bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Net Fiber Reinforcement Surface Treatment on Soft Denture Liner Retention and Longevity
Authors: Hatamleh Muhanad M. , Maryan Christopher J. , Silikas Nick , Watts David C.
Published: February 2010

Purpose: To evaluate shear bond strength of Molloplast‐B soft liner attached to different acrylic surfaces (smooth, rough, and Sticktech net fiber‐reinforced interfaces) after 3000 thermal cycles.

Materials and Methods: Sixty‐nine specimens were fabricated by attaching Molloplast‐B soft liner to acrylic bases of three interfaces (n= 23); smooth (Group 1, control), rough (Group 2), and Sticktech net fiber‐reinforced interface (Group 3). The specimens underwent 3000 thermocycles (5 and 55°C) before being subject to a shear bond test at 2 mm/min crosshead speed. Debonding sites were investigated using an optical microscope at 40× magnification. Bond failures were categorized as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed.

Results: Mean (SD) bond strength values (MPa) were: 0.71 (0.15); 0.63 (0.07); and 0.83 (0.12) for smooth, rough, and fiber‐reinforced acrylic interfaces, respectively. The mean values were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test for pairwise comparisons (p≤ 0.05). The net fiber‐reinforced acrylic interface exhibited a statistically significantly higher bond strength value when compared to smooth and rough acrylic interfaces (P= 0.003 and P= 0.000, respectively). Modes of failure were mainly cohesive (91%), followed by mixed failures (9%).

Conclusions: Molloplast‐B exhibited a stronger bond to StickTech Net fiber‐reinforced surfaces when compared to smooth and rough acrylic interfaces after thermocycling. This may enhance prosthesis serviceability during clinical use.
CD10‐positive myxofibrosarcomas: a pitfall in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma
Authors: Clarke Loren E. , Frauenhoffer Elizabeth , Fox Edward , Neves Rogerio , Bruggeman Richard D. , Helm Klaus F.
Published: February 2010

CD10 is now commonly used to differentiate atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) from melanoma, spindle cell and dedifferentiated variants of squamous cell carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma. However, we have encountered CD10‐positive tumors that mimicked AFX but proved to be myxofibrosarcomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CD10 expression in a wide range of mesenchymal neoplasms that may involve the skin using tissue microarrays. Our results indicate that in addition to AFX, CD10 expression is common in myxofibrosarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, dermatofibromas and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Myxofibrosarcomas commonly present in the skin and may be difficult to distinguish from AFX on small biopsies and CD10 positivity may confound the diagnostic difficulty.

Clarke LE, Frauenhoffer E, Fox E, Neves R, Bruggeman RD, Helm KF. CD10‐positive myxofibrosarcomas: a pitfall in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma.
Executions, Deterrence, and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. , Fagan Jeffrey , Johnson David T.
Published: February 2010

We compare homicide rates in two quite similar cities with vastly different execution risks. Singapore had an execution rate close to one per million per year until an explosive 20‐fold increase in 1994–1995 and 1996 to a level that we show was probably the highest in the world. Then, over the next 11 years, Singapore executions dropped by about 95 percent. Hong Kong, by contrast, had no executions at all during the last generation and abolished capital punishment in 1993. Homicide levels and trends are remarkably similar in these two cities over the 35 years after 1973, with neither the surge in Singapore executions nor the more recent steep drop producing any differential impact. By comparing two closely matched places with huge contrasts in actual execution but no differences in homicide trends, we have generated a unique test of the exuberant claims of deterrence that have been produced over the past decade in the United States.
BCL10 as a new candidate gene for immune response in pigs: cloning, expression and association analysis
Authors: Huang J. , Ma G.‐J. , Sun N.‐N. , Wu Z.‐F. , Li X.‐Y. , Zhao S.‐H.
Published: February 2010

BCL10 is an apoptotic regulatory molecule identified through its direct involvement in t(1; 14)(p22; q32) of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and was implicated in the pathogenesis of this and several other tumour types. BCL10 was recognized as an antigen receptor‐specific regulator of NF‐κB, which showed close association with immune responses. In this study, we cloned and characterized BCL10 from the porcine spleen and analysed its genomic structure. BCL10 was mapped to SSC4q21–q23 by the IMpRH panels, it is closely linked to the marker S0161 and SW1461. This gene has three exons and two introns. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that BCL10 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues. Transient transfection indicated that porcine BCL10 was located in cytoplasm in Pig Kidney Epithelial cells. BCL10 gene displays the opposite expression trend between the two treatments mimic virus and bacteria of polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The level of the BCL10 mRNA was up‐regulated during 12–24 h and peaking at 48 h when treated with LPS, whereas it was down‐regulated during 0–48 h and highest at 0 h (cells without treating with Poly I:C) when treated with Poly I:C. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site was identified in the 3′‐untranslated region of porcine BCL10. Association analysis revealed that this SNP was significantly associated with intermediate cell mass (eosinophile granulocyte, basophile granulocyte and histoleucocyte) percentage, absolute intermediate cell mass count and mean red blood cell volume of 0‐day‐old pigs, and red blood cell count of 17‐day‐old pigs (P < 0.05), and also had significant associations with red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration of 32‐day‐old pigs (P < 0.01).
LIFE AND GRAVITY
Authors: BHASKARAN SANTOSH , JAGTAP SAGAR S. , VIDYASAGAR PANDIT B.
Published: February 2010

All organisms on earth have evolved at unit gravity and thus are probably adapted to function optimally at 1 g. However, with the advent of space exploration, it has been shown that organisms are capable of surviving at much less than 1 g, as well as at greater than 1 g. Organisms subjected to increased g levels exhibit alterations in physiological processes that compensate for novel environmental stresses, such as increased weight and density-driven sedimentation. Weight drives many chemical, biological, and ecological processes on earth. Altering weight changes these processes. The most important physiological changes caused by microgravity include bone demineralization, skeletal muscle atrophy, vestibular problems causing space motion sickness, cardiovascular deconditioning, etc. Manned missions into space and significant concerns in developmental and evolutionary biology in zero and low gravity conditions demand a concentrated research effort in space-medicine, physiology and on a larger scale — gravitational biophysics. Space exploration is a new frontier with long-term missions to the moon and Mars not far away. Research in these areas would also provide us with fascinating insights into how gravity has shaped our evolution on this planet and how it still governs some of the basic life processes. Understanding the physiological changes caused by long-duration microgravity remains a daunting challenge. The present concise review deals with the effects of altered gravity on the biological processes at the cellular, organic and systemic level which will be helpful for the researchers aspiring to venture in this area. The effects observed in plants and animals are presented under the classifications such as cells, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and humans.
CORNEAL TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH AMMONIA EXPOSURE INVESTIGATED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: MAHMOUD SHERIF SIDDICK
Published: February 2010

Chemical injury to the eye is still an important cause of blindness and serious complications. Gaseous ammonia combines with tissue water to form ammonium hydroxide ( NH 4 OH ). This exothermic reaction results in both heat and chemical burns. Although, over the years, the different biological effects of anhydrous ammonia are well known, its ocular effects are less clearly documented. This study reports the corneal structural alterations that may be induced as a result of ammonia exposure (gas or liquid) that was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulted IR spectra were analyzed using the band enhancement procedure. The obtained data clearly indicate that there are different structural and conformational changes (includes lipids and proteins) as the method of exposure to the ammonia differ, and due to the increased ammonia occupational exposure, there is an insistent need for the development of ophthalmic medications.
Serum proteomic analysis of diet-induced steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome in the Ossabaw miniature swine
Authors: Bell Lauren N. , Lee Lydia , Saxena Romil , Bemis Kerry G. , Wang Mu , Theodorakis Janice L. , Vuppalanchi Raj , Alloosh Mouhamad , Sturek Michael , Chalasani Naga
Published: February 2010

We recently developed a nutritional model of steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome in Ossabaw pigs. Here we describe changes in the serum proteome of pigs fed standard chow (control group; n = 7), atherogenic diet ( n = 5), or modified atherogenic diet (M-ath diet group; n = 6). Pigs fed atherogenic diet developed metabolic syndrome and mildly abnormal liver histology, whereas pigs fed M-ath diet exhibited severe metabolic syndrome and liver injury closely resembling human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Using a label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we identified 1,096 serum proteins, 162 of which changed significantly between any two diet groups (false discovery rate <5%). Biological classification of proteins with significant changes revealed functions previously implicated in development of NASH in humans, including immune system regulation and inflammation (orosomucoid 1, serum amyloid P component, paraoxonase 1, protein similar to α-2-macroglobulin precursor, β-2-microglobulin, p101 protein, and complement components 2 and C8G), lipid metabolism (apolipoproteins C-III, E, E precursor, B, and N), structural and extracellular matrix proteins (transthyretin and endopeptidase 24.16 type M2), and coagulation [carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma)]. Several proteins with significant differential expression in pigs were also identified in our recent human proteomics study as changing significantly in serum from patients across the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including apolipoproteins C-III and B, orosomucoid 1, serum amyloid P component, transthyretin, paraoxonase 1, and a protein similar to α-2-macroglobulin precursor. This serum proteomic analysis provides additional information about the pathogenesis of NASH and further characterizes our large animal model of diet-induced steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome in Ossabaw pigs.
Heavy chain myosin 9-related disease (MYH9-RD): Neutrophil inclusions of myosin-9 as a pathognomonic sign of the disorder
Authors: Rocco Daniela De , Panza Emanuele , Bozzi Valeria , Scandellari Raffaella , Loffredo Giuseppe , Mumford Andrew , Heller Paula , Noris Patrizia , De Groot Marco , Giani Marisa , Freddi Paolo , Scognamiglio Francesca , Riondino Silvia , Pujol-Moix Núria , Fabris Fabrizio , Seri Marco , Balduini Carlo , Pecci Alessandro , Savoia Anna
Published: February 2010

MYH9-related disease (MYH9-RD) is an autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia with giant platelets variably associated with young-adult onset of progressive sensorineural hearing loss, presenile cataract, and renal damage. MYH9-RD is caused by mutations of MYH9, the gene encoding for non-muscle heavy-chain myosin-9. Wild-type and mutant myosin-9 aggregate as cytoplasmic inclusions in patients’ leukocytes, the identification of which by immunofluorescence has been proposed as a suitable tool for the diagnosis of MYH9-RD. Since the predictive value of this assay, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, is unknown, we investigated 118 consecutive unrelated patients with a clinical presentation strongly consistent with MYH9-RD. All patients prospectively underwent both the immunofluorescence assay for myosin-9 aggregate detection and molecular genetic analysis of the MYH9 gene. Myosin-9 aggregates were identified in 82 patients, 80 of which (98%) had also a MYH9 mutation. In the remaining 36 patients neither myosin-9 aggregates nor MYH9 mutations were found. Sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescence assay was evaluated to be 100% and 95%, respectively. Except for the presence of aggregates, we did not find any other significant difference between patients with or without aggregates, demonstrating that the myosin-9 inclusions in neutrophils are a pathognomonic sign of the disease. However, the identification of the specific MYH9 mutation is still of importance for prognostic aspects of MYH9-RD.
Age is a determinant factor for measures of concentration and effect in children requiring unfractionated heparin
Authors: Ignjatovic Vera , Johnston Linda , Summerhayes Robyn , Lane Geoff , Cranswick Noel , Monagle Paul , Newall Fiona
Published: February 2010

Previous studies investigating continuous unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy report age-related differences in UFH response in children, as measured by APTT and anti-Xa assay. This study determined the age-related response following administration of a single UFH bolus of 75–100 IU/kg in children. Venous blood samples were collected from children (n=56) at 15, 30, 45 and 120 minutes post-UFH. Anti-Xa, anti-IIa, APTT, TCT and protamine titration were performed on all samples. Age-dependent differences in the effect and concentration of UFH were identified for the anti-Xa, anti-IIa and protamine titration as-says, respectively. In addition, a trend suggesting a proportional increase in anti-Xa and anti-IIa-mediated UFH effect with age was evident. Logistic regression demonstrated an increase in protamine titration of 0.6 IU/ml for every year of age in samples collected 15 minutes post-UFH. UFH-mediated anti-IIa activity was reduced compared to anti-Xa activity across childhood, with a two-fold increase in anti-Xa to anti-IIa ratio in infants less than one year of age compared to teenagers in the setting of high UFH concentrations. This study demonstrates that the previously reported age-dependent response to UFH occurs in the context of an age-dependent serum concentration of UFH. The trend toward increased UFH serum concentration and anticoagulant activity with age may be related to short-term differences in UFH binding to coagulant and competitive plasma proteins in vivo.
Nitro–Fatty Acids Reduce Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Rudolph Tanja K. , Rudolph Volker , Edreira Martin M. , Cole Marsha P. , Bonacci Gustavo , Schopfer Francisco J. , Woodcock Steven R. , Franek Andreas , Pekarova Michaela , Khoo Nicholas K.H. , Hasty Alyssa H. , Baldus Stephan , Freeman Bruce A.
Published: February 2010

Objective—

Inflammatory processes and foam cell formation are key determinants in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Electrophilic nitro–fatty acids, byproducts of nitric oxide- and nitrite-dependent redox reactions of unsaturated fatty acids, exhibit antiinflammatory signaling actions in inflammatory and vascular cell model systems. The in vivo action of nitro–fatty acids in chronic inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated.

Methods and Results—

Herein, we demonstrate that subcutaneously administered 9- and 10-nitro-octadecenoic acid (nitro-oleic acid) potently reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. Nitro–fatty acids did not modulate serum lipoprotein profiles. Immunostaining and gene expression analyses revealed that nitro-oleic acid attenuated lesion formation by suppressing tissue oxidant generation, inhibiting adhesion molecule expression, and decreasing vessel wall infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, nitro-oleic acid reduced foam cell formation by attenuating oxidized low-density lipoprotein–induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, a transcription factor linked to foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerotic lesions of nitro-oleic acid-treated animals also showed an increased content of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting conferral of higher plaque stability.

Conclusion—

These results reveal the antiatherogenic actions of electrophilic nitro–fatty acids in a murine model of atherosclerosis.
Adenosine Receptor A
2A
Deficiency in Leukocytes Increases Arterial Neointima Formation in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhang Weiyu , Tang Rong , Zhu Chuhong , Bucher Christoph , Blazar Bruce R. , Geng Jian-Guo , Zhang Chunxiang , Linden Joel , Wu Chaodong , Huo Yuqing
Published: February 2010

Objective—

To use the mice deficient in both adenosine receptor A
2A
(A
2A
R
−/−
) and apolipoprotein E (apoE
−/−
) to investigate the role of A
2A
R in mediating the interactions of leukocytes with injured arterial walls and the formation of arterial neointima induced by a guide wire.

Methods and Results—

In apoE
−/−
mice, A
2A
R deficiency increased the size of the arterial neointima in injured carotid arteries by 83%. Arterial neointima formation was also enhanced in chimeric mice that underwent bone marrow transplantation (these mice lacked A
2A
R in their bone marrow–derived cells). Epifluorescence intravital microscopy showed that neutrophil rolling and adherence to the injured arterial area were enhanced by 80% and 110% in A
2A
R
−/−
/apoE
−/−
mice, respectively. This phenomenon occurred even though the protein levels of homing molecules on A
2A
R-deficient neutrophils were unchanged from those of wild-type neutrophils. A
2A
R-deficient neutrophils exhibited an increase in the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) clustering, and the affinity of b
2
integrins. The inhibition of p38 phosphorylation abrogated the increased PSGL-1 clustering and β
2
integrin affinity, thus reversing the increased homing ability of A
2A
R-deficient leukocytes.

Conclusion—

A
2A
R plays a complex role in inflammation and tissue injury. The deficiency of A
2A
R enhances the homing ability of leukocytes and increases the formation of the arterial neointima after injury. A
2A
R antagonists are being tested for the treatment of neurodegenerative and other chronic diseases. An evaluation of the effect of A
2A
R antagonists on arterial restenosis after arterial angioplasty should be conducted.
Regulation of Coronary Arterial BK Channels by Caveolae-Mediated Angiotensin II Signaling in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lu Tong , Zhang Dai-Min , Wang Xiao-Li , He Tongrong , Wang Ru-Xing , Chai Qiang , Katusic Zvonimir S. , Lee Hon-Chi
Published: February 2010

Rationale
:

The large conductance Ca
2+
-activated K
+
(BK) channel, a key determinant of vascular tone, is regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor signaling. Upregulation of Ang II functions and downregulation of BK channel activities have been reported in diabetic vessels. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Ang II-mediated BK channel modulation, especially in diabetes mellitus, have not been thoroughly examined.

Objectives
:

The aim in this study was to determine whether caveolae-targeting facilitates BK channel dysfunction in diabetic vessels.

Methods and Results
:

Using patch clamp techniques and molecular biological approaches, we found that BK channels, Ang II type 1 receptor, G
αq/11
(G protein q/11 α subunit), nonphagocytic NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX-1), and c-Src kinases (c-Src) were colocalized in the caveolae of rat arterial smooth muscle cells and the integrity of caveolae in smooth muscle cells was critical for Ang II-mediated BK channel regulation. Most importantly, membrane microdomain targeting of these proteins was upregulated in the caveolae of streptozotocin-induced rat diabetic vessels, leading to enhanced Ang II-induced redox-mediated BK channel modification and causing BK channel and coronary dysfunction. The absence of caveolae abolished the effects of Ang II on vascular BK channel activity and preserved BK channel function in diabetes.

Conclusions
:

These results identified a molecular scheme of receptor/enzyme/channel/caveolae microdomain complex that facilitates the development of vascular BK channel dysfunction in diabetes.
Pines, Profits, and Popular Politics: Responses to the White Pine Acts in the Colonial Connecticut River Valley
Authors: Roberts Strother E.
Published: February 2010

In the eighteenth-century Connecticut Valley, colonists from all walks of life steadily protested the White Pines Acts. Their experience with popular resistance to imperial authority—sometimes passive, sometimes violent—prepared valley inhabitants to reject British authority during the Revolution, and it shaped an early American antipathy toward centralized governmental control of natural resources.
European Identity between Flows and Places
Authors: Sassatelli Monica
Published: February 2010

This article is a contribution to the debate on European identity. It explores the emerging field of European landscape policies, clustering around the European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000) as an interpretative key for representations of Europe as cultural ‘unity in diversity’, a formula that embodies the main institutional and public narrative of the identity of Europe. The article presents results from fieldwork research tracing the ELC’s discursive field, and the spaces for interpretation and action that it has opened up for actors within European networks and projects. It shows that whereas the official narrative may be reducible to a simplistic model of nested identities, from local to European, actors who have become familiar with it use their ‘European identity’ in more complex ways, displacing binary cultural and spatial logics — unity vs. diversity, places vs. flows — that still mostly inform theories of identity.
Sugar-free, glycine-stabilized intravenous immunoglobulin prevents skin but not renal disease in the MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus
Authors: Racz Z. , Nagy E. , Rosivall L. , Szebeni J. , Hamar P.
Published: February 2010

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has a therapeutic potential in many autoimmune diseases. Based on its immune modulating and complement inhibiting effects, IVIG has been tested in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but due to osmotic tubular injury caused by immunoglobulin-stabilizing sugar components, lupus nephritis had been accelerated in some patients, thus IVIG use in SLE has been abandoned. The availability of non-sugar-stabilized IVIG raised the possible re-evaluation of IVIG for SLE. We investigated high-dose, long-term non-sugar-stabilized IVIG treatment on skin and renal SLE manifestations in the MRL/lpr mouse model. Animals were treated once a week with glycine-stabilized IVIG or saline (0.2 ml/ 10 g BW) from 6 weeks until they were humanely killed at 5 months of age. IVIG diminished macroscopic cutaneous lupus compared with saline treated mice. Histology and complement-3 immunostaining also demonstrated a significant reduction of skin disease after IVIG treatment. However, renal histology and function were similar in both groups. Compared with typical osmotic tubular damage induced by 5% sucrose and 10% maltose (used for IVIG stabilization), we did not observe any osmotic tubular injury in the glycine-stabilized IVIG treated mice. Our data demonstrate a beneficial effect of IVIG on skin lupus without renal side-effects. Deeper understanding of the organ-specific pathomechanism may aid an individualized SLE therapy.
Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 15-year follow-up study
Authors: Bermel RA , Weinstock-Guttman B. , Bourdette D. , Foulds P. , You X. , Rudick RA
Published: February 2010

Disease-modifying drugs are initiated early and continued for years in patients with multiple sclerosis. Long-term tolerability and impact are not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term tolerability of intramuscular interferon beta-1a and effects on disability and quality of life. Patients were evaluated an average of 15 years after randomization into a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Patient-reported Expanded Disability Status Scale, the Short Form-36, a visual analog scale of self-care independence, and a living situation questionnaire were administered. Status was ascertained in 79% (136/172) of eligible patients. Analysis focused on 122 living patients. Despite open-label, non-standardized treatment after the 2-year clinical trial, 46% ( n= 56) of the patients remained on intramuscular interferon beta-1a. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores were correlated highly with Short Form-36 subcategories and visual analog scale scores. Patients currently using intramuscular interferon beta-1a had a significantly lower mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score ( p= 0.011), less progression to Expanded Disability Status Scale milestones, significantly better scores on the physical component of the Short Form-36 ( p< 0.0001), and reported better general health and greater independence. We conclude that patients continuing to use intramuscular interferon beta-1a had less disability and better quality of life compared with patients not currently using intramuscular interferon beta-1a 15 years after randomization into a clinical trial.
Differences in the progression of primary progressive multiple sclerosis in Brazilians of African descent versus white Brazilian patients
Authors: Ferreira Vasconcelos Claudia Cristina , Santos Thuler Luiz Claudio , Cruz dos Santos Gutemberg Augusto , Papais Alvarenga Marcos , Papais Alvarenga Marina , Gomes Camargo Solange Maria das Graças , Papais Alvarenga Regina Maria
Published: February 2010

Recent studies have suggested faster clinical progression and greater disability in multiple sclerosis patients of African descent. This study analysed the effect of ethnicity on progression and disability.

Sixty-five patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis were selected and classified as being of African descent or white. Time from onset of the disease until reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale grades 3, 6, and 8 was assessed, as well as irreversible disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale grade maintained for ≥6 months).

In the African descent group, the median time to reach Expanded Disability Status Scale 3 was 1 year shorter (1 year vs 2 years, p= 0.02), and to reach Expanded Disability Status Scale 6 was 2 years shorter (3 years vs 5 years, p= 0.01) than in the group of white patients. According to the Kaplan—Meier survival curves, patients of African descent reached every disability stage faster than white patients ( p= 0.03, p = 0.04, and p = 0.03, respectively, for Expanded Disability Status Scale grades 3, 6, and 8).

As in United States and European patients of African descent, the more severe and faster progression of multiple sclerosis seen in Brazilian primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients of African descent suggests a possibly greater effect of ethnicity rather than environment on the progression of multiple sclerosis.
Perpetual and personal: Swedish young adults and their use of mobile phones
Authors: Axelsson Ann-Sofie
Published: February 2010

Mobile phones have become widespread among teenagers and young adults across the developed world. This article describes how 18—24-year-olds in Sweden, a country with one of the world’s highest penetration rates, use mobile phones for various purposes and in different settings, and what they think of the appropriateness of using the mobile phone in a range of social contexts. Data are derived from a Swedish national survey. We find that in their everyday lives, young adults (compared with older people) seem to be in perpetual contact with family, friends and colleagues, via traditional voice communication but preferably via text messages. If this pattern can be seen in other national samples, we might argue that use of and attitudes towards mobile phones are more dependent upon life stage than upon culture.
Bacterial diversity and reductive dehalogenase redundancy in a 1,2-dichloroethane-degrading bacterial consortium enriched from a contaminated aquifer
Authors: Marzorati Massimo , Balloi Annalisa , de Ferra Francesca , Corallo Lorenzo , Carpani Giovanna , Wittebolle Lieven , Verstraete Willy , Daffonchio Daniele
Published: February 2010

Background

Bacteria possess a reservoir of metabolic functionalities ready to be exploited for multiple purposes. The use of microorganisms to clean up xenobiotics from polluted ecosystems (e.g. soil and water) represents an eco-sustainable and powerful alternative to traditional remediation processes. Recent developments in molecular-biology-based techniques have led to rapid and accurate strategies for monitoring and identification of bacteria and catabolic genes involved in the degradation of xenobiotics, key processes to follow up the activities in situ.

Results

We report the characterization of the response of an enriched bacterial community of a 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) contaminated aquifer to the spiking with 5 mM lactate as electron donor in microcosm studies. After 15 days of incubation, the microbial community structure was analyzed. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library showed that the most represented phylogenetic group within the consortium was affiliated with the phylum Firmicutes. Among them, known degraders of chlorinated compounds were identified. A reductive dehalogenase genes clone library showed that the community held four phylogenetically-distinct catalytic enzymes, all conserving signature residues previously shown to be linked to 1,2-DCA dehalogenation.

Conclusions

The overall data indicate that the enriched bacterial consortium shares the metabolic functionality between different members of the microbial community and is characterized by a high functional redundancy. These are fundamental features for the maintenance of the community's functionality, especially under stress conditions and suggest the feasibility of a bioremediation treatment with a potential prompt dehalogenation and a process stability over time.
"The non-ischemic repair" as a safe alternative method for repair of anterior post-infarction VSD
Authors: Apostolakis Efstratios E , Kallikourdis Antonios , Baikoussis Nikolaos G , Dedeilias Panagiotis , Dougenis Dimitrios
Published: February 2010

Patient's myocardium with post-infarction ventricular septum defect (VSD) is characterized by severe dysfunction. The "additive ischemia" caused by the operating process of cross-clamp ischemia and reperfusion injury, has a significant aggravation to the myocardium and overall negative impact to patient's outcome. We present a useful, safe and advantageous methodology in order to abolish "the toxic phase" of ischemia-reperfusion which is adopted by most as the "classic repair method" of myocardial protection. This abolition is in our opinion, particularly beneficial in order to reverse postoperatively the Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LOS) and achieve better short and long term results. By using this method we avoid the aortic occlusion, the use of systematic hypothermia and any cardioplegic arrest. Furthermore, the total cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) time is significantly reduced, tissue debridement and stitching is much easier and safer. We think the method is applicable for every anterior and apical case of post-infarction septum rupture. After application of method in 3 patients with anterior post-myocardial infarction VSD, we are convinced that the patient will have a better postoperative haemodynamic condition and therefore a better outcome.
Identification of dynamical hinge points of the L1 ligase molecular switch
Authors: Giambaşu George M. , Lee Tai-Sung , Sosa Carlos P. , Robertson Michael P. , Scott William G. , York Darrin M.
Published: February 2010

The L1 ligase is an in vitro selected ribozyme that uses a noncanonically base-paired ligation site to catalyze regioselectively and regiospecifically the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester bond ligation, a reaction relevant to origin of life hypotheses that invoke an RNA world scenario. The L1 ligase crystal structure revealed two different conformational states that were proposed to represent the active and inactive forms. It remains an open question as to what degree these two conformers persist as stable conformational intermediates in solution, and along what pathway are they able to interconvert. To explore these questions, we have performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent of the inactive–active conformational switch in L1 ligase. Four simulations were performed departing from both conformers in both the reactant and product states, in addition to a simulation where local unfolding in the active state was induced. From these simulations, along with crystallographic data, a set of four virtual torsion angles that span two evolutionarily conserved and restricted regions were identified as dynamical hinge points in the conformational switch transition. The ligation site visits three distinct states characterized by hydrogen bond patterns that are correlated with the formation of specific contacts that may promote catalysis. The insights gained from these simulations contribute to a more detailed understanding of the coupled catalytic/conformational switch mechanism of L1 ligase that may facilitate the design and engineering of new catalytic riboswitches.
In-depth understanding of π-electron systems: New vistas in fullerene endohedrals
Authors: Yamada Michio , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Akasaka Takeshi , Nagase Shigeru
Published: February 2010

The synthesis and characterization of various endohedral metallofullerenes and their derivatives are described. The encapsulated metal atoms’ positions and movements were determined using NMR study, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and theoretical calculations. The results of electrochemical investigations clarified the relation between the electronic properties and the π-electron systems of the fullerene endohedrals.
Silver Lining: Building a Shared Sudanese Identity through Food
Authors: crofts a.v.
Published: February 2010

The displaced of Sudan, due to both decades of civil war and natural disasters, are disproportionately female and many are responsible for dependents. For those settling in the capital, Khartoum, their livelihood depends on carving out ways to earn money in an urban area that is experiencing tremendous growth from the millions of recent arrivals. When confronted with the immediate need to provide for their families, women turn to a skill universally expected of them: cooking.

Therefore, Khartoum is home to a thriving micro-economy of food vendors. By selling these dishes in the capital, they broaden the culinary horizons of the city while preserving their own food traditions. Their growing numbers provide an opportunity for regional foodways to gain wider introduction, adaptation, and, finally, adoption.

These same vendors also facilitate a nascent sense of a shared Sudanese identity and nationalism. For established Khartoum urbanites, the definition of Sudanese food (and, by extension, what it means to be Sudanese) expands as street-vendor fare moves to restaurants and becomes more widely available throughout the city. As urban Sudanese overcome their preconceptions and discover a taste for regional cuisines, meals function as unofficial diplomacy during this turbulent time in Sudan's history.
Rites of Passage in Italy
Authors: field carol
Published: February 2010

Unlike the vast number of public celebrations in Italy that are almost always associated with specific foods, rites of passage in that country are focused on pivotal private moments after the ceremonial crossing of a threshold; and food may or may not be a primary focus of the event. Recognition of birth, marriage, and death——the three major turning points in the intimate life of a family——may still be observed with dishes or ingredients traceable to the Renaissance, but many older traditions have been modified or forgotten entirely in the last thirty years. Financial constraints once preserved many customs, especially in the south, but regional borders have become porous, and new food trends may no longer reflect the authentic tradition. Can new movements, such as Slow Food, promote ancient values as the form and food of traditional events continue to change?
Meta-Synthesis of Health Behavior Change Meta-Analyses
Authors: Johnson Blair T. , Scott-Sheldon Lori A.J. , Carey Michael P.
Published: February 2010

Objectives. We integrated and compared meta-analytic findings across diverse behavioral interventions to characterize how well they have achieved change in health behavior.

Methods. Outcomes from 62 meta-analyses of interventions for change in health behavior were quantitatively synthesized, including 1011 primary-level investigations with 599 559 participants. Content coding suggested 6 behavioral domains: eating and physical activity, sexual behavior, addictive behaviors, stress management, female-specific screening and intervention behaviors, and behaviors involving use of health services.

Results. Behavior change interventions were efficacious (mean effect sizes = 0.08–0.45). Behavior change was more evident in more recent meta-analyses; those that sampled older interventions and literatures or sampled more published articles; those that included studies that relied on self-report, used briefer interventions, or sampled fewer, older, or female participants; and in some domains (e.g., stress management) more than others (e.g., sexual behaviors).

Conclusions. Interventions improved health-related behaviors; however, efficacy varied as a function of participant and intervention characteristics. This meta-synthesis provides information about the efficacy of behavioral change interventions across health domains and populations; this knowledge can inform the design and development of public health interventions and future meta-analyses of these studies.
From House Structure to Gender Relations: Exploring the Na (Mosuo) of Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Yunchuan Wu , Haaland Gunnar
Published: February 2010

Architectural features of houses are frequently loaded with meanings expressing fundamental values embedded in social relations. The symbolism of such features is a convenient starting point for exploring the organization of social life. Among the Na of Yunnan province house symbolism raises a range of questions relating to the character of gender relations and the universality of marriage. The qualitative cultural factors structuring gender interactions are analyzed by drawing on perspectives from role analysis. Finally the quantitative behavioral consequences of these interactions are documented. Key words: Na (Mosuo); China; matrilineality; gender relations; house symbolism. DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2780 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 19-40
Qualitative Data Collection, Analysis and Presentation: A Theoretical Overview
Authors: Uprety Laya Prasad
Published: February 2010

This paper explains the significance of the interpretive approach in the regime of qualitative research which underscores the search of the meanings in human cultures and subjectivities in the human behavior. Its overall emphasis has been on the processes, stages, and goals of conventional ethnographic research, qualitative data analysis and their presentation in the academic and professional reports. However, the theoretical analysis has been heavily influenced by "positivism" and hence, it has failed to address many of the issues emerged in the regime of contemporary qualitative research approach. Key Words: Qualitative; ethnographic; positivism; interpretive; subjectivity; analysis and presentation. DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2782 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 83-122
Online Journals: the Path Towards Visibility and Quality
Authors: Walker Julie
Published: February 2010

Increasing the visibility of a journal is the key to increasing quality. The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications works with journal editors in the global South to publish their journals online and to increase the efficiency of the peer review process. Editors are trained in using the Open Journals System software and in online journal management and strategy so they have the tools and knowledge needed to initiate a ‘virtuous cycle' in which visibility leads to an increase in the number and quality of submissions and in turn, increased citations and impact. In order to maximise this increase in quality, it must be supported by strong editorial office processes and management. This article describes some of the issues and strategies faced by the editors INASP works with, placing a particular emphasis on Nepal Journals Online. Key words: INASP; Open Journals System; Journals Online Projects; Nepal Journals Online; journal visibility; peer review DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2786 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 175-184
A review of HIV in prisons in Nepal
Authors: Dolan K , Larney S
Published: February 2010

Background: HIV in prisons is a serious public health concern. People in prison are at risk of contracting HIV through injecting drug use, unprotected sex and tattooing. However, most countries have largely neglected HIV prevention and care in prisons. Objectives: The aim of this study is to review HIV prevention and care in Nepal's prisons Materials and methods: This was carried out by Systematic review of published and grey literature. Results: Nepal's National HIV Strategy acknowledges the importance of prisons in broader HIV prevention efforts. However, prison conditions are poor and there is no accurate information regarding HIV prevalence or risk behaviours among prisoners. HIV prevention interventions have largely been limited to ad hoc training workshops. Antiretroviral treatment is not available to HIV infected prisoners. Conclusion: There is recognition in Government policy documents that prisons must be involved in efforts to stem the HIV epidemic. However, HIV prevention and care remains largely non-existent in Nepal's prisons. Efforts to obtain external funding to initiate and maintain programs such as drug dependency treatment and condom distribution are required. Attention could also be given to introducing alternatives to incarceration for less serious offenders and drug dependent offenders.Key words: HIV; prison; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2753 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 351-354
Unusual variation in musculocutaneous nerves
Authors: Bhattarai C , Poudel PP
Published: February 2010

Background: Variations in origin, course, branching pattern, termination and connections of the musculocutaneous nerve in the arm are not as uncommon as was once thought. Variational study of nerve in Nepalese is very less and can be of surigical-clinical importance. This opinion led us to performing this study. Objectives: The aim of this study was to a study in Nepalese which could be important for clinical investigation and the surgical treatment of peripheral nerve injury. Materials and methods: This study was carried out in Manipal College of medical sciences (MCOMS). Dissection of formalised 16 cadavers (n=32 upper limbs) were carried out using normal dissection kit with the help of standard dissection manual in two and half years. Results: The study revealed the variation in course, branching pattern and termination of musculocutaneous nerve in 6.25% of cases unilaterally on the right side. No statistically significant differences by gender and side were observed. Conclusion: This present study provides the evidence of variation of musculocutaneous nerve in Nepalese. The knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nerve system can help explain an incomprehensible clinical sign. Key words: Musculocutaneous nerve; Median nerve; Brachial plexus; Peripheral nerve repair. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2763 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 408-410
Multiple odontogenic keratocysts associated with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome
Authors: Dixit S , Acharya S , Dixit PB
Published: February 2010

Gorlin-Goltz syndrome or Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with a predisposition to cancer. Features like basal cell carcinoma, odontogenic keratocysts, calcification of falx cerebri, bifid ribs, pits on palms and soles and hypertelorism are evident. A case of this rare disease seen on a 13 year old female patient is presented here, where multiple odontogenic keratocysts were causing disfigurement of the lower jaw as well as displacement and malocclusion of the lower teeth. Key words: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome; Gorlin-Goltz syndrome; Odentogenic keratocyst; Calcification of falx cerebri. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2765 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 414-418
Axillary arch muscle
Authors: Sharma T , Singla RK , Agnihotri G , Gupta R
Published: February 2010

Langer'arch is one of the rare muscular variation in the axillary region. In the present article, a case of 50 year old male cadaver with axillary arch in the right axillary region is being reported. It originated from anterior border of latissimus dorsi and merged with short head of biceps brachii. The embryological derivation, genetic basis and clinical implication of this muscular variant are also discussed. Key words: Axillary arch muscle; langer's arch; Panniculus carnosus DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2770 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 432-434
Ertapenem
Authors: Parakh A , Krishnamurthy S , Bhattacharya M
Published: February 2010

Ertapenem is a parenteral carbapenem licensed for use in adults and children more than 3 months of age. It is active against many Gram-positive and negative bacteria, including several anaerobic organisms but has a narrower spectrum of antimicrobial activity, compared with older carbapenems. It is highly stable against nearly all β-lactamases, including AmpC and extended spectrum beta lactamases. Ertapenem can be given intramuscularly or intravenously and its favourable pharmacokinetic profi le allows once daily dosing. Ertapenem has been proven to be clinically and bacteriologically efficacious in randomised controlled trials for the treatment of community acquired infections including complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated skin and skin-structure infections, acute pelvic infections, complicated urinary tract infections, community-acquired pneumonia and for the prophylaxis of surgical-site infection following elective colorectal surgery. Ertapenem is suited for mild to moderately ill patients with community-acquired infections and for outpatient intravenous antibacterial therapy. Key words: Antibiotics; Carbapenems; Ertapenem DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2774 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 454-460