corporate and personal tax) is one of the five main departments at City law firm Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP. In the following article, Dunstan Speight, Library Manager, considers the resources needed to support a tax practice and how these relate to the research requirements of tax lawyers.
Piggy in the Middle: Negotiation Techniques for the Librarian Caught Between a Finance Director and a Lawyer
Authors: Fogden Fiona
Published: March 2010

Fiona Fogden discusses how negotiation skills can be applied within the information service. She uses a case-study, which involves evaluating the renewal of a news subscription service and the importance of considering which people may be involved in that negotiation, to illustrate her advice.
Differences in Classification and Retrieval Requirements on a Public Information Website and a Specialist Site for Advisers
Authors: Dawson Katherine
Published: March 2010

Katherine Dawson, from Citizens Advice Information Team, explains how they have developed and maintain two separate databases of information, using various metadata and classification tools. Adviceguide is a free site for the general public to access information on the legal and societal issues of daily living. Advisernet is a more detailed site giving in-depth information to advisers working in Bureaux.
Metadata at the UK Parliament: Use of Controlled Vocabularies and Indexing
Authors: Marley Elizabeth
Published: March 2010

Elizabeth Marley describes the addition of subject and other indexing metadata at the UK Parliament, contributing to the internal databases and to services to the public on the Parliamentary website, and the operation of the thesauri and controlled vocabularies used in enriching Parliamentary content.
The LAMS CCS – a Classification Scheme for Legal and Advice Websites
Authors: Jones Martin
Published: March 2010

Martin Jones of Advice Services Alliance describes a specialist classification scheme and thesaurus devised for use by the general public when searching for legal advice on free websites, and explains how it is implemented and maintained.
Proving You're Worth It: Managing An Information Department In Challenging Times
Authors: Wolffsohn Pamela
Published: March 2010

This article results from the Pre-Conference Seminar presented at the BIALL Conference in June 2009 by Victoria Jannetta and Pamela Wolffsohn. Having both raised their Information Department's profiles in a better economic climate, they shared how they created opportunities to establish good positioning in their firms. They also addressed the challenges we now face in these frostier times. This was a workshop and was brought to life by spirited discussions, potential solutions and ideas on how to deal with problems faced by many of us – reduced resources and headcount.
The Metadata Model for Directgov
Authors: Lippell Helen , Jordan Peter
Published: March 2010

Peter Jordan and Helen Lippell describe the role of metadata, including taxonomies, in re-designing the flagship government website, Directgov.
Thesaurus Standards on a Converging Track
Authors: Clarke Stella Dextre
Published: March 2010

Stella Dextre Clarke, our Guest Editor, provides an update on the latest developments nationally and internationally on producing standards for the creation of controlled vocabularies. After many years of inaction the advent of the worldwide web has stimulated the need for wholesale revision of existing standards and the introduction of new ones.
The Use and Construction of Thesauri for Legal Documentation
Authors: Broughton Vanda
Published: March 2010

Vanda Broughton describes the methodology of constructing a thesaurus from a faceted classification for law (Bliss Bibliographic Classification 2nd ed. Class S). The structure of the classification is described, and the way in which the thesaural relationships are derived from this is demonstrated. Recent work to automate the process, using the encoded classification data used for the schedule display and alphabetical index, is explained. Examples of the way in which this functions are included, and an analysis of the output shows where editorial work will help to improve the resulting thesaurus.
GaN transistor characterization and modeling activities performed within the frame of the KorriGaN project
Authors: Reveyrand Tibault , Ciccognani Walter , Ghione Giovanni , Jardel Olivier , Limiti Ernesto , Serino Antonio , Camarchia Vittorio , Cappelluti Federica , Quéré Raymond
Published: March 2010

The present paper presents the transistor modeling work achieved in the GaN European project KorriGaN (“Key Organisation for Research in Integrated Circuits in GaN technology”). The KorriGaN project (2005–09) has released 29 GaN circuits such as high-power amplifiers (HPAs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), and switches. Modeling is one of the main key to reach successful designs. Therefore, nonlinear models of European GaN HEMT models have been developed. This work deals with characterization tools such as pulsed IV, pulsed [S] parameters, load-pull measurements, and measurement-based methods to perform GaN HEMT compact models parameters extraction. The present paper will describe the transistor modeling activities in KorriGaN for HPA designs (nonlinear models including trapping and/or self-heating effects) and LNA designs (nonlinear models and noise parameters).
Characterizing the 410 km discontinuity low‐velocity layer beneath the LA RISTRA array in the North American Southwest
Authors: Jasbinsek John J. , Dueker Ken G. , Hansen Steven M.
Published: March 2010

Receiver functions recorded by the 54‐station 920 km long Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere–Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Colorado Plateau/Rio Grande Rift Seismic Transect Experiment (LA RISTRA) line array display a pervasive negative polarity P to S conversion (Pds) arrival preceding the positive polarity 410 km discontinuity arrival. These arrivals are modeled as a low‐velocity layer atop the 410 km discontinuity (410‐LVL) and are inverted for a velocity profile via a grid search using a five‐parameter linear gradient velocity model. Model parameter likelihood and correlations are assessed via calculation of one‐ and two‐dimensional marginal posterior probability distributions. The maximum likelihood model parameter values found are top velocity gradient thickness of 0.0 km with a 4.6% (−0.22 km/s) shear velocity reduction, a 19.8 km constant velocity layer, and bottom gradient thickness of 25.0 km with a 3.5% (+0.17 km/s) shear velocity increase. The estimated mean thickness of the 410‐LVL is 32.3 km. The top gradient of the 410‐LVL is sharp within vertical resolution limits of P to S conversion (<10 km), and the diffuse 410 km velocity gradient is consistent with hydration of the olivine‐wadsleyite phase transformation. The 410‐LVL is interpreted as a melt layer created by the Transition Zone Water Filter model. Two secondary observations are found: (1) the 410‐LVL is absent from the SE end of the array and (2) an intermittent negative polarity P525s arrival is observed. We speculate that upper mantle shear velocity anomalies above the 410 km discontinuity may manifest Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities nucleated from the 410‐LVL melt layer that are being shed upward on time scales of tens of millions of years.
Constraints on upper plate deformation in the Nicaraguan subduction zone from earthquake relocation and directivity analysis
Authors: French S. W. , Warren L. M. , Fischer K. M. , Abers G. A. , Strauch W. , Protti J. M. , Gonzalez V.
Published: March 2010

In the Nicaraguan segment of the Central American subduction zone, bookshelf faulting has been proposed as the dominant style of Caribbean plate deformation in response to oblique subduction of the Cocos plate. A key element of this model is left‐lateral motion on arc‐normal strike‐slip faults. On 3 August 2005, a Mw 6.3 earthquake and its extensive foreshock and aftershock sequence occurred near Ometepe Island in Lake Nicaragua. To determine the fault plane that ruptured in the main shock, we relocated main shock, foreshock, and aftershock hypocenters and analyzed main shock source directivity using waveforms from the TUCAN Broadband Seismic Experiment. The relocation analysis was carried out by applying the hypoDD double‐difference method to P and S onset times and differential traveltimes for event pairs determined by waveform cross correlation. The relocated hypocenters define a roughly vertical plane of seismicity with an N60°E strike. This plane aligns with one of the two nodal planes of the main shock source mechanism. The directivity analysis was based on waveforms from 16 TUCAN stations and indicates that rupture on the N60°E striking main shock nodal plane provides the best fit to the data. The relocation and directivity analyses identify the N60°E vertical nodal plane as the main shock fault plane, consistent with the style of faulting required by the bookshelf model. Relocated hypocenters also define a second fault plane that lies to the south of the main shock fault plane with a strike of N350°E–N355°E. This fault plane became seismically active 5 h after the main shock, suggesting the influence of stresses transferred from the main shock fault plane. The August 2005 earthquake sequence was preceded by a small eruption of a nearby volcano, Concepción, on 28 July 2005. However, the local seismicity does not provide evidence for earthquake triggering of the eruption or eruption triggering of the main shock through crustal stress transfer.
The 13C Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans
Authors: Swart Peter K. , Greer Lisa , Rosenheim Brad E. , Moses Chris S. , Waite Amanda J. , Winter A. , Dodge Richard E. , Helmle Kevin
Published: March 2010

New δ13C data are presented from 10 coral skeletons collected from Florida and elsewhere in the Caribbean (Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Belize). These corals range from 96 to 200 years in age and were collected between 1976 and 2002. The change in the δ13C of the skeletons from these corals between 1900 and 1990 has been compared with 27 other published coral records from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The new data presented here make possible, for the first time, a global comparison of rates of change in the δ13C value of coral skeletons. Of these records, 64% show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in δ13C towards the modern day (23 out of 37). This decrease is attributable to the addition of anthropogenically derived CO2 (13C Suess effect) to the atmosphere. Between 1900 and 1990, the average rate of change of the δ13C in all the coral skeletons living under open oceanic conditions is approximately −0.01‰ yr−1. In the Atlantic Ocean the magnitude of the decrease since 1960,−0.019 yr−1 ±0.015‰, is essentially the same as the decrease in the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 and the δ13C of the oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (−0.023 to −0.029‰ yr−1), while in the Pacific and Indian Oceans the rate is more variable and significantly reduced (−0.007‰ yr−1 ±0.013). These data strongly support the notion that (i) the δ13C of the atmosphere controls ambient δ13C of the dissolved inorganic carbon which in turn is reflected in the coral skeletons, (ii) the rate of decline in the coral skeletons is higher in oceans with a greater anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the surface oceans, (iii) the rate of δ13C decline is accelerating. Superimposed on these secular variations are controls on the δ13C in the skeleton governed by growth rate, insolation, and local water masses.
Impact of atmospheric turbulence on geodetic very long baseline interferometry
Authors: Nilsson T. , Haas R.
Published: March 2010

We assess the impact of atmospheric turbulence on geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) through simulations of atmospheric delays. VLBI observations are simulated for the two best existing VLBI data sets: The continuous VLBI campaigns CONT05 and CONT08. We test different methods to determine the magnitude of the turbulence above each VLBI station, i.e., the refractive index structure constant Cn2. The results from the analysis of the simulated data and the actually observed VLBI data are compared. We find that atmospheric turbulence today is the largest error source for geodetic VLBI. Accurate modeling of atmospheric turbulence is necessary to reach the highest accuracy with geodetic VLBI.
Meteorological and internal wave forcing of seiches along the Sri Lanka coast
Authors: Wijeratne E. M. S. , Woodworth P. L. , Pugh D. T.
Published: March 2010

Regularly observed seiches from tide gauge records around the Sri Lanka coast have been analyzed to determine the forcing mechanisms. The seiche periods range from a few 10s of min to 2 h. Fortnightly and seasonal variations of seiche amplitudes are clearly visible on the east coast. These seiche amplitudes are particularly large approximately 6–8 days after spring tides, with maximum seiche amplitudes observed during March–April and October–November, suggesting that the seiche variation could be related to stratification and internal wave activity. There is no visible fortnightly and seasonal variation of seiche amplitudes in west coast records. Instead, they show a daily pattern with relatively larger seiches around 1000 LT, suggesting that the seiches on the west coast could result from diurnal atmospheric forcing. Barotropic and two‐layer models have been developed to investigate the influence of atmospheric forcing and internal wave activity on the seiches. A barotropic model applied to the west coast shows that the daily seiche amplitude variation could be simulated with cyclic diurnal meteorological forcing. Two‐layer model runs for Trincomalee Bay and the adjacent east coast shelf suggest that seiche amplitudes are proportional to vertical stratification and mixed layer depths. Therefore, the observed seiches there could be excited by internal waves, which originate as far away as the Andaman Sea during spring tides and have a travel time of 6–8 days to the Sri Lankan east coast. However, further studies, including direct measurements of internal wave activity within the region, are required to confirm this hypothesis.
A statistical volcanic forcing scenario generator for climate simulations
Authors: Ammann C. M. , Naveau P.
Published: March 2010

The climate system is continuously affected by forcings that add to its inherent variability. Recently, the dominant influence shifted from mostly natural factors to the rapidly increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing. Climate change simulations for the 21st and 22nd centuries then employ possible story lines of human socio‐economic development with associated radiative forcing that exclusively explore the potential human influence on climate. None of the scenarios, however, include natural factors that dominated climate variations prior to the large anthropogenic emissions. This leads to a discontinuity at the transition between the historical and the future projection period. Similarly, studies of transient climate variations before the last 1–2 millennia generally use only the well‐known, slowly varying forcings such as orbital or greenhouse forcing derived from ice cores. While past solar irradiance variations can be reasonably estimated from cosmogenic isotope data, no well‐dated, high‐resolution information exists before about A.D. 500 that would allow for an implementation of forcing from explosive volcanism. Here, we present a statistical approach to generate statistically (and geophysically) realistic scenarios of volcanic forcing that are based on the properties of the longest available volcanic forcing series derived from ice cores. The resulting scenarios do not carry direct temporally predictive or hindcast capabilities, but they allow for an appropriate evaluation of natural uncertainty on various timescales. These series can be applied to ensure a seamless integration of an important natural forcing factor for climate change simulations of periods where such forcing is not available.
Controls on spatial variations in flow resistance along steep mountain streams
Authors: David Gabrielle C. L. , Wohl Ellen , Yochum Steven E. , Bledsoe Brian P.
Published: March 2010

Detailed channel and water surface surveys were conducted on 15 mountain stream reaches (9 step‐pool, 5 cascade, and 1 plane‐bed) using a tripod‐mounted Light Detection and Ranging scanner and laser theodolite. Reach‐average velocities were measured at varying discharges with dye tracers and fluorometers. Multiple regressions and analysis of variance tests were used to test hypothesized correlations between Darcy‐Weisbach friction coefficient, f, and potential control variables. Gradient (S0) and relative grain submergence (Rh/D84) individually explained a low proportion of the variability in f (R2 = 0.18), where Rh is hydraulic radius, D84 is the 84th percentile of the cumulative grain size distribution, and R2 is equal to the coefficient of determination. Because channel type, grain size, and S0 are interrelated, we tested the hypothesis that f is highly correlated with all three of these variables or a combination of the above variables with flow period (a categorical variable) or dimensionless unit discharge (q*). Total resistance correlated strongly (adj‐R2 = 0.74, 0.69, and 0.64) with S0, flow period, wood load (volume of wood/m2 of channel), q*, and channel type (step‐pool, cascade, plane‐bed). Total resistance differed between step‐pool and plane‐bed and between cascade and plane‐bed reaches. Significant differences in f in step‐pool and cascade reaches were found at the same values of flow and S0. The regression analyses indicate that discharge explains the most variability in f, followed by S0 when discharge is similar among channel reaches, but that Rh/D84 is not an appropriate variable in these steep mountain streams to represent variations in both resistance and discharge. Results also indicate that the forms of resistance among channel types are sufficiently different to change the relationship of the control variables with f in each channel type. These results can be used to further the development of predictive equations for high‐gradient mountain streams.
Disruption of root carbon transport into forest humus stimulates fungal opportunists at the expense of mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Lindahl Björn D , de Boer Wietse , Finlay Roger D
Published: March 2010

Ectomycorrhizal fungi dominate the humus layers of boreal forests. They depend on carbohydrates that are translocated through roots, via fungal mycelium to microsites in the soil, wherein they forage for nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi are therefore sensitive to disruptive disturbances that may restrict their carbon supply. By disrupting root connections, we induced a sudden decline in mycorrhizal mycelial abundance and studied the consequent effects on growth and activity of free living, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria in pine forest humus, using molecular community analyses in combination with enzyme activity measurements. Ectomycorrhizal fungi had decreased in abundance 14 days after root severing, but the abundance of certain free-living ascomycetes was three times higher within 5 days of the disturbance compared with undisturbed controls. Root disruption also increased laccase production by an order of magnitude and cellulase production by a factor of 5. In contrast, bacterial populations seemed little affected. The results indicate that access to an external carbon source enables mycorrhizal fungi to monopolise the humus, but disturbances may induce rapid growth of opportunistic saprotrophic fungi that presumably use the dying mycorrhizal mycelium. Studies of such functional shifts in fungal communities, induced by disturbance, may shed light on mechanisms behind nutrient retention and release in boreal forests. The results also highlight the fundamental problems associated with methods that study microbial processes in soil samples that have been isolated from living roots.
Detection of multiple Bartonella species in digestive and reproductive tissues of fleas collected from sympatric mammals
Authors: Brinkerhoff R Jory , Kabeya Hidenori , Inoue Kai , Bai Ying , Maruyama Soichi
Published: March 2010

At least 12 species in the genus Bartonella are zoonotic pathogens that may be transmitted among mammalian hosts by fleas or other arthropods. Apparent host specificity by some Bartonella species to mammalian hosts has been observed, and the detection of multiple Bartonella species in mammalian fleas suggests that fleas take bloodmeals from a variety of host species. However, many flea species are observed to parasitize a narrow host range. Therefore, we suspect that fleas may acquire Bartonella by a mechanism other than ingesting infectious blood. We found that detection of multiple Bartonella genotypes and species is apparently common in fleas and that the majority of fleas tested (5/9) carried Bartonella species atypical of their hosts. We also detected Bartonella DNA in flea reproductive tissues, suggesting that vertical transmission of this organism in vectors is possible, potentially leading to the accumulation of Bartonella diversity over time within fleas.
A superamplification effect in the detection of explosives by a fluorescent hyperbranched poly(silylenephenylene) with aggregation-enhanced emission characteristics
Authors: Liu Jianzhao , Zhong Yongchun , Lu Ping , Hong Yuning , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Faisal Mahtab , Yu Yong , Wong Kam Sing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2010

Fluorescence of a hyperbranched poly(silylenephenylene) is weakened with increasing quencher concentration in an exponential fashion, giving an extremely high quenching constant and making the polymer a highly sensitive chemosensor for explosive detection.
Effects of Lips and Hands on Auditory Learning of Second-Language Speech Sounds
Authors: Hirata Yukari , Kelly Spencer D.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Previous research has found that auditory training helps native English speakers to perceive phonemic vowel length contrasts in Japanese, but their performance did not reach native levels after training. Given that multimodal information, such as lip movement and hand gesture, influences many aspects of native language processing, the authors examined whether multimodal input helps to improve native English speakers' ability to perceive Japanese vowel length contrasts.

Method

Sixty native English speakers participated in 1 of 4 types of training: (a) audio-only; (b) audio-mouth; (c) audio-hands; and (d) audio-mouth-hands. Before and after training, participants were given phoneme perception tests that measured their ability to identify short and long vowels in Japanese (e.g., /kato/ vs. /katoː/).

Results

Although all 4 groups improved from pre- to posttest (replicating previous research), the participants in the audio-mouth condition improved more than those in the audio-only condition, whereas the 2 conditions involving hand gestures did not.

Conclusions

Seeing lip movements during training significantly helps learners to perceive difficult second-language phonemic contrasts, but seeing hand gestures does not. The authors discuss possible benefits and limitations of using multimodal information in second-language phoneme learning.
Visual Influences on Alignment to Voice Onset Time
Authors: Sanchez Kauyumari , Miller Rachel M. , Rosenblum Lawrence D.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Speech shadowing experiments were conducted to test whether alignment (inadvertent imitation) to voice onset time (VOT) can be influenced by visual speech information.

Method

Experiment 1 examined whether alignment would occur to auditory /pa/ syllables manipulated to have 3 different VOTs. Nineteen female participants were asked to listen to 180 syllables over headphones and to say each syllable out loud quickly and clearly. In Experiment 2, visual speech tokens composed of a face articulating /pa/ syllables at 2 different rates were dubbed onto the audio /pa/ syllables of Experiment 1. Sixteen new female participants were asked to listen to and watch (over a video monitor) 180 syllables and to say each syllable out loud quickly and clearly.

Results

Results of Experiment 1 showed that the 3 VOTs of the audio /pa/ stimuli influenced the VOTs of the participants' produced syllables. Results of Experiment 2 revealed that both the visible syllable rate and audio VOT of the audiovisual /pa/ stimuli influenced the VOTs of the participants' produced syllables.

Conclusion

These results show that, like auditory speech, visual speech information can induce speech alignment to a phonetically relevant property of an utterance.
Maternal Interactions With a Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Twin: Similarities and Differences in Speech Input, Interaction Quality, and Word Production
Authors: Lam Christa , Kitamura Christine
Published: March 2010

Purpose

This study examined a mother’s speech style and interactive behaviors with her twin sons: 1 with bilateral hearing impairment (HI) and the other with normal hearing (NH).

Method

The mother was video-recorded interacting with her twin sons when the boys were 12.5 and 22 months of age. Mean F0, F0 range, duration, and F1/F2 vowel space of the corner vowels /i/, /u/, and /a/ were compared in her infant-directed (ID) and adult-directed (AD) speech. The interactions were also coded for emotional availability, and vocabulary size was collected at 17 and 22 months.

Results

Acoustic analyses revealed no difference among mean F0, F0 range, and duration between the twins. In contrast, when the corner vowels were plotted in F1/F2 vowel space, the results showed a diminished vowel space in speech to the HI twin compared to the NH twin. Ratings of emotional availability were lower for the HI than the NH twin, but the HI twin had a larger expressive vocabulary on both occasions, albeit in the lower percentile.

Conclusions

The mother appears more focused on maintaining the attention of the HI infant using the typical ID exaggerations to prosody and overlooking linguistic features such as the hyperarticulation of her vowels. The results have implications for early intervention strategies.
Relationships Between Speech Intelligibility and Word Articulation Scores in Children With Hearing Loss
Authors: Ertmer David J.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

This investigation sought to determine whether scores from a commonly used word-based articulation test are closely associated with speech intelligibility in children with hearing loss. If the scores are closely related, articulation testing results might be used to estimate intelligibility. If not, the importance of direct assessment of intelligibility is reinforced.

Method

Forty-four children with hearing losses produced words from the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation—Second Edition (Goldman & Fristoe, 2000) and sets of 10 short sentences. Correlation analyses were conducted between scores for 7 word-based predictor variables and percent-intelligible scores derived from listener judgments of stimulus sentences.

Results

Six of 7 predictor variables were significantly correlated with percent-intelligible scores. However, regression analysis revealed that no single predictor variable or multivariable model accounted for more than 25% of the variability in intelligibility scores.

Conclusions

The findings confirm the importance of assessing connected speech intelligibility directly.
High-mobility bio-organic field effect transistors with photoreactive DNAs as gate insulators
Authors: Kim Youn Sun , Jung Ki Hwa , Lee U Ra , Kim Kyung Hwan , Hoang Mai Ha , Jin Jung-Il , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: March 2010

Organic-soluble DNAs bearing chalcone moieties were synthesized by using purified natural sodium DNA. In addition to the chalcone-containing DNA homopolymer (CcDNA), a copolymer (CTMADNA-co-CcDNA) was synthesized. They were employed as gate insulators for fabricating organic thin-film transistors. An organic semiconductor (5,5′-(9,10-bis((4-hexylphenyl)ethynyl)anthracene-2,6-yl-diyl)bis(ethyne-2,1-diyl)bis(2-hexylthiophene; HB-ant-THT) was deposited on the photocrosslinked DNA-based gate insulators via a solution process. Interestingly, the resulting TFT devices had extremely high field-effect mobilities, and their corresponding transfer curves indicated low hysteresis. The carrier mobility of the device with HB-ant-THT deposited on the CTMADNA-co-CcDNA gate insulator was the best, i.e., 0.31 cm2 V−1 s−1 (Ion/Ioff=1.0×104).