bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Integration: Popular Sovereignty and a Politics of Boundaries
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: March 2003

The problem raised by popular sovereignty in the framework of the EU is not whether it is relevant to European integration; it is. The problem is another, namely the identity and, thus, the boundary of a democratic polity. The very idea of ‘European’ integration suggests that integration is only imaginable by reference to the closure provided by an identity, a boundary that is normative rather than merely geographical. In this minimal sense, a European people is the necessary presupposition of integration, not merely its telos. Bluntly, there is no integration without inclusion and, also, no integration without exclusion. This, then, is the real problem raised by popular sovereignty in a European context: if there is no such thing as non‐exclusionary integration, how can a reflection on the boundedness of European integration be more than a rationalisation of exclusion?
Legal Basis and Scope of the Human Rights Clauses in EC Bilateral Agreements: Any Room for Positive Interpretation?
Authors: Fierro Elena
Published: March 2003

It is well known nowadays that the European Community includes a so‐called human rights clause into the framework agreements that it concludes with third countries. It is also widely recognised that, in virtue of the relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, such a clause grants the Community a right to suspend the agreement should human rights and/or democratic principles be breached. The question to be explored in the present paper is whether, in the light of its legal basis, the clause fulfils a mere ‘negative’ or ‘sanctioning’ function or, by contrast, there is room for the pursuit of positive measures of active promotion of human rights—that is the granting of technical and financial aid. It is argued here that the clauses present an ideal starting point for the pursuit of a comprehensive human rights policy at the EU level. Such a policy should encompass positive measures in the first place, systematic dialogue in the second, and suspension or negative measures of less extent only as ultima ratio in particularly grave cases which cannot be addressed through ordinary (dialogue and aid) routes.
All Bark and No Bite: Notes on the Federal Constitutional Court's ‘Banana Decision’
Authors: Schmid Christoph U.
Published: March 2003

The Federal Constitutional Court's banana decision of 7 June 2000 continues the complex theme of national fundamental‐rights control over Community law. Whereas in the ‘Solange II’ decision (BVerfGE 73, 339) the Federal Constitutional Court had lowered its standard of review to the general guarantee of the constitutionally mandatorily required minimum, the Maastricht judgment (BVerfGE 89, 155) had raised doubts as to the continued validity of this case law. In the banana decision, which was based on the submission of the EC banana market regulation by the Frankfurt‐am‐Main administrative court for constitutional review, the Federal Constitutional Court has now confirmed the ‘Solange II’decision and restrictively specified the admissibility conditions for constitutional review of Community law as follows. Constitutional complaints and judicial applications for review of European legislation alleging fundamental‐rights infringements are inadmissible unless they show that the development of European law including Court of Justice case law has since the ‘Solange II’ decision generally fallen below the mandatorily required fundamental‐rights standard of the Basic Law in a given field. This would require a comprehensive comparison of European and national fundamental‐rights protection.

This paper criticises this formula as being logically problematic and scarcely compatible with the Basic Law. Starting from the position that national constitutional courts active even in European matters should be among the essential vertical ‘checks and balances’ in the European multi‐level system, a practical alternative to the Federal Constitutional Court's retreat is developed. This involves at the first stage a submission by the Federal Constitutional Court to the Court of Justice, something that in the banana case might have taken up questions on the method of fundamental‐rights review and the internal Community effect of WTO dispute settlement decisions. Should national constitutional identity not be upheld even by this, then at a second stage, as ultima ratio taking recourse to general international law, the call is made for the decision of constitutional conflicts by an independent mediating body.
Equality and Constitutional Indeterminacy An Interpretative Perspective on the European Economic Constitution
Authors: Somek Alexander
Published: March 2003

It is claimed that European supranationalism represents an unprecedented mode of political association whose point is to maintain what is good about nationality and the nation state by stripping the latter of its adverse effects. In this article, this claim is submitted to a test by examining how different ways of conceiving of anti‐discrimination in the context of intra‐Community trading law give rise to two different conceptions of the European economic constitution. While the first one is married to the ideal of behavioural anti‐discrimination–that is, of affording protection against discriminatory acts by Member States–whose application would seemingly leave the nation state in its place, the other one takes a system of nation states as something that in and of itself engenders systematically discriminatory effects on international trade. According to the latter, effective anti‐discrimination presupposes overcoming such a system altogether. Both conceptions of the economic constitution are manifest in Community law, and at first glance it appears as if adherence to the first one would be consonant with supranationality as a special mode of political association. However, owing to internal predicaments arising from the application of the equality principle (understood as a principle protecting against discrimination), the difference between both conceptions cannot be upheld in practice. Since the first conception is constantly undermined by the second in the course of its application, it remains uncertain, at least in this context, whether or not the European nation state is left in place by the European Economic Constitution.
EMU and the Shift in the European Labour Law Agenda: From ‘Social Policy’ to ‘Employment Policy’
Authors: Ashiagbor Diamond
Published: March 2003

This article examines the interaction between EMU and the European Union (EU) employment strategy and its implications for law. It focuses on the importance of EMU as a catalyst in the development of the EU's social and employment policy in the years following the Treaty on European Union in 1992, up to the inauguration of a new employment policy in the Treaty of Amsterdam. In analysing the EU's discourse on labour market regulation, it is arguable that a shift has occurred in the EU's position on the ‘labour market flexibility’ debate: that the EU institutions are more readily accepting of the orthodoxy that labour market regulation and labour market institutions are a major cause of unemployment within EU countries and that a deregulatory approach, which emphasises greater ‘flexibility’ in labour markets, is the key to solving Europe's unemployment ills, along with macroeconomic stability, restrictive fiscal policy and wage restraint. As the EU's employment strategy has matured, this increased emphasis on employment policy has come to displace discourses around social policy. This change in emphasis has important implications for EMU since it signals a re‐orientation from an approach to labour market regulation which had as its core a strong concept of employment protection and high labour standards, to an approach which prioritises employment creation, and minimises the role of social policy, since social policy is seen as potentially increasing the regulatory burden.
Expanding the Constitution Beyond the Court: The Case of Euro‐Constitutionalism
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver
Published: March 2003

The paper addresses the role of the Court of Justice in the European integration process, as well as, more broadly, tensions between constitutionalism and new governance. I propose an account, according to which the judiciary should not be seen as standing in an aloof place in the political order, and as opposed to a—pluralistic, irrational, and anarchical—society, but rather as part of a continuum on which other governance arrangements are also placed according to their share in ‘tribunality’—the deliberativeness of their decision‐making processes and their openness to new facts.
Differentiating and Linking Politics and Adjudication—The Example of European Electricity Policy
Authors: Héritier Adrienne , Soriano Leonor Moral
Published: March 2003

The paper analyses how politics and adjudication answer similar questions in the context of policy‐making. It contrasts how societal problems are selected, defined, solved and legitimised by both disciplines. We raise these questions in regard to the liberalization of the European Electricity markets. We reconstruct the decision‐making process at the political and adjudicative arena taking place in this policy area. By so doing, we elaborate the differences and establish the links between politics and adjudication. We argue that what differentiates these two disciplines constitutes their very links; that is, the adjudicative and political arena are linked precisely because they are different at various level.
The General Provisions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Authors: García R. Alonso
Published: March 2003

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union provides the Union with a ‘more evident’ (as the European Council of Cologne asked for) framework of protection of the individuals before the public authorities within the European context, after more than thirty years (since the Stauder Case) of full confidence in the leading role played by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. This new normative catalogue of fundamental rights (included the so called ‘aspirational fundamental rights’) implies one more instrument of protection which has to find its own place with regard to the protection afforded by the national Constitutions and the international agreements on human rights, particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, which are already a privileged source of inspiration for Court of Justice of the European Communities. It is the main objective of the General Provisions of the Charter to clarify which is that place and the relationship with those other levels of protection as managed by their supreme interpreters (i.e., the Constitutional—or Supreme—Courts of the Member States of the Union and the European Court of Human Rights).
Development of a fuzzy push delivery scheme for Internet sites
Authors: Tso S.K , Lau H.C.W , Ip R.W.L
Published: March 2003

Push technology is the term recently linked with Web‐based products to indicate the built‐in capability of the software package to deliver relevant information to the user automatically. In this paper, a fuzzy push delivery scheme is described which ‘observes’ the movements of the user within the Web pages and then evaluates the personal interests and preferences of the user. With the information available from the fuzzy scheme, Web site information favoured by visitors can be ‘pushed’ to them without even being requested. To verify the feasibility of the concept, a Web site with various shopping spots has been developed with built‐in functions to detect the time of stay in various sites by visitors . Output from the proposed fuzzy scheme is compared with the perception of the interest level given by the visitors themselves for its evaluation. The built‐in feature of the scheme can significantly enhance the functionality and attractiveness of the Web site involved and hence improve its competitiveness in the global market. The development of the proposed scheme and its evaluation in an emulated Internet environment are covered in the paper.
Representing diverse mathematical problems using neural networks in hybrid intelligent systems
Authors: Xing Li Hong , Li L.X
Published: March 2003

In recent years, artificial neural networks have attracted considerable attention as candidates for novel computational systems. Computer scientists and engineers are developing neural networks as representational and computational models for problem solving: neural networks are expected to produce new solutions or alternatives to existing models. This paper demonstrates the flexibility of neural networks for modeling and solving diverse mathematical problems including Taylor series expansion, Weierstrass’s first approximation theorem, linear programming with single and multiple objectives, and fuzzy mathematical programming. Neural network representations of such mathematical problems may make it possible to overcome existing limitations, to find new solutions or alternatives to existing models, and to achieve synergistic effects through hybridization.
Classification and rule induction using rough set theory
Authors: Beynon Malcolm , Curry Bruce , Morgan Peter
Published: March 2003

Rough set theory (RST) offers an interesting and novel approach both to the generation of rules for use in expert systems and to the traditional statistical task of classification. The method is based on a novel classification metric, implemented as upper and lower approximations of a set and more generally in terms of positive, negative and boundary regions. Classification accuracy, which may be set by the decision maker, is measured in terms of conditional probabilities for equivalence classes, and the method involves a search for subsets of attributes (called ’reducts’) which do not require a loss of classification quality. To illustrate the technique, RST is employed within a state level comparison of education expenditure in the USA.
Neural network analysis and the characteristics of market sentiment in the financial markets
Authors: McIntyre‐Bhatty Y. T.
Published: March 2003

The properties of a modular neural network system designed to forecast movements of the long gilt futures contract are examnined. The examination illustrates that diagnostic measures can effectively inform end‐users of the system when appropriately to switch modules given the likelihood of the degradation of forecasts. The modelling is based upon periods of market sentiment, and the inductive data models encapsulated, within the modules of the neural network system, are investigated. The models track, and also provide knowledge of , underlying market characteristics in different periods of market sentiment. The research provides deductions concerning the (dis‐)similarity of underlying characteristics in differing periods of market sentiment.
Modeling expert problem solving in a game of chance: a Yahtzee© case study
Authors: Maynard Ken , Moss Patrick , Whitehead Marcus , Narayanan S. , Garay Matt , Brannon Nathan , Kantamneni Raj Gopal , Kustra Todd
Published: March 2003

Although developments on software agents have led to useful applications in automation of routine tasks such as electronic mail filtering, there is a scarcity of research that empirically evaluates the performance of a software agent versus that of a human reasoner, whose problem‐solving capabilities the agent embodies. In the context of a game of a chance, namely Yahtzee©, we identified strategies deployed by expert human reasoners and developed a decision tree for agent development. This paper describes the computer implementation of the Yahtzee game as well as the software agent. It also presents a comparison of the performance of humans versus an automated agent. Results indicate that, in this context, the software agent embodies human expertise at a high level of fidelity.
Development of an Expert System Shell Based on Genetic Algorithms for the Selection of the Energy Best Available Technologies and their Optimal Operating Conditions for the Process Industry
Authors: Manolas D.A. , Efthimeros G.A. , Tsahalis D.T.
Published: March 2003

The development of genetic algorithms started almost three decades ago in an attempt to imitate the mechanics of natural systems. Since their inception, they have been applied successfully as optimization methods, and as expert systems, in many diverse applications. In this paper, a genetic‐algorithm‐based expert system shell is presented that, when combined with a proper database comprising the available energy‐saving technologies for the process industry, is able to perform the following tasks: (a) identify the best available technologies (BATs) among the available ones for a given process industry, and (b) calculate their optimal design parameters in such a way that they comply with the energy requirements of the process. By the term BAT is meant the available energy‐saving technology, among the existing ones in the market, that is the best for the case.
The Dialoguer: An Interactive Bilingual Interface to a Network Operating System
Authors: Al‐Shawakfa Emad , Evens Martha
Published: March 2003

We have developed a bilingual interface to the Novell network operating system, called the Dialoguer. This system carries on a conversation with the user in Arabic or English or a combination of the two and attempts to help the user use the Novell network operating system. Learning to use an operating system is a major barrier in starting to use computers. There is no single standard for operating systems which makes it difficult for novice users to learn a new operating system. With the proliferation of client–server environments, users will eventually end up using one network operating system or another. These problems motivated our choice of an area to work in and they have made it easy to find real users to test our system.

This system is both an expert system and a natural language interface. The system embodies expert knowledge of the operating system commands and of a large variety of plans that the user may want to carry out. The system also contains a natural language understanding component and a response generation component. The Dialoguer makes extensive use of case frame tables in both components. Algorithms for handling a bilingual dialogue are one of the important contributions of this paper along with the Arabic case frames.
An Efficient Expert System for Air Compressor Troubleshooting
Authors: Liu Shu‐Chu , Liu Shih‐Yaug
Published: March 2003

In this paper, an expert system for automobile air compressor troubleshooting (ACTS) is presented. This system can assist users to conduct an efficient and effective diagnosis on air compressor failures. Unlike most diagnosis expert systems, ACTS uses a new control strategy to enhance the efficiency of the diagnostic process. This control strategy attempts to spend the least amount of time to detect the compressor fault accurately by investigating only portions of the knowledge base. ACTS first constructs a diagnostic tree based on the functions or connectivity of the air compressor's devices. A fuzzy multiple‐attribute decision‐making method is used to determine the priority of the nodes (devices) in the diagnostic tree. The prioritized result creates a ‘meta knowledge base’ to control the diagnostic process. In addition, each node possesses its own knowledge base for hypothesizing the possible faults for the node. ACTS, written in MS Visual BASIC, has been successfully developed and implemented in MS‐Windows environment on a PC. To validate the system performance, ACTS is compared to EXACT, an expert system for automobile air compressor troubleshooting, using 50 sample cases. The evaluation results indicate that ACTS performs better than EXACT by reducing the number of queries and the diagnosis time by 20.7% and 24.9%, respectively.
Coordination of intelligent agents in real‐time search
Authors: Cakir Armagan , Polat Faruk
Published: March 2003

Search is a fundamental problem‐solving method in artificial intelligence. Traditional off‐line search algorithms attempt to find an optimal solution whereas real‐time search algorithms try to find a suboptimal solution more quickly than traditional algorithms to meet real‐time constraints. In this work, a new multi‐agent real‐time search algorithm is developed and its effectiveness is illustrated on a sample domain, namely maze problems. Searching agents can see their environment with a specified visual depth and hence can partially observe their environment. An agent makes use of its partial observation to select a next move, instead of using only one‐move‐ahead information. Furthermore agents cooperate through a marking mechanism to be able to search different parts of the search space. When an agent selects its next move, it marks its direction of move before executing the move. When another agent comes to this position, it sees this mark and, if possible, moves in a different direction than the previously selected direction. In this way, marking helps agents coordinate their moves with other agents. Although coordination brings an overhead, from experiments we observe that this mechanism is effective in both search time and solution length in maze problems.
Sequential decision‐theoretic models and expert systems
Authors: Mussi Silvano
Published: March 2003

Sequential decision models are an important component of expert systems since, in general, the cost of acquiring information is significant and there is a trade‐off between the cost and the value of information. Many expert systems in various domains (business, engineering, medicine etc.), needing costly inputs that are not known until the system operates, have to face this problem. In the last decade the field of sequential decision models based on decision theory (sequential decision‐theoretic models) have become more and more important due to both the continuous progress made by research in Bayesian networks and the availability of modern powerful tools for building Bayesian networks and for probability propagation. This paper provides readers (especially knowledge engineers and expert system designers) with a unified and integrated presentation of the disparate literature in the field of sequential decision‐making based on decision theory, in order to improve comprehensibility and accessibility. Besides the presentation of the general theory, a view of sequential diagnosis as an instance of the general concept of sequential decision‐theoretic models is also shown.
Chaotic analysis of predictability versus knowledge discovery techniques: case study of the Polish stock market
Authors: Chun Se–Hak , Kim Kyoung–Jae , Kim Steven H.
Published: March 2003

Increasing evidence over the past decade indicates that financial markets exhibit nonlinear dynamics in the form of chaotic behavior. Traditionally, the prediction of stock markets has relied on statistical methods including multivariate statistical methods, autoregressive integrated moving average models and autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models. In recent years, neural networks and other knowledge techniques have been applied extensively to the task of predicting financial variables.

This paper examines the relationship between chaotic models and learning techniques. In particular, chaotic analysis indicates the upper limits of predictability for a time series. The learning techniques involve neural networks and case–based reasoning. The chaotic models take the form of R/S analysis to measure persistence in a time series, the correlation dimension to encapsulate system complexity, and Lyapunov exponents to indicate predictive horizons. The concepts are illustrated in the context of a major emerging market, namely the Polish stock market.
The perverse horrors of user–centric design
Authors: Phibes T.A.D.
Published: March 2003

The usefulness of ‘user centred design’ as a concept in the design of software systems is considered. It is concluded that the concept is frequently used in a way so vacuous as to be devoid of meaning, and would be better discarded. Some suggestions are made for further research in this area; some modest suggestions are also offered to those who wish to develop systems of a type better suited to the needs of civilized society.
Did the Priests Plant a Cross in This Woman’s Loins? Love and/or Marriage in the Middle Ages
Authors: Stafford Pauline
Published: March 2003

Brooke, Christopher N.L. The Medieval Idea of Marriage

Duby, Georges Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages

Sheehan, Michael M. Marriage, Family and Law in Medieval Europe: Collected Studies

Laiou, Angeliki, E. (ed.) Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies

Elliott, Dyan Spiritual Marriage: Sexual Abstinence in Medieval Wedlock
Engendering Egypt
Authors: Meskell Lynn
Published: March 2003

Watterson, Barbara Women in Ancient Egypt

Tyldesley, Joyce Daughters of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt

Robins, Gay Women in Ancient Egypt

Montserrat, Dominic Sex and Society in Graeco‐Roman Egypt
Writing and Waiting: The First World War Correspondence between Vera Brittain and Roland Leighton
Authors: Acton Carol
Published: March 2003

The unpublished letters exchanged between Vera Brittain and Roland Leighton during the First World War, and Brittain’s diary of the period, show the extent to which men’s and women’s war experiences were interdependent, thus collapsing those binary oppositions of home and front, women and men, within which we write war. In these texts, the woman Brittain defines as ‘waiting at home’ cannot be divorced from the official war arena ‐ the front. Furthermore, such interdepend‐ence reveals that women’s tendency to accept much of the discourse of propaganda occurred not because of their separation from the world of combat, but because their intimate connection with it demanded the site of mourning that was offered by such discourse.
The Uterus in History
Authors: Hall Lesley A.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Rickie Solinger (ed.), Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950‐2000

Nicola Beisel, Imperilled Innocents: Anthony Cornstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America

Helen Hardacre, marketing the menacing Fetus in Japan

Karen Newman, Fetal Positions: Individualism, Science, Visuality
With Cutlass and Compress: Women's Relations with the Sea
Authors: Stanley Jo
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Margaret S. Creighton and Lisa Norling (eds), Iron Men, Wooden Women:Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic Worlds 1700‐1920

Elaine Forman Crane, Ebb Tide in New England: Women, Seaportsand Social Change 1630‐1800

Hans Turley, Rum, Sodomy and the Lash: Piracy, Sexuality and Masculine Identity

Violet Jessop, Titanic Survivor: the Memoirs of Violet Jessop, Stewardess
Mining Gender
Authors: Porsild Charlene
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Sally Zanjani, A Mine of Her Own: Women Prospectors in the American West1850‐1950

Mary Murphy, Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914‐41

Thomas Miller Klubock, Contested Communities: Class, Gender, andPolitics in Chile’s El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904‐1951
‘Halt! Be Men!’: Sikelgaita of Salerno, Gender and the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy
Authors: Skinner Patricia
Published: March 2003

This article examines the career of Sikelgaita (1040–1090), wife of the Norman conqueror of southern Italy, Robert Guiscard, as a means of understanding the impact of the ‘other’ Norman conquest of the eleventh century. Sikelgaita is unusual in that she has left images in narrative sources both within and well beyond the confines of southern Italy. She is also well documented at a local level. Both types of material combine to reveal her crossing gender boundaries in titles she used, the way in which she managed property, her legendary presence alongside Robert on his campaigns and, more speculatively, in organising a campaign of written propaganda to ensure the succession of her son to his father's patrimony in preference to his half‐brother by Sikelgaita's predecessor as Robert's wife. Her history raises the problems of women's access to written texts, their conscious shaping of their own identities, their conflicting loyalties between natal and marital families, and the need for competing male heirs to prove themselves against a prevailing notion of masculinity in a period when one aggressively masculine group, the Lombards, was being supplanted in power by another, the Normans. As such, it demonstrates that the lives of so‐called ‘exceptional’ women continue to have a value to historians of gender in the middle ages, and can often demonstrate the patriarchal boundaries which even they could not cross.
Foremothers VI: Kathleen Fitzpatrick (1905–1990), Margaret Kiddle (1914–1958) and Australian History After the Second World War
Authors: Grimshaw Patricia , Carey Jane
Published: March 2003

This article explores the pioneering efforts of two Australian historians, Margaret Kiddle and Kathleen Fitzpatrick, to place issues of women and gender centrally in a narrative of Australia's past. While they were not the first women to enter the history profession in Australia, both women made a significant mark on the Australian history profession in the years after World War II. Furthermore, their first books represent the earliest scholarly Australian works in which women appeared as central figures. Their achievement was initially overlooked by feminists of the 1970s, but in retrospect can be viewed as a first step in subverting the dominant masculinity of Australian national identity.
Family and Sexuality the American Way
Authors: D'Cruze Shani
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Karen Dubinsky, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls

Kathleen Anne McHugh, American Domesticity: From How‐to Manual to Hollywood Melodrama

Leila J. Rupp, A Desired Past: A Short History of Same‐Sex Love in America

John C. Spurlock and Cynthia A. Magistro, New and Improved: The Transformation of American Women's Emotional Culture

Jessica Weiss, To Have and To Hold: Marriage, the Baby Boom and Social Change
The Rhetorics of Slavery and Citizenship: Suffragist Discourse and Canonical Texts in Britain, 1880–1914
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the pivotal role played by two canonical texts in shaping the political subjectivities of suffragists in late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Britain. Read and discussed by three generations of British feminists, John Stuart Mill's Subjection of Women and Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man shaped suffragist thinking on relationships between family, state, and citizenship and provided impetus for the creation of new kinds of argumentation and organisations for women's political activism.
Imagining Female Citizenship in the ‘New Spain’: Gendering the Democratic Transition, 1975–1978
Authors: Radcliff Pamela Beth
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the contestation over female citizenship in Spain's transition to democracy in the mid 1970s. It posits that the transition opened up a discursive space for the construction of a new concept of female citizenship, which was filled with competing images of female citizens, from the Francoist housewife to the consumer activist to the feminist. Through a close reading of the democratic press, the article explores the contradictions and tensions involved in imagining a new female citizen for a democratic Spain. With a focus on the representation of feminist citizenship, the article argues that the central tension surrounding female citizenship was the contradiction between new modes of female participation, new sets of rights and a framework of meaning which could not make sense of these changes. As a result, there was no comfortable place for the female citizen in the emerging master narrative of the transition.
The Trial of the New Woman: Citizens‐in‐Training in the New Soviet Republic
Authors: Wood Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2003

This essay examines the texts of Soviet plays from the 1920s known as agitation trials that deal with issues of women's emancipation and participation in the public sphere. It argues that, far from showing women to be men's equals (the ostensible purpose of the plays), the trials give a shocking portrayal of their heroines' faults, from passivity and meddling to gossip and lack of discipline. Given these weaknesses, the women delegates are supposed to recognise their need for tutelage from the new authorities. Their citizenship is thus held, at best, on contingent approval from those authorities.
‘Lady Austin’s Camp Boys’: Constituting the Queer Subject in 1930s London
Authors: Houlbrook Matt
Published: March 2003

In December 1932, police raided a private ballroom in Holland Park Avenue. They found almost sixty men dancing, many in female clothing and make–up. An ongoing encounter between the police and working–class queer social worlds drew the ballroom into a public domain within which masculine sexualities were contested, produced and consumed. The ensuing trial gripped metropolitan opinion, becoming the most notorious and widely reported ‘pansy case’ of the 1930s. This paper explores the complex nexus of spaces and practices that cohered in the case as a site at which the queer subject was definitionally produced. During the trial both legal authorities and newspapers and the defendants sought to produce a stable contradistinction between queer and normal, though the meanings they invested in that difference diverged radically. Yet focusing upon the intersecting sites through which this queer subject was constituted – the city, the body and the police/policed interface – suggests the unsettling ambiguities undermining the stability of that difference. Throughout the case, the difference between queer and normal often seemed anything but self–evident, and the arrested men appeared an electric threat to the metropolitan cultural landscape.
Godliness, Sex and Propaganda: Gender in the Confessional Age
Authors: Walker Claire
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Kenneth Charlton, Women, Religion and Education in Early Modern England

Frances E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender and Seventeenth–Century Print Culture

Marilyn J. Westerkamp, Women and Religion in Early America 1600–1850: The Puritan and Evangelical Traditions

Merry E. Wiesner–Hanks, Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice
Fluid Masculinities
Authors: Glover David
Published: March 2003

Kim Townsend, Manhood at Harvard: William James and Others

Naomi Segal, André Gide: Pederasty and Pedagogy

Trev Lynn Broughton, Men of Letters, Writing Lives: Masculinity and Literary Auto/Biography
Any Difference? An Analysis of Gender and Divisional Management Styles in a Large Airline
Authors: Rutherford Sarah
Published: March 2003

There has been much debate as to whether women manage differently from men and whether this may constitute a reason for women's lack of progress to the top echelons of organizations (Tanton 1994; Coyle 1993; Still 1994; Wajcman 1998). This article locates the sameness/difference debate in a wider analysis of management styles, with particular attention paid to the business function. It is also suggested that any debate on styles must take place within a feminist theoretical framework which acknowledges inequalities of power, economic and patriarchal interests. Management skills are socially constructed (Phillips and Taylor 1980) and change according to social and economic conditions. The article shows that business function is the most important influence on management style. The author contends, like others, that even in times of great change, men seem to be able to hold on to the most powerful positions in organizations (Cockburn 1986; Savage and Witz 1992; Collinson et al. 1990). The convergence of patriarchal interests with business interests ultimately determines what style is valued. The much vaunted feminization of management (Rosener 1990) does not mean that more women are to be found in senior positions in organizations. Nor do large numbers of women managers necessarily lead to a more feminized management style (Kanter 1977). Stereotypes of women still act against their acceptance into positions of power while men's ability to adopt some of traditionally feminine skills of communication means that women's supposed advantage (Rosener 1990) may have been leapfrogged.
Prostitution as a Male Object of Epistemological Pain
Authors: Letiche Hugo , Van Mens Lucie
Published: March 2003

It is not, in the first place, prostitutes’ physical and psychological pain that is examined in this article, but the pain encountered in trying to come to terms with the studying of prostitution. Prostitution upsets consciousness’ efforts and confuses its epistemes of representation. It reveals issues of (male) avoidance and over‐rationalization that apply just as well to how business and organization are (not) studied, as to prostitution.

Following Artaud, we examine how, because prostitution is both consciousness (idea, theory, representation) and body (sex, body, the physiology of the brain), it poses the problem of doubling. How can one apprehend both: (i) that one is the physical hyle (materiality) of thought and also (ii) remain aware of the contents of consciousness? Artaud claimed that only in ‘cruelty’ and the ‘scream’ could the mind and body be grasped at once. By contrast, Derrida proposes via the subjectile to glide over the space between consciousness and body, trying to acknowledge but not be stymied by the double. Finally, we turn to Irigaray who has accepted doubling and has made it epistemologically productive.
The Effectiveness of Employment Vouchers: A Simple Approach
Authors: Orszag J. Michael , Snower Dennis J.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the optimal design of subsidies for hiring unemployed workers (`employment vouchers' for short) in the context of a simple dynamic model of the labour market. Focusing on the short-term and long-term effects of the vouchers on employment and unemployment, the analysis shows how the optimal policy depends on the rates of hiring and firing, and on the problems of displacement and deadweight. It also examines the roles of the government budget constraint and of the level of unemployment benefits in optimal policy design. We calibrate the model and evaluate the effectiveness of employment vouchers in reducing unemployment for a wide range of feasible parameters.
Some Thoughts on Monetary Targeting vs. Inflation Targeting
Authors: Cabos Karen , Funke Michael , Siegfried Nikolaus A.
Published: March 2003

We offer some empirical evidence on the likely scale of control and indicator problems surrounding alternative monetary targets and a direct inflation target. The links between monetary policy actions and inflation are estimated in dynamic linear models using the Kalman filter. We compare alternative intermediate-target and final-target monetary strategies using German data from the end of the Bretton Woods system until 1997. The estimation results show that broad money dominates narrow money as an intermediate target, while control problems involved in targeting broad money are larger than for direct inflation targets.
Parimutuel Lotteries: Gamblers' Behavior and the Demand for Tickets
Authors: Hauser-Rethaller Ursula , König Ulrich
Published: March 2003

In a parimutuel lottery, players face a strategic situation. We investigate how rational lottery players should choose combinations of numbers. Using data from the Austrian Lotto we compare this to actual behavior. We propose a relationship between the number of tickets and the expected loss of taking part, based on both theoretical and empirical findings about players' behavior. Rollovers introduce exogenous price variation allowing to estimate properties of a demand function sensitive to the expected loss. Contrary to previous work our model accounts for conscious selection.
Illusions of Subtlety: Bernhard Schlink’s Der Vorleser and The Moral Limits of Holocaust Fiction
Authors: Collins Donahue William
Published: March 2003

In presenting the case of SS guard Hanna Schmitz from the perspective of her young lover, Bernhard Schlink’s award‐winning Der Vorleser would seem to represent that cutting edge of Holocaust literature interested in depicting per‐petrators in a more nuanced fashion. However, this gesture toward complexity – a welcome trend in itself – is not ultimately supported by the text, which insistently obscures Hanna’s role in a series of crimes against humanity. The likeable narrator’s attempt to come to terms with the Holocaust, which is espoused as exemp‐lary, proves in the end to rely on a problematic conception of dual victimisation: of Hanna as victim of circumstance, and of himself as victim of Hanna. This essay draws liberally upon reception data in order to discover the manner in which the novel exploits a number of entrenched assumptions on the part of readers. Chief among these are 1) the diffuse sense that confronting the Holocaust presents a demanding burden, rendering present day observers as victims of a sort; and 2) the presupposition that moral sophistication – an attribute with which Der Vorleser has been frequently credited – is tantamount to indecision or undecidability. The real ‘limits’ to Holocaust fiction are thus found to inhere within both the critical climate and the unfulfilled ambitions of the novel.
Laying the Moral Foundations: Writer, Religion and Late Eighteenth‐Century Society – The Case of J.M.R Lenz
Authors: Gibbons J.M.
Published: March 2003

Although Lenz himself calls Meinungen eines Laien, and by implication its complement Stimmen des Laien, ‘der Grundstein meiner ganzen Poesie’, until recently these moral‐philosophical texts have attracted little critical attention and as yet no detailed analysis. An examination of the involved theological argument developed in the latter work seeks to demonstrate that they do indeed amount to a watershed in Lenz’s career. It also opens up an intriguing perspective into the changing role of the writer in later eighteenth‐century society. In engaging seriously in a number of debates critical to the ‘Aufklärung’, Lenz also distinguishes himself from the ‘Sturm und Drang’ movement with which he has traditionally been associated. By laying a ‘Grundstein’ of faith Lenz brings his notion of the individual’s duty and purpose in society, his ‘Bestimmung’ as explored in earlier texts, to a firm conclusion. He also articulates his own sense of – to extend the term –‘Selbstbestim‐mung’, in which his own role as a writer undergoes a shift away from the spheres of philosophy, theology and literature towards more concrete social and political concerns.
‘Aus der dritten Hand’: Herder and His Annotators
Authors: Gaskill Howard
Published: March 2003

The article proceeds from the assumption that Herder has been poorly served by his editors, at least when it comes to Ossianic matters. Patterns of misinformation have been allowed to become established and major research, such as the work of Gillies on Herder and Ossian, is too often simply bypassed. Nor are important primary sources, notably Hugh Blair's Critical Dissertation and Denis's translation of Ossian, consulted as they should be, given their significance for Herder's essay, ‘Über Oßian und die Lieder alter Völker’. The article begins with an illustration of this by attempting to trace the provenance of the Lapp song quoted by Herder in his essay and explain what he means by ‘aus der dritten Hand’.
Kleist's Berliner Abendblätter and the Peninsular War
Authors: Hibberd John
Published: March 2003

Kleist's reports on the Peninisular War in the Berliner Abendblätter began dramatically with news of the battle of Busaco which threw doubt on the truthfulness of the French press and gave hope that the Napoleonic armies were not invincible. Thereafter censorship ensured that his items on Spain and Portugal would not arouse French anger, and they have invariably been dismissed as uninteresting. But in early 1811, when his paper had all but been killed off by the Prussian authorities, he increased his coverage of the war and often anticipated the other Berlin newspapers with news from the Peninsula. Events there were relevant to the political future of Prussia and Germany as well as to the reform of the Prussian military. But Kleist's hope of a clear sign of change in the fortunes of Napoleon proved vain. He indicated that the French were facing problems but could do no more than other Berlin papers to encourage anti‐French fervour. Yet he expected his readers to hope for what, in 1810–11, would have seemed a turn of events as extraordinary as any in his fiction of this time.
Was wäre denn Gerechtigkeit? Zur Rechtsskepsis in Bernhard Schlinks Der Vorleser
Authors: Dreike Beate M.
Published: March 2003

Bernhard Schlink wird von Kritikern wie Germanisten der Vorwurf gemacht, daß er im Vorleser im Gegensatz zu den Erwartungen, die man offenbar an ‘Holocaust‐Literatur’ stellt, keine eindeutige Antwort auf die aufgeworfene Schuldfrage gibt. Dieses Urteil ist sicher zutreffend, darüber hinausführend wird aber hier die These vertreten, daß eine solche Schuldzuweisung nicht der Intention des Romans ent‐spricht. In dem Maße wie man philosophische und juristische Kriterien an die dargestellten Sachverhalte anlegt, um die moralischen Aspekte zu erläutern, werden die Komplexität der Probleme und die sich daraus ergebende Unmöglichkeit, eine eindeutige Wertung vorzunehmen, offenbar. Die hier vertretene Meinung ist vielmehr, daßDer Vorleser als Roman zu verstehen ist, der das Scheitern des Versuchs, Gerechtigkeit durch Rechtsprechung herzustellen, thematisiert. Zur Untermauerung meiner These werden zwei von Schlinks juristischen Vorlesungen und einige seiner Kriminalromane und Essays hinzugezogen.
Emerging Writers: Introduction
Authors: Finlay Frank , Taberner Stuart
Published: March 2003

The first part of this introduction provides an overview of debates on the ‘right’ direction to be taken by German writing since unification in 1990. The second part gives a brief synopsis of some of the issues raised by a selection of papers from the symposium on ‘Emerging Writers in the German‐speaking World’ held at the University of Leeds in May 2001, and offers some preliminary conclusions.
Der Erzähler als ‘Popmoderner Flaneur’ in Christian Krachts Roman Faserland
Authors: Biendarra Anke S.
Published: March 2003

Faserland (1995) exemplifies a new phenomenon in contemporary German literature. It cleared the way for a younger generation of writers and their description of the formerly marginalised experiences of everyday life, whose narratives focus is on the communication between narrator and reader. Hitherto, discussion of this novel has largely concentrated on its connection with ‘pop literature’, whilst its literary qualities and conceivable links with (post)modern literature have been ignored. Walter Benjamin's typology of the flâneur is used to illuminate the novel's aesthetic strengths, its narrative voice and textual structure. In taking into account historical developments, the interpretation characterizes the narrator as a ‘popmodern flâneur’, whose gaze no longer falls upon the metropolis but upon a frayed microcosm of German society. It suggests that the narrative report is a fictitious and imagined journey, which reveals itself as the narrator's failed attempt to ascertain a concept of subjectivity. In a world that presents itself as a Vanity Fair, the narrator's language, which retreats to the empty style of a world of commodities, fails. The poetic project of mastering experiences through narrative is equally unsuccessful.