bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haplodiploidy and the Social Insects
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

Richard Feynman, the great physicist, once warned of the dangers of think tanks—of trying to do intellectual work, especially theoretical work, without any teaching responsibilities. At first it sounds like a wonderful idea, to have that much more time to devote to what you really care about. But in actual fact it was often a death trap. Inevitably, there will be times when you have no ideas. What do you do then? If you have a teaching position you con-centrate on teaching, and the teaching is likely to rejuvenate you mentally. The act of preparing materials for other minds requires you to think things through more carefully than if you are merely explaining them to yourself.
Neandertal Hunting and Meat-Processing in the Near East: Evidence from Kebara Cave (Israel)
Authors: Speth John D , Tchernov Eitan
Published: November 2023

Few would question the assertion that by the end of the Upper Paleolithic (about 10,000 years ago) humans were highly competent hunters, going about the business of hunting much as any modern forager would, and probably employing a broadly similar range of techniques, strategies and decision-making criteria. While much less is known about the foraging behavior of Plio-Pleistocene hominids, most would also probably agree that their behavior was quite unlike that of modern hunter-gatherers, differing not just because early hominids possessed a far more rudimentary technology, but also because they probably went about it in ways that have few analogues among contemporary foragers. Thus, we seem to have fairly clear notions about the nature of human foraging at either end of the Pleistocene—scavenging and small-game hunting at the beginning, highly skilled large-game hunting by the end (see Bunn this volume).
The Other Faunivory: Primate Insectivory and Early Human Diet
Authors: McGrew William C
Published: November 2023

To most palaeoanthropologists, as well as many primatologists and ethnologists, faunivory equals carnivory (e.g., Lee and DeVore 1968; Stanford 1996). That is, the edible tissues of vertebrates is thought to be an important influence on human evolution at levels ranging from nutrition to mate choice to sex roles to communal cooperation. By default, meat equals power equals prominence. This is likely to lead to a skewed picture of early human diet, especially in light of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness in the open habitats of tropical Africa, where hominization began.
Mutualistic Hunting
Authors: Alvard Michael S
Published: November 2023

The problems involved with living in complex social groups have emerged as important prime movers for hominid adaptation. In H. sapiens, social complexity is associated with a number of interesting traits. One of the more interesting is the cooperative large-game acquisition and the distribution of the meat resource. Sometime during the last 5 million or so years, hominids went from a chimpanzee-like subsistence pattern to one where meat was a substantial proportion of the diet. In fact, the proportion of meat in the diet is one characteristic that sets humans apart from other primates.
Neonate Body Size and Hominid Carnivory
Authors: Vasey Natalia , Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

In a fascinating discussion of genetic conflict between human mothers and their offspring, Haig (1993) put forward the idea that the placenta intervenes between the fetus and the mother causing escalation in a struggle for resources between them. Although individual nutritional requirements of fetus and mother are usually met, placental actions sometimes result in illness, pathology, and death. Haig’s ideas give a theoretical underpinning to understanding the observations of Portmann (1939, 1941, 1952, 1962, 1965, 1990), followed by those of Martin (1983), that the human full-term fetus, although grown with about the same gestation period as those of great apes, is both relatively and absolutely large and yet is secondarily altricial.
The Obscure Link Between Emotion and Reason
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

New work by neuroscientists concentrates on the interdependence be tween emotion (associated with intuition) and reason (associated with analysis). That work holds interest for us for it is that interdependence that addresses the problem of the effects of stress on judgment. If emotion and reason are demonstrably interdependent in the brain, both functionally and structurally, then there will be no doubt that stress, insofar as it gives rise to emotion, will have some effect on judgment, inasmuch as judgment is a product of reason. First, however, we must consider the basic question of whether emotions would have a positive or negative effect on judgment, if the two were in fact interdependent.
Erikson and Rethinking the Meaning of “Adult”
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

In 1970, Erikson ended his “all too extroverted years” of teaching, writing, and traveling.1 He was 68 years old, had completed a lifetime of clinical work and writing, and had just retired from his professorship at Harvard. Against the backdrop of the 1960s with its various tensions, Erikson felt a resurgence of concern about humanity’s direction and eventual end. He hoped in the fundamental goodness of humans but feared that the species would soon destroy itself. Since 1965, he had written about the dangers of violence in a nuclear age. He now began a period of life fully beyond institutional life. The writing years left to him would be brief, but before he disengaged completely, he inspired one last, large-scale effort, the “Conference on the Adult,” sponsored by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.2 Through this conference, he hoped to surface new insights about undiscovered adult potentials that he held as essential in light of recent social events. Because his various audiences had largely focused on his eight-stage model of the human life cycle alone, most readers had missed his points about what it means to be developmentally mature. It was time to ask his question bluntly, “What is an adult?”
Prejudiced Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

On many occasions in his life, Erikson walked through the stone arch of the gate in which the following message is chiseled: “Enter to grow in wisdom. Depart to serve better your country and your kind.”1 Erected in 1901, in an era of mass immigration, the gate leads onto the grounds of a major American university. The closing words of its message convey the insular thinking that characterized a nation at the turn of the century, conveying a form of prejudice which Erikson studied and countered throughout his life. Who, he repeatedly asked, is one’s “kind?”
Playing, Childlike Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

Holding aside the specifics of stages once more, Erikson’s writings provide a wealth of insight into play and potential childlikeness in the grown adult and about how one might reclaim some of childhood’s lost power. It was clear to him that too many persons lose vitality, joy, and a sense of wonder enroute to full adulthood. To Erikson, the adult version of play exists in ideas and plans, in drama and scenarios, in visions, models, and worldviews. But childlikeness is an entirely different matter, a giant step beyond play. Adult childlikeness requires combining play with wonder and trust, a blend found only in the rarest of persons. Further, in the broad span of life called “maturity,” Erikson found that only the most extraordinary adult could see in children generally, and in his or her own internalized child specifically, anything other than weaknesses that had to be variously restrained, controlled, or brought up to stature. By full adulthood, wonder, the ability to see things delightfully anew, had been forfeited, and distrust and cynicism had replaced much of childhood’s trust. This is one reason for Erikson’s change in the negative poles for adult resolutions. He saw that identity, in its evolving adult forms, cannot coexist with cynicism, isolation, and rejection. Solid development, positive adaptation, and good mental health require acceptance of oneself, of other persons, and of viable social roles, instead of role refusal, withdrawal, stagnation, and bitterness mixed with self-disgust.1
Wise Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

In his later years, Erikson overturned his lifelong belief that integrity and wisdom are products of the last stage of life. He then acknowledged that as a middle-aged theorist he had erroneously projected forward his assumptions about the fruits waiting at the end of a long, productive, engaged life. As a comparatively youthful theorist, he had held that wisdom, the “oldest virtue,” would accrue only to those who had managed an adequate length of life, maturity, and the ability to see events in their historical continuity.1 Later, as an elder theorist, he realized that wisdom and integrity were “somewhat grandiose designations of old-age strengths,” particularly for those facing life’s end.2 He wrote: “The demand to develop integrity and wisdom in old age seems to be somewhat unfair, especially when made by middle-aged theorists—as, indeed, we then were.”3 Thus he abandoned his prior view of wisdom as a “final overview—with some wit to spare.”4 He changed integrity to “integrality,” the ability to maintain a sense of whole ness in the face of bodily and sometimes mental and psychological deterioration, and replaced wisdom with faith as the final form of achievable, existential hopes.5
VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec
Authors: Lee Felicia
Published: November 2023

A common theme in the literature on VSO languages is the claim that clause initial predicates are verbal heads (Emonds 1980, McCloskey 1991, Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among others). This claim, however, poses problems for a number of VSO languages: Irish, for instance, allows complex nominal predicates to occupy the same position as verbal heads (as noted by Carnie 1995); and Quiaviní Zapotec, the language examined in this chapter, also allows verbs and phrasal expressions to appear interchangeably in certain syntactic contexts. This work will propose an alternate analysis for the derivation of VSO word order that accounts for the non-head-like behavior of predicates in VSO languages: VP remnants, rather than verbal heads, raise to pre-subject position. Subjects and objects base-generated within VP raise into their respective agreement projections, while the VP, which itself contains traces of these arguments, raises to clause initial position. (The non-head-like behavior and morphological patterning of predicates in other VSO languages have recently prompted other researchers to reach similar conclusions independently; see Massam, this volume, and Rackowski and Travis, this volume).
XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

One of the most hotly debated phenomena in natural language is that of leftward argument scrambling. This book investigates the properties of Hindi-Urdu scrambling to show that it must be analysed as uniformly a focality-driven XP-adjunction operation. It proposes a novel theory of binding and coreference that not only derives the coreference effects in scrambled constructions, but has important consequences for the proper formulation of binding, crossover, reconstruction, and representational economy in the minimalist program. The book will be of interest not only to specialists in Hindi-Urdu syntax and/or scrambling, but to all students of generative syntax.
Mark Twain, 1835-1910: A Brief Biography
Authors: Robinson Forrest
Published: November 2023

How many of us feel that we know Mark Twain? That he wrote was written for us, with the intimate of a friend talking over a cigar?” These questions were dressed to readers of the Wilmington (N. C.) Morning Star on the occasion of the great writer’s death in April 1910. The questions bore with them the confident assumption that virtually all readers would acknowledge a sense of close familiarity with Mark Twain and his major works. This was taken for granted.
Holding onto Meaning through the Life Cycle
Authors: Marris Peter
Published: November 2023

editors’ introduction Marris describes the changes in our concerns as we move through life. In our earliest years we attend first of all to our security and, when our security has been established, to opportunity for exploration. Our concerns then widen and become more complex as childhood gives way to adolescence. Adolescents ponder, among other things, the principles according to which life should be lived; in adolescence we begin questing after meaning. But during the long years of adulthood that follow adolescence, with adulthood’s responsibilities for self, home, and job, what matters is likely to be so obvious that there is no point in giving it attention. What matters is to make good on our commitments: financial, parental, marital, social. When adulthood gives way to later life, issues of meaning may again arise.
The Ultimate Bible Code
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was visiting Martin Gardner, the planet’s foremost mathematical puzzle expert and an all-around wonderful human. It was nearly dusk when Dr. Googol followed Gardner around his North Carolina mansion filled with all manner of mathematical oddities—from glass models of Klein bottles (objects with just 1 surface) to strange tiles arranged in attractive shapes to metallic fractal sculptures of unimaginable complexity.
How Much Blood
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was lying in a hospital room, receiving a blood transfusion to rid him of a parasite he had recently picked up while exploring the Congo. He began to wonder . . . What is the volume of human blood on Earth today? In other words, if all approximately 6 billion people from every country on Earth were drained of their blood by some terrible vampire machine, what size container would the machine require to store the blood? The answer to this is quite surprising. Think about it before reading further.
Lost in Hyperspace
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol has invented numerous problems for the Star Trek scriptwriters. Many involve mathematical problems that test their understanding of space, time, and higher dimensions. Here’s his favorite puzzle.
Along Came a Spider
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was in a Peruvian rain forest, 15 miles south of the beautiful Lake Titicaca, when he dreamed up this tortuous brain boggier. A month later, while in Virginia, Dr. Googol gave this puzzle to all CIA employees to help them improve their analytical skills.Three spiders named Mr. Eight, Mr. Nine, and Mr. Ten are crawling on a Peruvian jungle floor. One spider has 8 legs; one spider has 9 legs; one spider has 10 legs. All of them are usually quite happy and enjoy the diversity of animals with whom they share the jungle. Today, however, the hot weather is giving them bad tempers.
Numbers beyond imagination
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Excellent,” he yelled aloud, although no one could hear him but the seagulls. A nearby bird quickly took to the sky. He typed back to the woman, “Good work. You recalled that a number raised to a negative power is simply 1 over the number raised to the positive value of the power. You also realized that to determine the number of digits in a number you simply take the log of the number and add 1. This means that .I-432 = 1/.1432= 10432. The log of 10432 is 432, and the number of digits is 433.”
Cupid’s Arrow
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

It is Valentine’s Day 2000. Dr. Googol is ambling along the Tiber River, watching the beautiful passersby and enjoying the crisp weather, when a sudden wrenching pain in his right atrium interrupts his stroll. As he clutches at his heart and falls to the ground, he has a vision of a peculiar man with wings and a bow who lands nearby.
Poseidon Arrays
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Notice that 384 is twice the number in the first row, and that 576 is 3 times the number in the first row. Are there other ways of arranging the numbers to produce the same result, using each digit only once and the same rules? Remember, the second row must be twice the first. The third row must be 3 times the first row.
Scales of Justice
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was trapped in the laboratory of a crazy Egyptian entomologist. All manner of beetles and bugs flew within jars, climbed the walls, and dangled from the ceiling. “This is sick,” Dr. Googol screamed. “Sick?” the scientist said. “I’ll show you sick.” He went to a piece of paper on the table where he had cutouts of his favorite insects. He placed the cutouts on schematic drawings of scales.
Mystery Squares
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol has placed the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the corners of a square. Can you try to arrange 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 along the sides of the square so that the numbers along each side all add up to the same number? (If you don’t at least try to solve this intriguing enigma, Dr. Googol may visit you at home—not entirely pleasant, since Dr. Googol doesn’t stop talking and posing problems.)
Jerusalem Overdrive
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

For a second problem, consider that you must place the prayer rooms so that each row and column contains exactly 2 religions. Is this possible? You can design a computer program to solve this problem by representing the 3 religions as red, green, and amber squares in a 3-by-3 checkerboard. The program uses 3 squares of each color. Have the computer randomly pick combinations, and display them as fast as it can, until a solution is found. The rapidly changing random checkerboard is fascinating to watch, and there are quite a lot of different possible arrangements. In fact, for a 3-by-3 checkerboard there are 1,680 distinct patterns. If it took your computer 1 second to compute and display each 3-by-3 random pattern, how long would it take, on average, to solve the problem and display a winning solution? (There is more than 1 winning solution.)
iQ-Block
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

An interesting example of cultural contamination occurred in a secluded West African valley when Dr. Googol left behind a mathematical puzzle called IQ-Block (manufactured by Hercules, designated as Item No. P991A, UK Registered No. 2013287, and made in Hong Kong). The puzzle, schematically illustrated in Figure 20.1, consists of 10 brightly colored polygonal pieces of plastic. The 10 pieces fit together to form a square. Only 1 piece is shaped like a rectangle. The others are more complex. One is shaped like a Z The remainder are Y-shaped. To play IQ-Block, first choose a shape you like, place it in the upper left, and do not change its position as you try to place the other 9 blocks into the remaining space on the square playing board. The manufacturer boasts, “There are more than 60 different kinds of arrangements” of pieces that will fill in the square playing board. The company also states, “It is an incredible game. Join us in challenging your IQ.”
Ouroboros Autophagy
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Ouroboros, the mythical serpent always seen chewing or swallowing its own tail, is a symbol of growth, destruction, and the cyclic nature of the universe. Our Ouroboros is made up of 13 sections, each of which houses a number (Figure 23.1). Wrapped inside the outer serpent, which contains the numbers 0 through 12, are 4 generations of circular serpents, each also marked by 13 sections. These sections, though, do not have their numbers yet. You must use the numbers in the first (outer) serpent to find the numbers in the second, the numbers in the second to find those in the third, and so on. Here’s how it works: The number you put in the first section of the second serpent will indicate the total number of Os to be found among the second serpent’s sections. The section below the 1 of the first serpent indicates the total number of Is in the second serpent. The section below the 2 indicates the total number of 2s in the second serpent, and so on. For example, the 3 in the section below the 0 of the first serpent would indicate that there must be exactly 3 zeros in the second serpent (but there’s no 3 in that position in the real answer).
Interview with a Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

If we are to believe bestselling novelist Anne Rice, vampires resemble humans in many respects but live secret lives hidden among the rest of us mortals. There are also vampires in the world of mathematics, numbers that look like normal figures but bear a disguised difference. They are actually the products of 2 progenitor numbers that when multiplied survive, scrambled together, in the vampire number. Consider 1 such case: 27 × 81 = 2,187. Another vampire number is 1,435, which is the product of 35 and 41.
The Dream-Worms of Atlantis
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

On the Pacific Ocean floor lives a group of mathematician mermaids who spend their days in contemplation of the following game called Ocean Dreams. The mermaids use bits of coral and trained marine worms, but we dry-landers can play with a pencil and paper on graph paper. First make a 10-by-10 array of dots (Figure 25.1). Each worm consists of 5 connected lines that stretch over 6 dots. One of the dots at the end of the worm’s body is circled to indicate its head. The worms can contort their bodies at right angles to form different shapes, but they can’t reuse a grid point through which another part of their body passes. The allowed movements are up, down, right, and left. Figure 25.2 shows some, but not all, worm contortion patterns. The Zombies have a |_ at one end. The Peasants have a |_ | at one end. The Lords have a at one end. (Hint: There is 1 worm missing from the Zombies collection and 1 worm missing from the Peasants collection. Can you complete these sets in Figure 25.2?)
Hallucinogenic Highways
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was driving the interstate highways in Colorado when he developed this simple-looking but fiendishly difficult problem. Starting at the bottom in Figure 28.1, you must find a path to the Finish in the Rocky Mountains by traveling the roads. Each time you pass a sign, you add the sign’s number to a cumulative sum. Can you reach the Finish with a sum of 84? If you are a teacher, have your students work in teams to solve this problem. What strategy did your students use? Have them develop their own highway puzzles using other operations including minus and multiply. For safety’s sake, make sure students have not imbibed too many caffeinated beverages before embarking on these strange highways. (Your car is small, so you can avoid signs at intersections, like 27 and 7, if you turn sharply.)
Why was the First Woman Mathematician Murdered?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The Pythagoreans of ancient Greece were fascinated by numbers, such as the triangular numbers mentioned in Chapter 62. In fact, the Pythagoreans worshiped numbers as gods. What ever became of Pythagorean thoughts and ideas once Pythagoras died? It turns out that Pythagoras’s philosophy, modified by Plato, outlasted all other philosophies of ancient Greece. Even up to the 6th century A.D., the numerical gods were still worshiped, but during the Dark Ages their meaning was lost.
The 10 Most important Unsolved Mathematical Problems
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In this section, Dr. Googol presents a ranking of the 10 most famous and/or unsolved mathematical “problems” today, as voted on by other mathematicians. Notice that many of the items on the list have a “classic” flavor in the sense that most of these problems were posed before 1900. A few have their roots in the mathematics of ancient Greece. Also, many of these problems can be stated simply (at least to mathematicians), and solutions are likely to have a great importance for mathematics and its development in the next century. Some of these problems are excruciatingly difficult, so Dr. Googol advises you to skip the tongue-twisting mathematical jargon to get an overall feeling for the problems. The proof of the Riemann hypothesis was mentioned most often by the mathematicians Dr. Googol interviewed.
What is GÖdel’s Mathematical
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most interesting example of a mathematician studying cosmic questions is Austrian mathematician Kurt Godel, who lived from 1906 to 1978. Sometime in 1970, Godel’s mathematical proof of the existence of God began to circulate among his colleagues. The proof was less than a page long and caused quite a stir: How shall we judge such an abstract proof? How many people on Earth can really understand it? Most logicians and mathematicians that Dr. Googol consulted were not able to explain all aspects of the proof, and so it is difficult to assess its full nature. Is the proof a result of profound contemplation or the raving of a lunatic? Recall that G Ödel’s academic credits were impressive. For example, he was a respected mathematician and a member of the faculty of the University of Vienna starting in 1930. He emigrated to the United States in 1940 and became a member of the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. G Ödel is most famous for his theorem that demonstrated there must be true formulas in mathematics and logic that are neither provable nor disprovable, thus making mathematics essentially incomplete. (This theorem was first published in 1931 in Monatshefte f  ür Mathematik und Physick, volume 38.) G Ödel’s theorem had quite a sobering effect upon logicians and philosophers because it implies that within any rigidly logical mathematical system there are propositions or questions that cannot be proved or disproved on the basis of axioms within that system, and therefore it is possible for basic axioms of arithmetic to give rise to contradictions. The repercussions of this fact continue to be felt and debated. Moreover, G Ödel’s article in 1931 put an end to a centuries-long attempt to establish axioms that would provide a rigorous basis for all of mathematics.
A Ranking of the 10 Most interesting Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Even more recently, π has turned up in equations that describe subatomic particles, light, and other quantities that have no obvious connection to circles. John Polkinghorne (a physicist at Cambridge University before he became an Anglican priest in 1982) believes this points to a very deep fact about the nature of the universe, namely that our minds, which “invent” mathematics, conform to a reality of the universe. We are tuned to its truths. (See Sharon Begleys “Science Finds God” in the July 20, 1998, issue of Newsweek?)
The Unabomber’s 10 Most Mathematical Technical Papers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, was a mathematically adept Harvard graduate (see Chapter 31). After teaching for 2 years and publishing mathematical papers that put him on a tenure track at one of the nation’s most prestigious universities, he suddenly quit, spent nearly half his life in the woods, and used homemade bombs to kill 3 strangers and injure 22 others.
Who is the Number King?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Paul Erdös was a legendary mathematician who was so devoted to math that he lived as a wanderer with no home and no job. Like Dr. Googol, his best friends were the integers. Paul Erdös kept working on mathematics until his death from a heart attack in 1996 at the age of 83 while attending a mathematics meeting in Warsaw. Erdös (pronounced zzzr-dosh) was one of the greatest, most eccentric, and most original mathematicians of all time. His passion was to both pose and solve difficult problems in number theory (the study of properties of integers) and in other areas like discrete mathematics, which is the foundation of computer science. He was also one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, with more than 1,500 papers to his name.
The Safford Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Arthur C. Clarke recently wrote to Dr. Googol expressing his skepticism over the story of Dase calculating pi to 200 places in his head. Clarke wrote, “Even though I’ve seen fairly well authenticated reports of other incredible feats of mental calculation, I think this is totally beyond credibility.” Clarke, stimulated by Dr. Googol’s Dase report, recently wrote Stephen Jay Gould asking how it is possible for such extraordinary abilities as human calculators to have evolved through natural selection. Clarke asks, “What is the survival value in the jungle of the ability to multiply a couple of 50-digit numbers together?” Dr. Googol looks forward to hearing from readers who can confirm or deny the legends of Dase’s extreme computing ability.
Undulation in Monaco
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Bob Murphy used the software Maple V to search for undulating squares, and he discovered some computational tricks for speeding the search. For example, he began by examining the last 4 digits of perfect squares (i.e., he computed squares mod 10,000). Interestingly, he found that the only possible digit endings for squares that undulate are 0404, 1616, 2121, 2929, 3636, 6161, 6464, 6969, 8484, and 9696.
The Hunt for Primes in Pi
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Mathematicians are aware of pi-primes, 7lT for k = 1,2, 6, and 38, which correspond to the primes tT(£) = 3, 31, 314159, 31415926535897932384626433832795028841, . . . ? Does anyone know the next tG in this sequence? Dr. Googol believes that there are infinitely many primes of the form lC(k) but that neither humans nor any lifeforms in the vast universe will ever know the next prime beyond 71^(38). It is simply too large for our computers to find.
Perfect, Amicable, and Sublime Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

As Dr. Googol told Monica, the first 4 perfect numbers, 6, 28, 496, and 8,128, were known to the late Greeks and Nicomachus, a disciple of Pythagoras. Perfect numbers are indeed difficult to find.
Fractal Checkers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol loves a particular class of self-similar objects called fractal checkers, which can easily be constructed using checkerboards of different sizes. The idea of producing interesting patterns by repeatedly replacing copies of a pattern at different size scales dates back many decades and includes the work of mathematicians Helge von Koch, David Hilbert, and Giuseppe Peano. More recently work has been done by Benoit Mandelbrot and A. Lindenmeyer. Artists such as M.C. Escher, Victor Vasarely, Roger Shepard, and Scott Kim have also experimented with recursive patterns that delight both the mind and eye. The designs in this chapter are so intriguing and simple to compute using a personal computer that Dr. Googol will give some computational recipes for those of you who are computer programmers.
Cavern Genesis as a Self-Organizing System
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Although Dr. Googol is in his office listening to Andreas Vollenweider’s Caverna Magica on his headphones, 30 miles of caverns plunge and twist away from him in every direction. There are passages of impenetrable stalagmites (Figure 100.1).
Magic Squares, Tesseracts, and Other Oddities
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In Islam, the number 66 corresponds to the numerical value of the word Allah. Figure 101.1 is an Islamic magic square that expresses the number 66 in every direction when the letters are converted to numbers. The square’s grid is formed by the letters in the word Allah. Magic squares such as this were quite common in the Islam, but seem not to have reached the West until the 15th century. From a historical perspective, Dr. Googol’s favorite Western magic square is Albrecht Diirer’s, which is drawn in the upper right-hand column of his etching Melencolia I (Figure 101.2). The variety of small details in the etching has confounded scholars for centuries. Scholars believe that the etching shows the insufficiency of human knowledge in attaining heavenly wisdom, or in penetrating the secrets of nature.
A Brief History of Smith Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

A Smith number is a composite number (a nonprime number) the sum of whose digits is the sum of all the digits of its prime factors. Since they were originally proposed by Albert Wilanski in the January 1982 issue of Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, Smith numbers have been the subject of over 15 published papers. The rather startling reason for their name is mentioned below.
The Emerald Gambit
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol and Monica travelled to the heart of Arequipa, Peru, to seek ancient power. Inside a mighty Inca fortress was Augusto Liguria y Salved: mystic, soothsayer, and witch doctor. Dr. Googol looked into the wizard’s flaming magenta eyes and was transfixed by his mesmerizing glance.
Andromeda incident
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In Figure Fl 15.1, the 3 saucers have taken up new positions, as indicated by the arrows, and still no 2 saucers are in a straight line. Are there any other solutions?
Amazon Dissection
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Below is 1 possible solution. (Cut the paper, or draw a line, so that all the symbols that fall in the gray squares are on 1 side). Can you find other solutions?
Treadmills and Gears
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The treadmill does work. (I believe the treadmill would lock if the figure-8 were replaced by a Mobius strip.) The gear train will not lock.
The Nature of Emotional Experiences
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

I watched my 4-year-old son approach some waves one day. We were at a water park in the desert, so the waves were made, not by the pull of the moon, but mechanically, with levers instead. Even though it is not the ocean, people flock there just the same. It is an oasis of rhythms: a large body of water rising, falling, and rising again. My son approached these waves with delight, eyes sparkling, and voice pitched high. Yet he stood back a bit, not quite ready to jump in, a bit apprehensive. He was displaying two basic emotions: joy and fear. He seemed to experience them nearly simultaneously, even though they are very different feeling states. Where did he get such a rich feeling repertoire? Allow me to review some possibilities. First, we might consider emotions to be a sensory experience, like hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch. It could be a sixth sense, focused not on the detection of external events but on internal states, not so different from sensing muscle tone within our bodies. Though part of what we mean by emotion may be captured as a sensory experience, there are a few difficulties with this idea. First, anatomically, no specific area exists in the cortex for an emotional sense, as exists for the five senses.
Emotions In Two Dimensions
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I develop the idea that emotions are best understood from a two-dimensional framework. To understand these two faces of emotion, we could start with the question Auden poses in his poem about the Unknown Citizen. When he asks, “Was he happy?” he challenges us to think beyond life’s problems when seeking to understand one another. If you have ever asked yourself, “Am I really happy?” you know just how complex such a simple question can turn out to be. It turns out that there is more than one answer to this question. This, in a nutshell, is the lesson that a two-dimensional approach provides.

“Is my cup half full or half empty?” Here, again, we are struck with a question far more complex than it appears on the surface. The question also seems to pose a paradox. There is no single correct reply. Only by taking a point of view can we answer the question at all, and our choice would appear purely subjective. When optimistic, we see the cup as half full, and when pessimistic, we see the cup as half empty. This is hardly satisfying. As I discuss in this chapter, our error is in searching for a single answer. By doing so we miss the obvious and correct response to the question: Our cups are both half full and half empty. One part of us attends to what we have gained, but another part of us is keenly aware of what we may have lost.
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Lyons John B
Published: November 2023

A frequently observed disorder of breathing, in which periods of apnea alternate with series of increasing and decreasing breathing, is named after two physicians who practiced in Dublin in the nineteenth century: John Cheyne and William Stokes. This type of respiratory disorder was possibly already described by Hippocrates, although his description is not complete. The text concerned deals with a certain Philicus, who suffered from a feverish disease, accompanied by black urine. He became confused after a few days, and subsequently he did not speak any more. The limbs were cold and livid. He died on the sixth day. During the last days “respiration [was] throughout like that of a man recollecting himself, and rare, and large.”
The Barre And Mingazzini Tests
Authors: Koehler Peter J
Published: November 2023

Routine neurological examination often is comprised of the performance of the Barre test and, less often, the Mingazzini test, in order to find a latent pyramidal paresis of the arms or of the legs. Some physicians perform the Barre test by having the patient stretch the arms, the forearm in supination, the wrists and fingers in extension. With a pyramidal tract lesion, one observes the fingers or wrist drift downward, and if the pyramidal syndrome is more severe, the arm goes down on one side. Sensory and cerebellar disturbances may also show on this test, but with a different pattern of movement. Other physicians test with extended elbows and supinated forearms, while watching whether the patient pronates one of the forearms. One wonders which of these two methods was originally described by Barre. A similar test exists for examining the legs for latent paresis. For this purpose the Mingazzini test is often used: the patient, in supine position, is asked to bend his legs at the hips and knees, while the eyes are closed. The physician observes whether one of the legs moves downward. In this essay I discuss how Barre and Mingazzini originally performed the tests.
Gilles De La Tourette’S Syndrome
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Cortes David
Published: November 2023

Tourette syndrome is characterized by an array of sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, and stereotyped motor and vocal tics. The motor tics generally involve head and neck jerking, eye blinking, tongue protrusions, shoulder shrugs, and various torso and limb movements. Vocalizations may include barks, grunts, yelps, coughs, repetition of one’s own or other’s words (echolalia), uttering obscenities (coprolalia), and blurting out inappropriate remarks. Other associated behaviors may include inappropriate touching of oneself or others. Often these are coupled with compulsive behaviors. Although the syndrome has adopted Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s name, it differs in important ways from the disorder described by Gilles de la Tourette.
Parinaud’S Syndrome
Authors: Koppejan Ernst H
Published: November 2023

Parinaud’s syndrome is an eponym that keeps alive the memory of a very modest man, who was outstanding not only for his achievements as a neuro-ophthalmologist, avant la lettre, but also for his courage and philanthropy, shown on many occasions. The first of May, 1844, Henri Parinaud was born in Bellac (Haute-Vienne), a small village in the Limousin region ofFrance.1 His father, a locksmith, died in 1863, leaving the family in poverty. Only by accepting the job of private teacher in two families was Henri able to start his study at the Medical School of Limoges in 1865. As an intern, he received an award for excellent progress in 1868. The following year, he moved to Paris to continue his medical training but the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 interrupted his career. Parinaud enrolled in the first field hospital of the Red Cross on its way to Metz, the first stop of what proved to become a very long and demanding journey. Parinaud’s extraordinary courage in fulfilling his tasks drew the attention of many. In one of his tales about the war, the writer Ludovic Halevy described Parinaud’s dedication and brave behavior during the evacuation of the wounded citizens of Chateaudun, and the French prime minister Leon-Michel Gambetta (1838-1882) awarded Parinaud a decoration to commemorate these deeds.
The Chiari Malformation
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Greenblatt Samuel H
Published: November 2023

Rachischisis, including spina bifida, meningomyelocele, and encephalocele, is usually treated by the pediatrician (or pediatric neurologist) and neurosurgeon. The neurologist will have a greater chance of observing associated conditions such as tethered cord, syringomyelia, and Chiari malformation, since these may first present in late childhood, adolescence, or adult life. The Chiari malformation, also called Arnold-Chiari malformation, comprises a syndrome of abnormalities at the base of the brain, particularly extension of the cerebellar tonsils into the cervical spinal canal caudal to the medulla oblongata. It is sometimes accompanied by displacement of the medulla oblongata into the spinal canal.1 In modern literature, the term “hindbrain herniation” is sometimes applied. Many articles on the Chiari malformation, mostly case reports, are added to the already extensive literature every year.
Von Economo’S Encephalitis
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 1916-1917, Europe was seized by a strange epidemic. In some patients the disease started abruptly, in others insidiously, like influenza. After the initial phase, the patients developed cranial nerve palsies, motor disorders, behavioral changes, and variable lethargy. Some patients were only mildly affected, others were stuporous. An English physician who had witnessed the epidemic in Glasgow wrote afterwards: There is nothing in the history of medicine to compare with the phantasmagoria of disorder manifested in the course of this strange malady ... Into the maze of contradictory phenomena it seemed almost impossible to read anything like a rationalized order of events which might be termed a disease entity.
Huntington’s Chorea
Authors: Bruyn George W , Bruyn Richard P M
Published: November 2023

Huntington’s hereditary progressive chorea is characterized by choreatic, often stereotyped, movements (less abrupt and coarser than those in Sydenham’s chorea), which in the course of time acquire dystonic features, and by dementia, paranoid hypochondriac psychosis, and loss of weight. The neuropathological matrix consists of progressive depletion of the small to medium spiny interneurons of the neostriatium, particularly of the caudate nucleus, and also of the other gray matter, such as cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Syntactic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

Sentences convey relationships between the meanings of words, such as who is accomplishing an action or receiving it. These aspects of semantic meaning, collectively known as the propositional content of a sentence, vastly extend the power of language beyond what is available through single words and word formation processes to enable language to represent events and states of affairs. Propositions can be used for updating semantic memory, for reasoning, and for many other purposes. Thus, they constitute a vital link between language and other cognitive processes.

Syntactic structures, hierarchically organized sets of syntactic categories, provide the means through which the meanings of individual words are combined with one another to represent propositional meaning (Chomsky, 1965, 1981, 1986, 1995). In analyzing these structures, individual lexical items are marked for syntactic category (e.g., cat is a noun [N]; read is a verb [V]; of is a preposition [P]). These categories combine to create nonlexical nodes (or phrasal categories), such as noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), sentence (S), etc. The way words are inserted into these higher-order phrasal categories determines a number of different aspects of sentence meaning.
Hallucinations and Related Conditions
Authors: Tekin Sibel , Cummings Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Hallucinations are common symptoms of a variety of neurologic, psychiatric, or medical conditions. Although hallucinations have traditionally been considered to be manifestations of psychiatric disorders, they are known to occur with space-occupying lesions, strokes, trauma, central nervous system (CNS) infections, seizures, neurodegenerative disorders, deprivation states, sleep disorders, and delirium. It is important to recognize and distinguish the characteristics of hallucinations, since they may be informative for the differential diagnosis of these conditions (Cummings and Miller, 1987). In this chapter, we shall first define hallucinations and related symptoms. We then systematically discuss the different clinical conditions associated with visual and nonvisual hallucinations, and the related phenomena of illusions and misidentification syndromes. Finally, we review pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Hallucinations are defined as false perceptual experiences in the absence of a sensory stimulus (Benson and Gorman, 1996). Hallucinations may be experienced in different modalities, including visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and visceral (Carter, 1992).
Neuropsychology of Dementia
Authors: Knopman David , Selnes Ola
Published: November 2023

Dementia is a syndrome defined by a nonacute decline in cognition that interferes with functioning in everyday living (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Dementia, in contrast to disorders defined by deficits in only one cognitive or behavioral domain, is diagnosed when there are deficits in multiple domains. Memory dysfunction, abnormalities in speech and/or language, abnormalities in visuospatial function, deficits in abstract reasoning and executive function, and mood or personality changes are the principal manifestations of the dementia syndrome. The most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), almost invariably includes striking deficits in new learning and recent memory. Alzheimer’s disease has an insidious onset and virtually always exhibits a declining course. Other common disorders in the dementia family may have prominent dysfunction in other cognitive domains, but typically also lead to functional deterioration. We would prefer to restrict the term de- mentia to conditions that are progressive, and use the term static encephalopathy to refer to the cognitive impairment states associated with a cerebral infarction, anoxic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, or other monophasic, nonprogressive brain insults.
The Wall
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

FV .N Is HAIJ NO 1 1 u..:N .D ou I as Khrushchev had intended. Kennedy had not reffeated after Vienna and rhe crisis atmosphere was 111st making the position m 8erlm even worse. A fortune was going into keeping rhe[\1st German economy afloat.