bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Selectivity in the Chlorate Process: A Step towards Efficient Hydrogen Production
Authors: Gomes Adriano S. O. , Busch Michael , Wildlock Mats , Simic Nina , Ahlberg Elisabet
Published: June 2018

Chlorate production is a highly energy demanding industrial process, where chlorate formation is accompanied with hydrogen formation on the cathode. To ensure a high cathodic current efficiency, sodium dichromate is added to the chlorate electrolyte to avoid reduction of hypochlorite formed as a reaction intermediate in the process. However, chromate is highly toxic to humans and environment, and therefore a replacement is desired. A model system with ex situ formed chromium oxide/hydroxide films were used to study hypochlorite reduction and hydrogen evolution. The experimental results demonstrate that the hypochlorite reduction is fully blocked while hydrogen evolution readily occurs. However, in the presence of hypochlorite the hydrogen evolution reaction is inhibited. By combining experimental findings with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the mechanism of hypochlorite reduction was revealed and the reason for inhibition by the deposited chromium(III) film was demonstrated. Based on these results possible replacements for chromate are suggested.
Synthesis of PE Wax by Chromium Complexes Bearing NP Ligands
Authors: Gao Jinlong , Zhang Le , Alam Fakhre , Chen Yanhui , Jiang Tao
Published: June 2018

Three binuclear chromium complexes stabilized by 1,5,9,13‐tetra(phosphinoamine)cyclohexadecane ligand were synthesized and characterized. In combination with TMA‐depleted methylalumoxane/triethylaluminium (DMAO/TEA) as cocatalyst, they generate active catalytic systems for ethylene polymerization to form ultra low molecular weight polyethylene (PE) wax with moderate catalytic activity in methylcyclohexane (MeCy). The molecular weight of PE wax is ranging from 612 to 841 g/mol with a narrow polydispersity (PD=1.37‐1.80). The effects of polymerization parameters, such as solvent, temperature, catalyst concentration, the ratio of cocatalyst on the catalytic activity and properties of the PE wax were also investigated.
Role of Nitrogen Precursor on the Activity Descriptor towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Iron‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Mathur Ankita , Harish Sivasankaran , Halder Aditi
Published: June 2018

Nitrogen‐doped carbon nanostructures supported non‐precious transition metal/metal oxide electrocatalysts are promising alternative to platinum‐based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this article, a variety of nitrogen‐doped carbon‐ iron based electrocatalysts were prepared by pyrolyzing a particular nitrogen‐containing precursor compound with iron oxide at various reaction conditions using hydrothermal method. Our experimental data showed that the ratio between nitrogen containing precursor and metal ions plays significant role in determining the performance of ORR. The increase in nitrogen containing active sites is not linearly proportional to the quantity of nitrogenous precursor. Careful investigation by different spectroscopic (e. g. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy) as well as microscopic techniques along with electrochemical studies, we can conclude that‐ (a) nitrogen precursor in the synthesis process plays significant role in determining the morphology and oxidation state of iron in final catalyst; and (b) the overall electrocatalytic behaviour of Fe‐N−C based electrocatalysts are largely dependent upon the oxidation state and morphology of catalyst.
Au/CdS Nanocomposite through Digestive Ripening of Au and CdS Nanoparticles and Its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Bhaskar Srilakshmi P. , Karthika Minikumari S. , Jagirdar Balaji R.
Published: June 2018

Co‐digestive ripening is a versatile strategy for the preparation of binary metal nanoparticles such as core‐shell, composites, and alloys. The mechanism of co‐digestive ripening is hypothesized to involve inter‐atom transfer facilitated by capping agents. In this work, co‐digestive ripening of a metal (Au) and a semiconductor (CdS) system has been presented. This process involves co‐refluxing of a physical mixture of Au and CdS colloids in presence of hexadecyl amine (HDA) in mesitylene solvent. Individual colloids of Au and CdS were prepared by solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method. The growth control of nanoparticles using HDA resulted in the formation of monodisperse particles via a room temperature digestive ripening process. Au/CdS nanocomposite obtained via co‐digestive ripening strategy was characterized by a matrix‐like structure made up of CdS nanoparticles in which Au nanoparticles were embedded. CdS nanoparticles were found to establish an intimate surface contact with Au nanoparticles and the matrix of CdS surrounding Au was developed via aggregation during co‐refluxing. Formation of the Au/CdS nanocomposite is proposed to involve a ligand replacement process wherein HDA molecules capping the Au surface are displaced by CdS owing to strong Au‐CdS interaction. The Au/CdS composite thus obtained showed superior photocatalytic activity compared to pure CdS nanoparticles for dye degradation reaction.
Liquid‐Phase Oxidation Reaction and Mechanism of p‐Diethylbenzene to p‐Ethylacetophenone with H2O2 in a Batch Reactor and a Fixed Bed Reactor
Authors: Xu Ruxia , Gu Jing , Zhong Wen , Liu Zongjian , Cui Qun , Wang Haiyan
Published: June 2018

Liquid‐phase oxidation of p‐diethylbenzene (PDEB) to p‐ethylacetophenone (EAP) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) catalyzed by 5Co/SBA‐15 in a batch reactor and a fixed bed reactor was investigated. Based on the analysis of compositions, a reasonable reaction mechanism was discussed. Results show whether in a batch reactor or a fixed bed reactor, a mixture of EAP, 1‐(4‐ethylphenyl)‐1‐ethanol (EPEA), p‐diacetylbenzene (PDAB), 4‐acetylbenzoic acid (AA) and terephthalic acid (TA) could be detected. The reaction mechanism for oxidation of PDEB based on two reaction pathways for oxidizing ethyl group with H2O2 involving radical intermediates are proposed, PDEB firstly undergoes oxidation to give alkyl benzene carbocation and generates the key intermediate EPEA, which will be converted to EAP through pathway I. EAP can ultimately yield byproducts PDAB, AA and TA with pathway I and pathway II. Besides, diethyl group of PDEB can be tolerated pathway II to generate TA directly. The selectivity of EAP is steady around 68% in the fixed bed reactor, which is 16.52% higher than that in the batch reactor. It is essential to have a further study on the continuous flow process and obtain more data for industrial application.
Substrate‐Driven Electrochemical Stabilization and Activation of Ag Monolayers to Catalyze the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Beyond Pt‐based Electrocatalysts
Authors: Stolbov Sergey , Ortigoza Marisol Alcántara
Published: June 2018

The search for inexpensive, stable and active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on hydrogen fuel cell cathodes is severely limited because only expensive and scarce elements such as gold and platinum‐group elements do not dissolve or oxidize in the reaction environment at acceptable operating cathode potentials. Fortunately, the potential at which dissolution sets in for an element can be increased if a monolayer of such element strongly binds to a suitable substrate. Here, we apply the latter approach to stabilize Ag in the ORR reaction environment by placing a Ag monolayer on Nb, W, Ta, and Ru/Nb substrates. Our first principles calculations and ORR thermodynamics analysis show that all the systems are thermodynamically stable. Ag/Nb has a dissolution potential higher than that of Pt and can be as active toward ORR as Pt. Notably, the cost of Ag/Nb is strikingly lower than that of any Pt‐based ORR catalyst.
GFP Chromophores from L‐Phenylalanine: Synthesis, Photophysical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Singh Thokchom Prasanta , Devi Thokchom Jeeta , Singh Ningthoujam Premananda , Singh Okram Mukherjee
Published: June 2018

Synthesis of π‐conjugated green fluorescent protein chromophores analogs derived from amino acids are established. Indole and p‐nitrophenyl tethered derivatives as the main structure could improve the thermal stability and optical property of the materials. The chromophores show good solubility in MeOH and CH3CN. They also show good thermal stability for practical applications. These compounds showed steady green light emissions in the range of 524–578 nm in solution.
Synthesis of Indium Complexes for Thin Film Transistor Applications Bearing N‐Alkoxy Carboxamide Ligands
Authors: Lee Ji Hun , Jung Eun Ae , Lee Ga Yeon , Han Seong Ho , Park Bo Keun , Lee Soon Won , Son Seung Uk , Kim Chang Gyoun , Chung Taek‐Mo
Published: June 2018

By reacting equimolar amount of trimethylindium with various N‐alkoxy carboxamidate type‐ligands in a single step reaction, new series of indium complexes (1‐3), [In(CH3)2(L)]2 (L1H= N‐methoxypropionamide (mpaH), L2H=N‐ethoxy‐2‐methyl propanamide (empaH), L3H=N‐ethoxy‐2,2‐dimethyl propanamide (edpaH)), were successfully synthesized. All complexes were fully characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy along with elemental and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. While complex 1 and 2 were solid in room temperature, complex 3 which relatively bulkier ligand L3H was introduced was in liquid state. Among them, complex 1 was structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 existed in a tetragonal I4(1)/a space group that consist of a pair enantiomers. A sharp weight loss between 130 °C and 230 °C in a single step in TGA for all complexes showed outstanding volatility properties with lowest residual mass of 10% which are a crucial factor in thin film industry.
Automated parallel GUI testing as a service for mobile applications
Authors: Ali Amira , Maghawry Huda Amin , Badr Nagwa
Published: June 2018

Recently, testing mobile applications is gaining much attention due to the widespread of smartphones and the tremendous number of mobile applications development. It is essential to test mobile applications before being released for the public use. Graphical user interface (GUI) testing is a type of mobile applications testing conducted to ensure the proper functionality of the GUI components. Typically, GUI testing requires a lot of effort and time whether manual or automatic. Cloud computing is an emerging technology that can be used in the software engineering field to overcome the defects of the traditional testing approaches by using cloud computing resources. As a result, testing‐as‐a‐service is introduced as a service model that conducts all testing activities in a fully automated manner. In this paper, a system for mobile applications GUI testing based on testing‐as‐a‐service architecture is proposed. The proposed system performs all testing activities including automatic test case generation and simultaneous test execution on multiple virtual nodes for testing Android‐based applications. The proposed system reduces testing time and meets fast time‐to market constraint of mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed system architecture addresses many issues such as maximizing resource utilization, continuous monitoring to ensure system reliability, and applying fault‐tolerance approach to handle occurrence of any failure.
Agile practices for global software development vendors in the development of green and sustainable software
Authors: Rashid Nasir , Khan Siffat Ullah
Published: June 2018

Over the last decade, the use of agile methods has grown dramatically for software development. Agile methods guarantee to accelerate the delivery of remarkable software with increased user satisfaction and reduced cost. However, in recent years, due to emergence of green software engineering, software developers are compelled to focus more on green and sustainable aspects of software. Global software engineering aims to design, develop, and use a software with limited energy and computing resources. Recently, software engineers in global software development (GSD) have adapted agile methods for quick, interactive, and environment‐friendly software development. However, there is a lack of specific practices to be followed by GSD vendors in the development of green and sustainable software.

In this study, we have identified 36 agile practices through systematic literature review and applied contrived search criteria derived from the research questions; 53 relevant papers were identified and reviewed. Findings of the systematic literature review were then empirically validated through questionnaire survey in GSD industry, in which 106 relevant experts from 25 different countries participated. The identified agile practices are intended to assist GSD vendors in strengthening their agile maturity towards green and sustainable software development.
A zero‐inflated beta‐binomial model for microbiome data analysis
Authors: Hu Tao , Gallins Paul , Zhou Yi‐Hui
Published: June 2018

The Microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of the health of host species, involved in many biological pathways and processes and potentially useful as health biomarkers. Taking advantage of high‐throughput sequencing technologies, modern bacterial microbiome studies are metagenomic, interrogating thousands of taxa simultaneously. Several data analysis frameworks have been proposed for microbiome sequence read count data and for determining the most significant features. However, there is still room for improvement. We introduce a zero‐inflated beta‐binomial to model the distribution of microbiome count data and to determine association with a continuous or categorical phenotype of interest. The approach can exploit the mean‐variance relationship to improve power and adjust for covariates. The proposed method is a mixture model with two components: (i) a zero model accounting for excess zeros and (ii) a count model to capture the remaining component by beta‐binomial regression, allowing for overdispersion effects. Simulation studies show that our proposed method effectively controls type I error and has higher power than competing methods to detect taxa associated with phenotype. An R package ZIBBSeqDiscovery is available on R CRAN. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast and exact simulation of univariate and bivariate Gaussian random fields
Authors: Moreva Olga , Schlather Martin
Published: June 2018

Circulant embedding is a powerful algorithm for fast simulation of stationary Gaussian random fields on a rectangular grid in
, which works perfectly for compactly supported covariance functions. Cut‐off circulant embedding techniques have been developed for univariate random fields for dimensions up to
and rely on the modification of a covariance function outside the simulation window, such that the modified covariance function is compactly supported. In this paper, we propose extensions of the cut‐off approach for univariate and bivariate Gaussian random fields. In particular, we provide a method for simulating bivariate fields with a powered exponential model and the Matérn model for certain sets of parameters. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One School's Yearlong Collaboration With a Children's Book Author
Authors: DeFauw Danielle L.
Published: June 2018

Many students have experienced author visits, but one K–4 elementary school aimed to meet its school improvement goal to motivate writers through a yearlong collaboration with a published children's book author/illustrator, Ryan Hipp. This article details the positive components of the yearlong collaboration that included three in‐person sessions and blog posts. Transcribed observations of the assemblies, readings of the blog, and transcribed pre‐ and poststudy interviews of nine teachers, 36 students, and Hipp revealed that collaboration with him triggered and maintained situational interest. Students were interested in writing and motivated to write because of Hipp's influence, and the constant connection with the author/illustrator helped ensure the success of the collaboration. Teaching implications of author visits are detailed.
Support near‐completers through degree to boost graduation rate
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: June 2018

DALLAS — Most students enroll in college expecting to graduate. But fewer than half the students who enter community colleges planning to earn a degree or certificate have completed that credential, transferred to a university, or remain enrolled six years later, said Bill Comey, vice president of student and instructional support services at the College of Southern Maryland.
Reconciling separate policies, merging offices lead to strengthened university
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2018

Deanna Hunsaker, Ed.D., assistant vice president of enrollment services at A.T. Still University, planned to be a history teacher. That changed when she got a job working in the financial aid office at an undergraduate public institution. After working at that institution for nine years, Hunsaker took a position as an instructional designer for online programs at ATSU, eventually working her way up to her current position.
On the power coefficient overshoot of an offshore floating wind turbine in surge oscillations
Authors: Wen Binrong , Tian Xinliang , Dong Xingjian , Peng Zhike , Zhang Wenming
Published: June 2018

The Betz limit is widely accepted to be the upper limit for the power coefficient of open wind turbines. However, when investigating the power performance of an offshore floating wind turbine in surge oscillations, it is found that the Betz limit can be exceeded by the instantaneous power coefficient if the tip speed ratio is near the optimal tip speed ratio and the platform surge motion is severe enough. This exceeding phenomenon is defined as the power coefficient overshoot. Numerical simulations with the free vortex method show that the power coefficient overshoot is caused by the time lag between the power output and the wind farm power. The time lag and the resultant power coefficient overshoot intensify with the increasing platform surge frequency. Equivalent dynamic modeling analysis shows that the time lag is mainly caused by the added mass effect, which increases with the surge frequency. The time lag and the resultant power coefficient overshoot are attributed to the unsteady profile dynamics and the blade‐wake interaction. The former tends to induce the time lag to appear as a time advance in the power output when compared with the wind farm power. The latter, however, appears to induce the time lag to appear as a time delay in the power output. As the tip speed ratio increases, a shift from time advance to time delay is detected due to the decrease of the unsteady profile aerodynamics and the enhancement of the blade‐wake interaction.
Statistical challenges in estimating past climate changes
Authors: Sweeney James , Salter‐Townshend Michael , Edwards Tamsin , Buck Caitlin E. , Parnell Andrew C.
Published: June 2018

We review the statistical methods currently in use to estimate past changes in climate. These methods encompass the full gamut of statistical modeling approaches, ranging from simple regression up to nonparametric spatiotemporal Bayesian models. Often the full inferential challenge is broken down into many submodels each of which may involve multiple stochastic components, and occasionally mechanistic or process‐based models too. We argue that many of the traditional approaches are simplistic in their structure, handling, and presentation of uncertainty, and that newer models (which incorporate mechanistic aspects alongside statistical models) provide an exciting research agenda for the next decade. We hope that policy‐makers and those charged with predicting future climate change will increasingly use probabilistic paleoclimate reconstructions to calibrate their forecasts, learn about key natural climatological parameters, and make appropriate decisions concerning future climate change. Remarkably few statisticians have involved themselves with paleoclimate reconstruction, and we hope that this article inspires more to take up the challenge.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Climate Change and Numerical Weather Forecasting
Health, public sector service use and related costs of Swedish preschool children: results from the Children and Parents in Focus trial
Authors: Sampaio Filipa , Ssegonja Richard , Nystrand Camilla , Feldman Inna
Published: June 2018

Despite Sweden’s good child health statistics, data on the mental health and wellbeing of Swedish preschool children is scarce and not routinely collected in healthcare. The study aimed to: identify the proportion of preschool children with mental health and somatic problems, the public sector services used by these children and whether they differ by type of problems, investigate whether other factors affect service use, and estimate the costs associated with these services. This study used cross-sectional data on a sample of 3175 children aged 3–5 from the “Children and Parents in Focus trial”. Data on service use, child health and demographics were obtained from primary caregivers. Child mental health was assessed by both primary caregivers and teachers. 8.9% of the sample reported mental health problems, and approximately 1% had comorbid somatic and mental health problems. Over 50% of the preschoolers used any service, with school assistant being the most frequently used. The average annual cost per child, regardless of health status, was US$921, with 75% of the costs accruing at school. The presence of both somatic and mental health problems predicted higher service use, in particular extra services used at school and at home (mean annual cost US$13826 and US$1583, respectively). Children with comorbid problems accounted for the highest mean costs. Mental health problems among preschool children were particularly high compared to studies from other countries. There is a need to strengthen school mental health services to engage in proactive early identification of children with mental health problems so that appropriate care is provided.

Trial registration number: ISRCTN16513449. Registered 23 July 2013.
The influence of social relationships and school engagement on academic achievement in maltreated adolescents
Authors: Hershberger Mary A. , Jones Martin H.
Published: June 2018

Adolescents who have experienced maltreatment face many developmental and educational challenges compared with their non‐maltreated peers. Research demonstrates the importance of social relationships in academic achievement among non‐maltreated youth, and suggests the influence of parent and peer relationships for academic success in maltreated youth as well, including the potential benefit of school engagement. Data for the study comes from the first wave of the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being (NSCAW II), a nationally‐representative sample of children involved in Child Protective Services in the United States. The study finds that maltreated adolescents' perceptions of relationship quality with both parents and peers significantly predict academic achievement. In addition, results demonstrate a mediating effect of school engagement between parent and peer variables and some academic achievement outcomes.
COUPLING LITHIC SOURCING WITH LEAST COST PATH ANALYSIS TO MODEL PALEOINDIAN PATHWAYS IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lothrop Jonathan C. , Burke Adrian L. , Winchell-Sweeney Susan , Gauthier Gilles
Published: June 2018

Projections of Paleoindian range mobility in the late Pleistocene are typically inferred from straight-line distances between toolstone sources and sites where artifacts of these raw materials have been found. Often, however, these sourcing assessments are not based on geologic analysis, raising the issue of correct source ascription. If sites of similar age can be linked to a toolstone source through geologic study, and direct procurement of toolstone can be inferred, geographic information systems (GIS) modeling of travel routes between the source and those sites can reveal route segments of annual rounds and aspects of landscape use. In the Hudson Valley of eastern New York, Paleoindian peoples exploited Normanskill chert outcrops for toolstone during the late Pleistocene. Here, we combine X-ray fluorescence sourcing results that link Normanskill chert artifacts at Paleoindian sites to the West Athens Hill source outcrop in the Hudson Valley with GIS least cost path analysis to model seasonal pathways of late Pleistocene peoples in northeastern North America.
Improved aerostructural performance via aeroservoelastic tailoring of a composite wing
Authors: Krupa Eduardo P. , Cooper Jonathan E. , Pirrera Alberto , Nangia Raj
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates the synergies and trade-offs between passive aeroelastic tailoring and adaptive aeroelastic deformation of a transport composite wing for fuel burn minimisation. This goal is achieved by optimising thickness and stiffness distributions of constitutive laminates, jig-twist shape and distributed control surface deflections through different segments of a nominal “cruise-climb” mission. Enhanced aerostructural efficiency is sought both passively and adaptively as a means of aerodynamic load redistribution, which, in turn, is used for manoeuvre load relief and minimum drag dissipation. Passive shape adaptation is obtained by embedding shear-extension and bend-twist couplings in the laminated wing skins. Adaptive camber changes are provided via full-span trailing-edge flaps. Optimised design solutions are found using a bi-level approach that integrates gradient-based and particle swarm optimisations in order to tailor structural properties at rib-bay level and retrieve blended stacking sequences. Performance benefits from the combination of passive aeroelastic tailoring with adaptive control devices are benchmarked in terms of fuel burn and a payload-range efficiency. It is shown that the aeroservoelastically tailored composite design allows for significant weight and fuel burn improvements when compared to a similar all-metallic wing. Additionally, the trailing-edge flap augmentation can extend the aircraft performance envelope and improve the overall cruise span efficiency to nearly optimal lift distributions.
On Immanent Critique in Hegel’s Phenomenology
Authors: Becker Michael A.
Published: June 2018

I begin by identifying an ambiguity in the post-Hegelian literature on Immanent Critique, distinguishing two possible definitions: (a) judging an object against its ‘internal’ norms; and (b) accounting for one’s own standpoint with reference to the object. I then claim that both definitions are represented in Hegel’s Phenomenology, and develop extended interpretations of material from the Introduction in order to clarify and substantiate this thesis. This yields revisionist readings of the famous ‘internal criteria’ and ‘self examination’ tropes. My discussion builds towards elucidating the relation between the two definitions of Immanent Critique I have distinguished, as it is developed in the Phenomenology.
LIFTINGN-DIMENSIONAL GALOIS REPRESENTATIONS TO CHARACTERISTIC ZERO
Authors: MANOHARMAYUM JAYANTA
Published: June 2018

LetFbe a number field, letN≥ 3 be an integer, and letkbe a finite field of characteristic ℓ. We show that ifρ:GF→GLN(k) is a continuous representation with image ofρcontainingSLN(k) then, under moderate conditions at primes dividing ℓ∞, there is a continuous representation ρ:GF→GLN(W(k)) unramified outside finitely many primes withρ~ρ mod ℓ. Stronger results are presented forρ:Gℚ→GL3(k).
ENDOMORPHISMS OF EXOTIC MODELS
Authors: ELLIS EUGENIA , ROITZHEIM CONSTANZE , SCULL LAURA , YARNALL CAROLYN
Published: June 2018

We calculate the endomorphism dga of Franke's exotic algebraic model for the K-local stable homotopy category at odd primes. We unravel its original abstract structure to give explicit generators, differentials and products.
Technological attempts at producing cheese from donkey milk
Authors: Faccia Michele , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Martemucci Giovanni , Natrella Giuseppe , D'Alessandro Angela G
Published: June 2018

The work described in this Research Communication addressed the hypothesis that it is possible to produce cheese from donkey milk by appropriate adjusting of the cheesemaking parameters. A series of coagulation trials were performed on donkey milk, alone or fortified with goat milk (85/15 and 70/30, v/v), using calf rennet under different technological conditions. The parameters that changed were pH and concentration of soluble calcium, amount of rennet added and temperature of coagulation. Donkey milk gave rise to sufficiently firm curd only at ‘extreme’ technological conditions and, as expected, addition of goat milk improved coagulation. A cheesemaking protocol was developed for producing fresh cheese prototypes, which were checked for microbiological safety, chemical composition and sensory characteristics. Pure donkey milk gave 5·9% yield, cheese having 6·12 pH, 32·4% dry matter, 2·1% fat and 18·5% protein. The electrophoretic analysis ascertained that β-casein was the most abundant compound in donkey cheese, but whey proteins were also present in non-negligible amounts. Finally, the sensory evaluation demonstrated that all cheeses were acceptable and provided detailed description of their flavour characteristics.
The Natural Laws of Good Manners: Hobbes, Glory, and Early Modern Civility
Authors: Mark Clifton
Published: June 2018

According to Hobbes, glory causes conflict in two ways: by causing competition over comparative recognition, and by making men violently sensitive to insult. Interpreters have generally depicted the sensitivity to insult as a manifestation of the desire for comparative recognition. This reading raises two problems. First, the two ways in which Hobbes uses glory are inconsistent. Second, if the problem with glory is comparison, then the law of nature enjoining the acknowledgment of equality should lead to war rather than peace. This paper illuminates these obscurities by placing Hobbes in the context of the contemporary literature on honor and civility. These sources reveal two concepts of honor which correspond to the two ways in which Hobbes writes about glory. Hobbes draws heavily from these sources, but intentionally elides the two concepts of honor in order to undermine an ideology of honor that was used to justify disobedience and unlawful violence.
READING KEYNES AT THE ZERO LOWER BOUND: THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THE LIQUIDITY TRAP, AND UNCONVENTIONAL POLICY
Authors: Sutch Richard
Published: June 2018

John Maynard Keynes’s analysis of the Great Depression has strong parallels to recent theorizing about the post-2008 Great Recession. There are also remarkable similarities between the two historical episodes: the collapse of demand for new fixed investment, the role of the zero lower bound liquidity trap in hampering conventional monetary policy, the multi-year period of near-zero short-term rates, and the protracted period of subnormal prosperity. A major difference between then and now is that monetary authorities in the recent situation actively pursued an unconventional policy with massive purchases of long-term securities. Keynes couldn’t convince authorities of his era to pursue such a plan, but it was precisely the monetary policy he advocated for a depressed economy stuck at the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates.
A plan of capital injections based on the claims frequency
Authors: Xu Ran , Woo Jae-Kyung , Han Xixuan , Yang Hailiang
Published: June 2018

In this work, we propose a capital injection strategy which is periodically implemented based on the number of claims in the classical Poisson risk model. Especially, capital injection decisions are made at a predetermined accumulated number of claim instants, if the surplus is lower than a minimum required level. There appears to be a similar problem found in reliability theory such that preventive maintenance policies are performed at certain shock numbers. Assuming a combination of exponentials for the claim severities, we first derive an explicit expression for the discounted density of the surplus level after a certain number of claims if ruin has not yet occurred. Utilising this result, we study the expected total discounted capital injection until the first ruin time. To solve the differential equation associated with this quantity, we analyse an extended Lundberg’s fundamental equation. Similarly, an expression for the Laplace transform of the time to ruin is also explicitly found. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of the present capital injection strategy and methodologies through various numerical examples. In particular, for exponential claim severities, some optimal capital injection strategy which minimises the expected capital spending per unit time is numerically studied.
Using Multibeam Backscatter Data to Investigate Sediment‐Acoustic Relationships
Authors: Huang Zhi , Siwabessy Justy , Cheng Heqin , Nichol Scott
Published: June 2018

Sediment properties are known to influence acoustic backscatter intensity. This sediment‐acoustic relationship has been investigated previously through using physical geoacoustic models and empirical methods and found to be complex and nonlinear. Here we employ a robust machine‐learning statistical model (random forest decision tree) to investigate the most likely nonlinear sediment‐backscatter relationships. The analysis uses colocated sediment and acoustic backscatter data (collected from a 300‐kHz multibeam sonar system) for 564 locations in four different areas on the Australian margin. Seven sediment grain size properties (%gravel, %sand, %mud, mean grain size, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis) were used to predict the acoustic backscatter responses at individual incidence angles. The modeling results demonstrate the effectiveness of this multivariate predictive approach for the investigation of sediment‐acoustic relationship. Thus, we find that for incidence angles between 1° and 41°, the sediment variables explain around 70% of variance in the backscatter intensity. Sediment mud content was found to be the most important sediment variable in the model and has a significant negative relationship with backscatter intensity. Mean grain size was the second ranked sediment variable and found to have a positive relationship with backscatter intensity. The results also show that sediment mud content plays a key role in sorting‐backscatter and sand‐backscatter relationships. Using only two sediment properties, mud content and mean grain size, together it was possible to largely explain the sediment‐acoustic relationship. The strongest backscatter return occurred with medium sediment mud content and large mean grain sizes (or muddy coarse sand).
Effects of Wind Direction on Variations in Friction Velocity With Wind Speed Under Conditions of Strong Onshore Wind
Authors: Fang Pingzhi , Zhao Bingke , Zeng Zhihua , Yu Hui , Lei Xiaotu , Tan Jianguo
Published: June 2018

The effects of wind direction on variations in friction velocity with wind speed are studied under moderate (≥9 m/s) to strong (≥22 m/s) onshore wind conditions using 20‐Hz ultrasonic wind data from a coastal tower at three different heights. The effects of different averaging time intervals of 20, 10, 2, and 1 min on the variations are also investigated. Three typhoons passed by the tower during the 150 hr of observations. Regardless of wind direction, friction velocity increases with increasing wind speed, and linear regression shows that the rate of increase is ~50% less than previously reported. However, a leveling‐off or decrease in friction velocity with increasing wind speed is found under strong wind conditions using a bin‐averaged method. Wind direction affects the variations in friction velocity with wind speed. Friction velocity increases with increasing wind speed at a similar growth rate to that of previously published results, with a leveling‐off or decrease at wind speeds higher than 22 m/s when the wind blows roughly normal to the shoreline. Form drag induced by sea waves with longer wavelengths is suggested to be responsible for the effects of wind direction on the variations in friction velocity with wind speed. An averaging time interval of 1 min yields representative variations in friction velocity with wind speed using the observations described in this study.
On the Forward Modeling of Radar Doppler Spectrum Width From LES: Implications for Model Evaluation
Authors: Chen Y.‐S. , Verlinde J. , Clothiaux E. E. , Ackerman A. S. , Fridlind A. M. , Chamecki M. , Kollias P. , Kirkpatrick M. P. , Chen B.‐C. , Yu G. , Avramov A.
Published: June 2018

Large‐eddy simulations of an observed single‐layer Arctic mixed‐phase cloud are analyzed to study the value of forward modeling of profiling millimeter wave cloud radar Doppler spectral width for model evaluation. Individual broadening terms and their uncertainties are quantified for the observed spectral width and compared to modeled broadening terms. Modeled turbulent broadening is narrower than the observed values when the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from the subgrid scale model is used in the forward model. The total dissipation rates, estimated with the subgrid scale dissipation rates and the numerical dissipation rates, agree much better with both the retrieved dissipation rates and those inferred from the power spectra of the simulated vertical air velocity. The comparison of the microphysical broadening provides another evaluative measure of the ice properties in the simulation. To accurately retrieve dissipation rates as well as each broadening term from the observations, we suggest a few modifications to previously presented techniques. First, we show that the inertial subrange spectrum filtered with the radar sampling volume is a better underlying model than the unfiltered −5/3 law for the retrieval of the dissipation rate from the power spectra of the mean Doppler velocity. Second, we demonstrate that it is important to filter out turbulence and remove the layer‐mean reflectivity‐weighted mean fall speed from the observed mean Doppler velocity to avoid overestimation of shear broadening. Finally, we provide a method to quantify the uncertainty in the retrieved dissipation rates, which eventually propagates to the uncertainty in the microphysical broadening.
Anomalous Glacier Changes in the Southeast of Tuomuer‐Khan Tengri Mountain Ranges, Central Tianshan
Authors: Li Zhi‐wei , Li Jia , Ding Xiao‐li , Wu Li‐xin , Ke Ling‐hong , Hu Jun , Xu Bing , Peng Fen
Published: June 2018

Central Tianshan (CTS) plays a prominent role in maintaining the vulnerable ecosystem in Central Asia. Rivers originating from it have high proportions of the runoffs contributed by glacier meltwater. In this study, the glacier mass balance in the catchments of Muzart and Karayulun rivers, CTS, was estimated by a geodetic method based on Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Panchromatic Remote‐sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping images and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). The results revealed that at the west and east glacial centers in the study area, the 2000–2011 mass loss rates were −0.03 ± 0.17 and −0.06 ± 0.17 m w.e./a, respectively, considerably lower than other CTS zones. In order to ascertain this stable glacier state, we also performed a geodetic measurement based on TerraSAR‐X add‐on for Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM‐X) images and SRTM DEM (2000–2012), and the results are similar (0.01 ± 0.17 and −0.04 ± 0.17 m w.e./a, respectively). The glacier thickness change around the regional snowline was close to zero. The strong capability of cold storage and the temperature drop in the early 21st century may account for the anomalous mass changes. Despite slight overall mass changes, obvious thinning was observed on many exposed glacier feet. This study indicates that the glacier melting can be effectively controlled if the rising trend of temperatures is reversed; furthermore, the land surface hydrological model should be calibrated with geodetic glacier mass balance measurement when it is used to simulate the streamflow trend in the headwater basin.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation From Isoprene Epoxides in the Pearl River Delta, South China: IEPOX‐ and HMML‐Derived Tracers
Authors: He Quan‐Fu , Ding Xiang , Fu Xiao‐Xin , Zhang Yu‐Qing , Wang Jun‐Qi , Liu Ye‐Xin , Tang Ming‐Jin , Wang Xin‐Ming , Rudich Yinon
Published: June 2018

Atmospheric photooxidation of isoprene forms isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) and hydroxymethel‐methyl‐α‐lactone (HMML) via hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) channel and NO/NO2 channel, respectively. Reactive uptake of these epoxides onto particles produces isoprene secondary organic aerosols (iSOA). Currently, there is little information regarding these two epoxides during iSOA formation in polluted regions. In this study, iSOA tracers from IEPOX and HMML were measured from summer to fall in the heavily polluted Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The total concentration of the iSOA tracers ranged from 5.77 to 466 ng m−3. Isoprene SOA tracers correlated well with sulfate (p < 0.01), indicating that the abundant sulfate in the PRD plays an important role in iSOA formation. A kinetic model of IEPOX loss showed that 58% of IEPOX could undergo ring‐opening reactions under the polluted PRD conditions in summer. This leads to high levels of IEPOX‐derived SOA tracers in the PRD. High temperature in the PRD (>22 °C) suppresses the production of HMML, likely as a result of fast decomposition of HMML's precursor under high temperatures. Thus, the HMML‐derived tracers had lower levels than the IEPOX‐derived SOA tracers during the whole campaign. The ratios of the IEPOX‐derived tracers to the HMML‐derived SOA tracers in summer were ~3 times higher than those in fall. This seasonal trend may be explained by the relative high isoprene/NOx ratio, temperature, and fast heterogeneous reaction of IEPOX in summer. Our study shows that in highly polluted regions like PRD, reduction in SO2 emission can significantly reduce iSOA formation.
Influence of Stream‐Subsurface Exchange Flux and Bacterial Biofilms on Oxygen Consumption Under Nutrient‐Rich Conditions
Authors: De Falco N. , Boano F. , Bogler A. , Bar‐Zeev E. , Arnon S.
Published: June 2018

The lack of a complete understanding of the complex reciprocal interactions between hydrological processes and the structure and function of microbial communities limits our ability to improve the predictions of microbial metabolism in streams. We report here on how overlying water velocity and losing and gaining flux interact with bacterial community structure and its activity to control oxygen consumption in a sandy streambed under high nutrient levels. We used an experimental flume packed with natural sediment and measured the bacterial biomass distribution and oxygen profiles in the streambed and across bed forms. Local oxygen consumption rates were calculated with a 1‐D numerical model (GRADIENT). Bacterial abundance and production rates varied across the bed form within 1 order of magnitude, while their taxonomic classes were similar across bed forms despite variations in flow conditions and sediment disturbance events. However, bacterial production rates were not directly correlated with bacterial abundance. On the other hand, oxygen consumption rates ranged over 4 orders of magnitude across the bed forms and were highly correlated with the vertical exchange flux between the water and the streambed. The results strongly suggest that under high nutrient levels, the system is, in general, transport limited and that predicting oxygen consumption rates depends on local vertical exchange fluxes.
The Web‐Based Interactive Mars Analysis and Research System for HRSC and the iMars Project
Authors: Walter S. H. G. , Muller J.‐P. , Sidiropoulos P. , Tao Y. , Gwinner K. , Putri A. R. D. , Kim J.‐R. , Steikert R. , van Gasselt S. , Michael G. G. , Watson G. , Schreiner B. P.
Published: June 2018

Web‐based planetary image dissemination platforms usually show outline coverage of available data and offer querying for metadata as well as preview and download. While the usual form of presenting multiorbit data sets is to merge the data into a larger mosaic, for change detection purposes it is essential to maintain the individual images as an important snapshot of the planetary surface taken at a specific time. We introduce the web‐based interactive Mars Analysis and Research System (iMARS web‐GIS), which is specialized on planetary surface change analysis with novel tools for simultaneous visualization of single images as time series in their original sequence. As the data foundation, we use the vast quantity of automatically coregistered orthoimages and digital terrain models (DTM) from three NASA missions' instruments processed and ingested in the context of the EU‐funded iMars project. The baseline for the coregistered images are the High‐Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) multiorbit quadrangle image mosaics, which are based on bundle block‐adjusted multiorbit DTM mosaics. Additionally, we make use of the existing along‐track bundle‐adjusted HRSC single images and DTMs available at the planetary data archives. We provide two science cases for exemplary workflows of the multitemporal single‐image analysis, demonstrating the dedicated tools for surface change interpretation—one near Mawrth Vallis and one near the south pole. A web mapping application including the presented functionality has been implemented and is available at http://imars.planet.fu-berlin.de with the iMars project website (http://www.i-mars.eu/web-gis) serving as a mirror.
Monte Carlo Simulations of the Interaction of Fast Proton and Hydrogen Atoms With the Martian Atmosphere and Comparison With In Situ Measurements
Authors: Bisikalo D. V. , Shematovich V. I. , Gérard J.‐C. , Hubert B.
Published: June 2018

We present model results of the interaction of proton and hydrogen atom precipitation with the Martian atmosphere. We use a kinetic Monte Carlo model developed earlier for the analysis of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐3) Mars Express data. With the availability of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission in situ measurements, not only the flux of protons incident on the atmosphere but also their degradation along the orbit may now be described. The comparison of the simulations with data collected with the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer shows that the Monte Carlo model reproduces some of the measured features. The results of comparison between simulations and measurements of the proton fluxes at low altitudes make it possible to infer the efficiency of charge exchange between solar wind and the extended hydrogen corona if the value of the magnetic field is measured simultaneously. We also find that the induced magnetic field plays a very important role in the formation of the backscattered flux and strongly controls its magnitude. At the same time, discrepancies between the modeled and the measured energy spectra of the backscattered protons are pointed out. We suggest that some of the physical processes controlling the upward flux are not fully understood or that the data processing of the measured backscattered proton flux should be improved.