bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argument Schemes from the Point of View of Hamblin’s Dialectic
Authors: Van Laar Jan A.
Published: March 2017

This paper aims at a normative account of non-deductive argumentation schemes in the spirit of Hamblin’s dialectical philosophy. First, three principles are presented that characterize Hamblin’s dialectical stance. Second, argumentation schemes, which have hardly been examined in Hamblin’s book Fallacies, shall be dealt with by applying these principles, taking an argumentation scheme from authority as the leading example. Third, a formal dialectical system, along the lines indicated by Hamblin, shall be developed that includes norms for using argumentation schemes and norms for responding to arguments that are presented as instantiating acceptable argumentation schemes.
Toulmin’s “Analytic Arguments”
Authors: Hamby Ben
Published: March 2017

Toulmin’s formulation of “analytic arguments” in his 1958 book, The Uses of Argument, is opaque. Commentators have not adequately explicated this formulation, though Toulmin called it a “key” and “crucial” concept for his model of argument macrostructure. Toulmin’s principle “tests” for determining analytic arguments are problematic. Neither the “tautology test” nor the “verification test” straightforwardly indicates whether an argument is analytic or not. As such, Toulmin’s notion of analytic arguments might not represent such a key feature of his model. Absent a clearer formulation of analytic arguments, readers of Toulmin should be hesitant to adopt this terminology.
The Curious Silence of the Dog and Paul of Tarsus; Revisiting The Argument from Silence
Authors: Duncan Michael Gary
Published: March 2017

In this essay I propose an interpretative and explanatory structure for the so-called argumentum ex silento, or argument from silence (henceforth referred to as the AFS). To this end, I explore two examples, namely, Sherlock Holmes’s oft-quoted notice of the “curious incident of the dog in the night-time” from Arthur Conan Doyle’s short story “Silver Blaze,” and the historical question of Paul of Tarsus’s silence on biographical details of the historical Jesus. Through these cases, I conclude that the AFS serves as a dialogical topos best evaluated and understood through the perceived authority of the arguer and the willingness of the audience to accept that authority, due to the “curious” nature of the negative evidence that the argument employed.
Logic and Parables: Do These Narratives Provide Arguments?
Authors: Govier Trudy , Ayers Lowell
Published: March 2017

We explore the relationship between argument and narrative with reference to parables. Parables are typically thought to convey a message. In examining a parable, we can ask what that message is, whether the story told provides reasons for the message, and whether those reasons are good reasons. In exploring these questions, we employ as an inves-tigative technique the strategy of reconstructing parables as argu-ments. We then proceed to con-sider the cogency of those argu-ments. One can offer arguments through narratives and, in particu-lar, through parables, but that do-ing so likely brings more risks than benefits, from an epistemic point of view.
Argumentation in Theory and Practice: Gap or Equilibrium?
Authors: Kvernbekk Tone
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT: It is not uncommon, in argumentation and in various professions, to diagnose a gap between theory and practice; and in the next step argue that they should be brought into line with each other. But what does this mean? I shall argue that some version of a gap is sound, as it leaves theory with a critical, independent role in relation to practice – something that an equilibrium view does not.
Getting Your Ad Banned to Bring the Message Home? - A Rhetorical Analysis of an Ad on the US National Debt
Authors: Van den Hoven Paul
Published: March 2017

A systematic rhetorical analysis may reveal elements of multimodal argumentative discourse that would otherwise remain hidden. In this article, we present simultaneously (both) the basics of the method we have developed to integrate theories about different modalities in one parallel processing framework for rhetorical analysis and the results of its application to an intriguing ad.
The Irrelevance of Relevance
Authors: Botting David
Published: March 2017

The lack of a theory of relevance in the current state of the art of informal logic has often been considered regrettable, a gap that must be filled before the Relevance-Sufficiency-Acceptability model can be considered complete. I wish to challenge this view. A theory of relevance is neither desirable nor possible. Informal logic can get by perfectly well, and has been doing so far, with relevance judgments that are by nature unanalysable and intuitive. Criticism of theories of relevance, for example in Woods (1992), is deflated.
Virtue and Argument: Taking Character Into Account
Authors: Bowell Tracy , Kingsbury Justine
Published: March 2017

In this paper we consider the prospects for an account of good argument that takes the character of the arguer into consideration. We conclude that although there is much to be gained by identifying the virtues of the good arguer and by considering the ways in which these virtues can be developed in ourselves and in others, virtue argumentation theory does not offer a plausible alternative definition of good argument.
Informal Logic referees 2011-2012
Authors: Editors Informal Logic
Published: March 2017

The Editors express their gratitude and appreciation to the indi-viduals listed below who served as referees for Informal Logic for Volumes 31 (2011) and 32 (2012).
Govier on Trust
Authors: Pinto Robert C.
Published: March 2017

This paper attempts two things: (a) to give the reader a very general idea of the main outlines of what Govier has to say both about social and political trust and about trust in personal relationships, and (b) to present in slightly more detail what she says about the role of trust in acquiring belief and/or knowledge from testimony and about the reasons for trusting such testimony.
Less Ado, More Done: Verbal and Visual Antithesis in the Media.
Authors: Van Belle Hilde
Published: March 2017

The inventive, argumentative and stylistic possibilities generated by figures in general and the figure antithesis in particular are explored by Jeanne Fahnestock in the field of science. These ideas on the possibilities of antithesis are developed in the analysis of some cases of this figure in the media. This paper explores how antithesis can consist of textual and visual elements, and how various sorts and degrees of opposition are constructed in the figure.
Analogical Arguments in Ethics and Law: A Defence of Deductivism
Authors: Shecaira Fábio Perin
Published: March 2017

The paper provides a qualified defence of Bruce Waller’s deductivist schema for a priori analogical arguments in ethics and law. One crucial qualification is that the schema represents analogical arguments as complexes composed of one deductive inference (hence “deductivism”) but also of one non-deductive subargument. Another important qualification is that the schema is informed by normative assumptions regarding the conditions that an analogical argument must satisfy in order for it to count as an optimal instance of its kind. Waller’s schema (in qualified form) is defended from criticisms formulated by Trudy Govier, Marcello Guarini and Lilian Bermejo-Luque.
Logic, Truth and Inquiry
Authors: Goddu G.C.
Published: March 2017

by Mark Weinstein

King’s College London, UK: College Publications, 2013. Pp. viii, 1-232. Softcover. ISBN-13: 978-1-84890-100-1, ISBN-10: 1848901003. US$ 17.00
Virtue, In Context
Authors: Cohen Daniel H.
Published: March 2017

Virtue argumentation theory provides the best framework for accommodating the notion of an argument that is “fully satisfying” in a robust and integrated sense. The process of explicating the notion of fully satisfying arguments requires expanding the concept of arguers to include all of an argument’s participants, including judges, juries, and interested spectators. And that, in turn, requires expanding the concept of an argument itself to include its entire context.
Informal Fallacies as Cognitive Heuristics in Public Health Reasoning
Authors: Cummings Louise
Published: March 2017

The public must make assessments of a range of health-related issues. However, these assessments require scientific know-ledge which is often lacking or ineffectively utilized by the public. Lay people must use whatever cognitive resources are at their disposal to come to judgement on these issues. It will be contended that a group of arguments—so-called informal fallacies—are a valuable cognitive resource in this regard. These arguments serve as cognitive heuristics which facilitate reasoning when knowledge is limited or beyond the grasp of reasoners. The results of an investigation into the use of these arguments by the public are reported.
Teaching Rational Entitlement and Responsibility: A Socratic Exercise
Authors: Godden David
Published: March 2017

The paper reports on a Socratic exercise that introduces participants to the norm of rational entitlement, as distinct from political entitlement, and the attendant norm of rational responsibility. The exercise demonstrates that, because participants are not willing to exchange their own opinion at random for another differing opinion to which the owner is, by the participants’ own admission, entitled, they treat their entitlement to their own opinion differently, giving it a special status. This gives rise to rational obligations such as the obligation to provide reasons, and a willingness to risk those opinions to the force of the better reason.
The Authority of Citations and Quotations in Academic Papers
Authors: Carrascal Begoña
Published: March 2017

I consider some uses of citations in academic writing and analyze them as instances of the “appeal to expert opinion” argumentative scheme to show that the critical questions commonly linked to this scheme are difficult to apply. I argue that, by considering citations as special communicative and argumentative situated acts, their use in real practice can be explained more adequately. Adaptation to the audience and to the social constraints is common and necessary in order to collaborate with others and to advance in a discipline, but also to attain rhetorical goals that differ from strictly cognitive ones.
Meta-argumentation, An Approach to Logic and Argumentation Theory
Authors: Blair J. Anthony
Published: March 2017

By Maurice A. Finocchiaro

Studies in Logic, Logic and Argumentation, Vol. 42. London: College Publications, 2013. Pp. vii, 1-279. ISBN 978-1-84890-097-4. UK£12 US$17.10 CDN$21.12
Arguments that take Counterconsiderations into Account
Authors: Van Laar Jan Albert
Published: March 2017

This paper examines arguments that take counter- considerations into account, and it does so from a dialogical point of view. According to my account, a counterconsideration is part of a critical reaction from a real or imagined opponent, and an arguer may take it into account in his argument in at least six fully responsive ways. Conductive arguments (or: pro and con arguments, balance of con-siderations arguments) will be characterized as one of these types. In this manner, the paper aims to show how conducive, and related kinds of argument can be understood dialogically.
Critical Thinking Education and Debiasing (AILACT Essay Prize Winner 2013)
Authors: Beaulac Guillaume , Kenyon Tim
Published: March 2017

There are empirical grounds to doubt the effectiveness of a common and intuitive approach to teaching debiasing strategies in critical thinking courses. We summarize some of the grounds before suggesting a broader taxonomy of debiasing strategies. This four-level taxonomy enables a useful diagnosis of biasing factors and situations, and illuminates more strategies for more effective bias mitigation located in the shaping of situational factors and reasoning infrastructure. The question, we contend, then becomes how best to teach the construction and use of such infrastructures.
Critical Thinking and Cognitive Bias
Authors: Maynes Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

Teaching critical thinking skill is a central pedagogical aim in many courses. These skills, it is hoped, will be both portable (applicable in a wide range of contexts) and durable (not forgotten quickly). Yet, both of these virtues are challenged by pervasive and potent cognitive biases, such as motivated reasoning, false consensus bias and hindsight bias. In this paper, I argue that a focus on the development of metacognitive skill shows promise as a means to inculcate debiasing habits in students. Such habits will help students become more critical reasoners. I close with suggestions for implementing this strategy.
Analogical Argument Schemes and Complex Argument Structure
Authors: Juthe Andre
Published: March 2017

This paper addresses several issues in argumentation theory. The over-arching goal is to discuss how a theory of analogical argument schemes fits the pragma-dialectical theory of argument schemes and argument structures, and how one should properly reconstruct both single and complex argumentation by analogy. I also propose a unified model that explains how formal valid deductive argumentation relates to argument schemes in general and to analogical argument schemes in particular. The model suggests “scheme-specific-validity” i.e. that there are contrasting species of validity for each type of argument scheme that derive from one generic conception of validity.
Remembering Richard Paul
Authors: Editors Journal
Published: March 2017

Remembering Richard Paul (1937-2015)
Developing Critical Thinking with Debate: Evidence from Iranian Male and Female Students
Authors: Danaye Tous Maryam , Haghighi Sara
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between the performance of Iranian male and female EFL learners on the five dimensions of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test.88 learners, out of 120, who were selected through convenience sampling method, participated in this study. The researcher used a quantitative research method with one-group pretest posttest design. This group received some treatment in the form of “the Meeting-House Debate” strategy. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that there was no significant difference in the performance of males and females on the sub-scales measured; i.e. evaluation, analysis, inference, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning. It was concluded that gender did not have a significant effect on the students’ critical thinking skills.
Reflections on Theoretical Issues in Argumentation Theory. Editors Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen (Eds.). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015; pp. 289. $139.00 eBook, $179.00 hardcover.
Authors: Haynal Kaitlyn
Published: March 2017

Reflections on Theoretical Issues in Argumentation TheoryFrans H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen (Eds.) Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. Pp. xiv, 1-293. ISBN 978-3-319-21102-2. eBook US$139.00, €118,99; Hardcover US$179.00, €147,69
An Early Exchange on the Interpretation of Arguments in Texts
Authors: Blair J. Anthony
Published: March 2017

These letters between Irving Copi and Anthony Blair exchanged in 1981 are of possible interest for the history of informal logic.
Employing and Exploiting the Presumptions of Communication in Argumentation: An Application of Normative Pragmatics
Authors: Jacobs Scott
Published: March 2017

Argumentation occurs through and as communicative activity. Communication (and therefore argumentation) is organized by pragmatic principles of expression and interpretation. Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature provides a model for how people use rational principles to manage the ways in which they reason to representations of arguments, and not just reason from those representations. These principles are systematic biases that make possible reasonable decision-making and intersubjective understandings in the first place; but they also make possible all manner of errors and abuses. Much of what is problematic in argumentation involves the ways in which the pragmatic principles of communication are exploited and the difficulties audiences and interlocutors have detecting and managing these abuses.
Latin American Philosophers: Some Recent Challenges to Their Intellectual Character
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: March 2017

For Latin American philosophers, the quality of their own philosophy is a recurrent issue. Why hasn’t it produced any internationally recognized figure, tradition, or movement? Why is it mostly unknown inside and outside Latin America? Although skeptical answers to these questions are not new, they have recently shifted to some critical-thinking competences and dispositions deemed necessary for successful philosophical theorizing. Latin American philosophers are said to lack, for example, originality in problem-solving, problem-making, argumentation, and to some extent, interpretation. Or does the problem arise from their vices of “arrogant reasoning?” On my view, all of these answers are incomplete, and some even self-defeating. Yet they cast some light on complex, critical-thinking virtues and vices that play a significant role in philosophical thinking.
Why Arguments from Expert Opinion are still Weak: A Reply to Seidel
Authors: Mizrahi Moti
Published: March 2017

In this paper, I reply to Seidel’s (2014) objections against my argument from expert performance to the effect that arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments. I clarify what Seidel takes to be unclear points in my argument and show that it withstands Seidel’s objections.
Studying Rhetorical Audiences – a Call for Qualitative Reception Studies in Argumentation and Rhetoric
Authors: Kjeldsen Jens Elmelund
Published: March 2017

In rhetoric and argumentation research studies of empirical audiences are rare. Most studies are speaker- or text focussed. However, new media and new forms of communication make it harder to distinguish between speaker and audience. The active involvement of users and audiences is more important than ever before. Therefore, this paper argues that rhetorical research should reconsider the understanding, conceptualization and examination of the rhetorical audience. From mostly understanding audiences as theoretical constructions that are examined textually and speculatively, we should give more attention to empirical explorations of actual audiences and users.
Anything Goes: An Apology for Parallel Distributed Legal Science
Authors: Hage Jaap
Published: March 2017

Doctrinal legal science seems to lack a proper method and purpose. This interpretation clarifies its value. The backbone of the argu- ment consists of two theses. The first is that coherence—in a sense unusu- al in law—plays a crucial role in legal science. The second is that doctrinal legal science is a social enterprise and this should be consid- ered in attempts to understand it. Based on these, a picture of doctrinal legal science is given consisting of parallel distributed constructions of consistent, comprehensive and ex- pansive sets of legal beliefs. Given this, seeming weaknesses of doctri- nal legal science turn out to be actual strengths.
Administrative Judicial Decisions as a Hybrid Argumentative Activity Type
Authors: Plug H. José
Published: March 2017

This article focuses on strategic manoeuvring that takes place in Dutch administrative judi- cial decisions. These decisions may be seen as a distinct argumentative activity type. Starting from the char- acteristics that traditionally are per- tinent to this activity type, I will explore how implications of current discussions on the changing task of the administrative judge may be- come manifest in the judge’s strate- gic manoeuvring by means of the presentation of argumentation and the introduction of additional stand- points. The case study of Dutch administrative law serves to demon- strate what consequences changing institutional demands may have for the starting points of the analysis of argumentation in judicial decisions.
Errors of Reasoning, Naturalizing the Logic of Inference
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: March 2017

Critical Study
Apologie de la polémique
Authors: Charland Maurice
Published: March 2017

Book Review
Clarifying our Ideas in Persuasion Dialogue
Authors: Forrai Gábor
Published: March 2017

Persuasion dialogue sometimes helps us to clarify our ideas; this paper attempts to find out what clarification consists in. It criticizes Walton’s view, which explains clarification as making implicit commitments explicit and proposes a different approach according to which clarification consists in replacing narrowly individuated views with epistemically better ones which retain elements of the earlier views. It also argues that clarification so conceived is not one of the main goals of persuasion dialogue but rather an accidental even if welcome side effect.
How to Disagree About Argument Schemes
Authors: Shecaira Fábio Perin
Published: March 2017

Argumentation theorists often disagree about which scheme best represents a given type of argument (e.g. argument by analogy, argument from authority, inference to the best explanation). Unfortunately, authors sometimes become involved in fruitless pseudo-agreement because they fail to perceive that their supposedly competing schemes are means for achieving different (but compatible) practical or theoretical goals. This paper explains some of the different purposes that an argument scheme may serve, and it indicates how the relevant type of pseudo-disagreement may be avoided.
A Searchable Bibliography of Fallacies – 2016
Authors: Hansen Hans V. , Fioret Cameron
Published: March 2017

This bibliography of literature on the fallacies is intended to be a resource for argumentation theorists. It incorporates and sup- plements the material in the bibliography in Hansen and Pinto’s Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings (1995), and now includes over 550 entries. The bibliography is here present- ed in electronic form which gives the researcher the advantage of being able to do a search by any word or phrase of interest.
The Role of Quasi-Logical Arguments in Critical Dialogue: A Pragma-Dialectical Redefinition
Authors: Svačinová Iva
Published: March 2017

The article focuses on the New Rhetoric’s concept of quasi-logical arguments imitating logical or mathematical demonstrations, and examines it from point of view of pragma-dialectics as a device contributing towards resolving the difference of opinion. It is shown that the category of quasi-logical arguments cannot be considered as an argument scheme or a united type of strategic maneuvering. It is suggested to consider the category of quasi-logical arguments as a cluster of specific strategic maneuvers increasing the efficiency of arguments under certain circumstances. This approach is demonstrated in a case study of pragma-dialectical analysis of the quasi-logical scheme of probability.
Argument or Explanation: Who is to Decide?
Authors: Dufour Michel
Published: March 2017

Granting that arguments and explanations that answer a why-question are the products of two species of the activity of reason-giving, do they make an exclusive and exhaustive classification? The orthodox distinction between argument and explanation already faces some tough cases, which are discussed. This paper shows that most of the criteria used to distinguish argument and explanation on the basis of the status of their conclusions cause tough cases to proliferate unless a debatable decision is made. This suggests that the orthodox distinction should be improved.
Critical Review of Arguing With People by Michael Gilbert
Authors: Blair J. Anthony
Published: March 2017

No abstracts for revews.
What Is Logic About?
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

What Is Logic About?
Dialectic and the Structure of Argument
Authors: Pinto Robert C.
Published: March 2017

Dialectic and the Structure of Argument
The Nature of Critical Thinking
Authors: Reeder Harry
Published: March 2017

The Nature of Critical Thinking
Background Logic, Critical Thinking, and Irrational Language Games
Authors: Paul Richard
Published: March 2017

Background Logic, Critical Thinking, and Irrational Language Games
On Theory in Informal logic
Authors: Weddle Perry
Published: March 2017

On Theory in Informal logic
"First Sit Down and Play the Piano Beautifully ... ": Reading Carefully for Critical Thinking
Authors: Gutteridge Moira
Published: March 2017

Students in critical thinking courses are often instructed to "read carefully" as a prerequisite to thinking critically. This instruction, which seems like a simple preliminary caution, in fact reveals controversial assumptions about how readers read, and whether critical thinking instruction presupposes the reading skill it purports to teach.
Las mujeres y el arte como forma propia de deconstrucción: Un debate implícito
Authors: Oliva Barboza Patricia
Published: March 2017

Reconocer las distintas formas de deconstrucción que cada mujer redescubre desde su espacio propio; sin que necesariamente se haya asumido en un proceso político o definido como feminista; es el debate que se plantea en este artículo. Tal debate es parte de un proceso investigativo más profundo y cercano a las artistas y resulta en la necesidad de recuperar y compartir las formas propias que; como mujeres artistas costarricenses (que fueron parte del grupo entrevistado) han desarrollado; reinventado y resignificado. Los aportes y valiosísimas contribuciones en el proceso de ruptura las ha transformado. Esto, indudablemente, se suma a las acciones que cuestionan y transgreden la desigualdad dentro del movimiento de las artes escénicas.
Rodrigo Carazo Odio: sus reflexiones sobre política, Estado y empresa pública
Authors: Arrieta Rodríguez José Daniel
Published: March 2017

Este artículo pretende resaltar las principales ideas del expresidente de la República de Costa Rica, Rodrigo Carazo, acerca de la política, el Estado y la empresa pública. A partir de un estudio e interpretación de su obra, se espera caracterizar estos conceptos de su óptica y con ello aportar elementos que expliquen sus decisiones. Rodrigo Carazo vio en la política un medio en función de la sociedad que, al igual que el Estado, debía ser garante de una distribución justa de los recursos mientras que la empresa pública es crucial en el desarrollo.
Participación juvenil en espacios formales de deliberación política: entre adultocentrismo y reproducción del discurso adulto
Authors: González Sancho Roy , Henríquez Cáceres Evita
Published: March 2017

Este trabajo discute sobre la reproducción de estructuras discursivas del adultocentrismo por parte de personas jóvenes, a partir de los resultados de varias investigaciones del Programa Agenda Joven durante los años 2013 y 2014 en el marco del Observatorio Político Electoral Juvenil, en el cual se analizan diversos ámbitos de participación política juvenil en espacios formales o institucionales. Así, en este artículo, se expone la tesis de que la institucionalización del adultocentrismo permea las estructuras de participación política juvenil de tal forma que constituye un elemento arraigado en las dinámicas propias de la práctica política formal, inclusive por parte de las personas jóvenes involucradas en ambientes electorales y en los estipulados por la Ley General de la Persona Joven.
Editorial
Authors: Morales Pedraza Nelly
Published: March 2017

De la tecnología se afirma que es la aplicación práctica del conocimiento; partiendo de esta acepción, se puede asegurar que en casi todas las actividades diarias que realizamos está implícita la utilización de un dispositivo tecnológico y, dentro del mundo de la tecnología se pueden incluir un amplio número de disciplinas como: la informática, robótica, domótica, electrónica, neumática, entre otras muchas más. De esta manera, nos encontramos con el hecho de que la tecnología permite al ser humano desde resolver un problema determinado hasta lograr satisfacer una necesidad en un ámbito concreto. 
Drones Aplicados a la Agricultura de Precisión
Authors: González Adrián , Amarillo Gelberth , Amarillo Milton , Sarmiento Francisco
Published: March 2017

El siguiente artículo presenta los drones como una tecnología que ayuda a los múltiples procesos de la agricultura, a captar información importante y a evaluar las condiciones de los terrenos monitoreados, gracias a sus grandes ventajas para sobrevolar los campos y los cultivos. Ahora no es completamente necesario recorrer todo el cultivo personalmente para detectar los problemas que sufre este, ya que con los drones el procedimiento de evaluar los cultivos se puede hacer de forma virtual, aplicando tecnologías de cámaras con alta definición e información georreferenciada para su ubicación exacta. Lo más importante es el poder determinar de forma prematura y eficiente las enfermedades, las plagas, la maleza y los posibles efectos futuros de daños climáticos como las heladas o sequías. La eficiencia, tanto ambiental como económica, ayuda en los procesos de siembra, costos de riego, abono y fumigación. 
Recorrido virtual en tercera Dimensión de la Sede principal en una universidad de Bogotá
Authors: Nieto Acevedo Yuri Vanessa , López Quintero José Fernando , González Clavijo Claudio Camilo
Published: March 2017

El presente documento tiene como objetivo el diseño de una herramienta en tercera dimensión, que permita a estudiantes y funcionarios de una Universidad ubicada en Bogotá, realizar el recorrido virtual de las instalaciones de su sede principal, a través de la Web. Para este recorrido virtual, diseñado especial- mente para los nuevos estudiantes de la Universidad, se utilizó principalmente software de modelado 3D, Autodesk Maya y Unity, con el fin de adaptarlo a un motor gráfico, que pueda ser manejado por el usuario
La Desertificación del Suelo, Aspectos y Estrategias de Lucha
Authors: C Molina Lizeth D. , Lozano Liliana P.
Published: March 2017

La desertificación es el resultado acumulado de un contexto climático difícil y de la utilización inapropia- da de la tierra. La recuperación de suelos desertificados comprende todas las actividades que mejoran las tierras de las zonas áridas, semiáridas y subhúmedas secas, con miras a un desarrollo sostenible. Siendo la pérdida de fertilidad del suelo una de las consecuencias más críticas de la desertificación, se hace in- dispensable el estudio y la adopción de estrategias encaminadas a prevenir y rehabilitar las tierras deser- tificadas. En el presente artículo, se hace una revisión de estas estrategias, con el objetivo de identificar, reunir, analizar y discutir el conocimiento existente sobre cada una. Se inicia con una revisión de los con- ceptos, causas y consecuencias ecológicas, económicas y sociales de la desertificación. Seguidamente se presentan las estrategias de prevención y rehabilitación sobre las cuales se han realizado investigaciones, incluyendo estrategias de adaptación y, finalmente, un análisis de las mismas.
Medición de la Madurez de la Gestión del Conocimiento en la Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnología e Ingeniería de la UNAD
Authors: Montañez Carrillo Luis , Lis Gutiérrez Jenny Paola
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es medir la madurez de la Gestión del Conocimiento en la Escuela de Cien- cias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería (ECBTI) de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Unad (Co- lombia). Para este propósito, se adaptó el modelo denominado General Knowledge Management Maturity Model (G-KMMM) [1], el cual propone 5 niveles de madurez: inicial, conciencia, definido, gestionado y opti- mizado, y establece 3 áreas clave: personas, procesos y tecnología. La modificación del modelo consistió en adicionar un área clave denominada estrategia. Para el estudio se aplicó un instrumento de evaluación que proporciona el modelo G-KMMM, a 307 colaboradores de la ECBTI. En relación con los resultados se encontró que el nivel de madurez del área clave personas era 2 (conciencia), del área clave procesos era 3 (definido), del área clave tecnología era 5 (optimizado) y del área clave estrategia era 5 (optimizado). Con respecto al nivel de madurez de GC global de la ECBTI se encontró que era 4 (gestionado).
PENINGKATAN PEMASARAN SUSU KEDELAI BUBUK MELALUI STRATEGI BAURAN: Studi Kasus Pada Pabrik Susu Kedelai Kadungora di Desa Kadungora, Kecamatan Kadungora, Kabupaten Garut
Authors: Rochdiani Dini , Nurul Utami Hesty
Published: March 2017

Susu kedelai sebagai alternatif pilihan pemenuhan kebutuhan susu bagi masyarakat sebagai pengganti susu sapi belum tersosialisasi dengan baik. Pabrik Susu Kedelai Kadungora dalam pengembangan usahanya melakukan strategi integrasi ke depan dan strategi penetrasi pasar. Strategi tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan cara mempertahankan kualitas produk dan tingkat harga, memperbaiki sistem kerja sama dengan agen distributor, mengangkat tenaga penjual dalam perusahaan, mengorganisasi tugas dan wewenang staf manajemen perusahaan lebih spesifik dan segera mendapatkan investor baru. Selain itu, perusahaan perlu melakukan strategi perbaikan manajemen organisasi perusahaan terutama yang berkaitan dengan jalinan kerja dengan investor atau menggunakan jasa perbankan untuk menyelesaikan masalah keuangan yang berdampak negatif pada sistem pemasaran produk.
ULAMA, JAWARA, DAN UMARO: Studi Tentang Elite Lokal di Banten
Authors: Karomani Karomani
Published: March 2017

Elite adalah kelompok orang yang memegang peran penting dalam masyarakat. Ulama, jawara, dan umaro di Banten merupakan elite lokal yang memiliki pengaruh dalam masyarakat. Ulama memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam bidang keagamaan, jawara memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam bidang adat, seni dan budaya, dan umaro memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam jaringan kekuasaan pemerintahan. Dalam perjalanan sejarah elite acapakli terjadi perubahan dominasi elite. Ulama dan umaro dahulu memegang peran penting dan dominan dalam struktur stratifikasi sosial masyarakat Banten dibandingkan dengan elte jawara. Bahkan pendiri kesultanan Banten Syarif Hidayatullah dan anaknya Sultan Hasanudin adalah seorang ulama. Dewasa ini dominasi elite di Banten cenderung bergeser. Ulama bukan lagi elite dominan. Dalam era otonomi daerah, jawara di Banten tampak menjadi elite yang amat berkuasa. Jawara memperoleh lahan bermain di lingkungan pemerintahan yang amat menguntungkan posisi politik dan ekonominya dibandingkan dengan elite ulama.
UNSUR FUNGSIONAL KLAUSA DALAM BAHASA SUNDA
Authors: Sudaryat Yayat
Published: March 2017

Artikel ini menggambarkan fungsi sintaksis dari elemen klausa atau fungsional klausa dalam bahasa Sunda. Ada tiga elemen klausa: predikasi, subjek dan komplementasi. Tiga elemen klausa ini, masing-masing dilihat dari bentuk, kategori, distribusi dan peran sintaksis.
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK MELALUI MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETRAMPILAN PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SD NEGERI SEWORAN, WONOSEGORO
Authors: Umi Umi
Published: March 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan proses dan hasil belajar melalui pendekatan saintifik pada sub tema macam-macam sumber energi dengan menggunakan model project based learning (PjBL) pada siswa kelas IV SDN Seworan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan rubrik ketrampilan proses, dan soal tes untuk muatan Bahasa Indonesia dan IPA. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriftif komparatif yaitu membandingkan kondisi awal sebelum dilakukan tindakan, hasil siklus 1, dan siklus 2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan temuan: 1) model pembelajaran PJBL  dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah; a) penentuan pertanyaan mendasar, b) mendesain perencanaan proyek, c) Menyusun jadwal, d) Memonitor peserta didik dan kemajuan proyek, e) Menilai hasil proyek, f) Mengevaluasi pengalaman. Temuan lain adalah bahwa model pembelajaran PBJL terbukti meningkatkan ketrampilan proses sub tema macam-macam sumber energi. Persentase peningkatan ketrampilan proses sub tema macam-macam sumber energi sebesar 26% pada siklus 1 dan 30,67% untuk siklus 2. b) meningkatkan persentase jumlah siswa yang mencapai ketuntasan belajar minimal(KKM) berikut : kondisi awal, persentase pencapaian kriteria ketuntasan minimal(KKM) untuk muatan Bahasa Indonesia sebesar 40%(6 siswa), pada siklus 1 persentase meningkat menjadi 60%(9 siswa) dan pada siklus 2 persentase jumlah siswa yang mencapai KKM meningkat menjadi 73,33%(11 siswa). Sedangkan untuk muatan IPA kondisi awal persentase  pencapaian kriteria ketuntasan minimal(KKM) sebesar 46,67%,(7 siswa) pada siklus 1 persentase meningkat  menjadi 60%(9 siswa) dan pada siklus 2 persentase jumlah siswa yang mencapai KKM meningkat menjadi 80%(12 siswa).
PENGARUH PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DITINJAU DARI MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS 5 SD NEGERI CUKIL 01 KECAMATAN TENGARAN - KABUPATEN SEMARANG
Authors: Desi Putrianasari Desi , Wasitohadi Wasitohadi
Published: March 2017

Pembelajaran konvensional yang sering digunakan oleh guru, dirasa sudah tidak cocok lagi untuk digunakan, karena guru sebagai sumber utama dalam mentransfer ilmu. Dari keraguan tersebut, maka perlu adanya perbaikan yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar yakni dengan pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) ada tidaknya pengaruh penggunaan pendekatan CTL terhadap hasil belajar matematika; (2) ada tidaknya pengaruh motivasi terhadap hasil belajar matematika siswa; (3) ada tidaknya interaksi antara pendekatan CTL dan motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen. Subjek dari penelitian ini berjumlah 43 siswa kelas 5 SD Negeri Cukil 01. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan lembar observasi, angket motivasi belajar, tes hasil belajar berupa soal pre-test dan pos-test, serta dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Uji t dan ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh penggunaan pendekatan CTL terhadap hasil belajar matematika. Terdapat pengaruh motivasi terhadap hasil belajar matematika Selain itu, tidak terdapat interaksi antara pendekatan CTL dan motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas 5 SD Negeri Cukil 01. Disarankan guru dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar khususnya mata pelajaran matematika untuk menerapkan pembelajaran matematika menggunakan pendekatan CTL dengan baik dan lebih memperhatikan kondisi siswa yang memiliki motivasi tinggi maupun rendah sebagai upaya meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Quality assessment of fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions compounded by pharmacies located in the United States
Authors: Laporte Carine M. , Cruz-Espindola Crisanta , Thungrat Kamoltip , Schick Anthea E. , Lewis Thomas P. , Boothe Dawn M.
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE To evaluate pharmaceutical characteristics (strength or concentration, accuracy, and precision), physical properties, and bacterial contamination of fluconazole compounded products.

SAMPLE Fluconazole compounded products (30- and 240-mg capsules; 30- and 100-mg/mL oral suspensions) from 4 US veterinary compounding pharmacies.

PROCEDURES Fluconazole compounded products were ordered 3 times from each of 4 pharmacies at 7- or 10-day intervals. Generic fluconazole products (50- and 200-mg tablets; 10- and 40-mg/mL oral suspensions) served as references. Compounded products were evaluated at the time of receipt; suspensions also were evaluated 3 months later and at beyond-use dates. Evaluations included assessments of strength (concentration), accuracy, precision, physical properties, and bacterial contamination. Acceptable accuracy was defined as within ± 10% of the labeled strength (concentration) and acceptable precision as within ± 10%. Fluconazole was quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS Physical characteristics of compounded products differed among pharmacies. Aerobic bacterial cultures yielded negative results. Capsules (30 and 240 mg) had acceptable accuracy (median, 96.3%; range, 87.3% to 135.2%) and precision (mean ± SD, 7.4 ± 6.0%). Suspensions (30 and 100 mg/mL) had poor accuracy (median, 73.8%; range, 53.9% to 95.2%) and precision (mean ± SD, 15.0 ± 6.9%). Accuracy and precision were significantly better for capsules than for suspensions.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fluconazole compounded products, particularly suspensions, differed in pharmaceutical and physical qualities. Studies to evaluate the impact of inconsistent quality on bioavailability or clinical efficacy of compounded fluconazole products are indicated, and each study should include data on the quality of the compounded product evaluated.
Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of voriconazole administered orally with and without food to red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensus)
Authors: Parsley Ruth A. , Tell Lisa A. , Gehring Ronette
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole administered PO with or without food to red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensus) and whether any observed variability could be explained by measured covariates to inform dose adjustments.

ANIMALS 7 adult red-tailed hawks.

PROCEDURES In a crossover study design, hawks were randomly assigned to first receive voriconazole (15 mg/kg, PO) injected into a dead mouse (n = 3; fed birds) or without food (4; unfed birds). Sixteen days later, treatments were reversed. Blood samples were collected at various points to measure plasma voriconazole concentrations by ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and fit to a compartmental model through nonlinear mixed-effects regression, with feeding status and body weight investigated as covariates.

RESULTS Voriconazole was well absorbed, with quantifiable plasma concentrations up to 24 hours after administration. Mean plasma half-life was approximately 2 hours in fed and unfed birds. Administration of the voriconazole in food delayed absorption, resulting in a significant delay in time to maximum plasma concentration. The final compartmental model included a categorical covariate to account for this lag in absorption as well as body weight as a covariate of total body clearance (relative to unknown bioavailability).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A single dose of voriconazole (15 mg/kg) administered PO to red-tailed hawks resulted in mean plasma voriconazole concentrations greater than the targeted value (1 μg/mL). Additional studies with larger sample sizes and multidose regimens are required before the model developed here can be applied in clinical settings.
Immunologic responses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses
Authors: Neul Annkatrin , Schrödl Wieland , Marschang Rachel E. , Bjick Tina , Truyen Uwe , von Buttlar Heiner , Pees Michael
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE To measure immunologic responses of snakes after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses.

ANIMALS 42 adult corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) of both sexes.

PROCEDURES Snakes were inoculated intratracheally with genogroup A (n = 12), B (12), or C (12) ferlavirus (infected groups) or cell-culture supernatant (6; control group) on day 0. Three snakes from each infected group were euthanized on days 4, 16, 28, and 49, and 3 snakes from the control group were euthanized on day 49. Blood samples were collected from live snakes on days −6 (baseline), 4, 16, 28, and 49. Hematologic tests were performed and humoral responses assessed via hemagglutination-inhibition assays and ELISAs. Following euthanasia, gross pathological and histologic evaluations and virus detection were performed.

RESULTS Severity of clinical signs of and immunologic responses to ferlavirus infection differed among snake groups. Hematologic values, particularly WBC and monocyte counts, increased between days 4 and 16 after infection. A humoral response was identified between days 16 and 28. Serum IgM concentrations increased from baseline earlier than IgY concentrations, but the IgY relative increase was higher at the end of the study. The hemagglutination-inhibition assay revealed that the strongest reactions in all infected groups were against the strain with which they had been infected. Snakes infected with genogroup A ferlavirus had the strongest immune response, whereas those infected with genogroup B had the weakest responses.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this experimental study suggested that the ferlavirus strain with the highest virulence induced the weakest immune response in snakes.
Pengetahuan Arkeologi sebagai Muatan Lokal: Penerapannya di Maluku
Authors: Ririmasse Marlon NR
Published: March 2017

Diversity is essentially an element that unites Indonesia. The broad geographical character of the region and the complexity of its cultural profile has established a nation with such a colorful appearance. An ability to manage this major diversity has become an absolute requirement as a country. The sensitivity to identify any  specific needs of each element of the nation would always be an aspect that must be  reviewed and reshaped periodically. Which is also included the need in the education sphere. Local content may be considered as a national solution to answer the breadth dimension of necessity in the school level for the teaching materials that linked with the local characteristics. Connected to this aspect is the interest to provide the knowledge of local culture. Archaeology is a discipline that adequate to share this strategic role for public. This article tries to discuss the contribution of the archaeological study in the development of local content in Moluccas. Literature study have been chosen as an approach to collect data. This study found that archaeology is potential to be developed as a part of local content material in Moluccas.Keberagaman sejatinya adalah elemen yang menyatukan Indonesia. Bentang luas  geografis dan wajah kompleks budaya nusantara telah membentuk suatu bangsa dengan warna yang begitu raya. Maka kemampuan untuk mengelola kebhinekaan menjadi syarat mutlak yang harus dimiliki sebagai negara. Kepekaan untuk menemukenali kebutuhan-kebutuhan spesifik setiap elemen bangsa kiranya menjadi aspek yang senantiasa harus ditinjau dan dibentuk kembali. Termasuk kebutuhan dalam ranah pendidikan. Muatan lokal pada hakekatnya merupakan solusi nasional dalam menjawab luasnya dimensi kebutuhan di tingkat sekolah akan materi yang bertautan dengan karakteristik daerah. Melekat dalam hal ini adalah kebutuhan untuk menyajikan pengetahuan budaya lokal. Arkeologi juga menjadi bidang yang dituntut berbagi peran dimaksud. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mendiskusikan kontribusi studi arkeologi dalam pengembangan muatan lokal di Maluku. Studi pustaka dipilih sebagai pendekatan dalam pengumpulan data. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa arkeologi dan pengetahuan sejarah budaya potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai bagian dari materi muatan lokal di Maluku.