bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI and quantitative SPECT in a rat glioma model
Authors: Skinner Jack T. , Yankeelov Thomas E. , Peterson Todd E. , Does Mark D.
Published: September 2012

Pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI data provides measures of the extracellular‐extravascular volume fraction (ve) and the volume transfer constant (Ktrans) in a given tissue. These parameter estimates may be biased, however, by confounding issues such as contrast agent and tissue water dynamics, or assumptions of vascularization and perfusion made by the commonly used model. In contrast to MRI, radiotracer imaging with SPECT is insensitive to water dynamics. A quantitative dual‐isotope SPECT technique was developed to obtain an estimate of ve in a rat glioma model for comparison with the corresponding estimates obtained using DCE‐MRI with a vascular input function and reference region model. Both DCE‐MRI methods produced consistently larger estimates of ve in comparison to the SPECT estimates, and several experimental sources were postulated to contribute to these differences. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data mining for defects in multicore applications: an entropy‐based call‐graph technique
Authors: Eichinger Frank , Pankratius Victor , Böhm Klemens
Published: September 2012

Multicore computers are ubiquitous. Expert developers as well as developers with little experience in parallelism are now asked to create multithreaded software to exploit parallelism in mainstream shared‐memory hardware. However, finding and fixing parallel programming errors is a complex and arduous task. Programmers thus rely on tools such as race detectors that typically focus on reporting errors due to incorrect usage of synchronization constructs or due to missing synchronization. This arsenal of debugging techniques, however, is incomplete. This article presents a new perspective and addresses a largely unexplored direction of defect localization where a wrong usage ofnonparallelprogramming constructs might cause wrongparallelapplication behavior. In particular, we make a contribution by showing how to use data‐mining techniques to locate defects in multithreaded shared‐memory programs. Our technique analyzes execution anomalies in a condensed representation of the dynamic call graphs of a multithreaded object‐oriented application and identifies methods that contain a defect. Compared with race detectors that concentrate on finding incorrect synchronization, our method is able to reveal a wider range of defects that affect the control flow of a parallel program. Results from controlled experiments show that our data‐mining approach finds not only race conditions in different types of multicore applications but also other errors that cause incorrect parallel program behavior. Data‐mining techniques offer a fruitful new ground for parallel program debugging, and we also discuss long‐term directions for this interesting field. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Gas Exchange
Authors: Howden Reuben , Kleeberger Steven R.
Published: September 2012

Gas exchange is a critical process required for sufficient tissue perfusion. The environment, genetics, or a combination of the two can affect this process. Various strategies have evolved to overcome the specific gas exchange challenges in different environments and it is clear that some genes are pivotal to the development of gas exchanging organs (e.g.Bmp4). Lower partial pressure of oxygen (hypoxia), reducing the partial pressure gradient, makes gas exchange more challenging and therefore the height to which gas exchangers can travel above sea level is limited. However, some human populations (e.g. Tibetans) and other animals (e.g. Bar‐headed goose) have adapted well to profoundly hypoxic conditions, suggesting genetic factors are important. Gas exchange can also be affected by air pollution, including particulate matter and ozone among others, and exposure can lead to cardiopulmonary responses depending on individual susceptibility or preexisting disease, both of which have genetic and environmental components. Diseases that affect gas exchange include, but are not limited to, pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Moreover, different species successfully exchange gases in their specific environment, for example animals that fly or burrow. Under these conditions, common genetic mechanisms, and their interaction with environment, help to maintain, or are detrimental to, gas exchange. Published 2012.Compr Physiol2:2595‐2614, 2012.
Characterization and Regulation of Mechanical Loading‐Induced Compensatory Muscle Hypertrophy
Authors: Adams Gregory R. , Bamman Marcas M.
Published: September 2012

In mammalian systems, skeletal muscle exists in a dynamic state that monitors and regulates the physiological investment in muscle size to meet the current level of functional demand. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge concerning development of the compensatory hypertrophy that occurs in response to a sustained increase in the mechanical loading of skeletal muscle. Topics covered include: defining and measuring compensatory hypertrophy, experimental models, loading stimulus parameters, acute responses to increased loading, hyperplasia, myofiber‐type adaptations, the involvement of satellite cells, mRNA translational control, mechanotransduction, and endocrinology. The authors conclude with their impressions of current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future study. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:2829‐2870, 2012.
Step‐up/step‐down DC‐DC converter with near zero input/output current ripples
Authors: Ismail‎ Esam H. , Fardoun Abbas A. , Zerai Adel A.
Published: September 2012

A novel single switch two diode wide conversion ratio step down/up converter is presented. The proposed converter is derived from the conventional single‐ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) topology, and it can operate as a capacitor‐diode voltage multiplier, which offers simple structure, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and reduced semiconductor voltage stress. The main advantages of the proposed converter are the continuous input/output current, higher voltage conversion ratio, and near‐zero input and output current ripples compared with the conventional SEPIC converter. The absence of both a transformer and an extreme duty cycle permits the proposed converter to operate at high switching frequencies. Hence, the overall advantages will be: higher efficiency, reduced size and weight, simpler structure and control. The theoretical analysis results obtained with the proposed structure are compared with the conventional SEPIC topology. The performance of the proposed converter is verified through computer simulations and experimental results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alloantigen‐specific regulatory T cells prevent experimental chronic graft‐versus‐host disease by simultaneous control of allo‐ and autoreactivity
Authors: Sagoo Pervinder , Ratnasothy Kulachelvy , Tsang Yuen , Barber Linda D. , Noble Alistair , Lechler Robert I. , Lombardi Giovanna
Published: September 2012

Chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) is characterised by a complex etiology of both alloimmune‐ and autoimmune‐mediated disease progression and pathology, and is consequently difficult to control. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells for cGVHD is currently being investigated; however, the relative ability of Treg cells with defined antigen specificities for auto‐ and alloantigen to prevent disease has not been previously examined. In this study, we show that donor‐derived Treg‐cell lines generated with self‐MHC H‐2b specificity or specificity for BALB/c H‐2d alloantigen presented via the direct or indirect pathways are able to mediate an equal protection against cGVHD immune pathology in a disease model associated with recipient B‐cell‐driven humoral autoimmunity and glomerulonephritis. Mechanistically, autospecific Treg cells prevented disease induction by blocking donor T‐cell engraftment whereas allospecific Treg cells permitted long‐term engraftment of donor T cells. Donor T cells, while unresponsive to auto‐ and recipient alloantigens, retained the capacity to respond to third party alloantigens on ex vivo stimulation. These findings indicate that allospecific Treg cells may therefore be more clinically relevant as a cell therapy for cGVHD in the context of haplo‐identical hematopoietic transplantation, as they allow persistence of donor T cells capable of responding to foreign antigens whilst preventing cGVHD‐mediated autoimmunity.
Transition‐Metal Complexes Containing the Dinucleating Tetra‐N‐Dentate 3,5‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (Hbpp) Ligand – A Robust Scaffold for Multiple Applications Including the Catalytic Oxidation of Water to Molecular Oxygen
Authors: García‐Antón Jordi , Bofill Roger , Escriche Lluís , Llobet Antoni , Sala Xavier
Published: September 2012

A large diversity of transition‐metal complexes bearing the dinucleating tetra‐N‐dentate ligand 3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (Hbpp) is described. Hbpp is a compartamental ligand and can allow the formation of both mononuclear and dinuclear complexes bridged by the pyrazolate unit of the Hbpp. Furthermore, a slightly related ligand even allows the preparation of tetranuclear complexes. This large family of complexes has been shown to have multiple applications in diverse areas of science, from basic coordination properties to catalysis. From the former perspective phenomena such as linkage isomerization, intrasupramolecular interactions, and exciting magnetic properties have been described. In the field of catalyis it has been shown that this family of complexes is active in a range of reactions, including alcohol oxidation, epoxidation, hydrogen transfer, and water oxidation.
Ligand‐Induced Distortions and Magneto‐Structural Correlations in a Family of Dinuclear Spin Crossover Compounds with Bipyridyl‐Like Bridging Ligands
Authors: de Gaetano Yannick , Jeanneau Erwann , Verat Alexander Yu. , Rechignat Lionel , Bousseksou Azzedine , Matouzenko Galina S.
Published: September 2012

The synthesis and characterization of a new series of dinuclear compounds [{Fe(dpia)(NCBH3)2}2(A)], where dpia = di(2‐picolyl)amine, A = 4,4′‐bipyridine (1), 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethyne (bpac) (2), or 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethane (bpen) (3), are reported. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of the three compounds show that they have different magnetic properties. Compound 1 exhibits a relatively cooperative two‐step spin crossover (SCO) behavior. A short plateau at 210 K separates two steps and conforms to about 50 % of the complexes undergoing a thermal spin conversion. Compounds 2 and 3 present gradual full one‐step spin transitions. The thermodynamic parameters of 1–3, obtained through the fitting of the magnetic data with the regular solution model, are compared with those for similar dinuclear SCO compounds. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of 1 was solved at three temperatures, 290 K, 211 K, and 110 K, corresponding to three spin‐state isomers, namely [HS–HS], [HS–LS], and [LS–LS]. At the plateau temperature, both HS (high spin) and LS (low spin) sites in the mixed pair are unresolved and only an average Fe–N bond length was obtained. The structural characteristics and magnetic behavior of the new two‐step SCO compound 1 are in full agreement with magneto–structural correlations for previously reported related dinuclear SCO compounds. This analysis confirms the validity of a recently proposed mechanism responsible for three types of SCO in dinuclear compounds (one‐step, two‐step, and partial 50 % transition).
Distinct cerebrospinal fluid amyloid‐beta peptide signatures in cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia
Authors: Albertini Valentina , Benussi Luisa , Paterlini Anna , Glionna Michela , Prestia Annapaola , Bocchio‐Chiavetto Luisella , Amicucci Giovanni , Galluzzi Samantha , Adorni Andrea , Geroldi Cristina , Binetti Giuliano , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Ghidoni Roberta
Published: September 2012

Mild alterations in cognitive function are present in normal aging and severe cognitive alterations are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive deficits are prevalent in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and worsen with old age. We recently reported that elderly SCZ patients show reduced levels of amyloid‐beta (Aβ)1–42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To further clarify the role of Aβ in cognitive decline, we analyzed the whole panel of CSF Aβ isoforms in elderly SCZ patients as well as in sporadic AD using SELDI TOF MS. The immunoproteomic study revealed, in all analyzed CSF samples, the presence of 15 different Aβ peptides. In CSF from SCZ, we detected an overall strong reduction of almost all Aβ species while in sporadic AD Aβ1–42 was the only peptide reduced. A significant independent association between Aβ1–40 levels and global cognition was found in SCZ. In addition, in SCZ patients, duration of therapy was positively associated with soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha levels, the total amount of CSF Aβ and the most abundant Aβ1–40 isoform. These data suggests a dysmetabolism of amyloid precursor protein in older SCZ patients. Thus, the quite comparable reduction of CSF Aβ1–42 in AD and in elderly SCZ patients reflects different pathophysiological dynamics in ageing brain.
Successful Transplantation of Human Hepatic Stem Cells with Restricted Localization to Liver Using Hyaluronan Grafts
Authors: Turner Rachael A. , Wauthier Eliane , Lozoya Oswaldo , McClelland Randall , Bowsher James E. , Barbier Claire , Prestwich Glenn , Hsu Edward , Gerber David A. , Reid Lola M.
Published: September 2012

Cell therapies are potential alternatives to organ transplantation for liver failure or dysfunction but are compromised by inefficient engraftment, cell dispersal to ectopic sites, and emboli formation. Grafting strategies have been devised for transplantation of human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) embedded into a mix of soluble signals and extracellular matrix biomaterials (hyaluronans, type III collagen, laminin) found in stem cell niches. The hHpSCs maintain a stable stem cell phenotype under the graft conditions. The grafts were transplanted into the livers of immunocompromised murine hosts with and without carbon tetrachloride treatment to assess the effects of quiescent versus injured liver conditions. Grafted cells remained localized to the livers, resulting in a larger bolus of engrafted cells in the host livers under quiescent conditions and with potential for more rapid expansion under injured liver conditions. By contrast, transplantation by direct injection or via a vascular route resulted in inefficient engraftment and cell dispersal to ectopic sites. Transplantation by grafting is proposed as a preferred strategy for cell therapies for solid organs such as the liver.
Proapoptotic Effects of the Chemokine, CXCL 10 Are Mediated by the Noncognate Receptor TLR4 in Hepatocytes
Authors: Sahin Hacer , Borkham-Kamphorst Erawan , do O Nicole T. , Berres Marie-Luise , Kaldenbach Michaela , Schmitz Petra , Weiskirchen Ralf , Liedtke Christian , Streetz Konrad L. , Maedler Kathrin , Trautwein Christian , Wasmuth Hermann E.
Published: September 2012

Aberrant expression of the chemokine CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 has been linked to the severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver injury, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we describe a yet-unknown proapoptotic effect of CXCL10 in hepatocytes, which is not mediated through its cognate chemokine receptor, but the lipopolysaccharide receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). To this end, we investigated the link of CXCL10 expression with apoptosis in HCV-infected patients and in murine liver injury models. Mice were treated with CXCL10 or neutralizing antibody to systematically analyze effects on hepatocellular apoptosis

in vivo

. Direct proapoptotic functions of CXCL10 on different liver cell types were evaluated in detail

in vitro

. The results showed that CXCL10 expression was positively correlated with liver cell apoptosis in humans and mice. Neutralization of CXCL10 ameliorated concanavalin A–induced tissue injury

in vivo

, which was strongly associated with reduced liver cell apoptosis.

In vitro

, CXCL10 mediated the apoptosis of hepatocytes involving TLR4, but not CXC chemokine receptor 3 signaling. Specifically, CXCL10 induced long-term protein kinase B and Jun N-terminal kinase activation, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis by caspase-8, caspase-3, and p21-activated kinase 2 cleavage. Accordingly, systemic application of CXCL10 led to TLR4-induced liver cell apoptosis

in vivo

.

Conclusion:

The results identify CXCL10 and its noncognate receptor, TLR4, as a proapoptotic signaling cascade during liver injury. Antagonism of the CXCL10/TLR4 pathway might be a therapeutic option in liver diseases associated with increased apoptosis.
How Much Is Too Much? Limit Setting and Sexual Acting Out in a Digital Era
Authors: King Beth
Published: September 2012

Digital media offer unique challenges to parents in terms of their efforts to shepherd their children through adolescence. Adolescents’ ready access to the Internet makes limit setting and appropriate supervision of teens much more challenging and offers teens qualitatively different dangers and opportunities for acting out than previously existed. The case of a sexually acting out adopted teen (with a history of sexual abuse) who used the Internet as a central vehicle for sexual exploration is discussed, with a particular focus on the ambiguity of appropriate limit setting in the digital era. Implications for case planning in similar situations are also discussed.
Epidemiological and molecular characterization of rubella virus isolated in São Paulo, Brazil during 1997–2004
Authors: Figueiredo C.A. , Oliveira M.I. , Curti S.P. , Afonso A.M.S. , Frugis YU A.L. , Araújo J. , Oliveira D.B. , Durigon E.L.
Published: September 2012

Rubella virus (RV) infection during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to serious birth defects, known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2003, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) adopted a resolution calling for the elimination of rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the Americas by the year 2010. Brazil will have implemented the recommended PAHO strategy for elimination and interruption of endemic rubella virus transmission. The characterization of genotypes during the final stages of rubella elimination is important for determining whether new rubella isolates represent endemic transmission or importations. Samples (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and throat swabs) collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of rubella infection in 1997–2004 were isolated in cell culture and genotyped. Twenty‐eight sequences were analyzed and two genotypes were identified: 1a and 1G. The information reported in this paper will contribute to understanding the molecular epidemiology of RV in São Paulo, Brazil. J. Med. Virol. 84:1831–1838, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interannual variability of rainfall over the Arabian Peninsula using the IPCC AR4 Global Climate Models
Authors: Almazroui Mansour , Abid M. Adnan , Athar H. , Islam M. Nazrul , Ehsan M. Azhar
Published: September 2012

The interannual rainfall variability derived from the 22 Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) for the duration 1979–2000 is analysed and compared with the gridded observed dataset over the Arabian Peninsula. The annual cycle of the rainfall derived from these models is validated for the entire Arabian Peninsula, and separately for its two sub‐regions, named northern and southern Arabian Peninsula. The spatial patterns of the rainfall and the mean sea level pressure are analysed to judge the ability of the models to simulate the mean climatology of the Peninsula. This analysis reveals that out of the 22 IPCC AR4 GCM multi‐model datasets, only one group (composed of 5 models) is relatively better than all the others in simulating the interannual variability of the wet season rainfall for the northern sub‐region, and another group (also composed of 5 models) is likewise for the dry season rainfall climatology of the southern sub‐region, compared with the gridded dataset. The above two groups of models tend to fall within one‐sigma standard deviation of the mean seasonal rainfall derived from the gridded dataset. Moreover, only one model [CCCMA‐CGCM3 (T47) from Canada] is found to be relatively better in simulating the rainfall climatology for both the wet and the dry seasons (i.e. for the northern and the southern sub‐regions) simultaneously, compared with the observed data.
Rapid analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil by matrix solid‐phase dispersion using bamboo charcoal as dispersive sorbent
Authors: Yuan Jin‐Peng , Zhao Ru‐Song , Cheng Chuan‐Ge , Wang Xiao‐Li , Cui Zhao‐Jie
Published: September 2012

An expeditious and sensitive method for the analysis of eight major polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil is presented in this study. The method is based on matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction and gas chromatography with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Bamboo charcoal, a cheap and potentially useful material, was selected for the first time as the MSPD dispersive sorbent. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including the ratio of sorbent to sample, and the type and amount of eluent, were investigated and optimized in detail. Under optimal conditions, the spiked recovery of the PBDEs was in the range 71.7–105.9%, and the limits of detection varied from 10 to 400 pg g−1 (dry weight). Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.9992–0.9999 was obtained over the concentration range of 0.10–500 ng g−1, except for BDE‐209, for which the effective concentration range was 1.0–5000 ng g−1. The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of PBDEs in real soil samples.
Pre‐concentration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in water using dispersive liquid–liquid and single‐drop microextraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sarafraz‐yazdi Ali , Assadi Hakimeh , Es'haghi Zarrin , Danesh Noor Mohammad
Published: September 2012

In the present work the combination of two liquid‐phase microextraction techniques involving dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and single‐drop microextraction as a new pre‐concentration technique is developed for the separation and determination of acidic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory pharmaceutical compounds, namely, naproxen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen, in water samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography ultra violet‐detection. The extraction conditions were optimized and, under the optimal conditions, the method showed good linearity range of 0.1–1000 μg L−1 (R > 0.9990), acceptable reproducibilities (relative standard deviation% = 4.5–8.8%), low limits of detection (0.03–0.2 μg L−1), and satisfactory relative recoveries. The developed method was applied for the determination of anti‐inflammatory drugs in river and waste water samples.
Methodological aspects of sample preparation for the determination of carbamate residues: A review
Authors: Santaladchaiyakit Yanawath , Srijaranai Supalax , Burakham Rodjana
Published: September 2012

This review covers recent developments in sample preparations and analytical techniques for determination of residues of carbamate pesticides. Special attention is paid to the newly established microextraction techniques, including cloud‐point extraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, and ultrasound‐assisted surfactant‐enhanced emulsification microextraction. In addition, extractions using a variety of solvents, as well as miniaturized and on‐line sample preparation systems, are discussed. Applications of the different methods for the determination of carbamate pesticide residues in food and environmental matrices are included.
Mass transfer resistance in a liquid‐phase microextraction employing a single hollow fiber under unsteady‐state conditions
Authors: Kumrić Ksenija R. , Vladisavljević Goran T. , Đorđević Jelena S. , Jönsson Jan Åke , Trtić‐Petrović Tatjana M.
Published: September 2012

In this study, the mass transport resistance in liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) in a single hollow fiber was investigated. A mathematical model has been developed for the determination of the overall mass transfer coefficient based on the acceptor phase in an unsteady state. The overall mass transfer coefficient in LPME in a single hollow fiber has been estimated from time‐dependent concentration of extracted analyte in the acceptor phase while maintaining a constant analyte concentration in the donor phase. It can be achieved either using a high volume of donor to acceptor phase ratio or tuning the extraction conditions to obtain a low‐enrichment factor, so that the analyte concentration in the sample is not significantly influenced by the mass transfer. Two extraction systems have been used to test experimentally the developed model: the extraction of Lu(III) from a buffer solution and the extraction of three local anesthetics from a buffer or plasma solution. The mass transfer resistance, defined as a reciprocal values of the mass transfer coefficient, was found to be 1.2 × 103 cm−1 min for Lu(III) under optimal conditions and from 1.96 to 3.3 × 103 cm−1 min for the local anesthetics depending on the acceptor pH and the hydrophobicity of the drug.
Retrospective evaluation of laboratory‐based diagnostic tools for cervical necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Thomas Andrew J. , Meyer Tanya K.
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is challenging to diagnose and associated with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the utility of two laboratory‐based diagnostic tools for distinguishing necrotizing from non‐necrotizing infection when specifically applied to neck infection.

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

We reviewed 17 consecutive cases of CNF and 70 cases of non‐necrotizing neck infection (cellulitis, phlegmon, abscess) occurring at our institution over a 10.75‐year period. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis was confirmed by operative report documentation. Patient demographics, presenting characteristics, and outcomes were recorded.

Results:

Use of white blood cell count and serum sodium levels to predict cervical necrotizing fasciitis had a sensitivity of 24% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.078‐0.502), specificity of 81% (95% CI, 0.688‐0.889), positive predictive value of 23% (95% CI, 0.054‐0.401), and negative predictive value of 81% (95% CI, 0.769‐0.857). A Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score of ≥ 6 had a sensitivity of 56% (95% CI, 0.227‐0.847), specificity of 60% (95% CI, 0.274‐0.863), positive predictive value of 25% (95% CI, 0.072‐0.433), and negative predictive value of 85% (95% CI, 0.733‐0.962).

Conclusions:

Neither the LRINEC score nor the use of admission white blood cell count and sodium level were useful for distinguishing cervical necrotizing fasciitis from non‐necrotizing neck infection.
Triacylglycerol polymorphism is a stereochemical phenomenon
Authors: Craven R. John , Lencki Robert W.
Published: September 2012

Unit‐cell stereochemistry for triacylglycerols in β′ (beta prime here and throughout) and β forms has been compared using data from studies of phase behavior for enantiomeric mixtures and space group determinations. The β′ form has a unit cell containing one stereoisomer and the β form has a unit cell containing both stereoisomers. As a result, the crystallization and polymorphic behavior for achiral, chiral‐racemic, and chiral‐enantiopure triacylglycerols is remarkably different. Accordingly, any plausible mechanism for TAG polymorphism must take unit cell stereochemistry into account.
Epoxy Resin Nanofibers Prepared Using Electrospun Core/Sheath Nanofibers as Templates
Authors: Wang Xia , Zhang Wen‐Jing , Yu Deng‐Guang , Li Xiao‐Yan , Yang Hao
Published: September 2012

A strategy is described to prepare epoxy resin nanofibers by combining coaxial electrospinning and traditional hot‐curing processes. Core/sheath nanofibers with diameters of 480 ± 80 nm are prepared at flow rates of 0.1 and 2 mL h−1 for the core (20% w/v EP and 6% w/v curing agent in ethanol/acetone) and sheath (10% PVP in ethanol) fluids. After the curing of the nanofibers and selective removal of the sheath PVP, EP nanofibers with an average diameter of 210 ± 60 nm are obtained. ATR‐FTIR analysis shows that the EP nanofibers display no obvious difference compared with an EP film cast from the core solution. The method presented allows to develop functional EP nanoproducts and to prepare heat‐cured resin nanofibers.

magnified image
High fat food increases gastric residence and thus thresholds for objective symptoms in allergic patients
Authors: Mackie Alan , Knulst Andre , Le Thuy‐My , Bures Peter , Salt Louise , Mills E.N. Clare , Malcolm Paul , Andreou Adrian , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara K.
Published: September 2012

Scope

We have tested the hypothesis that high fat foods such as chocolate induce reduced rates of gastric emptying in comparison to lower fat foods and that this can impact uptake of allergens and subsequent reactions in allergic patients.

Methods and results

In four volunteers, magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure gastric emptying of a series of nine doses of either dark chocolate bars containing 35% fat or a chocolate dessert containing 8% fat. Analysis showed a mean rate of decrease in gastric volume with an 8% fat dessert was 0.33 ± 0.09 mL/min compared to an average rate of increase in gastric volume of 0.09 ± 0.10 mL/min for the chocolate bars. In parallel, eight allergic patients were challenged for either peanut or hazelnut in the same two matrices and doses using a standardized protocol. A statistical analysis of the objective symptoms in the allergic patients showed that the chocolate bars gave a significantly higher threshold for objective symptoms than the dessert.

Conclusions

Chocolate bars induced lower gastric emptying rates and in food challenges with allergic patients gave a higher threshold of elicitation for objective reactions than a dessert.
Ikaros (IKZF1) alterations and minimal residual disease at day 15 assessed by flow cytometry predict prognosis of childhood BCR/ABL‐negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Volejnikova Jana , Mejstrikova Ester , Dörge Petra , Meissner Barbara , Zimmermannova Olga , Svojgr Karel , Stanulla Martin , Cario Gunnar , Schrappe Martin , Stary Jan , Hrusak Ondrej , Trka Jan , Fronkova Eva
Published: September 2012

Background

Recently, several studies have demonstrated a negative prognostic impact of Ikaros (IKZF1) gene alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, controversies still exist regarding the impact of IKZF1 in current treatment protocols.

Procedure

We simultaneously detected IKZF1 gene deletions by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and gene expression of IKZF1 isoforms in 206 children with BCR/ABL‐negative ALL treated with ALL IC‐BFM 2002 protocol, in which risk stratification was not based on minimal residual disease (MRD), and validated the results on a cohort of 189 patients treated with MRD‐directed ALL‐BFM 2000 protocol.

Results

Deletion of IKZF1 was present in 14 of 206 (7%) ALL IC patients. Interestingly, gene expression did not completely correlate with the deletion status in either cohort. Deletions were not always reflected in the gene expression of dominant‐negative isoforms, and conversely, 7 of 395 (2%) non‐deleted cases overexpressed dominant‐negative isoform Ik6. IKZF1 deletions significantly affected event‐free survival (EFS) of the ALL IC cohort (41 ± 14% vs. 86 ± 3%, P < 0.0001). Regarding IKZF1 isoforms, only Ik6 overexpression had negative prognostic impact (EFS 50 ± 16% vs. 85 ± 3%, P = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, which included ALL IC risk criteria, flow‐cytometric MRD and IKZF1 alterations, day 15 MRD and IKZF1 deletion status displayed an independent prognostic impact.

Conclusions

We show that MRD‐directed treatment diminishes prognostic impact of IKZF1 alterations. However, IKZF1 status alone or combined with day 15 flow cytometry can significantly improve risk stratification within BFM protocols at centers that do not perform antigen‐receptor‐based MRD monitoring. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 420–427. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous extraction and rapid visualization of peptidomic and lipidomic body fluids fingerprints using mesoporous aluminosilicate and MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: Preianò Mariaimmacolata , Pasqua Luigi , Gallelli Luca , Galasso Olimpio , Gasparini Giorgio , Savino Rocco , Terracciano Rosa
Published: September 2012

Herein we report the use of mesoporous aluminosilicate (MPAS) for the simultaneous extraction of peptides and lipids from complex body fluids such as human plasma and synovial fluid. We show that MPAS particles, given their mesostructural features with nanometric pore size and high surface area, are an efficient device for simultaneous extraction of peptidome and lipidome from as little as a few microliters of body fluids. The peptides and the lipids, selected and enriched by MPAS particles and rapidly visualized by MALDI‐TOF MS, could form part of a diagnostic profile of the “peptidome” and the “lipidome” of healthy versus diseased subjects in comparative studies. The ability of this approach to rapidly reveal the overall pattern of changes in both lipidome and peptidome signatures of complex biofluids could be of valuable interest for handling large numbers of samples required in ‐omics studies for the purpose of finding novel biomarkers.
DFT studies of squarylium and core‐substituted squarylium dye derivatives: understanding the causes of the additional shorter wavelength absorption in the latter
Authors: Puyad Avinash L. , Krishna Chaitanya G. , Thomas Anup , Paramasivam Mahalingavelar , Bhanuprakash K.
Published: September 2012

Recent reports indicate that the core‐substituted squarylium (CSQ) dyes (obtained when one oxygen atom of the SQ moiety is replaced by an electron withdrawing group or sulfur) show bathochromic shift of the absorption maxima and an additional shorter wave length absorption in visible when compared to parent SQ dyes. To investigate this interesting property of these dyes which will be more suitable for applications in DSSC, a comparative study using computational techniques of some selected SQ and CSQ derivatives has been carried out. The effect of this core substitution on geometries is studied. The ground state charge distribution is analyzed by natural population analysis. It is noticed that the biradical character, which is normally large in SQ derivatives, is reduced in CSQ due to the substitution and the zwitterionic character is increased. The absorption maxima for both parent SQ and CSQ dyes obtained with TD‐DFT methods using various functional like B3LYP, M06‐2X and CAM‐B3LYP methods do not match the experimental results. However, results obtained using SAC‐CI method are better. Charge transfer (CT) data based on Mulliken charges of both ground and excited states is obtained from SAC/SAC‐CI studies. It is seen that on excitation substantial CT from the side groups to the central core is taking place in parent SQ molecules. In contrast, intense CT occurs from –X to side groups through central core in the case of CSQ molecules. This study will be helpful in designing and synthesizing new CSQ dyes which makes them suitable for solar cell applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using linear solvation energy relationship model to study the retention factor of solute in liquid chromatography
Authors: Tang Baokun , Tian Minglei , Lee Yu Ri , Row Kyung Ho
Published: September 2012

This review highlights the use of linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) to evaluate liquid chromatography systems. From the systems investigated, this paper discusses the descriptors of solutes and the coefficients of various descriptors in detail. Descriptors, such as the solute size, polarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond acidity, and hydrogen bond basicity, in the LSER were examined. The effects of the stationary phase and mobile phase properties on the coefficients of these descriptors were reviewed. The LSER coefficients were evaluated in terms of the corresponding properties of the stationary phase and mobile phase. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effects on the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the imine carbon in N‐(4‐X–benzylidene)‐4‐(4‐Y–styryl) anilines
Authors: Fang Zhengjun , Cao Chenzhong , Chen Guanfan
Published: September 2012

Long‐range electronic substituent effects were targeted using the substituent dependence of δC(C═N), and specific cross‐interactions were explored extendedly. A wide set of N‐(4‐X–benzylidene)‐4‐(4‐Y–styryl) anilines, p‐X–C6H4CH═NC6H4CH═CHC6H4–p‐Y (X = NMe2, OMe, Me, H, Cl, F, CN, or NO2; Y = NMe2, OMe, Me, H, Cl, or CN) were prepared for this study, and their 13C NMR chemical shifts δC(C═N) of C═N bonds were measured. The results show that both the inductive and resonance effects of the substituents Y on the δC(C═N) of p‐X–C6H4CH═NC6H4CH═CHC6H4–p‐Y are less than those of the substituents Y in p‐X–C6H4CH═NC6H4–p‐Y. Moreover, the sensitivity of the electronic character of the C═N function to electron donation/electron withdrawal by the substituent X or Y attenuates as the length of the conjugated chain is elongated. It was confirmed that the substituent cross‐interaction is an important factor influencing δC(C═N), not only when both X and Y are varied but also when either X or Y is fixed. The long‐range transmission of the specific cross‐interaction effects on δC(C═N) decreases with increasing conjugated distance between X and Y. The results of this study suggest that there is a long‐range transmission of the substituent effects in p‐X–C6H4CH═NC6H4CH═CHC6H4–p‐Y. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression, anxiety and positive affect in people diagnosed with low‐grade tumours: the role of illness perceptions
Authors: Keeling Melanie , Bambrough Jacki , Simpson Jane
Published: September 2012

Objective

People with low‐grade brain tumour experience a range of emotional, behavioural and psychosocial consequences. Using Leventhal's self‐regulation model to explore biopsychosocial factors associated with distress, we examine the relationships between illness perceptions, coping and depression, anxiety and positive affect.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, self‐report study in which 74 people (54% women) diagnosed with a low‐grade brain tumour completed the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire‐Revised was conducted. Mean time since diagnosis was 27.69 months (SD = 19.79). Mean age was 38.30 years (SD = 10.67). The Illness Perceptions Questionnaire‐Revised, in addition to clinical, demographic and coping variables previously associated with psychological distress, was used to predict three psychological outcomes: depression, anxiety and positive affect.

Results

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that a biopsychosocial causal attribution was a significant predictor of anxiety and depression. Illness identity also emerged as a significant predictor of depression scores. Coping through self‐blame was the only coping variable to emerge as a significant predictor of anxiety scores. A combination of coping through venting, acceptance, positive reframing, denial, behavioural disengagement and self‐blame contributed to the variance in all three psychological outcome scores. No illness perception variables significantly predicted positive affect.

Conclusions

Illness perceptions play a significant role in emotional distress experienced by people with low‐grade brain tumours. Illness perceptions did not play a significant role in positive affect. Coping variables were shown to significantly contribute to the scores on all three psychological outcomes. Results suggest interventions targeted at modifying illness perceptions and enhancing problem‐focused coping strategies may reduce psychological distress. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an expressive writing intervention on cancer‐related distress in Danish breast cancer survivors — results from a nationwide randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jensen‐Johansen M. B. , Christensen S. , Valdimarsdottir H. , Zakowski S. , Jensen A. B. , Bovbjerg D. H. , Zachariae R.
Published: September 2012

Objective

To examine the effects of an expressive writing intervention (EWI) on cancer‐related distress, depressive symptoms, and mood in women treated for early stage breast cancer.

Methods

A nationwide sample of 507 Danish women who had recently completed treatment for primary breast cancer were randomly assigned to three 20‐min home‐based writing exercises, one week apart, focusing on either emotional disclosure (EWI group) or a non‐emotional topic (control group). Cancer‐related distress [Impact of Event Scale (IES)], depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory—Short Form), and negative (37‐item Profile of Moods State) and positive mood (Passive Positive Mood Scale) were assessed at baseline and at 3 and 9 months post‐intervention. Choice of writing topic (cancer versus other), alexithymia (20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and social constraints (Social Constraints Scale) were included as possible moderators.

Results

Significant (p < 0.01) group differences in mood change from before to immediately after each session suggested successful manipulation. Reductions over time in psychological symptoms were seen in both groups (p < 0.05), but no time × group interactions were found. Choice of writing topic moderated effects on IES, with women writing about other themes showing greater reductions in cancer‐related avoidance than women writing about their cancer. Fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of positive mood were seen 3 months post‐intervention in women writing about their cancer when compared with the control group. Difficulties describing feelings and externally oriented thinking (20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale) moderated effects on positive mood and IES‐total, while no moderating effects were found of social constraints.

Conclusions

In concordance with the majority of previous results with cancer patients, no main effects of EWI were found for cancer‐related distress, depressive symptoms, and mood. Moderator analyses suggested that choice of writing topic and ability to process emotional experiences should be studied further. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoptysis from bronchial varices associated with pulmonary vein stenosis: Role of surgical repair
Authors: Walsh A. , Canny G. , McMahon C.J. , Redmond J.M. , McNally P.
Published: September 2012

We present the case of a 6‐year‐old child who presented with an episode of life threatening hemoptysis. Investigations revealed multiple areas of endobronchial varices and abnormal pleural vessels as well as severe left pulmonary vein stenosis and an atrial septal defect (ASD). After extensive work up and consultation he underwent repair of the left pulmonary vein using a sutureless technique and ASD closure. This resulted in a marked improvement in the appearances of the left lung. The bronchial varices in the right lung remain unchanged. No further hemoptysis has occurred and the child continues to be monitored. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:838–840. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased adherence to CFF practice guidelines for pulmonary medications correlates with improved FEV1
Authors: Moore Brooke M. , Laguna Theresa A. , Liu Meixia , McNamara John J.
Published: September 2012

Background

CFF practice guidelines recommend patients ≥age 6 use dornase alfa and hypertonic saline daily, and those ≥age 6 colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa use inhaled tobramycin and oral azithromycin to improve lung function and reduce pulmonary exacerbations. A decline in FEV1 was noted in our 2008 CF Center Report. We hypothesized that increasing adherence to prescribing guidelines for these pulmonary medications would improve mean FEV1.

Methods

This was a quality improvement project completed at a US CF center. CFF practice guidelines were reviewed with the center physicians. Patients were identified that were eligible to receive recommended therapies and it was determined whether they were prescribed the therapies. Baseline FEV1 data was collected. Adherence rates and FEV1 were followed quarterly for 1 year. Providers received a quarterly report card with adherence rates, mean FEV1 compared to colleagues, and a list of eligible patients that were not prescribed recommended therapies.

Results

Ninety‐two patients were included. At baseline, the overall adherence rate was 59%. Overall adherence increased quarterly (P = < 0.001). Each quarter there was improvement in adherence to prescribing for each medication (P < 0.001). Except in quarter 1, FEV1 increased quarterly (P = 0.092). There was moderate correlation (r = 0.533) between improved adherence and improved FEV1.

Conclusions

Educating clinicians about guidelines, providing feedback on adherence to guidelines, and monitoring prescribing patterns improves prescribing adherence. FEV1 showed improvement after months of sustained adherence, trending towards significance. Longer follow‐up is necessary to determine if improved prescribing adherence translates into improved FEV1 or slows rate of decline in FEV1. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:747–753. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microvascularity in transition zone prostate tumors resembles normal prostatic tissue
Authors: van Niekerk Cornelis G. , Witjes J. Alfred , Barentsz Jelle O. , van der Laak Jeroen A.W.M. , Hulsbergen‐van de Kaa Christina A.
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was comparison of characteristics of the microvasculature in transition zone tumor (TZT) and benign nodular hyperplasia (BPH) with normal prostatic transition zone (NTZ), applying accurate and objective quantification based on digital image analysis. Results of this study may increase understanding of prostate dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI analysis.

METHODS

Radical prostatectomy specimens of 28 patients containing TZT ranging from pT2–pT4 were used. In 11 patients a concomitant peripheral zone tumor (PZT) was present. Microvessels were visualized by CD31 immunohistochemistry. Specimens were scanned using a computer‐controlled microscope with automatic recognition of microvessels. Pseudocolor maps were produced displaying microvessel density, perimeter, and area of an entire prostate transection. Mean, 75th percentile (p75) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated automatically in manually indicated areas of the tumor and corresponding contralateral normal tissue, and BPH.

RESULTS

Large variability was seen in TZT microvascular parameters, indicating presence of patients having both hypo and hypervascularized tumors compared to NTZ. In contrast, areas of BPH showed a more consistent increase in vascular parameters, with decreased CV. Analysis of PZT confirmed results of our previous study, with mean and p75 of all vascular parameters being significantly increased and a decrease in CV. No correlation was found for clinicopathological parameters and microvascular parameters.

CONCLUSION

Microvasculature of transition zone tumor showed increased heterogeneity compared to BPH and peripheral zone tumors, possibly explaining the difficulty of TZT detection on DCE‐MRI. Prostate 73: 467–475, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.