bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quand la Bible rivalise avec le roman psychologique. L’énigme du bien-aimé
Authors: de Maistre Philippe
Published: April 2015

La figure du roi David que révèle l’évolution de sa relation conjugale avec Mikal, telle que relatée de 1 Sm 18 à 2 Sm 7, est singulièrement énigmatique. À cette étape du récit, c’est autour de cette énigme que se concentre l’intrigue. À cette intrigue correspond un procédé narratif bien connu des romans psychologiques modernes, apte à suggérer la profondeur parfois ambiguë des personnages et la distance qui peut les séparer : la réserve. Le narrateur biblique en fait usage avec une virtuosité qui n’a rien à envier à Proust ou Henry James, mais dans une tout autre optique.
Les prières liturgiques. Difficultés, défis et ressources
Authors: de Clerck Paul
Published: April 2015

L’article se risque à affronter la question des trois oraisons de la messe romaine, à propos desquelles tant de critiques sont émises. Il met d’abord en relief le trésor que constituent les textes latins dont nous disposons, et relève aussi leur enracinement dans un autre monde culturel que le nôtre. Il analyse ensuite la signification de ces trois prières dans la dynamique de la messe, et s’achève par quelques traits d’une théologie de la prière liturgique.
Le livre de l’Exode. Questions fondamentales et questions ouvertes
Authors: Ska Jean-Louis
Published: April 2015

Le livre de l’Exode est beaucoup plus complexe que le livre de la Genèse. Il contient en effet des narrations, des textes législatifs et des textes liturgiques. Il pose aussi de nombreux problèmes du point de vue de la critique textuelle, de la composition littéraire, de la théologie et de la structure d’ensemble. Ces différents aspects font l’objet d’un bref examen suivi de quelques propositions de solution. En gros, le livre décrit le passage de la servitude en Égypte au service de Dieu dans le désert (G. Auzou), où le Seigneur est reconnu et intronisé comme seul vrai souverain d’Israël.
L’herméneutique générale et biblique à l’épreuve de la « tentation hégélienne » : le cas de Paul Ricœur
Authors: de Gelis Olric
Published: April 2015

En commentant les deux approches, ricœurienne et hégélienne, l’A. montre que la « médiation », dans l’acte de lire et de comprendre l’Écriture ne peut être absolue (comme le prétend Hegel), ni imparfaite (comme le suggère Ricœur), car l’acte de lire la Bible engendre chez son lecteur un nouvel être, avec un surcroît et une surabondance qui caractérisent l’acte de foi : le figuratif biblique intervient comme médiation dans la connaissance de soi, c’est-à-dire de son salut en Jésus-Christ. L’A. propose une troisième perspective, entre une médiation absolue et une imparfaite, qui serait celle de l’herméneutique spécifiquement biblique : le Christ est l’unique médiateur, car il nous a obtenu le salut « une fois pour toutes ». Cette médiation ouvre sur l’Absolu et se trouve cependant donnée toujours dans un clair-obscur : toucher la chair du Christ dans ses manifestations symboliques et être touché par lui dans l’intime de sa foi.
L’excès et la certitude. Les Certitudes négatives de Jean-Luc Marion
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: April 2015

Dans son dernier ouvrage, Certitudes négatives , Jean-Luc Marion poursuit son effort d’élargissement de la phénoménologie husserlienne. L’impossibilité de ramener sous l’intuition ce que vise cependant l’intention spirituelle n’empêche pas des affirmations, certaines quoique paradoxales, sur ‘je’ et sur Dieu. La mise en évidence de la ‘redondance’ au travail dans la donation accompagne cet effort d’éclaircissement, qui rend aussi possible une entente profonde et rigoureuse de ce qu’est l’‘événement’. Le concept de ‘révélation’ s’en trouve ainsi lui-même enrichi.
Joseph Bonsirven et le « mystère d’Israël »
Authors: Andrevon Martine-Thérèse
Published: April 2015

La fin du xix e siècle a vu s’ouvrir le renouvellement du discours théologique sur les juifs et le judaïsme dans certains milieux catholiques. Si le Père Joseph Bonsirven est connu dans les milieux exégétiques pour ses recherches sur l’enracinement juif du Nouveau Testament, il l’est beaucoup moins pour sa contribution à la lutte contre l’antisémitisme et à l’élaboration d’un discours positif sur les juifs. Cet article montre l’apport de ses travaux pour rendre au judaïsme ses titres de noblesse, pour penser le « mystère d’Israël », c’est-à-dire le rôle du peuple juif dans l’histoire de l’humanité après le Christ. Il essaie de comprendre pourquoi les travaux de cet homme, mort avant le Concile, n’ont pas servi de source directe pour la rédaction de Nostra Aetate , et tente de donner quelques pistes de réflexion sur les outils dont a besoin le théologien lorsqu’il veut penser « le mystère d’Israël ».
Le Synode sur la nouvelle évangélisation
Authors: Duverne Didier
Published: April 2015

Alors que se tient le Synode sur la nouvelle évangélisation, l’A., official au Conseil Pontifical pour la promotion de la nouvelle évangélisation, en rappelle les enjeux et souligne plusieurs points auxquels non seulement les Pères synodaux, mais tous les fidèles de nos «vieilles chrétientés» devraient être attentifs.
L’historien face aux archives
Authors: Artières Philippe
Published: April 2015

Quels rapports les historiens entretiennent-ils avec les archives ? Si chaque historien développe des pratiques singulières, on peut néanmoins dessiner une histoire sociale de cette relation du chercheur avec ces objets qu’il manipule, qui ne sont pas seulement la documentation de son travail. L’article retrace l’histoire très contemporaine de cette confrontation.
Le droit américain des archives : un autre modèle ?
Authors: Wagener Noé
Published: April 2015

Le droit américain des archives reste assez mal connu des professionnels français, de sorte qu’on se l’imagine volontiers comme un « autre modèle ». Aussi, après avoir rappelé qu’il ne faut pas surestimer la spécificité de ce droit, le présent article s’attache à montrer l’intérêt que son étude peut avoir pour le lecteur français, en particulier du fait des réflexions qu’il ouvre en matière d’accès aux archives publiques.
Circulation d’une norme internationale d’action publique et recomposition de l’État : analyse comparée des « services écosystémiques » à Madagascar et en France
Authors: Hrabanski Marie , Bidaud Cécile
Published: April 2015

Née dans l’arène scientifique anglo-saxonne puis mise à l’agenda politique international via, notamment, l’exercice d’expertise internationale du Millennium Ecosystem Assessment , la notion de service écosystémique est depuis devenue une référence de politique publique dans les politiques internationales et nationales de conservation. La communication se propose de comparer la réception de cette notion et des instruments qui s’en réclament dans un pays développé, souvent présenté comme un État particulièrement interventionniste, la France, et un pays en développement, dont le PIB par habitant est un des plus bas au monde, Madagascar. En mobilisant l’analyse par les policy transfer studies (PTS), la communication interroge le rôle des États dans les transferts de politiques publiques internationales. La circulation des normes internationales questionne la souveraineté des États et leurs capacités à concevoir et mettre en œuvre leurs politiques environnementales. Les transferts sont plus ou moins volontaires, ce qui par conséquent fait de l’environnement une question particulièrement politisée. La communication s’intéresse également aux différents acteurs qui interviennent dans la réception d’une norme internationale de politique publique dans un pays en développement et un pays développé et analyse ainsi les dynamiques de politisation différenciées de ces acteurs.
IL-11 Induces Th17 Cell Responses in Patients with Early Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Xin , Tao Yazhong , Chopra Manisha , Dujmovic-Basuroski Irena , Jin Jianping , Tang Yunan , Drulovic Jelena , Markovic-Plese Silva
Published: April 2015

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the earliest clinically evident phase of the disease, which may provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of the initiation of the autoimmune response in MS. Our results introduce IL-11 as a new cytokine that plays a role in the autoimmune response in the early phase of the disease. IL-11 is the highest upregulated cytokine in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid from CIS patients, which is also increased in patients with clinically definitive relapsing-remitting MS in comparison with healthy control subjects. Serum IL-11 levels are significantly increased during clinical exacerbations in comparison with remissions in the same patients. CD4+ cells represent a predominant cell source of IL-11 in the peripheral circulation, and the percentage of IL-11+CD4+ cells is significantly increased in CIS patients in comparison with healthy control subjects. Furthermore, we have identified IL-11 as a new Th17-promoting cytokine, because it induces a differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, as well as expansion of Th17 memory cells. Because the Th17 cytokines IL-17F, IL-21 and TNF-α, and TGF-β induce differentiation of naive cells in the IL-11–secreting CD4+ cells, we propose that cross-talk between IL-11+CD4+ and Th17 cells may play a role in the inflammatory response in relapsing-remitting MS.
Trunk and Lower Extremity Kinematics During Stair Descent in Women With or Without Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Schwane Brandi G. , Goerger Benjamin M. , Goto Shiho , Blackburn J. Troy , Aguilar Alain J. , Padua Darin A.
Published: April 2015

Context

There is limited evidence indicating the contribution of trunk kinematics to patellofemoral pain (PFP). A better understanding of the interaction between trunk and lower extremity kinematics in this population may provide new avenues for interventions to treat PFP.

Objective

To compare trunk and lower extremity kinematics between participants with PFP and healthy controls during a stair-descent task.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty women with PFP (age = 22.2 ± 3.1 years, height = 164.5 ± 9.2 cm, mass = 63.5 ± 13.6 kg) and 20 healthy women (age = 21.0 ± 2.6 years, height = 164.5 ± 7.1 cm, mass = 63.8 ± 12.7 kg).

Intervention(s)

Kinematics were recorded as participants performed stair descent at a controlled velocity.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Three-dimensional joint displacement of the trunk, hip, and knee during the stance phase of stair descent for the affected leg was measured using a 7-camera infrared optical motion-capture system. Pretest and posttest pain were assessed using a visual analogue scale. Kinematic differences between groups were determined using independent-samples t tests. A 2 × 2 mixed-model analysis of variance (group = PFP, control; time = pretest, posttest) was used to compare knee pain.

Results

We observed greater knee internal-rotation displacement for the PFP group (12.8° ± 7.2°) as compared with the control group (8.9° ± 4.4°). No other between-groups differences were observed for the trunk, hip, or other knee variables.

Conclusions

We observed no difference in trunk kinematics between groups but did note differences in knee internal-rotation displacement. These findings contribute to the current knowledge of altered movement in those with PFP and provide direction for exercise interventions.
Factors influencing specialist outreach and support services to rural populations in the Eden and Central Karoo districts of the Western Cape
Authors: Schoevers Johan , Jenkins Louis
Published: April 2015

Background: Access to health care often depends on where one lives. Rural populations have significantly poorer health outcomes than their urban counterparts. Specialist outreach to rural communities is one way of improving access to care. A multifaceted style of outreach improves access and health outcomes, whilst a shifted outpatients style only improves access. In principle, stakeholders agree that specialist outreach and support (O&S) to rural populations is necessary. In practice, however, factors influence whether or not O&S reaches its goals, affecting sustainability.Aim and setting: Our aim was to better understand factors associated with the success or failure of specialist O&S to rural populations in the Eden and Central Karoo districts in the Western Cape.Methods: An anonymous parallel three-stage Delphi process was followed to obtain consensus in a specialist and district hospital panel.Results: Twenty eight specialist and 31 district hospital experts were invited, with response rates of 60.7% – 71.4% and 58.1% – 74.2% respectively across the three rounds. Relationships, communication and planning were found to be factors feeding into a service delivery versus capacity building tension, which affects the efficiency of O&S. The success of the O&S programme is dependent on a site-specific model that is acceptable to both the outreaching specialists and the hosting district hospital.Conclusion: Good communication, constructive feedback and improved planning may improve relationships and efficiency, which might lead to a more sustainable and mutually beneficial O&S system.
Non-allopathic adjuvant management of osteoarthritis by alkalinisation of the diet
Authors: Van Velden David P. , Reuter Helmuth , Kidd Martin , Müller F. Otto
Published: April 2015

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs recommended for treatment have serious adverse effects. A compelling body of anecdotal evidence alerted the authors to the therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with Multiforce® (MF) Alkaline Powder for relief of OA symptoms.Aim: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with MF relieves clinical signs and symptoms of OA of the hands.Setting: The study was done at the MEDSAC hospital in Somerset West, Western Cape, South Africa.Methods: The research was conducted in two stages. An open interventional study (n = 40) confirmed the notion that MF 7.5 g twice daily is likely to be an effective alternative or adjunct for relief of symptoms of OA of the hands. The main study was conducted with 100 eligible, consenting volunteers (aged 47–89 years) according to a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Study duration was 56 days, 28 days per regimen; crossover to alternate regimens took place on day 28.Results: Compared to placebo, MF intake over 28 days was associated with significant reductions ( p < 0.005) in pain, tenderness and stiffness of interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand. Confirmation of systemic alkalinisation by MF, which is rich in organic anions in the form of citrate salts, was reflected by a significant and sustained increase in urine pH.Conclusion: A dietary supplement, Multiforce® Alkaline Powder, containing citrate salts which are converted into bicarbonate in vivo, was efficacious and safe as sole therapeutic intervention, significantly attenuating OA-associated signs and symptoms of the hands.
Combination of Rotational Atherothrombectomy and Paclitaxel-Coated Angioplasty for Femoropopliteal Occlusion
Authors: Scheer F , Lüdtke CW , Kamusella P , Wiggermann P , Vieweg H , Schlöricke E , Lichtenberg M , Andresen R , Wissgott C
Published: April 2015

Objective

The rotational atherothrombectomy with Straub Rotarex® is a safe and efficient treatment of acute/subactute vascular occlusions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of paclitaxel-coated angioplasty after rotational atherothrombectomy over an observation period of six months.

Materials and Methods

Overall, 29 patients were treated with the Rotarex catheter in combination with paclitaxel-coated angioplasty. All patients had acute/subacute and chronic occlusions of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) and/or popliteal arteries. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was detected before the intervention, after the procedure, and after six months. Also clinical examination and ultrasound scans were done in the observation period.

Results

There were no technical failures. The ABI shows a significant increase from 0.52 ± 0.17 to 0.91 ± 0.25 in the follow-up. By ultrasound examination, there were found two (6.9%) restenoses during the follow-up. There was one dissection during the intervention (3.5%).

Conclusion

The rotational atherothrombectomy in combination with paclitaxel-coated angioplasty might be an effective and safe method with a promising low rate of restenosis at six months.
Observed Loss and Ineffectiveness of Mosquito Larvicides Applied to Catch Basins in the Northern Suburbs of Chicago IL, 2014
Authors: Harbison Justin E. , Layden Jennifer E. , Xamplas Christopher , Zazra Dave , Henry Marlon , Ruiz Marilyn O'Hara
Published: April 2015

In the northeastern part of the greater Chicago metropolitan area, the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) treats approximately 50,000 catch basins each season with larvicide tablets as part of its effort to reduce local populations of the West Nile virus (WNV) vector Culex pipiens. During the 2014 season, an NSMAD technician monitored a subset of 60–195 basins weekly for 18 weeks among the communities of the District for the presence of mosquitoes. Monitoring found no clear evidence in the reduction of mosquitoes with the use of larvicides, and visual inspections of 211 larvicide-treated basins found that the majority (162, 76.8%) were missing tablets 1–17 weeks after applications. This loss of treatment may be due to the rapid dissolution or flushing of larvicides and would help explain why the larvicide appeared to be ineffective.
Characterizing flowability of granular materials by onset of jamming in orifice flows
Authors: Mort Paul
Published: April 2015

This paper describes methods to measure flow rate and jamming onset of granules discharged through a flat-bottom cylindrical hopper with a circular orifice. The intrinsic jamming onset for ideal particles (spherical, monodisperse, smooth) is experimentally measured by two independent methods, with good agreement. For non-ideal particles, the normalized jamming onset increases with elongated granule shape, broadened size distribution and increased friction as measured by the drained angle of repose. An empirical model of the jamming onset is introduced to quantify these effects over the range of materials investigated.  The jamming onset can be used as a measure of differentiation between relatively free-flowing granules.Received: 17 Novembre 2014,  Accepted: 2 March 2015; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; Reviewed by: G. Lumay, University of Liège, Belgium; DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.070004Cite as: P Mort, Papers in Physics 7, 070004 (2015)This paper, by Paul Mort, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Football Italia
Authors: Doidge Mark
Published: April 2015

Football has undergone a period of transformation over the last thirty years. Despite these global processes, different national leagues have adapted in different ways. After an initial period of success directly after Italia ’90, Italian football has gone through a period of sustained crisis. It has been blighted by financial mismanagement, corruption scandals and fan violence. This has impacted Italy’s ability to compete on a global stage.

Football Italia accounts for the development of Italian football in relation to the wider global transformations impacting football and addresses the reasons for Serie A’s initial success and current malaise. Theoretically, this book locates Italian football within the wider power network of the state and how this has impacted political engagement. After an historical overview of the Italian political economy, Football Italia highlights how football is part of the wider political network. Football clubs are owned by powerful businessmen (and they are all men) who are also politicians. This centralisation of power within a small hegemonic group inhibits change. Within this broader structure, wider corruption scandals continue; from regular match-fixing scandals to doping. Meanwhile, stadiums are crumbling and police over-aggressive. It is within this context that we must place the fans. Both the ultras and supporters who attend official supporters’ clubs are disaffected and without the power to change the status quo. Consequently, Italian football has been in decline throughout the 21st century.
Levinas’ ‘Totality and Infinity’
Authors: Large William
Published: April 2015

Emmanuel Levinas’ Totality and Infinity is a monumental work of phenomenological enquiry that goes on to assert the centrality of ethics to philosophical thought. This Reader’s Guide provides a detailed explanation of the work, breaking down the occasionally intimidating but always inspirational content of Totality and Infinity for non-specialist readers, unpacking the complexities of Levinas’ thought with clarity and rigour.
Validation of SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements using the TCCON and NDACC-MUSICA networks
Authors: Scheepmaker R. A. , Frankenberg C. , Deutscher N. M. , Schneider M. , Barthlott S. , Blumenstock T. , Garcia O. E. , Hase F. , Jones N. , Mahieu E. , Notholt J. , Velazco V. , Landgraf J. , Aben I.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Measurements of the atmospheric HDO/H2O ratio help us to better understand the hydrological cycle and improve models to correctly simulate tropospheric humidity and therefore climate change. We present an updated version of the column-averaged HDO/H2O ratio data set from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). The data set is extended with 2 additional years, now covering 2003–2007, and is validated against co-located ground-based total column δD measurements from Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, produced within the framework of the MUSICA project). Even though the time overlap among the available data is not yet ideal, we determined a mean negative bias in SCIAMACHY δD of −35 ± 30‰ compared to TCCON and −69 ± 15‰ compared to MUSICA (the uncertainty indicating the station-to-station standard deviation). The bias shows a latitudinal dependency, being largest (∼ −60 to −80‰) at the highest latitudes and smallest (∼ −20 to −30‰) at the lowest latitudes. We have tested the impact of an offset correction to the SCIAMACHY HDO and H2O columns. This correction leads to a humidity- and latitude-dependent shift in δD and an improvement of the bias by 27‰, although it does not lead to an improved correlation with the FTS measurements nor to a strong reduction of the latitudinal dependency of the bias. The correction might be an improvement for dry, high-altitude areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau and the Andes region. For these areas, however, validation is currently impossible due to a lack of ground stations. The mean standard deviation of single-sounding SCIAMACHY–FTS differences is ∼ 115‰, which is reduced by a factor ∼ 2 when we consider monthly means. When we relax the strict matching of individual measurements and focus on the mean seasonalities using all available FTS data, we find that the correlation coefficients between SCIAMACHY and the FTS networks improve from 0.2 to 0.7–0.8. Certain ground stations show a clear asymmetry in δD during the transition from the dry to the wet season and back, which is also detected by SCIAMACHY. This asymmetry points to a transition in the source region temperature or location of the water vapour and shows the added information that HDO/H2O measurements provide when used in combination with variations in humidity.
Glacial meltwater and primary production are drivers of strong CO2 uptake in fjord and coastal waters adjacent to the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Meire L. , Søgaard D. H. , Mortensen J. , Meysman F. J. R. , Soetaert K. , Arendt K. E. , Juul-Pedersen T. , Blicher M. E. , Rysgaard S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The Greenland Ice Sheet releases large amounts of freshwater, which strongly influences the physical and chemical properties of the adjacent fjord systems and continental shelves. Glacial meltwater input is predicted to strongly increase in the future, but the impact of meltwater on the carbonate dynamics of these productive coastal systems remains largely unquantified. Here we present seasonal observations of the carbonate system over the year 2013 in the surface waters of a west Greenland fjord (Godthåbsfjord) influenced by tidewater outlet glaciers. Our data reveal that the surface layer of the entire fjord and adjacent continental shelf are undersaturated in CO2 throughout the year. The average annual CO2 uptake within the fjord is estimated to be 65 g C m−2 yr−1, indicating that the fjord system is a strong sink for CO2. The largest CO2 uptake occurs in the inner fjord near to the Greenland Ice Sheet and high glacial meltwater input during the summer months correlates strongly with low pCO2 values. This strong CO2 uptake can be explained by the thermodynamic effect on the surface water pCO2 resulting from the mixing of fresh glacial meltwater and ambient saline fjord water, which results in a CO2 uptake of 1.8 mg C kg−1 of glacial ice melted. We estimated that 28% of the CO2 uptake can be attributed to the input of glacial meltwater, while the remaining part is due to high primary production. Our findings imply that glacial melt\\-water is an important driver for undersaturation in CO2 in fjord and coastal waters adjacent to large ice sheets.
Modelling climate change responses in tropical forests: similar productivity estimates across five models, but different mechanisms and responses
Authors: Rowland L. , Harper A. , Christoffersen B. O. , Galbraith D. R. , Imbuzeiro H. M. A. , Powell T. L. , Doughty C. , Levine N. M. , Malhi Y. , Saleska S. R. , Moorcroft P. R. , Meir P. , Williams M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Accurately predicting the response of Amazonia to climate change is important for predicting climate change across the globe. Changes in multiple climatic factors simultaneously result in complex non-linear ecosystem responses, which are difficult to predict using vegetation models. Using leaf- and canopy-scale observations, this study evaluated the capability of five vegetation models (Community Land Model version 3.5 coupled to the Dynamic Global Vegetation model – CLM3.5–DGVM; Ecosystem Demography model version 2 – ED2; the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 2.1 – JULES; Simple Biosphere model version 3 – SiB3; and the soil–plant–atmosphere model – SPA) to simulate the responses of leaf- and canopy-scale productivity to changes in temperature and drought in an Amazonian forest. The models did not agree as to whether gross primary productivity (GPP) was more sensitive to changes in temperature or precipitation, but all the models were consistent with the prediction that GPP would be higher if tropical forests were 5 °C cooler than current ambient temperatures. There was greater model–data consistency in the response of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) to changes in temperature than in the response to temperature by net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf area index (LAI). Modelled canopy-scale fluxes are calculated by scaling leaf-scale fluxes using LAI. At the leaf-scale, the models did not agree on the temperature or magnitude of the optimum points of An, Vcmax or gs, and model variation in these parameters was compensated for by variations in the absolute magnitude of simulated LAI and how it altered with temperature. Across the models, there was, however, consistency in two leaf-scale responses: (1) change in An with temperature was more closely linked to stomatal behaviour than biochemical processes; and (2) intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased with temperature, especially when combined with drought. These results suggest that even up to fairly extreme temperature increases from ambient levels (+6 °C), simulated photosynthesis becomes increasingly sensitive to gs and remains less sensitive to biochemical changes. To improve the reliability of simulations of the response of Amazonian rainforest to climate change, the mechanistic underpinnings of vegetation models need to be validated at both leaf- and canopy-scales to improve accuracy and consistency in the quantification of processes within and across an ecosystem.
Associations of Pregnancy Loss and Psychological State
Authors: Serapinas Danielius
Published: April 2015

Miscarriage and induced abortion are life events thatcan potentially cause mental distress. The objective of this study was literature review and to performcase study to determine whether there are any differencesin the patterns of psychological symptomsafter these two events and to point the importance of informed consent. In our study 20 women who experienced miscarriages and 20 women who underwent induced abortions were interviewed in Vilnius out patients clinics. We found that women who had pregnancy termination had more mental distress than women who experienced a miscarriage (guilty, anxiety, anger, episodes of crying etc). Women under going abortion had significantly more conflicts in their partnerships. Separation occurred in about one-quarter of all couples. In conclusion women who had undergone an abortion exhibited higher frequencyof psychological symptoms than after miscarriage. Although an answer to the causal question is not readily discerned based on the data available, as moreprospective studies with numerous controls arebeing published, indirect evidence for a causal connectionis beginning to emerge. So we may consider that it is necessary still before induced abortion procedure to inform the couples about an increasing possibility of mental distress.
The LifePump Innovation for Developing Countries
Authors: Bixler Gregory , Stathulis Stacey , Haubert Thomas , Lakovic Daniel , Sivandran Gajan
Published: April 2015

Water pumps installed in developing countries to provide access to clean water often break, forcing families to turn to surface water that can expose them to waterborne diseases. LifePump? has been engineered to stay operational and is offering communities in Africa reliable access to clean water.
A Better India Through Better Water
Authors: Lafrance David B.
Published: April 2015

Water professionals in India are taking on the complex task of addressing their country's water supply challenges. Once established, AWWAIndia will play a role in supporting their efforts.
Use of Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms in Urban Water Management: A Brief Overview
Authors: Seth Indranil
Published: April 2015

Although relatively new to the water industry and not without shortcomings, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are taking their place among other modeling tools that prove useful in urban water management.
Direct Potable Reuse: Its Time Has Come
Authors: Miller G. Wade
Published: April 2015

A rational conversation about direct potable reuse (DPR) would not have been possible six years ago. Even the appearance of advocating DPR, as this author did in a speech several years ago, was typically received with skepticism and even ridicule by some long‐time water professionals and the academic community. DPR has come a long way since then. Several events occurred that have served as a catalyst for the practice and acceptance of DPR.
Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion
Authors: Alyn Jody , Segal Martha
Published: April 2015

In November 2014 the Diversity & Member Inclusion Committee held its annual in‐person fall meeting at AWWA headquarters in Denver, Colo. During the meeting, the committee set aside the better part of a day that was devoted to learning more about diversity and inclusion. Each year the committee invites a professional whose sole work is fostering diversity and inclusion to come speak with us, teach us, coach us, and make us better at the role that our committee membership requires. This year our teacher, coach, and mentor was Jody Alyn. For over 20 years, Jody has worked with corporations, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, and government organizations to help them achieve their bottom‐line potential through the implementation of inclusive strategies and dynamic cultural‐change practices. Her real‐world solutions are a guide for implementing positive strategies and taking practical steps toward positive business practices through diversity and inclusion.
Forager Interactions on the Edge of the Early Mississippian World: Neutron Activation Analysis of Ocmulgee and St. Johns Pottery
Authors: Ashley Keith , Wallis Neill J. , Glascock Michael D.
Published: April 2015

This study integrates disparate geographical areas of the American Southeast to show how studies of Early Mississippian (A.D. 900-1250) interactions can benefit from a multiscalar approach. Rather than focus on contact and exchanges between farming communities, as is the case with most Mississippian interaction studies, we turn our attention to social relations between village-dwelling St. Johns II fisher-hunter-gatherers of northeastern Florida and more mobile Ocmulgee foragers of southern-central Georgia; non-neighboring groups situated beyond and within the southeastern edge of the Mississippian world, respectively. We draw upon neutron activation analysis data to document the presence of both imported and locally produced Ocmulgee Cordmarked wares in St. Johns II domestic and ritual contexts. Establishing social relations with Ocmulgee households or kin groups through exchange and perhaps marriage would have facilitated St. Johns II access into the Early Mississippian world and enabled them to acquire the exotic copper, stone, and other minerals found in St. Johns mortuary mounds. This study underscores the multiscalarity of past societies and the importance of situating local histories in broader geographical contexts.
The impact of current CH4 and N2O atmospheric loss process uncertainties on calculated ozone abundances and trends
Authors: Fleming Eric L. , George Christian , Heard Dwayne E. , Jackman Charles H. , Kurylo Michael J. , Mellouki Wahid , Orkin Vladimir L. , Swartz William H. , Wallington Timothy J. , Wine Paul H. , Burkholder James B.
Published: April 2015

The atmospheric loss processes of N2O and CH4, their estimated uncertainties, lifetimes, and impacts on ozone abundance and long‐term trends are examined using atmospheric model calculations and updated kinetic and photochemical parameters and uncertainty factors from Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) (2013). The uncertainty ranges in calculated N2O and CH4 global lifetimes computed using the SPARC estimated uncertainties are reduced by nearly a factor of 2 compared with uncertainties from Sander et al. (2011). Uncertainties in CH4 loss due to reaction with OH and O(1D) have relatively small impacts on present‐day global total ozone (±0.2–0.5%). Uncertainty in the Cl + CH4 reaction affects the amount of chlorine in radical versus reservoir forms and has a modest impact on present‐day southern hemisphere (SH) polar ozone (~±6%) and on the rate of past ozone decline and future recovery. Uncertainty in the total rate coefficient for the O(1D) + N2O reaction results in a substantial range in present‐day stratospheric odd nitrogen (±20–25%) and global total ozone (±1.5–2.5%). Uncertainty in the O(1D) + N2O reaction branching ratio for the O2 + N2 and 2NO product channels results in moderate impacts on odd nitrogen (±10%) and global ozone (±1%), with uncertainty in N2O photolysis resulting in relatively small impacts (±5% in odd nitrogen, ±0.5% in global ozone). Uncertainties in the O(1D) + N2O reaction and its branching ratio also affect the rate of past global total ozone decline and future recovery, with a range in future ozone projections of ±1–1.5% by 2100, relative to present day.
Sunshine duration variability and trends in Italy from homogenized instrumental time series (1936–2013)
Authors: Manara Veronica , Beltrano Maria Carmen , Brunetti Michele , Maugeri Maurizio , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo , Simolo Claudia , Sorrenti Simona
Published: April 2015

A data set of quality checked daily sunshine duration measurements was collected from 104 Italian sites over the 1936 to 2013 period. Monthly mean values were homogenized, projected onto a grid, and subjected to principle component analysis, which identified two significantly different regions: North and South. Sunshine duration temporal evolution is presented, and possible reasons for differences between the two regions are discussed in the light of a comparison with the trends found in observations of total cloud cover and with results from two neighboring regions: the Alps and Spain. In addition, trends for irradiance records, estimated from sunshine duration records using the Ångström‐Prescott formula, are presented too. The major feature of the trends, an increase in sunshine duration from the mid‐1980s, was common to both northern and southern Italy; the decrease in the preceding 30 year period was not, as northern Italy had a lower rate of decrease than southern Italy. The few records available during the earliest period of the data set indicate that sunshine duration in Italy increased from the mid‐1930s to the mid‐1950s. The further steps needed to identify and quantify the mechanisms giving rise to the observed trends and to the reported regional differences in dimming and brightening are outlined.
Cloud microphysical relationships and their implication on entrainment and mixing mechanism for the stratocumulus clouds measured during the VOCALS project
Authors: Yum Seong Soo , Wang Jian , Liu Yangang , Senum Gunnar , Springston Stephen , McGraw Robert , Yeom Jae Min
Published: April 2015

Cloud microphysical data obtained from G‐1 aircraft flights over the southeastern Pacific during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems Ocean‐Cloud‐Atmosphere‐Land Study Regional Experiment field campaign were analyzed for evidence of entrainment mixing of dry air from above cloud top. Mixing diagram analysis was made for the horizontal flight data recorded at 1 Hz and 40 Hz. The dominant observed feature, a positive relationship between cloud droplet mean volume (V) and liquid water content (L), suggested occurrence of homogeneous mixing. On the other hand, estimation of the relevant scale parameters (i.e., transition length scale and transition scale number) consistently indicated inhomogeneous mixing. Importantly, the flight altitudes of the measurements were significantly below cloud top. We speculate that mixing of the entrained air near the cloud top may have indeed been inhomogeneous; but due to vertical circulation mixing, the correlation between V and L became positive at the measurement altitudes in midlevel of clouds, because during their descent, cloud droplets evaporate, faster in more diluted cloud parcels, leading to a positive correlation between V and L regardless of the mixing mechanism near the cloud top.
Detectability of historical trends in station‐based precipitation characteristics over the continental United States
Authors: Anderson Bruce T. , Gianotti Daniel J. , Salvucci Guido D.
Published: April 2015

The goal of this paper is to detect secular trends in observed, station‐based precipitation variations and extreme event occurrences over the United States. By definition, detectable trends are those that are unlikely to have arisen from internal variability alone. To represent this internal variability, we use station‐specific, seasonally varying, daily time scale stationary stochastic weather models—models in which the simulated interannual‐to‐multidecadal precipitation variance is purely the result of the random evolution of daily precipitation events within a given time period—to first estimate the trends in various means and extremes that can occur even with fixed, climatological daily precipitation characteristics. Detection of secular trends in the observed climate—whether naturally or anthropogenically induced—can then be defined relative to this stochastic variability, i.e., as trends in the means and/or extremes that are likely to have occurred only through a change in the underlying precipitation characteristics. The derived results have two important ramifications. First, they identify “hot spot” regions in which trends in precipitation characteristics are already emerging from within the envelope of stochastic variability, including (but not limited to) positive trends in annual occurrence across most of the U.S. and positive trends in annual intensity and heavy‐event accumulations across the Interior Plains and around the Great Lakes. Further, they identify “sentinel” metrics which show the greatest detectability—e.g., annual precipitation occurrence and intensity—as well as those which show the least detectability and hence are unlikely to produce any statistically meaningful signals—e.g., seasonal total precipitation and extremes.
Performance assessment of lower VHF band for short‐range communication and geolocation applications
Authors: Dagefu Fikadu T. , Choi Jihun , Sheikhsofla Morteza , Sadler Brian M. , Sarabandi Kamal
Published: April 2015

The focus of this paper is to characterize near‐ground wave propagation in the lower very high frequency (VHF) band and to assess advantages that this frequency band offers for reliable short‐range low‐data rate communications and geolocation applications in highly cluttered environments as compared to conventional systems in the microwave range. With the advent of palm‐sized miniaturized VHF antennas, interest in low‐power and low‐frequency communication links is increasing because (1) channel complexity is far less in this frequency band compared to higher frequencies and (2) significant signal penetration through/over obstacles is possible at this frequency. In this paper, we quantify the excess path loss and small‐scale fading at the lower VHF and the 2.4 GHz bands based on short‐range measurements in various environments. We consider indoor‐to‐indoor, outdoor‐to‐indoor, and non‐line‐of‐sight outdoor measurements and compare the results with measurements at higher frequencies which are used in conventional systems (i.e., 2.4 GHz). Propagation measurements at the lower VHF band are carried out by using an electrically small antenna to assess the possibility of achieving a miniaturized, mobile system for near‐ground communication. For each measurement scenario considered, path loss and small‐scale fading are characterized after calibrating the differences in the systems used for measurements at different frequencies, including variations in antenna performance.
Modification of turbulent dissipation rates by a deep Southern Ocean eddy
Authors: Sheen K. L. , Brearley J. A. , Naveira Garabato A. C. , Smeed D. A. , Laurent L. St. , Meredith M. P. , Thurnherr A. M. , Waterman S. N.
Published: April 2015

The impact of a mesoscale eddy on the magnitude and spatial distribution of diapycnal ocean mixing is investigated using a set of hydrographic and microstructure measurements collected in the Southern Ocean. These data sampled a baroclinic, middepth eddy formed during the disintegration of a deep boundary current. Turbulent dissipation is suppressed within the eddy but is elevated by up to an order of magnitude along the upper and lower eddy boundaries. A ray tracing approximation is employed as a heuristic device to elucidate how the internal wave field evolves in the ambient velocity and stratification conditions accompanying the eddy. These calculations are consistent with the observations, suggesting reflection of internal wave energy from the eddy center and enhanced breaking through critical layer processes along the eddy boundaries. These results have important implications for understanding where and how internal wave energy is dissipated in the presence of energetic deep geostrophic flows.
The global distribution of largest, deepest, and most intense precipitation systems
Authors: Liu Chuntao , Zipser Edward J.
Published: April 2015

By grouping the contiguous precipitating area detected by the precipitation radar on board the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) core satellite, snapshots of precipitation systems are summarized as precipitation features (PFs), and their properties are cataloged from 1 year GPM observations. These PFs are categorized by their area and depth and convective intensity based on the 20 and 40 dBZ radar echo tops, respectively. The largest PFs are found mainly over ocean at the mid‐high latitudes, especially over southern ocean. The deepest PFs are mainly over tropical land, the West Pacific Warm Pool, and the Great Plains of the United States and Argentina. The most convectively intense PFs are dominant over land regions, including midlatitude and high latitude. The zonal precipitation contribution from extremely large precipitation systems is greater in midlatitude and high latitude than in the tropics. These extreme precipitation systems are rare but contribute significantly to the global precipitation. It is important to include their impacts in global climate models to correctly describe the global water cycle.
Longriba fault zone in eastern Tibet: An important tectonic boundary marking the westernmost edge of the Yangtze block
Authors: Guo Xiaoyu , Gao Rui , Xu Xiao , Keller G. Randy , Yin An , Xiong Xiaosong
Published: April 2015

Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements across eastern Tibet reveal a sharp velocity gradient zone located about 150 km west of the Longmen Shan frontal thrust zone, where eastward block motion of Tibet decreases from ~12 mm/yr to ~3 mm/yr over a distance of less than 10 km. In order to investigate the tectonic cause for this rapid change in GPS velocity, together with systematic review on the available geological and geophysical data in easternmost Tibet, we provide new constraints on the tectonic feature of the Longriba fault zone from Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar data. We propose that the NE striking Longriba fault zone is the key structure responsible for the observed sharp gradient in GPS velocities. In addition, the evidence indicates that the Longriba fault zone, instead of the Longmen Shan fault zone, marks the westernmost edge of the Yangtze crustal block. Given the irregular western margin of the Yangtze block, the Longriba fault zone represents part of the actual tectonic boundary between the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane and the Yangtze block. The newly identified western edge of the Yangtze block implies a paleocontinent‐ocean boundary at depth. This boundary was a potential weak zone and may have been exploited during the formation of the Longriba fault zone. The results of this paper should advance our understanding of the tectonic relationship between the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane and Yangtze block and provide additional constraints for studies of the geodynamic response of eastern Tibet to the ongoing India‐Eurasia collision.