bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expressão diferencial de proteínas do fungo Conidiobolus lamprauges cultivado em diferentes temperaturas
Authors: Godoy Isabela de , Paula Daphine Ariadne Jesus de , Silveira Marcelo Marques da , Brandão Laila Natasha dos Santos , Dutra Valéria , Nakazato Luciano
Published: March 2014

Para sobreviverem na temperatura corpórea de seu hospedeiro, os fungos patogênicos têm desenvolvido mecanismos moleculares importantes, como a expressão de proteínas relacionadas ao crescimento em altas temperaturas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o crescimento in vitro de Conidiobolus lamprauges em diferentes temperaturas e comparar o perfil de proteínas expressas através de eletroforese bidimensional (2D), em duas temperaturas distintas, sendo uma considerada baixa (28°C) e alta (37°C). Para análise do crescimento em diferentes temperaturas, cinco isolados de C. lamprauges, oriundos de ovinos doentes, foram incubados a 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C e o crescimento radial foi medido a cada 24 horas. Para análise da expressão diferencial, realizou-se a extração de proteínas do fungo cultivado a 28°C e a 37°C por 48 horas. A média de crescimento radial dos isolados foi diferente nas temperaturas analisadas, sendo 35°C a melhor temperatura para crescimento em todas as amostras. A temperatura ótima ajustada variou entre 33,3°C a 34,8°C. Os limites inferior e superior de inibição de crescimento foram 18°C e 42°C, respectivamente. Na análise da expressão diferencial, foram encontrados 16 spots diferencialmente expressos, sete (7/16) estavam com expressão diminuída e nove (9/16) com expressão aumentada a 37°C, quando comparado a 28°C. Além disso, oito spots estavam presentes apenas a 28°C e seis a 37°C. Sugere-se que C. lamprauges produza um perfil de proteínas relacionadas à termorregulação desencadeado pela alta temperatura do hospedeiro.
Perspectivas da aplicação das conotoxinas bloqueadoras de canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem no trauma medular
Authors: Oliveira Karen Maciel de , Lavor Mário Sérgio Lima , Fukushima Fabíola Bono , Caldeira Fátima Caetano , Melo Eliane Gonçalves
Published: March 2014

O bloqueio dos canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem é uma estratégia importante no tratamento do trauma medular, pois previne o influxo exacerbado do cálcio que participa ativamente em processos neurodegenerativos agudos, resultando em neuroproteção com melhora das funções neurológica. Dentre esses bloqueadores, as toxinas de caramujos marinhos são peptídeos com adequada estabilidade estrutural, estudadas pelas ações específicas em canais iônicos e receptores que interferem diretamente na liberação de neurotransmissores e na neuromodulação dos neurônios motores e sensitivos da medula espinal. Elas já são utilizadas no tratamento de desordens neurológicas e mostram-se promissoras no desenvolvimento de novas terapias para o trauma medular. Portanto, objetivou-se discorrer sobre a fisiopatologia do trauma medular e a possível utilização terapêutica das toxinas de caramujo marinho, atuantes nos principais canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem.
Ovariohisterectomia por videocirurgia (via NOTES vaginal híbrida), celiotomia ou miniceliotomia em cadelas
Authors: Souza Fernando Wiecheteck de , Brun Maurício Veloso , Oliveira Marília Teresa de , Feranti João Pedro Scussel , Corrêa Rose Karina Reis , Idalêncio Renam , Duda Naila Cristina Blatt , Quadros Aparício Mendes , Huppes Rafael Ricardo
Published: March 2014

A ovariohisterectomia (OH) eletiva em cadelas é o procedimento mais realizado na cirurgia de pequenos animais. No presente trabalho, foram utilizados três grupos de sete animais (GI, GII e GIII), submetidos a três técnicas de OH eletiva: por celiotomia ("técnica convencional"), por miniceliotomia ("técnica do gancho de Snook"), via cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios naturais (NOTES) híbrida. Na comparação, foram considerados o tempo de cirurgia, as complicações e dificuldades técnicas trans e pós-operatórias, a avaliação de dor pós-operatória, a quantidade (g) de sangramento cirúrgico estimado, além da determinação de determinados parâmetros vitais, como: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (ƒ), temperatura retal, pressão arterial (média) invasiva (PAI) e a pressão venosa central (PVC). A OH via NOTES vaginal híbrida foi a técnica que apresentou menor escore de desconforto pós-operatório, menor sangramento cirúrgico, porém com maior tempo cirúrgico, comparado com as modalidade convencional e por miniceliotomia.
Características fermentativas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar com erva-sal
Authors: Silva José Gledyson da , Queiroz Mário Adriano Ávila , Araujo Gherman Garcia Leal , Silva Bruno Gonçalves da , Cunha José Aparecido da , Rodrigues Paulo Henrique Mazza
Published: March 2014

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar diferentes níveis (0, 20, 40 e 60%) de inclusão de erva-sal na dinâmica fermentativa da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Após 90 dias, com a abertura dos silos, determinou-se os teores de carboidratos solúveis (CHO-Sol), etanol, ácidos orgânicos (lático, acético, propiônico, butírico), proteína bruta (PB), matéria mineral (MM), matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro livre de cinzas (FDNc), pH e poder tampão (PT); estimou-se a perda total de MS, perdas por efluente e gases, densidade e a recuperação da MS. Os níveis crescentes de erva-sal propiciaram diminuição das perdas totais de MS e por efluente, aumento de seu teor e recuperação desta. As silagens apresentaram pH adequado à conservação (≤3,70) e concentração de minerais acrescidos. As concentrações de etanol foram influenciadas (P<0,05) pelo incremento de erva-sal, em que se observou redução de 51,84%, com 40% de erva-sal na silagem de cana. A adição de erva-sal reduz as perdas de MS e a produção de etanol e, melhora a qualidade fermentativa da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.
Engenharia e construção: quais variáveis contribuem para o sucesso dos projetos executados atualmente no Brasil?
Authors: Berssaneti Fernando Tobal , Assumpção André , Nakao Osvaldo Shigeru
Published: March 2014

Em tempos de grandes obras (eventos esportivos 2014 e 2016, plano de aceleração do crescimento do governo federal e setor petroquímico), este artigo busca identificar variáveis que contribuem para o sucesso dos projetos de engenharia e construção executados atualmente no Brasil. O relacionamento entre a presença de certas variáveis independentes e o sucesso dos projetos foi testado em termos de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho em projetos, que envolve: conformidade com orçamento (custo); cronograma (tempo); especificações técnicas (requisitos do produto/serviço); e atendimento às demandas dos clientes. Foi analisado o efeito de três variáveis de entrada: apoio da alta administração, existência de um gerente de projetos dedicado e a presença de uma estrutura formal de gerenciamento de projetos (Escritório de Gerenciamento de Projetos). Para testar as hipóteses da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido um estudo empírico, adotando-se uma abordagem quantitativa, com um levantamento ("survey") junto a 120 profissionais relacionados ao setor de engenharia e construção. Considerando-se o triângulo de ferro (prazo, custo e qualidade), identificou-se que há relação entre a presença de um gerente de projeto dedicado e o cumprimento do orçamento planejado e há relação entre a presença de um gerente de projeto dedicado e o cumprimento dos prazos dos projetos executados. Contudo, a visão ampliada de qualidade, envolvendo também a satisfação do cliente, não foi confirmada.
Adaptação cultural do "Questionnaires for knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precaution" para o português brasileiro
Authors: Valim Marília Duarte , Marziale Maria Helena Palucci
Published: March 2014

O objetivo foi adaptar para o Brasil o "Questionnaires for Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precaution". Estudo metodológico, cujas etapas foram: 1) traduções iniciais; 2) síntese das traduções; 3) comitê de especialistas; 4) retrotradução; 5) validação semântica e 6) pré-teste. A amostra foi de 42 enfermeiros, sendo que 12 participaram da validação semântica e 30 do pré-teste. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital universitário do interior de São Paulo, Brasil. A validação semântica evidenciou que os questionários estão compreensíveis, fáceis de responder e adequados quanto ao conhecimento e adesão às precauções-padrão. O pré-teste confirmou a versão obtida. O processo de adaptação cultural mostrou-se satisfatório e os questionários encontram-se adaptados ao português brasileiro, e deve-se prosseguir com o processo de validação dos mesmos, para que as características psicométricas sejam testadas. Só assim, os instrumentos estarão prontos para utilização.
Prevenção e controle de infecção em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal
Authors: Lorenzini Elisiane , Costa Tatiane Costa da , Silva Eveline Franco da
Published: March 2014

Objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) sobre o controle de infecção, identificando os fatores que facilitam ou dificultam o controle e prevenção das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência a Saúde (IRAS). Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com três enfermeiras e 15 técnicas de enfermagem, que atuam em uma UTIN de uma instituição filantrópica, na região sul do Brasil. Evidenciou-se que a equipe de enfermagem possui grande conhecimento sobre os fatores que facilitam a prevenção e controle das IRAS em UTIN, sendo o principal, a higienização das mãos. Entre os fatores que dificultam o controle e prevenção, estão a superlotação e a excessiva carga de trabalho. A atuação eficiente e qualificada da equipe de enfermagem constitui-se em estratégia de prevenção e controle das IRAS.
Qualidade da assistência de enfermagem em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital escola
Authors: Silva Rômulo Botêlho , Loureiro Marisa Dias Rolan , Frota Oleci Pereira , Ortega Fernanda Barrios , Ferraz Carlos César Bontempo
Published: March 2014

Este estudo transversal objetivou analisar a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem numa unidade de terapia intensiva geral para adultos de um hospital escola. Os dados foram coletados de 23 clientes com permanência na unidade ≥ 72 horas, de junho a novembro de 2012, por meio de um Roteiro de Auditoria Operacional e a qualidade dos cuidados foi classificada segundo o índice de positividade (IP) da seguinte forma: IP = 100%: cuidado desejável; de 90-99%: adequado; de 80-89%: seguro; de 70-79%: limítrofe; e < 70%: cuidado sofrível. Assim, a qualidade da assistência prestada foi sofrível, pois a média global foi 61,71%. Ademais, o melhor IP foi atribuído ao item "utilização de equipamentos" (100%) e o pior ao item "atividades físicas" (17,39%). Este estudo estabeleceu o diagnóstico situacional das práticas de enfermagem no cenário estudado, etapa fundamental para o planejamento de estratégias e ações que visem à melhoria da qualidade da assistência prestada.
Effect of mixing uniformity of sand–cement mixture on dielectric properties
Authors: Zhai Ying Ya , Yang Xiao Qing
Published: March 2014

The dielectric properties of cement-based material are closely related to the mixture proportion, and thus can be used for evaluation of its quality and integrity. For the same mixture proportions, however, the mixed states are always different. It is thus important to determine whether the mixing uniformity of a sand–cement mixture has an effect on the dielectric properties. In this study, the dielectric properties of a sand–cement mixture were measured using the neural network inversion method. The results indicate that the mixing uniformity of a sand–cement mixture has no obvious effect on its dielectric properties and the measured results were approximately in agreement with values calculated using the Maxwell–Garnett formula. Therefore, when measuring the dielectric properties of a sand–cement mixture, the volume ratio is important but mixing uniformity is not.
Efficiency of peracetic acid in inactivating bacteria, viruses, and spores in water determined with ATP bioluminescence, quantitative PCR, and culture-based methods
Authors: Park Eunyoung , Lee Cheonghoon , Bisesi Michael , Lee Jiyoung
Published: March 2014

The disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid (PAA) was investigated on three microbial types using three different methods (filtration-based ATP (adenosine-triphosphate) bioluminescence, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), culture-based method). Fecal indicator bacteria (Enterococcus faecium), virus indicator (male-specific (F+) coliphages (coliphages)), and protozoa disinfection surrogate (Bacillus subtilis spores (spores)) were tested. The mode of action for spore disinfection was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that PAA concentrations of 5 ppm (contact time: 5 min), 50 ppm (10 min), and 3,000 ppm (5 min) were needed to achieve 3-log reduction of E. faecium, coliphages, and spores, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that PAA targets the external layers of spores. The lower reduction rates of tested microbes measured with qPCR suggest that qPCR may overestimate the surviving microbes. Collectively, PAA showed broad disinfection efficiency (susceptibility: E. faecium > coliphages > spores). For E. faecium and spores, ATP bioluminescence was substantially faster (∼5 min) than culture-based method (>24 h) and qPCR (2–3 h). This study suggests PAA as an effective alternative to inactivate broad types of microbial contaminants in water. Together with the use of rapid detection methods, this approach can be useful for urgent situations when timely response is needed for ensuring water quality.
Of water and worms: Guinea worm re-emergence in Niger
Authors: Royal Nathaniel
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the re-emergence of Guinea worm into the water bodies of the Tillabéri region of the Niger Sahel. It examines the period of re-emergence and subsequent decline from 2002 until 2006. Using a geographic information system combined with a statistical approach to examine the location data of lakes with Guinea worm-associated cases, it is shown that the locations of population centers with cases of Guinea worm disease, the locations of lakes infected with Guinea worm larva, and features of the built environment are correlated in space.
Impact of elevated Ca2+/Mg2+ concentrations of reverse osmosis membrane desalinated seawater on the stability of water pipe materials
Authors: Liang Juan , Deng Anqi , Xie Rongjing , Gomez Mylene , Hu Jiangyong , Zhang Jufang , Ong Choon Nam , Adin Avner
Published: March 2014

Hardness and alkalinity are known factors influencing the chemical stability of desalinated water. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on corrosion and/or scale formation on the surface of different water distribution pipe materials under tropical conditions. The corrosion rates of ductile iron, cast iron and cement-lined ductile iron coupons were examined in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated seawater which was remineralised using different concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The changes in water characteristics and the coupon corrosion rates were studied before and after the post-treatment. The corrosion mechanisms and corrosion products were examined using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. We found that the combination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (60/40 mg/L as CaCO3) resulted in lower corrosion rates than all other treatments for the three types of pipe materials, suggesting that Ca2+/Mg2+ combination improves the chemical stability of desalinated seawater rather than Ca2+ only.
Human viruses and viral indicators in marine water at two recreational beaches in Southern California, USA
Authors: Love David C. , Rodriguez Roberto A. , Gibbons Christopher D. , Griffith John F. , Yu Qilu , Stewart Jill R. , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: March 2014

Waterborne enteric viruses may pose disease risks to bather health but occurrence of these viruses has been difficult to characterize at recreational beaches. The aim of this study was to evaluate water for human virus occurrence at two Southern California recreational beaches with a history of beach closures. Human enteric viruses (adenovirus and norovirus) and viral indicators (F+ and somatic coliphages) were measured in water samples over a 4-month period from Avalon Beach, Catalina Island (n = 324) and Doheny Beach, Orange County (n = 112). Human viruses were concentrated from 40 L samples and detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Detection frequencies at Doheny Beach were 25.5% (adenovirus) and 22.3% (norovirus), and at Avalon Beach were 9.3% (adenovirus) and 0.7% (norovirus). Positive associations between adenoviruses and fecal coliforms were observed at Doheny (p = 0.02) and Avalon (p = 0.01) Beaches. Human viruses were present at both beaches at higher frequencies than previously detected in the region, suggesting that the virus detection methods presented here may better measure potential health risks to bathers. These virus recovery, concentration, and molecular detection methods are advancing practices so that analysis of enteric viruses can become more effective and routine for recreational water quality monitoring.
Removal of ammonium ions by laboratory-synthesized zeolite linde type A adsorption from water samples affected by mining activities in Ghana
Authors: Kwakye-Awuah Bright , Labik Linus Kweku , Nkrumah Isaac , Williams Craig
Published: March 2014

Ammonium ion adsorption by laboratory-synthesized zeolite (linde type A; LTA) was investigated in batch kinetics experiments. Synthesized zeolite LTA was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Water samples were taken from the Nyam and Tano rivers in Ghana, and 0.8 g of zeolite was added to 100 ml portions of each sample. Portions of the samples were withdrawn every 30 min for 150 min and the concentration of ammonia in each sample was determined. The removal efficiency of zeolite LTA was evaluated by retrieving the zeolite from the water samples and adding to a fresh sample to repeat the process. Equilibrium data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacities were 72.99 mg g−1 for samples from the River Nyam and 72.87 mg g−1 for samples from the River Tano. The equilibrium kinetic data were analysed using adsorption kinetic models: pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Linear regression was used to estimate the adsorption and kinetic parameters. The results showed that the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and suggest that zeolite LTA is a good adsorbent for the removal of nitrogen ammonia from water.
Seasonal variation of acute gastro-intestinal illness by hydroclimatic regime and drinking water source: a retrospective population-based study
Authors: Galway Lindsay P. , Allen Diana M. , Parkes Margot W. , Takaro Tim K.
Published: March 2014

Acute gastro-intestinal illness (AGI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and an important public health problem. Despite the fact that AGI is currently responsible for a huge burden of disease throughout the world, important knowledge gaps exist in terms of its epidemiology. Specifically, an understanding of seasonality and those factors driving seasonal variation remain elusive. This paper aims to assess variation in the incidence of AGI in British Columbia (BC), Canada over an 11-year study period. We assessed variation in AGI dynamics in general, and disaggregated by hydroclimatic regime and drinking water source. We used several different visual and statistical techniques to describe and characterize seasonal and annual patterns in AGI incidence over time. Our results consistently illustrate marked seasonal patterns; seasonality remains when the dataset is disaggregated by hydroclimatic regime and drinking water source; however, differences in the magnitude and timing of the peaks and troughs are noted. We conclude that systematic descriptions of infectious illness dynamics over time is a valuable tool for informing disease prevention strategies and generating hypotheses to guide future research in an era of global environmental change.
Effect of temperature on the treatment of domestic wastewater with a staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor
Authors: Yoo R. H. , Kim J. H. , McCarty P. L. , Bae J. H.
Published: March 2014

A laboratory staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR) system was applied to the treatment of primary clarifier effluent from a domestic wastewater treatment plant with temperature decreasing from 25 to 10 °C. At all temperatures and with a total hydraulic retention time of 2.3 h, overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) removals were 89% and 94% or higher, with permeate COD and BOD5 of 30 and 7 mg/L or lower, respectively. No noticeable negative effects of low temperature on organic removal were found, although a slight increase to 3 mg/L in volatile fatty acids concentrations in the effluent was observed. Biosolids production was 0.01–0.03 kg volatile suspended solids/kg COD, which is far less than that with aerobic processes. Although the rate of trans-membrane pressure at the membrane flux of 9 L/m2/h increased as temperature decreased, the SAF-MBR was operated for longer than 200 d before chemical cleaning was needed. Electrical energy potential from combustion of the total methane production (gaseous and dissolved) was more than that required for system operation.
A two-stage storage routing model for green roof runoff detention
Authors: Vesuviano Gianni , Sonnenwald Fred , Stovin Virginia
Published: March 2014

Green roofs have been adopted in urban drainage systems to control the total quantity and volumetric flow rate of runoff. Modern green roof designs are multi-layered, their main components being vegetation, substrate and, in almost all cases, a separate drainage layer. Most current hydrological models of green roofs combine the modelling of the separate layers into a single process; these models have limited predictive capability for roofs not sharing the same design. An adaptable, generic, two-stage model for a system consisting of a granular substrate over a hard plastic ‘egg box’-style drainage layer and fibrous protection mat is presented. The substrate and drainage layer/protection mat are modelled separately by previously verified sub-models. Controlled storm events are applied to a green roof system in a rainfall simulator. The time-series modelled runoff is compared to the monitored runoff for each storm event. The modelled runoff profiles are accurate (mean Rt2 = 0.971), but further characterization of the substrate component is required for the model to be generically applicable to other roof configurations with different substrate.
A novel multi-objective electromagnetism-like mechanism algorithm with applications in reservoir flood control operation
Authors: Ouyang Shuo , Zhou Jianzhong , Qin Hui , Liao Xiang , Wang Hao
Published: March 2014

Reservoir flood control operation (RFCO) is a complex problem that involves various constraints and purposes, which include the safety of the dam, watershed flood control and navigation. These objectives often conflict with each other. Thus, traditional methods have difficulty in solving the multi-objective problem efficiently. In this paper, a multi-objective self-adaptive electromagnetism-like mechanism (MOSEM) algorithm is introduced in the local searching operation of the proposed method. To enhance the optimization ability of EM, a self-adaptive parameter is applied in the local search operation of MOSEM for adjusting the values of parameters dynamically. Moreover, MOSEM is tested by several benchmark test problems and compared with some well-known multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. A case study is also used for solving RFCO problems of the Three Georges Reservoir by using the multi-objective cultured differential evolution (MOCDE), non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and proposed MOSEM methods. The study results reveal that MOSEM can provide alternative Pareto-optimal solutions (POS) with better convergence properties and diversification.
Effects of longitudinal baffles on particles settling in a sedimentation basin
Authors: Park N. S. , Kim S. S. , Lee Y. J. , Wang C. K.
Published: March 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of longitudinal baffles on particles settling performance within a full-scale sedimentation basin with a flow rate of 1,000 m3/hr. Comparative experiments on turbidity removal efficiency and sludge deposit distribution were performed in longitudinally baffled and non-baffled sedimentation basins. The turbidity removal rate in the baffled sedimentation basin was observed to be higher than that in the non-baffled basin. In addition, the depth of the sludge deposit in the baffled sedimentation basin was approximately 20% less than that in the non-baffled sedimentation basin, and the sludge concentration was 10% higher. To explain these results and to further investigate the effects of longitudinal baffles, the authors performed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for both basin types. The results of this CFD simulation indicated that the flow, particularly near the outlet orifice, was more stable in the longitudinally baffled sedimentation basin. Moreover, it could be concluded that the longitudinal baffle enables a fully developed flow and is thus more effective for sedimentation.
Magnetic nanopowder as effective adsorbent for the removal of Congo Red from aqueous solution
Authors: Paşka O. , Ianoş R. , Păcurariu C. , Brădeanu A.
Published: March 2014

A magnetic iron oxide nanopowder (MnP), prepared by a simple and efficient combustion synthesis technique, was tested for the removal of the anionic dye Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution. The influence of solution pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, contact time and initial dye concentration on the adsorption of CR onto MnP were investigated. It was shown that the CR adsorption was pH dependent and the adsorption mechanism was governed by electrostatic forces. The adsorption kinetic was best described by the pseudo-second-order model and the equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, yielding maximum adsorption capacity of 54.46 mg g−1. The undeniable advantages of the MnP adsorbent such as inexpensive preparation method, good adsorption capacity and easy separation using an external magnetic field, recommend it as a promising candidate for the removal of anionic dyes from polluted water.
Biofilter design for effective nitrogen removal from stormwater – influence of plant species, inflow hydrology and use of a saturated zone
Authors: Payne Emily G. I. , Pham Tracey , Cook Perran L. M. , Fletcher Tim D. , Hatt Belinda E. , Deletic Ana
Published: March 2014

The use of biofilters to remove nitrogen and other pollutants from urban stormwater runoff has demonstrated varied success across laboratory and field studies. Design variables including plant species and use of a saturated zone have large impacts upon performance. A laboratory column study of 22 plant species and designs with varied outlet configuration was conducted across a 1.5-year period to further investigate the mechanisms and influences driving biofilter nitrogen processing. This paper presents outflow concentrations of total nitrogen from two sampling events across both ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ frequency dosing, and from sampling across two points in the outflow hydrograph. All plant species were effective under conditions of frequent dosing, but extended drying increased variation between species and highlighted the importance of a saturated zone in maintaining biofilter function. The saturated zone also effectively treated the volume of stormwater stored between inflow events, but this extended detention provided no additional benefit alongside the rapid processing of the highest performing species. Hence, the saturated zone reduced performance differences between plant species, and potentially acts as an ‘insurance policy’ against poor sub-optimal plant selection. The study shows the importance of biodiversity and inclusion of a saturated zone in protecting against climate variability.
Predicting combined sewer overflows chamber depth using artificial neural networks with rainfall radar data
Authors: Mounce S. R. , Shepherd W. , Sailor G. , Shucksmith J. , Saul A. J.
Published: March 2014

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) represent a common feature in combined urban drainage systems and are used to discharge excess water to the environment during heavy storms. To better understand the performance of CSOs, the UK water industry has installed a large number of monitoring systems that provide data for these assets. This paper presents research into the prediction of the hydraulic performance of CSOs using artificial neural networks (ANN) as an alternative to hydraulic models. Previous work has explored using an ANN model for the prediction of chamber depth using time series for depth and rain gauge data. Rainfall intensity data that can be provided by rainfall radar devices can be used to improve on this approach. Results are presented using real data from a CSO for a catchment in the North of England, UK. An ANN model trained with the pseudo-inverse rule was shown to be capable of predicting CSO depth with less than 5% error for predictions more than 1 hour ahead for unseen data. Such predictive approaches are important to the future management of combined sewer systems.
Modelling clogging and biofilm detachment in sponge carrier media
Authors: So M. , Naka D. , Goel R. , Terashima M. , Yasui H.
Published: March 2014

Sponge carrier media provide a large surface area for biofilm support; however, little information is known about how to model their dual nature as a moving bed and as porous media. To investigate the interaction of mass transfer and detachment with bio-clogging, a novel biofilm model framework was built based on individual-based modelling, and hydrodynamics were modelled using the lattice Boltzmann method. The combined model structure enabled the simulation of oxygen and biomass distribution inside the porous network as well as inside the biofilm. In order to apply the model to moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), biofilm detachment due to abrasion (carrier collisions) was modelled to be dependent on intracarrier distance. In the initial growth stage, biofilm grew homogeneously on the internal skeleton after which a more discontinuous growth developed which significantly increased permeability. Low detachment rates caused clogging in the outer pores which limited growth of biofilm to the surface region of the sponge. High detachment rates on the surface enabled deeper oxygen penetration with higher internal biomass activity. The degree of clogging was also sensitive to the presence of extracellular polymeric substances because of its large spatial occupancy.
Use of a three-dimensional model to predict heavy metal (copper) fluxes in the Oujiang estuary
Authors: Lu Shasha , Li Ruijie , Xia Xiaoming , Zheng Jun
Published: March 2014

Measuring pollutant concentrations in major tributaries is the standard method for establishing pollutant fluxes to the sea. However, this method is costly and difficult, and may be subject to a great deal of uncertainty due to the presence of unknown sources. This uncertainty presents challenges to managers and scientists in reducing contaminant discharges to water bodies. As one less costly method, a three-dimensional model was developed and used to predict pollutant fluxes to the sea. The sorptive contaminant model was incorporated into hydrodynamic and sediment models. Adsorption–desorption of copper by sediments in the Oujiang estuary were described using Henry's law. The model was validated using measured data for water surface elevations, flow velocity/direction, suspended sediment concentrations, and the proportion of copper sorbed to sediment. The validated model was then applied to predict fluxes of copper. Combined with the measured data, the copper concentration in the Oujiang River discharge was calculated as 13.0 μg/L and copper fluxes were calculated as 52 t in 2010. This copper flux prediction was verified using measured dissolved copper concentrations. Comparisons between the modeled and measured results showed good agreement at most stations, demonstrating that copper flux prediction in the Oujiang estuary was reasonably accurate.
The Recovery Process of Postpartum Psychosis from Both the Woman’s and Next of Kin’s Perspective - An Interview Study in Sweden
Authors: Engqvist I. , Nilsson K.
Published: March 2014

Objectives:

The most serious type of psychiatric disorder in connection with childbirth is postpartum psychosis. With this disorder occasionally follows emotional rejection of the infant which has serious long term effect on mother and child. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of the recovery process of postpartum psychosis from the women, from the partners of the women, and their next of kin.

Methods:

Interviews were conducted with seven women, who had previously suffered postpartum psychosis, and six of their next of kin. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.

Results:

Two categories emerged: the recovery process and the circumstances of the support provided. The women and their next of kin spoke about the turning point in the illness, their own personal as well as their social recovery, the importance of support not only from relatives and friends, but also from professionals, and the use of medication. However, the key to recovery was an internal decision by the women themselves.

Conclusion:

Conclusion is that the recovery from this severe mental disorder requires hard work and the key to their recovery was the decision made by the women. This disorder causes a mental darkness to descend, but at the start of the recovery a dim light shines in the dark tunnel. The nursing staff must be made aware that good sleep is important for the psychiatric treatment and that recovery may take a long time. The nurse needs to provide hope and encouragement, as well as help the woman to recognise the strength that exists within her. To reduce the risk of a recurrence of the disorder, the staff needs to offer follow up visits.
The vexing problem of defining the meaning, role and measurement of values in treatment decision-making
Authors: Charles Cathy , Gafni Amiram
Published: March 2014

Two international movements, evidence-based medicine (EBM) and shared decision-making (SDM) have grappled for some time with issues related to defining the meaning, role and measurement of values/preferences in their respective models of treatment decision-making. In this article, we identify and describe unresolved problems in the way that each movement addresses these issues. The starting point for this discussion is that at least two essential ingredients are needed for treatment decision-making: research information about treatment options and their potential benefits and risks; and the values/preferences of participants in the decision-making process. Both the EBM and SDM movements have encountered difficulties in defining the meaning, role and measurement of values/preferences in treatment decision-making. In the EBM model of practice, there is no clear and consistent definition of patient values/preferences and no guidance is provided on how to integrate these into an EBM model of practice. Methods advocated to measure patient values are also problematic. Within the SDM movement, patient values/preferences tend to be defined and measured in a restrictive and reductionist way as patient preferences for treatment options or attributes of options, while broader underlying value structures are ignored. In both models of practice, the meaning and expected role of physician values in decision-making are unclear. Values clarification exercises embedded in patient decision aids are suggested by SDM advocates to identify and communicate patient values/preferences for different treatment outcomes. Such exercises have the potential to impose a particular decision-making theory and/or process onto patients, which can change the way they think about and process information, potentially impeding them from making decisions that are consistent with their true values. The tasks of clarifying the meaning, role and measurement of values/preferences in treatment decision-making models such as EBM and SDM, and determining whose values ought to count are complex and difficult tasks that will not be resolved quickly. Additional conceptual thinking and research are needed to explore and clarify these issues. To date, the values component of these models remains elusive and underdeveloped.
Comparative effectiveness research in antineoplastic-induced nausea and vomiting control in children
Authors: Flank Jacqueline , Dupuis L Lee
Published: March 2014

Antineoplastic-induced nausea and vomiting (AINV) is one of the most distressing adverse effects experienced by adult and pediatric patients receiving antineoplastic agents. Despite this, evidence of the efficacy and safety of antiemetic interventions in children is limited, and prevention and treatment approaches vary widely between centers. The purpose of this review is: first, to describe the barriers to comparative antiemetic effectiveness research in AINV control in children; second, to highlight limitations of the currently available pediatric AINV evidence; third, to summarize and discuss comparative effectiveness research specific to AINV control in children, with a focus on agents recommended in evidence-based guidelines developed for acute phase AINV control; and finally, to offer guidance regarding future comparative effectiveness research in this field.
Silicon oxides as alignment surfaces for vertically-aligned nematics in photonic devices
Authors: Oton E. , López-Andrés S. , Bennis N. , Otón J. , Geday M.
Published: March 2014

A comparative study on alignment performance and microstructure of inorganic layers used for liquid crystal cell conditioning has been carried out. The study has focused on two specific materials, SiOx and SiO2, deposited under different conditions. The purpose was to establish a relationship between layer microstructure and liquid crystal alignment. The surface morphology has been studied by FESEM and AFM. An analysis on liquid crystal alignment, pretilt angle, response time, contrast ratio and the conditions to develop backflow effect (significant rise time increase due to pure homeotropic alignment) on vertically-aligned nematic cells has been carried out. A technique to overcome the presence of backflow has been identified. The full comparative study of SiOx and SiO2 layer properties and their influence over liquid crystal alignment and electrooptic response is presented.
IMPROVEMENT OF SEED GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS BY ACID AND MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION PRETREATMENTS
Authors: Gehlot Meenu , Kasera Pawan K.
Published: March 2014

Phyllanthus amarus (Bhui-Aanwalaa: Family: Euphorbiaceae) is considered to be the most important medicinal plant of the Indian Thar desert. The present article deals with its seed morphological parameters, seed output, reproductive capacity (RC), germination behavior, seedling growth, root: shoot ratio (R/S ratio), germination value (GV) and vigour index (VI) in fresh and one-year-old seeds under controlled laboratory conditions. Results revealed that 73.33 and 60% germination was observed in fresh and one-year-old seeds as compared to the control (20% in fresh; while 36.67% in one-year-old seeds) after providing mechanical + conc. H2SO4 scarification for 2 and 1 min, respectively. The maximum VI and GV were obtained in mechanical + conc. H2SO4 scarification for 2 min pretreatments in fresh seeds.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9848EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 19, 2012Page: 1-5Uploaded date: 2/14/2014
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C, L-ASCORBATE 2-TRIPHOSPHATE CALCIUM (LATP-Ca) ON OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR CARP ROHU (LABEO ROHITA) REARED IN A NATURAL CONCRETE POND
Authors: Labh Shyam Narayan
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin C L-ascorbate 2-triphosphate (LATP-Ca)on Indian major carp rohu (Labeo rohita) (Hamilton) during intensive aquaculture. Rohu were fedwith vitamin C (LATP-Ca) supplementation at doses of D1 (control) and D2 (500 mg/kg) diet for 10weeks. The effects were assessed by comparing the treated groups of fish to that of control group.Vitamin C (LATP-Ca) supplementation exerted significant (P<0.05) effects on oocyte developmentof rohu (Labeo rohita). A number of distinct developmental stages of oocyte can be delineated andoocyte growth in major carp rohu (Labeo rohita) found in two distinct phases; primary growthphase (PGP) and the secondary growth phase (SGP). In PGP, oogonia, chromatin nucleolus, earlyand peri nucleolus stage oocyte with Balbiani’s vitelline body were observed while two types ofinclusions, lipid and protein, respectively were formed during vitellogenesis in the SGP. SGPdevelopment was found for a short period of time as compared to PGP. Similarly, development ofoocyte was very poor in fish fed with controlled diet.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9849EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 19, 2012Page: 7-15Uploaded date: 2/14/2014
AGRO-BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION THROUGH SEED BANKING: A CASE STUDY FROM MID-WESTERN AND FAR-WESTERN NEPAL
Authors: Pokhrel Chandra P. , Bhandari Vimla , Lakhe Pramesh , Yadav Ram Kailash P.
Published: March 2014

The present paper deals with the perception and practices of farmers on production, processing and storage of seeds as well as role of Community Seed Banks (CSBs) in seed supply and conservation of agro-biodiversity. The study was conducted in three VDCs namely Belwa, Masuriya and Beldandi of Bardia, Kailai and Kanchanpur districts, respectively. Of the sampled respondents, 44.4% used only local varieties and the rest of them used all local, improved and hybrid varieties. Farmers in the study area have their own criteria of seed selection such as yield potential, growth period, resistance to disease and pest, taste, shape and color. Traditionally, farmers store their seeds in a special clay pot called “Dehari” and “Kuthali: CSB is the alternative way of their seed storage. Total 75 varieties of paddy, 13 varieties of wheat and 10 varieties of maize were stored in CSBs. Eight varieties of millet, 5 varities of mustard and 12 varieties of pulse, 4 varieties of gram and two varieties of soybean were also stored. CSBs were found to be useful to the farmers in many ways such as easy availability of seeds, on-farm conservation of local varieties, conservation of local and traditional knowledge and change in their livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9852  EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 19, 2012Page: 1-5Uploaded date: 2/14/2014
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR IMMOBOLIZATION OF HEAVY METALS FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL
Authors: Sharma Baby , Chettri Mukesh Kumar
Published: March 2014

To understand the remedial measures of heavy metals from contaminated soil, three vegetable (Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa and Lepidium sativum) were grown on soil artificially contaminated with 300 mg kg-1 CuCl2, 500 mg kg-1 Pb(NO3)2, 800 mg kg-1 ZnCl2 or their mixed metal (1600 mg kg-1). This experiment showed that Cu and Pb accumulation in vegetables are higher in lime treatments than in 20% cowdung treatments. Zinc accumulation increased in B. rapa and L. sativum in both cow dung and lime treatments compared to control. Accumulation of Cu, Pb and Zn from mixed metal treatment was highest in L. sativum (at lime 9 g kg-1 for Cu and Pb, and 20% cow dung for Zn). Morphological changes such as fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, root length, mostly increased significantly (P≤0.01) with Zn and cow dung treatment, but none with lime treatment. Fresh and dry weight increased only in L. sativum grown in 3 g kg-1 lime treatment. Immobilization of Cu, Pb and Zn in both single and mixed treatments was found to be high in cow dung amended soil. From this it can be ascertained that 20% cow dung treatment is suitable for immobilization of supplied heavy metals than lime treatments. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9853EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 19, 2012Page: 1-5Uploaded date: 2/14/2014
Preliminary Studies on some Nepalese Kitchen Spices for their Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Khanal Dhama Prasad , Raut Bechan , Bajracharya Kiran Sundar , Karki Raj Kumar
Published: March 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i2.9903 Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol.1(2) 2013; 12-18
The PPI value of open foams and its estimation using image analysis
Authors: Ohser Joachim , Redenbach Claudia , Moghiseh Ali
Published: March 2014

The mean number of pores per inch (PPI value) is one of the most important geometric characteristics of cellular materials such as open or closed foams. It is defined as the number of pores (cells) along a straight test line related to the line length. Counting cells along a test line sounds very simple, but on the surface of an open foam specimen it is often hard to decide whether a cell hits the line or not. Thus, there exists no quick and safe method to estimate the PPI value from an optical image taken from the specimen's surface. In this article, we present a very efficient method of estimating the PPI value of foams from optical dark-field images of the surface of a foam sample. The method is based on the computation of the spectral density of the (two-dimensional) dark field images. It turns out that the radius of the first interference ring in the spectral density is proportional to the PPI value. The constant of proportionality can be determined from geometric models for open foams or analysis of three-dimensional images of foam samples. These techniques allow calibration of the estimation of the PPI value from the spectral density of two-dimensional dark field images.
Increasing meltwater discharge from the Nuuk region of the Greenland ice sheet and implications for mass balance (1960–2012)
Authors: Van As Dirk , Andersen Morten Langer , Petersen Dorthe , Fettweis Xavier , Van Angelen Jan H. , Lenaerts Jan T.M. , Van Den Broeke Michiel R. , Lea James M. , Bøggild Carl E. , Ahlstrøm Andreas P. , Steffen Konrad
Published: March 2014

We assess the runoff and surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland ice sheet in the Nuuk region (southwest) using output of two regional climate models (RCMs) evaluated by observations. The region encompasses six glaciers that drain into Godthåbsfjord. RCM data (1960–2012) are resampled to a high spatial resolution to include the narrow (relative to the native grid spacing) glacier trunks in the ice mask. Comparing RCM gridded results with automatic weather station (AWS) point measurements reveals that locally models can underestimate ablation and overestimate accumulation by up to tens of per cent. However, comparison with lake discharge indicates that modelled regional runoff totals are more accurate. Model results show that melt and runoff in the Nuuk region have doubled over the past two decades. Regional SMB attained negative values in recent high-melt years. Taking into account frontal ablation of the marine-terminating glaciers, the region lost 10–20 km3 w.e. a–1 in 2010–12. If 2010 melting prevails during the remainder of this century, a low-end estimate of sea-level rise of 5 mm is expected by 2100 from this relatively small section (2.6%) of the ice sheet alone.