bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REKONSEPTUALISASI TAFSIR ASAS PRADUGA TAK BERSALAH
Authors: Aziz A. Saiful
Published: August 2018

ABSTRAK            Asas praduga tak bersalah dianggap  hanya  untuk  dan  berlaku bagi kegiatan yang berkaitan  dengan  proses  peradilan pidana. Sehingga terjadi ketidakpedulian masyarakat terhadap asas tersebut. Asas  praduga tak bersalah  di  Indonesia  dulu terdapat  di  dalam  Pasal 8 Undang-Undang No. 14 Tahun 1970 tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan Pokok Kekuasaan Kehakiman. Meskipun tidak secara eksplisit menyatakan hal yang sama, asas tersebut  diutarakan  di  dalam  Pasal 66 Undang-Undang No.8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP).Penegakkan hukum merupakan salah satu upaya untuk menciptakan tata tertib, keamanan dan ketentraman dalam masyarakat, baik itu merupakan usaha pencegahan maupun merupakan pemberantasan atau penindakan setelah terjadinya pelanggaran hukum. Untuk mencapai sasaran tersebut maka peraturan perundang-undangan menjadi dasar hukum bagi langkah dan tindakan dari penegak hukum harus sesuai dengan dasar falsafah negara dan pandangan hidup Bangsa Indonesia yaitu Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945). Dengan demikian, Perlunya rekonseptualisasi atas tafsir asas praduga tidak bersalah (presumption of innocence) yang selama ini dianut KUHAP.        Kata kunci: Tafsir, Asas, Praduga tidak Bersalah.                                               AbstractThe principle of innocence presumption is presumed only for and applicable to activities relating to the criminal justice process. So there is a lack of concern for the community towards the principle. The principle of innocence presumption in Indonesia was previously contained in Article 8 of Law no. 14 of 1970 on the Basic Provisions of Judicial Power. Although it does not explicitly state the same, the principle was articulated in Article 66 of Law No.8 Year 1981 on the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP).Law enforcement is one of the efforts to create order, security and peace in society, whether it is a preventive effort or is the eradication or repression after the violation of law. To achieve these targets, the legislation should be the legal basis for the actions and actions of law enforcers to be in accordance with the basic philosophy of the state and the Indonesian life view of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution (1945 Constitution). Thus, the need for a reconceptualization of the interpretation of the presumption of innocence principle adopted by the Criminal Procedure Code.Keywords: Tafsir, Principle, Presumption Presumption of Innocence
KONTRIBUSI FILSAFAT PRAGMATISME TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Cholid Nur
Published: August 2018

Pragmatisme merupakan solusi masyarakat Amerika yang akhirnya diadopsi oleh khalayak dunia dalam menghadapi problem materialisme sebagai ekses dari filsafat realisme yang berlebihan. Dengan memahami pemikirantersebut menciptakan perubahan yang luar biasa dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat dalam memahami sebuah realitas, pengetahuan, nilai maupun untuk memprosesnya melalui pen-didikan. Analisis dan kontribusi pragmatisme terhadap pendidikan tampaklah dalam impli-kasinya, diantaranya: (a) Pada tujuan pendidikan, memberikan pengalaman untuk penemuan hal-hal baru dalam hidup sosial dan pribadi. (b) Kedudukan siswa, sebagai suatu organisme yang memiliki kemampuan yang luar biasa dan kompleks untuk tumbuh. (c) Kurikulum, berisi pengalaman yangteruji yang dapat berubah. Minat dan kebutuhan siswa yang dibawa di sekolah dapat menentukan kurikulum. Menghilangkan perbedaan antara pendidikan liberal dengan pendidikan praktis atau jabatan. (d) Metode, memunculkan metode aktif yaitu   learning by doing (belajar sambil bekerja) dan  problem solving. (e) Peran guru untuk mengawasi dan mem-bimbing pengalaman belajar siswa, tanpa mengganggu minat dan kebutuhannya. Kata Kunci:kontribusi, filsafat pragmatisme, pendidikan
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA FLASHCARD UNTUK MEMPERMUDAH PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA BAHASA INGGRIS
Authors: Farda Ummu Jauharin
Published: August 2018

Media flashcard dapat meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata siswa kelas IV pada mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris dalam pokok bahasan Fruits And Vegetables. Dapat dibuktikan dengan hasil evaluasi nilai rata-rata 85 dan hasil ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 86%. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas menggunakan media flashcard. Model penelitian meliputi beberapa tahap, yaitu Perencanaan (Planning), Implementasi Tindakan dan Pengamatan (Acting and Observe) dan Refleksi (Reflecting). Proses penelitian dilaksanakan sebanyak dua siklus yang terdiri atas dua kali pertemuan. hasil analisis data menyatakan bahwa, ada peningkatan yang signifikan pada nilai tes tiap siklus. Pada siklus I, siswa yang mendapat nilai lebih dari 75 sebanyak 23 (66%) siswa dengan nilai rata-rata yang dicapai 73. Pada siklus II siswa yang mendapat nilai lebih dari 75 sebanyak 30 (86%) siswa dengan nilai rata-rata 85.Kata kunci: ptk, media flashcard, kosakata bahasa inggrisAbstackFlashcard can increase the mastery of vocabulary for fourth grade primary school in English subject for theme Fruits and Vegetables. It proved by the result of average score evaluation is 85 and the percentage of whole exhaustiveness is 86%. The method used in this Action Research is flashcard. Research Model covering some steps, they are Planning, Acting and Observe, and Reflecting. Research Process done in two cycles which consist of two meetings. Based on the analysis, there are significanse increase on test score in every cycle. In cycle 1, there are 26 (66%) students who get score more than 75 with 73 in itsaverage. In cycle 2, there are 30 (86%) students who get score more than 75 with 85 in its average.Keywords: action research, flashcard, english vocabulary
IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN MATERI PAI MI PERSPEKTIF INTEGRASI INTERKONEKSI
Authors: Imron Ali
Published: August 2018

AbstrakFenomena dikotomi bidang keilmuan yakni antroposentris dan teosentris menjadi fakta sejarah. Pendidikan antroposentris penting untuk pembinaan dan penyempurnaan kepribadian anak. Sedangkan pendidikan teosentris/sain (ilmu non agama-teosentris) juga dibutuhkan untuk melengkapi pengetahuannya. Keberadaannya dianggap sebagai pelengkap, sehingga umat Islam mengesampingkan ilmu non agama atau sebaliknya. Hal ini mengakibatkan umat Islam terbelakang dalam hal sains dan teknologi. Pengembangan materi PAI MI persepektif integrasi interkoneksi baik internal maupun eksternal dapat menjadi salah satu tawaran model pengembangan materi guna membekali pengetahuan yang komprehensif, sebab Islam tidak pernah menganggap adanya dikotomi ilmu pengetahuan (sain) dan agama.Kata Kunci : dikotomi, materi PAI MI, Integrasi, Interkoneksi. Abstact Dichotomy phenomenon devided into 2 parts in science, they are antropocentris and teocentris which are called history fact. Antropocentris education is very important to construct and to complete students personality. Science education (non religion-teocentris science) also needed by Moslem generation to complete their knowledge. Its existance considered as complement, so Moslems put a side non-religion science or on contrary. It makes Moslem left behind in science and technology. Material development for Islamic Education in MI in perspective integrative interconnection both internal or external can be one of offered material development model to give comprehensive science for students in MI, because Islam never consider science and religion dichotomy.Keywords: dichotomy, material for Islamic education in MI, interconnection
KESIAPAN KETERAMPILAN GURU SAINS DALAM PENGGUNAAN DAN PENGELOLAAN LABORATORIUM DI MAN SE KOTA SEMARANG
Authors: Putri Linda Indiyarti
Published: August 2018

Hakikat mata pelajaran IPA (Sains) terdiri dari tiga unsur utama yaitu produk, proses ilmiah, dan pemupukan sikap. IPA sebagai produk bukan hanya pengetahuan tentang alam yang disajikan  dalam bentuk fakta, konsep prinsip atau hukum, akan tetapi juga sebagai proses ilmiah melalui metode untuk mengetahui dan memahami gejala-gejala alam sehingga diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan sikap ilmiah yang tertanam pada diri peserta didik. Tanggungjawab yang harus dilaksanakan oleh Guru IPA terkait dengan hakikat pembelajaran IPA tidak hanya sebagai perancang, pelaksana serta evaluator pembelajaran di kelas saja, akan tetapi kesiapan untuk memiliki keterampilan dalam menggunakan fasilitas dan mengelola laboratorium IPA juga menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi guru IPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesiapan keterampilan guru Sains dalam penggunaan dan pengelolaan laboratorium. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research). Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi. Hasil data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang mengacu pada Miles dan Huberman, yaitu reduction, display, conclusion and verification. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru IPA di MAN se kota Semarang memiliki kesiapan dalam menggunakan dan mengelola laboratorium.Kata Kunci ; keterampilan, pengelolaan dan Laboratorium
AUTOESTIMA, PERSONALIDAD, ESPIRITUALIDAD Y CENTRALIDAD DE LOS EVENTOS TRAUMÁTICOS VINCULADOS A LAS PROBLEMÁTICAS PSICOSOCIALES EN LA INFANCIA
Authors: Matrángolo Gisela , Yaccarini Cecilia , Paz Gabriel
Published: August 2018

La infancia se configura como un periodo de alta vulnerabilidad  frente a distintas problemáticas psicosociales como son (1) La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (2) El Bullying y Ciberbullying (3) El Maltrato hacia los niños (4) El rendimiento académico (6) Las adicciones (7) El trabajo en los niños (Simkin, Azzollini, & Voloschin, 2014). Estas problemáticas, según distintos estudios, se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas a la formación de la Autoestima.  Al  tiempo que se observan relaciones entre estas, la Centralidad de los Eventos Traumáticos y el surgimiento de síntomas de Trastorno por  estrés postraumático y depresión. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en distintas  bases de datos como  Scielo, Latindex, Redalyc, PubMed, entre otras, con el  objetivo de integrar los resultados de las investigaciones que asocian tales  problemáticas a la autoestima en la niñez, atendiendo especialmente a la centralidad de los eventos como mediador del surgimiento de síntomas de  estrés postraumático en la adultez, en el marco del Modelo y la Teoría de los Cinco Factores de la personalidad  y la espiritualidad considerada  como un sexto factor de la personalidad. Los resultados permiten concluir que el FFM y el FFT, tomando a la  espiritualidad como un sexto factor constituyen una propuesta teórica  robusta que facilitaría la posibilidad de comprender las relaciones entre los constructos mencionados. AbstractChildhood is configured as a period of high vulnerability to various psychosocial problems such as (1) Dissatisfaction with body image (2) Bullying and Cyberbullying (3) Child abuse (4) Academic performance (6) Addictions (7) Work in children (Simkin, Azzollini, & Voloschin, 2014). These problems, according to different studies, are inextricably linked to the formation of Self-esteem. At the same time, there are relationships between these, the Centrality of Traumatic Events and the emergence of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression. A literature review was carried out in different databases such as Scielo, Latindex, Redalyc, PubMed, among others, with the aim of integrating the results of research that associate such problems with self-esteem in childhood, paying particular attention to the centrality of events as a mediator of the emergence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress in adulthood, within the framework of the Model and Theory of the Five Factors of personality and spirituality considered as a sixth factor of personality. The results allow us to conclude that the FFM and the FFT, taking spirituality as a sixth factor constitute a robust theoretical proposal that would facilitate the possibility of understanding the relationships between the aforementioned constructs.
ECO-ETHICAL VIEWS OF TAGORE AND AMARTYA SEN
Authors: Basu Ratan Lal
Published: August 2018

Desde que se otorgó el Premio Nobel de Economía a Amartya Sen, se han hecho muchos esfuerzos por destacar el pasado de Sen Shantiniketan y la afinidad de su visión mundial con la de Rabindranath Tagore. Desafortunadamente, es probable que un análisis más profundo revele que los puntos de vista de Amartya Sen -basados en el mundo occidental- sean diametralmente opuestos a los de Tagore -basado en la antigua perspectiva india mundial-, particularmente en lo que respecta al desarrollo sostenible y la vida ética humana. Este artículo se esfuerza por resaltar los aspectos contrastantes de las visiones del mundo de dos galardonados con el Premio Nobel de Bengala.AbstractEver since the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Amartya Sen, there has been much endeavour to highlight Sen’s Shantiniketan background and affinity of his world outlook with that of Rabindranath Tagore. Unfortunately, a deeper analysis is likely to reveal that Amartya Sen’s views (based on western world-outlook) are diametrically opposed to that of Tagore (based on ancient Indian world-outlook), particularly as regards sustainable development and eco-ethical human living. This article endeavours to highlight these contrasting aspects of the world-outlooks of two Bengali Nobel Laureates.
Inhibitory Effects of Auraptene and Naringin on Astroglial Activation, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, and Suppression of Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Mice
Authors: Okuyama Satoshi , Nakashima Tatsumi , Nakamura Kumi , Shinoka Wakana , Kotani Maho , Sawamoto Atsushi , Nakajima Mitsunari , Furukawa Yoshiko
Published: August 2018

Auraptene, a citrus-related compound, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in peripheral tissues, and we demonstrated these effects in the brains of a lipopolysaccharide-injected systemic inflammation animal model and a brain ischemic mouse model. Naringin, another citrus-related compound, has been shown to exert antioxidant effects in several animal models. Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and inflammation and causes extensive damage in the brain; therefore, we herein evaluated the anti-inflammatory and other effects of auraptene and naringin in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice. Both compounds inhibited astroglial activation and the hyperphosphorylation of tau at 231 of threonine in neurons, and also recovered the suppression of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in hyperglycemic mice. These results suggested that auraptene and naringin have potential effects as neuroprotective agents in the brain.
Observed Response of the Raindrop Size Distribution to Changes in the Melting Layer
Authors: Gatlin Patrick N. , Petersen Walter A. , Knupp Kevin R. , Carey Lawrence D.
Published: August 2018

Vertical variability in the raindrop size distribution (RSD) can disrupt the basic assumption of a constant rain profile that is customarily parameterized in radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) techniques. This study investigates the utility of melting layer (ML) characteristics to help prescribe the RSD, in particular the mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), of stratiform rainfall. We utilize ground-based polarimetric radar to map the ML and compare it with Dm observations from the ground upwards to the bottom of the ML. The results show definitive proof that a thickening, and to a lesser extent a lowering, of the ML causes an increase in raindrop diameter below the ML that extends to the surface. The connection between rainfall at the ground and the overlying microphysics in the column provide a means for improving radar QPE at far distances from a ground-based radar or close to the ground where satellite-based radar rainfall retrievals can be ill-defined.
Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Anomalous Heat at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Herdt Alexandria J. , Brown Robert D. , Scott-Fleming Ian , Cao Guofeng , MacDonald Melissa , Henderson Dave , Vanos Jennifer K.
Published: August 2018

Mass sporting events in the summertime are influenced by underlying weather patterns, with high temperatures posing a risk for spectators and athletes alike. To better understand weather variations in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) during the Pan American Games in 2015 (PA15 Games), Environment and Climate Change Canada deployed a mesoscale monitoring network system of 53 weather stations. Spatial maps across the GTA demonstrate large variations by heat metric (e.g., maximum temperature, humidex, and wet bulb globe temperature), identifying Hamilton, Ontario as an area of elevated heat and humidity, and hence risk for heat-related illness. A case study of the Hamilton Soccer Center examined on-site thermal comfort during a heat event and PA15 Soccer Games, demonstrating that athletes and spectators were faced with thermal discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illness. Results are corroborated by First Aid and emergency response data during the events, as well as insight from personal experiences and Twitter feed. Integrating these results provides new information on potential benefits to society from utilizing mesonet systems during large-scale sporting events. Results further improve our understanding of intra-urban heat variability and heat-health burden. The benefits of utilizing more comprehensive modeling approaches for human heat stress that coincide with fine-scale weather information are discussed.
Developing a High-Temperature Solvent-Free System for Efficient Biocatalysis of Octyl Ferulate
Authors: Huang Shang-Ming , Wu Ping-Yu , Chen Jiann-Hwa , Kuo Chia-Hung , Shieh Chwen-Jen
Published: August 2018

Ferulic acid esters have been suggested as a group of natural chemicals that have the function of sunscreen. The study aimed to utilize an environmentally-friendly enzymatic method through the esterification of ferulic acid with octanol, producing octyl ferulate. The Box-Behnken experimental design for response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to determine the synthesis effects of variables, including enzyme amount (1000–2000 propyl laurate units (PLU)), reaction temperature (70–90 °C), and stir speed (50–150 rpm) on the molar conversion of octyl ferulate. According to the joint test, both the enzyme amount and reaction temperature had great impacts on the molar conversion. An RSM-developed second-order polynomial equation further showed a data-fitting ability. Using ridge max analysis, the optimal parameters of the biocatalyzed reaction were: 72 h reaction time, 92.2 °C reaction temperature, 1831 PLU enzyme amount, and 92.4 rpm stir speed, respectively. Finally, the molar conversion of octyl ferulate under optimum conditions was verified to be 93.2 ± 1.5%. In conclusion, it has been suggested that a high yield of octyl ferulate should be synthesized under elevated temperature conditions with a commercial immobilized lipase. Our findings could broaden the utilization of the lipase and provide a biocatalytic approach, instead of the chemical method, for ferulic acid ester synthesis.
Deubiquitinating Enzymes Related to Autophagy: New Therapeutic Opportunities?
Authors: Jacomin Anne-Claire , Taillebourg Emmanuel , Fauvarque Marie-Odile
Published: August 2018

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that allows for the degradation of intracellular components by lysosomes. This process can be triggered by nutrient deprivation, microbial infections or other challenges to promote cell survival under these stressed conditions. However, basal levels of autophagy are also crucial for the maintenance of proper cellular homeostasis by ensuring the selective removal of protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles. A tight regulation of this process is essential for cellular survival and organismal health. Indeed, deregulation of autophagy is associated with a broad range of pathologies such as neuronal degeneration, inflammatory diseases, and cancer progression. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of autophagy substrates, as well as components of the autophagic machinery, are critical regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Here, we review the main evidence implicating deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in the regulation of autophagy. We also discuss how they may constitute new therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of pathologies such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases or infections.
Magnetron Sputtered AlN Layers on LTCC Multilayer and Silicon Substrates
Authors: Bartsch Heike , Grieseler Rolf , Mánuel Jose , Pezoldt Jörg , Müller Jens
Published: August 2018

This work compares the deposition of aluminum nitride by magnetron sputtering on silicon to multilayer ceramic substrates. The variation of sputter parameters in a wide range following a fractional factorial experimental design generates diverse crystallographic properties of the layers. Crystal growth, composition, and stress are distinguished because of substrate morphology and thermal conditions. The best c-axis orientation of aluminum nitride emerges on ceramic substrates at a heater temperature of 150 °C and sputter power of 400 W. Layers deposited on ceramic show stronger c-axis texture than those deposited on silicon due to higher surface temperature. The nucleation differs significantly dependent on the substrate. It is demonstrated that a ceramic substrate material with an adapted coefficient of thermal expansion to aluminum nitride allows reducing the layer stress considerably, independent on process temperature. Layers sputtered on silicon partly peeled off, while they adhere well on ceramic without crack formation. Direct deposition on ceramic enables thus the development of optimized layers, avoiding restrictions by stress compensating needs affecting functional properties.
Comparative Genomics and Description of Putative Virulence Factors of Melissococcus plutonius, the Causative Agent of European Foulbrood Disease in Honey Bees
Authors: Djukic Marvin , Erler Silvio , Leimbach Andreas , Grossar Daniela , Charrière Jean-Daniel , Gauthier Laurent , Hartken Denise , Dietrich Sascha , Nacke Heiko , Daniel Rolf , Poehlein Anja
Published: August 2018

In Europe, approximately 84% of cultivated crop species depend on insect pollinators, mainly bees. Apis mellifera (the Western honey bee) is the most important commercial pollinator worldwide. The Gram-positive bacterium Melissococcus plutonius is the causative agent of European foulbrood (EFB), a global honey bee brood disease. In order to detect putative virulence factors, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 14 M. plutonius strains, including two reference isolates. The isolates do not show a high diversity in genome size or number of predicted protein-encoding genes, ranging from 2.021 to 2.101 Mbp and 1589 to 1686, respectively. Comparative genomics detected genes that might play a role in EFB pathogenesis and ultimately in the death of the honey bee larvae. These include bacteriocins, bacteria cell surface- and host cell adhesion-associated proteins, an enterococcal polysaccharide antigen, an epsilon toxin, proteolytic enzymes, and capsule-associated proteins. In vivo expression of three putative virulence factors (endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, enhancin and epsilon toxin) was verified using naturally infected larvae. With our strain collection, we show for the first time that genomic differences exist between non-virulent and virulent typical strains, as well as a highly virulent atypical strain, that may contribute to the virulence of M. plutonius. Finally, we also detected a high number of conserved pseudogenes (75 to 156) per genome, which indicates genomic reduction during evolutionary host adaptation.
Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Updating Farmland Cadastral Data in Areas Subject to Landslides
Authors: Puniach Edyta , Bieda Agnieszka , Ćwiąkała Paweł , Kwartnik-Pruc Anita , Parzych Piotr
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to update cadastral records in areas affected by landslides. Its authors intended to compare the accuracy of coordinates determined using different UAV data processing methods for points which form the framework of a cadastral database, and to find out whether products obtained as a result of such UAV data processing are sufficient to define the extent of changes in the cadastral objects. To achieve this, an experiment was designed to take place at the site of a landslide. The entire photogrammetry mission was planned to cover an area of more than 70 ha. Given the steep grade of the site, the UAV was flown over each line at a different, individually preset altitude, such as to ensure consistent mean shooting distance (height above ground level), and thus, appropriate ground sample distance (GSD; pixel size). The results were analyzed in four variants, differing from each other in terms of the number of control points used and the method of their measurement. This allowed identification of the factors that affect surveying accuracy and the indication of the cadastral data updatable based on an UAV photogrammetric survey.
Microstructures, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of the Extruded AZ31-xCaO Alloys
Authors: Lu Yalin , Zhang Yang , Cong Mengqi , Li Xingcheng , Xu Wenting , Song Leipeng
Published: August 2018

The effects of the extrusion process and CaO addition amount on microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of AZ31 alloys were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), standard tensile testing, and so on. The grain size of AZ31 or AZ31-1%CaO alloy becomes larger with increasing extrusion temperature. The grain size of AZ31-1%CaO alloy is much smaller than that of AZ31 alloy at the same extrusion temperature. In addition, the formation of the Al2Ca phase caused by CaO addition refines the grain size, and the recrystallization of AZ31-1%CaO alloy is improved significantly. The recrystallization grains distribute more uniformly as the increase of extrusion ratio, and the completely recrystallized grains distribute uniformly in the form of equiaxed crystals with an extrusion ratio of 9. Tensile testing results show that extruded AZ31-1%CaO alloy at the extrusion temperature of 300 °C and an extrusion ratio of 9 exhibits the best mechanical properties. While corrosion properties of AZ31 alloys decreases due to the addition of CaO.
Nanoscale and Macroscale Scaffolds with Controlled-Release Polymeric Systems for Dental Craniomaxillofacial Tissue Engineering
Authors: Rahman Saeed Ur , Nagrath Malvika , Ponnusamy Sasikumar , Arany Praveen R.
Published: August 2018

Tremendous progress in stem cell biology has resulted in a major current focus on effective modalities to promote directed cellular behavior for clinical therapy. The fundamental principles of tissue engineering are aimed at providing soluble and insoluble biological cues to promote these directed biological responses. Better understanding of extracellular matrix functions is ensuring optimal adhesive substrates to promote cell mobility and a suitable physical niche to direct stem cell responses. Further, appreciation of the roles of matrix constituents as morphogen cues, termed matrikines or matricryptins, are also now being directly exploited in biomaterial design. These insoluble topological cues can be presented at both micro- and nanoscales with specific fabrication techniques. Progress in development and molecular biology has described key roles for a range of biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to serve as morphogens promoting directed behavior in stem cells. Controlled-release systems involving encapsulation of bioactive agents within polymeric carriers are enabling utilization of soluble cues. Using our efforts at dental craniofacial tissue engineering, this narrative review focuses on outlining specific biomaterial fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning, gas foaming, and 3D printing used in combination with polymeric nano- or microspheres. These avenues are providing unprecedented therapeutic opportunities for precision bioengineering for regenerative applications.
Metabolic Syndrome among Refugee Women from the West Bank, Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Massad Salwa G. , Khalili Mohammed , Karmally Wahida , Abdalla Marwah , Khammash Umaiyeh , Mehari Gebre-Medhin , Deckelbaum Richard J.
Published: August 2018

This study was carried out among Palestinian refugee women in the West Bank to provide data on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its correlates. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study of 1694 randomly selected refugee women from the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) health centers throughout the West Bank during June and July 2010. In this cohort, 30% of the refugee women were overweight, 39% were obese, and 7% were extremely obese. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the age-adjusted prevalence of MetS was 19.8%. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicated that older age and younger marital age were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of MetS in the women. The high prevalence of obesity and MetS mandates the implementation of national policies for its prevention, notably by initiating large-scale community intervention programs for 5.2 million refugees in Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, to tackle obesity and increase the age at marriage.
Hydrodynamic Shear Effects on Grafted and Non-Grafted Collapsed Polymers
Authors: Schwarzl Richard , Netz Roland R.
Published: August 2018

We study collapsed homo-polymeric molecules under linear shear flow conditions using hydrodynamic Brownian dynamics simulations. Tensile force profiles and the shear-rate-dependent globular-coil transition for grafted and non-grafted chains are investigated to shine light on the different unfolding mechanisms. The scaling of the critical shear rate, at which the globular-coil transition takes place, with the monomer number is inverse for the grafted and non-grafted scenarios. This implicates that for the grafted scenario, larger chains have a decreased critical shear rate, while for the non-grafted scenario higher shear rates are needed in order to unfold larger chains. Protrusions govern the unfolding transition of non-grafted polymers, while for grafted polymers, the maximal tension appears at the grafted end.
Microbial Conversion of Vegetable Oil to Hydroxy Fatty Acid and Its Application to Bio-Based Polyurethane Synthesis
Authors: Tran Tuan Kiet , Kumar Prasun , Kim Hak-Ryul , Hou Ching T. , Kim Beom Soo
Published: August 2018

New polyurethanes were synthesized based on dihydroxy fatty acid obtained by the microbial conversion of olive oil. Monounsaturated 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was produced from olive oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 and reacted with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) at different ratios to form polyurethanes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmed the synthesis of DOD. The thermal and tensile properties of the polyurethanes were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and a universal testing machine. At an isocyanate/hydroxyl ratio of 1.4, the polyurethane exhibited an elongation at break of 59.2% and a high tensile strength of 37.9 MPa. DOD was also mixed with polycaprolactone diol or polyethylene glycol at different weight ratios and then reacted with HMDI to produce new polyurethanes of various properties. These polyurethanes displayed higher elongation at break and good thermal stability. This is the first report on the synthesis of polyurethanes based on DOD produced by the microbial conversion of vegetable oil.
A Network-Theory-Based Comparative Study of Melt-Conveying Models in Single-Screw Extrusion: A. Isothermal Flow
Authors: Marschik Christian , Roland Wolfgang , Miethlinger Jürgen
Published: August 2018

In many extrusion processes, the metering section is the rate-controlling part of the screw. In this functional zone, the polymer melt is pressurized and readied to be pumped through the die. We have recently proposed a set of heuristic models for predicting the flow behavior of power-law fluids in two- and three-dimensional metering channels. These novel theories remove the need for numerical simulations and can be implemented easily in practice. Here we present a comparative study designed to validate these new methods against experimental data. Extensive experiments were performed on a well-instrumented laboratory single-screw extruder, using various materials, screw designs, and processing conditions. A network-theory-based simulation routine was written in MATLAB to replicate the flow in the metering zones in silico. The predictions of the three-dimensional heuristic melt-conveying model for the axial pressure profile along the screw are in excellent agreement with the experimental extrusion data. To demonstrate the usefulness of the novel melt-flow theories, we additionally compared the models to a modified Newtonian pumping model known from the literature.
Multi-Sensor InSAR Analysis of Progressive Land Subsidence over the Coastal City of Urayasu, Japan
Authors: Aimaiti Yusupujiang , Yamazaki Fumio , Liu Wen
Published: August 2018

In earthquake-prone areas, identifying patterns of ground deformation is important before they become latent risk factors. As one of the severely damaged areas due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, Urayasu City in Chiba Prefecture has been suffering from land subsidence as a part of its land was built by a massive land-fill project. To investigate the long-term land deformation patterns in Urayasu City, three sets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired during 1993–2006 from European Remote Sensing satellites (ERS-1/-2 (C-band)), during 2006–2010 from the Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar onboard the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS PALSAR (L-band)) and from 2014–2017 from the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 (L-band) were processed by using multitemporal interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques. Leveling survey data were also used to verify the accuracy of the InSAR-derived results. The results from the ERS-1/-2, ALOS PALSAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data processing showed continuing subsidence in several reclaimed areas of Urayasu City due to the integrated effects of numerous natural and anthropogenic processes. The maximum subsidence rate of the period from 1993 to 2006 was approximately 27 mm/year, while the periods from 2006 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2017 were approximately 30 and 18 mm/year, respectively. The quantitative validation results of the InSAR-derived deformation trend during the three observation periods are consistent with the leveling survey data measured from 1993 to 2017. Our results further demonstrate the advantages of InSAR measurements as an alternative to ground-based measurements for land subsidence monitoring in coastal reclaimed areas.
Fundamental Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures
Authors: Berg Wesley , Kroodsma Rachael , Kummerow Christian D. , McKague Darren S.
Published: August 2018

An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed.
Window Detection from UAS-Derived Photogrammetric Point Cloud Employing Density-Based Filtering and Perceptual Organization
Authors: Malihi Shirin , Valadan Zoej Mohammad Javad , Hahn Michael , Mokhtarzade Mehdi
Published: August 2018

Point clouds with ever-increasing volume are regular data in 3D city modelling, in which building reconstruction is a significant part. The photogrammetric point cloud, generated from UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) imagery, is a novel type of data in building reconstruction. Its positive characteristics, alongside its challenging qualities, provoke discussions on this theme of research. In this paper, patch-wise detection of the points of window frames on facades and roofs are undertaken using this kind of data. A density-based multi-scale filter is devised in the feature space of normal vectors to globally handle the matter of high volume of data and to detect edges. Color information is employed for the downsized data to remove the inner clutter of the building. Perceptual organization directs the approach via grouping and the Gestalt principles, to segment the filtered point cloud and to later detect window patches. The evaluation of the approach displays a completeness of 95% and 92%, respectively, as well as a correctness of 95% and 96%, respectively, for the detection of rectangular and partially curved window frames in two big heterogeneous cluttered datasets. Moreover, most intrusions and protrusions cannot mislead the window detection approach. Several doors with glass parts and a number of parallel parts of the scaffolding are mistaken as windows when using the large-scale object detection approach due to their similar patterns with window frames. Sensitivity analysis of the input parameters demonstrates that the filter functionality depends on the radius of density calculation in the feature space. Furthermore, successfully employing the Gestalt principles in the detection of window frames is influenced by the width determination of window partitioning.
Tracking Ground Targets with a Road Constraint Using a GMPHD Filter
Authors: Zheng Jihong , Gao Meiguo
Published: August 2018

The Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GMPHD) filter is applied to the problem of tracking ground moving targets in clutter due to its excellent multitarget tracking performance, such as avoiding measurement-to-track association, and its easy implementation. For the existing GMPHD-based ground target tracking algorithm (the GMPHD filter incorporating map information using a coordinate transforming method, CT-GMPHD), the predicted probability density of its target state is given in road coordinates, while its target state update needs to be performed in Cartesian ground coordinates. Although the algorithm can improve the filtering performance to a certain extent, the coordinate transformation process increases the complexity of the algorithm and reduces its computational efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes two non-coordinate transformation roadmap fusion algorithms: directional process noise fusion (DNP-GMPHD) and state constraint fusion (SC-GMPHD). The simulation results show that, compared with the existing algorithms, the two proposed roadmap fusion algorithms are more accurate and efficient for target estimation performance on straight and curved roads in a cluttered environment. The proposed methods are additionally applied using a cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filter and a labeled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) filter. It is found that the PHD filter performs less well than the CPHD and LMB filters, but that it is also computationally cheaper.
Susceptibility Assessments of Landslides in Hulu Kelang Area Using a Geographic Information System-Based Prediction Model
Authors: Jeong Sangseom , Kassim Azman , Hong Moonhyun , Saadatkhah Nader
Published: August 2018

This study was conducted to estimate the susceptibility of landslides on a test site in Malaysia (Hulu Kelang area). A Geographic Information system (GIS)-based physical model named YS-Slope, which integrates a mechanistic infinite slope stability method and the geo-hydrological model was applied to calculate the safety factor of the test site. Input data, slopes, soil-depth, elevations, soil properties and plant covers were constructed as GIS datasets. The factor of safety of shallow landslides along the wetting front and deep-seated landslides at the bottom of the groundwater were estimated to compare with the analysis results of the existing model and actual landslides in 2008. According to the results of the study, shallow landslides mainly occurred in the central area which has many historical landslides, while deep-seated landslides were predominant in the east side of the study area. A ROC analysis was conducted and it is shown that the prediction result at the end of the northeast monsoon for shallow landslides showed relatively high accuracy compared with other predictions.
Measuring Knowledge Diffusion in Water Resources Research and Development: The Case of Korea
Authors: Cho Inkyung , Park Jungkyu , Heo Eunnyeong
Published: August 2018

Technological knowledge created through government R&D investment not only contributes to technology and market expansion, but is also a major factor in evaluating a nation’s innovation capacity. As government budgets are limited, establishing an effective investment strategy is important. The purpose of this paper is to suggest R&D investment priorities in terms of the centrality of knowledge diffusion—which technology field is targeted in knowledge diffusion—and rapidity of knowledge diffusion—how quickly technological knowledge diffuses. The analysis focused on a water resources R&D program led by the Korean government. The centrality and rapidity of knowledge diffusion were analyzed using network analysis and patent citation information, respectively. By showing that results differ depending on whether centrality or rapidity are used to rank investments, the findings suggest the need for multiple analyses when establishing an R&D investment strategy. Moreover, this study expanded analysis of knowledge diffusion to the second diffusion, and confirmed that, when the rapidity of knowledge diffusion through the second diffusion is considered, priorities for government R&D investments change. The results have useful implications for R&D investment by identifying investment priorities in the water resources sector, and changes in those priorities when mid- to long-term knowledge diffusion is considered.
Analytical Determination of Medical Gases Consumption and Their Impact on Hospital Sustainability
Authors: Gómez-Chaparro Miguel , García-Sanz-Calcedo Justo , Armenta Márquez Luis
Published: August 2018

Medical gases are known to show a great environmental impact and also to consume relevant resources in terms of hospital management. The present work reports on a study performed between 2008 and 2016 in a target set of 12 Spanish hospitals with floor area and number of beds ranging 2314–23,300 m2 and 20–194, respectively, for which the average annual consumption rates of oxygen, nitrogen, medicinal air, carbon dioxide and nitrogen protoxide were analysed. The annual consumption of medical gases in a hospital was proved to be correlated with the number of hospital discharges, the number of surgeries, the number of emergency interventions, the number of hospitalisations, the number of hospital beds, the useful floor area of the building and the number of workers. In particular, the annual consumption per hospital bed was computed as 350 m3 for oxygen, 325 m3 for medicinal air, 9 m3 for nitrogen protoxide and 3 m3 for carbon dioxide. It is shown that healthcare activity appears as an adequate variable to quantify and to monitor medical gases consumption in hospitals, to assess the size of their facilities as well as to optimise maintenance management.
An Integrated Participatory Systems Modelling Approach: Application to Construction Innovation
Authors: Suprun Emiliya , Sahin Oz , Stewart Rodney Anthony , Panuwatwanich Kriengsak , Shcherbachenko Yaroslav
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a novel five-stage integrated participatory systems modelling (IPSM) approach that can be used for a range of systems dynamics (SD) applications. The IPSM approach was formulated considering the advantages and disadvantages of existing SD modelling approaches, as well as balancing the competing goals of SD model development efficiency and robustness. A key feature of the IPSM approach is that stakeholders are central to each of the five stages of the modelling process from problem scoping, to scenario analysis and strategy implementation recommendations. Each stage of the IPSM approach was demonstrated through a case study of the innovation diffusion process in the Russian Federation construction industry. This highly complex innovation system could only be sufficiently understood using a SD model that was conceptualised, critiqued, codified, tested and utilised, by the relevant actors within that system (i.e., stakeholders). The IPSM approach facilitated the efficient formulation of the SD model for the case study application. The case study SD model simulation results indicate that sufficient government incentives and the active promotion of strong collaborative linkages between construction companies and universities are two key enablers of innovation development in the Russian Federation construction industry.
The Development of Toad Toxins as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Qi Ji , Zulfiker Abu Hasanat Md , Li Chun , Good David , Wei Ming Q.
Published: August 2018

Toxins from toads have long been known to contain rich chemicals with great pharmaceutical potential. Recent studies have shown more than 100 such chemical components, including peptides, steroids, indole alkaloids, bufogargarizanines, organic acids, and others, in the parotoid and skins gland secretions from different species of toads. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), processed toad toxins have been used for treating various diseases for hundreds of years. Modern studies, including both experimental and clinical trials, have also revealed the molecular mechanisms that support the development of these components into medicines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers. More recently, there have been studies that demonstrated the therapeutic potential of toxins from other species of toads, such as Australian cane toads. Previous reviews mostly focused on the pharmaceutical effects of the whole extracts from parotoid glands or skins of toads. However, to fully understand the molecular basis of toad toxins in their use for therapy, a comprehensive understanding of the individual compound contained in toad toxins is necessary; thus, this paper seeks to review the recent studies of some typical compounds frequently identified in toad secretions.