bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core-Binding Factor Subunit Beta Is Not Required for Non-Primate Lentiviral Vif-Mediated APOBEC3 Degradation
Authors: Ai Youwei , Zhu Dantong , Wang Cuihui , Su Chao , Ma Jian , Ma Jianzhang , Wang Xiaojun
Published: August 2014

Viral infectivity factor (Vif) is required for lentivirus fitness and pathogenicity, except in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Vif enhances viral infectivity by a Cullin5-Elongin B/C E3 complex to inactivate the host restriction factor APOBEC3. Core-binding factor subunit beta (CBF-β) is a cell factor that was recently shown to be important for the primate lentiviral Vif function. Non-primate lentiviral Vif also degrades APOBEC3 through the proteasome pathway. However, it is unclear whether CBF-β is required for the non-primate lentiviral Vif function. In this study, we demonstrated that the Vifs of non-primate lentiviruses, including feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), and maedi-visna virus (MVV), do not interact with CBF-β. In addition, CBF-β did not promote the stability of FIV, BIV, CAEV, and MVV Vifs. Furthermore, CBF-β silencing or overexpression did not affect non-primate lentiviral Vif-mediated APOBEC3 degradation. Our results suggest that non-primate lentiviral Vif induces APOBEC3 degradation through a different mechanism than primate lentiviral Vif.

IMPORTANCE
The APOBEC3 protein family members are host restriction factors that block retrovirus replication. Vif, an accessory protein of lentivirus, degrades APOBEC3 to rescue viral infectivity by forming Cullin5-Elongin B/C-based E3 complex. CBF-β was proved to be a novel regulator of primate lentiviral Vif function. In this study, we found that CBF-β knockdown or overexpression did not affect FIV Vif's function, which induced polyubiquitination and degradation of APOBEC3 by recruiting the E3 complex in a manner similar to that of HIV-1 Vif. We also showed that other non-primate lentiviral Vifs did not require CBF-β to degrade APOBEC3. CBF-β did not interact with non-primate lentiviral Vifs or promote their stability. These results suggest that a different mechanism exists for the Vif-APOBEC interaction and that non-primates are not suitable animal models for exploring pharmacological interventions that disrupt Vif–CBF-β interaction.
Regulation of Autophagic Activation by Rta of Epstein-Barr Virus via the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway
Authors: Hung Chien-Hui , Chen Lee-Wen , Wang Wen-Hung , Chang Pey-Jium , Chiu Ya-Fang , Hung Chen-Chia , Lin Ying-Ju , Liou Jieh-Yuan , Tsai Wan-Ju , Hung Chia-Ling , Liu Shih-Tung
Published: August 2014

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway that provides a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. However, many viruses exploit this mechanism to promote their replication. This study shows that lytic induction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increases the membrane-bound form of LC3 (LC3-II) and LC3-containing punctate structures in EBV-positive cells. Transfecting 293T cells with a plasmid that expresses Rta also induces autophagy, revealing that Rta is responsible for autophagic activation. The activation involves Atg5, a key component of autophagy, but not the mTOR pathway. The expression of Rta also activates the transcription of the genes that participate in the formation of autophagosomes, includingLC3A, LC3B, andATG9Bgenes, as well as those that are involved in the regulation of autophagy, including the genesTNF,IRGM, andTRAIL. Additionally, treatment with U0126 inhibits the Rta-induced autophagy and the expression of autophagy genes, indicating that the autophagic activation is caused by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling by Rta. Finally, the inhibition of autophagic activity by an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, or Atg5 small interfering RNA, reduces the expression of EBV lytic proteins and the production of viral particles, revealing that autophagy is critical to EBV lytic progression. This investigation reveals how an EBV-encoded transcription factor promotes autophagy to affect viral lytic development.
Commentary: HIV Vaccine Trial Exploits a Dual and Central Role for Innate Immunity
Authors: Fuller Deborah Heydenburg , Richert-Spuhler Laura E. , Klatt Nichole R.
Published: August 2014

Limited understanding of correlates of protection from HIV transmission hinders development of an efficacious vaccine. D. J. M. Lewis and colleagues (J. Virol. 88:11648–11657, 2014,
doi:10.1128/JVI.01621-14
)
now report that vaginal immunization with an HIVgp140 vaccine linked to the 70-kDa heat shock protein downregulated the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coreceptor CCR5 (chemokine [C-C motif] receptor 5) and increased expression of the HIV resistance factor APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3G), in women. These effects correlated with HIV suppression
ex vivo
. Thus, vaccine-induced innate responses not only facilitate adaptive immunity–they may prove to be critical for preventing HIV transmission.
Kinetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CD8
+
T Cell Responses after Priming with Alphavirus Replicons and Homologous or Heterologous Booster Immunizations
Authors: Knudsen Maria Lisa , Ljungberg Karl , Kakoulidou Maria , Kostic Linda , Hallengärd David , García-Arriaza Juan , Merits Andres , Esteban Mariano , Liljeström Peter
Published: August 2014

Alphavirus replicons are potent inducers of CD8
+
T cell responses and thus constitute an attractive vaccine vector platform for developing novel vaccines. However, the kinetics and memory phenotype of CD8
+
T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons are not well characterized. Furthermore, little is known how priming with alphavirus replicons affects booster immune responses induced by other vaccine modalities. We demonstrate here that a single immunization with an alphavirus replicon, administered as viral particles or naked DNA, induced an antigen-specific CD8
+
T cell response that had a sharp peak, followed by a rapid contraction. Administering a homologous boost before contraction had occurred did not further increase the response. In contrast, boosting after contraction when CD8
+
T cells had obtained a memory phenotype (based on CD127/CD62L expression), resulted in maintenance of CD8
+
T cells with a high recall capacity (based on CD27/CD43 expression). Increasing the dose of replicon particles promoted T effector memory (Tem) and inhibited T central memory development. Moreover, infection with a replicating alphavirus induced a similar distribution of CD8
+
T cells as the replicon vector. Lastly, the distribution of T cell subpopulations induced by a DNA-launched alphavirus replicon could be altered by heterologous boosts. For instance, boosting with a poxvirus vector (MVA) favored expansion of the Tem compartment. In summary, we have characterized the antigen-specific CD8
+
T cell response induced by alphavirus replicon vectors and demonstrated how it can be altered by homologous and heterologous boost immunizations.

IMPORTANCE
Alphavirus replicons are promising vaccine candidates against a number of diseases and are by themselves developed as vaccines against, for example, Chikungunya virus infection. Replicons are also considered to be used for priming, followed by booster immunization using different vaccine modalities. In order to rationally design prime-boost immunization schedules with these vectors, characterization of the magnitude and phenotype of CD8
+
T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons is needed. Here, we demonstrate how factors such as timing and dose affect the phenotypes of memory T cell populations induced by immunization with alphavirus replicons. These findings are important for designing future clinical trials with alphaviruses, since they can be used to tailor vaccination regimens in order to induce a CD8
+
T cell response that is optimal for control and/or clearance of a specific pathogen.
Activity of T-DM1 in HER-2 positive central nervous system breast cancer metastases
Authors: Torres Sofia , Maralani Pejman , Verma Sunil
Published: August 2014

A 55-year-old woman with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) positive breast cancer (BC) to the lungs and bones was diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) metastases in November 2011. The MRI showed a right parietal lobe mass with adjacent leptomeningeal disease and several small bilateral cerebellar metastases. She was treated with whole brain irradiation (WBI), followed by capecitabine and lapatinib (December 2011-March 2013) and trastuzumab and lapatinib (May 2013-August 2013). Then, the brain MRI showed progression. In the absence of significant neurological symptoms, we postponed WBI and closely monitored for the development of neurological symptoms. Systemic treatment with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate composed of the cytotoxic agent DM1 conjugated to trastuzumab, was initiated in September 2013 to control systemic disease. Unexpectedly, after two cycles of treatment the brain MRI showed a decrease in size of CNS metastases. This case report suggests possible activity of T-DM1 in HER-2 positive BC with CNS metastases.
Rates and predictors of ACE inhibitor discontinuation subsequent to elevated serum creatinine: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jackevicius Cynthia A , Wong Joyce , Aroustamian Irina , Gee Manyee , Mody Freny Vaghaiwalla
Published: August 2014

Objectives

ACE inhibitors (ACEI) are underutilised despite cardiovascular benefits, in part due to concerns of known transient elevations in serum creatinine (SCr) after initiation. Our objectives were to evaluate rates and predictors of ACEI discontinuation after SCr elevation post-ACEI initiation since limited data are available that examine this issue.

Setting

Primary and tertiary Veterans healthcare system in Los Angeles, California, USA

Participants

3039 outpatients initiating an ACEI with a SCr measured within 6 months prior to and approximately 3 months after initiating an ACEI. Patients were divided into three groups (SCr <1.5, 1.5–2 and >2).

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Rates and factors associated with ACEI discontinuation subsequent to SCr elevation after ACEI initiation and for patients with baseline SCr >2 mg/dL, the change in SCr associated with chronic use. Predictors were identified using multivariate logistic regression modelling.

Results

At 3 months follow-up, for those with an increase in SCr, the mean increase post-ACEI initiation was 26%, ranging from −0.01 mg/dL to 0.42 mg/dL varying according to a level of baseline renal function. ACEI discontinuation was higher in patients with elevated baseline SCr (19/165, 11.5%) compared with those with SCr <1.5 (135/2497, 5.4%), and those with SCr 1.5–2.0 (28/377, 7.4%). Male patients, and those with heart failure were less likely to discontinue ACEI after an elevation of SCr post-ACEI initiation, while those taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics and β-blockers were more likely to discontinue ACEI.

Conclusions

SCr increases <30% on average within 3 months of ACEI initiation, with subsequent discontinuation rates varying by baseline SCr. Elevation in SCr was not associated with ACEI discontinuation rates. In patients with SCr >2 mg/dL at baseline, despite an acute increase in SCr after ACEI initiation, chronic ACEI use was associated with a decrease in SCr in most patients.
Peer review of human studies run amok: a break in the fiduciary relation between scientists and the public
Authors: Ewing Sarah W Feldstein , Saitz Richard
Published: August 2014

Peer review aims to ensure the quality and credibility of research reporting. Conducted by volunteer scientists who receive no guidance or direction, peer review widely varies from fast and facilitative, to unclear and obstructive. Poor quality is an issue because most science research is publicly funded, whereby scientists must make an effort to quickly disseminate their findings back to the public. An unfortunately not uncommon barrier in this process is ineffective peer review. Most scientists agree that when done well, editors and reviewers drive and maintain the high standards of science. At the same time, ineffective peer review can cause great delay with no introduced improvement in final product. These delays and requests interfere with the path of communication between scientist and public, at a great cost to editors, reviewers, authors and those who stand to benefit from application of the results of the studies. We offer a series of concrete recommendations to improve this process.
WHAT IS THE RETURN ON YOUR UNPLANNED RETURNS?
Authors: Burch Greg , Walters Steven , Jessop Vanessa , Somers Lisa
Published: August 2014

Objectives & Background

Unplanned emergency re-attendance within seven days is a national quality indicator set at 1–5% by the Department of Health. Newham University Hospital (NUH), one of three hospitals forming Barts Health NHS Trust, recorded rates exceeded this target in October 2012, with a spike at 10% in April 2013 prompting investigation of the root cause. A review was carried out to determine the potential causes and provide solutions.

Methods

Records of all patients who attended twice or more within seven days with the same problem were analysed retrospectively over a two week period in October 2012. Spot check analyses were also made over the following two months. Over 250 re-attendances were reviewed. All patients presenting to the common front door of the ED (ED, Urgent Care Centre and GP co-operative) were included, as per DoH definition. Clinical notes were reviewed to establish the initial presenting complaint and reason for subsequent re-attendance.

Results

The total number of recorded unplanned returns was 119. However, the true number was 90 (24% less than the recorded figure); including five missed unplanned returns.16 patients were wrongly coded and 18 patients left without treatment on at least one occasion.

One in five re-attenders were ‘frequent flyers’, presenting repeatedly with minor chronic conditions, intoxication, homelessness and mental health issues. Reasons for re-attendance given by patients included being unable to get primary care appointments, lack of GP registration and dissatisfaction with GP or Urgent Care Centre advice.

Conclusion

We discovered that different definitions across the three Barts Health ED sites were being applied. Following presentation of results a unified definition was drawn up. Coding error was the main reason for our blip of 10% in April 2013 and was rectified by education of reception staff. We have now instigated bimonthly review of ‘frequent fliers’ so that case-management plans can be implemented with relevant Trust and community teams. This review has highlighted several issues contributing to inaccurate figures which are likely to apply to many emergency departments and has shown how useful it is to qualify as well as quantify unplanned returns.
RESPONSES TO DISCLOSURE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE ED
Authors: McGarry Julie , Hinsliff-Smiith Kathryn , Kench Selecia , Miller Philip
Published: August 2014

Objectives & Background

Significant numbers of people attend ED either as a direct result of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) or related admissions, for example self-harm (Boyleet al, 2006, Boursnell and Prosser, 2010). However, effective management remains problematic and as Gibbons (2011) has highlighted DVA often goes unreported by ED staff. The recent National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2014) guidanceDomestic violence and abuse […]has identified that front line health care professionals will have a pivotal role and responsibility in the management of DVA in the future. The aim of our research therefore was to gather evidence regarding current practice in the recognition and management of DVA within ED in order to develop recommendations for service development through the following questions:

How are survivors of DVA currently identified and managed within the ED?

What systems can be put into place to maximize recognition and effective support within this context?

Methods

A qualitative exploratory study involving in-depth interviews with ED clinical staff (n=11) and focus groups with survivors of domestic abuse (n=6) who had attended ED in order to understand experiences and identify factors influencing effective recognition and assessment within ED. A pre-piloted aide memoire was used to guide the interviews and focus groups. Data were analyzed using Framework (Ritchie and Lewis, 2012).

Results

Interviews identified a number of themes with clinical staff highlighting that it was emotionally and professionally ‘challenging' to manage disclosure, expressed anxiety about ‘wanting to do the right thing' and were cognizant of the organizational constraints of ‘managing time'. Survivors had first-hand experience of ED attendance and discussed how they did not disclose to ED staff for a number of reasons including guilt about repeated ED attendance as a result of their injuries and ‘time wasting', not being able to respond to staff advice to ‘leave abusive partners' and the lack of opportunity ‘privacy' within the ED environment.

Conclusion

A number of barriers exist including cultural and organizational structures which mediate against effective assessment and support. The recent NICE (2014) guidelines provide a potential platform to transform effective assessment and support for survivors by ED staff. Findings of the study and implications for service and practice development will form the basis of the presentation.
PAEDIATRIC TRAUMATIC CARDIAC ARREST: DATA FROM THE JOINT THEATRE TRAUMA REGISTRY
Authors: Hillman Christopher M , Rickard Annette , Rawlins Matthew , Smith Jason
Published: August 2014

Objectives & Background

Traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) in children is associated with poor survival (<5% in the majority of studies) and even worse neurological outcome.

Since 2003, over 600 seriously injured local national children have been treated at deployed UK military medical treatment facilities during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. A number of these were in cardiac arrest after sustaining traumatic injuries.

Mechanism of Injury

MechanismIED13GSW7MVC4Drowning4Other (RPG, UXO)4Total32

Trauma care has continually advanced during the recent conflicts, leading to many unexpected survivors (1). The objective of this study was to define outcomes from paediatric TCA in this cohort.

Methods

A retrospective database review was undertaken using the Joint Theatre Trauma Registry. This includes UK military, coalition military, civilians, and local security forces personnel who prompted trauma team activation. However, all children in this series were local nationals. All children aged less than 18 years who presented between January 2003 and April 2014, and who underwent CPR, were included.

Results

32 children with TCA were included. The mechanisms of injury were IED (improvised explosive device), GSW (gunshot wound), MVC (motor vehicle collision), drowning and others (rocket propelled grenade, unexploded ordnance) – see Table 1. 4 children survived to discharge from the medical treatment facility (12.5%), though no data are available regarding the long-term neurological outcome in these patients. Further analyses, in particular with regard to injury patterns and life saving interventions, are underway.

Conclusion

Outcomes from this cohort show better survival rates in paediatric traumatic cardiac arrest compared to the most other studies. The reason for this is not known, although this mirrors the unexpected survivors previously reported in recent military series. Further work is necessary to define the optimal management of paediatric patients in TCA.
Comparing the rehydration potential of different milk-based drinks to a carbohydrate–electrolyte beverage
Authors: Desbrow Ben , Jansen Sarah , Barrett Abby , Leveritt Michael D. , Irwin Christopher
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to compare the rehydration potential of a carbohydrate–electrolyte beverage with several varieties of milk following exercise-induced fluid losses. Fifteen male participants (age 24.9 ± 5.5 years, height 179.3 ± 4.9 cm, body mass 75.8 ± 6.6 kg (mean ± SD)) lost 2.0% ± 0.2% body mass through intermittent cycling before consuming a different beverage on 4 separate occasions. Drinks included cow’s milk (286 kJ·100 mL−1), soy milk (273 kJ·100 mL−1), a milk-based liquid meal supplement (Sustagen Sport (Nestle); 417 kJ·100 mL−1), and a sports drink (Powerade (Coca Cola Ltd); 129 kJ·100 mL−1). Beverages were consumed over 1 h in volumes equivalent to 150% of body mass loss. Body mass, blood and urine samples, and measures of gastrointestinal tolerance were obtained before and hourly for 4 h after beverage consumption. Net body mass at the conclusion of each trial was significantly less with Powerade (–1.37 ± 0.3 kg) than with cow’s milk (–0.92 ± 0.48 kg), soy milk (–0.78 ± 0.37 kg), and Sustagen Sport (–0.48 ± 0.39 kg). Net body mass was also significantly greater for Sustagen Sport compared with cow’s milk trials, but not soy milk. Upon completion of trials, the percentage of beverage retained was Sustagen Sport 65.1% ± 14.7%, soy milk 46.9% ± 19.9%, cow’s milk 40.0% ± 24.9%, and Powerade 16.6% ± 16.5%. Changes in plasma volume and electrolytes were unaffected by drink treatment. Subjective ratings of bloating and fullness were higher during all milk trials compared with Powerade whereas ratings of overall thirst were not different between beverages. Milk-based drinks are more effective rehydration options compared with traditional sports drinks. The additional energy, protein, and sodium in a milk-based liquid meal supplement facilitate superior fluid recovery following exercise.
Combined metoprolol and ascorbic acid treatment prevents intrinsic damage to the heart during diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Saran Varun , Sharma Vijay , Wambolt Richard , Yuen Violet G. , Allard Michael , McNeill John Hugh
Published: August 2014

Metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress have been highlighted as potential causative factors for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The β-blocker metoprolol is known to improve function in the diabetic rat heart and ameliorates the sequelae associated with oxidative stress, without lowering oxidative stress. The antioxidant ascorbic acid is known to improve function in the diabetic rat heart. We tested whether a combination of ascorbic acid and metoprolol treatment would improve function further than each drug individually. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were treated with metoprolol (15 mg·(kg body mass)−1·day−1, via an osmotic pump) and (or) ascorbic acid (1000 mg·(kg body mass)−1·day−1, via their drinking water). To study the effect of treatment on the development of dysfunction, we examined time points before (5 weeks diabetic) and after (7 weeks diabetic) development of overt systolic dysfunction. Echocardiography and working-heart-perfusion were used to assess cardiac function. Blood and tissue samples were collected to assess the severity of disease and oxidative stress. While both drugs improved function, only ascorbic acid had effects on oxidative damage. Combination treatment had a more pronounced improvement in function. Our β-blocker + antioxidant treatment strategy focused on oxidative stress, not diabetes specifically; therefore, it may prove useful in other diseases where oxidative stress contributes to the pathology.
Quantum gravity, dynamical phase-space and string theory
Authors: Freidel Laurent , Leigh Robert G. , Minic Djordje
Published: August 2014

In a natural extension of the relativity principle, we speculate that a quantum theory of gravity involves two fundamental scales associated with both dynamical spacetime as well as dynamical momentum space. This view of quantum gravity is explicitly realized in a new formulation of string theory which involves dynamical phase-space and in which spacetime is a derived concept. This formulation naturally unifies symplectic geometry of Hamiltonian dynamics, complex geometry of quantum theory and real geometry of general relativity. The spacetime and momentum space dynamics, and thus dynamical phase-space, is governed by a new version of the renormalization group (RG).
An effective algebraic detection of the Nielsen–Thurston classification of mapping classes
Authors: Koberda Thomas , Mangahas Johanna
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we propose two algorithms for determining the Nielsen–Thurston classification of a mapping class ψ on a surface S. We start with a finite generating set X for the mapping class group and a word ψ in 〈X〉. We show that if ψ represents a reducible mapping class in Mod (S), then ψ admits a canonical reduction system whose total length is exponential in the word length of ψ. We use this fact to find the canonical reduction system of ψ. We also prove an effective conjugacy separability result for π1(S) which allows us to lift the action of ψ to a finite cover [Formula: see text] of S whose degree depends computably on the word length of ψ, and to use the homology action of ψ on [Formula: see text] to determine the Nielsen–Thurston classification of ψ.
Simulation of end-member scenarios of density-driven flow: prediction of dolostone geobody dimensions using COMSOL
Authors: Pal Mayur , Taberner Conxita , Tueckmantel Christian
Published: August 2014

Density-driven flows occur in nature and are initiated by density contrast. Salinity and temperature differences are remarkably effective in initiating density-driven flow, which may instigate convective flow. In turn, convective flow is seen by many authors as key for solute and mass transport, which are important processes controlling dolomitization.

Two key dolomitization models rely on the application of density-driven flow concepts: (1) dolomitization by shallow or deep reflux of hypersaline brines in coastal ramp settings; and (2) fault-related dolomitization by the inflow of deep-seated fluids. These dolomitization scenarios are evaluated in this paper to infer plausible architecture, geobody dimensions and rock property distributions of dolomitic reservoirs. Since dolomitization processes may also alter porosity and permeability of the host lithology, changes in these properties are also discussed.

This contribution focuses on the application of numerical models to assess the applicability of specific dolomitization models/mechanisms in different geological scenarios. We discuss end-member results of flow simulations using the numerical code COMSOL. This software has been chosen to model these processes as it provides a multiphysics framework for solving coupled systems, as in the case of brine reflux and geothermal convection.

Our results provide a useful insight to the dynamic propagation of the limestone–dolomite front through fingering effects. The dolomite geobodies/patterns generated with the help of numerical simulation compare favourably with dolomite geobodies seen in outcrops. This study shows that during the dolomitization process the shape, the extent of propagation of the limestone–dolomite front and the rock properties (porosity and permeability) of the dolomitized reservoir are mainly influenced by the ‘contaminant’ source initiating dolomitization: that is, the magnesium-rich brine density in the case of brine reflux and the heat flux intensity in the case of geothermal reflux circulation.
Locomotor training alters the behavior of flexor reflexes during walking in human spinal cord injury
Authors: Smith Andrew C. , Mummidisetty Chaithanya K. , Rymer William Zev , Knikou Maria
Published: August 2014

In humans, a chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs the excitability of pathways mediating early flexor reflexes and increases the excitability of late, long-lasting flexor reflexes. We hypothesized that in individuals with SCI, locomotor training will alter the behavior of these spinally mediated reflexes. Nine individuals who had either chronic clinically motor complete or incomplete SCI received an average of 44 locomotor training sessions. Flexor reflexes, elicited via sural nerve stimulation of the right or left leg, were recorded from the ipsilateral tibialis anterior (TA) muscle before and after body weight support (BWS)-assisted treadmill training. The modulation pattern of the ipsilateral TA responses following innocuous stimulation of the right foot was also recorded in 10 healthy subjects while they stepped at 25% BWS to investigate whether body unloading during walking affects the behavior of these responses. Healthy subjects did not receive treadmill training. We observed a phase-dependent modulation of early TA flexor reflexes in healthy subjects with reduced body weight during walking. The early TA flexor reflexes were increased at heel contact, progressively decreased during the stance phase, and then increased throughout the swing phase. In individuals with SCI, locomotor training induced the reappearance of early TA flexor reflexes and changed the amplitude of late TA flexor reflexes during walking. Both early and late TA flexor reflexes were modulated in a phase-dependent pattern after training. These new findings support the adaptive capability of the injured nervous system to return to a prelesion excitability and integration state.
A Novel Sample Based Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Demodulator
Authors: Mohamed Moubark Asraf , Ali Sawal Hamid Md
Published: August 2014

This paper presents a new practical QPSK receiver that uses digitized samples of incoming QPSK analog signal to determine the phase of the QPSK symbol. The proposed technique is more robust to phase noise and consumes up to 89.6% less power for signal detection in demodulation operation. On the contrary, the conventional QPSK demodulation process where it uses coherent detection technique requires the exact incoming signal frequency; thus, any variation in the frequency of the local oscillator or incoming signal will cause phase noise. A software simulation of the proposed design was successfully carried out using MATLAB Simulink software platform. In the conventional system, at least 10 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) is required to achieve the bit error rate (BER) of 10−6, whereas, in the proposed technique, the same BER value can be achieved with only 5 dB SNR. Since some of the power consuming elements such as voltage control oscillator (VCO), mixer, and low pass filter (LPF) are no longer needed, the proposed QPSK demodulator will consume almost 68.8% to 99.6% less operational power compared to conventional QPSK demodulator.
Polyelectrolytes Ability in Reducing Atrazine Concentration in Water: Surface Effects
Authors: Mohd Amin Mohamad Faiz , Heijman S. G. J. , Lopes S. I. C. , Rietveld L. C.
Published: August 2014

This paper reports on the direct ability of two positively charged organic polyelectrolytes (natural-based and synthetic) to reduce the atrazine concentration in water. The adsorption study was set up using multiple glass vessels with different polymer dosing levels followed by ultrafiltration with a 1 kDa membrane. The addition of polymers exhibited a capability in reducing the atrazine concentration up to a maximum of 60% in surface-to-volume ratio experiments. In the beginning, the theoretical L-type of the isotherm of Giles’ classification was expected with an increase in the dosage of the polymer. However, in this study, the conventional type of isotherm was not observed. It was found that the adsorption of the cationic polymer on the negatively charged glass surface was necessary and influential for the removal of atrazine. Surface-to-volume ratio adsorption experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms and the polymer configuration. The glass surface area was determined to be a limiting parameter in the adsorption mechanism.
A Low Protein Diet Alters Bone Material Level Properties and the Response toIn VitroRepeated Mechanical Loading
Authors: Dubois-Ferrière Victor , Rizzoli René , Ammann Patrick
Published: August 2014

Low protein intake is associated with an alteration of bone microstructure and material level properties. However, it remains unknown whether these alterations of bone tissue could influence the response to repeated mechanical loading. The authors investigated thein vitroeffect of repeated loading on bone strength in humeri collected from 20 6-month-old female rats pair-fed with a control (15% casein) or an isocaloric low protein (2.5% casein) diet for 10 weeks. Bone specimens were cyclically loaded in three-point bending under load control for 2000 cycles. Humeri were then monotonically loaded to failure. The load-displacement curve of thein vitrocyclically loaded humerus was compared to the contralateral noncyclically loaded humerus and the influence of both protein diets. Material level properties were also evaluated through a nanoindentation test. Cyclic loading decreased postyield load and plastic deflection in rats fed a low protein diet, but not in those on a regular diet. Bone material level properties were altered in rats fed a low protein diet. This suggests that bone biomechanical alterations consequent to cyclic loading are more likely to occur in rats fed a low protein diet than in control animals subjected to the samein vitrocyclic loading regimen.
Discussion on Muskingum versus Integrator-Delay Models for Control Objectives
Authors: Bolea Yolanda , Puig Vicenç , Grau Antoni
Published: August 2014

A comparative study about two models, Muskingum and integrator-delay (ID) models, for canal control is presented. The former is a simplified hydrological model which is very simple and extensively used in hydraulic engineering for simulation and prediction. The latter is also a model with physical meaning and is widely used for irrigation canals control. Due to a lack of general awareness of Muskingum prediction model in regulation from the control community, authors present this comparative study with the ID control model. Both models have been studied and analyzed for control purposes. This study has been carried out and validated in a real irrigation canal, at Aghili irrigation district in Iran, using two traditional control approaches, PID with feedback and predictive control. The results demonstrate the advantages and drawbacks of both models, showing the benefits and limitations of using the widespread Muskingum model among the hydraulics scientific community for control design.
Fused Imidazopyrazoles: Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Applications
Authors: Khidre Rizk E. , Abdel-Wahab Bakr F. , Alothman Othman Y.
Published: August 2014

The current review summarizes the known synthetic routes of fused imidazopyrazoles. This review is classified into two main categories based on the type of annulations, for example, annulation of the imidazole ring onto a pyrazole scaffold or annulation of the pyrazole ring onto an imidazole scaffold. Some medicinal applications of imidazopyrazoles are mentioned.
Serum Levels of LL-37 and Inflammatory Cytokines in Plaque and Guttate Psoriasis
Authors: Hwang Young Ji , Jung Ho Jung , Kim Min Jung , Roh Nam Kyung , Jung Jae Wook , Lee Yang Won , Choe Yong Beom , Ahn Kyu Joong
Published: August 2014

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is assumed that the plaque phenotype of psoriasis is associated with T helper (Th) 1 immune response activation, while the guttate phenotype is associated with the Th17 immune response. Previous investigations of differences in the serum levels of cytokines relative to the clinical psoriatic phenotype have yielded conflicting results. This study compared the levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines and LL-37 relative to the morphological phenotype in patients with psoriasis. Seventy-four age-matched patients with psoriasis (32 with guttate psoriasis and 42 with plaque psoriasis) and 12 healthy controls were included. A multiplex cytokine assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure levels of Th1- and Th17-derived cytokines and LL-37, respectively. Circulating levels of interferon- (IFN)-γ, interleukin- (IL)-1RA, IL-2, and IL-23, and LL-37 were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than in healthy controls. However, the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-7, IL-22, and IL-23) and LL-37 did not differ significantly between the guttate and plaque phenotypes of psoriasis. There was a positive correlation between serum inflammatory cytokine levels and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score. The findings of this study suggest that the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines reflect the disease activity rather than determine the morphological phenotype.
A Fuzzy Reliability Model of Blades to Avoid Resonance and Its Convergence Analysis
Authors: Zhang Meng , Lu Shan , Li Bo
Published: August 2014

The inherent frequencies of blades, especially with friction structure of shroud, are related to many uncertain factors, which include not only random factors but also fuzzy or other uncertain factors. In this paper, the fuzzy reliability model of blades to avoid resonance is investigated. By regarding the inherent frequency as a fuzzy random variable with trapezoidal or flat‐normal membership function, a fuzzy reliability model of blades to avoid resonance is proposed based on the fuzzy cut‐set theory, and the corresponding numerical solution is given. Further, a theorem is proposed and proved to indicate the deficiency of the previous cut‐set distributions on convergence, and, then, a new cut‐set distribution is given to cover this shortage and ensure that the model is of good convergence. Finally, the proposed model is applied to evaluate the reliability of one certain blade. Some simulations are carried out to compare the new cut‐set distribution with the previous ones and study the influence of fuzzy degree on the reliability.
Elevated Levels of miR-155 in Blood and Urine from Patients with Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Hu Yang-Yang , Dong Wei-Da , Xu Yun-Fei , Yao Xu-Dong , Peng Bo , Liu Min , Zheng Jun-Hua
Published: August 2014

Background.Both circulating and urinary miRNAs may represent a potential noninvasive molecular biomarker capable of predicting chronic kidney disease, and, in the present study, we will investigate the serum and urinary levels of miR-155 in patients with nephrolithiasis.Methods.Serum and urinary levels of miR-155 are quantified in 60 patients with nephrolithiasis; the result was compared to 50 healthy volunteers. Estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) was calculated and, by simple regression analysis, the correlations of miR-155/eGFR and miR-155/CRP (C-reactive protein) levels were analyzed as well.Results.The median levels of serum and urinary levels of miR-155 are significantly higher in nephrolithiasis patients than in controls. eGFR inversely correlates with urinary level of miR-155; CRP positively correlates with urinary miR-155. Urinary level of miR-155 inversely correlates with urinary expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)αand positively correlates with urinary expression of regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES).Conclusion.Serum and urinary levels of miR-155 were significantly elevated in patients with nephrolithiasis, and the upregulation of miR-155 was correlated with decline of eGFR and elevation of CRP. Our results suggested that miR-155 might play important roles in the pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis via regulating inflammatory cytokines expression. Further study on the molecular pathogenic mechanism and larger scale of clinical trial are required.
Insulin Detemir Causes Lesser Weight Gain in Comparison to Insulin Glargine: Role on Hypothalamic NPY and Galanin
Authors: Zafar Mohammad Ishraq , Hu Cuining , Liu Danfeng , Shafqat Raja Adeel , Gao Feng
Published: August 2014

Objective.Compared with other insulin analogues, insulin detemir induces less weight gain. This study investigated whether this effect was achieved by influencing the hypothalamic appetite regulators neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL).Methods.Type  2 diabetic rat models were established with a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of STZ. All rats were divided into NC, DM, DM+DE and DM+GLA groups. Glycemic levels of all study groups were checked at study onset and after 4 weeks of insulin treatment. Food intake and body weight were monitored during treatment. After 4 weeks, the hypothalamus of rats was examined for NPY and GAL mRNA and protein expression.Results.After 4 weeks of treatment, compared with the DM+GLA group, the DM+DE group exhibited less food intake (P<0.05) and less weight gain (P<0.05), but showed similar glycemic control. The expression of hypothalamic NPY and GAL at both mRNA and protein level were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the DM+DE group.Conclusion. Insulin detemir decreased food intake in type 2 diabetic rats, which led to reduced weight gain when compared to insulin glargine treatment. This effect is likely due to downregulation of hypothalamic NPY and GAL.
Associate, Hyperdomainlike, and Presimplifiable Hyperrings
Authors: Adesina Abdul Akeem Agboola , Bijan Davvaz
Published: August 2014

Based on the works of Axtell et al., Anderson et al., and Ghanem on associate, domainlike, and presimplifiable rings, we introduce new hyperrings called associate, hyperdomainlike, and presimplifiable hyperrings. Some elementary properties of these new hyperrings and their relationships are presented.
Occupational and Personal Determinants of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Urban Taxi Drivers in Ghana
Authors: Abledu J. K. , Offei E. B. , Abledu G. K.
Published: August 2014

Background. There is a lack of epidemiological data on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among occupational drivers in Ghana. The present study seeks to estimate the prevalence, body distribution, and occupational and personal determinants of MSDs in a sample of taxi drivers in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. Methods. A total of 210 participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All the participants were evaluated by using a semistructured questionnaire and the standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire. Results. The estimated prevalence of MSDs was 70.5%. The prevalence of the various MSD domains was as follows: lower back pain (34.3%), upper back pain (16.7%), neck pain (15.2%), shoulder pain (11.0%), knee pain (10.0%), hip/thigh pain (2.9%), elbow pain (4.8%), ankle/feet pain (2.4%), and wrist/hand pain (1.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis of the data showed that participants who were employee drivers, drove taxi more than 12 hours per day or at least 5 days per week, perceived their job as stressful, and were dissatisfied with their job were at a greater risk of developing MSDs. Conclusions. These findings call for preventive strategies and safety guidelines in order to reduce the incidence of MSDs among urban taxi drivers in Ghana.
Consensus on Control of Risky Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Taiwan with National Health Insurance
Authors: Sheu Bor-Shyang , Wu Chun-Ying , Wu Ming-Shiang , Chiu Cheng-Tang , Lin Chun-Che , Hsu Ping-I , Cheng Hsiu-Chi , Lee Teng-Yu , Wang Hsiu-Po , Lin Jaw-Town
Published: August 2014

Background and Aims. To compose upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) consensus from a nationwide scale to improve the control of UGIB, especially for the high-risk comorbidity group.Methods. The steering committee defined the consensus scope to cover preendoscopy, endoscopy, postendoscopy, and overview from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) assessments for UGIB. The expert group comprised thirty-two Taiwan experts of UGIB to conduct the consensus conference by a modified Delphi process through two separate iterations to modify the draft statements and to vote anonymously to reach consensus with an agreement ≥80% for each statement and to set the recommendation grade.Results. The consensus included 17 statements to highlight that patients with comorbidities, including liver cirrhosis, end-stage renal disease, probable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes, are at high risk of peptic ulcer bleeding and rebleeding. Special considerations are recommended for such risky patients, including raising hematocrit to 30% in uremia or acute myocardial infarction, aggressive acid secretory control in high Rockall scores, monitoring delayed rebleeding in uremia or cirrhosis, considering cycloxygenase-2 inhibitors plus PPI for pain control, and early resumption of antiplatelets plus PPI in coronary artery disease or stroke.Conclusions. The consensus comprises recommendations to improve care of UGIB, especially for high-risk comorbidities.
Estimation of Finite Population Mean in Multivariate Stratified Sampling under Cost Function Using Goal Programming
Authors: Ullah Atta , Shabbir Javid , Hussain Zawar , Al-Zahrani Bander
Published: August 2014

In practical utilization of stratified random sampling scheme, the investigator meets a problem to select a sample that maximizes the precision of a finite population mean under cost constraint. An allocation of sample size becomes complicated when more than one characteristic is observed from each selected unit in a sample. In many real life situations, a linear cost function of a sample sizenhis not a good approximation to actual cost of sample survey when traveling cost between selected units in a stratum is significant. In this paper, sample allocation problem in multivariate stratified random sampling with proposed cost function is formulated in integer nonlinear multiobjective mathematical programming. A solution procedure is proposed using extended lexicographic goal programming approach. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computational details and to compare the efficiency of proposed compromise allocation.
Aging: A Predisposition to Dry Eyes
Authors: Sharma Anushree , Hindman Holly B.
Published: August 2014

Dry eye syndrome is a disease of the ocular surface and tear film that is prevalent in older adults. Even though the degree of visual acuity loss in dry eye patients is commonly mild-to-moderate, in the aging population, this minimal change in visual status can lead to a significant decrease in visual function and quality of life. A healthy ocular surface is maintained by appropriate tear production and tear drainage, and deficiencies in this delicate balance can lead to dryness. In the aging eye, risk factors such as polypharmacy, androgen deficiency, decreased blink rates, and oxidative stress can predispose the patient to developing dry eye that is frequently more severe, has higher economic costs, and leads to worse consequences to the well-being of the patient. Understanding why elderly patients are at higher risk for developing dry eyes can provide insights into the diagnosis and management of the growing number of older adults struggling with dry eye and minimize the burden of disease on our aging population.
An Analysis of the Optimal Multiobjective Inventory Clustering Decision with Small Quantity and Great Variety Inventory by Applying a DPSO
Authors: Wang Shen-Tsu , Li Meng-Hua
Published: August 2014

When an enterprise has thousands of varieties in its inventory, the use of a single management method could not be a feasible approach. A better way to manage this problem would be to categorise inventory items into several clusters according to inventory decisions and to use different management methods for managing different clusters. The present study applies DPSO (dynamic particle swarm optimisation) to a problem of clustering of inventory items. Without the requirement of prior inventory knowledge, inventory items are automatically clustered into near optimal clustering number. The obtained clustering results should satisfy the inventory objective equation, which consists of different objectives such as total cost, backorder rate, demand relevance, and inventory turnover rate. This study integrates the above four objectives into a multiobjective equation, and inputs the actual inventory items of the enterprise into DPSO. In comparison with other clustering methods, the proposed method can consider different objectives and obtain an overall better solution to obtain better convergence results and inventory decisions.