bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism — An Introduction. Part 4. Reactions of Conjugation and Their Enzymes
Authors: Testa Bernard , Kraemer Stefanie D.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Excoecaria
Authors: Yin Bao‐Wei , Shen Li‐Ru , Zhang Man‐Li , Zhao Lei , Wang Yong‐Li , Huo Chang‐Hong , Shi Qing‐Wen
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Achievements and Challenges in Generating Protocell Models
Authors: Zepik Helmut H. , Walde Peter
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Biofuels to Produce Hydrogen (Reformation Processes)
Authors: Ramirez de la Piscina Pilar , Homs Narcis
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stimuli‐Responsive Surfaces for Bio‐Applications
Authors: Mendes Paula M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodissociation of Aromatic Azides
Authors: Budyka M. F.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of insulin resistance in normoglycemic patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Deveci Erdal , Yesil Murat , Akinci Baris , Yesil Sena , Postaci Nursen , Arikan Erdinc , Koseoglu Mehmet
Published: January 2009

Background

Insulin resistance is clearly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetics. Insulin resistance may also be present in normoglycemic individuals, and some of these patients can be diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome (MS) according to various definitions. However, the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and CAD is obscure in normoglycemic individuals, especially in patients who do not meet the criteria for MS.

Hypothesis

This study evaluated insulin resistance in normoglycemic patients with CAD, and investigated the association of insulin resistance with inflammation and lipid levels.

Methods

Fifty‐six CAD patients, and 57 age‐ and sex‐matched controls with normal coronary arteries confirmed by conventional coronary arteries angiography were included in the study. Participants were considered for the diagnosis of MS according to criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEPATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and c‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were studied. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) was calculated.

Results

The ratio of subjects with MS was similar in the 2 groups. Insulin, CRP, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and HOMA IR were higher in the study group than in the controls. The HOMA IR, LDL cholesterol, and serum CRP levels were determined as predictors of CAD.

Conclusion

Our data revealed that insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation are present in normoglycemic patients with CAD. As the proportion of patients with MS was similar in the 2 groups, we suggest that HOMA IR values may provide more sensitive information than MS definitions about the association between insulin resistance and CAD in normoglycemic patients. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced testosterone levels in males with lone atrial fibrillation
Authors: Jiangtao Lai , Dongchen Zhou, , Shudong Xia, , Yunpeng Shang, , Lihong Want, , Liangrong Zheng, , Jianhua Zhu,
Published: January 2009

Background

Sex hormones play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Testosterone and estradiol have been reported to be down‐regulated in subjects with coronary artery disease and heart failure, but has not been studied in atrial fibrillation (AF).

Hypothesis

Levels of sex hormones may be associated with susceptibility to lone AF in men.

Methods

Fifty‐eight male subjects who had electrocardiographic evidence of paroxysmal or chronic AF and a structurally normal heart on echocardiography were enrolled. Subjects were excluded if they had been taking angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), or statins within 3 mo or had a history of coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, significant valvular disease, hyperthyroidism, or hypertension. Fifty‐eight controls were recruited from a healthy outpatient population. Serum total testosterone and estradiol levels were determined using a commercially available radioimmunoassay.

Results

Mean levels of testosterone were significantly lower in subjects with lone AF when compared with controls (476 ng/dl versus 514 ng/dl, p = 0.005). No significant differences were found in the estradiol levels between the 2 groups (31.9 pg/ml versus 32.4 pg/ml, p = 0.789).

Conclusion

Reduced testosterone levels may be associated with susceptibility to lone AF in men. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elevated Serum Cardiac Troponin in Non‐acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Agzew Yeshitila
Published: January 2009

Cardiac troponins (CTn) are the most sensitive and specific biochemical markers of myocardial injury and risk stratification. The assay for troponin T (cTnI) is standardized, and results obtained from different institutions are comparable. This is not the case with troponin I (cTnT), and clinicians should be aware that each institution must analyze and standardize its own results. Elevated cTn levels indicate cardiac injury, but do not define the mechanical injury. The differentiation of cTn elevation caused by coronary events from those not related to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is tiresome, at times vexing, and often costly. Elevation of cTn in non‐ACS is a marker of increased cardiac and all‐cause morbidity and mortality. The cause of these elevations may involve serious medical conditions that require meticulous diagnostic evaluation and aggressive therapy. At present, there are no guidelines to treat patients with elevated troponin levels and no coronary disease. The current strategy of treatment of patients with elevated troponin and non‐ACS involves treating the underlying causes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrocardiograms of Collegiate Football Athletes
Authors: Crouse Stephen F. , Meade Thomas , Hansen Brent E. , Green John S. , Martin Steven E.
Published: January 2009

Background

The prevalence of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities in American collegiate football athletes is virtually unknown.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to characterize the type and frequency of ECG abnormalities in a sample of football athletes entering National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision university program.

Methods

Over a 4‐y period, resting and exercise 12‐lead ECG recordings were analyzed by a cardiologist from 68 freshmen and 9 transfer football athletes (n=77; 54 African‐Americans and 23 Caucasians, aged 18 ± 1 y, height=1.89 ± 0.06 m, weight= 104.4 ± 19.8 kg) as part of their entry physical examination.

Results

A total of 79% of the athletes demonstrated at least 1 abnormal ECG finnding, and significantly more African‐America athletes (85%) than Caucasian (65%) athletes. Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome was found in 1 African‐American player. Frequencies of various ECG abnormal findings in all athletes were: left ventricular hypertrophy = 64.5%, ST‐T wave = 6.5%, interventricular conduction delay = 2.6%, sinus bradycardia = 9.1%, sinus arrhythmia = 15.6%, first‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block = 11.7%, left atrial enlargement = 48.1%, early repolarization = 33.8%, and right axis deviation = 20.8%. Average values for the PR (0.17 ± 0.03 s), QRS (0.08 ± 0.02 s), and QT intervals (0.38 ± 0.05 s), P‐wave duration (0.10 ± 0.02 s), and QRS axis (79.1 ± 18.2 degrees) were normal. The ECG responses to maximal treadmill exercise stress tests were evaluated as normal without ischemia or arrhythmias.

Conclusion

Abnormal resting ECG findings are common in a sample of collegiate football athletes, exceeding the rate expected for their age, and are more frequent in African‐American athletes as compared with Caucasian athletes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality increases when radical cystectomy is delayed more than 12 weeks
Authors: Gore John L. , Lai Julie , Setodji Claude M. , Litwin Mark S. , Saigal Christopher S.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Single‐institution series have documented the adverse impact of a 12‐week delay between resection of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and radical cystectomy. These data are derived from tertiary centers, in which referral populations may confound outcomes. The authors sought to examine the survival impact of a delay in radical cystectomy using nationally representative data.

METHODS:

From the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare dataset, the authors identified subjects with stage II transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy between 1992 and 2001. They examined delays of 8, 12, and 24 weeks and incorporated these delay cutoffs into multivariate Cox proportional hazards survival models. Covariates included age, race/ethnicity, marital status, Charlson comorbidity index, and cancer grade.

RESULTS:

The authors identified 441 subjects with stage II TCC who underwent cystectomy during the study period. Compared with immediate surgery (ie, within 4‐8 weeks of transurethral resection), longer time to cystectomy increased the risk of both disease‐specific and overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; P < .01 and HR, 1.6; P < .01, respectively, for those delayed 12‐24 weeks; HR, 2.0; P < .01 for disease‐specific and overall death among those delayed beyond 24 weeks 1 year after diagnosis). Covariates associated with overall mortality included older age (HR, 1.04; P < .01) and comorbidity (HR, 2.0 for Charlson ≥3 vs Charlson 0‐1; P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Delay in definitive surgical treatment beyond 12 weeks conferred an increased risk of disease‐specific and all‐cause mortality among subjects with stage II bladder cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Modulation of lung molecular biomarkers by β‐carotene in the Physicians' Health Study
Authors: Liu Chun , Wang Xiang‐Dong , Mucci Lorelei , Gaziano J. Michael , Zhang Shumin M.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

β‐Carotene supplementation showed neither benefit nor harm among apparently healthy physicians (all men) in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) trial. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate how long‐term β‐carotene supplementation affects molecular markers of lung carcinogenesis in the PHS.

METHODS:

The protein levels of total p53, cyclin D1, proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA), retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ), and cytochrome p450 enzyme 1A1 (CYP1A1) were measured using the immunohistochemical method in 40 available archival lung tissue samples from patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer in the PHS. The protein levels of these markers were compared by category of β‐carotene treatment assignment and other characteristics using unconditional logistic regression models.

RESULTS:

The positivity for total p53, RARβ, cyclin D1, and PCNA was nonsignificantly lower among lung cancer patients who were assigned to receive β‐carotene than those who were assigned to receive β‐carotene placebo. There was a borderline significant difference in CYP1A1 positivity with an OR of 0.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.2‐1.1; P = .06) in a comparison of men who received β‐carotene and men who received β‐carotene placebo.

CONCLUSIONS:

The 50‐mg β‐carotene supplementation on alternate days had no significant influence on molecular markers of lung carcinogenesis that were evaluated in the PHS. This finding provides mechanistic support for the main PHS trial results of β‐carotene, which demonstrated no benefit or harm to the risk of developing lung cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Heat flow on Finsler manifolds
Authors: Ohta Shin‐ichi , Sturm Karl‐Theodor
Published: January 2009

This paper studies the heat flow on Finsler manifolds. A Finsler manifold is a smooth manifold M equipped with a Minkowski norm F(x, ·) : TxM → ℝ+ on each tangent space. Mostly, we will require that this norm be strongly convex and smooth and that it depend smoothly on the base point x. The particular case of a Hilbert norm on each tangent space leads to the important subclasses of Riemannian manifolds where the heat flow is widely studied and well understood. We present two approaches to the heat flow on a Finsler manifold:

as gradient flow on L2(M, m) for the energy

as gradient flow on the reverse L2‐Wasserstein space 𝒫2(M) of probability measures on M for the relative entropy

Both approaches depend on the choice of a measure m on M and then lead to the same nonlinear evolution semigroup. We prove 𝒞1, α regularity for solutions to the (nonlinear) heat equation on the Finsler space (M, F, m). Typically solutions to the heat equation will not be 𝒞2. Moreover, we derive pointwise comparison results à la Cheeger‐Yau and integrated upper Gaussian estimates à la Davies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro‐differential equations
Authors: Caffarelli Luis , Silvestre Luis
Published: January 2009

We consider nonlinear integro‐differential equations like the ones that arise from stochastic control problems with purely jump Lévy processes. We obtain a nonlocal version of the ABP estimate, Harnack inequality, and interior C1, α regularity for general fully nonlinear integro‐differential equations. Our estimates remain uniform as the degree of the equation approaches 2, so they can be seen as a natural extension of the regularity theory for elliptic partial differential equations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Hot‐Wire Electrochemistry
Authors: Gründler Peter , Frank Otakar , Kavan Ladislav , Dunsch Lothar
Published: January 2009

Hot‐wired electrodes: Thin metallic wires (d=25 μm) are covered with a 3 μm layer of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs; see image) by electrophoresis from a suspension containing excess ionic surfactant. A pure SWCNT surface is achieved by heating the electrode in air. Strong differences between covered and bare metallic electrodes occur with in situ heating during electrochemical experiments.

magnified image

The use and preparation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at thin metallic wire electrodes for hot‐wire electrochemical studies is described. The nanotubes were deposited on metal substrates such as gold by electrophoresis from a dispersion containing sodium dodecyl sulphate as an anionic surfactant. The formation of a layer of pure SWCNTs is achieved by thermal treatment at 350 °C. When heated in situ by a strong ac current, the electrodes can be used for electrochemical studies of nanotubes at increased temperatures. The state and functionality of the electrodes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry with both anionic and cationic redox systems (dopamine, ferrocene carboxylic acid). First time experiments at the heated SWCNT electrodes demonstrated an excellent suitability of these as‐prepared electrodes for thermoelectrochemical studies.
A Chemical System that Mimics Decoding Operations
Authors: Giansante Carlo , Ceroni Paola , Venturi Margherita , Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: January 2009

The chemical informationstored in equilibrium mixtures of molecular species is larger than the sum of information carried by the individual molecules. Protonation equilibria in dilute dichloromethane solution of a shape‐persistent macrocycle bearing two 2,2′‐bipyridine units and two Coumarin 2 moieties (see figure) can be exploited to mimic decoding operations.

magnified image
Sustainable Preparation of Supported Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Catalysis
Authors: Campelo Juan M. , Luna Diego , Luque Rafael , Marinas José M. , Romero Antonio A.
Published: January 2009

Metal nanoparticles have attracted much attention over the last decade owing to their unique properties as compared to their bulk metal equivalents, including a large surface‐to‐volume ratio and tunable shapes. To control the properties of nanoparticles with particular respect to shape, size and dispersity is imperative, as these will determine the activity in the desired application. Supported metal nanoparticles are widely employed in catalysis. Recent advances in controlling the shape and size of nanoparticles have opened the possibility to optimise the particle geometry for enhanced catalytic activity, providing the optimum size and surface properties for specific applications. This Review describes the state of the art with respect to the preparation and use of supported metal nanoparticles in catalysis. The main groups of such nanoparticles (noble and transition metal nanoparticles) are highlighted and future prospects are discussed.
Determination of loss‐minimum configuration with mathematical optimality in a three‐sectionalized three connected distribution feeder network
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Matsuki Junya , Ishikawa Shinji , Takano Hirotaka , Muto Eiji , Kobayashi Naoki
Published: January 2009

In a distribution system, in order to enhance the reliability of power supply, the distribution feeder is divided into several sections by installing sectionalizing switches, and then each of the sectionalized sections is connected to a different feeder. For example, one feeder is divided into three sections by two sectionalizing switches, and then each of the divided sections is connected to the other feeder through sectionalizing switch. Since a distribution system with many feeders has many sectionalizing switches, the system configuration is determined by states (opened or closed) of sectionalizing switches. Usually, a power utility tries to obtain distribution loss‐minimum configuration among large numbers of configuration candidates. However, it is very difficult to determine the loss‐minimum configuration such that the mathematical optimality is guaranteed, because it is well known that determination of a distribution system's configuration is to decide whether each sectionalizing switch is opened or closed by solving a combinatorial optimization problem.

In this paper, the authors propose a determination method of loss‐minimum configuration by which the mathematical optimality is guaranteed for a three‐sectionalized three‐connected distribution feeder network. A problem to determine the loss‐minimum configuration is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problems with four operational constraints ( feeder capacity, voltage limit, radial structure, and three‐sectionalization). In the proposed method, after picking up all partial configurations satisfied with radial structure constraint by using enumeration method, optimal combination of partial configurations is determined under the other operational constraints by using conventional optimization method. Numerical simulations are carried out for a distribution network model with 140 sectionalizing switches in order to examine the validity of the proposed algorithm in comparison with one of conventional meta‐heuristics (tabu search). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 56– 65, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20530
Analysis of even harmonics generation in an isolated electric power system
Authors: Kanao Norikazu , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Matsuki Junya
Published: January 2009

Harmonics bred from loads are mainly odd order because the current waveforms have half‐wave symmetry. Since the even harmonics are negligibly small, they generally are not measured in electric power systems. However, even harmonics were measured at a 500/275/154 kV substation in Hokuriku Electric Power Company after a transmission line fault was corrected. The even harmonics caused malfunctions of protective digital relays because the relays used 4th harmonics at the input filter as the automatic supervisory signal.

This paper describes mechanisms of generation of the even harmonics by comparing the measured waveforms with the ATP‐EMTP simulation results. Analysis of these results has clearly shown that there are three different mechanisms of generation of even harmonics. The first mechanism is the appearance of a magnetizing current in transformers due to flux deviation by the DC component of the fault current. The second mechanism is harmonic conversion of a synchronous machine which generates even harmonics when the DC component or the even harmonic current flow into the machine. The third mechanism is an increase of harmonic impedance due to an isolated power system, thus producing the harmonic voltages. The design of the input filter of protective digital relays should take into account even harmonics generation in an isolated power system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20592
Computation of locational and hourly maximum output of a distributed generator connected to a distribution feeder
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Matsuki Junya , Hanai Yuji , Hosokawa Shinpei , Kobayashi Naoki
Published: January 2009

Recently, the total number of distributed generation such as photovoltaic generation systems and wind turbine generation systems connected to a distribution network has drastically increased. Distributed generation using renewable energy can reduce the distribution loss and emission of CO2. However, the distribution network with the distributed generators must be operated while maintaining the reliability of the power supply and power quality. In this paper, the authors propose a computational method to determine the maximum output of a distributed generator under operational constraints [(1) voltage limit, (2) line current capacity, and (3) no reverse flow to bank] at arbitrary connection points and hourly periods. In the proposed method, a three‐phase iterative load flow calculation is applied to evaluate the above operational constraints. The three‐phase iterative load flow calculation has two simple procedures: (Procedure 1) addition of load currents from the terminal node of the feeder to root one, and (Procedure 2) subtraction of voltage drop from the root node of the feeder to terminal one. In order to check the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are performed for a distribution system model. Furthermore, the characteristics of locational and hourly maximum output of a distributed generator connected to a distribution feeder are analyzed using several numerical examples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 38–47, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20610
Optimal CBM of tie lines between control areas in a deregulated environment
Authors: Kuraishi Hideaki , Yokoyama Akihiko
Published: January 2009

In order to keep power supply reliability at a certain level, electric power utilities have a certain amount of reserve capacity. When no generator outage or no unexpected large power demand occurs, however, the reserve capacity is regarded as surplus facility. To reduce the reserve capacity, some margin is reserved in tie lines between utilities. This margin is called the capacity benefit margin (CBM). In this study, a method of calculating optimal CBM in tie line under deregulated environment is described and two kinds of optimal CBM are proposed. As a result, it is shown how the deregulation affects the optimal CBM by using numerical simulation for the IEE Japan West 30 test system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 35– 48, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20654
Triple‐junction effect and its electric field relaxation in three dielectrics
Authors: Kawamoto Tadashi , Takuma Tadasu , Goshima Hisashi , Shinkai Hiroyuki , Fujinami Hideo
Published: January 2009

This paper analyzes the electric field distribution near a wedge‐like edge in arrangements consisting of three dielectrics using analytical and numerical methods. The electric potential behaves exponentially as rn (r is the distance from the edge) near the edge, leading to an infinitely high field with decreasing r for all cases. The value of the analytically derived exponent n agreed well with that obtained from the numerical field calculations. It has also been demonstrated that rounded contact of the spacer with a zero contact angle can make the electric field constant without showing an exponential rise near the edge. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 1– 8, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20670
A common‐source active clamped complex type converter
Authors: Miura Kiwamu , Jin Chun Feng , Ishihara Yoshiyuki , Todaka Toshiyuki
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a novel common‐source active clamped complex type converter. This converter is the intermediate isolated bus converter for the distributed power supply system in telecommunications equipment. Using active clamped circuits, the switching loss and switching noise can be reduced by means of the soft switching techniques. By adding an auxiliary winding to the transformer, the proposed converter is a common‐source type having direct connection of sources of the two MOSFET switches. As a result, the pulse transformer becomes unnecessary, and the drive circuit is simplified. In the experiment, at 48 V ratings input voltage, 36 to 72 V worldwide input voltage, and 12 V output voltage, the ZVS operation is performed on the main switch and auxiliary switch, and highest efficiency 92.7% is obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 64–70, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20682
Effect of magnetic field strength and admixture gas on current interrupting capability of a CO2 rotary‐arc load‐break switch
Authors: Matsumura Toshiro , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Ka()nda Daisuke , Kumazawa Takao , Furuhata Takashi , Mitsukuchi Kunio
Published: January 2009

First, current interrupting experiments were performed for a rotary‐arc type of load‐break switch filled with pure CO2 at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Increase in the coil turns for generating magnetic field from 1 to 1.8, 2.5, and 3.6 (arbitrary unit) raised the current interrupting capability from 2.6 kA to 3.2, 3.5, and 4.1 kA. Second, experiments were performed for CO2 gas mixture under the condition of 3.6 coil turns. Gases of He, O2, N2, and air were admixted to CO2. Adding either He or O2 to CO2 at a concentration of 30% allows the switch to have higher interrupting capability than using pure CO2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 21–27, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20742
Improvement of thermal interruption capability in self‐blast interrupting chamber for new 245‐kV 50‐kA GCB
Authors: Shinkai Takeshi , Koshiduka Tadashi , Mori Tadashi , Uchii Toshiyuki , Tanaka Tsutomu , Ikeda Hisatoshi
Published: January 2009

Current zero measurements are performed for 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz short line fault (L90) interruption tests with a self‐blast interrupting chamber (double‐volume system) which has the interrupting capability up to 245 kV‐50 kA‐50 Hz L90. Lower L90 interruption capability is observed for longer arcing time although very high pressure rise is obtained. It may be caused by higher blowing temperature and lower blowing density for longer arcing time. Interruption criteria and an optimization method of the chamber design are discussed to improve L90 interruption capability with it. The new chambers are designed at 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz to improve gas density in thermal volume for long arcing time. 245 kV‐50 kA‐60 Hz L90 interruptions are performed with the new chamber. The suggested optimization method is an efficient tool for the self‐blast interrupting chamber design although study of computing methods is required to calculate arc conductance around current zero as a direct criterion for L90 interruption capability with higher accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 9–17, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20743
An estimation method of available transfer capabilities from viewpoint of power system transient stability under deregulated environment
Authors: Ichikawa Tomohiko , Ichiyanagi Katsuhiro , Watanabe Reiji , Yukita Kazuto , Goto Yasuyuki , Hoshino Yukio , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Sugimoto Sigeyuki
Published: January 2009

To conduct electric power transactions effectively and to operate a power system efficiently while maintaining reliability under the deregulated environment, it is required that ATC (Available Transfer Capability) be calculated at high speed and with reasonable precision. In order to address this issue, in this paper, an Artificial Neural Network‐based estimation method for evaluating Maximum Transmission Capability (MTC), which is a key step but also a highly time consuming process in ATC, is proposed. It is confirmed through simulation studies that the proposed method is capable of estimating MTC (ATC) with high speed and sufficient precision. Furthermore, the authors examined the reduction of calculation time at learning by using the transient stability index. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 66–73, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20781
Development of voltage sag compensator and UPS using a flywheel induction motor and an engine generator
Authors: Kato Shuhei , Takaku Taku , Sumitani Hideo , Shimada Ryuichi
Published: January 2009

Flywheel energy storage systems are attracting attention as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) from the viewpoint of environmental friendliness and high durability performance. Using a low‐speed, heavy flywheel and a low‐cost squirrel‐cage induction motor/generator, two applications are proposed: (1) an 11‐kW voltage sag compensator using a capacitor self‐excited induction generator without semiconductor converters and (2) a UPS composed of the flywheel system and an engine generator. Based on experimental results, an ideal voltage sag compensator and UPS are realized by the low‐technology flywheel system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 74– 81, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20784
Trinuclear Triangular Copper(II) Clusters – Synthesis, Electrochemical Studies and Catalytic Peroxidative Oxidation of Cycloalkanes
Authors: Di Nicola Corrado , Garau Federica , Karabach Yauhen Y. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Monari Magda , Pandolfo Luciano , Pettinari Claudio , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: January 2009

The reactions of CuII carboxylates (valerate, 2‐methylbutyrate, hexanoate, heptanoate) with pyrazole (Hpz) in EtOH or EtOH/water solutions easily afford the triangular trinuclear copper derivatives [Cu3(μ3‐OH)(μ‐pz)3(RCOO)2(L)x] [R = CH3(CH2)3, L = H2O, x = 1 for 5; R = CH3CH2CH(CH3), L = EtOH, x = 2 for 6; R = CH3(CH2)4, L = EtOH, x = 1 for 7; R = CH3(CH2)5, L = EtOH, x = 1 for 8] as it has been previously found for R = H, L = Hpz, x = 2, (1); R = CH3, L = Hpz, x = 1, (2); R = CH3CH2, L = EtOH, x = 1, (3) and [Cu3(μ3‐OH)(μ‐pz)3(CH3(CH2)2COO)2(MeOH)(H2O)], (4). The trinuclear structure common to 5–8 has been assigned on the basis of magnetic susceptibility studies, ESI MS, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as 1H NMR measurements. The room temp. magnetic susceptibilities of 5–8 almost correspond to the presence of a single unpaired electron for each trinuclear unit. The IR spectra exhibit signals due to the bridging μ3‐OH in accordance with what was observed in the spectra of 1–4. Solid‐state and MeOH solution UV/Vis spectra show the same features previously reported for 1–4 and 1H NMR spectra of 1–8 show almost identical low field signals that can be assigned to pz– hydrogens. A detailed investigation of the supramolecular structures of 1 and 4 and the single‐crystal X‐ray study of the polymeric paddlewheel Cu(2‐methylbutyrate)2, A, are also reported. Electrochemical experiments show that in 1–8 the CuII ions can be reduced, in distinct steps, to CuI and Cu0. All the complexes act as catalysts or catalyst precursors for the efficient peroxidative oxidation, by aqueous hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile and at room temp., of cycloalkanes RH (cyclohexane and cyclopentane) to the corresponding cyclic alcohols and ketones, with overall yields of up to 34 % and TONs up to 42. Radical pathways involving the formation of alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH) are involved.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Zinc(II) Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Species and Their Application for the Ring‐Opening Polymerisation of rac‐Lactide
Authors: Jones Matthew D. , Davidson Matthew G. , Keir Callum G. , Hughes Laura M. , Mahon Mary F. , Apperley David C.
Published: January 2009

Schiff base ligands (L1H–L8H) have been prepared and complexed to ZnII centres. All eight complexes have been characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. It was shown that for L1H and L2H trimetallic complexes of the form Zn3(OAc)4(L1–2)2 were isolated. However, for L3H to L7H monometallic complexes were formed, Zn(L3–7)2. For L8H a trimetallic complex was also isolated with the same stoichiometry as Zn3(OAc)4(L1–2)2 but a different coordination motif was detected. The Schiff base ligand L1H was anchored to silica and treated with Zn(OAc)2·2H2O to form the heterogeneous ZnII system. This was characterised by 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. All homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were assessed for the ring‐opening polymerisation of rac‐lactide at 130 °C in the absence of solvent, using unsublimed monomer. All catalysts offered good conversions and a moderate degree of control.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereoselective Synthesis of Sex Pheromone (R)‐4‐Methyl‐1‐Nonanol: Non‐Cross‐Linked Polystyrene Supported Oxazolidinone as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Lu Cuifen , Li Donglai , Wang Qiuyan , Yang Guichun , Chen Zuxing
Published: January 2009

(R)‐4‐Methyl‐1‐nonanol, the sex pheromone of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor L.), was synthesized by using non‐cross‐linked polystyrene supported oxazolidinone as a chiral auxiliary. The stereoselective synthesis was achieved by asymmetric Michael addition of an organocopper reagent to non‐cross‐linked polystyrene supported N‐crotonoyoxazolidinone, and the target product was obtained in an overall yield of 41.8 % over seven steps with a high enantiomeric excess of 98 %.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Endohedral 1H NMR Chemical Shifts of H2‐, H2O‐ and NH3‐Encapsulated Fullerene Compounds: Accurate Calculation and Prediction
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Wu Ping , Tian Zhi‐Guo
Published: January 2009

The endohedral 1H NMR chemical shifts of various known H2‐ H2O‐ and NH3‐encapsulated fullerene compounds have been calculated at the GIAO‐B3LYP/3‐21G and GIAO‐HF/3‐21G levels of theory with AM1‐ and PM3‐optimized structures. The corrected 1H NMR chemical shifts were calculated from the correlation equation derived from linear regression fitting between calculated and experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts in each case. Comparisons of the regression coefficients, standard deviations, and maximum and mean errors of the corrected chemical shifts obtained by the four methods employed showed that the GIAO‐B3LYP/3‐21G//PM3 method is the best for calculating the endohedral 1H NMR chemical shifts of endofullerenes. The endohedral 1H NMR chemical shifts of any H2‐, H2O‐ or NH3‐encapsulated fullerene compound can be predicted by the correlation equation derived by using the GIAO‐B3LYP/3‐21G//PM3 method. The shift tendency of endohedral 1H NMR chemical shifts are discussed and compared with that of endohedral 3He NMR chemical shifts. The encapsulated H2, H2O or NH3 molecule can be employed as a sensitive NMR probe to investigate the ring currents of fullerene cages and to follow the chemical reactions of endofullerenes at the exterior of the fullerene cage.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
1,1′‐Bi(trishomobarrelenyl) – Synthesis and Chiroptic Properties
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Rauch Karsten , Schrader Bernhard , Brackmann Farina , Pfoh Roland , Rühl Stephan , Katoh Yasunaka , Okamoto Yoshio , Wodrich Matthew D. , Corminboeuf Clémence , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: January 2009

1,1′‐Bi(endo,exo,syn‐pentacyclo[3.3.3.02,4.06,8.09,11]undecyl)[1,1′‐bi(trishomobarrelenyl)] (4) has been prepared as a 1:1 mixture of its meso‐ and d,l‐diastereomers in six steps from trishomobarrelene 1 via the amine 5, the N,N′‐bis(trishomobarrelenyl)sulfamide 6 and the 1,2‐(trishomobarrelenyl)diazene 7 in 16 % overall yield. Crystals of meso‐4 were grown from a pentane solution of the mixture and subjected to an X‐ray structure analysis. The (+)‐ and the (–)‐enantiomer were isolated by HPLC on a chiral‐phase column. They exhibited significantly enhanced molar optical rotations which are consistent with the presence of three helically arranged 1,2‐dicyclopropylethane units in their skeletons. The absolute configuration of the (+)‐enantiomer was assigned on the basis of DFT computed optical rotations of both enantiomers to be all‐(S).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
On the Stereoselectivity of Alkenoxyl Radical 6‐exo‐trig Cyclizations
Authors: Schneiders Nina , Gottwald Thomas , Hartung Jens
Published: January 2009

The investigated set of 6‐exo‐trig cyclizations occurs irreversibly and justifies the use of tetrahydropyran‐derived transition structures for rationalizing 2,6‐cis, 2,5‐trans, and 2,4‐cis stereoselectivity in ring‐closure reactions of 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐phenyl‐6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐1‐oxyl radicals. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Fluorinated Analogues of Amicetose and Rhodinose – Novel Racemic and Asymmetric Routes
Authors: Percy Jonathan M. , Roig Ricard , Singh Kuldip
Published: January 2009

Trifluoroethanol was converted into difluorinated (racemic) analogues of amicetose and rhodinose by metallated difluoroenol acetal chemistry, protection, release of the latent difluoromethyl ketone, stereoselective reduction and ozonolysis in acidic methanol. A fortuitous separation of diastereoisomers allowed the diastereoisomeric pyranoses to be obtained cleanly. Though reductive defluorination allowed a facile entry to the route, the corresponding monofluoro sugar analogues could not be separated. Instead, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation followed by epoxide ring‐opening with an unusual nucleophilic fluoride source allowed enantiomerically highly enriched and selectively protected fluorodiols to be obtained. Ozonolysis then afforded the methyl pyranosides, which could be transformed in a number of ways. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Viewership of pro‐anorexia websites in seventh, ninth and eleventh graders
Authors: Custers Kathleen , Van den Bulck Jan
Published: January 2009

Objective

To examine the prevalence of visiting pro‐anorexia websites by 13‐, 15‐ and 17‐year old adolescents and to explore correlates of visiting such websites and predictors of anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Questionnaire in a sample of 711 secondary school children from the 7th, 9th and 11th grade in Flanders, Belgium.

Results

12.6% of the girls and 5.9% of the boys had visited such websites. In girls, visiting pro‐anorexia websites was associated with a higher drive for thinness, worse perception of appearance and more perfectionism.

Conclusion

The prevalence of visiting pro‐anorexia sites is non‐trivial and the significant correlations between viewership of pro‐ana sites and predictors of AN suggest a potential for negative impact of exposure to pro‐ana sites. We conclude with some speculative remarks on the potential threat of the existence of pro‐ana sites to organized health care. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
What happened to the ones who dropped out? Outcome in eating disorder patients who complete or prematurely terminate treatment
Authors: Björk Tabita , Björck Caroline , Clinton David , Sohlberg Staffan , Norring Claes
Published: January 2009

Introduction

There is a lack of knowledge about the outcome of eating disorder patients who terminate treatment prematurely. The present study followed‐up eating disorder patients who had previously dropped out of treatment and examined clinical status 36 months after intake.

Method

Dropouts (n = 30) were compared with treatment completers (n = 52) on diagnostic status, clinical symptoms, psychosocial adjustment and treatment satisfaction at follow‐up. Patterns of change from intake to follow‐up within groups, as well as between groups, were explored.

Results

No significant differences were found between groups at follow‐up, except for more treatment dissatisfaction reported among dropouts. When patterns of change were examined between groups, patients who completed treatment were found to have made significantly greater changes (less eating disorder symptoms, less psychological problems and more positive self‐image) compared to dropouts.

Discussion

Although no significant differences in outcome were found between dropouts and completers, greater clinical improvement was found among those who completed treatment. The dropouts examined in this study did well despite premature termination of treatment. Clinical and research implications are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Transient analysis of the 161 kU Taiwan‐PengHu submarine power cable system
Authors: Ho Ping‐Heng , Wu Chi‐Jui
Published: January 2009

The 58.9 km, 161 kU Taiwan PengHu submarine power cable system (T‐P‐Cable), the first submarine project of the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) in this level, will be commercially operated in 2012. It is important to analyze the transient behaviors before operation. It is necessary to find the operation strategy to deal with the transients in advance. The EMTP‐ATP was used in this paper to analyze (1) the switched over voltage (SOV) in normal operation, (2) the slow front transients (SFT) voltage in fault contingency, (3) the transient inrush current (TIC) in energizing of the no‐load transformers and shunt reactors, and (4) the transient recover voltage (TRV) in de‐energizing the shunt reactors. The appropriate set of the surge protective device (SPD) to avoid the SOV and SFT has also been investigated. The results show that there is no TIC in energizing the no‐load transformers and shunt reactors. The TRV across the current breaker (CB) contactors is higher than the system TRV when the shunt reactors are de‐energized without using SPD. There is no re‐strike on the CB contactors. The results of this study provide tremendous prior operation experience and advice for the Taipower. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using DCE and ranking data to estimate cardinal values for health states for deriving a preference‐based single index from the sexual quality of life questionnaire
Authors: Ratcliffe Julie , Brazier John , Tsuchiya Aki , Symonds Tara , Brown Martin
Published: January 2009

There is an increasing interest in using data derived from ordinal methods, particularly data derived from discrete choice experiments (DCEs), to estimate the cardinal values for health states to calculate quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Ordinal measurement strategies such as DCE may have considerable practical advantages over more conventional cardinal measurement techniques, e.g. time trade‐off (TTO), because they may not require such a high degree of abstract reasoning. However, there are a number of challenges to deriving the cardinal values for health states using ordinal data, including anchoring the values on the full health–dead scale used to calculate QALYs. This paper reports on a study that deals with these problems in the context of using two ordinal techniques, DCE and ranking, to derive the cardinal values for health states derived from a condition‐specific sexual health measure. The results were compared with values generated using a commonly used cardinal valuation technique, the TTO. This study raises some important issues about the use of ordinal data to produce cardinal health state valuations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of resveratrol analogs on cell cycle progression, cell cycle associated proteins and 5fluoro‐uracil sensitivity in human derived colon cancer cells
Authors: Colin Didier , Gimazane Amandine , Lizard Gérard , Izard Jean‐Claude , Solary Eric , Latruffe Norbert , Delmas Dominique
Published: January 2009

Epidemiological studies suggested that trans‐resveratrol, a wine grape component, could prevent malignant tumor development. This compound also demonstrated cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on tumor cells in vitro. To obtain trans‐resveratrol derivatives with a better cellular uptake and enhanced antiproliferative effects, we synthesized a triacetate derivative as well as an oligomer, ε‐viniferin and its acetylated form, ε‐viniferin penta‐acetate. We also obtained vineatrol, a wine grape shoot extract that associates several polyphenols that may act synergistically, including trans‐resveratrol and ε‐viniferin. We show here that resveratrol triacetate and vineatrol are as efficient as trans‐resveratrol in inducing the accumulation of human colon cancer cells in early S phase of the cell cycle. This effect is associated with a nuclear redistribution of cyclin A and the formation of a cyclin A/cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 complex whose kinase activity is increased. In contrast, ε‐viniferin and its acetylated form do not demonstrate any significant activity on these cells when tested alone. Interestingly, resveratrol triacetate and vineatrol dramatically enhance 5‐Fluoro‐Uracil‐mediated inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation. Thus, acetylated derivatives of resveratrol have retained the cytostatic and cytotoxic activities of the parental molecule and thus deserve to be tested as chemosensitizers in animal models. © 2009 UICC