bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fraseamento prosódico do “aí” sequenciador em fala espontânea e leitura
Authors: Gabriel Caldas Vitor , Ribeiro Serra Carolina
Published: September 2019

Neste artigo, observamos o fraseamento prosódico do item sequenciador “aí” no português brasileiro, mais especificamente, na fala do Rio de Janeiro, nos estilos de fala espontâneo e lido. A análise se fundamenta em duas teorias fonológicas de base prosódica: a Fonologia Prosódica e a Fonologia Entoacional, dentro do modelo Autossegmental e Métrico, e se utiliza do arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Fonética Acústica Experimental, com o auxílio do programa de análise acústica PRAAT. Os resultados mostraram que (i) o item é mais frequentemente prosodizado de forma integrada ao sintagma entoacional seguinte, funcionando como a primeira palavra prosódica dessa unidade, constituindo sua região pré-nuclear; (ii) o contorno nuclear do IP anterior a “aí” predominantemente apresenta o movimento melódico típico das assertivas neutras no português /HL* L%/; (iii) o acento tonal mais frequente sobre “aí” é /LH*/; (iv) nos casos em que “aí” forma um IP independente, o tom de fronteira alto/ascendente /(L)H%/ é mais frequente, o qual caracteriza o contorno continuativo no PB; e (v) a pausa atua de maneira distinta na leitura e na fala espontânea.
High time-resolved measurement of stable carbon isotope composition in water-soluble organic aerosols: method optimization and a case study during winter haze in eastern China
Authors: Zhang Wenqi , Zhang Yan-Lin , Cao Fang , Xiang Yankun , Zhang Yuanyuan , Bao Mengying , Liu Xiaoyan , Lin Yu-Chi
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is a significant fraction of
organic carbon (OC) in atmospheric aerosols. WSOC is of great interest due
to its significant effects on atmospheric chemistry, the Earth's climate and
human health. The stable carbon isotope (δ13C) can be used to track
the potential sources and investigate atmospheric processes of organic
aerosols. However, the previous methods measuring the δ13C
values of WSOC in ambient aerosols require a large amount of carbon content, are time-consuming and require labor-intensive preprocessing. In this study,
a method of simultaneously measuring the mass concentration and the δ13C values of WSOC from aerosol samples is established by coupling the
GasBench II preparation device with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. The
precision and accuracy of isotope determination is better than 0.17 ‰ and 0.5 ‰, respectively, for
samples containing WSOC amounts larger than 5 µg. This method is then applied
for the aerosol samples collected every 3 h during a severe wintertime
haze period in Nanjing, eastern China. The WSOC values vary between 3 and 32 µg m−3, whereas δ13C−WSOC ranges from −26.24 ‰ to −23.35 ‰. Three different
episodes (Episode 1, Episode 2 and Episode 3) are
identified in the sampling period, showing a different tendency of δ13C−WSOC with the accumulation process of WSOC aerosols. The
increases in both the WSOC mass concentrations and the δ13C−WSOC values in Episode 1 indicate that WSOC is subject to
a substantial photochemical aging during the air mass transport. In Episode 2, the decline of the δ13C−WSOC is accompanied
by the increase in the WSOC mass concentrations, which is associated with
regional-transported biomass burning emissions. In Episode 3, heavier
isotope (13C) is exclusively enriched in total carbon (TC) in comparison to WSOC aerosols. This suggests that the non-WSOC fraction in total carbon may
contain 13C-enriched components such as dust carbonate, which is
supported by the enhanced Ca2+ concentrations and air mass
trajectory analysis. The present study provides a novel method to
determine the stable carbon isotope composition of WSOC, and it offers
a great potential to better understand the source emission, the atmospheric
aging and the secondary production of water-soluble organic aerosols.
Quantifying the contributions of riverine vs. oceanic nitrogen to
hypoxia in the East China Sea
Authors: Große Fabian , Fennel Katja , Zhang Haiyan , Laurent Arnaud
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In the East China Sea, hypoxia (oxygen ≤ 62.5 mmol m−3) is frequently observed off the Changjiang (or Yangtze) River estuary covering up to about 15,000 km2. The Changjiang River is a major contributor to hypoxia formation because it discharges large amounts of freshwater and nutrients into the region. However, modelling and observational studies have suggested that intrusions of nutrient-rich oceanic water from the Kuroshio also contribute to hypoxia formation. The relative contributions of riverine versus oceanic nutrient sources to hypoxia have not been estimated before. Here, we combine a three-dimensional, physical-biogeochemical model with an element tracing method to quantify the relative contributions of nitrogen from different riverine and oceanic sources to hypoxia formation during 2008–2013. Our results suggest that the hypoxic region north of 30° N is dominated by Changjiang River inputs, with its nitrogen loads supporting 74 % of oxygen consumption. South of 30° N, oceanic nitrogen sources become more important supporting 39 % of oxygen consumption during the hypoxic season, but the Changjiang River remains the main control of hypoxia formation also in this region. Model scenarios with reduced Changjiang River nitrogen loads and reduced open-ocean oxygen levels suggest that nitrogen load reductions can significantly reduce hypoxia in the East China Sea and counteract a potential future decline in oxygen supply from the open ocean into the region.
Rogation ceremonies: a key to understanding past drought variability in northeastern Spain since 1650
Authors: Tejedor Ernesto , de Luis Martín , Barriendos Mariano , Cuadrat José María , Luterbacher Jürg , Saz Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, few studies have reconstructed
drought occurrence and variability for the pre-instrumental period using
documentary evidence and natural proxies. In this study, we compiled a
unique dataset of rogation ceremonies – religious acts asking God for rain –
from 13 cities in the northeast of Spain and investigated the annual
drought variability from 1650 to 1899 CE. Three regionally different
coherent areas (Mediterranean, Ebro Valley, and Mountain) were detected. Both
the Barcelona and the regional Mediterranean drought indices were compared
with the instrumental series of Barcelona for the overlapping period
(1787–1899), where we discovered a highly significant and stable correlation
with the Standardized Precipitation Index of May with a 4-month lag
(r=-0.46 and r=-0.53; p<0.001, respectively). We found common
periods with prolonged droughts (during the mid and late 18th century)
and extreme drought years (1775, 1798, 1753, 1691, and 1817) associated with
more atmospheric blocking situations. A superposed epoch analysis (SEA) was
performed showing a significant decrease in drought events 1 year after
the volcanic events, which might be explained by the decrease in
evapotranspiration due to reduction in surface temperatures and,
consequently, the higher availability of water that increases soil moisture.
In addition, we discovered a common and significant drought response in the
three regional drought indices 2 years after the Tambora volcanic
eruption. Our study suggests that documented information on rogation ceremonies
contains important independent evidence to reconstruct extreme drought
events in areas and periods for which instrumental information and other
proxies are scarce. However, drought index for the mountainous areas (denoted Mountain later in the text) presents
various limitations and its interpretation must be treated with caution.
Relationships between low-temperature fires, climate and vegetation during the last 430 kyrs in northeastern Siberia reconstructed from monosaccharide anhydridesin Lake El’gygytgyn sediments
Authors: Dietze Elisabeth , Mangelsdorf Kai , Andreev Andrei , Karger Cornelia , Schreuder Laura T. , Hopmans Ellen C. , Rach Oliver , Sachse Dirk , Wennrich Volker , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Landscapes in high northern latitudes are assumed to be highly sensitive to future global change, but the rates and long-term trajectories of changes are rather uncertain. In the boreal zone, fires are an important factor in climate–vegetation–interactions and biogeochemical cycles. Fire regimes are characterized by small, frequent, low-intensity fires within summergreen boreal forests dominated by larch, whereas evergreen boreal forests dominated by spruce and pine burn large areas less frequently, but at higher intensities. Here, we explore the potential of the monosaccharide anhydrides (MA) levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan to serve as proxies of low-intensity biomass burning in glacial-to-interglacial lake sediments from the high northern latitudes. We use sediments from Lake El’gygytgyn (cores PG 1351 and ICDP 5011-1), located in the far north-east of Russia, and study glacial and interglacial samples of the last 430 kyrs (marine isotope stages 5e, 6, 7e, 8, 11c, 12) that had different climate and biome configurations. Combined with pollen and non-pollen palynomorph records from the same samples, we assess past relationships between fire, climate, and vegetation on orbital to centennial time scales. We find that MAs were well-preserved in up to 430 kyrs old sediments with higher influxes from low-intensity biomass burning in interglacials compared to glacials. MA influxes significantly increase when summergreen boreal forest spreads closer to the lake, whereas they decrease when tundra-steppe environments and, especially, Sphagnum peatlands spread. This suggests that low-temperature fires are a typical property of Siberian larch forest on long timescales. The results also suggest that low-intensity fires would be reduced by vegetation shifts towards very dry environments due to reduced biomass availability, as well as by shifts towards peatlands, which limits fuel dryness. In addition, we observed very low MA ratios, which we interpret as high contributions of galactosan and mannosan from other than currently monitored biomass sources, such as the moss-lichen mats in the understorey of the summergreen boreal forest. Overall, sedimentary MAs can provide a powerful proxy for fire regime reconstructions and extend our knowledge on long-term fire–climate–vegetation feedbacks in the high northern latitudes.
Characteristics of soil profile CO2 concentrations in karst areas and their significance for global carbon cycles and climate change
Authors: Chen Qiao
Published: September 2019

Abstract. CO2 concentrations of 21 soil profiles were measured in
Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province. The varying characteristics of soil profile
CO2 concentrations are distinguishable between carbonate and
noncarbonate areas. In noncarbonate areas, soil profile CO2
concentrations increase and show significant positive correlations with soil
depth. In carbonate areas, however, deep-soil CO2 concentrations
decrease and have no significant correlations with soil depth. Soil organic
carbon is negatively correlated with soil CO2 concentrations in
noncarbonate areas. In carbonate areas, such relationships are not clear.
This means that the special geological process in carbonate areas – carbonate
corrosion – absorbs part of the deep-soil-profile CO2. Isotope and soil
pH data also support such a process. A mathematical model simulating soil profile CO2 concentration was
proposed. In noncarbonate areas, the measured and the simulated values are
almost equal, while the measured CO2 concentrations of deep soils are
less than the simulated in carbonate areas. Such results also indicate the
occurrence of carbonate corrosion and the consuming of deep-soil CO2 in
carbonate areas. The decreased CO2 concentration was roughly evaluated
based on stratigraphic unit and farming activities. Soil pH and the purity
of CaCO3 in carbonate bedrock deeply affect the corrosion. The
corrosion in carbonate areas decreases deep-soil CO2 greatly
(accounting for 5.2 %–66.3 % with average of 36 %) and naturally affects
the soil CO2 released into the atmosphere. Knowledge of this process is
important for karst carbon cycles and global climate changes and it may be
a part of the “missing carbon sink”.
Trajectories of nitrate input and output in three nested catchments along a land use gradient
Authors: Ehrhardt Sophie , Kumar Rohini , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Attinger Sabine , Musolff Andreas
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Increased anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N) to the
biosphere during the last few decades have resulted in increased groundwater and
surface water concentrations of N (primarily as nitrate), posing a global
problem. Although measures have been implemented to reduce N inputs, they
have not always led to decreasing riverine nitrate concentrations and loads.
This limited response to the measures can either be caused by the
accumulation of organic N in the soils (biogeochemical legacy) – or by long
travel times (TTs) of inorganic N to the streams (hydrological legacy).
Here, we compare atmospheric and agricultural N inputs with long-term
observations (1970–2016) of riverine nitrate concentrations and loads in a
central German mesoscale catchment with three nested subcatchments
of increasing agricultural land use. Based on a data-driven
approach, we assess jointly the N budget and the effective TTs of N through
the soil and groundwater compartments. In combination with long-term
trajectories of the C–Q relationships, we evaluate the potential for and
the characteristics of an N legacy. We show that in the 40-year-long observation period, the catchment (270 km2) with 60 % agricultural area received an N input of
53 437 t, while it exported 6592 t, indicating an overall retention of
88 %. Removal of N by denitrification could not sufficiently explain this
imbalance. Log-normal travel time distributions (TTDs) that link the N input
history to the riverine export differed seasonally, with modes spanning
7–22 years and the mean TTs being systematically shorter during the high-flow season as compared to low-flow conditions. Systematic shifts in the
C–Q relationships were noticed over time that could be attributed to strong
changes in N inputs resulting from agricultural intensification before 1989,
the break-down of East German agriculture after 1989 and the
seasonal differences in TTs. A chemostatic export regime of nitrate was only
found after several years of stabilized N inputs. The changes in C–Q
relationships suggest a dominance of the hydrological N legacy over the
biogeochemical N fixation in the soils, as we expected to observe a stronger
and even increasing dampening of the riverine N concentrations after
sustained high N inputs. Our analyses reveal an imbalance between N input
and output, long time-lags and a lack of significant denitrification in the
catchment. All these suggest that catchment management needs to address
both a longer-term reduction of N inputs and shorter-term mitigation of
today's high N loads. The latter may be covered by interventions triggering
denitrification, such as hedgerows around agricultural fields, riparian
buffers zones or constructed wetlands. Further joint analyses of N budgets
and TTs covering a higher variety of catchments will provide a deeper insight into N trajectories and their controlling parameters.
Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation for the
South-Western Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Heilig Achim , Eisen Olaf , Schneebeli Martin , MacFerrin Michael , Stevens C. Max , Vandecrux Baptiste , Steffen Konrad
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has experienced significant changes in recent decades. Data confirming those changes are derived from remote sensing, regional climate models (RCMs), firn cores and automatic weather stations (AWSs) on the ice sheet. Data sources comprise different extents in area coverage. While remote sensing and RCMs cover at least regional scales with an extent ranging from 1–10 km, AWS data and firn cores are point observations. To link such regional scales with point measurements, we investigate the spatial variability of snow accumulation within areas of approximately 1–4 km2 and its temporal changes. At three different sites of the southwestern GrIS (Swiss Camp, KAN-U, Dye-2), we performed extensive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) transects and numerous snow pits. In dry snow conditions, radar-measured two-way travel time can be converted to snow depth and snow accumulation if the density is known. Density variations per site for snow pits within distances of up to 1 km are found to be consistently within ±5 %. GPR transects were further filtered to remove small scale surface-related noise. The combined uncertainty of density variations and spatial filtering of radar transects is at 7–8 % per regional scale. To link point observations with regional scales, we analyze for spatial representativeness of snow pits. It occurs that with a probability of p = 0.8 (KAN-U) to p > 0.95 (Swiss Camp and Dye-2), randomly selected snow pits are representative in snow accumulation for entire regions with an offset of ±10 % from arithmetic means. However, to achieve such high representativeness of snow pits, it is required to average snow depth for an area of at least 20 m x 20 m. Interannual accumulation pattern at Dye-2 are very persistent for two subsequent accumulation seasons with similarity probabilities of p > 0.95, if again an error of ±10 % is included. Using target reflectors placed at respective end-of-summer-melt horizons, we additionally analyzed for occurrences of lateral redistribution within one melt season. In this study, we show that at Dye-2 lateral flow of meltwater cannot be evidenced in the current climate. Such studies of spatial representativeness and temporal changes in accumulation are inevitable to assess reliability of the linkage between point measurements and regional scale data and predictions, which are used for validation and calibration of remote sensing data and RCM outputs.
The Role of the Orthopaedic Surgeon in the Identification and Management of Nonaccidental Trauma
Authors: Ranade Sheena C. , Allen Abigail K. , Deutsch Stephanie A.
Published: September 2019

Nonaccidental trauma (NAT) has short- and long-term effects on the patient. The importance of identification and management of injuries related to NAT can be vital to the disruption of patterns of abuse and can ultimately save lives. The purpose of this review is to educate the orthopaedic surgeon as the frontline provider in the treatment of these patients. Understanding the risk factors for abuse, sentinel signs on clinical examination, and questionable fracture patterns related to NAT enables providers to better identify and address children at risk of abuse or neglect. Equally as important, understanding pathologic states that can mimic NAT allows the orthopaedic surgeon the tools necessary to address all patients with multiple and/or unexplained fractures. Understanding the legal expectations and protections for practicing orthopaedic surgeons as mandated reporters and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to intervention in these settings will improve patient experiences and outcomes.
Assessment of Cost-Effectiveness on Remote Monitoring for Cardiovascular Devices in Japan
Authors: Shirane Tomoya
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND: 2018 revision of the health insurance reimbursement in Japan brought additional fee for Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Management by Remote Monitoring. The adaption of CIEDs Remote Monitoring has already been recommended by the societies, but the cost-effectiveness evaluation about the system has not been enough. This research was designed, therefore, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness about CIEDs Remote Monitoring in Japan.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted along with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Certain criteria and search strategy were pre-defined to identify studies that could be included into this research. The process of the quality assessments was planned by Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) that were extracted from the included studies would be calculated into Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) with the reimbursement amount in Japan.

RESULTS: Three studies met the systematic review criteria after the selection along with PRISMA flow diagram. The quality of the included studies was assured by CASP Checklists designed for RCT and Cohort Study. ICERs from the selected studies were provided as 569,697 JPY, 1,220,000 JPY, and 311, 111 JPY for the patient groups enrolled with Remote Monitoring system.

CONCLUSION: ICERs for CIEDs Remote Monitoring were demonstrated as the cost-effective under the threshold set by Central Social Insurance Medical Council (Chuikyo). As this study put the validity of the cost-effectiveness approach in a certain field in Japan, this kind of evaluation should be performed on more areas along with the guideline by Chuikyo.
Solitary Fibrous Tumors of the Pleura: A Clinical-pathological Characterization Emphasizing Changes in Lung Function
Authors: Mendez-Sanchez Heron , Mendez-Vivas Wilbert , Vargas-Mendoza Gary Kosai , Vazquez-Lopez Saul , Williams-Jacquez Angela Dayana , Cortes-Telles Arturo
Published: September 2019

Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTP) represent less than 5% of all pleural tumors with a higher susceptibility for men in the sixth and seventh decades of life. Imaging and histopathological analyses indicate that these tumors have an unpredictable clinical course since larger tumors are often associated with malignancy; however, this assumption is not universal. In addition, there are no systematic descriptions of lung function in either the basal or post-surgical scenarios of SFTP patients. We describe a series of 3 patients between 4th and 5th decade of life with a benign histopathological SFTP without local recurrence in their follow-up. We also analyzed changes in lung function, emphasizing possible associations with clinical recovery.
DBSA-Catalyzed Sewage Sludge Conversion into Biodiesel in a CSTR: RSM Optimization and RTD Study
Authors: Jazie Ali A.
Published: September 2019

Sewage sludge from the primary stage of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Al-Diwaniyah City was direct-transesterified to biodiesel using  dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid catalyst in a system with two continuously stirred tank reactors. The response surface and the central cube design methodologies were used to optimize the parameters affecting the biodiesel yield. The optimum conditions for the process in this study were found to be (residence time: 90 min; catalyst loading 8 wt%; methanol/oil ratio: 18; reaction temperature: 368.15 K). Under the optimum process conditions a biodiesel yield of 96.51% was obtained. The experimental residence time distribution (RTD) was calculated and compartment models were applied for the two-tank reactor system. In the CSTR, a dead zone of (10 liter) was estimated. The independent analysis of fatty acids in the sewage showed that the lipids consisted primarily of palmitic acid (C16:0 = 37.86), oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9 = 19.72) and stearic acid (C18:0 = 17.32), and the acid value was (2.44 mg KOH/g). The properties of the biodiesel produced were comparable with the ASTM D-6751-2 standard and the properties of mineral diesel.
Regenerative Chatter Evaluation when Turning Nickel-based Superalloy GH4169 Using PCBN Cutting Tool
Authors: Fadul Almula Mubarak A.M. , Zhu Haitao , Wahab Hassan A.
Published: September 2019

Vibration during machining operation is a major issue that lowers cutting operation efficiency. Usually high cutting forces are encountered during machining processes, consequently shortening cutting tool lifetime. Thus, the metal removable rate is reduced and a poor surface finish is produced. This issue can be overcome by selecting proper cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut), especially when machining difficult-to-cut materials at high cutting speed. In this paper, a two-degrees-of-freedom turning vibration model is introduced to study the vibration mode of the system when nickel-based superalloy GH4169 is turned at varying cutting depths. The effect of varying the cutting depth on system vibration was simulated using the Matlab/Simulink software. In addition, the model was experimentally tested on a numerical controlled lathe machine. The stable limit cutting depth and the main vibration directions of the system chatter were the responses that were investigated. The results show that the simulation provided a reasonable approximation of the experimental results.
Relationship between Russian societal culture and public relations strategies
Authors: Globočnik Katja Lumbar , Žnidaršič Anja , Ferjan Marko
Published: September 2019

The study is a part of the dissertation about the influence of environmental variables on public relations in companies in Russia. This paper is focused on the relationship between public relations strategies and societal culture as defined in the GLOBE theoretical framework (House et al. 2004) with nine dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance and humane orientation. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 225 public relations specialists. According to our findings, the societal culture significantly influences two-way, symmetrical, asymmetrical, ethical, unethical, interpersonal, mediated communication and conservation strategies. The study did not confirm same influence on one-way communication and cultural interpretation.
The Use of a Spiral Band Model to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Yurchak Boris
Published: September 2019

Spiral cloud-rain bands (SCRBs) are some of the most distinguishing features inherent in satellite and radar images of tropical cyclones (TC). The subject of the proposed research is the finding of a physically substantiated method for estimation of the TC’s intensity using SCRBs’ configuration parameters. To connect a rainband pattern to a physical process that conditions the spiraling feature of a rainband, it is assumed that the rainband’s configuration near the core of a TC is governed primarily by a streamline. In turn, based on the distribution of primarily forces in a TC, an analytical expression as a combination of hyperbolic and logarithmic spirals (HLS) for the description of TC spiral streamline (rainband) is retrieved. Parameters of the HLS are determined by the physical parameters of a TC, particularly, by the maximal wind speed (MWS). To apply this theoretical finding to practical estimation of the TC’s intensity, several approximation techniques are developed to “convert” rainband configuration to the estimation of the MWS. The developed techniques have been tested by exploring satellite infrared imageries and airborne and coastal radar data, and the outcomes were compared with in situ measurements of wind speeds and the best track data of tropical cyclones.
Nutritional composition of Synodontis nigrita and Tilapia mariae from the Jamieson River, Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Oboh Ijeoma Patience , Sanni Oluwatosin Adesola , Egun Nkonyeasua Kingsley
Published: September 2019

The proximate composition of fish is important for easy formulation of both animal and human diets. The study on the proximate and mineral composition of captured Synodontis nigrita and Tilapia mariae was aimed at gaining knowledge of their consumption-associated benefits. Fish specimens were purchased on the bank of the river between February and April 2017 and transported to the laboratory where routine measurements, body and biochemical analysis for moisture content, fat, ash, protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were performed using the standard methods of AOAC. The result of the proximate composition of Synodontis nigrita and Tilapia mariae showed moisture content of 79.00% and 78.87%, fat value of 3.43% and 0.67%, ash content of 6.22% and 6.68%, protein value of 7.09% and 8.84%, crude fibre value of 0.40% and 1.80%, carbohydrate content of 3.86% and 3.14%, respectively. The mineral composition of Synodontis nigrita and Tilapia mariae revealed sodium values of 32.90 mg/kg and 30.20 mg/kg, potassium values of 171.70 mg/kg and 175.60 mg/kg, calcium values of 13.50 mg/kg and 9.20 mg/kg, magnesium content of 15.00 mg/kg and 13.40 mg/kg, respectively. The results obtained in this study provided scientific knowledge of the nutritional composition of these commercial fish species.
Effect of slow breathing on the blood pressure and the Valsalva ration in prehypertensive Indian students
Authors: Yepryntseva Iryna Oleksandrivna , Shchyrova Larisa Semyonovna , Shekh Vera Evgenievna
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of slow breathing and prehypertension (PHT) on cardiovascular and HRV variables and on the Valsalva ratio (VR). ECG was recorded in 39 normotensives and 35 prehypertensives at 5 min resting and slow breathing (6 breaths/min) stages to obtain HR, LF and HF power; SBP and DBP were recorded at the end of each stage. The Valsalva manoeuvre was performed after resting and slow breathing stages. Two-way repeated MANOVA was used to test for the effects of PHT and slow breathing. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to reveal predictors of HR, SBP and DBP. The normotensives and the prehypertensives demonstrated reduction of SBP during slow breathing (117.95 ± 0.73 vs. 115.18 ± 0.91 mm Hg, P = 0.001 and 130.09 ± 0.08 vs. 125.91 ± 0.96 mm Hg, P < 0.001, respectively). At rest, the VR was lower in prehypertensives (1.69 ± 0.05 vs. 1.87 ± 0.05, P = 0.009). After slow breathing, the VR increased significantly only in prehypertensives (P = 0.008), it was no longer different from that of normotensives (1.82 ± 0.06 vs. 1.90 ± 0.06, P = 0.346). The LnLF power, interpreted according to our hypothesis described previously as sympathoinhibition, increased in both groups. Slow breathing reduced SBP in normotensives and prehypertensives as a result of an increase in sympathoinhibition in both groups and VR, considered as a surrogate marker of the baroreflex activity, in prehypertensives.
Uma reflexão sobre as igrejas isocristãs à luz do pensamento sobre o “demônico” em Paul Tillich
Authors: Martins Jaziel Guerreiro
Published: September 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise teológica de dois grupos religiosos em solo brasileiro identificados como “isocristãos”, a partir do pensamento do “demônico” em Paul Tillich. Principia-se argumentando como poderiam ser classificados determinados grupos dentro do neopentecostalismo, identificando as Igrejas Universal do Reino de Deus e Mundial do Poder de Deus como grupos não cristãos. Tenta-se demonstrar de forma introdutória que grupos religiosos como estes não podem mais ser considerados como neopentecostais, mas como algo parecido; destarte, estas seriam igrejas isocristãs. Em seguida, inicia-se uma elocubração teológica a partir da ideia de Tillich sobre o “demônico”, explicando a relação deste pensamento tillichiano com estas igrejas isocristãs, haja vista que a demonologia e a demonopráxis tem sido o elemento hermenêutico central comum ao redor do qual gravitam todas as doutrinas e práticas litúrgicas do movimento. Por fim, ao se demonstrar à luz do pensamento de Paul Tillich as ambiguidades destas, acaba por apresentar que uma igreja é uma comunidade de paz e amor, diverso do pensamento das duas igrejas em análise as quais procuram diabolizar e esconjurar a religião do outro.
Dilema Sosial: Representasi Sosial tentang Pajak pada Aparatur Sipil Negara
Authors: Susilawati Ika Rahma , Hidayat Rahmat
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengulas gambaran representasi sosial tentang pajak pada kelompok masyarakat dengan jenis pekerjaan Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN). Pada studi-studi sebelumnya, tema negatif lebih sering muncul. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk memahami lebih lanjut representasi sosial tentang pajak pada populasi khusus, yaitu ASN dengan secara khusus melibatkan 200 ASN Pemerintah Kota di Provinsi Jawa Timur sebagai partisipan. Data diolah dengan analisis konten - skema koding per kata. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa representasi sosial tentang pajak tertinggi adalah tema positif. Lebih jauh lagi, kami juga menemukan tema lain yaitu netral-teknikal, dan negatif. Tema positif yang dominan muncul bisa dikaitkan dengan budaya kerja ASN. Oleh karena itu, pada bagian diskusi kami menjelaskan temuan ini dengan pendekatan persepsi keadilan sosial, pertukaran sosial antara relasi individu-pemerintah, nilai moral patriotisme, serta rasa kewajiban (sense of duty).
Konsep Kemiskinan (Subjektif) dalam Benak Masyarakat Indonesia: Konstruk dan Indikatornya
Authors: Andayani Tri Rejeki , Hardjono Hardjono , Anggarani Fadjri Kirana
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan konsep kemiskinan subjektif dan menguji indikator-indikatornya. Untuk itu, penelitian dengan pendekatan Psikologi Indigenous ini dilakukan melalui dua tahap studi. Total sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 283 responden, terdiri dari 148 responden dalam Studi 1 dan 135 responden dalam Studi 2. Pengumpulan data Studi 1 dengan kuesioner pertanyaan terbuka dan analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis isi, sedangkan pengumpulan data Studi 2 dengan Skala Kemiskinan Subjektif yang disusun berdasarkan temuan Studi 1. Teknik Analisis Faktor Eksploratori dilakukan untuk menemukan indikator-indikator dari dimensi kemiskinan subjektif. Hasil Studi 1 menunjukkan bahwa kemiskinan subjektif pada mahasiswa merepresentasikan adanya perasaan dan/atau pemikiran yang menilai dirinya berada dalam keterbatasan material, spiritual, intelektual, emosional, dan relasional. Hasil Studi 2 membuktikan indikator perilaku dalam aspek kemiskinan subjektif yang dihasilkan pada Studi 1 sebelumnya terbukti mampu menjelaskan konstruk kemiskinan subjektif.
lnc-SAMD14-4 can regulate expression of the COL1A1 and COL1A2 in human chondrocytes
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Chen Cheng , Cui Yinghong , Li Yuqing , Wang Zhaojun , Mao Xinzhan , Dou Pengcheng , Li Yihan , Ma Chi
Published: September 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common motor system disease in aging people, characterized by matrix degradation, chondrocyte death, and osteophyte formation. OA etiology is unclear, but long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that participate in numerous pathological and physiological processes may be key regulators in the onset and development of OA. Because profiling of lncRNAs and their biological function in OA is not understood, we measured lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles using high-throughput microarray to study human knee OA. We identified 2,042 lncRNAs and 2,011 mRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed in OA compared to non-OA tissue (>2.0- or < − 2.0-fold change; p < 0.5), including 1,137 lncRNAs that were upregulated and 905 lncRNAs that were downregulated. Also, 1,386 mRNA were upregulated and 625 mRNAs were downregulated. QPCR was used to validate chip results. Gene Ontology analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes was used to study the biological function enrichment of differentially expressed mRNA. Additionally, coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) network construction was performed to explore the relevance of dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs. Finally, the gain/loss of function experiments of lnc-SAMD14-4 was implemented in IL-1β-treated human chondrocytes. In general, this study provides a preliminary database for further exploring lncRNA-related mechnisms in OA.
Type I-like behavior of the type II α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator A-867744
Authors: Pesti Krisztina , Lukacs Peter , Mike Arpad
Published: September 2019

Cognitive impairment often involves the decreased expression or hypofunction of alpha 7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs). Agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α7 nAChRs are known to be potential treatments for dementias, different neurodegenerative disorders, pain syndromes and conditions involving inflammation. In some of these conditions, it is desirable to maintain the temporal precision of fast cholinergic events, while in others, this temporal precision is unnecessary. For this reason, the optimal therapeutic effect for distinct indications may require PAMs with different mechanisms of action. The two major mechanisms are called “type I”, which are compounds that augment α7 nAChR-mediated currents but maintain their characteristic fast kinetics; and “type II”, which are compounds that produce augmented and prolonged currents. In this study, we performed a kinetic analysis of two type II PAMs of the α7 nAChR: PNU-120596 and A-867744, using a fast perfusion method that allowed high temporal resolution. We characterized the type of modulation produced by the two compounds, the state-dependence of the modulatory action, and the interaction between the two compounds. We found fundamental differences between the modulation mechanisms by PNU-120596 and A-867744. Most importantly, during brief agonist pulses, A-867744 caused a strikingly type I-like modulation, while PNU-120596 caused a type II-like prolonged activation. Our results demonstrate that specific compounds, even though all labeled as type II PAMs, can behave in completely different ways, including their onset and offset kinetics, state preference, and single channel open time. Our results emphasize that subtle details of the mechanism of action may be significant in assessing the therapeutic applicability of α7 nAChR PAM compounds.
The reproductive system of the male and oviparous female of a model organism—the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Hemiptera, Aphididae)
Authors: Wieczorek Karina , Kanturski Mariusz , Sempruch Cezary , Świątek Piotr
Published: September 2019

The structure of the reproductive system of the sexual generation—males and oviparous females—of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) (Hemiptera, Aphididae), a serious pest of cultivated plants of Fabaceae, was investigated. For the first time we describe the morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the reproductive system in both morphs of the sexual generation of aphids within one species, using light and fluorescent microscopy, as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that males have testes composed of three follicles fused by the upper ends of the vasa efferentia, the vasa deferentia run independently, the accessory glands are asymmetric and the ejaculatory duct shortened. Oviparous females have ovaries composed of seven ovarioles each. The lateral oviducts join to a short common oviduct connected with the unpaired spermatheca and paired accessory glands. Yolky eggs with an aggregation of symbiotic bacteria at the posterior pole are produced. Histologically, the components of genital tracts are broadly similar: the epithelial cells of the walls of the vasa deferentia and accessory glands of the male and oviparous female have secretory functions which correlate with the age of the studied morphs. We also found symbiotic bacteria within the vasa deferentia epithelial cells in males and within the cells of the lateral oviducts of females. Because the pea aphid is listed among the 14 species that are of the greatest economic importance, our results will be useful for managing aphid populations, protecting plants and ensuring global food security.
Winter bird-window collisions: mitigation success, risk factors, and implementation challenges
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Kusakabe Erika , Antonopoulos Angelo , Siddoway Sarah , Thompson Lisa
Published: September 2019

Millions of birds die in bird-window collisions in the United States each year. In specialized test settings, researchers have developed methods to alter window designs to mitigate collisions. However, few published studies provide pretest and posttest evaluations of mitigation treatment areas and untreated control areas on existing buildings. We initially monitored bird-window collisions at a single building on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, during winter 1 (November 9, 2017–January 2, 2018). We found 15 bird-window collisions, most under a portion of the building with a mirrored façade. To test a mitigation treatment, we installed Feather Friendly® bird deterrent film on part of the mirrored façade after winter 1. The unmitigated areas of the same building served as a control area. We continued monitoring during the following winter 2 (November 15, 2018–January 12, 2019). The treated area collisions declined from seven before mitigation to two after mitigation, a 71% reduction. The control area had eight collisions at both times. Results of a generalized estimating equation yielded a significant area by season interaction effect (p = 0.03) and fewer collisions in the mitigated area than the control area at winter 2 (p = 0.03), supporting efficacy of the mitigation. In winter 2 we also expanded monitoring to eight total buildings to evaluate the risks of mirrored windows and proximity to fruiting pear trees (Prunus calleryana) and the benefits of bird-friendly glass. Bird-friendly glass, found on two buildings, included windows with permanent fritted dots or embedded ultraviolet patterns. We counted 22 collisions across the eight buildings. Mirrored windows and proximity to fruiting pear trees related to higher odds of bird-window collisions, based on separate generalized estimating equations. The best fit model included mirrored windows and pear trees. The two buildings with bird-friendly glass had only one collision, suggesting that these designs deter collisions, although the difference was not statistically significant. To publicize the study and to receive reports of additional bird collisions or fatalities on campus, we created a citizen science project on iNaturalist and engaged in additional outreach efforts that yielded 22 ad hoc reports. Many previous studies have documented Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) collisions, but at relatively low numbers. Cedar Waxwings accounted for 31 of 34 identifiable collisions from the monitoring study and 4 of 21 identifiable collisions or fatalities from ad hoc reports.
Recircumscription of Prostanthera denticulata R.Br. (Lamiaceae, Westringieae) and the new species P. crocodyloides T.C.Wilson
Authors: Wilson Trevor Craig , Carmen Paul , Hook Cathy
Published: September 2019

Recircumscription and lectotypification of Prostanthera denticulata R.Br. is accompanied by description of the new species P. crocodyloides T.C.Wilson, which is known from the south-eastern region of New South Wales, Australia. The descriptions for both taxa are accompanied by diagnostic illustrations, an updated section of the Flora of New South Wales key to Prostanthera and notes on distribution, habitat, and conservation status.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus against Oral Microflora Associated with Dental Plaque
Authors: Ambade Sonia V. , Deshpande Neelima M.
Published: September 2019

Aims: Dental biofilms are complex, multi-species microorganism communities that inhabit the oral cavity in the form of dental plaque which causes dental caries and periodontal diseases. The present study aims to explore the potential of Lemon Grass Essential Oil (LGEO) extracted from Cymbopogon citratus as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent against the microorganisms responsible for dental plaque.

Study Design: Observational and comparison study.

Place and Duration of Study: Research centre, Department of Microbiology, Abasaheb Garware college, Pune, India, between Dec 2012 to Jan 2017.

Methodology: Three bacterial species primarily responsible for the biofilm formation were isolated from dental plaque and identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. Five most primary colonizer of dental plaque organisms were acquired from the Microbial Type Culture Collection cultures. Antimicrobial as well as antibiofilm activity of LGEO, was determined against these eight biofilm forming microorganism. The antibiofilm activity of LGEO was evaluated against oral flora individually, as well as in consortium.

Results: LGEO displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against eight test organisms associated with dental plaque, representing four genera namely Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus and Candida. MIC of LGEO for all test organisms was determined as 1.5% (v/v). The LGEO was found to exhibit as high as 76% biofilm inhibitory activity even in the consortium, where the biofilm formation sometimes has been noted to be comparatively more than that of the individual organism, making LGEO a very promising antibiofilm agent.

Conclusion: LGEO present in rampantly grown plant, Cymbopogon citratus, has remarkable antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against the dental plaque organism and thus can be the economical, convenient, natural and nontoxic herbal material to effectively control the oral microflora associated with dental plaque.
Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Susceptibility of Vernonia amygdalina against Some Strains of Candida albicans
Authors: Owoyale A. D. M. , Galadimma M. , Daniyan S. Y. , Adabara N.
Published: September 2019

This study was aimed at determining the quantitative phytochemical analysis and antifungal susceptibility of Vernonia amygdalina against some strains of Candida albicans.  Reflux method of extraction was used for the successive extraction of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Quantitative phytochemical screenings were done to determine the amounts of phytochemicals that are present in the crude extracts, the study revealed that phytochemicals which include flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and phenol were present in the crude extracts. Three different strains (P37005, RM1000 and SC5314) were subjected for antifungal susceptibility test, the antifungal susceptibility test of the crude extracts against the strains were determined at different concentrations of 40,60, 80 and 100 mg/ml using agar well diffusion method. The highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) was 21.00 ±0.30 mm which was recorded for methanol leaf extract (MLE) at a concentration of 100 mg/ml against SC5314 (isolate:B3). The MIC and MFC values for the most active crude extracts were 12.5 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml for the n-hexane crude extract against strain P37005 (isolate B1), the value of 12.5 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml was also revealed for the n-hexane crude extract against SC5314 (isolateB3) however, the methanol crude extract showed a value of 12.5mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively against SC5314 (isolate:B3). The results from this study suggest that n-hexane and methanol crude extract have a better antifungal activity than the ethylacetate crude extract.  This study also validate the claim of the local herbal practitioners of the use of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina in curing candidiasis.