bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumor budding and fibrotic focus—proposed grading system for tumor budding in invasive carcinoma no special type of the breast
Authors: Hiratsuka Miyuki , Hasebe Takahiro , Ichinose Yuki , Sakakibara Ayaka , Fujimoto Akihiro , Wakui Noriko , Shibasaki Satomi , Hirasaki Masataka , Yasuda Masanori , Nukui Akemi , Shimada Hiroko , Yokogawa Hideki , Matsuura Kazuo , Hojo Takashi , Osaki Akihiko , Saeki Toshiaki
Published: June 2022

Tumor budding grade is a very useful histological prognostic indicator for colorectal cancer patients. Recently, it has been also reported as a significant prognostic indicator in invasive breast carcinoma patients. Our group and others have previously reported that the presence of a fibrotic focus in the tumor is a very useful histological finding for accurately predicting the prognosis in patients with invasive carcinoma of no special type (ICNST) of the breast. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a grading system incorporating tumor budding in a fibrotic focus is superior to the conventional grading system for tumor budding to accurately predict outcomes in patients with ICNST. According to our new grading system, we classified the tumors into grade I (164 cases), grade II (581 cases), and grade III (110 cases), and the results clearly demonstrated the significant superiority of the new grading system over that of conventional tumor budding alone for accurately predicting outcomes in patients with ICNST. Our findings strongly suggest that tumor cells and tumor-stromal cells interaction play very important roles in tumor progression rather than tumor cells alone.
Cell type matters: competence for alkaloid metabolism differs in two seed-derived cell strains of Catharanthus roseus
Authors: Raorane Manish L. , Manz Christina , Hildebrandt Sarah , Mielke Marion , Thieme Marc , Keller Judith , Bunzel Mirko , Nick Peter
Published: June 2022

Since the discovery of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine, Catharanthus roseus has been intensively studied for biosynthesis of several terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs). Due to their low abundance in plant tissues at a simultaneously high demand, modes of production alternative to conventional extraction are mandatory. Plant cell fermentation might become one of these alternatives, yet decades of research have shown limited success to certain product classes, leading to the question: how to preserve the intrinsic ability to produce TIAs (metabolic competence) in cell culture? We used the strategy to use the developmental potency of mature embryos to generate such strains. Two cell strains (C1and C4) from seed embryos of Catharanthus roseus were found to differ not only morphologically, but also in their metabolic competence. This differential competence became manifest not only under phytohormone elicitation, but also upon feeding with alkaloid pathway precursors. The more active strain C4 formed larger cell aggregates and was endowed with longer mitochondria. These cellular features were accompanied by higher alkaloid accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. The levels of catharanthine could be increased significantly, while the concurrent vindoline branch of the pathway was blocked, such that no bisindole alkaloids were detectable. By feeding vindoline to MeJA-elicited C4 cells, vincristine became detectable; however, only to marginal amounts. In conclusion, these results show that cultured cells are not “de-differentiated”, but can differ in metabolic competence. In addition to elicitation and precursor feeding, the cellular properties of the “biomatter” are highly relevant for the success of plant cell fermentation.
Tonotopic Selectivity in Cats and Humans: Electrophysiology and Psychophysics
Authors: Guérit Francois , Middlebrooks John C. , Richardson Matthew L. , Arneja Akshat , Harland Andrew J. , Gransier Robin , Wouters Jan , Carlyon Robert P.
Published: June 2022

We describe a scalp-recorded measure of tonotopic selectivity, the “cortical onset response” (COR) and compare the results between humans and cats. The COR results, in turn, were compared with psychophysical masked-detection thresholds obtained using similar stimuli and obtained from both species. The COR consisted of averaged responses elicited by 50-ms tone-burst probes presented at 1-s intervals against a continuous noise masker. The noise masker had a bandwidth of 1 or 1/8th octave, geometrically centred on 4000 Hz for humans and on 8000 Hz for cats. The probe frequency was either − 0.5, − 0.25, 0, 0.25 or 0.5 octaves re the masker centre frequency. The COR was larger for probe frequencies more distant from the centre frequency of the masker, and this effect was greater for the 1/8th-octave than for the 1-octave masker. This pattern broadly reflected the masked excitation patterns obtained psychophysically with similar stimuli in both species. However, the positive signal-to-noise ratio used to obtain reliable COR measures meant that some aspects of the data differed from those obtained psychophysically, in a way that could be partly explained by the upward spread of the probe’s excitation pattern. Our psychophysical measurements also showed that the auditory filter width obtained at 8000 Hz using notched-noise maskers was slightly wider in cat than previous measures from humans. We argue that although conclusions from COR measures differ in some ways from conclusions based on psychophysics, the COR measures provide an objective, noninvasive, valid measure of tonotopic selectivity that does not require training and that may be applied to acoustic and cochlear-implant experiments in humans and laboratory animals.
Synchrotron-based characterization of arthroprosthetic CoCrMo particles in human bone marrow
Authors: Schoon Janosch , Hesse Bernhard , Tucoulou Remi , Geissler Sven , Ort Melanie , Duda Georg N. , Perka Carsten , Wassilew Georgi I. , Perino Giorgio , Rakow Anastasia
Published: June 2022

Particles released from cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are considered common elicitors of chronic inflammatory adverse effects. There is a lack of data demonstrating particle numbers, size distribution and elemental composition of bone marrow resident particles which would allow for implementation of clinically relevant test strategies in bone marrow models at different degrees of exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate metal particle exposure in human periprosthetic bone marrow of three types of arthroplasty implants. Periprosthetic bone marrow sections from eight patients exposed to CoCrMo particles were analyzed via spatially resolved and synchrotron-based nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging. These analyses revealed lognormal particle size distribution patterns predominantly towards the nanoscale. Analyses of particle numbers and normalization to bone marrow volume and bone marrow cell number indicated particle concentrations of up to 1 × 1011 particles/ml bone marrow or 2 × 104 particles/bone marrow cell, respectively. Analyses of elemental ratios of CoCrMo particles showed that particularly the particles’ Co content depends on particle size. The obtained data point towards Co release from arthroprosthetic particles in the course of dealloying and degradation processes of larger particles within periprosthetic bone marrow. This is the first study providing data based on metal particle analyses to be used for future in vitro and in vivo studies of possible toxic effects in human bone marrow following exposure to arthroprosthetic CoCrMo particles of different concentration, size, and elemental composition.
Pulmonary gas exchange evaluated by machine learning: a computer simulation
Authors: Morgan Thomas J. , Langley Adrian N. , Barrett Robin D. C. , Anstey Christopher M.
Published: June 2022

Using computer simulation we investigated whether machine learning (ML) analysis of selected ICU monitoring data can quantify pulmonary gas exchange in multi-compartment format. A 21 compartment ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) model of pulmonary blood flow processed 34,551 combinations of cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration, standard P50, base excess, VO2 and VCO2 plus three model-defining parameters: shunt, log SD and mean V/Q. From these inputs the model produced paired arterial blood gases, first with the inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) adjusted to arterial saturation (SaO2) = 0.90, and second with FiO2 increased by 0.1. ‘Stacked regressor’ ML ensembles were trained/validated on 90% of this dataset. The remainder with shunt, log SD, and mean ‘held back’ formed the test-set. ‘Two-Point’ ML estimates of shunt, log SD and mean utilized data from both FiO2 settings. ‘Single-Point’ estimates used only data from SaO2 = 0.90. From 3454 test gas exchange scenarios, two-point shunt, log SD and mean estimates produced linear regression models versus true values with slopes ~ 1.00, intercepts ~ 0.00 and R2 ~ 1.00. Kernel density and Bland–Altman plots confirmed close agreement. Single-point estimates were less accurate: R2 = 0.77–0.89, slope = 0.991–0.993, intercept = 0.009–0.334. ML applications using blood gas, indirect calorimetry, and cardiac output data can quantify pulmonary gas exchange in terms describing a 20 compartment V/Q model of pulmonary blood flow. High fidelity reports require data from two FiO2 settings.
In Vivo Modeling of Human Breast Cancer Using Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenografts
Authors: Souto Eric P. , Dobrolecki Lacey E. , Villanueva Hugo , Sikora Andrew G. , Lewis Michael T.
Published: June 2022

Historically, human breast cancer has been modeled largely in vitro using long-established cell lines primarily in two-dimensional culture, but also in three-dimensional cultures of varying cellular and molecular complexities. A subset of cell line models has also been used in vivo as cell line-derived xenografts (CDX). While outstanding for conducting detailed molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms that may function in vivo, results of drug response studies using long-established cell lines have largely failed to translate clinically. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, many laboratories have succeeded in developing clinically annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers, including breast, in a variety of host systems. While immunocompromised mice are the predominant host, the immunocompromised rat and pig, zebrafish, as well as the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have also emerged as potential host platforms to help address perceived shortcomings of immunocompromised mice. With any modeling platform, the two main issues to be resolved are criteria for “credentialing” the models as valid models to represent human cancer, and utility with respect to the ability to generate clinically relevant translational research data. Such data are beginning to emerge, particularly with the activities of PDX consortia such as the NCI PDXNet Program, EuroPDX, and the International Breast Cancer Consortium, as well as a host of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CRO). This review focuses primarily on these important aspects of PDX-related research, with a focus on breast cancer.
Varieties of the Lifeworld: Phenomenology and Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Apostolescu Iulian , Marino Stefano
Published: June 2022

In this contribution we first sketch an outline of the concept of lifeworld (Lebenswelt), to introduce the readers to the guest-edited collection of essaysVarieties of the Lifeworld: Phenomenology and Aesthetic Experience, special issue of the “Continental Philosophy Review.” We trace back the origin of the concept of lifeworld to Husserl’s late phenomenology, although also explaining (on the basis of the careful historical-conceptual reconstructions offered by some distinguished scholars of Husserl and the phenomenological movement) that the development of Husserl’s phenomenology of theLebensweltwas gradual and was connected, among other things, to the question of the natural world of experience. Then, quickly referring to Gadamer, Landgrebe, Fink and other authors belonging to the phenomenological tradition, we explain that different interpretations of the topic “Lifeworld” in Husserl’s thinking have been provided: In our view, this contributes to the fact that still nowadays this topic is a fascinating and philosophically stimulating one. Finally, making reference to more recent works by such authors as Figal, Gallagher, Zahavi and Shusterman (a pragmatist philosopher, whose somaesthetics is nonetheless very rich in insights that can be connected to phenomenological views of the body and its place in the world), we emphasize how the question concerning the lifeworld is still capable today to open a great variety of perspectives and plurality of paths for thinking, as testified by the essays collected in this guest-edited special issue of the “Continental Philosophy Review.”
A correlation study of sustainable development goal (SDG) interactions
Authors: Pakkan Sheeba , Sudhakar Christopher , Tripathi Shubham , Rao Mahabaleshwara
Published: June 2022

As universities are the change agent of society, institutions from all nations set their goals to transform the world by exploring various societal challenges that humans are facing. Together, the higher education systems across the world developing strategies based on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The current study aimed to provide policymakers, academics, and researchers an insight on the influence of 16 SDGs on each other paving the way for the universities to set a clear goal in attaining Sustainable Development goals by 2030. To analyze the SDGs’ interactions towards each other, 201,844 research publications from India during five years on 16 SDGs are retrieved from the Scopus database. Spearman Rank Correlation is applied to understand the correlation of each SDG towards one another. We could observe converging results out of the interactions among the SDGs. A significant positive and moderately positive correlation between pairs of SDGs are identified. While a significant number of negative correlations is also classified which need deep thinking among researchers to develop healthy relationships. The most frequent interactions between SDGs is a positive sign for any university in strategizing the goal towards SDGs. The association of all university stakeholders and some constitutional and cultural changes are necessary to put SDGs at the core of the management of the university. Embracing this task by researchers will improve the overall performance of universities. The analysis presented in the present study is useful for academics, governments, funding agencies, researchers, and policy-makers.
Unterrichtsgestaltung im Kontext digitalen Wandels: Untersuchungen zur soziomedialen Organisation Tablet-gestützter Gruppenarbeit
Authors: Herrle Matthias , Hoffmann Markus , Proske Matthias
Published: June 2022

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob und inwiefern sich die Nutzung von digitalen Medien als bedeutsam für die Form und Funktion von Interaktionspraktiken erweist, die Lehrkräfte zur Gestaltung von Gruppenarbeiten realisieren. Die Ergebnisse der hierzu durchgeführten videographischen Untersuchungen in einer Tabletklasse geben einen Einblick in komplexe Formen inkrementeller Transformation, in denen sich Persistenz und Wandel auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Interaktionsorganisation verschränken. Bestätigt wird einerseits der Befund vorliegender Studien, dass der Einbezug digitaler Medien keine grundlegende Veränderung pädagogischer Interaktionsordnungen zur Folge hat. Gezeigt werden kann jedoch andererseits, dass die Nutzung von Tablets mit bedeutsamen Konsequenzen für die lehrkraftseitige Ausgestaltung von Interaktionspraktiken einhergeht, mit denen sich kontextbezogen auf modifizierte Zugänge zu Wissensressourcen und auf die digitale Verfasstheit von Wissensprodukten bezogen wird.
Eighty Years of the Finite Element Method: Birth, Evolution, and Future
Authors: Liu Wing Kam , Li Shaofan , Park Harold S.
Published: June 2022

This document presents comprehensive historical accounts on the developments of finite element methods (FEM) since 1941, with a specific emphasis on developments related to solid mechanics. We present a historical overview beginning with the theoretical formulations and origins of the FEM, while discussing important developments that have enabled the FEM to become the numerical method of choice for so many problems rooted in solid mechanics.
Alternative Nuclear Imaging Tools for Infection Imaging
Authors: Erba Paola Anna , Bartoli Francesco , Sollini Martina , Raffaella Berchiolli , Zanca Roberta , Enrica Esposito , Lazzeri Elena
Published: June 2022

Purpose of Review

Cardiovascular infections are serious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Their diagnosis is challenging, requiring a proper management for a prompt recognition of the clinical manifestations, and a multidisciplinary approach involving cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, infectious diseases specialist, imagers, and microbiologists. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnostic workout, including molecular imaging techniques. In this setting, two different strategies might be used to image infections: the first is based on the use of agents targeting the microorganism responsible for the infection. Alternatively, we can target the components of the pathophysiological changes of the inflammatory process and/or the host response to the infectious pathogen can be considered. Understanding the strength and limitations of each strategy is crucial to select the most appropriate imaging tool.

Recent Findings

Currently, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and nuclear imaging (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and leucocyte scintigraphy) are part of the diagnostic strategies. The main role of nuclear medicine imaging (PET/CT and SPECT/CT) is the confirmation of valve/CIED involvement and/or associated perivalvular infection and the detection of distant septic embolism. Proper patients’ preparation, imaging acquisition, and reconstruction as well as imaging reading are crucial to maximize the diagnostic information.

In this manuscript, we described the use of molecular imaging techniques, in particular WBC imaging, in patients with infective endocarditis, cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections, and infections of composite aortic graft, underlying the strength and limitations of such approached as compared to the other imaging modalities.
Electroacupuncture Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behaviors Induced by Chronic Neuropathic Pain via Regulating Different Dopamine Receptors of the Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Wu Mengwei , Chen Yeqing , Shen Zui , Zhu Yichen , Xiao Siqi , Zhu Xixiao , Wu Zemin , Liu Jinggen , Xu Chi , Yao Pingan , Xu Weiwei , Liang Yi , Liu Boyi , Du Junying , He Xiaofen , Liu Boyu , Jin Xiaoming , Fang Jianqiao , Shao Xiaomei
Published: June 2022

Chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain, causes anxiety and other negative emotions, which aggravates the pain sensation and increases the risk of chronic pain over time. Dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) have been implicated in mediating anxiety-related behaviors, but their potential roles in the BLA in neuropathic pain-induced anxiety have not been examined. Electroacupuncture (EA) is commonly used to treat chronic pain and emotional disorders, but it is still unclear whether EA plays a role in analgesia and anxiety relief through DRD1 and DRD2 in the BLA. Here, we used western blotting to examine the expression of DRD1 and DRD2 and pharmacological regulation combined with behavioral testing to detect anxiety-like behaviors. We observed that injection of the DRD1 antagonist SCH23390 or the DRD2 agonist quinpirole into the BLA contributed to anxiety-like behaviors in naive mice. EA also activated DRD1 or inhibited DRD2 in the BLA to alleviate anxiety-like behaviors. To further demonstrate the role of DRD1 and DRD2 in the BLA in spared nerve injury (SNI) model-induced anxiety-like behaviors, we injected the DRD1 agonist SKF38393 or the DRD2 antagonist sulpiride into the BLA. We found that both activation of DRD1 and inhibition of DRD2 could alleviate SNI-induced anxiety-like behaviors, and EA had a similar effect of alleviating anxiety. Additionally, neither DRD1 nor DRD2 in the BLA affected SNI-induced mechanical allodynia, but EA did. Overall, our work provides new insights into the mechanisms of neuropathic pain-induced anxiety and a possible explanation for the effect of EA treatment on anxiety caused by chronic pain.
Career Adaptability among Migrant Teachers Re-Entering the Labour Market: a Life Course Perspective
Authors: Ennerberg Elin , Economou Catarina
Published: June 2022

Amongst the most significant labour market challenges is the integration of migrants and the opportunities for individual migrants to find employment that match their qualifications. The object of this study is to analyse the formal and informal obstacles migrant teachers face when entering the labour market. These obstacles include the formal validation of existing credentials, as well as the needs of local schools, and migrant teachers’ own experiences of the new school system. We have conducted qualitative interviews with school principals, representatives at labour market organizations and authorities and migrant teachers. By analysing these different accounts we argue that the individual career adaptability of migrants also needs to be understood in relation to institutional and organizational constraints. Moreover, by adding a temporal understanding to the integration process, we find that migrants’ own perception of the process and the time-scales of entering work should be accounted for more explicitly in the guidance process.
Optoelectronics Simulation of CIGS-Based Solar Cells Using a Cd-Free Nontoxic ZrSxSe2−x as a Novel Buffer Layer
Authors: Moustafa M. , Al Zoubi T. , Yasin S.
Published: June 2022

In this work, we investigate the performance of CIGS-based thin-film solar cells employing the SCAPS-1D simulation package. The paper is mainly devoted to the development of the ZrSxSe2−x (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) as a Cd-free, nontoxic, and abundant buffer layer, the first of its kind. In the first step, we have evaluated the impact of the p-MoSe2 interfacial layer between the GIGS absorber and Mo back contact. The J–V characteristic showed a higher slope, revealing that the p-MoSe2 layer at the CIGS/Mo interfaces beneficially on the CIGS/Mo hetero-contact, mediating the quasi-ohmic contact rather than the Schottky type. For the optimized solar cell using the ZrSxSe2−x as a buffer layer, the photovoltaic parameters, such as the short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, Fill Factor, and efficiency, were investigated versus the thickness, carrier concentration, and bandgap values. The results reveal an optimum efficiency of ~ 25.5% at a bandgap of 1.3 eV, corresponding to ZrS0.8Se1.2 (i.e., x = 0.8) and 180 nm thicknesses, at a high carrier concentration of 1 × 1018 cm−3. Furthermore, the solar cell performance is assessed with the increment of the operating temperature from 275 to 475 K. The observed decrease in the Voc is ascribed to the rise in the reverse saturation current associated with the higher temperatures. The study concludes an excellent potential for fabricating high-performance CIGS thin solar cells using a Cd-free nontoxic buffer layer.
Assessing the safety effect of red-light camera deactivation: a geographically weighted negative binomial regression approach
Authors: Li Jianling , da Silva Alan Ricardo
Published: June 2022

Municipalities across the country have debated the safety effect of automatic red-light cameras (RLC) and their political and financial implications. Most empirical studies have used the Empirical Bayesian (EB) approach to assess the safe effects to facilitate policy debates. While popular, the EB method has several limitations in data requirement, reference site selection, and control of confounding factors. Moreover, empirical studies of the RLC deactivation effects are limited. This study fills these gaps using the Moran’s I statistic and the Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR) approach for data in the City of Arlington, Texas. The results indicate that the total, injury, and angle crashes in Arlington are on the rise over the study period and that crashes are higher at RLC deactivation intersections than those at other intersections. The direct safety effect of removing RLCs is statistically significant. The spillover effect is observed but statistically insignificant. Speed limit plays an important role in road safety. The findings have significant implications for safety research and practices.
Notes from the University of the Free State
Authors: Roos Neil
Published: June 2022

Through an ethnographic telling of a curriculum reform project, this short contribution seeks to elucidate developments in the Department of History at the University of the Free State in South Africa. It touches on questions of transformation – both demographic and intellectual, what historical knowledge is valued, decolonization and international engagement, and it ends with some prognoses for the future.
Collective dynamics and rheology of confined phoretic suspensions
Authors: Traverso T. , Michelin S.
Published: June 2022

Similarly to their biological counterparts, suspensions of chemically active autophoretic swimmers exhibit a non-trivial dynamics involving self-organisation processes as a result of inter-particle interactions. Using a kinetic model for a dilute suspension of autochemotactic Janus particles, we analyse the effect of a confined pressure-driven flow on these collective behaviours and the impact of chemotactic aggregation on the effective viscosity of the active fluid. Four dynamic regimes are identified when increasing the strength of the imposed pressure-driven flow, each associated with a different collective behaviour resulting from the competition of flow- and chemically induced reorientation of the swimmers together with the constraints of confinement. Interestingly, we observe that the effect of the pusher (respectively puller) hydrodynamic signature, which is known to reduce (respectively increase) the effective viscosity of a sheared suspension, is inverted upon the emergence of autochemotactic aggregation. Our results provide new insights into the role of the collective dynamics in complex environments, which are relevant to synthetic as well as biological systems.
A Dilemma for Solomonoff Prediction
Authors: Neth Sven
Published: June 2022

The framework of Solomonoff prediction assigns prior probability to hypotheses inversely proportional to their Kolmogorov complexity. There are two well-known problems. First, the Solomonoff prior is relative to a choice of universal Turing machine. Second, the Solomonoff prior is not computable. However, there are responses to both problems. Different Solomonoff priors converge with more and more data. Further, there are computable approximations to the Solomonoff prior. I argue that there is a tension between these two responses. This is because computable approximations to Solomonoff prediction do not always converge.
Can Meaningless Statements Be Approximately True? On Relaxing the Semantic Component of Scientific Realism
Authors: Rowbottom Darrell P.
Published: June 2022

First, I show that the semantic thesis of scientific realism may be relaxed significantly—to allow that some scientific discourse is not truth-valued—without making any concessions concerning the epistemic or methodological theses that lie at realism’s core. Second, I illustrate how relaxing the semantic thesis allows realists to avoid positing abstract entities and to fend off objections to the “no miracles” argument from positions such as cognitive instrumentalism. Third, I argue that the semantic thesis of scientific realism should be relaxed because it is possible for scientific statements to be partially true, and hence approximately true, without being false.
The Captain of Köpenick and the Uniform Fantasies of German Militarism
Authors: Schneider Jeffrey
Published: June 2022

Few events in Imperial Germany's forty-plus years of existence have been remembered with as much pride and hilarity as the one that took place on October 16, 1906. It began shortly after noon, when a man dressed in a captain's uniform appeared on the streets in the northern part of Berlin and commandeered two small contingents of soldiers returning to their barracks from guard duty. Claiming to be acting on instructions from the kaiser himself, the man ordered the ten soldiers to accompany him to Köpenick, a small but growing city on the southeastern outskirts of Berlin. Arriving in front of city hall around 3:30 p.m., he assigned four of the men to take up positions at the three entrances of the building to ensure that no one entered or left without his permission. The remaining troops followed him inside, where he instructed two men to secure the ground floor. Heading upstairs, he encountered an off-duty constable, who, along with other police officials, was given the task of controlling the growing crowd of curious gawkers that had begun to amass in the plaza and streets outside. With these arrangements set, he barged into the offices of the mayor and other top officials, announcing their arrest on the kaiser's orders and stationing soldiers outside their doors. Within an hour, he arranged to have the mayor and city treasurer transported by carriage to the Neue Wache, the main guardhouse in central Berlin. After issuing orders for the remaining soldiers to withdraw at 6:00 p.m., the unidentified captain disappeared into the night with the contents of the city's cash box, totaling 3557 marks and 45 pfennig.
Mozart's Operatic Embellishments
Authors: Bandy Dorian
Published: June 2022

Alongside the model embellishments Mozart composed for various keyboard works, he also wrote embellishments for contemporary arias including ‘Ah, se a morir mi chiama’ from Lucio Silla, the concert aria ‘Non sò d'onde viene’ K.294 and ‘Cara, la dolce fiamma’ from J.C. Bach's Adriano in Siria. Although these have been overlooked in the critical literature, they shed light on many aspects of Mozart's art of melodic decoration. In this article, I begin by examining these notated operatic embellishments: their textual histories, the styles of elaboration they evince, the pacing with which they unfold, and their motivic construction, as well as their relation to broader trends in Mozart's style. I then explore the embellishments Mozart composed into the texts of his other operas, arguing that these served not only a musical but also an aesthetic purpose, furthering elements of characterisation and drama, particularly in Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte. I end with brief remarks on the challenges facing modern-day interpreters who wish to embellish Mozart's operas.
Live wild bird exports from West Africa: insights into recent trade from monitoring social media
Authors: DAVIES ALISA , NUNO ANA , HINSLEY AMY , MARTIN ROWAN O.
Published: June 2022

The expansion of wildlife trade on social media presents many challenges but also opportunities to gain insights into areas of trade where there is little recent data. West Africa has historically been a major source of wild birds in international trade but in 2007, the requirement for CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Parties to monitor a host of West-African species ended and there is little data regarding current trade. To address this gap, we surveyed trade-related posts created by known traders from 2016 to 2020 on a popular social-media platform to identify species composition, trade routes and potential conservation and biosecurity risks. We identified 427 social-media posts featuring a broad taxonomic diversity of birds, including 83 species from 26 avian families, including nine CITES-listed species, four listed in IUCN Threatened categories and 19 associated with alien introductions linked to bird trade. Disease risks were identified, with multiple species housed together in densely-stocked facilities and nine species recorded as posing a potential disease risk. Using novel analyses of post-engagement, we observed social-media posts facilitating connections with users across the globe. Trade-related engagement particularly came from countries in the Middle East and South Asia, notably India which has strong domestic restrictions on the importation of wild birds. Further research is needed to monitor the impact of trade from this region, as data regarding the population status and volume of trade in many observed species is largely absent.
ON BOUNDEDNESS OF DIVISORS COMPUTING MINIMAL LOG DISCREPANCIES FOR SURFACES
Authors: Han Jingjun , Luo Yujie
Published: June 2022

Let
$\Gamma $
be a finite set, and
$X\ni x$
a fixed kawamata log terminal germ. For any lc germ
$(X\ni x,B:=\sum _{i} b_iB_i)$
, such that
$b_i\in \Gamma $
, Nakamura’s conjecture, which is equivalent to the ascending chain condition conjecture for minimal log discrepancies for fixed germs, predicts that there always exists a prime divisor E over
$X\ni x$
, such that
$a(E,X,B)=\mathrm {mld}(X\ni x,B)$
, and
$a(E,X,0)$
is bounded from above. We extend Nakamura’s conjecture to the setting that
$X\ni x$
is not necessarily fixed and
$\Gamma $
satisfies the descending chain condition, and show it holds for surfaces. We also find some sufficient conditions for the boundedness of
$a(E,X,0)$
for any such E.
Mensch, Hund!
Authors: Bürgi Vera , Storch Maja , Lautz Steve
Published: June 2022

Das wegweisende Buch für Menschen, die Hunde halten und trainieren Zum Wesen und zum Training des Hundes gibt es eine Fülle von Literatur. Was aber, wenn der Mensch zwar versteht, was der Hund braucht, ihm dies aber nicht geben kann? Souveränität? Konsequenz? Gelassenheit? Solche Qualitäten kann man dem Hund, diesem Meister der Körpersprache, nicht vorgaukeln. Das Zürcher Ressourcen Modell schließt eine Lücke, vor der Menschen mit ihren Hunden oft ratlos stehen blieben. Das Zusammenspiel von Hundetraining und ZRM- Coaching führt in erstaunlich kurzer Zeit zu bemerkens- werten Erfolgen, weil der Mensch lernt, nicht nur den Hund, sondern auch sich selbst zu verstehen. So weist „Mensch, Hund!“ den Weg in eine Welt, in der zwei beste Freunde zu Hause sind.
Was wir noch tun können!
Authors: Kostrzewa Stephan , Kutzner Marion , Fröhlich Andreas
Published: June 2022

Die Begegnung mit sterbenden Menschen löst häufig Hilf- und Sprachlosigkeit aus. Pflegende stehen vor der Frage „Was können wir noch tun?“ - „Wie können wir einen Sterbenden auf seinem letzten Weg angemessen begleiten?“ Die Autoren beantworten diese Frage, indem sie das Konzept der Basalen Stimulation auf die Begleitung Sterbender übertragen und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Palliatve Care und Hospizarbeit beschreiben. Sie dokumentieren die Unterschiede der Sterbebegleitung in Hospizen, Krankenhäusern und Altenheimen. Verständlich beschreiben sie, wie sich Erleben, Wahrnehmung und körperliche Funktionen von Menschen im Sterbeprozess verändern und was deren Symptome lindert. Sie zeigen auch, wie Pflegende durch Berühren und Begleiten die Befangenheit und Unsicherheit überwinden und Hände und Gesten sprechen lassen, wo die verbale Sprache verstummt. Die Autor*innen erweitern die sechste Auflage um das Thema „Basale Kommunikation mit Menschen mit Demenz am Lebensende“ sowie den Expertenstandard zur Beziehungsgestaltung mit Menschen mit Demenz und ihren Angehörigen. Sie ergänzen Fallbeispiele und Fragebögen zur Biografiearbeit und Sensobiografie und zeigen, wie die Basale Stimulation zur Schmerzlinderung eingesetzt werden kann. Die Anhänge werden um Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitungen und konkrete Arbeitshilfen zur Basalen Stimulation sowie um Info-Schreiben an Angehörige sowie Literatur- und Linklisten erweitert. Die Autor*innen überarbeiten einzelne Grafiken und fügen neue Fotos zur Basalen Stimulation in der Praxis hinzu. „Wenn es gelingt, Menschen dabei zu unterstützen, sich auch in dieser entscheidenden letzten Lebensphase nicht zu verlieren, die Orientierung auf sich selbst zu behalten, die Sinne langsam ausklingen zu lassen und so die Lösung von dieser Welt zu bewältigen, so scheint uns dies wertvoll und wichtig.“ Andreas Fröhlich
Einsatz von Simulationspersonen in der Lehre und Prüfung psychotherapeutischer Kompetenzen
Authors: Lukasczik Matthias , Eckel Julia , Wagner Anna , Sendig Lucie , Wolf Hans-Dieter , Vogel Heiner
Published: June 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie werden bislang kaum Simulationspersonen (SPs) in Lehre und kompetenzorientierten Prüfungen eingesetzt. Deren geplante Nutzung etwa im Rahmen von Approbationsprüfungen nach dem neuen Psychotherapeutengesetz ist sinnvoll, jedoch mit inhaltlichen und methodischen Herausforderungen verknüpft. Fragestellung: Machbarkeit des Einsatzes von SPs in Prüfungsszenarien und Ableitung von relevanten therapeutischen Fertigkeiten, die in solchen Szenarien geprüft werden können. Methode: Quantitative Evaluation der Umsetzbarkeit einer SP-basierten Prüfung psychotherapeutischer Kompetenzen (Studie 1) und qualitative Erarbeitung therapeutischer Beziehungsfertigkeiten als Basis für Szenarien in kompetenzorientierten Prüfungen mit SPs (Studie 2). Ergebnisse: Die Evaluation der SP-basierten Prüfungen zeigte eine positive Bewertung hinsichtlich ihrer Machbarkeit durch Ausbildungsteilnehmende ( N = 48) und Prüfende ( N = 2), aber auch eine begrenzte Interrater-Reliabilität. In der zweiten Studie wurden aus Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten ( N = 12 Psychotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten) Kompetenzen für Beziehungsaufbau und Aufrechterhaltung als Grundlage für SP-basierte Prüfungsszenarien aus den Bereichen Fertigkeiten, Haltung und Wissen abgeleitet. Schlussfolgerungen: SP-basierte Lehr- und Prüfungsformate in Psychotherapie und Klinischer Psychologie sind mit inhaltlichen und methodischen Anforderungen (u. a. Falldarstellung, Interrater-Reliabilität) verbunden, die bei der Implementierung berücksichtigt werden müssen.
A Four‐Dimensional Ensemble‐Variational (4DEnVar) Data Assimilation System Based on GRAPES‐GFS: System Description and Primary Tests
Authors: Zhu Shujun , Wang Bin , Zhang Lin , Liu Juanjuan , Liu Yongzhu , Gong Jiandong , Xu Shiming , Wang Yong , Huang Wenyu , Liu Li , He Yujun , Wu Xiangjun
Published: June 2022

A four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational (4DEnVar) data assimilation (DA) system was developed based on the global forecast system of the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES‐GFS). Instead of using the adjoint technique, this system utilizes a dimension‐reduced projection (DRP) technique to minimize the cost function of the standard four‐dimensional variational (4DVar) DA. It dynamically predicts ensemble background error covariance (BEC) and realizes the explicit flow‐dependence of BEC in the variational configuration. An inflation technique based on a linear combination of analysis increments and balanced random perturbations, is utilized to overcome the problem of underestimation of BEC matrix (B‐matrix) during the assimilation cycle. To mitigate the spurious correlations in the ensemble B‐matrix caused by the insufficient ensemble members, an ensemble‐sample‐based subspace localization method is utilized. In order to evaluate the new system, single‐point observation experiments (SOEs) and observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) were conducted with sounding and cloud‐derived wind data based on GRAPES‐GFS. The explicit flow‐dependent characteristic of the 4DEnVar system using a localized ensemble covariance was verified in the SOEs. In the OSSEs, the ensemble mean analysis of 4DEnVar outperforms the analysis of 4DVar. The deterministic forecast initialized from the 4DEnVar ensemble mean analysis has better performance in the short‐range forecasts, better (worse) performance in the early (late) period of the medium‐range forecasts in the Northern Extratropics, and opposite performance in the Southern Extratropics, and exhibits slightly worse effects in the Tropics. Moreover, the ensemble mean forecast initialized by the 4DEnVar system has higher forecast skills.
Experimental Analysis of Mass Exchange Across a Heterogeneity Interface: Role of Counter‐Current Transport and Non‐Linear Diffusion
Authors: Walczak Monika S. , Erfani Hamidreza , Karadimitriou Nikolaos K. , Zarikos Ioannis , Hassanizadeh S. Majid , Niasar Vahid
Published: June 2022

Solute transport in heterogeneous and fractured systems is a complex process given the permeability contrasts and the time scales discrepancies of transport in high‐permeability versus low‐permeability regions. We studied this phenomenon by injecting a solute (dyed water) in a micromodel comprising a single channel in contact with a porous medium and evaluated the mass exchange across the interface between the channel and porous medium (resembling the interface between free flow and porous media regions). Two sets of transport experiments were performed at three injection rates of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ml/hr. Injection of dyed water into a clean‐water‐filled micromodel (referred to as the loading process hereafter) and injection of clean water into a dyed‐water‐filled micromodel (referred to as the unloading process hereafter). The dynamics of solute transport was recorded using time‐lapse optical imaging. Our experimental results demonstrated the change of the mass exchange rate coefficient with time and a much smaller transfer rate coefficient during the unloading compared to the loading process. It is proposed that concentration‐dependent counter‐current advection‐diffusion cause slow‐down and further delay in the transport. These results may provide further explanation for the observed slow release of contamination in aquifers.
Analysis of Surface Water Trends for the Conterminous United States Using MODIS Satellite Data, 2003–2019
Authors: Petrakis Roy E. , Soulard Christopher E. , Waller Eric K. , Walker Jessica J.
Published: June 2022

Satellite imagery is commonly used to map surface water extents over time, but many approaches yield discontinuous records resulting from cloud obstruction or image archive gaps. We applied the Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE) model to downscaled (250‐m) daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in Google Earth Engine to generate monthly surface water maps for the conterminous United States (US) from 2003 through 2019. The aggregation of daily observations to monthly maps of maximum water extent produced records with diminished cloud and cloud shadow effects across most of the country. We used the continuous monthly record to analyze spatiotemporal surface water trends stratified within Environmental Protection Agency Ecoregions. Although not all ecoregion trends were significant (p < 0.05), results indicate that much of the western and eastern US underwent a decline in surface water over the 17‐year period, while many ecoregions in the Great Plains had positive trends. Trends were also generated from monthly streamgage discharge records and compared to surface water trends from the same ecoregion. These approaches agreed on the directionality of trend detected for 54 of 85 ecoregions, particularly across the Great Plains and portions of the western US, whereas trends were not congruent in select western deserts, the Great Lakes region, and the southeastern US. By describing the geographic distribution of surface water over time and comparing these records to instrumented discharge data across the conterminous US, our findings demonstrate the efficacy of using satellite imagery to monitor surface water dynamics and supplement traditional instrumented monitoring.
Estimation of the Thermally Reactive Layer in Lakes Based on Surface Water Temperature
Authors: Toffolon Marco , Yousefi Azadeh , Piccolroaz Sebastiano
Published: June 2022

How fast does lake surface water temperature (LSWT) react to climate warming or cooling? The thermal response of lakes varies with the season and, typically, day‐to‐day fluctuations are larger in summer. The reason is that lakes are stratified systems where the thermally reactive volume is smaller in summer and, hence, its heat capacity (thermal inertia) is reduced. We define the dimensionless parameter δ as the ratio between the surface volume reacting to the net heat flux through the air‐water interface and the volume of the whole lake. By referring to a fully controlled case study obtained by means of a one‐dimensional physically based model (Simstrat), we investigate the variability of δ throughout the year and its dependence on LSWT. Then, we compare the results with the parameterization adopted in the hybrid data‐driven model air2water. Our analysis confirms that δ follows an exponential decay with increasing LSWT (i.e., a thinner surface layer in summer), and shows that this functional dependence varies between the warming and the cooling periods. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of a warming climate on water bodies and ecosystems by providing a simple tool to estimate the rate of change in lakes' water temperature.
Model Estimates of China's Terrestrial Water Storage Variation Due To Reservoir Operation
Authors: Dong Ningpeng , Wei Jianhui , Yang Mingxiang , Yan Denghua , Yang Chuanguo , Gao Hongkai , Arnault Joël , Laux Patrick , Zhang Xuejun , Liu Yujie , Niu Jun , Wang Hejia , Wang Hao , Kunstmann Harald , Yu Zhongbo
Published: June 2022

Understanding the role of reservoirs in the terrestrial water cycle is critical to support the sustainable management of water resources especially for China where reservoirs have been extensively built nationwide. However, this has been a scientific challenge due to the limited availability of continuous, long‐term reservoir operation records at large scales, and a process‐based modeling tool to accurately depict reservoirs as part of the terrestrial water cycle is still lacking. Here, we develop a continental‐scale land surface‐hydrologic model over the mainland China by explicitly representing 3,547 reservoirs in the model with a calibration‐free conceptual operation scheme for ungauged reservoirs and a hydrodynamically based two‐way coupled scheme. The model is spatially calibrated and then extensively validated against streamflow observations, reservoir storage observations and GRACE‐based terrestrial water storage anomalies. A 30‐year simulation is then performed to quantify the seasonal dynamics of China’s reservoir water storage (RWS) and its role in China's terrestrial water storage (TWS) over recent decades. We estimate that, over a seasonal cycle, China's RWS variation is 15%, 16%, and 25% of TWS variation during 1981–1990, 1991–2000, and 2001–2010, respectively, and one‐fifth of China’s reservoir capacity are effectively used annually. In most regions, reservoirs play a growing role in modulating the water cycle over time. Despite that, an estimated 80 million people have faced increasing water resources challenges in the past decades due to the significantly weakened reservoir regulation of the water cycle. Our approaches and findings could help the government better address the water security challenges under environmental changes.