bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precision‐based approaches to delirium in critical illness: A narrative review
Authors: Ankravs Melissa J. , McKenzie Cathrine A. , Kenes Michael T.
Published: May 2023

Delirium occurs in critical illness and is associated with poor clinical outcomes, having a longstanding impact on survivors. Understanding the complexity of delirium in critical illness and its deleterious outcome has expanded since early reports. Delirium is a culmination of predisposing and precipitating risk factors that result in a transition to delirium. Known risks range from advanced age, frailty, medication exposure or withdrawal, sedation depth, and sepsis. Because of its multifactorial nature, different clinical phenotypes, and potential neurobiological causes, a precise approach to reducing delirium in critical illness requires a broad understanding of its complexity. Refinement in the categorization of delirium subtypes or phenotypes (i.e., psychomotor classifications) requires attention. Recent advances in the association of clinical phenotypes with clinical outcomes expand our understanding and highlight potentially modifiable targets. Several delirium biomarkers in critical care have been examined, with disrupted functional connectivity being precise in detecting delirium. Recent advances reinforce delirium as an acute, and partially modifiable, brain dysfunction, and place emphasis on the importance of mechanistic pathways including cholinergic activity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologic agents have been assessed in randomized controlled prevention and treatment trials, with a disappointing lack of efficacy. Antipsychotics remain widely used after “negative” trials, yet may have a role in specific subtypes. However, antipsychotics do not appear to improve clinical outcomes. Alpha‐2 agonists perhaps hold greater potential for current use and future investigation. The role of thiamine appears promising, yet requires evidence. Looking forward, clinical pharmacists should prioritize the mitigation of predisposing and precipitating risk factors as able. Future research is needed within individual delirium psychomotor subtypes and clinical phenotypes to identify modifiable targets that hold the potential to improve not only delirium duration and severity, but long‐term outcomes including cognitive impairment.
On the role of sodium and copper off‐stoichiometry in Cu (In,Ga)S2 for photovoltaic applications: Insights from the investigation of more than 500 samples
Authors: Choubrac Léo , Bertin Eugene , Pineau Fabien , Arzel Ludovic , Lepetit Thomas , Assmann Lionel , Aloui Thamer , Harel Sylvie , Barreau Nicolas
Published: May 2023

The present article discusses the investigation of CuIn1−xGaxS2 (CIGS) thin films for photovoltaic applications. For decades, a Cu‐rich composition has been used to create solar cells with efficiencies of up to 13.5%; however, interest in chalcopyrite sulfide has recently been revived due to its high and adjustable bandgap, making it a serious candidate as a top cell in tandem configurations. Although chalcopyrite selenides share many properties with CIGS thin films, crucial differences have been reported. To further understand these materials, we studied more than 500 samples of absorbers and resulting solar cells. First, we found that the compositional window for obtaining single‐phase CIGS thin films with a three‐stage co‐evaporation process is very narrow. Second, we reported that a combination of low copper content and sodium addition during growth is required to maximize the photoluminescence intensity (i.e., to minimize the absorber‐related open‐circuit voltage losses). Finally, we showed that solar cell performance and stability depend not only on absorber quality but also on phenomena at interfaces (absorber/buffer and grain boundaries). Altogether, we formulate growth recommendations for the manufacture of stable CIGS/CdS solar cells with state‐of‐the‐art efficiency.
Removal of a mixture of antibiotics in water using nonthermal plasma
Authors: Bilea Florin , Tian Tian , Magureanu Monica , Rabat Hervé , Antoissi Mohamed‐Ali , Aubry Olivier , Hong Dunpin
Published: May 2023

A dielectric barrier discharge with falling liquid film was used to degrade the antibiotics amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole in water. The antibiotic concentrations decrease exponentially during plasma treatment and have similar half‐life time, in the range 4–9 min. By increasing the discharge power (9.1–20.2 W), faster removal of the contaminants is obtained, but the energy efficiency remains almost the same, 3–4 g/kWh at 50%. Oxygen considerably improves the energy yield by a factor of two as compared with air, due to more effective formation of reactive oxygen species. It was found that the degradation of antibiotics in mixture essentially depends on the overall initial concentration, this behavior being attributed to the similar reactivity of the two investigated compounds.
Chronic lung disease in children due to SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia: Case series
Authors: Goussard Pierre , Venkatakrishna Shyam , Frigati Lisa , Janson Jacques , Schubert Pawel , Verster Janette , Gie Andre G. , Myburgh Chantelle , Parker Noor , Du Plooy Elri , Rhode Delano , Bekker Carien , Andronikou Savvas , Rabie Helena , van der Zalm Marieke M.
Published: May 2023

The reported prevalence of chronic lung disease (CLD) due to coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2)]) pneumonia with the severe acute respiratory syndrome in children is unknown and rarely reported in English literature. In contrast to most other respiratory viruses, children generally have less severe symptoms when infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Although only a minority of children with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection require hospitalization, severe cases have been reported. More severe SARS‐CoV‐2 respiratory disease in infants has been reported in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) compared to high‐income countries (HICs). We describe our experience of five cases of CLD in children due to SARS‐CoV‐2 collected between April 2020 and August 2022. We included children who had a history of a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen test or a positive antibody test in the serum. Three patterns of CLD related to SARS‐CoV‐2 were identified: (1) CLD in infants postventilation for severe pneumonia (n = 3); (2) small airway disease with bronchiolitis obliterans picture (n = 1) and (3) adolescent with adult‐like post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 disease (n = 1). Chest computerized tomography scans showed airspace disease and ground‐glass opacities involving both lungs with the development of coarse interstitial markings seen in four patients, reflecting the long‐term fibrotic consequences of diffuse alveolar damage that occur in children post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Children with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection mostly have mild symptoms with little to no long‐term sequelae, but the severe long‐term respiratory disease can develop.
Updating integrated mite management 50 years later: comparing laboratory pesticide susceptibility of a ‘new’ generalist predatory mite to a cornerstone specialist predator
Authors: Bergeron Paul E , Schmidt‐Jeffris Rebecca A
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Historically, integrated mite management in Washington apple orchards has focused on conservation of the predatory mite Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) to reduce secondary pest mite pressure. However, pesticide use has changed to include more selective products, coinciding with a shift in the predatory mite community composition to include a new major predator, Amblydromella caudiglans (Schuster). There is evidence that A. caudiglans is more pesticide sensitive than G. occidentalis. Therefore, updates to pesticide selectivity recommendations are needed to conserve this ‘new’ key predator. Using bioassays, we examined the lethal (female mortality) and sublethal effects (fecundity, egg hatch, larval survival) of 4 fungicides and 11 insecticides on A. caudiglans, to determine whether existing conservation recommendations can be applied to this predatory mite. Susceptibility was compared with prior research on G. occidentalis.

RESULTS

Mancozeb was the least selective fungicide tested on A. caudiglans; it caused high acute toxicity and sublethal effects. Carbaryl was the least selective insecticide and caused 100% mortality. Captan was the most selective fungicide. Chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole were the most selective insecticides and therefore least likely to disrupt biological control by A. caudiglans. Non‐target effects on A. caudiglans and G. occidentalis were similar, but A. caudiglans experienced higher mortality to some broad‐spectrum insecticides.

CONCLUSIONS

All the products tested had some non‐target effects on A. caudiglans. However, A. caudiglans sensitivity to most tested pesticides was similar to that of G. occidentalis. In general, existing spray recommendations for conserving G. occidentalis can be adjusted slightly and applied to A. caudiglans conservation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Metabolic engineering of a 1,8‐cineole synthase enhances aphid repellence and increases trichome density in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Xu Guoyun , Zheng Qingxia , Wei Pan , Zhang Jianfeng , Liu Pingping , Zhang Hui , Zhai Niu , Li Xiaoxu , Xu Xiangli , Chen Qiansi , Cao Peijian , Zhao Jian , Zhou Huina
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is a harmful agricultural pest that causes severe crop damage by directly feeding or indirectly vectoring viruses. 1,8‐cineole synthase (CINS) is a multiproduct enzyme that synthesizes monoterpenes, with 1,8‐cineole dominating the volatile organic compound profile. However, the relationship between aphid preference and CINS remains elusive.

RESULTS

Here, we present evidence that SoCINS, a protein from garden sage (Salvia officinalis), enhanced aphid repellence and increased trichome density in transgenic tobacco. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of SoCINS (SoCINS‐OE) led to the emission of 1,8‐cineole at a level of up to 181.5 ng per g fresh leaf. Subcellular localization assay showed that SoCINS localized to chloroplasts. A Y‐tube olfactometer assay and free‐choice assays revealed that SoCINS‐OE plants had a repellent effect on aphids, without incurring developmental or fecundity‐related penalties. Intriguingly, the SoCINS‐OE plants displayed an altered trichome morphology, showing increases in trichome density and in the relative proportion of glandular trichomes, as well as enlarged glandular cells. We also found that SoCINS‐OE plants had significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels than wild‐type plants. Furthermore, application of 1,8‐cineole elicited increased JA content and trichome density.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that SoCINS‐OE plants have a repellent effect on aphids, and suggest an apparent link between 1,8‐cineole, JA and trichome density. This study presents a viable and sustainable approach for aphid management by engineering the expression of 1,8‐cineole synthase gene in plants, and underscores the potential usefulness of monoterpene synthase for pest control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recombinant glutathione transferases from flufenacet‐resistant black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) form different flufenacet metabolites and differ in their interaction with pre‐ and post‐emergence herbicides
Authors: Parcharidou Evlampia , Dücker Rebecka , Zöllner Peter , Ries Susanne , Orru Roberto , Beffa Roland
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) has become a problematic weed in cereals in Europe. Besides resistance to post‐emergent herbicides becoming increasingly widespread, enhanced metabolism of inhibitors of the synthesis of very‐long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), such as flufenacet, is evolving. Yet, cross‐resistance patterns and evolution of this resistance remains poorly understood.

RESULTS

The cDNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) upregulated in flufenacet resistant black‐grass were identified and used for recombinant protein expression. Moderate to slow detoxification of flufenacet was verified for all candidate GSTs expressed in E. coli, and the most active protein produced flufenacet‐alcohol instead of a glutathione conjugate, in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH). Moreover, cross‐resistance to other VLCFA‐inhibitors e.g., acetochlor and pyroxasulfone and the ACCase inhibitor fenoxaprop was verified in vitro. Various other herbicides of different modes of action including VLCFA‐inhibitors were not detoxified by the candidate GSTs.

CONCLUSIONS

As several in planta upregulated GSTs detoxified flufenacet in vitro, the shift in sensitivity observed in black‐grass populations, is likely a result of an additive effect. The polygenic character and the relatively low turnover rate of the individual GSTs may explain the slow evolution of flufenacet resistance. In addition, flufenacet resistance was accompanied by cross‐resistance with some, but not all, herbicides of the same mode of action, and furthermore to the ACCase inhibitor fenoxaprop‐ethyl. Hence, not only the rotation of herbicide modes of action, but also of individual active ingredients is important for resistance management. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) has displaced Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) as the dominant maize pest in the border area of southwestern China
Authors: Song Yifei , Yang Xianming , Li Hui , Wu Kongming
Published: May 2023

Background

The invasive fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has widely colonized the tropics and subtropics of Asia. However, the impact on the succession of the Asiatic corn borer (ACB) Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a perennial dominant stemborer of maize in these areas, remains elusive. Here we analyzed the predation relationship, mimicked population competition, and surveyed the pest populations in the border area of Yunnan (southwestern China).

Results

Laboratory assays revealed that the 2nd to 6th instar larvae of FAW preyed on ACB, and only the 4th and 5th instar larvae of ACB preyed on FAW (1st instar larvae only, 50% predation rate). The 6th instar FAW preyed on the 1st to 5th instar ACB with a theoretical maximum of 14.5–58.8 ACB individuals (per maize leaf) and 4.8–25.6 individuals (per tassel). When maize plants were infested with eggs of either FAW or ACB in field cage trials, maize damage was 77.6% and 50.6%, respectively, compared with 77.9% and 2.8% upon co‐infestation. In field surveys conducted in 2019–2021, FAW density was significantly greater than that of ACB, which took a great impact on maize growth.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that FAW can outcompete ACB at both the individual and population levels, which may result in FAW becoming the dominant pest. These results provide a scientific basis for further analysis of the mechanism by which FAW invades new agricultural areas and offers early‐warning strategies for pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Stochastic approach for remaining fatigue life prediction considering parametric distributions
Authors: Ho Hsin Shen , Liu Shizhou , Zhang Erliang
Published: May 2023

In the present work, a stochastic framework, which combines the well‐recognized linear damage rule (LDR) and the uncertainty of material properties under constant amplitude loading, is proposed to improve the accuracy in prediction of remaining fatigue life. The uncertainty quantification approach based on parametric statistics is employed together with the Monte‐Carlo simulation method for modeling the randomness of remaining fatigue life. The impact of several commonly‐used parametric statistics is investigated, and the pertinent one is identified utilizing the Kullback‐Leibler divergence. The proposed framework is validated through the use of experimental fatigue life data under two‐step loading test.
Preferential behavior of Tribolodon hakonensis for fishways according to biological characteristics
Authors: Masumoto Taku , Nakai Masahiko , Asaeda Takashi , Rahman Mizanur
Published: May 2023

In 2012, the fishway in the Miyanaka Intake Dam in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, was reconstructed and divided into three fishways (ice‐harbor‐, stair‐, and rock‐ramp‐type) with different flow velocities and water depths. We conducted an adaptive monitoring survey in these fishways from 2012 to 2020, and 33 fish types were found, including migratory, swimming, small swimming, and benthic fishes. Many species displayed a preference for specific fishways. The run‐up for Tribolodon hakonensis was studied to determine the effects of physical parameters such as body length, rush speed for instantaneous swimming, water temperature, and presence/absence of nuptial coloration on fishway preference. T. hakonensis with nuptial coloration had greater body length and higher rush speeds than those without it. They also preferred the ice‐harbor fishway, whereas their shorter, uncolored counterparts preferred the stair and rock‐ramp alternatives. The environmental conditions selected by T. hakonensis changed according to their growth stage, as did fishway preference. Changes in fishway environmental conditions may have influenced the observed differences in fishway populations. It was thus confirmed that developing fishways with different flow velocities and water depths is effective in supporting the various life stages of T. hakonensis.
Information voids and cross‐border bandwagons of foreign direct investment into an emerging economy
Authors: Yang Jing Yu , Kim Minyoung , Li Jiatao , Lu Jane Wenzhen
Published: May 2023

Research Summary

This study examines cross‐border bandwagons of foreign direct investment (FDI), a mass FDI entry process, into an emerging economy by following global investors from multiple home countries. Complementing the frequency mechanism, we introduce a cohesion mechanism that can also drive cross‐border bandwagons of FDI. Drawing on the notion of information voids, we submit that the two mechanisms are based on different origins of information, and their relative effects vary depending on the extent of information voids in the host country. Analyzing a firm‐level data set of Japanese firms’ FDI entries into China between 1986 and 2000, we find a high level of information voids in the host country strengthens Japanese firms’ cohesion‐based cross‐border bandwagons of FDI, while suppressing their frequency‐based cross‐border bandwagons of FDI.

Managerial Summary

Cross‐border bandwagons of FDI into emerging economies have been a prominent phenomenon driving globalization in the past three decades. It is noteworthy that global investors from different countries contributed unequally to this process. This is because the information voids in an emerging economy create challenges for global investors to effectively source FDI bandwagon information from other countries, restricting the frequency mechanism in driving cross‐border bandwagons of FDI. In this article, we introduce a new cohesion mechanism in driving cross‐border bandwagons of FDI: an investor's international networks of FDIs. We then compare the relative effectiveness of the two mechanisms and find that the frequency mechanism weakens while the cohesion mechanism strengthens, when the level of information voids in a host country increases.
The role of networks and capabilities in the internationalization of SMEs in North Africa: The case of Egyptian SMEs
Authors: Aldibiki Amira , El Ebrashi Raghda
Published: May 2023

Executive Summary

This research studies the role of networks in the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging country; mediated by internationalization capabilities. Self‐administered surveys targeting 300 SMEs in Egypt were employed, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicated that nonbusiness institutional networks have a direct positive impact on Egyptian SMEs' international performance, while the direct relationship between interfirm networks and social networks with international growth showed insignificant results. Moreover, the mediating role of the internationalization capabilities showed significant results between the three types of networks and SMEs' international performance. This study is an original attempt to differentiate among the types of networks, and how each affect SMEs' international growth. Additionally, empirical evidence is provided for the role of networks in building SMEs' internationalization capabilities in an emerging country context, where research has received less attention.

This research aims to study the role of networks in the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging country. The research also investigates the mediating effect of internationalization capabilities; namely disruption and value‐adding capabilities in the internationalization process. This study is following a conclusive descriptive research design, utilizing a quantitative methodology using self‐administered surveys. Data were collected from 300 SMEs in Egypt from various industries. The results indicated that nonbusiness institutional networks have a direct positive impact on Egyptian SMEs' international performance. However, the direct impact of interfirm networks and social networks on SMEs' international performance showed insignificant results. Moreover, the mediating role of the internationalization capabilities, namely disruption capabilities and value‐adding capabilities, showed significant results; mediating the relationship between the three types of networks and SMEs' international performance. This study contributes to the networks theory as well as the dynamic capabilities theory, where we postulate that various types of networks support the development of specific capabilities crucial for firms' internationalization. The study is important for SME managers as it identifies the specific importance of business, social, and nonbusiness institutional networks to enhance SMEs' international performance in emerging countries. This study employed AMOS‐SPSS version 21 for data analysis.
Metabolomics of astaxanthin biosynthesis and corresponding regulation strategies in Phaffia rhodozyma
Authors: Yang Haoyi , Yang Liang , Du Xiping , He Ning , Jiang Zedong , Zhu Yanbing , Li Lijun , Ni Hui , Li Qingbiao , Li Zhipeng
Published: May 2023

Astaxanthin is a valuable carotenoid and is used as antioxidant and health care. Phaffia rhodozyma is a potential strain for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. The unclear metabolic characteristics of P. rhodozyma at different metabolic stages hinder astaxanthin's promotion. This study is conducted to investigate metabolite changes based on quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry metabolomics method. The results showed that the downregulation of purine, pyrimidine, amino acid synthesis, and glycolytic pathways contributed to astaxanthin biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the upregulation of lipid metabolites contributed to astaxanthin accumulation. Therefore, the regulation strategies were proposed based on this. The addition of sodium orthovanadate inhibited the amino acid pathway to increase astaxanthin concentration by 19.2%. And the addition of melatonin promoted lipid metabolism to increase the astaxanthin concentration by 30.3%. It further confirmed that inhibition of amino acid metabolism and promotion of lipid metabolism were beneficial for astaxanthin biosynthesis of P. rhodozyma. It is helpful in understanding metabolic pathways affecting astaxanthin of P. rhodozyma and provides regulatory strategies for metabolism.
Legitimizing and Enacting Contradictory Ideals: Squatting in Sweden in the 1980s
Authors: Polanska Dominika V.
Published: May 2023

Squatting in Sweden peaked in the 1980s. Stockholm and Gothenburg were the epicenters, among other smaller towns throughout the country. Researchers identified punk music, influences from abroad, anarchist ideas and the emergence of urban social movements as central to the increase in squatting during this decade. Only a fragmented picture of squatting events has been presented until now, however, often at the city level and during a limited period. This perspective fails to connect squatting actions across the country, and beyond its borders. Departing from the approach to squatting as a form of contentious repertoire, I will analyze how squatters negotiated and legitimized their actions, and in relation to different opponents. Special attention is given to the contradictions caused by different and sometimes contradictory ideals in the communication of the significance of squatting. Based on materials produced by the squatters and other secondary materials, this chapter explores the arenas of interactions, or fields where contentious actors interact within their own group or movement, or with the authorities and the police.
Human Rights Education and Human Rights in Central Asia
Authors: Mihr Anja
Published: May 2023

Human rights education (HRE) is at once a tool, the means, and a method to empower individuals in human rights. The 2011 United Nations (UN) Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training (HRET) encourages stakeholders and learners to disseminate information about human rights norms to equip people with knowledge and understanding, instruments, and mechanisms—and ultimately with skills. According to the HRET Declaration, educators and trainers aim to empower people by means of their awareness regarding the mutual benefits of human rights compliance. But for that to happen, people must not only understand human rights, but also believe in them as tools and mechanisms to solve problems and improve their living environment. Human rights are universally shared moral values, such as friendship, solidarity, fairness, respect, and trust. Human rights treaties and agreements set the written legal and political frameworks for these values. They encompass legally and politically binding instruments and mechanisms to implement and enforce human rights which apply worldwide. One vital human rights instrument is the UN International Bill of Human Rights. This covers ten core treaties and declarations of human rights, the majority of which have been signed, ratified, and recognized by all five Central Asian states—Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan—since their independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. However, the extent to which these universal norms can be taught and taken as benchmarks to empower individual citizens depends largely on the political regimes, the capability, and the willingness of governments. The latter establish the framework that would allow civil society organizations (CSOs) to train people and to report on human rights violations. Governments also determine the extent to which human rights are incorporated in formal education and school curricula. None of the Central Asian countries has a National Action Plan for HRE, as requested by the UN, but some allow CSOs to conduct informal training.
Overall Research Question
Authors: Whitehouse Marlies
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the overall research question as well as how it will be addressed and answered throughout the book.
Future Directions
Authors: Whitehouse Marlies
Published: May 2023

This chapter takes stock of the book from a research perspective. It discusses achievements, limitations, and future research.
Transdisciplinary Framework
Authors: Whitehouse Marlies
Published: May 2023

This chapter defines the transdisciplinary research framework in which this study has been realised. It also provides an overview of the transdisciplinary collaboration projects and the working definitions for the related key terms.
Research Architecture
Authors: Whitehouse Marlies
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the research architecture of this book and provides an overview of its stages and its content.
Approach Three: Process Perspective
Authors: Whitehouse Marlies
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the financial analysts’ writing process and the retail investors’ reader perspective. The results show how the financial analysts’ problems in the writing process relate to the text perception of the readers.
Cold Seep Macrofauna
Authors: Li Yi-Xuan , Sun Yanan , Lin Yi-Tao , Xu Ting , Ip Jack Chi Ho , Qiu Jian-Wen
Published: May 2023

In deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, macrofaunal diversity and distribution are determined by geochemical environments generated by fluid seepage. The South China Sea is located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean with a passive continental shelf, containing over 40 seep sites. In this chapter, we provide a summary of the macrofaunal diversity and distribution at two active hydrocarbon seeps, Haima cold seep and Site F, with updated information based on samples collected from recent cruises. There are at least 81 macrofaunal species from eight phyla, 14 classes, and 34 orders, highlighting their high diversity of the South China Sea. The two active seep regions share ten species, but their communities present different structures represented by mussel beds, clam beds, and clusters of two siboglinid tubeworms. The four community types all occur at Haima cold seep. The seep community at Site F, characterized by the co-dominance of the bathymodioline mussel Gigantidas platifrons and the squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, resembles the vent communities in the Okinawa Trough.
Critical collapse for the Starobinsky R2 model
Authors: Baez Yolbeiker Rodríguez
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We study gravitational collapse for the Starobinsky R2 model, a particular example of an f(r) theory, in a spherically symmetric spacetime. We add a massless scalar field as matter content to the spacetime. We work in the Einstein frame, where an additional scalar field arises due to the conformal transformation. As in general relativity, depending on the initial data, we found that the gravity scalar field and the physical scalar field can collapse, forming a black hole, in which the final solution is the Schwarzschild metric. We found the threshold of black hole formation through a fine-tuning method and studied critical collapse near this regime.
Constructible reality condition of pseudo entropy via pseudo-Hermiticity
Authors: Guo Wu-zhong , He Song , Zhang Yu-Xuan
Published: May 2023

Abstract

As a generalization of entanglement entropy, pseudo entropy is not always real. The real-valued pseudo entropy has promising applications in holography and quantum phase transition. We apply the notion of pseudo-Hermiticity to formulate the reality condition of pseudo entropy. We find the general form of the transition matrix for which the eigenvalues of the reduced transition matrix possess real or complex pairs of eigenvalues. Further, we find a class of transition matrices for which the pseudo (Rényi) entropies are non-negative. Some known examples which give real pseudo entropy in quantum field theories can be explained in our framework. Our results offer a novel method to generate the transition matrix with real pseudo entropy. Finally, we show the reality condition for pseudo entropy is related to the Tomita-Takesaki modular theory for quantum field theory.
Management of anterior cruciate ligament revision in adults: the 2022 ESSKA consensus part III—indications for different clinical scenarios using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method
Authors: Tischer Thomas , Andriolo Luca , Beaufils Philippe , Ahmad Sufian S. , Bait Corrado , Bonomo Marco , Cavaignac Etienne , Cristiani Riccardo , Feucht Matthias J. , Fiodorovas Markas , Grassi Alberto , Helmerhorst Gijs , Hoser Christian , Karahan Mustafa , Komnos George , Lagae Koen Carl , Madonna Vincenzo , Monaco Edoardo , Monllau Juan Carlos , Ollivier Matthieu , Ovaska Mikko , Petersen Wolf , Piontek Tomasz , Robinson James , Samuelsson Kristian , Scheffler Sven , Sonnery‐Cottet Bertrand , Filardo Giuseppe , Condello Vincenzo
Published: May 2023

Purpose

The aim of the ESSKA 2022 consensus Part III was to develop patient‐focused, contemporary, evidence‐based, guidelines on the indications for revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery (ACLRev).

Methods

The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM) was used to provide recommendations on the appropriateness of surgical treatment versus conservative treatment in different clinical scenarios based on current scientific evidence in conjunction with expert opinion. A core panel defined the clinical scenarios with a moderator and then guided a panel of 17 voting experts through the RAM tasks. Through a two‐step voting process, the panel established a consensus as to the appropriateness of ACLRev for each scenario based on a nine‐point Likert scale (in which a score in the range 1–3 was considered ‘inappropriate’, 4–6 ‘uncertain’, and 7–9 ‘appropriate’).

Results

The criteria used to define the scenarios were: age (18–35 years vs 36–50 years vs 51–60 years), sports activity and expectation (Tegner 0–3 vs 4–6 vs 7–10), instability symptoms (yes vs no), meniscus status (functional vs repairable vs non‐functional meniscus), and osteoarthritis (OA) (Kellgren–Lawrence [KL] grade 0–I–II vs grade III). Based on these variables, a set of 108 clinical scenarios was developed. ACLRev was considered appropriate in 58%, inappropriate in 12% (meaning conservative treatment is indicated), and uncertain in 30%. Experts considered ACLRev appropriate for patients with instability symptoms, aged ≤ 50 years, regardless of sports activity level, meniscus status, and OA grade. Results were much more controversial in patients without instability symptoms, while higher inappropriateness was related to scenarios with older age (51–60 years), low sporting expectation, non‐functional meniscus, and knee OA (KL III).

Conclusion

This expert consensus establishes guidelines as to the appropriateness of ACLRev based on defined criteria and provides a useful reference for clinical practice in determining treatment indications.

Level of evidence

II.
Local and multilinear noncommutative de Leeuw theorems
Authors: Caspers Martijn , Janssens Bas , Krishnaswamy-Usha Amudhan , Miaskiwskyi Lukas
Published: May 2023

Let $$\Gamma < G$$

Γ
<
G

be a discrete subgroup of a locally compact unimodular group G. Let $$m\in C_b(G)$$

m
∈

C
b

(
G
)

be a p-multiplier on G with $$1 \le p < \infty $$

1
≤
p
<
∞

and let $$T_{m}: L_p({\widehat{G}}) \rightarrow L_p({\widehat{G}})$$

T
m

:

L
p

(

G
^

)

→

L
p

(

G
^

)

be the corresponding Fourier multiplier. Similarly, let $$T_{m \vert _\Gamma }: L_p({\widehat{\Gamma }}) \rightarrow L_p({\widehat{\Gamma }})$$

T

m
|

Γ

:

L
p

(

Γ
^

)

→

L
p

(

Γ
^

)

be the Fourier multiplier associated to the restriction $$m|_{\Gamma }$$

m
|

Γ

of m to $$\Gamma $$
Γ
. We show that $$\begin{aligned} c( {{\,\textrm{supp}\,}}( m|_{\Gamma } ) ) \Vert T_{m \vert _\Gamma }: L_p({\widehat{\Gamma }}) \rightarrow L_p({\widehat{\Gamma }}) \Vert \le \Vert T_{m }: L_p({\widehat{G}}) \rightarrow L_p({\widehat{G}}) \Vert , \end{aligned}$$

c

(

supp

(
m

|
Γ

)

)

‖

T

m
|

Γ

:

L
p

(

Γ
^

)

→

L
p

(

Γ
^

)

‖
≤
‖

T
m

:

L
p

(

G
^

)

→

L
p

(

G
^

)

‖
,

for a specific constant $$0 \le c(U) \le 1$$

0
≤
c
(
U
)
≤
1

that is defined for every $$U \subseteq \Gamma $$

U
⊆
Γ

. The function c quantifies the failure of G to admit small almost $$\Gamma $$
Γ
-invariant neighbourhoods and can be determined explicitly in concrete cases. In particular, $$c(\Gamma ) =1$$

c
(
Γ
)
=
1

when G has small almost $$\Gamma $$
Γ
-invariant neighbourhoods. Our result thus extends the de Leeuw restriction theorem from Caspers et al. (Forum Math Sigma 3(e21):59, 2015) as well as de Leeuw’s classical theorem (Ann Math 81(2):364–379, 1965). For real reductive Lie groups G we provide an explicit lower bound for c in terms of the maximal dimension d of a nilpotent orbit in the adjoint representation. We show that $$c(B_\rho ^G) \ge \rho ^{-d/4}$$

c

(

B
ρ
G

)

≥

ρ

-
d
/
4

where $$B_\rho ^G$$

B
ρ
G

is the ball of $$g\in G$$

g
∈
G

with $$\Vert {{\,\textrm{Ad}\,}}_g \Vert < \rho $$

‖

Ad

g

‖
<
ρ

. We further prove several results for multilinear Fourier multipliers. Most significantly, we prove a multilinear de Leeuw restriction theorem for pairs $$\Gamma <G$$

Γ
<
G

with $$c(\Gamma ) = 1$$

c
(
Γ
)
=
1

. We also obtain multilinear versions of the lattice approximation theorem, the compactification theorem and the periodization theorem. Consequently, we are able to provide the first examples of bilinear multipliers on nonabelian groups.
The comparative effectiveness of metformin and risperidone in a rat model of valproic acid-induced autism, Potential role for enhanced autophagy
Authors: Atia Amany AA , Ashour Rehab H , Zaki Marwa MAF , Rahman Karawan MA , Ramadan Nehal M
Published: May 2023

Rationale

Risperidone is the first antipsychotic to be approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The potential efficacy of metformin in preventing and/or controlling ASD behavioral deficits was also recently reported. Suppression of hippocampus autophagy was suggested as a potential pathologic mechanism in ASD.

Objectives

Is metformin’s ability to improve ASD clinical phenotype driven by its autophagy-enhancing properties? And does hippocampus autophagy enhancement underlie risperidone’s efficacy as well? Both questions are yet to be answered.

Methods

The effectiveness of metformin on alleviation of ASD-like behavioral deficits in adolescent rats exposed prenatally to valproic acid (VPA) was compared to that of risperidone. The potential modulatory effects of risperidone on hippocampal autophagic activity were also assessed and compared to those of metformin.

Results

Male offspring exposed to VPA during gestation exhibited marked anxiety, social impairment and aggravation of stereotyped grooming; such deficits were efficiently rescued by postnatal risperidone or metformin therapy. This autistic phenotype was associated with suppressed hippocampal autophagy; as evidenced by reduced gene/dendritic protein expression of LC3B (microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3B) and increased somatic P62 (Sequestosome 1) protein aggregates. Interestingly, compared to risperidone, the effectiveness of metformin in controlling ASD symptoms and improving hippocampal neuronal survival was well correlated to its ability to markedly induce pyramidal neuronal LC3B expression while lowering P62 accumulation.

Conclusions

Our work highlights, for the first time, positive modulation of hippocampus autophagy as potential mechanism underlying improvements in autistic behaviors, observed with metformin, as well as risperidone, therapy.
CkP1 bacteriophage, a S16-like myovirus that recognizes Citrobacter koseri lipopolysaccharide through its long tail fibers
Authors: Oliveira Hugo , Santos Sílvio , Pires Diana P. , Boeckaerts Dimitri , Pinto Graça , Domingues Rita , Otero Jennifer , Briers Yves , Lavigne Rob , Schmelcher Mathias , Dötsch Andreas , Azeredo Joana
Published: May 2023

Citrobacter koseri is an emerging Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, which causes urinary tract infections. We isolated and characterized a novel S16-like myovirus CKP1 (vB_CkoM_CkP1), infecting C. koseri. CkP1 has a host range covering the whole C. koseri species, i.e., all strains that were tested, but does not infect other species. Its linear 168,463-bp genome contains 291 coding sequences, sharing sequence similarity with the Salmonella phage S16. Based on surface plasmon resonance and recombinant green florescence protein fusions, the tail fiber (gp267) was shown to decorate C. koseri cells, binding with a nanomolar affinity, without the need of accessory proteins. Both phage and the tail fiber specifically bind to bacterial cells by the lipopolysaccharide polymer. We further demonstrate that CkP1 is highly stable towards different environmental conditions of pH and temperatures and is able to control C. koseri cells in urine samples. Altogether, CkP1 features optimal in vitro characteristics to be used both as a control and detection agent towards drug-resistant C. koseri infections.

Key points

• CkP1 infects all C. koseri strains tested

• CkP1 recognizes C. koseri lipopolysaccharide through its long tail fiber

• Both phage CkP1 and its tail fiber can be used to treat or detect C. koseri pathogens
Inference on autoregulation in gene expression with variance-to-mean ratio
Authors: Wang Yue , He Siqi
Published: May 2023

Some genes can promote or repress their own expressions, which is called autoregulation. Although gene regulation is a central topic in biology, autoregulation is much less studied. In general, it is extremely difficult to determine the existence of autoregulation with direct biochemical approaches. Nevertheless, some papers have observed that certain types of autoregulations are linked to noise levels in gene expression. We generalize these results by two propositions on discrete-state continuous-time Markov chains. These two propositions form a simple but robust method to infer the existence of autoregulation from gene expression data. This method only needs to compare the mean and variance of the gene expression level. Compared to other methods for inferring autoregulation, our method only requires non-interventional one-time data, and does not need to estimate parameters. Besides, our method has few restrictions on the model. We apply this method to four groups of experimental data and find some genes that might have autoregulation. Some inferred autoregulations have been verified by experiments or other theoretical works.
Cost-effectiveness of an urinary biomarker panel in combination with MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Govers Tim M. , Resnick Matthew J , Rastinehad Ardeshir R. , Caba Laura , Groskopf Jack , van Criekinge Wim
Published: May 2023

Purpose

The health impact and cost-effectiveness of the biomarker test SelectMDx were evaluated when used in combination with MRI, in two US populations: biopsy naïve men and men with a previous negative biopsy.

Methods

Using a decision model, the current MRI strategy was compared with two SelectMDx strategies: SelectMDx used before MRI to select men for MRI and SelectMDx used after a negative MRI to select men for biopsy. Parameters were informed by the literature most relevant for both populations. Differences in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs between the current strategy and the SelectMDx strategies were calculated using two different assumptions regarding PCa-specific mortality (SPCG-4 and PIVOT).

Results

In biopsy naïve men, the use of SelectMDx before MRI results in a gain of 0.004 QALY per patient under the SPCG-4 scenario, and a gain of 0.030 QALY under the PIVOT scenario. The cost savings are $1650 per patient. When used after MRI, SelectMDx results in a QALY gain per patient of 0.004 (SPCG-4), and 0.006 (PIVOT) with $262 in cost savings.

In the previous negative population, SelectMDx before MRI results in a QALY gain of 0.006 (SPCG-4) and 0.022 (PIVOT), with $1281 in cost savings per patient. SelectMDx after MRI results in a QALY gain of 0.003 (SPCG-4) and 0.004 (PIVOT) with $193 in cost savings.

Conclusion

Application of SelectMDx results in better health outcomes and cost savings. The value of SelectMDx was highest when used before MRI to select patients for MRI and subsequent biopsy.
Average and extreme heatwaves in Europe at 0.5–2.0 °C global warming levels in CMIP6 model simulations
Authors: Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Jylhä Kirsti
Published: May 2023

European heatwaves at the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 $$^\circ$$

∘

C global warming levels above the pre-industrial temperature are examined using bias-corrected daily-mean temperature data from 60 simulations performed with 25 global climate models (GCMs). A heatwave event is defined here to consist of at least three consecutive days above the 90th percentile of summer daily-mean temperatures and a break of 1 day is allowed. At the 2.0 $$^\circ$$

∘

C global warming level compared with 0.5 $$^\circ$$

∘

C, the multi-GCM mean annual count of heatwave days is projected to be three to fourfold in northern and more than sixfold in southern Europe. The total annual heatwave extremity index, or the sum of exceedings above the threshold temperature over all the heatwave days, becomes approximatively fourfold in the north and tenfold in the south. In central Europe, the date of the strongest heatwave of year is delayed by about 1 week. By concatenating the bias-corrected output data of all the GCM runs, 1200-year samples were created from which probabilities of occurrence of the strongest heatwaves can be determined very robustly under all four warming levels. An intense heatwave occurring once in 10 years at the 0.5 $$^\circ$$

∘

C warming level has an annual probability of about 50% in northern and 80–90% in southern Europe under 2.0 $$^\circ$$

∘

C. Corresponding probabilities for 100-year heatwaves would be nearly 20% in the north and about 60% in the south. Finally, we discuss factors that explain the stronger increase in heatwave duration and extremity in the south than north.
Sexual dimorphism in bidirectional SR-mitochondria crosstalk in ventricular cardiomyocytes
Authors: Clements Richard T. , Terentyeva Radmila , Hamilton Shanna , Janssen Paul M. L. , Roder Karim , Martin Benjamin Y. , Perger Fruzsina , Schneider Timothy , Nichtova Zuzana , Das Anindhya S. , Veress Roland , Lee Beth S. , Kim Do-Gyoon , Koren Gideon , Stratton Matthew S. , Csordas Gyorgy , Accornero Federica , Belevych Andriy E. , Gyorke Sandor , Terentyev Dmitry
Published: May 2023

Calcium transfer into the mitochondrial matrix during sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release is essential to boost energy production in ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCMs) and match increased metabolic demand. Mitochondria from female hearts exhibit lower mito-[Ca2+] and produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to males, without change in respiration capacity. We hypothesized that in female VCMs, more efficient electron transport chain (ETC) organization into supercomplexes offsets the deficit in mito-Ca2+ accumulation, thereby reducing ROS production and stress-induced intracellular Ca2+ mishandling. Experiments using mitochondria-targeted biosensors confirmed lower mito-ROS and mito-[Ca2+] in female rat VCMs challenged with β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol compared to males. Biochemical studies revealed decreased mitochondria Ca2+ uniporter expression and increased supercomplex assembly in rat and human female ventricular tissues vs male. Importantly, western blot analysis showed higher expression levels of COX7RP, an estrogen-dependent supercomplex assembly factor in female heart tissues vs males. Furthermore, COX7RP was decreased in hearts from aged and ovariectomized female rats. COX7RP overexpression in male VCMs increased mitochondrial supercomplexes, reduced mito-ROS and spontaneous SR Ca2+ release in response to ISO. Conversely, shRNA-mediated knockdown of COX7RP in female VCMs reduced supercomplexes and increased mito-ROS, promoting intracellular Ca2+ mishandling. Compared to males, mitochondria in female VCMs exhibit higher ETC subunit incorporation into supercomplexes, supporting more efficient electron transport. Such organization coupled to lower levels of mito-[Ca2+] limits mito-ROS under stress conditions and lowers propensity to pro-arrhythmic spontaneous SR Ca2+ release. We conclude that sexual dimorphism in mito-Ca2+ handling and ETC organization may contribute to cardioprotection in healthy premenopausal females.