bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HPA polymorphism in sub‐Saharan African populations: Beninese, Cameroonians, Congolese, and Pygmies
Authors: Halle L. , Bigot A. , Mulen‐Imandy G. , M'Bayo K. , Jaeger G. , Anani L. , Martageix C. , Bianchi F. , Julien E. , Kaplan C.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  The frequency of human platelet antigen‐1 (HPA‐1) to HPA‐11w (excluding HPA‐8w) and HPA‐15 systems was studied in four sub‐Saharan populations: Beninese, Congolese (Democratic Republic of Congo Kinshasa), Cameroonians, and Aka pygmies (Central African Republic). No report of HPA prevalence has previously been published concerning these populations which are characterized by the highest HPA‐2b gene frequencies of any reported to date (Aka 0.393, Benin 0.292, Cameroon 0.237, and Congo 0.224) and at lesser degree HPA‐5b (Aka 0.405, Congo 0.268, Cameroon 0.254, and Benin 0.182). This study is of great importance (i) particularly in the context of the diversity caused by the population migrations, we may observe today in our hospitals (ii) to confirm that the Pygmy population with distinctive frequencies (absence of the HPA‐1b, HPA‐2b, and HPA‐5b highest frequencies) is an isolated population.
Haplotype analysis of the CD11 gene cluster in patients with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric ulcer disease
Authors: Hellmig S. , Mascheretti S. , Renz J. , Frenzel H. , Jelschen F. , Rehbein J.K. , Fölsch U. , Hampe J. , Schreiber S.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Helicobacter pylori infection leads to a broad spectrum of disease manifestations such as gastritis, ulcer disease, and even gastric carcinoma. The genetically determined immune response and subsequent inflammation influence the degree of mucosal damage. Adhesion molecules of the CD11 cluster play an important role in adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells in inflammation. We conducted a haplotype‐based analysis of the CD11 cluster in a sample of 315 patients with H. pylori infection and investigated associations with gastric erosions and ulcer disease. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the genes CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c were genotyped by Taqman technology. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed within the CD11 cluster and haplotype case‐control analysis was conducted. Sliding window haplotype analysis identified a haplotype consisting of the markers CD11c exon 15 and intron 31 associated with gastric ulcer disease. Patients carrying the haplotype GA bear a 2.4‐fold increased risk. No significant associations of single markers with disease outcome were found. High‐density LD mapping and mutation detection of CD11c in larger samples will be necessary to confirm our findings and identify the causative variant. Thus, we conclude that genetic variants in the CD11 cluster may play a role in the development of gastric ulcer in chronic H. pylori infection presumably by influencing leukocyte adhesion. The biological effect of genetic variants of CD11c in gastric inflammation needs further clarification.
Identification of HLA‐B*5136 in the Chinese population
Authors: Yan L‐X. , Zhu F‐M. , Lv Q‐F. , Zhang W. , Zhang H‐Q. , He J.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  We report here a new HLA‐B*5136 allele identified by sequence‐based typing in the Chinese population. The new B*5136 allele showed four nucleotides difference with B*5108 at exon 3, which are two point mutations at nucleotide positions 527 T→A and 583 C→T, and two substitutions at adjacent nucleotide positions 559 C→A and 560 T→C. This results in three amino acid changes from Val to Glu at codon 177, Leu to Thr at codon 187, and His to Tyr at codon 195.
A novel HLA‐B*420502 allele identified by PCR‐SSO/SSP routine typing and confirmed by Sequencing‐based typing*
Authors: Mrazek F. , Fae I. , Ambruzova Z. , Raida L. , Indrak K. , Petrek M. , Fischer G.F.
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  A novel human leukocyte antigen‐B (HLA‐B) allele, B*420502, was identified in a patient with leukemia (Caucasoid, Czech ancestry) and his mother during intrafamily search for the hematopoietic stem cell donor. The novel allele was initially detected by HLA typing at low resolution using both sequence specific primers and sequence specific oligonucleotides techniques that resulted in unique reaction patterns. The alleles of the HLA‐B locus were separated by the haplotype‐specific extraction technique. Sequencing of those alleles revealed a novel allele, B*420502, that is identical with B*420501 except a T→G exchange (synonymous mutation) at position 618.
Incidental heterotopic pregnancy demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tan PL , Ridley LJ
Published: February 2005

We report a case of an assisted pregnancy in an asymptomatic woman who was found to have an extrauterine mass on ultrasound and MRI. This complex mass had equivocal imaging features and was found to be a ruptured ovarian ectopic pregnancy at surgery. This case illustrates that vigilance is required regarding the possibility of coexisting ectopic and intrauterine pregnancy following assisted conception, even in entirely asymptomatic cases.
Acculturation, Internalization of Western Appearance Norms, and Eating Pathology Among Japanese and Chinese International Student Women
Authors: Stark-Wroblewski Kim , Yanico Barbara J. , Lupe Steven
Published: February 2005

In the context of the sociocultural model of eating disorders, this study investigated the hypothesis that Westernization would be positively associated with eating pathology among non-Western women. International participants from Japan ( n = 26), Peoples Republic of China ( n = 25), Taiwan ( n = 30), and Hong Kong ( n = 25) who were studying in the United States completed the Eating Attitudes Test, Symptoms Checklist, Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire, the American–International Relations Survey, and a demographic questionnaire. Awareness and internalization of Western appearance norms were positively associated with eating disordered symptoms, but acculturation was not. Results lend further support for the sociocultural model. It is suggested that measures of eating pathology and acculturation be closely examined with respect to their cross-cultural relevance, particularly when conducting research involving international populations.
11 Thrombolysis of Permanent Hemodialysis Catheters
Authors: Premru V
Published: February 2005

Outline  Occlusion of hemodialysis (HD) catheter and infection are by far the most frequent reasons for removal of the catheter. As an increasing number of patients depend on a catheter as a vascular access for an extended period, maintenance of HD catheter patency is extremely important. One approach in case of catheter occlusion is thrombolysis. We describe our experience with HD catheter thrombolysis in rare patients with extreme access problems.

Patients and methods  In four patients (aged 77, 69, 64 and 28 years, all female) hemodialyzed via permanent HD catheters, occlusion occurred and thrombolysis was attempted. Primary patency periods were: 112 months for one surgically implanted subclavian vein silastic catheter, 74 and 46 days for two percutaneously inserted jugular vein catheters and 30 days for one surgically implanted right intra‐atrial catheter. Recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or urokinase was used 13 times each as a thrombolytic agent in recommended doses for catheter lysis. Heparin lock was also used three times.

Results  In the young patient with the intra‐atrial catheter, r‐TPA was used 13 times with modest success even in the short‐term: restoration of flow for average 11 (range, 1–23) days. Urokinase was used 13 times in the other three patients: average secondary patency time was 79 (3–109) days. Heparin was effective in restoring patency for 29 (22–34) days. No complications of thrombolytic therapy were noted.

Discussion  Thrombolysis of occluded HD catheter is sometimes the only way to extend its functioning time. Especially in difficult‐to‐manage cases with exhausted vascular access sites, even for catheter insertion, this might be of vital importance. In our experience, in rare patients thrombolysis is needed frequently. It can be repeated safely. Unfortunately, the effects of each treatment seem to be only short‐lived. Beside its allergogenic potential and limited effectiveness, this therapy is also very expensive.
12 Genotype and Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus in Hemodialysis Units
Authors: Meši´ E , Tihić N , Resić H
Published: February 2005

Objectives  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is spread worldwide with significant geographical differences in the prevalence and genotypes. The aim of this study was to analyse HCV infection in hemodialysis (HD) units in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), through genotypes and routes of transmission.

Design and Methods  We analysed data from Renal Registry of BH for the years 2002 and 2003 in order to estimate prevalence and incidence of anti‐HCV positive patients in 23 HD units in BH (ELISA III). Then we tested 88 anti‐HCV positive patients from Tuzla for HCV RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Amplicor Roche diagnostic commercial test) and genotype with method of reverse hibridization of amplified sample material (Innolipa HCV II commercial test).

Results  In 2002 we registered a prevalence of 39.1 and an incidence of 3.1% of anti‐HCV positive HD patients in 23 HD units, and in 2003 a prevalence of 29.3 and an incidence of 2.04% in 24 HD units. Prevalence of anti‐HCV positive patients was significantly different in HD units, from 14.3 to 69.1%. From 88 tested anti‐HCV positive HD patients in Tuzla HD unit, we found 76 HCV RNA positive patients (87.36%). The genotype of HCV was analysed in 59 of these patients and we found, unusual for Europe, genotype 4 in 37 (62.7%), genotype 1b in 17 (28.8%) and 1a in five patients (8.5%). A total of 61% of seroconversions happened in 1999, 2000 and 2001. In 2001, we separated dialysis machines for anti‐HCV positive and anti‐HCV negative patients, and in 2003 we had nine seroconversions (genotype 4 in five patients). These patients had no blood transfusions.

Conclusions  Prevalence and incidence of anti‐HCV positive hemodialysis patients is still high in BH and origin of genotype 4 HCV is not clear. Nosocomial spreading of HCV plays a significant and probably the most important role in transmission of HCV in HD units.
20 Early Arteriovenous Fistula Construction–Late Beginning of Hemodialysis Treatment?
Authors: Malovrh M
Published: February 2005

Introduction  It was noticed that the decline of renal function was slower in patients (pts) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) after early arteriovenous fistula (AVF) construction. The aim of this prospective study was to find out the influence of AVF on the progression of renal failure.

Patients and methods  Sixty ESRD pts with serum creatinine level (SCL) between 400 and 500 µmol/L were included and randomized in two groups. One group of pts received AVF and the other did not. Serum creatinine level, creatinine clearance (CC), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were followed every two months for one year. All pts were clinically evaluated for signs of cardiac insufficiency. Hemodialysis (HD) was started when SCL was 850 µmol/L or CC 10 mL/min or when signs of uremia were presented.

Results   In Group A, 30 ESRD pts, 17 males and 13 females, age 61 ± 7.3 years, mean SCL 446.4 ± 30.5 µmol/L, mean CC 29.3 ± 4.1 mL/min, native forearm AVFs were constructed. No AVFs were constructed in Group B, 30 pts, 12 males and 18 females, mean age 62.8 ± 8.2 years, mean SCL 447.6 ± 37.6 µmol/L, mean CC 29.1 ± 4.7 mL/min. Mean SCL during a 12 month period in both groups is shown in Table A20.

 Serum creatinine in a 12 month period (µmol/L)

Group A
Group B

Start
446.4 ± 30
447.6 ± 37

2 months
451.9 ± 39
472.8 ± 39*

4 months
466.4 ± 43
508.0 ± 60*

6 months
482.8 ± 77
579.6 ± 123**

8 months
493.1 ± 73
612.7 ± 127**

10 months
494.3 ± 74
653.0 ± 141**

12 months
509.2 ± 50
660.3 ± 123**

P < 0.05,

P < 0.01.

After 12 months in Group A, 4/30 pts (13%) (1 after 6 months, 2 after 8 months, 1 after 10 months) started hemodialysis (HD), 26 pts had mean CC 23.1 ± 4.5 mL/min, MAP was 118 mmHg, no sign of cardiac insufficiency was found. In Group B, 11/30 (37%)(P < 0.01) (1 after 4 months, 5 after 6 months, 4 after 8 months, 1 after 10 months) started HD, central vein catheter was used as a vascular access. In the remaining 19 pts mean CC 15.6 ± 4.5 mL/min (P < 0.01), MAP was 123 mmHg (NS).

Conclusions  This prospective study confirmed our previous observations of renal function after AVF construction. Besides matured AVF, the before‐HD benefit of early AVF on progression of renal insufficiency can be important. The reasons for this are not well known. There are two possibilities: increased cardiac output and decreased resistance of intrarenal vessels. Measurement of renal perfusion and calculation of resistance index by duplex sonography is planned.
30 Increased Mercury Load in Protein A Immunoadsorption
Authors: Pernat A Marn , Horvat M , Logar M , Ponikvar R
Published: February 2005

Background  Immunoadsorption is an adsorption technique for extracorporeal removal of circulating autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis and Guillain‐Barré syndrome. To prevent microbial growth during storage, the protein A columns are primed with thiomersal containing toxic ethylmercury which could be released during the immunoadsorption treatment and potentially result in its accumulation and toxicity. To reduce a thiomersal‐related mercury release during immunoadsorption treatment we introduced a modified rinsing solution containing N‐acetylcysteine which is an avid mercury scavenger.

Methods  Thirteen patients were treated by 17 protein A immunoadsorption treatments and venous blood samples were collected immediately before and after each session. Whole blood mercury levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ethylmercury levels by atomic fluorescent spectroscopy. According to the manufacturer's recommendations we used 600 mg of N‐acetylcysteine to rinse the mercury from protein‐loaded columns before each immunoadsorption treatment.

Results  Following protein A immunoadsorption ethylmercury levels increased from 0.148 ± 0.402 ng/g to 2.026 ± 1.944 ng/g (P < 0.001) and whole blood mercury increased from 2.447 ± 3.065 ng/g to 20.437 ± 28.603 ng/g (P = 0.02). Post‐treatment values of whole blood mercury exceeded upper safety level of 5 ng/g in all 17 immunoadsorption treatments but no patient developed clinical signs of mercury toxicity.

In one patient immunoadsorption treatment was repeated within 7 days and the results of serial determinations of blood mercury levels are shown in Table A30.

Ethylmercury
Whole blood mercury

(ng/g)
(ng/g)

Before IA
After IA
Before IA
After IA

Day 0
0.13 ± 0.03
1.35 ± 0.12
0.49 ± 0.06
76.8 ± 5.6

Day 1
0.17 ± 0.00
0.10 ± 0.02
8.14 ± 1.24
19.4 ± 0.6

Day 2
0.05 ± 0.00
0.09 ± 0.00
9.57 ± 0.80
11.8 ± 0.9

Day 3
0.03 ± 0.00
0.08 ± 0.01
6.96 ± 0.09
8.52 ± 0.39

Day 7
1.69 ± 0.00
4.23 ± 0.12
5.54 ± 0.32
9.04 ± 0.48

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. IA, immunoadsorption.

Conclusions  The results of our study showed that whole blood mercury and ethylmercury levels were increased during the immunoadsorption treatments, suggesting mercury release from thiomersal‐primed columns even with addition of N‐acetylcysteine to the rinsing solution. Mercury release was more pronounced at the beginning of serial immunoadsorption treatments which indicates that mercury exposure might depend on the storage time of protein A columns containing thiomersal priming solution.
31 Plasma Exchange Therapy for Severe Hypertriglyceridemia with Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Ponikvar R , Marn‐Pernat A. , Žugić R. , Varl J , Benedik M , Buturović‐Ponikvar J
Published: February 2005

Background  Serum triglyceride concentrations above 11 mmol/L can precipitate attacks of acute pancreatitis, although the pathogenesis of inflammation in this setting is unclear. In children with inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism that are associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia, attacks of acute pancreatitis can be prevented by lowering their serum triglycerides to less than 2.2 mmol/L. Some reports revealed favorable effects of membrane plasma exchange in severe hypertriglyceridemia and severe acute pancreatitis. The aim of our retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of membrane plasma exchange (MPE) therapy in adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in terms of reduction of serum lipids, clinical improvement and reliability of the procedure itself.

Methods  25 patients (pts; 24 men, 1 woman), aged 31–59 years (mean 44.6 ± 8.0) have been treated with MPE and LDL apheresis (one procedure) for severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis. Fresenius‐Excorim PE monitor and PF 2000 plasmafilter were used for MPE and Kaneka LDL monitor with dextran sulphate columns for LDL apheresis. Vascular access was via femoral catheter and peripheral vein in 16/25 pts (64%), 2 femoral catheters in 8/25 pts (32%), and 2 peripheral veins in 1/25 pt (4%). The anticoagulant used was heparin in 24/25 pts (96%) and citrate in 1/25 (4%). The replacement solution was a mixture of human albumin and hemofiltration solution. One to two volumes of plasma were exchanged per procedure.

Results   In total 42 procedures, 41 MPE and 1 LDL apheresis were carried out, mean 1.68 ± 1.0 per patient, one procedure in 14/25 pts (56%), 2 procedures in 7/25 pts (28%), 3 procedures in 3/25 pts (12%) and 5 procedures in 1/25 pt (4%). One volume of plasma was exchanged in 9/25 pts (36%), 1.5 volumes in 7/25 pts (28%) and 2 volumes in 9/25 pts (36%). From 3000–7200 mL of plasma was exchanged per procedure, mean 4724 ± 1806 mL. Mean running time was 185 ± 64 min., range 95–440 min. Triglyceride concentration before and after MPE was 53 ± 29 mmol/L (range 15.3‐109 mmol/L) and 12.9±10 mmol/L (range 1.5‐33.1 mmol/L), respectively. Total cholesterol before and after MPE was 18.9±8.2 mmol/L (range 8‐35) and 7.5 ± 5.4 mmol/L (range 0.6–22.6 mmol/L), respectively.

Technical side effects were hemolysis in 1/42 MPE and plugging of the plasma filter with lipids, with substantial drop of plasma filtration rate in 3/42 MPEs. Hematoma after cannulation of the peripheral vein occurred in 2/42 MPE. Three patients had signs of hypocalcemia and were given Ca gluconate or calcium chloride.

Conclusions  In 25 patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis substantial reduction of triglyceride and cholesterol serum concentration was achieved during plasma exchange therapy, along with clinical improvement of the patients.
35 The Survey of Kidney Transplantation in Slovenia: The First Four Years Since Joining The Eurotransplant
Authors: Arnol M , Kovaš D , Bren A F , Kandus A
Published: February 2005

Objectives  The aim of this retrospective study is a 4‐year survey of kidney transplantation since January 2000 when Slovenia became an active member of the Eurotransplant.

Methods We reviewed all kidney transplants between January 2000 and December 2003. All patients received equal immunosuppression with basiliximab or daclizumab, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Beside donor and recipient demographic characteristics the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection, and graft and patient survival were analyzed.

Results  During the observed period 189 patients (109 men, 80 women), aged from 13 to 66 years (mean 46 ± 11 years) were transplanted. Fifteen patients (7.9%) received second allograft. All kidney grafts came from cadaveric donors, aged from 6 to 60 years (mean 37 ± 14 years). Eighty‐seven grafts (46%) were from Slovenia. Mean HLA (A, B and DR) mismatches were 2.7 ± 1.1 (range 0 to 5). Mean cold ischemia time was significantly longer for grafts shipped from abroad compared with those procured in Slovenia (25 ± 6.5 h vs. 18.5 ± 7.5 h, P < 0.01). The incidence of DGF was 31.2%. From January 2000 through May 2004 (observation period 5 to 53 months) 9 recipients (4.7%) experienced acute rejection, successfully treated in 8 patients. Actuarial graft survival at 1 and 3 years was 95.5%. Two patients (1.1%) died; both deaths were due to septic infection during the first 6 months after transplantation.

Conclusions  In the last 4 years since joining the Eurotransplant use of efficient and safe immunosuppression strategy resulted in very low incidence of acute rejection and high graft and patient survival rate. Slovenian membership in the Eurotransplant offers good HLA matching and with this, probably long term benefit. Joining the Eurotransplant is also related to longer cold ischemia time which can explain high incidence of DGF.
41 Serum C‐Reactive Protein in Kidney Transplant Patients – A Useful Marker of Immune Activation
Authors: Bubić‐Filipi L , Barišić I , Hršak Puljić I , Bašić‐Jukić N , Puretić Z , Kes P
Published: February 2005

The clinical manifestations of different complications after kidney transplantation are often vague and simple laboratory tests for early diagnosis would be valuable. This study investigated whether serial measurements of serum C‐reactive protein could help differentiate episodes of transplant dysfunction due to rejection, infection, acute tubular necrosis, or cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity in renal allograft recipients. We retrospectively analyzed our data on the daily measurements of serum C‐reactive protein (sCRP) in 117 renal allograft recipients (a total of 543 measurements were performed and 391 episodes of elevated sCRP were recorded) in the diagnosis of acute rejections and other complications in the immediate post‐transplant period. Nineteen patients were treated with cyclosporine A, azathioprine, and prednisolone and 98 patients with cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mophetil, and prednisolone. In patients with stable graft function the sCRP concentrations were in the normal range.

Serum C‐reactive protein concentration was initially significantly increased in 23 episodes of rejection responsive to methylprednisolone (median of 54 mg/L) but fell very rapidly in response to treatment (median 15 mg/L). In episodes of rejection unresponsive to methylprednisolone, median initial sCRP levels were significantly higher, with a median of the 69 mg/L at the end of the treatment. Twenty‐nine patients with graft dysfunction caused by CsA nephrotoxicity showed no incraese in sCRP concentration. A similar pattern was seen in patients with acute tubular necrosis. Bacterial infections other than asymptomatic bacteriuria were accompained by the significant increase in sCRP (median of 77 mg/L). The most significant elevations were associated with bacterial infections. Serum C‐reactive protein seemed to be a more sensitive marker than fever or white blood cell count in diagnosis of all complications. Serial sCRP measurements provide economical and reproducible evidence of immune activation, help discriminate renal dysfunction due to CsA nephrotoxicity or rejection, and may be helpful in modification of immunosuppressive therapy.
42 Follow‐up of Kidney Graft Recipients with Cyclosporine Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Authors: Bren A , Kandus A , Buturović‐Ponikvar J , Lindič J , Knap B , Pajek J , Grego K , Vizjak A , Ferluga D
Published: February 2005

The study was based on 462 patients who underwent kidney transplantation from 1986 through September 2003. Cyclosporine (Cs) related thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was found in 15 (3.3%) patients. Donors aged from 9 to 51 years. Cold ischemia time ranged from 12 to 31 hours. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) developed in 2 weeks after transplantation in 14 patients and in one later. Histopathologic examination demonstrated glomerular type of TMA in 3 patients, mixed type (glomerular and vascular) in 11 patients, and mesangial widening with non specific tubulo‐interstitial lesions with progression to glomerular type of TMA in repeated biopsy in one patient. Follow‐up biopsies revealed resolution of TMA in four patients and chronic vascular TMA in one patient. Six patients with mixed types of TMA needed transient hemodialysis, nobody with glomerular type needed dialysis (P = 0.103) and 14/15 had good resolution of graft function after Cs dose reduction; only 1 graft with mixed type TMA was lost due to irreversible HUS. Mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as predicted by the Nankivell equation was 76 ± 13 mL/min and 80 ± 27 mL/min 1 month after discharge for the glomerular type of TMA and mixed type, respectively (NS). Glomerular filtration rates 1 year after HUS were 82 ± 12 and 87 ± 21 mL/min (NS) for glomerular and mixed types, respectively. We concluded that mixed type of TMA was associated with more severe early clinical course than glomerular type of TMA. Long‐term prognosis seems good in majority of patients with no significant differences between the glomerular and mixed type of TMA.
45 Renal Transplant Artery Stenosis: The Possible Association With Acute Rejection Episodes and Immunosuppressive Treatment
Authors: Župunski A , Kandus A , Bren AF , Buturović‐Ponikvar J
Published: February 2005

Background  Renal transplant artery stenosis is a relatively frequent complication after transplantation and is a potentially correctable cause of hypertension and/or deterioration of renal function and graft loss. There were reports of the immunological mechanism playing a role in the pathogenesis of stenosis.

Purpose  The aim of our retrospective clinical study was to assess the association of renal transplant artery stenosis with the acute rejection episodes and immunosuppressive treatment.

Methods  Thirty‐four renal transplant recipients, 14 females and 20 males, aged 42.7 ± 13 years, were found to have significant (>50%) stenosis. In the control group there were 34 patients without stenosis, matching the patients from stenosis group for age, sex, year of transplantation, type of graft and number of previous grafts. Patients were followed for 3 years post‐transplant. Acute rejection episodes were diagnosed histologically.

Results   In the stenosis group 8/34 (23%) patients had 10 acute rejection episodes compared to 5/34 (15%) patients having 6 episodes in control group (P = 0.353). In stenosis group 20/34 (59%) patients have received double (cyclosporine A and methylprednisolone), and 14/34 (41%) patients triple immunosuppressive treatment (cyclosporine A, methylprednisolone and azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil), respectively. In the control group 28/34 (82%) patients have received double, and 6/34 (18%) patients triple immunosuppressive treatment, respectively (P = 0.033). There were no significant differences in serum creatinine and blood pressure at 1, 2 and 3 years after transplantation between the groups.

Conclusions  There was a tendency towards higher number of acute rejection episodes in the stenosis group, however not statistically significant. Patients with stenosis have received more intensive immunosuppressive treatment.
The Influence of Water Storage on Durometer Hardness of 5 Soft Denture Liners Over Time
Authors: Kiat‐Amnuay Sudarat , Gettleman Lawrence , Mekayarajjananonth Trakol , Khan Zafrulla , Goldsmith L. Jane
Published: February 2005

Purpose: This laboratory study investigated the influence of water storage on the durometer hardness of 2 RTV and 3 HTV soft denture liners over a 1‐year period.

Materials and Methods: Five soft denture liners were used: 2 HTV silicone rubber (Luci‐Sof™ and Molloplast‐B®), 1 RTV silicone rubber (Tokuyama), 1 HTV polyphosphazene (Novus™), and an RTV plasticized acrylic (PermaSoft®) that uses a surface sealer. They were processed following manufacturers' instructions, cured, and stored in tap water at 37°C. The water was changed every 2 weeks. Five durometer A hardness measurements were made at logarithmically spaced intervals of 16.7 minutes, 27.8 hours, 11.6 days, 34.7 days, 115 days, and 347 days. Repeated measures analysis of variance (MANOVA), one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pillai trace statistic, the difference scores (last–first) among the groups, and the Tamhane T2 multiple comparison test were used to compare the groups over time, all on SPSS V. 7.5 and 9.0.

Results: The order of highest initial indentation hardness was Luci‐Sof™, Molloplast‐B®, Novus™ (HD= 38 to 33). Tokuyama and PermaSoft® as a group were softer (HD= 18 to 22). Tokuyama Soft Relining changed the least over 347 days, followed by Luci‐Sof™, Novus™, Molloplast‐B®, and PermaSoft® in that order (p≤ 0.05). Within the PermaSoft® group, sealer applied only once changed the least over 347 days, followed by no sealer, and then sealer applied every month (p < 0.0005).

Conclusions: After 347 days of water storage, Tokuyama had the lowest indentation hardness changes, followed by Luci‐Sof™, Novus™, PermaSoft® with sealer applied once; Molloplast‐B®, PermaSoft® without sealer; and PermaSoft® with sealer applied every month. All HTV soft denture liners had higher indentation hardness than RTV liners initially. After 347 days, PermaSoft® without sealer and with sealer every month became the hardest.
The prevalence and pathogenic differences of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in patients with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Miura Mayumi , Hamachi Takafumi , Fujise Osamu , Maeda Katsumasa
Published: February 2005

Background:  The fimA gene, which encodes fimbrillin (FimA), is found in Porphyromonas gingivalis and has been classified into six genotypes based on nucleotide sequence. P. gingivalis that possesses the type II fimA gene is prevalent in adult periodontitis.

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of P. gingivalis fimA genotypes in Japanese aggressive periodontitis patients, and to examine their virulence.

Methods:  Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 223 sites in 18 aggressive periodontitis patients and 95 sites in 22 periodontally healthy young adults. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis detection, determination of the fimA genotype in P. gingivalis, and the quantification of P. gingivalis were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The proteolytic activities of the P. gingivalis fimA type I and fimA type II were also examined.

Results:  In aggressive periodontitis patients, the most prevalent fimA genotype was the type II (46.7%), followed by the type Ib and type I, whereas in healthy subjects, the type I fimA was the only genotype detected. The number of P. gingivalis pathogens was the greatest in the type I fimA positive sites, and the frequency of coexisting A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythensis was highest in the type II fimA positive sites in the aggressive periodontitis patients. Both the arginine‐specific cysteine proteinase (Arg‐gingipain) and lysine‐specific cysteine proteinase (Lys‐gingipain) activity of the P. gingivalis fimA type I strain were significantly higher than those of the fimA type II strains.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that differences in virulence exist among different fimA genotypes. Coadherence with other pathogens in P. gingivalis fimA type II‐associated aggressive periodontitis and quantitative increases in P. gingivalis in fimA type I‐associated aggressive periodontitis are related to this virulence.
Effects of enamel matrix proteins on tissue formation along the roots of human teeth
Authors: Bosshardt Dieter D. , Sculean Anton , Windisch Péter , Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: February 2005

Objective:  Enamel matrix‐derived proteins (EMD) are thought to trigger the formation of acellular extrinsic fibre cementum (AEFC), while other reports indicate that EMD may have osteogenic potential. The aim of the present study was to characterize the tissues developing on the root surface following application of EMD.

Methods:  Twelve human periodontitis‐affected teeth, scheduled for extraction, were treated with EMD. Two to 6 weeks later, the teeth were extracted, demineralized and processed for embedding in acrylic and epoxy resins. New tissue formation was analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy.

Results:  New tissue formation on the root was observed in the notch and on both scaled and unscaled root surfaces distant of the notch area in six defects. The newly formed tissues on the root were thick, collagenous, devoid of extrinsic fibres, and had an irregular surface contour. The presence of electron‐dense, organic material in the collagenous matrix indicated at least partial mineralization. Embedded cells were numerous and the cells on the matrix surface were very large in size. Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi complex were evident. The presence of a split between the treated root surfaces and the newly formed tissue was a common observation, as was the presence of bacteria and host cells in the interfacial gap.

Conclusion:  Following treatment with EMD, a bone‐like tissue resembling cellular intrinsic fibre cementum may develop on the root surfaces, instead of AEFC. Furthermore, EMD may both induce de novo formation of a mineralized connective tissue on scaled root surfaces and stimulate matrix deposition on old native cementum. Interfacial bonding appeared to be weak after 6 weeks of healing.
Regulation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase signaling in human osteosarcoma cells stimulated with nicotine
Authors: Huang Chih‐Yang , Chen Juen‐Hau , Tsai Chung‐Hung , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Liu Jer‐Yuh , Chang Yu‐Chao
Published: February 2005

Background:  Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in the development and further progression of periodontal diseases. Currently, there is limited information on the regulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) expression in smoking‐associated periodontal disease.

Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nicotine on the expression of MAPKs in human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS cells. Furthermore, various pharmacological agents were added to search the possible regulation mechanisms on nicotine‐induced MAPKs expression.

Methods:  Cytotoxicity and western blot assays were used to investigate the effects of U2OS cells exposed to nicotine. In addition, various pharmacological agents [NS‐398, dexamethasome, 2‐oxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (OTZ), herbimycin A, and curcumin] were added to test how they modulated the effects of nicotine‐induced MAPKs expression.

Results:  Concentrations of nicotine higher than 5 mm demonstrated cytotoxicity to U2OS cells (p < 0.05). A nicotine concentration of 5 mm was found to induce extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in a time‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). In addition, amounts of ERK protein were unaffected by nicotine during the same time interval. By contrast, nicotine has no effect on either c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) or p38, respectively. In addition, NS‐398, dexamethasone, OTZ, herbimycin A, and curcumin were found to inhibit the nicotine‐induced ERK expression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:  The activation of ERK expression by nicotine suggests a potential role for nicotine in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking‐associated periodontal disease. In addition, nicotine‐induced ERK expression was down‐regulated by NS‐398, dexamethasone, OTZ, herbimycin A, and curcumin.
Polymorphisms within the Interleukin‐1 Gene Family and Unexplained Late Intrauterine Fetal Death: A Multi‐center Study
Authors: Huber Ambros , Grimm Christoph , Jirecek Stefan , Zeillinger Robert , Husslein Peter , Hefler Lukas
Published: February 2005

Problem:  Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) mediated inflammatory processes have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of late unexplained intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). We determined whether common polymorphisms within the IL‐1 gene locus can serve as candidate genes for this condition.

Method of study:  In a multi‐center case–control study, we evaluated the −889 C/T polymorphism of the IL‐1alpha gene (IL1A), the −511 C/T polymorphism of the IL‐1beta promoter (IL1B promoter), the +3953 C/T polymorphism of IL‐1beta exon 5 (IL1B exon 5), and a 86 base pair repeat in intron 2 of the IL‐1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) in 94 women with IUFD and 94 healthy controls using pyrosequencing.

Results:  No significant associations were found between the presence of polymorphic alleles of IL1A (P = 0.9), IL1B promoter (P = 0.3), IL1B exon 5 (P = 0.9), and IL1RN intron 2 (P = 0.7) and the incidence of IUFD. In women with IUFD, polymorphisms were not associated with the timing of fetal death and birth weight.

Conclusions:  Polymorphisms within the IL1 gene family are not associated with the occurrence of IUFD overall and do not modulate the clinical characteristics of affected pregnancies in a large series of Caucasian women.
Role of Apoptosis Controlled by Cytochrome c Released from Mitochondria for Luteal Function in Human Granulosa Cells
Authors: Makino Aiko , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Matsubara Hirokazu , Sato Takeshi , Ikuta Katsuo , Nishizawa Yuji , Suzumori Kaoru
Published: February 2005

Problem:  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway and luteal function in human granulosa cells.

Method of study:  Granulosa cells were obtained by ultrasound‐guided follicular aspiration from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. After the addition of RU486, cells were stained with a mitochondria‐specific fluorescent dye, MitoTracker Red CMxRos. Using flow cytometry and National Institute of Health image, the mitochondrial fluorescent area was measured. After staining with Hoechst 33258 dye, the number of apoptotic bodies per 1000 cells were counted at random on photomicrographs. Homogenates were used for sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis using antibodies against cytochrome c or caspase‐3.

Results:  The incidence of apoptotic bodies increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased time dependently. The opposite effect was observed dose dependently with RU486 treatment. Western blot analysis showed increased cytochrome c expression, after treatment with 1–2 μg/mL of RU486 which then decreased with 5–10 μg/mL of RU486. Caspase‐3 expression increased dose dependently with RU486.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the activation of caspase‐3 caused by cytochrome c released from mitochondria plays an important role in apoptosis‐related luteal function in human granulosa cells.
RHEOLOGICAL, MELTING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CHEDDAR AND MOZZARELLA CHEESES AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT FREEZING METHODS
Authors: REID DAVID S. , YAN HONG
Published: February 2005

Three cheeses were treated by (1) blast, (2) precooling plus blast, (3) liquid nitrogen and (4) precooling plus liquid nitrogen freezing methods. Mozzarella I and Cheddar cheeses treated by all methods had lower shear strength than their controls, excepting Mozzarella I treated by (1) was similar to its control. Mozzarella II treated by (1) and (2) had higher shear strength than its control but by (3) and (4) it had less. The failure stresses of Cheddar and Mozzarella I cheeses treated by (1) and (2) were significantly lower than their controls, while treated Mozzarella II had opposite results. Mozzarella I treated by (2) had meltability similar to its control and by (1) had lower meltability. Mozzarella II meltability was significantly reduced by (1) and (2). Stretchability was greatly improved using both methods for Mozzarella I but not for Mozzarella II. Cryo‐stage Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the microstructural differences caused by (1) and (2) were apparent in Cheddar and Mozzarella II but not in Mozzarella I.
Pathways to Success in M&A
Authors: Mamdani Mahmoud , Noah David
Published: February 2005

For many if not most publicly traded companies, acquisition capabilities remain a critical component of sustainable longterm growth and profitability. And even as investors press companies to return excess capital through dividends and stock buybacks, the market continues to assign premium valuations to companies that earn above‐average returns through a combination of internal investment and judicious acquisition spending.

This article begins by describing major challenges facing acquirers in the current business and regulatory environment. Then, after showing how M&A can be used to address strategic goals, the authors identify key elements in the M&A strategies of three highly successful companies: General Electric, Danaher, and Illinois Tool Works.
The Influence of Dialysate Calcium on the Therapeutic Effects of Sevelamer Hydrochloride in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Under Treatment of Intravenous Vitamin D Metabolites
Authors: Ando Ryoichi , Naito Shotaro , Inagaki Yuichro , Hata Toshihiko , Ishida Yuji , Chida Yoshiko , Takayama Masayuki , Tachibana Ken , Ohtsuka Masakazu , Inoue Atsushi
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  The management of hyperphosphatemia is essential to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism and to prevent ectopic calcification. Sevelamer hydrochloride (sevelamer), a new phosphate binder that contains neither aluminum nor calcium, which could be theoretically beneficial for the management of hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who are receiving intravenous vitamin D metabolites (maxacalcitol or calcitriol). To reduce calcium loads, a dialysate calcium concentration of 2.5 mEq/L is recommended by Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines. In Japan, a dialysate calcium concentration of 3.0 mEq/L prevails. We investigated the influence of dialysate calcium on the therapeutic effect of sevelamer in 40 hemodialysis patients who are under treatment of intravenous vitamin D metabolites for secondary hyperparathyroidism (VD(+)) and compared the results with those of 41 patients who had not received vitamin D metabolites (VD(–)). Serum phosphorus and calcium–phosphorus products showed no significant change by sevelamer in either the VD(+) subgroup of patients receiving hemodialysis with dialysate calcium of 2.5 mEq/L (DCa2.5) or those receiving hemodialysis with dialysate calcium of 3.0 mEq/L (DCa3.0), while serum phosphorus and calcium–phosphorus products decreased in both the VD(–) subgroups. Serum calcium decreased in the DCa2.5 subgroup and did not change in the DCa3.0 subgroup in both the VD(+) and the VD(−) subjects. Parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase increased in the DCa2.5 subgroup and did not change in the Ca 3.0 subgroup in the VD(+) subjects. Serum calcium decreased in both subgroups in the VD(−) subjects. Parathyroid hormone obtained after sevelamer administration in the VD(–) group was within the target range of the K/DOQI guidelines. In conclusion, the concomitant use of sevelamer as a phosphate binder and the dialysate of calcium concentration of 2.5 mEq/L have possibilities for worsening secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving intravenous vitamin  D.
Study of Plasma Levels of Soluble CD40 Ligand in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Who Have Undergone Plasmapheresis
Authors: Kimura Kei , Tsuda Hiroshi , Kwangseok Yang , Tamura Naoto , Kanai Yoshinori , Kobayashi Shigeto
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  We studied whether soluble CD40 ligands (sCD40L) are removed by means of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), and the removal may help decrease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We studied 10 female patients with active SLE. Double filtration plasmapheresis was conducted one or two times per week. Plasma sCD40L levels were measured before and after each round of DFPP and throughout the treatment course. The plasma sCD40L level of SLE patients was significantly higher (14.09 ± 18.88 ng/mL) than that of healthy individuals (0.19 ± 0.20 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). In the SLE patients, plasma sCD40L levels were significantly lower following DFPP (P = 0.0251). The plasma waste from DFPP of an SLE patient was subjected to gel filtration, and the sCD40L concentration in each fraction was measured. We observed a peak in the fraction corresponding to ≥60 kDa. These results indicate that trimers and higher order complexes of sCD40L are removed during DFPP. Plasma sCD40L level and SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) were decreased following the treatment course (mean 9.3 months). sCD40L exists as both a monomer and trimer in the plasma of SLE patients. The trimer as well as higher‐order compounds can be removed via DFPP. It was thought that removal of sCD40L via DFPP may be useful for improving the overall condition of SLE.
Genetic analysis of complex cardiovascular traits in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: Pravenec Michal , Křen Vladimír
Published: February 2005

Identification of the genetic determinants of common diseases is a major challenge for current biomedical research. Combining linkage analyses of essentially monogeniccis‐regulated expression phenotypes with oligogenic intermediate physiological phenotypes represents a promising approach for identification of quantitative trait loci at the molecular level. In the present review, a genetic analysis of cardiovascular phenotypes studied at several levels of complexity in rat recombinant inbred strains is described.
Emergence and Evolution of Enfuvirtide Resistance following Long-Term Therapy Involves Heptad Repeat 2 Mutations within gp41
Authors: Xu L. , Pozniak A. , Wildfire A. , Stanfield-Oakley S. A. , Mosier S. M. , Ratcliffe D. , Workman J. , Joall A. , Myers R. , Smit E. , Cane P. A. , Greenberg M. L. , Pillay D.
Published: February 2005

The objective of this study was to track the evolution of sequence changes in both the heptad region 1 (HR1) and HR2 domains of gp41 associated with resistance to enfuvirtide (ENF) in a patient cohort receiving long-term ENF treatment. We studied 17 highly antiretroviral agent-experienced patients receiving long-term ENF treatment with virological rebound or a lack of suppression. Sixty-two samples obtained after between 5 and 107 weeks of ENF therapy were analyzed. Baseline samples from 15 of these 17 patients were available for analysis. Viruses from five samples from four patients were also sequenced after the cessation of ENF therapy. Drug susceptibilities were assessed by a pseudotype virus reporter assay. We identified HR1 and HR2 sequence changes over time in relation to the baseline sequences. Mutations in HR1 (amino acids 36 to 45) were noted in all cases, including previously unreported changes N42Q/H and N43Q. In addition to a range of HR2 sequence changes at polymorphic sites, isolates from 6 of 17 (35%) patients developed an S138A substitution in the HR2 domain at least 8 weeks after the start of ENF treatment and also subsequent to the first emergence of HR1 mutations. In most, but not all, cases the S138A mutation accompanied HR1 mutations at position 43. Molecular modeling demonstrates the close proximity of S138A with amino acids 40 and 45 in HR1. Of note, isolates in samples available from four patients demonstrated the loss of both the HR1 and the S138A HR2 mutations following the cessation of therapy. We show that the S138A HR2 mutation increased the level of resistance by approximately threefold over that conferred by the HR1 mutation N43D. Continual evolution of HR1 in the domain from amino acids 36 to 45 was observed during long-term ENF therapy. We have identified, for the first time, an ENF resistance-associated HR2 mutation, S138A, which appeared in isolates from 6 of 17 patients with virological failure and demonstrated its potential to contribute to drug resistance. We propose that this represents a possible secondary and/or compensatory mutation, particularly when it coexists with mutations at position 43 in HR-1.
Novel Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues with Potent Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activities
Authors: Ying C. , Holý A. , Hocková D. , Havlas Z. , De Clercq E. , Neyts J.
Published: February 2005

Novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with a pyrimidine base preferentially containing an amino group at C-2 and C-4 and a 2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy or (
R
)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propoxy group at C-6 selectively inhibit the replication of wild-type and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B viruses. The activity of the most potent compounds was comparable to that of adefovir.