bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutathione and transferrin in rhesus monkeys1
Authors: Brown Russell V. , Goodman Morris , Gavan James A.
Published: August 2010

Transferrin types and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined for 38 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Eight transferrin alleles were found: their gene frequencies were: TfA 0.04, Tfc 0.50, TfD 0.03, TfD 0.09, TF 0.11, TF 0.05, TfG 0.11, and Tf H' 0.08. The 16 phenotypes found and the number of each was: Tf AC 3, Tf CC 9, Tf CD‘ 2, Tf CD 2, Tf CF 5, Tf CF 3, Tf CH’ 3, Tf CG 2, Tf D'D‘ 1, Tf D'F 1, Tf D'G 1, TfD'H’ l, TfFG2, TfF'G ‘l.TfCG l.and Tf H'H’ 1.

Mean GSH level was 310.6 mg/100 ml red cells. The Tf CC group had significantly lower GSH levels than Tfc heterozygotes or non‐Tfc homozygotes. The Tfc heterozygotes had significantly lower GSH levels than non‐Tfc homozygotes. Tfc, TfD' and TF alleles were associated with lower GSH levels. Glutathione levels were higher in older animals and were higher in September than in December. Sex differences in glutathione levels were not found.
Haemoglobin variants in cattle
Authors: Braend M.
Published: August 2010

From a comparative survey of reports on cattle Hb variants it is concluded that prior to the present communication the occurrence of at least seven different adult Hb molecules have been reported.

In addition comes the finding of a new Hb variant called HbG which is reported in this study. This was found in three animals among 101 East African Zebu cattle. It migrated more slowly than any cattle Hb variant previously reported and made up 20% of total Hb.

The gene frequencies of the East African Zebu population were: HbA= 0.52, HbB= 0.32, Hbc= 0.14 and HbG= 0.01.
Glucose‐6‐?hosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, haptoglobin and hemoglobin variants in dogs
Authors: Naik S. N. , Anderson D. E. , Jardine J. H. , Clifford D. H.
Published: August 2010

Blood samples from 31 male and 34 female, adult, healthy dogs of different breeds were studied for erythrocytic G‐6‐PD activity. The hemolysates were also studied electrophoretically for G‐6‐PD, 6‐PGD, and hemoglobin variants. Most of the plasma samples revealed a human Hp 1–1 type of band while three samples had an additional fast‐moving band that disappeared on addition of an excess of hemoglobin and two samples were ahaptoglobinemic. G‐6‐PD deficiency was detected in eight samples, and it was more frequent in males than in females. The implications of G‐6‐PD deficiency with no difference in the electrophoretic pattern and of ahaptoglobinemia are discussed with respect to different genetic and clinical possibilities.
A third allele of serum esterases in domestic fowl and the strain distribution of six phenotypes*
Authors: Grunder A. A.
Published: August 2010

A starch gel electrophoretic technique has been described which utilized a pH 8.9 Tris‐citrate gel buffer and facilitated the resolution of a new serum esterase zone of fowl. This zone was shown to be controlled by allele EsC, the third in the series EsA, EsB, and EsC.

Allelic frequencies were determined in five egg‐type strains and seven meat‐type strains. EsA was predominant in egg‐type birds while EsB was the most frequent allele in meat‐type birds.
Polymorphism of canine serum albumin
Authors: Day Mae E. , Kraay G. J. , Stevens R. W. C.
Published: August 2010

Three serum albumin phenotypes were observed in a population of 257 dogs consisting of 18 breeds and breed crosses. Canine serum albumins are controlled by an autosomal locus with two codominant alleles AlbF and AlbS. Separation of the albumin types was possible by using buffer solutions with a pH of about 4.
The agglutination of cattle erythrocytes by plant extracts
Authors: Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Seven of ten species of seed extracts which were tested exhibited differential agglutination of cattle cells. Repeatability studies indicated no differences in cells collected at different times or washed the previous day. Pronounced animal effects and storage time effects were detected, however. In an investigation of 1727 animals strong relationships were detected between six lectins and the V specificity. Other significant relationships may exist between certain lectin specificities in the Y1 and I antigens. The lectin reaction patterns were also shown to be highly related to each other. Breed frequencies for the lectin detected specificities were determined.
Inheritance of esterases in the white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), black crappie (P. nigromaculatus), and their F1 and F2 interspecific hybrids*
Authors: Metcalf R. A. , Whitt G. S. , Childers W. F.
Published: August 2010

White crappie, Pomoxis annularis, and black crappie, P. nigromaculatus, were hybridized to produce Fi and F2 generations. There was considerable tissue specific esterase gene function within each parental species. Many of the esterases were homologous but possessed different electrophoretic mobilities between the two species which permitted their use as gene markers. The pattern of inheritance and expression of a number of esterase genes was determined in the Fi and F2 interspecific hybrids.

Although certain key morphological phenotypes characteristic of the black crappie predominate in the Fi hybrid, the enzyme phenotypes reflect the contributions of both co‐dominant parental genomes. There is a higher percentage of heterozygotes than expected in the F2 generation which may be indicative of heterosis. The genetic analysis also provided a better understanding of the polypeptide composition of these esterases.
Molecular genetics of avian proteins. XL Egg proteins of Gallus gallus, G. sonnerati and hybrids
Authors: Baker C. M. Ann , Manweil Clyde
Published: August 2010

By a variety of electrophoretic procedures it has been found that Gallus gallus, whether as jungle fowl or as chickens, differs consistently from Sonnerat's jungle fowl, G. sonnerati, in three egg white proteins: G3 ovoglobulin, G2 ovoglobulin and glutamyl peptidase. The electrophoretic patterns of egg white hybrids between G. gallus and G. sonnerati are identical to those obtained after simpiy mixing the egg whites; there is no evidence for hybrid protein zones. Although Japanese data on serum amylase can be interpreted as indicating introgressive hybridization in the origin of the domestic fowl, so far the egg protein data are negative in this respect.
The genetic control of transferrins in Pleurodeles waltlii
Authors: Foulgoc M. Th. Chalumeau‐Le , Fine J. M. , Gallien L.
Published: August 2010

A system of seric transferrin groups has been found in the newt, Pleurodeles waltlii Michahelles. The genetic transmission of this protein type is studied in this article. Polymorphism is based on the existence of 2 transferrins, TfA and TfB. Phenotypes B and AB were observed in a laboratory population, and the third phenotype, A, was obtained after crossing heterozygotes. Transferrin types were reproduced in clones of newts obtained by nuclear grafts.
Soluble glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) polymorphism in cattle
Authors: Ansay M. , Hanset R.
Published: August 2010

Zymograms performed on extracts of bovine white cells revealed two phenotypes in the soluble (anodal) isozyme of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT). Genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that two co‐dominant, autosomal alleles, GOT‐1‐A and GOT‐1‐B, give rise to the phenotypes GOT‐1‐AA, GOT‐1‐AB and GOT‐1‐BB. The phenotype BB has not been encountered. The allele GOT‐1‐B has been observed in one of the five breeds surveyed, the Central and Upper Belgium breed where it has a frequency of about 0,008.
Distribution of R‐r‐i‐blood group system in Australian sheep
Authors: Healy Peter J.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of the R‐r‐i blood group system was studied in eight breeds of Australian sheep. The recessive i gene was found to be absent from Merinos and, consequently, the i phenotype was absent in Merino crosses. Distribution of the groups in Dorset Horns and Ryelands was found to be strikingly different from that of other breeds. Two animals were found to have anti‐r antibodies in serum.
Studies on the transferrins of goats. 3. Evidence for a third transferrin allele
Authors: Watanabe Seiki , Suzuki Shozo
Published: August 2010

A new allele Tfc in serum transferrin of goats is postulated. It was considered that serum transferrins in goats classified into six phenotypes are genetically controlled by three codominant alleles, TfA, TfB and Tfc. Frequencies of Tfc were low in native goats in Korea, Philipines and Thailand, and this allele is yet to be observed in other breeds of goats.
En, Eo ‐ further new factors in the complex E blood group system of the pig
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

Two new erythrocyte antigens have been detected by isoimmune antibodies obtained from Gottingen Miniature pigs. By family studies they proved to belong to the E system. The factor designated En is genetically controlled by alleles E2=Eedghkmn, E3=Eaegln, E4=Eedfhkmn, E6=Eaefln, E9=Eedghjmn, E12=Eaegmno and Eedgkln, and the factor designated Eo by the allele E12=Eaegmno.

The En blood factor occurs in all the breeds studied and in frequency it comes close to a related Ee factor. It stands in opposition not only to Eb but also to Ei factor. The Eo factor can be characterized as a rarely occurring Ea subgroup. Besides being antithetic to Ed it is also antithetic to El and Ei factors. For the present, it was found only in Miniature pigs.
An additional locus controlling liver esterases of chickens
Authors: Okada Ikuo
Published: August 2010

Starch gel electrophoresis of liver extracts of chickens revealed six regions, designated I to VI, of esterase activity. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were found in esterases in region I. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by a pair of codominant autosomal alleles, Es‐5A and Es‐5B.
Further contribution to the H blood group system in pigs
Authors: Hojný J.
Published: August 2010

The haemolytic reagent allowing direct serological detection of He homozygous pigs was obtained by the immunization of a Landrace sow. Another monospecific reagent prepared from immune serum of a Miniature pig made possible the evidence for a new factor of the H system ‐ He. This factor is genetically controlled by the allele Hbe. Its frequency in Miniature pigs was 0.099.

The H system with alleles H1=Ha, H2= Hb, H3= Hab, H4=Hcd, H5= Hbd, H6=Hbe and H7= H‐ continues to be a genetically open system.
The genetics of an electrophoretic variant of an erythrocytic protein in the house mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Kirby G. C.
Published: August 2010

An electrophoretic mobility variant of a protein band anodal to haemoglobin in alkaline starch gels was found in wild house mouse populations in South Australia. Most wild mice and all inbred lines examined are homozygous for the Erp‐1a allele at the locus controlling this variation. The rare allele Erp‐1b, which has a frequency of about 1% in South Australia, produces a protein band of slower mobility in alkaline gels. Homozygotes show one protein band whilst the heterozygote has three bands. The Erp‐1 protein does not appear to be haemoglobin or carbonic anhydrase. The Erp‐1 locus is closely linked to Es‐1 on chromosome 8 with a recombination fraction of 6.04 ± 1.32%.
The effect of sheep anti‐L and certain cattle S‐system reagents on active potassium transport in sheep and cattle red blood cells
Authors: Ellory J. C. , Tucker Elizabeth M. , Rasmusen B. A.
Published: August 2010

Certain anti‐sheep L antisera stimulated active potassium transport in cattle red cells. All cattle red cells tested (red cells from 21 Jersey cows) which had an internal K level of less than 70 mmol/1 were stimulated but those with more than 75 mmol/1 of K (red cells from 7 Jersey cows) were not stimulated. Cattle S‐system reagents and isoimmune cattle sera produced by injecting red cells of low‐potassium type into cows with cells of high‐potassium type failed to stimulate active potassium transport in either cattle or sheep red cells.
Study on the variation of precipitin reactions in normal sera of chickens
Authors: Petrovský E. , Reyes M. , Carbonell G. , García B.
Published: August 2010

Breed distribution of precipitin reactants (of types A and B) was encountered in: Brahma and Columbian Plymouth Rock ‐ high strength and frequencies; White Cornish, Dark Cornish, Minorca, Barred Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Catalana and Cubalaya ‐ low to medium strength and frequencies; Australorp, White Leghorn, Polish, Sexline ‐ no reactions. Cocks exhibited only type A reactants. Both A and B substances were detected in egg yolks. Type A substances were encountered in sera of newly hatched chicks. Their decay was slow ‐ the mean persistence time being about 15 days. Only two young chicks among 160 tested exhibited the reactants of type B. Hormonal treatments of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red cocks with testosterone propionate, progesterone, oestradiol benzoate or oestradiol benzoate along with progesterone failed to induce the synthesis of precipitin reactants.
Biochemical polymorphism of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, from the northwestern and northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Johnson Allyn G. , Beardsley Alan J.
Published: August 2010

Three enzyme systems, MDH, PGM and AGPDH, were investigated in starry flounder collected from off northwestern Hokkaido Island, Japan; western Kamchatka; USSR; Puget Sound, Washington, USA; and Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA. Significant differences in MDH allele distribution were found between the Asian‐Puget Sound and Yaquina Bay‐Puget Sound samples suggesting that this system may be useful to separate different population units.

The allele frequencies of MDH and PGM did not show significant variation with body length and handedness in starry flounder collected from Puget Sound, Washington, and did not support the hypothesis of differential viability between dextral and sinistrial forms of starry flounder.
Alterations in reactivity of the blood factors of cattle red cells after pronase treatment
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: August 2010

Pronase treatment of cattle red cells produced various effects: (a) an increase in reactivity of the J factor and evolution of a specific cryptoantigen; (b) decrease in the A‐B, G2, K, I2 O2, O3, P, Q, T1; Y2, A, B', E'2, E'3, I', K', O'‐L'‐V‐L and M, factors, but (c) no change in the specifity or in the titre of the remaining 16 different blood factors. Most of the pronase‐affectable blood factors were destroyed in a rather narrow but characteristic range of pronase treatment intensities. However, at like intensities, variations were demonstrable due to the fact that the blood factor occurred (a) in red cells from different individuals, and (b) in different phenogroups or subgroups of the B locus.
Population differences of aspartate aminotransferase and peptidase in the bay mussel Mytilus edulis
Authors: Johnson Allyn G. , Utter Fred M.
Published: August 2010

This investigation has demonstrated considerable heterogeneity among populations and some heterogeneity within populations in the distribution of alleles at two variant loci of Mytilus edulis. Although the causes of this variation remain obscure, some speculations have been made on the basis of available data. A cline for aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) alleles has been observed on the Pacific Coast. An immigration model has been proposed to explain the atypical ecological and genetic characteristics of large mussels found on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Marked differences were found in the distribution of peptidase alleles among collections from Southern California, the North Pacific Ocean, and New Jersey. Deviations from random distribution of phenotypes observed in comparisons made between large and small mussels from the New Jersey collection may reflect selection operating on these loci in this population.
Isoimmune anti‐A blood group reagents in pigs
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J. , Jílek F.
Published: August 2010

Immunization or reimmunization of A‐negative pigs with red blood cells (RBC) from A‐positive donors yielded anti‐A antibodies reacting in high titres with pheno‐type A(Ac) RBC and, in some cases, in low dilutions, with phenotype Aw(Ap) RBC also. An attempt to raise the anti‐A level by immunization with saliva which contained A substance was likewise successful.

Repeated immunization of A‐negative recipients with the RBC of A‐positive donors (compatible in all other factors), with the aid of adjuvant, is recommended as the best way of obtaining Aw typing reagents.
Association between αs1‐, β‐ and x‐casein loci in two Italian cattle breeds
Authors: Voglino G. F. , Carignano I.
Published: August 2010

The genetic polymorphism αs1‐, β‐ and x‐caseins was examined by gel electrophoresis in two Italian breeds, Valdostana and Piedmont.

The results obtained from acid and basic migration show that the gene frequencies of the two breeds are very similar.

Non independent assortment of genotypes among these milk protein loci was also studied.

Results of analyses carried out on loci pairs showed that the genetic complex αs1‐CnB‐β‐CnA2 was the most common in both breeds. In addition, the measure of linkage disequilibrium or gametic association (denoted A) showed a close association between αs1‐Cn and β‐Cn, and between β‐Cn. and x‐Cn. No significant association was found between αs1‐Cn and x‐Cn. This is in line with the model proposed by Grosclaude et al. (1973).
Electrophoretic variation in intertidal and subtidal organisms in Puget Sound, Washington
Authors: Johnson Allyn G. , Utter Fred M.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents information on the biochemical properties (via starch gel electrophoresis) of 26 marine species (15 fish and 11 invertebrates). Evidence is presented on 48 polymorphisms found in the 26 species. Estimates of the proportion of the genome heterozygous per individual per species were calculated and ranged from 0.000 to 0.176 for the invertebrates and from 0.000 to 0.074 for the fish species. Estimates of the percentage of loci polymorphic per species for invertebrates were 0 to 54 %; for the fish species, the range was 0 to 20 %.
An IgGi allotype in cattle
Authors: Spooner Roger L. , Millar Paula
Published: August 2010

This paper presents evidence for an IgGi allotype detected by a sheep antibovine serum. The character which appears to be inherited in a simple Mendelian way has been named da1.
J blood group active lipoproteins extracted from bovine erythrocytes
Authors: Kirchhof Bruno , Thiele Otto Wolfgang , Petri Maria Elisabeth , Koch Johannes
Published: August 2010

Ghosts of J‐positive bovine erythrocytes were frozen overnight, thawed the next day, washed with ion‐free water, and then extracted with a water‐n‐pentanol mixture. After centrifugation, the aqueous phase contained a great deal of the membrane proteins and lipids in a soluble form along with the J blood‐group activity. After preparative ultracentrifugation, about 2/3 of the J activity were recovered in the high‐density lipoprotein fraction, while the low‐density lipoprotein fraction contained 1/3 J activity. This result is consistent with our finding that on treatment of the stroma lipoproteins with dextran sulphate, about 2/3 of J activity were recovered in the supernatant, 1/3 in the precipitate. These fractions obtained by dextran sulphate treatment were characterized by protein and lipid assay.
A transferrin variant Tf I in crosses of the wild and domestic pigs
Authors: Glasnak V. , Stratil A. , Schleger W.
Published: August 2010

In crosses of the wild pig (Sus scrofa attila Thomas) with the domestic pig a transferrin variant, Tf I, was detected, electrophoretic mobility of which was slightly faster than the mobility of the variant Tf A. From the results of starch gel electrophoresis, isolation, neuraminidase treatment, autoradiography, and genetic analysis of several families, it can be concluded that the Tf I variant is genetically controlled by the allele Tf1. Thus the number of alleles in the transferrin system of the pig has increased to six (TfI, TfATfB, TfC, TPD and TfE).
New protein polymorphisms in cattle
Authors: Thinnes F. , Geldermann H. , Wens U.
Published: August 2010

Preparation techniques are outlined for blood samples from cattle, which permit rapid separation of several constant fractions within a large number of animals. Electrophoretical examination of the blood fractions, the methods for which are described, rendered possible the phenotyping of 5 new polymorphic protein systems. Furthermore the electrophoresis of erythrocyte carboanhydrase was tested.

In about 550 cattle, including familial material of the breed ‘Deutsche Schwarz‐bunte’, the observed phenotypes, segregation data and allele frequencies of 7 polymorphisms, are described. We were able to find new polymorphisms of serum post‐transferrins (Ptf), leucocytic proteins 1 and 2 (Leu1 and Leu2), and erythrocytic proteins 1 and 2 (Ery1, and Ery2). Moreover, data of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes stained with protein dyes, as well as identified as esterases, are given.
Bovine lymphocyte antigens: serological relationships with erythrocyte and spermatozoan antigens
Authors: Folger R. L. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Bovine lymphocytotoxicity tests with 20 unabsorbed bovine blood group sera revealed extensive reactivity which in the majority of cases had no indication of blood group relationship. Six of these sera were absorbed with selected lymphocytes to produce eleven antisera of reduced specificity. Again, most of the sera had reaction patterns which could not be related to the hemolytic patterns of any known blood group antibodies. However, five comparisons involving unabsorbed antisera and two comparisons involving absorbed antisera provided statistical evidence of similarities between their lymphocytotoxic reaction patterns and the hemolytic reaction patterns of certain blood group antibodies. Several of the sera appeared to contain related cytotoxic specificities, and three such absorbed sera may have contained an anti‐J specificity. All six examined monospecific isoimmune blood group antisera contained lymphocytic reactivities not related to their hemolytic specificites. Two normal sera containing naturally occurring anti‐J had no cytotoxic activity. Anti‐semen sera likewise were devoid of lymphocytotoxic activity.
The contribution of isozymes to alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken plasma
Authors: Tamaki Yoshinori , Abe Takeo , Watanabe Shozo
Published: August 2010

The contribution of different isozymes t o plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was investigated in a White PIymouth Rock strain. No significant difference in AP activity between FF and FS genotypes was observed in both young chick and laying hen. As previously reported in young chickens, a significant difference in AP activity between F and S types was observed in laying hens. Of the total variance of AP activity 53 %, 9 % and 5 7; were explained by isozyme type, family and sex, respectively. The higher activity of the F band was responsible for the higher activity of the F type in the young chicken, while the activity of the B band of either type did not contribute t o activity difference. The hypotheses are proposed so as to the activity difference.
Biochemical gene markers in the gerbil Tatera brantsii from Lesotho
Authors: Maurer F. W. , Hof J. Op ‘t , Osterhoff D. R.
Published: August 2010

Several geographically separated populations of the gerbil Tatera brantsii were investigated with protein and enzyme gene markers. Genetic variation was found in the following systems: serum albumin, 6‐PGD, haernoglobin, esterase, IDA and GPI. No variation was found in the SDH and LDH systems. There appeared to be only slight differences in gene frequencies between populations. No real seasonal variation in any of the frequencies could be established.
Observations on blood plasma postalbumins and hatchability of chickens
Authors: Kuryl Jolanta , Gasparska Jolanta
Published: August 2010

In chicken blood plasma two bands have been observed in the region of postalbumins. The genetically determined faster migrating band PasA was present in the blood plasma of all tested males and in the plasma of a majority of the females. The slower migrating band (PasB) was only observed in the blood plasma of laying females and never in the blood plasma of males and non‐laying females. The genotype of individuals of which the faster migrating band was present was determined as A A and AQ and of those lacking this postalbumin as aa. An excess of females over males was found from mating of ♂Aa×♀Aa and ♂Aa×♀aa. At the same time the percentage of hatched eggs was lowered respectively.
Polymorphism and heterogeneity of transferrins in some species of the fish family Cyprinidae
Authors: Valenta M. , Stratil A. , Kálal L.
Published: August 2010

In fish of the family Cyprinidae extensive polymorphism and heterogeneity of serum transferrins were found. Ten variants of transferrins were detected in barbel, 9 in dace and bleak, 7 in chub and bream, 6 in rudd, 5 in roach, white bream, silver carp, big head and crucian carp, 3 in tench, and 2 variants in nase, ide and goldfish. All the variants observed bound radioactive iron. The phenotype patterns indicated a simple genetic determination, by a set of codominant alleles at one locus, and this even in tetraploid species. Transferrins of some species were partly isolated. The transferrins of all 22 species analysed were heterogeneous and homozygous pheno‐types had 1 to 6 zones of various intensities, binding 59Fe. In barbel both single‐zone and two‐zone variants were present and transferrins of roach had variable heterogeneity. Sialic acid was found only in transferrins of silver carp, big head and in the two‐zone variants of barbel. The occurrence of phenotypes with single and double zones of transferrins in barbel indicates the possibility of genetic determination of the inability of single‐zone variants to bind sialic acid.
Electrophoretic patterns of aspartate aminotransferase in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

The loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a fresh‐water teleost and is known to be widely distributed through Japan, Formosa, Korea and into eastern Asia. The author has reported electrophoretic variation in five different proteins in the loach (Kimura, 1976a, b, c). This note describes a sixth example, electrophoretic variation of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT; EC 2.6.1.1.).
Genetic differences in milk proteins among laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Brdič;ka Radim
Published: August 2010

Genetic differences in the electrophoretic pattern of milk proteins were observed among different inbred rat strains. The results of segregation analysis made on a limited number of females is consistent with the hypothesis of two codominant autosomal alleles system.
Albumin polymorphism in the feral donkey of Death Valley National Monument, California
Authors: Blake John G. , Douglas Charles L.
Published: August 2010

Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a second allele in the albumin system of the donkey (Equus asinus). Samples were collected from 127 feral donkeys in four locations within the Panamint Mountains of Death Valley National Monument, California. A common phenotype, electrophoretically characterized by a single band, was recorded from all four locations. A rare, double‐band phenotype was recorded from two locations.
Polymorphic post‐albumin of cattle and horse plasma identified as vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein)
Authors: Gahne Bo , Juneja R. Kumar
Published: August 2010

Cattle and horse plasma samples of known post‐albumin types were radiolabelled with 14C‐vitamin D3. These samples were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. The patterns observed were identical to those of post‐albumin variants. The polymorphic post‐albumin protein of cattle and horse was thus identified as the vitamin D binding protein and homologous to the Gc protein of human plasma.
Polymorphism of vitamin B12 [57Col binding proteins in rabbit serum
Authors: Masina P. , Ramunno L. , Iannelli D.
Published: August 2010

When rabbit serum labelled with vitamin B12[57Co] was subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and au;oradiography, three phenotypes of proteins capable of binding vitamin B12 were observed. Family data revealed that these phenotypes (called TC‐A, TC‐AB and TC‐B) are controlied by two codominant alleles (TCA and TCB), at an autosomic locus.

Proteins capable of binding vitamin B12 both in vivo and in vitro are commonly referred to as Transcobalamins and can be found in the serum of numerous animal species (for a review, see Glass, 1974; Allen, 1975; Stenman, 1975). Furthermore, Daiger et al. (1975a) have described seven different patterns of vitamin B12 binding proteins which occur in human plasma and which are presumably controlled by four alleles. The present paper describes experiments in which both starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography are used to identify three phenotypes of rabbit serum proteins responsible for binding vitamin B12 in vitro. It was found that these three phenotypes are controlled by two allelic codominant genes, at an autosomic locus.

Individual serum samples (30 μl), obtained from 385 White New Zealand rabbits varying in age from one month to three years, were incubated with 0.1 ng of vitamin B12[57Co] (specific activity: 180 μCi/μg; Lot 247; Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England) at 37°C for 30 minutes. Starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography were performed as described by Geldermann (1970) and Daiger et al. (1975b), respectively. Electrofocusing (pH range 3.5–9.5) was conducted in the 2117 Multiphor apparatus (LKB, Bromma, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resulting pH gradient was measured with a surface pH electrode (Ingold, Zürich, Switzerland).
Genetic variation of some aldehyde‐oxidizing enzymes in the mouse
Authors: Lush Ian E.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐six strains of mice were surveyed by starch gel electrophoresis for genetic variation of four liver enzymes; aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase.

A variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase was found in strains ICFW, IS/Cam, NZB, NZW, Simpson and Schneider. A variant of aldehyde oxidase was found in CE. A possible variant of xanthine oxidase was found in SF/Cam.

The gene determining the electrophoretic variant of aldehyde oxidase is either the same as, or very closely linked to, the Aox gene which determines aldehyde oxidase activity.
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus Arnee) allotypes: Identification of a multiple allelic system
Authors: Iannelli Domenico
Published: August 2010

This paper describes two allotypes of water buffaIo controlled by two codominant allelic genes. The third allele is a null allele and behaves as a recessive one. The two detectable serum antigens are termed A1 and A2 aild the third one (as yet undetectable) A0. The A1 antigen was recovered in the third peak and A2 antigen in the first peak following gel filtration through Sephadex G‐200. The A1 antigen is common to water buffalo and cattle; the frequency of the corresponding gene (A1) was the same in both species.
Equine markers genes. Polymorphism for group‐specific component (Gc)
Authors: Weitkamp Lowell R.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphism of equine Gc protein was demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis with a goat anti‐human Gc antibody. Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal co‐dominant alleles, GcF and GcS. Both alleles occurred in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses and in Shetland ponies. A frequency of 0.23 for GcS in the American Standardbred horse indicates the system should be useful for problems of identification and parentage.
The hemopexin locus: Its assignment to Linkage Group I in the laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and evidence for a fourth allele*
Authors: Hagen K. L. , Suzuki Y. , Tissot R. , Cohen C.
Published: August 2010

The hemopexin locus phenotypes were determined for 450 animals with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the presence of a fourth allele at this locus was revealed. Of the 19 mating types segregating at this locus, 17 demonstrated segregation ratios consistent with the hypothesis of a four allele, codominant, autosomal system. Studies of three of our largest inbreeding lines indicated that fixation at this locus has occurred in two of them. Linkage studies showed that the Hx locus is located between the color locus, c, and the Hq blood group locus; therefore it is assigned to Linkage Group I of the rabbit.
The null allele in the horse esterase (Es) system detected by enzyme assay and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in heterozygous animals
Authors: Kaminski Marie
Published: August 2010

The detection of the recessive null allele of horse serum esterase (Es) is possible in heterozygotes Es +/EsO which by starch gel electrophoresis appear like homo‐zygotes Es +/Es +.

Two methods are proposed, the titration of enzymatic activity of esterase and the immunochemical titration of esterase as antigen. These methods can be applied to solve the cases of suspect parentage or in population studies.
Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 6. Absence of the human Xga blood group on rhesus erythrocytes1
Authors: Stone W. H. , Sullivan P. T. , Blystad C.
Published: August 2010

It was not possible to demonstrate Xga on the erythrocytes of any of 140 rhesus monkeys of both sexes tested with human antiserum rendered specific for Xga by absorption.
The production and analysis of antilymphocyte sera following pregnancy and skin grafting of cattle
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Millar P. , Oliver R. A.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents evidence to show that high titre antilymphocyte sera can be prepared more easily by skin grafting than from parous sera. It also shows that it is possible to analyse complex antilymphocyte sera by absorption with lymphocytes to produce working reagents.

Following the 1st International BoLA Workshop the genotype of some of the animals used for skin grafting was ascertained and it was found that in each case where the resulting serum had been studied the main antiserum specificity that had been produced reacted with one of the BoLA specificities present in the skin donor.
‘Recessive’ species‐specific antigens in doves and pigeons
Authors: Miller Wilmer J. , Fisher Monica M.
Published: August 2010

Evidence is presented that recessive species‐specific antigens are present in pigeons and doves as determined by antiserum absorptions with cells of the opposing parental and Fi birds. This confirms and extends earlier observations by M. R. Irwin and L. J. Cole and adds another species. A simple model is presented postulating a relationship between genes, enzymes, and ‘dominant and recessive’ antigens.
An investigation of seven enzymes as possible genetic markers in horse leucocytes
Authors: Putt W. , Fisher R. A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we describe seven enzymes, NP, GOTM, PGM2, αFUC, PEP A, ADA and MPI which are found in the white cells of horses, including 39 British crossbred ponies and 16 crossbred horses, 30 Mongolian ponies and 10 Icelandic ponies. Two of these enzymes ‐ αFUC and MPI ‐ were polymorphic in all the populations of horses studied and could prove useful as additional markers in the paternity testing of horses. PEP A and GOTM were also polymorphic in two of the populations studied and could be used as further markers in these populations.
The genetic map of the B system of cattle blood groups as observed in French breeds
Authors: Grosclaude F. , Guérin G. , Houlier G.
Published: August 2010

40 cases of irregular inheritance of phenogroups in the B system of cattle blood groups, that were presumed to have arisen from single crossing‐over, have been used to establish a partial genetic map of this system. In addition, the relative positions in the map of several antigenic factors were inferred from relationships observed between particular phenogroups occurring in French breeds.

The tentative map thus obtained shows an overall similarity to that established by Ruiterkamp et al. (1977) in Dutch Friesian cattle. This result, in addition to other arguments, supports the hypothesis that the genetic structure of the B system of cattle blood groups is basically the same in all taurine breeds.

Evidence is given, for the first time, for the occurrence in the B system of genetic events other than single crossing‐over (double crossing‐over or gene conversion, and possibly deletion).

The rate of recombination between the genetic determinants of the terminal factors of the system, Q and I', was calculated in the progeny of some Normande bulls heterozygous for these two determinants (447 gametes); a value of 1.34 centimor‐gan1 was obtained. However complementary data indicate that 0.7 centimorgan would be a better estimate.
Canine blood groups. 1. Description of new erythrocyte specificities
Authors: Colling Dave T. , Saison Ruth
Published: August 2010

Methods of production and characterization of immune typing reagents reactive with the erythrocytes of the dog are described. Five of the reagents (agglutinins) were reactive with previously unknown blood group factors and were shown by statistical and genetic tests on 222 random samples and 28 families to belong to 5 previously unrecognized blood group systems. The five new systems were one‐blood factor, two‐allele, three‐genotype systems like the B, C, D and F systems. These were arbitrarily named J, K, L, M‐and N.
Canine blood groups. 2. Description of a new allele in the Tr blood group system
Authors: Colling Dave T. , Saison Ruth
Published: August 2010

A previously unrecognized canine red cell antigen, tentatively named O, was found after absorption analysis of an alloimmune antiserum and absorption of several immune or naturally occurring cross‐reacting heteroantibodies from man, cattle and swine. The serological results and genetic analysis of a limited number of complete dog families indicated that the new factor probably belongs to the Tr blood group system. No individual possessed both factors Tr and O, and a large proportion of animals was negative for both factors. The serological pattern for the new Tr system obtained was consistent with similar systems observed in sheep (A‐O), pig (R‐O) and man (Bombay) in which the gene for one factor was dominant over and masked the gene for the second factor in the system. The negative phenotype was accounted for by the actions of an epistatic gene.
Red cell blood groups of East African Zebu cattle*
Authors: Fiorentini A. , Braend M. , Mzee R. M.
Published: August 2010

A total of 146 East African Zebu, 41 Zebu‐Hereford crosses and 24 Ayrshire‐Norwegian Red Cattle crosses have been investigated with cattle red cell reagents characterizing blood factors in eleven systems. With a battery of 36 selected reagents the average number of blood factors in Zebu was 20.1 which differs significantly from the average of 12.5 in the Ayrshire crosses. Factor frequencies for the A, C and S systems and gene frequencies for the F, L, M, Z, R' and T' systems are presented. The B system factors in four Zebu bulls could be grouped into eight different phenogroups by utilizing the blood types of dam‐offspring pairs.
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of sheep plasma proteins: Genetic polymorphism of anai‐protease inhibitor and a post‐transferrin
Authors: Juneja R. Kumar , Gahne Bo
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis of sheep plasma proteins was performed by a first‐dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.0) followed by a second‐dimension one in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). This method resulted in improved and reproducible separation of many α‐ and β‐globulins. Two groups of α1‐globulins, designated Pi‐1 and Pi‐2, were found to be protease inhibitors. These two inhibitors differed from each other in protease inhibitory spectra. Genetic polymorphism was observed for the Pi‐2 protein and another unidentified protein, tentatively designated as post‐transferrin (Ptf). Family data supported the hypothesis that Pi‐2 and Ptf types were controlled by codominant, autosomal alleles. Three Pi‐2 alleles and two Ptf alleles were observed in one population of the Gotland breed of sheep. The analysis of data from 50 informative matings showed no evidence of genetic linkage between the Pi‐2, Ptf and transferrin (Tf) loci in the population of sheep studied.
Close linkage between the C blood group locus and the locus controlling amino acid transport in sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Evans N. R. S. , Kilgour L.
Published: August 2010

Data from 838 Finnish Landrace or Finnish Landrace crossbred sheep showed a highly significant correlation between phenotypes of the C blood group system and erythrocyte amino acid transport variants. Erythrocytes with normal amino acid transport properties (GSH high, Ly‐ type) were Cb‐positive or Cb‐negative. Erythrocytes with the amino acid transport lesion (GSH low, Ly +) were never Cb‐negative. Sheep erythrocytes homozygous for Cbshowed stronger lysis reactions with anti‐Cb than heterozygous cells. Ly + sheep were nearly always homozygous forCb,whereas most Ly‐ sheep were heterozygous or Cb‐negative. Inheritance studies provided strong evidence that this association is due to close genetic linkage.
Frequencies of the alleles that determine the relative amounts of haemoglobins A and B in domestic cats
Authors: Wells K. , Spencer N.
Published: August 2010

The relative amounts of haemoglobins A and B have been determined in erythrocytes from 106 unselected domestic cats. Animals were assigned to three haemoglobin phenotypes and allele frequencies obtained by counting: these were similar to those obtained in an earlier family study.
Protein variation in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus
Authors: Smith P. J. , Jamieson A.
Published: August 2010

Twenty enzymes and three non‐enzymatic proteins were examined by electrophoresis in samples of the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. The observed phenotypes were attributed to genes at thirty‐nine loci. Seven loci were variable giving a mean heterozygosity of 0.049 ± 0.033. Heterozygosity estimates for marine teleosts are discused.
Protein polymorphism in quail populations selected for large body size
Authors: Maeda Y. , Washburn K. W. , Marks H. L.
Published: August 2010

The polymorphism of five enzyme loci (amylase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, for 4‐week body weight was compared to that of the unselected control line (C). for 4 week body weight was compared to that of the unselected control line (C). Three loci in the C line and two in the P line demonstrated polymorphism. Plasma amylase was separated into six bands and zymograms were classified on the basis of these bands into nine phenotypes. Three of the nine types were of relatively high activity and six were of relatively low activity. All nine types were found in the C line, whereas, all birds of the P line had only the most active type. Two alkaline phosphatase alleles (Akp‐2B and Akp‐2C) were segregating in the C line. Gene frequencies of alkaline phosphatase for the Akp‐2B allele were 0.92 in the C line and 1.00 in the P line. Two albumin alleles (AlbQ1 and AlbQ2) were segregating in both populations. Gene frequencies for the AlbQ1 allele were 0.74 in the C line and 0.81 in the P line. Two red cell esterase‐D alleles (Es‐DF and Es‐Ds) were segregating in both populations. The gene frequency for the Es‐Ds allele (0.61) was higher than that of the Es‐DF allele in the C line. In the P line the frequency of the Es‐DF allele was higher than that of the Es‐Ds allele. Heterozygosities of the C and P lines were estimated as 0.2258 and 0.1560 respectively. The relative inbreeding coefficient of the P line, calculated from heterozygosities was 0.31.
Prolein polymorphism in a randombred chicken population
Authors: Washburn K. W. , Maeda Y. , Lanza G. M.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphism in plasma amylase, plasma alkaline phosphatase, non‐specific esterase and red cell esterase‐D of the Athens‐Canadian randombred (ACRB) population of chickens was determined by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. Amylase alleles Amy‐1A and Amy‐1B were segregating in the ACRB population with frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55 respectively. For the plasma alkaline phosphatase the F and S bands, the B band and a new isozyme migrating at a faster rate than the previously reported F band were detected. A genetic nomenclature for plasma alkaline phosphatase is suggested which considers the difference between the F and S bands as the presence or absence of sialic acid attached to a primary protein.

Plasma esterase activity was observed in all four of the regions previously reported, but there was no polymorphism found in any of the loci. All birds in this population showed the same red‐cell esterase‐D phenotype which consisted of a main band with sub‐bands on each side.
Genetic tags in the New Zealand hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae1
Authors: Smith P. J. , Patchell G. J. , Benson P. G.
Published: August 2010

Twelve enzymes and liver proteins were examined by starch and cellulose acetate electrophoresis in two samples of hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae from New Zealand. Two polymorphic enzymes, a‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, were found giving a mean heterozygosity of 0.027 over 12 enzyme loci or 0.016 over 15 protein loci. No differences in gene frequency were detected in nine regional samples collected from the New Zealand 200‐mile exclusive economic zone. Together with existing biological information on spawning grounds these data suggest that hoki in the New Zealand fishery form one stock.
Equine marker genes: Polymorphism for soluble erythrocyte malic enzyme
Authors: Guttormsen Sally A. , Weitkamp Lowell R.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphism for equine erythrocyte malic enzyme is detectable on starch gel electrophoresis. The frequency of MEIS was 0.06 in 667 Standardbred and 0.09 in 85 Thoroughbred horses. No genetically determined electrophoretic variation in soluble malate dehydrogenase was detected.
Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in the domestic cat
Authors: Auer L. , Bell K.
Published: August 2010

Genetic variation of the enzyme phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) has been found in the erythrocytes of Australian domestic cats by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2. Three complex patterns of isoenzymes, designated F, FS and S, were obtained migrating anodally. Limited family studies and the distribution of the three main phenotypes indicated that the polymorphism is controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, PHIF and PHIS Gene frequencies for PHIF and PHIS have been calculated as 0.036 and 0.964 respectively. Three additional variant forms have also been observed.
Distribution of serum transferrin in spot, Leiostomus xanthurus
Authors: Jeffrey J. E.
Published: August 2010

Serum transferrin distribution was studied in 128 spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, obtained from the lower Rappahannock River of Virginia. Three phenotypes designated as TfA, TfB and TfAB were observed. These are described as representing two codominant alleles at a single gene locus. Phenotypic distribution did not differ significantly from that predicted by Hardy‐Weinberg analysis.
An excess of homozygotes at a serum esterase locus in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus
Authors: Smith P. J. , Francis R.I.C.C. , Jamieson A.
Published: August 2010

A serum esterase polymorphism in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus revealed a significant excess of homozygotes in seven of eleven area samples collected in the N.E. Atlantic. Breaking down the data by sex, year class, size within year class and haul did not remove the homozygous excess. The presence of a null allele is unlikely due to the high frequency required and the lack of null allele homozygotes. It is suggested that the homozygous excess might arise from a shifting selection on different batches of larvae produced over the spawning area and season.
A contribution to the D system in horses*
Authors: Bouquet Y. , van Zeveren A. , van de Weghe A. , Mériaux J. C.
Published: August 2010

The inheritance of a new D system red cell antigen, factor 22, is described. It has also been possible to discriminate more efficiently between D system pheno‐groups enabling genotypes to be identified from phenotypes in the majority of cases. This improves the accuracy of animal identification and gene frequency estimates.