bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention in Health Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Freeman Richard
Published: November 2007

The comparative study of what tend to be regarded as marginal questions of health policy, such as prevention, is developing slowly. This case study covers important developments in preventive policy making in the Federal Republic of Germany in the period 1968–1990. The paper is intended both as a descriptive summary of institutional arrangements for prevention in health and as a preliminary analytical essay. It considers the evolving positional interests of federal and state governments, the public health service, the sickness insurance funds and the medical profession. It looks in detail at constitutional conflict over prevention at the end of the 1960s, at the progressivism of health policy conceptions of the early 1970s, at the liberal conservatism which characterised the 1980s and at the place of prevention in health care reform legislation. It refers to responses to HIV and AIDS and comments on the extent to which the circumstances of preventive policy making in health have changed with unification. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of the German case in developing ideas about the role played by prevention in health politics.
Stability and Change in Welfare States: Germany and Sweden in the 1990s
Authors: Clasen Jochen , Gould Arthur
Published: November 2007

This article examines recent changes in the German and Swedish welfare states and argues that, in contrast to Great Britain, welfare institutions, characteristics and structures have remained fairly robust. Despite retrenchment and some substantial cuts, a shift away from traditional welfare principles has not occurred. Indeed, it is likely that, at the start of the next millennium, social insurance will continue to be the hallmark of the ‘conservative’ German welfare state, while Sweden’s welfare state remains basically a social democratic and solidaristic institution. The social, political and institutional reasons for this relative stability are discussed.
Ethnic Residential Concentration and Health: evidence for a positive effect?
Authors: Smaje Chris
Published: November 2007

Considerable attention has been paid to differences in health status between ethnic groups, but the potential impact of distinctive residential patterns on these differences has been little examined. This article suggests that analysing the processes underlying ethnic residential concentration may help to refine understanding of ethnic patterns of health, in particular by incorporating cultural and contextual effects into broader materialist explanations. A conceptual model of the relationship between concentration and health is proposed and tested in an exploratory secondary analysis of a London household survey. The implications for research and policy are discussed.
Coalitions in Britain: administrative formation in hung councils
Authors: Railings Colin , Temple Michael , Thrasher Michael
Published: November 2007

Based on a survey of 151 local authorities in Great Britain where no single party had an overall council majority, this article examines the administrative arrangements which form when political parties unused to compromise have to negotiate with each other for a share of power. It also considers the attitudes of the actors involved to the different ways of working that emerge in these ‘hung’ councils. The survey shows that hung councils experience a wide variety of political partnerships. Contrary to earlier surveys concerning the type of administration which forms, it was discovered that open power-sharing arrangements have replaced single-party minority government as the most common response to a hung situation. The sharing of committee chairs has also become more widespread.
Extending the Boundaries: equal opportunities as Social Regulation
Authors: Nanton Philip
Published: November 2007

This article offers a way of understanding the nature of local government equal opportunities policies. Its focus is race and women’s equality, but the principles it elucidates can also be applied to other contexts of equal opportunity. The approach outlined in this article argues for equal opportunities to be seen as a form of social regulation. A wider frame of reference and body of knowledge beyond political manoeuvring then becomes available to the world of equal opportunities.
Home, Independence and Community Care: time for a wider vision?
Authors: Means Robin
Published: November 2007

This article begins by looking at past policy assumptions about the importance of home and independence to older people. It is shown that it has long been argued that older people should stay in their own homes as long as possible but that this was not backed up with domiciliary services because of concerns that this would enable families to push caring responsibilities onto the state. The second half of the article looks at present day assumptions on this issue as addressed by the 1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act and compares this to what older people themselves have to say. By drawing on research on 39 older households the importance of home as a place of privacy and self identity is illustrated as is the rich and varied lives of these respondents both inside and outside their homes. It is argued that local authorities as the lead agencies in community care should help to foster such independence and that this requires them to develop a broad vision of community care which covers issues such as transport, leisure and household maintenance.
Needs and Empowerment in Minority Ethnic Housing: some issuesof definition and local strategy
Authors: Harrison Malcolm , Law Ian
Published: November 2007

Universalised concepts of housing needs and solutions are difficult to sustain in a context of ethnic diversity. On the other hand it is not easy for policy makers to find straightforward substitutes that can be operationalised. Some governmental agencies may be moving towards strategies of ‘ethnic managerialism’ which acknowledge differentiation, but this is not without its dangers. Drawing on research on minority ethnic housing circumstances in Leeds, this paper explores some key issues that arise in relation to needs, preferences and local strategies. Pursuing a culturally sensitive policy could be complex, but implies supplementing ideas of basic standards with strategies of empowerment.
An Inspector Calls? Regulation and Accountability in Three Public Services
Authors: Hughes Gordon , Mears Robert , Winch Christopher
Published: November 2007

The article examines various forms of inspection and regulation of public services. It presents a review of such mechanisms in three areas of public service provision and analyses patterns of both convergence and divergence in the regulation of different public service providers. It offers an overview of the different regimes of inspection/regulation that have emerged in school teaching, policing and medicine. The article examines in a comparative way recent developments in, first, the move from Her Majesty’s Inspector (HMI) to the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) in the inspection of schools and teachers, second, the transformation of HMI Constabulary, and third, the debates about clinical audit and the regulation of doctors. A typology of inspection regimes is developed as a possible framework for future research.
Some Antecedents to Healthcare Reform: Israel and the United States
Authors: Zalmanovitch Dr Yair
Published: November 2007

This article addresses the question of what enabled the passage of Israel’s National Health Insurance Law in 1995, after decades of failed attempts, and tries to learn from this some of the reasons why United States President Clinton’s health reform efforts foundered. It argues that in Israel reform was preceded by major changes in the society as a whole – in its values, in the power of the organised para-political opposition, and in the political configuration in which that opposition functioned – and suggests that the absence of such changes contributed to the failure to enact healthcare reform in the US. It also points out that, unlike Clinton’s comprehensive health plan, the ‘reform’ in Israel was in fact a narrow political reform which gave the government more control over health policy but had little impact on how Israelis pay for or receive their healthcare, and did nothing to contain costs.
The Rational Legitimacy of the Welfar State: popular support for ten income transfer schemes in Finland
Authors: Forma Pauli
Published: November 2007

This article explores how popular support for social benefits is connected to their entitlement rules. In addition, the role of self-interest regarding support for social benefits is examined. The importance of these factors is empirically evaluated using a sample of 1,117 Finns. Popular support for ten essential income transfer schemes in Finland is determined. Some of these schemes represent purely means-tested programmes, others are universal. Programmes also vary in their importance to different subgroups of the population. The results give qualified support to the ‘welfare backlash’ model: universal benefits are found to be more legitimate than selective ones. However, the situation is a little more complicated. Benefits maintaining basic security are also highly legitimate, which indicates that people do not support social security schemes only out of selfish motives. They also have a moral commitment to help those in need. The analysis also reveals clear choices based on self-interest: families with children, for example, strongly defend family benefits and younger people do not allow cutbacks in study allowances.
Quangos: political representation and women consumers of public services
Authors: Sperling Liz
Published: November 2007

In the debate about accountability and control of quasi autonomous non-governmental organisations (quangos), which are increasingly responsible for public services, the issue of representativeness has not yet extended beyond consideration of improving the visibility of women and ethnic minorities in quango memberships. This paper considers the more complex nature of political representation, and argues for the need for a full and inclusive analysis of representativeness in relation to quangos.
Mayoral Leadership and Economic Development Policy: the case of Ed Rendell’s Philadelphia
Authors: McGovern Stephen J.
Published: November 2007

The mayor of Philadelphia, Edward G. Rendell, has garnered attention throughout the United States for guiding his city out of a fiscal crisis and then aggressively pursuing an ambitious plan for economic growth. This article examines Rendell’s economic development policies during his first term in office while highlighting the mayor’s leadership role in reviving the city. Although the mayor has been effective so far in stimulating investment in Philadelphia’s downtown business district, his leadership skills have not yet benefited the city’s struggling neighbourhoods. The case study concludes by considering implications for other nations contemplating implementation of a strong-mayor form of local government.
Party Competition In English Local Government: an empirical analysis of English councils, 1974-1994
Authors: Boyne George , Ashworth Rachel
Published: November 2007

Party competition is an important mechanism for securing responsiveness and accountability in local government. Two measures of competition are identified and applied to all local party systems in England: dominance, which refers to the strength of the ruling party in the present; and volatility, which concerns changes in party strength in the past. The evidence shows that, on either measure, competition is strongest in the non-metropolitan counties and weakest in the London boroughs and metropolitan districts. By contrast, the two measures yield contradictory longitudinal results on the extent of competition: dominance has generally declined, but so has volatility. Thus conclusions on temporal trends in competition depend on the relative effects of dominance and volatility on local politicians’ behaviour.
Partners in Regeneration: constructing a local regime for urban management?
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: November 2007

English

In a world portrayed as diverse and complex, in which power is diffused, governance can be achieved only by building on formal inter-sectoral partnerships. These must involve all stakeholders including those previously excluded from decision making and will therefore present new challenges. Urban regeneration provides a good testing ground for evaluating such partnerships in action and their capacity to act as vehicles for building a new local power base. This article considers the dilemmas that arise from the introduction of the voluntary sector in formal partnerships. It argues that, based on such experiences, much needs to be achieved if effective local regimes are to emerge.
Participation and Democratic Renewal: from ‘instrumental’ to ‘communicative rationality’?
Authors: Sanderson Ian
Published: November 2007

English

The renewal of local democracy was quickly established as a key priority by the Labour government in the UK following their election in May 1997, and this is seen as requiring an extension of democratic practice to foster more direct forms of participation. Traditional perspectives on the policy process embody a ‘technocratic’ conception of decision making which disempowers citizens. The expansion of ‘instrumental rationality’ in modern society has had profoundly anti-democratic implications, creating obstacles to citizen participation through the bureaucratisation of authority, professional and managerial power and expertise. ‘Communicative rationality’ provides an alternative basis for an institutional framework to promote effective citizen participation but genuine citizen empowerment is likely to require a radical approach which goes beyond institutional reform.
Differential Expression Patterns of NDRG Family Proteins in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Okuda Tomohiko , Kokame Koichi , Miyata Toshiyuki
Published: November 2007

The N-myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family consists of four proteins: NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, and NDRG4 in mammals. NDRG1 has been thoroughly studied as an intracellular protein associated with stress response, cell growth, and differentiation. A nonsense mutation in the NDRG1 gene causes hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4D. We previously generated Ndrg1-deficient mice and found that they exhibited peripheral nerve degeneration caused by severe demyelination, but that the complicated motor abilities were retained. These results implied that other NDRG family proteins may compensate for the NDRG1 deficiency in the central nervous system. In this study we raised specific antibodies against each member of the NDRG protein family and examined their cellular expression patterns in the mouse brain. In the cerebrum, NDRG1 and NDRG2 were localized in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, respectively, whereas NDRG3 and NDRG4 were ubiquitous. In the cerebellum, NDRG1 and NDRG4 were localized in Purkinje cells and NDRG2 in Bergmann glial cells. NDRG3 was detected in the nuclei in most cells. These expression patterns demonstrated the cell type-specific and ubiquitous localization of the NDRG family proteins. Each NDRG may play a partially redundant role in specific cells in the brain.
Scanning electron microscopic features of the ovine interdigital sinus
Authors: Karahan S. , Yildiz D. , Bolat D.
Published: November 2007

This article describes the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) features of the ovine interdigital sinus. The lumen was filled with a dense secretory material and quite a number of hairs embedded in the luminal content. For SEM purposes, the sinus was divided into three parts: base, body and neck. At the cut surface, the wall exhibited significant folds which were almost absent in the base, the very short blind end of the sinus. The wall had three layers: epidermis, dermis and fibrous capsule. Stratified epithelium with a prominent keratin layer faced the lumen. The inner surface was similar to the skin surface; however, it was coarser due to folds. The fibrous capsule was composed mainly of dense connective tissue, constituting the outermost layer of the wall. The dermis contained common skin structures including sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles and apocrine glands. Sebaceous glands appeared as groups of bubbles if they were not collapsed. Apocrine glands generally appeared as a group of coiled tubules. They frequently exhibited apocrine blebs, which is a feature of apocrine secretion. SEM was able to locate some secretory vesicles in the lumen of apocrine tubules which is frequently filled by secretory content. Thus, the apocrine tubules exhibited classical features of apocrine secretion.
Skin biopsies predict acute graft-versus-host disease after small bowel transplantation in pigs
Authors: Pintar Tadeja , Pleskovič A. , Alessiani M. , Abbiati Francesca , Milutinović Aleksandra , Petrovič D. , Pogačnik M. , Zorc-Pleskovič Ruda
Published: November 2007

Intestinal transplantation is being increasingly performed to treat patients with irreversible intestinal failure. The major cause of intestinal graft failure is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that represents a life-threatening complication after small bowel transplantation (Itx). The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of skin biopsy histological changes for acute GVHD after Itx in pigs. Thirty-four Large White pigs were divided into three groups: Group 1 with Itx only, Group 2 with Itx and donor bone marrow infusion (Itx BM) and Group 3 (control group — before the operation). Animals received tacrolimus-based immunosuppression from day 0 to day 30 postoperatively. Skin and small bowel biopsies were histologically assessed, analysed and classified from grade 1 to 4 on postoperative days 15, 30, 45 and 60. There was a strong correlation between the histological grading values of skin biopsy changes and the histological grading values of small bowel biopsy changes (Kendall’s tau_b is 0.855 for the Itx group and 0.730 for the Itx BM group). The significant correlation found between skin and small bowel histological changes suggests the prognostic value of skin biopsies after Itx. In conclusion, our findings emphasise the diagnostic and prognostic value of skin biopsy analysis for acute GVHD after Itx.
Expression of proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes in porcine luteal cells
Authors: Staszkiewicz J. , Skowronski M. , Siawrys Gabriela , Kaminski T. , Krazinski B. , Plonka K. , Wylot B. , Przala Jadwiga , Okrasa S.
Published: November 2007

The objective of the study was to examine the expression of the genes coding for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proenkephalin (PENK) and prodynorphin (PDYN) in porcine luteal cells isolated from corpora lutea (CL) collected on days 3–6, 8–10 and 13–16 of the oestrous cycle. Total RNA was purified from non-incubated cells and from cells incubated for 48 h in the absence or presence of luteinising hormone (LH). The semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique, involving coamplification of the target and control cDNA (β-actin or 18S rRNA), was used to examine gene expression. It was found that the genes coding for opioid precursors are expressed in both non-incubated and incubated porcine luteal cells representing the early, mid- and late luteal phase. In non-incubated cells, only POMC mRNA content changed during CL development, whereas the expression of PENK and PDYN genes remained relatively constant. Additionally, the treatment of cells with LH markedly affected the expression of POMC and PENK, but no influence on PDYN expression was observed. The present study indicates that porcine luteal cells may produce opioid peptides and that gene expression of their precursors (except for PDYN) may be modulated in these cells by LH. Moreover, the present results support the involvement of opioid peptides in local regulation within the CL of the pig.
Exposure of Unionid Mussels to Electric Current: Assessing Risks Associated with Electrofishing
Authors: Holliman F. Michael , Kwak Thomas J. , Cope W. Gregory , Levine Jay F.
Published: November 2007

Electric current is routinely applied in freshwater for scientific sampling of fish populations (i.e., electrofishing). Freshwater mussels (families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) are distributed worldwide, but their recent declines in diversity and abundance constitute an imperilment of global significance. Freshwater mussels are not targeted for capture by electrofishing, and any exposure to electric current is unintentional. The effects of electric shock are not fully understood for mussels but could disrupt vital physiological processes and represent an additional threat to their survival. In a controlled laboratory environment, we examined the consequences of exposure to two typical electrofishing currents, 60‐Hz pulsed DC and 60‐Hz AC, for the survival of adult and early life stages of three unionid species; we included fish as a quality control measure. The outcomes suggest that electrical exposure associated with typical electrofishing poses little direct risk to freshwater mussels. That is, adult mussel survival and righting behaviors (indicators of sublethal stress) were not adversely affected by electrical exposure. Glochidia (larvae that attach to and become parasites on fish gills or fins) showed minimal immediate reduction in viability after exposure. Metamorphosis from glochidia to free‐living juvenile mussels was not impaired after electric current simulated capture‐prone behaviors (stunning) in infested host fish. In addition, the short‐term survival of juvenile mussels was not adversely influenced by exposure to electric current. Any minimal risk to imperiled mussels must be weighed at the population level against the benefits gained by using the gear for scientific sampling of fish in the same waters. However, scientists sampling fish by electrofishing should be aware of mussel reproductive periods and processes in order to minimize the harmful effects to host fish, especially in areas where mussel conservation is a concern.
Suggestion of an Oral Hygiene Program for Orthodontic Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: Findings of a Pilot Study
Authors: Brasil Juliana Marcelina Plácido , Pernambuco Renatade Almeida , Dalben Giseleda Silva
Published: November 2007

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of an oral hygiene program for orthodontic patients with cleft lip and palate.

Design:

Retrospective pilot study.

Setting:

Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, Brazil.

Patients:

One hundred twenty-two patients with complete cleft lip and palate undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Interventions:

Orientation on toothbrushing and flossing, plaque disclosure, and scoring according to an especially designed index.

Main Outcome Measures:

Statistical comparison of variation in plaque index between sessions; correlation of intervals between sessions and variation in plaque index.

Results:

Mean scores were reduced significantly, from 2.17 to 1.75 between first and second, 2.18 to 1.62 between first and third, and 1.93 to 1.62 between second and third sessions. Plaque reduction was inversely proportional to the time interval.

Conclusions:

The program demonstrated a significant plaque reduction. The highest reduction between the first and second sessions reveals the need to reinforce the initial instructions at all sessions. The greatest reduction observed at shorter intervals highlights the need for regular follow up. More controlled studies on larger samples should be encouraged to evaluate the validity of the index and the efficacy of similar programs worldwide.
Association of MSX1 with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in a Colombian Population
Authors: Otero Liliana , Gutiérrez Sandra , Cháves Margarita , Vargas C. , Bérmudez Luis
Published: November 2007

Objective:

To evaluate the association between MSX1 CA polymorphism and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in a group of patients from Operation Smile Colombia.

Design:

Four alleles from MSX1 CA microsatellite sequence were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out. The amplifications were performed by Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) in ABI PRISM 310 genetic analyzer. Chi-square and odds ratio tests were used to determine the association between genotype frequencies and the risk to the cleft lip/palate in a Colombian group population.

Setting:

Operation Smile Colombia.

Participants:

Ninety-four affected patients (49 men and 45 women with CL±P) and 93 control individuals (43 men and 50 women).

Results:

A significant statistical difference (p < .0106) was found between the patients who carried allele 3 and CL±P. In addition, allele 4 (heterozygous and homozygous form) was the most frequent in CL±P (74%) patients and in the control group (82%).

Conclusions:

These findings show a positive association between the MSX1 CA polymorphism and CL±P in a Colombian group population.
A Tale of Two Systems: Beliefs and Practices of South African Muslim and Hindu Traditional Healers regarding Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Ross Eleanor
Published: November 2007

Objectives:

This South African study compared the views of 15 Muslim and 8 Hindu traditional healers regarding the etiology and treatment of craniofacial clefts, reasons for people consulting with them, and collaboration with Western professionals.

Data Analysis:

The original data were collected via individual interviews. Secondary data analysis was conducted to highlight common themes.

Results:

Four Hindu and 12 Muslim healers believed that the condition was God sent. Both groups acknowledged the existence of various superstitions within their communities. For example, if a pregnant woman handled a sharp object during an eclipse, her infant could be born with a cleft. All Hindu healers also attributed clefts to karma. All the Muslim healers counseled patients and families. Fourteen referred people for medical help, 10 emphasized the importance of prayer, and 3 recommended the wearing of amulets containing a prayer. No Hindu healers provided direct treatment. Three advised parents to fast, six arranged fire and purification ceremonies in the temples, and three consulted the person's astrological chart to dispel any bad karma. Both groups of healers advised people to give to charity. Eight Hindu healers and eight Muslim healers believed that people consulted with them because of cultural influences and because they alleviated feelings of guilt. Four Hindu and 13 Muslim healers favored collaboration with Western practitioners.

Conclusions:

Findings highlight the need for culturally sensitive rehabilitation practices, collaboration, referrals, and information sharing between Eastern and Western health care practitioners.
Functional Outcomes of Cleft Lip Surgery. Part I: Study Design and Surgeon Ratings of Lip Disability and Need for Lip Revision
Authors: Trotman Carroll-Ann , Phillips Ceib , Essick Greg K. , Faraway Julian J. , Barlow Steven M. , Losken H. Wolfgang , van Aalst John , Rogers Lyna
Published: November 2007

Objective:

Children with a cleft of the upper lip exhibit obvious facial disfigurement. Many require multiple lip surgeries for an optimal esthetic result. However, because the decision for lip revision is based on subjective clinical criteria, clinicians may disagree on whether these surgeries should be performed. To establish more reliable, functionally relevant outcome criteria for evaluation and treatment planning, a clinical trial currently is in progress. In this article, the design of the clinical trial is described and results of a study on subjective evaluations of facial form by surgeons for or against the need for lip revision surgery are presented.

Design:

Parallel, three-group, nonrandomized clinical trial and subjective evaluations/ratings of facial views by surgeons.

Subjects:

For the clinical trial, children with repaired cleft lip and palate scheduled for a secondary lip revision, children with repaired cleft lip and palate who did not have lip revision, and noncleft children. For the subjective evaluations, surgeons’ facial ratings of 21 children with repaired cleft lip.

Analysis:

Descriptive and Kappa statistics assessing the concordance of surgeons’ ratings of (a) repeated facial views and (b) a recommendation of revision on viewing the prerevision and postrevision views.

Results:

The surgeons’ consistency in rating repeated views was moderate to excellent; however, agreement among the surgeons when rating individual participants was low to moderate.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that the agreement among surgeons was poor and support the need for more objective measures to assess the need for revision surgery.
Functional Outcomes of Cleft Lip Surgery. Part II: Quantification of Nasolabial Movement
Authors: Trotman Carroll-Ann , Faraway Julian J. , Losken H. Wolfgang , van Aalst John A.
Published: November 2007

Objective:

To explore nasolabial movements in participants with repaired cleft lip and palate.

Design:

A parallel, three-group, nonrandomized clinical trial.

Subjects:

Group 1 = 31 participants with a cleft lip slated for revision surgery (revision), group 2 = 32 participants with a cleft lip who did not have surgery (nonrevision), and group 3 = 37 noncleft control participants.

Methods:

Three-dimensional movements were assessed using a video-based tracking system that captured movement of 38 landmarks placed at specific sites on the face during instructed maximum smile, cheek puff, lip purse, mouth opening, and natural smile. Measurements were made at two time points at least 1 week and no greater than 3 months apart. Summary measurements were generated for the magnitude of upper lip, lower lip, and lower jaw movements and the asymmetry of upper lip movement. Separate regression models were fitted to each of the summary measurements.

Results:

Lateral movements of the upper lip were greater than vertical movements. Relative to the noncleft group, the revision and nonrevision groups demonstrated 6% to 28% less upper lip movements, with the smiles having the most restriction in movement and greater asymmetry of upper lip movement. Having an alveolar bone graft further increased the asymmetry, while a bilateral cleft lip decreased the asymmetry. Lower jaw movement caused a small increase in upper lip movement.

Conclusions:

The objective measurement of movement may be used as an outcome measure for cleft lip surgery.
Multiple Mesoderm Subsets Give Rise to Endothelial Cells, Whereas Hematopoietic Cells Are Differentiated Only from a Restricted Subset in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Culture
Authors: Era Takumi , Izumi Naoki , Hayashi Misato , Tada Shinsuke , Nishikawa Satomi , Nishikawa Shin-Ichi
Published: November 2007

In the developing mouse, vascular endothelial cell (EC) and hematopoietic cell (HPC) lineages are two initial cell lineages that diverge from mesodermal cells, which have been roughly subdivided into three subtypes according to their geographical location: the organizer, embryonic mesoderm in the primitive streak, and extraembryonic mesoderm during gastrulation. Although the initial progenitors that become the two lineages appear in both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2+ (VEGFR2+) lateral and extraembryonic mesoderm, little is known about the underlying molecular events that regulate the derivation of ECs and HPCs. Here, we describe an experimental system consisting of two types of embryonic stem cell lines capable of distinguishing between organizer and the middle section of the primitive streak region. Using this system, we were able to establish a defined culture condition that can separately induce distinct types of mesoderm. Although we were able to differentiate ECs from all mesoderm subsets, however, the potential of HPCs was restricted to the VEGFR2+ cells derived from primitive streak-type mesodermal cells. We also show that the culture condition for the progenitors of primitive erythrocytes is separated from that for the progenitors of definitive erythrocytes. These results suggest the dominant role of extrinsic regulation during diversification of mesoderm.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Direct Development of Functionally Mature Tryptase/Chymase Double-Positive Connective Tissue-Type Mast Cells from Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Ma Feng , Kambe Naotomo , Wang Dan , Shinoda Gen , Fujino Hisanori , Umeda Katsutsugu , Fujisawa Akihiro , Ma Lina , Suemori Hirofumi , Nakatsuji Norio , Miyachi Yoshiki , Torii Ryuzo , Tsuji Kohichiro , Heike Toshio , Nakahata Tatsutoshi
Published: November 2007

Conditions that influence the selective development or recruitment of connective tissue-type and mucosal-type mast cells (MCs) are not well understood. Here, we report that cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells cocultured with the murine aorta-gonad-mesonephros-derived stromal cell line AGM-S1 differentiated into cobblestone (CS)-like cells by day 10–15. When replated onto fresh AGM-S1 with the addition of stem cell factor, interleukin-6, and Flt3 ligand, these CS-like cells displayed robust growth and generated almost 100% tryptase/chymase double-positive MCs within 3 weeks. At all time points, the percentage of tryptase-positive cells did not exceed that of chymase-positive cells. These ES-derived MCs were CD45+/Kit+/CD31+/CD203c+/HLA-DR− and coexpressed a high-affinity IgE receptor on their surface, which was upregulated after IgE exposure. Electron microscopy showed that they contained many electron dense granules. Moreover, ES-derived MCs responded to stimulation by via IgE and substance P by releasing histamine. These results indicate that ES-derived MCs have the phenotype of functionally mature connective tissue-type MCs. The rapid maturation of ES-derived MCs suggests a unique embryonic pathway in primates for early development of connective tissue-type MCs, which may be independent from the developmental pathway of mucosal-type MCs.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Serum Vaspin Concentrations in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Youn Byung-Soo , Klöting Nora , Kratzsch Jürgen , Lee Namseok , Park Ji Woo , Song Eun-Sun , Ruschke Karen , Oberbach Andreas , Fasshauer Mathias , Stumvoll Michael , Blüher Matthias
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE— Vaspin was identified as an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing effects, which is predominantly secreted from visceral adipose tissue in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. We have recently shown that vaspin mRNA expression in adipose tissue is related to parameters of obesity and glucose metabolism. However, the regulation of vaspin serum concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes is unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— For the measurement of vaspin serum concentrations, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using this ELISA, we assessed circulating vaspin in a cross-sectional study of 187 subjects with a wide range of obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance and in 60 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or type 2 diabetes before and after a 4-week physical training program.

RESULTS— Vaspin serum concentrations were significantly higher in female compared with male subjects. There was no difference in circulating vaspin between individuals with NGT and type 2 diabetes. In the normal glucose-tolerant group, circulating vaspin significantly correlated with BMI and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, physical training for 4 weeks resulted in significantly increased circulating vaspin levels.

CONCLUSIONS— We found a sexual dimorphism in circulating vaspin. Elevated vaspin serum concentrations are associated with obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity, whereas type 2 diabetes seems to abrogate the correlation between increased circulating vaspin, higher body weight, and decreased insulin sensitivity. Low circulating vaspin correlates with a high fitness level, whereas physical training in untrained individuals causes increased vaspin serum concentrations.
Abdominal Tuberculosis Presenting as Ileocolic Intussusception in an Infant
Authors: Mahajan Dipti , Nigam Sonu , Mandal A.K. , Kohli Kavita
Published: November 2007

Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children, with a peak in children 5 to 7 months of age. Identifiable causes are found in 90% of adults, whereas in infants and young children the majority are idiopathic. We report a case of abdominal tuberculosis (ATB) presenting as an ileocolic intussusception in an infant. A 6-month-old infant presented with features of acute intestinal obstruction. Peroperatively, ileocolic intussusception was found. Histological examination revealed caseating epitheloid cell granulomas with positivity for acid-fast bacilli. Only 3 cases of ATB presenting as intussusception have been previously reported in the literature, with only 1 case presenting in a child. This appears to be the 2nd case of ATB presenting as an intussusception in a child and also in an infant. Tuberculosis should also be kept in the differential diagnosis of lead point of intussusception, even in the age group in which most cases are idiopathic, especially in endemic areas.
Acardiac Twin Presenting as Fetus Amorphous with an Attenuated Umbilical Cord
Authors: Hanley L. Corey , Boyd Theonia K. , Hecht Jonathan L.
Published: November 2007

Acardiac anomaly sequence is a rare malformation cluster occurring in the setting of monozygotic monochorionic twin pregnancies. In addition to an absent heart (acardia), variable degrees of somatic developmental disruption are present. We describe an extreme example of what we believe to be acardiac twinning, with almost complete absence of gross tissue organization but recognizable microscopic evidence of body-axis establishment and organ formation. The case is also notable for the absence of a grossly identifiable umbilical cord, with attachment to the placental vasculature by 2 vessels invested by amnion but without Wharton's jelly. We discuss the controversy regarding the requirement of an umbilical cord in the definition of acardiac twin and distinguish this case from placental teratoma.
Efficacy of Dietary Selenium to Counteract Toxicity of Deoxynivalenol in Growing Broiler Chickens
Authors: Faixová Z. , Faix Š. , Bořutová R. , Leng Ľ.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of deoxynivalenol on plasma indicators and efficacy of dietary selenium to counteract toxicity of deoxynivalenol in growing broiler chicks. Three groups of broilers were formed with 14 birds in each group. Three diets included control (0.2 ppm deoxynivalenol, 0.4 mg selenium/kg diet), deoxynivalenol-contaminated (3 ppm deoxynivalenol, 0.4 mg selenium/kg diet) and deoxynivalenol-contaminated (3 ppm deoxynivalenol) plus selenium-enriched yeast (1.4 mg selenium/kg diet). After 6 weeks of feeding all birds were sacrifi ced and blood samples for chemical analyses were collected. Plasma calcium, chloride and alanine aminotransferase activity were signifi cantly elevated and magnesium, total proteins, triglycerides and free glycerol were decreased in chicks fed deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet compared with those fed the control diet. Supplementation of selenium-enriched yeast to the diet reversed plasma levels of calcium, magnesium and alanine aminotransferase activity in chicks induced by dietary deoxynivalenol. Phosphorus, albumin and cholesterol levels and alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by diets. The inclusion of selenium to DON-contaminated diet, however, did not completely alleviate toxic effect on protein and lipid metabolism by the liver. Supplementation of selenium-enriched yeast product counteracted most of the plasma indicator alterations caused by deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet in chicks.
The Effect of Essential Oil Intake on Changes of Plasma Antioxidant Status in Mice
Authors: Faix Š. , Juhas Š. , Faixová Z.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four essential oils intake by feed, namely Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, and Syzygium aromaticum on antioxidant status in mice in vivo. Essential oils were in the aether oleum form. They were diluted with ethanol absolute mixed with ground pelett (0.1, 0.25, 0.57 and 1% concentration) and thereafter ethanol was evaporated. SOD, GPx activities and TAS were measured in erythrocytes and plasma spectrophotometrically with Ransod, Ransel and TAS kits from RANDOX, respectively. GPX activity showed a significant increase in 0.25% and 0.1% concentration of Origani aetheroleum. The GPx activities were decreased in 1% concentration of Thymi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Cinnamomi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Caryophylli aetheroleum. The total antioxidant status showed a significant decrease in 1 % concentration of Origani aetheroleum and significantly increased in 0.1% concentration. The same results were found in Thymi aetheroleum. Cinnamomi aetheroleum and Caryophylli aetheroleum had not effect on total antioxidant status. SOD activities were not significantly changed after intake of essential oils. In conclusion, our results showed, that concentration of essential oil is very important for antioxidant status and also for metabolism of mice, because a high dose of essential oil has adverse effect on metabolism of mice, representated by a lower growth of the body weight. On the other hand, essential oils at lower concentrations have positive effect on antioxidant status of mice.
Approach to the Diagnostics of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs in Conditions of Clinical Practice
Authors: Počta S. , Svoboda M.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this work was to elucidate the incidence of atopic dermatitis in dogs regarding their age, sex and individual breeds, verify the diagnostic criteria of the disease by Willemse and Prélaund and evaluate their sensitivity in the conditions of this country. In the group of 94 dogs, atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in the period from 1994 to 2005. The highest frequency among breeds was documented in Boxer (100%) and French Bulldog (84.6%), being significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in Shar-pei (41.7%) and Dalmatian (41.7%). The difference was even highly significant (p < 0.01) compared to Dachshund (2.7%), German Shepherd (6%), Cocker Spaniel (11.1%), and Poodle (3.3%). On the other hand, no significant differences were found between sexes. The commonly affected age group was 67 patients (71.2% cases) at the age between three and six years. The diagnosis was made using the clinical criteria by Willemse and Prélaund to verify the sensitivity of these criteria. It was found to be 72% by Willemse, 68% by Prélaund, and the difference was not statistically significant. In all 94 patients various stages of pruritus were detected. The most frequent clinical signs were facial or digital affecting 94.7% patients (89/91) and secondary pyoderma was found in 72.3% patients (68/94). Skin allergy test for specification of the diagnosis was performed in 73.4% cases (69/94).
Third order Bragg grating filters in small SOI waveguides
Authors: Chan Seong Phun , Passaro Vittorio M. N. , Mashanovich Goran Z. , Ensell Graham , Reed Graham T.
Published: November 2007

Third order grating filters fabricated in small Silicon-on-Insulator rib waveguides are demonstrated. Variations in grating etch depth and duty cycle are considered, and a maximum experimental reflection of 42% is demonstrated for gratings of 1500 µm in length, with a grating period of approximately 689 nm and an etch depth of 200 nm. Agreement with modeling is shown to be good.
Background factors and management of ectopic pregnancy in sweden: Changes over a decade
Authors: Thorburn J. , Friberg B. , Schubert W. , Wassen A. C. , Lindblom B.
Published: November 2007

Hospital records of all women operated on for ectopic pregnancy (EP) in four Swedish towns during 1970 ‐ 72 and 1980 ‐ 82 were elaborated. The gynecological and obstetrical background was noted and the clinical picture and management was recorded and analysed. The incidence of EP more than doubled between the two periods. There was no major change in classical background factors between the periods, but the proportion of IUCD users rose from 4 to 16 percent. The use of hCG assays, curettage and ultrasound in establishing the diagnosis increased markedly and the proportion of women with ruptured tubes and heavy intra‐abdominal bleeding decreased. Moreover there was a clear tendency towards a more conservative surgical approach in the latter period.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Rex Sven , Siana Jorn Ege , Nielsen Bent Verner
Published: November 2007

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare form of heart disease with a high mortality rate. We report a case, refractory to intensive medical treatment, with a fatal issue 5 months post partum. In recent years the litterature has provided examples of the beneficial effect of immunosuppressive therapy, either Azathioprine combined with prednisone, or prednisone alone.
Reproductive Performance of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease in Hong Kong
Authors: Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Wong L. C. , Ma H. K.
Published: November 2007

The reproductive performance of 110 patients who had had gestational tropho‐blastic disease was reviewed. There were 160 pregnancies and their outcomes were sirniliar to that of the general population. The subfertility rate was also comparable to the general population. The high rate of failure of contraception resulting in a high rate of conception during the first year of follow‐up warrants special attention. Reasons for the high failure rate and ways of prevention are discussed. Reasons for the deliberate delay in attempts to conceive in patients after the full year of postmolar human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) surveillance were explored.
The Oral Contraceptive User
Authors: Lidegaard øjvind , Overgaard Karsten , Hauch Ole
Published: November 2007

The use of oral contraceptives (OC) has been correlated to several diseases, primarily thromboembolic conditions. Whether these correlations represent a causal relationship or a mere statistical correlation based on other variables, depends on whether users of OC differ in other respects from women in fertile age not using OC. We interviewed 519 Danish women, 15‐45 years old and selected at random, concerning present and past use of OC, age, occupation, years of schooling, marital status, income, smoking habits, urbanization, and their opinion on the postulated thrombotic risk among users of OC. The data were analysed by methods for multivariate contingency tables.

Opinions on the thrombotic risk, age, smoking habits and, to a lesser degree, regarding income, were directly correlated to the oral contraceptive use. There was no direct interaction between the use of OC and the other variables. Users of OC were younger and smoked more than the non‐users and were of the opinion that the use of OC implied only minor thrombotic risk, or none at all.