bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle acceleration in galaxy clusters via MHD turbulence
Authors: Brunetti G.
Published: May 2006

Synchrotron emission extended on Mpc scales is detected in a number of massive galaxy clusters. The hot ICM becomes a collisionless–turbulent plasma on scales below 10–50 kpc and thus turbulence may accelerate the relativistic particles radiating in these sources. In this paper the injection, cascading and dissipation of hydro and MHD turbulence in galaxy clusters are briefly discussed. We also discuss the two most relevant mechanisms for stochastic particle acceleration produced by MHD turbulence in galaxy clusters, namely Alfvénic acceleration and Transit Time Damping acceleration from fast modes. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gamma ray signatures of ultra high energy cosmic ray accelerators
Authors: Gabici S. , Aharonian F. A.
Published: May 2006

We discuss the possibility of observing distant accelerators of ultra high energy cosmic rays in synchrotron gamma rays. Protons propagating away from their acceleration sites produce extremely energetic electrons during photo‐pion interactions with cosmic microwave background photons. If the accelerator is embedded in a magnetized region, these electrons will emit high energy synchrotron radiation. The resulting synchrotron source is expected to be point‐like, steady and detectable in the GeV‐TeV energy range if the magnetic field is at the nanoGauss level. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Italian SKA test bed based on cylindrical antennas
Authors: Montebugnoli S. , Bianchi G. , Bortolotti C. , Cattani A. , Cremonini A. , Maccaferri A. , Perini F. , Roma M. , Roda J. , Zacchiroli P.
Published: May 2006

A re‐engineering of part of the Northern Cross radiotelescope for concepts verifications and technology developments for a next generation radiotelescope (SKA, Square Kilometre Array) is here described. Such a re‐instrumentation could produce a SKA demonstrator at a low cost and it might be ready to operate late 2007. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism – conference concluding remarks
Authors: Longair M. S.
Published: May 2006

This is a summary of some of the topics discussed at the Bologna meeting on the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism. There remain major problems in understanding the origin of magnetic fields in the cosmos, but there are encouraging signs that many of these can be addressed by advances in theory, in computation and with new observational approaches to the study of cosmic magnetic fields. In particular, there are prospects of being able to make major observational advances with the Square Kilometre Array. These in turn will stimulate the development of astrophysical theory and computation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Randomized clinical trial of liver resection with and without hepatic pedicle clamping
Authors: Capussotti L , Muratore A , Ferrero A , Massucco P , Ribero D , Polastri R
Published: May 2006

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the perioperative outcome of liver resection with and without intermittent hepatic pedicle clamping.

Methods

Between June 2002 and June 2004, 126 consecutive patients with resectable liver tumours were randomized to undergo resection with (63 patients) or without (63 patients) intermittent hepatic pedicle clamping.

Results

The transection time was significantly higher in the group without hepatic pedicle clamping. The blood loss per cm2 was similar in the two groups: 2·7 ml/cm2 in the group with versus 3·2 ml/cm2 in group without hepatic pedicle clamping (P = 0·425). In the subset of patients with an abnormal liver, there were no differences in blood loss per transection surface: 3·1 ml/cm2 in the group with versus 2·9 ml/cm2 in the group without clamping (P = 0·829). The rate of blood transfusions was not higher in the non-clamping group. No differences were observed in the postoperative liver enzyme serum levels, the in-hospital mortality (one patient in each group) or the number of complications.

Conclusion

This study showed clearly that liver resection without hepatic pedicle clamping is safe, even in patients with a diseased liver.
The rapidly growing thyroid mass
Authors: Sitges-Serra A
Published: May 2006

Diagnostic considerations
Corporate environmentalism: tracing the links between policies and performance using corporate reports and public registers
Authors: Gouldson Andy , Sullivan Rory
Published: May 2006

Within this paper, we consider whether it is possible to trace the links between the procedural and the substantive dimensions of corporate environmentalism using information that is in the public domain – most notably in corporate reports and in pollutant releases and transfer registers (PRTRs) such as the US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and the EU Polluting Emissions Register (EPER). Based on an analysis of firms in the oil and gas sector, and specifically of the environmental performance of oil refineries, we find that corporate reports are of very limited value when seeking to compare and contrast levels of environmental performance at the site level, but that a significant body of useful information is provided by public registers such as the US TRI and the EU EPER. Drawing upon these data, we find significant variations in corporate environmental performance across the US and the EU, and we note the existence of significant correlations between higher levels of emissions and lower levels of employment and income in the areas where industrial facilities are located. We then discuss the relevance of our findings to broader debates on corporate environmentalism and corporate social responsibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Genetics and delusional disorder
Authors: Cardno Alastair G. , McGuffin Peter
Published: May 2006

This article gives an overview of genetic research approaches and their application to delusional disorder. Most studies have been based on small samples and have had other methodological limitations, so it is not clear whether there is a genetic contribution to the aetiology of delusional disorder. It is unlikely that delusional disorder is strongly related genetically to affective disorder or schizophrenia, but more subtle relationships cannot be ruled out. The rarity of multiply affected families prohibits linkage studies and, to date, molecular genetic investigations have been mainly limited to small association studies of dopamine receptor polymorphisms. A range of considerably larger, epidemiologically rigorous studies is required, but the uncommonness and other features of the disorder put strong limitations on the prospects for ascertaining adequate samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy of delusional disorders in the context of offending and the potential for compulsory treatment
Authors: Smith Douglas A. , Buckley Peter F.
Published: May 2006

Delusional disorder is an uncommon mental illness with an estimated prevalence of 0.03%. Its low prevalence has likely contributed to the paucity of research interest in this area, leading to substantial gaps in knowledge concerning its treatment and management. In the absence of a robust literature, most clinicians rely on their experience and guidelines for treating schizophrenia when treating patients with delusional disorder. This article reviews the available literature that is specific to the treatment of delusional disorder. In addition, it focuses on specific forensic and medicolegal aspects of managing patients with delusional disorder. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electropolymerization of 3‐Methylthiophene in [BMIM]PF6 Ionic Liquid, Characterization and Application
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Jian , Qi Xi‐Min , Du Yan‐Fang , Luo Yi‐Wen , Fang Hui‐Jue , Lu Jia‐Xing
Published: May 2006

Poly‐3‐methylthiophene (P3MT) was synthesized in the room temperature ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimi‐dazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) by constant potential and constant current respectively. The structure and morphology of P3MT films were characterized by FTIR spectrum and SEM. The undoped (reduction) and doped (oxidation) forms of P3MT film prepared in ionic liquid were reversible and stable. The P3MT film has strong characteristics of electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and can separate the oxidation peaks of ascorbic acid and dopamine. Two methods of potential steps were used to observe the response time of the film and the film was found to have perfect electrochromic response.
Ultrasound‐assisted Cinnamaldehyde Hydrogenation to Cinnamyl Alcohol at Atmospheric Pressure over Ru‐B Amorphous Catalyst
Authors: Li Hui , Ma Chun‐Jing , Li He‐Xing
Published: May 2006

The ultrafine Ru‐B amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction with KBH4. During liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde at atmospheric pressure, the Ru‐B catalyst prepared exhibited excellent selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol. When the hydrogenation was performed with ultrasonic irradiation, the reaction rate could be greatly enhanced while the selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol remained almost unchanged. The hydrogenation rate was increased with the increase of either the ultrasonic frequency or the irradiation time. According to various characterizations, such as XRD, XPS, TEM, BET and ICP, the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the structural and electronic characteristics of Ru‐B catalyst was studied briefly. Meanwhile, the promotion effect of ultrasonication on the catalytic performance was also discussed based on the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol.
Study of the Interaction of Cephalosporin Class Medicine with Albumin by Fluorescence Enhancement and Fluorescence Quenching Theories
Authors: Yang Man‐Man , Xiao Qin , Xi Xiao‐Li
Published: May 2006

The interaction of 7 kinds of cephalosporin‐medicine with HSA and BSA was studied and compared using fluorescence enhancement and fluorescence quenching method, then deeply analyzed. The binding characteristics of medicine with albumin and usual characteristic constants such as dissociation constant, quenching constant, quenching efficiency, energy‐transfer efficiency and the distance between donor and accepter were also deeply analyzed.
Spectroscopic Study on Interaction of β‐Cyclodextrin with Triprolidine Hydrochloride
Authors: Ali Syed Mashhood , Asmat Fahmeena
Published: May 2006

The complexation of triprolidine hydrochloride (TRP) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) in deuterium oxide was investigated by 400 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 800 MHz 2D ROESY data revealed that two 1:1 and one 2:1 β‐CD‐TRP inclusion complexes were formed. Both aromatic moieties (p‐tolyl and pyridyl ring) has entered into the β‐CD cavity, confirming the existence of two different equilibria for 1:1 inclusion complexes in which p‐tolyl ring of the guest is more tightly held by the host cavity. The ROE intermolecular interactions provided the plausible structures of these 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes of β‐CD‐triprolidine hydrochloride in solution.
Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of a New Two‐photon Polymerization Initiator: DPAMOB with a Large TPA Cross‐section
Authors: Zhang Xian , Yu Xiao‐Qiang , Zhang Bao‐Qin , Feng Yun‐Guo , Tao Xu‐Tang , Jiang Min‐Hua
Published: May 2006

E,E‐1,4‐Bis(4′‐N,N‐diphenylaminostyryl)‐2,5‐dimethoxybenzene (DPAMOB) has been synthesized by a simple and effective solid phase Wittig reaction and characterized by 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. Linear absorption, single‐photon induced fluorescence and two‐photon induced fluorescence spectra were experimentally studied. The new dye has a large two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section of σr=1007.2 GM [1 GM=1×10−50 cm4·s/(photon molecule)] at 800 nm measured by the two‐photon induced fluorescence method. The experimental results confirm that DPAMOB is a good TPA chromophore and can successfully initiate two‐photon photopolymerization of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate esters (SR454). Finally, a microstructure has been fabricated by use of DPAMOB as initiator.
Achieving performance enhancement in IEEE 802.11 WLANs by using the DIDD backoff mechanism
Authors: Chatzimisios P. , Vitsas V. , C. Boucouvalas A. , Tsoulfa M.
Published: May 2006

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) based on the IEEE 802.11 standards have been widely implemented mainly because of their easy deployment and low cost. The IEEE 802.11 collision avoidance procedures utilize the binary exponential backoff (BEB) scheme that reduces the collision probability by doubling the contention window after a packet collision. In this paper, we propose an easy‐to‐implement and effective contention window‐resetting scheme, called double increment double decrement (DIDD), in order to enhance the performance of IEEE 802.11 WLANs. DIDD is simple, fully compatible with IEEE 802.11 and does not require any estimation of the number of contending wireless stations. We develop an alternative mathematical analysis for the proposed DIDD scheme that is based on elementary conditional probability arguments rather than bi‐dimensional Markov chains that have been extensively utilized in the literature. We carry out a detailed performance study and we identify the improvement of DIDD comparing to the legacy BEB for both basic access and request‐to‐send/clear‐to‐send (RTS/CTS) medium access mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NETCAP: a capacity planning tool for practical content distribution network designs
Authors: Habib Sami J.
Published: May 2006

This paper describes a capacity planning tool NETCAP, which is a prototype software program for automatically planning and integrating application‐specific content‐distribution networks (CDNs). The CDN integration problem consists of two problems: data management system design problem and network topology design problem. The data management system design problem comprises of the server placement and file allocation problems, where the network topology design problem involves determining the network topology with network technology considerations.

The CDN integration problem has been formulated as an optimization problem; where the objective function is to optimize a network topology that satisfies both the servers' access requirements and clients' communications. An evolutionary technique is used in NETCAP to search the design space. The experimental results for a CDN integration problem described here demonstrate the effectiveness of NETCAP in finding good CDN designs from a large design space in a few minutes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy — cause or consequence?
Authors: Svensson Maria , Eriksson Jan W.
Published: May 2006

Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown that IR is present in chronic renal failure (CRF), and recent evidence suggests that IR can also occur in the early stages of renal disease. Patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) have an increase in cardiovascular mortality, and since IR may be a contributing factor, this emphasizes the importance of a detailed understanding of the mechanisms linking IR and renal dysfunction at different stages of DN. IR can be detected early on in DN, e.g. at the stage of microalbuminuria (MA) and this could indicate a common genetic trait for IR and DN. As DN progresses further, IR is aggravated and it may, in addition to other factors, possibly accelerate the decline in renal function toward end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Several potentially modifiable mechanisms including circulating hormones, neuroendocrine pathways and chronic inflammation, are said to contribute to the worsening of IR. In ESRD, uremic toxins are of major importance.

In this review article, we address the association between different stages of DN and IR and attempt to summarize major findings on potential mechanisms linking DN and IR. We conclude that IR is a consequence, and potentially also a cause of DN. In addition, there are probably genetic and environmental background factors that predispose to both IR and DN. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the derived fuel rod formation from auto shredder residue using an extrusion apparatus
Authors: Tai Hua‐Shan , Chang Sheng‐Cheng , Su Wan‐Shan
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study was to form auto shredder residue–derived fuel (ASRDF) by using an extrusion apparatus, to solve the disposal problems of auto shredder residue (ASR) and to recover the heat value in its combustible content. ASR is the waste material produced by shredding vehicles. In general, these materials contain 20–30% of each vehicle by weight. ASR should be preprocessed into extruded rods before being used for fuel to remove about 20–30% inorganic, incombustible materials and to accommodate easy transportation and storage. The analytical results of ASR indicated the moisture content to be <2%, ash was <20%, and combustibles were nearly 80% by weight. Concentrations of N and S in the ASR were very low, although the chlorine content of ASR was in the range of 1.32–2.79%, which is the main burden of the ASR utilization. The heat content of ASR was about 5000–6000 kcal kg−1 (9000–10,800 BTU lb−1). Particle size had no significant effect on the analytical chemical composition. All the data indicated that ASR had a significant potential use as RDF. Through observations of the appearance and density of the ASRDF rod, we found that better appearance and higher densities could be achieved at higher extrusion temperature and pressure. The heat content of ASRDF was much lower than that of ASR, and it decreased with increasing extrusion temperature and pressure. The reasons for the better appearance, higher densities, and heat loss on the conditions of higher extrusion temperature and pressure may be explained by the proposed die swell ratio and skin–core effect. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
An investigation on thermal‐recycling of recycled plastic resin (spherically symmetric analysis of abrupt heating processes of a micro plastic‐resin particle)
Authors: Yamakita Ryuji , Ishino Yojiro , Ohiwa Norio
Published: May 2006

A fundamental understanding of the physical properties of a micro plastic‐resin particle subjected suddenly to hot combustion gas, such as the temperature history in the micro particle and its lifetime, is necessary for effectively realizing thermal recycling of recycled plastic resin. However, micro plastic particles have such small diameters, ranging from 100 µm to 200 µm, that the measurement of temperature histories within them is extremely difficult. In this paper, therefore, a spherically symmetric one‐dimensional analysis is applied to the abrupt heating process of a micro plastic resin particle in a high temperature inert atmosphere. Variations of the temperature history and the lifetime with the ambient gas temperature and the initial particle diameter are numerically analyzed, by dividing the entire heating process into four independent periods; the solid heating period, the melting period, the liquid heating period, and the vaporization period. Effects of the Nusselt number on the particle lifetime are also discussed. It is found that, by suitably taking account of the influences of heat transfer properties, the proposed simplified analysis is useful for estimating the fundamental and overall temperature characteristics of a micro plastic resin particle under abrupt heating. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 279–293, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20113
Ultrasound stimulation of types I and III collagen expression of tendon cell and upregulation of transforming growth factor β
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Chung , Pang Jong‐Hwei S. , Hsu Chih‐Chin , Chu Ngok‐Kiu , Lin Miao‐Sui , Hu Ching‐Fang
Published: May 2006

Traumatic tendon injuries are commonly treated with ultrasound. However, previous research has not examined the molecular mechanism of this therapeutic effect on collagen synthesis of tendon cells. This study was designed to determine the effect of ultrasound on the expression of type I and type III collagen of tendon cells intrinsic to rat Achilles tendon. Whether a correlation exits between this effect and the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), which enhances collagen synthesis, was also investigated. Tendon cells after ultrasound treatment and protein expression of types I and III collagen were determined by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA expressions of α1(I) procollagen, α1(III) procollagen, and TGF‐β were determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Furthermore, the concentration of TGF‐β in conditioned medium was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunocytochemical staining revealed that ultrasound‐treated tendon cells were stained more strongly for types I and III collagen than were control cells. Upregulation of procollagen α1(I) gene, procollagen α1(III) gene, and TGF‐β at the mRNA level was confirmed by RT‐PCR. A dose‐dependent increase in the concentration of TGF‐β in conditioned medium obtained from cells treated with ultrasound was demonstrated by ELISA assay (p = 0.043). In conclusion, ultrasound stimulates the expression of type I and type III collagen in a process that is likely mediated by the upregulation of TGF‐β. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1310–1316, 2006
Effect of oral diacerein (DAR) in an experimental hip chondrolysis model
Authors: Kitadai Humberto Ken , Takahashi Hélio Kyoshi , Straus Anita Hilda , Ibanez José Fernando , Lucas Ronald , Kitadai Fábio Takashi , Milani Carlo
Published: May 2006

We aimed to reproduce the articular cartilage structural changes in a joint exposed to a metallic implant as in the adolescent pinned hip with persistent joint penetration and secondly, to test the effect of an interleukin inhibitor, diacerein (DAR) in the ensuing articular cartilage lesion. Twenty immature beagles were submitted to a surgical K‐wire implantation in the hip with the material left in the joint space for 6 months. Twelve animals were sacrificed for histological and biochemical tests. Eight animals were sacrificed at 10 months (half of them treated with DAR) and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and biochemistry of the articular cartilage. Preoperative and monthly C3 and C4 complement and immunoglobulins serum levels were determined. The histological and the electrophoretic profile changes were significative at 6 months. At 10 months the migration profile (CaCl2) recovered to normal levels in the operated hip and the SEM scores for the acetabulum were similar to the non operated control hip after treatment. The serum level of IgA was elevated at the 4th and 6th month postoperatively. The persistence of a metallic implant resulted in degenerative changes parallel to that described for hip chondrolysis as a complication of in‐situ pinning; and the cartilage lesion improved with DAR treatment. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1240–1248, 2006
Predictors of invasive disease in breast cancer when core biopsy demonstrates DCIS only
Authors: Dillon Mary F. , McDermott Enda W. , Quinn Cecily M. , O'Doherty Ann , O'Higgins Niall , Hill Arnold D.K.
Published: May 2006

Background and Objectives

Ductal carcinoma in‐situ on core biopsy does not preclude invasive disease within the excision specimen, resulting in the need for further axillary surgery. We sought to identify predictors of invasion when DCIS is present on core biopsy.

Methods

From a database of 895 breast cancer patients, patients with DCIS on core biopsy who had subsequent surgical excision were identified. Their excision pathology and preoperative mammography were correlated with risk of invasion.

Results

Patients (93) with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS on core biopsy were identified. On excision, 31 patients (33%) had invasive carcinoma and 13 patients (14%) had microinvasion. A preoperative finding of calcification only on mammogram was associated with DCIS on excision (P = 0.014), whereas the presence of other mammographic features increased the risk of invasion. Size ≥5 cm on excision pathology was associated with increased risk of invasion (P = 0.002). Forty‐eight percent (n = 11/23) of those diagnosed by ultrasound‐guided core biopsy had frank invasion on excision compared to 21% (n = 12/57) diagnosed by stereotactic techniques (P = 0.017).

Conclusion

Mammographic features and tumor size can help predict invasion in patients who have DCIS on core biopsy. Patients who have features other than calcification on mammography or have tumor size ≥5 cm should be considered for a sentinel node biopsy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:559–563. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cultivation of medicinal isabgol (Plantago ovata) in alkali soils in semiarid regions of Northern India
Authors: Dagar J. C. , Kumar Y. , Tomar O. S.
Published: May 2006

There is growing global demand for medicinal drugs includingisabgol(Plantago ovata). With increasing demand of food for an ever‐increasing population in India, it is not possible to bring arable lands under cultivation for aromatic and medicinal plants. Salt‐affected lands (both saline and alkali) occupy about 8·6 million ha. Due to poor physical properties and excessive exchangeable Na+, most of these lands do not support good vegetation cover. The marginal and salt‐affected lands could be successfully utilized for the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants. We achieved almost complete germination ofisabgolseeds using up to 5000 ppm salt‐solution. Grain yield (including husk) was 1·47 to 1·58 t ha−1at pH 9·2 showing no significant yield reduction as compared to normal soil. At pH 9·6 the grain yield was 1·03 to 1·12 t ha−1. At higher pH there was significant reduction in yield. Sowing in good moisture (at field capacity) of soil was found best, but to save time sowing at shallow depth in dry soil, followed by irrigation was also suitable as compared to broadcasting seeds. The chlorophyll content was greater 70 days after sowing compared to younger stages (50 days after sowing). The total chlorophyll and plant biomass were lower from crops grown by broadcasting methods of sowing as compared to two other methods of sowing. The leaf area index (LAI) was higher for the broadcasting method of sowing as compared to the other two methods. Na+absorption increased and K+and K+/Na+ratio decreased with increase in pH. Results reported in this paper clearly indicate thatisabgolcan successfully be grown on moderately alkali soils up to pH 9·6 without the application of any amendment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial responses to organic and inorganic amendments in eroded soil
Authors: Mabuhay J. A. , Nakagoshi N. , Isagi Y.
Published: May 2006

The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in microbial biomass carbon, litter decomposition, microbial abundance and the soil's physical and chemical properties after poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer application in soil‐eroded areas. Four plots measuring 10 m × 10 m, located on approximately the same slope, were established in the study area. Plot 1 (P1) was an eroded plot without any treatment; Plot 2 (P2) was treated with poultry manure (N:P:K ratio of 1:0.8:0·39); Plot 3 (P3) was treated with inorganic mineral fertilizer (NPK 10:10:10); and Plot 4 (P4) was an undisturbed area (no erosion occurred). The one‐time amendments used in this study significantly increased the soil's water‐holding capacity, pH, and the total carbon and nitrogen content, but soil moisture content was not influenced by any amendment. The biomass carbon was increased 3·2‐ and 2·9‐times by the poultry manure and the NPK fertilizer amendments respectively, but the values did not reach the same level as the undisturbed area. The Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cellulase‐producers and amylase‐producers responded positively to the additives, which was shown by an abrupt increase in their abundance. Microbial biomass carbon and abundance were shown to be closely correlated with the soil's carbon and nitrogen content. None of the amendments, on the other hand, affected the rate of litter decomposition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the “L‐DOPA test” for diagnosis of restless legs syndrome
Authors: Stiasny‐Kolster Karin , Kohnen Ralf , Carsten Möller Jens , Trenkwalder Claudia , Oertel Wolfgang H.
Published: May 2006

We developed and validated a standardized test procedure to evaluate the accuracy of the supportive diagnostic criterion “response to dopaminergic treatment” in restless legs syndrome (RLS). Forty‐eight patients who fulfilled at least three of the four essential criteria for RLS, thus including uncertain clinical cases for a nonexpert, were recruited. Patients received a preliminary diagnosis of RLS or non‐RLS. All patients underwent a polysomnography (PSG) and were then asked to perform the diagnostic L‐DOPA test at home, which consisted in the application of one single dose of 100/25 mg L‐DOPA/benserazide and a subsequent observational period of 2 hours. Before, and in 15‐minute intervals after, drug intake, the patients rated the severity of the “symptoms in the legs” and the “urge to move the legs” using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. Considering a 50% improvement as a positive test result, we found a sensitivity of 88% (“symptoms in the legs”) and 80% (“urge to move the legs”) with a specificity of 100% for both test items. A rate of 90% or 83% of all patients could be correctly diagnosed by the L‐DOPA test. Both scales were able to predict the response to dopaminergic agents in the subsequent course of the treatment by 100%. The periodic leg movements arousal index as assessed by polysomnography was less appropriate for the prediction of the correct diagnosis. We recommend the L‐DOPA test for diagnostic decision making in all patients with an unclear RLS diagnosis according to the essential diagnostic criteria of the International RLS Study Group. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Improved resolution in two‐dimensional 1H NMR spectra of peptides by band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling during both the evolution and acquisition periods: application to characterization of the binding of peptides by heparin
Authors: Wang Jing , Borchardt Dan , Rabenstein Dallas L.
Published: May 2006

Two‐dimensional 1H NMR experiments that achieve band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling in both the indirectly detected F1 and directly detected F2 dimensions were used to assign the highly overlapped 1H NMR spectrum of the peptide Ac‐SRGKARVRAKVKDQTK‐NH2, both free in solution and bound to heparin. Band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling during the evolution period was achieved using a double pulsed field gradient spin‐echo (DPFGSE) with semi‐selective shaped pulses; band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling during the acquisition period was achieved by time‐shared semi‐selective shaped pulse decoupling. Regular TOCSY, ROESY and NOESY spectra and TOCSY, ROESY and NOESY spectra measured with band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling in the evolution (F1) dimension (BASHD‐TOCSY, ROESY and NOESY spectra) and with band‐selective, homonuclear decoupling in both the F1 and F2 dimensions (D‐(or Double)‐BASHD‐TOCSY, ROESY and NOESY spectra) are reported and compared for the peptide and its heparin complex. Complete assignment of the 1H‐NMR spectra of the free and heparin‐complexed peptide was achieved with the high resolution of the D‐BASHD‐TOCSY, ROESY and NOESY spectra. Characterization of the heparin‐complexed peptide is of interest because of the ability of the peptide to neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of two simplified 15N‐NMR methods for determining µs–ms dynamics of proteins
Authors: Hass Mathias A. S. , Led Jens J.
Published: May 2006

Two methods for estimating the microsecond–millisecond dynamics in proteins from only two 15N relaxation parameters at one magnetic field strength are investigated. Thus, the chemical exchange contribution, Rex, to the transversal relaxation rate, which contains the dynamics information, is evaluated by two methods: (i) one in which the Rex term is derived from the 15N R1 and R2 relaxation rates alone, and (ii) one in which it is obtained from the transversal dipole‐chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) cross‐correlation rate, ηxy, and the R2 rate. Since the R1, R2, and ηxy experiments are fast and sensitive, both methods are attractive in studies where large amounts of dynamical information are required. However, both methods are liable to effects that can compromise the estimation of the Rex terms. In the R2/R1 method, internal ps‐ns dynamics and rotational anisotropy can interfere with the determination of Rex, while in the R2/ηxy method it can be affected by variations in the 15N chemical shift anisotropy. Here, the applicability of the two methods is investigated using plastocyanin from Anabaena variabilis as an example, and the quality of the obtained Rex terms is evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. It is found that the R2/R1 method gives reliable Rex terms if the protein is relatively rigid and tumbles fast and nearly isotropically in solution, as for instance plastocyanin, and is preferable in such cases. In contrast, the R2/ηxy method gives better results if the protein is flexible or highly non‐spherical and can be used for such proteins, if the sequential variation in the 15N chemical shift anisotropy is negligible. For exchange terms <1 s−1 neither method is reliable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled growth of poly (2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes via atom transfer radical polymerisation on planar silicon surfaces
Authors: Topham Paul D , Howse Jonathan R , Crook Colin J , Parnell Andrew J , Geoghegan Mark , Jones Richard AL , Ryan Anthony J
Published: May 2006

Progress in making pH‐responsive polyelectrolyte brushes with a range of different grafting densities is reported. Polymer brushes of poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) were synthesised via atom transfer radical polymerisation on silicon wafers using a ‘grafted from’ approach. The [11‐(2‐bromo‐2‐methyl) propionyloxy]undecyl trichlorosilane initiator was covalently attached to the silicon via silylation, from which the brushes were grown using a catalytic system of copper(I) chloride and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in tetrahydrofuran at 80 °C. X‐ray reflectivity was used to assess the initiator surfaces and an upper limit on the grafting density of the polymer was determined. The quality of the brushes produced was analysed using ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy, which is also discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
PV pumping systems: a useful tool to check operational performance
Authors: Brito A. U. , Fedrizzi M. C. , Zilles R.
Published: May 2006

From the daily water demand, total head and the daily average irradiation, is possible to determine the size of the PV generator for pumping systems. However, once the equipment is acquired, some tests are recommended, specially to verify its performance. One of the most relevant parameters to qualify a pumping system is the daily water delivered (m3/day) as a function of daily irradiation (Wh/m2). Facilities that fit different boundaries conditions, as for example constant total head (m) are not easily available, and just few laboratories have this capability. In this way, a simple instrumentation with the capability to determine the daily performance of PV pumping systems is presented. The proposed test tools use a hydraulic circuit with two motopumps, one connected to the PV system and the other to the electric grid. The total head is maintained constant by the variable‐speed drive connected to the grid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The monolithic multicell: a tool for testing material components in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Pettersson Henrik , Gruszecki Tadeusz , Bernhard Roman , Häggman Leif , Gorlov Mikhail , Boschloo Gerrit , Edvinsson Tomas , Kloo Lars , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: May 2006

A multicell is presented as a tool for testing material components in encapsulated dye‐sensitized solar cells. The multicell is based on a four‐layer monolithic cell structure and an industrial process technology. Each multicell plate includes 24 individual well‐encapsulated cells. A sulfur lamp corrected to the solar spectrum has been used to characterize the cells. Efficiencies up to 6·8% at a light‐intensity of 1000 W/msu2 (up to 7·5% at 250 W/m2) have been obtained with an electrolyte solution based on γ‐butyrolactone. Additionally, a promising long‐term stability at cell efficiencies close to 5% at 1000 W/m2 has been obtained with an electrolyte based on glutaronitrile. The reproducibility of the cell performance before and after exposure to accelerated testing has been high. This means that the multicell can be used as an efficient tool for comparative performance and stability tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of lysine versus arginine in enzyme cold‐adaptation: Modifying lysine to homo‐arginine stabilizes the cold‐adapted α‐amylase from Pseudoalteramonas haloplanktis
Authors: Siddiqui Khawar Sohail , Poljak Anne , Guilhaus Michael , De Francisci Davide , Curmi Paul M. G. , Feller Georges , D'Amico Salvino , Gerday Charles , Uversky Vladimir N. , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: May 2006

The cold‐adapted α‐amylase from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (AHA) is a multidomain enzyme capable of reversible unfolding. Cold‐adapted proteins, including AHA, have been predicted to be structurally flexible and conformationally unstable as a consequence of a high lysine‐to‐arginine ratio. In order to examine the role of low arginine content in structural flexibility of AHA, the amino groups of lysine were guanidinated to form homo‐arginine (hR), and the structure–function–stability properties of the modified enzyme were analyzed by transverse urea gradient‐gel electrophoresis. The extent of modification was monitored by MALDI‐TOF‐MS, and correlated to changes in activity and stability. Modifying lysine to hR produced a conformationally more stable and less active α‐amylase. The kcat of the modified enzyme decreased with a concomitant increase in ΔH# and decrease in Km. To interpret the structural basis of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties, the hR residues were modeled in the AHA X‐ray structure and compared to the X‐ray structure of a thermostable homolog. The experimental properties of the modified AHA were consistent with K106hR forming an intra‐Domain B salt bridge to stabilize the active site and decrease the cooperativity of unfolding. Homo‐Arg modification also appeared to alter Ca2+ and Cl− binding in the active site. Our results indicate that replacing lysine with hR generates mesophilic‐like characteristics in AHA, and provides support for the importance of lysine residues in promoting enzyme cold adaptation. These data were consistent with computational analyses that show that AHA possesses a compositional bias that favors decreased conformational stability and increased flexibility. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate with human serum albumin: Fluorescence, fourier transform infrared, circular dichroism, and docking studies
Authors: Maiti Tushar Kanti , Ghosh Kalyan Sundar , Dasgupta Swagata
Published: May 2006

(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the major constituent of green tea has been reported to prevent many diseases by virtue of its antioxidant properties. The binding of EGCG with human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated for the first time by using fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and protein‐ligand docking. We observed a quenching of fluorescence of HSA in the presence of EGCG. The binding parameters were determined by a Scatchard plot and the results were found to be consistent with those obtained from a modified Stern‐Volmer equation. From the thermodynamic parameters calculated according to the van't Hoff equation, the enthalpy change ΔH° and entropy change ΔS° were found to be −22.59 and 16.23 J/mol K, respectively. These values suggest that apart from an initial hydrophobic association, the complex is held together by van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding. Data obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, and FTIR experiments along with the docking studies suggest that EGCG binds to residues located in subdomains IIa and IIIa of HSA. Specific interactions are observed with residues Trp 214, Arg 218, Gln 221, Asn 295 and Asp 451. We have also looked at changes in the accessible surface area of the interacting residues on binding EGCG for a better understanding of the interaction. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for assessing the toxicity of herbicides to submersed aquatic plants
Authors: Knauer Katja , Vervliet‐Scheebaum Marco , Dark Roberta J , Maund Stephen J
Published: May 2006

A new test design for the non‐axenic submergent aquatic macrophytesElodea canadensisMichx. andMyriophyllum spicatumL. has been developed for potential use in herbicide toxicity testing. For the non‐axenic cultures, the best growth conditions were observed in the Elendt‐M4 medium in which no growth of algae or bacteria was observed. Cuttings were placed in beakers containing only the artificial M4 medium or were planted in small beakers containing OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) sediment (5% peat, 75% sand, 20% kaolinite), which were then placed in larger vessels with the M4 medium. The plants were observed for main and secondary shoot length, biomass and root formation within 2–3 weeks of planting. Growth rates were calculated for total plant length and biomass. The variance between the replicates was low throughout the experiment [coefficient of variation (CV) < 26% for total plant length, and between 16 and 40% for biomass]. Relative growth rates based on total plant length were determined as 0.028 and 0.050 per day forM. spicatumin the systems containing M4 medium only and medium plus sediment respectively. Similar results were observed forE. canadensis, with relative growth rates of 0.26 and 0.073 per day in the two test systems. The root‐shoot ratio at harvest was greater by a factor of 2–3 forE. canadensisin the M4 medium than in the system containing sediment. However, comparable ratios were observed forM. spicatumin the two test systems. Both growth in total plant length and growth in biomass of the two species have potential as measures of toxicity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Reach‐scale interactions between aquatic plants and physical habitat: River Frome, Dorset
Authors: Gurnell A. M. , van Oosterhout M. P. , de Vlieger B. , Goodson J. M.
Published: May 2006

Substrate and flow velocity are two key physical factors influencing the distribution of aquatic plants. These two controls are closely related and reflect interactions between flow regime, quantity and calibre of sediment supplied to and bounding river channels, and channel dimensions. Seasonal growth of aquatic plants has important impacts upon flow resistance, flow velocities and sediment dynamics.

This paper focuses upon the reach scale and the aggregate impact of the seasonal growth of aquatic plants on the meso‐habitat characteristics of chalk rivers. It provides a contribution to the broader literature by illustrating how submerged and emergent macrophytes interact with one another at the reach scale to control flow patterns and the retention of fine sediment.

The research was conducted within the River Frome, Dorset, UK. Four sets of observations from 2004 of the seasonal growth of aquatic plants, flow velocity behaviour and the storage of fine sediment are presented. Aggregate velocity behaviour over the four observation periods is classified using agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis. The spatial arrangement of patches exhibiting different aggregate velocity behaviour are explored and the degree to which velocity behaviour can be attributed to physical characteristics of patches and the growth of aquatic plants is discussed.

Conclusions include: (i) patterns of aggregate velocity behaviour within reaches are strongly influenced by macrophyte growth; (ii) average fine sediment deposition is higher around emergents such as Sparganium erectum than submerged plants such as Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans; (iii) complementary flow patterns evolve across the river channel as aquatic macrophytes grow and it appears that this allows marginal emergents to scavenge fine sediment from faster flow velocity threads that become diverted towards the channel edges. (iv) These processes are important for mesohabitat evolution and maintenance, and they also contribute to patterns of bank erosion and aggradation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time mandibular movement analysis system using four‐dimensional cranial bone model
Authors: Otake Yoshito , Suzuki Naoki , Hattori Asaki , Shigeta Yuko , Ogawa Takumi , Fukushima Shunji , Kobayashi Kaoru , Uchiyama Akihiko
Published: May 2006

The analysis of jaw movement has long been used as a measure for clinical diagnosis and treatment of prosthodontics, orthodontics, and oral surgery. However, prior analysis methods focus on the trajectory of the mandible or nearby points, and involve analysis which assumes a standard human bone shape or analysis which takes into consideration a portion of the shape of the mandible or other bones. Anatomically accurate assessment of the shape and motion of the bones overall for each patient is problematic. The authors have combined the morphological information for the bones of each subject obtained from CTs and the information on the movement of the mandible obtained from infrared markers set up on the teeth, and developed a system that can visualize and analyze in real time the state of the temporomandibular joint using real‐time imaging technology. As a result, the three‐dimensional shape of the mandible overall and its movements over time can be analyzed in real time quantitatively; in other words, analysis of jaw movement in four dimensions is possible. This system can be used to clarify the cause of bone deformations thought to result in jaw movement abnormalities, to assess treatment options for patients with temporomandibular joint illness, and to provide explanations to patients. Moreover, through further validation of its precision, the system may also be used clinically as a navigation system for dental therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(8): 1–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20582