bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welfare-to-work, Agency and Personal Responsibility
Authors: WRIGHT SHARON
Published: January 2012

A strong international reform agenda has been established around the idea that benefit recipients must be ‘activated’ to find jobs. This approach, which has found support across the political spectrum in times of affluence and austerity, rests on previously contested assumptions about human motivation, choice, action and personal responsibility. This article considers the largely untested assumptions within UK welfare-to-work policies and marketised employment services, which are designed to control and modify behaviour through compulsion and incentives. It examines those assumptions in relation to conceptualisations of human agency drawn from social policy literature. A gap is identified between accounts of agency grounded in the lived experiences of social actors (policy-makers, front-line workers and service users) and hypothetical models of individual agency (e.g. ‘rational economic man’) which have been more influential in policy design. It is argued that scope exists for understandings of agency to encompass the motivations, intentions and actions ofallsocial actors involved in the policy process. This highlights the power dynamics of context creation, the universal potential for malevolence and the weight of moral significance. Conceptual and empirical insights point towards understanding the enactment of agency as relational, dynamic, differentiated, interconnected, interdependent, intersubjective and interactive.
I.—Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum
Authors: Evans Arthur John
Published: January 2012

Owing to the neighbourhood of the civilized republic of Ragusa, which sprang as it were from the ashes of the Græco-Roman city, the antiquities of the Dalmatian Epidaurus have been investigated from the early days of the Renascence. The merchant antiquary, Cyriac of Ancona, who visited Ragusa during his voyage into the Levant, undertaken in 1435, had already begun the work of copying the remaining inscriptions, which was continued in the next century by the native Ragusan antiquaries, who supplied Aldus Manutius and others with epigraphic materials from the Epidaurian site. The work thus early begun was worthily continued in the last century by the Ragusan patrician De Sorgo, more recently by Dr. J. A. Kasnačić and others, and Professor Mommsen personally collated many of the inscriptions for the great work of the Berlin Academy. The aqueduct and general antiquities of the site are treated at length by Appendini, but in a somewhat fantastic and uncritical manner. A residence on the spot has now enabled me to make some fresh contributions to the materials already collected, and to correct perhaps some prevailing misconceptions.
II.—On a Hoard of Bronze Objects found in Wilburton Fen, near Ely
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

By the kind permission of Mr. Oliver Claude Pell, of Wilburton Manor, near Ely, I am enabled to exhibit to the Society an exceedingly interesting and extensive hoard of ancient bronze objects recently found in Wilburton Fen. I am indebted to Mr. Pell for the following particulars as to the manner and the place in which the discovery was made. The hoard was found in the month of January of the present year (1882), in Wilburton Rush Fen, in the county of Cambridge; the exact spot being about 800 yards due south of Mingay Farm, on the catch-water drain, and just six miles south-west of Ely Cathedral. The objects were resting on the clay, at a depth of from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches below the surface of the black peat earth, and were found by a man while “gripping ” or cutting a deep narrow grip across the ground, in order to let off superfluous water. The whole of the articles lay within a space of about 6 feet by 3 feet, and they were for the most part dug out under the immediate supervision of Mr. Pell. A second careful examination of the spot brought to light a few small spear-heads and some minor articles, which are included in the list which follows.
VIII.—Account of Papers relating to the Royal Jewel-house in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, in the possession of Captain Hervey George St. John-Mildmay, R.N., of Hazelgrove House, Somerset
Authors: Bennett James Arthur
Published: January 2012

The following Papers, relating to the Crown Jewels and Plate in the times of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I., are a selection from a number of Jewelhouse Accounts and Papers, which are now in the possession of Captain Hervey George St. John-Mildmay, R.N., of Hazelgrove House, Somerset. The full catalogue will be found in the Seventh Report of the Hist. MSS. Commission.
IX.—New Points in the History of Roman Britain, as illustrated by Discoveries at Warwick Square, in the City of London
Authors: Tylor, Esq. Alfred
Published: January 2012

The object of this Paper is to describe certain Roman remains discovered in the year 1881 during extensive alterations on the premises of Messrs. J. Tylor and Sons (of which firm the writer is a member) in Warwick Square, adjoining the last of the three successive Roman walls of London, and near one of the gates of that wall (Newgate), and to draw therefrom certain conclusions as to the state in which Britain was found by the Romans, and the nature and object of their occupation.
X.—Extracts from Lincoln Episcopal Visitations in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries
Authors: Peacock Edward
Published: January 2012

The following extracts have been made by me, by the kind permission of the Bishop of Lincoln, from certain fragments of visitation books and detached papers connected therewith in the possession of his lordship. They range from 1473 to 1627, and are, as will be seen, of very varying degrees of interest; some of them are perhaps so trivial that it may seem almost an intrusion to bring them under the notice of the Society of Antiquaries; but all have at least a local interest, and the originals from which they are copied are many of them in a state of such rapid decay that it is to be feared, if they be not now preserved by being printed, that all memory of them may be lost.
XIII.—Account of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist, Wycombe
Authors: Parker John
Published: January 2012

Bishop Tanner informs us that the Hospital of St. John the Baptist at Chepping Wycombe in Buckinghamshire was founded for a master, brethren, and sisters before 20 Hen. III. As the remains of the buildings belonging to it are threatened with demolition in the carrying out of a scheme for erecting a new Grammar School, sanctioned by the Charity Commissioners on the application of the Governors of the Wycombe Grammar School and Almshouse Foundation, it will be interesting, in the first place, to give some notion of the original situation of the Hospital and its surroundings. The present street, called Easton Street, a portion of the road from London to Oxford, cuts through what must have been a part of the Hospital grounds, and renders it difficult to realise the appearance of the place in the twelfth century, the street having been formed close to the buildings and leaving them in an irregular position.
XIV.—On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika
Authors: Greg Robert Philips
Published: January 2012

In a Paper read before this Society, 15 May, 1879, printed inArchaeologia, vol. XLVII. pp. 157–160, on “The Fret or Key Ornamentation in Mexico and Peru,” I showed that this form or symbol was there without doubt emblematic ofwater, and probably adopted independently of Western or Old World influence; and at the conclusion of the Paper I threw out a hint that thefylfotorswastikawas an old Aryan symbol, connected with the older sky or air-gods, as represented by Indra and JupiterTonansandPluvius, and not found in the New World. Since then I have gone very fully into a further investigation as to the general history and meaning of that ancient and mystic symbol; and believe I have arrived at a satisfactory solution of a question which has long been a puzzle to mythologists and antiquaries; but one which—in spite of the later labours and discoveries of Dr. Schliemann, Bernouf, Max Müller, of Ludvig Müller of Copenhagen, and most recently of Mr. Edward Thomas, the eminent numismatist —I believe, with Eergusson(Tree and Serpent Worship), has not yet been fully solved.
II.—The Political Geography of Wales
Authors: Milman Henry Salusbury
Published: January 2012

The historical drama of a country is imperfect and hardly intelligible unless it represent the scenes on which, and the political conditions under which, its action takes place. Its narrative should be accompanied by a contemporary view of the political geography,—of the territorial limits and divisions of the country, so far as they affect or are affected by the course of political events.
III.—Observations on the Remains of an Anglo-Norman Building in the Parish of Saint Olave, Southwark, hitherto assumed to have been the Hostelry of the Prior of Lewes, but now believed to have been the Manor House of the Earls of Warren and Surrey in Southwark
Authors: Corner George Richard
Published: January 2012

Although the borough of Southwark abounds with subjects of historical and antiquarian interest, it has hitherto been greatly neglected by our metropolitan topographers and local historians; and we now know little more of that considerable portion of the metropolis than was recorded by John Stow, in his Survey of London, two hundred and fifty years ago.
IV.—“Furca et Fossa:” A Review of certain modes of Capital Punishment in the Middle Ages
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

In an age when the voice of philanthropy is raised against the extreme penalty of the law, an inquiry into the origin and practice of certain modes of capital punishment, now obsolete, but long known to our ancestors, may not be deemed unworthy the attention of this Society.
IX. Notes on a Collection of Pilgrims' Signs, of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries, found in the Thames
Authors: Hugo Thomas
Published: January 2012

I have great pleasure in being able to submit to the notice of the Society a large collection of relics, interesting, not only from the use to which they have been applied, but also from the excellence of their workmanship. They will be recognized as belonging to the class of antiquities known as Pilgrims’ Signs.
X. Observations on a Grant of an Advowson of a Chantry to a Guild in 34 Henry VI., exhibited by Joseph Jackson Howard, Esq. F.S.A.
Authors: Walford Weston Styleman
Published: January 2012

The Deed exhibited this evening by Mr. Joseph Jackson Howard has appeared to me sufficiently interesting to justify a few remarks on its contents. It bears date the 7th of August 1456 (34 Hen. VI.). By it Richard Acreman granted to John Oudene, master of the fraternity or guild of St. George of the Men of the Mystery of Armourers of the city of London, to John Ruttour and William Terry, the wardens, and to the brothers and sisters of the same guild the advowson of or right of presenting a chaplain to the chantry which Joan, formerly the wife of Nicholas de Wokyndon, Knight, founded at the altar of St. Thomas the Martyr in the new work of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, viz. on the north side of the same church; which altar was, at the time of this grant, placed in the chapel then commonly called the chapel of St. George within the said church, in which chapel the said guild was then lately founded and established by King Henry VI.: this advowson the said Richard Acreman had of the grant of Thomas Coburley and Thomas Burghille, who had it (inter alia) of the gift of Richard Bastard of Bedford and Isabella his wife, who was kinswoman and heiress of the said Nicholas de Wokyndon. The deed was witnessed by William Marwe, the Mayor of the city of London, and John Yonge and Thomas Ouldegreve, the Sheriffs.
XXVII. Extracts from the Private Account Book of Sir William More, of Loseley, in Surrey, in the time of Queen Mary and of Queen Elizabeth. Communicated in a Letter from John Evans, Esq. F.S.A. to J. Y. Akerman, Esq. Secretary
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

I have again the pleasure of sending you a transcript of some of the numerous documents of antiquarian interest preserved in the Muniment Room of Loseley House, near Guildford. for access to which, as on a previous occasion, I am indebted to the kindness of their proprietor, James More Molyneux, Esq. of Loseley, a Fellow of this Society.
XXVIII. Medieval Architecture in Aquitaine; in continuation and conclusion of previous Papers. A Letter addressed to the Earl Stanhope, President
Authors: Parker John Henry
Published: January 2012

In my last letter I gave some account of the celebrated Cloister of Moissac; after which I visited Toulouse, which I consider to have been the head quarters of a very remarkable school of sculpture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; but which did not form part of the English province of Aquitaine, and therefore is not included in this series of letters. The next place that I visited was the town of Cahors, which is finely situated amongst the hills, and was strongly fortified, as it was a border town between the dominions of the Kings of England as Lords of Guienne, and the Counts of Toulouse.
XXXIV. On Episcopal and other Rings of Investiture
Authors: Morgan Octavius
Published: January 2012

The Ring has for many ages formed part of the insignia of a Bishop; there does not, however, appear to be any evidence either as to the period or the special reason of its first adoption. It seems from very early times to have had a twofold purpose and signification, the one practical and useful, the other mystical and symbolic.
XXXVI. Excavations prosecuted by the Caerleon Archæological Association within the Walls of Caerwent in the Summer of 1855
Authors: Morgan Octavius
Published: January 2012

In the course of last season I informed the Society of Antiquaries that it was my intention to make, on the part of the Caerleon Archaeological Association, an examination of some of the remains of the ancient Roman buildings at Caerwent; and I promised to lay before them the result. In redemption of that promise, I have now the pleasure to communicate to the Society the particulars of the excavations which were made in the course of last summer, under the direction and superintendence of our excellent and able Secretary, J. Y. Akerman, Esq.; and I gladly take this opportunity of publicly tendering to him, on the part of the members of the Caerleon Association, and myself, our thanks for the very careful attention and unremitting assiduity with which he directed the operations. I must also tender my acknowledgments to Thomas Wakeman, Esq. who has made deep researches and large collections relative to the history of Monmouthshire; and who, at the Annual Meeting of the Caerleon Archaeological Association, in August last, read a paper on the history of Caerwent, of which he has kindly allowed me to embody a large portion in this communication.
III.—Typical Specimens of Cornish Barrows
Authors: Borlase William Copeland
Published: January 2012

The coast-line of the extremity of Western Cornwall has been so often laid under contribution of late by the artist's pencil, that its general features are familar to many who have never paid the country a personal visit. The fantastic forms which the weather-worn granite assumes as it rears itself in bosses (or “karns” as they are locally termed) between the deeply-cleft gullies down which the streams of red mine-water find their broken way, are the characteristics of that portion of the cliff which, lying between the promontories of the Land's End and Cape Cornwall, are turned most directly towards the setting sun. It is along this line of coast—some six or seven miles in extent—that the stone cairns which formed the burying-places of an early population are found in greater abundance than is the case in any other portion of the district. Along this same strip of sea-board are no less than three of those fortifications known as cliff castles, defended in each case by lines of ramparts crossing the necks of headlands from side to side, terminating at either end in the abrupt precipice of the cliff, and always intended to resist attack from the land side. Within these lines stone cairns are frequently found—a fact which seems to point to the conclusion that the latter are the more recent of the two; since, were it not so, the castle-builders would have availed themselves of the pile of stone already on the spot and ready to their hand.
XV.—Some Account of the Cuisine Bourgeoise of Ancient Rome
Authors: Coote H. C.
Published: January 2012

No one has yet written the history of the Roman palate, such as it became when the successes of that people had given occasion for its artificial cultivation. The Roman, consequently, has never been contemplated on this side of his character. This is not merely an omission in archaeology, it is a blank left in the annals of taste. And the omission is the more remarkable, as most other subjects of antiquity have been fathomed by the learned, down even to the shoe and the caliga.
XIX.—Observations on the Details of Vespasian's first Campaign in Britain
Authors: Warne Charles
Published: January 2012

Whilst the progress of Cæsar from the shores of Gaul to the place of his landing in Britain, and his subsequent advance into the interior of the country, are regarded as subjects worthy of the attention of men of the highest eminence in antiquarian and classical science, it may seem somewhat strange that their researches should have stopped there, and that comparatively little consideration has been bestowed on the progress of those military expeditions which ultimately led to the subjugation of the whole of Britain, and its incorporation with the great Roman Empire.
XXIII.—Some Account of Runic Calendars and ‘Staffordshire Clogg’ Almanacs
Authors: Davis J. Barnard
Published: January 2012

In proposing to give some notice of Staffordshire Clogg Almanacs, it will be fitting to begin with Dr. Robert Plot, the Natural Historian of the county. Not that I intend to follow him in his description of them, which is the fullest and best that has ever appeared. This would be unnecessary. But references and allusions to Plot must be frequent. That the Almanacs bore the name appropriating them to Staffordshire in his day, is evidenced by the title to the fine plate to the History (tab. xxxv.), dedicated to his patron “the worshipfull Elias Ashmole,” which is, “The Clog or Staffordshire Perpetuall Almanack.” There is another proof that they were called Staffordshire Almanacs at an early period, and thus, as it were, restricted to this county, for calling my attention to which I am indebted to A. W. Franks, Esq. the late Director of this Society. One of these calendars, now in the British Museum, belonged to the original collection of Sir Hans Sloane, which was purchased at his death. It is entered in Sir Hans Sloane's own manuscript catalogue, which appears to have been made as curiosities fell into his hands, as “A Runic or Staffordshire Almanack.” The entry occurs towards the middle of the catalogue, and no doubt the Clogg was in the possession of Sir Hans many years before the close of his very lengthened life, in 1753.
XVII.—Letters from Sir Henry Wotton to King James I. and others.—Communicated by C. Knight Watson, Esq. M.A. Secretary, in a Letter to A. W. Franks, Esq. Director
Authors: Watson C. Knight
Published: January 2012

The following Letters need but little introduction on my part. They may be left to tell their own story, and may be useful to illustrate or to correct the history of the period to which they belong. I am indebted to one who is most conversant with that history for the headings prefixed, within brackets, to such of the letters as seemed to him to require some such elucidation. For the letters themselves, and for permission to transcribe them, the Society is under obligations to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in particular to the courtesy of the Rev. Frederick Chalker, who filled the office of Librarian at that college in the year 1861, when I was allowed access to the valuable collection under his charge. The volume containing them is thus designated in Coxe's Catalogus Codicum MSS. qui in Collegiis Aulisque Oxoniensibus hodie adservantur. Pars. ii. 160, “cccxviij. Codex Chartaceus, in folio, ff. 229, sec. xvij. Ricardi Davis de Sandford Collectaneorum volumen secundum.” The series of Wotton Letters is immediately preceded by one from Henry VIII. to Secretary Knight. So far as I can ascertain, the letters here published are unedited. Their number might easily have been increased from other quarters, and especially from the Collection of State Papers in the Record Office. The present specimens, however, go far to cover the ground occupied by the writer in his diplomatic capacity at Venice and the Hague, while the last of them gives us a glimpse into his private life.
XXII.—Description of a Pocket-Dial made in 1593 for Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. By John Bruce, Esq. F.S.A.: in a Letter addressed to the possessor of the Dial, Edward Dalton, Esq. LL.D. F.S.A.
Authors: Bruce John
Published: January 2012

The curious article which you have entrusted to me for exhibition to the Society of Antiquaries has at least three claims to the attention of that body ;—1st, as an authentic memorial of a celebrated person; 2nd, as an excellent specimen of a curious description of mathematical and nautical instrument, long superseded in actual practice, but full of interest in the history of the sciences to which it relates; and, 3rd, as a production of a skilful artist in this kind of work whose name has fallen out of remembrance.
XXV.—On the worked Flints of Pressigny le Grand
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

At a time when the worked flints discovered in such profusion near Pressigny le Grand are attracting so much attention among French archaeologists, it seems probable that a few remarks upon them, and upon the controversy to which they have given rise, may be of interest to this Society.
XXVII. Notice sur une ancienne Statue de Guillaume-le-Conquérant, conservée dans l'Eglise de Saint-Victor-l'Abbaye (canton de Tôtes, arrondissement de Dieppe.)
Authors: Cochet M. l'Abbé
Published: January 2012

L'image des grands hommes est toujours précieuse pour la postérité; mais cette image le devient encore davantage si elle se rapproche du temps où ont vécu les héros, et si la représentation offre les plus grandes chances de ressemblance avec les modéles. A dèfaut des traits du visage, les anciennes statues, lorsqu'elles sont contemporaines, ont au moins le mérite de la fidélité du costume, chose toujours importante dans la reproduction d'un personnage historique. Aussi est-ce avec un soin extrême et presque avec un culte que nous devons traiter les portraits que le passé nous a laissés de ceux qui furent son honneur et la gloire de la patrie.
XXXIII—On the Discovery of a Romano-British Cemetery near Plymouth
Authors: Bate C. Spence
Published: January 2012

Early as the Romans were known to have visited the southern and southwestern shores of England, it is remarkable that so little should be left to testify to it. Historians inform us that on the banks of the waters that flow into the Plymouth Sound there was once a Roman station, but no record or evidence remains that can establish the precise locality of the ancient Tamara. Attempts have not been wanting to fix it somewhat near the present village of Tamerton, but it appears to me that there is little to support this idea beyond advantageous topographical considerations. The remains, however, of an old Roman road are still in existence on the property of the Rev. Collins Trelawny, which appear to suggest that the line by which those old travellers passed from station to station westward to the tin districts of Cornwall lay much nearer to Plymouth.
XXII. An Account of the Investigation of some remarkable Circular Trenches, and the Discovery of an Ancient British Cemetery, at Stanlake, Oxon
Authors: Akerman John Yonge , Stone Stephen
Published: January 2012

In a communication by Mr. Stone, read to the Society of Antiquaries in the last session, the writer alluded to the appearance of a number of circles, heretofore looked upon by the country people as “Fairy Rings,” which had been observed by him among the corn. As the summer advanced, additional circles became visible, and finally the number which could be distinctly traced amounted to thirteen.
XXIV. Report of Researches in a Cemetery of the Anglo-Saxon Period at Brighthampton, co. Oxford; in a Letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Earl Stanhope, F.R.S., President
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

While engaged in my recent perambulation of the forest of Wychwood, I paid a visit to Stanlake, near Witney, the scene of Mr. Stone's researches, communicated by that gentleman to the Society in the last session. On that occasion Mr. Stone informed me of the discovery of Anglo-Saxon remains in the adjoining village of Brighthampton. His account is as follows:—

“On the 24th June, 1857, as some workmen were employed on the site of the old malthouse at Brighthampton, which has been recently removed, they discovered, immediately beneath the floor, a grave containing the remains of a child, lying east and west, the head to the west. There were found with the remains beads of amber and of glass, a small brass-bound bucket, the staves of which, being of wood, had perished, a small knife, a pair of fibulæ of bronze gilt, and some unknown fragments in bronze.”
XXV.—Sépultures Chrétiennes de la période Anglo-Normande trouvées à Bouteilles près Dieppe, en 1857
Authors: Cochet L'Abbé
Published: January 2012

La sépulture chrétienne du xie au xvie siècle est encore peu connue. Son histoire ne saurait guère être établie qu'à l'aide de documents liturgiques et archéologiques. Déjà l'archéologie sacrée a étudié avec un louable zèle les monuments qui recouvrent le sol; mais ceux que la terre cache dans son sein sont encore inexplorés. Pour un grand nombre de ces documents une difficulté insurmontable se présente. Consacrés par l'usage et par la religion, les asiles qui les recèlent sont inviolables et inaccessibles même pour la science, sauf le cas de travaux publics.
XXVIII.—Specimens of Marks used by the early Manufacturers of Paper, as exhibited in Documents in the Public Archives of England
Authors: Hunter Joseph
Published: January 2012

The title which has just been read to you will shew that it is not my intention to enter into the inquiry which has been so learnedly conducted by others, into the various substances which have been used for the purposes of writing, and the times when one substance became superseded by another which was found more suitable to the purpose.
XIV.—The Scallop Shell, considered as a Symbol of Initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries
Authors: Coote H. C.
Published: January 2012

The scallop shell has been found so curiously in connection with funereal memorials of antiquity as to suggest that something must have been meant by this strange juxta-position.
VI.—Aydon Castle, Northumberland
Authors: Knowles W. H.
Published: January 2012

The attention of archseologists was first drawn to this important building on the appearance of the first volume of the late Mr. Hudson Turner's Domestic Architecture in England, now nearly half a century ago, but since that time no fresh account or description of it has been printed. It is the intention of the present paper to examine it more carefully, and to describe and illustrate it in detail.
IX.—On a Lawsuit concerning the Lady Elizabeth Stuart's Jewels
Authors: Hardy W. J.
Published: January 2012

There attaches to the history of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I., a melancholy interest that cannot fail to awaken sympathy, even in those unsympathetic individuals who feel none for the family to which she belonged; for that reason anything which brings before us incidents in her life is, I think, worthy of record.
II.—The true date of the English Discovery of the American Continent under John and Sebastian Cabot
Authors: Major Richard Henry
Published: January 2012

While there remain any in this utilitarian age who value accuracy in history, the date of the discovery of the continent of America by English vessels will not be regarded as unimportant. It is well known that Columbus, whose great achievement of 1492 has placed him on a pinnacle of renown which neither rivalry nor detraction can ever eclipse or undermine, was himself preceded in the actual discovery of terra firma by John and Sebastian Cabot. It was not till 1498 that that prince of navigators lighted on the north coast of South America, whereas it is a fact beyond all question that in 1497 John Cabot, accompanied by his son Sebastian, was on the east coast of North America. The question is, whether in that year they discovered that coast for the first time, or whether in 1494 it had been already seen by them, though possibly not explored. Both these suppositions have had their advocates at different periods, but in later years the materials for forming a sound judgment on the question have much increased under our hands, and I should not be occupying your time now if I were not of opinion that the entire collection of documents in our possession is sufficient to enable us to come to a decided conclusion.
VII.—Some Account of Scandinavian Runic Stones which speak of Knut the Great, King of all the North
Authors: Stephens George
Published: January 2012

The “folk-wanderings” changed the face of Europe; the blended iron despotism and shameless vice of Rome fell before them, and free states, soon Christian, re-establisht something like right and morals, while our modern languages, “barbarian “dialects more or less mixt with the Roman elements among which they grew, took the place of the official Augustan or the vulgar lingua rustica. Most eventful among these folk-wanderings was that flood which gradually overwhelmed Roman Britain. Pouring in from various border-lands, chiefly Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia, from the third century downwards, in small peaceful settlements, large armed bands, still larger array under wikings and sea-kings, it was only really closed by that strange combination of crown-seeking and land-seeking commonly called “the Norman Conquest.”
XIII.—An Account of Implements for the Bath found in a Stone Coffin at Urdingen, near Düsseldorf
Authors: Witt George
Published: January 2012

The Romans are said to have ascribed their power of conquering the world as much to the strigil as to the sword; in other words, the exercises appertaining to the bath rendered their limbs so supple, and their bodily movements so active and powerful, that it was rare for them to find any other people who could long stand against them in the hand-to-hand engagements which characterised the warfare of those times.
XVIII.—On Ancient British Barrows, especially those of Wiltshire and the adjoining Counties (Part II. Bound Barrows)
Authors: Thurnam John
Published: January 2012

In a previous paper the subject of Long Barrows, unchambered and chambered, was treated of, and we may now proceed with the second division of the subject—Round Barrows; premising only that the Introduction, with which the first part was prefaced, belongs equally, or even more decidedly, to that on which we now enter.
XII.—On Feudal and Obligatory Knighthood
Authors: Nichols Francis Morgan
Published: January 2012

The intimate connection which existed between chivalry and feudalism in the early age of both these institutions has not been sufficiently observed. Those who have set themselves to write the history of chivalry have been attracted by its romantic side, and have neglected the more substantial aspect which it presents when considered in relation to the political fabric. Our legal antiquaries, on the other hand, have sparingly recognised the influence of chivalry in the early history of the feudal establishment; and, while it was impossible to banish knight's service and tenure in chivalry from any account of the feudal system, they have been rather disposed to regard feudal knighthood as a legal fiction, and to disconnect the chivalry of tenure from the chivalry of arms.
XIII.—Remarks on some Portraits from Windsor Castle, Hampton Court, and Wilton House
Authors: Scharf George
Published: January 2012

Having in the course of last autumn received permission to examine and make sketches from the vast collection of pictures at Windsor Castle, I gladly availed myself of this opportunity, to examine as thoroughly as possible the very fine and authentic series of early portraits which some of the private apartments contain.
XIV.—On the Date and other Circumstances of the Death of the Painter Hans Holbein, as disclosed by the discovery of his Will
Authors: Black W. H.
Published: January 2012

However interesting it may be to be acquainted with the time and circumstances of the birth of an eminent person, it is more instructive to ascertain when, where, and how he died. A man's career is then complete, his actions can be freely reviewed and recorded for the information of posterity, and nothing more can justly be added to the acts of his life on which to found his reputation. In more than one sense, therefore, is there truth in the words of Solomon, “A good name rather than good perfume, and a day of death rather than a day of birth.” (Eccl. vii. 1.) The case of the great painter Holbein strikingly illustrates this saying. His powers and reputation as an artist far transcended, even in his royal master's judgment, the accidental distinctions of rank and fortune; and the true date of his death is far more important to his posthumous reputation and to posterity than the date of his birth.
XXIII.—Account of three Coptic Papyri, and other Manuscripts, brought from the East by J. S. Stuart Glennie, Esq.
Authors: Goodwin Charles Wycliffe
Published: January 2012

Three interesting Coptic papyri have lately been brought from Egypt by Mr. Stuart Glennie, forming an important addition to those which have already been obtained by different recent travellers, and of which a very considerable number is now in the collection of the British Museum.
XXV.—On Percy Herbert, Lord Powis
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: January 2012

Percy Herbert Lord Powis is a noble author overlooked by Horace Walpole; a loyal sufferer unnoticed by David Lloyd; a Welshman omitted from the useful Biographical Dictionary of the Rev. Robert Williams; and a Roman Catholic who was apparently unknown to Dodd.
XXVII.—On a Crannoge found in Drumkeery Lough, near Bailieborough, co. Cavan, Ireland
Authors: Harkness Robert
Published: January 2012

Early in February last I received from His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir John Young, Bart., K.C.B., Governor-General of Australia, a note to the effect that, in consequence of the lowering of the level of Drumkeery Lough, near Bailieborough, on his property in the county of Cavan, a Crannoge had been discovered; and also that several articles had been obtained belonging to the former occupants thereof. On receipt of this information, I communicated with Major Dalton, the brother-in-law of Sir John Young, now residing at Bailieborough Castle, and, availing myself of his invitation and hospitality, I had an opportunity of examining this ancient Irish habitation.
IV.—Sketch of British and Roman London
Authors: Lewin Thomas
Published: January 2012

It is a commonly received opinion that London was planted by the Romans, and that before their arrival London had no existence. In the following remarks I propose—1. To show that London was, ab origine, a British city. 2. To endeavour to define what was the primitive site of it; and 3. To point out the gradual growth of London under the Roman domination.
VIII.—Remarks on a Portrait of the Duchess of Milan, recently discovered at Windsor Castle, probably painted by Holbein at Brussels in the year 1538. By George Scharf, Esq., F.S.A., in a Letter addressed to the Earl Stanhope, President
Authors: Scharf George
Published: January 2012

I beg to lay before the Society a few notes on an historical portrait, which I was so fortunate as to discover recently at Windsor Castle, and the original of which Her Majesty has been most graciously pleased to permit to be exhibited to the Society this evening.
XV.—Notes on Human Sacrifices among the Romans, by the Very Rev. Henry George Liddell, D.D. Dean of Christchurch: communicated in a Letter to the Earl Stanhope, President
Authors: Liddell Henry George
Published: January 2012

I felt much interested in the little tract which you were good enough to send me on the question of the use of Human Sacrifices among the Romans. It was pleasant to see that the cares and duties of political life had not prevented Sir Robert Peel and Lord Macaulay from discussing eagerly an obscure point of classical lore.
II.—Notices of Recent Excavations in Rome
Authors: Parker John Henry
Published: January 2012

The excavations made in Rome during the winter of 1867–68 have been numerous, and their results important.

The first in period of time, and perhaps in importance also in an archæological point of view, was that made by the monks of SS. Cosmas and Damian behind their church and monastery, in what is now a courtyard, occupying the site of the porticus of the ancient temple out of which this church was made. In this excavation, at the depth of from twenty to thirty feet, were found several fragments of the celebrated Plan of Rome, of the third century of the Christian era, engraved on slabs of marble. The greater part of this curious plan was discovered in the sixteenth century, and placed against the walls of the staircase in the museum on the Capitol, but the exact spot on which it was found was not known, and the present discovery is therefore of high importance.
III.—An Examination into the character and probable origin of the Hill Forts of Sussex
Authors: Fox Augustus Henry Lane
Published: January 2012

In the month of September last whilst staying at Brighton I examined nearly the whole of the ancient earthworks which occupy the summits of the highest eminences of the Downs between Beachy Head on the east, and the neighbourhood of Chichester on the west.
VI.—Notes on the Hut-Urns and other objects discovered in an ancient Cemetery in the Commune of Marino (Province of Rome)
Authors: Pigorini L. , Lubbock John
Published: January 2012

Although every object of antiquity possesses a certain interest for the archaeologist, still that interest is much increased when a number are found together, and under circumstances which imply that they were contemporaneous.

A “find” of special interest was made in the year 1817 at Albano, and described in a letter from Dr. A. Visconti to Signor G. Carnevali di Albano. Since however this letter does not give a complete description of the antiquities in question, and is moreover not easily accessible to archaeologists, we have thought that a more complete account would be acceptable to the Society, the pottery belonging to this find being of peculiar interest.
VII.—Notes on the “Hwiting Treow” of the Anglo-Saxons
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

Tacitus, in his description of the ancient Germans, speaks of their reliance upon auguries and decisions by lot. The latter was performed with twigs cut from the branches of a fruit-bearing tree, and thrown upon a white garment:—“Sortium consuetudo simplex. Virgam frugiferæ arbori decisam in surculos amputant eosque notis quibusdam discretos super candidam vestem temere ac fortuito spargunt.”—Germ. 10.
IX.—On Ancient British Barrows, especially those of Wiltshire and the adjoining Counties. (Part I. Long Barrows)
Authors: Thurnam John
Published: January 2012

The results of explorations in the sepulchral tumuli of the pre-Roman or ancient British period of this country have never been exhibited in a distinct manner, or in a form useful for the purpose of comparison. Numerous investigations of these barrows, in nearly every part of England, some on a larger and some on a smaller scale, have at different times been made; but, if we except Sir John Lubbock's analysis of the results obtained by Mr. Bateman in Derbyshire and the adjoining counties, and of part of those obtained by Sir R. C. Hoare in Wiltshire, no one has been at the pains of analysing the results arrived at, or of pointing out the inferences to which they lead. As is well known, “Wiltshire is the county where the monumental remains of the ancient occupants of Britain are at once the most numerous and characteristic;” in no other district of the island are the barrows so numerous, and no examinations of them perhaps so important as those conducted by Sir R. C. Hoare and his coadjutor Mr. Cunnington; whether we consider the number excavated, the results obtained, or the character of the district, the seat of great Druidical fanes and places of resort, the ruins of which are found at Avebury and Stonehenge. In the magnificent but ponderous and costly folios of his “Ancient Wiltshire,” Sir Richard Hoare printed the details of his researches; but in this work they are exhibited in a far from convenient or accessible form, and they have never been subjected to a full and complete numerical analysis.
XVI.—The Early Metallurgy of Copper, Tin, and Iron in Europe, as illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Primitive Processes surviving in Japan
Authors: Gowland W.
Published: January 2012

As the rude and primitive processes by which metals were extracted from their ores and adapted to the uses of man in early times are fast disappearing, and will soon cease to be practised in the few regions of the world where they still survive, it has appeared to me to be advisable that some record should be preserved of them before they fall entirely into disuse and become forgotten.
XVII.—The Identification of the Eighteen Worthies commemorated in the Heraldic Glass in the Hall Windows of Ockwells Manor House, in the Parish of Bray, in Berkshire; in a Letter from Everard Green, Esq., Rouge Dragon, Vice-President, to Viscount Dillon, Hon. M.A. Oxon, President
Authors: Green Everard
Published: January 2012

The identification of the eighteen worthies commemorated in the Perpendicular heraldic glass in the hall windows at Ockwells Manor House (now the seat of our Fellow, Mr. Edward Barry) is the subject of this letter, which I have the honour of submitting for the consideration and attention of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
XVIII.—Notes upon some Predynastic and early Dynastic Antiquities from Egypt, in the writer's collection
Authors: Price F. G. Hilton
Published: January 2012

During the past few years important excavations have been carried out in various parts of Egypt, with the result that they have contributed very largely to our knowledge of the predynastic and early dynastic times, which previously to about five years ago were very little known, as such finds had not been conducted in a scientific manner. Natives have for many years grubbed into early sites and have discovered certain objects, and those they considered marketable they have sold to Europeans and to the Museum at Grizeh; other objects probably quite as interesting which they perhaps did not think they could sell have been lost, together with the localities and other details. Fully twelve years ago I had from the late Reverend Greville Chester some slate palettes, and red glazed earthenware pots with black glazed tops, and other objects similar to those found by Professor Petrie at Naqada, which he at first supposed belonged to a people he provisionally termed the “New Race.”
XXIII.—Excavations at Cæsar's Camp near Folkestone, conducted in June and July, 1878
Authors: Pitt-Rivers Augustus H. L. F.
Published: January 2012

The earthwork known as Cæsar's Camp or Castle Hill is one mile and three-quarters (3 kil.) to the north-west of Folkestone Harbour. It is a conspicuous object from the railway to all who look for it, being situated on the summit of the line of hills termed by geologists the Chalk Escarpment, and overlooking from a commanding position the whole of the low ground between it and the sea. A good view of it taken from the east may be seen in the frontispiece to Mr. W. Topley's Geology of the Weald. Geologically the ground on which the Camp has been constructed corresponds to that of Mount Caburn on the opposite side of the weald valley; both overlook the weald valley, but from opposite directions, both occupy the chalk ridges which bound the valley on three sides, and both are situated not far from the coast line on which that extensive geological area opens into the English Channel.
III.—The west side of Westminster Hall
Authors: Clarke Somers
Published: January 2012

In this paper I hardly venture to go beyond the statement of notes made upon the site by the permission of the Chief Commissioner of Works; and a comparison therewith of such plans, drawings, or other sources of information as I could obtain access to. The information I have been able to get together has made it clear that there is yet more to be got; indeed, the evidence to be afforded by the building itself and the ground to be excavated about it has not yet been exhausted.
VIII.—The Manor of Aylesbury
Authors: Parker John
Published: January 2012

The town of Aylesbury is associated with the early history of this country. Green, in his volume on The Malting of England, points to this as one of the four British towns to which a region was subject, that held out against the Saxon invader.
XIII.—Documents relating to the death and burial of king Edward II
Authors: Moore Stuart Archibald
Published: January 2012

The task I have set myself in this paper, a task in which I fear I shall hardly succeed, is to endeavour to wipe away from the pages of our national history one of the foulest blots that stains them, viz., the legend, the unproved rumour, of the hideous detail of the murder of king Edward II. in Berkeley Castle.

I suspect I am not the first inquirer on this subject, for I find the wardrobe account of 1 Edward III. which I shall presently refer to has been “galled,” probably for the purpose of making a copy of it.
X.—An Account of the Harmonies contrived by Nicholas Ferrar at Little Gidding
Authors: Acland-Troyte J.E.
Published: January 2012

Nicholas Ferrar, the designer of the works now under consideration, was born in the year 1592, in London, being the third son of Nicholas Ferrar, a merchant adventurer, who traded extensively both to the East and West Indies, and was on terms of great friendship with persons of eminence in the city. His mother was the daughter of Mr. Wodenoth, one of the ancient family of that name, of Savington Hall, in Cheshire. Both Mr. and Mrs. Ferrar were well known for their hospitality and generosity, and for their zealous support of the Church, as well as for the careful and religious ordering of their household.
XVIII.—On the early Stall-plates of the Knights of the Garter
Authors: Hope W.H. St. John
Published: January 2012

Affixed to the panelling at the back of the stalls in the choir of St. George's chapel at Windsor are a great number of gilt plates of various sizes and shapes, but chiefly rectangular, resplendent with enamelled and painted armorial ensigns. These are the stall-plates of the Knights of the Garter; a series of memorials extending over a period of upwards of five hundred years, and forming such a storehouse of ancient and modern historical armory as exists nowhere else in Europe.
XX.—A critical examination of the Armorial Bearings and Decorations on the ceiling of the Monks' Choir in the abbey church of St. Alban
Authors: Waller J.G.
Published: January 2012

Every visitor to the abbey church of St. Alban must be struck by the more than usual quantity of armorial display; and especially that of the transepts and monks' choir. During the restoration under the late Sir George Gilbert Scott it was discovered that the painting on the ceiling of the monks' choir, a very rough production of the seventeenth century, covered an older work, which was very skilfully disclosed by peeling off the more recent film, under the auspices of Mr. Chapple, Sir Gilbert Scott's clerk of the works. The work was then carefully restored by, as far as possible, following the lines indicated. On the whole, one must concede that the result is as successful as one could expect, though there may be some lapses.