bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kurosh‐Amitsur Right Jacobson Radical of Type 0 for Right Near‐Rings
Authors: Rao Ravi Srinivasa , Prasad K. Siva , Srinivas T.
Published: February 2008

By a near‐ring we mean a right near‐ring. , the right Jacobson radical of type 0, was introduced for near‐rings by the first and second authors. In this paper properties of the radical
are studied. It is shown that is a Kurosh‐Amitsur radical (KA‐radical) in the variety of all near‐rings
R, in which the constant part Rc
of R
is an ideal of R. So unlike the left Jacobson radicals of types 0 and 1 of near‐rings, is a KA‐radical in the class of all zero‐symmetric near‐rings. is not s‐hereditary and hence not an ideal‐hereditary radical in the class of all zero‐symmetric near‐rings.
Impact of an Updated Carbon Bond Mechanism on Predictions from the CMAQ Modeling System: Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Sarwar Golam , Luecken Deborah , Yarwood Greg , Whitten Gary Z. , Carter William P. L.
Published: February 2008

An updated and expanded version of the Carbon Bond mechanism (CB05) has been incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to more accurately simulate wintertime, pristine, and high-altitude situations. The CB05 mechanism has nearly 2 times the number of reactions relative to the previous version of the Carbon Bond mechanism (CB-IV). While the expansions do provide more detailed treatment of urban areas, most of the new reactions involve biogenics, toxics, and species potentially important to particulate formation and acid deposition. Model simulations were performed using the CB05 and the CB-IV mechanisms for the winter and summer of 2001. For winter with the CB05 mechanism, ozone, aerosol nitrate, and aerosol sulfate concentrations were within 1% of the results obtained with the CB-IV mechanism. Organic carbon concentrations were within 2% of the results obtained with the CB-IV mechanism. However, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were lower by 25% and 32%, respectively, during winter with the CB05 mechanism. For the summer, ozone concentrations increased by 8% with the CB05 mechanism relative to the CB-IV mechanism. The aerosol sulfate, aerosol nitrate, and organic carbon concentrations with the CB05 mechanism decreased by 8%, 2%, and 10%, respectively. The formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations with the CB05 mechanism were lower by 12% and 47%, respectively, during summer. Model performance with the CB05 mechanism improved at high-altitude conditions and in rural areas for ozone. Model performance also improved for organic carbon with the CB05 mechanism.
The Identification and Verification of Hazardous Convective Cells over Oceans Using Visible and Infrared Satellite Observations
Authors: Donovan Michael F. , Williams Earle R. , Kessinger Cathy , Blackburn Gary , Herzegh Paul H. , Bankert Richard L. , Miller Steve , Mosher Frederick R.
Published: February 2008

Three algorithms based on geostationary visible and infrared (IR) observations are used to identify convective cells that do (or may) present a hazard to aviation over the oceans. The performance of these algorithms in detecting potentially hazardous cells is determined through verification with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observations of lightning and radar reflectivity, which provide internal information about the convective cells. The probability of detection of hazardous cells using the satellite algorithms can exceed 90% when lightning is used as a criterion for hazard, but the false-alarm ratio with all three algorithms is consistently large (∼40%), thereby exaggerating the presence of hazardous conditions. This shortcoming results in part from the algorithms’ dependence upon visible and IR observations, and can be traced to the widespread prevalence of deep cumulonimbi with weak updrafts but without lightning over tropical oceans, whose origin is attributed to significant entrainment during ascent.
Surface Wind Regionalization in Complex Terrain
Authors: Jiménez P. A. , García-Bustamante E. , González-Rouco J. F. , Valero F. , Montávez J. P. , Navarro J.
Published: February 2008

Daily wind variability in the Comunidad Foral de Navarra in northern Spain was studied using wind observations at 35 locations to derive subregions with homogeneous temporal variability. Two different methodologies based on principal component analysis were used to regionalize: 1) cluster analysis and 2) the rotation of the selected principal components. Both methodologies produce similar results and lead to regions that are in general agreement with the topographic features of the terrain. The meridional wind variability is similar in all subregions, whereas zonal wind variability is responsible for differences between them. The spectral analysis of wind variability within each subregion reveals a dominant annual cycle and the varying presence of higher-frequency contributions in the subregions. The valley subregions tend to present more variability at high frequencies than do higher-altitude sites. Last, the influence of large-scale dynamics on regional wind variability is explored by studying connections between wind in each subregion and sea level pressure fields. The results of this work contribute to the characterization of wind variability in a complex terrain region and constitute a framework for the validation of mesoscale model wind simulations over the region.
Transport of Atmospheric Aerosol by Gap Winds in the Columbia River Gorge
Authors: Green Mark C. , Xu Jin , Adhikari Narendra
Published: February 2008

Typical diurnal wind patterns and their relationship to transport of atmospheric aerosol in the Columbia River gorge of Oregon and Washington are addressed in this paper. The measurement program included measurements of light scattering by particles (bsp) with nephelometers, and wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity at seven locations in the gorge. Winds are shown to respond to along-gorge pressure gradients, and five common patterns were identified: strong, moderate, and light westerly (west to east), light easterly, and winter easterly. The strong westerly and winter easterly patterns were the most common summer and winter patterns, respectively, and represented strong gap flow. The light westerly and light easterly patterns occurred most frequently in spring and autumn transition periods. Winter easterly had the highest light scattering and indicated sources east of the gorge mainly responsible for haze. During summer, as westerly winds increased diurnally, a pulse of hazy air from the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area is transported eastward into the gorge, arriving later with distance into the gorge. During light easterly flow impacts to haze from the city of The Dalles, Oregon, are noted as the wind shifts direction diurnally.
Seasonal and Synoptic Variations in Near-Surface Air Temperature Lapse Rates in a Mountainous Basin
Authors: Blandford Troy R. , Humes Karen S. , Harshburger Brian J. , Moore Brandon C. , Walden Von P. , Ye Hengchun
Published: February 2008

To accurately estimate near-surface (2 m) air temperatures in a mountainous region for hydrologic prediction models and other investigations of environmental processes, the authors evaluated daily and seasonal variations (with the consideration of different weather types) of surface air temperature lapse rates at a spatial scale of 10 000 km2 in south-central Idaho. Near-surface air temperature data (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) from 14 meteorological stations were used to compute daily lapse rates from January 1989 to December 2004 for a medium-elevation study area in south-central Idaho. Daily lapse rates were grouped by month, synoptic weather type, and a combination of both (seasonal–synoptic). Daily air temperature lapse rates show high variability at both daily and seasonal time scales. Daily Tmax lapse rates show a distinct seasonal trend, with steeper lapse rates (greater decrease in temperature with height) occurring in summer and shallower rates (lesser decrease in temperature with height) occurring in winter. Daily Tmin and Tavg lapse rates are more variable and tend to be steepest in spring and shallowest in midsummer. Different synoptic weather types also influence lapse rates, although differences are tenuous. In general, warmer air masses tend to be associated with steeper lapse rates for maximum temperature, and drier air masses have shallower lapse rates for minimum temperature. The largest diurnal range is produced by dry tropical conditions (clear skies, high solar input). Cross-validation results indicate that the commonly used environmental lapse rate [typically assumed to be −0.65°C (100 m)−1] is solely applicable to maximum temperature and often grossly overestimates Tmin and Tavg lapse rates. Regional lapse rates perform better than the environmental lapse rate for Tmin and Tavg, although for some months rates can be predicted more accurately by using monthly lapse rates. Lapse rates computed for different months, synoptic types, and seasonal–synoptic categories all perform similarly. Therefore, the use of monthly lapse rates is recommended as a practical combination of effective performance and ease of implementation.
Model Calculations of Solar Spectral Irradiance in the 3.7-μm Band for Earth Remote Sensing Applications
Authors: Platnick Steven , Fontenla Juan M.
Published: February 2008

Since the launch of the first Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument aboard the Television and Infrared Observational Satellite (TIROS-N), measurements in the 3.7-μm atmospheric window have been exploited for use in cloud detection and screening, cloud thermodynamic phase and surface snow/ice discrimination, and quantitative cloud particle size retrievals. The utility of the band has led to the incorporation of similar channels on a number of existing satellite imagers and future operational imagers. Daytime observations in the band include both reflected solar and thermal emission energy. Since 3.7-μm channels are calibrated to a radiance scale (via onboard blackbodies), knowledge of the top-of-atmosphere solar irradiance in the spectral region is required to infer reflectance. Despite the ubiquity of 3.7-μm channels, absolute solar spectral irradiance data come from either a single measurement campaign (Thekaekara et al.) or synthetic spectra. In the current study, the historical 3.7-μm band spectral irradiance datasets are compared with the recent semiempirical solar model of the quiet sun by Fontenla et al. The model has expected uncertainties of about 2% in the 3.7-μm spectral region. The channel-averaged spectral irradiances using the observations reported by Thekaekara et al. are found to be 3.2%–4.1% greater than those derived from the Fontenla et al. model for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and AVHRR instrument bandpasses; the Kurucz spectrum, as included in the Moderate Spectral Resolution Atmospheric Transmittance (MODTRAN4) distribution, gives channel-averaged irradiances 1.2%–1.5% smaller than the Fontenla model. For the MODIS instrument, these solar irradiance uncertainties result in cloud microphysical retrieval uncertainties that are comparable to other fundamental reflectance error sources.
Forcing Mechanisms for Washoe Zephyr—A Daytime Downslope Wind System in the Lee of the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Zhong Shiyuan , Li Ju , Clements Craig B. , De Wekker Stephan F. J. , Bian Xindi
Published: February 2008

This paper investigates the formation mechanisms for a local wind phenomenon known as Washoe Zephyr that occurs frequently in the lee of the Sierra Nevada. Unlike the typical thermally driven slope flows with upslope wind during daytime and downslope at night, the Washoe Zephyr winds blow down the lee slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the afternoon against the local pressure gradient. Long-term hourly surface wind data from several stations on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and rawinsonde sounding data in the region are analyzed and numerical simulations are performed to test the suggested hypotheses on the formation mechanisms for this interesting phenomenon. The results from surface and upper-air climate data analyses and numerical modeling indicate that the Washoe Zephyr is primarily a result of a regional-scale pressure gradient that develops because of asymmetric heating of the atmosphere between the western side of the Sierra Nevada and the elevated, semiarid central Nevada and Great Basin on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. The frequent influence of the Pacific high on California in the summer season helps to enhance this pressure gradient and therefore strengthen the flow. Westerly synoptic-scale winds over the Sierra Nevada and the associated downward momentum transfer are not necessary for its development, but strong westerly winds aloft work in concert with the regional-scale pressure gradient to produce the strongest Washoe Zephyr events.
Interaction of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets with Urban Geometries as Seen in Joint Urban 2003 Data
Authors: Lundquist Julie K. , Mirocha Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2008

Because accurate modeling of atmospheric flows in urban environments requires sophisticated representation of complex urban geometries, much work has been devoted to treatment of the urban surface. However, the importance of the larger-scale flow impinging upon the urban complex to the flow, transport, and dispersion within it and downwind has received less attention. Building-resolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are commonly employed to investigate interactions between the flow and three-dimensional structures that make up the urban environment; however, such models are typically forced with simplified boundary conditions that fail to include important regional-scale phenomena that can strongly influence the flow within the urban complex and downwind. This paper investigates the interaction of an important and frequently occurring regional-scale phenomenon, the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), with urban-scale turbulence and dispersion in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, using data from the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment. Two simulations of nocturnal tracer release experiments from JU2003 using Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Finite-Element Model in 3 Dimensions and Massively Parallelized (FEM3MP) CFD model yield differing levels of agreement with the observations in wind speed, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and concentration profiles in the urban wake, approximately 750 m downwind of the central business district. Profiles of several observed turbulence parameters at this location indicate characteristics of both bottom-up and top-down boundary layers during each of the experiments. These data are consistent with turbulence production due to at least two sources, the complex flow structures of the urban area and the region of strong vertical wind shear occurring beneath the LLJs present each night. Strong LLJs occurred each night, but their structures varied considerably, resulting in significant differences in the magnitudes of the turbulence parameters observed during the two experiments. Because FEM3MP was forced only with an upwind velocity profile that did not adequately represent the LLJ, the downward propagation of TKE observed during the experiments was absent from the simulations. As such, the differing levels of agreement between the simulations and observations during the two experiments can, in part, be explained by their exclusion of this important larger-scale influence. The ability of the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) to simulate accurate velocity fields during each night was demonstrated, and the use of regional-scale simulation data was identified as a promising approach for representing the effects of important regional-scale phenomena such as the LLJ on urban-scale simulations.
Testing IWC Retrieval Methods Using Radar and Ancillary Measurements with In Situ Data
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Protat Alain , Bouniol Dominique , Austin Richard T. , Hogan Robin J. , Delanoë Julien , Okamoto Hajime , Sato Kaori , van Zadelhoff Gerd-Jan , Donovan David P. , Wang Zhien
Published: February 2008

Vertical profiles of ice water content (IWC) can now be derived globally from spaceborne cloud satellite radar (CloudSat) data. Integrating these data with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data may further increase accuracy. Evaluations of the accuracy of IWC retrieved from radar alone and together with other measurements are now essential. A forward model employing aircraft Lagrangian spiral descents through mid- and low-latitude ice clouds is used to estimate profiles of what a lidar and conventional and Doppler radar would sense. Radar reflectivity Ze and Doppler fall speed at multiple wavelengths and extinction in visible wavelengths were derived from particle size distributions and shape data, constrained by IWC that were measured directly in most instances. These data were provided to eight teams that together cover 10 retrieval methods. Almost 3400 vertically distributed points from 19 clouds were used. Approximate cloud optical depths ranged from below 1 to more than 50. The teams returned retrieval IWC profiles that were evaluated in seven different ways to identify the amount and sources of errors. The mean (median) ratio of the retrieved-to-measured IWC was 1.15 (1.03) ± 0.66 for all teams, 1.08 (1.00) ± 0.60 for those employing a lidar–radar approach, and 1.27 (1.12) ± 0.78 for the standard CloudSat radar–visible optical depth algorithm for Ze > −28 dBZe. The ratios for the groups employing the lidar–radar approach and the radar–visible optical depth algorithm may be lower by as much as 25% because of uncertainties in the extinction in small ice particles provided to the groups. Retrievals from future spaceborne radar using reflectivity–Doppler fall speeds show considerable promise. A lidar–radar approach, as applied to measurements from CALIPSO and CloudSat, is useful only in a narrow range of ice water paths (IWP) (40 < IWP < 100 g m−2). Because of the use of the Rayleigh approximation at high reflectivities in some of the algorithms and differences in the way nonspherical particles and Mie effects are considered, IWC retrievals in regions of radar reflectivity at 94 GHz exceeding about 5 dBZe are subject to uncertainties of ±50%.
A Simple Empirical Model for Estimating the Intensity Change of Tropical Cyclones after Landfall along the South China Coast
Authors: Wong Martin L. M. , Chan Johnny C. L. , Zhou Wen
Published: February 2008

The intensity change of past (1976–2005) tropical cyclones that made landfall along the south China coast (110.5°–117.5°E) is examined in this study using the best-track data from the Hong Kong Observatory. The change in the central pressure deficit (environmental pressure minus central pressure) and maximum surface wind after landfall are found to fit fairly well with an exponential decay model. Of the various potential predictors, the landfall intensity, landward speed, and excess of 850-hPa moist static energy have significant influence on the decay rates. Prediction equations for the exponential decay constants are developed based on these predictors.
Validation of Cloud Liquid Water Path Retrievals from SEVIRI Using One Year of CloudNET Observations
Authors: Roebeling R. A. , Deneke H. M. , Feijt A. J.
Published: February 2008

The accuracy and precision are determined of cloud liquid water path (LWP) retrievals from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat-8 using 1 yr of LWP retrievals from microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements of two CloudNET stations in northern Europe. The MWR retrievals of LWP have a precision that is superior to current satellite remote sensing techniques, which justifies their use as validation data. The Cloud Physical Properties (CPP) algorithm of the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM-SAF) is used to retrieve LWP from SEVIRI reflectances at 0.6 and 1.6 μm. The results show large differences in the accuracy and precision of LWP retrievals from SEVIRI between summer and winter. During summer, the instantaneous LWP retrievals from SEVIRI agree well with those from the MWRs. The accuracy is better than 5 g m−2 and the precision is better than 30 g m−2, which is similar to the precision of LWP retrievals from MWR. The added value of the 15-min sampling frequency of Meteosat-8 becomes evident in the validation of the daily median and diurnal variations in LWP retrievals from SEVIRI. The daily median LWP values from SEVIRI and MWR are highly correlated (correlation > 0.95) and have a precision better than 15 g m−2. In addition, SEVIRI and MWR reveal similar diurnal variations in retrieved LWP values. The peak LWP values occur around noon. During winter, SEVIRI generally overestimates the instantaneous LWP values from MWR, the accuracy drops to about 10 g m2, and the precision to about 30 g m−2. The most likely reason for these lower accuracies is the shortcoming of CPP, and similar one-dimensional retrieval algorithms, to model inhomogeneous clouds. It is suggested that neglecting cloud inhomogeneities leads to a significant overestimation of LWP retrievals from SEVIRI over northern Europe during winter.
Momentum Transfer within Canopies
Authors: Yi Chuixiang
Published: February 2008

To understand the basic characteristics of the observed S-shaped wind profile and the exponential flux profile within forest canopies, three hypotheses are postulated. The relationship between these fundamental profiles is well established by combining the postulated hypotheses with momentum equations. Robust agreements between theoretical predictions and observations indicate that the nature of momentum transfer within canopies can be well understood by combining the postulated hypotheses and momentum equations. The exponential Reynolds stress profiles were successfully predicted by the leaf area index (LAI) profile alone. The characteristics of the S-shaped wind profile were theoretically explained by the plant morphology and local drag coefficient distribution. Predictions of maximum drag coefficient were located around the maximum leaf area level for most forest canopies but lower than the maximum leaf area level for a corn canopy. A universal relationship of the Reynolds stress between the top and bottom of the canopy is predicted for all canopies. This universal relationship can be used to understand what percentage of the Reynolds stress at the top of canopy is absorbed by the whole canopy layer from the observed LAI values alone. All of these predictions are consistent with the conclusions from dimensional analysis and satisfy the continuity requirement of Reynolds stress, mean wind speed, and local drag coefficient at the top of canopy.
Combining Hierarchical and Soft Modes of Governance
Authors: Heupel Monika
Published: February 2008

In the wake of 9/11, the UN Security Council (SC) set out to urge every UN member to strengthen its domestic capacity to counter transnational terrorism and the heightened risk of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation to non-state actors. This article examines the modes of governance the SC applied — in terms of both setting and implementing rules — to influence states' activities in response to these two security threats. The far-reaching, generic, legally binding obligations imposed on every UN member were unprecedented and indicate a `hierarchical' approach. Yet, the SC — partly deliberately, and partly out of necessity — drew extensively upon a range of `soft' governance modes to support implementation and enhance the legitimacy of its approach. It remains to be seen whether this approach will be the precursor to a future trend. However, its usefulness will depend on whether the SC members will come to an agreement on how to implement `legislative' resolutions, and whether non-Council members will be granted greater influence in SC decision-making. Although more empirical research is needed on the SC's application of different modes of governance, these results contribute to a better understanding of the use of governance modes by international organizations other than the European Union.
(In)Security Studies, Reflexive Modernization and the Risk Society
Authors: Williams M.J.
Published: February 2008

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the overwhelming challenge that confronts Western policy-makers is the management of diverse, amorphous and qualitative security risks, rather than the fixed, quantifiable threats of yesteryear. As such, policy-makers have had to move from a reactive to a more proactive mindset, which ultimately challenges established international institutions and norms of action. This change has been seen at both the domestic and international levels and gained prominence with sociologist Ulrich Beck's Risk Society thesis in the early 1990s. The risk paradigm calls into question many commonly used concepts in international relations (IR), such as established forms of cooperation and the utility of force. Because such a burgeoning security studies research agenda, inspired by Beck's writing, has begun to develop, I examine this new literature and the challenges that the Risk Society paradigm poses to IR as an academic study. I also raise the need to reconsider thinking surrounding the use of force, security cooperation and international law in light of the security risks and challenges that confront the West today.
Can Positive Employees Help Positive Organizational Change? Impact of Psychological Capital and Emotions on Relevant Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Avey James B. , Wernsing Tara S. , Luthans Fred
Published: February 2008

Although much attention has been devoted to understanding employee resistance to change, relatively little research examines the impact that positive employees can have on organizational change. To help fill this need, the authors investigate whether a process of employees' positivity will have an impact on relevant attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, this study surveyed 132 employees from a broad cross-section of organizations and jobs and found: (a) Their psychological capital (a core factor consisting of hope, efficacy, optimism, and resilience) was related to their positive emotions that in turn were related to their attitudes (engagement and cynicism) and behaviors (organizational citizenship and deviance) relevant to organizational change; (b) mindfulness (i.e., heightened awareness) interacted with psychological capital in predicting positive emotions; and (c) positive emotions generally mediated the relationship between psychological capital and the attitudes and behaviors. The implications these findings have for positive organizational change conclude the article.
Unlocking the Benefits of Diversity
Authors: Stevens Flannery G. , Plaut Victoria C. , Sanchez-Burks Jeffrey
Published: February 2008

As the demographic composition of organizations in the United States rapidly shifts, such that minority groups are becoming the numerical and economic majority, organizations are grappling with ways to manage diversity in the workplace. The two forms of diversity initiatives most frequently implemented in organizations—colorblindness and multiculturalism—have clear benefits; however, each also contributes to feelings of exclusion by different organizational members. In this article, the authors describe problematic issues raised by these two approaches to diversity and offer an alternative perspective—all-inclusive multiculturalism, or the AIM model. The authors posit that AIM serves as a catalyst for positive and effective organizational change through the development of social capital and positive relationships at work and enables organizational members to grow to their fullest potential.
Paradox in Positive Organizational Change
Authors: Cameron Kim S.
Published: February 2008

Positive organizational change is a paradox. On one hand, natural human inclinations toward the positive and heliotropic tendencies foster a proclivity toward positive change in human systems. On the other hand, human beings react more strongly to negative than to positive stimuli, so the presence of negative events overshadows positive events. Paradoxically, both tendencies—toward the positive and in response to the negative— are important enablers of positive change, but because the negative usually dominates, positive factors have to be given extra emphasis for positive change to occur. The concept of “positive” has created a great deal of controversy and confusion in organizational studies, spawning critics as well as promoters. The major connotations of this concept in organizational scholarship are clarified, and a way to reconcile the paradox of positive change is proposed. New investigations of positive organizational change are introduced that address various aspects of the positive change paradox.
Tangible Affinities and the Real Life Fascination of Kinship
Authors: Mason Jennifer
Published: February 2008

This article uses the examples of the `kinship consequences'of assisted conception, the contemporary enthusiasm for tracing family histories, and a more general interest in family resemblances to argue that there is a contemporary fascination with kinship which existing sociological and anthropological theory do not entirely explain. It proposes a conceptual framework for understanding what is both distinctive and fascinating about kinship, based on four dimensions of affinity: fixed affinities, negotiated and creative affinities, ethereal affinities and sensory affinities. These are dimensions where kinship is engaged with, defined, known and expressed. Collectively, these are referred to as`tangible'affinities, not because they are all literally tangible but because of their resonance in lived experience and their vivid and palpable (or almost palpable) character.
Anglican Clergy as Victims of Routinized Violent Activities in Urban and Rural Localities
Authors: Denney David , Gabe Jonathan , O'Beirne Maria
Published: February 2008

Few studies have considered the nature of violence and its implications for Anglican clergy. A conventional victimological approach would go no further than to identify the social correlates of victims and perpetrators. While this enables us to establish patterns of violence we also need to draw on lifestyle and routine activity theory to understand violence. In addition, a more critical victimology suggests that we consider the role of socio-cultural and macro organizational factors. The purpose of this article is to explore the value of these approaches and it is structured as follows: first, it provides evidence of the degree and type of violence experienced by Anglican priests in urban and rural localities in the south east of England and their response; second, the article describes how clergy make sense of`everyday' violence in these locations; and finally, it describes how this relates to the public and private worlds that they inhabit.
Comparative Configurations of Care Work across Europe
Authors: Lyon Dawn , Glucksmann Miriam
Published: February 2008

The activity of work takes place in a variety of socio-economic relations, shifting over time across the boundaries between different sectors of employment (public, private, not-for-profit or voluntary) and forms of unpaid work (domestic, community, voluntary).Taking the social care work of older people as a research probe, this article explores linkages between paid and unpaid work across key forms of provision (public sector, market, family/household and voluntary sector). We analyse the relative importance of the different providers of elder care in four European countries in order to highlight the relationship and interactions between paid and unpaid modes of care work. As well as revealing contrasting national configurations, our findings show clear interconnections between work undertaken in differing socio-economic modes, such that what goes on in one sector impacts upon what goes on in another. Building on a `total social organization of labour' framework, this analysis of a specific field develops further an approach that may also be deployed elsewhere.
Fractured Transitions: Young Adults' Pathways into Contemporary Labour Markets
Authors: Bradley Harriet , Devadason Ranji
Published: February 2008

This article uses qualitative data from a study of young adults aged 20—34 in Bristol to explore the labour market transitions considered typical of contemporary advanced economies.The main objective of the article is to develop a typology of labour market pathways that illuminates the complexity and variability of lengthened youth transitions. In addition to this typology we explore the economic consequences of these pathways for young adults, showing that they are vulnerable to job change, unemployment and low pay. Finally, we explore the attitudes of young adults to their situation.We found that they were surprisingly undismayed by these labour market vicissitudes: many of them displayed a `structure of feeling' we refer to as `internalized flexibility', which helps them to maintain optimism and anticipate change in a challenging economic environment.
The Impact of Young People's Internet Use on Class Boundaries and Life Trajectories
Authors: Lee Lisa
Published: February 2008

The article seeks to explore the significance of class membership among young people in the so-called internet age. Internet access and use in Britain has remained by and large concentrated in wealthier households, underlining, at an aggregate level, a clear link between individuals' socio-economic background and their use of the internet.A somewhat contradictory statement emerges, however, from recent claims made by techno-enthusiasts, and apparently young people themselves, about the existence of a digital generation.This generational label suggests that young people today are, irrespective of their background, growing up with a sense of digital expertise, where class boundaries have become obscured. The article discusses this apparent contradiction, based on a study of young internet users.The findings suggest that, while class boundaries can be affected by internet use, the impact of this use remains nonetheless short lived and unlikely to significantly impinge on young people's social mobility in the future.
Stereoselective Bupropion Hydroxylation as an In Vivo Phenotypic Probe for Cytochrome P4502B6 (CYP2B6) Activity
Authors: Kharasch Evan D. , Mitchell Darain , Coles Rebecka
Published: February 2008

The clearance of racemic bupropion, metabolized selectively by CYP2B6 in vitro, has been used clinically to phenotype CYP2B6 activity, polymorphisms, and drug interactions but has known limitations. Bupropion hydroxylation by CYP2B6 is stereoselective. This investigation assessed the stereoselectivity of bupropion pharmacokinetics and the influence of CYP2B6 induction. Ten healthy volunteers received immediate‐release bupropion before and after 7 days of rifampin. Plasma and urine bupropion and hydroxybupropion were analyzed using a stereoselective assay. Plasma area under the curve (AUC0‐∞) and maximum concentrations were 3‐fold greater for R‐ than S‐bupropion. Bupropion apparent oral clearance was 3‐ and 2‐fold greater for S‐ than R‐ and R,S‐bupropion, respectively Hydroxybupropion plasma AUC0‐∞and elimination half‐life were significantly less for (S,S)‐ than (R,R)‐ and the racemate. (S,S)‐hydroxybupropion was formation rate limited, whereas (R,R)‐hydroxybupropion and the racemate were elimination rate limited. Rifampin doubled both R‐ and S‐bupropion clearance and caused 4‐fold increases in both (R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐hydroxybupropion formation clearances. Increases in the plasma hydroxybupropion/bupropion AUC0‐∞ratio were greater for (S,S)‐ than (R,R)‐hydroxybupropion. Simplified plasma and urine metrics of stereoselective bupropion metabolism and clearance were identified. Because metabolite formation clearance is the best in vivo metric of enzyme activity and due, therefore, to faster S‐bupropion elimination and formation rate‐limited (S,S)‐hydroxybupropion kinetics, stereoselective S‐bupropion hydroxylation and (S,S)‐hydroxybupropion formation clearance may be a useful and improved phenotypic probe for CYP2B6.
Radical Mexico
Authors: Spenser Daniela
Published: February 2008

The encounter of the Mexican and Bolshevik Revolutions on Mexican soil took place when the Mexican Revolution was still considered a viable project, however unrealized. The Bolshevik emissaries to Mexico, who arrived in 1919 and again in 1921, misunderstood Mexico on two counts. They disregarded the prerevolutionary radicalism that had developed in the workplace under the influence of the Industrial Workers of the World, and they dismissed the revolution as simply bourgeois. Both misreadings led them into blind alleys. Attempting to radicalize an already radical movement, they antagonized the anarcho-syndicalists. At the same time, the fact that in Soviet Russia anarchists were victimized by the new regime diminished the stature of that country in Mexico and made the anarchists hostile to communism.
Communism and Religion
Authors: Löwy Michael
Published: February 2008

Modern communism is traditionally understood as an atheist, secular, and profane movement, actively opposed to religion as well as any form of “idealism.” The thought of José Carlos Mariátegui, one of the main founders of Latin American communism, has very little in common with this conventional image. Mariátegui had a heterodox attitude toward religion, as well as other subjects. Mariátegui does not venture a new definition of religion. However, it can be inferred from his writings that his is an ethical-political and spiritual concept, one related to “all the need of the infinite that exists in man” (of which he wrote in 1925) and the quest for a heroic myth that could restore sense and enchantment to life. The word “mystical,” which appears very often in Mariátegui's work, is evidently religious in origin but has a broader meaning: it refers to the spiritual and ethical dimension of socialism, as well as faith in the revolutionary struggle, absolute commitment to the emancipatory cause, and the heroic willingness to risk life itself.
The Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas between the East and Latin America
Authors: Melgar Bao Ricardo
Published: February 2008

After World War I, Latin America's budding leftist political culture shifted in character and outlook and, by the second half of the 1920s, had come to be identified as an anti-imperialist force. The communist parties, which stood apart from previous socialist and anarchist trends, brought the theme of imperialism to the fore, making it a dominant component of leftist discourse. The imperialist threat became the subject of economic, political, and ideological study and a crucial part of the political agenda. Influenced by Bukharinist tendencies, Latin American communists proceeded to establish the Liga Antiimperialista de las Américas (Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas—LADLA) and its various national chapters. The cultural construction of imperialism and anti-imperialism in Latin America stood in opposition to the Europeanized and Orientalist ideologies in vogue at the time.
Amusing titles in scientific journals and article citation
Authors: Sagi Itay , Yechiam Eldad
Published: February 2008

The present study examines whether the use of humor in scientific article titles is associated with the number of citations an article receives. Four judges rated the degree of amusement and pleasantness of titles of articles published over 10 years (from 1985 to 1994) in two of the most prestigious journals in psychology, Psychological Bulletin and Psychological Review. We then examined the association between the levels of amusement and pleasantness and the article's monthly citation average. The results show that, while the pleasantness rating was weakly associated with the number of citations, articles with highly amusing titles (2 standard deviations above average) received fewer citations. The negative association between amusing titles and subsequent citations cannot be attributed to differences in the title length and pleasantness, number of authors, year of publication, and article type (regular article vs comment). These findings are discussed in the context of the importance of titles for signalling an article's content.
Hazrat-I-Dehli
Authors: Aquil Raziuddin
Published: February 2008

This article explores the significant linkages between the rise of Delhi as the foremost Sufi centre and the bastion of Islam as well as the seat of political power in the 13th and 14th centuries. Three out of the first five leading Chishti saints of the Sultanate period chose to live in Delhi, catapulting the city onto the map of the sacred geography of South Asian Islam. The Chishti Sufis also helped in shaping the cosmopolitan character of the city, even as they ensured that the interests of Islam and Muslims were safeguarded. Hence, though Delhi remained the centre of Muslim power for close to six centuries and its landscape is dotted with mosques, madrasas and dargahs of the Sufis, the exclusionist, juridical interpretation of Islam was sidelined in favour of a more inclusive approach to religion practised and propagated by the Chishtis. The essay charts this process and its significance for the early history of Islam in India.
Recognising Complexity, Embracing Diversity
Authors: Haider Mostafa
Published: February 2008

The diversity of children's work and life across the world has generated intense debates on the socio-legal status of working children, particularly in countries of the South. Official legal systems often accord little recognition to working children, while in practice they encompass a distinct yet complex entity. This article examines the tensions between official international and national laws and the actual reality or ‘living laws’ regarding working children in Bangladesh in a wider interdisciplinary context. While these children are mainly so impoverished that they have to work for their own survival, to deny them any agency in negotiating their position seems misguided. Thus it is argued that the present dominant understanding of child work is not compatible with the real life situations of such children and is, in fact, injurious to their individual interests. The article suggests that a culture-specific analysis which properly diagnoses the contextual struggles of working children in countries like Bangladesh is better suited to minimising the ongoing suffering of working children.
‘The Touchstone of a Nation's Greatness is the Status of its Women’—Responses to Colonial Discourses on Indian Womanhood
Authors: Nijhawan Shobna
Published: February 2008

Civilizing discourses about the degradation of womanhood in Indian society have featured as a central reference point not only among colonial rulers and missionaries, they also inserted themselves into the consciousness of indigenous elites and emerging middle classes and remain of relevance even today. This article explores the interventions of women's periodicals in Hindi into colonial civilizing discourses of the late 1910s–1920s. Many contributors suggested that more attention should be turned towards a presumed ideal Hindu past and women's revered status therein rather than using ‘the West’ as a model for civilization, especially with regard to female emancipation. Seeking ‘measurement scales’ from within Indian society became instrumental to reformist and nationalist agendas that ultimately wanted to prove cultural superiority over the West. The article demonstrates how civilizing discourses were not only appropriated in women's periodicals, but were also transformed to serve another civilizatory purpose that made Indian women's rights and citizenship a precondition rather than a logical consequence of the independence struggle. Articulate women writers rebutted the ‘victim-syndrome’, claiming that moral improvement was not to be received from British actors or Indian men, but needed to be achieved by women themselves.
Reporting Dissent in Wartime
Authors: Murray Craig , Parry Katy , Robinson Piers , Goddard Peter
Published: February 2008

A B S T R A C T ■ The 2003 Iraq War was highly controversial in the UK, generating domestic opposition and a widely supported anti-war movement, the Stop the War Coalition. This article assesses the extent to which anti-war protesters were successful at securing positive coverage in the British press immediately before and during the invasion of Iraq. The study shows that, although anti-war protesters received more favourable than unfavourable coverage prior to the war, once the war got under way, a `support our boys' consensus led to the narrowing of what Daniel Hallin has termed the `sphere of legitimate controversy' with the anti-war movement relegated to a `sphere of deviance'. The article also demonstrates that elite-led protest was more successful at influencing newspaper debate than grassroots protest. Overall, the results highlight the problems protest movements have in securing positive media representation during war. ■
Research Note: Italian Parties' Websites in the 2006 Elections
Authors: Vaccari Cristian
Published: February 2008

A B S T R A C T ■ This research analyses the websites of Italian national parties in the 2006 parliamentary elections. Overall, 27 sites were studied along three main lines of enquiry: information, participation and professionalism. Results show that most Italian parties have reached a good proficiency level in informing their online users and in adopting sophisticated production techniques, but are still far from maximizing the Internet's potential for participation and mobilization. Overall, the data offer only partial support to the hypothesis of `normalization' of cyberspace. ■
Encyclopaedias, Handbooks, Dictionaries, Collections and Companions
Authors: Crothers Charles
Published: February 2008

Sociology has always included collective works for reference purposes alongside its more usual production of books, monographs and journal articles, but in recent years the steady provision of this form of publication has swollen into an outpouring. The essay discusses the characteristics of different types of collective works in English-speaking sociology, suggests interpretations that might explain the recent outpouring, draws out the implications for other work in sociology (especially the difficulties of quality control and reviewing this material) and speculates about the future of collective works in an increasingly Internet-orientated world of scholarship.
Neurologic Manifestations of Pediatric Chikungunya Infection
Authors: Robin Stéphanie , Ramful Duksha , Le Seach Florence , Jaffar-Bandjee Marie-Christine , Rigou Gérald , Alessandri Jean-Luc
Published: February 2008

Chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne arbovirus, was responsible for a massive epidemic in La Réunion Island during 2005 to 2006. The disease is usually benign, but neurologic involvement, with sometimes fatal outcome, has been described. We report a retrospective hospital-based pediatric series of 30 children (23 boys and 7 girls) who presented neurologic manifestations of chikungunya such as encephalitis (n = 12), febrile seizures (n = 10), meningeal syndrome (n = 4), and acute encephalopathy (n = 4). Cerebrospinal fluid biological and cytological analyses (n = 23) were unremarkable except for 1 case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The presence of viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid was inconstantly positive. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (n = 14) were abnormal in 5 cases. Electroencephalography was nonspecific. Two patients died. At discharge and 6 months later, 5 children had neurologic sequelae. Patients with initial severe neurologic presentation and having pathological brain MRI had more sequelae or fatal disease.