bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the internal standard method for the quantitative estimation of oil polymer content by gas chromatography
Authors: Zielinski W. L.
Published: July 2007

The use of an internal standard to quantitatively estimate the polymer content of fatty acid ester samples has been described and evaluated. Standard samples of known composition have been prepared and analyzed. The mean of the deviations from actual polymer values was found to be less than one per cent. The application of this approach to the analysis of partially polymerized oils is discussed.
Studies on the changes in fatty acid composition in developing seeds. I.
Authors: Chandra K. S.
Published: July 2007

Oils from castor seeds at different stages of ripening have been studied. The fatty acid composition has been determined by paper chromatography. The ratio of the weight of the kernel to the weight of the seed coat changes from 1.0: 1.24 (14 days) to 1.0:0.48 (45 days) and the oil content of the seed coat is negligible. Amounts of the individual fatty acids in 1 g of kernel as well as in a single seed have been shown. The amounts of ricinoleic, linoleic and stearic acids gradually increase with the ripening of the seeds whereas the amounts of oleic and palmitic acid after an initial increase upto 28 days gradually decrease towards the later stages of growth when the amounts are calculated on the basis of a single seed.
The effect of dietary fat on the glyceride structure of rat carcass fat
Authors: Perkins E. G.
Published: July 2007

Carcass fats were obtained from weanling rats fed a complete diet for 8 weeks, which consisted of 2% cottonseed oil and 10% of the following fats: (1) corn oil; (2) the fatty acids of corn oil; (3) triricinolein; (4) ricinoleic acid; (5) the hydrogenated fatty acids of castor oil; and (6) commercial hydrogenated shortening. The fats were subjected to both pancreatic lipase and nonspecific hydrolysis; the resulting acids converted into methyl esters by conventional methods, and subjected to gas Chromatographie analysis. From these data, the positional distri‐bution of the component fatty acids, glyceride types, and isomeric forms were calculated. The results indicated a preferential placement of un‐saturated acids in the 2‐ position of the carcass triglycerides and that the carcass fat composition in terms of unsaturated (U) and saturated (S) fatty acid composition is not greatly influenced by the S and U compositions of the dietary fat. It was found that hydroxy acids or their tri‐esters are metabolized much the same as are normal triglycerides and exert no particular in‐fluence upon the fat structure of the rat. Some type of relationship between the dietary U and the U3 in the carcass fat appears to be present. The glycerides of the carcass fats examined here are essentially a random mixture of the major glyceride types, but the isomeric forms (SUS, S SU, USU and UUS) are a definite non‐random mixture.
Chemistry of epoxy compounds. xxii. preparation of some long‐cham 2‐oxazolidones
Authors: Dyen Martin E. , Swern Daniel
Published: July 2007

Long‐chain aliphatic compounds containing the 2‐oxazolidone moiety have been prepared fromcis‐ andtrans‐ 9 octadecene, methyl oleate, and elaidate, oleyl and elaidyl alcohols, and several long‐chain terminal epoxides. The 2‐oxazolidones prepared are substituted in the 4‐, 4,5‐, or 3,5‐positions. The first two groups of oxazolidones are obtained by pyrolysis of β‐iodocarbamates, prepared from terminal and internal monoun‐saturated compounds respectively by the addition of iodine isocyanate and by reaction with meth‐anol. The last group is prepared by heating ter‐minal epoxides with organic isocyanates in DMP containing a catalytic quantity of tetramethyl‐ammonium iodide or lithium chloride. Structures have been confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis.
Esters of rosin and olefin epoxides
Authors: Halbrook Noah J. , Schuller Walter H. , Lawrence Ray V.
Published: July 2007

Rosin has been found to react extremely rapidly with commercially available olefin 1,2‐epoxides to give hydroxy monoesters. These monoesters have been reacted further with rosin to give diesters. The diesters are ester gums, which are modified by the presence of a long aliphatic chain in the molecule. Preliminary results indicate that they are useful as tackifiers for SBR rubber.
Soap bacteriostats
Authors: Jungermann Eric
Published: July 2007

The growing use of bacteriostats in soaps and the various methods for screening these com‐pounds are reviewed critically. Discussed are (1) in vitro techniques to establish antibacterial activity, substantivity tests using skin disk, fingerprint, or radioactive tracer techniques, and microbiological availability determinations; (2) safety testing procedures; (3) in vivo tests to determine deodorancy and degerming efficiency. Performance in clinical trials, designed to evalu‐ate the contribution of bacteriostatic soaps to the treatment of bacterially caused infections, is ex‐amined. Discussed are studies on the control of erythrasma, acne, diaper rash, and secondary cutaneous infections.

These techniques are illustrated by comparing two bacteriostatic systems, A and B, in soaps. System A contains 0.75% TCC and 0.75% hexa‐chlorophene; System B contains 0.67% TBS, 0.67% TCC, and 0.67% Irgasan CF3. The data showed excellent correlation between in vitro screening techniques and actual in vivo per‐formance characteristics.
1,2‐Cycloaddition of Haloalkenes to Conjugated Fatty Esters
Authors: Bell E. W. , Friedrich J. P. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: July 2007

We have studied the reaction of 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐difluoro‐, chlorotrifluoro‐, and tetrafluoro‐ethylenes and also hexafluoropropylene withcis,trans andtrans,trans isomers of conjugated methyl octadecadienoate. Reactions gave 50‐82% yields of cycloaddition products. The pre‐ponderance of products with a cyclobutane struc‐ture and a double bonda,β to the cyclobutane ring was shown by IR and NMR spectra.

Reactions were carried out in diluent with hy‐droquinone inhibitor at autogenous pressure and a temperature of 200C for 5 hr. The distilled adducts are colorless liquids with viscosities rang‐ing from 11 to 19 centistokes at 100F. These products and their hydrogenated derivatives ex‐hibit low pour points (down to ‐76F) and may be useful as low‐temperature plasticizers or lubricant additives.
A New Process for the Selective Hydrogenation of Cyclopropenoids in Cottonseed Oil
Authors: Hutchins J. P. , Ullman A. Z. , Going L. H.
Published: July 2007

A new process has been developed, in which the cyclopropenoid groups in cottonseed oil can be selectively and continuously hydrogenated under mild conditions. This process utilizes nickel in a fixed‐bed reactor, thereby eliminating the ex‐pensive filtration commonly associated with slurry reactors.

In pilot‐plant runs at essentially atmospheric pressure and at temperatures from 150 to 315P (66‐157C), Halphen‐negative oils were produced in as short a contact time as 2 min. Little or no hydrogenation or isomerization of normal fatty acids occurred during the process. Reaction rate data indicate that cyclopropenoid removal follows first‐order behavior.
Fat oxidation at low oxygen pressure. i. kinetic studies on the rate of fat oxidation in emulsions
Authors: Marcuse Reinhard , Fredriksson Per‐Olof
Published: July 2007

Oxidation was measured by oxygen consump‐tion in a Warburg apparatus, modified to main‐tain constant partial oxygen pressure by auto‐matic electrolytic generation of oxygen with automatic recording of the oxygen consumed.

The decrease in rate of oxygen consumption on the lowering of partial oxygen pressure at at‐mospheric pressure was found to depend on a) the varying influence of the nonoxygen‐dependent and the oxygen‐dependent reactions of the prop‐agation which may vary with the conditions such as the reactivity of the substrate, the tem‐perature, and the pH value but which is not affected by light irradiation; b) the varying rate‐limiting effect of slow oxygen diffusion, depending on the ratio between the rate of oxidation and the rate of oxygen diffusion.
Silver resin chromatographic separation of methyl cis‐ and trans‐ mono‐ and dihydroxy fatty esters
Authors: Rakoff Henry , Emken Edward A.
Published: July 2007

Column chromatography on silver ion‐saturated Amberlyst XN 1010 cation exchange resin gave very good separation of a mixture of methyl 12‐hydroxy‐cis‐andtrans‐9‐octadecenoates and of methylthreo‐12, 13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐ andtrans‐9‐octadecenoates. Comparison of the retention volumes of nonhydroxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy saturated and monoenoic methyl esters and of dienoic methyl esters shows that the hydroxy group interacts with the column packing to slow passage of the compound through the column, although the effect of a hydroxy group is less than that of atrans double bond. The effects of the hydroxy groups are additive; the ratio of retention volumes of dihydroxy ester to monohydroxy ester is slightly larger that that of monohydroxy ester to nonhydroxy ester. The retention volume of a cis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a hydroxytrans monoenoic ester and that of a hydroxycis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a dihydroxytrans monoenoic ester.
Background, importance and production volumes
Authors: Kern J. C.
Published: July 2007

The importance of the fatty acid industry today is reflected by the estimated 1978 production in the U.S. of 956 M lbs., exclusive of tall oil fatty acids. The 1978 U.S. production of various fatty acids as reported monthly and annually by the FAPC of SDA, is broken down into 9 saturated categories, and 5 unsaturated categories, as follows: (1) stearic and 127.2 M lbs. (13.3%); (2) hydrogenated animal and vegetable acids (2a) 97.3 M lbs. (10.2%), (2b) 158 M lbs. (16.5%), (2c) 32 M lbs. (3.4%); (3) high palmitic, 14.6 M lbs. (1.5%); (4) hydrogenated fish, 6.5 M lbs. (0.7%); (5) lauric acid types, 88.8 M lbs. (9.3%); (6) fractionated fatty acids, (6a) C10 or lower, 18.5 M lbs. (1.9%), (6b) C12 and C14 55% 17 M lbs. (1.9%); (7) oleic acid, 158.3 M lbs. (16.6%); (8) animal fatty acids other than oleic, 156.3 M lbs. (16.3%); (9) vegetable or marine fatty acids, 0.1 M lbs. (less than 1%); (10) unsaturated fatty acids, 57 M lbs. (6.0%); (11) unsaturated fatty acids I.V. over 130, 24.2 M lbs (2.5%). Reported 1977 fatty acid derivative production from fatty acids (not fats and oils) is 1,980 M lbs. The average price of fatty acids has increased from 23¢/lb.. to 60¢/lb. within the last 5 years.
Fat splitting
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V.
Published: July 2007

Fat splitting, particularly the continuous, high pressure, countercurrent hydrolysis of fats and oils, typified by the Colgate‐Emery or modified processes, represents the technological cornerstone for today's American fatty acid industry. Internationally, other methods such as Twitchell or batch autoclave “medium‐pressure” catalyzed or uncatalyzed splitting are still important. All industrial fat splitting methods have as their objectives the attainment of a high rate of hydrolysis together with a high degree of completeness. This objective is achieved, more or less, by the proper optimum balance of: (a) use of excess water; (b) selection of appropriate combination of temperature and pressure to optimize the solubility of liquid water in the fat phases with or without use of suitable “water‐in‐oil” emulsifiers; (c) use or nonuse of acidic catalyst (rarely basic catalysts); and (d) removal of byproduct glycerol. Significant conditions and details in fat splitting by the important commercial processes are described.
Separation of fatty acids
Authors: Zilch K. T.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acid separations which do not involve fractional distillation are discussed. Various methods of separating fatty acids from a practical point of view and the most salient facts of each process are described.
Esterification and interesterification
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V.
Published: July 2007

A versatile and large group of fatty acid esters are prepared from monohydroxy alcohols (C1 to C22 members), glycols (ethylene and propylene glycols and others), etherglycols (many polyoxyethylene glycols), triols (glycerol and others), tetraols (pentaerythritol and others), polyglycerols, carbohydrate materials (sorbitol, sorbitan, sucrose and others). The two most important direct esterifications of fatty acids are those done with monohydroxy alcohols (methanol, butanol, etc.) and glycerol itself. Esterifications of these materials are carried out with or without the use of catalysts. For edible ester products, the choice of catalyst is determined by (a) rate of reaction promotion permitted by the use of the catalyst; (b) color of product obtained; (c) ease of removal of catalyst; (d) toxicity of catalyst, and perhaps; (e) other factors including promotion of acrolein formation from glycerol, loss by volatilization at high temperatures, inactivation above certain threshold temperatures, and catalyst corrosivity on the materials of construction of the esterifier. In certain instances the last factor may indeed be the paramount one in a particular catalyst choice for a direct esterification. Industrial production of methyl esters is principally by a process of interesterification called methanolysis. Polyols require conditions for complete esterification that are vigorous and severe. The two most important interesterification methods used in the fatty acid industry are the methanolysis of fats and oils for the production of methyl esters and the glycerolysis of fats and oils for the production of three kinds of so‐called “monoglycerides”, namely the 40%, 60% and 90% monoglycerides.
New applications for fatty acids and derivatives
Authors: Weiss M. , Rosberg R. , Sonntag N. O. V. , Eng S.
Published: July 2007

The early development of the American fatty acid industry during 1900–1920 is usually associated with the use of stearic acid in candles for lighting purposes. Today, the use of stearic acid in candle manufacture continues; the volume consumed for this application is not small, but the use is for ornamental, decorative or festival purposes, only incidentally for emergency lighting purposes. When one consideres that most condles consist of 10–20% stearic acid, which improves among other things, the appearance, burning qualities and stiffness of the candle, the volume consumed is appreciable. More than that, the growth rate in this use is impressive. In 1965, it has been estimated that the volume of double‐pressed stearic acid that found its wya into candles was 3.5 million pounds. Today (1979) it is conservatively estimated that from 10–12 million pounds are utilized for this purpose. Innovations, such as the development of driples candles, achieved by the incorporation of a somewhat larger proportion of stearic acid to the external wax coat, are now possible uses. Concrete and asphalt are examples of much‐used large tonnage materials of construction which have disadvantages in use that can be at least partially or significantly improved through the incorporation of stearic acid or certain other fatty chemicals. An excellent example of the tailor‐making of fatty acid derivatives to satisfy an almost desperate need is provided by the development of derivatives suited for the retardation of water evaporation from reservoirs in arid areas. In 1966 it was estimated that the evaporation from large lakes and reservoirs in 17 western states was equivalent to 14 million acre feet, an amount which could ordinarily supply 84 million people annually. The design of water insoluble long chain organic compounds with a hydrophilic group at one terminal position gives products capable of forming monomolecular films which are uniquely suited to solve this problem. Fatty alcohol ethoxylates are only one approach among several.
Determination of anionic surfactants by two‐phase titration with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester as indicator
Authors: Tsubochi M. , Yamasaki N. , Matsuoka K.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of anionic surfactants in aqueous solution. It is based on solvent extraction titration of an ion pair. Zephirmine (tetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride) is used as a titrant with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester as an indicator in the presence of chloroform. In the two‐phase titration (chloroform/water), the proposed procedure gives sharp end‐points as the organic phase changes from yellow to blue. The aqueous phase is colorless throughout the titration.
The fatty acids of dormant tung buds
Authors: Sell Harold M. , Gilbert Seymour G.
Published: July 2007

Conclusions and Summary

The methyl esters of the fatty acids in the wax of dormant tung buds were prepared and fractionated in a column packed with a spiral screen. Myristic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were identified in some of the fractions by the saponification equivalents and by the melting points of the p‐bromophenacyl derivatives of the saturated acids and the hydroxy derivatives of the unsaturated acids. The identification of these acids proved the presence of some of the higher fatty acid radicals similar to those found in Crisco and lanolin. It is believed that the mutual solubility of these fatty acids may have facilitated penetration of the alpha‐naphthalenacetic or indole‐3‐acetic acid in Crisco and lanolin emulsions, into the bud tissue and in this way increased their effectiveness in prolonging dormancy.
Distribution of oil in the bran layers of slender, medium, and short grain varieties of rice, and effect of parboiling
Authors: Mukherjee R. K. , Bhattacharjee M.
Published: July 2007

A study of the distribution of oil in slender (IR‐22), medium (Jaya), and short (Bala) grain types of rice indicated that the oil content of the bran was highest in IR‐22 (24.4%) followed by Jaya (22.8%) and Bala (15.2%) at a given (5%) polish percentage. Parboiling increased the oil yield of the bran in all the varieties, but much more in Jaya and Bala (7–9%) than in IR‐22 (3%) indicating that in the slender IR‐22, the oil was more concentrated in the surface layers of the grain. The oil content increased somewhat sharply in IR‐22 and Bala up to 4.0 and 5.5% polish, respectively, and then declined with further polish. In Jaya, the increase was smaller and more or less constant up to 6.0% polish. Changes due to parboiling were similar to those for raw samples with higher values for the parboiled samples. Distribution in surface fractions showed highest values for each fraction from the slender IR‐22 followed by the medium Jaya and the short grain Bala. The pattern of distribution was, however, strikingly different in the slender variety compared to the others. Difference between raw and parboiled fractions in each variety was not similar: in IR‐22, the increase in parboiled samples was 5–7%, 5–13% in Jaya, and as much as 1–11% in Bala.
Linear carboxylic acid esters from α‐olefins: 3. Catalysis by dispersions of palladium complexes
Authors: Knifton John F.
Published: July 2007

Linear, fatty‐type, carboxylic acid esters are prepared by regioselective 1‐alkene carbonylation catalyzed by dispersions of ligand‐stabilized palladium(II) chlorides in quaternary Group VB salts of trichlorostannate(II). The sensitivity of these syntheses to catalyst composition and alkene structure is described, together with techniques for multiple cycling and regeneration of the preferred palladium formulation, PdCl2[P(C6H5)3]2‐10[(C2H5)4N][SnCl3].
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Schneider E. L. , Loke Sook P. , Hopkins D. T.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in oils. The method consists of reacting the methyl esters of the cyclopropenoid fatty acids with silver nitrate in methanol to form ether and ketone derivatives. The derivatives formed from the cyclopropenoid fatty acids are separated from the methyl esters of the normal fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography on a 15% diethylene glycol succinate column. The method is applicable to oils containing from 0.01% to 100% of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. The derivatives of oils containing lew levels of cyclopropenoids are separated from the normal methyl esters by alumina chromatography prior to gas‐liquid chromatography. Studies on the quantitative aspects of the derivative formation, alumina chromatography, and gas‐liquid chromatography are reported. Analyses for total cyclopropenoid fatty acid content of cottonseed oil andSterculia foetida oil by the gas‐liquid chromatographic and hydrobromic acid titration procedures showed good agreement. Replicate analyses of a sample ofSterculia foetida oil for malvalic and sterculic acid gave coefficients of variation of 6.04% and 1.17%, respectively.
Removal of aflatoxins from oilseed meals by extraction with aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Rayner Eric T. , Dollear F. G.
Published: July 2007

Aqueous isopropanol was found to be an effective solvent for removal of aflatoxins from contaminated cottonseed and peanut meals. Extraction with 6 passes of 80% aqueous isopropanol at 60C resulted in complete removal of aflatoxins in both meals, as measured by thin‐layer chromatography. Under similar extraction conditions, the isopropanol‐water azeotrope, 88% isopropanol by weight, removed 88% of the total aflatoxins in peanut meal, a reduction from 82 to 10 ppb, and 79% of the total aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, a reduction from 214 to 46 ppb. Lower temperatures were less effective with both solvent systems.
Determination of the solid fat content of commercial fats by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Madison B. L. , Hill R. C.
Published: July 2007

A method and instrumentation for measuring the solid fat content is reported that is both accurate and precise. It involves using transient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements for determining the percentage of solids in commercial shortenings and hydrogenated oils at selected temperatures. The incorporation of a tempering step at 26.7 C for all samples before measurement has improved the precision of the solids content actually measured (±0.2% solids) which approximates that of dilatometry. Duplicate measurements are not required to obtain this precision. The instrument is equipped with six 10‐mm sample holders in combination with a precise variable temperature accessory system which eliminates the temperature difference between the sample and sample holder. This improved and exact temperature conditioning of samples provides better sample stability and easier handling for routine conditions of analysis. A single temperature result can be made in less than 1 hr and typical 5 temperature results obtained in 2.5 hr. Our work also indicates that tempering does influence results, the net effect being to decrease the amount of solids at temperatures less than the tempering temperature. In comparing the pulsed NMR measured solids with these measured by dilatometry, differences between methods of measurement are minimized when samples have had the same tempering and temperature history. This method provides flexibility, speed, and increased sample throughput of up to 60 samples/day. The self‐contained equipment requires only 9 sq ft of space and is ready for measurements within 45 min after start‐up.
Composition of tall oil pitch
Authors: Holmbom B. , Erä V.
Published: July 2007

Compositions of six grades of tall oil pitch (TOP), four of finnish and two of U.S. origin were investigated. The pitch samples contained 34.6–51.6% free acids, 23.2–37.8% esterified acids, and 25.3–34.4% unsaponifiable neutral compounds. Each of the above fractions was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Approximately 60% of the weight fraction in TOP consisted of high molecular components of which about half were acidic compounds. The low molecular free acids were mainly dehydroabietic, abietic, and other resin acids. The esterified acids consisted chiefly of oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaponifiable fractions were composed of diterpene alcohols, fatty alcohols, sterols, and dehydrated sterols. The alcohol components were almost completely esterified.
Rapid calculation of solid fat index values from dilatometer readings
Authors: Bowers R. H.
Published: July 2007

Equations are presented for the reduction of dilatometer readings to AOCS solid fat index (SFI) values. The equations include corrections for expansion of the confining fluid. The corrections were derived from fundamental equations describing the thermal expansion of water. These equations permit machine calculation of SFI values without the use of tables of corrections, resulting in a significant reduction in computational time.
Nonaqueous titrimetric analysis of sulfuric and alkylbenzene sulfonic acids in detergent intermediates
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichiro , Nukui Shozo , Kubo Mitsugi , Konishi Kazuo
Published: July 2007

A single differential nonaqueous titration method is presented for the analysis of sulfuric and alkylbenzene sulfonic acids in a detergent intermediate material. The organic and sulfuric acids in the sample were quantitatively titrated potentiometrically with standard cyclohexylamine solution. With certain specified sample compositions, approximate sulfuric acid determinations may be made without sample weighing or the use of standardized titrant. The titration is based upon the ratio of the first and second end points of the differential titration curve. Because of its simplicity, the latter method adaption is especially useful for routine control type analyses.
Hydrogenation of a menhaden oil: II. Formation and evolution of the C20 dienoic and trienoic fatty acids as a function of the degree of hydrogenation
Authors: Sebedio J‐ L. , Ackmam R. G.
Published: July 2007

To complement studies on monoethylenic fatty acids produced from the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:5A5,8,11,14,17) during hydrogenation of a menhaden oil of iodine value (IV) 159, the C10 dienoic and trienoic fatty acid isomers of partially hydro‐genated menhaden oils (PHMO) of IV 131.5, 96.5 and 85.5 were isolated by a combination of preparative gas liquid chromatography (GLC), mercuric adduct fractionation, and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (AgNO3‐TLC). The 20:2 fatty acid methyl esters of the three PHMO samples were transformed to the corresponding alcohols and ozonized in BF3‐MeOH, followed by GLC analysis of the ozonolysis fragments. During the hydrogenation process, re‐sidual ethylenic bonds in the 20:2 isomers tend to migrate both towards the carboxyl group and towards the methyl end of the molecule. The hydrazine reaction results revealed that thetrans ethylenic bonds in the 20:2 and 20:3 isomers were distributed all along the the carbon chain, but thecis ethylenic bonds were more localized in the Δ11,Δ14 and Δ17 positions of the preexisting major menhaden oil component 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17. Iatroscan analyses on AgNO3‐chromarods revealed that, as a result of the hydrogenation process, almost half of the 20:2 isomers were non‐methylene‐interruptedcis, trans/trans, cis structures.
The dual‐solvent extraction of wool grease with hexane and aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Anderson C. A. , Warner J. J.
Published: July 2007

Hexane solutions of three wool greases of different purities—(a) B.P. grade, (b) a typical commercial grade, and (c) a very crude grease‐were extracted by countercurrent flow of aqueous isopropanol (60% v/v IPA) in a 12‐stage mixer‐settler pilot plant. Fractionation performance was in close agreement with that predicted by an ex‐traction model developed previously. Concentrations of detergent in the product greases were 0.00%, 0.00% and 0.43%, respectively. However, even with the crude grease the concentration of detergent oligomers with more than 7 ethoxylate units was zero; free acids content was slightly reduced; and the free cholesterol content was unaffected. The color of the wool grease was improved by solvent extraction, but the bleachability was only marginally improved. The complete removal of detergent oligomers indicates that the extrac‐tion technique will improve the water‐emulsifying capacity of cer‐tain wool greases and overcome the synergism responsible for hyp ersensitivity.
Effects of ionizing radiations on fats. II. Accumulation of peroxides and other chemical changes
Authors: Chipault J. R. , Mizuno G. R.
Published: July 2007

The accumulation of peroxides, carbonyl com‐pounds and reducing substances during irradia‐tion and post‐irradiation storage of pure fatty acid methyl esters has been studied.

Irradiation and storage of irradiated methyl myristate under vacuum results in formation of small quantities of these compounds. Irradiation under oxygen gives peroxides and carbonyl com‐pounds in yields indicating that every ionization results in the formation of one molecule of each group, and antioxidants have no effect on the formation of these compounds during irradiation.

Irradiation of methyl linoleate under vacuum results in destruction of pre‐formed hydroperox‐ides. During irradiation in oxygen, approximately one‐eighth of the peroxides formed arises from the direct reaction of irradiation‐induced free radi‐cals with oxygen, while the rest is formed through a chain mechanism with an average chain length of 7.

Peroxides continue to accumulate in irradiated methyl linoleate stored under oxygen at a rate increasing with initial irradiation dose.

Antioxidants have some effect in retarding the formation of peroxides during irradiation of methyl linoleate and during post‐irradiation stor‐age, but the effect is small compared to their antioxygenic activity toward simple autoxidation. The effect varies with the nature of the antioxi‐dant and with irradiation dose. Propyl gallate is much less effective than butylated hydroxy‐anisole and appears to be easily destroyed during irradiation.
Antimycotic activity of some fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Novak A. F. , Fisher Mary J. , Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: July 2007

Petroselinic and ricinoleic acids and a number of their derivatives, together with stearic acid and two oleic acid derivatives which were in‐cluded for the purpose of comparison, have been screened for antimycotic activity against 22 pathogenic yeasts and molds. A number of the compounds exhibited a wide spectrum of activity, testing either fair or good against all or most of the yeasts and molds, and almost all were fairly active against at least one of the organisms.
Studies of the oxygen bomb method for determining shortening stabilities
Authors: Bennett J. E. , Byer M. J.
Published: July 2007

The Oxygen Bomb Method as evolved by the studies presented in this paper gives production and quality control laboratories a procedure by which to measure a fifty‐hour shortening in one hour and forty‐five minutes. The OBM is twice as precise as in the Active Oxygen Method as shown by the comparison of their two sigma error.
Origin of minor constituents of commercial oleic acid
Authors: Murase Y. , Lin S. S. , Min D. B. S. , Hsieh O. A. L. , Chang S. S.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acids were prepared from beef tallow in the laboratory by alkalization and acidification under a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures below 100 C. The minor constituents in the beef tallow fatty acids were isolated by the silicic acid method as described previously. They were fractionated by silicic acid liquid column chromatography and characterized by chemical functional group analyses, elemental analyses and infrared spectrophotometric methods. The results suggest that the minor constituents in commercial fatty acids were partly present in the original raw material of beef tallow and were partly formed as artifacts during the manufacturing process.
Oil and water determination in emulsions by pulsed low‐resolution NMR
Authors: Brosio E. , Conti F. , Di Nola A. , Scalzo M. , Zulli E.
Published: July 2007

A pulsed, low‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique has been used for the oil and water determination in O/W emulsions. The method is based on the analysis of the longitudinal magnetization decay curve, that, due to the different relaxation times of oil and water, consists of 2 recognizable components. Correlation of NMR results with fat content is described. A good correlation between the NMR response and fat content by weight has been found. The rapidity and accuracy of the measurements are comparable to those of other techniques.
Interfacial tensions of vegetable oil/water systems: Effect of oil purification
Authors: Gaonkar Anilkumar G.
Published: July 2007

Methods were developed to determine the interfacial tension (IT) of vegetable oil/water systems as a function of time, and to remove interfacially active contaminants from commercial vegetable oils. Interfacial tensions between commercial vegetable oils and water decreased with time due to the presence of impurities. Interfacial tensions of purified oils against water were substantially higher than those reported in the literature, and remained unchanged with time, thereby indicating the absence of surface chemical impurities in the oil. The lowering of IT in the case of commercial oils was ascribed to the presence of mixtures of monoglycerides.
Phospholipid degradation in membranes of isolated soybean lipid bodies
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Nakamura L. K.
Published: July 2007

Membrane degradation was observed in lipod bodies isolated from soybean seeds and incubated at 30°C for 6‐ and 18‐day periods. Three events occurred during degradation. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyle‐thanolamine (PE) were converted to phosphatidic acid presumably by phospholipase D, but PE decreased even in the absence of phospholipase D enzymic activity. A substance that cochromatographed with cardiolipin appeared as a product after 18 days incubation.
Resistance of lipid films to water vapor transmission
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O.
Published: July 2007

Various lipids, mounted on a polar filter paper support, were evaluated as barriers to the transmission of water vapor. Beeswax was most resistant to moisture transmission followed by stearly alcohol, acetylated monoglycerides, tristearin, and stearic acid in order of decreasing resistance. Resistance of beeswax to the transmission of water vapor is similar to that of polyethylene terephthlate and polyvinyl chloride. Temperature dependence of resistance to water vapor transport was influenced markedly by the polar‐supporting matrix. This was attributed to the moisture sorption characteristics of the support, a finding that has relevance to edible, lipid‐based films that contain hydrophilic polymers for structural integrity.
Tempering influence on oxygen and water vapor transmission through a stearyl alcohol film
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O.
Published: July 2007

Stearyl alcohol was layered on a filter paper support and tested for resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission following tempering. Tempering at 48C for 14 or 35 days caused the resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission to increase. The resistance to O2 and water vapor transport was increased 80% and 50% respectively, after 35 days. Likely mechanistic explanations include the healing of crystal imperfections and the development of a more extensive and betterlinked arrangement of lipid crystalline platelets.
EPA and DHA contents of encapsulated fish oil products
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Macpherson E. J.
Published: July 2007

Seventeen brands of encapsulated fish oil or fish oil concentrate products, purchased during the period 1984–88 over the counter in the United States United Kingdom or Canada, were analyzed for their mg contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids per g of capsule contents. The mg contents were determined with respect to methyl tricosanoate internal standard by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on a SUPELCOWAX‐10 flexible fused silica capillary column. The alkyl ester and free fatty acid products showed very high levels of EPA (259–300 mg) and DHA (172–254 mg) whereas in the triglyceride oils EPA ranged from a low of 80 to a high of 250 mg, and DHA ranged from 78 to 156 mg, per g of capsule contents. The mg/g results indicate that the label claims for EPA and DHA for the majority of the products sampled are presented with reasonable accuracy.
Soap based detergent formulation: XXIV. Sulfobetaine derivatives of fatty amides
Authors: Parris Nicholas , Pierce Carl , Linfield Warner M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Sulfobetaines were prepared from the reaction of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters or fatty glycerides with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine to form an aminoamide which could be allowed to react further with either sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (from epichlorohydrin and sodium bisulfite) or with allyl chloride followed by addition of sodium bisulfite to form sulfobetaines. The conditions for the reaction between aminoamide and sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyl‐1‐propanesulfonate were studied in an effort to minimize the extent of hydrolysis of the 3‐chloro‐compound and thus increase the yield of desired compound. Investigation of the quaternization of the aminoamide with allyl chloride showed that this reaction proceeded readily at pressures above atmospheric. The addition of sodium bisulfite to the resulting allyl quaternary ammonium compound took place readily in the presence of certain free radical initiators. Solution properties and detergency performance of the compounds are reported. Detergency of ternary formulations of soap, glassy silicate builder, and the above sulfobetaines was the same as that obtained with ternary formulations containing the analogous sulfobetaines obtained from the reaction of propanesultone with the aminoamide. We have developed a synthetic scheme for fatty amino sulfobetaines that requires no purification, avoids the use of carcinogenic 1,3‐propanesultone and expensive fatty tertiary amines, and produces detergents that perform as well as the previously described purified sulfobetaines [Parris et al., JAOCS 50:509 (1973); Paris et al., Ibid. 53:60 (1976)].
Further observations concerning effects of unsaponifiable constituents on the properties of coffee seed oil
Authors: Hartman Leopold , Lago Regina C. A.
Published: July 2007

The addition of monoesters of cafestol to triglycerides obtained by re‐esterification of coffee oil fatty acids resulted in a behavior similar to that of the original coffee oil when subjecting the mixture to the Wesson procedure, a test for predicting refining losses. Contrary to expectation, the softening point of the triglycerides remained practically unaffected by the above addition.
Methional as an antioxidant for vegetable oils
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summary

Brief heating of safflower oil with 1% by weight of DL‐methionine at 200 C stabilized the oil to subse‐quent autoxidation. Since this treatment also caused development of a strong cabbage‐like aroma, it was difficult to follow the oxidation organoleptically. Measurements of oxygen absorption rate and per‐oxide development confirmed that the heated oil was quite stable. The major product of the reaction between methionine and safflower oil, N(3‐methyl‐thiopropyl) linoleic amide, was found to be a pro‐oxidant. There was evidence that methional (β‐methylmercaptopropionaldehyde), formed by de‐gradation of methionine, is the active antioxidant. Commercial methional contains significant quantities of a dimer and trimer, both of which were also found to have antioxidant activity. The dimer is a de‐hydrated aldol condensation product whereas the trimer is cyclic, a substituted trioxymethylene. Meth‐ional and its polymers have such strong objectionable odors, even at low concentrations in oil, that their usefulness as antioxidants may be very limited.
Anaerobic biodegradability of carboxymethyloxysuccinate, a detergent builder
Authors: Viccaro John P. , Ambye Edith L.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Controlled amounts of C‐14 labeled trisodium car‐boxymethyloxysuccinate, an experimental detergent builder, were added to a laboratory anaerobic digester system. The daily dosages were increased incrementally from 4 to 20 ppm, dosages being held at each level for 24 days. Biodegradation commenced after 6 days, and once complete acclimation occurred, removals were rapid and complete at all dosage levels, yielding CO2 and CH4 as virtually the only end‐products of decomposition. After 96 days of application, total removal was in excess of 95%. Further, this com‐pound did not interfere with the normal digestion processes or display any inhibitory effects on the bacterial population.
Significance for humans of biologically active factors in soybeans and other food legumes
Authors: Liener I.
Published: July 2007

Among the many biologically active factors present in the soybean, only protease inhibitors (PI) have been shown to exert significant adverse effects on animals consuming diets containing soybean protein. Evidence is presented to suggest that (a) PI are only partially responsible for the poor nutritive value of inadequately processed soybeans, (b) low levels of PI are relatively harmless to animals, (c) human trypsin is only weakly inhibited by PI, and (d) the human pancreas is probably insensitive to the hypertrophic effects of PI. Parelleling the wide spread distribution of PI in the plant kingdom are the so called phytohemagglutinins or lectins. Unlike the lectin present in soybeans which appears to have only a marginal effect on the nutritional quality of the protein, the lectin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is quite toxic. Moreover, the major storage protein of such beans is quite resistant to digestion unless denatured by heat, thus emphasizing the importance of adequate processing of those legumes when used in the human diet. Although goiter‐inducing compounds are present in most cruciferous plants and cyanide‐producing substances may be found in cassava and lima beans, traditional methods of preparation and present technology have served to minimize any harmful effects that may accompany the ingestion of these foods by man. Brief mention will also be made of two human diseases, lathyrism and favism, associated with the consumption ofLathyrus sativus andVicia faba, respectively, their causative agents and mechanism of action. Although there are numerous examples of so called toxic constituents in legumes, they nevertheless have provided a valuable source of protein to man over the centuries. This can be attributed, in part, to the fact that man has learned how to detoxify them by suitable preparative measures. The varied nature of our diet also minimizes the contribution of a toxicant from any one foodstuff. Nevertheless, there is the ever present possibility that the prolonged consumption of a particular legume that may be improperly processed could bring to the surface toxic effects that otherwise would not be apparent. As the shortage of protein becomes more acute, it is not unlikely that much of the population of the world will be faced, in the future, with a more limited selection of protein‐foods, most of which will be of plant origin and, hence, potential carriers of toxic constituents. The food scientist should at least be cognizant of such a possibility and be prepared to apply his knowledge and skill to meeting this challenge.
New concepts in biological evaluation of novel protein foods
Authors: Miller Sanford A.
Published: July 2007

Technology has advanced to where it is now possible to fabricate new foods having high acceptability and providing better nutrient balance than the traditional foods they replace. If such products ultimately represent a major portion of the diet, then a new approach to toxicology and nutritional evaluation has to evolve to allow proper estimation of the safety and adequacy of the products. Traditional approaches to these problems are based upon the elucidation of major changes in the test organism, i.e., evaluation of substances of high biological potency. For food analogs, any deleterious effect will probably be at levels just above the natural noise level of the system. To compensate for this, most traditional evaluations of analogs have been made by feeding the test substances at extremely high, nonphysiological levels with the hope that this will reveal any toxic response. With this approach, however, many traditional foods would appear to be inadequate. A better technique may be designed to explore the functional consequences of feeding the test analog over several generations, using stress as a modifier to increase sensitivity of the system. Other sensitive measures such as behavior and resistance to disease should be included. The conceptual basis of this approach was used to test a vegetable protein analog (VPA). The feeding of VPA to animals as a significant part of the diet resulted in no change in the capacity of the animal to grow and reproduce and to function under stress conditions. Preliminary results of feeding this material through three generations also produced no changes in the parameters studies.
Effect of composition and processing on the nutritive value of some leguminous seeds
Authors: Pion R. , Menoles‐Pereira E. , Prugnaud J.
Published: July 2007

Leguminous seeds are potential protein sources with variable nutritive value because of their amino acid pattern. Their nutritive value may be affected by some nonprotein components: tannins, poorly digestible carbohydrates and antinutritional factors. Some deleterious effects may be avoided by different technological processes developed to eliminate or inactivate the indesirable compounds. Unfortunately, the processes may themselves result in a decrease of the nutritive value of the proteins by making their amino acids unavailable to the animal organism. We studied some of these effects in field beans, soybeans, lupines and peas, using digestibility and growth trials with rats. The samples were used as sole proteins in balanced diets and supplemented with synthetic amino acids to meet the requirements. The significance of differences in apparent digestibilities was estimated from the amino acid composition on the feces using two calculation procedures described previously. These techniques were developed to assess the relative part of the undigestible food and of the intestinal bacteria in the feces. The growth of the animals was compared to a control group eating a fish meal diet. The free amino acids in blood and muscle were estimated in order to emphasize some amino acid unavailability.
Toxicity of cereal protein—Derived peptides for in vitro developing intestine from rat fetus
Authors: Auricchio S. , de Ritis G. , De Vincenzi M. , Silano V.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes work that shows that the PTC digest of gliadins extracted from hexaploid wheat flour have the same toxic activity of the PTC digest of gliadins extracted from hexaploid wheat gluten. Moreover, not all wheat species apparently contain the toxic components, thus suggesting that durum wheat foods may present, as compared to soft wheat foods, a lower risk for human health under particular circumstances. Similar considerations seem to apply to other cereal genera that seem to differ with respect to the presence and/or content of toxic peptides. Further experiments to test such a working hypothesis are now being made.
World production of food proteins: Situation, Structure, trends
Authors: Lischenko V. F.
Published: July 2007

World production of major food products for 1961 through 1976 with special calculations as to protein content, plus some conclusions about recent tendencies in world protein situations and the role of food and feed high protein additives from plant sources are reviewed.