bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group-Induced Extremization: Review of Evidence and a Minority-Change Explanation
Authors: Lamm Helmut , Trommsdorff Gisela , Rost-Schaude Edith
Published: September 2011

A review of evidence from a number of experiments suggests that as a result of discussion the average of the group members' positions (attitudes, judgments) becomes more extreme. These shifts seem to occur primarily when group members' initial positions are distributed across the two sides of the scale in such a way as to create a majority-minority constellation. Accordingly, it is proposed that underlying the extremity-shifts reported in the literature is the movement of a minority toward the majority's side. That such minority-change is nor the only source of extremization is suggested by one study finding that group discussion enhances the extremity of individual positions. An analysis of the special distribution of positions existing on the items selected in that experiment permits the following conclusion. Discussion-induced extremization is (also) caused by the impact of arguments in the discussion favoring the side which most or all members preferred to begin with. Other explanations cannot be discarded at the present time. At the least they point to important aspects of small-group functioning which it would seem fruitful to investigate.
Positive Interanimal Transfer with a Control for Arousal
Authors: Smith Landgrave T. , Devietti Terry L. , Gaines Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments used rats and a non-shock passive avoidance task to differentiate between learning and non-specific arousal hypotheses of the interanimal transfer phenomenon. In the first experiment with 57 rats, a multi-trial training procedure was used and positive transfer was obtained from rats receiving “trained-brain” extract injections but not from rats receiving injections of extracts from aroused controls. The second experiment used a one-trial training procedure with 49 rats and reproduced the results of Exp. 1. The third experiment with 56 rats showed some evidence of extinction and spontaneous recovery while this was not found with rats receiving injections from aroused controls. A fourth experiment indicated that the brain-extract solutions of Exps. 1 to 3 contained relatively high concentrations of protein. No detectable concentrations of RNA were discerned. The behavioral results were consistent with the notion that the interanimal transfer resulted from a learning transfer rather than a nonspecific arousal transfer.
Spurious Species Comparisons in Housing Studies Using Laboratory Rats and Mice
Authors: Syme Lesley A.
Published: September 2011

Socially isolated male rats were less active than group-housed animals for 14 consecutive days following weaning. Essman (1966) found isolated mice more active than grouped animals over the same period. Methodological differences, with reference to repeated open-field measures of activity, and implications for the housing literature are discussed.
Long-Term Retention of Conditioned Taste Aversions: Effects of Gustatory Interference
Authors: Dragoin William , Hughes Glenn , Devine Michael , Bentley Jack
Published: September 2011

The 1 trial conditional pairing of a novel taste (HCl) solution with drug-induced illness (ip injection of cyclophosphamide) induces taste aversions in rats. This aversion is retained after intervals of 15, 45, or 90 days, even when the animals have had experience with similar tastes during the retention interval.
Abnormal Behavior in Non-Isolate-Reared Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Erwin J. , Mitchell G. , Maple Terry
Published: September 2011

The research reported here documents the existence of self-directed aggression in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys. Ss for this series of studies were reared with their mothers for most of the first year of life, and each animal experienced constant social access to a like-sexed peer throughout its second year of life. Significant amounts of social contact were also provided during the third and fourth years. Ss were observed in social situations at approximately 1, 2, 2½, 3, and 4½ yr. of age, and some self-biting was observed at each age. Self-aggression occurred primarily in semi-stressful contexts which apparently did not allow appropriate outward-directed expression of emotion. The use of socially reared animals as models for the study of self-directed aggression is suggested as an alternative to the use of isolate-reared Ss.
Replication and Extension of the Personality Profile of “Artists in the Making”
Authors: Zeldow Peter B.
Published: September 2011

The California Psychological Inventory was administered to groups of student playwrights and artists. While several statistically significant differences were found, most striking was the similarity among the personality profiles of the groups and to Barron's profiles. A description of creative students in the arts is presented.
Effects of Person-Group and Intragroup Attitude Similarity on Perceived Group Attractiveness and Cohesiveness: II
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Nelson Don A.
Published: September 2011

The generalizability of the Byrne-Nelson attraction function to the evaluation of group attractiveness and group cohesiveness was investigated by varying both the proportion of person-group or intergroup attitude similarity (.25, .50, or .75) and the proportion of within-group or intragroup attitude similarity (.33, .50, or .83) and having the experimental S evaluate the stimulus group for its attractiveness and its probable level of cohesive functioning. The mythical 3-person stimulus group which each S evaluated was presented as being comprised of the likely participants in a discussion group being considered for another psychological experiment. Group attractiveness was measured by scales for liking and desire to work with the group, and group cohesiveness was assessed with scales asking for evaluations of the group's probable level of productivity, efficiency, feelings of belongingness, and morale. Evaluation of group attractiveness is a positive function of person-group attitude similarity or the similarity of the group's members to S ( p < .001), whereas the evaluation of group cohesiveness is a positive function of similarity of intragroup attitude or the similarity of the group's members to one another independent of their similarity to the nonmember-evaluator ( p < .001).
Recall of Aggressive Words by Kindergarten Children
Authors: Camp Bonnie W. , Zimet Sara G.
Published: September 2011

Lists of verbs rated as high or low in aggressive affect were compiled. Individual interviews were held with 28 children at the end of kindergarten. IQ tests were administered and the word lists were presented. Each child was asked to repeat the words he recalled hearing in each list. Significantly more highly aggressive words were recalled. No significant correlations were found between IQ and recall scores and no differences were attributable to sex. Frequency of usage was a significant factor in influencing recall.
Study of Hierarchical Categorization Using Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Oppenheim Steven , Bolton Martin
Published: September 2011

Most studies examining longer-term memory have used words and concepts without question. Because words and concepts have many previous associations, nonsense syllables were used to ascertain more clearly whether categories in longer-term memory exist independently of an associative base.
Some Correlates of Conceptual Complexity
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Sandilands Mark L.
Published: September 2011

Scores on 3 measures of conceptual complexity were related to a number of biographic and demographic variables. Age, sex, GPA, and birth order were generally unrelated to complexity as were differences among formal religious denominations and Canadian political party preferences. However, complexity scores were generally lower for (1) Ss reporting religious affiliations vs non-affiliates, (2) Ss voting for a party rather than the man, (3) Ss enrolled in the Faculty of Education vs those in Arts and Science, and (4) Ss enrolled in pre-professional training programs vs those working towards the B.A. degree.
Internal-External Control: Studied through the Use of Proverbs
Authors: Friedman S. Thomas , Manaster Guy J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the factorial structure and the construct validity of the factors based on responses to a 25-item Internal-External Control Proverbs Test. 488 university students were given the series of proverbs in a battery that included the Rotter Internal-External scale. Responses to proverbs were factor analyzed, the factors subjected to analysis of variance by sex and year in school of S, and the factors correlated with the total external score from Rotter's scale. The results point to a single construct, internal control, and two broad types of subconstructs under the aegis of external control, situational and behavioral potential.
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Avoid Powerlessness
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C. , Golden Stanford B.
Published: September 2011

The development of a self-report measure of the motive to avoid powerlessness is described. The reliability coefficient (KR-20) obtained for the final form of the 36-item, true-false scale was .86 for a sample of 251 college students.
Selection of Specialized Creators
Authors: Bergum Bruce O.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted of 32 industrial employees, including 16 technical and administrative, and 16 research individuals, who responded to a 22-item questionnaire designed to discriminate between “creators” and “others,” as well as between “analysts” and “inventors” within the creative group. Results indicated that 12 items discriminated between the various groups at significant statistical levels; 9 items discriminated between creators and others, and 2 of these same items also discriminated between analysts and inventors. 3 additional items discriminated only analysts and inventors. Thus, it may be possible, with few items, to discriminate reliably between creators and others, as well as between analysts and inventors within the creative group.
Introduction of Novel Irrelevant Cues in Discrimination Learning
Authors: Cogan Dennis , Hafer Marilyn
Published: September 2011

20 albino rats were trained to criterion (90% correct) on a brightness discrimination in the presence of irrelevant form cues. Using an optional shift paradigm, all Ss were required to reverse the initially learned response with respect to brightness cues. During this phase, novel form cues were introduced for one group (10 Ss). Split-plot factorial analyses of variance (trials and errors to criterion) indicated there were reliable differences in learning rate between the novel-cue and same-cue groups in the optional shift phase. No significant consistent responses were observed in the test phase. Results were interpreted as more in support of continuity theory, although the lack of information on the conditions under which inter-task transfer fails to occur makes this conclusion somewhat tenuous.
Primary Social Attitudes of the 1960s and Those of the 1930s
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

The author reports a duplication, upon the basis of data secured in the 1960s, of factor analyses conducted and reported in the late 1930s and early 1940s. He shows, in general, that the factor structure of three primary social attitudes (Religionism, Humanitarianism, and Nationalism) was in the late 1960s nearly the same as it was in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Differences, when they appear, imply that the structure in the more recent period hangs together more loosely than it did in the earlier period. Finally, he points out that Factors I and III (Religionism and Nationalism) might be collapsed into one factor and (so collapsed) might represent—on the author's specificity-generality continuum—a Level 4 syndrome: namely, Eysenck's tender-tough-minded variable.
Fear of Appearing Incompetent and Attraction toward Agreeing and Disagreeing Strangers
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesized interactive effect of feat of appearing incompetent in the relationship between attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction was not obtained. Instead, significant main effects occurred for both male and female Ss due primarily to the stronger attraction toward dissimilar strangers by Ss with high fear of appearing incompetent than those low in such fear.
Drugs and Placebos: Drug Guessing by Normal Volunteers
Authors: Hurst Paul M. , Radlow Robert , Weidner Marrianna F. , Ross Sherman
Published: September 2011

A series of 4 related experiments are described, using male and female student volunteers. Each experiment involved 3 to 5 evening sessions, during which a number of drug treatments were rotated among Ss. After drug ingestion, a series of experimental tasks, differing among the experiments, were used. At the end of each session, S reported on how the drug received had affected him, and classified the drug as a “stimulant,” “depressant,” “tranquilizer,” or as having “no effect.” In one experiment only the first two categories were used. Differences in drugs received accounted for only a small part of the variance in assigned categories. Amphetamines at the dose levels used were better discriminated from placebo than were other drugs. Limited (but recent) prior experience in being an S in drug experiments may facilitate drug recognition, if the experimental situation provides cues to S in relationship to task demands. However, since the over-all accuracy of drug recognition was only slightly better than chance (for both experienced and naive Ss), little error should be expected to arise from application of the usual (inert) placebo controls.
Psychological Correlates of Marijuana Use: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: September 2011

The study was concerned with social and emotional correlates of marijuana use. 85 undergraduate students were given a structured diary to fill out nightly for 1 wk. 24 Ss reporting use of marijuana during this period were compared in terms of (1) the days they used and did not use the drug and (2) with the group of 61 nonusers. While most comparisons showed only a small difference, there was a tendency for marijuana users to more frequently report sex desire on use days than nonuse days and to smoke cigarettes more often than the nonuse group.
A Repeated Measures Investigation of the Relation of the School Motivation Analysis Test to Academic Achievement
Authors: Bartsch T. W. , Barton K. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

Standardized tests of social studies, science, mathematics and reading achievement, along with questionnaire measures of intelligence and motivation, were administered three times, at 6-mo. intervals, to 109 girls and 149 boys enrolled in a central Illinois junior high school. With sex, intelligence and motivation treated as independent variables, 40 repeated-measures analyses of variance were computed to determine if these factors were associated with differential rate of gain in any of the four achievement tests. Significant main effects for intelligence, motivation, and occasions were found in each analysis. In comparison, interaction terms, suggesting differential change in level of achievement, were sparse and highly specific. With one exception, it was concluded that little differential growth occurred in the sample over the 12-mo. period.
Demographic Variables Accounting for Congressmen's Votes for Arts Legislation
Authors: Perloff Evelyn , Perloff Robert
Published: September 2011

4 factors were evaluated in an effort to explain a Congressman's voting behavior toward federal support of the arts: party affiliation, Congressional district, educational background, and age at time of voting. The findings showed that urban Democratic Representatives were more likely to vote for an arts bill than their rural Democratic colleagues, while neither urban nor rural Republican Congressmen were as positive in voting for an arts bill. No significant differences were observed in the voting behavior on the bill as a function of either educational background or age.
A Motivational Correlate of Viet Nam Protest Group Members
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Stamps Louis W.
Published: September 2011

A projective test of Hostile Press motivation was given to 39 men and women, members of groups actively protesting the United States military policy in Viet Nam and 60 non-protest group members. The protest group Ss had significantly higher Hostile Press scores than the non-protest group members. Some speculative interpretation of the results was attempted.
Comparison of Measured Psychopathology in Indian and Non-Indian Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: September 2011

The Differential Personality Inventory was administered to 25 North American Indians hospitalized for the treatment of alcoholism. Indians scored significantly higher than a comparison group of 75 non-Indian alcoholics on 7 of 27 clinical scales, reflecting Cynicism, Disorganization of Thinking, Hypochondriasis, Ideas of Persecution, Repression, Self-depreciation, and Somatic Complaints. There were no significant differences on scales reflecting character disorder. It was recommended that separate norms be developed on standardized measures of psychopathology for specific ethnic groups.
Another Failure to Obtain Negative Incentive Contrast following Reductions in Sucrose Reward
Authors: Barnes W. , Tombaugh Tom N.
Published: September 2011

The effects of reductions in volume only, concentration only, and volume plus concentration of sucrose rewards were studied in a discrete-trial (retractable bar) situation. There was no evidence of abrupt behavioral decrements or negative contrast effects associated with any type of reward reduction. The present results are in opposition to those obtained following variations in solid food rewards. These findings suggest that the effects of sucrose and solid food manipulations require different theoretical interpretations.
An Attitude Survey of College Freshmen and Seniors: Preference toward Seven Nationalities
Authors: Berger Linda , Leibly Joanne , Meunier Barbara
Published: September 2011

In a test of the hypothesis that as the level of education increases flexibility of attitude also increases, 2 groups of 80 college freshmen, 40 males and 40 females, and 80 college seniors, 40 males and 40 females, were surveyed. Ss were presented a questionnaire in which they were asked to rate 7 nationalities in order of preference for a roommate. Seniors were significantly more flexible in their attitudes toward the nationalities than the freshmen; females were more flexible than males, and the difference increased as the educational level increased.
Mortality Rates and Aggression Management
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

A replication of an earlier study showed that mortality from certain causes of death was ecologically correlated with measures of aggression management obtained from the suicide and homicide rates.
Cognitive Effects of Marijuana, Described in Terms of a Model of Attention
Authors: Delong Fonya Lord , Levy Bernard I.
Published: September 2011

The cognitive effects of marijuana are best described and organized in terms of a model of attention. Sack's model includes three factors of attention: resistance to distraction, set-shifting, and field articulation. The acute cognitive effects can be seen as decrements in resisting distraction and in shifting set, i.e., voluntarily shifting the focus of one's attention. Chronic use of the drug seems to cause similar decrements, although the evidence for them is not as strong. Further research is needed, using longitudinal studies so that measurements of attention before and after drug use will be available.
Fear of Death in the Mentally Ill
Authors: Feifel Herman , Hermann Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

Fear of death is considered a major source of apprehension for many emotionally disturbed individuals. Hypotheses that mentally ill persons would evidence greater fear of death than a control group of normal Ss, and the more intense the degree of emotional disturbance the greater would be the presence of fear of death, were investigated. Fear of death was assessed by means of a multilevel criterion. Results indicated that mentally ill patients did not have any significantly greater fear of death than emotionally healthy Ss. Neither did degree of emotional illness appear to be related significantly to apprehension concerning death. Both groups, however, manifested an over-all similarity in perception of death, i.e., repudiation of fear of death at a conscious level, linked to ambivalence at an imagery level, and to dread at below-the-level-of-awareness.
Relationships between Maturity of Moral Judgment and Measures of Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

Consistent with Kohlberg's stage theory, maturity of moral judgment was related to process or structural aspects of cognitive functioning, e.g., reasoning and analysis, but not to content, e.g., interests and Rotter's scale.
Behavior Modification: Evaluation in a Typical Psychiatric Ward Setting
Authors: Schalock R. , Abbert M. , Nelson Hazel , Burnett C. , Henniger Marilyn , Lainson J. , Pierce G. , Reisser S.
Published: September 2011

For 50 psychiatric patients and 15 mentally retarded adults a 3½-yr. behavior-modification program yielded no significant changes in affect or intellectual functioning, but improvements in appearances, sociability and frustration tolerance.
Abilities Measured by the Purdue Elementary Problem-Solving Inventory
Authors: Speedie Stuart M. , Houtz John C. , Ringenbach Susan , Feldhusen John F.
Published: September 2011

Data from the Purdue Elementary Problem-Solving Inventory for 364 second-graders were analyzed. The inventory was designed to assess 12 distinct problem-solving skills. A principal axis factor solution with varimax and then oblique rotations was computed from tetrachoric item intercorrelations. 6 psychologically interpretable factors emerged. These 6 factors corresponded to 6 of the hypothesized 12 component abilities involved in the test. Items representative of these factors appeared to assess the ability to sense that a problem exists, define the problem specifically, notice details, see implications, make remote associations, and select the best solution to a problem.
Correlations of Scores on Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, Three Measures of Creativity, Sat Scores, and Age
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

For 98 college students responses on the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test correlated low to moderately with 3 measures of creativity, SAT scores and age as would he predicted.
Changes in the Connotations of Racial Concepts and Color Names: 1963–1970
Authors: Williams John E. , Best Deborah L. , Wood Frank B. , Filler John W.
Published: September 2011

This study was a 1970 replication of a 1963 study which assessed the connotative (affective) meanings of color, color-person, and ethnic concepts among Caucasian college students at Wake Forest University. The purpose was to determine whether including the development of the black identity movement during intervening years, had modified the affective meanings of these concepts. The results showed no significant change in the color (e.g., White and Black) or ethnic concepts (e.g., Caucasian and Negro). The meanings of the color-person concepts (e.g., White Person and Black Person) were shown to have shifted away from the related color concepts and toward a greater similarity to the related ethnic concepts. Factor analyses yielded similar factor structures for the color-person concepts and the ethnic concepts, with little evidence of interpretable factors among the color concepts. It was concluded that for Caucasian students the events of the black identity movement during 1963–1970 were associated with a greater tendency toward the equation of color-person and ethnic concepts, with no appreciable changes in the affective meanings of ethnic concepts themselves.
Birthorder among Psychotherapists: A See-Saw Phenomenon
Authors: Bruce William E. , Sims John H.
Published: September 2011

Firstborns were over-represented among a sample of 3,992 psychotherapists from New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, extending this familiar birthorder effect to yet another highly educated population. However, birthorder distributions varied surprisingly and systematically by family size. Among the minority of Ss from families of 5 or more children, lastborns were over-represented and firstborns were not. Implications of this finding for one-factor explanations of birthorder effects are discussed.
Effect of Attire on Obtaining Directions
Authors: Schiavo R. Steven , Sherlock Barbara , Wicklund Gail
Published: September 2011

120 middle-aged women gave more detailed directions or additional helpful suggestions and were more willing to respond to a college-age female requesting directions when the latter was dressed conventionally rather than as a “hippie.” The data are consistent with the assumption that attire mediates perception of similarity and thus influences helping behavior.
High and Low Levels of Dogmatism in Relation to Personality Characteristics of Medical Students: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Juan Isabel R. , Paiva Rosalia E. A. , Haley Harold B. , O'Keefe Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The nature and direction of changes in attitudes and value patterns as measured by the Survey of Interpersonal Values (Gordon, 1960), the Study of Values (Allport, et al., 1951), and Cancer Attitude Survey (Haley, et al., 1968) were explored by comparing test (1966) and retest (1970) results from medical students who scored high or low on Dogmatism Scale, Form E (Rokeach, 1960) in 1966. Significant decreases in dogmatism scores obtained in 1970 necessitated a second comparison between those whose scores remained stable within the initially defined high and low ranges. While the over-all value patterns of the high- and low-dogmatic groups differed, the differences found in 1970 were less extensive than those found in 1966. Comparisons of stable-high and stable-low dogmatic groups yielded significant differences in the mean scores of several of the value variables, and marked differences in value patterns.
A Preliminary Measure of Existential Anxiety
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a preliminary 32-item, self-report measure of existential anxiety is described. The measure yielded a reliability estimate (KR-20) of .89 for a sample of 237 undergraduates. A hypothesized inverse relationship between existential anxiety and need for achievement was confirmed, whereas a hypothesized inverse relationship between existential anxiety and test anxiety was not.
Effects of Tone Cessation and Warning Signal Duration on Temporal Responding in an Avoidance Procedure
Authors: Bostow Darrel E. , Ulrich Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Six albino rats responded by lever-pressing to avoid grid shock in a free-operant, signaled avoidance situation. Tone cessation was the warning signal for 3 Ss while tone onset was the warning signal for a fourth S. The distribution of avoidance responses during successive reductions of the response-to-warning signal interval indicated a temporal discrimination during the warning signal. Immediate stimulus control, i.e., occurrence of the greatest amount of avoidance responses immediately following the occurrence of the warning signal, was not observed.
Vulnerability to Draft and Attitudes toward Troop Withdrawal from Indochina: Replication and Refinement
Authors: Staw Barry M. , Notz William W. , Cook Thomas D.
Published: September 2011

493 men recorded their opinions about when troops should be withdrawn from Indochina both before and after they were assigned a random draft lottery number. Persons assigned higher draft numbers which exempted them from military service advocated speedier withdrawal than did persons assigned numbers in the middle of the distribution. This effect replicated a finding from earlier research and was interpreted within a dissonance/equity framework. The present study also showed that persons with lower draft numbers (and the highest chance of being called into military service) wanted speedier withdrawal than did persons with middle numbers. This second finding was not obtained in previous research and was interpreted in terms of self-interest. The present study refined earlier results since greater advocacy of withdrawal by persons with both high and low numbers was restricted to those who initially advocated early troop withdrawal from Indochina. It is likely that information pertaining to one's vulnerability to the draft entailed greater consequences for those initially opposed to the Indochina War than for those relatively more supportive of it.
Course of Depressive Mood in a Psychiatric Population upon Application for Service and at 3- and 12-Mo. Reinterview
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Hornstra Robijn K. , Love Allene
Published: September 2011

The sensitivity of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL Form E) to change in depressive mood in a psychiatric population ( N = 519) over a 12-mo. period was demonstrated. In accord with expectation, significant improvement on the total, the positive, and the negative scores, was found from application to the Center to 3-mo. reinterview and from application to 12-mo. reinterview, but not from 3 mo. to 12 mo.
Cross-Validation of the Suicidal Intent Scale
Authors: Beck Roy W. , Morris Jeffrey B. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the validity and reliability of the Suicidal Intent Scale as a measure of the seriousness of a suicide attempt. 194 completed suicides had higher scores on the scale than 231 attempters (nonfatal). In addition, 19 attempters who reattempted suicide within 1 yr. of discharge had greater suicidal intent than attempters who did not.
Expectations concerning Children's Obtaining Contact Comfort following Parents' Interpersonal Behaviors
Authors: Arrington Bettye Vonciel , King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

College students' responses to incomplete paragraphs indicated that they expected parents' positive and neutral interpersonal behaviors, e.g., smiling, looking, talking in a pleasant tone of voice, talking in a normal tone of voice, are more likely to be S+s for the child's obtaining contact comfort with parents than are parents' negative interpersonal behaviors, e.g., grimacing, talking in a harsh tone of voice. Many if not all of the parents' behaviors expected to be S+s for the child's obtaining contact comfort are positive social reinforcers. Since S+s for primary reinforcement are conditioned reinforcers, the results suggest that social reinforcers acquire reinforcing strength partly because they are S+s for contact comfort. A previous study suggested that social behaviors also acquire reinforcing strength through classically conditioned associations with contact comfort.
Response Time and Test Anxiety
Authors: Tobias Sigmund , Hedl John J. , Towle Nelson J.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to test the interpretation that high test-anxiety students performed more poorly on difficult material because they divided their attention between personally relevant and task-relevant concerns more than did low-anxiety individuals. It was reasoned that such division of attention ought to require more time for high-anxious students on difficult items and hence result in longer response latencies. A mathematical test containing both easy and difficult items was administered to 80 students on computer terminals. Results indicated that high-anxious students performed more poorly on the difficult items than low-anxious students. High-anxious students had higher levels of state anxiety during the testing than the low-anxious students. The latency analysis, however, failed to confirm the hypotheses.
Number of One-Way Escapes from Sequential Cues Previously Paired with Frustrative Nonreward
Authors: Companik Paul J. , Maisto Stephen A. , Tyre Timothy E.
Published: September 2011

21 rats were tested in a shuttle box in which crossing terminated distinctive cues. Experimental Ss which had previously been exposed to these same cues paired with frustrative nonreward crossed significantly more times than controls. These results were interpreted as supporting the position that stimuli associated with frustrative nonreward may come to elicit a learned drive of conditioned frustration.
The Luscher Color Test: Reliability and Selection Preferences by College Students
Authors: Donnelly Frank A.
Published: September 2011

The reliability of selecting the colors used in the Luscher Color Test over a 45-day period is reported. First and last colors selected were most reliable. All other selections were lower but significantly correlated except the third and fourth selections which were not significant. Significant differences in percentage of color preferences for the first and seventh selections were found between those reported by Luscher for a large European sample of male college students and the present sample of 98 college students. Colors differing for samples were red, green, yellow and grey. Reliability, although somewhat low, appears comparable to that reported for other projective techniques. Interpretations based upon the descriptions by Luscher should, however, be carefully weighed considering the differences found for color preferences between the European and the present U.S. samples.
Personality Characteristics Associated with Originality and Elaboration
Authors: Ashton Patricia
Published: September 2011

Using a multidimensional model of creativity, a study was made of the personality characteristics that differentiate Ss high on figural originality from those who are low and those high on figural elaboration from those who are low. 196 college undergraduates were administered Figural Form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the What Kind of Person Are You? questionnaire. Using the upper and lower 27% for an item analysis, 12 items differentiated the high and low original thinkers and 18 items differentiated the high and low elaborators. The findings were interpreted as supporting the idea that somewhat different personality characteristics are associated with figural originality and elaboration.
Development and Validation of a Feminism Scale
Authors: Dempewolff J. A.
Published: September 2011

To develop a valid and reliable measure of attitudes toward women embodied in the aims of the women's movement, we (1) gave a revised feminism scale (Feminism I) to 225 students, (2) administered Feminism I to selected campus groups, and (3) gave one short form of Feminism II to two groups of 25 students, and alternated tests after 2 wk. Factor analysis of the Feminism I data established the measure as relatively homogeneous and resulted in a shortened Feminism II Scale (split-half reliability estimate of .976). The Feminism II Scale was partially validated by a significant effect ( p < .001) for organizational membership. Short forms of the Feminism II Scale demonstrated an alternate forms reliability of .95, indicating their equivalency. Implications are discussed.
Ethnicity and Scholastic Achievement
Authors: Jensen Arthur R.
Published: September 2011

Scores on tests in 8 areas of scholastic achievement were “predicted” by multiple regression from 7 nonscholastic tests of ability, a personality inventory, and items of personal background data in some six thousand white, Negro, and Mexican-American California school children in Grades 1 to 8. Averaged over Grades, the multiple correlation ( R) between the predictor variables and achievement scores ranged from .60 to .80 for various school subjects. Ethnicity made no significant contribution to the multiple R independently of the several predictor variables.
Promiscuity as a Function of the Father-Daughter Relationship
Authors: Gerson Allan
Published: September 2011

A 20-item semantic differential describing sexual behavior and attitudes toward parents was completed by 320 women in a school of nursing and categorized as promiscuous or not. Data showed a strong relation between the rated fathers' behavior and subsequent behavior of daughters. Disruption of the relationship was associated with promiscuity.
Influence of Varying Sources of Information on Judgments of Interviews
Authors: Smith Patricia Cain , Mitchel James , Rollo James
Published: September 2011

Ratings of 17 role-played interviews were made by separate raters on 17 dimensions by 17 Es serving in turn as interviewer, observer with application form, observer without application form, listener to a tape with application form, listener to a tape without an application form, and rater of application form alone. There were differences in means and correlations among the conditions ( p < .05) and a differential reliance on the application blank when interviewee was observed or not observed.
Reinforcement-Responsibility Differences in Birth Order, Grade Level, and Sex of Children in Grades 4, 5, and 6
Authors: Newhouse Robert C.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with examining reinforcement-responsibility, a measure of locus of control, and its possible relationship to several demographic variables; sex, birth order, and grade level. The sample consisted of 800 elementary school children in Grades 4, 5, and 6. Data were analyzed by a 2 × 3 × 3 unbalanced factorial design with a co-variate adjustment (sex by birth order by grade level). Results indicated that only-born children assume credit for a lesser number of positive events than first- or later-borns, that fourth graders were more inclined than fifth and sixth graders to assume credit for their successes and less likely to accept responsibility for their failures, and females were more accepting of blame for failures than males ( p ≤ .05) for all comparisons.
Shock Tolerance in Rats as a Function of White Noise
Authors: Cunningham Mark , Posey Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 rats each were trained to cross increasing levels of electrical shock in a straight alley runway for food. The group receiving masking white noise (88 db) showed a significantly higher shock tolerance than controls that received no white noise. The results were interpreted as supporting the audioanalgesic effect and as suggesting a need to examine the use of masking white noise in studies using shock
Response to Environmental Change in Mice Genetically Selected for High, Medium and Low Brain Weights
Authors: Yeager Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present experiment was to establish some behavioral data for 3 selected lines of SUNY/Het mice. The exploratory response and number of defecations in a novelty box were examined for the F0 generation of mice selected for regression of brain weight upon body weight. There were no significant differences between the high, medium, and low brain-weight lines nor were there any sex differences. A significant novelty effect was found and number of defecations decreased over three testing sessions. Suggestions were made for future investigations.
Note on the Factorial Structure of a Symbolic Measure of Authoritarianism
Authors: Schneider Johann F.
Published: September 2011

Analyses pertinent to investigation of the factorial structure of a new symbolic measure of authoritarianism are described and the effect of different statistical coefficients on the factorial results are examined.
Effect of Delay and Duration of Punished Extinction following Avoidance Conditioning
Authors: Moffat Gene H. , Koch Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

70 college Ss acquired an avoidance response with omission of recording constituting the aversive stimulus. 60 Ss received a punished extinction procedure in which omission of recording occurred either 0, 3, or 6 sec. after a response. Duration of recording omission in each delay group was either 5 or 15 sec. Ten Ss received a normal CS-only extinction procedure. Results indicated that resistance to extinction was directly related to the delay intervals. Duration did not differentially affect performance during extinction. Greatest resistance to extinction occurred in the CS-only group.
Adrenal Response of Male Mice to Variations in Living Space
Authors: McCarty Richard , Richardson John
Published: September 2011

CFW and CF 1 male mice were weaned, isolated for 7 days, then randomly assigned to one of three cage sizes for an additional 7 days. There was a significant increase in adrenal weights for males of both strains after exposure to the smallest living space. A significant decrease in final body weights occurred after housing CFW males in medium size cages and CFW and CF 1 males in small cages. The possible influence of spatial parameters on the endocrine stress response of populations of high density is discussed.
Performance of Alcoholics and Non-Drinkers on Two French Tests for Alcoholism
Authors: Feamster J. Harry , Knox Wilma J.
Published: September 2011

Two tests from a French battery, the Mira and Turning tests, were administered to 9 alcoholic males and 9 relatively abstemious males. Ss were matched on the basis of age. The qualitatively scored Mira test was submitted to judges in pairs. Seven judges made 55 correct identifications ( p < .001). Three sets of objective scores from the Turning test yielded significant differences between the alcoholic group and the control group. The French battery of tests is considered to merit further investigation.
Toward an Understanding of Follow-up Research with Alcoholics
Authors: Gallen Melvin
Published: September 2011

Continued and frequent contact with alcoholics after hospitalization apparently leads to a low attrition rate, reliable data, and additional treatment effects, which is not typical if follow-up is viewed narrowly from a traditional experimental frame of reference. Only when the alternative understanding of follow-up presented in this paper is adopted are treatment effects maximized and reliable self-reports for all Ss obtained.
Effects of Different Volumes of Reward in a Free-Operant Procedure
Authors: Tombaugh T. N.
Published: September 2011

Three different volumes (.01, .4 and .7 ml.) of a 32% sucrose concentration were employed in a free-operant bar-press study. In acquisition performance was a decreasing function of volume while in extinction greater persistence of performance was obtained for the .4 and .7 groups than for the .01 group. The extinction results were contrasted with those obtained in discrete-trial experiments which had employed a comparable range of volumes and number of reinforcements but which reported that large volumes tended to decrease rather than increase resistance to extinction.
Death Anxiety in Suicide Attempters
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Templer Donald I. , Perley Rhoda L.
Published: September 2011

Death anxiety was related to the potential for rescue after a suicide attempt. No relationship was observed between death anxiety and risk or lethality of suicide attempt. The 12 males and 38 females did not differ in either suicide rating or death anxiety; nor was there a difference on these variables in first and multiple attempters.
Stability of Behavior in Rats over 120 Free-Operant Avoidance Sessions
Authors: Roberts Albert E. , Porter John W. , Porter Ann G.
Published: September 2011

Two rats received 120 2-hr. sessions under a free-operant avoidance schedule. The results indicated that avoidance improved, rapidly and then gradually, over sessions to asymptote. Asymptotic levels were then maintained over the remainder of the experiment. In addition, response measures showed more between-session variability than shock measures.
The Revenge of Heaven: A Brief Methodological Account
Authors: London Ivan D.
Published: September 2011

A chronological account is provided of the psychopolitical research that led to The Revenge of Heaven, an idiographic study of China's Cultural Revolution, including the problems encountered and their resolution. The underlying methodological rationale is explicitly discussed—one which explores the use of literary techniques and conceptions in psychological reportage as a way of reconstituting perceived reality from the data.
Birth Order and Political Orientation in College Women
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Farley Sonja V.
Published: September 2011

An hypothesis that conservatism is significantly related to birth order was tested using female undergraduates in education and global self-ratings of conservatism-liberalism. Only children, firstborn, and laterborn groups ( ns = 15, 58, and 66) having no significant age differences, and no significant family size differences between the latter two, were compared. Conservatism did not significantly discriminate these groups; no support for the conservatism-birth order hypothesis was found.
Social Factors in Acquisition of Bar Pressing by Rats
Authors: Bankart C. Peter , Bankart Brenda M. , Burkett Michael
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to determine the effects of a response-sophisticated model on the acquisition of a novel operant response (bar press) in the rat. Results are consistent with Bandura's social learning theory and suggest that previous studies may have confounded acquisition with performance in attempting to demonstrate observational learning in species other than man.
Nixon and the Media: A Study of Non-Immediacy in Newspaper Editorials as Reflective of Geographical Attitude Differences
Authors: Hess Allen K. , Gossett Dan
Published: September 2011

Seven Northern and seven Southern newspaper editorials discussing President Nixon's 3rd of November 1969 speech on the “Vietnamization” of the Vietnam War were analyzed for their attitude toward President Nixon and his proposals. Measures of attitude were manifest ratings and non-immediacy ratings. Although the manifest ratings did not indicate a difference between North and South editorials, the non-immediacy scores did show that Northern editorials were more non-immediate or less favorable toward President Nixon. As predicted, non-immediacy scores were higher for editorials rated as being less favorable. Implications for theory, further research, and applications were discussed.
The Facilitator Behavior Index
Authors: Long Thomas J. , Bosshart Donald
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument which might identify, in more than a global way, persons having attributes of a group facilitator judged effective by both his peers and superiors. A pilot instrument was developed, administered and tested against currently available global rating measures in two independent trials. The factor analysis indicated that three main attributes make independent contributions to the judged effectiveness of an encounter group facilitator: (a) generalized interpersonal sensitivity, (b) ability to express spontaneously a full range of emotions and feelings, (c) nondirective leadership style. The scale developed is seen as a useful feedback tool to aid in group-facilitator training, as well as a promising evaluation technique. A finding of this study would lead one to wonder about the effect of group consensus as a method of rating the effectiveness of group facilitators.
Comment on Sachs and May's Paper on the Conditioned Emotional Response with Humans
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: September 2011

The suggestion that to some extent personality characteristics may be explicatory of the intersubject variability in conditioned emotional responding with humans illustrates that individual differences should be considered in empirical investigations of general psychological processes.