bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of drying methods on the changes of fruit microstructure unveiled by X-ray micro-computed tomography
Authors: Prawiranto Kevin , Defraeye Thijs , Derome Dominique , Bühlmann Andreas , Hartmann Stefan , Verboven Pieter , Nicolai Bart , Carmeliet Jan
Published: April 2019

Distinct evolution of fruit microstructure under different drying conditions were identified using a 3D imaging and Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis.
Necklace-like MoC sulfiphilic sites embedded in interconnected carbon networks for Li–S batteries with high sulfur loading
Authors: Shi Huifa , Sun Zhenhua , Lv Wei , Wang Shaogang , Shi Ying , Zhang Yunbo , Xiao Shujie , Yang Huicong , Yang Quan-Hong , Li Feng
Published: April 2019

The small MoC nanoparticles grown on the surface of interconnected carbon networks work as effective sulfiphilic sites, helping to achieve a high electrochemical performance for Li–S batteries.
Energy-distinguishable bipolar UV photoelectron injection from LiCl-promoted FAPbCl3 perovskite nanorods
Authors: Gong Jue , Li Xun , Guo Peijun , Zhang Ian , Huang Wei , Lu Ke , Cheng Yingwen , Schaller Richard D. , Marks Tobin J. , Xu Tao
Published: April 2019

A UV photodetector based on LiCl-added FAPbCl3 nanorods exhibits bipolar photocurrent under 60 Hz 254 nm UV illumination. However, under 60 Hz 365 nm UV irradiation, LiCl:FAPbCl3 nanorods show monopolar photocurrent.
A photolithographic stretchable transparent electrode for an all-solution-processed fully transparent conformal organic transistor array
Authors: Cui Nan , Tang Qingxin , Ren Hang , Zhao Xiaoli , Tong Yanhong , Liu Yichun
Published: April 2019

A photolithographic stretchable transparent electrode comprising PEDOT:PSS and SWCNT was developed for an all-solution-processed transparent conformal organic transistor array.
A novel missense mutation in P4HB causes mild osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Li Lujiao , Zhao Dichen , Zheng Wenbin , Wang Ou , Jiang Yan , Xia Weibo , Xing Xiaoping , Li Mei
Published: April 2019

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare heritable bone disorder characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), recurrent bone fractures, and progressive bone deformities. P4HB encodes protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and is identified as a novel candidate gene of OI. The purposes of the present study are to detect pathogenic mutation, to evaluate the phenotypes of a Chinese family with mild OI, and to investigate the effects of bisphosphonates on bone of the proband. We detected the pathogenic mutation by next generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Laboratory and radiological investigations were conducted to evaluate the phenotypes. The proband was a 12-year-old girl with low BMD, history of recurrent non-traumatic fractures, slight scoliosis, with bluish grey sclera and ligamentous laxity. Her father suffered from one fragility fracture and slight wedge changes of vertebras, with bluish grey sclera. We identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.692A>C, p.His231Pro) in P4HB in the proband and her father. This mutation was predicted to affect the combination of PDI with type I procollagen and lead to the disorder of its triple helix formation. Bisphosphonates were effective in reducing bone resorption and increasing BMD of the proband with well tolerance. In conclusion, we identified a novel mutation in P4HB in a Chinese family with mild OI, which expanded the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of OI. Bisphosphonates were effective to this extremely rare OI induced by P4HB mutation.
Mesa‐type quantum cascade lasers fabricated by using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching
Authors: Seok B.T. , Kim S.Y. , Jun D.H. , Jang J.H.
Published: April 2019

Mesa‐type and ridge‐type InGaAs/InAlAs double‐channel quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting 8.15 μm wavelength were fabricated by using metal–organic chemical vapour deposition and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching techniques. The output power, threshold current, characteristic temperature (T0), and slope efficiency were compared. The smooth and vertical sidewall profile enabled mesa‐type QCL to exhibit the higher output power, the lower threshold current, and the higher slope efficiency than the ridge‐type QCL.
Interference cancellation in co‐located MIMO radars using waveform optimisation in signal dependent clutter
Authors: Haghnegahdar Mohamad , Mehrshahi Esfandiar , Ghorashi Seyed Ali , Imani Sadjad , Nayebi Mohammad Mahdi
Published: April 2019

In this study, two iterative design algorithms for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radars with co‐located antennas with point targets are proposed. In these algorithms, by joint design of the receiver filter and transmit waveform using linear combination of orthogonal waveforms, the authors aim to maximise the signal‐to‐interference plus‐noise ratio (SINR) in the presence of signal dependent interference. In the first proposed algorithm, in each iteration, transmit waveforms and receive filter are designed in closed form to decrease the computational complexity. In the second method, by adding constant envelope criteria, the final waveform would be a linear combination of orthogonal waveforms and because of using a constant envelope, combining coefficients have equal magnitudes and different phases. Therefore, it is more practical for hardware implementation in comparison to the first proposed method. Simulation results show that both proposed methods have better SINR performances compared with other methods proposed in MIMO radar literature. The outperformance of the second proposed method with respect to phased arrays shows that by only using phase shifted combination of orthogonal waveforms, better performance in comparison to phased array radars can be achieved.
Cross‐layer design of T‐ARQ and adaptive modulation and coding in a spectrum sharing with cooperative relaying system
Authors: Torabi Mohammad , Aliasghari Somayeh , Nerguizian Chahé
Published: April 2019

This study presents an analysis for a cross‐layer design of a combined adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) with a truncated automatic repeat request (T‐ARQ) scheme in an underlay spectrum sharing cognitive radio employing an amplify‐and‐forward cooperative relaying system. The considered AMC employs a coded M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation scheme combined with a T‐ARQ to improve the performance of the secondary user (SU) system in the considered cognitive radio. To establish the performance analysis, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise‐ratio at the receiver side of the SU system is derived. Then, using the derived CDF, closed‐form expressions are derived for three important performance metrics: the average spectral efficiency, the average packet‐error‐rate, and the outage probability. To evaluate the performance of the considered system, numerical results obtained from the derived closed‐form formulas are presented and compared. In addition, to verify the validity of the analysis, Monte–Carlo simulation results are also provided.
Permanent magnet synchronous machine demagnetisation prevention and torque estimation control considering rotor temperature
Authors: Uršič Luka , Nemec Mitja
Published: April 2019

The article presents complete permanent magnet management solution for a PMSM drive. The temperature of permanent magnets is obtained with a modified flux observer. With this available data, more precise torque estimation is possible. Furthermore the temperature information along with machine currents is fed to full demagnetisation model of permanent magnets in order to obtain their state. This information is then used to limit the applied reverse field in order to prevent the demagnetisation. The algorithm has been tested with simulations as well experimentally and the results show successful prevention of demagnetisation.
Two years with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: H2O, CO2, and CO as seen by the ROSINA/RTOF instrument of Rosetta
Authors: Hoang M. , Garnier P. , Gourlaouen H. , Lasue J. , Rème H. , Altwegg K. , Balsiger H. , Beth A. , Calmonte U. , Fiethe B. , Galli A. , Gasc S. , Jäckel A. , Korth A. , Le Roy L. , Mall U. , Rubin M. , Sémon T. , Tzou C.-Y. , Waite J. H. , Wurz P.
Published: April 2019

Context. The ESA Rosetta mission investigated the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) from August 2014 to September 2016. One of the experiments on board the spacecraft, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) included a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) and two mass spectrometers to analyze the composition of neutrals and ions, the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (RTOF), and the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS).

Aims. RTOF species detections cover the whole mission. This allows us to study the seasonal evolution of the main volatiles (H2O, CO2, and CO) and their spatial distributions.

Methods. We studied the RTOF dataset during the two-year long comet escort phase focusing on the study of H2O, CO2, and CO. We also present the detection by RTOF of O2, the fourth main volatile recorded in the coma of 67P. This work includes the calibration of spectra and the analysis of the signature of the four volatiles. We present the analysis of the dynamics of the main volatiles and visualize the distribution by projecting our results onto the surface of the nucleus. The temporal and spatial heterogeneities of H2O, CO2, and CO are studied over the two years of mission, but the O2 is only studied over a two-month period.

Results. The global outgassing evolution follows the expected asymmetry with respect to perihelion. The CO/CO2 ratio is not constant through the mission, even though both species appear to originate from the same regions of the nucleus. The outgassing of CO2 and CO was more pronounced in the southern than in the northern hemisphere, except for the time from August to October 2014. We provide a new and independent estimate of the relative abundance of O2.

Conclusions. We show evidence of a change in molecular ratios throughout the mission. We observe a clear north-south dichotomy in the coma composition, suggesting a composition dichotomy between the outgassing layers of the two hemispheres. Our work indicates that CO2 and CO are located on the surface of the southern hemisphere as a result of the strong erosion during the previous perihelion. We also report a cyclic occurrence of CO and CO2 detections in the northern hemisphere. We discuss two scenarios: devolatilization of transported wet dust grains from south to north, and different stratigraphy for the upper layers of the cometary nucleus between the two hemispheres.
Extensive Embolization of Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms due to Segmental Arterial Mediolysis
Authors: Najafi Arash , Sheikh Gabriel Tobias , Binkert Christoph
Published: April 2019

Aim Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory, non-infectious arteriopathy in middle-aged patients that tends to affect medium-sized splanchnic arteries typically leading to dissecting aneurysms which in case of rupture have a high mortality. Treatment options include watchful waiting and endovascular or surgical intervention. There are no official treatment guidelines and to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any report of extensive exclusion of multiple splanchnic vessel regions in affected patients to date.

Materials and Methods We retrospectively examined the outcome of extensive splanchnic embolization in four patients suffering from SAM between 2011 and 2016 with follow-up periods of up to 7 years.

Results One patient presented with abdominal pain due to rupture of aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal arcade, one with abdominal pain due to dissection, and two were clinically asymptomatic but displayed rapidly progressing disease over the course of 12 months. All patients were treated with complete exclusion of the diseased vessel segments by coiling all branches to and from the diseased segment. In three cases the main hepatic artery was excluded completely. In one case, the complete vascular bed of the celiac axis was excluded by coiling the distal vessel branches and placing a stent graft over the orifice of the celiac trunk. During a follow-up period of a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 7 years after intervention, there were no immediate or long-term complications except for a temporary arterio-portal fistula. Interestingly, no new diseased areas of SAM were detected afterwards.

Conclusion Extensive endovascular exclusion of the entire diseased arterial segment with coils seems to be a safe and effective treatment option in patients with SAM presenting with ruptured or rapidly growing aneurysms. Provided that patients have normal liver function and proper portal venous flow, risk of hepatobiliary complications seems to be low even after extensive embolization.

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Citation Format
Legal Issues in Gamete and Embryo Cryopreservation: An Overview
Authors: Crockin Susan , Gottschalk Kathryn
Published: April 2019

This article provides an overview of existing and developing law surrounding IVF embryos and those who handle them. It discusses what law and legal theories of liability may apply to embryology labs, and gamete and embryo banks in the context of embryo loss, abandonment, shipping and implantation. It explores how often intertwined theories of law have been applied to this unique field, including contract, informed consent, health, tort and Constitutional law. Recent so-called “Personhood” initiatives are reviewed for their impact on ART practice. The article also explores how legal principles related to patient choice, autonomy, informed consent, and the various rights and responsibilities of providers and patients have been applied to this area of medicine which is unique both because it involves at least two patients and due to the singular nature and reproductive potential of ex-utero and cryopreserved embryos and gametes. Through an examination of largely US judicial and statutory perspectives and trends, the article assesses the complexities of the impact of the law on, and attempts to offers guidance to, those involved in this continually evolving and challenging field of medicine.
Cluster perturbation theory. II. Excitation energies for a coupled cluster target state
Authors: Pawłowski Filip , Olsen Jeppe , Jørgensen Poul
Published: April 2019

In cluster perturbation (CP) theory, we consider a target excitation space relative to a Hartree-Fock state and partition the target excitation space into a parent excitation space and an auxiliary excitation space. The zeroth-order state is in CP theory a coupled cluster (CC) state in the parent excitation space, and the target state is a CC state in the target excitation space. In this paper, we derive CP series for excitation energies in orders of the CC parent-state similarity-transformed fluctuation potential where the zeroth-order term in the series is an excitation energy for the CC parent state response eigenvalue equation and where the series formally converge to an excitation energy for the CC target state response eigenvalue equation. We give explicit expressions for the lowest-order excitation energy corrections. We also report calculations for CP excitation energy series for various parent and target excitation spaces and examine how well the lower-order corrections can reproduce the total excitation energies. Considering the fast local convergence we have observed for the CP excitation energy series, it becomes computationally attractive to use low-order corrections in CP series to obtain excitation energies of CC target state quality. For the CPS(D-n) series, the first-order correction vanishes, the second-order correction becomes the CIS(D) model, and for the CPS(D-3) model, our calculations suggest that excitation energies of CCSD quality are obtained. The numerical results also suggest that a similar behavior can be seen for the low-order excitation energy corrections for CP series where the parent state contains more than a singles excitation space, e.g., for the CPSD(T) model. We therefore expect the low-order excitation energy corrections in CP series soon to become state-of-the-art models for determining excitation energies of CC target state quality.
Cluster perturbation theory. V. Theoretical foundation for cluster linear target states
Authors: Pawłowski Filip , Olsen Jeppe , Jørgensen Poul
Published: April 2019

Cluster perturbation (CP) theory was developed in Paper I [F. Pawłowski et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 134108 (2019)] for a coupled cluster (CC) target state and is extended in this paper to comprehend a cluster linear (CL) target state, for which the embedding of a CC parent state in the target excitation space is described using a linear parametrization. The theory is developed for determining the energy and molecular properties for a CL state. When CP theory is applied to a CL target state, a series of corrections is determined in orders of the CC parent-state similarity-transformed fluctuation potential, where the zeroth-order term is the energy or molecular property of the CC parent state and where the series formally converges to the energy or molecular property of the CL target state. The determination of energies and molecular properties is simpler for a CL state than for a CC state because the CL state is linearly parametrized. The amplitude equations are quadratic for a CL target state, while quartic for a CC target state, and molecular property expressions for a CL target state have the same simple structure as for a configuration interaction state. The linear parametrization introduces non-size-extensive contributions in the energy and molecular property expressions. However, since the linear parametrization describes the embedding of the CC parent state in the target excitation space, the energy and molecular properties for a CL state are weakly size-extensive. For the energy, weak size-extensivity means that non-size-extensive contributions enter in sixth and higher orders in the CP energy series, whereas for molecular properties, weak size-extensivity means that non-size-extensive contributions enter in second and higher orders. Weak size-extensivity therefore has a little or vanishing effect on calculated energies or molecular properties. The determination of the CP energy and molecular property corrections does not require that amplitude or response equations are solved explicitly for the target state and it becomes computationally tractable to use low-order corrections from these series to obtain energies and molecular properties of CL target state quality. For three simple molecules, HF, N2, and CH2, the accuracy of the CL approach for ground-state energies is tested using a parent state including single and double excitations (i.e., the CC singles-and-doubles state, CCSD) and a target state that includes triple excitations. It is found that the size-extensive fifth-order CL energies deviate by less than 0.0001 hartree from the energies of a target CC that includes triple excitations (i.e., the CC singles-doubles-and-triples state, CCSDT). CP theory with a CL target state therefore becomes a very attractive replacement of standard CC theory for high-accuracy energy and molecular property calculations, in which triple and higher excitation levels are considered.
Negative photoconductivity and hot-carrier bolometric detection of terahertz radiation in graphene-phosphorene hybrid structures
Authors: Ryzhii V. , Ryzhii M. , Ponomarev D. S. , Leiman V. G. , Mitin V. , Shur M. S. , Otsuji T.
Published: April 2019

We consider the effect of terahertz (THz) radiation on the conductivity of the ungated and gated graphene (G)-phosphorene (P) hybrid structures and propose and evaluate the hot-carrier uncooled bolometric photodetectors based on the GP-lateral diodes (GP-LDs) and GP-field-effect transistors (GP-FETs) with the GP-channel. The operation of the GP-LDs and GP-FET photodetectors is associated with the carrier heating by the incident radiation absorbed in the G-layer due to the intraband transitions. The carrier heating leads to the relocation of a significant fraction of the carriers into the P-layer. Due to a relatively low mobility of the carriers in the P-layer, their main role is associated with a substantial reinforcement of the scattering of the carriers. The GP-FET bolometric photodetector characteristics are effectively controlled by the gate voltage. A strong negative conductivity of the GP-channel can provide much higher responsivity of the THz hot-carriers GP-LD and GP-FET bolometric photodetectors in comparison with the bolometers with solely the G-channels.
6 Gbps real-time optical quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuation
Authors: Zheng Ziyong , Zhang Yichen , Huang Weinan , Yu Song , Guo Hong
Published: April 2019

We demonstrate a 6 Gbps real-time optical quantum random number generator by measuring vacuum fluctuation. To address the common problem that speed gap exists between fast randomness generation and slow randomness extraction in most high-speed real-time quantum random number generator systems, we present an optimized extraction algorithm based on parallel implementation of Toeplitz hashing to reduce the influence of classical noise due to the imperfection of devices. Notably, the real-time rate of randomness extraction we have achieved reaches the highest speed of 12 Gbps by occupying less computing resources, and the algorithm has the ability to support hundreds of Gbps randomness extraction. By assuming that the eavesdropper with complete knowledge of the classical noise, our generator has a randomness generation speed of 6.83 Gbps and this supports the generation of 6 Gbps information-theoretically provable quantum random numbers, which are output in real-time through peripheral component interconnect express interface.
Co(CO)n/Cu(001): Towards understanding chemical control of the Kondo effect
Authors: Bahlke Marc Philipp , Wahl Peter , Diekhöner Lars , Herrmann Carmen
Published: April 2019

The Kondo effect is a many-body phenomenon, allowing insight into the electronic and atomistic structure of magnetic adsorbates on metal surfaces. Its chemical control is intriguing because it deepens such insight, but the underlying mechanisms are only partly understood. We study the effect of increasing the number of CO ligands attached to a cobalt adatom on copper(001), which correlates with an increase in the Kondo temperature TK experimentally [Wahl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 166601 (2005)], by solving an Anderson impurity model parametrized by the density functional theory. Our results suggest that the orbital responsible for the Kondo effect is dx2−y2 for the tetracarbonyl and its combination with dz2 for the dicarbonyl. The molecular structures depend considerably on the approximate exchange–correlation functional, which may be related to the known difficulty of describing CO binding to metal surfaces. These structural variations strongly affect the Kondo properties, which is not only a concern for predictive studies but also of interest for detecting mechanical deformations and for understanding the effect of tip–adsorbate interactions in the scanning tunneling microscope. Still, by constraining the tetracarbonyl to C4v symmetry, as suggested by experimental data, we find structures compatible with the experimental trend for TK (employing BLYP-D3+U). This is not possible for the tricarbonyl despite the range of computational parameters scanned. For the tetra- and dicarbonyl, the increased TK correlates with a larger hybridization function at the Fermi level, which we trace back to an increased interaction of the Co 3d orbitals with the ligands.
Active sculpting of colloidal crystals
Authors: Das S. , Lee Bowers M. , Bakker C. , Cacciuto A.
Published: April 2019

The development of colloidal particles that can become self-propelled when exposed to a source of light of a given frequency represents one of the most exciting new developments in the field of active matter. In this paper, we perform numerical simulations to explore several properties of crystalline colloidal aggregates in the presence of such external light fields. We show how permanent gaps of tunable size can be carved into these crystals as a result of a solid-gas transition that occurs above a threshold light intensity. We compare this phenomenon to that occurring in a parent system obtained by replacing self-propulsion with an effective temperature and discuss the main differences between the two setups. Finally, we show how moving the light field across a solid-fluid boundary allows us to transfer or transport the fluid component into or across the solid one. We discuss the dynamics of this process and set limits associated with its performance.
Mean first passage times in variational coarse graining using Markov state models
Authors: Kells Adam , Mihálka Zsuzsanna É. , Annibale Alessia , Rosta Edina
Published: April 2019

Markov state models (MSMs) provide some of the simplest mathematical and physical descriptions of dynamical and thermodynamical properties of complex systems. However, typically, the large dimensionality of biological systems studied makes them prohibitively expensive to work in fully Markovian regimes. In this case, coarse graining can be introduced to capture the key dynamical processes—slow degrees of the system—and reduce the dimension of the problem. Here, we introduce several possible options for such Markovian coarse graining, including previously commonly used choices: the local equilibrium and the Hummer Szabo approaches. We prove that the coarse grained lower dimensional MSM satisfies a variational principle with respect to its slowest relaxation time scale. This provides an excellent framework for optimal coarse graining, as previously demonstrated. Here, we show that such optimal coarse graining to two or three states has a simple physical interpretation in terms of mean first passage times and fluxes between the coarse grained states. The results are verified numerically using both analytic test potentials and data from explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of pentalanine. This approach of optimizing and interpreting clustering protocols has broad applicability and can be used in time series analysis of large data.
Overtwisting induces polygonal shapes in bent DNA
Authors: Caraglio Michele , Skoruppa Enrico , Carlon Enrico
Published: April 2019

By combining analytical results and simulations of various coarse-grained models, we investigate the minimal energy shape of DNA minicircles which are torsionally constrained by an imposed over or undertwist. We show that twist-bend coupling, a cross interaction term discussed in the recent DNA literature, induces minimal energy shapes with a periodic alternation of parts with high and low curvature resembling rounded polygons. We briefly discuss the possible experimental relevance of these findings. We finally show that the twist and bending energies of minicircles are governed by renormalized stiffness constants, rather than the bare ones. This has important consequences for the analysis of experiments involving circular DNA meant to determine DNA elastic constants.
Optimization of high-index-contrast metastructures for wideband active coherent polarization control
Authors: Hay Darrick , Ye Yuqian , Car Christopher , Shi Zhimin
Published: April 2019

In this work, we study the potential of a lossless subwavelength high-index-contrast metastructure as a broadband active coherent polarization control element. A parametric optimization of the metastructure is performed to determine its robust working parameter space. Using rigorous coupled wave analysis, we show that there exist large sets of suitable designs in the geometric parameter space capable of supporting wide-band dynamic polarization control functionalities, including reconfigurable polarizing beam splitting and arbitrary linear polarization rotation, over the entire S, C, and L communication bands. To understand the uniaxial anisotropic behavior of the subwavelength grating metastructure, we further perform a mode analysis to interpret its effective anisotropic performance. Our work provides guidance and insight for designing such subwavelength metastructures for a wide range of applications of active polarization control.
Improved ultrasonic interferometer technique for propagation velocity and attenuation measurement in liquids
Authors: Sharma Sahil , Mishra Ujjwal K. , Yadav Sanjay , Dubey P. K.
Published: April 2019

Propagation velocity and attenuation are the two basic parameters used for the ultrasonic investigations of liquids. An ultrasonic interferometer is a widely used tool as a cost effective solution for propagation velocity measurement. The ultrasonic attenuation measurements are not possible using the existing interferometers commercially available in the market. Ultrasonic attenuation can be measured using the pulse echo method, which is relatively complex and expensive. Generally, in interferometers, a radio frequency voltage of more than 100 V is used to excite the piezoelectric transducer. In this article, an improved design of the ultrasonic interferometer with low (5 V) rf voltage excitation is discussed. The proposed design has several advantages over existing systems. The low voltage excitation reduces heating of the sample under study. Detection of the received signal is done directly at the transducer. The critical effects of a coaxial cable in rf detection are minimized by dc detection at the transducer node. The impedance response of the transducer is used for the detection of nodes and antinodes for attenuation and velocity measurements. The use of an instrumentation amplifier enables one to amplify the extremely small voltage changes across the transducer due to interference. The developed method has the capability to measure attenuation due to high receiver sensitivity. The technique has been validated for the propagation velocity and attenuation measurement in standard samples of water and other liquids. The results thus obtained have been compared with the literature and the conventional pulse echo technique which shows close agreement.
Cavitation bubble wall pressure measurement by an electromagnetic surface wave enhanced pump-probe configuration
Authors: Occhicone Agostino , Sinibaldi Giorgia , Danz Norbert , Casciola Carlo Massimo , Michelotti Francesco
Published: April 2019

We report on the measurement of the pressure associated with a shock wave within a very thin layer (100 nm) in proximity of a boundary surface. In the experiments, the shock wave was emitted by a cavitation bubble generated by a pulsed pump laser in water. We developed a pump-probe setup based on the detection of the light scattered at the surface of a one-dimensional photonic crystal, which was purposely designed to sustain a surface electromagnetic wave in the visible range and to enhance the optical response. In order to better understand the phenomenon, we implemented numerical simulations to describe the light scattering intensity distributions through a modified Rayleigh's method. We report, with a LoD of ∼0.1 MPa, the measurements of the pressure at a surface in the presence of a laser-induced cavitation bubble generated at different distances from the surface and for different pulse energies.
Forced jumping and coalescence-induced sweeping enhanced the dropwise condensation on hierarchically microgrooved superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Peng Qi , Jia Li , Guo Jian , Dang Chao , Ding Yi , Yin Liaofei , Yan Qiao
Published: April 2019

Condensation is of great interest in various heat exchange processes, owing to the elevated heat and mass transfer by phase change. In this work, a hierarchically microgrooved superhydrophobic surface was fabricated by the mechanical broaching and chemical etching methods to enhance the condensation heat transfer. The dynamic behaviors of condensed droplets and condensation heat transfer characteristics were analyzed on such surface. Particularly, there were two droplet jumping modes, the conventional coalescence jumping of small droplets (<100 μm) at small subcooling (ΔT < 5 K) and the forced jumping of large stretched droplets (400–500 μm) in microgrooves at a broad range of subcooling (ΔT < 12 K), simultaneously emerging on the hierarchically microgrooved superhydrophobic surface. The interesting coalescence-induced sweeping behavior independent of gravity is observed at large surface subcooling. The coalescence-induced jumping and sweeping significantly facilitated the renewal of surface. The investigation has showed that a 90% higher heat flux at small subcooling (ΔT < 5 K) and a 66% higher heat flux at large subcooling (5 K < ΔT < 24 K) were reached on the hierarchically microgrooved superhydrophobic surface compared with the plain hydrophobic surface.
Pore condensation and freezing is responsible for ice formation below water saturation for porous particles
Authors: David Robert O. , Marcolli Claudia , Fahrni Jonas , Qiu Yuqing , Perez Sirkin Yamila A. , Molinero Valeria , Mahrt Fabian , Brühwiler Dominik , Lohmann Ulrike , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: April 2019

Ice nucleation in the atmosphere influences cloud properties, altering precipitation and the radiative balance, ultimately regulating Earth’s climate. An accepted ice nucleation pathway, known as deposition nucleation, assumes a direct transition of water from the vapor to the ice phase, without an intermediate liquid phase. However, studies have shown that nucleation occurs through a liquid phase in porous particles with narrow cracks or surface imperfections where the condensation of liquid below water saturation can occur, questioning the validity of deposition nucleation. We show that deposition nucleation cannot explain the strongly enhanced ice nucleation efficiency of porous compared with nonporous particles at temperatures below −40 °C and the absence of ice nucleation below water saturation at −35 °C. Using classical nucleation theory (CNT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), we show that a network of closely spaced pores is necessary to overcome the barrier for macroscopic ice-crystal growth from narrow cylindrical pores. In the absence of pores, CNT predicts that the nucleation barrier is insurmountable, consistent with the absence of ice formation in MDS. Our results confirm that pore condensation and freezing (PCF), i.e., a mechanism of ice formation that proceeds via liquid water condensation in pores, is a dominant pathway for atmospheric ice nucleation below water saturation. We conclude that the ice nucleation activity of particles in the cirrus regime is determined by the porosity and wettability of pores. PCF represents a mechanism by which porous particles like dust could impact cloud radiative forcing and, thus, the climate via ice cloud formation.
Phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic richness have both positive and negative effects on ecosystem multifunctionality
Authors: Le Bagousse-Pinguet Yoann , Soliveres Santiago , Gross Nicolas , Torices Rubén , Berdugo Miguel , Maestre Fernando T.
Published: April 2019

Biodiversity encompasses multiple attributes such as the richness and abundance of species (taxonomic diversity), the presence of different evolutionary lineages (phylogenetic diversity), and the variety of growth forms and resource use strategies (functional diversity). These biodiversity attributes do not necessarily relate to each other and may have contrasting effects on ecosystem functioning. However, how they simultaneously influence the provision of multiple ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling (multifunctionality) remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional attributes of dominant (mass ratio effects) and subordinate (richness effect) plant species on the multifunctionality of 123 drylands from six continents. Our results highlight the importance of the phylogenetic and functional attributes of subordinate species as key drivers of multifunctionality. In addition to a higher taxonomic richness, we found that simultaneously increasing the richness of early diverging lineages and the functional redundancy between species increased multifunctionality. In contrast, the richness of most recent evolutionary lineages and the functional and phylogenetic attributes of dominant plant species (mass ratio effects) were weakly correlated with multifunctionality. However, they were important drivers of individual nutrient cycles. By identifying which biodiversity attributes contribute the most to multifunctionality, our results can guide restoration efforts aiming to maximize either multifunctionality or particular nutrient cycles, a critical step to combat dryland desertification worldwide.
Horizontal gene transfer allowed the emergence of broad host range entomopathogens
Authors: Zhang Qiangqiang , Chen Xiaoxuan , Xu Chuan , Zhao Hong , Zhang Xing , Zeng Guohong , Qian Ying , Liu Ran , Guo Na , Mi Wubin , Meng Yamin , Leger Raymond J. St. , Fang Weiguo
Published: April 2019

Significance

Recently emerged fungal diseases are contributing toward global declines in wildlife, but the mechanisms for emergence of new pathogenic fungi remain mysterious. The entomopathogen
Metarhizium robertsii
evolved from plant symbionts, and here we report that this host shift was facilitated by 18 horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). The necessity of breaching cuticular barriers selected for retention of these genes, as 12 are up-regulated during penetration, and their collective actions are indispensable for infection by processes including degradation of procuticular proteins and utilization of epicuticular lipids. Five of the most recently acquired HGT genes contributed to host-range expansion in some late-evolving species. Our work reveals that HGT was a key mechanism for emergence and host-range expansion of fungal entomopathogens.
Rational conversion of chromophore selectivity of cyanobacteriochromes to accept mammalian intrinsic biliverdin
Authors: Fushimi Keiji , Miyazaki Takatsugu , Kuwasaki Yuto , Nakajima Takahiro , Yamamoto Tatsuro , Suzuki Kazushi , Ueda Yoshibumi , Miyake Keita , Takeda Yuka , Choi Jae-Hoon , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Park Enoch Y. , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Sato Moritoshi , Narikawa Rei
Published: April 2019

Because cyanobacteriochrome photoreceptors need only a single compact domain for chromophore incorporation and for absorption of visible spectra including the long-wavelength far-red region, these molecules have been paid much attention for application to bioimaging and optogenetics. Most cyanobacteriochromes, however, have a drawback to incorporate phycocyanobilin that is not available in the mammalian cells. In this study, we focused on biliverdin (BV) that is a mammalian intrinsic chromophore and absorbs the far-red region and revealed that replacement of only four residues was enough for conversion from BV-rejective cyanobacteriochromes into BV-acceptable molecules. We succeeded in determining the crystal structure of one of such engineered molecules, AnPixJg2_BV4, at 1.6 Å resolution. This structure identified unusual covalent bond linkage, which resulted in deep BV insertion into the protein pocket. The four mutated residues contributed to reducing steric hindrances derived from the deeper insertion. We introduced these residues into other domains, and one of them, NpF2164g5_BV4, produced bright near-infrared fluorescence from mammalian liver in vivo. Collectively, this study provides not only molecular basis to incorporate BV by the cyanobacteriochromes but also rational strategy to open the door for application of cyanobacteriochromes to visualization and regulation of deep mammalian tissues.
News translators’ para-textual visibility in South Korea
Authors: Hong Jungmin
Published: April 2019

This study aims to examine news translators’ para-textual visibility suggested through their names and other indicators of identity in TTs to gain clues to their status within media organizations. For this purpose, (1) whether translators’ identity is given in TTs, (2) what type of information, if any, is provided, and (3) how it is presented in terms of location, size, colour and space is explored. The corresponding data for ST writers, particularly reporters, are also analysed for comparison. The findings suggest that while more than half of the 11 organisations analysed present the translators’ identity in some form in the TTs, the full name is provided only by two organizations with one presenting the title of translators as a reporter and most of the identity indicators are visible only when readers scroll down several times to reach them. The identity indicators of reporters and other contributors, on the other hand, are provided in a very detailed and conspicuous manner. The findings show that translators, despite being one of the key contributors in news production, remain considerably invisible in the very texts they produce, indicating that they are denied the recognition and credit they deserve within media organisations, which can in turn reinforce their low status.
How should culture be rendered in subtitling and dubbing?
Authors: Božović Petar
Published: April 2019

Empirical reception research in audiovisual translation (AVT) has long been neglected as most previous studies focused primarily on features of AVT as a product and the producers of AVT, but not on end-users. The importance of these studies is emphasized by the fact that AV content is designed for target audiences. Knowing their preferences, expectations and needs can inform the industry and, thus, increase positive reception, placement and usability of the product. The present contribution aims at answering the question of whether there is a difference in preferences when it comes to translation strategies used for rendering the elements of culture (EC) in two different AVT modalities (subtitling and dubbing) and what could be the underlying reasons for it. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment with 136 participants among the undergraduate students at two universities in Montenegro. Results indicate that end-users have different general preferences and expectations for these modalities. We hypothesize that the observed differences are related to the “vulnerability” of subtitling. Furthermore, fluctuations from the general preference in subtitling have been noted in monocultural ECs in connection with encodedness of the EC in source text humor. This shows that industry’s translation guidelines should be modality-specific and that an over-simplistic approach to the treatment of such a complex issue as rendering culture within certain modalities should be avoided.
Metabolic signature of extracellular vesicles depends on the cell culture conditions
Authors: Palviainen Mari , Saari Heikki , Kärkkäinen Olli , Pekkinen Jenna , Auriola Seppo , Yliperttula Marjo , Puhka Maija , Hanhineva Kati , Siljander Pia R.‐M.
Published: April 2019

One of the greatest bottlenecks in extracellular vesicle (EV) research is the production of sufficient material in a consistent and effective way using in vitro cell models. Although the production of EVs in bioreactors maximizes EV yield in comparison to conventional cell cultures, the impact of their cell growth conditions on EVs has not yet been established. In this study, we grew two prostate cancer cell lines, PC‐3 and VCaP, in conventional cell culture dishes and in two‐chamber bioreactors to elucidate how the growth environment affects the EV characteristics. Specifically, we wanted to investigate the growth condition‐dependent differences by non‐targeted metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis. EVs were also characterized by their morphology, size distribution, and EV protein marker expression, and the EV yields were quantified by NTA. The use of bioreactor increased the EV yield >100 times compared to the conventional cell culture system. Regarding morphology, size distribution and surface markers, only minor differences were observed between the bioreactor‐derived EVs (BR‐EVs) and the EVs obtained from cells grown in conventional cell cultures (C‐EVs). In contrast, metabolomic analysis revealed statistically significant differences in both polar and non‐polar metabolites when the BR‐EVs were compared to the C‐EVs. The results show that the growth conditions markedly affected the EV metabolite profiles and that metabolomics was a sensitive tool to study molecular differences of EVs. We conclude that the cell culture conditions of EV production should be standardized and carefully detailed in publications and care should be taken when EVs from different production platforms are compared with each other for systemic effects.
VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions and the endothelial barrier via a phosphatase-independent mechanism
Authors: Juettner Vanessa V. , Kruse Kevin , Dan Arkaprava , Vu Vinh H. , Khan Yousaf , Le Jonathan , Leckband Deborah , Komarova Yulia , Malik Asrar B.
Published: April 2019

Vascular endothelial (VE) protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is an endothelial-specific phosphatase that stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions. Although studies have focused on the role of VE-PTP in dephosphorylating VE-cadherin in the activated endothelium, little is known of VE-PTP’s role in the quiescent endothelial monolayer. Here, we used the photoconvertible fluorescent protein VE-cadherin-Dendra2 to monitor VE-cadherin dynamics at adherens junctions (AJs) in confluent endothelial monolayers. We discovered that VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions by reducing the rate of VE-cadherin internalization independently of its phosphatase activity. VE-PTP serves as an adaptor protein that through binding and inhibiting the RhoGEF GEF-H1 modulates RhoA activity and tension across VE-cadherin junctions. Overexpression of the VE-PTP cytosolic domain mutant interacting with GEF-H1 in VE-PTP–depleted endothelial cells reduced GEF-H1 activity and restored VE-cadherin dynamics at AJs. Thus, VE-PTP stabilizes VE-cadherin junctions and restricts endothelial permeability by inhibiting GEF-H1, thereby limiting RhoA signaling at AJs and reducing the VE-cadherin internalization rate.
GPCR-independent activation of G proteins promotes apical cell constriction in vivo
Authors: Marivin Arthur , Morozova Veronika , Walawalkar Isha , Leyme Anthony , Kretov Dmitry A. , Cifuentes Daniel , Dominguez Isabel , Garcia-Marcos Mikel
Published: April 2019

Heterotrimeric G proteins are signaling switches that control organismal morphogenesis across metazoans. In invertebrates, specific GPCRs instruct G proteins to promote collective apical cell constriction in the context of epithelial tissue morphogenesis. In contrast, tissue-specific factors that instruct G proteins during analogous processes in vertebrates are largely unknown. Here, we show that DAPLE, a non-GPCR protein linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders, is expressed specifically in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis embryos to trigger a G protein signaling pathway that promotes apical cell constriction during neurulation. DAPLE localizes to apical cell–cell junctions in the neuroepithelium, where it activates G protein signaling to drive actomyosin-dependent apical constriction and subsequent bending of the neural plate. This function is mediated by a Gα-binding-and-activating (GBA) motif that was acquired by DAPLE in vertebrates during evolution. These findings reveal that regulation of tissue remodeling during vertebrate development can be driven by an unconventional mechanism of heterotrimeric G protein activation that operates in lieu of GPCRs.