bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first Report of The Parasitic Copepod Bomolochus unicirrus (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) From Turkey
Authors: Demirkale İbrahim , Özak Argun Akif , Sakarya Yetkin
Published: April 2017

In this study, Bomolochus unicirrus Brian, 1902, a species of parasitic copepod belonging to the family Bomolochidae (Claus, 1875), was reported for the first time from the north-eastern Mediterranean waters off the Turkish coast. Parasites were collected from the gill filaments of the European barracuda, Sphyraena sphyraena(L.)captured by trawling in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. The morphological features of B. unicirrus were Redescribed and illustrated based on the newly collected material. Key diagnostic characters and newly observed details in some structures are highlighted and supported by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differences and simply overlooked details in previous descriptions of B. unicirrus, are discussed in detail. In addition, morphological comparisons between presently reported species and the other species of the genus Bomolochus Nordmann, 1832 were also presented.
Annual Change of Reproductive Hormones in Female Angora Goats
Authors: Pehlivan Erkan , Polat Hüseyin , Dellal Gürsel
Published: April 2017

In this research, annual changes of melatonin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, testosterone and progesterone were studied on 6 heads of 1.5 years old female Angora goat. To determine hormones concentrations, blood samples were taken from jugular vein of each goat in every month for a year. The blood samples were centrifuged at 4000xg for 5 min. and serum was stored at -20°C until analyses time. Hormones analyses in the serum were performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Monthly climatic values and photoperiod were obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service and temperature-humidity index was calculated with climatic values. In the study, in order to determine any possible differences in the observed hormones concentrations with respect to months, repeated measures ANOVA analysis was performed. As a result of statistical analysis, there were no significant differences among the months for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone concentration, while significant differences were found among the months for melatonin, luteinizing hormone and progesterone, and estrogen concentration in female Angora goats. According the results of this study, could be concluded that the releases of reproductive hormones examined in female Angora goats was seasonally dependent.
Gebe Ratlara uygulanan Akrilamid ve E Vitaminin Plasenta Dokusu Üzerine Olası Etkilerinin Araştırılması
Authors: Erdemli Mehmet Erman , Altınöz Eyüp , Aksungur Zeynep , Doğan Zümrüt , Bağ Harika Gözükara , Türköz Yusuf
Published: April 2017

Investigate the changes that occur in the placenta tissues of pregnant rats that were administered acrylamide (AA) and vitamin E as a protective agent during pregnancy.

Thirty rats that were proven positive for pregnancy with vaginal smear test were randomly distributed into control, corn oil, vitamin E, acrylamide and vitamin E + acrylamide groups. Pregnant rats were decapitated on the 20th day of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS) and Xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were measured in placenta tissues. It was determined that acrylamide application during pregnancy statistically significantly increased MDA, TOS and XO levels and reduced GSH and TAS levels in the placenta tissue of pregnant rats when compared to all other groups, and GAS and TAS levels statistically significantly increased in vitamin E administered group when compared to all other groups and TOS and XO levels were decreased to control group levels. It was observed that orally administered AA changed the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium favoring the oxidants by increasing MDA, XO and TOS levels in pregnant rats and caused oxidative stress, while vitamin E administration returned the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium back to normal levels, preventing oxidative stress induced toxicity.
Evaluation of Micro Tuberization Performances of Different Genotypes
Authors: Türkmen Ayten Kübra , Yavuz Caner , Dangol Sarbesh Das , Tarım Cehibe , Demirel Ufuk , Çalışkan Mehmet Emin
Published: April 2017

Certified potato seed tuber usage is one of the most important steps for production of high yield and quality potatoes. For this reason different seed tuber production methods have been developed. Among these methods, mini tuber production is the most popular one. In order to produce mini tubers, firstly potato plants are produced in vitro, and these plants are transferred to an environmentally-controlled greenhouse. Thus, disease- and virus-free mini tubers are produced as seed tubers. However, in vitro section of mini tuber production creates problems like storage and transfer of in vitro plants, and adaptation period of the plants to greenhouse conditions. In vitro micro tuber (MT) formation has been selected as a solution of these problems. The aim of the study was to produce micro tubers from 15 different genotypes and evaluate their micro tuberization performances to determine the genotype effect on MT formation. 3 varieties, 3 breeding lines and 9 different genotypes from International Potato Center (CIP) were selected for the study. For this purpose, micro tubers are produced in vitro by using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8% sucrose and 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). All experiments were conducted under dark conditions and 22/16 °C (8/16 h) temperature cycle. The micro tuberization performances were evaluated according to MT number per plant, MT formation rate (%), MT weight per plant (g), mean MT weight (g), mean MT diameter (mm). Differences between micro tuber production performances of different genotypes were determined and CIP395017.229 was identified as the most promising genotype to produce micro tubers.
Kuşburnu Marmelatlarının Bazı Fizikokimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Özbey Ayşe , Öncül Nilgün , Tokatlı Kader , Yıldırım Metin , Yıldırım Zeliha
Published: April 2017

In this study, some physicochemical and microbiological properties and antioxidant capacity of 30 rosehip marmalades produced in Tokat province by industrial or regional methods were determined. pH, water activity, viscosity, total dry content, total soluble solids, total ash, total sugar content, total ascorbic acid content and Hunter values (L*, a* and b*) were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of samples and the means were 4.12, 0.881, 2501.6 cP, 56.12%, 56.86, 0.935%, 50.24 g/L, 173.43 mg/100g, 30.89, 10.90 and 15.11, respectively. The count of S. aureus, total and fecal coliform was not detected in any samples. The total phenolic content and TEAC were performed to investigate antioxidant capacity and the average values were 921.62 mg GAE/100 g and 66.93 µmol trolox/g.
Impact of Brewery Waste Sludge on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Productivity and Soil Fertility in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Daba Nano Alemu , Ahmed Abduletif , Mohammed Muktar
Published: April 2017

The study was conducted on farmers' field in sofi district of Harari Regional State during 2013/2014 main cropping season, eastern Ethiopia, to investigate the impact of brewery sludge on sorghum production and soil fertility. The treatments comprised seven levels of brewery sludges (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 t ha-1) and NP inorganic fertilizer at recommended rate, arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of brewery sludge at 15 t ha-1 significantly increased the yield and biomass yield of sorghum by 79 and 85% over control and by 57 and 67% over NP application, respectively. There was no effect of brewery sludge application on heavy metals concentrations in soil after crop harvest, compared to international standard tolerable level. Co and Se levels were high in the control as well as in the soils treated with brewery sludge indicating the already high concentration of these heavy metals in the soils of the area. Plots, which received higher brewery sludge application, resulted in decreased or less percentage of grain nitrogen content showing the independence of grain protein content on lower brewery sludge level. The nitrogen uptake by sorghum grain, straw and the total was maximum (52.68, 44.25 and 79.03 kg ha-1, respectively) with the application of brewery waste sludge at 10 and 15 t ha-1 which were significantly higher than the other brewery sludge and NP mineral fertilizer applications.
Farklı Saklama Koşullarının Taşköprü Sarımsağının (Allium sativum L.) Radyometrik ve Element İçeriği Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: Kurnaz Aslı , Turfan Nezahat
Published: April 2017

Garlic is very rich plant in terms of carbohydrates, enzymes, sulphurous and phenolic compounds, proteins and vitamins. At the same time, natural and artificial radionuclides and heavy metals can be found in the garlic depending on the structure of the cultivated soil. Garlic, used as medicine in the treatment of most diseases, is also consumed as raw, powder, mash and volatile garlic oil. In this study, the effects of different storage conditions on the element and radionuclide content of the garlic were determined. The results obtained from this study were compared with the limit values of international institutions. As a result, the radionuclide concentrations and element contents of Taşköprü Garlic will not pose any threat to human health even if the garlic is exposed to different storage conditions.
The Examination of The Main Transportation Arteries of Konya In Terms of Landscape Architecture Design Criteria
Authors: Güngör Sertaç , Polat Ahmet Tuğrul
Published: April 2017

Ensuring comfort of use and security of pedestrians, which are the main users of urban green spaces, and the determination of their needs are important since local authorities are guiding for new pedestrian zone studies in the Konya city. Because of the problems caused by the upper structure, the necessary care is not given in terms of transportation comfort, pedestrian safety, vehicle security, plant design and ergonomic / antropemetric standards. The pedestrian way and refuge landscape designs have an important position and amount among open green areas on the scale of Konya. However, it was identified that the applications conducted were inadequate in terms of aesthetic and functional characteristics and were not suitable for the urban landscape design principles, in general, and the standards of urban afforestation of the streets. In this study, the current situation of 3 main streets of Konya used most intensely was examined in terms of landscape design criteria and some suggestions were made by attempting to identify the improvement works that should be performed by the public authorities.
Sivas İlindeki Bazı Süt İşletmelerine Gelen Sütlerin Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve Mikrobiyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Beykaya Mehmet , Özbey Ayşe , Yıldırım Zeliha
Published: April 2017

In this study, physical, chemical and microbiological properties of 50 raw bulk milk samples obtained from 5 different dairy plants in the Sivas were investigated. The pH, acidity, fat, non-fat dry-matter, total dry matter contents and density of raw milk samples were 4.89-6.70, 0.135-0.495%, 1.7-7.6%, 7.33-9.80%, 10.00-16.90%, and 1.0230-1.0312 g/mL, respectively. Fat content of the 26%, specific gravity of 28%, total dry matter of 32%, solids-non-fat of 58%, pH value of 84% of the milk samples were found lower whereas titratable acidity of 60% of the samples were determined higher than the values stated in the Turkish Food Codex and in the Raw Milk Standard. Total coliform bacteria counts of 30%, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts of 88%, and somatic cell counts of 40% of the samples were higher than 1100 MPN/mL, 100000 cfu/mL and 500000 cell/mL, respectively. Yeast-mold counts of 72% of the milk samples were found between 104-106 cfu/mL.
The Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) and MAP treatments on Quality Parameters of “Hicaz’’ Pomegranate Cultivar
Authors: Kuzucu Fatih Cem , Sakaldaş Mustafa , Sarıyer Tolga
Published: April 2017

Pomegranate has been recently considered as a significant fruit for human health and demanded year-long apart from two-month standard harvest period. To extend market supply durations over longer periods, various methods and treatments should be applied to pomegranates to preserve quality parameters throughout different storage durations. The present study was conducted at cold storages of ÇOMÜ Agricultural Faculty to investigate the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) and MAP (LDPE, 20 mµ) treatments on quality attributes of ‘Hicaz’ pomegranate cultivar. Experimental materials were treated with two different doses (625 and 1250 ppb) of 1-MCP alone and combined with MAP (625 ppb + MAP and 1250 ppb + MAP) and stored at 3 different storage durations (40, 80 and 120 days). All fruits, including control group, were stored at 6.5-7.5°C temperature and 85-90% relative humidity. At the end of each storage period, fruits were subjected to weight loss (%), Total soluble solids (TSS) content (%), titratable total acidity (TTA) (%g), pH, grain color (a value), decay ratio (%) analyses and assessments were performed for these quality and biochemical characteristics. Both Doses of 1-MCP alone and combined with MAP treatments were found to be more efficient in decelerating the adverse effects on rotting, perishes and other quality parameters, however there were not significant differences between two doses of 1-MCP. Therefore, MAP or 625 ppb 1-MCP treatments alone or combined with MAP treatments can be recommended for better preservation of quality parameter throughout the storage of pomegranates.
Desmodesmus communis (E.Hegewald) E.Hegewald Mikroalginin Kültürü ve Biyokimyasal Özellikleri
Authors: Akgül Rıza
Published: April 2017

In this study, culture medium and growth conditions were detected for Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald (Sphaeropleales) with KF470792 Accession Number that isolated from Thrace inland water (Bahçedere Stream, Tekirdağ, Turkey) and determined by molecular taxonomy techniques. The microalgae was cultured under detected conditions (nutrients, pH, temperature, light density and aeration) and when the culture was reached to stationary phase microalgae biomass was harvested for biochemical analysis. Total protein, total lipid, fatty acid and amino acid compositions, vitamin E amounts and variety were detected. Cell density was 9.76x105 colony/ml; dry biomass was 0.762 g/l; chlorophyll-a was 13.3 mg/l in BG11 culture medium (7.5 pH, 24±2ºC, 500 ml/min. aeration). According to biochemical analysis; total protein amount was 42.59% (dw/w); total lipid amount was 5.23% (dw/w) and vitamin E amount was 3694.24 µg/glipid. The most abundant fatty acid was linolenic acid (35.18%); amino acid was glutamic acid (46.9 mg/g).
Akdeniz İklim Koşullarında Seralarda Havalandırma Açıklık Oranlarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: Baytorun Abdullah Nafi , Üstün Sait , Akyüz Adil , Önder Derya
Published: April 2017

Ventilation is one of the methods used to obtain the biological optimal point of environmental factors needed for the plants in greenhouses. In the greenhouses, air change coefficient must be more than 50 h-1 in order to supply effective air ventilation. Temperature differences like air change coefficient can be regarded as a criterion to determine efficiency of ventilation in the greenhouses. In this study, the temperature values were calculated by using energy balance and Bernoulli equation at different ventilation opening ratios (AV/AG) depending on climatic properties in the Mediterranean region (Antalya). If was found that, based on temperature and radiation values of Antalya province, 20% ventilation opening rate is sufficient in the roof area. A temperature difference (∆T) of 1K can be achieved with a 50% shading of radiation and a 20% ventilation opening in June in the Mediterranean region. However, additional cooling is necessary in the greenhouses around noon hours because outdoor temperature is greater than 30°C.
Agricultural Water Management Problems in Hatay (Turkey)
Authors: Demirtaş Bekir , Dağıstan Erdal , Yılmaz Yalçın , Tapkı Nuran
Published: April 2017

This research was completed in 2014, in an attempt to determine the problems and solutions of the irrigation unions and their members who operate in the city of Hatay. The research involves 6 out of 8 irrigation unions located in Hatay. The data was gathered by face to face surveys conducted with 6 union managers and 173 union members. Logistics Regression analysis, which is a multivariate analysis technic was used in the analysis of the variables. It was concluded that 65% of the producers are satisfied, and 35% of them are unsatisfied with the irrigation union. The estimate parameters revealed that the irrigation price at low and normal level were the most effective variables. In accordance with the data, evaluated for the managerial staff in the permanent status, showed that the lack of the efficient and subject expert personnel is one of the most important issues directly interfering with the provided service. The delays occurring in the collection of the price of the irrigation water disrupts the maintenance services needed while operating the facilities. The unions need public assistance to cover the personnel expenses, large maintenance processes, and development of the facilities.
SEXUALIDADE E ESCRAVIDÃO DA MULHER ÁRABE-MUÇULMANA
Authors: Silva Carlos
Published: April 2017

Os árabes-muçulmanos foram os primeiros a comercializar escravos com finalidade exclusivamente sexual e econômica, em que mulheres escravas ficavam à disposição de seu mestre, e os homens, muitos transformados em eunucos pela castração, tanto brancos como negros, tinham a tarefa cuidar e zelar da segurança delas, trabalhar em construções e em atividades agrícolas e militares.  Enquanto às esposas estava reservado o cuidado dos filhos e a harmonia do lar, as escravas eram envolvidas em obrigações não apenas sexuais, mas em atividades inerentes à vida doméstica do harém, como cantoras, dançarinas e poetisas, atividades fundamentalmente exercidas para satisfação de seu mestre.
A comparative study on initial growth and nodulation potential of sevel multipurpose tree species grown in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain M.S. , Koirala B. , Hossain M.K.
Published: April 2017

Abstract available on the PDFBanko Janakari Vol.11(2) 2001: 22-26
Nepal's Leasehold Forestry for the Poor - Some Learnings about Unintended Consequences
Authors: Baral Jagadish C. , Thapa Yam Bahadur
Published: April 2017

Abstract on the PDFBanko Janakari Vol.13(2) 2003: 46-53
An Evaluation of the Effects of Motivation, Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: Case Study Tourism Malaysia
Authors: Shukor Md Shafiin , Mohd Salleh Norlida Hanim , Mohd Idris Siti Hajar
Published: April 2017

In tourism literature, stimulation of motivation on tourist journey is one of the vital aspect. This study analyzed the satisfaction and loyalty based on a sample of 200 respondents from four regions, namely Southeast Asia, West Asia, Europe and America. The selection of four regions was due to several reasons which are, i) market for Southeast Asia is the leading supplier of arrivals, ii) Western Asian markets showed an increase in the arrival of the high impact of the September 11th incident, iii) European and American Markets were to represent the market of developed countries. This study, based on the method of Strutural Equatation Model (SEM) using Statistical Package for Social Science version (SPSS 21.0) and Analysis of Moment Structures 5 (AMOS 5) as a tool of analysis. SEM methods used to test the analysis of cause, and effect variables are independent and dependent variables as well as specific information to estimate the structural equation model based on variance value. It was used to test Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and AMOS 5 used to test Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results of this study found that the assessment made by foreign visitors to the Malaysia tourism products and services is positive. As a result, the experience will create loyalty to Malaysia's tourism industry in the form of repeat visits (β: 0.547, t-test: 7.472 ***) and promote the destination to friends and relatives that have the potential to make visits (β: 0.794, the t-test: 8.623 ***). However, it was found that the value of the coefficient of regression for stimulus push is low for satisfaction (β: 0.228, t-test: 1.976 **). This findings could be used as guidance to the authorities and operators, policy makers in knowing real satisfaction that stimulates tourist arrivals to Malaysia.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 137-147
Monkeypox Transmission, Need and Treatment of Humans with an Antiviral Drug
Authors: Jabeen Chanda , Umbreen Gulshan
Published: April 2017

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease belongs to the family Poxviridae and Orthopoxvirus genus. Transmission of monkey pox is through direct contact with infected animal and blood. Human to human transmission occur through respiratory route but previously so many studies are conducted to prove that monkey pox viruse was not transmitted through the respiratory route both in animals and humans. But now monkey pox is able to survive in humans due to genetic changes and human to human transmission is possible. Because it can be used as bioweapon, So there is a great need of having an antiviral drug which is effective against monkey pox virus.ST 246 proved effective in vivo and in vitro in infected animals and trials done safely on non-infected humans but no data is available about the effectiveness of ST 246 on monkey pox or Orthopox infected human treated with ST 246.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 77-79
The Sustainability Marketing Mix for Thai Senior Tourism
Authors: Noo-urai Nitchakarn , Jaroenwisan Kaedsiri
Published: April 2017

This article was studied sustainability marketing mix strategy for Thai senior tourism. Collecting data through focus group discussion. The semi-structured interview used to collect data. The consequence of this research point out suitable product strategy for Thai senior tourism is the design of restroom with flush toilet with side-handrail and anti-slip floor material. In term of Price Strategy, sufficient accommodation cost is in range between 500 to 1,000 baht and entrance fee should not be over 100 baht. Place strategy is concentrated at accessible channel and attraction places information through internet, telephone, and word of mouth. Television media, used as Promotion Strategy, is most satisfactory media for Thai senior, which could be running period during 5:00 AM to 7:00 AM and 5:00 PM to 8:00 PM. In case of Participant strategy, traveling business is supposed to be emphasis on number of staff for this group of tourists that proper ration is a staff per three tourists. The Physical Evidence strategy is underline about decoration base on local identity and enough parking lot. And the process strategy is considered environmental prevention and protection which is use of clean energy or energy saving mechanic in accommodations. The packaging strategy is mention to package tour for senior tourist that provide conveniences and special services from expert staff. For programming strategy is religious festivals, traditional festivals, agriculture festivals, health festivals, etc. And partnership strategy is considered to highlight on business corporation to support Thai senior tourist services and build information center for senior tourists.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 80-89
Collaboration between Public Sectors and Community Organizations to Inhibit the Insurgencies Occurring in the Unrest Areas in the Southernmost Provinces
Authors: Bunnam Chaleomsak , Rinthaisong Idsaratt , Songsom Anuwat
Published: April 2017

The present study purposes to identify the consequences of collaboration between public sectors and community organizations and to study influential factors towards collaboration to inhibit insurgencies in the unrest areas in the southernmost provinces. There were sixteen key informants habituating organizations situated in both rural and urban areas that include leaders, committees, or members who are deployed as representatives of the organizations in the southernmost provinces, and ten people in a focus group. The research instrument was semi - structured interviews. It was found that three phases of collaboration between public sectors and community organizations in the southernmost provinces are: 1) pre-insurgency collaboration in conducting activities and projects due to government policies; 2) insurgent periods collaboration in coordination, following up, and communication; 3) post-insurgency, collaboration in habitation, healing, and assistance. Moreover, influential factors towards collaboration to inhibit insurgencies in the unrest areas in the southernmost provinces, e.g. trustworthiness and communication between public sectors and community organizations, participation in peace processes, community administration, identity expression, and policy appropriateness. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 90-95
To Identify the Causes of Stress among Nurses Working in Intensive Care Unit of Ittefaq Hospital Lahore
Authors: Johan Salma , Sarwar Hajra , Majeed Iram
Published: April 2017

The study is aimed at identifying the causes of stress amongst daily routine of nurses working in the ICU unit of Ittefaq Hospital Lahore. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to gain an insight into factors which may be causing stress to the nurses. The results were analyzed using statistical tools. An overall finding of the study is that all the nurses were suffering from stress however, the reasons of stress are different. Consensus was that three biggest causes of stress are prolonged shifts and extra duties, shortage of staff and excessive workload.The other major causes of stress identified are inappropriate or poor communication between doctors and nurses, lack of support and motivation, unexpected deaths or patients undergoing painful procedures, lack of breaks, lack of cooperation from peers and supervisors/managers. The patients themselves can also be a source of stress for example, problematic patients or their aggressive family members as well as improper work environment also contribute to stress.There is a dire need to develop stress alleviating programs and therapies at the hospitals. Nurses, doctors and managers should be encouraged to participate in such programs towards building stress-free work environment where patients can be served better. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 96-109
An Assessment on Factors Affecting Student –Teachers’ Inferential Understanding in Reading Comprehension Practice: The Case of GilgelBeles College of Teacher Education, BenishangualGumuz Region
Authors: Basizew Shewa
Published: April 2017

This study aimed to assess, identify and analyze factors affecting student-teachers’ inferential understanding in the reading comprehension practices in the English department of GilgelBeles College of teachers Education in BenishangulGumuz Regional State. It attempted to answer the following basic questions: - what factors influence inferential understanding,and how they influence inferential understanding. In order to achieve the objectives, a sample population is taken from the student-teachers and all three English language teachers in the department. Data collection instruments included questionnaire, interview and classroom observation. The collected data was analyzed quantitatively for close ended questions and qualitatively for open-ended questions, interviews and classroom observations. The study reveals that the main impediments that hinder student-teachers’ inferential understanding while practicing for reading comprehension are lack of regular practice, poor high school background knowledge , the physical environment ( high temperature) , lack of motivation, large class size and lack of teacher commitment in supporting students, loss of attention towards implied meanings and problem of using reading strategies effectively. The studies also indicate that, student –teachers need to develop their motivation and to practice reading activities more frequently. Furthermore, teachers need to commit to providing their students with more practice making use of authentic materials. In addition, installing fans in college classrooms would improve learning conditions and building more classrooms would help limit the number of students in a class. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 148-153
Identify the Causes of Absenteeism in Nurses Mayo Hospital Lahore Pakistan
Authors: Kanwal Nabila , Riaz Ghazala , Riaz Muhammad Shahid , Safdar Shoumaila
Published: April 2017

Absenteeism is a usual pattern of absence from a duty or responsibility. Usually, absenteeism is considered as an indication of person poor performance. In this study a descriptive cross sectional study design was used. A close ended questionnaire was used as a research tool. Convenient sampling technique was used. Data was analyzed on SPSS 20 version. Nurses are absent from their duties because they suffer from minor ailments e.g. headache and backache? In response of this question, 42.5% responded said that they are strongly agreed, 17.5% were agreed, 8.8% were neutral, 21.3% were disagreed, and 10% were strongly agreed. Nurses do absent from their work because workload is too heavy, 42.5% were agreed, 30% were strongly agreed, 12.5% were neutral,7.5% were disagreed and 7.5% were also strongly disagreed. The lack of appropriate recognition and reward could lead to dissatisfaction and absenteeism among nurses, in response of this question nurses asked that they do absent 31.3% agreed, 41.3% strongly agreed, 15.0% are neutral, 12.5%are disagreed and 0% are strongly disagreed. Staff absenteeism is a growing management concern. It can contribute to sickness absence, staffing instability, work overload and job dissatisfaction that could have a negative impact on patient care. The rate of absenteeism can be reduced by productive management, and loyal leadership. It will not only reduce absenteeism rate but also improve quality of care toward the patients. In return of good performance nurses need appraisal.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 110-114
Arrangement Urgency of Medical Tourism Implementation at Bali Mandara Hospital
Authors: Bagiastra I Nyoman
Published: April 2017

Policy arrangement and a good regulation related to medical tourism at Bali Mandara Hospital that was planned to operate in 2017 are extremely significant to do in order to minimize legal issues after being applied. Bali Mandara Hospital is an international-based health service facility managed by Bali Provincial Government. This international-based hospital’s superiority is medical tourism application. It is known that Bali has a huge comparative aspects to make as tourism destination either in national scale or international scale. Bali has the most-known geographical area by tourists because it has special cultural characteristics. Thus, understanding about Tourism Law philosophically, epistemologically, and axiologically is the main factor, especially for policy maker in determining the success of sustainable tourism development. Collaboration between tourism sector and health sector are the most possible thing to do, but in implementation process, clear regulation is really needed. Therefore, Bali is better to make a local regulation especially for the collaboration.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 115-119
Analysis of Emoji and Emoticon Usage in Interpersonal Communication of Blackberry Messenger and WhatsApp Application User
Authors: Chairunnisa Sabrina , A.S. Benedictus
Published: April 2017

The aims of this research are: 1) to know the display of emoji and emoticon in Blackberry Messenger and WhatsApp application, 2) to know the usage of emoji and emoticon in Blackberry Messenger and WhatsApp application on interpersonal communication, and 3) to know the role of emoji and emoticon usage on interpersonal communication. In this research, the method used was qualitative research method. This research was based on media richness theory. Through the communication channel, the message will have high noise level so that it could be conveyed perfectly. Research results showed that emoji and emoticon have very important role in interpersonal communication. In media richness theory, Blackberry Messenger and WhatsApp media had fulfilled the criteria. 1) Ability of communication channel in conveying message signals such as facial expression, body movement, and vocal inflection; 2) Feedbacks are directly given by the message receiver as response to every chats, 3) Variety of language such as the presence of symbols and foreign language, and 4) Ability of communication channel in conveying personality such as showing personal emotion. This research concluded that emoji and emoticon have important role in interpersonal communication to enhance the text message’s meaning.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 120-126
Factors Affecting Perfection and Quality of Work (Itqan) Applied Study on Workers who belong to Shaqra University, College of Science and Humanities, Thadiq Branch, KSA
Authors: Farg Mohamed Hassan Mahmoud , Khalil Faiza Mohamed Hassan , Salih Hafiz Ibrahim
Published: April 2017

This study mainly focused on the factors that affect the Itqan or the perfection of any work. The paper depends on a simple random sample of size 211 items. A questionnaire of 26 variables or question was used to collect data from employee and students of the faculty of science and humanities, Shaqra university, KSA during may 2016. In the results, there are 6 factors affecting the Itqan (perfection). These factors are creative and administrative, environmental, The spiritual, incentives, Administrative factor and combined factor respectively. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-2: 127-136
Crystalline and amorphous aluminosilicates with different pore structures for the synthesis of pyridines
Authors: Grigor'eva Nellya G. , Filippova Nadezhda A. , Agliullin Marat R. , Kutepov Boris I. , Narender Nama
Published: April 2017

The heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of pyridine and methylpyridines (picolines) was carried out by the reaction of ethanol with formaldehyde and ammonia over aluminosilicates with different acidic properties and textural characteristics: zeolite framework-type FAU in H-form with microporous (H-Y) and micro-meso-macroporous structure (H-Y-mmm) and mesoporous aluminosilicates, obtained by sol-gel synthesis in an alkaline medium (ASM-1) and under variable pH (ASM-2). It is shown that the highest catalytic activity is characteristic of ASM-2 (Si/Al = 40) with a narrow pore size distribution within the range 2 to 5 nm and containing strongly acidic bridging Si–OH–Al groups on the surface. The products of the reaction of ethanol with formaldehyde and ammonia on the catalysts studied are dominated by picolines; the maximum amount of picolines (60%) is formed on the H-Y-mmm and aluminosilicate ASM-2 samples.
Childhood TB: Situation Analysis and the Potential Solutions
Authors: Mollah Md Abid Hossain
Published: April 2017

Abstract not availableJ Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 53-55
Hepatic Steatosis among Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Shelim Rumana , Mohsin Fauzia , Begum Tahmina , Baki MA , Mahbuba Sharmin , Islam Rubaiya
Published: April 2017

Background: Chronic liver disease, known as non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic complication of obesity. Hepatic steatosis is an entity in the spectrum of NAFLD, ranges from simple steatosis to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis.Objective: To identify prevalence of hepatic steatosis and to assess correlation between hepatic steatosis and anthropometry, SGPT and metabolic abnormalities of obese children and adolescents.Methodology: This cross sectional study included 50 obese children and adolescents, attending the Endocrine OPD of Dept. of Paediatrics in BIRDEM from June 2009 to December 2009. BMI e 95th centile for age and sex was used as an anthropometric marker to diagnose obesity. Obesity with any dismorphism, endocrine or chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Fasting blood samples were collected for measurement of SGPT, blood glucose, lipid profile, FT4 &TSH. Sonographic findings of fatty liver include increased echogenicity of liver, blurring of vascular margins and increased acoustic attenuation.Results: Mean age of the children was 11.24 (8-18) years. High SGPT level was prevalent among 36% of obese children. The most prevalent abnormal lipid profile was high TG (78%) followed by high cholesterol level (68%). The prevalence of hepatic steatosis was 36% with male predominance (M 72.2%, F 27.8%). Mild hepatic steatosis was 72% followed by moderate 28%. High SGPT, high cholesterol and LDL were more prevalent in children with hepatic steatosis in comparison to children without steatosis (P <0.004, <0.05 and <0.04 respectively).Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia with raised SGPT are important signs of liver dysfunction in obese children with hepatic steatosis. Prevention of obesity and identification of children with an increased risk of NAFLD are important steps in preventing irreversible liver damage.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 57-63
Spontaneous Intracerebral Haematoma-II:Post-Operative Changes and Outcome of Burrhole Aspiration after Urokinase Mediated Clot Lysis
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Nazrul , Nabi Shahryar , Hossain Sk Sader
Published: April 2017

Background: Treatments of intracerebral hematoma (ICH) are controversial and surgical interventions in spontaneous ICH are required and more accepted. Although advantage of neurosurgical intervention conservative treatment of ICH has not been established, recent reports have suggested favourable effects of blood clot removal after liquefaction by means of urokinase.Objectives: To study the intervention by and out come in without or with complications of Burrhole aspiration treatment after urokinase mediated clot lysis; Study Design : Prospective interventional study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology & Imaging ,Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to December 2010;Materials &Methods: A total of 30 Bangladeshi patients with spontaneous ICH (Age range: 40-75yrs,Mean age ±SD:59.1±11.52 years, Gender : 22 males, 8 females) full filling the criteria for spontaneous ICH were included in the study. The desired information relevant to the objectives were obtained and recorded carefully using a structured questionnaire; The Patients were treated with Burrhole aspiration after urokinase mediated lysis , evaluated for out come , complications and death and statistically analyzed ;Results: The results on delays of intervention ,types of intervention, doses of urokinase, post-operative changes in haematoma volume, outcome with Glasgow outcome scale(GOS) and GOS at followup, complications and death were presented with statistical analyses and significance .The outcome and death were compared with various variables such as hypertension (p <0.05), diabetes mellitus (p< 0.05) primary GOS (P<0.05),site of hematoma (p<0.05),volume of haematoma (p<0.05),ventricular extension of hematoma (p<0.05) and delay from ictus to intervention (p<0.05).Conclusion : It was observed that early treatment (within 24 hours of occurance) by using minimally invasive technique and clot removal by urokinase mediated lysis can improve the consequences especially those with haematoma volume < 40 ml, lobar haematoma and without ventricular extension. Bad prognostic factors were increase of blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, GOS level <8, haematoma in the basal ganglia , ventricular extension of the haematoma volume> 40 ml and delay in intervention. However, the present was conducted with 30 patients only and therefore, studies with larger number of patients are required to draw more meticulous and more definitive conclusions.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 64-75
Treatment Outcome in Patients of Abdominal Tuberculosis receiving Antitubercular Chemotherapy according to National Tuberculosis Guideline of Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar Devendra Nath , Amin Robed , Mohammed Hanif , Roy Monidra Nath , Azhar MA , Faiz MA
Published: April 2017

Back ground: Abdominal tuberculosis is common in Bangladesh and there is a national guide line for its management, which includes six months course of anti tubercular therapy (ATT). This study was done to evaluate the treatment outcome of abdominal tuberculosis following national guide line.Materials and Methods: This prospective study of descriptive nature was done between November 2009 to October 2010 at the department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 6 months ATT was given to the selective 50 patients of abdominal tuberculosis following national guide line and out come measurement was done after completion of treatment.Result: Five patients died out of 50 patients during the course of treatment. The range of age was 13-70 years and mean ± SD = 33.2 ± 14.77 and male female ratio was o.72:1. Out of 50 patients 17(34%) patients had Intestinal TB, 24(48%) had Peritoneal TB, 2(4%) had abdominal lymph node TB, and 7(14%) had other types. Three patients of peritoneal TB patient died while rest 2 patients died were diagnosed as intestinal TB. Out of 45 patients who survived, 43(95.6%) improved and 2(4.4%) did not improve. Out of 15(33.3%) intestinal TB patients, 14(31.1%) improved and 1(2.2%) did not improved. Out of total 21(46.7%) peritoneal TB, 20(44.4%) improved and 1(2.2%) did not improve. Remaining 2(4.4%) abdominal lymph node TB, all were improved. In other variety cases (15.6%), all improved.Conclusion: Total 6 months regimen of ATT recommended by national guide line is proved as a complete and effective treatment course of abdominal tuberculosis.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 76-84
Intramuscular Loading dose versus Combined Intravenous & Intramuscular Loading dose of Magnesium Sulphate in the Management of Eclampsia in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Bangladesh
Authors: Rouf Salma , Ahmed Shatil , Afrin Ms Ashiana
Published: April 2017

Background:Intramuscular loading dose of Magnesium Sulphate could be a suitable alternative for community intervention of the management of severe Pre- Eclampsia and Eclampsia.Objective: To compare the efficacy of the loading total IM regime of injection Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) with the standard loading combined IV and IM regime for termination & prevention of recurrent convulsions in the treatment of Eclampsia.Methods: Total 200 patients were studied at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from October 2012 to May 2013 where 100 patients were treated with loading IM regime (Case group) and 100 patients received standard loading combined IV & IM regime (Control Group). The efficacy of both regimes was measured by the rate of recurrent convulsions.Results: No significant differences was observed in both groups in terms of age (23.03±3.90 vs 23.34±4.63 years), parity (64% vs 63% primi), gestational age (36.39±3.64 vs 36.13±3.95 weeks),no of convulsions (5.28±3.21 vs 5.35±3.31 times), mean diastolic blood pressure (98.74±17.22 vs 104.25±15.43 mmHg) and Glasgow Coma Scale (e8, 96% vs<8, 92%). No significant differences observed between the two groups in mean convulsion to treatment interval (5.16±3.71 vs 4.95±3.12 hr) and convulsion to delivery interval (13.26±8.8 vs 13.95±8.46 hr). The recurrent convulsion rate was almost same in both groups (3% vs 5%, ð2 = 0.521, P> 0.05ns). Case fatality was 2% in case group and 3% in control group (P > 0.05ns).Conclusions: Loading total IM regime of MgSO4 is found as effective as the loading combined IV and IM regime in terms of control of convulsions and prevention of recurrent fits in Eclampsia. So it could be used by the field level workers before referral.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 85-91
Proboitics and their Role in GI Diseases
Authors: Perveen Shaila , Ahmed Mir Azimuddin
Published: April 2017

Objective: To evaluate role of probiotics in human physiology, metabolism, health, immunity and GI disorders.It is important for gastroenterologists to improve their understanding of the mechanisms of probiotics and the evidence that support their use in clinical practice.Data Sources: A medline search (1948-December 2014) was conducted using GI diseases and probiotics as terms for identifying pertinent studies. Search limits included English language. Additional information was obtained from bibliographies.Data Selection And Data Extraction: The information provided is based on review of primary literature from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, expert consensus panel recommendations and society-based practice recommendations. References are provided for more reading and figure summarizes key information about their mechanism of action.Data Synthesis: The need for objective, evidence-based guidance on the role of probiotics is becoming increasingly important as public awareness grows. This consensus is intended as a practical reference to help physicians make appropriate, evidence-based recommendations to patients who might benefit from probiotic treatment. Overall, the randomised, placebo-controlled trials included in this article support, with a high evidence level, the therapeutic effects of probiotic agents for several disorders including antibiotic or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and the inflammatory bowel diseases. Although probiotic research is a rapidly evolving field, there are sufficient data to justify a trial of probiotics for treatment or prevention of some of these conditions. However, the capacity of probiotics to modify disease symptoms is likely to be modest and varies among probiotic strains and not all probiotics are right for all diseases. The goal of this review is to provide clinicians with an overview of the rationale and data which support or refute the role of probiotics for treating commonly encountered gastrointestinal disorders.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 92-99
Malignant Nodular Hidradenoma: Isolated Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Khan Sadia Armin , Ali Abu Ahmed Ashraf , Ferdousi Shamima , Riyad Mahmud , Mahmud Ahmed Al Hasan
Published: April 2017

Malignant Nodular Hidradenoma is an infrequent highly malignant, primary skin tumor derived from eccrine sweat glands. It has an aggressive course, with high recurrence, high rate of metastases and has very poor prognosis. It has been described as an orphanneoplasm. The tumor is similar to its benign counterpart but had additional features such as surface ulceration, numerous mitotic figures and infiltrative growth pattern. Pre-operative diagnosis is difficult by the fine needle aspiration cytology. Malignant nodular hidradenoma of chest wall in 35 years old women, who presented to us with a recurrent rapidly growing swelling over chest wall that grew rapidly over two months after first excision. Tissue diagnosis of first excised specimen was eccrine poroma that was similar to its benign counterpart.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 100-103
Pseudotumor Cerebri : A Rare Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Das Aparna , Das Jiban Chandra , Ahmad Abdullah Al , Kahhar Md Azizul
Published: April 2017

Raised intracranial pressure in the absence of an intracranial mass or hydrocephalus (BIH or pseudotumor cerebri) has been described in association with many conditions including SLE. Several pathogenic pathways tie BIH with SLE as thrombotic obliteration of cerebral arteriolar and venous systems and immune complex deposition within the arachnoid villi that are responsible for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption. The diagnosis of BIH was confirmed by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of any abnormal radiological findings of the brain. We report a young woman with SLE complicated by BIH which resolved with corticosteroid therapy and osmotic diuretics.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(2): 104-107