bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permainan Ular Tangga Sebagai Media Penyuluhan Kesehatan PHBS Di SDN Muktisari 3
Authors: Abdul Malik Andika , Siti Padilah Nida , Nurmarida Euis , Rosmawati Anggi , Sulastri Desiyanti Sri , Triyana Ganjar
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Childhood is often referred to as the golden period, where the growth obtained in this period greatly influences the development of the next period. Because this golden period only comes once to be used optimally. This period occurs in the middle ages of 6-12 years or commonly referred to as school age. School age is an important age in the growth and physical development of children. This period is also referred to as the critical period because at this time children begin to develop habits that tend to persist into adulthood. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the snake and ladder game as a medium of counseling on PHBS knowledge and its application in the daily lives of students at SDN 3 Muktisari Ciamis Regency. Method: The model used for community service is health education using the concept of play. In this counseling, participants are expected to be able to implement a comprehensive (comprehensive) strategy, especially in creating new behaviors, namely PHBS in schools. Result: Based on the results of pre and post assessment of the level of knowledge, counseling participants experienced an increase. This shows that the counseling on PHBS has a positive effect for the students of SDN 3 Muktisari. In line with research (Mulyadi, 2018) that there is a significant influence before and after being given health education on the level of knowledge about clean and healthy living behavior. Conclussion: The conclusion from the implementation of this community service was counseling about PHBS using the giant snake and ladder media, giving a positive effect on the students of SD Negeri 3 Muktisari. This was shown by the enthusiasm, activeness of participants in participating in the counseling and there was also an increase in knowledge about PHBS before and after being given counseling.
Pendidikan Kesehatan Pada Anak: “Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat dengan Pendekatan Squad Game”
Authors: Laela Najah Firda , Fithriani Annisa , Ramdan N.F Muhammad , Rully Efendi Moch , Nurapipah Pipih , Aisyah Siti
Published: June 2022

This community service aims to increase knowledge, understanding and be able to practice Clean and Healthy Behavior (PHBS) –day. The method used is a lecture while playing with a group or group educational approach. The name of the game used is the squad game which consists of several posts. The first post is a game of snakes and ladders that has prepared questions and challenges. The second post is demonstrating 6 steps of washing hands with music modified with trending tiktok songs. The third post is a puzzle game that contains keywords about hand washing and hand hygiene. The last post is practicing hand washing with soap under running water and practicing nail care and hygiene. Rewards are given when completing missions and at the end of the game the best PHBS squad game participants are obtained. From the game, the total participants for health education were 40 participants who were in grade 2 at SDN 2 Imbanagara Raya.
Pendidikan Kesehatan dalam Pencegahan dan Penularan Penyakit DBD pada Anak-Anak di Kampung Benteng
Authors: Nugraha Yuda , Rahayu Dasuki Rahmat Akmal , Tresnawan Triman
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is caused by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which carry the Dengue virus which is spread through their bites, where these mosquitoes are very happy to be in tropical areas like Indonesia, which has a tropical climate so it is very vulnerable, especially for children. at an early age as well as for adults to be attacked by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes that cause dengue fever.
Objective: After conducting health education on prevention of dengue hemorrhagic fever, children can understand or know about the disease, symptoms, and prevention of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Method: starting with a survey or looking for a strategic place for the implementation of activities, followed by an assessment or collection of appropriate information or data in the presentation of the given title, after getting the right title then the author prepares materials for the implementation of the main event. after that coincided on January 21, 2022, a counseling event was held and followed by an evaluation by giving questions or asking questions about the material that had been given.
Result: From the provision of health education to children, it produces great enthusiasm, especially when giving questions and answers to children when the evaluation takes place so that it can be interpreted that children understand clearly about dengue prevention with success and it is implemented.
Conclussion: with this, it is highly expected that the number of infected with dengue fever will decrease so that health in Indonesia is especially better year after year, by regularly conducting health education to various regions in the country.
Edukasi tentang Stunting pada Ibu Hamil dan Pasangan Produktif dibawah 35 Tahun
Authors: Nurapandi Adi , Rahayu Yuyun , Sukmawati Ima , Ridla Firdaus Nabil
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by a lack of nutritional intake for a long time. The survey proves that in 2019, 30 percent of Indonesian children under five were stunted. This condition can be caused by many aspects, from education to economic aspects. Stunting is very important to prevent because it will have an impact on the future of the child and is difficult to fix. One of the actions that can be taken is increasing knowledge about stunting to the community to reduce the incidence of stunting in the community.
Objective: to provide education about stunting to pregnant women and productive couples under the age of 35 years in Cisaga District, Ciamis Regency.
Method: The method in this activity is counseling, delivery using audio-visual and multimedia effects so that the material can be easily understood by educational participants.
Result: The success of this service can be seen from the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of pregnant women and productive couples who play an active role in participating in activities and can answer evaluations of the material that has been delivered.
Conclussion: The implementation of this service activity has been carried out smoothly, all participants can understand and are committed to implementing all the recommendations to prevent stunting.
Pelatihan Kader Sebaya Anti Narkoba untuk Pencegahan HIV/AIDS di Pondok Pesantren Manarul Huda
Authors: Layinatunnisa Alin , Andriani Teni , Monica Intan , Syahril Maulana Yova , Darojatun Iman Rizal , Ramadhan Gilang , Rizkiyani Amnah
Published: June 2022

Introduction: In addition to being experts in moral and spiritual development, it is hoped that students and boarding school administrators are experts in health development and can become motivators and innovators in improving health status. Having a varied culture because it comes from various regions in Indonesia, is one of the risk factors for smoking behavior which is the entry point for drug abuse. Health problems such as scabies, malnutrition, homosexuality and the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS are often found among students and still need attention.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of counseling and training of anti-drug peer cadres to prevent the transmission or spread of HIV/AIDS in Islamic boarding schools. It is hoped that after the implementation of this community service, the students can become peer cadres who are able to think, be responsible, behave and act positively.
Method: This activity was carried out using lecture and question and answer methods as well as leaflet print media. opened with an introductory greeting, conveying the goals, objectives and contracts for community service. Before discussing the material, it is necessary to explore the knowledge of the students.
Result: After being given counseling, 92.8% of participants understood that they were able to explain again about the causes, principles and modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS during the evaluation. Then 7.2% still do not fully understand the material presented. These results indicate that there is an increase in knowledge and a change in views towards PLWHA.
Conclussion: The implementation of the community service activity “Training Peer Cardes Anti-Drugs at the Manarul Huda Ciamis Boarding School” has been carried out and been well received. In practice, the participants gave a positive response by listening to the explanations of the presenters and actively asking questions about the material presented.
Analisis Yuridis Normatif Pemberian Kompensasi Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT) Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja
Authors: Lestari Diah Puji
Published: June 2022

Dinamika pembaruan aturan ketenagakerjaan perlu dikaji untuk kepentingan masyarakat pada umumnya dan pekerja/buruh pada khususnya. Sejak berlakunya UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 dan PP No. 35 Tahun 2021, terdapat penghapusan, pembaruan, dan penyisipan pasal mengenai hukum ketenagakerjaan. Di antara pembaruan aturan tersebut, yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis aturan Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT) dalam UU Cipta Kerja. Terdapat perubahan dalam aturan PKWT yaitu pekerja/buruh yang masa kontraknya telah berakhir, berhak menerima uang kompensasi atau uang pesangon. Hal itu menjadi hal yang baru, sehinga tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara yuridis normatif mengenai aturan pemberian kompensasi atau uang pesangon dari mulai pembagian besarannya dan sanksi bagi perusahaan jika melanggarnya.
Mit Sicherheit Kritik – Welche Kritik an kritischer Forschung?
Authors: Ketzmerick Maria
Published: June 2022

Dieser Beitrag will ein Nachdenken anregen über die Metadebatte in den akademischen Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) zum Fundament der Versicherheitlichungstheorie, die kürzlich in der Kritik stand, Rassismus zu reproduzieren. Schnell polarisierte sich die Debatte in verschiedenen Kommunikationsarenen und richtete noch einmal mehr den Fokus auf wissenschaftliche Arbeit als Sicherheitsproblem selbst. Im Verlauf der polarisierten Debatte, die sich sprichwörtlich selbst versicherheitlichte, wurde über das eigentliche Argument der Kritik wenig gesprochen: Was ist ein angemessener Umgang mit Theoriefundamenten, die in kritikwürdigen Denksystemen entstanden sind und in welchen Öffentlichkeiten ist welche Art von Kritik an wissenschaftlicher Arbeit verhältnismäßig? Damit nimmt sich dieser Beitrag die Fachdebatte selbst zum Gegenstand und nutzt Kritik als sensibilisierendes Konzept, um damit die Ordnung der Kritik an Sicherheit zu untersuchen. Letztlich soll damit ein Beitrag zur Ergründung der Funktion von Kritik geleistet werden, der die wissenschaftlichen Akteur*innen selbst, aber auch deren Kontext und Öffentlichkeit einbezieht.
Polar- und Weltpolitik: Einleitung zum Forum
Authors: Albert Mathias
Published: June 2022

Die Einleitung zum Forum nimmt zunächst die Rolle von Arktis und Antarktis im Fach Internationale Beziehungen (IB) sowie die Beteiligung der Internationalen Beziehungen an der Polarforschung im weiteren Sinne in den Blick. Sie argumentiert dabei für eine stärkere Beschäftigung der IB mit den Polargebieten. Dabei gebührt nicht nur der globalen Bedeutung regionaler Entwicklungen und den Besonderheiten polarer Governance Aufmerksamkeit. Vielmehr lassen sich aus der Beschäftigung mit den Polargebieten auch weitreichende Denkanstöße für „nicht-westfälische“ Ordnungsformen im weltpolitischen System gewinnen. Abschließend ordnet die Einleitung die einzelnen Beiträge des Forums in die aufgespannten Kontexte ein.
Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ginseng for Wound Healing
Authors: Sethi Chopra Dimple , Gupta Abhishek , Singh Dhandeep , Singh Nirmal
Published: June 2022

The recovery of skin wounds is a complex biological process involving three basic mechanisms: inflammatory phase, re-epithelialization followed by granulation and tissue remodeling. The interactions between inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes induce microenvironmental changes at the wound site. Tissue remodeling is initiated by matrix-producing proteins and protease enzymes and collagen fibers in the dermis. A saponin extracted from ginseng, known as ginsenoside, has been shown to accelerate neovascularization in burn wounds in mice. It also increases levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin (IL-β). IL-β accelerate wound healing by promoting accumulation of macrophages at skin wound sites. Saponins are major active constituents of ginseng. They contain many ginsenosides. The purified ginsenosides or the extracts of ginseng root have been reported to have beneficial effects on damaged skin. For instance, red ginseng root extract protected skin from acute UVB-irradiation. Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of the ginsenoside Rg1, protected HaCaT against UVB-induced apoptosis. Panax ginseng root extract promotes type I collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) via the Smad activation pathway and exhibits antioxidant activity against free radicles including diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl treatment. In addition, ginsenoside Rb1 promotes healing process of burn wound by enhancing angiogenesis. Among the various ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rb1 has been found to most potent agent for wound healing.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Welding
Authors: Saha Santanu
Published: June 2022

During welding, due to the highly localized transient heat input, considerable residual stresses and deformations may occur. Welding residual stresses and welding distortion may greatly impair manufacturing and strength. Residual stresses are internal forces without external forces acting. The total residual stresses superimpose on the stresses from the external load, i.e., the load stresses. Residual stresses are the result of microstructural deformations, e.g., dislocations etc. and can be divided as follows: i) volumetric (or “dilatoric”) ii) distortional (or “deviatoric”). Volumetric strain generally is caused by sectioning by thermal expansion, chemical conversion, microstructural transformation or change in state; distortional strain is generally caused by time-independent plastic or time-dependent visco-plastic deformation. There are several methods available to measure the residual stresses or strains non-destructively. One of them is X-ray diffraction. X-rays are diffracted crystal lattices and produce interference phenomena, from which it is possible to draw conclusions relating to the interplanar spacing of the lattice. Other methods are the neutron diffraction method, ultrasonic method and the magnetostriction method. In the magnetostriction or Barkhausen noise method, the stress state is deduced from the value of the local magnetization restraint. The magnetic flux density in a ferromagnetic material subjected to a time-varying magnetic field does not change in a strictly continuous way, but rather by small, abrupt, discontinuous increments called Barkhausen jumps. The jumps are due primarily to discontinuous movements of boundaries between small magnetically saturated regions called magnetic domains in the material. This chapter describes the causes and measurement of residual stress induced during welding.
Microwave Vitrification of Hazardous Sludge by Şırnak Asphaltite Slime, Shale and Sewage Sludge – Landfill Management by Vitrified Char Sand
Authors: İsmail Tosun Yildırım
Published: June 2022

Mazıdağı Etibakır Cu ore leaching waste stockpiles, land soil and groundwater in the field should be controlled for seepages to avoid the acidic flow of solute containing the heavy metals of Pb, Cu and Zn. The heavy metal-associated liquor from Electrowinning Plant and Sulphuric acid Dissolution units threats the neighborhood in the town. Cu and Co are recovered by electrolysis and acidic solutions of Cu leaching are spent. According to this concern of waste management, a method commonly used, “vitrification of sludge,” among others such as special cementing or bituminous pasting may be used in the waste disposal and even ground stabilization. However, mixing that with glassy powder and further vitrification furnace heating yield a vitrified form of waste sludge, covered by glazed matter avoiding contact with water in the landfill. In this study, sodium silicate is used as a binder in the vitrification mixture with the sludge at 14% water under microwave radiation. The dissolved contents of Pb Zn and Fe in the yielded vitrified briquette are determined. Additionally, the strength of vitrified briquettes is investigated in terms of vitrification parameters of microwave radiation.
Essential Oil, Chemical Compositions, and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Selmi Slimen , Rtibi Kais , Hosni Karim , Sebai Hichem
Published: June 2022

Essential oils-(EOs) are organic compounds derived from aromatic plant sources such as roots, bark, flowers, leaves and seeds. Essential oils were obtained via two different methods of extraction: steam distillation (SD) and water distillation (WD). EOs-therapy, refers to a range of traditional, alternative or complementary therapies that use essential oils from natural products and other aromatic plant compounds. The chemical components composition of EOs depends on the place of origin, climatic conditions, plant species, plant part extracted, and harvesting time. Essential oils are constituted by diversified bioactive constituents, lipophilic and volatile, and in most cases derivatives of terpene compounds and in lower occurrence phenylpropanoids. They have been long recognized for their medicinal uses: antiviral, antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. This chapter provides studies on chemical composition, medicinal uses, and benefits of essential oils.
Surface Characterization after Blasting
Authors: Draganovská Dagmar , Brezinová Janette , Guzanová Anna
Published: June 2022

Blasting modifies the surface state of materials in terms of surface irregularities too. Bearing in mind that the roughness characteristics affect the components functionality, it is essential to study and evaluation the surface state of pretreated materials. The chapter deals with evaluation of relation between individual surface roughness parameters of the blasted surfaces based on the measured values on the surfaces, which were blasted by various types of blasting materials. Based on the analysis of the results were also proposed sets of surface roughness parameters, which can be used in the assessment of the blasted surfaces. These allow you to effectively distinguish differences in roughness of blasted surfaces from the point of view of other follow-up technologies. It also lists the main factors that affect surface roughness.
Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Strawberry
Authors: Rapuru Rushendran , Bathula Sivakumar , Kaliappan Ilango
Published: June 2022

Strawberry is a widely grown hybrid species of single ovary fruit that is indehiscent and the scientific name of strawberry is Fragaria ananassa belongs to the family Rosaceae which is native to America, Europe, Asia and cultivated worldwide for its fruits. The fruits are rich in vitamin C. The phytochemical constituents such as gallotannin, ellagitannin, ellagic acid anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, catechin, cyanidin, agrimonium, coumaroyl glycosides, pedunculagin, pelargonidin, flavonols, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid have various medicinal benefits like regulating heart function, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, diuretic, decline blood pressure, elevate good cholesterol, esophageal cancer, etc. This chapter deals with nutritional value, phytoconstituents, and its structure along with medicinal uses of Strawberry.
Paneth Cells: The Gatekeepers of the Gut
Authors: E. Luvhengo Thifhelimbilu , Nalisa Mwangala
Published: June 2022

Although its most well-written functions are digestion and absorption of nutrients, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the most significant player in the human immune system. The GIT is home to more than 60% of the active immune cells in the entire body. Notwithstanding, the human gut is continuously exposed to antigens ingested with food and resident microorganisms. The density of microorganisms in the lumen of GIT increases aborad and is much higher in the colon. Despite a relatively low bacterial load in the small intestine, the environment is more precarious because it is nutritious and exposed to digestive enzymes. Its lining is made up of a single layer of epithelial cells covered by a thin and attenuated layer of mucus. Despite the continual exposure to the luminal antigens, the gut’s immune system is kept in a state of relative immunosuppression. The pathogenesis of some of the common non-communicable diseases includes a systemic inflammatory state initiated by dysbiosis in the gut, increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium, translocation of microbiomes or their products, and then a persistent pro-inflammatory state. Paneth cells are the key players in the innate immunity of the gut and are responsible for maintaining its integrity.
Emotional Creativity
Authors: Naa Anyimah Botchway Cynthia
Published: June 2022

Creativity encompasses and is influenced by several emotions. Emotional creativity is a critical component in the creative process. It is the ability to create something new through the influence of emotions evoked from the personal or experiences of others. Creative works inspired by emotions are often original and greeted with Euphoria. This chapter demonstrates how different emotions inspire different forms and levels of creativity with examples of notable artists who experienced emotional creativity. This chapter discusses research linking emotions to creativity and the explanations of how the identification and regulation of emotions, which are often referred to as emotional intelligence, make a difference in whether creativity becomes useful, helpful, or hurtful. The dark side of creativity, which occurs when creativity becomes hurtful instead of helpful, and research into its causes is also discussed in this chapter. An example of a notable figure in the twentieth century, i.e., Adolf Hitler who masterminded World War II, is used to demonstrate how emotions played a role in this phenomenon. A conclusion alluding to the fact that creativity or creative outcomes are not necessarily bad but the application of creative work and the ability to identify emotions and regulate or control the emotions to drive creative performance validates emotional creativeness.
Soybean Functional Proteins and the Synthetic Biology
Authors: Hasegawa Florentino Lilian , Nunes Lima Rayane , D.C. Molinari Mayla
Published: June 2022

Recently, soybean consumption has increased, not only because of its potential for industrial and livestock use but also due to its beneficial effects on human health in the treatment and prevention of various diseases because soy can produce a wide number of functional proteins. Despite the soybean-producing high, elevated, nutritive and functional proteins, it also produces allergenic proteins, harmful secondary metabolites, and carcinogenic elements. So, recombinant protein systems that mimic the structures and functions of the natural proteins supply a single tunable and valuable source of advanced materials. But the availability of the technology to produce synthetic functional proteins is still limited. Therefore, Synthetic Biology is a powerful and promising science field for the development of new devices and systems able to tackle the challenges that exist in conventional studies on the development of functional protein systems. Thus, representing a new disruptive frontier that will allow better use of soybean functional proteins, both for animal and human food and for the pharmaceutical and chemistry industry.
Regenerating Soil Microbiome: Balancing Microbial CO2 Sequestration and Emission
Authors: N.H. Sarjuni Mohd , A.M. Dolit Siti , K. Khamis Aidee , Abd-Aziz Nazrin , R. Azman Nur , A. Asli Umi
Published: June 2022

Soil microbiome plays a significant role in soil’s ecosystem for soils to be physically and biologically healthy. Soil health is fundamental for plant growth and crops productivity. In the introduction part, the roles and dynamics of the microbial community in soils, primarily in the cycle of soil organic carbon and CO2 release and absorption, are deliberated. Next, the impact of crop management practices and climate change on the soil carbon balance are described, as well as other issues related to soil degradation, such as unbalanced nutrient recycling and mineral weathering. In response to these issues, various approaches to soil regeneration have been developed in order to foster an efficient and active soil microbiome, thereby balancing the CO2 cycle and carbon sequestration in the soil ecosystem.
Colorimetric Evaluations and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Dyes/Pigments and Dyed Textiles and Related Products
Authors: Kumar Samanta Ashis
Published: June 2022

This book chapter covers principles and few case studies on colorimetric Estimation of (i) determining purity/active ingredient % of selective dyes/pigments (ii) Identification of any colorants to distinguish from other similar compound, (iii) Measurement of surface colour strength of a dyed textile, (iv) Measurement of colour differences by estimating DE, DL*, Da*, Db*, DC and DH values, (v)Computer-aided colour match prediction for any standard shades, (vi) Estimation of compatibility of two dyes/colourants to use for compound shades, (vii) Determination of rate of dyeing, dyeing isotherm and dyeing kinetics to control dyeing, (viii) Optimization of dyeing process variables, (ix) Precession grading of Colour Fastness of dyed textiles on fading under different ways/agencies and (x) Estimation of Soil Removal efficacy of different detergent used for textiles. These colorimetric measurements are found to be very useful for effective process and product control of dyed textile materials. Selected Case studies on all the above colorimetric applications with specific example or experimented data are discussed for each of the method under reference. Finally, the other applications of colorimetric analysis besides textiles industry are also mentioned in concluding remarks.
Some Solvability Problems of Differential Equations in Non-standard Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Bilalov Bilal , Sadigova Sabina , Kasumov Zaur
Published: June 2022

In this chapter an m-th order elliptic equation is considered in Sobolev spaces generated by the norm of a grand Lebesgue space. Subspaces are determined in which the shift operator is continuous, and local solvability (in the strong sense) is established in these subspaces. It is established an interior and up-to boundary Schauder-type estimates with respect to these Sobolev spaces for m-th order elliptic operators, the trace of functions and trace operator are determined, the boundedness of trace operator and the extension theorem are proved, the properties of the Riesz potential are studied regarding these Sobolev spaces, etc. It is considered a second-order elliptic equation, and we study the Fredholmness of the Dirichlet problem in the Sobolev space generated by a separable subspace of the grand Lebesgue space. It is also considered one spectral problem for a discontinuous second-order differential operator and proved the theorem on the basicity of eigenfunctions of this operator in subspace of Morrey space, in which the infinitely differentiable functions with compact support are dense.
Time Series Forecasting on COVID-19 Data and Its Relevance to International Health Security
Authors: Kraamwinkel Steven
Published: June 2022

The Corona virus pandemic is the most tragic virus outbreak in more than a century. Corona has globally already taken the lives of four million people, across all continents. The virus has the potential to become very catastrophic, if a significant part of the world population does not have any form of immunity against it. In this project, the aim is to make forecasts on the number of daily infections in the Netherlands. Seven different models were implemented to forecast the number of infected people in a three-month time period. The sequential CNN model outperformed all other models substantially. The capabilities of CNN models in time series forecasting can be very encouraging in conducting more research on time series data with convolutional neural networks.
Diarrhea: Novel Advances and Future Perspectives in the Etiological Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Javed Zeeshan , Asrar Muhammad , Rasool Bilal , Batool Rabia , Asad Mangat Muhammad , Saleem Usama , Imran Muhammad , Batool Amna
Published: June 2022

Diarrhea is an increase in the incidence and fluidity of feces that is greatest characterized by duration (acute versus chronic), pathophysiologic apparatus, and anatomic location. Different types of diarrhea influence the health of both sexes. Infectious diarrhea is a big issue in many underdeveloped nations, with a high death rate, specifically among children under the age of five. Water diarrhea can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Acute bloody diarrhea is a health emergency that should be treated quickly. Most instances of acute diarrhea are clear on their own days without remedy. If you have adopted lifestyle adjustments and domestic remedies for diarrhea without achievement, there these are thought to be clinical remedies. By proper sanitation, hygiene protection, hand washing, food hygiene, and vaccination are required to control diarrhea.
Cryovolcanism in the Solar System and beyond: Considerations on Energy Sources, Geological Aspects, and Astrobiological Perspectives
Authors: Hildenbrand Georg , Paschek Klaus , Schäfer Myriam , Hausmann Michael
Published: June 2022

Volcanism based on melting rocks (silicate volcanism) is long known on Earth and has also been found on Jupiter’s moon Io. Remnants of this type of volcanism have been identified also on other bodies in the solar system. Energy sources powered by accretion and the decay of radioactive isotopes seem to be dominant mainly inside larger bodies, which have enough volume to accumulate and retain this energy in significant amounts. On the other hand, the impact of tidal forces allows even tiny bodies to melt up and pass into the stage of cryovolcanism. The dependence of tidal heating on the size of the object is minor, but the masses of and the distances to accompanying bodies as well as the inner compositions of the heated body are central factors. Even though Io as an example of a body supporting silicate volcanism is striking, the physics of tidal forces might suggest a relatively high probability for cryovolcanism. This chapter aims at considering the parameters known and objects found so far in our solar system to give insights into where in our system and other planetary systems cryovolcanism might be expected.
Biochar: Production, Application and the Future
Authors: Kwaku Armah Edward , Chetty Maggie , Adebisi Adedeji Jeremiah , Erwin Estrice Denzil , Mutsvene Boldwin , Singh Nikita , Tshemese Zikhona
Published: June 2022

Biochar, or carbon obtained from biomass, is a particularly rich source of carbon created by thermal burning of biomass. There is a rise of interest in using biochar made from waste biomass in a variety of disciplines to address the most pressing environmental challenges. This chapter will provide an overview on the methods employed for the production of biochar. Biochar has been considered by a number of analysts as a means of improving their ability to remediate pollutants. Process factors with regards to biochar properties are mostly responsible for determining biomass production which is discussed in this present chapter. Several characterization techniques which have been employed in previous studies have received increasing recognition. These includes the use of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the Scanning electron microscope which duly presented in this chapter. This chapter also discusses the knowledge gaps and future perspectives in adopting biochar to remediate harmful contaminants, which can inform governmental bodies and law-makers to make informed decisions on adopting this residue.
Detection and Management of Cerebral Vasculopathy
Authors: Bernaudin Françoise , Verlhac Suzanne
Published: June 2022

Cerebral vasculopathy in children with sickle cell anemia is responsible for strokes and silent cerebral infarcts and is the most debilitating complication providing motor sequelae and cognitive deficiency. However, the most important advance in pediatric management is the detection of children at a risk of stroke using transcranial Doppler with chronic transfusion applied in children detected at risk, which reduces the stroke risk from 11% to less than 2%. In this chapter, we will describe the place of Doppler, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with neck assessment and the place of different treatments, i.e., chronic transfusion, hydroxyurea, new drugs, and stem cell transplantation.
Synthesis and Investigation of Ceramic Materials for Medium-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: V. Kalinina Marina , A. Dyuskina Daria , G. Polyakova Irina , V. Mjakin Sergey , Yu. Arsent’ev Maxim , A. Shilova Olga
Published: June 2022

Finely dispersed (СeO2)1-x(Sm2O3)x (x = 0.02; 0.05; 0.10); La1-xSrxNiO3, La1-xSrxCoO3 and La1-xSrxFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (x = 0.30; 0.40) mesoporous xerogel powders are synthesized by co-crystallization of the corresponding nitrates with ultrasonic processing and used to obtain nanoscale ceramic materials with cubic fluorite-like, orthorhombic, and perovskite-like tetragonal crystal structure, respectively, with CSR ∼ 64–81 nm (1300°C). Physicochemical characterization of the obtained ceramics revealed that (СeO2)1-x(Sm2O3)x features with open porosity 2–6%, while for La1-xSrxNiO3, La1-xSrxCoO3, and La1-xSrxFe0.7Ni0.3O3, this value is about 21–29%. Ceria-based materials possess a predominantly ionic conductivity (ion transport numbers ti = 0.82–0.71 in the temperature range 300–700°C, σ700°С = 1.3·10−2 S/cm) determined by the formation of mobile oxygen vacancies upon heterovalent substitution of Sm3+ for Се4+. For solid solutions based on lanthanum nickelate and cobaltite, a mixed electronic-ionic conductivity (σ700°С = 0.80·10−1 S/cm) with ion transport numbers (te = 0.98–0.90, ti = 0.02–0.10) was obtained. The obtained ceramic materials are shown to be promising as solid oxide electrolytes and electrodes for medium-temperature fuel cells.
Challenges and Perspectives for SIW Hybrid Structures Combining Nanowires and Porous Templates
Authors: Van Kerckhoven Vivien , Piraux Luc , Huynen Isabelle
Published: June 2022

The chapter presents a review of properties and applications of a particular category of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) named NWSIW, for NanoWire-based Substrate Integrated Waveguide. The NWSIW topology combines metallic nanowires embedded in a porous template in order to form planar compact integrated waveguides; nanowires selectively grown in the template are used for building the walls of the waveguide, but also allow to achieve microwave functionalities such as filtering, isolation. Through the chapter the comparison made with classical waveguides including SIW will lead to a discussion on future perspectives and possible improvements of this NWSIW topology. Their performances will be explained and illustrated with regards to current state-of-the art, and based on results obtained at UCLouvain.
Complementary Health Insurance in Slovenia
Authors: Albreht Tit , Kuhar Marjeta , Prevolnik Rupel Valentina
Published: June 2022

Almost all health care services in the Slovenian basic benefits package are paid for from two financial sources: compulsory and complementary health insurance (CHI). Although this is unusual, around 90% of the population is insured under CHI. CHI covers the costs of copayments for most of the services. One of the advantages of the CHI is that it enables the public sector to shift the costs of service onto the private sector, which can compensate for the higher costs through premiums. Its administrative costs are low, the risk selection is low due to the equalisation schemes in place, and costs of copayments for the socially weak are covered by the state budget. Out-of-pocket costs are low due to most of the population being insured in CHI. On the other hand, there are many disadvantages of this unique amphibian health system. Besides the higher complexity and costs of such a health insurance system, CHI premiums are flat and regressive. The voluntary nature of CHI is highly questionable as the copayments can be as high as 90% of the total service costs. And last, but not least, CHI removes an incentive for the providers and payer to aim for efficient services.
Perceptive Chapter: “Are We Listening?” - Improving Communication Strategies and Relationships between Physicians and Their Patients
Authors: Peaslee Levine Martha
Published: June 2022

We talk about the “art” of medicine because medicine is more than science. The science portion drives diagnosis and treatment. However as more tests become available, the art of the relationship and communication with patients is being steadily lost. Physicians often interrupt their patients only seconds into the interview. If we stop their story that quickly, we are not listening to what they have to say. If we do not listen to their story, how can we understand their illnesses and the effects on their lives? This chapter will examine physician-patient relationships by looking at ways to help foster these relationships and what can hinder them. We need to actively listen to our patients, listening for clues about their illness and/or suffering. We need to use observation and our emotions to understand the context of their illness. Examples will be included to help elucidate some of the challenges. Models that can provide a framework for communication will be discussed. Suggestions for ways to help improve communication and interpersonal relationships between physicians and their patients will be offered. This chapter will provide a chance to think about improving communication with our patients to help strengthen our interpersonal relationships.
A Story of Immunization with Autologous IFN-γ Secreting Glioma Cells in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme is Safe and Prolongs Both Overall and Progress Free Survival
Authors: Leif G. Salford , Siesjö Peter , Skagerberg Gunnar , Rydelius Anna , Blennow Catharina , Lilja Åsa , Rolf Ragnar Persson Bertil , Strömblad Susanne , Visse Edward , Widegren Bengt
Published: June 2022

The study was a non-randomized controlled phase I-II trial to study were to ascertain the safety, feasibility and efficacy of immunotherapy with autologous IFN-γ transfected tumour cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Autologous tumour cells harvested during surgery were cultured and transduced with the human IFN-γ gene. Irradiated cells were administered as intradermal immunizations every third week. Endpoints for safety were records of toxicity and adverse events, for feasibility the per cent of treated patients out of eligible patients and time to treatment and for clinical efficacy overall survival (OS) and progress free survival (PFS). Eight eligible patients, between 50 and 69 years, were immunized between 8 and 14 times after treatment with surgery and radiotherapy without adverse events or toxicity. Neurological status and quality of life were unchanged during immunotherapy. The immunized patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) longer median overall survival (488 days, 16.1 months than a matched control group of nine patients treated with only surgery and radiotherapy (271 days, 9.0 months). The prolongation of survival was also significant compared to all GBM treated at the same institution during the same period and published control groups within the same age cohort.
Effects of Application of Various forms of Nitrogen on the Growth of Soybean Nodules and Roots Related to the Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism
Authors: Ohyama Takuji , Tanabata Sayuri , Ohtake Norikuni , Sato Takashi , Sueyoshi Kuni , Takahashi Yoshihiko , Ishikawa Shinji , Ono Yuki , Yamashita Natsumi , Saito Akinori
Published: June 2022

Soybean plants require a large amount of nitrogen either from nitrogen fixation in nodules or nitrogen absorption from roots. It is known that nitrate, a major inorganic nitrogen compound in upland soils, represses nodule growth and nitrogen fixation. Rapid and reversible inhibition of nodule growth and nitrogen fixation activity was found in the hydroponically cultivated soybeans after changing the nutrient solution with or without nitrate. Isotope tracer analysis revealed that the major cause of this inhibition depended on the changes in the partitioning of photo-assimilate between nodules and roots and was not directly related to the transported N compounds. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses supported that nitrate strongly promotes nitrogen and carbon metabolism in the roots but represses them in the nodules. The application of ammonium, glutamine, or urea also inhibited the nodule growth and nitrogen fixation like nitrate, although the inhibition was lower than that of nitrate. The degree of inhibition was related to the decrease in carbon isotope partitioning into the nodules, rather than the import of nitrogen isotope to nodules. Urea was detected in xylem sap and all parts of soybean, and some urea might be originated from ureide degradation.
Art Therapy with the Extent of Health Promotion
Authors: Mollaoğlu Songül , Mollaoğlu Mukadder , Yanmış Safiye
Published: June 2022

Health and art disciplines have worked in cooperation for the development of health from past to present. Today’s understanding of health requires the integration of concepts, such as creative thinking, intuitive and aesthetic knowledge, spiritual awareness, integration, and maturation, which are extremely important in the development of health. The examination of the process of making and creating art and the development of aesthetic sensations that occur at the end of this process play an important role in both the development of health, the growth and maturation of the individual, and the recovery and repair of illness. Art activities not only support holistic health but also act as a source of motivation for well-being. The inclusion of art in health care services has positive effects on society from the more broad perspective of health professionals, patients, and their families. In this review, the relationship between art and health, which is as old as human history, is discussed in line with the literature review, and the dimension of art in improving health is examined. In addition, in line with the studies carried out, the effects of art therapy on individuals with health problems and art therapy methods are discussed.
Evaluation of Principal Component Analysis Variants to Assess Their Suitability for Mobile Malware Detection
Authors: Ganapathi Padmavathi , Dhathathri Shanmugapriya , Arumugam Roshni
Published: June 2022

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that plays a vital role in reducing the dimensions of the data in building an appropriate machine learning model. It is a statistical process that transforms the data containing correlated features into a set of uncorrelated features with the help of orthogonal transformations. Unsupervised machine learning is a concept of self-learning method that involves unlabelled data to identify hidden patterns. PCA converts the data features from a high dimensional space into a low dimensional space. PCA also acts as a feature extraction method since it transforms the ‘n’ number of features into ‘m’ number of principal components (PCs; m < n). Mobile Malware is increasing tremendously in the digital era due to the growth of android mobile users and android applications. Some of the mobile malware are viruses, Trojan horses, worms, adware, spyware, ransomware, riskware, banking malware, SMS malware, keylogger, and many more. To automate the process of detecting mobile malware without human intervention, machine learning methods are applied to discover the malware more precisely. Specifically, unsupervised machine learning helps to uncover the hidden patterns to detect anomalies in the data. In discovering hidden patterns of malware, PCA is an important dimensionality reduction technique that can be applied to transform the features into PCs containing important feature values. So, by implementing PCA, the correlated features are transformed into uncorrelated features automatically to explore the anomalies in the data effectively. This book chapter explains all the variants of the PCA, including all linear and non-linear methods of PCA and their suitability in applying to mobile malware detection. A case study on mobile malware detection with variants of PCA using machine learning techniques in CICMalDroid_2020 dataset has been experimented. Based on the experimental results, for the given dataset, normal PCA is suitable to detect the malware data points and forms an optimal cluster.
Chlorophyll and Its Role in Freshwater Ecosystem on the Example of the Volga River Reservoirs
Authors: Mineeva Natalya
Published: June 2022

The present chapter has the aim to considerate the most significant aspects of chlorophyll (Chl) applications in the ecological study of fresh waters on the example of the Volga River reservoirs. Throughout the cascade of seven large reservoirs, Chl varied in wide range from 2.5–9 to over 100 μg/L with mean values of 16.5–41.2, 6.7–44.0, and 3.6–10.6 μg/L in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Volga, respectively. Mean Chl values that constantly decrease from the Upper Volga to Lower Volga, characterize Ivankovo, Uglich, and Cheboksary reservoirs as eutrophic, Saratov and Volgograd reservoirs as mesotrophic, while Gorky and Kuibyshev reservoirs in some years are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Chl seasonal dynamics in the Rybinsk reservoir that is dynamics of phytoplankton biomass, is characterized by spring, summer, and, in some years, autumn maxima. Water temperature and water regime of the reservoir are the main factors in Chl dynamics. Years with low-water conditions are favorable for the high Chl concentrations and intensive development of algae. Seasonally average Chl that make from 5 to 22 μg/L during 1969–2019, show variations in trophic state of reservoir from mesotrophic (Chl < 10 μg/L), to moderately eutrophic (10–15 μg/L), and eutrophic (15–22 μg/L).
Structure and Physiology of Human Ear Involved in Hearing
Authors: Sheikh Alishbah , Bint-e-Zainab  , Shabbir Kanwal , Imtiaz Ayesha
Published: June 2022

Hearing is the fundamental sense based on the normal functioning of the hearing organ “the ear,” which plays a vital role in social interaction and the ability of learning. The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Defects in outer and middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss, while the defective inner ear may lead to sensorineural hearing loss. So, it is important to study the structure and physiology of the human ear. When a sound of particular frequency enters the outer ear, it passes through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane. It vibrates and passes these vibrations to three ossicles present in the middle ear. The ossicles amplify the vibrations of sound and send them to the cochlea in the inner ear. Cochlea contains organ of Corti, which converts these vibrations into electrical signals by its hair cells. The neural signals in turn are interpreted by the brain, which one can hear and understand. The aim of this chapter is to review the basic structure and physiology of different parts of the human ear that are involved in the hearing process.