bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and Identity in the cin éma de banlieue
Authors: Tarr Carrie
Published: October 2023

Despite the presence of increasing numbers of young French people of Maghrebi origin on screen and behind the camera during the mid-199os, their voices have been obscured by a critical discourse which either situates their film-making under the umbrella term cinema de banlieue or associates it with Algerian cinematic concerns. The first strategy includes them but renders them invisible, the second excludes them as Other to French cinema proper. Both refuse a perspective generated by the hybrid status of people whose double culture makes them both insiders and outsiders in relation to dominant French culture.
Remaking Paternity: Mon P ère ce h éros (Lauzier, I99I) and My Father the Hero (Miner, I994)
Authors: Mazdon Lucy
Published: October 2023

The 1980s and the early 1990s proved to be a fruitful period for the cinematic remake (the term is used here to refer specifically to Hollywood remakes of French cinematic works). Between 1980 and 1990 fifteen French films were remade by Hollywood, and another sixteen between 1990 and 1997. Thus the 1980s and 1990s have been the most productive period in terms of the remake in the history of cinema. French critics typically describe the process as a straightforward vertical trajectory from the ‘art’ of French cinema to the ‘popular’ commercialism of Hollywood; American studios, in need of new ideas, are said to use their economic power to purchase the rights to successful French films and thus undermine their career in the American market. They describe the process in terms of a debased commercialism which unavoidably reduces the French original to a popular copy.
“Ung Temple Y A, Plus Beau Ne Vit Oncq Nulz’: Fictions Of The Building In Jean Lemaire De Belges
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

Jean Lemaire’s temple of Venus, described and visited in his Concorde des deux langages of 15n, has the particularity among rhétoriqueur buildings of possessing a recognizable location at the confluence of Rhone and Saone. Like other textual buildings, however, it has successfully frustrated the attempts of scholars to identify it with a contemporary structure.
Introduction
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

AMIDST fake palm trees, manufactured fog, and transplanted camels, Natalia, a fashion model, plays the role of an exotic Arabian beauty on a night-time commercial shoot on the outskirts of Barcelona. A passing motorcyclist in black leather stops to watch while the filming winds clown, and then follows Natalia as she drives home along a remote highway. Playing cat and mouse with her car, the motorcyclist crashes onto the shoulder of the road. Natalia stops to help, chiding the young man for his foolish behaviour, and offers him a lift.
Sex, Lies, and Traditions: La Cubana’s Teresina, SA
Authors: Fernàndez Josep-Anton
Published: October 2023

The marriage of tradition and modernity is a central aspect of mod ern Catalan culture, an issue that virtually every generational move ment has had to address, because what is at stake in it are the twin issues of social cohesion and national difference. No other period has been more successful in this respect than Noucentisme, the conser vative, Catholic, neoclassical movement of the first two decades of this century, which played a major role in the institutionalization of Catalan culture, and which sought to modernize Catalan society through a set of reformist policies in order to avoid a revolutionary fracture.
Barcelona’s Magic Mirror: Narcissism or the Rediscovery of Public Space and Collective Identity?
Authors: Sánchez Antonio
Published: October 2023

The architectural success of Barcelona’s redevelopment has been widely acknowledged. The massive renovation began in the 1980s and gained new impetus with the city’s selection as the site for the 1992 Olympic Games, putting the city under enormous pressure to meet the technological and urban requirements of such a large scale public event. At the same time, this pressure provided a unique opportunity for transforming the city into an ultramodern yet human environment. This chapter explores the social repercussions of Barcelona’s aesthetic reconstruction. To do so, it will locate this urban renovation within the global context of late capitalism and its reterritorialization of decaying modern urban spaces into what Mike Featherstone (1991) terms ‘postmodern spaces’: that is, theme parks, shopping malls, tourist sites, and leisure areas based on architectural eclecticism as their common feature and on consumption and leisure as their dominant cultural experience.
Writing English
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

Mirsky spent nearly twelve years outside Russia. He had lost for ever the affluent security of his boyhood and youth, and also his élite social status, but in emigration he was never actually indigent or driven very far down the social scale. From 1921 to 1929 he prospered in every way. The first five of these years were Mirsky’s best from the point of view of enduring intellectual endeavour. The peak came in 1926-7 with his English-language history of Russian literature. Before this, he was establishing himself in the London literary and intellectual world. His publishing in English also paid due attention to the USA, where interest in Russian literature in some ways anticipated and surpassed what was going on in Britain.1 After toying with the idea for several years, he crossed the ocean for the first and only time on an academic visit in the summer of 1928.
Regional Bibliography
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

564 Anderson, John P. The book of British topography; a classified catalogue of the topographical works in the library of the British museum relating to Great Britain and Ireland. With a new introduction by.. .Jack Simmons. [East Ardsley], EP publishing, 1976. (First pub. London, W. Satchell, 1881; repr. Baltimore, Genealogical pub., 1970). xx,472p. 22cm. Repr. efBBLB2 855. 565 Martin, Geoffrey H. and Sylvia McIntyre. A bibliography of British and Irish municipal history. Leicester, Leicester U.P., [New York], Humanities pr., 1972– . v. 23cm. I. General works. (1972). –II.
French Culture and the Ricardian Court
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: October 2023

The French thirteenth-century fabliau La Male Honte plays on the comic confusion that arises when the English and the French both try to speak the same language. The joke begins with a pun in the title (it can mean both ‘foul shame’ and the bag (‘une male’) of a man called Honte) but the fabliau develops into more than merely a chauvinistic gag. Part of its cleverness consists in showing not so much that the English cannot speak French-perhaps the most enduring type of simple mockery between the two cultures-but rather how rampantly misunderstandings can develop when two speakers from different cultural contexts use the same piece of language, each assuming a total cultural possession over its meaning that makes the awareness of a potential ambiguity quite unthinkable.
The World and Heart of Thomas Usk
Authors: Medcalf Stephen
Published: October 2023

Thomas Usk had a subtle, vivid, and self-questioning mind, whose besetting fault was an excess of ingenuity. For example, in his Testament of Love, when Love tells him that she advances not the proud and unstable but those who are meek, yet manly and enduring, she gives as examples ‘David, that from keping of shepe was drawen up in-to the order of kingly governaunce; and Jupiter, from a bole, to hen Europes fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degrè in Rome, to be mayster of al erthly princes; and Eneas from hel, to be king of the countrè there Rome is now standing’ (Testament, I. v, 126-30).
The ‘Pearl’-Poet in his ‘Fayre Regioun
Authors: Turville-Petre Thorlac
Published: October 2023

Of John Burrow’s four Ricardians, three make claim to be national poets, two of them explicitly and the third implicitly. In the revised prologue to Confessio Amantis, Gower states his intention to write ‘A bok for Engelondes sake’, since ‘fewe men endite I In oure Englissh’ (Confessio Amantis, Prol. 22-4).
A Note on Hardy’s ‘A Spellbound Palace’
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Seldom can tourists, let alone visionary sightseers, have been less spellbound, if within that word there lurks some hope of fairy-tale fancies. The palace, spellbound, casts a spell all right, but a grim one; its spires of shadow cast a shade, which then in the end lengthens and erects itself, capitally, as a Shade, and then as two such. Hampton Court darkly feels not far enough from the Tower (as a favoured Minister of Henry VIII would do well to bear in mind), and Towertourism would have its sombre side.
Anne wentworth (fl. 1676-1679)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Mrs Wentworth, who apparently lived with her husband in White-Cross Street in London, is known only by two pamphlets, A Vindication of Anne Wentworth (1677) and The Revelation of Jesus Christ (1679).
A Lady of Quality (Before 1685)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

This translation of Sappho is notable for its blurring of The gender of The object addressed, and for its use of erotically coded words: though most of The women’s writing in The collection it comes from is by Aphra Behn, she would not have referred to herself as ‘A Lady of Quality’.
Barbara mackay, lady scourie (fl. 1660s/70s)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Nothing is known of this woman, beyond The information which can be gleaned from her manuscript, Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Wodrow Qu. XXVII, a presentation copy of Lady Scourie’s verse paraphrase of The Song of Solomon and The Lamentations of Jeremiah, with The addition of a few original religious and moral poems at The end, inscribed by The author to The Countess of Caithness.
A Young Lady (fl. 1691)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The poems ‘Henric to Maria’ and ‘Maria to Henric’ is consciously modelled on Ovid’s Heroides, narrative poems in The person of a series of mythological great lovers. The Heroides attracted considerable interest from women poets in The later seventeenth century, following Their translation into English: Aphra Behn composed a version of Ovid’s Oenone to Paris (included in this anthology, no. 204), and Anne Wharton tackled Penelope to Ulysses. The idea of writing a heroidic poem on The reigning King and Queen probably also owes somewhat to Drayton’s England’s Heroic al Epistles, which is a series of fictitious verse loveletters exchanged between pairs of English, and mostly royal, lovers. Despite The fact that William was notoriously an admirer of his own sex, Queen Mary was devoted to him, a fact which was widely publicized.
Angharad Pritchard, Née james (1677-1749)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Angharad James was The ancestor of several of The most eminent Nonconformist preachers of The nineteenth century, and is Therefore less obscure than most Welsh-language women poets. Family traditions recorded in a book on her great-grandson John Jones Talsarn represent her as a forceful character, prominent in her neighbourhood, well-educated in classics and The law, a prolific poet, and a fine harpist (Owen Thomas, Cofiant John Jones Talsarn (Wrexham 1874), 24-5).
Introduction
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

This book examines the relation of criticism to modernity. In doing so, it investigates the ways in which the formulations of aesthetic theory that occur within philosophy and literature impinge upon the political formations of the modern European nation-states. Hence, the book offers a study of the relations of aesthetics to politics in the emergence of what we now think of as a specific kind of ‘democratic’ society; but within this, questions regarding the relation of taste to democracy must also be addressed.
Tragedy and the Nationalist Condition of Criticism
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

Criticism, as we know it in modernity, depends upon an attitude which is, tacitly at least, nationalist in fact and in origin: within modernity, there is a specific relation between aesthetic criticism and the formulation of the emergent nation-state, especially within what is becoming known as Europe.
Allegra ( 1817—1818)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The Shelley party–Shelley himself, Mary, their child William, Elise, (William’s Swiss nurse), and Claire–left Geneva on 29 August 1816, arriving in England on 8 September. They crossed the Channel to Portsmouth and set off for the West Country, avoiding the Godwins (who knew nothing of Claire’s affair with Byron) for fear of revealing her pregnancy. In Bath, where they settled, the Shelleys, with William and Elise, lived at 5 Abbey Churchyard, while Claire awaited her own child’s birth at 12 New Bond Street, where she passed under the name of Mrs Clairmont. Nevertheless, Mary’s repressed irritation with Claire continued, and in December she specified what she called ‘absentia Clariae’ as most desirable. Encouraged by Shelley, however, Mary found relief in writing her novel, Frankenstein.
In paris (1842—1845)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Claire once wrote to Jane that she felt herself like a weathercock, veering about to every point of life, because she had no ‘attachment’. She certainly knew flirtations, which amused her, perhaps brief love affairs which left no regrets, but nothing to match her early worship of Byron.
Inheritance (1844—1846)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

During the years of the Italian intrigue, Claire had learnt to follow the Parisian custom and leave the city each summer during the hot weather. She did not travel far, but explored the villages of the Seine with their waterside cares and holiday fishermen or the royal parks of the Ile de France. At Versailles ‘the air was like heaven’. In spring r844 she went to stay in ‘a miserable lodging’ at St Germain-en-Laye because ‘economy for my brother is uppermost in my intentions’. The lodgings mattered little, since she wanted to be out of doors, walking in the forest or on the Terrace with its famous view over the valley, the winding Seine, and the woods. Here a letter from Mary was redirected to her.
Religio Medici and Newgate
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Apart from two, very brief references Religio Libertini has not attracted the attention of critics.2 Richard Burridge, its author, has fared no better. Whereas Mackenzie and Dunton both achieved some fame in their time, Burridge belongs to the great legion of eighteenth-century hacks who failed to make a name for themselves. His most ingenious move, it would appear, was to create a link between himself and Browne by adopting the title of the latter’s work. Keynes swallowed Burridge’s bait, and this has led to the inclusion of Religio Libertini among Religio Medici’s imitations.
The Resurrection of Morris W. Croll
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Twentieth-century criticism of Browne’s style has been dominated by two major figures, Morris W Croll and Stanley E. Fish. While the former elevates Browne to the position of a representative seventeenth-century anti-Ciceronian or baroque writer, the latter stigmatizes him as the bad physician. This disparity in judgement originates in their very different approaches to seventeenth-century style.
Anatomizing Religio Medici’s Imitations
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

The investigation into the use of conjunctions in Religio Medici has produced results against which the extent and nature of the imitation by its successors may now be examined. Pairings, correlative coordinators, co-ordinating conjunctions, and the nature of their connection again assume central importance. A comparative analysis of these features is particularly helpful in determining the extent of the imitation of Religio Medici in Religio Stoici, Religio Bibliopolce, and Religio Libertini. With the exception of pairings, the nature of these features does not lend itself easily to imitation.
The Division of the Spoils
Authors: Kent Bruce
Published: October 2023

The preliminary reparation demands of the Allies during the armistice period were indirectly responsible for prolonging the starvation of the German civilian population into the early months of 1919; and they contributed directly, if marginally, to the general economic and political dislocation of post-war Germany. Paradoxically, however, the surrealism of the sums which the victors mooted at the end of 1918 prevented the inauguration of a full scale reparation scheme for several years. Because they. were unwilling to disappoint the hopes that had been aroused, the statesmen at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 quickly became deadlocked over questions of assessment and distribution. A dispute between the British Empire, which registered a tactical claim for enormous general war costs, and France, which had an interest in a more restricted demand for purely physical reparation, was finally resolved at Germany’s expense by a compromise agreement that the pensions and separation allowances of combatants and their dependants should be admitted as categories of damage.
Sympathy And The Polite Classes
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

We Leave The Plebeian World Now. The Next Two Parts of the book examine how the middle classes felt about the bloody code-or the polite and would-be polite classes, as we might more inclusively call them. The reference is chiefly to literary, profes sional, and commercial people, mainly in London, because there they left most records. But it sometimes has to include worldly-wise gentry, along with those trading and middling kinds who had an interest in dis playing civility and good manners and making their opinions heard.
The Estates Of The Earls
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

The earls were by far the most prominent group of laymen in England during the reign of Edward the Confessor. This is clear from a reading of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for this period; they appear consistently as witnesses to both royal and private charters; and Domesday Book reveals that the earls were also the holders of the greatest lay estates during Edward’s reign. The five richest land holders were all earls, and of the twenty greatest lay estates, half were held either by earls or their wives (see Table 2.1). Furthermore, in twenty-six counties the largest lay estate was held by a member of the earlish families (see Fig. 2.1).
Dependent Tenure and Relationships TRE
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

The majority of entries in Domesday Book give no more details about the tenure of land TRE than the name of the Saxon who is said to have held it at that time. For Great Tew (Oxon.) the entry reads: ‘Alnod Chentisc tenuit’, while the entry for old Swinford (Worcs.) says only ‘Uluuinus tenuit’. However, for a sizeable minority of entries more information is provided, either concerning the holder or the manner in which the land was held. Achi was said to have held Romsley (Worcs.) ‘libere’. Asgeir the Staller held lvinghoe Aston ‘in dominio’. Other entries suggest more complex tenurial arrangements. Beorhtric, JElfgar’s son, held I hide at Bushley (Worcs.) ‘de episcopo’. At Hexton (Herts.) 1 hide was held by ‘Alric homo Asgari Stair. Vendere potuit’. In Cambridgeshire, Grimbold held Quy under (sub) Eadgifu the Fair, and did not have the right to sell his land without the consent of his lord. In Surrey, Osmund held 15 hides ‘de rege Edwardo’. This chapter will cover the various forms of tenure implied by these formulas, and attempt to build up a picture of the dependent relationships which existed in England at the time of the Conquest.
Conversion
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

IT is clear that the erection of rune-stones answered religious and social needs in a period of transition; as pointed out in Chapter 1.3.2, the simple burial customs of the Christians broke dramatically with old traditions. Missionaries objected to the building of lavish constructions over the graves and to the rich furnishing of them; instead, they urged relatives to make gifts on behalf of the dead to them as representatives of the Church. Before churches and churchyards were built and became the natural places for memorials, ostentatious rune-stones in public places met the continued demand for the display of family wealth and status in a way that was probably also encouraged by the Church. The Christian rune-monuments of Scandinavia can be seen as an equivalent to the local shrines built by newly converted aristocrats on the Continent some five hundred years earlier; having made such provision for the memory of themselves and their kin, they were content with the humble Christian burial in nothing but a shroud.
The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West c.300–1200
Authors: Crook John
Published: October 2023

This book explores the way in which church architecture from the earliest centuries of Christianity has been shaped by holy bones - the physical remains or 'relics' of those whom the Church venerated as saints. The Church's holy dead continued to exercise an influence on the living from beyond the grave, and their earthly remains provided a focus for prayer. The memorial, house-churches and crypts of early Christian Rome; the elaborately decorated monuments containing the bodies of the bishops of Merovingian Gaul; the revival of ring crypts in the Carshingian empire; the crypts, 'tomb-shrines', and later high shrines of medieval England, all demonstrate how the presence of a holy body within a church influenced its very architecture. This is the first complete modern study of this hitherto somewhat neglected aspect of medieval church architecture in western Europe.
What Kind of Men?
Authors: Aylmer G E
Published: October 2023

For reasons which will already be clear, it is not feasible to ask the simple question—who were the servants of Charles 11? —and to expect a sensible answer. No single random sample or selection drawn from all those who held office and who qualify as Crown servants between the end of May 1660 and the beginning of February 168 5 will enable us even to ask, let alone to answer the kind of questions needed to construct a meaningful group portrait or corporate profile. The method which I have adopted instead is to compile a list of all the offices of sufficient significance, from the very top to the middle levels, so as to give an approximate balance across the different branches of the court and the administration; I have then tried to identify their holders at ten-yearly intervals, in June 1663, June 1673, and June 1683.
The Waters of the Nile
Authors: Collins Robert O
Published: October 2023

This is a study of the evolution of proposals to develop the Nile Basin to ensure the best use of its precious waters. The hydropolitics of the Nile Valley is the most important issue today for the future of the inhabitants of Egypt, the Sudan, Ethiopia, and East Africa. The story of `Nile Control' is the product of British, Egyptian, and Sudanese engineers and hydrologists, whose designs have determined the way of life of the millions who depend upon the Nile waters for their survival.
The Revival of Jonglei
Authors: Collins Robert O
Published: October 2023

On the sparkling, sunlit morning of 18 August 1955, No. 2 Company of the Equatorial corps was drawn up on the parade ground at Torit, in preparation for boarding trucks for Juba and proceeding by steamer to Khartoum. The troops were apprehensive, for rumours had been circulating that the transfer to Khartoum was a plot to enslave or murder them. They were all from the southern Sudan, for the most part illiterate veterans who had never served beyond the frontiers of the south and who had settled comfortably at the headquarters of the corps in Torit, with families and farms surrounding the garrison town.
Impact and Opportunity
Authors: Collins Robert O
Published: October 2023

No sooner had the Bucketwheel taken its first bite into the clay soils of the Upper Nile than a barrage of criticism concerning the impact of the canal on the ecosystem of the Sudd was let loose, Originally emanating from the UN environmental programme headquarters in Nairobi, the hue and cry of the environmentalists soon appeared in the European press, particularly in France and Germany. Some times thoughtful, often strident, frequently ignorant, a steady stream of copy poured forth from the media, led by a coalition of environmental groups in Europe and the USA known as the environmental liaison centre, with headquarters in Nairobi, which demanded an immediate moratorium on any construction work in the canal zone.1 In 1977 the UN conference on desertification, held in Nairobi, provided a global forum for those who denounced the canal as advancing the march of sand southward from the Sahara while drastically altering the climate of Sudan’s neighbours. The discussions culminated in a packed meeting, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society, in London on 5 October 1982, entitled ‘The Impact of the Jonglei Canal in the Sudan’.
Thunder on the Nile
Authors: Collins Robert O
Published: October 2023

Relations between the southern Sudanese and President Ja’far Numayri began to undergo subtle but important changes not long after the euphoria occasioned by the Addis Ababa Agreement dissipated in the face of the political facts of life in the Sudan. The treaty of integration between Egypt and the Sudan of February 1974, and the subsequent inauguration of the Sudan development corporation for the creation of agricultural schemes in the northern Sudan, disturbed the more sophisticated southerners, while the people expressed their disenchantment by the Juba riots in October and grumbled over food shortages and lack of school facilities. Northern lack of interest, if not neglect, was further underlined for the southerners by the appearance of friendly but frequently competitive humanitarian agencies who, with an imperialism untempered by the paternalism of former British administrators, Catholic fathers, and Protestant missionaries, carved out protectorates in which their eagerness to develop and improve was often compromised by their ethnocentrism and arrogance. In Khartoum, the south was conspicuously under-represented in the corridors of power, having only three Cabinet members in charge of minor ministries.
From Pressburg to Tilsit,1806-1807
Authors: Schroeder Paul w.
Published: October 2023

If the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars are seen in the usual way, as a series of attempts to defeat France and restore a balance of power in Europe, 1806-7 brought nothing new. All that happened essentially was the revival of the Third Coalition in a different form, leading to more battles, another Napoleonic victory, and a further expansion of his empire. But if the real story, as this book argues, is the transformation of international politics during this era; if this change required a long, painful process of learning from hard experience; and if what needed to be learned was less how to defeat France than how to construct a peaceful Europe and a stable international system on a new basis, then this period emerges as an important stage in the learning process, in which there were some set-backs but also some irreversible progress.
The Templars and the Hospitallers, 1274–1565: Disaster and Adaptation
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

Of the three great international Military Orders whose chief function, in 1274, was the defence of the Holy Land, the most successful in the late Middle Ages was the Teutonic Order. Its achievements in colonizing and governing Prussia and Livonia, and in waging a prolonged war against Lithuania, will be recounted in Chapter 11.1 The older Orders of the Hospital and the Temple followed very different paths. The Knights of St John found the task of adaptation to changing circumstances after 1291 a painful one. Although they quickly succeeded in finding a new base for their operations at Rhodes, more than a century passed before they evolved a new role as a front-line power in Christendom’s struggle against the Turks; and that role was essentially a reactive one, the result of Ottoman successes and the gradual realization, at Rhodes and in the West, of the island-fortress’s strategic importance. As for the Templars, the trial and suppression of their entire Order between 1307 and 1312 represented a catastrophic sequence of events whose causality and significance remain highly problematic.
The Enemy Within: Crusading against Christians
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

Some of the most important crusades in the late Middle Ages were waged against men and women who had been baptized as Catholics. In some cases they comprised groups holding heterodox beliefs, against whom the normal procedures established by the Church for the investigation and suppression of heresy had failed, or could not even be applied. In others they were individuals in possession of secular authority, whose political opposition to the papacy was construed as posing a serious threat to the integrity and faith of the Church. Both forms of crusade, and especially the latter, aroused controversy in their day; and they still provoke lively disagreement amongst scholars of the crusading movement. In this chapter we shall therefore need not only to examine the crusades themselves, but also to give some attention to their historical origins and the polemic to which they gave rise.
Religious Unity in Three Kingdoms and in One: Religion, Politics, and Charles I 1625-1642
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: October 2023

Sir Henry Slings by, a minor member of the Long Parliament, confided to his diary that the Long Parliament’s task in negotiating an Anglo-Scottish treaty was ‘like tossing three balls in one hand, which requires both the eye and hand to be very steeddy, lest one ball do enter fore with another, and all miscarry’. This remark might have been made about any part of the British problem under Charles I, and what applies to the problem must also apply to its historian: whatever theme he takes up, he will be neglecting others. The story makes a highly untidy drama, constantly confused by the presence of too many actors on stage, and that confusion, because it affected the participants, was a significant cause of civil war.
The Nature of the State
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K
Published: October 2023

The Victorian state remains elusive. Little has been found in the way of a corpse, so that analysis must largely be confined to a study of tracks and footprints. Contemporaries developed no definitive view, let alone theory, of the ‘state’ as a coherent entity. Instead, ‘government’—its proper limits and functions—was the focus of their concerns. What cannot be doubted is that the scope and character of government in its economic, social, and bureaucratic manifestations changed during the Victorian period. What remains open to interpretation is the significance of these changes, their extent, nature, inspiration, and effect.
Ireland and the Glorious Revolution: From Kingdom to Colony
Authors: Kelly Patrick
Published: October 2023

In considering the question of Ireland and the Glorious Revolution, one is immediately struck by the fact that Ireland did not experience the Glorious Revolution in the sense in which the term is understood in the history of England and Scotland. The occupancy of the throne indeed changed as a result of the Glorious Revolution, as in the other kingdoms of the British monarchy, but this change and the settlement which followed was largely imposed from without as a result of more than two years of intermittent warfare. In Ireland the Revolution was not marked as in England and Scotland by constitutional debate, nor did it produce any central revolutionary document such as the Declaration of Rights or Claim of Right. By default, therefore, the central document of the Revolution in Ireland was the treaty which ended the Jacobite War, and for many reasons the Treaty of Limerick was ill-suited as the basis for a settlement, not least because the Irish Protestant colonists who emerged as dominant after the war had no voice in making the Treaty. The contrast with the circumstances of the Restoration in 166o could not be more striking.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin
Published: October 2023

1.1 This report investigates capital requirements for investment managers. It was commissioned by the Investment Management Regulatory Organization (IMRO) as part of an exercise to evaluate IMRO’s capital requirements. 1.2 The study was performed during 1988. It took place against the background of substantial changes: the implementation of the Financial Services Act in April 1988, fundamental changes to the structure of financial services in London, the October 1987 stock market crash, and the prospect of further changes arising from the dismantling of barriers to the free flow of capital and financial services in the EEC in 1992. There was therefore considerable uncertainty about the direction in which financial services were moving and much debate about the appropriate form that investor protection should take in the UK and elsewhere.
Risks in the Investment Management Business and their Effect on Investors
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin
Published: October 2023

1.1 This chapter investigates the risks born by an investor who employs an investment manager to manage or advise on the management of a portfolio. There are several different classes of risk that the investor faces. First and most obviously, the performance of the underlying assets reflects the quality of an investment manager’s portfolio selection and an adviser’s recommendations. However, unless minimum returns have been guaranteed or negligence can be demonstrated, the manager is not liable to the investor for under-performance. Comparative performance of investment managers is not therefore the proper subject of regulation and is not pursued here.
Introduction
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2023

This book puts forward a ‘new’ approach to macroeconomics which draws upon the experience of the Japanese economy. The approach is akin to what Tobin (1993) calls the ‘Old Keynesian View’, and therefore is not really new. But, by maintaining that real demand constraints are important not only in the short run, but also in the long run, it goes beyond what is normally understood as the Keynesian approach.
Demand Constraint, Technical Progress, and Economic Growth: A Model of Demand-Led Growth
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2023

The foregoing chapters have attempted to establish, from various angles, that real demand constraint is an essential factor in the macro economy. This final chapter argues that real demand constraint is essential not only in the short run, but also for the long-run growth of the economy. I put forward a new demand-led growth model, and with it analyse the rapid growth and slowdown of the post-war Japanese economy.
France: the Institutionalization of Plurality
Authors: Muller-Escoda Béatrice , Vogt Ulla
Published: October 2023

Cecile has her father’s name. Her mother is divorced and has changed her surname back to her maiden name. François, the man with whom her mother is now involved in a long-term relationship, his son and Cécile all receive their mail at the same address. Three different surnames are posted on the mailbox of this apparently very ‘normal’ family made up of an adult couple and two children.
Divorce in Europe -A Cohort Perspec tive
Authors: Klein Thomas , Kopp Johannes
Published: October 2023

An increase in divorce rates which can be observed throughout Eu rope as well as in other parts of the world (Goode, 1993) is one of the most significant changes in family behaviour to have occurred during the past decades. Social scientists are interested in divorce not only because the family (as an institution) has been affected by marital instability in a basic way, but also because the consequences for both partners, their children, and society as a whole are remarkable (see Furstenberg, 1990; Kitson & Morgan, 1990; Selt zer, 1994; Whitehead, 1997).
The Characteristics of NGOs: Is There a Comparative Advantage?
Authors: Riddell Roger C , Robinson Mark , Coninck John De , Muir Ann , White Sarah
Published: October 2023

Non—governmental organizations (NGOs) embrace a wide array of agencies within and across different countries of the world. At their broadest, NGOs are simply agencies or groups which are different from government bodies. However, NGOs are distinctive in containing a voluntary component and because they do not operate for profit. Development NGOs are thus a category of NGOs defined by their purpose of providing development assistance. But even in development parlance, the term NGO is used to encompass a whole range of organizations which differ in size, function, and geographical location. Thus the term can be used to describe small, locally based, and loosely established voluntary and largely grass—roots types of associations, as well as large, national, and even transnational voluntary associations with formal constitutions, employing hundreds of staff. They may be engaged in relief, emergency, or longer—term development work or a mixture of all three.
Modern Retributivism
Authors: Walker Nigel
Published: October 2023

Time was when retributivists were straightforward believers in the moral duty to punish. If they differed from each other it was over the nature of this duty, as we shall see. What has been called ‘modern retributivism’ is something else: a disillusioned reaction from utilitarianism. The disillusionment has been created partly by penologists who have questioned the efficacy of attempts to deter or reform, partly by moralists who have argued that such attempts are unethical even if effective. I shall argue that the penologists’ evidence has been the subject of exaggerated interpretations; that the moralists’ objections rest either on failures to make necessary distinctions or on outright fallacies; and that modern retributivism has not solved the problems of classical retributivism.
Fairness, Truth, and Silence: The Criminal Trial and the Judge’s Exclusionary Discretion
Authors: Allan T R S
Published: October 2023

In the leading case on the nature and extent of the judge’s exclusionary discretion in the criminal trial, Lord Scarman distinguished two faces of the common law. Its first, and sterner, face was that, generally speaking, all relevant evidence was admissible, however obtained. As Crompton J had brusquely asserted, ’It matters not how you get it; if you steal it even, it would be admissible.’ The second, and merciful, face of the law was the judge’s discretion to exclude admissible evidence if the strict application of the law would operate unfairly against the accused. It is a familiar feature of the law of evidence in criminal cases that the effect of the rules may be adjusted in fairness to the defendant, although the scope of judicial discretion in that regard is deeply controversial.
Competition Law
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we will examine Japanese competition law (the Antimonopoly Law). Since the scope of this law is so wide, some specific problems are dealt with in other chapters. For example, patent licensing will be dealt with elsewhere1 and the legal problems with regard to exemption from the Anti-monopoly Law, which authorizes private associations and combinations, are dealt with in another chapter.
Foreign Trade and Investment Laws
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo
Published: October 2023

The laws regulating international trade and investment are numerous. If we take a broad definition of laws and regulations which affect international trade and investment, the major parts of the Civil Code which deal with contracts and properties and those of the Commercial Code dealing with corporations and commercial transactions are relevant. However, laws dealing with private transactions such as contract laws and corpora-tion laws will be treated in other volumes in this series. In this book, our focus is on the public regulation of international trade and investment.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and the Evidence
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary
Published: October 2023

The discretionary exclusion of admissible evidence is at times possible. This chapter explains when it is. In the absence of a specific statutory provision there is no regular legal discretion to do the reverse-to admit evidence which is prima fade inadmissible. Scholars have advocated the discretionary admission of reliable hearsay, but the House of Lords has refused to countenance the idea. In Myers v. DPP, one of the leading decisions on the hearsay rule, Lord Reid remarked: ‘It is true that a judge has discretion to exclude legally admissible evidence if justice so requires, but it is a very different thing to say that he has a discretion to admit legally inadmissible evidence.’
R
Authors: Toth A G
Published: October 2023

Residence Document See Residence Permit RESIDENCE PERMIT Document serving as proof that the holder is entitled under Community law to the right of residence in the territory of the issuing Member State. As Community law stands at present, the following categories of person are entitled to the right of residence and, consequently, to a residence permit, provided that they are nationals of a Member State (the nationality requirement does not apply to family members): workers employed in the host Member State and members of their families to whom Reg. 1612/68 applies (Dir. 68/360, Arts. 1 and 4(1) and (2), OJ Sp. Edn. 1968 (II), p. 485); workers remaining in the host Member State after having been employed there and members of their families as defined in Art. 10 of Reg. 1612/68 (Reg. 1251/70, Arts. 1 and 6, OJ Sp. Edn. 1970 (II), p. 402);
‘Shall not be Denied the Right . . . to Enjoy Their Own Culture, to Profess and Practise Their OwnReligion, or to Use Their Own Language’
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

The above phrases describe the State’s obligations to its minorities. The phrase ‘shall not be denied the right’ contrasts with the language used elsewhere in the Covenant. The language of the other Articles is more positive in tone: everyone ‘shall have the right’ or ‘has the right’ is normal usage throughout the Covenant as in ‘Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion’ (Article 18(1) ) or ‘Every child has the right to acquire a nationality’ (Article 24(3) ). Express prohibitions of governmental or state activity are equally strongly phrased as in ‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment .. .’ (Article 7). The ‘stronger’ phraseology applies to collective as well as individual rights: thus, all peoples ‘have the right’ of self determination according to Article 1 of the Covenant. The significance of this difference of language is not clear, and different conclusions have been drawn from it. Robinson comments on Article 27, the tone of which is substantially determined by its negative phrasing, that it represents ‘a classic example of restrictive toleration of minorities’.
Limitations on Article 27
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

Apart from the question of the ‘existence’ or ‘non-existence’ of a minority which may be used to limit rights in the interpretation of some States, are there other limitations on the exercise of minority rights contained either in the remaining phrases of the Article, at least by implication as there is no express limitation, or by virtue of other provisions of the Covenant? The existence of certain limitations was strongly suggested by a number of States Representatives in the drafting stages of the Covenant.
The Helsinki Final Act and Minorities: A Note
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, 1975, is one other major document of modern international relations which makes references to ‘minorities’ in its text. The Final Act was signed by representatives of thirty-four States, including the United States and the USSR, and by the Holy See.The Final Act is not a treaty; the signatories did not wish to bind themselves by an international treaty. A paragraph in the concluding part of the document is clear on this: ‘The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested to transmit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the text of the Final Act, which is not eligible for registrationunder Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations ... .’ Article 102 of the Charter provides that every treaty entered into by any member of the United Nations must be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.
The United Nations Covenants on Human Rights
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

The concepts of non-discrimination and equality are asserted throughout the two UN Covenants on Human Rights. In almost identically worded Preambles, the ‘equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family’ are recognized as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. In Article 2(1) of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the States parties undertake ‘to respect and to ensure’ to all individuals within their territory and subject to their jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant ‘without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status ... ‘. It is clear that other kinds of ‘distinctions’ may infringe the article besides those specified. The unmentioned distinctions must logically be in parimateriawith those listed, that is, distinctions unrelated to an individual’s merit, abilities, or efforts.
The Authority to Use Force in International Law
Authors: Wilson Heather A
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to examine who had the authority to use force in international law before the idea that identifiable peoples have a right to self-determination gained much support.

Ideas change slowly and inconsistently. It would be misleading and somewhat simplistic to suggest that there is a clear division between traditional legal principles and some new law or a particular date on which these new rules came into force. Indeed, some scholars maintain that the traditional rules are still the law today, while others claim that the new ideas have always been part of the law. Both views have an element of truth. Changes in ideas about legitimate authority are part of the seamless evolution of ideas. This chapter tries to describe a reference point without minimizing the complexity of international law.
Humanitarian Protection in International Law
Authors: Wilson Heather A
Published: October 2023

In a city taken by storm almost any licence was condoned by the law. Only churches and churchmen were technically secure, but even they were not often spared. Women could be raped, and men killed out of hand. All the goods of the inhabitants were regarded as forfeit. If lives were spared, it was only through the clemency of the victorious captain; and spoliation was systematic.

Keen’s description of being on the losing side in a war of the Middle Ages shocks the sensibilities of those who accept as commonplace that victors do not have unlimited rights over vanquished. Gradually, over 500 years, a consensus has developed that the methods and means of warfare are not unlimited, that those not taking active part in the hostilities should not be made the target of attacks, and that combatants placed hors de combat have certain rights including the right not to be punished for their legitimate acts of warfare.