bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice-rich permafrost coastline erosion processes
Authors: Moorman Brian , Clark Andrew , Whalen Dustin
Published: February 2023

Around the Arctic Ocean there are many stretches of coastline composed of ice-rich sediments. With the dramatic climatic, oceanic and terrestrial changes that are currently underway, there is considerable concern over the stability of these coasts and how they impact coastal communities. Unfortunately, there is still relatively little research that has been done the processes at work in these environments. Being able to effectively model coastal erosion in a permafrost setting is highly desirable. With the complexity that ice-rich permafrost conditions add to the coastal setting, modelling erosion involves a more detailed understanding of the physical and thermal conditions as well as the sedimentological and wave action processes. This research examines the rate and character of coastal erosion of ice-rich terrain and role that re-sedimentation has on the shallow water energy balance in preserving sub-bottom massive ice. It also addresses it implications to secondary sea bottom disturbance as the water depth increases.The study area was Peninsula Point which is approximately 10 km west of Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada. The massive ice and retrogressive thaw flows at this location are some of the more dramatic examples of the impact of ice-rich permafrost on coastal processes in the Arctic. Through a three decade long program of remote sensing, geophysical and ground-based monitoring, long-term changes were investigated. The character of coastal retreat above, and below, the waterline in an area where a massive ice body extends to depths below sea level were revealed. Airphoto, satellite imagery and drone data revealed the complexity of erosion with the retreating headwall of retrogressive thaw flow more rapidly eroding the landscape than the observed lateral changes of the waterline. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) imaged the top and base of the massive ice body as well as providing a delineation of the subsurface sedimentary architecture. In winter, the GPR was pulled behind a snowmobile along transects on land, across the shoreline and out onto the near shore area of the Beaufort Sea. This provided the stratigraphic continuity between the terrestrial and sub-sea settings. The roles of erosion, re-sedimentation and shallow-water thermodynamics in the degradation and preservation of massive ground ice were revealed. The results of this study demonstrate how coastal erosion is much more complex that just the inland movement of the waterline.
Regional variations in the potential for CO2 removal through enhanced rock weathering in aquatic environments
Authors: Ramasamy Murugan , Moosdorf Nils
Published: February 2023

One strategy for lowering atmospheric CO2 levels is enhanced weathering, which involves dispersing rock powder to accelerate natural weathering. One obvious application area would be seawater. Because weathering is a chemical reaction, it is influenced by environmental properties like temperature and physical properties like the reaction area.This study looks into the variability in sequestration rates from spreading of olivine at 13 distinct regional coasts around the world, including those with warm and temperate climates. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed with various combinations of influencing parameters (grain size and seawater temperature) to determine the effects of individual parameter combinations. A 100-year simulation was conducted using geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium modeling (PHREEQC).According to the simulations, over a 100-year period, CO2 uptake from atmosphere varies significantly between the seas, ranging from 0.13 (Black Sea) to 0.94 (Banda Sea) tonne (t) CO2 per t of olivine at a grain size of 100 μm. The difference between warm and temperate region’s atmospheric CO2 uptake is 0.4 t CO2 per tonne of olivine dissolve in seawater. A subsequent sensitivity study of parameter combinations reveals that the Black Sea can reach 0.8 t CO2 consumption rates per tonne of olivine if the material was ground to a grain size of 19 μm while the Banda Sea can reach the same amount of consumption rates at a grain size of 150 μm. The study results suggest that there are large differences of enhanced weathering speeds between different regions.
Simulating climate-cryosphere-driven sediment transport dynamics in cold regions by Sediment-Availability-Transport Model
Authors: Zhang Ting , Li Dongfeng , Kettner Albert , Lu Xixi
Published: February 2023

Sediment transport in cryospheric regions is characterized by distinct hydrogeomorphic processes and sediment sources from glacier retreat and permafrost disturbances. Ongoing atmospheric warming is melting glaciers and thawing permafrost at alarming rates. This rapid cryosphere degradation is expected to liberate unconsolidated sediment from previously frozen regions, expose glacially-conditioned sediment storage, and trigger more episodic events (e.g., floods and mass wasting). The substantial increases in readily transportable sediment and sensitive changes in hydrological conditions disturb suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and discharge (Q) relationships represented by sediment rating curves (SSC=a×Qb with a and b as fitting parameters), creating complicated dynamics and various hysteretic patterns.To constrain such dynamic SSC-Q relationships and reproduce the hysteresis effect, we propose a Sediment-Availability-Transport (SAT) model by extending traditional rating curves to incorporate the temperature-dependent sediment supply, pluvial processes, and sediment storage. Specifically, we highlight the sensitive response of SSC to discharge pulses triggered by rainstorms and intense melting, which can be attributed to enhanced fluvial erosion by flushing erodible hillslopes and scouring river channels.Supported by multi-decadal daily discharge and SSC in-situ observations, the SAT-model can be parameterized, calibrated, and validated in various permafrost-dominated watersheds and glacierized watersheds. According to model validations in these pilot river basins, the SAT-model can robustly reproduce the long-term evolution, seasonal pattern, and various event-scale hysteresis in sediment transport, including clockwise, counter-clockwise, figure-eight, counter-figure-eight, and more complex hysteresis loops. Overall, the SAT-model can explain over 75% of long-term SSC variance, outperforming the traditional sediment rating curve approach by 20%.SAT-model proposed here not only advances the understanding of sediment transport dynamics driven by climate change and cryosphere degradation, but also provides a ready-to-use model and conceptual framework to simulate and project future sediment loads in worldwide cold regions. Parts of these results have been published in Water Resources Research: Zhang et al., 2021, Constraining dynamic sediment-discharge relationships in cold environments: The sediment-availability-transport (SAT) model. (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030690)
Comparison of Arctic sea-ice albedo between CARRA and ERA5 reanalyses and satellite based CLARA-A2
Authors: Kallio-Myers Viivi , Batrak Yurii , Cheng Bin
Published: February 2023

With the ongoing climate change, the Arctic region is experiencing rapid warming. This has a profound effect on the sea-ice cover and, as a result, on the surface albedo. Surface albedo has a large impact on the energy balance of the region: a decrease in surface albedo leads to increased absorption of solar radiation and thus higher temperatures, ultimately leading to the albedo decreasing further. Information on the surface albedo is therefore necessary for various applications and climate studies. Atmospheric reanalysis products answer this need, providing consistent multiyear datasets with good spatial coverage.We have studied the Arctic sea-ice albedo in two reanalyses. First is ERA5, a global atmospheric reanalysis by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasts). ERA5 has a horizontal resolution of 31 km, and sea-ice is modelled with a one-dimensional sea-ice parameterisation scheme.The second reanalysis is CARRA (Copernicus Arctic Regional ReAnalysis), a regional atmospheric reanalysis covering a part of the Arctic with two overlapping domains: the western domain centred around Greenland and the eastern over the European Arctic. The horizontal resolution is 2.5 km, and similarly to ERA5, sea-ice is modelled with a one-dimensional thermodynamic sea-ice scheme.We compare the surface albedo of these two reanalyses to the satellite-based black-sky surface albedo product of the CLARA-A2.1 dataset (CM SAF cLoud, Albedo and surface RAdiation dataset from AVHRR data). Comparisons are made for April to September, 2000-2015, for the sea areas of the CARRA domains. In addition to a general assessment, four different regions within the domains are studied separately.
Chemical composition of Fagus Silvatica annual rings affected by local industrial pollution in northern Romania (Baia Mare region)
Authors: Cuciurean Cosmin , Sidor Crisntian Gheorghe
Published: February 2023

The development of urban areas, industrialization and increasing traffic intensity is a problem of air, soil and water contamination worldwide with various pollutants, some of which are heavy metals. The most significant sources of heavy metal pollution are industrial factories, processing of non-ferrous materials, mining activity and traffic intensity, with negative effects on both forest ecosystems and wildlife. This study was carried out in forest ecosystems affected by industrial pollution in the Baia Mare region (Maramureș). The study provides an analysis of the chemical elements accumulated in tree rings over 60 years, making it possible to analyze the dynamics of these elements over time. The sampling design was carried out systematically in order to make a comparison between trees in the intensively polluted area and those located at a fairly large distance, where local pollution had no effect. Thirteen chemical elements were analyzed, including heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn. Higher concentrations of the elements Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Al, K, Si and Sr were found in tree rings from the intensively polluted area compared to those from the area unaffected by local pollution. Significant differences were found at 95% confidence interval for Zn, K and Ca concentrations.
Contribution of metal production to bioaccessible Fe deposition into Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Ito Akinori , Miyakawa Takuma
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric iron (Fe) from anthropogenic, lithogenic, and pyrogenic sources contributes to ocean fertilization, climate change, and human health risk. However, significant uncertainties remain in the source apportionment, due to a lack of source-specific evaluation of Fe-laden aerosols. Here, the large uncertainties in the model estimates are investigated using different Fe emissions from metal production.  The anthropogenic and lithogenic factors are evaluated by using high-time-resolution measurements of Fe-laden species in fine particulate matter at Fukue observational site in downstream region of East Asian outflow. The better agreement in anthropogenic factor of aerosol Fe concentrations with the field data is obtained with the low estimate of smelting Fe emission. Our simulation with the low estimate of smelting Fe emission confirms that anthropogenic aerosols play dominant roles in bioaccessible Fe deposition to the northwestern Pacific, compared to lithogenic sources. Aerosol Fe co-emitted with sulfur dioxide from metal production predominantly contributes to atmospheric bioaccessible Fe input to the Southern Indian Ocean. Our simulation with different estimates of smelting Fe emission reveals that accurate representation of aerosol Fe from metal production is a key to reduce large uncertainties in bioaccessible Fe deposition to the Southern Ocean.
Are war wrecks and their munition cargo posing health risks to fish? – A multi-biomarker assessment of dabs (Limanda limanda) living at wreck sites in the southern North Sea
Authors: Schuster Romina Marietta , Binder Franziska , Brenner Matthias
Published: February 2023

European marine waters were the scene of many sea battles and war events throughout the two World Wars, during which a high number of ships were sunk. The German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven suspects that there are still approx. 680 wrecks from the two World Wars in the North Sea alone, many of which were partially or fully loaded with munition by the time of the sinking. The increasing corrosion of munition shells in the saline environment leads to increased leakage of chemical substances into the marine ecosystem posing risks to marine organisms, because the chemicals preserved in the munitions are toxic and classified as CMR substances (carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic for reproduction). Particularly, the 2,4,6 - trinitrotoluene (TNT) is of great concern here, since it has been the most commonly used explosive during the World Wars.To investigate the biological effects of the dumped ammunition on marine organisms, field studies were conducted on selected wrecks (UC30, SMS Mainz, and SMS Ariadne) from the First World War in the southern North Sea. Therefore, non-migratory dabs (Limanda limanda) were caught as close as possible to the wreck sites and investigated using a multi-biomarker approach. The dabs were first examined for obvious diseases before being dissected for subsequent assessment of relevant tissues.First preliminary results show a significantly increased incidence of liver diseases including tumors in the dab fished at the wreck sites, compared to the fish caught at a reference area (Borkum Reef) most probably free of munition remains. Up to 65% of the examined dab (SMS Ariadne) showed at least one nodule in their liver. These results correlate with the TNT concentrations detected in the surrounding waters of the wreck site suggesting that wrecks are a point source for dissolved explosives having negative impacts on exposed marine organisms, including fish.
Quantifying Holocene relative sea-level changes and paleoclimate using the Scottish speleothem record
Authors: Xie Kang , Lee Martin , Persano Cristina , Faithfull John
Published: February 2023

Speleothems, secondary cave carbonates, are valuable archives for reconstructing paleoclimate and relative sea-level changes where the caves are in coastal locations. Unlike the typical speleothems found in carbonate caves, speleothems were recently discovered in a meta-silicate sea cave in Iona, on the west coast of Scotland. Although speleothems have previously been reported from caves in volcanic rocks, speleothems in metamorphic caves have rarely been reported. The Iona speleothems are potentially crucial because paleoclimate reconstructions spanning the Holocene are scarce in Scotland due to a lack of material, particularly speleothems, which can be dated precisely using geochemical dating methods. In this research, the U-Th and 14C dating techniques will be used to constrain the precise age and growth history of the Iona speleothem. Results from pilot U-Th dating of the first speleothem sampled show it is about 1760 ~ 4780 years old (the data, however, have uncertainties up to 69.9%, due to the presence of non-authigenic Th). As for paleoclimate, oxygen isotopes indicate that the amount of precipitation was at a relatively low level between 3000 and 2000 years ago, then increased dramatically from ~2000 to 1760 years ago. These preliminary data indicate that the Iona speleothem has the potential to provide important insights into the Late Holocene relative sea-level changes and climate.
Nature-based solutions to address water threats in the Mediterranean region. A characterisation of the GIAHS area of Axarquia (Málaga, Spain)
Authors: Sillero-Medina Jose Antonio , Ruiz-Sinoga Jose Damián
Published: February 2023

In Mediterranean areas, rainfall is one of the main variables affecting the control of eco-geomorphological processes. Water erosion processes, sealing and degradation of soils, reduction of the amount of water available for vegetation, modification of hydrological regimes can be cited among the most remarkable. Thus, the modifications in climatic variables resulting from Global Change are having an impact on the Mediterranean eco-geomorphological system, especially issues associated with water risks. Specifically, a dual pattern can be observed: on the one hand, a notable increase in the recurrence of the number of torrential events and an increase in the risk of water erosion, and on the other hand, an increase in the intensity or frequency of droughts, determining productivity and ecological and economic values due to the reduction in the availability of water in the soil. In this context, the research has focused on a traditionally agricultural territory that is highly fragile to these processes, namely GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems) dedicated to the raisin production in the Axarquia (Malaga, Spain). The main objective has been to (i) assess the impact of the most important water risks and (ii) identify the main Nature-based Solutions (NbS) implemented as adaptive mechanisms that have been implemented to ensure food security and the sustainability of these areas. To achieve these objectives, the rainfall dynamics have been statistically analysed with the data downloaded from nine meteorological stations of the SAIH Hidrosur Network located in the region (1997-2021). In addition, a total of 60 soil samples have been collected and analysed for the estimation of soil water erosion rates, based on the RUSLE model, and for the evaluation of its hydrological dynamics in recent decades. Finally, the NbS identified in the study area have been qualitatively assessed and analysed from an ecosystemic and agricultural approach. The results show an increased water stress in this GIAHS area according to the projections published by the latest IPCC report for the Mediterranean region. A slight tendency to concentration and increased rainfall erosivity is detected, as well as a lower water availability in soil for crop phenology. Similarly, soil erosion rates show very high values, with slopes exceeding 250 t ha-1 year-1) However, agricultural practices and the different structures identified have been determinant in the control of these natural risks, being considered as sustainable adaptation strategies and conforming as NbS.
Insights from the spatial variability of (multiple) uncertainties: Earth-ice interactions for East Antarctica
Authors: Reading Anya , Stål Tobias , Turner Ross , McCormack Felicity , Kelly Ian , Halpin Jacqueline , Askey-Doran Niam
Published: February 2023

Uncertainty, as applied to geophysical and multivariate initiatives to constrain aspects of Earth-ice interactions for East Antarctica, provides a number of approaches to appraise and interrogate research results.  We discuss a number of use cases: 1) making use of multiple uncertainty metrics; 2) making comparisons between spatially variable maps of inferred properties such as geothermal heat flow; 3) extrapolating crustal structure given the likelihood of tectonic boundaries; and 4) providing research results for interdisciplinary studies in forms that facilitate ensemble approaches. It proves extremely useful to assess a research finding, such as a mapped geophysical property, through multiple uncertainty metrics (e.g., standard deviation, information entropy, data count).  However, a thoughtful appraisal of multiple metrics could be misleading, i.e., potentially not useful in isolation, in a case where there are significant unquantified uncertainties.  Uncertainties supplied with the mapped geophysical properties can potentially be extended to capture this broader range, but that range in turn could become less helpful as the fine detail in the quantified uncertainty will be lost. In the case of a property such as geothermal heat flow, indirectly determined for East Antarctica, insights can be drawn by subtracting a forward model map from an empirically determined result (e.g. Aq1) to yield the non-steady state components excluded in the forward model.  In such investigations, including the maximum and minimum possible difference between maps is essential to understand which non-steady state anomalies are real, and which could be artifacts attributable to (quantified) uncertainty. In further use cases, we show how the few available seismic measurements that constrain the crust and upper mantle structure of East Antarctica can be placed in context, given the likelihood of major tectonic boundaries beneath the ice, and link this to published constraints on the seismic structure (and hence, rheology) of the deeper lithosphere.  In terms of how the solid Earth interacts with the ice sheet above, the impact of fine scale-length variations in spatial uncertainty may be investigated in relation to, for example, ice sheet modelling. For a large region and relatively unexplored region such as East Antarctica, uncertainty yields many and varied insights. 
Carbon preservation in soils: The role of carbon chemistry in soil aggregate formation
Authors: Otero-Fariña Alba , Brown Helena , Xiao Ke-Qing , Antelo Juan , Fiol Sarah , Chapman Pippa , Holden Joseph , Banwart Steven , Peacock Caroline
Published: February 2023

To mitigate climate change, it is of vital importance to increase the stocks of global soil organic carbon (SOC), which also improves soil resilience, soil fertility and thus food security. 

The preservation of SOC heavily depends on its vulnerability to microbial degradation. Two processes and their interplay strongly influence carbon protection: the formation of primary organo-mineral (O-M) complexes via the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to fine-grained soil minerals, and the aggregation of these to form micro and macroaggregates. To date, research suggests that the chemistry of the SOC and the mineralogy of the soil matrix play a key role in the formation of O-M complexes and their stability against microbial degradation, but whether and to what extent these factors help control micro and macroaggregation are unknown. 

We focus our investigation on how the chemistry of the SOC source affects the stability and aggregation of iron (oxyhydr)oxide O-M complexes. Thus, we determine the sorption behaviour of different SOC sources chosen to represent different functional group chemistries, using sorption isotherm experiments and electrophoretic techniques. We also conduct long-term aggregation experiments to track aggregate particle size using a novel Particle Size and Shape Analyzer technique.  

Our findings suggest that the stability and aggregation modes of O-M complexes are a function of SOC chemistry, and that aggregation patterns are strongly influenced by the presence of microbial exudates and communities. 
Mirror mode-like structures around unmagnetised planets: 2. Venus as observed by the Venus Express spacecraft
Authors: Volwerk Martin , Simon Wedlund Cyril , Mautner David , Rojas Mata Sebastian , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella , Futaana Yoshifumi , Fraenz Markus , Mazelle Christian , Rojas-Castillo Diana , Bertucci Cesar , Delva Magda
Published: February 2023

Temperature anisotropy-driven instabilities such as the mirror mode and ion cyclotron instabilities are responsible for the generation of waves in the turbulent magnetosheath of planets. We present here a statistical study of mirror mode-like structures in the magnetosheath of Venus as observed by the Venus Express spacecraft. As in our Mars study (see poster by Simon Wedlund et al. in the same session), we use magnetic field-only measurements to constrain and identify these quasi-linear compressive structures and discuss ways to mitigate false positive detections based on one instrument only. After calculating the residence time of the spacecraft in the Venusian magnetoenvironment, we show two-dimensional statistical maps of mirror mode-like occurrence rates with respect to EUV solar flux levels, and type of bow shock (quasi-perpendicular vs quasi-parallel). We find detection probabilities of about 10% at most, with two main regions of occurrence, one behind the collisionless shock, the other close to the induced magnetospheric boundary, with the small modulation of the probability due to EUV solar flux conditions.
The 2021-2022 seismic sequence in southern Alboran Sea
Authors: Lozano Lucia , Cantavella Juan Vicente , Buforn Elisa , López-Sánchez Carolina , Antón Resurección , Barco Jaime , Manzanedo María Victoria , Cabieces Roberto , Mattesini Maurizio
Published: February 2023

The Alboran Sea is a complex tectonic region in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea, dominated by the present-day NW-SE convergence between Eurasia and Nubia plates. This compression regime accomodates long strike-slip active fault systems, together with several inverse structures, crossing the Alboran crust in a NE-SW trending shear deformation belt which mainly controlls the shallow seismicity in the area. In fact, the southern sector of the Alboran domain has experienced two large earthquakes in the last two decades, the Mw 6.3 2004 Alhoceima and the Mw 6.4 2016 Alboran events. Since mid-april 2021, and over the following 20 months, tens of moderate-magnitude shallow earthquakes (4≤Mw≤5.3, h<20 km) have been registered in this area, to the northwest of Melilla, between the 2016 main shock and the African coast. The two largest events, a Mw 5.1 on August 28, 2021 and a Mw 5.3 on May 20, 2022, were widely felt in Melilla city (maximum EMS-98 intensities of IV and IV-V, respectively) and along the southern Spanish and the Moroccan coasts. These moderate seismicity occurs together with thousands of low-magnitude events (M<3) in a swarm-type distribution, in contrast to previous seismic sequences in 2004 and 2016 which showed a more typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock pattern. An accurate hypocentral location of this seismicity is a key point to better image the seismicity distribution and rupture area and, hence, to improve our knowledge of the active tectonics of this region, contributing to improve seismic and tsunami hazard assessments. In this study we perfom a high-precision relocation of a selected good-quality subset of moderate-magnitude earthquakes of the 2021-2022 seismic sequence and we compare them to a similar set of relocated earthquakes of the 2004 and 2016 series, using all the available seismic data. We apply a non-linear probabilistic location algorithm jointly with a 3-D velocity model for the Alboran-Betic-Rif system, to account for differences in wave propagation in the laterally heterogeneous crust. This approach is a powerful tool to improve the hypocentral parametres.
Fines produced from degradation of polymetallic nodules: implications for deep-sea mining
Authors: Yoo Chanmin , Kim Mun Gi , Hyeong Kiseong
Published: February 2023

Polymetallic nodules in abyssal plains have long attracted attention as potential resources for some critical metals. Thier exploitation may cause a serious disturbance to the marine environment, and proper environmental impact assessments must be made beforehand. Discharge of the fluid-particle mixture tailings after hydraulic lifting is one of the poorly understood disturbances in the mining of polymetallic nodules, with fines generated by collisions between nodules and pipe walls making up an important part of the discharge. In order to better understand the formation process and properties of these nodule fines, degradation experiments were conducted on two types of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific. During the experimental degradation in a planetary ball mill, the portion of fine particulates in the size of several to few tens of micrometers gradually increased. This confirms that hydraulic lifting will generate significant amount of nodule fines that are too small to be recovered and are likely to be discharged into the ocean. Processes such as abrasion and attrition are likely responsible for their production. The fines generated have higher contents of Al, K, and Fe and lower contents of Mn, Co, Ni, As, Mo, and Cd compared to the average composition of the original nodules. Release of sediment paticles encapsulated in the nodules is largely responsible for the difference, but uneven contribution of ferromanganese minerals and irregular behaviors of some elements such as Pb were also observed. The collected results show that the fines generated during lifting of polymetallic nodules are not the same as simple nodule powder and have significant compositional differences depending on the particle size, and a more detailed approach is needed for the environmental impact assessment.
 
Hydrodynamic modeling and the realization of an international height reference system - urgent need and potential contribution
Authors: Slobbe Cornelis , Verlaan Martin , Klees Roland , Afrasteh Yosra
Published: February 2023

Water levels from hydrodynamic models typically lack an absolute vertical reference, and can thus not be linked directly to digital elevation models to assess coastal floodrisks. Instead, most workarounds rely on tide gauges that are connected to the land-based vertical reference to establish this link. The lack of an absolute vertical reference also makes it impossible to directly assimilate observed total water levels into models as this requires both observed and modeled water levels to refer to the same vertical datum. The first consequence underlines the urgency of realizing an international height reference system that is easily accessible to users and which is adopted as the vertical reference in global tide gauge datasets and digital terrain models. Indeed, the lack of such an international height reference frame makes it impossible to accurately determine the impact and risks of sea level rise and changes in extreme water levels due to climate change. Let alone that an agenda for adaptation measures can be drawn up. The second consequence limits the accuracy of modeled water levels as existing workarounds do not exploit the observed long-term mean water level variations. At the same time, the assimilation of total water levels imposes strong requirements to the accuracy of an international height reference frame. Hydrodynamic models are extremely sensitive to slopes in observed water levels. Even small erroneous slopes between tide gauges introduced by errors in the vertical referencing, impose false currents that in turn result in model instabilities.In turn, hydrodynamic models offer great and unique opportunities to assist in the realization of an international height reference system. The difference between the observation-derived mean water level (MWL) at location B and the sum of the observation-derived MWL at location A and the model-derived mean water level difference between the two locations is a proxy for the datum shift between the height datums used at locations A and B. The asset and uniqueness of the technique referred to as ‘model-based hydrodynamic leveling’ lies in the fact that it allows to transfer a height datum over large water bodies without the need to acquire new measurements. In the Dutch Versatile Hydrodynamics project, we implemented the technique and combined the data with geopotential differences from spirit leveling/gravimetry to compute a new realization of the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS).This presentation will i) explain and demonstrate the need for an international height reference system from the perspective of hydrodynamic modelers; ii) demonstrate the potential contribution of hydrodynamic models to the realization of such a height system using the results obtained in the Versatile Hydrodynamics project, and iii) outlines ideas for future work.
Challenges for assessing the risk of compound extremes
Authors: Guntu Ravi Kumar , Merz Bruno , Agarwal Ankit
Published: February 2023

The effects of compound extremes (for example, Compound dry hot extremes (CDHE)) in a region simultaneously are more adverse than those of individual dry or hot events. The likelihood of such events depends on the marginal distribution of drivers and their dependence. An approach to assess CDHE probability is urgent because of their frequent occurrence caused by global warming. This study shows how CDHE probability changes with the selection of reference period. We considered the WMO recommended period 1961-1990 and a recent climate normal 1991-2020 to show the effect of the reference period on the likelihood. We applied the framework to homogenous regions of India during the monsoon season. Insights show that CDHE is more likely to occur in arid regions than in other climatic regions. The results of this study are useful for further exploration and provide new insights into the emerging changes in CDHE. 
Urban climate modelling, anywhere, at any time
Authors: Demuzere Matthias , Kittner Jonas , Lipson Mathew , Sun Ting
Published: February 2023

In recent years it has become increasingly evident that the solutions to climate changes, both mitigationand adaptation, must pay greater attention to the places where most people on the planet live. Moreover,the demand for weather services at urban scales is increasing in line with the ability to modelatmospheric processes at these finer scales; these advances could herald more resilient cities with theevidence to support planning and design at appropriate time scales. In this context, the lack ofinformation on urban landscapes and the dearth of urban observations represent a major obstacle toprogress.This work explores the possibility to create the scientific infrastructure needed to incorporate climateknowledge into urban decision-making quickly. By combining globally available but locally appropriatedatasets (global map of LCZs, ERA5, Copernicus global land cover layers) and cloud computing (GoogleEarth Engine), we created a seamless, holistic and user-friendly SUPY-based urban modelling frameworkthat can be applied anywhere at any time. Results are evaluated using the Urban Plumber flux towerobservations and a large unique database crowdsourced weather-station observations. The widerpurpose of the project is to develop a pathway to the creation of a universal ‘toolbox’ for baseliningclimate-related data for use in any city.
The finance sector: help or hindrance in resolving global water crises?
Authors: Hogeboom Rick , Dobrescu Ioana
Published: February 2023

Anthropogenic pressures are generating an increasing number of water crises worldwide, including depletion of resources, water scarcity, pollution and water insecurity. One of the most prominent drivers behind these crisis is humanity’s growing water footprint, which measures human appropriation of freshwater resources in terms of volume and assimilation capacity to fulfill human needs and desires. The adverse impacts of our growing water footprint are manifold and spill over from the water and environmental domains to social, cultural, and economic domains.The finance sector constitutes a powerful actor group that is often overlooked in water management discourses, despite the fact that through their allocation of trillions worth of monetary capital they enable economic activities that use and pollute water. In doing so, they steer and shape the state of Earth’s water resources of tomorrow. Finance may thus prove a crucial lever to help mitigate some of the water crises the world is currently facing and reach global water security by steering economic activity away from detrimental water practices. To date, however, it is unknown if the finance sector in (including banks, pensions funds and insurance companies), are a help or a hindrance in resolving global water crises.We try to shed light on this issue by developing an assessment framework that is able to evaluate to what extent institutional investors include water aspects in their investment policies. The framework incorporates criteria on water accounting (e.g. do investors know the water footprint of their portfolio assets?); impact assessment (e.g. do investors assess water-related environmental, social and economic impacts of their investments?); impact management (e.g. do investors have mitigation plans in place?); and organizational governance structures and disclosure (e.g. do they report on water in their public facing communications?). We applied the framework to the 50 largest investors worldwide, managing 118 trillion USD in assets, by scrutinizing publicly disclosed policy documents, reporting and analyses on these topics. We scored and ranked the investors assessed to tell apart laggards from frontrunners.Our study elucidates new interactions between two currently disconnected groups of stakeholders, i.e. the finance community on the one hand and the water science community on the other. Our study helps water scientists to better understand drivers of some of the water-related problems they struggle to address through research, while also assisting investors on their journey to assure water sustainable investment policies fit for a water secure, inclusive and circular global economy.
How is Indira Sagar Dam Altering the Suspended Sediment Transport in Central Indian Region?
Authors: Prajapati Pragati , Meena Gaurav , Swarnkar Somil , Jha Sanjeev
Published: February 2023

The hydraulic structures, such as dams and reservoirs, are built for flood mitigation, drinking & irrigation water supply, and hydropower generation. Despite their positive roles, large dams and reservoirs are well known to trap a significant portion of the incoming sediment fluxes. In turn, sedimentation reduces the reservoir's water storage capacity. The Indra Sagar dam, located in the Narmada River Basin, is the largest reservoir in India (total capacity ~ 12.2 Bm3). Therefore, in this study, our objective is to set up a data-driven, i.e., Generalized Additive Model Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) to simulate the impact of the Indira Sagar dam on the downstream sediment transport. The daily sediment and water discharge data are used from 1987 to 2019, from June to November, at upstream and downstream gauge stations. Preliminary analysis reveals a significant alteration in downstream sediment discharge after constructing the Indira Sagar dam. However, the pre-dam period doesn't significantly alter sediment transport behavior. In addition, pre-and post-dam water discharge behaviors do not exhibit considerable alteration. The difference between 5-yearly sediment duration curves reveals around 60% to 95% reduction in high and moderate magnitudes sediment load. Further observation suggests an increase in low sediment magnitude flows downstream after the dam construction from the base period 1989-1993. The significance of the study is that it will help water managers in understanding the dam's water storage capacity, which may be affected due to sediment deposition. It is also crucial to understand the geomorphological changes and implications of less sediment supply in the downstream region. The results obtained from this study will further provide additional insights into evolving flood and drought processes and their forecasting around the dam-affected region. This work is in progress, and further results will be presented at the conference.
Improved flood-related decision-making in case of urban flash floods in a metropolitan city of India
Authors: Singhal Akshay , Samal Nibedita , Jha Sanjeev , Crochemore Louise , Ruin Isabelle
Published: February 2023

Occurrences of short-duration extreme rainfall have significantly increased over India, leading to frequent flash floods. Growing incidences of urban floods pose a challenge to rainfall forecasting agencies and disaster mitigation authorities. Advancement in the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has resulted in improved skills of rainfall forecast for longer lead times. However, in recent years, there is a growing emphasis on developing an impact-based approach to communicate the probable impacts of the forecast and reduce the socio-economic losses. In this study, we aim to generate Impact-Based Forecasts (IBFs) in response to the growing incidences of urban flash floods in metropolitan cities of India such as Mumbai. IBFs will provide warnings about the potential impacts as well as communicate protective responses based on the category of impact, i.e., high, moderate, and low. To this end, an inventory of several urban floods over the city of Mumbai during the past decades is prepared, and the relationship between past extreme hazards and related impacts is investigated. Various available Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPFs) from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), UK Met Office (UKMO), and National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) will be used in the study. Moreover, several observation datasets, such as from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), and from Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), will be used to validate the forecast information. The raw precipitation forecasts will be post-processed using a Bayesian joint probability (BJP) model-based rainfall post-processing approach to improve reliability and accuracy. With this study, decision-makers are expected to gain crucial insights regarding the probable impacts arising due to multiple realistic flash floods in Mumbai scenarios. The analysis is underway, and the results will be presented at the conference.
How acidic or alkaline soils affect SOC stock in a post-abandonment secondary succession process: a case study in th Mediterranean mid-mountains.
Authors: Cortijos-López Melani , Sánchez-Navarrete Pedro , Lasanta Teodoro , Nadal-Romero Estela
Published: February 2023

Mediterranean mountains have been affected by an intense process of cropland abandonment since the middle of the last century, as a result of the rural exodus. This has led to the activation of natural revegetation processes in marginal areas that have not been managed. Literature has recorded different soil responses to secondary succession depending on factors such as climate, altitude, soil depth and type, but still very little is known about the influence of soil pH. Thus, the main objective of this work is to identify how soil quality and carbon sequestration are affected by secondary succession after abandonment for two types of soil lithologies (acidic and alkaline). For this purpose, the Leza Valley (La Rioja, Spain) was selected as the representative study area. Soil samples were collected for each lithology, at different depths (0-40 cm), for 5 stages of succession (cropland (CRL); shrubland (SH); bushland (BS); young forest (YF); and old forest (OF)), and their physicochemical properties were analysed in the laboratory. Data analysis was carried out and these are the most relevant results: i) there are significant differences between acidic and alkaline organic carbon stocks; ii) the alkaline soils increase their SOC stock with the advance of succession, and significant differences were observed between the first stages of abandonment and BS, YF and OF; iii) while in the acidic soils no significant differences were observed, and the highest values were recorded in YF; iv) these results may be the combination of interactions between pH, soil properties and plant and microbiological communities that establish in these areas. Our work has shown the relevance of considering the lithology of our soils in order to determine which post-abandonment management practices may be the most appropriate for our study area. Therefore, it is necessary that policies and management strategies include this type of analysis to achieve the best results of soil carbon sequestration.Acknowledgement: This research project was supported by the MANMOUNT (PID2019-105983RB-100/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) project funded by the MICINN-FEDER. Melani Cortijos-López is working with an FPI contract (PRE2020-094509) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness associated to the MANMOUNT projectKeywords: abandoned croplands, natural revegetation, carbon sequestration, soil pH, Iberian System (Spain)
A study of CO emission adjustment and its implication in Taiwan using WRF-CMAQ model
Authors: Tsai Chieh-Sen , Hung Hui-Ming
Published: February 2023

The concentrations of air pollutants are mainly controlled by local emissions, physical processes, and chemical reactions. Emissions provide the primary pollutants or the precursors, while physical processes affect the concentration through transport or deposition, and chemical processes cause the production and loss of pollutants. Evaluation of emission inventories plays a crucial role in understanding the local pollutant concentration variation. In this study, we focus on carbon monoxide (CO), which is a low-reactivity species with a lifetime of 2 months. It can act as a pollutant tracer for a regional condition. Our earlier simulation of Taiwan CO based on Taiwan Emission Data System 9.0 (TEDS 9.0), shows that CO is underestimated compared with observation roughly by a factor of 3, whereas nitrogen oxide (NOX) and ozone (O3) have slight differences. Thus, we apply Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to re-evaluate the required emission adjustment and investigate the possible influence on other chemical species. With the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) between simulation and observation, the optimal emission correction factors are estimated as 2, 4, and 3.6 for northern, central, and southern Taiwan, respectively. The simulation result of applying emission factor adjustment shows significant improvement of simulated CO concentration, both on values and patterns. The underestimation of current emission inventories might indicate possible uncertainties in emission sources. The considerable adjustment in CO might modify the impact on climate (completing OH radicals with CH4 and forming CO2) and could further influence NOX, O3, and particle-phase nitrate, which will be discussed in this presentation.
An object-based approach for semi-automated shallow landslide mapping: suitability and comparison in Itaóca (SP) and Nova Friburgo (RJ), southeastern Brazil
Authors: Dias Helen Cristina , Hölbling Daniel , Grohmann Carlos Henrique
Published: February 2023

Landslide inventories (geomorphological, seasonal, and event-based) are crucial for susceptibility, vulnerability, and risk assessments. Despite the high frequency of landslides in Brazil, no guidelines, or common procedures for the creation of inventories exist. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is a well-established method for mapping natural hazards. However, the application of this technique for landslide mapping in Brazil is still incipient. The use of OBIA could improve the creation of landslide inventories in the country. Thus, this study aims to identify rainfall-induced shallow landslides using the OBIA method and compare the parameters used in the classification rule set in two study areas in Brazil: Itaóca (São Paulo state), and Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro state). Both study areas were strongly affected by high-magnitude mass movements in 2014 (Itaóca) and 2011 (Nova Friburgo). The analysis was performed using RapidEye satellite images (5 m resolution), dated 2014/01/30 (Itaóca) and 2011/01/20 (Nova Friburgo), in the eCognition 10.0 (Trimble) software. The classification considered spectral, spatial, and contextual information. The mapping accuracy was assessed by comparison to a shallow landslide inventory created through expert interpretation. The results indicate the good applicability of the OBIA method in the tropical environments of Brazil. In Itaóca, shallow landslides of varied sizes occurred, whereas in Nova Friburgo large landslides were more common, with a medium size of 1.900 m² and 3.200 m² and a median of 725 m² and 950 m², respectively. The rule set applied for both study areas included the same processes but with slightly modified parameters, for example, the mean NDVI and slope were adapted according to the local environmental and geomorphological conditions. The results confirm the transferability of the approach in Brazil, although minor adaptations in the main rule set are required for better results.