bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steady and dynamic shear rheology of glutinous rice flour dispersions
Authors: Yoo Byoungseung
Published: March 2006

The steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of Korean glutinous rice flour dispersions were evaluated at different concentrations (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8%). Glutinous rice flour dispersions at 25 °C showed a shear‐thinning behaviour (n = 0.487–0.522) with low magnitudes of Casson yield stresses (σoc = 0.056–0.339 Pa). The magnitudes of σoc, consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (ηa,100) increased with the increase in concentration. The power law model was found to be more suitable than the exponential model in expressing the relationship between concentration and apparent viscosity. The apparent viscosity over the temperature range of 25–70 °C obeyed the Arrhenius temperature relationship, with high determination coefficients (R2 = 0.982–0.998), indicating that the magnitudes of activation energies (Ea) were in the range of 9.05–11.89 kJ mol−1. A single equation, combining the effects of temperature and concentration on ηa,100, was used to describe the flow behaviour of glutinous rice flour dispersions. Magnitudes of storage (G′) and loss (G′′) moduli increased with the increase in concentration and frequency. Magnitudes of G′ were higher than those of G′′ over most of the frequency range.
Cassava starch functional properties by etherification – hydroxypropylation
Authors: Schmitz Cláudio S. , De Simas Karina N. , Santos Karina , João Jair J. , De Mello Castanho Amboni Renata D. , Amante Edna R.
Published: March 2006

Starches are important food biopolymers with gelling properties that are well explored by the food industry for texture and physical food characteristic control. Brazil contributes to a large part of the starches produced world wide, but the modified starches used are imported and expensive. The objective of this work was to develop a hydroxypropylated starch from cassava starch, at a lower price and in conditions in accordance with Brazilian reality. Dihydroxypropylstarch (DHPS) was produced with a less expensive and less harmful substituting molecule, chloropropylene glycol. DHPS physical chemistry properties, retrogradation and micro structural characteristics were studied and compared with native corn, cassava starches and a commercial hydroxypropylated (HPS) cassava starch, with an extensive use in the food industry. DHPS showed the highest values for swelling power and viscosity, low retrogradation and higher freezing–thawing stability, compared with HPS, cassava and native corn starches. The microstructure of DHPS remained unmodified when compared with commercial HPS. Retrogradation and physical chemistry properties are superior to DHPS, which would indicate its use in industrial food production.
Extent of decortication and quality of flour, couscous and porridge made from different sorghum cultivars
Authors: Aboubacar Adam , Yazici Nejla , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: March 2006

Sorghum grain was decorticated to remove 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the kernel for the purpose of improving flour colour, couscous colour and yield, and porridge texture. Flour lightness increased while yellow colour decreased with increased extent of decortication. Processing of the flours into couscous caused a considerable drop in lightness and increased yellow colour in couscous at all levels of decortication. As decortication level increased, couscous colour became lighter. Yellow colour progressively increased up to 30% kernel removal and dropped at 40%. Couscous yield, as measured by the proportion of particles of 1–2 mm size, also increased up to 30% kernel removal. This improvement in yield was attributed to decreased proportion of bran as indicated by ash content. However, the yield dropped at 40% kernel removal due to formation of large chunks of agglomerated flour particles. Thick porridge became harder as decortication level increased and this was strongly associated with the concomitant increase in starch concentration. Overall, this study defined the decortication levels necessary to improve the couscous colour and yield, and texture of porridge made from different sorghum cultivars.
Rapid molecular identification of freshly squeezed and reconstituted orange juice
Authors: Ng Chang‐Chai , Chang Chen‐Chin , Wu I‐Chieh , Kotwal Sabir , Shyu Yuan‐Tay
Published: March 2006

This work presents a rapid and accurate molecular approach in the identification of freshly squeezed and reconstituted orange juice. Primers were designed based on the 18S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The findings indicated that self‐made freshly squeezed orange juice heated to 80 °C for 30 s caused damage to DNA integrity, thus failing in amplification by primer 18S‐ITSe, which gives a polymerase chain reaction product of 2081 bp, whereas primer 18S‐ITSf, fragment length 2421 bp, could only be seen in heating conditions less stringent than 70 °C, 15 s. This new DNA integrity‐dependent method has potential applications in identifying adulteration of freshly or processed orange juice.
Monitoring and modelling of starch cake washing
Authors: Salmela Nina , Oja Marja
Published: March 2006

This study describes the washing of starch filter cakes in a filter press, and shows an easy, simple and reliable method for the prediction of starch cake washing. The specific properties of starch particles that affect the filtration behaviour are introduced, as well as the starch pressure filtration process cycle, the monitoring of the cake washing process in a filter press, the sampling of the filter cake, and the modelling of the washing process. The monitoring of the washing process for industrial‐scale cake washing operations is quite difficult, and a prediction of the result is needed. The use of the simple model in predicting the washing process is for the purpose of making the washing process easier. The results obtained show that the starch cake washing can be effectively carried out in a filter press and the behaviour of the starch cake during washing can be interpreted with the washing models if the filtration properties of that starch are known.
Bovine splenic NK cells synthesize IFN‐γ in response to IL‐12‐containing supernatants from Babesia bovis‐exposed monocyte cultures
Authors: GOFF WILL L. , STORSET ANNE K. , JOHNSON WENDELL C. , BROWN WENDY C.
Published: March 2006

The spleen is a critical effector organ functioning, in haemoparasitic diseases like babesiosis, to destroy the pathogen and clear the host of infected erythrocytes. It has an important role in both innate responses and adaptive immune responses. Young calves demonstrate a strong spleen‐dependent innate response to an initial infection with Babesia bovis involving the type‐1 regulating cytokines IL‐12 and IFN‐γ. However, the specific splenic cell types that produce IFN‐γ in response to infection and the cellular factors that regulate the induction have not been fully determined. Splenic NKp46+ NK cells were identified and purified. They consisted of CD3−, CD2+/–, and CD8+/– populations. NK cells responded to exogenous IL‐12 and IL‐18 with the production of IFN‐γ. Functionally, IL‐18 served as a potent co‐stimulant with IL‐12 for IFN‐γ production. Finally, innate IFN‐γ production was induced in splenic NK cells in the presence of supernatants from B. bovis merozoite‐exposed monocytes in an IL‐12 pathway‐dependent manner.
Genetic identification of antigens protective against coccidia
Authors: BLAKE D. P. , SHIRLEY M. W. , SMITH A. L.
Published: March 2006

The Eimeria species, causative agents of the disease coccidiosis, are genetically complex protozoan parasites endemic in livestock. Drug resistance remains commonplace among the Eimeria, and alternatives to chemotherapeutic control are being sought. Vaccines based upon live formulations of parasites are effective, but production costs are high, stimulating demand for a recombinant subunit vaccine. The identity of antigens suitable for inclusion in such vaccines remains elusive. Selection of immunoprotective antigens of the Eimeria species as vaccine candidates based upon recognition by the host immune system has been unsuccessful, obscured by the considerable number of molecules that are immunogenic but not immunoprotective. This is a common problem which characterizes work with most eukaryotic parasites.

The identification of a selective criterion to directly access genetic loci that encode immunoprotective antigens of Eimeria maxima using a mapping strategy based upon parasite genetics, immune selection and DNA fingerprinting promises to revolutionize the process of antigen discovery. Linkage analyses of DNA markers amplified from populations of recombinant parasites defined by an ability to escape parent‐specific deleterious selection by strain‐specific immunity and chemotherapy has revealed four discrete regions within the E. maxima genome linked to escape from a protective immune response. These regions now form the basis of detailed study to identify antigens as candidates for inclusion in future vaccination strategies.
Nutritional value of floral nectar sources for flight in the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata
Authors: Wanner Heike , Gu Hainan , Dorn Silvia
Published: March 2006

Abstract.  This study investigates the feeding of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata on the floral nectar of Anethum graveolens and Origanum vulgare and evaluates the nutritional value of these food sources for increasing flight capacity. A significantly higher proportion of females are observed feeding on A. graveolens immediately after being released onto the floral nectar plants compared with those of the group released onto O. vulgare, although female wasps from both groups spent a similar period of time feeding on both nectar sources and there is no significant difference in their body weight increase. Laboratory tests on computer‐linked flight mills demonstrate that adult feeding significantly influences flight capacity, as defined by the number of flights, the longest single flight and the total distance flown during a given period of time, in female wasps but not in males, albeit the extent of influence varying with the type of food sources. After ad libitum feeding on the floral nectar of A. graveolens, female wasps perform flight activity as well as those feeding on honey, which is superior to those feeding on sucrose, in all the measured parameters. Feeding on the floral nectar of O. vulgare has a similar effect to feeding on the extrafloral nectar of Vicia faba and significantly increases the total distance flown but not the number of flights or the longest single flight. Feeding on sucrose does not increase flight capacity in the parasitoids beyond those having access to water only. The findings of this study suggest that judicious selection of floral nectar plants and habitat manipulation might play a key role in the biological control of pest insects.
Kairomone stimulates increased probes and host stings in a cleptoparasitoid
Authors: Jaloux Bruno , Monge Jean Paul
Published: March 2006

Abstract.  Eupelmus vuilleti acts as a cleptoparasitoid when encountering a host parasitized by Dinarmus basalis. The encounter of a parasitized host stimulates an increasing number of ovipositor probes directly above the parasitized host, an increasing number of host stings and the destruction of approximately 40% of the D. basalis eggs. The stimulation of ovipositor probes appears to be due to the detection of a stimulus that is different from the stimulus allowing interspecific host discrimination. It appears that a proteinacious substance produced by the D. basalis venom gland and deposited on the edge of the drilled hole induces probing behaviour of E. vuilleti.
Haemolymph levels of Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide and ion transport‐like peptide
Authors: Audsley N. , Meredith J. , Phillips J. E.
Published: March 2006

Abstract.  Titres of ion transport peptide (ITP) and ion transport‐like peptide (ITP‐L) in the haemolymph of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskål are investigated using a combination of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The estimated circulating levels of these two peptides are used to investigate their putative physiological roles. Haemolymph levels of ITP‐L are significantly higher in fed and exercise‐stressed locusts than in starved insects, suggesting a role for ITP‐L in postfeeding osmoregulation and metabolism associated with stress. The higher titres of ITP‐L in the final nymphal stadium could be related to increased levels of ecdysteroids over this same period. In addition detection of ITP‐L in the brain and corpus cardiacum of the locust demonstrates for the first time that the ITP‐L is expressed in these tissues. Immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against ITP is significantly higher in fed locusts compared with starved insects. However, >95% of this immunoreactivity elutes later than synthetic ITP when separated by HPLC. The results suggest that this more hydrophobic immunoreactivity is neither native ITP nor a metabolic breakdown product of ITP. Haemolymph levels of immunoreactivity to ITP during the last nymphal stadium are similar to ITP‐L but, unlike ITP‐L, there is no measured increase in immunoreactivity to ITP due to exercise stress.
Impact of male mating history on the postmating resumption of sexual receptivity and lifetime reproductive success in Choristoneura rosaceana females
Authors: MARCOTTE MIREILLE , DELISLE JOHANNE , Mcneil Jeremy N.
Published: March 2006

Abstract The first objective of the present study is to test the hypothesis that the decrease in the number of eupyrene spermatozoa in the spermatheca is directly associated with the resumption of sexual receptivity in female moths, an aspect that has not been examined in previous studies. The obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, is used and females mated with previously mated males have a shorter refractory period than those mated with virgins. This difference is associated with a faster rate of movement of sperm from the spermatheca. Overall, the length of the female refractory period coincides with the mean time required for the number of eupyrene sperm in the spermatheca to drop to approximately 3000, regardless of male mating history. Although such a decline in sperm numbers may be a factor responsible for the resumption of sexual receptivity, this is clearly not the only one because more than 40% of females remate even though sperm numbers in the spermatheca are well above this threshold. Virgin males do not vary the mass or the content of their ejaculate as a function of the female's reproductive status and this may increase the risk of sperm competition if the female is previously mated. The second objective of this study is to examine the effect of previous male mating history on female reproductive potential. Females mated with previously mated males have a significantly lower fecundity than those mated with virgin males. However, in all treatments, remating increases both female longevity and lifetime fecundity. There is also a significant effect of female mass on the length of the refractory period and on lifetime fecundity, with large females resuming sexual receptivity sooner and laying more eggs than small ones, regardless of male mating history.
The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold‐exposed parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani
Authors: COLINET H. , RENAULT D. , HANCE T. , VERNON P.
Published: March 2006

Abstract The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the cold tolerance of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani at the mummy stage is examined. The hypothesis is tested that, if a cold period is interrupted by a return to a higher temperature for a short time, a physiological recovery is possible and may lead to higher survival. Mummies are exposed to a constant temperature of 4 °C and, when periodic sudden transfers to 20 °C for 2 h are applied, survival of immature parasitoids is markedly improved, proportionally to the warming frequency. The time lag before emergence diminishes with the duration of cold exposure and with warming frequency. The sex ratio of emergent adults after cold exposure indicates that males may be more susceptible than females to cold‐injury. It is suggested that the transfer to 20 °C allows a re‐activation of the normal metabolism, leading to repair and recovery of any injuries caused by prolonged chilling. The study underlines the importance of cyclic temperature changes on insect survival.
Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) in Brassica napus (oilseed rape) induced by L. biglobosa and chemical defence activators in field and controlled environments
Authors: Liu S. Y. , Liu Z. , Fitt B. D. L. , Evans N. , Foster S. J. , Huang Y. J. , Latunde‐Dada A. O. , Lucas J. A.
Published: March 2006

Effects of pretreatment of Brassica napus leaves with ascospores of Leptosphaeria biglobosa or chemical defence activators [acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) or menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB)] on infection by ascospores of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) and development of disease were studied in controlled‐environment (phoma leaf spot) and field (phoma leaf spot and stem canker) experiments. In controlled‐environment experiments, pretreatment of oilseed rape leaves (cv. Madrigal) with L. biglobosa, ASM or MSB delayed the appearance of L. maculans phoma leaf spot lesions. These pretreatments also decreased the phoma leaf spot lesion area in both pretreated leaves (local effect) and untreated leaves (systemic effect). In winter oilseed rape field experiments in the 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons, pretreatment with L. biglobosa or ASM in October/November decreased not only the number of phoma leaf spot lesions per leaf caused by L. maculans in autumn/winter, but also the severity of phoma stem canker in the subsequent spring/summer. Effects were greater in 2002/03 (when natural L. maculans ascospore release began in September 2002) than in 2003/04 (when ascospore release began in December following a period of dry weather in August/September 2003). These results suggest that pretreatment with biological or chemical defence activators can induce local and systemic resistance to L. maculans, with both short‐term effects on the development of phoma leaf spotting and long‐term effects on the development of stem canker 8 months later.
Fine scale spatial structuring of sex and mitochondria inSilene vulgaris
Authors: Olson M. S. , Graf A. V. , Niles K. R.
Published: March 2006

Fine scale spatial structure (FSSS) of cytoplasmic genes in plants is thought to be generated via founder events and can be amplified when seeds germinate close to their mother. In gynodioecious species these processes are expected to generate FSSS in sex ratio because maternally inherited cytoplasmic male sterility genes partially influence sex expression. Here we document a striking example of FSSS in both mitochondrial genetic markers and sex in roadside populations of Silene vulgaris. We show that in one population FSSS of sexes influences relative fruit production of females compared to hermaphrodites. Furthermore, FSSS in sex ratio is expected to persist into future generations because offspring sex ratios from females are female-biased whereas offspring sex ratios from hermaphrodites are hermaphrodite-biased. Earlier studies indicated that pollen limitation is the most likely mechanism underlying negative frequency dependent fitness of females. Our results support the theoretical predictions that FSSS in sex ratio can reduce female fitness by decreasing the frequency at which females experience hermaphrodites. We argue that the influence of FSSS on female fitness is complementary to the influence of larger scale population structure on female fitness, and that population structure at both scales will act to decrease female frequencies in gynodioecious species. Better comprehension of the spatial structure of genders and genes controlling sex expression at a local scale is required for future progress toward understanding sex ratio evolution in gynodioecious plants.
Productivity of Bahiagrass Pastures in South‐western Japan: Synthesis of Data from Grazing Trials
Authors: Hirata M. , Ogawa Y. , Koyama N. , Shindo K. , Sugimoto Y. , Higashiyama M. , Ogura S. , Fukuyama K.
Published: March 2006

This study examined the rate of herbage production and herbage quality of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) using data from five grazing trials in the low‐altitude region of Kyushu, south‐western Japan, in an effort to (a) evaluate productivity of bahiagrass pastures, (b) analyse its relationship to meteorological, vegetational and managerial variables, and (c) obtain implications for better management of bahiagrass pastures. The rate of herbage production, ranging from −56 to 213 kg DM ha−1 day−1, tended to increase from spring (April–May) to mid‐summer (July) and decrease thereafter. The rate was expressed by a multiple regression equation where nitrogen fertilizer rate, air temperature, rainfall and herbage mass had positive effects. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and crude protein (CP) concentration of herbage were in the range of 471–727 and 84–161 g kg−1 DM respectively. DMD was expressed by a regression equation where the day number from 1 April and herbage mass had negative effects, and the sampling height and nitrogen rate had positive effects. CP concentration was expressed by an equation showing a positive effect of nitrogen rate and a negative effect of herbage mass. The results indicate that management of bahiagrass pastures should aim at maintaining herbage mass closely above the critical level below which intake by grazing animals is restricted, in order to increase quality and ensure quantity. This is particularly important when nitrogen fertilizer is applied.
Development of a Model of Lodging for Barley
Authors: Berry P. M. , Sterling M. , Mooney S. J.
Published: March 2006

Lodging in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can result either from buckling of any part of the stem (stem lodging) or failure of the root–soil anchorage system (root lodging). A framework for calculating the risk of stem lodging is developed which takes account of the shoot's height, ear area, natural frequency, weight, the flexural rigidity of the stem and changes in stem strength along its length. The model predicted that stem lodging in barley cultivars would occur half way up the stem, and stem lodging in wheat would occur close to the soil surface. These predictions are consistent with general observations of stem lodging in barley and wheat. The higher position of stem lodging in barley, compared with wheat, was caused by the greater flexibility of the barley stems and a more rapid reduction in stem strength up the stem. A sensitivity analysis showed that the stem diameter of the middle internodes had the greatest effect on the risk of stem lodging. Changes to ear area, drag coefficient, crop height, shoot natural frequency and the strength of the stem wall had a moderate influence. Measurements of anchorage strength in barley and wheat plants indicated that the mechanism of anchorage failure was the same for both species and that a model of root lodging developed for wheat could be successfully adapted for barley.
Dietary amino acids fed in free form and as protein components do not differently affect postprandial plasma insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and corticosterone responses in rats
Authors: Nolles J. A. , Van Straten E. M. E. , Bremer B. I. , Koopmanschap R. E. , Verstegen M. W. A. , Schreurs V. V. A. M.
Published: March 2006

This study examined, whether the postprandial fate of dietary amino acids from different amino acid sources is regulated by the responses of insulin, glucagon, corticosterone and growth hormone (GH). Male Wistar rats were cannulated in the vena jugularis and assigned to dietary groups. The diets contained 21% casein or the same amino acids in free form. In the free amino acid diets, methionine level was varied between the groups. The feed was supplied in two distinct meals. In previous experiments it was established that oxidative amino acid losses of the free amino acid diets and protein diets were different. After 3 weeks on those diets, it appeared that the differences in postprandial oxidative losses had been diminished. GH was measured every 12 min, from 144 min before the start of the experimental meal over the following 144 min. Insulin and corticosterone were measured six times from the start of the meal until 270 min after the meal. No differences have been observed between the hormonal responses to both meals at day 5 and at day 26. In conclusion, it has been found that the differences in the oxidative losses between protein and free amino acid meals are not mediated by the combined action of the insulin, glucagon, corticosterone and GH. Postprandial catabolism of amino acids is most probably regulated by substrate induction.
Economic injury level and sequential sampling plan forBemisia tabaciin outdoor tomato
Authors: Gusmão M. R. , Picanço M. C. , Guedes R. N. C. , Galvan T. L. , Pereira E. J. G.
Published: March 2006

Abstract: This work aimed to determine the economic injury levels and to establish sequential sampling plans for nymphs and adults of the whiteflyBemisia tabaciGenn. (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in tomato fields. Densities of nymphs and adults, as well as crop yield were evaluated in 13 commercial tomato fields to determine the economic injury levels. The whitefly nymphs were sampled by direct counting in a leaf from the lower part of the canopy and the adults were sampled by beating an apical leaf against a white plastic tray. The sequential sampling plan was based on data collected in eight commercial tomato fields. The validation of the sequential sampling plan was carried out based on the curves of operational characteristics and average sample numbers. The decisions reached with the conventional and the sequential sampling plans in 21 commercial fields were compared for the intended validation of the sequential plan. The economic injury levels were four nymphs per leaf and one adult per tray. The decisions taken based on the sequential sampling plan were similar to those obtained through the conventional sampling plan. Most of the decisions taken with the sequential sampling plan were obtained through the minimum number of seven samples per field for nymphs and 11 samples per field for adults, with reductions of 84.44% and 54.17% in the number of samples required to reach a decision with the sequential sampling plan compared with the conventional sampling plan.
Avoiding conflicts between insect and weed biological control: selection of non‐target species to assess host specificity of cabbage seedpod weevil parasitoids
Authors: Kuhlmann U. , Mason P. G. , Hinz H. L. , Blossey B. , De Clerck‐Floate R. A. , Dosdall L. M. , McCaffrey J. P. , Schwarzlaender M. , Olfert O. , Brodeur J. , Gassmann A. , McClay A. S. , Wiedenmann R. N.
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Classical biological control of insect pests and weeds may lead to potential conflicts, where insect pests are closely related to weed biological control agents. Such a conflict may occur in the classical biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil,Ceutorhynchus obstrictus(Marsham) in North America, which belongs to the same subfamily, Ceutorhynchinae, as a number of agents introduced or proposed for introduction against non‐indigenous invasive weed species. We propose a step‐by‐step procedure to select non‐target species and thereby to develop a non‐target species test list for screening candidate entomophagous biological control agents of a herbivore pest insect in a way that would simultaneously evaluate non‐target potential on weed biological control agents and other non‐target species. Using these recommendations, we developed a non‐target test list for host specificity evaluations in the area of origin (Europe) and the area of introduction (North America) for cabbage seedpod weevil parasitoids. Scientifically based predictions on expected host–parasitoid interactions and ecological information about the ecological host range in the area of origin can help avoid conflicts, while still allowing the introduction of safe and effective agents against both insect pests and weeds.
Optimized trap lure for male Melolontha cockchafers
Authors: Reinecke A. , Ruther J. , Mayer C. J. , Hilker M.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Melolontha cockchafer males search for mates using green leaf volatiles (GLV), released by host plants after female feeding. Thus, the feeding‐induced plant volatiles act as sexual kairomones. Males of both Melontha hippocastani and Melontha melolontha are strongly attracted by the GLV (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (Z‐3‐ol). Sex pheromones enhance the attractiveness of Z‐3‐ol and have been identified as toluquinone (TQ) in M. melolontha, and 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) in M. hippocastani. Additionally, phenol acts as a male attractant in both species. From the perspective of potential application, we investigated by field experiments with volatile‐baited traps the ways of enhancing the number of captured males by the use of specific binary or ternary blends of Z‐3‐ol with phenol, and TQ or BQ respectively. The data show that in both species binary lures containing Z‐3‐ol combined with TQ or BQ at a ratio of 10 : 1 are the most potent male attractants.
Identification of two haemolysins in larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis against the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus
Authors: Kubota Y. , Ohgushi A. , Uemori A. , Mizuki E. , Ohba M.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  This study characterized larvicidal activity against the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus (Hem., Alydidae), associated with a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar morrisoni (H8ab). Purified crystals and solubilized crystal proteins exhibited only low‐level activities, while the supernatant of broth culture contained rapid and strong larvicidal activity. Heating at 100°C for 10 min destroyed the activity. Two extracellular vegetative proteins, with molecular masses of 40 and 45 kDa, were obtained by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)‐cellulose column chromatography from the bacterial culture fluid. Both proteins were related to the known haemolysins of Bacillus cereus, showing strong cytolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes. The bean bug‐killing activity was not associated with individual proteins; however, strong activity was induced when two proteins were combined. The combined proteins were toxic to larvae in the early stage of first instar but not against larvae of later instars and adults. Larvae of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella, were not killed by these proteins.
Expansion of pea cropping increases the risk of pea moth (Cydia nigricana; Lep., Tortricidae) infestation
Authors: Huusela‐Veistola E. , Jauhiainen L.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  The pea moth (Cydia nigricana) is a host‐specific pest of pea (Pisum sativum). In Finland, the combine‐harvested field pea is grown on an area totalling 5000 ha. However, the area under pea cropping may increase substantially if pea replaces soya bean as a protein source for animal feed, which may result in pest and disease problems. In this study, the risk of pea moth infestation is evaluated by modelling field survey data. The observations were made in 2002 and 2003 at 93 and 90 pea fields, respectively, in south‐western Finland. The choice of the experimental fields was based on pea cropping data from 1997 to 2001 and included regions of both intensive and less intensive pea cultivation. The occurrence of pea moth adults in the fields was assessed with pheromone traps, and the percentage of damaged pods and pea seeds in each field was determined. The number of pea moths in pheromone traps and the percentage of damaged seeds increased linearly when the area under pea cropping during the previous year (within a 4‐km distance) increased, and decreased exponentially when the distance to the nearest pea field in the previous year increased. Furthermore, the percentage of damaged pods and seeds was higher in organic than in conventional fields. Expansion of pea cropping would change the spatial distribution of pea fields, thus affecting the risk of pea moth infestation. An increase in the scale and frequency of pea cropping increases the need for plant protection.
Organic farming‐compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards
Authors: Karagounis C. , Kourdoumbalos A. K. , Margaritopoulos J. T. , Nanos G. D. , Tsitsipis J. A.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post‐treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post‐treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side‐effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards.
Primary gastrointestinal lymphomas: A radiological–pathological review. Part 2: Small intestine
Authors: Mendelson RM , Fermoyle S
Published: March 2006

Primary lymphoma of the small intestine is a heterogeneous group of diseases reflected in its protean imaging features. This review illustrates the widespread appearances seen on imaging methods (primarily CT and barium studies) with pathological correlation.
Coronary artery anomalies diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Welker M , Salanitri J , Deshpande VS , Shea SM , Li D , Pereles FS
Published: March 2006

Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon entities that may be associated with sudden death. Because of its 2‐D projection imaging nature, conventional X‐ray coronary angiography may not accurately delineate the origins and course of aberrant coronary arteries with respect to the great vessels. Non‐invasive, cross‐sectional imaging techniques such as coronary CT angiography and magnetic resonance angiography are increasingly used in clinical practice to diagnose coronary artery anomalies. Although this study reviews coronary artery anatomy and selected anomalies as seen with true fast imaging with steady‐state precession magnetic resonance angiography, the information provided is equally applicable to electrocardiogram‐gated coronary CT angiography.
Preoperative ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology for axillary staging in breast carcinoma
Authors: Popli MB , Sahoo M , Mehrotra N , Choudhury M , Kumar A , Pathania OP , Thomas S
Published: March 2006

Axillary lymph node (ALN) status is considered to be the single most important prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer. It can be assessed by various radiological, pathological and surgical techniques, the most accurate being histological examination of lymph nodes after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This prospective study was conducted to assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasound (US) and ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (USG‐FNAC) of ALN in patients with breast cancer. Thirty patients with FNAC‐proven breast cancer, planned for definitive surgery with axillary clearance, were included in this study. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the axillae of these patients was conducted for alterations in size, shape, contour and cortical morphology of lymph nodes that could reflect presence of underlying metastases. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the ALN was done in 24 of these patients. These findings were evaluated, with the ALN status determined by histological examination after ALND. Out of the 30 patients, eight had T1, 16 had T2, five had T3, and one had T4 lesions. Ultrasound evaluation of the ALN had a sensitivity of 86.3%, a specificity of 41.6%, a positive predictive value of 79%, a negative predictive value of 50% and a diagnostic accuracy of 73.3%. Sensitivity of USG‐FNAC was 78.95%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 55.56% and diagnostic accuracy was 83.33%. Our study concludes that preoperative USG‐FNAC of ALN is a simple, minimally invasive, easily available and reliable technique for the initial determination of ALN status in patients with breast cancer. Those who are USG‐FNAC positive can be directed towards ALND straight away, and only those who are USG‐FNAC negative should be considered for sentinel lymph node biopsy. This will save considerable operating time, especially where facilities for sentinel lymph node biopsy (costly dye, gamma camera, nuclear medicine facilities) are restricted or not available.
Magnetic resonance imaging of thickened pituitary stalk proceeding to Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a child
Authors: Halefoglu AM
Published: March 2006

Magnetic resonance imaging has shown isolated pituitary stalk thickening in certain cases of idiopathic or secondary central diabetes insipidus (DI) due to infiltrative processes. We present a 4‐year‐old boy who was initially diagnosed as having central DI. The MRI showed isolated pituitary stalk thickening with prominent homogeneous contrast enhancement. The remaining findings on MRI were within normal limits. The patient's personal and family history and laboratory and clinical findings were unremarkable; therefore, he was initially diagnosed as having idiopathic DI. Since central DI and isolated pituitary stalk thickening may be considered to be the first manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, we decided to follow up the patient. After 5 months, following the initial diagnosis, on skeletal X‐ray survey, the patient did indeed develop multiple lytic skull lesions which, on biopsy, were histologically typical bone lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Preoperative embolization of a large vaginal leiomyoma: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Bapuraj JR , Ojili V , Singh SK , Prasad GRV , Khandelwal N , Suri S
Published: March 2006

Leiomyoma of the vagina is a very rare tumour of the lower urogenital tract. These slow‐growing masses may be asymptomatic or present with pain, dyspareunia or urinary symptoms. Rarely, these tumours may present with life‐threatening haemorrhage. These hypervascular tumours are treated by surgical excision. Preoperative embolization therefore may aid in devascularization of these tumours before surgical excision. We present the MRI features of a case of vaginal leiomyoma, which was managed by preoperative embolization and was then excised in toto. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where preoperative embolization was performed before excision of a vaginal leiomyoma with minimal peroperative blood loss.
Filarial dance in a breast mass on colour Doppler imaging
Authors: Rathi V , Bhargava SK , Gupta A , Jain S
Published: March 2006

Filarial dance in breast lesions is a very rare entity. It is difficult to show the characteristic vigorous movement of the adult worms on static images although pulse wave Doppler and colour power Doppler have been used. Filarial dance on colour Doppler imaging has not been reported earlier to the best of our knowledge.
Managing peripherally inserted central catheter‐related venous thrombosis: How I do it
Authors: Chaitowitz I , Heng R , Bell K
Published: March 2006

Imaging‐guided insertion of central venous catheters, either in the form of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) or through a subclavian or a jugular approach, is becoming the preferred method of acquiring long‐term venous access for a variety of therapeutic purposes. The most significant complication from central venous catheters is thrombosis of the catheterized vein. Venous thrombosis related to the insertion of PICC lines is conventionally treated with line removal followed by anticoagulation. Direct thrombolysis with urokinase, using the lumen of the PICC line to facilitate the insertion of the infusion catheter is a simple, safe and effective treatment option. In this article, we describe our experience with this procedure and the technique used.
T1N0/T2N0 glottic carcinoma: A comparison of two fractionation schedules
Authors: Short S , Krawitz H , Macann A , West T , Morton RP , McIvor NP , Chaplin J , Simcock P , Gathercole J , Dorman B , Hindley A
Published: March 2006

The aim of this paper is the retrospective comparison of accelerated/hypofractionated radiotherapy regimen (AHFX) with standard fractionation regimen (SFX) for patients with early glottic carcinoma. One hundred and forty‐five patients with T1–T2 glottic cancer between 1986 and 1998 were eligible. Before 1992, patients received 60–66 Gy in 30–33 fractions over 6–6.5 weeks (SFX) with 60Co and 6‐MV beams. After 1992, patients received 52.5–55 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks (AHFX) using 6‐MV beams. The end‐points were overall survival, laryngectomy‐free survival (LFS), loco‐regional control and toxicity. One hundred and two were stage T1N0; 43 were stage T2N0. Median follow up was 4.9 years. The 5‐year overall survival was 78%. Five‐year loco‐regional control in T1N0 patients was higher in AHFX than in SFX group (95 vs 75%, P = 0.002). Loco‐regional control in T2N0 patients was similar for AHFX and SFX (81 vs 80%, P = 0.813). Overall LFS was 88%. T1N0 AHFX patients had 5‐year LFS of 95% compared with 75% for SFX (P = 0.003). For T2N0 AHFX patients, overall LFS was 92% compared with 80% for the SFX group (P = 0.291). No grade 4 or 5 late toxicity occurred. One AHFX patient developed grade 3 toxicity; two of 51 SFX patients developed grade 2 toxicity versus five of 94 AHFX patients. AHFX using 6‐MV beams for treatment of early glottic cancer resulted in equivalent LFS and toxicity when compared with SFX.
Indwelling trans‐anastomotic rectal tubes in colorectal surgery: a survey of usage in UK and Ireland
Authors: Gurjar S. V. , Forshaw M. J. , Ahktar N. , Stewart M. , Parker M. C.
Published: March 2006

Background  The use of rectal tubes in colorectal surgery appears to be a matter of individual choice, with little documented evidence to support their use. This study assesses the current practice of rectal tubes amongst consultant members of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain & Ireland (ACPGBI).

Methods  A piloted questionnaire was sent to practising ACPGBI consultant members listed in the 2003–04 directory. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and Fishers exact test.

Results  Three hundred and thirty‐nine replies were received from 579 posted questionnaires (response rate = 58.5%). Rectal tubes were used by 116 (35%) of responding surgeons. Rectal tubes were more commonly used by surgeons with less than 10 years practice as a consultant (P < 0.005). The main indications for tube placement were following ileo‐anal or colonic pouch surgery (73%), after any anterior resection (36%) (rectal tubes were reserved for only low anterior resections by 16% of surgeons) and in the rectal stump after total or subtotal colectomy for acute colitis (11%). Twenty‐three percent of these practising surgeons would use a rectal tube as an alternative to a diverting stoma, predominantly in selected patients following ileo‐anal pouch surgery. A Foley catheter was the commonest type of tube used (70%) and this was usually placed above the anastomosis (80%). Rectal tubes were left in situ for a median of 5 days (range = 1–13 days). Three surgeons (2.6%) reported serious complications including tube perforation of the bowel or anastomosis. Several different mechanisms were suggested for the purpose and functioning of the rectal tube, the commonest being to decompress the rectum and/or pouch.

Conclusion  Rectal tube placement is simple and safe and is used by a third of colorectal surgeons in UK and Ireland. Given their simplicity, the efficacy of rectal tubes in reducing local anastomotic complications requires further evaluation within the confines of a randomised controlled trial.
Which is the optimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy – a meta‐analysis
Authors: Tan J. J Y. , Tjandra J. J.
Published: March 2006

Objective  To assess which bowel preparation agent is most effective.

Methods  A search of randomized trials between January 1990 and July 2005 was obtained, using MEDLINE and PubMed databases, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Meta‐analysis was performed using the Forest plot review.

Results  Sodium phosphate (NaP) was more effective in bowel cleansing than polyethylene glycol (PEG) – odds ratio 0.75 (95%CI: 0.65–0.88; P = 0.0004); and sodium picosulphate (SPS) – odds ratio 0.52 (95%CI: 0.34–0.81; P = 0.004). PEG and SPS were comparable in bowel cleansing ability, odds ratio 1.69 (95%CI: 0.92–3.13; P = 0.09). NaP was more easily completed by patients compared to PEG, odds ratio 0.16 (95%CI: 0.09–0.29; P < 0.00001). More patients were able to complete SPS than PEG, but this was not statistically significant – odds ratio 0.56 (95%CI: 0.28–1.13; P = 0.11). NaP and PEG were comparable in terms of adverse events, odds ratio 0.98 (95%CI: 0.82–1.17; P = 0.81), although NaP resulted in more asymptomatic hypokalaemia and hyperphosphataemia. NaP and SPS appeared to have similar incidence of adverse events. PEG resulted in more adverse events than SPS, odds ratio 3.82 (95%CI: 1.60–9.15; P = 0.003).

Conclusions  NaP was more effective in bowel cleansing than PEG or SPS and was comparable in terms of adverse events. Patients have more difficulty completing PEG than NaP and SPS. Biochemical changes associated with a small‐volume preparation like NaP, albeit largely asymptomatic, mandate caution in patients with cardiovascular or renal impairment.
Anal ulceration associated with Nicorandil: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Toquero L. , Briggs C. D. , Bassuini M. M. , Rochester J. R.
Published: March 2006

Background  Use of Nicorandil in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease has been associated with oral, ileal and more recently anal ulceration. We report a series of six cases of peri‐anal ulceration in patients on nicorandil therapy, their response to withdrawal of the drug and review the literature.

Methodology  Systematic case note review of all patients with anal ulceration presenting to a single colorectal unit. Including detailed medical and drug history, morphological and histological appearances of the peri‐anal ulcer after biopsy. Nicorandil therapy stopped in conjunction with physician and the progress of the ulcer monitored. Photographs taken before and after cessation of Nicorandil after informed consent. A literature search on Nicorandil combined with the key words: anal, peri‐anal, ulceration and adverse drug effects was performed using the Cochrane Library Medline (January 1966 to June 2005) and Embase (January 1974 to June, 2005).

Results  Six patients were identified from our hospital records. Histological examination of all ulcers revealed nonspecific chronic inflammation. Five patients demonstrated healing of ulceration within six weeks of withdrawal of Nicorandil, the remaining patient had circumferential involvement of the anal canal and has not improved at 3‐month review. One patient was recommenced on Nicorandil after healing due to refractory angina and ulceration recurred.

Conclusions  We believe ulceration due to Nicorandil remains widely under diagnosed and the mechanism of ulceration is unclear. Despite diversion colostomy one of our patients continued with peri‐anal ulceration, which may suggest a systemic mechanism rather than local irritation. Biopsy of these lesions is essential to exclude neoplastic process and inflammatory bowel disease.