bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fire extinguishing mechanism of ultrafine composite dry powder agent containing Mg(OH)2
Authors: Hu Wenhao , Yu Rourou , Chang Zhenxiang , Tan Zhaoyang , Liu Xiuwu
Published: August 2021

Compound dry powder agent containing Mg(OH)2 is an efficient substitute for halon. Magnesium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate play an important role in chemical fire extinguishing substances. The reaction mechanism and thermal decomposition products of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium hydroxide simulated by both molecule and cluster model were theoretically studied. Dense functional theory (DFT) was used to optimize the structure of the samples, and the reaction of the samples with free radicals H·, OH· and CH3· was calculated to prevent the combustion process. A fire extinguishing reaction mechanism that consisted of 13 elementary reactions were proposed. The most kinetically favorable mechanistic pathways in extinguishing reactions were identified. The direct reaction of Mg(OH)2 with H· free radical is the main pathway. Similarly, in the H3PO4 phase, the energy barrier of H3PO4 reacting with free radicals is smaller than that of self‐decomposition and the thermal decomposition of intermediates, indicating that the reaction of H3PO4 with free radicals is also the main route. In addition, the intermediate produced by the reaction will also combine with each other to form new fire extinguishing substances, which accelerates the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, the fire extinguishing effect of composite dry powder containing magnesium hydroxide is higher than the single powder extinguishing agent.
Optimal Pump Shaping for Entanglement Control in Any Countable Basis
Authors: Bornman Nicholas , Tavares Buono Wagner , Lovemore Michael , Forbes Andrew
Published: August 2021

Controlling spatial mode entanglement of bi‐photon states has become paramount in quantum optics experiments, where a spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) state is tailored into a desired state through control of the SPDC pump light. Particular pump shaping solutions exist but have been shown for only special cases, such as orbital angular momentum, and always at the expense of noise. Here, a basis‐independent approach to the pump shaping problem that crafts the problem in terms of an invertible tensor equation is presented, making it possible to determine the requisite pump profile for any desired downconversion joint probability spectrum, often analytically. It is first shown that this approach reproduces a number of prior results exactly and then go on to demonstrate results not possible with existing techniques, such as shaping quantum states in new bases and controlling the signal‐to‐noise ratio. It is believed that this approach is optimal as the solvable tensor equation can be tailored to focus on any desired state (sub)space and can be optimized with respect to a chosen norm. This work provides a universal approach to quantum state engineering through deterministic shaping of the SPDC pump light, making it a highly suitable workhorse of quantum optics experiments.
Characterization of the metabolites of dichotomitin in rat, monkey and human by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Kai‐Xuan , Dong Na , Guo Le
Published: August 2021

Rationale

Dichotomitin is one of the bioactive constituents isolated from Belamcanda chinensis. The goal of this study was to identify the metabolites of dichotomitin produced by liver microsomes and hepatocytes.

Methods

Using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS), the metabolites were profiled and identified. The exact masses, elemental compositions and product ions of the metabolites were used to characterize their structures.

Results

A total of ten metabolites were found and identified. The main metabolites identified in the incubation samples were M6 (3′,5,6,7‐tetrahydroxy‐4′,5′‐dimethoxyisoflavone) and M8 (8‐hydroxydichotomitin). Opening of 1,3‐benzodioxole, demethylation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation were among the metabolic modifications for dichotomitin. A human recombinant cytochrome P450 enzyme study revealed that CYP 1A2, 2C19, and 2D6 facilitated the formation of M6, whereas CYP 1A2 catalyzed the formation of M8 exclusively.

Conclusions

For the first time, data on the in vitro metabolic fates of dichotomitin were revealed in this work which would be helpful for us to understand the disposition of this bioactive constituent.
An asymmetric random Rado theorem for single equations: The 0‐statement
Authors: Hancock Robert , Treglown Andrew
Published: August 2021

A famous result of Rado characterizes those integer matrices A which are partition regular, that is, for which any finite coloring of the positive integers gives rise to a monochromatic solution to the equation . Aigner‐Horev and Person recently stated a conjecture on the probability threshold for the binomial random set having the asymmetric random Rado property: given partition regular matrices (for a fixed ), however one r‐colors , there is always a color such that there is an i‐colored solution to . This generalizes the symmetric case, which was resolved by Rödl and Ruciński, and Friedgut, Rödl and Schacht. Aigner‐Horev and Person proved the 1‐statement of their asymmetric conjecture. In this paper, we resolve the 0‐statement in the case where the correspond to single linear equations. Additionally we close a gap in the original proof of the 0‐statement of the (symmetric) random Rado theorem.
Soil nitrification response to dairy digestate and inorganic ammonium sources depends on soil pH and nitrifier abundances
Authors: Waggoner Ashley L. , Bottomley Peter J. , Taylor Anne E. , Myrold David D.
Published: August 2021

To reduce CH4 emissions, some dairy operations use manure as feedstock for anaerobic digesters, after which the nonvolatilized portion forms a digestate effluent with high NH4+ content that is used as fertilizer. When applied to soil, N fertilizers are subject to nitrification, where NH3–oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) oxidize NH3 to NO2–, NO2––oxidizing bacteria (NOB) oxidize NO2– to NO3−, and N oxides are produced from biotic and abiotic reactions. This study used soil microcosms to evaluate the properties of nitrification in response to the addition of N as digestate vs. NH4Cl in soils from the different climatic regions of the western Oregon coastal plain (CP) and eastern Oregon Columbia River basin (CRB). In each soil, properties of NH3 oxidation or N oxide accumulation did not differ when N was provided via digestate or NH4Cl over the normal temperature range; however, nitrification rates, communities, and products differed between soils. The average nitrification rate in CP soil was almost twofold higher than in CRB soil (P ≤ .001), despite no significant differences in AOB activity or AOB amoA copy numbers. With N addition, AOA activity also increased in CP soil, where AOA amoA copy numbers were fivefold higher than CRB soil (P < .002). Accumulation of NO2– only in CRB soil was likely due to NOB inhibition by high NH3 concentrations (∼560 μM) present at the high pH of CRB soil (8.5). Overall, nitrification was dictated by differences in edaphic properties, temperature, and nitrifier communities more than N source.
Fiber Surface/Interfacial Engineering on Wearable Electronics
Authors: Xiao Ruimin , Yu Guiqin , Xu Ben Bin , Wang Nan , Liu Xuqing
Published: August 2021

Surface/interfacial engineering is an essential technique to explore the fiber materials properties and fulfil new functionalities. An extensive scope of current physical and chemical treating methods is reviewed here together with a variety of real‐world applications. Moreover, a new surface/interface engineering approach is also introduced: self‐assembly via π–π stacking, which has great potential for the surface modification of fiber materials due to its nondestructive working principle. A new fiber family member, metal‐oxide framework (MOF) fiber shows promising candidacy for fiber based wearable electronics. The understanding of surface/interfacial engineering techniques on fiber materials is advanced here and it is expected to guide the rational design of future fiber based wearable electronics.
Mixed Halide Perovskite Films by Vapor Anion Exchange for Spectrally Stable Blue Stimulated Emission
Authors: Lu Guochao , Chen Zhanhang , Fang Zhishan , Li Hongjin , Gao Yun , Lin Chen , Dai Xingliang , Ye Zhizhen , He Haiping
Published: August 2021

Solution‐processed all‐inorganic CsPbX3 perovskites exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties and are being considered as a promising optical gain medium, with impressive performance in the green and red region. However, the development of CsPbX3 for blue emission is still lagging far behind, owing to difficulties in thin films synthesis and spectral instability subject to light irradiation. Here, a facile vapor anion exchange (VAE) method that enables preparation of blue‐emitting perovskite films with both excellent surface morphology and good photo‐stability is reported. The mixed‐Br/Cl quasi‐2D perovskite films show spectrally stable pure blue emission (471 nm) under continuous‐wave laser irradiation with power density as high as 81 W cm−2. Furthermore, optically pumped blue amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is realized based on the mixed‐Br/Cl perovskite films. By changing the duration of VAE treatment, the ASE peak can be tuned from 537 nm down to 475 nm. This work not only presents a facile method to prepare high quality mixed halide Cs‐based perovskite films, but also pave the way for further exploration of stable blue perovskite lasing.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis‐Enhanced Nanozyme of TiO2 Nanotubes@MoS2 Nanoflowers for Efficient Wound Healing Infected with Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Lin Yu , Liu Xiangyong , Liu Zengxu , Xu Yuanhong
Published: August 2021

To enhance the catalytic activity of the nanozymes for efficient wound healing infected with multidrug‐resistant bacteria, photo‐based motivations have been suggested, but attention is mainly focused on the external stimulus of near‐infrared light, while the inexhaustible visible one is promising but lack of study. Herein, an efficient visible light‐stimulated peroxidase‐like nanozyme system, TiO2 nanotubes coated with MoS2 nanoflowers (TiO2NTs@MoS2), is discovered for efficient bacterial treatment. Based on the synergetic effects between the two components, the bandgap of the TiO2NTs can be narrowed from 3.2 to 2.97 eV due to the MoS2 loading, which extended the light response of TiO2 to visible‐light range and enhanced the photocatalytic activity accordingly. Meanwhile, the peroxidase‐like activity of MoS2 can be significantly enhanced due to the combination with TiO2NTs in return. Especially, the peroxidase‐like activity of the TiO2NTs@MoS2 nanocomposite can be further improved under the sunlight irradiation, rendering much more hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation. Accordingly, the as‐obtained TiO2NTs@MoS2 shows an outstanding antibacterial effect against drug‐resistance extended spectrum β‐lactamases producing Escherichia coli and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus under the visible light. In vivo wound healing test further confirms the high antimicrobial efficiency and good biocompatibility of the synergistic antimicrobial system.
Degradation of Layered Oxide Cathode in a Sodium Battery: A Detailed Investigation by X‐Ray Tomography at the Nanoscale
Authors: DiLecce Daniele , Marangon Vittorio , Isaacs Mark , Palgrave Robert , Shearing Paul R. , Hassoun Jusef
Published: August 2021

The degradation mechanism in a sodium cell of a layered Na0.48Al0.03Co0.18Ni0.18Mn0.47O2 (NCAM) cathode with P3/P2 structure is investigated by revealing the changes in microstructure and composition upon cycling. The work aims to rationalize the gradual performance decay and the alteration of the electrochemical response in terms of polarization, voltage signature, and capacity loss. Spatial reconstructions of the electrode by X‐ray computed tomography at the nanoscale supported by quantitative and qualitative analyses show fractures and deformations in the cycled layered metal‐oxide particles, as well as inorganic side compounds deposited on the material. These irreversible morphological modifications reflect structural heterogeneities across the cathode particles due to formation of various domains with different Na+ intercalation degrees. Besides, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data suggest that the latter inorganic species in the cycled electrode are mainly composed of NaF, Na2O, and NaCO3 formed by parasitic electrolyte decomposition. The precipitation of these insulating compounds at the electrode/electrolyte interphase and the related structural stresses induced in the material lead to a decrease in cathode particle size and partial loss of electrochemical activity. The retention of the NCAM phase after cycling suggests that electrolyte upgrade may improve the performance of the cathode to achieve practical application for sustainable energy storage.
Tensile Properties and Fracture Mechanism of Strain Rate Brittleness on Quenched Cold‐Rolled Carbon Steel
Authors: Zhao Yibo , Li Zhuan , Wang Jinping , Yang Meng , Wang Sihan , Chen Pengju , Zhang Jingwu
Published: August 2021

For metal materials, the corresponding mechanical indicators obtained by tensile experiments at different strain rates are different. Herein, after the quenching and cold‐rolling process, a deformed lath martensite structure is obtained in low‐carbon steel. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and 3D atom probe (3DAP) analyses are used in this research. The results show that measurement uncertainty exists and when the strain rate is 0.0021 s−1 at room temperature, the elongation is at its minimum value, which gets into an extreme point. C atoms segregate into the martensite boundary when the strain rate brittleness occurs from 3DAP analysis. This phenomenon indicates that the supersaturated C atoms in the steel undergo nonequilibrium segregation at the lath boundary during the elastic phase of stretching, which results in strain rate brittleness.
Evaluating Fish Passage and Tailrace Space Use at a Low‐Use Low‐Head Lock and Dam
Authors: Hershey Henry , DeVries Dennis R. , Wright Russell A. , McKee Dustin , Smith David L.
Published: August 2021

Impacts of low‐head, run‐of‐the‐river dams on migratory fish movements depend on the structure of the dam, river hydrology, and the ability of fish to navigate the tailrace environment. Here, we present results from a 3‐year movement study in which telemetered Paddlefish Polyodon spathula and Smallmouth Buffalo Ictiobus bubalus were tracked as they approached and sometimes migrated past Claiborne Lock and Dam (CLD), a low‐use low‐head lock‐and‐dam structure on the Alabama River. A spillway portion of the dam is periodically inundated during early spring, dependent on precipitation and releases from the next upstream dam. Our goals were to (1) quantify dam passage rates for both species, (2) assess the importance of factors affecting passage success, and (3) quantify space use patterns in the tailrace. Both species exhibited annual upstream migrations during the study period. Correlation of daily average river position versus the CLD hydrograph showed that movements by both species appeared to be related to flow variation. Passage efficiency (range = 10.7–30.2%) varied between species and among years, with tailrace gauge height being the most important factor affecting passage success for both species. Using an acoustic positioning system in the tailrace, we quantified space use by individuals of both species. Time spent in the tailrace (mean = 3.9 continuous days; range = 0–94 continuous days) did not differ between individuals that passed and those that did not pass. Fine‐scale position estimates showed that space use differed between species, across gauge heights, and between individuals that passed and those that did not pass. Differential space use may be due to the species’ habitat preferences or swimming abilities. Our findings provide information to inform potential design of mitigation structures, and they also identify the need for additional work required to more fully understand the mechanisms of passage success versus failure for these and other native potamodromous species.
Fundamentals of Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells: From Structure‐Property Relationship to Neoteric Breakthroughs
Authors: Wali Qamar , Aamir Muhammad , Ullah Abid , Iftikhar Faiza Jan , Khan Muhammad Ejaz , Akhtar Javeed , Yang Shengyuan
Published: August 2021

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have shown a rapid increase in efficiency than other photovoltaic technology. Despite its success in terms of efficiency, this technology is inundated with numerous challenges hindering the progress towards commercial viability. The crucial one is the anomalous hysteresis observed in the photocurrent density‐voltage (J−V) response in PSC. The hysteresis phenomenon in the solar cell presents a challenge for determining the accurate power conversion efficiency of the device. A detailed investigation of the fundamental origin of hysteresis behavior in the device and its associated mechanisms is highly crucial. Though numerous theories have been proposed to explain the causes of hysteresis, its origin includes slow transient capacitive current, trapping, and de‐trapping process, ion migrations, and ferroelectric polarization. The remaining issues and future research required toward the understanding of hysteresis in PSC device is also discussed.
Considering discussion types to support collective sensemaking during a storyline unit
Authors: Lowell Benjamin R. , Cherbow Kevin , McNeill Katherine L.
Published: August 2021

A key goal of recent reforms in science education has been to support students' collective sensemaking, in which they work together to understand a natural phenomenon. This work is often done during class discussions, but facilitating those discussions is challenging. In this study, we used a framework of three discussion types to investigate how classroom discussions differ throughout a storyline curricular unit: initial ideas discussions aim to surface students' ideas about a phenomenon; building understandings discussions aim to construct claims based on an investigation or data; and consensus discussions aim to bring together multiple claims over time to explain a phenomenon or event. We used this framework to analyze the idea work and turns taken in classroom discussions from one highly skilled middle school teacher. This analysis resulted in three takeaways. First, we found the teacher consistently worked to surface and clarify his students' ideas. This is as an important step in collective sensemaking that comes before the construction and critique of those ideas and can support a sense of belonging for students who typically do not identify with science. Second, we characterized a distinct talk pattern closely associated with surfacing and clarifying ideas across all three discussion types: the Propose–Probe–Clarify–Restate (PPCR) sequence. PPCR is distinct from previously identified talk patterns in the teacher's use of clarifying and restating to honor the ideas students bring to a discussion and to restate them to ensure they are accepted into a public record. Finally, we found that each discussion type required a distinct set of teacher moves to achieve its goal. Surfacing and clarifying ideas is necessary but insufficient to support collective sensemaking. Therefore, different talk moves, such as asking for evidence and evaluating claims for their connection to the phenomenon of interest, are required in building understandings and consensus discussions.
A novel biodegradable flowerpot prepared by fermented straw fiber and urea‐formaldehyde adhesive modified with keratin from waste feathers
Authors: Du Keke , Yong Cheng , Guan Mingjie , Xu Xiangjun , Huang Hongying , Sun Enhui , Qu Ping , Xu Yueding
Published: August 2021

The recycling and utilization of feather waste from animal husbandry and straw from agriculture is a worldwide problem. In this study, keratin was extracted from waste feathers and used to modify urea‐formaldehyde (UF) adhesive to obtain biodegradable adhesive for making straw flowerpots with high performance. The results showed that keratin could reduce free formaldehyde and improve the thermal stability of UF. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the flowerpot with keratin were greatly improved. The observed performance enhancements were attributed to the excellent adhesiveness of the bonding interface. In addition, the addition of keratin makes the flowerpot more hydrophilic and provides a better source of nutrients for microbes to grow and reproduce on the surface of the flowerpot, which is more conducive to the biodegradation of flowerpots after they are discarded. Our experiment suggests the great potential in terms of profitability and environmental protection by flowerpots prepared by fermented straw fiber and keratin‐modified UF.
Moving in the mesoscale: Understanding the mechanics of cytoskeletal molecular motors by combining mesoscale simulations with imaging
Authors: Gravett Molly S. C. , Cocking Ryan C. , Curd Alistair P. , Harlen Oliver , Leng Joanna , Muench Stephen P. , Peckham Michelle , Read Daniel J. , Rogers Jarvellis F. , Welch Robert C. , Harris Sarah A.
Published: August 2021

Rapid advances in experimental biophysical techniques are generating a wealth of information about the mechanical operation of the cellular cytoskeleton and its motors. However, each of these tools typically provides only a limited piece of a highly complex puzzle. There is a need to develop new computational tools that can integrate these data together into a central model. Here we discuss the experimental advances alongside the computational tools, and propose how these could be developed to successfully combine the emerging structural and dynamic experimental data on cytoskeletal motors. We consider examples of both single motors and arrays of motors within a biological cell.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Data Science > Computer Algorithms and Programming

Data Science > Visualization
How has White‐nose Syndrome Changed Cave Management in National Parks?
Authors: Shapiro Hannah G. , Willcox Adam S. , Verant Michelle L. , Willcox Emma V.
Published: August 2021

After the introduction of white‐nose syndrome (WNS) to the United States in 2006, managing agencies were quick to implement multiple interventions to prevent the spread of the disease and protect vulnerable cave‐roosting bat populations. One key agency that has dealt with the spread of WNS is the National Park Service (NPS), which has implemented screening and decontamination procedures in caves and adapted educational programs to emphasize the impact of WNS on bats and the ecosystem services they provide. However, despite the close connection NPS has with the public, few studies have focused on the social consequences of rapidly changing cave management plans in response to WNS spread. The primary goal of our study was to understand how WNS has changed bat and cave management in areas managed by NPS and key stakeholder perceptions of these changes. We explored federal and state land managers’ and caving organization leaders’ perceptions towards, and experiences with, bat and cave management at caves managed by the NPS through 15 key informant interviews. Respondents reacted positively to the NPS's use of park‐specific management plans, which they believed successfully balanced the conservation and recreation objectives of the show caves. Additionally, informants agreed on the management challenges NPS currently faces, including a paucity of knowledge about bat populations within the parks, a need for additional resources to effectively manage WNS, and the need to reach more visitors with information on WNS. However, respondents were divided on the effectiveness of the federal government's handling of the spread of WNS, as some caver informants believed that certain approaches were heavy‐handed and placed a burden on those who frequently visit caves for recreation and research. Understanding how WNS has shaped cave management in national parks is crucial for enhancing park visitor experiences and support for bat conservation. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Two temperature theory on a micropolar thermoelastic media with voids under the effect of inclined load via three‐phase‐lag model
Authors: Alharbi Amnah M.
Published: August 2021

The paper aims to investigate the effect of two temperature and inclined load on a micropolar thermoelastic medium with voids problem. The problem will be analyzed by employing the three‐phase‐lag model (3PHL). Firstly, to obtain the analytical expressions of the desired variables, the normal mode analysis technique is used and the results obtained for parameters such as the change in temperature, stress, non‐dimensional displacement, volume fraction field, and micro‐rotation of the material are plotted in the graphs. The 3PHL model and Green‐Naghdi theory of type III are used to calculate results for various values of two temperature parameter and the angle of inclination. After analysis and assessment of the results, it has been established that the distribution of field qualities is dependent on the two temperature parameter and the inclined load.
Virtual Enterprise Simulation Game as an Environment for Collaborative Creativity and Learning
Authors: Tuhkala Ari , Syynimaa Kirsi , Lainema Kirsi , Lämsä Joni , Lainema Timo , Hämäläinen Raija
Published: August 2021

When employees become accustomed to everyday working habits it can prevent them from generating creative ideas. This familiarity takes the forms of mainly collaborating with familiar colleagues, playing roles that develop over years, and solving encountered problems with proven strategies. This chapter considers how a virtual enterprise simulation game (RealGame) can potentially foster digital creativity and collaborative learning. The game simulates a situation where team members take responsibility for managing a virtual manufacturing company and its supply chain. Theoretically, we consider RealGame a facilitating environment for people to collaborate by offering a safe environment for playful exploration and artificial conflict, which can result in new ideas and learning. To demonstrate this idea, we derive empirical evidence from reflective essays that were written by business school students after experimenting with the game.
Recent Advances in Direct-Drive Power Take-Off (DDPTO) Systems for Wave Energy Converters Based on Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM)
Authors: Blanco Marcos , Torres Jorge , Santos-Herrán Miguel , García-Tabarés Luis , Navarro Gustavo , Nájera Jorge , Ramírez Dionisio , Lafoz Marcos
Published: August 2021

This chapter is focused on Power Take-Off (PTO) systems for wave energy converters (WEC), being one of the most important elements since PTOs are responsible to transform the mechanical power captured from the waves into electricity. It presents Direct-Drive PTO (DDPTO) as one of the most reliable solutions to be adapted to some particular types of WEC, such as point absorbers. A discussion about modularity and adaptability, together with intrinsic characteristics of direct-drive PTOs, is also included. Among the different technologies of electric machines that can be used in direct-drive linear PTOs, switched reluctance machines (SRM) are described in further detail. In particular, the Azimuthal Multi-translator SRM is presented as a suitable solution in order to increase power density and reduce costs. Not only the electric machine, but also the associated power electronics are described in detail. The description includes the different configurations and topologies of power converters and the most appropriate control strategies. Finally, a superconducting linear generator solution is described, presenting it as a reliable alternative for the application of direct-drive PTOs. An example of concept and preliminary design is included in order to highlight the main challenges to be faced during this process.
High-Level Modelling for Typed Functional Programming
Authors: Motara Yusuf Moosa
Published: August 2021

There is currently no way to model the high-level structural design of a functional system. Given the strong links between functional programming and mathematics, it is hypothesised that the language of mathematics can provide insight into how a functional system might be modelled. The approach is successful and both philosophy and the language of mathematics are used to identify the necessary modelling concepts and briefly outline some modelling notation alongside a small case study.
Kurzübersicht der Studie
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Die politische Interessenvermittlung durch Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) und andere zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure ist fester Bestandteil der Meinungsbildungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse in modernen Governance-Strukturen. Zwischen der politischen Debatte und dem wissenschaftlichen Diskurs besteht jedoch eine Diskrepanz, mit welcher Intensität und mit welchen Themenschwerpunkten dieses Akteurs- und Handlungsfeld behandelt wird.
Zielsetzung, Erkenntnisinteresse und Stand der Forschung
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Als übergeordnete Zielsetzung entwirft die Studie eine theoretisch-analytische Perspektive, um ein differenziertes Bild der Handlungs- und Entscheidungspraxis verschiedener Organisationen hinter den drei Buchstaben „NGO“ aufzuzeichnen. Der inhaltliche Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der politischen Interessenvermittlung im Kontext der Veränderungstrends durch moderne Governance-Strukturen.
Forschungsdesign – Theorie, Fallauswahl, Methodik
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Die Studie hat einen explorativen und hypothesengenerierenden Zuschnitt, mit dem es sich der qualitativen Untersuchung von fünf Fallstudien widmet. Es folgt den Überlegungen zum Viereck des Forschungsdesigns, dessen Eckpunkte – (1) Forschungsfrage, (2) Theoriekonzeption, (3) Methode, (4) empirisches Datenmaterial – schlüssig aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen.
Qualitative Analyse der fünf NGOs im Dreieck der Handlungsrationalität
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Die qualitative Analyse gliedert sich entsprechend der kombinierten theorie- und materialbasierten Forschungsstrategie in zwei Teilbereiche. Zuerst widmet sich die Untersuchung den theoriegeleiteten Kategorien, die sich aus dem Dreieck der Handlungsrationalität ableiten. Hierunter fallen die die Unterstützungs-, die Einfluss- und die Reputationslogik.
Ergebnisse, weiterführende Hypothesen und Fazit der Untersuchung
Authors: Schiffers Maximilian
Published: August 2021

Die Studie „NGOs als besondere Akteure der Interessenvermittlung“ folgte der übergeordneten Zielsetzung, eine theoretisch-analytische Perspektive zu entwickeln, die ein differenzierendes Bild der Handlungs- und Entscheidungspraxis von NGOs als Organisationstypus zeichnete. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Spannweite verschiedener Profilausprägungen im umfassenden Strategieportfolio moderner Interessenvermittlung in der deutschen NGO-Landschaft.
Relevance of well-being, resilience, and health-related quality of life to mental health profiles of European adolescents: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the school-based multinational UPRIGHT project
Authors: Las-Hayas Carlota , Mateo-Abad Maider , Vergara Itziar , Izco-Basurko Irantzu , González-Pinto Ana , Gabrielli Silvia , Mazur Iwona , Hjemdal Odin , Gudmundsdottir Dora Gudrun , Knoop Hans Henrik , Olafsdottir Anna Sigríður , Fullaondo Ane , González Nerea , Mar-Medina Javier , Krzyżanowski Dominik , Morote Roxanna , Anyan Frederick , Ledertoug Mette Marie , Tidmand Louise , Arnfjord Unnur Björk , Kaldalons Ingibjorg , Jonsdottir Bryndis Jona , de Manuel Keenoy Esteban ,   the UPRIGHT Consortium, Zorrilla-Martínez Iñaki , Pérez-Martínez-de-Arrieta Patricia , Larrañaga Igor , Carbone Sara , Rizzi Silvia , Donisi Valeria , Pálsdóttir Hrefna , Ingibergsdóttir Alda
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The existing evidence suggests that a complete evaluation of mental health should incorporate both psychopathology and mental well-being indicators. However, few studies categorize European adolescents into subgroups based on such complete mental health data. This study used the data on mental well-being and symptoms of mental and behavioral disorders to explore the mental health profiles of adolescents in Europe.

Methods

Data collected from adolescents (N = 3767; mean age 12.4 [SD = 0.9]) from five European countries supplied the information on their mental well-being (personal resilience, school resilience, quality of life, and mental well-being) and mental and behavioral disorder symptoms (anxiety, depression, stress, bullying, cyber-bullying, and use of tobacco, alcohol, or cannabis). Multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were combined to classify the youths into mental health profiles.

Results

Adolescents were categorized into three mental health profiles. The "poor mental health" profile (6%) was characterized by low levels of well-being and moderate symptoms of mental disorders. The "good mental health" profile group (26%) showed high well-being and few symptoms of mental disorders, and the "intermediate mental health" profile (68%) was characterized by average well-being and mild-to-moderate symptoms of mental disorders. Groups with higher levels of well-being and fewer symptoms of mental disorders showed lower rates of behavioral problems. Mental well-being indicators strongly contributed to this classification.

Conclusion

Adolescents with the "intermediate" or "poor" mental health profiles may benefit from interventions to improve mental health. Implications for school-based interventions are discussed.

Trial registration number (TRN) and date of registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03951376. Registered 15 May 2019.
Structural stability and artificial buckling modes in topology optimization
Authors: Dalklint Anna , Wallin Mathias , Tortorelli Daniel A.
Published: August 2021

This paper demonstrates how a strain energy transition approach can be used to remove artificial buckling modes that often occur in stability constrained topology optimization problems. To simulate the structural response, a nonlinear large deformation hyperelastic simulation is performed, wherein the fundamental load path is traversed using Newton’s method and the critical buckling load levels are estimated by an eigenvalue analysis. The goal of the optimization is to minimize displacement, subject to constraints on the lowest critical buckling loads and maximum volume. The topology optimization problem is regularized via the Helmholtz PDE-filter and the method of moving asymptotes is used to update the design. The stability and sensitivity analyses are outlined in detail. The effectiveness of the energy transition scheme is demonstrated in numerical examples.
Age, participation in competitive sports, bony lesions, ALPSA lesions, > 1 preoperative dislocations, surgical delay and ISIS score > 3 are risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic Bankart repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 4584 shoulders
Authors: Verweij Lukas P. E. , van Spanning Sanne H. , Grillo Adriano , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Priester-Vink Simone , van Deurzen Derek F. P. , van den Bekerom Michel P. J.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Determining the risk of recurrent instability following an arthroscopic Bankart repair can be challenging, as numerous risk factors have been identified that might predispose recurrent instability. However, an overview with quantitative analysis of all available risk factors is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to identify risk factors that are associated with recurrence following an arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase/Ovid, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews/Wiley, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials/Wiley, CINAHL/Ebsco, and Web of Science/Clarivate Analytics from inception up to November 12th 2020. Studies evaluating risk factors for recurrence following an arthroscopic Bankart repair with a minimal follow-up of 2 years were included.

Results

Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and comprised a total of 4582 shoulders (4578 patients). Meta-analyses were feasible for 22 risk factors and demonstrated that age ≤ 20 years (RR = 2.02; P < 0.00001), age ≤ 30 years (RR = 2.62; P = 0.005), participation in competitive sports (RR = 2.40; P = 0.02), Hill-Sachs lesion (RR = 1.77; P = 0.0005), off-track Hill-Sachs lesion (RR = 3.24; P = 0.002), glenoid bone loss (RR = 2.38; P = 0.0001), ALPSA lesion (RR = 1.90; P = 0.03), > 1 preoperative dislocations (RR = 2.02; P = 0.03), > 6 months surgical delay (RR = 2.86; P < 0.0001), ISIS > 3 (RR = 3.28; P = 0.0007) and ISIS > 6 (RR = 4.88; P < 0.00001) were risk factors for recurrence. Male gender, an affected dominant arm, hyperlaxity, participation in contact and/or overhead sports, glenoid fracture, SLAP lesion with/without repair, rotator cuff tear, > 5 preoperative dislocations and using ≤ 2 anchors could not be confirmed as risk factors. In addition, no difference was observed between the age groups ≤ 20 and 21–30 years.

Conclusion

Meta-analyses demonstrated that age ≤ 20 years, age ≤ 30 years, participation in competitive sports, Hill-Sachs lesion, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion, glenoid bone loss, ALPSA lesion, > 1 preoperative dislocations, > 6 months surgical delay from first-time dislocation to surgery, ISIS > 3 and ISIS > 6 were risk factors for recurrence following an arthroscopic Bankart repair. These factors can assist clinicians in giving a proper advice regarding treatment.

Level of evidence

Level IV.
K-Theory for Semigroup C*-Algebras and Partial Crossed Products
Authors: Li Xin
Published: August 2021

Using the Baum–Connes conjecture with coefficients, we develop a K-theory formula for reduced C*-algebras of strongly 0-E-unitary inverse semigroups, or equivalently, for a class of reduced partial crossed products. This generalizes and gives a new proof of previous K-theory results of Cuntz, Echterhoff and the author. Our K-theory formula applies to a rich class of C*-algebras which are generated by partial isometries. For instance, as new applications which could not be treated using previous results, we discuss semigroup C*-algebras of Artin monoids, Baumslag-Solitar monoids and one-relator monoids, as well as C*-algebras generated by right regular representations of semigroups of number-theoretic origin, and C*-algebras attached to tilings.
Development of motion speed perception from infancy to early adulthood: a high-density EEG study of simulated forward motion through optic flow
Authors: Rasulo Stefania , Vilhelmsen Kenneth , van der Weel F. R. , van der Meer Audrey L. H.
Published: August 2021

This study investigated evoked and oscillatory brain activity in response to forward visual motion at three different ecologically valid speeds, simulated through an optic flow pattern consisting of a virtual road with moving poles at either side of it. Participants were prelocomotor infants at 4–5 months, crawling infants at 9–11 months, primary school children at 6 years, adolescents at 12 years, and young adults. N2 latencies for motion decreased significantly with age from around 400 ms in prelocomotor infants to 325 ms in crawling infants, and from 300 and 275 ms in 6- and 12-year-olds, respectively, to 250 ms in adults. Infants at 4–5 months displayed the longest latencies and appeared unable to differentiate between motion speeds. In contrast, crawling infants at 9–11 months and 6-year-old children differentiated between low, medium and high speeds, with shortest latency for low speed. Adolescents and adults displayed similar short latencies for the three motion speeds, indicating that they perceived them as equally easy to detect. Time–frequency analyses indicated that with increasing age, participants showed a progression from low- to high-frequency desynchronized oscillatory brain activity in response to visual motion. The developmental differences in motion speed perception are interpreted in terms of a combination of neurobiological development and increased experience with self-produced locomotion. Our findings suggest that motion speed perception is not fully developed until adolescence, which has implications for children’s road traffic safety.
No evidence that HLA genotype influences the driver mutations that occur in cancer patients
Authors: Kherreh Noor , Cleary Siobhán , Seoighe Cathal
Published: August 2021

The major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are capable of presenting neoantigens resulting from somatic mutations on cell surfaces, potentially directing immune responses against cancer. This led to the hypothesis that cancer driver mutations may occur in gaps in the capacity to present neoantigens that are dependent on MHC genotype. If this is correct, it has important implications for understanding oncogenesis and may help to predict driver mutations based on genotype data. In support of this hypothesis, it has been reported that driver mutations that occur frequently tend to be poorly presented by common MHC alleles and that the capacity of a patient’s MHC alleles to present the resulting neoantigens is predictive of the driver mutations that are observed in their tumor. Here we show that these reports of a strong relationship between driver mutation occurrence and patient MHC alleles are a consequence of unjustified statistical assumptions. Our reanalysis of the data provides no evidence of an effect of MHC genotype on the oncogenic mutation landscape.
Three distinct outcomes in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and lymphovascular invasion: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Bianchi Giorgio , Annicchiarico Alfredo , Morini Andrea , Pagliai Lorenzo , Crafa Pellegrino , Leonardi Francesco , Dell’Abate Paolo , Costi Renato
Published: August 2021

Purpose

In colorectal cancer (CRC), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a predictor of poor outcome and its analysis is nowadays recommended. Literature is still extremely heterogeneous, and we hypothesize that, within such a group of patients, there are any further predictors of survival.

Methods

A total of 2652 patients with I–III-stage CRC undergoing resection between 2002 and 2018 were included in a retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical, and histology with the aim of defining the impact of LVI on overall survival (OS) and its relationship with other prognostic factors.

Results

Overall, 5-year-OS was 62.6% (77-month-median survival). LVI was found in 558 (21%) specimens and resulted associated with 44.9%-5-year-OS (44 months) vs. 64.1% (104 months) of LVI cases. At multivariate analysis, LVI (p = 0.009), T3–4 (p < 0.001), and N ≠ 0 (p < 0.001) resulted independent predictors of outcome. LVI resulted as being associated with older age (p < 0.013), T3–4 (p < 0.001), lower grading (p < 0.001), N ≠ 0 (p < 0.001), mucinous histology (p < 0.001), budding (p < 0.001), and PNI (p < 0.001).

Within the LVI + patients, T3–4 (p = 0.009) and N ≠ 0 (p < 0.001) resulted as independent predictors of shortened OS. In particular, N-status impacted the prognosis of patients with T3–4 tumors (p = 0.020), whereas it did not impact the prognosis of patients with T1–2 tumors (p = 0.393). Three groups (T1–2anyN, T3–4N0, T3–4 N ≠ 0), with distinct outcome (approximately 70%-, 52%-, and 35%-5-year-OS, respectively), were identified.

Conclusions

LVI is associated with more aggressive/more advanced CRC and is confirmed as predictor of poor outcome. By using T- and N-stage, a simple algorithm may easily allow re-assessing the expected survival of patients with LVI + tumors.
Intraoperative and postoperative complications of gynecological laparoscopic interventions: incidence and risk factors
Authors: Kaya A. C. , Radosa M. P. , Zimmermann J. S. M. , Stotz L. , Findeklee S. , Hamza A. , Sklavounos P. , Takacs F. Z. , Wagenpfeil G. , Radosa C. G. , Solomayer E. F. , Radosa J. C.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications of laparoscopic gynecological interventions and to identify risk factors for such complications.

Methods

All patients who underwent laparoscopic interventions from September 2013 to September 2017 at the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Hospital were identified retrospectively using a prospectively compiled clinical database. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for intra- and postoperative complications.

Results

Data from 3351 patients were included in the final analysis. Overall, 188 (5.6%) intraoperative and 219 (6.5%) postoperative complications were detected. On multivariate analysis, age [odds ratio (OR), 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.04], surgery duration (OR, 1.02; 95% CI 1.02–1.03), carbon dioxide use (OR, 0.99; 95% CI 0.99–1.00), and surgical indication (all p ≤ 0.01) were independent risk factors for intraoperative and duration of surgery (OR, 1.01; 95% CI 1.01–1.02; p ≤ 0.01), carbon dioxide use (OR, 0.99; 95% CI 0.99–1.00; p ≤ 0.01), hemoglobin drop (OR, 1.41; 95% CI 1.21–1.65; p ≤ 0.01), and ASA status (p = 0.04) for postoperative complications.

Conclusion

In this large retrospective analysis with a generally low incidence of complications (5.6% intraoperative and 6.5% postoperative complications), a representative risk collective was identified: Patients aged > 38 years, surgery duration > 99 min, benign or malignant adnex findings were at higher risk for intraoperative and patients with surgery duration > 94 min, hemoglobin drop > 2 g/dl and ASA status III at higher risk for postoperative complications.
Monitoring medication response in ADHD: what can continuous performance tests tell us?
Authors: Cedergren K. , Östlund S. , Åsberg Johnels J. , Billstedt E. , Johnson M.
Published: August 2021

Documenting effectiveness of ADHD medication is essential throughout the course of treatment. A rating scale and a continuous performance test (CPT) with motion tracking were used to study the effect of ADHD medication including compliance during one year. Children (N = 78, age 6–18 years) with ADHD were tested with the QbTest at baseline, visit 1 (1 month after baseline) and visit 5 (12 months after baseline). The ADHD-Rating scale was rated by investigator interview at the same visits. QbTest results and ADHD-RS ratings showed reductions in symptoms on all cardinal parameters of the QbTest and on all ADHD-RS subscales between baseline and 1 month and between baseline and 12 months. There was a weak but significant correlation between the total change scores on the two measures from baseline to 1 month. Eighteen participants dropped out of the study before visit 5; at baseline, these children showed significantly lower results on the inattention parameter of the QbTest, with faster reaction time and lower variation in reaction time, suggesting they suffered less problems with inattention. Both the QbTest and the ADHD-RS showed robust ADHD symptom improvements indicative of medication effect, and the QbTest results might also predict non-compliance of medication. Further research is warranted to increase knowledge about reliable monitoring of long-term medication and compliance.