bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pawpaw Pulp (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) at Different Ripening Stages
Authors: Nam Jin‐Sik , Park Seo‐Yeon , Oh Hye‐Jun , Jang Hye‐Lim , Rhee Young Ha
Published: December 2018

In this study, the phenolic components, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, of the ripe and unripe fruit of pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) extracted using five different solvents (distilled water, 95% methanol, 80% methanol, 95% ethanol, and 80% ethanol) were analyzed. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the 95% ethanol (149.50 mg CAE/g) and 80% ethanol (5.62 mg RE/g) extracts of the unripe fruit, respectively. Analysis of 17 phenolic compounds in pawpaw extracts revealed that epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and p‐coumaric acid were the as major compounds, and the amounts of all components significantly decreased with the ripening (P < 0.05). In all antioxidant assays, the 95% ethanol extract of the unripe fruit showed the highest antioxidant activity (EC50 0.22 to 0.93 mg/mL). The pawpaw extracts were more sensitive against Corynebacterium xerosis and Clostridium perfringens. In particular, the 95% ethanol extract of the ripe fruit notably inhibited C. xerosis growth, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.56 mg/mL. These results showed that the unripe fruit of pawpaw has abundant phenolic compounds and superior antioxidant activity, and that the 95% ethanol extract of the ripe fruit shows strong inhibitory activity against various microorganisms. Therefore, pawpaw fruit can be utilized as an attractive source of nutrients and therapeutic agents.

Practical Application

In this study, we identified that the unripe fruit of pawpaw is rich in phenolic compounds and shows strong antioxidant activities. The 95% ethanol extract of the ripe fruit showed strong high inhibitory effect against various microorganisms. These results suggest that pawpaw fruit can serve as a source of antioxidants and delay the aging process. In addition, the fruit could also potentially be utilized as a potential antimicrobial agent.
Allergy inhibitory receptor‐1 inhibits autoantibody production via upregulation of apoptotic debris clearance by macrophages
Authors: Iizuka Akira , Segawa Seiji , Kondo Yuya , Kaneko Shunta , Yokosawa Masahiro , Furuyama Kotona , Miki Haruka , Tahara‐Hanaoka Satoko , Shibuya Akira , Tsuboi Hiroto , Goto Daisuke , Matsumoto Isao , Shibayama Shiro , Sumida Takayuki
Published: December 2018

Aim

Allergy inhibitory receptor‐1 (Allergin‐1) is a newly identified immune regulatory molecule thought to influence autoantibody production. Autoantibody production, like that observed in Allergin‐1‐deficient mice, is crucial in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The purpose of this study is to clarify the regulatory role of Allergin‐1‐mediated autoantibody production using a murine model of thymocytic anaphylaxis.

Methods

C57BL/6 (WT) and Allergin‐1‐deficient mice were treated with apoptotic cells from naive thymocytes stimulated by dexamethasone. Antibody titers of total or immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass of anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) and anti‐histone antibody from serum were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophages from wild‐type (WT) or Allergin‐1‐deficient mice were co‐cultured with fluorescence‐labeled apoptotic thymocytes or fluorogenic reagent and resultant phagocytic activity was quantified by with flow cytometry.

Results

After apoptotic cells injection, antibody titers of total and IgG3 anti‐dsDNA and total anti‐histone from serum were significantly increased in Allergin‐1‐deficient versus WT mice. Phagocytic activity was significantly lower in macrophages from Allergin‐1‐deficient mice versus WT mice.

Conclusion

Allergin‐1 might play an inhibitory role in autoantibody production via upregulation of macrophage phagocytosis.
Preventing secondary exposure to women from men applying a novel nestorone/testosterone contraceptive gel
Authors: Yuen F. , Wu S. , Thirumalai A. , Swerdloff R. S. , Page S. T. , Liu P. Y. , Dart C. , Wu H. , Blithe D. L. , Sitruk‐Ware R. , Long J. , Bai F. , Hull L. , Bremner W. J. , Anawalt B. D. , Wang C.
Published: December 2018

Background

Testosterone (T)/Nestorone (NES) combination gel is a potential transdermal male contraceptive that suppresses gonadotropins and spermatogenesis. Transfer of transdermal T from men to women can be prevented by washing or covering application sites with clothing.

Objectives

We hypothesized that showering or wearing a shirt over gel application sites would prevent secondary exposure of T and NES to a woman after close skin contact.

Materials and methods

Twelve healthy male and 12 healthy female participants were recruited. Men applied T/NES 62 mg/8 mg gel to their shoulders and upper arms. Two hours after application, female partners rubbed the application site for 15 min. Exposure in the female partner was assessed under three conditions: a shirt covered the application site; the man showered prior to skin contact; or without intervention to reduce transfer. Serum T and NES concentrations were measured by LC‐MS/MS in serial blood samples for 24 h after gel exposure.

Main Outcomes

Change in female serum T and NES levels as measured by average concentration over 24 h (Cavg).

Results

Median female serum T Cavg was 23.9 ng/dL (interquartile range, 19.3, 33.9) with the shirt barrier and 26.7 ng/dL (20.7, 33.9) after showering, which was higher than baseline 20.9 ng/dL (16.7, 25.0), both p < 0.03) but lower than without intervention (58.2 ng/dL [30.9, 89.1], both p < 0.01). Female serum NES Cavg and maximum concentration were below the lower limit of quantification with the shirt barrier and after showering, but increased without intervention in six of 12 women (maximum concentration <60 pg/mL). Men had lower average serum NES levels after showering (47 pg/ml [20, 94] compared to no intervention (153.3 pg/mL [51, 241], p < 0.02).

Conclusion

Secondary transfer of T and NES occurs after intensive skin contact with the gel application site. Secondary transfer is decreased by a shirt barrier or showering before contact.
Clinical characteristics of men complaining of premature ejaculation together with erectile dysfunction: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rastrelli G. , Cipriani S. , Corona G. , Vignozzi L. , Maggi M.
Published: December 2018

Background

Premature ejaculation (PE) is present in up to 30% of men with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Objectives

To assess the clinical features of men complaining of both ED and PE (ED‐PE) as compared to men reporting only ED or PE.

Materials and methods

A consecutive series of 4024 men (mean age 51.2 ± 13.2 years) consulting for sexual dysfunction was studied. The population was categorized into ED‐only (n = 2767; 68.8%), PE‐only (n = 475; 1.8%), and ED‐PE (n = 782; 19.4%). Sexual symptoms were evaluated using the structured interviews SIEDY and ANDROTEST. Penile color Doppler ultrasound (PDCU) parameters were also assessed.

Results

When compared to PE alone, ED‐PE reported more sexual complaints, including impaired morning erections [OR = 5.8 (4.1; 8.3)], decreased sexual desire [OR = 2.6 (1.8; 3.7)], decreased ejaculate volume [OR = 2.7 (1.8; 4.0)], and reduced frequency of sexual intercourse [OR = 1.4 (1.0; 2.0)]. Conversely, ED‐PE and ED‐only men had a similar prevalence of sexual symptoms. In ED‐PE men, the characteristics of ED were similar to ED‐only men, whereas the characteristics of PE were milder than in PE‐only men. ED‐PE men had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular (CV) diseases [OR = 1.8 (1.1; 3.0), 2.7 (1.3; 5.6) and 2.7 (1.1; 6.5), respectively] than PE‐only subjects. Moreover, ED‐PE men showed worse dynamic peak systolic velocity at PDCU [B = −12.0 (−17.7; −6.2)] and a greater 10‐year estimated CV risk [B = 3.8 (2.5; 5.1)] than PE‐only patients. Conversely, comorbidities and PDCU parameters were similar in ED‐PE and ED‐only men.

Discussion

The present results suggest that men reporting ED and PE should be considered as patients with ED‐only, at least at first glance. Consequently, the diagnosis—including the CV risk stratification—and treatment should be primarily focused on the erectile problem.

Conclusions

Erectile dysfunction‐PE patients present several similarities with those consulting only for ED, whereas their characteristics are different from PE‐only men. In agreement with the guidelines, our results confirm that ED‐PE men might be considered (and managed) primarily as patients with ED.
A role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Skat‐Rørdam Josephine , Højland Ipsen David , Lykkesfeldt Jens , Tveden‐Nyborg Pernille
Published: December 2018

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming a major health burden, as prevalence increases and there are no approved treatment options. Thiazolidinediones target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and have been investigated in several clinical trials for their potential in treating non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PPARγ has specialized roles in distinct tissues and cell types, and although the primary function of PPARγ is in adipose tissue, where the highest expression levels are observed, hepatic expression levels of PPARγ are significantly increased in patients with NAFLD. Thus, NAFLD patients receiving treatment with PPARγ agonists might have a liver response apart from the one in adipose tissue. Owing to the different roles of PPARγ, new treatment strategies include development of compounds harnessing the beneficial effects of PPARγ while restricting PPARγ unwanted effects such as adipogenesis resulting in weight gain. Furthermore, dual or pan agonists targeting two or more of the PPARs have shown promising results in pre‐clinical research and some are currently proceeding to clinical trials. This MiniReview explores adipose‐ and liver‐specific actions of PPARγ, and how this knowledge may contribute in the search for new treatment modalities in NAFLD/NASH.
Altered T cell receptor beta repertoire patterns in pediatric ulcerative colitis
Authors: Werner L , Nunberg M Y , Rechavi E , Lev A , Braun T , Haberman Y , Lahad A , Shteyer E , Schvimer M , Somech R , Weiss B , Lee Y N , Shouval D S
Published: December 2018

The antigenic specificity of T cells occurs via generation and rearrangement of different gene segments producing a functional T cell receptor (TCR). High-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows in-depth assessment of TCR repertoire patterns. There are limited data concerning whether TCR repertoires are altered in inflammatory bowel disease. We hypothesized that pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) patients possess unique TCR repertoires, resulting from clonotypical expansions in the gut. Paired blood and rectal samples were collected from nine newly diagnosed treatment-naive pediatric UC patients and four healthy controls. DNA was isolated to determine the TCR-β repertoire by HTS. Significant clonal expansion was demonstrated in UC patients, with inverse correlation between clinical disease severity and repertoire diversity in the gut. Using different repertoire variables in rectal biopsies, a clear segregation was observed between patients with severe UC, those with mild–moderate disease and healthy controls. Moreover, the overlap between autologous blood–rectal samples in UC patients was significantly higher compared with overlap among controls. Finally, we identified several clonotypes that were shared in either all or the majority of UC patients in the colon. Clonal expansion of TCR-β-expressing T cells among UC patients correlates with disease severity and highlights their involvement in mediating intestinal inflammation.
Developmental mutant mouse models for external genitalia formation
Authors: Hashimoto Daiki , Hyuga Taiju , Acebedo Alvin R. , Alcantara Mellissa C. , Suzuki Kentaro , Yamada Gen
Published: December 2018

Development of external genitalia and perineum is the subject of developmental biology as well as toxicology and teratology researches. Cloaca forms in the lower (caudal) end of endoderm. Such endodermal epithelia and surrounding mesenchyme interact with various signals to form the external genitalia. External genitalia (the anlage termed as genital tubercle: GT) formation shows prominent sexually dimorphic morphogenesis in late embryonic stages, which is an unexplored developmental research field because of many reasons. External genitalia develop adjacent to the cloaca which develops urethra and corporal bodies. Developmental regulators including growth factor signals are necessary for epithelia‐mesenchyme interaction (EMI) in posterior embryos including the cloaca and urethra in the genitalia. In the case of male type urethra, formation of tubular urethra proceeds from the lower (ventral) side of external genitalia as a masculinization process in contrast to the case of female urethra. Mechanisms for its development are not elucidated yet due to the lack of suitable mutant mouse models. Because of the recent progresses of Cre (recombinase)‐mediated conditional target gene modification analyses, many developmental regulatory genes become increasingly analyzed. Conditional gene knockout mouse approaches and tissue lineage approaches are expected to offer vital information for such sexually dimorphic developmental processes. This review aims to offer recent updates on the progresses of these emerging developmental processes for the research field of congenital anomalies.
Re‐fixation and perseveration patterns in neglect patients during free visual exploration
Authors: Paladini Rebecca E. , Wyss Patric , Kaufmann Brigitte C. , Urwyler Prabitha , Nef Tobias , Cazzoli Dario , Nyffeler Thomas , Müri René M.
Published: December 2018

The literature suggests that neglect patients not only show impairments in directing attention toward the left, contralesional space, but also present with perseverative behavior. Moreover, previous studies described re‐fixations during visual search tasks, and interpreted this finding as an impairment of spatial working memory. The aim of the present study was to study re‐fixations and perseverations (i.e., recurrent re‐fixations to same locations) during free visual exploration, a task with high ecological validity. We hypothesized that: (1) neglect patient would perform re‐fixations more frequently than healthy controls within the right hemispace; and, (2) the re‐fixation behavior of neglect patients would be characterized by perseverative fixations. To test these hypotheses, we assessed 22 neglect patients and 23 healthy controls, measuring their eye movements during free exploration of naturalistic pictures. The results showed that neglect patients tend to re‐fixate locations within the ipsilesional hemispace when they freely explore naturalistic pictures. Importantly, the saliency of discrete locations within the pictures has a stronger influence on fixation behavior within the contralesional than within the ipsilesional hemispace in neglect patients. Finally, the results indicated that, for re‐fixations, saliency plays a more important role within the contralesional than the ipsilesional hemispace. Moreover, we found evidence that re‐fixation behavior of neglect patients is characterized by frequent recurrent re‐fixations back to the same spatial locations which may be interpreted as perseverations. Hence, with the present study, we could better elucidate the mechanism leading to re‐fixations and perseverative behavior during free visual exploration in neglect patients.
Plastic and genetic responses of a common sedge to warming have contrasting effects on carbon cycle processes
Authors: Walker Tom W. N. , Weckwerth Wolfram , Bragazza Luca , Fragner Lena , Forde Brian G. , Ostle Nicholas J. , Signarbieux Constant , Sun Xiaoliang , Ward Susan E. , Bardgett Richard D.
Published: December 2018

Climate warming affects plant physiology through genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, but little is known about how these mechanisms influence ecosystem processes. We used three elevation gradients and a reciprocal transplant experiment to show that temperature causes genetic change in the sedge Eriophorum vaginatum. We demonstrate that plants originating from warmer climate produce fewer secondary compounds, grow faster and accelerate carbon dioxide (CO2) release to the atmosphere. However, warmer climate also caused plasticity in E. vaginatum, inhibiting nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and growth and slowing CO2 release into the atmosphere. Genetic differentiation and plasticity in E. vaginatum thus had opposing effects on CO2 fluxes, suggesting that warming over many generations may buffer, or reverse, the short‐term influence of this species over carbon cycle processes. Our findings demonstrate the capacity for plant evolution to impact ecosystem processes, and reveal a further mechanism through which plants will shape ecosystem responses to climate change.
Assessing the value of acoustic indices to distinguish species and quantify activity: A case study using frogs
Authors: Indraswari Karlina , Bower Deborah S. , Tucker David , Schwarzkopf Lin , Towsey Michael , Roe Paul
Published: December 2018

Soundscapes can provide information about a wide range of habitats and species through the recording of vocalisations over long temporal scales. Because of the large volumes of data collected, computational approaches, such as the application of acoustic indices, are required to extract useful information from long‐duration recordings.

Acoustic indices summarise various soundscape features into frequency ranges over defined time intervals and can aid in the visual exploration, detection, and analysis of species vocalisation patterns. Here, we examine the performance of combinations of three acoustic indices commonly used in visual exploration, the acoustic complexity index, the temporal entropy spectrum index, and the event spectrum index, and assess their ability to distinguish species and describe acoustic features commonly used to detect species and analyse activity. Our case study focuses on three frog species with distinct call structures from Bickerton Island, Northern Territory, Australia. Call structure was categorised based on the number of pulses and harmonics.

We summarised acoustic activity by calculating acoustic indices in 256 equal‐sized bins over the entire the frequency spectrum, for 30‐s intervals, and found that acoustic index values could be used to distinguish species and describe acoustic features. The acoustic complexity index was the most effective index for distinguishing species. To describe acoustic features, we examined correlations between acoustic index values and summarised acoustic features, including call rate, total duration, loudness and signal‐to‐noise ratio. In single‐pulsed species with no harmonics, we found spectral index values were significantly and sometimes strongly correlated with acoustic features. In comparison, species with harmonics were found to be weakly and less frequently correlated with acoustic features even if sampled calls were loud and have high signal‐to‐noise ratio. We suggest that acoustic indices have the potential to describe acoustic features in single‐pulsed species but are limited in those with harmonics.

We conclude that acoustic indices can be a useful tool to distinguish some anuran species and to broadly understand specific acoustic features used to analyse calling activity over long periods of time.

Further research is required to better understand the relationships between acoustic indices and acoustic features to determine the general utility of indices to detect and distinguish audible species and to identify other acoustic features of various taxa.
Congruent population genetic structure but differing depths of divergence for three alpine stoneflies with similar ecology and geographic distributions
Authors: Hotaling Scott , Giersch J. Joseph , Finn Debra S. , Tronstad Lusha M. , Jordan Steve , Serpa Larry E. , Call Ronald G. , Muhlfeld Clint C. , Weisrock David W.
Published: December 2018

Comparative population genetic studies provide a powerful means for assessing the degree to which evolutionary histories may be congruent among taxa while also highlighting the potential for cryptic diversity within existing species.

In the Rocky Mountains, three confamilial stoneflies (Zapada glacier,Lednia tumana, andLednia tetonica; Plecoptera, Nemouridae) occupy cold alpine streams that are primarily fed by melting ice.Lednia tumanaandL. tetonicaare sister species diagnosed from systematic morphological differences, and they are endemic to areas surrounding Glacier National Park and Grand Teton National Park, respectively, in theU.S.Rocky Mountains.Zapada glacieris also present in alpine streams from Glacier National Park to the Teton Range, sometimes co‐occurring with eitherLedniaspecies.

We used mitochondrial sequence data to clarify species boundaries, compare population genetic patterns, and test demographic models in a coalescent framework for the three stoneflies. We addressed four questions: (1) Is there genetic support for the morphology‐based species boundaries inLednia? (2) Is there genetic support for cryptic, or as‐yet undescribed, diversity withinZ. glacier? (3) Do similar geographic distributions and ecological requirements yield spatial congruence of genetic structure between high‐elevationLedniaandZ. glacierpopulations? (4) Is there evidence for contemporary gene flow among isolated populations in either group?

Our results supported the existing taxonomy withZ. glacierand the twoLedniaspecies differing in their depths of divergence among study regions (e.g. maximum sequence divergence withinZ. glacier = 1.2% versus 5% betweenL. tumanaandL. tetonica). However, spatial population genetic patterns were broadly congruent, indicating stonefly populations isolated on mountaintop islands. Coalescent modelling supported the possibility of rare, extremely limited contemporary gene flow amongZ. glacierpopulations, with no support for gene flow betweenL. tumanaandL. tetonica.

The focal stoneflies and associated assemblages occupy the highest elevation, coldest permanent alpine streams in the study region. This lotic habitat type faces an uncertain future under a diminishing alpine cryosphere. Given spatial congruence of genetic structure demonstrating unique biodiversity associated with individual alpine islands, we encourage conservation management strategies be developed and applied at corresponding spatial scales.
Quantifying the climate change effects of bioenergy systems: Comparison of 15 impact assessment methods
Authors: Brandão Miguel , Kirschbaum Miko U. F. , Cowie Annette L. , Hjuler Susanne Vedel
Published: December 2018

Ongoing concern over climate change has led to interest in replacing fossil energy with bioenergy. There are different approaches to quantitatively estimate the climate change effects of bioenergy systems. In the present work, we have focused on a range of published impact assessment methods that vary due to conceptual differences in the treatment of biogenic carbon fluxes, the type of climate change impacts they address and differences in time horizon and time preference. Specifically, this paper reviews fifteen different methods and applies these to three hypothetical bioenergy case studies: (a) woody biomass grown on previously forested land; (b) woody biomass grown on previous pasture land; and (b) annual energy crop grown on previously cropped land. Our analysis shows that the choice of method can have an important influence on the quantification of climate change effects of bioenergy, particularly when a mature forest is converted to bioenergy use as it involves a substantial reduction in biomass carbon stocks. Results are more uniform in other case studies. In general, results are more sensitive to specific impact assessment methods when they involve both emissions and removals at different points in time, such as for forest bioenergy, but have a much smaller influence on agricultural bioenergy systems grown on land previously used for pasture or annual cropping. The development of effective policies for climate change mitigation through renewable energy use requires consistent and accurate approaches to identification of bioenergy systems that can result in climate change mitigation. The use of different methods for the same purpose: estimating the climate change effects of bioenergy systems, can lead to confusing and contradictory conclusions. A full interpretation of the results generated with different methods must be based on an understanding that the different methods focus on different aspects of climate change and represent different time preferences.
Associations among behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, care burden, and family‐to‐work conflict of employed family caregivers
Authors: Sakka Mariko , Goto Jun , Kita Sachiko , Sato Iori , Soejima Takafumi , Kamibeppu Kiyoko
Published: December 2018

Aim

The present study aimed to examine the associations among behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) of persons with dementia (PWD), care burden and family‐to‐work conflict (FWC) of employed family caregivers.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was carried out with employed adult daughter or son (or in‐law) caregivers for PWD from two rural cities in Japan. FWC, care burden and the degree of BPSD were evaluated by the Survey Work‐Home Interaction‐NijmeGen, Zarit Burden Scale‐Short Version and Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale, respectively. Of the 200 questionnaires distributed, 130 were returned. A total of 53 respondents were not employed, and seven questionnaires had missing data for demographic variables, Survey Work‐Home Interaction‐NijmeGen, Zarit Burden Scale‐Short Version or Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. Thus, complete data from 70 respondents were analyzed through structural equation modeling.

Results

The mean age of employed family caregivers was 56 years, and 34 (48.5%) were men. The mean age of PWD was 84 years, and there were 68 (68.6%) men. The path model with a good fit was shown (root mean square error of approximation 0.136, comparative fit index 0.960 and goodness of fit index 0.965). The path model showed that BPSD affected FWC, and that the association was partially mediated by care burden.

Conclusions

The results show that a decrease in not only care burden, but also BPSD, of PWD is important for employed family caregivers to reduce their FWC and maintain their work–life balance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 51–55.
Risk factors and prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia in older hip fracture patients: A multicenter retrospective analysis
Authors: Byun Seong‐Eun , Shon Hyun‐Chul , Kim Ji Wan , Kim Hyung Kyung , Sim Youngsuk
Published: December 2018

Aim

The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors and prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia in older hip fracture patients.

Methods

A total of 394 female and 125 male hip fracture patients aged ≥60 years who underwent surgery between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. To identify risk factors of aspiration pneumonia, demographic factors, the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, past medical history, known risk factors of aspiration and factors associated with surgery were compared between the aspiration pneumonia group and the control group. Regression analysis was also carried out. To assess the prognostic implications of aspiration pneumonia, hospital stay, frequency of the intensive care unit admission and in‐hospital mortality rates were compared between groups.

Results

Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed in 8.8% of the hip fracture patients. Increased age, low body mass index, malnutrition, longer duration of surgery and delayed surgery were identified as risk factors of aspiration pneumonia. Regarding prognostic implications, hospital stay, the frequency of intensive care unit care and in‐hospital mortality rates were significantly higher in the aspiration pneumonia group (P < 0.001, <0.001 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

Older hip fracture patients with aspiration pneumonia showed worse prognostic outcome compared with patients without aspiration pneumonia. Longer duration of surgery and delayed surgery, as well as patient characteristics including increased age, low body mass index and malnutrition were identified as risk factors for aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, surgeons should try to reduce the operation time and the time interval between injury and surgery when treating older patients for hip fractures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 119–123.
Impact of gut microbiota on gut‐distal autoimmunity: a focus on T cells
Authors: Sprouse Maran L. , Bates Nicholas A. , Felix Krysta M. , Wu Hsin‐Jung Joyce
Published: December 2018

The immune system is essential for maintaining a delicate balance between eliminating pathogens and maintaining tolerance to self‐tissues to avoid autoimmunity. An enormous and complex community of gut microbiota provides essential health benefits to the host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Many of the metabolites derived from commensals can impact host health by directly regulating the immune system. Many autoimmune diseases arise from an imbalance between pathogenic effector T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Recent interest has emerged in understanding how cross‐talk between gut microbiota and the host immune system promotes autoimmune development by controlling the differentiation and plasticity of T helper and Treg cells. At the molecular level, our recent study, along with others, demonstrates that asymptomatic colonization by commensal bacteria in the gut is capable of triggering autoimmune disease by molecular mimicking self‐antigen and skewing the expression of dual T‐cell receptors on T cells. Dysbiosis, an imbalance of the gut microbiota, is involved in autoimmune development in both mice and humans. Although it is well known that dysbiosis can impact diseases occurring within the gut, growing literature suggests that dysbiosis also causes the development of gut‐distal/non‐gut autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the potential molecular mechanisms whereby gut microbiota induces autoimmunity, and the evidence that the gut microbiota triggers gut‐distal autoimmune diseases.
Working with consumers who hear voices: The experience of early career nurses in mental health services in Australia
Authors: White Melanie R. , Stein‐Parbury Jane , Orr Fiona , Dawson Angela
Published: December 2018

Mental health consumers who hear voices frequently experience distress and express a desire to discuss their voice‐hearing experience. Nurses do not regularly demonstrate a willingness to engage in such discussions. With the introduction of educational strategies that develop empathy and an understanding of voice‐hearing experiences, it is anticipated that early career nurses will be able to translate such understanding into their professional nursing practice. To explore early career nurses’ understanding of providing care to mental health consumers who hear voices, a qualitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted in which nine early career Registered Nurses were interviewed regarding their experiences of caring for people who hear voices. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data and generate themes. Participants reported difficulty in developing relationships with consumers who hear voices, due to a workplace culture that was focussed on risk and lacking professional support. Nurses need specific education to develop the skills necessary to respond to consumers who hear voices and engage in dialogue that assists consumers to relate to the voices in a meaningful way. However, for this to succeed in practice, changes need to be supported by addressing the cultural barriers, such as risk‐focussed environments, that prevent nurses implementing best practice.
Leonurine suppresses neuroinflammation through promoting oligodendrocyte maturation
Authors: Jin Min , Li Qian , Gu Yuting , Wan Bing , Huang Jiefang , Xu Xuanbai , Huang Rui , Zhang Yanyun
Published: December 2018

Focal inflammation and remyelination failure are major hallmarks of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we found that leonurine, a bioactive alkaloid, alleviated EAE disease severity along with reduced central nervous system inflammation and myelin damage. During the pathogenesis of EAE, leonurine dramatically suppressed the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the central nervous system, whereas did not impair periphery immune responses and microglia activation. Mechanistically, leonurine protected mice against demyelination along with enhanced remyelination through promoting the maturation of oligodendrocytes in both EAE and cuprizone‐induced demyelination mouse models. Moreover, we identified that the expression of demethylase jumonji domain‐containing protein D3 was significantly enhanced upon treatment of leonurine, which suppressed the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine‐27 and enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation accordingly. Collectively, our study identified the therapeutic effect of leonurine on EAE model, which potentially represents a promising therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis, even other demyelination disorders.
Helicobacter pylori eradication improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with asymptomatic active Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Cheng Kai‐Pi , Yang Yao‐Jong , Hung Hao‐Chang , Lin Ching‐Han , Wu Chung‐Tai , Hung Mei‐Hui , Sheu Bor‐Shyang , Ou Horng‐Yih
Published: December 2018

Aims/Introduction

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with insulin resistance and glycemia in non‐diabetes. However, the relationship between H. pylori infection and glycemia in diabetes remains inconclusive. Therefore, we explored the effect of H. pylori infection status and its eradication on glycemic control and antidiabetic therapy in type 2 diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

A total of 549 diabetes patients were recruited for sequential two‐step approach (immunoglobulin G [IgG] serology followed by 13C‐urea breath test [UBT]) to discriminate “active” (IgG+ and UBT+) from “non‐active” (UBT− or IgG−) H. pylori infection, and “past” (IgG+ but UBT−) from “never/remote” (IgG−) infection. The differences in hemoglobin A1c (A1C) and antidiabetic regimens between groups were compared. In the “active” infection group, the differences in A1C changes between participants with and without 10‐day eradication therapy were compared after 3 months.

Results

Despite no between‐group difference in A1C, the “active” infection group (n = 208) had significantly more prescriptions of oral antidiabetic drug classes (2.1 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.1, P = 0.004) and higher percentages of sulfonylurea use (67.3% vs 50.4%, P < 0.001) than the “non‐active” infection group (n = 341). There were no differences in A1C and oral antidiabetic drug classes between “past” (n = 111) and “never/remote” infection groups (n = 230). Compared with the non‐eradication group (n = 99), the eradication group (n = 98) had significant within‐group (−0.17 ± 0.80%, P = 0.036) and between‐group (−0.23 ± 0.10%, P = 0.024) improvements in A1C.

Conclusions

Diabetes patients with active H. pylori infection need higher glycemic treatment intensity to achieve comparable glycemia. Furthermore, H. pylori eradication decreases A1C, and thus improves glycemic control.
Surveillance of Microsporidia and Protozoan Pathogens in Pensacola Florida: A One‐year Study
Authors: Moss Joseph A. , Snyder Richard A.
Published: December 2018

Pathogens and the potential risk they present to public health in recreational waters are of continual public concern. The focus of this study was a year‐long sampling campaign to document the presence of Microsporidia and protozoan pathogens in the Bayou Texar waterway in Pensacola, Florida. We used biofilms as sentinel indicators for trapping pathogens in five different locations in Pensacola, Florida. Of the 34 biofilm samples, 16 were positive for pathogens. Of these samples, 13 were positive for Enchephalitozoon spp. (mostly E. cuniculi), 11 were positive for Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and two were positive for Cryptosporidium parvum. The data demonstrate that Microsporidia were easily recovered and primarily present in water during summer months.
Growth and Chloroplast Replacement of the Benthic Mixotrophic Ciliate Mesodinium coatsi
Authors: Kim Miran , Kang Misun , Park Myung Gil
Published: December 2018

While the ecophysiology of planktonic Mesodinium rubrum species complex has been relatively well studied, very little is known about that of benthic Mesodinium species. In this study, we examined the growth response of the benthic ciliate Mesodinium coatsi to different cryptophyte prey using an established culture of this species. M. coatsi was able to ingest all of the offered cryptophyte prey types, but not all cryptophytes supported its positive, sustained growth. While M. coatsi achieved sustained growth on all of the phycocyanin‐containing Chroomonas spp. it was offered, it showed different growth responses to the phycoerythrin‐containing cryptophytes Rhodomonas spp., Storeatula sp., and Teleaulax amphioxeia. M. coatsi was able to easily replace previously ingested prey chloroplasts with newly ingested ones within 4 d, irrespective of prey type, if cryptophyte prey were available. Once retained, the ingested prey chloroplasts seemed to be photosynthetically active. When fed, M. coatsi was capable of heterotrophic growth in darkness, but its growth was enhanced significantly in the light (14:10 h light:dark cycle), suggesting that photosynthesis by ingested prey chloroplast leads to a significant increase in the growth of M. coatsi. Our results expand the knowledge of autecology and ecophysiology of the benthic M. coatsi.
Current trends in antibiotic prescription behavior among Saudi dentists performing implant surgery: A cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Al‐Kattan Reem , Al‐Shibani Nouf
Published: December 2018

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate current trends in antibiotic prescription behavior among dentists performing implant surgery.

Methods

A cross‐sectional observational study was conducted among 133 dental specialists in Saudi Arabia. A self‐administered questionnaire comprising of 21 questions related to basic demographic details (ie, sex, age, nationality, undergraduate training, type of specialty, clinical, and implant practice experience) made up the first part of the questionnaire. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 12 close‐ended questions concerning knowledge and opinions of the dental specialists related to antibiotic prescription patterns pre‐ or post‐implant surgeries. Data were compiled and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the means and percentages for demographic data and preoperative and postoperative antibiotic‐prescribing habits in dental implant placement.

Results

All practicing dentists prescribed antibiotics preoperatively prior to routine dental implant placement; 41.4% (N = 55) of participants were in favor of recommending antibiotics after routine dental implant placement (postoperatively).

Conclusion

Antibiotic‐prescribing patterns in implant surgery among Saudi dentists are diverse and inconsistent. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in lowering the risk of implant failure.
Amerindian Sociocosmologies of Northwestern South America: Some Reflections on the Dead, Metamorphosis, and Religious Specialists1
Authors: Halbmayer Ernst
Published: December 2018

Este artículo analiza las relaciones con los muertos, las formas de la metamorfosis y el papel de los especialistas religiosos entre diferentes grupos Chibcha (Kogi, Barí), Carib (Yukpa) y Arawak (Wayuu). Estos grupos desvían de las nociones convencionales del animismo amazonico. A pesar de su heterogeneidad comparten la creencia en una interacción continua con los muertos y al mismo tiempo la practica de la metamorfosis voluntaria esta ausente. Las relaciones con los espíritus y los muertos son de mayor importancia que las relaciones inmediatas con los animales de caza, que generalmente no tienen la misma interioridad que los seres humanos. Esta diferencia coincide con formas del chamanismo y el sacerdocio basado en la adivinación, los sueños y el dominio de espíritus auxilares. La area Istmo‐Colombiana está entonces marcada por formas de animismo jerárquico en lo cual relaciones con la collectividad de los muertos, ‘pagamentos’, ofrendas y en el caso de los wayuu sacrificios juegan un papel importante.
Japanese Encephalitis Virus‐induced let‐7a/b interacted with the NOTCH‐TLR7 pathway in microglia and facilitated neuronal death via caspase activation
Authors: Mukherjee Sriparna , Akbar Irshad , Kumari Bharti , Vrati Sudhanshu , Basu Anirban , Banerjee Arup
Published: December 2018

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) released from the activated microglia upon neurotropic virus infection may exacerbate the neuronal damage. Here, we identified let‐7a and let‐7b (let‐7a/b) as one of the essential miRNAs over‐expressed upon Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) infection and released in the culture supernatant of the JEV‐infected microglial cells through extracellular vesicles. The let‐7a/b was previously reported to modulate inflammation in microglial cells through Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) pathways; although their role in accelerating JEV pathogenesis remain unexplored. Therefore, we studied the role of let‐7a/b in modulating microglia‐mediated inflammation during JEV infection and investigated the effect of let‐7a/b‐containing exosomes on primary neurons. To this end, we examined let‐7a/b and NOTCH signaling pathway in TLR7 knockdown (KD) mice. We observed that TLR7 KD or inhibition of let‐7a/b suppressed the JEV‐induced NOTCH activation possibly via NF‐κB dependent manner and subsequently, attenuated JEV‐induced TNFα production in microglial cells. Furthermore, exosomes secreted from let‐7a/b over‐expressed microglia when transferred to uninfected mice brain induced caspase activation. Exosomes secreted from virus‐infected or let‐7a/b over‐expressed microglia when co‐incubated with mouse neuronal (Neuro2a) cells or primary cortical neurons also facilitated caspase activation leading to neuronal death. Thus, our results provide evidence for the multifaceted role of let‐7a/b miRNAs in JEV pathogenesis. Let‐7a/b can interact with TLR7 and NOTCH signaling pathway and enhance TNFα release from microglia. On the other hand, the exosomes secreted by JEV‐infected microglia can activate caspases in uninfected neuronal cells which possibly contribute to bystander neuronal death.

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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14506.
A case of ochronosis successfully treated with the picosecond laser
Authors: Méndez Baca Isela , Al‐Niaimi Firas , Colina Claudia , Anuzita Alexander
Published: December 2018

Exogenous ochronosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by blue‐black pigmentation resulting as a complication of long‐term application of skin‐lightening creams containing hydroquinone and other substances such as quinine, phenol and mercury derivatives. We report a case of a 55‐year‐old woman who developed exogenous ochronosis as a result of prolonged use of topical hydroquinone for 5 years, characterized by greyish hyperpigmented patches on the nose and cheeks. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. Treatment with picosecond laser resulted in marked clinical improvement together with improvement in overall texture and quality of the skin.
Employee Stock Option Exercise and Firm Cost
Authors: CARPENTER JENNIFER N. , STANTON RICHARD , WALLACE NANCY
Published: December 2018

We develop an empirical model of employee stock option exercise that is suitable for valuation and allows for behavioral channels. We estimate exercise rates as functions of option, stock, and employee characteristics using all employee exercises at 88 public firms, 27 of them in the S&P 500. Increasing vesting frequency from annual to monthly reduces option value by 11% to 16%. Men exercise faster, reducing value by 2% to 4%, while top employees exercise slower, increasing value by 2% to 7%. Finally, we develop an analytic valuation approximation that is more accurate than methods used in practice.
Scriptural Coping: An Empirical Test of Hermeneutic Theory
Authors: DeAngelis Reed T. , Bartkowski John P. , Xu Xiaohe
Published: December 2018

This study develops and tests a theory of scriptural coping. Using elements from hermeneutic theory as our guide, we contend that (1) specific life exigencies will increase the likelihood of someone turning to scripture for relevant insights and (2) reading scripture for relevant insights will moderate associations between exigencies and psychological well‐being. Analyzing nationally representative data from the 2012 General Social Survey (n = 1,551), we find that poor self‐rated health and low socioeconomic status increase the likelihood of someone reading scripture for insight into attaining health and wealth, respectively. Moreover, reading scripture for health insights amplifies the positive association between poor health and depressive symptoms, thereby suggesting a stress‐exacerbating effect of scriptural coping. Scripture is a polysemous resource, one that can alternatively provide comfort or trigger negative coping in the face of psychosocial stress. We discuss the implications and limitations of these findings and outline avenues for future research.
Effects of the potassium‐sparing diuretic amiloride on chemotherapy response in canine osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Poon Andrew C. , Inkol Jordon M. , Luu Anita K. , Mutsaers Anthony J.
Published: December 2018

Background

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a common bone tumor of mesenchymal origin in dogs. Chemotherapy delays metastasis, yet most dogs die of this disease within 1 year of diagnosis. The high metabolic demand of cancer cells promotes proton pump upregulation, leading to acidification of the tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance. The potassium‐sparing diuretic amiloride is among a class of proton pump inhibitors prescribed for refractory heart failure treatment in dogs.

Objective

We hypothesized that amiloride treatment improves chemotherapy response by reducing acidification in canine OSA cells. Our objective was to assess the in vitro effects of amiloride on cell viability, apoptosis, and metabolism.

Methods

In vitro study. Assessments of cell viability and apoptosis were performed after single agent or combination treatment, along with calculations of pharmacological synergism using the combination index. Protein signaling during apoptosis was evaluated by Western blotting. Metabolic profiling was performed using a Seahorse bioanalyzer.

Results

Amiloride strongly synergized with doxorubicin in combination treatment and exhibited additive or antagonistic effects with carboplatin in canine OSA cells. Combination treatment with doxorubicin significantly upregulated p53‐mitochondrial signaling to activate apoptosis and downregulate Akt phosphorylation. Amiloride‐treated cells further exhibited metabolic switching with reductions in glycolytic capacity and maximal respiration.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Amiloride synergized with doxorubicin to potentiate apoptosis in canine OSA cells. These results justify further investigation into repurposing of amiloride as an oncology drug for the treatment of OSA in dogs.