bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water-rock interaction of the Jilh and Tawil aquifers in the Wadi Sirhan Basin, NW Saudi Arabia
Authors: Souid Fahad , Birkle Peter , Worrall Fred
Published: June 2019

A total of 79 groundwater samples from the Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian Tawil and Triassic Jilh aquifers in NW Saudi Arabia were analysed for hydrochemical and strontium isotopic composition. A sequential extraction and 87Sr/86Sr analysis were conducted on 32 cutting samples from the groundwater host rocks and the underlying shale bed. The chemical composition of the groundwater was distinct from that of the host rock lithologies in terms of elemental abundance (i.e., Na+ was dominant in the groundwater and K and Ca were the main constituents of the aquifer units). Principal component analysis (PCA) of water samples showed a positive loading of Na+ and negative loadings of Ca2+ and SO42-. The replacement of gypsiferous waters by Na+-rich waters is suggested by this ion exchange. The shale rock samples showed Na to be the dominant chemical constituent. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the groundwater (0.707673-0.711577) and host rock samples (0.707930-0.712477) suggest that groundwater inherits the Sr signature of the rock from the exchangeable, carbonate, and the oxides phase, reflecting reducing conditions in Tawil aquifer. The elevated groundwater 87Sr/86Sr ratios were found in deeper sections of the aquifers, which coincided with the radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr of the deeper aquifer lithologies and the underlying shale bed.
Regularization of peat humic acids functional composition
Authors: Chukhareva Natalia , Zarubina Oksana , Zarubin Alexey
Published: June 2019

Humic acids are perspective complicated natural objects for different purposes. The problem of humic acids functional composition regularization is very important. The effect of heat treatment on peat humic acids group composition alteration was evaluated to solve this problem. The projection study by principal component analysis of IR-spectra data is presented. The possibility of peat humic acids functional composition regularization by temperature treatment and subsequent storage was found.
Geochemical data for produced waters from conventional and unconventional oil and gas wells: Results from Colorado, USA
Authors: Kharaka Yousif , Gans Kathleen , Thordsen James , Blondes Madalyn , Engle Mark
Published: June 2019

Geochemical data for more than 120,000 oil and natural gas wells from the major sedimentary basins in the USA are listed in the USGS National Produced Waters Geochemical Database [1]. In this summary, we report and discuss the geochemical data on produced waters obtained from published literature and the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) from close to 4,000 new oil and gas wells in Colorado. We emphasize geochemical data of produced waters from shale and tight reservoirs that have increased dramatically in Colorado since 2011, due to deep horizontal drilling, downhole telemetry and massive multi-stage hydraulic fracturing. These operations require large volumes of fresh water, but contamination of groundwater is the major environmental concern. Also, induced seismicity caused by water injection has been reported from several areas in Colorado, including Trinidad, Raton basin, and Greely, Denver basin. Produced water salinities in Colorado obtained from unconventional oil and gas wells are relatively low, generally less than 30,000 mg/L TDS. Produced water salinities from conventional oil and gas wells overlap those from unconventional wells, but many wells have higher salinities (up to 90,000 mg/L TDS) and different chemical compositions.
Structural-mineralogical alterations of sandstones in rock-water and rock-water-oil systems within oil-water contact
Authors: Nedolivko Natalya
Published: June 2019

Structural-mineralogical alterations of sandstones under conditions of natural water-oil interaction within Jurassic sedimentary sequences in south-eastern Nurolsk sedimentary basin (Tomsk Oblast, Western Siberian, petroleum province) depend on their predominance in the fluid system and the dissolution-resedimentation process itself. Oil inflow and associated acid solutions into the reservoir resulted in rock-water disequilibrium: unstable minerals decompose and new stable mineral phases form. Under conditions of oil-filling reservoir, terrigenous reservoir alteration reveals zonal behavior. In the oil saturation zone (rock-water-oil system) solution and secondary mineralization are minimized; in the transition zone of water-oil contact (rock-water-oil and rock-water systems) dissolution is well-developed and accompanied by intensive kaolinitization; in edge water zone (rock-water system) no dissolution and predominating quartz-carbonate cementation.
Spontaneous distillation of silica-bearing solution in closed system with rough walls
Authors: Alekseyev Victor , Balashov Victor , Medvedeva Ludmila , Opolchentsev Anton
Published: June 2019

The 300°C experiments were conducted in hermetic platinum ampoules with aqueous solution saturated by SiO2 with respect to quartz. The solute SiO2 concentration did not change with time in ampoules with the smooth walls, however in the ampoules with the induced roughness on their walls it decreased exponentially with time and amorphous silica precipitated on the ampoule walls contacted with the water vapor. The experimental results were explained by the distillation initiated through preferential water evaporation in the thin layer (<100 nm) at the meniscus edge and strengthened by the surface wall roughness because of the evaporation surface area increase at the wall wetting in the impregnation regime. This process was accompanied by the progressive disturbance of the equilibrium distribution of the dissolved silica between liquid water and vapor. The similar mechanism might exist in the systems of the different composition. It may initiate the continuous renewal of the water dissolving ability, which can lead at natural conditions to the migration of the voids partially filled by the solution.
Thermodynamic description of alkali metal hydroxides over a wide range of temperatures, pressures and densities of aqueous fluids
Authors: Akinfiev Nikolay
Published: June 2019

All available experimental data on dissociation constants of aqueous hydroxides of Na, K, and Li were critically assembled and together with quantum chemical estimations used to evaluate parameters of the AD EoS [1] for corresponding aqueous molecules NaOH(aq), KOH(aq), and LiOH(aq). Use of the proposed approach allows proper prediction of the whole set of thermodynamic properties of these hydroxides over a wide range of temperatures (0 – 800 °C), pressures (0.1 – 800 MPa) and solvent densities (0.03 – 1.1 g·cm-3).
Local distribution of cobalt and selective enrichment of platinum in oceanic ferromanganese nodules
Authors: Belyanin Dmitriy , Zhmodik Sergey , Airiyants Evgeniya , Kirichenko Ivan
Published: June 2019

The distribution of cobalt in the structure of ferromanganese nodules (FMN) was studied using beta-autoradiography. In some cases, the content of element increased in the outer part of the nodules, or in thin layers within the nodules. Layered type of cobalt distribution in FMN indicates changing conditions in deposition during their formation, in particular also the living conditions of microorganisms known to inhabit oceanic ferromanganese nodules. Experimental studies suggested that colonies of micromycetes living at the surface of the nodules can have an important impact on the selective accumulation of platinum and other elements in FMN.
Topological Analysis of Phase Equilibria in the Hg – H2O System
Authors: Alekhin Yury , Fiaizullina Renata , Bychkov Dmitry
Published: June 2019

The analysis of the joint stability of phases and valence forms of mercury in the Hg – H2O system in the lg f O2 – 1/T coordinates for the temperature range from -50 to + 360°C was carried out by method of F. Schreinemakers. Analysis of equilibrium valence forms showed that for the composition of fluid phases, the non-autonomy of the oxide film as a phase on the surface of liquid mercury is key.
Characterization of organic matter in bottom sediments of Ivashkina Lagoon, Laptev Sea
Authors: Gershelis Elena , Goncharov Ivan , Dudarev Oleg , Ruban Alexey , Semiletov Igor
Published: June 2019

Here we present lithological and geochemical characteristics of the core drilled in coastal part of the Laptev Sea (Ivashkina Lagoon, Bykovsky Peninsula). It is shown that for sediments accumulated in specific lagoon conditions the increased content of organic carbon is confined to fine-grained lacustrine and lagoonal sediments in the uppermost layers. Pyrolytic analysis results indicate a sharp variability in the content of total organic carbon and volatile organic compounds across the studied horizons. The distribution of n-alkanes is characterized by the dominance of high molecular weight homologues, which indicates the ubiquitous contribution of higher terrestrial vegetation discharged with river and coastal thermo abrasion fluxes to the organic matter of bottom sediments.
Alteration of volcanic rocks and changes in physical-mechanical properties on the South-Kambalny thermal field (South Kamchatka)
Authors: Frolova Julia , Chernov Michael , Rychagov Sergey , Kuznetsov Ruslan , Surovtseva Ksenia
Published: June 2019

The aim of this research project was to consider hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and accompanying changes in their physical and mechanical properties on the thermal field of South Kamchatka. Under the influence of thermal water and steam original andesites and basaltic andesites gradually transform to clay-rich soils and then to opalites and secondary quartzites. The changes in the mineral composition, microstructure, and physical-mechanical properties of rocks and soils in the thermal field were studied. Argillic hydrothermal alteration has gradually decomposed andesites to weak clay-rich soils which form a cover above the field. Elevated sites on the thermal field are composed of opalites and monoquartzites. Progressive hydrothermal alteration of andesites and changes in their properties promotes a broad range of geological phenomena including initiation of landslides, migration of thermal manifestations, changes in relief, and surface deformation.
Water quality assessment of the Triassic aquifer, SE Tunisia, for drinking water supply
Authors: Ameur Meriem , Hamzaoui-Azaza Fadoua , Gueddari Moncef
Published: June 2019

The Triassic aquifer is located in southereastern Tunisia, in the Medenine region, and being part of Jeffara's multilayer aquifer system. The aquifer is currently overexploited with an exploitation rate of 163%, which led to a generalized drop in the piezometric level in the order of 20 cm/year. This study applied conventional techniques such as hydrochemical compositions, multivariate statistical methods and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To better identify the processes controlling the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater quality of Triassic aquifer and its suitability for drinking uses, 14 well water samples from the Triassic aquifer were analysed for physical character and chemical composition. In the groundwater, the respective order of cation and anion concentration was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO4>Cl>HCO3. The chemical data of water samples from the study area presented by plotting on a Piper diagram reveals the predominance of two hydrochemical types: a Na-Ca-Mg-SO4 facies and a Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 facies. Analytical results demonstrate that the chemical composition of groundwater in Triassic aquifer is strongly influenced by residence time and flow path. Water quality deteriorates going from southwest to northeast across the region, coincident with the appearance a clay layer limiting the infiltration of rainwater. The majority of ions are above the maximum desirable limits recommended for drinking water by WHO guidelines and Tunisian Standards (NT.09.14). Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 36% of water samples of the Triassic aquifer are classified as "poor water" and they cannot be used for drinking purposes without prior treatment.
Column experiments to study the interaction between acid mine drainage and rock and Portland cement
Authors: Cama Jordi , Gutiérrez-León Joan , Palau Jordi , Fernández-Rojo Lidia , Soler Josep M.
Published: June 2019

Interaction between Portland cement, rock (siliceous limestone) and acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) was studied by means of column experiments at laboratory scale. Synthetic acidic solutions (pH = 2) containing sulfate, Fe(II), Al, Mg and minor elements such as divalent cations (Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd) and an anion As(V) were injected. The interaction was dominated by the dissolution of calcite (main rock phase) and portlandite (one of the main phases of cement). Dissolution of these phases increased the pH up to ≈ 12 as portlandite dissolved and up to ≈ 6 when calcite dissolved. This change in pH resulted in (1) the precipitation of gypsum, aragonite, schwertmannite, brucite and Feand Al-amorphous phases and (2) the precipitation of Cd, Ni and Zn hydroxides and the adsorption of Cu and As(V) on iron hydroxides.
Distribution of arsenic in an argillaceous sample using sequential chemical extractions: application to the Hydrogeological Experimental Site of Poitiers (HESP)
Authors: Mhanna Rana , Naveau Aude , Bueno Maité , Caner Laurent , Bassil Joseph
Published: June 2019

Arsenic mobility and transport into groundwater is highly dependent on its chemical distribution in sediments. In this study, a combination of sequential extraction and mineralogical investigation by X-ray diffraction on a sample collected from the hydrogeological experiment site of Poitiers (France) was tested to evaluate and predict the mobility of arsenic in different conditions. Results showed that the highest fraction of As (~35 %) was released by 25 % nitric acid however this fraction is poorly mobile under natural chemical conditions due to its high stability. Exchangeable As (~14 %) and As bound to iron and aluminium oxides (~12 %) exhibited a significant fraction that could be of high concern in case of change in the ionic composition and redox conditions, respectively. Soluble fraction comprised only 1 % of As which was in accordance with the composition of groundwater in the site.
Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution in a Mining Area Based on Physical Processes
Authors: Qi Zhiwei , Xiao Changlai , Zhang Bo , Liang Xiujuan , Wang Ge
Published: June 2019

At present, the study of groundwater pollution risk assessment is generally based on the study of groundwater vulnerability. The impact of the pollutants themselves has not been paid more attention. The assessment of the risk of groundwater pollution should include two aspects: one is the contaminated nature of the aquifer itself and the other is spatial distribution of the pollutant. The vulnerability of the aquifer is only the natural susceptibility of the aquifer to the contaminant. Therefore, the risk assessment of groundwater pollution should also reflect the distribution and transport of pollutants in an aquifer. This study takes a tailings area as an example, and puts forward the risk assessment method of groundwater pollution based on physical processes. Before aquifer contamination occurs, the experts determine spatial distribution of each risk level according to the surrounding economic and social sensitivity conditions and hydrogeological conditions; and then use the numerical model to invert the intensity of the pollution source corresponding to each risk level. The results show that this method can express the distribution in space and time of risk level. For a single point source of contamination, this method is better than the previous based on aquifer vulnerability risk assessment method.
Origin of fluids in Las Tres Vírgenes Geothermal Field
Authors: Hernández Hernández Mario A. , Pinti Daniele L. , Castro M. Clara , López-Hernández Aída , Shouakar-Stash Orfan , Richard Luc , Núñez-Hernández Sandra , Hall Chris M. , Ramírez Montes Miguel A. , Sánchez-Cornejo Carlos
Published: June 2019

A geochemical survey of fluids in the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field (LTVGF) in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was carried out to describe their origins and evolution within the reservoir. Major and minor elements and noble gas isotopes (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) were measured in fluids from three production wells, one injection well, and one fumarole (El Azufre). Stable isotopes of water (δD and δ18O) show mixing between Quaternary recharge, lighter than present-day rainfall, and a deep fluid of andesitic origin. The Na/Br and Cl/Br ratios indicate that deep brines from the LTVGF are seawater having leached evaporite deposits (i.e., halite). These deposits are presently absent in the area, but likely occurred during the Miocene, prior to the breakup of the Gulf of California, suggesting that the saline fluid end-member of the LTVGF is several million year old. Measured 3He/4He ratios of greater than 6.5 Ra (where Ra is the atmospheric ratio of 1.384 x10-6) show that LTVGF fluids are a mixture of meteoric waters and deep magmatic fluids, with the hotter and more pristine mantle fluids found in the southern part of the exploitation zone.
Isotope characteristic of snow cover in Tomsk
Authors: Kalashnikova Daria , Simonova Galina , Volkov Yuriy , Markelova Anna
Published: June 2019

The snow cover has a high sorption ability that way it is a source of information in identifying anthropogenic pollution of the environment, and it also contains a climate signal. Results of studies of the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of snowmelt and the carbon isotope composition of black carbon extracted from the dispersed fraction of the atmospheric aerosols deposited on the snow cover during the winter periods of 2016–2018 years are shown in the paper. The relationships between air temperature, the amount of precipitation and the isotope oxygen and hydrogen composition of melting snow are analyzed.
Drilling super-hot horizons of the Larderello geothermal field: insights from noble gases
Authors: Magro Gabriella , Droghieri Enrica , Gherardi Fabrizio
Published: June 2019

In the frame of EU-funded DESCRAMBLE project, the Venelle 2 well was deepened down to 2900 m b.g.l. to test novel drilling techniques, and to improve the knowledge of physical-chemical conditions of super-hot horizons in the Larderello geothermal field, Central Italy. The major seismic reflectors present in the area were the target of the drilling, to verify their potential as geothermal reservoirs of supercritical fluids. No significant fluid entries were observed during the operations. Noble gases were analysed in the emerging drilling fluids to determine whether deep-seated fluids with a different signature than those currently discharged by productive wells entered the borehole. Despite the predominant atmospheric signature of the noble gas suite, 3He/4He values up to 1.59 Ra were measured, and the contribution of a deep component with ~4 Ra was hypothesised by extrapolation of binary mixing trends.
Black swans and canards in two predator – one prey model
Authors: Shchepakina Elena
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we show how canards can be easily caught in a class of 3D systems with an exact black swan (a slow invariant manifold of variable stability). We demonstrate this approach to a canard chaseviathe two predator – one prey model. It is shown that the technique described allows us to get various 3D oscillations by changing the shape of the trajectories of two 2D-projections of the original 3D system.
Regulating own and teammates’ emotions prior to competition
Authors: Friesen Andrew , Stanley Damian , Devonport Tracey , Lane Andrew M.
Published: June 2019

We examined intra- and interpersonal emotion regulation in the hour prior to athletic competition. Specifically, we investigated the extent to which differences between experienced and desired emotions were related to emotion regulation processes. Participants (n = 114) from team/doubles sport rated their experienced and desired emotions before a recent competition, and listed strategies used to regulate emotions reporting frequency, effectiveness, and self-efficacy for each strategy used. They followed the same procedure in relation to perceived emotions in a teammate. Results show athletes who experienced emotions close to their desired states reported significantly higher regulatory emotional self-efficacy than those further from their desired states. Further, their emotion regulation strategies were used more frequently and were more effective. Qualitative results indicated that participants attempted to regulate similar emotions in themselves and others, but used different strategies to accomplish these tasks to different degrees of frequency. The findings highlight the role of self-efficacy in emotion regulation; an individual difference variable which merits attention in future emotion regulation interventions.
Safety and efficacy of the use of lumen-apposing metal stents in the management of postoperative fluid collections: a large, international, multicenter study
Authors: Yang Juliana , Kaplan Jeremy H. , Sethi Amrita , Dawod Enad , Sharaiha Reem Z. , Chiang Austin , Kowalski Thomas , Nieto Jose , Law Ryan , Hammad Hazem , Wani Sachin , Wagh Mihir S. , Yang Dennis , Draganov Peter V. , Messallam Ahmed , Cai Qiang , Kushnir Vladimir , Cosgrove Natalie , Ahmed Ali Mir , Anderloni Andrea , Adler Douglas G. , Kumta Nikhil A. , Nagula Satish , Vleggaar Frank P. , Irani Shayan , Robles-Medranda Carlos , El Chafic Abdul Hamid , Pawa Rishi , Brewer Olaya , Sanaei Omid , Dbouk Mohamad , Singh Vikesh K. , Kumbhari Vivek , Khashab Mouen A.
Published: June 2019

Background Multiple studies have examined the use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) for the drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections. Data on the use of LAMSs for postoperative fluid collections (POFCs) are scarce. POFCs may lead to severe complications without appropriate treatment. We aimed to study the outcomes (technical success, clinical success, rate/severity of adverse events, length of stay, recurrence) of the use of LAMSs for the drainage of POFCs.

Methods This international, multicenter, retrospective study involved 19 centers between January 2012 and October 2017. The primary outcome was clinical success. Secondary outcomes included technical success and rate/severity of adverse events using the ASGE lexicon.

Results A total of 62 patients were included during the study period. The most common etiology of the POFCs was distal pancreatectomy (46.8 %). The mean (standard deviation) diameter was 84.5 mm (30.7 mm). The most common indication for drainage was infection (48.4 %) and transgastric drainage was the most common approach (82.3 %). Technical success was achieved in 60/62 patients (96.8 %) and clinical success in 57/62 patients (91.9 %) during a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 231 days (90 – 300 days). Percutaneous drainage was needed in 8.1 % of patients. Adverse events occurred intraoperatively in 1/62 patients (1.6 %) and postoperatively in 7/62 (11.3 %). There was no procedure-related mortality.

Conclusion This is the largest study on the use of LAMSs for POFCs. It suggests good clinical efficacy and safety of this approach. The use of LAMSs in the management of POFCs is a feasible alternative to percutaneous and surgical drainage.
HAEMOPHILIC ARTHROPATHY: IMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND SYNOVITIS
Authors: Störkel F , Scharrer I , Hovy L , Rüdigier J , Störkel S
Published: June 2019

Up to now questions of pathogenisis in hemophilic arthropathy are still remaining, i.e. humoral mediated imnunological mechanisms (type II/III reactions) are supposed to play an important role (Arnold and Hilgartner (1977), Rippjey (1978)). Therefore we investigated synovial tissue by imnunohistologic technique using antibodies against IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, C3, fibrinogen ando61-ACT. First we examined synovial membrane biopsies (n=7; non-haemo-philic) following acute traumatic joint bleeding, to study the first and acute bleeding/absorption pahase. Light microscopy showed typical changes as described before by Roy et al. 1967. Iirrnunohistological results revealed negativity for immunoglobulins and complement components in general, whereas fibrinogen and α1-ACT showed marked intensity of fluorescence.

Secondly synovial membrane biopsies (n=7) of haemophiliacs who have had recurrent joint bleedings were examined, in the same way. In light microscopy we found typical synovial alterations as described by Mohr (1984) . Immunohistology shewed negativity for immunoglobulins and complement components and the intensity of fluorescence of fibrinogen and α1 -ACT was lower as in patients with acute traumatic joint bleeding.

At last synovial tissue specimens (n=2) of patients with pigmented villonodular synovitis were investigated. Light microscopy was in aquaintance with findings of FaBbender (1976) . The imnuno-histological results were similar to those aforementioned. Conclusions: 1) There is no evidence that acute or chronic joint bleeding causes a humoral mediated immune reaction in synovial membrane. 2) In the contrary the inflammatory reaction leeds to detritus-synovialitis, supported by recurrent bleeding episodes. Concequences for clinical management: a) prevention of joint bleeding b) joint-pxinction in cause of bleeding, to reduce the intraarticular haematcma c) synovectomy to prevent the progress of arthropathy.
VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (VWF) ANTIGENS IN URINE
Authors: Silveira A M V , Hessel B , Blombäck B
Published: June 2019

Human urine was analyzed using a sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen. Urine of healthy persons contained VWF immunoreactivity. In the urine of a patient with severe von Willebrand disease, the VWF antigen was only detectable after intravenous infusion of VWF-Factor VIII concentrate. The VWF antigen in normal urine was analyzed by gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting. These analyses revealed three immunoreactive components of Mr 350 kDa, 60 kDa, and 20 kDa, respectively, the 60 kDa being the major component. Monoclonal antibodies of known specificity to VWF molecule were used in ELISA and immunoblotting to analyze urinary VWF. The three components reacted with an antibody to the central part of VWF, which is called fragment I, and contains the binding site for collagen. No significant immunoreac-tion was observed with monoclonal antibodies to the Nor C-terminal portions of VWF.

VWF derivatives of molecular size similar to the largest urinary antigens were also observed in normal plasma. However, there is not an obvious relationship between these plasma forms and the products in urine since reduction of plasma and urine yields different products.

These results indicate that VWF antigens excreted in normal urine are most likely fragments of VWF produced by limited degradation in vivo. This degradation preserves the central part of VWF molecule, the one which reacts with the antibody that blocks the binding of VWF to collagen.
PLATELET VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR: STUDIES IN TYPE II VON WILLEBRAND′S DISEASE VARIANTS
Authors: Lillicrap D , Windsor S , Hoogendorn Benford H , Giles A R
Published: June 2019

Recent evidence suggests that platelet von Willebrand factor (vWf) plays an important role in maintenance of primary haemostasis. We have studied a normal population (N=24) and 15 patients with variant forms of von Willebrand's disease (vWd) to determine the utility of platelet vWf:Ag measurement in this disorder. Citrated blood was spun at 100 g for 10 mins at 20°C to prepare platelet rich plasma (PRP). The PRP was removed and platelet count and mean platelet volumes (MPV) were determined on a Coulter S+ counter. A platelet button was prepared by centrifugation of PRP at 3,500 g for 15 mins. Plasma supernatant was aspirated and replaced with 900 nl of DH^O. Platelets were lysed by 5 cycles of freeze/thawing and membrane debris pelleted by centrifugation at 13,000 g for 10 mins. Platelet lysate vWf:Ag was measured by a polyclonal anti-vWf ELISA. All platelet samples were tested at least twice. Bleeding times (BT), platelet sensitivity to ristocetin and other factor VIH/vWf parameters were measured by standard methods. vWf molecular weight profiles were assessed by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and/or by multimer analysis. In 24 normal individuals, mean vWf:Ag was 31 u/109 platelets (7-68). The mean MPV for this group was 8.0 fl. No correlation was seen between MPV and vWf:Ag content. 15 vWd variant patients were studied. No platelet vWf:Ag was found in one type III patient. In two Type Ila patients mean platelet vWf:Ag was 57 u/109 pits. Patients with laboratory features of Type lib vWd showed two patterns of platelet vWf:Ag content. In two families (5 patients) the mean platelet vWf:Ag was only 24 u/109 pits. In this group the MPV was 9.42 fl. and the mean BT 8.75 mins. In the remaining seven Type IIb patients (4 families), the mean platelet vWf:Ag was 105 u/109 pits., MPV 9.1 fl. and mean BT 8 mins. These results in Type lib vWd suggest further heterogeneity within this disease subtype. The finding of a markedly elevated platelet vWf:Ag appears to identify one group of Type lib vWd patients.
TREATMENT OF PLASMA DERIVATIVES WITH UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS TO INACTIVATE VIRUSES
Authors: Horowitz B , Piët M , Prince A M
Published: June 2019

Virus sterilization of blood plasma derivatives by addition of several naturally occurring fatty acids was evaluated using VSV and Sindbis virus as markers for lipid enveloped virus inactivation. Complete inactivation >4 log10) of virus added to an AHF concentrate with 60-101)% retention of AHF activity was achieved with oleic, 11-eicosenoic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidonic acids. Elaidic, gamma-linolenic, palmitic, and arachidic acids. Another fat-soluble compound previously reported to inactivate virus, butylated hydroxytoluene, was less effective. A long chain mono- but not a di- or tri-glyceride also displayed virucidal properties.

The degree of virus inactivation depended on the sample composition. A favorable balance was achieved between degree of virus inactivation and retention of protein function for AHF concentrate, prothrombin complex concentrate, antithrombin-III concentrate, and immune globulin solution on incubation with 0.033% (w/v) sodium oleateat 24°C for 4-6 hours. Virus inactivation in whole plasma and plasma cryoprecipitate was not complete despite use of higher concentrations of sodiumleate and/or incubation at 37°C.

Utilization of fatty acids for thepreparation of blood derivatives has the advantage that they are naturallyoccurring and have low toxicity, thussimplifying the production process. This simplicity encourages the sequential use of fatty acids with other procedures designed to inactivate or remove viruses and which operate by a distinct mechanism.
BINDING AND METABOLISM OF HEPARIN BY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Vannucchi S , Pasquali F , Bianchi-ni P , Ruggiero M
Published: June 2019

In this study we show that bovineadrenal capillary endothelial cells(BACE) contain heparin (HP); this HP has been found associated with the cell surface (i.e; trypsin-removable^and intracellularly. How-ever, experiments with [ sjsodium sulfate labelling, demonstrate that BACE cells donot synthesize HP de novo, but they uptake it from serum. We have studied binding, uptake, and metabolism odifferent molecular weight-HPs: 13 Kd-HP from bovine source, 14 Kd-HP from porcine source, 4.5 Kd, and 2.5-HP fragments. Comparison among different HPs, was carried out by calculating the IC from competition curves for [3HJ- HP. Binding of labelled-HP to BACE cells was specificand saturable. Dextran sulfate and glycosaminoglycans did not compete for binding; only heparan sulfate showed some competition. Binding of different HPs was strictly dependent on their molecular weight; 2.5 Kd- HP was unable to bind to cells, although sulfation degree of this fragment and of unfractionated HP was almost identical. Therefore, we assume that a specific oligosaccharide sequence could be responsible for HP binding to BACE cells; this hypothetical "binding sequence" could then be lost in very low molecular weight-HP fragments. BACE cells are also able to internalize HP, and they release its low molecular weight degradation products into culture medium. Thus we suggest that endothelial cells might represent a site for the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous HP in vivo.
THE DILUTE PH0SPH0LIPID-APTT:EVALUATION OFSPECIFICITY FOR ANTIBODIES AGAINST CARDIOLIPIN AND PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE
Authors: Alving B M , Barr C F
Published: June 2019

The dilute phospholipid-APTT (PL-APTT) has been used to detect lupus anticoagulants, but its specificity for antibodies to negatively-charged phospholipids has not been assessed. The current study determined what percent of plasmas with a positive PL-APTT contained antibodies (IgG or IgM) to cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylserine (PS). The PL-APTT was performed by mixing patient plasma with normal plasma and measuring the clotting time in an APTT that contained increasing dilutions of Thrombofax (Alving et al. , Thromb. Haemostas. 54:709, 1985). A positive test gave a negative slope at least twice that of a normal plasma-buffer control. Sera were tested for anti-CL and anti-PS antibodies at a 1:100 dilution in a solid-phase ELISA that contained PS or CL in microtiter plates and antiserum to human IgG or IgM. A result that was >2 S. D. above mean values obtained for sera from 64 normal individuals was considered positive. Sera were studied from 25 patients with a positive PL-APTT; plasma from one patient had a normal APTT and correction studies for prolonged APTTs were normal in 3 plasmas. The patients' illnesses included systemic lupus erythematosus, bacterial infections, or use of procainamide; only one had a history of thrombosis. The table lists the percent of patient sera having the indicated antibodies.

The one plasma with the normal APTT and positive PL-APTT had elevated levels of IgM directed against CL and PS. The correlation coefficient between levels of IgM against CL and PS, or between levels of IgG against CL and PS, was >0.95. There was no correlation between the extent of prolongation of the APTT and the class or potency of antibodies to CL and PS. The data indicate that the dilute PL-APTT, which may be positive in plasmas with a minimal or no prolongation of the APTT, has high specificity in detection of anti-CL and anti-PS antibodies.
LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT (LA) COEXISTENT WITH TRANSIENT PROTHROMBIN (FII) INHIBITOR: FTI DEFICIENCY DUE TO CLEARANCE OF THE B/MUNOCOMPLEX
Authors: Redaelli R , Baudo F , Busnach B , Caimi T M , Perrino L , Pezzetti L , deCataldo F
Published: June 2019

23 y.o. man with acute nephritis and bleeding (epistaxis, ecchymosis) at presen-taticn. Family and personal past history negative for bleeding. Laboratory data consistent with SLE. Coagulation tests: FT Ratio (R) 1.8, aPTT R 2.4, FII:C <1%, FIIR:Ag 996, other coagulation factors normal. Tissue thromboplastin inhibition test (TTIT) R 2.8, congenital FII deficiency (696) R 1.6.

1. FII survival time (Fll-ccncentrate infusion - 60 U/kg) t1/2: 9 hours.

2. FII neutralizing activity (FTI:C normal plasma (NP) + buffer 5996; NP + patient plasna {PtP) 5096): absent.

3. Irmunoccrplex formaticn

4. FII inhibitor characterization (purified FII coupled to CNBr-activatedSepharose →PtP incubation with Fll-Sepharose→specific antiFII irrrrunoglobulins (Ig)* elution at acid pH→identification by double iimunodifftision): precipitin line with anti IgA, anti IgG2, anti k, anti 1.

5. LA characterization (after FII inhibitor disappearance): TTTT on mixtures NP + PtP or N Ig in equal volumes.

Diagnosis: SIE, LA (IgG); polyclonal (IgA, IgG2, k, 1) not neutralizing FII inhibitor; hypoprothrxmbinemia due to clearance of the irrrrunocorrplex.

FII inhibitor was transient. Bleeding was rapidly controlled by replacement therapy. LA persits after FII inhibitor disappearance.
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) an Inhibitor of the Platelet Release Reaction
Authors: Stuart M. J. , Holmsen H. , Oski F. A.
Published: June 2019

The effect of H2O2 on platelet metabolism, aggregation and release was studied by the in vitro exposure of 3H-adenine labelled platelet rich plasma (PRP) to H2O2. On incubation of PRP with H2O2 (100 to 500 μM final cone.) over a 30 minute period, there was a mean drop of 38% in the baseline steady state levels of radioactive metabolic ATP, the fall occurring in the first 3 minutes of incubation, with a corresponding increase in the levels of radioactive inosinemonophosphate and hypoxanthine. This was not a nonspecific lytic effect on the platelet since no extracellular leakage of platelet nucleotides occurred during the incubation. Further, mean decreases of 8 to 38% in steady state levels of platelet metabolic ATP were observed during incubations of PRP with 5 to 500 μM H2O2 respectively. Finally, the action of H2O2 on adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced biphasic aggregation and release was studied in PRP preincubated for 3 minutes with H2O2 (100 to 500 μM). Partial inhibition of the primary wave, and complete inhibition of the second wave of ADP induced aggregation was observed in the H2O2 pretreated platelets, con-commitant with inhibition of release of platelet non-metabolic ATP and ADP, when compared to the control saline preincubated platelets. Since H2O2 is generated in vivo by bacteria and leucocytes during phagocytosis, the in vivo effects of the described inhibition of H2O2 and its possible role in platelet-leucocyte-bacterial interaction requires further elucidation.
Inhibitors Interfering with the Quantitative Estimation of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Wijngaards G. , Potjer A. T.
Published: June 2019

The commonly used quantitative assay for plasminogen activator in tissues by Astrup and Albrechtsen (1957) was re-evaluated with special reference to the presence of inhibitors in tissue extracts at different stages of the procedure.

Human lung, liver, and placenta tissues were chosen for their different activator and inhibitor content. Samples of the extracts were tested for inhibitory capacity against purified human tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, and plasmin on different kinds of fibrin plates.

The procedure for preparing the samples according to Astrup and Albrechtsen did not completely eliminate the inhibitory action against the plasminogen activators added. The presence of inhibitors was partly obscured by 2M KCNS in the sample. In order to quantitate the plasminogen activator content in tissues, the method should be revised with respect to the elimination of inhibiting material.

Some interesting aspects of the inhibitory components extracted from liver and placenta were revealed by comparing urokinase inhibition to tissue activator inhibition as to the degree of denaturation during the procedure. It was suggested that, although they have much in common, urokinase and tissue activator inhibitors are separate entities.
Endothelium and Serotonin Transport
Authors: Shepro D. , Hechtman H. B. , Belamarich F. A.
Published: June 2019

The transport of serotonin (5-HT) by endothelial cells (EC) was measured in isolated blood vessels, freshly harvested cells and in the isolated dog lung. In addition cultured bovine aortic EC were used to measure 5-HT transport when they reached confluency (7 days). The EC in all preparations removed 14C-5-HT even in the presence of iproniazid (5 × 10−4 M). In freshly isolated EC and cultured EC Imipramine (10−4 M) reduced uptake. Metabolic inhibitors, cold (4° C), ouabain (10−5M) also reduced uptake suggesting that 5-HT uptake may be coupled to an active transport mechanism. Six analogues of 5-HT only reduce uptake in freshly isolated EC. Lungs that showed variable degrees of pulmonary insufficiency did not remove 5-HT despite significant platelet entrapment. These results indicate that: (1) 5-HT transport is a function of all EC and not unique to the pulmonary circulation; (2) uptake of 5-HT by EC is coupled to an active transport mechanism; (3) a model using cultured EC to measure 5-HT transport is comparable to other systems, e.g. platelets and brain; (4) EC damage results in a loss of 5-HT uptake by the lung.
The Rapid Fibrin Plate – a Method for Streptokinase Assay
Authors: Marsh N. A. , Gaffney P. J.
Published: June 2019

The fibrin plate has become established as a convenient method for studying components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system, in particular, urokinase. However for streptokinase estimations, a clot lysis method is more frequently favoured. This study reports on the use of the fibrin plate to assay streptokinase.

In order to overcome the disadvantages of some twenty hours incubation for the conventional plate, the method was modified by the addition of comparatively large amounts of the intermediate substrate, plasminogen. For each plate 2.5 units of plasminogen were added to the fibrinogen-calcium-thrombin mixture, and the plates allowed to clot for one hour. Three dilutions of standard and unknown streptokinase solutions were tested on each of four to six plates. Incubation was carried out for three hours only and measurement of lysis areas facilitated by magnification on an overhead projector. Mean potency ratio, fiducial limits and information on linearity and parallelism of the dose response curves, was obtained by means of an analysis of variance program.

The technique compares favourably with the conventional clot lysis method and has the advantage of requiring less bench working time, an entire assay being completed in under five hours.
Coagulation Inhibitors in Plasma and Serum
Authors: Ødegård O. R. , Abildgaard U.
Published: June 2019

Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III (At-III) activity measured with amidolytic methods; antifactor Xa by a clotting method (Biggs et al., Brit. J. Haemat. 19, 287, 1970) and immunoassay of At-III (Fagerhol & Abildgaard, Scand. J. Haemat. 7, 10, 1970) in plasma and serum showed:

1) There was a close correlation between the plasma values as measured by all these methods (r = 0.84–0.93).

2) The difference between plasma and serum values (“consumption”) was lower in warfarin treated and in haemophiliacs than in the other groups.

3) The difference between plasma and serum was greater when measured by the heparin cofactor activity method than by the other methods. The reason for this discrepancy will be discussed. The results in different patient groups will be reported.

4) As the heparin cofactor activity assay can be completed within 10 minutes after blood sampling, and has a higher precision than clotting assay and immuno assay, it is preferable for clinical use.
Animal Experiments of a New Synthetic Thrombin-Inhibitor, Dansyl-Arginine-Methyl-Piperidine Amide
Authors: Hijikata A. , Okamoto S. , Ikezawa K. , Kikumoto R. , Tonomura S. , Tamao Y.
Published: June 2019

A noticeable effect of dansyl-arginine-methyl-piperidine amide in animal experiments is described, which is one of the representative compounds of a new series of potent thrombin-inhibitors synthetized by the authors very recently. The inhibitor solution was intravenously administered to rabbits by means of the infusion pump to maintain the inhibitor in the circulatory blood at a concentration intended. When bovine thrombin was intravenously administered (5 NIH units/Kg/min) for 75 minutes, a remarkable decrease of plasma fibrinogen content was observed in control, while any decrease of fibrinogen content was hardly observed at the inhibitor concentration of 10 ~ 20 μMin plasma. Further, the decrease of plateletes in number due to thrombin infusion (7.5 ~ 9NIH units/Kg/min) for 5 minutes was suppressed satisfactorily at the inhibitor concentration of 1 ~ 2 μM in plasma.

These results indicate that the new synthetic thrombin-inhibitor is effective enough at a very low concentration to control the hazard due to thrombin given in vivo, encouraging the authors to extend the studies further toward the application.
Platelet Studies During Vascular Surgery
Authors: Gjesdal K. , Sørlie D.
Published: June 2019

Platelet counts, in vivo aggregates and platelet factor 4 (PF-4) were studied in 5 patients during femoro-popliteal revascularization. Blood samples were taken from radial artery, superior vena cava and the popliteal vein before clamping of the common femoral artery, at the end of the ischaemic period, 5 minutes after release of the clamps and just before wound closure.

Platelet counts fell transiently to 80%. Reversible platelet aggregates were more frequent on the venous side. The initial and final values from v. poplitea approximated to those from the v. cava. Both during ischaemia and after onset of flow, the popliteal vein samples had a higher aggregation percentage then arterial and central venous blood. Extremely high values (60%) were found in 2 cases with prolonged arterial clamping (3 h). The highest arterial values (27%) were found during maximal ischaemia, followed by gradual normalization. Plasma PF-4 immunoassay revealed that the popliteal vein had the highest levels. The profile was similar in all vessels, there were no significant changes until the end of the operation, when a marked increase occurred.

The results suggest that ischaemia may be a more potent stimulus for aggregation than endothelial damage is. There may be a delay of some minutes before aggregated platelets release PF-4.
α, ω-Diadenosine Polyphosphates, a New Class of Substances, and ADP-Methylester Inhibit Platelet Aggregation and the Release Reaction
Authors: Brossmer R. , Harrison M. J. , Goody R. S.
Published: June 2019

A series of α, ω-diadenosine polyphosphates, which may be represented by the formula, where A = adenosine and n = the number of phosphate groups, were studied for their effect on the aggregation and release reaction of human platelets. The adenosine derivatives inhibit ADP-induced aggregation in the same order of efficiency as they inhibit the enzyme activity of adenylate kinase i. e. up to n = 5 the more phosphate groups, the more inhibitory the activity. Double reciprocal plots suggest that these adenosine derivatives act competitively with ADP. AP5A and AP4A inhibit the release reaction in washed platelets but AP3A and AP2A do so only in high concentrations. In platelet-rich plasma the APnA derivatives inhibit the ADP release reaction with diminished strength as n decreases from 5(55 ± 13% inhibition) to 2 (4±4% inhibition). The adenosine polyphosphates also inhibit the aggregation of washed platelets by thrombin and dextran sulphate but do not affect DEAE-Dextran aggregation.

The ADP-methylester does not cause aggregation of platelets but inhibits ADP-induced aggregation and release in a manner suggestive of competitive inhibition.

(Supported by “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn”, Sonderforschungsbereich 90, “Cardiovasculares System”.)