bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prescription, intuition et usage : le subjonctif français et la variabilité inhérente
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2011

Poplack, Shana - "Prescription, intuition and usage: inherent variability and the French subjunctive.

Is mood choice in French syntactically or semantically motivated ? Systematic empirical analysis of mood usage in a corpus of spoken Canadian French leads to the conclusion that the subjunctive is one variant of a linguistic variable which may alternate with the indicative and the conditional in certain embedded noun clauses. Variable rule analysis of the contribution of semantic versus morphosyntactic factors to the choice of subjunctive mood reveals that this process is conditioned by the latter, suggesting that the choice of subjunctive is inherently variable and not determined by meaning. Moreover, it appears that the contemporary state of affairs is neither an innovation nor limited to Canadian dialects, but is rather a synchronie reflex of mood variability throughout the history of French language.
L'enchaînement question-réponse dans une enquête sur la dénomination des couleurs
Authors: Wald Paul , Daoudi Abderrahim , Sefta Kamila
Published: November 2011

Wald Paul, Abderrahim Daoudi et Kamila Sefta - "Linking a question with answers in an inquiry on colour naming".

Linking a question with answers is examined in the discursive treatment of the question by the response-act. This treatment appears as the validation of the thematic and formal closures introduced by the questioning which draws the limits of the discourse activity to be performed. These relationships were studied in the answers of 44 subjects, naming a set of ambigous colors (in Moroccan Arabic) in an academic setting, under several interrogation conditions. The corpuses obtained in each condition were described and compared from the point of view of "natural answer" frequency, e.g. frequency of answers validating the closures through their formal and thematic adequacy to the response model constrained by the question.
Les langues spéciales sont-elles des langues ? La notion de pseudo-langue à travers l'exemple d'une "langue d'initiation" d'Afrique Centrale
Authors: Monino Yves
Published: November 2011

Monino Yves - Special languages, are they languages ? The notion of pseudo-language using the example of a Central African " initiation language".

A study of special languages and communities that speak them shows the theoretical limitations of purely linguistic or sociological definitions of such idioms. With the example of Central African initiations languages (tò and lá'bì), the theory that they are pidgins varieties is discussed, and the notion of pseudo-language is proposed, emphasizing the speakers' position through an ethnolinguistical approach (semiological partitionning of terms related to speech and language, and analysis of their uses and of some meaning effects). The relation between initiated speaker discourse with respect to who is a legitimate speaker of lá'bì and corresponding observable practices is also brought to light.
La requête, sémantique des mots et des discours
Authors: Croll Anne
Published: November 2011

L'acte de requête est envisagé d'un point de vue sémantique, par une analyse lexico-pragmatique du lexème requête en français, situé dans le champ lexical des directifs, et d'un point de vue discursif, par une analyse socio-discursive de deux lettres de requête, représentatives d'un corpus étudié par ailleurs, et situées dans deux contextes historiques distincts. On décrit la triple réalité d'un acte de langage : un scheme d'action, un modèle de communication socio-langagière, dans sa dimension dialogique, une réalité sociale à laquelle s'associent des valeurs morales et identitaires.
Le pont Loyang. Des mots, des humains et des dieux
Authors: Baptandier-Berthier Brigitte
Published: November 2011

Baptandier-Berthier, Brigitte - "Loyang bridge. On words, men and Gods".

Two puns which appear in a mythologie episode in Fujian will be analysed. The first one relies on the name of a character: playing on homophony, on a rupture between writing and speaking, ambiguity of the symbolic value of the name, playing on various speech registers. As a whole, it is part of a kind of ritual setting up a messenger/substitute, whose identity is put in question. The other one is a divination rebus, an example of glyphomancy, playing on an analysis of written characters which relies upon some Chinese cosmological representations. They both show an aspect of the relationship between the State bureaucratic organisation and the cult communities of folk religion.
Précisions sur la manière sociologique de traiter du "sens" : quelques remarques concernant l'ethnométhodologie
Authors: Lahire Bernard
Published: November 2011

Une réflexion sociologique sur le langage permet de poser la question du "sens des acteurs" et de son rapport avec le "langage sociologique". L'ethnométhodologie défend le "sens des acteurs" et s'intéresse au langage, mais, s'interdisant toute construction objectivante, elle réduit son projet à la description des "méthodes" par lesquelles les acteurs "accomplissent et rendent intelligibles leurs échanges quotidiens". Or, les pratiques langagières sont constitutives des relations sociales mais ne "disent" pas ces relations. Les acteurs sont les mieux placés pour effectuer leur activité, mais pas pour dire le savoir qu'ils mettent en oeuvre. Notamment, l'ethnométhodologie a peu de chance de saisir les formes objectivées des phénomènes de domination.
Langage sans action, méthode sans quotidien. Le dilemme de l'ethnométhodologie. Réponse à Bernard Conein
Authors: Flader Dieter , Von Trotha Thilo
Published: November 2011

Flader, Dieter and Thilo von Trotha - "Language without action, a method without implication in dayly life. The dilemma of ehnomethodology".

Conein's response (L&S n° 54) to these author's article (n° 48) did not directly tackle their main argument : ethnomethodology 's hidden positivism. The authors examine here: indexicality and its relation to reflexivity and sel-interpretation ; how radical contextualization leads to a form of positivism ; the relation between knowledge about action and its accomplishment ; language action and its linguistic dimensions. The concept of account is inadequate to explain meaning, contextualization tends to exclude the content of interactions and the exclusivity given to accomplishment disconnects the notion of action from its aims and means. To overcome these difficulties without denying the real problems they attempt to solve, the authors propose the use of pragmatc linguistics.
Origine et enjeu de la dénomination "pied-noir"
Authors: Assante Michèle , Plaisant Odile
Published: November 2011

Assante, Michèle et Odile Plaisant - « Origins and stakes of the name pied-noir ».

Since its comeback during the Algerian War, the expression "Pied-Noir" has come into its own. If one goes by its shifting definitions, its power to designate is extremely flexible. An obscure etymology leaves the door open to imagination and to a made-to-order genealogy. For a population whose territory no longer exists, the term has the advantage of reconciling a-temporality and a-territoriality and replaces other denominations which are too tightly linked to a specific historical period and this unexportable into the future.
Etude de l'accord du participe passé sur des corpus de français parlé
Authors: Audibert-Gibier Monique
Published: November 2011

Audebert-Gibier, Monique - "A study of the agreement of past participles in corpora of spoken French".

Knowing how difficult it is to respect the agreement of past participles when writing one can wonder whether the French do it when speaking. Contrary to what is often thought, past participles are made to agree when speaking, even with the auxiliary "avoir" when the object comes before the verb. One must distinguish between the well-known rules learned in school and the "spontaneous" rules revealed by analysis. To describe present usage, several syntactic situations (the complement can be a relative or a pronoun, the post-verbal zone empty or full) and different speech situations (conversation, public speaking, school) must be taken into account . The mechanisms revealed converge, in some respects, with observations made by 17th century grammarians.
Aspects rhétoriques de la communication interpersonnelle en situation de travail : pouvoir et parole dans une agence d'un organisme de crédit
Authors: Gallenga Ghislaine
Published: November 2011

Gallenga, Ghislaine - Rhetorical aspects of interpersonal communication in work context: power and speech in a credit firm agency.

The anthropological study of rhetorics in firms allows an approach of power. The actors' speeches show how the power/speech articulation works through interactional situations, in which the everyday enunciation of the power structures of the firm faces the negotiated validation, within interpersonal communication, of individual authority as a legitimate pole of exercising power. Three rhetoric situations are analysed in terms of their context: address, reference and onomastic innovation. Ordinary conversations display subtle strategies of symbolic imposition or resistance whereby the hierarchy norms are neutralized without being actually thrown into question.
Journal télévisé et production du pseudo-visible
Authors: Esquenazy Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Le journal télévisé est étudié dans sa structure constante, comme institution au sens de M. Foucault, donc indépendamment des 'faits' rapportés. Il est organisé autour de la figure à double face du présentateur : le présentateur est d'une part celui qui me regarde, et d'autre part celui qui enregistre dans une pure objectivité les événements du monde pour me les rapporter. Il profère ce qu'on peut nommer des mots d'ordre : ce qu'il faut savoir des événements du monde. Tout ce qui est énoncé dépend de cette structure fondamentale, les images ne témoignent que pour ces mots d'ordre : le monde dont parle le JT lui est intérieur, il est un pseudo-visible. Il fournit au téléspectateur un monde total et objectif, en mimant une démocratisation absolue de l'information, fondée sur une définition statistique de la démocratie.
A propos de l'analyse de discours : les historiens et le « tournant linguistique »
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: November 2011

Guilhaumou Jacques - On discourse analysis : historians and the "linguistic turning point".

The coming of the "time of doubt" (Roger Chartier) in the field of history opens up a vast perspective for thinking out the impact of the "linguistic turning point" on history. Discourse analysis in historical disciplines is realised by an experimental set-up, combining the archive statement inherited from Michel Foucault and invested in configurational work, and the ancient and privileged relationship with structural linguistics, in the form of various methodological tools. Resting on the theme of the reflexivity of language, historical discourse analysis has become an interpretative discipline in its own right, allied with other disciplines of the "linguistic turning point" active in Germany ant the United-States. A specific object of study, the figure of the spokesman during the French Revolution, is the thread we follow here in our concrete presentation of the way the discourse historian operates.
Énonciation et non-verbal : aspects de la cohésion linguistique dans un récit oral poitevin
Authors: Léonard Jean-Léo , Pinheiro Maria-Beatriz
Published: November 2011

Léonard Jean-Léo and Maria-Beatriz Pinheiro - Enunciation and non-verbal aspects of linguistic cohesion in an oral narrative from the Poitou region.

The aim of this research is to propose a model for the linguistic analysis of an oral narrative, by confronting enunciation, syntaxe and the non-verbal in a short stretch of viedo material (2mn 26s). Performance is considered live in the complexity of its make-up, from the point of view of creative processes, staging, and the cohesiveness of the narrative. A grid for analysis concentrates on the periodisation (recentering), and the body movements linked to the narrative and the argument (head and hand movements, imitations or quotations), allowing us to approach nonverbal content in direct relation to the text . Through an analysis of a corpus hardly two-and-a-half minutes long, the authors attempt to describe the complexity and the diversity of the processes involved and the signs/ signals thrown out in face-to-face communication by that vital hot-rod, the human being.
Les contradictions des mariages linguistiquement mixtes : stratégies des femmes franco-ontariennes
Authors: Heller Monica , Lévy Laurette
Published: November 2011

Heller Monica et Laurette Levy - The contradictions of linguistically mixed manages: strategies of Franco-Ontarian women.

Ontario has the largest French-speaking population after Quebec. French-speaking women married to English language speakers have a special place in mixed marriage: members of a minority group, they live in a city where French is a minority language. 28 non-directive interviews carried out in Ottawa, Sudbury and Toronto give us insights into their representations and strategies according to the region they live in. Such marriages do not necessarily bring about their assimilation nor their children's to the English speaking group. Language behavior and opinions about language vary considerably. The data (both form and content) allow us to isolate trends and place the informants into three groups according to behavior and attitudes: "rather English-speaking" - "intermediate" - "rather French- speaking". These differences are linked to the social and economic value of French and to the relative status of the women, their husbands and children. They are also connected to the possibilities of access to positions where French is highly valued.
L'alternance des formes "relatives" chez des bateliers faiblement scolarisés
Authors: Derycke Marc
Published: November 2011

Derycke Marc - Switching between "relative" forms among bargemen with little schooling.

Switching between normative and non-normative forms of the "locative" (où/que) and the subject case (qui/que/je, tu, il elle/) in a corpus rather well protected from the school norm, gives rise to a constraint that tends to associate the normative construction with an identified "antecedent", and the non-normative forms to a generic or indefinite element at the head of the clause. In each case, the vernacular provides two forms and two or three types of constructions, whereas the Standard is restricted to one form, indifferently rendering various sorts of semantic relationships. The economy of the "relative" constructions in the vernacular seems to rest on a principle corresponding to the intersection of interrogative pronouns and of delimitators construed without any preposition : qui, que où.
Problèmes méthodologiques de l'évaluation des pratiques socio-linguistiques en langues "régionales" ou "minoritaires" : l'exemple de la situation en France
Authors: Blanchet Philippe
Published: November 2011

Le discours dominant déclarant moribondes les langues "régionales" de France est contredit par certaines enquêtes scientifiques et semble servir une idéologie centraliste. L'auteur montre les difficultés méthodologiques d'une enquête "objective" sur les pratiques linguistiques en situation diglossique en s'appuyant sur des observations issues de la pragmatique, de l'ethnologie et de la psychologie sociale (principe de coupure, stratégie de dissimulation/ostentation). Il propose plutôt une analyse comparative de représentations et de faits circonscrits.
La variation phonétique : un point de vue cognitif
Authors: Chevrot Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs courants sociolinguistiques ont décrit les régularités qui structurent la variation phonétique. Malgré l'abondance des travaux, il reste à comprendre comment les savoirs sociaux sur la variation interagissent avec les mécanismes cognitifs (automatismes impliqués dans l'exécution articulatoire, capacité de contrôle sur la sélection des variantes, etc.) pour aboutir à l'émergence des patrons réguliers constatés dans les enquêtes. Nous abordons cette question en réexaminant les données sociolinguistiques à la lumière de résultats issus de la psycholinguistique. Nous suggérons que l'emprunt des résultats et des méthodes de cette discipline est inévitable si l'on veut aborder certaines questions qui restent sans réponse dans un cadre strictement sociolinguistique.
Registre discursif et énonciation : induction sociologique à partir des marques de personne. Le Congrés des Députés du peuple d'URSS en 1989
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

Pierre Achard - Discourse and enunciation: sociological inference from personal markers. The 1989 Congress of the Deputies of the People of the USSR.

Studying the personal markers contained in a long passage (500 pages) taken from the debates of the People's Deputies' Congress of the Soviet Union in 1989 shows up certain characteristics of Russian political discourse: their distribution according to value (I, we, you), to syntax (subject, complement), to characteristics of speakers (in function of their origin and their mode of election) and the referential values of we/us in a particular form (u nos = we have or with us). The analysis reveals the specific nature of the political construct in the Russian and Soviet world and sheds light on why the USSR could so easily fall apart. It is also interesting methodologically for comparing discourses in different languages.
L'ironie à l'oeuvre dans les billets d'humeur
Authors: Couton Patrick
Published: November 2011

Couton, Patrick - Irony at work in ill-humoured short articles.

Beyond a rhetorical analysis, irony is here contemplated in its enunciative and discursive dimension. The study of person markers in a corpus of short, caustic articles written up in the French press, shows that irony yields an enunciative system characterized by the splitting of the enunciation in two and by playing on subjective understanding and misunderstanding. From a discursive point of view, hypothesizing a specific ironic discourse shows that it favours the author and the reader's social positions, that it postulates power over other types of discourse and that, besides, it is founded on a nihilism close to the pleasure principle.
Pour une stratégie discursive publicitaire : les adverbes assertifs en -ment
Authors: Garric Nathalie
Published: November 2011

Le slogan publicitaire compte parmi ses composants un certain nombre d'adverbes en -ment dont l'apparition progressive et de plus en plus régulière impose qu'on s'y consacre. Nous identifions des adverbes prédicatifs : les adverbes de modalisation de l'assertion. Ils révèlent l'attitude positive du locuteur vis-à-vis de son propos, placé dans la certitude, et constituent une manifestation de la modalité élocutive d'opinion. Le publiciste tente de définir une relation de confiance rassurante. Feignant un souci d'honnêteté, il revendique son statut de descripteur subjectif d'objets toujours meilleurs et essaie d'amener le consommateur potentiel à partager sa conviction personnelle. Cette stratégie discursive s'oppose à une autre procédure publicitaire consistant à objectiver le propos en le rapportant à une autorité savante et/ou scientifique.
Raymond Devos ou la peur des mots
Authors: Rullier-Theuret Françoise
Published: November 2011

Rullier-Theuret, Françoise - Raymond Devos or the fear of words.

Raymond Devos' spontaneous words (recorded in his lodge) illustrate the extreme care he gives to language. Bent on finding the "mot juste", his speech stalls, hesitations accumulate. The effects wrought by sculpting each expression, reveal the deep dialogism of all discourse. The themes of his sketches grow out of this wary approach to language. Devos plays the part of one who does not understand figurative meaning. The sketches based on distraught words stage the misunderstandings separating people. However, language is also a tool to play and create with, and ends up being poetry.
La notion d'événement d'énonciation : le "lapsus" comme une donnée d'articulation entre discours et parole
Authors: Fenoglio Irène
Published: November 2011

Fenoglio, Irène - The notion of enunciative event : "Freudian slips" as an intermediate given between discourse and parole.

Many authors have shown the difficulties of analyzing enunciation in oral discourse. One sector, however, has remained little explored, that concerning speech acts such as slips of the tongue, misunderstandings, silences, various breaks in the enunciative flow, all of which we qualify as "enunciative events". The present text presents a body of "Freudian slips", collected during a series of interviews bearing on the transmission of ideas on language. It rests on the hypothesis that, when dealing with enunciation, one must establish a distinction between the speech chain and the occurrence of the individual parole.
Les formes du colinguisme dans les dictionnaires français-latin (1539-1671)
Authors: Delesalle Simone , Girardin Chantal
Published: November 2011

Delesalle Simone et Chantal Girardin - Colingualism and lexicography: the status of Latin and French in dictionaries of the French Renaissance and Classicism.

This paper shows the evolution over more than a century of the place occupied by Latin and French respectively, in four dictionaries of the 16th and 17th centuries influenced by the development of the official French language and called "false bilinguals". We consider this "false bilingualism" to be a true "colingualism", wherein Latin and French lean on each other, explain each by the other, in a way that will change the balance of power between the two. We follow the pair étrange/étranger and its semantic and ideological development in the dictionaries.
VOIR quelques ON chez Louis Althusser, ou l'arbre dévoilant la forêt
Authors: Sassier Monique
Published: November 2011

Cet article illustre certains aspects du modèle VOIR élaboré par Pierre Achard. La première partie présente succinctement ce modèle, ainsi que d'autres outils théoriques utilisés dans l'analyse d'un texte de L. Althusser. Dans deux des exemples étudiés, dont l'interprétation est contrainte, la lecture décèle un effet de persuasion, avec, dans le cas du second, un mouvement argumentatif dont nous proposons une analyse. Le dernier exemple présente une opacification du point de vue du locuteur (L. Althusser) sur un fait qu'il relate. Cette opacification est liée à l'absence de marques formelles contraignant l'interprétation. L'analyse montre pourquoi un lecteur peut prêter à cet énoncé des valeurs diamétralement opposées.
Le problème des genres du discours quarante-cinq ans après Bakhtine
Authors: Dolinine Constantin
Published: November 2011

L'article propose une approche socio-psychologique du problème des genres de discours (GD) et tente de répondre à trois questions : 1) quels facteurs déterminent les GD ? Est-ce que tout discours relève d'un genre ? Quels sont les rapports entre GD et actes de langage.
La littérature du collège. Penser /classer les textes du corpus
Authors: Charpentrat Jean-Pierre , Fournier Jean-Marie
Published: November 2011

Le corpus des textes étudiés en français dans les classes du collège, tel qu'il apparaît dans les cahiers de textes est différent du corpus du lycée. Les textes "classiques" constituent bien 53,95% du corpus, mais la prééeminence des genres narratifs est écrasante. De plus, on observe l'émergence d'une "littérature de jeunesse" (définie ici par un critère editorial externe : sa présence dans les collections dites "de jeunesse") et on observe également la présence d'une littérature "grand public".
La réalisation de l'accord du participe passé employé avec avoir. De l'influence de quelques variables linguistiques et sociales
Authors: Brissaud Catherine
Published: November 2011

BRISSAUD Catherine - The agreement of the past participle with avoir according to linguistic and sociological variables.

This paper bears on one of the emblems of normativity: the past participle used with "avoir" as experienced by secondary school pupils. First, the linguistic problem is reviewed. Then, the results of a test given to 1 269 pupils aged 10 to 15 are examined. The analysis of their mistakes allows us to highlight the importance of morphosyntactical structures, which play an important part in the production of errors in highschool. Analyses of variance were performed, showing the effects of age, sex, number of years of school and socio-cultural home environment on pupils' spelling.
Aux origines de la sociolinguistique la conférence de sociolinguistique de l'UCLA (1964)
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2011

CALVET Louis-Jean - The 1964 UCLA Conference at the inception of Sociolinguistics.

"Peripheral" linguistics or "all of linguistics" ? The meeting organized by William Bright in 1964 shows that sociolinguistics at the time looked like a network of young, mostly California-based linguists, working or having worked on situations of plurilingualism or diglossia. Some were connected, through Weinreich, to European linguistics (Martinet, Meillet, Saussure...). The network held together largely through its opposition to the other one, based on the East Coast (Chomsky), but had neither institutional backing, theoretical unity, leader or specific intellectual reference. And this theoretical weakness persists to this day.
Perturbation et négociation dans l'entretien de recrutement
Authors: Bonu Bruno
Published: November 2011

En nous appuyant sur des enregistrements audio d'un entretien d'embauché, nous analysons les procédures conversationnelles utilisées par les deux participants pour réduire leur désaccord. Le problème porte sur le décalage entre l'offre de la société qui recrute et la demande de salaire d'un candidat à un poste de formateur. L'analyse montre l'imbrication de deux pratiques : la première, spécialement destinée à la négociation, permet de sonder la possibilité de changement de la requête du postulant, d'estimer ses revenus actuels et d'établir le "plancher" de la négociation. Cette séquence s'enchevêtre avec une seconde trajectoire, utilisée pour résoudre la "perturbation" provoquée par le décalage initial et pour sauver l'entretien.
A Case of a Potential Drug Interaction between Clobazam and Etravirine-Based Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Naccarato Mark , Yoong Deborah , Kovacs Colin , Gough Kevin
Published: November 2011

The cytochrome P450 isoforms primarily involved in clobazam metabolism are CYP3A4 and 2C19. Drugs that modulate these enzymes would then be expected to alter the exposure of clobazam and its major metabolites. Etravirine, a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor has been shown to induce CYP3A4, while inhibiting CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. We report a case in which a potential drug interaction between clobazam and etravirine may have led to increased concentrations of clobazam and its pharmacologically active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, causing neurotoxic symptoms.
Supply Chain Integration
Authors: Sweeney Edward
Published: November 2011

Since its introduction by management consultants in the early 1980s, supply chain management (SCM) has been primarily concerned with the integration of processes and activities both within and between organisations. The concept of supply chain integration (SCI) is based on documented evidence that suggests that much of the waste throughout businesses is a consequence of fragmented supply chain configurations. However, there is also evidence to suggest that the achievement of higher levels of intra- and inter-firm integration presents an array of managerial challenges. The need for innovation in all aspects of SCM is widely recognised. Given the pivotal role of the integration paradigm within SCM, any meaningful innovation in this area must focus heavily on this issue. This chapter outlines some of the challenges by exploring the evolving SCM business context. It goes on to relate SCM theory to the widely cited Porter value chain concept. The core of the chapter provides a detailed description of SCI based on a wide variety of literature. It does so with particular reference to the challenges inherent in implementing an integrated business paradigm with a view to identifying a range of possible innovative solutions. The adoption of more integrated supply chain structures raises questions regarding the nature of both internal and external customer/supplier relationships. The effective management of such relationships is, therefore, given particular focus.
Supply Chain Integration in the Textile and Garment Industries
Authors: Banomyong Ruth
Published: November 2011

Supply chain integration has been theoretically posited as a key requirement that enhances supply chain competitiveness and innovation. However, there has been a lack of empirical evidence related to the level of supply chain integration and its benefit. This chapter provides an illustration of the level of integration observed in the Thai textile and garment supply chain. The supply chain integration analysis was done through the use of the quick scan audit methodology and it was observed that there was no integrated supply chain in the Thai textile and garment industry. The majority of the existing textile and garment supply chain relationship in Thailand was mostly limited to internal functions within member firms with some dyadic relationships. This means that most Thai textile and garment firms are still struggling with internal integration and are still not able to integrate their respective supply chain thus affecting innovation capability of Thai textile and garment supply chain. Governmental support may be needed to develop the facilitating environment for supply chain integration.
Supply Chain Integration and Port Competitiveness
Authors: De Martino Marcella , Marasco Alessandra , Morvillo Alfonso
Published: November 2011

The chapter addresses the issue of port value creation from a supply chain integration (SCI) perspective. Based on the concept of supply chain management (SCM), a theoretical model is proposed aimed at identifying the sources of value creation in port environment. The model views the port as a network of actors, resources and activities that co-produces value by promoting a number of interdependencies and assumes that the competitiveness of this port supply network increasingly depends on its “organisational component” as it affects the quality of services including range of logistics services, information and communication technology (ICT) solutions, know-how, and relationships in the port network itself. The final purpose of this model is the definition of a pro-active role of port in supply chain integration and therefore to support port authorities in defining their strategies in the context of growing complexity affecting both the port community and the external competitive arena.
Innovative ICT Applications in Transport and Logistics
Authors: Goh Mark , Fraser Kym
Published: November 2011

This chapter examines the applications of innovative information and communication technology (ICT) applications in transport and logistics in Asia. Specifically, the authors examine two case studies of how a Logistics Service Provider (LSP), and a public sector agency based in Asia who acts as a regulator of ports and maritime services and facilities have effectively used ICT tools and applications to their advantage and how this has shaped the innovation landscape of the supply chain in Asia.
The Role of Urban Consolidation Centres in Sustainable Freight Transport
Authors: Allen Julian , Browne Michael , Leonardi Jacques , Woodburn Allan
Published: November 2011

The chapter considers the role that urban consolidation centres (UCCs) can play in helping to reduce goods vehicle traffic and its environmental impacts in urban areas. A UCC is a logistics facility that is situated in relatively close proximity to the area that it serves. Goods destined for this area are dropped off at the UCC, and are sorted and consolidated onto goods vehicles for delivery to their final destinations, often using environmentally friendly vehicles such as electric and gas-powered goods vehicles, and electrically-assisted cycles. The development of UCCs since their first appearance in the 1970s is reviewed and the various types of UCC categorised. The freight transport and logistics advantages offered by UCCs are discussed. Case studies of four recent UCC trials are included. The objectives, operational and financial aspects and impacts of these UCCs are compared and their critical success factors identified.
How to use the Evaluation of Suppliers to Develop the Supply System
Authors: Esposito Emilio , Passaro Renato
Published: November 2011

In recent decades several studies have highlighted that the competitive advantage of large customer firms arises significantly from their ability to achieve a successful supply system through the adoption of effective tools and methodologies for evaluating suppliers. Nevertheless it emerges that a gap exists between a growing number of applications and the scarce empirical evidence of the practical usefulness of such applications. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a contribution to bridging this gap through applying the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methodology suppliers’ evaluation. The evaluation tree of the AHP assures transparency and traceability, features that allow using it as a tool for strategic management of the supply system. The AHP evaluation tree provides relevant indications for the strategic decision that both customers and suppliers have to adopt to reinforce the supply system and their competitive position. Relevant issues arising from the application and managerial implications for both customer and suppliers are discussed. In particular, we underline how the AHP methodology is not only a tool for supplier evaluation but also a strategic management tool to develop the supply system.
Being a Preferred Customer of Leading Suppliers and Its Impact on Supplier Contribution to Innovation
Authors: Schiele Holger , Veldman Jasper , Hüttinger Lisa
Published: November 2011

In this chapter, the authors introduce the concept of preferred customer status as a means for creating supply-side induced advantages in highly competitive supplier markets. For the authors, being a preferred customer means that a buyer is awarded preferential treatment of important suppliers compared to what their other customers receive. Taking this into account, having Preferred Customer Status might also have a positive impact on the generation of innovation upstream the supply chain. As there is a lack of knowledge of what motivates suppliers to serve selected buyers better than others, the research presented here focuses on the suppliers’ evaluation of customers and how it can be influenced by buyers. Based on an extensive literature review, an overview is provided of recent contributions on customer attractiveness and supplier satisfaction as the prerequisites for becoming a preferred customer of strategic suppliers. Furthermore, the authors stress the importance of being a preferred customer particularly in a new product development context by empirically testing the impact of preferred customer status on supplier innovativeness in a buyer-seller relationship. They conclude that implementing a preferred customer policy in buying firms can improve the conditions for innovating with suppliers.
Risk Management
Authors: Sauvage Thierry , Haouari Mohamed
Published: November 2011

In recent years, logistics outsourcing has shown a strong development. However, despite the benefits associated with logistics outsourcing, there are many relationships that do not last as long as they were initially planned. In this chapter the authors tried to sketch a conceptual model of Risk Management applied to logistics outsourcing and supported by a case study within aerospace industry. Their results show that Risk Management could be an innovative tool favoring the success of logistics outsourcing by securing future performance and relationships between supply chain partners.
Energy-Efficient Backoff Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mehta S. , Kwak K.S.
Published: November 2011

A prime goal of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to minimize energy consumption than high channel efficiency and low channel access delay. Existing MAC protocols for WSNs reduce energy consumptions by introducing variation in an active/sleep mechanism, but they cannot save energy during the execution of backoff algorithm. In this chapter, we study and compare the different backoff algorithms for wireless sensor networks. We also use the concept of a geometrically increasing probability distribution for contention process. This allows us to introduce improved backoff (IB) algorithm for energy efficient MAC protocol in WSNs, where binary exponential backoff (BEB) based algorithm is widely used. With the help of numerical results we show that the IB gives edge over BEB in throughput, channel access delay, and energy efficiency under varying traffic conditions.
Distributed Visual Surveillance with Resource Constrained Embedded Systems
Authors: Chitnis Mangesh , Salvadori Claudio , Petracca Matteo , Pagano Paolo , Lipari Giuseppe , Santinelli Luca
Published: November 2011

In this chapter, we present an innovative technique of line sensor based image capturing and processing in order to detect moving objects such as vehicles. Line Sensor techniques, when used in MWSN, may achieve faster processing results with much less storage and bandwidth requirements while conserving node energy. Line Sensor based processing algorithms provide novel ways for object counting, classification and speed measurement. This solution presents itself as an ideal low-cost candidate for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to monitor and control urban traffic.
Women’s spirituality and feminist theology: A hermeneutic of suspicion applied to ‘patriarchal marriage’
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: November 2011

This article focused on feminist theory, feminist theology, the origins of the patriarchal marriage, and hermeneutics of suspicion. It aimed to provide language for articulating past and present experiences of women from a theological and hermeneutical perspective. The article discussed women’s spirituality and the failure of the patriarchal marriage to nurture self-perception (how I see myself), life orientation (where I am in the world) and identity (who am I in the world), with regard to women’s spirituality. The article also gave details about the variety of feminisms that exist in theology both in the past and in the present.
Household Smoking Restrictions and Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Fisher Laurie B. , Winickoff Jonathan P. , Camargo Carlos A. , Colditz Graham A. , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the association between household smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking, controlling for parental smoking, peer smoking, and tobacco marketing.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis of 1999 data from the Growing Up Today Study, a longitudinal cohort of adolescents.

Setting.

Self-report questionnaire.

Subjects.

10,593 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years.

Measures.

The dependent variable was established smoking (smoking ≥ 100 cigarettes). Variables of interest were household smoking restrictions, parental smoking, peer smoking, and tobacco promotional item (TPI) possession.

Results.

Four percent of participants reported that their households permitted smoking. Parental smoking, peer smoking, and TPI possession were significantly associated with established smoking. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, peer smoking, and TPI possession, adolescent smoking was inversely related to the presence of a restrictive household policy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48–0.93); however, when parental smoking was added to this model, the association was attenuated (OR = 0.94, CI = 0.65–1.35). When only one parent in the household smoked, smoking restrictions were more common when this parent was the father.

Conclusions.

Although household smoking restrictions offer health benefits, they do not appear to be associated with adolescent smoking after accounting for other factors. Prior studies did not include parental smoking, peer smoking, and marketing influences. This analytic difference may explain apparent contradictions in the literature.
Physical and chemical properties of pollution aerosol particles transported from North America to Greenland as measured during the POLARCAT summer campaign
Authors: Quennehen B. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Schmale J. , Schneider J. , Sodemann H. , Stohl A. , Ancellet G. , Crumeyrolle S. , Law K. S.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Within the framework of the POLARCAT-France campaign, aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties over Greenland were measured onboard the French ATR-42 research aircraft. The origins of CO excess peaks detected in the aircraft measurements then have been identified through FLEXPART simulations. The study presented here focuses particularly on the characterization of air masses transported from the North American continent to Greenland. Air masses that picked up emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires as well as from the cities on the American east coast were identified and selected for a detailed study. Measurements of CO concentrations, aerosol chemical composition, aerosol number size distributions, aerosol volume volatile fractions and aerosol light absorption (mainly from black carbon) are used in order to study the relationship between CO enhancement (ΔCO), aerosol particle concentrations and number size distributions. Aerosol number size distributions (normalised with their respective ΔCO) are in good agreement with previous studies. Nonetheless, wet scavenging may have occurred along the pathway between the emission sources and Greenland leading to a less pronounced accumulation mode in the POLARCAT data. Chemical analyses from mass spectrometry show that submicrometer aerosol particles are mainly composed of sulphate and organics. The observed bimodal (Aitken and accumulation) aerosol number size distributions show a significant enhancement in Aitken mode particles. Furthermore, results from the thermodenuder analysis demonstrate the external mixture of boreal fire (BF) air masses from North America (NA). This is particularly observed in the accumulation mode, containing a volume fraction of up to 25–30% of refractory material at the applied temperature of 280 °C. NA anthropogenic air masses with only 6% refractory material in the accumulation mode can be clearly distinguished from BF air masses. Overall, during the campaign rather small amounts of black carbon from the North American continent were transported towards Greenland during the summer POLARCAT observation period, which also is a valuable finding with respect to potential climate impacts of black carbon in the Arctic.
Winds and tides in the mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere upper mesosphere recorded with the Falkland Islands SuperDARN radar
Authors: Hibbins R. E. , Freeman M. P. , Milan S. E. , Ruohoniemi J. M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Meteor wind data from the first year of operation of the Falkland Islands SuperDARN radar (52° S, 59° W) are used to characterize the atmospheric tides and background winds in the upper mesosphere above the South Atlantic. Strong (>40 m s−1) semidiurnal tides are observed in the winter time and large amplitude (>60 m s−1) bursts of quasi two-day wave activity are seen in January 2011. Data are in good agreement with those presented from the SAAMER meteor radar (54° S, 68° W). Comparison with SuperDARN meteor wind data from a geographically similar Northern Hemisphere site at Goose Bay (53° N 60° W) reveal clear interhemispheric differences especially in the semidiurnal and terdiurnal components of the tides. The winter time amplitudes of the tides are much stronger in the Southern Hemisphere than in the north. Background winds are observed to be significantly more polewards and westwards throughout the year than those predicted by the empirical horizontal wind model HWM07.
The JGrass-NewAge system for forecasting and managing the hydrological budgets at the basin scale: models of flow generation and propagation/routing
Authors: Formetta G. , Mantilla R. , Franceschi S. , Antonello A. , Rigon R.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a discussion of the predictive capacity of the implementation of the semi-distributed hydrological modeling system JGrass-NewAge. This model focuses on the hydrological budgets of medium scale to large scale basins as the product of the processes at the hillslope scale with the interplay of the river network. The part of the modeling system presented here deals with the: (i) estimation of the space-time structure of precipitation, (ii) estimation of runoff production; (iii) aggregation and propagation of flows in channel; (v) estimation of evapotranspiration; (vi) automatic calibration of the discharge with the method of particle swarming. The system is based on a hillslope-link geometrical partition of the landscape, combining raster and vectorial treatment of hillslope data with vector based tracking of flow in channels. Measured precipitation are spatially interpolated with the use of kriging. Runoff production at each channel link is estimated through a peculiar application of the Hymod model. Routing in channels uses an integrated flow equation and produces discharges at any link end, for any link in the river network. Evapotranspiration is estimated with an implementation of the Priestley-Taylor equation. The model system assembly is calibrated using the particle swarming algorithm. A two year simulation of hourly discharge of the Little Washita (OK, USA) basin is presented and discussed with the support of some classical indices of goodness of fit, and analysis of the residuals. A novelty with respect to traditional hydrological modeling is that each of the elements above, including the preprocessing and the analysis tools, is implemented as a software component, built upon Object Modelling System v3 and jgrasstools prescriptions, that can be cleanly switched in and out at run-time, rather than at compiling time. The possibility of creating different modeling products by the connection of modules with or without the calibration tool, as for instance the case of the present modeling chain, reduces redundancy in programming, promotes collaborative work, enhances the productivity of researchers, and facilitates the search for the optimal modeling solution.
Simplifying a hydrological ensemble prediction system with a backward greedy selection of members – Part 2: Generalization in time and space
Authors: Brochero D. , Anctil F. , Gagné C.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. An uncertainty cascade model applied to stream flow forecasting seeks to evaluate the different sources of uncertainty of the complex rainfall-runoff process. The current trend focuses on the combination of Meteorological Ensemble Prediction Systems (MEPS) and hydrological model(s). However, the number of members of such a HEPS may rapidly increase to a level that may not be operationally sustainable. This paper evaluates the generalization ability of a simplification scheme of a 800-member HEPS formed by the combination of 16 lumped rainfall-runoff models with the 50 perturbed members from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) EPS. Tests are made at two levels. At the local level, the transferability of the 9th day hydrological member selection for the other 8 forecast horizons exhibits an 82% success rate. The other evaluation is made at the regional or cluster level, the transferability from one catchment to another from within a cluster of watersheds also leads to a good performance (85% success rate), especially for forecast time horizons above 3 days and when the basins that formed the cluster presented themselves a good performance on an individual basis. Diversity, defined as hydrological model complementarity addressing different aspects of a forecast, was identified as the critical factor for proper selection applications.