bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends and decadal oscillations of oxygen and nutrients at 50 to 300 m depth in the equatorial and North Pacific
Authors: Stramma Lothar , Schmidtko Sunke , Bograd Steven J. , Ono Tsuneo , Ross Tetjana , Sasano Daisuke , Whitney Frank A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. A strong oxygen-deficient layer is located in the upper
layers of the tropical Pacific Ocean and deeper in the North Pacific.
Processes related to climate change (upper-ocean warming, reduced
ventilation) are expected to change ocean oxygen and nutrient inventories.
In most ocean basins, a decrease in oxygen (“deoxygenation”) and an increase
in nutrients have been observed in subsurface layers. Deoxygenation trends
are not linear and there could be multiple influences on oxygen and nutrient
trends and variability. Here oxygen and nutrient time series since 1950 in
the Pacific Ocean were investigated at 50 to 300 m depth, as this layer
provides critical pelagic habitat for biological communities. In addition to
trends related to ocean warming the oxygen and nutrient trends show a strong
influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the tropical and the
eastern Pacific, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) in particular in
the North Pacific. In the Oyashio Region the PDO, the NPGO, the North
Pacific Index (NPI) and an 18.6-year nodal tidal cycle overlay the long-term
trend. In most eastern Pacific regions oxygen increases and nutrients
decrease in the 50 to 300 m layer during the negative PDO phase, with
opposite trends during the positive PDO phase. The PDO index encapsulates
the major mode of sea surface temperature variability in the Pacific, and
oxygen and nutrients trends throughout the basin can be described in the
context of the PDO phases. El Niño and La Niña years often influence
the oxygen and nutrient distribution during the event in the eastern
tropical Pacific but do not have a multi-year influence on the trends.
How large are temporal representativeness errors in paleoclimatology?
Authors: Amrhein Daniel E.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Ongoing work in paleoclimate reconstruction prioritizes understanding the origins and magnitudes of errors that arise when comparing models and data. One class of such errors arises from assumptions of proxy temporal representativeness (TR), i.e., how accurately proxy measurements represent climate variables at particular times and time intervals. Here we consider effects arising when (1) the time interval over which the data average and the climate interval of interest have different durations, (2) those intervals are offset from one another in time (including when those offsets are unknown due to chronological uncertainty), and (3) the paleoclimate archive has been smoothed in time prior to sampling. Because all proxy measurements are time averages of one sort or another and it is challenging to tailor proxy measurements to precise time intervals, such errors are expected to be common in model–data and data–data comparisons, but how large and prevalent they are is unclear. This work provides a 1st-order quantification of temporal representativity errors and studies the interacting effects of sampling procedures, archive smoothing, chronological offsets and errors (e.g., arising from radiocarbon dating), and the spectral character of the climate process being sampled. Experiments with paleoclimate observations and synthetic time series reveal that TR errors can be large relative to paleoclimate signals of interest, particularly when the time duration sampled by observations is very large or small relative to the target time duration. Archive smoothing can reduce sampling errors by acting as an anti-aliasing filter but destroys high-frequency climate information. The contribution from stochastic chronological errors is qualitatively similar to that when an observation has a fixed time offset from the target. An extension of the approach to paleoclimate time series, which are sequences of time-average values, shows that measurement intervals shorter than the spacing between samples lead to errors, absent compensating effects from archive smoothing. Nonstationarity in time series, sampling procedures, and archive smoothing can lead to changes in TR errors in time. Including these sources of uncertainty will improve accuracy in model–data comparisons and data comparisons and syntheses. Moreover, because sampling procedures emerge as important parameters in uncertainty quantification, reporting salient information about how records are processed and assessments of archive smoothing and chronological uncertainties alongside published data is important to be able to use records to their maximum potential in paleoclimate reconstruction and data assimilation.
Reconstructing three decades of total international trawling effort in the North Sea
Authors: Couce Elena , Schratzberger Michaela , Engelhard Georg H.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Fishing – especially trawling – is one of the most
ubiquitous anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems worldwide, yet very
few long-term, spatially explicit datasets on trawling effort exist; this
greatly hampers our understanding of the medium- to long-term impact of
trawling. This important gap is addressed here for the North Sea, a highly
productive shelf sea which is also subject to many anthropogenic pressures.
For a 31-year time span (1985–2015), we provide a gridded dataset of the
spatial distribution of total international otter and beam trawling effort,
with a resolution of 0.5∘ latitude by 1∘ longitude, over
the North Sea. The dataset was largely reconstructed using compiled effort
data from seven fishing effort time series, each covering shorter time spans and
only some of the countries fishing the North Sea. For the years where effort
data for particular countries were missing, the series was complemented using
estimated (modelled) effort data. This new, long-term and large-scale
trawling dataset may serve the wider scientific community, as well as those
involved with policy and management, as a valuable information source on
fishing pressure in a large marine ecosystem which is heavily impacted but
which simultaneously provides a wealth of ecosystem services to society. The
dataset is available on the Cefas Data Hub at: https://doi.org/10.14466/CefasDataHub.61, version 2 (Couce et al., 2019).
A coupled pelagic–benthic–sympagic biogeochemical model for the Bering Sea: documentation and validation of the BESTNPZ model (v2019.08.23) within a high-resolution regional ocean model
Authors: Kearney Kelly , Hermann Albert , Cheng Wei , Ortiz Ivonne , Aydin Kerim
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The Bering Sea is a highly productive ecosystem, supporting a variety of fish, seabird, and marine mammal populations, as well as large commercial fisheries. Due to its unique shelf geometry and the presence of seasonal sea ice, the processes controlling productivity in the Bering Sea ecosystem span the pelagic water column, the benthic sea floor, and the sympagic sea ice environments. The Bering Ecosystem Study Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (BESTNPZ) model has been developed to simulate the lower-trophic-level processes throughout this region. Here, we present a version of this lower-trophic-level model coupled to a three-dimensional regional ocean model for the Bering Sea. We quantify the model's ability to reproduce key physical features of biological importance as well as its skill in capturing the seasonal and interannual variations in primary and secondary productivity over the past several decades. We find that the ocean model demonstrates considerable skill in replicating observed horizontal and vertical patterns of water movement, mixing, and stratification, as well as the temperature and salinity signatures of various water masses throughout the Bering Sea. Along the data-rich central portions of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is also able to capture the mean seasonal cycle of primary production. However, its ability to replicate domain-wide patterns in nutrient cycling, primary production, and zooplankton community composition, particularly with respect to the interannual variations that are important when linking variation in productivity to changes in longer-lived upper-trophic-level species, remains limited. We therefore suggest that near-term application of this model should focus on the physical model outputs, while model development continues to elucidate potential mechanisms controlling nutrient cycling, bloom processes, and trophic dynamics.
Modeling groundwater responses to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Li Yanping , Barlage Michael , Chen Fei , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo , Ireson Andrew , Li Zhenhua
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Shallow groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is predominantly recharged by snowmelt in the spring and supplies water for
evapotranspiration through the summer and fall. This two-way exchange is
underrepresented in current land surface models. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater recharge rates are uncertain. In this
paper, we use a coupled land–groundwater model to investigate the
hydrological cycle of shallow groundwater in the PPR and study its response
to climate change at the end of the 21st century. The results show that the
model does a reasonably good job of simulating the timing of recharge. The
mean water table depth (WTD) is well simulated, except for the fact that the model predicts
a deep WTD in northwestern Alberta. The most significant change under future
climate conditions occurs in the winter, when warmer temperatures change the rain/snow partitioning, delaying the time for snow accumulation/soil
freezing while advancing early melting/thawing. Such changes lead to an
earlier start to a longer recharge season but with lower recharge rates.
Different signals are shown in the eastern and western PPR in the future
summer, with reduced precipitation and drier soils in the east but little
change in the west. The annual recharge increased by 25 % and 50 % in
the eastern and western PPR, respectively. Additionally, we found that the mean
and seasonal variation of the simulated WTD are sensitive to soil properties; thus, fine-scale soil information is needed to improve groundwater simulation on the regional scale.
Multimodel simulation of vertical gas transfer in a temperate lake
Authors: Guseva Sofya , Bleninger Tobias , Jöhnk Klaus , Polli Bruna Arcie , Tan Zeli , Thiery Wim , Zhuang Qianlai , Rusak James Anthony , Yao Huaxia , Lorke Andreas , Stepanenko Victor
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In recent decades, several lake models of varying complexity have been developed and incorporated into numerical weather prediction systems and climate models. To foster enhanced forecasting ability and verification, improvement of these lake models remains essential. This especially applies to the limited simulation capabilities of biogeochemical processes in lakes and greenhouse gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Here we present multi-model simulations of physical variables and dissolved gas dynamics in a temperate lake (Harp Lake, Canada). The five models (ALBM, FLake, LAKE, LAKEoneD, MTCR-1) considered within this most recent round of the Lake Model Intercomparison Project (LakeMIP) all captured the seasonal temperature variability well. In contrast, none of the models is able to reproduce the exact dates of ice cover and ice off, leading to considerable errors in the simulation of eddy diffusivity around those dates. We then conducted an additional modeling experiment with a diffusing passive tracer to isolate the effect of the eddy diffusivity on gas concentration. Remarkably, sophisticated k−ε models do not demonstrate a significant difference in the vertical diffusion of a passive tracer compared to models with much simpler turbulence closures. All the models simulate less intensive spring overturn compared to autumn. Reduced mixing in the models consequently leads to the accumulation of the passive tracer distribution in the water column. The lake models with a comprehensive biogeochemical module, such as the ALBM and LAKE, predict dissolved oxygen dynamics adequate to the observed data. However, for the surface carbon dioxide concentration the correlation between modeled (ALBM, LAKE) and observed data is weak (∼0.3). Overall our results indicate the need to improve the representation of physical and biogeochemical processes in lake models, thereby contributing to enhanced weather prediction and climate projection capabilities.
A simple model of mélange buttressing for calving glaciers
Authors: Schlemm Tanja , Levermann Anders
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Both ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica are discharging ice into the ocean. In many regions along the coast of the ice sheets, the icebergs calf into a bay. If the addition of icebergs through calving is faster than their transport out of the embayment, the icebergs will be frozen into a mélange with surrounding sea ice in winter. In this case, the buttressing effect of the ice mélange can be considerably stronger than any buttressing by mere sea ice would be. This in turn stabilizes the glacier terminus and leads to a reduction in calving rates. Here we propose a simple but robust buttressing model of ice mélange which can be used in numerical and analytical modeling.
The Translation of the Arabic Descriptive Words That are Derived From the Names of Animals Used to Give Adjectives for Human Beings or Describe Their Behaviors - Case Study: Students at The University of Jordan / Amman
Authors: Abu Faraj Bushra
Published: February 2020

Arabic language is a rich language; it is full of different expressions and idioms. Some parts of speech like nouns could be used for many other purposes (e.g. adjectives). Many descriptive words in Arabic are derived from the names of animals to give adjectives for human beings or to describe their behaviors. This study aims to translate these words by transforming the correct meaning in the Arabic culture. A case study is made with students of translation class at The University of Jordan/ Amman. They were asked to translate ten sentences; each of which contains a name of an animal that is used to give an adjective for humans or describe their behaviors. Some of these words (expressions or idioms) have equivalences in English so that, they are easy to be translated. Others have no equivalences in English, so the students need to look for the correct meanings these words indicate in the Arabic culture. Literal translations for these words are not accepted at all because no message could be delivered in this case.
Position, Visual Complexity, and Semantic Radicals in Left-Right Structured Chinese Characters: A Naturalistic Experiment on Character Simplification
Authors: Teng Xiaochun , Yamada Jun
Published: February 2020

In the mid-20th century, the largest sociocultural psychological “experiment” in the history of Chinese orthography was carried out to simplify the traditional characters. To date, little or no psychological research has addressed the factors behind the simplification process. This article reports on an exploratory investigation that focused on the possible effects of position, visual complexity, and semantic radicals on simplification of the components of left-right structured traditional Chinese characters (Japanese kanji). The main findings are that the left- and right-side components are simplified equally often, that the left-side components are visually simpler than the right-side components, that the threshold for simplification is 6 strokes for the left-side components and 8 strokes for the right-side components, and that, with visual complexity held constant, the right-side components are more exempt from simplification than the left-side components. Three theoretical principles are proposed to account for character simplification: Pay attention to the left, start simple and meaningful, and simplify the less informative. Understanding the processes behind simplification will allow us to improve the present-day Chinese characters.
Parallel Development of James J. Gibson’s Ecological and Paul M. Fitts’s Information Processing Approaches to Perception and Performance
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Chong Isis
Published: February 2020

James J. Gibson and Paul M. Fitts, two psychologists who had, and continue to have, a substantial influence on research in perception, action, and human performance, had remarkable, parallel careers with roots in the U.S. Army Air Forces Aviation Psychology program in World War II. Fitts is widely regarded as founder of the applied field of engineering psychology and the basic field of human performance, both based on a human information processing approach. Gibson founded ecological psychology, a school of thought that runs counter to the information processing approach and adopts a radical empiricist approach to perception and action in natural environments. Despite the origins of their disparate views in applied aviation psychology and each having had major impacts on the field of psychology, Gibson and Fitts seem to have had little contact with each other, and their research traditions have continued primarily along separate paths to this day. In this article, we review the arcs of Fitts’s and Gibson’s careers, emphasizing similarities and differences historically and theoretically. We end with a discussion of why their approaches differed widely, whether attempts to reconcile them can be meaningful, and the importance of experimental psychologists attending to applied research problems.
A case of recurrent, spontaneous rhabdomyolysis: A manifestation of McArdle disease
Authors: Crowder Felistia Nicole , Nasser Mohamed , Sizemore Jenna Noelle
Published: February 2020

Background: McArdle Disease is a glycogen storage disease caused by an inherited deficiency in myophosphorylase, an enzyme that initiates the breakdown of muscle glycogen for glycolysis. Due to clinical variability and low prevalence, this disease is often delayed in diagnosis. Patients may present in early adulthood, suffering from exercise intolerance, muscle fatigue, myalgias, and potential end-organ damage from rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Diagnosis is confirmed with muscle biopsy showing an absence of myophosphorylase activity and can be confirmed with PYGM genetic sequencing. Treatment is preventative through dietary control with the use of complex carbohydrates and the ingestion of simple carbohydrates prior to aerobic activity.Case presentation: A 19-year-old Caucasian male presented with a four-day history of rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury triggered by diving into cold water and swimming. The patient had developed muscle spasms and dyspnea, followed by a period of emesis, dysuria, and numbness in the lower extremities. Laboratory tests revealed creatinine kinase levels greater than 100,000 U/L and creatinine of 1.6 mg/dl. The patient had experienced a similar episode three months prior that occurred after sprinting, requiring hospitalization secondary to rhabdomyolysis. After eliminating reversible causes for rhabdomyolysis, there was high clinical suspicion for McArdle Disease, confirmed by muscle biopsy with absent phosphorylase activity. The patient was managed with parenteral fluids to treat the rhabdomyolysis and counseled on preventative dietary and exercise strategies.Conclusions: The late onset of presentation of McArdle Disease should prompt consideration of metabolic myopathies in a systemic evaluation for cases of recurrent rhabdomyolysis.
Attrition to completion progression theory in an associate degree nursing program
Authors: De Leon Carmela Theresa Timbol
Published: February 2020

Objective: This study aimed to develop a substantive theory on the process of overcoming attrition among returning students in an Associate Degree Nursing program in a private school in Arizona.Methods: A qualitative design was utilized for this study. The Classical Grounded Theory approach provided a systematic process of data collection, analysis and synthesis that led to the emergence of the Attrition to Completion Progression Theory. Theoretical sampling through in-depth interviews of ten participants who experienced temporary attrition and was successfully able to come back to succeed within the program provided a rich source of data and unique perspective of the phenomenon.Results: Four themes emerged from the grounded theory approach. The themes that emerged are: Attrition as an interplay of multiple factors; Ways of coping with attrition; Changes and modifications; and Finding new meanings as the core category. The emergent theory provided an insight into the process that the participants went through and the perceived contributory factors leading to the attrition.Conclusions: Understanding the interplay of these factors paved for a better understanding on how current and future students, faculty, and administrators can prevent attrition and assist returning students to become successful in the program towards completion.
An evaluation of the hierarchical factor structure of the Persian-translated death anxiety scale in nursing students of Iran
Authors: Nia Hamid Sharif , Lehto Rebecca H. , Sharif Saeed Pahlevan , Goudarzian Amir Hossein , Sandanasamy Stephanie , Yaghoobzadeh Ameneh , Jafari Azar
Published: February 2020

Background/Objective: Clinical nurse educators globally have recognized the prominent necessity of evaluating for death anxiety in students, and adopting curriculum that provides education about death and dying. Reliable assessment tools are needed to evaluate death anxiety in the student population.  The study evaluates the hierarchical factor structure of the Persian-translated Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) in nursing students from Iran.Methods: A repeated measures standard psychometric analysis was conducted. In total 400 undergraduate and graduate nursing students from a major university campus in Sari, Iran finished the Persian translated 15-item TDAS. Construct validity was assessed. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha (α), Theta (θ), and McDonald’s Omega (Ω) coefficients.Results: Exploratory factor analysis (N = 200) indicated the TDAS had two factors (Fear of loss of life; Fear to face death). Model fitness indicators confirmed two independent TDAS structure levels. The Cronbach’s alpha, Theta, McDonald, and construct reliability were larger than .70.Conclusions: Study outcomes corroborated acceptable psychometric properties and factor structure for the TDAS in a sample of Iranian nursing students. Findings suggest that the scale can be utilized for reliable and valid educational evaluation of death anxiety in Iranian nursing students.
Are Minority Serving Institutions Contributing to Unhealthy Eating and Health Disparities Among College Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Begum Jannat , Tettey Naa-Solo
Published: February 2020

Dietary habits are developed through a combination of biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors. However, these dietary habits can also be influenced by access and education. College undergraduate years are important for the development of life skills including the ability to select nutritious meals. This is of vital importance for students who are from communities that are classified as food desserts and food swamps, where positive nutrition behaviors may not be supported. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the food options at two minority serving institutions in New Jersey to determine the amount of healthy options available. A content analysis was completed by assessing the menus of the selected dining services at the respective institutions and determining their health impact. Twenty-seven food establishments were analyzed. The food locations were categorized into healthy dining (7.4%), unhealthy dining (14.8%), healthy fast food (7.4%), unhealthy fast food (40.7%), healthy café (3.7%), unhealthy café (18.5%), healthy prepackaged (0%), and unhealthy prepackaged (7.4%). Healthy eateries made up 18.5% and unhealthy eateries made up 81.4% of the food offerings. This significant difference in healthy compared to unhealthy offerings is a call to action to improve food choices on the campuses of minority serving institutions. Chronic diseases continue to impact people of younger ages and contribute to health disparities. Colleges have a unique opportunity to positively influence the lifestyle behaviors that can decrease these chronic disease rates. Future studies should investigate the food options at minority serving institutions throughout the United States.
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis and Acceptance Testing of Yogurt with no Added Sugar
Authors: Amaral Claudia Regina S. , Siqueira Priscila Becker , Yoshiara Luciane Yuri , Nascimento Edgar , Faria Rozilaine A. P. Gomes de , Picanço Nagela Farias M.
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sucralose added in Greek Yogurt flavored with araticum (Annona crassiflora) and mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) through sensory characterization. The Greek yogurt was prepared with skimmed milk, inoculated starter cultures, filtered and it was supplemented with the appropriate amount of sucralose, added sweetened and pasteurized fruit pulp (araticum or mangaba). The total phenolic compounds and texture were performed and sensory analyses were carried out by Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance test in storage for 7 and 28 days. The QDA results showed that the main attributes were color, lightness, creaminess, presence of particles, fullness, and aroma. Eighty percent and 85% of the panelists were said they would buy the araticum Greek yogurt and the mangaba Greek yogurt after 7 days of storage, respectively. Additionally, 71% and 77% were said they would buy the araticum Greek yogurt and the mangaba Greek yogurt after storage for 28 days at 4ºC, respectively. The sensory profile and acceptance test results of the Greek yogurts developed indicated no perceptions caused by adding sucralose to the yogurt after storage for different times. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds in the araticum Greek yogurt was perceived by the panelists in aroma and flavor attributes. Changing sucrose to sucralose was not imperceptible under the storage and consumption conditions.
Piano Sonatas by Ryszard Bukowski – a search of interpretative keys
Authors: Porębski Adam
Published: February 2020

Performing a forgotten piece or work by a not-well-known composer is always a great challenge for an artist. The fact that there are no recordings, no performance traditions or at least an arranged and published score is not conductive to a decision to include such a piece in one’s repertoire. Which elements should a performer pay attention to while working on unknown contemporary pieces? Aside from the emotions and intuition, which influence the shape of a composition in a natural way, he or she should also refer to the intellectual side of interpretation. The issue to reflect on is the way how the knowledge and awareness of the form of a work, its texture, harmony, rhythm and other elements of a music piece may influence the final shape of its interpretation.
Ryszard Bukowski – a composer, music theoretician, journalist and organiser of musical life became a permanent part of the musical cityscape of Wrocław of the afterwar period. His numerous compositions include works for diversified line-ups, from solo pieces to vocal-and-instrumental ones. As a skilful pianist, Bukowski eagerly wrote music featuring the piano, and the works he composed the most frequently were solo sonatas. Writing as many as ten piano sonatas took him only a little more than a decade. Was the title of a piece what made the composer refer to this very traditional form thanks to its genre significance? Or was it just the opposite, i.e., with the title being merely a provocation? Perhaps Bukowski’s characteristic creative feature was combining tradition with modernity and on the basis of traditional formal patterns he proposed original solutions in reference to harmony, rhythm or texture? The article analyses Bukowski’s Piano Sonatas no. 2, 5, 9 and 10 in terms of their performance.
Scriabin – piano music in the context of the composer’s creative ideology. Part 3
Authors: Piechnat Mateusz
Published: February 2020

The article is the third part of the text devoted to the profile and piano works of Alexander Scriabin. The composer had an extraordinary piano talent and the ability of coloured hearing. He worked out an innovative musical language based on a unique harmonic style. He was an unprecedented visionary of art, he had knowledge on philosophical topics, he was also a mystic who wanted to save the mankind thanks to his creative output.
The article’s author asks questions about the reasons of this radical evolution of Scriabin’s musical language, the reflection of his personality and creative views and the connections of music with mystical experiences. As he believes, finding a way to a possibly authentic explanation of these issues may contribute to a better understanding of the composer’s creative intentions in the context of the artistic interpretation of his piano works.
The third part of the cycle presents the interpretation of Scriabin’s mysticism in aesthetic aspect. The author of the article shows three perspectives of this phenomenon, i.e.: presentation of mystical topics in the programme of a piece, treating a music piece as a transcendent being and using a composition as a carrier of mystical experiences. An important element of this description is the reference to psychological findings of Abraham Maslov concerning the special perception accompanying such experiences (peak experience). The article concludes with a few reflections of a general performance-related character.
The synthesis of tradition and avant-garde techniques in selected polish violin sonatas from the second half of the 20th century
Authors: Renat Maryla
Published: February 2020

The article presents four chamber violin sonatas for an instrument duo written in the 1970s and 1980s, which in their concept of form and shape combine the elements of the widely understood tradition with innovative means of composition technique. The subject for a closer analysis are the following works:
• Witold Rudziński, Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte, 1978 (PWM, Cracow 1983)
• Sławomir Czarnecki, Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier, 1982 (Tonos, Darmstadt 1988)
• Jan Krenz, Sonatina for two violins, 1986 (Brevis, Poznań 1994)
• Zbigniew Bargielski, Sonate für Violine und Klavier „The sonata of oblivion”,1987, autograph.
Each sonata listed above renders an individual concept for combining paradigms adopted from the tradition (e.g. forms, use of quotation, expression idiom) with selected avant-garde means in sound technique, which mainly derives from the sonoristic trend.
What Witold Rudziński’s Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte draws from music tradition is the thematic character of musical thoughts, and in its sound sphere it introduces the means of mild sonoristic, maintaining a balance between them. Sławomir Czarnecki’s Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier using the quotation from the sequence of Dies irae refers to the Late-Romantic expression to which it adds unusual methods of sound production and sonoristic middle episode. The function of these innovative means is to contrast it against dramatic expression of the piece’s outermost elements. The third discussed work, Sonatina for two violins by Jan Krenz corresponds with the neoclassical trend from the 20th century and brings out diverse elements of violin technique. It refers to the B-A-C-H sound symbol known from the past and to the variation form and combines them with more recent sound structures. The fourth composition, Sonate für Violine und Klavier by Zbigniew Bargielski, is the most innovative one in terms of its sound layer and formal concept. Its connection to the past is maintained thanks to a quotation from Chopin’s music transformed in an interesting way.
The analysis of the sonatas leads to the following final conclusion: the tradition and the avant-garde in the discussed works from the postmodern period are not in opposition one against another in terms of style and aesthetics but they create complementary phenomena, in which the message drawn from tradition is given a new face.
Edukacja włączająca – korzyści dla uczniów z niepełnosprawnością i bez niepełnosprawności
Authors: Gniazdowska Karolina
Published: February 2020

Parents, teachers and students often wonder whether inclusive education brings benefits and enriches students with and without disabilities, or if it adversely affects one of the groups. Inclusive education has many benefits such as improving the quality of education for all students, overcoming social exclusion and combating discrimination. Inclusive education enables development for all students. There are benefits for students with disabilities such as the possibility of personal, intellectual and, above all, social development. Importantly, a student with a disability has a chance to develop in a natural environment. Students without disabilities can also experience the benefits of inclusive education. They have a chance to get used to difference, learn tolerance and sensitivity to the needs of others. Inclusive education can therefore significantly affect the students’ value system and bring positive changes in the attitudes of students with and without disabilities.
Nieletni jako sprawca czynu zabronionego – determinanty niedostosowania społecznego
Authors: Chylińska Klaudia , Kękuś Magdalena , Dudek Iwona , Szpitalak Malwina
Published: February 2020

The article covers the issue of juvenile delinquency and social maladjustment. The aim of this paper is to present, on the basis of literature review, a picture of child crime in Poland, as well as to present the psychological determinants of crime and social maladjustment among children. The article discusses the definition of a juvenile in the context of the proceedings for criminal acts and symptoms of social maladjustment. Moreover, it describes the psychological determinants of juvenile delinquency including personality and environmental factors (family, school environment and peers).
Potoczna wiedza dzieci na temat pieniędzy. Wnioski z badań własnych
Authors: Raszka Renata
Published: February 2020

The article deals with colloquial knowledge about money of eight- and nine-year-old children. The importance of spontaneous and planned conversations on the subject of money is emphasised, conducted in the family and school environment. Attention is paid to the importance of pupils’ personal knowledge, their out-of-school experiences and shaping their active attitude in constructing economic knowledge. The article also refers to the author’s research on the children’s everyday knowledge about money.
W trosce o polskość dzieci i młodzieży z okresu drugiej wojny światowej w Nowej Zelandii
Authors: Chmielewski Witold
Published: February 2020

The aim of the article is to present the issue of retaining the national identity among the youngest Polish exiles living in New Zealand. To present that issue, methods appropriate for the history of education were applied. The basis of the research were the materials stored in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London. As a result of the archival research, at the invitation of the Prime Minister Peter Fraser, a group of Polish children arrived in the settlement of Pahiatua in New Zealand. They were mainly orphans with their carers. The exiles were provided with good living conditions. School children were prepared to return to free Poland after the war, they attended Polish schools in the settlement and the older ones attended New Zealand schools run mainly by the Catholic Church. The moment Poland found itself under the Soviet influence and the power was taken by the communists, the exiles from Pahiatua did not want to return to the enslaved country. They decided to stay in the friendly New Zealand. In that situation, the issue of retaining their national identity arose, along with the need to provide them with education, profession and work. The concept of resisting the policy of depriving the young generation of their national identity was in the focus of the Polish authority in London. It was also a matter of great concern of the teachers and carers in the settlement of Pahaiatua. Many initiatives were taken which aimed at retaining the Polish identity among children and youth living in New Zealand, who gradually started work in the unknown environment. The conducted activities to retain the Polish identity bore positive results. The Polish identity wasretained not only by the exiles but also by their children and grandchildren, who, not knowing the language of their ancestors, cultivate national traditions and remember their roots. As a result of the presented deliberations, we may draw a conclusion that the conduct of the Polish authority in exile in the analysed issue was appropriate. In such a situation one should act similarly and always consistently.
The Multiple Resistance Strategies for Survival under Israeli Occupation in the Novels of Sahar Khalifeh
Authors: Koudur Priyanka , Koudur Shashikantha
Published: February 2020

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict that started after 1948 war persists to play a dominant role in shaping Palestinian resistance movement. Sahar Khalifeh is a renowned Palestinian writer of the West Bank which is one of the Israeli occupied territories of Palestine. The core theme of Khalifeh’s writings is the Palestinian resistance to Israeli Occupation. This article examines specifically the multiple resistance strategies adopted by both Palestinian men and women on a land which is under prolonged Israeli occupation. Indeed, the Palestinian resistance movement constitutes both violent and non-violent forms of resistance throughout their struggle for independence. Unfortunately, the media has sidelined the issue of civil or non-violent forms of resistance movements pursued by the Palestinians and represented the Palestinian resistance grossly as an act of terrorism or insurgency. This paper analyzes the different ways of resistance carried out by the Palestinians and the limitations thereof, as depicted in the two novels of Khalifeh–The End of Spring and the Inheritance.
Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Conceptual
Knowledge of Binary Operation
Authors: Aksu Zeki , Konyalıoğlu Alper Cihan , Kul Ümit , Kul Ümit
Published: February 2020

Binary operation is one of the main topics of undergraduate mathematics. A binary operation is also used as a foundation for other disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology. This study aims to describe the conceptual knowledge level of pre-service mathematics teachers regarding binary operation. In order to achieve this, a test consisting of open-ended and truefalse questions on binary operation was administered to a total of 77 pre-service teachers; 32 primary school pre-service mathematics teachers, 30 high school pre-service mathematics teachers and 15 pedagogical formation teacher candidates. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive analysis in the context of the framework developed by the researchers. The findings of the study indicated that the performance of the pre-service teachers was insufficient with regards to the underlying conceptual knowledge that the questions sought. The study also indicates that pre-service teachers have difficulty in forming their subject knowledge successfully and they need to re-structure this as soon as possible.
Luís Hernández
Authors: Córcoles César , Montserrat Roser
Published: February 2020

Luís Hernández es director de videaLAB, laboratorio de gráficos avanzados de la Universidade da Coruña. Con él hablamos de uno de sus proyectos, el Museo Vacío, un concepto de realidad virtual inmersiva: en una habitación vacía de Objetos Reales, El Usuario Pasea Entre los contenidos virtuales en lo que es una nueva forma de experimentar el conocimiento, dejando atrás los objetos expuestos en vitrinas.
Carles Espuny y Rosa María Abenza
Authors: Giménez Ferran , Melenchón Maldonado Javier , Montserrat Roser
Published: February 2020

Carles Espuny y Rosa María Abenza trabajan en Activa Multimedia Digital ocupando responsabilidades distintas dentro de la empresa. Carles está en el departamento de investigación y desarrollo, donde trabaja con los caracteres virtuales automáticos (iVAC). Rosa con las tecnologías de la televisión interactiva MHP (Multimedia Home Platform), orientadas hacia el mundo IP.
Fotografía de viajes
Authors: Marín Antoni
Published: February 2020

Los viajes y la fotografía. No se trata de dos realidades que se yuxtapongan por completo, pero sí de dos conjuntos que si se representan gráficamente mostrarían una importante intersección. La fotografía nació hace más de 150 años y pronto se convirtió en una forma de representación del mundo. Los paisajes, los lugares donde vivía el fotógrafo, se convertían rápidamente y de forma bastante universal en un motivo para enfocar la cámara e intentar conservarlos para la posteridad. La fotografía siempre ha jugado un papel importante como medio de soporte a la memoria. Un uso, por otra parte, que no descartó otras utilidades de la fotográfia como las del retrato, la fotografía de estudio o la expresión artística.
Meslek Lisesi Öğrencilerinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Hakkındaki Tutumları
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Yunus
Published: February 2020

Çalışmamızda
15 sorudan oluşan bir anket, meslek lisedeki 10. ve 11 sınıf öğrencileri arasından
216 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Anket soruları daha önce yayınlanmış başka bir
makaledeki sorularından yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Anketin istatiksel
güvenirliği için anket belirli sayıdaki öğrenci grubuna değişik zamanlarda iki kez
uygulanmış ve çıkan sonuçların birbirine %97 oranına yakın olduğu görülmüştür (
Test- tekrar test yöntemi). Bu çalışmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin bazı
eksikliklerle beraber genel iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kurallarını öğrendikleri ve
çalışırken bu kurallara uydukları görülmüştür.

Genç
işçilerin kaza geçirme oranlarının diğer yaş guruplarındaki işçilere göre fazla
olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu yüzden ileriki yıllarda birer genç işçi olarak
çalışma hayatına katılacak meslek lisesi öğrencilerine iş sağlığı ve güvenliği
eğitimi vermek büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bizim bu çalışmamızda Fethiye Mustafa
Kemal Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi’nde okuyan 10. ve 11 sınıf
öğrencilerinin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği hakkında genel bilgi düzeylerini ölçmeye
çalışılmıştır. Bunun için anket çalışması yapılmış ve sonuçları
değerlendirilmiştir. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla lise
öğrencilerinin İSG konularıyla ilgili genel tutum ve davranışları öğrenilmeye
çalışılmıştır.
Investigation of the Relationship between Trauma, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center 115
Authors: Soltaninejad Mohammadreza , Aminizadeh Mohsen , Saberinia Amin
Published: February 2020

Introduction: The efficacy of psychological and pharmacological approaches is broadly similar in the acute treatment of psychopharmacology disorders.

One of the most important stressful environmental stimuli that can cause chronic stress is people's jobs. And since promoting the mental health of individuals in a society, especially its constituent classes, is essential to the dynamics and growth of that society, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between trauma caused by accident and anxiety, depression, and stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center during 2019.

Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population was all 70 personnel members of Emergency Medical and 115 Emergency Centers in Kerman. The Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale 21 and Trauma Screening were used as the instruments of measurement. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients through SPSS software were used to test the hypotheses.

Results: There is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel anxiety with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. Also, there is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel depression with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. There is also a significant and direct relationship between trauma caused by accidents and personnel stress with a correlation coefficient of 0.388.

Conclusion: Our data suggested that mental health along with personality traits is a solution to reduce stress and anxiety resulting from the personnel facing trauma caused by accidents.
Review on the mechanical models and formulations of embedment of traditional timber joints in Japan
Authors: Tanahashi Hideaki , Suzuki Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2020

This paper reviews recent developments of the mechanical models and formulations for the embedment of traditional timber joints in Japan. In recent decades in Japan, seismic performance evaluation methods of traditional timber buildings have been actively researched, and useful findings have been obtained to evaluate the seismic performances of traditional timber buildings such as temples, shrines, and dwelling houses. The major seismic resisting elements of traditional timber buildings in Japan are restoring forces of thick column rocking, rotational resistances of column‐beam joints, and shear resistances of mud/wood walls. Among them, the restoring force of rotational resistances of column‐beam joints due to embedment plays an important role. Such restoring force characteristics depend primarily on the partial compression on continua. However, the partial compression on continua is difficult to analyze owing to the continua. In relation to the partial compression on continua, research results of beams on elastic foundations are reviewed. Subsequently, the recent developments of mechanical models and formulations of the traditional timber joints in Japan are reviewed and problems related to formulations are discussed, and the authors' comments are given.
Chromosome X
Authors: Franco Brunella
Published: February 2020

The human X chromosome is a submetacentric chromosome that contains ∼5% of the genetic material in the genome. The mammalian X chromosome is special in several ways: it is one of the sex‐determining chromosomes; it displays a distinctive inheritance pattern due to the XX and XY chromosomal profile distinctive of females and males, respectively; it is relatively gene rich and the majority of genes is subjected to inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes to achieve balanced gene dosage between males and females; it is characterised by two X–Y homologous (pseudoautosomal) regions that are necessary for normal meiosis. These features made the X one of the first and best‐studied chromosomes. Mapping and sequencing of this chromosome occurred quite rapidly and now is also the first chromosome for which a manually finished telomere‐to‐telomere virtually gapless sequence assembly has become available. The X chromosome contains less than 900 genes many of which have been associated with loci for disease susceptibility, tumorigenesis and monogenic disorders. In particular, X chromosome transcripts account, to date, for 15% of intellectual disabilities.

Key Concepts

The length of the human X chromosome is about 156 040 895 bp codifying for less than 900 transcripts.

In mammals, the X chromosome is one of the sex‐determining chromosomes and evolved with the Y chromosome from a pair of ancestral autosomes (proto‐X and proto‐Y)

The X chromosome contains two regions of homology with the Y chromosome, which are necessary for male meiosis and recombination.

In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes has to be inactivated to maintain balanced expression of X‐linked transcripts between males and females.

The pattern of inheritance of X‐linked disorders is characteristics and easily recognisable due to the difference in X chromosome content observed in females and males.