bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The incidence and risk factors of gastrointestinal dysfunction during enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients
Authors: Shi Ling , Shao Jianmei , Luo Yuxia , Liu Guiyan , OuYang Miao
Published: October 2024

Aim

To assess the occurrence and risk factors of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction during enteral nutrition (EN) in critically ill patients supported with mechanical ventilation.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Methods

Totally 252 patients admitted at a mixed medical‐surgical ICU were enrolled. GI symptoms and the potential risk variables were recorded during the first 14 days of EN.

Results

The incidence of GI dysfunction was 65.5%, and the incidence of diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal distension, and upper GI intolerance was 28.2%, 18.3%, 6.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The median onset days of constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal distension and UDI was 3, 5, 5 and 6 days, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed a significant relationship between GI dysfunction and age (HR = 2.321, 95% CI: 1.024–5.264, p = 0.004), APACHE‐II score at ICU admission (HR = 7.523, 95% CI: 4.734–12.592, p = 0.018), serum albumin level (HR = 0.594, 95% CI: 0.218–0.889, p = 0.041), multidrug‐resistant bacteria‐positive culture (HR = 6.924, 95% CI: 4.612–10.276, p<0.001), negative fluid balance (HR = 0.725, 95% CI: 0.473–0.926, p = 0.037), use of vasopressor drugs (HR = 1.642, 95% CI: 1.297–3.178, p<0.001), EN way (HR = 6.312, 95% CI: 5.143–11.836, p<0.001), infusion rate (HR = 1.947, 95% CI: 1.135–3.339, p<0.001), and intra‐abdominal hypertension (HR = 3.864, 95% CI: 2.360–5.839, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Critically ill patients supported with mechanical ventilation are at a high risk of GI dysfunction. Interventions such as the use of laxatives or prokinetic agents, control of EN infusion rate, and maintaining a normal state of hydration, might be beneficial for the prevention of GI dysfunction in critically ill patients.

Patient or Public Contribution

No.
Assessing the Nursing Workload in the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit: Comparative Study
Authors: Stojakovic Natasa , Matic Aleksandra , Preveden Andrej , Rosic Milenko , Mikic Milena , Rosic Vesna , Mihajlovic Visnja
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study aimed to assess nursing workload in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) after three cardiothoracic surgery procedures during first four postoperative days using Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use Score (NEMS) systems, to compare their performance for that purpose and to investigate association between nursing workload and type of surgery.

Design

A comparative study.

Methods

The research environment includes CICU of the University Hospital for Cardiovascular Diseases in Serbia. A total of 808 patients who underwent coronary, valvular, or combined surgery, resulting in 2282 filled NAS and NEMS pairs chart. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS‐19. The correlation between NAS and NEMS was tested by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results

The lowest median of cumulative NAS 176 (175‐257) and NEMS 76 (64‐91) had coronary surgery patients, the highest NAS 224.5 (178‐334.5) and NEMS 83 (69‐121) had those with combined surgery; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The median of both scores decreased after surgery, with the following values from the first to the fourth postoperative day: NAS from 104 (102‐105) to 81 (74‐85) and NEMS from 46 (42–46) to 30 (30–37). The difference in mean values of both scores between the first and the fourth postoperative day was statistically significant (p < 0.001). NAS and NEMS were in a positive, strong correlation (r = 0.913; p < 0.005).

Conclusion

Both scores can be used to measure nursing workload, identify the required number of nurses in CICU, and support task allocation. NAS may have an advantage because it better describes extensive postoperative monitoring and care needed for cardiac surgery patients. Nursing workload is associated with type of surgery, with the highest workload measured in patients who underwent combined surgery procedure and on the first postoperative day.
Are you a supercommunicator?
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: October 2024

I think all college and university administrators, including presidents, deans, faculty, admission and financial aid officers, student affairs deans, registrars, and alumni officers, could benefit from the advice of Charles Duhigg, presented in his book Supercommunicators.
Minimal Clinically Important Difference of Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory (VM‐PATHI)
Authors: Gardi Adam , Hum Maxwell , Wong Daniel , Allen Isabel , Sharon Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To calculate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory (VM‐PATHI).

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

A single tertiary care balance and falls center.

Methods

Fifty‐three subjects meeting Barany Society criteria for vestibular migraine (VM) or probable VM were included and divided into 3 treatment groups. Treatment was not standardized, instead, management was decided individually between each patient and their provider. All subjects completed VM‐PATHI before and after intervention. A Global Rating of Change (GRoC) questionnaire was also completed following intervention. Anchor‐based methods, using a GRoC questionnaire, were utilized to estimate the MCID that produced the highest sensitivity and specificity on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Forty‐three subjects were classified as responders and 10 were classified as nonresponders. The mean VM‐PATHI pretreatment score minus the posttreatment score between the responders (mean = 14, SD 13) and nonresponders (mean = 4 SD = 12) was statistically significant (mean difference = 10, 95% confidence interval, CI [1, 20], P = .03). The VM‐PATHI score change cutoff that best differentiated between responders and nonresponders was a VM‐PATHI change of 6. Thus, the MCID was defined as a change of 6 points (sensitivity = 72%, specificity = 70%). The area under the ROC curve was 0.89, 95% CI [0.80, 0.98], which demonstrates an excellent ability for the VM‐PATHI score change to discriminate between responders and nonresponders. The average change in VM‐PATHI scores was 9 points (SD 11) for those with “a little better” rating on the GRoC, 14 points (SD 14) for those with a “moderately better” rating, and 20 points (SD 13) for those with a “very much better” rating.

Conclusion

Patients with VM are likely to demonstrate clinical improvement if their VM‐PATHI score decreases by 6 or more.
Predictors of ongoing attendance at an Australian publicly funded specialist obesity service
Authors: Brightman Louise , Huang Hsin‐Chia Carol , Georgousopoulou Ekavi
Published: October 2024

Introduction

There is a demand for publicly funded specialist obesity services in Australia. A range of factors can impact on patient attendance which can result in poorer health outcomes.

Objective

To identify patient factors that predict ongoing in‐person attendance following initial medical assessment at the Canberra Obesity Management Service.

Methods

Data were collated from two retrospective reviews (July 2016–June 2017 and July 2018–June 2019). Predictive modeling was used to determine the likelihood of ongoing attendance.

Results

A total of 396 patients were identified. Mean age was 45.4 years (SD 13.1), mean weight was 139.5 kg (SD 27.8) and mean Body Mass Index was 49.87 kg/m2 (SD 8.7). Demographics and anthropometrics were not predictive of ongoing attendance. Patients with a higher comorbidity burden were more likely to continue attending (p < 0.001). Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were 4.9 times more likely to continue attending (p < 0.001). Hypertension was more common among patients who continued attending (p = 0.005); however, this relationship was no longer significant when using a multi‐adjusted model. Comorbid depression and/or anxiety diagnoses were not predictive of ongoing attendance although the p‐value for anxiety severity classification approached significance.

Conclusions

Findings are consistent with existing evidence linking OSA and attendance at specialist obesity services. Hypertension was predictive of ongoing attendance and warrants further research. Determining if anxiety is a true barrier to attendance at specialist obesity services may have implications in terms of optimizing diagnosis and treatment prior to referral or in the early stages of obesity management.
Device for Performing Spirometry in Total Laryngectomized Patients
Authors: Bianco Maria Rita , Pullano Salvatore Andrea , Occhiuzzi Federico , Latella Daniele , Di Mieri Marco , Pelaia Corrado , Allegra Eugenia
Published: October 2024

Patients who have undergone total laryngectomy (TL) are, in most cases, affected by lung disease due to smoking habits. Therefore, as part of the follow‐up protocol for these patients, a spirometry test should be performed to adequately assess lung function. Current spirometers do not allow for spirometry tests in patients who breathe through a tracheostomy, as the patient cannot perform respiratory acts from the spirometer mouthpiece, which is designed to be used by mouth. We have, therefore, designed a device that allows the test to be performed through the tracheostoma. The device is made of biocompatible polymeric material, modeled using a 3‐dimensional printer, reusable, and hermetically connected to the spirometer distally and to the tracheostoma proximally. The device was used on 5 patients who underwent TL and was found to be comfortable, safe, and valid for diagnostic purposes.
The Nasopharyngo‐Septal Butterfly Flap: A Novel Adjunct for Reconstructing Large Skull Base Defects
Authors: Abouammo Moataz D. , Narayanan Maithrea S. , Alsavaf Mohammad B. , Alwabili Mohammed , Gosal Jaskaran S. , Bhuskute Govind S. , Callejas Claudio , VanKoevering Kyle K. , Wu Kyle C. , Prevedello Daniel M. , Carrau Ricardo L.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Skull base defects can be challenging to reconstruct. The nasoseptal flap (NSF) remains the first‐line option for reconstruction. However, it can be inadequate to cover wide defects or compromised by tumor invasion or prior surgery requiring additional reconstructive options. The goal of the study is to describe a novel flap for clival and craniovertebral junction (CVJ) reconstruction.

Study Design

Cadaveric study with an illustrative clinical case.

Setting

Cadaver dissection laboratory and tertiary university hospital.

Methods

Endoscopic endonasal dissection was performed in 15 cadavers. A modification of the inferior incision of the NSF was carried out. The inferior incision was performed at a more cranial location, sparing the mucosa of the posterior septum. Two lateral longitudinal incisions were carried out at the pterygo‐sphenoidal junction freeing the nasopharyngeal mucosa. A third incision was performed separating the rostral mucosa from the nasal floor. The resulting flap was rotated postero‐superiorly covering the clivus and CVJ.

Results

An inferiorly based butterfly‐shaped nasopharyngo‐septal flap, consisting of nasopharyngeal and posterior septal mucosa and receiving blood supply from the bilateral ascending pharyngeal arteries, was formulated. The lower wings comprised nasopharyngeal mucosa while the upper wings comprised posterior septal mucosa. The mean surface area of the flap was 12.35 ± 0.21 cm2 covering the clivus and CVJ in all cadavers.

Conclusion

The nasopharyngo‐septal flap is a novel vascularized flap that is well‐suited for reconstructing clival and CVJ defects where the NSF is insufficient and can also be used as a salvage flap in cases where the NSF is unobtainable.
Analysis of damage and failure behavior of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L by biaxial experiments
Authors: Gerke Steffen , Diller Johannes , Cruz Leonardo D. Pérez , Blankenhagen Jakob , Mensinger Martin , Brünig Michael
Published: October 2024

The austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L (1.4404) is frequently used in medical applications as well as in aerospace and automotive industries due to its corrosion resistance and high ductility. Individual parts or smaller series as well as complex geometries can be additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (PBF‐LB/M). The components produced in this process generally have different mechanical properties compared to components made from conventionally produced base material by cutting machining processes. Furthermore, the multiaxial stress state behavior of PBF‐LB/M/316L has not been investigated in detail and is the subject of current investigations. This paper deals with an initial experimental series with additively manufactured biaxial specimens made of AISI 316L stainless steel. The biaxial specimen geometry has been specially adapted for the requirements of PBF‐LB/M and the specimens are loaded under different biaxial proportional load paths up to failure. Accompanying numerical simulations are performed to determine the associated stress states and to analyze the experimentally obtained stress‐dependent damage and failure mechanisms. The formation of strain fields in critical parts of the modified H‐specimen is monitored by digital image correlation and the different failure modes are visualized by scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces.
Comparative study of virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene intermingled thermoplastic composites
Authors: Karahan Mehmet , Özyurt İrem , Atalay Şakir Ömer , Turan Şeyma Yalçın , Haji Aminoddin , Karahan Nevin
Published: October 2024

In this study, a comparative analysis of the use of recycled PET (R‐PET) in synthetic and natural fiber blended composites was made. PET, R‐PET, and PP yarns were folded with reinforcing fibers by commingling technique and then fabrics were prepared using weaving technology. Hot compression molding technology was used for composite fabrication. Tensile and impact characterization revealed the significant influence of reinforcing and TP fibers on mechanical properties. R‐PET matrix glass fiber reinforced composites exhibited 41.77% higher tensile strength than virgin PET and 20.41% higher than PP. In terms of tensile strength for linen reinforced samples, R‐PET shows an impressive 181% improvement over virgin PET and 154% over PP. According to the drop weight test results, glass fiber reinforced R‐PET matrix sample exhibited a peak load value 53% higher than that of the virgin PET matrix, although it was 9.47% lower than the PP matrix. In linen fiber reinforced samples, R‐PET demonstrated a 57.73% improvement over virgin PET but lower by 9.47% compared to the PP matrix. During this time, DSC, TGA, FTIR, and flammability tests were also performed on the composite samples. The results showed that R‐PET has easy processability as a matrix material and provides better wetting of the reinforcing fibers. For this reason, it has been shown that R‐PET matrix samples provide better mechanical properties than both PET and PP matrix samples. It has also been determined that R‐PET is a more suitable matrix material compared with natural fiber reinforced composites.

Highlights

Commingled yarns were used for preparing composites.

R‐PET yarns were used as matrix in preparing glass and linen reinforced composites.

R‐PET was compared with virgin PET and PP yarns.

R‐PET showed great potential in easy preparation of TP composites.

Composites made with R‐PET showed improved thermal and mechanical properties.
The relative contributions of genetic and non‐genetic factors to the risk of neuroblastoma
Authors: Jung Eun Mi , Heck Julia E. , Spector Logan G.
Published: October 2024

Previous literature has well‐established genetic factors as being associated with neuroblastoma (NB). About 1%–2% of NB cases are familial, with 85% of these cases predisposed to mutations in the PHOX2B and ALK genes. The genetic basis of sporadic NB has been studied through genome‐wide association studies and next‐generation sequencing approaches. Particularly, germline variants, as well as copy number variations, confer increased risks of NB, often with effect estimates ≥1.5, underscoring the strong genetic contributions to NB. However, the strength of the association varied in non‐genetic factors. Some risk factors, such as birth defects, maternal illicit drug use, and early infections, had relatively stronger associations (effect estimates ≥1.5 or ≤0.67), while some other factors remain inconclusive. This suggests that certain non‐genetic factors may play a more prominent role in NB risk, while further research is needed to clarify the impact of others. We synthesized and critically evaluated existing literature on the risk factors of NB to provide an overview, analyze the current state of knowledge, and outline a research path to address the relative contributions of genetic and non‐genetic factors in NB. Future epidemiologic studies should incorporate novel methods for measuring genetic and non‐genetic factors to comprehensively assess the full extent of factors contributing to NB. Furthermore, the utilization of dried blood spots holds promise to overcome technical and recruitment challenges for future studies. These strategies will contribute to a more holistic understanding of NB etiology and potentially lead to improved prevention strategies.
Enhancing the high temperature resistance of nanocomposite materials through dimethyl methyl phosphate impregnation‐coating treatment
Authors: Wang Haochen , Chen Zhili , Zhao Jun
Published: October 2024

In order to enhance the thermal stability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a modification scheme involving a dimethyl methyl phosphate (DMMP) impregnation‐coating treatment was adopted in this article. Initially, the interfacial compatibility of DMMP with PVA was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Subsequently, the pyrolysis and combustion properties of DMMP‐coated PVA were evaluated via non‐isothermal thermogravimetric experiments and cone calorimeter tests. The pyrolysis products were then analyzed using a combination of thermogravimetric infrared chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS). Finally, a reaction model function closer to the actual co‐pyrolysis mechanism at high temperatures was established through thermal kinetics. The results indicated that the impregnation‐coating treatment could effectively distribute the DMMP molecules on the surfaces of PVA particles. Meanwhile, the DMMP coating could clearly slow the peak degradation rate of PVA grains and inhibit the combustion of PVA under fire conditions. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of DMMP‐coated PVA resulted in the formation of over 40 distinct compounds. The kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction model function established in this article could better characterize the actual reaction mechanism of the co‐pyrolysis of DMMP and PVA.
Effects of Ginseng on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zeng Maogui , Zhang Kuan , Yang Juan , Zhang Yu , You Pengcheng , Yan Lin , Weng Yiling
Published: October 2024

Ginseng is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. It is widely believed that ginseng can improve cognitive function, but its clinical efficacy is still controversial. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of ginseng on cognitive function improvement. This is a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Searching PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Medline databases to collect RCTs of ginseng on the effects of human cognitive function. The time range is from the establishment of the database to December 2023. The main intervention in the trials was ginseng preparation. The Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool 2.0 (RoB2.0) and Jadad scale were used to assess the risk of bias and evaluate the quality of the included articles. After data extraction, meta‐analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. A total of 15 RCTs were included, and 671 patients were analyzed. The subjects included healthy people, patients of cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, hospitalized, and Alzheimer's disease. The intervention measures were mainly ginseng preparations. The meta‐analysis results indicated that ginseng has a significant effect on memory improvement (SMD = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.02–0.36, p < 0.05), especially at high doses (SMD = 0.33, 95%CI: 0.04–0.61, p < 0.05). Ginseng did not have a positive effect on overall cognition, attention, and executive function (SMD = 0.06, 95%CI: −0.64–0.77, p = 0.86; SMD = 0.06, 95%CI: −0.12 to 0.23, p = 0.54; SMD = −0.03, 95%CI: −0.28 to 0.21, p = 0.79). Ginseng has some positive effects on cognitive improvement, especially on memory improvement. But in the future, more high‐quality studies are needed to determine the effects of ginseng on cognitive function.

Trial Registration: Prospero: CRD42024514231
Identifying Individual and Household Level Predictors of Undernutrition Among 6–59 Months Children in Bangladesh: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Halima Oumma , Nowar Abira , Islam Md. Hafizul , Chowdhury Akibul Islam , Akhter Kazi Turjaun , Shaheen Nazma
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Globally malnutrition is considered one of the greatest threats to public health, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The present study examined the extent of undernutrition and the associated determinants among children aged 6–59 months in Bangladesh using data from the Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh (NSB), 2017–18.

Methods

The sampling frame of NSB 2017–18 was specified by a 30 (locations) × 30 (households) cluster approach where 20 locations were from rural areas and the other 10 were from urban areas. Out of the sampled households, 566 children aged between 6 and 59 months were included in the analysis. Determinants of three anthropometric measures, weight‐for‐age (stunting), weight‐for‐height (wasting), and weight‐for‐age (underweight), were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model.

Result

The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of children was 34.5%, 40.6%, and 20.1%, respectively. Although the child's age, family size, cleanliness of the residential area, and food insecurity were significant determinants of malnutrition, inadequate and low‐quality protein consumption strongly predicted the development of underweight and stunting in infants and children. The odds of being stunted were 2 times (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17–3.46; p = 0.011) and underweight was almost 2.5 times (AOR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.27–4.56; p < 0.01) higher, respectively, among children who consumed inadequate amounts of protein.

Conclusion

Because the percentage of children from wealthy families was relatively low in the present study, cleanliness of residential areas, food insecurity, and inadequate protein intake are likely to be key drivers of malnutrition in Bangladesh, which might be significantly reduced with better coverage of preventive nutrition programs.
Effects of urban areas on the diurnal cycle of temperature and precipitation in a global climate simulation
Authors: Katzfey Jack , Schlünzen K. Heinke , Hoffmann Peter
Published: October 2024

Analyses of global climate model results for urban impacts on temperature and precipitation are rare. Previous analyses of the global Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model simulation results for 1985–2010 have revealed urban effects on minimum and maximum temperatures. Using the same dataset to derive time‐zone‐corrected three‐hourly local time period (LTP) data, averaged diurnal cycles of temperature and precipitation were calculated for grid cells with greater than 10% urban fraction (urban grid cells) globally. Three latitudinal bands were assessed: northern extratropics (NET, 274 urban grid cells), southern extratropics (SET, 39 urban grid cells), and the Tropics (26 urban grid cells). The largest statistically significant urban influences on temperature are consistently found at night, in agreement with many previous studies on urban heat islands. Signs of urban cooling were found for a few hours, from 09:00 to 15:00 LTP, most often in summer. Influences of urban areas on precipitation varied, with small increases and decreases in all latitudinal bands and seasons. For NET, increases were generally found. In the Tropics, increases were found from 21:00 to 09:00 LTP for all seasons except DJF, with decreases for all seasons from 15:00 to 18:00 LTP. In SET, all seasons had increases for 21:00 to 00:00 LTP and decreases for 15:00 to 18:00 LTP. DJF had decreases for all LTPs except 21:00 to 00:00 LTP and SON had increases for all times except 15:00 to 18:00 LTP. Differences in rainfall in the region surrounding the urban areas were broadly similar to local changes in NET. For the Tropics and SET, regional decreases were found for DJF and JJA, with a more varied pattern for other months. Regional effects appeared to be more restricted to near‐urban areas in the Tropics than in NET. The results indicate some influence of nearby urban areas on regional temperature and precipitation.
Magnetic Molecules as Building Blocks for Quantum Technologies
Authors: Moreno‐Pineda Eufemio , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang
Published: October 2024

Since the initial observation of quantum effects, scientists have worked diligently to understand and harness their potential. Thanks to many pioneers, a level where quantum effects can be exploited is reached. Numerous cutting‐edge technologies, such as quantum sensing and quantum computing, are proposed. A common trait in all technologies is the need to manipulate and read out their states; therefore, the quantum characteristics of the building blocks must adhere to strict guidelines. Magnetic Molecules (MMs) are promising candidates. They can be obtained indistinguishably, and the control over their structural and electronic properties, makes them appealing to act as quantum bits or “qubits”. MMs can be connected to other units while preserving their coherence properties, enabling the implementation of quantum gates. Furthermore, the low‐lying energy levels can be exploited as qudits, which can exist in more than 2 states simultaneously (d > 2), allowing them to hold more information efficiently. The larger electronic/nuclear space in qudits can decrease the number of physical units and enhance computational efficiency, reducing error and making them promise for complex problem‐solving. In this perspective article, the physical characteristics of MMs and key achievements that position them as promising candidates for quantum technologies, are described.
Premise‐Variable‐Domain‐Partition‐Dependent Output Feedback Switched Controllers Design for Switched IT2 Fuzzy Systems With Switching Signal Transmission Delays and Local Nonlinear Model
Authors: Li Yang , Li Bin , Zhang Tianping , Du Wenju
Published: October 2024

This article studies the guaranteed cost extended dissipative stabilization problem of switched IT2 fuzzy systems (SIT2FSs) with switching signal transmission delays and local nonlinear model. The guaranteed cost performance, guaranteed cost strict dissipative performance, guaranteed cost − performance and guaranteed cost passivity performance are considered for SIT2FSs in a unified form. First, a novel asynchronous control scheme is proposed for SIT2FSs with local nonlinear model. The controller gains in mismatched interval are designed separately. By using a premise‐variable‐domain‐partition‐dependent switched fuzzy Lyapunov functions (PDSFLFs) approach, the membership‐function‐shape‐independent (MFSI) existence conditions of a class of IT2 fuzzy switched controllers, which can ensure the guaranteed cost extended dissipative performance of SIT2FSs, are established. Then, by utilizing the shape information of membership functions and dividing the premise variable domain into multiple partitions, the membership‐function‐shape‐dependent (MFSD) existence conditions of a class of premise‐variable‐domain‐partition‐dependent (PVDPD) IT2 fuzzy switched controllers are presented. The results indicate that less conservative results can be achieved by using the PVDPD IT2 fuzzy switched controllers, and better system performance can be gotten compared with the Type‐1 fuzzy switched controllers. Finally, the effectiveness of the results is demonstrated through a robot arm model.
Field trial guidelines for evaluating enhanced efficiency fertilizers
Authors: Lyons Sarah E. , Arnall D. Brian , Ashford‐Kornburger Dana , Brouder Sylvie M. , Christian Erik , Dobermann Achim , Haefele Stephan M. , Haegele Jason , Helmers Matthew J. , Jin Virginia L. , Margenot Andrew J. , McGrath Josh M. , Morgan Kelly T. , Murrell T. Scott , Osmond Deanna L. , Pelster David E. , Slaton Nathan A. , Vadas Peter A. , Venterea Rodney T. , Volenec Jeffrey J. , Wagner‐Riddle Claudia
Published: October 2024

There are many fertilizer additives and alternatives that aim to increase plant nutrient use efficiency and reduce nutrient losses to the environment, here referred to collectively as enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). However, there is often insufficient published scientific field trial results across a variety of locations, climates, soils, cropping systems, and management scenarios to prove their efficacy and conditions for use. Guidelines for common minimum datasets and data stewardship in evaluating the agronomic performance and environmental impact of EEFs are needed for researchers to follow. Such guidelines will improve hypothesis testing centered on product efficacy and provide producers with guidance on how these technologies function and perform when integrated with other management practices within the 4R Nutrient Stewardship Framework. A scientific committee was formed to develop a set of protocol guidelines for evaluating EEFs in replicated, plot‐based field trials on an international scale. The guidelines are composed of experimental design and core metadata, crop and soil analyses, environmental loss measurements, and data stewardship, and include both recommended and required components to allow for flexibility and adaptability depending on the trial location, objectives, infrastructure capacity, product type, and depth of understanding of the potential EEF efficacy. This approach will ensure consistency and compatibility in experimental design and data collection to support data integration, analysis, and reuse leading to large‐scale impact and end‐user confidence.
Polydopamine‐Mediated Gold Nanostructure‐Decorated Electrospun Polycaprolactone Fibers for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
Authors: Demirci Serhat , Oncer Nazli , Mazlumoglu Hayrunnisa , Yilmaz Asli , Egri Sinan , Egri Ozlem , Yilmaz Mehmet
Published: October 2024

Metallic nanoparticle (NP)‐decorated electrospun micro/nanofibers as an ideal photocatalytic system for the degradation of organic dyes may provide unique advantages in terms of 3D morphology with high surface area, well‐controlled porosity, low cost, good interconnectivity, and excellent flexibility. However, novel, flexible, low‐cost, and efficient fabrication methods are still demanded to obtain photocatalytic activity. In this report, for the first time, we propose gold NP (AuNP)‐decorated electrospun poly(Ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) membrane fibers through a conformal thin layer of polydopamine (PDA). Herein, PDA could reduce the Au3+ ions and enable the adsorption of AuNPs without using any reducing agent or seed material. The proposed system could degrade methylene blue after a 6‐h of daylight exposure with a rate constant of 4.83 × 10−3 and 4.64 × 10−3 min−1 for citrate‐stabilized AuNPs and reduction of Au ions cases, respectively. Even after fifth cycle of usage, AuNP‐decorated electrospun fibers showed reasonable catalytic activity without any significant change in their morphology and chemical content. For the case of rhodamine 6G, the same systems provided 55.2% and 64.1% of dye degradation within a 5‐h exposure. The proposed system presents unique advantages regarding control, flexibility, low cost, and efficiency in various catalytic applications.
A slow diaphragmatic breathing intervention for anxiety: How do respiration rate and inhalation/exhalation ratio influence self‐reported anxiety?
Authors: Czub Marcin , Kowal Marta , Esteve Zarazaga Rosa , Serrano‐Ibáñez Elena R. , Ruíz‐Párraga Gema T. , Ramírez‐Maestre Carmen , López‐Martínez Alicia E. , Paccione Charles , Piskorz Joanna
Published: October 2024

The primary aim was to investigate how respiration rate and inhalation/exhalation ratio influence self‐reported state anxiety during a single slow diaphragmatic breathing exercise session. Eight hundred and twenty‐eight participants completed the study at two separate geographical locations (Poland and Spain). Participants performed a 10‐min online guided breathing exercise. Respiration rates were sampled from a continuous uniform distribution (ranging from 6 to 12 breaths/min). Similarly, inhalation/exhalation ratios were treated as continuous variables and sampled from a uniform distribution for each participant. An application programed for this experiment displayed visual and auditory cues adjusted for each participant. Before and after the breathing exercise, each participant filled in the Current Anxiety Level Measure questionnaire. Self‐trait anxiety was measured with the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale. A linear regression model showed that respiration rate, trait anxiety, pre‐test anxiety, and nationality (Polish/Spanish) were positively related to post‐test anxiety levels. Adding quadratic terms of respiration rate and inhalation/exhalation ratio did not improve model fit. Polish participants exhibited higher post‐test anxiety levels compared with the Spanish subsample. Age was negatively associated with post‐test anxiety. No significant relationships between inhalation/exhalation ratio and post‐test anxiety level were found. Slower respiration rates during a single‐session breathing exercise are linearly associated with lower post‐test anxiety levels in a large and varied sample. This study is the largest to date and may offer further guidance for predicting expected effect sizes for the relationships between anxiety and respiratory dynamics.
Facile Electrodeposition Method for Constructing Li2S as Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for High‐Performance Li Metal Anode
Authors: Choi Jong Chan , Hyun Da‐Eun , Choi Jae Hun , Ra Yejin , Kim Yoon Ho , Sim Jae Sol , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan
Published: October 2024

Designing current collectors and constructing efficient artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers are promising strategies for achieving dendrite‐free Li deposition and practical applications in Li metal batteries (LMBs). Electrodeposition is advantageous for large‐scale production and allows the direct formation of current collectors without binders, making them immediately usable as electrodes. In this study, an adherent Cu2S thin‐layer on Cu foil is synthesized through anodic electrodeposition from a Na2S solution in a one‐step process, followed by the generation of Li2S layers as artificial SEI layers via a conversion reaction (3DLi2S‐Cu foil). The Li2S layers move from the 3D Cu surface to the deposited Li surface, facilitating uniform and dense Li deposition. The 3DLi2S‐Cu foil structure demonstrates stable cycling performance over 350 cycles in an asymmetric cell, with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2. Moreover, symmetric cells with 5 mAh cm−2 of deposited Li exhibit a stable cycle life for over 1200 h. When paired with commercial LiFePO4 (LFP), the full cells show substantially enhanced cyclability, regardless of the amount of deposited Li. This study provides new insights into the construction of artificial SEIs for facilitating commercial applications.
Magnetic‐induced isomerization of paramagnetic bridged azobenzene derivatives with conjugated alkyl chains
Authors: Zhang Bo , Fang Wenyu , Ge Jing , Yang Xiaoyu , Wang Shuo , Feng Yiyu , Feng Wei
Published: October 2024

Inducing a reversible structural transformation in organic photochromophores under the effect of a magnetic field is challenging owing to their poor magnetic properties. Compared with common azobenzene materials, bridged azobenzene materials exhibit a considerable potential for rapid trans‐cis isomerization induced by an external magnetic field because of the restricted torsion of N=N bonds during the transformation. Herein, we designed and synthesized pentenyl‐grafted bridged azobenzene (BA‐X5), hexenyl‐grafted bridged azobenzene (BA‐X6), and pentynyl‐grafted bridged azobenzene (BA‐Q5). Density functional theory calculations indicate that the activation energy for the trans‐cis transition of BA‐X5 and BA‐X6 is ~18.0 kcal/mol, which is 8.2% lower than that of BA‐Q5 (19.6 kcal/mol). The results obtained using EPR and a superconducting quantum interference device demonstrate that during the isomerization process, a net spin reduction of bridged azobenzene occurred because of the aggregation of the electron cloud toward the C−N bond, leading to a reduction in the paramagnetism of the materials. BA‐X5 and BA‐X6 exhibit a clear and rapid magnetically induced trans‐cis isomerization with short half‐lives, which are 10.4% and 16.9%, respectively, lower than those obtained under dark conditions. In contrast, the isomerization of BA‐Q5 under the effect of the same magnetic field does not change. Magnetically induced isomerization might be attributed to the combined effect of the magnetothermal effect, changes in the net spin density of the electron cloud, and regularity of molecular arrangement under the effect of the magnetic field. These results provide a basis for exploring the design and research of magnetically controlled azobenzene derivatives.
Low Hysteresis Vanadium Dioxide Integrated on Silicon Using Complementary Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor Compatible Oxide Buffer Layer
Authors: Sahoo Swayam Prakash , Bugnet Matthieu , Infante Ingrid Cañero , Pierron Victor , Méchin Laurence , Cervasio Rebecca , Hemme Pierre , Brubach Jean‐Blaise , Roy Pascale , Fréchette Luc G. , Lamirand Anne D. , Vilquin Bertrand
Published: October 2024

VO2 undergoes a metal‐insulator transition (MIT) at ≈70 °C, which induces large variations in its electrical and wavelength‐dependent optical properties. These features make VO2 a highly sought‐after compound for optical, thermal, and neuromorphic applications. To foster the development of VO2‐based devices for the microelectronic industry, it is also imperative to integrate VO2 on silicon. However, high lattice mismatch and the formation of silicates at the interface between VO2 and Si degrade the quality and functionality of VO2 films. Moreover, VO2's polymorphic nature and stable VO phases pose integration issues. To address these challenges, the MIT of VO2 thin films integrated on Si with a complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor‐compatible HfxZr1−xO2 (HZO) buffer layer is investigated. Using in situ high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction and synchrotron far‐infrared spectroscopy, combined with multiscale atomic and electronic structure characterizations, it is demonstrated that VO2 on the HZO buffer layer exhibits an unusually low thermal hysteresis of ≈4 °C. In these results, the influence of strain on M2 phase nucleation, which controls the hysteresis, is unraveled. Notably, the rate of phase transition is symmetric and does not change for the heating and cooling cycles, implying no incorporation of defects during cycling, and highlighting the potential of an HZO buffer layer for reliable operation of VO2‐based devices.
Light‐Based Juxtacrine Signaling Between Synthetic Cells
Authors: Moghimianavval Hossein , Loi Kyle J. , Hwang Sung‐Won , Bashirzadeh Yashar , Liu Allen P.
Published: October 2024

Cell signaling through direct physical cell–cell contacts plays vital roles in biology during development, angiogenesis, and immune response. Intercellular communication mechanisms between synthetic cells constructed from the bottom up are majorly reliant on diffusible chemical signals, thus limiting the range of responses in receiver cells. Engineering contact‐dependent signaling between synthetic cells promises to unlock more complicated signaling schemes with spatial responses. Herein, a light‐activated contact‐dependent communication scheme for synthetic cells is designed and demonstrated. A split luminescent protein is utilized to limit signal generation exclusively to contact interfaces of synthetic cells, driving the recruitment of a photoswitchable protein in receiver cells, akin to juxtacrine signaling in living cells. The modular design not only demonstrates contact‐dependent communication between synthetic cells but also provides a platform for engineering orthogonal contact‐dependent signaling mechanisms.
Determination and Quantification of Related Impurity Substances in Elvitegravir Drug Substance by Full Factorial Design Evaluated Liquid Chromatography Method
Authors: Srinilayam Rajasekharannair Jythesh Kumar , Rao Vandavasi Koteswara , Chintala Vaishnavi , Katari Naresh Kumar , Kowtharapu Leela Prasad
Published: October 2024

Herein, our work deals with developing a rapid, accurate, and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatographic technique with the application of quality by design (QbD) experimental tool to quantify Elvitegravir drug (Integrase inhibitors of antiretroviral drug) and its novel related impurities at low levels. Further, this unique method has been validated to prove its consistency. Separation of N‐methyl Elvitegravir (Impurity‐I), 2‐fluoro Elvitegravir (Impurity‐II), and Elvitegravir isopropyl ester (Impurity‐III) in Elvitegravir drug substance was executed by using Kinetex C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 µm) with water, acetonitrile, formic acid, and triethylamine (690:300:6:2, v/v/v/v/), mobile phase (MB‐A) and acetonitrile, formic acid and triethylamine (990:6:2, v/v/v), MB‐B. This developed analytical technique gave a well‐separated peak at the retention times of 9.126 min (Elvitegravir), 7.713 min (Impurity‐I), 7.972 min (Impurity‐II), and 8.548 min (Impurity‐III) adequate with the peak properties as per the United States Pharmacopeia guideline. The method's sensitivity and linearity are established by its detection and quantification limits at low levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The method's repeatability, specificity, and accuracy suggest that this developed technique is a reliable determination strategy for Elvitegravir drug substance and its related impurities (Impurity‐I, Impurity‐II, and Impurity‐III) in a simple, feasible, and affordable way.
High Specificity and Sensitivity Method for Quantitation of Anthocyanins by Precursor Ion Scan Using Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique
Authors: Singh Akanksha , Eilstein Joan , Pannakal Steve , Choudhury Ratnadeep Paul
Published: October 2024

Anthocyanins, primarily found in flowers, vegetables, and fruits, play a critical role in human and plant health. These polyphenolic pigments are predominantly found in plants in the form of glucosides linked to one or more sugar units and exhibit a broad range of structural diversity. This creates a complex spectrum of anthocyanins making it challenging to perform its absolute quantification in different plant matrices due to the lack of availability of all reference standards. More commonly today, anthocyanins are quantified by spectrophotometric methods, which is non‐specific quantification due to a lack of information on the anthocyanin classes present. In this study, a systematic approach has been proposed to address this challenge, utilizing liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry using precursor ion scan mode for high‐specificity identification and subsequent quantification of the anthocyanin classes. A method was developed for six anthocyanin classes and it was used to quantify anthocyanins in black carrot extract. The initial scan was conducted for all anthocyanin classes, followed by the quantification of the anthocyanin classes detected using the reference standard specific to that class. This approach has demonstrated that precursor ion scan mass spectrometry can serve as a valuable tool for the rapid identification and specific quantification of anthocyanin classes in plants.
Observational Causality Testing
Authors: Knaeble Brian , Osting Braxton , Tshiaba Placede
Published: October 2024

In prior work, we have introduced an asymptotic threshold of sufficient randomness for causal inference from observational data. In this paper, we extend that prior work in three main ways. First, we show how to empirically estimate a lower bound for the randomness from measures of concordance transported from studies of monozygotic twins. Second, we generalize our methodology for application on a finite population, and we introduce methods to implement finite population corrections. Third, we generalize our methodology in another direction by incorporating measured covariate data into the analysis. The first extension represents a proof of concept that observational causality testing is possible. The second and third extensions help to make observational causality testing more practical. As a theoretical and indirect consequence of the third extension, we formulate and introduce a novel criterion for covariate selection. We demonstrate our proposed methodology for observational causality testing with numerous example applications.
Performance of historical ferrocement specimens subjected to corrosive environments
Authors: Lenticchia Erica , Sorrentino Gerardo , Ceravolo Rosario , Tondolo Francesco
Published: October 2024

Ferrocement is a type of thin wall‐reinforced concrete composed of hydraulic cement mortar reinforced with several layers of steel wire mesh. The material is used as a low‐cost construction and retrofit solution and allows the creation of very thin elements. In the past, the material was also used to build some structural engineering masterpieces that currently face preservation challenges. Despite the use of the material, few studies have analyzed its durability with respect to corrosion and its evaluation for preservation purposes. The paper presents the results of a testing campaign on ferrocement replica specimens subjected to a corrosive environment. After an aggressive aging procedure, where the specimens are exposed to chloride ingress, the specimens are tested through a four‐point bending test to compare their performances. Results of the mechanical behavior are compared to the results from the half‐cell potential monitoring carried out during the aging process and optical microscope acquisitions regarding the cross‐sectional corrosion‐loss area in the wires. The aim is to assess the performance of historical ferrocement exposed to degradation due to corrosion; this can be useful in identifying the best procedures to protect and preserve it, as well as in evaluating its performance over time.