bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global analysis of epigenetic heterogeneity identifies divergent drivers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cao Wei , Lee Hayan , Wu Wei , Zaman Aubhishek , McCorkle Sean , Yan Ming , Chen Justin , Xing Qinghe , Sinnott-Armstrong Nasa , Xu Hongen , Sailani M.Reza , Tang Wenxue , Cui Yuanbo , liu Jia , Guan Hongyan , Lv Pengju , Sun Xiaoyan , Sun Lei , Han Pengli , Lou Yanan , Chang Jing , Wang Jinwu , Gao Yuchi , Guo Jiancheng , Schenk Gundolf , Shain Alan Hunter , Biddle Fred G. , Collisson Eric , Snyder Michael , Bivona Trever G.
Published: May 2019

Epigenetic landscapes can shape physiologic and disease phenotypes. We used integrative, high resolution multi-omics methods to characterize the oncogenic drivers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We found 98% of CpGs are hypomethylated across the ESCC genome and two-thirds occur in long non-coding (lnc)RNA regions. DNA methylation and epigenetic heterogeneity both coincide with chromosomal topological alterations. Gene body methylation, polycomb repressive complex occupancy, and CTCF binding sites associate with cancer-specific gene regulation. Epigenetically-mediated activation of non-canonical WNT signaling and the lncRNAESCCAL-1were validated as potential ESCC driver alterations. Gene-specific cancer driver roles of epigenetic alterations and heterogeneity are identified.
Effect of Helical Kink in Antimicrobial Peptides on Membrane Pore Formation
Authors: Tuerkova Alzbeta , Kabelka Ivo , Králová Tereza , Sukeník Lukáš , Pokorná Šárka , Hof Martin , Vácha Robert
Published: May 2019

Every cell is protected by a semipermeable membrane. Peptides with the right properties, e.g. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), can disrupt this protective barrier by formation of leaky pores. Unfortunately, matching peptide properties with their ability to selectively form pores in bacterial membranes remains elusive. In particular, the proline/glycine kink in helical peptides was reported to both increase and decrease antimicrobial activity. We used computer simulations and fluorescence experiments to show that a kink in helices affects the formation of membrane pores by stabilizing toroidal pores but disrupting barrel-stave pores. The position of the proline/glycine kink in the sequence further controls the specific structure of toroidal pore. Moreover, we demonstrate that two helical peptides can form a kink-like connection with similar behavior as one long helical peptide with a kink. The provided molecular-level insight can be utilized for design and modification of pore forming antibacterial peptides or toxins.
The contribution of the ankyrin repeat domain of TRPV1 as a thermal module
Authors: Ladrón-de-Guevara E. , Rangel-Yescas G. E. , Fernández-Velasco D. A. , Torres-Larios A. , Rosenbaum T. , Islas L. D.
Published: May 2019

The TRPV1 cation non-selective ion channel plays an essential role in thermosensation and perception of other noxious stimuli. TRPV1 can be activated by low pH, high temperature or naturally occurring pungent molecules such as allicin, capsaicin or resiniferatoxin. Its noxious thermal sensitivity makes it an important participant as a thermal sensor in mammals. However, details of the mechanism of channel activation by increases in temperature remain unclear. Here we used a combination of approaches to try to understand the role of the ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) in channel behavior. First, a computational modeling approach by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation of the whole TRPV1 embedded in a phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) membrane provides insight into the dynamics of this channel domain. Global analysis of the structural ensemble shows that the ankyrin repeat domain is a region that sustains high fluctuations during dynamics at different temperatures. We then performed biochemical and thermal stability studies of the purified ARD by means of circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence and demonstrate that this region undergoes structural changes at similar temperatures that lead to TRPV1 activation. Our data suggest that the ARD is a dynamic module and that it may participate in controlling the temperature sensitivity of TRPV1.

Statement of Significance

This work demonstrates that the temperature-dependent dynamics of the ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) of TRPV1 channels, as probed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics, corresponds to the experimentally determined dynamics of an isolated ARD domain. These results show that this region of TRPV1 channels undergoes significant conformational change as a function of increased temperature and suggest that it participates in the temperature-dependent structural changes that lead to channel opening.
Yellow adipocytes comprise a new adipocyte sub-type present in human bone marrow
Authors: Attané Camille , Estève David , Chaoui Karima , Iacovoni Jason , Corre Jill , Moutahir Mohamed , Valet Philippe , Schiltz Odile , Reina Nicolas , Muller Catherine
Published: May 2019

During energy demanding conditions, white adipocytes store triglycerides and release fatty acids through lipolysis. In contrast, bone marrow adipocytes (BM-Ad) increase in size during caloric restriction, suggesting this fat depot exhibits precise metabolic specificity. We found subcutaneous adipocytes (SC-Ad) and BM-Ad share morphological features, but possess distinct lipid metabolism. BM-Ad show enrichment in cholesterol-oriented metabolism that correlates with increased free cholesterol content, while proteins involved in lipolysis were downregulated. A strong down-regulation in expression of monoacylglycerol (MG) lipase was observed leading to an accumulation of major MG species and accordingly the basal and induced lipolytic responses were absent in BM-Ad. These features are not recapitulatedin vitrousing differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Since our data demonstrate that BM-Ad comprise a distinct class of adipocytes, we propose renaming them yellow adipocytes.
Atomistic basis of opening and conduction in mammalian inward rectifier potassium (Kir2.2) channels
Authors: Zangerl-Plessl Eva-Maria , Lee Sun-Joo , Maksaev Grigory , Bernsteiner Harald , Ren Feifei , Yuan Peng , Stary-Weinzinger Anna , Nichols Colin G.
Published: May 2019

Potassium ion conduction through open potassium channels is essential to control of membrane potentials in all cells. To elucidate the open conformation and hence the mechanism of K+ion conduction in the classical inward rectifier Kir2.2, we introduced a negative charge (G178D) at the crossing point of the inner helix bundle (HBC), the location of ligand-dependent gating. This ‘forced open’ mutation generated channels that were active even in the complete absence of phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), an otherwise essential ligand for Kir channel opening. Crystal structures were obtained at a resolution of 3.6 Å without PIP2bound, or 2.8 Å in complex with PIP2. The latter revealed a slight widening at the HBC, through backbone movement. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that subsequent spontaneous wetting of the pore through the HBC gate region allowed K+ion movement across the HBC and conduction through the channel. Further simulations reveal atomistic details of the opening process and highlight the role of pore lining acidic residues in K+conduction through Kir2 channels.
Leader cells in collective chemotaxis: optimality and tradeoffs
Authors: Hopkins Austin , Camley Brian A.
Published: May 2019

Clusters of cells can work together in order to follow a signal gradient, chemotaxing even when single cells do not. Cells in different regions of collectively migrating neural crest streams show different gene expression profiles, suggesting that cells may specialize to leader and follower roles. We use a minimal mathematical model to understand when this specialization is advantageous. In our model, leader cells sense the gradient with an accuracy that depends on the kinetics of ligand-receptor binding while follower cells follow the cluster’s direction with a finite error. Intuitively, specialization into leaders and followers should be optimal when a few cells have more information than the rest of the cluster, such as in the presence of a sharp transition in chemoattractant concentration. We do find this – but also find that high levels of specialization can be optimal in the opposite limit of very shallow gradients. We also predict that the best location for leaders may not be at the front of the cluster. In following leaders, clusters may have to choose between speed and flexibility. Clusters with only a few leaders can take orders of magnitude more time to reorient than all-leader clusters.
Electron transport chain biogenesis activated by a JNK-insulin-Myc relay primes mitochondrial inheritance inDrosophila
Authors: Wang Zong-Heng , Liu Yi , Chaitankar Vijender , Pirooznia Mehdi , Xu Hong
Published: May 2019

Oogenesis features an enormous increase in mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number, which are required to furnish mature eggs with adequate mitochondria and to curb the transmission of deleterious mtDNA variants. Quiescent in dividing germ cells, mtDNA replication initiates upon oocyte determination in theDrosophilaovary, which necessitates active mitochondrial respiration. However, the underlying mechanism for this dynamic regulation remains unclear. Here, we show that an feedforward insulin-Myc loop promotes mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis by boosting the expression of electron transport chain subunits and factors essential for mtDNA replication and expression, and mitochondrial protein import. We further reveal that transient activation of JNK enhances the expression of insulin receptor and initiates the insulin-Myc signaling loop. Importantly, this signaling relay ensures sufficient mtDNA in eggs and limits the transmission of a deleterious mtDNA mutation. Our study demonstrates cellular mechanisms that couple mitochondrial biogenesis and inheritance with oocyte development.
Corporate governance attributes and listed SMES’ debt maturity
Authors: Briozzo Anahí , Cardone-Riportella Clara , García-Olalla Myriam
Published: May 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to develop a cross-country analysis of the similarities and differences in the debt maturity structure of listed SMEs from the point of view of corporate governance (CG) attributes in two different economic environments: an OECD (Spain) country and a non-OECD (Argentina) country.

Design/methodology/approach

Using data from listed SMEs in the Argentinian SME segment (pooled data from 2012 to 2015) and 31 listed SMEs in the Spanish Mercado Alternativo Bursátil for growing firms (MAB_GE)(2014), bivariate and multivariate analyses are performed.

Findings

Spanish firms with a higher ownership concentration and a large controlling shareholder have higher short-term liabilities (STL) ratios. Participation of women on the board has a negative relation with the STL ratio only for Spain. The participation of corporations in ownership and a Big4 auditor have a negative relation with the STL ratio for both countries.

Practical implications

These results will help SME managers understand the effects of the application of good governance policies. The study also gives regulators a guideline to develop standards to assist in efficient borrowing in terms of seeking funding in alternative capital markets.

Originality/value

First, the results provide evidence about the financial impact on the STL ratio of CG attributes in listed SME. Second, as far as the authors know, this is the first paper to analyse the CG attributes of listed SMEs in an OECD country and a non-OECD country. Third, the paper presents CG data derived from anad hocbasis elaborated from different websites and databases.
Projectification of a global organization – case study of the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Jałocha Beata , Góral Anna , Bogacz-Wojtanowska Ewa
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand projectification processes of the global organization, based on the example of the Catholic Church’s activities. The Catholic Church is the oldest and the largest international organisation to be assessed also from the longue durée perspective. The Church as both a large and supranational organisation and a religious community has carried out a lot of social tasks. A part of its activity relating to the Church’s basic mission is carried out in these days in the form of various projects. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that seemingly unchanging structure, such as the Catholic Church, based on a determined hierarchy, strict principles and rules of conduct, is affected by the projectification processes.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors chose the method of a single case study. To analyse the projectification processes in the Church, the authors focussed on flagship mega-events of WYD programme, from which the following were selected: Rome (1985), Manila (1995), Sydney (2008), Rio de Janeiro (2013) and Krakow (2016).

Findings

The study demonstrates that organisational projectification processes can have a real impact on the strategic changes in the global organisation. Under the influence of significant projects, organisations can change internally and also redefine their way of interacting with the stakeholders. Projectification at the same time is a change and leads to it. The research also shows that projectification of a global organisation can intensify internal learning processes. On the one hand, “projectification agents” transfer project practices to various regions of the world, and, on the other, draw on local practices. Therefore, the projectification process is not simply transplanting the project “virus” into new places, but also a process of change and adaptation to the stimuli flowing from the environment.

Originality/value

The particularities, the distinctiveness of the projects of the Catholic Church can be an inspiration for others realizing projects. The experience of the Catholic Church in the implementation of WYD can be valuable for organisations implementing other projects that require involvement and activation of many, diverse stakeholders, for example, charitable projects or the so-called community engagement projects implemented by large international organisations, such as the World Bank, UNICEF, the UN, the Red Cross or humanitarian projects organised by NGOs in different parts of the world.
Evolution and control of artificial superintelligence (ASI): a management perspective
Authors: Narain Karan , Swami Agam , Srivastava Anoop , Swami Sanjeev
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address both the evolutionary and control aspects associated with the management of artificial superintelligence. Through empirical analysis, the authors examine the diffusion pattern of those high technologies that can be considered as forerunners to the adoption of artificial superintelligence (ASI).

Design/methodology/approach

The evolutionary perspective is divided into three parts, based on major developments in this area, namely, robotics, automation and artificial intelligence (AI). The authors then provide several dynamic models of the possible future evolution of superintelligence. These include diffusion modeling, predator–prey models and hostility models. The problem of control in superintelligence is reviewed next, where the authors discuss Asimov’s Laws and IEEE initiative. The authors also provide an empirical analysis of the application of diffusion modeling to three technologies from the industries of manufacturing, communication and energy, which can be considered as potential precursors to the evolution of the field of ASI. The authors conclude with a case study illustrating emerging solutions in the form of long-term social experiments to address the problem of control in superintelligence.

Findings

The results from the empirical analysis of the manufacturing, communication and energy sectors suggest that the technology diffusion model fits well with the data of robotics, telecom and solar installations till date. The results suggest a gradual diffusion process, like any other high technology. Thus, there appears to be no threat of “existential catastrophe” (Bostrom, 2014). The case study indicates that any future threat can be pre-empted by some long-term social measures.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the emerging stream of artificial superintelligence. As humanity comes closer to grappling with the important question of the management and control of this technology for the future, it is important that modeling efforts be made to understand the extant perspective of the development of the high-technology diffusion. Presently, there are relatively few such efforts available in the literature.
Organizational oratory as the art of addressing multiple and mutually antagonistic audiences
Authors: Mouton Nico
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how organizational orators cope with situations where they must simultaneously address several audiences with clashing interests, conflicting identities and contradictory interpretations of crucial issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on both the classical rhetorical tradition and various contemporary disciplines to delineate, conceptualize and critically discuss a repertoire of rhetorical strategies for dealing with composite audiences.

Findings

There are at least nine distinct strategies for dealing with the problem. Most of them make problematic assumptions about audiences. The most promising strategy involves shifting and blending frames.

Practical implications

Most managers will stand in situations where they have to cope with multiple and mutually antagonistic audiences. This paper provides practical suggestions for how to go about it.

Originality/value

The paper isolates and investigates a problem that was largely overlooked by classical rhetoricians, and contemporary scholars still underestimate its ubiquity, its complexity and its urgency. Apart from improving our grasp of the problem, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of potential solutions, and shows their shortcomings.
Implicit and explicit identification of counterfeit brand logos based on logotype transposition
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Velasco Carlos , Calvert Gemma Anne
Published: May 2019

Purpose

With trade amounting to more than US$400bn, counterfeiting is already affecting many successful brands. Often, consumers are deceived into buying fake products due to the visual similarity between fake and original brand logos. This paper aims to explore the varying forms of fraudulent imitation of original brand logotypes (operationalized at the level of logotype transposition), which can aid in the detection of a counterfeit brand.

Design/methodology/approach

Across two studies, this research tested how well consumers can differentiate counterfeit from original logos of well-known brands both explicitly and implicitly. Seven popular brand logos were altered to create different levels of visual dissimilarity and participants were required to discriminate the logos as fake or genuine.

Findings

Results demonstrate that although consumers can explicitly discriminate fake logos with a high degree of accuracy, the same is not true under conditions in which logos are presented very briefly (tapping participants’ implicit or automatic logo recognition capabilities), except when the first and last letters of the logotype are substituted.

Originality/value

A large body of research on counterfeit trade focuses on the individual or cross-cultural differences behind the prevalence of counterfeit trade. There is limited research exploring the ability of a consumer to correctly identify a fake logo, based on its varying similarity with the original logotype; this paper addresses this gap. Given that many of the purchase decisions are often made automatically, identifying key implicit differentiators that can help a consumer recognize a fake logo should be informative to both practitioners and academics.
The effects of prebiotic bread containing oat ß-glucan and resistant starch on the glycemic index and glycemic load in healthy individuals
Authors: Mohebbi Zahra , Azizi-Lalabadi Maryam , Hosseini Sayyed Javad , Abdi Nowrouzani Sajjad , Alizadeh Mohammad , Homayouni Aziz
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The enrichment of bread with non-digestible prebiotic ingredients may exert health-promoting effects and provide healthier food choices for those suffering from metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ß-glucan and resistant starch incorporation on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of white bread.

Design/methodology/approach

Seven different formulations of prebiotic bread were produced using different proportions of ß-glucan (0.8, 1 and 1.2 per cent), resistant starch (5.5, 8 and 10.5 per cent) and the combination of resistant starch and ß-glucan in a ratio of 4:0.5.

Findings

The GI and GL of the prebiotic bread prepared with 1 per cent ß-glucan (w/w) were 55.7 and 7.8, respectively, whereas those of the prebiotic bread prepared with 8 per cent resistant starch (w/w) were 64.8 and 8.42, respectively, with both breads having significantly lower GI and GL values than the control (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the incorporation of 1 per cent ß-glucan may be beneficial in producing prebiotic bread with both low GI and low GL.

Originality/value

Although white bread is a main food source in human diet, its high GI and GL make it an unhealthy food choice. The incorporation of ingredients with prebiotic effects, such as ß-glucan and resistant starch, can improve the nutritional value of this product by lowering its GI and GL.
Securities markets and protection of small investors in public shareholding companies of United Arab Emirates
Authors: Jaradt Nashat
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the laws in relation to the role of the securities markets in protecting small investors and examine legal cases that have recently been observed in this area.

Design/methodology/approach

A research-based qualitative analysis was undertaken to determine the governing authorities on the subject of international trade contracts globally. Various internet searches were conducted and information was collected to represent the subject at large and to the best and most current understanding. The information was assessed in its joined context to prepare recommendations for best practice.

Findings

In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the rights of small investors in public shareholding companies are protected through many different legal stipulations that all must adhere to in order to offer stock. Through an examination of the laws of the UAE in relation to securities markets’ roles and responsibilities, a clear picture of protection is created that ensures small investors’ risks are minimized. In this regard, the UAE has implemented additional regulations in comparison to any other country as evident through the Doing Business Report (2014).

Research limitations/implications

The review of available documents is limited to UAE and hence cannot be generalized into a broader context.

Originality/value

This paper work contributes the research about the existing conditions of securities markets of protected small investor in UAE stock exchange market as serious as that of protecting the national economy.
Applying COI Barcode to Identify Animal Origin of Food
Authors: Wu Yajun , Yang Yange , Liu Minchang , Wang Bin , Wang Yingchun , Wang Hongyue
Published: May 2019

DNA barcoding possesses advantages of high resolution, high sensitivity, and capability in capturing as much identity information as possible. However, highly varying sources of food materials and a complicated supply chain bring about challenge to the application of barcoding methods. In this study, different barcode systems were compared to establish a robust method for tracing animal species in food. Experiments on food samples from mammal, poultry, and fish proved that a mini barcode system targeting a 192 bp COI gene fragment was able to accurately identify both raw and highly processed animal food. In order to distinguish species in a mixed food sample, cloning technique was used by which as low as 10% target animal ingredient could be detected. Testing of marketed food products verified the capability of the mini barcoding method in identifying illegally claimed product.
Prognostic value of a novel scoring system using inflammatory response biomarkers in non‐small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study
Authors: Wang Yan , Hu Xu , Xu Wenying , Wang Haoyuan , Huang Yu , Che Guowei
Published: May 2019

Background

The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) are reported to show a strong correlation with prognosis in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to describe a novel scoring system combining these ratios, termed the inflammatory response biomarker (IRB) score, and test its prognostic value in NSCLC.

Methods

The data of 261 NSCLC patients who underwent thoracoscopic radical resection in a single center were retrospectively reviewed. The IRB score was defined as follows: a high NLR (> 2.12), a high PLR (92.9), and a low LMR (< 4.57) were each scored as 1; the opposite values were scored as 0. The individual scores were added to produce the IRB score (range: 0–3).

Results

Multivariate analyses indicated that high tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (hazard ratio [HR] 2.721, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.597–4.989; P < 0.001) and an IRB score ≥ 2 (HR 2.696, 95% CI 1.506–4.826; P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival. Furthermore, smoking history (HR 2.953, 95% CI 1.086–8.026; P = 0.034), high TNM stage (HR 3.108, 95% CI 1.911–5.056; P < 0.001), and IRB score ≥ 2 (HR = 2.316, 95% CI: 1.389–3.861; P = 0.001) were demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors for poor disease‐free survival.

Conclusion

The novel scoring system combining NLR, PLR, and LMR was an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection and was superior to these ratios alone for predicting prognosis.
ForestGapR: AnrPackage for forest gap analysis from canopy height models
Authors: Silva Carlos A. , Valbuena Ruben , Pinagé Ekena R. , Mohan Midhun , de Almeida Danilo R. A. , North Broadbent Eben , Jaafar Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd , de Almeida Papa Daniel , Cardil Adrian , Klauberg Carine
Published: May 2019

In forest ecosystems, many functional processes are governed by local canopy gap dynamics, caused by either natural or anthropogenic factors. Quantifying the size and spatial distribution of canopy gaps enables an improved understanding and predictive modelling of multiple environmental phenomena. For instance knowledge of canopy gap dynamics can help us elucidate time‐integrated effects of tree mortality, regrowth and succession rates, carbon flux patterns, species heterogeneity and three‐dimensional spacing within structurally complex forest ecosystems.

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) has emerged as a technology that is well‐suited for mapping forest canopy gaps in a wide variety of forest ecosystems and across spatial scales. New technological and algorithmic advances, including ALS remote‐sensing, coupled with optimized frameworks for data processing and detection of forest canopy gaps, are allowing an enhanced understanding of forest structure and functional processes.

This paper introducesForestGapR,a cutting‐edge open sourcerpackage for forest gap analysis from canopy height models derived from ALS and other remote sensing sources. TheForestGapRpackage offers tools to (a) automate forest canopy gap detection, (b) compute a series of gap statistics, including gap‐size frequency distributions and spatial distribution, (c) map gap dynamics (when multitemporal ALS data are available) and (d) convert forest canopy gaps detected into raster or vector layers as per user requirements.

As case studies, we runForestGapRon ALS data collected over four different tropical forest regions worldwide. We hope this new package will enable further research towards understanding the distribution, dynamics and role of canopy gaps not only in tropical forests, but in other forest types elsewhere.
Improvement after two sessions of electroconvulsive therapy predicts final remission in in‐patients with major depression
Authors: Birkenhager T. K. , Roos J. , Kamperman A. M.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To investigate whether early improvement, measured after two electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions, is a good predictor of eventual remission in severely depressed in‐patients receiving ECT.

Method

A prospective cohort study was performed that included 89 major depressive disorder in‐patients treated with bilateral ECT. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were computed for various definitions of early improvement (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% reduction on the Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) score) after 1 week (i.e. two sessions) of ECT regarding prediction of remission (final MADRS score ≤ 9).

Results

A 15% reduction in MADRS score appeared to be the best definition of early improvement, with modest sensitivity (51%) and relatively good specificity (79%). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a more than 2‐week shorter time to remission in patients with early improvement compared with patients lacking early improvement.

Conclusion

Early improvement during an ECT course may be assessed after two ECT sessions. Such improvement, defined as a 15% reduction in the MADRS score, is a moderately sensitive predictor for eventual remission in an in‐patient population with severe major depression.
Moderators of real‐world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: a population study
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Kotz Daniel , West Robert , Brown Jamie
Published: May 2019

Background and Aims

Understanding whether and how far smokers’ characteristics influence the effectiveness of treatment may be important for tailoring recommendations on cessation aids to those most likely to help the user achieve abstinence. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of commonly used smoking cessation aids and test whether their effectiveness differs according to cigarette addiction, socio‐economic status, age or sex.

Design

Correlational design using cross‐sectional survey data collected monthly between 2006 and 2018.

Setting

England.

Participants

A total of 18 929 adults (aged ≥ 16 years, 52.0% female) who had smoked within the previous 12 months and had made at least one quit attempt during that period.

Measurements

The outcome was self‐reported abstinence from quit date to survey. Independent variables were self‐reported use during the most recent quit attempt of: prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), NRT over‐the‐counter, varenicline, bupropion, e‐cigarettes, face‐to‐face behavioural support, telephone support, written self‐help materials, websites and hypnotherapy. Moderators were cigarette addiction, social grade, age and sex.

Findings

After adjustment for covariates and use of other cessation aids, users of e‐cigarettes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69–2.24] and varenicline (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.51–2.21) had significantly higher odds of reporting abstinence than those who did not report use of these cessation aids. Use of prescription NRT was associated with increased abstinence in older (≥ 45 years) (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.25–2.00) but not younger (< 45 years) smokers (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.85–1.42). Use of websites was associated with increased abstinence in smokers from lower (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.22–3.98) but not higher social grades (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.40–1.38). There was little evidence of benefits of using other cessation aids.

Conclusions

Use of e‐cigarettes and varenicline are associated with higher abstinence rates following a quit attempt in England. Use of prescription of nicotine replacement therapy is also associated with higher abstinence rates, but only in older smokers, and use of websites only in smokers from lower socio‐economic status.
The use of abdominal imaging studies in children visiting emergency department was variable and unsystematic
Authors: Lammi Matleena , Vuolle Satu , Kiekara Tommi , Kurppa Kalle , Pauniaho Satu‐Liisa
Published: May 2019

Aim

As imaging is used for various reasons in children with acute gastrointestinal complaints, we evaluated the indications and diagnostic yield of abdominal imaging, particularly ultrasound at emergency department (ED).

Methods

Indications and imaging reports of consecutive children who had undergone abdominal imaging in general, surgical and paediatric EDs in the Tampere University Hospital, Finland, in 2015 were collected. Symptoms, clinical findings, imaging indications and findings were categorised and further analysed.

Results

Altogether 394 imaging studies, 310 ultrasounds, 72 X‐rays and 12 computed tomographies (CT), for 348 children (55% boys) aged 0–16.9 years, median 7.1 years, were performed. The most common indications for ultrasound were suspected appendicitis or infection (36%) and explanation for symptoms (32%), for X‐ray suspected foreign body (39%) and obstruction (39%) and for CT trauma (50%). The cause of the symptoms or a clinically significant finding was established in 23% of ultrasounds, varying from 0% to 50% depending on the indication, symptoms and age.

Conclusion

There was wide variation in the indications and yield of abdominal imaging. The clinical benefits, particularly those of US, were often questionable, even leading to delayed diagnosis and complications. More uniform imaging guidelines are needed in the paediatric ED.
High‐grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication—a comprehensive clinical, radiographic, pathologic, and genomic analysis
Authors: Ferris Sean P. , Velazquez Vega Jose , Aboian Mariam , Lee Julieann C. , Van Ziffle Jessica , Onodera Courtney , Grenert James P. , Saunders Tara , Chen Yunn‐Yi , Banerjee Anu , Kline Cassie N. , Gupta Nalin , Raffel Corey , Samuel David , Ruiz‐Diaz Irune , Magaki Shino , Wilson Dianne , Neltner Janna , Al‐Hajri Zahra , Phillips Joanna J. , Pekmezci Melike , Bollen Andrew W. , Tihan Tarik , Schniederjan Matthew , Cha Soonmee , Perry Arie , Solomon David A.
Published: May 2019

High‐grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication (HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD) is a recently proposed tumor entity of the central nervous system (CNS) with a distinct methylation profile and characteristic genetic alteration. The complete spectrum of histologic features, accompanying genetic alterations, clinical outcomes, and optimal treatment for this new tumor entity are largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive assessment of 10 new cases of HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD. The tumors mostly occurred in young children and were located in the cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres. On imaging all tumors were large, well‐circumscribed, heterogeneous masses with variable enhancement and reduced diffusion. They were histologically characterized by predominantly solid growth, glioma‐like fibrillarity, perivascular pseudorosettes, and palisading necrosis, but absence of microvascular proliferation. They demonstrated sparse to absent GFAP expression, no synaptophysin expression, variable OLIG2 and NeuN positivity, and diffuse strong BCOR nuclear positivity. While BCOR exon 15 internal tandem duplication was the solitary pathogenic alteration identified in six cases, four cases contained additional alterations including CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, TERT amplification or promoter hotspot mutation, and damaging mutations in TP53, BCORL1, EP300, SMARCA2 and STAG2. While the limited clinical follow‐up in prior reports had indicated a uniformly dismal prognosis for this tumor entity, this cohort includes multiple long‐term survivors. Our study further supports inclusion of HGNET BCOR ex15 ITD as a distinct CNS tumor entity and expands the known clinicopathologic, radiographic, and genetic features.
The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes
Authors: Ramírez Sebastián , González‐Caro Sebastián , Phillips Juan , Cabrera Edersson , Feeley Kenneth J. , Duque Álvaro
Published: May 2019

We test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition along a 2000 + meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes. By collecting and integrating data on the presence–absence of tree species within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed the following: (a) patterns of phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness, and species richness (α‐diversity); and (b) the replacement of lineages along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β‐diversity). More specifically, we established 20 0.25‐ha permanent tree inventory plots between 750 and 2,802 m asl where all individuals with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However, there was greater phylogenetic overdispersion at intermediate elevations; this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from tropical and temperate lineages. β‐diversity between plots was negatively related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from extra‐tropical regions has significant effects in determining the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Circulating lectin pathway proteins do not predict short-term cardiac outcomes after myocardial infarction
Authors: Holt C B , Østergaard J A , Thiel S , Hansen T K , Mellbin L , Sörensson P , Bjerre M
Published: May 2019

Despite improvements in treatment, coronary artery disease is still responsible for one-third of all deaths globally, due predominantly to myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. There is an important potential in developing new strategies for treatment of patients with these conditions. Inflammation, and in particular the actions of the complement system, has emerged as part of the pathogenesis in reperfusion injury in patients with MI. To further qualify this, we examined the association between the plasma levels of lectin pathway proteins and myocardial end-points, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and infarct size in a cohort of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A blood sample was drawn the day after percutaneous coronary intervention from 73 patients with STEMI. The primary end-points, LVEF and infarct size, were measured with magnetic resonance imaging 6–9 days after the infarct. Complement pattern-recognition molecules of the lectin pathway (mannan-binding lectin, H-ficolin, L-ficolin and M-ficolin) were analysed along with soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma with immunofluorometric assays <50%. CRP correlated negatively with LVEF, regression coefficient = –0·17 (P = 0·01). None of the lectin pathway proteins correlated to LVEF or infarct size, nor did soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC). There were no differences in plasma levels of these complement proteins when comparing patients with ejection fraction <50% to patients with ejection fraction <50%. Pattern-recognition molecules of the lectin pathway and sMAC do not predict short-term cardiac outcomes after MI.
Strontium‐incorporated titanium implant surface treated by hydrothermal reactions promotes early bone osseointegration in osteoporotic rabbits
Authors: Lin Guofen , Zhou Chuan , Lin Mengna , Xu Antian , He Fuming
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of strontium‐modified implant surfaces on promoting early bone osseointegration in osteoporotic rabbits.

Materials and methods

The surface topographies, chemical elements, contact angles and ionic releases of the SLA and SLA‐Sr samples were analysed by special instruments separately. Sixteen ovariectomized New Zealand rabbits received glucocorticoid administration, and sixteen SHAM rabbits were used as controls. After generating a successful osteoporosis‐induced model, SLA and SLA‐Sr implants were randomly inserted into the tibia and femur metaphysis of each animal. The rabbits were sacrificed after 3 and 6 weeks of bone healing, and then, removal torque values (RTVs), percentage of bone area (BA%) and percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC%) were analysed for the SLA‐Sr and SLA implants.

Results

Multiple nanostructures were found on the Sr‐incorporated titanium surface, and appropriate amounts of strontium ions from the SLA‐Sr surface were released into the surrounding tissue within 21 days. In vivo, SLA‐Sr implants displayed much more new bone around their surfaces than the SLA implants. Significantly higher RTVs and BIC% were observed for the SLA‐Sr implants than for the SLA implants in both osteoporotic (p < 0.01) and healthy animals (p < 0.01) at 3 and 6 weeks. The SLA‐Sr implants exhibited higher BA% in cortical bone (p < 0.01) and in cancellous bone (p < 0.05) than the SLA implants in osteoporotic rabbits at 3 weeks.

Conclusions

It is suggested that Sr‐incorporated surfaces treated through hydrothermal reactions have positive effects on promoting early osseointegration in both osteoporotic and non‐osteoporotic rabbits.
Renal cell carcinoma suspected at time of organ donation 2008‐2016: A report of the OPTN ad hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee Registry
Authors: Pavlakis Martha , Michaels Marian G. , Tlusty Susan , Turgeon Nicole , Vece Gabriel , Wolfe Cameron , Wood R. Patrick , Nalesnik Michael A.
Published: May 2019

All 179 reports to the OPTN of potential renal cell carcinoma (RCC) transmission from 1/1/2008 through 12/31/2016 were reviewed. Cases were divided into those with donor tumor known or suspected at time of transplant (N = 147 donors), and those in which tumor was initially found after transplant (N = 32). We sought to understand the risk of transplanting either the affected kidney, the contralateral kidney or non‐renal organs from donors with a suspected/confirmed unilateral RCC. In the case of RCC found prior to transplant, transplantation of 21 kidneys following excision of tumor, 47 contralateral kidneys and 198 non‐renal organs was performed. No cases of RCC transmission were documented in this population. An additional six cases of live donor kidney transplantation involving resection of RCC were reported, also without transmission. Six of 9 other recipients in whom the diagnosis of RCC became available after implantation underwent allograft nephrectomy and 3 received tumor resection. No recurrent RCC was documented. Given the low rate of transmission and available treatment options, consideration should be given to judicious use of organs from donors with small solitary RCC.
Use of HCV Ab+/NAT− donors in HCV naïve renal transplant recipients to expand the kidney donor pool
Authors: Dao Ann , Cuffy Madison , Kaiser Tiffany E. , Loethen Ashley , Cafardi John , Luckett Keith , Rike Adele Helen , Cardi Michael , Alloway Rita R. , Govil Amit , Diwan Tayyab , Sherman Kenneth E. , Shah Shimul A. , Woodle Ervin Steve
Published: May 2019

Hepatitis C (HCV) disease transmission from the use of HCV antibody‐positive and HCV nucleic acid test‐negative (HCV Ab+/NAT−) kidneys have been anecdotally reported to be absent. We prospectively analyzed kidney transplant (KT) outcomes from HCV Ab+/NAT− donors to HCV naïve recipients under T‐cell depleting early steroid withdrawal immunosuppression. Allografts from 40 HCV Ab+/NAT− donors were transplanted to 52 HCV Ab− recipients between July 2016 and February 2018. Thirty‐three (82.5%) of donors met Public Health Service (PHS) increased risk criteria. De novo HCV infection was detected at 3 months post‐KT in one recipient (1.9%). This was a case of transmission from a HCV Ab+ NAT+ donor with an initial false‐negative NAT completed using sample collected on donor hospital admission (day 2). At the time of HCV diagnosis, a stored donor sample collected during procurement (day 4) was tested and resulted NAT‐positive. Subsequently, sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved with 12 weeks of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. One death with functioning graft at 261 days post‐KT was determined not related to HCV or donor factors. This experience provides evidence of a low transmission rate of HCV from HCV Ab+/ NAT− kidney donors, thereby arguing for increasing utilization.
Combined side‐by‐side and stent‐in‐stent method for triple metal stenting in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction
Authors: Inoue Tadahisa , Ibusuki Mayu , Kitano Rena , Kobayashi Yuji , Ohashi Tomohiko , Nakade Yukiomi , Sumida Yoshio , Ito Kiyoaki , Nakao Haruhisa , Yoneda Masashi
Published: May 2019

Background and Aim

Endoscopic placement of three branched self‐expandable metallic stents (SEMS) for high‐grade malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) is technically challenging. We examined the feasibility and efficacy of a novel stenting method combining side‐by‐side and stent‐in‐stent (SBSIS) placement for MHBO.

Methods

Between January 2015 and December 2018, 27 consecutive patients with high‐grade MHBO underwent SBSIS placement. We evaluated the technical success, functional success, recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), adverse events other than RBO, and reintervention success rates associated with SBSIS placement.

Results

Technical success rate was 85% (23/27). Insertion of the third SEMS failed in four patients, and median diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) was significantly smaller in patients in whom technical failure occurred (5 mm vs 8 mm; P = 0.004). Functional success was achieved in all patients in whom the procedure was a technical success. Rate of adverse events other than RBO was 15% (4/27). RBO rate was 43% (10/23), and median time to RBO was 157 days. Success rate of endoscopic reintervention for RBO was 89% (8/9).

Conclusion

SBSIS placement showed favorable results and is a promising option in patients with high‐grade MHBO requiring triple metal stenting. However, it might be preferable to avoid SBSIS in patients with a narrow CBD.

Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN000035721