bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mujer y trabajo al margen
Authors: Delgado Ruiz José
Published: June 2020

Resumen. Transitar por los laberintos que esconde la discriminación de la mujer exige una actitud valiente y decidida. Sobre todo porque en ese territorio las posiciones deben estar marcadas, sin medias tintas. Observar desde la indiferencia o la distancia no produce quebran­to ni riesgo algunos. Pero el mensaje toma otro sentido y llega con otros sonidos cuando se ha sufrido esa situación en primera persona; entonces las palabras se perciben como dardos que remueven la conciencia. Así sucede en el presente relato cuyo personaje principal es una superviviente que, en el marco de un congreso universitario sobre discriminación por género y trabajo, recibe toda suerte de contenidos, técnicos y elaborados, sobre la igualdad de opor­tunidades entre mujeres y hombres. Y al someter de forma espontánea toda esa información a los filtros de su crítica y experiencia alcanza unas conclusiones muy personales.Palabras clave: discriminación, mujer, género, trabajo, decencia.
Caminando hacia la erradicación de la esclavitud del siglo XXI
Authors: García Sedano Tania
Published: June 2020

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Crónica de la jurisprudencia europea sobre igualdad (de 1/9/2018 a 31/8/2019)*
Authors: Jacqmain Jean
Published: June 2020

Resumen. El estudio aborda el análisis de las sentencias dictadas en aplicación del princi­pio de igualdad de trato y oportunidades desde el 1 de septiembre de 2018 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2019 por el Tribunal de Justicia y el Tribunal General de la Unión Europea. También incluye sentencias y decisiones dictadas en ese periodo por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.
Geographic Variations and Trends in Primary and Revision Knee and Total Hip Arthroplasties in the United States
Authors: Hilibrand Ari S. , Rubin Lee E. , Grauer Jonathan N.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Over 1 million joint arthroplasties are performed annually in the United States. Ideally, as devices and surgical techniques improve, the number of revision arthroplasties relative to primary arthroplasties should decrease. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate state-by-state disparities in the ratio of revision to primary knee arthroplasty (unicompartmental and total) and total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods:

The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who had undergone primary or revision knee arthroplasty or primary or revision THA from 2001 to 2011. Demographic characteristics, surgical rates, and revision ratios (the number of revision procedures divided by the number of primary procedures) were determined for the United States as a whole and by state.

Results:

During the study window, 47 states were sampled. For knee arthroplasty, 1,251,484 patients were identified: 91% underwent primary procedures and 9% underwent revision procedures. Compared with the primary knee arthroplasty cohort, the revision knee arthroplasty cohort had a younger mean age, had more male patients, and had more chronic conditions and longer hospitalizations (p < 0.001 for each). Over the years studied, the mean age of patients who had undergone primary knee arthroplasty decreased 1.8 years (p < 0.0001) and the mean age of those who had undergone revision knee arthroplasties decreased 2.4 years (p < 0.0001). The national revision ratio remained unchanged at around 0.1 (p = 0.8792). However, there was a 2.2-fold variation in revision ratio by state (revision ratio state range, 0.065 to 0.141). For THA, 614,638 patients were identified: 85% underwent primary procedures and 15% underwent revision procedures. Compared with the primary THA cohort, the revision THA cohort had an older mean age, had fewer male patients, and had more chronic conditions and longer hospitalizations (p < 0.001 for each). Over the years studied, the mean age of patients who had undergone primary THA decreased 1.5 years (p = 0.0016), whereas patients who had undergone revision had no significant age trend (p = 1.0000). Unlike for knee arthroplasty, the national THA revision ratio trended downward (0.24 evolved to 0.18, p = 0.0016), and there was a 2.1-fold variation in the revision ratio by state (revision ratio state range, 0.119 to 0.248).

Conclusions:

This study found significant variability in state-by-state revision ratios. It also found that the national revision ratio stayed relatively steady for knee arthroplasty but was decreasing for THA, and that patients who had undergone revision knee arthroplasty were getting younger, whereas patients who had undergone revision THA were not. These discrepancies suggest divergent histories for primary knee arthroplasty and THA and warrant further detailed evaluation.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effects of Using Relaxation Breathing Training to Reduce Music Performance Anxiety in 3rd to 6th Graders
Authors: Su Yu-Huei , Luh Jer-Junn , Chen Hsin-I , Lin Chao-Chen , Liao Miin-Jiun , Chen Heng-Shuen
Published: June 2020

The current study examined the effects of applying relaxation breathing training (RBT) as a means to reduce music performance anxiety (MPA) in young, talented musicians. A group of 59 young musicians from 3rd to 6th grade participated in this study, and all of them started RBT twice
a week for 2 months prior to the examination. Four tests—2 mos, 1 mos, half an hour, and 5 min before the examination—were conducted to examine the level of MPA after the application of RBT. Results show that the degree of MPA 5 min before the trial was lower than the degree of
performance anxiety half an hour before the jury (t = –3.683, p < 0.01), which indicated that the RBT was associated with a decrease in MPA. Although a series of RBT exercises was applied, results indicated that when approaching the date of examination, the degree of performance anxiety
still increased and reached its maximum half an hour before the jury. The recommendation for future studies is to combine the application of RBT with other methods to expand its effect in reducing MPA.
Abstracts from the Literature, No. 47
Authors: Dawson William J
Published: June 2020

Abstracts from the Literature, No. 47
Effects of Two Different Programs of Modern Sports Dancing on Motor Coordination, Strength, and Speed
Authors: Uzunovic Slavoljub , Kostic Radmila , Zivkovic Dobrica
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to determine the effects of two different programs of modern sports dancing on coordination, strength, and speed in 60 beginner-level female dancers, aged 13 and 14 yrs. The subjects were divided into two experimental groups (E1 and E2), each numbering 30 subjects,
drawn from local dance clubs. In order to determine motor coordination, strength, and speed, we used 15 measurements. The groups were tested before and after the experimental programs. Both experimental programs lasted for 18 wks, with training sessions twice a week for 60 minutes. The subjects
from the E1 group trained according to a new experimental program of disco dance (DD) modern sports dance, and the E2 group trained according to the classic DD program of the same kind for beginner selections. The obtained results were assessed by statistical analysis: a paired-samples t-test
and MANCOVA/ANCOVA. The results indicated that following the experimental programs, both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in the evaluated skills, but the changes among the E1 group subjects were more pronounced. The basic assumption of this research was confirmed, that
the new experimental DD program has a significant influence on coordination, strength, and speed. In relation to these changes, the application of the new DD program was recommended for beginner dancers.
Pianism Retraining via Video Conferencing as a Means of Assisting Recovery from Focal Dystonia: A Case Study
Authors: de Lisle Rae , Speedy Dale B , Thompson John MD
Published: June 2020

Focal dystonia (FD) is a devastating neurological condition which causes involuntary muscle contractions and often results in the loss of a musician’s playing ability. Our study investigated whether retraining via video conferencing could be helpful in the treatment of a professional
pianist with a 5-year history of FD. Although full recovery was not seen, improvement was observed at slow tempi, and his hand was visibly less cramped as training sessions progressed. We conclude that video conferencing could be an acceptable medium to assist pianism retraining in pianists
with FD when location prevents on-site retraining. However, in this study it did not seem as effective as previously reported, similar, one-on-one retraining in the same location.
Functional anatomy of the soft palate applied to wind playing
Authors: Evans Alison , Ackermann Bronwen , Driscoll Tim
Published: June 2020

Wind players must be able to sustain high intraoral pressures in order to play their instruments. Prolonged exposure to these high pressures may lead to the performance-related disorder velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). This disorder occurs when the soft palate fails to completely
close the air passage between the oral and nasal cavities in the upper respiratory cavity during blowing tasks, this closure being necessary for optimum performance on a wind instrument. VPI is potentially career threatening. Improving music teachers' and students' knowledge of the mechanism
of velopharyngeal closure may assist in avoiding potentially catastrophic performance-related disorders arising from dysfunction of the soft palate. In the functional anatomy of the soft palate as applied to wind playing, seven muscles of the soft palate involved in the velopharyngeal closure
mechanism are reviewed. These are the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, musculus uvulae, superior pharyngeal constrictor, and salpingopharyngeus. These muscles contribute to either a palatal or a pharyngeal component of velopharyngeal closure. This
information should guide further research into targeted methods of assessment, management, and treatment of VPI in wind musicians.
Vitamin D Deficiency Contributed to Mozart’s death
Authors: Grant William B , Pilz Stefan
Published: June 2020

Dawson’s recent extensive bibliographic review of the cause of death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart found that there were a number of hypotheses including poisoning, infection, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease and its complications. Overlooked in any of the papers hypothesizing
about his death was a discussion of the likely role of very low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level in contributing to his untimely death.
Energy Expenditure in the Performing Arts
Authors: Manchester Ralph A
Published: June 2020

Two papers in this issue of MPPA examine energy expenditure while playing a wind instrument and dancing. Measurement of the amount of energy required to play an instrument, dance, or sing has been done in the past, but these two papers advance our understanding of how performing artists
carry out their professional activities. Since most of us don’t think about our daily lives in terms of METs or kilojoules, I will first review some basic information about human energy intake and expenditure before examining how energy expenditure studies can expand our knowledge base.
Energy Expenditure during Competitive Latin American Dancing Simulation
Authors: Massidda Myosotis , Cugusi Lucia , Ibba Maurizio , Tradori Iosto , Calò Carla M
Published: June 2020

The aims of this study were to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) and the intensity of physical activity (PA) during a competitive simulation of Latin American dancing and to evaluate the differences in PA and EE values between the sexes, between different dance types, and between
the various phases of the competition. METHODS: Ten Italian dancers (five couples, 5 males and 5 females) competing in Latin American dancing at the international level were examined in this study. The EE (kcal) was measured during the semifinal and final phases of the competition using the
SenseWear Pro Armband (SWA). Paired-sample t-tests were used to determine differences in the metabolic equivalent (MET) and EE values between the semifinal and final phases and between each dance. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in the MET and EE values between
the sexes. RESULTS: The intensity of PA during the dance sequence ranged from moderate (3 to 6 METs) to vigorous (6 to 9 METs). The male dancers had higher EE values than the female dancers during all phases of the simulation. Similar MET values were observed in both sexes. The PA intensity
during the finals phase was vigorous for 56% of the time of dance. Of all the dance styles, the rumba had the lowest MET and EE values. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that competitive Latin American dancing is a heavy exercise and suggest that monitoring variables during normal training
can improve training protocols and the dancers’ fitness levels.
Physical and Mental Health of Different Types of Orchestra Musicians Compared to Other Professions
Authors: Voltmer Edgar , Zander Mark , Fischer Joachim E , Kudielka Brigitte M , Richter Bernhard , Spahn Claudia
Published: June 2020

Objectives: This study examined the physical and mental health of orchestra musicians of different types of orchestras compared to a reference sample of the general population and of two other professions. Methods: Professional musicians (n = 429) from nine opera and/or concert orchestras
were surveyed with the Short Form-12 general health questionnaire (SF-12). Data were compared with a reference sample (n = 2805) with a sample of physicians (n = 549) and aircraft manufacturers (n = 822). Results: Compared to the reference sample and the two other professional groups, the
musicians had a higher physical health score: 53.07 (SD 5.89) vs 49.03 (SD 9.35) reference, 51.26 (SD 7.53) physicians, and 49.31 (SD 7.99) aircraft manufacturers. The musicians’ mental health score was lower compared to the reference sample but did not differ from the other professional
groups: 48.33 (SD 9.52) for musicians vs 52.24 (SD 8.10) reference, 48.26 (SD 10.06) physicians, and 48.54 (SD 9.59) aircraft manufacturers. Physical health but not mental health decreased with age in all groups. In physical and mental health, women scored lower than men. There was no significant
difference in physical and mental health scores between musicians of concert and opera orchestras. Age and gender accounted for 3.6% of the variance of the physical health score, but none of the demographic characteristics or orchestral roles and functions was predictive for mental health
scores. Conclusions: Musicians report better physical but poorer mental health than the general population, but they did not differ in mental health scores from physicians or aircraft manufacturers.
Increment of Fatigue, Depression, and Stage Fright During the First Year of High-Level Education in Music Students
Authors: Hildebrandt Horst , Nübling Matthias , Candia Victor
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND: Public opinion associates music performance with pleasure, relaxation, and entertainment. Nevertheless, several studies have shown that professional musicians and music students are often affected by work-related burdens. These are closely related to stress and anxiety.
OBJECTIVE: Scrutinizing specific health strains and work attitudes of music students during their freshman year of high-level education. METHODS: One hundred five students in three Swiss music universities were part of a longitudinal study using standardized assessment questionnaires. Before
and after their first study year, some custom-made questionnaires designed to fit the particular work environment of musicians were used together with the already validated inquiry instruments. RESULTS: Fatigue, depression, and stage fright increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
indicate more study is needed and attempts should be made to minimize the stress level, improve the students’ ability to cope with stress, and otherwise reduce their risk for injury. This appears particularly important considering the long-term negative effects of stressors on individuals’
health as revealed by modern research.
Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Iranian Instrumentalists
Authors: Mehrparvar Amir H , Mostaghaci Mehrdad , Gerami Raman F
Published: June 2020

Musicians as an occupational group are exposed to various ergonomic exposures which may lead to musculoskeletal problems. In this study we assessed the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among Iranian instrumentalists (using traditional Iranian and western instruments). Methods:
In a cross-sectional study we assessed the frequency of MSDs in 356 Iranian instrumentalists by standardized Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire according to age group, type of instrument, duration of playing, and playing/sitting position. Data were analyzed using chi-squared, t-test and
ANOVA. Results: Overall, 158 of 356 subjects (44.4%) experienced MSDs, mostly with mild or moderate symptoms. Frequency of MSDs was significantly higher in females but it was not significantly related to body mass index, duration of employment, and duration of playing or teaching. Conclusion:
Our study showed a high frequency of MSDs among Iranian instrumentalists, so paying attention to the ergonomic exposures of instrumentalists as an occupational group is important. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on players of different Iranian instruments to have considered
ergonomic risk factors.
Survey of Health Problems in Musical Theater Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wanke Eileen M , Kunath Esther K , Koch Franziska , Davenport Jacqueline , Weisser Burkhard , Groneberg David A , Mache Stefanie , Endres Eva , Vitzthum Karin
Published: June 2020

Musical theater performers are the “triathletes” in the performing arts. The field requires versatility in a combination of skills including dancing, singing, and drama in a high frequency of performances. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the health situation
of musical theater students using a complete musical educational institute as an example (n = 37). Methods: The basis for the evaluation was a questionnaire survey (standardized F 1000). All students of the school participated (20 males, 17 females). Results: Of the students, 62% have a part-time
job for financial reasons, and 67.7% state only a “partial satisfaction” with their body. Regarding injury, 45.9% claim to sustain an orthopaedic injury up to twice a year, and 29.7% up to three or four times. A total of 49 acute injuries (1.3/student) and 42 chronic complaints
(1.1/student) were stated. The lower extremity was the most common acutely injured region (65.3%), followed by the spine (16.3%) and upper extremity (14.3%). Of chronic complaints, the lumbar spine was the most commonly affected area, followed by the hip joint and pelvic area. Thirty-three
and 24% of acute injuries occurred during “spins” and/or “stretching,” respectively. There were various causes for physical and mental problems. Discussion: The results show both parallels and differences to the relevant literature. It is shown that health hazards already
arise in the education of musical performers. This provides particulars for the implementation of injury prevention measures during the theoretical and practical education of musical students.
Prevalence of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Traditional Korean String Instrument Players
Authors: Kim Jung-Yong , Kim Mi-Sook , Min Seung-Nam , Cho Young-Jin , Choi Junhyeok
Published: June 2020

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in players of a variety of traditional Korean classical instruments: gayageum, geomungo, ajaeng, and haegeum. A large percentage of these musicians suffer from musculoskeletal pain of various body parts.
However, there has been no research regarding the extent of musculoskeletal disorders in players of these instruments. Through a focus group interview, a questionnaire was developed to investigate musculoskeletal disorders. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: demographic factors, performance
factors, musculoskeletal disorder symptoms, and musculoskeletal disorder experiences. Eighty-six expert players participated in this survey. The data from the survey were analyzed by correlation analysis and chi-squared analysis. Musculoskeletal disorders symptoms and severe pain were reported
in the neck, shoulder, back and knee. These problems were statistically related to height for players of the gayageum and geomungo. In addition, the musculoskeletal disorder experience of geomungo players was correlated with age and career length. The symptoms of playing-related musculoskeletal
disorders in traditional Korean music players were reported as being mostly observed in the neck, shoulder, back, and knee. In addition, these symptoms were related to various demographic factors such as age, height, career length, and hobby styles. The results of this study can be used as
preliminary data for developing guidelines to prevent traditional Korean musical instrument players from developing musculoskeletal injuries.
Forte Fortissimo for Amateur Musicians: No Effect on Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: Møllerløkken Ole J , Magerøy Nils , Bråtveit Magne , Lind Ola , Moen Bente E
Published: June 2020

Many amateur musicians are likely to be exposed to high sound levels during rehearsals. Measuring otoacoustic emissions (OAE) is an objective technique to assess hearing ability and can be used as an early predictor of hearing loss. This study aimed to record sound levels at an amateur
brass band rehearsal and to examine the cochlear function of the musicians by evaluating distortion product (DP) OAE amplitudes before and after sound exposure. Twenty-four brass band musicians and 10 office workers were examined with personal noise measurements and DPOAE tests before and
after a music rehearsal or one office workday, respectively. The sound levels in the brass band ranged from 92 to 100 dB(A), LaEQ 96 dB(A). However, the amateur brass band members had no change in DPOAEs after this exposure compared to pre-exposure levels and compared to office workers.
Performing Arts Medicine-–A Bibliographic Retrospective of the Early Literature: An Historical Examination of Bibliographic References Pre-1975
Authors: Dawson William J
Published: June 2020

Performing arts medicine (PAM) emerged as a medical specialty around 1985. Prior to this time, relatively few publications addressed the identification and concerns of musicians’ and dancers’ medical problems. To determine what number and types of publications occurred prior
to the actual beginnings of PAM as a discipline, and to determine how these original topics compared with present-day publications, a retrospective review of the current bibliographic database of the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) was undertaken. Out of a total of 12,600 entries
to date, 489 references were found published from 1798 through 1974, which represent only 3.9% of the current database listings. One-sixth of the references were originally written in a language other than English. Journal articles were by far the most numerous type of publication. Topics
with the highest number of entries included the neurobiology of music (n=77), dental/orofacial matters (71), and biographical accounts of composers or musicians and their illnesses (59). Other frequently published topics included hearing loss, physiology of playing instruments, and instrumental
technique and teaching. Early topics with multiple publications included composers’ biographies, dystonias, and surgery to improve finger independence for playing piano. Subjects whose publications occurred principally in the last two decades of this review included dermatological disorders,
hearing loss, and ballet physiology, teaching, and technique. Those which remain popular to the present day include hearing loss, performance anxiety, focal dystonia, and dental/orofacial problems.
Underutilization of Worker’s Compensation Insurance among Professional Orchestral Musicians
Authors: Chimenti Ruth L , Van Dillen Linda R , Prather Heidi , Hunt Devyani , Chimenti Peter C , Khoo-Summers Lynnette
Published: June 2020

Orchestral musicians commonly have playing-related symptoms (PRS) but few use worker’s compensation (WC) insurance for assessment and treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of, and factors related to, filing a WC claim among musicians. METHODS: An online
questionnaire was completed by 261 members of the International Conference of Symphony and Opera Musicians (ICSOM). The responses were analyzed to describe the frequency and type of injuries, perceived cause of PRS, and severity of injury in musicians who did and did not file a WC claim. RESULTS:
Of the musicians, 93% reported PRS in the 12 months prior to the study. Only 9 musicians filed WC claims during their careers, and all claims were for upper extremity injuries. The most frequent reason for not filing a WC claim was insufficient severity. Yet among musicians describing their
PRS as not severe enough for a WC claim, 47% had symptoms for >15 minutes after playing and 16% had symptoms that interfered with daily activities. CONCLUSION: These data suggest there is frequent under-reporting of injuries to WC among professional orchestral musicians. Although most musicians
reported PRS that persisted after playing, the most common reason for not filing a WC claim was insufficient severity of symptoms perceived by the musicians. Future research should focus on clearly defining severity for PRS-related injuries and determining when treatment for overuse syndromes
should be paid for through the WC system.
Zapateado Technique as an Injury Risk in Mexican Folkloric and Spanish Dance: An Analysis of Execution, Ground Reaction Force, and Muscle Strength
Authors: Echegoyen Soledad , Aoyama Takeshi , Rodríguez Cristina
Published: June 2020

Zapateado is a repetitive percussive footwork in dance. This percussive movement, and the differences in technique, may be risk factors for injury. A survey on zapateado dance students found a rate of 1.5 injuries/1,000 exposures. Knee injuries are more frequent than in Spanish dancers
than folkloric dancers. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between technique and ground reaction force between zapateado on Spanish and Mexican folkloric dancers. Ten female dance students (age 22.4 ± 4 yrs), six Spanish dancers and four Mexican folkloric dancers,
were considered. Each student performed zapateado with a flat foot, wearing high-heeled shoes during 5 seconds on a force platform. Videotapes were taken on a lateral plane, and knee and hip angles in each movement phase were measured with Dartfish software. Additionally, knee and ankle flexor
and extensor strength was measured with a dynamometer. Ground reaction forces were lower for Spanish dancers than Mexican folkloric dancers. Spanish dancers had less knee flexion when the foot contacted to the ground than did Mexican folkloric dancers. On Spanish dancers, the working leg had
more motion in relation to hip and knee angles than was seen in folkloric dancers. The ankle extensors were stronger on folkloric dancers, and there were no differences for the other muscle groups. Knee flexion at foot contact and muscle strength imbalance could be risk factors for injuries.
It is suggested that the technique in Spanish dance in Mexico be reviewed, although more studies are required to define more risk factors.
Dance Partner or Dance Floor?: Exogenous Factors Resulting in Accidents in Professional Dancers
Authors: Wanke Eileen M , Mill Helmgard , Wanke Alice , Davenport Jacqueline , Checcetti Fistd , Koch Franziska , Groneberg David A
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVE: Injury prevention in professional dancers is very important due to the high risk for acute injuries posing a threat to dancers’ careers. Causative factors of acute injuries in professional dance can be divided into exogenous and endogenous factors. Although both are
known in professional dance, there is still a lack of data to have a differentiated view. The aim of this study is to analyze exogenous factors resulting in work accidents of professional dancers. METHODS: The data for the evaluation were obtained from work accident reports (n = 1,438, female
722, male 716) from six Berlin Theatres. Evaluation and descriptive statistics were conducted by SPSS 18 and Excel 2007. RESULTS: About half (48.5%, n = 698) of all work accidents are caused by exogenous factors. The “dance partner” is the most common exogenous factor (39.9%),
followed by the dance floor (28.24%) and props (13.6%). The lower extremity is the most frequent structure injured in either sex (male 47.3%, female 61.3%), followed by the upper extremity in females (14.6%) and spine in male dancers (19.8%). The stage is the most common injury location in
both genders (males 63.9%, females 56.8%). Acute injuries caused by exogenous factors were particularly sustained during performances (males 58.8%, females 50.5%) and during rehearsals (males 33%, females 39.9%). CONCLUSION: This study shows the key significance of exogenous factors in acute
injuries in professional dance. Preserving the dancers’ health and preventing injuries takes top priority, and therefore, interventions in the artistic work cannot be ruled out when preventive measures are implemented.
Training for Sustained Performance: Moving Toward Long-Term Musician Development
Authors: Clark Terry , Lisboa Tânia
Published: June 2020

Success in the performing arts, like sports, is dependent upon the acquisition and consistent use of a diverse range of skills. In sports, an understanding of safe and effective use of the body is required to facilitate long-term involvement in that activity. In order to assist athletes
to attain their performance goals, and ensure healthy and sustained involvement, long-term athlete development (LTAD) models have been devised and adapted by professional sporting bodies throughout the world. LTAD models emphasize the intellectual, emotional, and social development of the
athlete, encourage long-term participation in physical activities, and enable participants to improve their overall health and well-being and increase their life-long participation in physical activity. At present there is no such long-term development model for musicians. Yet musicians must
cope with a multitude of career-related physical and mental demands, and performance-related injuries and career burnout are rife within the profession. Despite this, musicians’ training rarely addresses such issues and musicians are left largely to learn about them through either chance
or accrued experience. This paper discusses key concepts and recommendations in LTAD models, together with music-specific research highlighting the need for the development of a comprehensive long-term approach to musicians’ training. The results of a survey of existing music training
programs are compared to recommendations and the different development stages in LTAD models. Finally, implementation science is introduced as a methodological option for identifying how best to communicate the body of evidence-based knowledge concerning healthy and effective music-making
to young student musicians.
Piano Technique
Authors: Ananda-Owens Kathryn
Published: June 2020

I am writing in response to Matthew Arthur’s letter in the June issue, and the replies thereafter from Drs. Lee, Riley, Wristen, and Professor Berenson. While I appreciated the replies, I believe they overlook a larger issue in the profession: the fundamental lack of anatomical
and biomechanical knowledge among many, and perhaps even most, piano pedagogues.
Practicing Safe Trad: Why Existing Approaches to Playing-related Musculoskeletal Disorders May Not Help the Irish Traditional Music Community
Authors: Doherty Liz , Wilson Iseult M , McKeown Laura
Published: June 2020

Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) as they affect the Irish traditional music community is a topic which, to date, has received scant attention. This paper draws on data generated through a series of four focus group interview studies conducted at the Universities of
Ulster and Limerick and involving 22 musicians. Specifically, this paper looks at the wider issue of identity within the Irish traditional music community and at how the complexities inherent in this have, perhaps, affected musicians in recognizing, relating to, and dealing with PRMDs. Whether
or not the injuries affecting Irish traditional musicians are similar to or different from what other musicians experience, what this study shows is that the sense of self and discrete identity among the Irish traditional music community is so very strong that merely a “one size fits
all” approach to addressing these issues is not likely to yield positive results. Health professionals therefore need to be sensitive to such factors when considering their management of PRMDs and to develop approaches along with the traditional music community that are cognisant of
their identity as well as their needs.
Anthropometry, Somatotypes, and Aerobic Power in Ballet, Contemporary Dance, and DanceSport
Authors: Liiv Helena , Wyon Matthew A , Jürimäe Toivo , Saar Meeli , Mäestu Jarek , Jürimäe Jaak
Published: June 2020

This study compared anthropometric variables, somatotypes, and aerobic capacity between three groups of dancers: classical ballet dancers (M 33, F 56), contemporary dancers (M 28, F 109), and dancesport dancers (M 30, F 30). The assumption was that different functional requirements
should produce differences in the anthropometric and aerobic capacity variables among the three groups. Anthropometric data for body mass index (BMI) and somatotypes were measured. Body fat percentage was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Maximal oxygen consumption and aerobic
power were measured during an incremental treadmill test until exhaustion. Dancesport athletes were taller compared with same gender contemporary dancers (p<0.05). Female ballet dancers had a lower body mass and BMI compared with their contemporary dance and dancesport equivalents (p<0.001).
There was significant difference between dance styles in endomorphy (F2,221 = 8.773, p<0.001) and mesomorphy (F2,221 = 21.458, p<0.001) scores. Dancesport dancers had significantly greater VO2max values (p<0.01). It was concluded that female contemporary dancers are generally more
muscular than their ballet counterparts, while dancesport dancers are taller and heavier, less muscular, with slightly greater adioposity compared to the classical ballet dancers. Ballet dancers had the lowest body fat percentage, weight, and BMI values. Dancesport dancers had greater aerobic
capacity than the ballet dancers. Based on this study, we conclude that dancers in these three styles differ in some aspects of anthropometric variables, somatotypes, and aerobic capacity, but we cannot say is it because of the training or selection or both.
Biomechanical Research on Bowed String Musicians: A Scoping Study
Authors: Kelleher Leila K , Campbell Kody R , Dickey James P
Published: June 2020

Performing arts biomechanics is concerned with quantifying the musculoskeletal demands of artistic tasks. The growing body of related research has prompted this scoping study, solely focused on quantitative research, to summarize the state of the science, identify knowledge gaps, and
identify opportunities for future research. OBJECTIVES: To identify, summarize, and categorize quantitative research on the biomechanics of violin, viola, cello, and double bass players, using scoping study methodology. METHODS: Established scoping study methodology was used to identify and
categorize existing research. We identified 74 articles for review. Of these, 34 met our scoping study criteria and were included in this study. RESULTS: Twenty-one of the 34 articles that met the scoping criteria were published since 2000. Investigations using electromyography (16 studies)
and kinematics (15 studies) comprise the bulk of the research. Two studies employed force transducers for data collection. Violinists were the most frequently studied musicians (22 studies) and double bass players were the least (1 study). Fewer than half of the studies used solely professional
musicians as their subjects (13 studies). CONCLUSIONS: This scoping study confirmed that quantitative biomechanical research into bowed string musicians has been performed with increasing frequency and that there are voids in the research, particularly in investigating mechanisms of injury
and protective strategies. Currently, arts biomechanics research is largely descriptive in nature. There are few studies that investigate protective strategies, although it is expected that the field will progress to incorporate this type of research.
Can Turnout Measurements Be Used to Predict Physiotherapist-Reported Injury Rates in Dancers?
Authors: Baker Jenkins Jo , Wyon Matthew , Nevill Alan
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND: Research has suggested that dancers may be more at risk of injury when they excessively utilise non-hip components of turnout to compensate for deficits in hip external rotation when trying to achieve maximal total turnout. However, recently different measures of turnout
have been cited in the literature as well as suggestions for derived variables to account for shortfalls in particular components of turnout. This study aimed to assess whether measurements of turnout can predict the number of injuries (0 or 1 injury, or 2+ injuries) over a 10-month period.
METHODS: At the beginning of the academic year, 47 female, full-time, contemporary dance students (mean age 19.9 ± 2.51 yrs; height 1.65 ± 0.05 cm; weight 56.23 ± 6.51 kg) were screened as part of a biannual screening process. Measurements, summed of both legs, were obtained
for passive hip external rotation (pER), total passive turnout (TPT), and total active turnout (TAT). From these, three further variables were derived: compensated turnout, muscular turnout, and active ER lag. At the end of 10 months, the dancers’ physiotherapist-reported and self-reported
injuries were obtained. RESULTS: Binary regression analyses for the six turnout variables identified compensated and muscular values as having significant positive effects. For every 1% increase in compensated and muscular values, there was a corresponding 9% or 8.4% increase in the odds that
the dancer would sustain 2 or more injuries compared to 0 or 1 injury. CONCLUSION: Screening compensated and muscular values may be useful to address shortfalls to prevent injuries in the future.
Reply to: Musicians and Dystonia: Is Sleep Part of the Problem?
Authors: Lee A , Altenmuller EA
Published: June 2020

In reply—We thank Akamine and co-authors for their interesting hint, linking both sleep quality and exposure to noise to musician’s dystonia.
A grande crise e as crises brasileiras: o efeito catalizador da Covid-19
Authors: Melo Carlos , Cabral Sandro
Published: June 2020

Identificamos nesse trabalho o papel da Covid-19 na catalisação de crises já existentes no Brasil antes da pandemia: crise econômica crônica, crise econômica aguda, crise de saúde pública e crise de saúde pública. Ao longo do artigo descrevemos como a combinação dessas várias crises conforma a grande crise social e institucional vivenciada pelo país em 2020. Acreditamos que o enfretamento das várias crises se dá pela política e não por sua negação.
A transparência governamental em tempos de Covid-19: reflexões do quadro brasileiro
Authors: Santos Jaedson Gomes dos , Mota Flávio Perazzo Barbosa
Published: June 2020

O campo da administração pública vem, ao longo dos anos, recebendo significativas contribuições de pesquisadores brasileiros dedicados ao estudo da transparência governamental. Todavia, a maior parte das pesquisas é direcionada para cenários de regularidade social. Ou seja, pouco se sabe sobre o fenômeno da transparência nos momentos em que as organizações governamentais brasileiras lidam com crises e incertezas, como é o caso da atual pandemia gerada pela Covid-19. Logo, o objetivo deste ensaio é promover reflexões sobre questões já evidentes em torno de como a transparência governamental, na atual conjuntura, tem se desenvolvido. Ademais, espera-se também que os pontos de discussão, bem como as sugestões de agenda de pesquisa abordadas nesse trabalho, possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos dedicados ao tema da transparência governamental.
MicroRNA-200b reduced ZEB1 to inhibit cell proliferation and migration in human gastric cancer
Authors: Chen He , Liu Pengcheng , Wang Lei , Yu Yanxia , Zhao Yan , Cai Yihong , Wang Zhongxin , Zhang Min
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND : Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant cancers, with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The present study was to explore whether miR-200b is a tumor suppressor in GC and to unveil the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression were detected respectively by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. BrdU proliferation assay, Cell cycle analysis, Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to study the role of miR-200b with inhibitor, mimics or ZEB1-RNAi in TGF-β1-treated SGC-7901/DDP cells. RESULTS : Compared with the paracancerous tissues, miR-200b was decreased in GC patients and SGC-7901/DDP cells. Lower level of miR-200b induced by its inhibitor promoted TGF-β1-treated SGC-7901/DDP cells proliferation and migration, and increased the levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3, MMP-9, β-catenin and APC. Interestingly, miR-200b mimics and ZEB1-RNAi were able to reduce the proliferation and migration of TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells as well as their levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3 MMP-9, β-catenin and APC. In addition, ZEB1 was indeed the potential target of miR-200b identified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. CONCLUSION : Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-200b be likely to play an important role in activating TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells and perform as a tumor suppressor by targeting ZEB1 in GC. What’s more, miR-200b may modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells.
A Study Protocol to see Change of Nasal and Oropharyngeal Microbiome with Prolonged Use of Medical Masks during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Healthy Participants
Authors: Roy Sayak
Published: June 2020

The new novel coronavirus COVID-19 is playing havoc on the healthcare system of the whole world and various preventive measures have been suggested by various bodies. The use of medical masks has been cited as the most crucial step in prevention. Healthcare workers are now exposed to this disease and are forced to use medical masks for prolonged hours during their duty period. The normal oral and nasal microbiome might get affected due to this prolonged mask use and hence this study is carried out to look for any such change.
Resilient care of the patient with COVID-19 in Iran: A phenomenological Study
Authors: Asgari Parvaneh , Jackson Alun C , Bahramnezhad Fatemeh
Published: June 2020

Background

Family caregivers understand several challenges in caring for patients with COVID-19.This study aimed to understand the experiences of Iranian family caregivers of persons with COVID-19.
Method:

This study utilized phenomenological hermeneutic design. Fourteen Iranian family caregivers of patients with COVID-19 who were quarantined at home were included in the study using purposive sampling. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted via WhatsApp. Sampling continued until data saturation. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Van Manen’s approach.
Result

Three primary themes and eight subthemes emerged. The primary themes included: ”captured in a whirlpool of time”, “resilient care’ and “feeling helpless”.
Conclusion

It seems that the families of patients with COVID-19 attempt to resist the pressures of this disease with religious practices and problem solving. However, due to the nature of the disease and its severity, they sometimes feel ashamed or lonely and are afraid of losing their loved ones. It is recommended that psychiatric nurses should develop programs in the form of comprehensive spiritual care packages or psychological support and utilize multiple media channels to deliver these.
COVID-19: A scoping review
Authors: Berhe Brhane , Legese Haftom , Degefa Hagos , Adhanom Gebre , Gebrewahd Aderajew , Mardu Fitsum , Tesfay Kebede , Kahsu Getachew , Welay Miglas , Negash Hadush
Published: June 2020

Background: Globally, the novel coronavirus is a pandemic disease with public health concern causing human infections. The severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 is causing severe infection and life-threatening complications. Now, it becomes a pandemic with a growing number of cases and deaths. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the methodological framework. In this scoping review, 70 records as of May 21, 2020 were included and discussed to better understand the current updates of the virus. PubMed, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, Global Health and google scholars were searched comprehensively for articles, preprints, grey literatures, reports, conference proceedings and expert information. Studies conducted in human and published in the English language were included in the review. All the findings and statements of the review regarding the outbreak are based on published data. Results: We identified 408 records, of which 70 studies met the inclusion criteria. We synthesized the data from the included records and dug out the deep insights of them and pooled into this review. The burden of the outbreak is worsening due to overcrowding, presence of asymptomatic carriers, scarcity of test kits, the immune escaping ability of the virus and lack of community awareness. Conclusions and recommendations: Due to the fast-spreading nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 the prevention and control strategies become challenging. It is imposing social, psychological, and socio-economic impacts. We recommended strict adherence to physical distancing, quarantining suspects, using personal protective equipment, health education and introducing appropriate handwashing practices, avoiding contact with animals, improved controlling, and prevention strategies.
Investigation of Biomaterial Characteristics of Chitosan Produced from Crab Shells
Authors: Babatunde Esther O , Ighalo Joshua O , Akolo Sunday A , Adeniyi Adewale George , Adepoju Lydia
Published: June 2020

Chitosan is a biomaterial that can be obtained from certain parts of aquatic fauna like scales and shells. They are cheap, readily available and environment-friendly complexing agents for heavy metals. In this study, crab shell was used as a source of chitosan and compared with commercial chitosan. The yield was 22.75% and 71% degree of de-acetylation. Solubility test showed that it will dissolve within 30 minutes in 0.1 M HCl. The FTIR indicated the presence of –OH functional group at wavelength 1350 cm-1and R-NH2 at 3450 cm-1. SEM revealed that the locally developed chitosan has a rough surface characterized with holes, and has a porous spongy structure. Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to examine the presence of elements on the chitosan. Results showed the presence of C, N, O and Na. Usually, Hydrogen is usually present in organic materials but EDS cannot detect its’ presence. XRD revealed a low crystallinity of the chitosan obtained.