bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between skin surface temperature, transepidermal water loss and electrical capacitance among workers in the fish processing industry: comparison with other occupations
Authors: Halkier‐Sorensen Lars , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

A field study among workers in the fish processing industry (n= 143) was performed to obtain information about skin surface temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and Electrical capacitance and their relationships during work. The skin temperature, TEWL and electrical capacitance were measured on the fingers, hands and forearms. A linear positive relation was found between the temperature and TEWL (in all measured areas), a linear negative relation between the temperature and capacitance (fingers and palms), and a linear negative relation between the capacitance and TEWL (lingers). The results on the fingers among workers in the fish processing industry were compared with results among metal workers (n= 52), cleaners (n= 30), gut cleaners (n= 25), nurses (n=16). office workers with indoor climate syndrome (n= 20) and normal controls (n= 29). A linear positive relation was found between the respective temperature TEWL values and a linear negative relation between the respective temperature‐capacitance values in the various groups. Furthermore the slope, of the temperature‐TEWL relations was identical in all groups. Therefore, differences in TEWL levels (comparison at the same temperature) between the respective groups and controls and between the various groups might indicate damage to the skin barrier caused by contact with different irritants and chemicals. However, differences in environment‐related variables in She various occupations might also affect TEWL levels‐ This Held study demonstrates, from a practical point of view, how the skin temperature affects TEWL in the various occupations and. as a new point, slow sensitive capacitance is to changes in skin temperature. Seasonal variation in TEWL and capacitance was demonstrated among workers in the fish processing industry, with a low TEWL and a high capacitance during summer when the workload is lower.
Recommended patch test concentrations for preservatives, biocides and antimicrobials
Authors: Andersen K. E. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Recommended patch test concentrations are given for preservatives, biocides and antimicrobials, based on detailed reviews of the literature and the combined experience of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group.
Lymphocyte proliferation test as a diagnostic aid in chromium contact Sensitivity
Authors: Räsänen Liisa , Sainio Hannele , Lehto Maili , Reunala Timo
Published: April 2006

We investigated the clinical applicability of the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) in chromium contact sensitivity, 6 out of 8 chromium‐sensitive patient were positive in the LPT, whereas none of 8 non‐chromium‐sensitive controls responded in vitro to tri‐ or hexavalem chromium compounds. LPT thus appeared to offer an additional diagnostic tool in chromium sensitivity. We also studied cellular interactions in 4 of our chromium‐sensitive patients. Sensitized T‐lymphocytes could he activated to proliferate only in the presence of accessory cells, of which epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) appeared more efficient than blood adherent cells.
Type IV allergy to amide‐type local anesthetics
Authors: Klein C E. , Gall H.
Published: April 2006

The case of a 45‐year‐old woman is reported, who developed intense erythema and itching 1 day after subcutaneous (S.C) injection of a local anesthetic containing mepivacaine and methylparben. The reaction was attributed to a delayed‐type sensitivity to mepivacaine, since mepivacaine gave a positive patch test response and also elicited a delayed sensitivity reaction after s,c, challenges, whereas prick and patch tests with methylparahen, as well us oral challenges, were negative; Interestingly, the patient also showed sensitization to lidocaine, a compound to which she had previously also been exposed.
Contact allergies to topical corticosteroids: 10 cases of contact dermatitis
Authors: Dunkel F. G. , Elsner P. , Burg G.
Published: April 2006

Patients who noticed worsening of their skin disease after using topical corticosteroid preparations were patch tested both with the commercial preparation and the corticosteroids itself. Between 1987 and 1989, 10 cases of contact dermatitis due to topical corticosteroids were detected in this way. The corticosteroids wee amcinonide (2 patients), hydrocortisone butyrate, clobetasol propionate (2), betamethasone valerate (2). prednicarbate and fluocortolone (2). Patch tests with the commercial preparations and the corticosteroids themselves elicited reactions almost identical in time course and severity Individual sensitivity seems to be more important for Lest results than test conditions. 9 of the 10 patients underwent further patch testing with a corticosteroid series corticosteroid series. In 2 patients, a true cross‐reaction between budesonide and hydrocortisone butyrate was found. All 9 patients showed further sensitivities to other corticosteroids. Most of the cross or concomitant reactions could be categorized into recently defined corticosteroid classes. To improve our understanding of corticosteroid sensitization, and to help the patient avoid reactions to other topical corticosteroids, a corticosteroid series should be patch tested in every case of corticosteroid sensitivity.
A comparison of expression of surface‐bound immunoglobulin E on antigen‐presenting cells in cutaneous tissue between patients with allergic, irritant and atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ward Kathleen A. , Toud David , Thornton Clare , Walsh Maureen , Burrows Desmond
Published: April 2006

The expression of surface‐bound immunoglobulin E by dendritic cells within cutaneous tissue has been compared in atopic and con Lad dermatitis, 45 patients were recruited into 4 groups using clinical criteria and patch testing to a standard series of allergens; atopic (12 cases), allergic contact dermatitis (14 cases), irritant contact dermatitis (10 cases) and the control group (9 cases); using clinical criteria and patch testing to a standard series of allergens. Skin biopsies from each patient were analysed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. This differentiated 3 patterns of cutaneous IgE distribution: (i) no derectabel cutaneous IgE; (ii) detection of IgE solely within the dermis; (iii) detection of IgE within both epidermis and dermis. Detection of IgE within the epidermis was always associated with the presence of IgE within the dermis. In each ease, IgE was surface‐bound by dendritic cells. Immunoglobulin E was detected within both epidermis and dermis in skin blopsies from 8 (66.7%) atopic patients and 2 (20%) patients with irritant contact dermatitis. No other cases demonstrated IgE deposition within both the epidermis and dermis. Atopic patients were significantly more likely to have detectable IgE deposition. Within both epidermis and dermis, than patients with contact dermatitis (allergic and irritant groups combined. p=0.0011) or controls (p=0.0049). This finding suggests that the demonstration of IgE within both epidermis and dermis supports a diagnosis of a topic dermatitis. It would therefore be of value in differentiating between atopic and contact dermatitis, where clinical diagnosis is in doubt.
New trends in the use of metals in jewellery
Authors: Vilaplana J. , Romaguera C. , Grimalt F. , Cornellana F.
Published: April 2006

Owing, on the one hand, In the constant increase in the %s of nickel sensitization in the majority of allergy departments of dermatology and. on the other, to the fact that sensitization to nickel is almost always through contact with jewellery and imitation jewellery, an update was earned out on the metal alloys principally used in the manufacture of such jewellery (earrings, bracelets, necklaces, rings, winch straps, etc.) The conclusions of this review demonstrate that nickel is irreplaceable in the majority of the alloys, because of its excellent technical properties and low‐ price and, as a result, the % of sensitizations to this allergen will not only maintain their present high level but will probably increase in the future.
New hydroxyisoflavans as contact sensitizers in cocus wood Brya ebenus DC (Fabaceae)
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Bruhn G. , Koenig W. A.
Published: April 2006

A 15‐year‐old girl developed perioral dermatitis and swelling of the lips, having played a flute made of cocus wood for 2 years. Patch tests with wood shavings, as well as with subsequently isolated constituents named focus 1 and focus II. were Strongly positive. Alter complete purification, bolt

Contact allergens were identified as isoflavan derivatives, While Cocus 1 was shown to be 7,8‐dihydroxy‐2,4,5trmethoxyisoflava, the structure of focus II could not be elucidated exactly. It could have been Either 7,8,3′‐trihydroxy 2,4 dimethoxyisoflavan or 7,8,2‐trihydroxy‐3′,4‐dime‐thoxyoflavan The exact position of the hydroxy and methoxy group in C‐2 and C‐3 can be determined only by complete synthesis Of both compounds or by isolation of greater amounts of focus II for further oxidation experiments. Due t0 the stronger patch lest reaction and the higher yield cocus I in the wood, this hydroxyisoflavan must be recognized as the main contact allergen.
Patch testing in children: a study of 562 schoolchildren
Authors: Burros M A. , Baptista A , Correia T. M , Azevedo F.
Published: April 2006

562 schoolchildren from Oporto were patch toted with the standard series of the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC) 13.3% of the children bad positive reactions, the most common being to neomycin, Thimerosal, para‐tertiary‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde (PTBPF)resin and fragrance‐mix. Thus contact allergy in children seems not to be as unusual as previously thought.
Studies of the quenching phenomenon in delayed contact hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Allenby C.F.
Published: April 2006

Studies in guinea pig and man have shown that eugenol can quench non‐specifically contact urticarial responses, whereas limonene seems largely ineffective In a comprehensive series of studies, there was little evidence of quenching of delayed contact hypersensitivity reactions to cinnamic aldehyde or citral, including in ‘pre‐quenched’ material supplied by a perfume flavour company, and in a similar mixture prepared in this laboratory, in the guinea pig model. In addition, there was no evidence of the quenching by eugenol of allergic reactions to cinnamic aldehyde in a panel of human subjects with a proven history of cinnamic‐aldehyde‐induced allergic contact dermatitis. Overall, the results lend little credibility to earlier literature reports of quenching phenomena in delayed contact hypersensitivity responses.
Assessment of the relative skin sensitizing potency of 3 biocides using the murine local lymph node assay
Authors: Botham Philip A. , Hilton Jennifer , Evans Christopher D. , Lees David , Hall Tony J.
Published: April 2006

The relative skin‐sensitizing potency of 3 biocides, 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin. one the major active ingredient in Kathon® CG). 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one and 2‐ethyl‐4,trimethylene‐4‐is isothiazolin‐3‐one, was assessed using the murine local lymph node assay. Potency was ranked according to the lowest dose of material which, following epicutoneous exposure Induced u significant proliferation of lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes, The results showed that 5‐ehtorn‐2‐melhyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one was able to induce proliferative activity significantly lower dose levels than the other 2 biocides and that it may therefore be a more potent skin sensitizer.
Hydrocortisone sensitivity
Authors: Wilkinson S. M. , English J. S. C.
Published: April 2006

11 patients positive to tixocortol pivalate on pacth testig, were tested intradermally with Variety of hydrocortisone analogues. Substitution at the C21, position had no effect on Ihe occurrence of positive reactions to hydrocortisone, whereas alteration of any of the carbon rings significantly reduced the number of positive reactions. We suggest that the C12 chain is involved in protein binding anti subsequent presentation of antigenic sites on the carbor rings.
Occupational contact dermatitis from rhodium and cobalt
Authors: De La Cuadra J. , Grau‐Massanés M.
Published: April 2006

We report a case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from rhoidium sulphate and cobalt Chloride in a 29‐year‐old woman working in a goldsmith's workshop. the relevance and source of sensitization to these metals in our patient is described, and the literature on the subject reviewed.
Allergic photocontact dermatitis due to suprofen
Authors: Kurumaji Yuko , Ohshiro Yukako , Miyamoto Chizu , Keong Chin‐Huai , Katoh Takuro , Nishioka Kiyoshi
Published: April 2006

We report 5 cases of Photocontact dermatitis due to suprofen, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug introduced to the Japanese market in 1989, and available as a 1% ointment. The patients developed pruritic eczematous lesions after applying the ointment for from 2 weeks to 3 months. All 5 patients reacted positively to photopatch testing with ultraviolet A (UVA) and suprofen down to 0.1–0.01% pet., and 3 patients showed positive reactions with ultraviolet B (UVB)and suprofen down to 1.0–0.1% Moreover, all patients showed a cross‐reaction with tiaprofenic acid, which has a very similar chemical structure to suprofen. However, there was no cross‐reaction between suprofen and ketoprofen. Prescribers should be aware of the existence of photocontact sensitivity due to these drugs.
Formaldehyde is a significant allergen in women with hand eczema
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Among patients consecutively patch tested at St Johns from 1984–1989, the prevalence rate of formaldehyde sensitivity was 2.2% for men and 3.7% for women. During these 6 years, 117 women were primarily sensitized by Formaldehyde, of whom 61 (52%) had hand, eczema. Exposure was occupational in 12% and domestic in 88%. Cleaning products were the main source of exposure in the domestic group. 20 women with hand eczema avoided formaldehyde and their hands healed in 2, greatly improved in 11 and were boiler in 7.
Identification of contact allergens in C.I. Solvent Red 23 (commercial Sudan III) by chemical analysis and animal testing
Authors: Okada Joshin , Kanbe Reiko , Kuzukawa Michiya , Ikeda Yuzo , Yoshimura Koichi , Haykawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko
Published: April 2006

C.I. Solvent Red 23, commercial Sudan III. is widely used m cosmetic products. Chemical analyses and guinea pig sensitization tests were carried out to identify its contact allergens. In the Magnusson & Kligman guinea pig maximization test. C.I. Solvent Red 23 showed 20% positive reactions. By conducting chemical analyses with HPIJC and GL.C. 2‐naphlhol (82 ppm). azobenzene (48 ppm). Sudan I(570 ppm) and many unknown impurities as well as the main constituent pigment Sudan ill (87%). were found. The chemical structure of one unknown impurity was identified as an isomer of sudan III. We found that purified Sudan III showed no positive reaction, while the isomer elicited 30% positive reactions, in the same guinea pig test. Furthermore cross‐sensitization with P‐phenylenediamine was investigated using the guinea pig test. Animals sensitized with P‐phenylenediamine also showed positive dictation reactions with purified Sudan III. From these results. the contact allergenicity of C.I. Solvent Red 23 is considered to be due to impurities, including the isomer of Sudan III, 1‐(o‐phenylazophenylazo)‐2‐naphlhol. Positive reactions to Sudan III previously demonstrated in hairdressers are due lo cross‐sensitivity with P‐phenylenediamine
A glove with exceptional protective features minimizes the risks of working with hazardous chemicals
Authors: Tobler M. , Freiburghaus A. U.
Published: April 2006

In continuation of our preceding studies, we disclose long‐term experiments of test more extensively the protective power of the novel 4H Glove. 2 compounds encountered in modern electron microscopy technique 1‐hexadecene (1‐HD) and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (2‐HEA). which elicit allergic and/or toxic reactions in laboratory workers, were tested for their penetration through the 4H Glove material. I‐HD has not to our knowledge been tested on any glove material. 2‐HEA was known to have a breakthrough Brae exceeding 240 min; in contrast, it penetrates the common late* or vinyl gloves within minutes. When exposing the outside of a 4H Glove to 2‐HEA for 200 h at 21 C and then attaching the reverse unexposed side to a sensitized volunteer's forearm. 30 min of contact elicited a barely visible reddening of the skin at the contact site which disappeared within 24 h; 90 min of contact caused a somewhat stronger reddening limited to the contact area. which disappeared within 2 days. By the same criteria, 1‐HD did not penetrate through the 4H Glove in 200 h. In an additional experiment, breakthrough time of 1‐HD on latex gloves with less than 30 min.
Tinuvin® P in a spandex tape as a cause of clothing dermatitis
Authors: Arisu Kayoko , Hayakawa Ritsuko , Ogino Yasuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Kaniwa Masa‐Aki
Published: April 2006

We report a 54‐year‐old female with allergic Contact dermatitis from 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methytphenyl) benzotriazole (Tinuvin® P) in a spandex tape sewn into underwear. Tinuvin® P is used us an ultraviolet light absorber for stabilizing plastics and the other organic materials against discoloration and deterioration. It is effective in protecting synthetic and natural fibers, polyesters, chlorinated polyesters, polyvinyls, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, acrylates, dyes, waxes, detergents, cosmetic formulations, etc. Our patient developed itchy erythema on her shoulders, chest and upper back after wearing underwear for I night. She showed positive reactions to spandex tape sewn into the underwear. She also reacted to 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐meihylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin P), which was contained in the spandex. No cross‐reaction to other benzotriazoles was seen.
Air oxidation of d‐limonene (the citrus solvent) creates potent allergens
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Magnusson Kerstin , Nilsson Ulrika
Published: April 2006

Products containing as much as 95% of d‐limonene are used for, e.g., degreasing metal before industrial painting and for cleaning assemblies. Experimental studies on the sensitizing potential of limonene show diverging results. In a previous study, we found that the sensitizing potential of d‐limonene increased with prolonged air exposure. The aim of 1 his study was to make further chemical analyses, to identify compounds formed by air exposure of d‐limonende and to study their allergenic potential. d‐limonene was found lo be a sensitizer after prolonged exposure to air according to 2 Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT) experiments and I guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) study. No significant response was obtained to d‐limonene air exposed, even if the animals were sensitized to oxidized d‐limonene. 5 main oxidation products of d‐limoncne were identified. (R)‐(–)‐carvone and a mixture of cis and trans isomers of (+)‐limonene oxide were found to he potent sensitizers, while no significant reactions were obtained m the animals induced with 8 mixture of cis and trans isomers of (–)‐carveol. It can be concluded that air oxidation of d‐limonene is essential for its sensitizing potential, and that potent allergens are created.
A prospective study of the development of hand eczema in an automobile manufacturing industry
Authors: Kristensen Ove
Published: April 2006

We have not been able to find any prospective study of the risk of developing occupational dermatitis in the car manufacturing industry To try to define individual predictive risk factors for the development of hand eczema and to determine the prevalence of hand eczema within 1 year in an automobile manufacturing industry, we investigated prospectively 1564 new employees during one year of employment. Only persons with previous atopic dermatitis or hand eczema were restricted to dry and clean workplaces. The employees were personally interviewed and examined before their employment. Written questionnaires were used at 3 and 12 months to obtain information on type of work, exposure, protection and hand dermatitis. All patients developing hand eczema were examined, patch tested und followed to determine the course and consequence of their eczema. The risk turned out to be only 4% on average, but significantly higher in females (6%). Certain sections within the factory such as wet work (canteen kitchen and cleaning) and work in the paint shop with high exposure to organic solvents carried significantly higher risks. Heavy exposure to mineral oil, a known risk factor, was effectively counteracted by the extensive use of protective gloves to yield a tower than average prevalence in the press and body shop. Individual risk factors for the development of hand eczema were previous hand eczema, atopic dermatitis, but also wool intolerance and hay fever as isolated phenomena. Most cases of hand eczema were mild, of irritant contact type and only 1 employee developed an allergic contact dermatitis due to the working environment. This study is the first large‐scale prospective investigation of occupational hand eczema in employees in the automobile manufacturing industry.
Allergic contact dermatitis in shiitake (Lentinus edodes (Berk) Sing) growers
Authors: Ueda Atsushi , Obama Konomi , Aoyama Kohji , Ueda Tadako , Xu Bao‐Hui , Li Qing , Huang Jun , Kitano Takao , Inaoka Tsukasa
Published: April 2006

A 42‐year‐old female shiitake grower was investigated to clarify the etiology of skin lesions which developed during the planting Of shiitake hyphae into bed logs. She complained of repeated eczematous skin lesions during the planting season, from March to July, for 10 years. She handled 7,000 pieces of small conic Mucks made of beech, with shiitake hyphae attached in their surface, per day, and 300,000 pieces altogether per season. She was positive on patch testing with extracts of shiitake hyphae. In contrast, female shiitake growers with skin lesions associated with work other than planting, and without skin lesions, were negative on patch testing to she hyphae. Moderate allergenicity was observed to extracts of shiitake hyphae in a guinea pig maximization test. These findings indicated the etiology of skin lesions in shiitake growers to be allergic contact dermatitis induced by shiitake hyphae.
A comparative study of formaldehyde detection using chromotropic acid, acetylacetone and HPLC in cosmetics and household cleaning products
Authors: Gryllaki‐Berger M. , Mugny CH. , Perrenoud D. , Pannather A. , Frenk E.
Published: April 2006

Chromotropic acid and acerylacetone methods for qualitative determination of formaldehyde were tested in parallel on 4N commercial samples, with high‐performance liquid chromotography (HPLC) implemented for quantitave measuce. In addition, interference with the detection of formaldehyde was investigated by analyzing 12 other aldehydes and ketories, 7 essential oils and 3 polysorbstes. Throughout this comparative‐study. the disadvantages of the chromotropic acid method., of with 2 variants were used, were delineated and we found that the acetylacetone test proved to be a more efficient screening method for formaldehyde detection in a clinical laboratory.
Permeation and destructive effects of disinfectants on protective gloves
Authors: Mellstrom Gunh A. , Lindberg Magnus , Boman Anders
Published: April 2006

In working situations where there is a possibility of acquiring blood‐borne infections, the use of disinfectants of important, It is also important to use protective gloves, both to protect the skin against disinfectants and lo protect against infections. Changes in the structure of the glove material may, however, interfere with the protective capability of the cloves The influence of‐4‐disiflfecuults tin the material Structure and protective effect of 6 different brands Of protective gloves was studied The proposed International Organization The Standardization (ISO) standard method for determining the liquid chemical resistance of air‐impermeable materials was used for permeation testing. Pieces of latex and vinyl glove were also exposed to isopropanol and ethanol for 10, 30 and 60 min and then viewed in a scanning electron microscope. Isopropanol permeated through latex and vinyl gloves in less than 10 min. The polyethylene (PE) gloves. were of quit Variable quality and the break throught lime ranged from 4 to > 240 mm. The latex and vinyl gloves were also permeated by ethanol, but at a much lower rate. The disinfectants Blifacid™, based on p‐chloro‐m‐cresol, and Cidex™, based on glutaraldehyde, did not permeate any of the gloves tested within 60 min. Isopropanol had a destructive effect on the material, which became: opaque, stiff and brittle. This change in structure was verified with the scanning electron microscope. The tested gloves of latex, vinyl and PE, gave acceptable protection form contact with Blifacid™ and Cidex™ for at least 60 min. The same gloves do not give any total protection from contact with isopreopanol and ethanol.
Cutaneous reactivity to allergens at 24‐h increases from the antecubital fossa to the wrist: an echographic evaluation by means of a new image analysis system
Authors: Seidenari and S. , di Nardo A.
Published: April 2006

To establish the existence of regional variations in response lo allergens, we performed patch tests with nickel Sulfate 5% pet. at 4 different sites on the volar forearm skin in 17 nickel‐sensitive women, aged From 18 to 45 years year a 24‐h application, patch tests were removed and evaluated both by clinical scoring and by means of a 20 MHz Ultrasound B scanner Recorded echographic images referring to uninvolved skin and to positive test sites were evaluated by a traditional image analysis method for the determination of skin thickness, Furthermore, they were processed by software which ascribes arbitrary values to the amplitude levels of the echoes and enables quantification of the pixels, (the smallest elements in a visual display with controllable colour and brightness) forming objects reflecting within a selected amplitude band Thus, we demonstrated an increase in thickness of uninvolved skin at distal sites and a greater reactivity at 24 h In patch tests in skin urea; near 10 the wrist crease, as evidenced by a greater increase both in pixel and in thickness values at distil sues. From our data, we have a clear indication for the use of rotating patterns or symmetrical sites in quantitative and comparative investigations concerning the evaluation of contact allergy on volar forearm skin.
Contact and photocontact allergy to oxybenzone*
Authors: Lenique P. , Machet L. , Vaillant L. , Bensaid P. , Muller C. , Khallouf R. , Lorette G.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of contact allergy and photocontact allergy to sunscreens. A consecutive series of 54 patients with suspected clinical photosensitivity were assessed. All had the same standardized photobiological investigation from January 1989 to December 1990, including patch tests and photo patch tests with 6 sunscreen agents. Oxybenzone was found to cause 4 cases of allergic contact dermatitis (with photo aggravation in 2), and 3 cases of photocontact dermatitis (13% of patients). This is probably due to the wide distribution of oxybenzone in sunscreens and other cosmetics, 2 patients with polymorphic light eruption and persistent light reactivity, respectively, were regular sunscreen users. Photo biological investigation is necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis, since sunscreen contact or photo contact allergy may simulate other photosensitivity eruptions.
Evaluation of a self‐administered questionnaire on hand dermatitis
Authors: Smit Henriëtte A. , Coenraads Pieter J. , Lavrijsen Adriana P. M. , Nater Johan P.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the study was to evaluate a sell‐administered questionnaire on hand dermatitis than was developed to identify persons with hand dermatitis in epidemiological studies. A total of 109 nurses were subject to dermatological examination of the hands within 1 month of returning the questionnaire. 2 types of questionnaire diagnoses were made: a ‘symptom‐bused’ diagnosis and a ‘self‐reported diagnosis’. These were compared to the medical diagnosis of hand dermatitis. The prevalence of hand dermatitis in the 12 months before the study, based on the medical diagnosis, was 18.3%. The prevalence according to the symptom‐based diagnosis and the self‐reported diagnosis was 47.7% and 17.4%. respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the symptom‐based diagnosis were 100% and 64%, respectively. It is concluded that the symptom‐based diagnosis can be used as screening instrument for the detection of cases in large study populations, if followed by dermatological examination of persons with a positive diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the self‐reported diagnosis were 65% and 93%, respectively. It is concluded that the self‐reported diagnosis can be used to obtain a rough estimate of the prevalence, although comparison of prevalence figures between study populations may be distorted due to a difference in reporting of hand dermatitis. The results of the study illustrate the size of the differences in prevalence estimates that may arise as a result of differences in the definition and method of diagnosing hand dermatitis.
Compositae dermatitis: a survey
Authors: Paulsen Evy
Published: April 2006

Compositae dermatitis in an allergic contact dermatitis, frequently chronic, triggered by plants of the Compositae family The condition, which is seen, in particular, in middle‐aged and elderly persons, typically starts in the summer months with an acute eczema either corresponding to areas exposed to light and air or corresponding to areas of plant contact: it disappears spontaneously during the full of the year. Repealed exposure over a number of years may cause severe intractable dermatitis affecting the patient throughout the year. The responsible allergens are sesquiterpene lactones, and investigations to date indicate that the frequency of the allergy is similar to that seen with some of the contact allergens of the standard patch test series. The diagnosis, however, is difficult, parity due to the fact that the clinical picture may be mistaken for a photodermatosis; and partly owing to the difficulty in obtaining commercially available allergens for patch testing. The diagnosis is therefore based on testing with plant extracts, which can cause pronounced local reactions and possible active sensitization. A survey is given of the possible modes of sensitization, sex and age distribution, the relationship to photosensitivity and atopy, as well as the possible treatment. It is concluded, on the basis of the chronic nature of the disease, and the diagnostic and treatment problems, that continued intensive research into the condition is urgently needed.
Allergic contact dermatitis from resin hardeners during the manufacture of thermosetting coating paints
Authors: Foulds and I. S. , Koh D.
Published: April 2006

5 production operators from 2 factories manufacturing thermosetting coating paint developed work‐related skin disorders within 12 months of the introduction of a new powdered paint product. All 5 workers were found to have allergic contact dermatitis from 2 epoxy resin hardeners, both of which were commercial preparations of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). 2 of the workers had concomitant sensitization to epoxy resin in the standard series and several of the epoxy resin preparations at the workplace. TGIC has been reported as a contact sensitizer both in persons producing the chemical and among end‐users of TGIC‐containing products. These 5 reported cases document allergic contact dermatitis from commercial TGIC among exposed workers during an intermediate process of powdered from manufacture. The possibility of substituting this epoxy resin hardener with less sensitizing alternatives should be explored.
Comparative evaluation of permeation testing of protective gloves to solvents: in vitro in permeation cells versus in vivo in guinea pigs
Authors: Mellström Gunh A. , Boman Anders
Published: April 2006

Most current data on the protective effect of gloves against chemicals are obtained in vitro, using permeation cells. In vivo testing would give additional information on efficiency but is both expensive and time‐consuming. It would therefore be valuable ID know whether any definitive relationship exits between results obtained in vivo and in vitro. Gloves of natural rubber, butyl rubber and polyvinyl chloride (vinyl) were tested against 1 organic solvents, toluene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane and butanol, in vivo in guinea pigs and In vitro in permeation cells. Breakthrough times, absorption rates and steady State permeation rates were determined and compared on a relative basis. Some of the gloves that had a low degree of resistance to the test solvent in vitro nevertheless showed a rather good reducing capacity on the percutaneous absorption in vivo. However, for 2 gloves where no breakthrough was noted for butanol in vitro, permeation occurred at a degree lower than the minimum detection level. At this low concentration, the solvent was not absorbed through intact skin but through damaged skin. The breakthrough times for the 3 solvents corresponded well for the 2 test systems. The relative absorption rates and relative steady‐state permeation rates varied considerably and no definitive relationship between the 2 sets of test results could be seen.
Sulphanilic acid: divergent results in the guinea pig maximization test and the local lymph node assay
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Scholes E. W. , Cumberbatch M. , Evans C. D. , Kimber I.
Published: April 2006

The guinea pig maximization test (OPMT) has proven to be a valuable tool for the identification of the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. The method identities a hazard which can lead in the EC to compulsory labelling of that chemical of the present study, data on sulphanilic acid derived from the GPMT has been compared with results from a second guinea pig assay (the cumulative contact enhancement test) and the murine local lymph node assay, both of which require only topical application of chemical. Except for the GPMT, no test identified any sensitizing activity associated exposure to sulphanilic acid. These latter results are consistent with the experience gained from substantial human exposure in an occupational setting and from which no cases of allergic contact dermatitis to sulphanilic acid have arisen over a 20‐year period. In consequence, it is questioned which test protocol in practice has given the more accurate identification of sensitization hazard relevant to man.
Systemic contact dermatitis from subcutaneous hydromorphone
Authors: de Cuyper Christa , Goeteyn Marleen
Published: April 2006

We report a patient who developed a generalized dermatitis after a period of progressive local intolerance to continuous subcutaneous infusion of hydromorphone for cancer pain. Sensitization to hydromorphone was proved by a positive patch test. Infusions with an equianalgestic dose of diacetylmorphine were well tolerated, with local or systemic side‐effects, and prolonged the duration of infusion sites.
Skin reactivity to metallic cobalt in patients with a positive patch test to cobalt chloride
Authors: de Fine Olivarius F. , Menné T.
Published: April 2006

458 consecutive patients were patch tested with a metallic cobalt disc as a supplement to the standard series, 23 patients had a positive reaction to CoCl2, 1% pet. Of these, 19 were tested with the cobalt disc. 11 had a positive reaction and 5 a questionable reaction. Then were no positive reactions to the cobalt disc in patients with a negative patch test to CoCl2 1% pet Patch testing with CoCl2 1% pet, diagnoses all patients with allergy to metallic cobalt, but the test method is limited by a high number of irritant and questionable reactions.
Photosensitivity to piroxicam: absence of cross‐reaction with tenoxicam
Authors: Gonçalo M. , Figueiredo A. , Tavares P. , Fontes Ribeiro C. A. , Teixeira F. , Polares Baptista A.
Published: April 2006

We studied 2 groups of patients. One group or 10 patients had a photosensitive eruption to piroxicam. Another group of 24 patients had positive patch test reactions to thimerosal and thiosalicylie acid and had never taken piroxicam or tenoxicam. Patients were patch tested with thimerosal 0.1% pet., thiasalicylic acid 0.1% pet., salicylic acid 2.0% pet., piroxicam 1 and 5% pet. and tenoxicam 1 and 5% pet. photopatch tests were also performed with piroxicam and tenoxicam. All 10 patients with photosensitivity to piroxicam had positive patch tests to thiosalicylic and thiosalicylic acid and 9 of them had positive photopatch tests to ptroxicam. 20 out of 24 patients with positive patch tests to thiosalicylic acid also had positive photopatch tests to Piroxicam. All the patients tested with salicylic add were negative. Out of the 29 patients with positive photopatch tests to piroxicam, none reacted to tenoxicam. In countries with a high incidence of contact sensitivity to thimerosal/thiosalicylic acid, the use of piroxicam should be avoided and replaced by tenoxicam, a drug without reported photosensitivity
Dithranol allergy: fact or fiction?
Authors: Burden A. D. , Stapleton M. , Beck M. H.
Published: April 2006

A case of a psoriatic patient allergic to dithranol and coal tar is described. It is suggested that dithranol 0.001% pet, is a suitable concentration to test for ditranol allergy, as higher concentrations may produce irritant reactions. The literature on dithranol allergy is reviewed and the frequent simultaneous reactions to dithranol and coal tar discussed.
Changes in transepidermal water loss and cutaneous blood flow during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Haryell J. , Hussona‐Saeed I. , Maibach I.
Published: April 2006

This study quantified irritant susceptibility and blood vessel reactivity in normal women over the course of the menstrual cyele. Such alterations were studied by observing vasodilation from topical application of methyl methyl nieotinate (MN) on the following days of the menstrual cycle: (i) the day of putative maximal estrogen secretion; (ii) the Jay of maximal progesterone secretion; (iii) the day of minimal estrogen progesterone secretion, These responses were evidenced by changes in the following dose response characteristics the initial response (IR), the peak response (PR) and the area under the curve (AUC). Baseline laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) blood flow values and transepidermal water loss (TEWK) values mi normal skin were also obtained. No Significant differences existed for any of the dose‐response characteristics (IR. PR. AUC) when the values for the 3 testing days were compared to one another Significant differences did exist for baseline TEWL. values when comparing the day maximal estrogen secretion to the day of minimal estrogen/progesterone Secretion. TEWL was higher on the day of minimal estrogen/progesterone secretion aS compared to the day of maximal estrogen secretion on both back (p= 0.0.037) and forearm (p= 0.021) Sites, suggesting that the skin barrier secretion is less complete on the days just prior to the onset of the menses as Compared to the days just prior to the Ovulation. Significant differences in baseline blood flow also existed, for the day of maximal estrogen secretion as compared to the day Of maximal progesterone secretion, with higher baseline blood flow recorded on the day of maximal progesterone secretion on both the bask (p= 0.021) and forearm (p= 0.009)sites.
Permeation of chromium salts through human skin in vitro
Authors: Gammelgaard Bente , Fullerton Ann , Avnstorp Christian , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

Chromium permealation studies were performed on full thickness human skin in diffusion cells. AH samples were analysed for the total chromium content by graphite furnace Zeeman‐corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Some samples were analysed by an ion chromatographic method permitting the simultaneous determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as well. The amounts of chromium found in all skin layers were significantly higher when potassium dichromate was applied lo the skin compared with chromium chloride or chromium nitrate. Chromium could only detected in the recipient phase after application of the dichromate solution. Chromium skin levels increased with increasing concentrations of applied chromium salts up to 0.034 M Cr. The amount of chromium in recipient phase and skin layers increased with increasing pH when the applied solution contained potassium dichromate. This was ascribed to a decreased skin barrier function of the skin. The amount of chromium found in all skin layers after application of chromium chloride decreased with increasing pH due to lower solubility of the salt. The % of chromium found in the recipient phase us chromium VI)increased with increasing total chromium concentration indicating a limned reduction ability of the skin in vitro.
Clinical, immunological and bacteriological evaluation of adverse reactions to skin‐penetrating titanium implants in the head and neck region
Authors: Holgers K. M. , Roupe G. , Tjellstroöm A. , Bjursten L. M.
Published: April 2006

Between 1977 und October 1989, 445 patients have been treated with bone‐anchored skin‐penetrating titanium implants for anchorage of facial prostheses or bone‐conducting hearing aids, at the Ear. Nose and Throat Department at Sahlgren's Hospital in Gothenburg. The majority of patients had no adverse skin read ions, while a few patients were responsible for the majority of the adverse reactions. The aim of our study was to analyse differences between these groups. We started a clinical study on 9 patients with a clinical history of adverse skin reactions around the titanium implants and 9 patients without adverse skin reactions were used us controls. None of the patients had delayed hypersensitivity to titanium., Microbiological analyses showed that when there was clinical irritation, Staphylococccus aureus could be isolated.
Propyl gallate on liposomes
Authors: Marston Sylvie
Published: April 2006

A hypothesis suggesting that the allergic potential of propyl gallate is boosted by its attachment to liposomes in cosmetics is put forward. 13 women with allergy to propyl gallate are presented.
Further investigation of the prohapten concept: reactions to benzene derivatives in man
Authors: Basketter D A , Liden C.
Published: April 2006

p‐Phenylenediamine (PPDA) is it strong contact sensitizer which is included in the standard patch test tray and winch can also act as an indicator of allergy to related substances by virtue of cross‐reactions In a previous study, the pattern of cross‐reactions between PPDA and related substances was investigated in the guinea pie to evaluate the prohapten concept. The results provided some support for this concept, but also indicated that a number of reactive intermediates might be behaving as haptens. This work has inns been extended to an examination of the prohapten concept in man in PPDA‐allergic subjects. These subjects were tested with 7 substituted benzenes, plus PPDA. Of these, the 1,4‐suhstituted benzenes hydroquinone, Metol. PPDA and p‐aminophenol are all capable theoretically of giving rise to benzoquinone by oxidation (after demethylation in the case of Metol).However as had been the case in the guinea pig, only a limited degree of cross‐reaction was observed. Only one of the subjects allergic to PPDA gave a clearly positive allergic reaction m benzoquinone. The data provided only limned support for the prohapten concept in terms of benzouinone as the ultimate hapten for a range of 1,4‐substituted benzenes. As indicated in the guinea pig, a range of reaction intermediates or indeed other oxidation products may he involved, So, for each molecule, the sensitizing activity and potential to give rise to cross‐reactions may depend on the balance between routes of skin metabolism
Possible origin of the skin sensitization potential of isoeugenol and related compounds
Authors: Barratt Martin D. , Basketter David A.
Published: April 2006

Although many simple chemicals can give rise to the phenomenon of allergic contact dermatitis, it is rare that the mechanism of reaction between the chemical hapten and skin protein is known. A further complication is that metabolic processes may produce substantial changes to a chemical penetrating skin. Thus the skin contactant may be regarded as a prohapten which will give rise to the true hapten in vivo. In this study, the possible reaction mechanisms for a number of related simple aromatic chemicals have been investigated. The approach taken was to evaluate potential reaction mechanisms by assessing the degree to which chemicals could Cross‐react in sensitization tests. By careful choice of chemicals, it was then possible to confirm (or reject) options. Using this approach, a number of reaction schemes were investigated for eugenol. isoeugenol. Dihydroeugenol, anethole and several related chemicals. The patterns of sensitization obtained and the Cross‐reactions observed indicated clearly that electrophile/nucleophile‐ interactions were unlikely to provide a complete explanation of the sensitization processes. Eugenol and isueugenol are not mutually cross‐reactive. yet both cross‐reacted with dihydroeugenol. Examination of the possible reaction mechanisms allows the speculation that eupenol reacts in part via a phenolic radical mechanism, whilst isoeugenol reacts largely via formation of an orthoquinone. Both reaction mechanisms proposed for dihydrbeugenol
The value of the local lymph node assay in quantitative structure‐activity investigations
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Roberts D. W. , Crown M.
Published: April 2006

The development of quantitative correlations between the physicochemical properties of compound and its ability to act as a skin sensitizer is complicated by the number of variables associated with the current sensitization lest data, combined with the absence of truly objective end point. Recently, however, a novel approach to die assessment of skin sensitization potential, the local lymph node assay (LLNA). has been described, which determines the skin sensitization by measuring lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes draining the site of chemical exposure. The assay offers several advan‐tages over traditional methods in the context of quantitative structure‐activity relationship studies. In the present work, H range of bromoalkanes has been employed which demonstrate the robustness and reproducibility of the LLNA. Sensitizing activity increased with chain length up to a maximum at C15/C116. whereafter the response declined. The data were modelled against hydrophobicity. expressed as Clog P and (ClogP)2 to fit the biphasic nature of the results. The results dermonstrate the utility of LLNA data for interpretation in the context Off quantitative: structure‐activity relationships, the limited number of variables, inter‐test reproducibility and quantitative end point, lending themselves to mathematical interpretations.