bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), Green Foxtail (Setaria virdis), Longspine Sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus), and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) to Nicosulfuron and Rimsulfuron
Authors: Hennigh D. Shane , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: August 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy, absorption, and translocation of nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron on barnyardgrass, green foxtail, longspine sandbur, and large crabgrass. In the greenhouse, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron were applied at 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 times their label rates of 35, 13, and 26 + 13 g ai ha−1, respectively, on 5- to 10-cm plants. Three weeks after treatment (WAT), barnyardgrass was the most susceptible species to all three herbicides, and large crabgrass was the least susceptible. The nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, or nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates causing 50% visible injury (GR50) for barnyardgrass were 10.9, 4.8, and 6 + 3 g ai ha−1, respectively. Similarly, the GR50for large crabgrass were 25.6, 9.9, and 14.3 + 7.2 g ai ha−1, respectively, 3 WAT. Absorption of nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron was greater in barnyardgrass than in large crabgrass. Absorption of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in barnyardgrass and large crabgrass was 74% and 57%, respectively, 7 d after treatment (DAT). In addition, translocation of nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron out of the treated leaf was 14, 12, and 14% higher, respectively, in barnyardgrass than in large crabgrass. The differential response of these weed species to nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron might be due to differences in herbicide absorption and translocation.
13C Discrimination: A Stable Isotope Method to Quantify Root Interactions between C3 Rice (Oryza sativa) and C4 Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Flooded Fields
Authors: Gealy David R. , Fischer Albert J.
Published: August 2010

Assessing belowground plant competition is complex because it is very difficult to separate weed and crop roots from each other by physical methods. Alternative techniques for separating crop and weed roots from each other are needed. This article introduces a stable isotope method that can quantify the amounts of roots of rice and barnyardgrass intermixed in flooded field soils. It relies on the biological principle that rice, a C3 (photosynthetic pathway) species, discriminates more effectively than barnyardgrass, a C4 species, against a relatively rare isotopic form (13C) of CO2. This results in different 13C: 12C isotope ratios (expressed as δ13C) in root tissues of the two species. δ13C values for monoculture barnyardgrass and rice grown in a standard flood-irrigated system were highly stable over 4 crop-years, averaging −13.12 ± 0.80 (SD) and −28.5 ± 0.11 (SD)‰, respectively, based on analysis by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Standard concentration curves relating measured δ13C values to set proportions of rice:barnyardgrass root biomass were described by linear regressions, typically with r2 values of 0.96 or greater. Quantities of intermixed rice and barnyardgrass roots sampled 0 to 5 cm deep from soil between rice rows were estimated by extrapolation from standard curves based on δ13C values. About 50% more barnyardgrass root tissue was detected in plots of Lemont long-grain rice than in weed-suppressive PI 312777 indica rice, demonstrating the feasibility of using this stable carbon isotope method in flooded rice systems.
Temperature and Water Potential as Parameters for Modeling Weed Emergence in Central-Northern Italy
Authors: Masin Roberta , Loddo Donato , Benvenuti Stefano , Zuin Maria Clara , Macchia Mario , Zanin Giuseppe
Published: August 2010

Predicting weed emergence dynamics can help farmers to plan more effective weed control. The hydrothermal time concept has been used to model emergence as a function of temperature and water potential. Application of this concept is possible if the specific biological thresholds are known. This article provides a data set of base temperature and water potential of eight maize weeds (velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, yellow foxtail, green foxtail, and johnsongrass). For five of these species, two ecotypes from two extreme regions of the predominant maize-growing area in Italy (Veneto and Tuscany), were collected and compared to check possible differences that may arise from using the same thresholds for different populations. Seedling emergence of velvetleaf and johnsongrass were modeled using three different approaches: (1) thermal time calculated assuming 5 C as base temperature for both species; (2) thermal time using the specific estimated base temperatures; and (3) hydrothermal time using the specific, estimated base temperatures and water potentials. All the species had base temperatures greater than 10 C, with the exception of velvetleaf (3.9 to 4.4 C) and common lambsquarters (2.0 to 2.6 C). All species showed a calculated base-water potential equal or up to −1.00 MPa. The thresholds of the two ecotypes were similar for all the studied species, with the exception of redroot pigweed, for which the Veneto ecotype showed a water potential lower than −0.41 MPa, whereas it was −0.62 MPa for the Tuscany ecotype. Similar thresholds have been found to be useful in hydrothermal time models covering two climatic regions where maize is grown in Italy. Furthermore, a comparison between the use of specific, estimated, and common thresholds for modeling weed emergence showed that, for a better determination of weed control timing, it is often necessary to estimate the specific thresholds.
Microchemical Components and Antioxidant Activity of Different Morphological Parts of Thai Wild Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Authors: Siriamornpun Sirithon , Suttajit Maitree
Published: August 2010

Purslane weed has long been used for animal feed in Thailand but has been underutilized, and no published data exist on the chemical and nutritional qualities of Thai wild purslane. In this study, we aimed to determine the microchemical components of purslane stem, leaf, and flower, including the phenolic acid, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and fatty acid content. The water extract of the flower fraction contained the highest total phenolic acid content and had the highest O2-scavenging activities, whereas leaf contained the highest amount of total flavonoids and ascorbic acid. The β-carotene content was not significantly different in leaf and flower fractions but was significantly greater than that in stem (P < 0.05). The predominant phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid for all fractions. Rutin was the major flavonoid found in leaf, and myricetin was highest in flower and stem. Alpha linolenic acid (18:3n-3) content ranged from 16% (149 mg per 100-g sample) of total fatty acid in stem to 50% (523 mg per 100-g sample) in leaf. We suggest that Thai wild purslane could be considered a nutritional source for animal feed or an excellent vegetable in the human diet.
Soaking Time and Water Temperature Impact on Creeping Bentgrass Seed Germination
Authors: Zapiola Maria Luz , Mallory-Smith Carol Ann
Published: August 2010

Seed deterioration, and therefore seed germination potential, are highly influenced by relative humidity and temperature. However, limited species-specific information is available about the effect of long-term soaking in water on seed germination potential. Knowing the potential fate of a creeping bentgrass seed that falls in an irrigation canal is important for the study of transgene flow in this species at the landscape level. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of soaking time and water temperature on germination of creeping bentgrass seed and to assess how fast a panicle could be moved in an irrigation canal. Germination was determined for seeds from panicles of three cultivars of creeping bentgrass that were soaked in water for up to 17 wk at two water temperatures, 4 and 20 C. Creeping bentgrass seeds did not lose their ability to germinate after 17 wk in water at 20 C and, although reduced, germination was still 46% after 17 wk in water at 4 C. The reduction in germination in seeds from panicles kept in water at 4 C was due to the induction of secondary dormancy, which was overcome by dry seed storage at room temperature. We quantified that a panicle that falls in an irrigation canal has the potential to travel downstream at an average rate of 19 m min−1and move seeds that could potentially establish seedlings elsewhere. Therefore, movement of creeping bentgrass seed by water has to be considered as a means of gene flow.
Variation in Seed Viability and Dormancy of 17 Weed Species after 24.7 Years of Burial: The Concept of Buried Seed Safe Sites
Authors: Conn Jeffery S. , Werdin-Pfisterer Nancy R.
Published: August 2010

A 50-yr study at Fairbanks, AK, was started in 1984 to determine soil seed longevity of 17 weed species. Seeds were buried in mesh bags 2- and 15-cm deep and were recovered 0.7, 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, 4.7, 6.7, 9.7, 19.7, and 24.7 yr later. Viability was determined using germination and tetrazolium tests. By 24.7 yr after burial (YAB), no viable seeds were found for common hempnettle, flixweed, foxtail barley, quackgrass, and wild oat. Bluejoint reedgrass, which had no live seed 19.7 YAB, again had viability (1% at 15 cm) 24.7 YAB. Seeds of 11 other species were still viable: American dragonhead (52%), marsh yellowcress (11 and 3.0% at 2 and 15 cm respectively), common lambsquarters (2.8%), prostrate knotweed (2.8% at 15 cm), shepherd's-purse (2.8%), pineapple-weed (2.6%), rough cinquefoil (2.3%), Pennsylvania smartweed (1.1%), common chickweed (0.4%), wild buckwheat (0.3%), and corn spurry (0.1%). Seed dormancy 24.7 YAB was very low (< 10%) for all species except American dragonhead (99%), shepherd's-purse (40%), marsh yellowcress (23% at 2 cm), Pennsylvania smartweed (18%), and rough cinquefoil (14%). At the beginning of the study, declines in seed longevity were uniform between replicates, but variability between replicates increased over time for all species except American dragonhead, suggesting that some soil microsites are more favorable for seed survival and may be seedbank “safe sites.” Results of this study demonstrate that nonrandom seed mortality contributes to the spatial heterogeneity of seed populations in the soil seedbank.
Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems in Ontario: Multivariate and Nominal Trait-Based Weed Community Structure
Authors: Gulden Robert H. , Sikkema Peter H. , Hamill Allan S. , Tardif François J. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: August 2010

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) cropping systems are popular and used extensively by producers. However, the long-term impacts of heavy reliance of this technology on weed community structure are not known. Five fully phased field experiments (two no-tillage and three conventional tillage) were established at four locations in southwestern Ontario where the effects of herbicide system (glyphosate or conventional) in corn and soybean and crop rotation (corn–soybean or corn–soybean–winter wheat) on midseason weed communities were examined. Multivariate analysis on data over the last 3 yr of the 6-yr experiment showed that weed communities were distinctly different among the treatments within each experiment. At several locations, midseason weed communities were more similar in corn and soybean treated with glyphosate compared to the same crops treated with conventional herbicides, reflecting the continuous application of the same selection pressure in both crops. Analysis of trait-densities revealed an increase in species with late initiation of seedling recruitment at the expense of weed species with medium time of initiation of seedling recruitment rather than early recruiting species. Increases in perennial species, species with a short interval between recruitment and anthesis, and wind-dispersed species were also observed. Trait-density–based analysis of the weed community was an effective method for reducing the complexity of divergent weed communities that enabled direct quantitative comparison of the herbicide-induced effects on these weed communities.
Ecosystem services provided by playas in the High Plains: potential influences of USDA conservation programs
Authors: Smith Loren M. , Haukos David A. , McMurry Scott T. , LaGrange Ted , Willis David
Published: August 2010

Playas are shallow depressional wetlands and the dominant wetland type in the non‐glaciated High Plains of the United States. This region is one of the most intensively cultivated regions in the Western Hemisphere, and playas are profoundly impacted by a variety of agricultural activities. Conservation practices promoted through Farm Bills by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) that influence playas and surrounding catchments impact ecosystem functions and related services provided by wetlands in this region. As part of a national assessment, we review effects of agricultural cultivation and effectiveness of USDA conservation programs and practices on ecosystem functions and associated services of playas. Services provided by playas are influenced by hydrological function, and unlike other wetland types in the United States, hydrological function of playas is impacted more by accumulated sediments than drainage. Most playas with cultivated catchments have lost greater than 100% of their volume from sedimentation causing reduced hydroperiods. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has the largest influence on playa catchments (the High Plains has >2.8 million ha), and associated sedimentation, of any USDA program. Unfortunately, most practices applied under CRP did not consider restoration of playa ecosystem function as a primary benefit, but rather established dense exotic grass in the watersheds to reduce soil erosion. Although this has reduced soil erosion, few studies have investigated its effects on playa hydrological function and services. Our review demonstrates that the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) has seldom been applied in the High Plains outside of south‐central Nebraska. However, this is the primary program that exists within the USDA allowing conservation practices that restore wetland hydrology such as sediment removal. In addition to sediment removal, this practice has the greatest potential effect on improving hydrologic function by reducing sedimentation in vegetative buffer strips. We estimate that a 50‐m native‐grass buffer strip could improve individual playa hydroperiods by up to 90 days annually, enhancing delivery of most natural playa services. The potential for restoration of playa services using USDA programs is extensive, but only if WRP and associated practices are promoted and playas are considered an integral part of CRP contracts.
Community College Retention and Access Issues: A View from the Field
Authors: Rankin Kristie R. , Katsinas Stephen G. , Hardy David E.
Published: August 2010

Drawing on Rankin's 2008 study and literature on retention and community colleges, this study presents perceptions of community college Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Chief Academic Officers (CAOs) in relation to issues affecting retention and access. Childcare, transportation, and funding concerns are examined.
Protected Designation of Origin Revisited
Authors: Bouamra-Mechemache Zohra , Chaaban Jad
Published: August 2010

This paper explores the impacts of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) certification on the costs and profits of firms as well as consumers and total welfare. The paper argues that PDO labels are different from other common labeling schemes, as they involve technological and capacity constraints that influence their economic efficiency. Using a theoretical model of endogenous quality choice, which incorporates vertical differentiation with the costs constraints linked to the PDO label, we explore the way producers can signal their quality either by certifying their product through PDO or by investing in a collective private common label. Results show that even if PDOs are efficient from a producer perspective, a society might be better off with less stringent techniques of quality signaling, relying on private collective certification.
Genetic Predisposition for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Disease Etiopathogenesis
Authors: Stankov Karmen
Published: August 2010

Genetic Predisposition for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Disease Etiopathogenesis

The increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus worldwide has prompted a rapid growth in the pace of scientific discovery of the mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of this multifactorial disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes, contributing to pancreatic beta cell loss and insulin resistance. Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy. The pathogenesis of this rare neurodegenerative genetic disease is unknown. A Wolfram gene (WFS1 locus) has recently been mapped to chromosome 4p16.1, but there is evidence for locus heterogeneity, including the mitochondrial genome deletion. Recent positional cloning led to identification of the second WFS locus, a mutation in the CISD2 gene, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum intermembrane small protein. Our results were obtained by the analysis of a families belonging to specific population, affected by Wolfram syndrome. We have identified the newly diagnosed genetic alteration of WFS1 locus, a double non-synonymous and frameshift mutation, providing further evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. Newly identified mutations may contribute to the further elucidation of the pathogenesis of Wolfram syndrome, as well as of the complex mechanisms involved in diabetes mellitus development.
Safety and Reliability Analysis of the High Rise Buildings Considering the Exterior Explosion Effect
Authors: Králik Juraj , Rozsár Peter
Published: August 2010

Safety and Reliability Analysis of the High Rise Buildings Considering the Exterior Explosion Effect

This paper deals with the problem of the building's resistance under influence of extreme loads from above-ground explosion. The shock wave propagation in the subsoil and in the air and the effect of the subsoil and space wave propagation on high rise building is evaluated. The blast load from explosion of 1000kg TNT at 30m distance from the building is defined in accordance with the USA standards. The William-Warnke's failure criterion and the smeared approach for cracking and reinforcement modelling is used for nonlinear analysis of the three type of the reinforced concrete walls. The wave propagation is simulated on 3D FEM model in software ANSYS on the base of the experimental results Yong Lu and Zhongqi Wang (2006). Copyright©2010 Preprint of KONBiN.
The Possible Use of the FMEA Method to Ensure Health Safety of Municipal Water
Authors: Rak Janusz , Tchórzewska-Cieślak Barbara
Published: August 2010

The Possible Use of the FMEA Method to Ensure Health Safety of Municipal Water

The paper presents the adaptation of failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) to assess risk associated with the possibility of tap water contamination. In the case of drinking water quality, occurring threats include pollution by hazardous substances that have an impact on life-threatening risk, health risk and environmental risk. The main aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to use the FMEA method for water supply system.
Aerobic capacity of handball players with hearing impairment
Authors: Vujkov Sandra , Đukic Milorad , Drid Patrik
Published: August 2010

Aerobic capacity of handball players with hearing impairment

Study aim: To determine the aerobic capacity of handball players with hearing impairment as compared with the healthy ones.

Material and methods: Two groups of subjects took part in this study: healthy national handball players (NHB; n = 15) aged 18 - 33 years and international handball players with hearing impairment (IHB; n = 13), winners of European Deaf-Mute Championships in 2008 (Belgrade, Serbia) and second place in Deaflympic games in 2009 (Taipei, Taiwan), aged 21 - 48 years. Cosmed T-170 treadmill (FSPE1 protocol) and a breath-by-breath gas analyser were used to determine the following indices of aerobic capacity: maximal heart rate (HRmax), ‡O2max, oxygen pulse, lung ventilation, tidal volume, maximum speed.

Results: Players from the IHB group attained significantly (p<0.05 - 0.01) lower values of oxygen pulse and maximum speed (by 12%), heart rate 1 min post-exercise (by 6%), lung ventilation (by 11%) and tidal volume (by 14%) compared with NHB group. IHB players had also twice lower weekly training volume. On the other hand, no significant between-group difference was found fo the relative O2max.

Conclusion: The lower results attained by handball players with impaired hearing compared with the healthy ones could be attributed to lower training volume per week. Thus, an increase in the training volume for the disabled players would be recommendable.
Knee Pain and Mobility Impairments: Meniscal and Articular Cartilage Lesions
Authors: Logerstedt David S. , Snyder-Mackler Lynn , Ritter Richard C. , Axe Michael J. , Godges Joseph
Published: August 2010

The Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association presents this fifth set of clinical practice guidelines on knee pain and mobility impairments, linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The purpose of these practice guidelines is to describe evidence-based orthopaedic physical therapy clinical practice and provide recommendations for (1) examination and diagnostic classification based on body functions and body structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, (2) interventions provided by physical therapists, (3) and assessment of outcome for common musculoskeletal disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010:40(6):A1–A35. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.0304
Economic valuation of water supply service from two community forests in Palpa district
Authors: Khanal Y , Upadhyaya CP , Sharma RP
Published: August 2010

Apart from physical products, community forests (CF) in Nepal generate various ecosystemservices that could be important not only to the stakeholders at local level, but also to thestakeholders at the regional and the global levels. Water supply from CF would be one ofthe many ecosystem services whose benefits are provided to the stakeholders. Consideringthe economic importance of water supply service from CF, this study aims to assess theeconomic value of the water supply as a service from two CFs and also identify thefactors affecting an individual's willingness to pay (WTP). Contingent valuation methodwas applied to evaluate the water supply service based on the information of users' WTP.Data from 74 households (HH) in Lipindevi Thulopakho and Jarneldhara CFs in Palpadistrict (surveyed during May-June, 2008) were used. Results indicated that the meanWTP of Lipindevi Thulopakho and Jarneldhara CF users were US$ 36.62 and 25.62 HH-1 yr-1, respectively. The economic value of water supply service from Lipindevi Thulopakhoand Jarneldhara CF were US$ 93.54 ha-1 yr-1 and 134.06 ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Factorslike distance of the house from water source, daily water consumption, wealth status andcaste were associated with substantial influences on an individual's WTP. This studyconcludes that there would be a high possibility for generating extra income with thedevelopment of a payment mechanism for water supply service from CF.Key words: Community forest; contingent valuation; economic valuation; water supply;willingness to payDOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i1.3505Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 pp.24-29
Molar volume calculation of Ga–Bi–X (X=Sn, In) liquid alloys using the general solution model
Authors: Živković D. , Novaković R. , Katayama I. , Manasijević D.
Published: August 2010

The results of the molar volume calculation of two galliumbased ternary systems, Ga–Bi–Sn and Ga–Bi–In, are presented in this paper. The calculation has been done according to the general solution model, using known experimental data for constitutive binary systems at a temperature of 873 K, for the considered ternary alloys in the sections with molar ratio of Bi:X (X = Sn, In) = 1: 1; 1: 3; 3: 1. The calculated values for the molar volume of liquid alloys have been compared with available experimental data and good agreement was found.
Through the Lens of Modern Hermeneutics: Authorial Intention in al-Ṭabarī's and al-Ghazālī's Interpretations of Q. 24:35
Authors: Mårtensson Ulrika
Published: August 2010

The article explores the meaning of Q. 24∶35 (the ‘Light Verse’) through the interpretations of al-Ṭabarī and al-Ghazālī, and with reference to their respective hermeneutics and interpretive methods, which are compared to modern hermeneutical debate. The central argument is that the methodologies of al-Ṭabarī and al-Ghazālī are in line with the modern hermeneutical position that a text's meaning is what its author intended to communicate (E.D. Hirsch, Jr), as opposed to what its interpreter makes of it (H-G. Gadamer). A medieval Islamic equivalent to Gadamer's hermeneutics can be found in Ismāʿīlī exegesis, which is methodologically opposed to that of al-Ṭabarī and, also, al-Ghazālī. It is suggested that Q. 24∶35 itself is a statement of the hermeneutics of ‘authorial intention’, which implies that the Qur'an's meaning is what God intended to communicate, and the meaning of the term taʾwīl is reassessed in terms of its meaning, literally, ‘to retrieve God's intended meaning from interpretation’. On a secondary level, by exploring the hermeneutics of these two scholars and comparing this with modern hermeneutics, the study offers a critique of a recent reading of Ashʿarī theory of language and interpretation, and its political implications.
al-Dalāla al-lughawiyya: Meaning in Single Words, and Contextual Variation
Authors: Hassan Tammam
Published: August 2010

This atricle starts from the basic premise that language is a complete system which is formed of mutually supporting subsidiary structures. On this premise, it critically discusses the view prevalent among linguists that the lexicon of a language does not in itself represent a language system; rather it is a record of individual words, without organised form that might be said to render it a precise discipline distinguished by its own distinctive rules. The study points out that it was these very same linguists who observed the existence of semantic fields in which individual words can be classed, and who claim that any given two words may form two different semantic fields which either may or may not be suitable for combination in a given collocation. This has been expressed by scholars of ʿilm al-bayān as the principle that a lexical item can be predicated to something that is either contextually appropriate or inappropriate to it.
Qur'anic qirāʾāt as shawāhid (loci probantis): A Linguistic Perspective
Authors: al-Qaysī ʿAbd al-Muḥsin
Published: August 2010

In this article I discuss the need for recourse to one of the most important sources of shawāhid (loci probantis), the Qur'anic qirāʾāt, as supporting evidence for various grammatical rules. I argue that it is an error to say that poetry authenticates the qirāʾāt, rather the opposite stands true and the qirāʾāt themselves should be viewed as shawāhid. On this basis the article explores the reason for the development of the science of qirāʾāt and its relationship to the Arab tribal dialects which gave rise to it. The reliance on the qirāʾāt as shawāhid will necessarily act to expand the corpus of the Arabic language and will be an aid to the understanding of the relationship between the semantic and the phonetic aspects of lexicographical items, which confirms the necessity of such citations for grammatical, semantic and stylistic purposes.
Cyclophilin Inhibitors as a Novel HCV Therapy
Authors: Tang Hengli
Published: August 2010

A critical role of Cyclophilins, mostly Cyclophilin A (CyPA), in the replication of HCV is supported by a growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence. CyPA probably interacts directly with nonstructural protein 5A to exert its effect, through its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, on maintaining the proper structure and function of the HCV replicase. The major proline substrates are located in domain II of NS5A, centered around a “DY” dipeptide motif that regulates CyPA dependence and CsA resistance. Importantly, Cyclosporine A derivatives that lack immunosuppressive function efficiently block the CyPA-NS5A interaction and inhibit HCV in cell culture, an animal model, and human trials. Given the high genetic barrier to development of resistance and the distinctness of their mechanism from that of either the current standard of care or any specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (STAT-C), CyP inhibitors hold promise as a novel class of anti-HCV therapy.
Long-term Correlations and Complexity Analysis of the Heart Rate Variability Signal during Sleep
Authors: Mendez M. O. , Ferrario M. , Ferini-Strambi L. , Cerutti S. , Bianchi A. M.
Published: August 2010

Background: Physiological sleep is characterized by different cyclic phenomena, such as REM, nonREM phases and the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP), that are associated to characteristic patterns in the heart rate variability (HRV) signal. Disruption of such rhythms due to sleep disorders, for example insomnia or apnea syndrome, alters the normal sleep patterns and the dynamics of the HRV recorded during the night.

Objectives: In this paper we analyze long-term and complexity dynamics of the HRV signal recorded during sleep in different groups of subjects. The aim is to investigate whether the calculated indices are able to capture the different characteris tics and to discriminate among the groups of subjects, classified according sleep disorders or cardiovascular pathologies.

Methods: Parameters, able to detect the fractal-like behavior of a signal and to measure the regularity and complexity of a time series, are calculated on the HRV signal acquired during the night. Different groups of subjects were analyzed: healthy subjects with high sleep efficiency, healthy subjects with low sleep efficiency, subjects affected by insomnia, heart failure patients, subjects affected by obstructive sleep apnea.

Results: The evaluated parameters show significant differences in the groups of subjects considered in this work. In particular heart failure patients have significant lower entropy and complexity values, whereas apnea patients show an increased irregularity when compared with normal subjects with high sleep efficiency.

Conclusions: This work proposes indices that can be used as global descriptors of the dynamics of the whole night and can discriminate among different groups of subjects.
Blinded Sample Size Reestimation with Negative Binomial Counts in Superiority and Non-inferiority Trials
Authors: Schmidli H. , Friede T.
Published: August 2010

Background: In the planning of clinical trials with count outcomes such as the number of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often considerable uncertainty exists with regard to the overall event rate and the level of overdispersion which are both crucial for sample size calculations.

Objectives: To develop a sample size reestimation strategy that maintains the blinding of the trial, controls the type I error rate and is robust against misspecification of the nuisance parameters in the planning phase in that the actual power is close to the target.

Methods: The operation characteristics of the developed sample size reestimation procedure are investigated in a Monte Carlo simulation study.

Results: Estimators of the overall event rate and the overdispersion parameter that do not require unblinding can be used to effectively adjust the sample size without inflating the type I error rate while providing power values close to the target.

Conclusions: If only little information is available regarding the size of the overall event rate and the overdispersion parameter in the design phase of a trial, we recommend the use of a design with sample size reestimation as the one suggested here. Trials in COPD are expected to benefit from the proposed sample size reestimation strategy.
Sur la valeur juridique de la Licence publique générale de GNU
Authors: Clément-Fontaine Mélanie
Published: August 2010

Résumé Le marché des produits kasher connaît depuis quelques années un développement contre-intuitif. Divers rapports d’étude, présentant la certification comme une « martingale », invitent les professionnels de l’agroalimentaire à rapidement labelliser leur offre commerciale. La pertinence de cette recommandation est ici testée. Une approche prospective originale des trajectoires du marché est proposée, assise sur une étude prospective de l’évolution du champ sémantique qui les sous-tend. L’idée est ainsi retenue selon laquelle la cinématique du marché est fonction d’une dynamique sémantique. La méthode d’investigation retenue croise socio-linguistique et socio-anthropologie. On montre que le terme kasher prend aujourd’hui des sens variés, se charge d’ambivalences et d’ambiguïtés qui dessinent un horizon complexe d’opportunités et de menaces.
Le revenu garanti comme processus constituant
Authors: Corsani Antonella , Lazzarato Maurizio
Published: August 2010

Résumé Dix ans de politiques de l’emploi ont bien mis en évidence deux déconnexions fondamentales : un emploi n’est plus une garantie d’un revenu satisfaisant, la croissance n’est plus la garante de la création d’emplois. En proposant un déplacement (nécessaire) de l’angle d’approche des dynamiques de la globalisation libérale, de la relation capital / travail à l’antagonisme capital / vie, l’article soutient la revendication d’un revenu garanti : le revenu garanti comme processus constituant, c’est-à-dire, pour ouvrir une phase constituante au niveau des institutions économiques et sociales.
L'Europe peut elle nous faire rêver ?
Authors: Braidotti Rosi
Published: August 2010

Résumé   À la demande d’Antonella Corsani, Rosi Braidotti décrit son rêve d’une Europe post-nationale, aux identités multiples et flexibles. Elle propose de s’appuyer sur les recherches féministes et postcoloniales pour définir, à partir de pensées positionnées, de nouvelles cartographies sociales. Il ne s’agit pas d’une Europe des marges mais d’un projet de construire des transversalités au sein d’un monde dont le centre saturé par le capitalisme n’est plus capable d’imaginer des transformations positives.
Piqueteros : limites et potentialités
Authors: Hopstein Graciela
Published: August 2010

Résumé   Les piqueteros argentins constituent un mouvement politique d’un type nouveau, qui a réussi à mettre en place, non seulement des actions novatrices de désobéissance et de résistance, mais aussi des pratiques politiques basées sur la démocratie directe, sur l’autogestion et l’autonomie. Il s’agit d’un sujet politique qui, loin d’être unitaire, fait de la lutte contre l’atomisation et l’exclusion sociale un instrument pour la reconnaissance d’une identité multiple, plurielle et hybride. Ils ont formé des réseaux qui, face au vide du pouvoir de l’État et contrariant les prévisions apocalyptiques, ont défini des espaces pleins de puissance, où « le nouveau » a la capacité de créer des dynamiques politiques et sociales effectivement constituantes.
Travail et processus constituant : en suivant le fil d'Ariane
Authors: Espinoza Rubén
Published: August 2010

Résumé Comment représenter les journées des 19 et 20 décembre 2001 ? Quelle en sont l’origine et le moteur ? Quel sujet a joué le premier rôle ? Quelles sont les clefs qui permettent de reconnaître un mouvement social ainsi que les obstacles qu’il à du franchir ? Le travail du mouvement social en Argentine ne montre pas seulement la particularité de notre histoire, mais elle ruine aussi plusieurs thèses sur la circulation universelle qui affirment que le passage du fordisme au post-fordisme implique tout simplement la nécessaire destruction-disparition des acquis sociaux obtenus dans le passé par le mouvement social. L’ingouvernabilité qui commence en 1955 est aujourd’hui plus aiguë que jamais. Car elle n’est pas le résultat de l’impéritie des différents gouvernements ou des contraintes imposées les centres financiers internationaux, mais plutôt celui de l’action du mouvement social.
Biopolitique / bioéconomie
Authors: Lazzarato Maurizio
Published: August 2010

Résumé La généalogie du capitalisme amorcée par Foucault à la fin des années 70 ébranle ce que nous croyons savoir du libéralisme. Le constat d’Adam Smith conserve toute sa force : le politique (droits) et l’économie (intérêts) ne sont ni superposables, ni réconciliables. Le gouvernement libéral se propose d’y répondre. Englober et « passer par l’extérieur », telles sont ses tâches, et elles connaissent deux modalités d’application depuis lors, qui sont aussi deux techniques de normalisation. La première, prédominante, s’occupe du gros : la discipline. La seconde, active et souterraine, s’occupe des détails : la sécurité. Elle cerne de plus près les multiplicités, la vie, les conduites. Une véritable politique des multiplicités supposerait, bien davantage encore, de passer « par l’extérieur » des agents que nous tenons pour naturels ou spontanés, mais qui sont l’objet d’un souci et d’une ré-institution constants : le marché, l’entreprise, le travailleur.
Politique : “j’entends par là une vie humaine”
Authors: Bove Laurent
Published: August 2010

Résumé Le texte de L. Bove (suite à l’article de M. Vatter dans le numéro 9 de Multitudes ) examine à son tour le trinôme libéralisme, orthodoxie, démocratie, mais à partir de la philosophie de Spinoza. Celle-ci pense en effet une radicalité de l’orthodoxie et une radicalité démocratique en dehors d’une juridication du politique. Mais la perspective spinoziste nous conduit plutôt à penser que si la démocratie est le véritable adversaire asymétrique de la politique de l’État moderne, cette politique se construit cependant, dans sa vérité effective, en symétrie parfaite avec un modèle d’orthodoxie. L’avantage de mettre à jour une telle équivalence nous permet de lire aujourd’hui l’inquiétante possibilité qu’a le libéralisme d’une voie explicite d’éradication historique (ou post-historique) radicale de son adversaire démocratique. Cette voie lui est offerte par un modèle d’orthodoxie qui a su déjà répondre au problème de la revendication démocratique. Ce modèle parfait de l’obéissance, c’est celui que Spinoza a découvert et étudié dans la théocratie hébraïque ancienne, modèle d’orthodoxie (an-historique) dont l’État monarchique hobbesien (auquel nous sommes aujourd’hui confrontés sous la figure juridico-politique de la démocratie libérale) pourrait n’être que l’expression moderne (post-historique). Ce sont les soubassements théoriques de cette inquiétante configuration, quant aux funestes perspectives qu’elle éclaire, qui sont examinés ici. Ce que nous apprend ainsi Spinoza c’est que ce que nous devons appeler « politique » s’identifie inéluctablement, pour nous, avec la question même de l’anthropogenèse.
Peter Weibel, les “Télé-actions”
Authors: Belting Hans
Published: August 2010

Résumé Peter Weibel a produit, entre 1969 et la fin des années 70, une série de performances et d’installations vidéo qui cherchaient à redonner vie aux images de télévision. Il s’agissait, suivant les cas, de perturber les émissions existantes, d’inventer de nouveaux dispositifs de projection, de transformer les relations acteurs / spectateurs ou de produire de la pensée à partir de ces images.
La parole du créole qui ne se dit pas “créole” en créole
Authors: Mondon Jean-Yves
Published: August 2010

Résumé Dans cet article je m’efforce de tirer autant de conséquences que possible de ce fait : dans les îles des Mascareignes, l’usage du mot « créole » est réglé par des critères qui en restreignent l’application à des sous-ensembles du monde créole. L’usage du mot n’est pas « cognitif », il ne désigne pas nécessairement l’habitant des îles, le « natif », il est plutôt destiné à marquer ce dont il importe de se distinguer dans la langue créole elle-même, en prenant éventuellement appui sur des arrière-langues, des usages, des croyances et des attitudes, hérités d’ailleurs. Ce qui apparaît alors comme un caractère important de la vie créole c’est la distance entre des formes d’expérience coexistantes mais qui se veulent aussi étanches que possible, distance au repérage de laquelle les sensibilités sont dressées et qui donne au métissage (ou à certaines formes de métissage) la valeur d’une soustraction aux normes héritées des temps coloniaux. Distance et métissage sont les termes dans lesquels j’ai voulu décrire le monde créole des Mascareignes. Mais j’ai voulu le décrire « à distance » en me rappelant l’esprit dans lequel Derek Walcott a décrit les fragments d’épopée des Antilles.
La créolité contre l'enfermement identitaire
Authors: Confiant Raphaël
Published: August 2010

Résumé Depuis deux décennies, le mouvement dit de la « Créolité » a réussi à s’imposer dans le débat franco-européen, américain, puis mondial, en particulier au plan de la littérature et de la musique. Raphaël Confiant explique ici les tenants et aboutissants historiques de cette réflexion nouvelle qui ne vise rien moins qu’à redéfinir la notion d’identité culturelle dans un monde marqué par les crispations nationalistes d’une part et la mondialisation, largement sous contrôle étasunien, de l’autre.
Kreyol pale, kreyol konprann
Authors: Smartt Bell Madison
Published: August 2010

Résumé Cet article discute de quelques aspects de la créolisation dans le contexte éthique, racial et linguistique qui s’est déployé à partir de certains événements de la révolution haïtienne.
La mémoire du corps contamine le musée
Authors: Rolnik Suely
Published: August 2010

Résumé L’œuvre de l’artiste brésilienne Lygia Clark occupe une position singulière dans le mouvement de critique institutionnelle qui débute dans les années 1960-70. Le foyer de sa recherche consiste en une mobilisation des deux capacités de perception et de sensation qui nous permettent d’appréhender l’altérité du monde, respectivement comme une carte de formes sur lesquelles nous projetons des représentations ou comme un diagramme de forces qui affectent les sens en leur vibratilité. À partir de 1976, avec la Structuration du Self , Lygia a abandonné le champ de l’art et opté pour celui de la clinique. Les formes de critique qu’elle met en œuvre dans la décennie suivante ne rencontreront de résonance que bien des années après sa mort, chez une génération qui s’affirme à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1990. En 2002, Suely Rolnik a décidé de développer un projet de réactivation de mémoire autour de son œuvre. L’idée était d’utiliser des entretiens filmés pour produire un enregistrement vivant des effets du corps constitué par Clark lors de son exil de l’art, dans son environnement culturel et politique au Brésil comme en France. Avec l’exposition, la pulsation de ce corps trouvait une chance de contaminer le musée.
Le double sens de la destitution
Authors: Nowotny Stefan
Published: August 2010

Résumé En partant des textes du Colectivo Situaciones sur les mouvements d’insurrection de décembre 2001 en Argentine, cet article cherche à reposer la question de la critique institutionnelle à partir d’une réflexion sur des pratiques destituantes. Loin de se laisser réduire à la visée d’une réinstitution, c’est-à-dire d’un remplissage des fonctions classiques du pouvoir politique, ces pratiques renvoient plutôt à un « non positif », à l’actualisation auto-transformatrice des potentiels de l’agir social en deçà et au-delà des figures de la représentation institutionnelle. Ainsi, ce qui fait apparition au sein même de la destitution n’est pas un « travail de la négation », mais bien plutôt les contours d’une activité instituante qui engendre de nouvelles formes de coexistence et de coaction, même si cette activité est en partie hantée par la mise en scène des conflits du passé. Pour mieux comprendre cette activité instituante, il convient cependant de considérer un deuxième sens du mot « destitution » : à savoir la désubjectivation en tant que destruction de la faculté de subjectivation, telle que l’a décrite Agamben dans Ce qui reste d’Auschwitz . Ce n’est qu’à partir du double sens de la destitution que la coimplication complexe de l’institution et de la destitution peut être mise en lumière — et que le privilège accordé depuis si longtemps à la « constitution », tant au niveau de la théorie des subjectivités qu’à celui de la théorie politique, peut être remis en cause.
Le percept noise comme registre du sensible
Authors: Citton Yves
Published: August 2010

Résumé En partant de la convergence graphique entre l’anglais « noise » (bruit) et le français « noise » (querelle), cet article tente d’identifier un percept qui traverse différents genres musicaux (rock, jazz) et de comprendre ce qui a rendu possible de faire du bruit (soit de l’anti-musique) une source de plaisir esthétique propre. Il convoque pour ce faire l’histoire des technologies de la reproduction sonore, avant de proposer une hypothèse philosophique sur le type d’affect, propre à notre période historique, sur lequel s’articule le percept noise : une exploration ontologico-politique du laisser-être.
Le blues, cette chanson si bruyante
Authors: Ichida Yoshihiko
Published: August 2010

Résumé De Captain Beefheart à Stockhausen, en passant par le Velvet Underground et La Monte Young, cet article problématise le continuum noise non seulement comme une réalité transgénérique, mais surtout, de façon plus surprenante, comme l’émanation d’une ritournelle rauque qui puise sa force dans les work songs de la communauté noire américaine. Léger décalage dans une progression d’accords, note tenue au-delà de la durée attendue, bégaiements individuants : la noise est à chercher dans les bas-côtés des routes musicales construites par les bluesmen .
Le travail de l'image
Authors: Rancière Jacques
Published: August 2010

Résumé Représenter, c’est être à la place d’autre chose, c’est donc mentir à la vérité de la chose. Esther Shalev-Gerz réfute doublement ce présupposé : d’un côté, la chose même n’est jamais là : il n’y a que de la représentation : des mots portés par des corps, des images qui nous présentent non pas ce que les mots disent mais ce que font ces corps ; d’un autre côté, il n’y a jamais de représentation : on n’a jamais affaire qu’à de la présence : des choses, des mains qui les touchent, des bouches qui en parlent, des oreilles qui écoutent, des images qui circulent, des yeux dans lesquels se marque l’attention à ce qui est dit ou vu, des projecteurs qui adressent ces signes des corps à d’autres yeux et d’autres oreilles.
“Draupadi” avant-propos de la traductrice
Authors: Chakravorty Spivak Gayatri
Published: August 2010

Résumé Draupadi, protagoniste de la nouvelle de Mahasweta Devi publiée ici dans sa version anglaise, est une femme assujettie, mais capable de se rebeller, de résister jusqu’à la mort. Elle ne cherche pas la compassion. Son corps nu et mourant devant l’ennemi, elle résiste, son dernier acte est un acte de résistance dans lequel elle défie son ennemi de la (ren)contrer : pour la première fois, son ennemi, Senanayak, a peur, peur de faire face à un « objectif désarmé ». Mais qui est Senanayak ? Dans la nouvelle, Senanyak est un officier de l’armée du gouvernement du Bengale qui commande l’arrestation et l’humiliation de Draupadi, la femme qui a pris la tête de la révolte tribale au moment des luttes des Naxalites pour la réforme agraire, dans les années 1960. Mais dans sa préface à la nouvelle, Gayatri Spivak suggère de rapprocher la figure de Senanayak de celle de l’intellectuel du Premier-monde, coproducteur malgré lui des régimes d’exploitation et de domination dans le Tiers-monde. Son point de vue sur l’engagement des féministes occidentales est alors clair : « nous ne serons pas capables de parler aux femmes de là-bas si nous dépendons entièrement des conférences et des anthologies d’informateurs formés à l’Ouest ».