bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Insect Growth Regulators on Stephanitis pyrioides (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Eggs and Nymphs
Authors: V. Joseph Shimat
Published: June 2019

The azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is an important insect pest of azaleas (Rhododendron L. spp.) in the USA. Stephanitis pyrioides feeds on azalea foliage and causes extensive chlorosis, which reduces the aesthetic value and marketability of these plants. Because the use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been dramatically reduced or discontinued, growers and landscape managers are seeking alternative tools or strategies to control this insect. Although insect growth regulators (IGRs) are known for their activity against immature insect stages, their activity against egg hatching has not been addressed thoroughly, specifically against S. pyrioides. Thus, a series of experiments was conducted to understand the ovicidal activity of IGRs using novaluron, azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen, and buprofezin against S. pyrioides. The number of newly emerged young instars was significantly lower when leaves implanted with eggs were sprayed on both sides with novaluron, azadirachtin, and buprofezin compared to nontreated and pyriproxyfen treatments. When IGRs plus adjuvant were applied to the adaxial surface of the leaves, the densities of the newly emerged nymphs were significantly lower under the novaluron treatment compared to the nontreated leaves. However, there was no significant difference in the number of nymphs that emerged in the absence of adjuvant. Furthermore, close monitoring revealed reduced levels of egg hatching in the presence of adjuvant with novaluron compared to its absence. The data show that the survival of S. pyrioides first instars was not affected by exposure to dried IGR residues.
Modeling the Distribution of Medically Important Tick Species in Florida
Authors: Kessler William H. , Ganser Claudia , Glass Gregory E.
Published: June 2019

The lone star (Amblyomma americanum), black-legged (Ixodes scapularis) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) are species of great public health importance as they are competent vectors of several notable pathogens. While the regional distributions of these species are well characterized, more localized distribution estimates are sparse. We used records of field collected ticks and an ensemble modeling approach to predict habitat suitability for each of these species in Florida. Environmental variables capturing climatic extremes were common contributors to habitat suitability. Most frequently, annual precipitation (Bio12), mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were included in the final models for each species. Agreement between the modeling algorithms used in this study was high and indicated the distribution of suitable habitat for all three species was reduced at lower latitudes. These findings are important for raising awareness of the potential for tick-borne pathogens in Florida.
Pest Control Potential of Social Wasps in Small Farms and Urban Gardens
Authors: Prezoto Fábio , Maciel Tatiane Tagliati , Detoni Mateus , Mayorquin Angie Zuleidi , Barbosa Bruno Corrêa
Published: June 2019

In environments undergoing constant transformation due to human action, such as deforestation and urbanization, the emergence of pests has become a challenge for agriculture and human welfare. In Brazil, over a thousand tonnes of pesticides are used annually, causing serious environmental damage such as the decline of insect populations. It is necessary to search for control alternatives in order to reduce the environmental impact caused by insecticides. This review aims to describe the use of social wasps as agents of biological control, focusing on the perspectives of their use in small farms and urban gardens, and to discuss the benefits of using this method. Studies have shown that 90–95% of the prey captured by wasps in small crops is made of leaf-eating caterpillars. In urban gardens, wasps diversify their prey, among which potential disease vectors, such as dipterans, stand out. We outline techniques for managing social wasp colonies in small farm and urban garden settings, including the use of artificial shelters. Among the advantages of using wasps as control agents, we highlight the practicality of the method, the low operational cost, the absence of prey resistance and the decrease of the use of insecticides.
Comparison of the Effects of Denosumab and Alendronate on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Osteoporotic Patients
Authors: Hsu Tsuen-Wei , Hsu Chien-Ning , Wang Shih-Wei , Huang Chiang-Chi , Li Lung-Chih
Published: June 2019

A correlation between impaired bone metabolism, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been suggested. This study aimed to compare the effects of denosumab and alendronate, two anti-resorptive agents, on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in osteoporotic patients. Propensity score-matched cohort study comparing denosumab to alendronate users between January 2005 and December 2017 was conducted from a large medical organization in Taiwan. Risks of CVD development and renal function decline were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. A total 2523 patients were recruited in each group. No significant difference in cardiovascular events was found between the two groups over a 5-year study period. Stratified analysis results showed that denosumab was likely to exert protective effects against composite CVD in patients with medication possession rate ≥60% (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), 0.74; p = 0.0493) and myocardial infraction (AHR, 0.42; p = 0.0415). Denosumab was associated with increased risk of renal function decline in male patients (AHR, 1.78; p = 0.0132), patients with renal insufficiency (AHR, 1.5; p = 0.0132), and patients with acute kidney injury during the study period (AHR, 1.53; p = 0.0154). Conclusively, denosumab may exert cardiovascular benefits in patients with good adherence but may have renal disadvantages in certain conditions and thus must be used with caution.
Treatment Options for Colistin Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Present and Future
Authors: Petrosillo Nicola , Taglietti Fabrizio , Granata Guido
Published: June 2019

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae represents an increasing threat to human health, causing difficult-to-treat infections with a high mortality rate. Since colistin is one of the few treatment options for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infections, colistin resistance represents a challenge due to the limited range of potentially available effective antimicrobials, including tigecycline, gentamicin, fosfomycin and ceftazidime/avibactam. Moreover, the choice of these antimicrobials depends on their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics properties, the site of infection and the susceptibility profile of the isolated strain, and is sometimes hampered by side effects. This review describes the features of colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae and the characteristics of the currently available antimicrobials for colistin-resistant MDR K. pneumoniae, as well as the characteristics of novel antimicrobial options, such as the soon-to-be commercially available plazomicin and cefiderocol. Finally, we consider the future use of innovative therapeutic strategies in development, including bacteriophages therapy and monoclonal antibodies.
Management of Glucose Control in Noncritically Ill, Hospitalized Patients Receiving Parenteral and/or Enteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review
Authors: Laesser Céline Isabelle , Cumming Paul , Reber Emilie , Stanga Zeno , Muka Taulant , Bally Lia
Published: June 2019

Hyperglycemia is a common occurrence in hospitalized patients receiving parenteral and/or enteral nutrition. Although there are several approaches to manage hyperglycemia, there is no consensus on the best practice. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify records (published or registered between April 1999 and April 2019) investigating strategies to manage glucose control in adults receiving parenteral and/or enteral nutrition whilst hospitalized in noncritical care units. A total of 15 completed studies comprising 1170 patients were identified, of which 11 were clinical trials and four observational studies. Diabetes management strategies entailed adaptations of nutritional regimens in four studies, while the remainder assessed different insulin regimens and administration routes. Diabetes-specific nutritional regimens that reduced glycemic excursions, as well as algorithm-driven insulin delivery approaches that allowed for flexible glucose-responsive insulin dosing, were both effective in improving glycemic control. However, the assessed studies were, in general, of limited quality, and we see a clear need for future rigorous studies to establish standards of care for patients with hyperglycemia receiving nutrition support.
Validation of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Non-Invasive Prenatal Test in Twin Gestations: Determination of Zygosity, Individual Fetal Sex, and Fetal Aneuploidy
Authors: Norwitz Errol R. , McNeill Gabriel , Kalyan Akshita , Rivers Elizabeth , Ahmed Ebad , Meng Ling , Vu Phikhanh , Egbert Melissa , Shapira Marlene , Kobara Katie , Parmar Sheetal , Goel Shruti , Prins Sarah A. , Aruh Israel , Persico Nicola , Robins Jared C. , Kirshon Brian , Demko Zachary P. , Ryan Allison , Billings Paul R. , Rabinowitz Matthew , Benn Peter , Martin Kimberly A. , Hedriana Herman L.
Published: June 2019

We analyzed maternal plasma cell-free DNA samples from twin pregnancies in a prospective blinded study to validate a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) for zygosity, fetal sex, and aneuploidy. Zygosity was evaluated by looking for either one or two fetal genome complements, fetal sex was evaluated by evaluating Y-chromosome loci, and aneuploidy was assessed through SNP ratios. Zygosity was correctly predicted in 100% of cases (93/93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 96.1%–100%). Individual fetal sex for both twins was also called with 100% accuracy (102/102; 95% weighted CI 95.2%–100%). All cases with copy number truth were also correctly identified. The dizygotic aneuploidy sensitivity was 100% (10/10; 95% CI 69.2%–100%), and overall specificity was 100% (96/96; 95% weighted CI, 94.8%–100%). The mean fetal fraction (FF) of monozygotic twins (n = 43) was 13.0% (standard deviation (SD), 4.5%); for dizygotic twins (n = 79), the mean lower FF was 6.5% (SD, 3.1%) and the mean higher FF was 8.1% (SD, 3.5%). We conclude SNP-based NIPT for zygosity is of value when chorionicity is uncertain or anomalies are identified. Zygosity, fetal sex, and aneuploidy are complementary evaluations that can be carried out on the same specimen as early as 9 weeks’ gestation.
Uncoupling Traditional Functionalities of Metastasis: The Parting of Ways with Real-Time Assays
Authors: Varankar Sagar S. , Bapat Sharmila A.
Published: June 2019

The experimental evaluation of metastasis overly focuses on the gain of migratory and invasive properties, while disregarding the contributions of cellular plasticity, extra-cellular matrix heterogeneity, niche interactions, and tissue architecture. Traditional cell-based assays often restrict the inclusion of these processes and warrant the implementation of approaches that provide an enhanced spatiotemporal resolution of the metastatic cascade. Time lapse imaging represents such an underutilized approach in cancer biology, especially in the context of disease progression. The inclusion of time lapse microscopy and microfluidic devices in routine assays has recently discerned several nuances of the metastatic cascade. Our review emphasizes that a complete comprehension of metastasis in view of evolving ideologies necessitates (i) the use of appropriate, context-specific assays and understanding their inherent limitations; (ii) cautious derivation of inferences to avoid erroneous/overestimated clinical extrapolations; (iii) corroboration between multiple assay outputs to gauge metastatic potential; and (iv) the development of protocols with improved in situ implications. We further believe that the adoption of improved quantitative approaches in these assays can generate predictive algorithms that may expedite therapeutic strategies targeting metastasis via the development of disease relevant model systems. Such approaches could potentiate the restructuring of the cancer metastasis paradigm through an emphasis on the development of next-generation real-time assays.
Adaptive Weighted Multi-Discriminator CycleGAN for Underwater Image Enhancement
Authors: Park Jaihyun , Han David K. , Ko Hanseok
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we propose a novel underwater image enhancement method. Typical deep learning models for underwater image enhancement are trained by paired synthetic dataset. Therefore, these models are mostly effective for synthetic image enhancement but less so for real-world images. In contrast, cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN) can be trained with unpaired dataset. However, performance of the CycleGAN is highly dependent upon the dataset, thus it may generate unrealistic images with less content information than original images. A novel solution we propose here is by starting with a CycleGAN, we add a pair of discriminators to preserve contents of input image while enhancing the image. As a part of the solution, we introduce an adaptive weighting method for limiting losses of the two types of discriminators to balance their influence and stabilize the training procedure. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on real-world underwater images.
The Active Reef Restoration Toolbox is a Vehicle for Coral Resilience and Adaptation in a Changing World
Authors: Rinkevich Baruch
Published: June 2019

The accelerating marks of climate change on coral-reef ecosystems, combined with the recognition that traditional management measures are not efficient enough to cope with climate change tempo and human footprints, have raised a need for new approaches to reef restoration. The most widely used approach is the “coral gardening” tenet; an active reef restoration tactic based on principles, concepts, and theories used in silviculture. During the relatively short period since its inception, the gardening approach has been tested globally in a wide range of reef sites, and on about 100 coral species, utilizing hundreds of thousands of nursery-raised coral colonies. While still lacking credibility for simulating restoration scenarios under forecasted climate change impacts, and with a limited adaptation toolkit used in the gardening approach, it is still deficient. Therefore, novel restoration avenues have recently been suggested and devised, and some have already been tested, primarily in the laboratory. Here, I describe seven classes of such novel avenues and tools, which include the improved gardening methodologies, ecological engineering approaches, assisted migration/colonization, assisted genetics/evolution, assisted microbiome, coral epigenetics, and coral chimerism. These are further classified into three operation levels, each dependent on the success of the former level. Altogether, the seven approaches and the three operation levels represent a unified active reef restoration toolbox, under the umbrella of the gardening tenet, focusing on the enhancement of coral resilience and adaptation in a changing world.
Remote Sensing for Maritime Prompt Monitoring
Authors: Reggiannini Marco , Righi Marco , Tampucci Marco , Lo Duca Angelica , Bacciu Clara , Bedini Luigi , D’Errico Andrea , Di Paola Claudio , Marchetti Andrea , Martinelli Massimo , Mercurio Costanzo , Salerno Emanuele , Zizi Bruno
Published: June 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to describe a software platform dedicated to sea surveillance, capable of detecting and identifying illegal maritime traffic. This platform results from the cascade pipeline of several image processing algorithms that input Radar or Optical imagery captured by satellite-borne sensors and try to identify vessel targets in the scene and provide quantitative descriptors about their shape and motion. This platform is innovative since it integrates in its architecture heterogeneous data and data processing solutions with the goal of identifying navigating vessels in a unique and completely automatic processing streamline. More in detail, the processing chain consists of: (i) the detection of target vessels in an input map; (ii) the estimation of each vessel’s most descriptive geometrical and scatterometric (for radar images) features; (iii) the estimation of the kinematics of each vessel; (iv) the prediction of each vessel’s forthcoming route; and (v) the visualization of the results in a dedicated webGIS interface. The resulting platform represents a novel tool to counteract unauthorized fishing and tackle irregular migration and the related smuggling activities.
Central Nervous System Infections Due to Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Jackson Niki R. , Blair Janis E. , Ampel Neil M.
Published: June 2019

Coccidioidomycosis is a common infection in the western and southwestern United States as well as parts of Mexico and Central and South America and is due to the soil-dwelling fungi Coccidioides. Central nervous system (CNS) infection is an uncommon manifestation that is nearly always fatal if untreated. The presentation is subtle, commonly with headache and decreased mentation. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with these symptoms in association with a positive serum coccidioidal antibody test. The diagnosis can only be established by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which typically demonstrates a lymphocytic pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, elevated protein, and positive CSF coccidioidal antibody. Cultures are infrequently positive but a proprietary coccidioidal antigen test has reasonable sensitivity. Current therapy usually begins with fluconazole at 800 mg daily but other triazole antifungals also have efficacy and are often used if fluconazole fails. Triazole therapy should be lifelong. Intrathecal amphotericin B, the original treatment, is now reserved for those in whom triazoles have failed. There are several distinct complications of CNS coccidioidal infection, the most common of which is hydrocephalus. This is nearly always communicating and requires mechanical shunting in addition to antifungal therapy. Other complications include cerebral vasculitis, brain abscess, and arachnoiditis. Management of these is difficult and not well established.
Landscape Economic Attractiveness: An Integrated Methodology for Exploring the Rural Landscapes in Piedmont (Italy)
Authors: Assumma Vanessa , Bottero Marta , Monaco Roberto
Published: June 2019

The present paper focuses on an integrated evaluation methodology aimed at measuring the attractiveness of rural landscapes. The landscapes under observation are two exceptional contexts in Piedmont (Italy): The Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea and the vineyard landscape of Langhe, Roero and Monferrato, which have recently been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The proposed investigation tool consists of the use of a system of landscape indicators, from which a synthetic index called the landscape economic attractiveness index has been obtained, and the integration of the results in a dynamic model, considering the synthetic index as a factor of people mobility in a multi-pole system. This integrated approach aims at supporting the decision-making process in the definition and orientation of landscape and territorial transformation policies, respecting the landscape components.
A New Bioactive Glass/Collagen Hybrid Composite for Applications in Dentistry
Authors: Bellucci Devis , Salvatori Roberta , Giannatiempo Jessica , Anesi Alexandre , Bortolini Sergio , Cannillo Valeria
Published: June 2019

Bioactive glasses (BGs) are currently employed in a wide range of medical and dentistry applications by virtue of their bone-bonding ability. The incorporation of BGs into a collagen matrix may be used to combine the regenerative potential of these materials with the specific biological advantages of collagen. However, most of the collagen/BG composites reported in the literature are scaffolds and there is a lack of moldable putties or injectable systems. Here, granules of an innovative BG containing strontium and magnesium were mixed with collagen and PEG to obtain a putty (BGMS/C) suitable for dental applications. For the sake of comparison, granules of 45S5 Bioglass®, the gold standard among BGs, were used to prepare a 45S5/collagen putty. Both the composites were evaluated in vitro with respect to murine fibroblasts. The materials showed an excellent biocompatibility, making them interesting for possible applications in dentistry and reconstructive surgery. Moreover, BGMS/C seems to stimulate cell proliferation.
Swelling Behavior of Polyacrylamide–Cellulose Nanocrystal Hydrogels: Swelling Kinetics, Temperature, and pH Effects
Authors: Jayaramudu Tippabattini , Ko Hyun-U , Kim Hyun Chan , Kim Jung Woong , Kim Jaehwan
Published: June 2019

This paper reports swelling behavior of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-based polyacrylamide hydrogels prepared by a radical polymerization. The CNC acts as a nanofiller through the formation of complexation and intermolecular interaction. FTIR spectroscopy and XRD studies confirmed the formation of intermolecular bonds between the acrylamide and hydroxyl groups of CNC. The swelling ratio and water retention were studied in de-ionized (DI) water at room temperature, and the temperature effect on the swelling ratio was investigated. Further, the pH effect on the swelling ratio was studied with different temperature levels. Increasing the pH with temperature, the prepared hydrogel shows 6 times higher swelling ratio than the initial condition. The swelling kinetics of the developed hydrogels explains that the diffusion mechanism is Fickian diffusion mechanism. Since the developed hydrogels have good swelling behaviors with respect to pH and temperature, they can be used as smart materials in the field of controlled drug delivery applications.
Numerical Modelling of Ballistic Impact Response at Low Velocity in Aramid Fabrics
Authors: Feito Norberto , Loya José Antonio , Muñoz-Sánchez Ana , Das Raj
Published: June 2019

In this study, the effect of the impact angle of a projectile during low-velocity impact on Kevlar fabrics has been investigated using a simplified numerical model. The implementation of mesoscale models is complex and usually involves long computation time, in contrast to the practical industry needs to obtain accurate results rapidly. In addition, when the simulation includes more than one layer of composite ply, the computational time increases even in the case of hybrid models. With the goal of providing useful and rapid prediction tools to the industry, a simplified model has been developed in this work. The model offers an advantage in the reduced computational time compared to a full 3D model (around a 90% faster). The proposed model has been validated against equivalent experimental and numerical results reported in the literature with acceptable deviations and accuracies for design requirements. The proposed numerical model allows the study of the influence of the geometry on the impact response of the composite. Finally, after a parametric study related to the number of layers and angle of impact, using a response surface methodology, a mechanistic model and a surface diagram have been presented in order to help with the calculation of the ballistic limit.
Cyclodehydration of 1,4-butanediol over Zr-Al Catalysts: Effect of Reaction Medium
Authors: Li Kuo-Tseng , Chen Kuan-Wen
Published: June 2019

The conversion of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to tetrahydrofuran (THF) in aqueous phase is desirable because BDO production technology is shifting to bio-based aqueous fermentation routes. In this study, liquid-phase cyclodehydration of BDO to THF was studied in two reaction media (pure BDO and aqueous BDO feeds) at 200–240 °C using ZrO2-Al2O3 (ZA) mixed oxides, which were made with a co-precipitation method and were characterized with XRD, BET, SEM/EDX, pyridine and n-butylamine adsorptions. The maximum acidity and the largest surface area occurred at Zr/Al atomic ratios of 1/1 (ZA11) and 1/3 (ZA13), respectively. The reaction exhibited pseudo-first-order; aqueous BDO feed had much greater rate constant than pure BDO feed, ascribed to the acidic properties of adsorbed water molecules (coordinated to surface metal cations) for the former case. For pure BDO feed, linear relation was observed between rate constant and catalyst acidity, and ZA11 reached a THF yield of 90.1% at 240 °C. With aqueous BDO feed, rate constant increased linearly with increasing surface area and ZA13 reached a THF yield of 97.1% at 220 °C. The change of optimum catalyst composition with reaction medium suggests that active sites for catalyzing BDO cyclodehydration changed with the reaction environment.
Effect of Selected Luminescent Layers on CCT, CRI, and Response Times
Authors: Jargus Jan , Vitasek Jan , Nedoma Jan , Vasinek Vladimir , Martinek Radek
Published: June 2019

Phosphors have been used as wavelength converters in illumination for many years. When it is excited with blue light, the frequently used yttrium aluminium garnet doped with cerium (YAG:Ce) phosphor converts a part of blue light to a wideband yellow light, resulting in the generated light having a white color. By combining an appropriate concentration of the YAG:Ce phosphor and blue excitant light, white light of a desired correlated color temperature (CCT) can be obtained. However, this type of illumination has a lower color rendering index value (CRI). In an attempt to improve the CRI value, we mixed the YAG:Ce phosphor with europium-doped calcium sulfide phosphor (CaS:Eu), which resulted in a considerably increased CRI value. This article examines an experiment with luminescent layers consisting of a mixture of selected phosphors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Different thicknesses in these layers were achieved by changing the speed of rotation during their accumulation onto laboratory glass using the method of spin coating. The spectral characteristics of these luminescent layers as they were excited with blue light emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD) were then determined. A suitable combination of the YAG:Ce phosphor with a phosphor containing europium, as it was excited with a blue LED, yielded a source of white light with a CRI value of greater than 85. The response time in the tested luminescent layers to a rectangular excitant impulse (generated by a signal generator and transmitted by LD) was also measured in order to examine their potential use in visible light communications (VLC).
The General Model for Least Convex Disparity RIM Quantifier Problems
Authors: Hong Dug Hun
Published: June 2019

Hong (Mathematics 2019, 7, 326) recently introduced the general least squares deviation (LSD) model for ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator weights. In this paper, we propose the corresponding generalized least square disparity model for regular increasing monotone (RIM) quantifier determination under a given orness level. We prove this problem mathematically. Using this result, we provide the full solution of the least square disparity RIM quantifier model as an illustrative example.
Invasive and Non-Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis—A Review and Update of the Evidence
Authors: Deutsch Peter George , Whittaker Joshua , Prasad Shashi
Published: June 2019

Fungal infections are a subset of infectious processes that an otolaryngologist is required to be familiar with. They can be encountered in otology, rhinology and head and neck surgery. The presence of fungal rhinosinusitis is well recognised by otolaryngologists, but the classifications and appropriate management are not so well understood. The prevalence of fungal sinus disease is thought to be have been increasing in recent decades There is speculation that this may be due to increased awareness, antibiotic overuse and increased use of immunosuppressant medications. Added to this, there has been a large amount published on the role of fungi as a causative organism in chronic rhinosinusitis. Given the importance of fungal rhinosinusitis in clinical practice, we aim to review the classification and current management strategies based on up-to-date literature.
The Effect of Long-Term Second-Generation Antipsychotics Use on the Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Jordanian Population
Authors: Abo Alrob Osama , Alazzam Sayer , Alzoubi Karem , Nusair Mohammad B. , Amawi Haneen , Karasneh Reema , Rababa’h Abeer , Nammas Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of metabolic syndrome in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed patients’ electronic medical records (EMRs) of all patients who received one SGA for at least six months, excluding patients who were taking other medications that are associated with significant effect on metabolic syndrome. Relevant clinical information was collected prior to starting the SGA and after six months of continuous use of the same SGA. Results: A total of 91 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients (72%) were diagnosed with schizophrenia. After six months of taking the SGA, 44% of patients experienced elevated systolic pressure, 54.9% had elevated triglyceride, and 31.9% had impaired glucose levels (p value < 0.05). Prior to initiating SGA therapy, 14.3% of patients had metabolic syndrome, while 37.4% had metabolic syndrome after six months of therapy, and it was more prominent in males compared to female patients (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: This study found a strong correlation between SGA use and the appearance of metabolic alterations, such as weight gain, glucose intolerance, and increased triglyceride levels. These findings highlight the importance of assessing metabolic deregulations to minimize SGA associated metabolic abnormalities.
Numerical Estimation of Limiting Current Density by Focusing on Mass Transfer within Porous Spacers in an Electro-Dialysis
Authors: Sano Yoshihiko , Fukagawa Kosuke , Kuwahara Fujio
Published: June 2019

Estimating and increasing limiting current density (LCD) levels is of fundamental importance for the development of electrodialysis (ED) systems, and it is becoming clear that the use of porous spacers can significantly increase such LCD levels. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation was proposed for evaluating the mass transfer within a porous spacer unit cell and for estimating LCD levels. It was found that our proposed method is effective for estimating the minimum value of an LCD, which is a significant factor related to the safe operation of ED systems. Furthermore, it was found that increasing the minimum effective Sherwood number provides a key to increasing LCD levels. Porous spacer design guidelines were proposed based on the numerical simulation results, after which a new spacer was introduced, designed according to those guidelines. It was found that flow disturbances on the membrane caused by porous spacer structures can lead to increases in effective Sherwood numbers and that LCD levels could be increased by eliminating the flow stagnation behind the structures on the membrane. The LCD of our new spacer was found to be higher than that of the spacers with the highest LCD levels in use at present. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed design guidelines are effective for increasing LCD levels.
The Atomic Arrangement of Cr-rich Tourmaline from the #1 Mine, Balmat, St. Lawrence County, New York, USA
Authors: Dannenberg Steven , Di Paolo Devany , Ehlers Alix , McCarthy Kyle , Mancini Mark , Reuter Matthew , Seth Dennis , Song Zihui , Valladares Maria , Zhu Xuanfu , Hughes John , Lupulescu Marian
Published: June 2019

Chromium-bearing tourmalines are rare. Chromium-rich tourmaline from the northwestern part of the Adirondack Mountains in the Adirondack Lowlands is among the most chromium-rich tourmalines found to date. The mineral, with >21.0 wt. % Cr2O3, is from the marble-hosted talc–tremolite–cummingtonite schist in the #1 mine in Balmat, St. Lawrence County, New York. The atomic arrangement of the sample (a = 16.0242(3) Å, c = 7.3002(2) Å) was refined to R1 = 0.0139. The composition, from chemical analyses and optimization of the formula, is X(Ca0.22Na0.69K0.01) Y(Cr3+1.68Mg0.80Ti0.13V0.06Mn0.02Fe0.02Li0.29) Z(Al3.11Cr3+1.18Mg1.70Fe0.01) T(Si5.93Al0.07) B3O27 OH3.99 F0.01. There has been extensive debate over the ordering of Cr3+ between the tourmaline Y and Z octahedral sites. Recent work has suggested that, at low concentrations (<~1.03 apfu), the substituent Cr3+ is ordered into the Y-site, whereas, at greater concentrations, the substituent is disordered over both octahedral sites. An analysis of nine recently published, high-precision structures of chromium-bearing tourmaline, in combination with the Adirondack tourmaline, suggests that structural changes to the Y-site at low concentrations of Cr3+ induce changes in the Z-site that make it more amenable to incorporation of the Cr3+ substituents by increasing . The bond lengths change to lower the bond-valence sum of Cr3+ in the Z-site of the chromium-dravite, making that site more amenable to the substituent. Calculations suggest that the Z-site begins to accept substituent Cr3+ when the bond valence sum of that ion in Z reduces to a value of ~3.36 valence units.
Maximizing Economic Performance in the Mining Industry by Applying Bioleaching Technology for Extraction of Polymetallic Mineral Deposits
Authors: Kržanović Daniel , Conić Vesna , Bugarin Dejan , Jovanović Ivana , Božić Dragana
Published: June 2019

There are many sources to increase value in an integrated mining–metallurgy context. The optimal strategy for concentration of minerals from the ore is one of these sources. The elements of mining-metallurgy operations from resources, infrastructure, mining site, processing, and metallurgy are mutually dependent, and reinforce and interact positively with each other to generate a combined value greater than the sum of their individual contributions. Bioleaching technology is an alternative processing technology for treatment of low-grade sulphide ore, and its application contributes to the achievement of better economic results than the conventional pyrometallurgical technology. This work presents the application of bioleaching technology in laboratory conditions for metal extraction from the polymetallic deposit Tenka in East Serbia, belonging to the company Serbia Zijin Bor Copper Doo (formerly the Mining Smelter Basin Bor Group). Bioleaching of sulphide polymetallic raw material is performed by chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms. Applying the bioleaching technology, the achieved recoveries of metals from the polymetallic ore are as follows: Cu 90%, Au 90%, Ag 80%, Zn 72% and Pb 90%. The calculated values for Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are $ 21.927 million and 12.55%, respectively.
Fluorine-18 Labeled Fluorofuranylnorprogesterone ([18F]FFNP) and Dihydrotestosterone ([18F]FDHT) Prepared by “Fluorination on Sep-Pak” Method
Authors: Basuli Falguni , Zhang Xiang , Blackman Burchelle , White Margaret E. , Jagoda Elaine M. , Choyke Peter L. , Swenson Rolf E.
Published: June 2019

To further explore the scope of our recently developed “fluorination on Sep-Pak” method, we prepared two well-known positron emission tomography (PET) tracers 21-[18F]fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1′-α-furylmethylidene)dioxy]-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione furanyl norprogesterone ([18F]FFNP) and 16β-[18F]fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone ([18F]FDHT). Following the “fluorination on Sep-Pak” method, over 70% elution efficiency was observed with 3 mg of triflate precursor of [18F]FFNP. The overall yield of [18F]FFNP was 64–72% (decay corrected) in 40 min synthesis time with a molar activity of 37–81 GBq/µmol (1000–2200 Ci/mmol). Slightly lower elution efficiency (~55%) was observed with the triflate precursor of [18F]FDHT. Fluorine-18 labeling, reduction, and deprotection to prepare [18F]FDHT were performed on Sep-Pak cartridges (PS-HCO3 and Sep-Pak plus C-18). The overall yield of [18F]FDHT was 25–32% (decay corrected) in 70 min. The molar activity determined by using mass spectrometry was 63–148 GBq/µmol (1700–4000 Ci/mmol). Applying this quantitative measure of molar activity to in vitro assays [18F]FDHT exhibited high-affinity binding to androgen receptors (Kd~2.5 nM) providing biological validation of this method.
Rapid and Efficient Separation of Decursin and Decursinol Angelate from Angelica gigas Nakai using Ionic Liquid, (BMIm)BF4, Combined with Crystallization
Authors: Kiyonga Alice Nguvoko , An Ji-Hun , Lee Ki Yong , Lim Changjin , Suh Young-Ger , Chin Young-Won , Jung Kiwon
Published: June 2019

Ionic liquids (ILs) have gained much attention as alternative solvents to volatile organic solvents due to their attractive properties. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the selective separation of decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA) from Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas) using ILs and crystallization. The IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ((BMIm)BF4) was the most efficient at extracting D and DA. Parameters including solid-to-liquid ratio, time, and temperature were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal extraction conditions (1 g/6.5 mL solid-to-liquid ratio, 60 °C temperature, and 120 min time), the extraction yields of D and DA were 43.32 mg/g (97.06%) and 17.87 mg/g (97.12%), respectively. Moreover, drowning out crystallization using deionized water (DW) as an anti-solvent offered an excellent ability to recover D and DA from the A. gigas–(BMIm)BF4 extraction solution. The rates of recovery and the total purity of D and DA were found to be greater than 97%. Therefore, a rapid and efficient method of combining ILs with crystallization was effectively achieved for the selective separation of D and DA. This approach is assumed to be beneficial in the pharmaceutical industry for the effective obtention of D- and DA-enriched products.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Application of Novel Photoaffinity Probes of Dihydropyridine Derivatives, BAY R3401
Authors: Zhang Liying , Yan Zhiwei , Wang Youde , Song Chengjun , Miao Guangxin
Published: June 2019

To explore the molecular mechanisms of BAY R3401, four types of novel photoaffinity probes bearing different secondary tags were synthesized. Their potency for glycogenolysis was evaluated in primary human liver HL-7702 cells and HepG2 cells. Probe 2d showed the best activity in primary human liver HL-7702 cells and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 4.45 μM and 28.49 μM, respectively. Likewise, probe 5d showed IC50 values of 6.46 μM in primary human liver HL-7702 cells and 15.29 μM in HepG2 cells, respectively. Photoaffinity labeling experiments were also performed and protein bands larger than 170 kDa were specifically tagged by probe 2d. The results suggest that the synthesized probe 2d might be a very promising tool for the isolation of the target proteins of BAY R3401.
Efficient Ni/Au Mesh Transparent Electrodes for ITO-Free Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Dazheng , Fan Gang , Zhang Hongxiao , Zhou Long , Zhu Weidong , Xi He , Dong Hang , Pang Shangzheng , He Xiaoning , Lin Zhenhua , Zhang Jincheng , Zhang Chunfu , Hao Yue
Published: June 2019

Indium thin oxide (ITO)-free planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated at a low temperature (150 °C) in this work based on the transparent electrode of photolithography processed nickel/gold (Ni/Au) mesh and the high conductivity polymer, PH1000. Ultrathin Au was introduced to increase the conductivity of metal mesh, and the optimal hexagonal Ni (30 nm)/Au (10 nm) mesh (line width of 5 μm) shows a transmittance close to 80% in the visible light region and a sheet resistance lower than 16.9 Ω/sq. The conductive polymer PH1000 not only smooths the raised surface of the metal mesh but also enhances the charge collection ability of metal mesh. The fabricated PSCs have the typical planar structure (glass/Ni-Au mesh/PH1000/PEDOT:PSS/MAyFA1−yPbIxCl3−x/PCBM/BCP/Ag) and the champion PSC (0.09 cm2) obtains a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.88%, negligible current hysteresis, steady current density and PCE outputs, and good process repeatability. Its photovoltaic performance and stability are comparable to the reference PSC based on the ITO electrodes (PCE = 15.70%), which demonstrates that the Ni/Au mesh transparent electrodes are a promising ITO alternative to fabricate efficient PSCs. The relatively lower performance of Ni/Au based PSC results from the relatively slower charge extraction and stronger charge recombination than the ITO based PSC. Further, we tried to fabricate the large area (1 cm2) device and achieve a PCE over 6% with negligible hysteresis and steady current density and PCE outputs. The improvements of perovskite film quality and interface modification should be an effective approach to further enhance the device performance of Ni/Au based PSCs, and the Ni/Au mesh electrode may find wider applications in PSCs and flexible devices.
Theoretical Modeling and Inverse Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Skeletons in SiO2 Nano-Insulation Materials
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Chen , Xia Xin-Lin , Li Dong-Hui , Sun Chuang
Published: June 2019

With the developments in high-performance nano-insulation material technology, theoretical studies on the heat transfer mechanisms in these materials have been conducted. However, the conductivity of nanometer-sized skeletons is still unclear. It is necessary to clarify the thermal conductivity of nanometer-sized solid skeletons in order to better understand the heat transfer mechanisms in nano-insulation materials. In the present study, a theoretical model for the thermal conductivity of nanometer-sized skeletons in nano-insulation materials is presented based upon the meso-structure of the material and the equation of phonon transfer. The size effect in thermal conductivity of the nanometer-sized particles is studied numerically, and the thermal conductivity is theoretically obtained. At the same time, a reverse method is established for the thermal conductivity of nanometer-sized particles based on the method of particle swarm optimization (PSO). The skeleton thermal conductivity for a specific nano-insulation material with a density of 110 kg/m3 and porosity of 0.94 is identified based upon experimental data from literature. Comparison results show that the theoretical conductivity of nanometer-sized skeletons and the identified results give the values of 0.145 and 0.124 W/(m K), respectively, clearly revealing obvious an size effect in the thermal conductivity of nanometer-sized skeletons.
Acetic-Acid Plasma-Polymerization on Polymeric Substrates for Biomedical Application
Authors: Liao Shu-Chuan , Chen Ko-Shao , Chien Jui-Lung , Chen Su-Chen , Lin Win-Li
Published: June 2019

Cold plasma is an emerging technology offering many potential applications for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering. This study focused on the characterization of the carboxylic acid functional groups deposited on polymeric substrates using a plasma polymerization process with an acetic acid precursor. The acetic acid precursor contains oxygen and hydrocarbon that, when introduced to a plasma state, forms the polylactide-like film on the substrates. In this study, polymeric substrates were modified by depositing acetic acid plasma film on the surface to improve hydrophilic quality and biocompatibility. The experimental results that of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) to show for acetic acid film, three peaks corresponding to the C–C group (285.0 eV), C–O group (286.6 eV), and C=O group (288.7 eV) were observed. The resulting of those indicated that appropriate acetic acid plasma treatment could increase the polar components on the surface of substrates to improve the hydrophilicity. In addition, in vitro cell culture studies showed that the embryonic stem (ES) cell adhesion on the acetic acid plasma-treated polymeric substrates is better than the untreated. Such acetic acid film performance makes it become a promising candidate as the surface coating layer on polymeric substrates for biomedical application.
Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire to Screen Omega-3 Fatty Acids Levels in Healthy Adults
Authors: Shen Wan , Weaver Anne M. , Salazar Claudia , Samet James M. , Diaz-Sanchez David , Tong Haiyan
Published: June 2019

To facilitate a clinical observational study to identify healthy volunteers with low (defined as ≤4%) and high (defined as ≥5.5%) omega-3 indices, a dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess habitual dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was developed. This study aimed to determine the validity of this newly developed dietary questionnaire. One hundred and eight volunteers were included and were assessed for habitual dietary intake of EPA and DHA using the questionnaire. The United States Department of Agriculture food products database and nutrition fact label was referenced for calculation. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of fatty acids in whole blood specimens and to derive omega-3 indices. A linear correlation was observed between reported dietary consumption of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA and the whole blood levels of EPA, DHA, and the omega-3 indices (r = 0.67, 0.62, 0.67, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). The findings also suggested that the questionnaire was substantially better at identifying volunteers with high omega-3 indices (sensitivity 89%, specificity 84%, and agreement 86%) compared to volunteers with low omega-3 indices (sensitivity 100%, specificity 66%, and agreement 42%). In conclusion, this newly developed questionnaire is an efficient tool for the assessment of omega-3 indices in study populations and is particularly effective in identifying individuals with high omega-3 indices.
Monitoring Sodium Content in Processed Foods in Argentina 2017–2018: Compliance with National Legislation and Regional Targets
Authors: Allemandi Lorena , Tiscornia Maria Victoria , Guarnieri Leila , Castronuovo Luciana , Martins Enrique
Published: June 2019

Sodium intake in Argentina has been estimated to be at least double the dose of 2000 mg/day recommended by WHO, mostly coming from processed foods. Argentina is one of the few countries in the world that have regulated sodium content in certain food products. This study presents an assessment of sodium content in a selection of food groups and categories as reported in the nutrient information panels. We surveyed 3674 food products, and the sodium content of 864 and 1375 of them was compared to the maximum levels according to the Argentinean law and the regional targets, respectively. All food categories presented high variability of sodium content. Over 90% of the products included in the national sodium reduction law were found to be compliant. Food groups with high median sodium, such as condiments, sauces and spreads, and fish and fish products, are not included in the national law. In turn, comparisons with the lower regional targets indicated that almost 50% of the products analyzed had sodium contents above the recommended values. This evidence suggests that enhancing sodium reduction in processed foods may be a necessity for public health objectives and it is also technically feasible in Argentina.