bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restricted mean survival time regression model with time‐dependent covariates
Authors: Zhang Chengfeng , Huang Baoyi , Wu Hongji , Yuan Hao , Hou Yawen , Chen Zheng
Published: June 2022

In clinical or epidemiological follow‐up studies, methods based on time scale indicators such as the restricted mean survival time (RMST) have been developed to some extent. Compared with traditional hazard rate indicator system methods, the RMST is easier to interpret and does not require the proportional hazard assumption. To date, regression models based on the RMST are indirect or direct models of the RMST and baseline covariates. However, time‐dependent covariates are becoming increasingly common in follow‐up studies. Based on the inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW) method, we developed a regression model of the RMST and time‐dependent covariates. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we verified the estimation performance of the regression parameters of the proposed model. Compared with the time‐dependent Cox model and the fixed (baseline) covariate RMST model, the time‐dependent RMST model has a better prediction ability. Finally, an example of heart transplantation was used to verify the above conclusions.
Ultrasmall Ruthenium Nanoparticles with Boosted Antioxidant Activity Upregulate Regulatory T Cells for Highly Efficient Liver Injury Therapy
Authors: Xia Fan , Hu Xi , Zhang Bo , Wang Xun , Guan Yunan , Lin Peihua , Ma Zhiyuan , Sheng Jianpeng , Ling Daishun , Li Fangyuan
Published: June 2022

Nanozymes exhibiting antioxidant activity are beneficial for the treatment of oxidative stress‐associated diseases. Ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) with multiple enzyme‐like activities have attracted growing attention, but the relatively low antioxidant enzyme‐like activities hinder their practical biomedical applications. Here, a size regulation strategy is presented to significantly boost the antioxidant enzyme‐like activities of RuNPs. It is found that as the size of RuNPs decreases to ≈2.0 nm (sRuNP), the surface‐oxidized Ru atoms become dominant, thus possessing an unprecedentedly boosted antioxidant activity as compared to medium‐sized (≈3.9 nm) or large‐sized counterparts (≈5.9 nm) that are mainly composed of surface metallic Ru atoms. Notably, based on their antioxidant enzyme‐like activities and ultrasmall size, sRuNP can not only sustainably ameliorate oxidative stress but also upregulate regulatory T cells in late‐stage acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced liver injury (ALI). Consequently, sRuNPs perform highly efficient therapeutic efficiency on ALI mice even when treated at 6 h after APAP intoxication. This strategy is insightful for tuning the catalytic performances of nanozymes for their extensive biomedical applications.
Privacy protection in smart meters using homomorphic encryption: An overview
Authors: Abreu Zita , Pereira Lucas
Published: June 2022

This article presents an overview of the literature on privacy protection in smart meters with a particular focus on homomorphic encryption (HE). Firstly, we introduce the concept of smart meters, the context in which they are inserted the main concerns and oppositions inherent to its use. Later, an overview of privacy protection is presented, emphasizing the need to safeguard the privacy of smart‐meter users by identifying, describing, and comparing the main approaches that seek to address this problem. Then, two privacy protection approaches based on HE are presented in more detail and additionally we present two possible application scenarios. Finally, the article concludes with a brief overview of the unsolved challenges in HE and the most promising future research directions.

This article is categorized under:

Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Security and Privacy
Human gut microbiota composition and its predicted functional properties in people with western and healthy dietary patterns
Authors: Malinowska Anna M. , Kok Dieuwertje E. , Steegenga Wilma T. , Hooiveld Guido J. E. J. , Chmurzynska Agata
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Some dietary habits cluster together, and for this reason it is advised to study the impact of entire dietary patterns on human health, rather than that of individual dietary habits. The main objective of this study was to evaluate differences in gut microbiota composition and their predicted functional properties between people with a healthy (HDP) and western (WDP) dietary pattern.

Methods

A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out on 200 participants enrolled 2017–2018 in Poznań, Poland, equally distributed into HDP and WDP groups. Diet was estimated using 3-day food records and information on stool transit times was collected. Fecal microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and its functional properties were predicted by the PICRUSt2 workflow.

Results

The α-diversity did not differ between people with WDP and HDP, but β-diversity was associated with dietary pattern. People with HDP had higher relative abundances (RA) of Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium and lower RA of Bacteroidota and Escherichia–Shigella than participants with WDP. Only a small proportion of the variance in microbiota composition (1.8%) and its functional properties (2.9%) could be explained by dietary intake (legumes, simple sugars and their sources, like fruit, soft drinks) and stool transit characteristics.

Conclusion

Gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic potential is shaped by overall diet quality as well as the frequency of defecation; however, the cumulative effect of these explain only a relatively low proportion of variance.
Presurgical olfactory function as an indicator of the outcome of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Hintschich Constantin A. , Pade Jürgen , Petridis Petros , Hummel Thomas
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often leads to impaired olfactory function and reduced quality of life. When conservative treatments such as nasal irrigation and topical steroids fail, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is often necessary, because it improves symptoms and enhances quality of life.

Materials and methods

A total of 88 patients was included in this prospective study. All subjects underwent an extensive examination both presurgically and 4 months after operations including nasal endoscopy and psychophysical olfactory testing (Sniffin’ Sticks). Moreover, disease-specific quality of life was assessed and presurgical CT scans were rated regarding the opacification of the paranasal sinuses.

Results

Presurgically psychophysical tests showed an overall olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory test results (TDI score) correlated with endoscopic (Lund–Kennedy and Lildtholdt score) and CT scores (Lund–Mackay and TOCS scores). Four months after surgery olfactory function was enhanced and quality of life significantly showed an overall improvement. However, the outcome was dependent on the extent of presurgical olfactory function: olfaction and quality of life improved most pronounced in anosmics compared to hyposmic and especially normosmic patients.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that FESS in CRSwNP leads to a significant improvement of both olfaction and disease-specific quality of life. Moreover, preoperative psychophysical assessment of the extent of olfactory dysfunction can help to objectively assess possible risks and expected benefits of the surgery in terms of olfaction and quality of life.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of adolescent depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregated and individual-patient data from uncontrolled studies
Authors: Sigrist Christine , Vöckel Jasper , MacMaster Frank P. , Farzan Faranak , Croarkin Paul E. , Galletly Cherrie , Kaess Michael , Bender Stephan , Koenig Julian
Published: June 2022

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive treatment for adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). Existing evidence on the efficacy of TMS in adolescent MDD awaits quantitative synthesis. A systematic literature search was conducted, and data from eligible studies were synthesized using random-effects models. Treatment-covariate interactions were examined in exploratory analyses of individual-patient data (IPD). Systematic search of the literature yielded 1264 hits, of which 10 individual studies (2 randomized trials) were included for quantitative synthesis of mainly uncontrolled studies. Individual patient data (IPD) were available from five trials (all uncontrolled studies). Quantitative synthesis of aggregated data revealed a statistically significant negative overall standardized mean change (pooled SMCC = 2.04, 95% CI [1.46; 2.61], SE = 0.29, p < .001), as well as a significant overall treatment response rate (Transformed Proportion = 41.30%, 95% CI [31.03; 51.57], SE = 0.05; p < 0.001), considering data from baseline to post-treatment. Exploratory IPD analyses suggests TMS might be more effective in younger individuals and individuals with more severe depression, and efficacy might be enhanced with certain treatment modality settings, including higher number of TMS sessions, longer treatment durations, and unilateral and not bilateral stimulation. Existing studies exhibit methodological shortcomings, including small-study effects and lack of control group, blinding, and randomization—compromising the credibility of the present results. To date, two randomized controlled trials on TMS in adolescent depression have been published, and the only large-scale randomized trial suggests TMS is not more effective than sham stimulation. Future large-scale, randomized, and sham-controlled trials are warranted. Future trials should ensure appropriate selection of patients for TMS treatment and guide precision medicine approaches for stimulation protocols.
Inflationsgefahr im Euroraum — wie gelingt eine sanfte Landung?
Authors: Illing Gerhard
Published: June 2022

Whereas strong demand is a key factor driving high inflation in the US, inflation in the Euro Area is mainly due to adverse external supply shocks (in Europe, energy prices are much higher due to the war in Ukraine). Standard monetary policy response to such shocks is to accommodate first-round effects, to fight spiralling inflationary expectations in order to prevent second-round effects. Long run inflation expectations — as measured by the survey of professional forecasters — still seem to be well anchored. The ECB’s announced tightening intends to dampen rising household’s inflation expectations. Given the current high uncertainty about the economic outlook, a soft landing calls for modest, data-dependent steps, allowing for a reversal in case the outlook worsens.
Ein Update für die europäischen Fiskalregeln
Authors: Mühlbach Carl
Published: June 2022

Analog zur Schuldenbremse wurden auch die europäischen Fiskalregeln während der Coronapandemie ausgesetzt. Die Rückkehr zum bestehenden System der europäischen Regeln ist für 2023 angedacht. Dies würde einen erheblichen Kürzungsdruck zur Folge haben. Die europäischen Fiskalregeln müssen dringend reformiert werden, um die fiskalpolitischen Fehler des vergangenen Jahrzehnts nicht zu wiederholen.
Influence of Low and Extreme Heat Fluxes on Thermal Degradation of Carbon Fibre-reinforced Polymers
Authors: Bibinger Johannes , Eibl Sebastian , Gudladt Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2022

This study considers the influence of different irradiation scenarios on the thermal degradation of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP). Real threats are simulated, such as fires with long-lasting low heat fluxes and nuclear heat flashes with short-lasting high heat fluxes. For this purpose, coated and uncoated quasi-isotropic samples of the commercially available CFRP HexPly®8552/IM7 are thermally irradiated from one side by an electrical heater of a cone calorimeter and a xenon short-arc lamp of a laboratory heat flash simulator with heat fluxes between 5 and 175 W/cm2at varying time intervals. The specimens’ temperature is recorded on the front and back side as well as at different laminate depths. The CFRP are analyzed with ultrasonic testing (UT), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-focused computed X-Ray tomography (μCT). Destructive tests are performed to determine the mechanical properties in terms of interlaminar shear, compressive and tensile strength. When samples of CFRP are exposed to higher heat flux, high temperatures and temperature gradient values occur along the cross-section. As a result, extreme damage gradients appear in the material, leading to changes in damage behavior and loss of mechanical properties within seconds. However, to ensure the safety of the material in case of thermal exposure, loading limits are introduced, indicating the threshold for strength collapse. In addition, with the application of coatings, thermal degradation of CFRP can be delayed. Finally, the time-heat flux superposition principle is established to predict the residual strength under different loading scenarios.
Learning clinical skills: an ecological perspective
Authors: Brymer Eric , Schweitzer Robert D.
Published: June 2022

The pedagogy underpinning clinical psychology training is often reliant upon the acquisition and transmission of knowledge and the practice of skills. The dominant paradigm in the training of clinical psychologists emphasises competence-based training drawing upon a scientist practitioner model of practice, often underpinned by knowledge of evidence-based interventions. Little has changed over the past 40 years. Training is predicated upon the assumption that effective therapy is attributed to the therapist’s skills to implement specific therapeutic processes and her or his capacity to form an effective working alliance with the client or patient. We provide an argument for an alternative paradigm in which ecological principles are privileged with a view to enhancing clinical training of psychologists in health settings responsive to the trainee as well as the broader societal context in which they practice, by adopting a pedagogy which prioritizes the relationship between the person and the environment. The proposed approach brings an ecological set of assumptions to the learning experience in clinical contexts. Key principles, drawn from an ecological perspective includes: affordances, the emergence of self-organisation in clinical learning, constraints and rate limiters. The approach is supported by examples applied to clinical learning contexts. Implications for clinical training are discussed. The ways in which an ecological approach may contribute to more effective learning outcomes through the use of representative learning contexts may inform learning design, how learning is actioned in clinical psychology as well as future research on the pedagogy of clinical training.
How do Russian National Systems of Institutional Absences Shape Insensitive Corporate Environmental Violence of a Russian Extractive Multinational Corporation?
Authors: Villo Sofia , Turkina Natalya
Published: June 2022

Aiming to develop normative recommendations for preventing corporate irresponsibility (CiR), business and society scholars have adopted strategic approaches—exploring the causal links between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and profitability—and moral approaches—exploring the moral principles of CSR that guide managers. However, some business ethics scholars have recently argued that these studies are too simplistic as they disregard the systemic logics of broader institutional environments that generate ‘bad apples’ firms and managers. Drawing on literature that sheds light on the systemic origin of CiR (i.e. the comparative institutionalist perspective and the critical management perspective), we conduct an in-depth case study on how Russian systems of institutional absences shape insensitive corporate environmental violence of a Russian extractive multinational corporation. In doing so, we develop a novel cultural approach to the analysis of CiR that advances knowledge about the systemic origin of CiR in two ways. First, this approach allows for identifying how the sources of CiR are located within firms’ home national systems of institutional absences, which shape systemic logics of CiR that make corporate violence less traceable by firms and broader society. Second, this approach allows for identifying how governments can sustain and perpetuate insensitive corporate violence through the deliberate and systemic absenting of national institutions that could pressure firms to be more socially and environmentally responsible, thus making negative consequences of corporate violence invisible to firms and broader society. We propose future research directions and suggest policy changes in Russia and other countries with similar systems of institutional absences.
Evaluation of the in vitro protein bioaccessibility of several microalgae and cyanobacteria as potential dietary ingredients in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles
Authors: Galafat Alba , Vizcaíno Antonio Jesús , Sáez María Isabel , Gómez-Pinchetti Juan Luis , Acién Francisco Gabriel , Martínez Tomás Francisco , Alarcón Francisco Javier
Published: June 2022

This work addresses the evaluationin vitroof different marine (Dunaliella salinaREC-0214B andMicrochloropsis gaditanaREC-0251B) and freshwater (Anabaenasp. BEA-0300B,Arthrospira platensisBEA-0007B,Chlorella vulgarisBEA-0753B,Spirogyrasp. BEA-0666B) microalgae and cyanobacteria as potential dietary ingredients in aquafeeds. For this purpose, total protein content, amino acid composition, and the presence of protease inhibitors were evaluated. In addition, protein bioaccessibility was estimated using a species-specificin vitroassay usingSparus auratadigestive enzymes. Overall, all the microalgae showed high protein content ranging from 25 to 61%, and a balanced essential to non-essential amino acid content (from 0.81 to 0.95). The inhibition assay confirmed the absence of protease inhibitors whatever the microalgae considered. Finally, thein vitroassays showed differences in the degree of protein hydrolysis with values for the coefficient of protein degradation ranging from 49.4% inSpirogyrasp. to 85.5% inD. salina. Similarly, the total amount of free amino acids released from the microalgal biomass (from 12.8 to 20.8 g L-leucine equivalents (100 g protein)−1), as well as their qualitative amino acids profile varied among the different species, although the profile can be considered as well balanced in all cases. In conclusion, the results obtained revealed that, even if significant differences were observed among species in terms of their susceptibility to be hydrolysed byS. auratadigestive enzymes, all the microalgae and cyanobacteria evaluated presented an adequate protein content and a balanced amino acid profile.
A strong decline of the endangered Apollo butterfly over 20 years in the archipelago of southern Finland
Authors: Kukkonen Jonna M. , Mussaari Maija , Fred Marianne S. , Brommer Jon E.
Published: June 2022

Insect groups are declining worldwide; Lepidoptera are among the taxa most affected in terrestrial ecosystems. The main drivers of these declines are a diverse set of factors relating to environmental change including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. In 2019 and 2020, we surveyed 118 and 90 islands, respectively, in southern Finland’s archipelago for occupancy of Parnassius apollo larvae and counted the abundance of their host plant Hylotelephium telephium. Compared with historical data (1997–2003), the occupancy of Apollo butterfly larvae has decreased remarkably from about 75% to about 20% of islands and abundance declined as well. However, the abundance of their host plant has not changed. Occupancy models showed that the present occupancy probability is not affected by host plant numbers, and shows substantial colonization-extinction dynamics making the population vulnerable to stochastic extinction.

Implications for insect conservation

Our results show that this Apollo butterfly population is declining, and conservation actions are needed.
Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee
Authors: Tangye Stuart G. , Al-Herz Waleed , Bousfiha Aziz , Cunningham-Rundles Charlotte , Franco Jose Luis , Holland Steven M. , Klein Christoph , Morio Tomohiro , Oksenhendler Eric , Picard Capucine , Puel Anne , Puck Jennifer , Seppänen Mikko R. J. , Somech Raz , Su Helen C. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Torgerson Troy R. , Meyts Isabelle
Published: June 2022

We report the updated classification of inborn errors of immunity, compiled by the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. This report documents the key clinical and laboratory features of 55 novel monogenic gene defects, and 1 phenocopy due to autoantibodies, that have either been discovered since the previous update (published January 2020) or were characterized earlier but have since been confirmed or expanded in subsequent studies. While variants in additional genes associated with immune diseases have been reported in the literature, this update includes only those that the committee assessed that reached the necessary threshold to represent novel inborn errors of immunity. There are now a total of 485 inborn errors of immunity. These advances in discovering the genetic causes of human immune diseases continue to significantly further our understanding of molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, thereby simultaneously enhancing immunological knowledge and improving patient diagnosis and management. This report is designed to serve as a resource for immunologists and geneticists pursuing the molecular diagnosis of individuals with heritable immunological disorders and for the scientific dissection of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying monogenic and related human immune diseases.
Information diagrams in the study of entanglement in symmetric multi-quDit systems and applications to quantum phase transitions in Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick D-level atom models
Authors: Guerrero Julio , Mayorgas Alberto , Calixto Manuel
Published: June 2022

In this paper we pursue the use of information measures (in particular, information diagrams) for the study of entanglement in symmetric multi-quDit systems. We use generalizations to $${U}(D)$$

U
(
D
)

of spin $${U}(2)$$

U
(
2
)

coherent states and their adaptation to parity (multicomponent Schrödinger cats), and we analyse one- and two-quDit reduced density matrices. We use these correlation measures to characterize quantum phase transitions occurring in Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick models of $$D=3$$

D
=
3

-level identical atoms, and we propose the rank of the corresponding reduced density matrix as a discrete order parameter.
Philosophy of Science Can Prevent Manslaughter
Authors: De Block Andreas , Delaere Pierre , Hens Kristien
Published: June 2022

In September 2020, the surgeon Paulo Macchiarini, who used stem cell technology to enable the transplants of artificial and donor trachea, was charged with aggravated assault in Sweden. In this comment, we argue that the Ethics Council of the Karolinska Institute should have considered issues from philosophy of science when they were brought to their attention, rather than dismiss them as irrelevant to research ethics. We demonstrate how conceptual issues of a philosophy-of-science-kind about clinical research and medical practice should be integral to research ethics.
Could herbal soup be a potentially unrecognized cause of hepatotoxicity at autopsy?
Authors: Britza Susan M. , Farrington Rachael , Musgrave Ian F. , Aboltins Craig , Byard Roger W.
Published: June 2022

Unexpected hepatic failure with liver necrosis is sometimes encountered during a forensic autopsy. Determining the etiology may sometimes be difficult, although increasingly herbal medicines are being implicated. To determine whether such effects might also be caused by foodstuffs, the following in vitro study was undertaken. Four formulations of traditional herbal soup advertised as bak kut teh were prepared and added to cultures of liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). Cell viability was assessed using an MTT colorimetric assay at 48 h demonstrating that all formulations had significant toxicity prior to dilution (p < 0.05). Formulation #1 showed 21% cell death (p = 0.023), Formulation #2 30% (p = 0.009), and Formulation #3 41% (p < 0.0001). Formulations #1–3 showed no significant toxicity once diluted (p > 0.05). Formulation 4 showed approximately 83% cell death before dilution (p < 0.0001) and persistent toxicity even with dilutions at 1:10 (15% ± 3.7, p = 0.023) and 1:1000 (14% ± 3.8, p = 0.024). This study has shown that herbal foodstuffs such as bak kut teh may be responsible for variable degrees of in vitro hepatotoxicity, thus extending the range of herbal products that may be potentially injurious to the liver. If unexpected liver damage is encountered at autopsy, information on possible recent ingestion of herbal food preparations should be sought, as routine toxicology screening will not identify the active components. Liver damage may therefore be caused not only by herbal medicines but possibly by herbal products contained in food.
Pore pressure prediction using seismic acoustic impedance in an overpressure carbonate reservoir
Authors: Riahi Mohammad Ali , Fakhari Mohammad Ghasem
Published: June 2022

The drilling engineers favor a quantifiable understanding of the subsurface overpressure zones to avoid drilling hazards. The conventional pore pressure estimation techniques in carbonate reservoirs are prone to uncertainties that affect the calculated pore pressure model resolution and are still far from satisfactory. Basically, in carbonate reservoirs, the effect of chemical process and cementation on porosity is more important than the mechanical compaction, so the conventional pore pressure prediction methods based on the normal compaction trend mostly do not provide acceptable results. Using the conventional methods for carbonate reservoirs can yield large errors, even suggesting a reduction in abnormal pressure in overpressure zones where considerable attention must be paid. Conventional methods need to model density and velocity to calculate the effective and overburden pressures. Converting acoustic impedance to density and velocity is always associated with errors and generally provides low resolution, which adds substantial uncertainties to the pressure prediction. Although pore pressure measurements are usually associated with low resolution, additional error-prone steps can be dropped if used directly. This research outlines the pore pressure estimation of a famous Iranian carbonate reservoir using direct acoustic impedance without inverting it to density and velocity. Finally, this method gives acceptable results in carbonate formations compared to the results of the Repeat Formation Test (RFT) in this region. The results show a zone of overpressure between the two low-pressure intervals of the carbonate reservoir. This result can be of great help in determining reservoir boundaries as well as in planning for drilling trajectory for new wells. Furthermore, the pore pressure estimation results also show pressure reduction in the central part of the seismic section. The proposed approach is a viable alternative to the conventional method and is in line with the geological field report, where the ratio of hydrocarbon potential of total rock on the reservoir sides is higher than its middle part. In this study, we want to emphasize that the calibrated function obtained in our area can be used in similar basins with carbonate reservoirs.
Promoting and countering misinformation during Australia’s 2019–2020 bushfires: a case study of polarisation
Authors: Weber Derek , Falzon Lucia , Mitchell Lewis , Nasim Mehwish
Published: June 2022

During Australia’s unprecedented bushfires in 2019–2020, misinformation blaming arson surfaced on Twitter using . The extent to which bots and trolls were responsible for disseminating and amplifying this misinformation has received media scrutiny and academic research. Here, we study Twitter communities spreading this misinformation during the newsworthy event, and investigate the role of online communities using a natural experiment approach—before and after reporting of bots promoting the hashtag was broadcast by the mainstream media. Few bots were found, but the most bot-like accounts weresocial bots, which present as genuine humans, and trolling behaviour was evident. Further, we distilled meaningful quantitative differences between two polarised communities in the Twitter discussion, resulting in the following insights. First,Supportersof the arson narrative promoted misinformation by engaging others directly with replies and mentions using hashtags and links to external sources. In response,Opposersretweeted fact-based articles and official information. Second, Supporters were embedded throughout their interaction networks, but Opposers obtained high centrality more efficiently despite their peripheral positions. By the last phase, Opposers and unaffiliated accounts appeared to coordinate, potentially reaching a broader audience. Finally, the introduction of the bot report changed the discussion dynamic: Opposers only responded immediately, while Supporters countered strongly for days, but new unaffiliated accounts drawn into the discussion shifted the dominant narrative from arson misinformation to factual and official information. This foiled Supporters’ efforts, highlighting the value of exposing misinformation. We speculate that the communication strategies observed here could inform counter-strategies in other misinformation-related discussions.
Biomechanical Analysis of the External Fixation in a Lumbar Fracture Model: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Liao Yijia , Yan Yiguo , Kang Yu , Wang Wenjun , Song Xizheng , Peng Wen , Fu Haibin , Chen Huarong , Wang Cheng
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of the external spinal fixation for treating lumbar fracture through finite element analysis (FEA) and provide a theoretical basis for its further application.

Methods

Two different models of L3 fracture fixed with the external spinal fixation and the internal fixation system respectively were constructed. The ROM, maximum stresses at L3, and the screws of the two models were measured under load control. Subsequently, the applied torque, the maximum stressed at L3, L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5 discs and the screws were analyzed under displacement control.

Results

Under load control, the external fixation model reserved more ROM than the internal fixation model (40.4–48.0% vs 30.5–41.0%). Compared to the internal fixation model, the maximum stresses at L3 and screws in the external fixation model were increased. Under displacement control, the external fixation model required fewer moments (N·mm) than the internal fixation model (flexion: 7500 vs 12,294; extension: 7500 vs 9027). Further, the maximum stresses at L3 and the screws in the external fixation model were greater than those of the internal fixation model, while the maximum stresses at the upper and lower adjacent discs of fixed segments were less than the internal fixation model.

Conclusion

Compared to the internal fixation system, the external fixation has a better stress distribution with the greater overall mobility. It theoretically reduces the stress concentration of the adjacent discs and the stress shielding of the fractured vertebral body.
On 2-local automorphisms of symmetric groups
Authors: Gyenti Bálint
Published: June 2022

Let $$\phi $$
ϕ
be a self-map of the symmetric group $$S_\Omega $$

S
Ω

acting on a countable set $$\Omega $$
Ω
. We show in an elementary fashion that if $$\phi $$
ϕ
has the property that $$\sigma \tau $$

σ
τ

is conjugate to $$\phi (\sigma )\phi (\tau )$$

ϕ
(
σ
)
ϕ
(
τ
)

for every choice of $$\sigma ,\tau $$

σ
,
τ

in $$S_\Omega $$

S
Ω

, then it is necessarily an automorphism or an antiautomorphism of $$S_\Omega $$

S
Ω

. As a corollary to this result, the so-called 2-local automorphisms of $$S_\Omega $$

S
Ω

are also described.
Performance Evaluation Method for Automated Driving System in Logical Scenario
Authors: Zhang Peixing , Zhu Bing , Zhao Jian , Fan Tianxin , Sun Yuhang
Published: June 2022

With the continuous improvement of automated driving technology, how to evaluate the performance of an automated driving system is attracting more and more attention. Meanwhile, with the creation of scenario-based test methods, the traditional evaluation index based on a single test can no longer meet the requirements of high-level safety verification for automated driving system, and the performance evaluation of such a system in logical scenarios will be the mainstream. Based on the scenario-based test method and Turing test theory, a performance evaluation method for an automated driving system in the whole parameter space of a logical scenario is proposed. The logical scenario parameter space is partitioned according to the risk degree of concrete scenario, and the evaluation process in different zones are determined. Subsequently, the anthropomorphic index in the safe zone and the collision-avoidance index in the danger zone are defined by comparing test results of human driving and ideal vehicle motion. Taking front vehicle low-speed and cut-out scenarios as examples, two automated driving algorithms are tested in the virtual environment, and the test results are evaluated both by the proposed method and by human observation. The results show that the results of the proposed method are consistent with the subjective feelings of humans; additionally, it can be applied to scenario-based tests and the verification process of an automated driving system.
P.008 Functional network reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy: looking beyond the hippocampus
Authors: Amir J , Kobayashi E
Published: June 2022

Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been redefined as a disorder associated with network-level dysfunction not limited to the epileptic zone. As such, as resting state (rs) fMRI has been used to evaluate the implicated resting state networks (RSN) and their ensuing functional impairments. However, few studies have analyzed patients with (TLE-HS) and without (TLE-nonHS) hippocampal sclerosis independently. Whereas TLE-HS often warrants surgical intervention, drug-resistant TLE-nonHS might pose challenges for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Methods: This study aimed to investigate functional connectivity changes (FC) of RSNs beyond the hippocampus using rs-fMRI. Rs-fMRI data was acquired from 16 TLE-HS and nine TLE-nonHS, along with 25 healthy controls (HC). RSNs were established using a data-driven independent component analysis approach, in order to determine significant connections between HC and patient groups ipsilateral and contralateral to the seizure focus. Results: When comparing TLE-HS to HC, FC changes were found for the dorsal-attentional (DAN), visual, fronto-parietal (FPN), sensorimotor and default-mode networks (DMN). Alterations in the DAN, DMN and FPN were found when comparing TLE-nonHS to HC. Conclusions: This study demonstrated widespread network reorganization across TLE subtypes. These FC patterns hold promise as a prognostic biomarker, and may be used to define subsequent function and dysfunction in this patient population.
P.023 Utility of neurophysiological evaluation in movement disorders clinical practice
Authors: Cortez Grippe T , Chen R
Published: June 2022

Background: Quantitative and objective neurophysiological assessment can help to define the predominant phenomenology and provide diagnoses with prognostic and therapeutic implications. We evaluated retrospectively the indications and final diagnoses of movement disorder neurophysiological evaluations in a specialized movement disorders centre. Methods: Reports from 2003 to 11/2021 were reviewed. The indications were classified according to predominant phenomenology, and the diagnosis of each study was categorized in subgroups of each phenomenology. Results: A total of 525 reports were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 51 years (range 5 – 89 years), and 50% were women. The most common indication was functional movement disorders (33%), followed by jerky movements (25%), tremor (20%), unsteadiness (6%), stiff person syndrome (4%), and other less common indications (12%). The most prevalent diagnoses were functional movement disorder (37%), followed by tremor (28%), comprising of essential (6%), dystonic (5%), cerebellar (4%), parkinsonian (3%) and other types of tremors (10%); and myoclonus (21%), including cortical (8%), subcortical (3%) and undefined (10%) types. Conclusions: This 17-year experience showed that neurophysiological testing can help in the diagnosis of movement disorders. More standardized techniques will encourage the widespread use of neurophysiology to evaluate movement disorders.
P.030 Association between multiple sclerosis and seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kuntz S , Wu A , Matheson E , Vyas I , Vyas M
Published: June 2022

Background: Although seizures are a well-recognized phenomena in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with many observational studies reporting its prevalence and incidence, the relative risk of seizures or epilepsy in adults with MS compared to those without is not well-described. Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE and Embase, from their inception to January 1, 2022, using keywords and database-specific terms. We included observational studies that reported risk of seizures or epilepsy in adults with MS and that in a comparison group, consisting of people without MS or the general population. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to report a pooled adjusted risk ratio (RR) of seizures in adults with MS compared to the comparison group. Results: We screened 8,750 articles and included 17 studies, totaling over 192,850 adults with MS of which 6064 (3.1%) had seizures. Compared to a comparison group, the pooled adjusted RR of seizures in adults with MS was 2.86 (95% CI, 2.35-3.47, I2 = 95.8%). Conclusions: MS should be considered an independent risk factor for seizures or epilepsy. Further research should help identify patients with MS who are at risk of seizures, to improve screening and treatment and in turn reduce the burden of epilepsy in this population.
P.038 The incidence and characteristics of chronic pain and fatigue after 12 months later admitting with COVID-19; The Post- COVID 19 syndrome
Authors: Madani S , Janbazi L , Kazemian A , Mansouri K , Yousefi N , Raissi G , Vahedifard F
Published: June 2022

Background: This study aimed to evaluate chronic pain and fatigue in COVID-19 patients after 12 months of hospitalization. Methods: We studied the COVID-19 patients discharged from Hospital, between March 10 to April 20, 2020. Results: A total of 157 patients were included in this study. Forty-three patients (27.4%) complained of chronic fatigue and muscle weakness in the last six months. The visual analog fatigue scale (VAFS) score of 3.84 ± 1.48 was obtained. Forty patients (25.5%) were suspected of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Twenty-four patients (15.3%) had severe chronic pain or exacerbation of previous chronic pain, most of which were reported in the lower back (70.8%) and lower extremities (66.7%). Pain intensity had a mean score of 2.33 ± 0.87 and was mainly described as “muscle cramps,” “persistent dull pain,” and “boring and numbing.” In women, chronic pain and fatigue, extended hospital stays, ICU admission, and depressed mood were common than in men. For these pain and fatigue, 37% used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and 16.3% used antidepressants. Only one person had applied for physiotherapy, and none of the patients had received psychotherapy Conclusions: Fatigue and chronic pain in patients recovering from COVID-19 are common complications, even after 12 months of illness.
P.043 Plasmapheresis for treatment of light chain amyloidosis related myopathy
Authors: Khayambashi S , Jewett G , Hahn C , McCulloch S , Chhibber S
Published: June 2022

Background: Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a plasma cell disorder characterized by abnormal fibrillary light chain deposition causing cardiac, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal and peripheral nervous system dysfunction. Muscle disease occurs in 1.5% of individuals causing progressive proximal weakness thus far considered untreatable. Methods: We reviewed two cases of AL amyloidosis associated myopathy at our institution who had robust response to plasmapheresis. Both were at stringent clinical response following CyBorME therapy during peak severity of their myopathy. Results: In case 1, a 70-year-old male with recently diagnosed kappa light chain multiple myeloma and cardiac/renal amyloidosis developed severe subacute proximal weakness preventing ambulation. CK was normal and electromyography was consistent with irritable myopathy. Deltoid biopsy showed perimysial and endomysial amyloidosis. A trial of plasmapheresis in a tapering schedule resulted in robust recovery of strength. In case 2, a 67-year-old female with recently diagnosed kappa light chain multiple myeloma with amyloidosis on fat pad aspirate developed severe subacute proximal weakness requiring prolonged hospital admission. CK was normal and electromyography demonstrated non-irritable myopathy. Bicep biopsy showed perivascular amyloidosis. A trial of plasmapheresis in a tapering schedule resulted in robust recovery of strength. Conclusions: Plasmapheresis is a novel and potentially effective treatment for patients with AL amyloidosis associated myopathy.
P.044 GMPPB mutation causes a muscular dystrophy-myasthenic spectrum
Authors: Beland B , Jewett G , Khayambashi S , Chhibber S
Published: June 2022

Background: Mutations in GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase B (GMPPB) cause a spectrum of disease ranging from muscular dystrophy to congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Recognition of neuromuscular junction dysfunction has important treatment implications. Methods: We describe a person with GMPPB mutation causing an overlapping limb girdle muscular dystrophy - myasthenic syndrome with robust response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. We review the literature on the muscular dystrophy - CMS and explore the phenotypic features that aid in recognizing neuromuscular junction dysfunction. Results: A 35-year-old woman presented with a 10-year history of debilitating myalgias, symmetrical limb girdle and neck weakness, and chronic CK elevation. Electromyography showed a non-irritable myopathy. Biopsies were consistent with muscular dystrophy. Whole genome sequencing revealed two heterozygous pathogenic mutations in the GMPPB gene, giving a diagnosis of genetically confirmed limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Subsequently, repetitive nerve stimulation revealed decrement in the trapezius muscle suggestive of an overlap myasthenic syndrome. She was started on pyridostigmine resulting in recovery of full motor power with significant functional improvement. Conclusions: Identification and treatment of neuromuscular junction dysfunction caused by GMPPB mutations can significantly improve motor power and function. Early onset of progressive fatigable proximal weakness, spared ocular and facial muscles, and pyridostigmine responsiveness are important features of GMPPB-related CMS.
P.056 Basilar artery stenting in hyperacute stroke: a systematic review of published cases
Authors: McKenzie ED , Chaturvedi S , Peters SR
Published: June 2022

Background: Basilar artery stenting is a rescue therapy in the management of hyperacute stroke Published data on efficacy and safety are limited. Methods: A systematic review of published studies was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with ischemic stroke with permanent basilar artery stent placement within 48 hours of onset. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Additional cases from our institution were identified via a local stroke registry. Results: Of 212 screened articles, patient-level data was reported in 35 studies (93 individuals) and six additional patients were included from our registry. Patients (n=99, 63% male; median age 64) most often presented with mid-basilar occlusion (52%) and 76% received treatment within 12 hours of onset. Favorable angiographic results occurred in 67%. The final modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) was 0-3 for 56% of patients; mortality was 29%. Those with complete flow post-procedure were more likely to have a final mRS of 0-3 (p=0.05). Conclusions: In 99 cases of basilar stenting in hyperacute stroke, favourable angiographic and functional outcomes were reported in 67% and 56% of patients, respectively. International multicenter registries are required to establish benefit and identify patient and technical factors that predict favorable outcomes.
P.057 When you hear hoofbeats, think horses AND zebras
Authors: Tannir B , Richard A
Published: June 2022

Background: HIV-associated CD8 encephalitis (CDE) is a severe inflammatory disorder characterized by infiltration of the brain by CD8+ T-lymphocytes in HIV positive patients, often when the virus is well-controlled by anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Hallmark clinical features include headache, confusion and progressive cognitive decline. Most patients who receive prompt corticosteroid therapy evolve favorably, though if left untreated, CDE can lead to coma and even death. The therapeutic impact of altering the ART regimen while giving corticosteroids remains unclear. Methods: Patient chart, functional measures, and laboratory findings were reviewed for the length of the patient’s two hospitalisations for CDE in 2019 and 2021. Results: Here we present a case of an HIV positive 43-year-old male who presented with headache, confusion and memory issues both in 2019 and 2021. Imaging and lumbar puncture guided the diagnosis of CDE in 2019, while careful patient history on the patient’s second hospitalisation confirmed the diagnosis of HIV encephalitis due to medication non-compliance in 2021. Conclusions: This case adds to the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical presentation of CD8 encephalitis, while highlighting both similarities and differences with other CNS pathology seen in the context of HIV.
P.059 Management of motor symptoms for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease without safe oral access: a scoping review
Authors: Kim W , Watt CL , Enright P , Sikora L , Zwicker J
Published: June 2022

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Oral medications for control of motor symptoms are the mainstay of treatment however, as the disease progresses, patients with PD may develop dysphagia or other medical illnesses that prohibit them from safely taking oral medications. Currently there are no clinical guidelines for managing distressing motor symptoms in patients with PD and severe dysphagia, which can therefore be quite challenging. Methods: A scoping review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, AgeLine and Psyc INFO databases (1946-2021) was conducted. Articles examining PD with dysphagia in palliative care or at end-of-life were included. Studies that included patients who were also on oral PD medications or received device-aided therapy were excluded. Results: Of 3836 articles screened for title and abstract, 274 were selected for full text review, and 20 articles were finally selected for data extraction. These included five case reports, one retrospective cohort study, one book chapter and 13 narrative reviews. Conclusions: There are very few articles addressing the issue of treatment of patients with advanced PD who are unable to take oral medications. Although rotigotine patch and apormorphine injections are most frequently recommended, there are no clinical trials in this patient population to support those recommendations.