bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent nucleophilicities of hexafluoroisopropanol/water mixtures
Authors: Ammer Johannes , Mayr Herbert
Published: November 2012

First‐order rate constants k1 for the trapping of various donor‐ and acceptor‐substituted benzhydrylium ions in mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) and water ranging from 50 to 99% HFIP (w/w) were determined by laser flash photolytic generation of benzhydrylium ions from benzhydryl triarylphosphonium salts in these solvents. From these rate constants, we derived the solvent‐specific reactivity parameters N1 and sN for HFIP/water mixtures as defined by the linear free energy relationship lg k1(20 °C) = sN(N1 + E). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of (1,3‐phenylene)bis(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl pentylidene)dilithium initiator concentration on the modality of polybutadiene
Authors: Vasilakopoulos Thodoris C. , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: November 2012

The strong influence of (1,3‐phenylene)bis(3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl pentylidene)dilithium initiator (DLI) concentration on the modality of polybutadiene (PBd) in the presence of lithium s‐butoxide (s‐BuOLi) in benzene, at room temperature, has been studied. The quality of DLI has been evaluated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and 1H NMR. Keeping s‐BuOLi/C‐Li ratio (R) close to unity, at relatively high DLI concentrations (C > 7 × 10−4 M), monomodal high 1,4‐PBds with polydispersity index less than 1.07 were obtained, whereas bimodal ones at lower concentrations (C < 6 × 10−4 M). The effect of C‐Li concentration on the modality of PBd has been evaluated using size exclusion chromatography on samples taken during and at the end of the polymerization. Viscosity observations have also been used to further support the results. The bimodality of PBd has been attributed to partially terminated difunctional species because of the inevitable presence of protic impurities in the polymerization solution, although high vacuum technique was used, which becomes more significant at low initiator concentrations. Moreover, the strong influence of s‐BuOLi on the microstructure of PBd has been demonstrated by 1H NMR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Thermoswitchable fluorescence organogels based on hydrogen bond‐assisted chiral gelators
Authors: Liu Wen‐Tzu , Tohnai Norimitsu , Hisaki Ichiro , Miyata Mikiji , Chen Wen‐Ting , Wu Yen‐Jou , Liu Jui‐Hsiang
Published: November 2012

To clarify the individual effect of secondary forces on the self‐assembly of molecules, a chiral cholesteryl N‐(2‐anthryl) carbamate (CAC) consisting of anthryl, carbamate, and cholesteryl groups was synthesized. From the results of the temperature‐dependent 1H NMR, the hydrogen bond‐assisted π–π interaction was found to maintain the growth of the axis of the self‐assembled structure, and the three‐dimensional effect from the cholesteryl group induces the rotational structure. Fluorescence behavior of the CAC molecules with and without assistance of secondary forces was investigated. Thermoswitchable fluorescence of gelators was observed. Supramolecular organogels reveal significant enhanced fluorescence strength due to the aggregation‐induced enhanced emission of the CAC molecules. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Heterograft brush copolymers via romp and triple click reaction strategies involving CuAAC, diels–alder, and nitroxide radical coupling reactions
Authors: Cakir Nese , Yavuzarslan Merve , Durmaz Hakan , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit
Published: November 2012

In this study, an equimolar mixture of oxanorbornenyl‐anthracene (ONB‐anthracene), oxanorbornenyl‐bromide (ONB‐Br), and oxanorbornenyl tosylate (ONB‐OTs) was polymerized via ring opening metathesis polymerization using the first generation Grubbs' catalyst in CH2Cl2 at room temperature to form poly(ONB‐anthracene‐co‐ONB‐Br‐co‐ONB‐OTs)10 copolymer as a main backbone. Next, this main backbone was sequentially clicked with a furan protected maleimide‐terminated poly(methyl methacrylate), 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol), and alkyne‐terminated poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL20‐alkyne) via Diels–Alder, nitroxide radical coupling, and copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition, respectively, to yield a poly(ONB‐g‐PMMA‐co‐ONB‐g‐PEG‐co‐ONB‐g‐PCL)10 heterograft brush copolymer © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
One‐step synthesis of block copolymers using a hydroxyl‐functionalized trithiocarbonate RAFT agent as a dual initiator for RAFT polymerization and ROP
Authors: Kang Hyun Uk , Yu Young Chang , Shin Sang Jin , Youk Ji Ho
Published: November 2012

A range of well‐defined block copolymers were synthesized using 4‐cyano‐4‐(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanylpentanol (CDP) as a dual initiator for reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) in a one‐step process. Styrene, (meth)acrylate, and acrylamide monomers were polymerized in a controlled manner for one block composed of vinyl monomers, and δ‐valerolactone (VL), ε‐caprolactone (CL), trimethylene carbonate (TMC), and L‐lactide (LA) were used for the other block composed of cyclic monomers. Diphenyl phosphate was used as a catalyst for the ROP of VL, CL, and TMC, and 4‐dimethyamino pyridine for the ROP of LA. These catalysts did not interfere with RAFT polymerization and the synthesis of various block copolymers proceeded in a controlled manner. CDP was found to be a very useful dual initiator for a one‐step synthesis of various block copolymers by a combination of RAFT polymerization and ROP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Breast cancer biomarker measurements and standards
Authors: Cole Kenneth D. , He Hua‐Jun , Wang Lili
Published: November 2012

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by changes in the levels and activities of important cellular proteins, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Genetic mutations cause changes in protein activity and protein expression levels that result in the altered metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis seen in cancer cells. The identification of the critical biochemical changes in cancer has led to advances in its detection and treatment. An important example of this is the measurement of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), where increased expression occurs in approximately 20–30% of breast cancer tumors. HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and is an important biomarker expressed on the cell surface. Measurement of the HER2 levels in tumor cells provides diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment information, because a targeted therapeutic is available. The most common methods to measure HER2 levels are immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays. The accurate and reliable measurements of the specific changes in protein biomarkers for detection and treatment of cancer are important challenges. This review is focused on efforts to improve the quantitation and reliability of cancer biomarkers by using standards and reference materials.
The emerging field of chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics
Authors: Hess Sonja
Published: November 2012

The emerging field of chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics studies the mechanisms of action of bioactive molecules in a systems pharmacology context. In contrast to traditional drug discovery, pharmacoproteomics integrates the mechanism of a drug's action, its side effects including toxicity, and the discovery of new drug targets in a single approach. Thus, it determines early favorable (e.g. multiple kinase target in cancer drugs) and unfavorable (e.g. side effects) polypharmacology. Target profiling is accomplished using either active site‐labeling probes or immobilized drugs. This strategy identifies direct targets and has in fact enabled even the determination of binding curves and half maximum inhibitory concentrations of these targets. In addition, the enrichment greatly reduces the complexity of the proteome to be analyzed by quantitative MS. Complementary to these approaches, global proteomics profiling studying drug treatement‐induced changes in protein expression levels and/or post‐translational modification status have started to become possible mostly due to significant improvements in instrumentation. Particularly, when using multidimensional separations, a considerable proteome depth of up to 10 000 proteins can be achieved with current state‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometers and bioinformatics tools. In summary, chemo‐ and pharmacoproteomics has already contributed significantly to the identification of novel drug targets and their mechanisms of action(s). Aided by further technological advancements, this interdisciplinary approach will likely be used more broadly in the future.
Clinical proteomics for diagnosis and typing of systemic amyloidoses
Authors: Brambilla Francesca , Lavatelli Francesca , Merlini Giampaolo , Mauri Pierluigi
Published: November 2012

Amyloidoses are characterized by deposition of misfolded proteins as β‐pleated sheet fibrils in organs. Despite the similar morphologic appearance of fibrils, at least 28 different proteins have been identified as causative agents of amyloidosis in humans, 14 of which responsible for systemic forms. Correct identification of the amyloidogenic proteins in each patient is crucial for clinical management, in order to avoid misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and to assess the prognosis. Amyloidosis, being essentially a protein deposition disorder, is an attractive venue for the application of proteomics methodologies; among the different possible analytic goals, the most important is the unequivocal diagnosis and typing of the amyloid deposits. Amyloidosis typing has been traditionally based on a multidisciplinary approach, requiring detailed clinical evaluation and immunohistochemical studies together with biochemical and genetic tests. However, drawbacks of immunohistochemistry‐based techniques have driven the search for alternative methods for direct amyloid typing. In particular, MS‐based proteomics, recently introduced in the clinical practice with or without the previous 2DE separation of proteins, has revolutionized amyloid typing. This review provides a description of current proteomics methods for the identification of the amyloidogenic proteins, with special attention to the most innovative MS‐based techniques.
Glycated proteome: From reaction to intervention
Authors: Kulkarni Mahesh J. , Korwar Arvind M. , Mary Sheon , Bhonsle Hemangi S. , Giri Ashok P.
Published: November 2012

Glycation, a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, is a proteome wide phenomenon, predominantly observed in diabetes due to hyperglycemia. Glycated proteome of plasma, kidney, lens, and brain are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetic complications, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging. This review discusses the strategies to characterize protein glycation, its functional implications in different diseases, and intervention strategies to protect the deleterious effects of protein glycation.
Defect engineering of Si nanocrystal interfaces
Authors: Zacharias Margit , Hiller Daniel , Hartel Andreas , Gutsch Sebastian
Published: November 2012

The photoluminescence of Si nanocrystals is often assigned to exciton recombination confined within the nanocrystals. However, localized radiative or non‐radiative defects at the nanocrystal (NC) interface can drastically influence the NCs ensemble and reduce the luminescence output. In addition, size of the NCs as well as embedding host are playing a major role and have a significant influence on the optical properties. Here we summarize our work on size controlled Si NCs based on the SiOx/SiO2 superlattice approach. We will discuss how to distinguish between defects at the NC‐Si/SiO2 interface and defects in the matrix and demonstrate ways for effective NC surface passivation. The influence of different annealing ambient used for crystallization will be shown. Such perfectly defect passivated and size controlled samples will be used as a model system to discuss size dependent quantum properties such as the temperature dependent blue shift of the Si NC band gap.
Wavelength‐dependent determination of the recombination rate coefficients in single‐quantum‐well GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes
Authors: Schiavon Dario , Binder Michael , Peter Matthias , Galler Bastian , Drechsel Philipp , Scholz Ferdinand
Published: November 2012

The recombination rate coefficients (RRCs) A, B, and C in MOVPE‐grown single‐quantum‐well light emitting diodes spanning the entire blue‐green spectral range are determined by fitting efficiency curves and differential carrier lifetimes. The results show definite trends for each of the RRCs: A tendentially decreases with increasing wavelength, B definitely decreases, and C remains approximately constant. Therefore, the increase of the droop with increasing wavelength (the green gap problem) is rather due to the decrease of B than an increase of C. The determined values of C are shown to be similar to what has been predicted by others with first‐principles computer simulations accounting for phonon‐assisted Auger recombination. Samples grown on sapphire and silicon substrates are compared and show significant differences only for the RRC A, presumably due to the difference in threading dislocation density.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Five Rhubarb Anthraquinones in Normal and Thrombotic Focal Cerebral Ischemia‐Induced Rats
Authors: Feng Su‐xiang , Li Jian‐sheng , Qu Ling‐bo , Shi Yan‐mei , Zhao Di
Published: November 2012

A comparative oral pharmacokinetic study of five anthraquinones (aloe‐emodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion) from the extract of Rheum palmatum L. was performed in normal and thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia (TFCI)‐induced rats. The plasma samples were clarified through solid phase extraction prior to simultaneous determination of the anthraquinones with a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography ‐fluorescence system. The results indicated that the Cmax, t1/2 and AUC0‐t, of aloe‐emodin, rhein, emodin and chrysophanol in TFCI‐induced rats were nearly double, whereas the CL values were remarkably decreased (p < 0.05) over those of the normal rats. The plasma drug concentration–time data of five anthraquinones to rats fitted a two‐compartment open model. The five anthraquinones in rat plasma were absorbed quickly and eliminated slowly in both groups. The obtained results could be helpful for evaluating the impact of the efficacy and safety of the drug in clinical applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of dealloying by ultra‐high‐resolution nanotomography
Authors: Hashimoto T. , Curioni M. , Zhou X. , Mancuso J. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E.
Published: November 2012

Sequential sectioning and sequential imaging by scanning electron microscopy have been employed to obtain three‐dimensional images of an AA2024‐T3 aluminium alloy after exposure to sodium chloride solution. The three‐dimensional arrangement of intermetallic particles within the alloy was disclosed, indicating that groupings of intermetallics are preferential sites for corrosion initiation due to the combined presence of defects such as cracks or voids and local differences in electrochemical potential. Three‐dimensional imaging enabled the study of the dealloying process occurring on the S‐phase particles (Al–Cu–Mg) during corrosion, revealing the details of a copper‐rich sponge‐like structure. Initially, dealloying proceeds by initial formation of a copper‐rich nanoporous layer containing significant amounts of residual aluminium and magnesium. Subsequently, the layer dealloys further, increasing the free volume of the porous structure. At later stages of dealloying, some copper metal clusters detach from the substrate and oxidize. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The seismic retrofit of UC Berkeley's California Memorial Stadium
Authors: Friedman David A. , Vignos Rene , Walters Mason T. , Petteys Chris , Bomba Geoff
Published: November 2012

This paper addresses the seismic retrofit of the University of California at Berkeley's California Memorial Stadium (CMS) to accommodate surface fault rupture movements as well as intense seismic shaking from the Hayward fault. For the surface fault rupture aspect of the project, the project team took a multidisciplinary approach that involved structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, seismologists and geologists collaborating to establish design criteria and possible surface rupture scenarios. The mechanics of surface fault rupture are discussed relative to the structural design approach that mitigates the effects of surface deformations caused by the fault during an earthquake. The effects of the surface fault rupture were studied using small scale physical models and nonlinear finite element models of the building and rupturing ground surface. The retrofit scheme accommodates the concentrated ground deformations of an estimated 6 ft of horizontal movement and 2 ft of vertical offset caused by a surface fault rupture. Segments of the CMS that overlay the regions of possible surface fault rupture were decoupled from the main structure via movement gaps to accommodate relative displacements of the building segments, including tilting in the event of earthquake‐produced fault rupture. The results of the analyses are discussed along with the design decisions and challenges of retrofitting a historic structure that resides on an active fault. While a large portion of the engineering effort was devoted to solving the issue of accommodating surface rupture, another large engineering challenge also dominated the design of the CMS. One of the signature architectural features of the stadium is a two‐story, 375‐ft long press box that hovers above the new west side of the seating bowl. Although designing the press box on limited supports to give the appearance of ‘hovering’ was a challenge, the real challenge came in safely bracing this structure for large potential ground motions at this site. The interface between the flexible support of the press box and the rigid seating bowl became a challenge, solved by providing a separation between the bowl and press box structures allowing them to move independently while linking them only with fluid viscous dampers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency characteristics of electromagnetic bandgap structure with bow‐tie cells and its optimal design based on particle swarm optimization
Authors: Yu‐Bo Tian , Yue Dong , Zhi‐Bin Xie , Sha Sha , Tao Peng
Published: November 2012

The electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure, which is widely used in the microwave and millimeter‐wave fields, is a kind of photonic crystal. An EBG structure with bow‐tie cells having different tapered forms is presented in this paper. Furthermore, the EBG structure is optimized by using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimal results show that the optimized EBG structure with bow‐tie cells has a good stop‐band performance and large relative bandwidth. The passband ripples of the EBG structure are very small and basically symmetrical. The frequency characteristic of the optimized EBG structure is found to be excellent. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure of Turbostratically Disordered Misfit Layer Compounds [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1
Authors: Smeller Mary M. , Heideman Colby L. , Lin Qiyin , Beekman Matt , Anderson Michael D. , Zschack Paul , Anderson Ian M. , Johnson David C.
Published: November 2012

The structures of three new misfit layer compounds, [(PbSe)0.99]1[WSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.00]1[MoSe2]1, and [(SnSe)1.03]1[MoSe2]1, prepared as thin films from designed elementally modulated reactant precursors, have been investigated by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. This is the second report of a misfit layer compound based on tin selenide and the first structure determinations of tungsten‐ and molybdenum‐containing misfit layer compounds. The compounds have mismatches in both the a‐ and b‐axis (in‐plane) lattice parameters of the component structural units, which result in misfit parameters, δ, both greater and smaller than zero. Pole figures of hk0‐type reflections indicate that c‐axis‐oriented (basal plane) dichalcogenide‐structured units are randomly oriented within the a‐b plane. The widths of diffraction peaks of type hk0, 00l, and hkl (h, k ≠ 0; l ≠ 0) indicate coherence lengths of approximately (6 to 7) nm within the a‐b plane, the full thickness of the film along the c‐axis, and (1 to 2) nm in mixed‐index directions, respectively, consistent with random rotational disorder between the constituents, commonly termed turbostratic disorder in the clay literature. The intensities of 00l‐ and hk0‐type diffraction peaks were modeled to determine the structure of atomic planes along the c axis and the projection of the constituent structures onto the a‐b plane, respectively.
LRRK2 interactions with α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease brains and in cell models
Authors: Guerreiro Patrícia Silva , Huang Yue , Gysbers Amanda , Cheng Danni , Gai Wei Ping , Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Halliday Glenda Margaret
Published: November 2012

Mutations in the genes encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and α-synuclein are associated with both autosomal dominant and idiopathic forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). α-Synuclein is the main protein in Lewy bodies, hallmark inclusions present in both sporadic and familial PD. We show that in PD brain tissue, the levels of LRRK2 are positively related to the increase in α-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation in affected brain regions (amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex), but not in the unaffected visual cortex. In disease-affected regions, we show co-localization of these two proteins in neurons and Lewy body inclusions. Further, in vitro experiments show a molecular interaction between α-synuclein and LRRK2 under endogenous and over-expression conditions. In a cell culture model of α-synuclein inclusion formation, LRRK2 co-localizes with the α-synuclein inclusions, and knocking down LRRK2 increases the number of smaller inclusions. In addition to providing strong evidence for an interaction between LRRK2 and α-synuclein, our results shed light on the complex relationship between these two proteins in the brains of patients with PD and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease.
Suture Button Suspension following Trapeziectomy in a Cadaver Model
Authors: Song Yohan , Cox Christopher A. , Yao Jeffrey
Published: November 2012

Background

The safety and the effects of different trajectories on thumb motion of suture-button suspensionplasty post-trapeziectomy are not known.

Method

In a cadaveric model, thumb range of motion, trapeziectomy space height, and distance between the device and nerve to the first dorsal interosseous muscle (first DI) were measured for proximal and distal trajectory groups. Proximal trajectory was defined as a suture button angle directed from the thumb metacarpal to the second metacarpal at a trajectory less than 60° from the horizontal; distal trajectory was defined as a suture button angle directed from the thumb metacarpal to the second metacarpal at a trajectory of greater than 60° from the horizontal ( Fig. 1 ). [Figure: see text]

Results

There were no significant differences in range of motion and trapeziectomy space height between both groups. The device was significantly further away from the nerve to the first DI in the proximal trajectory group compared to the distal trajectory group, but was still safely away from the nerve in both groups (greater than 1 cm). Conclusions These results suggest that the device placement in either a proximal or distal location on the second metacarpal will yield similar results regarding safety and thumb range of motion.
The unique nucleotide specificity of the sucrose synthase from Thermosynechococcus elongatus
Authors: Figueroa Carlos M. , Asención Diez Matías D. , Kuhn Misty L. , McEwen Sheila , Salerno Graciela L. , Iglesias Alberto A. , Ballicora Miguel A.
Published: November 2012

Sucrose synthase catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and UDP into fructose and UDP‐glucose. In filamentous cyanobacteria, the sucrose cleavage direction plays a key physiological function in carbon metabolism, nitrogen fixation, and stress tolerance. In unicellular strains, the function of sucrose synthase has not been elucidated. We report a detailed biochemical characterization of sucrose synthase from Thermosynechococcus elongatus after the gene was artificially synthesized for optimal expression in Escherichia coli. The homogeneous recombinant sucrose synthase was highly specific for ADP as substrate, constituting the first one with this unique characteristic, and strongly suggesting an interaction between sucrose and glycogen metabolism.
Cytoplasmic targeting of the proto‐oncogene SET promotes cell spreading and migration
Authors: Lam B. Daniel , Anthony Eloise C. , Hordijk Peter L.
Published: November 2012

RAC1
physically interacts
with
SET
by
pull down
(View interaction
).
A strategy to increase the number of deliveries with skilled birth attendants in Kenya
Authors: Tomedi Angelo , Tucker Katherine , Mwanthi Mutuku A.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To increase the number of deliveries with skilled birth attendants (SBAs) in Kenyan health facilities, with assistance from traditional birth attendants (TBAs).

Methods

In the Yatta district of Kenya, TBAs were recruited to attend meetings in which they were encouraged to educate pregnant women about the importance of delivering in health facilities; they were offered a small stipend for each pregnant woman they brought to a facility for SBA delivery. The primary outcome was the percentage of prenatal care patients who delivered at intervention health facilities compared with control facilities.

Results

During the year preceding the intervention, 102/524 (19.5%) and 413/2068 (20.0%) prenatal care patients had SBA deliveries at intervention and control facilities, respectively. During the 1‐year study period, 217/440 (49.3%) prenatal care patients delivered at intervention health facilities and 415/1995 (20.8%) delivered at control facilities (P < 0.001). Deliveries at intervention facilities increased 113% in the study year compared with the preceding year.

Conclusion

The rate of SBA births in health facilities increased when TBAs were recruited and compensated for bringing women to local health facilities to deliver.
Isomorphisms between positive and negative -transformations
Authors: KALLE CHARLENE
Published: November 2012

We compare a piecewise linear map with constant slope$\beta \gt 1$and a piecewise linear map with constant slope$-\beta $. These maps are called the positive and negative$\beta $-transformations. We show that for a certain set of$\beta $s, the multinacci numbers, there exists a measurable isomorphism between these two maps. We further show that for all other values of$\beta $between 1 and 2 the two maps cannot be isomorphic.
Protective effects of dietary arginine supplementation against oxidative stress in weaned piglets
Authors: Zheng Ping , Yu Bing , He Jun , Tian Gang , Luo Yuheng , Mao Xiangbing , Zhang Keying , Che Lianqiang , Chen Daiwen
Published: November 2012

Oxidative stress is detrimental to animals. Previous studies have indicated that arginine (Arg) may function as a potential substance against oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms behind the Arg-induced protective effects against oxidative stress in piglets. A total of thirty-six piglets were randomly allocated to six groups with six replicates per group. Piglets were subjected to three dietary treatments (namely two groups per treatment) in week 1 and fed with a basal diet (ArgL) or the basal diet supplemented with 0·8 % (ArgM) or 1·6 % (ArgH)l-Arg, respectively. On day 8, piglets were injected intraperitoneally either with diquat (10 mg/kg body weight) or sterile saline. The whole trial lasted 11 d. Results showed that dietary Arg supplementation did not affect growth performance in week 1. Oxidative stress significantly decreased the growth performance of piglets (P< 0·05). However, ArgH attenuated the negative effects of oxidative stress on feed intake and significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity in the liver under oxidative stress (P< 0·05). Both ArgM and ArgH enhanced the activities of plasma glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutases and decreased the IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA level in the liver under oxidative stress (P< 0·05). The present study not only shows that Arg can function as a potential nutrient to alleviate oxidative stress responses through the enhancement of antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but the results also suggest that alleviation of oxidative stress responses using dietary nutrient components deserves further attention in the future.
Tri-axial accelerometers tease apart discrete behaviours in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis
Authors: Lyons G.N. , Pope E.C. , Kostka B. , Wilson R.P. , Dobrajc Z. , Houghton J.D.R.
Published: November 2012

Acceleration data loggers can be used to construct time–energy budgets or identify specific behaviours in free living animals. Within a marine context such devices have been largely deployed on vertebrates with comparatively little attention paid to commercially important invertebrates such as cephalopod molluscs. Here we tested the utility of tri-axial accelerometers to tease apart six discrete behaviours in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. By considering depth profiles in conjunction with body pitch and roll and overall dynamic body acceleration we were able to make distinctions between resting at the seabed, active swimming, mating, post-coital panting and active manoeuvring along the seabed.
Alien polychaete species worldwide: current status and their impacts
Authors: Çinar Melih Ertan
Published: November 2012

This paper reviews the alien polychaete species in the world's oceans and their impacts on the marine ecosystems and humans. A total of 292 polychaete species belonging to 164 genera and 39 families have been transported around the world's oceans with human-mediated assistance. Almost 15% of total number of known polychaete genera and 3.4% of total number of species are included in this phenomenon. A total of 180 species have become established in the world's oceans and 31 species (casual species) have a potential to establish viable populations in a new location. The most speciose genera areHydroides(16 species) andPolydora(16 species), both accounting for 10% of the total number of alien species. The families Spionidae (53 species) and Serpulidae (46 species) have the highest number of alien species. The Mediterranean Sea (134 species), and the coasts of the Hawaii Islands (47 species) and the USA Pacific (34 species) have been intensively invaded by alien polychaetes. The origins of alien species vary among regions. Alien polychaete species in the Mediterranean Sea mostly originated from the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific areas. Benthic habitats of the areas between 40°N and 40°S were colonized by polychaetes mostly originating from other tropical and subtropical regions. The Suez Canal and shipping are the major vectors for species introductions. Some species imported and exported as fishing baits have become established at non-native localities. The invasive polychaete species have greatly altered habitat structures in some areas, restructured the food webs, and created important economic problems.
Between L2 and SLI: inflections and prepositions in the Hebrew of bilingual children with TLD and monolingual children with SLI
Authors: ARMON-LOTEM SHARON
Published: November 2012

Verb inflectional morphology and prepositions are loci of difficulty for bilingual children with typical language development (TLD) as well as children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). This paper examines errors in these linguistic domains in these two populations. Bilingual English–Hebrew and Russian–Hebrew preschool children, aged five to seven, with TLD, and age-matched monolingual Hebrew-speaking children with SLI, were tested using sentence completion and sentence imitation tasks in their L2 Hebrew. Our findings show that, despite the similarity in the locus of errors, the two populations can be distinguished by both the quantity and the quality of errors. While bilingual children with TLD had substitution errors often motivated by the first language, most of the errors of monolingual children with SLI involved omission of the whole morpheme or feature reduction. This difference in the nature of the errors is discussed in terms of bilingual processing vs. impaired representation.
Risk exposures for human ornithosis in a poultry processing plant modified by use of personal protective equipment: an analytical outbreak study
Authors: WILLIAMS C. J. , SILLIS M. , FEARNE V. , PEZZOLI L. , BEASLEY G. , BRACEBRIDGE S. , REACHER M. , NAIR P.
Published: November 2012

Ornithosis outbreaks in poultry processing plants are well-described, but evidence for preventive measures is currently lacking. This study describes a case-control study into an outbreak of ornithosis at a poultry processing plant in the East of England, identified following three employees being admitted to hospital. Workers at the affected plant were recruited via their employer, with exposures assessed using a self-completed questionnaire. Cases were ascertained using serological methods or direct antigen detection in sputum. 63/225 (28%) staff participated, with 10% of participants showing evidence of recent infection. Exposure to the killing/defeathering and automated evisceration areas, and contact with viscera or blood were the main risk factors for infection. Personal protective equipment (goggles and FFP3 masks) reduced the effect of exposure to risk areas and to self-contamination with potentially infectious material. Our study provides some evidence of effectiveness for respiratory protective equipment in poultry processing plants where there is a known and current risk of ornithosis. Further studies are required to confirm this tentative finding, but in the meantime respiratory protective equipment is recommended as a precautionary measure in plants where outbreaks of ornithosis occur.
Massive pericardial effusion caused by “Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumour” in a 3-month-old child
Authors: Doksöz Önder , Mese Timur , Diniz Ayşegül Gulden
Published: November 2012

Tumours originating from cardiac tissues are rarely encountered during childhood, and fortunately most of these tumours are benign in nature. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, which has unique clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics, is a relatively new entity compared with previously mentioned tumoural processes originating from the heart. Most of the cardiac intima-media thickness patients are in the age group of 4 months to 17 years. This rarely seen tumoural process has not been subject of any specific research and the prognosis is not well known. Here we present the case of a 3-month-old child who was admitted to our outpatient clinic with massive pericardial effusion and who has shown excellent progress after surgical resection of over 1 year.
Meaningful but beyond words? Interpreting material culture patterning
Authors: Fontijn David
Published: November 2012

Duncan Garrow's article is a thought-provoking review of the concept of structured deposition and I agree with several of the points he makes. Thinking along the same lines, I would like to make a few additional remarks on structured deposition.
Antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin in mice are dependent on the presence of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase
Authors: Loyens Ellen , De Bundel Dimitri , Demaegdt Heidi , Chai Siew Yeen , Vanderheyden Patrick , Michotte Yvette , Gard Paul , Smolders Ilse
Published: November 2012

Oxytocin is a neuromodulator with antidepressant-like effects. In vitro, oxytocin is rapidly cleaved by insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Oxytocin metabolites are known to exert strong central activities that are different from the effects of the parent molecule. Our goal is to investigate in vivo whether IRAP deletion modifies the antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice, IRAP wild-type (IRAP+/+) and knock-out (IRAP−/−) mice were injected subcutaneously with saline, oxytocin or oxytocin combined with angiotensin IV. One hour after injection, immobility was timed during a 5 min forced swim that was preceded by an open field to study locomotor behaviour. Oxytocin induced antidepressant-like effects in male (0.25 mg/kg oxytocin) and female (0.15 mg/kg oxytocin) C57Bl/6 mice subjected to the forced swim test. Oxytocin did not influence locomotor behaviour in mice, as shown with the open field. These findings were reproduced in transgenic male (aged 3–6 months) and female (aged 12–18 months) IRAP+/+ mice. However, the major findings of our study were that the antidepressant-like effect was reversed in angiotensin IV treated IRAP+/+ mice and was completely absent in age- and gender-matched IRAP−/− mice. The lack of an antidepressant-like effect of oxytocin in young male and middle-aged female IRAP−/− mice attributes an important role to IRAP in mediating this effect.
Portable search engine for registered crop germplasm: a new concept for enhancing access to information on plant genetic resources
Authors: Archak Sunil , Kumar Vikas
Published: November 2012

The National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi carries out the registration of unique crop germplasm in order to protect the intrinsic intellectual property as well as to facilitate greater utilization of germplasm in crop improvement programmes. It is therefore imperative to enhance access to information on registered crop germplasm. Here, we present a concept of a search engine that can suffice dual functions of a Web-based and portable search application. The concept entails converting raw data through a series of transformations from a Microsoft-Excel to eXtensible Markup Language (XML) data format. XML data initialized on compatible Web browsers are then queried for the search term based on a looping regular expression matching. The results are then loaded onto the browser in a tabulated output. The concept is implemented in the form of ‘Inventory of Registered Crop Germplasm’ on the Web as well as on a portable memory (compact disk or flash drive). The portable search engine works with minimal hardware and software requirements to enable its widespread utility to ensure greater access to information on registered crop germplasm. The portable search engine can be obtained from the NBPGR, New Delhi and the Web-based search engine can be accessed athttp://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/IRCG/index.htm.
DIKTYS OF CRETE
Authors: Gainsford Peter
Published: November 2012

‘Diktys of Crete’ is a fictionalised prose account of the Trojan War. It does not enjoy a high profile in modern thought, but looms large in Byzantine and mediaeval histories of the Troy matter. Although the ‘Latin Dictys’ has enjoyed a moderate revival in recent scholarship, the Byzantine testimony to Diktys is still badly neglected. The present article focuses on: (1) a general overview of the Greek Diktys, including up-to-date information on dating; (2) a comprehensive list of witnesses to Diktys (the first list of its kind for over a century, and the first ever in English); (3) some problems relating to Book 6 of the ‘Latin Dictys’; and (4) an overview of theSisyphosfrage, that is, the question of the role of ‘Sisyphos of Kos’ in the transmission of the Greek Diktys.
FORMS OF ATTENTION: TIME AND NARRATIVE IN ECPHRASIS
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2012

This paper investigates differing forms of attention entailed by the ecphrastic gaze in epic and epigram as a way of considering issues of time and narrative as crucial elements of ecphrasis. Its first section focuses particularly on Paulinus of Nola, who has been almost wholly ignored in recent discussions of ecphrasis, but who not only provides the first example of an ecphrasis of an ecphrasis – the description of an ecphrastic inscription attached to a work of art – but also provides a set of poems which construct the viewer's experience of visiting a church. This is taken as exemplary of a new development of a Christian gaze, a new form of attention. The second section looks specifically at temporality in ecphrasis (through Pliny, Virgil, and epigram), to see how different ideas of time and the experience of looking are inscribed in different genres – which in turn expect and create different forms of knowing. The third section looks particularly at later Greek epigrams, Callistratus and Achilles Tatius, to see how different authors play with ideas of temporality and narrative explored in the first two sections of the paper. Together, these interrelated arguments demonstrate how investigating forms of attention and modes of temporality allows us to develop a more nuanced comprehension of ecphrasis as a historical and aesthetic expression.
TRAGEDY AND THE SEDUCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: November 2012

Since antiquity, Greek tragedy has continually preoccupied philosophers. From Plato and Aristotle, to Hegel and Nietzsche, many of the most interesting ideas in the history of thought have been developed through a dialogue with tragedy. This article explores the continuities and ruptures between Plato and Aristotle's reading of tragedy and the so-called “philosophy of the tragic” which emerged in the late eighteenth century. The influence of this modern tradition has been so profound that, even today, no reading ofAntigone, ofOedipusor of theBacchaeis not also, at least unconsciously, in dialogue with Hegel, with Freud and with Nietzsche. Although there is some recognition that the philosophical understanding of tragedy has historically shaped the discussion of ancient drama, classicists remain resistant to returning to its insights to further the study of classical texts. This article aims to redress the situation not only by revealing the persistent traces of the philosophy of the tragic in our modern critical vocabulary, but also by arguing that a renewed interest in this tradition will invigorate debates within our field. By looking at the examples of the French feminists Hélène Cixous' and Luce Irigaray's interpretations of Sophocles and Aeschylus, the article investigates the apparent tension between historicist and universalising readings of tragedy and argues that these two approaches are not necessarily incompatible.
THE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN: ITS RISE AND FALL
Authors: Collins Andrew
Published: November 2012

Before the modern Restored pronunciation of Latin, the English language had an Anglicised system for pronouncing Latin, whose legacy is still quite clear in the modern language. This paper examines the English system of pronouncing Latin, and the collapse of that system in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This includes a short review of the history of the pronunciation of Latin in Britain from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century; a review of the rules and historical development of the English system, in the form it reached by the mid-nineteenth century; the reform of that system in the late Victorian era; and its erosion from the late nineteenth century and replacement with the Reformed pronunciation of Latin.
HORACE,ODES3.27: A NEW WORLD FOR GALATEA
Authors: Mitchell Elizabeth
Published: November 2012

Horace,Odes3.27 consists of two relatively distinct parts: a long farewell to a woman named Galatea, and an even longer retelling of the myth of Europa. Europa's story is staged as an analogy to Galatea's situation (v. 25sic et Europe…) but the apparently awkward comparison has long failed to satisfy readers. This paper reconsiders the poem in the light of a recent development in imperial geography, the transformation of Galatia in Asia Minor into a vast new Roman province in 25 BCE, and examines some of the implications of the proposed affinity between Galatea and Galatia.
Model could explain high death toll of 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2012

On 12 May 2008 the Wenchuan earthquake, a magnitude 7.9 event, killed nearly 70,000 people and displaced millions in western China. Drawing on the observations of the National Strong‐Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS), a network of 460 seismic detectors distributed throughout China, Zhang et al. calculated the details of the fault rupture process. The majority of previous research on the earthquake relied on remotely sensed or teleseismic observations. The NSMONS data used by the authors, on the other hand, were drawn from 26 strong‐motion sensors that were located within 20 to 120 kilometers of the ruptured fault.
Troughs on asteroid Vesta are evidence of tectonics
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Images from the Dawn spacecraft, which approached the asteroid Vesta in July 2011, show large‐scale linear troughs on the asteroid's surface. To find out more about how these structures may have formed, Buczkowski et al. analyzed their sizes and shapes. The orientation of the structures around impact craters on Vesta implies that their formation is related to impact events. The authors note that other asteroids display fractures or grooves around impact craters. However, the size and morphology of the structures on Vesta are more similar to those of faults on terrestrial planets. The authors suggest that Vesta's large faults were able to form because Vesta, unlike many other asteroids, is differentiated—it has a layered structure consisting of a crust, mantle, and core with inherent different rock types, densities, and strengths. Smaller grooves and fractures, but not large faults, would form on undifferentiated asteroids. Their analysis also indicates that the features are not necessarily a single long fault but rather at least two large linking faults. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL052959, 2012) —EB
New estimate of volume of glaciers worldwide
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

As climate warms, melting mountain glaciers are likely to contribute significantly to sea level rise over the next decades, but how much they will contribute remains uncertain, as the total volume of Earth's mountain glaciers is not precisely known. Some studies have estimated the total volume of water stored in glaciers worldwide using statistical techniques, but these studies do not take into account features of individual glaciers such as surface geometry and local climate. Other studies have used physically based methods to calculate ice thickness for small numbers of glaciers, but a worldwide, physically based study has not been done until now.