bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

In the thirty years since Congress lifted the onerous restrictions of the 1924 Immigration Act, immigration has once again altered the face of just about every large metropolitan area in the United States. The swelling population of Asian Indians in Chicago and its suburbs exemplifies a growing trend among current immigrants, particularly the increasingly large percentage from Asia. Many come to America endowed with educations and financial resources that the earlier wave of impoverished European immigrants could only dream about for their descendants. Absorbed into well-paid occupational niches, these post-1965 immigrant professionals have options in terms of living arrangements that were not feasible for the majority of their immigrant predecessors. Dispersed throughout the suburbs with other middle-class people of varying backgrounds and interests, these immigrants from India and their families have one thing in common with many of their native-born neighbors: they are all busy constructing identities to alleviate a sense of isolation and to connect with some type of a “community.”
Family Life
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

The public life of the Indian community plays only a small part in the everyday lives of lndian immigrants and their children. People get up, go to work or school, and return at night to share a common space and perhaps a common meal with virtually the only other Indian people with whom they interact on a daily basis. On weekends, they may expand their contacts to include extended family, or Indian friends, but the most fundamental and consistent context in which people experience their common Indianness is that of the family.
Families: A Model of Intergenerational Change
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

It is clear from the preceding portraits that these five families share some common preoccupations; education, dating and marriage, and the quality of intergenerational communication are ubiquitous concerns. It is tempting to point to these commonalities and assert a common process of assimilation.1 However, it is also clear that the formulation and the meaning of these issues in different families are far from uniform. So, rather than focusing on the most common issues and interpreting them in terms of broad differences between “Indian” and “American,” we must understand the process through which issues take shape in individual families. Similarity in this process of articulating issues and the personal and familial identities that result from this process provide a general model of how assimilation takes place-a model that covers not only the Indian case but all situations of intergenerational change.
Grant Us Courage
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

A sequel to the author's successful Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory (OUP 1989), this book consists of twelve profiles of "great" mainline churches. Commissioned by The Christian Century magazine over a period of four years, the profiles show that not everything is as bad in mainline Protestantism as some have argued. Balmer's vivid and absorbing depictions of these congregations raise hope for the future of the mainline while still pointing to its grave and persistent troubles.
The Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

Forty years later, there is still much to admire about First Community Church. It remains a center of community activity in the near northwest suburbs of Columbus, known as the Tri-Village Area of Grandview Heights, Marble Cliff, and Upper Arlington. With a membership well in excess of three thousand, Sunday morning attendance around eleven hundred, and an annual budget of about $2. 3 million, First Community Church offers a range of activities to appeal to all ages and interests.
Against the Odds
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

Three exhibits caught my eye because each of them, I think, reveals something essential about what I will dare to call the Scandinavian character and about the successive stages of Scandinavians’ immigration and settlement in America. The first is a small wooden sloop with a canvas sail, the Trade Wind, that dominates the rear of the museum. Was it courage, naïveté, or mere stubbornness that prompted Norwegians to climb aboard vessels not much larger than this for the trip across the Atlantic? I can only imagine the sharp, cold wind scouring the unprotected deck, the terror of being pitched like a ping-pong ball in twenty-foot swells, the retching seasickness that must have tied every stomach on board into knots. But come they did.
Urban Lighthouse
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

When Ogilvie talks about his life and his background, he reels off a series of mentors, beginning with his high school drama teacher back in Kenosha, Wisconsin. While an undergraduate at Lake Forest College, he fell under the influence of Bruce Larson and Ralph Osborne and, in Ogilvie’s words, “became a Christian.” Although he initially professed no denominational loyalties, Ogilvie, after studying at Garrett Evangelical Seminary at Northwestern University, felt a tug from his Presbyterian past and went off to study at New College, Edinburgh, under James Stewart, Thomas Torrance, and John Bailey, all of whom took a personal interest in the young divinity student.
Campus Life
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

These windows, backlit by the autumn sun, illustrate well the twin fulcrums of intellect and piety in Christianity. Especially in the twentieth century the church has faced the challenge of finding a balance between head and heart. Collegiate Methodist, drawing on the Wesleyan tradition and situated in a university community, in many ways embodies that struggle, the challenge of purveying a faith that touches both the mind and the affections.
Birthright Church
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

First United Church of Christ in New Knoxville, Ohio, is so steeped in German history and culture that when one of the congregation’s prodigals chose to register his displeasure with the church in the mid-l 970s he inscribed his articles of dissent on a piece of masonite and nailed it to the church door. The congregation was not amused.
Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

Mesoscopic physics refers to the physics of structures larger than a nanometer (one billionth of a meter) but smaller than a micrometer (one millionth of a meter). This size range is the stage on which the exciting new research on submicroscopic and electronic and mechanical devices is being done. This research often crosses the boundary between physics and engineering, since engineering such tiny electronic components requires a firm grasp of quantum physics. Applications for the future may include such wonders as microscopic robot surgeons that travel through the blood stream to repair clogged arteries, submicroscopic actuators and builders, and supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin. The world of the future is being planned and built by physicists, engineers, and chemists working in the microscopic realm. This book can be used as the main text in a course on mesoscopic physics or as a supplementary text in electronic devices, semiconductor devices, and condensed matter physics courses.
The Direct Evangelist
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The believer’s first commission is to the service of evangelism. The apostle Paul, writing also for the evangelist Timothy, appropriated the words of Psalm 116:10 to say “We too believe, and so we speak,” seeing in the testimony of the two of them to the Gospel a vehicle for the extension of divine grace and the inclusion of respondents into the community of those who give thanks and glory to God. Bishop V. S. Azariah of Dornakal told the meeting of the International Missionary Council at Tambaram in 1938 that when he toured the churches of his Anglican diocese, he would have the baptized members place their hands upon their heads and repeat the words of St. Paul at 1 Corinthians 9:16, “Woe unto me if I preach not the Gospel.” The sentiment was shared by Lesslie Newbigin and applied in the first instance to himself.
The Liturgical Preacher
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

At the heart of the Church’s life stands the assembled congregation, where the communication of the Gospel takes place through word and sacrament, and the response of praise and prayer is made to the Triune God. That such corresponds to Newbigin’s understanding and practice is clear from the frequency with which he returned to the point in so many different contexts. Nevertheless, his formal theological statements concerning preaching, baptism and the Lord’s Supper rarely exceed a page or two in length. In this chapter, therefore, Newbigin is shown principally as the practical liturgist and preacher. The presentation of his sacramental doctrine is reserved for later in the chapter, and his theological approach to the Scriptures and his literary exposition of them until the following chapter. During the 1950s and 1960s Bishop Newbigin was frequently invited at international ecumenical meetings to preside over the celebration of the Holy Communion according to the order of the newly united Church of South India that he himself had helped to compose, and he was often asked to preach on important ecumenical occasions around the world. He thus played a part in familiarizing the Church at large with a eucharistic rite that was a first fruit both of the ecumenical movement and of the liturgical movement that was starting to reshape the worship of Catholic and Protestant churches alike; and he was able to set the twentieth-century concerns for evangelical mission and ecclesial unity in their proper doxological frame.
The Scriptural Teacher
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The importance of Scripture in the life, teaching, and practice of Lesslie Newbigin will by now be apparent. While he was a theological student at Westminster College, Cambridge, the Epistle to the Romans, as commented on by James Denney, was instrumental in bringing him to evangelical faith; and the essay he wrote there on Exodus 30:11–16 treated in the Atonement—the human need for it and God’s gracious provision of it—a theme that he would never abandon. In offering comprehensive teaching during his Indian years, whether as a young missionary to students (as in What is the Gospel?) or as a bishop to local pastors and lay workers in the diocese of Madurai (as in Sin and Salvation) or to intellectuals at the Christian Medical College in Vellore (as in Christ our Eternal Contemporary), it was always to the Bible that Newbigin turned, both for the big picture and for the details of doctrine. As an evangelist, he proclaimed the Gospel by way of the gospel stories.
State and Opposition in Islamic History
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Islamic activist movements challenge some regimes and support others. The political interests of Islamic revivalist groups may lead them into revolutionary opposition to existing governments, or such movements may participate in the existing political system as opposition movements. In some cases, Islamist movements are part of the government or are themselves the ruling force in the political system. This broad spectrum provides four different general situations within which Islamic revivalism and democratization interact. These are Islamic activism as (1) revolutionary opposition to the existing political system; (2) legal or cooperating opposition operating within the existing political system; (3) active participation in government in alliance or coalition with other political forces; and (4) the con trolling force in the existing political system. The current experience in each of these situations shapes both the nature of emerging democratic ideals in the Islamic world and the developing Islamically influenced new political orders. Democratization in Muslim societies involves all of the broader issues, present in all societies, of defining and creating democratic political systems. In specific experiences, the basic issues of popular political participation and majority and minority rights should be examined. In the interaction between the processes of democratization and the development of the Islamic resurgence, Islamic activist movements both challenge and support existing regimes. This interaction raises the significant issues of the nature of opposition in democratic societies. Is it possible to suspend democratic processes, as happened in Algeria, in the name of pre serving or protecting democracy? What are the limits on opposition in the cur rent experiences of democratization? And, in terms of the Islamic context, are there special aspects of the Islamic heritage that can provide support for the developing definition of opposition within a democratizing society?
Sudan
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Current efforts to establish an Islamic state in Sudan are identified with Hasan al-Turabi and the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood. However, these efforts are part of a history of more than a century of conscious activities aimed at the development of Islamic social and political structures in Sudan. In the late nineteenth century, the Sudanese Mahdi movement, like its successor at the end of the twentieth century, attracted international attention as it successfully raised the banner of Islamic revolution. The followers of the Mahdi created both an Islamically identified political system and the first independent Sudanese “national” state. During the twentieth century, movements affirming national identity and independence and efforts to establish political systems that would reflect popular aspirations were closely tied to the Islamic experiences of Sudanese peoples. The affirmation of local identity and the desire for popular political participation are not, in other words, new phenomena in Sudan in the late twentieth century. They are developments with deep historical roots in modern Sudanese history, although the specific forms of Islamic resurgence and democratization also manifest the conditions of the final quarter of the twentieth century.
Pakistan
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Since Pakistan’s creation as a Muslim homeland in 1947 and its designation in its first constitution in 1956 as an Islamic Republic, religion, identity, and democracy have been intertwined and manipulated. Military and non-military governments, religious and secular political parties, and movements with competing agendas and interests have appealed to Islam in order to enhance their legitimacy and to support a variety of political, economic, and class interests. Islam has been adopted in diverse ways to legitimate both government and opposition movements and to rationalize a range of options from democracy to political and religious authoritarianism. Pakistan has struggled throughout its history with the meaning of its Islamic identity. A review of Islam’s role in Pakistan reveals the diverse and often contending usages of lslam, its linkage to democratic claims, and, too often, its potential to divide rather than unite. At a time when many are concerned about political Islam and its compatibility with democratization, Pakistan offers an extensive test case of the role of religion in government-engineered state building, as well as of the ability of Islamic organizations to participate within the political system. The Jamaat Islami and other Islamic organizations and parties in Pakistan offer an instructive example of participation within a multiparty political system. Islam and democracy have often existed more in form than substance, subordinated to political and social realities rather than acting as a controlling or guiding forces.
Malaysia
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

“Few Muslim countries in the world have gone as far as Malaysia in the attempt to use the power of the state to enforce for Muslims the prescriptions of the Koran and the Hadith:’However, fewer Muslim states are less well known than Malaysia. Malaysia presents a unique Islamic experience. Malaysia is a multiethnic and multireligious society in which Malays constitute approximately 45 percent of the population but are the dominant political and cultural force. The remainder of the country consists of a variety of ethnic and religious groups, the largest being the Chinese (35 percent) and Indian (10 percent) communities. Islam and Malay national identity and politics have long been interconnected, as reflected in the popular belief that to be Malay is to be Muslim. A distinctive characteristic of Malaysian political development is the role of political Islam in Malay politics. Malaysia is a federation of states, an officially pluralistic polity in which Islam is the official religion and Islam and Muslims enjoy a privileged position.
Conclusion
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Throughout much of the Muslim world, the 1990s have witnessed the impact and interaction of the forces of resurgent Islam and democratization. Issues of religious and cultural identity, authenticity, and legitimacy have been intertwined with those of political participation, empowerment and civil society. The post-independence drift along a more Western, secular path of development has been challenged if not rejected. Both governments and political and social movements have often reappropriated religious symbols and vocabulary; they have used and abused, implemented and manipulated religion in politics and society.
Change at Work
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

This book illuminates what is really happening in the American workplace. The contributors explain how the widespread restructuring of American firms--usually resulting in a reduction of the workforce to cut costs--has had a profound impact on the lives of workers. The book explains how the new relationship requires high skill levels, but does not provide training for them. Workers themselves now must take charge of their personal development instead of relying on their employers. Their alienation from their firms is compounded by the large disparity between the pay of top managers and that of workers. The future is uncertain, but the authors argue that the traditional relationship between employer and employees will continue to erode.
Introduction
Authors: Stout Harry S , Hart D G
Published: November 2023

In 1977, Religious History was largely identified as a subfield of American intellectual history. When Henry May described the “recovery” of religious history, his subject matter was dominated by Perry Miller and the “Puritan synthesis” that ran from John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards through Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Renaissance up to Reinhold Niebuhr and neo-orthodoxy. Yet as substantial as the recovery was, it was under siege from almost the time May wrote his article. In fact, both intellectual history and religious history were already challenged in 1977, by the “New Social History,” and the tone of the conference at Wingspread that year reflected this beleaguered status. The mood of intellectual (and religious) history in 1977 was defensive. The New Social History had begun its invasion of all fields in American history and threatened to turn the mainline of intellectual history as it had evolved since the 19 50s into a sideline. In religion, the threat was doubly severe. Mainline Protestant denominations, which had inspired much of the canon until then, were themselves “declining” at a precipitous rate.
Studies Of Religion In American Society: The State of the Art
Authors: Stout Harry S , Taylor Robert M
Published: November 2023

A Minihistoriographical Revolution has occurred in studies of American religion over the past 20 years as they have proliferated at the epicenter of the historical and sociological enterprises. Religious history has entered the mainstream of historical research, no longer confined to the American Society of Church History and its sponsoring divinity schools. Likewise, the sociology of religion, once marginalized in its discipline, has become a leading edge in sociological research through its base in the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. Spurred by the creation of new departments of religion, by increasing numbers of faculty and graduate students, by the addition of American religious history to history and American studies programs, and, not least, by unprecedented levels of funding by private foundations, the field has exhibited more growth than any other save women’s studies. Yet while historians and sociologists bask in the glow of energized disciplines, their common institutional goals remain unexplored. What would the future hold if the two fields resumed the short-lived conversations of the late 1970s? This question we try to answer in the context of our commenting on the character of contemporary American religion research.
Narrating Puritanism
Authors: Hall David D
Published: November 2023

Three Years Out Of Harvard College, Jonathan Mitchel was named in 1650 to the office of pastor in the covenanted church of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thereafter, his ministry to the men and women of the parish unfolded in ways that carried him beyond the training he received at Harvard and the rules of church discipline enshrined in the Cambridge Platform of 1648. Not that he disdained the Platform; it meant much to him, as did the “experimental” preaching of his predecessor in the Cambridge pulpit, Thomas Shepard. Mitchel may have known of Shepard’s manuscript diary, with its revelations of that minister’s recurrent questioning of his state of grace. The lessons to be learned from this diary were supplemented by the heart-searching meditations Mitchel himself engaged in and by what he observed among his people.
God’s Designs: The Literature of the Colonial Revivals of Religion, I735-I760
Authors: Guelzo Allen C
Published: November 2023

In December Of 1990, after the completion of a section on Jonathan Edwards at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in New York City, a dozen or so of mostly younger scholars of Jonathan Edwards swept around the corner from the convention hotel and settled themselves down to a staggering repast at a posh north Italian restaurant. In the midst of some very un-Edwardsean consumption, I offered a question to everyone around the table: What is the most important book which you’ve ever read on the Great Awakening? With only one exception, the Young Edwardseans gave the palm to an obscure nineteenthcentury Congregationalist, Joseph Tracy; the one dissenter held out for a book from the 1960s, but it was the book that most Young Edwardseans are ritually required to despise, Alan Heimert’s Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the American Revolution.
Religion And The American Revolution
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The Relation Of Religion to the American Revolution has always been a problem. We sense that there should be a relationship, but we are not at all clear what it is or even ought to be. Although the eighteenth century was still a deeply religious age, at first glance the Revolution does not seem to have much to do with religion. To be sure, there was a good deal of talk about the people’s inalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of their conscience or about the separation of church and state. But these liberal and enlightened beliefs, culminating in the First Amendment to the Constitution, seem to emphasize less the significance of religion than its subordination to politics and other more important matters. As the new 1777 state constitution of New York put it, the Revolution was very much designed to end the “spiritual oppression and intolerance wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priests” had “scourged mankind.” If truth be told, most of the Founding Fathers, enlightened men in an enlightened age, were not all that enthusiastic about religion, certainly not about religious enthusiasm.
Experience and Explanation In Twentieth-Century American Religious History
Authors: Fox Richard Wightman
Published: November 2023

I Remember My Dismay a decade ago when a colleague, a historian of early modern Europe, gruffly remarked that all twentieth-century American historiography was “journalism.” It was nothing but the reporting of “current events,” he said. Having learned to take fright at the mere term “journalistic,” academia’s favored term of execration, I leapt to the defense of my field and rattled off the names of excellent books on the twentieth century. I confidently rebutted his comment, but all the while the thought gnawed away inside me that the greatest historians of our day did seem to work in earlier periods. The history of early twentiethcentury Progressivism or the New Deal had attracted many leading historians in the 1950s, but by the 1960s and 1970s the most interesting work seemed to be on such topics as Puritanism, slavery, or nineteenth-century women, immigrants, or laborers.
On Jordan’s Stormy Banks: Margins, Center, and Bridges in African American Religious History
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith
Published: November 2023

The Chicago World’S Columbian Exposition of 1893 was an event rife with difficult meanings for African Americans. Thirty years out of slavery and on the cusp of a new century, many African Americans were contemplating their place in history, searching the Bible for a key to their destiny, and looking to the future with an unmitigated faith in progress and in the “uplift of the race.” At this exposition, a moment for the nation to evaluate the status of the world since Columbus and to consider the future, however, the organizers of this public self-examination vigorously excluded African American representation in the exhibits.
Introduction: Postunification Challenges to German Democracy
Authors: Kurthen Hermann , Bergmann Werner , Erb Rainer
Published: November 2023

The collapse of the Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the opening of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, were welcomed around the world. But the rapid unification of East and West Germany brought ambivalent reactions, especially from Germany’s European neighbors. On the one hand there were fears of the political and economic dominance of a united Germany in the center of Europe. On the other hand recollections of the devastating consequences of German national unification movements of the past were rekindled. Voices were heard even within Germany that warned of the emergence of a new sense of nationalism that would slacken ties to Western democracies and promote a new chapter of German assertiveness-one that would seek, for example, to repress memories of World War II and the Holocaust. Such anxiety was directed in particular toward East Germans because very little was known of their political attitudes. Because they had lived under the conditions of a second dictatorship, they were expected to harbor antidemocratic, authoritarian, and intolerant views. In response to these fears, numerous empirical studies were begun in 1990 in the former GDR on voter profiles, issues regarding the political culture, and attitudes toward foreigners.
The Syllabaries
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

The two syllabaries in which ancient Greek was written share the trait of consisting almost entirely of two types of symbols: (1) symbols representing simply vowels (i.e., V characters); and (2) symbols representing sequences of consonant + vowel (i.e., CV characters). In figure 2.1 the symbols of Linear B are presented; as indicated, the only characters having a value other than V or CV are the dental + glide characters twe, two, dwe, dwo, nwa (and perhaps swa and swi), tya, rya, ryo, and the double stop character pte. It is true that the consonantal component of the characters transcribed as za, ze, and zo does correspond etymologically to the alphabetic Greek character zeta (ζ) and that zeta represents the sound sequence [zd] (i.e., zeta is a CC alphabetic character); however, the phonetic value of zV in the second-millennium script of Mycenaean Greek was almost certainly not the same as that of first-millennium zeta.
Cyprus and Beyond
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6 I argued that disparate aspects of the Greek treatment of the Semitic sibilant characters are reasonably accounted for when the origin of the Greek alphabet is viewed as the work of adapters who were accustomed to writing with the syllabic Cypriot script and who incorporated features of this script into the alphabet which they were devising. This hypothesis not only makes sense of the use of the Phoenician sibilant graphemes but also has crucial consequences for interpreting other aspects of the Greek alphabetic writing system.
Feminization of the Clergy in America
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Feminization is said to occur when women enter any given occupation in substantial numbers, and ostensibly leads to such dynamics as sex-segregation, reduced opportunities for men, and depressed wages and diminished prestige for the occupation as a whole. Spanning more than 70 years, Paula Nesbitt’s study of feminization concentrates on the Episcopal Church and the Unitarian Universalist Association, utilizing both statistical results and interviews to compare occupational patterns prior and subsequent to the large influx of women clergy. Among her findings, the author discovers that a decline in men’s opportunities is evident before the 1970s, preceding the great influx of women over the last two decades. She also finds that increases in the number of women ordained reduced occupational prospects for other women, but enhanced those for men, thus contradicting the popular myth that women in the workplace are responsible for occupational decline.
Primitivism Radicalism and the Lambs War
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

The mid-seventeenth century saw both the expansion of the Baptist sect and the rise and growth of Quakerism. At first, the Quaker movement attracted some Baptist converts, but relations between the two groups soon grew hostile. Public disputes broke out and each group denounced the other in polemical tracts. Nevertheless in this book, Underwood contends that Quakers and Baptists had much in common with each other, as well as with the broader Puritan and Nonconformist tradition. By examining the Quaker/Baptist relationship in particular, Underwood seeks to understand where and why Quaker views diverged from English Protestantism in general and, in the process, to clarify early Quaker beliefs.
The Andhaka Outcome
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

Elephanta cave. Andhaka’s transformation into Bhri).gin completes and concludes one central developmental strand that emerges from the game, and also opens up a second major course or sequence. To state the matter in a crudely linear dimension, perhaps foreign to its logic: when Siva plays dice, at once engendering and isolating himself (as male) in the game, he moves toward a moment when he will be forced to impale his blind son Andhaka on his trident, thereby producing the parodic masculine, mis formed Bhri).gin, in a world of destructive sexual isolation and existential impoverishment. At the same time, given the Andhaka outcome, an alternative path toward reconstituting the self fragmenting godhead becomes available and active.

The dice game opens up spaces inside god-spaces of uncertainty, of tentative selfhood, of devolution outward. Andhaka is one such space, dark, menacing, unformed. Once externalized by the god, with ParvatI’ s help, this dark gap in the texture of reality objectifies itself, congeals, petrifies-although it remains pregnant with dangerous energies of desire. The Andhaka story is about the god’s relationship to this potentially destructive and uncertain part of himself, viewed in the context of an internal split in the godhead, along lines of gender and the general problems consequent upon Siva’s self-externalizing drive. In important ways, this story shows us what it really means to call god a male, taking this label seriously, and non metaphorically. If Siva can be referred to by the pronoun “he”-as the texts repeatedly do, as we do in their wake-then, sooner or later, “he” must deal with “his” aborted Andhaka-self.

Note that these two-Siva and Andhaka/Bhri).gin-are, in any case, remarkably alike. Bhri).gin’ s emaciated body looks like a caricature of the yogic Siva, at the higher reaches of self-transformation, via the internalizing mode we refer to as tapas. It is entirely appropriate that this ghoulish figure should be assimilated to the ranks of Siva’s terrifying, usually deformed or misformed followers (the Saiva ga1J,as); all of them show us that side of this god that is off balance, hideous, saturated with death. In addition, Bhri).gin has a third, bony leg, a gift from Siva that allows this pathetic skeleton somehow to stand erect; here, too, the servant and follower mimics or caricatures his ithyphallic lord.
Reader Response and Community of Interpretation
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

THE previous chapter signaled the vaporous quality of determinate meanings in texts, arguing instead for the radical intertextuality of all texts, indeed, of all reality. If the case was made at all, it raised the possibility for intertextual anarchy, seemingly placing us far from hope of ever confidently understanding the meaning of prophetic truth claims of Scripture, much less of ever evaluating the truth or falsehood of conflicting biblical prophets. Hope for finding the way out of this potential interpretative morass was suggested but not explained. The proposed hope hinged more on restraints placed upon the reader by his or her interpretative community than on the text’s ability to constrain the interpretative options. We were left asking literary theory and canonical criticism to again provide assistance in finding our way from that suggestion toward its explanation.
Swords into Plowshares into Swords
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

THE questions raised and addressed concerning conflicting canons now approach their denouement in the prophecies of Isaiah/Micah and Joel. Any study of true and false prophecy, such as the one under investigation, results from either the ambiguity of prophetic texts or the editorial activity that inevitably follows the collection and analysis of prophetic oracles in light of new contexts or the final juxtaposition of these “compressed texts” in the canon. The prophecies of Isaiah/Micah and Joel in their historically compressed juxtaposition within the canon of sacred scripture are no exception. It remains for us to provide the reader with a critical example of how he or she may negotiate conflicting biblical texts now aided by a renewed understanding of the politics and hermeneutics at stake when negotiating canons and conflict.
An Overview of the Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

Genesis of the Big Bang examines the development of the standard Big Bang model of the universe. We were personally involved in the early stages of this development and believe that we can supply some unique insights.
Cosmology before the Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

For millennia, Homo sapiens has constructed scenarios about the universe in attempts to understand whatever observations could be made, to seek reasons for the existence of the observed universe, and to make some sense of the existence of humankind. There is little doubt that this yearning for understanding has been the basic driving force for the many religions that have developed over the years. Most of the world’s religions have accepted the idea that some extramundane entity either started the universe off and still controls it, or started it but has kept hands off since then. Various religions have introduced more or less personal connections with this entity. Most adherents to specific religions find it easier and more fulfilling to ascribe the wonder and mystery of the universe to the initial or continued actions of such an entity rather than to regard the unfinished task of understanding as an exciting search in and of it self. Most formal religions satisfy the apparently intrinsic need to under stand why Homo sapiens exists at all, and usually promise some manner of existence after death which will be far superior to what is currently being experienced.
Inflation and the Very Early Universe
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

Most of what we have reported up to this point is material with which we have been involved. Before proceeding, therefore, we must remark that much of what we say about an inflation era in the early universe is derivative; that is, we have not personally studied Big Bang cosmology at times which are very small compared with a microsecond but have followed what other researchers say about this early history.
Introduction
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

For Several Reasons, one would scarcely predict a substantial role for the medieval cultus of Mary in the land of the Pilgrim Fathers. Most obviously, the United States remained a largely Protestant country before the mass immigration movements of the late nineteenth century. Within a climate of Reformation animosity toward suspected pagan and mythic accretions to Scripture, one does not expect Marian piety to flourish or to find expression in imaginative literature. Then, too, the fin de siècle cult of Teddy Roosevelt’s “strenuous life,” with its rigorous masculinity and code of mercantile exertion, must be deemed inimical to the values of spiritual receptivity, intuitionism, and psychic femininity commonly associated with the Virgin Mother. Nor was there much to favor Mary’s reputation in the demythologizing, technocratic temper of the emerging twentieth century or in the aura of disjunctive skepticism surrounding modernism, to say nothing of postmodernism. Yet a notable undercurrent of interest in Mary as mythical Madonna has persisted in American life and letters from fairly early in the nineteenth century into the later twentieth. In these latter days, for feminist writers such as Starhawk, it has shifted toward fascination with the Great Goddess of matriarchal prehistory.1 This imaginative involvement with the Divine Woman-verging, at times, on devotional homage-becomes all the more intriguing as manifested in the Protestant writers who are the exclusive focus of this study. My concern, then, is to delineate a countercultural pattern of mythic assertion that has yet to be acknowledged in standard surveys of American cultural or literary history.
The Sacred Woman
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

When Nathaniel Hawthorne took up residence with his new bride at the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1842, he was acutely aware of the house’s churchly legacy. Built by Emerson’s ministerial grandfather in 1765, it had been inhabited thereafter by a long succession of clergymen, and Hawthorne found its garret full of dusty theological tomes that he felt “none the less a Christian” for ignoring. The author of the prefatory essay on “The Old Manse” retains a religious confidence in divine beneficence, in the “infinite spiritual capacity” of the human soul, and in some version of “saving grace.” He aspires to write a novel “that should evolve some deep lesson” suitable to the Manse’s sacred space. And yet he feels so oppressed by the house’s “grim prints of Puritan ministers,” who frown on his newfound Eden from the walls of his study, that he and Sophia replace these “bad angels” with “the sweet and lovely head of one of Raphael’s Madonnas.”
The Slow Yet Steady Path to Women ‘s Empowerment in Pakistan
Authors: Weiss Anita M
Published: November 2023

The status and position of women in Pakistan and their subsequent access to power have undergone substantive change since the onset of the twentieth century. Muslim women in nineteenth-century India faced uphill struggles in easing some of the extreme restrictions on women ‘s activities associated with purdah, restricting polygamy, ensuring women ‘s legal rights under Islamic law which Muslims perceived had been taken away under British civil law, and in introducing female education. In the 1870s, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advocated modern education as the only means for emancipation of Muslims under the British. In 1880, he developed the Mohammedan Educational Conference to propagate his message, now referred to as the Aligarh Movement. However, it was not until 1896 that the Conference formed a women ‘s section, and three years later opened its first girls ‘ teacher-training school, which laid a foundation for the education of Muslim girls. Progress was slow; by 1921, only four out of every thousand Muslim females had enjoyed the benefits of formal education.
Women and Religion in Bahrain An Emerging Identity
Authors: Seikaly May
Published: November 2023

In the tiny state of Bahrain a grassroots antigovernment protest uprising (intifada) has been occurring since the summer of 1994. By December of that year, the protestors from the less favored strata of society took to the streets demanding the dismissal of foreign (British) security officials; a reduction of the number of foreign imported laborers; expansion of social, economic, and employment opportunities for Bahrainis; a more equitable justice system; and the appropriation of more democratic practices by the government. This appeared to be the tip of the iceberg, as more disaffected Bahrainis joined to vent their accumulated anger and bitterness in vociferous activities. While initially the conflict seemed to reflect a class dimension, it became apparent that it also expressed sectarian and ethnic differences and animosities.
Flesh and Spirit, Continence and Chastity
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

Both the theory and the practice of monastic asceticism pervade Cassian’s Institutes and Conferences. One needs a way through the vastness, a paradigm for asceticism that can help to understand Cassian’s perspective and contribution. Fortunately Cassian gives us precisely the focus that is needed, for he made the pursuit of chastity the centerpiece of his ascetical theology. The intentional celibacy of the monastic life is the principal marker of its social distinctiveness, as celibacy has often been for both Christian and non-Christian ascetics. Although the renunciation of possessions and withdrawal from normal social responsibilities signify a break from conventional norms, they are parameters for the interior transformation experienced most intimately at the relational/sexual core of the human person.
Unceasing Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

Early christians took the biblical command to “pray always” very seriously. Jesus used the parable of the importunate widow to teach perseverance in prayer (Luke 18:1; see 21:36); Paul urged the Thessalonians to pray “without ceasing” (1 Thess. 5:17; see Eph. 6:18). The practical application of these commands was variously understood, but the imperative was accepted as a defining trait of the Christian life, especially that of monks. Whether alone or in community, whether chanting the official psalmody of the offices or pondering texts in the reflective recitation known as meditatio, the basic work of monks was to give voice to the Bible and to respond to it with the prayer of their hearts. All prayer arose within a continual encounter with the biblical word.
Experience of Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

cassian’s descriptions of ecstatic prayer are one of the most compelling and attractive features of his monastic writings. These evocations of wordless and “fiery” prayer are central to his teaching on prayer. Cassian’s understanding of “pure” or “higher” prayer has been noted by commentators but little explored. There are reasons for their hesitation. Writing about ecstatic prayer is difficult: definitions are elusive and ambiguous, Cassian’s vocabulary of ecstatic experience is unusual, and the source of his teaching is unknown. The study begun here can be only tentative, suggesting paths for further exploration.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

Campus buildings at Evangelical Theological Seminary look like those of many college campuses built in the last fifty years. The library, chapel, cafeteria, administration, and classroom buildings—all of different architectural vintages—are grouped together, but residence halls are widely separated by drives and lawns on the school’s spacious campus. The terrain is hilly enough that in bad weather students often drive from their dormitories to the central cluster of buildings. Though the campus is located in an affluent exburb, a perimeter of dozens of acres of seminary-owned woodland creates the impression of a rural retreat. The main building does display a prominent cross, but compared with the neo-Gothic campuses of mainline Protestant seminaries in the same metropolitan area, Evangelical does not look very ecclesiastical at all.
The Message
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

Jerome Allen is working hard. The wide bald spot on his head shines with sweat and his round gold glasses slide down his nose. He paces emphatically across the front of the classroom, gesticulating with both arms in unison at the thirty students who have folded themselves into narrow chairs with writing arms and now sit necessarily still. His accent is heavily southern, but this is no drawl. Allen talks fast. “It’s in my heart that you should learn this,” he says. “Why? This approach is absolutely central for objective preaching. You have to get the sentence flow. Your grades are great. On the last paper, half of you got a 4 and the other half a 3.5—only one got a 3. I’ll encourage you. Think of this as your first day on the job. Limit the time you spend on each assignment to four to five hours. I’ll grade you on effort.”
Contests
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

One thing that students like best about Paul Bashford is that his views differ just a little from the views of the other most respected professors. His theological pedigree is impeccable. Unlike Jerome Allen, who came from fundamentalism, Bashford was raised in the conservative branch of a mainline denomination, and all the schools he attended are highly approved at ETS. Perhaps this gives him the confidence to take “a different step from some of them,” says Tim Rothman about Bashford’s gentle approach to Pentecostalism, a branch of evangelicalism that his colleagues often criticize. Tim quickly adds, “He’s still pretty Reformed himself”—Reformed being the standard position. A student who finds ETS too conservative and too negative likes Bashford nonetheless because he encourages his students to read works by nonevangelical scholars; yet Cary Draper, famous among his fellow students for theological conservatism, has rearranged his schedule to be able to take as many Bashford courses as possible.
Year One: Encounters
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

The second floor of Barlowe Hall, Mainline Theological Seminary’s dormitory for single and transient students, begins to show signs of life two days before fall orientation. Two large standing metal fans bring sound and motion to a long, dimly lit hallway. An Asian woman emerges from her room in bathrobe and slippers, a towel over her arm, and heads for the bathroom. This dorm originally housed men only, as is clearly evident from the four urinals in the “ladies’ “room.