bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the formation of negative attitudes in undergraduate nursing students towards their profession: A content analysis
Authors: Fathi Reza , Nasrabadi Alireza N. , Imanipour Masoomeh
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

The attitude of nursing students towards their profession is one of the important factors that have many effects on students and their professional future. A positive attitude leads to academic progress, and in the future, nurses with professional commitment will enter the labour market, and on the contrary, a negative attitude can lead to withdrawal from education and job burnout. The aim of the present study was to investigate factors affecting the formation of negative attitudes in undergraduate nursing students towards their profession.

Methodology:

This study was conducted with a qualitative research method and with a content analysis approach in 1400 in nursing and midwifery schools in Tehran. In order to collect data, 21 people were selected by purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed on paper and analysed.

Findings:

Information in 4 main categories and 11 sub-categories, including defects in the structure of the organisation (including the sub-categories of discrimination, job problems, financial problems, defective organisational management, unfavourable professional communication), inefficient educational system (including the sub-category of defects in clinical education and educational supervision), individual factors (including the sub-classes of lack of interest and low self-esteem), and community beliefs (including the sub-classes of low social value and ignorant society), was included.

Conclusion:

Various reasons are involved in the formation of a negative attitude towards the nursing profession, and in most cases, these factors are related to the problems of the profession and the educational problems of the profession, which can be solved by adjusting some factors and paying more attention to the profession from upstream organisations. It has raised the nursing profession and improved the conditions of nurses, and in the future, the attitude towards the nursing profession will be improved and can lead to the improvement of the health of the society.
Evaluation of cardiac biomarkers among dead and alive COVID-19 patients in Southwest Iran
Authors: Adel Seyed Mohammad Hassan , Sardabi Ebrahim Heydari , Akiash Nehzat , Mohammadi Mohammad , Sayadian Mona , pour Sanaz Saki , Amini Payam
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The need to understand the global burden of heart failure following the pandemic has arisen as a result of an increase in papers that support cardiac involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, the current study aims to provide a more thorough explanation of the function and use of cardiac biomarkers in dead and alive COVID-19 patients.

Methods:

All patients who were referred and admitted to Razi Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran, from March 2020 to March 2021 with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in this study.

Results:

During the study period, 753 patients were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19. In total, 157 cases died from the disease (case fatality rate: 20.84%). Pre-existing cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) were more frequent in dead cases (14% vs. 6.4%). It was observed that atrial fibrillation was normal in most of the alive cases in comparison to dead patients (P value = 0.014). Moreover, it was seen that CRP, IL-6, and procalcitonin were increased in dead patients. Also, an association was found between ejection fraction (EF) value and death rate (P value = 0.035). The higher frequency of positive troponin occurring in the dead group suggested a possible adverse effect on the mortality rate (22.3% vs. 16.4%).

Conclusion:

Adults with COVID-19 commonly have cardiac manifestations, including symptoms of myocardial damage. In light of the recognized utility of troponin, ejection fraction, procalcitonin, IL-6, and CRP in COVID-19 patients with suspected myocardial damage, we should develop a safe and precise diagnostic algorithm that may contain patients’ clinical histories and additional variables that may facilitate the prediction of myopericarditis.
Audit of risk factors of drug-sensitive, drug-resistant tuberculosis disease, a case-control study of patients registered under NTEP, Gujarat
Authors: Shah Viral , Yogesh M , Kothari Deep R , Gandhi Rohankumar B , Nagda Jay J
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Characterizing risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is critical to guide targeted interventions in high-burden settings like India. We aimed to identify socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB acquisition.

Materials and Methods:

A comparative cross-sectional study recruited 350 bacteriologically confirmed TB patients registered under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) in Gujarat, India, and 300 matched participants without active/past TB. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed risk factors for 200 drug-sensitive and 150 drug-resistant TB cases compared to participants without active or past TB.

Results:

Key factors independently associated with higher adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of both TB types included low socioeconomic status (SES) (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5; drug-resistant TB: aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.7), crowding (>5 persons/room) (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9), undernutrition (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2), smoking (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7), and indoor air pollution (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8).

Conclusion:

Marked social determinants and clinical risks drive heightened susceptibility for both TB types in India, while prior inadequate treatment and nosocomial exposures selectively enable additional drug resistance. Holistic prevention policies jointly targeting transmission, vulnerability, and curative factors are imperative.
How sleep duration impacts cognitive status among Indian population aged ≥45 years: Evidence from Longitudinal Aging Study India (LASI)
Authors: Halder Pritam , Kathirvel Srinath , Mamgai Anshul , Pal Saumyarup , Bisoi Sayani , Chattopadhyay Ankita , Rajan Abin K.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

An aging population is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. Sleep duration, both excess and deficiency, is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between sleep duration and cognition in the Indian population.

Methods:

This study was a secondary analysis of the first wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) conducted across India in all 34 states and union territories. Sleep duration was calculated using sleep and wake times, whereas cognition was measured as a composite cognitive index. Both univariable and multivariable linear regressions were performed on the composite cognitive score. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sex and age groups (45-59 years and ≥60 years).

Results:

The median (IQR) cognition score was 25 (20-30). A sleep duration of ≤4 hours was associated with a decrease in cognition status of 1.15 points (1.57-0.72), and a sleep duration of ≥9 hours was associated with a decrease of 0.93 points (1.25-0.60). Subgroup analysis revealed that this relationship remained consistent across both genders and both age groups.

Conclusion:

Both long and short durations of sleep were seen to be associated with a decrease in cognition scores among Indian adults, in both sexes and both age groups. Thus, proper sleep duration can help in the prevention of declining cognition as one ages and the development of dementia.
Electrodiagnostic evaluation in diabetes mellitus: A study based on case series in 72 diabetic patients
Authors: Dube Suchitra , Hulke Sandip M. , Thakare Avinash E. , Khadanga Sagar , Wakode Santosh L. , Bharshankar Rajay N. , Pakhare Abhijit
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes; so, a nerve conduction study (NCS) is conducted to detect the type of neuropathy that is present. To discuss the NCS findings in diabetic patients. An observational study was conducted in the Physiology Department of AIIMS, Bhopal, in collaboration with the Medicine Department of the Institute. Seventy-two diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients were examined using NCS (Nihon Kohden Neuropack XI Machine). Microsoft Excel was utilized for data compilation and result analysis. Based on NCS, 94% of patients were abnormal, and 6% were normal. Of abnormal patients, 89% had asymmetrical involvement, and 5% had symmetrical involvement. About 74% had mixed neuropathy, 11% had motor neuropathy, and 10% had sensory neuropathy. Mixed involvement was seen in 60% of patients and axonal involvement in 35% of patients, and 5% were normal. Lower limb involvement was seen predominately. The most common bilaterally involved motor nerve was the peroneal nerve, seen in 49% of cases, whereas the most common bilaterally involved sensory nerve was the sural nerve involved in 59% of cases. The left tibial nerve was the most common unilaterally involved motor nerve seen in 32% of cases, and the left sural nerve was the most common sensory nerve involved in 54% of cases. Asymmetric sensorimotor involvement with mixed involvement (axonal + demyelinating) was seen in diabetic patients. Peroneal and sural nerves were the most common bilaterally involved motor and sensory nerves, respectively. Similarly, the left tibial and left sural nerves were the most common unilaterally affected motor and sensory nerves, respectively.
Prevalence of malignancy in thyroid nodules with AUS cytopathology: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Alshalaan Abdullah M. , Elzain Waleed A. D. , Alfaifi Jaber , Alshahrani Jaber , Al Qahtani Mohammed Mana M. , Al Qahtani Hind A. A. , AlFlan Mohammed A. , Alshehri Shubayli H. H. , Al Asim Ahmed A. , Abonukhaa Afnan A. S. , Alshamrani Ali Saleh R. , Mustafa Alam Eldin Musa
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Category III (AUS; Atypia of Undetermined Significance) of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) was established to describe thyroid nodule features that are neither benign nor cancerous.

Objectives:

This study aims to evaluate the rate of thyroid malignancy in patients diagnosed with AUS at the Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region (AFHSR), Saudi Arabia.

Method:

The patients (508) diagnosed with AUS in their thyroid nodules underwent fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Data were collected through a chart-based approach, reviewing patients’ medical records and relevant information.

Results:

Among the cases, the majority were females (84.6%). Among the different age groups, individuals between 40 and 50 years had the highest prevalence of thyroid nodules (32.5%). Approximately 27% of patients exhibited tumor sizes larger than 4 cm. FNAC results revealed 16.5% benign, 26% AUS, and 22.4% follicular neoplasm cases. Histopathology indicated 54.1% of benign and 37.2% of malignant cases. Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80.4% of all malignant cases. A significant correlation was observed between FNAC and postoperative histopathology (P value < 0.05). Hypoechoic nodules exhibited 33.9% of malignant cases, and calcification was observed in 25% of the cases. A significant association was found between malignancy and echogenicity and between malignancy and calcification (P value = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:

The findings of this study identify malignancy in thyroid nodules with AUS cytopathology, particularly in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. The correlation between pre-surgery FNAC and postoperative histopathology supports FNAC’s diagnostic value. Additionally, echogenicity and calcification can potentially contribute to predicting nodule malignancy.
A clinical study of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in western Maharashtra
Authors: Manade Varsha Vivek , Kotecha Megha R.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology and study the risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) in terms of mortality, exenteration, eye salvage, and vision salvage.

Methods:

This retrospective, observational study was carried out over a period of two months. A detailed history was noted, and an ophthalmological examination was done. The diagnosis was done by Potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount and fungal culture. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit, brain, and paranasal sinuses were performed. Medical (intravenous amphotericin B, posaconazole), surgical (retrobulbar amphotericin B injection, exenteration, Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)), or combined management was evaluated, and clinical outcomes was noted.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 54.2 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1.77/1. The most common underlying risk factor for ROCM was uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (70%), followed by the use of corticosteroids for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in 68% of patients. The most common clinical presentation was diminution of vision followed by eschar, ptosis, and proptosis. Medical and FESS were done in all patients; exenteration was done in 12% of patients. Sixty-six percent of patients were alive with regression of ROCM, 20% of patients were alive with residual, 8% of patients were alive with the progression of ROCM, and 6% of patients had expired. Among the ones who are alive, the ocular outcome was orbital exenteration in 12.76%, the eye was salvaged in 25.53 and vision salvage was achieved in 61.70%.

Conclusion:

ROCM affects older males. Immunosuppression due to COVID-19 infection, diabetes mellitus, and corticosteroid use in the management of COVID-19 are the main risk factors for the development of ROCM. Antifungal therapy along with surgical debridement decreases mortality.
Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative
Authors: Shaikh Aman , Kamble Prafull , Daulatabad Vandana , Singhal Anish , Madhusudhan U , John Nitin Ashok
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

The LGBTQ community faces specific stressors rooted in societal discrimination, bias, and marginalization, impacting mental health significantly. Persistent discrimination, exclusion, and heteronormative expectations are identified as social determinants that contribute to heightened stress levels, resulting in increased rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has also severely affected the physical and mental health of a large percentage of the population, particularly impacting the health of marginalized individuals such as LGBT individuals. Studies consistently reveal alarming mental health disparities between LGBTQ individuals and their heterosexual counterparts, with elevated rates of mood disorders, substance abuse, and self-harm. Transgender individuals, in particular, face unique challenges, including high rates of gender dysphoria and discrimination-induced mental distress. The concept of intersectionality within the LGBTQ community emphasizes the compounded burden faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities, necessitating tailored mental health strategies. The societal context, including legal and policy frameworks, plays a pivotal role in shaping the mental health and scope for LGBTQ individuals. Supportive frameworks, such as anti-discrimination laws, marriage equality, and healthcare policies, contribute to societal acceptance and individual well-being. Additionally, efforts to destigmatize LGBTQ identities, comprehensive sex education, and public awareness campaigns challenging stereotypes are crucial for fostering a more inclusive societal mindset. Establishing robust support networks within the LGBTQ community, including initiatives providing mental health resources, counseling, community spaces, and allyship programs, is vital for community resilience. These efforts not only contribute to the well-being of individuals within the LGBTQ community but also work toward creating a more inclusive society. In conclusion, addressing mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community requires a multifaceted approach involving societal understanding, legal support, destigmatization efforts, and robust community resources. By acknowledging and comprehending the unique struggles faced by the LGBTQ community, society can collectively work toward building a more compassionate, supportive, and inclusive environment for all individuals, irrespective of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Dapsone-induced haemolysis among leprosy patients on MDT from an endemic area of central India
Authors: Naik Krutika P. , Ganguly Satyaki , Shukla Arvind K. , Chhabra Namrata , Prabha Neel , Ahmed Ghazal
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim:

Haemolysis due to dapsone as a part of MDT in leprosy patients has been long recognized. However, the frequency and severity of this side effect and factors associated with it have not been well documented. We planned to determine the frequency of dapsone-induced haemolysis in leprosy patients on MDT and various risk factors associated with it.

Materials and Methods:

This was a hospital-based retrospective analysis, conducted on 36 treatment completed or partially treated or on treatment leprosy patients in a tertiary care centre in Chhattisgarh.

Results:

Out of 36 patients, 83.3% showed a fall in haemoglobin from the baseline value (pre-treatment values). Dapsone was stopped in 33.3% of patients with a significant fall in haemoglobin. We found that the mean haemoglobin concentration for all patients fell from 13.05(+/−1.8) g/dl to 11.8(+/−1.9) g/dl (P < 0.05) which was statistically significant. A total of 25% of patients were labelled as confirmed cases of dapsone-induced haemolysis as per our definition.

Conclusion:

Our results underline the need to incorporate haematological investigations in leprosy management protocol, especially in primary care settings where the majority of leprosy patients are managed.
Managing diagnostic complexity: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) mimicking asthma exacerbation and infections in pediatric cases
Authors: Khound Murchana , Das Bipul K. , Sharma Sreejana , Kaushik Jaya S.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) presents diagnostic hurdles in pediatrics due to its resemblance to asthma or infections. An 11-year-old girl, known for recurrent asthma-related hospitalizations, presented with ongoing cough and breathing issues. Initial asthma treatment provided temporary relief, but her reliance on oxygen spurred further investigation. Radiological assessments initially suggested infection, confirmed as Klebsiella pneumonia, but antibiotic treatment proved insufficient. Elevated eosinophils, IgE levels, and specific IgE for Aspergillus fumigatus hinted at ABPA. Confirmation led to a successful three-month oral steroid course, combining therapies for effective management. Distinguishing ABPA from asthma and infections demands a thorough approach for timely identification and treatment in pediatric cases.
Community noise mapping: The need, identified challenges, and potential solutions
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Bobhate Prateek Sudhakar , Petkar Prithvi Brahmanand , Fulzele Punit
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Hearing loss and deafness have been globally recognized as one of the major public health concerns that need immediate attention. Noise mapping refers to the systematic process of measuring and visualizing the noise level distribution in a well-defined location, preferably in urban settings or industrial areas. This exercise of noise mapping is generally done with the intention of identifying the noise hotspots and measuring the extent of exposure to noise levels in different areas. The process of noise mapping at the community level is expected to have some challenges and these must be identified to effectively deal with them. In conclusion, we cannot undermine the fact that there is an immense need to implement effective noise management strategies to reduce the development of health-related implications. In dealing with this global concern, noise mapping is a crucial tool to provide comprehensive insights about noise levels in different areas, which in turn can be utilized to take specific actions for building a healthier and sustainable environment.
Effectiveness of communication in promoting utilisation of breast cancer screening services among women working in Anganwadi centres
Authors: Swathi HJ , Mokhasi Varsha R. , Raghavendra BL , Vinayaka HJ
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females, worldwide. Cancer screening in developing countries is mainly opportunistic type, characterized by low coverage and over-screening of women with increased access to health care services. This study was thus designed to understand the various factors preventing the participation and utilization of breast cancer screening, thereby study the different approaches for encouraging their participation and also the effectiveness of different ways of communication to Anganwadi Workers (AWW) and Anganwadi Helpers (AWH) in increasing breast cancer screening uptake at cancer screening camps.

Settings and Design:

It was a mixed-method study design among Anganwadi workers and helpers.

Methods and Material:

The study included 376 Anganwadi workers working in Kolar and Bangarpete Talukas. The trained Anganwadi supervisor followed by the respective PHC medical officer (in the intervention group) invited the AWW and AWH for breast cancer screening and only through Anganwadi supervisor (in control group). Those women (AWW and AWH) who did not attend the breast cancer screening camp were listed and contacted through mobile phone to find out the reasons for the same.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The data were analysed using SPSS statistics version 22; Chi-square and logistic regression were used to test significance.

Results:

There were 186 subjects in the intervention and 190 subjects in the control group. The mean (SD) age in intervention and control groups was 43.7 (8.5) and 44.2 (8.7) years, respectively. Amongst the 376 women (AWW and AWH) invited for the breast cancer screening service from both the groups, a total of 238 (63.2%) of them attended screening camp. The screening uptake was more in the intervention group (73.4%) compared with the control group (53.6%). This difference across the two groups (20%) was found to be statistically significant. The sub-category ‘anxiety’ (31.9%) was reported to be the highest barrier and least was in the sub-category ‘no replacement’ (4.3%). The sub-categories are also supported by verbatim quotes.

Conclusions:

The uptake of screening was more in the intervention group (73.4%) compared with the control group (53.6%). This difference of 20% was found to be statistically significant on univariate analysis (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, it was found that both the approaches were equally effective.
The reference value of serum vitamin B12 among An-Najah National University
Authors: Alnees Mohammad , Kharraz Lubna , Awwad Mahdi , Najajra Duha , Hamdeh Nizar Abu , Darwish Abdalaziz , Shabaro Aseel , Hazzam Rola , Saleem Asma , Qaffaf Shatha , Hmiedan Dalia , Abuhayyat Sima , Kawasme Abdalla , Shekha Reem , Bawwab Majd
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Serum vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in cellular growth, DNA synthesis, and maintaining a healthy nervous system. Its deficiency can lead to various health issues, including cardiovascular problems. The reference range for vitamin B12 varies between populations due to cultural, genetic, and dietary differences.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 127 healthy An-Najah National University students aged between 18 and 25. Blood samples were collected, and a questionnaire assessed factors affecting vitamin B12 levels. Serum vitamin B12 levels were measured using ACCUBIND ELIZA microwells.

Results:

The study found a reference range for serum vitamin B12 of 136–640 pg/mL (5th to 95th percentile) among the studied population, which differed from the manufacturer’s claimed range of 200–835 pg/mL. Gender did not significantly affect the reference intervals.

Conclusion:

The study highlights the importance of establishing local reference values for laboratory tests like vitamin B12 due to variations in demographics. Further research in different Palestinian regions and age groups with larger sample sizes is recommended to refine these reference values.
Are we really hesitant toward routine immunization: Findings from a cross-sectional study in urban area in the tribal dominant state of India
Authors: Kiran Kumari A. , Kujur Anit , Kumar Dewesh , Sagar Vidya , Kumari Neelanjali , Anand Prerna , Soren Santosh K. , Ragini Kumari J. , Kujur Manisha , Sahu Surendra
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Vaccine hesitancy has been inching up and its root cause lies in the factors that influence the vaccination. The present study was conducted to find out the proportion and factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy for routine childhood vaccinations in the slum population.

Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 210 children between the age group of 0 and 59 months residing in the urban slums of Ranchi in 2021. Data were collected during the household visit by interviewing the parents using a predesigned pretested interview schedule which was developed based on the validated version of the vaccine hesitancy survey questionnaire originally developed by the World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts’ working group on vaccine hesitancy. Associations between variables were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results:

A total of 210 children whose parents had given consent were included in our study. The majority of the families, 188 (89.5%), were not hesitant while only 22 (10.5%) were vaccine hesitant. Tribal children and unreserved category children had adjusted odds ratio of 4.41 (95% CI, 1.61–45.46) and 7.75 (95% CI, 1.07–56.08) for the delay as against their reference category.

Conclusions:

Most of the children were vaccinated in our study area and the families have shown confidence in vaccines. Although there were delays in vaccination and the reasons for the delays must be addressed to prevent these vaccine-hesitant populations from turning into vaccine-refusal population. Uniformity in vaccination days in different health facilities in slum areas, appropriate antenatal information, and counseling regarding childhood vaccinations, widespread awareness, and improving mother’s education can help address the issue of vaccine hesitancy.
Comparative study of the relationship between empathy and motivation among undergraduate students of new curriculum and old curriculum
Authors: Sanga Aradhana , Ranjan Rajiv , Sanga Prerna , Kumari Rita , Sandhya Kumari , Kujur Babita
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

The new competency-based curriculum incorporates the social sciences and humanism to the basic and clinical sciences, thus giving an integrated approach to medical education. Comparing the empathy score with the motivation level across the two curricula was thus planned to assess the current status.

Method:

A cross-sectional qualitative study using an Internet-based electronic survey containing both an academic motivation scale to assess the motivation level and Jefferson’s scale of empathy was used to assess empathy score.

Result:

From the above study, we concluded that males have a higher empathy score across both the curricula. >95% of students of both categories belonged to the High Intrinsic High Control motivational category. The empathy scores were slightly higher among the CBME (Competency Based Medical Education) group compared to the non-CBME group, but it was not statistically significant. In subgroup analysis, Phase 3 was found to have a significant association.

Conclusion:

The majority of the students fall in the High Intrinsic High Control category, where they have the next highest level of empathy. Phase 2 was found to have a significant association; it could be because of the positive effects of AETCOM classes on the ready-to-enter clinical exposure batch. The study also revealed that while motivation and empathy are generally linked, outliers existed, particularly among participants with low initial motivation but high empathy. This suggests a potential association between extrinsic motivation and empathy, possibly influenced by external factors.
A clinical comparative study on carbamylated haemoglobin as a surrogate marker to differentiate acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease
Authors: Keshava H. K. , Sultana Sana , Suhas G. C. , Chadrashekhar H. R.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Carbamylated haemoglobin is the result of reaction of isocyanate with N-terminal valine residues of the α and β chains of haemoglobin. Carbamylated haemoglobin concentration is dependent on the degree and duration of uraemia and thus may potentially serve as a marker to differentiate acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods:

A hospital-based prospective clinical comparative study was conducted in an urban tertiary medical care centre. Carbamylated haemoglobin was estimated in a total of 60 patients, 30 each of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. The comparison of the carbamylated haemoglobin levels among the CKD and AKI groups was done using Mann–Whitney test. The mean value of carbamylated haemoglobin among the CKD group was 240.71 ± 75.64 μgVH/g, whereas among the AKI group, it was 67.15 ± 17.05 μgVH/g. These values are statistically significant with P < 0.001.

Results:

Carbamylated haemoglobin values were elevated in relation to renal dysfunction, and it significantly correlated with chronicity of kidney disease. Mean CarHb among the CKD group was significantly high in comparison to the AKI group with statistical significance, with a P value of <0.001.

Conclusion:

It was significantly attributed in this study that carbamylated haemoglobin >100 μgVH/g is diagnostic of CKD and a value <100 μgVH/g is diagnostic of AKI. Thus, in this study, it can be concluded that carbamylated haemoglobin is a useful marker to differentiate AKI from CKD.
Serum zinc level in liver cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy and its correlation with different stages of hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Kumar Divakar , Prasad Manoj Kumar , Kumar Sandeep , Aziz Tarique , Prasad Manohar Lal , Sinha Rashmi , Guria Rishi T. , Kumar Abhay , Vidyapati  , Kumar Sameer , Kumar Pramod
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) severe complication of liver cirrhosis with high mortality. Few studies have found zinc deficiency in liver cirrhosis and HE patients and found it as a precipitating factor for the development of HE. This study was done to measure the serum zinc level in patients with liver cirrhosis with HE and a correlation was obtained between serum zinc level with grades of HE.

Material and Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study was done on 150 patients with liver cirrhosis with HE at a tertiary care center in Jharkhand. All cases were evaluated by history taking, clinical examination, and a questionnaire and classified into different WHC grades of HE and CPC classes of cirrhosis. Routine blood investigations, imaging studies, and morning serum zinc levels were done for all patients.

Results:

Majority of patients with liver cirrhosis with HE had zinc deficiency. There was a statistically highly significant (P < .00001) association between low serum zinc levels and WHC grades of HE. The serum zinc levels in different classes of cirrhosis showed highly significant differences (P < .00001). The mean serum zinc level was significantly low in patients who died (35.56 ± 11.65 vs 48.36 ± 10.91, P < .0001). The study revealed a strong positive correlation (r = .88, P = .048) between serum zinc and serum albumin levels.

Conclusion:

Serum zinc is deficient in patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. Zinc deficiency is significantly associated with higher severity of cirrhosis and higher grades of HE. All patients with liver cirrhosis with HE and hypoalbuminemia should be evaluated for zinc deficiency.
The prevalence of short inter-pregnancy interval and its associated risk factors among women attending primary health care centers of NGHA in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Hemedy Rawan A. , Wali Razaz M. , Alsulimani Fatemah A.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

The inter-pregnancy interval (IPI) refers to the time between one pregnancy and the next. Studies have shown that IPIs shorter than 18 months are linked to negative outcomes, such as preterm delivery, infant mortality, and small-for-gestational-age birth. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and risk factors of short inter-pregnancy intervals among women receiving care at primary health centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Methods and Material:

This is a cross-sectional study conducted at primary health care centers among mothers with a history of giving birth to at least one child and having two successive pregnancies. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using RStudio (R version 4.3.0).

Results:

A total of 300 responses were analyzed. The prevalence of short IPI was 36.0%, 31.0% had prolonged IPI, and 33.0% had optimal IPI. Lower educational level, unemployment as a student, low or middle income, a rise in the number of children, typically more than six, and an increase in the number of male offspring, mostly four or more, lack of breastfeeding, and breastfeeding duration have all been identified as statistically significant risk factors for short IPIs.

Conclusions:

Short inter-pregnancy interval is prevalent in Jeddah city, which can negatively impact the perinatal outcomes. Addressing the risk factors and providing proper education in antenatal and postnatal clinics to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies can help in decreasing the number of short inter-pregnancy intervals and improving maternal and fetal outcomes.
Women-centric economics: A closer look at gender budgeting in India
Authors: Kulkarni Namratha , Havaldar Pavan P.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

This article explores gender budgeting in Indian healthcare, emphasizing its role in addressing disparities. Examining trends, recent highlights, and implementation, it showcases impacts on maternal health, reproductive services, gender-based violence, and empowerment. Examples such as Ayushman Bharat and Mahila Samman Savings Certificate illustrate economic implications. Beyond healthcare, gender-responsive budgeting is seen as a versatile tool for broader equality. Challenges prompt a call for sustained efforts and a comprehensive framework.
Maternal perceptions and awareness regarding developmental dysplasia of the hip in children among mothers and pregnant women in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almatari Abdulkaleq H. , Alhazmi Nawaf F. , Jafar Hasan M. , Althagafi Ali A. , Qasim Osama M. , Alghamdi Faisal A. , Aljabri Nibras K. , Suqaty Rayyan S.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders that develop in utero, involving the femoral head and acetabular cup development, ranging from dysplasia to dislocation. The prevalence of DDH in Saudi Arabia is 10.46 per 1000 live births. However, the late presentation of DDH in Saudi Arabia is around 30%, believed to be significantly due to a lack of awareness of the disease among mothers and pregnant women.

Aims:

This study aimed to measure maternal perceptions and awareness regarding DDH in children among mothers and pregnant women in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia.

Method:

In total, 406 women participated in an electronic survey. The survey questions were adapted from previously published research, and the questionnaire was available in Arabic.

Results:

The age distribution of the participants ranged from below 20 to over 50 years, with the largest group being 31–40 years old. Most of the participants had a university-level education (61.1%). The overall assessment showed a predominance of poor knowledge (41.1%), followed by good knowledge (34.7%), and then medium knowledge (24.1%).

Conclusion:

The present study revealed significant knowledge gaps and barriers to the early detection and intervention of DDH among Makkah City mothers and pregnant women. The findings underscore the need for targeted educational campaigns, increased access to screening programs, and heightened healthcare provider knowledge to improve DDH’s perception and awareness. Future interventions should focus on addressing these gaps and promoting early detection and intervention strategies to minimize the long-term consequences of DDH.
Health-related quality of life of cancer patients: Findings from Western Rajasthan
Authors: Vyas Pratibha , Chugh Ankita , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Joshi Nitin Kumar , Vyas Bhuvnesh , Jain Yogesh K. , Vishnoi Jeewan R. , Pareek Puneet , Elhence Poonam , Gupta Manoj K.
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Cancer is one of the major public health concerns leading to high trends of mortality and morbidity in India. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an indicator of the sense of well-being applicable, which includes all the domains of physical, social, emotional, and functional well-being. The inferences can strengthen the palliative care needs of patients. This study was conducted to assess the HRQoL of patients on anticancer therapy and to measure the perceived palliative care needs amongst diagnosed patients on cancer therapy.

Methodology:

Mixed method approach was used to assess the objectives of the study. FACT-G questionnaire was used to assess the HRQoL of patients among a sample size of 290 participants for quantitative analysis and 9 for in-depth interviews. Data were generated and analyzed in SPSS version 23. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to test the association between the well-being score and demographic factors.

Results:

The mean age of the study population was 52.46 ± 13.83 years with 65% females. The mean FACT-G score was 61.1 ± 17.1 with mean domain values of 14.97 (physical well-being), 16.55 (social well-being), 16.21 (emotional well-being) and 13.35 (functional well-being). FACT-G score was significantly associated with education level, type of cancer and type of anticancer therapy. Qualitative themes described pertaining to delayed diagnosis, financial distress, side effects, social isolation (factors worsening QoL) and support, and attitude (factors improving QoL).

Conclusion:

HRQOL scores were found low in all types of cancer and early referral for palliative care might have a positive effect on the quality of life of cancer patients. Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality with its profound social and economic consequences leading to impoverishment and societal inequity.
Impact of climate change on water-related physical events, consequent human migration, and burden of drowning in India: An evidence synthesis
Authors: Beri Deepti , Elkington Jane , Moola Sandeep , Bhaumik Soumyadeep , Jagnoor Jagnoor
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Disrupted weather patterns are associated with climate change. Between 2001 and 2018, nearly 74% of disasters were water-related, including floods and cyclones. Such water-related cataclysmic events increase the risk of drowning. We aimed to map evidence on the impact of climate change on water-related physical events, associated human migration, and drowning burden in India.

Materials and Methods:

We searched electronic databases, government reports, and relevant websites to map evidence on water-related physical events (including but not limited to sea-level rise, glacier bursts, lake bursts, floods, rainfall, cyclones, and droughts) and consequent human migration using narrative review approach, while drowning burden through scoping review approach. We summarized the results narratively.

Results:

Evidence from 48 studies and seven reports suggest that India will witness the greatest sea-level rise, significantly impacting poor coastal communities. An increase in droughts, cyclonic rainfall, storms, and floods, with increasing surface rainwater and streamflow water, due to melting glaciers is expected. Climate change–triggered migration is expected notably in northeast and south India, making farmers, drivers, street vendors, women, and youth most vulnerable. No direct evidence was identified on the impact of climate change, water-related disasters, meteorological events, or seasonal variations on drowning from India.

Conclusion:

Our study highlights a significant gap in the availability of context-specific and localized data to improve disaster response and strengthen public health systems, especially for areas most vulnerable to climate change. There is an urgent need to generate new knowledge and understanding of climate change, water-related or meteorological events, and seasonal variations’ impact on drowning burden as the level of risk remains unknown.
Assessment of burden of prediabetes and diabetes with oral glucose tolerance test in community-based settings of Bengaluru rural district
Authors: Sarveswaran Gokul , Kulothungan Vaitheeswaran , Rangamani Sukanya , Huliyappa Deepadarshan , Sreekantaiah Pruthvish
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objective(s):

Diabetes is a major public health concern in India. The majority of studies done in rural population lack systematic methodology in estimating the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Objectives of this study were to estimate the burden of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated risk factors among adults (18–69) years in rural Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged 18–69 years in three villages of Devanahalli taluk of rural Bengaluru between May and October 2019. Behavioural and metabolic risk factors related to diabetes were assessed using WHO-STEPS instrument and IDSP-NCD risk factor tool. Fasting blood glucose and OGTT test were performed, and WHO diagnostic criteria were used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

Results:

Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in rural Bengaluru was found to be 6.3% and 10.9%, respectively. Behavioural risk factors related to diabetes measured in the study population were current tobacco use (32.7%), current alcohol use (9.9%), physical inactivity (46.8%) and unhealthy diet (82.3%). Metabolic risk factors measured were obesity (7.5%), central obesity (46.4%), prediabetes (6.3%) and hypertension (24.3%). More than one-thirds of diabetes and three-fourths of hypertension individuals were newly diagnosed by the population-based screening.

Conclusion:

The burden of diabetes and its risk factors are high due to the health transition occurring in rural population of Bengaluru. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and hypertension in rural population as demonstrated by this study highlight the need to strengthen the population-based screening and diagnosis of T2DM and hypertension (HTN) under the national health programme.
Patient Satisfaction of Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection Services at a Referral Center
Authors: Shayan Maryam , Safi Sare , Karimi Saeed , Yaseri Mehdi
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate the patient satisfaction of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection services for ocular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) at a referral center.

Methods:

Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) who had undergone IVB injections between March and September 2018 were interviewed by telephone using two questionnaires. First, demographic information, medical history, and the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18) 5-point scale were collected. Then, the Retinopathy Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (RetTSQ) 7-point scale was completed. Total scores are presented on a 100-point scale, with 100 indicating complete satisfaction.

Results:

Two hundred and fifty patients (145 with DME and 105 with DR) were interviewed (mean age: 61 ± 10 years; male-to-female ratio: 1:1.5). The response rate was 96%. Twenty-one patients had only one injection. Two hundred and forty-eight (99.2%) patients had insurance. The mean number of total injections was 12.2 ± 11.5. Seventy (28%), forty-seven (18.8%), sixty-one (24.4%), and seventy-two (28.8%) patients underwent IVB treatment for <6 months, between 7 and 12 months, between 13 and 24 months, and >25 months, respectively. The mean total and overall scores were 90.8 ± 22.5 (completely satisfied) and 88.7 ± 16.6 (completely satisfied) based on PSQ-18 and RetTSQ, respectively. Financial problems and appointment scheduling systems were the highest cases of dissatisfaction.

Conclusion:

The majority of patients were highly satisfied with IVB injections for the management of ocular complications of DM. The appointment taking procedure, waiting times, out-of-pocket expenses, and access to the hospital should be improved.
The Discriminatory Ability of Ganglion Cell Inner Plexiform Layer Complex Thickness in Patients with Preperimetric Glaucoma
Authors: Mehta Bhavya , Ranjan Somesh , Sharma Vinod , Singh Neha , Raghav Nidhi , Dholakia Acid , Bhargava Rahul , Reddy P. Laxmi Sireesha , Bargujar Pooja
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate diagnostic performance of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters measured with Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with preperimetric glaucoma.

Methods:

In this multicenter cross-sectional study, 150 eyes of 83 patients with preperimetric glaucoma were compared with 200 eyes of age and sex matched healthy subjects. All patients had visual field testing and OCT scanning of GCIPL and RNFL in all quadrants. The independent Samples t-test was used to determine if a difference exists between the means of two independent groups on a continuous dependent variable. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of each parameter was calculated for discriminatory ability between normal controls and preperimetric glaucoma. The sensitivity and specificity were estimated by point coordinates on ROC curve.

Results:

The best parameters for distinguishing preperimetric glaucoma from healthy eyes were the combined average GCIPL + average RNFL, followed by average RNFL + GCIPL (inferotemporal), and average RNFL + GCIPL (minimum). The GCIPL parameters with the highest to lowest AUC (in decreasing order) were inferotemporal, followed by average, minimum, superior, inferior, superonasal, inferonasal, superotemporal, and quadrants. The RNFL parameters with the highest to lowest AUC (in decreasing order) were average, followed by nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior quadrants. The sensitivity of combined GCIPL + RNFL parameters ranged 85%–88% and the specificity ranged 76%–88%. The sensitivity for RNFL parameters ranged 80%–90% and the specificity ranged 64%–88%.

Conclusion:

GCIPL and RNFL have good discriminatory ability; the sensitivity and specificity increase when both parameters are combined for early detection of glaucoma.