bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish assemblage of the Mamanguape Environmental Protection Area, NE Brazil: abundance, composition and microhabitat availability along the mangrove-reef gradient
Authors: Xavier Josias Henrique de Amorim , Cordeiro Cesar Augusto Marcelino Mendes , Tenório Gabrielle Dantas , Diniz Aline de Farias , Paulo Júnior Eugenio Pacelli Nunes , Rosa Ricardo S. , Rosa Ierecê Lucena
Published: April 2012

Reefs, mangroves and seagrass biotopes often occur in close association, forming a complex and highly productive ecosystem that provide significant ecologic and economic goods and services. Different anthropogenic disturbances are increasingly affecting these tropical coastal habitats leading to growing conservation concern. In this field-based study, we used a visual census technique (belt transects 50 m x 2 m) to investigate the interactions between fishes and microhabitats at the Mamanguape Mangrove-Reef system, NE Brazil. Overall, 144 belt transects were performed from October 2007 to September 2008 to assess the structure of the fish assemblage. Fish trophic groups and life stage (juveniles and adults) were recorded according to literature, the percent cover of the substrate was estimated using the point contact method. Our results revealed that fish composition gradually changed from the Estuarine to the Reef zone, and that fish assemblage was strongly related to the microhabitat availability, as suggested by the predominance of carnivores at the Estuarine zone and presence of herbivores at the Reef zone. Fish abundance and diversity were higher in the Reef zone and estuary margins, highlighting the importance of structural complexity. A pattern of nursery area utilization, with larger specimens at the Transition and Reef Zone and smaller individuals at the Estuarine zone, was recorded for Abudefduf saxatilis, Anisotremus surinamensis, Lutjanus alexandrei, and Lutjanus jocu. Our findings clearly suggests ecosystem connectivity between mangrove, seagrass and reef biotopes, and highlighted the importance of Mamanguape Mangrove-Reef System as a priority area for conservation and research, whose habitat mosaics should be further studied and protected.
Reprodutibilidade do VO2Máx estimado na corrida pela frequência cardíaca e consumo de oxigênio de reserva
Authors: Santos Tony Meireles , Viana Bruno Ferreira , Sá Filho Alberto Souza
Published: April 2012

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos de utilização da frequência cardíaca máxima medida (FCpico) vs. predita (FC Predita) na estimativa do VO2Máx em esteira pelo método de FC e VO2 de reserva. Dezoito homens (27,5 ± 7,1 anos, 73,7 ± 12,6 kg, 174,8 ± 10,2 cm) realizaram na primeira visita um teste progressivo máximo para determinar a FCpico. Nas duas visitas seguintes foram realizados os testes aeróbios submáximos em esteira com estágio de 6 min a 75% da FC de reserva. O VO2Máx foi estimado pelo uso conjunto das equações de FC, VO2 de reserva e equação de corrida do ACSM. Não foi observada diferença significativa (teste t) entre as estimativas de VO2Máx a partir da FCpredita e FCpico. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e erro típico da medida utilizando FCpredita e FCpico foram 0,89, 2,43 mL.kg-1.min-1 (5%) e 0,83, 2,43 mL.kg-1.min-1 (4,9%), respectivamente. O uso da abordagem estimada para determinação da FC máxima mostrou-se adequado para a determinação do VO2Máx com um pequeno erro típico da medida.
A imprensa negra e o futebol em São Paulo no início do século XX
Authors: Abrahão Bruno Otávio de Lacerda , Soares Antonio Jorge Gonçalves
Published: April 2012

Em São Paulo, na primeira metade do século XX, havia associações destinadas à promoção de atividades culturais e esportivas para os negros, que surgiram diante da necessidade de denunciar as práticas discriminatórias e promover a sociabilidade étnica através do atletismo, do boxe e, sobretudo, do futebol. Uma delas era a Imprensa Negra. Neste artigo, os autores buscaram compreender as estratégias da Imprensa Negra para noticiar a participação do negro no emergente campo do futebol. Utilizando a perspectiva teórica da História Cultural, se ocuparam dos conteúdos das matérias dos jornais da Imprensa Negra, disponíveis na Biblioteca Nacional na forma de microfilmes. O objetivo foi observar a continuidade e a regularidade do discurso, os pontos de afrontamento e de disputa simbólica em torno da negociação da construção identitária da "raça negra" no esporte e captar, através das mensagens emitidas por esses órgãos da imprensa, as estratégias de distinção utilizadas por esse grupo étnico/racial em torno da contestação das representações negativas ou construção de representações positivas sobre o negro no emergente campo do futebol. Concluíram que o sentimento de consciência racial, a necessidade de se integrar à nação e o desejo de ascensão social eram os motivos que mantinham unidos os negros através daquelas associações. A Imprensa Negra procurou construir uma representação identitária do negro que privilegiasse o capital futebolístico, sem se esquecer dos predicados morais como a disciplina, a higiene e a ordem. A estratégia de divulgação dos feitos de sucesso dos negros no campo esportivo promovia uma identidade positiva do negro no futebol, em conformidade com as demandas daquele contexto: uma nação higienizada e disciplinada na esteira do projeto nacional que via no futebol um meio de expressão positiva da brasilidade.
Inﬂuência da audição musical na prática de exercícios físicos por pessoas adultas
Authors: Rodrigues Nathália Sixel , Coelho Filho Carlos Alberto de Andrade
Published: April 2012

Considerando a importância do conhecimento sobre os fatores que podem inﬂuenciar a aderência aos programas de exercícios físicos, esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, tem como objetivo verificar a inﬂuência da música na motivação para a prática da ginástica de participantes do projeto de extensão "Ginástica e equilíbrio estético". Para a coleta de dados empíricos foi utilizada a dinâmica dos "grupos focais". Foi constituído um "grupo focal", do qual participaram 14 mulheres. Tendo em vista a análise e a interpretação dos dados coletados, destacam-se as seguintes conclusões: 1) a música, no contexto da prática de exercícios físicos, pode conduzir o praticante ao estado de "ﬂuxo ou ﬂuência", também conhecido como "ﬂow", favorecendo certo "esquecimento do cotidiano", gerando maior envolvimento com a atividade; 2) a música pode situar a prática do exercício físico na dimensão do jogo, pois quando o indivíduo mexe com o corpo, no rumo das vibrações musicais, ele "brinca com o corpo"; 3) a utilização dos pulsos musicais durante a prática de exercícios físicos pode auxiliar na precisão e na velocidade de execução dos gestos motores, contribuindo com a motivação e com o rendimento grupal e individual; 4) no que se refere a certo estado subjetivo favorecido pela música, faz-se notar que as canções têm a capacidade de recuperar memórias, boas ou ruins, para uns e/ou para outros, e que, portanto, no interior de um grupo, esse efeito vai escapar a um possível controle objetivo; 5) o alto volume da música foi apontado como elemento desmotivador por gerar cansaço e irritabilidade.
O Portal da Inovação do MCT e a sinergia entre universidade, empresa e governo no desenvolvimento da educação física
Authors: Silva Carlos Alberto Figueiredo da , Votre Sebastião Josué
Published: April 2012

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o Portal da Inovação à comunidade acadêmica da educação física, focalizando alguns dados que estão disponibilizados à consulta pública, no sentido de explorar as possibilidades de sua utilização na promoção e desenvolvimento do país. Examinam-se três partes do Portal: especialistas, grupos de pesquisa e empresas, com a utilização da palavra-chave: "educação física". Procura-se observar a sinergia entre universidade, empresa e governo, no tocante à participação da educação física na promoção da inovação e do desenvolvimento no país.
Adaptações do sistema respiratório referentes à função pulmonar em resposta a um programa de alongamento muscular pelo método de Reeducação Postural Global
Authors: Moreno Marlene Aparecida , Catai Aparecida Maria , Teodori Rosana Macher , Borges Bruno Luis Amoroso , Zuttin Roberta Silva , Silva Ester da
Published: April 2012

A proposta deste estudo foi analisar as adaptações do sistema respiratório referentes à função pulmonar em resposta ao alongamento da cadeia muscular respiratória pelo método de Reeducação Postural Global (RPG). Foram estudados 20 homens, sedentários, de antropometria semelhante, sem antecedentes de doenças musculoesqueléticas ou cardiorrespiratórias. Os voluntários foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de dez, sendo um grupo controle (GC), que não participou do protocolo de alongamento, e o outro submetido à intervenção pelo método de RPG, denominado grupo tratado (GT). O alongamento foi realizado duas vezes por semana, durante oito semanas, totalizando 16 sessões. Os dois grupos foram submetidos à prova de função pulmonar, medindo-se a capacidade vital lenta, capacidade vital forçada e ventilação voluntária máxima, antes e após o período de intervenção. Os valores obtidos em todas as variáveis dos voluntários do GC na avaliação inicial não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparados aos obtidos na avaliação final (p>0,05). No GT os valores finais apresentaram-se significativamente maiores que os iniciais (p<0,05). O protocolo de alongamento da cadeia muscular respiratória proposto pelo método de RPG mostrou pois ser eficiente para promover aumento das variáveis espirométricas, sugerindo que pode ser utilizado como um recurso fisioterapêutico coadjuvante às condutas de fisioterapia respiratória.
Estratégias para ensino de hábitos posturais em crianças: história em quadrinhos versus experiência prática
Authors: Rebolho Marilia Christina Tenorio , Casarotto Raquel Aparecida , João Silvia Maria Amado
Published: April 2012

Este estudo experimental verificou os efeitos de um programa de educação postural comparando duas estratégias de ensino, a utilização de uma história em quadrinhos (HQ) e a experiência prática de posturas corretas e incorretas (EP). O programa de educação postural foi aplicado em três encontros com escolares das 2ª e 3ª séries, com idades entre 7 e 11 anos; 40 meninas e 40 meninos foram divididos igualmente em dois grupos, cada um submetido a uma estratégia de ensino: GHQ e GEP. O conhecimento dos hábitos posturais foi verificado por meio de questionários aplicados antes e após 6 meses do término das sessões. Foram ensinadas as posturas corretas em pé, sentado, de transportar mochilas, de abaixar, de mudar objetos de lugar e jeito de dormir. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que, para todas as variáveis estudadas houve aumento significativo no aprendizado e memorização dos hábitos posturais corretos em ambos os grupos, e que não houve diferença significativa entre as duas estratégias educativas. Não foram detectadas diferenças no aprendizado e memorização dos hábitos posturais corretos em crianças de ambos os sexos submetidas às duas metodologias de ensino.
Efeitos da manipulação do estímulo visual e da intenção na oscilação postural de idosas
Authors: Lopes Andrei Guilherme , Razuk Milena , Barela José Angelo
Published: April 2012

Este estudo investigou a influência de características do estímulo visual e o efeito da intenção nas respostas do controle postural frente à manipulação visual de adultas idosas. As 20 participantes permaneceram em pé em uma sala móvel durante sete tentativas com duração de 1 minuto cada, olhando para um alvo fixo, medindo-se sua oscilação corporal. Na primeira tentativa não houve qualquer movimento da sala, porém a partir da segunda a sala foi movimentada no sentido ântero-posterior. Para dez participantes, a velocidade de pico da movimentação foi de 0,6 cm/s e, para as demais, de 1,0 cm/s. A partir da quinta tentativa, as participantes foram informadas do movimento da sala e orientadas a resistir à movimentação. Os resultados indicam que a oscilação corporal das idosas é induzida pelo movimento da sala móvel. Intenção e alteração da característica do estímulo visual reduzem a influência da informação visual na oscilação corporal, mas a manipulação de propriedade do estímulo (neste caso, velocidade), é menos efetiva que a intenção. Essa maior dependência da intenção para alterar a influência de um estímulo sensorial no controle postural indica que o funcionamento do sistema de controle postural em idosos não possibilita ajustes "automáticos" de respostas posturais frente a pequenas variações das condições ambientais. Iinformações sobre tais variações podem ser direcionadas de forma a compensar essa diferença.
Avaliação da satisfação dos pacientes atendidos em uma clínica-escola de fisioterapia de Santo André, SP
Authors: Suda Eneida Yuri , Uemura Missae Dora , Velasco Eliane
Published: April 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o grau de satisfação com o atendimento fisioterapêutico de 51 pacientes (idade 47,6±14,8 anos) que estavam recebendo tal atendimento em uma clínica-escola que atende gratuitamente. O nível de satisfação foi avaliado por um questionário brasileiro, validado, sobre a satisfação dos pacientes com a fisioterapia. A ampla maioria (77%) dos pacientes eram de baixo nível socioeconômico. Os resultados mostram que os pacientes apresentam um alto nível de satisfação com o atendimento fisioterapêutico quanto à relação paciente-terapeuta, aos membros da equipe de atendimento, à dinâmica e à infra-estrutura da clínica. Respostas negativas figuraram apenas em algumas questões referentes à infra-estrutura da clínica. A questão relativa à satisfação com o atendimento em geral obteve 55% de respostas "excelente", 27% de "ótimo" e 18% de "bom". O paciente atendido pela clínica-escola tem a consciência que um aluno/estagiário estará realizando o atendimento. Embora os resultados possam ter sido influenciados pelo baixo status socioeconomico da clientela, que em geral não alimenta altas expectativas, ainda assim apontam para uma opinião homogênea positiva sobre a seriedade e competência do trabalho realizado pela equipe na clínica.
Efeito da técnica isostretching no equilíbrio postural
Authors: Monte-Raso Vanessa Vilela , Ferreira Paula Araújo , Carvalho Marcelo Silva de , Rodrigues Jane Godoy , Martins Cristiano Costa , Iunes Denise Hollanda
Published: April 2012

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da técnica isostretching em alterações posturais. Doze voluntários com aumento da cifose torácica, escoliose, protrusão de cabeça e ombros foram tratados com a técnica isostretching três vezes por semana em sessões de 1 hora cada. Foram divididos em dois grupos, segundo o número de sessões de tratamento que freqüentaram: grupo 1 (n=8), mais de 30 sessões e grupo 2 (n=4), menos de 30 sessões. Para a avaliação postural, os voluntários foram fotografados antes e após o tratamento no plano frontal anterior e posterior, no plano sagital ereto e em flexão anterior de tronco. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. No grupo 1, os resultados foram satisfatórios quanto às modificações no alinhamento do triângulo de Talles (ΔT) esquerdo (f=0,00), ângulo coxofemoral (f=0,00), ângulo tibiotársico (f=0,00) e alinhamento da coluna torácica (f=0,01). Nos indivíduos do grupo 2, os resultados foram satisfatórios quanto ao alinhamento do joelho esquerdo (f=0,03), ΔT esquerdo (f=0,00), ΔT direito (f=0,01), alinhamento da coluna torácica (f=0,03) e alinhamento da cabeça (f=0,02). A técnica de isostretching, nas posturas adotadas neste estudo, foi pois eficaz no alinhamento da coluna vertebral torácica nos dois grupos, bem como na melhora da flexibilidade no grupo 1; entretanto, não houve melhora nas assimetrias posturais no plano frontal, independente do número de sessões freqüentadas pelos sujeitos.
Cucos, formigas, abelhas e a evolução dos instintos
Authors: Ades César
Published: April 2012

Neste artigo, abordo o capítulo VII de "A Origem das Espécies" (Instinto), no qual Charles Darwin efetua uma aplicação da teoria da evolução por seleção natural ao domínio dos instintos, inaugurando a análise biológica do comportamento. Darwin pretendeu mostrar a possibilidade de uma evolução gradual no caso de exemplos complexos como o parasitismo de ninhada do cuco, o hábito escravagista de formigas e a construção das células do favo de abelhas melíferas. Atribuiu ao comportamento um caráter funcional, comparou espécies próximas para reconstituir etapas evolucionárias, colocou os cálculos de custo e benefício e de otimização subjacentes à seleção do comportamento, indicou aspectos de competição entre espécies e de manipulação de umas por outras, e utilizou o pensamento da seleção de grupo para dar conta da presença de indivíduos estéreis em insetos eusociais. Mais do que soluções e resultados, Darwin traz, no capítulo Instinto, argumentos e uma proposta paradigmática para a análise dos comportamentos típicos da espécie, verdadeiro ponto de partida para as abordagens atuais da etologia e da ecologia comportamental.
Experimental evaluation of the effect of utilizing Geosynthetics on structural concrete beams strength
Authors: Mardookhpour A. R.
Published: April 2012

This paper describes an attempt made to incorporate laminate Geosynthetics in concrete beams. Despite several studies being done in application of Geosynthetics in soils, Geosynthetics have hardly been used with concrete. In this research, several tests were conducted to evaluate the capability of Geosynthetics used in concrete to affect flexural and compressive strength of concrete beams. The results showed an increase of nearly 40% in load-carrying capacity in flexure strength and 30% in compressive strength of concrete beams if Geosynthetics were included.
Adipose Tissue Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Elias Ivet , Franckhauser Sylvie , Ferré Tura , Vilà Laia , Tafuro Sabrina , Muñoz Sergio , Roca Carles , Ramos David , Pujol Anna , Riu Efren , Ruberte Jesús , Bosch Fatima
Published: April 2012

During the expansion of fat mass in obesity, vascularization of adipose tissue is insufficient to maintain tissue normoxia. Local hypoxia develops and may result in altered adipokine expression, proinflammatory macrophage recruitment, and insulin resistance. We investigated whether an increase in adipose tissue angiogenesis could protect against obesity-induced hypoxia and, consequently, insulin resistance. Transgenic mice overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) were generated. Vessel formation, metabolism, and inflammation were studied in VEGF transgenic mice and wild-type littermates fed chow or a high-fat diet. Overexpression of VEGF resulted in increased blood vessel number and size in both WAT and BAT and protection against high-fat diet–induced hypoxia and obesity, with no differences in food intake. This was associated with increased thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Moreover, whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were improved. Transgenic mice presented increased macrophage infiltration, with a higher number of M2 anti-inflammatory and fewer M1 proinflammatory macrophages than wild-type littermates, thus maintaining an anti-inflammatory milieu that could avoid insulin resistance. These studies suggest that overexpression of VEGF in adipose tissue is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of obesity and insulin resistance.
Slaughter Value of Young Polish Black-and-White, White-Backed, Polish Holstein-Friesian and Limousin Bulls Under Semi-Intensive Fattening
Authors: Litwińczuk Zygmunt , Chabuz Witold , Domaradzki Piotr , Jankowski Przemysław
Published: April 2012

Slaughter Value of Young Polish Black-and-White, White-Backed, Polish Holstein-Friesian and Limousin Bulls Under Semi-Intensive Fattening

The objective of the present study was to compare the slaughter value of young bulls of two breeds included in the genetic resources conservation programme, namely Polish Black-White and White-backed with young Polish Holstein-Friesian (dairy type) and Limousin (beef type) bulls. This is the first study to evaluate the meat performance traits of White-backed cattle in several-centuries history of the breed in Poland. It was determined that populations of White-backed and Polish Black-and-White cattle represent the dual-purpose type desirable in the genetic resources conservation programme. The indices obtained for the analysed traits of slaughter value from young Polish Black-and-White and White-backed bulls were intermediate between Polish Holstein-Friesian (dairy type) and Limousin (beef type), but closer to those of the Polish Holstein-Friesian breed. The analysed muscles of young bulls had a very similar content of basic chemical components. The relatively high amount of proteins (22.85-23.23%) in musculus longissimus lumborum and in musculus semintendinosus (22.43-23.06%) should be emphasized.
Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Different Hydrated Monocalcium Phosphates for Broiler Chickens
Authors: Jamroz Dorota , Gajda-Janiak Agnieszka , Wzorek Zbigniew , Kowalski Zygmunt , Kubizna Janusz
Published: April 2012

Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Different Hydrated Monocalcium Phosphates for Broiler Chickens

Three hydrated monocalcium phosphates differing in purity (with or without monetite, or monetite and calcite) and in crystalline structure were used in broiler chickens diets. The performance indices, concentration of Ca, P and Mg and activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood plasma, the content of these mineral elements in bones, and physico-mechanical parameters of femur and tibia bones were recorded. Body weight on 35th day of life, feed intake and mechanical parameters of bone quality were slightly affected by the type of phosphates used. Higher Ca and P concentration in blood was stated in chickens fed diets with greater purity of phosphates, but activity of alkaline phosphatase has increased with the admixture of monetite or calcite used in phosphates. The best parameters of bone quality were found in the treatment in which hydrated monocalcium phosphate (MCP) with admixture of monetite and calcite was applied. Higher concentration of both Ca and Mg in bone was determined in chickens fed diets with pure phosphates.
The Effect of Decreased Protein Levels in Sow Diets on Nitrogen Content of Faeces and Physiological Parameters of Blood
Authors: Korniewicz Daniel , Grela Eugeniusz , Matras Jan , Gajewczyk Paweł , Dobrzański Zbigniew , Korniewicz Adolf , Antkowiak Krystian
Published: April 2012

The Effect of Decreased Protein Levels in Sow Diets on Nitrogen Content of Faeces and Physiological Parameters of Blood

The research material consisted of 42 sows divided into 3 feeding groups, 14 individuals in each group, which received feed mixtures with different protein levels. Protein and amino acid levels in the control group were in accordance with recommendations contained in Polish standards. The level of protein in experimental groups was decreased by 10 and 20%, respectively, and the levels of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were adjusted to those of the control group. During the gestation and lactation periods all sows were fed individually. The content of dry matter, nitrogen, fibre, fat and ash was determined in samples of faeces collected at 60 and 105 days of pregnancy, and the total nitrogen content was assessed in urine. Blood from sows was collected on day 14 of lactation, and indices of protein, fat transformation and mineral components content were determined in blood serum. The results of the analysis of faeces and urine prove that pregnant sows from the experimental groups excreted 7% and 10% less nitrogen in faeces, and 18% and 23% less urine in faeces. The reduced protein level in feed mixtures did not significantly influence the content of dry matter, fibre and ash in faeces. A significant decrease in the content of total protein, globulins, urea and an increase in cholesterol level was observed in the blood serum of sows from both experimental groups. No influence of the reduced protein level in feed on the content of mineral compounds in blood serum or haematological parameters of the sows' blood was noted.
The Expression of Birth Weight is Modulated by the Breeding Season in a Goat Model
Authors: Meza-Herrera César , Calderón-Leyva Guadalupe , Soto-Sanchez Maria , Abad-Zavaleta José , Serradilla Juan , García-Martinez Antón , Rodriguez-Martinez Rafael , Veliz Francisco , Macias-Cruz Ulises , Salinas-Gonzalez Homero
Published: April 2012

The Expression of Birth Weight is Modulated by the Breeding Season in a Goat Model

Birth weight (BW) is frequently considered as an indicator to detect possible restrictions of intrauterine development. This study evaluated the effect of breeding season (BS) across year: spring (SP), summer (SM), fall (FL) and winter (WT) upon the expression of BW. This meta-analysis considered records (n = 1,084) collected from a commercial herd kept under intensive conditions (22° NL, 1,835 m). The definitive statistical model for BW analysis considered the independent variables kidding year, (KY), genetic group (GT), litter size (LS), gender (GN), breeding season (BS), kidding season (KS) plus the interactions (KY*GT) and (GN*BS). BW expression was affected (P<0.05) by KY, GN, LS, KS, and KY*GT. Interestingly, while BW expression was not affected (P>0.05) by kidding season, it was affected (P<0.05) by breeding season. The highest and lowest BW values were observed in SP and WN (3.34 vs. 3.10 kg; P<0.05), respectively. This physiological scenario could be the result of embryonic-fetal adaptive responses representing homeostatic adaptations due to alterations including doe nutritional status, available quantity and quality of food to both the embryo and the fetus as well as to a changing external environment.
La révolte en réseau : le « printemps arabe » et les médias sociaux
Authors: Faris David M.
Published: April 2012

Network Revolts: The “Arab Spring” and Social Media En Égypte, l’activisme numérique s’est développé depuis le milieu des années 2000, nombre de blogueurs contribuant à dénoncer les abus du régime Moubarak. Un tel phénomène n’a pas pu voir le jour en Tunisie du fait de la censure exercée sur Internet. Toutefois, dans les deux cas, les blogs mais aussi les réseaux sociaux comme Facebook ou Twitter ont joué un rôle important au moment des révolutions de 2011.
Une électricité européenne sobre en carbone : l'impasse ?
Authors: Jauréguy-Naudin Maïté
Published: April 2012

Le « paquet énergie et climat » de l’UE préconise l’élargissement de la part des énergies renouvelables dans la consommation globale d’énergie: énergie d’origine éolienne ou photovoltaïque. Le bilan des énergies renouvelables est pourtant mitigé – en termes de coûts, d’emploi, de transport – et l’accroissement de leur part de marché complexe à mettre en œuvre. Les décisions nationales compliquent encore le problème, et au premier chef la décision allemande de sortie du nucléaire.
Elementary Trigonometric Sums related to Quadratic Residues
Authors: Laradji Abdallah , Mignotte Maurice , Tzanakis Nikos
Published: April 2012

Die Autoren dieses Beitrags ordnen den Primzahlen

p\equiv 3\pmod 4

zwei trigonometrische Summen zu, die verschiedene überraschende Eigenschaften an den Tag legen. Unter anderem kann die Klassenzahl

h(-p)

des Zahlkörpers

\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})

mit Hilfe der Differenz der beiden Summen ausgedrückt werden. Es zeigen sich Zusammenhänge mit quadratischen Residuen

\bmod\,p

oder dem Legendre-Symbol

\bmod\,p

. Die Summen stehen in Beziehung zur Klassen\-zahl\-formel von Dirichlet, die verschiedene Kenngrössen von algebraischen Zahlkörpern mit dem Residuum der Dedekindschen Zetafunktion in deren Pol verbindet. Dem Leser eröffnet sich ein Bouquet von klassischen Resultaten in neuem Kleid.
Comment on Mesoudi and O’Brien’s “The Cultural Transmission of Great Basin Projectile-Point Technology I: An Experimental Simulation”
Authors: Potter Douglas M.
Published: April 2012

Mesoudi and O’Brien (2008) describe an experimental simulation of the cultural transmission of projectile-point technology. They base some of their conclusions on the results of tests of correlation. I explain why their use of correlation is improper, and hence that the validity of their conclusions is questionable at best. To support that assertion, I provide simulations to demonstrate that spurious correlations arise in the situations where the authors use correlation. I also describe analysis methods appropriate for their data.
Statistical Analyses Cannot be Divorced from Archaeological Theory: A Reply to Potter
Authors: Mesoudi Alex , O’Brien Michael J.
Published: April 2012

Potter criticizes our experimental study of the roles played by indirect bias and guided variation in shaping prehistoric Great Basin projectile point variation. His criticisms are technically correct from the standpoint of statistical convention, but he fails to understand the theoretical rationale of our study. Without such an understanding, his assertion that our conclusions are questionable is incorrect. Here we point out again (1) how our experimental work bridges the gap between cultural-transmission theory and the empirical record and (2) why our conclusions are indeed valid.
CYP1B1 Detection
Authors: Divi Rao L. , Luch Andreas , Verma Mukesh , Mahadevan Brinda
Published: April 2012

This unit describes procedures for measuring CYP1B1 gene expression by reverse transcription real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), CYP1B1 protein levels by western blotting, and CYP1B1 enzyme activity through conversion of 7‐ethoxyresorufin substrate. To achieve specific measurement of CYP1B1 activity in the presence of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, CYP1B1 inhibition and a subtractive approach have been adopted. 2,4,3′,5′‐Tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) is a potent and selective competitive inhibitor of CYP1B1 with an IC50 of 3 nM for EROD and ∼90 nM for E2 4‐hydroxylation. Binding studies with purified CYP1B1 suggests that TMS interferes in the proximity of the heme region of CYP1B1 with high affinity. Compared to other potent inhibitors such as α‐naphthoflavone, which is a known CYP1 family inhibitor with no selectivity between CYP1B1 and CYP1A2, TMS is ∼50‐ and 520‐fold selective for inhibition of CYP1B1 when compared to CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, respectively. Thus, TMS can serve as a helpful chemical scalpel for dissecting CYP1B1 activity from the overall activity of CYP1 family members against ethoxyresorufin. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 51:4.38.1‐4.38.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Socioeconomic burden of total joint arthroplasty for symptomatic hip and knee osteoarthritis in the Italian population: A 5‐year analysis based on hospitalization records
Authors: Piscitelli P. , Iolascon G. , Di Tanna G. , Bizzi E. , Chitano G. , Argentiero A. , Neglia C. , Giolli L. , Distante A. , Gimigliano R. , Brandi M. L. , Migliore Alberto
Published: April 2012

Objective

To assess the burden of total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) performed for symptomatic hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the Italian population.

Methods

We analyzed national hospitalizations and diagnosis‐related group databases to compute incidence, annual percent change (APC), direct costs, and working days lost between 2001 and 2005 following TJA due to OA.

Results

In 2005, we recorded a total of 41,816 (APC +5.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.1–5.8) and 44,051 (APC +13.4; 95% CI 13.1–13.8) hip and knee arthroplasties, respectively. Women represented the majority of patients undergoing TJA procedures (female:male ratio 1.7:1 for hip arthroplasties and 2.9:1 for knee arthroplasties). When analyzing the data by age groups, most of the patients were in the age groups 65–74 years and ≥75 years, although the highest increases were observed in those ages <65 years. Revisions accounted for 6,387 (APC +4.9; 95% CI 4.0–5.7) and 2,295 (APC +17.4; 95% CI 15.7–19.2) procedures for the hip and knee, respectively. Loss of working days in patients ages <65 years was estimated between 805,000 and 1 million days. Hospital costs increased from 741 million to 1 billion euros over the 5‐year period (from 412 to 538 million euros for hip arthroplasties and from 329 to 517 million euros for knee arthroplasties). Rehabilitation costs increased from 228 to 322 million euros. Postoperative complications were estimated between 3.1 and 4.4 million euros. The average costs per patient were 16,835 and 15,358 euros for hip and knee arthroplasties, respectively.

Conclusion

The socioeconomic burden of TJAs performed for symptomatic OA in Italy is remarkable and calls for the adoption of proper preventive measures.
Association of dietary magnesium intake with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: Results from a population‐based study
Authors: Qin Bo , Shi Xiaoyan , Samai Peter S. , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M. , He Ka
Published: April 2012

Objective

To examine the cross‐sectional association between dietary magnesium intake and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) among African American and white men and women.

Methods

The presence of radiographic knee OA was examined among participants from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project and was defined as a Kellgren/Lawrence grade of at least 2 in at least 1 knee. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess magnesium intake. Effect modifiers were explored by testing interactions of magnesium intake and selected factors based on previous studies. The multivariable logistic regression model with standard energy adjustment method was used to estimate the relationship between magnesium intake and radiographic knee OA.

Results

The prevalence of knee OA was 36.27% among the 2,112 participants. The relationship between magnesium intake and radiographic knee OA was found to be modified by race (P for interaction = 0.03). An inverse threshold association was observed among whites. Compared to participants in the lowest quintile, the relative odds of radiographic knee OA were cut by one‐half for participants in the second quintile of magnesium intake (odds ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.34–0.79); further magnesium intake did not provide further benefits (P for trend = 0.51). A statistically significant association was not observed among African Americans.

Conclusion

A modest inverse threshold association was found between dietary magnesium intake and knee OA in whites, but not in African Americans. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action for the racial modification.
Production of High Purity Magnesium Alloys by Melt Purification with Zr
Authors: Prasad Arvind , Uggowitzer Peter J. , Shi Zhiming , Atrens Andrej
Published: April 2012

The efficacy of Zr in removing Fe from molten Mg‐X binary alloys was studied experimentally and using calculated phase diagrams. Zr is effective in reducing the Fe content from the Mg melt for Mg‐X binary alloys, X = Y, Si, Sn, Ca, Sr, Ce, Gd, Nd, Li, La, Mn, and Zn. Purification occurs by the precipitation from the melt of Fe rich precipitates, and the settling of the precipitates to the bottom of the melt. Any desired Fe content down to 1 ppm can be achieved by appropriate melt treatment.
Formation Mechanism of Fullerene Cation in Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Shunsuke , Ohkita Hideo , Benten Hiroaki , Ito Shinzaburo
Published: April 2012

The charge carrier dynamics in blend films of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and conjugated polymers with different ionization potentials are measured using transient absorption spectroscopy to study the formation mechanism of PCBM radical cation, which was previously discovered for blend films of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3,7‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MDMO‐PPV) and PCBM. On a nanosecond time scale after photoexcitation, polymer hole polaron and PCBM radical anion are observed but no PCBM radical cation is found in the blends. Subsequently, the fraction of polymer hole polarons decreases and that of PCBM radical cations increases with time. Finally, the fraction of PCBM radical cations becomes constant on a microsecond time scale. The final fraction of PCBM radical cation is dependent on the ionization potential of polymers but independent of the excitation wavelength. These findings show that the formation of PCBM radical cation is due to hole injection from polymer to PCBM domains. Furthermore, the energetic conditions for such hole injection in polymer/PCBM blend films are discussed on the basis of Monte Carlo analysis for hole hopping in a disordered donor/acceptor heterojunction with varying energetic parameters.
One‐Step Multipurpose Surface Functionalization by Adhesive Catecholamine
Authors: Kang Sung Min , Hwang Nathaniel S. , Yeom Jihyeon , Park Sung Young , Messersmith Phillip B. , Choi Insung S. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G. , Lee Haeshin
Published: April 2012

Surface modification is one of the most important techniques in modern science and engineering. The facile introduction of a wide variety of desired properties onto virtually any material surface is an ultimate goal in surface chemistry. To achieve this goal, the incorporation of structurally diverse molecules onto any material surface is an essential capability for ideal surface modification. Here, a general strategy for surface modification is presented in which many diverse surfaces can be functionalized by immobilizing a wide variety of molecules. This strategy functionalizes surfaces by a one‐step immersion of substrates in a one‐pot mixture of a molecule and a catecholamine surface modification agent. This one‐step procedure for surface modification represents a standard protocol to control interfacial properties.
Supramolecular Chiral Structures: Smart Polymer Organization Guided by 2D Polarization Light Patterns
Authors: Ruiz Ulises , Pagliusi Pasquale , Provenzano Clementina , Shibaev Valery P. , Cipparrone Gabriella
Published: April 2012

Chiral periodic structures and photonic crystals have attracted a great deal of interest due to their applications in advanced photonics. As a consequence, the design and the fabrication of periodic microstructures in photosensitive materials have been widely investigated. Many achievements in the fabrication of such devices have been made over the last decade, but most of the established methods are still restricted to light intensity distribution with different structural shapes and minor attention has been devoted to exploit the vectorial nature of the light coupled with the response of polarization sensitive materials. Here, supramolecular chiral structuring in an amorphous azo‐polymer is demonstrated, coupling the strong and diversified photoresponse of the material with the holographic recording of 2D polarization patterns. The smart polymer organization guided by the complex light field induces periodic chiral microstructures, with spiral‐ or ribbon‐like shape and identical or opposite helicity, characterized by high stability and complete reconfigurability. The holographic structures are theoretically described by means of the Jones matrix method and experimentally investigated, confirming the simultaneous presence of both linear and circular photoinduced anisotropies. These results prove an alternative approach to design a new class of materials with periodic chiral arrangement.
Sulfonic Acid‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids as Metal‐Free, Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for Direct Amination of Alcohols
Authors: Han Feng , Yang Lei , Li Zhen , Xia Chungu
Published: April 2012

A series of sulfonic acid‐functionalized (SO3H‐functionalized) ionic liquids was synthesized and used as metal‐free, highly selective and efficient catalysts for the direct amination of alcohols. Notably, the activities of the series of SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquids were compared and a 92% isolated yield was obtained using 3‐tetradecyl‐1‐(butyl‐4‐ sulfonyl)imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BsTdIM][OTf]) as the catalyst. Importantly, the catalytic system has wide substrate scope including benzylic, allyl, propargylic, aliphatic alcohols with sulfonamide, amide, carbamate, aromatic amine and N‐heterocyclic compounds. Interestingly, the system was also suitable for a multi‐gram scale direct amination of alcohols. Additionally, the reusable nature of [BsTdIM][OTf] makes this protocol more attractive and avoids the disposal and neutralization of acidic catalysts. Moreover, preliminary experiments indicated that this reaction should proceed via an SN1 pathway.
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: April 2012

Disease Overview: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.

Diagnosis: Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis.

Risk Stratification: Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy: Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem‐cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection.

Management of Refractory Disease: Bortezomib, thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 503–510, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Diversity of Methanogens in Fecal Samples From Captive Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii)
Authors: FACEY HANNAH V. , NORTHWOOD KORINNE S. , WRIGHT ANDRÉ‐DENIS G.
Published: April 2012

Methane emissions have been previously detected from orangutans, but characterization of the diversity of methanogens in this species has yet to be completed. This preliminary study identified methanogen producing microorganims, also called methanogens, present in the feces from a colony of captive Sumatran orangutans at the Perth Zoo. All animals were housed in the same enclosure and were fed primarily a frugivorous diet. Methanogens were detected using a 16S rRNA gene clone library. A total of 207 clones were examined, revealing 37 different methanogen 16S rRNA sequences, or phylotypes. Of these, 31 phylotypes represented by 170 clones had 96.4–100% sequence identity to Methanosphaera stadtmanae, four phylotypes (32 clones) had 95.1–100% sequence identity to Methanobrevibacter smithii, while two phylotypes (five clones) had 95.9–97.7% sequence identity to Methanobacterium beijingense. Overall, five possible new species were identified from the clone library. This represents the first report of Msp. stadtmanae, a methanol utilizer, as the most predominant methanogen in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. This is likely due to the increased availability of methanol from the highly frugivorous diet of the orangutans. Further studies are warranted to properly assess the effects of frugivorous diets on the methanogen population. Am. J. Primatol. 74:408‐413, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of lanthanide (La(III))‐containing ionomer on thermal stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Zhu Xiaonan , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang
Published: April 2012

A type of lanthanide (La(III))‐containing ionomer based on acrylate processing aid (ACR) for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) was synthesized, and influence of the ionomer on thermal stabilization of PVC was investigated with visual color comparison and Congo red methods. Results revealed that the ionomer with a suitable La(III) content behaved as a good costabilizer to PVC. It was able to extend static stabilization time of PVC and postpone “zinc burning.” The stabilizing efficiency of the ionomer to PVC depended on ion content, which was discussed in terms of Eisenberg–Hird–Moore model. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared test verified that this ionomer can react with zinc stearate (ZnSt2) to form some new structures, which is responsible for postponing “zinc burning.” The ionomer and epoxidized soybean oil exhibited a synergistic effect on the stabilizing efficiency of calcium stearate (CaSt2)/ZnSt2 stabilizer to PVC compounds. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Solar wind charge exchange and local hot bubble X‐ray emission with the DXL sounding rocket experiment
Authors: Galeazzi M. , Collier M.R. , Cravens T. , Koutroumpa D. , Kuntz K.D. , Lepri S. , McCammon D. , Porter F. S. , Prasai K. , Robertson I. , Snowden S. , Thomas N.E. , Uprety Y.
Published: April 2012

The Diffuse X‐ray emission from the Local Galaxy (DXL) sounding rocket is a NASA approved mission with a scheduled first launch in December 2012. Its goal is to identify and separate the X‐ray emission of the solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) from that of the local hot bubble (LHB) to improve our understanding of both. To separate the SWCX contribution from the LHB, DXL will use the SWCX signature due to the helium focusing cone at l = 185°, b = –18°. DXL uses large area proportional counters, with an area of 1000 cm2 and grasp of about 10 cm2 sr both in the 1/4 and 3/4 keV bands. Thanks to the large grasp, DXL will achieve in a 5‐minute flight what cannot be achieved by current and future X‐ray satellites (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Charge exchange in massive star‐forming regions
Authors: Montmerle T. , Townsley L.K.
Published: April 2012

As a result of feedback from massive stars, via their intense winds and/or supernova explosions, massive star‐forming regions are entirely filled with hot, X‐ray emitting plasmas, which escape into the ambient ISM. As shown recently by Townsley et al. for several “extreme” cases (Carina, M17, NGC 3576, NGC 3603, 30 Dor), by way of large Chandra ACIS mosaics, extra, non‐thermal emission lines are present on top of the standard lines emitted by hot plasmas. Some of them are very close to lines characteristic of charge‐exchange reactions between the hot plasma and the cold surrounding material, suggesting that this mechanism operates on large spatial scales (several 10 pc) in star‐forming regions in general. The connection with starburst galaxies is briefly mentioned, and it is pointed out that supernovae interacting with molecular clouds may also provide a good environment to look for charge exchange processes (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)