bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absence of correlation between utrophin localization and quantity and the clinical severity in Duchenne/Becker dystrophies
Authors: Vainzof Mariz , Passos‐Bueno Maria Rita , Man Nguyen Thi , Zatz Mayana
Published: June 2005

While present in the surface membrane of embryonic muscle fibers, in adult normal muscle fibers, utrophin is restricted to the motor endplate and cell of blood vessel walls. However, the observation that utrophin is maintained in the extrajunctional plasma membrane in Duchenne (DMD) and in mdx muscle fibers has led to the suggestion that excess utrophin might compensate for dystrophin deficiency in the Xp21 muscular dystrophies. In order to detect an inverse correlation of utrophin presence and clinical severity, we have assessed utrophin distribution and quantity in DMD and Becker (BMD) patients of different ages and stages of clinical severity. All patients showed a positive discontinuous immunolabeling of utrophin on the sarcolemma, staining equally small and large muscle fibers, indicating that immature characteristics are maintained in such fibers. On Western blot, utrophin bands with concentrations 2‐ to 10‐fold greater than in normal controls were detected in all DMD/BMD patients. However, no negative correlation was found between the amount of utrophin and the severity of clinical course, implying that the detectable utrophin levels in these patients did not compensate for dystrophin deficiency. In a DMD patient with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and a BMD‐like clinical course, utrophin levels were comparable to the other typical DMD cases, which reinforces the hypothesis that the observed increase in utrophin is apparently not responsible for a milder clinical course in some patients with Xp21 muscular dystrophies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced fecundity in male ALS gene‐carriers
Authors: Johnson W. G. , Lucek P. R. , Chatkupt S. , Furman Y. , Lustenberger A. , Lazzarini A.
Published: June 2005

In order to study genetic aspects in multicase families, 89 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 214 Parkinson disease (PD) kindreds were analyzed in parallel studies. Obligate gene‐carriers were identified as described previously [Chatkupt et al., 1992: Am J Med Genet 44:508–512]. There were fewer children per gene‐carrier male (2.42) than per gene‐carrier female (3.25, Student's t‐test, P <.0003) for ALS but not for other diseases. The data taken together suggest that fecundity in ALS gene‐carriers was reduced in males, possibly as a result of reduced fertility. Since childbearing is usually accomplished well before the onset of neurological symptoms in ALS, and since reduced fecundity was found in male ALS gene‐carriers, these findings raise the possibility that an ALS gene might have a pleiotrophic effect on fertility in males occurring decades before the onset of neurological symptoms. Evidence is presented linking reactive oxygen species to reduced fertility in males. Alternatively, decreased or nonfunctional androgen receptors could play a role. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of paternal age in achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Orioli Iêda M. , Castilla Eduardo E. , Scarano Gioacchino , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo
Published: June 2005

The paternal ages of nonfamilial cases of achondroplasia (AC) (n = 78), thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) (n = 64), and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) (n = 106), were compared with those of matched controls, from an Italian Indagine Policentrica Italiana sulle Malformazioni Congenite and a South American Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas series. The degree of paternal age effect on the origin of these dominant mutations differed among the three conditions. Mean paternal age was highly elevated in AC, 36.30 ± 6.74 years in the IPIMC, and 37.19 ± 10.53 years in the ECLAMC; less consistently elevated in TD, 33.60 ± 7.08 years in the IPIMC, and 36.41 ± 9.38 years in the ECLAMC; and only slightly elevated in OI in the ECLAMC, 31.15 ± 9.25 years, but not in the IPIMC, 32.26 ± 6.07 years. Increased maternal age or birth order in these conditions disappeared when corrected for paternal age. Approximately 50% of AC and TD cases, and only 30% of OI cases, were born to fathers above age 35 years. For AC and TD, the increase in relative incidence with paternal age fitted an exponential curve. The variability of paternal age effect in these new mutations could be due, among other reasons, to the high proportion of germ‐line mosaicism in OI parents, or to the localization of the AC gene, mapped to the 4p16.3 region, in the neighborhood of an unstable DNA area. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ag‐NOR studies in a human lymphocyte culture: Are variants localized to specific chromosomes?
Authors: Ozen Mustafa , Hopwood Vicki L. , Pathak Sen
Published: June 2005

The genomic activity and polymorphisms of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were studied in an individual with routinely used AgNO3 and Q‐banding techniques. The results demonstrate that (a) the mean number of NORs per metaphase spread was 7.4, (b) chromosomes 14, 13, 15, and 21 showed variations of Ag‐NOR in decreasing order, (c) chromosome 22 did not show a polymorphism in any cell examined, and (d) both chromosomes 14 showed silver staining in most cells. Unlike many earlier reports indicating that NOR variants were constitutional in each individual, our present case represented a mosaic pattern of polymorphism involving most of the D‐ and G‐group chromosomes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 14 in two cases: An abnormal child and a normal adult
Authors: Papenhausen Peter R. , Mueller O. Thomas , Johnson Virginia P. , Sutcliffe Maxine , Diamond Theresa M. , Kousseff Boris G.
Published: June 2005

Uniparental disomy (UPD) of a number of different chromosomes has been found in association with abnormal phenotypes. A growing body of evidence for an imprinting effect involving chromosome 14 has been accumulating. We report on a case of paternal UPD of chromosome 14 studied in late gestation due to polyhydramnios and a ventral wall hernia. A prenatal karyotype documented a balanced Robertsonian 14:14 translocation. The baby was born prematurely with hairy forehead, retrognathia, mild puckering of the lips and finger contractures. Hypotonia has persisted since birth and at age one year, a tracheostomy for laryngomalacia and gastrostomy for feeding remain necessary. Absence of maternal VNTR polymorphisms and homozygosity of paternal polymorphisms using chromosome 14 specific probes at D14S22 and D14S13 loci indicated paternal uniparental isodisomy (pUPID). Parental chromosomes were normal. We also report on a case of maternal UPD in a normal patient with a balanced Robertsonian 14:14 translocation and a history of multiple miscarriages. Five previous reports of chromosome 14 UPD suggest that an adverse developmental effect may be more severe whenever the UPD is paternal in origin. This is the second reported patient with paternal UPD and the fifth reported with maternal UPD, and only few phenotypic similarities are apparent. Examination of these chromosome 14 UPD cases of maternal and paternal origin suggests that there are syndromic imprinting effects. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia in sibs
Authors: Tsukahara Masato , Yoshii Hideki , Imamura Takako , Kamei Toshiaki , Koga Mayumi , Furukawa Susumu
Published: June 2005

We report on 2 sibs with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. The female died at age 1 7/12 years despite use of prednisolone and methylprednisolone, while the male, now age 3 years, is alive with oxygen support. The occurrence of desquamative interstitial pneumonia in sibs born to normal parents suggests that in some cases the disease is an autosomal‐recessive trait. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Klippel‐Trenaunay‐Weber syndrome associated with a 5:11 balanced translocation
Authors: Whelan Alison J. , Watson Michael S. , Porter Forbes D. , Steiner Robert D.
Published: June 2005

We report on a case of Klippel‐Trenaunay Weber syndrome (KTWS) associated with a reciprocal translocation [46,XX,t(5;11)(q13.3;p15.1)]. The patient had developmental delay and minor anomalies in addition to classic findings of KTWS. These data support the notion that Klippel‐Trenaunay‐Weber syndrome may be due to a single gene defect and suggests the possible localization of a Klippel‐Trenaunay‐Weber gene(s) to 5q or 11p. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DMD and BMD in the same family due to two distinct mutations
Authors: Morandi L. , Mora M. , Tedeschi S. , Blasi C. Di , Curcio C. , De Leonardis P. , Brugnoni R. , Bernasconi P. , Mantegazza R. , Confalonieri V. , Cornelio F.
Published: June 2005

We report on a family with a boy affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and an asymptomatic cousin with a Beckertype dystrophin abnormality, diagnosed by chance. Dystrophin gene analysis showed that these conditions were caused by two distinct deletions with breakpoints in different exons. In Xp21 families, DNA analysis and dystrophin testing of asymptomatic males with high CK plasma levels might detect different dystrophin mutations in separate haplotypes as in our family, although we stress there should be clear clinical or familial indications for such testing. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage studies of bipolar disorder in the region of the Darier's disease gene on chromosome 12q23‐24.1
Authors: Dawson Elisabeth , Parfitt Elizabeth , Roberts Queta , Daniels Jo , Lim Lionel , Sham Pak , Nöthen Markus , Propping Peter , Lanczik Mario , Maier Wolfgang , Reuner Ulrike , Weissenbach Jean , Gill Michael , Powell John , McGuffin Peter , Owen Mike , Craddock Nick
Published: June 2005

We have recently described a family in which there is cosegregation of major affective disorder with Darier's disease and have mapped this autosomal dominant skin disorder to 12q23‐q24.1. This has provided an interesting candidate region for genetic studies of bipolar disorder. We have studied the segregation of seven markers spanning the Darier's disease locus in 45 bipolar disorder pedigrees and found modest evidence in support of linkage under heterogeneity for 5 of these markers. Nonparametric analyses were suggestive of linkage with a marker at the gene encoding a secretory form of phospholipase A2. Our sample has relatively low power to detect linkage under heterogeneity and independent researchers should examine markers from this region in further samples of bipolar pedigrees. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping of the serotonin 5‐HT1Dβ autoreceptor gene on chromosome 6 and direct analysis for sequence variants
Authors: Lappalainen Jaakko , Dean Michael , Charbonneau Lauren , Virkkunen Matti , Linnoila Markku , Goldman David
Published: June 2005

Abnormal brain serotonin function may be characteristic of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it is important to identify polymorphic genes and screen for functional variants at loci coding for genes that control normal serotonin functions. 5‐HT1Dβ is a terminal serotonin autoreceptor which may play a role in regulating serotonin synthesis and release. Using an SSCP technique we screened for 5‐HT1Dβ coding sequence variants in psychiatrically interviewed populations, which included controls, alcoholics, and alcoholic arsonists and alcoholic violent offenders with low CSF concentrations of the main serotonin metabolite 5‐HIAA. A common polymorphism was identified in the 5‐HT1Dβ gene with allele frequencies of 0.72 and 0.28. The SSCP variant was caused by a silent G to C substitution at nucleotide 861 of the coding region. This polymorphism could also be detected as a HincII RFLP of amplified DNA. DNAs from informative CEPH families were typed for the HincII RFLP and analyzed with respect to 20 linked markers on chromosome 6. Multipoint analysis placed the 5‐HT1Dβ receptor gene between markers D6S286 and D6S275. A maximum two‐point lod score of 10.90 was obtained to D6S26, which had been previously localized on 6q14–15. Chromosomal aberrations involving this region have been previously shown to cause retinal anomalies, developmental delay, and abnormal brain development. This region also contains the gene for North Carolina‐type macular dystrophy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parents and collateral relatives of children with pervasive developmental disorders: A family history study
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Jones Marshall B. , Fisman Sandra , Tuff Larry , Bartolucci Giampiero , Mahoney William J. , Bryson Susan E.
Published: June 2005

The objective of this study was to see whether, using the family history method, the risk for pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), cognitive impairments, and other psychiatric symptoms is greater in the parents and collateral relatives of probands with PDD compared to a control group. A semistructured family history interview was carried out with the parents of 52 probands with PDD and 33 parents of controls. Rates of cognitive impairments and psychiatric problems were not found more frequently in parents or relatives of PDD probands compared to relatives of controls, but four cases of PDD were reported among the extended families of the PDD probands. The relatives with PDD were related to the probands through the maternal line, possibly suggesting some form of maternal influence on inheritance or reduced penetrance in females with the PDD genotype. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of chromosome 22q12–13 in a United Kingdom/Icelandic sample of 23 multiplex schizophrenia families
Authors: Kalsi G. , Brynjolfsson J. , Butler R. , Sherrington R. , Curtis D. , Sigmundsson T. , Read T. , Murphy P. , Sharma T. , Petursson H. , Gurling H. M. D.
Published: June 2005

A possible linkage to a genetic subtype of schizophrenia and related disorders has been reported on the long arm of chromosome 22 at q12–13. (Pulver et al., 1994: Am J Med Genet 54:36‐43; Coon et al., 1994: Am J Med Genet 54:72–79; Pulver et al., 1994: Am J Med Genet 54:44‐50). However formal statistical tests in a combined sample could not reject homogeneity and prove that there was a linked subgroup of families. We have studied 23 schizophrenia pedigrees to test whether some multiplex schizophrenia families may be linked to the microsatellite markers D22S274 and D22S283 which span the 22q12‐13 region. Two point followed by multipoint lod and non‐parametric linkage analyses under the assumption of heterogeneity provided no evidence for linkage over the relevant region. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic epidemiology of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP)‐type I in Póvoa do Varzim and Vila do Conde (north of Portugal)
Authors: Sousa Alda , Coelho Teresa , Barros José , Sequeiros Jorge
Published: June 2005

Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP‐type I) was first described in Portugal by Andrade in 1952, a time when 54 among 64 patients (belonging to 25 families) originated from Póvoa do Varzim or its surrounding districts. Since then, a total of 1,233 patients, belonging to 489 pedigrees (so far unrelated), have been diagnosed at Centro de Estudos de Paramiloidose, Porto, Portugal. Although age‐of‐onset showed a wide range (17 to 78 years), 87% of these 1,233 patients developed symptoms before 40 years of age (mean 33.5, SD 9.4 years).

Among all patients, 432 belong to 140 families originating from the area of Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde, 330 of whom lived in that area at the time of diagnosis; age‐of‐onset was, on average, lower than in the overall group of patients (mean 31.1, SD 6.7 years), and no patient had onset after 57 years (versus 3.3% in the global sample). As in previous studies, women were found to have a later onset (33.7) than men (29.0) years. In 1991, the crude prevalence rate was 90.3 × 10−5 (one in every 1,108 inhabitants), and the frequency of gene carriers was estimated to be 186 × 10−5 (one in every 538); about 48.4% of these carriers had manifested symptoms by 1991.

Female patients had a significantly higher number of children (mean 3.7, SD 2.6) than male patients (mean 2.7, SD 2.1) and the length of their reproductive period (mean 8.4, SD 5.8 yr) was also greater than for men (mean 5.6, SD 4.4 yr). Altogether, the 122 patients who ever reproduced contributed 457 children to the next generation, a mean fertility of 3.7. Further studies using a control groups may answer the question of whether this is the result of a specific high fertility of these patients or just their belonging to a population in natural expansion. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between alcohol‐dependence and D3 dopamine receptor gene in three independent samples
Authors: Gorwood P. , Martres M. P. , Adès J. , Sokoloff P. , Noble E. P. , Geijer T. , Blum K. , Neiman J. , Jönsson E. , Feingold J. , Schwartz J. C.
Published: June 2005

Numerous studies on the involvement of dopamine receptors in the genetics of alcoholism focused on associations between a polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene and alcohol dependence. However, the results of these studies are conflicting. Another receptor, the D3 dopamine receptor (DRD3), may be of additional interest since it is specifically located in the limbic area, and in particular in the nucleus accumbens which plays a significant role in the reward process of addiction behavior. We thus tested the association in three independent samples of alcoholic patients, with different origins and various inclusion criteria. No difference in the DRD3 gene polymorphism emerged between controls and alcoholic patients, regardless of their origin, inclusion criteria, or presence or absence of the DRD2 TaqI A1‐allele. Despite the fact that more information could have been considered and that association studies provide limited information, there is good evidence that this DRD3 polymorphism does not play a major role in the genetic component of alcoholism. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia
Authors: Kennedy James L. , Billett Elizabeth A. , Macciardi Fabio M. , Verga Massimiliano , Parsons Thomas J. , Meltzer Herbert Y. , Lieberman Jeffery , Buchanan Janet A.
Published: June 2005

Several groups have reported an association between schizophrenia and the MscI polymorphism in the first exon of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3). We studied this polymorphism using a North American sample (117 patients plus 188 controls) and an Italian sample (97 patients plus 64 controls). In the first part of the study, we compared allele frequencies of schizophrenia patients and unmatched controls and observed a significant difference in the total sample (P = 0.01). The second part of the study involved a case control approach in which each schizophrenia patient was matched to a control of the same sex, and of similar age and ethnic background. The DRD3 allele frequencies of patients and controls revealed no significant difference between the two groups in the Italian (N = 53) or the North American (N = 54) matched populations; however, when these two matched samples were combined, a significant difference was observed (P = 0.026). Our results suggest that the MscI polymorphism may be associated with schizophrenia in the populations studied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐report psychiatric symptoms in twins and their nontwin relatives: Are twins different?
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Martin Nicholas G. , Heath Andrew C. , Eaves Lindon J.
Published: June 2005

While twin studies of psychiatric disorders have been conducted for over 65 years, surprisingly little is known about the comparability of psychiatric symptoms in adult twins and singletons. To address this question, we compared the means and variances of four‐factor scores on the self‐report Symptom Check List in twins and their relatives from the Virginia 30,000 twin‐family study. The four factors were depression, panic‐phobia, somatization, and insomnia. Twins had significantly higher scores on the panic‐phobia factor than their relatives, by about one eighteenth of a standard deviation, and this was replicated in both sub‐samples. However, no consistent and significant mean differences between twins and their relatives were detected for the other three symptom factors. While some differences in variance were found between twins and their relatives, in no case were the differences replicated in both subsamples. With the possible exception of modestly elevated scores for panic‐phobia, these results suggest that both the level and variability of common psychiatric symptoms reported by twins are similar to those found in the non‐twin population. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allomaternal behavior in a group of free‐ranging patas monkeys
Authors: Zucker E. L. , Kaplan J. R.
Published: June 2005

A free‐ranging group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) containing 18 individually identifiable adult females was observed for approximately 400 hours, equally distributed over two two‐month periods corresponding to the breeding and birth seasons, at the La Parguera facility of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The large number of infants born in the spring and early summer (n = 14) allowed for detailed observations of alloparental behaviors, with a focus on allomothering by the adult females. Seven types of alloparental behaviors were recorded: contact, nuzzling, grooming, agonism, close visual inspection, attempted kidnapping, and kidnapping. Adult females emitted the vast majority of allomaternal behavior, the patterning and frequency of which closely resembled the patterning and frequency of inter‐adult female social grooming. Relative dominance status of the participants did not consistently predict the directionality of allomothering. The most commonly observed allomaternal behaviors were contact and nuzzling, which are primarily affiliative behaviors; agonism was rare. Successful kidnapping occurred eight times. Immature monkeys (n = 22) emitted an additional 32 alloparental acts. A propensity towards allomothering by experienced females would be most beneficial to patas infants due to the patas' tendency towards dispersed foraging and rapid flight in the presence of danger. It is possible that direct competition with groups of rhesus macaques for available resources on the island served as a proximal cause for the allomothering observed in this patas group.
Transfemoral catheterization of the cavernous sinus outflow with comparison of “central” and “peripheral” gonadotropin patterns in bonnet monkeys
Authors: Goodman N. F. , McArthur J. W. , Roberson G. , Beitins I. Z. , Hauck W. W.
Published: June 2005

Concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in central (C) samples obtained by transfemorally catheterizing the inferior petrosal sinus of female bonnet monkeys were compared with those in peripheral (P) samples obtained simultaneously from the saphenous veins of two intact and two oophorectomized bonnet monkeys, before, during, and after luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulation. Significant differences between central and peripheral gonadotropin concentrations were detected intermittently in the resting state, and tended to be magnified by LHRH administration. In one animal in which LHRH was fortuitously administered during the course of a spontaneous LH surge, a C/P ratio for LH of 12.71, the maximum observed, was obtained. Spectral analysis exhibited periodicity for LH and, to a lesser extent, for FSH in the oophorectomized, but not in the intact, animals.
Brief repot: Interactions with infants by full siblings, paternal half‐siblings, and nonrelatives in a captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Small M. F. , Smith D. G.
Published: June 2005

Six mother‐infant pairs in a group of captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed for six months. “Infant grabs” by others and mothers' resistance to grabs were scored. More full siblings grabbed infants than either paternal half‐siblings or nonrelatives. Mothers resisted grabbing by more nonrelatives than by paternal half‐siblings. Although the maternal effect suggested by full sib‐infant interactions is expected, the paternal effect revealed by mothers' tolerance of paternal half‐sibs, but not full siblings, over nonrelatives is unexpected.
Transcervical endometrial biopsy in the baboon: Effects on the menstrual cycle and relations to protein and dry matter content and histology
Authors: Boots L. R. , Dollar J. R. , Cornwell P. E. , Bradley E. L.
Published: June 2005

The baboon has been used increasingly for reproductive studies. While hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation as well as the endocrinology of gestation have been reported, little information is available describing endometrial parameters. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the ease with which repeated transcervical biopsies can be performed, to describe baseline endometrial protein and dry weight data and to demonstrate that the biopsy procedure itself does not significantly affect the baboons' ability to continue normal menstrual cycle function. Endometrial biopsy samples were taken throughout the menstrual cycle under light ketamine anesthesia. Protein and dry weight contents were determined. Endometrial biopsies Protein and dry weight contents were determined. Endometrial biopsies averaged 25 mg (wet weight) and contained 7.54% protein and 16.3% dry matter. The formulas (Y = a + bx) which expressed the linear relationships between wet weight (mg), protein (μg) and dry matter (μg) content and the correlation coefficients (r) were as follows: between wet weight and protein content – wet weight = 5.58 + 10.0 (protein), Sxy = 4.83, r = 0.883; between wet weight and dry weight – wet weight = 1.99 + 7.94 (dry weight), Sxy = 4.52, r = 0.904; between protein and dry weight – protein = 0.446 + 0.446 (dry weight), Sxy = 4.82, r = 0.870. All three linear regression coefficients were statistically significant (P < 0.001). No significant cyclical patterns in either protein or dry matter content were demonstrable throughout the menstrual cycles. The average length of all nonbiopsy cycles was 32.4 ± 2.7 days and 32.8 ± 3.6 days for those in which biopsies were taken. Similarly, follicular and luteal phase lengths for nonbiopsy and biopsy cycles were 15.4 ± 2.3 and 15.5 ± 2.8 days and 16.9 ± 2.2 and 17.2 ± 3.2 days, respectively. The time required for sex‐skin swelling to decrease from maximum to minimum during the luteal phase was shorter, but the quiescent stage was equally lengthened. It was concluded that the endometrium of the baboon was easily accessible for study without causing serious alterations in menstrual cycle function. These studies further demonstrate the potential of the baboon as a model o reproductive studies. In fact, the baboon may well the only practical primate model available for endometrial studies.
Female mating relationships in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Gordon Thomas P. , Chikazawa Dennis
Published: June 2005

Descriptions of the sexual behavior of social‐living rhesus monkeys have indicated that mating patterns are characterized by the formation of consort pairs (mutually exclusive male‐female associations) and also that females typically mate with multiple males. These reports raise the question of whether these are two different mating strategies or merely sequential phases in a unitary mating pattern. In order to examine this issue, the copulatory behavior of 27 adult females living in a heterosexual group housed in an outdoor compound was monitored both by group scan and focal sampling technique. Females displayed discrete periods of mating, characterized by one or more copulations per 4 hr observation period. During their sexually active periods, females copulated with multiple males (X̄ = 5.22, SE = 0.37). Among the 103 cases where females had multiple copulatory series on the same day, the successive series involved new males significantly more often than the previous partner. When a female did copulate repeatedly with a male on a given day, both she and her partner were significantly more often of high social rank. Furthermore, the interval between successive copulations was significantly longer when the second copulation was with her previous partner as compared to a different male. Analysis of female behavior for a one‐hour period following a copulation indicated that females continued to be sexually active and that those new sexual interactions more often involved a new male. Thus, females not only copulated with multiple males throughout their inclusive period of sexual activity, but also interacted with multiple males on any give day they were sexually active. Since repeated copulations with the same male were rare and occurred when both members of the pair were high ranking, the consort relationship probably does not describe a characteristic mating strategy. The more pervasive pattern is for a female to sexually interact and have copulations with multiple males.
Megaloblastic anemia and the requirement for folic acid in the cebus monkey (Cebus albifrons)
Authors: Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Hayes K. C. , Thenen Shirley W.
Published: June 2005

To study the development of folic acid deficiency, nine 3‐year‐old cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed purified diets containing varying amounts of added folic acid. Monkeys fed the diet without added vitamin stopped growing and then lost weight. Macrocytic anemia and leukopenia developed, and megaloblastic changes were observed in precursors of both erythrocytes and leukocytes in the bone marrow. Urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid was increased significantly in these animals compared with controls. Repletion of deficient animals with injections of folic acid caused a rapid weight increase and reversed the hematological and biochemical abnormalities. It was estimated that the minimal folic acid requirement for adequate growth and normal hematological parameters was between 45 and 75 μg/kg body weight/day. To allow for needs above the minimal requirement, purified diets for cebus monkeys should be formulated to provide at least 150 μg of folic acid/kg body weight/day.
Solitary male chacma baboons in a desert canyon
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Tilson Ronald L.
Published: June 2005

Solitary and paired adult (nine) and subadult (one) male chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, were observed over a period of years living in part of a wooded desert canyon not used by adjacent troops. These extratroop males were silent when alone and gave only one alarm vocalization, the “wa‐hoo” call, when paired. The space occupied by them is unsuitable for use by troops according to criteria for adequate sleeping sites and access to water. But the foods available to them, especially figs, but also other fruits and fresh acacia seeds, were abundant. These foods are more highly preferred by baboons than those foods available to troop members. Troop members deplete these resources and shift to less preferred foods with lower water content and longer processing times. All of the adult members of the troop adjacent to these isolated males were infected with a skin disease. Isolated males were not so afflicted and so cannot have originated from, or ever been a part of, this troop. They probably moved to the space where they were observed from other inland troops, traveling to their current home range along the narrow canyon river course.
Urinary immunoreactive estrogen and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide during the normal menstrual cycle of the female lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Mitchell W. R. , Presely S. , Czekala N. M. , Lasley B. L.
Published: June 2005

Urine samples were taken daily during 22 menstrual cycles of six normal adult female gorillas. Urine was analyzed for total immunoreactive estrogens (Et) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) and indexed by creatinine (Cr). An average cycle length of 32 ± 1 days (mean ± SE) with a range of 25–42 days is reported. Estrogen values range from 4 to 128 ng/mg Cr and show a midcycle peak and a midluteal rise. PdG values range from 0.01 to 2.4 μg/mg Cr and display a low, flat follicular phase followed by a luteal elevation. The follicular phase is 19.5 ± 1 days in length (range 11–30 days) and accounts for the variation in cycle length. The luteal phase is 12.3 ± 0.3 days long (range 10–14 days). In contrast to previous studies, PdG levels rise two days before the estrogen peak. The results from the present study are compared with information available on the gorilla, chimpanzee, and human. The accuracy of various alignment methods is discussed, as well as the importance of the methods presented in this study for the captive propagation of gorillas.
Age estimation from dental eruption in infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp.)
Authors: Relethford John H. , Coelho Anthony M. , Lawrence Wendy A.
Published: June 2005

Two regression methods are proposed for estimating age in nonhuman primates from deciduous dental eruption data. The first method consists of step‐wise multiple regression using dental eruption state (present/absent) of each tooth as independent variables. The second method uses the total number of teeth erupted as an independent variable in an exponential model. We applied both methods to a sample of 175 well nourished infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp.), housed in an outdoor breeding corral, and ranging in age from birth to 763 days. From this sample, 129 animals were used to compute the regression formulae, and 46 animals were used for cross validation. Both models show good overall fits and high predictive accuracy with the independent cross validation sample.
A juxtarenal myelolipoma in a cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): A case report
Authors: Stein Franklin J. , Smallwood James E. , Tangner Cecil H. , Hightower Dan , Joiner Gary N.
Published: June 2005

A myelolipoma was surgically removed from the abdomen of a 15‐year‐old female cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus). Because of its close adherence to the right kidney, a unilateral nephrectomy was performed. The post‐surgical recovery was uneventful. A myelolipoma is a circumscribed mass of bone marrow elements embedded in mature adipose tissue. These masses have been reported in the adrenal glands, paravertebral tissue, intrathoracic tissues, and mesentery of man. A similar condition has been observed in the liver and spleen of both captive and wild felidae. This report documents the first observation of this tumor‐like condition in nonhuman primates with the possible exception of a subcutaneous myeloliposarcoma in a potto.
A five‐year study of tetanus in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony: Behavioral description and epizootiology
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. , Kessler Matt J.
Published: June 2005

Tetanus is a major cause of death in the free‐ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. During the five‐year period of observation (July 1, 1976 through June 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 SD) was 1.74% (±0.15). The mean annual total mortality rate was 6.77% (±0.78). The tetanus mortality rate varied sigificantly (P < 0.005) among the six troops on the island. Clinically confirmed tetanus accounted for 24.68% of the 231 deaths which occurred on the island during the study. Although the base population increassed from 479 to 914 monkeys or 90.8% in five years, there were no significant changes in either the total or the tetanus mortality rates. The mean age of tetanus deaths was 6.9 years (±3.9) in the males and 7.1 years (±5.4) in females. The mean age‐specific tetanus mortality rate increased with age. Of the 67 confirmed tetanus cases, 57 proved fatal (26 males, 31 females) for a case fatality rate of 85.1%. There was no significant sex difference in the tetanus mortality rate. No confirmed cases of neonatal tetanus were observed. Infection of juveniles and adults of both sexes occurred chiefly through septic wounds, but postpartum infection of females was also noted. The peak incidence of tetanus deaths for both sexes occurred during the mating season of the annual reproductive cycle, as a consequence of increased levels of aggression and subsequent wounding. The diagnosis of tetanus was based solely on the clinicla signs and was characterized by early behavioural abnormalities consisting of torpor, reluctance to interact with other animals, inability to prehend food, inordinate thirst, difficulty in swallowing, progressive stiffening and adduction of the pectorla limbs, bipedeal running, “kangaroo hopping,” “toppling over,” and pilo‐erection. As the disease advanced, severely affected individuals developed the classic human triad of tetanus symptomatology:trismus (lockjaw), extensor rigidity, and opisthotonus, which progressed in most cases to status epilepticus and death from respiratory paralysis or physical exhaustion. The course of the disease in fatal cases ranged in duration from 24 hours to ten dyas. Obese monkeys with mild cases of tetanus were the most likely to recover with some taking as long as a month to return to normal condition and regain body weight. Of ten recoveries, six were female and four male. Multiple cases were observed in one adult male, indicating that previous infections do not necessarily confer immunity to future attacks. Survivous did not have demonstrable antitoxin titers to Clostridium tetani toxin, thus confirming that tetanus is a nonimmunizing disease. One half of an annual birth crop of thesus monkeys inoculated with tetanus toxoid at the age of one year had protective levels of tetanus antitoxin seven years postinoculation. However, the immunization program had no significant effect on either the total or tetanus motality rates during the study.
A fatal epizootic of undetermined etiology in new world monkeys
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Brown Richard J. , Kalter S. S. , Altman Norman H.
Published: June 2005

A peracute epizootic disease, strikingly characterized by profuse terminal hemorrhaging from the lungs, caused the deaths of 104 squirrel monkeys and 3 capuchin monkeys over a 22‐month period. The case fatality rate was 100%. The pulmonary hemorrhaging was often accompanied by pulmonary edema and congestion, interstitial pneumonia, and hydrothorax. Additional histologic lesions included interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and hepatic necrosis, adrenalitis and adrenal necrosis, myocarditis, splenic atrophy or hypoplasia, pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis, sialoadenitis, and encephalitis. Macaques maintained under identical conditions were clinically unaffected by the epizootic. There was an incidental relationship with contamination of feed, water, and housing facilities by excrement from feral Norway rats and cockroaches. Due to the association of the disease outbreak with abundant rodent and cockroach populations, and because the histologic features of the disease were suggestive of a viral etiology, encephalomyocarditis virus infection was implicated. However, histopathologic examinations of tissues from 68 monkeys; electron‐microscopic studies on five monkeys; bacteriologic culturing; virus isolation attempts from 10 monkeys, rats, and cockroaches; and experimental inoculation studies in mice and squirrel monkeys all failed to reveal the causative agent, to provide a definitive diagnosis, or to reproduce the disease.
Postovulatory predecidual development in the baboon, chimpanzee, and human
Authors: Dollar J. R. , Graham C. E. , Reyes F. I.
Published: June 2005

The development of predecidual tissue during the late postovulatory phase was evaluated by light microscopic study in the baboon, chimpanzee, and human being. While the predecidual cells of these species appeared to be similar morphologically, the degree of predecidual differentiation was greater in humans and chimpanzees than in baboons. The evidence indicated that the presence of a blastocyst was not required for decidualization to occur in these three primates. Further, decidualization was not dependent on coitus in chimpanzees and baboons, and was probably not essential in humans either.
A vocabulary of abnormal behaviors in restrictively reared chimpanzees
Authors: Walsh S. , Bramblett C. A. , Alford P. L.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this paper is to establish a vocabulary for the systematic documentation of abnormal behavior in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such a vocabulary facilitates communication regarding the range of behavior patterns indicative of psychopathology. The behavior of restrictively reared chimpanzees was observed and descriptive terminology is developed to aid in documentation of the range of abnormal behavior observed in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such documentation is the first step in monitoring and evaluating a rehabilitation program.
Effect of testosterone on epididymal proteins in castrated rhesus monkeys
Authors: Haider M. Z. , Qazi M. H. , Khanum A. , Arslan M.
Published: June 2005

The effect of testosterone on regulation of epididymal protein synthesis has been investigated in castrated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The proteins in the treated monkeys were characterized using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions) and electrofocusing. At least four distinct proteins have been shown to be synthesized by the monkey epididymis under testosterone influence. Two of these proteins were detected following two days of testosterone treatment while the other two proteins were detected after a six‐day treatment period. None of these proteins was detectable in monkeys treated with estradiol for six days. Electrofocusing of epididymal cytosol proteins from untreated and testosterone‐treated and castrated monkeys also confirmed the presence of four androgen‐dependent proteins in this species. The isoelectric points of these proteins were shown to range between 5.8 and 6.4. The molecular weights of these proteins were found to vary between 47,500 and 66,000. The in vitro incorporation of 3H‐labeled amino acids was markedly greater in the androgen‐primed epididymis as compared with the control tissue.
The hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Rawlins Richard G.
Published: June 2005

Sixty‐four male and 33 female free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a number of variables compared to the range reported in the existing literature, and among the age and sex groups in the sampled population.
Seasonal changes in reproductive behavior in two ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year‐round with estradiol
Authors: Turner Jane J. , Herndon James G.
Published: June 2005

Two ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year‐round with estradiol‐filled capsules were used in hour‐long behavioral tests with male rhesus monkeys both in and out of the normal breeding season. The study was designed primarily to test male hormonal responses to copulatory behavior and it was expected that behavior of the females would be essentially the same under both seasonal conditions. Several behaviors of the female, however, were found to fluctuate on a seasonal basis, namely (1) proximity to the male, (2) grooming of the male, (3) sexual presentations, and (4) threatening away (a form of sexual invitation). All of these behaviors, except proximity, were found to be positively correlated with the male partner's testosterone levels before and after the behavior test in the only test condition in which most males ejaculated. The preliminary suggestion is made that these females responded to some cue, either from the environment or from the males, that caused a change in their behavior between breeding and nonbreeding seasons despite the constant hormonal environment provided by the estradiol capsules. Since the same behaviors which were sensitive to seasonal effects were positively correlated with male testosterone levels, it is possible that the male's hormonal status affects affects female behavior.
Reproductive patterns in galagos (Galago zanzibaricus and Galago garnettii) in relation to climatic variability
Authors: Nash Leanne T.
Published: June 2005

The reproductive patterns (birth seasonality, litter size, litters per year) of two sympatric species of galago (Galago zanzibaricus and G. garnettii) were studied in a coastal forest in Kenya for a two‐year period. Trap‐retrap and radio tracking methods were employed. G. zanzibaricus has one infant twice per year; G. garnettii has one infant once per year. Both species are seasonal breeders. These East African galagos are intermediate in reproductive patterns when compared with galagos from South African woodland (G. senegalensis moholi and G. crassicaudatus umbrosis) and West African rainforest (G. alleni and G. demidovii). Climatic patterns (total annual rainfall, seasonal variability of rainfall, variability in total annual rainfall, and annual temperature variability) are also compared for the three regions. Climatically, East Africa is intermediate between West and South Africa in total annual rainfall and in seasonality of rainfall, but not in year‐to‐year variability in rainfall. East Africa shows the highest variability in annual rainfall. South Africa has the coldest dry seasons and highest variability in temperatures. The results of this study suggest that “r‐selection” and “K‐selection” do not provide adequate explanations of galago reproductive patterns.
Cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus): Hematologic reference values and hemopathologic responses
Authors: Hawkey C. M. , Hart M. G. , Knight J. A. , Fitzgerald A. K. , Jones D. M.
Published: June 2005

Hematologic reference values have been established for captive adult cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimation on 43 clinically normal animals. Females were shown to have significantly lower hemoglobin levels, red cell counts and packed cell volumes, and higher reticulocyte counts than males. The reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of 13 clinical cases. Marked neutrophilia was found in animals with localized bacterial infections, and a degenerative left shift was recorded in an individual with streptococcal septicemia. Three cases of unexplained progressive muscle wasting showed Heinz body anemia and abnormal white cell changes. These hematologic responses have been compared where possible with those recorded in other species of Callithricidae.
Brief report: Synthesis of ribonucleic acid in oocytes collected from squirrel monkeys and humans following chorionic gonadotropin administration
Authors: Hutz R. J. , Holzman G. B. , Dukelow W. R.
Published: June 2005

The time between administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and follicle aspiration was analyzed for alterations in [3H]uridine incorporation [as an indicator of relative synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)] of oocytes from squirrel monkeys and humans. There was a significant decline in both the uptake and incorporation of [3H]uridine in squirrel monkey oocytes by 36 hr following hCG administration to the animals, as compared with 16 hr after hCG. Similarly, RNA synthesis diminished in oocytes collected 35 hr after hCG in humans, as compared with 12 hr after hCG. This reduction in RNA synthesis of maturing oocytes is similar to that of other mammalian species. This provides evidence for an increased interval between hCG administration and follicle aspiration in order to recover mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization studies.