bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Fifth Metatarsal Tuberosity Fractures: A Systematic Review of Nonoperative Treatment
Authors: Khan Shawn , Axelrod Daniel , Paul Ryan , Catapano Michael , Stephen David , Henry Patrick , Wasserstein David
Published: May 2020

Objective

Acute metatarsal fractures are a common lower extremity injury. Although surgery may be recommended in specific cases, most are treated nonoperatively. Treatment protocols vary significantly among practitioners, with no consensus on the most efficacious approach. This systematic review aims to identify the effect of treatment protocols on union rate and functional outcome after an acute fifth metatarsal tuberosity fracture.

Literature Survey

Multiple databases, including CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane CEntral Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from database inception to March 4, 2018 to identify clinical studies addressing nonoperative management of metatarsal fractures reporting nonunion, pain, and/or length of recovery.

Methodology

Two reviewers independently completed title, abstract, and full‐text screening. Data abstraction was completed in duplicate. Outcome measures and complications were descriptively analyzed.

Synthesis

A total of 1941 studies were eligible for screening. Seven studies (four randomized controlled trials and three prospective cohort studies) satisfied inclusion criteria. This resulted in a total of 388 patient with acute fifth metatarsal tuberosity fractures in 12 different treatment arms, with the most common treatment including plaster casting (7). The mean age was 42 years (27 to 56 years), and the overall nonunion rate was low (1.1%). Four unique functional scores were reported across all studies, and all showed good to excellent short‐term results. The overall qualities of studies were moderate, with particular limitations in randomization and concealment allocation.

Conclusion

Most acute fifth metatarsal tuberosity fractures heal well, with good‐to‐excellent functional outcomes with nonoperative treatment, regardless of technique. We recommend a conservative rehabilitation framework, including 2 to 3 weeks of immobilization in a walking cast, followed by gradual increase in activity and strengthening until clinical union is achieved.
These motors were made for walking
Authors: Hunter Byron , Allingham John S.
Published: May 2020

Kinesins are a diverse group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent motor proteins that transport cargos along microtubules (MTs) and change the organization of MT networks. Shared among all kinesins is a ~40 kDa motor domain that has evolved an impressive assortment of motility and MT remodeling mechanisms as a result of subtle tweaks and edits within its sequence. Several elegant studies of different kinesin isoforms have exposed the purpose of structural changes in the motor domain as it engages and leaves the MT. However, few studies have compared the sequences and MT contacts of these kinesins systematically. Along with clever strategies to trap kinesin–tubulin complexes for X‐ray crystallography, new advancements in cryo‐electron microscopy have produced a burst of high‐resolution structures that show kinesin–MT interfaces more precisely than ever. This review considers the MT interactions of kinesin subfamilies that exhibit significant differences in speed, processivity, and MT remodeling activity. We show how their sequence variations relate to their tubulin footprint and, in turn, how this explains the molecular activities of previously characterized mutants. As more high‐resolution structures become available, this type of assessment will quicken the pace toward establishing each kinesin's design–function relationship.
Excitation Light Energy Dependence of Silver Photodiffusion into Amorphous Germanium Sulfide: Neutron and X‐Ray Reflectivity and X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Sakaguchi Yoshifumi , Hanashima Takayasu , Ahmed Simon Al-Amin , Mitkova Maria
Published: May 2020

Silver photodiffusion into amorphous chalcogenides is the photoinduced phenomenon, in which mobile Ag ions are injected into semiconductor films, and is applicable to nonvolatile memory devices. To understand the role of light illumination in the silver diffusion into a chalcogenide layer, the excitation light energy dependence of silver photodiffusion in Ag/a‐Ge20S80/Si substrate stacks is investigated by neutron reflectivity, X‐ray reflectivity, and X‐ray diffraction. The measurements reveal that there is an energy threshold to induce silver photodiffusion, which corresponds to the optical gap of amorphous Ge20S80. The excitation of the lone‐pair electrons to the antibonding states by the light illumination with greater energy than the optical gap leads to the bond breaking, and the Ge–S network structure is reorganized involving Ag ions.
Modeling water fluxes through containerized soilless substrates using HYDRUS
Authors: Fields Jeb S. , Owen James S. , Stewart Ryan D. , Heitman Josh L. , Caron Jean
Published: May 2020

Containerized crop production can enhance plant health and ensure environmental sustainability, yet proper management requires improved understanding of water fluxes and storage within soilless substrates. Numerical simulation tools developed to simulate water movement in porous media, such as HYDRUS‐3D, may help to quantify effective hydraulic properties of soilless substrates but have not yet been tested in this capacity. Therefore, this study had three main objectives: (a) to assess the accuracy of HYDRUS‐3D for simulating water flow through peat‐ and bark‐based soilless substrates by comparing measured and modeled drainage and water storage; (b) to determine sensitivity of model outputs to individual hydraulic parameters; and (c) to compare model parameterization using three laboratory characterization methods (instantaneous profile sorption, instantaneous profile desorption, and evaporation) vs. inverse modeling with HYDRUS. The results showed that the modeled water contents and drainage timing and amounts were most sensitive to saturated volumetric water content (θs) and least sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). With regard to parameterization methods, the inverse modeling approach provided the most accurate water balance simulations for both substrates, followed by the sorption method. These two methods estimated lower peak water contents and greater drainage compared with simulations parameterized using desorption and evaporation measurements. Overall, the study results showed that the Richards equation, as calculated using HYDRUS, can provide accurate simulations of water flux through containers when properly calibrated, though sorption‐derived parameters may suffice when model optimization is impractical.
Asymptotic behavior of meson transition form factors
Authors: Hoferichter Martin , Stoffer Peter
Published: May 2020

Abstract

One of the open issues in evaluations of the contribution from hadronic light- by-light scattering to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g − 2)
μ
concerns the role of heavier scalar, axial-vector, and tensor-meson intermediate states. The coupling of axial vectors to virtual photons is suppressed for small virtualities by the Landau-Yang theorem, but otherwise there are few rigorous constraints on the corresponding form factors. In this paper, we first derive the Lorentz decomposition of the two-photon matrix elements into scalar functions following the general recipe by Bardeen, Tung, and Tarrach. Based on this decomposition, we then calculate the asymptotic behavior of the meson transition form factors from a light-cone expansion in analogy to the asymptotic limits for the pseudoscalar transition form factor derived by Brodsky and Lepage. Finally, we compare our results to existing data as well as previous models employed in the literature.
Effect of Surgical Approach on Node Harvest in Gastrectomy: Analysis of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Watson Michael D. , Trufan Sally , Benbow Jennifer H. , Gower Nicole L. , Hill Joshua S. , Salo Jonathan C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Gastrectomy is the cornerstone of treatment for gastric cancer. Recent studies demonstrated significant surgical outcome advantages for patients undergoing minimally invasive versus open gastrectomy. Lymph node harvest is an indicator of adequate surgical resection, and greater harvest is associated with improved staging and patient outcomes. This study evaluated lymph node harvest based on surgical approach.

Methods

Gastric adenocarcinoma patients were identified from NCDB who underwent gastrectomy between 2010 and 2016. Patients were classified by surgical approach into three cohorts: robotic, laparoscopic, or open gastrectomy. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Lymph node harvest was compared with univariate analysis and multivariable generalized linear mixed model. Univariate analysis with propensity matching was also performed to control for differences in patient population across cohorts.

Results

We identified 10,690 patients that underwent gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma, with 68% males and median age of 66 (IQR 5774) years. 7161 (67%) underwent open, 2841 (26.6%) laparoscopic, and 688 (6.4%) robotic gastrectomy. Multivariable analysis revealed robotic was associated with a significantly higher median node harvest (18, IQR 1326) compared to laparoscopic (17, IQR 1125) and open gastrectomy (16, IQR 1023). Laparoscopic was also associated with significantly higher node harvest then open gastrectomy. Propensity‐matched analysis (6950 patients) showed robotic gastrectomy was still associated with significantly higher node harvest (18, IQR 1226) compared to laparoscopic (17, IQR 1125) and open (17, IQR 1124); however, laparoscopic and open were not significantly different.

Conclusion

Robotic approach is associated with increased node harvest compared to laparoscopic and open approach in gastrectomy patients.
Structural style and neotectonic activity along the Harz Boundary Fault, northern Germany: a multimethod approach integrating geophysics, outcrop data and numerical simulations
Authors: Müller Katharina , Polom Ulrich , Winsemann Jutta , Steffen Holger , Tsukamoto Sumiko , Günther Thomas , Igel Jan , Spies Thomas , Lege Thomas , Frechen Manfred , Franzke Hans-Joachim , Brandes Christian
Published: May 2020

We present new evidence for neotectonic activity along the Harz Boundary Fault, a Cretaceous reverse fault that represents a key structure in northern Germany. For the fault analysis, we use a multimethod approach, integrating outcrop data, luminescene dating, shear wave seismics, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and numerical simulations. A recent sinkhole at the SSW-ward dipping and WNW–ESE striking Harz Boundary Fault exposes a NNE-ward dipping and WNW–ESE striking planar fault surface that cuts through unconsolidated debris-flow deposits thus pointing to young Lateglacial tectonic activity. The fault shows a polyphase evolution with initial normal fault movement and a later reactivation as an oblique fault with reverse and strike-slip components. A shear wave seismic profile was acquired to analyse the geometry of the fault and show that the Harz Boundary Fault is steeply dipping and likely has branches. Partly, these branches propagate into overlying alluvial-fan deposits that are probably Pleniglacial to Lateglacial in age. The outcrop data in combination with the seismic data give evidence for a splay fault system with steep back-thrusts. One of these back-thrusts is most likely the NNE-ward dipping fault that is exposed in the sinkhole. The lateral extent of the fault was mapped with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles. The timing of fault movement was estimated based on optically stimulated luminescence dating of the faulted debris-flow deposits using both quartz and feldspar minerals. Consistent feldspar and quartz ages indicate a good bleaching of the sediment prior to deposition. The results imply fault movements post-dating ~ 15 ka. Numerical simulations of glacio isostatic adjustment (GIA)-related changes in the Coulomb failure stress regime at the Harz Boundary Fault underpin the assumption that the fault was reactivated during the Lateglacial due to stress changes induced by the decay of the Late Pleistocene (Weichselian) Fennoscandian ice sheet.
Multimodal data indicators for capturing cognitive, motivational, and emotional learning processes: A systematic literature review
Authors: Noroozi Omid , Pijeira-Díaz Héctor J. , Sobocinski Marta , Dindar Muhterem , Järvelä Sanna , Kirschner Paul A.
Published: May 2020

This systematic review on data modalities synthesises the research findings in terms of how to optimally use and combine such modalities when investigating cognitive, motivational, and emotional learning processes. ERIC, WoS, and ScienceDirect databases were searched with specific keywords and inclusion criteria for research on data modalities, resulting in 207 relevant publications. We provide findings in terms of target journal, country, subject, participant characteristics, educational level, foci, type of data modality, research method, type of learning, learning setting, and modalities used to study the different foci. In total, 18 data modalities were classified. For the 207 multimodal publications, 721 occurrences of modalities were observed. The most popular modality was interview followed by survey and observation. The least common modalities were heart rate variability, facial expression recognition, and screen recording. From the 207 publications, 98 focused exclusively on the cognitive aspects of learning, followed by 27 publications that only focused on motivation, while only five publications exclusively focused on emotional aspects. Only 10 publications focused on a combination of cognitive, motivational, and emotional aspects of learning. Our results plea for the increased use of objective measures, highlight the need for triangulation of objective and subjective data, and demand for more research on combining various aspects of learning. Further, rather than researching cognitive, motivational, and emotional aspects of learning separately, we encourage scholars to tap into multiple learning processes with multimodal data to derive a more comprehensive view on the phenomenon of learning.
PM2.5 and ultrafine particles in passenger car cabins in Sweden and northern China—the influence of filter age and pre-ionization
Authors: Wei Dixin , Nielsen Filip , Ekberg Lars , Löfvendahl Anders , Bernander Maria , Dalenbäck Jan-Olof
Published: May 2020

The main aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of filter status (new and aged), pre-ionization, on the particle filtration in modern passenger cars. Measurements of in-cabin and outside PM2.5 (dp < 2.5 μm) concentration and UFP (ultrafine particle, dp < 100 nm) counts, to calculate I/O (indoor to outdoor) ratios, were performed. They were done at two locations, to study the influence of different outside conditions on the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) system. The measurements were performed in two new cars, with similar HVAC systems and settings, using a new filter and an aged synthetic filter. Furthermore, an ionization unit was installed upstream of the filter in both cars. This enabled the study of filter status, with and without ionization, under common driving conditions. The results show that the HVAC system performances were very similar at the two locations, with average I/O ratios of 0.35–0.40 without ionization and 0.15–0.20 with ionization applied, although the outside conditions were considerably different. Furthermore, the aged filter clearly worsened the filtration ability. Considering the corresponding average PM2.5 I/O ratios in one location as an example, the average for the new filter was 0.20 and 0.60 for the aged filter. The corresponding UFP I/O ratios were 0.24 and 0.57. Other findings are that the aged filter with ionization reached a performance close to the new filter (without ionization), and that increased ventilation airflow and decreased recirculation degree, as expected, led to an increase in the I/O ratio for both particle sizes.
Using SXRR to Probe the Nature of Discontinuities in SLM Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 Specimens
Authors: Laquai René , Müller Bernd R. , Schneider Judith A. , Kupsch Andreas , Bruno Giovanni
Published: May 2020

The utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate robust structural components relies on understanding the nature of internal anomalies or discontinuities, which can compromise the structural integrity. While some discontinuities in AM microstructures stem from similar mechanisms as observed in more traditional processes such as casting, others are unique to the AM process. Discontinuities in AM are challenging to detect, due to their submicron size and orientation dependency. Toward the goal of improving structural integrity, minimizing discontinuities in an AM build requires an understanding of the mechanisms of formation to mitigate their occurrence. This study utilizes various techniques to evaluate the shape, size, nature and distribution of discontinuities in AM Inconel 718, in a non-hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) as-built, non-HIPed and direct age, and HIPed with two step age samples. Non-destructive synchrotron radiation refraction and transmission radiography (SXRR) provides additional information beyond that obtained with destructive optical microscopy. SXRR was able to distinguish between voids, cracks and lack of melt in, due to its sensitivity to the orientation of the discontinuity.
Prevention is better than cure: effects of errors on memory performance during spatial learning in healthy aging
Authors: Scheper Inge , Brazil Inti A. , de Bruijn Ellen R. A. , Mulder-Hanekamp Larissa , Kessels Roy P. C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Healthy aging is accompanied by a decline in learning ability and memory capacity. One widely-studied method to improve learning outcome is by reducing the occurrence of errors during learning (errorless learning; EL). However, there is also evidence that committing errors during learning (trial-and-error learning; TEL) may benefit memory performance. We argue that these inconsistent findings could be driven by a lack of control over the error frequency in traditional EL and TEL paradigms.

Aim

This study employed a spatial learning task to study EL and TEL and to determine the impact of error frequency on memory recall in healthy older adults (OA; N = 68) and young adults (YA; N = 60).

Method

Four groups of participants (YA-EL, YA-TEL, OA-EL, OA-TEL) were instructed to first place and memorize the locations of everyday objects in a chest of drawers presented on a computer screen, and in whom memory recall performance was later tested. In the TEL condition, the amount of errors made before the correct drawer was ‘found’ was predetermined, varying from 0 to 5. During the EL condition, every first attempt was correct (i.e., no errors were made).

Results

We found better overall performance in YA compared to OA and a beneficial effect of EL in both age groups. However, the amount of errors committed during learning did not influence accuracy of memory recall.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that elimination of errors during learning can benefit memory performance in both YA and OA compared to TEL.
The transformation of values into prices on the basis of random systems revisited: reply to my commentators
Authors: Schefold Bertram
Published: May 2020

This paper defends The Transformation of Values into Prices on the Basis of Random Systems, published in EIER, by answering to the Comments made in the same journal by Professors Mori, Morioka and Yamazaki. The clarifications mainly concern the justification of the randomness assumptions, the conditions needed to obtain the equality of total profit with total surplus value in the simplified one-industry system and the invariance of the results to changes in the units of measurement.
Population pharmacokinetic approach for evaluation of treosulfan and its active monoepoxide disposition in plasma and brain on the basis of a rat model
Authors: Danielak Dorota , Romański Michał , Kasprzyk Anna , Teżyk Artur , Główka Franciszek
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Efficacy of treosulfan, used in the treatment of marrow disorders, depends on the activity of its monoepoxy—(EBDM) and diepoxy compounds. The study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics of treosulfan and EBDM in the rat plasma and brain by means of mixed-effects modelling.

Methods

The study had a one-animal-per-sample design and included ninty-six 10-week-old Wistar rats of both sexes. Treosulfan and EBDM concentrations in the brain and plasma were measured by an HPLC–MS/MS method. The population pharmacokinetic model was established in NONMEM software with a first-order estimation method with interaction.

Results

One-compartment pharmacokinetic model best described changes in the concentrations of treosulfan in plasma, and EBDM concentrations in plasma and in the brain. Treosulfan concentrations in the brain followed a two-compartment model. Both treosulfan and EBDM poorly penetrated the blood–brain barrier (ratio of influx and efflux clearances through the blood–brain barrier was 0.120 and 0.317 for treosulfan and EBDM, respectively). Treosulfan plasma clearance was significantly lower in male rats than in females (0.273 L/h/kg vs 0.419 L/h/kg).

Conclusions

The developed population pharmacokinetic model is the first that allows the prediction of treosulfan and EBDM concentrations in rat plasma and brain. These results provide directions for future studies on treosulfan regarding the contribution of transport proteins or the development of a physiological-based model.
Epidemiological profile and hospitalization data of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Brandão Raphael Guilherme D'Angelis , Bezerra Palloma de Sá Antunes , Maciel Lucas Guimarães , Brito Walner Jorge , Júnior Paulo Martins Reis , Bitencourt Evandro Leite
Published: May 2020

Objective This study's objective was to understand the epidemiologic profile of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the state of Tocantins, Brazil.

Methods This is a descriptive study of secondary data, which was gathered by using the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Health System, and it corresponds to the cases registered from January of 2010 to December of 2017. The data of interest were those related to the total number of admissions, age range, gender, ethnicity, city of hospitalization, and type of care.

Results There were 340 hospital admissions due to inflammatory bowel diseases in Tocantins, of which 204 (60%) were female patients and 136 (40%), male patients; the predominant age group was between 20 and 59 years old (65.88%). These hospitalizations lasted an average of 4.7 days and 98.23% of them occurred as a matter of urgency.

Conclusion The study demonstrated that the epidemiological profile of the inflammatory bowel disease in the state of Tocantins consists of female patients, aged between 20 and 59 years, with hospitalizations lasting 4.7 days and mainly urgent, demonstrating that it is necessary to implement screening measures in order to make the diagnosis earlier, thus preventing possible complications.
‘This is Me’: Expressions of Intersecting Identity in an Lgbtq+ Ethnic Studies Course
Authors: Moorhead Laura , Jimenez Jeremy
Published: May 2020

This case study considers how one public high school in Northern California offered a yearlong course that combined a semester-long LGBTQ+ studies class with a semester-long ethnic studies class, taught by the same teacher and attended by the same cohort of 26 students. Through a combination of identity maps, student interviews, and a transfer task (i.e., a digital textbook project), we explored students’ experiences and efforts to discern how their awareness of LGBTQ+ and ethnic studies issues, particularly the intersectionality of those issues, may have influenced their own identities. This research offers a model for educators and policymakers, as well as lessons learned and inspiration, for incorporating intersectional LGBTQ+ content and curriculum into social studies classrooms. It presents ways, both big and small, for K-12 educators to connect LGBTQ+ issues and rights with those from communities of color. Findings illustrate that queer theory and historical thinking can indeed offer a valuable guide for encouraging social studies educators and students to expand their understanding of the intersecting experiences of people of color and the LGBTQ+ community.
Changes in Precipitation From North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Under RCP Scenarios in the Variable‐Resolution Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Stansfield Alyssa M. , Reed Kevin A. , Zarzycki Colin M.
Published: May 2020

Decreasing climate models' grid spacing improves the representation of tropical cyclones at decadal time scales. In this study, a variable‐resolution (VR) version of the Community Atmosphere Model 5 (CAM5‐VR) is utilized to study North Atlantic tropical cyclone climatology in ensemble historical climate simulations and under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) projections (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Basin‐wide tropical cyclone counts decrease in the RCP simulations, although landfalling storm counts do not show as straightforward of a pattern, especially when focusing on regional changes. Lifetime maximum intensity metrics suggest that tropical cyclones increase in strength in the RCP ensembles. However, despite increases in tropical cyclone‐related precipitation rates and the amount of precipitation produced per storm with warming, the annual average Rx5day from tropical cyclones over the eastern United States decreases due to less landfalling storms. This work is part of a continued effort to quantify how tropical cyclone‐induced hazards may change in future climates.
East Asian Precipitation δ18O Relationship With Various Monsoon Indices
Authors: Wang Yingzhao , Hu Chaoyong , Ruan Jiaoyang , Johnson Kathleen R.
Published: May 2020

Chinese speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) variations have been widely interpreted as recording the evolution of the Asian Monsoon. However, calibration of δ18O to monsoon intensity has not yet been carried out in a quantitative way. To understand the climatic significance of δ18O, we measured monthly precipitation δ18O data at Heshang Cave, China, where speleothem δ18O records were previously obtained. We examined the influence of local climate and large‐scale atmospheric circulation on the δ18O by correlating to local meteorological data and various monsoon indices. We find neither a significant amount effect nor temperature effect, and therefore suggest that local climate is not the primary driver of δ18O variability. On seasonal timescales, monthly δ18O is significantly correlated to all monsoon indices, especially the Indian Monsoon (IM) and Western North Pacific Monsoon (WNPM) indices, proving δ18O responds dominantly to the tropical monsoon circulation. On interannual timescales, there are significant negative correlations between annual δ18O and the WNPM and IM monsoon indices defined by zonal winds, reflecting the impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on δ18O. Similar correlations between δ18O and precipitation amount in these monsoon regions lend further support to this finding. As the driving force of seasonal and interannual monsoon changes can be compared to variations on orbital and suborbital scales, respectively, we argue that speleothem δ18O in southern China is influenced by both external forcing and internal variability. Solar radiation plays an indispensable role on the orbital and seasonal scale δ18O variations, whereas ocean–atmosphere interactions are dominant on suborbital timescales.
A Late Eocene‐Oligocene Through‐Flowing River Between the Upper Yangtze and South China Sea
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Carter Andrew , Wysocka Anna , Van Hoang Long , Zheng Hongbo , Neubeck Nikki
Published: May 2020

We test the hypothesis of a major Paleogene river draining the SE Tibetan Plateau and the central modern Yangtze Basin that then flowed south to the South China Sea. We test this model using U‐Pb dated detrital zircon grains preserved in Paleogene sedimentary rocks in northern Vietnam and SW China. We applied a series of statistical tests to compare the U‐Pb age spectra of the rocks in order to highlight differences and similarities between them and with potential source bedrocks. Monte Carlo mixing models imply that erosion was dominantly derived from the Indochina and Songpan‐Garzê Blocks and to a lesser extent the Yangtze Craton. Some of the zircon populations indicate local erosion and sedimentation, but others show close similarity both within northern Vietnam, as well as more widely in the Eocene Jianchuan, Paleocene‐Oligocene Simao, and Oligocene‐Miocene Yuanjiang basins of China. The presence of younger (<200 Ma) zircons from the Qamdo Block of Tibet is less easily explicable in terms of recycling by erosion of older sedimentary rocks and implies a regional drainage linking SE Tibet and the South China Sea in the Late Eocene‐Oligocene. Detrital zircons from offshore in the South China Sea showed initial local erosion, but with a connection to a river stretching to SE Tibet in the Late Oligocene. A change from regional to local sources in the Early Miocene in the Yuanjiang Basin indicates the timing of disruption of the old drainage driven by regional plateau uplift.
What can Hydrography Tell Us About the Strength of the Nordic Seas MOC Over the Last 70 to 100 Years?
Authors: Rossby T. , Chafik Léon , Houpert Loïc
Published: May 2020

The flow of warm water into the Nordic Seas plays an important role for the mild climate of central and northern Europe. Here we estimate the stability of this flow thanks to the extensive hydrographic record that dates back to the early 1900s. Using all casts in two areas with little mean flow just south and north of the Greenland‐Scotland Ridge that bracket the two main inflow branches, we find a well‐defined approximately ±0.5 Sv volume transport (and a corresponding ±30 TW heat flux) variation in synchrony with the Atlantic multidecadal variability that peaked most recently around 2010 and is now trending down. No evidence is found for a long‐term trend in transport over the last 70 to 100 years.
Radiocarbon Dating of Silica Sinter and Postglacial Hydrothermal Activity in the El Tatio Geyser Field
Authors: Munoz‐Saez Carolina , Manga Michael , Hurwitz Shaul , Slagter Silvina , Churchill Dakota M. , Reich Martin , Damby David , Morata Diego
Published: May 2020

The El Tatio geothermal field in the Chilean Altiplano contains hydrothermal silica sinter deposits overlaying glacial and volcanic units, providing an opportunity to constrain the timing of deglaciation and volcanic activity in an area with sparse absolute chronologies. We obtained 51 new radiocarbon ages and δ13C values on the organic material trapped in these sinter deposits. Based on the δ13C values, we exclude 29 samples for possible contamination with bacterial mats that incorporate old carbon. We infer that hydrothermal activity initiated ~27 ka ago and has been nearly continuous ever since. The ages of the oldest sinter deposits coincide with ages of moraines that stabilized after the most recent deglaciation. Whereas late Pleistocene sinters are broadly distributed in the field, Holocene deposits are found around active hydrothermal features. Although recent volcanism is absent in the vicinity of El Tatio, persistent hydrothermal discharge implies a long‐lived magmatic heat source.
Australian PyroCb Smoke Generates Synoptic‐Scale Stratospheric Anticyclones
Authors: Kablick G. P. , Allen D. R. , Fromm M. D. , Nedoluha G. E.
Published: May 2020

Fires in southeastern Australia produced at least 18 pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) between 29 December 2019 and 4 January 2020. The largest plumes from this event exhibited several previously undocumented phenomena in the stratosphere. These include (i) the generation of potential vorticity and anticyclonic circulations from absorptive aerosol heating, (ii) the formation of a vertical temperature anomaly dipole, (iii) the rapid ascent from the lowermost stratosphere (15–16 km) to altitudes above 31 km in less than 2 months, (iv) an unprecedented abundance of H2O and CO in the stratosphere, and (v) the displacement of background O3 and N2O from rapid ascent of air from the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Each of these phenomena is traced back to a 5‐day‐old stratospheric plume composed of a massive amount of aerosol and biomass burning gases from a pyroCb outbreak. Until now, there has been no documented evidence that pyroCb plumes can affect stratospheric winds.
Resolvability of the Centroid‐Moment‐Tensors for Shallow Seismic Sources and Improvements From Modeling High‐Frequency Waveforms
Authors: Hejrani Babak , Tkalčić Hrvoje
Published: May 2020

Shallow earthquakes in the depth range 0–30 km make up more than 60% of all world's earthquakes. However, resolving their seismic source parameters such as the depth and moment tensor components presents a challenge. Here, we investigate the effect of frequencies higher than 0.025 Hz on centroid‐moment‐tensor inversion for the earthquakes occurring in the top 10 km of the Earth's crust. For a synthetic source located at the depth of 1 km, the maximum amplitude of ground motion due to a vertical dip‐slip mechanism from the waveforms filtered at 0.01–0.15 Hz is about 1,400 times larger than that filtered at 0.01–0.025 Hz. We quantify the effect of this dramatic difference and other waveform differences by introducing the “balance of amplitudes” and “waveform similarity” functions for different depths and frequencies. They present a simple and fast way to estimate the resolvability of seismic sources at a given depth and frequency band. For the 20 May 2016, Mw = 5.9 Petermann Ranges earthquake in Central Australia analyzed at 0.01–0.025 Hz, a high uncertainty accompanies the estimated source parameters. When the frequency band is 0.01–0.15 Hz, the centroid depth is well constrained at 1 km and the mechanism is a thrust fault striking ~314°N and dipping ~30°NE. These simulations require accurate Earth models. Our result, obtained at higher frequencies, is in a great agreement with various other studies that have been carried out for this earthquake and confirms a 20‐km long, shallow rupture.
Crustal Structure of the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge from Joint Refraction and Reflection Seismic Tomography
Authors: Yuan Xiaoyu , Korenaga Jun , Holbrook W. Steven , Kelemen Peter B.
Published: May 2020

We report a reanalysis of active‐source wide‐angle seismic data collected along the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge during the 1996 Seismic Investigation of the Greenland Margin (SIGMA) experiment. Interpreting the crustal structure of volcanic rifted margins has suffered from nonuniqueness because thick crust at the continent‐ocean transition may not be totally of igneous origin. In this regard, the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge presents a unique opportunity because, together with the Faroe‐Iceland Ridge, it is generally considered to constitute the Iceland hotspot track, and as such, the bulk of its crust may be considered to be of igneous origin. From 15 ocean‐bottom instruments deployed along a 290‐km‐long refraction transect, we collect 5,383 Pg and 1,118 PmP travel times, and we use joint refraction and reflection seismic tomography with adaptive importance sampling to invert them to construct a two‐dimensional compressional wave speed (Vp) model across the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge. Based on the covariation of crustal thickness and Vp, the western part of the transect may be almost entirely continental. Even the eastern part could include a significant fraction of preexisting continental crust. When considered together with the seismic structure of the Icelandic crust and its geochemical characteristics, our results suggest that the putative Iceland mantle plume could be considerably weaker than commonly assumed.
Adipocytes in hematopoiesis and acute leukemia: friends, enemies, or innocent bystanders?
Authors: Zinngrebe Julia , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Fischer-Posovszky Pamela
Published: May 2020

The bone marrow is home to well-balanced normal hematopoiesis, but also the stage of leukemia’s crime. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique and versatile component of the bone marrow niche. While the importance of MAT for bone health has long been recognized, its complex role in hematopoiesis has only recently gained attention. In this review article we summarize recent conceptual advances in the field of MAT research and how these developments impact our understanding of MAT regulation of hematopoiesis. Elucidating routes of interaction and regulation between MAT and cells of the hematopoietic system are essential to pinpoint vulnerable processes resulting in malignant transformation. The concept of white adipose tissue contributing to cancer development and progression on the cellular, metabolic, and systemic level is generally accepted. The role of MAT in malignant hematopoiesis, however, is controversial. MAT is very sensitive to changes in the patient’s metabolic status hampering a clear definition of its role in different clinical situations. Here, we discuss future directions for leukemia research in the context of metabolism-induced modifications of MAT and other adipose tissues and how this might impact on leukemia cell survival, proliferation, and antileukemic therapy.
The intergenerational transmission of suicidal behavior: an offspring of siblings study
Authors: O’Reilly Lauren M. , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Rickert Martin E. , Class Quetzal A. , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , D’Onofrio Brian M.
Published: May 2020

We examined the extent to which genetic factors shared across generations, measured covariates, and environmental factors associated with parental suicidal behavior (suicide attempt or suicide) account for the association between parental and offspring suicidal behavior. We used a Swedish cohort of 2,762,883 offspring born 1973–2001. We conducted two sets of analyses with offspring of half- and full-siblings: (1) quantitative behavior genetic models analyzing maternal suicidal behavior and (2) fixed-effects Cox proportional hazard models analyzing maternal and paternal suicidal behavior. The analyses also adjusted for numerous measured covariates (e.g., parental severe mental illness). Quantitative behavior genetic analyses found that 29.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.29, 53.12%) of the intergenerational association was due to environmental factors associated with exposure to maternal suicidal behavior, with the remainder due to genetic factors. Statistical adjustment for parental behavioral health problems partially attenuated the environmental association; however, the results were no longer statistically significant. Cox hazard models similarly found that offspring were at a 2.74-fold increased risk [95% CI, 2.67, 2.83]) of suicidal behavior if their mothers attempted/died by suicide. After adjustment for familial factors and measured covariates, associations attenuated but remained elevated for offspring of discordant half-siblings (HR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.45, 1.71]) and full-siblings (HR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.57, 1.67]). Cox hazard models demonstrated a similar pattern between paternal and offspring suicidal behavior. This study found that the intergenerational transmission of suicidal behavior is largely due to shared genetic factors, as well as factors associated with parental behavioral health problems and environmental factors associated with parental suicidal behavior.
Improved dynamic response strategy with dual phase‐shift control for dual‐active‐bridge DC–DC converter
Authors: Sun Jiazheng , Sun Qiuye , Ma Dazhong , Wang Panfeng
Published: May 2020

In this study, an improved dynamic response strategy with dual phase‐shift (IDR‐DPS) for dual‐active‐bridge (DAB) DC–DC converter is proposed to improve system performance and eliminate DC bias caused by power mutation. Firstly, a unique combination of independent variables about inner and outer phase shift duty ratios is calculated at a given reference power through combining the minimum current stress calculation method with DPS control, which makes DAB run efficiently. On this basis, a DC bias elimination method is proposed to eliminate DC bias current in half a switching period through modifying inner duty ratios during transient process and drive DAB to reach new steady state quickly. Finally, a DAB topology platform is built to perform experiments of proposed IDR‐DPS strategy and traditional direct control, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by comparative experiments.
Experimental realisation of an AC‐link shunt‐series power flow controller
Authors: Barragán‐Villarejo Manuel , Maza‐Ortega José M. , Mancilla‐David Fernando , García‐López Francisco de Paula
Published: May 2020

Power electronic‐based interties in the distribution system are considered an important element for the integration of distributed energy resources. They can provide a series of network services such as active and reactive power control, voltage regulation and harmonic and imbalance compensation that facilitate the integration of these new resources. Despite dc links are usually proposed for this purpose, it is also possible to interconnect radial distribution feeders by means of ac links with direct ac/ac power conversion. This study presents the experimental validation of a current control loop based on feedback linearisation for an ac‐link shunt‐series power flow controller based on a vector switching matrix converter. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control in both steady‐state and transient conditions.
Switched‐coupled‐inductor Z‐source inverter with a high boost inversion capability
Authors: Dong Shuai , Zhang Qianfan , Chunbo Zhu
Published: May 2020

A novel converter with a three‐winding coupled inductor, called switched‐coupled‐inductor Z‐source inverter (SCI‐ZSI), is developed based on the switched‐and‐coupled inductor technology in this study. Compared with the conventional switched‐inductor Z‐source inverter and trans‐Z‐source inverter, the novel inverter had a higher voltage‐boosting capability. In addition, the improved topology shared a common ground point between the DC source and the inverter bridge. Under the same modulation index and load conditions, the input diode and capacitor voltage stress of the proposed inverter were lower than those of the other topologies. The operating principles, impedance‐network design, voltage and current stress are presented. The theoretical findings were verified by simulation and experimental results.
Research on a new type of buffering valve for vehicle shifting
Authors: Zhang Qihui , Xiong Wei , Ruan Jian , Lv Qingjun , Wang Zuwen
Published: May 2020

The traditional buffering valve for vehicle shifting mainly relies on the throttle hole and spring to control the pressure in the clutch. However, its accommodative facility and adaption are inferior. Therefore, two–dimensional (2D) digital technology is proposed to be applied to the vehicle shift buffering area, and the 2D digital buffering valve is designed. This study introduces the structure and working principle of the 2D digital buffering valve and establishes the mathematical model of the 2D digital buffering valve. The classical proportional–integral–differential control algorithm is adopted and Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate its control model. Finally, an experimental study is carried out. The study results show that when the frequency is 50 Hz, the amplitude of the valve output pressure decays to −3 dB, and when the frequency is 60 Hz, the phase of the valve output pressure lags by 90°. The output of the 2D digital buffering valve meets the requirement of the change of the oil pressure in the clutch during the vehicle shifting process. The control precision of its buffering pressure characteristic reaches 15%. The simulation and test results of the buffering valve are consistent, which verifies the correctness of the simulation model.
The frontier of simulation-based inference
Authors: Cranmer Kyle , Brehmer Johann , Louppe Gilles
Published: May 2020

Many domains of science have developed complex simulations to describe phenomena of interest. While these simulations provide high-fidelity models, they are poorly suited for inference and lead to challenging inverse problems. We review the rapidly developing field of simulation-based inference and identify the forces giving additional momentum to the field. Finally, we describe how the frontier is expanding so that a broad audience can appreciate the profound influence these developments may have on science.
Combined inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway and lysine-specific demethylase 1 as a therapeutic strategy in CSF3R/CEBPA mutant acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Braun Theodore P. , Coblentz Cody , Curtiss Brittany M. , Coleman Daniel J. , Schonrock Zachary , Carratt Sarah A. , Callahan Rowan L. , Maniaci Breanna , Druker Brian J. , Maxson Julia E.
Published: May 2020

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a deadly hematologic malignancy with poor prognosis, particularly in the elderly. Even among individuals with favorable-risk disease, approximately half will relapse with conventional therapy. In this clinical circumstance, the determinants of relapse are unclear, and there are no therapeutic interventions that can prevent recurrent disease. Mutations in the transcription factor CEBPA are associated with favorable risk in AML. However, mutations in the growth factor receptor CSF3R are commonly co-occurrent in CEBPA mutant AML and are associated with an increased risk of relapse. To develop therapeutic strategies for this disease subset, we performed medium-throughput drug screening on CEBPA/CSF3R mutant leukemia cells and identified sensitivity to inhibitors of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). Treatment of CSF3R/CEBPA mutant leukemia cells with LSD1 inhibitors reactivates differentiation-associated enhancers driving immunophenotypic and morphologic differentiation. LSD1 inhibition is ineffective as monotherapy but demonstrates synergy with inhibitors of JAK/STAT signaling, doubling median survival in vivo. These results demonstrate that combined inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling and LSD1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for CEBPA/CSF3R mutant AML.
More than recycled snippets of news
Authors: Pfurtscheller Daniel
Published: May 2020

Focusing on Facebook pages from public broadcasters in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, this paper looks at ways
in which written quotations and snippets of news are reused and shared in social media posts. Drawing on recent theorization of
digital quotations as recontextualized discourse, the study deals with a specific genre of digital news: quote cards. The
qualitative analysis identifies common design patterns, examines the functions of quote cards and shows how text and image are
remixed and integrated into multimodal offerings, providing affordances for news-sharing practices and responses into political
discourses.
Health benefits of intermittent caloric restriction
Authors: Pan Yuanlong
Published: May 2020

Chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, stroke, dementia, and cancer are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Caloric restriction (CR) is able to reduce or prevent the above a mentioned chronic diseases and increase both healthy lifespan and longevity. However, it is not easy for people to practice CR. Therefore, it is essential to develop regimens that can achieve the benefits of CR without having to restrict overall daily caloric intake. One of the potential solutions is intermittent caloric restriction (ICR). The main advantage of ICR is that people or animals are hungry only intermittently, while people or animals are hungry all the time during CR. Therefore, it may be easier to practice ICR regimens than to restrict caloric intake daily. This review discusses the key benefits of ICR.