bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Pneumonia and Stroke Risk: A Nationwide Longitudinal Followup Study
Authors: Wang Joyce En-Hua , Tsai Shih-Jen , Wang Yen-Po , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Wang Tso-Jen , Chen Mu-Hong
Published: January 2024

Background:

Pneumonia causes significant morbidity and mortality and has been
associated with cardiovascular complications. Our study aimed to investigate the incidence of
ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes following bacterial pneumonia.

Methods:

Between 1997 and 2012, 10,931 subjects with bacterial pneumonia and 109,310 controls
were enrolled from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, and were
followed up to the end of 2013. The risk of stroke was estimated in Cox regression analyses with
hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:

When compared to the control group, subjects in the bacterial pneumonia group had a
higher incidence of developing ischemic stroke (2.7% versus 0.4%, p <0.001) and hemorrhagic
stroke (0.7% versus 0.1%, p <0.001). The risk of stroke increases with repeated hospitalizations
due to bacterial pneumonia. Across bacterial etiologies, bacterial pneumonia was a significant
risk factor among 775 subjects who developed ischemic stroke (HR, 5.72; 95% CI, 4.92-6.65)
and 193 subjects who developed hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 5.33; 95% CI, 3.91-7.26).

Conclusion:

The risks of developing ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke are significant following
bacterial pneumonia infection. The risk factors, clinical outcomes, and the disease course
should also be profiled to better inform the monitoring of stroke development and the clinical
management of bacterial pneumonia patients.
Diffusion-weighted Imaging Detection of Acute Ischemia Brain Lesions in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with White Matter
Hyperintensities, Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hou Yutong , Qin Wei , Yang Shuna , Li Yue , Yang Lei , Hu Wenli
Published: January 2024

Objective:

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is commonly detected after spontaneous
intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) and is associated with poor functional outcomes. However,
the etiology and significance of DWI lesions remain unclear. Thus, our study aimed to explore
the prevalence and risk factors of acute ischemic lesions in sICH and discussed the possible
mechanisms.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective review of a consecutive cohort of 408 patients from
June 2013 to October 2019 with sICH, who had brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) within 14 days of symptoms onset. Acute ischemic lesions were assessed
on MRI using DWI lesions. We compared the clinical and imaging characteristics of patients
with and without DWI lesions. The data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic
regression.

Results:

Among the enrolled 408 patients, the mean age was 56.8 ± 14.5 years, 68 (16.7%) of
them had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). DWI lesions were observed in 89
(21.8%) patients, and most of them had a history of lacunar infarctions, which were located in
cortical or subcortical. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, DM (odds ratio (OR) 3.962, p
<0.001), severe deep white matter hypertensities (DWMH) (OR 2.463, p =0.001) and severe
centrum semiovale enlarged perivascular spaces (CSO-EPVS) (OR 2.679, p =0.001) were independently
associated with the presence of DWI lesions.

Conclusion:

In our cohort, we found DM, severe DWMH and severe CSO-EPVS were the independent
risk factors in sICH patients with DWI lesions.
Evaluation of Quantitative and Selective Sensory Fiber Dysfunction in
Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Zhang Nan-nan , Wang Zhi-yong , Chen Jian-min , Yan Zhi-peng , Ni Guo-xin , Ni Jun
Published: January 2024

Background:

Chronic liver disease has been reported to be associated with peripheral
neuropathy. However, which sensory fibers are affected remains unknown. The objective of this
study was to examine the function of sensory nerve fibers in patients with cirrhosis using the
current perception threshold (CPT) test, as well as the correlation between blood biochemical
indicators related to cirrhosis and CPT values.

Methods:

We recruited 44 patients with liver cirrhosis and 37 healthy controls of the same age
and gender. The Neurometer® system for the CPT test was used to stimulate the median nerve on
the right index finger, as well as the deep and superficial peroneal nerves on the right hallux,
using three distinct parameters (2000 Hz, 250 Hz, and 5 Hz). Comparative analysis was performed
on the CPT values of the sensory nerves. Additionally, the correlation between CPT values
and biochemical blood indicators in the study participants was analyzed.

Results:

Under 2000 Hz electrical stimulation, there was a significant difference between the
cirrhosis and healthy control groups in the median nerve as well as the deep and superficial peroneal
nerves (p < 0.05). In addition, the median nerve CPT value of the cirrhosis group was significantly
higher than that of the control group at an electrical stimulation frequency of 250 Hz
(p = 0.005). There was no correlation between CPT values and blood biochemical indicators.

Conclusion:

According to the results, the sensory peripheral neuropathy in liver cirrhosis is
mainly manifested as Aβ fiber neuropathy.
Development and Optimization of a Target Engagement Model of Brain
IDO Inhibition for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Stover Kurt R. , Stafford Paul M. , Damian Andreea C. , Pasangulapati Jagadeesh P. , Goodwin-Tindall Jake , López Vásquez Lucía M. , Lee Sanghyun , Yang Seung-Pil , Reed Mark A. , Barden Christopher J. , Weaver Donald F.
Published: January 2024

Background:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibition is a promising target as
an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Disease-modifying therapy capable of downregulating immunopathic
neuroinflammatory processes.

Methods:

To aid in the development of IDO inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics, we optimized
a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based mouse model of brain IDO1 inhibition by examining the dosedependent
and time-course of the brain kynurenine:tryptophan (K:T) ratio to LPS via intraperitoneal
dosing.

Results:

We determined the optimal LPS dose to increase IDO1 activity in the brain, and the ideal
time point to quantify the brain K:T ratio after LPS administration. We then used a brain penetrant
tool compound, EOS200271, to validate the model, determine the optimal dosing profile and
found that a complete rescue of the K:T ratio was possible with the tool compound.

Conclusion:

This LPS-based model of IDO1 target engagement is a useful tool that can be used in
the development of brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors for AD. A limitation of the present study is
the lack of quantification of potential clinically relevant biomarkers in this model, which could be
addressed in future studies.
Effect of HPV Oncoprotein on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in
Tumor Cells
Authors: Chen Biqing , Wang Yichao , Wu Yishi , Xu Tianmin
Published: January 2024

Abstract:High-risk HPV infection accounts for 99.7% of cervical cancer, over 90% of
anal cancer, 50% of head and neck cancers, 40% of vulvar cancer, and some cases of vaginal and
penile cancer, contributing to approximately 5% of cancers worldwide. The development of cancer is a complex, multi-step process characterized by dysregulation of signaling pathways and alterations in metabolic pathways. Extensive research has demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in the progression of various cancers, such as cervical, head and neck, bladder, and prostate cancers, providing the material and energy foundation for rapid proliferation and
migration of cancer cells. Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells allows for the rapid generation
of ATP, aiding in meeting the high energy demands of HPV-related cancer cell proliferation. The
interaction between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated cancers has become a recent
focus of investigation. The impact of HPV on cellular metabolism has emerged as an emerging research topic. A significant body of research has shown that HPV influences relevant metabolic signaling pathways, leading to cellular metabolic alterations. Exploring the underlying mechanisms
may facilitate the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of HPV-associated diseases. In this review, we introduced the molecular structure of HPV and its replication process, discussed the diseases associated with HPV infection, described the energy metabolism of normal
cells, highlighted the metabolic features of tumor cells, and provided an overview of recent advances in potential therapeutic targets that act on cellular metabolism. We discussed the potential
mechanisms underlying these changes. This article aims to elucidate the role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in reshaping cellular metabolism and the application of metabolic changes in the
research of related diseases. Targeting cancer metabolism may serve as an effective strategy to
support traditional cancer treatments, as metabolic reprogramming is crucial for malignant transformation in cancer.
The Role of Bile Acids in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Wang Yanling , Xu Haiyan , Zhang Xiaofei , Ma Jingyu , Xue Shengbai , Shentu Daiyuan , Mao Tiebo , Li Shumin , Yue Ming , Cui Jiujie , Wang Liwei
Published: January 2024

Bile acids are well known to promote the digestion and absorption of fat, and at the
same time, they play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. More studies have found
that bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid also have anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating
effects. Bile acids have been extensively studied in biliary and intestinal tumors but less in pancreatic cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic head cancer, are often accompanied by biliary obstruction and elevated bile acids caused by tumors. Elevated total bile acid levels in pancreatic cancer patients usually have a poor prognosis. There has been controversy over
whether elevated bile acids are harmful or beneficial to pancreatic cancer. Still, there is no doubt
that bile acids are important for the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. This article
summarizes the research on bile acid as a biomarker and regulation of the occurrence, development and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer, hoping to provide some inspiration for future research.
An Update on Pharmacological and Phytochemical Aspects of Costus pictus D. Don - A Promising Anti-diabetic Plant
Authors: Singh Vipin Kumar , Yadav Kuldeep Singh , Thomas Shiny C. , Gupta Ambika , Luqman Suaib , Shanker Karuna , Patil Umesh Kumar , Yadav Narayan Prasad
Published: January 2024

Background:

The genus Costus is the largest genus in the family Costaceae and en-compasses about 150 known species. Among these, Costus pictus D. Don (Synonym: Costus mexicanus) is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat diabetes and other ailments. Currently, available treatment options in modern medicine have several adverse effects. Herbal medicines are gaining importance as they are cost-effective and display improved therapeutic effects with fewer side effects. Scientists have been seeking therapeutic compounds in plants, and various in vitro and in vivo studies report Costus pictus D. Don as a potential source in treating various dis-eases. Phytochemicals with various pharmacological properties of Costus pictus D. Don, viz. anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, diuretic, analgesic, and anti-microbial have been worked out and reported in the literature.

Objective:

The aim of the review is to categorize and summarize the available information on phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Costus pictus D. Don and suggest outlooks for future research.

Methods:

This review combined scientific data regarding the use of Costus pictus D. Don plant for the management of diabetes and other ailments. A systematic search was performed on Costus pictus plant with anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and other pharmacologi-cal properties using several search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Sci-Finder, other online journals and books for detailed analysis.

Results:

Research data compilation and critical review of the information would be beneficial for further exploration of its pharmacological and phytochemical aspects and, consequently, new drug development. Bioactivity-guided fractionation, isolation, and purification of new chemical entities from the plant as well as pharmacological evaluation of the same will lead to the search for safe and effective novel drugs for better healthcare.

Conclusion:

This review critically summarizes the reports on natural compounds, and different extract of Costus pictus D. Don with their potent anti-diabetic activity along with other pharmaco-logical activity. Since this review has been presented in a very interactive manner showing the geographical region of availability, parts of plant used, mechanism of action and phytoconstitu-ents in different extracts of Costus pictus responsible for particular action, it will be of great im-portance to the interested readers to focus on the development of the new drug leads for the treatment of diseases.
Efficacy of Ginger, Cardamom, Purslane, Saffron and Cinnamon Consumption on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, Blood Pressure and Markers of Anthropometric and Inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Salimi Sajjad , Asgari Zahra , Mousavi Tahereh Sadat , Karimi Seyed Amir , Hamidi Arezoo , Mostafaei Shayan , Pour Pardis Mohammadi , Farzaei Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2024

Background:

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as syndrome X or insulin resistance,
is a complex disorder characterized by multiple risk factors. It is caused by insulin resistance,
which is accompanied by abnormal accumulation and dysfunction of adipose tissue.

Introduction:

Recently, several studies have evaluated the efficacy of herbs on MetS. The purpose of
this meta-analysis is the comprehensive assessment of the impact of cardamom, cinnamon, saffron,
purslane and ginger on the parameters of MetS in patients with MetS.

Methods:

A systematic search was performed based on the English language reports of literature
from databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science and 29 RCT (randomized
clinical trial) studies were included in the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis was registered in
PROSPERO.

Results:

The results showed significant beneficial effects of cardamom on Homeostatic Model Assessment
for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and waist circumference (WC), cinnamon on diastolic
blood pressure (DBP) and weight, ginger on fasting blood sugar (FBS), Hemoglobin A1c HbA1c and
HOMA-IR and purslane on triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), body mass index (BMI) and
FBS compared to the placebo; thus, they can be useful in the management of patients with MetS.

Conclusion:

It is suggested that more RCT studies should be performed on the factors affecting the
efficacy of these plants on the parameters of the MetS.
Recent Advancement in Nanotechnological Approaches for Increasing the Effectiveness of Herbal Drugs in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Archana  , Deshmukh Rohitas
Published: January 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent cancer type and the second leading
cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The mortality rate from colon cancer has seen a significant
increase, correlating with the widespread adoption of Western dietary habits and lifestyles. Medicinal
plants, notably those containing functional phytochemicals like polysaccharides, exhibit antitumor
and anti-apoptotic properties, offering potential for CRC prevention and treatment. Enhancing
the efficacy of herbal medicines and addressing problems related to them could eventually become
possible with the help of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Improved solubility and bioavailability,
protection from toxicity, resistance to physical and chemical degradation, increased pharmacological
activity, better distribution to tissue macrophages, and more stable are merely some of the benefits of
developing nano dosage forms for herbal drugs in phyto-formulation research. The article has been
drafted by gathering recent information available in Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, Medline and
Web of Science databases. The inclusion criterion was an English language article showing the effective
use of whole plant or herbal products in CRC. Original articles and short communications on in
vivo and in vitro experiments were included. Exclusion criteria included irrelevant studies, insufficient
data, and mushroom or algae investigations. Case reports/case series, and letters to editors were
not included but used to discover applicable primary material. This review suggests medicinal plants
can produce anti-CRC chemicals. Herbs and spices with antiproliferative and angiogenesis-inhibiting
properties may be useful as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic therapies for colorectal cancer.
This narrative review explores the usefulness of medicinal plants in the treatment of CRC using a
novel drug delivery system. Nanotechnology is highlighted as a driving force behind the recent
breakthroughs in CRC screening, diagnosis, and therapy. This review seeks to inform researchers on
nanotechnology in CRC and inspire innovative nanotechnology-based therapies.
Fusion of Multimodal Medical Images based on Fine-grained Saliency and
Anisotropic Diffusion Filter
Authors: Kaur Harmanpreet , Vig Renu , Kumar Naresh , Sharma Apoorav , Dogra Ayush , Goyal Bhawna
Published: January 2024

Background:

A clinical medical image provides vital information about a person's health and bodily condition. Typically, doctors monitor and examine several
types of medical images individually to gather supplementary information for illness diagnosis and treatment. As it is arduous to analyze and
diagnose from a single image, multi-modality images have been shown to enhance the precision of diagnosis and evaluation of medical conditions

Objective:

Several conventional image fusion techniques strengthen the consistency of the information by combining varied image observations; nevertheless,
the drawback of these techniques in retaining all crucial elements of the original images can have a negative impact on the accuracy of clinical
diagnoses. This research develops an improved image fusion technique based on fine-grained saliency and an anisotropic diffusion filter to
preserve structural and detailed information of the individual image.

Methods:

In contrast to prior efforts, the saliency method is not executed using a pyramidal decomposition, but rather an integral image on the original scale
is used to obtain features of superior quality. Furthermore, an anisotropic diffusion filter is utilized for the decomposition of the original source
images into a base layer and a detail layer. The proposed algorithm's performance is then contrasted to those of cutting-edge image fusion
algorithms.

Results:

The proposed approach cannot only cope with the fusion of medical images well, both subjectively and objectively, according to the results
obtained, but also has high computational efficiency.

Conclusion:

Furthermore, it provides a roadmap for the direction of future research.
Designing Drug Delivery Vehicles based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide
Authors: Prasad Are Ramakrishna , Babu Anju R.
Published: January 2024

Background:

The development of polymeric-based drug delivery has seen faster
growth in the past two decades. In polymers, copolymers as drug carriers are increasing to
decrease the drug compounds' side effects and dosage-related toxicity.

Objectives:

The study's primary objective is to utilize computational resources to design drug
molecules and perform in silco physicochemical property analysis. In our study, we designed
new copolymers based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) as backbone along
with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA).

objective:

The primary objective of the study is to design new copolymer drug carriers based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) as backbone along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA).

Methods:

Different functional groups were selected for attaching to the side chain of the
copolymers through a random trial and error approach. In order to predict the pharmacokinetic
properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), the designed
copolymer molecules were evaluated utilizing ADME and PkCSM pharmacokinetics servers.
Molecular interaction between the designed copolymer molecules and human serum albumin
(HSA) was performed using AutoDock Vina and PatchDock server.

Results:

The designed molecules are shown to be soluble in water and have high
gastrointestinal absorption. Only one molecule is predicted to pass through the blood-brain
barrier. Two designed molecules have been shown to have carcinogenic properties. Lethal dose
50 (LD50), cytochrome P450, and permeability glycoprotein Enzyme's substrate formation
were also analyzed for toxicity and metabolism.

Conclusion:

Our study will provide insight for designing new drug compounds or carriers and
analyzing their physicochemical properties to help further optimize compounds for clinical
studies.
Study on the Chemical Composition of the Mainstream Cherry-red Tobacco
Smoke
Authors: Li Yong , Pang Tao , Zhang Yihan , Shi Junli , Song Zhongbang , Xu Zhaoli
Published: January 2024

Introduction:

Cherry-red tobacco is a flue-cured variant that possesses a distinctive
“sticky rice” flavor, which is highly valued by the tobacco industry. However, the value of cherryred
tobacco is dubious due to the possible health risks associated with tobacco-specific nitrosamines
(TSNAs).

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the chemical origin of the “sticky rice” flavor and to assess
the potential health hazards of TSNAs.

Method:

An optimized untargeted analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a targeted
analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted.

Result:

Over one hundred compounds were identified and quantified. Cherry-red tobacco and the
normal control showed significant differences in forty-three of these compounds. Pyridine alkaloids
and their derivatives constituted the main difference. Nornicotine, a demethylated product of nicotine
in cherry-red tobacco, was confirmed to be pyrolyzed to 3-ethylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, and other
homologues, and transferred to the smoke during smoking. The smoke of cherry-red tobacco was
found to contain much higher levels of N’-nitrosonornicotine, a TSNA derived from nornicotine,
than that of normal flue-cured tobacco, while the levels of the other detected TSNAs were lower. The
two types of tobacco had similar total amounts of the four TSNAs.

Conclusion:

The pyrolysis of nornicotine into 3-ethylpyridine and its homologues during smoking
may be the main cause of the “sticky rice” flavor of cherry-red tobacco. The level of TSNAs does
not reflect the difference in health risk between cherry-red tobacco and the control.
Emerging Era in Colloidal Carriers Approach for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Modgil Mridul , Sharma Abhishek
Published: January 2024

Colloidal carriers are a promising type of carriers which play a crucial role in transdermal
drug delivery and other topical applications. These carriers are usually present in the
microscopic size, which offers different methods to enclose and deliver a diverse range of dynamic
substances such as medicines, genes, and lipids. They offer distinct advantages by mimicking
the natural structure of the skin's lipid bilayers using lipids and allowing the incorporation
of different active compounds through the use of polymers. Recently, more advanced technology
like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has been adopted in the pharmaceutical
field. The incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques in colloidal
carriers holds immense promise in revolutionizing the domain of drug delivery and nanomedicine.
Machine learning algorithms can undergo training with the use of extensive datasets containing
information on drug behavior within the human body, which can predict drug response
within the body. Additionally, AI can be employed to anticipate various processes, thereby resulting
in an enhanced delivery of medication using carriers. Many studies have shown the use
of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) for optimizing the drug-carrying capacity
via colloidal carriers. The present review concentrates on various categories of innovative
colloidal vehicles in transdermal administration, alongside their penetration technique, benefit,
and mechanism in the integumentary system. Outcomes from the different researches are critically
assessed and showcase the potential of colloidal carriers to augment the penetration of
drugs through the stratum corneum while minimizing adverse effects on the entire system with
improved therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases.
Effect of Geraniol against the Toxicity Induced by Paracetamol in the Third
Instar Larvae of Transgenic Drosophila Melanogaster (hsp70-lac Z)Bg9
Authors: Subhan Iqra , Khan Sumbul , Varshney Himanshi , Gaur Kajal , Siddique Yasir Hasan
Published: January 2024

Background:

Geraniol is a terpene alcohol occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic
plants. It is commercially used as a fragrance compound in cosmetics and several products of
a household. It possesses a number of biological properties.

Objective:

To study the effect of geraniol on the toxicity induced by paracetamol.

Methods:

In the present study, geraniol at the final concentration of 0.0005, 0.0025, 0.0050 and
0.0075 M was mixed in the diet along with the 0.0075 M of paracetamol and the third instar larvae
of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lac Z)Bg9 were allowed to feed on it for 24 hrs.

Results:

Larvae exposed to paracetamol along with the various doses of geraniol showed a dosedependent
decrease in the activity of β-galactosidase, tissue damage, oxidative stress markers, DNA
damage and apoptosis. The results suggest that geraniol is potent in reducing the toxicity induced by
paracetamol in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila.

Conclusion:

Hence, it is concluded that paracetamol showed toxic effects in the third instar larvae of
transgenic Drosophila, and geraniol is potent in reducing the toxic effects induced by paracetamol.
Genetic Underpinnings of Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview
Authors: Mahalanobish Sushweta , Ghosh Sumit , Sil Parames C.
Published: January 2024

Introduction:

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disorder,
in which genetic and environmental factors are involved in disease onset. Although, by definition,
the disease is considered idiopathic in nature, evidence-based studies have indicated familial
cases of pulmonary fibrosis, in which genetic factors contribute to IPF pathogenesis

Methods:

Both common as well as rare genetic variants are associated with sporadic as well as
familial forms of IPF. Although clinical inferences of the genetic association have still not been
explored properly, observation-based studies have found a genotypic influence on disease development
and outcome.

Results:

Based on genetic studies, individuals with a risk of IPF can be easily identified and can
be classified more precisely. Identification of genetic variants also helps to develop more effective
therapeutic approaches.

Conclusion:

Further comprehensive research is needed to get a blueprint of IPF pathogenesis.
The rapidly evolving field of genetic engineering and molecular biology, along with the bioinformatics
approach, will possibly explore a new horizon very soon to achieve this goal.
The Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Attenuated Depressive and Anxiety-like Behaviors and Oxidative Stress in the Brain in a Rodent Model of Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Male Rats
Authors: Kakhki Faezeh Sadat Hosseini , Asghari Amir , Bardaghi Zahra , Anaeigoudari Akbar , Beheshti Farimah , Salmani Hossein , Hosseini Mahmoud
Published: January 2024

Background:

Inflammation is considered to be a link between diabetes and central
nervous system (CNS) disorders, including depression and anxiety. Metformin is suggested to
have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mood-improving effects. The aim of the current research
was to investigate the effects of the antidiabetic drug metformin on depressive- and anxiety-
like behaviors and oxidative stress in the brain in a rodent model of inflammation induced
by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male rats.

Materials and Methods:

The rats were treated as follows: (1) Vehicle instead of metformin and
lipopolysaccharide, (2) Lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/ kg) + vehicle instead of metformin, (3–5)
Lipopolysaccharide + 50, 100, or 150 mg/ kg of metformin. After the behavioral tests, including
open field (OF), elevated pulse maze (EPM), and force swimming (FS) tests, the brains were
removed, and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total thiol, catalase
(CAT) activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined.

Results:

In the EPM, metformin increased the open arm time and entry and decreased closed
arm time and entry. In the FS test, metformin lowered the immobility and increased active time
compared to lipopolysaccharide. In the OF test, metformin increased total crossing and total
distance, time spent, traveled distance, and crossing number in the central zone. As a result of
metformin administration, IL-6, MDA, and NO metabolites were decreased while thiol content,
SOD, and CAT activity were increased.

Conclusion:

The results indicated that the well-known antidiabetic drug metformin attenuated
depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by inflammation in rats. These beneficial effects
are suggested to be due to their attenuating effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and
NO in the brain.
Hepatopulmonary Shunt Ratio Verification Model for Transarterial
Radioembolization
Authors: Yeyin Nami , Kesmezacar Fahrettin Fatih , Tunçman Duygu , Demir Özge , Uslu-Beşli Lebriz , Günay Osman , Demir Mustafa
Published: January 2024

Introduction:

The most important toxicity of transarterial radioembolization therapy
applied in liver malignancies is radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis due to hepatopulmonary
shunt of Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. Currently, Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin
(99mTc-MAA) scintigraphic images are used to estimate lung shunt fraction (LSF) before treatment.
The aim of this study was to create a phantom to calculate exact LFS rates according to
99mTc activities in the phantom and to compare these rates with LSF values calculated from
scintigraphic images.

Materials and Methods:

A 3D-printed lung and liver phantom containing two liver tumors was
developed from Polylactic Acid (PLA) material, which is similar to the normal-sized human
body in terms of texture and density. Actual %LSFs were calculated by filling phantoms and
tumors with 99mTc radionuclide. After the phantoms were placed in the water tank made of plexiglass
material, planar, SPECT, and SPECT/CT images were obtained. The actual LSF ratio
calculated from the activity amounts filled into the phantom was used for the verification of the
quantification of scintigraphic images and the results obtained by the Simplicity90YTM method.

Results:

In our experimental model, LSFs calculated from 99mTc activities filled into the lungs,
normal liver, small tumor, and large tumor were found to be 0%, 6.2%, 10.8%, and 16.9%. According
to these actual LSF values, LSF values were calculated from planar, SPECT/CT (without
attenuation correction), and SPECT/CT (with both attenuation and scatter correction) scintigraphic
images of the phantom. In each scintigraphy, doses were calculated for lung, small tumor,
large tumor, normal liver, and Simplicity90YTM. The doses calculated from planar and
SPECT/CT (NoAC+NoSC) images were found to be higher than the actual doses. The doses
calculated from SPECT/CT (with AC+with SC) images and Simplicity90YTM were found to be
closer to the real dose values.

Conclusion:

LSF is critical in dosimetry calculations of 90Y microsphere therapy. The newly
introduced hepatopulmonary shunt phantom in this study is suitable for LSF verification for all
models/brands of SPECT and SPECT/CT devices.
Curcumin and Berberine Arrest Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells
Derived from Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Nikpoor Amin Reza , Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Shapouri-Moghaddam Abbas , Rezaieyazdi Zahra , Mollazadeh Samaneh , Tabasi Nafiseh , Mansouri Atena , Modarres Moghadam Reyhane , Momtazi Amir Abbas , Najmaldin Soran Kay Fi , Kamal Kheder Ramiar , Esmaeili Seyed-Alireza
Published: January 2024

Background::

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease recognized by elevated activity of autoimmune cells, loss of tolerance, and
decreased regulatory T cells producing inhibitory cytokines. Despite many efforts, the definitive treatment for lupus has not been fully understood.
Curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) have significant immunomodulatory roles and anti-inflammatory properties that have been demonstrated in
various studies. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of CUR and BBR on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
(DCs) with an special focus on the maturation and activation of DCs.

Methods::

Human monocytes were isolated from the heparinized blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, which were then exposed to cytokines (IL-4
and GM-CSF) for five days to produce immature DCs. Then, the obtained DCs were characterized by FITC-uptake assay and then cultured in the
presence of CUR, BBR, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h. Finally, the maturation of DCs was analyzed by the level of maturation using flow
cytometry or real-time PCR methods.

Results::

The results showed promising anti-inflammatory effects of CUR and BBR in comparison with LPS, supported by a significant reduction of not
only co-stimulatory and antigen-presenting factors such as CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a, CD14, and HLA-DR but also inflammatory cytokines such
as IL-12.

Conclusion::

CUR and BBR could arrest DC maturation and develop a tolerogenic DC phenotype that subsequently promoted the expression of inhibitory
cytokines and reduced the secretion of proinflammatory markers.
Alnustone: A Review of its Sources, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Salari Zahra , Alavi Maryam , Rezaii-zadeh Hojjat , Bouyahya Abdelhakim , Alfergah Ammar , Afsari Sardari Sahar , Amiri Ardekani Ehsan
Published: January 2024

:

Alnustone (4(E)-,6(E)-1,7-Diphenyl-hepta-4,6-dien-3-one) is a non-phenolic natural diarylheptanoid, which was first isolated and identified from
the male flower of Alnus pendula (Betulaceae). It can also be isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes and Alpinia
katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae) seeds. It was first synthesized through a five-step process from β-phenyl propionyl chloride. In later years, new
methods for synthesizing Alnustone were designed and performed with different yields. Due to the various therapeutic effects exhibited by
alnustone like other diarylheptanoids, its biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties have been the
subject of many studies.

:

This article has reviewed different aspects of this valuable natural compound, including its natural and synthetic sources, therapeutic effects, and
pharmacokinetics as a potential future therapeutic agent.
A Review of the Dual Role of MicroRNA-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Risk
Factor or a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Jafari-Nozad Amir Masoud , Rostami Negin , Esmaeili Melika , Vahdati Haniye , Hosseini Serajoddin , Farkhondeh Tahereh , Samarghandian Saeed
Published: January 2024

Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are the number one reason for morbidity and mortality in the modern world, and their incidence is increasing at an
incredible pace. Increasing evidence has shown the significant functions of microRNAs in the cardiovascular system and has highlighted their
potential application as a new era of diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CVD that can improve the prognosis and life expectancy of patients.
Among more than 2,000 microRNAs, microRNA-21 [miR-21] is highly expressed in human hearts and has earned the interest of researchers as a
potential biomarker in a wide range of common heart conditions. Here, we summarized recent research progress regarding the significant role of
miR-21 in CVD, focusing on cardiotoxicity, heart arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Several signaling pathways [TGF-β1/Smad2
signaling, FGFR1/FGF21/PPARγ, NF-κB/miR-21/SMAD7, miR-21/SPRY1/ERK/mTOR …] and molecular targets [BTG2, PDCD4, PTEN,
STAT3…] were reported to be controlled, at least partially, by miR-21 and are linked to CVD pathogenesis. Most investigations highlighted
miR-21 cardioprotective functions in heart injury, while some other studies showed that this miR is elevated in the serum/tissue of patients,
promoting fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. This dual role can be explained by the fact that miR-21 has multiple regulatory functions depending on
the microenvironment, downstream signaling, and target genes, which indicates that cell-type-specific investigations should receive more attention.
With further investigations, miR-21 can be considered a novel tailored therapy with favorable outcomes.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Pathway of Electron Transfer Reactions:
Pyridine Oxidation by Peroxomonophosphoric Acid in Acidic
Aqueous Medium
Authors: Agarwal A. , Meena A.
Published: January 2024

The kinetic and mechanistic pathways of pyridine oxidation by peroxomonophosphate
has been studied in an acidic aqueous medium. Reactions of peroxomonophosphoric
acid are the least exploited kinetically. This reaction has been attempted to understand
the role of oxidation of pyridine and the reactivity pattern of peroxomonophosphate.
The reaction has been second order and First-order concerning the oxidant and substrate,
respectively. The reaction rate showed a decreasing effect with increasing hydrogen ion
concentration. Considering peroxomonophosphate reactions as non-chain reactions and all
the results, a feasible mechanism for the reaction has been suggested. The calculated energy
of activation and entropy of activation has been observed conventionally to be 80 ± 5 kJ
mol-1 and – 45 ± 6 JK-1 mol-1. The oxidation product was pyridine-N-oxide in this reaction.
Recent Advancements in Applications of Alginates in Drug Delivery,
Tissue Engineering, and Biomedical Field
Authors: Morparia Saurabh , Suvarna Vasanti
Published: January 2024

Alginates, originating from the cell walls of brown algae, constitute a class of biopolymers
known for their linear, unbranched architecture. Comprising both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric
blocks, these polymers are constructed through glycosidic bonds linking β-D mannuronic acid
and α-L-guluronic acid units in a 1-4 configuration. The specific arrangement of these monomers,
whether in alternate, sequential, or random configurations, imparts distinct physical and chemical
properties to the polysaccharide. The composition and organization of alginates play a pivotal role in
dictating their performance and potential applications, particularly within the realm of biomedicine.
A comprehensive understanding of their intricate chemistry and characterization is imperative for
effective utilization. This knowledge serves as the cornerstone for designing tailored delivery systems
and strategies to leverage the unique attributes of alginates for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
Commercially, alginates are offered in diverse forms and hues, encompassing sodium, potassium,
or ammonium salts. Alginates show commendable biocompatibility and biodegradability and
exhibit a marked absence of antigenicity and toxicity. In addition, their ability to form chelates with
divalent cations and to facilitate the creation of pH-responsive gels through crosslinking with calcium
and magnesium significantly enhances their versatility. Alginates possess a molecular weight
range of from 60,000 to 700,000 Da, a parameter capable of adjusting to align with specific applications.
This inherent versatility positions them as valuable assets across a spectrum of fields, including
pharmaceuticals, tissue regeneration scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents. The review
article provides a comprehensive exploration of the diverse applications of alginates in tissue
engineering, drug delivery, and various domains within biomedicine. By delving into the nuanced
characteristics and behaviors of alginates, we aspire to unlock their full potential in advancing therapeutic
and diagnostic interventions.
Carbon Dots an Integrative Nanostructure for Fluorescent Bio-imaging,
Targeted Delivery of Medication and Phototherapy in Malignancy: A
Review
Authors: Salve Pallavi L. , Bhinge Somnath D. , Bhutkar Mangesh A.
Published: January 2024

Background:

Silent onset and metastasis in tissues make cancer the most devastating
illness globally. Monitoring the growth of the tumour and delivering drugs to specific tissues are
some of the major issues associated with treatment. However, with an improved understanding of
tumour microenvironments and advancements in nanocarriers of drugs, novel nano-targeting pathways
that can be utilised by nanocarriers have been developed. Carbon Dots, with their tiny size and
outstanding physicochemical features, are an emerging category of carbon nanostructures that have
attracted a lot of curiosity.

Objective:

Multitudinous attempts and extensive studies have been undertaken by many researchers
regarding the synthesis of Carbon Dots and their applications in various fields. These studies have
explained that the synthesised Carbon Dots have versatile surface functionalities, high luminescence,
and excellent biocompatibility. This article focuses on recent developments in synthesis approaches,
carbon precursors used, and applications of Carbon Dots, specifically within the biomedical field,
with a particular focus on cancer.

Results:

Carbon dots synthesised from a variety of precursors can act as prominent candidates for
bioimaging and drug carriers and are used in cancer phototherapy. In this article, Carbon Dots are
summarised based on their bright luminescent properties, distinct structure, drug loading capacity,
and near-infrared (NIR) emission.

Conclusion:

Carbon dots, employed as tumour theranostics, can serve as an alternative to synthetic
fluorescent dyes. They fulfil the role of bioimaging agents and facilitate the precise delivery of drugs
to cancer cells. Additionally, they exhibit excellence as phototherapeutic agents, featuring high nearinfrared
(NIR) emission and minimal side effects.
Enhancing Gene Therapy through Ultradeformable Vesicles for Efficient siRNA Delivery
Authors: Aundhia Chintan , Shah Nirmal , Talele Chitrali , Zanwar Aarti , Kumari Mamta , Patil Sapana
Published: January 2024

Gene therapy is a revolutionary approach aimed at treating various diseases by manipulating
the expression of specific genes. The composition and formulation of ultra-deformable
vesicles play a crucial role in determining their properties and performance as siRNA delivery
vectors. In the development of ultra-deformable vesicles for siRNA delivery, careful lipid selection
and optimization are crucial for achieving desirable vesicle characteristics and efficient siRNA
encapsulation and delivery. The stratum corneum acts as a protective barrier, limiting the
penetration of molecules, including siRNA, into the deeper layers of the skin. Ultradeformable
vesicles offer a promising solution to overcome this barrier and facilitate efficient siRNA delivery
to target cells in the skin. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, acts as a significant
barrier to the penetration of siRNA.These engineering approaches enable the production of
uniform and well-defined vesicles with enhanced deformability and improved siRNA encapsulation
efficiency. Looking ahead, advancements in ultra-deformable vesicle design and optimization,
along with continued exploration of combination strategies and regulatory frameworks, will
further drive the field of ultra-deformable vesicle-based siRNA delivery.
Unravelling the Complex Interplay: Understanding Drug-induced Diseases
and Teratogenicity from a Comprehensive Perspective
Authors: Prakash Kartikay , Tiwari Shashank
Published: January 2024

Iatrogenic diseases, also referred to as drug-induced diseases (DIDs), represent a recognized yet inadequately investigated phenomenon that may result in enduring afflictions, hospital admissions, pharmacological interventions, protracted pharmaceutical reliance, and health
complications. In the contemporary era of personalized medicine, it is imperative for prescribers
to remain abreast of the dynamic advancements in the field of toxicology. Iatrogenic disorders
may manifest as a result of medical interventions, including diagnostic procedures, therapeutic
interventions, or preventative measures. Key factors to be taken into consideration encompass
the patient's chronological age, dietary patterns, genetic predisposition, pre-existing medical
conditions, diminished host response mechanisms, and pharmacological tolerance. Teratogenicity pertains to the prevalence of congenital anomalies and disorders resulting from exposure to
teratogenic agents, environmental influences, and pharmacological interventions. The primary
objective of this review is to provide individuals with comprehensive knowledge regarding the
potential risks associated with iatrogenic diseases, thereby facilitating the prevention of unforeseen adverse outcomes.
A Novel DWT-ERT-based Fault Location for Distribution Network
Authors: Rahangdale Roshni , Gupta Archana
Published: January 2024

Background:

A new DWT-ERT-based fault location method is suggested in the IEEE test feeder.

Objective:

The fault location approach in the distribution network has been proposed in this pa-per that utilizes the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and ensemble regression tree (ERT).

Methods:

The fault location methodology has been validated by simulations conducted on an IEEE 13 bus node test feeder.

Results:

The results show that the suggested solution has low compute burden and memory re-quirements, and is unaffected by system and fault situations.

Conclusion:

In this study, the fault location approach for the distribution system employing DWT and ERT has been proposed.
CNN-FastText Multi-Input (CFMI) Neural Networks for Social Media
Clickbait Classification
Authors: Sharma Chirag , Singh Gurneet , Muttum Pratibha Singh , Mahajan Shubham
Published: January 2024

Introduction:

User-generated video portals, such as YouTube, are facing the chal-lenge of Clickbait. These are used to lure viewers and gain traffic on specific content. The real content inside the video deviates from its title. and a thumbnail. The consequence of this is poor user experience on the platform.

Methods:

The existing identification techniques either use pre-trained models or are restricted to text only. Other video metadata is not considered. To tackle this situation of clickbait, we propose a CNN-Fast Text Multi-Input (CFMI) Neural Network. The method employs a self-developed convolutional model, combined with different other video metadata. The thumbnail of any video plays a vital role in gathering user attention; hence, it should also be addressed. With greater expressiveness, it depicts and captures the parallels between the title and thumb-nail and the video content.

Results:

This research also compares the proposed system with the previous works on various parameters. With the usage of the proposed network, the platforms can easily analyze the vide-os during the uploading stage. The future belongs to Post Quantum Cryptography (PWC), we reviewed various encryption standards in this paper.

Conclusion:

In Industry 4.0, every data bit is crucial and must be preserved carefully. This in-dustry will surely benefit from the model as it will eliminate false and misleading videos from the platform.