bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coal‐Based Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers as High‐Performance Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Junting , Wang Xingchao , Lu Xiaoquan , Chao Cuiqin , Liang Yuanyuan , Gao Ping , Sun Ying , Liu Anjie , Huang Yudai
Published: May 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered one of the most promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundance of sodium resources. However, the deployment of SIBs is hindered severely by the lack of advanced electrode materials, especially anode materials. Herein, coal‐based hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (HPCCNFs) are prepared by a simple electrospinning coupled with activation method. The chemical activation gives HPCCNF‐1 a micro/mesoporous integrated structure and appropriate specific surface area (2236.43 m2 g−1), while expanding the carbon layer spacing to 0.386 nm, which facilitates ion and electron transport. The N doping not only creates external defects and active sites, but also increases the electrical conductivity of the material. When used as an anode material for SIBs, the HPCCNFs‐1 exhibits excellent cycling stability (up to 1000 cycles) and good rate performance (121.7 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1). This work demonstrates that the coal‐based carbon nanofibers can be a promising anode for building high‐performance batteries.
Large blade impeller application for turbulent liquid–liquid and solid–liquid mixing
Authors: Montante Giuseppina , Maluta Francesco , Alberini Federico , Iwasawa Suzuka , Takenaka Katsuhide , Paglianti Alessandro
Published: May 2022

Application of large blade impellers to turbulent single‐phase and two‐phase mixing is investigated in this work in order to provide a quantitative basis for estimating the possible advantages in industrial mixing operations with respect to fast impeller types. The analysis is based on the discussion of three‐dimensional velocity fields collected in a single‐phase vessel stirred by a Maxblend impeller by stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and of dispersed phase distribution and liquid mixing time obtained in solid–liquid and liquid–liquid systems by electrical resistance tomography. The results highlight that turbulent two‐phase mixing can be efficiently performed in baffled vessels stirred by large blade impellers both in shear‐rate controlled and bulk‐motion controlled processes.
Discovery and Characterization of Multiple Classes of Human CatSper Blockers
Authors: Carlson Erick J. , Francis Rawle , Liu Yutong , Li Ping , Lyon Maximilian , Santi Celia M. , Hook Derek J. , Hawkinson Jon E. , Georg Gunda I.
Published: May 2022

The cation channel of sperm (CatSper) is a validated target for nonhormonal male contraception, but it lacks selective blockers, hindering studies to establish its role in both motility and capacitation. Via an innovative calcium uptake assay utilizing human sperm we discovered novel inhibitors of CatSper function from a high‐throughput screening campaign of 72,000 compounds. Preliminary SAR was established for seven hit series. HTS hits or their more potent analogs blocked potassium‐induced depolarization and noncompetitively inhibited progesterone‐induced CatSper activation. CatSper channel blockade was confirmed by patch clamp electrophysiology and these compounds inhibited progesterone‐ and prostaglandin E1‐induced hyperactivated sperm motility. One of the hit compounds is a potent CatSper inhibitor with high selectivity for CatSper over hCav1.2, hNav1.5, moderate selectivity over hSlo3 and hERG, and low cytotoxicity and is therefore the most promising inhibitor identified in this study. These new CatSper blockers serve as useful starting points for chemical probe development and drug discovery efforts.
Environmental Outcomes from On‐Farm Agricultural Production in the United States
Authors: Thomson Allison , Coronel Eric , Young Kelly Murray
Published: May 2022

This article is brought to you by the SPARC Initiative created in partnership between the American Society for Agronomy, the Agricultural Retailers Association, Environmental Defense Fund, and Field to Market: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture to empower trusted advisers to deliver services that drive continuous improvement in the productivity, profitability, and environmental outcomes of farmers’ operations. Learn more about the SPARC Initiative and access additional resources, including the six‐module series on sustainability at www.fieldtomarket.org/SPARC. This article is an excerpt from Field to Market’s Fourth National Indicators Report, released in December 2021. Access the entire report at www.fieldtomarket.org/report. Sections covering soil carbon and water quality will be included in future issues of Crops & Soils magazine. Earn 1 CEU in Sustainability by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Pioneer species of Cyanobacteria in hot springs and their role to travertine formation: The case of Aedipsos hot springs, Euboea (Evia), Greece
Authors: Kanellopoulos Christos , Lamprinou Vasiliki , Politi Artemis , Voudouris Panagiotis , Economou‐Amilli Athena
Published: May 2022

Cyanobacteria are considered to be among the first microorganisms to settle in hot springs where they form a favourable environment for further biological establishment. Nevertheless, the exact pioneer species and how early they start participating in the biomineralisation processes remain unknown. The aim of the present study was twofold, that is, to identify the pioneer Cyanobacteria in hot springs (i.e. Aedipsos area, Greece) and to record their early biomineralisation processes. The in situ experimental approach included the setup of sterile glass and/or plexiglass slides in several locations to facilitate colonisation by Cyanobacteria, and removal of slides for study after 48–202 h. Synechococcales (37%) and Oscillatoriales (33%) were the dominant orders, followed by Chroococcales (15%) and Spirulinales (11%); whereas Chroococcidiopsidales (4%) was found only in a few sites. The order Nostocales was not observed at the early stages of colonisation although it was present in mature stages. Forty‐three species of Cyanobacteria were identified as pioneer microorganisms, with Spirulina subtilissima being the most frequently found. The most common pioneers were multicellular filamentous Cyanobacteria, that is, organisms with a large surface area able to form significant amounts of extracellular polymeric substances. Among the pioneers, thermophilic species of Cyanobacteria were typical such as Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, Chroococcus thermalis, Leptolyngbya thermalis, S. subtilissima and Symploca thermalis, as well as typical limestone substrate species such as Chroococcus lithophilus and Leptolyngbya laminosa. Temperature seems to affect biodiversity. Also, pioneers were found to contribute to the biomineralisation processes from their first appearance. In the studied samples, three biomineralisation processes were identified, that is, (i) calcification of cyanobacterial sheaths, (ii) trapping of carbonate crystals on a crystal retention lattice formed by extracellular polymeric substances and filaments and (iii) trapping and confinement of carbonate crystals around filamentous Cyanobacteria.
Influence of sample preparation procedures on water stable isotopes in plant organs using the water‐vapour equilibrium method
Authors: Santos Pires Sabrina , Herbstritt Barbara , Stumpp Christine , Weiler Markus , Stockinger Michael Paul
Published: May 2022

Water is a limiting factor for plant development. Therefore, understanding plant–water relations is vital for food security and ecosystem conservation. The stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) are widely used to study ecohydrological processes, such as root water uptake. However, obtaining water from plants to measure their stable isotopic composition requires water extraction techniques that are laborious and challenging. A method developed for soil pore water that circumvents water extraction is the water‐vapour equilibrium (WVE) method. In this study, we tested the capability and limits of WVE to determine stable water isotopes in different woody and non‐woody plant organs. For this purpose, we analysed roots, stems, twigs, leaves and fruits of various plants. We first tested the effect of various equilibration times (24–72 h) and preparation techniques (cutting or grinding samples) on the measured isotope ratios. Analyser‐internal variables that react to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) interfering with the measurement were also considered. Cutting samples and equilibrating for max. 24 h resulted in the most plausible isotope ratios, which was further tested as a proof‐of‐concept using controlled irrigation experiments. We could show expected progressive isotope enrichment from roots to leaves. Further, the isotopic composition of the water in fruit cores was more similar to irrigation water than that in fruit skins, and all the obtained results were consistent with the current process understanding of stable isotopes of water in plants, showing the feasibility of the chosen sample preparation. WVE seems to be a promising method to measure plant water isotopes with the challenge of dealing with VOCs likely influencing results.
Diastereoselective Phosphonylation of Chiral Cyclic Imines for the Synthesis of Phosphoproline Derivatives
Authors: Martínez‐Toto Erick I. , Ordóñez Mario , Morales‐Solís Juan C. , Flores‐Alamo Marcos
Published: May 2022

We report here the first diastereoselective synthesis of (2S,5R)‐5‐methyl‐5‐(phosphono)‐proline, a phosphoproline derivative from L‐pyroglutamic acid. The main feature of this methodology is the transformation of L‐pyroglutamic acid into chiral cyclic imines as a versatile intermediate followed by diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of trialkyl phosphites or diethyl phosphite in the presence of PhB(OH)2, Ph2P(O)OH, (PhO)2P(O)OH, Ph(H)P(O)OH and TiCl4. N‐Cbz Cleavage with simultaneous hydrolysis of phosphonate and carboxylate esters in the quaternary cyclic α‐aminophosphonate, gave the target compound.
Multifunctionalization of C(sp3)−H Bond of Tetrahydroisoquinolines through C−H Activation Relay (CHAR) Using α‐Cyanotetrahydroisoquinolines as Starting Materials
Authors: Ma Qiyuan , Zhang Shuwei , Yuan Yuan , Ding Han , Li Yuemei , Sun Zheng , Yuan Yu , Jia Xiaodong
Published: May 2022

Based on C−H activation relay (CHAR), a TBN/O2‐initiated C(sp3)−H multifunctionalization of α‐cyanotetrahydroisoquinolines was developed. This reaction is superior with mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance, avoiding the use of strong oxidants to oxidize the inert C(sp3)−H bond.
Zirconium Catalyzed Transformations Using Organoboron
Authors: Mahato Somenath , Nandy Soumilee , Kanti Das Kanak , Panda Santanu
Published: May 2022

Organoboron compounds have extreme potential for organic synthesis. Ready functionalization of organoboron intrigued people to develop various protocols for their synthesis. Over the last several decades, there has been a substantial development in synthesizing new organoboron compounds using transition metals. Among various transition metals, zirconium has also been found to catalyze diverse reactions of organoboron. The zirconium chemistry has become more popular with the development of zirconium metallocenes, particularly bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconocene chloride hydride, the well‐known Schwartz reagent. These zirconium metallocenes possess a significant role in hydrozirconation, hydroboration, hydrogenation, carbozirconation, and a promising tri‐n‐butyl tin hydride alternative. This minireview focuses on the various transformations of organoboron employing zirconium catalysts that have been developed so far.
Catastrophizing as a prognostic factor for pain and physical function in the multidisciplinary rehabilitation of fibromyalgia and low back pain
Authors: Angst Felix , Lehmann Susanne , Sandor Peter S. , Benz Thomas
Published: May 2022

Background

Quantitative data on longitudinal associations between catastrophizing and pain or physical function are patchy. The study aimed to quantify the prognostic value of catastrophizing for pain and function in fibromyalgia and low back pain before and after rehabilitation.

Methods

The associations of state and change on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) Pain severity scale, the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) Physical functioning scale and the Six‐Minute Walking Distance (6MWD) with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) Catastrophizing scale were quantified by multiple regression modelling to adjust for confounders.

Results

Sex‐ and age‐matched cohorts (n = 71 each) were compared. Pain and catastrophizing were worse in fibromyalgia than in low back pain, whereas the function levels were comparable. Baseline catastrophizing predicted pain change by adjusted correlations of 0.552 (fibromyalgia) and 0.450 (low back pain), self‐rated function by 0.403 and 0.308, and the 6MWD by 0.270 and − 0.072. The change in catastrophizing was associated to the change in pain by 0.440 (fibromyalgia) and 0.614 (low back pain), self‐rated function by 0.122 and 0.465, and the 6MWD by 0186 and 0.162.

Conclusions

Catastrophizing (pain‐related worrying) was a potential prognostic factor, especially for pain and somewhat less for self‐rated physical function but it was only weakly predictive for the walking distance in both conditions, independently of potential confounders, such as sex, age, baseline severity and others. Reduction of maladaptive coping should be integrated into the management of chronic pain.

Significance

Our study showed surprisingly high associations between state and change in catastrophizing to pain relief and functional improvement in chronic pain patients. This is supported by clinical experience and research data, even if the construct and measurement of catastrophizing is under debate. Our findings and those of literature point to more pessimistic self‐rating of pain and catastrophizing in fibromyalgia when compared to other conditions. This might obscure positive effects on pain and function achieved by adaptive coping in fibromyalgia.
Stability analysis of real time hybrid simulation under coupled actuator delay and nonlinear behavior
Authors: Huang Liang , Chen Cheng , Pu Yifan , Wang Jingfeng , Guo Tong
Published: May 2022

Stability of real time hybrid simulation (RTHS) has attracted considerable attention since actuator delay would deviate experiment results or even destabilize the real‐time test. Previous studies have extensively investigated stability of RTHS for linear systems, while stability of RTHS for nonlinear system remains unclear. This study introduces the Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) method to describe the nonlinear behavior in a piecewise linear way, then investigates the stability of nonlinear system with time delay through the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii (L‐K) theory. Such approach successfully solves the stability problem of RTHS with coupled bilinear‐hysteresis substructure and actuator delay, and proposes a stability criterion in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI). It proves that the stability of RTHS is determined by the most unfavorable state of nonlinear system. In the SDOF case with stiffness softening, the initial elastic state is the most unfavorable; while for the MDOF case with multiple delays, the stability is determined by the overlap part of stable region of each nonlinear state. The computational simulation and experimental results show that the difference between linear‐ and nonlinear hysteretic system with time delay is that when instability occurs, latter could remain energy balanced since the time‐delay energy is dissipated by hysteresis behavior, while energy accumulates in the former leading to unbounded responses. The proposed approach provides a potential tool for experimental design of RTHS before the test, the time‐delay control during the test and error evaluation after the test.
Aqueous phase reforming of xylose using bimetallic Pt3‐Rex/SiO2 catalysts for H2 production: Experimental and computational study
Authors: Lee Chan Hyun , Kim Min Kyeong , Kim Seung‐hoon , Choi Seong Wan , Kim Hyun Wook , Jae Jungho , Sohn Hyuntae , Choi Sun Hee , Yoon Sung Pil , Lee Ki Bong , Ham Hyung Chul
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the aqueous phase reforming (APR) reaction using heterogeneous catalysts has been highlighted as one of possible approaches for converting nonedible biomass into hydrogen for fuel cell application. In this study, we have synthesized the rhenium (Re)‐doped Pt/SiO2 (Pt3Rex/SiO2) (based on weight; x = 1, 3, 5) catalysts for enhancing the APR of organic liquid C5 sugar xylose. Our study showed that the activity of bimetallic Pt‐Re catalysts toward the APR of xylose strongly depends on the level of Re dopant. In particular, the Pt3‐Re1/SiO2 catalyst exhibited the higher H2 selectivity compared to the catalysts having the higher amount of Re dopant (Pt3‐Re2/SiO2 and Pt3‐Re3/SiO2). Furthermore, the oxygen state of ReOx could be modified by changing reduction temperature. The measured hydrogen selectivity and reaction rate could be enhanced when the catalyst was reduced at higher temperature. Especially, the Pt3‐Re1/SiO2 catalyst reduced at 500°C under 10 vol% H2 flow exhibited high catalytic performances close to the theoretical values in the initial stage of the reaction, but its activity was gradually reduced by re‐oxidation of ReOx. From the various analysis results, we can figure out that the presence of metallic state Pt and Re in Pt3Re alloy phase and low oxidation state Re (Re3+) element is responsible for the improved H2 selectivity in Pt3‐Re1/SiO2 catalyst reduced at 500°C. In addition, the density functional theory calculation also predicted that the surface exposure of Pt and Re atoms (rather than oxidized ReOx) can boost the first dehydrogenation of xylose, which is in a good agreement with the experimental observation. This study can provide the optimal oxidation level of Re and Pt in the bimetallic Pt‐Re catalyst to efficiently obtain hydrogen from xylose via APR reaction.
It's Beginning to Look a Lot like #25DaysofFishmas: Communicating Freshwater Biodiversity Using Social Media
Authors: O'Reilly Katherine E
Published: May 2022

As audiences increasingly turn to social media platforms for information about the environment, scientists can use a variety of techniques to engage with the public in meaningful and productive dialogues about “wicked” ecological problems such as the loss of global freshwater biodiversity. Using #25DaysofFishmas, an annual Twitter campaign that I created to highlight fish diversity in the Laurentian Great Lakes, I examined the relationship between tweet attributes and the number of audience impressions (i.e., views) and engagements (i.e., interactions such as retweets and likes). I hypothesized that audiences would be more likely to engage with tweets about familiar species such as those considered “sportfish.” However, the species that received the highest total impressions and engagements included nongame species like Silver Lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis and Bowfin Amia calva. Using generalized linear mixed effects models, I found that the use of images consistently explained the number of impressions and engagements a tweet received, with other explanatory variables including the use of hashtags and timing of posts. This analysis illustrates how scientists can use social media not only as a megaphone to broadcast research, but as an interactive platform to directly engage broader audiences and foster appreciation for regional and global fish biodiversity.
Geological and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Xiqianluzi Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit in Beishan, Gansu Province, NW China
Authors: Yang Yongchun , Liu Jiajun , Carranza Emmanuel John M. , Ding Shuhong , Fan Xinxiang , Wang Genhou , Zhang Litao , Yao Shuangfu , Zhao Jichang , Li Shengdong , Da Rui , Yang Zhenxi , Jie Chen
Published: May 2022

The Xiqianluzi Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast of the southern Beishan belt, whereas the ore‐forming metal sources are still unclear. Its Pb–Zn ore bodies mainly occur in the Changcheng system Qianluzigou Group metamorphic clastic rocks, showing zonation of Cu–Zn–Pb metals from deep to surface. The ore structures are mainly banded, massive and veined, which have the characteristics of syngenetic sedimentation. Au mineralization in silty slate is obviously controlled by WNW–ESE‐trending faults, and occurs as veined or lenticular type. The Pb, Zn, Cu, and Au are mainly enriched in quartz or siliceous veins. The biotite granodiorites are enriched in Si, Na, Rb, Ba and K, with A/CNK values less than 1.1, and depleted in Nb, P, Ti. They belong to calc‐alkalic series and weak peraluminous I‐type granite, formed in a post‐collision extensional environment and characterized by crust–mantle mixed source. The sulphide minerals in the Pb–Zn ores have δ34S values in the range of 17.7‰–21.0‰ with average of 19.2‰, reflecting seawater sulphate origin of sulphur. The sulphur of Pb–Zn ores was likely transformed from S6+ to S2− by thermochemical sulphate reduction. The Pb isotopic compositions of sulphide minerals in the Pb–Zn ores have 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 16.837–17.001, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.437–15.557, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 36.377–36.889. In contrast, sulphide minerals in Au ores have δ34S values (5.4‰–7.6‰, with average of 6.5‰) lower than those of sulphide minerals in the Pb–Zn ores. The δ34S values of sulphide minerals in the Au ores are consistent with those of sulphide minerals in the Late Permian–Middle Triassic magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits in the southern Beishan belt, which imply a magmatic source for sulphur. Sulphide minerals in the Au ores have higher lead isotopic ratios, including 206Pb/204Pb of 18.249–18.325, 207Pb/204Pb of 15.583–15.598, and 208Pb/204Pb of 38.023–38.366, compared to those in the Pb–Zn ores. Geological and isotopic features indicate that the Xiqianluzi Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit comprises two mineralization types; namely, its Pb–Zn ores can be considered as Mesoproterozoic sedimentary exhalative type, while its Au ores are magmatic origin. These show that Au mineralization was closely related to the magmatic hydrothermal activities, and thus Au ores can be classified as Late Permian–Early Triassic magmatic hydrothermal Au mineralization.
Honey, I shrunk the extracellular space: Measurements and mechanisms of astrocyte swelling
Authors: Walch Erin , Fiacco Todd A.
Published: May 2022

Astrocyte volume fluctuation is a physiological phenomenon tied closely to the activation of neural circuits. Identification of underlying mechanisms has been challenging due in part to use of a wide range of experimental approaches that vary between research groups. Here, we first review the many methods that have been used to measure astrocyte volume changes directly or indirectly. While the field has recently shifted towards volume analysis using fluorescence microscopy to record cell volume changes directly, established metrics corresponding to extracellular space dynamics have also yielded valuable insights. We then turn to analysis of mechanisms of astrocyte swelling derived from many studies, with a focus on volume changes tied to increases in extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o). The diverse methods that have been utilized to generate the external [K+]o environment highlight multiple scenarios of astrocyte swelling mediated by different mechanisms. Classical potassium buffering theories are tempered by many recent studies that point to different swelling pathways optimized at particular [K+]o and that depend on local/transient versus more sustained increases in [K+]o.
Overcoming resistance to anti‐CD19 CAR T‐cell therapy in B‐cell malignancies
Authors: Yang Xingcheng , Wei Jia , Zhou Jianfeng
Published: May 2022

Anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has rapidly changed current treatment pattern, providing a better option for individuals with primary refractory or relapsed B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r B‐NHL) and B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B‐ALL). However, despite the outstanding efficacy, a high relapse rate is still found in some B‐cell malignancies after anti‐CD19 CAR T‐cell therapy, which emerges as a main barrier for improving the overall response and long‐term outcomes. Understanding the resistance mechanism is crucial to improve current CAR T products, better incorporate them into the current therapy system and develop novel CAR approaches. Herein, we discuss the latest advances in understanding the mechanisms limiting efficacy of CAR T‐cell therapy, resulting in CD19 negative (CD19−) and CD19 positive (CD19+) relapses. We also provide a whole scenario of current potential strategies to overcome these barriers.
Chemical reaction on hydromagnetic natural convective flow over an unlimited perpendicular permeable plate
Authors: Gopal Ch. H. K. , Sudhakar M. , Masthan Rao S.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we have explored the hydromagnetic free convective flow over an unlimited perpendicular porous plate in the presence of temperature resources. The prevailing equations are subsequently solved systematically by utilizing the perturbation methodology. The velocity, temperature as well as concentration sketches are shown in graphical profiles. The impacts in the flow area for dissimilar leading parameters have been explored. Also, the skin frictions, the Nusselt quantity along with the Sherwood quantity are computed with different parameters and mentioned in the tables. The velocity diminishes with an escalation in the chemically reacting parameter as well as improves with an increment in the temperature resource parameter. The temperature field reduces with an augment in the Prandtl number. The concentration field is enhanced by amplifying in the chemically reacting variable, whereas it lessens with amplifying in the Schmidt number.
Long‐termstream hydrology and meteorology of a Polar Desert, theMcMurdoDry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Gooseff Michael N. , McKnight Diane M. , Doran Peter T. , Fountain Andrew
Published: May 2022

The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs; 77.50°S, 162.25°E) make up the largest ice‐free region of Antarctica at ~3500 km2. Their position near the coast of the Ross Sea provides for a milder climate than much of the rest of the continent. Alpine and piedmont glaciers in the MDVs melt during the austral summer providing water to down gradient streams and terminal lakes on valley floors. There are currently 14 meteorological stations and 17 stream gauges operating across the MDVs, some with continuous records that go back to 1969. This relatively high density of monitoring stations reflects the fact that glaciers of different sizes and elevation ranges are the main source of water to streams. Thus, each glacier represents a different watershed. The bulk of these records start in the late 1980s/early 1990s. These data collection activities directly support research endeavours of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research project, as well as a host of other science groups working in the MDVs. As such, both real time data and archived data from these sites is available through the online database interface of the project (http://mcmlter.org).
From zero to thrive: A model of cross‐system and cross‐sector relational health to promote early childhood development across the child‐serving ecosystem
Authors: Miller Alison L. , Stein Sara F. , Sokol Rebeccah , Varisco Rachel , Trout Phoebe , Julian Megan M. , Ribaudo Julie , Kay Joshua , Pilkauskas Natasha V. , Gardner‐Neblett Nicole , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Zivin Kara , Muzik Maria , Rosenblum Katherine L.
Published: May 2022

Early relational health between caregivers and children is foundational for child health and well‐being. Children and caregivers are also embedded within multiple systems and sectors, or a “child‐serving ecosystem”, that shapes child development. Although the COVID‐19 pandemic has made this embeddedness abundantly clear, systems remain siloed and lack coordination. Fostering relational health amongst layers of this ecosystem may be a way to systematically support young children and families who are facing adversity. We integrate theory, examples, and empirical findings to develop a conceptual model informed by infant mental health and public health frameworks that illustrates how relational health across the child‐serving ecosystem may promote child health and well‐being at a population level. Our model articulates what relational health looks like across levels of this ecosystem from primary caregiver‐child relationships, to secondary relationships between caregivers and child‐serving systems, to tertiary relationships among systems that shape child outcomes directly and indirectly. We posit that positive relational health across levels is critical for promoting child health and well‐being broadly. We provide examples of evidence‐based approaches that address primary, secondary, and tertiary relational health, and suggest ways to promote relational health through cross‐sector training and psychoeducation in the science of early development. This model conceptualizes relational health across the child‐serving ecosystem and can serve as a template for promoting child health and well‐being in the context of adversity.
Never ready: Addictions counselors dealing with client death
Authors: Sperandio Katharine R. , Goshorn Jeremy R. , Moh Yoon Suh , Gonzalez Edith , Johnson Nicole G.
Published: May 2022

This study explored the experiences of addictions counselors who have undergone client death and the immediate and long‐lasting impacts of client death on addictions counselors through the consensual qualitative research (CQR) method. We conducted semistructured interviews with 10 participants exploring their lived, in‐depth, experiences in working with clients with addictive disorders with focus given to the death of clients and how they responded to the experience. Results from a data analysis process using the CQR method indicate eight domains: (a) professional ethics, (b) coping skills, (c) client care, (d) preparation for profession, (e) experience of addiction, (f) agency impact, (g) exploring the death experience, (h) recommendations, and 28 categories embedded in each of these domains. Implications for counselor education, training, and practice are discussed.
A sensitive electrochemical DNA sensor based on reduced graphene oxide modified electrode
Authors: Xu Binxiang , Hu Yuping , Shu Qingxia , Wang Mei , Chen Zhiyang , Wei Wei , Wen Jinmei , Li Rui , Liao Fusheng , Cheng Lin , Fan Hao
Published: May 2022

In this work, an electrochemical sensing platform, analogous to a DNA walker, was explored with exonuclease III (EXO III) as a driving force, tetraferrocene as a signal marker, and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) electrode as two‐dimensional (2D) orbit to realize ultrasensitive detection of target DNA. We designed a single hairpin DNA probe with 3′‐end modified tetraferrocene, immobilized on the electrode surface by π‐π stacking between the 5′ terminus and reduced graphene oxide. In addition, EXO III digested the double‐stranded DNA with a blunt 3′ terminus formed by the target DNA and the probe DNA, thus degrading the 3′ end of probe DNA, and resulting in the away movement of tetraferrocene from the electrode surface, decreasing the electrochemical signal. The proposed electrochemical sensor was very simple and stable with acceptable reproducibility, excellent DNA detection performance, and a detection limit as low as 0.3 pM.
Automated Measurement of Pancreatic Fat Deposition on Dixon MRI Using nnU‐Net
Authors: Lin Dingyi , Wang Ziyan , Li Hong , Zhang Hongxi , Deng Liping , Ren Hong , Sun Shuiya , Zheng Fenping , Zhou Jiaqiang , Wang Min
Published: May 2022

Background

Pancreatic fat accumulation may cause or aggravate the process of acute pancreatitis, β‐cell dysfunction, T2DM disease, and even be associated with pancreatic tumors. The pathophysiology of fatty pancreas remains overlooked and lacks effective imaging diagnostics.

Purpose

To automatically measure the distribution of pancreatic fat deposition on Dixon MRI in multicenter/population datasets using nnU‐Net models.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

A total of 176 obese/nonobese subjects (90 males, 86 females; mean age, 27.2 ± 19.7) were enrolled, including a training set (N = 132) and a testing set (N = 44).

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3 T and 1.5 T/gradient echo T1 dual‐echo Dixon.

Assessment

The segmentation results of four types of nnU‐Net models were compared using dice similarity coefficient (DSC), positive predicted value (PPV), and sensitivity. The ground truth was the manual delineation by two radiologists according to in‐phase (IP) and opposed‐phase (OP) images.

Statistical Tests

The group difference of segmentation results of four models were assessed by the Kruskal–Wallis H test with Dunn–Bonferroni comparisons. The interobserver agreement of pancreatic fat fraction measurements across three observers and test–retest reliability of human and machine were assessed by intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The three‐dimensional (3D) dual‐contrast model had significantly improved performance than 2D dual‐contrast (DSC/sensitivity) and 3D one‐contrast (IP) models (DSC/PPV/sensitivity) and had less errors than 3D one‐contrast (OP) model according to higher DSC and PPV (not significant), with a mean DSC of 0.9158, PPV of 0.9105 and sensitivity of 0.9232 in the testing set. The test–retest ICC of this model was above 0.900 in all pancreatic regions, exceeded human.

Data Conclusion

3D Dual‐contrast nnU‐Net aided segmentation of pancreas on Dixon images appears to be adaptable to multicenter/population datasets. It fully automates the assessment of pancreatic fat distribution and has high reliability.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Pasteurization induced protein interaction decreased the potential allergenicity of ovalbumin and ovomucoid in egg white
Authors: Shi Qiang , Wang Wujing , Wu Yong , Chen Hongbing , Tong Ping , Gao Jinyan
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Approximately 9.9% of young children in China suffer from egg allergies. Ovalbumin (OVA) and ovomucoid (OVM) are both the main allergens with higher allergenicity in egg white. The previous studies mainly focused on the effects of pasteurization on the structure and allergenicity of the isolated protein itself. The effects of the interaction between OVA and OVM on their spatial structure and allergenicity under pasteurization are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the spectroscopic, immunological, and cytological methods were used to investigate the effects on OVA and OVM by their interactions which were induced by the following pasteurization, heating for 10 min at 60, 65, and 70 °C, respectively.

RESULTS

Results indicated that OVA and OVM could form macromolecular aggregates by their interaction at 70 °C, and their solubility was decreased while turbidity was increased. The spatial structures of OVA and OVM were both changed by their interaction, when pasteurization temperature was at 70 °C the exposure of their hydrophobic groups and α‐helix content were decreased while their β‐sheet was increased. The potential allergenicity of OVA and OVM was also changed, which showed that the immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐binding ability of OVA and OVM could be increased, and their IgE‐binding ability was decreased a bit. The releases of interleukin 4 (IL‐4), IL‐6, β‐HEX, histamine and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) from OVA–OVM‐induced KU812 cells were all decreased at 70 °C.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, according to the results, if the liquid egg products were pasteurized for 10 min, the temperature of 70 °C should be carefully considered. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Standard homogeneous (α1,α2)${\big(\alpha _1,\alpha _2\big)}$‐metrics and geodesic orbit property
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xu Ming
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we introduce the notion of standard homogeneous ‐metric, as a generalization for the normal homogeneity in Finsler geometry with relatively good computability. We explore the geodesic orbit (g.o. in short) property of this metric. Especially, when it is associated with a triple of compact Lie groups, we find new examples of g.o. Finsler spaces from H. Tamaru's classification list. Meanwhile, we prove that all standard g.o. ‐metrics on the Wallach spaces, , and , must be the normal homogeneous Riemannian metrics.
Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy
Authors: Schirmeister Carl G. , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: May 2022

Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero‐waste and carbon‐neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco‐friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco‐efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio‐feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed‐loop recovery of virgin plastics and open‐loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability.
Noninvasive prenatal prediction of fetal haplotype with Spearman rank correlation analysis model
Authors: Hanxiao Du , Luming Sun , Songchang Chen , Jingmin Yang , Yueping Zhang , Shuo Zhang , Hongyan Chen , Ning Jiang , Daru Lu
Published: May 2022

Background

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been widely used clinically to detect fetal chromosomal aneuploidy with high accuracy rates, gradually replacing traditional serological screening. However, the application of NIPT for monogenic diseases is still in an immature stage of exploration. The detection of mutations in peripheral blood of pregnant women requires precise qualitative and quantitative techniques, which limits its application. The bioinformatic strategies based on the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) linkage analysis are more practical, which can be divided into two types depending on whether proband information is needed. Hidden Markov Mode (HMM) and Sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) are suitable for families with probands. In contrast, methods based on databases and population demographic information are suitable for families without probands.

Methods

In this study, we proposed a Spearman rank correlation analysis method to infer the fetal haplotypes based on core family information. Allele frequencies of SNPs that were used to construct parental haplotypes were calculated as sets of nonparametric variables, in contrast to their theoretical values represented by a fetal fraction (FF). The effects on the calculation of the fetal concentration of two DNA enrichment methods, multiple‐PCR amplification, and targeted hybrid capture, were compared, and the heterozygosity distribution of SNPs within pedigrees was analyzed to reveal the best conditions for the model application.

Results

Predictions of the paternal haplotype inheritance were in line with expectations for both DNA library construction methods, while for maternal haplotype inheritance prediction, the rates were 96.55% for method multiple‐PCR amplification and 95.8% for method targeted hybrid capture.

Conclusion

Positive prediction rates showed that the maternal haplotype prediction was not as accurate as paternal one, due to the large amount of maternal noise in the mother's peripheral blood. Although this model is relatively immature, it provides a new perspective for noninvasive prenatal clinical tests of monogenic diseases.
Neural pinning control for adaptive trajectory tracking of complex dynamical networks
Authors: Rodriguez‐Castellanos David , Solis‐Perales Gualberto , Alanis Alma Y. , Sanchez Edgar N. , Chen Guanrong , Vega Carlos J.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, a pinning control scheme for adaptive trajectory tracking of networked nonlinear systems is proposed. The desired trajectory tracking objective is achieved via a novel adaptive control strategy, in which the existing concept of pinning control is extended to an adaptive pinning control. The adaptive control is based on a recurrent high‐order neural network identification strategy for unknown pinned nodes dynamics. The combined pinning‐neural features in tracking control constitute the novelty of this approach. The proposed control law operates properly with a different reference along with unknown dynamics and coupling variations. In contrast to the linearization approach, less restrictive assumptions for node dynamics are imposed. Moreover, matrix conditions that include network topology and control properties for both pinned and non‐pinned nodes are obtained. The applicability of this control scheme is illustrated via simulations.
Blowup of smooth solutions to the isentropic compressible quantum hydrodynamic model
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Shu , Geng Fan
Published: May 2022

In this article, we consider the blowup phenomenon of smooth solutions to the isentropic compressible quantum hydrodynamic model (QHD) with the initial density of compact support in arbitrary space dimensions.
A tissue‐fraction estimation‐based segmentation method for quantitative dopamine transporter SPECT
Authors: Liu Ziping , Moon Hae Sol , Li Zekun , Laforest Richard , Perlmutter Joel S. , Norris Scott A. , Jha Abhinav K.
Published: May 2022

Background

Quantitative measures of dopamine transporter (DaT) uptake in caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (GP) derived from dopamine transporter–single‐photon emission computed tomography (DaT‐SPECT) images have potential as biomarkers for measuring the severity of Parkinson's disease. Reliable quantification of this uptake requires accurate segmentation of the considered regions. However, segmentation of these regions from DaT‐SPECT images is challenging, a major reason being partial‐volume effects (PVEs) in SPECT. The PVEs arise from two sources, namely the limited system resolution and reconstruction of images over finite‐sized voxel grids. The limited system resolution results in blurred boundaries of the different regions. The finite voxel size leads to TFEs, that is, voxels contain a mixture of regions. Thus, there is an important need for methods that can account for the PVEs, including the TFEs, and accurately segment the caudate, putamen, and GP, from DaT‐SPECT images.

Purpose

Design and objectively evaluate a fully automated tissue‐fraction estimation‐based segmentation method that segments the caudate, putamen, and GP from DaT‐SPECT images.

Methods

The proposed method estimates the posterior mean of the fractional volumes occupied by the caudate, putamen, and GP within each voxel of a three‐dimensional DaT‐SPECT image. The estimate is obtained by minimizing a cost function based on the binary cross‐entropy loss between the true and estimated fractional volumes over a population of SPECT images, where the distribution of true fractional volumes is obtained from existing populations of clinical magnetic resonance images. The method is implemented using a supervised deep‐learning‐based approach.

Results

Evaluations using clinically guided highly realistic simulation studies show that the proposed method accurately segmented the caudate, putamen, and GP with high mean Dice similarity coefficients of ∼ 0.80 and significantly outperformed () all other considered segmentation methods. Further, an objective evaluation of the proposed method on the task of quantifying regional uptake shows that the method yielded reliable quantification with low ensemble normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 20% for all the considered regions. In particular, the method yielded an even lower ensemble NRMSE of ∼ 10% for the caudate and putamen.

Conclusions

The proposed tissue‐fraction estimation‐based segmentation method for DaT‐SPECT images demonstrated the ability to accurately segment the caudate, putamen, and GP, and reliably quantify the uptake within these regions. The results motivate further evaluation of the method with physical‐phantom and patient studies.
Patient‐derived heterogeneous breast phantoms for advanced dosimetry in mammography and tomosynthesis
Authors: Caballo Marco , Rabin Carolina , Fedon Christian , Rodríguez‐Ruiz Alejandro , Diaz Oliver , Boone John M. , Dance David R. , Sechopoulos Ioannis
Published: May 2022

Background

Understanding the magnitude and variability of the radiation dose absorbed by the breast fibroglandular tissue during mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is of paramount importance to assess risks versus benefits. Although homogeneous breast models have been proposed and used for decades for this purpose, they do not accurately reflect the actual heterogeneous distribution of the fibroglandular tissue in the breast, leading to biases in the estimation of dose from these modalities.

Purpose

To develop and validate a method to generate patient‐derived, heterogeneous digital breast phantoms for breast dosimetry in mammography and DBT.

Methods

The proposed phantoms were developed starting from patient‐based models of compressed breasts, generated for multiple thicknesses and representing the two standard views acquired in mammography and DBT, that is, cranio‐caudal (CC) and medio‐lateral‐oblique (MLO). Internally, the breast phantoms were defined as consisting of an adipose/fibroglandular tissue mixture, with a nonspatially uniform relative concentration. The parenchyma distributions were obtained from a previously described model based on patient breast computed tomography data that underwent simulated compression. Following these distributions, phantoms with any glandular fraction (1%–100%) and breast thickness (12–125 mm) can be generated, for both views. The phantoms were validated, in terms of their accuracy for average normalized glandular dose (DgN) estimation across samples of patient breasts, using 88 patient‐specific phantoms involving actual patient distribution of the fibroglandular tissue in the breast, and compared to that obtained using a homogeneous model similar to those currently used for breast dosimetry.

Results

The average DgN estimated for the proposed phantoms was concordant with that absorbed by the patient‐specific phantoms to within 5% (CC) and 4% (MLO). These DgN estimates were over 30% lower than those estimated with the homogeneous models, which overestimated the average DgN by 43% (CC), and 32% (MLO) compared to the patient‐specific phantoms.

Conclusions

The developed phantoms can be used for dosimetry simulations to improve the accuracy of dose estimates in mammography and DBT.
Gefragte Polyolefine
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2022

Im vergangenen Jahr hat der niederländische Konzern Lyondellbasell mehr als doppelt so viel umgesetzt wie im Jahr zuvor.