bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of Sesamia nonagrioides resistance to MON 810 maize in the European Union: lessons from a long‐term harmonized plan
Authors: Farinós Gema P , Hernández‐Crespo Pedro , Ortego Félix , Castañera Pedro
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Use of MON 810 maize (Zea mays), which expresses the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize), is a highly effective method to control Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre), a key maize pest in Mediterranean countries. Monitoring programs to assess the potential development of resistance of target pests to Bt maize are mandatory in the European Union (EU). Here we report the results of the S. nonagrioides resistance monitoring plan implemented for MON 810 maize in the EU between 2004 and 2015 and reassess the different components of this long‐term harmonized plan.

RESULTS

No major shifts in the susceptibility of S. nonagrioides to the Cry1Ab protein have occurred over time. The reassessment of this long‐term program has identified some practical and technical constraints, allowing us to provide specific recommendations for improvement: use reference strains instead of susceptibility baselines as comparators for field‐collected populations; shift from dose–response bioassays to diagnostic concentrations; and focus monitoring on areas with high adoption rates, such as the Ebro basin in Spain.

CONCLUSION

There are no signs of field resistance of S. nonagrioides to the Cry1Ab protein of MON 810 maize. Specific recommendations for improvement are provided, based on the knowledge and experience accumulated through the implementation of this unique EU‐wide harmonized plan. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Improving Realism in Clinical Trial Simulations via Real‐World Data
Authors: Kimko Holly , Lee Kwan
Published: September 2017

Simulation validity depends on how well sampling distributions used reflect real‐patient characteristics, such as drug adherence, disease progression, and pharmacologic handling in the body. We challenge the current use of growth charts from nondisease‐specific pediatrics in simulations for drug development. Complementary use of data from clinical trials and the real‐world is expected to achieve a more realistic representation of clinical outcomes for decisions in drug development, regulatory approval, and health technology assessment.
Annulation of 4‐Hydroxypyrones and α‐Keto Vinyl Azides; A Regiospecific Approach towards the Synthesis of Furo[3, 2‐c]Pyrone Scaffolds under Catalyst Free Condition
Authors: Prasad Budaganaboyina , Reddy V. Ganga , Krishna Namballa Hari , Reddy N. V. Subba , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Alarifi Abdullah , Kamal Ahmed
Published: September 2017

A mild and efficient strategy for the construction of furo[3, 2‐c]pyrones via an annulation of α‐keto vinyl azides and 4‐hydroxypyrones under catalyst free condition has been described. Several furo[3, 2‐c]pyrone scaffolds were synthesized from readily available vinyl azides and 4‐hydroxypyrones in a regiospecific manner. This protocol allows the formation of new C−O and C−C bonds in a single step to provide a wide variety of substituted furano heterocycles. It is worth noting that the present protocol has several advantages over the conventional methods such as catalyst free, short reaction duration and operational simplicity with good yields.
Central Bank Transparency as a Dialogical Accomplishment
Authors: Kaderka Petr , Leudar Ivan , Nekvapil Jiří
Published: September 2017

This paper is a case study of the Czech central bank's communication with the public following the bank's decision to devalue the Czech currency. The aim is to contribute to knowledge of how central banks discharge their obligations to be transparent in communicating controversial decisions and actions. It is argued that transparency cannot be considered an individual act of the bank, but a joint dialogical accomplishment, which includes, among others, media and the public. The analysis of the interactions shows that the concepts of “dialogical networks” and “practical historians” are useful tools for elucidating how controversies in media develop over time.
Advanced Materials Based on Polymers and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kitazawa Yuzo , Ueno Kazuhide , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: September 2017

Ionic liquids (ILs) are ambient temperature molten salts, which have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique properties. In this contribution, we review advanced materials composed of ILs and polymers for the basis of a new design protocol to fabricate novel materials. As electrolytes for electrochemical devices, cross‐linked polymers containing ILs (ion gels) are endowed with functional properties inherited from ILs and mechanical consistency derived from polymers. To create such materials, micro‐phase separation of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs are utilized. Based on the molecular design of task‐specific ILs, the resultant ion gels are applicable as electrolytes for actuator, fuel cell, and secondary battery applications. Thermo‐ and photo‐responsive polymers in ILs are also highlighted, whereby such stimuli elicit changes in the solubility of the self‐assembly of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs. Further, thermo‐ and photo‐reversible changes in the self‐assembled structure can be exploited to demonstrate sol‐gel transitions and fabricate photo‐healable materials.
Teeter design for lowest extreme loads during end impacts
Authors: Schorbach V. , Dalhoff P. , Gust P.
Published: September 2017

Two bladed wind turbines are discussed as a possible turbine alternative for offshore use as they show a potential to save cost of energy. But compared to three‐bladed turbines, their dynamic behavior is much more challenging. A possible solution to handle these larger dynamic loads is the use of a teeter hinge, which can significantly reduce fatigue loads. In contrast to that, extreme loads, coming from teeter end impacts, are often described as a problem for teetered turbines. There are different design parameters of the teeter system of a turbine, which have an influence on extreme loads during teeter end impacts. Despite numerous studies on teeter movement and load reduction potentials of operational loads, scientific literature does not give information about suitable load‐reducing combinations of teeter design parameters and their influence on extreme loads. This paper, which is a summary of a PhD thesis, analyses which combination of teeter parameters has the largest load‐reducing influence on extreme loads. Aeroelastic load simulations of the teetered turbine CART2 from the NREL test site and one of today's commercial two‐bladed turbines, the SCD3MW from aerodyn (both pitch controlled upwind turbines), will be used.
Synthesis of Metal Sulfides from a Deep Eutectic Solvent Precursor (DESP)
Authors: Zhang Tao , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael
Published: September 2017

Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received great interest as sustainable reaction media for nanoscale and functional materials. We report on a new choline chloride (ChCl) and thioacetamide (TAA) based DES for the synthesis of a series of binary metal sulfides including Sb2S3, Bi2S3, PbS, CuS, Ag2S, ZnS, and CdS. In these reactions, the ChCl/TAA based DES serves as “all‐in‐one” reactant, solvent, and template or deep eutectic solvent precursor (DESP). The reaction is supposed to proceed in two steps. A metal‐DES complex is first generated by adding the respective metal salts to the DES solution at a relatively low temperature. Then the metal‐DES complex decomposes to form the final metal sulfides products upon heating. This method provides a simple reaction system and a general strategy to synthesize metal sulfides. Some unique shaped products, such as Sb2S3 plates agglomerated by rod‐like particles, hexagonal CuS single crystals, and three‐dimensional hierarchical ZnS microspheres, are obtained via this method and the sizes and shapes of obtained samples can to some extent be controlled by temperature or reactant concentrations.
Thiazole and the Diazines Pyrazine and Pyrimidine as Sensitizers for Lanthanide Luminescence from VIS to NIR
Authors: Dannenbauer Nicole , Zottnick Sven H. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: September 2017

Complexes and coordination polymers were obtained from trivalent lanthanide chlorides together with thiazole (thz) and the diazine ligands pyrazine (pyz) and pyrimidine (pym). The compounds [Ln2Cl6(pyz)(thz)6]·2thz (Ln = Tb, Er), 1∞[Pr2Cl6(pyz)(thz)6], and [Ln2Cl6(pym)2(thz)4] (Ln = Tb, Er) could be obtained, their crystal structures, luminescence as well as thermal properties were determined. The compounds with Tb and Er show intense luminescence with a strong sensitizer effect of the ligands that can be observed by dominant ligand excitation and exclusive metal emission for VIS and NIR.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties of M(NCS)2‐3‐aminomethylpyridine Coordination Compounds (M = Cd, Zn)
Authors: Neumann Tristan , Germann Luzia S. , Moudrakovski Igor , Dinnebier Robert E. , dos Santos Cunha Cesar , Terraschke Huayna , Näther Christian
Published: September 2017

Reaction of Cd(NCS)2 or Zn(NCS)2 with 3‐aminomethylpyridine (3‐AMPy) leads to the formation of five compounds with the compositions [Cd(NCS)2(3‐AMPy)2·(3‐AMPy)]n (1‐Cd), [M(NCS)2(3‐AMPy)2]n [M = Cd (2‐Cd), Zn (2‐Zn)] [Cd(NCS)2(3‐AMPy)]n (3‐Cd), and [Zn(NCS)2(3‐AMPy)]2 (3‐Zn). In 1‐Cd the Cd cations are linked by the 3‐AMPy ligands into layers that consist of rings, built up of four Cd cations and four 3‐AMPy ligands. These layers are stacked to form channels, in which the 3‐AMPy solvate molecules are located. In the isotypic compounds 2‐Cd and 2‐Zn the metal cations are also linked into layers by the 3‐AMPy ligands with an identical layer topology as that in 1‐Cd, but a completely different conformation of the 3‐AMPy ligand. In the most 3‐AMPy deficient compound 3‐Cd, the Cd cations are linked by μ‐1,3‐bridging thiocyanate anions and 3‐AMPy ligands into chains, that are further connected into layers by additional anionic ligands. In 3‐Zn two Zn cations are linked by pairs of 3‐AMPy ligands into discrete dimers. Thermoanalysis and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) investigations show that upon heating 1‐Cd transforms into 2‐Cd and 2‐Zn into 3‐Zn. The compounds 2‐Cd, 3‐Cd, 2‐Zn, and 3‐Zn present ligand‐based luminescence in the blue‐green spectral range with maxima between 21276 and 21795 cm–1.
Seismic Attenuation for Characterization of Gas Hydrate Reservoir in Krishna-Godavari Basin, Eastern Indian Margin
Authors: Jyothi Veligeti , Sain Kalachand , Pandey Vivekanand , Bhaumik Ajoy K.
Published: September 2017

Gas hydrates have received global attention as a possible alternative non-conventional energy resource. Hence, the detection, characterization and quantification of gas hydrates are very important for evaluating the resource potential. Presence of gas hydrates in sediments above the bottom simulating reflector or BSR is associated with low attenuation or high quality factor (Q), whereas, free gas bearing sediments below the BSR exhibit high attenuation or low seismic Q. Here the logarithm spectral ratio (LSR) method is applied to marine seismic reflection data along two cross lines (18 and 46) in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin in eastern Indian margin, where gas hydrates have already been established by drilling/coring. The interval Qs is calculated for three sedimentary layers (A, B, and C) bounded by the seafloor, BSR, one reflector above and another reflector below the BSR at some common depth points (CDPs) to study the attenuation characteristics of sediments across the BSR. The estimated average interval Q (160) for the hydrate bearing sediments (layer B) is much higher than the average interval Q (80) for both the loose clayey sediments (Layer A) and underlying free gas saturated sediments (layer C). This demonstrates that estimation of seismic quality factor Q can be used for characterization of gas hydrate reservoir.
Analysis of macrolinguistic aspects of narratives from individuals with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and no cognitive impairment
Authors: Toledo Cíntia Matsuda , Aluísio Sandra Maria , dos Santos Leandro Borges , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Trés Eduardo Sturzeneker , de Oliveira Maira Okada , Mansur Letícia Lessa
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The depiction of features in discourse production promotes accurate diagnosis and helps to establish the therapeutic intervention in cognitive impairment and dementia. We aimed to identify alterations in the macrolinguistic aspects of discourse using a new computational tool.

Methods

Sixty individuals, aged 60 years and older, were distributed in three different groups: mild Alzheimer's disease (mAD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and healthy controls. A narrative created by individuals was analyzed through the Coh‐Metrix‐Dementia program, extracting the features of interest automatically.

Results

mAD showed worse overall performance compared to the other groups: less informative discourse, greater impairment in global coherence, greater modalization, and inferior narrative structure. It was not possible to discriminate between amnestic mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls.

Discussion

Our results are in line with the literature, verifying a pathological change in the macrostructure of discourse in mAD.
Winter birth, urbanicity and immigrant status predict psychometric schizotypy dimensions in adolescents
Authors: Mimarakis D. , Roumeliotaki T. , Roussos P. , Giakoumaki S.G. , Bitsios P.
Published: September 2017

Background

Urbanicity, immigration and winter-birth are stable epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia, but their relationship to schizotypy is unknown. This is a first examination of the association of these epidemiological risk factors with positive schizotypy, in nonclinical adolescents, controlling for a range of potential and known confounders.

Methods

We collected socio-demographics, life-style, family and school circumstances, positive schizotypy dimensions and other personality traits from 445 high school pupils (192 males, 158 immigrants) from 9 municipalities in Athens and Heraklion, Greece, which covered a range of host population and migrant densities. Using multivariate hierarchical linear regressions models, we estimated the association of schizotypy dimensions with: (1) demographics of a priori interest (winter-birth, immigrant status, urban characteristics), including family financial and mental health status; (2) factors resulting from principal component analysis (PCA) of the demographic and personal data; (3) factors resulting from PCA of the personality questionnaires.

Results

Adolescent women scored higher on schizotypy than men. High anxiety/neuroticism was the most consistent and significant predictor of all schizotypy dimensions in both sexes. In the fully adjusted models, urbanicity predicted magical thinking and unusual experiences in women, while winter-birth and immigration predicted paranoid ideation and unusual experiences respectively in men.

Conclusions

These results support the continuum hypothesis and offer potential insights in the nature of risk conferred by winter-birth, urbanicity and immigration and the nature of important sex differences. Controlling for a wide range of potential confounding factors increases the robustness of these results and confidence that these were not spurious associations.
U–Pb age of zircon from paragneisses in granulite terrane of the Sharyzhalgai uplift (southwest of the Siberian craton): evidence for the Archean sedimentation and evolution of continental crust from Eoarchean to Mesoarchean
Authors: Turkina O.M. , Sergeev S.A. , Sukhorukov V.P. , Rodionov N.V.
Published: September 2017

The Archean stage of sedimentation has been first substantiated for the granulite–gneiss terranes of the Sharyzhalgai uplift (southwest of the Siberian craton). High-alumina paragneisses contain detrital zircons varying in age from 3.7 to 2.74 Ga and corresponding in REE patterns to magmatic zircons. The Paleoproterozoic (~ 1.86 Ga) metamorphic zircons are strongly depleted in HREE and Y as a result of their formation in equilibrium with garnet. Zircons with an age of ~ 2.5 Ga also show geochemical signs of alteration during metamorphism. The formation of terrigenous sedimentary rocks preceded the Neoarchean stage of magmatism (~ 2.7-2.6 Ga), and their metamorphism occurred at the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic boundary and in the Late Paleoproterozoic. The sources of detrital zircons were mainly Mesoarchean rocks, such as magmatic protoliths of granulites and intermediate-felsic magmatic rocks. The single Eoarchean and Paleoarchean detrital zircon grains in the paragneisses are the first direct evidence for the oldest crust (up to 3.7 Ga) in the granulite terranes of the Sharyzhalgai uplift. The set of geochronological data for granulites and paragneisses suggests the following sequence of geologic events for the granulite-gneiss terranes: ~ 3.7—the beginning of crustal formation, 3.4-3.2 Ga—intermediate-felsic magmatism, including the recycling of the more ancient crust, and ~ 3.0 Ga—coeval magmatic and metamorphic processes and differentiation of the continental crust. Thus, the whole cycle from the beginning of crustal growth to the crustal differentiation and turn into continental crust proceeded from 3.7 to 3.0 Ga.
Particulate fluxes in South Baikal: Evidence from sediment trap experiments
Authors: Vologina E.G. , Sturm M.
Published: September 2017

We present original data on fluxes of particulate matter through a 1366 m thick water column, measured with sediment traps near the Neutrino Telescope Station in South Baikal. The research was part of a long-term international research project which started in March 1999 in order to investigate current sedimentation in the lake. The total flux of sedimenting particles was considerably higher in 2000 as compared with 1999. This was due to the exceptional growth of siliceous diatoms of the genus Aulacoseira in 2000, leading to the so-called Melosira year. Biogenic silica is predominant in the particulate matter and might reach 56%, while the concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen do not exceed 16% and 1%, respectively.
Fluid inclusions in quartz from uranium mineralization areas of the Litsa ore cluster (Kola Peninsula)
Authors: Kaulina T.V. , Avedisyan A.A. , Tomilenko A.A. , Ryabukha M.A. , Il’chenko V.L.
Published: September 2017

Fluid inclusions in quartz from rocks of different ages and with different uranium contents were studied by microthermometry, gas chromatography, and Raman spectroscopy in three areas with uranium mineralization (Skal’noe, Polyarnoe, and Dikoe) in the Litsa ore district of the Kola Peninsula. The studies have revealed differences in the homogenization temperatures, composition of water–salt systems, and salinity of primary and secondary fluid inclusions in the rocks of these areas. Primary fluid inclusions in the rocks of the Skal’noe and Dikoe areas are characterized by a water–salt system with K and Mg (seldom, Na) chlorides and salinity of 0.2 to 13.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. Secondary inclusions are of higher salinity, up to 19.5 wt.% NaCl equiv., and contain Ca chlorides. Primary inclusions in the rocks of the Polyarnoe area show a more complex salt composition with K, Mg, Ca, and, probably, Li chlorides, with salinity varying from 1.7 to 10.4 wt.% NaCl equiv. Salinity of secondary inclusions is higher, up to 16.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. The gas component of fluid in the rocks of the Skal’noe and Dikoe areas is almost pure CO2 (99.3–100 mol.%); the presence of N2 (1.1 mol.%) and CH4 (0.4 mol%.) was revealed in few inclusions only. In the Polyarnoe area, only water inclusions with N2 were found in the rocks. Thus, the fluids in the rocks of the three areas have mostly a CO2–H2O composition with the presence of K, Mg, and Ca chlorides and, seldom, a water–salt composition with the presence of Na salts only. The increased salinity of secondary inclusions and their more complex composition (CO2 with N2 and CH4 impurities) indicate that the fluid became more reducing and might be responsible for the formation of uranium mineralization.
Investigation of fractal properties of the magnetic survey data array in the Pechenga ore region using two-dimensional wavelet analysis
Authors: Lyubchich V.A.
Published: September 2017

The article deals with a study of the fractal properties of geophysical data arrays obtained by areal geophysical works over hierarchically organized geologic systems. It was shown by the example of magnetic survey data in the Pechenga ore region that two-dimensional wavelet analysis is a useful tool for investigating the fractal properties of geophysical data arrays. The application of wavelet analysis allows detecting the hierarchical structure of organization of the whole ore region, estimating the degree of the system inhomogeneity, and concluding about local properties of a geologic system, for example, the ore potential of separate sites.
Composition and sources of mineral-forming fluids of the Orlovka orogenic gold deposit (Southern Urals)
Authors: Znamenskii S.E. , Ankusheva N.N. , Velivetskaya T.A. , Shanina S.N.
Published: September 2017

Fluid inclusions, REE and Y patterns, and carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the minerals of sulfide–carbonate–quartz mineralization of the Orlovka orogenic gold deposit were studied. We have established that fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz homogenize in the same temperature range 217–170 °C and contain aqueous Mg–K–Na solutions with salinity of 3.0–6.4 wt.% NaCl equiv. According to the results of gas chromatography of inclusions in quartz, the gas phase is a mixture H2O (79–977 ppm) + CO2 (2.64–5.35 ppm) + CH4 (0.002–0.018 ppm) ± N2 (0–1.22 ppm). The REE pattern of calcite shows accumulation of LREE ((La/Yb)N = 1.28–7.18), (La/Lu)N = 1.10–6.58 (indicating a predominance of REE sorption in the fluid), and weak negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies. Negative Ce anomalies in calcite might be due to the interaction of the fluid with limestones and to the presence of a small amount of meteoric water in it. The positive Eu anomalies reflect the high-temperature environment (>200–250 °C) that existed in the fluid system before the crystallization of calcite. The δ13CCO2 (–2.0 to +0.9‰) values of the fluid, close to the carbon isotope composition of carbonates of the host rocks (–2.3 to +1.9‰), testify to the metamorphogenic source of carbon. The δ18OH2O values of the fluid depositing quartz (3.1 to 4.5‰) and calcite (4.0 to 4.6‰; one sample has 6.6‰) suggest that metamorphic water with an impurity of meteoric water prevailed in the fluid system. We propose a model for the gold deposit formation, which takes into account the generation of a mineral-forming fluid at the progressive stage of greenschist dynamometamorphism of the host rocks and the formation of gold mineralization at the regressive stage.
Major impurity elements in native gold and their association with gold mineralization settings in deposits of Asian folded areas
Authors: Gas’kov I.V.
Published: September 2017

Contents of major impurities (Ag, Cu, and Hg) have been studied in gold from ore deposits of various types: (1) associated with skarns and black shales (Altai–Sayan folded area (ASFA) and North Vietnam), (2) pluton-related porphyry Cu–Mo (ASFA), and (3) volcanic pyritic (Rudny Altai, the Urals, and North Vietnam). Analysis of gold ore mineralization in deposits of these types reveals diverse gold compositions along with diverse compositions of productive mineral assemblages. Silver is the most abundant impurity in gold from all fields studied, but its contents vary broadly even within a field type. The content of silver in gold depends not only on its abundance in hydrothermal solutions but also on other independent solution parameters: sulfur fugacity, temperature, salt composition, and pH. The regular decrease in native gold fineness from early to late generations in sulfide ore deposits is related to temperature decrease and large-scale sulfide formation. These processes reduce sulfur fugacity in the solutions and favor silver deposition in native gold rather than in sulfides. Gold of later generations is enriched in mercury in many deposits studied, whereas copper gravitates to earlier, high-temperature ones. In addition to deposition temperature, the contents of copper in gold are determined by its content in hydrothermal solutions, as evidenced by the association of copper-rich gold with basic–ultrabasic, skarn, and porphyry copper deposits. The processes causing the deposition of gold of various chemical compositions are complex. They correlate, to an extent, with gold mineralization temperature, whereas the spectrum of impurities often depends on the belonging of a gold deposit to a certain igneous complex.
Viscosity of hydrous kimberlite and basaltic melts at high pressures
Authors: Persikov E.S. , Bukhtiyarov P.G. , Sokol A.G.
Published: September 2017

New experimental data on the temperature and pressure dependences of the viscosity of synthetic hydrous kimberlite melts (82 wt.% silicate + 18 wt.% carbonate; degree of depolymerization: 100·NBO/T = 313 for anhydrous melts and 100·NBO/T = 247 for melts with 3 wt.% H2O) were obtained at a water pressure of 100 MPa and at lithostatic pressures of 5.5 and 7.5 GPa in the temperature range 1300–1950 °C. The temperature dependence of the viscosity of these melts follows the exponential Arrhenius–Frenkel–Eyring equation in the investigated range of temperatures and pressures. The activation energies of viscous flow for hydrous kimberlite melts were first shown to increase linearly with increasing pressure. Under isothermal conditions (T = 1800 °C), the viscosity of hydrous kimberlite melts increases exponentially by about an order of magnitude as the pressure increases from 100 MPa to 7.5 GPa.

The new experimental data on the viscosity of hydrous kimberlite melts (error ±30 rel.%) are compared with forecast viscosity data for anhydrous kimberlite and basaltic melts (100·NBO/T = 51.5) and for hydrous basaltic melts (100·NBO/T = 80). It is shown that at comparable temperatures, the viscosity of hydrous kimberlite melts at a moderate pressure (100 MPa) is about an order of magnitude lower than the viscosity of hydrous basaltic melts, whereas at a high pressure (7.5 GPa) it is more than twice higher.

It is first established that water dissolution in kimberlite melts does not affect seriously their viscosity (within the measurement error) at both moderate (100 MPa) and high (7.5 GPa) pressures, whereas the viscosity of basaltic melts considerably decreases with water dissolution at moderate pressures (100 MPa) and remains unchanged at high pressures (P > 3.5 GPa).
Influence of gas hydrate formation on methane seeps at the bottom of water reservoirs
Authors: Degterev A.Kh.
Published: September 2017

It is shown by numerical modeling that the height of gas flares above underwater methane seeps depends strongly on water parameters. A simulation model of the dynamics of a rising bubble was used. Along with gas exchange through the bubble wall, the model takes into account gas hydrate formation, whose rate is determined by turbulent heat exchange with water. Calculations were performed for depths of 250 to 1500 m with an initial bubble diameter of 0.2 to 1.5 cm. It is shown that at the water temperature of the Arctic seas, rising methane bubbles transform into gas hydrate ice within the first 1–2 m of their path. At the same time, when the water temperature is higher than the hydrate formation temperature near the sea bottom or close to it, the bubbles travel a distance of tens or hundreds of meters before complete dissolution or complete hydration.
Prehospital Response Time Delays for Emergency Patients in Events of Concurrent Mass Casualty Incidents
Authors: Kim Jungeun , Kim Chu Hyun , Shin Sang Do , Park Ju Ok
Published: September 2017

Objective

We investigated the extent of delays in the response time of emergency medical services (EMS) as an impact of mass casualty incidences (MCIs) in the same area.

Methods

We defined an MCI case as an event that resulted in 6 or more patients being transported by EMS, and prehospital response time as the time from the call to arrival at the scene. We matched patients before and after MCIs by dividing them into categories of 3 hours before, 0-1 hour after, 1-2 hours after, and 2-3 hours after the MCIs. We compared prehospital response times using multiple linear regression.

Results

A total of 33,276 EMS-treated patients were matched. The prehospital response time for the category of 3 hours before the MCIs was 8.8 minutes (SD: 8.2), treated as the reference, whereas that for the category of 0-1 hour after the MCI was 11.3 minutes (P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that prehospital response time increased by 2.5 minutes (95% CI: 2.3-2.8) during the first hour and by 0.3 minutes (95% CI: 0.1-0.6) during the second hour after MCIs.

Conclusion

There were significant delays in the prehospital response time for emergency patients after MCIs, and it lasted for 2 hours as the spillover effect. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:94–100)
‘Drawing aside the curtain’: natural childbirth on screen in 1950s Britain
Authors: AL-GAILANI SALIM
Published: September 2017

This article recovers the importance of film, and its relations to other media, in communicating the philosophies and methods of ‘natural childbirth’ in the post-war period. It focuses on an educational film made in South Africa around 1950 by controversial British physician Grantly Dick-Read, who had achieved international fame with bestselling books arguing that relaxation and education, not drugs, were the keys to freeing women from pain in childbirth. But he soon came to regard the ‘vivid’ medium of film as a more effective means of disseminating the ‘truth of [his] mission’ to audiences who might never have read his books. I reconstruct the history of a film that played a vital role in teaching Dick-Read's method to both the medical profession and the first generation of Western women to express their dissatisfaction with highly drugged, hospitalized maternity care. The article explains why advocates of natural childbirth such as Dick-Read became convinced of the value of film as a tool for recruiting supporters and discrediting rivals. Along the way, it offers insight into the British medical film industry and the challenges associated with producing, distributing and screening a depiction of birth considered unusually graphic for the time.
Animating embryos: thein totorepresentation of life
Authors: WELLMANN JANINA
Published: September 2017

With the recent advent of systems biology, developmental biology is taking a new turn. Attempts to create a ‘digital embryo’ are prominent among systems approaches. At the heart of these systems-based endeavours, variously described as ‘in vivoimaging’, ‘live imaging’ or ‘in totorepresentation’, are visualization techniques that allow researchers to image whole, live embryos at cellular resolution over time. Ultimately, the aim of the visualizations is to build a computer model of embryogenesis. This article examines the role of such visualization techniques in the building of a computational model, focusing, in particular, on the cinematographic character of these representations. It asks how the animated representation of development may change the biological understanding of embryogenesis. By situating the animations of the digital embryo within the iconography of developmental biology, it brings to light the inextricably entwined, yet shifting, borders between the animated, the living and the computational.
Why we write (nuclear) history
Authors: Hecht David K.
Published: September 2017

Nuclear history always compels. Scholars (and readers) can immerse themselves in the existential threat posed by the atomic bomb and its successor weapons, the tantalizing prospect of carbon-free energy, or the study of a natural phenomenon deeply at odds with our everyday experience of the world. There is thus always something profound at stake when we write nuclear history – be it physical, economic or intellectual. And while it may seem that the end of the Cold War should have diminished the academic attention accorded to the subject, it actually just allowed the historiography to evolve. To the wealth of technical and political studies that once dominated nuclear history, we can now add a host of excellent cultural, environmental, literary and transnational studies. Those of us who entered the field shortly after the break-up of the Soviet Union have been able to follow these developments first-hand, from the initial uncertainty of where nuclear history would go without its original raison d’être to seeing the possibilities opened up in a post-Cold War world. The books under review here provide important and timely additions to this historiography. Luis A. Campos's Radium and the Secret Life provides a rigorous and compelling account of the uses of radium in early twentieth-century biology; Timothy J. Jorgensen's Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation offers an accessible and illuminating analysis of the benefits and risks of radiation. The books also make for a fascinating juxtaposition. They complement each other well, but also contain some intriguing differences that allow us to reflect on the nature of nuclear history in the early twenty-first century.
Public Justification, Inclusion, and Discursive Equality
Authors: BESCH THOMAS M.
Published: September 2017

The paper challenges the view that public justification sits well with emancipatory and egalitarian intuitions. I engage political liberalism’s view of public justification. A standard objection to this view is that public justification should be more inclusive in scope. This is both plausible and problematic in emancipatory and egalitarian terms. If inclusive public justification allocates discursive standing that has much discursive purchase, as seems desirable in emancipatory terms, it is unable to allocate equal discursive standing within relevant scopes. And, if it must allocate equal discursive standing, discursive equality should be construed in terms that allow for unequal discursive purchase.
DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN 5- to 14-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN KRAKÓW, POLAND, USING THREE NATIONAL BMI CUT-OFFS
Authors: Woźniacka Renata , Bac Aneta , Kowal Małgorzata , Matusik Stanisław
Published: September 2017

The problem of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has been noted in many different countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the percentage occurrence of overweight and obesity in Polish children depending on the criteria used, and to evaluate the usefulness of the Polish national database. The study sample comprised 3405 children aged 5–14 years (1674 girls and 1731 boys) from the city of Kraków, Poland, in 2009–2010. The BMI of each child was calculated and classified as overweight or obese according to three different reference BMI cut-offs: the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Polish 2010 standard. To assess the statistical significance of the differences between these three applied reference datasets, a comparison of two proportions was performed and Cohen’s kappa coefficient calculated. The prevalences of overweight were 15%, 11.3% and 9.5% (IOTF, CDC, Polish 2010, respectively) among boys and 15.5%, 11.6% and 9.9% among girls. The prevalences of obesity were 3.3%, 6.1% and 5.5% (IOTF, CDC, Polish 2010, respectively) among boys and 3.4%, 6.3% and 5.7% among girls. The different methods used generally showed good agreement. Nevertheless the prevalence of overweight and obesity differed significantly depending on the criteria used. In conclusion, the creation and updating of national databases based on large, representative groups is justified and provides the best reference for regional data. However, in order to ensure the comparability of results with those from other countries, it seems advisable to use cut-offs based on international data as well.
Water relations in the soil crust lichen Psora decipiens are optimized via anatomical variability
Authors: COLESIE C. , WILLIAMS L. , BÜDEL B.
Published: September 2017

Biological soil crusts are communities composed of cryptogamic organisms such as lichens, mosses, cyanobacteria and green algae that form a skin on soils in areas where vascular plants are excluded or limited by water availability or temperature. The lichen Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. is a characteristic key organism in these communities in many different biomes. The species has a generalistic ecology and high morphological variation, which contributes to the ability of the species to withstand environmental changes. We investigated whether different populations, based on site and associated morpho-anatomical differences, incorporate functional water relations and how/whether this was driven by changes in abiotic factors. Samples were collected from two climatically distinct sites, one ‘dry’ site in southern Spain and one ‘wet’ site in the Austrian Alps. Our results showed that samples from the dry site had a significantly thicker epinecral layer, higher specific thallus area, a faster water uptake and contained more water per dry mass, all of which contributed to a much slower drying rate. Both populations showed a highly adjusted water gain that incorporates functional water relations and diffusion properties as a result of local water availability. We show eco-physiological and morphological mechanisms that underlie the high variability in P. decipiens and suggest how these might provide ecological benefits for this generalist lichen species.
Corticolous sorediateLecanoraspecies (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) containing atranorin in Europe
Authors: MALÍČEK Jiří , BERGER Franz , PALICE Zdeněk , VONDRÁK Jan
Published: September 2017

Sixteen sorediate epiphytic species ofLecanorawith atranorin from Europe are reported here.Lecanora substerilisis described as a new species from Carpathian beech forests in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and Ukraine; it belongs to theL.subfuscagroup in its strict sense and is characterized by its usually verrucose thallus, sorediate apothecial margin, epihymenium with coarse granules at paraphyses tips, amphithecium with large crystals and it produces atranorin and fatty acid(s). A new, yellow chemotype ofL. barkmanianacontaining pulvinic acid derivatives is recognized from Austria. Morphological, ecological and chemical variation inL. exspersa, L. farinariaandL.variolascensis discussed in detail, and brief comments on the remaining 11 species are provided. Evaluation of the type material and molecular data indicate that the predominantly saxicolousL. caesiosorais a sorediate form ofL. cenisia. Molecular data confirmed the identities of the sorediate forms ofL. albellaandL. allophanathat are conspecific with their fertile counterparts. New Central European localities are listed for the rare species,L. barkmaniana,L. exspersa,L. mughosphagneti,L. norvegicaandL. variolascens. Positions in ITS and mtSSU phylogenies are outlined for most species. Identification keys to fertile as well as sterile populations are provided.
Developmental pathways from maltreatment to risk behavior: Sexual behavior as a catalyst
Authors: Negriff Sonya
Published: September 2017

Although delinquency, substance use, and sexual activity are established to be highly intercorrelated, the extant research provides minimal evidence in support of one particular sequence of risk behavior or on the cascade effects from maltreatment. The present study tested a longitudinal model incorporating maltreatment, deviant peers, sexual behavior, delinquency, and substance use to elucidate the sequential pathway(s) from maltreatment to each specific risk behavior throughout adolescence. Data came from a longitudinal study on the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development (N= 454) with four study assessments from early (Time 1Mage = 10.98) to late adolescence (Time 4Mage = 18.22). Results from the cross-lagged model showed a sequence from maltreatment to sexual behavior (Time 1), to delinquency (Time 2), to sexual behavior (Time 3), to substance use and delinquency (Time 4). These findings support sexual behavior as the initial risk behavior that is the catalyst for engagement in more advanced risk behaviors across adolescence.
Risk Preferences in Surrogate Decision Making
Authors: Batteux Eleonore , Ferguson Eamonn , Tunney Richard J.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. There is growing evidence that decisions made on behalf of other people differ from the decisions we make for ourselves because we are less affected by the subjective experience of their outcome. As a result, the decisions we make for other people can be more optimal. This experiment investigated surrogate decision making using a probability discounting task where participants made choices between risky and sure options. Psychological distance between the decision maker and the recipient was manipulated by having participants make decisions for themselves, their friend, and another unknown participant. Risk preferences were closer to neutrality (i.e., more consistent with expected value) when making decisions on behalf of another participant than when making decisions for themselves or a friend. We conclude that subjective risk preferences are attenuated in surrogate decision making. Findings are discussed in relation to inconsistencies in the literature and theories of surrogate decision making.
Erratum: Lysine-specific demethylase KDM3A regulates ovarian cancer stemness and chemoresistance
Authors: Ramadoss S , Sen S , Ramachandran I , Roy S , Chaudhuri G , Farias-Eisner R
Published: September 2017

Correction to: Oncogene (2017) 36, 1537–1545; doi:10.1038/onc.2016.320; published online 3 October 2016 Following the publication of this article the authors note that they inadvertently omitted the correct acknowledgement for the support from the NIH and The Carl and Roberta Deutsch Foundation for the above referenced paper.
Genetic and epigenetic features direct differential efficiency of Xist-mediated silencing at X-chromosomal and autosomal locations
Authors: Loda Agnese , Brandsma Johannes H. , Vassilev Ivaylo , Servant Nicolas , Loos Friedemann , Amirnasr Azadeh , Splinter Erik , Barillot Emmanuel , Poot Raymond A. , Heard Edith , Gribnau Joost
Published: September 2017

Xist is indispensable for X chromosome inactivation. However, how Xist RNA directs chromosome-wide silencing and why some regions are more efficiently silenced than others remains unknown. Here, we explore the function of Xist by inducing ectopic Xist expression from multiple different X-linked and autosomal loci in mouse aneuploid and female diploid embryonic stem cells in which Xist-mediated silencing does not lead to lethal functional monosomy. We show that ectopic Xist expression faithfully recapitulates endogenous X chromosome inactivation from any location on the X chromosome, whereas long-range silencing of autosomal genes is less efficient. Long interspersed elements facilitate inactivation of genes located far away from the Xist transcription locus, and genes escaping X chromosome inactivation show enrichment of CTCF on X chromosomal but not autosomal loci. Our findings highlight important genomic and epigenetic features acquired during sex chromosome evolution to facilitate an efficient X chromosome inactivation process.
A role for Tau protein in maintaining ribosomal DNA stability and cytidine deaminase-deficient cell survival
Authors: Bou Samra Elias , Buhagiar-Labarchède Géraldine , Machon Christelle , Guitton Jérôme , Onclercq-Delic Rosine , Green Michael R. , Alibert Olivier , Gazin Claude , Veaute Xavier , Amor-Guéret Mounira
Published: September 2017

Cells from Bloom’s syndrome patients display genome instability due to a defective BLM and the downregulation of cytidine deaminase. Here, we use a genome-wide RNAi-synthetic lethal screen and transcriptomic profiling to identify genes enabling BLM-deficient and/or cytidine deaminase-deficient cells to tolerate constitutive DNA damage and replication stress. We found a synthetic lethal interaction between cytidine deaminase and microtubule-associated protein Tau deficiencies. Tau is overexpressed in cytidine deaminase-deficient cells, and its depletion worsens genome instability, compromising cell survival. Tau is recruited, along with upstream-binding factor, to ribosomal DNA loci. Tau downregulation decreases upstream binding factor recruitment, ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribonucleotide levels, and affects ribosomal DNA stability, leading to the formation of a new subclass of human ribosomal ultrafine anaphase bridges. We describe here Tau functions in maintaining survival of cytidine deaminase-deficient cells, and ribosomal DNA transcription and stability. Moreover, our findings for cancer tissues presenting concomitant cytidine deaminase underexpression and Tau upregulation open up new possibilities for anti-cancer treatment.
Noise reduction as an emergent property of single-cell aging
Authors: Liu Ping , Song Ruijie , Elison Gregory L. , Peng Weilin , Acar Murat
Published: September 2017

Noise-induced heterogeneity in gene expression is an inherent reality for cells. However, it is not well understood how noise strength changes for a single gene while the host cell is aging. Using a state-of-the-art microfluidic platform, we measure noise dynamics in aging yeast cells by tracking the generation-specific activity of the canonical GAL1 promoter. We observe noise reduction during normal aging of a cell, followed by a short catastrophe phase in which noise increased. We hypothesize that aging-associated increases in chromatin state transitions are behind the observed noise reduction and a stochastic model provides quantitative support to the proposed mechanism. Noise trends measured from strains with altered GAL1 promoter dynamics (constitutively active, synthetic with nucleosome-disfavoring sequences, and in the absence of RPD3, a global remodeling regulator) lend further support to our hypothesis. Observing similar noise dynamics from a different promoter (HHF2) provides support to the generality of our findings.
Antihydrogen accumulation for fundamental symmetry tests
Authors: Ahmadi M. , Alves B. X. R. , Baker C. J. , Bertsche W. , Butler E. , Capra A. , Carruth C. , Cesar C. L. , Charlton M. , Cohen S. , Collister R. , Eriksson S. , Evans A. , Evetts N. , Fajans J. , Friesen T. , Fujiwara M. C. , Gill D. R. , Gutierrez A. , Hangst J. S. , Hardy W. N. , Hayden M. E. , Isaac C. A. , Ishida A. , Johnson M. A. , Jones S. A. , Jonsell S. , Kurchaninov L. , Madsen N. , Mathers M. , Maxwell D. , McKenna J. T. K. , Menary S. , Michan J. M. , Momose T. , Munich J. J. , Nolan P. , Olchanski K. , Olin A. , Pusa P. , Rasmussen C. Ø. , Robicheaux F. , Sacramento R. L. , Sameed M. , Sarid E. , Silveira D. M. , Stracka S. , Stutter G. , So C. , Tharp T. D. , Thompson J. E. , Thompson R. I. , van der Werf D. P. , Wurtele J. S.
Published: September 2017

Antihydrogen, a positron bound to an antiproton, is the simplest anti-atom. Its structure and properties are expected to mirror those of the hydrogen atom. Prospects for precision comparisons of the two, as tests of fundamental symmetries, are driving a vibrant programme of research. In this regard, a limiting factor in most experiments is the availability of large numbers of cold ground state antihydrogen atoms. Here, we describe how an improved synthesis process results in a maximum rate of 10.5 ± 0.6 atoms trapped and detected per cycle, corresponding to more than an order of magnitude improvement over previous work. Additionally, we demonstrate how detailed control of electron, positron and antiproton plasmas enables repeated formation and trapping of antihydrogen atoms, with the simultaneous retention of atoms produced in previous cycles. We report a record of 54 detected annihilation events from a single release of the trapped anti-atoms accumulated from five consecutive cycles.