bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voluntarism versus regulation
Authors: Fallan Even , Fallan Lars
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of environmental disclosure during periods of voluntarism and during periods with changed statutory requirements. More specific, the question is how volume and content variety of environmental disclosure in financial statements are immediately affected by statutory regulations.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to compare the effects of such regulations with the development in environmental disclosure during periods without any changes in statutory requirements, a longitudinal study is conducted to test five specific hypotheses. A quasi‐experiment with pre‐ and post‐testing of disclosure volume and content variety is carried out to test the effects of the statutory changes.

Findings

The most important lesson from this paper is the significance of the voluntary approach to improve the variety of environmental disclosure. The present paper supports the claim of voluntarism that companies will meet the heterogeneous requirements of their stakeholders without any governmental regulations. No statutory regulations are needed to make the companies increase and adapt their environmental disclosure to the demand from their stakeholders and legitimate their existence towards society. The present paper has revealed that the regulation approach has a significant, immediate effect on mandatory environmental disclosure only, and that companies do not fully comply with such statutory regulations.

Research limitations/implications

There is no universal notion of voluntarism. Different countries and societies have different legal requirements and political cultures regarding voluntarism. That is, voluntary reporting in Norway is affected by the national statutory requirements and may be underpinned by a certain set of societal responsibilities that may or may not exist elsewhere. Further research is needed to see whether these findings are readily generalized or whether they should only be interpreted in light of local considerations.

Originality/value

This is the first comprehensive study of the development of environmental disclosure in Norwegian companies. A total of 822 financial statements and annual reports, during the period between 1987 and 2005, are analysed.
Exploring Russian central government accounting in its context
Authors: Timoshenko Konstantin , Adhikari Pawan
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge about Russian public sector accounting in times of change by exploring the emergence of a new way of accounting for Russian central government.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, accounting is viewed as a social and institutional practice. A frame of reference guided by three theoretical perspectives is elaborated on. Thistroikaincorporates a system approach to accounting, an accountability approach, and an institutional approach. Document search represents the major method of collecting data for this paper.

Findings

This paper suggests that launching a nascent version of Russian central government accounting is better comprehended in terms of legitimacy rather than in terms of instrumentality.

Research limitations/implications

This paper focuses on the appearance of up‐to‐date accounting provisions at macro‐level and does, therefore, have limitations with regard to scope. This makes it intellectually rewarding to link the central government initiatives with endeavours to implement them at different levels of government and in specific public sector organizations.

Originality/value

Bearing in mind, the lack of consistent research efforts on the topic in Western English‐language literature, this paper strives to bring rather “alien” Russian central government accounting into the international arena for the purposes of cross‐national comparisons and wide‐ranging discussions. It also contributes to the literature dealing with the role of international organizations in the reform of public sector accounting.
The role of internal auditors in ERP‐based organizations
Authors: Madani Haider H.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework that will help to examine the role of internal auditors (IAs) in enterprise resource planning (ERP) based organizations. An ERP integrates all organizational functions in one powerful system that drives the organization strategically and also presents new challenges to the internal audit function.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review is undertaken to highlight the role of IAs in an ERP environment.

Findings

The framework depicts the new relationships which the ERP system requires between the IAs and five associated groups: software vendors, information systems, information technology managers, ERP users, and consultants. ERP also gives interanl auditors an enabling technology to advise management on the implications of ERP for risk‐intelligence.

Research limitations/implications

This is a conceptual paper that has implications for internal auditing practice. Academic researchers will find this framework to be useful for testing it in the field. Practitioners will also benefit from this model when assessing the role of IAs in an ERP environment.

Originality/value

Prior research in the auditing field has overlooked this issue. This paper will attempt to fill such an apparent gap in prior research and will help motivate further research in this field.
Structure of Anogeissus leiocarpa Guill., Perr. natural stands in relation to anthropogenic pressure within Wari‐Maro Forest Reserve in Benin
Authors: Assogbadjo Achille Ephrem , Kakaï Romain Lucas Glele , Sinsin Brice , Pelz Dieter
Published: October 2009

The present study focused on the analysis of the structure of the Anogeissus leiocarpa dominated natural stands in the Wari‐Maro forest reserve which are under high and minimal anthropogenic pressures. These stands were considered for forest inventories after carrying out a random sampling scheme of 40 sample units of 30 m × 50 m. In each level pressure stand, the dbh and tree‐height of identified tree‐species were measured in each plot. Data analyses were based on the computation of structural parameters, establishment of diameter and height distributions and the floristic composition of the two types of stands. Results obtained showed higher values for the overall basal area (9.78 m2 ha−1), mean height (22.37 m) and mean diameter (36.92 cm) for A. leiocarpa in low‐pressure stands. In high‐pressure stands, some species like Afzelia africana had lower Importance Value Index and the frequency of A. leiocarpa trees in the successive diameter classes dropped rapidly and the value of the logarithmic slope of the height–diameter relationship was lower (9.77) indicating a lanky shape. Results obtained suggest that effective conservation is needed for A. leiocarpa stands under high pressure by limiting human interference and developing appropriate strategy for restoration purposes.
‘Get Up. Stand Up.’ Riding to resilience on a surfboard
Authors: Morgan Paul
Published: October 2009

Government policies sanctioning the systematic removal of Australian Aboriginal children from their families ended in the 1970s. However, trauma associated with removal remains active in the present day for those removed and their offspring, contributing to the pernicious interlinked set of health and social problems afflicting most Aboriginal communities. Child abuse and neglect are an important avenue of inter‐generational transmission of trauma leaving many Aboriginal children challenge‐averse and vulnerable to social disadvantage, substance abuse and mental health problems in later life. Child protection and health services have a poor record engaging and providing effective interventions to Aboriginal Australians. Sunset Surfers is a learn‐to‐surf programme targeting a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood with a high proportion of Aboriginal families. Qualitative evaluation shows that participants experienced positive effect associated with the challenging activity of learning to surf, allowing for reframing of children's negative beliefs about challenge. By providing an appropriate balance of challenge and support, and encouraging physical activity, Sunset Surfers represents a holistic, preventative approach to a pernicious array of social and health problems.
Parasitism and constitutive defence costs to host life‐history traits in a parasitoid–host interaction
Authors: NIOGRET J. , SAIT S. M. , ROHANI P.
Published: October 2009

1. The level of an organism's investment in defences against natural enemies depends on the fitness costs of resisting parasitism and on the costs of maintaining defences in the absence of infection. Heritable variation in resistance suggests that costs exist, but very little is known about the nature or magnitude of these costs in natural populations of animals.

2. A powerful technique for identifying trade‐offs between fitness components is the study of correlated responses to artificial selection. We selected for increased resistance in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, following parasitism by the koinobiont parasitoid, Venturia canescens, and measured the cost of resistance to parasitism and the cost of maintaining resistance in the absence of immune challenge during the next generation.

3. Parasitism decreased larval host size, growth, and developmental time and was significantly negatively correlated with the size of surviving host adults. Larvae of the next generation also had a reduced developmental period, whilst the duration of the invulnerable pupal instar was increased. There was no effect on host adult size and related fecundity in the F1 generation.
The potential ecological costs and cobenefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region
Authors: STICKLER CLAUDIA M. , NEPSTAD DANIEL C. , COE MICHAEL T. , McGRATH DAVID G. , RODRIGUES HERMANN O. , WALKER WAYNE S. , SOARES‐FILHO BRITALDO S. , DAVIDSON ERIC A.
Published: October 2009

The United Nations climate treaty may soon include a mechanism for compensating tropical nations that succeed in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, source of nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions. We review the potential for this mechanism [reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)] to provoke ecological damages and promote ecological cobenefits. Nations could potentially participate in REDD by slowing clear‐cutting of mature tropical forest, slowing or decreasing the impact of selective logging, promoting forest regeneration and restoration, and expanding tree plantations. REDD could also foster efforts to reduce the incidence of forest fire. Potential ecological costs include the accelerated loss (through displaced agricultural expansion) of low‐biomass, high‐conservation‐value ecosystems, and substitution of low‐biomass vegetation by monoculture tree plantations. These costs could be avoided through measures that protect low‐biomass native ecosystems. Substantial ecological cobenefits should be conferred under most circumstances, and include the maintenance or restoration of (1) watershed functions, (2) local and regional climate regimes, (3) soils and biogeochemical processes, (4) water quality and aquatic habitat, and (5) terrestrial habitat. Some tools already being developed to monitor, report and verify (MRV) carbon emissions performance can also be used to measure other elements of ecosystem function, making development of MRV systems for ecological cobenefits a concrete possibility. Analysis of possible REDD program interventions in a large‐scale Amazon landscape indicates that even modest flows of forest carbon funding can provide substantial cobenefits for aquatic ecosystems, but that the functional integrity of the landscape's myriad small watersheds would be best protected under a more even spatial distribution of forests. Because of its focus on an ecosystem service with global benefits, REDD could access a large pool of global stakeholders willing to pay to maintain carbon in forests, thereby providing a potential cascade of ecosystem services to local stakeholders who would otherwise be unable to afford them.
NEW SOCIO‐SPATIAL FORMATIONS: PLACES OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SEPARATION IN CZECHIA
Authors: SÝKORA LUDĚK
Published: October 2009

The paper investigates places of residential segregation and separation in Czech cities and discusses them in the context of new socio‐spatial divisions that are emerging in the context of post‐socialist transformations in the Czech Republic. It is argued that in post‐socialist countries, where patterns shaped in previous decades still apply and new patterns conditioned by the mechanisms of capitalist society are emerging, the current pattern of segregation can be better understood by referring to specific socio‐spatial formations. Localities with concentrations of particular social groups (high and low social status populations, Roma and foreigners) are identified using a press survey, a survey of local government and analysis of census data. The concluding discussion is devoted to socio‐spatial formations that represent the most distinct forms of segregation and separation in the contemporary Czechia.
FEATURES AND DYNAMICS OF SOCIO‐SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN VIENNA AND THE VIENNA METROPOLITAN REGION
Authors: HATZ GERHARD
Published: October 2009

In Vienna, globalisation has restructured urban society in terms of de‐industrialisation, occupational change, migration and unemployment. This paper focuses on the restructuring of urban society and the related neighbourhood changes in Vienna from 1971 to 2001. The study applies social area analysis and factorial ecology to identify the underlying dimensions in the formation of socio‐spatial patterns and neighbourhood change through a cross‐sectional analysis. The analysis does not directly reveal a trend towards spatial polarisation but rather supports the concept of emerging structural differentiations in a ‘quartered city’. Social housing policies on entitlements and the city's withdrawal as a housing developer just as it was embarking on subsidised urban renewal have contributed to an accentuation of structural differences. Extending the analysis to the Vienna metropolitan region indicates that suburbanisation is reinforcing a socio‐spatial polarisation within the city proper, exacerbated by the territorial fragmentation of social housing policies between the city and its suburban region.
AFTER URBAN RESTRUCTURING: RELOCATIONS AND SEGREGATION IN DUTCH CITIES
Authors: BOLT GIDEON , VAN KEMPEN RONALD , VAN WEESEP JAN
Published: October 2009

Numerous studies have been devoted to documenting the shifting patterns of ethnic segregation in the cities of the Netherlands during the past few decades. But an analysis of residential mobility that would reveal the mechanisms of change has rarely been included. In this paper such household mobility is studied against the background of the current urban restructuring policy. This policy consists of the selective demolition of inexpensive rented housing and the construction of homeowner dwellings in its stead, leading to changes in the social make‐up of neighbourhoods. The change is caused by the displacement of ethnic and other low‐income households, the result of their decisions how to use the incentives to move offered by the policy. Thus, this paper deals with the question how urban restructuring affects segregation patterns. Ethnic and socio‐economic variables are at the core of the analysis. The outcome is that while the social make‐up of neighbourhoods is altered, and low‐income households shift in space, the displacement does not contribute to desegregation.
PUT‐CALL SYMMETRY: EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Carr Peter , Lee Roger
Published: October 2009

Classic put‐call symmetry relates the prices of puts and calls at strikes on opposite sides of the forward price. We extend put‐call symmetry in several directions. Relaxing the assumptions, we generalize to unified local/stochastic volatility models and time‐changed Lévy processes, under a symmetry condition. Further relaxing the assumptions, we generalize to various asymmetric dynamics. Extending the conclusions, we take an arbitrarily given payoff of European style or single/double/sequential barrier style, and we construct a conjugate European‐style claim of equal value, and thereby a semistatic hedge of the given payoff.
The city, the environment and gender relationships seen through Latin American eyes
Authors: Rauber Isabel , San Sebastián Álvaro , Inda Norberto
Published: October 2009

The reflections in this text summarise 7 years (1997–2004) of participatory research focused on urban and environmental transformation and gender relationships, carried out in the Dominican Republic, Argentina and Cuba. The reflections stem from research and social action that aimed to obtain further insights into possible alternative ways of dealing with poverty and its consequences on the everyday life, public and private, of men and women living in deprived neighbourhoods and the outskirts of cities. To do this, we paid special attention to their empowerment processes when available. The studies were in tune with the controversial, changing and dynamic Latin American reality, which our results try to respond to. The authors integrated an international research network financed by UNESCO's Management of Social Transformations (MOST) programme, with researchers and social groups in Africa, eastern Europe and Brazilia, along with the countries mentioned above.
Dutch policies on socio‐economic and ethnic inequality in education
Authors: Driessen Geert , Dekkers Hetty
Published: October 2009

Since the 1960s The Netherlands has produced policy to combat educational inequalities stemming from the social milieu and ethnicity of pupils. This policy has evolved from local to central policy and back again to a decentralised level. The initial focus on disadvantaged native Dutch pupils in big cities has shifted to immigrant groups and – at the time of writing – to disadvantaged pupils in general. According to many, the various policies have produced disappointing results. The under‐performance of children with under‐educated parents from ethnic minorities are still quite large while the under‐performance of children of native Dutch working‐class parents is somewhat smaller but still substantial. This article gives an overview of the various policies that were implemented over time. It also devotes attention to the outcomes of the policies and the current state of affairs with regard to the achievements and attainment in education of disadvantaged children. In closing, it places the findings in an international perspective and discusses reasons for the policies' disappointing lack of success.
Hyperlipidaemia induced by a high‐cholesterol diet leads to the deterioration of guanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate/protein kinase G‐dependent cardioprotection in rats
Authors: Giricz Z , Görbe A , Pipis J , Burley DS , Ferdinandy P , Baxter GF
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Hyperlipidaemia interferes with cardioprotective mechanisms, but the cause of this phenomenon is largely unknown, although hyperlipidaemia impairs the cardioprotective NO–cGMP system. However, it is not known if natriuretic peptide–cGMP–protein kinase G (PKG) signalling is affected by hyperlipidaemia. Therefore, we investigated the cardioprotective efficacy of cGMP‐elevating agents in hearts from normal and hyperlipidaemic rats.

Experimental approach:  Male Wistar rats were rendered hyperlipidaemic by feeding with 2% cholesterol‐enriched chow for 12 weeks. Hearts isolated from normal and hyperlipidaemic rats were perfused (Langendorff mode) and subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left main coronary artery, followed by 120 min reperfusion. 8‐Br‐cGMP (CG, 10 nM), B‐type natriuretic peptide‐32 (BNP, 10 nM), S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐penicillamine (SNAP, 1 µM) were perfused from 10 min prior to coronary occlusion until the 15th min of reperfusion. Infarct size (% of ischaemic risk zone) was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining.

Key results:  Treatment with CG, SNAP or BNP decreased infarct size significantly in normal hearts from its control value of 41.6 ± 2.9% to 15.5 ± 2.4%, 23.3 ± 3.0% and 25.3 ± 4.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). Protection by BNP was abolished by co‐perfusion of PKG inhibitors KT5823 (600 nM) or Rp‐8pCPT‐PET‐cGMPs (1 µM), confirming its PKG dependence. In hearts from hyperlipidaemic rats, CG, SNAP or BNP failed to decrease infarct size. Hyperlipidaemia did not alter basal myocardial PKG content, but decreased its activity as assessed by phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I.

Conclusions and implications:  This is the first demonstration that defects in the cardioprotective cGMP–PKG system could be a critical biochemical anomaly in hyperlipidaemia.
Severe and disabling constipation: An adverse effect of pregabalin
Authors: Kamel Jordan T. , D’Souza Wendyl J. , Cook Mark J.
Published: October 2009

The incidence of constipation as an adverse effect of pregabalin has previously been reported as low, with all cases described as either mild or moderate. From the experience of a tertiary referral epilepsy hospital center, we report several cases of severe and disabling constipation after initiating pregabalin, and resolving only on drug withdrawal. Of 80 consecutive patients, six (7.5%) developed significant constipation within 1–2 weeks of commencing pregabalin. Constipation was the most frequent adverse effect that required pregabalin to be withdrawn (6.3% of patients). The severity of symptoms was dose dependent. Pregabalin can cause marked constipation in some patients, and can lead to multiple unnecessary investigations and procedures if the clinician is not aware of this entirely reversible side effect.
A population‐based study of risk of epilepsy after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ferguson Pamela L. , Smith Gigi M. , Wannamaker Braxton B. , Thurman David J. , Pickelsimer E. Elisabeth , Selassie Anbesaw W.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  This study was undertaken to determine the risk of developing posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) within 3 years after discharge among a population‐based sample of older adolescents and adults hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in South Carolina. It also identifies characteristics related to development of PTE within this population.

Methods:  A stratified random sample of persons aged 15 and older with TBI was selected from the South Carolina nonfederal hospital discharge dataset for four consecutive years. Medical records of recruits were reviewed, and they participated in up to three yearly follow‐up telephone interviews.

Results:  The cumulative incidence of PTE in the first 3 years after discharge, after adjusting for loss to follow‐up, was 4.4 per 100 persons over 3 years for hospitalized mild TBI, 7.6 for moderate, and 13.6 for severe. Those with severe TBI, posttraumatic seizures prior to discharge, and a history of depression were most at risk for PTE. This higher risk group also included persons with three or more chronic medical conditions at discharge.

Discussion:  These results raise the possibility that although some of the characteristics related to development of PTE are nonmodifiable, other factors, such as depression, might be altered with intervention. Further research into factors associated with developing PTE could lead to risk‐reducing treatments.
Transfusions in the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Diseases
Authors: Quick Armand J. , Greenwalt Tibor J. , Hussey Clara V.
Published: October 2009

The transfusion of fresh or fresh frozen plasma serves as a specific means to correct in part and temporarily the coagulation defect in hemophilia A, hemophilia B, hereditary hypoprothrombinemia vera, and congenital deficiencies of labile, stable and Stuart‐Prower factors (factors V, VII and X). The effect of a transfusion can usually be measured by simple tests such as the prothrombin time and the prothrombin consumption time. To correct thrombocytopenia by transfusion, platelet‐rich plasma should be given. Whole blood should only be used when the bleeding is massive and continuous or if the hemoglobin is very low. Transfusion of either whole blood or plasma into patients who have congenital or acquired anticoagulants in the blood, such as heparin or antithromboplastinogen (AHG or factor VIII), is ineffective and is likely to accentuate particularly the latter condition.
Specificity of the Agglutinating Phase of Immunohematologic Reactions with Non‐Saline Agglutinating Antisera
Authors: Prager Morton D.
Published: October 2009

When mixtures of stained and unstained human red cells of different antigenic composition are mixed with homologous non‐saline agglutinating antisera in a small Petri dish, two distinctly different clumps of cells are formed. This observation suggests that the agglutinating phase of the reaction is specific in accord with the Marrack hypothesis and further implies that these antibodies are not univalent but are bi‐ or polyvalent. As a result of formation of a single cell clump, application of this technic has led to the discovery of a serum containing a heretofore unrecognized anti‐CD antibody.
Thawing of Blood Stored in Liquid Nitrogen by Means of Radio‐Frequency Heating
Authors: Hurn B. A. L. , Lehmann H. , Huntsman R. G.
Published: October 2009

Radio‐frequency heating is used for thawing 50 to 100 ml. of blood frozen in the form of pellets at −196 C. The results are far from ideal but further refinements may furnish a suitable method for thawing moderately large amounts of frozen blood.
Trends in Blood Utilization
Authors: King John W. , Senhauser Donald A.
Published: October 2009

Data collected from the records of the blood bank at the Cleveland Clinic Hospital show that there has been a steady decrease in the number of patients receiving single‐unit transfusions. Of 1,151 patients transfused in 1948, 55.3 per cent received a single‐unit of blood and only 1.5 per cent received more than 10 units. In 1960 there were 1,761 patients transfused. Only 30.1 per cent received a single‐unit of blood and 15.0 per cent received more than ten units. In 1948, the average number of units per patient was 2.3. This average rose to 4.9 units in 1960. These figures are for a hospital population which is made up of both adults and children. When a correction is made to take this into consideration the figure for adults in 1960 becomes 23 per cent.
Volume Expander Program for the Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Walter Carl W. , Button Lawrence N.
Published: October 2009

A program for processing type‐specific plasma obtained from normal hospital blood bank supplies is described. Plasma is stored in sterile plastic bags with a dextrose concentrate for six months at 32 C. to inactivate the virus of homologous serum jaundice. Before release for clinical use, it is cultured to establish sterility. The history of a successful seven‐year program at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital is recorded.
Maintenance of ATP Level of Incubated Human Red Cells by Controlling the pH
Authors: Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

Fresh human blood was incubated at 37 C. in ACD solution, heparin‐glucose solution, and heparin‐glucose solution with pH controlled by automatic titration with sterile NaHCO3 solution. In ACD solution glycolysis of the red cells slowed down with time and concomitantly the ATP level decreased sharply. In heparin‐glucose solution, glycolysis continued more vigorously and the ATP levels were maintained longer. In the flasks in which the lactic acid was neutralized continuously, glycolysis proceeded almost unabated, and the ATP levels were correspondingly well maintained. Red cell viability and survival are presently assumed to be related to glycolytic maintenance of adequate levels of ATP. These studies demonstrate that storage of blood in heparin‐glucose may prolong the red cell viability over that in ACD, and that neutralization of the lactic acid produced in glycolysis gives such dramatic improvement that a whole new system of blood storage may be predicated on this principle.
The Workshop Program of Southwest Blood Banks
Authors: Rymer Marion R. , Kelley Kenneth K.
Published: October 2009

The experience of Southwest Blood Banks in conducting a major workshop program for three and one‐half years is reported. The discussion includes the objectives, methods and results.
Cardiovascular and Hematologic Responses to Phlebotomy in Blood Donors*
Authors: Logic Joseph R. , Johnson Shirley A. , Smith James J.
Published: October 2009

A study was made of the cardiovascular and hematologic responses of 28 male and 13 female normal blood donors to withdrawal of about 500 ml. of blood. During the bleeding there was a predominant tendency toward a fall in systolic and a rise in diastolic blood pressure, a mild rise in net peripheral resistance, a slight fall in cardiac output and respiratory rate with little change in heart rate. The prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were unchanged but there was a significant fall in plasma clotting time. Immediately upon cessation of bleeding the hemoglobin and hematocrit values indicated a “dilution quotient” of 2 to 2.5 per cent but plasma fibrinogen, plasma prothrombin and leukocyte counts suggested a prompt and rapid over‐dilution of the plasma. In three donor reactions occurring in the course of the study, the primary changes were a sharp fall in blood pressure, peripheral resistance and pulse rate. It is suggested that the mechanism of post‐phlebotomy fainting may involve undue sensitivity of the intracranial circulation to neurohumoral agents, inadequacy in the functional “central blood volume” or deficient peripheral vascular reflexes.
Complement Activity in Sera from Normal Adult Blood Donors: Its Relation to Blood Group, Rh*** (D) Type, Sex, Age and Weight
Authors: Marucci Americo A. , Chapman Orren D.
Published: October 2009

Serum samples from 1,258 normal adult blood donors were assayed for complement activity. The average complement titer for the entire sample was 38.14. There was no difference in complement activity with respect to sex, blood group or Rh***(D) type. The level of circulating complement appears to be higher in older humans and in heavier individuals.

In this kind of experimentation, the need for a standard complement for assay of different batches of sheep erythrocytes is emphasized.
An Unusual Rh Agglutinogen Lacking Blood Factors RhA, RhB, RhC and RhD*
Authors: Sussman Leon N. , Wiener Alexander S.
Published: October 2009

A case is presented whose red blood cells were typed as Rhabcd1rh and whose serum contained an antibody resembling anti‐Rho in specificity. This serum sensitized all Rho‐positive cells tested except the cells of the patient herself.
A Second Example of “Naturally Occurring” Anti‐M Antibodies in a Twin, with Remarks on Atypical Antibodies as Possible Aids in the Identification of Chimeras
Authors: Kuhns William J.
Published: October 2009

“Naturally occurring” anti‐M antibodies were found in the serum of a ten‐month‐old type N female Negro twin (designated twin A), as revealed upon blood testing by a discrepancy between the cell blood group and the reverse blood group. The other twin, a male (designated twin B) did not possess this antibody. No specific cause for its presence could be determined although it was of interest that both the mother and the other twin were type MN. The possibility is discussed that anti‐M, although not indicative of chimerism in the corresponding twin, may have signalled the presence of chimerism in twin B. However, red blood cell chimerism was not established. A technic of karyotyping also failed to reveal cell mixtures upon difference in sex chromosome morphology.
Third Example of a Human “D‐like” Antibody or Anti‐LW
Authors: Swanson Jane , Matson G. Albin
Published: October 2009

The third example of human “D‐like” (LW) antibody is reported. The serum from an rr (cde) patient (VW) agglutinates D positive cells strongly but D negative cells to a lesser degree. The antibody does not react with the patient's own cells or with those of her R1r (CDe/cde) sister. When VW's serum is absorbed by ordinary rr (cde) cells, the antibody is removed for D positive and D negative cells and the eluate from the cells contains “D‐like” (LW) antibody. When VW's (“anti‐D‐like”) serum is absorbed by “D‐like” (LW) negative cells, antibody for D positive and D negative cells is not removed and the eluate from these cells contains no antibody.
A Simple Method of Preparing “Coated” Red Blood Cells for Use as a Control in Antiglobulin Testing
Authors: Fresco Raoul , Busch Shirley , Hanson Mary Lu , Huestis Douglas W.
Published: October 2009

Red blood cells may be “coated” with antibody by means of incubation with an appropriately selected antiserum. The coated cells are then washed, resuspended in a much‐diluted group AB serum, and used to detect the free antiglobulin remaining in negative direct or indirect Coombs tests. A method of preparing such cell suspensions is given, and their use to detect false negative antiglobulin tests is discussed.
A Methanol‐Polymer Solution for Protection of Erythrocytes at Sub‐Zero Temperatures
Authors: Kliman Allan , Osthold Margaret , Simmons Barbara
Published: October 2009

The hemolysis of red cell suspensions caused by freeze‐thaw injury can be prevented by depressing the freezing point of the suspension. Methanol can depress the freezing point of a red cell suspension but itself causes significant hemolysis if the solution: red cell ratio exceeds 1:1. If 10 per cent PVP is included in the methanol solution, hemolysis due to methanol is reduced significantly and the freezing point of the methanol‐PVP‐red cell mixture can be depressed to —20 C. Hemolysis after storage of erythrocytes for 72 hours at —20 C. in 30 per cent methanol 10 per cent PVP was negligible. Antigenic strength of erythrocytes stored for one month was compared to fresh cells and showed little alteration except for the loss of the Lea character. Methanol‐PVP solutions represent an additional approach to the protection of erythrocytes from injury at sub‐zero temperatures.
Two New Iso‐Antigens in Chimpanzees
Authors: Zmijewski Chester M. , Metzgar Richard S.
Published: October 2009

Two new iso‐antigens present on the red cells of chimpanzees are described. These antigens, designated as HC1 and HC2, are detectable by two antibodies, anti‐HC 1 and anti‐HC 2, produced as a result of the immunization of chimpanzees with human red cells.
An In Vivo Crossmatching ProceDure for Selected Problem Cases in Blood Banking
Authors: Walford Roy L. , Taylor Pat
Published: October 2009

An in vivo crossmatch can be accomplished by measuring the change in the recipient's serum bilirubin after transfusion of 50 ml. of blood from a particular donor unit. A rise of less than 0.5 mg. per 100 ml. has in our experience been good evidence for compatibility. This proceDure was useful in those cases where auto‐antibodies preclude in vitro compatibility testing, also for patients demonstrating irregular hemolytic reactions following transfusion but in whom no responsible antibody can be found. Over a hundred transfusions compatible by the in vivo method have been administered to such problem cases and with uniformly good results as judged by absence of clinical reactions and by increase in hematocrit.
Quantitative Aspects of Red Cell Agglutination: The Analysis of a Pattern of Agglutination Produced by Human Group B Cells and Anti‐B Serum
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Swisher Scott N.
Published: October 2009

The methods of quantitating the agglutination of red cells have been extended to provide information on the pattern of aggregates formed During the process. A B‐anti‐B system has been studied to illustrate the determination of the size spectrum, the mean cell content and the percentage of two‐cell forms of aggregates. Such data have been used to provide a more complete description of the second stage of red cell agglutination and have been applied to the investigation of the stable state of agglutination resulting from both the aggregation and disaggregation methods of preparation.
A Further Example of Anti‐Kpa
Authors: Geczy A. , Ennis J. , Golian P.R.
Published: October 2009

A further example of anti‐Kpa accompanied by anti‐Kell is presented. The two antibodies were easily separated and when absorbed and eluted behaved as expected.
The Serology of Rho Variants (Rho)
Authors: Grobbelaar B. G.
Published: October 2009

Eighty‐two Rho samples were tested with a battery of ten anti‐Rho sera by the antiglobulin, bromelin and albumen replacement technics. The varying ability of different anti‐Rho sera to react with Rho variant cells was clearly demonstrated. Anti‐Rho used for the detection of Rho variants should be specially selected for this purpose. It is suggested that the Rho factor results from a genetically determined absence or abnormality of the primary Rho factor, and the serologic reactions characterizing it are dependent on the reactions of the subsidiary factors RhA, RhB, RhC, and RhD.
The Effect of Adenosine, Inosine, and Adenine on the Concentrations of Organic Phosphate and an Electrophoretic Component (B) of Human Red Cells During Storage of Blood in Acid‐Citrate‐Dextrose and Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose*
Authors: Chanutin Alfred , Curnish Richard R.
Published: October 2009

Bloods, collected in ACD and CPD supplemented with varying amounts of adenosine, inosine, adenine, inosine‐adenosine, inosine‐adenine, and adenosine‐adenine, were stored anaerobically at 4 C for five weeks. At weekly intervals, the Porg, and an electrophoretic boundary (Component B) of the washed red cells were assayed. Generally, these values were higher in the CPD than in the respective ACD bloods during storage. The Porg, and Component B concentrations were maintained at high levels for the ‐ longest periods with CPD bloods supplemented: with 2.0 mmoles adenosine per 100 ml blood and with 1.0 mmole adenosine plus 0.25 or 0.5 mmole adenine. The most rapid decreases in Porg, and Component B were observed in ACD and CPD bloods containing comparatively small amounts of adenine. The relative changes of Porg, and Component B occasionally varied markedly when bloods from different individuals were stored in a given supplemented preservative. A high degree of correlation between Porg, and Component B was noted.
An Address “Affected with a Public Interest”
Authors: Hassard Howard
Published: October 2009

The following address xvas delivered before the August 26, 1964 Opening Session of the 17th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Blood Banks held at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. C.
A Data Retrieval System for Blood Donor Information
Authors: Holland Paul V. , Alter Harvey J. , Schmidt Paul J.
Published: October 2009

A “desk top” system for blood donor information, storage, and retrieval is described. The system can accept up to 1,000 different items of information on each of 10,000 donors. It is currently in active use for locating eligibles in a walking donor population of 2,500. It contains 80,000 items of information all of which can be searched without machine processing by laboratory personnel at any time of day or night.
Design and Test Considerations to Provide an Improved Blood Shipping Container
Authors: Bellamy David
Published: October 2009

An improved blood shipping container, providing safer storage of blood in transit over longer periods of time, has been developed. This plastic foam “blood shipper” incorporates an insulated refrigerant system of wet ice. Icing and storage data have been collected for two ambient conditions, a “normal day” (up to 23 C) and a “hot day” (up to 36 C). The storage requirements for blood in transit are based upon the criteria of the standard 1 to 10C and the preferred 1 to 6C range. When the blood was precooled to 1 to 6 C and iced as directed with 1,800 Gm of wet ice, the shipper was found to maintain eight units within 1 to 10 C for 40 hours at normal temperatures and for 30 hours at elevated temperatures. The eight units were maintained within 1 to 6 C for 30 hours at normal temperatures and for 18 hours at elevated temperatures. Without ice, the units were maintained at 1 to 10C for only 6 hours at normal temperatures and for only 2.5 hours at elevated temperatures. Recommendations are made concerning methods of temperature measurement.
Blood Bank Deficiencies
Authors: Klein Robert E.
Published: October 2009

The list of the most common deficiencies of Florida blood banks, published in 1960, proved useful to inspectors and to blood bank personnel in preparing for inspection toward accreditation by the American Association of Blood Banks. During the subsequent years, the most common deficiencies have changed. This article indicates the most common deficiencies of Florida blood banks disclosed by inspections during 1964 for renewal of accreditation.
Red Cell Changes as Observed by a Simple Method for Continuously Recording Osmotic Fragility
Authors: Shields Charles E. , Allen Turman E.
Published: October 2009

Storage of human blood for six to eight weeks in ACD solution resulted in definite hemolysis which paralleled an increase in osmotic fragility determined by a new method. Mechanical injury as a result of delivering blood by airdrop markedly aggravated this hemolysis. Whole blood stored for six weeks in ACD solution with adenine added had less overt hemolysis, less osmotic fragility and better posttransfusion survival than blood from the same subject stored only in ACD solution. Comparison of changes in the osmotic fragility of stored red blood cells showed good correlation with in vivo survival measurements and suggested that this method of testing might be useful in programs to evaluate the effect of additives on the viability of banked blood.
Relationships between in Vivo Survival and (1) Density Distribution, (2) Osmotic Fragility of Previously Frozen, Autologous, Agglomerated, Deglycerolized Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda E. , Danon David
Published: October 2009

In 39 autotransfusions, significant correlations were observed between (1) density distribution and (2) osmotic fragility and 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of chromium‐labeled human erythrocytes preserved with glycerol using a slow‐freeze agglomeration technic.

The temperature of storage and the volume of isotonic saline used to disaggregate the agglomerated red cell mass were critical; optimum results were observed following storage of the preserved cells at –80 C and with disaggregation of the agglomerated red cell mass of each unit with 250 cc of isotonic saline.

These data indicate that preserved cells with a marked increase in density and a marked decrease in osmotic fragility had a decreased posttransfusion survival. Within 24 hours following the infusion of preserved cells characterized by a marked increase in density and a marked decrease in osmotic fragility, temporary sequestration of a portion of cells was observed, with release of these cells noted on the third to fourth day following the transfusion.
Immune Anti‐N Agglutinin in Human Serum
Authors: Yoell John H.
Published: October 2009

A case of apparent hemolytic transfusion reaction due to presence in serum of anti‐N is reported. The reaction was characterized by demonstration of anti‐N in the patient's serum and MN cells in the offending unit. The patient's phenotype proved to be M. Reasons for reporting this unusual case are: 1) It is believed to be the second instance of hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti‐N yet reported, and 2) Cases of this type again underscore the ease with which saline agglutinating antibodies can be missed in routine crossmatch practice, unless meticulous attention is paid to examination of microscopic agglutinates after the “immediate spin” technic.
Concentration of Antibodies by Freezing Serum
Authors: Castro Arnold , Ehrlich Albert
Published: October 2009

Antibody content of sera was increased 16‐fold by freezing at –11 C in tall narrow flasks. Fractional freezing of the serum caused the protein to sediment forming four layers. The highest antibody content was found in the lowest layer, approximately 1/5 of the total volume of serum. Paper electrophoresis showed an increase in total protein and gamma globulin of the lowest layer as compared to the control whole serum. Low antibody titer sera can thus be concentrated and made into useful diagnostic reagents with minimal equipment and work.
Hypocalcemia and Defective Hemostasis after Massive Blood Transfusion. Report of a Case
Authors: Aggeler Paul M. , Perkins Herbert A. , Watkins Harlan B.
Published: October 2009

A case is presented in which massive transfusion of citrated blood was required during the course of an operation for resection of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The occurrence of marked bleeding during the operation was attributed to replacement of the patient's blood with stored blood deficient in viable platelets and labile clotting factors. At one point during the postoperative course, the patient's blood became incoagulable due to a deficiency of ionized calcium. This transitory phenomenon, however, was not thought to be a factor in the pathogenesis of the abnormal bleeding. Despite apparent absence of ionized calcium in circulating blood, cardiac standstill did not occur.
Gonzales (Goa), A New Blood Group Character
Authors: Alter Aaron A. , Gelb Allen G. , Chown Bruce , Rosenfield Richard E. , Cleghorn T. E.
Published: October 2009

A new blood group character, Gonzales (Goa), has been described. The antibody was found during the investigation of a case of erythroblastosis fetalis. Goa occurs almost exclusively in individuals of Negro parentage. Goa has been shown to segregate independently from the ABO, Rh, MNS, Kell, Duffy, Kidd and Xg blood group systems and may represent an entirely new blood group system.
Observations on Autologous, Previously Frozen, Deglycerolized, Agglomerated, Resuspended Red Cells
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Runck Alan H. , McCallum Linda E. , Booth Wiley M. , Seiler Michael J. , Sobucki John P.
Published: October 2009

Forty‐four units of human erythrocytes preserved with glycerol, the slow‐freeze technic, and agglomeration were evaluated by autotransfusions of chromium‐labeled 10 cc aliquots. The shipment of frozen glycerolized red cells in dry ice and of thawed, deglycerolized, resuspended red cells in wet ice did not adversely affect the in vivo or in vitro measurements. Excessive in vitro loss of cellular hemoglobin and unacceptable posttransfusion survival were observed when preserved erythrocytes were stored at + 4 C for longer than 24 hours, at —20 C for longer than three days, and at — 30 C for longer than seven days between periods of storage at — 80 C. A storage period at —20 C alone for 50 days resulted in poor preservation.

Adenine supplementation of the glycerolized red cells (0.6 mM per liter) prior to freezing did not change significantly the in vivo or in vitro characteristics of red cells stored at the warmer temperatures.

Highly significant correlations were noted between the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and MCV, MCHC, osmotic fragility, and density distribution of the preserved red cells.
The Blood Group Antibody “Good,” 1966 I. Clinical Aspects, Routine Serologic Studies, Further Search for Antigen and Antibodies
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Eichman Mary F.
Published: October 2009

The Good family, in which the husband's red blood cells contain a private antigen (Good) responsible for the development of severe erythroblastosis fetalis in four infants, has had two additional infants since the original reports in 1960 and 1961. The latest pregnancy, which terminated in 1965, permitted further evaluation of both the Good antigen and anti‐Good. The antibody has been found in 0.3% of sera of a random donor population (eight examples in 2,718 donors). No additional example of the antigen has been found in 2,382 random donors. Spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid was used in management of the latest pregnancy, which resulted in a normal unaffected infant.