bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIAÇÃO SAZONAL DO CARBONO ORGÂNICO DISSOLVIDO (COD) E PROPRIEDADES ÓPTICAS DA MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE PASTAGEM E DE SOJA NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO
Authors: Morais Douglas Dias de , Dalmagro Higo José , Pinto Junior Osvaldo Borges , Musis Carlo Ralph de , Couto Eduardo Guimarães , Johnson Mark Stephen
Published: November 2017

O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar uma quantidade e qualidade do carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) em diferentes condições hídricas nos sistemas de produção de massa e soja no estado de Mato Grosso. Como amostrogens foram realizadas nas estações úmidas (Fevereiro-março) e nas estações secas (setembro-outubro). Uma concentração de COD e seus bens de fluorescência óptica medidos a partir de amostras coletadas em diferentes ecossistemas não Estado de Mato Grosso (Cerrado, Pantanal, Amazônia e ecótono Cerrado / Amazônia). A concentração de COD variou significativamente entre diferentes sistemas e períodos hidrológicos. O IF (Índice de fluorescência) variaram significativamente apenas entre como estações hidrológicas.Os valores de IF caracterizam principalmente fontes alóctones de matéria orgânica. Uma análise de SR também indicou significativas entre locais, ecossistemas e estações hidrológicas. Uma análise das propriedades ópticas sugerem uma grande quantidade de nossos dispositivos de controle, o que sugere uma presença de lixiviados ea rápida e ineficiente decomposição das plantas aquáticas. Nas áreas de soja, picos de alta intensidade, foram identificados para o componente de tirosina sem bioma Cerrado. Com isso, uma concentração de COD, e os índices referentes à sua qualidade, diferiu entre ecossistemas de estudo e períodos hidrológicos.Uma análise das propriedades ópticas sugerem uma grande quantidade de nossos dispositivos de controle, o que sugere uma presença de lixiviados ea rápida e ineficiente decomposição das plantas aquáticas. Nas áreas de soja, picos de alta intensidade, foram identificados para o componente de tirosina sem bioma Cerrado. Com isso, uma concentração de COD, e os índices referentes à sua qualidade, diferiu entre ecossistemas de estudo e períodos hidrológicos. Uma análise das propriedades ópticas sugerem uma grande quantidade de nossos dispositivos de controle, o que sugere uma presença de lixiviados ea rápida e ineficiente decomposição das plantas aquáticas.Nas áreas de soja, picos de alta intensidade, foram identificados para o componente de tirosina sem bioma Cerrado. Com isso, uma concentração de COD, e os índices referentes à sua qualidade, diferiu entre ecossistemas de estudo e períodos hidrológicos.
Cytogenotoxicity of shakes added with synthetic microingredients
Authors: Moura Débora Dayane Araujo , Peron Ana Paula , Veloso Cleidiane Josefa dos Santos , Silva Maria Eduarda De Sousa , Santos Fabelina Karollyne Silva dos , Oliveira Valtânia Ana de
Published: November 2017

The goal of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of diet shakes of three brands widely marketed in Brazil, named in this study of A, B and C. Assessments were carried out on root meristem cells of Allium cepa at exposure times 24 and 48 hours. The products (treatments) for A and B were evaluated at concentrations of 0.05; 0.10 and 0.20 g/mL, and C at the concentration 0.08; 0.16 and 0.32 g/mL. The diet products at the three concentrations tested, including those suggested as ideal for consumption by the manufacturers, at the two exposure times considered, were found to have significant antiproliferative effect on the meristems evaluated. However, none of the treatments caused significant cellular changes to the tissues of roots. Thus, the products tested were cytotoxic, but not genotoxic, to root meristem cells of A. cepa. Furthermore, it was observed that in all the treatments performed, in the three concentrations, the majority of the dividing cells were at prophase, not being observed cells at anaphase and telophase. Thus, it is suggested to conduct more in-depth studies on the cytotoxicity of these shakes in physiologically more complex bioassays for the verification and deepening of the data obtained here.
PRODUCTION OF MEAL AS A TOOL FOR THE VALUATION OF THE FISH RESIDUES
Authors: Santos Weslei Martins dos , Valente Beatriz Simões , Nadaletti Willian Cezar , Quadro Maurizio Silveira , Pieniz Simone , Andreazza Robson , Demarco Carolina Faccio
Published: November 2017

The  aim of this study was to evaluate the flour production for the evaluation of fish residues. This study was carried out in two experiments. The first was characterized by the production of flour from the filleting of abrótea fish, while in the second was used the shrimp residue. The treatments in both experiments consisted of two methods of dehydration: oven (T1) and microwave (T2), with four replicates per treatment. The moisture contents, ashes, total nitrogen and crude protein were evaluated. The results showed that flour production is an important tool for the evaluation of fish waste. The flour of Abrótea and shrimp are an important source of protein and minerals that can be used for animal feeding. The microwave method can be used in the preparation of fish and shrimp flours because it does not alter the crude protein content. The microwave is more advantageous than the oven because it speeds up the dehydration process of fish waste. The flour produced is an alternative for artisanal fishermen and can bring income to fishermen, fishers' families and also to poor communities.
LIVROS INFANTIS, GÊNERO E PRÁTICAS CORPORAIS: UMA PROPOSTA PEDAGÓGICA EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA A PARTIR DO LIVRO LEILA MENINA
Authors: Martins Mariana Zuaneti , Brant Tuffy Felipe
Published: November 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma proposta pedagógica de possibilidades entre a literatura infantil e as práticas corporais, em especial atividades expressivas e rítmicas, para a tematização do gênero. Para isso, usamos o livro Leila Menina, de Ruth Rocha, e construímos a proposta para os primeiros ciclos do ensino fundamental. Consideramos a literatura infantil como artefatos produtores de significados, sentidos e experiências na educação, a partir de diferentes dimensões. Elas possibilitam um trabalho educativo com o livro a partir de perspectivas éticas e estéticas, gerando experiências e saberes que podem problematizar e romper as fronteiras e estereótipos de gênero.
ATUAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO PROFISSIONAL EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ADAPTADA DE ALUNOS EGRESSOS DO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA
Authors: Bataglion Giandra Anceski , Dittrich Schmitt Beatriz , Zuchetto Angela Teresinha , Nasser John Peter
Published: November 2017

O objetivo foi analisar as experiências vivenciadas por sete alunos egressos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina que atuaram como bolsistas (extensão, monitoria, iniciação científica) do Programa de Atividade Motora Adaptada, considerando os ciclos de desenvolvimento da carreira docente. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. Os participantes se classificaram nos seguintes ciclos de desenvolvimento profissional: entrada na carreira, consolidação das competências profissionais na carreira e afirmação e diversificação na carreira. Na atuação profissional, constatou-se permanecia, abandono temporário e desistência na área de Educação Física Adaptada. Observou-se que o AMA influenciou a atuação docente dos participantes.
ANÁLISE DE ARREMESSOS DE CONTRA-ATAQUE NO CAMPEONATO MUNDIAL DE HANDEBOL MASCULINO SUÉCIA 2011
Authors: Andaki Junior Roberto , Ribeiro Andaki Alynne Christian , Lacerda Mendes Edmar , Salles José Geraldo Do Carmo
Published: November 2017

O objeto do estudo foi verificar o número e eficácia de arremessos de contra-ataque nos resultados de vitória, derrota ou empate dos participantes do Campeonato Mundial Masculino de Handebol, Suécia 2011. A amostra foi composta de 98 jogos da competição. Foram analisados os números de gols de contra-ataques, total de arremessos e a eficácia nesta situação. ANOVA oneway seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey HSB ou Welch apontou que equipes vitoriosas apresentaram maior número de arremessos, eficácia de arremessos e gols na situação de contra-ataque em relação a equipes derrotadas. Gols provenientes de contra-ataque são mais frequentes entre equipes vitoriosas, ressaltando a sua importância tática para treinadores e atletas nas respectivas ações de elaboração e execução de treinamento.
IMPLICAÇÕES DO SUBPROJETO PIBID INTERDISCIPLINAR PARA A FORMAÇÃO INICIAL EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Welter Janaine , Sawitzki Rosalvo Luis
Published: November 2017

O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar as implicações do subprojeto PIBID “Organização do Trabalho Pedagógico do professor de Educação Física e da Pedagogia nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental” para a formação inicial em Educação Física. A metodologia é caracterizada como um estudo de caso. Averiguou-se que a proposta interdisciplinar e a experiência foram os motivos que levaram os bolsistas a ingressarem no subprojeto. O trabalho pedagógico no subprojeto é caracterizado por momentos de docência nas escolas, reuniões pedagógicas e grupo de estudo. Os bolsistas, no que refere-se à formação inicial, relatam apenas contribuições, não identificando elementos negativos.
Editorial Volume 1 Número 2
Authors: Vieira Kelmara Mendes , Coronel Daniel Arruda , Bender Filho Reisoli
Published: November 2017

Editorial
Ribosome surface properties may impose limits on the nature of the cytoplasmic proteome
Authors: Schavemaker Paul E , Śmigiel Wojciech M , Poolman Bert
Published: November 2017

Much of the molecular motion in the cytoplasm is diffusive, which possibly limits the tempo of processes. We studied the dependence of protein mobility on protein surface properties and ionic strength. We used surface-modified fluorescent proteins (FPs) and determined their translational diffusion coefficients (D) in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis and Haloferax volcanii. We find that in E. coli D depends on the net charge and its distribution over the protein, with positive proteins diffusing up to 100-fold slower than negative ones. This effect is weaker in L. lactis and Hfx. volcanii due to electrostatic screening. The decrease in mobility is probably caused by interaction of positive FPs with ribosomes as shown in in vivo diffusion measurements and confirmed in vitro with purified ribosomes. Ribosome surface properties may thus limit the composition of the cytoplasmic proteome. This finding lays bare a paradox in the functioning of prokaryotic (endo)symbionts.
Cryo-EM structure of a late pre-40S ribosomal subunit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Heuer André , Thomson Emma , Schmidt Christian , Berninghausen Otto , Becker Thomas , Hurt Ed , Beckmann Roland
Published: November 2017

Mechanistic understanding of eukaryotic ribosome formation requires a detailed structural knowledge of the numerous assembly intermediates, generated along a complex pathway. Here, we present the structure of a late pre-40S particle at 3.6 Å resolution, revealing in molecular detail how assembly factors regulate the timely folding of pre-18S rRNA. The structure shows that, rather than sterically blocking 40S translational active sites, the associated assembly factors Tsr1, Enp1, Rio2 and Pno1 collectively preclude their final maturation, thereby preventing untimely tRNA and mRNA binding and error prone translation. Moreover, the structure explains how Pno1 coordinates the 3’end cleavage of the 18S rRNA by Nob1 and how the late factor’s removal in the cytoplasm ensures the structural integrity of the maturing 40S subunit.
PBxplore: a tool to analyze local protein structure and deformability with Protein Blocks
Authors: Barnoud Jonathan , Santuz Hubert , Craveur Pierrick , Joseph Agnel Praveen , Jallu Vincent , de Brevern Alexandre G. , Poulain Pierre
Published: November 2017

This paper describes the development and application of a suite of tools, called PBxplore, to analyze the dynamics and deformability of protein structures using Protein Blocks (PBs). Proteins are highly dynamic macromolecules, and a classical way to analyze their inherent flexibility is to perform molecular dynamics simulations. The advantage of using small structural prototypes such as PBs is to give a good approximation of the local structure of the protein backbone. More importantly, by reducing the conformational complexity of protein structures, PBs allow analysis of local protein deformability which cannot be done with other methods and had been used efficiently in different applications. PBxplore is able to process large amounts of data such as those produced by molecular dynamics simulations. It produces frequencies, entropy and information logo outputs as text and graphics. PBxplore is available at https://github.com/pierrepo/PBxplore and is released under the open-source MIT license.
ECOTOXICIDADE DE LIXIVIADO DE ATERRO SANITÁRIO NA GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE ALFACE (Lactuca sativa L.) E PEPINO (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Franco Heider Alves , Martins Gabrielle Marjory de Oliveira , Mussel Yasmin Laureano , Moreno Shaiene Costa , Thode Filho Sérgio , Marques Mônica Regina da Costa
Published: November 2017

A reutilização do lixiviado de aterro sanitário deve ser embasada a partir de uma caracterização química e física a qual apontará seu potencial contaminante. No entanto, torna-se fundamental avaliar suas implicações biológicas e as possíveis interações com o meio ambiente. Testes de toxicidade utilizando plantas como organismo teste são mais simples se comparados a estudos com animais e demonstram eficiência no monitoramento da toxicidade de poluentes da água e do solo, incluindo efluentes de diversas origens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar o nível de fitotoxicidade do lixiviado de aterro sanitário sobre a germinação de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e pepino (Cucumis sativus L.). Verificou-se que pequenas doses do lixiviado bruto (0,1 mL) influenciaram negativamente a germinação das sementes em estudo. A concentração letal capaz de causar mortalidade e/ou inibição em 50% dos organismos (CL50)foi de 0,64 mL  para o alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e de 0,91 mL  para o pepino (Cucumis sativus L.). Desta forma evidencia-se que as espécies estudadas possuem baixa tolerância ao poluente. Entretanto a partir desses pode-se considerar a realização de ensaios envolvendo diluições do poluente para posterior aplicação em uma cultura.
Outcomes Following Surgery for Gastric Cancer at a Single Institution: A 16-Year Experience
Authors: Yoneda Akira , Kanetaka Kengo , Fujita Fumihiko , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Kuroki Tamotsu , Eguchi Susumu
Published: November 2017

Objective

We analyzed the cases of gastric cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment during the 16 years from 1997 to 2012 at our department to clarify these trends.

Methods

The subjects were 810 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer between 1997 and 2012. We divided the cases into the early-period group (1997–2006) treated before the introduction of laparoscopy, and the late-period group (2007–2012). We compared the clinicopathological factor and survival rates between the early- and late-period groups.

Results

The average patient age was higher in the late-period group than in the early-period group. Tumor localization showed an increased proportion in the U-region in the late period, and histological type in the late period showed a higher proportion of poorly differentiated cases. The cases receiving adjuvant chemotherapy increased in the late period. The five-year survival rate in the late-period group was shown to be equivalent to that in early-period group. Although the proportion of poorly differentiated cases was increased in late-period group, their survival rate was equivalent, probably because of the use of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Distinct characteristics were seen over the period of 16 years. It is important to continue the analysis of surgical outcomes to identify trends that need to be addressed.
Effect of pH and temperature in production of mycotoxins and antibiotics by phytopathogenic moulds for Persian lime (Citrus latifolia T.) in a complex lime pericarp-base medium
Authors: Contreras Teresa Sandoval- , López Angélica Villarruel- , Beltrán Arturo Pedro Sierra- , Vitela Refugio Torres- , Ascencio Felipe
Published: November 2017

Post-harvest decay of citrus fruits is caused by moulds capable of producing mycotoxins with great impact on health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pH and temperature in synthesis of mycotoxins and antibiotics in Persian lime pathogenic and mycotoxigenic moulds, and to investigate the diffusion of mycotoxins inside the citrus fruit. As a result, several mycotoxins were identified, such as aflatoxins and fumonisins. In most of the analysed moulds, synthesis of the secondary metabolites was observed on acidic pH at 20 °C; some antibiotics were found as well. Diffusion of A. niger mycotoxins and antibiotics was observed in the interior of the lime fruit, achieving highest concentration in the septa. Knowing the behaviour of these moulds is useful for evaluation of health risk due to mycotoxins and control of pathogenic and mycotoxigenic post-harvest moulds.
Isolation and identification of an extracellular enzyme from Aspergillus Niger with Deoxynivalenol biotransformation capability
Authors: Yang Shaohua , Wu Yu , Yang Jun , Yan Rong , Bao Yinghui , Wang Kaiping , Liu Guoqing , Wang Wei
Published: November 2017

In this study, the purification and characterization of an extracellular enzyme form Aspergillus niger was performed. With an optimized protocol, it was conducted a 42.6-fold purification with a yield of 26.2%. The purified lipase had a monomeric molecular weight of 40.5kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.01, and its maximum enzyme activity could be achieved at 40°C and pH 7.5-9.0. The enzyme could be activated by Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+, while its activity could be inhibited by Zn2+ and Cu2+. Additionally, organic compounds exerted an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in a descending order of methanol, ethanol, DMSO, EDTA, acetone. Meanwhile, the specificity analysis of the enzyme indicated a preference to tributyrin and vegetable oils as well as long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (C12-C18). Most importantly, this enzyme could successfully transform deoxynivalenol (DON). Using HPLC analysis，it was detected a biotransformation rate of more than 70%.The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that the molecular weight of the transformation product was 18.0 larger than that of DON, indicating that DON could be hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Overall, the proposed method here provides a new avenue for reducing the toxicity of DON, which appears to have a wide application outlook for DON biotransformation.
Chitosan composite films: physicochemical characterization and their use as coating in papaya Maradol stored at room temperature
Authors: Figueroa Miguel Salvador- , López Dafne Castillo- , Anaya Lourdes Adriano- , López Didiana Gálvez- , Quijano Raymundo Rosas- , Ovando Alfredo Vázquez-
Published: November 2017

The main objectives of this study were; first formulate and evaluate some properties of chitosan composite films enriched with essential oils of cinnamon, thyme, clove, and lime alone or in combination; and second select the most appropriate formulation and evaluate their effect on physiological properties and fungal incidence of papaya Maradol stored at environmental tropical conditions. Breaking strength, thickness, color, moisture, water vapor permeability, solubility and water sorption of films were measured. Furthermore, in vitro activity was evaluated against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Using multivariate analysis and based on the most desirable characteristics (low water sorption values, water vapor permeability, solubility, and greater inhibition of C. gloeosporioides), three formulations of films were used lately for coated fruit of papaya Maradol and stored at 28 ± 2 °C and 85 % RH. Two control treatments were included: one uncoated and other treated with Mancozeb® fungicide. At six days of storage, the fruit of both control treatments showed evident signs of ripening; contrary to the treatments wherein fruit were coated, and had low respiration, other attributes as firmness, little change in the external color of the fruit were manifested. Similarly, the use of composite films reduced the fungus C. gloeosporioides by 30-50 %. The use of film enriched with essential oil of 1 % cinnamon- 1 % thyme improved the characteristics of fruit quality, increased shelf life and reduced by 50 % the incidence of fungus in papaya Maradol stored under humid tropic environmental conditions. This coating can be an alternative to potentially reduce the need for cold storage during postharvest handling.
Natural and Human‐Induced Variability in Barrier‐Island Response to Sea Level Rise
Authors: Miselis Jennifer L. , Lorenzo‐Trueba Jorge
Published: November 2017

Storm‐driven sediment fluxes onto and behind barrier islands help coastal barrier systems keep pace with sea level rise (SLR). Understanding what controls cross‐shore sediment flux magnitudes is critical for making accurate forecasts of barrier response to increased SLR rates. Here, using an existing morphodynamic model for barrier island evolution, observations are used to constrain model parameters and explore potential variability in future barrier behavior. Using modeled drowning outcomes as a proxy for vulnerability to SLR, 0%, 28%, and 100% of the barrier is vulnerable to SLR rates of 4, 7, and 10 mm/yr, respectively. When only overwash fluxes are increased in the model, drowning vulnerability increases for the same rates of SLR, suggesting that future increases in storminess may increase island vulnerability particularly where sediment resources are limited. Developed sites are more vulnerable to SLR, indicating that anthropogenic changes to overwash fluxes and estuary depths could profoundly affect future barrier response to SLR.
Ocean Bottom Deformation Due To Present‐Day Mass Redistribution and Its Impact on Sea Level Observations
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Riva Riccardo E. M. , King Matt A.
Published: November 2017

Present‐day mass redistribution increases the total ocean mass and, on average, causes the ocean bottom to subside elastically. Therefore, barystatic sea level rise is larger than the resulting global mean geocentric sea level rise, observed by satellite altimetry and GPS‐corrected tide gauges. We use realistic estimates of mass redistribution from ice mass loss and land water storage to quantify the resulting ocean bottom deformation and its effect on global and regional ocean volume change estimates. Over 1993–2014, the resulting globally averaged geocentric sea level change is 8% smaller than the barystatic contribution. Over the altimetry domain, the difference is about 5%, and due to this effect, barystatic sea level rise will be underestimated by more than 0.1 mm/yr over 1993–2014. Regional differences are often larger: up to 1 mm/yr over the Arctic Ocean and 0.4 mm/yr in the South Pacific. Ocean bottom deformation should be considered when regional sea level changes are observed in a geocentric reference frame.
Estimate of the Rigidity of Eclogite in the Lower Mantle From Waveform Modeling of Broadband S‐to‐P Wave Conversions
Authors: Haugland Samuel M. , Ritsema Jeroen , Kaneshima Satoshi , Thorne Michael S.
Published: November 2017

Broadband USArray recordings of the 21 July 2007 western Brazil earthquake (Mw=6.0; depth = 633 km) include high‐amplitude signals about 40 s, 75 s, and 100 s after the P wave arrival. They are consistent with S wave to P wave conversions in the mantle beneath northwestern South America. The signal at 100 s, denoted as S1750P, has the highest amplitude and is formed at 1,750 km depth based on slant‐stacking and semblance analysis. Waveform modeling using axisymmetric, finite difference synthetics indicates that S1750P is generated by a 10 km thick heterogeneity, presumably a fragment of subducted mid‐ocean ridge basalt in the lower mantle. The negative polarity of S1750P is a robust observation and constrains the shear velocity anomaly δVS of the heterogeneity to be negative. The amplitude of S1750P indicates that δVS is in the range from −1.6% to −12.4%. The large uncertainty in δVS is due to the large variability in the recorded S1750P amplitude and simplifications in the modeling of S1750P waveforms. The lower end of our estimate for δVS is consistent with ab initio calculations by Tsuchiya (2011), who estimated that δVS of eclogite at lower mantle pressure is between 0 and −2% due to shear softening from the poststishovite phase transition.
Redetection of the Ionospheric Signature of Saturn's “Ring Rain”
Authors: O'Donoghue James , Moore Luke , Connerney John E. P. , Melin Henrik , Stallard Tom S. , Miller Steve , Baines Kevin H.
Published: November 2017

In April 2011 Saturn's midlatitude ionospheric
emissions were detected, exhibiting anomalous (nonsolar)
latitudinal variations consistent with the transport of water from specific locations in Saturn's rings, known as “ring rain”. These products, transported to the planet along the magnetic field, may help to explain the unusual pattern of peaks and troughs in electron densities discovered in Saturn's ionosphere by spacecraft flybys. In the present study, we analyzed
emissions recorded on 23 April 2013, showing for the first time since the original detection that Saturn's midlatitude
emissions are indeed heavily modified. Although the 2013 emissions are dimmer by almost a factor of 3.7, the latitudinal contrast is greater and uncertainties are lower. Increased
intensities were found near planetocentric latitudes of 43°, 51°, and 63°, previously identified with sources at the inner edge of the B ring, A ring, and the orbit of Enceladus and associated E ring.
A New Paradigm for Diagnosing Contributions to Model Aerosol Forcing Error
Authors: Jones A. L. , Feldman D. R. , Freidenreich S. , Paynter D. , Ramaswamy V. , Collins W. D. , Pincus R.
Published: November 2017

A new paradigm in benchmark absorption‐scattering radiative transfer is presented that enables both the globally averaged and spatially resolved testing of climate model radiation parameterizations in order to uncover persistent sources of biases in the aerosol instantaneous radiative effect (IRE). A proof of concept is demonstrated with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM4 and Community Earth System Model 1.2.2 climate models. Instead of prescribing atmospheric conditions and aerosols, as in prior intercomparisons, native snapshots of the atmospheric state and aerosol optical properties from the participating models are used as inputs to an accurate radiation solver to uncover model‐relevant biases. These diagnostic results show that the models' aerosol IRE bias is of the same magnitude as the persistent range cited (~1 W/m2) and also varies spatially and with intrinsic aerosol optical properties. The findings underscore the significance of native model error analysis and its dispositive ability to diagnose global biases, confirming its fundamental value for the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project.
MMA‐EoS: A Computational Framework for Mineralogical Thermodynamics
Authors: Chust T. C. , Steinle‐Neumann G. , Dolejš D. , Schuberth B. S. A. , Bunge H.‐P.
Published: November 2017

We present a newly developed software framework, MMA‐EoS, that evaluates phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of multicomponent systems by Gibbs energy minimization, with application to mantle petrology. The code is versatile in terms of the equation‐of‐state and mixing properties and allows for the computation of properties of single phases, solution phases, and multiphase aggregates. Currently, the open program distribution contains equation‐of‐state formulations widely used, that is, Caloric‐Murnaghan, Caloric–Modified‐Tait, and Birch‐Murnaghan–Mie‐Grüneisen‐Debye models, with published databases included. Through its modular design and easily scripted database, MMA‐EoS can readily be extended with new formulations of equations‐of‐state and changes or extensions to thermodynamic data sets. We demonstrate the application of the program by reproducing and comparing physical properties of mantle phases and assemblages with previously published work and experimental data, successively increasing complexity, up to computing phase equilibria of six‐component compositions. Chemically complex systems allow us to trace the budget of minor chemical components in order to explore whether they lead to the formation of new phases or extend stability fields of existing ones. Self‐consistently computed thermophysical properties for a homogeneous mantle and a mechanical mixture of slab lithologies show no discernible differences that require a heterogeneous mantle structure as has been suggested previously. Such examples illustrate how thermodynamics of mantle mineralogy can advance the study of Earth's interior.
Nonlinearities in the Evolutional Distinctions Between El Niño and La Niña Types
Authors: Ashok K. , Shamal M. , Sahai A. K. , Swapna P.
Published: November 2017

Using the HadISST, SODA reanalysis, and various other observed and reanalyzed data sets for the period 1950–2010, we explore nonlinearities in the subsurface evolutional distinctions between El Niño types and La Niña types from a few seasons before the onset. Cluster analysis carried out over both summer and winter suggests that while the warm‐phased events of both types are distinguishable, several cold phased events are clustered together. Further, we apply a joint Self‐Organizing Map (SOM) analysis using the monthly sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and thermocline‐depth anomalies in tropical Pacific (TP). Results reveal that the evolutionary paths of El Niño Modoki (EM) and El Niño (EL) are, broadly, different. Subsurface temperature composites of EL and EM show different onset characteristics. During an EL, warm anomaly in the west spreads eastward along the thermocline and reaches the surface in the east in March–May of year(0). During an EM, warm anomaly already exists in the central tropical Pacific and then reaches the surface in the east in September–November of year(0). Composited SSTAs during La Niña (LN) and La Niña Modoki (LM) are distinguishable only at 80% confidence level, but the composited subsurface temperature anomalies show differences in the location of the coldest anomaly as well as evolution at 90% confidence level. Thus, the El Niño flavor distinction is potentially predictable at longer leads.
On the Loop Current Penetration into the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Weisberg Robert H. , Liu Yonggang
Published: November 2017

The Gulf of Mexico Loop Current generally intrudes some distance into the Gulf of Mexico before shedding an anticyclonic eddy and retreating back to its more direct entry to exit pathway. The control of this aperiodic process remains only partially known. Here we describe the evolution of the Loop Current throughout the era of satellite altimetry, and offer a mechanistic hypothesis on Loop Current intrusion. As a complement to the known effects of Loop Current forcing on the west Florida shelf circulation, we argue that the west Florida shelf, in turn, impacts the Loop Current evolution. A Self‐Organizing Map analysis shows that anomalous northward penetrations of the Loop Current into the Gulf of Mexico occur when the eastern side of Loop Current is positioned west from the southwest corner of the west Florida shelf, whereas the more direct inflow to outflow route occurs when the eastern side of the Loop Current comes in contact with the southwest corner of the west Florida shelf. In essence, we argue that the west Florida shelf anchors the Loop Current in its direct path configuration and that farther northward penetration into the Gulf of Mexico occurs when such anchoring is released. To test of this hypothesis heuristically, we estimate that the dissipation and buoyancy work due to known Loop Current forcing of the west Florida shelf circulation (when in contact with the southwest corner) may exceed the pressure work required for the Loop Current to advance against the ambient Gulf of Mexico fluid.
Evaluation of Oceanic Surface Observation for Reproducing the Upper Ocean Structure in ECHAM5/MPI‐OM
Authors: Luo Hao , Zheng Fei , Zhu Jiang
Published: November 2017

Better constraints of initial conditions from data assimilation are necessary for climate simulations and predictions, and they are particularly important for the ocean due to its long climate memory; as such, ocean data assimilation (ODA) is regarded as an effective tool for seasonal to decadal predictions. In this work, an ODA system is established for a coupled climate model (ECHAM5/MPI‐OM), which can assimilate all available oceanic observations using an ensemble optimal interpolation approach. To validate and isolate the performance of different surface observations in reproducing air‐sea climate variations in the model, a set of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) was performed over 150 model years. Generally, assimilating sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface height (SSH) can reasonably reproduce the climate variability and vertical structure of the upper ocean, and assimilating SSH achieves the best results compared to the true states. For the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), assimilating different surface observations captures true aspects of ENSO well, but assimilating SSH can further enhance the accuracy of ENSO‐related feedback processes in the coupled model, leading to a more reasonable ENSO evolution and air‐sea interaction over the tropical Pacific. For ocean heat content, there are still limitations in reproducing the long time‐scale variability in the North Atlantic, even if SSH has been taken into consideration. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of assimilating surface observations in capturing the interannual signal and, to some extent, the decadal signal but still highlight the necessity of assimilating profile data to reproduce specific decadal variability.
Regional Responses to Black Carbon Aerosols: The Importance of Air‐Sea Interaction
Authors: Gnanadesikan A. , Scott A. A. , Pradal M.‐A. , Seviour W. J. M. , Waugh D. W.
Published: November 2017

The impact of modern black carbon aerosols on climate via their changes in radiative balance is studied using a coupled model where sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are allowed to vary and an atmosphere‐only version of the same model where SSTs are held fixed. Allowing the ocean to respond is shown to have a profound impact on the pattern of temperature change. Particularly, large impacts are found in the North Pacific (which cools by up to 1 K in the coupled model) and in north central Asia (which warms in the coupled simulation and cools in the fixed SST simulation). Neither set of experiments shows large changes in surface temperatures in the Southeast Asian region where the atmospheric burden of black carbon is highest. These results are related to the stabilization of the atmosphere and changes in oceanic heat transport. Over the North Pacific, atmospheric stabilization results in an increase in stratiform clouds. The resulting shading reduces evaporation, freshening the surface layer of the ocean and reducing the inflow of warm subtropical waters. Over the land, a delicate balance between greater atmospheric absorption, shading of the surface and changes in latent cooling of the surface helps to determine whether warming or cooling is seen. Our results emphasize the importance of coupling in determining the response of the climate system to black carbon and suggest that black carbon may play an important role in modulating climate change over the North Pacific.
Labeling Theory
Authors: Hass Aida Y.
Published: November 2017

Labeling theory is rooted in a tradition of understanding criminal behavior as a product of the interpretation of realities whereby certain meanings are attached to different actions. This tradition called for the reevaluation of personal behavior based upon the symbols attached to those behaviors by observers. Focus shifted from individual behavior to the process of defining, tagging, and isolating certain individuals based on the meanings attached to their actions. The development of labeling theory is premised on the belief that in order for deviance to cause a public reaction, it must be apparent and visible to others within the community, while also acknowledging that public reaction can vary widely. The consequences of these processes are examined within the context of their stigmatizing effects on individuals, and also how they impact changes in their definition of self, lead to reduced integration into society, and increase the chances of associating with deviant social groups.
Interrogation, Police
Authors: Stinson Philip Matthew
Published: November 2017

Police interrogation methods in the United States have evolved over the past 100 years as a direct result of public condemnation of violent police practices and decisions of the US Supreme Court on constitutional challenges to police interrogation practices. Professionalization of police agencies from the 1940s to the present has resulted in the use of standardized interrogation methods based on behavioral psychology, scientific methods, and advances in technology. Police interrogation practices involving juveniles generally do not differ from those involving adult suspects.
Boot Camps
Authors: Mitchell Ojmarrh
Published: November 2017

Correctional boot camps are programs modeled after military basic training. The hallmark of boot camps is their emphasis on physical training, military drill and ceremony, and pseudo‐military atmosphere. Participants in boot camps are typically young, nonviolent offenders; often, but clearly not always, boot camp participants agree to participate in the boot camp program for 90–180 days instead of a longer term of incarceration in a traditional correctional facility. Boot camps emerged in the early 1980s in the United States, proliferated widely by the mid‐1990s, and then declined markedly beginning in the late 1990s. The emergence, proliferation, and decline of boot camps are all largely explained by political factors.
Eddingsv.Oklahoma
Authors: Sellers Brian G.
Published: November 2017

TheEddings v. Oklahomacase was the first time in which the United States Supreme Court heard a case on the death penalty for juveniles. The offender, Monty Lee Eddings, was 16 years old when he shot a highway patrolman who had stopped him for momentarily losing control of his vehicle as he was running away from home. Eddings was waived and tried in adult court. He plead guilty to the murder of Officer Crabtree. During the sentencing hearing, the trial judge determined that the state had proved the existence of three aggravating circumstances to the homicide. The judge only acknowledged Eddings's youthful age as a mitigating circumstance and refused to give any consideration to his turbulent family history and emotional disturbances. As a result, Eddings was sentenced to death. The opinion was upheld upon appeal. Later, the US Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case because it was found that the defendant's Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated when the trial judge gave no weight or consideration to the full body of mitigating evidence.
Immigration
Authors: Peguero Anthony A.
Published: November 2017

Currently, approximately 25% of all youth in the United States have at least one immigrant parent and the proportion is expected to rise to 33% within 30 years. In response to this demographic shift, there is an increasing amount of research exploring the significance of immigration in relationship to youth violence. Evidence is accumulating that immigrant community enclaves are associated with reduced levels of violence and also that first‐generation immigrant youth are less likely to engage in violence than successive generations – often referred to as the “immigrant paradox.” This entry provides a brief overview of the relationship between immigration and youth violence. As will be suggested, researchers, policymakers, educators, and stakeholders should consider the changing demographic context with regard to developing policies and programs to address youth experiences with violence.
Central America
Authors: Peetz Peter
Published: November 2017

In Central America, juvenile delinquency is perceived as a major societal problem. As many criminal offenses committed by youths involve physical violence, delinquent behavior of young people, especially of young men, is seen as one reason for the high levels of violence in this Latin American subregion. The single most important phenomenon of juvenile delinquency in Central America is the massive prevalence of youth gangs, the so‐calledmaras, in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. There, government policies to tackle youth crime in general, andmaraviolence in particular, consist predominantly of conventional law enforcement measures and have often resulted in harsh human and children's rights violations against young suspects and convicts.
Competence, Adjudicative
Authors: Kruh Ivan
Published: November 2017

Adjudicative competence is the requirement that defendants are able to participate meaningfully in their defense. TheDuskystandard requires that defendants possess the capacity to understand and appreciate the nature of the legal proceedings and the capacity to assist counsel. Traditionally, incompetence may be due to major mental illness and/or cognitive impairment. Concern about the adjudicative competence of juvenile court defendants has recently increased. However, fundamental questions about how to apply the concept in juvenile courts often remain unanswered. For example, whether functional limitations caused by normal development should be legally recognized as a basis for incompetence is not always clear. A finding of incompetence often results in an attempt to alleviate the impediments to competence. Educational and/or skill‐based interventions are the most common approach to “competency remediation” with juveniles.
Deterrence, as Delinquency Policy
Authors: Myers David L.
Published: November 2017

Deterrence‐based delinquency policy is based on the idea that rational juveniles will choose not to break the law because of either the threat or actual receipt of punishment. General deterrence occurs when youths in the general population refrain from breaking the law owing to a fear of being punished, whereas specific deterrence occurs when juvenile offenders are caught and punished, and subsequently they refrain from committing crime owing to a fear of additional punishment. Punitive juvenile justice approaches, such as transferring juveniles to adult court and “focused” deterrence strategies, are supported through a belief in general and specific deterrence, but contemporary research suggests that these deterrent effects are limited. Additional research indicates that perceived risks of getting caught and punished have modest effects on juvenile behavior, particularly for serious and violent offenders, and adolescent cognitive development and psychological immaturity make the rationality assumption of deterrence problematic for most youths.
M
iranda
v
.
A
rizona
Authors: Bates Kristin A.
Published: November 2017

In 1966, the US Supreme Court ruled on the case
Miranda v. Arizona
, establishing the procedures to be followed by law enforcement during arrest and interrogation of individuals. These procedures were designed to protect better the Constitutional rights of privilege against self‐incrimination and the right to consult with an attorney. Over the years, there has been great debate as to whether the procedures established in
Miranda
have hurt law enforcement's ability to close cases or gone far enough in protecting individual rights during police interrogation. One of the areas for which there has been significant debate and research is the experience of juveniles during interrogation, specifically the likelihood that juveniles are capable of being knowing, voluntary, intelligent participants in their understanding of
Miranda
.
Intergenerational Transmission of Violence
Authors: Besemer Sytske
Published: November 2017

Intergenerational transmission of violence means that children of violent offenders are more likely to become violent. Some of the prominent theories include social learning, genetics, official bias, and the transmission of risk factors. Although there has been much research on intergenerational transmission of crime in general, research on intergenerational transmission of violence in particular is scarce. The available studies suggest that both biological and environmental factors are important in explaining the transmission. Moreover, research suggests that the transmission of violence is stronger than that of general offending and that some offenses such as arson and robbery seem to be resembled more strongly among family members than other offenses such as intimidation. A research agenda is proposed, focusing on transmission for females, biosocial interactions of genes and the environment, and the use of (natural) experiments.
Pathways to Crime
Authors: Heerde Jessica A. , Hemphill Sheryl A.
Published: November 2017

The term “crime” categorizes various behaviors that are considered offenses and punishable by law, engaged in by an individual and against another person. Offenses can be of a physical, property, or sexual nature. A wide‐reaching and complex range of risk and protective factors have been identified across individual, family, peer, and societal domains as playing roles in the development of crime. The effects of crime are wide reaching and concern not only the perpetrator, but also victims and witnesses. This entry begins with a discussion of definitions of crime, followed by an overview of international rates of crime. Next, an overview of some of the theoretical perspectives on pathways to crime is provided. Risk and protective factors for engagement in crime are discussed, as are some of the health and social costs of crime perpetration. In conclusion, prevention and early intervention approaches to reduce engagement in crime are discussed.
Intelligence
Authors: Allen Jennifer L.
Published: November 2017

There is consistent evidence for an inverse association between intelligence and antisocial behavior. This link is evident for delinquency (official and self‐reported) and clinical diagnoses of conduct disorder, but not for recidivism or illegal drug use. The IQ–crime/delinquency relationship is the strongest with regard to verbal ability, with delinquents possessing similar nonverbal ability to their nondelinquent peers. The association does not appear to be due to socioeconomic status, ethnicity, test‐taking motivation or the differential detection of less intelligent offenders. However, clearly, intelligent people are capable of antisocial behavior and most individuals with low IQs are not criminals. The pathways to criminality are many and varied, with low intelligence being one of many possible contributing factors. Research has now shifted from establishing an association between intelligence and antisocial behavior to examining theoretical explanations of how and why these two constructs are linked.
Functional Family Therapy
Authors: Sexton Thomas L.
Published: November 2017

Functional family therapy (FFT) is a systematic, evidence‐based, manual‐driven, family‐based treatment program that is successful in treating a wide range of problems that affect youth (including drug use and abuse, conduct disorder, mental health concerns, truancy, and related family problems) and their families in a wide range of multiethnic, multicultural, and geographic contexts. In recent decades, FFT has been implemented in over 300 communities, helping over 40,000 youth and families each year in the United States and Europe. FFT is based on five theoretical principles, which guide the delivery of FFT and its implementation in community based settings. FFT has developed a number of technologies that are intended to enhance the outcomes of FFT. These tools include a systematic measurement system (FFT‐CMI) and a web‐based quality improvement, measurement feedback system (FFT‐Care4) to accompany the treatment manual and supervision protocol.