bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Cold-Energy Loss of Long-Distance Sleeve-Type Insulated Pipe for High-Temperature Deep Mines
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Wang Wenlong , Yue Fengtian , Wei Jingsheng , Gao Tao , Wang Yangjie , Zhou Yang
Published: January 2025

As mining operations extend to greater depths, they encounter critical challenges, including increased distances and substantial energy losses. To address the challenges of cold-energy loss in deep mine cooling systems and improve the working environment for miners, a long-distance sleeve-type insulated pipe system was developed. This system aims to mitigate thermal energy loss caused by heat transfer between the pipe and surrounding soil throughout the water transport path from the source to the deep mine in boreholes. A heat transfer analysis model was developed to assess the impact of variables such as transport time, water flow rate, inlet temperature, and insulation materials on the temperature of cold water. The study reveals that the temperature of cold water increases rapidly during transportation before reaching a stable state. Implementing modifications such as increasing the inlet temperature, enhancing the water flow rate, or utilizing materials with lower thermal conductivity can effectively mitigate temperature rises. Additionally, the novel sleeve-type design enhanced the pipe’s pressure-bearing capacity, reduced the required pipe length by 4752 m and minimized energy loss compared to traditional systems. In practical applications, after 45 h, the supply and return water temperatures increased by 0.45 °C and 0.38 °C, respectively, while maintaining cooling energy loss below 12%. This innovative solution improves mine cooling efficiency and provides guidance to reduce cold-energy loss.
Accumulation of Nanoplastics in Biomphalaria glabrata Embryos and Transgenerational Developmental Effects
Authors: Martin Leisha , Armendarez Carly , Merrill Mackenzie , Huang Chi , Xu Wei
Published: January 2025

(1) Background: Nanoplastics are emerging environmental pollutants with potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms. This study investigates the toxicity of NPs in Biomphalaria glabrata, a freshwater snail species widely used as a bioindicator species in ecotoxicology studies.; (2) Methods: We exposed three generations (F0–F2) of B. glabrata snail embryos to different sizes of polystyrene nanoparticles and assessed responses.; (3) Results: We observed severe effects on F0 to F2 B. glabrata embryos, including size-dependent (30 to 500 nm) increases in mortality rates, size and dosage-dependent (1 to 100 ppm) effects on hatching rates with concentration-dependent toxicity in the 30 nm exposure group. The F2 generation embryos appear to be most responsive to detoxification (CYP450) and pollutant metabolism (HSP70) at 48-h-post-treatment (HPT), while our developmental marker (MATN1) was highly upregulated at 96-HPT. We also report a particle-size-dependent correlation in HSP70 and CYP450 mRNA expression, as well as enhanced upregulation in the offspring of exposed snails. We also observed significant reductions in hatching rates for F2.; (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that F2 generation embryos appear to exhibit increased stress from toxic substances inherited from their parents and grandparents (F1 and F0). This study provides valuable insights into the impact of plastic particulate pollution on multiple generations and highlights the importance of monitoring and mitigating plastic waste.
The Perception of Organic Food Characteristics and the Demographic and Social Profile of Consumers: A Study of the Polish Market
Authors: Grzywińska-Rąpca Małgorzata , Grzybowska-Brzezińska Mariola , Jakubowska Dominika , Banach Joanna Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between the perception of organic food characteristics and the demographic and social profile of consumers on the Polish market. The research focused on the general characteristics and features of plant and animal products offered on the organic food market compared to conventional food. The study was conducted on a sample of 1020 respondents from different regions of Poland using structural equation modelling, which allowed for the assessment of regression and covariance relationships between variables. The models allowed an in-depth assessment of the relationships between several variables and the identification of latent factors. The results of the study showed that demographic (gender and age) and economic (income and expenditure on organic food) characteristics of Polish consumers significantly influence consumer perceptions and preferences towards organic food. Women were more likely to emphasise the importance of sensory attributes (e.g., freshness and taste), while consumers with higher incomes appreciated the organic benefits of products, especially animal products (e.g., no preservatives or hormones). Surprisingly, education was not found to be a significant differentiator in the perception of organic products. The study also provided important insights for the producers and marketers of organic food, highlighting the need to differentiate marketing strategies according to the demographic and social profile of consumers.
Advancements in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis and Screening Through Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Giorgi Lucrezia , Nardelli Domiziana , Moffa Antonio , Iafrati Francesco , Di Giovanni Simone , Olszewska Ewa , Baptista Peter , Sabatino Lorenzo , Casale Manuele
Published: January 2025

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed condition associated with a major healthcare burden. Current diagnostic tools, such as full-night polysomnography (PSG), pose a limited accessibility to diagnosis due to their elevated costs. Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Machine Learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, offer novel potential tools for an accurate OSA screening and diagnosis. This systematic review evaluates articles employing AI-powered models for OSA screening and diagnosis in the last decade. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS databases. The included studies were original articles written in English, reporting the use of ML algorithms to diagnose and predict OSA in suspected patients. The last search was performed in June 2024. This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42024563059). Results: Sixty-five articles, involving data from 109,046 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Due to the heterogeneity of the algorithms, outcomes were analyzed into six sections (anthropometric indexes, imaging, electrocardiographic signals, respiratory signals, and oximetry and miscellaneous signals). AI algorithms demonstrated significant improvements in OSA detection, with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity often exceeding traditional tools. In particular, anthropometric indexes were most widely used, especially in logistic regression-powered algorithms. Conclusions: The application of AI algorithms to OSA diagnosis and screening has great potential to improve patient outcomes, increase early detection, and lessen the load on healthcare systems. However, rigorous validation and standardization efforts must be made to standardize datasets.
Performance Assessment of a Permeable Reactive Barrier on Reducing Groundwater Transport of Nitrate from an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Humphrey Jr. Charles P. , Iverson Guy , O’Driscoll Mike
Published: January 2025

Elevated concentrations of nitrate in potable water supplies have been linked to negative health outcomes such as methemoglobinemia and various cancers. Groundwater can become contaminated with nitrate from sources including onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). A groundwater well down-gradient from an OWTS serving an elementary school in Eastern North Carolina USA had 15 consecutive water samples collected over a 5-year period that exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L for nitrate. Corrective actions were required. A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with woodchips was installed between the OWTS drainfield and the contaminated well. The concentration of nitrate in groundwater from the well steadily decreased after the PRB was installed, and a significant (p = 0.001) inverse correlation (−0.859) was observed between the mean annual nitrate concentration and years after the PRB. The nitrate concentration in groundwater from the well has been below 10 mg/L for the last 17 consecutive sampling events. The median nitrate concentration in the well was significantly lower (p = 0.007) post (6.93 mg/L) relative to pre (12.66 mg/L) PRB. The PRB has not required any maintenance over the past 10 years. The implemented PRB directly influences the sampling results from a monitoring well, but it is not necessarily confirmed that it intercepts the entire groundwater flow or fully prevents aquifer contamination. To confirm this, additional monitoring wells would need to be installed. This research has shown that PRBs can be an effective, low-maintenance, best-management practice to reduce the groundwater transport of nitrate.
Toxicology Effects of Cadmium in Pomacea canaliculate: Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, Microbial Community, and Transcriptome Analysis
Authors: Qiu Mingxin , Bi Xiaoyang , Liu Yuanyang , Li Huashou , Li Dongqin , Chen Guikui
Published: January 2025

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses an important problem, but limited information is available about the toxicology effects of Cd on freshwater invertebrates. We investigated the accumulation, oxidative stress, microbial community changes, and transcriptomic alterations in apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) under Cd stress. The snails were exposed to the 10 μg/L Cd solution for 16 days, followed by a 16-day elimination period. Our results showed that the liver accumulated the highest Cd concentration (17.41 μg/g), followed by the kidneys (8.00 μg/g) and intestine-stomach (6.68 μg/g), highlighting these tissues as primary targets for Cd accumulation. During the elimination period, Cd concentrations decreased in all tissues, with the head-foot and shell exhibiting over 30% elimination rates. Cd stress also resulted in reduced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione transferase (GST) compared to the control group. Notably, even after 16 days of depuration, the enzyme activities did not return to normal levels, indicating persistent toxicological effects. Cd exposure significantly reduced the diversity of gut microbiota in P. canaliculata. Moreover, transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily associated with lysosome function, motor proteins, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP450), arachidonic acid metabolism, and ECM–receptor interactions. These findings suggest that Cd stress predominantly disrupts cellular transport and metabolic processes. Overall, our study provides comprehensive insights into the toxicological impact of Cd on P. canaliculata and emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Molecular and Proteomic Analyses of Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Silk Glands of Trichonephila clavata
Authors: Song Zhaowentao , Song Zhiyu , Liu Wei , Lyu Bo
Published: January 2025

Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive heavy metal pollutant released into the environment through industrial activities such as mining, smelting, and agricultural runoff. This study aimed to investigate the molecular and metabolic impacts of Cd exposure on the silk glands of Trichonephila clavata, a species renowned for producing silk with exceptional mechanical properties. Cd accumulation in spider bodies and silk glands was significantly higher in the low- and high-Cd groups compared to controls, with a dose- and time-dependent increase. Oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, and malondialdehyde, were significantly elevated, indicating a robust stress response. Proteomic analysis identified 2498 proteins, with 227 differentially expressed between Cd-treated and control groups. Key metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis, were significantly disrupted. Downregulation of enzymes such as glutathione synthase and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase highlighted oxidative imbalance and impaired sulfur metabolism, indicating disruptions in redox homeostasis and energy metabolism critical for silk production. These findings demonstrate that Cd exposure alters oxidative stress responses, disrupts key metabolic pathways, and impairs silk gland functionality at multiple molecular levels. This study advances the understanding of the impact of heavy metal stress on spider physiology and provides a foundation for further research on the ecological implications of Cd contamination.
EtIDip (EtIPr)—Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity of a Robust, Backbone-Modified N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Group 13 Element Complexes
Authors: Dong Huanhuan , Martinez-Segura Albert , Kelehan Riley W. , Bourne Connor , McKay Aidan P. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Cordes David B. , Stasch Andreas
Published: January 2025

We report the synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of the stable imidazol-2-ylidene EtIDip (EtIPr), {EtCN(Dip)}2C:, Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, as a chemically robust alternative to IDip (IPr), {HCN(Dip)}2C:. The N-heterocyclic carbene EtIDip could be further converted to the oxidised species [EtIDipCl]Cl, EtIDipF2, EtIDipO, and EtIDipSe, and the group 13 element complexes EtIDipEX3, with E = B, X = Br; E = Al, X = I; E = Ga, X = I; E = Al, X = H. The properties of the EtIDip and IDip ligands are compared and the molecular structures of (DipNCEt)2, [EtIDipH]Cl, [EtIDipH]I, EtIDip, [EtIDipCl]Cl, EtIDipF2, EtIDipO, EtIDipBBr3, EtIDipAlI3, EtIDipGaI3, and EtIDipAlH3 have been determined.
Invasive Aspergillosis in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Zubovskaia Anna , Vazquez Jose A.
Published: January 2025

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a fungal infection, which has traditionally been associated with neutropenia and immunosuppressive therapies. Our understanding of invasive aspergillosis has been evolving and, in the past few decades, IA among ICU patients has been recognized as a common infection and has become more widely recognized. The diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis in the ICU is particularly challenging, due to the unstable clinical condition of the patients, lack of diagnostic markers, increased risk of further clinical deterioration, multiple comorbidities, and a need for early assessment and treatment. In this article, we will discuss the challenges and pitfalls of the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis in an ICU setting, along with a review of the current literature that is pertinent and specific to this population.
Endocrine Disrupting Toxicity of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs: Implications in the Neuro-Immune Milieu
Authors: Buoso Erica , Masi Mirco , Limosani Roberta Valeria , Oliviero Chiara , Saeed Sabrina , Iulini Martina , Passoni Francesca Carlotta , Racchi Marco , Corsini Emanuela
Published: January 2025

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic substances that are able to interfere with hormonal systems and alter their physiological signaling. EDCs have been recognized as a public health issue due to their widespread use, environmental persistence and the potential levels of long-term exposure with implications in multiple pathological conditions. Their reported adverse effects pose critical concerns about their use, warranting their strict regulation. This is the case of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known EDC whose tolerable daily intake (TDI) was re-evaluated in 2023 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the immune system has been identified as the most sensitive to BPA exposure. Increasing scientific evidence indicates that EDCs can interfere with several hormone receptors, pathways and interacting proteins, resulting in a complex, cell context-dependent response that may differ among tissues. In this regard, the neuronal and immune systems are important targets of hormonal signaling and are now emerging as critical players in endocrine disruption. Here, we use BPA and its analogs as proof-of-concept EDCs to address their detrimental effects on the immune and nervous systems and to highlight complex interrelationships within the immune–neuroendocrine network (INEN). Finally, we propose that Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1), an important target for EDCs and a valuable screening tool, could serve as a central hub in our toxicology model to explain bisphenol-mediated adverse effects on the INEN.
Causes of Sleep Disturbance in Early ASAS Spondyloarthritis: A Retrospective Long-Term Experience
Authors: Bandinelli Francesca , Delle Sedie Andrea , Mallia Ilenia , Mauro Ilaria , Pecani Nikita , Carli Linda , Esti Lorenzo , Di Carlo Marco , Carotti Marina , Salaffi Fausto
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Sleep disturbance (SD) in the second half of the night due to inflammatory pain was included in the 2009 ASAS classification criteria of Spondyloarthritis (SpA), even though its definition is uncertain. Aim: We aimed to investigate SD in early-SpA (e-SpA) patients at T1 (2010–2013), comparing them to long-term SpA (l-SpA) patients at T2 (2023–2024) after at least 10 years of follow-up. Methods: At T1, in e-SpA and l-SpA cases, SD, classified as “difficulty in initiating sleep” (DIS), “difficulty in maintaining sleep” (DMS) and “early awakening” (EA), was compared to clinical parameters (ASDAS-CRP, BASDAI, m-HAQ-S, BASMI, MASES, 68/66 joint count, tenderness of sacroiliac joints, fatigue [FACIT] and HADS for anxiety [A] and depression [D]). At T2, e-SpA patients were re-evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: At T1, 45% of 166 SpA patients had SD; in e-SpA patients (60), SD correlated with sacroiliac pain (DMS) BASDAI, FACIT and HADS-D (EA); in l-SpA patients (106), it correlated with HADS-A (DIS), BASDAI and FACIT (DMS). At T2, e-SpA patients showed a high PSQI in 51.5% of cases, correlated with T2-ASDAS-CRP and T2-BASDAI. Moreover, T1-ASDAS-CRP was predictive of T2-PSQI. Conclusions: SD is more specific for inflammatory pain in e-SpA and might be influenced by disease activity also in long-term disease.
Analyzing Urban Parks for Older Adults’ Accessibility in Summer Using Gradient Boosting Decision Trees: A Case Study from Tianjin, China
Authors: Zhao Haobo , Feng Gang , Zhao Wei , Wang Yaxin , Chen Fei
Published: January 2025

With the acceleration of global aging, outdoor environments, especially urban green space’s planning and design, play a crucial role in not only promoting physical health but also significantly increasing the opportunities for social interactions for older adults. In recent years, the study of age-friendly outdoor environments has attracted increasing attention, with digital methods emerging as essential tools due to their precision and versatility. In this research, three parks in the Nankai District, Tianjin, are taken as the subject of a case study to explore the spatial factors that may exert influence on the behavior distribution of older adults in summery urban parks’ planning and design. With the behavior data of the older adults in the park collected using an Insta360 camera every hour (from 8 a.m. to 15 p.m.), the three parks are divided into a total of 49 areas for further analysis. Additionally, the visual indexes of the spatial syntax are analyzed with Depthmap 10, the sunlight conditions are analyzed with the Tangent model, and some other spatial factors, such as the green space ratio and the hard ground ratio, are calculated according to the semantic segmentation of the 360-degree panoramic view photo from the center of every area. SPSS and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) are used to reveal not only the correlations between the sunlight conditions and the behavior distribution of behavior of the older adults, but also the importance ranking of spatial factors. Furthermore, some improvement strategies are proposed for spatial facility configuration, park furniture arrangement, rational hardscape planning, as well as greening and landscape design. By exploring how to improve the spatial planning and design of summery urban green space for older adults, this research provides guidance on the creation of urban green spaces in extremely hot weather that are not only visually appealing but also socially equitable and environmentally sustainable.
Edaphic Diversity, Polychemical Soil Status of the Prinevskaya Lowland and Prospects for Soils Use
Authors: Chebykina Ekaterina Yu. , Nizamutdinov Timur I. , Abakumov Evgeny V. , Dinkelaker Natalia V.
Published: January 2025

There will be a significant increase in anthropogenic load on the soils of the Prinevskaya lowland in the nearest decade due to the fact that a significant territory is occupied by St. Petersburg. The main objective is a study of the sanitary-hygienic state and soil diversity of the Prinevskaya lowland in case of a high degree of agricultural soil development there and the significant role of the lithological factor. Soils were studied at the following land use and land cover: agricultural and fallow soils of agrolandscapes; forest soils; and soils of industrial areas. Studies were carried out using morphological descriptions and analyses of chemical, physical, and biological properties. The most vulnerable land use are forest and agricultural and fallow zones, where active accumulation of priority toxicants of anthropogenic origin can occur. Geochemical peculiarities of studied soils are deficit of Mn, Cu, Mo, and Zn in soil-forming rock materials and accumulation of strontium and lead in arable horizons. The soils examined show minimal contamination with trace elements, as verified by a range of individual and combined ecotoxicological indicators. Urban development planning, particularly in St. Petersburg, should prioritize the preservation of biodiversity and soil resources.
Mydriasis Stability During Cataract Surgery in Patients with Systemic Comorbidities Using a Standardised Combination of Intracameral Mydriatics and Anaesthetic
Authors: Dereń-Szumełda Joanna , Dorecka Mariola , Dereń Mirosław , Mrukwa-Kominek Ewa
Published: January 2025

Background: This study aimed to evaluate mydriasis stability during cataract surgery in patients with systemic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) after a standardised combination of intracameral mydriatics and anaesthetic (SCIMA). Stable mydriasis is crucial for safe and effective phacoemulsification. Methods: Patients were included if they achieved pupil dilation ≥6.0 mm during the qualifying visit. A total of 103 patients were enrolled, divided into three groups: cataract with diabetes (C + DM group, n = 35), cataract with PXF (C + PXF group, n = 32), and cataract without those comorbidities (C group, n = 36). SCIMA was administered, and pupil diameters were measured at key surgical stages. Stability was defined as a pupil diameter of ≥6.0 mm without additional pharmacological intervention and no significant change in its diameter (≥3.0 mm). Results: Stable mydriasis was achieved in 90.3% of patients: 97.1% in the C + DM group, 90.6% in the C + PXF group, and 83.3% in the C group, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.14). Conclusions: SCIMA effectively maintains mydriasis stability during cataract surgery, even in patients with systemic comorbidities, ensuring greater surgical safety.
Structure and Morphological Properties of Cobalt-Oxide-Based (Co3O4) Materials as Electrodes for Supercapacitors: A Brief Review
Authors: Garcia Maxwell F. L. , Arzuza Luis C. C. , Neves Gelmires A. , Loureiro Francisco J. A. , Morales Marco A. , Macedo Daniel A. , Lira Helio L. , Menezes Romualdo R.
Published: January 2025

Over the past 15 years, there has been a significant increase in the search for environmentally friendly energy sources, and transition-metal-based energy storage devices are leading the way in these new technologies. Supercapacitors are attractive in this regard due to their superior energy storage capabilities. Electrode materials, which are crucial components of supercapacitors, such as cobalt-oxide-based electrodes, have great qualities for achieving high supercapacitor performance. This brief review presents some basic concepts and recent findings on cobalt-based materials used to fabricate electrodes for supercapacitors. The text also clarifies how morphological characteristics typically influence certain properties. The inner surface of the electrode exhibits several properties that change to provide it a great boost in specific capacitance and charge storage. Porous structures with defined pore sizes and shapes and high surface areas are important features for improving electrochemical properties. Finally, we present some perspectives for the development of cobalt-oxide-based supercapacitors, focusing on their structure and properties.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Li-3Al-0.3Si Alloy Deformed Through a Combination of Back-Extrusion and Spinning Process
Authors: Jia Changzhen , Deng Kunkun , Wang Cuiju , Nie Kaibo , Shi Quanxin , Li Yijia , Tian Pengcheng
Published: January 2025

In this work, the Mg-8Li-3Al-0.3Si (LAS830) alloy was prepared by the vacuum melting method. The as-cast alloy was subjected to backward extrusion at 250 °C and then spun at 250 °C. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy during deformation were studied. The results showed that the LAS830 alloy primarily consisted of α-Mg and β-Li phases, and the AlLi, MgLi2Al, and Mg2Si phases were dispersed. After backward extrusion, the grains and AlLi phase were refined, the β-Li phase recrystallized, and the fine MgLi2Al phase precipitated. The spinning of the extruded alloy tubes resulted in the lamellar distribution of an α/β duplex microstructure, with even finer grains and more dispersed precipitates. The combined deformation significantly enhanced the alloy’s strength and ductility, with the ultimate tensile strength reaching 235.4 MPa and an elongation of 15.74%. In addition, the average hardness of the α/β phase increases after backward extrusion, but the average hardness of the β-Li phase increases further after spinning. The as-cast LAS830 alloy exhibited a high work hardening rate but a low softening rate. With reverse extrusion, the work hardening rate decreased and the softening degree increased. Compared with backward extrusion, the work hardening rate and softening degree of the LAS830 alloy was reduced after spinning due to the combined effect of the lamellar distributed duplex microstructure and the dispersed second phases in the alloy, while its softening rate increased.
The Deformation Mechanism of the Rings of Angular-Contact Ball Bearings During the Quenching and Tempering Process
Authors: Gu Ruijie , Tong Yi , Wang Qiang , Chen Liaoyuan , Shang Ziyang
Published: January 2025

During the heat treatment process, bearing rings are subjected to drastic temperature variability and complex microstructural evolution, which result in deformation, high residual stresses, operational instability and a limited operating life. However, the underlying relationship between temperature, phase transformation, and deformation has not been fully revealed in previous research. As a result, it is difficult to accurately control the roundness of bearing rings during the heat treatment process. Therefore, a combination of numerical simulations and experimental methods was employed to analyze the heat treatment process of the rings of angular-contact ball bearings (ACBB) (7008C). Firstly, according to the multiple coupling theory of thermal, phase-transition, and stress–strain fields, a model for the numerical simulation of the quenching and tempering process was established. Secondly, the thermal–physical properties of the material were calculated using the Jmatpro 7.0 software, and the quenching and tempering processes were numerically simulated using the Deform software. Subsequently, the evolution of the stress, phase-transformation, and deformation behaviors of bearing rings during the quenching and tempering were studied in detail. Finally, the roundness errors of the bearing rings were obtained by a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM). The results showed that the axial and radial stress distributions at the surface and center of the bearing rings were significantly different. The bearing rings experienced uneven expansion and deformation. The roundness errors of the inner diameter and outer diameter of the inner ring were 0.0386 mm and 0.0423 mm, respectively. The roundness errors of the inner diameter and outer diameter of the outer ring were 0.0202 mm and 0.0180 mm, respectively. In this study, the mechanism of the effect of the temperature variation and phase transformation on deformation during the quenching and tempering process was revealed in detail. This provides a reference for controlling the roundness of bearing rings in actual production processes.
The Effect of Post-Deposition Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Produced by Hybrid Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing with Inter-Pass Forging
Authors: Panov Dmitrii , Permyakov Gleb , Naumov Stanislav , Mirontsov Vladimir , Kudryavtsev Egor , Sun Liying , Aksenov Alexander , Stepanov Nikita , Trushnikov Dmitriy , Salishchev Gennady
Published: January 2025

The microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated via hybrid wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) with inter-pass forging, and the subsequent modified post-deposition heat treatment (PDHT), were investigated. The modified PDHT included homogenization at 1185 °C and double ageing at 720 °C, with furnace-cooling to 620 °C; this process was first used for Inconel 718 obtained via WAAM and inter-pass forging. In the as-printed material, two characteristic zones were distinguished, as follows: (i) columnar grains with a preferable <100> orientation and (ii) fine grains with a random crystallographic orientation. The development of static recrystallization induced via inter-pass forging and further heating during the deposition of the next (upper) layer provoked the formation of the fine-grained zone. In the as-printed material, particles of (Nb,Ti)C and TiN, and precipitates of a Nb-rich Laves phase that caused premature cracking and failure during mechanical testing, were detected. In the PDHT material, two zones were found, as follows: (i) a zone with coarse uniaxial grains and (ii) a zone with a gradient grain size distribution. PDHT resulted in the precipitation of γ″ nanoparticles in the γ-Ni matrix and the dissolution of the brittle Laves phase. Therefore, significant hardening and strengthening, as well as increases in ductility and impact toughness, occurred.
Improving Geldanamycin Production in Streptomyces geldanamycininus Through UV Mutagenesis of Protoplast
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Yang Lu , Fang Zhikai , Chen Haimin , Sun Fei , Jiang Hong , Zhou Jian
Published: January 2025

Geldanamycin, a benzoquinone ansa antibiotic, has been extensively applied in medical, agricultural, and health research areas due to its antitumor, antifungal, herbicidal, and antiradiation effects. In this study, an improvement of geldanamycin production by Streptomyces geldanamycininus FIM18-0592 was first performed by protoplasts combined with UV mutagenesis and ribosome engineering technology, respectively. The results showed that strains induced by UV mutagenesis of protoplasts were superior to protoplasts treated with erythromycin in terms of the positive variability, average relative titer, and maximum relative titer, with values of 51.95%, 99%, and 136%, respectively. A mutant strain that produced 3742 μg/mL geldanamycin was generated by protoplast UV mutagenesis, with a 36% higher yield than the initial strain. Multi-omic analysis revealed that the high-yielding geldanamycin in mutant strain 53 could upregulate GdmG and GdmX by 1.59 and 2.38 times in the ansamycin synthesis pathway, and downregulate pks12, pikAI, and pikAII by 0.25, 0.37, and 0.48 times in the fatty acid synthesis pathway, which was crucial for geldanamycin production. Our study provides a novel S. geldanamycininus geldanamycin production strategy and offers valuable insights for mutagenesis and breeding of other microorganisms.
Relationship Between the Host Plant Range of Insects and Symbiont Bacteria
Authors: Ge Doudou , Yin Chongwen , Jing Jiayu , Li Zhihong , Liu Lijun
Published: January 2025

The evolution of phytophagous insects has resulted in the development of feeding specializations that are unique to this group. The majority of current research on insect palatability has concentrated on aspects of ecology and biology, with relatively little attention paid to the role of insect gut symbiotic bacteria. Symbiont bacteria have a close relationship with their insect hosts and perform a range of functions. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between insect host plant range and gut symbiotic bacteria. A synthesis of the extant literature on the intestinal commensal bacteria of monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous tephritids revealed no evidence of a positive correlation between the plant host range and the diversity of larval intestinal microbial species. The gut symbionts of same species were observed to exhibit discrepancies between different literature sources, which were attributed to variations in multiple environmental factors. However, following beta diversity analysis, monophagy demonstrated the lowest level of variation in intestinal commensal bacteria, while polyphagous tephritids exhibited the greatest variation in intestinal commensal bacteria community variation. In light of these findings, this study proposes the hypothesis that exclusive or closely related plant hosts provide monophagy and oligophagy with a stable core colony over long evolutionary periods. The core flora is closely associated with host adaptations in monophagous and oligophagous tephritids, including nutritional and detoxification functions. This is in contrast to polyphagy, whose dominant colony varies in different environments. Our hypothesis requires further refinement of the data on the gut commensal bacteria of monophagy and oligophagy as the number of species and samples is currently limited.
Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Szydłowska-Czerniak Aleksandra , Kowaluk Agnieszka , Strzelec Michał , Sawicki Tomasz , Tańska Małgorzata
Published: January 2025

In this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from four herbs (chamomile, lemon balm, nettle, and spearmint) were estimated. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained herb extracts was determined by the modified 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Profiles of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in the green and conventional herb extracts were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Among the prepared DESs, the highest antioxidant potential and total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in herb extracts were achieved using ChCl:MalA (1:1). Unexpectedly, the selected green solvents extracted significantly lower amounts of total antioxidants from the investigated herbs than 50% alcohols. Additionally, macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), and a toxic element (Cd) in four herbs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Determining the compositions of antioxidants and elements in herbs is essential for understanding their nutritive importance when applied in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Preparation of Colored Polymer Microspheres
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Weiting , Zhang Shuheng , He Mengke , Song Ping , Wang Hongying , Song Xianxiao , Li Botian
Published: January 2025

Colored polymer microspheres have attracted significant attention in both academia and industry due to their unique optical properties and extensive application potential. However, achieving a uniform distribution of dyes within these microspheres remains a challenge, particularly when heavy concentrations of dye are used, as this can lead to aggregation or delamination, adversely affecting their application. Additionally, many dyes are prone to degradation or fading when exposed to light, heat, or chemicals, which compromises the long-term color stability of the microspheres. Consequently, the preparation of colored polymer microspheres with high stability continues to be a significant challenge. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the preparation techniques for colored polymer microspheres and their dyeing mechanisms, introducing the fundamental concepts of these microspheres and their applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, optical devices, and electronic display technologies. It further presents a detailed discussion of the different preparation methods, including physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and copolymerization. The advantages, limitations, and potential improvements of each method are explored, along with an analysis of the interactions between dyes and the polymer matrix, and how these interactions influence the properties of the microspheres, including their color uniformity, stability, and durability. Finally, the review discusses future perspectives on the development of colored polymer microspheres, highlighting the advancement of novel materials, innovations in preparation technology, and the exploration of potential new application areas.
Foamy Melamine Resin–Silica Aerogel Composite-Derived Thermal Insulation Coating
Authors: Wang Dongfang , Ma Yabin , Ma Yingjie , Liu Baolei , Sun Dewen , Ran Qianping
Published: January 2025

A novel class of SiO2 aerogel-based resin composite with a self-formed foamy structure and an extremely low thermal conductivity, as well as excellent fire resistance, was fabricated via a room temperature and atmospheric pressure route. The self-formed foamy structure was achieved by utilizing SiO2 aerogel particles not only as a thermal insulative functional additive filler but also as nano-sized solid particles in a Picking emulsion system, adjusting the surface tension as a stabilizer at the interface between the two immiscible phases (liquid and air in this case). The results of foamy structure analyses via scanning electron microscopy, micro-CT, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms validate the successful generation of a micro-scale porous structure with the enhancement of the aerogel nano-scale solid particles at the wall as a stabilizer. A combination of multiscale pores imbues the aerogel-based foamy coating with a low thermal conductivity, as well as a high cohesive strength. For the foamy coating studied, with variable emulsion/foaming agent/aerogel ratios of 1/2/x, the thermal conductivity decreases from 0.141 to 0.031 W/m·K, and the cohesive strength increases from being non-detectable to 0.41 MPa. The temperature difference, which is a direct indicator of the thermal insulation behavior of the foamy coating, can increase from 12.1 °C to 48.6 °C under an 80 °C hot plate.
Fucoidan Oligosaccharide Supplementation Relieved Kidney Injury and Modulated Intestinal Homeostasis in D-Galactose-Exposed Rats
Authors: Shi Jing , Xu Yan , Zhang Kening , Liu Ying , Zhang Nan , Zhang Yabin , Zhang Huaqi , Liang Xi , Xue Meilan
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: A fucoidan oligosaccharide (FOS), a potent compound derived from algae, is known for its diverse biological activities, including prebiotic activity, anticancer activity, and antioxidative properties, and has demonstrated supportive therapeutic effects in treating kidney ailments. This study was conducted to explore the protective influence of FOS on kidney damage due to aging induced by D-galactose in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The low-dose FOS group was administered FOS (100 mg/kg) by gavage, and the high-FOS group received FOS (200 mg/kg) by gavage. Results: The findings showed that FOS could effectively mitigate kidney damage and improve the pathological condition of kidney tissues caused by D-gal and enhance kidney function. Intervention with FOS significantly reduced serum creatinine, serum uric acid, and serum urea nitrogen levels, compared to the model group. The protective mechanism of FOS on D-gal-induced kidney injury may be to inhibit oxidative stress and improve impaired mitochondrial function by downregulating the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway. FOS could also modulate the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, P62, and LC3II/LC3I), thereby mitigate D-gal-induced excessive mitophagy in the kidney. Furthermore, FOS may protect against kidney injury by preserving intestinal homeostasis. FOS decreased serum lipopolysaccharide levels and enhanced intestinal mucosal barrier function. FOS upregulated the abundances of Bacteroidota, Muribaculaceae, and Lactobacillus, while it decreased the abundances of Firmicutes, NK4A136_group, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. FOS supplementation modulated gut microbiota composition, increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing detrimental ones, potentially contributing to improved kidney function. Conclusions: FOS may safeguard against renal injury in D-gal-exposed rats by inhibiting kidney excessive mitophagy, preserving mitochondrial function, and regulating intestinal homeostasis.
Photoprotective Effects of Phytochemicals on Blue Light-Induced Retinal Damage: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Authors: Yeh Wan-Ju , Yan Cin , Wu Chi-Hao
Published: January 2025

The widespread use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased blue light (BL) exposure, raising concerns about its potential adverse effects on ocular health. Prolonged exposure to BL has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), primarily through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review synthesizes current evidence on the photoprotective properties of dietary bioactive compounds, (e.g., anthocyanins, curcumin, quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol), with a focus on their potential to mitigate BL-induced retinal damage. Accumulating research suggests that dietary antioxidants, particularly polyphenols, may offer photoprotective benefits. These phytochemicals act by neutralizing ROS and enhancing the retina’s endogenous antioxidant capacity. Based on these findings, this review advocates for a food-first approach in future investigations, emphasizing the development of evidence-based dietary recommendations to bolster retinal health and mitigate the risk of BL-related ocular diseases. Considering the current lack of empirical clinical studies examining the impact of BL on human ocular health, future research in the field of BL hazard should prioritize two key approaches: conducting large-scale epidemiological dietary surveys and implementing clinical trials on functional ingredients that have demonstrated beneficial effects against photodamage in preclinical animal studies.
Inverted Patterns of Schistosomiasis and Fascioliasis and Risk Factors Among Humans and Livestock in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Hugho Ephrasia A. , Nagagi Yakob P. , Lyaruu Lucille J. , Mosha Victor V. , Senyael Ndealilia , Mwita Magweiga M. , Mabahi Ruth W. , Temba Violet M. , Hebel Mapulish , Nyati Mohamed , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Ndyetabura Theonest O. , Lukambagire AbdulHamid S.
Published: January 2025

Fascioliasis and schistosomiasis are parasitic trematodiases of public health and economic concern in humans and livestock. However, data on the distribution and risk factors for fascioliasis remain limited, while epidemiological gaps hinder schistosomiasis control in Tanzania. This One Health, cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of schistomiasis and fascioliasis in northern Tanzania, involving 310 livestock and 317 human participants from Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Manyara regions. Using standard parasitological methods, livestock fascioliasis prevalence was 21.3%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 1.0%. Human fascioliasis prevalence was 1.9%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 12.6%. Female animals, particularly cattle in Kilimanjaro and Manyara, had higher odds of fascioliasis. Human–animal contact through husbandry increased schistosomiasis risk (aOR = 4.21; 95% CI: 1.81–9.80), while the use of borehole-water was protective (aOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11–0.97). Fascioliasis risk was higher among individuals aged 36–55 years (aOR = 7.66; 95% CI: 1.36–43.23), with cabbage consumption offering protection (aOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01–0.89). The study revealed inverted prevalence patterns of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in humans and livestock, driven by vector-dependent transmission dynamics. These findings emphasize the need for an integrated One Health approach to manage shared human and animal health risks in Tanzania.
Nanoparticle-in-Hydrogel Delivery System for the Sequential Release of Two Drugs
Authors: van Straten Demian , Bimbo Jaime Fernández , Hennink Wim E. , Vermonden Tina , Schiffelers Raymond M.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor. Patients often suffer from tumor- and treatment induced vasogenic edema, with devastating neurological consequences. Intracranial edema is effectively treated with dexamethasone. However, systemic dexamethasone requires large doses to surpass the blood brain barrier in therapeutic quantities, which is associated with significant side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate a biodegradable, dextran-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (dex-HEMA) based hydrogel, containing polymeric micelles loaded with dexamethasone and liposomes encapsulating dexamethasone phosphate for localized and prolonged delivery. Methods: Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-2-benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide (mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz)) micelles were loaded with dexamethasone and characterized. The dexamethasone micelles, together with dexamethasone phosphate liposomes, were dispersed in an aqueous dex-HEMA solution followed by radical polymerization using a photoinitiator in combination with light. The kinetics and mechanisms of drug release from this hydrogel were determined. Results: The diameter of the nanoparticles was larger than the mesh size of the hydrogel, rendering them immobilized in the polymer network. The micelles immediately released free dexamethasone from the hydrogel for two weeks. The dexamethasone phosphate loaded in the liposomes was not released until the gel degraded and intact liposomes were released, starting after 15 days. The different modes of release result in a biphasic and sequential release profile of dexamethasone followed by dexamethasone phosphate liposomes. Conclusions: The results show that this hydrogel system loaded with both dexamethasone polymeric micelles and dexamethasone phosphate loaded liposomes has potential as a local delivery platform for the sequential release of dexamethasone and dexamethasone phosphate, for the intracranial treatment of glioblastoma associated edema.