bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Production and Commercialisation of Milk from Holstein Cows in the Grassfields of Cameroon: Contribution to Improving Living Conditions in Rural Areas
Authors: Hamza Moluh Njoya , Engwali Fon Dorothy , Abdoulay Mfewou , Pepita Ould Ahmed
Published: October 2021

The role of livestock farming is no longer to be demonstrated in rural areas. Livestock provide income and facilitate access to food in rural areas. The aim of this article is to analyse the local production and marketing of milk from Holstein cows in the Grassfield (North West and West regions) of Cameroon in order to understand how much Holstein farming contributes to the rural economy. The data was collected using a questionnaire administered to 325 households producing milk from Holstein cows only. These households were selected on the basis of the existence of milk production units in the study area The data were analysed using SPSS version 20 software and Excel. Analyses of the data collected reveal that; the average milk production of cows in Grassfields varies from one lactation stage to another (7.75 liters/ day in the beginning of lactation to 17 liters / day at the end of lactation) with a daily average of 12.83 liters per day. The milk production of Holstein cows in the study areas is higher in Noun division (10 to 20 liters / day) than in Mezam division (5.5 to 14 liters per day). The profit margin generated by large producers is 230,100 CFA francs per month. On the other hand, the small producers have a profit margin of 33,800 CFA francs per month. The chi-square test of independence showed that X² = 5.756 and the probability (sig) = 1.6% which is less than 5%, which implies that the result is significant at 5%. The rotating saving groups contribute to the improvement of incomes. They therefore play a role in financing production. The evaluation of the contribution of rotating saving and credits association in improving the standard of living of households producing Holstein milk has shown that rotating saving association contribute significantly to the financing of the production of milk in production units, the education of children in breeding households. Rotating saving groups facilitate access to household food and healthcare. This economic activity of production and commercialisation of milk from Holstein cows certainly makes it possible to meet the daily needs of households, but it remains an informal activity in view of the production environment. The strong involvement of the public authorities is therefore necessary to make milk production a sector of the economy, although production and marketing activities are currently impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Comparative Study of Efficacy of Muscle Energy Technique and Positional Release Therapy in Post ACL Reconstruction in Young Adults: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Ingale Gunjan D. , Patil Deepali S. , Wadhokar Om
Published: October 2021

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), it is a dense connective tissue band originating from the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyl and inserts into the middle of the intercondylar region on the tibia. It is regarded as a crucial component in the knee joint because it resists anterior tibial translation and rotational load. Young athletes who participate in sports that demand turning, decelerating, and jumping are at high risk for ACL injury. People who participate in Pivoting sports are likely to have them (e.g. football, basketball, netball, soccer, European team handball, gymnastics, downhill skiing). Environmental (e.g., high friction between shoes and the playing surface) and anatomical variables are also risk factors for ACL injury (e.g. narrow femoral intercondylar notch). Knee instability causes a reduction in activity, which can result in a decrease in knee-related quality of life. ACL injury risk factors have been classified as either internal or external to a person. Type of competition, footwear and surface, and environmental conditions are all external risk factors. Anatomical, hormonal, and neuromuscular risk factors are all internal risk factors.

Aim and Objective: to compare the efficacy of Myofacial Release Technique versus Positional Release Therapy on range of motion post ACL reconstruction.

Methodology: In this study total 45 patients with post ACL reconstruction will be divided into two groups, one group will receive muscle energy technique and other group will received positional release therapy. The treatment will be given for 5 sessions per week for six weeks. The assessment will be done at day one of treatment at the end of treatment at the end of first week and at the end of six week.

Discussion: This study will find the better technique for improving Range of motion Post ACL reconstruction.

Conclusion: Conclusion of the study will be drawn after the statistical analysis of the data gathered from the individuals enrolled in the study.
A Research Protocol on Effectiveness of Sub Occipital Myofacial Release on Functional Disability in Temporomandibular Dysfunction with Neck Pain: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Wadhokar Om C. , Patil Deepali S. , Phansopkar Pratik
Published: October 2021

Background: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is one of commonest joint that gets affected in females, studies shows that the altered posture of cervical spine lead to mandibular retrusion and hence in long term leads to Temporomandibular dysfunction, the tightness of sub-occipital muscle leads to pulling of the ligaments around the joint in course causing retrusion or malocclusion. The common symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction includes clicking, reduced mouth opening, headache. Alteration in the function of TMJ leads to poor quality of life of the individual as this joint is involved in basic activities like talking, eating, laughing and kissing. The sub-occipital muscles are the group of muscle extending from spinous process of C2 vertebrae to inferior nuchal line of occipital bone. Tightness of this muscle lead to extension of upper cervical spine and flexion of lower cervical spine. The common causes of temporomandibular dysfunction includes injury to jaw, overuse, inflammatory condition like arthritis and bruxism. Our aim is to find out the efficacy of sub-occipital Myofacial Release versus conventional physiotherapy on functional disability of TMJ. The clinical trial registry-India (CTRI) registration number for this trial is CTRI/2021/05/033493.

Methodology: In this study the total of 60 patients with mild to moderate Temporomandibular dysfunction with neck pain were divided into two group one group received MFR and other group received stretching exercises followed by conventional physiotherapy. The treatment was given for two week 5 session in each week. The assessment was done at day one of treatment and the end of first week and at the end of second week.

Discussion: This study was done to find out the effectiveness of suboccipital Myofacial release and stretching exercises in mild to moderate Temporomandibular joint dysfunction with neck pain.

Conclusion: Conclusion of the study can be made based on the effect of both technique on functional disability in patient with mild to moderate TMD and opt for more specific treatment for rehabilitation of patient with TMD.
Efficacy of Self Myofascial Release Technique to Reduce Frequency and Severity of Noctural Leg Cramp in Older Adults
Authors: Sonone Samiksha V. , Patil Deepali , Wadhokar Om C.
Published: October 2021

Background: Nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) are involuntary muscle contractions of the calf muscles, hamstrings, or foot muscles that occur unexpectedly, episodically, and are unpleasant. Night time cramping affects about one-third of adults. Leg cramps can strike anyone at any age, although they are more widespread and often more severe as grow older. The majority of cramps are idiopathic, and the physiological cause behind them is unknown. Muscle cramps appear to be triggered by neuromuscular structures in muscle, tendons, and nerve fibres, according to some writers. Musculoskeletal issues linked to a sedentary lifestyle, as well as job postures, prolonged standing, and the western habit of sitting rather than squatting, have been implicated of generating cramps, particularly NLC. Patients with cramps have a higher risk of peripheral vascular disease than individuals without cramps. Stretching before bedtime can help older persons lessen the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps. Stretching treatments, like as Myofacial Release, can help relieve NLC. Self-Myofacial release (SMFR) is a sort of Myofacial release (MFR) that is accomplished by the person rather than a therapist, and it is usually done with the help of a tool. Self-MFR is a low-cost, easily accessible approach for people to relieve muscle and fascia pain while also maintaining flexibility. Foam rollers and roller massage are two of the most used devices for self-MFR. MFR is used to treat a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders; it is used to treat a wide range of problems, and many types of treatment, such as trigger-point therapy and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, fall under the myofascial umbrella.

Aim and Objectives: To study the main impact of Self Myofascial Release (SMFR) to decreasing the duration of pain and improving Quality of Life in patients with NLC.

Methodology: In this study total 30 patient with nocturnal leg cramps will receive Self Myofascial Release technique (SMFR), it will be including exercise which will be performed for 4 weeks twice a day and each for 5-10 mins.

Discussion: This study is done to find out the effectiveness of Self Myofacial release in individual with nocturnal leg cramps (NLC).

Conclusion: Conclusion of the study can be made based on the effect of Self Myofascial Release technique on patient with nocturnal leg cramps.
The Gag Reflex: A Hurdle in Dentistry– Literature Review
Authors: Meenakshi S. , Dureja Shyla , Kavita G. C. , Pallavi M. , Swamy K. N. Raghavendra , Kottur Aishwarya , Ramu Ramith
Published: October 2021

Gagging reflex poses a hurdle in numerous dental procedures. It causes discomfort for the patient, extended procedure time for the clinician, compromised quality of treatment and along with a lot of physiological discomfort for both. The normal gag reflex is protective in nature, but few individuals elicit extreme response, leading to problems during the treatment procedures. It is extremely important for the clinician to identify the cause and severity of the condition so that it can be decided whether the patient can handle standard treatment techniques or whether alternative methods must be considered. There is no universal solution for successfully managing the gagging patient. Various modalities can be used according to the doctor’s assessment and patient’s conditions in order to control the gag reflex so that the patient can be comfortable and cope with the dental treatment. A wide range of management solutions are available, and many cases need a combination of therapeutic procedures. The main aim of the present article is to comprehensively report the clinical significance, etiology, symptoms and various management approaches used during prosthodontic treatments.
Study of the Biological Activity of Alkyl Derivatives of Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Khamidova Umida , Terenteva Ekaterina , Umarova Mukaddas , Abdurakhmanov Jaloliddin , Sasmakov Sabirdjan , Makhnyov Artyom , Vinogradova Valentina , Saidov Abdusalom , Khashimova Zaynat , Azimova Shakhnoz
Published: October 2021

A row of 1-alkyne (C6-C17) derivatives against tetrahydroisoquinoline have been synthesized. 1-alkyne (C6-C17) derivatives cytotoxicity against three lines of cancer cells and two lines of normal cells was studied. It was found that 1-tridecyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline exhibits a high cytotoxic effect with low toxicity to healthy cells. Antimicrobial activity of 1-alkyne (C6-C17) derivatives against 5 strains of bacteria and fungus was studied. It has been found that 1-nonyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline exhibits strong antibacterial and antifungal effects.
Reproductive Organ Activities of Morinda lucida Ethanol Root Extract on Male and Female Albino Rats Tramadol HCL Induced Infertility
Authors: Amadi Nkiruka Millicent , Achukwu Peter Uwadiegwu , Anoh Nonyelum V. , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Achukwu Ngozika O. , Odo Ogechukwu Florence
Published: October 2021

Infertility is a serious issue disturbing reproductive ages in all society now and calling for solution for continuity. Infertility were induced on groups of animals with separate sexes; M, M1, M2 and M3; F, F1, F2 andF3 with daily subcutaneous administration of 20 mg/kg body weight tramadol HCl for 42 days before respective ethanol root extract administrations of (500, 1000, 1500) mg/ kg body weight for 10 days. The animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed; uterus, ovaries, testes, epididymis were dissected out for histomorphological studies. There is evidence of dose treatment of infertility among treated groups. From the organ weight study, both the male and the female organ weight in the groups remained significantly unchanged. There are dose dependent treatments with the male and female tramadol treatment. The result is more pronounced in the increased dose of ethanol root extract (1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/ kg) body weight treated testicular cells. This study indicated that Morinda lucida has a prophylactic effect against tramadol-induced testicular damage.
The Use of Different Proteins as a Carrier Protein to Obtaining Morphine-Protein Conjugates for ELISA Diagnosis of Drug Addicts
Authors: Eshboev Farkhod , Yusupova Elvira , Piyakina Galina , Sasmakov Sabirdjan , Abdurakhmanov Jaloliddin , Khasanоv Shuhrat , Ashirov Oybek , Kuziev Sherali , Toshpulatova Durdona , Azimova Shakhnoz
Published: October 2021

Drug addiction is one of the biggest problems of medicine because diagnosis and treatment of drug addiction are difficult compared with some other socially significant diseases. In this study, synthesis and evaluation of four carrier protein-morphine conjugates were experimented. These conjugates were evaluated based on ELISA; soybean protein-based conjugate was selected for further analysis. The total soybean protein was isolated from the local soybean variety and; it was fractioned by the gel-filtration method and their amino acids compositions were studied. After that, the ELISA drug addicts were conducted based on soybean protein-morphine conjugates synthesized with soybean protein fractions. The high molecular weight soybean protein- morphine conjugate showed the highest quality.
Regulatory Procedure of Post Approval Changes and Comparative Requirements of EU and USA Regulatory Regions
Authors: Ankit Trivedi , Shrikalp Deshpande , Maitreyi Zaveri , Praveenkumar Jain , Kiran Kolhe
Published: October 2021

Aim: The current research paper describes the “Regulatory procedure of post approval changes and comparative regulatory requirement of EU and USA regulatory regions”.

Study Design: The present study is a type of Retrospective analysis of Regulatory requirements and the reviewed data was subjected to systemic review. Understanding of the same led to several observations regarding regulatory requirements of EU and USA regulatory regions.

Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out at Amneal Pharmaceutical Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India from January, 2021 to April, 2021.

Methodology: Several guidelines were profoundly reviewed to compare the requirements of post approval changes in EU and USA regulatory regions. Various regulatory review aspects were focused i.e. requirements for manufacturing sites addition/or Transfer, process parameters, container and closures, packaging and labelling of medicinal products.

Results: The post approval changes in manufacturing sites of solid or semisolid dosage form considered as a major change for USA while considered as Moderate change for EU. The transfer of manufacturing section is major variation for USA while it is a minor but immediate inform type for EU. Change in manufacturing processes, containers, labelling section of sterile products considered as major variation for both. Semisolid and solid categories are falling under the same type of variation for EU and USA regulatory regions.

Conclusion: This work demonstrated that the drug approvals in US, EU are the most demanding globally and the available guidance and procedures for the triggered changes are clear in both countries. Applicant should have scientific rationale to any change pertaining to Approved product ; Since the all change control are falling under the scope of Audit, so Applicant should maintain the all the records online.
O TRABALHO NÃO AGRÍCOLA COMO ESTRATÉGIA DAS FAMÍLIAS CAMPONESAS DO AGRESTE DE PERNAMBUCO
Authors: Milanês Renata
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo oferece uma discussão sobre a pluriatividade e o trabalho não agrícola como estratégias de reprodução camponesas. Pretende-se, com isso, compreender a multiplicidade das formas de vida e as estratégias econômicas sob as quais estão organizadas as populações rurais, em regiões nas quais existe um movimento pendular – para mais ou para menos – de combinação de atividades. Corroborando com essa discussão, trago como exemplo o Polo de Confecções do Agreste de Pernambuco, onde o trabalho não agrícola da costura, vem desde os anos 50, sendo utilizado como uma das principais fontes de renda de algumas famílias rurais locais. A pesquisa empírica, que embasa as discussões presentes neste texto, foi realizada em três comunidades rurais da região e tem como base metodológica a observação participante, o uso do caderno de campo e trinta entrevistas semiestruturadas que foram realizadas com agricultores(as) e/ou costureiros(as). Este artigo procura oferecer uma análise sob o ponto de vista antropológico, valorizando as experiências, narrativas, trajetórias e categorias de pensamento dos indivíduos que compõem o cenário da pesquisa. O estudo considera que existe um equívoco em conceber o campesinato e o trabalho não agrícola como noções excludentes. A partir desta pesquisa, pode-se perceber que o rural não se resume apenas ao agrícola e que a inserção de camponeses em processos de trabalho não agrícolas, não é suficiente para indicar uma ruptura com um modo de vida.
Neuronatin promotes SERCA uncoupling and its expression is altered in skeletal muscles of high‐fat diet‐fed mice
Authors: Braun Jessica L. , Teng Allen C. T. , Geromella Mia S. , Ryan Chantal R. , Fenech Rachel K. , MacPherson Rebecca E. K. , Gramolini Anthony O. , Fajardo Val A.
Published: October 2021

Neuronatin (NNAT) is a transmembrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum involved in metabolic regulation. It shares sequence homology with sarcolipin (SLN), which negatively regulates the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) that maintains energy homeostasis in muscles. Here, we examined whether NNAT could uncouple the Ca2+ transport activity of SERCA from ATP hydrolysis, similarly to SLN. NNAT significantly reduced Ca2+ uptake without altering SERCA activity, ultimately lowering the apparent coupling ratio of SERCA. This effect of NNAT was reversed by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. Furthermore, soleus muscles from high fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice showed a significant downregulation in NNAT content compared with chow‐fed mice, whereas an upregulation in NNAT content was observed in fast‐twitch muscles from HFD‐ versus chow‐ fed mice. Therefore, NNAT is a SERCA uncoupler in cells and may function in adaptive thermogenesis.
An Open‐Source Modular Framework for Automated Pipetting and Imaging Applications
Authors: Ouyang Wei , Bowman Richard W. , Wang Haoran , Bumke Kaspar E. , Collins Joel T. , Spjuth Ola , Carreras‐Puigvert Jordi , Diederich Benedict
Published: October 2021

The number of samples in biological experiments is continuously increasing, but complex protocols and human error in many cases lead to suboptimal data quality and hence difficulties in reproducing scientific findings. Laboratory automation can alleviate many of these problems by precisely reproducing machine‐readable protocols. These instruments generally require high up‐front investments, and due to the lack of open application programming interfaces (APIs), they are notoriously difficult for scientists to customize and control outside of the vendor‐supplied software. Here, automated, high‐throughput experiments are demonstrated for interdisciplinary research in life science that can be replicated on a modest budget, using open tools to ensure reproducibility by combining the tools OpenFlexure, Opentrons, ImJoy, and UC2. This automated sample preparation and imaging pipeline can easily be replicated and established in many laboratories as well as in educational contexts through easy‐to‐understand algorithms and easy‐to‐build microscopes. Additionally, the creation of feedback loops, with later pipetting or imaging steps depending on the analysis of previously acquired images, enables the realization of fully autonomous “smart” microscopy experiments. All documents and source files are publicly available to prove the concept of smart lab automation using inexpensive, open tools. It is believed this democratizes access to the power and repeatability of automated experiments.
Multilayer MoTe2 Field‐Effect Transistor at High Temperatures
Authors: Ahmed Faisal , Shafi Abde Mayeen , Mackenzie David M. A. , Qureshi Maaz Ahmed , Fernandez Henry A. , Yoon Hoon Hahn , Uddin Md Gius , Kuittinen Markku , Sun Zhipei , Lipsanen Harri
Published: October 2021

Functional 2D material‐based devices are likely subjected to high ambient temperatures when integrated into miniaturized circuits for practical applications, which may induce irreversible structural changes in materials and impact the device performance. However, majority of 2D devices’ studies focus on room temperature or low‐temperature operation conditions. Here, the high‐temperature (up to 673 K) electro‐thermal response of molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2)‐based field‐effect transistors is investigated. The optimal annealing temperature of around 500–525 K for the multilayer MoTe2 devices with two‐fold enhancement in maximum current level, field‐effect mobility, and current on‐off ratio is identified. Furthermore, MoTe2 devices show the transition of electrical response from gate modulation to the degenerately p‐doped (hole dominant) characteristics when the operation temperature increases to ≈600 K. The gate‐dependent electro‐thermal measurements complemented by surface chemistry analysis confirm the near range hopping transport in the MoTe2 channel at high temperature induced by thermally triggered oxidation of MoTe2. These results not only provide the thermal endurance limits of MoTe2 for practical applications, but also indicate the possible applications of MoTe2 for thermal sensing applications.
From Active Materials to Battery Cells: A Straightforward Tool to Determine Performance Metrics and Support Developments at an Application‐Relevant Level
Authors: Heubner Christian , Voigt Karsten , Marcinkowski Peter , Reuber Sebastian , Nikolowski Kristian , Schneider Michael , Partsch Mareike , Michaelis Alexander
Published: October 2021

Large‐scale electrochemical energy storage is considered one of the crucial steps toward a sustainable energy economy. Science and industry worldwide are conducting intensive research into various ways to improve existing battery concepts or transferring novel concepts to application. The development of materials and electrodes is an essential step in this process. However, the evaluation of the achieved performance parameters and the comparison of the different studies at this technological level with regard to practical applications is challenging, since special electrodes and cell concepts are typically used at laboratory scale. In the present work, a straightforward computational tool (Ragone calculator) is provided to estimate performance data at the full cell level based on electrochemical measurements on electrodes. Application of the Ragone calculator simplifies the comparability of the different studies and allows an appropriate classification of the reported performance data. In addition, extrapolation of the results to the battery level can make a valuable contribution to assessing at early stages whether a development is target‐oriented or in which direction it needs to be advanced.
Synthesis of Functionalized Silsesquioxane Nanomaterials by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbene Insertion into Si−H Bonds
Authors: Jagannathan Jake R. , Targos Karina , Franz Annaliese K.
Published: October 2021

We report carbene insertion into Si−H bonds of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) for the synthesis of highly functionalized siloxane nanomaterials. Dirhodium(II) carboxylates catalyze insertion of aryl‐diazoacetates as carbene precursors to afford POSS structures containing both ester and aryl groups as orthogonal functional handles for further derivatization of POSS materials. Four diverse and structurally varied silsesquioxane core scaffolds with one, three, or eight Si−H bonds were evaluated with diazo reactants to produce a total of 20 new POSS compounds. Novel diazo compounds containing a fluorinated octyl group and boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophore demonstrate the use of highly functionalized substrates. Transformations of aryl(ester)‐functionalized POSS compounds derived from this method are demonstrated, including ester hydrolysis and Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling.
Modeling bioaffinity‐based targeted delivery of antimicrobials to Escherichia coli biofilms using yeast microparticles. Part II: Parameter evaluation and validation
Authors: Yi Jiyoon , Huang Kang , Nitin Nitin
Published: October 2021

The design of bioaffinity‐based targeted delivery systems for biofilm inactivation may require a comprehensive understanding of physicochemical and biochemical properties of biobased antimicrobial particles and their interactions with biofilm. In this study, Escherichia coli biofilm inactivation by chlorine‐charged yeast microparticles was numerically simulated, and the roles of chemical stability, binding affinity, and controlled release of this targeted delivery system were assessed using this numerical simulation. The simulation results were experimentally validated using two different types of yeast microparticles. The results of this study illustrate that chorine stability achieved by yeast microparticles was a key factor for improved biofilm inactivation in an organic‐rich environment (>6 additional log reduction in 20 min compared to the free chlorine treatment). Moreover, the binding affinity of yeast microparticles to E. coli biofilms was another key factor for an enhanced inactivation of biofilm, as a 10‐fold increase in binding rate resulted in a 4.2‐fold faster inactivation. Overall, the mechanistic modeling framework developed in this study could guide the design and development of biobased particles for targeted inactivation of biofilms.
Characterization of Astrocyte Morphology and Function Using a Fast and Reliable Tissue Clearing Technique
Authors: Aryal Surya P. , Neupane Khaga R. , Masud Abdullah A. , Richards Christopher I.
Published: October 2021

Astrocytic processes interact with synapses throughout the brain modulating neurotransmitter signaling and synaptic communication. During conditions such as exposure to drugs of abuse and neurological diseases, astrocytes respond by altering their morphological and functional properties. Reactive astrocyte phenotypes exhibit a bushy morphology with altered soma volume and an increased number of processes compared to resting astrocytes. The reactive astrocytic phenotype also overexpresses proteins one of which can be glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Fluorescence microscopy on thin tissue sections (<20 µm) requires reconstruction, often through multiple sections, to delineate the full astrocytic morphology. In contrast, tissue clearing methods have been developed that enable imaging of larger sections including the whole brain, providing an opportunity to see in‐depth changes in single cell structure. In this article, a detailed protocol for studying astrocyte morphology using tissue clearing and subsequent imaging of whole brains as well as region‐specific slices is provided. This method is ideal for understanding the effect of different physiological conditions on astrocyte morphology. A standard biochemistry laboratory has the resources to accomplish tissue clearing using this protocol and most universities have the required imaging facilities. Protocols to study brains from both genetically modified mice that contain an astrocyte‐specific marker and from wild‐type mice using antibody labeling steps after tissue clearing are provided. We also describe general protocols to conduct fluorescence imaging of astrocytes in cleared tissue to characterize their morphology. This protocol could be useful for researchers working in the rapidly growing field of astrocyte biology. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Brain perfusion, fixation, and tissue clearing

Alternate Protocol: Clearing brain tissue with passive clarity

Basic Protocol 2: Antibody labeling and refractive index matching

Basic Protocol 3: Fluorescence imaging and characterization of astrocyte morphology
Total nucleated cell dose in graft is a better prognostic factor for survival in pediatric patients transplanted with bone marrow compared to CD34+, CD3+, or total mononuclear cell count
Authors: Kupeli Serhan , Inan Gul , Ozkan Ayse , Sezgin Gulay , Bayram Ibrahim , Tanyeli Atila
Published: October 2021

Background

Most studies investigating the impact of graft composition on transplant‐related outcomes have focused on the effect of CD34+ cell dose and reported equivocal results. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of doses of total nucleated cells (TNCs), total mononuclear cells (TMCs), CD3+, and CD34+ cells on the outcome of children receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods

Children and adolescents who underwent allogeneic HSCT for malignant hemato‐oncological diseases or nonmalignant diseases in Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Center between 2010 and 2020 were enrolled in the study.

Results

A total of 212 patients receiving allogeneic HSCT (154 bone marrow transplantation; 58 peripheral blood stem cell transplantation) from matched related or unrelated donors were included in the study. Higher TNC doses associated with a superior 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS; 67.7% vs 44.7%) in the whole group (log‐rank P = .027). Overall survival (OS) and EFS of bone marrow–transplanted patients differed significantly according to TNC doses (log‐rank P = .041 and .027, respectively). Multivariant analysis for OS revealed a P value of .038 for TNC, Exp(B) = 1.939 (95% CI: [1.038, 3.621]). That for EFS revealed a P value of .025 for TNC, Exp(B) = 1.992 (95% CI: [1.088, 3.647]). There was no relationship between doses of CD34+ cells, CD3+ cells, TMC, TNC, and neutrophil or platelet engraftment.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that TNC dose is a better prognostic factor for pediatric allogeneic HSCT outcomes than doses of CD34+ cells, CD3+ cells, or TMC in patients transplanted with bone marrow. Future studies analyzing cell subsets and other components in TNC could elaborate the factor(s) accompanying this observed survival advantage.
Facilitators, barriers, and perceived changes of a social behaviour change nutrition programme and economic development programme in rural Bangladesh: A qualitative study
Authors: Han Seungheon , Kim Heeyeon , Cho Yoonho , Rahman Md. Mezanur , Kang Yunhee
Published: October 2021

This qualitative study explored facilitators, barriers and perceived changes related to programme participation and utilisation among 69 parents of young children who attended a Positive Deviance/Hearth (PDH) programme alone or a PDH programme alongside an Economic Development (PDH/ED) programme to improve child nutrition in rural Bangladesh. Family support stimulated participation in the programmes, while a lack of understanding of the programme's objectives could hinder the effective assets utilisation provided by the ED programme to improve child nutrition. Improvement in child nutritional status was frequently observed in both groups. Proactive engagement and elevated self‐esteem were distinctively reported in the PDH/ED group.
Predictors of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Birkenbeuel Jack L. , Warner Danielle C. , Abiri Arash , Brown Nolan J. , Nguyen Emily S. , Lee Ariel , Goshtasbi Khodayar , Boladian Lana A. , Hsu Zachary , Bitner Benjamin F. , Golshani Kiarash , Chen Jefferson W. , Hsu Frank P. K. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: October 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of patient and surgical factors, including approach and reconstruction type, on postoperative nausea and vomiting episodes following endoscopic skull base surgery.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review from July 2018 to August 2020 of 99 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery at a tertiary academic skull base surgery program. All patients were treated with a standardized postoperative protocol consisting of scheduled ondansetron, along with promethazine and scopolamine for breakthrough nausea and vomiting episodes. Cumulative nausea and vomiting episodes throughout hospital stay were recorded for each patient.

Results

Of the 99 patients identified, the mean number of nausea and vomiting episodes per patient were 0.4 ± 1.2 and 0.3 ± 0.7, respectively. Female sex (β = .65, P = .034) and extended surgical approach (β = .90, P = .027) were associated with increased risk for postoperative nausea. Furthermore, female sex (β = .44, P = .018), cavernous sinus dissection (β = .52, P = .002), and extended approach (β = .79, P = .025) significantly increased odds of postoperative vomiting episodes. There was no association between total operative time or total postoperative opioid dose and nausea and vomiting episodes (all Ps > .05). Neither increased nausea nor vomiting episodes significantly increased odds of prolonged hospitalization (P = .105 and .164, respectively).

Conclusion

This report highlights novel risk factors for patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery. Upfront standing antiemetic therapy may be considered when treating patients with independent predictors of postoperative nausea and vomiting, including female sex, cavernous sinus dissection, and extended surgical approach.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:761–768, 2022
Vision Transformer‐based recognition of diabetic retinopathy grade
Authors: Wu Jianfang , Hu Ruo , Xiao Zhenghong , Chen Jiaxu , Liu Jingwei
Published: October 2021

Background

In the domain of natural language processing, Transformers are recognized as state‐of‐the‐art models, which opposing to typical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) do not rely on convolution layers. Instead, Transformers employ multi‐head attention mechanisms as the main building block to capture long‐range contextual relations between image pixels. Recently, CNNs dominated the deep learning solutions for diabetic retinopathy grade recognition. However, spurred by the advantages of Transformers, we propose a Transformer‐based method that is appropriate for recognizing the grade of diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose

The purposes of this work are to demonstrate that (i) the pure attention mechanism is suitable for diabetic retinopathy grade recognition and (ii) Transformers can replace traditional CNNs for diabetic retinopathy grade recognition.

Methods

This paper proposes a Vision Transformer‐based method to recognize the grade of diabetic retinopathy. Fundus images are subdivided into non‐overlapping patches, which are then converted into sequences by flattening, and undergo a linear and positional embedding process to preserve positional information. Then, the generated sequence is input into several multi‐head attention layers to generate the final representation. The first token sequence is input to a softmax classification layer to produce the recognition output in the classification stage.

Results

The dataset for training and testing employs fundus images of different resolutions, subdivided into patches. We challenge our method against current CNNs and extreme learning machines and achieve an appealing performance. Specifically, the suggested deep learning architecture attains an accuracy of 91.4%, specificity = 0.977 (95% confidence interval (CI) (0.951–1)), precision = 0.928 (95% CI (0.852–1)), sensitivity = 0.926 (95% CI (0.863–0.989)), quadratic weighted kappa score = 0.935, and area under curve (AUC) = 0.986.

Conclusion

Our comparative experiments against current methods conclude that our model is competitive and highlight that an attention mechanism based on a Vision Transformer model is promising for the diabetic retinopathy grade recognition task.
Bromodomain 4 inhibition leads to MYCN downregulation in Wilms tumor
Authors: Woods Andrew D. , Berlow Noah E. , Ortiz Michael V. , Dela Cruz Filemon , Siddiquee Armaan , Coutinho Diego F. , Purohit Reshma , Freier Katherine E. Tranbarger , Michalek Joel E. , Lathara Melvin , Matlock Kevin , Srivivasa Ganapati , Royer‐Pokora Brigitte , Veselska Renata , Kung Andrew L. , Keller Charles
Published: October 2021

Background

Wilms tumor is the most common childhood kidney cancer. Two distinct histological subtypes of Wilms tumor have been described: tumors lacking anaplasia (the favorable subtype) and tumors displaying anaplastic features (the unfavorable subtype). Children with favorable disease generally have a very good prognosis, whereas those with anaplasia are oftentimes refractory to standard treatments and suffer poor outcomes, leading to an unmet clinical need. MYCN dysregulation has been associated with a number of pediatric cancers including Wilms tumor.

Procedures

In this context, we undertook a functional genomics approach to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for those patients with anaplastic Wilms tumor. Genomic analysis and in vitro experimentation demonstrate that cell growth can be reduced by modulating MYCN overexpression via bromodomain 4 (BRD4) inhibition in both anaplastic and nonanaplastic Wilms tumor models.

Results

We observed a time‐dependent reduction of MYCN and MYCC protein levels upon BRD4 inhibition in Wilms tumor cell lines, which led to cell death and proliferation suppression. BRD4 inhibition significantly reduced tumor volumes in Wilms tumor patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models.

Conclusions

We suggest that AZD5153, a novel dual‐BRD4 inhibitor, can reduce MYCN levels in both anaplastic and nonanaplastic Wilms tumor cell lines, reduces tumor volume in Wilms tumor PDXs, and should be further explored for its therapeutic potential.
Black Brazilians on the Move
Authors: Ramos Silva Luciane
Published: October 2021

This Keynote offers a brief overview of an artistic and activist editorial project based in São Paulo City, the magazine O Menelick 2° Ato, as well as presents a portrait of some Black contemporary women artists, some of them interdisciplinary, and articulates modes of interrogating political and symbolic violence and subjugation from Brazilian colonially, creating an artistic presence rooted in the search for self-determination, autonomy, and modes of existence ignited by Black diasporas’ ways of self-writing. Their creative work also disrupts hegemonic epistemologies and calls us to look at what is going on in the Black South America.
Impedance matching control between a human arm and a haptic joystick for long-term
Authors: Choi Jiwook , Gu Zhanming , Lee Jangmyung , Lee Inho
Published: October 2021

An impedance matching control framework between a human and a haptic joystick for long-term teleoperation is proposed in this research. An impedance model of the human arm is established analyzing the characteristics of human perception, decision, and action. The coefficients of the human arm’s impedance have been identified using a least squares method. The human arm’s impedance matching algorithm generates a corresponding motion vector for the human arm, which is determined by the interaction force measured by a force/torque sensor considering the impedance modeling of the human arm. The impedance control has been adopted for the haptic joystick to match the desired impedance to that of the human arm, which is aimed to minimize the energy consumption of the human arm for long-term teleoperation. By minimizing the fatigue of the operator, the remote control accuracy of the teleoperation can be improved. A PD control with gravity compensation algorithm has been adopted to maintain desired trajectory for the joystick by the operator more conveniently. The effectiveness of matching control has been demonstrated by trajectory following experiments for a mobile robot.
Simultaneous transcatheter pulmonary and tricuspid valve-in-ring implantation
Authors: Faim Diogo , Silva Patrícia V. , Zunzunegui José L. , Puga Luís , Francisco Andreia , Rodrigues Dina , Pires António
Published: October 2021

We report on a 50-year-old female patient, with several severe comorbidities and high-surgical risk, in whom we successfully performed a simultaneous transcatheter pulmonary and tricuspid valve-in-ring implantation to treat both bioprosthetic pulmonary valve dysfunction and native torrential tricuspid valve regurgitation, the latter previously managed with a Carpentier annuloplasty ring.
The role of borosilicate glass in Miller–Urey experiment
Authors: Criado-Reyes Joaquín , Bizzarri Bruno M. , García-Ruiz Juan Manuel , Saladino Raffaele , Di Mauro Ernesto
Published: October 2021

We have designed a set of experiments to test the role of borosilicate reactor on the yielding of the Miller–Urey type of experiment. Two experiments were performed in borosilicate flasks, two in a Teflon flask and the third couple in a Teflon flask with pieces of borosilicate submerged in the water. The experiments were performed in CH4, N2, and NH3 atmosphere either buffered at pH 8.7 with NH4Cl or unbuffered solutions at pH ca. 11, at room temperature. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy results show important differences in the yields, the number of products, and molecular weight. In particular, a dipeptide, multi-carbon dicarboxylic acids, PAHs, and a complete panel of biological nucleobases form more efficiently or exclusively in the borosilicate vessel. Our results offer a better explanation of the famous Miller's experiment showing the efficiency of borosilicate in a triphasic system including water and the reduced Miller–Urey atmosphere.
COVID-19 and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Duckheim Martin , Schreieck Jürgen
Published: October 2021

Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spread unrelentingly all over the world, millions of cases have been reported. Despite a high number of asymptomatic cases, the course of the disease can be serious or even fatal. The affection of the myocardium, called myocardial injury, is caused by multiple triggers. The occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in COVID-19 patients with myocardial involvement and a critical course is common. In this review, potential mechanisms, incidence, and treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias in COVID-19 patients will be provided by performing a literature research in MESH database and the National Library of Medicine. Common cardiac arrhythmias in COVID-19 patients were sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), atrioventricular block, sinusoidal block or QTc prolongation. AF was the most common heart rhythm disorder. About 10% of COVID-19 patients develop new-onset AF and 23 to 33% showed recurrence of AF in patients with known AF. One retrospective trial revealed the incidence of VT or VF to be 5.9% in hospitalized patients. Both AF and VT are clearly associated with worse outcome. Several mechanisms such as hypoxia, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, or abnormal host immune response, which induce cardiac arrhythmias, have been described. The effect of QT-prolonging drugs in inducing cardiac arrhythmias has become mitigated as these medications are no longer recommended. Acute management of cardiac arrhythmias in COVID-19 patients is affected by the reduction of exposure of health care personnel. More prospective data are desirable to better understand pathophysiology and consecutively adapt management.
Microvascular Skin Manifestations Caused by COVID-19
Authors: Gawaz Andrea , Guenova Emmanuella
Published: October 2021

Hypercoagulability and vascular injury, which characterize morbidity in COVID-19 disease, are frequently observed in the skin. Several pathomechanisms, such as inflammation caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–mediated uptake into endothelial cells or SARS-CoV-2-initiated host immune responses, contribute to microthrombus formation and the appearance of vascular skin lesions. Besides pathophysiologic mechanisms observed in the skin, this review describes the clinical appearance of cutaneous vascular lesions and their association with COVID-19 disease, including acro-ischemia, reticular lesions, and cutaneous small vessel vasculitis. Clinicians need to be aware that skin manifestations may be the only symptom in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that inflammatory and thrombotic SARS-CoV-2-driven processes observed in multiple organs and tissues appear identically in the skin as well.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Versus Cervical Disc Replacement in Patients With Significant Cervical Spondylosis
Authors: Alluri Ram Kiran , Vaishnav Avani S. , Fourman Mitchell S. , Sivaganesan Ahilan , Lee Ryan , Urakawa Hikari , Mok Jung Kee , Sato Kosuke , Albert Todd A. , Huang Russel C. , Sheha Evan D. , Gang Catherine Himo , Qureshi Sheeraz A.
Published: October 2021

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:

The aim was to compare clinical outcomes in patients with significant cervical spondylosis treated with cervical disc replacement (CDR) compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Summary of Background Data:

As CDR utilization has increased over the past decade, recent studies have investigated the outcomes of CDR in patients with more significant spondylotic changes and demonstrated improved postoperative patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, no prior study has investigated clinical outcomes of patients with significant spondylotic changes treated with CDR in comparison to ACDF.

Methods:

Patients who underwent 1-level or 2-level CDR or ACDF with significant cervical spondylosis, quantified using a validated grading scale, were identified, and prospectively collected data was retrospectively reviewed. The following PROs were analyzed: Neck Disability Index (NDI), visual analog scale-Neck, visual analog scale-Arm, and PROMIS Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) Computer Adaptive Test Score. Demographic, operative, and radiographic variables, and achievement of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for each PRO were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

A total of 66 patients were included in the present study, of which 35 (53%) were treated with CDR and 31 (47%) with ACDF. The preoperative cervical spondylotic grade was similar between the 2 groups (1.8 vs. 2.2, P=0.27). At final follow-up, there was no significant difference in the absolute value for each PRO between the 2 groups (P>0.19) and both groups demonstrated significant improvement in each PRO compared with preoperative values (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients achieving the MCID for each PRO when comparing CDR to ACDF (P>0.09).

Conclusions:

A similar percentage of patients with significant degenerative cervical spondylosis achieved the MCID across multiple PROs when treated with CDR or ACDF. Patients in both treatment groups demonstrated significant improvement in all PROs assessed when compared with preoperative values.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.