bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freight car dispatching with generalized flows
Authors: Engels Birgit , Schrader Rainer
Published: February 2015

In the freight car dispatching problem, empty freight cars have to be assigned to known demands respecting a given time horizon and certain constraints. The goal is to minimize the resulting transportation costs. One of the constraints is that customers can specify the type of cars they want. It is possible, however, that cars of certain types can be substituted by other cars, either in a 1‐to‐1 fashion or at different exchange rates. We show that these substitutions make the dispatching problem hard to solve and hard to approximate. We model the dispatching problem as an integral generalized transportation problem on a bipartite graph. Using rounding techniques, the LP‐relaxation can be transformed to a transportation schedule violating some of the constraints slightly. Under an additional assumption on the cost function, we fix this violation and derive a 4‐approximation of the problem. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 66(1), 33–39 2015
Evaluating Fine Motor Coordination in Children Who Are Not Ready for Handwriting: Which Test Should We Take?
Authors: de Vries Liesbeth , van Hartingsveldt Margo J. , Cup Edith H. C. , Nijhuis‐van der Sanden Maria W. G. , de Groot Imelda J. M.
Published: February 2015

When children are not ready to write, assessment of fine motor coordination may be indicated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate which fine motor test, the Nine‐Hole Peg Test (9‐HPT) or the newly developed Timed Test of In‐Hand Manipulation (Timed‐TIHM), correlates best with handwriting readiness as measured by the Writing Readiness Inventory Tool In Context‐Task Performance (WRITIC‐TP). From the 119 participating children, 43 were poor performers. Convergent validity of the 9‐HPT and Timed‐TIHM with WRITIC‐TP was determined, and test‐retest reliability of the Timed‐TIHM was examined in 59 children. The results showed that correlations of the 9‐HPT and Timed‐TIHM with the WRITIC‐TP were similar (rs = −0.40). The 9‐HPT and the complex rotation subtask of the Timed‐TIHM had a low correlation with the WRITIC‐TP in poor performers (rs = −0.30 and −0.32 respectively). Test‐retest reliability of the Timed‐TIHM was significant (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.71). Neither of these two fine motor tests is appeared superior. They both relate to different aspects of fine motor performance. One of the limitations of the methodology was unequal numbers of children in subgroups. It is recommended that further research is indicated to evaluate the relation between development of fine motor coordination and handwriting proficiency, on the Timed‐TIHM in different age groups. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Na‐induced efficiency boost for Se‐deficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Hao , Su Yue‐Shun , Wei Shih‐Yuan , Chen Chia‐Hsiang , Ho Wei‐Hao , Chang Chuan , Wu Yan‐Huie , Lin Chun‐Jun , Lai Chih‐Huang
Published: February 2015

Among different process routes for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells, sufficient Se supply is commonly required to obtain high‐quality CIGS films. However, supplying extra Se increases the cost and the complexity. In this work, we demonstrate that extra Na incorporation can substantially increase efficiency of Se‐deficient CIGS solar cells, fabricated by sputtering from a quaternary CIGS target without extra Se supply, from 1.5% to 11.0%. The Se‐deficient CIGS device without extra NaF reveals a roll‐over I–V curve at room temperature as well as significantly reduced Jsc and fill factor at low temperatures. The electrical characteristics of Se‐deficient CIGS films are well explained and modeled by the low p‐type doping due to high density of compensating donors and the presence of deep defects possibly originating from the anti‐bonding levels of Se vacancies. The significant improvement after extra Na incorporation is attributable to the Na‐induced passivation of Se vacancies and the increased p‐type doping. Our result suggests that extra Na addition can effectively compensate the Se deficiency in CIGS films, which provides a valuable tuning knob for compositional tolerance of absorbers, especially for the Se‐deficient CIGS films. We believe that our findings can shine light on the development of novel CIGS processes, distinct from previous ones fabricated in Se‐rich atmosphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical and electrical characteristics of high‐efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple‐junction solar cell incorporated with InGaAs/GaAs QD layers in the middle cell
Authors: Ho Wen‐Jeng , Lee Yi‐Yu , Yang Guo‐Chang , Chang Chia‐Ming
Published: February 2015

This study presents high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple‐junction (3‐J) solar cells incorporated in the middle cell with layers of InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition to achieve 33.5% conversion efficiency (η) under one‐sun AM 1.5 G illumination. We investigated the epitaxial structure and optical and electrical properties of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge 3‐J solar cells with and without layers of QDs. We then measured X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), optical reflectance, dark and photovoltaic current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, external quantum efficiency (EQE) response, and capacitance–voltage (C–V) as a function of frequency under dark and illuminated conditions at room temperature. The use of 50 pairs of In0.7Ga0.3As (QD)/GaAs (Barrier) QD structure produced an impressive 35% enhancement in EQE at wavelengths of 900–930 nm. This resulted in a short‐circuit current density of 15.43 mA/cm2, an open‐circuit voltage of 2.54 V, a fill factor of 84.7%, and a η of 33.5%. The 3‐J cell with the proposed layers of QDs also demonstrated a 1.0% absolute gain in efficiency compared with a reference cell without QDs. Our XRD, PL, and C–V results revealed that highly stacked InGaAs/GaAs QD layers of high quality can be grown with very little degradation in crystal quality and without the need for strain compensation techniques. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of 5‐substituted‐1H,3H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole 2,2‐dioxides (5‐substituted benzosulfamides): kinetic behavior and mechanistic interpretations
Authors: Gediz Erturk Aliye , Bekdemir Yunus
Published: February 2015

The acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of a series of 5‐substituted‐1H,3H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole 2,2‐dioxides has been investigated in aqueous solutions of sulfuric, perchloric, and hydrochloric acid at 85.0 ± 0.05 °C. Analysis of the kinetic data by the excess acidity method, Arrhenius parameters, the order of the catalytic effects of strong acids, the kinetic deuterium isotope effect, and the substituent effect have indicated that the hydrolysis of 5‐substituted benzosulfamides 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d occur with a mechanistic switchover from A2 to A1 in the studied range: an A2 mechanism in low acidity regions and an A1 mechanism in high acid concentrations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of insulating–insulating monoclinic structural transition in macro‐sized VO2 single crystals [Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5, No. 3, R107–R109 (2011)]
Authors: Mun Bongjin Simon , Chen Kai , Leem Youngchul , Dejoie Catherine , Tamura Nobumichi , Kunz Martin , Liu Zhi , Grass Michael E. , Park Changwoo , Yoon Joonseok , Lee Y. Yvette , Ju Honglyoul
Published: February 2015

In our article, we reported the observation of monoclinic M2 to M1 structural phase transition in VO2 single crystal near the temperature of ∼49 °C. However, the re‐examination of Laue patterns reveals that previously defined monoclinic M1 and M2 phases can be interpreted as monoclinic M2 and triclinic T phases instead. Careful experimental geometry calibration and further refinement of the lattice parameter ratios and angles show that monoclinic M2 and triclinic T phases fit better with the experimental data. On the other hand, our previous misidentification of the insulating phases does NOT affect the conclusions of our article. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seaweed polysaccharides and their potential biomedical applications
Authors: Venkatesan Jayachandran , Lowe Baboucarr , Anil Sukumaran , Manivasagan Panchanathan , Kheraif Abdulaziz A Al , Kang Kyong‐Hwa , Kim Se‐Kwon
Published: February 2015

Over the past two decades numerous studies have been reported on seaweeds‐derived polysaccharides for biomedical and biological applications (tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensor). Alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, and ulvan are widely used marine derived polysaccharides for biological and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and availability. The gel forming property of alginate has increased its applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery as an extracellular matrix and delivery vehicle, respectively. Other sulfated polysaccharides such as carrageenan and fucoidan show promising application in tissue engineering due to their capacity of inducing important osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation in stem cells. In this review, we explained the extraction/isolation methods and applications of these seaweed derived polysaccharides as well as their roles in therapeutics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
The effect of octenylsuccinylation on morphological, rheological, and in vitro digestibility properties ofCanna edulisKer starch
Authors: Lan Xiaohong , Huang Bichen , Wu Jinhong , Wang Zhengwu
Published: February 2015

Canna edulisKer (canna) starch was modified in aqueous slurry systems with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and the effect of four major reaction parameters (concentration of starch slurry (%), reaction time (h), reaction temperature (°C), and pH) on the degree of substitution (DS) were evaluated by both single‐factor and response surface methodology (RSM) methods. Octenylsuccinylation‐induced changes in morphological, rheological, andin vitrodigestibility properties were also examined. The RSM results indicated that the optimal conditions for the preparation of OSAcannastarch (DS = 0.0121) was 35% (w/v) starch concentration at pH 8.0, reacted at 35°C for 3.5 h, and the highest RS content obtained was 52.2%. Light microscopy revealed that octenylsuccinylation did not cause remarkable morphological changes as indicated by clear birefringence under polarized light. In conclusion, though octenylsuccinylation was a surface esterification, OSA‐modification increased the viscosity ofcannastarch dramatically. However, increased DS did not further improve the viscosity of OSAcannastarch, possibly due to high amounts of RS.
Combined analysis of enamelled and gilded glassware from Frederick II Castle at Melfi (Italy) to identify technology and raw materials
Authors: Caggiani Maria Cristina , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Guascito Maria Rachele , Acquafredda Pasquale , Laviano Rocco , Giannossa Lorena Carla , Mutino Sabrina , Mangone Annarosa
Published: February 2015

A group of enamelled and gilded glass objects, coming from Melfi Castle (PZ ‐ Italy) from an area dated to the period between the end of the 12th and the last quarter of the 13th century, offered the opportunity to closely investigate this technology with the aim of understanding the raw materials and the procedures employed to realize the objects and their precious decorations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to observe and analyze the glass, the enamels, the gildings and their mutual relations. The bulk of the objects resulted a soda‐lime glass, while the enamels are lead‐based ‘soft’ enamels or soda‐lime glass; the palette of pigments employed to obtain their colours included iron III oxide and minium for red, lazurite and/or cobalt for blue, lead–tin–antimony pyrochlore solid solution oxide (yellow) plus cobalt for green, manganese oxides for black and calcium phosphate for white. Results obtained for gilding, in particular stratigraphy and morphology, suggest the use of the so called ‘liquid gold’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tellurium Sulfates from Reactions in Oleum and Sulfur Trioxide: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of TeO(SO4), Te4O3(SO4)5, and Te(S2O7)2
Authors: Logemann Christian , Bruns Jörn , Schindler Lisa Verena , Zimmermann Vanessa , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: February 2015

The reaction of K2TeO4 with fuming sulfuric acid (65 % SO3) in sealed glass ampoules at 250 °C led to colorless single crystals of TeO(SO4) [triclinic, P$\bar{1}$, Z = 8, a = 819.89(3) pm, b = 836.95(4) pm, c = 1179.12(5) pm, α = 82.820(2)°, β = 70.645(2)°, γ = 81.897(2)°, V = 753.11(6) × 106 pm3]. A horseshoe type [Te4O3] fragment is the basic motif in the layer structure of the compound. The [Te4O3] moieties are linked to infinite chains by further oxide ions. Monomeric [Te4O3] horseshoes are found in the crystal structure of Te4O3(SO4)5 [trigonal, P3221, Z = 3, a = 859.05(2) pm, c = 2230.66(7) pm, V = 1425.61(6) × 106 pm3], which was obtained from TeO2 and fuming sulfuric acid (65 % SO3) at 200 °C as colorless single crystals. By switching to neat SO3 as reaction medium colorless crystals of Te(S2O7)2 [P21/n, Z = 4, a = 1065.25(3) pm, b = 818.50(2) pm, c = 1206.27(3) pm, β = 102.097(1)°, V = 1028.40(5) × 106 pm3] form when ortho‐telluric acid, H6TeO6, is used as the tellurium source. The compound was reported previously, however, obviously with a wrong crystallographic description. In the crystal structure the tellurium atoms are coordinated by two chelating disulfate ions. Further Te–O contacts link the [Te(S2O7)2] units to an extended network.
A representation theorem for the circular inclusion problem
Authors: Ogbonna Nkem
Published: February 2015

A representation theorem is obtained for an arbitrarily loaded elastic bimaterial solid consisting of an infinite plane containing a circular inhomogeneity. The elastic image method is used for the analysis. The theorem expresses the Airy stress functions that generate the elastic fields for the composite solid explicitly in terms of the Airy stress function for the corresponding homogeneous infinite solid. It shows that if the solution for the homogeneous infinite solid is available, then the solutions for the corresponding bimaterial solid can be deduced by the process of differentiation and integration. The result could provide the important advantage of economy of effort in the determination of the elastic fields for composite planes with circular interfaces.
A strain‐softening bar revisited
Authors: Gavrilov Serge N. , Shishkina Ekaterina V.
Published: February 2015

We revisit, from the standpoint of the modern theory of phase transitions, the classical problem on stretching of a strain‐softening bar, considered earlier by Bažant, Belytschko et al. The known solution is singular and predicts localization of deformations at a single point (an interval with zero length) of the bar. We use the model of a phase transforming bar with trilinear stress‐strain relation and analytically consider the particular limiting case where the stiffness of a new phase inclusion in the phase‐transforming bar is much less than the stiffness of the initial phase. This allows us to construct a regular solution, which converges to the known singular solution in the limiting case of zero new phase stiffness.
The effect of physical activity on depression in adolescence and emerging adulthood: A growth‐curve analysis☆
Authors: McPhie Meghan L. , Rawana Jennine S.
Published: February 2015

This study examined the influence of physical activity on the trajectory of depression from adolescence through emerging adulthood (EA). Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Waves I to IV), latent growth curve modeling was performed to assess how physical activity and gender influenced depression across adolescence and EA. Higher levels of physical activity in mid‐adolescence were associated with lower levels of depression during mid‐adolescence and slower inclines and declines in depression over time. Boys had lower levels of depression in mid‐adolescence and slower inclines and declines in depression over time compared to girls. Findings provide evidence that current theories on understanding depression and mental health prevention programs may be enhanced by the inclusion of physical activity.
Prenatal exposure to a novel antipsychotic quetiapine: Impact on neuro‐architecture, apoptotic neurodegeneration in fetal hippocampus and cognitive impairment in young rats
Authors: Singh K.P. , Tripathi Nidhi
Published: February 2015

Reports on prenatal exposure to some of the first generation antipsychotic drugs like, haloperidol, their effects on fetal neurotoxicity and functional impairments in the offspring, are well documented. But studies on in utero exposure to second generation antipsychotics, especially quetiapine, and its effects on fetal neurotoxicity, apoptotic neurodegeneration, postnatal developmental delay and neurobehavioral consequences are lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of prenatal administration to equivalent therapeutic doses of quetiapine on neuro‐architectural abnormalities, neurohistopathological changes, apoptotic neurodegeneration in fetal hippocampus, and postnatal development and growth as well as its long‐lasting imprint on cognitive impairment in young–adult offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 24) were exposed to selected doses (55 mg, 80 mg and 100 mg/kg) of quetiapine, equivalent to human therapeutic doses, from gestation day 6 to 21 orally with control subjects. Half of the pregnant subjects of each group were sacrificed at gestation day 21 for histopathological, confocal and electron microscopic studies and rest of the dams were allowed to deliver naturally. Their pups were reared postnatally up to 10 weeks of age for neurobehavioral observations. In quetiapine treated groups, there was significant alterations in total and differential thickness of three typical layers of hippocampus associated with neuronal cells deficit and enhanced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the CA1 area of fetal hippocampus. Prenatally drug treated rat offspring displayed post‐natal developmental delay till postnatal day 70, and these young–adult rats displayed cognitive impairment in Morris water maze and passive avoidance regimes as long‐lasting impact of the drug. Therefore, quetiapine should be used with cautions considering its developmental neurotoxicological and neurobehavioral potential in animal model, rat.
Three Cases of Severe Hyponatremia During a River Run in Grand Canyon National Park
Authors: Pearce Emily A. , Myers Thomas M. , Hoffman Martin D.
Published: February 2015

We present 3 cases of severe hyponatremia occurring on a commercially guided river rafting trip on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. All 3 women appeared to have been overhydrating because of concern about dehydration and required evacuation within 24 hours of each other after the staggered onset of symptoms, which included fatigue and emesis progressing to disorientation or seizure. Each was initially transferred to the nearest hospital and ultimately required intensive care. Imaging and laboratory data indicated all 3 patients had hypervolemic hyponatremia. Unlike the well-documented exercise-associated hyponatremia cases commonly occurring in prolonged endurance athletic events, these 3 unique cases of acute hyponatremia were not associated with significant exercise. The cases illustrate the diagnostic and treatment challenges related to acute hyponatremia in an austere setting, and underscore the importance of preventive measures focused on avoidance of overhydration out of concern for dehydration.
Major controls on architecture, sequence stratigraphy and paleosols of middle Pleistocene continental sediments ("Qc Unit"), eastern central Italy
Authors: Di Celma Claudio , Pieruccini Pierluigi , Farabollini Piero
Published: February 2015

Middle Pleistocene continental sediments in central Italy ("Qc Unit") record the oldest fluvial accumulation along the uplifting margin of the Peri-Adriatic basin. The architecture of the sediment body can be divided into two unconformity-bounded, fining-upward cycles interpreted as genetically related depositional sequences. These sequences highlight the systematic adjustment of the fluvial system to changes in the ratio between accommodation space and sediment supply (A/S ratio) and from base to top, comprise the following surfaces and stratal components: (i) a regionally correlative sequence boundary resulting from an A/S ratio ≤ 0; (ii) a low-accommodation systems tract characterized by conglomerate-rich, amalgamated channel fills and recording an A/S ratio < 1; (iii) an expansion surface marking the turnaround point from low-accommodation systems tract to high-accommodation systems tract deposits; (iv) a high-accommodation systems tract dominated by floodplain fines encasing lens-like, fluvial channel deposits and denoting an A/S ratio > 1; and (v) a mature red argillic paleosol. To constrain the climatic signal for paleosols formation, the two sequence-capping mature paleosols have been investigated. The results of these studies suggest that they were developed under humid and warm climatic conditions associated with interglacial phases, which have been correlatively attributed to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 11 and 9.
Sense and Simplicity in Legal and Human Rights Co-Operation: A Case Study of Indonesia
Authors: COLBRAN Nicola
Published: February 2015

Development co-operation in the legal and human rights sector is challenging. It is political, nuanced, and involves multiple, often competing, stakeholders. Adding to this, significant time is spent determining suitable fields for co-operation, designing comprehensive programmes, and establishing robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Donors often strive for “ownership” of programmes with tangible results that justify ongoing co-operation. Amid this added complexity, it is easy to forget that good programmes are often simple, well-founded ones that set realistic goals and timeframes. Sense and simplicity can be overlooked. This article draws on lessons learned from personal experiences in two legal and human rights co-operation programmes in Indonesia to discuss six points at the heart of this concept of sense and simplicity. The points are not exhaustive, and are not always easy to implement in the face of political realities. They are a starting point, and stress the need to get back to basics when planning, implementing, and monitoring such programmes.
The View from Inside India’s Consumer Fora: Empowering the Few
Authors: MOOG Robert
Published: February 2015

This article explores one aspect of India’s attempts to address its access to justice dilemma through the establishment of district-level consumer fora. Data points are extracted from 1,400 cases nationwide to piece together a portrait of the input and output of these institutions. The data collected include: win/loss rates; time from filing to decision; presence of attorneys (and their effects on win/loss rates and time from filing to decision); amounts of damages and costs awarded; and types of cases filed. In the end, this sampling of cases, combined with observations and interviews, led to several broad conclusions—that access to justice is increased but not for the marginalized or poor; that the consumer fora are severely underused; and that they are highly localized institutions leaving significant discretion in the hands of forum Presidents to drive the process which greatly varies the effects on access to justice among districts.
A prehospital treat-and-release protocol for supraventricular tachycardia
Authors: Minhas Rajan , Vogelaar Gregory , Wang Dongmei , Almansoori Wadhah , Lang Eddy , Blanchard Ian E. , Lazarenko Gerald , McRae Andrew
Published: February 2015

Objective

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common dysrhythmia treated in the prehospital setting. Emergency medical service (EMS) agencies typically require patients treated for SVT to be transported to the hospital. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the impact, paramedic adherence, and patient re-presentation rates of a treat-and-release (T+R) protocol for uncomplicated SVT.

Methods

Data were linked from the Alberta Health Services EMS electronic patient care record (EPCR) database for the City of Calgary to the Regional Emergency Department Information System (REDIS). All SVT patients treated by EMS between September 1, 2010, and September 30, 2012, were identified. Databases were queried to identify re-presentations to EMS or an emergency department (ED) within 72 hours of T+R.

Results

There were 229 confirmed SVT patient encounters, including 75 T+R events. Of these 75 T+R events, 10 (13%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [7.4, 23]) led to an EMS re-presentation within 72 hours, and 4 (5%, 95% CI [2.1, 13]) led to an ED. All re-presentations were attributed to a single individual. After excluding 15 records that were incomplete due to limitations in the EPCR platform, 43 of 60 (72%) T+R encounters met all protocol criteria for T+R.

Conclusion

The T+R protocol evaluated in this study applied to a significant proportion of patients presenting to EMS with SVT. Risk of re-presentation following T+R was low, and paramedic protocol adherence was reasonable. T+R appears to be a viable option for uncomplicated SVT in the prehospital setting.
Nonlinear interfacial wave formation in three dimensions
Authors: Grue John
Published: February 2015

A three-dimensional two-layer, fully dispersive and strongly nonlinear interfacial wave model, including the interaction with a time-varying bottom topography, is developed. The method is based on a set of integral equations. The source and dipole terms are developed in series expansions in the vertical excursions of the interface and bottom topography, obtaining explicit inversion by Fourier transform. Calculations of strongly nonlinear interfacial waves with excursions comparable to the thinner layer depth show that the quadratic approximation of the method contains the essential dynamics, while the additional cubic terms always are small. Computations confirm the onset of wave train formation driven by topography, observed in experiments (Maxworthy, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 84(C1), 1979, pp. 338–346), depending on the Froude number and the topography height. Simulations of tidally driven three-dimensional internal wave formation show the formation of two wave trains per half tidal cycle for strong forcing and one wave train for weak forcing. Waves of both backward and forward curvature are calculated.
Effects of dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on fatty acid composition, free amino acid profile and gene expression of transporters in finishing pigs
Authors: Li Fengna , Duan Yehui , Li Yinghui , Tang Yulong , Geng Meimei , Oladele Oso Abimbola , Kim Sung Woo , Yin Yulong
Published: February 2015

Revealing the expression patterns of fatty acid and amino acid transporters as affected by dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratio would be useful for further clarifying the importance of the balance betweenn-6 andn-3 PUFA. A total of ninety-six finishing pigs were fed one of four diets with the ratio of 1:1, 2·5:1, 5:1 and 10:1. Pigs fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 5:1 had the highest (P< 0·05) daily weight gain, and those fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 1:1 had the largest loin muscle area (P< 0·01). The concentration ofn-3 PUFA was raised as the ratio declined (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The contents of tryptophan, tasty amino acids and branched-chain amino acids in the longissimus dorsi were enhanced in pigs fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1–5:1. The mRNA expression level of the fatty acid transporter fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) was declined (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi of pigs fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1–5:1, and increased (P< 0·05) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of pigs fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 5:1 and 10:1. The expression profile ofFATP-4was similar to those ofFATP-1in the adipose tissue. The mRNA expression level of the amino acid transceptorsLAT1andSNAT2was up-regulated (P< 0·05) in the longissimus dorsi of pigs fed the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1 and 2·5:1. In conclusion, maintaining the dietaryn-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 1:1–5:1 would facilitate the absorption and utilisation of fatty acids and free amino acids, and result in improved muscle and adipose composition.
The effect of long term under- and over-feeding on the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism in mammary tissue of sheep
Authors: Tsiplakou Eleni , Flemetakis Emmanouil , Kouri Evangelia-Diamanto , Sotirakoglou Kyriaki , Zervas George
Published: February 2015

Glucose utilisation for lactose synthesis in the mammary gland involves expression of a large number of genes whose nutritional regulation remains poorly defined. In this study, the effect of long term under- and over-feeding on the expression of genes [glucose transporter 1: GLUT1, glucose transporter 3: GLUT3, Sodium glucose contransporter 1: SGLT1, two isoforms of β- (1,4) galactosyltransferase: β- (1,4) GAT1, β- (1,4) GAT3 and α-lactalbumin: LALBA] related to glucose metabolism in sheep mammary tissue (MT) was examined. Twenty-four lactating dairy sheep were divided into three homogenous sub-groups and fed the same ration in quantities which met 70% (underfeeding), 100% (control) and 130% (overfeeding) of their energy and crude protein requirements. The results showed a significant reduction on mRNA of GLUT1 and LALBA gene in the MT of underfed sheep, compared with the respective controls and overfed and a significant reduction on mRNA level of SGLT1 and β- (1,4) GAT1 in the MT of underfed sheep, compared with the overfed ones. A significant increase in the GLUT3 mRNA accumulation in the MT of both under- and over- fed sheep was found. Additionally, a trend of reduction on β- (1,4) GAT3 mRNA level in the MT of the underfed sheep, compared with the overfed, was observed. A close positive relationship was obtained between the mRNA transcripts accumulation of GLUT1, SGLT1, β- (1,4) GAT1 and LALBA gene with the milk lactose content and milk lactose yield respectively. In conclusion, feeding level and consequently nutrient availability, may affect glucose uptake and utilisation in sheep MT by altering the GLUT1, GLUT3, SGLT1, β- (1,4) GAT1 and LALBA gene expression involved in their metabolic pathways.
New technique for laryngomicrosurgery: narrow band imaging-assisted video-laryngomicrosurgery for laryngeal papillomatosis
Authors: Adachi K , Umezaki T , Kiyohara H , Komune S
Published: February 2015

Objective:

In the present report, we describe the use of narrow band imaging during video-laryngomicrosurgery for laryngeal papillomatosis.

Case report:

It is difficult to peri-operatively locate all the superficial papillomatous lesions when the disease is widespread, which then results in tumor recurrence. Therefore, we have constructed a narrow band imaging video-laryngomicrosurgery system, which we have used for two cases of laryngeal papillomatosis.

Conclusion:

Our narrow band imaging-assisted video-laryngomicrosurgery system to visualise superficial laryngeal papillomatosis more clearly.
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx operated by trans-oral and trans-palatal approach
Authors: Nakashima T , Yasumatsu R , Yamauchi M , Toh S , Nakano T , Yamamoto H , Komune S
Published: February 2015

Background:

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma is a rare minor salivary gland neoplasm. The treatment of choice is surgical resection with or without post-operative radiotherapy. This tumour often demonstrates a good prognosis.

Case report:

We report a case of hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma arising in the nasopharynx. A 27-year-old female presented with progressive hearing disturbance and tinnitus. On examination, an expansile mass was observed in her nasopharynx. Biopsy was performed and the pathology results returned as clear cell carcinoma.

Results and conclusion:

Surgical resection was performed trans-orally accompanied by trans-palatal approach. She has no recurrence during more than two years of follow up.
Notes on reproduction of eight species of Eastern Pacific cold-water octocorals
Authors: Feehan Keri A. , Waller Rhian G.
Published: February 2015

This study examined the reproductive ecology of eight Eastern Pacific deep-sea octocorals, collected from Washington to Southern California. The sexuality, reproductive mode, oocyte size, and fecundity of each species were identified using histological techniques. This research increases the knowledge of basic life histories of deep-sea corals.Swiftia simplexhad the highest total fecundity of 42.53 (±9.82 SE) oocytes per polyp. Mean oocyte diameters inS. simplexandS. pacificafemales differs among sample months.Swiftia pacificaandS. kofoidihad the lowest total fecundity: 4.6 (±2.06 SE) and 3 (±1.53 SE) oocytes per polyp, respectively.
Drought-resistant cereals: impact on water sustainability and nutritional quality
Authors: Thomas W. T. B.
Published: February 2015

This review uses production and climate data to examine global and local production trends that can be related to events such as drought. UK grain quality data is also available and provides an overview of trends in protein content. Literature surveys show a consistent reduction in grain size due to the effects of temperature and/or drought. A review of gene expression studies showed that most genes involved in starch synthesis are down regulated under heat stress. Net protein production is also reduced under heat and/or drought stress but apparently to a lesser degree as the reduction in grain mass is larger, resulting in an increase in protein concentration. Modelling has suggested that adaptation could be achieved by moving production to more extreme latitudes but other research suggests that simply transferring germplasm from one region to another is unlikely to be successful. Another review has identified drought tolerance phenotypes that could be used to breed more drought tolerant crops. At the time of the review, the authors concluded that phenotypic selection was generally preferable to forms of marker-assisted breeding and have used the approach to produce drought tolerant wheat cultivars. Transgenic approaches have also been shown to improve drought tolerance under controlled environment conditions but there are no results to show how well these results translate into improved crop performance under field conditions. The recent advances in genomic data and detecting marker–trait associations suggest that marker-assisted breeding will play a much more important role in breeding drought tolerant cereals in the future.
How do baby boomers' mobility patterns change with retirement?
Authors: SIREN ANU , HAUSTEIN SONJA
Published: February 2015

Baby boomers will comprise a considerable share of tomorrow's older population. Previous research has indicated higher travel activity and car use amongst baby boomers than amongst older cohorts. However, little evidence exists on the effects of boomers' ageing on the transportation system. To analyse how retirement affects baby boomers' travel and the related future travel demand, we compared three groups, distinguished by employment status as ‘still working’, ‘early retirees’ and ‘recent retirees’, in a longitudinal setting. Data for 864 individuals were collected via standardised telephone interviews in 2009 and 2012. We find a clear tendency towards reducing the car use and mileage over time and as a consequence of retirement. Nevertheless, car use for leisure purposes increased after retirement. Whilst retirement had a bigger impact on men's than on women's car use, those women who continued working had a high car reliance that did not decline over time. This study suggests that retirement is a transition point associated with decreasing car use. Hence, the ageing of the population is likely to have a decreasing effect on transportation demand. However, informal care-giving, prolonged careers and atypical working life, boomer women's changing professional roles, and the emergence of leisure and consumption as major cultural and social frameworks of the third age are likely to make this transition different than observed in previous cohorts.
Musics of ‘The Other’: Creating musical identities and overcoming cultural boundaries in Australian music education
Authors: Cain Melissa
Published: February 2015

The binary opposition between ‘own music’ and ‘other's music’ is the ‘result of deep conditioning’ (Drummond, 2010, p. 118) and is almost impossible to overcome.

By exploring the underlying constructs that influence students’ and teachers’ perceptions of minority cultures and their musics, this paper explores the notion of ‘the other’ in Australian music education. In particular, how the many factors which play a role in cultural identity serve to both promote and prevent musical understanding and appreciation. An examination of Australian multicultural policy and music curriculum documents in the state of Queensland provides a foundation for the discussion of data obtained from interviews with teachers from state and private primary schools in the capital Brisbane. The results reveal that while music educators are generally inquisitive about incorporating musics of ‘other’ cultures into their lessons, they are less comfortable with crossing cultural boundaries, and do not wish to threaten the position of Australia's own musical culture – ultimately highlighting a disconnect between policy, rhetoric and practice in the area of culturally diverse music education in classrooms today.
Bids for joint attention by parent–child dyads and by dyads of young peers in interaction
Authors: NINIO ANAT
Published: February 2015

Before they are 3;0–3;6, children typically do not engage with peers in focused interaction, although they do with adults. With parents, children interact around the ‘here-and-now’. We hypothesize that young peers do not attempt to establish joint attention to present objects. Using the CHILDES database, we compared attention-directives produced by parents to children, children to peers, and children to parents. Of 391 English-speaking parents, 88% generated attention-directives, mostlyLook!, See!,andWatch!Of 15 children (2;10–3;7) engaging in dyadic peer-interaction, only 26% produced such utterances. By comparison, 62% of 268 children (1;2–3;3) addressed such directives to parents. Interaction with peers in young children does not involve joint attention to a shared environmental focus, although it does with parents. The reason may be pragmatic: shared attention in parent–child dyads is a means to get information or help; it may seem pointless for a child to address such directives to a peer.
Optimal Distance between Mobile Buoy and Target for Moving Long Baseline Positioning System
Authors: Yan Weisheng , Chen Wei , Cui Rongxin , Li Huiping
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the problem of how to design the distance between a mobile buoy and the target to derive maximum positioning accuracy with a Moving Long Baseline (MLBL). To that end, the positioning model and the error sources of MLBL are derived, respectively. It is assumed that the position measurement of the mobile buoy and the distance measurement between the mobile buoy and the target are corrupted by white Gaussian noises, and the variance of the distance measurement is distance-dependent. Using tools from estimation theory, the Positioning Accuracy Metric (PAM) is designed with the distance error and the position errors are considered. Based on the PAM, the optimal distance between the mobile buoy and target is deduced when the mobile buoys are in optimal geometry. Simulation examples illustrate the results.
Two-stage Localisation Scheme Using a Small-scale Linear Microphone Array for Indoor Environments
Authors: Jiang Wuyang , Pei Ling , Xu Changqing , Chen Liang , Yu Wenxian
Published: February 2015

The small-scale linear microphone arrays that are widely found in smartphones could be used to locate a sound source for indoor environments. After the Time Differences Of Arrival (TDOAs) in microphone pairs are estimated, a TDOA-based hybrid localisation scheme is proposed for a small-scale linear microphone array. The scheme contains two stages: the initialisation stage using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm, and the refining solution stage using the Weighted Least-Square (WLS) algorithm or the Multi-Dimensional Scaling-based (MDS) algorithm. Simulations and field tests show that the proposed indoor localisation scheme outperforms the existing schemes, and it can achieve an average error of 0·32 metres in an 8 m by 5 m area.
When Your Money Is Not Your Own: Coverture and Married Women In Business in Colonial New South Wales
Authors: Bishop Catherine
Published: February 2015

In 1860 and again in 1864, Alexander Spiers appeared before the insolvency court in Sydney, endeavoring to explain his failure in business. He was described as a milliner in the records but he had never made a bonnet in his life. The real milliner and businesswoman was his wife, Ann Spiers, who had been running her business since her marriage in 1846. She made purchasing and pricing decisions, managed staff, was the front person in the shop, and advertised in newspapers. She told the insolvency court in 1860 that her husband “used to keep the books and attend to the house business but he never sold anything in the shop. He used to mark the goods occasionally.” Alexander Spiers similarly distanced himself. “My wife put the value upon the articles in our stock,” he said. “She is much better acquainted with their value than myself.” In spite of this, it was Alexander Spiers' name that was on the insolvency papers. Under the law of coverture, he was responsible for his wife's debts and her business legally belonged to him.
Thomas Jefferson and the Uses of Equity
Authors: Crow Matthew
Published: February 2015

In 1795, a disgruntled George Wythe published his own edition of decisions from Virginia's newly formed High Court of Chancery, of which he was the sitting judge. Wythe's volume was replete with rebukes of his fellow justices in the court system for their lack of erudition and grounding in the distinctive principles and procedures of common law and chancery jurisdictions. His own copy of the volume, which, like many of his books that found their way into the library of his prize pupil, Thomas Jefferson, includes Wythe's handwritten appendix to the series of references he had made to classical literature and rhetoric in his own remarks, including several to the legal arguments of Demosthenes, and most strikingly to Sophocles'Antigone. Like much of their correspondence, their respective legal arguments as attorneys, and Thomas Jefferson's own massive commonplace books of common law and equity jurisprudence, Wythe's extensive commentaries signify not only the continued appeal and display of an early modern humanist legal and intellectual culture, but also the centrality and power of the idea of equity in that culture and for its successors acting in the Atlantic and imperial constitutional crisis of the second half of the eighteenth century.
Toward a Drone Accountability Regime
Authors: Buchanan Allen , Keohane Robert O.
Published: February 2015

From a moral standpoint, lethal drones are intrinsically no worse as a means of warfare than bombing or sending commandos to kill enemies. From the perspective of their users, they have six major advantages over more conventional weapons: they are often cheaper; their use can be more readily concealed; they allow for more precise targeting, with the potential for less “collateral damage”; their use can involve less serious infringements of sovereignty than invasion by troops; and they may be less likely to provoke widespread hostile reactions by the population of the country in which they are used than military operations involving troops on the ground. But these advantages generate three major risks: of violating sovereignty, of over-using the military option, and of making it more difficult to identify violations of constraints against targeting noncombatants. To deal with these risks, a Drone Accountability Regime is needed that imposes obligations on states, which in turn would be required to impose them on their agents. Since it would be infeasible to negotiate a treaty-based legal regime at present and for the foreseeable future, the Drone Accountability Regime should be informal and should involve transnational actors as well as states. Its key principle should be transparency, helping enable civil society to hold states accountable, and its central agent would be an Ombudsperson with broad authority to investigate situations and publicize her findings. No institution can ensure that states, or operators, are held fully accountable to appropriate standards of conduct, but such a regime could increase the degree of accountability for the use of lethal drones.
Distant Intimacy: Space, Drones, and Just War
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2015

This article argues that the use of just war theory as the principal framework for ethical assessment of the use of drones for targeted killing is hampered by the absence of a spatial dimension. Drawing on critical political geography, the article develops a concept of “distant intimacy” that explores the spatial characteristics of the relationship between drone deployers and their targets, revealing that the asymmetry of this relationship extends beyond conventional analysis to establish “dronespace” as a place where the autonomy of the target and the possibility of reciprocity are structurally precluded. This extends ethical critique of drone use beyond established concerns and establishes the importance of space and spatiality to the possibility of ethics in a way that just war theory has, to date, been unable to fully appreciate.