bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategie Agribusiness Operation Realignment in the Texas Prison System
Authors: McCarl Bruce A. , Rister M. Edward , Ward Ruby , Long Charles R. , McCorkle Dean , Ziari Houshmand , Conner J. Richard , Sturdivant Allen W. , Thompson Troy N.
Published: July 2016

Mathematical programming-based systems analysis is used to examine the consequences of alternative operation configuration for the agricultural operations within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Continuation versus elimination of the total operation as well as individual operating departments are considered. Methodology includes a firm systems operation model combined with capital budgeting and an integer programming based investment model. Results indicate the resources realize a positive return as a whole, but some enterprises are not using resources profitably. The integer investment model is found to be superior for investigating whether to continue multiple interrelated enterprises.
Alternative Theories and Empirical Approaches to Price Discovery: An Application to Fed Cattle
Authors: Carlberg Jared G. , Ward Clement E.
Published: July 2016

Price discovery is a frequent topic of research, but many times is not clearly defined and thus purported to cover a myriad of topics. This article provides two alternative theories as the basis for one line of price discovery research. Empirical models consistent with the two theories are estimated using a common data set. Empirical results differ as expected. This article evidences why the theoretical basis for an empirical model depends on clearly defining the objective(s) of the research.
Evaluating Nature-based Tourism Using the New Environmental Paradigm
Authors: Jane Luzar E. , Diagne Assane , Gan Christopher , Henning Brenda R.
Published: July 2016

Nature-based tourism (NBT), alternatively known as ecotourism, is a rapidly expanding area in the tourism travel sector. States such as Louisiana with a well established urban-based tourism industry may have expansion opportunities through development of complementary nature-based tourism. This study analyzes the decision to participate in nature-based tourism and identifies factors, including attitudinal, that influence the decision to participate in NBT among Louisiana tourists.
An Empirical Investigation of Importance Ratings of Meat Attributes by Louisiana and Texas Consumers
Authors: Hui Jianguo , McLean-Meyinsse Patricia E. , Jones Dewitt
Published: July 2016

This study provides an empirical investigation of how consumers rate meat attributes. Results show an importance order for 12 selected meat attributes and reveal some relationships between the importance ratings and consumer's demographic or socioeconomic characteristics. The findings suggest that (1) the meat marketing strategy should focus on freshness, taste, and appearance; (2) nutritional attributes have become important factors in the meat purchasing decision of female, educated, and married consumers; (3) older, married, low-income, or non-white consumers still remain price conscious; and (4) USDA label has become an important symbol of meat quality and safety to older, female, Baptist, and high-income consumers.
Algorithmic Randomness and Measures of Complexity
Authors: Barmpalias George
Published: July 2016

We survey recent advances on the interface between computability theory and algorithmic randomness, with special attention on measures of relative complexity. We focus on (weak) reducibilities that measure (a) the initial segment complexity of reals and (b) the power of reals to compress strings, when they are used as oracles. The results are put into context and several connections are made with various central issues in modern algorithmic randomness and computability.
A Genetic Study of Rheumatic Fever Clustering in Families
Authors: Honeyman Merton S. , Davis Eli
Published: July 2016

The first-degree relations of 433 rheumatic propositi were examined for evidence of rheumatic fever (RF) or rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The families of 470 control propositi were examined in identical fashion. Of the total propositi, 378 propositi were matched with 378 control propositi for sex, age group, and ethnic community (European or Afro-Asian origin). Of 738 sibs of rheumatic propositi, 19.6% had RF or RHD and of 586 sibs of controls, 3.1% had RF or RHD (P<0.001).

In the matched families 2,985 first-degree relations of the propositi were examined: 142 had RF and 141 had RHD, a total of 9.5%. In the members of the families of the rheumatic propositi 232 rheumatics were found in 1,486 first-degree relations (15.6%), while in the control families 51 rheumatics were found among 1,499 (3.4%).

Comparisons and analyses were made of expected and observed numbers according to sibship size using the method of truncated analyses (Lenz-Hogben method). This analysis supported the hypothesis of a simple mendelian recessive inheritance. Unbiased estimates ofP, the population frequency of affected individuals, were consistent with the valueP= 0.25, expected for a mendelian recessive character. The rheumatic fever clustering in families in this study was compatible with a simple recessive mendelian inheritance.
Congenital van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease in a non-Jewish Family
Authors: Morcaldi L. , Salvati G. , Giordano G. G. , Guazzi G. C.
Published: July 2016

Three siblings were born of consanguineous parents (first cousins), two of which, our probands, affected by van Bogaert-Bertrand disease. Clinical diagnosis was made by cerebral biopsy of one of the two sisters.

The genetic research ascertained a schizophrenic paternal cousin and a girl cousin showing neurotic character and epilepsy. One maternal sister died with a picture of progressive encephalopathy that could be similar to the one showed by our probands. In this family syphilis was present for three subsequent generations.

The authors describe the essential symptoms of the disease and point out the present trend of biological research for the discovery of the supposed metabolic trouble.
Down's Syndrome with Familial G/G Translocation
Authors: Méhes K.
Published: July 2016

Cytogenetic examinations of a 7/12-year-old girl and her parents revealed a familial G/G translocation.

46 chromosomes in the mitoses of the mongoloid child and only 45 chromosomes in those of the apparently normal father could be observed. The analysis of karyotypes revealed a balanced G/G translocation in the father and a G/G translocation mongolism in the probanda. Dermatoglyphic patterns of both the child and her father showed some features characteristic of Down's syndrome.

The mother's karyotype proved to be normal (46, XX).
On a Case of Rare Chromosomal Aberration
Authors: Gedda L. , Calabresi F. , Porto G. Del , Porto-Mercuri A. Del , Alfieri A. , Torrioli-Riggio G. , Romei L.
Published: July 2016

The Authors report a case of translocation 21/21 in a woman who, after two miscarriages, gave birth to a mongoloid daughter — dead a few days after birth. The chromosomal aberration was present in 100% of the plates examined.

Occasional chromosomal alterations, found in the patient's karyotype, might be held responsible of small phenotypic alterations. No alteration was found in the husband's karyotype.
Iléite de Crohn chez des Jumeaux univitellins
Authors: Crismer R. , Drèze Ch. , Dodinval P.
Published: July 2016

The authors report a case of regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) with an almost identical course in monozygotic twins. Monozygosity is determined by examination of many physical and serological characters.
Dégénérescence tapéto-rétinienne associée à un Syndrome hypolipidémique
Authors: François J. , De Blond R.
Published: July 2016

1. A tapeto-retinal degeneration can be observed in association with a disturbance in the metabolism of the lipids.

2. This fact gives a new argument in favor of the hypothesis that the tapeto-retinal degeneration is due to a metabolic alteration and more probably to an enzymatic disturbance in the sensorial epithelium of the retina.

3. The investigations of Hooft et al (1962) demonstrate that it may be an insufficiency of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes following a primary disturbance in the metabolism of tryptophane.

4. In a case of pigmentary retinopathy, it is now indispensable to do a systematic blood examination both on the morphological and on the biochemical and metabolic point of view.
Sulle Anomalie Pigmentarie dell'occhio dette « Albinismo Oculare » ed ancora sopra il caso delle gemelle monozigotiche albine descritte da Hanhart
Authors: Gedda L. , Bérard-Magistretti S.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied a pair of MZ twins, both affected with ocular albinism, two boys—probably consanguineous—also affected with ocular albinism, a DZ opposite—sexed twin—pair with the male twin affected with ocular albinism and many relatives affected with localized or generalized pigment anomalies, and the female MZ twin-pair concordant as to total albinism, already described by Hanhart.

The Autors criticise current classifications of hereditary albinism which do not accord themselves with the samples and which do not explain the phenogenesis of the disease. They suggest to classify the hereditary forms of albinism in two fundamental classes. In the first one would be included the cases of total and non-total albinism depending on an enzymopathy which alters the normal melanogenesis. In the second one would be included the cases in which the specific enzymes, tough normally present, encounter some local causes enhibiting their action. Cases nos. I and II of the present work would belong to the first class, while cases nos. III and IV would belong to the second one.
The Close Association of Endocrinology with Genetics in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Bauer Julius
Published: July 2016

Endocrinology more than any other medical specialty requires consideration and cooperation of genetics. History of the rapid progress of clinical endocrinology in the last 50 years shows that human genetics has been lagging far behind endocrinology in clinical medicine. The psychologic reason seems to be the mechanistic trend of modern medicine and reluctance to use abstract logical thinking applied to material facts.
Genetic Counselling in X-Linked Eye Diseases
Authors: François J. , Leuven M. Th. Matton-Van , Vandenbulcke-Donck D. , Bie S. De
Published: July 2016

The fundamental principles of genetic counselling in X-linked heredity are reviewed. As many as 18 X-linked eye diseases are described and discussed. These include diseases of the eye-ball, lens, retina, choroid, optic nerve, ocular muscles, and pigmentation, as well as the ocular manifestations of systemic skin or metabolic diseases.
Radiation induced chromosome aberrations in human foetal cells grown in vitro
Authors: Böök J. A. , Fraccaro M. , Fredga K. , Lindsten J.
Published: July 2016

The effect of ionizing radiation, from a 100 Curie Cobalt-60 source, on diploid human cells grown in vitro has been investigated.

The analysed cell populations originated from foetal brain and lung tissue. Other known variations of this material were age and sex of the foetuses, primary and first transfer cultures.

The effect was measured by recording post-metaphase chromosomal aberrations in cell cultures fixed and stained 24 and 48 hours after acute irradiation. “Spontaneous” aberration frequencies were determined in matched control cultures.

Although conclusions must be guarded, in view of the insufficient knowledge of factors influencing human cell populations in vitro, our observations can be summarized, tentatively, in the following main points.

1. The frequency of “spontaneous” aberrations appears to vary with respect to (a) differences between the individuals from whom the biopsies were taken, (b) tissue of origin whether within or between individuals and (c) the sex of the cultured cells.

The qualified estimates of the overall averages of “spontaneous” aberrations were, (a) for the cell cultures derived from foetal lung 0.7 per cent (41/5,891 scored cells) and (b) for the cell cultures derived from foetal brain 2.5 per cent (21/851 scored cells).

2. In the irradiated cell cultures which received doses varying from 9-136 rads of absorbed dose the number of aberrant post-metaphases per 100 cells per rad varied from 0.10-0.15 for cultures derived from lung tissue and from 0.19-0.37 for cultures derived from brain tissue, all at 24 hours after the acute dose. At 48 hours after irradiation the frequencies were somewhat lower but the same trends remained.

3. The cell cultures derived from brain tissue appear to have a higher radio-sensitivity than those derived from lung tissue. Furthermore, a sexual dimorphism is suggested because, in all series of cultures, those composed of XY cells had a higher aberration frequency as compared to those with XX cells.

4. The irradiation doubling dose (for definition, see p. 27) was estimated at 15-40 rads (cf. table 7).
Chromosomes and Natural Selection
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: July 2016

Gene mutations can be lethal in their effects, they can be mildly disruptive and diminish individual fitness, they can be neutral or even slightly favourable. The same is true for chromosomal aberrations. Consequently, natural selection in populations can be set up by alterations in chromosomal structure just as it is by gene changes which affect the hereditary material of a species. There are, however, important differences in the manner by which selective effects are produced following the various kinds of spontaneous change.

The present paper deals primarily with chromosomal changes but there are two ways in which selection may act on them. First, there is the immediate effect of an aberration upon the fitness of an individual who carries it and which leads to persistence or extinction of that particular aberration. Secondly, there is the less direct effect of an aberration upon the frequency of any gene which may be responsible for inducing it. Study of the immediate effects is comparable to the analysis of the behaviour of mutant genes in populations by classical methods (Fisher 1930, Wright 1931, Haldane 1932). Study of the second, less direct, process is comparable to the analysis of the behaviour of mutagenic genes (mutators).
Les conducteurs du gène del'atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinaede Fuchs (anomalie d'Aider)
Authors: François J. , Barbier F. , Rouck A. De
Published: July 2016

The authors have observed a case of “Fuchs' atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae” in a girl, 17 years old, who presents in the same time an Alder's anomaly (azurophilic granulations in the neutrophiles). This girl was born from an intermarriage: the parents are first cousins and present also an isolated Alder's anomaly, which is moreover found in other members of the family (8 members affected in 4 generations).

These facts prove that Alder's anomaly can be transmitted in a dominant manner, which was not yet accepted till now, and also that the “Fuchs' atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae” probably represents the homozygous state of the gene of Alder's anomaly, the isolated presence of which permits to recognize the carriers of the gene of the atrophia gyrata.
Alcaptonuria: Una famiglia con dominanza irregolare
Authors: Romei L. , Braconi L.
Published: July 2016

RIASSUNTO

Viene descritta una famiglia in cui l'alcaptonuria si manifesta secondo una trasmissione genetica dominante ma con manifestazioni fenotipiche parziali.
Sindrome adrenogenitale ereditaria (Pseudoermafroditismo femminile) Effetti della surrenectomia parziale
Authors: Gatto I. , Grutta A. La
Published: July 2016

In two sisters a female pseudohermaphroditism was found, due to constitutional hyperplasia of the adrenal glands. The typical alterations of external genitals already present at birth were associated with an early appearance of secondary sexual characters of the male type and exaggerated expulsion of the 17 urinary ketosteroids.

There were signs of a deficiency of mineral-and glycogen-active hormones, but they were not such as to give clinic manifestations.

In one of the patients the amputation of one third of both adrenal glands caused a transitory improvement.

The familiality observed in these cases leads the authors to assume a hereditary transmission of the recessive type.
Genetic aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive bulbar paralysis
Authors: Haberlandt Walter F.
Published: July 2016

In this preliminary report the question of the inheritance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is discussed. Through systematic search within the province of Westphalia and especially in the District of Münster, we found 251 index cases out of a population of about 250.000 neuro-psychiatric patients observed during the last 30 years. This material is being analysed from a clinical as well as from a genetic standpoint. The family study will be a basis for determination of the mode of inheritance. As for the sporadic cases of Charcot's disease, the effect of mutations must be taken into consideration.
Problemi di Genetica Oculistica: I. Sindrome malformativa ereditaria delfunduscon strabismo concordante e speculare in gemelle MZ
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Bérard-Magistretti Sandra
Published: July 2016

The case of twin-sisters, 24 years old, showing congenital squint, that was corrected by surgery, hypermetropia and astigmatism is presented. The ophthalmoscopic examination revealed in one eye of both sisters, and specular-like, tortuosity of the retinal vessels, which in a subject is accompanied by twisted arteries in the vitreous body; in the other twin-sister an epipapillary membrane was observed, which is present in analogous form also in a single born brother. Furthermore, dystrophic lesions of the retina were present specular-like in both sisters. It is the first time that such a malformative syndrome is observed in concordant MZ twins.
Considerazioni su una famiglia di granulopenici
Authors: Riggio Giuseppina Torrioli
Published: July 2016

The A., after a short survey of the scarce bibliography on the subject, describes a personal case of a cyclic familiar granulopenici and confirms the hereditary character of the disease.
Zwergwuchs als genetisches Problem
Authors: Grebe Hans
Published: July 2016

Report about the many possibilities of pathological dwarfism. It is not too much if we suppose, that more than 100 different gens may cause special forms of pathological dwarfism in man.
Observations on the rare genesr′wandRzof the Rh-Hr allelic series
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Brancato G. J. , Gordon Eve B.
Published: July 2016

The history of the development of knowledge of the Rh-Hr types is briefly reviewed, with special reference to the theory of multiple allelic genes. It is pointed out that this theory has been confirmed by numerous statistical studies of the Rh-Hr types in the population as well as extensive studies on families. In addition to corroborating the genetic theory, the newer studies have disclosed the great complexity of this blood group system, so that as many as 20 allelic genes have been identified up to the present time. In the case of the more common genes there is ample direct evidence to verify the genetic theory, but observations on the rarer blood types are necessarily limited, so that the validity of the genetic theory, as it pertains to the rarer Rh genes, is based mainly on analogy. In this paper, two unusual families are recorded, which illustrate the hereditary transmission of the rare agglutinogens rh′wand Rhz. These observations serve to justify the inference that the rarer Rh genes are subject to the same laws of heredity as the more common alleles of the Rh-Hr allelic series.
Sindrome di Werdnig-Hoffmann familiare che include una coppia di gemelli MZ concordanti (un caso di Consulenza Eugenica)
Authors: Gedda L. , Porto G. Del , Porto-Mercuri A. Del
Published: July 2016

The Authors report the eugenic prediction formulated for a couple whose three babies (two of whom were monozygotic twins) had died as a consequence of the syndrome of Werdnig-Hoffmann. Since the two cases of the MZ twin pair represent a single chance combination at conception, and since the indications from the literature and from the family tree in this case indicate a monomeric genotype of a recessive type, the morbid risk for a fourth affected child has been estimated at 25%.

The occurrence of concordant W. H. syndrome in MZ cotwins is stressed.

No chromosome abnormalities have been revealed by karyotype examination of the parents.
Piccolo male in due gemelle monozigotiche. L'apporto dell'EEG allo studio dell'ereditarietà nell'epilessia
Authors: Pelliccioli V. , Garioni F.
Published: July 2016

Monozigotic twin-girls 6 8/12 years old, one right-handed girl and the other left-handed, present petit mal seizures, appeared contemporaneusly when the twin-girls were 5 years old. The Eleccal tracing of petit mal with these troencephalogram shows a typicaracteristics: in the left hemisphere of the right-handed girl and in the right of the left-handed girl there is a preponderance of attivity.

One sister of the twis-girls, 8 years old, has a tracing with epilectical activity spike-wawe 3 per second of high voltage; she never had clinical seizures.

The mother's, 34 years old, present a tracing on activation, with teta activity 7 per second of low voltage.

The tracing of the father, 33 years old, is negative.

The tracing of the maternal-grand mother, 67 years old, present on activation, a light dysrithmia in the Pa O. right seat.

The AA take from these dates some considerations about the question of the heredity in the Epilepsy and conclude on the base of their researches that they could favour the conception that existe in the epilepsy a functional miopragie of the brain, on hereditary base. These miopragies are, probably, connected with one functional differentiation deficiency of determined structures of the central-nervous-system.
The Genetics of Epilepsy
Authors: Kimball O. P. , Hersh A. H.
Published: July 2016

Among 520 sibships, in which at least one child was an epileptic and for which the family history and clinical findings were quite complete, there were 294 with one parent affected, 222 with neither parent, and 4 with both parents affected. Numerical tests on the pooled data show quite definitely that epilepsy is inherited as if due to a simple autosomal dominant gene with approximately 65% penetrance. Since about 65% of all epilepsy is genetic and since there is about 65 penetrance in genetic epilepsy, the 2 factors effectively balance one another, so that the incidence of epilepsy in the population, 1 in 200, may be taken as the frequency of individuals with a genetic constitution for epilepsy.

Assuming random mating, the gene frequency for the dominant gene for epilepsy is 0.0025 and for the normal recessive allele the value is 0.9975. It follows that only about 1 in 160,000 is homozygous for the dominant gene for epilepsy and that 99.5% of the population are genetically normal. For the genetic counselor it is of interest that if one parent has a genetic constitution for epilepsy the frequency among the children is about 36%, and if one child in such a family has epilepsy the empirical probability of another child having epilepsy is about in 1 in 8, which having regard to the standard error, agrees with the degree of concordance (10.3±1.8%) in dizygotic twins, as should be expected.
Contributo alla genetica della deformità di Madelung
Authors: Gatto Ignazio
Published: July 2016

In the family on study the Madelung deformity has been transmitted trough three generations as a dominant monomerous sex controlled ereditary factor with minor expression in the male sex.

This is to be considered as the most frequent type of hereditary transmission of the deformity.
Constitutional disorders of homeostasis. The genetic aspect of diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension and obesity
Authors: Bauer Julius
Published: July 2016

There are abnormal states leading to diseases that are not confined to lesions or functional defects of particular organs but that are best interpreted from a broader view as result of deficient homeostatic mechanisms. Constitutional diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity belong to this category. The respective homeostatic defect involves the function of many organs and is genetic in nature. In contrast tp these constitutional states diabetes, hypertension and obesity can develop also as manifestation of localized and well defined diseases of any one of the organs which are links in the chain securing the respective homeostasis. These much less common disease types are symptomatic diabetes, hypertension or obesity. There is reason to assume that the constitutional types have a multifactorial (polygenic) causation which makes further elucidation of the mode of hereditary transmission very difficult.
Sudden non-traumatic death associated with physical exertion in identical twins
Authors: Jokl Ernst , Wolffe Joseph B.
Published: July 2016

Two cases of cudden non-traumatic death associated with physical exertion in identical twins. The one observation concerned a famous rugby player who died immediately after a competitive game. Autopsy revealed cardiac hypertrophy and advanced myocardial fibrosis, excess lymphoid tissue, a larghe thymus gland with active Hassals bodies and hydronephrosis of the left kindney. A twin brother of the deceased died at about the same time during swimming. The second instance was studied by O'Brien. It refers to a man age 26 who died during physical work on the farm (pulling sugar beets). Post mortem examination showed a hemmorrahagic cyst with a pigmented wall and a thrombosed aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery which had leaked. An identical twin brother of this man had died a short time previously while playing tennis.
Leucocyte Morphology and Chromosome Morphology
Authors: Dallapiccola B. , Baricordi O. , Capra L. , Mazzilli C.
Published: July 2016

The banding techniques currently employed in human cytogenetics for the identification of the individual chromosomes have been used to stain PHA lymphocytes and circulating leucocytes. The capacity of these techniques to localize singular chromosomes or chromosomal regions has been investigated.

It has been observed that among the four major categories of bands (Q, G, E and R) only the quinacrine staining is informative in interphase nuclei, because of its peculiarity to stain the long arm of the Y chromosome and few other heterochromatic regions. Interphase nuclei treated according to the C-bands show the presence of several heterochromatic masses, corresponding to the centromeric areas of individual chromosomes, but as such they cannot be recognized accurately. More specific and selective techniques, like G-11 and G-Y protocols, appear to be suitable to localize the centromeric regions of chromosome no. 9 and the long arm of Y chromosome. Variation of the incubation time in the alkali-saline solutions and of pH values have proven to be appropriate for the demonstration of other heterochromatic regions in interphase nuclei and in circulating leucocytes.

The “nuclear” approach to the study of specific heterochromatic regions of human chromosomes may be of practical interest into the investigation of several biological problems and into the detection of individuals carrying chromosome variants.
Some Epidemiological and Genetic Aspects of Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Freire-Maia N.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a general view on congenital malformations and a summary of some anatomic, clinical, epidemiological and genetic aspects of congenital heart diseases. Some “recommendations” for research are also briefly mentioned.
Tapetoretinal Degenerations and Disorders of lipid Metabolism. Part I: Clinical, Genetic, Pathological, and Therapeutic Aspects
Authors: Merin S.
Published: July 2016

The clinical findings in a group of syndromes in which tapetoretinal degenerations are associated with systemic lipid disorders are described. This group includes abetalipoproteinemia (the syndrome of Bassen and Kornzweig), Refsum's syndrome, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, and Cockayne's syndrome. AII four are transmitted by single autosomal recessive genes. The pathological findings are discussed. If diagnosed early enough, abetalipoproteinemia should be treated by administration of vitamin A, and Refsum's syndrome by restriction of intake of phytanic acid and phytol.
Genetic Counseling in Neurology
Authors: Dodinval P.
Published: July 2016

This review deals with CNS troubles and anomalies (excluding mental defects and oligophrenia, as well as primary muscular degenerations), that account for approximately 25 percent of all cases of genetic counseling in our material.

From a genetic-counseling perspective, CNS affections may be easily classed as follows: (1) congenital malformations; (2) monofactorial Mendelian affections; (3) diseases with a possibly hereditary disposition (e.g., arthrogryposis); (4) infant cerebral palsies; and (5) epilepsies.

In our own material, CNS congenital malformations account for approximately 60 percent of all cases of neurologic genetic counseling, whereas Mendelian affections account for only 20 percent and epilepsies for 15 percent. They mainly include cases of hydrocephaly, anencephaly, spina bifida, and microcephaly, for which the recurrence risk is mostly empirical. Emphasis is laid on the present possibilities of prenatal detection of some of these malformations.
Unexplainable Demographic Phenomena of Multiple Births in Hungary
Authors: Czeizel A.
Published: July 2016

The decrease trend of multiple births temporarily broke off in Hungary in 1970, with an increase from 18.18‰ (1968) to 20.94‰ (1970), i.e., about 400 cases of excess.

The male preponderance in twin births is lower than in single births, and triplets actually show a female excess.

There are more boys than girls among the first-born of multiple births.

According to the 1959 and 1968 figures, both DZ and MZ twin births were significantly more frequent in mothers aged 16 or less than in mothers aged 17-19 years.

The monthly distribution of DZ twins is characteristic, while the monochorial MZ twins did not show seasonal variations.
Some Considerations about Twin Zygosity and Concordance Determination in Cancer Research
Authors: Martynova R. P.
Published: July 2016

Studies on cancer in man and pure strain animals have shown that the malignant neoplasm, both in animals and in human beings, is not a single, genetically homogeneous disease: it consists of a lot of forms differing in localization, histological structure and etiopathogenesis. This circumstance is not always taken into account by the investigators in cancer research by the twin method, and especially in the determination of within-pair concordance/discordance, which is often a source of misunderstandings and faulty conclusions.

In order to establish a more objective criterion for estimating the real twin concordance in the studies of such diseases as cancer, we have worked out a quantitative index called Concordance Index:

where: CI = Concordance Index %; a = number of twin pairs, MZ or DZ, which are fully concordant for the principal features; b = number of partially concordant twin pairs; n = total number of twin pairs, MZ or DZ.

The accuracy of twin zygosity determination acquires a particular importance in cases of low penetrance of the disease. In such cases, even a minor inaccuracy in the zygosity diagnosis may considerably influence the twins' CI, and always in the same direction: any mistake in the determination of twin zygosity always leads to an artificial diminution of the role of hereditary factors. Therefore, we consider that the questionnaire method of twin zygosity determination, as well as any other insufficiently objective method, should not be used in the genetic studies on cancer.
Cytogenetic Studies of a Patient with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and his Nonleukemic Identical Twin
Authors: Bauke J.
Published: July 2016

One of our patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia has a twin brother. The twins, 31 years old, show similar physical appearance. Both have blue eyes, brown hair and are right-handed. Anthropometric measurements and fingerprint patterns are matching. Blood group antigens, serum factors and PTC tasting are identical. Blood group antigens of the parents have also been determined. It has been calculated that the probability that the twins are MZ is higher than 99.8%.

The twins were the result of an uncomplicated pregnancy. There are no other siblings. No family history of consanguinity, hematological disorders or cancer was given. They spent their childhood on a farm. Both have not been exposed to drugs, benzene or radiological procedures, apart from routine X-ray films of the chest.

Our patient, who is still working on his farm, had been referred to a hospital in June 1959, because of a knife wound of the chest with a myocardial laceration and pericardial tamponade. White blood cell count at that time was 22300 with 3% basophils.

In April 1962, the diagnosis of chronic myelocytic leukemia was established. Findings included hepatosplenomegaly, leukocytosis with a marked shift to the left, hyperplasia of granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and diminished leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity. In the following years the patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, splenic irradiation and busulfan. Busulfan is continued at present at low doses.
Hydroxyurea: Inhibition of DNA-Synthesis and Selective Susceptibility of S-Phase Cells In Vivo
Authors: Philips F. S. , Schwartz H. S. , Sternberg S. S.
Published: July 2016

The cytotoxic effects of hydroxyurea and of related hydroxamic acid derivatives in vivo are briefly described. They occur selectively in tissues with high rates of cell renewal and they are of brief duration. Tissue concentration of hydroxyurea diminish rapidly as the result of renal excretion and metabolism; there is a close temporal relation between the physiological disposition of the agents and the cytotoxic changes. Hydroxyurea induces an immediate inhibition of DNA synthesis in proliferating tisdsues such as thymus, small intestine, and regenerating liver. Autoradiographic studies of mouse duodenum using tritiated thymidine have shown that the lethal susceptibility to hydroxyurea is restricted to cells in the S-phase of the mitotic cycles. Cells in G1, G2, and M are not damaged by the agent.
Pelger-Huet'sche Kernanomalie: Vorläufige Ergebnisse einer Durchsicht von 15.000 auslesefrei gewonnenen Blutausstrichen
Authors: Ebbing H. C.
Published: July 2016

Die Pelger-Huet'sche Kernanomalie ist bei Aezten und Laborantinnen nahezu unbekannt. Nur zwei von etwa 350 in Westfalen systematisch befragten Krankenhaus-Aerzten waren mit diesem Begriff vertraut. Jofin (1955) berichtet aus Russland über die gleiche Unkenntnis. Seit der ersten Beschreibung der Varietät durch Pelger (1928) sind in dreißig Jahren nach Petzel und Undritz (1957) bisher 110 unabhängige Pelger-Sippen veröffentlicht worden. Das Merkmal wurde beobachtet in Bevölkerungen aller Rassen.

Die erste Schätzung der Häufigkeit in einer unausgelesenen Population hat Undritz (1939) vorgenommen. Der Untersucher rechnet mit einem Vorkommen von einer Pelger-Familie unter tausend in dieser Beziehung unauffälligen Sippen. Nachtsheim (1946-1948) hat zuerst eine größere Bevölkerung auslesefrei untersuchen können: unter etwa 20.000 Berlinern aller Altersstufen fanden sich 18 heterozygote Merkmalsträger. Die Probanden waren nicht miteinander verwandt. Nachtsheim bestätigte damit die Schätzung von Undritz. Wiedemann und Saile (1957) untersuchten 15.000 Schüler in Krefeld. Die Jungen und Mädchen waren zwischen 9 und 19 Jahre alt. In diesem auslesefreien Kollektiv sind nur 3 heterozygote Merkmalsträger gefunden worden. Die Häufigkeit beträgt also 1: 5.000. Davidson (1954) fand unter 36.000 Blutausstrichen in London 6 Fälle mit Pelger'scher Varietät. Der Untersucher gibt die Häufigkeit mit 1: 6.000 an. Leider fehlen Angaben über die Methodik der Untersuchung. Yamasowa (1953) soll nach einer Mitteilung an Undritz (cit. G. Petzel und E. Undritz, 1957) bei 20.000 Japanern nur einmal die heterozygote Manifestation beobachtet haben. Die Frequenz der Pelger-Anomalie läßt sich nur bestimmen durch größere Reihenuntersuchungen. Vergleichbar sind bisher lediglich die Ergebnisse von Nachtsheim und Wiedemann. Diese Befunde weichen stark voneinander ab.
Diagnosi di sesso e morfologia dei nuclei leucocitari: studio in campo normale e patologico
Authors: Sansone G.
Published: July 2016

The experience of the A. on the « genetical » sex determination (according to the method of Davidson e Smith) is summarized. It is stressed that: a) « drumsticks » in the female newborns are remarkably increased - b) in monozygous twins there is a strict similarity in the number of the « drumsticks » contrary to the cases of dizygous twins.

The results obtained in cases of gonadal disgenesis are reported: of 16 patients with somatic female appearance 12 were cromatine-negative. The diagnostic importance of genetical sex determination in suspected cases of « Status Bonnevie-Ullrich » of the infants is outlined, In a reported case the diagnos's was made in the neonatal life.
High Resolution Solar Observations at Three Frequencies: 1424 MHz, 696 MHz and 408 MHz
Authors: Cole D. G. , Mullaly R. F. , Watkinson A.
Published: July 2016

During the period 1966 July 12 to August 5 observations were made of the Sun at three radio observatories. The instruments used were the east-west arm of the Mills cross at Molonglo (408 MHz) and the Christiansen cross at Fleurs (696 MHz and 1424 MHz). The aim of these observations was to study the discrete sources of the slowly varying component of solar radio emission, while activity was comparatively quiet. The three frequencies enabled the variation of source structure with height of solar atmosphere to be studied. It has been pointed out by Swarup et al., and Christiansen et al. that the determination of the frequency dependence of these discrete sources is important for defining the physical mechanisms causing the radio emission.
The Generation of Radio Waves in Astrophysical Plasmas
Authors: Smerd S. F.
Published: July 2016

A radio-astronomical observation in its most complete form is a determination of intensity and polarization as functions of frequencyf, time t, and position in the sky. An actual observation is usually much less complete.
Time Structure of Solar Flare Proton Events
Authors: Stone B. J.
Published: July 2016

This paper is a progress report on an examination of the short-term variability of solar proton flux in interplanetary space at times of solar flare activity. The data are from the GRCSW cosmic-ray detector on board the Pioneer 7 space probe, which, at the times to be discussed, was more than a million miles from the Earth.
Lyman-Alpha Scattering and the Solar Wind
Authors: Campbell J. A.
Published: July 2016

The interaction of the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetic field causes the field to be confined within a region shaped like a liquid drop. The solar wind flows past this region, the magnetosphere, without penetrating it. The precise shape of the magnetospheric boundary is of interest for hydromagnetic studies, but these usually begin from assumptions about the nature of the magnetic field. Any specification of the boundary which makes no reference to the field must therefore allow more flexibility in such studies.
Solar: Fine Structure of the Flare of 1968 June 9
Authors: Giovanelli R. G.
Published: July 2016

A class 2 flare began on 1968 June 9 in the active region near 17°N 40°E, at about 00h15m U.T., maximum 00h37m, terminating about 02h30m. The event was recorded at Culgoora with the 5-inch flare-patrol and 12-inch chromo-spheric telescopes at solar diameters and frame intervals of 16 mm/10 s and 17 cm/3 s respectively. Both telescopes used Halle filters, pass bands about 0.5Å centred on Hα, and Duplopan 35 mm film. The seeing was mediocre, with occasional fairly good frames.
Radio Observations of Interstellar Formaldehyde
Authors: Whiteoak J. B. , Gardner F. F.
Published: July 2016

The 111–110 transition (frequency 4829.65 MHz) of formaldehyde (CH2O) has been recently observed in absorption against a number of continuum sources by Snyder et al. with the Green Bank 140-ft telescope.
The Use of HI Absorption to Determine Distance for 10 Galactic Radio Sources
Authors: Goss W. M. , Murray J. D. , Radhakrishnan V.
Published: July 2016

An extensive survey of HI absorption in the spectra of discrete radio sources has been in progress for the past three years at the Parkes radio observatory. One part of the survey comprising sources along the galactic plane north of declination —50° has recently been completed. In this communication we discuss some conclusions concerning the distances of 10 sources drawn from a preliminary analysis of the data.
Non-linear Convection with Free Boundaries
Authors: Murphy J. O.
Published: July 2016

In an IAU Symposium report, Spiegel has made mention of the basic reasons for the astrophysical interest in the problem of non-linear convection of a horizontal fluid layer heated from below. Unfortunately the two important parameters of this problem—the Prandtl number P and the Rayleigh number R take on ‘extreme’ values in the astrophysical situation and this presents immediate difficulties as far as the numerical solution of the basic equations go.
The Application of Feautrier’s Technique to Problems in Radiative Transfer
Authors: Cannon C. J.
Published: July 2016

There exists a large number of varying methods of solution in radiative transfer theory. House and Avery have recendy published an exposition of the Monte-Carlo technique and the very nature of this solution makes it readily amenable, in theory, to the study of any transfer problem. Grant and Hunt have developed a method involving the invariant Sn matrix transformation and this also appears quite general in its application. Further, the Riccati transformation technique, developed by Rybicki and Hummer, has already been used in solving several different transfer problems. However, these methods have certain disadvantages. The equations are of first order and thus stability difficulties arise. Also, the finer details of the method rely, to a large extent, on the particular problem under consideration, and experience with such a method is required for the efficient computation of solutions.
Hydromagnetic Structure at the Boundary of a Supergranule
Authors: Ribes E. , Unno W.
Published: July 2016

We shall examine the question of whether the concentration of magnetic field, the downward motion and the temperature excess observed at the boundaries of supergranules can be interpreted consistently in terms of a steady flow along the magnetic lines of force. Before doing so, however, we shall first consider the development of the magnetic configuration driven by a supergranular convection overshooting into the photosphere.
Multiple Magnetic-Loop Structure of a Type IV Solar Radio Outburst
Authors: Stewart R. T. , Sheridan K. V.
Published: July 2016

In this paper we discuss 80 MHz heliograph observations of the multiple source structure and polarization of a type IV solar radio outburst on 1970 November 16. At times during the event six sources were present. Three of these were highly circularly polarized in a L.H. sense and two in a R.H. sense. The sixth source was extended and had oppositely polarized edges. From the source behaviour we conclude that the radio emission came from two expanding and one stationary magnetic arch.
Solar Neutrino Problem
Authors: Prentice A. J. R.
Published: July 2016

A major crisis facing theoretical nuclear astronomers and physicists today is the apparently very low flux of neutrinos emitted by the Sun. Davis et al. report a measurement of 1.5 ± 1 s.n.u. (1 s.n.u. = 10−36 capture/Cl37/sec) which is a factor of 6 or so smaller than the theoretically predicted values. Numerous suggestions, often quite bizarre, have been made to account for the low flux, but so far no convincing explanation has been offered – see Fowler.
Effect of the Muon Contribution on the Barometric Coefficient of Neutron Monitors
Authors: Quang T. T. , Fenton A. G. , Fenton K. B.
Published: July 2016

The barometric coefficient of a cosmic-ray neutron monitor is found to increase with atmospheric depth from ~ 150 mm Hg to 600 mm Hg and then to decrease slowly with depth down to 760 mm Hg (Bachelet et al. 1965; Carmichael and Bercovitch 1969). Bachelet et al. 1965) tentatively attributed this change in the slope of the barometric coefficient versus atmospheric depth curve at 600 mm Hg to the contribution made by muons to the neutron monitor counting rate. Carmichael and Bercovitch (1969) have shown that the contribution to the monitor counting rate made by obliquely incident nucleons may be the real cause. Singh et al. (1970) have derived an expression for the barometric coefficient for vertically incident particles in a neutron monitor which increases continuously with increasing atmospheric depth down to 760 mm Hg, demonstrating more definitely that the above explanation of Carmichael and Bercovitch is correct.
Orthogonal Polarization in Pulsar Radio Emission
Authors: Manchester R.N.
Published: July 2016

For many pulsars the integrated or mean pulse profile is highly polarized. Generally linear polarization dominates over circular and there is a continuous variation of position angle through the profile (e.g. Manchester 1971). In most models for the emission process the angle of polarization is related to the (projected) direction of magnetic fields in the source region. Several of the observed properties of pulsars, for example, the mode-changing phenomenon (Backer 1970) and the different spectral index of different components of the intergrated profile (Manchester 1971), suggest that different parts of the integrated profile are emitted in different (though closely related) parts of the source. The different observed position angles across the integrated profile would then result from different projected magnetic field directions in these different parts of the source. For many pulsars the observed position angle variations are closely represented by a path through a radial set of projected field directions such as would be obtained in the vicinity of a magnetic pole (cf. Radhakrishnan and Cooke 1969).
Radio Observations of the Circinus Galay
Authors: Mebold U. , Goss W. M. , Woerden H. van , Freeman K. C.
Published: July 2016

The Circinus galaxy (CG) was discovered on a plate of an atlas of the nebulae of the southern Milky Way (Lyngå and and Hansson 1972). The detailed optical properties of this galaxy have been investigated by Freeman, Karlsson, Lyngå and Burrell and will be published in a paper by Freeman et al. (1976). The coordinates of the optical nucleus are (1950).
Optical Reconstruction of Aperture Synthesis data
Authors: Cole T. W.
Published: July 2016

Aperture synthesis is a two-step imaging process in which the final map or image is reconstructed from intermediate measurements. As an alternative to digital computers, optical computers can be used to perform the reconstruction step. Optical reconstruction can be a fast and cheap way to handle the large amount of data now being generated by earth rotation aperture synthesis arrays.
Initial Observations with the 4-Metre Millimetre-Wave Telescope at Epping
Authors: Gardner F. F. , Batchelor R. A. , McCulloch M. G. , Simons L. W. , Whiteoak J. B.
Published: July 2016

A 4-m telescope for mm-wave observations, particularly of spectral lines, was erected in mid-1976 at Epping by Krupp Ltd., Rheinhausen. A cooled mixer receiver was installed on the telescope in April 1977 and a series of test observations made during the remainder of the year, subject to the availability of the receiver and the multi-channel filter bank which were shared with the Parkes 64-m telescope.