bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming Fans: Socialization and Motivations of Fans of the England and U.S. Women’s National Football Teams
Authors: Allison Rachel , Pope Stacey
Published: December 2021

The professionalization, commercialization, and mediatization of women’s football have opened new opportunities for fan attachments, engagements, and identities. Yet limited empirical research has addressed how or why fandom develops for women’s football, particularly in comparative perspective. We rely on in-depth interview data collected with adults in England (n = 49) and the United States (n = 53) who attended live matches of the 2019 Women’s World Cup to address pathways into and motivations for fandom. We find that awareness of and attachment to women’s football developed through exposure to women’s football mega events or online women’s football communities, through having played football, or after being recruited by existing fans. For English fans only, fandom included when men’s teams added women’s sides or through attending local women’s matches. Motivations for fandom included connections to players, family, and friends, appreciation of athletic talent, a commitment to gender equality, entertainment, and the inclusivity of fan cultures.
Ecosystem fluxes during drought and recovery in an experimental forest
Authors: Werner Christiane , Meredith Laura K. , Ladd S. Nemiah , Ingrisch Johannes , Kübert Angelika , van Haren Joost , Bahn Michael , Bailey Kinzie , Bamberger Ines , Beyer Matthias , Blomdahl Daniel , Byron Joseph , Daber Erik , Deleeuw Jason , Dippold Michaela A. , Fudyma Jane , Gil-Loaiza Juliana , Honeker Linnea K. , Hu Jia , Huang Jianbei , Klüpfel Thomas , Krechmer Jordan , Kreuzwieser Jürgen , Kühnhammer Kathrin , Lehmann Marco M. , Meeran Kathiravan , Misztal Pawel K. , Ng Wei-Ren , Pfannerstill Eva , Pugliese Giovanni , Purser Gemma , Roscioli Joseph , Shi Lingling , Tfaily Malak , Williams Jonathan
Published: December 2021

An experimental forest ecosystem drought

Drought is affecting many of the world’ s forested ecosystems, but it has proved challenging to develop an ecosystem-level mechanistic understanding of the ways that drought affects carbon and water fluxes through forest ecosystems. Werner
et al
. used an experimental approach by imposing an artificial drought on an entire enclosed ecosystem: the Biosphere 2 Tropical Rainforest in Arizona (see the Perspective by Eisenhauer and Weigelt). The authors show that ecosystem-scale plant responses to drought depend on distinct plant functional groups, differing in their water-use strategies and their position in the forest canopy. The balance of these plant functional groups drives changes in carbon and water fluxes, as well as the release of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. —AMS
Ecosystem effects of environmental extremes
Authors: Eisenhauer Nico , Weigelt Alexandra
Published: December 2021

A large-scale experimental facility reveals tropical rainforest responses to drought
Protein structures for all
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: December 2021

AI-powered predictions reveal the shapes of proteins by the thousands
In Science Journals
Authors: Grocholski Brent , Stern Peter , Stajic Jelena , Vignieri Sacha , Burris Thomas P. , Osborne Ian S. , Williams Ifor , Suleymanov Yury , Sugden Andrew M. , Jiang Di , Szuromi Phil , Charneski Catherine A. , Wong Wei , Alderton Gemma , Zahn Laura M. , Ash Caroline
Published: December 2021

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
India defuses its population bomb
Authors: Pearce Fred
Published: December 2021

Sterilization, contraceptives push fertility rate down to two children per woman
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacteriophage IndyLu, Isolated from a Microbacterium foliorum Culture
Authors: Suris Ashley , Alvarado Selina , Butler Tommy , Canales Carlos , Castro Matthew , Gaston Julia , Goppert Marlee , Huckaby Raylon , Laposky Jesse , Lee Jessica , Mullins Elizabeth , Ustundag Damla , Zuniga Josue , Cox Faith , Edwards Dustin
Published: December 2021

Microbacteriophage IndyLu was isolated from
Microbacterium foliorum
NRRL B-24224. The 41,958-bp double-stranded DNA genome has 71 predicted protein coding genes and 1 tRNA. The lytic actinobacteriophage was extracted from soil samples collected in Stephenville, TX, and is related to cluster EB bacteriophages Didgeridoo and Lahqtemish.
Role of sediment in generating contemporaneous, diverse “type” granitoid magmas
Authors: Li Shan , Miller Calvin F. , Tao Wang , Xiao Wenjiao , Chew David
Published: December 2021

Granite typology categorizes granitoid rocks based upon distinguishing characteristics that are interpreted to indicate sources, conditions of generation, and, by implication, tectonic setting. Complexities of elemental and isotopic geochemistry, however, commonly preclude simple typological interpretation and suggest more complex petrogenetic histories. Granitoids from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane in the eastern Tibetan Plateau were emplaced within a short interval (~15 m.y.). They display mineralogical and geochemical characteristics that are consistent with a wide range of proposed typologies (I-, S-, and A-type; high Ba-Sr and adakitic variants). Despite their close spatial and temporal association, these granitoids exhibit diversity in geochemical characteristics that indicates a broad spectrum of contributing sources. Radiogenic isotope data reveal a continuum from primitive to evolved crustal compositions; i.e., 87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.704–0.715 and εNd(t) = +2 to −11. All granitoid “types” have variable but commonly high zircon δ18O (+4.1‰ to +11.6‰) and low whole-rock Li-B-Mg isotopic ratios compared to mantle and/or seawater (δ7Li = +5.1‰ to −3.2‰; δ11B = −10.7‰ to −16.5‰; δ26Mg = −0.23‰ to −0.59‰). These stable isotopic compositions suggest that the Songpan-Ganzi granitic magmas of all “types” had contributions from sediment, ranging from minor to dominant. The highly variable isotopic compositions of the granitoids rule out a single homogeneous source for these diverse yet contemporaneous granitoids. Their compositional variability may have been significantly influenced by sedimentary contributions, and these results demonstrate the difficulty of straightforward assignment and interpretation of granitoids using conventional typology.
Supplemental Material: The Castle Rock and Ironside Mountain calderas, eastern Oregon, USA: Adjacent venting sites of two Dinner Creek Tuff units—the most widespread tuffs associated with Columbia River flood basalt volcanism
Authors: Cruz Matthew , al. et
Published: December 2021

Bulk chemical data of samples of this study and plotted in figures 5, 9, and 10.
Ghost in the machine or monkey with a typewriter—generating titles for Christmas research articles inThe BMJusing artificial intelligence: observational study
Authors: Marlow Robin , Wood Dora
Published: December 2021

Objective

To determine whether artificial intelligence (AI) can generate plausible and engaging titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJ.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Europe, Australia, and Africa.

Participants

1 AI technology (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3, GPT-3) and 25 humans.

Main outcome measures

Plausibility, attractiveness, enjoyability, and educational value of titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJgenerated by GPT-3 compared with historical controls.

Results

AI generated titles were rated at least as enjoyable (159/250 responses (64%)v346/500 responses (69%); odds ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.2) and attractive (176/250 (70%)v342/500 (68%); 1.1, 0.8 to 1.4) as real control titles, although the real titles were rated as more plausible (182/250 (73%)v238/500 (48%); 3.1, 2.3 to 4.1). The AI generated titles overall were rated as having less scientific or educational merit than the real controls (146/250 (58%)v193/500 (39%); 2.0, 1.5 to 2.6); this difference, however, became non-significant when humans curated the AI output (146/250 (58%)v123/250 (49%); 1.3, 1.0 to 1.8). Of the AI generated titles, the most plausible was “The association between belief in conspiracy theories and the willingness to receive vaccinations,” and the highest rated was “The effects of free gourmet coffee on emergency department waiting times: an observational study.”

Conclusions

AI can generate plausible, entertaining, and scientifically interesting titles for potential Christmas research articles inThe BMJ; as in other areas of medicine, performance was enhanced by human intervention.
The isolated effect of age on the risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Romero Starke Karla , Reissig David , Petereit-Haack Gabriela , Schmauder Stefanie , Nienhaus Albert , Seidler Andreas
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Increased age has been reported to be a factor for COVID-19 severe outcomes. However, many studies do not consider the age dependency of comorbidities, which influence the course of disease. Protection strategies often target individuals after a certain age, which may not necessarily be evidence based. The aim of this review was to quantify the isolated effect of age on hospitalisation, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation and death.

Methods

This review was based on an umbrella review, in which Pubmed, Embase and preprint databases were searched on 10 December 2020, for relevant reviews on COVID-19 disease severity. Two independent reviewers evaluated the primary studies using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were extracted, and each study was assessed for risk of bias. The isolated effect of age was estimated by meta-analysis, and the quality of evidence was assessed using Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework.

Results

Seventy studies met our inclusion criteria (case mortality: n=14, in-hospital mortality: n=44, hospitalisation: n=16, admission to ICU: n=12, mechanical ventilation: n=7). The risk of in-hospital and case mortality increased per age year by 5.7% and 7.4%, respectively (effect size (ES) in-hospital mortality=1.057, 95% CI 1.038 to 1.054; ES case mortality=1.074, 95% CI 1.061 to 1.087), while the risk of hospitalisation increased by 3.4% per age year (ES=1.034, 95% CI 1.021 to 1.048). No increased risk was observed for ICU admission and intubation by age year. There was no evidence of a specific age threshold at which the risk accelerates considerably. The confidence of evidence was high for mortality and hospitalisation.

Conclusions

Our results show a best-possible quantification of the increase in COVID-19 disease severity due to age. Rather than implementing age thresholds, prevention programmes should consider the continuous increase in risk. There is a need for continuous, high-quality research and ‘living’ reviews to evaluate the evidence throughout the pandemic, as results may change due to varying circumstances.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia: health impact, cost effectiveness and budget implications
Authors: Pecenka Clint , Usuf Effua , Hossain Ilias , Sambou Sana , Vodicka Elisabeth , Atherly Deborah , Mackenzie Grant
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in many low-income countries has contributed to reductions in global childhood deaths caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. Many low-income countries, however, will soon reach an economic status leading to transition from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance vaccine funding support and then face increased expenditure to continue PCV programmes. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of PCV in low-income countries will inform such country decisions.

Methods

We used empiric data on the costs of vaccine delivery and pneumococcal disease and PCV programme impact on disease among children less than 5 years old in The Gambia. We used the UNIVAC cost-effectiveness modelling tool to compare the impact and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination to no vaccination over 20 birth cohorts starting in 2011. We calculated costs per disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) averted from government and societal perspectives and undertook scenario and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Results

We projected that, over 20 years, PCV in The Gambia could avert 117 000 total disease episodes in children less than 5 years old, including outpatient and hospitalised pneumonia, pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis (including sequelae). Vaccination could avert 9000 outpatient pneumonia visits, 88 000 hospitalisations and 3300 deaths due to pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Approximately 100 000 DALYs are expected to be averted. Averted visits and hospitalisations represent US$4 million in healthcare costs expected to be saved by the government and US$7.3 million if household costs are included. The cost of the vaccination programme is estimated at US$2 million. In the base scenario, most alternative scenarios and nearly 90% of the probabilistic scenarios, pneumococcal vaccination is cost saving in The Gambia.

Conclusion

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination is expected to generate substantial health gains and is likely to be cost saving in The Gambia. Policymakers in similar settings should be confident to maintain their PCV programmes.
Costs of hand hygiene for all in household settings: estimating the price tag for the 46 least developed countries
Authors: Ross Ian , Esteves Mills Joanna , Slaymaker Tom , Johnston Richard , Hutton Guy , Dreibelbis Robert , Montgomery Maggie
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Domestic hand hygiene could prevent over 500 000 attributable deaths per year, but 6 in 10 people in least developed countries (LDCs) do not have a handwashing facility (HWF) with soap and water available at home. We estimated the economic costs of universal access to basic hand hygiene services in household settings in 46 LDCs.

Methods

Our model combines quantities of households with no HWF and prices of promotion campaigns, HWFs, soap and water. For quantities, we used estimates from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. For prices, we collated data from recent impact evaluations and electronic searches. Accounting for inflation and purchasing power, we calculated costs over 2021–2030, and estimated total cost probabilistically using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results

An estimated US$12.2–US$15.3 billion over 10 years is needed for universal hand hygiene in household settings in 46 LDCs. The average annual cost of hand hygiene promotion is US$334 million (24% of annual total), with a further US$233 million for ‘top-up’ promotion (17%). Together, these promotion costs represent US$0.47 annually per head of LDC population. The annual cost of HWFs, a purpose-built drum with tap and stand, is US$174 million (13%). The annual cost of soap is US$497 million (36%) and water US$127 million (9%).

Conclusion

The annual cost of behavioural change promotion to those with no HWF represents 4.7% of median government health expenditure in LDCs, and 1% of their annual aid receipts. These costs could be covered by mobilising resources from across government and partners, and could be reduced by harnessing economies of scale and integrating hand hygiene with other behavioural change campaigns where appropriate. Innovation is required to make soap more affordable and available for the poorest households.
Usefulness of metabolic score for insulin resistance index in estimating the risk of mildly reduced estimate glomerular filtration rate: a cross-sectional study of rural population in China
Authors: Wang Pengbo , Li Qiyu , Guo Xiaofan , Zhou Ying , Li Zhao , Yang Hongmei , Yu Shasha , Sun Guozhe , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Yingxian , Zhang Xingang
Published: December 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to reveal the association between metabolic score for insulin resistance (MetS-IR) and the risk of mildly decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and explore the evaluation effect of MetS-IR on the progress of eGFR decline.

Study design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting and participants

A total of 11 956 rural participants (aged ≥35 years) from northeastern China were enrolled in the study. After excluding the subjects whose data were not integrated or who met the exclusion criteria, we finally obtained 11 042 participants in the present study.

Main outcome measures

Mildly decreased eGFR was defined as 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Results

The prevalence of mildly decreased eGFR in the general population was 36.9%. After adjustment of covariates, each SD increment of MetS-IR could bring 26.3% additional risk of mildly decreased eGFR (OR: 1.263, 95% CI: 1.066 to 1.497, p=0.007). When MetS-IR was classified into four levels by quartile, we observed participants in the top level had 3.032-fold risk of mildly decreased eGFR (OR: 3.032, 95% CI: 1.841 to 4.991, p<0.001) compared with those from the bottom level. Further, we found the participants with higher MetS-IR score were more likely to aggravate into a worse renal state which presented as higher risk of accelerated decline of eGFR, by additional 28.3% risk in whole participants (OR: 1.283, 95% CI: 1.150 to 1.430, p<0.001) and 41.9% in men (OR: 1.419, 95% CI: 1.183 to 1.701, p<0.001).

Conclusion

High MetS-IR was associated with high risk of mildly reduced eGFR and often accompanied by a high risk of accelerated decline in eGFR. Hence, we believed MetS-IR was a suitable indicator to evaluate the risk of early-stage renal dysfunction.
Accessibility and quality of drug company disclosures of payments to healthcare professionals and organisations in 37 countries: a European policy review
Authors: Ozieranski Piotr , Martinon Luc , Jachiet Pierre-Alain , Mulinari Shai
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To examine the accessibility and quality of drug company payment data in Europe.

Design

Comparative policy review of payment data in countries with different regulatory approaches to disclosure.

Setting

37 European countries.

Participants

European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, its trade group and their drug company members; eurosfordocs.eu, an independent database integrating payments disclosed by companies and trade groups; regulatory bodies overseeing payment disclosure.

Main outcome measures

Regulatory approaches to disclosure (self-regulation, public regulation, combination of the two); data accessibility (format, structure, searchability, customisable summary statistics, downloadability) and quality (spectrum of disclosed characteristics, payment aggregation, inclusion of taxes, recipient or donor identifiers).

Results

Of 30 countries with self-regulation, five had centralised databases, with Disclosure UK displaying the highest accessibility and quality. In 23 of the remaining countries with self-regulation and available data, disclosures were published in the portable document format (PDF) on individual company websites, preventing the public from understanding payment patterns. Eurosfordocs.eu had greater accessibility than any industry-run database, but the match between the value of payments integrated in eurosfordocs.eu and summarised separately by industry in seven countries ranged between 56% and 100% depending on country. Eurosfordocs.eu shared quality shortcomings with the underlying industry data, including ambiguities in identifying payments and their recipients. Public regulation was found in 15 countries, used either alone (3), in combination (4) or in parallel with (8) self-regulation. Of these countries, 13 established centralised databases with widely ranging accessibility and quality, and sharing some shortcomings with the industry-run databases. The French database, Transparence Santé, had the highest accessibility and quality, exceeding that of Disclosure UK.

Conclusions

The accessibility and quality of payment data disclosed in European countries are typically low, hindering investigation of financial conflicts of interest. Some improvements are straightforward but reaching the standards characterising the widely researched US Open Payments database requires major regulatory change.
Novel observational study protocol to develop a prediction model that identifies patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy insensitive to intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Hui , Li Lunhao , Li Yinwei , Sun Jing , Song Xuefei , Zhou Huifang
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy is the first-line treatment for moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy, with a large proportion of patients having poor efficacy and exposed to the risk of glucocorticoids adverse effects. We introduce a novel protocol to develop a prediction model designed to identify patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy who are not likely to benefit from intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy before administration, so that these patients can advance the time to receive appropriate treatment. Existing prediction models for prognosis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy have usually focused on traditional clinical indicators without adequate consideration of orbital soft tissue changes. Our protocol for model development will address this limitation by using artificial intelligence models to quantify facial morphological changes.

Methods and analysis

This study is a single-centre, prospective and observational study. A sample size of 278 patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy will be prospectively recruited at ophthalmology clinic of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital to collect clinical and artificial intelligence model’s baseline data as potential variables to develop the prediction model. They will receive 12-week intravenous glucocorticoids pulse therapy according to the 2021 European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy treatment guideline. After standard medication course and following 12-week observation, patients will be evaluated for the effectiveness of treatment in our ophthalmology clinic and divided into glucocorticoids-sensitive and glucocorticoids-insensitive groups. The model will be developed by means of multivariate logistic regression to select the best variables for the prediction of glucocorticoids treatment efficacy before administration. The result of the study will provide evidence for the use of a prediction model to personalise treatment options for patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Ethics and dissemination

The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital (ethical approval number: SH9H-2020-T211-1. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR2000036584 (Pre-results).
Self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in older adults: a systematic review
Authors: Schönfeld Moritz Sebastian , Pfisterer-Heise Stefanie , Bergelt Corinna
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To give an overview over the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in older adults.

Design

A systematic literature review of quantitative studies published in English and German.

Data sources

MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos and LIVIVO were searched.

Eligibility criteria

Included studies had to examine the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in the elderly (samples including ≥66% of ≥60 years old) and had to use a quantitative methodology and had to be written in English or German.

Data extraction and synthesis

All studies were screened for inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis was applied to analyse all included studies thematically. Quality assessment was conducted using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.

Results

We found 2313 studies, of which nine publications from eight studies were included in this review. Five studies reported a majority of participants with limited health literacy, one study reported a majority of participants with adequate health literacy, and three publications from two studies only reported mean levels of health literacy. Eight publications from seven studies used self-reports to measure medication adherence, while one study used the medication possession ratio. Overall, six publications from five studies reported significantly positive associations between health literacy and medication adherence while two studies reported positive but non-significant associations between both constructs and one study reported mixed results.

Conclusion

In this review, associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence are rather consistent, indicating positive associations between both constructs in older adults. However, concepts and measures of health literacy and medication adherence applied in the included studies still show a noteworthy amount of heterogeneity (eg, different use of cutoffs). These results reveal the need for more differentiated research in this area.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019141028.
Effect of yoga on health-related outcomes in people at risk of fractures: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Kawon V. , Bartley Joan , Ashe Maureen C. , Bardai Zahra , Butt Debra A. , Chilibeck Philip D. , Ponzano Matteo , Rodrigues Isabel B. , Stapleton Jackie , Thabane Lehana , Wark John D. , Giangregorio Lora
Published: December 2021

We summarized the effects of yoga on health-related outcomes and adverse events in men and postmenopausal women ≥50 years-old at increased risk of fracture, to inform the updated Osteoporosis Canada clinical practice guidelines. Six databases were searched for observational studies, randomized controlled trials and case series. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation handbook. Nine studies were included and reported using narrative syntheses due to the limited available evidence. Overall, the available evidence was of very low certainty. There was no effect of yoga on health-related quality of life in randomized trials. Effects on other health-related outcomes were mixed or not available in the literature. Five studies reported no adverse events directly related to the study intervention, and 2 studies did not report whether adverse events occurred. However, 2 case series reported vertebral fractures related to yoga participation, possibly due to excessive spinal flexion. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence, guideline developers will need to draw indirect evidence from yoga studies among middle aged or older adults that are not at fracture risk. PROSPERO: CRD42019124898.

Novelty: Evidence in general was of very low certainty. Yoga had no effect on health-related quality of life in randomized trials. Evidence was mixed or unavailable for other outcomes. Case studies reported yoga poses involving spinal flexion coincided with incidents of vertebral compression fracture among older adults with increased fracture risk.
AAC Paramount soft white spring wheat
Authors: Randhawa H.S. , Graf R.J.
Published: December 2021

AAC Paramount is a soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Soft White Spring (CWSWS) class. AAC Paramount is adapted to the irrigated wheat growing regions of southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, and for dry land production in the western prairies. On average, AAC Paramount had 6% higher grain yield (under both irrigated and dry land conditions) than the check cultivar AC Andrew. AAC Paramount exhibited excellent straw strength and similar maturity to AC Andrew and Sadash but was 2 d earlier than AAC Indus. Its plant height was taller than both AC Andrew and Sadash but similar to AAC Indus. AAC Paramount exhibited high levels of resistance to the prevalent races of stripe rust, powdery mildew, and loose smut; intermediate reactions to leaf rust, stem rust, and kernel black point; was moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight and leaf spot diseases, and susceptible to common bunt.
The challenge of monochromatization
Authors: Faus-Golfe Angeles , Valdivia Garcia Marco Alan , Zimmermann Frank
Published: December 2021

The FCC-ee could measure the electron Yukawa coupling in a dedicated run at$$\sim $$∼125 GeV collision energy, provided that the center-of-mass (CM) energy spread can be reduced by means of monochromatization, e.g., through introducing nonzero horizontal dispersion of opposite sign at the interaction point (IP), for the two colliding beams. If the IP dispersion is nonzero, beamstrahlung blows up the horizontal emittance, and self-consistent IP parameters need to be determined. Two configurations are being studied. The first uses crab cavities to establish effective head-on collisions. The second configuration maintains the standard FCC-ee crossing angle, which, together with the IP dispersion, introduces a correlation between the local collision energy and the longitudinal location inside the detector, thereby allowing for an integrated scan of the Higgs resonance curve. We compare both approaches.
Exact solution of Klein–Gordon equation in fractional-dimensional space
Authors: Merad H. , Merghadi F. , Merad A.
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we present an exact solution of the Klein–Gordon equation in the framework of the fractional-dimensional space, in which the momentum and position operators satisfying the [Formula: see text]-deformed Heisenberg algebras. Accordingly, three essential problems have been solved such as: the free Klein–Gordon equation, the Klein–Gordon equation with mixed scalar and vector linear potentials and with mixed scalar and vector inversely linear potentials of Coulomb-type. For all these considered cases, the expressions of the eigenfunctions are determined and expressed in terms of the special functions: the Bessel functions of the first kind for the free case, the biconfluent Heun functions for the second case and the confluent hypergeometric functions for the end case, and the corresponding eigenvalues are exactly obtained.
Weakly reducible H′-splittings of 3-manifolds
Authors: Gao Yaru , Li Fengling , Liang Liang , Lei Fengchun
Published: December 2021

We introduce the [Formula: see text]-splittings for 3-manifolds as follows. For a compact connected surface [Formula: see text] properly embedded in a compact connected orientable 3-manifold [Formula: see text], if [Formula: see text] decomposes [Formula: see text] into two handlebodies [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is called an [Formula: see text]-splitting for [Formula: see text]. Clearly, when [Formula: see text] is closed, this is just the Heegaard splitting for [Formula: see text]; when [Formula: see text] is with boundary, the [Formula: see text]-splitting for [Formula: see text] is different from the Heegaard splitting for [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we first show that any compact connected orientable 3-manifold admits an [Formula: see text]-splitting, then generalize Casson–Gordon theorem on weakly reducible Heegaard splitting to the [Formula: see text]-splitting case in the following version: if [Formula: see text] is a weakly reducible [Formula: see text]-splitting for a compact connected orientable 3-manifold [Formula: see text], then (1) [Formula: see text] contains an incompressible closed surface of positive genus or (2) the [Formula: see text]-splitting [Formula: see text] is reducible or (3) there is an essential 2-sphere [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is a collection of essential disks in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is an incompressible and not boundary parallel planar surface in [Formula: see text] with at least two boundary components, where [Formula: see text] or (4) [Formula: see text] is stabilized.
From Cold Resistor to Secure Key Exchanger
Authors: Song Jiaao , Kish Laszlo B.
Published: December 2021

Utilizing a formerly published cold resistor circuitry, a secure key exchange system is conceived and explored. A circuit realization of the system is constructed and simulated. Similar to the Pao-Lo key exchanger, this system is secure in the steady-state limit but crackable in the transient situations.
A cohomological obstruction in higher-dimensional Chern–Simons gauge theories
Authors: Palese Marcella , Winterroth Ekkehart
Published: December 2021

We study a set of cohomology classes which emerge in the cohomological formulations of the calculus of variations as obstructions to the existence of (global) solutions of the Euler–Lagrange equations of Chern–Simons gauge theories in higher dimensions [Formula: see text].
Nonlinear Deformation and Numerical Post-Buckling Analysis of Plate Structures Using the Assumed Natural Strain Concept
Authors: Rezaiee-Pajand Mohammad , Ramezani Mohammadreza
Published: December 2021

In this study, an efficient triangular element for the fast nonlinear analysis of moderately thick Mindlin–Reissner plates is proposed. The element is formulated using a newly developed method, which is based on the assumed natural strain concept, and called Continuously Variable Strain (CVS). The continuous higher-order strain field is proposed by using the fundamental lemma of the variational calculus. Furthermore, the updated Lagrangian tensor together with rigid body terms is employed allowing for large deformations. The proposed element (CVST10), which is obtained by minimizing the total potential energy, has only 10 degrees of freedom and demonstrates high-efficiency and fast convergence rate in analysis of problems with coarse and distorted meshes. The arc-length iterative technique is applied to handle the geometrically post-buckling behavior of homogeneous plates under various load and boundary conditions. Various numerical examples prove the accuracy of the proposed element.
Transmission dynamics and optimal control of H7N9 in China
Authors: Yang Liu , Song Da , Fan Meng , Gao Lu
Published: December 2021

H7N9 avian influenza is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease. In order to control the disease, many strategies have been adopted in China such as poultry culling, the closure of live poultry markets (LPMs), the vaccination of poultry, and the treatment for humans. Due to the limited resource, it is of paramount significance to achieve the optimal control. In this paper, an epidemic model incorporating the selective culling rate is formulated to investigate the transmission mechanism of H7N9. The threshold dynamics and bifurcation analyses of the model are well investigated. Furthermore, the problem of optimal control is explored in line with Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, with consideration given to the comprehensive measures. The numerical simulations suggest that the vaccination of poultry and the closure of LPMs are the two most economical and effective measures.
Neural Network: An Improved FCM for Multimodal Cultural Data Analysis
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Di , Tian Lingling , Tan Aiping
Published: December 2021

With the development of cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) technology, there is a growing interest in “cultural analysis.” Cultural analysis requires different types of data such as texts, pictures, and videos. The richness and differences of resources in the cultural field lead to diverse modalities of cultural data. Traditional text analysis methods can no longer meet the data analysis needs of current multimedia cultural resources. This article starts from cultural data’s feature information to solve the heterogeneity problem faced by massive multimodal cultural data analysis. It analyzes it from geography, time, art, and thematic character, classified and aggregated to form a multimodal cultural feature information matrix. The corresponding correlation measurement methods for different matrices from the above dimensions are proposed, solved in turn, and substituted into the optimized training back propagation (BP) neural network to obtain the final correlation degree. The improved fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is used to aggregate the high correlation cultural data based on the degree. The algorithm proposed in this study is compared with the existing algorithm. The experimental results show that the optimized BP neural network is at least 58% more accurate than the current method for calculating different matrices’ correlation degrees. In terms of accuracy, the improved fuzzy C-means algorithm effectively reduces the random interference in the selection of the initial clustering center, which is significantly higher than other clustering algorithms.
A Composite Matching Layer with Anti‐Reflection Characteristics for Broadband Acoustic Scattering Reduction
Authors: Li Shande , Wu Xiaoxun , Duan Jinxiu , Yuan Shuai , Wang Cun , Ma Yane , Zhang Zhifu
Published: December 2021

A composite matching layer composed of periodically arranged scatters with anti‐reflection (AR) characteristics is proposed for broadband scattering reduction. The anti‐reflection structure is composed of periodically arranged metal foam scatters, and it is the first attempt to be applied in the field of suppressing acoustic reflection. A complete theoretical model is developed to reveal the mechanism of scattering reduction and acoustic absorption based on effective medium theory and the transfer matrix method. The correctness and effectiveness of the theoretical model are verified by the finite element method (FEM), showing acoustic reflectance of less than 13.5% at broadband frequencies. The variation trends of reflectance are deeply investigated. The superior acoustic scattering reduction performance suggests that the matching layer possesses potential for acoustic imaging equipment and acoustic stealth.
Network Security Defense Decision-Making Method Based on Stochastic Game and Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Wu Zenan , Tian Liqin , Wang Yan , Xie Jianfei , Du Yuquan , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2021

Aiming at the existing network attack and defense stochastic game models, most of them are based on the assumption of complete information, which causes the problem of poor applicability of the model. Based on the actual modeling requirements of the network attack and defense process, a network defense decision-making model combining incomplete information stochastic game and deep reinforcement learning is proposed. This model regards the incomplete information of the attacker and the defender as the defender’s uncertainty about the attacker’s type and uses the Double Deep Q-Network algorithm to solve the problem of the difficulty of determining the network state transition probability, so that the network system can dynamically adjust the defense strategy. Finally, a simulation experiment was performed on the proposed model. The results show that, under the same experimental conditions, the proposed method in this paper has a better convergence speed than other methods in solving the defense equilibrium strategy. This model is a fusion of traditional methods and artificial intelligence technology and provides new research ideas for the application of artificial intelligence in the field of cyberspace security.
Research on the Wing‐Type Antiscour Device of Pier Based on Scour Test and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Wang Yan , Shen Xiaoli , Chen Jinchao , Chen Zhejiang , Liu Jing
Published: December 2021

In order to reduce the local scour before the antiscour device of piers, this paper proposed an improvement on a “V‐type” device. That was to say, wing plates were set on the surface of the “V‐type” device to enhance the diversion and reduce the local scour. To explore the protection effect of the modified device, the inclination angles of the wing plates were set to three angles, and the scour characteristics around the device were studied through the flume scour test and numerical simulation test. The results showed that the wing plates can reduce the impact force of the diving flow which was at the front end of the protective device. Besides, they could also disturb the flow around both sides of the device and weaken its sediment carrying capacity. Thus, the local scour around the device was effectively reduced. Especially, when the wing plates were 30°, the performance of reducing the local scour was the best.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Burned Areas Based on the Geographic Information System for Fire Risk Monitoring
Authors: Arisanty Deasy , Muhaimin Muhammad , Rosadi Dedi , Saputra Aswin Nur , Hastuti Karunia Puji , Rajiani Ismi
Published: December 2021

Forest and land fires occur every year in Indonesia. Efforts to handle forest and land fires have not been optimal because fires occur in too many places with unclear patterns and densities. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of burned areas and fire density in fire-prone areas in Indonesia. Data of burned areas were taken from http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id/. The website collected its data from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) images. Data were analyzed using the hot spot analysis to determine the spatiotemporal patterns of the burned areas and the kernel density analysis to examine the density of land fires. Findings showed that the spatiotemporal pattern from 2016 to 2019 formed a hot spot value in the peatland area with a confidence level of 90–99%, meaning that land fires were clustered in that area. In addition, the highest density of land fires also occurred in the peatland areas. Clustered burned areas with high fire density were found in areas with low–medium vegetation density—they were the peatland areas. The peatland areas must become the priority to prevent and handle forest and land fires to reduce fire risks.
Effects of Production Methods on Flavour Characteristics of Nonalcoholic Wine
Authors: Akyereko Yaw Gyau , Wireko-Manu Faustina Dufie , Alemawor Francis , Adzanyo Mary
Published: December 2021

The growing awareness on the negative effects of alcohol on health and other factors like religious beliefs, responsible driving, and strict alcohol regulatory laws have contributed to the overwhelming demand for nonalcoholic wines. Numerous methods are available for producing nonalcoholic wines which encompass both restrictive ethanol production processes (interrupted fermentation, cold fermentation, juice/wine blends, use of unripe fruit, enzyme, and special and immobilized yeasts) and alcohol removal methods (heat, membrane, and extraction techniques). Studies have shown that these methods significantly affect the flavour characteristics of the wine, which is a key quality parameter in wine purchasing and consumption. It is in view of this that this work seeks to review current articles on the effects of production methods on the flavour characteristics of nonalcoholic wine. This review will provide insight on nonalcoholic wine production methods, their merits and demerits, and contributions to flavour characteristics. It will also unfold research opportunities in the field of nonalcoholic wine production for continual improvement and development of the wine industry.
Modeling and Dynamics Analysis of a Dual‐Mass Flywheel with the Conformal Contact Action of Friction Damping Ring and Pressure Plate
Authors: Zeng Liping , Huang Jie , Xu Yukun , Song Liquan
Published: December 2021

To study the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the dual‐mass flywheel (DMF) under the conformal contact action between the friction damping ring and primary flywheel pressure plate, the contact action model is established and analyzed based on Winkler model. Through analysis and calculation, the contact deformation, contact pressure at different contact positions, and equivalent torsional contact stiffness are obtained. The nonlinear dynamic analysis model of three‐degree‐of‐freedom (3DOF) which takes the conformal contact into account and two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2DOF) without considering conformal contact is established. The approximate analytical solution of the nonlinear frequency characteristics of the system at steady state is derived. By comparing with the results obtained from numerical method, the theoretical analysis process is proved to be valid. And it is found that the overall amplitude and angular displacement transmissibility of the 3DOF model are smaller than the 2DOF model, especially at resonance frequency. The effects of the friction damping ring moment inertia, stiffness of DMF, and axial friction torque on the frequency characteristics of system and angular displacement transmissibility are analyzed. The forced vibration response analysis of the 3DOF model is conducted, through which the torsional angle variations of the primary flywheel, friction damping ring, and secondary flywheel with time are obtained. The results show that the amplitude of the secondary flywheel is much smaller than that of the primary flywheel, indicating that the DMF has prominent damping performance.
The Effect of Terpenoid Natural Chinese Medicine Molecular Compound on Lung Cancer Treatment
Authors: Sun Heng , Zhang Lijia , Sui Bowen , Li Yu , Yan Jun , Wang Peng , Wang Ye , Liu Songjiang
Published: December 2021

Among all malignant tumors in the whole universe, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer disease rank first. Especially in the past few years, the occurrence of lung cancer in the urban population has continued to increase, which seriously threatens the lives and health of people. Among the many treatments for lung cancer, chemotherapy is the best one, but traditional chemotherapy has low specificity and drug resistance. To address the above issue, this study reviews the five biological pathways that common terpenoid compounds in medicinal plants interfere with the occurrence and development of lung cancer: cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, cell invasion, metastasis, and immune mechanism regulation. In addition, the mechanism of the terpenoid natural traditional Chinese medicine monomer compound combined with Western medicine in the multipathway antilung cancer is summarized.