bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empire of Memory: Overseas British War Cemeteries, 1917–1983
Authors: Edwards Sam
Published: October 2018

This article examines how a post-1918 Edwardian commemorative aesthetic focused on the “English Garden” was deployed in the later twentieth century as a means to establish an “informal” Empire of memory. The result is an architectural irony and a landscape at odds with the moment that made it: the post-1945 cemeteries of the Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC) expanded the now defunct Empire’s commemorative possessions just as the actual deeds to land were surrendered. The one exception to this story of contemporaneous political withdrawal and commemorative appropriation nonetheless proves the broader point. For after the bloody imperial war fought in the South Atlantic in 1982 the Commission, at the behest of the British government, built its first and last post-1945 overseas war cemetery. And just as had been the case sixty years earlier, the form and style of this cemetery ensured it became the last outpost of an Edwardian Empire of memory.
The larvae of Rhyacophila tsurakiana Malicky 1984, Rhyacophila gudrunae Malicky 1972, and Rhyacophila biegelmeieri Malicky 1984, including an update for the larval key to the Greek species of genus Rhyacophila Stephens 1836 (Rhyacophilidae, Trichoptera)
Authors: WARINGER JOHANN , KARAOUZAS IOANNIS , MALICKY HANS
Published: October 2018

Based on adults, mature pupae, and larvae sampled at the same sites on mainland Greece and on the Greek islands of Kerkyra (Corfu) and Crete, the previously unknown larval stages of Rhyacophila tsurakiana Malicky 1984, R. gudrunae Malicky 1972, and R. biegelmeieri Malicky 1984 could be associated and identified. This material enabled us to describe and illustrate the final instar larvae of these three species, and to extract reliable diagnostic characters updating the existing larval key to the Greek species of genus Rhyacophila Stephens 1836 (Karaouzas et.al. 2015). In the context of this key, R. tsurakiana (together with R. tristis Pictet 1834 and R. obtusa Klapálek 1894) lacks abdominal gills; the three species can be separated by the shape of the dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment IX and by anal proleg morphology. Rhyacophila gudrunae is the only Greek species so far where larvae are fitted with one four-filament gill on each body side of the abdomen. Finally, R. biegelmeieri has one tufted multifilament gill on each body side and can be separated from four other species sharing this gill morphology by coloration patterns and head widths; however, separation from R. nubila Zetterstedt 1840 and R. palmeni McLachlan 1879 is not yet possible. Rhyacophila tsurakiana and R. biegelmeieri are large-scale endemic caddisfly species of European Ecoregion 6 (Hellenic Western Balkan), whereas R. gudrunae is a micro-endemic species of this region and restricted to the island of Crete (Malicky 2005b; Graf et al. 2008).
Mechanisms and Early Warning of Drought Disasters: Experimental Drought Meteorology Research over China
Authors: Li Yaohui , Yuan Xing , Zhang Hongsheng , Wang Runyuan , Wang Chenghai , Meng Xianhong , Zhang Zhiqiang , Wang Shanshan , Yang Yang , Han Bo , Zhang Kai , Wang Xiaoping , Zhao Hong , Zhou Guangsheng , Zhang Qiang , He Qing , Guo Ni , Hou Wei , Zhang Cunjie , Xiao Guoju , Sun Xuying , Yue Ping , Sha Sha , Wang Heling , Zhang Tiejun , Wang Jinsong , Yao Yubi
Published: October 2018

A major experimental drought research project entitled “Mechanisms and Early Warning of Drought Disasters over Northern China” (DroughtEX_China) was launched by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China in 2015. The objective of DroughtEX_China is to investigate drought disaster mechanisms and provide early-warning information via multisource observations and multiscale modeling. Since the implementation of DroughtEX_China, a comprehensive V-shape in situ observation network has been established to integrate different observational experiment systems for different landscapes, including crops in northern China. In this article, we introduce the experimental area, observational network configuration, ground- and air-based observing/testing facilities, implementation scheme, and data management procedures and sharing policy. The preliminary observational and numerical experimental results show that the following are important processes for understanding and modeling drought disasters over arid and semiarid regions: 1) the soil water vapor–heat interactions that affect surface soil moisture variability, 2) the effect of intermittent turbulence on boundary layer energy exchange, 3) the drought–albedo feedback, and 4) the transition from stomatal to nonstomatal control of plant photosynthesis with increasing drought severity. A prototype of a drought monitoring and forecasting system developed from coupled hydroclimate prediction models and an integrated multisource drought information platform is also briefly introduced. DroughtEX_China lasted for four years (i.e., 2015–18) and its implementation now provides regional drought monitoring and forecasting, risk assessment information, and a multisource data-sharing platform for drought adaptation over northern China, contributing to the global drought information system (GDIS).
On the Challenge for ENSO Cycle Prediction: An Example from NCEP Climate Forecast System, Version 2
Authors: Hu Zeng-Zhen , Kumar Arun , Zhu Jieshun , Peng Peitao , Huang Bohua
Published: October 2018

This work demonstrates the influence of the initial amplitude of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) following its evolutionary phase on the forecast skill of ENSO in retrospective predictions of the Climate Forecast System, version 2. It is noted that the prediction skill varies with the phase of the ENSO cycle. The averaged skill (linear correlation) of Niño-3.4 index is in a range of 0.15–0.55 for the amplitude of Niño-3.4 index smaller than 0.5°C (e.g., initial phase or neutral condition of ENSO), and 0.74–0.93 for the amplitude larger than 0.5°C (e.g., mature condition of ENSO) for 0–6-month lead predictions. The dependence of the prediction skills of ENSO on its phase is linked to the variation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This variation is found to be mainly due to the changes in the amplitude of the signal (prediction of the ensemble mean) during different phases of the ENSO cycle, as the noise (forecast spread among the ensemble members), both in the Niño-3.4 region and the whole Pacific, does not depend much on the Niño-3.4 amplitude. It is also shown that the spatial pattern of unpredictable noise in the Pacific is similar to the predictable signal. These results imply that skillful prediction of the ENSO cycle, either at the initial time of an event or during the transition phase of the ENSO cycle, when the anomaly signal is weak and the SNR is small, is an inherent challenge.
A national survey of specimen contamination in the UK
Authors: Logie James J , Chaloner Christopher
Published: October 2018

Background

Specimen contamination that goes unnoticed can have many adverse consequences for patients including inappropriate investigations or treatment decisions based on erroneous results. Little is known about UK laboratory practices relating to specimen contamination; therefore, this national survey aimed to gather valuable baseline data.

Methods

An electronic survey consisting of 26 questions was designed to obtain key information relating to specimen contamination including its frequency, how it is identified by laboratories and actions taken in event of confirmed contamination. The survey was circulated to Heads of Departments of all NHS laboratories in the UK.

Results

Fifty-two responses (15%) were received from 353 laboratories surveyed. Recording and extracting specimen contamination data from laboratory IT systems appear to be a challenge for many laboratories. There is potentially a lack of awareness of correct order of draw for venous blood collection which is a factor known to contribute to contamination. There is wide variation in contamination rates (EDTA, citrate and drip arm), and the methods laboratories use to identify it which often rely on professional judgement. Similarly, there is little consensus among senior laboratory professionals on how best to report results on contaminated samples, and record events in risk management systems.

Conclusions

There is a need for greater consensus on laboratories’ approach to specimen contamination, particularly around mechanisms to identify and monitor it, and follow up actions. We make several recommendations to facilitate improvements it this area; however, there is a need to develop consensus guidelines which can aid both clinicians and laboratories.
Time’s up! Feminist theory and activism meets organization studies
Authors: Bell Emma , Meriläinen Susan , Taylor Scott , Tienari Janne
Published: October 2018

Feminism is a long established, often neglected empirical and theoretical presence in the study of organizations and social relations at work. This special issue provides a space for research that focuses on contemporary feminist practice and theory. We suggest that now is a new time for feminism, noting very recent examples of sexist oppression in social relations to illustrate why this rejuvenation is happening now. We then reflect on the process of knowledge production involved in guest editorial work for an organization studies journal like Human Relations, to address the issue of why feminism is so poorly represented in the journals that our academic community constructs as prestigious. We suggest that feminism provides opportunities for distinctive practices of knowledge production that challenge the patriarchal social formations which characterize academic work. We conclude with speculations about the future of feminism in organization studies.
‘Does Africa not deserve shiny new cities?’ The power of seductive rhetoric around new cities in Africa
Authors: Côté-Roy Laurence , Moser Sarah
Published: October 2018

This paper explores the emerging new master-planned city-building trend on the African continent. Situating our research within urban policy mobilities literature, we investigate the ‘Africa rising’ narrative and representation of Africa as a ‘last development frontier’ and ‘last piece of cake’, an imaginary that provides fertile ground for the construction of new cities. Building upon research on the practices of ‘seduction’ that facilitate urban policy circulation, we argue for the relevance of critically examining elite stakeholder rhetoric to understand the relative ease with which the new city development model is being promoted in Africa. We investigate the enablers, advocates and boosters of new cities, represented mainly by states, corporations, non-profits and consultants to render visible the complex networks of relations and private interests that support and enable the creation and circulation of the new cities model in Africa. We also analyse the pervasive ‘right to development’ argument among African elites, which precludes criticism of new city ventures and circulates problematic assumptions about modernity and development. We conclude by discussing how stakeholder rhetoric limits the range of urban visions that are put into circulation and mobilized for Africa’s urban future.
A strengthening approach for damping property and shape memory property of acrylic rubber/polylactide blends
Authors: Li Chengliang , Ji Xingxing , Lyu Yang , Shi Xinyan
Published: October 2018

In this work, a damping material was successfully prepared by blending acrylic rubber (ACM) and polylactide (PLA) with sulfur and soap salt as the curing agents. A phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin was used as a modifier. The effects of PF on the mechanical properties, damping properties, compatibility and shape memory properties of the blends were studied. The compatibility and damping properties were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and microstructure analysis. The shape memory properties were examined by thermal mechanical analyser. The results revealed that the tensile strength of the blends was decreased and the toughness was increased with the increase of PF loadings. The introduction of PF improved the compatibility between PLA and ACM, which was deduced from the fact that the glass transition temperature of ACM was increased and the two loss factor peaks became closer. It was also found that the loss factor peak became higher and the effective damping temperature range became wider due to the formation of hydrogen bonding, implying that the damping properties of ACM/PLA blends were significantly improved. The ACM/PLA blends exhibited good dual-shape memory effect and its shape recovery ratio was increased by introduction of PF and raising the trigger temperature. The blends also exhibited good triple-shape memory property, which was dramatically improved by the introduction of PF. The mechanisms for the enhanced shape memory effects were then analysed.
Thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks in the Sichuan basin, Southwest China
Authors: Tang Boning , Zhu Chuanqing , Xu Ming , Chen Tiange , Hu Shengbiao
Published: October 2018

The optical scanning method was adopted to measure the thermal conductivities of 418 drill-core samples from 30 boreholes in Sichuan basin. All the measured thermal conductivities mainly range from 2.00 to 4.00 W/m K with a mean of 2.85 W/m K. For clastic rocks, the mean thermal conductivities of sandstone, mudstone, and shale are 3.06 ± 0.73, 2.57 ± 0.42, and 2.48 ± 0.33 W/m K, respectively; for carbonate rocks, the mean thermal conductivities of limestone and dolomite are 2.53 ± 0.44 and 3.55 ± 0.71 W/m K, respectively; for gypsum rocks, the mean thermal conductivity is 3.60 ± 0.64 W/m K. The thermal conductivities of sandstone and mudstone increase with burial depth and stratigraphic age, but this trend is not obvious for limestone and dolomite. Compared with other basins, the thermal conductivities of sandstone and mudstone in Sichuan basin are distinctly higher, while the thermal conductivities of limestone are close to Tarim basin. The content of mineral composition such as quartz is the principal factor that results in thermal conductivity of rocks differing from normal value. In situ thermal conductivity of sandstones was corrected with the consideration of water saturation. Finally, a thermal conductivity column of sedimentary formation of the Sichuan basin was given out, which can provide thermal conductivity references for the research of deep geothermal field and lithospheric thermal structure in the basin.
The Dark Side of Interorganizational Relationships: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Oliveira Nuno , Lumineau Fabrice
Published: October 2018

Scholars across management fields have paid increasing attention to the dark side of interorganizational relationships. We first summarize the concept of the “dark side” and its manifestations in interorganizational relationships. We then map the main findings on the antecedents, consequences, and moderating factors of the dark-side manifestations. We relate research gaps to opportunities in our integrative framework. Furthermore, we present a research agenda to advance theory on the manifestation characteristics, the entities and their motivations, the temporality issues, and the positive outcomes of dark-side manifestations.
Questioning New Materialisms: An Introduction
Authors: Devellennes Charles , Dillet Benoît
Published: October 2018

New materialists have challenged our thinking about matter in important and meaningful ways. Building a critique of the work of Diana Coole, Samantha Frost, and Jane Bennett, this article introduces a special section which challenges the direction of their work in a constructive manner. We provide a four-fold critical appraisal here: of the historical, posthumanist, technological and emancipatory facets of the new materialisms. Our central claim is that the new materialisms are plural and that they need to be understood in a wider sense than is claimed in much of the literature. This article addresses the question: to what extent can a pluralism of new materialisms be compatible with the radical and emancipatory agenda of its founding theorists? Our answer is that it is not only possible to achieve such radical emancipation, but also necessary to address these concerns.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, Prostatic Cancer and Preneoplastic Lesions
Authors: Zattoni F.
Published: October 2018

Quite recently two dysplastic lesions have been found in prostatic tissue: atypical hyperplasia (AH), found in the periurethral zone, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), present in the peripheral zone of the prostate. These lesions are likely to be considered as preneoplastic lesions. Theoretically they could be interpreted as the link between normal prostatic tissue and the cancer. It has also been suggested that BPH possibly contributes to the carcinogenetic process due to the demonstrated modifications occuring in the hyperplastic gland.
Clinical Considerations on Phimosis in Pediatric Age
Authors: Senaldi S. , Larcher P.
Published: October 2018

Circumcision and phimosis are recognised as preventive or favourable factors of penial cancer. Retrospective studies carried out on babies have demonstrated that neonatal circumcision can reduce the frequency of urinary tract infection by around 90%. Circumcision could avoid the colonisation of the genitals by E. Coli strains that colonise obstetric wards and nurseries. The alternative to circumcision is greater contact between the mother and baby after birth in order to aid colonisation of the baby by the mother's intestinal flora against which newborns have passive immunity.
Topical Epirubicin as Treatment of in Situ Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Pegoraro G. , Bondavalli C. , Dall'Oglio B. , Schiavon L. , Luciano M. , Parma A.
Published: October 2018

15 patients with primitive carcinoma in situ of the bladder were administered 50 mg/week of Epirubicin; 14 responded to this control therapy with negative urinary cytology and biopsies within an average of 25.6 months. After an average follow up of 47.7 months, 8 out of the 15 patients are still in a state of complete remission, 1 has a recurrent grade 3 carcinoma, 5 are in progression (3 T1 and 2 T2) and 1 has a grade 2 Ta recurrence. 3 patients died from the disease.
Diagnostic Value of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (Pap) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (Psa) in Patients with Prostatic Cancer
Authors: Zambolin T. , Tralce L. , Cozzoli A. , Frego E. , Simeone C. , De Luca V. , Da Pozzo G.P. , Pagani F. , Panteghini M. , Cunico S. Cosciani
Published: October 2018

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and specific prostatic antigen (PSA) in the serum of patients with prostatic carcinoma were determined and their clinical value compared. 128 patients were examined, 60 (46.9%) of whom had prostatic carcinoma (4 in stage T2, 27 in T3 and 29 in T4) and 68 with benign prostatic pathology. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were plotted from resulting data and the underlying areas calculated to evaluate the clinical accuracy of the two markers. The area for PSA (0.90 +/-0.03) was significantly greater than that for PAP (0.71 +/-0.05), showing that PSA was better at detecting patients with or without prostatic carcinoma. Maximum clinical accuracy was 0.883 obtained with discriminating values of 0.8 U/L for PAP and 10 ug/L for PSA, confirming the superiority of PSA. However, PAP determination using thymolphthalein monophosphate as the specific substrate for the prostatic isoenzyme, showed greater clinical specificity (98.5%) so that association of the two markers made it possible to eliminate false positive results. In conclusion, results suggest the possibility of using PSA for diagnosing prostatic carcinoma in a selected high risk population. However, the simplicity of the method used for determining PAP and the greater clinical specificity of PAP and PSA combined, suggest determining both parameters for diagnostic purposes.
Report On: “Renal Carcinoma Today”. Introduction
Authors: Guazzieri S.
Published: October 2018

Among urological tumors, renal carcinoma (CRP) is one of the most frequent. Unlike other cancers, clear therapeutic and prognostic progress has not yet been made. We are looking for adjuvant therapy to surgery, the latter giving the only real possibility of cure although strictly tied to a confined disease.
Renal Insufficiency and Kidney Tumor
Authors: Meneguolo M. , De Silvestro L.
Published: October 2018

The Authors describe the correlations between renal insufficiency, dialysis, acquired renal cysts and parenchymal carcinoma of the kidney. After description of the incidence and correlations between this disease and dialysis they present their casuistry and conclusions.
Our Experience in Conservative Treatment
Authors: Fandella A. , Merlo F. , Maccatrozzo L. , Anselmo G.
Published: October 2018

From January 1983 to September 1992 conservative surgery was performed for renal tumors in 29 patients with renal cell carcinoma; bilateral neoplasia (8 patients), anatomical or functional solitary kidney (13 patients) and 8 patients with a contralateral healthy kidney (small, incidental, unique renale neoplasm). We performed partial nephrectomy with excision of a margin of normal tissue for oncological safety rather than enucleation. In our series we especially studied renal function by radionuclide imaging, in those with a follow-up of over 12 months. 23 patients are alive with stable renal function and no evidence of malignancy. Recently we have tried to utilize flow cytometry as an intra-operative test to obtain the result of this test at the same time as the intra-operative pathological examination, so as to have more elements for deciding on conservative surgery. Pre-intra-operative cytometric knowledge could be the new criterion for a well-considered decision between radical or conservative procedures.
Primary Renal Leiomyosarcoma - Case Report
Authors: Kyriakopoulos M. , Stathopoulos P. , Lyra D. , Kourti A. , Georgiadis P.
Published: October 2018

The case of a 51-year-old white woman with primary leiomyosarcoma of the kidney is presented in this article. On this occasion, we describe the etiology and pathogenesis of this rare disease and discuss the basic therapeutic principles which include radical nephrectomy or radiation therapy.
Spinal Superselective Anaesthesia for the Surgical Correction of Varicocele
Authors: Veneziani A. , Bellesi P. , Matera D. , Mazzaccheri F. , Santagostino G. , Tonelli M.V. , Tulli G.
Published: October 2018

Taking advantage of previous anaesthesiological experience in short-medium-term surgery, the Authors employed spinal superselective anaesthesia (SSA) for varicocelectomy. SSA consists of an intrathecal block limited to the surgical field, using small doses of local anaesthetic and a special sharp spinal needle with an atraumatic point. Common problems of spinal anaesthesia (haemodynamic instability, generalized motor block, slow recovery of walking and micturition) and post-spinal headache are thus reduced. On 30 patients, SSA confirmed its validity: excellent analgesia and surgical myoresolution, limited extension of sympathetic block and near absence of contralateral motor block, quick recovery of walking and micturition. Considering the total absence of side effects, SSA seems an ideal technique for this type of surgery, which can also be performed on an outpatient basis.
Epidermoid Cysts of the Testis: Report of a Case and Rationale for Management
Authors: Mori L. , Azzaro F. , Benelli R. , Rubino F.
Published: October 2018

Epidermoid cysts are about 1 % of all testicular tumours. The Authors report a case observed at their Urological Department and justify the choice of radical surgical treatment due to the possible malignancy of the lesion, which could not be ascertained through the diagnostic means available; overall the Authors analyse critically the rationale for conservative surgical management.
The Limits of Morphology in the Diagnosis of Bladder Tumours
Authors: Ravetto C.
Published: October 2018

In spite of long-standing experience by pathologists, morphologic criteria in the diagnosis of urothelial cancer are still too subjective in daily practice. Low inter and intraobserver reproducibility are the major problems in the grading of papillary cancer together with the definition of early stromal invasion. More strict morphologic criteria are needed to ensure clinical relevance of the histo-cytological parameters in bladder pathology.
Prognostic Value of Flow Cytometry in Bladder Tumours
Authors: Grassi D. , De Siati M. , Franzolin N.
Published: October 2018

During this last decade, flow cytometry (FCM) has been widely investigated and employed in assessing the DNA content of bladder tumours. The prognostic value of FCM is recognised by the majority of investigators, above all when it concerns superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The determination of ploidy and the degree of aneuploidy seem to offer valuable prognostic information. The Authors have reviewed Literature on this subject, identifying three different categories of studies that analyse the relation of FCM to cytohystological characterisation, to the clinical behaviour of the tumours and to the patients’ survival.
Flow Cytometry in Bladder Tumours: Our Experience
Authors: De Siati M. , Grassi D. , Franzolin N. , Marchioretto F. , Azzolina L.S.
Published: October 2018

From January 1992 to January 1993, specimens from bladder tumours of 75 patients were analyzed by cytometry (FCM). Our data show a good correlation between tumour stage and grade, and tumour ploidy. Furthermore, aneuploid tumours showed progression more often than diploid tumours. A larger number of patients admitted to the study and a more prolonged period of follow-up will be necessary to confirm our initial data and to investigate whether a correlation exists between FCM and tumour progression and patient survival.
Flow Cytometry Analysis in Voided Urine of Patients with Bladder Cancer
Authors: Lotto A. , Carluccio G. , Calisti A. , Disperati A. , Capuzzo E. , Terenziani O.
Published: October 2018

Flow cytometry is known to be able to give a quantitative evaluation of the DNA of cellular populations (grade of ploidy), as well as to estimate the percentages of phases (S + G2M) providing useful information about the pathology in question and its aggressivity. This method has been applied in diagnosing patients with bladder cancer, using their voided urine and comparing with urine cytology. Our data, from 59 patients, indicate flow cytometry utility in diagnosing bladder cancer; in fact there is an excellent correlation between the urinary cytology and the DNA content in cytometry which increases in higher grade bladder cancer. The sensitivity of CFM is in the range of 92% to 94%, and is superior to that of conventional voided urine cytology (range 64% to 84%). It is felt that cytofluorometric analysis permits a reliable evaluation of voided urine, not only at first diagnosis, but especially during follow-up.
Indications for Performing Organ Conserving Operations in Renal Tumour Cases in the Age of Radical Surgery
Authors: Magasi P. , Karsza A. , Fekete F.
Published: October 2018

The authors analyse 29 operations of malignant renal tumours performed during the last 10 years, where the organs were preserved. In 20 cases conservation of the organ was indicated by necessity due to disease or lack of the contralateral kidney, and in 9 cases due to a small extension of the tumour. The authors report their experience in preoperative examinations; they discuss some surgical techniques and describe their system of patient control. Based upon their experience, conservation of the organ is indicated in those cases where radical surgical removal is possible.
Ballistic Lithotripsy in Renal and Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Zattoni F. , Andretta E. , Dal Bianco M. , Vianello F. , Meggiolaro V. , Baldan M.
Published: October 2018

Preliminary experience using Lithoclast EMS, an intracorporeal lithotriptor, in renal (9 cases) and ureteral (6 cases) stones is presented. Fragmentation of the stones, including cystine and mono-hydrate calcium stones, was effective in the kidney as well as in the ureter. Cost/benefit ratio appeared to be to great advantage.
Pulsating Nd-Yag Laser for Treatment of Ureteral Calculi
Authors: Karsza A. , Kardos R. , Kovács G. , Magasi P.
Published: October 2018

The authors report their experience with the laser smashing of 105 ureteral calculi between Sept. 1 1989 and Sept. 30 1992. Applying the pulsating Nd-Yag laser through a ureteroscope as a monotherapy, they have obtained good results in 83% of the cases. Using complementary methods in addition, the successful elimination of calculi was 95%. The possible complications are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different energy sources used for smashing the calculi are compared. On the basis of their results, the Authors consider that endoscopic treatment of ureteral calculi may be indicated even in the era of extracorporeal stone-smashing. They stress that endoscopic operations are only preferable compared to ESWL-treatment if all indispensable devices are available: energy sources and thin, flexible devices for energy conduction. Among them — literature confirms it — laser-energy is the most expedient and least invasive. Laser was first applied for smashing ureteral calculi in Hungary.
Prognostic Factors in Renal Cancer
Authors: Pescatore D. , Calvi P. , Bruno P. , Armela P. , Questa F.
Published: October 2018

Between January 1983 and December 1991, 70 patients with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy in the Dept. of Urology of the Ospedale Civile di Sanremo. Survival was evaluated with regard to age and sex of pts., site of the neoplasm (polar or midrenal), side, size, cell pattern, grading and pathologic staging. The statistical significance was studied for each of these data. Data are homogeneous due to use of the same surgical technique (trans or thoracoabdominal access, preliminary ligation and division of renal vessels, removal of the kidney with its peri-renal fat, Gerota's fascia and the ipsilateral adrenal gland, extended lymphadenectomy). All operations were performed by the same surgeon.
Report on: “Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Problems” - Introduction
Authors: Fiaccavento G.
Published: October 2018

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is widespread among the male population and its frequency increases with age. Anatomo-pathological lesions do not always correspond to clinical manifestation of the disease. Some of the most controversial points in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach are discussed.
Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Critical Assessment of our Experience
Authors: Belmonte P. , Zucconelli R.
Published: October 2018

Surgery is the ideal treatment in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). TURP is the most common: 90% of the 400,000 prostatectomies performed each year in the USA for BPH, are by transurethral approach and 10% by traditional surgical approach. From January 1992 to December 1993 the authors treated 267 patients for symptomatic BPH (72 TUIP, 117 TURP, 78 adenectomies). Response to treatment was checked with uroflowmetry and subjective evaluation of symptoms. 195 patients could be evaluated (51 TUIP, 85 TURP, 59 adenectomies). Obstructive symptoms persisted in 38 patients (19.4%) and uroflowmetry was pathological in just 15 (7.7%). The cause in most cases was related to post-surgery complications, which were comparable to those reported in literature. Irritative symptoms upon removal of the obstruction persisted in 36 patients (18.4%). These apparent failures of surgical therapy are critically discussed.
Physical treatment and physical-drugs treatment of induratio penis plastica: Orgotein versus defibrotide versus only physical treatment. Our experience
Authors: Ruggieri M. , Vicini D. , Mirando P. , Franceschetti G.P. , Sali C. , Picchio G.L. , Marandola P. , Cocilovo L.
Published: October 2018

Medical treatment of Induratio Penis Plastica consists of oral vitamin E and anti-inflammatory drugs in iontophoretic laser and ultrasonic treatment. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy between iontophoretic, laser and ultrasonic treatment (physical treatment) and the same treatment plus orgotein and defibrotide. 10 patients undergoing only physical treatment, and 10 patients with orgotein or defibrotide. Iontophoretic, laser and ultrasonic treatment alone is not sufficient for pain to disappear. The association of an inexpensive drug, such as defibrotide, is necessary.
Transrectal Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Prostatic Carcinoma: Our Study on 365 Patients
Authors: Calò M. , Malavolti I. , Cuscianna G. , Baldari F. , Pollastri C.A. , Galizia G. , Ferrari P.
Published: October 2018

To evaluate the usefulness of transrectal ultrasound associated with needle biopsy of the prostate, 365 patients, with age ranging between 50 and 80 years, were studied for a total of 412 biopsies; the ultrasound exam was performed when the clinical or the prostate specific antigen findings were pathological. Our experience confirms the high sensitivity and specificity of transrectal ultrasonography in detecting prostate cancer. It is our opinion that all the patients with positive or negative digital rectal examination but altered prostatic specific antigen or clinical exam should undergo transrectal ultrasonography associated with needle biopsy. The elevated operability of the studied patients shows the capability of ultrasound to detect the pathology in the early stages and its value in screening diagnosis should therefore be considered.
Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Urethrovesical Anastomosis in the Early Post-radical Prostatectomy Patient
Authors: Bordinazzo R. , Benecchi L. , Vercesi A. , Privitera O.
Published: October 2018

— It is possible that the advent of more aggressive surgical approaches to carcinoma of the prostate, including neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, will lead to a higher incidence of pelvic recurrence rates in coming years. A method of sequentially monitoring the region of the urethrovesical anastomosis for early recurrence that is more accurate than digital rectal examination is required. Transrectal ultrasound is an established technique for the preoperative assessment of prostate cancer. It has also been used postoperatively to guide a biopsy needle into palpably suspicious areas of the urethrovesical junction or for random biopsies in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels. However, the sonographic anatomy of the postoperative urethrovesical junction has seldom previously been described. In this prospective study we analyse the transrectal sonographic characteristics of the neoanatomy in 20 patients, all within 3 months following surgery for clinically intracapsular disease. We describe features of the neoanatomy, such as anterior tissue nodules and anastomotic rings. Because of distinct variations in the neoanatomy of different patients we recommend early postoperative transrectal biplanar sonography to establish a baseline image for each individual case. This would be useful for later comparison and may prevent a false positive scan on subsequent follow-up studies.
The Margins
Authors: Graziotti P. , Losa A. , Belussi D. , Chinaglia D. , Lembo A.
Published: October 2018

The gradual increase in indications for radical prostatectomy over these last few years has focussed attention on the issue of surgical margin positivity. In terms of prognosis, a positive surgical margin is comparable to lymph node positivity. The routine adoption of the most advanced anatomo-histological methods has increased our 17.5% of positive surgical margins to 30.2% despite surgical indication having become increasingly more rigid. In addition, more precise preoperative staging by echo-guided biopsy of the seminal vesicles and of periprostatic spaces, has allowed patients with positive lymph nodes to be reduced to just over 1%.
Effects of Hormonal Neoadjuvant Treatment in Radical Prostatectomized Patients: A Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Martorana G. , Bertaccini A. , Faccioli S. , Chieco P. , Carparelli F. , Grigioni W.F. , D'Errico A.
Published: October 2018

Twenty-five patients with prostatic cancer who, for varying reasons, underwent different neoadjuvant treatment before radical prostatectomy were studied retrospectively. Pre- and post-hormonal specimens were compared in 10 of these patients (so-called “reference group”). Another 10 patients (so-called “control-group”) were assessed, who were cross-matched for pathological staging, grading and age with the reference group but had no neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. There was a significant morphological cyto-histological regression in all patients on hormonal neoadjuvant therapy for at least 2 months, despite the fact that it was impossible to show a real down-staging, even if the percentage of pathologically confirmed clinical intracapsular stages rose from 53 to 63% in these cases. No significant difference was observed in the grading or the Gleason score between patients who underwent hormonal therapy and those who did not. Nor were there significant differences regarding operation times and intraoperative transfusion. A marked reduction in the proliferative acitivity of the neoplasms was shown, using Ki-67, in the reference group. There were no other significant differences in proliferative activity, ploidy, index of heteroploidy and hyperexpression of p53 between the two groups. Two patients in the reference group, who were p53 negative, became positive after one month of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment.
Bilateral Cryptorchidism without Palpable Gonads in the Newborn. Gender Assignment
Authors: Pozzan G.B. , Rigon F. , Girotto S. , Greggio N.A.
Published: October 2018

After an analysis of the endocrine factors which contribute to testis descent, guidelines are given for gender assignment in newborn with bilateral cryptorchidism, with or without ambiguous external genitalia.
Fertility in Ex-Cryptorchids: Study of 159 Cases
Authors: Milani C. , Bettella A. , Ferlint A. , Oliva G. , Aragona F. , Pizzol L. , Foresta C.
Published: October 2018

The Authors report their experience in the fertility evaluation of 159 men who underwent, during childhood, orchiopexy for cryptorchidism. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 67 patients out of 442 subjected to orchiopexy between 1975 and 1983. Group B consisted of 92 patients out of 1052 evaluated for infertility. All patients were evaluated by semen analysis, testis ultrasound, FSH, LH, Testosterone. The percentage of normospermic patients in Group A was 51.7% and in Group B 14.7% (p < 0.001). When bilateral cryptorchidism was present the percentage of semen anomalies was very high: 16.6% and 40% of azoospermia in Group A and B respectively. In patients with monolateral cryptorchidism the mean testicular volume of the undescended testis is significantly lower than the contralateral one. This latter fact only is related to sperm concentration and is inversely proportional to FSH value. In monolateral cryptorchidism the sperm concentration seems to be unrelated to previous treatment (orchiopexy vs orchiectomy). Even if the Authors cannot exclude the possibility of testicular damage due to late treatment, they point out the possibility of a primary testicular anomaly. The involvement of the contralateral normally-descended testis seems to confirm this possibility which needs, however, to be confirmed through a structural study.
Cryptorchidism: Our Experience
Authors: Santacatterina U. , Ferrarese P. , Bragato F. , Serra F. , Bargelloni U.
Published: October 2018

Riassunto — The Authors report on the case histories and results of orchiopexy in a selected group of 143 patients with cryptorchidism. The methods of treatment and the results are analysed. Subjecting patients to orchiopexy before 2 years of age in order to Preserve fertility and avoid neoplastic development is still a controversial subject.
Ejaculation Disorders: Our Experience
Authors: Piediferro G. , Russo A. , Crimi A. , Luciano G.
Published: October 2018

Over a 12-year period the authors have studied 132 patients with premature primitive ejaculation treated with metoclopramide, fluoxetine and/or sexual techniques and kinesitherapy. Best and lasting results were achieved with an association of serotonergic drug (fluoxetine) with sexual and kinesitherapy (84.62%). Fifty-two patients with hemospermia were studied and 63.5% were found to have an infection of the urogenital tract, idiopathic in 15%. The proportion and persistence of hemospermia in some cases would not suggest that this be considered a minor andrological symptom. The authors have also studied 82 painful ejaculations, 6 retrograde ejaculations and 8 anejaculations.
Association between Hla-Class Ii Antigens and Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Amirghofran Z. , Khezri A. , Mohammadi S.
Published: October 2018

A possible association between transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and HLA-class II antigens (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) in a group of patients with TCC were investigated. DR2, DR4 and DQw3 with allelic frequencies of 33.3%, 53.3% and 50% respectively were the most common antigens expressed in patients. In the control group the highest frequencies belonged to DR2, DR4 and DQw2 antigens. We found a significant difference in the frequency of HLA-DQw3 between patient and control groups. No significant differences were found at DR loci.
Infiltrating Bladder Cancer: Our Cases
Authors: Sercia F.
Published: October 2018

The cases of infiltrating bladder cancer seen in the Urology Unit of the Hospital of Noale from 1988 to today are presented. Of the 120 patients observed, 53 underwent radical cystectomy, whilst 67 had conservative treatment. The latter treatment gave a survival rate of 37% and radical cystectomy, 68%. Survival was influenced by the stage of the tumour and the presence of lymph node metastasis. The complications observed after radical cystectomy are reported. Survival data may be compared to those found in international literature.
Electrorenogram: Recording of Electric Waves from the Canine Kidney
Authors: Shafik A.
Published: October 2018

Electrical activity of the renal parenchyma was studied aiming at characterizing an electrorenogram (ERG) for the normal kidney. The right kidney of 15 mongrel dogs was exposed through an oblique lumbar incision, and 3 electrodes were sutured to the renal capsule in the upper, middle and lower third of the kidney. Simultaneous transcutaneous recording of the renal electric waves was performed by applying another 3 electrodes to the skin of the loin. The effect of renal vessel clamping as well as of nephrectomy on the renal electrical activity was also tested. Electric waves were recorded from both the directly and transcutaneously applied electrodes. They each consisted of a negative followed by a positive deflection and had identical frequency and amplitude from all the electrodes, direct or transcutaneous, in the same animal. The transcutaneous waves have been validated by their similarity to the ones obtained from the directly implanted electrodes. Temporary renal vessel clamping did not affect the recorded activity except that the waves had lower frequency and amplitude than those before clamping. No electric waves were registered after nephrectomy. An ERG pattern could be identified for the normal kidney which might be deranged in various renal pathologic conditions. This study is preliminary, however, and further studies are needed on a large number of normal and pathologic kidneys.
Bowel Intussusception Caused by a Single Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis
Authors: Chertin B. , Feigin E. , Rivkin L , Reinus C. , Lernau O. , Farkas A.
Published: October 2018

A 70-year-old white woman presented with small bowel intussusception due to metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) acting as a leading point. The patient had undergone nephrectomy seven years previously. Metastatic work-up showed no additional metastases. Only three previously publicized cases of a similar kind were found. Intussusception brought about by a metastasis to the bowel wall is rare, but should be borne in mind.
Original Digital Technique to Isolate Santorini'S Plexus and Membranous Urethra during Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy and Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Strada G. , Dell'Orto P. , Gadda F. , Carmignani L. , Favini P. , Sala M. , Casellato S. , Rocco F.
Published: October 2018

The authors give the results obtained with their digital technique for isolating Santorini's plexus during radical retropubic cystectomy or radical prostatectomy. Objectives: to reduce bleeding during surgery; to respect anatomic structures; greater safety during resection of the urethra; to respect the neurovascular erectile bundles; to assess post-operative erection. This technique was used in 46 operations (32 cystectomies and 14 radical prostatectomies) between January 1997 and February 1998. Blood loss from the plexus was 150 ml max. Operating time was reduced by about 15 minutes. Although the number of cases is still small, this digital isolation technique can be considered safe, almost bloodless and should preserve erection in a higher percentage of patients compared to the “classic” nerve-sparing technique.
Treatment of Sexual Impairment and Erectile Failure with Arginine and Natural Supplies as Alternative to Sildenafil
Authors: Mantovani F. , Patelli E. , Colombo F.
Published: October 2018

Impairment of male sexual function is often associated with reduction in libido and can also occur at a relatively young age (30–50 years). In these cases pharmacological treatment may be clinically important. The effectiveness of the association L-arginine, fluid ginseng-guaranà and dried royal jelly was assessed. The choice of active ingredients was mainly based on their complete lack of side effects. A comparative double blind experimental model of research was used, patients being randomised into two groups. L-arginine HCL 2 g x 3 daily, dried royal jelly 200 mg, fluid ginseng 200 mg and guaranà 40 mg were given to 50 patients for two months. The other patients received a placebo. Clinical examination was repeated at monthly intervals. Treatment resulted in a significant improvement of the “libido intensity” symptom at the second and third control. An improvement in erectile maintenance was also noted at the third visit and, to a lesser extent, in all the other symptoms, whereas the placebo group showed non appreciable improvement. Results of this clinical study confirm the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy with arginine and natural supplies in young patients with impaired sexual function. There is also the interesting possibility of cyclic repetition of the treatment throughout the year in order to reinforce results and prevent a relapse.
Transurethral Endoscopic Resection in Day Hospital. Our Experience
Authors: Russo G.R. , Silimbani G. , Lorusso L , Gavioli C.
Published: October 2018

The experience of day surgery in 8 months of activity in our department is reported. Out of 95 cases of bladder tumour, 21 were selected according to certain specific and general characteristics and recommended for day surgery. Despite organisational difficulties, due to the distance between the place of operation and the ordinary in-patients ward and sometimes to patient dissatisfaction, from both an economic and organisational point of view we consider that the experience has not only been positive but should be increased.