bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beauvoir, the Scandal of Science, and Skepticism as Method
Authors: Klassen Abigail
Published: April 2013

InThe Ethics of Ambiguity(herein theEthics), Simone de Beauvoir declares that science condemns itself to failure if it takes as its task the total disclosure of being (Beauvoir 1948/1976, 130). I suggest that theEthicsactually parallels the spirit of some scientific programs, specifically those that utilize positive skepticism as method. I draw out connections among theEthics, Maurice Merleau‐Ponty'sPhenomenology of Perception(Merleau‐Ponty 1945/1962) to which Beauvoir's works show much likeness, and Francis Bacon'sThe New Organon(Bacon 1620/2000), the latter being at once a scientific and a positive skeptical program. Underscoring the ways in which Beauvoir's method of interrogating the being of beings and reality is compatible with some scientific pictures is important. It complicates the usual thought that existentialism is antiscience, problematizes Beauvoir's overly simplistic depiction of science, and nuances her analysis of the existent's experience of itself.
Embodied Disbelief: Poststructural Feminist Atheism
Authors: Schaefer Donovan O.
Published: April 2013

“I quite rightly pass for an atheist,” Jacques Derrida announces inCircumfession.Grace Jantzen's suggestion that the poststructuralist critique of modernity can also be trained on atheism helps us make sense of this playfully cryptic statement: although Derrida sympathizes with the “idea” of atheism, he is wary of the modern brand of atheism, with its insistence on rationally arranging—straightening out—religion. In this paper, I will argue that poststructural feminism, with its focus on embodied epistemology, offers a way to re‐explain Derrida's “I rightly pass,” and also to carry it forward. Poststructural feminist atheism leads us through Derrida to anembodied disbelief drawing on three dimensions of poststructural feminism: feminist epistemology and material feminism, relationality, and affect theory.
Language and the Gendered Body: Butler's Early Reading of Merleau‐Ponty
Authors: Foultier Anna Petronella
Published: April 2013

Through a close reading of Judith Butler's 1989 essay on Merleau‐Ponty's “theory” of sexuality as well as the texts her argument hinges on, this paper addresses the debate about the relation between language and the living, gendered body as it is understood by defenders of poststructural theory on the one hand, and different interpretations of Merleau‐Ponty's phenomenology on the other. I claim that Butler, in her criticism of the French philosopher's analysis of the famous “Schneider case,” does not take its wider context into account: either the case study that Merleau‐Ponty's discussion is based upon, or its role in his phenomenology of perception. Yet, although Butler does point out certain blind spots in his descriptions regarding the gendered body, it is in the light of her questioning that the true radicality of Merleau‐Ponty's ideas can be revealed. A further task for feminist phenomenology should be a thorough assessment of his philosophy from this angle, once the most obvious misunderstandings have been put to the side.
Formation and removal of apical vapor lock during syringe irrigation: a combined experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics approach
Authors: Boutsioukis C. , Kastrinakis E. , Lambrianidis T. , Verhaagen B. , Versluis M. , van der Sluis L. W. M.
Published: April 2013

Aim

(i) To evaluate the effect of needle type and insertion depth, root canal size and irrigant flow rate on the entrapment of air bubbles in the apical part of a root canal (apical vapor lock) during syringe irrigation using experiments and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, (ii) to investigate whether the irrigant contact angle affects bubble entrapment, (iii) to examine if an established vapor lock can be removed by syringe irrigation.

Methodology

Bubble entrapment during irrigation of straight artificial root canals of size 35 or 50 was evaluated by real‐time visualizations. The irrigant was delivered by a closed‐ended or an open‐ended needle positioned at 1 or 3 mm short of working length (WL) and at a flow rate of 0.033–0.260 mL s−1. Results were analysed by nonparametric tests at 0.05 significance. Selected cases were also simulated by a two‐phase CFD model.

Results

A vapor lock was observed in 48% of the cases investigated experimentally. Increasing the apical size, using an open‐ended needle, positioning the needle closer to WL and delivering the irrigant at higher flow rate resulted in significantly smaller vapor lock. An increased contact angle resulted in the entrapment of a larger bubble when a low flow rate was used. Both brief insertion of the needle to WL whilst irrigating at a flow rate of 0.083 mL s−1and delivering the irrigant at 0.260 mL s−1without changing the needle position were capable of removing an established vapor lock.

Conclusions

Apical vapor lock may occur under certain conditions, but appears to be easily prevented or removed by syringe irrigation.
Photocatalytic Efficiency of Zeolite‐Based TiO2 Composites for Reduction of Cu (II): Kinetic Models
Authors: Peter Anca , Mihaly‐Cozmuta Leonard , Mihaly‐Cozmuta Anca , Nicula Camelia , Barbu Tudoran Lucian , Vulpoi Adriana , Baia Lucian
Published: April 2013

This study evaluates the photoactivity of novel zeolite‐based TiO2 composites modified with metal particles for the photoreduction of Cu2+, depending on the zeolite and metal particles (Ag or Fe) content and to establish the photoreduction mechanism. The composites have been prepared by incorporating zeolite particles in the sols during the sol‐gel preparation of the TiO2, followed by impregnation of the gels in solutions containing metal ions. The zeolite‐based TiO2 composites have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy techniques and TEM microscopy. The role of zeolite particles in the photoreduction process was demonstrated by using different kinetic models. The apparent constant rate for photoreduction increases in direct proportion with the content of zeolite and is higher for the composites modified with Fe than for those modified with Ag nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that composites have a higher photocatalytic efficiency than TiO2. The experiments in this study reveal that the migration of Cu2+ in solution occurs rapidly and that the diffusion through the film on the composite's surface and, subsequently, the photoreduction process are the rate limiting steps. The role of the zeolite in photoreduction is to diminish the recombination rate of the charge carriers.
A Novel Way to Prepare Visible‐Light‐Responsive WO3/TiO2 Composite Film with High Porosity
Authors: Luo Qiang , Cai Qizhou , He Jian , Li Xinwei , Chen Xidi , Pan Zhenhua , Li Yujie
Published: April 2013

Amorphous oxide film was prepared on the titanium substrate by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technology in acidic electrolyte consisting of tungstate and then subject to calcination in air. Films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and UV‐Vis DRS before and after calcination, respectively. Calcined film consisted of anatase and WO3, showing more open structure compared with uncalcined film. Furthermore, the absorption edge of calcined film was shifted to visible light region and the recombination of photo‐induced carriers was inhibited effectively, resulting that WO3/TiO2 composite film produced by PEO technology and calcination should be effective as a visible‐light‐responsive photocatalyst.
The Rigidity of Vitreous Networks: An Alternative Viewpoint
Authors: Wright Adrian C.
Published: April 2013

An alternative, and much more intuitive, approach is proposed to the rigidity of (relatively) strain‐free oxide glass networks, based on effectively rigid basic structural units and the true degrees of freedom that allow the formation of such networks; viz. bond torsion angles plus the bond angle at the bridging oxygen atoms. These ideas are extended to borate networks that include rigid superstructural units with no internal degrees of freedom in the form of variable bond and torsion angles, and it is shown that, for an isostatic network, the average (super)structural unit connectivity is equal to 4. The role of network rigidity in determining glass formation is discussed, together with the effects of steric hindrance, and a comparison with conventional constraints theory is presented for vitreous SiO2 and B2O3. Finally, it is argued that the so‐called intermediate phase is merely an extended rigidity transition range, due to the chemical nano‐heterogeneity that characterizes the structure of glasses having more than one component, and that, in the case of Ge‐Se glasses, the bonding in the interfacial regions between the Se and GeSe2 regions exhibits significant metalloid character.
High hydrostatic pressure inactivation kinetics of the endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract
Authors: Qiu Chunjiang , Xia Wenshui , Jiang Qixing
Published: April 2013

Inactivation kinetics of endogenous lipoxygenase in crude silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) extract was studied for thermal (50–80 °C, ambient pressure) and high hydrostatic pressure combined with heat treatment (300–700 MPa at 50–80 °C) process conditions. Lipoxygenase (LOX) inactivation followed first‐order kinetics at all pressure–temperature combinations used. Moreover, LOX inactivation rates became less pressure dependent with increasing pressure at all temperatures studied and also showed less temperature dependence of the enzyme inactivation rate at various high pressure levels tested. It is evident that inactivation kinetics is complex affected by both pressure and temperature. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to investigate combined temperature–pressure processing conditions on LOX inactivation kinetics in crude silver carp extract samples. In conclusion, the LOX inactivation rate constant was modelled as a function of both temperature and pressure conditions by a quadratic polynomial equation as follows: .
Use of banana purée from three indigenous Thai cultivars as food matrices for probiotics and application in bio‐set‐type yoghurt production
Authors: Srisuvor Nutthaya , Prakitchaiwattana Cheunjit , Chinprahast Ninnart , Subhimaros Suwanna
Published: April 2013

This research studied the use of banana purée from three indigenous Thai cultivars (Kluai Hom Thong, Kluai Namwa and Kluai Khai) as probiotic carrying agents in food and application in bio‐set‐type yoghurt. Kluai Khai purée had promising indication of prebiotic activity on Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc‐37 with the highest probiotic activity score. When Lpc‐37 cell was incorporated into Kluai Khai purée, its cell counts increased by 0.8 log CFU g−1 and it adhered to purée, as seen by the proliferating cells. Therefore, Kluai Khai purée mixed with Lpc‐37 was selected for the production of bio‐set‐type yoghurt. The results showed that viable cells increased more than 0.8 log CFU g−1 during storage. This study reflected the achievement of using Kluai Khai purée as food matrix for carrying ‘active probiotic cells’ in bio‐yoghurt production. This methodologically developed prototype could be an interesting alternative for value adding of indigenous fruits.
Preparation and characterisation of selected physicochemical and functional properties of β‐chitosans from squid pen
Authors: Youn Dal Kyoung , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: April 2013

Squid pen β‐chitosans prepared under various deacetylation conditions (30%, 35%, 40% and/or 45% NaOH for 15, 30 and/or 60 min) were characterised. β‐Chitosans (deacetylated with 35–45% NaOH for 15–60 min) had 87.1–96.2% degree of deacetylation (DD), 93.5–96.7% solubility and 120.5–654.9 mPa s viscosity. Treatment with 30% NaOH for 15–60 min yielded inadequately deacetylated β‐chitosans (DD = 51.9–80.2%). Two chitosans prepared under 35% NaOH for 15 min and 45% NaOH for 30 min (designated as 35%–15 and 45%–30, respectively) were further compared. Drying (sun‐drying vs. oven‐drying) methods did not affect DD. 35%–15 chitosan exhibited lower nitrogen, DD and bulk density, but higher viscosity compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Higher water‐ and fat‐binding capacity but lower DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed for 35%–15 chitosan compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Compared with 45%–30 chitosan, 35%–15 chitosan exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes, but lower antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
Power‐base Research in Marketing Channels: A Narrative Review
Authors: Hopkinson Gillian C. , Blois Keith
Published: April 2013

This paper provides a contemporary and comprehensive review of work in the marketing channel field that is based on French and Raven's power‐base theory. It traces the development of theoretic, conceptual and methodological orthodoxies from the 1970s. Mirroring the movement towards the relationship marketing paradigm, the paper considers the theory's empirical contribution to knowledge of power, conflict, trust and commitment in marketing channels. Limitations relating to inconsistency of treatment, contradictory findings and the simplification of complex phenomena are identified. Nevertheless, current work extends power‐base theory to other cultures, other styles of research and to the area of supply chains. The review raises questions about the value of contribution made using this theory and notes the surprising absence within the channels literature of the broader, current debate about power. To illustrate, the paper shows how Clegg's (1989. Frameworks of Power. London: Sage) circuits of power framework, if applied to channel contexts, could address forms of power that are invisible, anonymous and not necessarily negative. Applications and methods are discussed, opening a space wherein a broadened understanding of power is integrated within a focus upon cooperative channels.
The Economic Contribution of Humanitarian Settlers in Australia
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: April 2013

This article assesses the economic role of refugee settlers in Australia. Refugee‐humanitarian labour force participation rates are lower than for other migrant groups or the Australia‐born. However, their labour market performance converges toward that of the Australia‐born over time. Moreover, the second generation performs at a higher level. There are a number of significant impediments to participation including language, education, structural disadvantage and discrimination. Indeed, there is evidence of a significant refugee gap which can only be explained by discrimination. It is shown that refugees represent a significant stock of human capital that is not being fully realized. They suffer more than other groups through non‐recognition and there is substantial “brain waste” with negative results for the economy and the migrants themselves. Finally, it is shown that refugee‐humanitarian settlers show greater propensity to form their own business than other migrants and that risk‐taking, entrepreneurialism and an ability to identify and take advantage of opportunities is a key characteristic of the group.

Policy Implications

The international food security agenda needs to consider the growing challenge of feeding rapidly growing cities with large migrant populations

The reality of internal and international migration should be mainstreamed into the food security agendas of international organizations and states

Food security and insecurity should be configured into the global debate on migration and development

International, regional and municipal policies need to pay particular attention to the food insecurity of migrant populations in the cities of the South.
The Impact of Mispronunciations on Toddler Word Recognition: Evidence for Cascaded Activation of Semantically Related Words from Mispronunciations of Familiar Words
Authors: Altvater‐Mackensen Nicole , Mani Nivedita
Published: April 2013

While the specificity of infants' early lexical representations has been studied extensively, researchers have only recently begun to investigate how words are organized in the developing lexicon and what mental representations are activated during processing of a word. Integrating these two lines of research, the current study asks how specific the phonological match between a perceived word and its stored form has to be in order to lead to (cascaded) lexical activation of related words during infant lexical processing. We presented German 24‐month‐olds with a cross‐modal semantic priming task where the prime word was either correctly or incorrectly pronounced. Results indicate that correct pronunciations and mispronunciations both elicit similar semantic priming effects, suggesting that the infant word recognition system is flexible enough to handle deviations from the correct form. This might be an important prerequisite to children's ability to cope with imperfect input and to recognize words under more challenging circumstances.
Patient Perspectives on Choosing Buprenorphine Over Methadone in an Urban, Equal‐Access System
Authors: Gryczynski Jan , Jaffe Jerome H. , Schwartz Robert P. , Dušek Kristi A. , Gugsa Nishan , Monroe Cristin L. , O'Grady Kevin E. , Olsen Yngvild K. , Mitchell Shannon Gwin
Published: April 2013

Background

Recent policy initiatives in Baltimore City, MD significantly reduced access disparities between methadone and buprenorphine in the publicly funded treatment sector.

Objectives

This study examines reasons for choosing buprenorphine over methadone among patients with access to both medications.

Method

This study was embedded within a larger clinical trial conducted at two outpatient substance abuse treatment programs offering buprenorphine. Qualitative and quantitative data on treatment choice were collected for new patients starting buprenorphine treatment (n = 80). The sample consisted of predominantly urban African American (94%) heroin users who had prior experience with non‐prescribed street buprenorphine (85%), and opioid agonist treatment (68%). Qualitative data were transcribed and coded for themes, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate statistics.

Results

Participants typically conveyed their choice of buprenorphine treatment as a decision against methadone. Buprenorphine was perceived as a helpful medication while methadone was perceived as a harmful narcotic with multiple unwanted physical effects. Positive experiences with non‐prescribed “street buprenorphine” were a central factor in participants' decisions to seek buprenorphine treatment.

Conclusions

Differences in service structure between methadone and buprenorphine did not strongly influence treatment‐seeking decisions in this sample. Personal experiences with medications and the street narrative surrounding them play an important role in treatment selection decisions.

Scientific Significance

This study characterizes important decision factors that underlie patients' selection of buprenorphine over methadone treatment. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:285–291)
Insomnia in Alcohol Dependence: Predictors of Symptoms in a Sample of Veterans Referred from Primary Care
Authors: Chakravorty Subhajit , Grandner Michael A. , Kranzler Henry R. , Mavandadi Shahrzad , Kling Mitchel A. , Perlis Michael L. , Oslin David W.
Published: April 2013

Objective

Patients with alcohol dependence presenting for treatment may have multiple associated co‐morbid conditions and limited social supports, which complicate treatment. Each of these factors has been independently associated with complaints of insomnia. In this preliminary study, we investigated the relations between insomnia complaints and socio‐demographic factors and psychiatric co‐morbidity in treatment‐seeking patients with alcohol dependence.

Method

We conducted a retrospective chart review on 84 consecutive patients referred to the Behavioral Health Laboratory of the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center for evaluation of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Patients met DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence and completed a series of self‐assessments of sleep. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the relations amongst the variables of interest.

Results

In multivariable models, Sleep Latency was significantly greater in individuals without partners (p = .01), those with psychiatric disorders (p = .03) and smokers (p = .01), with a non‐significant trend for those with past‐year suicidal ideation. No significant predictor of Wake Time After Sleep Onset was seen. Poor Sleep Quality was predicted by younger age (OR = .93 [.88, .98], p = .004) and the presence of a psychiatric disorder (OR = 20.80 [4, 102], p = .0002), with a non‐significant trend for suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Insomnia symptoms in treatment‐seeking alcohol dependent patients should prompt consideration of the individuals' psychiatric and psychosocial features. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:266–270)
Using Cloninger's Temperament Scales to Predict Substance‐Related Behaviors in Adolescents: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hartman Christie , Hopfer Christian , Corley Robin , Hewitt John , Stallings Michael
Published: April 2013

Background and Objectives

We tested one of Cloninger's temperament theories – that high novelty seeking (NS), along with low harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PE), predicts early‐onset substance problems.

Methods

In a community‐based sample of 777 adolescents examined at two time points (mean age 13 and 18, respectively), we examined whether Cloninger's four temperament dimensions at wave 1 predicted five substance‐related outcomes at wave 2: age of initiation for cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs, number of substance classes tried, and total number of DSM‐IV substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms.

Results

Cloninger's predicted temperament pattern did significantly predict the number of SUD symptoms at wave 2. For initiation of cigarettes/illicit drugs and number of substance classes tried, HA/NS/PE fit the pattern, but RD did not. For onset of alcohol, only NS and PE fit Cloninger's prediction. Results for NS and PE were most consistent.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Overall, this study provides evidence that Cloninger's theory may hold true for predicting problem use more than for predicting “use” or experimentation. In addition, youth with high novelty seeking and low persistence may find substances especially reinforcing, and identifying these youth and intervening before initiation has occurred may reduce the risk of future substance‐related problems. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:246–251)
Pathological and Problem Gambling among Veterans in Clinical Care: Prevalence, Demography, and Clinical Correlates
Authors: Westermeyer Joe , Canive Jose , Thuras Paul , Oakes Michael , Spring Marline
Published: April 2013

Background and Objectives

The aim of the study was to estimate prevalence rates of pathological gambling and problem gambling among veterans receiving VA care, since several studies have suggested that VA patients may be at increased risk to these conditions.

Sample

consisted of 1,999 veterans randomly selected from VA centers and community clinics in the Albuquerque and Minneapolis catchment areas. Women and younger veterans were oversampled, due to anticipated low rates in these two groups.

Results

revealed that the lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling weighted for current VA patients was 2.0%, twice the general adult population rate. Current 1‐year weighted prevalence of pathological gambling was .9%, with an additional .2% having continued problem gambling and .9% recovered. Lifetime weighted problem gambling rate was 8.8%. Altogether, 10.7% had lifetime pathological gambling or problem gambling. Women had higher rates of pathological gambling, but similar rates of problem gambling compared to men. The greater prevalence of pathological gambling for younger veterans aged 20–29 (1.3%) compared to veterans aged 30–39 (.8%) was unusual and warrants further investigation.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Veterans in VA care have higher rates of gambling problems than the general adult population. Female and young veterans have rates higher than those observed in other surveys of women and young adults. (Am J Addict 2013; 22:218–225)
The Statistics of the Rare Earths Industry
Authors: Tyrer Mark , Sykes John P.
Published: April 2013

Rare earths are essential to green technologies, but China supplies 98% of them. Some have risen in price 200-fold – by 20 000% – in a year. Is China holding the world to ransom? A World Trade Organisation case is brewing. Rare earths are not rare, say Mark Tyrer and John P. Sykes; but it does need statistics to understand the likely outcome of the WTO case – and why the industry is important.
Precision Agriculture and Geostatistics: How to Manage Agriculture More Exactly
Authors: Oliver Margaret A.
Published: April 2013

Since the very beginnings of agriculture, farmers have known which corners of their fields were wetter, which drier, which sandier and where the crops grow best. Now, says Margaret A. Oliver, technology and statistics are taking this age-old knowledge to a new level. It is called precision agriculture.
Hey Baby, What's Your Sign? How Children Born Under Sagittarius are Denied Day Care
Authors: Moodie Erica , Manges Amee , Hanley James
Published: April 2013

Every working parent wants good day care for their children. But when resources are limited, some children lose out. And as Erica Moodie, Amee Manges and James Hanley found to their cost, for some children the odds are almost impossibly stacked…
It is Necessarily So
Authors: Dorling Danny
Published: April 2013

Does a graph show toleration rising, or levelling off? Danny Dorling read the New York Times and finds it all depends how you look at it.
Football and Marriage – And the UEFA Draw
Authors: Wallace Michael , Haigh John
Published: April 2013

The draw for the matches in this year's UEFA Champions League produced a surprise: the draw result was exactly the same as at the rehearsal. Sixteen teams had been paired against each other in exactly the same way, twice running. Yet the draw was supposed to be random. Was it a 2 million to one coincidence? A fix? Or was it only to be expected? Michael Wallace and John Haigh draw some conclusions.
The self‐construal of nurses and doctors: beliefs on interdependence and independence in the care of older people
Authors: Voyer Benjamin G. , Reader Tom
Published: April 2013

Aim

To compare the self‐construal of nurses and doctors and establish whether their roles affect perceptions of independence and interdependence.

Background

Previous research has identified that errors in patient care occur when health professionals do not work cohesively as a team and have divergent beliefs about collaboration. Thus, it is important to understand factors shaping these beliefs. Although these are usually explained by aspects of group norms, the concept of self‐construal may serve as an underlying explanation.

Design

A quasi‐experimental design was used.

Participants

One hundred and two nurses and doctors working in three nursing homes in Belgium took part in this study in 2009.

Methods

Nurses' and doctors' self‐construal was measured at their workplace, using Singelis' self‐construal scale. Statistical differences between nurses and doctors were investigated using analysis of covariance.

Results

Results showed statistically significant differences between doctors' and nurses' self‐construal. Doctors reported higher and dominant levels of ‘independent self‐construal’ compared with nurses. There were no differences between nurses and doctors for interdependence. However, gender differences emerged with male doctors reporting lower levels of interdependent self‐construal than male nurses. Conversely, female doctors reported higher levels of interdependent self‐construal than female nurses.

Conclusions

Differences in the roles and training of nurses and doctors and in knowledge of their interdependencies may explain differences in self‐construal. This might be useful for understanding why nurses and doctors develop divergent attitudes towards teamwork. Training that focuses on sharing knowledge on team interdependencies may positively influence teamwork attitudes and behaviour.
Confirmatory and competitive evaluation of alternative gene‐environment interaction hypotheses
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pluess Michael , Widaman Keith F.
Published: April 2013

Background

Most gene‐environment interaction (GXE) research, though based on clear, vulnerability‐oriented hypotheses, is carried out using exploratory rather than hypothesis‐informed statistical tests, limiting power and making formal evaluation of competing GXE propositions difficult.

Method

We present and illustrate a new regression technique which affords direct testing of theory‐derived predictions, as well as competitive evaluation of alternative diathesis‐stress and differential‐susceptibility propositions, using data on the moderating effect of DRD4 with regard to the effect of childcare quality on children's social functioning.

Results

Results show that (a) the new approach detects interactions that the traditional one does not; (b) the discerned GXE fit the differential‐susceptibility model better than the diathesis‐stress one; and (c) a strong rather than weak version of differential susceptibility is empirically supported.

Conclusion

The new method better fits the theoretical ‘glove’ to the empirical ‘hand,’ raising the prospect that some failures to replicate GXE results may derive from standard statistical approaches being less than ideal.
Risk‐taking and the evolution of mechanisms for rapid escape from predators
Authors: Møller A. P. , Vágási C. I. , Pap P. L.
Published: April 2013

Flight initiation distance (FID) is the distance at which an individual animal takes flight when approached by a human. This behavioural measure of risk‐taking reflects the risk of being captured by real predators, and it correlates with a range of life history traits, as expected if flight distance optimizes risk of predation. Given thatFIDprovides information on risk of predation, we should expect that physiological and morphological mechanisms that facilitate flight and escape predict interspecific variation in flight distance. Haematocrit is a measure of packed red blood cell volume and as such indicates the oxygen transport ability and hence the flight muscle contracting reaction of an individual. Therefore, we predicted that species with short flight distances, that allow close proximity between a potential prey individual and a predator, would have high haematocrit. Furthermore, we predicted that species with large wing areas and hence relatively low costs of flight and species with large aspect ratios and hence high manoeuvrability would have evolved long flight speed. Consistent with these predictions, we found in a sample of 63 species of birds that species with long flight distances for their body size had low levels of haematocrit and large wing areas and aspect ratios. These findings provide evidence consistent with the evolution of risk‐taking behaviour being underpinned by physiological and morphological mechanisms that facilitate escape from predators and add to our understanding of predator–prey coevolution.
A Two‐Stage Process for the Production of a Novel Cheese Flavor Powder
Authors: Ma Xiaolei , Wang Jianming , Lu Xingda , Qiao Changsheng
Published: April 2013

A novel method to produce cheese flavor powder by combination mold fermentation and enzyme acceleration was developed. In this research, Actinomucor elegans was selected to ferment the milk. The optimum conditions for fermentation were 220 rpm, at the temperature 29C and for 2 days. In order to accelerate the flavor formation, the effects of lipase and protease to fermented milk were also investigated. According to the sensory evaluation scores, as well as the degree of hydrolysis, the optimum formula of enzymes were Palatase 2000 L 2‰ (m/v) and proteases 1‰ (m/v), proteases was prepared by mixing 2:1 (m/m) proportion of Flavourzyme 500MG and Neutrase 1.5MG. The optimum conditions for enzymolysis were 50C, 6.5 (initial pH) and 6 h (enzymolysis time), and the product of optimum process was tested by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). According to the sensory evaluation result and GC‐MS, the novel cheese flavor powder showed superior profile for its intensity and flavorful.

Practical Application

Cheese production has been considered as an important raw material of some food because of its great aroma and flavor. The novel cheese flavor powder is a product retaining the strong aroma and flavor of cheese, namely, creamy, odor, sour and pungent. The cheese flavor powder is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations for imparting a characteristic cheese flavor. The product is generally light yellow in color and is stable in quality because of mealy structure and low moisture content. It is a ready‐to‐use preparation, which can be used in homes, restaurants and institutional catering. The development of novel cheese flavor powder with richer flavor, lighter weight and ease of use may be governed by a mass of customer favorite.
Nondisease‐Specific Problems and All‐Cause Mortality in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study
Authors: Bowling C. Barrett , Booth John N. , Safford Monika M. , Whitson Heather E. , Ritchie Christine S. , Wadley Virginia G. , Cushman Mary , Howard Virginia J. , Allman Richard M. , Muntner Paul
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the association between six nondisease‐specific problems (problems that cross multiple domains of health) and mortality in middle‐aged and older adults.

Design

Prospective, observational cohort.

Setting

U.S. population sample.

Participants

Participants included 23,669 black and white U.S. adults aged 45 and older enrolled in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.

Measurements

Nondisease‐specific problems included cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, exhaustion, falls, impaired mobility, and polypharmacy. Age‐stratified (<65, 65–74, ≥75) hazard ratios for all‐cause mortality were calculated for each problem individually and according to number of problems.

Results

One or more nondisease‐specific problems occurred in 40% of participants younger than 65, 45% of those aged 65 to 74, and 55% of those aged 75 and older. Compared with participants with none of these problems, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality associated with each additional nondisease‐specific problem was 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.46) for participants younger than 65, 1.24 (95% CI = 1.15–1.35) for those aged 65 to 74, and 1.30 (95% CI = 1.21–1.39) for those aged 75 and older.

Conclusion

Nondisease‐specific problems were associated with mortality across a wide age spectrum. Future studies should explore whether treating these problems will improve survival and identify innovative healthcare models to address multiple nondisease‐specific problems simultaneously.
A Simple Tool to Predict End‐Stage Renal Disease within 1 Year in Elderly Adults with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Drawz Paul E. , Goswami Puja , Azem Reem , Babineau Denise C. , Rahman Mahboob
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To develop and validate a model to predict 1‐year risk of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in elderly subjects with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Design

Retrospective.

Setting

Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older with CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2.

Measurements

The outcome was ESRD within 1 year of the index eGFR. Cox regression was used to develop a predictive model (Veterans Affairs (VA) risk score) that was validated in a separate cohort.

Results

Of the 1,866 participants in the developmental cohort, 77 developed ESRD. Risk factors for ESRD in the final model were age, congestive heart failure, systolic blood pressure, eGFR, potassium, and albumin. In the validation cohort, the C index for the VA risk score was 0.823. The risk for developing ESRD at 1 year from lowest to highest tertile was 0.08%, 2.7%, and 11.3% (P < .001). The C‐index for the recently published Tangri model in the validation cohort was 0.780.

Conclusion

A new model using commonly available clinical measures shows excellent ability to predict the onset of ESRD within the next year in elderly adults. The Tangri model also had good predictive ability. Individuals and physicians can use these risk models to inform decisions regarding preparation for renal replacement therapy in individuals with advanced CKD.
The Alliance in Relationship Education Programs
Authors: Quirk Kelley , Owen Jesse , Inch Leslie J. , France Tiffany , Bergen Carrie
Published: April 2013

Couple relationship education (CRE) programs are associated with positive romantic relationship outcomes; however, the mechanisms by which these gains occur are less understood. The current study (122 couples) utilized actor–partner modeling to examine the association between the therapeutic alliance and dedication and negative and positive communication for racial/ethnic minority couples. Additionally, we examined whether gender and delivery format moderated these relationships. Results demonstrated that both men's and women's alliance scores were significantly related to their own outcomes. Higher ratings of alliance were related to partner outcomes for men only. The association between partners' alliance and dedication outcomes was stronger within the group format as compared to the couple format. Implications for leaders of CRE programs are offered.
Older Patients’ Experiences of Heart Failure—An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Falk Hanna , Ekman Inger , Anderson Ruth , Fu Michael , Granger Bradi
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Several literature reviews have been published summarizing objective knowledge about older patients with heart failure (HF). Although of vital importance to the treatment and diagnosis of HF, these reviews fail to explicate and summarize older patients’ subjective and lived experience of the condition, which restrains us from providing a complete picture of the illness trajectory. The purpose of this integrative review was to explore and summarize the current literature examining self‐reported symptoms, illness experience, and self‐care management in older patients with HF.

Design and Methods

Combinations of search terms related to illness experience, symptoms, and self‐care management in HF were used to search three electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were empirical studies, published in English between 2001 and 2011, in populations of older patients (≥ 75 years) investigated in relation to a self‐reported subjective experience of HF. The search initially yielded 279 results; 23 qualitative and qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria.

Findings and Conclusions

Older patients with HF have poor health‐related quality of life compared with controls and experience severe and frequent symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea that limit several aspects of their life, making them dependent on others for survival. The variety of ways in which older patients cope with these consequences is determined by how they understand their illness, with the majority showing poor health literacy in relation to HF. Neither self‐management nor symptom monitoring is ideal in older patients with HF, although person‐centered interventions such as motivational interviewing show promising results in improving self‐efficacy in this age group. Studies examining older patients’ personal experiences of HF and the relationships between symptoms, situational antecedents, and social ties will fill a gap in the literature.

Clinical Relevance

Older patients have special care needs caused by their HF and other chronic conditions, coupled with those of great age. When symptoms of HF exacerbate, older patients are predominantly admitted to geriatric care rather than cardiac care units, implying restricted access to specialized treatment. Little is still known about the basis for self‐care abilities from both healthcare provider and patient perspectives.
Micro‐Level Discursive Strategies for Constructing Shared Views around Strategic Issues in Team Meetings
Authors: Kwon Winston , Clarke Ian , Wodak Ruth
Published: April 2013

Management scholars have explored how certain actors in meetings – especially leaders – shape social processes of interaction and use different linguistic devices, as methods, to affect how sense is made of strategic issues. Less attention has been paid to interactions between members of the team as a whole and the repertoire of discursive strategies, or goal‐directed behaviours, that they deploy to create shared views around issues. We analyse rare empirical episodes of team discussions of strategic issues in board meetings to inductively conceptualize how this is achieved. To do this we use the Discourse‐Historical Approach (DHA) to critical discourse analysis (CDA). We reveal five discursive strategies teams use to develop shared views around strategic issues (Re/defining, Equalizing, Simplifying, Legitimating, and Reconciling) and demonstrate how they are skilfully operationalized through a range of linguistic devices or means.
Girlz II women: Age‐grading, language change and stylistic variation
Authors: Rickford John , Price Mackenzie
Published: April 2013

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re‐recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho‐syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age‐grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age‐grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time.
Interaction without walls: Analysing leadership discourse through dramaturgy and participation
Authors: Wilson Nick
Published: April 2013

Goffman's dramaturgical model of interaction is often used to examine how communicative events are framed differently in public and private settings. However, this idea has restrictively been conflated with specific spatial locations. This paper contends that it is not the place where discourse is performed that styles it as front or backstage, but rather the stances taken in interactions, and the participation framework involved. Furthermore, backstage can be used to negotiate stances later performed frontstage, where they may index wider, ideological aspects of identity. This is demonstrated through the analysis of a sequence of linked backstage and frontstage interactions that involve two rugby coaches. The extracts presented and analysed take place in a New Zealand rugby team, a type of organisation in which space is particularly fluid. The dramaturgical model is demonstrated to be of use in examining leadership discourse within organisations, particularly in organisations in which multiple leaders exist.
It don't go both ways: Limited bidirectionality in sociolinguistic perception
Authors: Squires Lauren
Published: April 2013

This article explores the sociolinguistic perception of morphosyntactic variation, using sociolinguistic priming experiments. Two experiments tested participants' perception of the connection between social status and variation in two English subject‐verb agreement constructions: there's+NP and NP+don't. Experiment 1 tested sentence perception and found that exposure to non‐standard agreement boosted the perception of non‐standard agreement, but only for there's+NP. Social status cues had no effect on sentence perception. Experiment 2 tested speaker perception and found that participants were more likely to believe that non‐standard agreement was produced by low‐status than high‐status speakers. Results suggest that, especially for heavily stigmatized variables, non‐standard sentences strongly constrain the social judgments made by speakers, yet social cues do not necessarily constrain linguistic perception. The results suggest that the perceptual relationship between linguistic and social knowledge may be one of only limited bidirectionality. Implications for sociolinguistic perception and exemplar‐theoretic accounts of sociolinguistic competence are discussed.
Three years of neonatal morbidity and mortality at the national hospital in Dili, East Timor
Authors: Bucens Ingrid Kirsten , Reid Alison , Barreto Aniceto Cardoso , Dwivedi Vikas , Counahan Megan
Published: April 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to undertake a retrospective review of admissions and discharges to the neonatal unit at the National Hospital Guido Valadares, Dili, in order to gain insight into the epidemiology of hospitalised neonates in East Timor, as the information cannot be obtained from the hospital health management information system.

Method

Data were sourced from unit registers for 3 years, 2008–2010 inclusive. Demographic characteristics and diagnoses were related to the risk of dying using stepwise multivariate logistic regression and adjusting for potential confounders of age, sex and weight.

Results

Two thousand eighty‐eight babies were admitted to the unit over the study period. Over a quarter of babies weighed <2.5 kg on admission. Almost half were admitted from emergency or outpatient departments and only 27% were admitted within their first week of life. The most common reasons for admission were sepsis and respiratory disease (38 and 22%, respectively). Overall mortality was 11.4%, mainly attributed to prematurity (28%), infection (26%) and asphyxia (24%). Home birth, male gender, very low weight, young age and a short duration of hospitalisation were independently associated with an increased risk of death. Half of all babies weighing <1.5 kg died. Two‐thirds of deaths occurred within 2 days of admission.

Conclusions

The study provides, for the first time, an insight into the admissions and outcomes of the largest neonatal unit in East Timor. It is a baseline from which improvements to the quality of clinical care and data collection can be made.