bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La influencia de Michel Foucault en los movimientos de liberación sexual durante la Transición española
Authors: Galván Valentín
Published: July 2014

En el contexto de la Transición política española se produjo la eclosión definitiva de los movimientos de liberación sexual, vertebrados en torno a la «Coordinadora de Frentes de Liberación Homosexual del Estado Español» (COFLHEE). Este combate sexual, político y social, lo vinculamos con las investigaciones de Michel Foucault sobre las relaciones existentes entre el discurso sobre lo sexual, las prácticas de poder en la sexualidad, y las manifestaciones del placer surgidas —o reprimidas— tanto en el ámbito discursivo como en el ejercicio del sexo.
¿Culminó Zubiri el giro personalista de su filosofía primera?: reconstrucción a debate (a través de Gracia, San Baldomero, Corominas y Pintor Ramos)
Authors: Ortiz de Landázuri Carlos
Published: July 2014

Se reconstruye el debate mantenido entre Gracia, San Baldomero, Corominas y Pintor Ramos acerca del tipo de estrategia moderna, clásica o más bien postmoderna, así como la correspondiente perspectiva ética, metafísica o más bien postmetafísica, desde la que Zubiri (1898-1983) habría elaborado su noción de persona, o más bien personeidad, sin que el cambio terminológico sea en cualquier caso trivial. Este cambio de todos modos habría venido provocado por la pretensión de neutralizar el inevitable carácter paradójico de algunas nociones estrictamente metafísicas de la filosofía primera, como ahora sucede con la noción de substancia, sujeto o persona, que a su vez serán sustituidas por las nociones estrictamente fenomenológicas de substantividad, subjetividad y personeidad, a pesar de dar lugar a nuevos procesos de «reontologización» sin tampoco conseguir resolver todos los problemas que se habían pretendido eliminar. De ahí que Zubiri, tratando de evitarlos, en un momento posterior también llevara a cabo un doble giro retroductivo de tipo ergonómico-sentiente y a la vez intelectual-veritativo, que a su vez mantuvo un cierto paralelismo al doble giro pragmático y a la vez personalista, que también tuvo lugar en numerosas corrientes de la filosofía contemporánea. En este sentido el artículo se interroga no sólo sobre si puede hablarse en Zubiri de un giro personalista de este tipo, con todas las reducciones de tipo fenomenológico que se quieran añadir, sino también si una transformación similar también ocurrió con otras nociones metafísicas que habrían experimentado una reformulación fenomenológica similar, como ahora sucede con los conceptos de verdad, mundo, totalidad con sentido, u horizonte de la comprensión, sin que tampoco en estos casos se trate de un cambio terminológico en sí mismo trivial.
Repensar el hedonismo: de la felicidad en Epicuro a la sociedad hiperconsumista de Lipovetsky
Authors: Román Alcalá Ramón , Montero Ariza María del Mar
Published: July 2014

La búsqueda de la felicidad ha constituido una de las principales preocupaciones del ser humano, y aún hoy esta tarea sigue siendo relevante, pues forma parte de la esencia que nos constituye. Qué sea eso que define dicha felicidad es una cuestión que ha ido variando en el tiempo. La época helenística asumió la tarea filosófica de la búsqueda de la felicidad asociándola a conceptos relacionados con la prudencia, la mesura o la serenidad del alma. En este artículo nos proponemos reflexionar acerca de la noción de felicidad con la que operamos en nuestra sociedad contemporánea; una contemporaneidad definida por la explosión del consumo, la defensa del individualismo y un acuciado progreso tecnológico que hacen que la satisfacción de los placeres sensoriales se asemeje a la auténtica felicidad. Pero ¿proporciona este hedonismo consumista el bienestar completo? De no ser así, ¿es posible la recuperación de un hedonismo responsable que pueda conciliar el consumo con una ética de la felicidad más completa?
Giordano Bruno y la eternidad del mundo
Authors: Granada Miguel Á.
Published: July 2014

En el universo eterno de Giordano Bruno, los mundos particulares y la Tierra son también permanentes. La eternidad a parte ante de la Tierra —tesis en la que Bruno coincide con Aristóteles y se opone a la tradición cristiana— es defendida por el Nolano mediante una crítica de la cronología bíblica y del monogenismo adámico, además de mediante una teoría natural y local de los diluvios. Quedaba el problema, sin embargo, de explicar la limitada memoria histórica de la humanidad. En La cena de las cenizas, diálogo V, Bruno se apoya en el conocido pasaje aristótelico (Meteorologica, I, 14) de los cambios vicisitudinales que acontecen en la superficie terrestre. Mostramos que Bruno amplia la explicación aristotélica asumiendo otros factores de la pérdida de la memoria histórica puestos de relieve por Averroes en su comentario al pasaje aristótelico: la causa natural de los diluvios y la causa humana de «los cambios de lenguas y de escrituras». Este pasaje de Averroes podría ser a su vez la fuente del «effetto della oblivione delle cose» que trata de explicar Maquiavelo en Discorsi, II, 5.
El uso de la metáfora en el Crátilo
Authors: Gil Pérez Raúl
Published: July 2014

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Las instituciones científicas y la sociedad abierta en Telépolis
Authors: Echevarría Javier
Published: July 2014

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Metodología científica y teoría general del lenguaje
Authors: Cózar Escalante José Manuel de
Published: July 2014

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Volver a Asín
Authors: Martínez Lorca Andrés
Published: July 2014

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Recuerdos de Miguel Asín
Authors: Oliver Pérez Dolores
Published: July 2014

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La cultura religiosa en el reinado de 'Abd Al-Rahmân III
Authors: Makki Mahmûd 'Ali
Published: July 2014

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La retórica argumentativa de fray Martín de Velasco (Colombia, siglo XVII)
Authors: Beuchot Mauricio
Published: July 2014

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Nietzsche o la elegía a la cultura estrangulada
Authors: Hermida Lazcano Pablo
Published: July 2014

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Las críticas antropológicas a la teoría intencional del significado
Authors: Bustos Guadaño Eduardo de
Published: July 2014

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La doctrina de las minorías en Ortega y sus críticos
Authors: Lasaga Medina José
Published: July 2014

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La concepción semántica de las teorías científicas
Authors: Díez Calzada José Antonio
Published: July 2014

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De nuevo sobre el desplazamiento del argumento "lógos-ónoma"
Authors: Lizano Miguel
Published: July 2014

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El Camaleón y el Filósofo : Deseo, Bien y Metafísica
Authors: González-Castán Óscar Lucas
Published: July 2014

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La concención kuhniana de la ciencia y la revolución newtoniana en mecánica
Authors: Moulines C. Ulises
Published: July 2014

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Objetos y propiedades
Authors: Alemán Pardo Anastasio
Published: July 2014

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The Reflective Part of Man: Javor Gardev's Bulgarian Shakespeares
Authors: Sokolova Boika
Published: July 2014

The paper offers an overview of the Shakespeare productions of the Bulgarian theatre director Javor Gardev. Starting with his first foray, an adaptation of King John ( Bastard, 2001), through The Tempest (2004), King Lear (2006) and Hamlet (2012), the review examines the development of what might be called his post-Brechtian aesthetics, and the imaginative engagement of his productions with the emotional, moral and social pressures at the places of their origin.
Radium isotopes as a tracer of sediment‐water column exchange in the North Sea
Authors: Burt W. J. , Thomas H. , Pätsch J. , Omar A. M. , Schrum C. , Daewel U. , Brenner H. , de Baar H. J. W.
Published: July 2014

Sediment‐water column exchange plays an important role in coastal biogeochemistry. We utilize short‐lived radium isotopes (224Ra and 223Ra) to understand and quantify the dominant processes governing sediment‐water column exchange throughout the North Sea. Our comprehensive survey, conducted in September 2011, represents the first of its kind conducted in the North Sea. We find that two main sources regulate surface Ra distributions: minor coastal input from rivers and shallow mudflats and North Sea sediments as the dominant source. Pore waters show 100‐fold larger activities than the water column. North Sea sediment characteristics such as porosity and mean grain size, as well as turbulence at the sediment‐water interface, are the dominant factors contributing to variability of Ra efflux. Ra inventory and mass balance approaches consistently yield high benthic Ra effluxes in the southern North Sea, driven by strong tidal and wind mixing, which in turn cause high sediment irrigation rates. These results exceed incubation‐based Ra flux estimates and the majority of previously reported Ra flux estimates for other regions. Ra‐based estimates of benthic alkalinity fluxes compare well to observed values, and the high rates of Ra efflux imply a potentially significant exchange of other products of sedimentary reactions, including carbon and nutrient species. Passive tracer simulations lend strong support to the Ra source attribution and imply seasonal variation in the surface water Ra distribution depending on stratification conditions.
Statistical properties of precipitation as observed by the TRMM precipitation radar
Authors: Yang Song , Nesbitt Stephen W.
Published: July 2014

The statistical properties of tropic‐subtropic precipitation are revealed with 13 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) measurements. About 3% of PR observations are raining pixels. The average daily rainfall over 37.5°N–37.5°S is 1.28, 1.18, and 2.46 mm d−1 for convective, stratiform, and total rain, respectively, indicating 51.85% from convective rain and 48.09% from stratiform rain. The related values are 1.300, 1.272, and 2.573 mm d−1 over ocean and 1.22, 0.97, and 2.19 mm d−1 over land, indicating a convective rain fraction of 50.51% over ocean and 55.77% over land. The 92% (93%) and 73% (55%) of rain events over ocean (land) are from stratiform and convective rain <5 mm h−1, respectively, while the associated rainfall contributions in stratiform and convective rain are 62% (68%) and 27% (15%) over ocean (land). Results demonstrate that contributions from large rain intensity events are very importation in total precipitation, especially over land. The rainfall missed by TRMM PR is mostly light rain and does not significantly impact large‐scale statistics of convective and stratiform rain amount. Light rain will increase the total precipitation by about 10% and, if considered a separate category, decrease the observed convective and stratiform rain contributions about 10% over the PR domain. These statistical properties of precipitation could be utilized as a baseline in the assessment of precipitation from operational numerical weather prediction and climate models.
Spherical harmonic stacking for the singlets of Earth's normal modes of free oscillation
Authors: Chao Benjamin F. , Ding Hao
Published: July 2014

We extend the spherical harmonic stacking (SHS) method of Buland et al. (1979) for the radial (vertical) component in the seismogram to the transverse (horizontal) components of the displacement field. Taking advantage of the orthogonality of the spherical harmonic functions (scalar and vectorial), SHS isolates and accentuates the signals of individual singlets of the Earth's normal modes of free oscillation. We apply the SHS on the broadband Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) seismograms from up to 97 IRIS seismic stations for the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake, in experiments targeted to spheroidal as well as toroidal modes—2S1, 0S3, 2S2, 3S1, 1S3, 0T2, and 0T3. We report the complete resolution of the singlet frequencies of these multiplets, some for the first time, and estimate the singlets' complex frequencies using the frequency domain autoregressive method of Chao and Gilbert (1980). The latter contain useful information to be used in inversions for the 3‐D structure of the Earth's interior.
Properties of the unusually short pulse sequences occurring prior to the first strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Farges Thomas , Rison William , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk
Published: July 2014

We analyze broadband magnetic and electric field measurements of pulse sequences occurring prior to first return strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes. Our observations take place a few tens of kilometers from the thunderstorm but we also report the first simultaneous observations of preliminary breakdown pulses from a distance of 400 km. Their amplitudes reach up to 50% of the corresponding return stroke peak and typically decrease by ~40% during the sequences. A typical time interval between neighboring pulses was several tens of microseconds. We observe an unusually short duration of the prestroke activity (1–7 ms) reported for the first time during a summer thunderstorm, with a low height of initiation (3‐4 km). A very fast propagation speed (~106 m/s) is probably maintained for the entire prestroke process. A possible explanation can be based on a hypothesis of unusually strong negative charge sources in the observed thundercloud.
Observation of double layer in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Volwerk Martin , Du Aimin , Nakamura Rumi , Gonzalez Walter D. , Sun Xuan , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Li Xing , Zhang Tielong , Fazakerley Andrew N. , Huang Can , Wu Mingyu
Published: July 2014

We present in situ observation of double layer (DL) and associated electron measurement in the subspin time resolution in the separatrix region during reconnection for the first time. The DL is inferred to propagate away from the X line at a velocity of about ion acoustic speed and the parallel electric field carried by the DL can reach −20 mV/m. The electron displays a beam distribution inside the DL and streams toward the X line with a local electron Alfvén velocity. A series of electron holes moving toward the X line are observed in the wake of the DL. The identification of multiple similar DLs indicates that they are persistently produced and therefore might play an important role in energy conversion during reconnection. The observation suggests that energy dissipation during reconnection can occur in any region where the DL can reach.
Classical Political Economy
Authors: Stimson Shannon C.
Published: July 2014

The locution, “classical political economy,” was coined by Karl Marx, writing in the first edition ofCapital, volume 1, in order to describe those “economists who, since the time of W[illiam] Petty, have investigated the real internal framework [Zusammenhang] of bourgeois relations of production, as opposed to the vulgar economists who only flounder around with the apparent framework of those relations” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 174–5). Marx's own association with classical political economy was both liminal and critical, characterizing it as belonging to that period in England in which, he argued, “the class struggle was as yet undeveloped” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 96). For Marx, that described a period roughly from the time of Petty'sPolitical Arithmetick(1899 [1690]), through Adam Smith'sAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(1976 [1776]), toThe Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(2005 [1821/1817]) of David Ricardo. The key element common among the “classicals” as Marx characterized them, was recognition of some form of the labor theory of value and the proposition that the keytheoreticalrelations of production to be studied were those between the elements of rent and wages in the early manufactory production, andsocially, those relations among the larger aggregate groupings of society sustained by either rent, wages, or capital (profits), rather than the relations of putative individual actors in the market. Of Ricardo, Marx wrote inCapital, that while his analysis of the magnitude (i.e., measure) of value was “insufficient,” Ricardo had “ultimately (and consciously) made the antagonism of class interests, of wages and profits, of profits and rent, the starting point of his investigations” (Marx 1977 [1867]: 96).
Contingency
Authors: Panagia Davide
Published: July 2014

Contingency is the non‐necessity of rule. It is the name we give to events that have no antecedent cause or predictable effect, and it is the concept we deploy to indicate the possibility for things to be other than they are or seem to be by necessity. Often contrasted with either stability or permanence of a political order, the concept of contingency has received renewed attention in recent years by political theorists, especially given the sense of political instability that the contestation of values in democratic pluralism affords. However, the concept's political genealogy is extensive and may be traced as far back as Machiavelli's discussions of
fortuna
in
The Prince
and even to Plato's metaphysics.
Douglass, Frederick (1818–95)
Authors: Shulman George
Published: July 2014

Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey in February 1818, and died February 1895) was born into slavery, and is one of the greatest of the reformers, orators, writers, and statesmen in American history. Before the Civil War, he was a spokesperson and then leader in the abolitionist movement, actively supported the movement for women's rights, and published abolitionist newspapers; in these antebellum years he remained at risk of being returned to slavery, until supporters purchased his freedom during his first trip to Europe. During the Civil War he used speeches and journalism to argue publicly that Lincoln must declare it a war against slavery and not only secession, formally emancipate slaves, and recruit African Americans to fight in the Union armies. After the Civil War he sought a Reconstruction that would truly emancipate former slaves, and after 1876 he resisted the reimposition of white supremacy. During these many years of intense activism, he was constantly writing: he published a newspaper, initially and most famously called
The North Star
; he delivered hundreds of speeches in the United States as well as Europe; and he wrote three autobiographies.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
(1845),
My Bondage and My Freedom
(1855), and
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(1881) describe his life as a slave and narrate his struggle to be free, but with differences of emphasis that bespeak his lifelong effort to grasp and depict the meaning of freedom.
Fanon, Frantz (1925–61)
Authors: Cocks Joan
Published: July 2014

The ideas and the life of a political thinker have perhaps never been more inextricable than in the case of Frantz Fanon. This ardent champion of anticolonial revolution was born in 1925 to a black and mixed‐race family in Martinique, whose population he later would chastise for marking minute differences in skin color and identifying with the France of its former slave‐owners instead of the Africa of its former slaves. Leaving the island as a teenager to fight for France against the Nazis, Fanon became disillusioned by the racism he discovered under the surface of French universalist ideals.
Foundations of Political Thought
Authors: Donald Moon J.
Published: July 2014

When political theorists refer to the foundations of political theory, what they frequently, perhaps usually, have in mind are the basic or ultimate terms on which a theory is justified, and much of this entry will focus on that issue. But the term “foundations” is also used more broadly to describe or interpret a political theory – how a theory relates to other forms of thought at the time, the core or basic concepts it employs, and the kind of intellectual project it is or purports to be. These uses are related: how a theory is grounded will have much to do with its connection to other forms of thought, to its basic concepts, and with how the theorist understands the point of theorizing. But this notion of “foundations” is much broader than the concern with justification; it points to the fact that political theories are structured, with some concepts and ideas playing more central roles than others, and that they are necessarily articulated within a broader context, which will affect the ways in which the enterprise of political theory is understood. Political theories are shaped by the important cultural, intellectual, and political currents of their time and place, and it is natural to think of these currents as, in a sense, the “foundations” of a political theory.
Strauss, Leo (1899–1973)
Authors: Zuckert Catherine , Zuckert Michael
Published: July 2014

Strauss was one of the pre‐eminent political philosophers of the twentieth century. Most of his work took the form of investigations in the history of political philosophy, but his intentions were not simply those of a historian of ideas. His investigations had a philosophical purpose and even, to a degree, a political purpose. His chief goal in both his historical and his more strictly philosophical writings was the restoration of political philosophy as a meaningful or even urgent enterprise. To that end, he delivered stinging critiques of two modern intellectual movements, positivism and historicism, that made political philosophy impossible. Strauss's historical inquiries led him to put forward a number of highly controversial theses about the course of western philosophical history.
Effect of γ‐Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of LDPE/HCB and LDPE/iPP/HCB Composites
Authors: Ali Zakaria I. , Saleh Hoda H.
Published: July 2014

The influence of γ‐irradiation dose and the concentration of hexachlorobutadiene (HCB) on the thermal and mechanical properties of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and LDPE/isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends have been investigated. Gel fraction, mechanical properties, and morphological evolution of gamma‐irradiated LDPE/HCB and LDPE/iPP/HCB composites were studied. The gel content of LDPE/HCB samples increased with increasing irradiation dose from 150 to 350 kGy and then it slightly decreased at higher irradiation dose (600 kGy). On the other hand, the gel content of LDPE/iPP/HCB (100/0/3, 80/20/3, and 50/50/3 wt%) composites increased gradually with increasing irradiation dose. For LDPE/HCB composites, the tensile strength increases gradually with increasing either the irradiation dose or HCB content. The tensile strength of LDPE/iPP/HCB blend formulations increased with increasing either the irradiation dose or iPP content. The addition of iPP to the LDPE matrix increased the thermal temperature parameters of composites as well as the incorporation of the HCB agent. The thermal stability of LDPE/iPP/HCB composites is higher than that of LDPE/HCB.
Metal‐Free Dihydrogen Oxidation by a Borenium Cation: A Combined Electrochemical/Frustrated Lewis Pair Approach
Authors: Lawrence Elliot J. , Herrington Thomas J. , Ashley Andrew E. , Wildgoose Gregory G.
Published: July 2014

In order to use H2 as a clean source of electricity, prohibitively rare and expensive precious metal electrocatalysts, such as Pt, are often used to overcome the large oxidative voltage required to convert H2 into 2 H+ and 2 e−. Herein, we report a metal‐free approach to catalyze the oxidation of H2 by combining the ability of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to heterolytically cleave H2 with the in situ electrochemical oxidation of the resulting borohydride. The use of the NHC‐stabilized borenium cation [(IiPr2)(BC8H14)]+ (IiPr2=C3H2(NiPr)2, NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) as the Lewis acidic component of the FLP is shown to decrease the voltage required for H2 oxidation by 910 mV at inexpensive carbon electrodes, a significant energy saving equivalent to 175.6 kJ mol−1. The NHC–borenium Lewis acid also offers improved catalyst recyclability and chemical stability compared to B(C6F5)3, the paradigm Lewis acid originally used to pioneer our combined electrochemical/frustrated Lewis pair approach.
[HCo(CO)4]‐Catalyzed Three‐component Cycloaddition of Epoxides, Imines, and Carbon Monoxide: Facile Construction of 1,3‐Oxazinan‐4‐ones
Authors: Liu Lixia , Sun Huailin
Published: July 2014

The three‐component [3+2+1] cycloaddition of epoxides, imines, and carbon monoxide to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones has been developed by using [HCo(CO)4] as the catalyst. The reaction occurs for a wide variety of imines and epoxides, under 60 bar of CO pressure at 50 °C, to produce 1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐ones with different substitution patterns in high yields, and provides an efficient and atom‐economic route to heterocycles from simple and readily available starting materials. A plausible mechanism involves [HCo(CO)4]‐induced ring‐opening of the epoxide, followed by sequential addition of carbon monoxide and the imine, and then ring closure to form the product accompanied by regeneration of [HCo(CO)4].
Fluorescence Sensing of Amine Vapors Using a Cationic Conjugated Polymer Combined with Various Anions
Authors: Rochat Sébastien , Swager Timothy M.
Published: July 2014

A series of conjugated cationic polymers, differentiated only by their accompanying counter‐anions, was prepared and characterized. The choice of counter‐anion (CA) was found to drastically impact the solubility of the polymers and their optical properties in solution and in the solid state. Fluorescent polymer thin films were found to be instantaneously quenched by volatile amines in the gas phase at low ppm concentrations, and a mini‐array with CAs as variable elements was found to be able to differentiate amines with good fidelity.
Influence of change in ether structure on the low temperature dielectric relaxation of some poly(ether imide)
Authors: Eastmond Geoffrey C. , Paprotny Jerzy , Pethrick Richard A. , Santamaria‐Mendia Fernan
Published: July 2014

Broad band dielectric relaxation spectra are reported on a range of polymers created by varying the ether segment in a series of poly(ether imide)s. Changes in the structure allow the effects of steric constraints on the local conformational dynamics of the polymer chain to be explored. These changes have a significant effect on the glass transition temperatures of these polymers which range from 245 to over 420°C. In contrast, the low temperature dielectric relaxation behavior of these polymers is very similar and is attributed to cooperative local oscillatory—librational motions. Changes in the stereochemistry effect the amplitude, activation energy for the relaxation process, the packing chain density, and values of the high frequency limiting permittivity, ε∞′. This latter parameter is sensitive to the extent of dipole induced dipole and π‐π electron interactions and is influenced by the packing density. The magnitude of ε∞′ is a very important parameter in determining the suitability of poly(imide)s for electrical applications. The magnitude of ε∞′ increases with the density; however, deviations from this general trend are observed when large nonpolar groups inhibit the interaction of neighboring chains. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41191.
Green Pricing in the Asia Pacific: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?
Authors: Burke Paul J.
Published: July 2014

This article discusses the potential benefits of an enhanced use of externality pricing schemes in the Asia Pacific. Prices on emissions and congestion could ameliorate the negative effects of underpriced resource use, be pro‐poor and improve fiscal capacities. The main implementation challenges are political and institutional. Lessons are drawn from recent experiences in environmental taxation and the removal of fossil fuel subsidies.
Analyzing the interaction patterns in a faceted search interface
Authors: Niu Xi , Hemminger Bradley
Published: July 2014

Since the adoption of faceted search in a small number of academic libraries in 2006, faceted search interfaces have gained popularity in academic and public libraries. This article clarifies whether faceted search improves the interactions between searchers and library catalogs and sheds light on ways that facets are used during a library search. To study searchers' behaviors in natural situations, we collected from the servers a data set with more than 1.5 million useful search logs. Logs were parsed, statistically analyzed, and manually studied using visualization tools to gain a general understanding of how facets are used in the search process. A user experiment with 24 subjects was conducted to further understand contextual information, such as the searchers' motivations and perceptions. The results indicate that most searchers were able to understand the concept of facets naturally and easily. The faceted search was not able to shorten the search time but was able to improve the search accuracy. Facets were used more for open‐ended tasks and difficult tasks that require more effort to learn, investigate, and explore. Overall, the results weaved a detailed “story” about the ways that people use facets and the ways that facets help people use library catalogs.
Chromosomal integration of hyaluronic acid synthesis (has) genes enhances the molecular weight of hyaluronan produced in Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Hmar Rothangmawi Victoria , Prasad Shashi Bala , Jayaraman Guhan , Ramachandran Kadathur B.
Published: July 2014

Microbial production of hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive substitute for extraction of this biopolymer from animal tissues. Natural producers such as Streptococcus zooepidemicus are potential pathogens; therefore, production of HA by recombinant bacteria that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms is a viable alternative that is being extensively explored. However, plasmid‐based expression systems for HA production by recombinant bacteria have the inherent disadvantage of reduced productivity because of plasmid instability. To overcome this problem, the HA synthesis genes (hasA‐hasB and hasA‐hasB‐hasC) from has‐operon of S. zooepidemicus were integrated into the chromosome of Lactococcus lactis by site‐directed, double‐homologous recombination developing strains VRJ2AB and VRJ3ABC. The chromosomal integration stabilized the genes and obviated the instability observed in plasmid‐expressed recombinant strains. The genome‐integrated strains produced higher molecular weight (3.5–4 million Dalton [MDa]) HA compared to the plasmid‐expressed strains (2 MDa). High molecular weight HA was produced when the intracellular concentration of uridine diphosphate N‐acetylglucosamine (UDP‐GlcNAc) and uridine diphosphate‐glucuronic acid (UDP‐GlcUA) was almost equal and hasA to hasB ratio was low. This work suggests an optimal approach to obtain high molecular weight HA in recombinant strains.
Size‐selective DNA separation: Recovery spectra help determine the sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations required
Authors: He Zhangyong , Xu Hong , Xiong Min , Gu Hongchen
Published: July 2014

In the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), DNA fragments can be size‐selectively separated by varying the final concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG). This separation strategy in combination with the use of paramagnetic particles provides a valuable platform for achieving the desired DNA size interval, which is important in automated library preparation for high‐throughput DNA sequencing. Here, we report the establishment of recovery spectra of DNA fragments that enable the determination of suitable NaCl and PEG concentrations for size‐selective separation. Firstly, at a given NaCl concentration, the recovery equation was obtained by fitting the DNA recovery ratios versus the PEG concentrations using the logistic function to determine the required parameters. Secondly, the slope function of the recovery equation was achieved by deducing its first derivative. Therefore, the recovery spectrum can be generated using the slope function based on those parameters. According to the recovery spectra of different length DNA fragments, suitable NaCl and PEG concentrations can be determined, respectively, by calculating their resolution values and recovery ratios. The strategy was effectively applied to the size‐selective separation of 532‐, 400‐, and 307‐bp fragments at the selected reagent concentrations with recoveries of 96.9, 64.7, and 85.9%, respectively. Our method enables good predictions of NaCl and PEG concentrations for size‐selective DNA separation.
Adaptation Measures of Energy and Utility Companies to Cope with Water Scarcity Induced by Climate Change
Authors: Gasbarro Federica , Rizzi Francesco , Frey Marco
Published: July 2014

Resource‐intensive business plays a fundamental role in causing climate change through the emission of large amounts of GHGs (greenhouse gases), and, in turn, climate‐induced physical changes affect companies. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather and climate events (IPCC, 2012). Droughts represent a major challenge for energy and water businesses, in terms of both exacerbation of dry climates and increase in the number of territories that experience water shortage. On the basis of an analysis of the energy and utility companies operating in different continents, the objective of this empirical research is twofold: on the one hand, it examines how these companies perceive the changes in water availability induced by climate change (as well as the potential impacts on business); on the other hand, it analyses the corresponding measures that these companies adopt to cope with changes in hydrology and water resources driven by climate change. Data from the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) provide valuable information about business climate‐related responses of several of the world's largest firms. Our results show that, in the energy and water sectors, some adaptive measures are starting to be implemented to deal not only with the risks but also with the opportunities related to climate‐induced physical changes, thus leading to interesting innovation. The paper concludes that anticipated positive effects could drive energy and utility companies towards a proactive stance to achieve a competitive advantage and trigger innovative trajectories. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Increasing the Reaction Rate of Hydroxynitrile Lyase fromHevea brasiliensistoward Mandelonitrile by Copying Active Site Residues from an Esterase that Accepts Aromatic Esters
Authors: von Langermann Jan , Nedrud David M. , Kazlauskas Romas J.
Published: July 2014

The natural substrate of hydroxynitrile lyase from rubber tree (HbHNL,Hevea brasiliensis) is acetone cyanohydrin, but synthetic applications usually involve aromatic cyanohydrins such as mandelonitrile. To increase the activity ofHbHNL toward this unnatural substrate, we replaced active site residues inHbHNL with the corresponding ones from esterase SABP2 (salicylic acid binding protein 2). Although this enzyme catalyzes a different reaction (hydrolysis of esters), its natural substrate (methyl salicylate) contains an aromatic ring. Three of the eleven single‐amino‐acid‐substitution variants ofHbHNL reacted more rapidly with mandelonitrile. The best wasHbHNL‐L121Y, with akcat4.2 times higher and high enantioselectivity. Site‐saturation mutagenesis at position 121 identified three other improved variants. We hypothesize that the smaller active site orients the aromatic substrate more productively.
A General Method for Preparing Bridged Organosilanes with Pendant Functional Groups and Functional Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Bürglová Kristýna , Noureddine Achraf , Hodačová Jana , Toquer Guillaume , Cattoën Xavier , Wong Chi Man Michel
Published: July 2014

New organosilica precursors containing two triethoxysilyl groups suitable for the organosilica material formation through the sol‐gel process were designed and synthesised. These precursors display alkyne or azide groups for attaching targeted functional groups by copper‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and can be used for the preparation of functional organosilicas following two strategies: 1) the functional group is first appended by CuAAC under anhydrous conditions, then the functional material is prepared by the sol‐gel process; 2) the precursor is first subjected to the sol‐gel process, producing porous, clickable bridged silsesquioxanes or periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), then the desired functional groups are attached by means of CuAAC. Herein, we show the feasibility of both approaches. A series of bridged bis(triethoxysilane)s with different pending organic moieties was prepared, demonstrating the compatibility of the first approach with many functional groups. In particular, we demonstrate that organic functional molecules bearing only one derivatisation site can be used to produce bridged organosilanes and bridged silsesquioxanes. In the second approach, clickable PMOs and porous bridged silsesquioxanes were prepared from the alkyne‐ or azide‐containing precursors, and thereafter, functionalised with complementary model azide‐ or alkyne‐containing molecules. These results confirmed the potential of this approach as a general methodology for preparing functional organosilicas with high loadings of functional groups. Both approaches give rise to a wide range of new functional organosilica materials.
Synthesis of Indolyldiketopiperazines with NBS
Authors: Ma Yangmin , Ren Decheng , Wu Hao , Zhang Jin , Feng Tingting , Li Yanchao
Published: July 2014

Two series of indolyldiketopiperazines were synthesized starting from methyl 1‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate hydrochlorides via N‐bromo‐succinimide (NBS) as an important reagent. All eight compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms of NBS‐reacted rearrangements are also discussed. Chirality 26:790–792, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An exchangeable Kendall's tau for clustered data
Authors: Romdhani Hela , Lakhal‐Chaieb Lajmi , Rivest Louis‐Paul
Published: July 2014

This article introduces the exchangeable Kendall's tau as a nonparametric intraclass association measure in a clustered data frame and studies the sampling properties of an estimator of this quantity. Its asymptotic distribution is derived under a multivariate exchangeable model. Two applications of the proposed statistic are considered. The first is an estimator of the intraclass correlation coefficient for data drawn from an elliptical distribution. The asymptotic properties of this estimator are investigated under an extended random effects ANOVA model. The second is a semiparametric intraclass independence test based on the exchangeable Kendall's tau whose performance is assessed using Pitman efficiencies and a Monte Carlo study. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 384–403; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Cardiac Repolarization Abnormalities Among Patients With Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Sherif Khaled A. , Abo‐Salem Elsayed , Panikkath Ragesh , Nusrat Musab , Tuncel Meryem
Published: July 2014

Background

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of life‐threatening cardiovascular arrhythmias. Although these arrhythmias are usually secondary to structural heart diseases that are commonly associated with CKD, a significant proportion of cases with sudden cardiac death have no obvious structural heart disease. This study aims to explore the relationship of cardiac repolarization in patients with CKD and worsening kidney function.

Hypothesis

There is cardiac repolarization abnormalities among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Methods

This was a retrospective, chart‐review study of admissions or clinic visits to a university hospital between 2005 and 2010 by patients with a diagnosis of CKD. Inclusion criteria selected patients who had 12‐lead surface electrocardiography (ECG), renal function tests within 24 hours, and transthoracic echocardiography within 6 months. Cases with a documented etiology for the corrected Qt (Qtc) interval prolongation including structural heart disease, QT prolonging drugs, or relevant disease conditions, were excluded.

Results

Our sample size was 154 ECGs. Two‐thirds of patients with CKD had QTc interval prolongation, and about 20% had a QTc interval >500 ms. QTc interval was significantly different and increased with each successive stage of CKD using the Bazett (P < 0.006) or Fridericia (P = 0.03) formula. QTc interval correlated significantly with serum creatinine (P = 0.01). These finding were independent of age, gender, potassium, and calcium concentrations.

Conclusions

The progression of CKD resulted in a significant delay of cardiac repolarization, independent of other risk factors. This effect may potentially increase the risk of sudden cardiac death, and may also increase the susceptibility of drug‐induced arrhythmia.
Outcomes Associated With Fractional Flow‐Guided Revascularization: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Bavry Anthony A. , Elgendy Islam Y. , Petersen John W.
Published: July 2014

Background

Deferral of revascularization for abnormal but nonischemic lesions is usually recommended; however, the long‐term outcome of this approach is not well known.

Hypothesis

Deferral of nonischemic lesions will be associated with a low frequency of adverse events.

Methods

A PubMed search of the MEDLINE database identified studies that reported clinical outcomes among patients who had fractional flow reserve‐guided revascularization. We further categorized studies into 2 subgroups: left main and non–left main coronary artery lesions. Baseline demographics and clinical outcome data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers. Fixed and random effects summary risk ratios were constructed using Mantel‐Haenszel and DerSimonian‐Laird models, respectively. The primary outcome was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization.

Results

From 741 potential studies, 17 were included in the meta‐analysis (n = 2975 participants), 8 in the left main subgroup (n = 595) and 9 studies (n = 2380) in non–left main subgroup. In the left main subgroup, the incidence of the composite outcome was 15.3% in the no‐ischemia/deferral group vs 14.3% in the ischemia/revascularization group (risk ratio [RR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76‐1.68, P = 0.54, I2 = 3.7%). In the non–left main subgroup, the incidence of the composite outcome was 9.2% in the no‐ischemia/deferral group vs 18.8% in the ischemia/revascularization group (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.34‐0.52, P < 0.0001, I2 = 20.7%).

Conclusions

Patients with left main coronary disease had a relatively high incidence of adverse cardiovascular events, which was similar in both the deferral and revascularization groups. In patients with non–left main disease, ischemia was associated with worse outcomes despite revascularization.
Regime Shifts and Resilience of the Lake Taihu Social‐Ecological System Under Long‐term External Disturbance (1960s–2000s)
Authors: Xu Delin , Cai Ying , Wu Xiaoqing , Jiang Hao , Leng Xin , An Shuqing
Published: July 2014

The assessment of regime shifts and resilience variations are powerful analytical approaches for understanding the dynamics of social‐ecological systems (SESs) over time. Here, we used a sequential t‐test algorithm for analyzing regime shifts and system resilience coefficient (SRC) to assess the state of Lake Taihu, a shallow lake in China that has experienced long‐term external disturbances. The results showed that the Lake Taihu SES underwent a regime shift in the early of 1990s, and the development states of Lake Taihu SES can be divided into four stages: normal development stage (1960 to the late 1960s), preliminary degradation stage (the late 1960s to the late 1980s), disorder stage (the late1980s to the late 1990s), and reorganization stage (the late 1990s to the 2000s). The SRC declined gradually from 1960, reached its lowest point in 1990, and then slowly began to improve. Our results implied that the loss of system resilience resulted in the regime shift of the Lake Taihu SES essentially. Adaptive management that focuses on the gradual and fundamental variations should be adopted to prevent SESs from shifting to undesirable states.
Effect of the Cationic Surfactant Moiety on the Structure of Water Entrapped in Two Catanionic Reverse Micelles Created from Ionic Liquid‐Like Surfactants
Authors: Villa Cristian C. , Silber Juana J. , Correa N. Mariano , Falcone R. Darío
Published: July 2014

The behavior of water entrapped in reverse micelles (RMs) formed by two catanionic ionic liquid‐like surfactants, benzyl‐n‐hexadecyldimethylammonium 1,4‐bis‐2‐ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT‐BHD) and cetyltrimethylammonium 1,4‐bis‐2‐ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT‐CTA), was investigated by using dynamic (DLS) and static (SLS) light scattering, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which AOT‐CTA has been used to create RMs and encapsulate water. DLS and SLS results revealed the formation of RMs in benzene and the interaction of water with the RM interface. From FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy data, a difference in the magnitude of the water–catanionic surfactant interaction at the interface is observed. For the AOT‐BHD RMs, a strong water–surfactant interaction can be invoked whereas for AOT‐CTA this interaction seems to be weaker. Consequently, more water molecules interact with the interface in AOT‐BHD RMs with a completely disrupted hydrogen‐bond network, than in AOT‐CTA RMs in which the water structure is partially preserved. We suggest that the benzyl group present in the BHD+ moiety in AOT‐BHD is responsible for the behavior of the catanionic interface in comparison with the interface created in AOT‐CTA. These results show that a simple change in the cationic component in the catanionic surfactant promotes remarkable changes in the RMs interface with interesting consequences, in particular when using the systems as nanoreactors.
Working on the Edge: Stresses and Rewards of Work in a Front‐line Mental Health Service
Authors: Bowden Gillian Elaine , Smith Joanna Christina Elizabeth , Parker Pamela Anne , Boxall Matthew James Christian
Published: July 2014

This study sought to investigate frontline mental health professionals' perceptions of work stress and the rewards and demands associated with their work. Locally known as ‘linkworkers’, and from a variety of professional backgrounds, these staff worked mainly in general practice settings. Individual interviews were conducted with nine linkworkers, and the interview transcripts were analysed thematically. The main themes identified were the following: demands, coping, individual resilience, ownership and creativity, boundaries, secure base and service philosophy and ethos. Themes, categories and sub categories were presented and discussed with seven of the linkworkers in two focus groups. Focus group transcripts were analysed, and additional themes of recognizing limitations, disillusionment and the dilemma of setting boundaries were identified. These themes overlapped with those previously identified but were associated with service changes over time. The themes of ownership and creativity and service philosophy and ethos are significant, not only in relation to their impact on individual linkworkers but also in terms of their relevance for establishing and maintaining morale, engagement and a reflective culture within a service. The relevance of this work to accessible and newly developing mental health services is considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Supporting and listening to staff and allowing time for informal contact are valued by staff and enable the provision of empathic, compassionate services.

Without space for reflection, staff groups may be vulnerable to the development and effects of unhelpful organizational defences, which reduce the effectiveness, quality and efficiency of caring services and increase perceived workplace stress.

Services which foster staff engagement, ownership and creativity and employ “bottom up” approaches to service development are valued by staff and appear to increase staff morale and capacity to cope adaptively to change.