bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neither Here nor There: Of the Female in American Legal Education
Authors: Obiora L. Amede
Published: July 2006

In this Critical Review Essay, Professor Obiora brings together work from many traditions to address the issue of how differences among students beyond gender–and, in particular, differences in terms of race–might affect legal education. After situating the question in terms of the literature on legal education generally (including standard critiques), she delves into work on gender–in law generally, in kgal education, in moral development and learning, in language use, and in education generally–to elucidate hypothesized differences between men and women that might affect differential experience in law school. She then moves on to make the picture more complex by drawing on work that indicates cross-cultural and class-based variation around conceptions of gender. Using research by sociolinguists on educational processes and work by historians and feminists of color on the intersection of gender, race, and class, Professor Obiora suggests specific ways in which women of color and working-class women might diverge from middle-class white women in their approach to kgal education. In particular, she notes: (1) different speech patterns and linguistic socialization lend different meaning to “voice,”“silence,” and “interruption” in classroom interactions; (2) the historical distinction between public and private spheres has been much more sharply drawn for upper-middle-class white women than it has been for black and working-class women; (3) the exclusion of black women from male “chivalry” and feminine idealization necessitated the development of agency; black women could not afford to be passive. Given these points of divergence, but also given convergences among the experiences of women, Obiora suggests a complex and contextually sensitive approach to the issue of gender in legal education, one that takes seriously the differences that exist among women. Because of the richness of the literature reviewed here, we include a Bibliography at the end of the article.
Causal versus Constitutive Explanations (or, On the Difficulty of Being so Positive…)
Authors: McCann Michael
Published: July 2006

Gerald Rosenberg's lucid, insightful, and provocative review of my book Rights at Work strikes me as quite positive in several different, even divergent senses of the word. The review is positive first of all in that it extends copious compliments to my efforts and achievements. Rosenberg uses lots of laudatory adjectives in describing various characteristics of the book and identifies several ways in which the book makes important contributions to scholarship. Even the specific criticisms in the second half of the review are framed in ways that recognize virtues along with alleged limits or shortcomings in my work. It is always nice to receive reviews that are positive in this sense, and I thank him for such an affirmative appraisal.
Corporations in Court: Big Business Litigation in U. S. Federal Courts, 1971–1991
Authors: Dunworth Terence , Rogers Joel
Published: July 2006

This article provides an overview of federal litigation involving the largest 2,000 U. S. corporations over the period 1971–91. Reporting from a unique data set of the authors' construction, it finds that althugh the aggregate volume of business litigation grew during the 1970s and early 1980s, it has actually been declining in recent years in all major categories of cases; business-related litigation is heavily concentrated, with an extremely limited number of business “mega-litigants” accounting for most of the activity; this concentration is particularly evident in tort, with the result that the tort trend line outside the concentration is actually flat or declining; a good deal of the growth in litigation outside the tort area can be attributed to business itself; and big business wins overwhelmingly, as plaintiff and defendant, in cases that involve it. The general applicability of these findings is limited by the data's restriction to federal court litigation and the structure of the Integrated Federal Court Data Base from which the authors' data set was constructed. This granted, the report is by far the most comprehensive treatment of U. S. big business litigation to date, and its findings are strikingly at odds with the premises of much current policy discussion.
Fields of Practice: Connections between Law and Organizations
Authors: Powell Walter W.
Published: July 2006

It is, of course, both a privilege and a challenge to have one's work attended to in the thorough and thoughtful manner exemplified by Professors Suchman and Edelman's and Professor Sutton's essays. The New Institutionalism in Organizarional Analysis has been subject of many review symposia—in journals of accounting, business, political science, and sociology. But the traffic has never been two-way: our work is typically imported into new domains, but here we also have the opportunity to see how law and society research might enhance institutional analysis. In reading and reflecting on these valuable commentaries, I am pulled by divergent reactions: “Why didn't we think of that?” and “that's not what we meant” are the most common. But rather than play out these responses in print, I plead nolo contendere and concur with Suchman and Edelman's contention that institutional analysis has treated the law and the legal environment in an overly determinist fashion. In focusing on the letter of the law and its purported impact, institutional analysis neglects the extent to which the law and the legal environment are subject to negotiation, interpretation, and contestation.
Gauging the Strength of Evidence Prior to Plea Bargaining: The Interpretive Procedures of Court-Appointed Defense Attorneys
Authors: Emmelman Debra S.
Published: July 2006

An important debate among court observers is whether plea bargaining undermines the ideals of justice. This article presents findings that may rec-oncile some inconsistent research conclusions. It describes how, prior to plea bargaining, one group of court-appointed defense attorneys gauges the strength of evidence through a tacit, taken-for-granted process that emulates trial proceedings: based on their understanding of evidence in the legal community, defenders imagine a courtroom dialogue wherein the prosecution and defense take turns presenting their cases in front of a judge and jury. At issue throughout the dialogue is whether or to what extent information is suffident, legal, and persuasive enough to convict the defendant. Because the process is part of the defenders' ongoing and unspoken daily routines, it may elude unsuspecting investigators. Ironically, this means not only that some analysts may inappropriately conclude that legal ideals play no role in plea bargaining but also that others may ingenuously assume that such behavior is more ethical than it actually is.
Constructing the New Political Criminology: Power, Authority, and the Post-Liberal State
Authors: Scheingold Stuart A.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this paper is to make a case for a new political criminology—that is, to argue that a meaningful and coherent intellectual enterprise is developing across disciplinary lines. This new political criminology is distinctive in three ways:

• It is criminology in that it is rooted in conceptions of, and concerns about, the ramifications of street crime.

• It is political in that its focus is on the way crime control strategies both reflect and influence the distribution of power within the polity.

• It is new in that it is influenced by postmodern understandings of, and disillusionment with, the liberal state.
Power in Paradise: The Political Implications of Santos's Utopia
Authors: Darian-Smith Eve
Published: July 2006

When we are planning for posterity, we ought to remember that virtue is not hereditary.

—Thomas Paine, Common Sense

Common sense creates the folklore of the future, a relatively rigidified phase of popular knowledge in a given time and place.

Antonio Gramsci, Selections
Courtroom Discourse and the Gendered Construction of Professional Identity
Authors: Bogoch Bryna
Published: July 2006

In addition to providing an arena for dispute resolution, the courtroom serves lawyers and judges as an important site for the construction and maintenance of their Professional identity. It is mainly through the strategic use of language within the constraints on courtroom discourse that this process takes place. Within the framework of feminist theories of language as constituent of social identity, this paper analyzes courtroom interaction to determine how gender affects the construction of the Professional identity of lawyers and judges in Israeli district courts. Quantitative analyses of terms of address, intrusions, judges’ takeover of examinations, challenging comments, and the forms and use of directives indicated that women judges and women lawyers were accorded less deference than men, and that the Professional competence of women lawyers was challenged and undermined. The qualitative analysis of the off-the-record comments by judges, lawyers, and witnesses to lawyers revealed that all participants questioned the professional performance of women lawyers in gender-stereotypic ways. The devaluation of women professionals and the gendered interpretations of their behavior enacted through the discourse in the courtroom may have implications for the outcomes of trials.
The Split Labor Market and the Origins of Antidrug Legislation in the United States
Authors: Auerhahn Kathleen
Published: July 2006

Edna Bonacich's (1972) theoretical formulation of Split labor market dynamics as underlying the content and process of ethnic antagonism is expanded and applied to an historical analysis of the development of antidrug laws in the United States. The campaigns and resultant legislation against opium, cocaine, alcohol, and marijuana are subjected to a split labor market analysis that incorporates the notion of moral panics and an understanding of the ways in which law may be used as a “weapon” in the furtherance of class interests. The article concludes that each of these campaigns came about as the result of an underlying split labor market dynamic and adds to Bonacich's original formulation the response of criminalization of the threatening labor group by the higher-paid labor group.
Telling the Difference: Nineteenth-Century Legal Narratives of Racial Taxonomy
Authors: Elliott Michael A.
Published: July 2006

“Telling the Difference” focuses on two legal opinions from the nineteenth century that carefully distinguish between those who should be racially marked as nonwhite and those who should not. In the first instance, a Michigan judge decides the appropriate “blood fraction” of African-American heritage that would prohibit a free man from voting. In the second, a New Mexico judge rules that the Native Americans of Cochiti Pueblo are not legally “Indians,” and therefore not entitled to federal protection of their land. The article uses these examples to advance two central claims: that we must pay close attention to the narrative logic of racial identification in order to understand the powerful contradictions still at the heart of our conversations about race, and that in doing so we should consider that race has always been multiply constructed in the United States.
Victim Talk: Defense Testimony and Denunciation Under Stalin
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: July 2006

This work examines how a particular response of Stalin's victims had the effect of transforming them from mere pawns to participant agents in the system of repression. The disenfranchised (in Russian lishentsy, or literally, the deprived) were identified as anti-Soviet elements shortly after the revolution, and in the Stalin years of 1929–31 were stripped of all political and economic rights. Some wrote petitions to Soviet authorities and appealed for the reinstatement of rights. The newly opened Soviet archives contain hundreds of thousands of petitions from the disenfranchised, and they are the only widely accessible Soviet source that reveals the voice of Stalin's victims at the time of their persecution as they directly engaged state agents, formulated appeals, created personal identities, and offered testimonies of defense. The denunciations that appear in these petitions reveal how victims can be-come victimizers, and demonstrate that the damaging social identity of the enemy exploiter was ascribed and propagated not only by the regime and those who occupied society's favored roles. Damaging accusations against others were also made in the process of victim talk, as the disenfranchised invoked the official image of an enemy in order to enhance their own self-image as an innocent.
Derrida's Justice and Foucault's Freedom: Ethics, History, and Social Movements
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: July 2006

In thinking about justice in a pluralistic world, there are a number of potential theoretical resources. Derrida's thoughts on justice provide some tools with which to support social movements while avoiding the political and theoretical problems of identity politics, I argue; but the antihistorical frame-work of the philosophical ethics used and refined by Derrida is unhelpful to anyone working in social movements. By contrast, Foucault's later work on the ethics of freedom offers tools useful for thinking about embodiment, desire, and the historical specificity of ethical life. And yet, by remaining focused almost solely on liberté–backgrounding égalité, fraternité, and solidarité–Foucault's ethical reflections also remain open to supplementation. Thus, both thinkers'reflections on justice, freedom, and history have elements that are potentially very useful to those social movements that are unhappy with essentialist identities; but along the way we will have to invent our own additional, site-specific tools, in particular insofar as we are interested in building networks of solidarity.
Men and Women of Elite Law Firms: Reevaluating Kanter's Legacy
Authors: Chambliss Elizabeth , Uggen Christopher
Published: July 2006

This paper tests the effects of minority partner representation on minority associate representation in a sample of 97 law firms from 1980 to 1990. We perform separate analyses for women, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans, and we consider both within-group and cross-group effects. We find that minority partner representation has a positive effect on minority associate representation, which is statistically significant in the case of women and Asian Americans. Our findings are consistent with lawyers' own accounts, which emphasize the impact of partner composition on the distribution of rewards within law firms. We also show how our findings clarify previous studies about the effects of minority representation on the distribution of organizational rewards, focusing particularly on Kanter's work and subsequent related research.
From Loss of Services to Loss of Support: The Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort Law, and the Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family
Authors: Witt John Fabian
Published: July 2006

The wrongful death statutes enacted in most states during the mid-nineteenth century have long represented a classic moment in the narrative of American legal history. Historians have not observed, however, that American wrongful death statutes amended the English act on which they were modeled to introduce a gender asymmetry peculiar to the United States. Led by New York, most American jurisdictions limited wrongful death actions to “the widow and next of kin” of the decedent, categories that did not include husbands of deceased wives. Thus, a wife could bring a wrongful death action for the death of her husband, but a husband could not bring a wrongful death action on his own behalf for the death of his wife.

The wrongful death statutes represent a heretofore unrecognized conjuncture of the beginnings of the modem law of torts with the nineteenth-century legal reconstruction of the family. The statutes mowed accident litigation away from an eighteenth-century model of masters suing for loss of the services of a servant, slave, wife, or child, toward the now more familiar model of suits for loss of wages and support. Moreover, the gender asymmetry of the statutes embodied and reproduced a new nineteenth-century conception of the family in which men worked as free laborers and women were confined to relatively narrow domestic roles, removed from the market and dependent for their support on the wages of their husbands. Indeed, the statutes anticipated by over half a century the American welfare state's two-track approach to support for wage-earning men and dependent women.
The Purchase of Intimacy
Authors: Zelizer Viviana A.
Published: July 2006

Students of the intersection between monetary transfers and intimate social relations face a choice among three ways of analyzing that relationship: as hostile worlds whose contact contaminates one or the other; as nothing but market transactions, cultural constructions, or coercion; or as differentiated ties, each marked by a distinctive set of monetary transfers. A review of payment practices, legal disputes, and recent legal theory illustrates the weakness of the first two views and the desirability of further pursuing the third alternative.
Megan's Law: Crime and Democracy in Late Modern America
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: July 2006

To an unprecedented degree American society at the turn of the twentieth century is governed through crime. Nearly three percent of adults are in the custody of the correctional system. Crime and fear of crime enter into a large part of the fundamental decisions in life: where to live, how to raise your family, where to locate your business, where and when to shop, and so on. The crime victim has become the veritable outline of a new form of political subjectivity. This essay explores the complex entanglements of democracy and governing through crime. The effort to build democratic governance after the American Revolution was carried out in part through the problem of crime and punishment. Today, however, the enormous expansion of governing through crime endangers the effort to reinvent democracy for the twenty-first century.
Transnationalism in the Regulation of Labor Relations: International Regimes and Transnational Advocacy Networks
Authors: Trubek David M. , Mosher Jim , Rothstein Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines prospects for transnational advocacy and regimes as a way to buttress national labor laws and institutions in an interlocking mosaic and thus ensure the continuation of strong systems of industrial relations under conditions of increasing economic integration. We argue that there is a role for transnational solutions as a supplement to national systems, and we assess the conditions necessary to make this approach effective. We look at a variety of possible actors and arenas that could foster transnationalism and provide illustrations of transnational advocacy and regime building. We conclude that elements of a multilevel, public-private transnational regime are present in some parts of the world and that these elements can occasionally be knit together. We find that prospects for an effective and sustainable system of transnational multi-level regulation are greater when regional integration pacts such as the EU and NAFTA create transnational norms or forums. But, based on preliminary analysis of transnational advocacy and regulation in these two areas, we also conclude that no fully effective system has yet emerged.
Rollin'On the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox
Authors: Wilkins David B.
Published: July 2006

Lempert, Chambers, and Adams's superb new study of the careers of minority and white graduates of the University of Michigan Law School will come as welcome news to those who value diversity on this nation's college and professional school campuses. Alongside the Bowen-Box study (1998), to which the authors link their work, the Michigan data provide powerful evidence of the many benefits of affirmative action for both minority and majority students, as well as for a constituency that is often overlooked in the debate over affirmative action—namely, the people these aspiring professionals are intended to serve. More important, the authors' careful analysis reveals what many have long suspected. LSAT scores and undergraduate GPAs “seem to have no relationship to success after law school, whether success is measured by earned income, career satisfaction, or service contributions” (Lempert, Chambers, and Adams 2000, 401).
Positivists and Buddhists: The Rise and Fall of Anglo-Burmese Ecclesiastical Law
Authors: Huxley Andrew
Published: July 2006

This article describes and compares English and Burmese approaches to the legal establishment of religion. Between 1886 and 1942 the two approaches crossbred to produce a body of case law known as Buddhist ecclesiastical law. However, after 1920 the colonial government radically changed its policy toward Buddhism. The repercussions of this change continue to affect Burma.
Making Order Out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Politics in the Spanish Colonial Borderlands
Authors: Benton Lauren
Published: July 2006

Jurisdictional fluidity was a central feature of early modem Iberian law, and jurisdictional tensions were exacerbated by overseas conquest and colonization. Contests over the legal status of conquered peoples featured both jurisdictional jockeying among colonial factions and widespread preoccupation with the symbols and rituals marking cultural and legal difference. This article examines the dynamics of jurisdictional politics in seventeenth-century New Mexico, where church and state officials carried on a bitter feud over legal authority during most of the century. Rather than viewing this contest as either transparently political or a mask for deeper processes defining hegemony, the article argues that seemingly dry legal distinctions were the focus of passionate and persistent struggle precisely because they merged institutional and cultural concerns of missionaries, settler elites, and Indians. The analysis leads to broader, more speculative claims about the role of jurisdictional fluidity in creating an “orderly disorder” that spanned diverse regions within Spanish America and, more broadly, across colonial regimes in the early modern world.
Legal Mobilization and the Politics of Reform: Lessons From School Finance Litigation in Kentucky, 1984-1995
Authors: Paris Michael
Published: July 2006

This article is about legal mobilization by claimant groups seeking left-liberal reform in the United States. Drawing on a growing body of work in political science and legal studies, it takes an interpretive, legal-mobilization approach to one litigation-based reform effort: school finance litigation and education reform in Kentucky. In turn, this case study provides leverage for theorizing about legal mobilization and the role of law and courts in social reform. The article argues that current theoretical approaches either overlook or neglect the implications of important dimensions of legal mobilization by would-be reformers. Specifically, it highlights and explicates the meaning of two related themes: (1) legal translation, taken up here as legal framing and legal construction, and (2) the degree of coherence or fit between the legal and political components of reform projects that include both legal mobilization and extrajudicial strategies and tactics. This article suggests that the “degree of coherence” may have an important but underappreciated relationship to the overall success or failure of such reform projects.
From Betrayal to Violence: Dante's Inferno and the Social Construction of Crime
Authors: Chevigny Paul G.
Published: July 2006

This essay reflects on contemporary justifications for the grading of crimes, especially the conception that the gravity of crimes is rooted in “desert,” understood to depend particularly on the offender's state of mind and to a lesser extent on the harm done or threatened to society.

Drawing on Dante's Inferno, the essay shows how the gravity of crimes is socially constructed. For reasons rooted in the sociopolitical forces, as well as the philosophy and law of his day, Dante found the crimes most deserving of punishment to be those of betrayal of trust. He conceived such crimes to be the most deliberate and to do the most damage to the social fabric. Contemporary law has found that crimes of betrayal are generally less deserving of punishment than crimes of violence; the essay shows how social and historical forces, including even the traditions upon which Dante drew, have shaped this choice. In the course of grading crimes in this way, the law has altered its conceptions of “intent” as well as of harm to society so radically that the notion of “desert” has lost much of its coherence. The importance of trust in modern society, moreover, has been misunderstood in the contemporary grading of crimes.
Knowledge on Tap: Police Science and Common Knowledge in the Legal Regulation of Drunkenness
Authors: Levi Ron , Valverde Mariana
Published: July 2006

Although scholars have devoted considerable attention to the formation, modification, and dissemination of knowledges in and around the legal complex, few systematic inquiries have been made into the sociology of legal knowledges. In this paper, we focus on two areas of law–liquor licensing and drunk driving–and contextualize their development from the perspective of police science. We document the ways in which contemporary police science authorizes a “common knowledge,” which is not to be confused with lay knowledge, or even trade knowledge. Rather, the “common knowledge” that is authorized is what legal authorities believe everyone should know, despite any lay or trade knowledge individuals may have. This analysis demonstrates the need for further work on the ways in which knowledges are formed and authorized within law, with particular emphasis on documenting how a “responsibility to know” comes to be deployed beyond the state.
Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in relation to Andersen-Tawil syndrome under conditions of reduced IK1: a simulation study
Authors: Sung Ruey J. , Wu Sheng-Nan , Wu Jiun-Shian , Chang Han-Dong , Luo Ching-Hsing
Published: July 2006

Patients with Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) mostly have mutations on the KCNJ2 gene, producing loss of function or dominant-negative suppression of the inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.1. However, clinical manifestations of ATS including dysmorphic features, periodic paralysis (hypo-, hyper-, or normokalemic), long QT, and ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are considerably variable. Using a modified dynamic Luo-Rudy simulation model of cardiac ventricular myocytes, we attempted to elucidate mechanisms of VA in ATS by analyzing effects of the inward rectifier K+ channel current ( IK1) on the action potential (AP). During pacing at 1.0 Hz with extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) at 4.5 mM, a stepwise 10% reduction of Kir2.1 channel conductance progressively prolonged the terminal repolarization phase of the AP along with gradual depolarization of the resting membrane potential (RMP). At 90% reduction, early afterdepolarizations (EADs) became inducible and RMP was depolarized to −52.0 mV (control: −89.8 mV), followed by emergence of spontaneous APs. Both EADs and spontaneous APs were facilitated by a decrease in [K+]o and suppressed by an increase in [K+]o. Simulated β-adrenergic stimulation enhanced delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and could also facilitate EADs as well as spontaneous APs in the setting of low [K+]o and reduced Kir2.1 channel conductance. In conclusion, the spectrum of VAs in ATS may include 1) triggered activity mediated by EADs and/or DADs and 2) abnormal automaticity manifested as spontaneous APs. These VAs can be aggravated by a decrease in [K+]o and β-adrenergic stimulation and may potentially induce torsade de pointes and cause sudden death. In patients with ATS, the hypokalemic form of periodic paralysis should have the highest propensity to VAs, especially during physical activity.
Sodium channel kinetic changes that produce Brugada syndrome or progressive cardiac conduction system disease
Authors: Zhang Zhu-Shan , Tranquillo Joseph , Neplioueva Valentina , Bursac Nenad , Grant Augustus O.
Published: July 2006

Some mutations of the sodium channel gene NaV1.5 are multifunctional, causing combinations of LQTS, Brugada syndrome and progressive cardiac conduction system disease (PCCD). The combination of Brugada syndrome and PCCD is uncommon, although they both result from a reduction in the sodium current. We hypothesize that slow conduction is sufficient to cause S-T segment elevation and undertook a combined experimental and theoretical study to determine whether conduction slowing alone can produce the Brugada phenotype. Deletion of lysine 1479 in one of two positively charged clusters in the III/IV inter-domain linker causes both syndromes. We have examined the functional effects of this mutation using heterologous expression of the wild-type and mutant sodium channel in HEK-293-EBNA cells. We show that ΔK1479 shifts the potential of half-activation, V1/2m, to more positive potentials ( V1/2m = −36.8 ± 0.8 and −24.5 ± 1.3 mV for the wild-type and ΔK1479 mutant respectively, n = 11, 10). The depolarizing shift increases the extent of depolarization required for activation. The potential of half-inactivation, V1/2h, is also shifted to more positive potentials ( V1/2h = −85 ± 1.1 and −79.4 ± 1.2 mV for wild-type and ΔK1479 mutant respectively), increasing the fraction of channels available for activation. These shifts are quantitatively the same as a mutation that produces PCCD only, G514C. We incorporated experimentally derived parameters into a model of the cardiac action potential and its propagation in a one dimensional cable (simulating endo-, mid-myocardial and epicardial regions). The simulations show that action potential and ECG changes consistent with Brugada syndrome may result from conduction slowing alone; marked repolarization heterogeneity is not required. The findings also suggest how Brugada syndrome and PCCD which both result from loss of sodium channel function are sometimes present alone and at other times in combination.
Structural atrial remodeling alters the substrate and spatiotemporal organization of atrial fibrillation: a comparison in canine models of structural and electrical atrial remodeling
Authors: Everett Thomas H. , Wilson Emily E. , Verheule Sander , Guerra Jose M. , Foreman Scott , Olgin Jeffrey E.
Published: July 2006

Several animal models of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been developed that demonstrate either atrial structural remodeling or atrial electrical remodeling, but the characteristics and spatiotemporal organization of the AF between the models have not been compared. Thirty-nine dogs were divided into five groups: rapid atrial pacing (RAP), chronic mitral regurgitation (MR), congestive heart failure (CHF), methylcholine (Meth), and control. Right and left atria (RA and LA, respectively) were simultaneously mapped during episodes of AF in each animal using high-density (240 electrodes) epicardial arrays. Multiple 30-s AF epochs were recorded in each dog. Fast Fourier transform was calculated every 1 s over a sliding 2-s window, and dominant frequency (DF) was determined. Stable, discrete, high-frequency areas were seen in none of the RAP or control dogs, four of nine MR dogs, four of six CHF dogs, and seven of nine Meth dogs in either the RA or LA or both. Average DFs in the Meth model were significantly greater than in all other models in both LA and RA except LA DFs in the RAP model. The RAP model was the only one with a consistent LA-to-RA DF gradient (9.5 ± 0.2 vs. 8.3 ± 0.3 Hz, P < 0.00005). The Meth model had a higher spatial and temporal variance of DFs and lower measured organization levels compared with the other AF models, and it was the only model to show a linear relationship between the highest DF and dispersion ( R2 = 0.86). These data indicate that structural remodeling of atria (models known to have predominantly altered conduction) leads to an AF characterized by a stable high-frequency area, whereas electrical remodeling of atria (models known to have predominantly shortened refractoriness without significant conduction abnormalities) leads to an AF characterized by multiple high-frequency areas and multiple wavelets.
GM-CSF receptor expression and signaling is decreased in lungs of ethanol-fed rats
Authors: Joshi Pratibha C. , Applewhite Lisa , Mitchell Patrick O. , Fernainy Khaled , Roman Jesse , Eaton Douglas C. , Guidot David M.
Published: July 2006

Alcohol abuse dramatically increases the risk of acute lung injury. In an experimental rat model of ethanol-mediated susceptibility to lung injury, recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) restored alveolar epithelial barrier function both in vitro and in vivo, even during acute endotoxemia. These findings suggested that the alveolar epithelium, which secretes GM-CSF into the airway where it is required for alveolar macrophage maturation, likewise responds to GM-CSF priming in a receptor-mediated manner. In this study we determined that both the GM-CSF receptor α- and β-subunits (GM-CSFRα and GM-CSFRβ) are expressed throughout the rat airway epithelium and that this expression was significantly decreased in the alveolar epithelium following chronic ethanol ingestion (6 wk). In parallel, PU.1, the master transcription factor for GM-CSF signaling in hematopoietic cells, is also expressed in alveolar epithelial cells, and ethanol ingestion likewise decreased PU.1 protein expression and nuclear binding in the alveolar epithelium. Finally, GM-CSF signaling as reflected by PU.1 expression and nuclear binding was restored with recombinant GM-CSF treatment in vitro. We conclude that chronic ethanol ingestion decreases GM-CSF receptor expression and signaling in the lung epithelium. Consequently, we speculate that dampening of GM-CSF stimulation of the alveolar epithelium is responsible at least in part for the diverse functional defects that characterize the alcoholic lung and could be a therapeutic target in acute lung injury.
Detecting oxygen consumption in the proximity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using self‐assembled fluorescent nanosensors
Authors: Kuang Yina , Walt David R.
Published: July 2006

We describe a strategy for the preparation and self‐assembly of fluorescent nanosensors onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surfaces for dynamically measuring oxygen concentration in the proximity of living cells. Amine functionalized polystyrene nanobeads were impregnated with an oxygen‐sensitive ruthenium(II) complex and the beads' surface was coated with polyethylenimine. The resulting nanosensors were assembled on individual S. cerevisiae cells in a controlled manner at physiological pH for continuously monitoring oxygen consumption. This approach exemplifies a general scheme for assembling fluorescent nanosensors on cells for the non‐invasive, reversible, and real‐time measurement of other physiologically relevant processes, such as the efflux of protons and carbon dioxide, or the influx of glucose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 318–325. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalization of nanoparticles for dispersion in polymers and assembly in fluids
Authors: Glogowski Elizabeth , Tangirala Ravisubhash , Russell Thomas P. , Emrick Todd
Published: July 2006

The fluorescent, magnetic, and conductive properties of nanoparticles can transform polymer‐based materials into composites with higher levels of sophistication than found in polymers alone. The ligand chemistry of nanoparticles is critically important in the development of polymer–nanoparticle composites to prevent nanoparticle aggregation and direct their assembly within polymers. Nanoparticle ligands can also prevent aggregation in solution and direct the assembly of nanoparticles at fluid–fluid interfaces, where interfacial chemistries can be performed to provide new routes to ultrathin composite sheets and capsules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5076–5086, 2006
Preparation of HPLC chiral packing materials using cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) for the separation of chrysanthemate isomers
Authors: Yamamoto Chiyo , Yamada Kenji , Motoya Kahori , Kamiya Yuichiro , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio , Aratani Tadatoshi
Published: July 2006

We investigated the separation of chrysanthemate isomers (1), particularly the (1R)‐trans form, by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using polysaccharide derivatives, such as the phenylcarbamates and benzoates of cellulose and amylose, as the chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The chiral packing materials (CPMs) having a high chiral recognition for the chrysanthemic acid ethyl ester (1a) were prepared by coating cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) (2a) dissolved in solvents containing methyl benzoate or acetophenone as an additive on silica gel. The separation factor for 1a significantly depended on the preparation conditions of CPM 2a, such as the coating amount of 2a and the type and amount of additives. The chiral recognition ability created by imprinting the additives was lost when the CPM was heated at a high temperature, and was recovered by contacting it with the additive in a packed column. The structural change in 2a during these treatments was not clearly detected by spectroscopic methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5087–5097, 2006
Genomic and Genetic Characterization of RiceCen3Reveals Extensive Transcription and Evolutionary Implications of a Complex Centromere
Authors: Yan Huihuang , Ito Hidetaka , Nobuta Kan , Ouyang Shu , Jin Weiwei , Tian Shulan , Lu Cheng , Venu R.C. , Wang Guo-liang , Green Pamela J. , Wing Rod A. , Buell C. Robin , Meyers Blake C. , Jiang Jiming
Published: July 2006

The centromere is the chromosomal site for assembly of the kinetochore where spindle fibers attach during cell division. In most multicellular eukaryotes, centromeres are composed of long tracts of satellite repeats that are recalcitrant to sequencing and fine-scale genetic mapping. Here, we report the genomic and genetic characterization of the complete centromere of rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 3. Using a DNA fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization approach, we demonstrated that the centromere of chromosome 3 (Cen3) contains ∼441 kb of the centromeric satellite repeat CentO. Cen3 includes an ∼1,881-kb domain associated with the centromeric histone CENH3. This CENH3-associated chromatin domain is embedded within a 3113-kb region that lacks genetic recombination. Extensive transcription was detected within the CENH3 binding domain based on comprehensive annotation of protein-coding genes coupled with empirical measurements of mRNA levels using RT-PCR and massively parallel signature sequencing. Genes <10 kb from the CentO satellite array were expressed in several rice tissues and displayed histone modification patterns consistent with euchromatin, suggesting that rice centromeric chromatin accommodates normal gene expression. These results support the hypothesis that centromeres can evolve from gene-containing genomic regions.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ROTATIONS ON COARSE‐TEXTURED SOILS AT CHAPMAN AND WONGAN HILLS RESEARCH STATIONS, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: NEWTON K. , DROVER D. P.
Published: July 2006

The effect of four wheat rotations on the water stability of the aggregates, organic carbon, porosity relations, and depth of penetration of a penetrometer at Chapman and Wongan Hills Research Stations is discussed. These rotations compare continuous wheat, fallow‐wheat, fallow‐wheat‐pasture, and fallow wheat‐z years lupins. The soils are coarse‐textured.

Significant correlations were obtained between several measurements of structure. These include organic carbon and aggregation, organic carbon, and capillary porosity. Non‐capillary porosity is correlated with penetrometer readings.

No such relation was found with total porosity. Wetting and drying of the soil and the action of growing plant roots are considered the two main factors contributing to the physical condition of the soil, and fallowing is considered to be the principal agent causing loss of structure.

Water‐stable aggregates were demonstrated in the lateritic sandplain soils from Wongan Hills. These soils have been usually regarded as structureless. Variations in the content of coarse sand considerably obscured the results from this locality.
A FIELD METHOD OF MEASURING SOIL/METAL FRICTION
Authors: PAYNE P. C. J.
Published: July 2006

A method is described for measuring the mean value of soil/implement friction over a given depth in the field. The results of experiments using this technique indicate that the simple laws of friction are applicable to soil/metal interfaces, provided that allowance is made for the existence of an adhesive component which is independent of the applied normal load.
THE ANISOTROPIC HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL
Authors: CHILDS E. C.
Published: July 2006

When discussing soils with anisotropic hydraulic conductivity it is usual to assume for simplicity that the three directions in which the principal conductivities may be specified are mutually perpendicular, i.e. they may be taken as the axes of a system of rectangular Cartesian coordinates. It is usually readily agreed that this assumption is plausible since the structural fissuring to which anisotropy is due is, in nature, predominantly horizontal and vertical. It is shown here that the assumed property is in no way dependent upon such restrictions of direction of the contributory fissures, but that provided the conductivities of the individual contributors themselves are characterized by mutually perpendicular axes, then any combination of the contributors in any directions results in a total conductivity which also has three mutually perpendicular axes.
NON‐SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN‐FIXING BACTERIA IN SOIL
Authors: PARKER C. A.
Published: July 2006

The total nitrogen content of a field soil was increased when rye grass or medic was grown on it, and also when cane sugar was added. Both grass and medic yielded substantial amounts of nitrogen in top material in addition to the soil nitrogen gains. With the grass treatment the increased nitrogen of the soil and the plant nitrogen together amounted to at least 165 Ib. per acre over a 3‐year period, and appeared to be the result of biological nitrogen fixation. It is concluded that the free‐living nitrogen‐fixing micro‐organisms can make important contributions to the nitrogen economy of certain soils.

The probable inhibition of non‐symbiotic nitrogen fixation by excessive soil aeration is discussed.
FEATURES OF NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN UGANDA SOIL*
Authors: CALDER E. A.
Published: July 2006

The accumulation of nitrate in unenriched tropical soil is not specially favoured by any stable moisture content between the limits of 15 per cent. and waterlogging. Change of moisture status during drying is accompanied by the appearance of much more NO3 than under steady moisture conditions. Fluctuation of moisture status about an optimum average of 22–23 per cent. seems likely to provide the most favourable conditions.

The increase in NO3—N occurs without equivalent loss in Kjeldahl‐N, suggesting that ammonia for nitrification may be excreted from cells of a nitrogen‐fixing system.

The biological operatives are highly resistant to drought, rapidly reviving in the presence of water, functionally related to a nitrogen‐fixing system, responsive in some undefined manner to a soil‐moisture content of 22–23 per cent., and insensitive to penicillin.
THE PHOSPHATE STATUS OF IRISH SOILS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FARMING SYSTEMS
Authors: McDONNELL PATRICK M. , WALSH THOMAS
Published: July 2006

The phosphorus status of selected permanent pasture and tillage soils has been examined by a fractionation technique. This has shown a distinct difference between the soils especially with regard to the organic‐phosphorus fraction. Some of the reasons for these differences are discussed.

The readily available phosphorus level of a highly productive, permanent pasture soil which has received no phosphatic fertilizer for years was found to be good, indicating a satisfactory mineralization of organic phosphorus which was the only form in which this nutrient was added. Irrespective of whether phosphorus was added in the organic or inorganic form there was an appreciable accumulation in the surface 3 in. of permanent pasture, indicating stabilization of applied phosphorus in that zone. Adsorbed phosphorus constituted a relatively small proportion of the inorganic phosphorus, the latter faction varying but slightly in the different soils.

A comparison between Morgan's solution (sodium acetate‐acetic acid) and other extractants showed that this solution provides a good index of phosphorus availability, when the P value of the extract is regarded as an intensity value.

When phosphorus fractionation studies were carried out on four soils in hydrologic sequence and occurring in close proximity in an area unmanured for about a century, distinct differences in phosphorus categories were found. These differences were especially striking between the impeded and free‐draining members. They were further explored through the medium of fractionation studies on different textural fractions. The main difference was found in the organic‐phosphorus level and was associated with the fine‐clay fraction.

The general significance of the results in relation to farming systems, the phosphorus cycle and methods designed to determine the phosphorus status of soils, is discussed.
THE REACTION BETWEEN PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHATE‐FIXING SOILS
Authors: LEAVER J. P. , RUSSELL E. W.
Published: July 2006

Phosphate‐fixing soils and hydrated iron and aluminium oxides have their power of sorbing phosphate reduced if they are pretreated with reagents forming insoluble or unionized compounds with iron and aluminium ions. Soils sorb many more milliequivalents of these blocking reagents than correspond to the drop in their phosphate‐sorbing power, and it does not seem to be possible for a soil to sorb so much of one of these reagents that it ceases to sorb phosphate. Blocking reagents such as potassium ferrocyanide and 8‐hydroxy‐quinoline cannot be used to distinguish hydrated iron from aluminium oxides as the agents causing this phosphate sorption.

Soils which have been treated with hydrosulphite to remove some of the free hydrated iron and aluminium oxides still sorb phosphate, but this sorption is reduced to a very low value if the soil is then treated with a blocking reagent. The fulvic acid fraction of soil organic matter is a good blocking agent. Fulvic acid and blocking reagents such as aluminon and alizarin S cause the soils to deflocculate in 0.1 N sodium acetate.
STUDIES ON THE BASALTIC SOILS OF NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: McAleese D. M. , McConaghy S.
Published: July 2006

The cation‐exchange capacities of soil separates, isolated by the International soda method and decantation from five basaltic soil profiles were determined by the neutral normal ammonium‐acetate method of Schollenberger and Simon. The exchange capacities of the clays ranged from 41 to 60 m.e. per cent. The results suggest the presence of clays of the illitic type. Silt separates were found to have high cation‐exchange capacities, sometimes greater than those for corresponding clays. The fine sands also exhibited appreciable exchange capacities, the highest again being found usually in the lowest horizon of the profile. Values as high as 20 m.e. per 100 g. were obtained for some of the coarse sands.

Part of the exchange capacity of the separates greater than 2 μ in effective diameter is undoubtedly due to the presence of some clay contaminant, but the actual silt and sand particles also comprise material with considerable exchange capacity.