bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical spectroscopic studies of InI and InI+
Authors: Banerjee Amartya , Das Kalyan Kumar
Published: January 2011

Relativistic configuration interaction calculations are carried out to study the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of InI and InI+. Potential energy curves of the ground and a number of low‐lying states are constructed. Spectroscopic parameters of the bound states of both species are computed and compared with the experimental and other theoretical data. Effects of spin‐orbit coupling on the spectroscopic properties are studied. Because of the presence of the heavy atoms the effect is large. The spin‐orbit splitting of the ground state (X2Π) of InI+ is more than 8350 cm−1. As a result of the strong spin‐orbit interaction between X2Π and A2Σ+ of InI+, the potential energy curve of A2Σ becomes repulsive. Radiative lifetimes for the spin‐forbidden transitions such as A3Π−X1Σ and B3Π1 −X1Σ of InI and spin‐allowed transitions such as B2Σ+−A2Σ+, C2Π−A2Σ+, and B2Σ+−X2Π are calculated. Vertical and adiabatic ionization energies of InI and the electric dipole moments of both the neutral and ionic species are estimated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Strong anion exchange liquid chromatographic separation of protein amino acids for natural 13C‐abundance determination by isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Abaye Daniel A. , Morrison Douglas J. , Preston Tom
Published: January 2011

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and the analysis of their 13C abundances is greatly simplified by the use of liquid chromatography (LC) systems coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) compared with gas chromatography (GC)‐based methods. To date, various cation exchange chromatography columns have been employed for amino acid separation. Here, we report strong anion exchange chromatography (SAX) coupled to IRMS with a Liquiface interface for amino acid δ13C determination. Mixtures of underivatised amino acids (0.1–0.5 mM) and hydrolysates of representative proteins (prawns and bovine serum albumin) were resolved by LC/IRMS using a SAX column and inorganic eluents. Background inorganic carbon content was minimised through careful preparation of alkaline reagents and use of a pre‐injector on‐line carbonate removal device. SAX chromatography completely resolved 11 of the 16 expected protein amino acids following acid hydrolysis in underivatised form. Basic and neutral amino acids were resolved with 35 mM NaOH in isocratic mode. Elution of the aromatic and acidic amino acids required a higher hydroxide concentration (180 mM) and a counterion (NO, 5–25 mM). The total run time was 70 min. The average δ13C precision of baseline‐resolved peaks was 0.75‰ (range 0.04 to 1.06‰). SAX is a viable alternative to cation chromatography, especially where analysis of basic amino acids is important. The technology shows promise for 13C amino acid analysis in ecology, archaeology, forensic science, nutrition and protein metabolism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging based methodology for the identification of sexual assault suspects
Authors: Bradshaw Robert , Wolstenholme Rosalind , Blackledge Robert D. , Clench Malcolm R. , Ferguson Leesa S. , Francese Simona
Published: January 2011

An increase in the use of condoms by sexual offenders has been observed. This is likely to be due both to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and to prevent the transfer of DNA evidence. In this scenario the detection of condom lubricants at a crime scene could aid in proving corpus delicti. Here we show a novel application of Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI) for mapping the fingermark ridge pattern simultaneously to the detection of the condom lubricant within the fingermark itself. Two condom brands have been investigated to prove the concept. Condoms were handled producing lubricant‐contaminated fingermarks. Images of the ridge pattern were obtained simultaneously to the detection of two lubricants, even several weeks after the fingermark deposition. The results therefore show the potential of MALDI MSI to link the suspect (identification through fingermark ridge pattern) to the crime (detection of condom lubricant) in one analysis. This would enable forensic scientists to provide evidence with stronger support in alleged cases of sexual assault. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of Dechloranes
Authors: Zhou Simon Ningsun , Reiner Eric J. , Marvin Chris H. , Helm Paul A. , Shen Li , Brindle Ian D.
Published: January 2011

Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APPI‐MS/MS) was investigated as an instrumental method for the analysis of the halogenated norbornene flame retardants, Mirex, Dechloranes 602, 603, 604, and Dechlorane Plus (DP). The LC separation was optimized by screening a variety of stationary and mobile phases, resulting in a short LC separation time of 5 min. Different atmospheric pressure ionization approaches were examined including electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and APPI, each with and without post‐column addition. APPI without post‐column addition was chosen for providing the best ionization response. The optimized LC/APPI‐MS/MS approach resulted in instrument detection limits ranging between 25 and 50 pg. Good linearity was also achieved (up to 25.0 ng/µL; R >0.999). The method was applied to extracts of environmental samples including surface water, fish and sediments for screening purposes, and the results agreed well with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Forming of Vibration‐Damping Composite Sheets
Authors: Engel Bernd , Buhl Johannes
Published: January 2011

Composite materials with vibrations damping qualities can be made of two steel sheets enclosing a viscoelastic plasticcorelayer. These sandwich sheets often need to be formed. Material parameters are determined to describe the forming process. Based on these parameters, pilot studies are carried out in order to develop recommendations for forming this class of material.
Impact of PET‐CT on Primary Staging and Response Control on Multimodal Treatment of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Thurau Kirsten , Palmes Daniel , Franzius Christiane , Minin Evgeny , Senninger Norbert , Juergens Kai Uwe , Bruewer Matthias
Published: January 2011

Background

The predictive value of positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (PET‐CT) in primary staging and response control in patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC) is under discussion. In the present study initial staging and metabolic response of PET‐CT was correlated with tumor regression and survival in patients with multimodal treatment of EC.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective analysis on a prospective database for 83 patients with EC (42 squamous cell, 39 adenocarcinoma, 2 anaplastic carcinoma) undergoing PET‐CT for primary staging. Twenty‐four of the patients underwent primary esophagectomy, 9 had palliative treatment, and 50 neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil; 50.4 Gy). The PET‐CT study was repeated 6 weeks after induction of chemotherapy and compared with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). For response control, the metabolic response (tumor standardized uptake value [SUV] reduction) was correlated with histopathologic (ypT0‐4) and histomorphologic response (tumor regression) and survival.

Results

At primary staging 81 of 83 EC (97.5%) showed an increased SUV uptake correlating with the EUS tumor stage. Suspicious lymph nodes were detected in 51 (61.4%) patients by PET‐CT and 66 (79.5%) were detected by EUS. Fifteen patients had additional findings on PET‐CT examination leading to a change in therapy in 9 patients (10.3%). Of 50 patients receiving a second PET‐CT study, a SUV reduction >50% correlated with major histomorphologic response (tumor regression grade 4, <10% vital tumor cells) and histopathologic response (ypT0 ypN0). Furthermore, these patients showed a significantly increased survival (33.1 ± 3.5 months) compared to non‐responders (21.7 ± 3.3 months; p = 0.02) and patients after primary surgery (29 ± 3.2 months; p = 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study shows that PET‐CT is a valuable tool for primary staging and response control in multimodal treatment of patients with EC.
Radiographic Predictors of Hip Pain in Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Ranawat Anil S. , Schulz Ben , Baumbach Sebastian F. , Meftah Morteza , Ganz Reinhold , Leunig Michael
Published: January 2011

The primary diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement is based on clinical symptoms, physical exam findings, and radiographic abnormalities. The study objective was to determine the radiographic findings that correlate with and are predictive of hip pain in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). One hundred prospective patients with unilateral FAI symptoms based on clinical and radiographic findings were included in this study. All patients filled out a WOMAC pain questionnaire. Two independent-blinded surgeons assessed antero-posterior and lateral radiographs for 33 radiographic parameters of FAI. Correlations between pain scores and radiographic findings were calculated. A matched radiographic analysis was performed comparing symptomatic versus asymptomatic hips. Radiograph findings were also compared between males and females. Weak positive correlations were identified between increasing pain scores with radiographic findings of posterior wall dysplasia, presence of a shallow socket, and a more lateral acetabular fossa relative to the Ilioischial line. A symptomatic hip had a lower neck shaft angle, greater distance from Ilioischial line to acetabular fossa and larger distance from cross-over sign to superolateral point of the acetabulum when compared to the asymptomatic hip in the same patient. Symptomatic hips in males had more joint space narrowing, femoral osteophytes, higher alpha angles and larger, more incongruent femoral heads compared to females. Females had more medial acetabular fossa relative to the Ilioischial line and smaller femoral head extrusion index. Similar to other musculoskeletal conditions, radiographic findings of FAI are poor predictors of hip pain.
Physical activity, genes, and lifetime predisposition to chronic disease
Authors: Kujala Urho M.
Published: January 2011

This mini-review summarizes the main associations between physical activity and chronic diseases and discusses the basic concepts related to the role of genetic factors in studies evaluating the effects of physical activity/exercise therapy on chronic disease prevention/treatment during the life course. Many observational cohort studies have shown that high physical activity during young adulthood or middle age is associated with reduced later life morbidity, mobility limitations and mortality. Physical activity or exercise therapy has a positive effect on health via many disease-specific mechanisms. The most consistent finding of the various randomized controlled studies conducted to date is that aerobic/functional capacity and/or muscle strength can be improved by exercise training among patients with different chronic diseases. Genes are known to play a role in chronic disease predisposition and to contribute to physical fitness levels, physical activity participation and ageing. Physical fitness, physical activity and health outcomes may be partly due to underlying genetic factors that have a favourable effect on all these traits (genetic pleiotropy). This means that in observational studies, the relationship between baseline activity and the later occurrence of diseases may not be interpreted entirely as causal. Increased knowledge on the role of nuclear genome, mitochondrial genome, epigenetics, telomeres and regulation of gene expression will increase our understanding of their relationships with physical activity and morbidity.
The modulation of pain by attention and emotion: A dissociation of perceptual and spinal nociceptive processes
Authors: Royl Mathieu , Lebuisl Ariane , Peretzl Isabelle , Rainvillel Pierre
Published: January 2011

Emotions and attention have been shown to influence the perception of pain and several psychophysiological studies have suggested an implication of descending modulatory mechanisms to explain these effects. However, the specificity of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the emotional and attentional modulation of pain still remains unclear. In order to differentiate the supra‐spinal and spinal mechanisms involved in emotional and attentional modulation of pain, we measured pain perception (self‐ratings) and the RIII reflex in healthy volunteers during the presentation of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral pictures, as well as during a baseline condition with no visual distractor (Experiment 1). In a second experiment, we manipulated the emotional arousal induced by pleasant and unpleasant pictures in order to compare more directly the effects of distraction and arousal. Whereas emotional valence influenced pain and the amplitude of the RIII reflex in the same direction (negative>positive), distraction by neutral pictures reduced pain but increased the RIII reflex relative to baseline. Increased arousal further potentiated the effects of negative valence on both pain and the RIII reflex and the effects of positive emotions on pain, as previously reported. However, arousal did not potentiate the inhibitory effect of positive pictures on the RIII and seems insufficient to account for the effect of distraction on the RIII. Overall, these data provide further evidence that attention and emotion modulate pain through partially dissociable neurophysiological mechanisms.
The examination of biophysical parameters of skin (transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and pH value) in different body regions of normal cats of both sexes
Authors: Szczepanik Marcin P. , Wilkołek Piotr M. , Adamek Łukasz R. , Pomorski Zbigniew J.H.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH in normal cats. Twenty shorthaired European cats of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from five different sites: the lumbar region, the axillary fossa, the inguinal region, the ventral abdominal region and the left thoracic region. In each of the regions, TEWL, skin hydration and skin pH were measured. The highest TEWL value was observed in the axillary fossa (18.22 g/h/m2) and the lowest in the lumbar region (10.53 g/h/m2). The highest skin hydration was found in the inguinal region (18.29 CU) and the lowest in the lumbar region (4.62 CU). The highest skin pH was observed in the inguinal region (6.64) and the lowest in the lumbar region (6.39). Statistically significant differences in TEWL were observed between the lumbar region and the left side of the thorax region ( P=0.016), the axillary fossa ( P=0.0004), the ventral region ( P=0.005), and the inguinal region ( P=0.009). There were significant differences in skin hydration between the lumbar region and the left thorax ( P=0.000003), the axillary fossa ( P=0.002), the ventral abdomen ( P=0.03), and the inguinal region ( P=0.0003) as well as between the thorax and the ventral abdomen ( P=0.005). TEWL was higher in females (15 g/h/m2) than in males (4.57 g/h/m2). Skin hydration was higher in females (13.89 CU) than in males (12.28 CU). Significant differences were not found between males and females for TEWL and skin hydration. Skin pH was higher in males (6.94) than in females (6.54), which was significant ( P=0.004).
Help Stop Teenage Pregnancy!
Authors: Joyce Alison , Yates David
Published: January 2011

Practical relevance Neutering kittens at an early age, typically between 6 and 14 weeks, has received increasing attention and gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the United States and in shelter medicine in the UK. However, in private practice it has yet to be generally endorsed.

Global importance Among many of the animal welfare charities, early neutering is seen as a crucial step in conquering and controlling cat overpopulation.

Clinical challenges Physiological differences between kittens and adult cats are very important to consider before undertaking elective early neutering. Increased sensitivity to drugs, prolongation of effects and a limited capacity for cardiovascular compensation are the principal anaesthetic concerns in kittens.

Evidence base The optimal age for neutering, traditionally deemed to be between 5 and 8 months, is now questioned, as short- and longer-term studies demonstrate no significant behavioural and physical advantages conferred by traditional-age neutering. Furthermore, a number of safe anaesthetic and surgical protocols have been documented that produce lower morbidity and similar mortality rates in early-age neuters compared with traditional-age neuters.
Feline Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Jepson E Rosanne
Published: January 2011

Practical relevance The increased availability of indirect blood pressure monitoring devices in clinical practice over the past decade has highlighted the significance of systemic hypertension in the feline population. Without routine monitoring and appropriate intervention, cats with undiagnosed systemic hypertension may first be presented with sudden-onset blindness as a consequence of either hyphaema or retinal detachment.

Clinical challenges The primary aim in the early diagnosis and treatment of systemic hypertension is prevention of hypertensive target organ damage (with respect to the eye, kidney, cardiovascular and central nervous systems, in particular). A prerequisite is a knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms and disease conditions that may contribute to the development of hypertension. This allows the clinician to determine those cases in which blood pressure assessment and longitudinal monitoring is essential and can assist in determining appropriate therapeutic strategies for control of blood pressure. Recent studies have also begun to explore the relationship that systemic hypertension may have with proteinuria and the progression of kidney disease.

Patient group The geriatric cat appears most susceptible to the development of systemic hypertension, and monitoring of systolic blood pressure is often advocated as part of a routine health screen in cats over 9–12 years old. Consideration must also be given to cats suspected of having an underlying disease such as chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, or which are receiving therapeutic agents, irrespective of their age.

Evidence base Much of our understanding of the pathogenesis of feline hypertension is extrapolated from studies performed in experimental animal models or in human patients, and interspecies differences are often poorly understood.
Canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated with intracranial abscess and convulsions
Authors: Decaro Nicola , Desario Costantina , Amorisco Francesca , Losurdo Michele , Colaianni Maria Loredana , Greco Maria Fiorella , Buonavoglia Canio
Published: January 2011

A case of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) infection in a 3-month-old feral kitten with a cerebral abscess and neurological disease is reported. The cat displayed ataxia and convulsions together with signs of gastroenteritis and profound alteration of the total and differential white blood cell counts. A parvovirus strain was detected by a TaqMan assay in the blood and faeces of the affected kitten, which was characterised as CPV by means of molecular assays but did not react with any of the CPV type-specific probes. By sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the VP2-protein gene, the CPV-2c strain displayed a non-coding mutation in the probe-binding region. Although the role of CPV-2c in this particular case is unclear, it is possible that it predisposed the kitten to the clinical signs seen. Continuous surveillance is needed to monitor future spreading of this CPV-2c mutant, and any associated clinical signs, in the dog and cat population.
Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Patient with Thalassaemia Major
Authors: Kenny Kwan , Boris Fung , Wing-Yuk Ip
Published: January 2011

We present a case of Klebsiella pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis in a patient with thalassaemia major. Klebsiella sp. is known to cause severe infections in patients with thalassaemia, with high mortality rates.
Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Pelvis in Healthy Adults: A Case Report
Authors: Angela Ho Wing Hang , Tong Choi Siu , Lam Chan Wai , Hung Yen Chi , Cheung Wong Wing
Published: January 2011

We report a case of a healthy 32-year-old patient suffering from Salmonella osteomyelitis of the pelvis. He was treated successfully with surgical debridement and third-generation cephalosporin.
The Epidemiology of Ankle Sprain during Hiking in Uniformed Groups
Authors: Oscar Lam Wai-Ho , Tun-Hing Lui , Kai-Ming Chan
Published: January 2011

Purpose

To determine the prevalence of ankle sprain during hiking training in uniformed groups and identify the risk factors of ankle sprain and the risk factors associated with residual problems after ankle sprain.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional study involved 590 members of a uniformed group from secondary schools and their leaders by means of a self-administered anonymous questionnaire.

Results

The prevalence of ankle sprain was 9.15%. Most of them were lateral sprains (70.4%) and occurred in scree ground (51.9%) and downhill slope (50.0%). Subjects who are “older” aged, are overweight, are leaders in uniformed groups, have a past history of ankle sprain or problem, have a long-term lower limb injury, wear inadequate sized or tight shoes, and use hiking poles, have significant risks. The prevalence of having residual problems after ankle sprains was 48.14%, and the most common one was residual ankle pain (25.0%).

Conclusion

Uniformed group leaders and members should be aware of the risk factors of ankle sprain during hiking training in the countryside. They should also be aware of the importance of proper treatment and rehabilitation to prevent residual ankle problem.

Level of Evidence

Level II prognostic study.
Restricting Rights, Losing Control: The Politics of Control over Asylum Seekers in Liberal-Democratic States—Lessons from the Canadian Case, 1951–1989
Authors: Anderson Christopher G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract.Since the 1990s, a prevalent theme in the comparative literature on liberal–democratic state responses to increasing international migration holds that the expansion of rights protections for non-citizens has undermined restrictive border control policies. The argument presented in this article suggests that this is too partial an understanding of the ways in which control and rights intersect—thecontrol–rights nexus. Accordingly, it analyzes Canadian policies towards asylum seekers from the 1950s to the 1980s to explore the ways in which the restriction of rights can undermine state control policies by generating rights-based politics, encouraging the circumvention of control policies and creating administrative inefficiencies. Altogether, the analysis provides an important refinement of the study of the control–rights nexus and allows for a more complete understanding of control policies and politics in liberal–democratic states.

Résumé.Depuis les années 1990, un thème répandu dans la littérature comparative sur les réponses des États libéraux démocratiques à la croissance de la migration internationale soutient que l'extension de la protection des droits des non-citoyens a compromis les politiques restrictives de contrôle des frontières. L'argument présenté dans cet article suggère que ce thème offre une compréhension trop partielle de la dynamique d'intersection du contrôle et des droits – lecontrol-rights nexus. En conséquence, il analyse les politiques canadiennes envers les demandeurs d'asile depuis les années 1950 jusqu'aux années 1980 pour explorer les manières dont la restriction des droits peut miner les politiques de contrôle de l'État en générant des politiques de droits, en encourageant le contournement des politiques de contrôle et en créant des lourdeurs administratives. En somme, l'analyse apporte une mise au point importante à l'étude de cet enjeu et permet une compréhension plus complète des politiques de contrôle et de la politique dans les États libéraux démocratiques.
Igor M. Diakonoff's “Kirkenes Ethics”: The Moral Credo of a Great Scholar
Authors: Sheynin Hayim Y.
Published: January 2011

During the seven years that I worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies (Leningrad Branch, 1965–1972) I was happy to be associated with an outstanding senior colleague, a wonderful scholar, and an even more wonderful person Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff, a world famous scholar in many areas of history, philology, and linguistics. In this essay it is not his professional activity that interests me but rather his moral attitude as expressed in his short meditation on ethics.
Precessional instability of a fluid cylinder
Authors: LAGRANGE ROMAIN , MEUNIER PATRICE , NADAL FRANÇOIS , ELOY CHRISTOPHE
Published: January 2011

In this paper, the instability of a fluid inside a precessing cylinder is addressed theoretically and experimentally. The precessional motion forces Kelvin modes in the cylinder, which can become resonant for given precessional frequencies and cylinder aspect ratios. When the Reynolds number is large enough, these forced resonant Kelvin modes eventually become unstable. A linear stability analysis based on a triadic resonance between a forced Kelvin mode and two additional free Kelvin modes is carried out. This analysis allows us to predict the spatial structure of the instability and its threshold. These predictions are compared to the vorticity field measured by particle image velocimetry with an excellent agreement. When the Reynolds number is further increased, nonlinear effects appear. A weakly nonlinear theory is developed semi-empirically by introducing a geostrophic mode, which is triggered by the nonlinear interaction of a free Kelvin mode with itself in the presence of viscosity. Amplitude equations are obtained coupling the forced Kelvin mode, the two free Kelvin modes and the geostrophic mode. They show that the instability saturates to a fixed point just above threshold. Increasing the Reynolds number leads to a transition from a steady saturated regime to an intermittent flow in good agreement with experiments. Surprisingly, this weakly nonlinear model still gives a correct estimate of the mean flow inside the cylinder even far from the threshold when the flow is turbulent.
Interfacial instability in electrified plane Couette flow
Authors: MÄHLMANN STEFAN , PAPAGEORGIOU DEMETRIOS T.
Published: January 2011

The dynamics of a plane interface separating two sheared, density and viscosity matched fluids in the vertical gap between parallel plate electrodes are studied computationally. A Couette profile is imposed onto the fluids by moving the rigid plates at equal speeds in opposite directions. In addition, a vertical electric field is applied to the shear flow by impressing a constant voltage difference on the electrodes. The stability of the initially flat interface is a very subtle balance between surface tension, inertia, viscosity and electric field effects. Under unstable conditions, the potential difference in the fluid results in an electrostatic pressure that amplifies disturbance waves on the two-fluid interface at characteristic wave lengths. Various mechanisms determining the growth rate of the most unstable mode are addressed in a systematic parameter study. The applied methodology involves a combination of numerical simulation and analytical work. Linear stability theory is employed to identify unstable parametric conditions of the perturbed Couette flow. Particular attention is given to the effect of the applied electric field on the instability of the perturbed two-fluid interface. The normal mode analyses are followed up by numerical simulations. The applied method relies on solving the governing equations for the fluid mechanics and the electrostatics in a one-fluid approximation by using a finite-volume technique combined with explicit tracking of the evolving interface. The numerical results confirm those of linear theory and, furthermore, reveal a rich array of dynamical behaviour. The elementary fluid instabilities are finger-like structures of interpenetrating fluids. For weakly unstable situations a single fingering instability emerges on the interface. Increasing the growth rates causes the finger to form a drop-like tip region connected by a long thinning fluids neck. Even more striking fluid motion occurs at higher values of the electric field parameter for which multiple fluid branches develop on the interface. For a pair of perfect dielectrics the vertical electric field was found to enhance interfacial motion irrespective of the permittivity ratio, while in leaky dielectrics the electric field can either stabilize or destabilize the interface, depending on the conductivity and permittivity ratio between the fluids.
Bubbles emerging from a submerged granular bed
Authors: MEIER J. A. , JEWELL J. S. , BRENNEN C. E. , IMBERGER J.
Published: January 2011

This paper explores the phenomena associated with the emergence of gas bubbles from a submerged granular bed. While there are many natural and industrial applications, we focus on the particular circumstances and consequences associated with the emergence of methane bubbles from the beds of lakes and reservoirs since there are significant implications for the dynamics of lakes and reservoirs and for global warming. This paper describes an experimental study of the processes of bubble emergence from a granular bed. Two distinct emergence modes are identified, mode 1 being simply the percolation of small bubbles through the interstices of the bed, while mode 2 involves the cumulative growth of a larger bubble until its buoyancy overcomes the surface tension effects. We demonstrate the conditions dividing the two modes (primarily the grain size) and show that this accords with simple analytical evaluations. These observations are consistent with previous studies of the dynamics of bubbles within porous beds. The two emergence modes also induce quite different particle fluidization levels. The latter are measured and correlated with a diffusion model similar to that originally employed in river sedimentation models by Vanoni and others. Both the particle diffusivity and the particle flux at the surface of the granular bed are measured and compared with a simple analytical model. These mixing processes can be consider applicable not only to the grains themselves, but also to the nutrients and/or contaminants within the bed. In this respect they are shown to be much more powerful than other mixing processes (such as the turbulence in the benthic boundary layer) and could, therefore, play a dominant role in the dynamics of lakes and reservoirs.
Three-dimensional impulsive vortex formation from slender orifices
Authors: DOMENICHINI F.
Published: January 2011

The vortex formation behind an orifice is a widely investigated phenomenon, which has been recently studied in several problems of biological relevance. In the case of a circular opening, several works in the literature have shown the existence of a limiting process for vortex ring formation that leads to the concept of critical formation time. In the different geometric arrangement of a planar flow, which corresponds to an opening with straight edges, it has been recently outlined that such a concept does not apply. This discrepancy opens the question about the presence of limiting conditions when apertures with irregular shape are considered. In this paper, the three-dimensional vortex formation due to the impulsively started flow through slender openings is studied with the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, at values of the Reynolds number that allow the comparison with previous two-dimensional findings. The analysis of the three-dimensional results reveals the two-dimensional nature of the early vortex formation phase. During an intermediate phase, the flow evolution appears to be driven by the local curvature of the orifice edge, and the time scale of the phenomena exhibits a surprisingly good agreement with those found in axisymmetric problems with the same curvature. The long-time evolution shows the complete development of the three-dimensional vorticity dynamics, which does not allow the definition of further unifying concepts.
Primary endoscopic repair of intermediate laryngeal clefts
Authors: Broomfield S J , Bruce I A , Rothera M P
Published: January 2011

Introduction:

Traditionally, small laryngeal clefts may be closed endoscopically, while larger clefts necessitate an open anterior approach. We report the presentation, evaluation and outcome following endoscopic surgical repair of a series of laryngeal clefts.

Method:

Retrospective study of children treated in a tertiary referral centre between 2003 and 2008. The presenting symptoms, patient demographics, cleft type, surgical outcome and complications were evaluated.

Results:

Seven children underwent primary endoscopic repair of their laryngeal clefts (four Benjamin-Inglis type III clefts and three type II clefts). Presenting symptoms included stridor, cough and cyanosis with feeds, swallowing problems, weak cry, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infection. Treatment was ultimately successful in six of the seven children; treatment was ongoing for the remaining child, who underwent subsequent revision surgery via an open approach. Two children went on to require a second endoscopic repair, and two underwent an open repair of a residual defect. One child required a tracheostomy for failed extubation in the post-operative period.

Conclusion:

Endoscopic repair is a safe, useful technique in the management of laryngeal clefts. Laryngeal clefts must be excluded in a child presenting with persistent aerodigestive tract symptoms, as described here.
Re-thinking the causes, processes, and consequences of simulation
Authors: Chang Betty , Vermeulen Nicolas
Published: January 2011

We argue that the meaning of smiles is interpreted from physical/contextual cues, and simulation may simply reinforce the information derived from these cues. We suggest that, contrary to the claim of the SIMS model, positive and negative smiles may invoke similar simulation processes. Finally, we provide alternative explanations for the role of eye contact in the processing of smiles.
Motivational aspects of recognizing a smile
Authors: Lobmaier Janek S. , Fischer Martin H.
Published: January 2011

What are the underlying processes that enable human beings to recognize a happy face? Clearly, featural and configural cues will help to identify the distinctive smile. In addition, the motivational state of the observer will influence the interpretation of emotional expressions. Therefore, a model accounting for emotion recognition is only complete if bottom-up and top-down aspects are integrated.
Eyes, amygdala, and other models of face processing: Questions for the SIMS model
Authors: Chakrabarti Bhismadev
Published: January 2011

This commentary raises general questions about the parsimony and generalizability of the SIMS model, before interrogating the specific roles that the amygdala and eye contact play in it. Additionally, this situates the SIMS model alongside another model of facial expression processing, with a view to incorporating individual differences in emotion perception.
Embodied simulation and the search for meaning are not necessary for facial expression processing
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Coulombe Patrick
Published: January 2011

Embodied simulation and the epistemic motivation to search for the “meaning” of other people's behaviors are not necessary for specific and functional responding to, and hence processing of, human facial expressions. Rather, facial expression processing can be achieved through lower-cognitive, heuristical perceptual processing and expression of prototypical morphological musculature movement patterns that communicate discrete trustworthiness and capacity cues to conspecifics.
The role of embodied change in perceiving and processing facial expressions of others
Authors: Briñol Pablo , DeMarree Kenneth G. , Smith K. Rachelle
Published: January 2011

The embodied simulation of smiles involves motor activity that often changes the perceivers' own emotional experience (e.g., smiling can make us feel happy). Although Niedenthal et al. mention this possibility, the psychological processes by which embodiment changes emotions and their consequences for processing other emotions are not discussed in the target article's review. We argue that understanding the processes initiated by embodiment is important for a complete understanding of the effects of embodiment on emotion perception.
India and international norms of climate governance: a constructivist analysis of normative congruence building
Authors: STEVENSON HAYLEY
Published: January 2011

This article explores the process by which norms of international climate governance have diffused and evolved over time. The author develops a constructivist explanation for observed normative shifts in international climate governance. This explanation highlights the importance of building and maintaining congruence between domestic conditions and international norms. Due to the inherently fluid nature of both domestic conditions and international norms, it is argued that normative congruence building should be understood as an integral and iterative aspect of the norm diffusion process. This argument is substantiated through an analysis of the norm diffusion process in the context of India: a state commonly identified as an important player in international climate change politics, but one that has received surprisingly little scholarly attention in this area.
Transforming Tradition: Performances ofJingju(‘Beijing Opera’) in the UK
Authors: THORPE ASHLEY
Published: January 2011

Jingju(‘Beijing opera’) is China's most iconic traditional theatre, marketed as a global signifier of Chinese theatre and national identity. Although troupes from mainland China regularly tour Europe, audiences in the UK have also had access toJingjuvia two indigenous organizations: the UK Beijing Opera Society (now defunct) and the London Jing Kun Opera Association (now in its ninth year). These organizations consist of Chinese, overseas Chinese and Western performers performing bothJingjuandKunju(‘Kun opera’). Where there is a mix of ethnicity, can ‘traditional Chinese theatre’ still be conceived of as ‘traditional’? How isJingjumapped onto non-Chinese bodies? CanJingjuperformances by ethnically white performers reflect diasporic identities? Drawing on the theories of Judith Butler and Homi Bhabha, this article argues that by highlighting the performativity of identity, the performance ofJingjuby non-Chinese performers challenges the notion ofJingjuas a global signifier of ‘authentic traditional Chinese theatre’.
Struggling to Cross the Race and Class Divide: Sistren's Theatrical and Organizational Model of Collectivity
Authors: SMITH KARINA
Published: January 2011

This article analyses Sistren Theatre Collective's theatrical and organizational collective model by contextualizing the company's commitment to collectivity in terms of political and social shifts in Jamaica during the 1980s. Despite the importance of collective organizing as an important form of resistance to neo-liberalism, the article examines how race- and class-based divisions within Jamaican society were reproduced within Sistren. I argue that this was because collectivity masked the differences between the members of the group, rather than allowing for discussions on how these differences could be negotiated and the divides crossed.
Escherichia coliO157: comparing awareness of rural residents and visitors in livestock farming areas
Authors: JONES C. D. R. , HUNTER C. , WILLIAMS A. P. , STRACHAN N. J. C. , CROSS P.
Published: January 2011

This research compared public opinions aboutEscherichia coliO157 (an increasing environmental hazard associated with livestock) in two farming areas with contrasting incidence ofE. coliO157 disease. A questionnaire was administered in rural Grampian (10·8 cases/100 000 population per year) and North Wales (2·5 cases/100 000 population per year). Awareness was highest among farmers in Grampian (91%) and lowest among visitors to both areas (28%). Respondents were more likely to indicate vomiting (76%) than bloody diarrhoea (48%) as a common symptom. Undercooked meat and contact with farm animal faeces were identified by 60% of all respondents as risk factors who described ‘basic hygiene’ for risk reduction indoors. Visitors viewE. coliO157 as a food hazard, not an environmental hazard that produces vomiting not dysentery. Efforts to reduce human infections in livestock farming areas could be improved with proximate reminders for visitors of the environmental pathway ofE. coliO157 infection.
Increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health: evidence from Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Carlos Augusto , Levy Renata Bertazzi , Claro Rafael Moreira , de Castro Inês Rugani Ribeiro , Cannon Geoffrey
Published: January 2011

Objective

To assess time trends in the contribution of processed foods to food purchases made by Brazilian households and to explore the potential impact on the overall quality of the diet.

Design

Application of a new classification of foodstuffs based on extent and purpose of food processing to data collected by comparable probabilistic household budget surveys. The classification assigns foodstuffs to the following groups: unprocessed/minimally processed foods (Group 1); processed culinary ingredients (Group 2); or ultra-processed ready-to-eat or ready-to-heat food products (Group 3).

Setting

Eleven metropolitan areas of Brazil.

Subjects

Households;n13 611 in 1987–8,n16 014 in 1995–5 andn13 848 in 2002–3.

Results

Over the last three decades, the household consumption of Group 1 and Group 2 foods has been steadily replaced by consumption of Group 3 ultra-processed food products, both overall and in lower- and upper-income groups. In the 2002–3 survey, Group 3 items represented more than one-quarter of total energy (more than one-third for higher-income households). The overall nutrient profile of Group 3 items, compared with that of Group 1 and Group 2 items, revealed more added sugar, more saturated fat, more sodium, less fibre and much higher energy density.

Conclusions

The high energy density and the unfavourable nutrition profiling of Group 3 food products, and also their potential harmful effects on eating and drinking behaviours, indicate that governments and health authorities should use all possible methods, including legislation and statutory regulation, to halt and reverse the replacement of minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients by ultra-processed food products.
Divorce, European Style: The First Authorization of Enhanced Cooperation
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: January 2011

Council Decision of July 2010 to authorize enhanced cooperation for the first time – Planned Regulation on conflicts of law in divorce – Analysis of the application of the substantive and procedural rules applying to the authorization of enhanced cooperation in this case – Links between the planned legislation on this issue and other EU or international rules on related topics – Broader impact of the decision upon the EU legal order
‘A Union Founded on the Rule of Law’: Meaning and Reality of the Rule of Law as a Constitutional Principle of EU Law
Authors: Pech Laurent
Published: January 2011

Rule of law – Constitutional principle – Meaning – Scope of Application – Justiciability – Audit of the European Union's Constitutional Framework – Lisbon Treaty
Prostaglandin E2 induces glutamate release from subventricular zone astrocytes
Authors: Dave Kathleen A. , Platel Jean-Claude , Huang Frank , Tian David , Stamboulian-Platel Severine , Bordey Angélique
Published: January 2011

It was recently reported that in one of the adult neurogenetic zones, the subventricular zone (SVZ), astrocyte-like cells release glutamate upon intracellular Ca2+ increases. However, the signals that control Ca2+ activity and glutamate release from SVZ astrocytes are not known. Here, we examined whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which induces glutamate release from mature astrocytes, is such a signal. Using the gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp technique, we show that the activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channel in neuroblasts is a high fidelity sensor of ambient glutamate levels. Using such sensors, we found that application of PGE2 led to increased ambient glutamate levels in the SVZ. In parallel experiments, PGE2 induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in SVZ cells, in particular astrocyte-like cells, as shown using Ca2+ imaging. Finally, a PGE2 enzyme immunoassay showed that the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and to a lesser extent the SVZ (ten-fold less) released PGE2. These findings suggest that PGE2 is a physiological signal for inducing glutamate release from SVZ astrocytes that is important for controlling neuroblast survival and proliferation. This signal may be accentuated following ischemia or injury-induced PGE2 release and may contribute to the injury-associated increased neurogenesis.
Premature Obituaries: How Can We Tell If the Women's Movement Is Over?
Authors: Sawer Marian
Published: January 2011

Why have there been so many obituaries for the women's movement, written in so many different countries, despite so many continuing manifestations of life? We argue here that the problem is not simply the short attention span of the media and the constant quest for newness but also the terms in which social movements have been understood. This is partly a methodological question concerning how social movements are distinguished from other political actors, the repertoires that are expected of them, and the associated measurement of social movement activity through protest event databases. It is also a question of how “institutionalization” is understood. It has often been assumed that social movement activism is by definition extrainstitutional or that institutionalization is something that comes after, replaces, or usurps the role of social movements.
The Limits of Protest Event Data and Repertoires for the Analysis of Contemporary Feminism
Authors: Bagguley Paul
Published: January 2011

Protest event analysis (PEA) and the related concept of repertoire of contention are widely used in the study of social movements. Are they appropriate for the study of feminist protest? I argue that conventional forms of protest event analysis may have significant limitations when applied to feminist protest. Unobtrusive or individualized forms of resistance and protest associated with feminism are difficult to measure through typical protest event data. Moreover, the concept of repertoires of contention retains within it a number of unwarranted gendered assumptions. Some flow from being too reliant upon protest event data. I suggest that repertoires may be gendered, that this is unacknowledged by those who use the concept, and that this has implications for its normative dimensions.