bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Competence-Based Learning Approach: stories of practices and the Tuning contribution to academic innovation
Authors: Serbati Anna
Published: February 2016

The rationale of the present paper is to investigate and stimulate a reflection on the Tuning contribution to academic innovation through the collection of case studies among some Tuning projects, focussing on methods and tools to implement successful and innovative approaches to learning, teaching, and assessment appropriate for competence-based approach (CBA). In order to deepen these concepts, a conceptual framework on competence-based approach and student-centred learning will be presented, particularly focussing teacher conceptions of teaching as well as pedagogical content knowledge and their influence on teaching practices. The Tuning contribution in supporting academic innovation will then be deepened, through a macro-level overview of the methodology, and a synoptic table of cross-cutting themes identified across the Tuning projects will be the starting point of the empirical part of this study. Moreover, the multiple case studies conducted through semi-structured interviews with teachers from Higher Education Institutes involved in previous completed Tuning projects will be presented. Research design, sampling and data analysis will be described, and major findings will be presented. Results show a general understanding, but with different perspectives on the competence based approach as well as appropriate teaching and learning methods applied worldwide within the CBA framework. Outlines on the Tuning contribution to academic innovation in this framework will be offered, by identifying main strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the methodology. Suggestions and guidelines for future projects, training and researches of the Tuning Academy are provided for possible implementation, highlighting the relationship between teaching, learning and research.
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF Leporinus copelandii (Pisces: Anostomidae) FEMALES FROM THE LOWER PARAÍBA DO SUL RIVER BASIN, RJ – BRAZIL
Authors: Erthal Ana Paula Ribeiro Costa , Andrade Dalcio Ricardo , Radael Marcella Costa , Erthal Junior Milton , Shimoda Eduardo
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study were investigate the reproductive biology of the fish Leporinus copelandii, a specie at risk of extinction in the lower Paraíba do Sul River basin. During a period of 14 months, a total of 143 females of red-piau were captured, between Itaocara and Campos dos Goytacazes cities (RJ, Brazil). A histological study shows four stages of the oocyte development (I, II, III and IV) and five stages of the reproductive cycle of females: rest (1), initial maturation (2A), intermediary (2B), advanced (2C) and spawned (4) were identified. The pattern of L. copelandii oocyte development suggests development type synchronous in two groups, characterizing total spawning. Spawned females were captured in November, two months after the peak of frequency of competent females for reproduction. Histologically, a little occurrence of empty follicles was observed in spawned females. The medium diameter of the type IV oocyte of the spawned females (1475.1 ± 884.3mm) was significantly larger (Tukey, P <0.001; VC = 41.73%; n = 259) than advanced maturation females (1202.6 ± 245.3mm), what allows suggesting that the study place probably doesn't represent the reproductive area of L. copelandii.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (ESEM) OF Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) COLLETERS
Authors: PINHEIRO Sergimar Kennedy De Paiva , SOUSA Francinalda Xavier de , MEDEIROS Paulo Rafael Lima de , MIGUEL Thaiz Batista Azevedo Rangel , MIGUEL Emilio De Castro
Published: February 2016

This study describes the colleters of Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Two different developmental stages were characterized as well as the chemical composition of secretion. Colleters are secretory structures that produce mucilage protecting the meristems and leaf primordia against desiccation and/or pathogens. Although these secretory structures are common on Rubiaceae, the results reported here is to the best of our knowledge the first record of colleters on Morinda genus. Colleters are present at the stipule adaxial surface, distributed in lines. These secretory structures are standard type and have no base constriction, differently from all studied species until now. In order to better understand the colleters structure and secretion, two phases were distinguished: a secretory phase and a senescence one. On secretory phase standard type colleters were visualized between leaf primordia and stipule, emerge on secretion. They present smooth surface, however was also possible to observe the contours of secretory cells anticlinal walls. In senescent phase colleters morphology was alternated exhibiting rough surface and blunt to point tips. The surface was rough and on stipule sections was possible to observe idioblasts with raphides bundles. The secretion process of M. citrifolia colleters occurs with the disruption of cuticle and the chemical elements are mostly dominated by carbon and oxygen.
A insubstituível função da Ontopsicologia na compreensão do ser humano frente ao conhecimento proporcionado pelo Humanismo Clássico
The irreplaceable role of Ontopsychology in understanding the human against the knowledge provided by Humanism Classic
Authors: Panzan Junior Adalberto
Published: February 2016

Ao se debruçar sobre as obras, os ensinamentos, as divergências e as novidades trazidas pelos grandes expoentes do Humanismo Clássico, notadamente na representação deste pelos filósofos mais destacados desde a Antiguidade Clássica, não se pode presumir compreender a evolução do conhecimento, e nesse sentido, também do ser humano, de modo integral, sem considerar a novidade da Ontopsicologia. O objetivo deste artigo é relembrar as principais passagens da evolução do conhecimento humano e confrontá-las com o pensamento de Antonio Meneghetti acerca delas, demonstrando a necessidade da compreensão ontopsicológica dos argumentos apresentados.
Utilização do tempo livre na formação integral
Usage of free time on integral formation
Authors: Teixeira Eloy Demarchi
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar quais situações, atividades/ações e estilos de traço de vida contribuíram para o surgimento de dois gênios renascentistas: Leonardo da Vinci e Pico della Mirandola. O trabalho discorre sobre a importância do uso do tempo livre na própria formação, o nexo ontológico como fonte de criatividade e a necessidade de formalização do potencial natural em um ambiente propício para que se formalize uma inteligência superior. Serão buscados comportamentos ou situações comuns que podem evidenciar fatores que contribuem para a autodescoberta e formação de pessoas.
A importância da formação humanista para o jovem contemporâneo
The importance of humanistic education for the contemporary young
Authors: Stona Délis
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é de estudar a importância da formação humanista para o jovem contemporâneo e, mais particularmente trazer essa discussão à luz dos conceitos que envolvem tal formação. A pesquisa de cunho bibliográfica expõe através da análise de conteúdo a real importância de ajudar a construir um jovem com a mentalidade humanista. Percepções sobre conceitos e fases da vida do jovem esclarecem o posicionamento e enriquecem as discussões deste trabalho. Para a consecução deste objetivo foi necessário um estudo mais aprofundado sobre como é o perfil do jovem na sociedade contemporânea verificando sua trajetória e qual o impacto esse novo conceito de formação representa para o mesmo. Os resultados permitem afirmar que ainda é necessário refletir sobre a formação da pessoa na idade que vai dos 14 aos 24 anos de idade, sobretudo a partir do resgate histórico que será aqui apresentado. A falta de conhecimento e de vontade ainda é um aspecto negativo para o jovem que busca seu desenvolvimento e crescimento futuro.  O resultado dessa busca é a realização pessoal que cada um encontra ao se deparar com seu projeto de vida, fazendo sempre a escolha otimal usando os melhores recursos.
A raiz do teatro feminino
The root of the female theater
Authors: Amantino Bernardina
Published: February 2016

Tendo como base o autor Antonio Meneghetti, esta pesquisa busca chegar à compreensão do problema de fundo da mulher, a ambivalência, identificar os pontos da raiz do teatro feminino. A natureza dotou a mulher de uma graça explosiva e vencedora, por que a mulher não usa essa graça de modo adequado para atingir o próprio protagonismo? O estereótipo dominante na mulher, a matriz reflexa, como acontece e como se manifesta na mulher, pois o núcleo prioritário de todo o teatro da mulher está na matriz reflexa.
Identidade do Jovem na Sociedade Contemporânea
Identity of Youth in Contemporary Society
Authors: Carvalho Tereza Cristina Melo de Brito
Published: February 2016

O jovem da sociedade contemporânea tem contato cada vez mais precoce com a Internet e as tecnologias digitais. Isso o conduz a utilizar, mais e mais, a Internet como ferramenta para se relacionar, estudar, trabalhar e se divertir, acumulando experiências no mundo virtual e tendo pouca vivencia no mundo real. Isso dificulta o seu posicionamento na vida profissional e pessoal no mundo real e torna premente que procure auxilio na busca de autoconhecimento e da estrada da própria vida. Esse artigo discute as questões e os desafios da sociedade contemporânea em decorrência de um papel cada vez mais contundente da Internet e das tecnologias digitais.
Os três modos de ser e sua relação com o Eu do sujeito
The three ways of being and its relationship with the subject I
Authors: Pfleger Marcelo
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho de pesquisa, como um estudo teórico, tem como objetivo realizar um estudo especulativo de como se dá a relação entre o Eu do sujeito e os três modos de ser, o ser da individuação, o ser comum ou universal e o Ser Metafísico como princípio absoluto.
O inconsciente do corpo
The unconscious body
Authors: Nedel Filho José Alfredo
Published: February 2016

A dinâmica inconsciente que depois determina o ser humano escapa da consciência humana, em  função da maneira como este inconsciente se formou no corpo. Nós humanos começamos a ter consciência da realidade a partir dos 5 a 6 anos de idade. Não sabemos nada do que aconteceu antes desta idade ou muito pouco. No que ocorreu da concepção até a idade de 6 meses, onde fomos colônia do adulto-mãe, e nossas células guardaram e registraram estes eventos. Existe uma sintonia entre o inconsciente do adulto-mãe e o do filho, mas a direção é dada pelo adulto-mãe, que sem saber, pré orienta toda a vida do neonato através do seu inconsciente, normalmente utilizando o filho como um aliado e um modo compensatório de suas frustrações – quando estas existem.
Homem: o centro e a medida de todas as coisas
Human: the center and measure of all thinks
Authors: Vieira Carla Sewald
Published: February 2016

A presente pesquisa tem como tema “o homem: o centro e a medida de todas as coisas”, tendo como fio condutor a proposição do filósofo Protágoras: “o homem a medida de todas as coisas, daquelas que são pelo que são, daquelas que não são pelo que não são”. O ser humano como assunto, como discussão, sempre provocou a curiosidade de muitos filósofos, intelectuais, cientistas, artistas, psicólogos, fazendo surgir grandes pesquisas onde o interesse maior é a otimização da vida humana. Assim, inicia-se um percorrer na história buscando em Protágoras, na cultura Humanista e Renascentista, na Psicologia Humanista e na Ontopsicologia a importância do valor de um homem protagonista e responsável pela própria vida. Verifica-se que há uma unanimidade nas pesquisas daqueles estudados nesta pequena tese (tesina), que é a autoconstrução histórica através do trabalho, das ações práticas do dia a dia, do estudo e da psicoterapia para correção da consciência e para ela passar a refletir as indicações do projeto de natureza, colhido através dos resultados, alcançando, deste modo, a autorrealização. Para tanto, utilizou-se como metodologia científica o estudo teórico e a pesquisa bibliográfica para organizar e fundamentar o tema proposto. Por fim, conclui-se a fundamental importância do homem se conhecer e saber a si mesmo para ser unidade de medida sadia e autorrealizada, para, como consequência, a construção de uma sociedade mais humana.
“Hora de colher os frutos”: a tomada de decisão por meio do sonho
"Fruits harvest time": decision making through the dream
Authors: Spanhol Carmen Ivanete D`Agostini
Published: February 2016

O presente trabalho apresenta um case relativo à tomada de decisão com base na interpretação de um sonho. Tem como objetivo explicitar/demostrar a aplicação prática do instrumento de análise do sonho, segundo a metodologia ontopsicológica. Para melhor compreensão, apresenta-se a contextualização do fato ou momento de vida do sonhador-pesquisador, a situação problema, o sonho e a interpretação que resultou na tomada da decisão, bem como os processos da ação e expectativa de espera pelo resultado final. Comprova-se a exatidão da metodologia ontopsicológica utilizada em um case bem sucedido.
Modelo de treinamento das Bottegas Renascentistas utilizado na empresa para a formação de jovens iniciantes no trabalho
Bottegas of Renaissance training model used in the company to the training of young beginners at work
Authors: Nabarros Rosângela Alves
Published: February 2016

Nos dias de hoje deparamo-nos com o choque de gerações no ambiente de trabalho. O jovem não chega preparado para o trabalho, então, precisamos formá-lo. O desenvolvimento do tema nos remeteu ao movimento Humanista e Renascentista. Com o apoio das obras do filósofo e cientista Antonio Meneghetti, baseados em alguns dos conceitos por este autor trabalhados, propomos um projeto para treinamento de jovens com primeira oportunidade de trabalho, ao qual denominamos: Bottega Feira de Calçados. A intenção não é definir um método definitivo, mas propor um programa de treinamento com o objetivo de despertar no jovem a vontade de construir a si mesmo e conscientizá-lo do seu papel na sociedade e em primeiro lugar, para si mesmo, enfocando o valor ontológico do trabalho.
A infalibilidade do sonho
The infallibility of the dream
Authors: D´Olyveira André de Schuch
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho busca compreender a filosofia positivista e sua influência no ensino jurídico brasileiro. No intento de alcançar esse entendimento apresenta-se uma breve busca histórica sobre o positivismo, filosofia sistematizada por Augusto Comte, e sua importância na história do Brasil, especialmente ao que toca a educação. Inicialmente procura-se compreender a filosofia comteana, assim como demonstrar em que ambiente ela emerge estruturalmente. Por conseguinte evidencia-se um dos meios de edificação do positivismo no Brasil e sua inserção na educação considerando para tanto o curso de Direito, visto ter importante significado na construção política do país. Contudo, mostra-se necessário compreender se essa reflexão fez simplesmente parte de um passado ou ainda mostra sua face no ensino jurídico hodierno, pois é permissivo, ao compreender o direito como a mera aplicação da lei, entender que esse pensar de modo regulador, estrito e garantidor da ordem social indica ainda a presença das diretrizes da filosofia positivista no ensino jurídico atual.
Dutch Midwives’ Behavior and Determinants in Promoting Healthy Gestational Weight Gain, Phase 1: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Merkx Astrid , Ausems Marlein , Budé Luc , de Vries Raymond , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne J.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: A significant contributor to the global threat of obesity is excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). The aim of this article is to explore Dutch primary care midwives’ behaviors in promoting healthy GWG.

METHODS: We used the attitude–social influence–self-efficacy (ASE) model to guide interviews with a purposive sample of 6 midwives working in primary care.

RESULTS: Midwives reported activities in 3 areas related to GWG: GWG monitoring (weighing and discussing GWG), diet education, and to a lesser degree physical activity education. The determinants from the ASE model were confirmed and other relevant determinants, including midwives’ perception of their role in health promotion, were added.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The identified determinants can be used for quantitative research. Quantitative research is necessary to identify the magnitude of the determinants associated with midwives’ behavior in promoting healthy GWG.
Promoting Women’s Participation in Maternity Care in Lebanon
Authors: Kabakian-Khasholian Tamar , Shayboub Rawan , Kanaan Mona , Mahfoud Ziyad , El Kak Faysal
Published: February 2016

This study examined the effect of providing evidence-based information to women and enabling them to use effective communication skills on requesting changes in maternity care. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted where pregnant women, from 65 private obstetric clinics, were recruited from 2 regions in Lebanon. The intervention consisted of 2 prenatal sessions on evidence-based care and effective communication skills. Women in the intervention arm were more likely to request not to have an enema (odds ratio [OR] = 5.57; confidence interval [CI] = 2.44–12.71), to request keeping their infants for prolonged time in their room (OR= 2.1; CI = 1.43–3.09), and to actually being able to keep their infants in their rooms for longer periods (OR= 2.39; CI = 1.13–5.04), compared to women in the control arm. Knowledge on best practices was significantly improved. Informing women about best practices and enhancing communication skills with providers of care can facilitate change in the provision of health services. More consideration needs to be given to the commitment of health care providers and senior staff within hospitals to ensure the scaling up of such interventions.
Martynia annua: An Overview
Authors: Rameshroo Kenwat  , Pushpa Prasad  , Trilochan Satapathy  , Amit Roy
Published: February 2016

Martynia annua belongs to family Martyniaceae is an herbaceous annual plant, spread throughout India. It is commonly known as the Cat's claw or Devil’s claw. In India, traditional healers used M. annua in the treatment of epilepsy, inflammation, sore throat, burns, itching, skin affections and tuberculosis. M. annua contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, anthocyanins, amino acid, steroids and phenols. The researcher scientifically documented various pharmacological activities such as anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, anti convulsant, antifertility, antinociceptive, antioxidant, CNS depressant, antidiabetic and wound healing activity of this plant. The reported activities make the plant in great interest among scholars to determine the mechanism of pharmacological activities of crude extracts. Hence the review paper outlines the previous research done on M. annua.
Comparatives Evaluation of Antifertility Potential of Leaves of Bambusa arudinacea retz. and Ficus racemosa Bark Extracts in Female Albino Rats
Authors: Vishal Soni  , Arvind Kumar Jha  , Jaya Dwivedi  , Priyanka Soni
Published: February 2016

Ethanol and hydroalcoholic (50%) extract of B. arundinacea leaves and 50 % ethanol extract of

F. racemosa barks have been evaluated for antifertility activity in proven fertile rats at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Plant extracts were tested for their effect on the estrous cycle at two dose level 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Among these three extracts, the hydroalcoholic extracts of F. racemosa was found to be most effective in causing significant antiovulatory activity. The extract did not show any significant changes in structure and function of uterus when given alone, but when given along with ethinyl estradiol, it exhibited significant antiestrognic activity in immature female rats (P<0.001). Preliminary phytochemical screening of these two drugs shows the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic, terpenoids etc. Histopathological studies of the uterus were carried out to confirm the estrogenic activity.
Pharmacognostical Studies of Amaranthus Spinosus Linn
Authors: Vipin Chandra Pal  , Om Veer Singh  , Bhuwanendra Singh  , Arshad Ahamad
Published: February 2016

Amaranthus spinosus leaves species has been widely used as medicine in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Its leaves are used in treatment of malaria, hepatic disorders, fever, inflammation, leprosy, eczema, leucorrhoea and bronchitis. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, so here we determined the, microscopical structures along with powder characters of malaria, hepatic disorders, fever, inflammation, leprosy, eczema, leucorrhoea and bronchitis leaves. Fluorescence analysis, physico-chemical constants (total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, ether soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, foaming index) of leaves powder. Preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out for the various crude extracts using solvent of different polarity. These studies provided referential information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lack of regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.
Formulation Development and In-vitro Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Celecoxib Employing Distinctive Proportion of Disintegrating Agents
Authors: Daljit Masih  , Rajesh Gupta
Published: February 2016

In present study we planned to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets of Celecoxib using superdisintegrants agents namely Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate in various ratios. The mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by direct compression method using Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate. Tablets blends were evaluated for loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose, shows satisfactory results. The compressed tablets were then evaluated for various physical tests like thickness, friability, hardness, weight variation, wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration test by using standard procedures. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 14 min using paddle method in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as dissolution media. The data of in-vitro dissolution of tablets revealed that 76 to 100% of drug release from various formulations at 14 min. The formulation C7 exhibited better results as compared to other formulations.
Curcumin Encapsulated Alginate/Pluronic Block Copolymer Micelles as a Promising Therapeutic Agent
Authors: Franklin John  , Jinu George
Published: February 2016

Curcumin in turmeric is responsible for most of the therapeutic effects exhibited by this natural product. Solubility of this dietary compound is very low in water at neutral pH and room temperature, which decreases its bioavailability. This in turn proves to be a major setback in making use of curcumin as a therapeutic agent against many diseases, including cancer. Alginate/Pluronic® tri-block copolymer P123 micelles has the potential for the formulation of curcumin. Inner core of the micelles effectively trap-free curcumin as evidenced by analytical data. The drug-encapsulated micelles were spherical in shape with diameters below 100 nm and found to be spherical particles with an average size of 50–100 nm, being suitable for drug delivery applications. Release profile of curcumin was investigated in aqueous PBS solution at pH 7.4 (37 ± 0.2 ºC). Fitting of drug release data in the Korsmeyer–Peppas model suggested sustained release with diffusion mechanism (0.5 < n). The in vitro cytotoxicity of the drug formulation was investigated with L 929 cancer cells. Polymer encapsulated curcumin showed comparable anticancer activity with free Curcumin.
Chemical Characterization of the Flavonoid Constituents of Cuscuta reflexa
Authors: Dandopani Chatterjee  , Ram Kumar Sahu
Published: February 2016

The two new compounds were isolated by column chromatography from ethanol extract of the entire plant of Cuscuta reflexa. On the basis of IR, NMR and ES-MS spectroscopic analysis and by chemical transformation, structures of two compounds were elucidated as 3’-methoxy-3,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone and 3’-methoxy-4’,5,7-trihydroxy flavone-3-glucoside respectively. These isolated compounds were characterized by UV, IR, NMR and mass spectral studies.
Chemically Modified Carbon Sensors Mixed or Single for the Determination of Cardiovascular Drug Nafronyl Oxalate in Bulk, Praxilene and Human Fluids
Authors: Amal F. Khorshid
Published: February 2016

Three novel modified carbon paste sensors (CMCPs) were proposed for the determination of nafronyl potentiometric in bulk, pharmaceutical dosage form; human plasma/urine. The sensors were based on an ion-pair associates of nafronyl silicotungstic acid (Nf-St) (sensor 1), nafronyl silicomolybdic acid (Nf-SM) (sensor 2), a mixture of [(Nf-St) + (Nf-SM)] (sensor 3). The modified sensors showed Nernstian slopes ranging from 58.5±0.5-60.7±0.5 mV over the concentration ranged from 1.0 x 10-7-1.0 x 10-2 M and pH 2.0-6.0 with a detection limit 0.1 nM. The sensors exhibited good selectivity for nafronyl with respect to inorganic /organic cations, sugars and amino acids. The calibration curve, standard addition and potentiometric titration methods were applied for the determination of nafronyl ion in its bulk powder, pharmaceutical dosage form, and human fluids plasma/urine taken from a healthy volunteer and for the monitoring Praxilene tablets in vitro dissolution rates. Sensor 3 was successfully used for the determination the solubility products of ion-pair associates. The results were excellent and satisfactory recovery comparable to those obtained with the British Pharmacopoeia.
Identification, Characterization and Drug-Excipient Compatibility of Diltiazem Hydrochloride by Physico-Chemical Techniques
Authors: Sandip Prasad Tiwari  , Gali Vidyasagar
Published: February 2016

The enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects. Utilization of cyclodextrins attracted the attention of many researchers for the enhancement of the dissolution rate. The complexation of diltiazem hydrochloride with β- cyclodextrin (CD) was investigated by phase solubility. Phase solubility study was performed to determine stiochiometric proportion of Diltiazem HCl and complexing agent b-cyclodextrin. Solid inclusion complexes of diltiazem hydrochloride-βCD in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios were prepared by different methods, and the results were satisfactorily and complied with compendia. Mouth dissolving tablets were formulated employing Diltiazem hydrochloride alone and their βCD complexes with an objective of evaluating the feasibility of employing drug-βCD complexes in the design of immediate release tablet formulations for obtaining flow and complete drug release in 01 h. All the tablets prepared by optimizing the formula and were evaluated for pre compression, post compression, drug content, and drug release. The overall results indicate that formulation M3 was better and that it satisfies all the criteria as a fast mouth dissolving tablet.
Electrophoretic Comparison between Native Protein Patterns in the Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients
Authors: Hatem S. Farghaly
Published: February 2016

Hepatitis C virus is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis in developing countries. There are 170 million affected people around the world as reported by the World Health Organization. Nowadays we are looking for monitoring the advanced tools during the most recent of the shortage reagent and equipments troubles which are strongly variables. This work studies the evaluation of diagnosis Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses diseases by Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE) as a marker. SPE designing is as to separate serum protein to five fractions (Albumin, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma) to estimate its individual concentration of the five fractions for the viral infected samples. The elevated serum protein, particularly in the gamma-globulin fraction is frequently associated with HIV infection. All the samples were compared to control samples. It was found that the HCV and HIV infections caused irregular alterations in the electrophoretic protein patterns in serum of the HCV and HIV patients. These alterations were represented at the protein level by disappearance of normal protein bands and / or appearance of abnormal unique bands. Native proteins expressed as a result of the infection with HCV and HIV was detected electrophoretically by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Antibiotic Usage Among General Public in Shah Alam, Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad Qamar  , NurulHidayah Sheikh Abdullah  , Jiyauddin Khan  , Ahmad Mahmud  , Amiruddin Ahmad
Published: February 2016

The emergence of superbugs and antibiotic resistance bacteria nowadays make a limited choice of antibiotic available for treatment. This circumstance is an alarming to public health. Thus, public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic usage play an important role in the success of treatment process. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic utilization and the association of knowledge with demographic variables. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 380 respondents by using a pre-validate questionnaire at public places in Shah Alam, Malaysia from January 2014 to April 2014.

From this study, it was analyzed that 43% of respondents have good knowledge towards antibiotic. Majority of the respondents knew antibiotic is used for bacterial infection. However, 40% of respondents misunderstood that antibiotic is indicated for viral infection. Half of the respondents know how to differentiate antibiotic with other drugs. High number of respondents, 63.2% knows that they need to complete full course of antibiotic, however in the attitude statement; only 57.9% of respondents complete their antibiotic course.Based on the percentage of correct response on the attitude statement positive attitude was observed. However, 57.4% still expect antibiotic to be prescribed for common cold. Demographic characteristics such as gender, race, educational level and healthcare occupation were found significant association with knowledge of antibiotic usage. It has been concluded that although knowledge of public is good, public should be stressed out of the importance of correct usage of antibiotic and promote changes in their attitude towards antibiotic usage.
Assessment of antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Hemidesmus indicus root extracts
Authors: Prasanna Purohit  , Ritu Thakur Bais  , Shagufta khan
Published: February 2016

The Hemidesmus indicus is used to cure leprosy, leucoderma, itching, skin disease, asthma, bronchitis, leucorrhoea, dysentery, piles, syphilis, and paralysis. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root. The root extracts of Hemidesmus indicus were prepared using different solvents like petroleum ether, ethanol and distilled water. The phytochemical screening of the root extracts was performed. The presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, polyphenol, saponins and terpenoids were indicated by the test conducted. The antibacterial activity of the ethanol and aqueous extract of Hemidesmus indicus root was tested by agar diffusion method. Zones of Inhibition produced by both extract in a dose of 100 and 200 mg/ml against selected strains was measured and compared with those of standard drug ciprofloxacin (10 μg/ml). Both extract recorded significant activity against all the test bacteria. The highest zones of growth inhibition were exhibited by ethanol extract against all the microorganisms compared to be aqueous extract.
Disability and Risk of Recent Sexual Violence in the United States
Authors: Basile Kathleen C. , Breiding Matthew J. , Smith Sharon G.
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To examine the relative prevalence of recent (past 12 months) penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual violence comparing men and women with and without a disability.

Methods. Data are from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a national telephone survey of US adults, and includes an expansive measure of sexual violence victimization. A total of 9086 women and 7421 men completed the telephone survey in 2010.

Results. Compared with persons without a disability, persons with a disability were at increased risk for recent rape for women (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 6.7), and being made to penetrate a perpetrator for men (adjusted odds ratio = 4.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 10.8). An estimated 39% of women raped in the 12 months preceding the survey had a disability at the time of the rape. For women and men, having a disability was associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion and noncontact unwanted sexual experiences.

Conclusions. In this nationally representative sample, men and women with a disability were at increased risk for recent sexual violence, compared to those without a disability.
Gender-Specific Jealousy and Infidelity Norms as Sources of Sexual Health Risk and Violence Among Young Coupled Nicaraguans
Authors: Boyce Sabrina , Zeledón Perla , Tellez Ever , Barrington Clare
Published: February 2016

Gender inequity negatively affects health in Central America. In 2011, we conducted 60 semistructured interviews and 12 photovoice focus groups with young coupled men and women in León, Nicaragua, to explore the ways in which social norms around marriage and gender affect sexual health and gender-based violence. Participants’ depictions of their experiences revealed gendered norms around infidelity that provided a narrative to justify male expressions of jealousy, which included limiting partner autonomy, sexual coercion, and physical violence against women, and resulted in increased women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. By understanding and taking account of these different narratives and normalized beliefs in developing health- and gender-based violence interventions, such programs might be more effective in promoting gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors among young men and women in Nicaragua.
Comparison of Commercial and Self-Initiated Weight Loss Programs in People With Prediabetes: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Marrero David G. , Palmer Kelly N. B. , Phillips Erin O. , Miller-Kovach Karen , Foster Gary D. , Saha Chandan K.
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To determine if a widely available weight-management program (Weight Watchers) could achieve sufficient weight loss in persons with prediabetes compared with a Diabetes Prevention Program–based individual counseling program supported by National Diabetes Education Program materials.

Methods. We conducted an individual, randomized intervention trial in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2013 to 2014, in 225 persons with prediabetes. We compared the Weight Watchers weight-management program (n = 112) with Your Game Plan to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes, a program developed by the National Diabetes Education Program. Outcomes were weight and metabolic markers measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.

Results. Intervention participants lost significantly more weight than controls at 6 months (5.5% vs 0.8%) and 12 months (5.5% vs 0.2%; both P < .001). The intervention group also had significantly greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level than did controls.

Conclusions. A large weight-management program is effective for achieving lifestyle changes associated with diabetes prevention. Such programs could significantly increase the availability of diabetes prevention programs worldwide making an immediate and significant public health impact.
Quantifying Distance Overestimation From Global Positioning System in Urban Spaces
Authors: Mooney Stephen J , Sheehan Daniel M , Zulaika Garazi , Rundle Andrew G , McGill Kevin , Behrooz Melika R , Lovasi Gina Schellenbaum
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To investigate accuracy of distance measures computed from Global Positioning System (GPS) points in New York City.

Methods. We performed structured walks along urban streets carrying Globalsat DG-100 GPS Data Logger devices in highest and lowest quartiles of building height and tree canopy cover. We used ArcGIS version 10.1 to select walks and compute the straight-line distance (Geographic Information System–measured) and sum of distances between consecutive GPS waypoints (GPS-measured) for each walk.

Results. GPS distance overestimates were associated with building height (median overestimate = 97% for high vs 14% for low building height) and to a lesser extent tree canopy (43% for high vs 28% for low tree canopy).

Conclusions. Algorithms using distances between successive GPS points to infer speed or travel mode may misclassify trips differentially by context. Researchers studying urban spaces may prefer alternative mode identification techniques.
National Needs of Family Planning Among US Men Aged 15 to 44 Years
Authors: Marcell Arik V. , Gibbs Susannah E. , Choiriyyah Ifta , Sonenstein Freya L. , Astone Nan M. , Pleck Joseph H. , Dariotis Jacinda K.
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To estimate national need for family planning services among men in the United States according to background characteristics, access to care, receipt of services, and contraception use.

Methods. We used weighted data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth to estimate the percentage of men aged 15 to 44 years (n = 10 395) in need of family planning, based on sexual behavior, fecundity, and not trying to get pregnant with his partner.

Results. Overall, 60% of men were in need of family planning, defined as those who ever had vaginal sex, were fecund, and had fecund partner(s) who were not trying to get pregnant with partner or partner(s) were not currently pregnant. The greatest need was among young and unmarried men. Most men in need of family planning had access to care, but few reported receiving family planning services (< 19%), consistently using condoms (26%), or having partners consistently using contraception (41%).

Conclusions. The need for engaging men aged 15 to 44 years in family planning education and care is substantial and largely unmet despite national public health priorities to include men in reducing unintended pregnancies.
Community Health Center Utilization Following the 2008 Medicaid Expansion in Oregon: Implications for the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Hatch Brigit , Bailey Steffani R. , Cowburn Stuart , Marino Miguel , Angier Heather , DeVoe Jennifer E.
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To assess longitudinal patterns of community health center (CHC) utilization and the effect of insurance discontinuity after Oregon’s 2008 Medicaid expansion (the Oregon Experiment).

Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with electronic health records and Medicaid data. We divided individuals who gained Medicaid in the Oregon Experiment into those who maintained (n = 788) or lost (n = 944) insurance coverage. We compared these groups with continuously insured (n = 921) and continuously uninsured (n = 5416) reference groups for community health center utilization rates over a 36-month period.

Results. Both newly insured groups increased utilization in the first 6 months. After 6 months, use among those who maintained coverage stabilized at a level consistent with the continuously insured, whereas it returned to baseline for those who lost coverage.

Conclusions. Individuals who maintained coverage through Oregon’s Medicaid expansion increased long-term utilization of CHCs, whereas those with unstable coverage did not.

Policy implications. This study predicts long-term increase in CHC utilization following Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion and emphasizes the need for policies that support insurance retention.
Corporate Funding for Schools of Public Health: Confronting the Ethical and Economic Challenges
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Sampat Bhaven N.
Published: February 2016

We discuss the public and private sponsoring of university research and the issues it raises in a context of diminished federal funding. We consider research funding at schools of public health and why these schools have historically had weaker links to industry than have other academic units.

We argue that the possibility of enhanced links with industry at schools of public health may raise specific concerns beyond those facing universities generally.

Six issues should be considered before entering into these relationships: (1) the effects on research orientation, (2) unacceptability of some funders, (3) potential threats to objectivity and academic freedom, (4) effects on academic standards, (5) the effects on dissemination of knowledge, and (6) reputational risks.
Soybean Yield Components and Seed Potassium Concentration Responses among Nodes to Potassium Fertility
Authors: Parvej Md. Rasel , Slaton Nathan A. , Purcell Larry C. , Roberts Trenton L.
Published: February 2016

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss by K deficiency has been reported extensively, but very little research has evaluated how the yield loss is distributed among nodes. We evaluated soybean seed yield, individual seed weight, pod and seed numbers, seed abortion, and seed‐K concentration among nodes of an indeterminate and determinate cultivar grown under three K fertility levels (low, medium, and high represented by 0, 75, and 150 kg K ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Chlorosis along upper leaf margin was observed during seed‐filling period in every low K fertility plot. Soybean grown with medium and high K fertility averaged 28 and 43%, respectively, greater predicted seed yield on the top seven (of 10) node segments for the indeterminate soybean and 72 and 101% greater seed yield on the node segments 2, 3, 4, and 7 (of seven) for the determinate soybean than plants having low K fertility. Yield loss was attributed to reduced individual seed weight, fewer pod and seed numbers, and increased seed abortion. The seed‐K concentration of soybean grown with low K fertility was lowest (11.6 [indeterminate] and 15.2 [determinate] g K kg−1) for seeds located on the top nodes and increased (17.8 g K kg−1) quadratically to the bottom of the plant. The largest proportion of seed yield and the greatest yield loss from K deficiency come from the middle and upper nodes of indeterminate plants and the combination of the bottom nodes, due to branching, plus the upper‐middle nodes of determinate plants.

Core Ideas

The greatest proportion of soybean yield, regardless of K fertility level, was produced by nodes on the top two‐thirds of the indeterminate cultivar and the combination of the bottom node, due to branching, plus the nodes on the top one‐half of the determinate cultivar.

The yield loss from K deficiency was greatest on the nodes that produced the largest proportion of seed yield for each growth habit. The yield loss on the top nodes was from reduced individual seed weight, fewer numbers of pods and seeds, and increased seed abortion.

For K‐deficient soybean there would be a large seed‐K concentration gradient from the top to bottom of the plant with seed‐K being greatest for seed produced on the bottom nodes and least for seed produced by the top nodes. The K concentration of seed collected from the upper nodes or the seed‐K concentration gradient between the top and bottom nodes might be useful in diagnosing K deficiency at maturity in fields that showed no visible K deficiency symptoms (i.e., hidden hunger) during the growing season.
Predicted Yield and Nutritive Value of an Alfalfa–Timothy Mixture under Climate Change and Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Thivierge Marie‐Noëlle , Jégo Guillaume , Bélanger Gilles , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Rotz C. Alan , Qian Budong
Published: February 2016

Climate change studies have often focused on individual forage species although legume‐grass mixtures are predominant on dairy farms in northern areas of North America. We assessed the effect of (i) future climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), separately and together, on yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.), grown alone or in mixture, and (ii) an adaptation strategy (timing and number of harvests) on future yield and nutritive value of an alfalfa–timothy mixture. Forage dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value for two contrasting climate areas in eastern Canada were simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model over two future periods (2020–2049 and 2050–2079) using three climate models and two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) of greenhouse gas emissions. Under projected future climate and without adaptation, annual forage yield of both species and the mixture increased in the colder area and decreased in the warmer area. In both areas, first‐cut yield increased due to faster growing degree‐day accumulation, while regrowth yield decreased due to greater water and temperature stresses. Under elevated [CO2], annual yield and the alfalfa percentage in the mixture increased. When combining climate change and elevated [CO2], yield increased, except with the more drastic scenario (RCP 8.5, 2050–2079) in the warmer area, and forage nutritive value was reduced. With adaptation, the mixture yield was increased from 5 to 35%, while nutritive value was generally maintained under all future scenarios, mostly because of additional cuts.

Core Ideas

In eastern Canada, colder areas will benefit the most from climate change.

In future climate, water and temperature stresses will reduce forage summer regrowth.

Elevated CO2 will result in a higher yield increase in alfalfa than in timothy.

When adapting harvest timing and number, annual forage mixture yield will increase.

When adapting harvest timing and number, forage nutritive value will be maintained.
Design and operation of an eco-system for municipal wastewater treatment and utilization
Authors: Wang L. , Peng J. , Wang B. , Yang L.
Published: February 2016

An eco-system consisting of integrated ponds and constructed wetland systems is employed in Dongying City, Shandong Province for the treatment and utilization of municipal wastewater with design capacity of 100,000 m3/d. The total capital cost of this system is 680 Yuan (RMB) or US$82/m3/d, or about half that of the conventional system based on activated sludge process, and the O/M cost is 0.1 Yuan (RMB) or US$ 0.012/m3, only one fifth that of conventional treatment systems. The performance of the wastewater treatment and utilization eco-system is quite good with a final effluent COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP of 45–65 mg/l, 7–32 mg/l, 12–35 mg/l, 2–13 mg/l and 0.2–1.8 mg/l respectively and the annual average removals of COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP are 69.1%, 78.3%, 76.4%, 62.1% and 52.9% respectively, which is much better than that of conventional pond system or constructed wetland used separately and illustrates that the artificial and integrated eco-system is more effective and efficient than the simple natural eco-system.