bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEACHER TRAINING FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH IN THE SYSTEM OF SCHOOL NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION
Authors:   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Education Sciences of Ukraine, Zasiekina Tеtyana
Published: December 2021

The article considers the problem of preparing a teacher of natural sciences for the implementation of an integrative approach in the system of school natural sciences education. The integrative approach has been identified as one of the leading ones at the current stage of reforming general secondary education in Ukraine. In the system of school natural sciences education, this approach is realized through the integration of content - teaching integrated natural sciences courses, solving complex and combined problems, interdisciplinary and intersectoral integration of forms of learning - holding educational projects, integrated lessons, extracurricular activities. For teachers of natural sciences, the problem of implementing the integrative approach is related to professional training. Until recently, in the system of training teachers of natural sciences, there was a division, inherent in industrial society, into physical-mathematical and natural sciences. As a result, there are no specialists who can teach all natural sciences, or an integrated course that combines biology, geography, physics and chemistry. Only in 2018, a new specialty was introduced in the system of professional training - a teacher of natural sciences, physics, chemistry, biology. We studied educational and professional programs of the new specialty. A survey of students and teachers was conducted. Based on the analysis, it was found that for high-quality training of teachers to implement the integrative approach in school education it is necessary to develop additional disciplines for students' choice, such as "Methods of studying natural sciences subjects at school based on the integrative approach", “Universal scientific picture of the world – methodology of natural sciences". Moreover, such courses should be implemented not only in the specialty 014. Secondary education (Natural Sciences), but also in certain specializations: physics, chemistry, biology, geography. Due to the new philosophy of education of the XXI century, the requirements for teachers are changing. The teacher of natural sciences must be deeply acquainted with the current state of natural sciences, their practical significance for sustainable development. Be able to independently develop programs and select educational and methodological support to achieve mandatory learning outcomes. Help students in self-determination and in the development of values. Constantly improve the own professional competence.
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE USE OF ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF UKRAINE
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Kliuchkovska Iryna , Bilyk Oksana ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: December 2021

The article shows the need for research on the development of Ukrainian diaspora communities and theoretically substantiates the possibilities of using an integrative approach to the use of achievements of the Ukrainian diaspora in the cultural and educational space of Ukraine. The important task of bringing the achievements of the Ukrainian intellectual elite back into the national scientific, educational, informational, and cultural layer has been emphasized. Theoretical bases of integration of achievements of the Ukrainian diaspora in the cultural and educational space of Ukraine have been determined. It has been established that integrative cooperation generates new, previously unknown in terms of content or form, types and results of cooperation; new projects, ideas, books, forums, and congresses emerge, forming a single system whose system-forming factor is the Ukrainian idea, preservation of its cultural and educational space. It has been proved that in the conditions of integration of achievements of residents of Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora, those aspects which are uniting should dominate: Ukrainian language, Ukrainian culture, problems of national education, concern for the future of the Ukrainian people. Full inclusion of achievements of the Ukrainian diaspora in the cultural and educational space of Ukraine is based on a number of conceptual provisions.
Avenues for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer in the Second Millennium
Authors: Adib Salim
Published: December 2021

Breast cancer (BC) has recently surpassed lung canceras the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide,with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 1 million deaths occurring in 2020. A steady ascension in BC incidence has been a remarkable feature in cancer epidemiology for almost a century, and has been reported in richer as well as poorer communities all over the world. This trend is no doubt associated with the ageing of the global population: “Each one-year increase of population ageing (is) associated with a nearly ½ year increase of age at BC diagnosis.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE HEDGE STRUCTURE IN THE URBAN IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Серебрякова Наталья Евгеньевна , Решетняк Андрей Александрович
Published: December 2021

Обозначена важность своевременного учета качества и состояния живых изгородей, как многофункционального элемента городского ландшафта. Существующая методика инвентаризации не принимает во внимание распространенные проблемы живых изгородей. Предложена авторская методика, эффективность которой состоит в простоте учета, где фиксируются видимые проблемы структуры изгороди - параметры выпадов, и наглядности полученных расчетных данных, позволяющих сравнительно оценить качество изгородей и выбрать адекватную стратегию по улучшению их состояния. Введено понятие - общая целостность живой изгороди, которая показывает удельную протяженность ненарушенных выпадами участков изгороди, выраженную в процентах. Методика апробирована на 19 объектах общего пользования центрального района города Йошкар-Олы. Выявлены нарушения структуры изгородей: снижение их целостности вследствие наличия выпадов в количестве от 0,2 до 2 шт. /10 пог. м и протяженностью 0,7 до 4,8 пог. м. Различная протяженность выпадов требует различных подходов к их восстановлению.

We determined the importance of timely consideration of the quality and condition of hedges as a multifunctional element of the urban landscape. The existing inventory methodology does not take into account the common problems of hedges. The authors’ methodology effectiveness is in the simplicity of accounting, where the visible problems of the hedge structure (gaps parameters) are recorded and the clarity of the calculated data is obtained. That allows us to comparatively assess the quality of hedges and choose an adequate strategy to improve their condition. The concept of general hedge integrity is introduced, which shows the specific length of hedge sections not disturbed by gaps, expressed as a percentage. The method has been tested on 19 public facilities in the central district of Yoshkar-Ola city. Violations of the structure of hedges were revealed: a decrease in their integrity due to the presence of gaps in an amount from 0.2 to 2 pcs. per 10 running meters and with length from 0,7 to 4,8 running meters. Different lengths of gaps require different approaches to their recovery.
ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ: СТРУКТУРА И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ
Authors: Альбегат А.Х.Ш. , Румянцев К.Е.
Published: December 2021

В последнее время огромное внимание привлекли полностью оптические наномасштабные логические элементы из-за важности их применения в области оптических вычислений и сверхвысокой скорости обработки информации. Основная идея заключается в формировании конструктивного/ деструктивного взаимодействия между двумя оптическими сигналами. Плазмонные микроструктуры могут заключать излучение в субмасштабной области и демонстрируют сильное плазмонное усовершенствование. Это обеспечивает дальнейшее сокращение массогабаритных размеров устройств фотоники и прямую интеграцию с твердотельными чипами. В работе дан обзор конструкций и реализаций полностью оптических логических элементов для предоставления небольшой предварительной оценки плазмонных технологии.
ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ИНТЕРНЕТА ВЕЩЕЙ В ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЕ
Authors: Шишиханова М.Х. , Албогачиева Л.А.
Published: December 2021

К появлению Интернета вещей (IoT) привело стремительное развитие и рост информационно-коммуникационных технологий. IoT предоставляет механизм соединения вещей вместе при помощи специальных микропроцессорных чипов и датчиков, что позволяет облегчить обмен данными при помощи средств сети Интернет. С каждым днем возрастает число устройств и гаджетов, которые позволяют обмениваться информацией. Все отрасли и сферы жизнедеятельности человека применяют информационные технологии для облегчения и автоматизации своих процессов. Здравоохранение не осталось в стороне. Современные медицинские учреждения, больницы и центры внедряют технологии Интернета вещей в различные области медицины. Свое применение информационные технологии нашли в дистанционном мониторинге, управлении информацией о пациентах и осуществлении управления здравоохранением в целом. Это позволило облегчить работу медицинских работников.
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ СЕТИ КАК ПЛОЩАДКА ДЛЯ ПРОДВИЖЕНИЯ БИЗНЕСА
Authors: Хасаева А.А. , Алиев Р.И.
Published: December 2021

В данной статье рассматриваются социальные сети как площадки для открытия и продвижения бизнеса. В современном мире веб-технологии становятся все более популярными и значимыми, проникая практически во все сферы жизни человека. Социальная сеть - чрезвычайно важная и многообещающая платформа для развития электронного бизнеса. Благодаря социальным сетям предприниматели могут мгновенно получать обратную связь от клиентов, что дает возможность адаптироваться под постоянно меняющиеся в обществе тренды и улучшать качество обслуживания клиентов, тем самым повышая лояльность клиентов.
КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ ЗРЕНИЕ
Authors: Джабраилов З.А. , Магомедов И.А.
Published: December 2021

В статье рассматривается компьютерное зрение как технология обработки графических образов. Также данная статья описывает, что такое компьютерное зрение (CV/Computer Vision), историю развития данной технологии, где используется CV, из чего состоит и какие задачи преследует.
АНАЛИЗ НОТАЦИИ «О-БОЛЬШОЕ» В АЛГОРИТМАХ РЕШЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ
Authors: Магамедова А.З. , Алиева Х.Л.
Published: December 2021

Развитие компьютерной техники привело к существенному увеличению объема информации, представленной в электронном виде. В работе описывается один из способов по навигации в поиске информации, подчеркивается, в чем его уникальность и для каких списков он применяется.
МАШИННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ В АНАЛИЗЕ НЕСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ ДАННЫХ
Authors: Джамулуев В.В. , Батукаева А.Р.
Published: December 2021

В статье рассмотрены принципы аналитики данных и практическое использование информации. На примере дано пояснение принципа действия аналитических процессов касательно работы с данными, структура деятельности и её поэтапность в процессе их обработки. Сделан вывод о том, что с помощью искусственного интеллекта можно получить оптимизированный анализ как для структурированных, так и для неструктурированных наборов данных.
Altered skin microbiome: The most important symptom of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Tamrazova Olga B. , Glukhova Evgeniya A. , Tamrazova Anait V. , Dubovets Natalia F.
Published: December 2021

The progressively increased incidence of atopic dermatitis among children and increased persistence in adulthood, combined with an inevitably decreased quality of life of patients, determine the relevance of studying the development mechanisms of this disease not only for dermatology but also for the entire health care system. Thus, the prerequisites for the emergence of new pathogenetic concepts and the search for the most effective therapeutic modalities arise. Currently, atopic dermatitis is considered as the interaction of endogenous (impaired immune response and insufficient epidermal barrier function) and exogenous (exposure to allergens, chemical or physical irritants, and microorganisms) factors.
Environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, genetic makeup, antibiotic use, and good hygiene, play a critical role in skin microbiome maintenance and stability. Normally, the skin microbiota is mainly formed by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, and Streptococcus. In 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis, colonization of Staphylococcus aureus is observed on the affected skin, whereas on the unaffected skin in 39%, which secondarily contributes to the development of immune imbalance and increased skin xerosis. This fact determines the importance of basic therapy, which, on one hand, helps to strengthen the epidermal barrier, and on the other, normalizes the microbiome of the skin, thereby reducing the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus.
The normal skin microbiome suppresses the activity of immune-inflammatory responses and regulates pH, lipid synthesis, and transepidermal water loss. Thus, skin microbiome normalization is the key to successful therapy and long-term remission of atopic dermatitis.
ACCOUNTING FOR GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH IFRS
Authors:   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management, Stavropol Institute of Cooperation (branch), Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law, Stavropol, Russia, KOVALEVA V. D. , RASTORGUEV I. A. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Lecturer at a liberal arts college, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Krasnodar, Russia, OSINA E. D. ,   Master's degree, Head of the Public Relations Department, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Krasnodar, Russia
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of accounting and reflection in the financial statements of state sub-sidies in the context of a pandemic in accordance with IFRS, the forms of presentation of state subsidies, the features of their recognition as part of financial results are disclosed.
APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES IN PRODUCT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors:   Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of the Department of Security of High-Tech Systems, St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, St. Petersburg, Russia, SAMOYLOV A. V. , MOLCHANOVA S. M. ,   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics of High-Tech Production, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the application of distributed ledger technologies in the material, information and financial flows of companies. The ability of the company to integrate and cooperate, to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes when using blockchain technologies is substantiated. The factors affecting the stability of the supply chain are studied, the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of systems based on the design of architecture and the creation of flowcharts for analyzing the suitability of applications for control systems for product promotion are highlighted. It explores the relationship between buyer-supplier relationships in cross-border e-commerce and the benefits of successful implementations of blockchain solutions in an interorganizational supply chain environment.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DESIGNING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN THE FIELD OF THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Information Technology Entrepreneurship, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, BUDAGOV A. S. , MOLCHANOVA R. V. ,   Assistant of the Department of Information Technologies of Entrepreneurship, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the issues of digital transformation of information modeling of real estate objects. Innovative architectural design tools are used to efficiently exchange between isolated information storages when using big data, the Internet of Things, digital twins and artificial intelligence throughout the life cycle in the implementation of investment and construction projects. The influence of virtual and augmented reality using digital technologies on predictive modeling of construction objects, identification and hedging of potential risks, optimization of the construction process and monitoring of the implementation of projects in the field of construction has been substantiated.
FORMATION OF SUPPLY IN THE REGIONAL MILK MARKET
Authors:   Ph. D., associate Professor, Head of the Chair “Economic Theory, Marketing and Agricultural Economics”, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russia, KUSAKINA O. N.
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of research of the milk market, the formation of its proposal, the dynamics of the livestock of cattle and cows, milk production in the Stavropol Territory on the basis of official statistics for 2017–2020 in comparison with 1987 is considered. The dynamics of consumption and production of milk per capita is analyzed, the characteristic of the competitive environment is given, the leading producers of raw milk are identified. The presented results can serve as a basis for substantiating the directions of development of the regional milk market and increasing its supply.
Historical issues in Polish-Russian relations within the period of 1989 to 2007
Authors: Słowiński Konrad
Published: December 2021

The article focuses on the issue of the influence of the historical conditions on the Polish-Russian relations at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The history of these two countries is linked by a long-lasting and difficult past, and thus numerous unresolved disputes, burdens, and myths arose that have been felt to this day. In 1989, after the fall of the Communist system in our country, new political elites managing the process of democratic changes in the Third Polish Republic made efforts that aimed at settling disputed threads from the common Polish-Russian history. On the way to making up for the past, the period between 1989 and 2007 was marked by a number of important events that could be seen as the symbol of the common reconciliation. Unfortunately, there were also moments of regression and deep crisis that negatively affected the cooperation of both countries in the matter of dealing with difficult cards of the common history. This was influenced by a different approach to the past that is understood differently in Poland and in Russia and that contributed to the emergence of numerous misunderstandings, as well as to the mutual accusations in this field.
Огляд математичних моделей в економіці на основі диференціальних рівнянь.
Authors: Марценюк В. , Сверстюк А. , Козодій Н. , Кареліна О. , Загородна Н.
Published: December 2021

У роботі розглянуто математичні моделі у вигляді диференціальних рівнянь, які використовуються в економіці, враховуючи такі важливі економічні фактори, як аналіз бізнес-циклів, темпи зростання економіки через заощадження, виробництво, приріст капіталу, зростання робочої сили, попит, пропозицію, заощадження та прибуток. Приклади застосувння диференціальних рівнянь в економіці представлені у вигляді наступних математичних моделей: Харрода-Домара, економічного зростання Солоу, моделі поколінь, що перекриваються (модель Самуельсона-Даймонда), Рамсея-Касса-Купманса, економічного зростання Ромера, Калдора, Філіпса. За результатами аналітичного огляду математичних моделей встановлено, що модель Харрода-Домара використовується для аналізу бізнес-циклів, а також, як інструмент для пояснення темпів зростання економіки через заощадження та продуктивність капіталу. Модель Солоу враховує вплив таких факторів, як запас капіталу, зростання населення та технологічного прогресу, дію більшої кількості чинників, повніше відображає картину економічного зростання порівняно з моделлю Харрода-Домара. У моделі Фрідмана-Фелпса розглянуто питання споживання, яке пов’язане з одиницями праці в стані рівноваги при якому граничний обсяг виробництва на одного робітника повинен дорівнювати темпам зростання робочої сили при максимальному споживанні на одного індивідума. У моделі Рамсі-Касса-Купманса враховано споживання у певний момент часу та пояснюється довгострокове економічне зростання, а не коливання бізнес-циклу, і не включає недосконалість ринку, неоднорідність серед домашніх господарств чи екзогенні критичні ситуації. За результатами аналізу моделі Ромера встановлено, що довготривале зростання капіталу залежить від екзогенних параметрів, включаючи темпи зростання населення. Дослідження зворотного зв’язку між інфляцією та безробіттям для досягнення економічної стабільності враховано в моделі Філіпса
HARMONIZATION OF STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE FINANCE
Authors: Bystryakov Igor , Klynovyi Dmytro
Published: December 2021

The aim of the article is to outline theoretical and methodological approaches to harmonizing the interests of stakeholders in the system of sustainable finance on a platform approach to the organization of stakeholder interaction as partners in the process of ensuring sustainable management. It is established that the organization of sustainable management concerns the formation of financial relations in the interests of the maximum number of stakeholders, which will contribute to the homeostatic development of the economic system. The place and role of the financial component in harmonizing the interests of stakeholders are determined. Stakeholders in the financial relations of sustainable management are considered as a system set of groups and individuals from the internal and external environment of economic entities that provide homeostasis of the economic system through optimal distribution and use of financial resources in the process of interaction. A matrix of differentiation of stakeholders is constructed according to the importance of participation in the management process and the degree of their interest in decision-making. Passive and active hosts and users have been identified, among whom it is necessary to establish interaction to transfer as many participants as possible to the categories of active hosts and users and apply platform technological innovations for this purpose. It is determined that the stakeholders-hosts should act as agents of the territorial business ecosystem, forming the trend of sustainable management through collaborative interaction with each other. It was found that in the future it is necessary to create a full-fledged system of sustainable finance, in which in addition to the existing components of responsible investment and banking, sustainable insurance and stock markets, it is necessary to develop a sustainable public sector financial system, including sustainable fiscal and budgetary pension system and sovereign financing of sustainable development. The formation of the logistic cycle of sustainable economic reproduction due to the action of regulatory, stabilization, inclusive and other mechanisms of the system of sustainable finance is shown.
Experience in developing a method for long-term forecasting of the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin
Authors:   Hydrometeorological Research Center of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, Pavroz . Y.A
Published: December 2021

An attempt is made to develop a method for long-term forecasting of the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin, to identify the impact of the distribution of sea surface temperature and geopotential height in the informative regions at the levels H100 and H500 over the Northern Hemisphere on the river ice breakup. The location and boundaries of the informative regions in the fields of H100 and H500 were revealed by the discriminant analysis, the EOF expansion coefficients of the fields of anomalies of monthly mean values of H100 and H500 for January and February and the anomalies of monthly mean sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific were used as potential predictors. The stepwise regression analysis allowed deriving good and satisfactory (S/σ = 0.45–0.73) complex prognostic equations for forecasting the ice breakup time for the Vyatka River basin. The essential influence of H100 and H500 geopotential height fields and the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific in January and February on the river ice breakup time is revealed. It is proposed to improve the method by considering the impact of air temperature, maximum ice thickness per winter, and other indirect characteristics on the processes of river ice breakup in the Vyatka River basin. Keywords: ice regime, long-range forecast, river ice breakup, expansion coefficients, geopotential height fields, spring ice phenomena, energy-active zones of the oceans, complex prognostic equation
Analysis of air pollution in Primorsky Krai in 2019-2020 according to GMAO/NASA satellite monitoring
Authors:   Far Eastern Branch of Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use  and Protection of Water Resources, Vladivostok, Russia, Vasilevsky D.N. , Vasilevskaya L.N. ,   Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, Lisina I.A. ,   Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, Mushta B.B. ,   Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
Published: December 2021

The results of modeling variations in atmospheric pollutants over Primorsky Krai in 2019 and 2020 based on GMAO/NASA satellite monitoring data are analyzed. It is shown that average annual concentrations of pollutants in 2020 decreased as compared to 2019: by 20–35% for sulfur dioxide; by 5–20% for sulfates; by 8–20% for carbon monoxide; by 25–40 % for particulate matter PM (1, 2.5, and 10 μm). One of the reasons for the air pollution decline in Primorsky Krai in 2020 is the reduction of anthropogenic load in the context of a decrease in industrial activity and traffic flows both in Primorye and in the adjacent areas of China. Episodes of high pollution in 2019 were formed under influence of the transboundary transport of polluted air masses. Keywords: air pollution, aerosol and chemical elements, transboundary transport, satellite monitoring, Primorsky Krai
Overview of current and expected seasonal climatic anomalies for the winter 2021/2022 with their possible impact on the economy, as estimated by the meteorological services of the CIS countries
Authors:   Hydrometeorological Research Center of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, Khan V.M. ,   A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2021

Based on assessments of the meteorological services of the CIS countries, the skill scores of the consensus forecast for the territory of Northern Eurasia for the summer of 2021 are presented. The results of monitoring circulation patterns in the stratosphere and troposphere over the past summer season are discussed. Climate monitoring and seasonal forecasting results for the current situation are presented. A probabilistic consensus forecast for air temperature and precipitation is presented for the upcoming winter season 2021/2022 in Northern Eurasia. Possible consequences of the impact of the expected anomalies of meteorological parameters on the economy sectors and social life are discussed. Keywords: North Eurasian Climate Forum, North Eurasian Climate Center, consensus forecast, air temperature, precipitation, large-scale atmospheric circulation, hydrodynamic models, sea surface temperature, impacts
Estimates of the Earth surface influence on the accuracy of numerical prediction of air temperature in Belarus using the WRF model
Authors:   Institute of Nature Management of the National Academy of Sciences  of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus, Lysenko S.А. , Zaiko P.О. ,   National Academy of Sciences  of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
Published: December 2021

The spatial structure of land use and biophysical characteristics of land surface (albedo, leaf index, and vegetation cover) are updated using the GLASS (Global Land Surface Satellite) and GLC2019 (Global Land Cover, 2019) modern satellite databases for mesoscale numerical weather prediction with the WRF model for the territory of Belarus. The series of WRF-based numerical experiments was performed to verify the influence of the updated characteristics on the forecast quality for some difficult to predict winter cases. The model was initialized by the GFS (Global Forecast System, NCEP) global numerical weather prediction model. It is shown that the use of high-resolution land use data in the WRF and the consideration of the new albedo and leaf index distribution over the territory of Belarus can reduce the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of short-range (to 48 hours) forecasts of surface air temperature by 16–33% as compared to the GFS. The RMSE of the temperature forecast for the weather stations in Belarus for a forecast lead time of 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours decreased on average by 0.40°С (19%), 0.35°С (10%), 0.68°С (23%), and 0.56°С (15%), respectively. The most significant decrease in RMSE of the numerical forecast of temperature (up to 2.1 °С) was obtained for the daytime (for a lead time of 12 and 36 hours), when positive feedbacks between albedo and temperature of the land surface are manifested most. Keywords: numerical weather prediction, WRF, digital land surface model, albedo, leaf area index, forecast model validation
History and Basic Principles of Photodynamic Therapy Use in Ophthalmology
Authors: Ansyori Abdul Karim
Published: December 2021

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy that uses drugs, called photosensitizers or photosensitizing agents, and a specific type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to certain wavelengths of light, they produce oxygen that kills nearby cells. PDT is achieved by a photodynamic reaction induced by the excitation of a photosensitizer exposed to light. In the field of ophthalmology, PDT was approved for the first time about ten years ago for cases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a vision-threatening disease characterized by pathological macular neovascularization. After that, PDT was approved for use in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) cases in pathological myopia.3 This literature review aims to describe the history of PDT use and the basic principles of photodynamic therapy in ophthalmology.
PERCEPTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MALAWI: A COUNTRY CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: Mwastika Charles
Published: December 2021

Entrepreneurship is considered a strategy for economic development, but other scholars found that it does not bring economic growth in developing countries. Although entrepreneurship has multiple perspectives, there is a lack of knowledge about prevailing perceptions and activities undertaken in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to measure the perceptions of entrepreneurship in Malawi to have country context knowledge of the concept that guides what is undertaken as entrepreneurship. A cross-sectional survey of 337 enterprise owners and managers was undertaken using a questionnaire. Participants were requested to provide their top-of-the-mind definitions of entrepreneurship and activities their enterprises had undertaken which were considered entrepreneurial. Analyses of definitions and activities undertaken were used to draw out perceptions of entrepreneurship. The study found that starting and managing one's own business for profit, creating jobs, and being self-employed is the prevailing understanding of entrepreneurship in Malawi. The study further found low innovation among enterprises. Although the perceptions found reflect classical economic perspectives, they are inadequate to ignite economic development because of a lack of focus on innovation. The findings imply that understanding a concept is important in practice.  Therefore, stakeholders are encouraged to appraise their knowledge about entrepreneurship to align with theories where entrepreneurship is the driver of business growth and economic development. Further studies are required on the relationships between perceptions of entrepreneurship, activities undertaken, and economic development to advance entrepreneurial knowledge in Sub-Saharan Africa.
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SLOVAK FAMILY ENTERPRISES - TERRITORIAL APPROACH
Authors: Mura Ladislav
Published: December 2021

Entrepreneurial activity is currently confronted with a large number of different influences, which affect the performance of business units. Businesses face new situations due to the changing market conditions they have to respond to. The small and medium-sized business sector responds dynamically as well as very sensitively to market changes, where many family businesses are also established. Competition between market players forces both the management and the family businesses to think about new opportunities in order to ensure their growth. As a result, small and medium-sized businesses gain increased importance in international markets.  This study aims to identify the current trend in the international activity of family businesses in terms of their territorial activity. In addition to the theoretical background, the submitted study also introduces the results of our empirical survey. The questionnaire survey was applied as an appropriate research method.  We decided to apply a dual approach: qualitative (mainly for the theoretical part) and quantitative for the empirical part of the study. The obtained results show family businesses' interest in operating in the international business environment.
A gazdasági szereplő megbízhatóságáról és a közbeszerzésről szóló irányelv közvetlen hatályáról, az Európai Bíróság döntése alapján
Authors: Ferge Zsigmond
Published: December 2021

Jelen ügy alapjául szolgált, hogy a belgiumi Flandria régió közút- és közlekedési ügynöksége két felperesi társaságot a közbeszerzési eljárásból kizárt. Az eset kapcsán értelmezni kért irányelvi előírás, a gazdasági szereplőknek a közbeszerzési eljárásokban való részvételből történő kizárásának okait szabályozza. Az öntisztázás intézménye szerint, a gazdasági szereplők - annak ellenére, hogy az ő tekintetükben a kizárási okok valamelyike fennáll,- bizonyítékokat nyújthatnak be arra nézve, hogy az általuk elfogadott intézkedések kellőképpen igazolják a megbízhatóságukat. Amennyiben ez a bizonyíték kielégítőnek minősül, a gazdasági szereplőt a közbeszerzési eljárásból nem lehet kizárni.
Bíró alkotta jog a közbeszerzésekben – jogvitákból jogalkotás? : I. rész
Authors: Pfeffer Zsolt
Published: December 2021

A jogalkotás és a jogalkalmazás sajátos viszonyban áll egymással: a hatalmi ágak megosztása folytán a bíróságoknak és a közigazgatásnak a jogszabályok alkalmazását, értelmezését kell elvégezniük. A tevékenységük azonban nem kizárólag erre korlátozódik: mivel egyrészt a jogszabály által használt fogalmakat tartalommal kell megtölteni, másrészt pedig számos kérdés jogi úton szabályozatlan, ezért részt vesznek a jog fejlesztésében, alakításában is. Vizsgálható ennek megfelelően a két terület kölcsönhatása, munkamegosztása a közbeszerzési jogban is,kiemelve néhány olyan területet, amely alkalmas e viszony leírására, problémáinak szemléltetésére. Alapvető kérdés a korábbi döntésekhez való kötöttség, a helytelen jogalkalmazási tendenciák felülbírálata és bizonyos jogi alapelvekre épülő szabad jogtalálás.
Obligations of Corporation Members
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation, Gribov Nick D.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the obligations of corporation members in Russian and foreign law. In the Russian and foreign doctrines, attention is paid to the duties of directors or controlling persons. Therefore, the legal question of the obligation of the corporation members is of high scientific interest. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The author analyzed the doctrines of corporate law in Russian and foreign science. In the process of studying the obligations of the corporation members, the au- thor relied on systemic, comparative methods, and a problem-theoretical method of research. Results. Specific obligations of the corporation members are considered. The issues arising in the field of legal content and implementation of several obligations of the corporation members are outlined. The obligation to act in good faith has been differentiated from the obligation to pre- vent actions aimed at an abuse of rights. Based on the analysis of foreign literature, the fiduciary duty of the corporation members is demonstrated. The responsibilities of the corporation mem- bers for non-performance of obligations are also highlighted. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the responsi- bilities of the corporation members should be divided into two categories, namely basic and addi- tional. The basic obligations of the corporation members should include the following: to prevent abuse of corporate rights, to act in good faith, to participate in the formation of the corporation’s property, not to disclose confidential information about the corporation’s activities, to notify the corporation and its members in advance of their intention to file a directive claim, and to disclose information. The obligation to act in good faith and the obligation to prevent actions aimed at abusing the right differ in their content. The fiduciary duty of the members of the corporation is, in fact, the same as the obligation to act in good faith. Failure by a member to comply with cor- porate obligations may entail the following measures of corporate responsibility: exclusion of the participant from the corporation, suspension of voting rights, financial sanctions.
Legal understanding, law making and law implementation
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation, Ershov Valentin V.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The article analyses the opinions of a number of scientific and practical workers about the debatable problems of legal understanding, law making and law implementation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article uses a systematic approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of legal understanding, law making and law implementation. A compara- tive legal analysis of works by Russian and foreign authors allowed the establishment of common and different characteristics of these legal categories in the approaches of different scientists. Results. From the position of scientifically grounded concept of an integrated legal understanding the following conclusion is made: each form of national and (or) international law receives its “jus- tification” only as a “moment of the whole” in a unified, developing and multi-level system of legal forms, outside of which it is an “unreasonable assumption or subjective confidence”. In this gen- eral scientific approach the analysis of interrelated and complementary processes of legal un- derstanding, law making and law implementation, self-sufficient legal phenomena, including ele- ments of the system of law forms, should be conducted as the study of “moments of the whole”. Discussion and Conclusion. The following advantages of an evidence-based concept of integrative legal understanding can be identified. Firstly, the possibility of implementing a non-traditional, fundamentally different research strategy on the legal regulators of legal relations. Secondly, to systematically study qualitatively different legal problems (in particular, the elements of the system of legal forms, its integrity, direct and inverse connections), and see new properties of law not inherent in its individual elements. Thirdly to develop concrete, practical answers to contemporary theoretical questions.
Forensic DNA Databases: International Experience and the Possibility of its Application in the Russian Federation
Authors:   Mediсal Genomics LLC, Tver’, Russian Federation, Semikhodskii Andrei G.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The article highlights a number of topical issues involving the federal database of genomic information of the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that the expert application of fo- rensic DNA analysis began in the late 80s/early 90s of the twentieth century, the legal basis for the use of DNA for crime investigation does not meet the requirements of today. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The study is based on a comparative analysis of the legal framework of forensic genetic databases of foreign countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, and the Russian Federation. Results. Based on the experience of countries where forensic DNA databases have been creat- ed and are effectively used, the general legislative principles of organizing such databases are discussed. Crimes warranting genetic registration and the procedural category of persons from whom DNA samples should be taken for the database purposes are considered as well as the length of the retention period and criteria for deleting genetic information. The issues of quali- ty control and ethical use of genetic information for solving crimes are discussed separately. In conclusion, the need for a legislative initiative that will allow law enforcement agencies to have a genomic information database as an effective tool for combating crime is proposed. Discussion and Conclusion. The paper emphasises a need for legislative initiatives that would allow law enforcement agencies to have a genomic database as an effective tool for combating crime.
Normative Function of Constitutional Decisions
Authors:   Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Callejon Francisco Balaguer
Published: December 2021

Introduction. This work analyses the normative function of constitutional judgments, their cha- racteristics and their limits. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical bases start from the work of Hans Kelsen in relation to the condition of “negative legislator” of the constitutional court, which already implies a dero- gatory capacity on the legal order and, therefore, a normative function, completed with the differ- entiation of Vezio Crisafulli between “disposition and norm” that allows opening the constitution- al jurisdiction to a consideration as “positive legislator”. Likewise, theoretical contributions from other works by the author of the research are incorporated. The method that has been used to prepare the work is based on the analysis of the current legal reality of the constitutional jurisdic- tion taking into account the legal context in which it develops its functions. Results. It is concluded that the normative function of constitutional judgments is a structural fea- ture inherent to constitutional jurisdiction, which presents a series of specific characteristics. This normative function is characterized by being a complex reality, due to the diversity of procedures in which it occurs and the different legal material with which the constitutional jurisdiction works. It is also a complementary normative function, which lacks the plenitude of the legal production of law. Lastly, it is a fragmentary normative function, which operates on specific dispositions or provisions of the normative chains, without having the capacity to configure complete normative chains that correspond only to the legislator in the exercise of his legislative function. Discussion and Conclusion. Constitutional decisions clearly develop a normative function, as they incorporate more into the legal system than just the interpretation of the provisions of the law or the Constitution. These decisions derive from legal or constitutional provisions norms that complement the constitutional and legislative levels of the legal system. Thus, they contribute, albeit with the limitations noted in this paper, to the development of the legal system, resolve conflicts and establish norms that can help prevent new disputes. Thus, they perform the peace- keeping function that is inherent in any justice.
The measures to protect public legal interests in the civil process
Authors:   Ural Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, Burmistrova Svetlana A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The civil legislation of Russia has a list of general ways to protect civil rights. There is comprehensive list of ways to protect public-law subjective rights and interests either in legislation or in legal science. As a result, some methods of protection that are explicitly named in the law are widely used in practice and have been sufficiently studied in science, while others that do not have direct legislative support are little or practically not used in practice, which leads to weak protection of rights and interests that could be protected by such methods. Theoretical Basis. Methods. In order to make the most complete list of the methods of protecting public-law subjective rights and interests and, if possible, bring such methods into the system, the author of the article proceeded from the following ideas: – social interests regulated by law (legal interests) have a different probability of achieving the object (the social good they are aimed at) and are divided into three categories, namely interests with a maximum (subjective rights), minimum (legitimate interests) and intermediate probability of achieving the object (legitimate interests that can be transformed into subjective rights by an act of law enforcement); – legal interests in the implementation process go through a number of stages, each of which can be violated in a special way. Knowing what constitutes a violation in each of the stages, allows an accurate choice of a method of protection from the range of availale measures; – the importance of implementing legal interests for the society is not the same. General (public) significance leads to the fact that the interest is regulated by public law. The private significance of an interest entails its regulation by private law. Results. It is argued that public and private entities can be carriers of public legal interests. It is proved that relations arising from the implementation of public-legal interests can be based on subordination or equality, and therefore the subjects of public-legal relations can have a powerful, subordinate and equal status. The article presents a system of measures and measures that should be applied in cases of violations of public-legal interests of powerful, subordinate and equal participants in public-legal relations at various stages of the implementation of such interests. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained can serve as a basis for improving the procedural means of protection and proceedings for the protection of public legal interests.