bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: at the axis of cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Hall Ignacio Fernando , Kishta Franceska , Xu Yang , Baker Andrew H , Kovacic Jason C
Published: February 2024

Endothelial cells (ECs) line the luminal surface of blood vessels and play a major role in vascular (patho)-physiology by acting as a barrier, sensing circulating factors and intrinsic/extrinsic signals. ECs have the capacity to undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a complex differentiation process with key roles both during embryonic development and in adulthood. EndMT can contribute to EC activation and dysfunctional alterations associated with maladaptive tissue responses in human disease. During EndMT, ECs progressively undergo changes leading to expression of mesenchymal markers while repressing EC lineage-specific traits. This phenotypic and functional switch is considered to largely exist in a continuum, being characterized by a gradation of transitioning stages. In this report, we discuss process plasticity and potential reversibility and the hypothesis that different EndMT-derived cell populations may play a different role in disease progression or resolution. In addition, we review advancements in the EndMT field, current technical challenges, as well as therapeutic options and opportunities in the context of cardiovascular biology.
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging survey on the evaluation of mitral regurgitation
Authors: Holte Espen , Podlesnikar Tomaž , Carvalho Fontes , Demirkiran Ahmet , Manka Robert , Martínez Gabriela Guzmán , Michalski Błażej , Pasquet Agnès , Separovic Hanzevacki Jadranka , Soliman-Aboumarie Hatem , Shruti Joshi S , Haugaa Kristina H , Dweck Marc R
Published: February 2024

Aims

To evaluate the diagnosis and imaging of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) and the management in routine clinical practice across Europe, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Scientific Initiatives Committee performed a survey across European centres. In particular, the routine use of echocardiography, advanced imaging modalities, heart valve clinics, and heart valve teams was explored.

Methods and results

A total of 61 responders, mainly from tertiary centres or university hospitals, from 26 different countries responded to the survey, which consisted of 22 questions. For most questions related to echocardiography and advanced imaging, the answers were relatively homogeneous and demonstrated good adherence to current recommendations. In particular, the centres used a multi-parametric echocardiographic approach and selected the effective regurgitant orifice and vena contracta width as their preferred assessments. 2D measurements are still the most widely used parameters to assess left ventricular structure; however, the majority use 3D trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) to evaluate valve morphology in severe MR. The majority of centres reported the onsite availability and clinical use of ergometric stress echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CCT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Heart valve clinics and heart valve teams were also widely prevalent.

Conclusion

Consistent with current guidelines, echocardiography (transthoracic echocardiography and TOE) remains the first-line and central imaging modality for the assessment of MR although the complementary use of 3D TOE, CCT, and CMR appears to be growing. Heart valve clinics and heart valve teams are now widely prevalent.
Longitudinal analysis of systemic ventricular function and atrioventricular valve function after the Norwood procedure
Authors: Fetcu Stefan , Osawa Takuya , Klawonn Frank , Schaeffer Thibault , Röhlig Christoph , Staehler Helena , Di Padua Chiara , Heinisch Paul Philipp , Piber Nicole , Hager Alfred , Ewert Peter , Hörer Jürgen , Ono Masamichi
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate longitudinal systemic ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation in patients after the neonatal Norwood procedure.

METHODS

Serial postoperative echocardiographic images before Fontan completion were assessed in neonates who underwent the Norwood procedure between 2001 and 2020. Ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were compared between patients with modified Blalock–Taussig shunt and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit.

RESULTS

A total of 335 patients were identified including 273 hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 62 of its variants. Median age at Norwood was 8 (7–12) days. Modified Blalock–Taussig shunt was performed in 171 patients and the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in 164 patients. Longitudinal ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were evaluated using a total of 4352 echocardiograms. After the Norwood procedure, ventricular function was initially worse (1–30 days) but thereafter better (30 days to stage II) in the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit group (P < 0.001). After stage II, the ventricular function was inferior in the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery conduit group (P < 0.001). Atrioventricular valve regurgitation between the Norwood procedure and stage II was more frequent in the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt group (P < 0.001). After stage II, there was no significant difference in atrioventricular valve regurgitation between the groups (P = 0.171).

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of shunt type on haemodynamics after the Norwood procedure seems to vary according to the stage of palliation. After the Norwood, the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt is associated with poorer ventricular function and worse atrioventricular valve regurgitation compared to right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. Whereas, after stage II, modified Blalock–Taussig shunt is associated with better ventricular function and comparable atrioventricular valve regurgitation, compared to the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit.
Interaction between type 2 diabetes polygenic risk and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Lee Chia-Lin , Yamada Tomohide , Liu Wei-Ju , Hara Kazuo , Yanagimoto Shintaro , Hiraike Yuta
Published: February 2024

Aims

The beneficial effects of exercise on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease are established. However, the potential interaction between genetic risk for type 2 diabetes and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes genetic risk–physical activity interaction on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with diabetes.

Methods and results

Using the UK Biobank cohort, we investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes genetic risk–physical activity interaction on three-point and four-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), in 25 701 diabetic participants. We used a polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes (PRS_T2D) as a measure of genetic risk for type 2 diabetes. We observed a significant interaction between PRS_T2D and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes (three-point MACE: P trend for interaction = 0.0081; four-point MACE: P trend for interaction = 0.0037). Among participants whose PRS_T2D was in the first or second quartile, but not in the third or fourth quartile, each 10 metabolic equivalents (METs) hours per week of physical activity decreased the risk of three-point or four-point MACE. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that intense physical activity (>80 METs hours per week, which was self-reported by 12.7% of participants) increased the risk of cardiovascular outcomes among participants whose PRS_T2D was in the fourth quartile. Sub-group analysis suggested that negative impact of intense physical activity was observed only in non-insulin users.

Conclusion

The beneficial effect of physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes disappeared among those with high genetic risk for type 2 diabetes.
Innovation against change
Authors: McLean Andrew P
Published: February 2024

There is presently an increased enthusiasm for competition law enforcement around the world, driven primarily by concerns about the power of digital platform companies. Against this background, this article identifies the emergence of a ‘techno-conservatism’ that invokes a ‘rhetoric of innovation’ to stymy the field’s ongoing shift towards a more interventionist paradigm. Drawing parallels between techno-conservatism and twentieth-century Chicago school conservatism, the article holds that appeals to innovation are a means of deterring enforcement against dominant companies in dynamic markets. This article contests the rhetoric of innovation, maintaining that it is possible to reconcile strong enforcement with care for innovation. It does so by raising three points. First, innovation often arises from smaller companies and deconcentrated markets. Secondly, many of the innovations associated with technology companies often have their origins in the public sector. Thirdly, innovation is not innately beneficial. It is not enough to defend dominance simply by pointing to ‘more innovation’; thought must also be given to the qualitative nature of that innovation. Taken together, these three ideas represent a useful framework with which to counter the rhetoric of innovation and defend the momentum building in competition law.
Trust me: Communication and Competition in a Psychological Game
Authors: Agranov Marina , Dasgupta Utteeyo , Schotter Andrew
Published: February 2024

We study, both theoretically and experimentally, a communication game with and without seller competition and embed it in a psychological-game framework where players experience costs for lying, misleading others, and being disappointed. We derive the equilibrium predictions of this model, compare them to the setting without psychological payoffs, and test these predictions in a laboratory experiment, in which we induce both material and psychological payoffs. We find that the setting in which players have both material and psychological payoffs features more trade, trades goods of marginally better quality, and does so without welfare losses to either side of the market relative to the setting with material payoffs only. However, the introduction of competition counteracts this improvement and lowers welfare for both sides of the market. This happens due to a surge in dishonesty by sellers in the competitive setting and the buyers’ inability to detect this deception.
Assessment of appropriate use of amylase and lipase testing in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis at an academic teaching hospital
Authors: Ryholt Valerie , Soder Julie , Enderle Janet , Rajendran Rajkumar
Published: February 2024

Objective

Despite evidence-based guidelines stating that lipase alone should be used in the diagnosis of suspected acute pancreatitis, health care providers continue to order amylase or amylase and lipase together. The purpose of this study was to assess the utilization of appropriate laboratory testing related to the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

Methods

The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design. The timeframe was from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020. A retrospective chart review was used to collect data for the following: patient-provider encounter notes, patient demographics, provider demographics, differential and final diagnosis, and laboratory test results. Data analysis include stratification of categorical variables and calculation of cost savings.

Results

For the 12-month period, this study found 2567 (9.3%) of all amylase and lipase tests to be unnecessary. Amylase tests (1881; 73.2%) made up the most unnecessary tests followed by lipase tests (686; 26.7%). An analysis of test-ordering behavior by providers revealed that 81.5% of all unnecessary tests were ordered by MDs. Finally, this study estimated a total cost savings of $128,350 if all unnecessary tests were eliminated.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that amylase and lipase tests have been overutilized in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
Introduction to health measurement scales
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a brief overview of the need for measurement in the health sciences. As clinical interventions are increasingly aimed at improving subjective states, such as quality of life or pain, it becomes ever more important to be able to measure these accurately. This means that the items must be clear, unambiguous, and as free from biases as possible. Test constructors must also be aware of the different options for responding to the items. Finally, issues of reliability and validity need to be addressed. The chapter also has a ‘roadmap’ and flow chart, outlining the steps in scale construction and indicating the chapters addressing the relevant topics.
Frequently encountered symptoms
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul
Published: February 2024

Patients and their families react to symptoms. New or unexpected symptoms are most often harbingers of bad news. As such, there is urgency to thoroughly assess by history taking and examination. From there, having considered prognosis before and as a result of this new presentation, there may be a need for judicious use of investigations while commencing management of the symptom. This chapter of the book outlines the most frequently encountered acute symptoms and directs clinicians to more detailed underlying causes in the subsequent chapters of the book.
Respiratory problems
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul
Published: February 2024

Respiratory diseases generate significant symptom burden, whether they are chronic or acute. Breathlessness is the cardinal symptom of respiratory disease. Rapid changes in breathing for any person raises concerns about imminent death. As such, clinical responsiveness to worsening breathlessness is necessary. Often, as with many symptoms, a reversible cause may be identified. Indeed, the more rapid the onset, the more likely that a precipitant can be identified. Whether or not to try and reverse any identified pathology requires careful clinical judgement and timely discussions with the person with the life-limiting illness and their family. Sepsis is frequently encountered
Mind the Gap: Toxic Alcohol Management
Authors: Filkins Patrick
Published: February 2024

Toxic alcohols remain one of the most common and most lethal toxicologic exposures year after year. Rapid diagnosis and intervention are key to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Given the absence of readily available tests for toxic alcohols, utilization of nonspecific but commonly available laboratory tests can help guide the clinician’s management. Except for isopropanol and propylene glycol, the most important intervention for a toxic alcohol exposure is rapid blockade of alcohol dehydrogenase, preferably with fomepizole, if indicated. Definitive management with hemodialysis may be warranted in certain situations. Additional adjunctive medications may be considered to help enhance elimination of toxic metabolites. Early consultation with a toxicologist is recommended if there is suspicion of a toxic alcohol exposure.
Vitamins That Kill: Vitamin A and D Overdoses
Authors: Hon Stephanie
Published: February 2024

Although most people do not need to take vitamin supplements as long as they eat a healthy, balanced diet, many patients self-treat with unregulated supplements and medications purchased over-the-counter or online. Many individuals mistakenly believe that vitamin preparations provide extra health benefits if they are ingested in quantities greater than the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Most OTC vitamin preparations generally do not exceed 100% of the RDA, but excessive vitamin intake is likely to occur in users who also take single-vitamin supplements and also eat a healthy diet that includes fortified foods and beverages. Some vitamins, mostly those that are fat soluble, are associated with toxicities and adverse effects when ingested in very large doses chronically. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that can cause pseudotumor cerebri as well as renal and liver failure in acute and chronic overdoses. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can cause fatal hypercalcemia in acute and chronic overdoses. Therapy is largely supportive, and consists of identifying and stopping the causative agent, restoring volume and electrolyte status, and treating end-organ dysfunction.
Stuffing Is for Turkeys: Management of Illicit Drug Stuffers
Authors: Illg Zachary
Published: February 2024

Body stuffing is the hasty ingestion of unwrapped or poorly packaged illicit xenobiotics to avoid detection by others, usually law enforcement. Commonly stuffed drugs include heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine, and each of these substances can cause severe toxicity and death if untreated. A patient who presents to the emergency department following the ingestion of an illicit drug requires a minimum of 6 hours of observation and must be asymptomatic with stable hemodynamics before consideration for discharge. Body stuffers are managed with a dose of activated charcoal, assuming there are no contraindications, and symptomatic and supportive care if drug toxicity is present. Abdominopelvic imaging may assist in confirming the diagnosis of body stuffing but cannot be relied upon to rule out an ingestion. Additionally, there is a lack of evidence to support the routine use of whole-bowel irrigation in treating body stuffers.
Don’t Get Washed Away in the Red Tide: Shellfish and Seafood-Related Toxins
Authors: Fernandez Alyka Glor P. , Gittinger Melissa H.
Published: February 2024

Seafood poisoning results from the ingestion of fish and shellfish that contain toxic substances. Patients can present with a wide range of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms that can range in severity. Seafood-related toxins have no known antidotes. While most illnesses are usually mild and only need symptomatic treatment, there are instances in which patients can have severe symptoms, such as cardiovascular collapse, and require ventilatory support. It is important for clinicians to consider seafood poisoning in their differential diagnoses when patients present with concerns of a foodborne illness. This chapter focuses on seafood toxins that are most often ingested as well as with those that are rarely encountered but can be lethal.
Redox Cycling Out of Control: Herbicide Ingestions
Authors: Titelbaum Nicholas
Published: February 2024

The term “herbicide” is used to refer to a diverse group of xenobiotics used to restrict plant growth. Paraquat and diquat are two herbicides of the bipyridyl class associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality. Their toxicity is due to redox cycling, generating free radicals in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and oxygen. In severe cases, exposure to paraquat or diquat can lead to multiorgan failure or death. Glyphosate is perhaps the most widely used herbicide and pesticide in the United States. Although glyphosate itself is considered to be a mild GI irritant, surfactant coformulants are believed to contribute to multiorgan injury seen in severe cases. The diagnosis of herbicide toxicity is made based on a thorough history and physical examination. The mainstay of management for patients experiencing herbicide toxicity is aggressive supportive care.
I Am All Choked Up Over Chlorine: Chlorine and Other Pulmonary Irritants
Authors: Kiernan Emily
Published: February 2024

Irritant gases, including chlorine, can be found in a variety of industrial and occupational settings. These chemicals cause local tissue damage and inflammation in the alveoli. Clinical presentations can vary from mild mucous membrane irritation to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The water solubility, duration of exposure, and concentration of the chemical determine the clinical effects. Highly water-soluble gases produce a warning sign to leave the area, unlike low water-soluble gases. Chlorine has many uses including industrial, bleaching, sewage treatment, swimming pool chlorination, and chemical warfare. Management of patients with exposure to irritant gas begins with careful inspection of the ABCs after decontamination. While there is no specific antidote, supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators, and airway suctioning may be required. Nebulized bicarbonate can be considered, but corticosteroids likely do not play a role in the management. Irritant gas exposure can lead to reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Patients should stop the exposure and be evaluated by a primary care physician or pulmonologist.
Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William
Published: February 2024

Taking care of a family member or friend with cancer—or any other chronic or life-limiting illness—is profoundly challenging. Caregiving responsibilities can negatively impact every aspect of caregivers’ lives, including their emotional, physical, spiritual, and financial well-being. At the same time, caregiving may be a source of great meaning; a growing body of literature indicates that connecting to a sense of meaning and purpose in caregiving has the potential to buffer many facets of caregiver distress and burden, and even to protect against poor bereavement outcomes. Based upon Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy, an empirically supported existentially oriented approach that has demonstrated great efficacy in enhancing meaning, purpose, and spiritual well-being among patients with advanced cancer, Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) is the first therapeutic approach that helps caregivers connect to a sense of meaning and purpose in life and caregiving, despite the profound challenges and limitations they face. Through seven sessions that include didactic and experiential exercises, caregivers are guided to connect to various sources of meaning in life that can become resources as they face the challenges of caregiving and beyond. MCP-C does not deny suffering or invalidate the challenges caregivers face, but instead is built upon the underlying principle that meaning and suffering can coexist, and sustaining or enhancing meaning can alleviate suffering. This manual provides clinicians with the tools needed to deliver MCP-C, including session-by-session descriptions, sample therapist scripts, and a caregiver workbook. A sample case is also included to bring the material to life.
Transitions: Endings and New Beginnings
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S.
Published: February 2024

The seventh and final session of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) provides an opportunity for caregivers to review the four sources of meaning—historical, attitudinal, creative, experiential—and to explore how they can continue to utilize these sources of meaning as resources when the challenges of caregiving endure. Therapists take time to review the main themes and meaningful moments that arose in each of the prior six sessions, and to discuss both the Legacy Project and the Self-Care Project. This final session ends with a reflection on caregivers’ overall experience of MCP-C and their hopes for the future.
MCP-C Sample Case
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S.
Published: February 2024

A case example is provided to bring the material of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) to life and to assist therapists using the manual to elicit themes of meaning and caregiving with their own patients. The case presents the experience of Elliot, a 32-year-old Indian American cis man who engaged in MCP-C six months after Leo, his husband, was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). An in-depth description of each of session is provided, with a focus on Elliot’s responses to the experiential exercise questions. The case example covers all four sources of meaning, and highlights how discussions of attitude and creativity can engender a sense of pride in caregivers despite the profound limitations they face.
Determining the Young’s Moduli of Collagen Fibrils with the Winkler Foundation Model
Authors: Oudkerk-Sodia Ellen
Published: February 2024

This report highlights the Winkler Foundation Model, a novel method to determine the Young’s moduli of a set of dehydrated and aged collagen fibrils. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image the surface of collagen fibrils and to perform force curves. The data were analyzed with the Gwyddion software to obtain fibril diameters and force curve slopes. These quantitative outputs were substituted into the analytical Winkler equation to obtain a final value for the Young’s moduli of the collagen fibrils. The investigation found Young’s moduli values within the giga Pascal (GPa) range, which is consistent with previous experiments on dehydrated collagen fibrils. Hence, this investigation suggests that the Winkler Foundation Model may be a candidate to determine the Young’s modulus of collagen fibrils. This may result in significant applications in cancer research and tissue engineering.
Alkaline phosphatase treatment of acute kidney injury—an update
Authors: Steenvoorden Thei S , Rood Janneke A J , Bemelman Frederike J , Armstrong Jr. Roberto , Leuvenink Henri G D , van der Heijden Joost W , Vogt Liffert
Published: February 2024

Through improved insights into the increasing incidence and detrimental effects of acute kidney injury (AKI), its clinical relevance has become more and more apparent. Although treatment strategies for AKI have also somewhat improved, an adequate remedy still does not exist. Finding one is complicated by a multifactorial pathophysiology and by heterogeneity in the patient population. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been suggested as a therapy for sepsis-associated AKI because of its protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and kidney injury in animals. However, its effectiveness as an AKI treatment has not been demonstrated definitively. Because the anti-inflammatory properties of ALP are likely not reliant on a direct effect on LPS itself, we postulate that other pathways are much more important in explaining the renoprotective properties ascribed to ALP. The re-evaluation of which properties of the ALP enzyme are responsible for the benefit seen in the lab is an important step in determining where the true potential of ALP as a treatment strategy for AKI in the clinic lies. In this review we will discuss how ALP can prevent activation of harmful pro-inflammatory receptors, redirect cell–cell signalling and protect barrier tissues, which together form the basis for current knowledge of the role of ALP in the kidney. With this knowledge in mind and by analysing currently available clinical evidence, we propose directions for new research that can determine whether ALP as a treatment strategy for AKI has a future in the clinical field.
Extending Social Resource Exchange to Events of Abundance and Sufficiency
Authors: Bååth Jonas , Daoud Adel
Published: February 2024

Scarcity is a condition in which human requirements for a resource exceed the availability of that resource. Because many theories, including social resource theory (SRT), stipulate that scarcity is universally existing, they assume that scarcity motivates individuals to exchange resources to satisfy their needs and requirements. However, especially in modern societies, scarcity is neither universal nor necessarily problematic. Individuals can create scarcity or abolish it, thereby creating events of abundance or sufficiency. This chapter first discusses the assumption of scarcity in SRT and its consequences. Second, it introduces the theory of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency (SAS) and discusses how it allows for a richer theory about human behavior. Third, through two concrete cases—the Protestant ethic and food systems—the chapter demonstrates the merits of the synthesis of SRT and SAS for understanding exchange behavior.
Conclusion: The Roots of Dispensationalism
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: February 2024

Neither Darby’s followers nor his Reformed critics could agree whether his innovative theology should be compared or contrasted with the confessions of the protestant reformation. By the early 1880s, Darby’s ideas had taken on a life of their own, expanding beyond his catholic, Calvinist, charismatic, and catastrophic emphases to construct an entire system of theology which, thirty years later, critics, and then adherents, began to describe as “dispensationalism.” Each of Darby’s key themes had precedents in the Reformed tradition. But neither he nor his followers were interested in establishing their historical theological bona fides. The appeal to Scripture trumped everything else.
Jebusite Jerusalem (1050 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

By 1050 bce, Jerusalem had been inhabited for nearly two millennia. The settlement was confined to a small hill to the south of the Temple Mount called the southeastern hill, with the Gihon Spring at the foot of the eastern slope. This chapter transports readers to a period shortly before the Israelites under David’s leadership reportedly captured Jerusalem from the Jebusites, a people who may or may not have been related to the Canaanites. Over the centuries, Jerusalem’s pre-Israelite inhabitants fortified the settlement with a wall and dug an elaborate system of underground tunnels to provide safe access to the spring even in times of siege. On the crest of the hill above are the remains of the Jebusite citadel and perhaps the palace of David.
On the Faroese Reworking of Paradise Lost
Authors: Sigurðardóttir Turið
Published: February 2024

When Paradise Lost was retold in Faroese around 1820, Danish had been the language of religion in the Faroe Islands since the Reformation. The Faroese version of Paradise Lost was composed by the ballad poet Jens Christian Djurhuus, a central figure in the revival of the Faroese ballad in the early nineteenth century. Djurhuus’s rendering of Paradise Lost is exceptional not only in his body of work but in Faroese literature on the whole since the Faroese language had been out of use in religious matters for centuries. Having no tradition at hand, Djurhuus forges his version with the tools available: the language and poetics of the ballad, Danish religious language, and last but not least, the metre of a banned Catholic hymn, in which he boldly composes his poem Púkaljómur [Devil’s Tones].
Encountering Milton in Linmark’s Leche
Authors: Kim Stephen K.
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines how R. Zamora Linmark rewrites key moments in Paradise Lost, such as the Fall and the Expulsion, in Leche (2011), a novel about a queer Filipinx man’s visit to the Philippines thirteen years after immigrating to the United States. By juxtaposing Paradise Lost with Leche, this chapter elucidates the associations between fallenness and racial difference, as well as the entanglements of migration with race and sexuality in Milton’s epic. More broadly, this chapter argues that critical race engagement on Milton’s presence in Linmark work can lead to nuanced understandings of the racial dynamics in Milton’s own work and a more robust articulation of how authors of colour are writing back against the constructions and inequalities of hierarchical racial systems.
The Synergies of Drawing and Painting Paradise Lost
Authors: Webb Richard Kenton , Issa Islam , Duran Angelica
Published: February 2024

Paradise Lost has resonated with generations of visual artists, but it was John Martin’s mezzotints for Paradise Lost (1827) that inspired Richard Kenton Webb to complete the largest engagement with Milton’s epic by a single artist to date. Webb’s A Conversation with ‘Paradise Lost’ (2021) is a visual poem with grand conceptual ideas that have remained relevant, providing hope at times of struggle. Webb discusses A Conversation—a body of 12 linocuts, 40 paintings, and 127 drawings—with Islam Issa and Angelica Duran, elucidating conscious and vital choices about the usage of line, colour, and tone including contrast of dark and light.
Epilogue
Authors: Harrison Stephen , May Regine
Published: February 2024

This short chapter draws out some of the main strands in this period of the reception of C&P, as well as stressing the roads not taken in this volume. It looks at the connection of C&P with the development of the European novel, its connection with stage performance (both drama and opera), its link with female authors and feminism, and its interaction with art and sculpture, and (above all) its continuous bond with the genre of the fairy tale, of which it is a key ancestor in Western Europe. It also traces the most common themes in this reception over the last four hundred years, such as the story’s link to marriage and love and immortality of the soul. It looks at current developments in the contemporary reception of C&P against this background.
The Internal Market Ideal
Authors: 9780192692986
Published: February 2024

The unifying theme of this collection is ‘The Internal Market Ideal’. It is an implicit reference to one of Steve’s recent books, The Internal Market as a Legal Concept (OUP 2016), but also reflects our hope that a close examination of the legal issues surrounding the semi-integrated market of the European Union could assist in finding, and perhaps delivering, its most desirable version: a Union which benefits from economic growth and pursues non-economic objectives, all whilst carefully balancing respect for Member States’ autonomy and the European Union’s self-sufficiency. Chapters in this collection are divided into five parts, addressing many facets of European internal market law. Each chapter offers a different perspective on select aspects of the internal market, its regulatory framework, and legal principles. We hope you will enjoy the intellectual journey through the chapters as much as we have done: it offers a panoramic view of the many elements of the Union’s internal market, and, most importantly, an opportunity to appreciate the breadth of Steve’s contributions to the field.
Introduction: In Pursuit of the (Internal Market) Ideal
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias , Bogojević Sanja , Ezrachi Ariel , Leczykiewicz Dorota
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter includes an interview with Steve Weatherill and outlines the scope of each of the chapter contributions. The unifying theme of this collection is ‘The Internal Market Ideal’. It is an implicit reference to one of Steve’s recent books, The Internal Market as a Legal Concept (OUP 2016), but also reflects our hope that a close examination of the legal issues surrounding the semi-integrated market of the European Union could assist in finding, and perhaps delivering, its most desirable version: a Union which benefits from economic growth and pursues non-economic objectives, all whilst carefully balancing respect for Member States’ autonomy and the European Union’s self-sufficiency. Chapters in this collection are divided into five parts, addressing many facets of European internal market law. Each chapter offers a different perspective on select aspects of the internal market, its regulatory framework, and legal principles. We hope you will enjoy the intellectual journey through the chapters as much as we have done: it offers a panoramic view of the many elements of the Union’s internal market, and, most importantly, an opportunity to appreciate the breadth of Steve’s contributions to the field.
The Internal Market as an Incomplete and Evolving Structure: But Evolving Towards Where Exactly?
Authors: Bobek Michal
Published: February 2024

This chapter ponders the state and evolution of the internal market, in particular regarding the eternal tension between centralization and unification on the one hand, and local diversity on the other. The argument proceeds in three steps. First, it is suggested that the internal market remains a remarkably incomplete structure. Although quite elegant as a model on paper, the default requirement of mutual recognition is an unusually vague principle, the functionality of which at the national level leaves much to be desired, as demonstrated by the (in)operability of the Mutual Recognition Regulation. Secondly, with that one structure being far from complete, the EU legislature opened up, intentionally or not, a number of other, parallel building sites, ranging from the ‘area of freedom, security, and justice’ to the ‘rule of law crises management’. The principles and approaches originally developed in the (economic) law of the internal market are being transplanted and applied in other areas. Thirdly, the plethora of legal construction sites, together with the fact that each of them needs to be serviced with the assistance of a finite amount of resources and manpower, equally mean that ideas and trends developed in these new areas have repercussions on the economic law of the internal market. The argument closes with a broader reflection on whether, while still of course incomplete and evolving, the economic law of the internal market should be approached in the same way as any other area of EU law.
The Maturation of European Data Law: From Fundamental Rights to Economic Rights
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: February 2024

This chapter documents the transformation of European Union data law from a legislative ensemble centred primarily around the fundamental right to data protection towards a much broader and more complex area of EU law of which data protection is but one element. Whereas data protection law implements data subjects’ right to data protection in submitting the processing of personal data to a qualified prohibition, the new legislative proposals and acts encourage the processing of (personal) data. This transforms the latter into an object of economic rights, a tradable commodity that can be sold or donated. This paradigm shift will undoubtedly result in tensions that will be keeping practitioners, academics, and judges busy for decades to come. Rather than providing a detailed overview of these tensions, this contribution documents the evolution of EU data law through the lens of the internal market and ponders the practical future implications thereof.
The Internal Market as a Dynamic Process: Five Scenarios for the Future
Authors: Zglinski Jan
Published: February 2024

This contribution examines the dynamic nature of the EU internal market. It analyses the legal principles and governance structures underlying the internal market and traces how these have evolved since the beginning of the European integration project. It is argued that market design choices must be responsive to the political, economic, and institutional context in which they are situated. This context can change over time, rendering old solutions inadequate and structural changes necessary. A look into the future development of the internal market is ventured. Five scenarios are laid out, ranging from more negative integration, to greater positive integration, to the reaching of a stable equilibrium.
Chamber Music, Atonal: How the Structure of the CJEU Affects the Jurisprudence on Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Enchelmaier Stefan
Published: February 2024

‘Chamber Music, Atonal’ argues that the structure and organization of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU or the Court) affects the quality and consistency of the Court’s case law on the free movement of goods. To illustrate this, the contribution analyses three recent judgments on Article 34. These are, Ålands Vindkraft, TÜV Rheinland, and Austria v Germany (Infrastructure use charge). In these judgments, there is little discursive reasoning, few definitions of key terms, and references to only remotely related earlier judgments that remain without much explanation. The contribution then considers how cases are allocated to the subdivisions—chambers—of the CJEU, how judges are attributed to them, and finally, which chambers, judges, and Advocates General participated in the jurisprudence on free movement of goods. From a comparative glance at the supreme courts of the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany, suggestions are derived for a reform of the operation of the CJEU. The aim is to create specialist chambers of a steady composition that could develop subject-matter expertise, and thus ensure the coherence and quality of the case law.
The Evolving Regulation of Consumer Safety in the Internal Market
Authors: Howells Geraint
Published: February 2024

This note comments on the history of legislative reform relating to consumer product safety at the EU level. It highlights the role of standardization within a co-regulatory approach and the practical dimension of enforcement. Reform proposals at the EU level as well as potential future UK developments are considered in the light of responses to new technology. The degree of future alignment between the UK and EU systems is considered. The overall assessment is that product safety has been a success story within the EU and can still be seen as a win-win-win story for business, consumers and states.
Public Interest Litigation, Legal Professionalism, and the ECJ: Deciding a Case or Managing Politics?
Authors: Micklitz Hans-Wolfgang , Roethe Thomas
Published: February 2024

Non-governmental organizations, both self-financed and state-funded are invoking the European Court of Justice (CJEU) to promote equal treatment, environmental protection, and consumer protection. As a result, the CJEU is faced with new challenges. Instead of having to solve a classical case, it needs to decide on policy issues with large implications not only for what might be called the European society, but also, and in particular, for European Union law, if not law more generally. The chapter is built around three landmark decisions of the CJEU, each standing for a particular policy field, and tries to understand whether the proposed solutions remain within the province of law and within legal professionalism. To achieve that, the chapter relies on interviews conducted with the legal actors involved, and on a socio-legal understanding of legal professionalism. Its aim is to highlight the boundaries of lawmaking through Public Interest Litigation.
The Paradigm Shift from EU Law to International Law of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement: A Swansong
Authors: Ziegler Katja S
Published: February 2024

The chapter reflects on the new relationship between the UK and EU under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) and outlines the paradigm shift from EU law to a free trade agreement (FTA) as a less intensive form of cooperation based on international law. The shift manifests itself in all areas of the TCA, including in its substantive rules and dispute settlement mechanisms. The chapter outlines and contextualizes the paradigm shift of the TCA from supranational EU law to international law in three dimensions and contexts. First, it demonstrates the paradigm shift in economic cooperation, using the rules on trade in goods as an example. Secondly, it discusses the exclusion of individual rights and, therefore, enforcement mechanisms accessible to individuals, under the TCA. Thirdly, it analyses the limited role of values, reflected in the basis for cooperation under the TCA in comparison to the role of values in EU law. The chapter argues that the most fundamental change lies in the role and status of the individuals under the TCA as an international treaty. The TCA reverses the status individuals enjoyed under EU law as subjects of international law which has been part of a wider trend, reflected in other areas of international law, eg human rights law, the ECHR. The paradigm shift of the TCA may have wider implications for international law as it may contribute to reversing that trend in international law to grant individuals status.
Sound and Otherliness
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason
Published: February 2024

This chapter asks what is at stake in knowing through rhythm, sound and vibrations. It proposes that to think through rhythm is to listen to what earth and objects tell us, to cultivate a practice of radical listening, to restore slowness, to leverage the heretical, shock quality of slowness in a culture of increasing violence. Ultimately, like Charles Olson, the author is interested in all the doubt that muthos (utterance; spoken word) casts on the division between emotion and reason. In considering the ways in which poetry allows us to know through sound, vibrations, and embodied connections, the chapter explores the question of whether poetry is its own form of rationalism. The chapter asks how sound in/as poetry produces ecologies that place human and more-than-human worlds into collaboration. It asserts that for Césaire and other poets who contend with the ontological nullity of Black life, sound produces ‘oceanic’ states that allow for living beyond History. The chapter maintains a solid conversation with poets/thinkers whose work resonates with that of Aimé Césaire (from Wilson Harris to Gertrude Stein, via James Emanuel), but also with different generations of those who write after Césaire, including M NourbeSe Philip and the author.
Lobbying in tax policymaking
Authors: Fjeldstad Odd-Helge , Rakner Lise
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the role of interest groups in revenue bargaining in Tanzania. It examines the bargaining over the 2014 VAT Act and shows that the relative bargaining power of the various involved parties affected the outcome of the reform. Business associations and other lobby groups worked purposefully and managed to shape the VAT Act in accordance with their own interests. Our analysis contributes to the literature on revenue bargaining by documenting bargaining over tax policies and its effects on the reform outcome. The bargaining around the VAT Act confirms a central claim in the fiscal contract theory that revenue bargaining may lead to responsive and accountable institutions. However, it could also be argued that the VAT bargains instead demonstrate that uncoordinated public policy and lack of regulation on lobbyism challenged the initial technocratic approach to the reform and resulted in outcomes that are suboptimal from a revenue perspective.
Disobedience in a Climate of Necessity
Authors: Mittiga Ross
Published: February 2024

In recent years, climate activism has exploded in scale and frequency, successfully raising public awareness, disrupting emitting actors, and pushing hundreds of governments to declare a “climate emergency.” And yet, these actions have received little attention from political philosophers. This is problematic not least of all because some high-profile cases of climate activism appear to pose significant challenges to prevailing theories of civil disobedience. This becomes clear when considering the peculiar use many climate disobedients have made of the “necessity defense”—a formal juridical plea meant to excuse illegal actions undertaken to prevent higher-magnitude harms in exigent circumstances. Invocations of necessity must overcome a powerful objection, however: namely, that it is implausible to think that individual acts of disobedience can meaningfully contribute to the prevention of climate harms. Drawing on an analogous debate over voting in mass elections, this chapter responds by showing how disobedient acts can constitute causally significant, and even necessary, elements in averting climate catastrophe.
Case Studies
Authors: Shaffer Paul
Published: February 2024

Chapter 8 relies on matched case studies to provide insights on some of the likely causes of country spells of immiserizing growth. The matching was based on the methodological approach presented in Chapter 7 and led to the selection of two matched pairs, namely, Côte d’Ivoire (2008–15) and Ghana (2006–13); and Zimbabwe (2011–17) and Eswatini (2009–16). These cases were analysed through the lens of the analytical framework developed in Chapter 4, which linked the conceptual framework of Chapter 2 with the main processes and mechanisms of immiserizing growth identified in Chapter 4. The case studies point strongly to harmful processes and mechanisms which were much more severe in the cases of immiserizing growth, Côte d’Ivoire, and Zimbabwe, than in their comparators. Examples include violence, conflict, and dispossession of land, drought and floods, the sectoral pattern of growth, and public inaction in the form of extremely low spending on social assistance.