bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II. Capsular vaso-mimicry formed by transgenic mammary tumor spheroids implanted ectopically into mouse dorsal skin fold: cellular mechanisms of metastasis
Authors: Witkiewicz Halina , Oh Phil , Schnitzer Jan E
Published: May 2013

Most cancer patients die of metastatic disease, not primary tumors, while biological mechanisms leading to metastases remain unclear and effective therapies are missing. Using a mouse dorsal skin chamber model we had observed that tumor growth and vasculature formation could be influenced by the way in vitro cultured (avascular) spheroids of N202 breast tumor cells were implanted; co-implantation of lactating breast tissue created stimulating microenvironment, whereas the absence of the graft resulted in temporary tumor dormancy. This report addressed the issue of cellular mechanisms of the vasculogenic switch that ended the dormancy. In situ ultrastructural analysis revealed that the tumors survived in ectopic microenvironment until some of host and tumor stem cells evolved independently into cells initiating the vasculogenic switch. The tumor cells that survived and proliferated under hypoxic conditions for three weeks were supported by erythrogenic autophagy of others. However, the host microenvironment first responded as it would to non-immunogenic foreign bodies, i.e., by encapsulating the tumor spheroids with collagen-producing fibroblasts. That led to a form of vaso-mimicry consisting of tumor cells amid tumor-derived erythrosomes (synonym of erythrocytes), megakaryocytes and platelets, and encapsulating them all, the host fibroblasts. Such capsular vaso-mimicry could potentially facilitate metastasis by fusing with morphologically similar lymphatic vessels or veins. Once incorporated into the host circulatory system, tumor cells could be carried away passively by blood flow, regardless of their genetic heterogeneity. The fake vascular segment would have permeability properties different from genuine vascular endothelium. The capsular vaso-mimicry was different from vasculogenic mimicry earlier observed in metastases-associated malignant tumors where channels formed by tumor cells were said to contain circulating blood. Structures similar to the vasculogenic mimicry were seen here as well but contained non-circulating erythrosomes formed between tumor nodules. The host’s response to the implantation included coordinated formation of new vessels and peripheral nerves.
What Is a Relationship Worth? Repeated Exchange and the Development and Deployment of Relational Capital
Authors: Elfenbein Daniel W. , Zenger Todd R.
Published: May 2013

Organization scholars have highlighted the value of relationships in fostering effective exchange, suggesting that repeated exchange creates a relational asset with latent value derived from elevated social connections, norms, and simple expectations of exchange continuity. Yet the empirical evidence supporting such claims remains largely indirect. As a consequence, few studies have been able to directly examine how contextual factors shape the accumulation of this relational asset or define its value in application. We directly measure the value of relationships between suppliers and a large buyer, using the buyer’s choices in Internet-enabled procurement auctions to estimate the degree to which stronger relationship histories with suppliers increase willingness to pay for high-volume commodity-like parts. Our setting also allows us to examine how this willingness to pay for relationships is shaped by the social context in which they develop and by the exchange context in which they are subsequently deployed, while minimizing the confounding influence any private individual interests have on the choice of exchange partners. Our empirical analysis suggests that, even for commodity parts, prior repeated exchange between firms constitutes a valuable relational asset. We also find evidence that suggests that both social mechanisms and incentive considerations underpin the value of relational capital. Further, we find that relational capital exhibits more value when exchange hazards are greater.
The Impact of Pharmacist-Directed Patient Education and Anticoagulant Care Coordination on Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Makowski Charles T , Jennings Douglas L , Nemerovski Carrie W , Szandzik Edward G , Kalus James S
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND:

Patient satisfaction data played a role in determining Medicare reimbursement as of October 2012. Clinical pharmacy services could improve satisfaction of hospital inpatients but it is unclear whether this relates to performance on standardized hospital surveys.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the impact on patient satisfaction of patient education and follow-up care coordination provided by an inpatient pharmacist-directed anticoagulation service (PDAS).

METHODS:

This study was conducted at an urban, tertiary care hospital. PDAS is a clinical pharmacy service that has improved transition-of-care, safety, and efficacy involving anticoagulation at our institution. Patients receiving inpatient anticoagulation during February 2001-April 2007 (pre-PDAS) and December 2008-December 2010 (post-PDAS), who responded to a mail-in survey, were included. Survey items included satisfaction (“How satisfied were you with the medical care?”), amount of information (“Was the amount of information you received about your medicine…?”), clarity of information (“Was the clarity of the information about your medicine…?”), answer quality (“Were the answers to your questions about your medicine…?”), and spoke to a pharmacist (“Did a pharmacist speak with you during your stay?”). Response options for amount of information, clarity of information, answer quality, and satisfaction used a symmetric 5-point Likert-type scale, with options 1-5 indicating most to least positive, respectively. Options 1-2 were considered positive and options 3-5 were considered negative. Primary analysis compared patient satisfaction (defined as rate of positive responses) between pre-PDAS and post-PDAS respondents. χ2 Test was used for all comparisons.

RESULTS:

Surveys were distributed to 1694 patients after discharge, with 687 (40.6%) responding. Post-PDAS respondents had improved patient satisfaction for all positive response items, compared to pre-PDAS scores. Amount of information increased by 37.2%, clarity of information increased by 35.2%, answer quality increased by 29.5%, and satisfaction increased by 10.6% (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS:

Hospitals deploying focused programs with systematic approaches to patient-pharmacist communication may positively impact patient satisfaction.
Bilateral Changes of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Protein and mRNA in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model
Authors: Svíženská Ivana Hradilová , Brázda Václav , Klusáková Ilona , Dubový Petr
Published: May 2013

Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) plays a critical role in nociception. In contrast to cannabinoid receptor type 1 ligands, CB2R agonists do not produce undesirable central nervous system effects and thus promise to treat neuropathic pain that is often resistant to medical therapy. In the study presented here, we evaluated the bilateral distribution of the CB2R protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after unilateral peripheral nerve injury using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and in situ hybridization analysis. Unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve induced neuropathic pain behavior and bilateral elevation of both CB2R protein and mRNA in lumbar L4–L5 as well as cervical C7–C8 DRG when compared with naive animals. CB2R protein and mRNA were increased not only in DRG neurons but also in satellite glial cells. The fact that changes appear bilaterally and (albeit at a lower level) even in the remote cervical DRG can be related to propagation of neuroinflammation alongside the neuraxis and to the neuroprotective effects of CB2R.
Companion Biomarkers: Paving the Pathway to Personalized Treatment for Cancer
Authors: Duffy Michael J , Crown John
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

Companion biomarkers are biomarkers that are used in combination with specific therapies and that prospectively help predict likely response or severe toxicity. In this article we review the role of companion biomarkers in guiding treatment in patients with cancer.

CONTENT

In addition to the established companion biomarkers such as estrogen receptors and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) in breast cancer, several new companion biomarkers have become available in recent years. These include v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations for the selection of patients with advanced colorectal cancer who are unlikely to benefit from anti–epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations for selecting patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gefitinib or erlotinib), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutations for selecting patients with advanced melanoma for treatment with anti-BRAF agents (vemurafenib and dabrafenib), and anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) translocations for identifying patients with NSCLC likely to benefit from crizotinib.

The availability of companion biomarkers should improve drug efficacy, decrease toxicity, and lead to a more individualized approach to cancer treatment.
Anti-prostitution Campaigns in Japan and the American West, 1890–1920
Authors: Oharazeki Kazuhiro
Published: May 2013

Prostitution became a thriving business in Japan and Japanese migrant communities in the western United States in the last years of the nineteenth century, and Japanese reformers organized against it on both sides of the Pacific to protect Japan’s reputation as a “civilized” country. By 1920 Japanese prostitution had visibly declined in Pacific Coast cities, whereas it continued to be a regular feature of public life in Japan. This article examines the emergence of transpacific reform networks in the 1890s as well as the different ways the reform movements developed in the two Pacific regions after 1900. It argues that transnational and comparative approaches are not in opposition to but complementary to one another in the historical study of prostitution, social reform, and international migration.
Photocatalytic activity of La3+-doped TiO2 synthesized via sol-gel method
Authors: Turhan Gülistan Deniz , Kartal Özlem Esen
Published: May 2013

La3+-doped TiO2 samples were synthesized via sol-gel method using titanium tetraisopropoxide as inorganic precursor. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phototoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nitrogen adsorption measurements were used to characterize the samples. Doping with La3+ inhibited the transformation of anatase phase to rutile during calcination treatment and the growth of crystallite size. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of La3+in the form of La2O3 on the surface of TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of La3+-doped TiO2 samples was investigated in terms of decolorization and degradation efficiencies of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye. It was found that doping with La3+ enhanced the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The performance of doped samples was also evaluated using synthetic dye-bath effluent of AO7. Solar-driven La3+-doped TiO2 photocatalysis was found significantly efficient for the decolorization and degradation of AO7.
Distortional–global interaction in lipped channel columns
Authors: Camotim Dinar , Dinis Pedro B.
Published: May 2013

This work presents and discusses numerical results concerning the post-buckling behaviour (elastic and elastic–plastic) and ultimate strength of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns experiencing distortional–global interaction. The analyses cover columns with (a) geometries selected to ensure very close global and distortional buckling loads, and (b) the support conditions usually adopted in experimental investigations: fixed-ended and pin-ended columns. A fairly large number of columns are analysed, differing in the initial geometrical imperfection shape and/or yield stress – the various initial geometrical imperfection shapes are linear combinations of the competing buckling modes with amplitudes equal to (a) 10% of the wall thickness, t (D) and (b) L/1000 (G). For clarification purposes, the column pure global elastic post-buckling behaviours are also addressed. These results are (a) elastic (mostly) and elastic–plastic non-linear equilibrium paths, (b) figures and curves providing the evolution, along the elastic paths, of column deformed configurations and, for the elastic–plastic columns, (c) figures showing the plastic strain location and growth, as well as the natures of the failure mechanisms.
New and improved four-parameter non-linear Muskingum model
Authors: Easa Said M.
Published: May 2013

There are two mathematical forms of the non-linear Muskingum model, which involves a storage parameter, weighting parameter and an exponent parameter. In the first form, the exponent parameter is associated with the inflow and outflow variables of the storage equation; in the second form, it is associated with the weighted storage term of that equation. The second form has been more popular as it is easier to estimate and produces a better fit to observed data. This paper proposes a new four-parameter non-linear Muskingum model that assumes a power function of the channel storage and in effect combines the two known mathematical forms of the model. The resulting model provides more degrees of freedom in fitting observed data. The problem is formulated as a mathematical optimisation model that minimises the sum of the squared deviations between observed and estimated outflows. A constraint among the four model parameters is developed to ensure non-negative outflows. Application of the proposed model shows that it could substantially (up to almost 80%) improve the fit to observed outflows.
Briefing: Direct solution for water surface profile in circular channels
Authors: Vatankhah Ali R. , Easa Said M.
Published: May 2013

Analytical and semi-analytical methods have been used to determine the water surface profile of gradually varied flow (GVF) in circular open channels. This paper presents an exact analytical solution to integrate the GVF equation and the respective water surface profile graphs. The proposed method is applied using a numerical example and compared with the existing approximate analytical solution.
Habitat distribution modeling reveals vegetation flammability and land use as drivers of wildfire in SW Patagonia
Authors: Paritsis Juan , Holz Andrés , Veblen Thomas T. , Kitzberger Thomas
Published: May 2013

Despite important recent advances in modeling current and future global fire activity in relation to biophysical predictors there remain important uncertainties about finer‐scale spatial heterogeneity of fire and especially about human influences which are typically assessed at coarse‐spatial resolutions. The purpose of the current study is to quantify the influence of biophysical and anthropogenic variables on the spatial distribution of wildfire activity between 1984 and 2010 over an extensive southern Patagonian‐Andean region from ca. 43° to 53° S extending from coastal rainforests to xeric woodland and steppe.

We used satellite imagery to map all detectable fires >5 ha from 1984 to 2010 in four study areas (each of 13,100 to 36,635 km2) and field checked 65 of these burns for accuracy of burned vegetation class and fire perimeters. Then, we used the MaxEnt modeling technique to assess the relationships of wildfire distributions to biophysical and human environmental variables in each of the four regions. The 232 fires >5 ha mapped in the four study areas accounted for an area of 1,314 km2indicating that at least 1.8% of the total area burned between 1984 and 2010. In general, areas with intermediate productivity levels (e.g., shrublands) have higher fire probability compared with areas of low and high productivity levels, such as steppe and wet forests, respectively. There is a marked contrast in the flammability of broad vegetation classes in determining fire activity at a regional scale, as well as a strong spatial relationship of wildfires to anthropogenic variables. The juxtaposition of fire‐resistant tall forests with fire‐prone shrublands and woodlands creates the potential for positive feedbacks from human‐set fires to gradually increase the flammability of extensive landscapes through repeated burning. Distance to roads and settlements were also strong predictors, suggesting that fire in all regions is ignition‐limited. However, these anthropogenic predictors influenced probability of fire differently among study regions depending on their main land‐use practices and their past and present socioeconomic contexts.
Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Expression in Trigeminal Neurons Is Increased During Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Vindiš Bojan , Gašperšič Rok , Skalerič Uroš , Kovačič Uroš
Published: May 2013

Background: Periodontitis, activated by oral bacteria and orchestrated by innate immune response, is regulated by primary nociceptive neurons, which are generally considered to have small‐ to medium‐sized perikaryons. Bacterial byproducts (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) activate primary nociceptive neurons directly through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Therefore, this study aims to morphometrically characterize rat trigeminal neurons, which express TLR4, and to investigate the changes in the TLR4 expression in neurons during periodontal inflammation.

Methods: Trigeminal neurons innervating gingivomucosa were identified by application of the retrograde tracer hydroxystilbamidine into the gingival sulcus of the maxillary molar in 14 rats. Periodontitis was induced by ligature around the same molar in seven rats. TLR4 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of the trigeminal ganglia (TG). Semiquantitative method was used to identify the intensity of TLR4 expression.

Results: In the control group without the ligatures, TLR4 was detected in 19% of the neurons in the maxillary region of TG and in 29% of neurons innervating gingivomucosa. Expression of TLR4 was more frequent and intensive in small‐ to medium‐sized neurons than in large‐sized neurons. One week after ligature‐induced periodontitis, the percentage of TLR4‐positive neurons in the maxillary region and among the neurons innervating inflamed gingivomucosa significantly increased statistically to 32% and 41%, respectively.

Conclusions: TLR4 is predominantly, but not exclusively, expressed in smaller trigeminal nociceptive neurons in the rat. Experimental periodontitis upregulates TLR4 expression in the trigeminal neurons. The hypothesis that bacterial byproducts regulate the pathogenesis of periodontitis by activation of trigeminal nociceptors through TLR4 should be explored.
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 (sTREM‐1) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Association With Clinical and Microbiologic Parameters
Authors: Belibasakis Georgios N. , Öztürk Veli‐Özgen , Emingil Gulnur , Bostanci Nagihan
Published: May 2013

Background: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is involved in amplification of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection. This cross‐sectional study aims to investigate the levels of sTREM‐1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of individuals without periodontitis and with chronic periodontitis (CP) or generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and their association with the levels of key periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque.

Methods: GCF and subgingival plaque samples were obtained from healthy sites of participants without periodontitis (n = 20) and periodontitis sites of patients with CP (n = 22) and GAgP (n = 20). sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans levels in subgingival plaque were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were higher in CP and GAgP than healthy sites by 3.6‐ and 4.4‐fold, respectively, with no significant differences between the two forms of periodontitis. Moreover, sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were positively correlated with site‐specific clinical periodontal parameters and levels of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, but not A. actinomycetemcomitans, in subgingival plaque.

Conclusion: Increased GCF levels of sTREM‐1 at diseased sites and their positive correlation with clinical and microbiologic parameters strengthen the association of this inflammatory marker with periodontitis.
Validation of Digital Rock Physics Based Water-Oil Capillary Pressure and Saturation Exponents in Super Giant Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Kalam Zubair , Gibrata Muhammad , Al Hammadi Mohammad , Mock Aex , Lopez Oliver
Published: May 2013

Digital Rock Physics (DRP) has progressed at a rapid speed since the first pore network models were developed. DRP has now evolved in to a new discipline and essentially involves use of X-ray CT scanning in micro and Nano-CT to capture the 3D network structure of representative reservoir rock types. The proliferation of the technique with powerful computers and robust network modeling means one can rapidly determine various Special Core Analysis (SCAL) properties that form the basis of reservoir characterization parameters: porosity, permeability, formation factor, cementation and saturation exponents, capillary pressure, relative permeability and elastic properties.

A comprehensive DRP based validation study was performed on reservoir core plugs which had undergone rigorous Petrophysical SCAL at representative pseudo reservoir conditions. The objective was to assess the use of DRP in determining such data, and quantifying the relevant uncertainties. The plugs were chosen from two super giant carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. The laboratory tests comprised cementation exponent ‘m’ at a range of pressures, water-oil capillary pressure (Pc) and electrical resistivity index (RI) tests at reservoir temperature and reservoir overburden pressure using specially designed Porous Plates.

Capillary pressure under primary drainage and imbibition conditions, replicating reservoir conditions were established using multi-phase flow simulations on the pore network representation of the 3D rock model. Similarly, the cementation exponent ‘m’ was calculated using a solution of the Laplace equation with charge conservation; the equations were solved using a random walk algorithm. DRP based primary drainage and imbibition saturation exponents ‘n’ were also computed for cores samples of different reservoir rock types. The results were then compared to measured SCAL data, and validation criteria established along with possible uncertainties. DRP is extremely promising in generating fairly accurate SCAL parameters very fast from existing cores.
Stabilization of source-separated human urine by chemical oxidation
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Zifu , Zhao Yuan , Chen Shuangling , Mahmood Ibrahim Babatunde
Published: May 2013

The inhibitory effect of ozone and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on urea hydrolysis in stored urine was investigated and compared. Ozone showed less effect on urea hydrolysis due to the complicated composition of urine (including a large amount of urease-producing bacteria) and bacteria regeneration. Ozone concentration and total heterotrophic bacteria analysis demonstrated that residual ozone concentration decreased by 43% within 15 hr from 13.50 to 7.72 mg/L in the one-time ozonation urine test, and finally completely decomposed within 4 days. In addition, bacteria regenerated quickly after ozone completely decomposed. However, HP showed a significant effect on inhibiting urea hydrolysis not only in stored urine but also in fecal-contaminated urine. The suitable doses of applied HP to inhibit urea hydrolysis in stored urine, concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 g feces per liter of fecal-contaminated urine, were 0.03, 0.16 and 0.23 mol/L, respectively. The urea concentrations after 2 months stored were 7,145, 7,109 and 7,234 mg/L, respectively.
Ternary cycle treatment of high saline wastewater from pesticide production using a salt-tolerant microorganism
Authors: Wu Xiang , Du Ya-guang , Qu Yi , Du Dong-yun
Published: May 2013

The material of this study is provided by biological aerobic treatment of high saline wastewater from pesticide production. The microorganism used for biodegradation has been identified by gene-sequencing as a strain of Bacillus sp. SCUN. The best growth condition for the salt-tolerant microorganism has been studied by varying the pH, immobilized microorganism dosage and temperature conditions. The feasibility of pretreating wastewater in ethyl chloride production containing 4% NaCl has been discussed. It was found that under the pH range of 6.0–8.0, immobilized microorganism dosage of 1.5 g/L, temperature of 30 °C, and NaCl concentration of 0–3%, the microorganism achieves the best growth for biodegradation. After domestication, the strain can grow under 4% NaCl. This salt-tolerant microorganism is effective in the pretreated high saline wastewater. With a newly developed ternary cycle treatment, the chemical oxygen demand removal approaches 58.3%. The theoretical basis and a new method for biological treatments in biodegradation of high saline wastewater in ethyl chloride production are discussed.
Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using a sequential anaerobic–aerobic moving-bed biofilm reactor system based on suspended ceramsite
Authors: Lu Mang , Gu Li-Peng , Xu Wen-Hao
Published: May 2013

In this study, a novel suspended ceramsite was prepared, which has high strength, optimum density (close to water), and high porosity. The ceramsite was used to feed a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system with an anaerobic–aerobic (A/O) arrangement to treat petroleum refinery wastewater for simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the anaerobic–aerobic MBBR system was varied from 72 to 18 h. The anaerobic–aerobic system had a strong tolerance to shock loading. Compared with the professional emission standard of China, the effluent concentrations of COD and NH3-N in the system could satisfy grade I at HRTs of 72 and 36 h, and grade II at HRT of 18 h. The average sludge yield of the anaerobic reactor was estimated to be 0.0575 g suspended solid/g CODremoved. This work demonstrated that the anaerobic–aerobic MBBR system using the suspended ceramsite as bio-carrier could be applied to achieving high wastewater treatment efficiency.
Response surface method for the optimisation of micropollutant removal in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent with the UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process
Authors: Schulze-Hennings U. , Pinnekamp J.
Published: May 2013

Experiments with the ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) were conducted to investigate the abatement of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluent. The fluence and the starting concentration of H2O2 in a bench-scale batch reactor were varied according to response surface method (RSM) to examine their influence on the treatment efficiency. It was shown that the investigated AOP is very effective for the abatement of micropollutants with conversion rates typically higher than 90%. Empirical relationships between fluence, H2O2 dosage and the resulting concentration of micropollutants were established by RSM. By this means it was shown that X-ray-contrast media had been degraded only by UV light. Nevertheless, most substances were degraded by the combination of UV irradiation and H2O2. Based on RSM an optimisation of multiple responses was conducted to find the minimal fluence and H2O2 dosage that are needed to reach an efficient abatement of micropollutants.
Modeling hydrolysis of slowly biodegradable organic compounds in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems
Authors: Drewnowski J. , Makinia J.
Published: May 2013

Hydrolysis is an important process in biological wastewater treatment and is known to be the rate-limiting step in organic carbon removal from municipal or industrial wastewater. The influence of the readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand fraction in biological wastewater treatment systems has been extensively investigated, but little is known about the effects of slowly biodegradable substrate (XS) on denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The biodegradation of XS is initiated by hydrolysis, which is an integral part of activated sludge models, such as the Activated Sludge Model no. 2d (ASM2d). This process is slower than heterotrophic growth and thus becomes the rate-limiting step for the biodegradation of organic compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate different concepts of modeling the hydrolysis process using the original and modified version of ASM2d. Batch test results obtained at a large biological nutrient removal (BNR) plant in Gdansk (Poland) provided an experimental database for comparison of the two model predictions. Both models were compared in terms of their predictions for the most important process rates in BNR activated sludge systems. In comparison with the orginal ASM2d, the modified model had no or only minor effect on the predicted nitrate utilization rate, phosphate release rate and anoxic/aerobic phosphate uptake rate, but better predicted the oxygen uptake rate. The average ARDs (average relative deviations) were 19.0 and 29.3% (original ASM2d) vs. 13.4 and 20.4% (modified ASM2d), respectively, for the settled wastewater without pretreatment and after coagulation–flocculation.
Influence of nanoparticles on the polymer-conditioned dewatering of wastewater sludges
Authors: Boyle N. J. , Evans G. M.
Published: May 2013

The effect of using small-scale, high surface area, nanoparticles to supplement polymer-conditioned wastewater sludge dewatering was investigated. Aerobically digested sludge and waste activated sludge sourced from the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia, were tested with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The sludge samples were dosed with the nanoparticles in an attempt to adsorb a component of the charged biopolymer surfactants present naturally in sludge. The sludge was conditioned with a cationic polymer. The dewatering characteristics were assessed by measuring the specific resistance to filtration through a modified time-to-filter testing apparatus. The solids content of the dosed samples was determined by a mass balance and compared to the original solids content in the activated sludge. Test results indicated that nanoparticle addition modified the structure of the sludge and provided benefits in terms of the dewatering rate. The samples dosed with nanoparticles exhibited faster water removal, indicating a more permeable filter cake and hence more permeable sludge. A concentration of 2–4% nanoparticles was required to achieve a noticeable benefit. As a comparison, the sludge samples were also tested with a larger particle size, powdered activated carbon (PAC). It was found that the PAC did provide some minor benefits to sludge dewatering but was outperformed by the nanoparticles. The solids content of the final sludge was increased by a maximum of up to 0.6%. The impact of the order sequence of particles and polymer was also investigated. It was found that nanoparticles added before polymer addition provided the best dewatering performance. This outcome was consistent with current theories and previous research through the literature. An economic analysis was undertaken to confirm the viability of the technology for implementation at a full-scale plant. It was found that, currently, this technology is unlikely to be favourable unless the nanoparticles can be sourced for a low cost.
Extended Long-Term (5 Years) Outcomes of Triangle Tilt Surgery in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury
Authors: Nath Rahul K , Somasundaram Chandra
Published: May 2013

Objective:

We evaluated the "extended" long-term (5 years) functional outcomes in obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients, who underwent triangle tilt surgery between February 2005 and January 2008.

Methods:

Twenty two children (9 girls and 13 boys, mean age at surgery was 5.8 years; ranging 2.1-11.8 years old), who initially presented with medial rotation contracture and scapula deformity secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury were included in this study. Functional movements were evaluated pre-operatively, and 5 years following triangle tilt surgery by modified Mallet scale.

Results:

Here, we report long-term (5 years) follow-up of triangle tilt surgery for 22 OBPI patients. Upper extremity functional movements such as, external rotation (2.5±0.6 to 4.1±0.8, p<0.0001), hand-to-spine (2.6±0.6 to 3.4±1.1, p<0.005), hand-to-neck (2.7±0.7 to 4.3±0.7, p<0.0001), hand-to-mouth (2.3±0.9 (92º±33) to 4.2±0.5 (21º±16), p<0.0001), and supination (2.6±1.1 (-8.2º ±51) to 4.1±0.7 (61±32)) were significantly improved (p<0.0001), and maintained over the extended long-term (5 years). Total modified Mallet functional score was also shown to improve from 14.1±2.7 to 20.3±2.5.

Conclusions:

The triangle tilt surgery improved all shoulder functions significantly, and maintained over the extended long-term (5 years) in these patients.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of En-Bloc vs Intralesional Resection for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone of the Distal Radius
Authors: Pazionis Theresa J.C , Alradwan Hussain , Deheshi Benjamin M , Turcotte Robert , Farrokhyar Forough , Ghert Michelle
Published: May 2013

Introduction:

Surgical management of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone of the distal radius (GCTDR) remains controversial due to risk of local recurrence (LR) offset by functional limitations which result from en-bloc resection. This study aims to determine the oncologic and functional outcomes of wide excision (WE) vs intralesional curettage (IC) of GCTDR.

Methods:

A complete search of the applicable literature was done. Included studies reported on patients from the same cohort who were surgically treated for GCTDR with WE or IC. Two reviewers independently assessed all papers. The primary outcome measure was LR.

Results:

One-hundred-forty-one patients from six studies were included: 60 treated with WE, and 81 with IC. Five WE patients (8%) suffered LR whereas 25 IC patients (31%) did. The odds of LR were three times less in the WE group vs the IC group. MSTS1993 scores, where available, were on average 'good' with WE and 'excellent' with IC.

Conclusions:

Within statistical limitations the data support an attempt, where feasible, at wrist joint preservation and superior function with IC. Intralesional curettage is reasonable when the functional benefit outweighs the risk of recurrence as is the case in many cases of GCT of the distal radius.
Hyperbaric Oxygen for Osteomyelitis in a Compromised Host
Authors: Delasotta Lawrence A , Hanflik Andrew , Bicking Griffin , Mannella William J
Published: May 2013

Post-traumatic osteomyelitis is a rare but debilitating complication of closed fractures. Most infections can be resolved with aggressive debridement, intravenous antibiotics, and hardware removal. However, the eradication of infection can be challenging in a patient with multiple comorbidities. Refractory infection may require suppressive therapy or amputation to control the disease. Improvements in care have led to improved survival for this population, posing new challenges in their post-traumatic care. We report on the successful use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an adjunct in a compromised host with recurrent post-traumatic osteomyelitis despite aggressive debridement, removal of instrumentation, and several courses of intravenous antibiotic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen may be considered as an adjunct to standard treatment protocols for refractory osteomyelitis in compromised hosts.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tranexamic Acid in Women with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Fibroids
Authors: Eder Scott , Baker Jeffrey , Gersten Janet , Mabey R Garn , Adomako Tammie L
Published: May 2013

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral, modified-release tranexamic acid in women with heavy menstrual bleeding and fibroids. Materials & methods: This was a pooled analysis of two pivotal Phase III studies. Fibroids were evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography. Menstrual blood loss (MBL) was measured via a validated alkaline hematin method. Results: In women with and without fibroids, mean MBL was reduced compared with placebo across all treatment cycles (p < 0.001). Within the tranexamic acid group, more statistically significant (p < 0.001) reductions in MBL compared with placebo occurred in women with fibroids than in those without fibroids. Adverse events were similar between treatment groups. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid was well tolerated and reduced MBL in women with and without fibroids.
Npas4 Is a Novel Activity–Regulated Cytoprotective Factor in Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Sabatini Paul V. , Krentz Nicole A.J. , Zarrouki Bader , Westwell-Roper Clara Y. , Nian Cuilan , Uy Ryan A. , Shapiro A.M. James , Poitout Vincent , Lynn Francis C.
Published: May 2013

Cellular homeostasis requires intrinsic sensing mechanisms to temper function in the face of prolonged activity. In the pancreatic β-cell, glucose is likely a physiological trigger that activates an adaptive response to stimulation, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Immediate early genes (IEGs) are activated as a first line of defense in cellular homeostasis and are largely responsible for transmitting an environmental cue to a cellular response. Here we examine the regulation and function of the novel β-cell IEG, neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4). Using MIN6 cells, mouse and human islets, as well as in vivo infusions, we demonstrate that Npas4 is expressed within pancreatic islets and is upregulated by β-cell depolarizing agents. Npas4 tempers β-cell function through a direct inhibitory interaction with the insulin promoter and by blocking the potentiating effects of GLP-1 without significantly reducing glucose-stimulated secretion. Finally, Npas4 expression is induced by classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors and can prevent thapsigargin- and palmitate-induced dysfunction and cell death. These results suggest that Npas4 is a key activity-dependent regulator that improves β-cell efficiency in the face of stress. We posit that Npas4 could be a novel therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes that could both reduce ER stress and cell death and maintain basal cell function.
Blockade of KCa3.1 Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis Through the TGF-β1/Smad Pathway in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Huang Chunling , Shen Sylvie , Ma Qing , Chen Jason , Gill Anthony , Pollock Carol A. , Chen Xin-Ming
Published: May 2013

The Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 mediates cellular signaling processes associated with dysfunction of vasculature. However, the role of KCa3.1 in diabetic nephropathy is unknown. We sought to assess whether KCa3.1 mediates the development of renal fibrosis in two animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Wild-type and KCa3.1−/− mice, and secondly eNOS−/− mice, had diabetes induced with streptozotocin and then were treated with/without a selective inhibitor of KCa3.1 (TRAM34). Our results show that the albumin-to-creatinine ratio significantly decreased in diabetic KCa3.1−/− mice compared with diabetic wild-type mice and in diabetic eNOS−/− mice treated with TRAM34 compared with diabetic mice. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), F4/80, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and type III and IV collagen significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in kidneys of diabetic KCa3.1−/− mice compared with diabetic wild-type mice. Similarly, TRAM34 reduced the expression of the inflammatory and fibrotic markers described above in diabetic eNOS−/− mice. Furthermore, blocking the KCa3.1 channel in both animal models led to a reduction of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β1 type II receptor (TβRII) and phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Our results provide evidence that KCa3.1 mediates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Blockade of KCa3.1 may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Fat Distribution and Glucose Intolerance Among Greenland Inuit
Authors: Jørgensen Marit Eika , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Stolk Ronald , Bjerregaard Peter
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE

A high amount of subcutaneous fat is suggested to explain the observation of lower obesity-associated metabolic risk among Inuit than among Europeans. We examined the association between measures of obesity (visceral adipose tissue [VAT], subcutaneous adipose tissue [SAT], BMI, waist circumference [WC], and percentage of body fat) and the indices of glucose metabolism (fasting and 2-h glucose levels, insulin resistance per homeostasis model assessment [HOMA-IR], and the insulin sensitivity index [ISI0,120]) among Greenland Inuit.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 3,108 adult Inuit participated in a population-based study. The examination included a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and anthropometric measurements. VAT and SAT were measured by ultrasound according to a validated protocol. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors was obtained by interview.

RESULTS

Mean SATs were 1.8 and 3.5 cm in men and women, respectively. Mean VATs were 7.0 and 6.3 cm in men and women, respectively. The total prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 9%. Percentage of body fat generally was most strongly associated with all outcomes. Both SAT and VAT were significantly associated with glucose intolerance, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels, HOMA-IR, and ISI0,120. VAT was more strongly associated with all outcomes than was SAT. After further adjustment for BMI or WC, VAT was associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, whereas there was a trend toward a negative or no association with SAT.

CONCLUSIONS

High mean values of SAT may to a large extent explain the high WC in Inuit populations, and this is suggested to contribute to the lower observed metabolic risk for a given level of obesity.
Serum Calcium Status of Neonates with Seizure in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Baten Olia Sharmeen , Mollah Md Abid Hossain , Ali Mohammad Nawsher , Rashid Mohammod Hasanur
Published: May 2013

Background: Seizure is a common neurological disorder in neonatal age group. Primary metabolic derangement is one of the common reason behind this convulsion during this period. Among metabolic abnormalities, hypocalcaemia is most common followed by hypoglycemia and hypomagnesaemia. Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess calcium status in the serum of neonates with convulsion, where no obvious cause of convulsion was found. Methodology: This prospective case control study was conducted in the neonatal ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital over one year from July 2003 to June 2004. A total of 50 neonates (1- 28 days) who had convulsion but no apparent reasons of convulsion had been found out, were enrolled as cases and 50 age, sex body weight matched neonates who had no history camalnia admitted cases of were enrolled as controls. After a quick clinical evaluation and control of convulsion and before giving any specific treatment serum calcium status was measured by colormetric determination (O- CRE-SOL Phahalein complex) method. Neonatal hypocalcemia is considered if serum calcium value less than1.75 mmol/L (7 mg/dl). Results: Among a total of fifty cases, 60% had hypocalcemia, and about 20% of controls also had low calcium level without any manifestation. The mean serum calcium level of cases and controls were 1.62 ± 0.29 and 2.07 ± 0.03 mmol/l respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is seen that hypocalcemia is an important cause of neonatal seizure due to primary metabolic abnormalities. So early recognition and treatment could save these babies from long term neurological sequelies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i3.14274 BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2012; VOL 36 (3) : 122-125
Role of CSF C-Reactive Protein for the Differentiation of Bacterial Meningitis from Aseptic Meningitis in Children
Authors: Khanam Rafeza , Hanif Mohammad , Hoque Md Mahbubul , Tawfique Muhammad , Ahmed ASM Nawshad Uddin
Published: May 2013

Background: Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Easy and early diagnostic tool is required for rapid detection of acute bacterial meningitis to reduce mortality and morbidity. Objectives: The study was conducted with the aim to identify the importance of cerebrospinal fluid C- reactive protein (CSF-CRP) to establish the diagnosis of ABM, and to measure the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of CSF-CRP in the diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital during the period of December 2004 to April 2005. Children admitted between age 0- 12 years with fever and convulsion were screened. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of CSF findings- bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis and no meningitis control group. Only CSF culture proven cases were selected as ABM. CSF CRP was measured in all cases along with CSF cytology, biochemistry and culture-sensitivity. Complete were blood count, random blood sugar and other tests also done to treat all cases. All patients were treated adequately (if culture positive according to sensitivity) and were monitored as long as they stayed in hospital. Outcome was assessed clinically during discharge. Results: Twenty patients had acute bacterial meningitis, 15 aseptic meningitis, and 15 cases CSF findings normal and taken as control. CSF-CRP was positive (>6mg/ L) in 35% of the cases of ABM but it was found negative in all aseptic meningitis and in the control groups. Sensitivity of CSF -CRP was low (35%) but specificity was high (100%). The positive predictive value of CSF-CRP was 100% and negative predictive value 53.6%. Among the organisms isolated from acute bacterial meningitis, H. influenzae was the leading pathogen (40%) in infancy followed by S. pneumoniae (35%) and N. meningitidis (5%). Out come of the treatment of CSF-CRP positive ABM cases was found poor (p= 0.035). Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that significant(>6mg/L) level of CRP in CSF is highly specific for diagnosis of ABM and ruled out aseptic meningitis. But negative CSF-CRP could neither exclude pyogenic meningitis nor did it rule out aseptic meningitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i3.14275 BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2012; VOL 36 (3) : 126-132