bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impuestos municipales, precios y salarios reales en la Castilla del siglo XVII: el caso de Madrid
Authors: Andrés Ucendo José Ignacio , Lanza García Ramón
Published: June 2013

Este artículo analiza el papel de los impuestos municipales y en qué medida estos tributos hicieron subir los precios en torno a un 20% y bajar los salarios reales entre un 15 y un 20% en Madrid durante los años que median entre 1596 y 1700, resultados que bien pueden considerarse representativos de una tendencia general en las ciudades castellanas del siglo XVII. De un modo más general, los autores citados, utilizando documentación del Archivo Histórico Nacional, del Archivo General de Palacio y del Archivo General de Simancas, afirman que la suma del pago de los impuestos reales y de los impuestos municipales, es decir, de la fiscalidad en su conjunto, tuvo una decisiva influencia en la decadencia de la hasta entonces floreciente red urbana del reino castellano, pues, entre otras cosas, redujo la competitividad de las manufacturas que se fabricaban en dichas ciudades. Cualquier estudio de los impuestos cobrados por la villa durante este período conduce al análisis de las estrechas relaciones financieras entre la Corona y su capital. Para reunir la suma que Madrid otorgó a la Corona mediante donativos, la ciudad pidió prestadas estas cantidades. A cambio, la Real Hacienda transfirió a Madrid la mayor parte de los impuestos reales que se cobraban en la villa y su distrito fiscal, permitiendo también que Madrid introdujera nuevos impuestos municipales para pagar los intereses y amortizar el principal de las sumas tomadas en préstamo.
El pueblo español en el lienzo de plata: nación y región en el cine de la II República
Authors: García Carrión Marta
Published: June 2013

El artículo plantea una reflexión sobre la presencia y alcance de los discursos del nacionalismo español en la cultura de masas a partir del estudio del cine español producido durante los años de la II República. A partir de una perspectiva basada en los más recientes desarrollos teóricos sobre el nacionalismo, y particularmente aquellos relativos al papel del mundo de la cultura, el artículo pretende situar al cine en el centro del estudio del proceso de construcción de la identidad nacional española en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. El eje analítico será el examen de la construcción cinematográfica de los imaginarios regionales como representación de España. Tras unas consideraciones generales relativas a la presencia de los imaginarios regionales y nacionales en la cinematografía española, el artículo se centrará concretamente en el análisis de la elaboración fílmica de los imaginarios de las regiones de Andalucía y Aragón, a partir del estudio detallado de algunos de los filmes españoles de los años de la II República más representativos. Además del análisis fílmico, se tendrá en cuenta también la recepción crítica de dichos filmes en la prensa especializada y su impacto social.
Immigration italienne et littérature luxembourgeoise
Authors: Boggiani Joseph
Published: June 2013

Dans cet article, Joseph Boggiani propose de suivre l’écrivain luxembourgeois Jean Portante, dans sa recherche - à la fois thématique et formelle, de son identité de fils d’ouvriers italiens dans l’univers de la sidérurgie luxembourgeoise. Au fil des générations et de la mémoire, se pose et se résout le problème de la double appartenance et du conflit des cultures.
L’île de leur rêve
Authors: Lepage Caroline
Published: June 2013

À travers les textes d’écrivains cubains « de l’extérieur », portant sur le thème de l’exil, Caroline Lepage étudie la façon dont est construite l’idée du retour dans l’île en cas de changement politique. L’analyse du corpus, composé d’œuvres d’auteurs que différencient l’âge, le lieu de résidence et le style d’écriture, mais tous auto-définis comme engagés contre le castrisme, soulève la question de l’identité future de l’île.
Diaspora grecque et francophonie aux XXe et XXIe siècles
Authors: Oktapoda-Lu Efstratia
Published: June 2013

Consacré aux auteurs grecs en exil, l’article d’Efstratia Oktapoda-Lu analyse un corpus d’œuvres publiées en français, où se déclinent différentes façons d’aborder la mémoire et la construction identitaire de l’individu, entre oubli et nostalgie, entre conflit et équilibre, entre retour fantasmé et expérience de la double culture.
Sens-du-moi et sens-du-manque
Authors: Emi Mara Sgueglia Valeria
Published: June 2013

Valeria Emi Mara Sgueglia nous apporte les outils de la philosophie qu’elle applique à la question de la migration. Elle expose les concepts de la vision réductionniste de l’identité (qui s’oppose à la vision substantialiste, ou non-réductionniste), qui permettent d’appréhender les changements opérés sur nos sociétés par les phénomènes migratoires et la diversité culturelle.
Les Gallo-Siciliens
Authors: Di Bartolo Bruno
Published: June 2013

Bruno Bartolo expose le cas bien particulier de la Sicile au Moyen Âge, qui reçoit un apport de populations en provenance du nord de l’Italie, apport dont l’influence se fait ressentir aujourd’hui encore, alors que la Sicile est devenue l’un des territoires italiens les plus directement touchés par l’arrivée de nouveaux migrants. Le point est ainsi fait sur les sources relatives à la présence de minorités gallo-italiennes au Moyen Âge, ainsi que sur les raisons de ce déplacement de populations vers l’île alors majoritairement musulmane. Sont également étudiées les traces de cette présence dans la culture et la littérature siciliennes.
Auteurs d’Afrique et lettres italiennes
Authors: Le Gouez Brigitte
Published: June 2013

Cette étude est consacrée aux auteurs allogènes écrivant en langue italienne et venus du continent africain, proportionnellement les plus nombreux durant les dix premières années qui ont suivant l’émergence de ce phénomène littéraire nouveau en Italie. Pour la plupart héritiers d’une histoire coloniale, leurs œuvres offrent un terrain particulièrement propice à l’éclosion des problématiques postcoloniales, encore peu représentées dans la production en langue italienne à l’heure où cette étude est réalisée. De l’expérience d’écriture initiale, souvent un témoignage autobiographique, certains ont réussi à s’affirmer en tant qu’écrivains. Au sein du panorama littéraire italien de la fin du XXe siècle, cet espace nouvellement ouvert favorise-t-il le déploiement d’une forme de contre-culture ? Quelle place y occupent les femmes ? Quelles grandes figures de la pensée viennent éclairer les enjeux de notre temps, entre dynamique de la mondialisation et intensification des mouvements de population ?
La transfiguration du bal
Authors: Jost François
Published: June 2013

L’une des hypothèses admises implicitement dans la plupart des études sur l’adaptation est que le spectateur sait d’avance que le film est une adaptation, ou qu’il connaît le roman dont le film est adapté. Or, bien plus fréquemment, le film s’offre comme un substitut de roman à un spectateur qui ne l’a pas lu. Adoptant une approche pragmatique, l’article qui suit pose ces questions à propos de deux adaptations de Madame Bovary : à quoi reconnaît-on qu’un récit filmique est non seulement une transposition audiovisuelle des signes écrits, mais aussi une lecture de ceux-ci ? Y a-t-il des signes ostensibles dans lesquels se repéreraient une intention communicative, une vision de l’œuvre ?
Il rituale amoroso nel Casanova di Fellini
Authors: Castigliano Federico
Published: June 2013

L’auteur analyse le rapport entre le scénario du Casanova de Federico Fellini, écrit par le réalisateur en collaboration avec Zapponi, et l’Histoire de ma vie, l’autobiographie de Giacomo Casanova. La sélection des épisodes ainsi que les choix narratologiques opérées par les scénaristes montrent que le film vise, à travers un bouleversement parodique du texte original, à une démolition progressive du « mythe » du séducteur et de l’homme de lettre. Cette mécanisme déformant – qui trouve des correspondances dans les éléments propre au langage filmique – touche à son apogée dans la représentation caricaturale du rituel amoureux, jusqu’à la réduction de Casanova à un homme-machine : prodigieux athlète du sexe mais amant et intellectuel frustré.
A Bold New Timeless Classic: Fukunaga’s Partial Reading of Jane Eyre
Authors: Engle John
Published: June 2013

With its first person narrator, radical tonal changes, and wild blend of genres (autobiography, romance, Gothic melodrama, Christian exemplum, etc.), Brontë’s Jane Eyre is a case study in the difficulties of cinematic adaptation, as the filmmaker attempts to balance "fidelity" with contemporary relevance and entertainment value. This article examines Cary Fukunaga’s 2011 version, and in particular certain orientations animating his necessarily "partial" reading of the novel. Chief among these is the decision to begin the film when Jane leaves Thornfield; recounting much of the story in discontinuous flashback, the film manages simultaneously to admit Jane’s narrative voice while eliminating its potentially distracting nature. Fukunaga’s other choices include the toning down of the novel’s lurid Gothic quality, its overt romanticism, and—today an overly familiar romantic comedy stereotype—the teasing interplay between the two protagonists. Communicating in a compact language of visual symbol, he also uses the original’s "religious plot" as a tool for modern character analysis.
Intervista a Massimo Bacigalupo
Authors: Bacigalupo Massimo , Leiduan Alessandro
Published: June 2013

Massimo Bacigalupo, l’un des plus éminents représentants du cinéma underground italien, retrace, au cours d’un entretien avec Alessandro Leiduan, l’histoire de son expérience cinématographique et livre aux lecteurs quelques clés pour interpréter les films de l’un des courants artistiques les plus créatifs et anticonformistes du cinéma italien. Sont passés en revue les rapports entre cinéma underground et public, entre cinéma d’expérimentation et cinéma numérique et, enfin, entre création littéraire et création cinématographique.
To Think and Watch the Evil: The Turn of the Screw as Cultural Reference in Television from Dark Shadows to C.S.I.
Authors: Sborgi Anna Viola
Published: June 2013

Since its first publication, Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw (1898) has always haunted the imagination of artists (Benjamin Britten, Jack Clayton, Amenábar) and has been widely used as a source for television narratives (Dan Curtis, US TV version starring Colin Firth, Tim Fywell). In serial productions, James’s story has been the object of extensive quotation and allusion, from the 1960 gothic soap opera Dark Shadows to the C.S.I. episode Turn of the Screw (Season 4, Episode 21). A milestone in literary history, the story now embodies a set of cultural references conveying different, complex meanings, which can only be disclosed in the light of contemporary forms of representing reality. The novella appeals to two apparently opposite tendencies in contemporary television: the morbid display of the real (C.S.I.) and the quest for the supernatural (Buffy The Vampire Slayer, among others). A line can be traced from Dark Shadows, the show that pioneered the genre, to contemporary horror soaps about vampires and supernatural phenomena. This paper shows the ways in which James’ sophisticated novella makes its way through popular culture, and how its constant ambiguous, dilemmatic interplay between reality and imagination can be related to the double-sided drive of the contemporary public towards hyper-reality and the supernatural.
Dinamiche di scambio tra cinema e letteratura: i sottotitoli di Colette per Jeunes filles en uniforme
Authors: Palma Paola
Published: June 2013

Nel 1932 Colette realizza i sottotitoli francesi del film tedesco Mädchen in Uniform (T. fr. : Jeunes filles en uniforme, 1931), diretto da Leontine Sagan e tratto da un testo teatrale di Christa Winsloe. La scrittrice viene interpellata dal distributore francese della pellicola, ma accetta il lavoro solo dopo avere visto il film, che analizza attentamente e giudica estremamente riuscito. Si ha la conferma dell’interesse della scrittrice per il mondo delle immagini in movimento, oltre allo stimolante intrecciarsi di alcuni elementi del plot, dei personaggi e dell’ambientazione del film con quelli dei volumi colettiani delle Claudine, con i quali Mädchen in Uniform condividerà anche una significativa e duratura diffusione e popolarità.Il contatto tra la letteratura e il cinema non si esaurisce quindi nella traduzione di un testo per il cinema da parte di una scrittrice, ma prosegue in più direzioni. Vi è anche l’aspetto pubblicitario (e meramente economico), di cui beneficiano e sono consapevoli entrambe le parti: lo stesso “personaggio” Colette si sovrappone all’immagine che si intende dare di Jeunes filles en uniforme. Il film, inoltre, è uno dei titoli fondamentali negli studi sulla storia del cinema gay e lesbico. In questo ambito, questa collaborazione è significativa in termini di ricezione di una pellicola a sfondo lesbico perché l’accostamento del nome di Colette ha senz’altro contribuito all’accoglienza del film in Francia.
Ousmane Sembène, entre littérature et cinéma
Authors: Mestaoui Lobna
Published: June 2013

Écrivain et cinéaste africain, Ousmane Sembène demeure une figure de proue dans le champ de la création aussi bien littéraire que cinématographique. Une figure prolixe dont l’engagement pour la réfection du patrimoine culturel endogène affleure dés les premières œuvres dans un processus de vernacularisation qui accorde une grande place au peuple et à ses représentations. Le présent article retrace son double parcours et évoque la dynamique de cette interférence incessante et ses ressorts que vectorise toujours cet élan pour les cultures endogènes qui s’effritent et la célébration constante de ce continent et ses peuples. Loin de l’idée de crispation identitaire et de repli sur soi, ces initiatives mettent en scène une reconquête et une reterritorialisation du savoir et des valeurs ancestrales en opposition aux discours monolithiques coloniaux et néocoloniaux.
Pour une conception hybride de la fiction : l’adaptation de L’Amérique de Kafka entre littérature et cinéma
Authors: Leiduan Alessandro
Published: June 2013

Lorsqu’il porte à l’écran, dans son film Intervista (1987), quelques épisodes du roman L’Amérique de Kafka (1927), Fellini réalise une adaptation qui a peu d’équivalents dans l’histoire du cinéma : les scènes inspirées du roman de Kafka sont tournées à partir des essais que le réalisateur fait passer à des acteurs non-professionnels pour tester leur aptitude à faire partie du casting (scènes que le jargon des cinéastes appelle « bouts d’essai »). Expérimentale au cinéma, cette démarche est très courante en littérature : innombrables sont les fictions qui essaient de passer pour ce qu’elles ne sont pas (romans se présentant sous la forme d’un recueil de lettres, d’un journal intime, d’un récit de voyage). Notre article plaide en faveur d’un réexamen des rapports entre le cinéma de Fellini et la littérature à l’aune d’une perspective attentive, non seulement aux similitudes repérables au niveau du sujet, mais aussi, et surtout, au niveau de la forme.
Ruptures et dissidences dans le Diálogo del cazador y del pescador (Zaragoza, 1539) de Fernando Basurto
Authors: Orobitg Christine
Published: June 2013

Dans l’Occident médiéval et moderne de nombreux discours exaltent la chasse, décrite comme une école de vertu et de generositas, et comme l’activité naturelle des rois et des nobles. Mais cette vision fait aussi l’objet de critiques et de contestations, comme celle qui s’exprime dans le Diálogo del cazador y del pescador (1539) de Fernando Basurto. Opposant deux personnages, un jeune aristocrate chasseur et un vieux pêcheur, le texte de Basurto débouche sur une vituperatio de la chasse et sur un éloge de la pêche. Mais bien au-delà d’un débat sur les avantages respectifs de ces deux activités, le Diálogo del cazador y del pescador rompt les représentations admises – l’exaltation de la chasse, l’idéal martial, la traditionnelle association de la chasse à la generositas – pour, finalement, condamner les pratiques aristocratiques, proposer d’autres valeurs et questionner l’ordre établi en contestant la supériorité de la noblesse elle-même.
Cambios de rumbo en la poesía clásica española: entre Góngora y Quevedo
Authors: Jauralde Pou Pablo
Published: June 2013

Entre 1580 y 1613, es decir entre las primeras apariciones públicas de la generación de Lope y la difusión de las Soledades de Góngora, la poesía en lengua española se halla en un momento crucial de su historia. El presente trabajo se propone dar cuenta de ello a partir de una referencia a la silva que permitirá ilustrar los conceptos de innovación y oposición relacionados con las representaciones de la ruptura.
Le naturalisme, arme de la rupture : Emilia Pardo Bazán et le conte rural
Authors: Boyer Christian
Published: June 2013

Avec la publication de La cuestión palpitante, série d’articles avec lesquels elle introduisit le naturalisme en Espagne, Emilia Pardo Bazán fut très critiquée par ses contemporains. Cette rupture par rapport à la norme sociale, vers laquelle ni son statut ni son sexe n’auraient dû la mener, fut accompagnée d’une autre rupture : celle d’avec les conventions littéraires. En effet, dans de nombreux récits courts, le milieu rural est dépeint sans aucune idéalisation mais est au contraire le théâtre de nombreux crimes. Pour Emilia Pardo Bazán, la cruauté ne fut pas simplement un moyen de s’imposer dans un monde littéraire masculin mais aussi un formidable outil pour dénoncer l’ignorance, la cupidité d’une société viciée.
La sombra del águila de Arturo Pérez Reverte : un roman-miroir de la rupture
Authors: Martin Jean Christophe
Published: June 2013

Bien que l’auteur ait quelque peu renié le court roman intitulé La sombra del águila, il est manifeste que ce texte est le reflet d’une rupture dans l’existence d’Arturo Pérez Reverte. Rupture se concrétisant tant du point de vue du style et du genre romanesque que du point de vue du contenu, qui traduit un certain dérèglement inhabituel dans ses romans, que nous souhaiterions appréhender sous l’angle d’une perspective psychanalytique.
Parlez-vous novlangue ? Du formatage des esprits en français et en espagnol contemporains, ou les enjeux d’une rupture entre mot et chose
Authors: Breton Dominique
Published: June 2013

En référence au novlangue décrit par G. Orwell dans 1984, modèle de discours propagandiste visant au formatage des esprits, cet article entend s’interroger sur la « langue de bois » et le « discours politiquement correct » en français et en espagnol contemporains.
Barandal (1931-1932): ¿una revista de vanguardia?
Authors: Pouzet Isabelle
Published: June 2013

En agosto de 1931, un grupo de estudiantes de la Escuela Nacional de México, integrado por Rafael López Malo, Arnulfo Martínez Lavalle, Salvador Toscano y Octavio Paz, creaba la revista Barandal. Esos jóvenes pretendían formar parte de la “vanguardia”, y buscaban romper con la tradición. Todo el problema es saber hasta qué punto se situaron en la vanguardia. Este artículo propone desentrañar la verdad de tal afirmación apoyándose tanto en el contexto cultural del período como en el contenido de la revista.
La razón de mi vida y “Eva Perón en la hoguera”: entre el relato y la voz
Authors: Cóccaro Victoria
Published: June 2013

En el presente trabajo se analizan ciertos temas y construcciones que se desarrollan en La razón de mi vida (1951) para luego observar el quiebre y desmontaje, variación y reescritura que despliega Leónidas Lamborghini en su poema “Eva Perón en la hoguera” (1972). A través de tres aspectos de La razón de mi vida analizamos el conglomerado de la figura Eva: el género textual, el género sexual y los componentes míticos y religiosos. Luego se advierten los modos de operar del procedimiento lamborghiniano de reescritura, la elección y el descarte que el poeta opera sobre cada sección de La razón de mi vida: descomposición, ruptura, y composición de una nueva figura de Eva.
Descompresión en el campo literario latinoamericano: reflejos pop en los 60 y los 2000
Authors: Guedán Vidal Manuel
Published: June 2013

El éxito de crítica y público que concitó el boom copó el campo literario latinoamericano durante más de dos décadas. En los 90, movimientos como el crack mexicano o la antología McOndo propusieron un cambio de paradigma que cuestionaba pilares esenciales de la generación anterior, tales como el compromiso ideológico o el prurito latinoamericano. El relevo que se produjo fija la figura de Manuel Puig como una referencia, por su reivindicación de lo ligero en la ficción, por abolir las diferencias entre alta y baja cultura y abrir la literatura a los contagios de otras disciplinas, especialmente el cine.
« La banalité du mal » selon Eduardo Pavlovsky
Authors: Clerc Isabelle
Published: June 2013

Dans El señor Galíndez (1973) et Potestad (1985), le dramaturge argentin Eduardo Pavlovsky met en scène la figure d’un tortionnaire humain. Ces pièces bousculent la norme. Comment accepter en effet que la torture et l’enlèvement d’enfants durant la dictature argentine ne soient pas l’œuvre de monstres mais de gens ordinaires ? Nous nous proposons de voir les mécanismes de la rupture dans ces pièces, et d’en analyser la portée.
Récits sur la folie : la légende mexicaine de la Llorona
Authors: Roche Mélanie
Published: June 2013

Le mythe de la Llorona a inspiré de nombreuses artistes et écrivaines postmodernes hispano-américaines, qui ont converti cette Femme qui pleure mexicaine en une icône identitaire plus positive que dans la tradition orale classique. Cette approche à la fois intimiste et transnationale peut déjà s’observer dans la littérature chicana des années 80 et 90. Elle concerne désormais également des musiciennes telles que Lila Downs, chanteuse de musique du monde1, ou des auteures issues d’autres groupes culturels, comme la chilienne Marcela Serrano (La Llorona, 2008).
Rupturas fronterizas en California y radicalización de la otredad en las representaciones hegemónicas
Authors: Solomianski Alejandro
Published: June 2013

El espacio fronterizo del sur de California, borde limitador y, a la vez, generador de intersticios, de cruces (de inmigrantes, de mercaderías contrabandeadas o robadas, de sustancias “ilegales”) se configura, per se, como una contradicción. Las mansiones lujosas de Beverley Hills y las habitaciones atestadas del “peligroso” South Central son espacios discordantes e históricamente interdependientes. Este artículo se abre a las representaciones que los subalternos hacen de estos espacios para intentar dilucidar los modos en que las voces hegemónicas reciclan las representaciones sociales en general.
The Rock Counterculture from Modernist Utopianism to the Development of an Alternative Music Scene
Authors: Tandt Christophe Den
Published: June 2013

This essay analyzes rock music’s countercultural status from the perspective of musicians’ and fans’ aspirations to a utopian transfiguration of everyday life. Relying on Fredric Jameson’s and Ihab Hassan’s reflections on (post)modernism, the present argument locates rock among the movements within modern culture seeking to counter alienation and reification. On this basis, the article investigates how aspirations to utopian transfiguration may empower rock to develop a full-fledged alternative to dominant culture. Taking into account the difficulties involved in using counterculture as a socio-historical keyword, this argument acknowledges that rock cannot fulfill its utopian promise. Yet the music makes possible the development of what Pierre Bourdieu calls a field of restricted production: musicians, fans, and journalists define codes and practices tracing out a perimeter of autonomy differentiating rock from commercial mass culture. This social space may in specific contexts serve as hub for a counterhegemonic coalition aiming to redraw the social field according to goals broader than those pursued by fragmented subcultures. The final section of the article investigates one of the channels through which rock’s sphere of restricted production gives a durable shape to its empowering agenda: the representation of labor practices eschewing the alienation of professional life. Rock, it is argued, stakes out its autonomy with regard to the capitalist labor market by making musical labor an area of personal fulfillment.
“Helter Skelter” et l'héritage polémique des années 1960
Authors: Carlin Gerald , Jones Mark
Published: June 2013

À la fin des années 1960, on considérait le rock comme un aspect important de la contre-culture révolutionnaire. Mais le White Album des Beatles fut reçu de façon ambivalente – on l’accusa notamment de nostalgie réactionnaire. La chanson « Helter Skelter » était difficile à catégoriser à l’époque ; le fait qu’on l’associe par la suite avec les meurtres commis par la Famille Manson la rendit tristement célèbre. Les premières reprises du morceau en firent un canon du hard rock naissant, avant que le heavy metal ne prenne la relève. Plus tard, des versions plus éclectiques la détournèrent pour en faire une critique du projet culturel des années 1960, en invoquant la figure menaçante de Charles Manson. D’autres tentèrent plus tard d’exorciser ce spectre maudit, pour la réinscrire dans la grande tradition du rock. Analyser « Helter Skelter » par le prisme ses innombrables reprises, c’est faire l’histoire de l’héritage polémique des années 1960.
“Helter Skelter” and Sixties Revisionism
Authors: Carlin Gerald , Jones Mark
Published: June 2013

In the late sixties rock music was typically seen as an important aspect of the revolutionary counterculture ; but the Beatles’ ‘White Album’ was ambivalently received, amidst allegations of reactionary nostalgia. The song ‘Helter Skelter’ was difficult to classify at the time; its subsequent associations with cult murderers the Manson Family made it notorious. Largely overlooked for several years, the few early covers usually rendered it as hard rock. Later, more generically diverse and deviant renditions would reinflect the song as a critique of the sixties’ countercultural project. Patterns of reclamation and contestation have made covers of the song a telling index of revisionist attitudes to the 1960s and their legacies.
« The Long Freak Out » : musique inachevée et folie contre-culturelle dans le rock d’avant-garde des années 1960 et 1970
Authors: Keister Jay
Published: June 2013

This article examines avant-garde ‘freak out’ recordings in rock music: extended album tracks that suggest madness in their sonic anarchy, conceptual absurdity and amateur technique. Products of the counterculture rooted in the historical avant-garde, these recordings by musicians in the 1960s and 1970s rejected musical conventions of song structure, meaning and competence in their attacks on an emerging music industry. While such extreme recordings bring to the fore the uneasy relationship between art and rock, avant-garde recordings by pop musicians are not antithetical to rock, but part of its discourse of rebellion. This article demonstrates how recordings of this kind ranging from the hippie era of the 1960s to the postpunk era of the late 1970s functioned more as aggressive acts of resistance to social and musical convention than attempts to elevate popular music to a higher level of art.
“The Long Freak Out”: Unfinished Music and Countercultural Madness in 1960s and 1970s Avant-Garde Rock
Authors: Keister Jay
Published: June 2013

This article examines avant-garde ‘freak out’ recordings in rock music: extended album tracks that suggest madness in their sonic anarchy, conceptual absurdity and amateur technique. Products of the counterculture rooted in the historical avant-garde, these recordings by musicians in the 1960s and 1970s rejected musical conventions of song structure, meaning and competence in their attacks on an emerging music industry. While such extreme recordings bring to the fore the uneasy relationship between art and rock, avant-garde recordings by pop musicians are not antithetical to rock, but part of its discourse of rebellion. This article demonstrates how recordings of this kind ranging from the hippie era of the 1960s to the postpunk era of the late 1970s functioned more as aggressive acts of resistance to social and musical convention than attempts to elevate popular music to a higher level of art.
From Countercultures to Suburban Cultures: Frank Zappa after 1968
Authors: Halligan Benjamin
Published: June 2013

This article extracts and addresses the theme of suburbia in the recorded work of Frank Zappa, with particular attention paid to the period around the turn of the 1980s and the onset of the Reagan years. During this period, suburban concerns – mostly of a sexualised nature – come to the fore in a number of critically ignored or derided albums. These advance a conception of suburban cultures as coloured by a dissipated and problematic legacy of the freedoms gained in the countercultural phase, and so track the trajectory from the Summer of Love, and “Freak” cultures, to the onset of neoliberalism and “Valley Girl” cultures. In terms of the wider scope of Zappa’s work, and with Zappa considered as a one-time commentator of the countercultural phase, the engagement with suburbia comes to represent both the terminus of a period of liberation and ideological radicalism, and of Zappa’s satirical project.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Deficiency in Macrophages Leads to Defective p110γ PI3K Signaling and Impairs Cell Adhesion and Migration
Authors: Díaz-Muñoz Manuel D. , Osma-García Inés C. , Íñiguez Miguel A. , Fresno Manuel
Published: June 2013

Cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 dependent PGs modulate several functions in many pathophysiological processes, including migration of immune cells. In this study, we addressed the role of Cox-2 in macrophage migration by using in vivo and in vitro models. Upon thioglycolate challenge, CD11b+ F4/80+ macrophages showed a diminished ability to migrate to the peritoneal cavity in cox-2−/− mice. In vivo migration of cox-2−/− macrophages from the peritoneal cavity to lymph nodes, as well as cell adhesion to the mesothelium, was reduced in response to LPS. In vitro migration of cox-2−/− macrophages toward MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, or MIP-1β, as well as cell adhesion to ICAM-1 or fibronectin, was impaired. Defects in cell migration were not due to changes in chemokine receptor expression. Remarkably, cox-2−/− macrophages showed a deficiency in focal adhesion formation, with reduced phosphorylation of paxillin (Tyr188). Interestingly, expression of the p110γ catalytic subunit of PI3K was severely reduced in the absence of Cox-2, leading to defective Akt phosphorylation, as well as cdc42 and Rac-1 activation. Our results indicate that the paxillin/p110γ-PI3K/Cdc42/Rac1 axis is defective in cox-2−/− macrophages, which results in impaired cell adhesion and migration.
Autologous Tax-Specific CTL Therapy in a Primary Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Cell–Bearing NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull Mouse Model
Authors: Masaki Ayako , Ishida Takashi , Suzuki Susumu , Ito Asahi , Mori Fumiko , Sato Fumihiko , Narita Tomoko , Yamada Tomiko , Ri Masaki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Komatsu Hirokazu , Tanaka Yuetsu , Niimi Akio , Inagaki Hiroshi , Iida Shinsuke , Ueda Ryuzo
Published: June 2013

We expanded human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax-specific CTL in vitro from PBMC of three individual adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) patients and assessed their therapeutic potential in an in vivo model using NOG mice bearing primary ATL cells from the respective three patients (ATL/NOG). In these mice established with cells from a chronic-type patient, treatment by i.p. injection of autologous Tax-CTL resulted in greater infiltration of CD8-positive T cells into each ATL lesion. This was associated with a significant decrease of ATL cell infiltration into blood, spleen, and liver. Tax-CTL treatment also significantly decreased human soluble IL-2R concentrations in the sera. In another group of ATL/NOG mice, Tax-CTL treatment led to a significant prolongation of survival time. These findings show that Tax-CTL can infiltrate the tumor site, recognize, and kill autologous ATL cells in mice in vivo. In ATL/NOG mice with cells from an acute-type patient, whose postchemotherapeutic remission continued for >18 mo, antitumor efficacy of adoptive Tax-CTL therapy was also observed. However, in ATL/NOG mice from a different acute-type patient, whose ATL relapsed after 6 mo of remission, no efficacy was observed. Thus, although the therapeutic effects were different for different ATL patients, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that adoptive therapy with Ag-specific CTL expanded from a cancer patient confers antitumor effects, leading to significant survival benefit for autologous primary cancer cell–bearing mice in vivo. The present study contributes to research on adoptive CTL therapy, which should be applicable to several types of cancer.
Dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fails To Block Phagosome Maturation and Shows Unexpected Capacity To Stimulate Specific Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Mariotti Sabrina , Pardini Manuela , Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Teloni Raffaela , Giannoni Federico , Fraziano Maurizio , Lozupone Francesco , Meschini Stefania , Nisini Roberto
Published: June 2013

Dormancy is defined as a stable but reversible nonreplicating state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is currently thought that dormant M. tuberculosis (D-Mtb) is responsible for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Recently, D-Mtb was also shown in sputa of patients with active TB, but the capacity of D-Mtb to stimulate specific immune responses was not investigated. We observed that purified protein derivative–specific human CD4+ T lymphocytes recognize mycobacterial Ags more efficiently when macrophages are infected with D-Mtb instead of replicating M. tuberculosis (R-Mtb). The different Ag recognition occurs even when the two forms of mycobacteria equally infect and stimulate macrophages, which secrete the same cytokine pattern and express MHC class I and II molecules at the same levels. However, D-Mtb but not R-Mtb colocalizes with mature phagolysosome marker LAMP-1 and with vacuolar proton ATPase in macrophages. D-Mtb, unlike R-Mtb, is unable to interfere with phagosome pH and does not inhibit the proteolytic efficiency of macrophages. We show that D-Mtb downmodulates the gene Rv3875 encoding for ESAT-6, which is required by R-Mtb to block phagosome maturation together with Rv3310 gene product SapM, previously shown to be downregulated in D-Mtb. Thus, our results indicate that D-Mtb cannot escape MHC class II Ag-processing pathway because it lacks the expression of genes required to block the phagosome maturation. Data suggest that switching to dormancy not only represents a mechanism of survival in latent TB infection, but also a M. tuberculosis strategy to modulate the immune response in different stages of TB.
Optimal Germinal Center B Cell Activation and T-Dependent Antibody Responses Require Expression of the Mouse Complement Receptor Cr1
Authors: Donius Luke R. , Handy Jennifer M. , Weis Janis J. , Weis John H.
Published: June 2013

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and complement receptor (Cr)1 and complement receptor (Cr)2 are important for the generation of humoral immunity. Cr1/2 expression on B cells and FDCs was shown to provide a secondary signal for B cell activation, to facilitate transport of Ag in immune follicles, and to enhance retention of immune complexes by FDCs. We show in this study that murine B cells predominantly express the Cr2 product from the Cr2 gene, whereas FDCs almost exclusively express the Cr1 isoform generated from the Cr2 gene. To define the specific role of Cr1, we created an animal that maintains normal cell-restricted expression of Cr2 but does not express Cr1. Cr1-deficient (Cr1KO) mice develop normal B1 and B2 immature and mature B cell subsets and have normal levels of naive serum Abs but altered levels of natural Abs. Immunization of the Cr1KO animal demonstrates deficient Ab responses to T-dependent, but not T-independent, Ags. Germinal centers from the immunized Cr1KO animal possess a deficiency in activated B cells, similar to that seen for animals lacking both Cr1 and Cr2 or C3. Finally, animals lacking only Cr1 respond similarly to wild-type animals to infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogen to which animals lacking C3 or both Cr1 and Cr2 are particularly sensitive. Altogether, these data suggest that the production of Cr1, primarily by FDCs, is critical in the generation of appropriately activated B cells of the germinal center and the generation of mature Ab responses.
Scavenger Receptor A Modulates the Immune Response to Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection
Authors: Qiu Yafeng , Dayrit Jeremy K. , Davis Michael J. , Carolan Jacob F. , Osterholzer John J. , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Olszewski Michal A.
Published: June 2013

Scavenger receptors represent an important class of pattern recognition receptors shown to mediate both beneficial and detrimental roles in host defense against microbial pathogens. The role of the major macrophage scavenger receptor, scavenger receptor A (SRA), in the immune response against the pathogenic fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, is unknown. To evaluate the role of SRA in anticryptococcal host defenses, SRA+/+ mice and SRA−/− mice were infected intratracheally with C. neoformans. Results show that infection of SRA−/− mice resulted in a reduction in the pulmonary fungal burden at the efferent phase (3 wk) compared with SRA+/+ mice. Improved fungal clearance in SRA−/− mice was associated with decreased accumulation of eosinophils and greater accumulation of CD4+ T cells and CD11b+ dendritic cells. Additional parameters were consistent with enhanced anticryptococcal immunity in the infected SRA−/− mice: 1) increased expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 by lung APCs, 2) decreased expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and IL-10 in lung leukocytes and in cryptococcal Ag-pulsed splenocytes, 3) diminished IgE production in sera, and 4) increased hallmarks of classical pulmonary macrophage activation. These effects were preceded by increased expression of early pro-Th1 genes in pulmonary lymph nodes at the afferent phase (1 wk). Collectively, our data show that SRA can be exploited by C. neoformans to interfere with the early events of the afferent responses that support Th1 immune polarization. This results in amplification of Th2 arm of the immune response and subsequently impaired adaptive control of C. neoformans in the infected lungs.
FoxO1 Controls Effector-to-Memory Transition and Maintenance of Functional CD8 T Cell Memory
Authors: Tejera Melba Marie , Kim Eui Ho , Sullivan Jeremy A. , Plisch Erin H. , Suresh M.
Published: June 2013

During a T cell response, naive CD8 T cells differentiate into effector cells. Subsequently, a subset of effector cells termed memory precursor effector cells further differentiates into functionally mature memory CD8 T cells. The transcriptional network underlying this carefully scripted process is not well understood. In this study, we report that the transcription factor FoxO1 plays an integral role in facilitating effector-to-memory transition and functional maturation of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. We find that FoxO1 is not required for differentiation of effector cells, but in the absence of FoxO1, memory CD8 T cells displayed features of senescence and progressive attrition in polyfunctionality, which in turn led to impaired recall responses and poor protective immunity. These data suggest that FoxO1 is essential for maintenance of functional CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity. Under competing conditions in bone marrow chimeric mice, FoxO1 deficiency did not perturb clonal expansion or effector differentiation. Instead, FoxO1-deficient memory precursor effector cells failed to survive and form memory CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, FoxO1 deficiency perturbed the memory CD8 T cell transcriptome, characterized by pronounced alterations in the expression of genes that encode transcription factors (including Tcf7), effector molecules, cell cycle regulators, and proteins that regulate fatty acid, purine, and pyramidine metabolism and mitochondrial functions. We propose that FoxO1 is a key regulator that reprograms and steers the differentiation of effector cells to functionally competent memory cells. These findings have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms that regulate the quality of CD8 T cell memory to intracellular pathogens.
The Disease-Ameliorating Function of Autoregulatory CD8 T Cells Is Mediated by Targeting of Encephalitogenic CD4 T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ortega Sterling B. , Kashi Venkatesh P. , Tyler Andrew F. , Cunnusamy Khrishen , Mendoza Jason P. , Karandikar Nitin J.
Published: June 2013

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS, and CD8 T cells are the predominant T cell population in MS lesions. Given that transfer of CNS-specific CD8 T cells results in an attenuated clinical demyelinating disease in C57BL/6 mice with immunization-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the cellular targets and mechanisms of autoreactive regulatory CD8 T cells. In this study we report that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55)–induced CD8 T cells could also attenuate adoptively transferred, CD4 T cell–mediated EAE. Whereas CD8−/− mice exhibited more severe EAE associated with increased autoreactivity and inflammatory cytokine production by myelin-specific CD4 T cells, this was reversed by adoptive transfer of MOG-specific CD8 T cells. These autoregulatory CD8 T cells required in vivo MHC class Ia (KbDb) presentation. Interestingly, MOG-specific CD8 T cells could also suppress adoptively induced disease using wild-type MOG35–55-specific CD4 T cells transferred into KbDb−/− recipient mice, suggesting direct targeting of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells. In vivo trafficking analysis revealed that autoregulatory CD8 T cells are dependent on neuroinflammation for CNS infiltration, and their suppression/cytotoxicity of MOG-specific CD4 T cells is observed both in the periphery and in the CNS. These studies provide important insights into the mechanism of disease suppression mediated by autoreactive CD8 T cells in EAE.
Jurassic stratigraphy and history of north-central British Columbia
Authors: Tipper H W , Richards T A
Published: June 2013

The Mesozoic rocks of north-central British Columbia are divided into five groups: the Upper Triassic basic volcanic Takla, the Lower to Middle Jurassic volcanic and sedimentary Hazelton, the mainly sedimentary Middle to Upper Jurassic Bowser Lake, the
coal-bearing Lower Cretaceous Skeena, and the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous to Eocene Sustut. The Hazelton Group is subdivided into three formations, the Telkwa, Nilkitkwa, and Smithers, and these are further subdivided into several facies and members. The Hazleton Group accumulated in a nonmarine and
marine basin, the Hazelton Trough, and, in the central Nilkitkwa Depression, up to 4200 m of marine volcanics and sediments accumulated. Intermittent but pervasive volcanism characterizes the group; transgressions and regressions throughout Hazelton time are recorded along the flanks of the trough;
and subsidence by graben faulting in the Nilkitkwa Depression and en bloc movements of the entire trough persisted. The Hazelton Trough is one of several Early Jurassic basins of deposition in the Canadian Cordillera, which, with the exception of the Vancouver Basin, are still in their original
positions relative to each other. In this report detailed information is rovided on the stratigraphy, paleontology, volcanic chemistry and physical characteristics, history, and paleogeography of the Hazelton Group.
Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 Modulates Behavioral Effects of Ethanol
Authors: Lynch Laurie J. , Sullivan Katherine A. , Vallender Eric J. , Rowlett James K. , Platt Donna M. , Miller Gregory M.
Published: June 2013

Background

Few treatment options for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) exist and more are critically needed. Here, we assessed whether trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a modulator of brain monoamine systems, is involved in the behavioral and reinforcement-related effects of ethanol and whether it could potentially serve as a therapeutic target.

Methods

Wild-type (WT) and TAAR1 knockout (KO) mice (75% C57J/BL6 and 25% 129S1/Sv background) were compared in tests of ethanol consumption (two-bottle choice [TBC]), motor impairment (loss of righting reflex, [LORR], locomotor activity) and ethanol clearance (blood ethanol level [BEL]).

Results

As compared with WT mice, KO mice displayed (1) significantly greater preference for and consumption of ethanol in a TBC paradigm (3%–11% vol/vol escalating over 10 weeks), with no significant difference observed in TBC with sucrose (1%–3%); (2) significantly greater sedative-like effects of acute ethanol (2.0 or 2.5 g/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) manifested as LORR observed at a lower dose and for longer time, with similar BELs and rates of ethanol clearance; and (3) lower cumulative locomotor activity over 60 minutes in response to an acute ethanol challenge (1.0–2.5 g/kg, i.p.).

Conclusions

The present findings are the first to implicate TAAR1 in the behavioral and reinforcement-related effects of ethanol and raise the question of whether specific drugs that target TAAR1 could potentially reduce alcohol consumption in humans with AUDs.
A Stepped Wedge, Cluster-Randomized Trial of a Household UV-Disinfection and Safe Storage Drinking Water Intervention in Rural Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Gruber Joshua S. , Reygadas Fermin , Arnold Benjamin F. , Ray Isha , Nelson Kara , Colford John M.
Published: June 2013

In collaboration with a local non-profit organization, this study evaluated the expansion of a program that promoted and installed Mesita Azul, an ultraviolet-disinfection system designed to treat household drinking water in rural Mexico. We conducted a 15-month, cluster-randomized stepped wedge trial by randomizing the order in which 24 communities (444 households) received the intervention. We measured primary outcomes (water contamination and diarrhea) during seven household visits. The intervention increased the percentage of households with access to treated and safely stored drinking water (23–62%), and reduced the percentage of households with Escherichia coli contaminated drinking water (risk difference (RD): −19% [95% CI: −27%, −14%]). No significant reduction in diarrhea was observed (RD: −0.1% [95% CI: −1.1%, 0.9%]). We conclude that household water quality improvements measured in this study justify future promotion of the Mesita Azul, and that future studies to measure its health impact would be valuable if conducted in populations with higher diarrhea prevalence.
Childhood, Responsibility and the Liberal Loophole: Replaying the Sex-Wars in Debates on Sexualisation?
Authors: Duschinsky Robbie
Published: June 2013

Feminist media discourses on ‘sexualisation’ have set out a critique of sexist cultural forms in contemporary society, using the figure of the ‘girl’ to show how women are socialised in harmful ways. This is an ingenious move – discussing the interplay between sexism and commercialism through discourse on minors can circumvent retorts to feminist claims about the harms of sexist culture that ‘well, that's her choice’. Yet such discourses also necessarily render morally problematic any expression of sexuality or desire for the female subject under discussion, since the ‘girl’ is understood as prior to sexual consent. Debating sexism over the bodies of ‘girls’ therefore has had the unintended consequence of generating a replay of the ‘sex wars’, a debate between different feminist camps over whether consent can be meaningful. The terrain of debates on sexualisation has also facilitated coalitions between feminist discourses and a conservative policy agenda.