bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced Degradation of the Herbicide Clomazone Model Reactions for Natural and Technical Systems
Authors: David Gara Pedro M. , Bosio Gabriela N. , Arce Valeria B. , Poulsen Lars , Ogilby Peter R. , Giudici Reinaldo , Gonzalez Mónica C. , Mártire Daniel O.
Published: November 2008

The photodegradation of the herbicide clomazone in the presence of S2O82− or of humic substances of different origin was investigated. A value of (9.4 ± 0.4) × 108 m−1 s−1 was measured for the bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of sulfate radicals with clomazone in flash‐photolysis experiments. Steady state photolysis of peroxydisulfate, leading to the formation of the sulfate radicals, in the presence of clomazone was shown to be an efficient photodegradation method of the herbicide. This is a relevant result regarding the in situ chemical oxidation procedures involving peroxydisulfate as the oxidant. The main reaction products are 2‐chlorobenzylalcohol and 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde. The degradation kinetics of clomazone was also studied under steady state conditions induced by photolysis of Aldrich humic acid or a vermicompost extract (VCE). The results indicate that singlet oxygen is the main species responsible for clomazone degradation. The quantum yield of O2(a1Δg) generation (λ = 400 nm) for the VCE in D2O, ΦΔ = (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10−3, was determined by measuring the O2(a1Δg) phosphorescence at 1270 nm. The value of the overall quenching constant of O2(a1Δg) by clomazone was found to be (5.7 ± 0.3) × 107 m−1 s−1 in D2O. The bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of clomazone with singlet oxygen was kr = (5.4 ± 0.1) × 107 m−1 s−1, which means that the quenching process is mainly reactive.
Preclinical Studies with 5,10,15‐Tris(4‐Methylpyridinium)‐20‐Phenyl‐[21H,23H]‐Porphine Trichloride for the Photodynamic Treatment of Superficial Mycoses Caused by Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Smijs Threes G. M. , Pavel Stan , Talebi Mojgan , Bouwstra Joke A.
Published: November 2008

Dermatophytes are fungi that cause infections of keratinized tissues. We have recently demonstrated the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment (PDT) with 5,10,15‐Tris(4‐methylpyridinium)‐20‐phenyl‐[21H,23H]‐porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) in 5 mm citric acid/sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.2, formulation I). In this work, we examined the penetration of Sylsens B in healthy and with T. rubrum infected skin and we investigated the susceptibility of T. rubrum to PDT using formulation I and UVA‐1 radiation (340–550 nm). Skin penetration studies were performed with formulations I and II (Sylsens B in PBS, pH 7.4) applied on dermatomed skin, human stratum corneum (SC), disrupted SC by T. rubrum growth and SC pretreated with a detergent. No penetration was observed in healthy skin. Disruption of SC by preceding fungal growth caused Sylsens B penetration at pH 7.4, but not at pH 5.2. However, chemically damaged SC allowed Sylsens B to penetrate also at pH 5.2. UVA‐1 PDT was applied ex vivo during two fungal growth stages of two T. rubrum strains (CBS 304.60 and a clinical isolate). Both strains could be killed by UVA‐1 alone (40 J/cm2). Combined with formulation I (1 and 10 μm Sylsens B for, respectively, CBS 304.60 and the clinical isolate), only 18 J/cm2 UVA‐1 was required for fungal kill. Therefore, PDT with 10 μm Sylsens B (formulation I) and 18 J/cm2 UVA‐1 could be considered as effective and safe. This offers the possibility to perform clinical studies in future.
Ultraviolet Radiation in the Rhône River Lenses of Low Salinity and in Marine Waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Attenuation and Effects on Bacterial Activities and Net Community Production
Authors: Joux Fabien , Jeffrey Wade H. , Abboudi Maher , Neveux Jacques , Pujo‐Pay Mireille , Oriol Louise , Naudin Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2008

The high content in nutrients of freshwater outflows induces highly productive and buoyant plumes spreading over marine waters (MW). As a consequence, the growth of organisms developing in these low‐salinity waters (LSW) might be potentially affected by UV‐R (280–400 nm). This study investigated the penetration of UV‐R and its impact on net community production (NCP) and bacterial protein (BPROTS) and DNA (BDNAS) synthesis in mesotrophic‐LSW formed from the Rhône River and in oligotrophic MW of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions) in May 2006. High concentrations of chlorophyll a (up to 8 μg L−1) measured in the LSW (<37.8 psu, 0–10 m) were the main factor influencing the diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd) of both UV‐R and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The mean ratio of the Kd measured between the LSW and the MW increased with wavelength from 2.4 at 305 nm to 2.9 at 380 nm and 3.1 for PAR indicating more similarity in the UV region. NCP was severely inhibited by UV‐R at the surface of the LSW, whereas no effect was measured in the surrounding MW. In contrast, BPROTS and BDNAS were affected deeper by UV‐R in the MW (up to 8 m depth) compared to the LSW where inhibition was only observed at the surface. Differences in response of bacteria in LSW and MW are largely explained by differences in UV‐R transparency; however, transplant experiments indicate that bacterial assemblages from the MW were also more sensitive to UV‐R than those present in the LSW. We also observed that higher activity of bacteria after nutrient additions increased their sensitivity to UV‐R during the day, but favored their recovery during the night incubation period for both LSW and MW. Results suggest that riverine and nutrient inputs may alter the effects of UV‐R on microbial activity by attenuating the UV‐R penetration and by modifying the physiology of bacteria.
Photoinactivation of Sindbis Virus Infectivity Without Inhibition of Membrane Fusion
Authors: Thongthai Wor , Weninger Keith
Published: November 2008

Photoinactivation of enveloped viruses is commonly associated with damage to fusion proteins and inhibition of membrane fusion capacity. Here we show that photobleaching of Sindbis virus labeled with the membrane localized dye, R18 (octadecyl rhodamine B) causes a dramatic loss of infectivity without observable changes in low‐pH triggered membrane fusion to liposomes. Sindbis labeled with DiI (1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) also maintains low‐pH triggered membrane fusion capacity, but in contrast to R18, extensive photobleaching of DiI‐labeled virus has little effect on infectivity. Electrophoretic gel analysis suggests no cross‐linking of viral fusion proteins following photobleaching of dye‐labeled Sindbis. These observations have implications for live‐cell, single particle tracking studies of dye‐labeled Sindbis virus. Our observations suggest that R18 and DiI have different propensities for spontaneous flip‐flop in lipid bilayers.
Determination of Platinum and Palladium in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry after Preconcentration with Immobilised Nanometric Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Liang Pei , Zhao Ehong , Liu Rui
Published: November 2008

A new method has been developed for the determination of platinum and palladium based on separation and preconcentration with a microcolumn packed with nanometric TiO2 immobilised on silica gel (immobilised nanometric TiO2) prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry. The optimum experimental parameters for the preconcentration of Pt and Pd, such as the pH of the sample solution, its flow rate and volume, the type and concentration of eluent and interfering ions, have been investigated. Platinum and Pd could be quantitatively retained by immobilised nanometric TiO2 in the pH range 6–8, then eluted completely with 2.0 ml of 3% m/v thiourea in 1.0 mol l−1 HNO3. The detection limits of this method for Pt and Pd were 12 and 7. 6 ng l−1 with an enrichment factor of 100, and the relative standard deviations were 4.7% and 3.3% at the 10 ng ml−1 level. The method has been applied for the determination of Pt and Pd in geological samples with satisfactory results.
Association of a Polymorphic Variant of the Adiponectin Gene with Insulin Resistance in African Americans
Authors: Specchia Claudia , Scott Kathryn , Fortina Paolo , Devoto Marcella , Falkner Bonita
Published: November 2008

Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity are common complex disorders that contribute to cardiovascular (CV) disease. Insulin resistance increases CV risk and is present in these disorders. Adiponectin, a protein secreted by adipocytes with metabolic and vascular protective effects, is lower in obesity and insulin resistance. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been identified in the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene. Associations of ADIPOQ polymorphisms with diabetes and obesity have been described in Caucasians and Asians. The purpose of this study was to determine if genetic variants of ADIPOQ are associated with insulin resistance and CV risk in African Americans. Metabolic traits (lipids, glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity) and blood pressure were measured in 273 African Americans. DNA was examined by DNA sequence analysis and SNPs of candidate genes including ADIPOQ were studied. Statistica analyses were performed by regression of the quantitative trait phenotypes on the groups defined by the SNP genotypes, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). SNP 712 (rs3774261) ofthe/lD/POQgene showed significant association with insulin resistance (p= 0.001). Despite the relatively small sample, our results indicate that genes that regulate adipocyte function may have a regulatory role in the expression of metabolic traits in obesity‐associated chronic disease.
Myocardial Fas and Cytokine Expression in End‐Stage Heart Failure: Impact of LVAD Support
Authors: Bedi Maninder S. , Alvarez Jr Rene J. , Kubota Toru , Sheppard Richard , Kormos Robert L. , Siegenthaler Michael P. , Feldman Arthur M. , McTiernan Charles F. , McNamara Dennis M.
Published: November 2008

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support may facilitate myocardial recovery. We evaluated the impact of LVAD support on Fas expression in a cohort with end‐stage heart failure. Myocardial gene expression was assessed pre‐ and post‐LVAD by RNase protection assay and compared to control donor hearts. The expression of Fas is markedly elevated at the time of LVAD support and is tightly correlated with TNF expression. While interleukin (IL)‐6 was significantly reduced by LVAD support, the impact of support on Fas was highly variable and tightly linked to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The role of Fas in predicting recovery after LVAD support requires further investigation.
Comparative Evaluation of Cytokines, T‐Cell Apoptosis, and Costimulatory Molecule Expression in Tuberculous and Nontuberculous Pleurisy
Authors: Rajavelu Priya , Pokkali Supriya , P Umashankar , Bhatt Kamlesh , Narayanan P.R. , Salgame Padmini , Das Sulochana D.
Published: November 2008

In this study, we compared several immune parameters in tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculosis (NTB) pleurisy to gain an understanding of the mechanism behind enhanced Th1 apoptosis that occurs at sites of active Myobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. An initial evaluation of the accumulated cytokines in pleural fluid (PF) demonstrated that both TB and NTB pleurisy were associated with prointflammatory cytokines, while only TB pleurisy had augmented expression of interferon (IFN)‐γ and soluble Fas ligand (sFASL). Despite enhanced expression of the apoptosis‐inducing molecule in TB pleurisy, T cells derived from both types of pleurisy exhibited significant apoptosis. In both groups, T‐cell apoptosis correlated with low expression of CD80 on PF‐derived macrophages and elevated accumulation of TGF‐β in the PF. A causative correlation between TGF‐β and low CD80 expression in the two groups was established by in vitro studies demonstrating TGF‐β inhibition of CD80 upregulation in a macrophage cell line. Together, the findings allude to the possibility that activation in the absence of appropriate CD80 costimulation is the mechanism that leads to T‐cell apoptosis at sites of active M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, the findings also indicate that T‐cell apoptosis is perhaps a host regulatory mechanism to limit inflammation, rather than a pathogen‐induced immune deviation.
Pharmacogenomics of β‐Adrenergic Receptors and Their Accessory Signaling Proteins in Heart Failure
Authors: Dorn II Gerald W. , Liggett Stephen B.
Published: November 2008

β‐adrenergic receptors (βAR) are widely expressed on cardiovascular cells. Pharmacological stimulation or blockade of βAR signaling is the therapeutic mainstay in cardiogenic shock, hypertension, ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Interindividual variability in the response to βAR agonists and antagonists has prompted examination of variability in the genes encoding βAR signaling pathway members. Prominent among the genes that have been examined so far in heart failure are the β1AR, β2AR, and G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). Each has nonsynonymous polymorphisms that alter amino acid sequence and protein function and regulation in cell‐based systems, genetically altered mouse models, or human hearts. Here, we review these phenotypes and results from published clinical studies, with a focus on heart failure pharmacogenomics. Thus far, very few studies have utilized analogous protocols or drugs, and discrepancies in the clinical studies are apparent. A compelling approach is the use of multiple methods to understand the molecular, cellular, and organ phenotypes of a variant and couple these with clinical studies designed to specifically address the relevance of those phenotypes in humans. Undoubtedly, additional loci will be identified, and together, will provide for genetically driven, individualized treatments for heart failure.
Bitransgenesis with β2‐Adrenergic Receptors or Adenylyl Cyclase Fails to Improve β1‐Adrenergic Receptor Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Petrashevskaya Natalia , Gaume Brigitte R. , Mihlbachler Kathryn A. , Dorn II Gerald W. , Liggett Stephen B.
Published: November 2008

Cardiomyopathic effects of β‐adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling are primarily due to the β1AR subtype. β1/β2AR and β1/adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) bitransgenic mice were created to test the hypothesis that β2AR or AC5 co‐overexpression has beneficial effects in β1AR‐mediated cardiomyopathy. In young mice, β1/β2 hearts had a greater increase in basal and isoproterenol‐stimulated contractility compared to β1/AC5 and β1AR hearts. By 6 months, β1AR and β1/β2 hearts retained elevated basal contractility but were unresponsive to agonist. In contrast, β1/AC5 hearts maintained a small degree of agonist responsiveness, which may be due to a lack of β1AR downregulation that was noted in β1‐ and β1/β2 hearts. However, by 9 ‐months, β1, β1/β2, and β1/AC5 mice had all developed severely depressed fractional shortening in vivo and little response to agonist. p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) was minimally activated by β1AR, but was markedly enhanced in the bitransgenics. Akt activation was only found with the bitransgenics. The small increase in cystosolic second mitochondria‐derived activator of caspase (Smac), indicative of apoptosis in 9‐month β1AR hearts, was suppressed in β1/AC5, but not in β1/β2, hearts. Taken together, the unique signaling effects of enhanced β2AR and AC5, which have the potential to afford benefit in heart failure, failed to salvage ventricular function in β1AR‐mediated cardiomyopathy.
Stereotypes, Bias, and Personnel Decisions: Strange and Stranger
Authors: Landy Frank J.
Published: November 2008

Research on stereotyping as related to workplace evaluations and decisions has been going on for more than 30 years. Recently, implicit association theory has emerged as a less conscious manifestation of stereotyping mechanisms. In this article, I review the relevance of research on both stereotyping and one of the more popular tests of implicit associations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Claims have been made that both stereotyping research and, more recently, IAT research provide theoretical and empirical support for the argument that protected demographic groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women) are the victims of biased personnel decisions and evaluations. My review of the literature suggests that both stereotyping and IAT research study designs are sufficiently far removed from real work settings as to render them largely useless for drawing inferences about most, but not all, forms of employment discrimination.
Stereotyping, Implicit Association Theory, and Personnel Decisions: I Guess We Will Just Have to Agree to Disagree
Authors: Landy Frank J.
Published: November 2008

My focal article generated a good deal of both heat and light embodied in 13 commentaries. In this response, I address both the heat and the light by clarifying some of my original comments, responding to criticisms in the commentaries, and using the commentaries to suggest a research agenda for studying the possible influence of stereotypes on real-world personnel decisions.
Transforming Our Models of Learning and Development: Web-Based Instruction as Enabler of Third-Generation Instruction
Authors: Kraiger Kurt
Published: November 2008

In this paper, I suggest that our methods for how to train are based historically on what we understand learning to be. I briefly trace the history of instructional design models, which embody both first-generation objectivist and second-generation cognitive constructivist views of learning. I then suggest we are on the cusp of a third-generation instructional model, one that places greater emphasis on the learner forming understanding largely through a process of social negotiation, either in training or on the job. I argue that Web-based instruction offers a technology ideally suited to the social constructivist approach at the core of this third-generation model. I discuss the importance of interaction in learning and suggest why Web-based networked learning may result in more, not less, interaction during training. Finally, I discuss other applications of third-generation learning such as peer mentoring and professional forums.
Third-Generation Instructional Models: More About Guiding Development and Design Than Selecting Training Methods
Authors: Kraiger Kurt
Published: November 2008

In this article, I summarize and respond to key comments and criticisms offered in commentaries on Kraiger (2008). At issue is whether the proposed third-generation instructional model is fundamentally sound, represents a new or better approach, overemphasizes the importance of learner–learner interaction, and underemphasizes the role of the instructor. Responses to these concerns are offered, along with clarification that the major contribution of the third-generation model is at the point of training design.
Receptors for the liver synthesized growth factors IGF‐1 and HGF/SF in uveal melanoma: intercorrelation and prognostic implications
Authors: Economou Mario A. , All‐Ericsson Charlotta , Bykov Vladimir , Girnita Leonard , Bartolazzi Armando , Larsson Olle , Seregard Stefan
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  Uveal melanoma disseminates preferentially to the liver. The mechanism for this homing is largely unknown, but growth factors synthesized in the liver may be involved. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible relationship between cell surface receptors for two such growth factors: the c‐Met proto‐oncogene, which constitutes the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R). Their role as a prognostic factor was also clarified.

Methods:  Paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens from 132 patients with primary uveal melanoma were analyzed by using well‐established specific antibodies against c‐Met and IGF‐1R. The intercorrelation of receptor expression and association with melanoma‐related survival of patients were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results:  Whereas the expression of both IGF‐1R and c‐Met was significantly associated with melanoma‐specific mortality by univariate analysis (p = 0.004 and p = 0.007, respectively) only IGF‐1R showed independent prognostic value by multivariate analysis, p = 0.004. The prognostic value of IGF‐1R was stronger than such currently used prognostic parameters as tumor cell type and tumor diameter (p = 0.021 and p = 0.026, respectively). The expression patterns of the two growth factors receptors were weakly intercorrelated.

Conclusions:  In conclusion, the data suggest that the receptors for IGF‐1 and HGF/SF may play a role in the spread of uveal melanoma and its affinity to the liver. The strong correlation between IGF‐1R expression and melanoma‐specific mortality points to the use of IGF‐1R as a prognostic tool [Economou MA, All‐Ericsson C, Bykov V, Girnita L, Bartolazzi A, Larsson O & Seregard S (2005): Receptors for the liver synthesized growth factors IGF‐1 and HGF/SF in uveal melanoma: intercorrelation and prognostic implications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci46: 4372–4375].
Oral picropodophyllin (PPP) is well tolerated in vivo and inhibits IGF‐1R expression and growth of uveal melanoma
Authors: Economou Mario A. , Andersson Sandra , Vasilcanu Diana , All‐Ericsson Charlotta , Menu Eline , Girnita Ada , Girnita Leonard , Axelson Magnus , Seregard Stefan , Larsson Olle
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  The cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP) efficiently blocks the activity of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) and inhibits growth of uveal melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of orally administered PPP on growth of uveal melanoma xenografts. Further, we focused on the effect of PPP on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vivo and evaluated its effects in combination with other established anti‐tumor agents in vitro.

Methods:  Four different uveal melanoma cell lines (OCM‐1, OCM‐3, OCM‐8, 92‐1) were treated with PPP alone and in combination with imatinib mesylate, cisplatin, 5‐FU and doxorubicin. Cell viability was determined by XTT assay. SCID mice xenografted with uveal melanoma cells were used to determine anti‐tumor efficacy of oral PPP in vivo. Tumor samples obtained from the in vivo experiments were analyzed for VEGF and IGF‐1R expression by western blotting.

Results:  PPP was found to be superior to the other anti‐tumor agents in killing uveal melanoma cells. Oral PPP inhibited uveal melanoma growth in vivo and was well tolerated by the animals. PPP decreased VEGF expression in the tumors.

Conclusions:  Oral PPP is well tolerated in vivo and caused total growth inhibition of uveal melanoma xenografts as well as it decreased the levels of VEGF in the tumors.
Anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody‐positive optic neuritis
Authors: Takagi Mineo , Tanaka Keiko , Suzuki Tone , Miki Atsushi , Nishizawa Masatoyo , Abe Haruki
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  It has recently been reported that the anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody (AQP4‐Ab) can be a specific marker of neuromyelitis optica. We present three cases of optic neuritis (ON) where the patients tested positive for AQP4‐Ab, but showed no neurological signs.

Methods:  Sera were obtained from 32 Japanese patients with ON and no other neurological abnormalities (mean age 46 ± 20 years). AQP4‐Ab was detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining using human‐AQP4‐transfected HEK 293 cells.

Results:  AQP4‐Ab was positive in three female patients (aged 9, 64 and 82 years). Their illness was characterized by bilateral severe optic nerve involvement, insufficient visual recovery, and autoimmune abnormalities (such as positive antinuclear antibody). Two of these patients experienced recurrent episodes of ON. In at least two episodes, the intracranial portion of the optic nerve showed significant inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging.

Conclusions:  These cases indicate that some ON patients have an immunological pathogenesis similar to that seen in neuromyelitis optica. In addition, examination for AQP4‐Ab positivity in the initial phase of ON is important in predicting the prognosis, including the possibility of the development of transverse myelitis.
Stratus optical coherence tomography study of filtering blebs after primary trabeculectomy with a fornix‐based conjunctival flap
Authors: Hirooka Kazuyuki , Takagishi Mai , Baba Tetsuya , Takenaka Hirokazu , Shiraga Fumio
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  To investigate the relationship between filtering bleb function and Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.

Methods:  We studied 72 eyes of 65 consecutive patients who had a fornix‐based conjunctival flap in primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC). Filtering blebs with various types of glaucoma were examined using Stratus OCT. Success rates were defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 15 mmHg and IOP reduction ≥ 25% without medication or additional surgery. Success rates among classified groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the log‐rank test.

Results:  Blebs were classified into three different categories on the basis of the following Stratus OCT patterns: cystoid type (multiple cysts inside the bleb; 17 eyes), diffuse type (low to high reflective areas that were mixed inside the bleb; 31 eyes) and layer type (medium to high reflective layer inside the bleb; 24 eyes). Success rates in the cystoid‐, diffuse‐ and layer‐type blebs were 94%, 97% and 75% (P = 0.02), respectively.

Conclusion:  In trabeculectomy with MMC and a fornix‐based conjunctival flap, there is a significant association between the success rates and the postoperative Stratus OCT findings of filtering blebs.
ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS IN RENAL FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Noordzij M.J. , Lefrandt J.D. , Smit A.J.
Published: November 2008

The article aims to present an overview of the existing knowledge on advanced glycation end products (AGE). They are moieties that bind to proteins, but also lipids and nuclear acids. AGE are formed during glycation and oxidative stress. Accumulation of AGE occurs especially in diabetes and chronic renal failure and plays a major pathogenetic role. The deleterious effects of AGE result from cross‐linking of proteins and activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products. AGE accumulation can be noninvasively assessed by the skin autofluorescence reader. In diabetics, the skin autofluorescence predicts cardiac mortality and the occurrence of macro‐ and microvascular complications. In patients on haemodialysis, skin autofluorescence is highly elevated and predicts mortality. After renal transplantation AGE accumulation is lower than during haemodialysis, but still remains elevated and is a strong risk factor for chronic renal transplant dysfunction. Some of the potential methods to intervene with AGE accumulation are discussed in this article.
THE USE OF PHARMACEUTICALS FOR DIALYSIS PATIENTS. HOW WELL DO WE KNOW OUR PATIENTS' ALLERGIES?
Authors: Bhandari S. , Armitage J. , Chintu M. , Chinnappa S. , Kendrew P.
Published: November 2008

Medication allergies are potentially important but usually poorly documented in patient medical records. Allergy awareness by clinical staff may be low in the haemodialysis population despite their regular attendance for treatment sessions. A cross‐sectional study of 25 patients in a satellite unit was performed. All known allergies were not documented in 36% of patients despite the patients being known to the renal service for more than five years. 81% of allergies were medication allergies. The rest were due to topical agents. 57% (affecting 8 patients) of the medication allergies related to antibiotics (especially penicillin). Four patients had multiple antibiotic allergies. The nature and severity of these allergies was not well documented. This study demonstrates that despite being under long‐term care there remains incomplete information, which is vital for optimal safe practice. Without such information, the potential for adverse events and anaphylaxis is significant in a population that is exposed to numerous pharmaceutical agents and are frequently prescribed antibiotics. Medication histories should be comprehensively re‐evaluated regularly and prescribing should not occur unless the allergy box is completed.
RESEARCH INTO PAIN PERCEPTION WITH ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA (AVF) CANNULATION
Authors: Figueiredo Ana E. , Viegas Ariani , Monteiro Mara , Poli‐de‐Figueiredo Carlos E.
Published: November 2008

Patients with end‐stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing haemodialysis (HD) are repeatedly exposed to stress and pain from approximately 300 punctures per year to their arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Repeated AVF punctures lead to a considerable degree of pain, due to the calibre and length of the bevel of fistula needles. Pain is a sensitive, emotional and subjective experience. The objective of this study was to measure pain associated with AVF needling. The analogue visual scale (AVS) divided into 10 equal parts (0 indicating lack of pain, and 10 unbearable pain) was used. Patients7 perceptions were measured in three different HD sessions. Pain was considered mild during AVF needling. The buttonhole technique caused a mean degree of pain of 2.4 (±1.7), compared to 3.1 (±2.3) using the conventional ropeladder technique. Although without reaching a statistically significant difference, diminished pain was associated with the buttonhole technique.
CE: Continuing Education Article PATIENT MANAGEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGES 4 TO 5
Authors: Murphy Fiona , Jenkins Karen , McCann Margaret , Sedgewick John
Published: November 2008

This is the second article in a two part Continuing Education (CE) series on managing patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The first CE article addressed the management of patients during CKD stages 1 to 3. This article will focus on the management of patients during CKD stages 4 to 5. Nephrology nurses and other healthcare professionals play an important role in the monitoring and management of the many physical symptoms that patients present with during stages 4 to 5. During these stages the healthcare team must provide psychological support along with educating patients and their families/carers regarding their treatment options including renal replacement therapy, conservative treatment and withdrawal of dialysis.
IMPACT OF HEPARIN LOCKING FREQUENCY ON PREVENTING TEMPORARY DIALYSIS CATHETER DYSFUNCTION IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Oran Nazan Tuna , Eser Ismet
Published: November 2008

A prospective analysis was conducted comparing dysfunction attributable to catheter thrombosis in subjects who received a heparin catheter lock three times a week (n = 15) to those who received a heparin lock six times a week (n = 15) immediately after the insertion of a temporary haemodialysis catheter. Thrombus related catheter removal occurred in two patients in control but no patients in the experiment group. Heparin locking six times a week was found to be effective in prolonging the mean of the first day where difficulty was experienced in aspiration. It also prevented any possible difficulty in catheter flushing. Increased locking frequency prevents any thrombus accumulation within the temporary catheter, while it has limited but significant preventive effect on thrombus accumulated around the catheter.
VENOUS NEEDLE DISLODGEMENT: HOW TO MINIMISE THE RISKS
Authors: Van Waeleghem Jean‐Pierre , Chamney Melissa , Lindley Elizabeth J. , Pancírova Jitka
Published: November 2008

Although haemodialysis (HD) has become a routine treatment, adverse side effects, and occasionally life threatening clinical complications, still happen. Venous needle dislodgment (VND) is one of the most serious accidents that can occur during HD. If the blood pump is not stopped, either by activation of the protective system of the dialysis machine or manually, the patient can bleed to death within minutes.

Fatal and near‐fatal blood loss due to VND have been described in the literature (ECRI 1998; Sandroni 2005; Mactier & Worth 2007), but published reports represent only the tip of the ice berg, as such incidents are normally handled at a local or national level.

The European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association (EDTNA/ERCA) has produced 12 practice recommendations to help reduce the risk of VND and detect blood leakage as early as possible. A poster summarising these recommendations has been created (Van Waeleghem et al. 2008).
Chromosomes 7, 16 numerical aberrations are poor prognostic factors in colorectal adenocarcinoma: A tissue microarray analysis
Authors: Papazachariou Ioanna , Tsiambas Evangelos , Koliopoulou Antigoni , Tsounis Dimitrios , Manaios Loukas , Fotiades Panagiotis P , Karameris Andreas , Patsouris Efstratios
Published: November 2008

Background and aims:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) over expression combined to e‐cadherin functional loss is a frequent event in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC). Our aim was to correlate their protein expression levels with the numerical alterations of the corresponding chromosomes.Methods:Sixty‐six paraffin embedded primary CRCs were cored and transferred to microarray blocks. Immunohistochemistry and chromogenicin situhybridization (CISH) assays were performed using monoclonal antibodies and centromeric probes, respectively.Results:EGFR protein over expression was observed in 17/66 (25.7%) cases, whereas reduced or loss of e‐cadherin expression was observed in 41/66 (62.1%). CISH analysis detected aneuploidy in 13/66 (19.6%) and 4/66 (6.1%) cases for chromosomes 7 and 16, respectively. EGFR over expression combined with e‐cadherin expression reduction or loss was found in 16/66 (24.2%) cases. Stage of the examined tumors was significantly correlated with e‐cadherin expression, and with chromosomes 7 and 16 numerical alterations (P = 0.001,P = 0.016 andP = 0.007), whereas the tumor grade was correlated only with e‐cadherin (P = 0.013). Cox regression analysis showed that numerical imbalances in chromosome 7 and also combined numerical imbalances in chromosomes 7 and 16 correlated with a poor prognosis (P = 0.061,P = 0.001, respectively).Conclusions:Combined chromosome 16 and 7 numerical imbalances and not e‐cadherin/EGFR protein alterations maybe influence the prognosis for CRC patients.
Comparative clinical study of canine and feline total blood cell count results with seven in‐clinic and two commercial laboratory hematology analyzers
Authors: Becker Martina , Moritz Andreas , Giger Urs
Published: November 2008

Background: A CBC is an integral part of the assessment of health and disease in companion animals. While in the past newer technologies for CBC analysis were limited to large clinical pathology laboratories, several smaller and affordable automated hematology analyzers have been developed for in‐clinic use.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare CBC results generated by 7 in‐clinic laser‐ and impedance‐based hematology instruments and 2 commercial laboratory analyzers.

Methods: Over a 3‐month period, fresh EDTA‐anticoagulated blood samples from healthy and diseased dogs (n=260) and cats (n=110) were analyzed on the LaserCyte, ForCyte, MS45, Heska CBC, Scil Vet ABC, VetScan HMT, QBC Vet Autoread, CELL‐DYN 3500, and ADVIA 120 analyzers. Results were compared by regression correlation (linear, Deming, Passing‐Bablok) and Bland–Altman bias plots using the ADVIA as the criterion standard for all analytes except HCT, which was compared with manual PCV. Precision, linearity, and carryover also were evaluated.

Results: For most analytes, the in‐clinic analyzers and the CELL‐DYN performed similarly and correlated well with the ADVIA. The biases ranged from −0.6 to 2.4 × 109/L for WBC count, 0 to 0.9 × 1012/L for RBC count, −1.5 to 0.7 g/dL for hemoglobin concentration, −4.3 to 8.3 fL for MCV, and −69.3 to 77.2 × 109/L for platelet count. Compared with PCV, the HCT on most analyzers had a bias from 0.1% to 7.2%. Canine reticulocyte counts on the LaserCyte and ForCyte correlated but had a negative bias compared with those on the ADVIA. Precision, linearity, and carryover results were excellent for most analyzers.

Conclusions: Total WBC and RBC counts were acceptable on all in‐clinic hematology instruments studied, with limitations for some RBC parameters and platelet counts. Together with evaluation of a blood film, these in‐clinic instruments can provide useful information on canine and feline patients in veterinary practices.
What is your diagnosis? Lymph node cytology from a dog
Authors: Dunbar Mark D. , Wamsley Heather L.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A 2‐year‐old, castrated male, mixed‐breed dog was presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center with swelling, edema, ulceration, and draining tracts in the region surrounding the left hock. The dog had mild monocytosis and moderate hyperglobulinemia. Fine‐needle aspirate specimens of the left popliteal lymph node revealed pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis with hyphal organisms. The diameters of the hyphae were variable, ranging from 11 to 22 μm. The organism was considered as most consistent with Lagenidium caninum; although Pythium insidiosum or Lagenidium karlingii were not conclusively excluded, hyphal diameter in these organisms is typically smaller (6.6–8.8 and 2.5–11 μm, respectively). A positive Western blot confirmed the presence of serum antibodies reactive against Lagenidium sp. and the absence of antibodies to P. insidoisum, Basidiobolus, and Conidiobolus antibodies. Careful assessment of hyphal diameter in cytologic specimens may be useful in differentiating L. caninum from P. insidiosum or L. karlingii.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Confirms Clearance of VisibleHelicobacterspp. Associated with Gastritis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Jergens A.E. , Pressel M. , Crandell J. , Morrison J.A. , Sorden S.D. , Haynes J. , Craven M. , Baumgart M. , Simpson K.W.
Published: November 2008

Background:The results of studies examining the role ofHelicobacterspp. in the pathogenesis of canine and feline gastritis are inconclusive. Furthermore, data evaluating the effectiveness of medical therapy for eradication ofHelicobacterinfection are limited.

Aim:To detectHelicobacterspp. in mucosal biopsies of dogs and cats diagnosed with gastritis, with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Animals:Three dogs and 2 cats with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease.

Methods:Dogs and cats infected withHelicobacterspp. were treated with triple antimicrobial therapy and fed an elimination diet for 21 days.Helicobacterspp. status in endoscopic (3 dogs, 1 cat) or surgical biopsies (1 cat) of gastric mucosa was compared pre‐ and posttreatment in each animal by histology, FISH analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results:Gastritis of varying severity with intraglandular spiral bacteria was observed in all animals. Pretreatment diagnostic tests confirmed the presence of mucosalHelicobacterspp. in all animals by FISH and histopathology and in 4/5 animals by PCR. Rapid resolution of vomiting episodes was observed in all animals. Gastric biopsies performed after triple therapy revealed clearance of visibleHelicobacterspp. by histopathology and negative FISH analysis, as well as PCR in all animals.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Application of FISH to routine biopsy specimens enabled rapid and specific identification ofHelicobacterspp. within the gastric mucosa of dogs and cats. Although medical therapy was useful in resolution of clinical signs and clearance of visibleHelicobacterspp. in gastric biopsies, gastric inflammation persisted.
Gingival Hyperplasia Associated with the Administration of Amlodipine to Dogs with Degenerative Valvular Disease (2004–2008)
Authors: Thomason J.D. , Fallaw T.L. , Carmichael K.P. , Radlinsky M.A. , Calvert C.A.
Published: November 2008

Background:Calcium channel blocking drugs, usually nifedipine and less often amlodipine, have been reported to cause gingival hyperplasia (GH) in humans.

Hypothesis:Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking drug, can cause GH when administered chronically to older small dogs with degenerative valvular disease.

Animals Studied:From January 2004 to May 2008, 82 client‐owned dogs with degenerative valvular disease and left atrial dilatation were treated with amlodipine in combination with spironolactone and enalapril and followed for >6 months.

Methods:Retrospective study. A chronological observation of GH in 2 dogs treated with amlodipine in 2004 and 2006 prompted the study. Patient histories and medical records of each dog treated with amlodipine for degenerative valvular disease from January 2004 to May 2008 were reviewed.

Results:GH was observed by clients and the authors in 7 of 82 (8.5%) dogs. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was made in 2 dogs. The minimum duration of treatment before diagnosis of GH was 5 months. GH began to resolve within 2 weeks of discontinuing amlodipine and resolution was complete within 6 months. Amlodipine administration was reinstituted in 1 dog in which GH had resolved, and GH reoccurred within 4 months.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance:Long‐term administration of amlodipine to dogs with degenerative valvular disease may cause GH in a small percentage of patients. GH resolves quickly after withdrawal of amlodipine treatment.
Use of Auscultation and Doppler Echocardiography in Boxer Puppies to Predict Development of Subaortic or Pulmonary Stenosis
Authors: Jenni S. , Gardelle O. , Zini E. , Glaus T.M.
Published: November 2008

Background:Boxers are predisposed to subaortic and pulmonic stenosis (SAS, PS). Screening of puppies may be useful in estimating the risk of their developing a defect that potentially compromises life expectancy or exercise tolerance.

Hypothesis:Presence of SAS or PS in adult Boxers can be predicted by auscultation and Doppler echocardiography at 9–10 weeks of age.

Animals:Eighty‐five Boxer puppies examined at 9–10 weeks of age and at 12 months of age.

Methods:Prospective, longitudinal observational study. Auscultation by stethoscope and continuous wave‐Doppler echocardiography for peak velocities (Vmax) in the aorta (Ao) and pulmonary artery (PA).

Results:Intensity of heart murmurs in puppies correlated withVmaxAo andVmaxPA in adults.VmaxAo andVmaxPA in puppies correlated withVmaxAo andVmaxPA in adults, respectively. From puppy to adult,VmaxAo increased andVmaxPA remained unchanged. The negative predictive value for absent or only a soft (≤II/VI) murmur in puppies being associated withVmaxAo and PA ≤ 2.4 m/s as an adult was 90% and ≤3.5 m/s 100%. The negative predictive value of aVmax≤ 2.4 m/s as a puppy still being ≤2.4 m/s as an adult was 94% for Ao and 96% for PA, and of aVmax≤ 3.5 m/s, 99% for Ao and 100% for PA.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Even thoughVmaxAo increases during growth in Boxer puppies, indicating relative narrowing of the aorta, puppies withVmaxAo ≤ 2.4 m/s do not usually progress to clinically have relevant SAS at 12 months of age.
Primary Hepatitis in Dogs: A Retrospective Review (2002–2006)
Authors: Poldervaart J.H. , Favier R.P. , Penning L.C. , Van Den Ingh T.S.G.A.M. , Rothuizen J.
Published: November 2008

Background: Little is known about etiology, disease progression, treatment outcome, survival time, and factors affecting prognosis in dogs with primary hepatitis (PH).

Objectives: To review retrospectively different forms of hepatitis in a referral population, by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Standardization criteria.

Animals: One‐hundred and one dogs examined for histologically confirmed PH between 2002 and 2006. Dogs with nonspecific reactive hepatitis were excluded.

Methods: Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed for prevalence, signalment, clinical and clinicopathologic manifestation, outcome, survival time, and prognostic factors for shortened survival.

Results: PH occurred in 0.5% of dogs in this referral population. Acute (AH) and chronic hepatitis (CH) were diagnosed in 21 and 67 dogs, respectively. Progression from AH to CH occurred in 5/12 of the repeatedly sampled dogs. CH was idiopathic in 43 (64%) dogs, and was associated with copper accumulation in 24 (36%) dogs. Median survival time was longer in dogs with AH than in dogs with CH (either idiopathic or copper associated), and dogs with lobular dissecting hepatitis had the shortest survival time. Prognostic factors predicting shortened survival were associated with decompensated liver function and cirrhosis at initial examination.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The majority of PH in dogs is CH. Previous studies appear to have underestimated the etiologic role of copper in both AH and CH. Prognosis is reduced in dogs with hepatic cirrhosis or cirrhosis‐related clinical findings. Further research into etiology and treatment effectiveness in all PH forms is needed.
Thyroid Function in Anhidrotic Horses
Authors: Breuhaus B.A.
Published: November 2008

Background:This study was performed to determine whether anhidrotic horses have altered thyroid function compared with horses that sweat normally.

Hypothesis:Anhidrotic horses have normal thyroid function.

Animals:Ten client‐owned horses with clinical signs of anhidrosis were paired with 10 horses living in the same environment that had normal sweat production.

Methods:Horses were diagnosed as having normal sweat production or being anhidrotic based on responses to intradermal injections of terbutaline and physiologic responses to lunging exercise. Control horses were selected from the same environment and matched as closely as possible to anhidrotic horses in terms of age, sex, breed, and athletic condition. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests were performed in both horses at the same time, once in the summer or fall, and once again in winter.

Results:Anhidrotic horses produced less sweat in response to intradermal injections of terbutaline and exercise than did control horses. They also had greater increases in body temperature and respiratory rate in response to exercise. Resting concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) were not different between anhidrotic and control horses. Thyroid hormone responses to TRH also were not different between the 2 groups of horses. However, anhidrotic horses had a significantly different TSH response to TRH compared with control horses, particularly in the winter.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The biologic relevance of the altered TSH response to TRH in anhidrotic horses is uncertain, considering that TSH concentrations remained within previously reported normal ranges and thyroid hormone responses were not different between anhidrotic and control horses.
The Six‐Party Talks and the Future Denuclearization and Rehabilitation of North Korea
Authors: Grinter Lawrence E.
Published: November 2008

The Korean Six‐Party Talks that are focused on North Korea's nuclear weapons programs reveal contending interests and motives among the participating six governments. Each government has been challenged and several have had to make compromises while nevertheless protecting what they view as their core interests. The Talks are making incremental progress on the “action for action” denuclearization arrangements resulting from the September 2005, and February and October 2007 multilateral agreements. The Talks are also creating the basis for strategic changes in Northeast Asia involving the future rehabilitation of North Korea and, beyond that, possibly a new cooperative security system in the region. This article moves on to analyze three possible strategic outcomes of the Talks: (1) Complete weapons denuclearization of North Korea, a Korean Peace Treaty, the rehabilitation of North Korea, and a new security regime in the region; (2) Partial denuclearization of North Korea amidst South Korea engagement with North Korea as South Korea/US deterrence continues; (3) Breakdown of the Talks and Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea resumption of nuclear weapons production. The paper concludes with recommended policies to encourage outcome (1).