bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quarrels, separations and infidelity in the two days preceding self‐poisoning episodes
Authors: Fieldsend Robert , Lowenstein Edna
Published: July 2011

Self‐poisoning patients and their relatives or friends were interviewed following admission to a general hospital. Events involving a key person, especially quarrels, were common in the two days preceding the overdose. Quarrels were more common events in women than men. It is argued that the frequency of quarrels supports the idea that hostility is important in the motivation of self‐poisoners. It is hypothesized that differences in the frequency of key events and those under and over 36 years might arise from depressive illness being more frequently found in the older group.
Type A behaviour, life‐events and myocardial infarction: Independent or related risk factors?
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: July 2011

The Type A behaviour pattern has been associated with the onset of myocardial infarction (MI). So too, though independently, has the presence of stressful life‐events in the period preceding illness. The present paper examines the notion that persons characterized by the Type A behaviour pattern organize life‐styles in such a way as to increase the probability of encountering stressful life‐events.

Significant correlations were indeed found between a measure of Type A behaviour and both reported frequency of life‐events and estimates of the emotional impact of these, for a sample of 120 survivors of MI. While such retrospective data do not provide casual evidence that Type A behaviour influences MI by way of stressful life‐events, they point the way to a future prospective test of this hypothesis.
Abnormal grief — The problem of therapy
Authors: Hodgkinson Peter E.
Published: July 2011

A mode of therapy for severe problems of abnormal grief has been described by several authors (Ramsay, 1976; Lieberman, 1978; Mawson et al., 1981). This article reports the use of a cathartic therapy with a series of 10 clients with severe but clear‐cut grief problems. Three case histories are given and the process and components of therapy are discussed.
The subjective anticipation and evaluation of childbirth and anxiety
Authors: Scott‐Heyes Geraldine
Published: July 2011

Anticipated evaluations of childbirth and a state anxiety measure were completed by 25 women in the last trimester of pregnancy. These women and an additional 34 were contacted within a week after the birth when their actual experiences and state anxiety were measured. Anticipated and actual evaluations of childbirth were significantly correlated. Prenatal anxiety was not related to the actual experience, but actual evaluation was related to satisfaction and anxiety after the birth.
Analysis and revision of Ryle's Marital Patterns Test
Authors: Scott‐Heyes Geraldine
Published: July 2011

Previous studies which have used the Marital Patterns Test (Ryle, 1966) have shown that although it has potential in several areas of research, some items of the test are suspect. The validity and internal reliability of several items on the affection scales had particularly been questioned. Internal consistency analysis was used to examine the affection and domination scales for 81 wives and 77 husbands. Resulting recommendations included the exclusion of three affection items, and one item from each of the husband and wife forms of the domination scale. Two new affection items and one new domination item were found to be useful additions. Revised instructions and a revised version of the questionnaire were presented.
Some origins of the ‘difficult’ child: The Brazelton scale and the mother's view of her new‐born's character
Authors: Meares Russell , Penman Robyn , Milgrom‐Friedman Jeannette , Baker Kay
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐two mothers and their new‐born babies were studied in order to consider, in a limited way, the manner in which a mother comes to attribute personality traits to her infant. The child's expected ‘difficulty’ was rated by means of a standardized inventory. In addition, a semi‐structured interview was conducted with the mother, and her baby was examined by means which have been described by Brazelton. The circumstances of birth were taken from hospital records.

Mothers who did not expect the child to be difficult showed a ‘general flexibility’ which probably related to coping ability. Babies who were seen as unlikely to be difficult had high scores on ‘state control’ and ‘physiological response to stress’. These measures include ratings for habituation and seem to reflect an efficient means of dealing with stimuli. These infantile factors did not correlate with the maternal one, suggesting that a genetic explanation of the findings was not likely. The effect of the circumstances of birth was not strong, but medication level seemed important.

The transcripts of the mothers' interviews were consistent with the view that the mother's assessment of her infant's character was not only influenced by a fine observation of the infant's behaviour but also by something like ‘projective identification’. The transcripts also suggested that mechanisms which have been seen as important in the development of identity in adolescence may be operating from the first days of life.
Patterns of anxiety in the chronically ill
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Westbrook Mary T.
Published: July 2011

A sample of chronically ill patients was interviewed in order to establish some of their biographic characteristics and their perceptions of their handicaps and handicap‐related goals when hospitalized and seven months later in the community. Other variables of interest were the type of disability they suffered (from their medical records) and two measures of the success of their rehabilitation (based on patients' perceptions and goals). Canonical correlation was used to relate each of these sets of variables to a set of anxiety measures taken after patients were discharged into the community. These measures represented different sources of anxiety which had been derived by content analysis of patients' relatively unstructured comments about their current experiences of their illnesses.

Three major patterns of anxiety were identified. The first consistent of fears of death and vague worries but little loneliness. It was associated with being married and being dissatisfied with work experience and with having visual and communication disabilities. The second consisted of guilt and vague worries and was experienced by patients who perceived themselves to be handicapped in most of their activities but not in relating to others. The third involved the source of anxiety which was most important to chronically ill patients ‐ fears about body damage. This was found to be associated with patients' concurrent perceptions of their handicaps. These bodily fears, together with loneliness, were more likely to be expressed by patients with less successful rehabilitation than those with more successful rehabilitation. Some of the implications of these findings for the care of the chronically ill are discussed.
Psychiatric patient denial of mental illness as a normal process
Authors: O'Mahony P. D.
Published: July 2011

The self‐perceptions of 50 first‐admission psychiatric patients are compared with their perceptions of the mentally ill and psychiatric staff's views of the typical patient. The results show that the patients share the psychiatric stereotype of the mentally ill but do not characterize themselves in terms of this stereotype. On the other hand they do view themselves as being much more like the mentally ill than usual. Two common perspectives on patient denial of mental illness, the sociological and the medical/clinical, are examined with respect to their ability to accommodate these results and it is concluded that a third perspective on patient denial of mental illness is required. This perspective views patient denial of mental illness as a normal process dependent on two mechanisms: rational rejection of self‐stereotype identity and minor self‐deception resulting from egocentric biases which play an important integrative role within the personality.
Content analysis of brief psychotherapy sessions
Authors: Hawton Keith , Reibstein Janet , Fieldsend Robert , Whalley Mary
Published: July 2011

In studying the process of psychotherapy, detailed and reliable methods of describing the components are required. Such a method for content analysis of brief psychotherapy sessions is described. It is comprehensive and has satisfactory inter‐rater reliability. It proved to have predictive validity in that it identified characteristics of the treatment approach, and most of the changes in therapeutic activity during the course of treatment, that had been predicted beforehand. In addition, similar patterns in the use of therapeutic strategies were found for therapists from different professional backgrounds trained in the same treatment approach. This method of analysis is recommended for future studies of content of psychotherapeutic treatments, including investigations of the relationship between content of treatment and outcome.
Types of countertransference identified by Q‐analysis
Authors: Whyte C. R. , Constantopoulos C. , Bevans H. G.
Published: July 2011

It is suggested that the term countertransference is the name of a family of emotional responses experienced by psychotherapists during their personal interaction with a patient. Although such responses have a very special importance in the psychotherapeutic relationship, similar phenomena occur in all relationships. In this study, therefore, the feelings that each of the nurses on a psychiatric ward experienced during their conversations with 10 of the patients on that ward were investigated. With the help of the new mathematical technique of Q‐analysis it was possible to identify a number of different types of response within a nurse's total reaction to a patient. These were called the role response, the diagnostic response, the character response and the conflict response. It is argued that it is more useful to try and identify and describe the different kinds of response that a therapist may have to a patient than to argue about what can and what cannot be legitimately called countertransference.
Is authoritarianism the main element of the coronary‐prone personality?
Authors: Ray J. J. , Simons L. A.
Published: July 2011

Clients at the Sydney Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Programme were screened for actual CHD and sufferers were compared with non‐sufferers on four personality scales to measure, respectively, A‐B, dominance, achievement motivation and ‘freneticism’. There were 112 sufferers and 201 controls. Sufferers were found to have significantly higher scores on dominance‐the Ray (1976) Directiveness scale‐but also to have significantly lower scores on the A‐B measure. This latter reversal of the usual relationship was an artifact of the fact that older people are both more CHD prone and get lower A‐B scores. When age was controlled for there was no relationship between A‐B type and CHD. This left the authoritarian style of dominance measured by the Directiveness scale as the sole predictor of CHD. This was held to be a belated vindication of claims made in the pioneering work of Dunbar (1943).
The performance of depressed and manic patients on some repertory grid measures: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ashworth C. M. , Blackburn I. M. , McPherson F. M.
Published: July 2011

Six groups were tested: 20 depressed, 10 manic, 10 schizophrenic, 10 alcoholic and 10 physically ill patients, and 10 recovered depressed patients. They were administered repertory grids whose 10 elements were role titles and which employed 12 elicited constructs and one provided construct. After principal component analysis of each grid, measures were derived of ‘cognitive simplicity’ (Chetwynd, 1977), ‘monolithic’ and ‘articulated’ structure (Makhlouf‐Norris et al., 1970), ‘integration of self and others’, and ‘self‐esteem’. Although neither the depressed nor the manic group differed from all the other groups on any measure, there was a tendency for the depressed patients to be characterized by grids which showed relative ‘cognitive simplicity’, and ‘monolithic’ but ‘unarticulated’ structure, a large perceived distance between self and others, and low ‘self‐esteem’ and for the manic patients to have relatively ‘complex’ (or confused) grids, with ‘unarticulated’ structure, a small ‘self‐other’ distance and high ‘self‐esteem’.
Handedness and schizophrenic symptoms
Authors: Taylor Pamela , Dalton Rosemary , Fleminger J. J.
Published: July 2011

Studies of the handedness of schizophrenics have produced conflicting results. One possible explanation for this is that, as schizophrenia presents in many different forms, certain symptoms of the illness may relate better than the diagnosis to laterality patterns. Some previous work supports this view.

The symptoms of 232 schizophrenics were examined in relation to their handedness. Among males only the handedness patterns of those who showed expressive (formal) thought disorder differed from those of their non‐thought‐disordered peers, but proved to be very similar to those of normal controls. The distribution of handedness did not otherwise vary significantly with type of symptom. Thus it appears to be the schizophrenic syndrome, and not any individual symptom, that best correlates with the deviation from normal handedness patterns seen among schizophrenics.
Interpersonal judgements of schizophrenics: A golden section study
Authors: Kahgee Sylvia L. , Pomeroy Edward , Miller Harold R.
Published: July 2011

Normal subjects typically categorize acquaintances on bipolar dimensions consisting of pairs of contrasting descriptive adjectives by using positive adjectives in the golden section ratio, i.e. 62 per cent of the time. This study compared the performance of thought‐disordered and non‐thought‐disordered schizophrenics on a similar task, using acquaintances and inanimate objects. Subjects generated six evaluatively positive figures (three acquaintances and three objects) and six negative figures (three acquaintances and three objects) and categorized them and themselves using either pole of 12 pairs of contrasting descriptive adjectives. Positive adjectives were assigned to objects 59.2 per cent and to acquaintances 62.8 per cent of the time. Overall, positive adjectives were assigned 61.0 per cent of the time. There were no differences between TD and NTD subjects. Subjects rated acquaintances positively (62.0 per cent) significantly more often than objects (P < 0.05). Results supported the fundamental nature of the GS in interpersonal relations and the idea that schizophrenics identify with and differentiate themselves from others in the same way as normals.
Psychological well‐being as an outcome variable in the treatment of infertility by Clomiphine
Authors: James Basil , Hughes Phillip F.
Published: July 2011

A sample of twenty‐seven patients who had undergone extensive investigation and subsequent treatment for infertility were asked to complete a questionnaire constructed from items demonstrated to be valid components of the subjective states of happiness and well‐being. With two exceptions, whose current subjective state seemed likely to have been adversely affected by serious current life‐events, the respondents seemed equally happy whether or not their treatment had been successful. Adjustments to the infertility state are briefly discussed.
Synchrony in mother‐infant interaction: A possible neurophysiological base
Authors: Penman Robyn , Meares Russell , Baker Kay , Milgrom‐Friedman Jeannette
Published: July 2011

The extent to which mothers and their infants can synchronize their activity levels and cycles of engagement and disengagement has been seen as fundamental to healthy affective development in the infant. Ten mothers and their infants were studied to consider the possibility of a neurophysiological base to synchronization potential. The infants' neurophysiological capacities were examined within two to three days of birth using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale. The same infants and their mothers were assessed in their interactions after three months. The mothers' physiological responses to stimulation also were examined. Significant correlations were found between neonatal responsivity to stimuli and motor maturity, maternal stimulus screening capacity and the nature of the mother‐infant interaction at three months. In particular, infants who were more socially responsive and attentive to stimuli had mothers with a greater capacity for ‘screening out’ redundant stimuli. Moreover, these same dyads spent more time in social engagement and had fewer cycles of disengagement. These findings, together with other studies, suggest that particular neurophysiological capacities of mothers and infants may be more conducive to the synchronization of their interactions than others. This raises the possibility that the chaotic asynchrony observed in clinically diagnosed mother‐infant disturbances may have a neurophysiological base.
Psychoanalysis and the science of problem‐solving man: An appreciation of Popper's philosophy and a response to Will (1980)
Authors: Radford Michael
Published: July 2011

Popper's philosophy has been often misrepresented in the debate about the scientific status of psychoanalysis by pseudo‐Popperians who use the idea of falsifiability without rejecting positivism and inductive logic. The debate itself is misconceived because it is based on the outdated positivist assumption that what is not science is not important. Partially submerged by this, however, is a very important debate about method. The issues are clearly focused by what is here called ‘Hill's problem’, that of finding a common framework in which the contributions of organic, psychodynamic and social psychiatry can be discussed and applied to clinical problem solving.

Will's paper brings out many fundamental problems. This reply discusses misapprehended aspects of Popper's world view and introduces his plural interactionalist metaphysical research programme. It demonstrates the close similarity of Popper's view of science which Lorenz calls ‘hypothetical realism’ with Bhaskar's ‘transcendental realism’ which Will advocates for pyschoanalysis. The differences hinge on concepts of explanation and the methods of theory testing. It is here argued that Popper's view is better fitted for the task Will proposes. The resemblance of ‘hypothetical realism’ to the clinical tradition further demonstrates its applicability to Hill's problem.
Locus of control in obesity: Predictors of success in a jaw‐wiring programme
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Kalucy Ross S. , Morton Jackie E.
Published: July 2011

One hundred and thirty‐three obese women were administered a modified version of the Reid‐Ware Locus of Control questionnaire prior to jaw wiring. The factorial structure of the questionnaire was examined, and found to be primarily a unidimensional measure of internal and external locus of control, with two subscales. Total score had greatest predictive validity in terms of the four criteria of success of weight loss while wired, percentage weight loss of wiring weight, weight gain over six months, and compliance with the treatment régime. Twenty items of the scale predicted success on one or more of these criteria of success, and are presented as an abbreviated locus of control scale with a higher degree of validity than the original scale.
Clinical features and motives among 42 artifactual illness patients
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Brown J. P.
Published: July 2011

This paper describes the salient clinical features and histories of 42 patients whose artifactual condition gained them admittance to hospital. Most were female, single, separated or divorced, emotionally deprived in childhood and/or adulthood, and ‘psychopathic’. Also common were poor work records, court convictions, drug and/or alcoholic histories and aggressive traits and/or acts. However, 50 per cent were in caring professions and 28 per cent socially conformist. Distinct subgroups were wanderers, non‐wanderers, single‐system and multiple‐system patients, haemorrhagic and psychiatric patients. Seventy‐four per cent seemed to be experiencing severe unacknowledged sexual and/or marital problems, 32 per cent sought more general attention, 10 per cent were compensating for loss of parents or spouse, and 12 per cent were escaping things or trying to obtain things retrospectively. Haemorrhagic and psychiatric subgroups of artifactual illness had not previously been described. Non‐wanderers were significantly more cooperative in follow‐up than wanderers. The psychopathology of this disturbance is discussed.
The Antinomian Hasid
Authors: Littlewood Roland
Published: July 2011

The abnormal individual is displaced from his position within the symbolic classification offered by the community. He can however negotiate a new identity by using the available intellectual tools of his culture, either by aligning himself with a prescribed deviant position or by utilizing themes which are latent in the culture. The example considered here is that of a psychiatric patient from the Jewish Hasidic community in London.
Humour in group psychotherapy
Authors: Bloch Sidney , Browning Sally , McGrath Graeme
Published: July 2011

The role of humour in group psychotherapy has received scant attention from both clinician and researcher. We have identified, and attempted to classify, several uses to which humour can be put in a group. We also point out the destructive potential of humour, and categorize its misapplications. We hope our scheme will serve as a framework within which systematic research can be conducted.
Communication between doctors and psychologists*
Authors: Hetherington Ralph
Published: July 2011

Changing roles of the psychologist over the past 30 years or so have been rapid and fundamental. This has led to difficulties when psychologist and doctor do not see the former's role in the same way. Psychologists achieve clinical independence for their work rather sooner than doctors do, and if this is not understood there can be difficulties in communication. If the doctor and psychologist employ different theoretical models of illness, this may affect the ease with which agreed therapeutic strategies are reached. The respective roles played by the doctor and the psychologist may be consonant, in that both are research, or both are clinically, oriented. When this is not the case, difficulties may occur. It is suggested that job descriptions should be agreed before appointments are made. Unresolved tensions concerning clinical responsibility may cause communication difficulties. It is suggested that the claims of functional leadership over status leadership be examined.
How to make a good cup of tea: Exploring the scripts of thought‐disordered and non‐thought‐disordered patients
Authors: Griggs S. A. , Green D. W.
Published: July 2011

Thought‐disordered and non‐thought‐disordered schizophrenic patients, psychometrically defined, were compared with control patients on a task requiring them to describe how to make a good cup of tea. Schizophrenic patients produced less detail on how to prepare tea and thought‐disordered patients, in particular, omitted optional actions. But such actions were not invariably omitted by these patients since they reported more of the optional actions involved in serving tea. A number of alternative hypotheses for incoherence are considered in terms of the data and the cognitive complexity of a mental representation is advanced as one crucial factor.
Self‐modelling and weight control
Authors: Owusu‐Bempah J. , Howitt D. L.
Published: July 2011

This study investigated the use of self‐modelling in the treatment of obesity or overweight. Thirty‐two females enrolled in a private slimming club volunteered to participate in this study which was conducted over a period of 10 weeks. The experimental and control groups were similar as far as their pre‐treatment mean weights and desired mean weights were concerned. Analysis of the data indicated that towards the end of the study the experimental group lost significantly more weight than the control groups. At the end of the study, the average weight loss for the experimental group was 4.27 pounds, for the control group I, 2.45 pounds, and for control group II, 3.66 pounds. Analysis of follow‐up data collected six weeks after the end of the study confirmed this finding. At follow‐up the mean weight loss was 8.27 pounds, 2.78 pounds and 2.00 pounds for the experimental group, control group I and control group II, respectively. The data suggest that self‐modelling can be used in the control of addictive behaviours.
Attitudes towards the mentally and physically disabled
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Pendred Joanna
Published: July 2011

This study set out to determine lay people's attitudes towards disabled people while specifically avoiding some of the major methodological problems of previous studies. One aim was to determine whether attitudes towards disabled people differed as a function of whether the handicap was physical or mental, and whether it was observable (visible) or not. A second aim was to determine whether the sex of the respondent or the type/amount of contact that he/she had had with disabled people affected their attitudes towards the disabled people. The results showed consistent differences between people's attitudes towards the physically as opposed to the mentally handicapped, with the former being seen more positively than the latter. However, the sex of the respondent and contact with the handicapped/disabled failed to show many significant differences. The results are discussed in terms of social interaction with disabled people.
Physiological and psychological correlates of motion sickness
Authors: Bick Peter A.
Published: July 2011

Motion sickness (MS) has been inconclusively associated with personality and physical vestibular functioning in both males and females. The present work consisted of six tests: test of field dependency; pure balance test; motion sickness questionnaire; body steadiness test; primary suggestibility test; resistance to disturbance test. In addition the EPI was completed by a proportion of subjects. Male and female data for the 15 male and 15 female subjects in an age range 20 to 30 years, obtained from within Bedford College, University of London, were factor analysed separately.

The results show that, firstly, field dependence, as understood by Witkin, is not associated with any of the measures investigated. For males, MS and resistance to disturbance appeared on the same factor and correlated significantly (r = 0.83, P < 0.001; two‐tailed test). The same correlation in women was not significant (r = 017). For females, MS and neuroticism appeared on the same factor and correlated significantly (r = 0.62, p < 0.05; two‐tailed test). The same correlation in men was not significant (r = 0.06). This suggests that MS in females is associated primarily with neuroticism, whereas in males it is associated with vestibular disturbance thresholds.
Why people take overdoses: A study of psychiatrists' judgements
Authors: Bancroft John , Hawton Keith
Published: July 2011

There was considerable agreement between 50 psychiatrists in their choices of reasons to explain patients' overdoses after reading transcripts of interviews with self‐poisoning patients. The reasons attributed in each case were similar to those chosen by three psychiatrists in an earlier study. Most psychiatrists chose more than one reason for each case. Multidimensional scaling anlysis of the psychiatrists' choices across the cases suggested four groups of reasons: (a) directed at some significant person; (b) help‐seeking; (c) self‐referring; (d) suicidal intent. Future research could include the use of shorter lists of reasons, and should be directed particularly towards assessing the intended and actual effects of self‐poisioning behaviour on significant others.
Blade Lean and Shroud Leakage Flows in Low Aspect Ratio Turbines
Authors: Rosic Budimir , Xu Liping
Published: July 2011

Blade lean, i.e., nonradial blade stacking, has been intensively used over the past in the design process of low aspect ratio gas and steam turbines. Although its influence on turbine efficiency is not completely understood, it has been proved as an effective way of controlling blade loading and secondary flows on blade passage endwalls. Three-dimensional blade designs in modern industrial practice are usually carried out using clean endwalls. The influence of the leakage flows on three-dimensional blade design is traditionally neglected. This paper presents an experimental study where two different stator blades, with different levels of compound lean, were tested in a low speed three-stage model turbine with the shroud leakage flow geometry representative of industrial practice. The experimental measurements were compared with numerical tests, conducted on the same blade geometries. The influence of the compound lean on the stator flow field was analyzed in detail. In order to analyze the combined effects of both the stator hub and the rotor shroud leakage flow on the blade lean, in the second part of the paper a numerical study on a two stage turbine with both leakage flow paths representative of a real turbine was carried out. Performance of three different stator blade designs (two different levels of compound lean and a straight blade) was investigated. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanism and the consequence of the stator blade lean on stage performance in an environment with leakage flows and associated cavities.
Integrated Combustor and Vane Concept in Gas Turbines
Authors: Rosic Budimir , Denton John D. , Horlock John H. , Uchida Sumiu
Published: July 2011

This paper numerically investigates the interaction between multiple can combustors and the first vane in an industrial gas turbine with 16 can combustors and 32 vanes in order to find ways of reducing the overall cooling requirements. Two promising concepts for the overall cooling reduction are presented. In the first, by minimizing the axial distance between the combustor wall and the vane, the stagnation region at the leading edge (LE) of every second vane can be effectively shielded from the hot mainstream gases. The LE shielding allows continuous cooling slots to be used (as an alternative to discrete cooling holes) to cool the downstream parts of the vane using a portion of the saved LE showerhead cooling air. The second concept proposes a full combustor and first vane integration. In this novel concept the number of vanes is halved and the combustor walls are used to assist the flow turning. All remaining vanes are fully integrated into the combustor walls. In this way the total wetted area of the integrated system is reduced, and by shielding the LEs of the remaining vanes the total amount of cooling air can be reduced. The proposed combustor and first vane integration does not detrimentally affect the aerodynamics of the combustor and vane system. The concept also simplifies the design and should lower the manufacturing costs.
Investigation of Coriolis Forces Effect of Flow Structure and Heat Transfer Distribution in a Rotating Dimpled Channel
Authors: Elyyan Mohammad A. , Tafti Danesh K.
Published: July 2011

Large-eddy simulations are used to investigate Coriolis forces effect on flow structure and heat transfer in a rotating dimpled channel. Two geometries with two dimple depths are considered, δ=0.2 and 0.3 of channel height, for a wide range of rotation number, Rob=0.0–0.70, based on mean bulk velocity and channel height. It is found that the turbulent flow is destabilized near the trailing side and stabilized near the leading side, with secondary flow structures generated in the channel under the effect of Coriolis forces. Higher heat transfer levels are obtained at the trailing surface of the channel, especially in regions of flow reattachment and boundary layer regeneration at the dimple surface. Coriolis forces showed a stronger effect on the flow structure for the shallow dimple geometry (δ=0.2) compared with the deeper dimple where the growth and shrinkage of the flow recirculation zone in the dimple cavity with rotation were more pronounced than the deep dimple geometry (δ=0.3). Under the action of rotation, heat transfer augmentation increased by 57% for δ=0.2 and by 70% for δ=0.3 on the trailing side and dropped by 50% for δ=0.2 and by 45% for δ=0.3 on the leading side from that of the stationary case.
Assessment of URANS and DES for Prediction of Leading Edge Film Cooling
Authors: Takahashi Toshihiko , Funazaki Ken-ichi , Salleh Hamidon Bin , Sakai Eiji , Watanabe Kazunori
Published: July 2011

This paper describes the assessment of CFD simulations for the film cooling on the blade leading edge with circular cooling holes in order to contribute durability assessment of the turbine blades. Unsteady RANS applying a k-ε-v2-f turbulence model and the Spalart and Allmaras turbulence model and detached-eddy simulation (DES) based on the Spalart and Allmaras turbulence model are addressed to solve thermal convection. The CFD calculations were conducted by simulating a semicircular model in the wind tunnel experiments. The DES and also the k-ε-v2-f model evaluate explicitly the unsteady fluctuation of local temperature by the vortex structures, so that the predicted film cooling effectiveness is comparatively in agreement with the measurements. On the other hand, the predicted temperature fields by the Spalart and Allmaras model are less diffusive than the DES and the k-ε-v2-f model. In the present turbulence modeling, the DES only predicts the penetration of main flow into the film cooling hole but the Spalart and Allmaras model is not able to evaluate the unsteadiness and the vortex structures clearly, and overpredict film cooling effectiveness on the partial surface.
Elevated Temperature Shakedown Concepts
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: July 2011

This paper is the first part of a two part paper. It describes the concepts of shakedown at elevated temperatures that form the foundation for proposed rules described in the second paper for extension of fatigue design rules in Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 slightly into the creep range. These proposed rules use shakedown concepts and a cycle limit as a basis for exemption from fatigue analysis.
Elliptical Deformation of a Floating Roof Pontoon Due to Radial Second Mode of Sloshing (Effect of the Geometry of Pontoon Cross-Section on the Hoop Membrane Stress)
Authors: Utsumi M. , Ishida K.
Published: July 2011

The radial second mode of sloshing in a circular cylindrical oil storage tank induces an out-of-plane deformation of the floating roof deck. The radial contraction of the deck due to this out-of-plane deformation contains modal components with circumferential wave numbers 0 and 2, thereby causing an elliptical deformation of the pontoon, which encloses the deck. In a previous paper, the stress caused by this elliptical deformation was analyzed by regarding the radial contraction of the deck as an enforced displacement of the whole pontoon. This paper presents an improved method for this stress analysis by considering the radial contraction of the deck as an enforced displacement of the joint between the deck and the pontoon. First, the effectiveness of the previous method in estimating the hoop membrane stress at the joint with the deck is confirmed by comparing the results obtained from the previous and improved method. Next, the improved method is used to predict also the other stress components in each portion of the pontoon. Numerical results reveal that the bending stresses are magnified locally near the joint with the deck and that the hoop membrane stress in the outer portion of the pontoon sensitively depends on the geometry of the cross-section of the pontoon. It is found that the hoop membrane stress near the joint between the outer rim and the top (or bottom) of the pontoon can be significantly reduced by increasing the slope of the top (or bottom) of the pontoon.
Research on the Calculation Method of Tightening Torque on P-110S Threaded Connections
Authors: Chen Shou-Jun , An Qi , Zhang Yi , Li Qiang
Published: July 2011

Tightening torque is one of the main factors that could affect the connection quality in threaded connections. On the basis of elastic mechanics and thick cylinder theory, this paper established a new analytical model based on the geometric parameters of thread tooth and the calculation method of tightening torque on P-110S threaded connections was also obtained by calculating the frictional torque on each threaded surface. In this paper, the friction coefficient on the real contact thread tooth was measured by the developed experimental equipment that could be used to simulate the contact of threaded surfaces approximately. By applying the new method on P-110S threaded connection and comparing the results obtained by analytical model with the true make-up torque in application, it could be found that the analytical model and the calculation method proposed in this paper are reasonable. The new method was also validated by using the finite element analysis method to the same sample. The new method proposed in this paper is practical and convenient because it can be applied to calculate the tightening torque just with geometric parameters and thread numbers, which is easier to implement in application.
An Evaluation of Creep-Fatigue Damage for the Prototype Process Heat Exchanger of the NHDD Plant
Authors: Lee Hyeong-Yeon , Song Kee-Nam , Kim Yong-Wan , Hong Sung-Deok , Park Hong-Yune
Published: July 2011

A process heat exchanger (PHE) transfers the heat generated from a nuclear reactor to a sulfur-iodine hydrogen production system in the Nuclear Hydrogen Development and Demonstration, and was subjected to very high temperature up to 950°C. An evaluation of creep-fatigue damage, for a prototype PHE, has been carried out from finite element analysis with the full three dimensional model of the PHE. The inlet temperature in the primary side of the PHE was 950°C with an internal pressure of 7 MPa, while the inlet temperature in the secondary side of the PHE is 500°C with internal pressure of 4 MPa. The candidate materials of the PHE were Alloy 617 and Hastelloy X. In this study, only the Alloy 617 was considered because the high temperature design code is available only for Alloy 617. Using the full 3D finite element analysis on the PHE model, creep-fatigue damage evaluation at very high temperature was carried out, according to the ASME Draft Code Case for Alloy 617, and technical issues in the Draft Code Case were raised.
Analysis of the Dynamic Response of a Controlled Detonation Chamber
Authors: Simoens B. , Lefebvre M. H. , Nickell R. E. , Minami F. , Asahina J. K.
Published: July 2011

Detonation chambers (either mobile or fixed) are used worldwide for a wide range of applications. At present, a 1/7 scale model of a 1 ton detonation chamber is available for extended testing in Belgium. The chamber is a single wall cylindrical vessel with semielliptical ends. Each time an explosive charge is fired in the vessel, that vessel is submitted to a number of deformation cycles. A series of strain gauges measures the deformation of the vessel walls. Experimental peak strains and vibration frequency can be compared with predicted values based on simple formulas. Measured values are reasonably close to the estimated values. The influence of the shape of the charge is studied. The shape has an important influence on the chamber response. For a fixed charge mass, a spherical charge causes less deformation than a cylindrical charge and is therefore advantageous from a fatigue point of view.
Electrical and thermal characterization of carbon nanotube films
Authors: Gaillard Mireille , Mbitsi Hermane , Petit Agnès , Amin-Chalhoub Eliane , Boulmer-Leborgne Chantal , Semmar Nadjib , Millon Eric , Mathias Jacky , Kouassi Sébastien
Published: July 2011

The remarkable electrical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them attractive for microelectronics applications and, in particular, for interconnects. A multilayer device was designed in order to measure electrical and thermal properties of CNT films. This device is composed of an iron catalyst thin film deposited by pulsed laser ablation upon which a dense multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film was grown by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Finally a thin metallic layer was deposited over all by physical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy images were intensively used to check the length (several tens of micrometers) and diameter (10 to 30 nm) of the nanotubes and to adjust the different steps of the process to get the desired film morphology (dense and vertically aligned). The CNT structure was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectrometry. The MWCNT carpet showed an ohmic behavior during current-voltage characterization tests by the four-probe method. Its thermal properties were determined by time-resolved infrared pyrometry tests and its apparent thermal conductivity was found to be between 180 and 220 Wm−1 K−1. The measurements were found to fit well with a 1D thermal transfer model. The electrical and thermal properties of the device disclosed that CNTs films can be considered heat sinks.
Directing Zeolite Structures into Hierarchically Nanoporous Architectures
Authors: Na Kyungsu , Jo Changbum , Kim Jeongnam , Cho Kanghee , Jung Jinhwan , Seo Yongbeom , Messinger Robert J. , Chmelka Bradley F. , Ryoo Ryong
Published: July 2011

Bifunctional surfactants are used to synthesize zeolites with multiple scales of porosity and enhanced catalytic activity.
Linking Context with Reward: A Functional Circuit from Hippocampal CA3 to Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Luo Alice H. , Tahsili-Fahadan Pouya , Wise Roy A. , Lupica Carl R. , Aston-Jones Gary
Published: July 2011

A hippocampus–to–ventral tegmental area pathway regulates dopamine neurons and is necessary for reinstatement of context-induced cocaine-seeking.
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Authors: Estes James A. , Terborgh John , Brashares Justin S. , Power Mary E. , Berger Joel , Bond William J. , Carpenter Stephen R. , Essington Timothy E. , Holt Robert D. , Jackson Jeremy B. C. , Marquis Robert J. , Oksanen Lauri , Oksanen Tarja , Paine Robert T. , Pikitch Ellen K. , Ripple William J. , Sandin Stuart A. , Scheffer Marten , Schoener Thomas W. , Shurin Jonathan B. , Sinclair Anthony R. E. , Soulé Michael E. , Virtanen Risto , Wardle David A.
Published: July 2011

Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind’s most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.
Real-Space Imaging of Kondo Screening in a Two-Dimensional O
2
Lattice
Authors: Jiang Ying , Zhang Y. N. , Cao J. X. , Wu R. Q. , Ho W.
Published: July 2011

Rows of paramagnetic oxygen molecules adsorbed on a gold surface exhibit both deconfined and localized Kondo screening.
Precise Manipulation of Chromosomes in Vivo Enables Genome-Wide Codon Replacement
Authors: Isaacs Farren J. , Carr Peter A. , Wang Harris H. , Lajoie Marc J. , Sterling Bram , Kraal Laurens , Tolonen Andrew C. , Gianoulis Tara A. , Goodman Daniel B. , Reppas Nikos B. , Emig Christopher J. , Bang Duhee , Hwang Samuel J. , Jewett Michael C. , Jacobson Joseph M. , Church George M.
Published: July 2011

Template-mediated, genome construction and assembly created a strain with 80 precise codon changes.
Emotions of Inequality
Envy Up, Scorn Down
How Status Divides Us

by Susan T. Fiske

Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2011. 250 pp. $29.95. ISBN 9780871544643.
Authors: Tracy Jessica L.
Published: July 2011

Fiske explores the psychological underpinnings of prejudice based on another's perceived status.
Pores Within Pores—How to Craft Ordered Hierarchical Zeolites
Authors: Möller Karin , Bein Thomas
Published: July 2011

Thin walls of crystalline zeolites can be assembled into hexagonal nanopore networks, which expands the range of their catalytic reactions to larger molecules.
Preschool Matters
Authors: Melhuish Edward C.
Published: July 2011

Evidence grows that starting preschool at age 3 or 4 can produce benefits decades later.
Avoiding a Setback to STEM
Authors: Boone Richard D. , Marsteller Pat
Published: July 2011

Many nations now share the common goal of achieving a high quality of science education at earlier stages of learning. The shared reality is that this will require the attention and action of thoughtful science and engineering professionals—their input to federal, state, and district education policies, as well as their strong support of science teachers.
House Panel Would Kill Webb Space Telescope
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: July 2011

Last week, a House spending panel eliminated funding for the James Webb Space Telescope due to the telescope's escalating cost and what legislators regarded as poor management by NASA.
European Commission and ERC: 'Let's Stay Together'
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: July 2011

There's no need to cut the European Research Council loose from the European Commission and create a new, independent organization, says a task force that included top officials from the ERC and the commission.
Searching for the Google Effect on People's Memory
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: July 2011

In four cleverly designed experiments reported online this week in
Science
, psychologists confirm the so-called Google effect: a growing belief that people are using the Internet as a personal memory bank.
Does Cairo Need a Caltech?
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: July 2011

Some Egyptian academics fear that ambitious plans for a massive $2 billion science and technology city outside Cairo may distract leaders from reforming the existing vast and inefficient educational system.
Cellular Infiltration and Cytokine Expression Correlate with Fistulizing State in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Naser Saleh A. , Romero Claudia , Urbina Princess , Naser Najih , Valentine John
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of infiltration of different cell subpopulations (tissue dendritic macrophages, T-helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and B cells) and the expression of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in inflamed and noninflamed resected tissues from Crohn's disease (CD) and non-CD patients. Twenty-one resected full-thickness intestinal tissue specimens representing 13 subjects (8 CD and 5 non-CD patients) were included in this study. Sections of 20 μm in thickness were cut and then stained using immunohistochemistry. The sections were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Patterns of staining for inflamed CD and noninflamed CD tissues versus non-CD tissues demonstrated significant differences in the macrophage and T-helper subpopulations. Surprisingly, the T-helper subset was decreased significantly in the inflamed CD sections compared to the noninflamed CD and non-CD sections. The staining patterns also suggested differences in the expression of both IL-12 and TNF-α between the groups, with cytokine overexpression directly relating to the fistulizing state in CD patients. Cytokine expression is upregulated in chronic CD patients; therefore, the degree of inflammation and tissue damage in CD is dependent on the expression of specific cytokines within the tissue. Differentiation of cell subpopulations may be important for establishing a direct relationship with each state of CD (inflammatory, stricturing, and fistulizing states).