bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 6,6‐Dimethyl‐ and 6,6‐Diphenylfulvene as Cycloaddents in Reaction with Moore′s Ketene.
Authors: Parvulescu Luminitza , Marton Anca , Mihai Marina , Draghici Constantin , Varga Richard A. , Gheorghiu Mircea D.
Published: October 2010

Cycloaddition of t‐butylcyanoketene (II) to title fulvenes (I) proceeds in a highly regio‐ and stereoselective fashion furnishing cyclobutanone derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric α‐Hydroxymethylation of Ketones in Homogeneous Aqueous Solvents.
Authors: Paternak Monika , Paradowska Joanna , Rogozinska Maria , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: October 2010

Aldol reactions of cyclic ketones with aqueous formaldehyde are catalyzed by a chiral prolinamide based zinc complex to afford the corresponding adducts with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Insertion of Carbenoids into N—H Bonds Catalyzed by Copper(I) Complexes of Binol Derivatives.
Authors: Hou Zongrui , Wang Jun , He Peng , Wang Jing , Qin Bo , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2010

A novel and readily available BINOL‐derived Copper(I) catalyst is developed for the enantioselective synthesis of amines under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐1,3‐dithiane 1‐Oxide as a Convenient Reagent for the Transformation of Aldehydes and Ketones into Homologous Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Cludius‐Brandt Stephan
Published: October 2010

Aldehydes and ketones are converted to homologous carboxylic acids by reaction with dithiane oxide (I) and subsequent acid‐mediated cleavage of the resulting intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation and Wittig Reaction of Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Liu Wen‐Bo , He Hu , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li
Published: October 2010

In the presence of a Pd/Trost ligand system, the one‐pot Tsuji—Trost/Wittig reaction of phosphorylides (II) or (XVI) with allylic carbonates and aldehydes or ketenes provides skipped dienes and tetrasubstituted allenes, correspondingly.
ChemInform Abstract: Polystyrene Supported Al(OTf)3: A Stable, Efficient, Selective, and Reusable Catalyst for Sulfonylation of Arenes with Sulfonic Acids.
Authors: Boroujeni Kaveh Parvanak
Published: October 2010

The catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without appreciable loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′‐Diamino‐6,6′‐dimethylbiphenyl as an Efficient Ligand in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura and Mizoroki—Heck Reactions.
Authors: Lu Jian‐Mei , Ma Hui , Li Sha‐Sha , Ma Dan , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: October 2010

Aryl iodides and bromides are efficiently coupled with arylboronic acids or alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki and Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Water Medium with a Reusable Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Anchored Palladium(II) Complex.
Authors: Islam Manirul , Mondal Paramita , Roy Anupam Singha , Tuhina Kazi
Published: October 2010

The catalyst shows excellent activity for a broad spectrum of aryl halides under phosphine‐ and copper‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New β‐Acetamido Carbonyl Derivatives Using Cellulose Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient Catalyst.
Authors: Oskooie Hossein A. , Heravi Majid M. , Tahershamsi Leili , Sadjadi Samaheh , Tajbakhsh Mahmood
Published: October 2010

The catalyst can be recycled by filtration and reused with only a small loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Tetrasubstituted Furans via Intramolecular Wittig Reactions with Phosphorus Ylides as Intermediates.
Authors: Kao Tzu‐Ting , Syu Siang‐en , Jhang Yi‐Wun , Lin Wenwei
Published: October 2010

A wide range of tetrasubstituted furans is prepared from the Michael acceptors and acid chlorides in the presence of PBu3.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of Enantiopure 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofurans by a Sequential Stereoselective Biotransformation and Chemical Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Mangas‐Sanchez Juan , Busto Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernandez Vicente , Gotor Vicente
Published: October 2010

The method is based on the lipase‐mediated kinetic resolution of 1‐aryl‐2‐propanols or the bioreduction of the corresponding ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Aluminum‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoalkenes.
Authors: Koller Juergen , Bergman Robert G.
Published: October 2010

A novel aluminum complex is prepared and successful applied to the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Porphyrinogen Oxidation for the Selective Synthesis of meso‐Tetraarylchlorins.
Authors: Serra Armenio C. , Rocha Gonsalves Antonio M. d'A.
Published: October 2010

Porphyrinogens, generated in solution by condensation of aldehydes with pyrrole can be carefully oxidized to a mixture of chlorins (III) and prophyrins (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of 3‐Substituted‐4,6‐dimethoxyindoles with Ketones.
Authors: Wood Kasey , Black David StC. , Kumar Naresh
Published: October 2010

In contrast to simple 3‐substituted indoles, activated 3‐substituted‐4,6‐dimethoxyindoles undergo acid catalyzed condensation with acetone and acetophenones to give pyrrolo[a]indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: [4 + 2] Dimerization of Imides of Arylmaleic Acids in the Presence of the 3,5‐Dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole and 2,6‐Lutidine.
Authors: Stepakov Alexander V. , Popova Ekatherine A. , Stepakova Liubov V. , Boitsov Vitaly M. , Starova Galina L. , Grinenko Elena V.
Published: October 2010

Imides (I) undergo a dimerization in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the title pyrazole to give tetracyclic exo‐products (II).
ChemInform Abstract: [1,3]Oxazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles: A Versatile Synthesis of a Novel Heterocycle.
Authors: Ball Catherine , Dean David K. , Lorthioir Olivier , Page Lee W. , Smith Charlotte L. , Watson Stephen P.
Published: October 2010

Microwave‐promoted reaction between bisbromotriazole (I) and α‐haloketones proceeds via a tandem alkylation/cyclization process to give the title heterocycle (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Activity of 3‐(5‐3‐Methyl‐5‐[(3‐methyl‐7‐5‐ [2‐(aryl)‐4‐oxo‐1,3‐thiazolan‐3‐yl]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ylbenzo [b]furan‐5‐yl)methyl]benzo[b]furan‐7‐yl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐# (aryl)‐1,3‐thiazolan‐4‐one.
Authors: Reddy Cherkupally Sanjeeva , Rao Dasari Chandrashekar , Yakub Vookanti , Nagaraj Adki
Published: October 2010

Most of the title compounds (IX) (10 examples) show appreciable nematicidal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Preparation of Arylaminotetrazole Derivatives Using Aluminum(III) Hydrogensulfate as an Effective Catalyst.
Authors: Khamooshi Ferydoon , Modarresi‐Alam Ali Reza
Published: October 2010

The reaction of aryl cyanamides with sodium azide proceeds readily to give isomeric tetrazoles (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for the Stereoselective Construction of Angular Methyl Group of Fused Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Kadota Isao , Kishi Takayuki , Fujisawa Yuka , Yamagami Yuji , Takamura Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2010

The reaction of mixed thioacetals with dimethylzinc and zinc triflate affords the corresponding methylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Michael Reaction of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to 3‐Nitro‐2H‐chromenes Catalyzed by Chiral Nickel Complexes.
Authors: Chen Wei‐Yi , Ouyang Luo , Chen Rui‐Ye , Li Xin‐Sheng
Published: October 2010

The addition of dialkylmalonates is optimal under conditions A) and proceeds with complete anti diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: General Method for the Synthesis of Substituted Phenanthridin‐6(5H)‐ones Using a KOH‐Mediated Anionic Ring Closure as the Key Step.
Authors: Dubost Emmanuelle , Magnelli Rosa , Cailly Thomas , Legay Remi , Fabis Frederic , Rault Sylvain
Published: October 2010

The cyclization proceeds with both 2′‐fluorobiphenyl‐2‐carbonitriles bearing electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium Triflate as Mild and Efficient Catalyst for Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction: A Facile Synthesis of cis‐Fused Pyrano‐ and Furanoquinolines.
Authors: Narsaiah A. Venkat , Reddy A. Ramesh , Reddy B. V. Subba , Yadav J. S.
Published: October 2010

Title compounds are produced in excellent yield and high endo‐selectivity in a three‐component coupling reaction between aldehydes, anilines and cyclic enol ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐ and γ‐Carbolinones via Pd‐Catalyzed Direct Dehydrogenative Annulation (DDA) of Indole‐carboxamides with Alkynes Using Air as the Oxidant.
Authors: Shi Zhuangzhi , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning
Published: October 2010

Synthetically and medicinally important β‐ and γ‐carbolinones are prepared under mild conditions and water as the only by‐product.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for the Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐6‐(2‐pyrrolyl)pyridazines.
Authors: Song Chuanjun , Zhao Peng , Liu Yan , Liu Hui , Li Wenjia , Shi Shuai , Chang Junbiao
Published: October 2010

Key steps of the title synthesis are the previously developed pyrrole acylation method with monoethyl succinate (II) and the Suzuki cross coupling reaction of 3‐chloro‐6‐pyrrolylpyridazine (V) with arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Oligoarylenes with a Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Core.
Authors: Tumkevicius Sigitas , Dodonova Jelena , Kazlauskas Karolis , Masevicius Viktoras , Skardziute Lina , Jursenas Saulius
Published: October 2010

Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of dichloropyrrolopyrimidines with arylboronic acids affords novel fluorescent mono‐ and diaryl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Alkylation of 2,6‐Dichloropurine Hydrochloride with a Variety of Alcohols over Alumina Catalyst.
Authors: Tumma Harikrishna , Nagaraju N. , Reddy K. Vijayakumar
Published: October 2010

The product selectivity of the title reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation generated from the alcohol.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activities of Novel 1,4‐Disubstituted Phthalazine Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Shulan , Zhao Yanfang , Liu Yajing , Chen Dong , Lan Weihuan , Zhao Qiaoling , Dong Chengcheng , Xia Lin , Gong Ping
Published: October 2010

Two series of phthalazines are synthesized yielding twentysix disubstituted derivatives such as (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Double‐Lithiation of a Transient Urea: Vicarious ortho‐Metalation of Aniline Derivatives.
Authors: Houlden Chris E. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: October 2010

A simple and high‐yielding one‐pot procedure is used to prepare a wide range of ortho‐functionalized aniline derivatives and heterocycles by applying the proper choice of electrophiles and nucleophiles after the selective ortho‐metalation of the intermediate urea.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Chloride as an Efficient Catalytic Precursor for Hydroarylation Reactions via C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Simon Marc‐Olivier , Genet Jean‐Pierre , Darses Sylvain
Published: October 2010

The reaction of aromatic ketones with triethoxyvinylsilane tolerates a wide range of functional groups and heteroaromatic substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of 17‐nor‐Deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin.
Authors: Nomoto Shinya , Asano Junya , Asahina Kenta , Mita Hajime , Kashiyama Yuichiro
Published: October 2010

The target substance (I), a sedimentary nor‐porphyrin, is synthesized via a bilene‐b route.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Formal Total Synthesis of Aplysin Utilizing a Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of an Arylboronic Acid to an Allenic Alcohol—Eschenmoser/Claisen Rearrangement.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Shoji Yasunobu , Shishido Kozo
Published: October 2010

Dihydrobenzofuran (VI), an intermediate for the synthesis of aplysin (VII), is prepared via the enantioselective construction of a quaternary carbon center in amide (V) utilizing the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Aryl‐O‐glycosyl Haloacetimidates as Glycosyl Donors.
Authors: Huchel Uschi , Tiwari Pallavi , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: October 2010

The glycosyl donor properties of haloacetimidates (I), (IV), (V), (VIII) and (IX) using glucopyranosides, e.g. (II) as acceptors are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiospecific Formal Total Synthesis of (+)‐Fawcettimine.
Authors: Jung Michael E. , Chang Jonah J.
Published: October 2010

The key step on the route to (+)‐fawcettimine (III) is the catalytic generation of the hydroindanone (II) from the activated cyclopropyl ester (I) with complete stereocontrol.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Total Synthesis of Ammosamide B.
Authors: Reddy P. V. Narasimha , Banerjee Biplab , Cushman Mark
Published: October 2010

The key step is the effective condensation of 4,6‐diprotected tetraaminobenzene (II) with dimethyl ketoglutaconate (III) constructing the pyrrolidinone and quinoline rings in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Methyl 13‐Iodo‐O‐methylpodocarpate and Alcohols.
Authors: Yalavarty Manjeera , Paradise Courtney M. , Klein Travis A. L. , Miles D. Howard
Published: October 2010

CuI is utilized as a relatively inexpensive catalyst for the synthesis of podocarpic acid ether derivatives (III) through one‐step cross‐coupling reaction of methyl 13‐iodo‐O‐methylpodocarpate (I) with alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Biological Activities of Pargamicin A, a Novel Cyclic Peptide Antibiotic from Amycolatopsis sp.
Authors: Hashizume Hideki , Adachi Hayamitsu , Igarashi Masayuki , Nishimura Yoshio , Akamatsu Yuzuru
Published: October 2010

Pargamicin A, a novel cyclic peptide antibiotic, which can be isolated from the soil actinomycete strain Amycolatopsis sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Caripyrin, a New Inhibitor of Infection‐Related Morphogenesis in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Authors: Rieger Patrick H. , Liermann Johannes C. , Opatz Till , Anke Heidrun , Thines Eckhard
Published: October 2010

The new pyridyloxirane caripyrin (I) is isolated from submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Caripia montagnei.
ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Stereochemistry of Pentacecilides, New Inhibitors of Lipid Droplet Formation in Mouse Macrophages, Produced by Penicillium cecidicola FKI‐3765‐1.
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Ugaki Narihiro , Matsuda Daisuke , Tomoda Hiroshi
Published: October 2010

The structure of the new pentacecilide D (Id), produced by Penicillium cecidicola FKI‐3765‐1 is determined.
ChemInform Abstract: NBRI16716A, a New Antitumor Compound Against Human Prostate Cancer Cells, Produced by Perisporiopsis melioloides Mer‐f16716.
Authors: Kawada Manabu , Someno Tetsuya , Inoue Hiroyuki , Ohba Shun‐ichi , Masuda Tohru , Kato Taira , Ikeda Daishiro
Published: October 2010

The 3 new compounds NBRI16716A, NBRI16716B, and NBRI16716C (Ia)—(Ic) are isolated from the fermentation broth of Perisporiopsis melioloides Mer‐f16716.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Transistors Based on Octamethylenetetrathiafulvalenes.
Authors: Inoue Jun‐ichi , Kanno Masato , Ashizawa Minoru , Seo Chayeon , Tanioka Akihiko , Mori Takehiko
Published: October 2010

The tert.‐butyl substitution in title compound (Ib) realizes standing arrangement of the molecules and consequently good OFET (organic field‐effect transistor) performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoperoxidovanadium(V) Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Solution Properties
Authors: Tatiersky Jozef , Pacigova Silvia , Sivak Michal , Schwendt Peter
Published: October 2010

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Dioxygen and Metal—Nitrogen Complexes: Where Are the Electrons?
Authors: Holland Patrick L.
Published: October 2010

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Constructions of Helical Coordination Compounds
Authors: Zheng Xiao‐Dan , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: October 2010

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tailoring Dendronized Polymers
Authors: Chen Yongming , Xiong Xingquan
Published: October 2010

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Recyclable Reagents and Catalytic Systems Based on Hypervalent Iodine Compounds.
Authors: Yusubov Mekhman S. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: October 2010

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Minisci Reaction: A Friedel—Crafts‐Type Process with Opposite Reactivity and Selectivity. Selective Homolytic Alkylation, Acylation, Carboxylation and Carbamoylation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Bases
Authors: Punta Carlo , Minisci Francesco
Published: October 2010

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Reduction of Carbonic and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Wuensch B. , Geiger C.
Published: October 2010

Review: 257 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Fluoroalkyl Containing Lithium 1,3‐Diketonates
Authors: Boltacheva N. S. , Filyakova V. I. , Khmara E. F. , Koryakova O. V. , Charushin V. N.
Published: October 2010

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: C2‐Functionalized Furans as Dienes in [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Montana Angel M. , Grima Pedro M. , Batalla Consuelo
Published: October 2010

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Spirocyclic Piperidines, Important Building Blocks in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Troin Yves , Sinibaldi Marie‐Eve
Published: October 2010

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Cyclization Reactions in the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Rodriguez Felix , Fananas Francisco J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 252 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deracemization Methods
Authors: Turner Nicholas J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Carbonates as Solvents in Synthesis and Catalysis
Authors: Schaffner Benjamin , Schaffner Friederike , Verevkin Sergey P. , Borner Armin
Published: October 2010

Review: 502 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Substitution of Hydrogen or Metals
Authors: Butenschoen H.
Published: October 2010

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction to Magnetism
Authors: Weber W.
Published: October 2010

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Overview on the Photophysics of BODIPY Dyes in Liquid Solutions and Solid Polymer Matrices
Authors: Arbeloa F. Lopez , Banuelos J. , Martinez V. , Arbeloa T. , Arbeloa I. Lopez
Published: October 2010

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical and Astrophysical Aspects of the Problem of Origin of Chiral Asymmetry of the Biosphere
Authors: Tsarev V. A.
Published: October 2010

Review: 196 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Delivering Quantum Dots to Cells: Bioconjugated Quantum Dots for Targeted and Nonspecific Extracellular and Intracellular Imaging
Authors: Biju Vasudevanpillai , Itoh Tamitake , Ishikawa Mitsuru
Published: October 2010

Review: 181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Singlet Oxygen: There Is Indeed Something New under the Sun
Authors: Ogilby Peter R.
Published: October 2010

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Bioinspired Special Wettability
Authors: Liu Keson , Yao Xi , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2010

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High Performance Organic Semiconductors for Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Dong Huanli , Wang Chengliang , Hu Wenping
Published: October 2010

Review: recent advances in the development of the title semiconductors; 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Catalytic Systems for Green Chemical Process Intensification
Authors: Raghavan K. V.
Published: October 2010

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light and Color as Analytical Detection Tools: A Journey into the Periodic Table Using Polyamines to Bio‐inspired Systems as Chemosensors
Authors: Lodeiro Carlos , Capelo Jose Luis , Mejuto Juan Carlos , Oliveira Elisabete , Santos Hugo M. , Pedras Bruno , Nunez Cristina
Published: October 2010

Review: 202 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence and Reactivity of 7‐Azaindole Derivatives and Complexes
Authors: Zhao Shu‐Bin , Wang Suning
Published: October 2010

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix Isolation and Electronic Structure of Di‐ and Tridehydrobenzenes
Authors: Winkler Michael , Sander Wolfram
Published: October 2010

Review: ca. 150 refs.
Anti‐inflammatory AreneChromium Complexes Acting as Specific Inhibitors of NOD2 Signalling
Authors: Bielig Harald , Velder Janna , Saiai Aroonchai , Menning Maureen , Meemboor Sonja , Kalka‐Moll Wiltrud , Krönke Martin , Schmalz Hans‐Günther , Kufer Thomas A.
Published: October 2010

Inflammation is a hallmark of microbial infection in mammals and is the result of a pathogen‐induced release of inflammatory effectors. In humans a variety of germ‐line encoded receptors, so‐called pattern‐recognition receptors, respond to conserved signatures on invading pathogens, which results in the transcriptional activation of pro‐inflammatory responses. Inflammation is often detrimental to the host and leads to tissue damage and/or systemic dysfunctions. Thus, specific inhibitors of these pathways are desirable for medical interventions. Herein we report on the synthesis and use of some chromium‐containing compounds (areneCr(CO)3 complexes) with a core structure related to anti‐inflammatory diterpenes produced by the sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. By using cell‐based reporter assays we identified complexes with a potent inhibitory activity on tumour necrosis factor (TNF), Toll‐like receptor (TLR), and nucleotide binding domain, leucine‐rich repeat‐containing receptor (NLR) pathways. Moreover, we found one complex to be a specific inhibitor of inflammatory responses mediated by the NLR protein NOD2, a pivotal innate immune receptor involved in bacterial recognition. Synthesis and characterisation of a set of derivatives of this substance revealed structural requirements for NOD2 specificity. Taken together, our studies suggest this type of areneCr(CO)3 complex as a potential lead for the development of antiphlogistica and pharmacologically relevant NOD2 inhibitors.
Expanding colorectal cancer screening among minority women
Authors: Shike Moshe , Schattner Mark , Genao Alvaro , Grant Winsome , Burke Margaret , Zauber Ann , Russo Lianne , Cuyjet Valerie
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

Colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) in the United States is inadequate in minority communities and particularly among those who lack insurance. Finding ways to increase screenings in these minorities presents a healthcare challenge. The authors sought to determine whether offering CRCS at the time of mammography is an effective way to increase CRCS among minority women.

METHODS:

This study was offered to women attending the Breast Examination Center of Harlem (BECH), a community outreach program of Memorial Sloan‐Kettering serving the primarily black and Hispanic Harlem Community. Screening was explained, medical fitness was determined, and colonoscopies were performed. Barriers to screening and ways to overcome them were ascertained. Participants had to be at least 50 years of age without a history of colorectal cancer or screening within the last 10 years.

RESULTS:

There were 2616 women eligible for CRCS, of these women 2005 (77%) refused to participate in the study, and 611 (23%) women were enrolled. There was a high interest in CRCS including among those who declined to participate in the study. The major barrier was lack of medical insurance, which was partially overcome by alternative funding. Of the 611 women enrolled, 337 (55%) went on to have screening colonoscopy. Forty‐nine (15%) women had adenomatous polyps.

CONCLUSIONS:

Offering CRCS to minority women at the time of mammography and without a physician's referral is an effective way to expand screening. Screening colonoscopy findings are similar to those in the general population. Alternatives to traditional medical insurance are needed for the uninsured. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over a VO2‐Exchanged MCM‐22 Zeolite: A DFT Study
Authors: Wannakao Sippakorn , Boekfa Bundet , Khongpracha Pipat , Probst Michael , Limtrakul Jumras
Published: October 2010

The adsorption and the mechanism of the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane over VO2‐exchanged MCM‐22 are investigated by DFT calculations using the M06‐L functional, which takes into account dispersion contributions to the energy. The adsorption energies of propane are in good agreement with those from computationally much more demanding MP2 calculations and with experimental results. In contrast, B3LYP binding energies are too small. The reaction begins with the movement of a methylene hydrogen atom to the oxygen atom of the VO2 group, which leads to an isopropyl radical bound to a HOVO intermediate. This step is rate determining with the apparent activation energy of 30.9 kcal mol−1, a value within the range of experimental results for ODH over other silica supports. In the propene formation step, the hydroxyl group is the more reactive group requiring an apparent activation energy of 27.7 kcal mol−1 compared to that of the oxy group of 40.8 kcal mol−1. To take the effect of the extended framework into account, single‐point calculations on 120T structures at the same level of theory are performed. The apparent activation energy is reduced to 28.5 kcal mol−1 by a stabilizing effect caused by the framework. Reoxidation of the catalyst is found to be important for the product release at the end of the reaction.
Synthetic, Structural, Photophysical and Computational Studies on π‐Conjugated 1,3,2‐Benzodiazaboroles with Carbazole Building Blocks
Authors: Weber Lothar , Halama Johannes , Werner Vanessa , Hanke Kenny , Böhling Lena , Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Maciejczyk Małgorzata , Raza Anna‐Lena , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate
Published: October 2010

The reaction of the N‐lithiated 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐carbazole (2) with 2‐bromo‐1,3‐diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborole (1a) and 2‐bromo‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborole (1b) afforded the 2‐N‐carbazolyl‐functionalized benzodiazaboroles 3a and 3b as colourless solids in 77 and 73 % yield, respectively.Synthesis of 2[5′‐N‐carbazolyl‐2′‐thienyl]‐1,3‐diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborole (5a) was effected by lithiation of N‐(2‐thienyl)carbazole (4) and subsequent reaction with equimolar amounts of 1a, and 5a was obtained in 68 % yield. Similarly,2[5′‐N‐carbazolyl‐2′‐thienyl]‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborole (5b) was prepared from lithiated 4 and 1b in 62 % yield. Compounds 3a,b and 5a,b are characterized by elemental analyses, IR and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C) and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 3a and 5a were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction analysis. These borylated systems show intense blue luminescence. The spectroscopic results were reproduced by TD‐DFT calculations at the [B3LYP/6‐311G (d,p)] level of theory.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of early oxidative events in semisolid palm oil
Authors: Raitio Riikka , Orlien Vibeke , Skibsted Leif H.
Published: October 2010

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was applied to study early oxidative events in semisolid palm oil in bulk. Oil was stored at mildly accelerated conditions of 50°C for 7 days and the free radical formation was followed with the addition of spin trap N‐tert‐butyl‐α‐phenyl‐nitrone. Dissolution of the oil samples in isooctane prior to ESR measurements stabilized the ESR signal allowing the changes in relative free radical concentrations during oil storage to be monitored. Formation of lipid hydroperoxides as primary lipid oxidation products was found to correlate with the tendency for the formation of free radicals in the oil during the storage and accordingly, ESR spectroscopy may be used to detect the early events in lipid oxidation in palm oil. However, the interference of added rosemary extract (RE) in ESR analyses was seen as an increased ESR signal while the efficiency of RE as antioxidant in palm oil was confirmed by isothermal DSC.

Practical applications: ESR spectroscopy may be used to evaluate early events of oxidation in semisolid oils such as palm fat, which is widely used in food industry.
What do we know about the molecular mechanism of 3‐MCPD ester formation?
Authors: Rahn Anja Katerina Karin , Yaylayan Varoujan Antranik
Published: October 2010

The 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) esters belong to a group of well known process‐induced contaminants derived from mono‐ and di‐chlorinated glycerols. The 3‐MCPD was first identified in 1978 in acid‐hydrolysed vegetable proteins and its corresponding esters in 1980 and since their discovery almost 30 years later the exact mechanism of their formation is still unknown. The recent renewed interest in their formation mechanism can be attributed to the realization that the ester content in real food systems often exceeds that of free 3‐MCPD content by many orders of magnitude. Presently, there are four proposed mechanisms all involving SN2 nucleophilic attack by chloride ions but differing from each other based on either the nature of the substrate or the leaving group. Two of the proposed mechanisms involve direct nucleophilic attack by the chloride ion at the glycerol carbon atoms carrying either an ester group or a protonated hydroxyl group. The other two pathways propose the formation of reactive intermediates such as acyloxonium ion or an epoxide ring in the form of glycidol prior to the nucleophilic attack by chloride ions.
Novel Approach to Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins: [8π+2π] Cycloaddition of Diazafulvenium Methides with Porphyrins
Authors: Pereira Nelson A. M. , Serra Arménio C. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: October 2010

New and unprecedented [8π+2π] cycloaddition of diazafulvenium methides with porphyrins and chlorins is reported. The synthetic methodology allowed the access to a new type of 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐fused chlorins and bacteriorins in a selective fashion.
Identification of methanogenic pathways in anaerobic digesters using stable carbon isotopes
Authors: Laukenmann Stephan , Polag Daniela , Heuwinkel Hauke , Greule Markus , Gronauer Andreas , Lelieveld Jos , Keppler Frank
Published: October 2010

In a series of anaerobic batch experiments, the stable carbon isotopes, δ13CCH?4? and δ13CCO?2?, were measured in biogas produced from various sources (maize, cellulose, inoculum) to identify the degradation kinetics and specific methanogenic pathways. Isotopic analysis was performed using a new absorption laser spectrometer in addition to conventional MS. A comparison of the isotopic evolution shows large isotope dynamics for maize and cellulose, indicating a temporal change in degradation pathways and/or a change in the relative contribution from different carbon fractions within the substrate. Further batch experiments with isotopically labelled acetate (either 13CH3CO2Na or CHCO2Na) were carried out to study the degradation of acetate in inoculum systematically. The results suggest that the acetate is completely oxidized into CO2 which in turn is partly reduced to CH4. Furthermore, the distinct isotopic signature CH4 and CO2 (for acetate‐methyl labelling as well as for acetate‐carboxy labelling) indicate that only a minor part of the produced methane derives from acetate. A substantial fraction of methane may have been produced at an earlier stage of the reaction chain or by other potential methane precursors such as formate or methanol.
Bayesian variable selection for survival regression in genetics
Authors: Tachmazidou Ioanna , Johnson Michael R. , De Iorio Maria
Published: October 2010

Variable selection in regression with very big numbers of variables is challenging both in terms of model specification and computation. We focus on genetic studies in the field of survival, and we present a Bayesian‐inspired penalized maximum likelihood approach appropriate for high‐dimensional problems. In particular, we employ a simple, efficient algorithm that seeks maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of regression coefficients. The latter are assigned a Laplace prior with a sharp mode at zero, and non‐zero posterior mode estimates correspond to significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using the Laplace prior reflects a prior belief that only a small proportion of the SNPs significantly influence the response. The method is fast and can handle datasets arising from imputation or resequencing. We demonstrate the localization performance, power and false‐positive rates of our method in large simulation studies of dense‐SNP datasets and sequence data, and we compare the performance of our method to the univariate Cox regression and to a recently proposed stochastic search approach. In general, we find that our approach improves localization and power slightly, while the biggest advantage is in false‐positive counts and computing times. We also apply our method to a real prospective study, and we observe potential association between candidate ABC transporter genes and epilepsy treatment outcomes.Genet. Epidemiol. 34:689–701, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P‐value based analysis for shared controls design in genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Zaykin Dmitri V. , Kozbur Damian O.
Published: October 2010

An appealing genome‐wide association study design compares one large control group against several disease samples. A pioneering study by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium that employed such a design has identified multiple susceptibility regions, many of which have been independently replicated. While reusing a control sample provides effective utilization of data, it also creates correlation between association statistics across diseases. An observation of a large association statistic for one of the diseases may greatly increase chances of observing a spuriously large association for a different disease. Accounting for the correlation is also particularly important when screening for SNPs that might be involved in a set of diseases with overlapping etiology. We describe methods that correct association statistics for dependency due to shared controls, and we describe ways to obtain a measure of overall evidence and to combine association signals across multiple diseases. The methods we describe require no access to individual subject data, instead, they efficiently utilize information contained in P‐values for association reported for individual diseases. P‐value based combined tests for association are flexible and essentially as powerful as the approach based on aggregating the individual subject data. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:725–738, 2010.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of changes in activity as a function of perceived available and expended energy in nonpharmacological treatment outcomes for ME/CFS
Authors: Brown Molly , Khorana Neha , Jason Leonard A.
Published: October 2010

Nonpharmacological interventions for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often emphasize gradual increases in activity to promote improvement in physical functioning and fatigue. The energy envelope theory may provide a framework for understanding the relationship between changes in activity level and outcomes for patients with ME/CFS. This study examined the relationship between energy envelope and changes in activity after nonpharmacological interventions in a sample of 44 adults with ME/CFS. Results showed that those who were within their energy envelope before treatment showed more improvement in physical functioning and fatigue compared with those outside of their energy envelope. These findings suggest that an assessment of perceived available and expended energy could help guide the development of individualized nonpharmacological interventions for people with ME/CFS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–8, 2010.
Influence of the angle of irradiation of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the morphology, attachment of blood components, roughness, and root wear: In vitro study
Authors: de Oliveira Guilherme José Pimentel Lopes , Pavone Chaine , Sampaio José Eduardo Cézar , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chiérici
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives

To evaluate the influence of the working tip angulation of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the morphology, attachment of blood components, roughness, and wear on irradiated root surfaces compared to scaling and root planing (SRP).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The present study used 45 teeth, of which 25 were used for the analysis of the morphology and the attachment of blood components and 20 were used for the analysis of the roughness and of the root wear. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the treatment applied: (G1) Laser Er,Cr:YSGG‐30°; (G2) Laser Er,Cr:YSGG‐45°; (G3) Laser Er,Cr:YSGG‐60°; (G4) Laser Er,Cr:YSGG‐90°; and (G5) SRP.

Results

The root surfaces irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser working angulation tip of 45° and 60°, and the samples scaled with manual instruments presented greater attachment of blood components than the group where the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiated at working tip angulation of 30° and 90° (P<0.05). The samples irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser were rougher than the samples scaled with manual instruments (P<0.05). The group that was irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser at an angle of 30° presented the least wear in comparison to all the other treatments (P<0.01).

Conclusions

The irradiated root surfaces proved to be rougher than those scaled with manual instruments; however, irradiation at working tip angulations of 45° and 60° produced results of attachment of blood components and root wear comparable with those obtained with manual instrumentation. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:843–851, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the effects of dimethylsulfoxide on hemodynamics during cortical spreading depression by combining laser speckle imaging with optical intrinsic signal imaging
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Li Pengcheng , Luo Weihua , Chen Shangbing , Feng Nengyun , Wang Jia , Luo Qingming
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an important pathological model to study cerebral ischemia and migraine. In pharmacological studies of CSD, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is an efficient solvent for water‐insoluble drugs. Previous studies indicated that DMSO could prevent pial arteriolar dilation induced by oxidants. Therefore, it was very important to study the effect of DMSO on hemodynamics during CSD so that optimization of dose of DMSO as solvent can be made.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

DMSO was topically applied on the exposed rat cortex. Single CSD was elicited by controlled injection of KCl. Pial arteriolar diameter, cerebral blood flow, and direct current potential during CSD were monitored by optical intrinsic signal imaging, laser speckle imaging, and electrophysiology method, respectively.

Results

Topical application of DMSO (0.1%, 0.4%, 2%, and 4%, v/v) increased arteriolar resting diameter and resting blood velocity at all vascular compartments. In addition, both vasodilation and hyperemic response to CSD were attenuated by DMSO in a dose‐dependent manner at doses from 0.1% to 4%. In contrast, the maximum value of blood velocity during CSD was not significantly affected by DMSO.

Conclusion

The attenuation in hemodynamic response during CSD could possibly be caused by increased baseline value of vessel tone and blood velocity. Our findings suggest that when investigators use DMSO to dissolve water‐insoluble, topically applied drugs in the hemodynamic study of CSD, dose of DMSO should be kept below 0.1% in order to avoid false results. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:809–815, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 660 and 780 nm low‐level laser therapy on neuromuscular recovery after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve
Authors: Gigo‐Benato Davilene , Russo Thiago Luiz , Tanaka Erika Harumi , Assis Lívia , Salvini Tania Fátima , Parizotto Nivaldo Antonio
Published: October 2010

Background and Objective

Post‐traumatic nerve repair is still a challenge for rehabilitation. It is particularly important to develop clinical protocols to enhance nerve regeneration. The present study investigated the effects of 660 and 780 nm low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) using different energy densities (10, 60, and 120 J/cm2) on neuromuscular and functional recovery as well as on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve.

Materials and Methods

Rats received transcutaneous LLLT irradiation at the lesion site for 10 consecutive days post‐injury and were sacrificed 28 days after injury. Both the sciatic nerve and tibialis anterior muscles were analyzed. Nerve analyses consisted of histology (light microscopy) and measurements of myelin, axon, and nerve fiber cross‐sectional area (CSA). S‐100 labeling was used to identify myelin sheath and Schwann cells. Muscle fiber CSA and zymography were carried out to assess the degree of muscle atrophy and MMP activity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at 5% (P≤0.05).

Results

Six hundred sixty nanometer LLLT either using 10 or 60 J/cm2 restored muscle fiber, myelin and nerve fiber CSA compared to the normal group (N). Furthermore, it increased MMP‐2 activity in nerve and decreased MMP‐2 activity in muscle and MMP‐9 activity in nerve. In contrast, 780 nm LLLT using 10 J/cm2 decreased MMP‐9 activity in nerve compared to the crush group (CR) and N; it also restored normal levels of myelin and nerve fiber CSA. Both 60 and 120 J/cm2 decreased MMP‐2 activity in muscle compared to CR and N. 780 nm did not prevent muscle fiber atrophy. Functional recovery in the irradiated groups did not differ from the non‐irradiated CR.

Conclusion

Data suggest that 660 nm LLLT with low (10 J/cm2) or moderate (60 J/cm2) energy densities is able to accelerate neuromuscular recovery after nerve crush injury in rats. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:833–842, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylene Blue‐Conjugated Hydrogel Nanoparticles and Tumor‐Cell Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hah Hoe Jin , Kim Gwangseong , Lee Yong‐Eun Koo , Orringer Daniel A. , Sagher Oren , Philbert Martin A. , Kopelman Raoul
Published: October 2010

Methylene blue‐conjugated polyacrylamide nanoparticles are prepared through a microemulsion polymerization, after conjugation of the dye with a monomer. The nanoparticles have a 50–60 nm diameter in solution. This conjugation method enables a large increase in loading of methylene blue per nanoparticle and also minimizes dye leaching out of the nanoparticle. Furthermore, the dye content can be controlled by variation of the dye amount, enabling a more refined control of the singlet oxygen production ability. The nanoparticles are coated with F3 peptides, which give specific targeting to selected tumor cells, 9L, MDA‐MB‐435, and F98, in vitro. In addition, MTT assays reveal that the nanoparticles have no dark toxicity but excellent PDT efficacy increasing with the nanoparticle dose and irradiation time.

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Highly Efficient “Grafting From” an α‐Helical Polypeptide Backbone by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ding Jianxun , Xiao Chunsheng , Tang Zhaohui , Zhuang Xiuli , Chen Xuesi
Published: October 2010

Because of their favorable biodegradability, biocompatibility, regular secondary structures, and stimuli‐responsiveness, synthetic polypeptides have attracted more and more attention in the biomedical material field. In this work, a novel thermo‐responsive graft polypeptide, poly(L‐glutamate)‐graft‐poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PLG‐g‐PMEO2MA), is prepared through a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure of PLG‐g‐PMEO2MA is confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and GPC analyses. The phase transition temperature of PLG‐g‐PMEO2MA is adjustable by varying the NaCl concentration in aqueous solution. PLG‐g‐PMEO2MA adopts α‐helical conformations both in aqueous solution at 25 and 60 °C and even in the solid state. In addition, PLG‐g‐PMEO2MA forms stimuli‐responsive micelles with an α‐helical core and a thermo‐responsive shell in water.

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Coating Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Using the Polysaccharides Heparin and N,N,N‐Trimethyl Chitosan
Authors: Almodóvar Jorge , Kipper Matt J.
Published: October 2010

A new method is presented for functionalizing electrospun nanofibers with GAGs and growth factors by PEM deposition. Electrospun chitosan nanofibers, spun from trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane, were coated with PEMs, using the polysaccharides heparin and N,N,N‐trimethyl chitosan. FGF‐2 was adsorbed on the PEM‐coated nanofibers. Nanofiber neutralization, PEM construction, and FGF‐2 adsorption were monitored using FT‐IR spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Alcian blue staining was used to confirm the presence of heparin. SEM was used to study nanofiber morphology.

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Synthesis of Macro(alkoxyamines) via Hydroboration of Polyolefins with Subsequent Nitroxide Oxidation for Controlled NMP
Authors: Wagner Christine B. , Studer Armido
Published: October 2010

A novel method for the synthesis of alkoxyamines that are subsequently used as initiator/regulators for NMP is reported. This method can be applied to low‐molecular‐weight olefins as well as to macromolecules containing alkene moieties to form poly(alkoxyamines). The reaction sequence comprises hydroboration of olefins with catecholborane followed by oxidation of alkylborane intermediates using nitroxides in the presence of methyl vinyl ketone to ultimately yield alkoxyamines that serve as suitable initiators for NMP. The first application of these alkoxyamines for the preparation of comb and star polymers is presented.

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On the Monolayer Adsorption of Thiol‐Terminated Dendritic Oligothiophenes onto Gold Surfaces
Authors: Jiang Guoqian , Deng Suxiang , Baba Akira , Huang Chengyu , Advincula Rigoberto C.
Published: October 2010

The self‐assembled monolayer formation of a series of thiophene dendron thiols with different generations and alkyl chain lengths onto gold surfaces is studied. Average film thicknesses and dielectric constants were calculated from SPR using a two‐subphase differential method. The in situ adsorption of the thiophene dendron thiols was monitored by SPR kinetics measurements and fitted using an empirical three‐step model. Electrochemical redox molecular probing experiments provided additional insight into surface coverage, which showed different abilities to block electron transfer at the monolayer/electrode interfaces. The surface coverage of the films was also estimated by QCM measurements and supported by static WCA measurements.

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Cationic UV‐Curable Conductive Composites from Exfoliated Graphite
Authors: Datta Samali , Htet Maung , Webster Dean C.
Published: October 2010

Electrically conductive, cationically UV‐cured composites were prepared using exfoliated graphite plates (EGP) with cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and polyalcohol binder system. Exfoliated graphite (EG) was obtained from natural flake graphite through chemical and thermal treatment. Sonication of EG in solvent produced EGP. Characterization of graphite samples by XRD showed structural similarity between original graphite and EGP. UV curing behavior was characterized using photoDSC. Electrical resistivity measurements of the composites as a function of EGP concentration showed that at low filler concentration the binder system can influence the electrical percolation behavior. Some formulations showed electrical percolation at less than 1 vol.‐% of EGP filler.

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Nucleation Effect of Layered Metal Phosphonate on Crystallization of Bacterial Poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐hydroxyhexanoate)]
Authors: Yu Fang , Pan Pengju , Nakamura Nobuo , Inoue Yoshio
Published: October 2010

The nucleating effect of zinc phenylphosphonate (PPZn) was investigated on the as‐bacterially synthesized poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] and poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐hydroxyhexanoate)]s [P(3HB‐co‐3HHx)s] in order to improve their crystallization rate. PPZn is found an efficient nucleating agent on the crystallization of P(3HB) and P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) with low 3HHx unit content. The nucleation mechanism is proposed to be epitaxial nucleation. Both the comonomer‐unit composition and its distribution of P(3HB‐co‐3HHx)s were found exhibiting significant effect on the nucleating effect of PPZn. It is found that PPZn is more efficient on nucleating the crystallization of P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) with a broader comonomer‐unit compositional distribution than that with a narrower distribution.

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