bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR THE OPTIMUM OPERATION OF A MULTI‐PURPOSE RESERVOIR1
Authors: Torabi Mohammad , Mobasheri Fereidoun
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this paper is to present a stockastic dynamic programming model useful in determining the optimal operating policy of a single multipurpose surface reservoir. It is the unreliability of forecasting the amount of future streamflow which makes the problem of a reservoir operation a stochastic process. In this paper the stochastic nature of the streamflow is taken into account by considering the correlation between the streamflows of each pair of consecutive time intervals. This interdependence is used to calculate the probability of transition from a given state and stage to its succeeding ones. A dynamic programming model with a physical equation and a stochastic recursive equation is developed to find the optimum operational policy. For illustrative purposes, the model is applied to a real surface water reservoir system.
ALGAE IN THE SPOON RIVER, ILLINOIS 1971–19721
Authors: Lin Shundar , Evans Ralph L. , Beuscher Davis B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As a part of a water quality survey of the Spoon River, Illinois, algal genera were identified and their densities were enumerated. Weekly samples were collected at five stations starting on June 1, 1971. This report presents the first year's results. Algal densities for each station were found to be distributed geometrically normal. Total algal densities increased as water progressed downstream. Although water temperature has been observed to be an important factor affecting the density and the composition of algae in streams, attempts to correlate algal densities with temperatures for the Spoon River were not fruitful. Correlations of algal densities with dissolved oxygen, flow, and coliform densities also could not be made. The dominant genera observed were Cyclotella, Navicula, Scenedesmus, and Euglena. On the average diatoms accounted for 87% of all algae counts. The average diversity indices varied about 1.0 to 1.5 for five stations. There did not appear to be any advantage in the use of diversity index over that of algal density and genera richness in characterizing algae in the Spoon River.
METHANE FORMATION BY LAKE SEDIMENTS DURING IN VITRO INCUBATION1
Authors: Macgregor A. N. , Keeney D. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Renewed (de novo) synthesis of methane gas was shown to occur when samples of lake sediment were dispersed on glass beads and incubated in a helium atmosphere at 23°C. Under the above conditions, sediment samples from hardwater and softwater lakes generated up to 440 nanomoles and 80 nanomoles per ml of sediment per two days, respectively. At the time of collection, sediment samples possessed approximately similar amounts of “native” methane. Nitrate, sulfate, and acetylene were shown to suppress methane synthesis by sediment incubated as described.
NON‐EFFICIENCY OBJECTIVES AND DECISION‐MAKING IN WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS1
Authors: Vaut Gregory A. , Willis Cleve E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In spite of the rather large volume of literature suggesting that non‐efficiency objectives ought to be incorporated into water resource planning frameworks, little has been done to date. A partial explanation is that when goals are in conflict we have no “objective” criteria upon which to make the trade‐offs. Also, there are problems of measuring the degree to which various policy actions lead to achievement of various goals. Nevertheless, this paper argues that given the magnitude of the possible gains from incorporating these considerations, considerable effort to overcome these problems is justified. Accordingly, we outline some procedures for making these trade‐offs and suggest an alternative (practical) planning framework.
RATIONAL PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES IN COASTAL ZONES THROUGH PLANNED DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Christensen B. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A significant water‐resources problem in Florida and other coastal states where the ground‐water resources are threatened by salt‐water intrusion or direct pollution from septic tanks, canals or marinas, is the almost explosive urban development of the limited coastal zone without or with only little water related planning. The reported study deals with the establishment of methods for identification of areas which are suitable for development and of areas where complete preservation or controlled and limited development should be encouraged. A methodology using data input available from such federal and state agencies as the USGS, the U. S. Weather Bureau, and the various State Geological Surveys is developed and brought on a graphic form that will guide the planning process and allow the urban planner even without a background in geohydrology or water‐resources engineering to identify the problem areas.
ORGANIZATIONAL EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE NEW YORK REGION1
Authors: Zimmerman Rae
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Non‐technological factors related to the behavior and characteristics of organizations involved in pollution control are explored here as to their importance as determinants or indicators of the level of pollution control effectiveness. Methods of evaluating the existing level of effectiveness are developed and tested using the response of a selected set of industrial establishments to state water pollution abatement action in the New York Region from 1966 to 1971. The compliance of 209 manufacturing establishments to state abatement orders in the New York Region is evaluated with respect to selected organizational and industrial characteristics and characteristics of the firms'socioeconomic environment. The influence of state policies arid programs is also discussed. It was found that the degree of compliance to state abatement action by industry in the Region is positively related to organization size, the extent of waste generation, the wealth and size of the town in which the firm is located, and the availability of waste treatment facilities in the town. The age of the firm was not related to compliance. The structure of state abatement scheduling also influences the degree of compliance. The methods of analysis used here provide a basis for a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of pollution control as an alternative to the case by case approach that is currently being used.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRAW‐DOWN ON RECREATION ON THE TRENT CANAL RESERVOIR‐LAKES1
Authors: Jaakson Reiner
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water‐based outdoor recreation constitutes an important benefit in many multiple‐use projects. One problem frequently encountered, however, is the fluctuation of the water‐level in a reservoir, especially if draw‐downs occur during the summer recreation season. The Trent Canal in Ontario, Canada, forms a unique recreation waterway of some 240 miles of canal and navigable lakes and rivers. For the control of the water in the canal, the Canadian Federal government manages 44 reservoir‐lakes as water‐storage sites to augment the flows in the canal. While most disputes in water allocation for recreation generally involve recreation uses versus other, non‐recreation uses, in the case of the Trent Canal and its reservoir‐lakes the dispute in water allocation exists between two competing recreation‐uses: for recreation boating on the Canal and its waterway, and for recreation use of the reservoir‐lakes. Each use has its own duty‐of‐water in terms of requirements, or water conditions, for its optimum use. On the reservoir‐lakes, by far the largest recreation user‐group, is made up of the owners of private shoreline summer cottages (cabins). Draw‐downs on the reservoir‐lakes, in some cases as much as 13 feet, hence constitute a negative externality imposed by the canal, especially since water‐level lowering takes place continuously throughout the summer. In‐depth interviews conducted with over 100 cottage‐owners indicate four main conclusions. First, the previous user assumptions of the extent of the negative effect of water‐level fluctuation on recreation had been exaggerated. Only in extreme draw‐downs during infrequent dry years would draw‐down constitute a serious imposition. Second, water‐level fluctuation does constitute a form of inconvenience to the private riparian recreation property owners, but it does not generally reduce the quantity of recreation use of the reservoir‐lakes. Third, there is evidence that reservoir‐lake users have learned to adapt successfully to water‐level draw‐downs. Fourth, the shoreline physiography of the location of a riparian owner strongly influences the way in which draw‐down affects attitudes and opinions. The complex jurisdictional split of the land and water resources of the region points to the need to establish a Trent Canal Authority, to oversee the proper use and development of the canal, its waterway, and the reservoir‐lakes.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ON ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Nelson Jack C. , Rauschuber Donald G. , Tischler Lial F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Texas Water Development Board, the principal water resource planning agency of the State, has been conducting extensive estuarine data collection activities and associated research to determine the required quantity and quality of fresh water inflows necessary to maintain various environmental conditions in Texas estuaries to preserve the estuarine ecosystems. These activities are a consequence of a statutory directive to the Board to make provisions in its State Water Plan for the effects of upstream water resource development on the associated estuaries.

This paper reports on the results of the first phase of an extensive estuarine research project. The objectives of the research project are to (1) define the interrelationships between estuarine ecosystems and fresh water and nutrient inflows, and (2) develop and test quantitative simulation techniques which describe these relationships. In order to accomplish the first objective, physical and chemical water quality data and biological data on the estuarine ecosystems are being collected, compiled and analyzed. The second objective is being satisfied by the development of hydrodynamic and ecologic simulation models of the estuarine environment.
RETENTION BASIN FAILURES IN CARBONATE TERRANES1
Authors: Warren William M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Sinkholes and subsidence in areas subject to dewatering of carbonate formations have been documented in several geologic and hydrologic investigations. Excessive ground‐water pumpage has been cited as a causative factor in areas of increased sinkhole activity. Subsurface erosion of unconsolidated materials underlain by carbonate rocks is one cause of the collapses. Infiltrating water from retention basins may cause subsurface erosion and eventual failure by collapse of the structure. The resulting ground‐water contamination would be great as the pollutants spread throughout the solution‐cavity system.
EXTENSIVE PUMPING FROM UNCONFINED AQUIFERS1
Authors: Rushton K. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The extensive pumping of an aquifer to remove a significant proportion of the stored water is considered. A numerical method is described which permits the analysis of radial flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer and allows for the reduction in the saturated depth. The feasibility of removing large quantities of water is examined by considering a typical example.
THE ROLE OF USER FEES AND CONGESTION TOLLS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INLAND WATERWAYS1
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Davis Robert K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss how user fees and congestion tolls can be used to improve the efficiency and equity with which the inland waterway system is managed. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of user fees (fuel taxes, segment tolls, and license fees) are presented. The rationale for the employment of congestion tolls on congested waterways is discussed. A segment toll that is equated to average variable cost is recommended for uncongested existing waterwyas. When existing waterways are congested, congestion tolls, in addition to the segment tolls, are recommended, A two‐part tariff, consisting of segment tolls and an annual license fee, is recommended for “new” uncongested waterways. A three‐part tariff, consisting of the first two parts plus congestion tolls, is recommended for “new” congested waterways.
RELIABILITY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR URBAN RETURN FLOWS MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Shih Chia Shun , Garner Joseph K. , Curry Guy L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The reduction of the liability of pollution to urban water resources is considered as one of the common goals of all elements of our society. To approach the challenge with a sense of realism the probabilistic nature of the performance of pollution control facilities as well as environmental responses must not be ignored and cannot be eliminated. Reliability is defined herein as the measure of effectiveness for the attainment of water quality managerial goals. The objective of this paper is to develop an optimization model for the determination of the best pollution control policies for each treatment facility in terms of the minimization of total regional cost requirements, the quality control requirements, and the reliability desired. A chance‐constrained quadratic programming technique coupled with parametric analysis is utilized as the basic solution approach. A practical problem based on the situation existing in the San Antonio River Basin Region of Texas was used for the illustration of this application. The implications resulting from the sensitivity analysis of this model will be discussed.
AN EXPANDING ROLE FOR SUBARCTIC WATERSHED RESEARCH1
Authors: Slaughter C. W. , Helmers A. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: It is increasingly recognized that natural resources research should in many cases be broadened in scope and oriented toward more general “environmental” problems. Locales with a history of “watershed” research can be eminently suited for development of comprehensive, environmental research programs. This is recognized in many research efforts of the International Biological Program (IBP), where watershed research sites have been successfully utilized for intensive investigations of process and function of selected ecosystems or ecosystem components. In the North American Subarctic there is almost no history of “watershed” studies. Basic data on hydrometeorologic parameters such as precipitation amounts and areal and seasonal distribution of runoff are scarce; the data framework within which environmental understanding can be structured is exceedingly sketchy. Opportunity exists in the discontinuous‐permafrost settings of central Alaska to begin rectifying this situation. A basic program of multi‐agency, multi‐discipline research and data acquisition for the most significant hydrologic subregions is being developed, based around several existing environmental research areas (chiefly the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, the Caribou‐Poker Creeks Research Watershed, the Wickersham Dome Fire Study Area, and a series of outlying sites).
THE EFFECTS OF DIURON ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Cherty D. S. , Ferebee R. N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The naturally occurring, aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial populations of two impounded ecosystems were studied in a laboratory tank system. One reservoir received runoff from a rural drainage basin only, while the second received treated municipal sewage, industrial waste and heavy recreational use. Water from each reservoir was treated with 1.4 ppm final concentration of diuron and studied for total bacterial counts and nutritional source types. Control tanks were studied concurrently. Total counts increased shortly after diuron addition; however, this was followed by a decrease to a level below the control. Reduction in diversity was significantly greater in water from the polluted reservoir, but chromagenic bacteria were significantly reduced in the non‐polluted reservoir. The effects on isolation of specific nutrient types from the two systems following herbicide addition revealed that starch utilizers were the most affected group. Bacteria growing on protein or glucose salts were essentially unaffected. (KEY TERMS: Diuron; Bacteria; Herbicides in Aquatic Environments; Chromagenic Bacteria: Natural Aquatic Bacteria.)
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING IN RIVER BASIN MODELING1
Authors: Bayer M. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the use of nonlinear programming in river basin water quality modelling. Applications recently reported in the literature, along with the author's experience with nonlinear programming, are reviewed. Results obtained using nonlinear programming are compared with the results obtained by other researchers using linear and dynamic programming to solve river basin water quality optimization problems. These water quality models have objective functions with continuous first partial derivatives, several inequality and variable bound constraints, and are of the form:

   minizie Σj=nj=1Yj(Xj)

   subject to Σj=nj=1aijXjbi, i=1,2, …, m

     cjXjdj, j= 1,2, …, n

The variable Xi is the maximum allowable ratio of the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent outflow to the BOD of the wastewater inflow for treatment plant j, in the range cj to dj. The aijd and bi are constants in the DO (dissolved oxygen) and BOD constraints. The resuks show, given certain assumptions about the data, that nonlinear programming is a better solution method for these problems than is either linear programming or dynamic programming.
EXPERIMENTAL DREDGING TO CONVERT LAKE BOTTOM FROM ABIOTIC MUCK TO PRODUCTIVE SAND1
Authors: Wilbur Robert L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Conversion of muck to sand bottom was tested to increase benthic production in two eutrophic Florida lakes, and preliminary results indicate that benthos will be increased in areas converted to sand. Muck removal with a specially designed dredge, or “Mudcat,” was tested in Trout Lake. The Mudcat removed 41,650 cu. yds. of muck and exposed 17 acres of sand bottom, but 10 of those acres developed thin layers of muck, which proved too soft to be picked up by the Mudcat. Consequently, only 7 acres were satisfactorily converted. Bottom redistribution with a suction‐type dredge was tested in Lake Carlton, and 14 acres were converted from muck to sand. Sand covered with muck was pumped from midlake areas to more peripheral areas of the lake where water depths were 11 to 13 feet and muck layer about 1.5 feet deep. The bottom was built up to an elevation above the previous muck elevation. Several methods for depositing the sand were tested. Level areas of sand fill developed accumulations of muck from fallout following dredging activity. Piles or dunes provided the best cost‐return ratio. The bottom in filled areas changed very little during a 1½ year period following filling.
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PUBLIC PROJECTS FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: Singh Raghu N. , Wilkinson Kenneth P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The major objectives are (1) to identify the problems involved in measuring the environmental impacts of public projects from selected perspectives, and (2) to elaborate a sociological approach used in an empirical investigation in that respect. The construct of environmental impact of a planned action is generally operationalized from different perspectives and with different methodological emphases in the various disciplines. Even the term environment does not elicit agreement among users as to its exact meaning. Although there has been a steady increase in the number of studies from a sociological perspective concerning environmental problems, there is lack of sociological counsel in writing environmental impact statements. Overall, we lack sociological methodology and operational procedures for that purpose. In an attempt to bring some empirical focus to this field, attitudinal measures employed to discover how residents of a river basin perceived negative and positive environmental impacts of a proposed watershed development project are reviewed. These come from a study of creation of the Cooper Reservoir and Dam in Texas. Data on 343 heads of households m the selected areas were collected through structured questionnaires with items on personal information, a vested interest scale, a knowledge of the project scale, and an environmental impact scale. Data show that perception of impacts by residents is influenced significantly by degree of their vested interests involved. Variables for inclusion in a sociological model of environmental impact are suggested.
A BASKET SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTIFYING RIVERINE MACROBENTHOS1
Authors: Stanford Jack A. , Reed Edward B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A colonization basket sampling technique for quantifying macroinvertebrates in rubble bottom rivers is described. Basket samplers were compared to collections made using the Surber square foot sampler. Procedure for processing samples is described. Macrobenthos were more accurately quantified by basket samplers because both surface and subsurface habitats were sampled, no organisms were lost when samplers were removed from the river, substrata and associated fauna were retained for analysis, and the samplers were used efficiently in both pool and riffle areas. At the end of the colonization period the basket samplers contained one‐half cubic foot of river bottom and macroinvertebrates spatially arranged within.
CREATIVITY AND RATIONALITY IN PLAN FORMULATION1
Authors: Johnson William K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: It is the thesis of this paper that plan formulation is both art and science, and that to improve formulation, to develop better alternatives, the planner needs to both improve his creative capability and to think more systematically. Research into creativity by psychologist and social scientist has identified four aspects of creativity: the creative process, the creative product, the creative person, the creative situation. A review of research results on each aspect suggests several ways in which planners can improve the creative dimension of plan formulation. To improve the rational aspects of plan formulation a way of thinking is presented in the form of a conceptual model to assist the planner in systematically developing a broader range of plans. The major components are inventory, forecast and synthesis. The model utilizes the concept of a production function to provide information about the resource, management practices and its use.
PARTIAL AREA HYDROLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Engmun Edwin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: According to a concept known as partial area hydrology, watershed areas are separated into hydrologically active and passive subareas. The literature relating to the development of the partial area concept is reviewed briefly and the relationship of partial area hydrology to geology, soils, and micrometeorology is illustrated. The potential application of partial area hydrology is discussed with respect to present hydrologic techniques, future hydrologic models, urban hydrology, water quality, and water management. Suggestions for identifying and delineating the contributing areas are discussed.
PRECIPITATION AUGMENTATION‐PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS1
Authors: Haragan Donald R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Advances in the science of weather modification have provided an opportunity for significant progress in the area of precipitation management. Coordination of efforts and intensification of both laboratory and field research could lead to major advances within the decade. In view of the important decision‐making role played by society, however, it is necessary that our scientific efforts be coordinated with a public relations program designed to inform and educate the public on the role and potential of artificial precipitation augmentation. In addition, careful consideration must be given to those social and legal issues related to weather modification. Environmental impact, land use, economic potential and damage liability are aU factors of importance in any comprehensive analysis. Rational solutions to questions in each of these areas is dependent upon the establishment of a sound scientific basis for operational weather modification, which should be the first priority.
THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND MISSOURI RIVER WATER DEVELOPMENTS1
Authors: Shanks Bernard D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The construction of three Missouri River main stem dams, Garrison, Oahe and Fort Randall, and the related reservoir taking caused social and economic changes on five Indian reservations, Fort Berthold, Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, Crow Creek and Lower Brute. The inundation of Missouri River riparian lands caused the loss of important cultural, social and economic environments. Ninety percent of the reservations timber, seventy‐five percent of its wildlife and most of the fertile cropland were in the reservoir taking area. Urban and more fertile environments downstream and to the east received most of the projects benefits. The Indian minority on the five reservations received few economic and social benefits after bearing a disporportionate share of the social and economic costs of the developments. Relocation was forced upon those who had the longest historic and cultural claim to the land. The social costs to the American Indian occasioned by the Missouri River water developments illustrates two broad areas seldom considered during the decision process. First, the unique historic, cultural or religious values of minorities affected by developments. Second, the disproportionate spacial allocation of both benefits and costs. The second item includes social, economic and cultural considerations in not just a geographic framework but a cultural framework as well.
A NOTE ON THE EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY DEPENDENT RECREATIONAL DAMAGE COST FUNCTIONS1
Authors: Bundgaard‐Nielsen M. , Himmelblau D. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recreation benefits or costs are an important aspect in the planning for and evaluation of water resources project strategies. How to include in a quantitative fashion the effects of water quality for planning and analysis is yet unresolved. We describe a quantitative formulation for a recreation function in which the water quality is the argument, and suggest how the coefficients may be evaluated.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WITHOUT SURFACE RUNOFF1
Authors: Manbeck D.M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Legal, economic, and social constraints prevented the development of a surface outlet from an 878 acre watershed in the eastern Great Plains. However, frequent flooding of potentially excellent cropland within the watershed had to be controlled. The process of considering various alternatives within given constraints and utilizing natural features of the watershed to attain a water management system without surface runoff is presented. The coordinated system includes surface drainage, waterholding structures, and pumping plants. The excellent water control provided permits effective utilization of more than 115 acres of land which was previously of very low productivity.
A TECHNIQUE USED TO DETERMINE RANDOM POINT POSITION1
Authors: Shih Sun‐Fu , Hamrick Robert L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Monte Carlo method is a procedure which takes advantage of the high speed of electronic computer in solving complex problems in physical and mathematical fields. A rigid technique to determine whether a random point falls within an arbitrary‐shaped boundary is not available. This study is to present a new technique which can be used to determine whether a random point falls within any shape of boundary, together with its range of application. A modified fixed random walk procedure is also developed to solve the problems of groundwater movement. A flowchart and computer program are also demonstrated. Comparisons of this newly developed method are made with other approximate solutions. The results indicates that the new technique is more applicable and powerful than other methods.
A WATER POLICY‐LAND USE COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL1
Authors: Meyer Carl F. , Corbeau Andre B. , Mack Harold L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the philosophy, algorithms, and implementation of a computer‐oriented land use forecasting‐water policy simulation model. The model is applicable to SMSA's organized on a census tract basis by counties. The forecasts are macro to the census tract level for industrial, residential, commercial and public land uses, and are dynamically altered by hypothesized water management policies. Modeling is based on an economic data base of the region, and is extremely flexible for the user. An example set of simulations is included for illustrative purposes.
A NOTE ON SPRING WARMING IN LAKE SUPERIOR1
Authors: Smith Ned P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Temperature recorder data from central Lake Superior obtained from May through July, 1967, are used to describe the spring warming of this deep lake. Data from the 30, 91 and 150 m levels suggest that water descending in the thermal bar spreads lakeward, filling the lake with an increasingly thick layer of maximum density water. Lakeward of the thermal bar, local warming is relatively slow preceeding and following the passage of the reverse thermocline at a given level.
CRITICAL STATE OF SALT‐WATER UPCONING BENEATH ARTESIAN DISCHARGE WELLS1
Authors: Streltsova T. D. , Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An approach, based on the realization of the vertical components of flow is presented to determine the free surface of gravity wells and the shape of salt‐water upconing in artesian aquifers. The transitional stages from pumping fresh water to pumping salt water at the critical condition are discussed. Vertical hydraulic resistances, being determined and included in the flow domain, allow the use of the finite‐difference approximation in a simple form. The suggested approach implies the use of either simple modeling or computing techniques.
BACTERIAL POPULATIONS OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS RECEIVING DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESS1
Authors: Cherry D. S. , Guthrie R. K. , Harvey R.S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bacterial populations in a fast flowing stream receiving chemical wastes and in a slower flowing pond receiving a thermal addition 3–5°C above ambient temperature were compared with populations in a nonpolluted converging stream and an adjacent unheated pond. Parameters measured were total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, bacterial diversity, percent chromagens of the total bacterial populations, and water temperature. Analyses of monthly samples plated on dilute Standard Plate Count Agar indicated that chemical additives to the waste stream significantly decreased the percent of chromagenic bacteria, and that thermal stress significantly altered total counts and bacterial diversity in the flowing pond. The effects of potential pollutants on these aquatic systems were assessed and are discussed on the basis of results obtained over a 16‐month period.
OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING AND PROJECTED APPLICATIONS OF THE ERTS‐1 IMAGERY COVERING THE 1973 MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY FLOODS1
Authors: Deutsch Morris , Ruggles Fred
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Flooding along the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries was detected by the multispectral scanner (MSS) on the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS‐1) on at least three orbits during the spring of 1973. The ERTS data provided the first opportunity for mapping the regional extent of flooding at the time of the imagery. Special optical data processing techniques were used to produce a variety of multispectral color composites enhancing flood‐plain details. One of these, a 2‐color composite of near infrared bands 6 and 7, was enlarged and registered to 1:250,000‐scale topographic maps and used as the basis for preparation of flood image maps. Two specially filtered 3‐color composites of MSS bands 5, 6, and 7 and 4, 5, and 7 were prepared to aid in the interpretation of the data. The extent of the flooding was vividly depicted on a single image by 2‐color temporal composites produced on the additive‐color viewer using band 7 flood data superimposed on pre‐flood band 7 images. On May 24, when the floodwaters at St. Louis receded to bankfull stage, imagery was again obtained by ERTS. Analysis of temporal data composites of the pre‐flood and post‐flood band 7 images indicate that changes in surface reflectance characteristics caused by the flooding can be delineated, thus making it possible to map the overall area flooded without the necessity of a real‐time system to track and image the peak flood waves. Regional planning and disaster relief agencies such as the Corps of Engineers, Office of Emergency Preparedness, Soil Conservation Service, interstate river basin commissions and state agencies, as well as private lending and insurance institutions, have indicated strong potential applications for ERTS image‐maps of flood‐prone areas.
FLOOD HAZARD STUDIES IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN USING REMOTE SENSING1
Authors: Rango Albert , Anderson Arthur T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Spring 1973 Mississippi River flood was investigated using remotely sensed data from ERTS‐1. Both manual and automatic analyses of the data indicate that ERTS‐I is extremely useful as a regional tool for flood management. Quantitative estimates of area flooded were made in St. Charles County, Missouri and Arkansas. Flood hazard mapping was conducted in three study areas along the Mississippi River using pre‐flood ERTS‐1 imagery enlarged to 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scale. The flood prone areas delineated on these maps correspond to areas that would be inundated by significant flooding (approximately the 100 year flood). The flood prone area boundaries were generally in agreement with flood hazard maps produced by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and U. S. Geological Survey although the latter are somewhat more detailed because of their larger scale. Initial results indicate that ERTS‐1 digital mapping of flood prone areas can be performed at 1:62,500 which is comparable to some conventional flood hazard map scales.
MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION OF STREAM TEMPERATURE IN CENTRAL NEW ENGLAND1
Authors: Tasker Gary D. , Burns Alan W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The empirical fit of an annual harmonic function to stream temperature measurements in central New England can be improved by considering a harmonic period of less than 365 days instead of 365 or 366 days. Generalized equations, developed using periodic temperature data from 27 streamflow stations, allow predictions of stream temperature at any site given (1) the mean basin altitude (E), in meters above mean sea level, and (2) station latitude (LAT), in degrees. Stream temperature t, in degrees Celsius, on day number d, in days starting with January 1, is estimated as:

in which, M = 31.48 – 0.0025 (E) − 0.4635 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 0.62°C, and τ= 1228.88 – 21.01 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 14.1 days.
THE FATE OF NITRATE IN LAKE SEDIMENT COLUMNS1
Authors: Chen R. L. , Keeney D. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: To investigate the magnitude of denitrification and assimilatory nitrate reduction as these reactions relate to the fate of nitrate reaching sediments via groundwater seepage, undisturbed core samples of sediments (40 cm length) from two lakes (Mendota and Tomahawk) were leached from the bottom (at 1.4 cm/day) with a solution of 15N‐nitrate (10 mg N/liter). The sediment columns were fitted with Pt electrodes to measure the oxidation‐reduction (Eh) potential. While leaching removed considerable ammonium‐N and soluble organic N, essentially no 15N had passed through the columns by 50 days. The Eh readings indicated that denitrification was occurring in the lower portions of the columns. The 15N distribution of the sediment N after 50 days showed that about 15 to 26% of the added nitrate‐N was converted to organic N and ammonium‐N. The data show that denitrification can be a significant N sink in seepage lakes.
THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPACTS IN SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR FLOOD CONTROL1
Authors: Maxwell Philip A. R. , North Ronald M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An analogue method of ex post evaluation is proposed as a method of measuring the effectiveness of small watershed projects in obtaining flood control and economic benefits. Two watersheds were compared on a “with vs. without” project basis by both direct and indirect measurement of economic benefits. Direct measurements indicated that small watershed flood control projects did not generate the expected economic benefits. However, the indirect measurements of the same watersheds using land value enhancement as a surrogate suggested that the expected economic benefits were reflected in differential land values. The economic efficiency of small watershed projects should be measured ex ante and ex post on a “with vs. without” project basis rather than on a “before vs. after” basis whether using direct or surrogate variables.
EVALUATION OF PHILODINA ACUTICORNIS (ROTIFERA) AS A BIOASSAY ORGANISM FOR HEAVY METALS1
Authors: Buikema Arthur L. , Cairns John , Sullivan Gail W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A technique for using the rotifer Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism is described. The rotifer was exposed to a range of concentrations for each of 14 toxicants. The effects of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc were studied. Based upon 96 hours exposure in soft water the sensitivity of the rotifer to the metals from the most toxic to least toxic was: cadmium, mercury and copper, zinc, silver, nickel (chloride), chromium, nickel (sulfate), lead and colbalt. In hard water with 96 hours exposure the most to least toxic respectively were: cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium and lead. The 48 hour EC50 value suggests that zinc will follow mercury in relative toxicity when Philodina is tested in hard water. In a comparison of the toxicity of the chloride and sulfate salts of cadmium, nickel and zinc in soft water cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate were more toxic after 96 hours; nickelous chloride was more toxic than nickelous sulfate. Increased water hardness decreased the toxicity of the heavy metals studied. The results suggest that this rotifer may be more sensitive than the bluegill sunfish to the salts of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium and less sensitive to lead. Data for cobalt, silver and mercury were not available. Philodina was extremely tolerant of ammonium chloride and phenol. The feasibility and economics of using an inexpensive, readily cultured and available organism such as Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism were discussed.
SEQUENTIAL GENERATION OF STREAMFLOW1
Authors: Spolia S.K. , Chander Subhash
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An auto‐regressive model has been developed for hydrologic data simulation. The model is computationally easier, parsimonious in number of model parameters and more stable in statistical characteristics than the existing auto‐regressive model. The proposed model was used for synthesizing 10 sequences, each of 100 year length, of monthly flows for the river Beas. The statistical parameters were calculated using 49‐year historical record for the river. The data was also synthesized using existing auot‐regressive model. The synthesized sequences have been compared. The results indicate that the proposed model is as good as the existing auto‐regressive model in preserving the mean and standard deviation of historical record. It is further shown that the proposed model requires less parameters than the auto‐regressive model for simulation of long‐term dependence.
ECOSYSTEM MODELING OF A FORESTED RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Ryan James A. , Morison Ian G. , Bethel James S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A present concern in decision making processes for forest land use is the environmental effects of land use activities on water, air, and the land itself. Criteria for evaluating the magnitude and detriment of environmental impacts are not definite since it is often difficult to isolate a particular activity as the cause of a particular impact. Instead, interactions between various forest practices must be considered along with their integrated impacts. In order to provide an effective decision tool, the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, is modeling the forest ecosystem of the Snohomish River Basin located in the Cascade Mountains of western Washington. The project consists of a general system model comprised of subsystem models dealing with product conversion processes, forest production processes, recreation supply processes, wildlife and fisheries supply processes, and the interactions of these processes with water and the atmosphere. The system model is interfaced with a computerized multiple player management game which enables land managers, manufacturing managers, and regulation agency personnel to make management decisions and respond to indications of lack of environmental control. Responses of the hydrologic system to various management decisions are simulated by the water subsystem model. The responses being considered include surface flow quantity and water quality. The model emphasizes the monitoring of non‐point as well as point source impacts rather than predicting short‐term hydrographs. The significance of impacts vary with land use patterns and the goals of the game player. Therefore, the model has flexible resolution and is able to predict hydrologic conditions for both large and small scale. The water subsystem model responds to management decisions by interpreting the effects of management options selected by game players for 40‐acre cells within the Basin. The model then determines which streams are immediately affected, defines the watersheds contributing to these streams, and extracts from a resource data bank the information needed to define model parameters. Using these parameters and precipitation inputs, mean flow discharge on a montly and annual basis is calculated for the impactcd sub watersheds as well as 21 major watersheds of the Basin. Water quality responses predicted for these watersheds include suspended sediment concentration, temperature increases due to stream exposure, dissolved oxygen concentrations, the effects of fertilization on nitrogen content, biocide and herbicide effects, and residues from product conversion processes.
WATER DATA ‐ A NEW AWARENESS1
Authors: Doyel William W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: One of the most significant changes m the field of hydrology in the past few years has been the increase m demand for basic data resulting from a new awareness on the part of planners, developers and managers of the essential nature of such data. For many years data collection has been an onerous, routine operation, following which the data were processed and stored ‐ either in publications or file drawers ‐ and the job considered completed. Two developments have changed that picture: the realization that we are drastically altering OUT environment, and the advent of the computer. The first forced us into a recognition of our need for accurate basic data and the second provided a new methodology for handling and using it. The change is evidenced m many ways and numerous activities are underway at both State and Federal level for all facets of the acquisition and handling of water data. The collection of basic data still involves hard routine work and a conscientious‐effort to maintain a high level of quality. Hopefully, recognition of the absolutely essential nature of an adequate data base will result in the continued enhancement of the basic data collector and the concomitant increase in support of his activities.
MAN ON THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE1
Authors: Achuthan K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Man is the one biological factor that can either make environment fit his needs or unknowingly ruin it. The major phases of the hydrologic cycle, in which man can interfere are: precipitation, storage and evaporation. A change m any one phase will generally cause modification to the other phases of the cycle: the only certainity is that the water balance will indeed balance.
A PROCESS FOR FEDERAL WATER PLANNING AT THE FIELD LEVEL1
Authors: Ortolano Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A process for planning at the field offices of Federal water resources agencies is described. The process involve s both planners and publics in the following four planning activities: problem definition, formulation of alternatives, impact analysis and evaluation (or plan ranking). Evaluative factors are defied as the goals, concerns, constraints, etc. that affected publics and other decision makers consider in ranking alternative actions. These factors serve to drive the entire process and glue the four planning activities together. In contrast to other “models” of the planning process, the four activities are considered to be carried out simultaneously and continually from the beginning of the process. As the planning process proceeds, each activity is repeated a number of times at increasing levels of detail. Various aspects of the process are illustrated by means of an example involving water resources development in Carmel Valley, California.
BASSETT CREEK WATERSHED MODEL1
Authors: Kremer L. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A synthetic hydrograph method was utilized in the development of a watershed model for a small urbanizing watershed. The model was applied to the watershed and the largest flood of record was accurately reproduced. Because the model would be utilized for design of flood control plans with complete urbanization, the method was also applied to an urbanized watershed and reproduced a measured event with good results. The method does not require extensive hydrologic data for its implementation, can be applied to watersheds in various stages of urbanization, and permits consideration of natural or potential floodwater storage.
COOPERATION IN WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMS: ALASKA'S EXAMPLE1
Authors: Slaughter C. W. , Freeman T. G. , Audsley G. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Alaska possesses a diversity and magnitude of water resources unmatched in any other state. With over 15% of the area of the whole United States, and 40% of the nation's total fresh water supply, but an extreme lack of basic hydrologic and climatologic data, cooperation among agencies and individuals concerned with evaluating, planning, and carrying out water resources programs is essential. Toward this end, the Inter‐Agency Technical Committee for Alaska (IATCA) was established under charter from the Water Resources Council. Representation in IATCA includes virtually all Federal, State, and academic entities in Alaska having an interest in the water resources of the State. Existence of IATCA has permitted or facilitated numerous Alaskan water resources programs. Several are described briefly in this paper: A flood warning network in the Chena River basin; establishment of the Caribou‐Poker Creeks Research Watershed in Central Alaska; preparation and periodic updating of the “Ten‐Year Plan for Water Resources Data Acquisition”; current planning for an integrated “real‐time reporting network” for hydrometeorological data within the State; and a framework for implementation of the Alaskan phase of the National Water Resources Assessment, currently in the initial phases. Accomplishments to date testify that it is indeed possible to “get it all together” in the broad field of “Water Resources” in the largest of our 50 states.
SEASONAL DEMARCATION IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR HYDROLOGICAL USE1
Authors: Heerdegen Richard G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of the length of the growing and dormant season in Pennsylvania by isoline interpolation from climatological data. Maps of the beginning and ending of the growing and dormant seasons, length of growing season and ratio of growing to dormant season are included.