bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHASE-TYPE QUEUES
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B.
Published: September 2007

In this chapter a series of processes with a variety of transition structures are considered and their analysis is presented in a unifying manner. These processes are grouped under the generic name of Phase-type queues, they include G/M/1-type Markov chains, QBD processes, Markov chains with Toeplitz-like transitions and limited displacements (non-skip-free), and tree-like processes. A duality property between M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains is described and a reduction of M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains to QBD is analysed.
MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES
Authors: Feireisl Eduard
Published: September 2007

The basic mathematical concepts used in the book are presumed in this chapter. The necessary function spaces framework — Lebesgue spaces, Sobolev spaces, and spaces of continuous functions — are introduced here. In order to underline the physical background of the function spaces, the exact definitions introduced in Chapter 2 are followed by the energy estimates deduced in Chapter 3 directly for any smooth solution of the underlying equations (a priori estimates). Several other fundamental concepts are also treated at length: average continuity of weak solutions, renormalized solutions of the continuity equation, and instantaneous values of the state variables.
OPTIMAL LINEAR REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the question of how to find an optimal linear transformation based on a distance measure. Popular choices for distance measures such as the sum of squared differences, correlation, and mutual information are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the differentiability of the distance measures. The desired transformation is restricted to a parameterizable space, and as such can be expanded in terms of a linear combination of some basis functions. The registration task is considered as an optimization problem, where the objective is to find the optimal coefficient in the expansion while minimizing the distance measure. The well-known Gauss-Newton method is described and used for numerical optimization. Different examples are used to identify similarities and differences of the distance measures.
DIFFUSION REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan
Published: September 2007

A gradient-based regularization for registration is introduced, and a fast and stable implementation is developed. In contrast to the physically motivated elastic and fluid registrations, the diffusion regularizer is motivated by smoothing properties of the displacement. Another important motivation is that a registration step can be performed in linear complexity of the number of given data. The main tool is the so-called additive operator splitting scheme (AOS). The idea is to split the original problem into a number of simpler problems which allow for a fast numerical solution. A new proof for the accuracy of AOS is given, which is based purely on matrix analysis. Thus, the result also applies to more general situations. Thirion's demons registration is discussed.
NOTES ON ‘STATISTICAL MECHANICS WITH TOPOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS: I & II’
Authors: Witten Edward
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Edwards' early work trying to devise a convenient description of topological constraint in order to study the statistical physics of cross-linked polymers, which is related to modern descriptions of topological knots.
EDWARDS–ANDERSON: OPENING UP THE WORLD OF COMPLEXITY
Authors: Sherrington David
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a brief review of some of the riches exposed by and others germinated by the seminal spin glass work of Edwards and Anderson. It discusses such things as replica theory, spin glass dynamics, and probability theory.
BUILDING A THERMODYNAMICS ON SAND
Authors: Kurchan Jorge
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a brief review of the thermodynamic description of dense granular matter, with an emphasis on the connection with old and new ideas in the field of glasses.
A SCIENTIST FOR ALL SEASONS
Authors: Allen Sir Geoffrey , F.R. Eng. F.R.S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the history of Sam Edwards within polymer physics from the early days of his exposure, through his insights in seeing what is important, bringing key new insights, inspiring new types of experiment, and developing new theoretical methods, as well as his influence on industry and government alike.
Food webs in lakes—seasonal dynamics and the impact of climate variability
Authors: Straile Dietmar
Published: September 2007

Studies on lakes provide some of the most complete investigations on the structure, dynamics, and energetics of food webs encompassing organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. The life cycle of organisms in temperate lakes is adapted to a highly seasonal environment. Food web interactions in these lakes depend on the seasonal overlap of the occurrence of potential prey, competitor, or predator species. This seasonal overlap (i.e., the match-mismatch of food web interactions) depends strongly on the seasonal dynamics of the physical environment of lakes, such as temperature, light availability, and mixing intensity. Consequently, climate variability influences food web interactions and hence the structure, dynamics, and energetics of lake food webs. This chapter provides examples and discusses the importance of seasonality for the understanding of various aspects of lake food webs and the impact of climate variability thereon.
CALABI–YAU GEOMETRIES
Authors: Mariño Marcos
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses a particular class of Calabi-Yau geometries characterized by being non-compact, focusing on non-compact toric Calabi-Yau threefolds. These are threefolds that have the structure of a fibration with torus fibres. The manifolds have the structure of a fibration of IR3 by T2 x IR. It turns out that the geometry of these threefolds can be packaged in a two-dimensional graph that encodes the information about the degeneration locus of the fibration. These graphs are called the toric diagrams of the corresponding Calabi-Yau manifolds. A general introduction to the construction of non-compact Calabi-Yau geometries is presented, and the toric approach is discussed. Examples of closed string amplitudes are given.
Laws and Punishments
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the systems and practices of criminal law in Europe towards the end of the old regime. It contrasts the Roman Law codes of much of continental Europe, where the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina was the model for many, with the Common Law practices and the ‘Bloody Code’ of England. It describes the increasing attempts by princes to subordinate to their own the courts of seigneurs and others, and the ways in which ideas of the Enlightenment, especially as crystallized by Cesare Beccaria and John Howard, sought to alleviate the use of torture and of physical punishment.
Smoothing and Decay Estimates for Nonlinear Diffusion Equations
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This book is concerned with the quantitative aspects of the theory of nonlinear diffusion equations; equations which can be seen as nonlinear variations of the classical heat equation. They appear as mathematical models in different branches of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering, and are also relevant in differential geometry and relativistic physics. Much of the modern theory of such equations is based on estimates and functional analysis. Concentrating on a class of equations with nonlinearities of power type that lead to degenerate or singular parabolicity (equations of porous medium type), the aim of this book is to obtain sharp a priori estimates and decay rates for general classes of solutions in terms of estimates of particular problems. These estimates are the building blocks in understanding the qualitative theory, and the decay rates pave the way to the fine study of asymptotics. Many technically relevant questions are presented and analyzed in detail. A systematic picture of the most relevant phenomena is obtained for the equations under study, including time decay, smoothing, extinction in finite time, and delayed regularity.
Smoothing effect and time decay. Data inL1 (Rn) orM(Rn)
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the smoothing and decay effects for the porous medium equation, using as a model case the famous Barenblatt solutions that have explicit formulas. Topics covered include source-type solutions, smoothing effect and decay with L  1 functions or measures as data, smoothing exponents and scaling properties, strong and weak smoothing effects, comparison for different diffusivities, a general smoothing result, and estimating the smoothing effect into Lp.
4 Using Artificial Intelligence to Read the Vindolanda Texts
Authors: Terras Melissa M. , Robertson Dr Paul
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the implementation of the artificial intelligence system which was developed to read the Vindolanda texts. An appropriate architecture, the GRAVA system (originally developed for aerial image understanding) was identified, adopted, and adapted for this research. Due to the diverse nature of this text’s audience, this chapter provides an overview of the system for the less computer oriented reader; Appendix A describes the technicalities and mathematical underpinnings of the system in detail. Readers without a background in computing or engineering science should find this chapter sufficient to explain the workings of the computer system. The system in question, GRAVA, allows small modules or computer ‘agents’ to work together to compare and contrast different types of information. It does this using Minimum Description Length. The GRAVA system is introduced, and the application of the system to the data gathered from the Vindolanda texts is demonstrated. It is then explained how and why the GRAVA system had to be adapted to deal with the complexity of the Vindolanda texts, and the basic underlying structure of the system is discussed.
Idealism from Kant to Berkeley
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: September 2007

This chapter critically examines the most common way in which Anglophone philosophers have offered a subjectivist reading of Kant's own metaphysics, namely, by characterizing it as a system very similar to Berkeley's phenomenalist idealism. Numerous terminological complications, along with the infamous difficulties of Kant's doctrine of transcendental idealism, make it understandable that many readers would attempt to give at least some kind of familiar meaning to Kant's thought by interpreting it in terms of other well-known theories, such as Berkeley's, that at least share the term ‘idealism’. Nonetheless, it is argued here that there are numerous exegetical and systematic reasons why this popular interpretive move, ‘from Kant to Berkeley’, should be strongly resisted. The fundamental error here — the presumption that Kant, like Berkeley, is committed to an equation of existence and representation — expresses an unfortunate idea that can also be found in Reinhold and was highly influential in post-Kantianism and after.
Historical Constellations and Copernican Contexts
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses methodological issues concerning the most extensive research on this era, the massive ‘Jena Project’ directed by Dieter Henrich (who, along with Hans-Georg Gadamer, was one of Manfred Frank's teachers). After decades of very productive traditional scholarship on Kant and Hegel, Henrich turned to devoting most of his energy to guiding a detailed exploration of the various ‘constellations’ out of which the best-known German philosophies developed. The methodology of the Jena Project reflects three central features of the study of constellations in general: it emphasized groups, rather than isolated individuals, it worked to identify stars of enduring significance, and it aimed to discern patterns that are at first hidden.
Mors tua, vita mea? The Rise and Fall of Innovative Industrial Clusters
Authors: Maggioni Mario A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters appear and replace clusters based on obsolete technologies. In the last stage when the cluster matures, it either achieves a national or international leadership in a given sector or technology. The decisive element appears to be a different institutional framework. Using simulation techniques, it is shown how policies that support firm-based micro-level incentives seem to be critical rather than policies aimed at strengthening the ‘carrying capacities’. Most European policy makers overemphasize the latter type of policies as a means to initiate cluster emergence and growth.
Manager selection and monitoring
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy
Published: September 2007

Manager selection is one area of investment activity where most institutions in Oxford and Cambridge sought guidance from a consultant. Several Oxbridge colleges reported asset manager changes over the last few years; many adding to their roster of managers, while others seeking to enlist managers specializing in alternative strategies. Monitoring the performance of external asset managers is a key task of the Investment Committee, though the number of managers and the strategies used may involve a high degree of responsibility for the individual concerned, particularly the investment bursar who has a wide range of other college responsibilities. Most (98%) investment committees in Oxford and Cambridge reported being highly engaged in the manager monitoring process, with 80% claiming full responsibility.
Atomic Forces
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the physics and properties of four types of atomic forces occurring in STM and AFM: the van der Waals force, the hard core repulsion, the ionic bond, and the covalent bond. The general mathematical form of the van der Waals force between a tip and a flat sample is derived. The focus of this chapter is the covalent-bond force, which is a key in the understanding of STM and AFM. The concept of covalent bond is illustrated by the hydrogen molecular ion, the prototypical molecule used by Pauling to illustrate Heisenberg's concept of resonance. The Herring-Landau perturbation theory of the covalent bond, an analytical incarnation of the concept of resonance, is presented in great detail. It is then applied to molecules built from many-electron atoms, to show that the perturbation theory can be applied to practical systems to produce simple analytic results for measurable physical quantities with decent accuracy.
4 Literature, History, and Philosophy: The Example of De re publica
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: September 2007

The chapter is the first in a series of detailed readings of individual philosophical dialogues. De republica is examined as an attempt to ground political theory in Roman history, but one that produces ambiguous results. Close reading of the work suggests that although Cicero can conceive of an idealized Rome where political decisions and philosophical insight work together, he also makes clear that the realities of Roman history do not support such an idealization. The notion of ironic history is introduced to describe historical representations that question their own validity.
1 Introduction
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the concept of ‘profession’ during the period and considers the clergy in relation to the other ‘learned professions’, law, medicine, the civil service, and the ministry of dissenting churches. It considers the central role of the Christian religion and the established Church in English and Welsh society throughout the period 1680 to 1840, and the central and distinctive role of clergy in English and Welsh society. The tensions within the Church in relation to government policies are discussed, especially referring to the crises under James II and the Settlement of 1689, and during Queen Anne's reign, and in the 1820s and 1830s. Programmes for reforming and improving the pastoral ministry of the Church, especially during the periods 1660 to 1720 and 1780 to 1840 are discussed. The impact of theological differences within the Church, manifested in ‘party’ disputes, especially among the clergy, is examined.
5 The Incomes of the Clergy
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates evidence for the level of clergy incomes, and compares the results with evidence for the income-levels of other professional groups. Attention is paid to the evidence for the incomes of curates and ‘perpetual curates’. Initiatives to augment the endowments of benefices to increase the incomes of clergy are investigated and evaluated. The sources of clergy incomes are investigated: from fees, cultivating or letting glebe land and collecting tithes, and the difficulties that might be involved in collecting tithes. The very significant increase in incomes from glebe, and especially from tithes, over much of England and Wales from 1770 onwards as a result of agricultural improvements, is discussed.
Legitimate Authority
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that contrary to the tradition of just war theory, every single individual is a legitimate authority and has, under certain circumstances, the right to declare war on others or the state provided only that he or she proceeds responsibly in the decision process, that is, by circumspect and rational consideration of the relevant information and moral aspects. This is only a consequent application of a perspective that is enlightened, liberal, and oriented by individual rights. In contrast, the view that such rights are due only to the state and its representatives and not to the individual is premodern, that is, medieval, or based on some kind of state metaphysics. The chapter also demonstrates that attempts to define terrorism by reference to a lack of legitimate authority fail.
Just Cause (Including Subcriteria) and Right Intention
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows that the jus ad bellum criterion of just cause includes others, apart from right intention, as underlying facets: the legitimacy of the cause cannot be clarified independently of these other criteria. The criterion of right intention is interpreted in a significantly more tolerant way than it traditionally has been. Liberalism is not concerned with purity of heart but with respect for people's rights. Therefore, it cannot exclude going to war for selfish (for example, imperialist or sadistic) reasons, at least not as long as this is coupled with the intention of not exploiting the war more than the pursuit of the just cause, by just means, would allow.
Morphological analysis
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Complex words can be divided into different kinds of morphemes such as roots and affixes. Natural languages show a number of formal operations to make new words: affixation, compounding, conversion, reduplication, and phonetic modification. Languages differ considerably in the way they make use of these possibilities. They can be classified according to the indices of synthesis and fusion. Thus, morphology plays an important role in linguistic typology.
Derivation
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Derivation is the formation of lexemes by means of affixation, reduplication, conversion, or root-and-pattern morphology. The outputs of such processes often exhibit idiosyncratic properties. Morphological processes differ as to the number of constraints they are subject to and in their degree of productivity. Morphological analysis of complex words also comprises the investigation of constraints on affix ordering in multiply complex words.
7 The interface between morphology and phonology
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

The morphological structure of a complex word determines how the constituent morphemes of a word are realized phonetically. The phonological structure of a complex word reflects its morphological structure, but is not isomorphic to that structure. Phonology plays a role in the selection of one from a set of competing affixes. This can be modelled in terms of phonological output conditions.
Endogenous Fertility and the Environment: A Parable of Firewood
Authors: Nerlove Marc , Meyer Anke
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses a model which examines interactions between population growth and the environment. In this model, various assumptions are made such as that fertility is endogenous; parents are not altruistic and have children only because of utility; environmental deterioration does not affect population (i.e., no ‘Malthusian’ mortality); time is measured in generations; and population pressure adversely affects the environment. The model gives a system of two non-linear difference equations. The main conclusion is that in the absence of parental altruism and ‘Malthusian’ mortality, the relation between population and environment is inherently unstable when fertility is endogenous. Thus, when parents are concerned only about the utility (net private benefits) and environmental resources are not priced (free), parents may choose the number of children which is optimal from their point of view but which will ultimately lead to environmental degradation.
Macroeconomic Policies and Deforestation
Authors: Repetto Ropert
Published: September 2007

Macroeconomic policies have pervasive influences on the use and conservation of forest resources in developing countries, and these can be visualized in terms of a set of concentric circles. At the hub are policies directly affecting timber and forest management. These include forest revenue structures, institutions governing property rights (including traditional rights) related to forest land and produce. Policies affecting demand for forest products, such as trade and investment policies related to timber and energy prices are in the second circle. In the next circle are agricultural policies that affect the forces acting on the forest frontier and determining land conversion. In the fourth circle are the macroeconomic policies which at a first glance may appear not to have a role but in reality have powerful impacts. This chapter discusses the empirical aspects of this conceptual sketch of policy linkages using examples from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Brazil.
The Force of Inertia: Telecommunications in France, West Germany, and Italy 1965–87
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows why transnational technological and economic developments and regulatory reforms in the US failed to result in major institutional changes in France, West Germany, and Italy between 1965 and 1987 (just before detailed EU regulation began). Traditional institutional arrangements were highly protective of national suppliers in the mid-1960s, notably publicly-owned suppliers enjoying wide monopolies. During the 1960s and 1970s, suppliers faced major problems, including lack of investment and inability to meet demand. Existing institutions were widely regarded as inefficient and unable to meet transnational technological and economic pressures. Yet even modest reforms were blocked by a determined coalition led by trade unions, employees, and political parties. Instead, policies that did not require major institutional changes were used and/or inefficiencies were tolerated. Insofar as limited reforms were made, they widened cross-national contrasts, so that the two forms of internationalisation did not lead to institutional change or convergence.
British Telecommunications: From Laggard to Leader
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Britain followed its own distinct route to reform in telecommunications, in similar fashion to securities trading. Despite large-scale failures of supply, arising in part because of transnational technological and economic developments, only limited changes were introduced in 1969 and thereafter inertia reigned. This position altered dramatically in the 1980s. A determined government pushed through privatisation of the incumbent operator, British Telecom, ended its monopoly and transferred important regulatory powers to a newly created independent sectoral regulatory agency. The policies were initiated for domestic reasons, but thereafter examples of institutions in the US were used selectively to legitimate new arrangements. Hence, as in securities, the US example was important in the policy process but EU regulation played very little role in British decisions.
Power Politics: Electricity Supply in Europe
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

Electricity offers another case to refine and test the book's arguments about the role of policy forms of internationalisation. Its economic institutions were historically similar to telecommunications and securities trading but internationalisation has differed: transnational technological and economic developments were limited over the period mid-1980s-2005, exposing the independent effects of reforms in the US and EU regulation. Moreover, regulatory competition in electricity is weak so that the main route for overseas reforms to influence domestic decisions about institutional change is ideational, through cross-national learning or examples. The chapter argues that policy forms of internationalisation are important even in the absence of powerful transnational technological and economic developments. EU regulation provided significant political impetus for change in France, Germany, and Italy from the 1990s onwards by offering occasions for reform, EU-level policy learning, and arguments to legitimate change. However, without potential regulatory competition, overseas examples played little role in domestic debates, and hence even Britain failed to pay serious attention to US reforms or seek to copy them.
4 Sector Management and New Performance Targets
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the advent of sector management in British Rail with the return to office of the Conservatives in 1979. Topics covered include the establishment of sector management during 1979-82, the development of sector management during 1982-5, the strengthening of both sector and sub-sector identities during 1986-9, and the achievements of sector management. It is shown that sector management helped British Rail modernize its organizational responses and subordinate operating and engineering considerations to the fundamentals of income and expenditure.
11 The Privatisation Debate and ‘Organising for Quality’
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the initial approach to rail privatization which developed in the 1980s, the Board's attempts to manage the railway in the face of uncertainty, and the impact of the decision of proceed with privatization in the early 1990s. Topics discussed include the origins of the privatization thrust of the 1980s, the Board's position regarding privatization, and the re-emergence of the privatization issue in 1990.
13 Endgame
Authors: Gourvish Terry
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes the main steps in the privatization of railways after 1994 and evaluates the performance of public sector management over twenty years of significant change. It is shown that between 1974 and 1994, British Rail evolved from a rather unwieldy, monolithic structure into one that provided improved services, marketing, and customer care. British Rail's managers also worked to produce their own organizational solution for the industry.
Whose Hubris? Brandeis, Scientific Management, and the Railroads
Authors: Berk Gerald
Published: September 2007

This chapter reinterprets Louis Brandeis's role in the crisis of progressive era railroad regulation. While others have implicated Brandeis in the crisis, the essay shows how he identified fatal flaws in Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ratemaking and proposed a coherent alternative. Brandeis showed how rate-of-return regulation made false promises to measure the objective value of railroad property and gave the railroads perverse incentives to increase costs. Drawing on the work of scientific manager F. Lincoln Hutchins, Brandeis proposed to replace valuation with a benchmarking system by which railroads could compare their performance. Drawing on his work in Massachusetts natural gas, Brandeis proposed to set rates according to a system of ‘sliding scales’, in which railroads received higher dividends when they provided lower rates. In theory, Brandeis's system was superior to rate-of-return regulation because it provided railroads with incentives to improve and information, unavailable from the firm or the market, about how to improve.
5 The Background and the Sources
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a background of northern Gaul in the 5th century. The lack of sources for this period is underscored. Sources for Aegidius and Syagirius are evaluated.
The Relevance of Rhetoric
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the social functions of rhetoric in late antiquity. Although it is widely believed that oratory in this period was primarily epideictic, the dominant focus of rhetorical theory and teaching was on forensic and deliberative oratory. Evidence from many sources, including Plutarch and Libanius, shows that the careers of students emerging from the schools of rhetoric would often have involved advocacy or local politics. The use of declamation in rhetorical training does not imply a retreat from reality; declamation was practised primarily (though not exclusively) as a preparation for real oratory. This continuing practical relevance is reflected in the persistence of rhetoric: the subject was still flourishing in 5th-century Alexandria. Adaptability also helped: changes in curriculum structure provided a flexibility which could meet the needs of those who became advocates in low-level courts as well as the social elite for whom cultural prestige was paramount.
Bodily Awareness
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty or, more realistically, set of faculties. It shows that there are a number of ways to construe the widely accepted claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty. Bodily awareness can be construed as a faculty which enables us to perceive properties of our bodies — its shape, location, movement, as well as phenomenal pain properties, tickle properties, and the like. Unless one is a sceptic about secondary properties, or has a specific reason for thinking that there could not be phenomenal perceptible properties of our bodies, there is no impediment to doing so.
Default Semantics for Presupposition as Anaphora
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter defends the view of presupposition as anaphora and the accompanying idea of binding to context, extending it by applying the principles of default interpretations to the cases of ambiguity caused by the existence of two, seemingly equally probable, anaphoric links in the case of the so-called partial matches.
The case of Rousseau
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

The 1783 publication of Rousseau's Confessions in English translation crystallizes contemporary debates about the nature and value of autobiographical writing. Reactions to the book oscillated between outrage and fascination, testifying to the strangeness of self-writing in this mode. In the terms of reception theory, the Confessions ruptured a ‘horizon of expectation’. It is argued that the (new) idea of ‘autobiography’ formed itself along this fault line, both as a set of expectations about the limits of self-writing and as a persistent transgression of those limits. Studying responses to Rousseau, the central issue is shown to be the problematic relationship between intimacy and publication.
Autobiography and publication
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at occasions in a variety of Romantic-period texts when they consider themselves as autobiographies, or address the moment when self-writing becomes public. There is a particular interest in apologetic or defensive positions; at such moments, autobiographical writing reflects the uncertain status of the genre in the literary public sphere. Instances are read in works by Carlyle, Wordsworth, Wollstonecraft, Catherine Cary, Percival Stockdale, Thomas Scott, and others. The chapter ends by suggesting that autobiographical acts in the period are best understood as transactions; all self-writing is engaged in negotiating the conditions under which it is published and read.
Multiple Situated Rationalities
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses diversity in relation to rationality. It reviews several critical positions of the technical scientific and economic rationality that occupy a privileged position in modernity, and argues that what is considered rational in the context of modernity — science and economics — is, in essence, ideological. Several key concepts, such as Weber’s substantive rationality, Foucault’s regime of truth, and Giddens’ reflexivity are drawn from this literature to form a pluralistic understanding of rational behaviour in organizations.
The Global, the Local, and the Disembedded
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the root of diversity confronting information systems innovation in the unfolding processes of globalization. It starts from the concept of globalization as the shrinking of time and distance, which directly implicates ICT. It then explores globalization as a multi-dimensional phenomenon comprising changes in economic, political, and cultural activities. While the extent to which the discernible trends in each of them increase or decrease diversity across the globe may be a matter of debate, it is shown that globalization is much more multifaceted than the notion of global competitive markets, to which information systems studies tend to be restricted, suggest. Taken together, the multiple facets of contemporary globalization reveal a much more variable organizational context. The extent of the variability is confirmed by a look at the current state of the global economy, which is grossly uneven.
2 The Changing Context of University Knowledge Work: The UK Higher Education Systems from the 1960s to the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the ramifications of debates surrounding the concepts of NM and NPM in the systemic context of the UK knowledge-intensive university. It analyses changes in the UK higher education systems since the 1970s to determine how far the context of and the actual practices and technologies used to ‘manage’ academic knowledge work in organizations at the beginning of the 21st century differ from the context and oversight of academic knowledge work in UK universities in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The chapter also considers how UK academics in management roles and career managers interpret the recent systemic, organizational, and other changes in their academies. Finally, consideration is given to changes in expectations about the roles of academics holding leadership and management roles at different points in this forty-five-year period.
The Holocaust and the Postmodern
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This book argues that postmodernism, especially in the work of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, is a deeply engaged response to the Holocaust. In turn, this thought illuminates a number of issues in our understanding of the Holocaust. The book is divided into three parts. The first part, Reading and the Holocaust, concentrates on testimony and literature, and argues that testimony is a new and singular genre with its own generic characteristics. It clarifies issues of memory and literature and analyses and defines post-1990 Holocaust fiction. The second part, Holocaust Histories, argues that there are two different understandings of truth at work in the discipline of history, and that the history of the Holocaust brings this to the fore: later chapters explore this by looking at the work of one leading Holocaust historian, Saul Friedländer, the limits of historical explanation, and at Holocaust denial. The third part, The Trace of the Holocaust, turns to philosophy and argues in detail that the work of Levinas is a response to the Holocaust and evaluates its success. Chapter 10 evaluates Derrida's thought as post-Holocaust philosophy and focuses on the idea of the trace. Chapter 11 looks at philosophical attempts to explain Nazism and reveals the limits of philosophical discourse. The final chapter turns to the idea of the human and looks at ways in which the human has been thought after the Holocaust. The conclusion turns to issues to which this overall discussion might lead.
'Are Footnotes Less Barbaric?': History, Memory, and the Truth of the Holocaust in the work of Saul Friedländer
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the work of the Holocaust historian and thinker, Saul Friedländer. It argues that his early work is characterized by an adherence to the Rankean, empiricist traditions. However, with his memoir, When Memory Comes, his work takes on a new relation to the philosophical issues raised by the Holocaust. Friedländer writes against the ‘normalization’ of the Holocaust by the empiricist historical tradition, and for a wider ‘historical consciousness’ in relation to trauma and ‘working through’. Friedländer argues that the ‘voice of the commentator’ should clearly be heard. The chapter then looks at three works in which this happens including Friedländer's own Nazi Germany and the Jews and Mark Roseman's The Past in Hiding. The chapter ends by stressing the strong affinities between Friedländer's thought and Derrida's deconstruction.
1Sermo
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines some of the traditions of attitudes towards language, which form part of the cultural backdrop to Augustine's work. Particular attention is given to the growth of hesychasm and abstention from language in the 4th century, a phenomenon usually associated with monasticism but also found in Neoplatonic circles. Without explicitly criticizing this movement, Augustine reasserts the importance of language, linking the Johannine doctrine of the divine Logos, revealed in Jesus of Nazareth, to the wider doctrine of God's ‘speaking’ through the perceptible order of the physical world.
Epilogue
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the presentation of language acquisition given in the Confessions. It is argued that Augustine presents this as being two-edged; language permits the child to interact with other speakers, but at the cost of being constrained within a system of language, ‘the authority of the ancestors’. The wider question of authority in the Confessions is then considered. It is suggested that authority may be seen as a positive, bottom-up recognition of what is useful and pleasurable, and that ultimately, the model for authority in language is the divine Logos.
Incentives, Routines, and Self-Command
Authors: Postrel Steven , Rumelt Richard P.
Published: September 2007

In explaining the advantages of the principle of hierarchy representing organizations over market exchanges, coordination of specialized efforts and control of opportunistic behaviour are often brought up as methods for governing transactions. Yet these approaches fail to account for many observed internal workings of organizations that may be attributed to impulsiveness, and the consequent mechanisms of impulse control with regard to those moment-by-moment ways by which individuals fail to take action in what they believe to be their own long-term interest. This chapter proposes a model that assumes the existence of such impulsiveness, as well as overall automatic thought and behaviour. This model builds on psychological literature but also on economists' work on time-inconsistent choice, and brings both into the structure of organizational theory. The chapter is a timely reminder of the importance of enriching efficiency views of economic organization with more realistic models of human behaviour.
The Evolution of Organizational Conventions and Gains from Diversity
Authors: Aoki Masahiko
Published: September 2007

By using a highly abstract evolutionary game model, this chapter investigates the mechanism of evolution of different organizational conventions as well as the roles of free trade, integration, experiments, emulation, and entrepreneurial foresight for exploring gains from organizational diversity. It focuses on an aspect of organization as a voluntary association of economic agents trying to overcome the bounds of their rationality, scope of action and competence, rather than as an ‘instrument’ for entrepreneurial maximizing behaviour. Two generic forms of organization as an information system are identified. The chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evolutionary game model for understanding actual organizational evolutionary processes in North America and Japan.
Technologies, Products and Organization in the Innovating Firm: What Adam Smith Tells Us and Joseph Schumpeter Doesn't
Authors: Pavitt Keith
Published: September 2007

This chapter gives renewed attention to Adam Smith's insights into knowledge production as crucially important for understanding the contemporary problems of managing innovating firms. Products and firms are based on an increasing range of fields of specialized technological understanding. Competition is not based on technological diversity, but on diversity and experimentation in products. Firms rarely fail because of an inability to master a new field of technology, but because they do not succeed in matching the firm's systems of coordination and control to the nature of the available technological opportunities.
Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model
Authors: Winter Sidney G.
Published: September 2007

This chapter inquires into the role of patents and the appropriate duration of patent protection with regard to defining property rights in productive knowledge. Utilizing the formal model of inventive opportunity drawn from Nelson and Winter (1982), the chapter argues that R&D performed higher on average without patents, and best practice productivity levels tended to be higher without patents. Such simulation results suggest that the patent system can be counterproductive from a social welfare point of view. Indeed, from the perspective of industry evolution, patents may have adverse effects on industry structure and output. Granted these and other shortcomings indicating that the desirability of stronger intellectual property protection is far from axiomatic, the chapter calls for more nuanced approaches toward the modelling of technological opportunity.
Banking Alliances and International Issues on the Paris Capital Market, 1890–1914
Authors: Saul Samir
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on syndicates between Parisian banks from 1890 and 1914. It aims to establish the identity of the managers and participants in underwriting and issue consortia, to highlight patterns of participation, and to draw a portrait of the Paris financial market from the angle of associations between its agents. Underwriting and issue syndicates are examined according to the identity of the manager, that is, the bank which contracted the operation with the issuer and the one most likely to bring its network into the syndicate.
Established Connections and New Opportunities. London as an International Financial Centre, 1914–1958
Authors: Cottrell Philip L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the effects of the First World War on the City, reviewing opportunities for much greater dealings in foreign exchange and the ‘bill on London's rapid revival’. The war not only resulted in sterling becoming a floating currency but also caused the London capital market to be regulated, which is analysed in this chapter. The chapter then focuses upon how the 1931 liquidity crisis severely affected the City through leading houses' substantial commitments to Central and Eastern Europe. It also reviews the City's ‘long winter’ caused by, first, the world economy's prostrate state, and then the Second World War. In addition, the discussion in this chapter focuses on the recovery of the City's international role during the 1950s and the beginnings of an entirely new foundation for its global importance with the emergence of the Euromarkets. Some reflections on the City's experience during the first half of the 20th century are offered at the end of the chapter.
The Future of the Paris Market as an International Financial Centre from the Point of View of European Integration
Authors: Straus André
Published: September 2007

Trends over the last half century in particular have shown that Paris has been able to exist as a financial centre only when its financial market has been vigorous, which has clearly been a necessary but not always a sufficient condition. The future of the Paris market can be seen in terms of its ability to play a leading role in continental Europe. But this will only be possible through alliances with other markets.
Varieties of capitalism and innovation: the Silicon Valley model
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

What is the relationship between institutional frameworks, public policy, and the governance of innovative competencies by firms? This chapter extends the varieties of capitalism theory to examine how different types of economy impede the governance of new technology firms. It argues that most new technologies attempt to create radical innovations by developing competencies along a widely diffused “Silicon Valley Model” surrounding the financing, staffing, and creation of employee incentives within firms. Liberal market economies, such as those found in the US and UK, provide strong institutional supports for the Silicon Valley Model, while coordinated market economies, such as Germany or Sweden, provide a series of constraints. A theoretical framework is developed to explore this argument. How public policy might impact competitiveness within new technology industries across the two types of economies is discussed.
Economy, Society, and Worker Representation in Corporate Governance
Authors: Piore Michael J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a historical reconstruction of the evolution of governance structures in the modern history of the US; seen through the lenses of Polanyi's thesis, the main problem of contemporary economic organization is the clash between the competitive market and the social nature of human beings. This chapter analyses how this clash was resolved in different historical phases: by the adjustment of the social system to the requirement of production under the old regime of mass production, by negotiation and unionization under the New Deal. It characterizes the current phase as one of ‘disarticulation’ of the relationship between the economic and the social structures, where they are neither separate nor related in any clear way, to which a solution is yet to be found.
Myopic Opportunism and Joint Production: A Relational Approach to Corporate Governance
Authors: Lindenberg Siegwart
Published: September 2007

This chapter uses the cognitive psychology notion of ‘framing’ to highlight how profitable cooperation can benefit from a partial suspension of a gain frame. It argues that even when interests are broadly aligned, there is too much room for opportunism in the absence of an alignment of commitment to the relationship, and the suspension of the possibility of its instrumental use. The chapter then focuses on how a perception of transactions as ‘joint production’ can be built through a variety of ‘relational signals’ (credible commitments to the suspension of a calculative propensity to exploit any opportunity of gain even if it would damage the relationship).