bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐oxidative methane conversion in diffuse, filamentary, and spark regimes of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge with negative polarity
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhang Shuai , Gao Yuan , Huang Bangdou , Zhang Cheng , Shao Tao
Published: May 2019

Methane conversion for higher hydrocarbons was carried out in the diffuse, filamentary, and spark regimes of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge with negative polarity in a pin‐to‐plate reactor. The diffuse discharge was characterized as a regime with low‐plasma energy, and only trace hydrogen and C2H6 were found in this regime. In filamentary regime, the conversion rate reached 2.2–7.6% with energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of 8.8–12.7%. Meanwhile the selectivity of C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, and C3 were 24.3–18.6%, 9.3–7%, 5.6–7.3%, and 0–5%, respectively. As for the spark regime, C2H2 became the main hydrocarbon product with the selectivity of 12.8%, conversion rate of 44.7–74.4% and ECE of 12.3%. Electrical measurements and ICCD photographs showed that the short pulse could prevent the streamer turning into spark discharge, and thus realize smooth transitions among each regime. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to investigate the plasma chemistry in each regime. It found that the highest spectral line, gas temperature, and electron density varied in these regimes. These results suggested that, comparing with electron impact reactions, the thermal chemistry became more and more important as the plasma energy increased.
Exploring Rapid, Sensitive and Reliable Detection of Trace Explosives Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS‐MS)
Authors: Costa Catia , van Es Elsje M. , Sears Patrick , Bunch Josephine , Palitsin Vladimir , Mosegaard Kirsten , Bailey Melanie J.
Published: May 2019

In this publication we work towards providing fast, sensitive and selective analysis of explosive compounds collected on swabs using paper spray mass spectrometry. We have (a) increased the size of the paper spray substrate to 1.6×2.1 cm for compatibility with current practise in swabbing for explosive material; (b) developed a method for determining a successful extraction of analyte from the substrate to reduce false negative events; and (c) expanded the range of analytes that can be detected using paper spray to include the peroxide explosive HMTD, as well as nitroglycerine (NG), picric acid (PA) and tetryl. We report the development of a 30 s method for the simultaneous detection of 7 different explosive materials using PS‐MS with detection limits below 25 pg, as well as detection of HMTD at 2500 pg, showing an improvement on previously published work.
Study on Comparative Performance of CL‐20/RDX‐based CMDB Propellants
Authors: Wang Jiangning , Yang Lilong , Zheng Wei , Zhang Jun
Published: May 2019

The energy, combustion and combustion residues properties of composite modified double‐base (CMDB)propellants with CL‐20 were compared to those propellants with RDX. The energy characteristic of CL‐20/RDX‐CMDB propellants had also been calculated theoretically based on the principle of minimum free energy. The energy property of propellants with CL‐20 was found to be evidently enhanced in comparison to those propellants containing RDX. The findings on combustion properties revealed that the combustion properties of CL‐20‐CMDB propellants were contrary to the of RDX‐CMDB propellants. With the mass fraction of CL‐20 increasing in the propellants, the burning rates of propellants can be enhanced significantly, but the burning rates of propellants containing RDX decreased. Analysis of the combustion residues for CL‐20/RDX‐CMDB propellants revealed that the C, Cu and Pb elements aggregated on combustion surface, which may be useful for guiding the regulation of combustion performance of high‐performance CMDB propellants containing CL‐20.
Heat of Formation Assessment of Organic Azido Compounds Used as Green Energetic Plasticizers by QSPR Approaches
Authors: Sheibani Nasser
Published: May 2019

Quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) approaches were applied as a tool for assessment of the standard enthalpy of formation of 40 organic azido compounds with different molecular structure which are used as energetic plasticizers in energetic material formulations. Chemical structures of these compounds were encoded into several sets of molecular descriptors, which represent various physical and chemical properties of these molecules. A total number of 1475 molecular descriptors of 22 different types were selected and calculated. Then a stepwise regression method was applied to determine the most relevant molecular descriptors which have significant effects on the ΔH°f of azido compounds. Finally, the best subsets regression method and also the response plot of PLS regression is used to evaluate the predictive power of the selected molecular descriptors and find out the possibility to reduce the dimension of the initially developed model. The finally derived models displayed a good predictive ability arising from the determination coefficient corresponding to the leave one out (LOO) cross validation technique (R2=0.9821, 0.9962 and
=0.9907, 0.9851 respectively). Moreover, the obtained results of this investigation are compared with results which have been calculated using “Energetic Materials Designing Bench (EMDB), Version 1.0” software package.
Linear effects of nontraditional Coriolis terms on intertropical convergence zone forced large‐scale flow
Authors: Ong Hing , Roundy Paul E.
Published: May 2019

This article promotes a measure to validate the hydrostatic approximation via scaling the nontraditional Coriolis term (NCT) in the zonal momentum equation. To demonstrate the scaling, this study simulates large‐scale flow forced by a prescribed heat source, mimicking the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) using a linearized forced‐dissipative model. The model solves two similar equations, between which the only difference is the inclusion of NCTs. The equations are derived using the following approximations: anelastic, equatorial beta‐plane, linearized, zonally symmetric, steady, and a constant dissipation coefficient. The large‐scale flows simulated with and without NCTs are compared in terms of the meridional–vertical circulation, the zonal wind, and the potential temperature. Both results appear like the Hadley circulation. With the model parameters controlled, the differences between the results without NCTs and those with NCTs yield the linear biases due to omitting NCTs. The most prominent bias is a westerly wind bias in the ITCZ heating region that emerges because omitting NCTs prevents the associated westward acceleration when heating‐induced vertical motion is present. The zonal wind bias divided by the zonal wind with NCTs is 0.120 ± 0.007 in terms of the westerly maximum and 0.0452 ± 0.0005 in terms of the root mean square (RMS) when the prescribed ITCZ mimics the observed ITCZ in May over the East Pacific. These normalized measures of the zonal wind bias increase with a narrower ITCZ or an ITCZ closer to the Equator, because of a weaker subtropical jet stream given the same vertical heating profile. This difference can be traced by a nondimensional parameter scaling the ratio of the NCT to the traditional Coriolis term. The scaling encourages the restoration of NCTs into global models.
An exploratory study to investigate the relationship between social license to operate and sustainable development strategies
Authors: Panda Swapna Sonali , Sangle Shirish
Published: May 2019

A social license to operate (SLO) has become imperative for extractive and resource‐intensive industries due to their high potential for conflicts. Firms are still struggling to maintain their SLO despite its growing importance. Because most of the extractive industries orient on sustainable development strategies (SDS), this paper investigates the relationship between SLO and SDS through an exploratory study by means of eight semistructured in‐depth interviews. Content analysis of these interviews is done by Atlas.ti software. In essence, this paper provides a perspective on how firms working in extractive industries can employ SDS to gain and maintain an SLO. Along with focus SLO, the study reveals the growing importance of stakeholders in the said industries and gives the direction of how managing the stakeholders can help the firms in the long run.
Synthesis of Crystalline OMS‐2 with Urea Hydrogen Peroxide and its Application in Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Li Bo , Bi Xiuru , Zhou Jinbo , Li Changming , Zhao Peiqing , Meng Xu
Published: May 2019

Cryptomelane‐type manganese oxide (OMS‐2) was synthesized successfully using urea hydrogen peroxide (urea⋅H2O2) as the reductant in an acidic buffer solution. As‐prepared crystalline material was fully characterized by XRD, BET, XPS, SEM and HRTEM. The results demonstrate that OMS‐2 has nanofiber with short nanorod morphologies, very rich oxygen vacancy defects and more exposed crystal facets compared with ones synthesized with other H2O2‐containing reductants. These unique properties make nanostructural OMS‐2 an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in aerobic oxidation reactions, such as selective oxidation of mercaptan and oxygenation of alkylarenes.
Bioinspired Nacre‐Like Alumina with a Metallic Nickel Compliant Phase Fabricated by Spark‐Plasma Sintering
Authors: Wat Amy , Ferraro Claudio , Deng Xu , Sweet Andrew , Tomsia Antoni P. , Saiz Eduardo , Ritchie Robert O.
Published: May 2019

Many natural materials present an ideal “recipe” for the development of future damage‐tolerant lightweight structural materials. One notable example is the brick‐and‐mortar structure of nacre, found in mollusk shells, which produces high‐toughness, bioinspired ceramics using polymeric mortars as a compliant phase. Theoretical modeling has predicted that use of metallic mortars could lead to even higher damage‐tolerance in these materials, although it is difficult to melt‐infiltrate metals into ceramic scaffolds as they cannot readily wet ceramics. To avoid this problem, an alternative (“bottom‐up”) approach to synthesize “nacre‐like” ceramics containing a small fraction of nickel mortar is developed. These materials are fabricated using nickel‐coated alumina platelets that are aligned using slip‐casting and rapidly sintered using spark‐plasma sintering. Dewetting of the nickel mortar during sintering is prevented by using NiO‐coated as well as Ni‐coated platelets. As a result, a “nacre‐like” alumina ceramic displaying a resistance‐curve toughness up to ≈16 MPa m½ with a flexural strength of ≈300 MPa is produced.
Functional Metallofullerene Materials and Their Applications in Nanomedicine, Magnetics, and Electronics
Authors: Wang Taishan , Wang Chunru
Published: May 2019

Endohedral metallofullerenes exhibit combined properties from carbon cages as well as internal metal moieties and have great potential in a wide range of applications as molecule materials. Along with the breakthrough of mass production of metallofullerenes, their applied research has been greatly developed with more and more new functions and practical applications. For gadolinium metallofullerenes, their water‐soluble derivatives have been demonstrated with antitumor activity and unprecedented tumor vascular‐targeting therapy. Metallofullerene water‐soluble derivatives also can be applied to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced diseases due to their high antioxidative activity. For magnetic metallofullerenes, the internal electron spin and metal species bring about spin sensitivity, molecular magnets, and spin quantum qubits, which have many promising applications. Metallofullerenes are significant candidates for fabricating useful electronic devices because of their various electronic structures. This Review provides a summary of the metallofullerene studies reported recently, in the fields of tumor inhibition, tumor vascular‐targeting therapies, antioxidative activity, spin probes, single‐molecule magnets, spin qubits, and electronic devices. This is not an exhaustive summary and there are many other important study results regarding metallofullerenes. All of this research has revealed the irreplaceable role of metallofullerene materials.
Water governance and justice in Cape Town: An overview
Authors: Enqvist Johan P. , Ziervogel Gina
Published: May 2019

The drought that drew the world's attention to Cape Town in early 2018 was the worst on record, threatening to cut off household taps for 4 million people. Even before the drought, the city's relation to water was complex; South Africa still struggles with the legacy of racial inequality including its implications for water justice. Spatial and economic segregation of people initiated when Europeans first settled in the Cape culminated during the apartheid era 1948–1994. It forcibly moved hundreds of thousands of “colored” and “black” Capetonians to inferior housing in low‐lying areas prone to flooding and with limited access to water, sanitation, and other services. Post‐1994 policies have aimed to promote water justice for all citizens, but municipalities have struggled with implementation especially in rapidly growing informal settlements. During the recent drought, the City of Cape Town ramped up its program for water demand management, including pressure reduction, leak repairs, and public awareness‐raising campaigns. However, poor communication and a lack of trust contributed to a near‐panic situation at the threat of “Day Zero” as dams almost ran dry in the first half of 2018. Saved by winter rains, Cape Town is now exploring additional water sources and developing a new Water Strategy. Taken together, the City's experiences demonstrate that sustainable water governance needs to acknowledge the interrelated threats of drought and flooding, and the range of impacts these threats as well as the City's responses have on a population still defined by extreme inequality.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance

Science of Water > Water Extremes
Southern Mesopotamia: Water and the rise of urbanism
Authors: Altaweel Mark
Published: May 2019

The region of southern Mesopotamia, in modern southern Iraq, was home to perhaps the world's oldest cities and complex societies. Such cities and towns developed closely to irrigation works and other water features, with major settlements developed along levees and so‐called turtle backs made up of natural accumulation and human‐made debris. While water was a critical component to the rise of cities, it was also the unique evolution of societies to their complex landscape, including the development of different social practices that made the region develop early cities. By‐products of these social developments included religious institutions and inequality but also the rise of governments, written language, laws, and other forms of social development we associate with our own societies. Recent work in southern Iraq demonstrates that the region was likely occupied much earlier than we thought; new climate data and other work will mean our picture on how the environment shaped the development of urban‐based societies in southern Mesopotamia will evolve in the coming years. New fieldwork, including surveys and excavations, will also shape a new understanding of how urbanism arose in this complex landscape.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Analysis and study of two‐dimensional parameter bifurcation of wind power farms and composite loads
Authors: Saidi Abdelaziz Salah , Ben Slimene Marwa , Khlifi Mohamed Arbi , Fazle Azeem Mohammad , Al Ahmadi Salah , Draou Azzedine
Published: May 2019

This study focuses on the stability of power system based on codimension‐two bifurcation theory. In this paper, we investigate the impact of load modeling on permissible wind power generation margins in distribution networks. The study considers codimension‐two bifurcations of equilibria and limit cycles in wind power systems depending on varying two parameters simultaneously. The principle parameter is the wind power generation, and the other parameter depends on the different types of loads. The types of loads are ZIP, exponential recovery, dynamic induction loads, and composite load models. To study the effects of the induction motor loads, the proportion of the static component in the motor load is changed and assessed with respect to their mechanical loads. Wind generation margin boundaries are traced, and saddle‐node, Hopf, and limit‐induced bifurcation branches are obtained, delimiting the stable and unstable operating regions in the parameter space. The analysis presented in this paper can pave the way for determining methods for improving and monitoring these margins with consideration to the system parameters and load composition.
The Use of Antiseptic Solutions in the Prevention and Management of Penile Prosthesis Infections: A Review of the Cytotoxic and Microbiological Effects of Common Irrigation Solutions
Authors: Pan Shu , Rodriguez Dayron , Thirumavalavan Nannan , Gross Martin S. , Eid J. Francois , Mulcahy John , Munarriz Ricardo
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The Mulcahy salvage fundamentally altered the management of penile prosthesis infections (PPI). Central to this procedure is a sequence of antiseptic irrigations that aims to remove and eradicate pathogenic microflora from the infected field, thus preparing for immediate reimplantation. The antiseptic solutions and their respective concentrations, however, have never been evaluated for efficacy.

Aim

This review critically examines 3 commonly used antiseptic irrigation solutions (povidone-iodine [PVI], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG]) in terms of their antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and clinical use.

Methods

A PubMed literature review was performed on articles published between 2003 and 2018. Both preclinical as well as clinical studies from various surgical disciplines were included in this review.

Main Outcome Measure

The original salvage protocol selected for irrigation solutions at concentrations that are likely detrimental to native tissue.

Results

All 3 agents demonstrate in vitro cytotoxic effects at subclinical concentrations, but H2O2 is associated with the most significant deleterious properties. It does not seem to broaden antimicrobial coverage beyond what is covered by PVI. Dilute PVI (0.35–3.5% with exposure time of at least 3 minutes) possesses the most robust clinical evidence as an intraoperative adjunct, reducing the incidence of postoperative infectious complications. chlorhexidine gluconate is a promising new agent but lacks clinical data.

Clinical implication

Improvements in the salvage protocol are warranted based on current evidence. Careful selection of lavage solution and usage of the lowest necessary concentration will help achieve desired antimicrobial activity while avoiding native tissue cytotoxicity. Strength and limitation: The study is limited by its retrospective nature, and the heterogeneity of literature reviewed precluded a formal meta-analysis. Furthermore, future studies will need to address the roles of normal saline and antibiotic irrigations as intraoperative adjuncts for infection prevention.

Conclusion

Diluted PVI (0.35–3.5% for 3 minutes) may be beneficial in the prevention of PPI. Evidence supports its use both in the setting of primary implantation as well as salvage of infected hardware. An improved, evidence-based protocol may increase positive outcomes of urologic prosthetic surgery.
Jesus Christ as the Son of David in the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Botner Max
Published: May 2019

This study contributes to the debate over the function of Davidic sonship in the Gospel of Mark. In contrast to William Wrede's paradigm, Max Botner argues that Mark's position on Jesus's ancestry cannot be assessed properly though isolated study of the name David (or the patronym son of David). Rather, the totality of Markan messiah language is relevant to the question at hand. Justification for this paradigm shift is rooted in observations about the ways in which ancient authors spoke of their messiahs. Botner shows that Mark was participant to a linguistic community whose members shared multiple conventions for stylizing their messiahs, Davidic or otherwise. He then traces how the evangelist narratively constructed his portrait of Christ via creative use of the Jewish scriptures. When the Davidssohnfrage is approached from within this sociolinguistic framework, it becomes clear that Mark's Christ is indeed David's son.
New Insights from the Dorset Type Site at Alarniq, Northern Foxe Basin, Arctic Canada: Beach Level Chronology and Site Use
Authors: Howse Lesley , Savelle James M. , Dyke Arthur S.
Published: May 2019

In 2008, four decades since Meldgaard's work at Alarniq—the type site for Dorset culture—Savelle and Dyke returned to resurvey the site. Archaeological investigations continued in 2015 and 2017 as part of the Foxe Basin Archaeological Project, when Howse conducted further surveys, excavated six semi-subterranean dwellings and two associated middens, and tested five additional features. The new site map and radiocarbon sequence have significantly changed our understanding of site use and beach-level chronology at Alarniq. The number of dwellings varies across the beach ridges, suggesting populations fluctuated throughout the site's use (2,700–800 cal BP). However, the new radiocarbon analyses also indicate that dwellings between 14.5 and 21.5 m above sea level are the same general age and that paleodemography at Alarniq is less straightforward than suggested by the number of features per beach ridge. It appears that ideal house construction location is a stronger indicator of the placement of winter houses at the site than proximity to the shoreline. We suggest this is largely related to site seasonality. These new data have significant implications for our understanding of current Dorset artifact typologies that have largely been developed using the material Meldgaard recovered at the site.
The Development of an Active Learning Program for the Medical Responders in a Nuclear Disaster
Authors: Tsujiguchi Takakiyo , Ito Katsuhiro , Sato Daishi , Mikami Junko , Shiroma Yoshitaka , Hasegawa Arifumi , Yamamura Hitoshi , Kashiwakura Ikuo
Published: May 2019

Objective:

In Japan, with the revision of the Nuclear Emergency Response Guidelines in 2015, nuclear emergency medical assistance teams responsible for the medical treatment in the acute phase of nuclear disaster have been developed nationwide. The purpose of this research is to develop active learning materials for the education of medical staff, to confirm the educational effect of the materials, and to identify the gaps in nuclear disaster risk reduction in Japan.

Methods:

We established a working group and created active learning materials. We trained members of the nuclear emergency medical assistance team using the developed active learning materials and then conducted a questionnaire survey for trainees who participated in the training.

Results:

Regarding the developed teaching materials, out of 33 trainees, 33 (100%) answered “easy to understand” or “a little understandable” to the item dealing with how to use the radiation detectors and attaching/detaching personal protective equipment. Regarding the simulation about practicing hospital support and medical provision, 3 (8%) answered “a little confusing.”

Conclusion:

The study demonstrated that the developed materials have an educational effect. Additionally, the results of the trainee questionnaire showed the necessity for improvement in the triage system and new protocols to help both the patients and responders.
Relationship between family history of alcohol problems and different clusters of depressive symptoms
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia J. M. , Silva N. R. , Ventriglio A. , Gil F. , Torales J. , Bhugra D. , de Andrade A. G. , Baldassin S.
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial syndrome with significant interactions between genetic and environmental factors. This study specifically investigates the association between family history of alcohol problems (FHAP) and family history of depression (FHD), and how these relate to different clusters of depressive symptoms.

Methods:

Correlations between FHAP and FHD and different clusters of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were studied. We sampled 333 employees from a general hospital who had been receiving a psychiatric consultation between 2005 and 2012. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were conducted to explore these correlations.

Results:

There was a significant positive correlation between FHAP and BDI affective score. This result remained significant even after the adjustment for other variables considered as important factors for MDD, such as gender, age, marital status, education, ethnic group and FHD. More specifically, FHAP was correlated with dissatisfaction and episodes of crying among the affective symptoms. FHAP showed no statistical difference in any of the other clusters score or in the BDI total score. Moreover, as expected, we found a correlation between FHD and BDI total score and Somatic and Cognitive clusters.

Conclusion:

FHAP should be routinely investigated in individuals presenting with depressive symptoms. This is especially important in cases presenting with dissatisfaction and episodes of crying in patients who do not endorse criteria for MDD. Due to study limitations, the findings require replication by neurobiological, epidemiological and clinical studies.
Influence of North Atlantic climate variability on glacier mass balance in Norway, Sweden and Svalbard
Authors: BONAN DAVID BROOKING , CHRISTIAN JOHN ERICH , CHRISTIANSON KNUT
Published: May 2019

Climate variability can complicate efforts to interpret any long-term glacier mass-balance trends due to anthropogenic warming. Here we examine the impact of climate variability on the seasonal mass-balance records of 14 glaciers throughout Norway, Sweden and Svalbard using dynamical adjustment, a statistical method that removes orthogonal patterns of variability shared between each mass-balance record and sea-level pressure or sea-surface temperature predictor fields. For each glacier, the two leading predictor patterns explain 27–81% of the winter mass-balance variability and 24–69% of the summer mass-balance variability. The spatial and temporal structure of these patterns indicates that accumulation variability for all of the glaciers is strongly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) also modulating accumulation variability for the northernmost glaciers. Given this result, predicting glacier change in the region may depend on NAO and AMO predictability. In the raw mass-balance records, the glaciers throughout southern Norway have significantly negative summer trends, whereas the glaciers located closer to the Arctic have negative winter trends. Removing the effects of climate variability suggests it can bias trends in mass-balance records that span a few decades, but its effects on most of the longer-term mass-balance trends are minimal.
Metonymies are more literal than metaphors: evidence from ratings of German idioms
Authors: MICHL DIANA
Published: May 2019

abstract

Metaphor and metonymy are likely the most common forms of non-literal language. As metaphor and metonymy differ conceptually and in how easy they are to comprehend, it seems likely that they also differ in their degree of non-literalness. They frequently occur in idioms which are foremost non-literal, fixed expressions. Given that non-literalness seems to be the defining criterion of what constitutes an idiom, it is striking that no study so far has focused specifically on differing non-literalness in idioms. It is unclear whether and how metaphoric and metonymic structures and their properties are perceived in idioms, given that the comprehension of idioms is driven by a number of other properties that are connected. This study divides idioms according to their metonymic or metaphoric structure and lets participants rate their non-literalness, familiarity, and transparency. It focuses on non-literalness as key property, finds it strongly connected to transparency, and to be the one key factor in predicting idiom type. Specifically, it reveals that metonymies are generally perceived as rather or even extremely literal, while metaphors are generally perceived as highly non-literal.
Community Identity and Shared Practice at Actuncan, Belize
Authors: Fulton Kara A.
Published: May 2019

Shared identities create deep historical ties to community spaces and can facilitate or constrict political expansion. This research examines the relationship between the ways in which families engaged local landscapes and developed shared identities at Actuncan, Belize, during the Terminal Classic period, a time when the city experienced population growth as surrounding centers declined. The nature and location of activity patterns in and around three residential groups allow inferences about shared practices and the expression of identities that those activities enabled and constrained. Importantly, this research includes investigations of both residential groups and architecturally free areas. It uses multiple methods to explore activities and to produce overlapping datasets, including excavation and analysis of macroartifacts, microartifacts, and soil chemical residues. The results suggest that Actuncan residents used not only the formal patio spaces of residential groups but also the interstitial spaces between them. Moreover, one residential group, Group 1, appears to have been a locus for distinct activities including sequential burials and, possibly, affiliative ritual practices connected to ancestral landscape use. Understanding relationships among residents is an important foundation for exploring broader political dynamics, including relationships between residents and rulers and how rulers created, legitimized, and maintained power and authority.
Subsonic Wing-Body Interference for Missile Configurations at Large Angles of Attack
Authors: Thomson K D
Published: May 2019

An approximate method is presented for estimating the normal-force and pitching-moment characteristics (including the effects of wing-body interference) of wings mounted on bodies. A pair of wings placed side by side can be specified which, when operating at a certain angle of attack different from the geometrical angle of attack, have the same aerodynamic properties as the wings in the presence of the body. The equivalent wings and effective angle of attack are determined, and these enable the wing-body normal force and pitching moment to be estimated for wing-body combinations at angles of attack up to 90°. Comparisons made with the results of a specially conducted series of experiments on rectangular and delta planform wing-body combinations have provided gratifying supporting evidence for the theory.

Estimates are also made of the normal force and pitching moment produced by two cone-cylinder bodies over the angle of attack range 0° to 90°. These estimates, when added to the wing-body normal-force and pitching-moment estimates, have resulted in a set of longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics which are generally close to those found experimentally. The method appears to have application in the preliminary design phase for slewing missiles.
The Stability of a Radial Wall Jet
Authors: Tsuji Yutaka , Morikawa Yoshinobu , Sakou Masaaki
Published: May 2019

Measured stability characteristics in a radial wall jet were compared with calculated results for a two-dimensional wall jet. It was found that the stability of the radial wall jet is similar in many respects to that of the two-dimensional wall jet. An exception is that the local amplification rate of the disturbance velocity is much higher than in the two-dimensional case. It was also found that quarter-harmonics appear in the non-linear region, as well as half-harmonics, and that their amplitude distributions show profiles similar to that of the fundamental component. Further, vortex patterns were visualised in water flow, and results corresponding to measurements in air flow and to the linear stability calculation were obtained.
A Rope of Sand: Interpreting Locke's First Treatise of Government
Authors: Tarlton Charles D.
Published: May 2019

The historiography of Locke's First treatise exhibits a vicious circle of oversight, prejudgement and caricature which has effectively prohibited detailed, structural interpretation of that work for generations. Twenty years ago the solitary voice of Herbert Rowen escaped the inertia and admonished scholars for their lack of attention. ‘There is more to the First treatise’, he argued, ‘than a refutation of Sir Robert Filmer's derivation of political authority from Adam in a straight line of inheritance.’ The central theme of the treatise had been misconstrued, Rowen thought, and that mistake helped to account for the general neglect. He urged a reassessment of the predominant dogma, maintaining that

Locke's First treatise turns out to be an essential portion of his total argument on behalf of the social compact state, and against the dynastic (and potentially absolute) state. Though its argument is negative, the First treatise is necessary to Locke's major, positive work in the Second treatise because it clears and defines the ground for it. It therefore merits more attention than has usually been given to it.
The early response of the Irish catholic clergy to the co-operative movement
Authors: Kennedy Liam
Published: May 2019

The primary aim of this paper is to assess the role of the Roman Catholic clergy in agricultural co-operative development, drawing on evidence from the last decade of the 19th and the early decades of the 20th century. It is hardly possible, however, to treat such activity in isolation from the manifold preoccupations of rural society, as in practice no clear demarcation existed between economic and non-economic activity. An attempt is made to place such clerical activity in the cultural context of rural society, while simultaneously paying attention to the specific ideological, pastoral and economic pre-occupations of the clergy, and while treating the latter as a distinctive social category with affiliations both within and beyond the rural community.
The Independence of the Judicial Process
Authors: Hailsham
Published: May 2019

I first visited Jerusalem in 1941. I was looking forward to an agreeable sick leave after a small flesh wound in the desert. Unfortunately as the train moved slowly up from Lydda, I felt more and more ill and finally I collapsed on the platform of Jerusalem station and was removed on a stretcher to a requisitioned Italian hospital. A ridiculous small insect had infected me with a tiresome small disease.

My visit was less disagreeable than its unfavourable beginning would seem. I soon recovered from my sandfly fever, but as they had carelessly placed me in a bed next to a patient suffering from diphtheria, I was incarcerated in the hospital, or so they supposed, in quarantine for another fortnight. This was not quite so aggravating as one might think. The Italian hospital was furnished with an outside staircase just opposite my bed, and after my temperature had been taken in the morning I escaped by it for most of the day. If I was missed, no one informed me, and, as I suppose it is now too late to court martial me, I can explain that with the fortnight's quarantine and the effective sick leave which followed (I spent it at Amdursky's Central Hotel in Ben Yehuda Street) I visited most of the sacred spots without either a professional guide or a Baedeker, except my grandmother's grounding in the Bible. It was not a bad way to see the holy city since, in the middle of the war, there was not much commercialisation, and no one paid much attention to a slightly bandaged lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade wandering about the city and its neighbourhood.
Outlawing Terrorism
Authors: Ginossar Shalev
Published: May 2019

One of the main driving forces of man is fear, and its very paralyzing effect has, in the solution of human conflicts, been sought as method for both attack and defence. No wonder then that Montesquieu recognized fear as the principle of the despotic type of government; while organized terror as practised nowadays on a wide scale has become an instrument for undermining the authority of established government.

Its origin can be traced to Anarchism, that frightful episode in “the war between two divisions of society,… the world of privilege and the world of protest…, the last cry of individual man,… the last fist shaken against the encroaching State”. But organization in every form was so repellent to the 19th century anarchists that they were incapable of drawing together, even for the sake of concerted action.
On One Aspect of Law and Morals in Jewish Law: Lifnim Mishurat Hadin
Authors: Shilo Shmuel
Published: May 2019

In Talmudic literature the term lifnim mishurat hadin (i.e., beyond the line of the law) is mentioned a number of times. Before analyzing the various Talmudic passages where this concept is found, we will ask a number of questions, some of which we will answer in this article. Not all of the answers will be unequivocal and some questions will remain, in the end, provocative and open. Hopefully, the paper will encourage further discussion of the concept lifnim mishurat hadin.

Is lifnim mishurat hadin a specific norm of behaviour which can be precisely defined, or is it rather a concept referring to recommended ethical behaviour, similar to general moral values and examples of ethical behaviour which abound in the Talmud but which have no clearly definable characteristics? If we conclude that lifnim mishurat hadin is indeed a precisely defined norm of behaviour does it stand on its own as a specific type of moral behaviour, or is it synonymous with certain other moral norms, dinei shamayim (the Laws of Heaven), midat hassidut (the degree of ethical perfection of men of piety and virtue) or one of the other ethical norms found in the Talmudic sources? If lifnim mishurat hadin is not just another term for some other moral norm, what is the difference between them? (A reasoned answer to this question cannot be given without a full discussion of all the other moral norms in the Talmud; therefore in this article we will only suggest approaches to answering this question). Are there differences of degree within the norm of lifnim mishurat hadin itself? Are there types of behaviour recorded in the Talmud, about which the phrase lifnim mishurat hadin is not used, but which are in fact examples of behaviour lifnim mishurat hadin? If so, is there a reason why such actions were not explicitly described as lifnim mishurat hadin?
Governmental Regulation of the Press: A Study of Israel's Press Ordinance Part II
Authors: Lahav Pnina
Published: May 2019

The British strategy to tame the Palestine press was to be implemented through a sophisticated masterplan. The Press Bureau was reorganized and explicitly directed to woo journalists and thereby achieve press cooperation. Simultaneously, the iron fist of the Press Ordinance was cast, to be used in case gentle handling failed to bear the desired cooperation.

The British analyzed the pitfalls on the road to cooperation correctly. As early as 1932 the Press Officer observed that the “deep-seated antipathy of Arabs and Jews as represented by their respective presses” and “the fundamental opposition of all Arab press to the Mandate” might undermine the entire plan. But even this sober analysis could not foresee the dimensions of the coming crisis.

As Jewish immigration to Palestine and the economic prosperity of the country increased, the Arabs anxiety about their political future in Palestine intensified. In 1936, Arab tensions exploded in the Arab rebellion. Widespread terror, arson and general strikes engulfed the country, and this time they were directed not only against the Jews but also against the British Government. Under these circumstances, the British came to the conclusion that they could no longer support the idea of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. In 1939, the White Paper, expressing a shift in policy, was issued. His Majesty's Government rejected the idea that Palestine should become a Jewish State and announced that hereinafter, Jewish immigration to Palestine would be limited and Jewish purchase of Arab lands prohibited.
Proposal for superscript diacritics for prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration
Authors: Keating Patricia , Wymark Daniel , Sharif Ryan
Published: May 2019

The IPA currently does not specify how to represent prenasalization, preglottalization or preaspiration. We first review some current transcription practices, and phonetic and phonological literature bearing on the unitary status of prenasalized, preglottalized and preaspirated segments. We then propose that the IPA adopt superscript diacritics placed before a base symbol for these three phenomena. We also suggest how the current IPA Diacritics chart can be modified to allow these diacritics to be fit within the chart.
Cannabis and psychosis: revisiting a nineteenth century study of ‘Indian Hemp and Insanity’ in Colonial British India
Authors: Ayonrinde Oyedeji A.
Published: May 2019

Background

In nineteenth-century British India, concern regarding large numbers of asylum patients with ‘Indian Hemp Insanity’ led to establishment of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The exotic cannabis plant was widely used in pharmacopeia and a source of government revenue. The Commission was tasked with determining the public health risks of cannabis use, particularly mental illness. This analysis of the Commission report seeks to highlight the status of 1892 cannabis research and compare it with current evidence for medical and recreational cannabis use.

Methods

Detailed historiographic review of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1892).

Results

In 1892, heavy cannabis use was considered to have been associated with severe mental illness (7.3% of asylum patients; 12.6% of patients with diagnoses). About two-thirds were children and young adults with higher relapse rates. Risk increased with early cannabis use and a family history of mental illness. Cannabis psychosis was found to have a shorter trajectory and better prognosis than other mental illnesses in the asylums. Different cannabis potency and modes of consumption had different effects. Occasional cannabis use was felt to have medicinal benefits for some. Appendices provided symptoms and demographic characteristics of cannabis-induced mental illness.

Conclusion

This important nineteenth-century study observed frequency and dose-related effects of cannabis on mental health, particularly psychotic symptoms in young people with a previous or hereditary risk of mental illness. Pathophysiological observations were consistent with current knowledge. As one of the most systematic and detailed studies of the effects of cannabis of the time it foreshadowed contemporary cannabis issues.
The Effects of Depth and Duration of Burial on the Germination of Ten Annual Weed Seeds
Authors: Horng L. C. , Leu L. S.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.), fimbristylis [Fimbristylis miliacea(L.) Vahl.], goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.], monochoria [Monochoria vaginalis(L.) Presl.], pale smartweed(Polygonum lapathifoliumL.), rice flatsedge(Cyperus iriaL.), slender amaranth(Amaranthus viridisL.), smallflower umbrella plant(Cyperus difformisL.), and sour paspalum(Paspalum conjugatumBergius), were placed in nylon mesh bags and buried at 0 (surface), 2.5, 7.5, 15, and 25 cm depths in the soil in November 1974 for 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 365 days. They were then recovered from soil to test their germination in petri dishes. Seeds on the soil surface had lower percent germination than those that were buried. Statistical data showed that the total percent germination was not significantly different for the seeds buried at 2.5 cm and deeper in soil when examined at the same burial intervals. During the experiment, the total percent germination of seeds was classified into three groups: (a) percent germination remained constant and relatively high, as for smallflower umbrella plant, common purslane, goosegrass, and slender amaranth; (b) percent germination remained at a plateau for 240 days and then gradually declined at 300 and 365 days, as for sour paspalum; and (c) percent germination was low at the beginning and the end of the experimental period but high in the middle, as for barnyardgrass, monochoria, pale smartweed, rice flatsedge, and fimbristylis. During the experiment, common purslane, barnyardgrass, and monochoria reached a germination peak within the first 5 days. Seeds of the 7 other species germinated within 3 to 5 days or 6 to 10 days, depending on the combination of innate dormancy, temperature, and light intensity.
Light Requirements of Yellow Nutsedge(Cyperus esculentus)and Light Interception by Crops
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Thullen R. J.
Published: May 2019

The influence of artificial shading (0, 30, 47, 70, 80, and 94% shade) on growth of yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) and the time required for developing canopies of several crops to intercept a given amount of light were investigated in field studies to estimate the potential of crops to compete with yellow nutsedge for light. Average number of shoots and tubers and total dry matter production of yellow nutsedge increased in direct proportion to increased amounts of light (correlation coefficient (r ≥.98). Compared to no shade, flower production was substantially reduced by 30 and 47% shade and was essentially absent under more dense treatments. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measured at weekly intervals indicated that light interception occurred first within the drill row of crops, then on shoulders of planting beds, and finally in furrows. The most rapidly developing canopies studied [corn(Zea maysL.), potatoes(Solanum tuberosumL.), and safflower(Carthamus tinctoriusL.)] intercepted 90% or greater PAR, including illumination in furrows, within 8 to 9 weeks after planting. About 12, 12, and 16 weeks were required for 80% interception for cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.], milo [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.], and cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.), respectively. Fall-planted barley(Hordeum vulgareL.) intercepted about 90% PAR by March 12. Alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) intercepted about 90% PAR within 2 to 3 weeks after individual cuttings. Although onions(Allium cepaL.) planted in December intercepted 95% of the PAR in each of the two drill rows per bed about 26 weeks after planting, only 20 to 30% interception occurred in furrows and row middles.
Karbutilate for Weed Control on Sagebrush Rangelands
Authors: Young J. A. , Evans R. A.
Published: May 2019

Procedures were developed for simultaneous control of big sagebrush(Artemisia tridentataNutt.), green rabbitbrush [Chrysothamnus viscidiflorusVar.Viscidiflorus(Hook.) Nutt.] and downy brome(Bromus tectorumL.) with the herbicide karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea]. After a season of fallow, the herbicide-treated areas were seeded with perennial grasses. During the 4 yr of testing at several locations, karbutilate at 1.1 kg/ha controlled the shrubs and downy brome. A herbaceous fallow was maintained with 0.6 kg/ha of the herbicide, but 1.1 kg/ha was necessary for green rabbitbrush control. Perennial grass seedling establishment was highly variable among sites and years of testing. If germination of the seeded species occurred in the fall, stands were poor. When germination was delayed by the onset of cold weather until spring, excellent stands were obtained on plots treated 1 yr previous to seeding with 1.1 kg/ha of karbutilate. Residual herbicide activity was harmful at the time of fall seeding but herbicide residues declined by spring as shown by bioassay of soils.