bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La biología sintética en el panorama de las patentes biotecnológicas
Authors: García-llerena Viviana
Published: December 2016

Los pretendidos efectos positivos del actual sistema de patentes en la investigación biotecnológica han sido ampliamente cuestionados. En el marco de esta crítica, se discute aquí uno de los cimientos del modelo. La tesis de la indispensabilidad de las patentes es examinada a través de tres de sus presupuestos: el acceso a la información, el acceso y uso de las invenciones y el incremento de la creatividad y de la investigación que se suponen garantizados a través de las biopatentes. Aplicado a la biología sintética, este enfoque revela que, junto a nuevas técnicas y prometedores productos potenciales, esta disciplina brinda igualmente muestra de tal problemática. Sin embargo, ofrece también una nueva visión de la propiedad industrial y de sus efectos en la investigación, basada en una concepción diferente del commons y de sus relaciones con la propiedad privada sobre los bienes inmateriales en la economía del conocimiento.
Filosofía, ciencia y biología sintética
Authors: Moya Andrés
Published: December 2016

En este artículo se defiende la necesidad de que el actor de la ciencia, el científico, disponga de suficiente formación filosófica como para analizar críticamente el alcance de su propia actividad especializada, análisis que debiera empezar por entender qué es eso a lo que llamamos ciencia. Se ejemplifica la necesidad de tal formación recurriendo a la biología sintética. Se muestran los peligros que se corren de la derivación hacia campos no científicos si el científico está imbuido de una ciencia fáustica orientada a la obtención del producto –el ente biológico sintético– disminuyendo veladamente el interés por estudiar el mismo desde la óptica de la ciencia prometeica, aquella que se aproxima progresivamente a la comprensión de los entes vivos.
Hacia una caracterización de las prácticas artístico-científicas actuales relacionadas con la vida sintética
Authors: Moñivas Esther
Published: December 2016

En las últimas décadas el campo de la creación artística ha constituido un espacio privilegiado de reflexión, crítica cultural, cuestionamiento ético, y experimentación tanto estética como técnica en el que se han ensayado las más variadas visiones de la evolución, de la transformación de las relaciones con la naturaleza y de la auto-comprensión del ser humano. Dentro del debate abierto por la biología sintética, este artículo aspira a remarcar que tanto el bioarte como el arte genético, el arte transgénico y el biohacking, constituyen poderosas herramientas de debate social cuyas dimensiones éticas y estéticas deben ser revisadas y tratadas detalladamente.
Una nueva cláusula del Contrato Sexual: vientres de alquiler
Authors: Nuño Gómez Laura
Published: December 2016

El presente artículo aborda el debate sobre la regulación de la gestación comercial como una revisión a demanda del mercado que, bajo la falacia del libre consentimiento, incorpora una nueva clausula al Contrato Sexual. Un debate en el que procede analizar, por un lado, los límites de la mercantilización y, por otro, los requisitos éticos que permiten hablar de libre consentimiento en un contexto globalizado de feminización de la pobreza, desigualdad sexual y rearme del neoliberalismo patriarcal.
"Jamás pensé que los argentinos serían tan locos". La planificación de la recuperación de las islas Malvinas en 1982 frente al legado de la represión ilegal
Authors: Ranalletti Mario
Published: December 2016

In this work, from official sources, journalistic investigations and war veteran’s testimonies, I studied the decision-making process that led to the Malvinas war. I propose explain this process itself by the recent history of the Argentine Armed Forces. I emphasize the impact that had the logics, practices, training and education acquired in the period before (1955-1976) the launch of State terrorism in Argentina (1976-1983). This work does not try to do a complete reconstruction of this war, which key facts still are protected under military secret; neither, I study here the memory the Malvinas war.
El desplazamiento en Dos veces junio o la construcción de un lenguaje crítico de la memoria
Authors: Duperron Celia
Published: December 2016

Este artículo propone una lectura analítica del discurso implícito y en particular del desplazamiento en la novela Dos veces junio de Martin Kohan. Por una parte, analizamos el desplazamiento enunciativo y la confusión interpretativa que conlleva. La focalización sobre un personaje cómplice del sistema represivo de la dictadura en una narración muy fragmentada basada sobre lo implícito propone un nuevo lenguaje de la memoria. Por otra parte, estudiamos el desplazamiento narrativo que constituye una modalidad expresiva de lo implícito. Este recurso narrativo con mucha riqueza interpretativa se transcribe en la novela mediante un desplazamiento significativo de los afectos dirigidos hacia el objeto erróneo.
Cuerpos muertos, violencia y sacrificio : diferentes sentidos en el marco de la Guerra de Malvinas
Authors: Panizo Laura Marina
Published: December 2016

Este trabajo es un avance de un proyecto en curso que se pregunta por la forma en que los familiares y ex combatientes de la Guerra de Malvinas le dan sentido a las prácticas ejercidas sobre los cuerpos de los muertos en la Guerra (violencia física, tipo de muerte, inhumación, exhumación, identificación). Desde una primera aproximación, aquí propongo trabajar sobre las relaciones construidas entre vivos y muertos, y sobre los sentidos dados a la violencia y el sacrificio, como claves para poder entender los significados dados a los cuerpos muertos.
Los quiebres del recuerdo: entre democracia y dictadura en la Argentina
Authors: Mena Máximo Hernán
Published: December 2016

¿Cómo hablar de una ciudad que se despelleja su propio pasado? La escritura de El día que mataron a Bussi (2000), segunda novela de Ernesto Wilde (1950-2011), establece un recorrido pendular entre la historia, el testimonio y la ficción. Los sucesos se resisten a ser narrados. ¿Cómo se explica que en la provincia de Tucumán se elija como gobernador en democracia a Antonio Domingo Bussi? Si se tiene en cuenta que fue acusado y luego condenado por delitos de lesa humanidad cometidos antes y durante la dictadura militar del “Proceso de Reorganización Nacional”. ¿De qué manera es posible reconocer los límites entre dictadura y democracia?, si la violencia y la tortura ya eran ejercidas en la provincia de Tucumán, durante el “Operativo Independencia” de contrainsurgencia que se inició en febrero de 1975, con anterioridad al último Golpe de estado del 24 de marzo de 1976. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se propondrá un estudio interdisciplinario que contemple la articulación de los discursos ficcionales e históricos.
El poder muestra los dientes: una lectura simbólica de La balada de Johnny Sosa (1987), de Mario Delgado Aparaín
Authors: Bonnet María Virginia Saint
Published: December 2016

Este trabajo analiza la representación del cuerpo, más precisamente el simbolismo de los dientes y su articulación de relaciones de poder, en la nouvelle del autor uruguayo Mario Delgado Aparaín, La balada de Johnny Sosa (1987). A los márgenes del Río de la Plata, se produce en Uruguay, así como en Argentina, un corte temporal que actúa como bisagra para las producciones literarias del Cono Sur: dictadura/ posdictadura. Esta es una reseña de la tesis de Maestría de la autora, organizada en dos capítulos –Exilios y Cuerpos- cuyo propósito es leer y tensionar las relaciones, nunca simples ni directas, entre las culturas y sus producciones. La representación de la violencia ejercida desde el poder, concentrado en la figura autoritaria del gobierno militar, se materializa en la presencia de los dientes como elemento metonímico del cuerpo oprimido, y el exilio como una de las salidas posibles del terror. Esto permite reflexionar sobre los usos de la lengua -o su ausencia, el silencio- como una estrategia discursiva detonante de poderes y contrapoderes. Asimismo podemos relacionar estos usos con la tensión entre memoria/olvido que permea en los recuerdos y selectivamente opera desde y hacia la representación del desarraigo que la historia ha legitimado.
Malvinas : identidades y territorialidades en series no ficcionales recientes
Authors: Casali Carolina
Published: December 2016

From a semiotic perspective dwells on the theory of social discourses given by Eliseo Verón, we conceive Malvinas as an object not closed but rather open, dynamic and tense. In this regard, the National Institute of Cinema and Visual Arts has funded in recent years various audiovisual productions that have assumed the representation of the Malvinas Question through the genre of nonfiction. More than 30 years of the war-as traumatic event-, through this corpus we analyze how the problem is constructed, what territorialities and identities are configured.
Afrancesamiento, insularidad y auto metatextualidad en Plan de evasión de Adolfo Bioy Casares
Authors: Courthès Eric
Published: December 2016

En esta nota, procuraremos demostrar que “la trama perfecta”1 de la prosa de Adolfo Bioy Casares, en especial en Plan de evasión, sigue varios hilos. Primero, el de Francia, en sus juegos onomásticos y los lugares evocados, en particular, amén de Guyana francesa, el oeste de Francia y el archipiélago charentés. Luego, que sigue otro hilo más obvio aún, el de las islas, con las tres islas de la Salvación enfrente de Cayena y las tres charentesas, que se corresponden entre sí. Por fin, notaremos también que el hilo del texto, con su peculiar auto metatextualidad, traduce semióticamente la insularidad.
De virutas y cachivaches. La Historia Argentina en las monografías costumbristas de un bibliotecario salteño a principios del siglo XX
Authors: Elbirt Ana Laura
Published: December 2016

Francisco Centeno (1862-1944) es un “bohemio provinciano” de Salta que se desempeñó como Director de la Biblioteca de la Cancillería desde 1884 hasta 1916. Tras su retiro del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la Nación publicó tres tomos de Virutas históricas, una compilación de sus monografías costumbristas y archivos de la diplomacia argentina.En este artículo trabajamos sobre dos metáforas recurrentes en la escritura de Centeno, las “virutas” y los “cachivaches”. Ambas refieren a una manera de imaginar a la nación desde un espacio periférico y fronterizo: la provincia de Salta, en el noroeste argentino.Este bibliotecario interpreta que la Historia Argentina desecha algunos acontecimientos alejados de la región rioplatense. Por esta razón, construye un relato histórico a partir de estos residuos. Estos escritos conforman actualmente un documento extraordinario, aunque escasamente estudiado. Dicho documento permite entender las distintas miradas sobre la Argentina desde una recuperación del espacio andino (actual noroeste argentino, Bolivia, Perú y norte de Chile), dimensión geográfica precedente a la conformación del Estado nacional.La obra de Centeno permite, además, indagar las vinculaciones entre la literatura salteña y la peruana en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, con énfasis en la figura de Ricardo Palma, escritor limeño que funda el género tradicionista en Hispanoamérica.Por último, los escritos de Centeno ayudan a comprender el ensayismo fundacional argentino y las diversas maneras de construir una literatura nacional diferente a la versión hegemónica propuesta desde Buenos Aires a principios del siglo XX.
¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de tribu de “indios amigos”? Política, militarización y parentesco en la tribu de Tripailaf (Pampa y nor-Patagonia, décadas 1860-1880)
Authors: Literas Luciano
Published: December 2016

Este artículo aborda las dinámicas políticas y sociales asociadas a las tribus de “indios amigos”, durante el despliegue estatal argentino en Pampa y nor-Patagonia, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. A través del estudio de caso de la tribu de Ramón Tripailaf, se trata la construcción y el ejercicio del liderazgo indígena, su vinculación con las redes de parentesco y la inserción en la órbita militar estatal, así como el papel de los capitanejos, hombres de lanza y la población que genéricamente se ha denominado “chusma”. Todo ello en el marco de las configuraciones y cambios en los campos de relaciones de fuerza interétnicas, que subyacieron a los espacios de frontera.
Knowledge Management
Authors: Padmaja Madgula
Published: December 2016

Every man lives with some amount of knowledge. This also applies to new born. It is inbuilt, hidden and visible only in actions. This chapter not only provides introduction but also revolves around the related conceptual framework wherein the definition, issues, types, attributes, levels of knowledge and related items were extensively briefed. The models of knowledge were elaborated. The spiral of Knowledge Management with steps for successful implementation, the budget plan and the team work were debated. After thorough reading of the chapter, reader would be able to identify components of knowledge, discriminate types of knowledge from attributes of knowledge, plan to manage knowledge, and identify, capture, and implement new knowledge in work.
Mastering Knowledge Management in Academic Libraries
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents the overview of academic libraries, the adoption of social media in academic libraries, the copyright concern in academic libraries, the concept of knowledge management (KM), the overview of KM in academic libraries, and the significance of KM in academic libraries. KM in academic libraries includes a process of collecting, organizing, classifying, and disseminating the library resources and materials throughout academic libraries. Knowledge in the context of academic libraries can be created through understanding the library user needs and requirements as well as the university's curricula. The adoption of KM is required for academic libraries that seek to serve academic librarians and educators, increase academic performance, strengthen competitiveness, and achieve continuous success in the information age. The chapter argues that applying KM has the potential to enhance the educational performance and reach strategic goals in academic libraries.
Web 2.0 Tools and Application
Authors: Ahuja Yogita , Kumar Praveen
Published: December 2016

Web 2.0 or can say the social media is the buzzword for LIS professionals. Recently the trend of web 2.0 is increasing its importance not in the field of knowledge sharing but also in knowledge managing. The main aim of this research paper is to highlight the features of web 2.0 tools which are useful for knowledge sharing and as well as in knowledge managing. This paper also highlights how web 2.0 has brought drastic change in library services or library operation, how the research community can get information in fraction of seconds, how library professional can adopt and maintain their prompt approach to answer the user's queries by using web 2.0 tools. This paper provides a contrast between the knowledge management, sharing and web 2.0 tools.
Knowledge Management Capability in Higher Education
Authors: Chipeta George Theodore , Chawinga Winner Dominic
Published: December 2016

For many years, universities have been accredited for being driving engines for the global economy by training experts in various fields of study such as Medicine, Education, Engineering, Mining, Technology, Military and Knowledge Management just to mention some of the most notable ones. Mzuzu University (MZUNI) which is one of the four public universities in Malawi is also involved in the production of knowledge through research and teaching activities by its lecturers. By self-administering a questionnaire to 130 lecturers at MZUNI, the authors investigated knowledge management practices by lecturers at MZUNI by addressing three objectives namely; types of knowledge created and acquired by lecturers, techniques of sharing and dissemination of knowledge and challenges faced. Results suggest that lecturers are involved in knowledge management practices although knowledge creation is mainly achieved through PhD and master's theses as part of their training as opposed to research outputs published in peer reviewed journals.
Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes) as New Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Pardakhty Abbas
Published: December 2016

Lipid vesicular systems composed of hydrated amphihiles with or without bilayer inducing agents such as cholesterol. On the basis of used amphiphilic molecule different nomenclature are used as liposomes, ufasomes and niosomes. Nonionic surfactants with mono-, di- or trialkyl chains form niosomes which are lipid vesicles with more chemical stability in comparison with phospholipids of liposomes. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals can be encapsulated in niosomes as a new drug delivery system. This drug carrier system could have administered via injection, oral, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, ophthalmic, nasal or transdermal routes with penetration enhancing potential. This chapter presents a detailed explain about niosome forming components, methods of preparation and routes of administration. Many examples for drug delivery potential of niosomes are also available in this review. Vaccine adjuvant and genetic substances vector capabilities are not given here.
Engineered Gellan Polysaccharides in the Design of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Maiti Sabyasachi
Published: December 2016

Natural polysaccharides are getting increasing attention in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to their encouraging reports on nontoxicity and biodegradability. Natural gums can also be engineered to have better materials for drug delivery system design. Gellan gum originates from microbial fermentation and has been declared as safe by US FDA for human consumption. It possesses gelling ability in presence of multivalent earth metal cations and thus enabled the design of mutiparticulate drug delivery systems in completely aqueous environment avoiding the use of organic solvents. Due to faster drug release profiles of divalent cation-induced gellan gum particles, nowadays chemically modified forms of gellan polysaccharide are currently being investigated for the controlled release of drugs. This chapter discusses the factors contributing to the varying gelling characteristics of gellan gum and the recent developments in its chemical modification towards the fabrication of novel controlled drug delivery devices.
Role of Resveratrol (RES) in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Stokes III James A. , Mishra Manoj K.
Published: December 2016

Within the last quarter century, technology has been a major catalyst of the advancement in various fields of scientific knowledge, particularly medical research. This new enlightenment has spurred the exploration of alternative treatment methods to some of society's most problematic diseases. One such innovative treatment is the use of Resveratrol (RES) to treat a number of pathophysiological conditions. RES is a natural polyphenolic compound found in the skin(s) of blueberries, red grapes (a major constituent of red wine), some vegetables, and even peanuts. The compound has a number of potent regenerative properties, which include: anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. Research has confirmed both in vivo and in vitro RES's beneficial applications to numerous diseases. This chapter centers on its unique healing powers and beneficial applications against myriad debilitating conditions.
A Perspective on the Phytopharmaceuticals Responsible for the Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Joshi Rajesh K.
Published: December 2016

The word phytopharmaceutical deals with a complex mixture of compounds derived from the plant source that is used as a medicine or drug. Primitive human societies have been depending on plants and plant products for various remedies. Several plants in the different forms have been reported in traditional medicine and to find a rational for the treatment of various diseases than to isolated single compounds. Many of the single compounds isolated from the plant origin are effectively used in the medicine. The search of natural products in drug discovery has been greatly enhanced in the last few years. The impetus to use phytopharmaceutical agents for the treatment of disease, most of the plant based drugs are quite safe and have lesser adverse effects and are claimed that it works as synergistic effects.
Flavonoids
Authors: Mehta Vineet , Malairaman Udayabanu
Published: December 2016

Diabetes Mellitus is one of the major healthcare problems faced by the society today and has become alarmingly epidemic in many parts of the world. Despite enormous knowledge and technology advancement, available diabetes therapeutics only provide symptomatic relief by reducing blood glucose level, thereby, just slows down development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Thus, the need of the day is to develop alternate strategies that can not only prevent the progression but also reverse already “set-in” diabetic complications. Many flavonoids are reported, traditionally as well as experimentally, to be beneficial in averting diabetes and lowering risk of its accompanying complications. In the present chapter we have convened different flavonoids beneficial in diabetes and comorbid complications and discussed their mechanisms of action. Further, we conclude that coupling current therapeutics with flavonoids might provide exceptional advantage in the management of diabetes and its complications.
Molecular Docking Technique to Understand Enzyme-Ligand Interactions
Authors: Sonawane Kailas Dashrath , Dhanavade Maruti Jayram
Published: December 2016

Molecular docking has advanced to such an extent that one can rapidly and accurately identify pharmaceutically useful lead compounds. It is being used routinely to understand molecular interactions between enzyme and ligand molecules. Several computational approaches are combined with experimental work to investigate molecular mechanisms in detail at the atomic level. Molecular docking method is also useful to investigate proper orientation and interactions between receptor and ligand. In this chapter we have discussed protein-protein approach to understand interactions between enzyme and amyloid beta (Aß) peptide. The Aß peptide is a causative agent of Alzheimer's disease. The Aß peptides can be cleaved specifically by several enzymes. Their interactions with Aß peptide and specific enzyme can be investigated using molecular docking. Thus, the molecular information obtained from docking studies might be useful to design new therapeutic approaches in treatment of Alzheimer's as well as several other diseases.
Molecular Modelling, Dynamics, and Docking of Membrane Proteins
Authors: Yellapu Nanda Kumar
Published: December 2016

Computational tools and techniques are now most popular and promising to progress the research at rapid rate. Molecular modelling studies contribute their maximum role in wide variety of disciplines especially in proteomics and drug discovery strategies. Molecular dynamics and molecular docking algorithms are now became an essential part in daily research activities of every laboratory throughout the world. These strategies are now well established and standardised to study any specific protein of interest and drug molecule. But still there exist considerable drawbacks in a special concern with membrane proteins as the presently available tools and methods cannot be applied directly to them. Modelling, dynamics and docking studies of membrane proteins need a special care and attention as several challenges are to be crossed with an intensive care to produce a reliable result. This chapter is aimed to discuss such challenges and solutions to handle membrane proteins.
Molecular Docking Challenges and Limitations
Authors: Ghasemi Jahan B. , Abdolmaleki Azizeh , Shiri Fereshteh
Published: December 2016

Today, the development of new drugs is a challenging task of science. Researchers already applied molecular docking in the drug design field to simulate ligand- receptor interactions. Docking is a term used for computational schemes that attempt to find the “best” matching between two molecules in a complex formed from constituent molecules. It has a wide range of uses and applications in drug discovery. However, some defects still exist; the accuracy and speed of docking calculation is a challenge to explore and these methods can be enhanced as a solution to docking problem. The molecular docking problem can be defined as follows: Given the atomic coordinates of two molecules, predict their “correct” bound association. The chapter discusses common challenges critical aspects of docking method such as ligand- and receptor- conformation, flexibility and cavity detection, etc. It emphasis to the challenges and inadequacies with the theories behind as well as the examples.
Protein Structure Prediction Using Homology Modeling
Authors: Gupta Akanksha , Mohanty Pallavi , Bhatnagar Sonika
Published: December 2016

Sequence-structure deficit marks one of the critical problems in today's scenario where high-throughput sequencing has resulted in large datasets of protein sequences but their corresponding 3D structures still needs to be determined. Homology modeling, also termed as Comparative modeling refers to modeling of 3D structure of a protein by exploiting structural information from other known protein structures with good sequence similarity. Homology models contain sufficient information about the spatial arrangement of important residues in the protein and are often used in drug design for screening of large libraries by molecular docking techniques. This chapter provides a brief description about protein tertiary structure prediction and Homology modeling. The authors provide a description of the steps involved in homology modeling protocols and provide information on the various resources available for the same.
The “ETA” Indices in QSAR/QSPR/QSTR Research
Authors: Roy Kunal , Das Rudra Narayan
Published: December 2016

Descriptors are one of the most essential components of predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property/Toxicity Relationship (QSAR/QSPR/QSTR) modeling analysis, as they encode chemical information of molecules in the form of quantitative numbers, which are used to develop mathematical correlation models. The quality of a predictive model not only depends on good modeling statistics, but also on the extraction of chemical features. A significant amount of research since the beginning of QSAR analysis paradigm has led to the introduction of a large number of predictor variables or descriptors. The Extended Topochemical Atom (ETA) indices, developed by the authors' group, successfully address the aspects of molecular topology, electronic information, and different types of bonded interactions, and have been extensively employed for the modeling of different types of activity/property and toxicity endpoints. This chapter provides explicit information regarding the basis, algorithm, and applicability of the ETA indices for a predictive modeling paradigm.
Protein-Protein Docking
Authors: Hasani Horia Jalily , Barakat Khaled H.
Published: December 2016

Protein-protein docking algorithms are powerful computational tools, capable of analyzing the protein-protein interactions at the atomic-level. In this chapter, we will review the theoretical concepts behind different protein-protein docking algorithms, highlighting their strengths as well as their limitations and pointing to important case studies for each method. The methods we intend to cover in this chapter include various search strategies and scoring techniques. This includes exhaustive global search, fast Fourier transform search, spherical Fourier transform-based search, direct search in Cartesian space, local shape feature matching, geometric hashing, genetic algorithm, randomized search, and Monte Carlo search. We will also discuss the different ways that have been used to incorporate protein flexibility within the docking procedure and some other future directions in this field, suggesting possible ways to improve the different methods.
Smart, Innovative and Intelligent Technologies Used in Drug Designing
Authors: Deshpande S. , Basu S. K. , Li X. , Chen X.
Published: December 2016

Smart and intelligent computational methods are essential nowadays for designing, manufacturing and optimizing new drugs. New and innovative computational tools and algorithms are consistently developed and applied for the development of novel therapeutic compounds in many research projects. Rapid developments in the architecture of computers have also provided complex calculations to be performed in a smart, intelligent and timely manner for desired quality outputs. Research groups worldwide are developing drug discovery platforms and innovative tools following smart manufacturing ideas using highly advanced biophysical, statistical and mathematical methods for accelerated discovery and analysis of smaller molecules. This chapter discusses novel innovative applications in drug discovery involving use of structure-based drug design which utilizes geometrical knowledge of the three-dimensional protein structures. It discusses statistical and physics based methods such as quantum mechanics and classical molecular dynamics which can also play a major role in improving the performance and in prediction of computational drug discovery. Lastly, the authors provide insights on recent developments in cloud computing with significant increase in smart and intelligent computational power thus allowing larger data sets to be analyzed simultaneously on multi processor cloud systems. Future directions for the research are outlined.
Nanomedicine
Authors: Gaurab Roy , Dattatrya Shetti , Amit Yadav , Gopal C Kundu
Published: December 2016

Nanomedicine, an offshoot of nanotechnology, is considered as one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Due to their minute size, nanomedicines can easily target difficult-to-reach sites with improved solubility and bioavailability and reduced adverse effects. They also act as versatile delivery systems, carrying both chemotherapeutics and imaging agents to targeted sites. Hence, nanomedicine can be used to achieve the same therapeutic effect at smaller doses than their conventional counterparts and can offer impressive resolutions for various life-threatening diseases. Although certain issues have been raised about the potential toxicities of nanomaterials, it is anticipated that the advances in nanomedicine will furnish clarifications to many of modern medicine's unsolved problems. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary survey of various nanomedicine products along with the major risks and side effects associated with the nanoparticles.
Nanosuspensions in Nanobiomedicine
Authors: Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan , Nanda Anima
Published: December 2016

The tremendous success in developing new nanomaterials and fostering technological innovation arises from the focus on interdisciplinary research and collaboration between physical and medical scientists. The concept of nano-medicine is one of the most important and exciting ideas ever generated by the applications of nanoscience. One of the most challenging tasks in the pharmaceutical industry is the formulation of poorly soluble drugs. The implication of conventional techniques for improving the solubility has gained limited success. Nanoparticles facilitate formulation with improved solubility and efficacy mainly through nanosuspension approach. Techniques such as media milling, high-pressure homogenization, and use of microemulsion have been used for production of nanosuspensions for a novel delivery system. Moreover, they are manoeuvred to patient-acceptable dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and lyophilized powder products. Nanosuspension technology has also been studied for active and passive targeted drug delivery systems, which the chapter highlights on various formulational perspectives and applications as a biomedicine delivery system.
Quasi-SMILES for Nano-QSAR Prediction of Toxic Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Toropova Alla P. , Achary P. Ganga Raju , Toropov Andrey A.
Published: December 2016

The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in wet tissue of different organs is utilized as a measure of toxic effect. The numerical data on the concentration of MDA in wet tissue of liver, kidneys, brain, and heart of rat is examined as the endpoint which are impacted by different dose (mg/kg), exposure time (3 and 14 days) and single oral treatment of aluminium nano-oxide (Al2O3) with 30 nm or 40 nm. An attempt to develop predictive model for this endpoint has been carried out in this work. SMILES is a traditional tool to represent molecular structure for QSPRs/QSARs. In contrast to traditional SMILES, so-called quasi-SMILES can be a tool to build up quantitative features – property / activity relationships (QFPRs/QFARs) for endpoints which are not defined by solely molecular structure, but by a group of physicochemical and/or biochemical conditions. The quasi-SMILES is the representation of the above eclectic conditions whereas the QFPR/QFAR are models of endpoints which are modified under impacts of these eclectic conditions.
Align and Redesign
Authors: Weisel Laura , Patterson Margaret Becker , Becker-Prezocki Meryl , Fantine Jeff
Published: December 2016

This chapter emphasizes the design and evaluation of a system redesign initiative which included a unique professional development component for program staff within a comprehensive, multi-year initiative of Wyoming Adult Education and Family Literacy (AEFL) programs. Align and Redesign's (A & R) goals in Wyoming were transforming AEFL services to a new type of delivery system, with greater student persistence, improved academic gains, increased social capital skills and successful transitions to college or careers. A & R involved intense professional development for all program directors and instructors. In short, the system was refocused and rebuilt to redesign services. A key question coming out of the substantial training investments Wyoming made in A & R is whether the investments were well spent. Using a mixed-method approach, AEFL transformation is evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Preliminary data indicate that something powerful is happening. Findings of the Wyoming case study support replication of Align & Redesign in other states and locations.
The Impact of Role Assignment on Cognitive Presence in Asynchronous Online Discussion
Authors: Olesova Larisa , Lim Jieun
Published: December 2016

This study examined the impact of role assignment on cognitive presence when students participated in asynchronous online threaded discussions. A mixed methods design was used to investigate changes in the levels of cognitive presence while the students participated in an online introductory nutrition course. This study found evidence that scripted role assignment can be an effective instructional strategy when the approach is implemented into asynchronous online discussions. Implications for instructors and designers of asynchronous online learning environments are discussed.
A Journey Through the Development of Online Environments
Authors: Ostrowski Christopher P. , Lock Jennifer V. , Hill S. Laurie , da Rosa dos Santos Luciano , Altowairiki Noha F. , Johnson Carol
Published: December 2016

As higher education institutions move toward offering more online courses, they need to carefully consider how the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) should be integrated into the design and development of the online environments so to better meet the needs of all learners. An example of how this can occur is illustrated in the chapter with a design project that used principles of UDL in the creation of online environments for field experience courses at one Canadian university. The design team shares the journey of developing their understanding of UDL and applying these principles when creating online environments for both students and instructors. The provision of educational developmental opportunities for instructors using various strategies is also highlighted. The chapter concludes with three recommendations for future research.
Computer Simulation in Higher Education
Authors: Qian Yufeng
Published: December 2016

Computer simulation as both an instructional strategy and technology holds great potential to transform teaching and learning. However, there have been terminological ambiguity and typological inconsistency when the term computer simulation is used in the education setting. This chapter identifies three core components of computer simulation, and develops a learning outcome-based categorization, linking together computer simulation's technical affordances, learning opportunities, and learning outcomes. Exemplary computer simulations in higher education are identified to illustrate the unique affordances, opportunities, and outcomes of each type of computer simulation.
European Dialogue Project
Authors: Brautlacht Regina , Poppi Franca , Martins Maria Lurdes , Ducrocq Csilla
Published: December 2016

Telecollaborating and communicating in online contexts using English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) requires students to develop multiple literacies in addition to foreign language skills and intercultural communicative competence. This chapter looks at the intersection of technology and teaching ELF, examining mutual contributions of technologies, more specifically Web 2.0, and ELF to each other, and the challenges in designing and implementing collaboration projects across cultures. Moreover, it looks at how the development of digital competencies in ELF (DELF) can be enhanced through the implementation of Web 2.0 mediated intercultural dialogues. The detail of the research design including internet tools used, participants and tasks are also discussed. Data analysis points to a positive attitude towards telecollaboration, also providing confirmation of some of the problems identified in theoretical framework, such as different levels of personal engagement.
Improve the Flipped Classroom with Universal Design for Learning
Authors: Tobin Thomas J. , Honeycutt Barbi
Published: December 2016

The flipped-classroom approach has been adopted widely across higher education. Some faculty members have moved away from it because of the perceived workload required in order to implement a full course “flip.” Faculty members can adopt the three principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in order to reduce their own workload and make their flipped-classroom content and interactions more engaging, meaningful, and accessible for students. Adopting both the classroom flip and UDL provides benefits to learners and instructors that go beyond adopting either separately.
Entrepreneurship and Diaspora Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: December 2016

This chapter describes the overview of entrepreneurship; corporate entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship and pro-market institutions; entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); the important aspects of diaspora entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship education, knowledge transfer, and technology transfer; and migration, employment, brain drain, and brain gain. The objectives of industrial development, regional growth, and employment generation depend on entrepreneurial development concerning entrepreneurship and diaspora entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs and diaspora entrepreneurs play the crucial roles in accelerating the pace of economic development of countries by discovering the new uses of available resources and maximizing their utilization in global business. The works of entrepreneurs and diaspora entrepreneurs involve the utilization of managerial skills which they develop while planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, and coordinating the activities of business.
Returnee Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ojo Elizabeth Ifeoluwa
Published: December 2016

Migration and development have been linked in recent studies in which skilled migrants are assumed to display agency role and act as important bridges, helping to promote the transfer of knowledge and skills in their countries of origin. But, within the nexus of the migration and development literature, the contributions of returnee entrepreneurs have not been visible. Through the perspective of second-generation diaspora and transnational entrepreneurship, this paper analyzed the motivation of the second-generation entrepreneurs to invest in their ‘ancestral' country of origin. The hurdles they might face and the strategies they could employ to effectively navigate the unfamiliar terrains of their parents' country of origin are briefly evaluated through a literature review and a case study methodology. The intention is to contribute to the growing literature on the social and economic impacts of returnee entrepreneurs to their parents' country of origins' development.
New Perspectives on the Internationalisation of Micro-Businesses
Authors: De Moraes Ailson J. , Ekanem Ignatius , Osabutey Ellis
Published: December 2016

Micro businesses are increasingly playing a significant role in the economic growth of most developed and developing countries. Despite this increasing trend, not much attention has been given to such businesses in the management literature. Policymakers have given little attention to their growth and internationalisations. Consequently, the increasing trend of the micro business internationalisation has also failed to receive deserved attention. The chapter uses qualitative data from two micro businesses in the UK to explicate the reasons and challenges of internationalisation. Findings reveal that reasons and challenges of internationalisation of micro and larger firms may be similar, but resource constraints shape the approaches and scale. In particular, growth and internationalisation of micro firms are often inhibited by the embeddedness of firm-specific knowledge in individuals. Significantly, micro firms with explicit knowledge can exploit international expansion via franchising/licencing, compared with those with tacit knowledge who export.
Religiosity and Entrepreneurship Intentions among Pentecostal Christians
Authors: Abereijo Isaac Oluwajoba , Afolabi Juliana Funmilayo
Published: December 2016

Religion has been identified as an important determinant of economic behaviour because the event of enterprise creation is seen to be a consequence of the association between environmental conditions and the entrepreneurial behaviour of individuals determined by their socio-cultural background. Studies have examined how religious beliefs influence the entrepreneurial intention of the adherents, and to understand whether it is doctrine, practices, organisation or culture of religion that shapes this entrepreneurial propensity. This chapter examines the issue of religion-entrepreneurship link among the Pentecostal Christians in Nigeria and in Diaspora, by reviewing both theoretical and empirical literature. It looks at how Pentecostal theology has legitimised entrepreneurship and examines the mechanism through which is imparting entrepreneurial values and affecting patterns of thinking of the adherents. The chapter provides overview of what make them display psychological traits and attitudes consistent with entrepreneurship as a result of success-oriented theologies.
Why Do Labor Standards Differ Across Muslim Countries?
Authors: Masala Özge Kama , Aksoy Tolga
Published: December 2016

International Labor Organization (ILO) has been encouraging countries to implement international labor standards since 1919. With the help of international labor standards, ILO aims to improve the quality of human life and dignity. In order to reach this aim, the ILO's 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work sets out four core labor standards that are binding on all ILO member states. Although developed countries ratified many standards, developing countries and especially Muslim countries are lagging behind. In this paper, we attempt to document the labor standards in Muslim countries by using ILO's Information System on International Labor Standards and compare their position with the rest of the world.
The Labor Market Regulation
Authors: Amine Samir
Published: December 2016

This article aims to provide an analytical and critical reading of the state of knowledge on legislation relating to employment protection (EPL) and its impacts on unemployment, jobs creation, productivity and more generally efficiency of the labor market. We show that the construction of indicators of EPL adopted by the OECD is incomplete and does not take into account local specificities of each labor market. We also show that the dominant idea among liberals that any regulations impeding freedom of the labor market generates unemployment and loss of effectiveness is not so obvious to verify empirically and can even be contradicted. In this analysis, we rely on a critical review of theoretical and empirical studies which have examined the effects of EPL. We also discuss some alternatives such as bonus-malus system or the single contract that have been put forward to address the limitations of a relatively strict EPL.
The Outlook of Female Labor in Turkey in the Context of Social Gender Perception from a Global Perspective
Authors: Kılıç Eda
Published: December 2016

Women have been seen as cheap labor and have participated in the economic life less than their male counterparts since the Industrial Revolution, where they joined the waged labor pool. Though the reasons for the women's low participation in the workforce are various; Turkey's current social structure in particular and the social gender perception which acts as the base of this structure emerge as key determinants. For this reason, establishing the general status of female labor in Turkey and comparing the international and national statistical data from a global perspective around the social gender inequality and the distribution of labor based on social gender is the purpose of this study.
Considerations on the Youth Unemployment Problem in Turkey
Authors: Yenilmez Füsun , Dura Yahya Can , Karabilgin Yavuz Hürol
Published: December 2016

This paper, aims to analyze and profile youth unemployment problem in the Turkish economy and contains three parts: “Conceptual Framework of Unemployment”, “Unemployment Problem in Turkey” and “Youth Unemployment Phenomenon and Youth Unemployment Profile in Turkey”, as well as trend analysis over a long time series (1988-2016) created by using TURKSTAT, OECD and World Bank databases. It also analysis youth unemployment problem by evaluating quantitative indicators and their trend data and tries to make recommendations on strategies and policies essential to the solution of the problem.
Effects of Islamic Banking on Employment
Authors: Ergeç Etem Hakan , Kaytancı Bengül Gülümser
Published: December 2016

Islamic Banking (IB) holds the potential of creating positive impacts upon the economy thanks to its governing principles. An extension of this potential is that the employment should be positively affected by Islamic banks. This study comparatively investigates the relationship between Islamic and private commercial banking loan and sectorial employment in Turkish economy through Granger causality method. The loans offered by IBs affect employment in manufacturing and construction sectors whereas such an impact is not identified for others. Therefore, in sectors with the exception of these two, there is no finding suggesting that IBs have positive impacts in respect to employment on real economy.