bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple luminescence method for estimation of benzo[a]pyrene in a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons without a pre‐separation procedure
Authors: Patra Digambara
Published: April 2003

Benzo[a]pyrene causes cancer at cellular level and is widely present in the environment. Conventional spectroscopic methods for analysis of this compound need a pre‐separation procedure due to severe spectral overlap from other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We report a simple method that avoids spectral overlap of benzo[a]pyrene from other impurities or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), thus it can easily identify benzo[a]pyrene in a complex PAH mixture. The method could easily identify benzo[a]pyrene in an 18‐component PAH mixture. Calibration plots in methanol solution and in micellar media show a good linearity (R > 0.9997) in the benzo[a]pyrene concentration range generally found in the environment. The method gives a detection limit of 1.52 × 10−9 mol/L in CTAB micellar medium and 2.55 × 10−9 mol/L in methanol solution. The proposed method is selective, sensitive and fast. The fluorescence response of benzo[a]pyrene is found to be a potential candidate to sense the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of CTAB micelles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced circular dichroism by chiral molecular interaction
Authors: Allenmark Stig
Published: April 2003

Molecular interactions between chiral (nonracemic) and achiral compounds can give rise to induced circular dichroism (ICD) of the achiral counterpart, provided the latter absorbs in the UV or visible region under study. The CD spectra thus obtained are of interest as indicators of the absolute configuration of the chiral component, as well as of the orientation of the molecules relative to each other within the host–guest complex. The technique can provide unique information about supramolecular events, not only in solution but also in the solid state. The recent progress in the field is summarized in this brief review. Chirality 15:409–422, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(S)‐2‐chloro‐2‐fluoroethanoyl isocyanate, a chiral derivative of trichloroacetyl isocyanate
Authors: Vodička Petr , Streinz Ludvík , Koutek Bohumír , Buděšínský Miloš , Ondrácek Jan , Císařová Ivana
Published: April 2003

Carbamate diastereomers 3b–18b were prepared from easily accessible (S)‐2‐chloro‐2‐fluoroethanoyl isocyanate (1) and various secondary chiral alcohols. Compound 1 as a chiral analog of trichloroacetyl isocyanate undergoes the reaction with alcohols very fast, thus blocking the hydroxyl group for the purposes of NMR investigation. Moreover, the correlation of stereochemistry of 3b–18b with their 1H NMR spectra revealed that the constitution as well as configuration influences regularly the values of chemical shift difference (Δδ = δ(R) – δ(S)) except for those diastereomers bearing simple alkyl groups in the molecule. Spectral as well as crystallographic data manifest the predominant planar conformation of the central part of the molecule. Due to the good accessibility and high reactivity in particular, the acylisocyanate 1 might be considered, to some extent, an alternative for TAI giving additional information on a compound's spatial structure. Chirality 15:472–478, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of NPY and NPY‐Y1 receptor‐like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system of Triatoma infestans (Insecta: Heteroptera)
Authors: Settembrini Beatriz P. , Nowicki Susana , Hökfelt Tomas , Villar Marcelo J.
Published: April 2003

The distributions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) ‐like immunoreactivity (LI) and that of its Y1 receptor (Y1), as well as their coexistence with cholecystokinin (CCK) –LI, were studied in the central nervous system of Triatoma infestans by using immunohistochemistry. NPY‐immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies and fibers were observed in the brain, subesophageal ganglion, and thoracic ganglia. NPY‐IR somata were seen in the optic lobe and the anteromedial and caudolateral soma rinds of the protocerebrum. Immunostained cell bodies were also found in the lateral edge of the antennal lobe glomeruli as well as in the caudal part of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center. The subesophageal ganglion harbored few NPY‐IR perikarya and fibers in the three neuromeres. Positive somata of the prothoracic ganglion were detected near both the cephalic and posterior connectives as well as by the root of prothoracic nerve I, whereas in the posterior ganglion, they were seen by the roots of mesothoracic and abdominal nerves. Coexpression of NPY‐LI and CCK‐LI was seen in cell bodies of the protocerebrum, the subesophageal and posterior ganglia. Protocerebral Y1‐IR cell groups were detected in the anterolateral and posteromedial soma rinds and at the level of the lamina ganglionaris and the external optic chiasma. Numerous positive perikarya surrounded the antennal lobe glomeruli as well as the antennal mechanosensory and motor center. Other immunostained cell bodies were seen in the posterior edge of the esophageal canal and by the roots of the mandibular and the maxillary nerves. Y1‐IR cell bodies of the prothoracic ganglion were found near the roots of prothoracic nerves I‐II, whereas in the posterior ganglion, they were located mainly in the abdominal neuromeres. Coexpression of Y1‐LI and CCK‐LI were detected in several brain areas as well as in the metathoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the posterior ganglion. When assessed by immunoblotting, Y1 antibodies detected two protein bands between 34 and 46 kDa. Analysis of the distribution patterns of NPY‐LI and Y1‐LI suggest that peptide and receptor are mainly involved in the processing of information coming from sensory receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:141–154, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary afferent terminals that express presynaptic NR1 in rats are mainly from myelinated, mechanosensitive fibers
Authors: Lu Chun‐Rong , Hwang Se Jin , Phend Kristen D. , Rustioni Aldo , Valtschanoff Juli G.
Published: April 2003

Presynaptic N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in terminals of primary afferents to spinal cord of rats were first reported by Liu et al. (1994; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8383–8387) and were proposed to modulate nociceptive input (Liu et al. [1997] Nature 386:721–724). We previously demonstrated kainate and AMPA receptors in numerous primary afferent terminals in the spinal cord fixed with diluted paraformaldehyde and no glutaraldehyde. Therefore, we reinvestigated the occurrence of presynaptic NMDAR1 (NR1) with this fixation protocol. With confocal microscopy, numerous immunofluorescent puncta were double‐stained for NR1 and the presynaptic marker synaptophysin throughout the spinal gray. NR1‐immunostained puncta costained more frequently with a tracer that labels myelinated afferents (cholera toxin subunit B; CTB) than with a tracer that labels non‐peptidergic unmyelinated afferents (Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4; IB4). Virtually no double staining was found for NR1 and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which labels somatic peptidergic primary afferents. In the gracile nucleus, virtually all puncta labeled for CTB appeared immunopositive for NR1. At the electron microscopic level, most immunopositive terminals in spinal cord and gracile nucleus displayed morphological characteristics of endings of myelinated primary afferents. NR1 was presynaptic in 60–65% of all synapses in which it was expressed pre‐ or postsynaptically, or both, in spinal laminae I–IV. Estimates for the gracile nucleus were higher (80%). No presynaptic NR1 was found in the ventroposterior thalamus. Because of the relative sparsity of presynaptic NR1 in terminals in laminae I and IIo and in terminals of peptidergic unmyelinated afferents, it is suggested that presynaptic NMDA receptors play a more significant role in modulation of mechanosensitive, innocuous input than in nociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:191–202, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migratory pathway of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in normal and reeler mutant mice
Authors: Yip Yee Ping , Capriotti Christine , Yip Joseph W.
Published: April 2003

Our previous study showed that the migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the spinal cord is affected in the reeler mutant. The present study, using morphometric analysis to describe and compare the location of SPN at progressive developmental stages, provides detailed information on how SPN migrate in the presence or absence of the reelin gene. We found that the initial migration (prior to E11.5) of SPN from the neuroepithelium to the ventrolateral spinal cord is similar in both control (wild‐type and heterozygous) and reeler mice. However, as development progressed (E12.5–E15.5), SPN in control mice migrated dorsally toward the intermediate lateral spinal cord region, where 80% settled to form the intermediolateral column (IML); the rest migrated medially to locations between the IML and the central canal. In reeler, 80% of SPN migrated dorsomedially to cluster around the central canal, with the rest distributed between the central canal and the intermediate lateral spinal cord region. The present study also examined the relationship among SPN, Reelin, and radial glial fibers in control and reeler mice. Confocal microscopic studies showed that during their initial migration, SPN in both control and reeler mice were closely apposed to radial glial fibers in the ventrolateral spinal cord. The majority of SPN in control mice then migrated dorsolaterally, in a direction perpendicular to radial glial fibers, to form the IML. In contrast, the majority of SPN in reeler migrated in the same orientation as radial glial fibers back toward the central canal, instead of migrating dorsolaterally to form the IML. A possible explanation for these results is that Reelin acts to prevent SPN from back‐migration on radial glial fibers toward the central canal. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:94–105, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitory circuitry involving Y cells and Y retinal terminals in the C laminae of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Dankowski Aygul , Bickford Martha E.
Published: April 2003

We previously established (Datskovskaia et al. [2001] J Comp Neurol 430:85–100) that roughly 40% of Y retinal terminals contact interneurons in the A lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the cat. However, we did not establish whether the dendritic terminals of interneurons postsynaptic to Y retinal terminals subsequently contact Y thalamocortical cells. To begin to address this issue, we examined the synaptic targets of Y retinal terminals in the magnocellular C lamina of the dLGN, which is populated almost exclusively by Y thalamocortical cells and interneurons. We utilized material generated from our previous work, in which we injected the superior colliculus with biotinylated dextran amine to backfill the geniculate branches of Y retinogeniculate axons in the dLGN. Sections prepared for electron microscopy were stained for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) to distinguish interneurons from thalamocortical cells. We found that the majority of profiles postsynaptic to Y retinal axons were the GABA‐negative dendrites of thalamocortical cells (116/200, 58%). The remainder were GABA‐positive dendrites of interneurons (84/200, 42%), many of which contained vesicles (F2 profiles; 54/200, 27%). In addition, we examined the synaptic targets of F2 profiles and found that almost all contacts of F2 profiles in the magnocellular C lamina were made onto the GABA‐negative dendrites of thalamocortical cells (199/200, 99.5%). Thus, Y retinogeniculate axons contact interneurons and interneurons contact Y thalamocortical cells in the magnocellular C lamina of the dLGN. This indicates that interneurons are involved in modulation of the Y pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:368–379, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VR1‐positive primary afferents contact NK1‐positive spinoparabrachial neurons
Authors: Hwang Se Jin , Burette Alain , Valtschanoff Juli G.
Published: April 2003

Neurons in rat superficial dorsal horn that express neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1), a receptor for substance P, play a critical role in the development of hyperalgesia. Thermal hyperalgesia is dramatically reduced after ablation of these neurons, but, paradoxically, not in mice that lack the NK1 receptor (Mantyh et al. [1997] Science 278:275–279). Because primary afferents that express vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), a receptor for noxious heat, are essential for thermal nociception and hyperalgesia, we reasoned that VR1‐positive fibers may terminate onto NK1‐expressing dorsal horn neurons. We therefore combined immunofluorescent staining for VR1 and NK1 to show that NK1‐positive neurons in lamina I are contacted by VR1‐positive fibers. That these contacts represent synapses was verified by staining for the presynaptic marker synaptophysin and by electron microscopy. By combining retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry, we also found that most NK1‐positive cells contacted by VR1‐positive fibers project to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Because quantitative evaluation suggests a preferential targeting of NK1‐positive lamina I neurons by fibers containing VR1, these results demonstrate a significant monosynaptic innervation of spinoparabrachial neurons by VR1‐positive afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:255–265, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neg, a nerve growth factor–stimulated gene expressed by fetal neocortical neurons that is downregulated by ethanol
Authors: Miller Michael W. , Jacobs Julie S. , Yokoyama Ruth
Published: April 2003

Neurotrophins are critical for neuronal development, plasticity, and survival. Ethanol affects these processes. We tested the hypothesis that ethanol inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)–stimulated gene expression. Dissociated cultures of fetal cortical neurons were treated with NGF and/or ethanol. NGF sustained cell viability and reduced the incidence of terminal uridylated nick‐end labeling and pyknosis. Ethanol eliminated these effects and induced neuronal death. Differential display of mRNA showed that one gene fragment (245 bp) was expressed by cells treated with NGF alone; ethanol blocked its expression. This fragment, named neg (nerve growth factor–stimulated, ethanol‐depressed gene), has high nucleotide identity with genes from human myeloid cells and murine lymphocytes. Ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization verified NGF upregulation and ethanol antagonism. Thus, ethanol specifically alters the expression of a gene that appears to be involved in NGF‐mediated neuroprotection. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:212–222, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion
Authors: Ambalavanar Ranjinidevi , Moritani Masayuki , Haines Ashley , Hilton Tia , Dessem Dean
Published: April 2003

Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22% CGRP, 5% SP, 0% SOM; 18% ChTB, 5% IB4. The somata of CGRP‐ and SP‐positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4‐ or ChTB‐binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26% CGRP, 7% SP, 1% SOM, 26% ChTB, 44% IB4. Cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB‐binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP‐, SOM‐, or IB4‐positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target‐specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM‐ or IB4‐positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP‐positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:167–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerically exact integration of a family of axisymmetric finite elements
Authors: Price T. E.
Published: April 2003

Axisymmetric finite element stress analysis involves repeated integration of a rational polynomial integrand. For elements near the axis of symmetry, such integrals are quasi‐singular, are difficult to integrate numerically, and can lead to significant computational errors. This paper describes a Gaussian quadrature procedure to integrate exactly, within computational limits, a class of rational polynomials over undistorted triangular and quadrilateral finite elements. The procedure's accuracy and efficiency are illustrated through a numerical example. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which color is more colorful, the lighter one or the darker one?
Authors: Cui Chengwu
Published: April 2003

To answer a question often asked in industrial color reproduction, a series of highly chromatic color samples of the same CIELAB hue but of small variations of CIELAB chroma and lightness were prepared and scaled for perceived colorfulness. The results indicate that lightness contributes to the perceived colorfulness as defined by the observers according to their everyday color experiences. For the samples used, colorfulness can be modeled by factoring in the CIELAB L* value in addition to CIELAB C*. The results show that colorfulness, as implied in our everyday color experiences, can be a complex perceptual attribute. A newer psychophysical scaling model is also presented, since Thurstone's Case V model was shown to be inadequate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 168–174, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10142
Analysis of free‐electron lasers via FDTD method
Authors: Shiozawa Toshiyuki , Hirata Akimasa
Published: April 2003

The free‐electron laser is a device that generates intense electromagnetic waves in the microwave to optical wave regions by converting the kinetic energy of a relativistic electron beam to that of an electromagnetic wave. In this paper, a method is reviewed for tracing in time the interaction of the electromagnetic wave and the relativistic electron beam in the free‐electron laser by means of the FDTD method. As a specific example, the oscillation and amplification characteristics of a Cherenkov laser are analyzed and the effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(5): 26–36, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10107
Numerical dispersion and stability condition of the three‐dimensional nonstandard FDTD method
Authors: Kudo Hironori , Kashiwa Tatsuya , Ohtani Tadao
Published: April 2003

In order to reduce the phase error in FDTD analysis, the NS‐FDTD method has been conceived by Cole. However, numerical dispersion characteristics and stability condition were not presented by Cole; only the definition for cubic meshes was given. In the present paper, the three‐dimensional NS‐FDTD method is extended to rectangular meshes and the numerical dispersion characteristics and stability condition are derived. From the analysis of the stability condition, it is found that the stability condition of the present method is larger than that in the FDTD method. From the analysis of the numerical dispersion characteristics, it is shown that the method has better accuracy than the FDTD method for both cubic and rectangular meshes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(5): 66–76, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1122
Association between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and blood lipids: A common variant for a common trait?
Authors: Morabia Alfredo , Cayanis Eftihia , Costanza Michael C. , Ross Barbara M. , Bernstein Martine S. , Flaherty Maria Sol , Alvin Gabriela B. , Das Kamna , Morris Michael A. , Penchaszadeh Graciela K. , Zhang Peizen , Gilliam T. Conrad
Published: April 2003

S447X, a serine substitution by a stop codon on base 99 of exon 9 of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene, has beneficial effects on blood lipids. Other LPL alleles are associated with lipid levels, but whether one of these variants predominates remains elusive. We performed a systematic survey to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all 10 LPL exons and flanking regions by resequencing the gene in 95 subjects. Of 24 variants, 14 were common (≥3%). We assayed the common SNPs in 186 cases with atherogenic lipid profiles (low HDL, high LDL) and 185 nonatherogenic controls (high HDL, low LDL). Only S447X and exons 6 (base +73) and 10 (base −11) were individually associated with case‐control status (P<0.05, adjusted for major nongenetic covariates with known lipid effects). There were no significant SNP×gender interactions. In adjusted multi‐SNP and haplotypic analyses, S447X was interpretable as the sole predictor, with a 2–3‐fold reduction in the odds of being atherogenic vs. nonatherogenic (adjusted OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21–0.73). S447X and base −11 of exon 10 were statistically interchangeable because they are strongly associated (r=0.92, P<0.0001), but we posit that the LPL association with lipid profile is more likely attributable to the functional S447X rather than the nonfunctional exon 10 SNP. It appears that the S447X variant of LPL may be another rare example (like APOE4, factor V‐Leiden, and PPARγ Pro12Ala) of a common variant predisposing to a common disorder. Genet Epidemiol 24:309–321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New multivariate test for linkage, with application to pleiotropy: Fuzzy Haseman‐Elston
Authors: Kaabi Belhassen , Elston Robert C.
Published: April 2003

We propose a new method of linkage analysis based on using the grade of membership scores resulting from fuzzy clustering procedures to define new dependent variables for the various Haseman‐Elston approaches. For a single continuous trait with low heritability, the aim was to identify subgroups such that the grade of membership scores to these subgroups would provide more information for linkage than the original trait. For a multivariate trait, the goal was to provide a means of data reduction and data mining. Simulation studies using continuous traits with relatively low heritability (H=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) showed that the new approach does not enhance power for a single trait. However, for a multivariate continuous trait (with three components), it is more powerful than the principal component method and more powerful than the joint linkage test proposed by Mangin et al. ([1998] Biometrics 54:88–99) when there is pleiotropy. Genet Epidemiol 24:253–264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dual constant‐composition titration system as an in vitro resorption model for comparing dissolution rates of calcium phosphate biomaterials
Authors: Chow Laurence C. , Markovic Milenko , Takagi Shozo
Published: April 2003

It has been postulated that the in vivo resorption rates of calcium‐phosphate bone‐graft materials are closely related to their dissolution rates in demineralizing solutions having ionic compositions mimicking the acidic environment produced by osteoclasts. Thus, it should be possible to use an in vitro model to produce dissolution‐rate data of calcium‐phosphate materials as a starting point for predicting in vivo resorption properties. Direct pH measurements of the extracellular fluid from bone‐resorbing cells showed that the pH was as low as 3. In the present study, a dual constant‐composition dissolution system was used as an in vitro resorption model to compare dissolution rates of different calcium‐phosphate materials. NIST standard reference hydroxyapatite (HA), dicalcium‐phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), and calcium‐phosphate cement (CPC) discs of known dimensions (6‐mm d × 3‐mm h) were allowed to dissolve at 37 °C in a solution that had an inorganic composition similar to that of serum ([Ca] = 1.15 mmol/l; [P] = 1.2 mmol/l; [KCl] = 133 mmol/l) and a pH of 3.0. A Ca ion‐specific electrode and a pH electrode were used to control the addition of titrants to compensate for the increases in calcium and phosphate concentrations, respectively, in the demineralizing solution. The rate and stoichiometry (Ca/P molar ratio) of dissolution were obtained from the titration data. Each solid dissolved at an approximately constant rate during the dissolution process. The dissolution rates, expressed in mg cm−2 min−1, (mean ± standard deviation, n = 5) were for HA: 6.58 ± 1.22; DCPD: 21.0 ± 2.6; and CPC: 8.21 ± 0.73. DCPD dissolved three times faster than HA (p < 0.05). CPC dissolved 1.2 times faster than HA but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). This model can be used to study the rate and stoichiometry of dissolution of calcium‐phosphate bone‐graft materials and coatings under a wide range of mineral saturation conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 65B: 245–251, 2003
A practical laboratory route to the synthesis of trideuteriomethyl‐[13C] iodide
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S. , Eames Jason , Weerasooriya Neluka
Published: April 2003

A practical synthetic laboratory route for the synthesis of trideuteriomethyl‐[13C] iodide (13CD3I) (from tetradeuterio‐[13C]‐methanol and hydriodic acid) is described. We comment on the experimental protocol, and the use of water as an ‘additive’ to improve the synthetic yield. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient synthesis of sodium dimethylarsinate‐14C
Authors: Jagadish Bhumasamudram , Vasken Aposhian H. , Mash Eugene A.
Published: April 2003

A short and efficient synthesis of sodium dimethylarsinate‐14C is described. Incorporation of the label has been achieved by methylation of methyldiiodo‐arsine with iodomethane‐14C. Product was precipitated and separated from sodium iodide by washing with acetone. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond core service
Authors: Butcher Ken , Sparks Beverley , O'Callaghan Frances
Published: April 2003

Relational factors arising from the customer–employee interaction have been identified as important to service outcomes. This article investigates the role of social regard as demonstrated by service staff to customers, in an effort to develop an understanding of noncore service variables in customer satisfaction. Social regard is defined as the genuine respect, deference, and interest shown to the customer by the service provider such that the customer feels valued or important in the social interaction. In this study, the dimensions of the social regard construct were first clarified in a qualitative study. In a follow‐up survey of 406 customers, across the service industries of hairdressing, cafes, and naturopaths, social regard was found to have a significant influence on service encounter satisfaction. Further, social regard was shown to have a greater predictive power on satisfaction than value for money in all service industries sampled, and a greater predictive power than perceived core service quality for the sample of cafe customers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interrelationships and distinct effects of internal reference prices on perceived expensiveness and demand
Authors: Garbarino Ellen , Slonim Robert
Published: April 2003

Although the role of reference prices is widely accepted, what reference price people use in what evaluation has received little attention. This article proposes that the compatibility of framing determines what reference price is used in different evaluations. Specifically, it is found that the market‐framed fair reference price determines the market‐framed perception of expensiveness and that the personally framed reservation price determines the personally framed demand. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radon: Appealing to our fears1
Authors: LaTour Michael S. , Tanner John F.
Published: April 2003

This study examines the psychological response to the threat of radon gas. This study contributes new information to the theoretical literature pertaining to fear appeals in general and the threat to children from radon gas in particular. The presence or absence of children living in the home resulted in opposite effects of alternative levels of threat. Those with children in the home were more motivated to call for information simply as the result of adding a vivid “x‐ray sizzle effect” to an otherwise identical video stimulus. When the effect is not in the ad, people without children in the house were more motivated to call. Theoretical insights as to why this occurred are offered. The results also suggest arousal, attitude toward the ad, propensity toward avoidance of maladaptive behaviors, and perceived future likelihood of radon exposure also impact intent to call for more information on the radon threat. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Valenced attributions and risk in new‐product decisions: How why indicates what's next
Authors: Forlani David , Walker Orville C.
Published: April 2003

Based in a new‐product decision‐making context, this article poses the question, “how, and to what extent, do prior outcomes, and the reasons given to account for those outcomes, influence a marketing manager's future new‐product selection (choice) and support (dollar commitment) decisions?” The study's hypotheses are developed by integrating the motivational qualities of Weiner's attribution theory with the behavioral predictions of four popular risk perspectives: prospect theory, the hot‐hand effect, the competency hypothesis, and risk as hazard. The research question is reflected in two sets of hypotheses that experimentally examine the relationship between valenced (was the outcome good or bad) attributions (why did the outcome happen) and changes in the riskiness (chance and size of loss) of managers' new‐product introduction decisions. Three‐way interactions are found that support the study's attribution‐based framework and address predictive differences among the four risk perspectives. Implications for the theories examined and the management of the new‐product development process are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gain enhancement in L‐band gain‐flattened EDFA using a reflective‐type structure
Authors: Liang T. C. , Cheng N. J. , Hung S. C.
Published: April 2003

We theoretically investigate the gain and noise figure of an L‐band gain‐flattened EDFA obtained from the one‐stage single‐pass, one‐stage double‐pass, and two‐stage double‐pass configurations. Compared to the one‐stage single‐pass scheme, the two‐stage double‐pass amplifier provides gain enhancement of about 4.2 dB without paying much noise penalty. By using the one‐stage double‐pass scheme, the gain is improved by about 4 dB. However, the noise figure was drastically degraded by >2 dB. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 393–395, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10928
Pilot study of objective cough monitoring in infants
Authors: Corrigan D.L. , Paton J.Y.
Published: April 2003

Cough is common in childhood, resulting in significant morbidity and frequent medical consultation. Despite this, little is known about the frequency or development of cough, particularly in infants and young children. Recent progress in monitoring has enabled cough to be measured objectively both day and night. However, to date, objective measurement has only been used in adults and older children. The aim of this study was to see whether such methods could be extended to allow objective cough monitoring in infants. Thirty infants were recruited: 13 with coughing illnesses (group 1), and 17 normal, healthy babies (group 2) born to nonatopic, nonsmoking parents. Group 2 infants were studied when well, several times in the first year of life. Coughs were recorded using an adapted commercial cough monitor (Logan Research LR100) and simultaneous infrared video and sound recording. Thirty‐eight recordings with simultaneous cough monitor and video data were analyzed: 9 from group 1, and 29 from group 2. Overall, the sensitivity of the monitor when compared to video was 81%, with a positive predictive value of 0.8. There was good agreement between the two methods for infants with infrequent cough (<5 coughs per hour). Agreement in infants with more frequent cough was not as good, because more coughs were consistently identified by the cough monitor. The portability and small size of the cough monitor made it easy to use, although there were difficulties in keeping the leads attached in older, more mobile infants. In conclusion, objective assessment of cough is practical in infants, enabling the pattern of cough in illness and in health to be studied further. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:350–357. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and use of a pseudo‐cysteine for native chemical ligation
Authors: Alves David A. , Esser Dirk , Broadbridge Robert J. , Beevers Andrew P. G. , Chapman Christopher P. , Winsor Clare E. , Betley Jason R.
Published: April 2003

The process of native chemical ligation (NCL) is well described in the literature. An N‐terminal cysteine‐containing peptide reacts with a C‐terminal thioester‐containing peptide to yield a native amide bond after transesterification and acyl transfer. An N‐terminal cysteine is required as both the N‐terminal amino function and the sidechain thiol participate in the ligation reaction. In certain circumstances it is desirable, or even imperative, that the N‐terminal region of a peptidic reaction partner remain unmodified, for instance for the retention of biological activity after ligation. This work discusses the synthesis of a pseudo‐N‐terminal cysteine building block for incorporation into peptides using standard methods of solid phase synthesis. Upon deprotection, this building block affords a de facto N‐terminal cysteine positioned on an amino acid sidechain, which is capable of undergoing native chemical ligation with a thioester. The syntheses of several peptides and structures containing this motif are detailed, their reactions discussed, and further applications of this technology proposed. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational features of a synthetic model of the first extracellular loop of the angiotensin II AT1A receptor
Authors: Nicastro Giuseppe , Peri Francesco , Franzoni Lorella , De Chiara Cesira , Sartor Giorgio , Spisni Alberto
Published: April 2003

The angiotensin II AT1A receptor belongs to the G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Like other membrane proteins, GPCRs are not easily amenable to direct structure determination by the currently available methods. The peptide encompassing the putative first extracellular loop of AT1A (residues Thr88‐Leu100, el1) has been synthesized along with a cyclic model where the linear peptide has been covalently linked to a template designed to keep the distance between the peptide termini as expected in the receptor. The conformational features of the two molecules have been studied using circular dichroism and NMR techniques. The region W94PFG97 forms a type‐II β‐turn and undergoes a Trp‐Pro peptide bond cis‐trans isomerization in both peptides confirming that these characteristics are intrinsic to el1. In addition, the presence of the spacer seems to modulate the flexibility of the peptide. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining multiple outcome measures in a meta‐analysis: an application
Authors: Arends Lidia R. , Vokó Zoltán , Stijnen Theo
Published: April 2003

In meta‐analysis of clinical trials published in the medical literature it is customary to restrict oneself to standard univariate fixed or random effects models. If multiple endpoints are present, each endpoint is analysed separately. A few articles have been written in the statistical literature on multivariate methods for multiple outcome measures. However, these methods were not easy to apply in practice, because self‐written programs had to be used, and the examples were only two‐dimensional. In this paper we consider a meta‐analysis on the effect on stroke‐free survival of surgery compared to conservative treatment in patients with increased risk of stroke. Three summary measures per trial are available: short‐term post‐operative morbidity/mortality in the surgical group; long‐term event rate in the surgical group, and the event rate in the conservative group. We analyse the three outcomes jointly with a general linear MIXED model, compare the results with the standard univariate approaches and discuss the many advantages of multivariate modelling. It turns out that the general linear MIXED model is a very convenient framework for multivariate meta‐analysis. All analyses could be carried out in standard general linear MIXED model software. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated population‐averaged approach to the design, analysis and sample size determination of cluster‐unit trials
Authors: Preisser John S. , Young Mary L. , Zaccaro Daniel J. , Wolfson Mark
Published: April 2003

While the mixed model approach to cluster randomization trials is relatively well developed, there has been less attention given to the design and analysis of population‐averaged models for randomized and non‐randomized cluster trials. We provide novel implementations of familiar methods to meet these needs. A design strategy that selects matching control communities based upon propensity scores, a statistical analysis plan for dichotomous outcomes based upon generalized estimating equations (GEE) with a design‐based working correlation matrix, and new sample size formulae are applied to a large non‐randomized study to reduce underage drinking. The statistical power calculations, based upon Wald tests for summary statistics, are special cases of a general power method for GEE. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighting in instrumental variables and G‐estimation
Authors: Joffe Marshall M. , Brensinger Colleen
Published: April 2003

We propose here a simple scheme to use information on compliance and prerandomization covariates to improve analysis of randomized trials with non‐compliance. We use the data to determine the effect of randomization on treatment received among various strata defined by pretreatment covariates. When the effect of treatment received on the outcome of interest is the same across strata and pretreatment covariates predict non‐compliance, weighting the estimating functions by the effect of randomization on treatment received can improve the precision of explanatory estimates of treatment effect and can increase the power of intent‐to‐treat tests of the null hypothesis. Efficiency gains under the weighting scheme are a simple increasing function of the variability of these weights. Such weighting schemes will often lead to improvements even when these conditions are not met. We use a randomized trial of cholestyramine to illustrate these points. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactation‐associated infertility in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) during the breeding season
Authors: Kondo Masahiro , Kishi Hisashi , Kojima Chihiro , Jin Wanzhu , Suzuki Juri , Shimizu Keiko , Itoh Mariko , Ohkura Satoshi , Tsukamura Hiroko , Maeda Kei‐Ichiro , Watanabe Gen , Taya Kazuyoshi
Published: April 2003

To investigate the endocrine factors in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) responsible for the suppression of the estrous cycle during the first reproductive season after delivery (150–360 days postpartum), peripheral blood was taken to measure plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, estradiol‐17β, immunoreactive (ir)‐inhibin, and cortisol. The results demonstrated that during the breeding season of lactating Japanese monkeys, circulating concentrations of FSH (1.7–2.7 ng/ml), LH (308.5–461.0 pg/ml), estradiol‐17β (<62.6 pg/ml), and progesterone (145.0–453.0 pg/ml) remained low and were similar to the nadir levels observed during both the normal menstrual cycles and the nonbreeding season. Concentrations of ir‐inhibin, which is secreted from both follicles and corpus luteum in female Japanese monkeys, were also low (300.5–585.0 pg/ml). This strongly suggests that no follicular development occurs during lactation. Serum concentrations of cortisol (261.0–519 ng/ml) were higher during lactation than during the nonbreeding season. Since babies were often seen suckling their mothers during the study, the results indicate that the increased cortisol levels were associated with suckling‐induced secretion of corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The results of this study indicate that a long period of postpartum infertility in lactating Japanese monkeys, with apparent inhibition of follicle growth and anovulation, is due to weak gonadotropin stimulation, which may occur as the result of a suckling stimulus. Zoo Biol 22:65–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein requirements of three species of parrots with distinct dietary specializations
Authors: Pryor Gregory S.
Published: April 2003

Dietary protein deficiency is considered a major obstacle in the evolution of highly specialized nectarivorous and frugivorous birds. Proposed physiological mechanisms that enable such specialists to subsist on low‐protein diets include minimized endogenous protein losses, which contribute to reduced protein requirements. I compared these traits among nectarivorous red lories (Eos bornea), frugivorous Pesquet's parrots (Psittrichas fulgidus), and granivorous budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). My results suggest that, relative to budgerigars, red lories and Pesquet's parrots have low endogenous protein losses and reduced crude protein (CP) requirements. Based on nitrogen balance analyses, diets containing 1.0%, 3.2%, and 8.2% CP (on a dry matter (DM) basis) would meet the minimal protein requirements for maintenance for red lories, Pesquet's parrots, and budgerigars, respectively. Low endogenous protein losses and reduced protein requirements are effective physiological adaptations that allow birds such as red lories and Pesquet's parrots to specialize on low‐protein foods. Zoo Biol 22:163–177, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing reproductive potential and gestation in nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) using ultrasonography and endoscopy: An example of bridging the gap between field research and captive studies
Authors: Carrier Jeffrey C. , Murru Frank L. , Walsh Michael T. , Pratt Harold L.
Published: April 2003

Over a period of 3 years, five reproductively active female nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) from a wild, actively mating population of nurse sharks were captured, confined, and periodically examined through the course of gestation to determine the gestation period and characterize paternity. In the final year of the study, candidate animals were first evaluated in the field by ultrasonography, and the selected animals were then transported from the study site to holding facilities at SeaWorld Adventure Parks in Orlando, Florida. Periodic monitoring of the animals was conducted by ultrasonography, endoscopy, and routine blood analysis. Gestation was determined to be a minimum of 131 days, multiple paternity was shown for two individual litters, and ultrasonography and endoscopy were shown to be useful adjuncts for assessing pregnancy and monitoring gestation in this species. Poor survival of offspring, and small litter size may be a consequence of handling and transporting the animals, and the use of invasive procedures such as endoscopy. Zoo Biol 22:179–187, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of three novel Smad binding proteins involved in cell polarity
Authors: Warner Dennis R. , Pisano M.Michele , Roberts Emily A. , Greene Robert M.
Published: April 2003

A yeast two‐hybrid screen was utilized to identify novel Smad 3 binding proteins expressed in developing mouse orofacial tissue. Three proteins (Erbin, Par‐3, and Dishevelled) were identified that share several similar structural and functional characteristics. Each contains at least one PDZ domain and all have been demonstrated to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. In GST (glutathione S‐transferase) pull‐down assays, Erbin, Par‐3, and Dishevelled bound strongly to the isolated MH2 domain of Smad 3, with weaker binding to a full‐length Smad 3 protein. Failure of Erbin, Par‐3, and Dishevelled to bind to a Smad 3 mutant protein that was missing the MH2 domain confirms that the binding site resides within the MH2 domain. Erbin, Par‐3, and Dishevelled also interacted with the MH2 domains of other Smads, suggesting broad Smad binding specificity. Dishevelled and Erbin mutant proteins, in which the PDZ domain was removed, still retained their ability to bind Smad 3, albeit with lower affinity. While transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has been suggested to alter cell polarity through a Smad‐independent mechanism involving activation of members of the RhoA family of GTP binding proteins, the observation that Smads can directly interact with proteins involved in cell polarity, as shown in the present report, suggests an additional means by which TGFβ could alter cell polarity via a Smad‐dependent signaling mechanism.
Activation mechanism of c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinase in the course of endodermal differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells
Authors: Kudo Tada-aki , Sakamoto Yoshiyuki , Tamura Shinri , Kobayashi Takayasu
Published: April 2003

c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinase (JNK) is known to be activated and play critical roles during neural and endodermal differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. In this study we demonstrated that of the two upstream protein kinases of JNK, only MKK4 activity was substantially enhanced in the endodermally differentiating P19 cells. This enhanced activity of MKK4 stemmed from the increased expression of MKK4 and its activation by phosphorylation. Activated MKK4 and JNK were localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm of the differentiating cells, while they were localized only in the nucleus in the undifferentiated cells, suggesting multiple roles of JNK in the course of the endodermal differentiation of P19 cells.
FBPase is in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes
Authors: Gizak A , Dzugaj A
Published: April 2003

Intracellular localization of FBPase in the cardiac muscle of the pig was studied by immunohistochemistry. In contrast to data from skeletal muscle [Gizak, A., Rakus, D. and Dzugaj, A. (2003) Histol. Histopathol. 18, 135–142], in cardiomyocytes FBPase was present not only in the cytoplasm, but surprisingly, also in the nucleus. Results of the microscopic investigation were confirmed by immunoblotting, measurement of FBPase activity in isolated cardiomyocyte nuclei and by determination of the nuclear FBPase I
0.5 toward adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which was the same as for the purified enzyme.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate inhibits acid sphingomyelinase and blocks apoptosis in macrophages
Authors: Gómez-Muñoz Antonio , Kong Jennifer , Salh Bill , Steinbrecher Urs P
Published: April 2003

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (Sph‐1‐P) regulates critical cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and cell survival. However, its mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Here, we show a novel biological effect of Sph‐1‐P: inhibition of acidic sphingomyelinase (A‐SMase) activity in apoptotic bone marrow‐derived macrophages. A‐SMase catalyzes the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramides, which are pro‐apoptotic. This action of Sph‐1‐P prevents the accumulation of ceramides and blocks apoptosis, thereby promoting survival of the macrophages.