bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Näherungsweise Berücksichtigung des Betonkriechens beim Nachweis der Kippstabilität von Stahlbetonträgern
Authors: Röder Friedrich‐Karl
Published: July 2016

Eine Berücksichtigung der zeitabhängigen Einwirkungen wie Kriechen und Schwinden des Betons auf die Kippstabilität wird in den meisten bekannten gängigen Berechnungsverfahren bisher nicht zufriedenstellend behandelt. Die geltende Norm [1] schreibt für eine Berechnung der Kippstabilität nach Theorie II. Ordnung den Ansatz einer geometrischen Imperfektion vor. Die hier vorgestellte Vorgehensweise berücksichtigt das Langzeitverhalten des Betons beim Stabilitätsnachweis auf Kippen innerhalb dieses Imperfektionsansatzes nur durch eine Änderung der Normvorgabe. Die vorgeschlagene Näherung zur Berücksichtigung des Betonkriechens ist einfach anwendbar und kann mit fast jedem Berechnungsverfahren der Kippstabilität genutzt werden, ohne dass das Berechnungsverfahren selbst verändert werden muss. Wie die Beispielberechnungen zeigen, liefert die vorgestellte Methode plausible Ergebnisse.

Simplified Method of Considering Concrete Creep for Checking Lateral Instability of Reinforced Concrete Beams

The most well‐known and established calculation methods for checking lateral instability don't consider satisfyingly the time‐dependent effects of concrete creep and shrinkage. The current design code [1] specifies a default value of geometric imperfections for calculating lateral instability using 2nd order theory. The proceeding suggested in this paper considers the long‐term behavior of concrete at lateral instability by changing the geometric imperfections specified in the code. The proposed approximation method to consider concrete creep can be applied easily and can be used with nearly each calculation method for checking lateral instability. The method itself has not to be changed for this purpose. As shown by examples, the proposed proceeding produces plausible results.
The Ssr protein (T1E_1405) from Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E enables oligonucleotide‐based recombineering in platform strain P. putida EM42
Authors: Aparicio Tomás , Jensen Sheila I. , Nielsen Alex T. , de Lorenzo Victor , Martínez‐García Esteban
Published: July 2016

Some strains of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida have become in recent years platforms of choice for hosting biotransformations of industrial interest. Despite availability of many genetic tools for this microorganism, genomic editing of the cell factory P. putida EM42 (a derivative of reference strain KT2440) is still a time‐consuming endeavor. In this work we have investigated the in vivo activity of the Ssr protein encoded by the open reading frame T1E_1405 from Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E, a plausible functional homologue of the β protein of the Red recombination system of λ phage of Escherichia coli. A test based on the phenotypes of pyrF mutants of P. putida (the yeast's URA3 ortholog) was developed for quantifying the ability of Ssr to promote invasion of the genomic DNA replication fork by synthetic oligonucleotides. The efficiency of the process was measured by monitoring the inheritance of the changes entered into pyrF by oligonucleotides bearing mutated sequences. Ssr fostered short and long genomic deletions/insertions at considerable frequencies as well as single‐base swaps not affected by mismatch repair. These results not only demonstrate the feasibility of recombineering in P. putida, but they also enable a suite of multiplexed genomic manipulations in this biotechnologically important bacterium.
Multiplexed methylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes and clinical outcome in oligodendroglial tumors
Authors: Kuo Lu‐Ting , Lu Hsueh‐Yi , Lee Chien‐Chang , Tsai Jui‐Chang , Lai Hong‐Shiee , Tseng Ham‐Min , Kuo Meng‐Fai , Tu Yong‐Kwang
Published: July 2016

Aberrant methylation has been associated with transcriptional inactivation of tumor‐related genes in a wide spectrum of human neoplasms. The influence of DNA methylation in oligodendroglial tumors is not fully understood. Genomic DNA was isolated from 61 oligodendroglial tumors for analysis of methylation using methylation‐specific multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification assay (MS‐MLPA). We correlated methylation status with clinicopathological findings and outcome. The genes found to be most frequently methylated in oligodendroglial tumors were RASSF1A (80.3%), CASP8 (70.5%), and CDKN2A (52.5%). Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis demonstrated longer duration of progression‐free survival in patients with 19q loss, aged less than 38 years, and with a proliferative index of less than 5%. Methylation of the ESR1 promoter is significantly associated with shorter duration of overall survival and progression‐free survival, and that methylation of IGSF4 and RASSF1A is significantly associated with shorter duration of progression‐free survival. However, none of the methylation status of ESR1, IGSF4, and RASSF1A was of prognostic value for survival in a multivariate Cox model. A number of novel and interesting epigenetic alterations were identified in this study. The findings highlight the importance of methylation profiles in oligodendroglial tumors and their possible involvement in tumorigenesis.
Prognostic significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and 5b expression in Epstein–Barr virus‐positive patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Diamantopoulos Panagiotis T. , Sofotasiou Maria , Georgoussi Zafiroula , Giannakopoulou Nefeli , Papadopoulou Vasiliki , Galanopoulos Athanasios , Kontandreopoulou Elina , Zervakis Panagiotis , Pallaki Paschalina , Kalala Fani , Kyrtsonis Marie‐Christine , Dimitrakopoulou Aglaia , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros , Angelopoulou Maria , Spanakis Nikolaos , Viniou Nora‐Athina
Published: July 2016

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been intensively studied in hematologic malignancies, and the efficacy of agents against STATs in lymphomas is already under research. We investigated the expression of total STAT5 and STAT5b in peripheral blood samples of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in correlation with the presence of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and its major oncoprotein (latent membrane protein 1, LMP1). The EBV load was measured in the peripheral blood by real‐time PCR for the BXLF1 gene and the levels of LMP1 by PCR and ELISA. Western blotting was performed for total STAT5 and STAT5b in protein extracts. STAT5b was only expressed in patients (not in healthy subjects) and STAT5 but particularly STAT5b expression was correlated with the presence of the virus (77.3% vs. 51.2%, P = 0.006 for STAT5b) and to the expression of LMP1 (58.3% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.011 for STAT5b). Moreover, the expression of STAT5b and the presence of EBV and LMP1 were strongly negatively correlated with the overall survival of the patients (log‐rank test P = 0.011, 0.015, 0.006, respectively). Double positive (for EBV and STAT5b) patients had the lowest overall survival (log‐rank test P = 0.013). This is the first report of a survival disadvantage of EBV+ patients with CLL, and the first time that STAT5b expression is correlated with survival. The correlation of STAT5 expression with the presence of the virus, along with our survival correlations defines a subgroup of patients with CLL that may benefit from anti‐STAT agents.
Asymmetric Assisted Tandem Catalysis: Hydroamination followed by Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Reaction from a Single Chiral N,N,N′,N′‐Tetradentate Pyridylmethylamine‐Based Ligand
Authors: Aillerie Alexandre , Rodriguez‐Ruiz Violeta , Carlino Romain , Bourdreux Flavien , Guillot Régis , Bezzenine‐Lafollée Sophie , Gil Richard , Prim Damien , Hannedouche Jérôme
Published: July 2016

With the rising interest in asymmetric catalysis promoted by earth‐abundant elements, a chiral ligand will undoubtedly be the most valuable unit of the catalyst. The first proof of concept of the use of a multitask chiral ligand in an asymmetric assisted tandem catalysis protocol that successively combines metallo‐ and organocatalytic processes is reported herein. In this protocol, the chiral ligand of the newly designed rare‐earth catalyst of the first reaction is converted into a novel chiral organocatalyst for the second transformation by the simple addition of HCl. The observation of some enantioinduction in the tandem sequence—alkyne hydroamination followed by enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation—confirms the relay of the chiral N,N,N′,N′‐tetradentate ligand and the importance of its pyridylmethylamine scaffold.
Networkmetrics: multivariate big data analysis in the context of the internet
Authors: Camacho José , Magán‐Carrión Roberto , García‐Teodoro Pedro , Treinen James J.
Published: July 2016

Multivariate problems are found in all areas of knowledge. In chemistry and related disciplines, the chemometric community was developed in a joint effort to understand and solve problems mainly from a multivariate and exploratory perspective. This perspective is, indeed, of broader applicability, even in areas of knowledge far from chemistry. In this paper, we focus on the Internet: the net of devices that allow an interconnected world where all types of data can be shared and unprecedented communication services can be provided. Problems in the Internet or in general in networking are not very different from chemometric problems. Building on this parallelism, we review four classes of problems in networking: estimation, anomaly detection, optimization, and classification. We present an illustrative set of problems and show how a multivariate perspective may lead to significant improvements from state‐of‐the‐art techniques. In the absence of a better name, we call the approach of treating these problems from that multivariate perspective networkmetrics. Networkmetric problems have their own specificities, mainly, their typical Big Data nature and the presence of unstructured data. We argue that multivariate analysis is, indeed, useful to tackle these specificities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coexistence of Different Electron‐Transfer Mechanisms in the DNA Repair Process by Photolyase
Authors: Lee Wook , Kodali Goutham , Stanley Robert J. , Matsika Spiridoula
Published: July 2016

DNA photolyase has been the topic of extensive studies due to its important role of repairing photodamaged DNA, and its unique feature of using light as an energy source. A crucial step in the repair by DNA photolyase is the forward electron transfer from its cofactor (FADH−) to the damaged DNA, and the detailed mechanism of this process has been controversial. In the present study, we examine the forward electron transfer in DNA photolyase by carrying out high‐level ab initio calculations in combination with a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach, and by measuring fluorescence emission spectra at low temperature. On the basis of these computational and experimental results, we demonstrate that multiple decay pathways exist in DNA photolyase depending on the wavelength at excitation and the subsequent transition. This implies that the forward electron transfer in DNA photolyase occurs not only by superexchange mechanism but also by sequential electron transfer.
Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Bidange Johan , Fischmeister Cédric , Bruneau Christian
Published: July 2016

Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross‐metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon–carbon double bonds. The objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in potential industrial applications.
Daun02 Inactivation of Behaviorally Activated Fos‐Expressing Neuronal Ensembles
Authors: Koya Eisuke , Margetts‐Smith Gabriella , Hope Bruce T.
Published: July 2016

Learned associations about salient experiences (e.g., drug exposure, stress) and their associated environmental stimuli are mediated by a minority of sparsely distributed, behaviorally activated neurons coined ‘neuronal ensembles.’ For many years, it was not known whether these neuronal ensembles played causal roles in mediating learned behaviors. However, in the last several years the ‘Daun02 inactivation technique’ in Fos‐lacZ transgenic rats has proved very useful in establishing causal links between neuronal ensembles that express the activity‐regulated protein Fos and learned behaviors. Fos‐expressing neurons in these rats also express the bacterial protein β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) in strongly activated neurons. When the prodrug Daun02 is injected into the brains of these rats 90 min after a behavior (e.g., drug‐seeking) or cue exposure, then Daun02 is converted into daunorubicin by β‐gal, which selectively inactivates Fos‐ and β‐gal‐expressing neurons that were activated 90 min before the Daun02 injection. This unit presents protocols for breeding the Fos‐lacZ rats and conducting appropriate Daun02 inactivation experiments. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding the Link Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis
Authors: Rabin RA , George TP
Published: July 2016

The changing legal landscape surrounding cannabis is likely a contributing factor to the increasing rates of cannabis use worldwide. Accordingly, consequences of cannabis use translate into sizeable public health implications. While the medicinal purposes of cannabis are often sensationalized, information regarding its harmful effects is largely confined to the scientific community. Therefore, educational campaigns informing the public about the links between cannabinoids and psychosis are urgently needed.
Validation of Immunomonitoring Methods for Application in Clinical Studies: The HLA‐Peptide Multimer Staining Assay
Authors: Chandran P. Anoop , Laske Karoline , Cazaly Angelica , Rusch Elisa , Schmid‐Horch Barbara , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Ottensmeier Christian H. , Gouttefangeas Cécile
Published: July 2016

Background

Validated assays are essential to generate data with defined specificity, consistency, and reliability. Although the process of validation is required for applying immunoassays in the context of clinical studies, reports on systematic validation of in vitro T cell assays are scarce so far. We recently validated our HLA‐peptide multimer staining assay in a systematic manner so as to qualify the method for monitoring antigen‐specific T cell responses after immunotherapy.

Methods

Parameters of the assay, specificity, precision, linearity, sensitivity, and robustness were assessed systematically. Experiments were designed to address specifically each parameter and are detailed.

Results

Nonspecific multimer staining was below the acceptance limit of 0.02% multimer(+) CD8(+) cells. The assay showed acceptable precision in all dimensions it was repeated (CV < 10%) and also demonstrated a linear detection (R2 > 0.99) of antigen specific cells.

Conclusions

We succeeded in validating the HLA‐multimer staining assay in a systematic manner. Additionally, we propose a technical framework and recommendations that can be applied for validating other T cell assessment methods. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Reactions to tokenism: The role of individual characteristics in shaping responses to token decisions
Authors: Anisman‐Razin Moran , Saguy Tamar
Published: July 2016

When only a handful of members from a disadvantaged group occupy positions of power, they are considered tokens. Previous research suggests that observers tend to consider tokenism as an egalitarian practice. Given its ambiguous nature, we hypothesized that reactions to tokenism would be shaped by individuals' sensitivity to inequality. In Study 1, we showed that women (vs. men) and individuals low (vs. high) on social dominance orientation differentiated more between a token and an egalitarian decision in the context of gender‐related practices. Similar findings were observed in Study 2, which involved gender and feminist identification as independent variables. Additional support, particularly for the role of social dominance orientation, was found in Study 3, which involved an ethnic token. Together, results demonstrate the role of individuals' chronic sensitivity to inequality in shaping their reactions to token practices. Theoretical and practical implications regarding the effect of tokenism on individuals' evaluations and responses to inequality are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire and thermal properties of PA 66 resin treated with poly‐N‐aniline‐phenyl phosphamide as a flame retardant
Authors: Lyu WenYan , Cui YiHua , Zhang XuJie , Yuan JingYao , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2016

In this study, a halogen‐free phosphorous‐nitrogen synergistic flame retardant, poly‐N‐aniline‐phenyl phosphamide (PDPPD), was synthesized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis data confirmed the structure of PDPPD. The essential FR PA66 was polymerized with PA66 pre‐polymer and PDPPD pre‐polymer, prepared from PDPPD and adipic acid. The limit oxygen index and UL‐94 test results of FR PA66 reached 28% and V‐0, respectively, when the contents of PDPPD pre‐polymer were 4.5 wt%. The thermo‐gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the initial decomposition temperature of FR PA66 was 43 °C lower than that of pristine PA66 from 385 to 342 °C; however, the peak decomposition temperature was 36 °C higher than that of pure PA66 from 437 to 473 °C, when the contents of PDPPD pre‐polymer reached 4.5 wt%. Flame retardant mechanism was studied by cone calorimeter testing and SEM‐EDX, confirming that the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke product (TSP) decreased slightly, and PDPPD followed the gas phase flame retardant mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virus reactivations after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation detected by multiplex PCR assay
Authors: Inazawa Natsuko , Hori Tsukasa , Nojima Masanori , Saito Makoto , Igarashi Keita , Yamamoto Masaki , Shimizu Norio , Yoto Yuko , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

Several studies have indicated that viral reactivations following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) are frequent, but viral reactivations after autologous HSCT (auto‐HSCT) have not been investigated in detail. We performed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to examine multiple viral reactivations simultaneously in 24 patients undergoing auto‐HSCT between September 2010 and December 2012. Weekly whole blood samples were collected from pre‐ to 42 days post‐HSCT, and tested for the following 13 viruses; herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1), HSV‐2, varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), HHV‐7, HHV‐8, adeno virus (ADV), BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and hepatitis B virus (HBV).  Fifteen (63%) patients had at least one type of viral reactivation. HHV6 (n = 10; 41.7%) was most frequently detected followed by EBV (n = 7; 29.2%). HHV‐6 peaked on day 21 after HSCT and promptly declined. In addition, HBV, CMV, HHV7, and B19V were each detected in one patient. HHV6 reactivation was detected in almost half the auto‐HSCT patients, which was similar to the incidence in allo‐HSCT patients. The incidence of EBV was unexpectedly high. Viral infections in patients undergoing auto‐HSCT were higher than previously reported in other studies. Although there were no particular complications of viral infection, we should pay attention to possible viral reactivations in auto‐HSCT patients. J. Med. Virol. 89:358–362, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalized Racism, Perceived Racism, and Ethnic Identity: Exploring Their Relationship in Latina/o Undergraduates
Authors: Hipolito‐Delgado Carlos P.
Published: July 2016

For Latina/o undergraduates, ethnic identity is an important construct linked to self‐esteem and educational attainment. Internalized and perceived racism have been hypothesized to hinder ethnic identity development in Latina/o undergraduates. To assess if internalized and perceived racism were inversely related to ethnic identity, the author conducted a hierarchical linear regression with 373 Latina/o undergraduates. There was a significant relationship between internalized racism and ethnic identity. Findings indicate a need to challenge internalized racism in Latina/o undergraduates.
Emotional and Cognitive Coping in Relationship Dissolution
Authors: Wrape Elizabeth R. , Jenkins Sharon Rae , Callahan Jennifer L. , Nowlin Rachel B.
Published: July 2016

Dissolution of a romantic relationship can adversely affect functioning among college students and represents one primary reason for seeking campus counseling. This study examined the associations among common coping strategies and distress following relationship dissolution. Avoidance and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) were significantly associated with distress, and gender was found to moderate the relationship between RNT and distress. Findings suggest that college counselors should consider emotional coping strategies following relationship dissolutions.
Subdiffraction‐limited chemical imaging of patterned phthalocyanine films using tip‐enhanced near‐field optical microscopy
Authors: Hermann R. , Gordon M. J.
Published: July 2016

A tip‐enhanced near‐field optical microscope, based on a shear‐force atomic force microscope with plasmonic tip coupled to an inverted, confocal optical microscope, has been constructed for nanoscale chemical (Raman) imaging of surfaces. The design and validation of the instrument, along with its application to near‐field Raman mapping of patterned organic thin films (coumarin‐6 and Cu(II) phthalocyanine), are described. Lateral resolution of the instrument is estimated at 50 nm (better than λ/10), which is roughly dictated by the size of the plasmonic tip apex. Additional observations, such as the distance scaling of Raman enhancement and the inelastic scattering background generated by the plasmonic tip, are presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of few small studies in orphan diseases
Authors: Friede Tim , Röver Christian , Wandel Simon , Neuenschwander Beat
Published: July 2016

Meta‐analyses in orphan diseases and small populations generally face particular problems, including small numbers of studies, small study sizes and heterogeneity of results. However, the heterogeneity is difficult to estimate if only very few studies are included. Motivated by a systematic review in immunosuppression following liver transplantation in children, we investigate the properties of a range of commonly used frequentist and Bayesian procedures in simulation studies. Furthermore, the consequences for interval estimation of the common treatment effect in random‐effects meta‐analysis are assessed. The Bayesian credibility intervals using weakly informative priors for the between‐trial heterogeneity exhibited coverage probabilities in excess of the nominal level for a range of scenarios considered. However, they tended to be shorter than those obtained by the Knapp–Hartung method, which were also conservative. In contrast, methods based on normal quantiles exhibited coverages well below the nominal levels in many scenarios. With very few studies, the performance of the Bayesian credibility intervals is of course sensitive to the specification of the prior for the between‐trial heterogeneity. In conclusion, the use of weakly informative priors as exemplified by half‐normal priors (with a scale of 0.5 or 1.0) for log odds ratios is recommended for applications in rare diseases. © 2016 The Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Protective effects of allicin on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic nephropathy in rats
Authors: Huang Hong , Jiang Ying , Mao Genxiang , Yuan Fang , Zheng Hexin , Ruan Yuan , Wu Tianfeng
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Studies in animal models have shown that allicin, a major biologically active component of garlic, can play a role in the prevention of tissue fibrosis in the liver, lung and heart, mainly related to the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, fibrogenic cytokine secretion and extracellular matrix synthesis. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of allicin on renal damage in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. STZ‐induced diabetic rats were administered allicin (15, 30 and 45 mg · kg−1 · day−1) via daily intra‐gastric gavage for 12 weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (sCr), lipid and 24 h urine albumin excretion (UAE) were measured at the end of weeks 4, 8 and 12. The renal histopathology and the expression levels of collagen I, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) and phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (p‐ERK1/2) were measured using immunohistochemistry and/or western blotting.

RESULTS

In 12 week STZ‐induced diabetic rats, severe hyperglycemia and albuminuria were markedly developed. Treatment with allicin for 12 weeks ameliorated diabetes‐induced morphological alterations of the kidney and decreased FBG, BUN, sCr, triglyceride (TG) and 24 h UAE in diabetic rats. The expression levels of collagen I, TGF‐β1 and p‐ERK1/2 were significantly decreased by allicin treatment.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that allicin may play a protective role in diabetic nephropathy via the TGF‐β1/ERK pathway in diabetic rats. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of propionate‐degrading consortia from agricultural biogas plants
Authors: Ahlert Stephan , Zimmermann Rita , Ebling Johannes , König Helmut
Published: July 2016

In order to investigate the propionate‐degrading community of agricultural biogas plants, four propionate‐degrading consortia (Ap1a, N12, G12, and Wp2a) were established from different biogas plants which were fed with renewable resources. The consortia were cultivated in a batch for a period of 2–4 years and then analyzed in an 8‐week batch experiment for microbial succession during propionate degradation. Community shifts showed considerable propagation of Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens, Cryptanaerobacter sp./Pelotomaculum sp., and “Candidatus Cloacamonas sp.” in the course of decreasing propionate concentration. Methanogenic species belonged mainly to the genera Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, and Methanoculleus. Due to the prevalent presence of the syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing species Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans and potentially autotrophic homoacetogenic bacteria (Moorella sp., Thermacetogenium sp.), a theoretical involvement of syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis in stable and efficient propionate degradation was indicated. Considering theoretical Gibbs free energy values at different hydrogen partial pressures, it is noticeable that syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis have the potential to counterbalance adverse hydrogen partial pressure fluctuations, stabilizing most probably continuous and stable propionate degradation.
Feasibility of conductivity imaging using subject eddy currents induced by switching of MRI gradients
Authors: Oran Omer Faruk , Ider Yusuf Ziya
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of low‐frequency conductivity imaging based on measuring the magnetic field due to subject eddy currents induced by switching of MRI z‐gradients.

Methods

We developed a simulation model for calculating subject eddy currents and the magnetic fields they generate (subject eddy fields). The inverse problem of obtaining conductivity distribution from subject eddy fields was formulated as a convection‐reaction partial differential equation. For measuring subject eddy fields, a modified spin‐echo pulse sequence was used to determine the contribution of subject eddy fields to MR phase images.

Results

In the simulations, successful conductivity reconstructions were obtained by solving the derived convection‐reaction equation, suggesting that the proposed reconstruction algorithm performs well under ideal conditions. However, the level of the calculated phase due to the subject eddy field in a representative object indicates that this phase is below the noise level and cannot be measured with an uncertainty sufficiently low for accurate conductivity reconstruction. Furthermore, some artifacts other than random noise were observed in the measured phases, which are discussed in relation to the effects of system imperfections during readout.

Conclusion

Low‐frequency conductivity imaging does not seem feasible using basic pulse sequences such as spin‐echo on a clinical MRI scanner. Magn Reson Med 77:1926–1937, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Membrane properties in small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans
Authors: Hennings Kristian , Frahm Ken Steffen , Petrini Laura , Andersen Ole K. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Mørch Carsten D.
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Assessment of membrane properties is important for understanding the mechanisms of painful peripheral neuropathy, developing new diagnostic techniques, and screening/profiling of analgesics that target ion channels. Methods: Small cutaneous nerves were activated electrically by small diameter (0.2 mm) cathodes, and large nerves were activated by ordinary patch electrodes. This new perception threshold tracking method combines perception threshold assessment and stimulation paradigms from conventional threshold tracking. Results: The strength‐duration time‐constant of large fibers (580 µs ± 160 µs) was lower than the time constant of small fibers (1060 µs ± 690 µs; P < 0.01, paired t‐test). Threshold electrotonus showed similar threshold reductions to sub‐threshold prepulses, except for 80 ms hyperpolarizing prepulses, to which small fibers showed less threshold reduction than large fibers (repeated‐measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni, P = 0.006). Conclusions: This is a reliable method to investigate the membrane properties of small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans and may be used in clinical settings as a diagnostic or profiling tool. Muscle Nerve 55: 195–201, 2017
Numerische Simulation des Anziehverhaltens von Schraubverbindungen unter Berücksichtigung des plastischen Materialverhaltens
Authors: Lorenz Christoph , Stranghöner Natalie
Published: July 2016

Das Verständnis des Tragverhaltens in gepaarten Gewinden von Schraubverbindungen ist besonders dann von speziellem Interesse, wenn einzelne Komponenten von Schraubverbindungen mehrfach verwendet werden sollen und/oder diese Komponenten aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen bestehen. Um eine prinzipielle Aussage über die Eignung zur Mehrfachverwendung von ausgewählten Verschraubungsdetails treffen zu können, werden am Institut für Metall‐ und Leichtbau der Universität Duisburg‐Essen derzeit umfangreiche experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zum Anziehverhalten von Schraubverbindungen durchgeführt. Zur numerischen Simulation des Anziehverhaltens von Schraubverbindungen wurde hierzu unter anderem auch ein vollständig parametrisiertes 3D‐Finite‐Elemente‐Modell entwickelt und an Versuchsergebnissen kalibriert. Hierbei wurden sowohl die am institutseigenen Anziehprüfstand ermittelten Teilreibungszahlen als auch das plastische Materialverhalten berücksichtigt. Erste numerische Berechnungen zeigen, dass sich das Anziehverhalten von hochfesten Schrauben unter Berücksichtigung des plastischen Materialverhaltens prinzipiell simulieren lässt. Für die Bewertung der Wiederverwendbarkeit lassen sich plastische Dehnungen während des Anziehvorgangs quantifizieren und bewerten.

Numerical simulation of the preloading procedure of bolted assemblies considering plastic material behaviour. The load bearing behaviour of a preloaded bolted assembly is mainly influenced by the lubricated mating threads of the bolt and the nut. Especially when parts of a bolted assembly shall be reused and/or consist of different materials, an understanding of the stress distribution in the mating threads and the bolt is of great importance. Typical applications for this kind of connections are blind hole connections in transition joints and bridge bearings where high strength bolts are screwed in cut threads made of mild steel. For the numerical simulation of the preloading procedure a full parametrized 3D finite element model of a bolted assembly was built up and calibrated to experimental results achieved from tightening tests using the institutes own tightening torque testing machine. In the finite element model, the nonlinear material behaviour as well as the realistic coefficients of friction can be taken into account. To assess the reusability of different parts of the bolted assemblies, plastic deformations can be quantified and evaluated.
Umnutzung von Bestandskranbahnen (Teil 2)
Authors: Seeßelberg Christoph
Published: July 2016

Kranbahnen im Bestand für eine zukünftige andere Nutzung zu ertüchtigen, ist eine Aufgabe, der sich Tragwerksplaner oft stellen müssen. Nach der Feststellung des Zustands der Kranbahn kann entschieden werden, ob ihrem Austausch gegenüber ihrer Instandsetzung und Weiternutzung der Vorzug zu geben ist. In diesem zweiten Teil des Beitrages steht die Ermüdungssicherheit im Fokus. Bei ermüdungsmäßig schwer beanspruchten Kranbahnträgern kann das Werkstoffgefüge durch frühere Beanspruchungen bereits vorgeschädigt sein, selbst wenn keine Risse erkennbar sind. Es werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie sich eine Schadenssummation aus vergangener und zukünftiger Nutzung durchführen lässt, um die noch verfügbare Lebensdauer der Kranbahn abzuschätzen. Die Annahmen über die Schwere des Kranbetriebs, die in der Planungsphase einer Kranbahn zu treffen sind, erweisen sich im Nachhinein manchmal als zu ungünstig. Dann kann eine Neueinstufung der Kranbahn in eine andere Beanspruchungsklasse (BK) angemessen sein. Eine niedrigere BK bedeutet für eine Bestandskonstruktion eine längere Nutzungsdauer. Welche baulichen Veränderungen und/oder lastmindernde Steuerungen des Krans eine Weiternutzung der gegebenenfalls instandgesetzten aber unveränderten Kranbahn ermöglichen, wurde bereits im Heft 6 der Zeitschrift Stahlbau behandelt.

New usage of existing crane runways. Strengthening of existing crane runways for future use is a common problem to be solved by structural engineers. After determination of their technical condition it has to be decided whether replacement of the crane runway is necessary or repair and further usage of the girder are possible.

The second part of the article focuses on the fatigue strength of crane runways. The material structure of crane runways with heavy fatigue loading may be pre‐damaged due to the previous usage even if there are no cracks detected. Possibilities are shown on how to combine the fatigue damage caused by previous and further use to estimate the remaining life of the crane runway. In retrospect the assumptions concerning the severity of the fatigue loading, which have to be made during the planning process of the crane runway, sometimes turn out as to be too unfavourable. In those cases, a reclassification of the crane fatigue loading can be possible. A lower classification of the crane causes a longer period of use. Whether an increase of the cross section of a crane runway or changes on the crane itself (e.g. in the details of the crane design or of the electronic crane control to reduce the load on the crane runway) might be more appropriate to enable the further use of the – if necessary – repaired/modified crane runway, has already been discussed in issue 6 of the journal “Stahlbau”.
Überdachungsbauwerke ZOB Pforzheim: geometrisch komplexe, zeichenhafte Tragstrukturen in Stahlbauweise
Authors: Engelsmann Stephan , Peters Stefan
Published: July 2016

Unserem akademischen Lehrer und Vorbild Herrn Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Kurt Schäfer zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet

Der Neubau von drei Überdachungsbauwerken ist Teil der Baumaßnahme ZOB (Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof) Pforzheim. Den Überdachungsbauwerken als funktional notwendige und gleichzeitig gestalterisch prägende Elemente kommt eine maßgebliche Bedeutung für die Gesamtbaumaßnahme zu. Erscheinungsbild und Form der sehr filigranen, mit einer weißen Verkleidung versehenen Überdachungsbauwerke in Stahlbauweise sind abgestimmt auf verkehrsplanerische, städtebauliche und funktionale Randbedingungen. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Tragwerksentwurf für die Überdachungsbauwerke sowie deren Tragverhalten.

Umbrella roofs of ZOB Pforzheim: Structural design of geometrically sophisticated emblematical steel structures. Three new roofs are part of the project central bus station Pforzheim. Functional necessary and in terms of design striking the roofs have significant relevance for the entire area. Appearance and form of the extremely filigree steel roofs, covered with a white cladding, have been adjusted to transportation, urban as well as architectural planning aspects. This article describes the structural design process for the roof structures as well as their structural behaviour.
Historische Visionen in Stahl – Die Ausstellung “Zukunft von gestern” im Deutschen Architekturmuseum
Authors: Möller Eberhard
Published: July 2016

Archigram und Future Systems machten in den 1960er bis 1990er Jahren mit spektakulären Konstruktionen für die Welt von morgen auf sich aufmerksam. Ihre visionären Utopien konnten sie zwar mehrheitlich nicht verwirklichen, die Zeichnungen und Modelle fanden aber weltweite Verbreitung und beeinflussten das Bauwesen ganz wesentlich. Im Deutschen Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt am Main sind die Entwürfe bis zum 18. September 2016 zu sehen.

Historical visions in steel – The exhibition “Yesterday's Future” in the Deutsches Architekturmuseum. Archigram and Future Systems presented spectacular structures for the world of tomorrow in the 1960's to 1990's. Mainly they were not able to realize their visionary utopias, but their sketches and models had been published worldwide with influences to the world of construction. The Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt/Main is presenting their designs till September 18th 2016.
The general features of tropical Sumatra Squalls
Authors: Lo Jeff Chun‐Fung , Orton Thomas
Published: July 2016

Sumatra Squalls are common weather phenomena which have a very large impact affecting 85 million people throughout equatorial South East Asia, and many more through trade links with other regions; however, current comprehension behind Sumatra Squalls is not well studied and interpretation is insufficient. The aim of this article is to raise the community interest on Sumatra Squalls and underline the need for increased research. Twenty‐two years of observational data has been collated and analysed to create climatologically general features of Sumatra Squalls. These squalls have a clear diurnal cycle and commonly make landfall in the west coast of the Malay Peninsula and Singapore during the pre‐dawn and early morning. Additionally, these squalls commonly form during the intermonsoon season (April‐May and October‐November) and Southwest monsoon (June‐September) seasons with average frequencies of 8 and 6 occurrences per month respectively.
Nonlinear Pull-In Characterization of a Nonlocal Nanobeam with an Intermolecular Force
Authors: Wang Y.-G. , Song H.-F. , Lin W.-H.
Published: July 2016

This survey examines the geometrically nonlinear bending of a doubly clamped nanobeam that is subjected to combined actions of actuator voltage, prestress, and intermolecular force, with the pull-in instability as the primary objective. A nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam model, which takes the small scale effect into account, is developed making use of the principle of virtual displacement on the basis of Eringen's nonlocal theory in conjunction with von Kármán assumption. Due to complexity of the resulting equations, a shooting technique is established through taking the applied voltage as an unknown and the central deflection as a control parameter. This treatment has the capability of tackling the nonlinearities from both the large deformation and electrostatic force as well as the intermolecular force and enables the size dependent deflection response to an applied voltage of the nanobeam to be obtained conveniently. Validation is conducted in numerical examples through direct comparisons with existing solutions to confirm the proposed method. Parametric studies are undertaken addressing the impacts of the nonlocal effect, intermolecular force, residual stress, and geometry of the beam on the pull-in behaviors.
A revised interpretation of the Pennsylvanian flexible crinoid Zenocrinus zeus (Echinodermata)
Authors: Peter Mark E.
Published: July 2016

Moore and Strimple described the Morrowan (Lower Pennsylvanian, Bashkirian) crinoid Zenocrinus zeus, and noted significant differences in the number and arrangement of plates in the posterior interray between the holotype and the paratype, the only known specimens. A reexamination of the type specimens allowed for a reconciliation of these discrepancies. The new interpretation of Z. zeus necessitates a revision of the diagnosis, and a new plate diagram is proposed. Additional morphological features of the species are described, including the presence of a generating columnal between the column proxistele and mesistele, and a ratcheting profile for the exterior surfaces of calyx ray plates.
The Hajj and the Hindi: The ascent of the Indian Sufi lodge in the Ottoman empire
Authors: CHOUDHURY RISHAD
Published: July 2016

This article charts several historical paths, hitherto underexplored, through the Hindi or ‘Indian’ Sufi lodges of the Ottoman empire. Focusing on the ‘long eighteenth century (circa1695–1808)’, it tracks their remarkable ascendance as an institutional network for mobile and migrant Indian Sufi pilgrims. From Istanbul to the provinces, the article demonstrates how Naqshbandis and Qadiris on the Hajj circuit drew on local channels of social communications, legal petitioning strategies, and state and inter-state linkages to forge unique identities as ‘trans-imperial subjects’ in an age of decentralization in the Ottoman world. I argue that central to their social success was the creation of new corporate regimes of itinerant piety. But first, I place the little-known lodges at the heart of a specific shift in early modern attitudes to identity, as the story behind ‘Hindi’ beckons wider inquiry into emergent differences among Sufi pilgrims in the Ottoman empire.
Classical scattering and stopping power in dense plasmas: the effect of diffraction and dynamic screening
Authors: Issanova M. K. , Kodanova S. K. , Ramazanov T. S. , Bastykova N. Kh. , Moldabekov Zh. A. , Meister C.-V.
Published: July 2016

In the present work, classical electron–ion scattering, Coulomb logarithm, and stopping power are studied taking into account the quantum mechanical diffraction effect and the dynamic screening effect separately and together. The inclusion of the quantum diffraction effect is realized at the same level as the well-known first-order gradient correction in the extended Thomas–Fermi theory. In order to take the effect of dynamic screening into account, the model suggested by Grabowski et al. in 2013 is used. Scattering as well as stopping power of the external electron (ion) beam by plasma ions (electrons) and scattering of the plasma's own electrons (ions) by plasma ions (electrons) are considered differently. In the first case, it is found that in the limit of the non-ideal plasma with a plasma parameter Γ → 1, the effects of quantum diffraction and dynamic screening partially compensate each other. In the second case, the dynamic screening enlarges scattering cross-section, Coulomb logarithm, and stopping power, whereas the quantum diffraction reduces their values. Comparisons with the results of other theoretical methods and computer simulations indicate that the model used in this work gives a good description of the stopping power for projectile velocities $v\,{\rm \lesssim}\, 1.5 v_{{\rm th}}$, where vth is the thermal velocity of the plasma electrons.
Seeded PageRank solution paths
Authors: GLEICH D. F. , KLOSTER K.
Published: July 2016

We study the behaviour of network diffusions based on the PageRank random walk from a set of seed nodes. These diffusions are known to reveal small, localized clusters (or communities), and also large macro-scale clusters by varying a parameter that has a dual-interpretation as an accuracy bound and as a regularization level. We propose a new method that quickly approximates the result of the diffusion for all values of this parameter. Our method efficiently generates an approximatesolution pathorregularization pathassociated with a PageRank diffusion, and it reveals cluster structures at multiple size-scales between small and large. We formally prove a runtime bound on this method that is independent of the size of the network, and we investigate multiple optimizations to our method that can be more practical in some settings. We demonstrate that these methods identify refined clustering structure on a number of real-world networks with up to 2 billion edges.
Default rules for Curry
Authors: ANTOY SERGIO , HANUS MICHAEL
Published: July 2016

In functional logic programs, rules are applicable independently of textual order, i.e., any rule can potentially be used to evaluate an expression. This is similar to logic languages and contrary to functional languages, e.g., Haskell enforces a strict sequential interpretation of rules. However, in some situations it is convenient to express alternatives by means of compact default rules. Although default rules are often used in functional programs, the non-deterministic nature of functional logic programs does not allow to directly transfer this concept from functional to functional logic languages in a meaningful way. In this paper, we propose a new concept of default rules for Curry that supports a programming style similar to functional programming while preserving the core properties of functional logic programming, i.e., completeness, non-determinism, and logic-oriented use of functions. We discuss the basic concept and propose an implementation which exploits advanced features of functional logic languages.
When Clergy are Threatened: Catholic and Protestant Leaders and Political Activism in Brazil
Authors: Erica Smith Amy
Published: July 2016

In the past three decades, observers have noted a steady rise in religious leaders’ engagement in Brazilian politics. What motivates this new activism? One prominent theory focuses on threat from religious competitors; other scholars point to church-state relations or theologically-driven political grievances. I argue that because of institutional and theological differences, Catholic and Protestant clergy are motivated into political action by different kinds of threat. I draw on two question order experiments embedded in a face-to-face survey of clergy prior to Brazil's 2014 election to examine how clergy react to threats from religious competition and from elected politicians. Threat from religious competition is associated with changes in topics of preaching among Catholics, who substitute social justice for personal morality messages. Protestant clergy instead react to ideological, policy-based threats, and secularization; these latter threats explain the much higher political engagement among Pentecostal and evangelical than Catholic clergy in 2014.