bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON EFFECT OF VITAMIN-C AS ADD ON THERAPY WITH ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH SOD2 GENE POLYMORPHISM
Authors: Nagesh Chaganti , Kumar Anil , Kumar Srawan , Nigam Nilam
Published: March 2022

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder; affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a major antioxidant scavenging enzyme it helps in removal of superoxide. Polymorphism of SOD2 gene may affect the scavenging effect of SOD enzyme which results in rise of oxidative stress in Type-II DM. The present study has been designed to study the effect of vitamin-C as add on therapy with antidiabetic drugs in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients associated with SOD2 gene polymorphism. A total of 64 type-II diabetes mellitus patients associated with SOD2 gene polymorphism (Ala16Val) were enrolled in present study and divided in to two groups i.e. Group A8 B. There are three genotypes in each such as CC, CT8 TT. Group-A8 B patients were treated with metformin1000mg/day+ teneligliptin-20mg/day and metformin 1000mg/day+ teneligliptin 20mg/day+ vitamin C-1000mg/day respectively for 6 months. Glycemic control and oxidative stress was compared before and after 6 months of treatment in both groups. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. All the genotypes of both the groups had shown significant glycemic control (p less than 0.05). Significant reduction of TAC and elevation of MDA level was found in CT, TT genotype and CC, CT 8 TT genotype of group-A patients respectively (p less than 0.05). CC and CT genotype of group-B patients had shown significant elevation of TAC and reduction of MDA level as compared to baseline values (p less than 0.05). Good glycemic control and reduction of oxidative stress can be achieved with supplementation of vitamin-C along with antidiabetic drugs.
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF SOIL TREATED WITH AND WITHOUT ORGANIC MANURES
Authors: Haridha R. Suya Padhra , Jeyamangalam F. , Jenila R. Mary
Published: March 2022

FTIR analytical study has been carried out to investigate the mineralogical composition of the soil. A field experiment was carried out at Servaikaranmadam of Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu during Kharif season in 2018 on sandy clay loam soil to access the effect of organic manures in the soil and to determine the chemical compositions of soil samples. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The experiment comprised of thirteen treatment combinations. The results of the present study revealed that soils have various mineral compositions namely Quartz, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Feldspar and Illite etc. The application of organic manures like Goat manure (G), Vermicompost (V) and Swine manure (S) in triple manure concentration at 17 t ha-1 reveals the presence of Organic Carbon along with the minerals, before and after harvest. This ensures a better yield of black gram (Vigna Mungo L.).
POLYNUCLEAR GOLD (III) COMPOUNDS AS ANTICANCER AGENTS
Authors: Satapathi Smita
Published: March 2022

From extensive in vitro (cell-based) and in vivo (animal based) studies it is observed that different gold complexes reveal unique biological and medicinal properties. Particularly, gold(III) compounds have attracted special interest as efficient cytotoxic and antitumor agents because of their structural similarity with the most extensively used anti-cancer drug, cisplatin. Recently, new classes of polynuclear gold(III) compounds were synthesized and characterized that showed improved stability profiles with significant anti-cancer activities and majority of them are also capable to overcome cisplatin resistance. The implementation of appropriate ligand selection strategies plays the vital role in this connection as metal-ligand coordination improves the efficiency of these compounds against the selective cancer cell lines with reduction of unwanted side effects. The primary aim of this review is to sum up the chemistry and biological activities of some novel representative polynuclear anticancer gold(III) compounds that making themselves efficient for further pharmacological evaluation. The correlation of their stability and cytotoxicity with the nature of the corresponding ligands is outlined here. The importance of multinuclearity in modulating and enhancing the biological actions of anticancer gold(III) drugs compare to their mononuclear analogue is also discussed.
EFFECT OF CADMIUM AND ZINC HEAVY METALS ON THE SOIL BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM COAL MINE REGION
Authors: Roy Rini
Published: March 2022

Study of growth pattern of isolated soil bacteria from Raniganj coal mine area shows an unusual increase in growth rate of the isolated bacteria when treated with heavy metal stress in the culture media. The metals used were Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). Utilization of metal ions by the bacterial cells was studied by detection of leftover metal in the culture medium after optimal growth, by Dithizone method and surface adsorption of metal ions on bacterial cell by FTIR technique. The amount of total thiol and non-protein thiol of the bacterial culture was assayed for the presence of thiol containing protein like Metallothionein. Metallothionein production was also studied using SDS-PAGE and Western blot technique to find if the cells were stressed in the presence of increasing concentration of Zn2+ and Cd2+. Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins rich in cysteine residues having low molecular weight. They perform different functions like scavenging of free radicals, involvement in maintaining metal balance, regulation of metabolic activities and protective role against damage caused by heavy metals. Metallothioneins can be correlated with heavy metal contamination of an environment and thus may be considered as bio-marker for environmental pollution.
ADSORPTION OF TURQUOISE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ONTO ACID ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM BARKS
Authors: Surya S. , Nandhakumar V. , Balasubramaniam N. , Murugaiah K.
Published: March 2022

Adsorption interaction of Turquoise Blue dye from aqueous solution onto acid and base surface modified activated carbons prepared from Pterocarpus Marsupium barks using microwave and phosphoric acid were investigated. Batch method adsorptions were carried out. Influences of the parameters such as agitation time, initial dye concentrations and temperature on adsorption were studied. Equilibrium data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Raduskevich isotherms. Best describing isotherms were ordered based on R2 values.
ADSORPTION DYNAMICS OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE ONTO SURFACE MODIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM BARKS
Authors: Surya S. , Nandhakumar V. , Thiyagarajan S. K. , Vishnuvarthanaraj G.
Published: March 2022

Pterocarpus Marsupium barks have been utilised to prepare activated carbon with the aid of orthogonal array experimental techniques with the parameters inclusive of microwave radiation energy, radiation time, concentration of H3PO4 acid and impregnation time. Radiation energy 850W, radiation time 15 min, 50% of H3PO4acid, impregnation time 24 hours were found to be the optimum conditions. Thus prepared carbon was designated as PBC (Pterocarpus Marsupium Bark Carbon). Surface of the PBC was modified with Hydrochloric acid solution and also separately with Potassium hydroxide solution. Influences of initial dye concentration on adsorption kinetics were studied. Kinetic models such as Pseudo first order, Pseudo second order and Intra Particle diffusion had been used to describe the mechanism of this adsorption process.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TAZAROTENE AND HALOBETASOL PROPIONATE IN FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION
Authors: Mewada Bhawani Singh , Das Sattwik
Published: March 2022

Simple, precise and accurate UV-Spectrophotometric simultaneous equation method for estimation of Halobetasol propionate (HALO) and Tazarotene (TAZA) were developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. This Method involves solving of simultaneous equations based on measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 238 nm and 351 nm (λmax of HALO and TAZA) in methanol. HALO obey the Beer’s law in the concentration ranges 5-25μg/ml and TAZA (1- 5μg/ml). % Recovery for both the drugs were in the range of 98.46±0.854% to 99.21±0.688 for halo and 97.10±0.781 to 99.04±0.770 for TAZA respectively indicating excellent accuracy. The methods were precise, with a relative standard deviation of less than 2% for both drugs. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical analysis were found to be in good accordance with the prescribed values. Thus, method can be used for routine monitoring of drugs in industry for the assay of bulk drugs and commercial formulation.
ACID NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SOLVENT EXTRACT FROM VARIOUS INDIGENOUS PLANTS
Authors: Devhare Lalchand D. , Gokhale Niharika
Published: March 2022

Medicinal plants have been representing a rich source of antimicrobial agent as well as can be used as antacid in various ayurvedic preparations. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial potential and antacid properties of selected six plant extracts. The plant extracts such as Methanolic extracts of Cassia tora (MECT), Methanolic extracts of Pithecellobium dulce (MEPD), Chloroform extracts of Butea monosperma (CEBM), Butanolic extracts of Pongamia pinnata (BEPP), Water extracts of Tephrosia purpurea (WETP), Methanolic extracts of Mucuna pruriens (MEMP) were selected for the study. The neutralization capacity in vitro was performed using the titration method of Fordtran’s model. The antimicrobial activity was performed by using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by broth dilution method. The consumed volumes of artificial gastric juices to titrate to pH 3.0 for water, Sodium bicarbonate, MECT, MEPD, CEBM, BEPP, WETP and MEMP extracts solutions were found to be 1.3±0.02, 34.22±0.59*, 8.26±0.08*, 10.58±0.09*, 9.6±0.1*, 7.35±0.05, 9.36±0.09* and 9.88±0.06* respectively. The highest activity of plant extract has been shown in MECT and was found to be 25.00 mm diameter of zone of inhibition against E. coli at the concentration of 250 μg/disc followed by 24.00 mm diameter of zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 250 μg/disc. Against Gram positive organism, the MECT and MEPD possess 21.00 mm and 20.00 mm diameter of zone of inhibition respectively against M. Lutues at concentration of 250μg/disc. The MIC values were found in the range of 50-500μg/ml against the tested organisms. The acid neutralizing capacity was found to be higher in MEPD and MEMP extracts among all the selected extract. The highest in vitro antimicrobial activity was found in MECT extract against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LAMIVUDINE AND DOLUTEGRAVIR IN BULK AND FORMULATION BY UV SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Mishra Pradeep , Bhawar Sanjay
Published: March 2022

A simple, rapid, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative analysis of Dolutegravir and Lamivudine in tablet formulations. Standard stock solutions were prepared by dissolving separately 100 mg of each drug in 80 mL methanol and the flask was sonicated for about 10 min to solubilize the drug. The maximum absorbance of LAM and DLT was observed at 244.0 nm and 262.0 nm, respectively. LAM and DLT showed linearity in the concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml and 5-25 μg/ml at their respective maxima. The recovery of added standards (80 %, 100 % and 120 %) was found at three replicates and three concentrations level. The value of % means just close to 100, SD and % RSD are less then 2 indicate the accuracy of method. Parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity and ruggedness are studied as reported within the ICH guidelines. The assay value in tablet formulation was close to 100, SD and % RSD are less than 2 indicates no interference of excipients in the estimation of drugs. Correlation coefficient of Dolutegravir and Lamivudine was found to be 0.999 and 0.998 respectively. Developed method was found to be novel, accurate, precise, selective and rapid for simultaneous estimation of DLT and LAM. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The developed method can be adopted in routine analysis of Dolutegravir in bulk or tablet dosage form and it involves relatively low cost solvents and no complex extraction techniques.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC, FLAVANOID CONTENT AND ESTIMATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF VITEX NEGUNDO, VITEX TRIFOLIA AND VITEX PARVIFLORA
Authors: Ojha Dharmendra Kumar , Jain Alok Pal
Published: March 2022

The objectives of this study are to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and determine the antioxidant capacity of the leaves hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia and Vitex parviflora. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The hydro alcoholic extract of bark of leaves extract of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia and Vitex parviflora was studied for antioxidant activity on In vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in all the three plants. TPC of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia and Vitex parviflora showed the content values of 0.872, 0.784 and 0.463 mg/100mg of dried extract respectively followed by TFC were found 0.974, 0.657, 0.652 mg/100mg of dried extract in hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia and Vitex parviflora respectively. DPPH radical scavenging assay measured hydrogen donating nature of extracts. Under DPPH radical scavenging activity, the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia and Vitex parviflora hydroalcoholic leaves extracts were found to be 50.33μg/ml, 70.57μg/ml and 73.05μg/ml as compared to that of ascorbic acid.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EDOPHYTES AGAINST OF SALMONELLA TYPHII AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Khan Faraz , Tenguria Rajesh Kumar , Khan Firoz Naem , Zaidi Kamal Uddin
Published: March 2022

The emergence of new diseases and development of drug resistance has increased in recent years. The prime focus is in need for novel and safe bioactive compounds to support all aspects of mankind. Ever increasing diseases throttled search for bioactive compounds and drug development for the public health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of culture filtrate of isolated endophytes; Melanospora fusispora, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium moniliforme and Cladosporium Cladosporium from Ocimum sanctum which were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhii and Salmonella typhimurium. It is concluded that endophytes isolated from Ocimum sanctum leaf possess certain compounds with therapeutic value against Salmonella typhii and Salmonella typhimurium.
A REVIEW ON RECENT ADVANCES ON ETHNO-MEDICAL PLANT: AVERRHOA BILIMBI
Authors: Gawli Pranali R. , Sarpotdar Sanika S. , Nair Sainath M. , Jadhav Vaishali Y.
Published: March 2022

Conventionally folk remedy includes A. bilimbi for various ailments such as fever, mumps, skin allergies, scurvy, rheumatism, etc. The plant parts possessing medicinal value are primarily leaves and fruits. The plant contains phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and triterpenoids. This tropical plant holds great importance in folk medicine. Additionally, the fruit, leaves and bark extract also exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, for instance, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antithrombotic activity. The plant parts are also of special culinary interest in various cuisines. The fruits are used to prepare pickles, jams and as an additive in curries. In Malaysia, fruit-based jams are prepared. In Indonesia and Philippines, it is used in curries as a souring agent while in the Kerala region of India it is used for making pickles. The recent scientific study regarding pharmacological evaluation reveals prominent antidiabetic, anticancer activities. The recent researchers have formulated many formulations like Black tea, pectin extract, ZnO nanoparticles, Viscosifier beverages, Pectin edible films, Tofu, Iron nanoparticles, furfural compounds, Bilimbi candy, etc.
A PERSPECTIVE ON REGENERATIVE POTENTIALS OF HERBS FOR DIABETES THERAPEUTICS
Authors: Srivastava Abhay , Vakani Mitul , Bhardwaj Gurprit , Gupta Sarita
Published: March 2022

Diabetes Mellitus, one of the leading metabolic disorders, has become a worldwide pandemic and socioeconomic challenge where one in eleven adults are suffering from this condition. India is among the leading country that due to its populace’s changing lifestyle and genetic predisposition is harboring nearly 77 million diabetic patients. Current hypoglycemic drugs in the market that are used in the treatment of diabetes can merely manage the condition and have side effects. Hence, improved and effective strategies harboring herbal medicinal plants and bioactive drugs are needed in the paradigm of diabetes therapeutics. Various neutraceutical plants/bioactive focusing on anti-hyperglycemic, increased insulin secretion, pancreatic/beta cell regenerative properties, islet-neogenic properties, are stated. The positive antidiabetic effect and nutritional value of Enicostemma littorale have been extensively explored. Pancreatic/beta cell regenerative properties combined with the current stem cell/ regenerative technology demonstrating differentiation potential into insulin producing cells can thus become an attractive strategy for the therapeutic intervention. The traditional nutraceutical/ herbal medicines can provide an effective alternative to the synthetic side effects of the existing diabetes drugs which will not only improve our existing knowledge but will provide a novel effective clinically acceptable diabetic cure.
COUMARIN: A VALID SCAFFOLD IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Authors: Surana Khemchand R. , Mahajan Sunil K. , Patil Shital J.
Published: March 2022

The coumarin scaffold is an important structure in medicinal chemistry because it is found in several naturally occurring molecules which exhibit a variety of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, and antiviral, antifungal. In addition, various synthetic coumarins motifs are present in marketed drugs. They are also involved in the actions of the photosynthesis, control of respiration, plant growth hormones and growth regulators, and also defense against infection. This review will provide an overview of coumarin moieties with medicinal aspects synthesized in the last 15 years and will cover the most potent molecule in each report. In this review, different synthesis methods of coumarin and their derivatives have been covered.
THERAPEUTIC EXPLOIT AND RELEVANCE OF MARTYNIA ANNUA LINN: AN INTRICATE ASSESSMENT
Authors: R. Das Nandana , Aakanksha Bhagat , Shivam Gupta , Vikas Pandey , Gopal Rai , K. Shukla Ajay , Rajesh Shukla
Published: March 2022

Martynia annua Linn. or Martynia diandra Gloxin is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Martyniaceae. It is usually recognized as "Devil's claw" or "Cat's claw". It is abundantly found in the Tropical and Subtropical regions of America. It was first found in Mexico and since then has been naturalized in many countries. The herb is cultivated to be used as an ornamental and a medicinal plant. The entire plant contains a substantial amount of biologically active constituents that have been reported to show potentially significant pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticonvulsant. Therefore, the herb is widely used in traditional systems of medicines. The most common constituents found all over the plant are alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins, amino acids, phenols, steroids, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates. Researchers have demonstrated that the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds are associated with bioactivities like antioxidant activity which is greatly beneficial for maintaining good health. Another important constituent identified with the plant is luteolin, which is responsible for wound healing activity. However, the studies of these pharmacological activities are inadequate and further research will be required for the determination of the benefits as well as the toxic effects of the plant. This article provides an assessment of the various phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Martynia annua Linn.
FORTIFICATION OF PASTA WITH AMARANTH LEAF POWDER AND DEFATTED SOY FLOUR: EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL, COOKING AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: . Namrata , Gautam Noopur , Kumar Shiv
Published: March 2022

Natural nutritional resources like cereals, legume, fruits and vegetables contains plenty of nutrients as antioxidants, vitamins, dietary fibres, minerals, proteins and phenolic compounds. Incorporation of these nutritional resources in staple foods like pasta increases nutritional as well as functional value for health improvement or disease prevention. Amaranthus and Soy has been traditionally considered as an important functional component in ancient meals, and are also popular crops due to its high nutritional value and easy availability which suggests their incorporation in main stream meals and snacks to fight malnutrition. In the current study, an attempt has been made to fortify the pasta with varying proportion of Amaranth Leaf Powder (ALP) and Defatted Soy Flour (DSF) alone and in combination with Control pasta to improve the nutritional components. Since, the fortification may affect the different properties of pasta, therefore the sensory, cooking and physical properties (flours) of the Control and fortified pasta were studied. Results of this study indicated that the Control pasta fortified with DSF (16%) and ALP (6%) alone and in-combination {Control: DSF (16%): ALP (6%)} scored highest sensory acceptability in comparison to other combinations. Control pasta with DSF (16%) shown the maximum bulk density and swelling capacity. The maximum gluten content was found in Control pasta as compared to other groups. There was minimum gruel loss observed in case of Control: DSF in comparison to other fortified groups. Taken together, the current study suggested that the fortification of pasta with DSF and ALP could be one of the potential approaches for enhancing the nutritional value with the highest acceptability of staple food like pasta particularly in respect of ease of preparation, sensory appeal, long storage capability and cost effectiveness.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSFERSOMES OF ECONAZOLE FOR EFFECTIVE FUNGAL TREATMENT
Authors: Singh Satyam , Kanere Mahadev , Jain Ashish , Mehta Parul
Published: March 2022

The aim of the present work is to formulate and characterize Econazole loaded transfersomal gel for antifungal activity. Econazole is a broad-spectrum imidazole antifungal agent that belongs to BCS Class II. Due to poor solubility, Econazole is incompletely absorbed after oral administration and bioavailability vary among individuals. Topical treatment of fungal infections is usually preferred, but the barrier is to cross stratum corneum, so formulating the drug in Transfersomes solved this problem. Prepared formulations of transfersomes were optimized on basis of vesicle size, shape, surface charge and entrapment efficiency. In order to predict and correlate the in vitro econazole permeation behavior from these transfersomes through semi-permeable membrane, it is necessary to fit into a suitable mathematical model. The in vitro drug permeation data from formulation F-12 containing econazole through semi-permeable membrane was evaluated kinetically by various mathematical models like zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas Model. The results were obtained which showed that transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery with targeted and prolonged release of a drug.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DOLUTEGRAVIR BY USING QUALITY BY DESIGN (QbD) APPROACH
Authors: Haque M. Akiful , Bakshi Vasudha , Thippani Maneshwar , Manda Ram Mohan , Boggula Narender
Published: March 2022

Spectrophotometric methods were developed according to Quality by Design (QbD) approach as per ICH Q8(R2) guidelines for estimation of dolutegravir. QbD approach was carried out by varying various parameters, and these variable parameters were designed into Ishikawa diagram. The present work deals with the development of sensitive, simple, accurate, precise and cost-effective UV-spectrophotometric method for the determination of dolutegravir, an anti-retroviral drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by UV spectrophotometric method as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The critical parameters were determined by using principal component analysis as well as by observation. Estimated critical parameters in the spectrophotometric method were solvent methanol, wavelength: 260nm, slit width: 0.5, scan speed fast, sampling interval: 0.2nm and proposed method was validated for various parameters like system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limits and quantification limits as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines ICH Q2(R1). The method's linearity was found to be excellent over the concentration range 5 to 25μg/ml with high correlation coefficient value of 0.999. Limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.20μg/ml and 0.60μg/ml, respectively. The mean recovery was found to be 100.35% with low percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) value. The precision study also has shown low % RSD value (less than 1). No interfering peaks were observed during specificity studies. A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise and inexpensive spectrophotometric method was developed for estimation of dolutegravirin bulk by using analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach. The same method is also applied for plasma samples study in bioanalytical work.
IN SILICO SCREENING AND MOLECULAR DOCKING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA AND TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST THE COVID-19 MAIN PROTEASE
Authors: Srinivasan R. Aram Senthil , Meenakshi R.
Published: March 2022

The exponential increase in coronavirus infection has created a catastrophe. India is witnessing a very difficult period because all ages, including young people and children, are affected by the second wave. The overburdened Medicare system in India, encounters acute shortages of medicines, oxygen and vaccines for health facilities. The main aim of this study was to develop new, highly stable SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. We have screened the phytochemical compounds present in the fruit of Terminalia chebula and bark of Terminalia arjuna as inhibitors of the main protease of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-19). (6LU7). The research was carried out with the aid of AutoDock VINA. The results revealed that all-natural molecules examined were perceived in the active binding site with sizable binding energy.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES OF AMPHOTERICIN B FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF FUNGAL DISEASE
Authors: Ghatuary Sailesh Kumar , Prasad Satkar , Shende Reena , Bharne Sandeep
Published: March 2022

Because of the increasing prevalence and changing microbiological spectrum of invasive fungal infections, some form of amphotericin B still provides the most reliable and broad spectrum therapeutic alternative. The research aimed to formulate and prepare chitosan nanaoparticle incorporated gel of low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles with the help of antifungal agents amphotericin B for the topical application. Using the ionic gelation process, nanoparticles containing drugs were prepared. By cationic interaction is suitable for pH, and gel sodium tripolyphosphate is used as a crosslinker which cross-links the chitosan particles to form the gel, interaction between drug and polymer was observed during the formulation development. The gel was prepared and evaluated for viscosity, % assay, extrudability, spreadability and drug release study. It was found that viscosity of prepared gel was 4520cps, % assay was 98.96±0.35, Extrudability was 167g and Spreadibility (g.cm/sec) was found that 11.95 (g.cm/sec) respectively table 3. In vitro drug release from chitosan nanoparticles gel was carried out using Franz diffusion cell method and found 92.23% in 12 hr.
VULNERABILITY OF PEDIATRIC POPULATION TO COVID-19 ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: A. Sultan , A. Juneja
Published: March 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) involves a wide range of symptoms, varying from mild to serious pneumonia. Gradually, with time and experience as we learn more about this novel Covid-19 pandemic, cases are appearing with a multitude of manifestations and newer complications. After a shocking second wave, India and the world is advancing slowly toward stability; another threat has emerged as a challenge in the form of coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis. During the second wave of Covid-19, we observed a surge in the number of infections in the pediatric population, who were silent carriers till then. This time children were equally prone to the Coronavirus and manifested mixed symptoms. With India having large population of children suffering from type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, it makes them more prone to developing mucormycosis post-COVID-19. To handle the future situation, there is an urgent need to set up special task forces, issuing guidelines, arranging separate Pediatric patient wards in hospitals for mucormycosis, and obtaining a sufficient number of medicines. This article tries to focus on a situation Post COVID Mucormycosis, which if not controlled can be severely devastating.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF LIGAND CAPPED COPPER NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Bale Varun Kumar , Katreddi Hussain Reddy
Published: March 2022

The aim of this research work is to report novel ligand capped copper nanoparticles and their catalytic and antimicrobial activity. In the present investigation, CuNP-L1 and CuNP-L2 were produced by reducing copper sulphate with ligands viz, ascorbic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldoxime in aqueous medium without inert gas insulation at low temperature (80°C) respectively. The ligand capped copper nanopartices were characterized by UV-Visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). From major diffraction peaks, the average particle size was determined using Debye-Scherrer equation. The catalytic activity of capped copper nanoparticles in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was investigated and compared. Antimicrobial activity of present copper nanoparticles was studied against the pathogens viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.
ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL PHENOLIC, FLAVONOID CONTENT AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF ALCHEMILLIA VULGARIS (LADY'S MANTLE)
Authors: Jain Shilpee , Yadav A. S. , Gothalwal Ragini
Published: March 2022

The current study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological properties (antioxidant activity) of methanolic, ethyl-acetate and petroleum extracts of Alchemilla vulgaris which was traditionally used to alleviate and treat many diseases. Total phenolic content found in methanolic and ethyl acetate extract of Alchemillia vulgaris were 547.333 and 386.86 respectively. The phenolic content with respect to gallic acid was found to be 547.333 and 386.86 (μg gallic acid equivalent/ml of extract) for ethyl acetate and methanol extract. The flavonoid content was found to be as: 275.00 and 153.33 (μg rutin equivalents/ml of extract) in ethyl acetate and methanol extract. Free radicals are concerned in many disorders like neurodegenerative disease; cancer and AIDS. Antioxidants during their scavenging power are helpful for the management of those diseases. DPPH stable free radical method is an easy, rapid and receptive way tosurvey the antioxidant activity of a precise compound or plant extracts. IC5 0of the standard compounds, ascorbic acid was 8.59μg/ml. The uppermost radical scavenging activity was showed by ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Alchemillia vulgaris IC50= 66.71 and 23.47μg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate extract has shown significantly low anti-radical activity compared to the methanolic extract. The results indicate that the extract reduces the radicals to the corresponding hydrazine when it reacts with the hydrogen donors in the antioxidant principle. The superior amount of phenolic compounds leads to further potent radical scavenging result as shown by Alchemillia vulgaris leaves extract.
IMIDAZOLE CORE AMINE/EPOXY AND RHA SILICA BASED COMPOSITES COATINGS FOR CORROSION RESISTANT APPLICATION
Authors: Jayabharathi G. , Jothiramalingam S. , Hariharan A. , Alagar M.
Published: March 2022

Imidazole core monoamine (IMA) was synthesised and used as a hardener for epoxy resin. The epoxy resin was reinforced with varying weight percentages of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) functionalized rice husk ash bio-silica to obtain respective composites. Their composite morphology was studied using SEM analysis. The cure behaviour of imidazole core diamine hardener and DGEBA epoxy resin was studied. The thermal stability of the corresponding epoxy matrix and bio-silica reinforced epoxy composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The values of limiting oxygen index calculated from TGA data infer that all the samples of epoxy matrix and composites possess good flame retardant behaviour. In order to ascertain their hydrophobic behaviour, the water-contact angle measurement studies were carried out. The values of contact angle obtained for neat IMA/DGEBA matrix is 84°, where as that of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10wt% bio-silica reinforced IMA/DGEBA are 87°, 90°, 93°, 95° and 98° respectively. IMA/DGEBA matrix and functionalised bio-silica reinforced IMA/DGEBA composites were coated on the mild steel specimens and their corrosion resisting behaviour was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation. Data resulted from corrosion studies (Nyquist plot and Tafel plot) inferred that among the coated specimens studied, the specimen coated with 7 wt% bio-silica reinforced IMA/DGEBA matrix exhibits the highest corrosion resisting efficiency due to its water repellent character and morphology.
SYNTHESIS, POLAROGRAPHIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF BENZISOXAZOLYLN- GLUCOSIDES
Authors: Wanare Rajendra K. , Punatkar Yogesh V. , Jugade Ravin M.
Published: March 2022

The desired compounds 7-amino-3-methyl-5-(3′-aryl prop-2′-enoyl)-1,2-benzisoxazoles 2a-j were prepared by the reaction of appropriate 5-acetyl-7-amino-3-methyl-1,2-benzisoxazole 1 with different aromatic aldehydes. The reaction of (2a-j) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride was done to form 7-amino-3-methyl-5-(3′-aryl isoxazol-5′-yl)-1,2- benzisoxazoles (3a-j). Condensation of tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (TAGBr) with 7-amino-3-methyl-5- (3′-aryl isoxazol-5′-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazoles furnishes 7-amino-(β-D-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl glucopyranosyl)-3-methyl-5- (3′-aryl isoxazol-5′-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazoles (4a-j) which on deprotection yielded 7-amino-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3- methyl-5-(3′-aryl isoxazol-5′-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazoles (5a-j). The identities of newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, Mass spectral, Elemental analysis, TLC, and Polarographic studies. All compounds have been evaluated for antimicrobial activities and some compounds show potent activities.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INVITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENIC VIBRIO SPECIES FROM DISEASED PENAEUS MONODON (FAB)
Authors: Chandrakala N. , Parameswari P.
Published: March 2022

The pathogenic Vibrio sp. were isolated from diseased shrimp of Penaeus monodon (FAB) using TCBS agar medium by streak plate method. Acalipha indica (L), Vinca rosea (L), Embilica officinalis (G), Ocimum sanctum(L) and Lucas aspera (L) medicinal plants are one of the most commonly used natural antimicrobial agents used traditionally. Hence an attempt has been made to screen the antivibrio activity of some selected medicinal plants against pathogenic Vibrio sp by disk diffusion method. Among the five plants tested, water extract of Lucas aspera showed the maximum zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae (18±3.4 mm in diameter) and the alcohol extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition against Vibrio harveyi (NL) (16±3 mm in diameter).
OSSEIN EFFLUENT AS WATER AND NUTRIENTS FOOTPRINT FOR BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION IN CHLORELLA VULGARIS BDU G91771
Authors: Mathumathy Murugesan , Rashmi Vijayaragavan , Uma Lakshmanan , Prabaharan Dharmar
Published: March 2022

India’s national policy on biofuels has proposed a non-mandatory target of 20% blend of biodiesel and ethanol to meet the country’s energy demand. The microalgae is one of the most promising feedstock of biodiesel. The research has identified an Indian marine isolate Chlorella sp. that can produce about 17% lipid and can be grown in ossein effluent containing low total dissolved solid and to use it as microalgal growth medium, reducing the water and nutrient footprint. This gives us lead for largescale microalgal technology, where Chlorella sp. can be grown in a sustained manner. The effluent composition almost mimics the essential algal nutrients (growth medium) and alternatives to the nutrient uptake processes. The lipid content of the control (ASN III medium) was 16%, followed by the ossein effluent comprised of high total dissolved solids (HTDS) 15% and low total dissolved solids LTDS 17%, respectively, which implies the relative lipid production of the strain grown in the effluent. The fatty acid profile of Chlorella vulgaris BDU G91771 in the selected effluent condition indicated its suitability for biodiesel production.
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT OF STEM BARK OF BOMBAX MELABARICUM
Authors: Sharma Anil Kumar , Sharma Tek Chand , Gupta Nitin
Published: March 2022

Bombax melabaricum DC. is a medium sized tree and distributed mainly in tropical areas of China and hotter part of India. It is used as medicinal herbs. Objective of the study was to isolate active phytochemicals from stem bark of title Plant. Plant Extract of stem bark was chromatographed over silica gel column and eluted with different solvents. Characterization of isolated compounds was done on the basis of spectral studies. Lupeol (I), stigmasterol (II), α-amyrin acetate (III) and trans-triacontanyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate (IV) were isolated. These compounds have very useful medicinal activities. Present work gives a direction for future investigators to get some medicinally important drugs.
SELF NANO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW
Authors: Divate Mrunal P. , Bawkar Shravani U. , Chakole Rita D. , Charde Manoj S.
Published: March 2022

Developments in recent drug discovery programs, yields a large proportion of novel pharmacologically active molecules that are lipophilic and poorly soluble, which is a major challenge for pharmaceutical researchers to enhance the oral bioavailability of such drug molecules. The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a promising Drug Delivery System which is well known for its prospective to improve the aqueous solubility and oral absorption of poorly water soluble drugs. SNEDDS is an isotropic mixture comprising oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and drug that form oil in water emulsion in aqueous environment under placid agitation. It can readily disperse in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract to form a fine oil-in-water emulsion with a droplet size not exceeding 100 nm under mild agitation for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The self nano-emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is applicable on BCS Class II and Class IV Drugs for improving water Solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. It is the novel drug delivery system which is applicable for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, intranasal and cosmetic delivery of drugs. The review presents an overview of design of formulation, preparation of components, mechanism of selfemulsification, biopharmaceutical aspects and evaluation of self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.
ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF PACLITAXEL USING BIOENHANCER: A REVIEW
Authors: Naruka Pushpendra Singh , Kumar Vishal
Published: March 2022

Many new chemical entities with tremendous therapeutic potential are discovered; yet, due to poor solubility and/or membrane penetration characteristics, many of these compounds have undesirable pharmacokinetic qualities. The latter is due to the lipid-like barrier imposed by epithelial mucosal layers, which drug molecules must cross to exert a therapeutic effect. Pre-systemic metabolic breakdown of drug compounds, primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes found in intestinal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes, is another barrier. Although the nasal, buccal, and pulmonary modes of administration bypass the first-pass effect, systemic drug distribution is still reliant on drug molecules being absorbed via mucosal surfaces. Bio enhancers (naturally derived drug absorption enhancers) have been discovered to increase the amount of unaltered drug in the systemic blood circulation by regulating membrane permeability and/or pre-systemic metabolism. This paper attempts to give an overview of natural bio-enhancers and their key modes of action for medication administration via the nasal, buccal, pulmonary, and oral routes. Injections are frequently used to administer poorly bioavailable drugs, such as large, hydrophilic therapeutics. Bioenhancers may help patients by allowing for systemic distribution of these less bioavailable medications via alternative routes of administration (i.e., oral, nasal, buccal, or pulmonary routes of administration), as well as reducing dosages of tiny molecular pharmaceuticals and so lowering treatment costs.
A SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON TUBERCULOSIS: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Tiwari Abhitav , Raj Khushboo , Mishra Arpita , Mishra Sudhanshu , Sharma Disha
Published: March 2022

In developed countries worldwide, tuberculosis is an endemic condition. The early and conclusive diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is important for avoiding death and spreading disease, both at the person and population level. Diagnostics commonly available can be widely divided into techniques focused on microscopy, culture, and molecular methods. The Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAA), Line Probe Assay, and Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB NAAT) are three advanced molecular approaches that are listed. All these diagnostic strategies, however, either have weakened sensitivity or require costly instruments that eventually restrict their usefulness as a proven form of diagnosis. Sputum microscopy, which detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in a clinical sample, is currently used as an easy and inexpensive diagnostic test for TB. The sub-optimal sensitivity of this test is based first on the abundance of Mtb in the sample and secondly on the accuracy of the operator. Culture-based diagnostic studies, on the other hand, are time intensive and reliant on knowledge and infrastructure. Likewise, molecular experiments often rely on expensive instrumentation and complexity in scientific visualization. An easy, sensitive and inexpensive diagnostic approach for early-stage Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis diagnosis is therefore still a primary requirement.
NANO-BIO-GENETIC PRECISION TREATMENTS FOR MUTATING VIRAL DISORDERS
Authors: Deore Dhanashri A.
Published: March 2022

SARS-CoV-2 has conked the lives of around 3.4 million till date, where diseased cases have shown a scale of intense seriousness from subclinical to censorious levels. It has been manifested that various genetic and ecological components have shown disease progeniture and reaction to treatments, where viral load, chronicity, age, gender, blood group are associated with genetic variant host genomes. Vigorous approach and imitate tract have triggered many immune response systems but these findings are not yet deduced in precise medicine in defiance mutating covid-19 virus. Various drugs and treatments currently been used for critical cases of SARS-CoV-2 are chemical and experimental with numeral side effects in patients. So, by understanding about “precise medicinal treatment” we can substantially work on nanobiological treatment which will be more efficacious against SARS-CoV-2. When infection starts reducing possible resources, an innovative plan of action will be developed of necessity, so this review article will delineate with numerous options of treatment that mainly includes precision medicine and non-pharmacological approach.
COMPARATIVE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS WITH REFERENCE TO COVID-19
Authors: De Biplab , Sen Saikat , Choudhury Ratna , Chakraborty Raja
Published: March 2022

Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI) may be caused by different microorganisms and resulting deadly diseases such as novel coronavirus (Covid-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), influenza and other viral infection, tuberculosis, pneumonia 8 other Bacterial RTI etc. Till now there is no recommended treatment strategy for COVID-19, as for this no specific pharmacologically proved drug till invented or identified. To identify/find out any new drug to treat particularly Covid-19 demands detailed attention in the characteristics of virus, so that the specific chemical approach in a short time can solve the health problem arouse worldwide. This paper is highlighting the comparative theoretical analysis of RTI caused by different microorganisms for the purpose of designing antiviral drugs to combat Covid-19.
A BRIEF REVIEW ON MUCORMYCOSIS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Authors: Bhargab Dhritiman
Published: March 2022

Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by a group of moulds or spores and specially effects the patients with low ability to fight against diseases. It is not contagious; it can be diagnosed with Computed tomography scan and new advancement in molecular tools are being developed. In this review mucormycosis pathology, diagnosis and its treatment with various antifungal drugs are discussed in brief.