bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing optimal tuned mass dampers for nonlinear frames by distributed genetic algorithms
Authors: Mohebbi Mohtasham , Joghataie Abdolreza
Published: April 2011

In this paper, the capabilities of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) for the mitigation of response of nonlinear frame structures subjected to earthquakes have been studied. To determine the optimal parameters of a TMD, including its mass, stiffness and damping, we developed an optimization algorithm based on the minimization of a performance index, defined as a function of the response of the nonlinear structure to be controlled. Distributed genetic algorithm has been used to solve the optimization problem. For illustration, the method has been applied to the design of a linear TMD for an eight‐story nonlinear shear building with bilinear hysteretic material behavior subjected to earthquake. The results have shown that the method has been successful in determining the TMD parameters to reduce the structure response. The simplicity and desirable convergence behavior of the method have also been two important results of the method. Two performance indices have been defined: (a) the minimization of the maximum drift and (b) the accumulated hysteretic energy. It has also been shown that the efficiency of the TMD has been influenced by the mass ratio of the TMD, the maximum TMD stroke length and the TMD design earthquake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Game‐park capitalism, globalization, and multinational companies: An overview and a research agenda
Authors: Zander Udo
Published: April 2011

This article paints a broad‐brush picture of a modernizing and reglobalizing world, following a path that can metaphorically be described as leading from unfettered “savannah‐type capitalism” over an interwar state‐controlled “zoo mentality” to a system of managed “game‐park capitalism.” I propose an agenda for studying the effects of what is ironically both a more integrated and an increasingly multipolar world on the role, strategies, and practices of incumbent multinational companies and their challengers. International business is portrayed as a learning race where I especially direct scholarly attention to internationally active companies' abilities to handle and benefit from the periphery, understand and serve customers, manage knowledge and interfaces, tap the international factor markets, and project a contemporary image. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and molecular studies of EXT1/EXT2 in Bulgaria
Authors: Stancheva‐Ivanova Malina Kirilova , Wuyts Wim , van Hul Els , Radeva Briguita Ivanova , Vazharova Radoslava Vasileva , Sokolov Todor Petrov , Vladimirov Borislav Yordanov , Apostolova Margarita Dimitrova , Kremensky Ivo Marinov
Published: April 2011

EXT1/EXT2‐CDG (Multiple cartilagineous exostoses, hereditary multiple osteochondroma (MO); OMIM 133700/133701) are common defects of O‐xylosylglycan glycosylation. The diagnostic criteria are at least two osteochondromas of the juxta‐epiphyseal region of long bones with in the majority of cases a positive family history and/or mutation in one of the EXT genes. The authors report data on clinical symptoms and complications of 23 patients (from 16 families), discussing the family history, age of diagnosis, new clinical and molecular data. Fifteen mutations and large deletions, of which nine are new, were detected in the EXT1 and EXT2 gene by sequence analysis, FISH and MLPA analysis.
Lateral growth arrest of the proximal femoral physis: A new technique for serial radiological observation
Authors: McGillion S. , Clarke N. M. P.
Published: April 2011

Purpose

Lateral growth arrest is recognised as the most common form of avascular necrosis (AVN) seen in the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The purpose of this report is to present a new technique that is of benefit in the early identification and subsequent radiological monitoring of lateral growth arrest and which may permit appropriate timely surgical intervention.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of the medical records and serial radiographs of 11 patients (three males and eight females) with lateral growth disturbance in the proximal femoral physis. We devised a new technique (named the ‘Tilt angle’) for serial radiographic observation of lateral growth arrest.

Results

This study included 11 hips in 11 patients. Ten patients had screw epiphyseodesis performed after progression of lateral growth arrest was noted. One patient did not have screw epiphyseodesis but the results for this patient are included, as they provide an interesting ‘control’ case for comparison. The average age of screw epiphyseodesis was 12 years. Seven patients demonstrated improvement in their tilt angle following screw epiphyseodesis (i.e. less valgus), one showed no change and two continued to decline.

Conclusions

Using a new technique to monitor the progression of lateral growth arrest, we noted that screw epiphyseodesis can be used for guided growth of the proximal femoral physis. This technique can be employed for serial radiographic observation of lateral growth arrest and can guide the clinician on the optimal timing of screw epiphyseodesis. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the optimal timing of screw epiphyseodesis.
Evaluation of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound for Investigation of Complex Cystic Renal Masses
Authors: Shahzad K. , Simms M.S. , Byass O.
Published: April 2011

Objective:

Cystic renal masses are conventionally assessed by contrast CT and/or simple ultrasound scan. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) is a relatively new investigation which may act as a novel tool for investigation of these masses and the aim of this study was to evaluate this potential.

Patients and methods:

19 patients underwent CEUS in our Trust for investigation of complex cystic renal masses. The results were compared with other investigation modalities i.e. CT and simple ultrasound scans.

Results:

In nine patients, CEUS suggested a benign lesion. In six of these patients, contrast CT and/or simple ultrasound scan were inconclusive. Malignant cystic renal mass was diagnosed in nine patients by CEUS. In five of these patients, contrast CT and/or simple ultrasound scan were indeterminate. Three of the five patients had nephrectomy which confirmed malignancy in two and benign cystic nephroma in the third case. In one patient both simple ultrasound and CEUS were inconclusive whereas a contrast CT scan showed benign lesion.

Conclusion:

Within limitations of our study, CEUS provided information additional to conventional imaging in eleven patients. It appears to be a useful investigation in conjunction with conventional imaging for investigation of complex cystic renal masses but requires further evaluation.
Moscow as International Financial Center: Ideas, Plans and Perspectives
Authors: Abramov Dmitry , Polezhaev Stanislav , Sherstnev Mikhail
Published: April 2011

The paper provides an overview of the Russian official plans of development of the international financial center (based primarily in Moscow) and tries to stimulate the discussion on the critical assessment of the perspectives in order to outline the efficient ways to achieve this ambitious goal.
Prenatal diagnostic rates and postnatal outcomes of fetal orofacial clefts in a Taiwanese population
Authors: Liou Jui‐Der , Huang Yu‐Hsin , Hung Tai‐Ho , Hsieh Chia‐Lin , Hsieh T'sang‐T'ang , Lo Liang‐Ming
Published: April 2011

Objective

To report the incidence, prenatal diagnostic rate, and postnatal outcomes of fetal orofacial cleft at a tertiary referral center in Taiwan.

Methods

The demographic data, maternal and fetal characteristics, and postnatal outcomes for fetuses with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) born between January 1998 and December 2008 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, were reviewed retrospectively, and diagnostic rates were evaluated according to cleft type.

Results

Among 26 499 deliveries, 84 were affected with CL/P. The mean maternal age and gestational age at detection of CL/P were 30.37 years (range 21–41 years) and 24.7 weeks (range 18–33 weeks), respectively. Thirty‐one fetuses had associated structural anomalies, 5 of which involved chromosomal aberrations. CL/P was diagnosed prenatally for 74 (88%) fetuses. After consultations, 17 pregnancies (20%) were aborted. The postnatal survival rate was 95.5% (64/67 infants). The type of cleft had a significant influence on correct prenatal diagnosis (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

For fetuses diagnosed prenatally with an orofacial cleft, access to an experienced craniofacial team, well‐planned delivery, and pediatric intensive care led to favorable postnatal outcomes after lethal malformations were excluded through detailed sonographic and chromosomal evaluations.
Psychosexual correlates of persistent postsurgical pain in patients with vulvodynia
Authors: Eanes Alisa , Bair Eric , Martin Caitlin , Iyer Priya , Zolnoun Denniz
Published: April 2011

Objective

To examine long‐term reports of pain and psychologic correlates of pain in women after vestibulectomy.

Methods

In a retrospective cross‐sectional exploratory study, 37 women who had undergone vestibulectomy between January 1989 and January 2008 completed questionnaires assessing demographic information, self‐reported levels of pain, anxiety, somatization, psychologic distress, and sexual function.

Results

Eight women reported being completely pain free after surgery. The remaining 29 women reported various levels of pain during intercourse (as measured by the Gracely pain scale) and decreased sexual function (as measured by a sexual functioning questionnaire). Various measures of psychologic distress were associated with average intercourse‐related pain, including brief symptom inventory (P = 0.002), Pennebaker inventory of limbic languidness (P = 0.002), perceived stress scale (P = 0.04), and Spielberger trait–anxiety inventory (P = 0.01). These same measures of psychological distress were similarly associated with general, unprovoked vaginal pain.

Conclusion

The present data suggest that the pathophysiology of localized vulvodynia may be more complex in some women, leading to a suboptimal response to surgical treatment.
Fertility and pregnancy outcomes among women with obstetric fistula in rural Malawi
Authors: Wilson Andrea L. , Chipeta Effie , Kalilani‐Phiri Linda , Taulo Frank , Tsui Amy O.
Published: April 2011

Objective

To assess the fertility and pregnancy experiences of rural Malawian women living with obstetric fistula and following surgical repair of fistula.

Methods

Fertility histories were collected via in‐depth interviews with women identified in 2007 as having obstetric fistula and with their family members.

Results

Of the 32 affected women interviewed, 17 (53.1%) conceived after developing obstetric fistula: 13 before repair and 6 after repair (with 2 conceiving both pre‐ and post‐repair). Complaints of infertility were more frequent and urgent among women who had undergone repair than among those who had not. Over half (53.8%) of the women who conceived while living with obstetric fistula and all of those who conceived post‐repair experienced at least 1 spontaneous abortion or perinatal death. Nineteen (47.5%) of the 40 pregnancies among women living with obstetric fistula and 7 (70.0%) of the 10 pregnancies among women post‐repair ended in spontaneous abortion or perinatal death.

Conclusion

Even 2 years after undergoing surgical repair, women can continue to experience the effects of obstetric fistula, which include infertility, spontaneous abortion, and perinatal mortality. The factors responsible for extensive infertility and poor pregnancy outcome in women post‐repair warrant further investigation.
Managing coopetition through horizontal supply chain relations: Linking dyadic and network levels of analysis
Authors: Wilhelm Miriam M.
Published: April 2011

A growing research stream has expanded the level of analysis beyond single buyer–supplier relations to the network, including supplier–supplier relations. These supplier–supplier relations may constitute a missing link between the traditional analysis of the dyadic and the network level of analysis that are often treated separately. This paper explores the interplay of the supplier–supplier and network of analysis by focusing on the inherent tension between cooperation and competition, using a multiple case study design in the Japanese and German automobile industries. It is argued that the buyer is able to exert influence not only on the coopetition level, so within “horizontal supply chain relations,” but that the coopetitive tension in the overall network can in fact be managedthroughthe active establishment and maintenance of such relations.
Osteoporosis: Nonpharmacologic Management
Authors: Kasturi Gopi C. , Adler Robert A.
Published: April 2011

Osteoporosis is a chronic disorder of the skeleton causing increased bone fragility and fractures. In the second of our 3‐part series, we discuss the beneficial effects of nonpharmacologic agents in the management of osteoporosis. We review the evidence supporting the use of exercise, whole‐body vibration, hip protectors, low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, bracing, and vertebral augmentation procedures. The mechanism of action, precautions, and expected outcomes are discussed. Nonpharmacologic management of osteoporosis blends in very well with an overall exercise prescription. The nonpharmacologic interventions discussed are readily available and easy to implement. The use of such techniques demonstrates the important role of the physiatrist in the management of osteoporosis.
Success? Failure? Something in-between? A framework for evaluating crisis management
Authors: McConnell Allan
Published: April 2011

Crisis management evaluators and commentators, routinely attach labels of ‘success’ and ‘failure’ to crisis management initiatives. Yet there is a near absence of detailed criteria against which outcomes can be assessed. This article goes some way to redressing this paucity of reflection. The article presents an innovative framework to help analysts approach and evaluate the issue of what constitutes success (and failure) in crisis management initiatives, including complex policy/political outcomes between these extremes. In recognition of the realpolitik of crisis responses, it deals also with successes (and failures) in crisis management processes, decisions and politics.
Repeated century-scale droughts over the past 13,000 yr near the Hudson River watershed, USA
Authors: Newby Paige E. , Shuman Bryan N. , Donnelly Jeffrey P. , MacDonald Dana
Published: April 2011

Long-term sediment and ground-penetrating radar data from Davis Pond, a small lake near the Hudson River valley, reveal past droughts in a historically humid region that presently supplies water to millions of people in and around New York City. A minimum of eleven sandy paleoshoreline deposits in the lake date from 13.4 to 0.6 cal ka BP. The deposits span 1500 to 200 yr between bracketing radiocarbon ages, and intrude into lacustrine silts up to 9.0 m below the modern lake surface in a transect of six sediment cores. Three low stands, ca. 13.4–10.9, 9.2 and 8.2 cal ka BP indicate low regional moisture balance when low temperatures affected the North Atlantic region. Consistent with insolation trends, water levels rose from ca. 8.0 cal ka BP to present, but five low stands interrupted the rise and are likely associated with ocean–atmosphere interactions. Similar to evidence from other studies, the data from Davis Pond indicate repeated multi-century periods of prolonged or frequent droughts super-imposed on long-term regional trends toward high water levels. The patterns indicate that water supplies in this heavily populated region have continuously varied at multiple time scales and confirm that humid regions such as the northeastern United States are more prone to severe drought than historically expected.
Is Couponing Effective?
Authors: Quester Pascale
Published: April 2011

EXPENDITURES on sales promotions are increasing faster than advertising budgets (Bowman, 1988, Rhea and Massey, 1989). One of the explanations offered by practitioners and academics is the alleged accountability of sales promotions.

Sales promotions however are rarely rigorously assessed. A literature review shows that post-tests, relying mainly on panel data which have not been gathered specifically for the purpose of research, are the predominant method used to assess promotions.

In the particular case of coupons, the impact of redemption rates on short term sales and on long term profitability, the issue of brand switching and loyalty and the possible existence of a deal prone segment, confound the assessment of couponing and make a realistic evaluation difficult.

However, particular conditions exist in New Zealand which allow implementation of an experimental approach to the challenge of assessing coupon effectiveness. Although such an approach has been advocated since 1962 in the literature, the intrinsic complexity of organising an experiment to test salient coupon variables has prevented its full exploration, with the exception of Klein's work (1981), in the USA.

In New Zealand there is only one clearing house in operation which monitors over 99% of all redemptions and A.C. Nielsen is able to provide an accurate weekly sales record for most grocery products, including figures on a regional basis. Consequently, in the research reported here, it was possible to organise a full scale national experiment, where different coupons were tested in realistic market conditions. It was also possible to maintain a large degree of control over potentially influential external factors (national advertising, price reductions from competitions, etc.). The experiment was fully sponsored by three grocery manufacturers for a total estimated amount of NZ$90,000. The full co-operation of the clearing house and A. C. Nielsen was gained during the implementation of the experiment.

This paper details the features of the experiment and describes the results obtained after analysis of the sales data. It was discovered that magazine-distributed coupons were not effective in increasing short-term sales, at least using the levels of discount offered for the three grocery products tested.

A discussion follows which puts these results into perspective, and conclusions relevant to the grocery industry are presented. Finally, suggestions for future research are put forward.
Improving Service Quality in Professional Legal Firms: Practical Insights
Authors: McDougall Gordon H.G.
Published: April 2011

The practical value of four service marketing concepts was examined for a professional legal service firm seeking to improve its service quality. Of particular value were designing blueprints, which highlighted the critical success and failure points, understanding the nature of the service, which provided strategic insights, and measuring customer expectations, which offered a focus for the firm's strategic direction. Of less value was gap analysis which provided limited insights.
An Experimental Assessment of the Legal Value of Market Research Results
Authors: Langton Robert , Lewis Tony
Published: April 2011

A variety of legal issues can arise when a television commercial is alleged to constitute “misleading or deceptive conduct” in contravention of section 52 of the Trade Practices Act or equivalent legislation. One of these issues is whether the commercial conveys the implied claim that is alleged to be false.

Researchers in the field of consumer psychology have devised a variety of tests of the implied claims conveyed by a television commercial. However none of these researchers has shown that their test provides evidence that a judge would find persuasive.

This paper describes a method of assessing the weight that test results might be accorded in legal proceedings. The method involves an experiment in which 45 barristers are asked to predict the outcome of nine hypothetical court cases. Being hypothetical, no inference is intended that any company's advertising might be misleading or deceptive. The method is used to assess the impact of tests in which a representative sample of the viewing public is asked to respond to written questions after watching the commercial in a movie theatre.

The study shows that this type of test could provide highly persuasive evidence in legal proceedings of the implied claims in a television commercial.
Effects of food form on food intake and postprandial appetite sensations, glucose and endocrine responses, and energy expenditure in resistance trainedv.sedentary older adults
Authors: Apolzan John W. , Leidy Heather J. , Mattes Richard D. , Campbell Wayne W.
Published: April 2011

Limited research has suggested that the food form of nutritional supplements (FFNS) and resistance training (RT) influence ingestive behaviour and energy balance in older adults. The effects of the FFNS and RT on acute appetitive, endocrine and metabolic responses are not adequately documented. The present study assessed the effects of the FFNS and RT on postprandial appetite sensations (hunger and fullness), endocrine responses (plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)), metabolism (glucose, energy expenditure and RER) and food intake (satiation) in older adults. On separate days, eighteen sedentary (Sed) and sixteen RT healthy adults (age 62–84 years) consumed 12·5 % of their energy need as an isoenergetic- and macronutrient-matched solid or beverage. Postprandial responses were assessed over 4 h. No RT × FFNS interactions were observed for any parameter. Fasting cholecystokinin was higher in the RTv.Sed group (P < 0·05). RT did not influence fullness, but fullness was higher following the solidv.beverage intake (P < 0·01). Neither RT nor FFNS influenced hunger. Glucose and insulin were higher after the solidv.beverage intake (P < 0·01). Ghrelin, GLP-1 and energy expenditure were not different between the RT and FFNS groups. Postprandial cholecystokinin was higher in the RTv.Sed group (P < 0·01) and for solidv.beverage (P < 0·05). RER was lower for solidv.beverage (P < 0·001). Neither RT nor FFNS independently or interactively influenced food intake 2 h after post-nutritional supplements. In conclusion, RT had little influence on ingestive behaviour. The appetitive and endocrine responses suggested the solid-promoted satiety; however, the FFNS did not alter subsequent food intake.
War and Peace in the Ancient and Modern Olympics
Authors: GOLDEN MARK
Published: April 2011

The past sleeps lightly at Olympia. Recall the opening sequence of Leni Riefenstahl's 1938 film, Olympia. In a misty landscape of ruined buildings, broken columns, and weeds run wild, a Greek temple stands amid the wreckage. Statues appear and then waken to life; a naked athlete throws a discus, another a javelin – this heads towards a bowl of fire. Another naked youth lights the Olympic torch and holds it high. It is carried from hand to hand in a relay and then reaches the stadium in Berlin, home of the 1936 Olympic Games, which the film is meant to celebrate. Adolf Hitler salutes the spectators, 100,000 strong.
Translator, Traditor: The Interpreter as Traitor in Classical Tradition
Authors: MAIRS RACHEL
Published: April 2011

In recent years, a series of reports have appeared in the British press about the fate of Iraqi interpreters employed by the British forces in Basra. As well as the day-to-day risk of death or injury in the course of their work, interpreters have been vulnerable to reprisals from insurgents who view them as collaborators and traitors. There have been a large number of documented cases of Iraqi interpreters being murdered, often in an especially brutal manner. Many other cases have gone undocumented, in part because of the tendency for interpreters to work under pseudonyms and even wear masks to conceal their identity, making it difficult to identify a particular victim as an interpreter. The issue of protecting interpreters came to a head in 2007 with the handover of Basra to Iraqi administration and the subsequent withdrawal of British troops. A special protection scheme was set up, whereby those who had worked for the British forces for twelve months would be eligible for resettlement in the United Kingdom. The issue, however, has remained a contentious one: many interpreters were ineligible for resettlement or did not want to move to the UK, and many of those who did accept resettlement found themselves economically disadvantaged and socially marginalized. One group of Iraqi interpreters have taken legal action against the British government.
Filamentation instability associated with dispersive Alfvén wave and solar coronal heating
Authors: DAS B. K. , KUMAR S. , SHARMA R. P.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the nonlinear dynamics of the dispersive Alfvén wave (DAW) in the low-β plasmas (β≪me/mi; known as inertial Alfvén waves) applicable to solar corona. The pump DAW is perturbed by a low-frequency slow Alfvén wave (SW). When the ponderomotive nonlinearities are incorporated in the DAW and SW dynamics, the model equations of DAW and SW turn out to be the modified Zakharov system of equations (MZSE) Growth rate and threshold field for modulational (filamentation) instability have been calculated. The dependence of the growth rate on the perturbation wave number and the pump wave parameters such as k0xλe (inertial) has also been presented. It is obvious from this investigation that DAW can become unstable when it nonlinearly interacts with the SW and modulational instabilities can be triggered. The relevance of these investigations for solar corona has been discussed.
Straddling the Border: A Marginal History of Guerrilla Warfare and ‘Counter-Insurgency’ in the Indonesian Borderlands, 1960s–1970s
Authors: EILENBERG MICHAEL
Published: April 2011

Post-independence ethnic minorities inhabiting the Southeast Asian borderlands were willingly or unwillingly pulled into the macro politics of territoriality and state formation. The rugged and hilly borderlands delimiting the new nation-states became battlefronts of state-making and spaces of confrontation between divergent political ideologies. In the majority of the Southeast Asian borderlands, this implied violent disruption in the lives of local borderlanders that came to affect their relationship to their nation-state. A case in point is the ethnic Iban population living along the international border between the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Based on local narratives, the aim of this paper is to unravel the little known history of how the Iban segment of the border population in West Kalimantan became entangled in the highly militarized international disputes with neighbouring Malaysia in the early 1960s, and in subsequent military co-operative ‘anti-communist’ ‘counter-insurgency’ efforts by the two states in the late 1960–1970s. This paper brings together facets of national belonging and citizenship within a borderland context with the aim of understanding the historical incentives behind the often ambivalent, shifting and unruly relationship between marginal citizens like the Iban borderlanders and their nation-state.
Quasi-Markets and Service Delivery Flexibility Following a Decade of Employment Assistance Reform in Australia
Authors: CONSIDINE MARK , LEWIS JENNY M. , O'SULLIVAN SIOBHAN
Published: April 2011

In 1998, we were witnessing major changes in frontline social service delivery across the OECD and this was theorised as the emergence of a post-Fordist welfare state. Changes in public management thinking, known as New Public Management (NPM), informed this shift, as did public choice theory. A 1998 study of Australia's then partially privatised employment assistance sector provided an ideal place to test the impact of such changes upon actual service delivery. The study concluded that frontline staff behaviour did not meet all the expectations of a post-Fordist welfare state and NPM, although some signs of specialisation, flexibility and networking were certainly evident (Considine, 1999). Ten years on, in 2008, frontline staff working in Australia's now fully privatised employment sector participated in a repeat study. These survey data showed convergent behaviour on the part of the different types of employment agencies and evidence that flexibility had decreased. In fact, in the ten years between the two studies there was a marked increase in the level of routinisation and standardisation on the frontline. This suggests that the sector did not achieve the enhanced levels of flexibility so often identified as a desirable outcome of reform. Rather, agencies adopted more conservative practices over time in response to more detailed external regulation and more exacting internal business methods.
Parameterized collision region for centralized motion planning of multiagents along specified paths
Authors: Choi Jeong S. , Yoon Younghwan , Choi Myoung H. , Lee Beom H.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents closed-form analytic solutions for collision detection among multiagents traveling along specified paths. Previous solutions for centralized multiagent systems have mainly used iterative computational approaches for collision detection, which impose a heavy computational burden on the systems. In this paper, we formalize a new mathematical approach to overcoming the difficulty on the basis of simple continuous curvature (SCC) path modeling and a collision representation tool, extended collision map (ECM) method. The formulation permits all the potential collisions to be detected, represented, and parameterized with physical and geometric variables. The proposed parameterized collision region (PCR) method is a simple but precise, computationally efficient tool for describing complicated potential collisions with time traveled. Several simulations are presented to validate the proposed approach for use in centralized collision detectors and to compare the results with those of the iterative computational method and the proximity query package (PQP) method that are available.
Globalising a local language and localising a global language: the case of Kamtok and English in Cameroon
Authors: Ngefac Aloysius
Published: April 2011

This paper assesses efforts being made to promote and expose a Cameroonian local language, Kamtok, to the global, intellectual community and to integrate and promote a global language in the Cameroonian context. Kamtok carries the ecology, culture and identity of Cameroon, besides being one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. The global language which is the focus of this discourse is English, considering that its use is no longer restricted to any particular country. The language, like other colonial linguistic legacies, was transported through colonialism and transplanted in different parts of the world, including Cameroon, and is now serving communication needs beyond the frontiers of its original seat. It is therefore claimed in this paper that Kamtok, like many Cameroonian indigenous languages, is relegated to the background and hidden from the global community, paradoxically because it carries the ecology and identity of Cameroon, and English, like other global languages, is being localized and promoted in the Cameroonian context with every iota of passion and vigour. This type of tendency is predictably rooted in the colonial history or in what Bokamba (2007: 41) calls a ‘ukolonia’ tendency whereby the colonised people were indoctrinated to believe that everything of theirs, including their indigenous languages and culture, was inferior and barbaric. Interestingly, English in Cameroon, unlike Kamtok, has an official recognition and is one of the official languages used for state transactions; it is taught in most, if not all, Cameroonian schools and the variety spoken in Britain is most often the classroom target, though this is done with little or no success; it has been the focus of many research works carried out by local researchers; and its vigorous promotion has even led to the banning of an important Cameroonian language, as shall be discussed later. Kamtok, on the other hand, has witnessed, and is still witnessing, many turbulent moments, such as the open and official banning of its use in some public circles, the complete absence of educational and political efforts to promote it, lack of standardisation, misrepresentation of its developmental status by both scholars and laypeople, and lack of scholarly interest from local researchers.
Does Gokana really have no syllables? Or: what's so great about being universal?
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: April 2011

This paper is concerned with syllable universals, especially the claim that all languages have syllables. Expanding beyond my earlier work, I take a new look at Gokana, the major counterexample to the universal syllable, and present overlooked (but ambiguous) evidence for a weight-insensitive bisyllabic trochee. After demonstrating the theory-dependent nature of absolute universals, and distinguishing between analyticvs. descriptive claims, I focus on the latter as a means of ‘normalising’ the discussion of what constitutes evidence for the syllable, both in Gokana and in general. A typological approach is argued for in which languages differ in the nature and extent of the ‘activation’ of phonological properties, with Gokana representing a language which only marginally activates the syllable, if at all. The paper ends by situating the issue within the context of recent discussions of universals and diversity (Evans & Levinson 2009), which have not dealt primarily with phonology.
Expression of XNOA 36 in the mitochondrial cloud ofXenopus laevisoocytes
Authors: Vaccaro M.C. , Wilding M. , Dale B. , Campanella C. , Carotenuto R.
Published: April 2011

InXenopus laevisoocytes a mitochondrial cloud (MC) is found between the nucleus and the plasma membrane at stages I–II of oogenesis. The MC contains RNAs that are transported to the future vegetal pole at stage II of oogenesis. In particular, germinal plasm mRNAs are found in the Message Transport Organiser (METRO) region, the MC region opposite to the nucleus. At stages II–III, a second pathway transports Vg1 and VegT mRNAs to the area where the MC content merges with the vegetal cortex. Microtubules become polarized at the sites of migration of Vg1 and VegT mRNAs through an unknown signalling mechanism. In early meiotic stages, the centrioles are almost completely lost with their remnants being dispersed into the cytoplasm and the MC, which may contain a MTOC to be used in the later localization pathway of the mRNAs. In mammals, XNOA 36 encodes a member of a highly conserved protein family and localises to the nucleolus or in the centromeres. In theXenopuslate stage I oocyte, XNOA 36 mRNA is transiently segregated in one half of the oocyte, anchored by a cytoskeletal network that contains spectrin. Here we found that XNOA 36 transcript also localises to the nucleoli and in the METRO region. XNOA 36 protein immunolocalization, using an antibody employed for the library immunoscreening that depicted XNOA 36 expression colonies, labels the migrating MC, the cytoplasm of stage I oocytes and in particular the vegetal cortex facing the MC. The possible role of XNOA 36 in mRNA anchoring to the vegetal cortex or in participating in early microtubule reorganization is discussed.
Making a Career of the Arrière-garde: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez as World Author
Authors: Domínguez César
Published: April 2011

To Darío Villanueva

In this essay I take a closer look at the international dimension of the arrière-garde. I will deal exclusively with the issue of whether being arrière-garde may play a significant role in the international canonization of a writer. My case study is based on Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867–1928), a Spanish writer with a world – that is to say, an international – literary career who nevertheless has been excluded from the Spanish national canon precisely because of being ‘arrière-gardiste’. Blasco Ibáñez's world literary career and his exclusion from the national canon are assessed from a generational viewpoint. Because of the limitations inherent to the generation method, though, I will also explore a prosopographical approach by investigating a field shared by a collective biography of writers. Notwithstanding the provisional nature of the data, the approach may contribute to a better understanding of both the arrière-garde as an international phenomenon and world literary careers.
Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Order Parameters in FePt—II
Authors: Torres Karen L. , Vanfleet Richard R. , Thompson Gregory B.
Published: April 2011

Eight FePt thin film specimens of various thicknesses, compositions, and order parameters have been analyzed to determine the robustness and fidelity of multislice simulations in determining the chemical order parameter via electron diffraction (ED). The shape of the simulated curves depends significantly on the orientation and thickness of the specimen. The ED results are compared to kinematical scattering order parameters, from the same films, acquired from synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). For the specimens analyzed with convergent beam electron diffraction conditions, the order parameter closely matched the order parameter as determined by the XRD methodology. However, the specimens analyzed by selected area electron diffraction conditions did not show good agreement. This has been attributed to substrate effects that hindered the ability to accurately quantify the intensity values of the superlattice and fundamental reflections.
CONCEPTUALIZING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Authors: Chae David H. , Nuru-Jeter Amani M. , Lincoln Karen D. , Francis Darlene D.
Published: April 2011

Although racial disparities in health have been documented both historically and in more contemporary contexts, the frameworks used to explain these patterns have varied, ranging from earlier theories regarding innate racial differences in biological vulnerability, to more recent theories focusing on the impact of social inequalities. However, despite increasing evidence for the lack of a genetic definition of race, biological explanations for the association between race and health continue in public health and medical discourse. Indeed, there is considerable debate between those adopting a “social determinants” perspective of race and health and those focusing on more individual-level psychological, behavioral, and biologic risk factors. While there are a number of scientifically plausible and evolving reasons for the association between race and health, ranging from broader social forces to factors at the cellular level, in this essay we argue for the need for more transdisciplinary approaches that specify determinants at multiple ecological levels of analysis. We posit that contrasting ways of examining race and health are not necessarily incompatible, and that more productive discussions should explicitly differentiate between determinants of individual health from those of population health; and between inquiries addressing racialpatternsin health from those seeking to explain racialdisparitiesin health. Specifically, we advance a socio-psychobiological framework, which is both historically grounded and evidence-based. This model asserts that psychological and biological factors, while playing a central role in determining individual risk for poor health, are relatively less consequential for understanding racial disparities in health at the population level. Such a framework emphasizes the etiologic role of social inequities in generating and perpetuating racial disparities in health and highlights their impact on psychological, behavioral, and biological disease processes.
MULTIPLE PATHWAYS LINKING RACISM TO HEALTH OUTCOMES
Authors: Harrell Camara Jules P. , Burford Tanisha I. , Cage Brandi N. , Nelson Travette McNair , Shearon Sheronda , Thompson Adrian , Green Steven
Published: April 2011

This commentary discusses advances in the conceptual understanding of racism and selected research findings in the social neurosciences. The traditional stress and coping model holds that racism constitutes a source of aversive experiences that, when perceived by the individual, eventually lead to poor health outcomes. Current evidence points to additional psychophysiological pathways linking facets of racist environments with physiological reactions that contribute to disease. The alternative pathways emphasize prenatal experiences, subcortical emotional neural circuits, conscious and preconscious emotion regulation, perseverative cognitions, and negative affective states stemming from racist cognitive schemata. Recognition of these pathways challenges change agents to use an array of cognitive and self-controlling interventions in mitigating racism's impact. Additionally, it charges policy makers to develop strategies that eliminate deep-seated structural aspects of racism in society.
BODIES DON'T JUST TELL STORIES, THEY TELL HISTORIES
Authors: Walters Karina L. , Mohammed Selina A. , Evans-Campbell Teresa , Beltrán Ramona E. , Chae David H. , Duran Bonnie
Published: April 2011

Increasingly, understanding how the role of historical events and context affect present-day health inequities has become a dominant narrative among Native American communities. Historical trauma, which consists of traumatic events targeting a community (e.g., forced relocation) that cause catastrophic upheaval, has been posited by Native communities and some researchers to have pernicious effects that persist across generations through a myriad of mechanisms from biological to behavioral. Consistent with contemporary societal determinants of health approaches, the impact of historical trauma calls upon researchers to explicitly examine theoretically and empirically how historical processes and contexts become embodied. Scholarship that theoretically engages how historically traumatic events become embodied and affect the magnitude and distribution of health inequities is clearly needed. However, the scholarship on historical trauma is limited. Some scholars have focused on these events as etiological agents to social and psychological distress; others have focused on events as an outcome (e.g., historical trauma response); others still have focused on these events as mechanisms or pathways by which historical trauma is transmitted; and others have focused on historical trauma-related factors (e.g., collective loss) that interact with proximal stressors. These varied conceptualizations of historical trauma have hindered the ability to cogently theorize it and its impact on Native health. The purpose of this article is to explicate the link between historical trauma and the concept of embodiment. After an interdisciplinary review of the “state of the discipline,” we utilize ecosocial theory and the indigenist stress-coping model to argue that contemporary physical health reflects, in part, the embodiment of historical trauma. Future research directions are discussed.
PRECIOUS
Authors: Watkins-Hayes Celeste , Patterson Courtney J. , Armour Amanda R.
Published: April 2011

This article posits that the response to the AIDS epidemic among Blacks in the United States must acknowledge structural and institutional realities that render poor Black urban neighborhoods particularly vulnerable to high HIV infection rates. The controversial filmPrecious: Based on the NovelPushby Sapphire, inspires our analysis, revealing the spatial context of HIV risk and suggesting new potential avenues through which to address the epidemic at the neighborhood level. In the film, we find opportunities for institutions to serve as intermediaries among neighborhoods, families, and individuals, not only to reduce the transmission of HIV, but also to improve health management for HIV-positive inner-city residents. The film points to three potential location-based sites of intervention: (1) mental health services that treat childhood sexual trauma; (2) HIV-related health messaging and services within urban street-level bureaucracies; and (3) neighborhood access to food and dietary resources that mitigate HIV disease progression.
Einstellungen zum betreuten Wohnen bei Seniorinnen und Senioren - Eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Boggatz Thomas
Published: April 2011

Betreutes Wohnen ist eine Option für ältere Menschen mit Unterstützungsbedarf. Die Zufriedenheit mit diesem Angebot wird dabei durch ihre Einstellung zum betreuten Wohnen beeinflusst. Bisherige Studien liefern ein unvollständiges Bild über das Zusammenspiel von Motiven, die zu Akzeptanz oder Ablehnung führen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Grundlagen für eine bedürfnisgerechtere Planung zu liefern. Hierzu sollten die Typen von Motivzusammenhängen bei älteren Menschen identifiziert werden. Dabei wurden Bewerber bei einem geplantem Wohnprojekt mit Nicht-Bewerbern aus der näheren Umgebung verglichen. Die Datensammlung erfolgte mithilfe halbstrukturierter Leitfadeninterviews, und die Auswertung orientierte sich an der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Bei den Bewerbern hatte das Bedürfnis nach Vorsorge oder Entlastung eine auslösende Funktion, aber zusätzliche Faktoren trugen zur Entscheidung bei. Der Erhalt der Selbstständigkeit war ein zentrales Anliegen aller Bewerber. Zusätzlich war vielen der Verbleib im vertrauten Wohnviertel wichtig. Nicht-Bewerber verspürten bislang keinen Unterstützungsbedarf oder sie schrieben dem Verbleib in der eigenen Wohnung mehr Lebensqualität zu. Da die Studienteilnehmer zu einem in Planung befindlichen Projekt Stellung nahmen, können sie manche Aspekte nicht beachtet haben. Den geäußerten Bedürfnissen der Bewerber wird ein wahlweise ergänzbares Unterstützungsangebot gerecht.
William C. Patzert Receives 2010 Athelstan Spilhaus Award
Authors: Van Woert Michael , Patzert Bill
Published: April 2011

William C. Patzert received the Athelstan Spilhaus Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 15 December 2010 in San Francisco, Calif. The award honors “individuals who have devoted portions of their lives to expressing the excitement, significance, and beauty of the Earth and space sciences to the general public.”
The Women on the Move Through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) Study: Final 48‐Month Results
Authors: Kuller Lewis H. , Gabriel Kelley K. Pettee , Kinzel Laura S. , Underwood Darcy A. , Conroy Margaret B. , Chang Yuefang , Mackey Rachel H. , Edmundowicz Daniel , Tyrrell Kim S. , Buhari Alhaji M. , Kriska Andrea M.
Published: April 2011

The Women on the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study was designed to test whether a nonpharmacological intervention including qualitative and quantitative dietary changes to induce weight loss and increased physical activity levels would reduce blood triglyceride levels and number of low‐density lipoprotein particles (LDL‐P). Such decreases in lipoproteins and other risk factors could reduce or slow progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Study participants were randomized to either the intervention (Lifestyle Change) or assessment (Health Education) group. Most of the intervention ended at the 30‐month visit. The last 48‐month examination was completed in 9/2008. There was very substantial weight loss and increased exercise during the first 30 months of the trial resulting in significant decreases in CV risk factors. Most of the intervention effect was lost through 48 months. Weight loss was 3.4 kg in Lifestyle Intervention and 0.2 kg in the Health Education at 48 months (P = 0.000). There were no significant changes at 48 months in lipid levels, blood pressure (BP), glucose, insulin, or in the subclinical measures of coronary calcium, carotid intima media thickness, or plaque. There was a significant decrease in long‐distance corridor walk time in the Lifestyle vs. Health Education groups. Significant lifestyle changes can be achieved that result in decreases in CV risk factors. Whether such changes reduce CV outcomes is still untested in clinical trials of weight loss or exercise. Long‐term maintenance of successful lifestyle changes, weight loss and reduced risk factors is the hurdle for lifestyle interventions attempting to prevent CV and other chronic diseases.