bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaciones interétnicas y prácticas de atención de la salud en el Chaco Salteño
Authors: Lorenzetti Mariana
Published: October 2014

En este trabajo analizo en qué términos se problematizan, desde el ámbito sanitario, las condiciones de salud de las comunidades indígenas periurbanas del departamento de San Martín (Salta, Argentina). Puntualmente examino cómo, y a través de qué itinerarios, los indígenas se vuelven visibles dentro de la estructura hospitalaria, atendiendo a los circuitos de atención médico-asistenciales sustentados en lo que se propone como “adecuación cultural”. A través de un análisis situado de las iniciativas socio-sanitarias es posible entender en qué sentido el “hacer vivir” planteado desde el sistema público de salud es experimentado por los indígenas asistidos como una forma encubierta de “dejar morir”. Es a partir de re-construir la trama de relaciones en juego y sus condicionantes que pueden hacerse inteligibles las fricciones que suscita el planteo del derecho a la salud cuando queda reducido, hegemónicamente, sólo al acceso de la atención médica.
Digitalización de documentos de Argentina a través de la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah. Libros Parroquiales, censos y ediciones genealógicas. Siglos XVI-XXI
Authors: Siegrist Nora
Published: October 2014

Las digitalizaciones de la Sociedad Genealógica de Utah (Mormones) fueron ubicadas en internet para libre consulta por los interesados. En esta oportunidad, se hace referencia a los millones de registros y libros parroquiales relacionados con Argentina y, en particular, a fuentes correspondientes a la provincia de Córdoba. Este reservorio es fundamental para el conocimiento de la diversidad étnica del país.
El campo de concentración de Martín García. Entre el control estatal dentro de la isla y las prácticas de distribución de indígenas (1871-1886)
Authors: Nagy Mariano , Papazian Alexis
Published: October 2014

El siguiente trabajo contextualiza y analiza material del Archivo General de la Armada (AGA). Dicho repositorio posee gran cantidad de documentación relativa a instrucciones cotidianas y registro del personal de la Armada y, particularmente, fuentes sobre el accionar de la marina en Martín García con los indígenas allí concentrados durante los periodos previos, contemporáneos y posteriores a las campañas militares en Pampa, Patagonia y Chaco.Las prácticas de eliminación física y despojo territorial fueron acompañadas por políticas de desestructuración social como la destrucción de lazos de parentesco, la enajenación de la fuerza de trabajo; la negación identitaria cultural, el reparto forzoso de los grupos sometidos, etc.Hemos focalizado nuestro recorte temático en torno a dos cuestiones centrales a la hora de explicar parte de los mecanismos genocidas: (a) las formas de control y explotación física en la isla Martín García y (b) las formas de repartimiento y distribución de los indígenas sometidos.El objetivo de este trabajo es observar la sistematicidad genocida del Estado argentino a través de un corpus que nos permite explicar aspectos particulares pero inherentes a un proceso socio-histórico de mayor envergadura. Se trata de registros y documentos estatales oficiales que dan cuenta no sólo del destino de parte de los indígenas concentrados; sino también de las formas sistemáticas de abusos y controles cometidos en el marco de este genocidio.
De madre a hija: juegos de hilo y memoria(s) del paisaje mapuche
Authors: Guevara Ana
Published: October 2014

El presente artículo acompaña el video etnográfico que presenta diversas figuras de la actividad llamada “juegos de hilo”, realizados por dos mujeres mapuche (madre e hija); video que fue realizado durante el verano de 2009 en la localidad de Trompul, comunidad mapuche Curruhuinca, Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. Se describen el contexto de la obtención del registro audiovisual, la metodología utilizada, así como una breve reseña y análisis sobre los juegos de hilo. Luego se presenta el conjunto de las figuras presentadas en el video, concentrándose en algunas de ellas [pata del choique (avestruz), trarilonko (cintillo/ vincha), epu mahuida (dos montañas), chochif (pájaro)].En el contexto de una investigación doctoral en curso, en este trabajo se sacan a la luz datos etnográficos de una actividad poco relevada en la región estudiada. Además, se exploran algunas posibles relaciones que se establecen entre esta práctica cultural de carácter matemático y otros soportes de memoria como las narraciones míticas, los tejidos, la acción ritual durante el Nguillatun. El “juego del hilo” se propone entonces como un soporte mnemotécnico de carácter iconográfico y como una de las posibles entradas en una perspectiva de ontologías diferenciadas, para ir descubriendo el “universo de verdad” mapuche, a través del cual se permiten otras lecturas y la representación de un paisaje cultural arraigado en la memoria social de este pueblo, transmitida en este caso particular, de madre a hija.
El atlas invisible. Historias de archivo en torno a la muestra “Almas Robadas - Postales de Indios” (Buenos Aires, 2010)
Authors: Masotta Carlos
Published: October 2014

El artículo describe alternativas e interrogantes de la investigación sobre postales de indios en la Argentina (1900-1940) en la que se fundamentó la exposición “Almas Robadas. Postales de Indios” realizada en el Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano en 2010. Luego, se presentan algunas de las imágenes que participaron de la muestra a través de sus “Historias de archivo”. Con ellas, se sugiere un abordaje que atienda tanto al contenido de esos documentos como a la biografía que las instituye como tales (su producción, usos, circulación, guarda).En primer lugar se describe un relato de la “Encuesta nacional de Folklore de 1922” sobre la relación de la fotografía con el robo del alma, con el que se caracterizaron los presupuestos generales de la exposición. En segundo lugar, se realizan diferentes comentarios en torno a la foto del cacique Pincén (1878) que fue difundida como postal. Por último, se describen las postales etnográficas producidas por el antropólogo Lehmann-Nitsche proponiendo una explicación del caso por medio de una reflexión sobre el “atlas”, como dispositivo, adoptado en el siglo XIX, para hacer ver la raza.
4-1BB Ligand Activates Bystander Dendritic Cells To Enhance Immunization in Trans
Authors: Macdonald Douglas C. , Hotblack Alastair , Akbar Saniath , Britton Gary , Collins Mary K. , Rosenberg William C.
Published: October 2014

Expression of the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB is induced by TCR recognition of Ag, whereas 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) is highly expressed on activated APC. 4-1BB signaling is particularly important for survival of activated and memory CD8+ T cells. We wished to test whether coexpression of Ag and 4-1BBL by dendritic cells (DC) would be an effective vaccine strategy. Therefore, we constructed lentiviral vectors (LV) coexpressing 4-1BBL and influenza nucleoprotein (NP). Following s.c. immunization of mice, which targets DC, we found superior CD8+ T cell responses against NP and protection from influenza when 4-1BBL was expressed. However, functionally superior CD8+ T cell responses were obtained when two LV were coinjected: one expressing 4-1BBL and the other expressing NP. This surprising result suggested that 4-1BBL is more effective when expressed in trans, acting on adjacent DC. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LV expression of 4-1BBL in mouse DC cultures and observed induced maturation of bystander, untransduced cells. Maturation was blocked by anti–4-1BBL Ab, required cell–cell contact, and did not require the cytoplasmic signaling domain of 4-1BBL. Greater maturation of untransduced cells could be explained by LV expression of 4-1BBL, causing downregulation of 4-1BB. These data suggest that coexpression of 4-1BBL and Ag by vaccine vectors that target DC may not be an optimal strategy. However, 4-1BBL LV immunization activates significant numbers of bystander DC in the draining lymph nodes. Therefore, transactivation by 4-1BBL/4-1BB interaction following DC–DC contact may play a role in the immune response to infection or vaccination.
HIF-1α–Mediated Upregulation of TASK-2 K+ Channels Augments Ca2+ Signaling in Mouse B Cells under Hypoxia
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Lin Haiyue , Zheng Haifeng , Kim Kyung Su , Kim Jin Young , Chun Yang Sook , Park Jong Wan , Nam Joo Hyun , Kim Woo Kyung , Zhang Yin Hua , Kim Sung Joon
Published: October 2014

The general consensus is that immune cells are exposed to physiological hypoxia in vivo (PhyO2, 2–5% PO2). However, functional studies of B cells in hypoxic conditions are sparse. Recently, we reported the expression in mouse B cells of TASK-2, a member of pH-sensitive two-pore domain K+ channels with background activity. In this study, we investigated the response of K+ channels to sustained PhyO2 (sustained hypoxia [SH], 3% PO2 for 24 h) in WEHI-231 mouse B cells. SH induced voltage-independent background K+ conductance (SH-Kbg) and hyperpolarized the membrane potential. The pH sensitivity and the single-channel conductance of SH-Kbg were consistent with those of TASK-2. Immunoblotting assay results showed that SH significantly increased plasma membrane expressions of TASK-2. Conversely, SH failed to induce any current following small interfering (si)TASK-2 transfection. Similar hypoxic upregulation of TASK-2 was also observed in splenic primary B cells. Mechanistically, upregulation of TASK-2 by SH was prevented by si hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) transfection or by YC-1, a pharmacological HIF-1α inhibitor. In addition, TASK-2 current was increased in WEHI-231 cells overexpressed with O2-resistant HIF-1α. Importantly, [Ca2+]c increment in response to BCR stimulation was significantly higher in SH-exposed B cells, which was abolished by high K+-induced depolarization or by siTASK-2 transfection. The data demonstrate that TASK-2 is upregulated under hypoxia via HIF-1α–dependent manner in B cells. This is functionally important in maintaining the negative membrane potential and providing electrical driving force to control Ca2+ influx.
Alarmin Function of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 through IL-36γ Induction in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
Authors: Li Na , Yamasaki Kenshi , Saito Rumiko , Fukushi-Takahashi Sawako , Shimada-Omori Ryoko , Asano Masayuki , Aiba Setsuya
Published: October 2014

Several dermatoses, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea, alter the expression of the innate immune effector human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). To elucidate the roles of aberrant CAMP in dermatoses, we performed cDNA array analysis in CAMP-stimulated human epidermal keratinocytes, the primary cells responding to innate immune stimuli and a major source of CAMP LL37 in skin. Among LL37-inducible genes, IL-1 cluster genes, particularly IL36G, are of interest because we observed coordinate increases in CAMP and IL-36γ in the lesional skin of psoriasis, whereas virtually no CAMP or IL-36γ was observed in nonlesional skin and normal skin. The production and release of IL-36γ were up to 20–30 ng/ml in differentiated keratinocytes cultured in high-calcium media. G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin and p38 inhibitor suppressed IL-36γ induction by LL37. As an alarmin, LL37 induces chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL8/IL8, CXCL10/IP-10, and CCL20/MIP3a, and IL-36 (10–100 ng/ml) augments the production of these chemokines by LL37. Pretreatment with small interfering RNA against IL36γ and IL-36R IL36R/IL1RL2 and IL1RAP suppressed LL37-dependent IL8, CXCL1, CXCL10/IP10, and CCL20 production in keratinocytes, suggesting that the alarmin function of LL37 was partially dependent on IL-36γ and its receptors. Counting on CAMP induction in innate stimuli, such as in infection and wounding, IL-36γ induction by cathelicidin would explain the mechanism of initiation of skin inflammation and occasional exacerbations of psoriasis and skin diseases by general infection.
Microbiota-Derived Compounds Drive Steady-State Granulopoiesis via MyD88/TICAM Signaling
Authors: Balmer Maria L. , Schürch Christian M. , Saito Yasuyuki , Geuking Markus B. , Li Hai , Cuenca Miguelangel , Kovtonyuk Larisa V. , McCoy Kathy D. , Hapfelmeier Siegfried , Ochsenbein Adrian F. , Manz Markus G. , Slack Emma , Macpherson Andrew J.
Published: October 2014

Neutropenia is probably the strongest known predisposition to infection with otherwise harmless environmental or microbiota-derived species. Because initial swarming of neutrophils at the site of infection occurs within minutes, rather than the hours required to induce “emergency granulopoiesis,” the relevance of having high numbers of these cells available at any one time is obvious. We observed that germ-free (GF) animals show delayed clearance of an apathogenic bacterium after systemic challenge. In this article, we show that the size of the bone marrow myeloid cell pool correlates strongly with the complexity of the intestinal microbiota. The effect of colonization can be recapitulated by transferring sterile heat-treated serum from colonized mice into GF wild-type mice. TLR signaling was essential for microbiota-driven myelopoiesis, as microbiota colonization or transferring serum from colonized animals had no effect in GF MyD88−/−TICAM1−/− mice. Amplification of myelopoiesis occurred in the absence of microbiota-specific IgG production. Thus, very low concentrations of microbial Ags and TLR ligands, well below the threshold required for induction of adaptive immunity, sets the bone marrow myeloid cell pool size. Coevolution of mammals with their microbiota has probably led to a reliance on microbiota-derived signals to provide tonic stimulation to the systemic innate immune system and to maintain vigilance to infection. This suggests that microbiota changes observed in dysbiosis, obesity, or antibiotic therapy may affect the cross talk between hematopoiesis and the microbiota, potentially exacerbating inflammatory or infectious states in the host.
Synaptic Release of CCL5 Storage Vesicles Triggers CXCR4 Surface Expression Promoting CTL Migration in Response to CXCL12
Authors: Franciszkiewicz Katarzyna , Boutet Marie , Gauthier Ludiane , Vergnon Isabelle , Peeters Kelly , Duc Olivier , Besse Benjamin , de Saint Basile Geneviève , Chouaib Salem , Mami-Chouaib Fathia
Published: October 2014

The lytic function of CTL relies on the polarized release of cytotoxic granules (CG) at the immune synapse (IS) with target cells. CTL also contain CCL5 in cytoplasmic storage vesicles (CCL5V) distinct from CG, the role of which, in regulating T cell effector functions, is not understood. Using human CD8+ T cells specific to a lung tumor–associated Ag, we show in this article that CTL release both secretory compartments into the immune synapse with autologous tumor cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that disorganization of the T cell microtubule cytoskeleton and defects in hMunc13-4 or Rab27a abrogate CG exocytosis and synaptic secretion of the chemokine. Mechanistically, synaptic release of CCL5 cytoplasmic storage vesicles likely occurs upon their coalescence with the Rab27a-hMunc13-4 compartment and results in autocrine, CCR5-dependent induction of CXCR4 cell surface expression, thereby promoting T cell migration in response to CXCL12. We propose that CCL5 polarized delivery represents a mechanism by which CTL control immune synapse duration.
Stat1 Negatively Regulates Immune-Mediated Injury with Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection
Authors: Choi Kyoung-Seong , Scorpio Diana G. , Dumler J. Stephen
Published: October 2014

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Our data previously demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum induces an immunopathologic response by activating IFN-γ production through the Stat1 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the broader role of Stat1 signaling in the host response to infection with A. phagocytophilum. In Stat1 knockout (KO) compared with wild-type mice, A. phagocytophilum infection was more highly pathogenic as characterized by the unanticipated development of clinical signs in mice including markedly increased splenomegaly, more severe inflammatory splenic and hepatic histopathology, >100-fold higher blood and splenic bacterial loads, and more elevated proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses in serum. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte populations were significantly expanded in spleens of A. phagocytophilum–infected Stat1 KO mice compared with wild-type mice. The leukocyte infiltrates in the livers and spleens of A. phagocytophilum–infected Stat1 KO mice also contained expansions in neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage populations. Importantly, A. phagocytophilum–infected Stat1 KO mice did not demonstrate induction of inducible NO synthase in splenocytes. These results show that Stat1 plays an important role in controlling bacterial loads but also by unexpectedly providing an undefined mechanism for dampening of the immunopathologic response observed with A. phagocytophilum infection.
Selection of TI8-8V Mutant Associated with Long-Term Control of HIV-1 by Cross-Reactive HLA-B*51:01–Restricted Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: Kuse Nozomi , Akahoshi Tomohiro , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Ueno Takamasa , Oka Shinichi , Takiguchi Masafumi
Published: October 2014

Elite controllers of HIV-1–infected HLA-B*51:01+ hemophiliacs, who remain disease free and have a very low plasma viral load for >30 y, had the 8V mutation at an immunodominant Pol283-8 (TI8) epitope, whereas the 8T mutant was predominantly selected in other HIV-1–infected HLA-B*51:01+ hemophiliacs, suggesting an important role of the 8V mutant selection in long-term control of HIV-1. However, the mechanism of this selection and the long-term control in these elite controllers remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the 8V mutant selection in these controllers. TI8-specific CTLs from these individuals evenly recognized both TI8 peptide–pulsed and TI8-8V peptide–pulsed cells and effectively suppressed replication of wild-type (WT) and the 8V viruses. However, the results of a competitive viral suppression assay demonstrated that CTLs from the individual who had WT virus could discriminate WT virus from the 8V virus, whereas those from the individuals who had the 8V virus evenly recognized both viruses. The former CTLs carried TCRs with weaker affinity for the HLA-B*51:01-TI8-8V molecule than for the HLA-B*51:01-TI-8 one, whereas the latter ones carried TCRs with similar affinity for both molecules. The reconstruction of the TCRs from these CTLs in TCR-deficient cells confirmed the different recognition of the TCRs for these epitopes. The present study showed that the 8V mutant virus could be selected by cross-reactive CTLs carrying TCR that could discriminate a small difference between the two molecules. The selection of the 8V mutant and elicitation of these two cross-reactive CTLs may contribute to the long-term control of HIV-1.
Identification of Factor H–like Protein 1 as the Predominant Complement Regulator in Bruch’s Membrane: Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Clark Simon J. , Schmidt Christoph Q. , White Anne M. , Hakobyan Svetlana , Morgan B. Paul , Bishop Paul N.
Published: October 2014

The tight regulation of innate immunity on extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital part of immune homeostasis throughout the human body, and disruption to this regulation in the eye is thought to contribute directly to the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The plasma complement regulator factor H (FH) is thought to be the main regulator that protects ECM against damaging complement activation. However, in the present study we demonstrate that a truncated form of FH, called FH-like protein 1 (FHL-1), is the main regulatory protein in the layer of ECM under human retina, called Bruch’s membrane. Bruch’s membrane is a major site of AMD disease pathogenesis and where drusen, the hallmark lesions of AMD, form. We show that FHL-1 can passively diffuse through Bruch’s membrane, whereas the full sized, glycosylated, FH cannot. FHL-1 is largely bound to Bruch’s membrane through interactions with heparan sulfate, and we show that the common Y402H polymorphism in the CFH gene, associated with an increased risk of AMD, reduces the binding of FHL-1 to this heparan sulfate. We also show that FHL-1 is retained in drusen whereas FH coats the periphery of the lesions, perhaps inhibiting their clearance. Our results identify a novel mechanism of complement regulation in the human eye, which highlights potential new avenues for therapeutic strategies.
Design and Flight Test of a Cable Angle Feedback Flight Control System for the RASCAL JUH-60 Helicopter
Authors: Ivler Christina M. , Powell J. David , Tischler Mark B. , Fletcher Jay W. , Ott Carl
Published: October 2014

The ability of a helicopter to carry externally slung loads makes it very versatile for many civil and military operations. However, the piloted handling qualities of the helicopter are degraded by the presence of the slung load. A control system is developed that uses measurements
of the slung load motions as well as conventional fuselage feedback to improve the handling qualities for hover/low-speed operations. Prior research has shown a fundamental trade-off between load damping and piloted handling qualities for a feedback control system with cable angle/rate feedback.
A new task-tailored approach proposed and implemented herein uses a method of switching between a load damping mode and a piloted handling qualities mode. These modes provide appropriate load feedback depending on the piloting task and flight regime. This provides improved handling qualities
for maneuvering flight and for improved precision load control at hover. A new mission task element for precision load placement is developed (for possible inclusion into ADS-33E-PRF) to test the ability of the cable feedback system to improve load placement task performance. The improvements
provided by this control system are demonstrated in a piloted flight test on the JUH-60A RASCAL fly-by-wire helicopter. The average load set-down time was reduced by a factor of two for the 1000-lb load on a 56-ft sling.
Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese and birds. A pilot project to assess the relation between the production method of the cheese and the environmental quality
Authors: Rossi Patrizia , Gaibani Giorgia , Gustin Marco
Published: October 2014

The production rules of the Parmesan cheese, influencing the nature and the extension of the cultivation of the area of production of this famous cheese, have a positive impact on breeding and wintering birds. The project is still running in order to confirm these first results.
The impact of immunohistochemical markers of Ki-67 and p53 on the long-term outcome of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: A cohort study
Authors: Alimohamadi Maysam , Ownagh Vahid , Mahouzi Leila , Ostovar Afshin , Abbassioun Kazem , Amirjmshidi Abbas
Published: October 2014

Background and Objectives: The tumoral biomarkers have a rather well known effect upon the tumor control period of several types of malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of Ki-67 and p53 on the long-term outcome of growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas treated surgically. Materials and Methods: We conducted and followed a cohort of 47 consecutive patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas referred to our department during a 4 year period for trans-sphenoidal microsurgical adenomectomy. The expression levels of Ki-67 and p53 were determined by IHC study of the tissue samples. Periodical pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visual field studies and hormonal evaluations (GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]) performed during the follow-up period were the outcome measures. Results: The level of Ki-67 expression was higher among patients with postoperative residual tumor (3.5 vs. 1.7%) and those with a hormonal recurrence (4.3 vs. 1.6%). The p53 expression level was remarkably higher in patients with radiological recurrence (18 vs. 6.3%). Patients with invasive features (i.e. cavernous sinus and suprasellar invasion) had significantly higher p53 and Ki-67 values and higher IGF-1 levels during the follow-up period. The patients younger than 30 years of age and those with mixed GH-prolactin secreting adenomas had significantly higher hormonal remission and lower radiological recurrence rates. Conclusion: Each of the biomarkers, Ki-67 and p53, along with patient's age and mixed GH-prolactin secretion showed a kind of correlation with each of aspects of the clinical, hormonal and radiologic outcome of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas in this series.
Cervical puncture and perimedullary cistern shunt placement for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: An alternative to lumbar cistern or cerebral ventricular catheter placement a report of two cases
Authors: Johnson Jeremiah , Elhammady Mohamed , Theodotou Christian , Ashour Ramsey , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad
Published: October 2014

Objective: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome characterized by increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in the absence of an identifiable cause, and if untreated, can result in permanent vision loss. In symptomatic IIH patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion can lower ICP and protect vision; however, currently used CSF diversion systems are prone to malfunction in this population. Materials and Methods: In two IIH patients with histories of numerous prior shunt revisions that presented with proximal ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction, ICP reduction was achieved by an alternative surgical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion technique: Fluoroscopically guided, percutaneous placement of a catheter in the premedullary cistern and subsequent connection to the valve and distal shunt system. Results: Postoperatively, both patients' papilledema resolved, headaches improved, and the shunts were working well at 3-month follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, one patient was well without papilledema or symptom recurrence, and the second patient had the shunt system removed by an outside surgeon.
Conclusion: This technique may hold promise as an alternative shunting strategy in IIH patients with numerous proximal shunt failures or who are poor candidates for ventricular and lumbar shunts.
A giant occipital encephalocele with spontaneous hemorrhage into the sac: A rare case report
Authors: Nath H , Mahapatra A , Borkar S
Published: October 2014

In giant encephalocele, head size is smaller than the encelphalocele. Occipital encephalocele is the commonest of all encephalocele. In our case, there was rare association with giant encephalocele with old hemorrhage in the sac. This was a unique presentation. In world literature, there was rare association with giant encephalocele with hemorrhage.
Remote cerebellar hemorrhage: Report of 2 cases and review of literature
Authors: Das Kuntal , Nair Prakash , Mehrotra Anant , Sardhara Jayesh , Sahu R , Jaiswal A , Kumar Raj
Published: October 2014

Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) is an extremely rare and potentially devastating complication of supratentorial and spinal surgeries. While there are numerous postulates explaining the patho-physiology behind this phenomenon, including the most popular CSF over drainage theory, the exact cause for the same is still largely unknown. In this report, we present 2 cases of remote cerebellar hemorrhage encountered following 2 different surgical procedures. One patient had preceding pterional craniotomy for ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm while the other one developed RCH after placement of EVD. Both of them had history of poorly controlled hypertension, contrary to most reports where hypertension has not been found to be commonly associated with it. Moreover, while most cases have been reported to occur following supratentorial craniotomies and spinal surgeries, one of our patients developed the same after placement of the EVD, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported earlier.
Finite Semisimple Loop Algebras of Indecomposable RA Loops
Authors: Sidana Swati , Sharma R. K.
Published: October 2014

There are seven classes of ûnite indecomposable RA loops upto isomorphism. In this paper, we completely characterize the structure of the unit loop of loop algebras of these seven classes of loops over ûnite ûelds of characteristic greater than z.
Tratamento Medicamentoso para Dor no Membro Fantasma
Authors: Alves Marco Antonio Ferreira
Published: October 2014

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Editorial: On the 15-year anniversary of Napster - Digital music as boundary object
Authors: Nowak Raphaël , Whelan Andrew
Published: October 2014

This special issue and its range of contributions, from both emerging and established scholars with interests in digital music distribution, provides a particular and novel depth of vision, into both developments in digital music in the time since Napster, and the current issues and discussions in the field. As illustrated by the content of this issue, research is vibrant, drawn from a rich variety of disciplinary orientations, and shows especially the crucial and ongoing importance of music online, internationally and across academic communities.
Fifteen years of ‘Utopia’: Napster and Pitchfork as technologies of democratization
Authors: Carter David , Rogers Ian
Published: October 2014

The legacy of Napster is filled with bold claims that continue to circulate. As recently as 2013, Wired writer Angela Watercutter described the service as “strings of code that forever changed the relationship between technology and music.” In this paper, we set out to problematize this narrative by outlining a seldom–reported pre–history of Napster combined with an expanded examination of the alternative legacies surrounding the platform. One such legacy is the rise of eclectic music criticism portal Pitchfork.com, a media entity (and business model) that similarly traded on a revolutionary backstory.
Napster and the press: Framing music technology
Authors: Guzman Andrea L. , Jones Steve
Published: October 2014

Fifteen years ago, a new file-sharing technology called Napster provided college students and adults alike with a novel way of engaging with both the Internet and popular music. In this paper, we examine how the media framed Napster for an audience that largely was not Internet savvy at a time when listening to music was still tied to physical media. We conducted a textual analysis of stories regarding Napster appearing in both the specialized music press and the general mainstream media. We found that the mainstream media devoted considerable coverage to Napster and the file-sharing issues surrounding it while the music press barely mentioned the technology. Multiple themes emerged, some familiar to our ongoing conversation regarding the impact of new technologies, that place Napster at the nexus of cultural struggles over technology and power.
Explaining the rise and fall of the Warez MP3 scene: An empirical account from the inside
Authors: Huizing Ard , Van der Wal Jan A.
Published: October 2014

Warez is a virtual, global network of people copying, cracking and distributing copyrighted digital artifacts. This paper gives an empirical insider account of the waxing and waning of the Warez music sub-community known as the ‘MP3 scene’. Afforded by the MP3 file format, this playful yet proficient piracy practice grew exponentially from 1995 to 2004–2005, and then withered. Our objective is to explain both the rise and the fall of the MP3 scene. We argue that a self-motivating virtuous cycle of passion in We-mode, supported by technological and organizational factors, was the engine for growth. Unforeseen and unintended side effects of the same factors, however, gradually made this engine of passion come to a halt. The dominant mode of sociality had slowly shifted from a “We-mode” to an “I-mode” technoculture. The communal spirit kindling in the early years was replaced by a more market-like form of sociality. Technological and organizational arrangements can connect people, but may also disconnect them.
"This video is not available in Germany": Online discourses on the German collecting society GEMA and YouTube
Authors: Stade Philip
Published: October 2014

YouTube’s blocked content notice “This video is not available in Germany” is part of an ongoing discourse on music streaming and the German collecting society, GEMA. The debates unfold mainly online, and GEMA–bashing is one of the most recognized outcomes. The central question is: How much are music authors paid per stream? By conducting a critical online discourse analysis I identify central interests, arguments and discursive strategies in the discussions around GEMA and YouTube. I argue that positioning has become a central factor in these online discourses.
The new romantics: Authenticity, participation and the aesthetics of piracy
Authors: Borschke Margie
Published: October 2014

The participatory, collaborative and open character of networked digital media is thought to disrupt and challenge romantic assumptions and ideals about authorship, authenticity and creative expression, concepts that underpin most copyright regimes. In this article I consider MP3 blogs in the mid-2000s, drawing on an earlier study of MP3 bloggers in the U.S. and U.K. (Borschke 2012a, 2012b). MP3 blogs, like Napster and other forms of unauthorized reproduction, are better understood as cultural practices and artifacts when considered alongside piracy’s long history. The aesthetic consequences and possibilities of forms of expression that are also methods of distribution, are clarified by identifying and examining a tension that connects MP3 blogging to other practices of unauthorized use: that is, the persistence of romantic ideals of creativity, authenticity and authorship even while seeming to deny and disregard them. By acknowledging the poetics of piracy practices (including the aesthetic character of distribution and replication) we can begin to understand how new authenticities build up around networked expression and how the meaning of networked forms of expression, formats, practices and artifacts can change over time.
Investigating the interactions between individuals and music technologies within contemporary modes of music consumption
Authors: Nowak Raphaël
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the missing link between music and material studies in analyses of everyday music reception. In light of the increasing material fragmentation and heterogeneity of contemporary modes of music consumption, I interrogate how to theorize the materiality of music technologies within everyday interactions with music. Thus, I review accounts on ‘music and everyday life’ before discussing contemporary modes of music consumption. Then I proceed to look at how recent technological changes have contributed in re-configuring questions of materiality in analyses of music reception. Ultimately, the article explores the relationship between individuals and the technologies they use to listen to music. The multiplicity of material options at individuals’ disposal accounts for both the presence and diffusion of music within everyday life.
"Mi wantem musik blong mi hemi blong evriwan" ["I want my music to be for everyone"]: Digital developments, copyright and music circulation in Port Vila, Vanuatu
Authors: Stern Monika
Published: October 2014

Since the year 2000, Port-Vila, the capital of Vanuatu, has experienced considerable development in digital technologies. This has strongly influenced young people’s musical behaviour.The mobile phone market expanded rapidly with the arrival of the Digicel company, launched in June 2008. Statistics show that in 2009, more than 50 percent of the population had access to mobile telephony. The possibilities for digital storage have made the mobile phone an indispensable tool for young musicians.In August 2012 the country joined WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). However, IP (intellectual property) law cannot be practically implemented, because no formal organization to enforce IP has been established by the Vanuatu Government. Musical exchanges are engrained in the archipelago’s traditional culture and, alongside the old circulation systems of musical knowledge, the Internet and mobile phones have created new networks for the circulation of musical culture.While copyright can be seen as important for the development of the local music industry, its implementation faces challenges, given that the circulation of local music occurs largely outside of the formal market system.
Napster and beyond: How online music can transform the dynamics of musical production and consumption in DIY subcultures
Authors: Reia Jhessica
Published: October 2014

Online music distribution has been changing since Napster first appeared in 1999, and it certainly caused several impacts on musical production, distribution, consumption and sharing dynamics, particularly among those subcultures that are notoriously active at the margins of the music industry. This paper aims to discuss how the emergence of Napster opened a way for producing, sharing and consuming music that has benefited DIY youth cultures in Brazil, with a special focus on the straight edge community in the city of São Paulo. This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2011 and 2013, which had online music as a permeating analytical subject. Even after three decades of existence, straight edge still has significant activities around music festivals and DIY musical production, affirming that the Internet — from Napster to social networks — improved their access to the international scene and bands (mainly through downloads, authorized or illicit), as much as it has served as a window for showing their own work to the world. Online music has a crucial role in São Paulo straight edge: some bands cannot release an LP, but they can put it on the Internet to share with potentially interested people and with friends. Moreover, the simultaneity of distributive forms is also interesting, since both digital music and vinyl records co-occur among them. Furthermore, discussions around piracy and ‘illegal’ digital file sharing are an important feature of this context, stressing the perspectives straight edgers have on copyright — whether it belongs to them or to other parties.
Applications and implications of digital audio databases for the field of ethnomusicology: A discussion of the CNRS — Musée de l’Homme sound archives
Authors: Khoury Stéphanie , Simonnot Joséphine
Published: October 2014

The online Web-based platform for the French CNRS — Musée de l’Homme audio archives offers access to about 28,000 published and unpublished recordings of music from all over the world. Implemented as an archive database, it represents a collaborative tool for the production of knowledge and its dissemination. This paper introduces these digital audio archives, while dealing with issues around the online display of the recordings and their utility in contemporary academia, as well as the intellectual property rights and ethical issues raised by their availability on the Web to a broad audience.
Modeling episodic fluid‐release events in the ductile carbonates of the Glarus thrust
Authors: Poulet Thomas , Veveakis Manolis , Herwegh Marco , Buckingham Thomas , Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus
Published: October 2014

The exposed Glarus thrust displays midcrustal deformation with tens of kilometers of displacement on an ultrathin layer, the principal slip zone (PSZ). Geological observations indicate that this structure resulted from repeated stick‐slip events in the presence of highly overpressured fluids. Here we show that the major characteristics of the Glarus thrust movement (localization, periodicity, and evidence of pressurized fluids) can be reconciled by the coupling of two processes, namely, shear heating and fluid release by carbonate decomposition. During this coupling, slow ductile creep deformation raises the temperature through shear heating and ultimately activates the chemical decomposition of carbonates. The subsequent release of highly overpressurized fluids forms and lubricates the PSZ, allowing a ductile fault to move tens of kilometers on millimeter‐thick bands in episodic stick‐slip events. This model identifies carbonate decomposition as a key process for motion on the Glarus thrust and explains the source of overpressured fluids accessing the PSZ.
Exercise increases cutaneous nerve density in diabetic patients without neuropathy
Authors: Singleton John R. , Marcus Robin L. , Jackson Justin E. , K. Lessard Margaret , Graham Timothy E. , Smith Albert G.
Published: October 2014

Early diabetic neuropathy is characterized by loss of unmyelinated axons, resulting in pain, numbness, and progressive decline in intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Patients with type 2 diabetes, without neuropathy, were assigned to quarterly lifestyle counseling (N = 40) or structured, supervised weekly exercise (N = 60) for 1 year. Distal leg IENFD significantly increased in the exercise cohort and remained unchanged in the counseling cohort (1.5 ± 3.6 vs. −0.1 ± 3.2 fibers/mm, P = 0.03). These results suggest preclinical injury to unmyelinated axons is potentially reversible, and that IENFD may be a responsive biomarker useful in future neuropathy prevention clinical trials.
Significantly Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in n‐type Heterogeneous BiAgSeS Composites
Authors: Wu Di , Pei Yanling , Wang Zhe , Wu Haijun , Huang Li , Zhao Li‐Dong , He Jiaqing
Published: October 2014

High performance n‐type bulk BiAgSeS is successfully synthesized to construct heterogeneous composites which consist of mesoscale grains of both pristine BiAgSeS and doped BiAgSeS1‐xClx (x = 0.03 or 0.05). Without perceptibly deteriorating the Seebeck coefficient, a significant enhancement on electrical conductivity is obtained due to an anomalous increase of both carrier mobility and concentration; the enhanced carrier mobility is proven to be a direct result of modulation doping which relates to the band alignments, while the increased carrier concentration is attributed to the possible charge transfer from Cl rich nanoscale precipitates at the heterogeneous BiAgSeS/BiAgSeS1‐xClx grain boundaries. Eventually, an enhanced figure of merit ZT ≈ 1.23 at 773 K in the composite (BiAgSeS)0.5(BiAgSeS0.97Cl0.03)0.5 is achieved, indicating that heterogeneous composites ultilizing the mechanism of modulation doping shall be a promising means of boosting the performance of thermoelectric materials. This strategy should be very likely applicable to other thermoelectrics.
Food allergy knowledge and attitude of restaurant personnel in Turkey
Authors: Sogut Ayhan , Kavut Ayşe Baççıoğlu , Kartal İbrahim , Beyhun Ercument Nazim , Çayır Atilla , Mutlu Mehmet , Özkan Behzat
Published: October 2014

Background

The incidence of food‐induced allergic reactions is gradually increasing. Most of these allergic reactions occur in restaurants. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the awareness of restaurant personnel about food allergy.

Methods

The training, knowledge levels on food allergy, and comfort level in providing safe food of 351 restaurant personnel in Erzurum Province, Turkey, were assessed through a face‐to‐face survey.

Results

Among the participants, 81.5% were male (mean age 28.5 ± 8.5 years). Among them, 17.1% were chefs, 11.1% managers, 5.7% owners, and 66.1% waiters. Food allergy training was reported by 17.1% of the participants. The rates of restaurant personnel who gave the correct answers to the 4 questionnaire items, “Customers with food allergies can safely consume a small amount of that food/Food allergic reaction can cause death/If a customer is having an allergic reaction, it is appropriate to immediately serve them water to ‘dilute’ the allergen/Removing an allergen from a finished meal (eg, taking off nuts) may be all that is necessary to provide a safe meal for an allergic customer,” which measure food allergy knowledge levels, were 46.4%, 65.7%, 55.0%, and 65.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

According to our study, there are gaps in the food allergy knowledge of restaurant personnel. Because preparing and serving safe meals to patients with food allergy in restaurants is important, the training of restaurant personnel in food allergy is necessary.
Transparent and durable SiO2‐containing superhydrophobic coatings on glass
Authors: Li Fang , Du Miao , Zheng Qiang
Published: October 2014

We fabricated novel superhydrophobic coatings based on SiO2 nanoparticles combined with NH2‐terminated silicone (SN2) or SN2‐modified polyurethane (SN2‐prePU) by alternately spin‐coating them onto glass slides. The final fabricated surface contained SN2/SiO2 or SN2‐prePU/SiO2 bilayers. The conditions of spin‐coating method were also explored. SN2‐prePU with different SN2/prePU molar ratios were synthesized to study the influence of SN2 ratio on the water contact angles of ultimate spin‐coated surfaces. The surface was found to be tunable from hydrophobic to superhydrophobic by choosing SN2‐prePU with different SN2/prePU molar ratios or SN2 content. Water droplets easily rolled off on these superhydrophobic surfaces. Surfaces coated with SN2/SiO2 bilayers showed better transparency, whereas surfaces coated with SN2‐prePU(2 : 1)/SiO2 bilayers exhibited better durability. Droplets of varied pH were prepared to test the anti‐wettability of the coatings. Results showed that the as‐coated surfaces had stable superhydrophobicity to droplets with pH values ranging from 1 to 14. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41500.
Low fouling polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane via click chemistry
Authors: Xie Yihui , Tayouo Russell , Nunes Suzana Pereira
Published: October 2014

Hydrophilic surfaces are known to be less prone to fouling. Ultrafiltration membranes are frequently prepared from rather hydrophobic polymers like polysulfone (PSU). Strategies to keep the good pore forming characteristics of PSU, but with improved hydrophilicity are proposed here. PSU functionalized with 1,2,3‐triazole ring substituents containing OH groups was successfully synthesized through click chemistry reaction. The structures of the polymers were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). High thermal stability (>280°C) was observed by thermal gravimetric analysis. Elemental analysis showed the presence of nitrogen containing triazole group with different degrees of functionalization (23%, 49%, 56%, and 94%). The glass transition temperature shifted with the introduction of triazole pendant groups from 190°C (unmodified) to 171°C. Ultrafiltration membranes were prepared via phase inversion by immersion in different coagulation baths (NMP/water mixtures with volume ratios from 0/100 to 40/60). The morphologies of these membranes were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The optimized PSU bearing triazole functions membranes exhibited water permeability up to 187 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is 23 times higher than those prepared under the same conditions but with unmodified polysulfone (PSU; 8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1). Results of bovine serum albumin protein rejection test indicated that susceptibility to fouling decreased with the modification, due to the increased hydrophilicity, while keeping high protein rejection ratio (>99%). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41549.