bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of professional oral care by dental hygienists
Authors: Sato T , Abe T , Ichikawa M , Fukushima Y , Nakamoto N , Koshikiya N , Kobayashi A , Yoda T
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objectives:  This study was designed to compare professional oral care (POC) by a dental hygienist with tooth brushing and mouth rinsing by patients themselves according to the instructions of a nurse (control).

Methods:  Forty patients were randomly assigned to either the POC group (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). The presence of plaque and bacteria was assessed clinically.

Results:  One patient in the POC group and three patients in the control group dropped out because of exacerbation of underlying disease or death. Plaque control record scores were significantly lower in the POC group than in the control group on the fifth hospital day and the day of discharge. There was no significant difference between the groups in the detection rate of Candida species; and nosocomial pathogens on either day.

Conclusions:  Professional oral care by a dental hygienist is more effective than tooth brushing and mouth rinsing by patients themselves according to the instructions of a nurse.
Legionella pneumophila contamination of a dental unit water line system in a dental teaching centre
Authors: Ma’ayeh SY , Al‐Hiyasat AS , Hindiyeh MY , Khader YS
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objective:  This study aimed to evaluate the extent of Legionella pneumophila contamination in a dental unit water line (DUWL) at a Dental Teaching Centre in Jordan.

Methods:  Ten dental units were sampled from each teaching clinic, namely conservative dentistry, periodontology and prosthodontics. Samples were collected from the air/water syringe, high‐speed hand piece and water cup filler. Sampling time was at the beginning of the working day (before the dental unit was used), after 2 min of flushing, and at midday.

Results:  Legionella pneumophila counts ranged between 0 and 8.35 × 103 (CFU ml−1). Legionella pneumophila was detected in 86.7% of the dental units at the beginning of the working day, 40% after 2 min flushing and 53.3% at midday. The highest L. pneumophila counts were found at the beginning of the working day which were reduced by flushing the waterlines. The conservative dentistry clinic had the highest contamination level followed by the periodontology and prosthodontics clinics (P < 0.05). The rate of contamination can be ascribed to the dental procedures performed in the clinics, the degree of using the hand pieces, and water softening and heating.

Conclusions:  The difficulty of completely eliminating micro‐organism contaminating water used for dental treatment and the resulting biofilm suggest that flushing of DUWL can be a first solution in reducing L. pneumophila counts, while the incorporation of a disinfection method is highly recommended. Water heating and softening should be considered in practicing dentistry as factors that may aid in L. pneumophila proliferation inside the DUWL.
Seasonal and annual variability in the quality of important forage plants on Banks Island, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Larter Nicholas C. , Nagy John A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In vitro acid‐pepsin digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP), fibre, lignin, and energy content were measured for a variety of forage plants collected annually from Banks Island over five summers and three winters from 1993–1998.

Summer samples were collected during mid‐June (start of growing season), mid‐July (peak of growing season), and mid‐late August (senescence). Winter samples were collected in early (November), mid‐ (February), and late‐ (April/May) winter. Samples, collected in areas of both high and low muskox density, included Carex aquatilis, unidentified Carex, Salixarctica, Dryasintegrifolia, Cassiope tetragona, Saxifraga spp., Astragalus spp., Oxytropis spp., lichen, and grass. Seasonal dynamics in forage quality during the growing season were similar to those reported elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic and were consistent across years. However, there were significant year effects in lignin, fibre, and energy content of forages and the crude protein (CP) content of C. aquatilis in winter, indicating annual differences in the quality of forage available to herbivores. The quality of forages on Banks Island was similar between areas subjected to different densities of muskox (ca. 1.6–1.9 versus 0.3 ‐ 0.4/km2) implying that quality was not affected by these grazing intensities. The Banks Island high arctic ecosystem supports an abundance of herbivores. It has been hypothesized that this is because forage quality and/or quantity are superior on Banks Island than elsewhere in the high arctic. Our results regarding forage quality are equivocal. Although the maximum CP content of forages from Banks Island was generally higher than reported elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic, CP content reported elsewhere fell within the interannual range reported from Banks Island. Fibre and energy content of forages from Banks Island were similar to slightly lower than elsewhere in the arctic and high arctic. Such comparisons must be considered in light of the interannual variability in quality we report.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN VIRAL‐BACTERIAL INFECTION.
Authors: Degré Miklos
Published: August 2010

The influence of prior virus infection on the antibacterial activity of mouse alveolar macrophagehibition of phagocytosis in the total reduction of host defence after virus infection.
STUDIES ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST WITH MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGEN:
Authors: Eng Jan
Published: August 2010

The time pattern for the early development of not cell‐bound complement fixing antigen (NCBA) of M. pneumoniae, Bård strain, in filtrates from broth cultures has been examined. A filter disc technique for the preparation of washed cell inoculates which are free of NCBA and have good cell viability is described. Using this technique, NCBA could be demonstrated significantly earlier than the culmination of the number of CFU/ml, i.e. during the late growth phase of the cultures. No NCBA could be traced during the first days of incubation. The precipitability of NCBA with ammonium sulphate is reported, and a preliminary precipitation technique has been employed in the demonstration of NCBA, together with the direct measurement technique reported earlier (3, 4). The sensitivity of the former method proved to be higher than that of the latter one. It is also reported that growth of M. pneumoniae colonies can be initiated from Millipore® 0.22 μ filter discs that have been used for filtration of broth cultures of the organism. It is suggested that the significance of this fact in the isolation of M. pneumoniae from fluid materials should be investigated.
PREPARATION OF ANTIGEN FOR THE INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST IN DIAGNOSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION
Authors: Lind Klaus
Published: August 2010

The technique for preparing a large batch of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen for the indirect FAT is described. Some factors relating to reproducibility and specificity are mentioned.
THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION AND URINARY LEUCOCYTES IN ASCENDING URINARY‐TRACT INFECTIONS.
Authors: Gnarpe Håkan , Olding Lars
Published: August 2010

Ascending urinary tract infections with Proteus were induced in rabbits by intravesical inoculation of bacteria. The urinary findings of leucocytes, bacteria, alterations in the urinary pH and the morphological lesions in the urinary tract were studied. In spite of heavy growth of bacteria in urine and in the kidneys and inflammatory lesions in the urinary tract there were remarkably low concentrations of leucocytes in the urine at pH values above 7.75. This was the case in most of the rabbits infected with P. vulgaris. When the urinary pH was below 7.75, there was a considerable concentration of leucocytes. This was observed in some of the rabbits infected with P. vulgaris and in most of those infected with E. coli. The demonstration of leucocytes in urinary sediments as a criterium of urinary tract infection must be reconsidered, especially in infections due to proteus bacteria as there is evidence that they cause leucocyte disintegration in vivo.
STUDIES ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS WITH FLUORESCEIN AND FERRITIN CONJUGATED ANTIBODIES
Authors: Paucker Kurt , Shechmeister I. L. , Sc A. Birch‐Andersen M.
Published: August 2010

Under conditions of overwhelming infection of L and HeLa cells, with the New Jersey type of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), maximal infectivity titres were attained within 12 hours post‐infection. Staining with anti‐VSV fluorescent gamma globulin revealed within 4 to 6 hours after infection extensive accumulation of viral antigen in the cytoplasm. The fluorescent patches were of variable sizes and nuclei were not involved at any time. Prior to total destruction, cytoplasmic fusion occurred in L but not in HeLa cultures, resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Electron microscopy failed to detect any significant morphological changes in the cytoplasm of infected cells which might correspond to the observed immunofluorescent deposits. Efforts to locate such areas in cells rendered permeable to ferritin conjugated antibodies were unsuccessful. Within 4 to 6 hours after infection, virus accumulated at the cellular boundary or in cytoplasmic vacuoles. As a rule, only particles located at the cell periphery were readily tagged with ferritin antibody.
GROWTH RATES AND VIRULENCE OF E. COLI IN EXUDATES PRODUCED DURING INTESTINAL STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION IN RATS
Authors: Midtvedt Tore , Trippestad Arne
Published: August 2010

When 0.5 ml of a suspension of E. coli (5 times 107 per ml) in the sterile filtrate of “late” strangulation fluid was injected intraperitoneally on mice, all the mice died within 24 hours. None of the mice injected with the same numbers of microbes suspended in “early” strangulation fluid filtrate or in a casein medium died during this period. E. coli cultured in media containing “early” or “late” strangulation fluid or the casein medium did not vary significantly in rates of growth or virulence. A direct effect on the bacteria by substances in the “late” strangulation fluid filtrate did not appear to represent a factor of importance for the virulence‐enhancing property of the “late” filtrate.
PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS BY EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM
Authors: WALLERSTRÖM ALF
Published: August 2010

The “Epidermophyton factor” (EPF) was formed best on cultivation in medium where the reaction was maintained alkaline. The substance gave the chemical colour reactions expected of a steroid. In these reactions and in comparative chromatography EPF closely resembled fucidin, but it was found to be a less acid substance. Nor was EPF identical with 3‐keto‐fusidic acid, helvolic acid or cephalosporin P1.
PHAGE TYPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: THÖRNE H. , HALLANDER H. O.
Published: August 2010

A provisional phage set suggested by Davidson for typing of “bovine” Staphylococcus aureus was compared to the international phage set in the typing of 225 strains isolated from bovine mastitis in 61 herds in central Sweden. At RTD 44.9 per cent of the strains were typable with the provisional phage set and 30.7 per cent with the international set. Corresponding figures at 1000 × RTD were 74.7 and 69.8 per cent. With both sets a total typability of 79.1 per cent was achieved. The following phage set proved most useful: 29, 52 A, 84, 3 A, 6, 53, 75, 77, 42 D, 107, 1363/14, 78, S 1, S 6, 883, 54, 71, 81.
THYROID EOSINOPHILS AND CUTANEOUS ARTHUS REACTION SIMULTANEOUSLY INDUCED IN THE GUINEA‐PIG BY ANTISERUM TO THYROGLOBULIN
Authors: KÅRESEN ROLF
Published: August 2010

Guinea‐pigs injected with guinea‐pig thyroglobulin intradermally and rabbit antiserum to guinea‐pig thyroglobulin intravenously, showed inflammatory reactions both in the thyroid and in the skin. However, while the eosinophil granulocyte was the predominating cell of the inflammatory infiltrate in the thyroid, neutrophil granulocytes and mononuclear cells prevailed in the skin. Indirect evidence suggested that the reason for this difference might be the larger number of mast cells in the thyroid.
FURTHER STUDIES ON M‐COMPONENTS WITH ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O ACTIVITY. THE INACTIVATING EFFECT ON DIFFERENT OXYGEN‐LABILE HAEMOLYSINS
Authors: MANSA B. , KJEMS E.
Published: August 2010

Ten individual human serum samples with high concentrations of monoclonal γG globulins neutralizing streptolysin O were examined with three oxygen‐labile bacterial haemo‐lysins, which are antigenically related to streptolysin O. The haemolysins studied were pneumolysin of Diplococcus pneumoniae, tetanolysin of Clostridium tetani, and ø toxin of Glostridium perfringens (= Cl. welchii). They were not inhibited to any appreciable extent by the human sera except in one of the thirty possible combinations. This exception was remarkable because the serum sample neutralized pneumolysin and streptolysin O equally well. The results are discussed in relation to the marked cross‐reactivity of immune sera from horses.
EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGATION ON THE IMMUNE REACTION OF RABBIT BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES FOLLOWING ANTIGEN STIMULATION IN VITRO
Authors: LAMVIK J. O. , GODAL T.
Published: August 2010

An increase in the immune reaction towards sheep red cells (SRC) was observed in SRC‐stimulated cultures containing leucocytes from SRC‐immunized rabbits when the leucocyte‐SRC suspensions were centrifuged at high speed before incubation. Immune reaction was also evident in a majority of culture tubes containing purified lymphocytes stimulated with SRC and centrifuged at high speed, while no response was observed in non‐centrifuged tubes. The findings indicate that SRC antigen may stimulate lymphocytes directly without the presence of phagocytes if a close contact is obtained between antigen and reacting cells.
ZYMOGRAMS IN AGAR GEL OF SOME ANIMAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINASES
Authors: DAHLE HANS KOLBEIN
Published: August 2010

A method for the direct detection of proteinases after electrophoresis in agar gel is described. The demonstration of the zones of enzyme activity was performed by the sensitive Casein Precipitating reaction (CP‐reaction), and from one to three proteinase fractions were demonstrated in the mixtures examined. In addition to the direct application as a separation procedure and as a method for determining migration rates and isoelectric points, the application of this method combined with the serological principle of the Casein Precipitation Inhibition test (CPI‐test) was of particular interest. The method was used with a view to examining the number of proteinases produced by the following species: Aeromonas lique‐faciens, Aeromonas salmonicida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Corynebac‐terium pyogenes. The electrophoretical patterns were also studied for trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin. The smallest amount of trypsin which could be demonstrated was of the order of 0.05 μg.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF CHICKEN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Alm Gunnar V.
Published: August 2010

Suitable conditions for the response of chicken spleen lymphoid cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in short term tissue culture were established. The magnitudes and dynamics of the PHA induced changes in total DNA, RNA and protein synthesis during a 48 hour period were followed. The rate of the incorporation of H3‐uridine into RNA and H3‐L‐leucine into protein accelerated during the first 4 hours after the addition of the PHA. The increase was linear for 24 and 36 hours respectively. The increase of the incorporation of H3‐thymidine into DNA started at 16 hours and reached a maximum at 36 hours. Spleen lymphoid cells from hypogammaglobulinaemic bursectomized‐irradiated and normogammaglobulinaemic control‐irradiated chickens responded in all but one respect equally well to PHA. The increase of the rate of H3‐uridine incorporation, determined by 4‐hour pulses, was more rapid for the spleen cells from bursectomized‐irradiated animals.
AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS LIVER DISEASES
Authors: Elling Preben , Nielsen Jens O. , Dietrichson Odd
Published: August 2010

117 patients with acute or chronic hepatitis, 190 patients with liver cirrhosis, 50 patients with hepatitis following mononucleosis infectiosa, and 114 healthy blood donors were examined for the Australia antigen or hepatitis‐associated antigen demonstrated by Blumberg et al. in 1965. The Au‐antigen was demonstrated in 45 out of 106 patients with acute viral hepatitis, in 3 out of 6 patients with chronic hepatitis, and in 10 out of 190 patients with liver cirrhosis. Au‐antigen was demonstrated in 27 per cent of patients with serum hepatitis. In sera examined within the first two weeks following the onset of the disease, Au‐antigen could be demonstrated in 82 per cent of the cases of SH and in 37 per cent of those of IH. In 29 out of 45 Au‐antigen‐positive patients, a conversion from Au(+) to Au(‐) was found during the period of observation and the Au‐reaction became negative in the majority of patients 4–5 weeks after the commencement of the disease. The Au‐antibody was only demonstrated in one patient (21 weeks after the onset of the disease).
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL INHIBITORS
Authors: Fossum Kåre
Published: August 2010

It was demonstrated with the aid of the casein precipitating inhibition test (CPI‐test) that chicken egg white, colostrum from different animal species, and extracts of grain and potato, contained inhibitory substances against trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, a number of microbial proteinases, and ficin and papain. Extracts of Ascaris suum contained inhibitory substances which were active against the animal, and several of the microbial proteinases tested, but not against ficin and papain. A semiquantitative measure for the inhibitory capacity of chicken egg white, different colostrum species, extracts of wheat, barley, rye, and corn flours, and extracts of potato upon various enzymes, is given. By combination of paper electrophoresis of the inhibitor‐containing materials with the CPI‐test (electrophoretic CPI‐test), it was found that each of the materials investigated contained several electrophoretically distinguishable inhibitors, with different inhibitory spectra. Some of these inhibitors were active against one single enzyme of animal or microbial origin, others seemed to be active against two enzymes, such as trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin, proteinases from Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae, or ficin and papain, while still others affected a variety of different enzymes. Some inhibitors seemed to affect swine trypsin but not bovine trypsin. Of the two enzyme fractions in the crude Aspergillus oryzae proteinase, only one was affected by many of the inhibitory substances. The number of inhibitors, as well as the pattern of the different inhibitors in colostrum from different individuals of the same species, seemed also to differ. Many of the inhibitors demonstrated have not been reported previously.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL AND SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH COLONY TYPE IN MORAXELLA NONLIQUEFACIENS
Authors: Bovre Kjell , Bergan Tom , Froholm Leif Oddvar
Published: August 2010

Pairs of the spreading‐corroding (SC) colonies on the one hand and normal smooth (N) colonies on the other of Moraxella nonliquefaciens were studied. Electron microscopy revealed that SC cultures are distinguished by the occurrence of numerous fimbriae (s. pili) of 60–70 Å diameter. The usual SC fimbriae are morphologically different from another filament type found occasionally around cells from N colonies and detected very infrequently in SC cultures. Serologically, no easily observed difference was found between SC and N lines of the same origin, but the former was distincly prone to incomplete agglutination in anti‐sera against the SC type absorbed by cells of the other type. This could be ascribed to the fimbriae which were probably present in unequal quantities among the cells of SC populations. In both colony variants, a heat labile envelope antigen corresponding to the B‐type was discovered. The possible roles of the fimbriae are briefly discussed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ENDOFLAGELLA AND MICROTUBULES IN TREPONEMA REITER
Authors: Hougen Kari Hovind , Birch‐Andersen Aksel
Published: August 2010

Treponema Reiter was studied by negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques after treatment with the detergents, Teepol and sodium deoxycholate, and with the proteolytic enzyme AL‐1. Special attention was paid to the insertion ends of the endoflagella, and the structures revealed have been compared with those published by other workers on the attachment ends of bacterial flagella of various species. All the treatments freed the flagella from the treponeme though the basal discs were often obscured by membrane fragments adhering to them. The endoflagella were found to consist of the following structural parts: 1) a sheathed shaft, 2) a hook that differs from the shaft both in width and in substructure, 3) a narrow, smooth collar that connects the hook to the basal disc, and 4) a single basal disc of about 270 Å in diameter. In cells treated with sodium deoxycholate and with AL‐1 enzyme, a bundle of 6–8 microtubules was observed to commence or to terminate close to the flagellar basal discs at each end of the cells. The two bundles of microtubules overlap in the middle of the organism. In sectioned cells these microtubules were seen in the cytoplasm close to the inner layer of the cytoplasmic membrane and always directly under the place where the endoflagella were found in the interspace between this membrane and the cell wall. Each individual microtubule showed a diameter of about 75 Å both in negatively stained and in sectioned material.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL INHIBITORS
Authors: Fossum Kåre
Published: August 2010

Rabbits and pigs, artificially infected with washed cells of Corynebacterium pyogenes, were shown to produce inhibitory antibodies against the bacterial proteinase, as tested by electrophoresis of the sera, combined with the casein precipitating inhibition test (electrophoretic CPI‐test). The antibodies were usually detectable about 14 days after inoculation. Sera of animals not inoculated with microorganisms were also examined. In sera collected from 10 randomly selected animals of each of the species man, horse, chicken, rabbit, and dog, antibodies against Corynebacterium pyogenes proteinase could not be demonstrated. On the other hand, six, four, and two sera, out of ten, from cattle, pig, and sheep respectively, were found to contain such antiproteinases. In the sera from an additional 25 selected pigs, antibodies were demonstrated in 16; most of these pigs were shown to have chronic corynebacterial infection. Antibodies against Corynebacterium pyogenes proteinase were demonstrated in most of the sera from 34 selected cattle of different ages, especially from the older ones. In some of these animals the bacterium was isolated from pyogenic processes; in other animals there were strong indications of a corynebacterial infection, but in other animals there was no direct indication of such an infection, although previously experienced infections, with or without clinical manifestations are also supposed to have occurred in these cases. The diagnostic value of qualitative or quantitative determination of such antiproteinases in cattle and pig is considered to be of limited value, due to the frequent occurrence of such antibodies.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AGAINST SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN AKR MICE
Authors: Rubin Bent
Published: August 2010

The primary immune response and the immunological memory have been studied in four groups of AKR mice using the haemolytic plaque assay. Two groups of mice, I and III, were given 4.106 and 4.108 SRBC, respectively; two other groups, II and IV, received additional 10 mg 6‐mercaptopurin (6MP)/kg body weight for 7 days. The primary 19S and 7S cellular antibody response in group III was 7—100 times greater than that in group I. The 6MP treatment depressed the primary immune response. The depression was greater in the mice stimulated with the lower antigen dose (group II). Ten days after the first stimulation, all four groups of mice were given 4.108 SRBC. Group I showed a marked immunological memory, whereas group III showed a secondary antibody response lower than the primary one. Treatment with 6MP accentuated the difference. It is discussed. whether the reduction of immunological memory in this experiment is due to cellular exhaustion or inhibition by the antibody produced.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Arvidson S. , Holme T. , Wadström T.
Published: August 2010

Three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, selected for their capacity of producing various enzymes and toxins, were cultivated on membrane‐covered solid medium and in liquid media using shake flasks and stirred, aerated fermentors. A medium was used in which the pH‐changes did not exceed 0.4 units during the period of active growth. Yeast extract was required as a medium component for high yields of cells and extracellular proteins. Cultivation in liquid medium was superior to membrane‐covered solid medium for the production of both cells and extracellular proteins. Maximal bacterial yields were obtained in aerated cultures. Although the activities of some of the exoenzymes, calculated per cell weight, were lower in aerated cultures as compared with non‐aerated, cultivation in the stirred, aerated fermentor was found to be the best method for the production of large amounts of extracellular proteins from Staphylococcus aureus.
INFLUENCE OF pH ON THE FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Arvidson S. , Holme T.
Published: August 2010

The influence of pH on bacterial growth and the production of extracellular proteins by two strains of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. A stirred, aerated fermentor with a working volume of 2.5 1 and equipped with an automatic pH titrator was used. Both strains grew in the pH range 5.5—9.5 but the final bacterial yield was greatly reduced at the extreme pH values. One of the strains, Wood 46, gave a yield of 6—8 g dry weight of bacteria per 1 of culture in the pH range 6.5–9.0 whereas the other strain, M18, had a maximum of 9 g/1 at pH 7.5. Optimal pH for production of α‐toxin, DNase, hyaluronate lyase, lipase, phos‐phatase and protease from strain M18 was 7.0–7.5. For strain Wood 46, the optimal pH for production of α‐toxin, DNase and phosphatase was 7.5, while the highest activities of lipase and protease were obtained at pH 6.5. High yields of α‐toxin, phosphatase, and protease were obtained from strain Wood 46, whereas strain M18 gave higher yields of DNase, hyaluronate lyase and lipase than the Wood 46 strain.
DETERMINATION OF BILE ACID CONVERSION POTENCIES OF INTESTINAL BACTERIA BY SCREENING IN VITRO AND SUBSEQUENT ESTABLISHMENT IN GERMFREE RATS
Authors: Dickinson Anne B. , Gustafsson Bengt E. , Norman Arne
Published: August 2010

More than 100 facultatively and strictly anaerobic strains from 22 genera isolated from the digestive tract of the rat were tested for the ability to split glycine and taurine conjugates and to transform cholic acid. Strains belonging to 14 of these genera, of which 12 were strictly anaerobic, were capable of splitting conjugates; whereas strains from only 7 genera were capable of transforming cholic acid. None of the strains isolated could 7a‐dehydroxylate cholic acid. Twenty strains from 9 genera capable of splitting conjugates in vitro were established as monocontaminats in ex‐germfree rats. Of these, three strains from the genera Clostridium, Eubacterium and Streptococcus (strictly anaerobic species) gave approximately 80 per cent splitting of the caecal bile acids. Four strains showed no conversion of caecal bile acids, while the remainder showed splitting varying between 4 and 44 per cent of the caecal bile acids. Therie was no correlation between the viable numbers of bacteria in the caecum and the extent of splitting of caecal bile acids. Deconjugation in vitro cannot be used as a criterion for the potential deconjugation of microorganisms growing in the digestive tract.
MOUSE VIRULENCE OF SALMONELLA
Authors: Valtonen V. V. , Aird Jennifer , Valtonen M. , Mäkeiä O. , Mäkelä P. Helena
Published: August 2010

Salmonella typhimurium derivatives with either the original group B‐type O antigens 1, 4, (5,) 12 or the transduced group D‐type O antigens 1, 9, 12 have been previously shown to have different LD50 doses in intraperitoneal infection of the mouse, so that the 1, 4, (5,) 12 derivatives are more virulent than the 1, 9, 12 derivatives. The strains compared differed from each others in only a small part of their chromosome including the rfb cluster, which determines the O antigen specificity. We have now investigated a possible immunological basis of this difference by comparing the same strains as pathogens in thymectomized, X‐irradiated mice. Although the LD50 doses were much reduced by the treatment, the difference between the 1, 4, (5,) 12 and the 1, 9, 12 strains was retained. No antibodies towards either type of bacteria were demonstrable in the uninfected mice.
INACTIVATORS OF HAPTEN‐COUPLED BACTERIOPHAGES IN NORMAL SERA
Authors: Lainen Seija Jorma
Published: August 2010

Hapten‐conjugated bacteriophates were inactivated by normal human, rabbit, pig and rat sera, but not by germ‐free piglet sera. There was great individual variation in the inac‐tivation litres. As a rule the inactivators of NIP‐phage had higher titres than those of NP‐DNP‐, oxazolone‐ or penicillin‐coupled phage. This was probably due to the greater sensitivity of the NIP‐phage.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AGAINST SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN AKR MICE
Authors: Rubin Bent
Published: August 2010

In the present experiments AKR mice were challenged with 4 × 106 and 4 × 108 SRBC and rechallenged with the same two antigen doses after 10, 30 and 90 days. Maximum primary 19S and 7S PFC responses to 4 × 106 SRBC were achieved on day 5 following challenge, whereas maximum 19S and 7S PFC responses to 4 × 108 SRBC were obtained on day 4 and day 6, respectively. The cellular 19S and 7S memory response to 4 times 106 SRBC in mice challenged with 4 × 106 SRBC increased during the experimental period, whereas the cellular 19S and 7S memory response to 4 times 108 SRBC in mice challenged with 4 times 106 SRBC was as follows: The 19S PFC response decreased from day 10 to day 30, from which time on it increased again to reach the day 10 value on day 90. The 7S PFC response remained constant at a very high level. The 19S memory response to 4 × 108 SRBC in mice challenged with 4 times 108 SRBC was negative over the experimental period. The 7S memory response increased from day 10 to day 30 and then remained constant. The results are discussed on the basis of 1) the X‐Y‐Z scheme, 2) feed‐back inhibition of endogeneously produced antibody, and 3) “the cell selection by antigen” hypothesis.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AGAINST SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN AKR MICE
Authors: Aasted Bent , Rubin Bent , Spärck J. V.
Published: August 2010

Mice were injected with a low or a high dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) followed by the injection 1 or 2 days later of varying quantities of anti‐SRBC antiserum. The effect of the passively administered antiserum on the primary and the secondary antibody response was studied. It was found that a low dose of antigen was unaffected by antiserum treatment and initiated a normal primary response, whereas a high antigen dose was greatly affected by antiserum treatment in the primary response. Both 19S and 7S memory could be more or less inhibited by passive antiserum treatment, dependent on the quantity of antiserum injected. Evidence for a 7S regulating effect on the 19S antibody synthesis is presented. The results are! discussed on the basis of the “cell selection by antigen” hypothesis and a central and peripheral inhibiting effect of passive antiserum.
UTILIZATION OF THYMINE, THYMIDINE AND TMP BY NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Sidsei.
Published: August 2010

Activities corresponding to thymidine phosphorylase and nucleoside deoxyribosyl transferase could not be found in Neisseria meningitidis. 14C‐2‐thymine was bound to or taken up by whole cells, but this did not result in labelling of the TMP, TDP or TTP pools. No significant thymidine kinase activity could be induced in N. meningitidis. 14C‐2‐thymidine which was bound to or taken up by whole cells resulted in faint labelling of the TMP, TDP and TTP pools after prolonged incubation, but no radioactive thymine appeared. The N. meningitidis extracts had activities corresponding to TMP and TDP kinases, but whole cells which were exposed to TMP‐methyl‐3H did not seem to take up significant amounts of this compound. The findings indicate that N. meningitidis lacks the enzyme systems that are known to mediate a specific incorporation of thymine or thymidine into DNA.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS AND MICROCOCCUS CELL WALLS
Authors: Grov Arne , Heigeland Svein M.
Published: August 2010

Undigested cell walls from two Staphylococcus epidermidis and two Micrococcus strains have been isolated and subjected to chemical and serological examinations. Glycerol, the only sugar alcohol observed, and hexoses were present in all wall preparations. Cell walls from one of the micrococcal strains contained large amounts of alanine and only trace amounts of glycine. Serine was present in higher amounts in Staph. epidermidis than in Micrococcus walls. The precipitinogens found in extracts of whole bacteria were also present in the cell walls, but apparently behaved as haptens. One precipitinogen present in the wall of a Staph. epidermidis strain was very difficult to extract. It resisted periodate oxidation, but behaved as a teichoic acid in immunoelectrophoresis. The staphylococcaj cell walls sensitized both normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes for agglutination in antisera, whereas the micrococcal cell wails did not. The agglutinogens of whole bacteria were also present in the wall preparations, although in reduced amounts.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND MICROCOCCAL MUCOPEPTIDES
Authors: Helgeland Svein M. , Grov Arne
Published: August 2010

Mucopeptides from one Staphylococcus aureus, two Staph. epidermidis and two Micrococcus strains have been prepared and examined for chemical composition and for serological activity. The chemical analyses showed differences in the mucopeptide structures, especially between staphylococci and micrococci, some differences appearing to be related to variations in the inter‐peptide bridges. No precipitation was observed, but agglutination was obtained in antisera to whole bacteria as well as in antisera to mucopeptides. Cross‐absorption studies showed the presence of shared and specific antigenic determinants. None of the mucopeptides sensitized erythrocytes for agglutination in antisera, but the staphylococcal mucopeptides, in contrast to the micrococcal, induced the production of haemagglutinins in rabbits. Antibodies to mucopeptides were found in human serum and colostrum. The sera contained antibodies of the IgG class; colostrum mostly IgA antibodies. Sera with increased anti‐staphyiolysin titres contained higher amounts of IgG than normal sera. Fab but not Fc fragments of IgG were found to bind to mucopeptide, and complexes of mucopeptide and IgG fixed complement. Injection of mucopeptides into rabbit and human skin provoked dermonestronic reactions.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL MILIEU ON THE REPLICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS BACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

On the hand of 21 typing bacteriophages for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, variations in efficiency of plating were analyzed by changing pH, type of buffer system, NaCl‐concentrations, and supplement of glucose or sodium lactate in synthetic and non‐synthetic media. A non‐synthetic medium was preferred for practical use in phage typing. Although the optimal pH values ranged from 6.0 to Si.5, the pH 7 (with tris buffer) was selected as suitable for the standard typing medium. Glucose supplement and 0.5 per cent NaCl were found to be appropriate. An enhanced efficiency of plating was noted with supplements of calcium and magnesium.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Mæland J. A. , Kristoffersen T. , Hofstad T.
Published: August 2010

Serological multispecificity of the polysaccharide part (a determinant) of gonococcal endo‐toxin was confirmed, using phenol‐water preparations from three strains of Neisseria gonorr‐hoeae and corresponding antisera. Results permitted the establishment of antigenic factor formulas identical to those established on the basis of experiments with aqueous ether endo‐toxin. The determinant factors (a factors) of the endotoxin are carried by the same molecular complex. Haemagglutination‐inhibition studies with mono‐ and disaccharides in factor sera confirmed earlier results. Galactose and α‐ and β‐lactose blocked the combination of three of the a factors with corresponding antibodies.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA PIG IMMUNIZED WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI IN ADJUVANT
Authors: Kostiala Anja A. I.
Published: August 2010

Guinea pigs were immunized with 2.4 mg of killed tubercle bacilli in adjuvant. From 4 days to one year after sensitization Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) was used to test migration inhibition (25 γ/ml), skin reactivity (10 γ) and antibodies. Delayed 24 hours skin reactions became positive slightly earlier than migration inhibition, hemag‐glutinating antibody and 4 hour skin reactivity. Migration inhibition was very strong 4 and 6 months and one year after sensitization, when the animals also had strong 4 and 24 hour skin reactions and hemolysing antibody.
ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION OF SOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES
Authors: Hill R. J. , Steensgaard J.
Published: August 2010

In an attempt to determine the distribution of soluble complexes formed when 131I‐labelled HSA reacts with fluorescein labelled anti‐HSA we have used zonal centrifugation in A sucrose gradient combined with a subsequent analysis of the cuts by radioactivity, fluorescence and polarization of fluorescence measurements. The method is both reproducible and sensitive, and has a potential advantage over other methods for separating soluble complexes in that the sedimentation coefficients as well as antibody ratio of the complexes can be determined on microgram quantities of sample.

Using this method, we have been able to follow the dissociation of antigen‐antibody complexes with time, and to demonstrate the building up of large numbers of complexes at the equivalence zone. Full technical details of the method are given, together with suggestions for further improvements.
THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS IN MICE AT DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES
Authors: Lycke E. , Hermodsson S. , Kristensson K. , Roos B.‐E.
Published: August 2010

Mice inoculated intracerebrally with herpes simplex virus were kept at different environmental temperatures. The life‐span, symptomatology, synthesis of infective virus, interferon and monoamines of the brains as well as the histopathological picture were studied. Increased life‐span and increased numbers of survivors were observed when mice were incubated at temperatures higher than the ordinary room‐temperature. At the higher temperatures the pathological rise in dopamine synthesis observed in mice at room‐temperature almost disappeared and the incidence of excited animals was markedly reduced. The development of neuronal degenerations and pathological vascular permeability was inhibited in mice incubated at 34d̀ in comparison to these conditions in mice kept at 22d̀, whereas no effect on the inflammatory cell response was demonstrable. These effects of the higher environmental temperature were probably not mediated by increased production of interferon. Although it is probable that the symptomatology modified by increased temperature was influenced by changes in metabolism of brain monoamines, the life‐saving result of increasing the environmental temperature seemed dependent upon inhibition of formation of infective virus and of spread of the infection.
The Influence of Preparation Technique, Humidity and Irradiation Conditions on Radiation Inactivation of Streptococcos Faecium, Strain A21
Authors: Emborg Claus
Published: August 2010

Cobalt‐60 gamma radiation has a greater inactivating effect on dried preparations of Str. faecium, strain A21, than electron radiation from a 10–MeV linear accelerator. The difference in effect varies with relative humidity and preparation technique. The difference is 10–20 per cent when the bacteria are dried with serum broth at 10–50 per cent r. h. The radiation resistance under these conditions corresponds to the resistance of standard preparations of this strain for control of microbiological efficiency of radiation sterilization plants. Increase of the relative humidity to 55 per cent leads to a significant drop in radiation resistance, and a doubling of the difference in effect between gamma irradiation and electron irradiation. The response of cleaned preparations is less dependent on relative humidity and very similar to the response observed at high humidity in preparations with serum broth. No difference in the effect of the two irradiation sources is observed when the bacteria are irradiated in aqueous suspension or suspended in serum broth.
Intravascular Clearance of Endotoxin in Warfarin—Treated Rabbits
Authors: Haugen Jostein
Published: August 2010

The intravascular clearance of intravenously administered endotoxin prior to and after administration of immune serum has been compared in untreated rabbits and in rabbits pretreated with warfarin sodium for 4 and 66 days, respectively. Firstly, the present observations show that the phagocytic rate of endotoxin without immune serum is significantly higher in rabbits exposed to “short‐term” warfarin pretreatment than in those exposed to “long‐term” pretreatment and in untreated rabbits. The “long‐term” warfarin treatment is supposed to depress the function of the reticuloendothelial system, particularly in the liver. Secondly, the phagocytic rate of endotoxin increases significantly following the administration of immune serum, which almost completely abolishes the difference between the phagocytic rates of the groups prior to administration. Administration of immune serum seems to decrease the uptake of endotoxin in some organs or provoke an immediate redistribution of the endotoxin between the organs. The warfarin pretreatment influences the relative weight of the liver, and the duration of the warfarin pretreatment seems to influence the organ localization of endotoxin.
Four New Escherichia Coli O Antigens, O148, O151, O152, O153, and One New H Antigen, H50, Found in Strains Isolated from Enteric Diseases in Man
Authors: Ørskov F. , ØRSKOV I. , Furowicz A. J.
Published: August 2010

Among Escherichia coli strains received recently at the International Escherichia Centre were several which could not be determined serologically by the available test sera. Some of these strains had a possible causal relationship to the enteric disease from which they were isolated, and it was considered important to establish the hitherto unknown antigens as test antigens. This paper reports the examination of some of such strains isolated from human disease. The paper concludes with a short discussion of the present concepts of K antigens in E. coli, explaining why new K antigen numbers were not established on the basis of the strains examined.
Localization and Properties of an Acid‐Solubl'e Muscle Antigen Reacting with Antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis Sera
Authors: Aarli J. A.
Published: August 2010

Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis contain antibodies to a citric acid extractable antigen present in heart and skeletal muscle. This antigen is located in the sarcolemmal/subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fibres. The antigen is resistant to pH changes between 2 and 10, but is inactivated by treatment at 56° C for 60 min or at 70° C for 30 min. The antigenic determinant is of protein nature.
Preventive Effect of a Nonviral Interferon Inducer, a Bacterial Vaccine, On Experimental Influenza In Mice
Authors: Dahl Helen , Degré Miklos
Published: August 2010

Intranasally inoculated Influenza A2/Singapore virus in mice results in a pulmonary infection with dose depending mortality. This experimental model was employed to study the effect of standard bacterial vaccine (SBV) on viral respiratory infection. SBV, given intraperitoneally from simultaneously to 6 hours before influenza inoculation, reduced the mortality, the growth of virus in the lungs, the development of gross pulmonary lesions and the seroconversion. The protection appeared to be most effective, when the vaccine was given 5 hours prior to viral infection. In some experiments some protection was afforded even with 24 hours or 7 days interval between administration of SBV and virus. The possible mechanism of protection is discussed. SBV given i.p. stimulates production or release of interferon (IF). Our data do not allow any conclusion, whether the effect is due to production of IF or to stimulation of the immune apparatus and other nonspecific mechanisms. Probably both factors are involved.
THE FATE OF HETEROLOGOUS SPECIFIC AND NON‐SPECIFIC ANTILYMPHOCYTE GLOBULINS IN PLASMA AND TISSUES STUDIED BY A PAIRED‐LABEL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ranløv Poul , Rossing Niels , Hardt Finn
Published: August 2010

The elimination and tissue distribution of different batches of rabbit antimurine antilymphocyte globulin and antihuman antilymphocyte globulin were studied by means of a paired‐label technique after injection into mice. The identical over‐all clearance rates of antimurine ALG and control rabbit IgG judged by whole‐body count compared with a slightly lower plasma level of ALG indicated an increased binding of the injected́ ALG to tissues. The plasma deficit of ALG was balanced by a higher uptake in the spleen, liver and kidney, but not in the thymus. In particular, the spleen was found to exhibit a much higher avidity for ALG than for normal IgG, while the actual elimination rates for the two globulins were the same for spleen, other tissues and plasma. The interpretation follows that no accumulation of “fixed” ALG occurred within lymphoid organs, which would have been expected if the “blindfolding” theory of the immunosuppressive effect of ALG is correct. This difference in avidity was roughly correlated to the specificity of the ALG preparation used.
A POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN OF AN ANAEROBIC ORAL FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISM (EUBACTERIUM SABURREUM) CONTAINING HEPTOSE AND O‐ACETYL AS MAIN CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Selvig Knut A.
Published: August 2010

The antigen isolated from Eubacterium saburreum, strain L44, was found to be a neutral polysaccharide, which appeared in the electron microscope as a filamentous, partly aggregated material. Immunoelectrophoresis gave one precipitation line, and a single peak was obtained by analytical ultracentrifugation of the purified antigen. Experiments with ferritin‐labelled antibodies showed that the antigenic polysaccharide is located at the surface of the bacterial cell.
ANTIGEN‐FREE MEDIUM FOR CULTIVATION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, AFH‐MEDIUM
Authors: Branefors‐Helander Paula
Published: August 2010

An antigen‐free medium, AFH medium, for cultivation of H. influenzae is described. The medium is prepared from trypticase‐yeast autolysate, filtrated through a Sephadex G‐25 column. For the medium base only the fractions containing low molecular material were utilized. Addition of different amounts of salt and buffer was tested and the effect of the initial pH of the medium was studied. The amount of glucose consumed during growth was measured with a glucose oxidase test. The AFH medium provided luxuriant growth of all tested strains. The bacterial yield in the fluid medium was 1 times 1010‐1 times 1011 per ml and overnight cultures on the solid medium resulted in colonies 1–2 mm in diameter.