bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection for Drinking in the Dark Alters Brain Gene Coexpression Networks
Authors: Iancu Ovidiu D. , Oberbeck Denesa , Darakjian Priscila , Metten Pamela , McWeeney Shannon , Crabbe John C. , Hitzemann Robert
Published: March 2013

Background

Heterogeneous stock (HS/NPT) mice have been used to create lines selectively bred in replicate for elevated drinking in the dark (DID). Both selected lines routinely reach a blood ethanol (EtOH) concentration (BEC) of 1.00 mg/ml or greater at the end of the 4‐hour period of access in Day 2. The mechanisms through which genetic differences influence DID are currently unclear. Therefore, the current study examines the transcriptome, the first stage at which genetic variability affects neurobiology. Rather than focusing solely on differential expression (DE), we also examine changes in the ways that gene transcripts collectively interact with each other, as revealed by changes in coexpression patterns.

Methods

Naïve mice (N = 48/group) were genotyped using the Mouse Universal Genotyping Array, which provided 3,683 informative markers. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis used a marker‐by‐marker strategy with the threshold for a significant logarithm of odds (LOD) set at 10.6. Gene expression in the ventral striatum was measured using the Illumina Mouse 8.2 array. Differential gene expression and the weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) were implemented largely as described elsewhere.

Results

Significant QTLs for elevated BECs after DID were detected on chromosomes 4, 14, and 16; the latter 2 were associated with gene‐poor regions. None of the QTLs overlapped with known QTLs for EtOH preference drinking. Ninety‐four transcripts were detected as being differentially expressed in both selected lines versus HS controls; there was no overlap with known preference genes. The WGCNA revealed 2 modules as showing significant effects of both selections on intramodular connectivity. A number of genes known to be associated with EtOH phenotypes (e.g., Gabrg1, Glra2, Grik1, Npy2r, and Nts) showed significant changes in connectivity.

Conclusions

We found marked and consistent effects of selection on coexpression patterns; DE changes were more modest and less concordant. The QTLs and differentially expressed genes detected here are distinct from the preference phenotype. This is consistent with behavioral data and suggests that the DID and preference phenotypes are markedly different genetically.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Alcohol Dehydrogenase‐1B and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase‐2 and Liver Cirrhosis, Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Among Japanese Alcoholic Men
Authors: Yokoyama Akira , Mizukami Takeshi , Matsui Toshifumi , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Kimura Mitsuru , Matsushita Sachio , Higuchi Susumu , Maruyama Katsuya
Published: March 2013

Background

The presence of the less‐active form of alcohol dehydrogenase‐1B encoded by ADH1B*1/*1 (vs. *2 allele) and active form of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) encoded by ALDH2*1/*1 (vs. *2 allele) increases the risk of alcoholism in East Asians.

Methods

The subjects in this cross‐sectional survey were 1,902 Japanese alcoholic men (≥40 years) who underwent ADH1B/ALDH2 genotyping.

Results

Age‐adjusted daily alcohol consumption did not differ according to the ADH1B/ALDH2 genotypes. The age‐adjusted odds ratios (AORs; 95% confidence interval) for liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 359, 1.58 [1.19 to 2.09]), chronic calcific pancreatitis (CP; n = 80, 2.24 [1.20 to 4.20]), and diabetes mellitus (DM; n = 383, 1.51 [1.15 to 1.99]) were higher in the ADH1B*2 allele carriers than in the ADH1B*1/*1 carriers. The AORs for LC (1.43 [1.01 to 2.02]), CP (1.68 [0.80 to 3.53]), DM (1.63 [1.15 to 2.30]), and hypertension (HT; n = 495, 1.52 [1.11 to 2.07]) were higher in the ALDH2*1/*1 carriers than in the ALDH2*1/*2 carriers. The ADH1B*2‐associated AOR for LC was 2.08 (1.46 to 2.94) among those aged 40 to 59 years, but 0.89 (0.56 to 1.43) among those aged 60 years or over, and the interaction between ADH1B genotype and age on the LC risk was significant (p = 0.009). When the group with non‐LC and no/mild fibrosis was used as controls, the ADH1B*2‐associated AORs increased according to the severity of their liver disease: 1.67 (1.32 to 2.11) for the group with non‐LC and serum type IV collagen values ≥200 ng/ml, 1.81 (1.24 to 2.63) for the group of Child‐Pugh class A LC, and 3.17 (1.98 to 5.07) for the group with Child‐Pugh class B/C LC. Anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody was positive in 103 patients, and the groups with a high anti‐HCV antibody titer and either the ADH1B*2/*2 genotype or the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype had the highest AORs (8.83 and 4.90, respectively). The population attributable fraction (PAF) due to the ADH1B*2 allele was 29% for LC, 47% for CP, and 27% for DM, and the PAF due to the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype was 26% for LC, 34% for DM, and 30% for HT.

Conclusions

The ADH1B*2 allele increased the AORs for LC, CP, and DM of the alcoholics, and the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype increased their AORs for LC, DM, and HT. HCV infection and genetic susceptibility had a synergistic effect on the AOR for LC.
Acute Alcohol Produces Ataxia and Cognitive Impairments in Aged Animals: A Comparison Between Young Adult and Aged Rats
Authors: Novier Adelle , Van Skike Candice E. , Diaz‐Granados Jaime L. , Mittleman Guy , Matthews Douglas B.
Published: March 2013

Background

Aging in both humans and rodents appears to be accompanied by physiological changes that increase biologic sensitivity to ethanol (EtOH) intoxication. However, animal models designed to investigate this increased alcohol sensitivity have yet to be established. For this reason, we sought to determine whether acuteEtOHadministration produces differential effects on motor coordination and spatial cognition in young adult and aged rats.

Methods

Male young adult (postnatal day 70 to 72) and aged (~18 months)Sprague‐Dawley rats were assessed on 2 motor tasks (the accelerating rotarod [RR] and the aerial righting reflex [ARR]) and a single cognitive performance task (theMorris water maze [MWM]). Following acuteEtOHexposure via intraperitoneal injection, animals' performance was reassessed.

Results

Aged rats showed a dramatic increase inEtOH‐induced ataxia on theRRand theARRrelative to young adult animals. Similarly, results from theMWMrevealed that aged animals had slightly greaterEtOH‐induced impairments compared with young adult animals. Importantly, the increased impairments produced byEtOHwere not due to differential bloodEtOHlevels.

Conclusions

We demonstrate for the first time that aged rats show greaterEtOH‐induced deficits compared with young adults in tasks of motor and cognitive performance. The possible role of protein kinaseCas a mechanism for increased sensitivity to the motor‐impairing effects ofEtOHis discussed. Given the high prevalence of alcohol use among the elderly, increased vulnerability to alcohol‐induced deficits may have a profound effect on injury in this population.
Effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use on selected pregnancy outcomes in Alaska Native women: a case–control study
Authors: England Lucinda J. , Kim Shin Y. , Shapiro‐Mendoza Carrie K. , Wilson Hoyt G. , Kendrick Juliette S. , Satten Glen A. , Lewis Claire A. , Tucker Myra J. , Callaghan William M.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the potential effects of prenatal smokeless tobacco use on selected birth outcomes.

Design

A population‐based, case–control study using a retrospective medical record review.

Population

Singleton deliveries 1997–2005 to Alaska Native women residing in western Alaska.

Methods

Hospital discharge codes were used to identify potential case deliveries and a random control sample. Data on tobacco use and confirmation of pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from medical records for 1123 deliveries. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between tobacco use and pregnancy outcomes. Adjusted odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and p‐values were calculated.

Main outcomes measures

Preterm delivery, pregnancy‐associated hypertension, and placental abruption.

Results

In unadjusted analysis, smokeless tobacco use was not significantly associated with preterm delivery (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.97–2.15). After adjustment for parity, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, and maternal age, the point estimate was attenuated and remained non‐significant. No significant associations were observed between smokeless tobacco use and pregnancy‐associated hypertension (adjusted OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.56–1.51) or placental abruption (adjusted OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.53–2.33).

Conclusions

Prenatal smokeless tobacco use does not appear to reduce risk of pregnancy‐associated hypertension or to substantially increase risk of abruption. An association between smokeless tobacco and preterm delivery could not be ruled out. Components in tobacco other than nicotine likely play a major role in decreased pre‐eclampsia risk in smokers. Nicotine adversely affects fetal neurodevelopment and our results should not be construed to mean that smokeless tobacco use is safe during pregnancy.
Effect of self‐hypnosis on duration of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Werner Anette , Uldbjerg Niels , Zachariae Robert , Nohr Ellen A.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the effect of a brief course in self‐hypnosis for childbirth on duration of the labor and other birth outcomes.

Design

A randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial.

Setting

Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Denmark.

Population

A total of 1222 healthy nulliparous women.

Methods

A hypnosis group receiving three 1‐h lessons in self‐hypnosis with additional audio‐recordings to ease childbirth, a relaxation group receiving three 1‐h lessons in various relaxation methods and mindfulness with audio‐recordings for additional training, and a usual‐care group receiving only the usual antenatal care were compared.

Main outcome measures

Duration of labor, birth complications, lactation success, caring for the child, and preferred future mode of delivery.

Results

No differences were found across the three groups on duration from arriving at the birth department until the expulsive phase of second stage of labor, the duration of the expulsive phase, or other birth outcomes. Fewer emergency and more elective cesarean sections occurred in the hypnosis group. No difference was seen across the groups for lactation success or caring for the child but fewer women in the hypnosis group preferred a cesarean section in future pregnancies because of fear of childbirth and negative birth experiences.

Conclusions

Learning self‐hypnosis to ease childbirth taught as a brief course failed to show any effects on duration of childbirth and other birth outcomes.
Role of microRNA in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma
Authors: Tagawa Hiroyuki , Ikeda Sho , Sawada Kenichi
Published: March 2013

MicroRNA (miRNA) are non‐coding regulatory RNA usually consisting of 20−24 nucleotides. Over the past decade, increases and decreases in miRNA expression have been shown to associate with various types of disease, including cancer. The first two known miRNA aberrations resulted from altered expression of DLEU2 and C13orf25 in hematological malignancies. DLEU2, which encodes miR‐15a and miR‐16‐1, was discovered from 13q14 deletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, while C13orf25, which encodes six mature miRNA (miR‐17, miR‐18, miR‐19a, miR‐19b, miR‐20a and miR‐92a), was identified from 13q31 amplification in aggressive B‐cell lymphomas. These miRNA were downregulated or upregulated in accordance with genomic deletion or amplification, which suggests that they contribute to tumorigenesis through altered regulation of target oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Consistent with that idea, miR‐15a/16‐1 is known to regulate Bcl2 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and miR‐17‐92 regulates the tumor suppressors p21, Pten and Bim in aggressive B‐cell lymphomas. Dysregulation of other miRNA, including miR‐21, miR‐29, miR‐150 and miR‐155, have also been shown to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of aggressive transformed, high‐grade and refractory lymphomas. Addition of miRNA dysregulation to the original genetic events likely enhances tumorigenicity of malignant lymphoma through activation of one or more signaling pathways.
Beneficial effects of adequate iodine supply on characteristics of thyroid autonomy
Authors: Gaberšček Simona , Bajuk Vid , Zaletel Katja , Pirnat Edvard , Hojker Sergej
Published: March 2013

Objective

Our aim was to establish the characteristics of thyroid autonomy (TA) in Slovenian patients and the required therapeutic dose of radioiodine before and ten years after the increase in mandatory salt iodization from previous 10 mg of potassium iodide to 25 mg per kg in 1999 because almost no data about TA and radioiodine treatment with respect to iodine supply are available.

Design

Retrospective clinical study.

Patients

We reviewed records of all patients referred for the first time in 1998 and 2009 to the Thyroid Department at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana which is a tertiary referral centre with a stable catchment area for more than 20 years.

Methods

TA was diagnosed by thyroid function, ultrasound, scintigraphy and negative TSH receptor antibodies. Demographic characteristics and the applied dose of radioiodine were evaluated.

Results

In 1998, significantly more patients presented with TA than in 2009 (383 of 3243, 11·8% and 333 of 4546, 7·3%, respectively, P < 0·001). In 1998, the ratio between hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients was higher than in 2009 (6:1 and 2·1:1, respectively, P < 0·001). In 1998, patients were younger than in 2009 (mean 63·8 ± 13·9 and 66·8 ± 14·9 years, respectively, P < 0·004). Hyperthyroid patients were older than euthyroid in both years (P < 0·001). In 1998, mean applied dose of radioiodine was significantly lower than in 2009 (713 ± 306 and 791 ± 194 MBq, respectively, P = 0·003).

Conclusions

In adequate iodine supply, TA is less frequent, patients are less often hyperthyroid, they are older and cured with higher doses of radioiodine than in mild iodine deficiency.
Integration and Reuse in Cognitive Skill Acquisition
Authors: Salvucci Dario D.
Published: March 2013

Previous accounts of cognitive skill acquisition have demonstrated how procedural knowledge can be obtained and transformed over time into skilled task performance. This article focuses on a complementary aspect of skill acquisition, namely the integration and reuse of previously known component skills. The article posits that, in addition to mechanisms that proceduralize knowledge into more efficient forms, skill acquisition requires tight integration of newly acquired knowledge and previously learned knowledge. Skill acquisition also benefits from reuse of existing knowledge across disparate task domains, relying on indexicals to reference and share necessary information across knowledge components. To demonstrate these ideas, the article proposes a computational model of skill acquisition from instructions focused on integration and reuse, and applies this model to account for behavior across seven task domains.
The Modulation of Visual and Task Characteristics of a Writing System on Hemispheric Lateralization in Visual Word Recognition—A Computational Exploration
Authors: Hsiao Janet H. , Lam Sze Man
Published: March 2013

Through computational modeling, here we examine whether visual and task characteristics of writing systems alone can account for lateralization differences in visual word recognition between different languages without assuming influence from left hemisphere (LH) lateralized language processes. We apply a hemispheric processing model of face recognition to visual word recognition; the model implements a theory of hemispheric asymmetry in perception that posits low spatial frequency biases in the right hemisphere and high spatial frequency (HSF) biases in the LH. We show two factors that can influence lateralization: (a) Visual similarity among words: The more similar the words in the lexicon look visually, the more HSF/LH processing is required to distinguish them, and (b) Requirement to decompose words into graphemes for grapheme‐phoneme mapping: Alphabetic reading (involving grapheme‐phoneme conversion) requires more HSF/LH processing than logographic reading (no grapheme‐phoneme mapping). These factors may explain the difference in lateralization between English and Chinese orthographic processing.
Evidence for outcomes of motivational rehabilitation interventions for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: an American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine systematic review
Authors: Tatla Sandy K , Sauve Karen , Virji‐Babul Naznin , Holsti Liisa , Butler Charlene , Van Der Loos Hendrik F Machiel
Published: March 2013

This study reviewed evidence regarding the effect of motivational rehabilitation interventions on outcomes in children with cerebral palsy. Six databases were searched for literature published up to May 2012. Included studies measured the purported motivating effects of motor‐based rehabilitation interventions and the measured impact on outcomes. The American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) systematic review methodology was used as a framework. Eight studies evaluated outcomes of studies using virtual reality interventions and one in a functional therapy context. Conflicting evidence from three (level II and level III) studies exists about the impact of these motivating interventions on motor outcomes measured in body functions. No statistical evidence regarding activity and participation outcomes exists. A single level II study found no significant difference in participants’ motivation between motivational and conventional interventions. This review revealed a paucity of research on the effects of motivational interventions. Weaknesses include a lack of consistency in the examination of motivational interventions, limited use of definitions or theories to ground the concept of motivation, and reliance on non‐validated methodological tools. This body of evidence would be strengthened by the use and development of robust outcome measures of motivation.
Safety of lumbar puncture in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis
Authors: Canhão P. , Abreu L. F. , Ferro J. M. , Stam J. , Bousser M. G. , Barinagarrementeria F. , Fukujima M. M. ,   for the ISCVT Investigators
Published: March 2013

Background and purpose

Lumbar puncture (LP) may precipitate cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), but it is unclear if LP is deleterious in patients with CVT. We aimed to assess the safety of LP in the International Study on Cerebral Veins and Dural Sinus Thrombosis prospective cohort.

Methods

In 624 patients with CVT, we compared the prognosis of patients submitted or not to LP. The primary outcome was ‘death or dependency at 6 months’, as evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; mRS = 3–6, with adjustment for variables associated with poor prognosis); secondary outcomes were: ‘worsening after admission’; ‘acute death’; and ‘complete recovery at 6 months’ (mRS = 0–1). We analyzed the same outcomes in subgroups of patients with brain lesions on the admission computer tomography/magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

LP was performed in 224 patients (35.9%). There was no difference in frequency of ‘death or dependency at 6 months’ between patients with or without LP [13.4% vs. 14.4%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–1.5; P = 0.739]. LP was not associated with ‘worsening after hospitalization’ [21.5% vs. 23.5%; OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.6–1.3; P = 0.577], ‘acute death’ [3.6% vs. 3.3%; OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.7; P = 0.844] or ‘complete recovery’ [79.9% vs. 76.6%; OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.8–1.7; P = 0.484]. In the subgroups of patients with brain lesions, the prognoses were not different between patients submitted or not to LP.

Conclusion

LP was not associated with the functional outcome of patients with CVT, suggesting that LP was not harmful in these patients. These results should not be generalized to patients with large brain lesions and risk of herniation where LP is contraindicated.
Assessing the influence of physical, geochemical and biological factors on anaerobic microbial primary productivity within hydrothermal vent chimneys
Authors: Olins H. C. , Rogers D. R. , Frank K. L. , Vidoudez C. , Girguis P. R.
Published: March 2013

Chemosynthetic primary production supports hydrothermal vent ecosystems, but the extent of that productivity and its governing factors have not been well constrained. To better understand anaerobic primary production within massive vent deposits, we conducted a series of incubations at 4, 25, 50 and 90 °C using aggregates recovered from hydrothermal vent structures. We documented in situ geochemistry, measured autochthonous organic carbon stable isotope ratios and assessed microbial community composition and functional gene abundances in three hydrothermal vent chimney structures from Middle Valley on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Carbon fixation rates were greatest at lower temperatures and were comparable among chimneys. Stable isotope ratios of autochthonous organic carbon were consistent with the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle being the predominant mode of carbon fixation for all three chimneys. Chimneys exhibited marked differences in vent fluid geochemistry and microbial community composition, with structures being differentially dominated by gamma (γ) or epsilon (ε) proteobacteria. Similarly, qPCR analyses of functional genes representing different carbon fixation pathways showed striking differences in gene abundance among chimney structures. Carbon fixation rates showed no obvious correlation with observed in situ vent fluid geochemistry, community composition or functional gene abundance. Together, these data reveal that (i) net anaerobic carbon fixation rates among these chimneys are elevated at lower temperatures, (ii) clear differences in community composition and gene abundance exist among chimney structures, and (iii) tremendous spatial heterogeneity within these environments likely confounds efforts to relate the observed rates to in situ microbial and geochemical factors. We also posit that microbes typically thought to be mesophiles are likely active and growing at cooler temperatures, and that their activity at these temperatures comprises the majority of endolithic anaerobic primary production in hydrothermal vent chimneys.
The treatment of a maxillary lateral incisor with unusual morphology with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: De Rossi A. , Carvalho F. K. , Queiróz A. M. , Silva R. A. B. , Nelson‐Filho P. , Silva L. A. B.
Published: March 2013

Aim

To report the treatment of an unusual combination of one dens evaginatus and two dens invaginatus in a single tooth and its healing outcome after 10 years.

The long‐term outcome of a maxillary lateral incisor with dens evaginatus combined with two Oehlers type II dens invaginatus and a large periradicular lesion in an 11‐year‐old female treated endodontically and restoratively is described. The endodontic treatment included intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide and canal filling using a thermoplastic root canal filling technique. The crown was restored with conventional composite resin. During periodic clinical and radiographic follow‐up, the patient remained symptom free, and the periradicular region was completely healed, meeting both aesthetic and functional expectations after 10 years.

Key learning points

The co‐occurrence of dens evaginatus and two dens invaginatus in the same tooth is an unusual finding that compromises aesthetics and predisposes the patient to dental pulp infection.

The complex morphology observed in this case represented both endodontic and restorative challenges.
I thought we were good: social cognition, figurative language, and adolescent psychopathology
Authors: Im‐Bolter Nancie , Cohen Nancy J. , Farnia Fataneh
Published: March 2013

Background

Language has been shown to play a critical role in social cognitive reasoning in preschool and school‐aged children, but little research has been conducted with adolescents. During adolescence, the ability to understand figurative language becomes increasingly important for social relationships and may affect social adjustment. This study investigated the contribution of structural and figurative language to social cognitive skills in adolescents who present for mental health services and those who do not.

Method

One hundred and thirty‐eight adolescents referred to mental health centers (clinic group) and 186 nonreferred adolescents (nonclinic group) aged 12–17 were administered measures of structural and figurative language, working memory, and social cognitive problem solving.

Results

We found that adolescents in the clinic group demonstrated less mature social problem solving overall, but particularly with respect to anticipating and overcoming potential obstacles and conflict resolution compared with the nonclinic group. In addition, results demonstrated that age, working memory, and structural and figurative language predicted social cognitive maturity in the clinic group, but only structural language was a predictor in the nonclinic group.

Conclusions

Social problem solving may be particularly difficult for adolescents referred for mental health services and places higher demands on their cognitive and language skills compared with adolescents who have never been referred for mental health services.
The sleeper effect of intimate partner violence exposure: long‐term consequences on young children's aggressive behavior
Authors: Holmes Megan R.
Published: March 2013

Background

Children who have been exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) experience a wide variety of short‐term social adjustment and emotional difficulties, including externalizing behavioral problems such as aggression. While children are affected by IPV at all ages, little is known about the long‐term consequences of IPV exposure at younger ages. Because early experiences provide the foundation for later development, children exposed to IPV as an infant or toddler may experience worse negative outcomes over time than children never exposed.

Methods

Using the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being (NSCAW), latent growth curve modeling was conducted to examine whether early IPV exposure occurring between birth and age three (n = 107), compared with no exposure (n = 339), affects the development of aggressive behavior over 5 years. This modeling allowed for empirical exploration of developmental trajectories, and considered whether initial social development trajectories and change over time vary according to early IPV exposure.

Results

Children who were exposed to more frequent early IPV did not have significantly different aggressive behavior problems initially than children who were never exposed. However, over time, the more frequently children were exposed between birth and 3 years, the more aggressive behavior problems were exhibited by age eight.

Conclusions

Results indicate a long‐term negative behavioral effect on children who have been exposed to IPV at an early age. An initial assessment directly following exposure to IPV may not be able to identify behavior problems in young children. Because the negative effects of early IPV exposure are delayed until the child is of school age, early intervention is necessary for reducing the risk of later aggressive behavior.
Effect of long‐term castration on serum biochemistry in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Nagarajan P. , Arindkar S. , Singh S. , Majumdar S.S.
Published: March 2013

Background

Testicular failure has an effect on normal physiology. To address this issue, an experimental non‐human primate model of long‐term castrated rhesus monkey was chosen for this study to evaluate the influence of castration on various biochemical parameters.

Methods

Nine castrated rhesus monkeys were evaluated for changes in body weight, serum testosterone, and serum biochemical parameters as compared to those in non‐castrated macaques.

Results

Castration caused statistically significant changes in body weight, biochemical analytes, and testosterone levels. Body weight and testosterone levels were decreased, and there were increase in alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, serum bilirubin, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, urea and a decrease in serum protein, uric acid, creatinine, and triglycerides.

Conclusions

This study provided essential baseline information on biochemical variables due to the effect of castration associated with declining levels of testosterone, as data are not readily accessible from the existing body of scientific literature on non‐human primates.
Development process and psychometric testing of foot health assessment instrument
Authors: Stolt Minna , Suhonen Riitta , Puukka Pauli , Viitanen Matti , Voutilainen Päivi , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To describe the development process of the foot health assessment instrument for the assessment of foot health in older people and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the foot health assessment instrument.

Background

In clinical nursing, assessment of foot health and recognition of foot problems in older people is fundamental for maintain older persons' independent functional ability. However, valid and reliable nurse‐administered foot health assessment instruments are lacking.

Design

A cross‐sectional methodological design.

Methods

The foot health assessment instrument was developed in 2008–2011 based on a literature review and expertise in podiatry and nursing. Content validity was evaluated in four expert panels. Inter‐rater reliability between nurses' and researcher (MS) assessments was evaluated in the pilot test and in the empirical testing of the instrument with a sample of visiting home nurses. Inter‐rater reliability was calculated withCohen's kappa, internal consistency reliability was examined withCronbach's alpha coefficients and item analysis, and construct validity was evaluated by principal component analysis withVarimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

Content validity was guaranteed by the expert analyses. Inter‐rater reliability improved after pilot test. TheCronbach's alpha coefficient for the total foot health assessment instrument was satisfactory. Item‐to‐total correlations varied between but most of them were acceptable. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the four component structure of the foot health assessment instrument.

Conclusions

The 23‐item foot health assessment instrument showed preliminary acceptable psychometric properties. However, further modifications and testing are needed to strengthen the psychometric properties of the foot health assessment instrument.

Relevance to clinical practice

The existence of a foot health assessment instrument and its application would considerably improve the assessment of foot health in daily nursing practice. The foot health assessment instrument developed in this study is short and easy to administer.
A narrative literature review of older people's cancer pain experience
Authors: Dunham Margaret , Ingleton Christine , Ryan Tony , Gott Merryn
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To synthesise current evidence about the experience of older people with cancer pain and consider how exploration of this may inform clinical practice and research.

Background

Cancer is more prevalent in older age. Evidence suggests that older people's pain is generally under‐recognised and under treated. Pain is a significant concern for many people living and dying with cancer and may be of particular concern for older people who may have complex biopsychosocial needs. There is mounting evidence that older people and their families experience high level of unmet need generally and suboptimal pain in particular.

Design

Narrative literature review.

Method

A comprehensive search of five electronic databases was undertaken between the years 1996–2010 inclusive. Inclusion criteria were primary research papers relating older peoples' experiences of cancer pain, incorporating the verbal report or narrative account of experience of cancer.

Results

Seventeen papers met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Three major themes emerged from the literature: (1) emotional experience identified by older people with cancer pain, (2) effects of pain on life and living, and (3) how communication affects the experience or expression of cancer pain including subthemes of validating, trust and cultural effects on the communication of pain.

Conclusion

There is limited research about older people's cancer pain from the perspective of the person experiencing the pain. This review highlights the need for further research into living and dying with cancer pain which incorporates the unique and individual experience of older people.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding the complexity and nature of older people's cancer pain experience should inform appropriate effective care that improves quality of life and promotes independence and dignity. Culturally sensitive training in communication may enhance understanding of the needs of older people with cancer pain.
Developing complex interventions for nursing: a critical review of key guidelines
Authors: Corry Margarita , Clarke Mike , While Alison E , Lalor Joan
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To identify the most comprehensive approach to developing complex interventions for nursing research and practice.

Background

The majority of research in nursing is descriptive and exploratory in nature. There is an increasing professional and political demand for nurses to develop and provide evidence to support their practices. Nurses need to explore current practice and develop and test interventions to provide the evidence required for safe practice.

Design

A literature review using a systematic approach.

Methods

The review was carried out using four databases: CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO and BNI (2000–2011), and the search was limited to ‘brief interventions’ and complex intervention development (January 2000–September 2011). Included papers reported on guidelines for intervention development or ‘how’ an intervention was developed.

Results

Six papers reported on guidelines for developing interventions. There are many similarities between the guidelines with a similar pattern of guideline development in Europe and the USA. The only guideline reported to have been used in the development of interventions is the Medical Research Council framework (MRC) (A Framework for Developing and Evaluation of RCTs for Complex Interventions to Improve Health, 2000), with 9 of 14 papers that describe the development of an intervention reporting the use of this guideline. The other five papers did not mention the use of any guideline or framework.

Conclusions

The MRC (A Framework for Developing and Evaluation of RCTs for Complex Interventions to Improve Health, 2000) framework appears to be the most widely used guideline reported for developing complex interventions. Although the updated MRC (Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions, 2008) framework adds considerably to the original MRC (A Framework for Developing and Evaluation of RCTs for Complex Interventions to Improve Health, 2000) framework, other guidelines contribute additional guidance which can inform the development of nursing interventions. These additional guidelines are presented in a model for developing complex interventions for nursing.

Relevance to clinical practice

The model will help nurses planning to develop nursing interventions as it provides additional and nursing‐specific guidance to the MRC (Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions, 2008) framework for the development of complex interventions for nursing practice.
Urinary incontinence in Emirati women with diabetes mellitus type 2: prevalence, risk factors and impact on life
Authors: Bani‐issa Wegdan , Fakhry Randa , Al Momani Fida
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To evaluate prevalence, risk factors for urinary incontinence and its impact on lives of Emirati women with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Risk factors examined were age, parity, history of urinary tract infections, body mass index (BMI) and DM2 duration.

Background

Incontinence is a known complication of DM2 with impact on women's lives. Less is known about incontinence problem among Emirati women with DM2.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey design using probability sampling approach was employed to assess urinary incontinence in Emirati women with DM2.

Methods

A total of 300 women with DM2, aged 20–65 years, were recruited from six healthcare centres. Data were collected over an 18‐month period. A standardised incontinence questionnaire was used to assess type and frequency of incontinence within the past 12 months. Presence of weekly incontinence was the main outcome.

Results

Of the 300 women, 188 (63%) reported any incontinence, of which 48% had at least weekly episode. Both stress (n = 154, 51·3%) and urge (n = 181, 60·3%) were reported by participants, with 48 (31·1%) reporting at least weekly stress and 85 (46·9%) expressing at least weekly urge incontinence. Diabetes duration was a significant risk factor for any, stress and urge incontinence followed by age for only any and stress incontinence. BMI was a risk factor for urge incontinence. Women perceived incontinence as bothersome, disturbing their social activities and daily prayers.

Conclusions

The prevalence of incontinence in Emirati women with DM2 is higher than that reported by women in other cultures. Risk factors identified were DM2 duration, age and obesity. Emirati women found incontinence to be a bothersome problem influencing their daily lives and prayers.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses in general practice should be alert to the incontinence problem by considering it as part of the routine diabetes evaluation of women, especially of those with longer duration of diabetes, obese and older. Cultural knowledge, sensitivity and individualised treatment plans need to be adopted by nurses working in the UAE to encourage the reporting of incontinence by Emirati Muslim women with DM2.
Symptom self‐management strategies in patients with non‐metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Hsiao Chao‐Pin , Moore Ida M (Ki) , Insel Kathleen C , Merkle Carrie J
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To explore the association between symptoms, symptom distress and symptom self‐management and to identify effective strategies of symptom self‐management in men with non‐metastatic prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy.

Background

Men receiving treatments for localised prostate cancer experience symptoms of urinary incontinence, urinary obstruction/irritation, bowel difficulties and sexual dysfunction. Understanding patients' symptom experiences and identifying strategies that they use to manage these symptoms are imperative for symptom management planning.

Design

A descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 53 men, who were within three months of the initiation of their treatment.

Methods

The Symptom Indexes and the Strategy and Effectiveness of Symptom Self‐Management questionnaires were used to measure symptoms, symptom distress and symptom self‐management. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, correlations and multiple regressions were used to analyse the data.

Results

Symptoms were significantly correlated with symptom‐related distress (r = 0·67, p < 0·01). Frequency of symptoms was significantly associated with symptom self‐management strategies for urinary (β = 0·50, p < 0·01), bowel (β = 0·71, p < 0·01) and sexual problems (β = 0·28, p = 0·05). The most effective strategies were as follows: pads and doing Kegel exercise for managing urinary problems, rest and endurance for bowel symptoms, and expressing feelings and finding alternative ways to express affection for management of sexual dysfunction.

Conclusions

Assessing symptom self‐management among men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer can help healthcare providers develop strategies that will enhance health‐related quality of life.

Relevance to clinical practice

Results provide information on effective strategies that patients with prostate cancer found to reduce their symptoms. The strategies used provide a foundation for developing and testing interventions for personalised symptom management.
Overexpression of Hippo pathway effector TAZ in tongue squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological features and patients' prognosis
Authors: Wei Zicheng , Wang Yanling , Li Zhongwu , Yuan Chunping , Zhang Wei , Wang Dongmiao , Ye Jinhai , Jiang Hongbin , Wu Yunong , Cheng Jie
Published: March 2013

Background

Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) is a key downstream effector of Hippo signaling pathway involved in stem cell differentiation and organ development. Recently, its deregulation has been linked to initiation and progression of various cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of TAZ in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and its prognostic value in predicting patients' outcomes.

Methods

TAZ expression and localization in a panel of TSCC cell lines and human immortalized oral epithelial cell (HIOEC) were determined by real‐time RT‐PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In 52 TSCC tumor specimens with detailed clinical and follow‐up data, TAZ abundance was examined by immunohistochemistry and its associations with clinicopathological parameters, Ki‐67 expression and patients' survival were further assessed.

Results

TAZ mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in TSCC cells and specimens than those in non‐cancerous cells and normal tongue mucosa. Overexpression of TAZ in TSCC was significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.033), pathological grade (P = 0.026), clinical stage (P = 0.013), Ki‐67 expression (P = 0.0485), and reduced overall and disease‐free survival (Kaplan–Meier analysis, log‐rank test, P = 0.020, 0.019, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified TAZ as an important independent predictor for survival of patients with TSCC [HR (hazard ratio), 4.351; 95% CI (95% confidence interval), 1.477–12.819; P = 0.008].

Conclusion

Our data indicate that aberrant TAZ overexpression is associated with key clinicopathological features and poor survival in TSCC. These results suggest that TAZ might play critical roles in tumorigenesis of TSCC and become a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for this malignancy.
Changes in Neuroticism Following Trauma Exposure
Authors: Ogle Christin M. , Rubin David C. , Siegler Ilene C.
Published: March 2013

Using longitudinal data, the present study examined change in midlife neuroticism following trauma exposure. Our primary analyses included 670 participants (Mage = 60.55; 65.22% male, 99.70% Caucasian) who completed the NEO Personality Inventory at ages 42 and 50 and reported their lifetime exposure to traumatic events approximately 10 years later. No differences in pre‐ and post‐trauma neuroticism scores were found among individuals who experienced all of their lifetime traumas in the interval between the personality assessments. Results were instead consistent with normative age‐related declines in neuroticism throughout adulthood. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in neuroticism scores did not differ between individuals with and without histories of midlife trauma exposure. Examination of change in neuroticism following life‐threatening traumas yielded a comparable pattern of results. Analysis of facet‐level scores largely replicated findings from the domain scores. Overall, our findings suggest that neuroticism does not reliably change following exposure to traumatic events in middle adulthood. Supplemental analyses indicated that individuals exposed to life‐threatening traumas in childhood or adolescence reported higher midlife neuroticism than individuals who experienced severe traumas in adulthood. Life‐threatening traumatic events encountered early in life may have a more pronounced impact on adulthood personality than recent traumatic events.
The epidemiology of arrhythmia in infants: A population‐based study
Authors: Turner Christian James , Wren Christopher
Published: March 2013

Aim

Cardiac arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity in infants. Although the spectrum of types of arrhythmia has been reported, there has been no previous population‐based study of the incidence of arrhythmias in infancy. Our aim was to define the population incidence of arrhythmia in infants.

Methods

We based this study on the Northern Region of England with a resident population of 3.1 million and an annual live birth rate of 33 000. We identified all clinically significant arrhythmias in infants in 1991–2010 from the regional cardiac database. All diagnoses were based on analysis of the electrocardiogram. Infants with only the substrate for arrhythmia (such as QT prolongation or ventricular pre‐excitation) were excluded.

Results

In 20 years, there were 662 698 live births. We identified 162 cases of newly diagnosed arrhythmia of which 22 had associated structural cardiovascular malformations. The incidence of arrhythmia was 24.4 per 100 000 live births. The most common arrhythmia was atrioventricular re‐entry tachycardia with an incidence of 16.3 per 100 000. Complete atrioventricular block and atrial flutter both occurred at 2.1 cases per 100 000 live births, and other arrhythmias were rare.

Conclusions

This study is the first to report a population incidence of arrhythmia in infants.
QTL Mapping of Downy Mildew Resistance in an Introgression Line Derived from Interspecific Hybridization Between Cucumber and Cucumis hystrix
Authors: Pang Xin , Zhou Xiaohui , Wan Hongjian , Chen Jinfeng
Published: March 2013

Downy mildew (DM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzev, is a worldwide major disease of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). By screening 10 introgression lines (ILs) derived from interspecific hybridization between cucumber and the wild Cucumis, C. hystrix, through a whole plant assay, one introgression line (IL52) was identified with high DM‐resistance. IL52 was further used as a resistant parent to make an F2 population with ‘changchunmici’ (susceptible parent). The F2 population (300 plants) was investigated for DM‐yellowing, DM‐necrosis and DM‐resistance in the adult stage. A genetic map spanning 642.5 cM with 104 markers was constructed and used for QTL analysis from the population. Three QTL regions were identified on chromosome 5 and chromosome 6. By interval mapping analysis, two QTLs for DM‐resistance were determined on chromosome 5 (DM_5.1 and DM_5.2), which explained 17.9% and 14.2% of the variation, respectively. QTLs for DM‐yellowing were in the same regions as DM‐resistance. For DM‐necrosis, by interval mapping analysis, one QTL was determined on chromosome 5 (Necr_5.1) that explained 18.3% of the variation and one on chromosome 6 (Necr_6.1) that explained 13.9% of the variation. Our results indicated that the identification of molecular markers linked to the QTLs could be further applied for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) of downy mildew resistance in cucumber.