bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on a Simple and Practical Randomized Response Framework for Eliciting Sensitive Dichotomous and Quantitative Information
Authors: Peeters Carel F. W. , Lensvelt-Mulders Gerty J. L. M. , Lasthuizen Karin
Published: September 2010

Many issues of interest to social scientists and policy makers are of a sensitive nature in the sense that they are intrusive, stigmatizing, or incriminating to the respondent. This results in refusals to cooperate or evasive cooperation in studies using self-reports. In a seminal article, Warner (1965) proposed to curb this problem by generating an artificial variability in responses to inoculate the individual meaning of answers to sensitive questions. This procedure was further developed and extended and came to be known as the randomized response (RR) technique. Here, the authors propose a unified treatment for eliciting sensitive binary as well as quantitative information with RR based on a model where the inoculating elements are provided for by the randomization device. The procedure is simple and the authors will argue that its implementation in a computer-assisted setting may have superior practical capabilities.
Performance, caste, aesthetics
Authors: Naregal Veena
Published: September 2010

For almost a century from 1860, regional theatre was the foremost arena for the negotiation of upper-caste cultural dominance within the making of a middle-class Maharashtrian identity. Although emerging forms of Marathi middle-class theatre such as the sangeet natak were nourished by lower-caste performative genres like the lavani and the tamasha, the interests of lower-caste performing communities have been successfully marginalised within the regional cultural sphere. Significantly, the influence of sangeet-natak between 1880 and the 1920s was linked to its emergence as a viable format that addressed critical gaps within the dynamics of the regional sphere. This article explores these processes of cultural ascendance and marginalisation by considering the formal, organisational and ideological manoeuvres through which upper-caste agents were able to establish the normative categories, institutional networks and theatrical practices that rendered lower-caste performance forms apparently irrelevant and invisible.
Family, gender and identity
Authors: Nongbri Tiplut
Published: September 2010

As Patricia Uberoi’s work has shown, the ‘family’ is a key site on which questions of culture, identity and authenticity are played out. This article looks at two contexts of matrilineal kinship, among the Mosuo of Yunan (China) and the Khasi of Meghalaya (India), and traces the different trajectories the matrilineal system has undergone. In the Mosuo case, matrilineal kinship is enlisted and strengthened in the service of tourism. It also serves as a marker of Mosuo identity against dominant nationalities. In the Khasi case on the other hand, Khasi identity politics has involved a more conflicted approach to the Khasi matrilineal system, with some people wanting it to give way to patriliny in the name of progress, and others wishing to preserve it. In both cases, it is the women who bear the burden of upholding identity.
The Association Between Parenting and Levels of Self-Control
Authors: Beaver Kevin M. , Ferguson Christopher J. , Lynn-Whaley Jennifer
Published: September 2010

A growing body of criminological research has tested Gottfredson and Hirschi’s parental management thesis that highlights the causal role that parents play in shaping their child’s level of self-control. Although the results of these studies appear to provide support for the parental management thesis, in general, they all fail to adequately control for genetic factors and child-driven effects, which may result in biased findings. The current study addresses these limitations by analyzing a sample of twin pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Following quantitative genetic analysis, the results revealed that after taking into account genetic factors and child-driven effects, none of the covariance between parental management techniques and levels of low self-control was explained by parental socialization. The importance of these findings for criminological research examining the influence of parents on self-control specifically and antisocial behaviors generally is discussed.
Victimization, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Johnson Listwan Shelley , Colvin Mark , Hanley Dena , Flannery Daniel
Published: September 2010

The effect of violence on individual behavior has been well documented. However, the empirical literature surrounding the relationship between coercive prison environments and inmate well-being is limited. This is important not only for correctional administrators but also for reentry planning. Using a sample of 1,616 recently released male inmates, this study examines the psychological effect of victimization and of perceptions of threat and coercion arising from the prison environment. The study also examines whether social support affects cognitions and psychological symptoms and whether it moderates the effect of victimization and coercion. The findings reveal that coercion and social support are related to posttraumatic cognitions and trauma symptoms; however, social support does not provide a moderating effect.
An Examination of Two Sexual Recidivism Risk Measures in Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Rajlic Gordana , Gretton Heather M.
Published: September 2010

The present study explored the predictive validity of two measures designed to assess risk for sexual recidivism in adolescent sexual offenders (ASO), the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol—II and the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism, in the context of an antisociality-based typology of adolescent sexual offenders. The authors distinguished between adolescent sexual offenders with a history of general offending (delinquent ASO) and adolescent sexual offenders without a history of general offending (sex offense—only ASO). They found differential predictive accuracy of risk measures according to offender type: Both instruments predicted sexual recidivism in the sex offense—only ASO group (large effect sizes), whereas in the delinquent ASO group, the measures did not predict sexual recidivism beyond chance levels. Risk assessment in the context of an antisociality-based sex offender typology is discussed.
Variables Associated With Attrition From Domestic Violence Treatment Programs Targeting Male Batterers
Authors: Jewell Lisa M. , Wormith J. Stephen
Published: September 2010

Attrition from domestic violence treatment programs is of concern to correctional treatment providers because batterers who do not complete treatment are at higher risk for recidivism. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which various demographic, violence-related, and intrapersonal variables predict attrition from domestic violence treatment programs for male batterers. A total of 30 studies that focused on in-program attrition and were published in English between 1985 and 2010 were included in the meta-analysis. Several variables distinguished treatment completers from dropouts, including employment, age, income, education, marital status, race, referral source, previous domestic violence offenses, criminal history, and alcohol and drug use. Furthermore, the theoretical orientation of the treatment program (i.e., feminist psychoeducational vs. cognitive-behavioral therapy) was found to be an important moderating variable. Findings suggest that the variables that predict attrition tend to be the same variables that predict recidivism and are discussed in relation to the responsivity principle.
Fragile States
Authors: Sekhar C.S.C.
Published: September 2010

A state is defined as “failed” or “fragile” when it is unable to perform its core functions and displays vulnerability in the social, political, and economic domains. To identify the determinants of state fragility, an econometric analysis has been carried out to explain vulnerability in the economic, political, and social sectors of a country in a structural simultaneous equations framework. Failed States Index (FSI) data of 149 countries for the year 2007 has been used. The results support the hypothesis that there is a great degree of simultaneity in the vulnerability in these three domains and together they determine a country’s fragility/stability. It is seen that social vulnerability impacts political and economic vulnerability significantly, whereas political vulnerability has a definite effect on social vulnerability but not on economic vulnerability. Economic vulnerability has a limited effect on the vulnerability in the other two spheres – in the sense that a single dimension alone (either income level or income inequality but not both) appears to impact vulnerability in the social and political domains. The insignificant effect of political vulnerability on economic vulnerability is surprising. One plausible explanation is that political vulnerability may lead to economic vulnerability with a lag, while this study is based on data at a single point in time. However, further research is needed on this aspect. The broad policy implication of the study is that, to rebuild capacity in highly fragile or failed states, priority should be accorded to addressing social vulnerability through immediate political measures, followed by long-term initiatives to promote economic development.
Saving Depraved Africans in a Neoliberal Age
Authors: Nauta Wiebe
Published: September 2010

This article critically examines the fight against HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. As the epidemic revealed its devastating power when neoliberalism emerged as a dominant force in economic and development thinking, it investigates how policies like SAPs have affected the severity of the epidemic in a country like Zambia. Moreover, the article examines how the dominance of medical and private actors has influenced the fight against HIV/AIDS. By, for example, tracing the influence of the pharmaceutical industry and conservative Christian forces in PEPFAR, it is argued that the epidemic has been largely conceptualized in biomedical and behavioural terms – placing too much emphasis on African sexuality and culture – while ignoring structural factors like poverty and inequality. As a result, inhumane conditions for millions persist and solutions that would be unacceptable for the affluent are still implemented. Inspired by the work of Farmer (2005) and Pogge (2008), a more inclusive development agenda is outlined that involves structural democratic reforms of global institutions.
Impact of women’s home-based enterprise on family dynamics: Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Al-Dajani Haya , Marlow Susan
Published: September 2010

Within developing and disadvantaged economies, women’s self-employment has been identified as a tool to assist in alleviating poverty and empowering individual women. To explore these arguments, this article considers the experiences of Palestinian women who operate home-based enterprises within conservative patriarchal families. Empirically, we drew upon a study of 43 home-based female embroiderers, all members of the ‘1967 displaced Palestinian community’ now living in Amman, Jordan. From the evidence, it emerges that although these women make a critical contribution to family incomes, their entrepreneurial activities are constructed around the preservation of the traditional family form such that while some degree of empowerment is attained, challenges to embedded patriarchy are limited.
Effects of antidepressant drug treatment and psychotherapy on striatal and thalamic dopamine D2/3 receptors in major depressive disorder studied with [11C]raclopride PET
Authors: Hirvonen Jussi , Hietala Jarmo , Kajander Jaana , Markkula Juha , Rasi-Hakala Helena , Salminen Jouko K , Någren Kjell , Aalto Sargo , Karlsson Hasse
Published: September 2010

Antidepressant drug treatment and psychotherapy are both effective in treating major depression, but there are no published studies comparing the effects of these two treatments on the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system in major depression. We conducted a randomized comparative study on the effects of fluoxetine medication and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy on striatal and thalamic dopamine D2/3 receptors in patients with major depression. Duration of the treatment was 4 months, and dopamine D2/3 receptor binding was quantified before and after treatment as the binding potential ( BPND) using [11C]raclopride and 3D positron emission tomography. Both treatments were clinically effective in treating major depression, as shown by substantial decreases in symptom ratings. Yet, there were no effects on D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum or other subdivisions of the striatum. Fluoxetine but not psychotherapy increased [11C]raclopride BPND in lateral thalamus (+7.74%, p = 0.002) but this increase was not correlated with clinical improvement. In conclusion, this preliminary study does not support the involvement of ventral dopaminergic neurotransmission in the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine or psychodynamic psychotherapy. The effects of fluoxetine on thalamic dopamine systems need to be further explored.
Coffee-House Blues
Authors: Genç Kaya
Published: September 2010

Turkish novelist Kaya Genç talks to Kurdish musicians about making their voices heard despite continuing discrimination and prejudice
Can Music Kill?
Authors: Gray Louise
Published: September 2010

Louise Gray considers the troubling history of music and violence, from gangsta rap to Rwanda
Set Yourself Free
Authors: Greenwood Colin
Published: September 2010

Radiohead’s Colin Greenwood explains why the band released their last album direct to their fans
Primacy of the Ear
Authors: Atzmon Gilad
Published: September 2010

Jazz musician Gilad Atzmon was a committed young Zionist until he heard Charlie Parker play: it was the beginning of a political and musical education
Fight the Power
Authors: Halasa Malu
Published: September 2010

Hip hop has replaced folk as the number-one sound for protest music. Malu Halasa reports on its global appeal from the US to Iran
Rocking Rangoon
Authors: Lin Htein
Published: September 2010

Hard rock and hip hop have been powerful vehicles for political dissent in Burma, writes artist and former political prisoner Htein Lin
Wordsandmusic
Authors: Self Will
Published: September 2010

Will Self on God Save the Queen/Sex Pistols
Notes From Underground
Authors: Broughton Simon
Published: September 2010

Simon Broughton talks to Maral Afsharian about the challenges facing a female singer-songwriter in Tehran — from the authorities to band members
Trance Music
Authors: Aspden Rachel
Published: September 2010

Zar’s challenge to orthodox Islam poses a threat to its survival. Rachel Aspden reports
Dispatches From a New Generation
Authors: Allami Khyam
Published: September 2010

Musician Khyam Allami thought the Middle East music scene was in decline, until he went on a personal quest and encountered the new talent of the region
Voice to the Voiceless
Authors: de Mbanga Lapiro
Published: September 2010

Cameroonian singer Lapiro de Mbanga gives an exclusive interview to Daniel Brown from prison on protest, politics and the art of satire
The Deal
Authors: Jenner Peter
Published: September 2010

If you want a career in pop music, you have to play the game. Peter Jenner reveals the network of censorship that underpins the industry
Cost-Effectiveness of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Paxton E. Scott , Kymes Steven M. , Brophy Robert H.
Published: September 2010

Background

There has been growing interest in anatomical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), including the use of double-bundle (DB) reconstruction techniques.

Hypothesis

The DB technique will not be cost-effective when compared with single-bundle (SB) reconstruction.

Study Design

Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

A decision-analysis model with input values derived from the literature was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of DB ACL reconstruction compared with SB ACL reconstruction. Effectiveness was based on the revision rate and the postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score.

Results

Sixty-four percent of DB knees result in an IKDC score of A, compared with 54% of SB knees. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a DB reconstruction compared with an SB reconstruction was $6416 per quality adjusted life year in the baseline scenario and $64 371 per quality adjusted life year in the alternate scenario. The model is very sensitive to the proportions of IKDC A outcomes. The model is also sensitive to the utility values assigned to IKDC A and B outcomes and is less sensitive to the marginal cost of a DB reconstruction.

Conclusion

This preliminary analysis based on published clinical results to date shows DB ACL reconstruction may be cost-effective, despite increased upfront cost. More research is needed to confirm whether there is any difference in the distribution of IKDC outcomes between the 2 techniques. Perhaps more importantly, the lack of any other demonstrated clinical benefit from the DB technique questions the clinical relevance of this difference in IKDC scores.

Clinical Relevance

Revision data and longer term outcomes after DB reconstruction and more reliable clinical utility data are needed to definitively compare the cost-effectiveness of DB and SB ACL reconstruction. Studies of ACL reconstruction and other sports medicine procedures should report the distribution of outcomes data to facilitate future analyses of clinical effectiveness.
Ulnohumeral Chondral and Ligamentous Overload
Authors: Osbahr Daryl C. , Dines Joshua S. , Breazeale Nathan M. , Deng Xiang-Hua , Altchek David W.
Published: September 2010

Background

Previous studies have documented increased posteromedial contact forces with the elbow at lower flexion angles associated with valgus extension overload; however, the authors believe that posteromedial elbow impingement in association with valgus laxity is a complex pathological process that may occur throughout the entire throwing motion in the form of ulnohumeral chondral and ligamentous overload.

Hypothesis

Valgus laxity with the elbow at 90° of flexion may lead to chondromalacia secondary to a subtle shift in the contact point between the tip of the olecranon and the distal humeral trochlea.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Six fresh human cadaveric elbows were dissected and subjected to a static valgus load. Pressure-sensitive Fuji film measured the contact pressure, contact area, and shift in contact area across the posteromedial elbow before and after sectioning the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament.

Results

The contact pressure between the tip of the olecranon process and the medial crista of the posterior humeral trochlea significantly increased, from an average of 0.27 ± 0.06 kg/cm2 to 0.40 ± 0.08 kg/cm2. The contact area also significantly decreased, from an average of 30.34 ± 9.17 mm2 to 24.59 ± 6.44 mm2, and shifted medially on the medial humeral crista, which corresponds to the position of the posteromedial chondral lesions that was observed in throwing athletes in the authors’ clinical practice.

Conclusion

While simulating the early acceleration phase of the throwing motion with the elbow in 90° of flexion, the results illustrate that abnormal contact may occur as a result of valgus laxity through increased contact pressures across the posteromedial elbow between the medial tip of the olecranon and medial crista of the humeral trochlea. In addition, congruency of the ulnohumeral joint changed, as there was a statistically significant medial shift of the olecranon on the posterior humeral trochlea with the elbow at 90° of flexion after sectioning the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament.

Clinical Relevance

In the throwing athlete who continues the repetitive, throwing motion despite valgus laxity from ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency, the authors believe that these results provide a plausible mechanism for injury throughout the entire throwing motion secondary to ulnohumeral chondral and ligamentous overload. As throwing athletes may produce a tremendous amount of force and subsequent chondromalacia within the posteromedial aspect of the elbow, the findings of this study illustrate the importance of prompt clinical recognition of ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency.
Meniscal Repair for Radial Tears of the Midbody of the Lateral Meniscus
Authors: Choi Nam-Hong , Kim Tae-Hyung , Son Kyung-Mo , Victoroff Brian N.
Published: September 2010

Background

Radial meniscal tears historically have been treated by partial meniscectomy, although they are more biomechanically detrimental than longitudinal tears. Clinical results after meniscal repair for radial tears of the midbody of the lateral meniscus have been reported rarely.

Study Design

Case series: Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Fourteen consecutive patients who had radial tears of the midbody of the lateral meniscus underwent arthroscopic repair. Inclusion criteria were radial tears involving the red-red or red-white zone. All patients underwent all-inside meniscal repair using absorbable sutures. Postoperative evaluation was performed using joint-line tenderness, McMurray test, range of motion, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at 6 months postoperatively. Lysholm knee score and Tegner activity level were evaluated at last follow-up. In 4 patients, second-look arthroscopies were performed.

Results

The average follow-up was 36.3 months. No patient had joint-line tenderness. Three patients complained of pain or a click on McMurray test. The mean follow-up range of motion was 138.6°. Follow-up MRI scans demonstrated that 5 (35.7%) menisci were healed, 8 (57.1%) were partially healed, and 1 (7.1%) was not healed. The follow-up Lysholm score was 94.7 (range, 81-100; standard deviation [SD] = 6.4) and Tegner score was 5.7 (range, 3-7; SD = 1.4). Second-look arthroscopies in 4 patients showed partial healing of meniscal tears.

Conclusion

Meniscal repair for radial tears of the midbody of the lateral meniscus may be an effective, alternative treatment to partial meniscectomy.
Scrutinizing Gypsum Board Thermal Performance at Dehydration Temperatures
Authors: Kontogeorgos D. , Mandilaras I. , Founti M.
Published: September 2010

This article investigates the thermal performance of gypsum boards in the dehydration temperature region, where pronounced chemical reactivity is anticipated. Gypsum board samples were gradually heated up to 300°C, using a low heating rate. Temperature measurements at pre-selected board locations indicated three distinct stages of gypsum dehydration; free moisture evaporation, transformation of calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate and of calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate to calcium sulfate anhydrate. Physical properties of the gypsum board sample, that is density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, were measured as a function of the dehydration temperature range. Results suggested that the thermal conductivity of the calcium anhydrate sulfate is higher than that of the hemi-hydrate, despite the fact that gypsum porosity increases during the dehydration process. Based on the experimental results, correlations for the thermal conductivity and the dehydration energy as a function of the mass loss during the dehydration process and the initial water content of the gypsum board, respectively, were obtained.
Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan Bioelectret Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yanying Wang  , Yili Qu  , Ping Gong  , Ping Wang  , Yi Man  , Jidong Li
Published: September 2010

Chitosan bioelectret membranes were prepared from chitosan with the tape casting method and polarized in an electric field with grid-controlled corona charge. Surface potential tests revealed that the surface potential rapidly decayed within one day and gradually stabilized over the following 8 days. The bioelectret membranes exhibited similar mechanical properties as the unpolarized membranes. The negatively charged surface facilitated depolymerization by lysozyme in phosphate buffered saline solution and induced apatite crystals depositing on the surface in simulated body fluid. Osteoblasts adhered well to the negatively charged surface. Levels of osteoblast viability and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher on the bioelectret membranes than on the unpolarized membranes.
Invisible Victims: Same-Sex IPV in the National Violence Against Women Survey
Authors: Messinger Adam M.
Published: September 2010

With intimate partner violence (IPV) among same-sex couples largely ignored by policy makers and researchers alike, accurately estimating the size of the problem is important in determining whether this minimal response is justified. As such, the present study is a secondary data analysis of the National Violence Against Women Survey and represents the first multiple variable regression analysis of U.S. adult same-sex IPV prevalence using a nationally representative sample ( N = 14,182). Logistic regressions indicate that, independent of sex, respondents with a history of same-sex relationships are more likely to experience verbal, controlling, physical, and sexual IPV. Behaviorally “bisexual” respondents experience the highest IPV rates and are most likely to be victimized by an opposite-sex partner. Implications for future IPV research regarding sexual orientation and gender are discussed.
The Mediating Effect of World Assumptions on the Relationship Between Trauma Exposure and Depression
Authors: Lilly Michelle M. , Valdez Christine E. , Graham-Bermann Sandra A.
Published: September 2010

The association between trauma exposure and mental health-related challenges such as depression are well documented in the research literature. The assumptive world theory was used to explore this relationship in 97 female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed trauma history, world assumptions, and depression severity. Regression analyses revealed that diminished world assumptions mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and depression severity. As predicted, this relationship held for interpersonal forms of trauma, whereas noninterpersonal forms of trauma were related neither to diminished world assumption nor to depression severity. This suggests that our conceptual system of relating to the world, our core beliefs that comprise our assumptive world, may be challenged in the face of human-induced trauma, increasing our risk for developing adverse psychological outcomes such as depression.
Elder Mistreatment and Emotional Symptoms Among Older Adults in a Largely Rural Population: The South Carolina Elder Mistreatment Study
Authors: Begle Angela M. , Strachan Martha , Cisler Joshua M. , Amstadter Ananda B. , Hernandez Melba , Acierno Ron
Published: September 2010

Although two recent major studies provide some insight into the prevalence and correlates of elder mistreatment, the relationship between elder mistreatment and mental health remains unclear. This study begins to address this issue by examining the relationship between elder mistreatment (i.e., a recent history of emotional and physical abuse) and negative emotional symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression) among 902 older adults aged 60 and above residing in South Carolina. Results demonstrate that emotional, but not physical, abuse is significantly correlated with higher levels of emotional symptoms. This relationship is sustained when controlling for established demographic and social/dependency risk factors. These data suggest that mistreated older adults also suffer from greater emotional symptoms and highlight the need for more research in this area.
Polymorphisms of PXK are associated with autoantibody production, but not disease risk, of systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese mainland population
Authors: Yu B , Wu Q , Chen Y , Li P , Shao Y , Zhang J , Zhong Q , Peng X , Yang H , Hu X , Chen B , Guan M , Zhang W , Wan J
Published: September 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disease. The genetic variation in the PXK gene was found to associate with SLE in Caucasian populations. However, the association of rs6445975 with SLE has not been extensively studied in a Chinese mainland population. A total of 288 SLE patients and 357 controls were recruited. Unlabeled probe-based high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was used in genotyping. HRMA with unlabeled probe successfully distinguished all genotypes. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of SNP rs6445975 showed statistically significant differences between SLE patients and controls. The association of SNP rs6445975 with the diagnostic criteria of SLE was also examined. No obvious association was observed between rs6445975 and the incidence of clinical symptoms. However, the minor allele (G) of rs6445975 was found to significantly associate with increased abnormalities of anti-Smith ( p = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22–3.09), anti-Ro ( p = 0.015, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.10–2.58), anti-La ( p = 0.008, OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.17–2.93) and C3C4 ( p = 0.007, OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.17–2.74). Polymorphisms of rs6445975 in the PXK gene were associated with autoantibody production, but not disease risk, of systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population.
Industry Structure Characteristics and International Entrepreneurship in India’s Software Industry
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K. , Vora Davina , Nag Ashok K.
Published: September 2010

Drawing upon research in international entrepreneurship regarding born global firms as well as strategy and economics research on industry structure and March’s (1991) exploration-exploitation framework, we examine how domestic market structure influences international entrepreneurship in India’s software industry. We suggest that the domestic industry structure aspect of industry concentration influences which global industry segments these born global firms are involved in. Analysis of our sample comprising 876 of the major Indian software firms in existence in 2002–2003 shows high industry concentration with a few dominant firms and a number of firms with little market presence. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that dominant firms tend to engage in the high revenue per employee industry segment of business process outsourcing (BPO), while less powerful firms tend to engage in the low revenue per employee segment of high technology. Implications of our research as well as areas for future research are discussed.
Firm Performance and CEO Pay
Authors: Ghosh Saibal
Published: September 2010

CEO compensation considerations have gained prominence in recent times, especially in the wake of the subprime turmoil. Using cross-section data on Indian manufacturing firms for 2007, the article explores the association between executive compensation and firm performance and concludes that pay for performance sensitivity estimates are significant although small in magnitude.
Social Entrepreneurship in the Mondragon Co-operative Corporation and the Challenges of Successful Replication
Authors: Clamp Christina A. , Alhamis Innocentus
Published: September 2010

The literature on entrepreneurship typically distinguishes two types of entrepreneurship: traditional business entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship. The traditional entrepreneur takes risks to develop a business activity for personal gain. Social entrepreneurship develops businesses that are locally owned and controlled to build socially owned assets. Those who have been economically marginalised, are able to create a more stable life for themselves and their families. But when these ventures are cooperatives, is this the same as social entrepreneurship? The authors elaborate a model for three types of entrepreneurship. This theoretical model is then applied to an analysis of two cases of cooperative entrepreneurship.

This model is considered against the Mondragon Cooperative Corporation as an effective example of co-operative entrepreneurship. The article also points out the limits of MCC as a model for co-operative entrepreneurship through the examination of Co-operative Ownership Development Corporation (CODC) in Silver City, New Mexico. This article draws on the literature of entrepreneurship as well as data from research conducted in Mondragon, Spain and in Silver City, New Mexico.
The Networking Entrepreneur
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arun
Published: September 2010

The amalgamation of entrepreneurship and networking has been a topic of interest for researchers, who have tried to find linkages between the two. However, creation of network is only the beginning and to be effective, the entrepreneur must use it optimally. The case is about an entrepreneur who believed that to create and grow an enterprise, networking is the key. Starting on a modest note, he used both formal and informal networks to diversify his business.
When the President Goes Public
Authors: Tedin Kent , Rottinghaus Brandon , Rodgers Harrell
Published: September 2010

Evidence is mounting that presidents find difficulty in leading public opinion. However, focusing on presidential ability to lead mass opinion may underestimate the degree to which presidents are able to rally key groups on political and personal characteristics. In this article, the authors use an experimental design to test the effect of communication mode across issue types and groups. From three of President Bush’s speeches on Iraq (the State of the Union, an Oval Office address, and a press conference), the data show that by going public the president can influence political opinions across certain issue types and groups. Among the findings are that the groups most affected by the president’s speeches are not always his core constituency but often his putative opponents. However, this opinion change by the noncore groups is often limited to direct presidential addresses and evaluations of the president’s personal qualities. The implication is that writing off presidential leadership as totally ineffective may be as yet premature.
An Analysis of Children With Brucellosis Associated With Isolated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Akbayram Sinan , Dogan Murat , Akgun Cihangir , Peker Erdal , Parlak Mehmet , Oner Ahmet Faik
Published: September 2010

Hematologic abnormalities of mild anemia and leucopenia have been frequently associated with acute brucellosis, but thrombocytopenia are less frequently seen. In the present study, we documented 5 (2.6%) isolated thrombocytopenic patients with the manifestations of brucellosis observed during the course of active infection. Five (2.6%) patients, 4 boys and 1 girl, with ages ranging from 2 to 14 years, had isolated thrombocytopenic at diagnosis. In 5 (2.6%) patients, platelet counts ranged from 39 000 to 120 000/mm3. Tube agglutination tests for brucellosis were positive for all patients (1/160-1/1280). All patients recovered completely, and their thrombocytopenia returned to normal by 2 to 4 weeks after antibiotic treatment of brucellosis. In our study, we present 5 patients with Brucella-induced thrombocytopenia mimicking idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to emphasize the isolated thrombocytopenia and the resolution of thrombocyte counts following treatment of brucellosis.
Reducing Disparities in Health Care Quality: The Role of Health IT in Underresourced Settings
Authors: Gibbons Michael Chris , Rivera Casale Cecilia
Published: September 2010

Health information technology (health IT) and the Internet have tremendous potential to transform health care. The implications of the adoption of health IT within the context of underresourced health care settings have not been adequately evaluated. For this reason, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sponsored a 2-day invitational expert meeting in October 2009. The theme of the meeting was “Reducing Disparities in Healthcare Quality in Under Resourced Settings Using HIT and Other Quality Improvement Strategies.” In preparation for the meeting, five background manuscripts were commissioned, presented, and discussed. Attendees also participated in one of three breakout sessions. Several overarching themes, key recommendations, and research topics emerged across five general categories of (a) the health care delivery setting, (b) research and evaluation methodologies, (c) patients and target populations, (d) technology applications and platforms, and (e) providers and clinicians. This article outlines the process, findings, and key recommendations of this expert workshop.
Explaining the Increase in Family Financial Pressures From Medical Bills Between 2003 and 2007: Do Affordability Thresholds Change Over Time?
Authors: Cunningham Peter J.
Published: September 2010

This study examines whether affordability thresholds for medical care as defined by families change over time. The results from two nationally representative surveys show that while financial stress from medical bills—defined as the percent with problems paying medical bills—increased between 2003 and 2007, greater out-of-pocket spending accounted for this increase only for higher-income persons with employer-sponsored insurance coverage. Increased spending did not account for an increase in medical bill problems among lower-income persons. Moreover, the increase in medical bill problems among low-income persons occurred at relatively low levels of out-of-pocket spending rather than at higher levels. The results suggest that “affordability thresholds” for medical care as defined by individuals and families are not stable over time, especially for lower-income persons, which has implications for setting affordability standards in health reform.
Strategy, Structure, and Patient Quality Outcomes in Ambulatory Surgery Centers (1997-2004)
Authors: Chukmaitov Askar , Devers Kelly J. , Harless David W. , Menachemi Nir , Brooks Robert G.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine potential associations among ambulatory surgery centers’ (ASCs) organizational strategy, structure, and quality performance. The authors obtained several large-scale, all-payer claims data sets for the 1997 to 2004 period. The authors operationalized quality performance as unplanned hospitalizations at 30 days after outpatient arthroscopy and colonoscopy procedures . The authors draw on related organizational theory, behavior, and health services research literatures to develop their conceptual framework and hypotheses and fitted fixed and random effects Poisson regression models with the count of unplanned hospitalizations. Consistent with the key hypotheses formulated, the findings suggest that higher levels of specialization and the volume of procedures may be associated with a decrease in unplanned hospitalizations at ASCs.
Racial and Gender Disparities in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Placement: Are They Due to Overuse or Underuse?
Authors: Cook Nakela L. , Orav E. John , Liang Catherine L. , Guadagnoli Edward , Hicks LeRoi S.
Published: September 2010

Previous studies documented racial and gender disparities in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement. The authors examined whether racial and gender disparities in ICD placement are due to underutilization or overutilization. Among 1,054 adults hospitalized from 2001 to 2004 with ventricular arrhythmias in a large academic hospital, the study found that 17% of patients had clinical indicators concordant with ICD placement criteria. Among those, Blacks were less likely than Whites to receive an ICD (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.08-0.71). Among the 83% who were discordant with ICD placement criteria, Blacks (adjusted OR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.18-0.52) and Hispanics (adjusted OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.10-0.57) were less likely than Whites, and women less likely than men, to receive an ICD (adjusted OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.34-0.67). In this cohort, these differences appear related to overutilization among men and Whites who are discordant with ICD placement criteria in addition to underutilization among Blacks concordant with placement criteria.
Review: Emergency Department Use by Older Adults: A Literature Review on Trends, Appropriateness, and Consequences of Unmet Health Care Needs
Authors: Gruneir Andrea , Silver Mara J. , Rochon Paula A.
Published: September 2010

Older adults use emergency departments (EDs) more than any other age group and are more prone to subsequent adverse events. This article reviews the literature on ED use by older adults within the context of evaluating their need for emergency care and the extent to which access to primary and supportive care services affect use. While a substantial research literature describes general patterns of ED use, there is much less research on ED use as a function of other health service use. Gaps in the research literature result in a limited understanding of the full scope of the issue and opportunities for practice and policy intervention.
Randomized controlled trial of Sativex to treat detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kavia RBC , De Ridder D , Constantinescu CS , Stott CG , Fowler CJ
Published: September 2010

Background: Bladder dysfunction is a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: In this study we aimed to assess the efficacy, tolerability and safety of Sativex® (nabiximols) as an add-on therapy in alleviating bladder symptoms in patients with MS.

Methods: We undertook a 10-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 135 randomized subjects with MS and overactive bladder (OAB).

Results: The primary endpoint was the reduction in daily number of urinary incontinence episodes from baseline to end of treatment (8 weeks). Other endpoints included incidence of nocturia and urgency, overall bladder condition (OBC), daytime frequency, Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL), Patient’s Global Impression of Change (PGIC) and volume voided. The primary endpoint showed little difference between Sativex and placebo. Four out of seven secondary endpoints were significantly in favour of Sativex: number of episodes of nocturia (adjusted mean difference -0.28, p = 0.010), OBC (-1.16, p = 0.001), number of voids/day (-0.85, p = 0.001) and PGIC ( p = 0.005). Of the other endpoints, number of daytime voids was statistically significantly in favour of Sativex (-0.57, p = 0.044). The improvement in I-QOL was in favour of Sativex but did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: Although the primary endpoint did not reach statistical significance, we conclude that Sativex did have some impact on the symptoms of overactive bladder in patients with MS, providing evidence of some improvement in symptoms associated with bladder dysfunction in these subjects.
Multi‐layered social resilience
Authors: Obrist Brigit , Pfeiffer Constanze , Henley Robert
Published: September 2010

Research on sustainable development tends to focus on risk and vulnerability. This article argues for a shift of emphasis from vulnerability to resilience. It develops a Multi‐layered social resilience framework emphasising the interactions between enabling factors and capacities operating at different levels of society. Enabling factors help to master threats by facilitating access to and transformation of capitals. Capacities lead social actors not only to cope with adverse conditions (reactive) but also to create responses (proactive) that increase competence and thus create pathways for mitigation. This approach redirects attention from managing risk to building resilience – an important prerequisite for sustainable development.
Resilience enhancing psychosocial programmes for youth in different cultural contexts
Authors: Henley Robert
Published: September 2010

This article takes a first step towards developing a resilience assessment scale for use by development organisations offering services to youth and young adults in different cultural contexts. The purpose of a resilience assessment scale would be to assess effectiveness of services in enhancing competencies of youth in managing and adapting to adversities they experience. An in‐depth conceptualisation of individual resilience and how this interacts with multi‐layered social resilience is explored: Organisations provide psychosocial services to help strengthen competencies of vulnerable young people, who in turn can help enhance resilience in the family, neighbourhood and community.
Strengthening whom?
Authors: Siegmann Karin Astrid
Published: September 2010

This article investigates the role of international labour migration from Pakistan’s Northwest for the sending communities’ social resilience. It focuses on the implications of male out‐migration for the women who stay behind. This article refers to Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice to shed light on the gendered nature of vulnerability and resilience. Contradictions identified between heightened vulnerability at the level of individual women and strengthened resilience of the household underline the social construction of scale in the analysis of resilience. With his emphasis on material as well as symbolic resources determining opportunities and well‐being, Bourdieu provides an analytical key for the identification of such ‘uncomfortable layers of resilience’.
Mandated prevention in child welfare: Considerations from a framework shaping ethical inquiry
Authors: Houston Stan , Spratt Trevor , Devaney John
Published: September 2010

• Summary: This article outlines a framework for approaching ethical dilemmas arising from the development, evaluation and implementation of child welfare policies. As such, it is relevant to policy-makers, social researchers and social workers. The central tenets of the framework are developed by drawing on ideas from moral philosophy and critical social theory. These ideas are presented as axioms, theorems and corollaries, a format which has been employed in the social sciences to offer a rational justification for a set of claims.

• Findings: This process of reasoning leads to four principle axioms that are seen to shape the ethical scrutiny of social policy: 1) problematizing knowledge; 2) utilizing structured forms of inquiry to enhance understanding; 3) engendering enabling communication with those affected by the ethical concern; and 4) enhancing self-awareness.

• Applications: The four axioms are then applied, by way of example, to the current and contentious, ‘third way’ policy of mandated prevention in child welfare, where the aim is to obviate deleterious outcomes in later life. It is argued that the framework can be applied beyond this specific concern to other pressing, ethical challenges in child welfare.
Planning and the problem of evil
Authors: Baum Howell
Published: September 2010

Social institutions influence human behavior both by creating material interests and incentives to act on them and by giving symbolic meaning to human desires and anxieties and sanctioning their expression in certain ways and directions. The analysis of planning issues and public policies normally focuses on material interests, conflicts among them, and the exercise of power to prevail. Planning and policy analysis give little attention to how societal institutions and culture influence the expression of largely unconscious desires and anxieties in ways that create social inequality and shape policies that do little to reduce it. Material interests and economic exploitation are common planning topics. Psychological interests and the emotional and moral exploitation to which they give rise are less familiar because the western, particularly liberal, ideas that have shaped planning resist knowing about unconscious and ‘irrational’ thinking. This article explores the role of unconscious interests in contributing to poverty and punishing the poor as a problem of evil. ‘Evil’ is a name people commonly give to certain desires and anxieties that trouble them and which they may unconsciously try to get rid of by harming others and producing what is conventionally called morally evil. Planners will need to understand the ways that psychological interests sustain exploitation such as poverty and racial discrimination in order to oppose it.