bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of transarticular external skeletal fixation in the management of failed tibial tuberosity transposition in five dogs
Authors: Coughlan A. , Pettitt R. , MacDonald N. , Innes J. , Owen M. , Comerford E. , Higgins B.
Published: February 2010

The management of tibial tuberosity fracture-avulsion after tibial tuberosity transposition can be challenging. Implants must be able to resist the strong distractive force of the quad-riceps mechanism, yet implant size is limited by the amount of tuberosity bone stock available. Revision fixation is compromised further by fragmentation of the tubercle. Five stifle joints had temporary transarticular external skeletal fixators applied to manage complications of tibial tuberosity transposition. Fracture reduction was confirmed in four out of five tibial tuberosity fractures. Frames were in place for a mean of 44 days. Frame associated complications occurred in four out of five limbs, the most common being pin tract discharge and associated osteolucency. All frame-associated complications resolved. Long-term follow-up information was available for three of the five animals at 13 to 18 months after frame removal. All three owners reported occasional lameness, but this was attributed to concurrent orthopaedic disease. Transarticular external skeleton fixation protects internal fixation techniques, and good limb function was achieved in most cases. Transarticular external skeleton fixation can be successfully used to augment repair of tibial tuberosity fracture after tibial tube-rosity transposition.
Treatment of caudal mandibular fracture and temporomandibular joint fracture-luxation using a bi-gnathic encircling and retaining device
Authors: Wyatt J. , Radke H. , Langley-Hobbs S. J. , Nicholson I.
Published: February 2010

Fractures of the caudal portion of the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fracture-luxation can be challenging to treat with direct fixation methods. This paper describes a simple technique for the indirect treatment of caudal mandibular fracture and TMJ fracture-luxation using a subcutaneous loop of nylon leader line tunnelled around the maxilla, incisive and nasal bones, and under the mandible, placed just caudal to the canine teeth, and crimped ventral to the mandibular skin: a bi-gnathic encircling and retaining device (BEARD). A BEARD was used to treat two immature dogs with simple, unilateral caudal mandibular fractures, six cats with unilateral injury (two with TMJ luxation, three with TMJ fracture-luxation, one with caudal mandibular fracture), and two cats with bilateral injury (comminuted caudal mandibular fracture with contralateral TMJ luxation; bilateral condylar neck fracture). The BEARD treatment failed short-term due to poor tolerance in one cat, and concurrent injuries and poor initial reduction in another cat. One cat was lost to long-term follow-up. Rostral dental occlusion was normal in six out of seven cases, and reported jaw function was normal in seven out of seven cases. The case with poor occlusion had imperfect initial reduction. Complications included dorsal nasal skin swelling or discharge, oesophagostomy tube dislodgement or blockage, BEARD loosening, and regurgitation. Treatment of uni- or bilateral caudal mandibular trauma using a BEARD can lead to clinical union, and normal rostral occlusion, provided that case selection is appropriate and immediate-post-surgical occlusion has been corrected.
Bone transport osteogenesis for treatment of canine osteomyelitis
Authors: Petersen S. W. , Déjardin L. M. , Ting D.
Published: February 2010

Bone transport osteogenesis, as described by Ilizarov, has been used to resolve segmental bone defects in both human and veterinary patients. These defects are created when a large osseous tumour, sequestrum, or non-union fracture is resected. This report documents two cases in which the principle of bone transport osteogenesis was applied by utilising the Ilizarov technique to bridge large osseous defects resulting from debridement of an infected nonunion fracture (case 1) and debridement of a sequestrum (case 2). Defects were treated by transporting either a complete or a hemi-circumferential bone segment. Both cases had resolution of osteomyelitis, satisfactory fracture union, and functional usage of the limb 39 weeks and 15 weeks post-surgery, respectively. Although manageable complications were encountered during the treatment of these cases, the long-term clinical outcome was eventually favorable. The authors believe that bone transport osteogenesis offers a valid restorative option in the treatment of bone defects resulting from extensive debridement and sequestrectomy.
Macroscopic and microvascular blood supply of the canine common calcaneal tendon
Authors: Shmon C. L. , Linn K. A. , Singh B. , Gilbert P. J.
Published: February 2010

Chronic tendinopathy injuries to the canine common calcaneal tendon are relatively common in large breed dogs and typically affect the distal portion of the tendon. In humans, poor blood supply, biomechanical faults, poor training methods and fluoroquinolone administration have all been linked with the development of Achilles tendinopathy. The most common sites for Achilles tendinopathy in humans seem to correspond with areas of poor blood supply within the tendon.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood supply of the canine common calcaneal (Achilles) tendon to determine if variations occur along the tendon. The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the microvascular blood supply at varying points along the tendon.

Paired pelvic limbs were collected from 12 large breed dog cadavers. A 50% barium sulphate and 50% saline solution was infused into the femoral artery of one limb from each dog and radiographs were taken to outline the blood supply to the common calcaneal tendon. Indian ink was infused into the contralateral limb. The common calcaneal tendon was removed, fixed and sectioned at 1 cm intervals, from calcaneal insertion to musculotendinous junction. The ink-filled arteries and arterioles in each section were counted. Radiographs revealed fine branches from the caudal saphenous artery entering the mid-body of the tendon along its cranial border. The musculotendinous junction had additional branches from the gastrocnemius muscles. Distally, vessels radiated proximally from the calcaneus 2 to 3 cm into the tendon. Mean total vessel counts at the insertion (138.54 ± SD 31.06) were significantly higher than all other sections (p <0.001). The mid-body had significantly lower total vessel counts. When the cross sectional area of the tendon was taken into account, only the insertion had a significantly higher mean vessel count/cm2 than the mid-body of the tendon. There were no other significant differences in mean vessel count/cm2.

Areas of poorer blood supply did not correspond with the most commonly reported site for chronic common calcanean tendinopathies, suggesting that inherent poor blood supply at the site of injury may not play a role in the pathogenesis. Atraumatic handling and minimal manipulation should be used during the surgical approach and debridement to preserve the remaining blood supply in ruptured tendons.
A case of bilateral patellar osteochondrosis and fracture in a cat
Authors: Palissier F. , Raymond-Letron I. , Autefage A. , Palierne S.
Published: February 2010

Fracture of the patella associated with bilateral osteochondrosis of the superior pole of the patella in a 14-week-old cat is reported with histological findings.

Patellar osteochondrosis has been described in humans, horses, pigs, and dogs and is char-acterised by incomplete union of the ossification centres related to an abnormal process of endochondral ossification. However this disease has not yet been described in cats. Macroscopically, two main fragments separated by interposed tissue were identified on the left patella. In contrast, no fracture but only a fissuration of the articular cartilage was observed on the right patella. Bilateral partial patellectomy was performed. Histological examination of the excised fragments from the left patella revealed two main areas of trabecular bone separated by a wide irregular band of hyaline cartilage. The microscopic aspect of the right patella was similar to that of the left. Serial sections showed the initial appearance of an area of necrosis in the central band of hyaline cartilage, and that this hyaline cartilage was subsequently replaced by fibrovascular connective tissue.

These findings indicate that some patellar fractures may be due to patellar osteochondrosis.
Osteomyelitis-related sequestrum formation in association with the combination tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge osteotomy procedure
Authors: Mertens W. D. , Bahr A. , Maley J. R.
Published: February 2010

A twenty-eight-month old female spayed American Bulldog was presented for evaluation of a chronic draining tract and intermittent left hindlimb lameness twenty-eight weeks after a combination tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge osteotomy (TLPO/CCWO) had been performed. The patient had developed an infection of the surgical site three weeks postoperatively. Drainage persisted despite implant removal 10 weeks postoperatively and several weeks of culture and sensitivity-directed antibiotic therapy. Twenty-eight weeks postoperatively, a sequestrum was identified on radiographs. Surgical removal of the sequestrum resulted in resolution of the drainage. While osteomyelitis is a known complication of TPLO surgery, this case represents the first described case of osteomyelitis-related sequestrum formation in association with the combined TPLO/CCWO procedure
Low-Cost Cruises: A Business Model Analysis of Easycruise
Authors: Gross Sven
Published: February 2010

The low-cost strategy has revolutionized European airlines in the past 10 years. In response there has been a tendency towards low-cost practices in other transport industries. Specifically, the cruising industry has changed substantially from being the exclusive domain of the privileged,
to being more accessible to the masses. This is partly due to the growing range of convenient cruising choices: from “mega-cruisers” to low-cost cruise ships. Launched in 2005, easyCruise has redefined budget cruises by providing a “no frills” option. This report will
use the example of easyCruise to explore the low-cost concept in the cruising business. It will address both the factors for its success as well as the risks and opportunities that it presents.
Recent Advances in Whale-Watching Research: 2008–2009
Authors: Scarpaci C. , Lück M. , Parsons E. C. M.
Published: February 2010

Whale-watching research encompasses a wide variety of disciplines and fields of study. These include monitoring the biological impacts of whale-watching activities on cetaceans and assessments of the effectiveness of whale-watching management and regulations, as well as the sociological
and economic aspects of whale watching on communities hosting such activities. This article is the latest in a series of annual digests, which describes the variety and findings of whale-watching studies published since June 2008.
Radiation Treatment Waiting Times for Breast Cancer Patients in Manitoba, 2001 and 2005
Authors: Cooke A. L. , Appell R. , Suderman K. , Fradette K. , Latosinsky S.
Published: February 2010

Introduction: Our study examined the wait time from ready-to-treat to radiation therapy for cohorts of breast cancer patients requiring adjuvant radiation therapy in 2001 and in 2005 after the implementation of strategies to reduce wait times for radiation treatment. We also examined the overall time from diagnosis to radiation treatment and whether distance from the cancer treatment centre or month of referral had an effect on wait times. Methods: This population-based retrospective study looked at representative samples of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 and 2005. Patients who required radiation treatment to the breast or chest wall were followed from first contact to the start of radiation treatment. Results: Time from ready-to-treat to first radiation treatment was significantly reduced for patients in 2005 as compared with 2001, regardless of whether chemotherapy was administered before radiation treatment. Time from diagnosis to radiation treatment was not different by year for those who received radiation only. Time from diagnosis to chemotherapy was significantly longer in 2005. No effect of month of diagnosis on wait times was observed. Interpretation: A significant improvement in the median wait time from ready-to-treat to first radiation treatment was noted from 2001 to 2005. This improvement may be attributable to measures taken to reduce such waits. However, we observed an increase in the median time from diagnosis to referral and from referral to consultation with medical or radiation oncology (or both), so that the overall time from diagnosis to radiation treatment was not different. Although specific intervals related to radiation treatment delivery were improved, the entire trajectory of breast cancer care experienced by patients needs to be considered.
Preparation with Recombinant Humanized Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone before Radioiodine Ablation after Thyroidectomy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Yoo J. , Cosby R. , Driedger A.
Published: February 2010

Background: Standard treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer is thyroidectomy followed in selected cases by radioiodine ablation (ra). Recombinant humanized thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhtsh) is an exogenous source of tsh that can be administered to obviate the need for hormone withdrawal. In this systematic review, we analysed the evidence for the therapeutic use of rhtsh for ra preparation. Method: A systematic review of the medline and embase databases from 1996 through January 2008 selected articles reporting randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and retrospective studies published in English that compared ra using rhtsh with standard hormone withdrawal. Results and Interpretation: Stimulation by rhtsh is equivalent to thyroid hormone withdrawal in achieving ablation while avoiding detrimental symptoms of hypothyroidism and significantly lowering the whole-body radiation dose. Furthermore, rhtsh may be the only option for patients who either cannot raise endogenous tsh or who would be at risk from the morbidity of hypothyroidism. Based on the results of validated instruments of physical and mental performance, there is agreement that rhtsh maintains a better quality of life. Studies of cost-effectiveness found that rhtsh-prepared patients lost less time from work and required fewer encounters with health care providers.
131I–Tositumomab in Lymphoma
Authors: Cheung M. C. , MacEachern J. A. , Haynes A. E. , Meyer R. M. , Imrie K.
Published: February 2010

Radioimmunoconjugates are radioisotope-bound monoclonal antibodies that target radiation specifically to sites of lymphoma involvement. Initial studies of 131I–tositumomab in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (nhl) have suggested benefit in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent disease. However, the routine adoption of this agent is tempered by concerns about associated toxicities and unclear long-term benefit. Based on a comprehensive search for studies on 131I–tositumomab use in lymphoma, this systematic review summarizes and evaluates the evidence on (1) the benefits and risks of this novel therapy, (2) the predictors for response and toxicity, and (3) the role of dosimetry and imaging studies before treatment. We identified 18 trials investigating the use of 131I–tositumomab for the treatment of adult patients with nhl. In trials of patients with relapsed or refractory indolent nhl, overall response rates ranged from 67% to 83%. In patients with follicular nhl refractory to the monoclonal antibody rituximab, response rates remained high (65%–72%). However, in rituximabnaïve patients with relapsed or refractory indolent or transformed nhl, improvements in time to progression or survival have not been clearly established. 131I–Tositumomab is an active agent in relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma that should be considered in selected patients.
Efficacy of Third-Line Therapy Using Bevacizumab in a Patient with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Gaulin J. , Kotb R. , Turcotte E. , Berard G. , Sawan B. , Schmutz G. , Beauregard P.
Published: February 2010

Bevacizumab is currently approved in association with first- and second-line 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy regimens for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Few data about the usefulness of bevacizumab in third-line settings are available. We describe a patient refractory to folfiri and folfox chemotherapy regimens who showed a dramatic and durable response to bevacizumab and folfiri. We also review and discuss the available literature.
The Role of Neoadjuvant her2-Targeted Therapies in her2-Overexpressing Breast Cancers
Authors: Lemieux J. , Clemons M. , Provencher L. , Dent S. , Latreille J. , Mackey J. , Pritchard K. I. , Rayson D. , Verma Sh. , Verma Su. , Wang B. , Chia S.
Published: February 2010

Women receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy for primary operable or inoperable breast cancer can potentially benefit in a number of ways, but the main advantage, which has been consistently demonstrated, is improved tumour resectability. Given the improvement in outcomes with the adjuvant use of trastuzumab in patients with early-stage breast cancer positive for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (her2), questions have been raised about the use of trastuzumab in the neoadjuvant setting. The present paper reviews the currently available data and outlines suggestions from a panel of Canadian oncologists about the use of trastuzumab and other her2-targeted agents in the neoadjuvant setting. The panel focussed on (1) the use of trastuzumab and other her2-targeted agents as neoadjuvant therapy in primary operable, locally advanced, and inflammatory breast cancer; and (2) possible choices of chemotherapeutic regimens with trastuzumab. The suggestions described here will continue to evolve as data from current and future trials with trastuzumab and other her2-targeted agents emerge.
NOTES ON A NEW ORTHOPTEROUS INSECT
Authors: Thomas Prof. C.
Published: February 2010

Cone of the vertex smooth on the margins, apex mucronate. Mesosernum bidentate. Green: labrum, clypeuss and underside of the cone yellow.

Male and, Female. Cone of the vertex standing obliquely forward, apex mucrornate, the minute spine slightly deflexed, especially in the female; the sides parallel from the base a little above the first joint of the antennæ, where they are slightly angulate; not serrated or granulated on
the margins; front side has, near the base, a prominent tubercle; there is also a tubercle below this between the antennæ
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES: DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA
Authors: Cresson E. T.
Published: February 2010

Euceros Canadensis, n. sp.—Female. Shining : head yellow ; two spots behind antennæ, confluent with a mark on vertex, covering ocelli and occiput, and tips of mandibles, black; antennæ black, palish at base beneath; thorax black, lateral margin of mesothorax in front of tegulæ, two lines on disk, a spot on each side before scutellum, a broad V-shaped mark on scutellum, apex of metathorax, which has two black spots above, anterior margin of prothorax, a spot on each side of pleura, and the tegulæ, yellow; wings hyaline, dusky on apical malgin; legs yellow, anterior coxæ in front, posterioi coxæ,their femora, except base and apex,and their tibiæ, except base, black, their tarsi, except tips, fuscous; abdomen yellow; a triangular mark on each side of first segment, a transverse mark on each side of second and third segments, dilated laterally, and the remaining segments, except medial spot at tip of fourth segment, and another on extreme tip of abdomen, blackish; venter entirely yel1ow.—Length, 5¼ lines.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES DURING A TRIP TO SAGUENAY
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

During the summer of 1866 we found ourselves among those who were trying to escape the hot weather of July by a trip to the Saguenay. The few hasty notes of insects taken during this journey must necessarily be very imperfect, since a day or two at most was all the time that could be devoted to any one locality.
A LUMINOUS LARVA
Authors: Bethune C. J. S.
Published: February 2010

On the 5th of July, a friend brought me a very remarkable Larva that he found in a field the previous evening, and which had attracted his attention by the light it emitted. When alive it was about an inch and a half in length, and 0.25 inch in width across the middle, its general appearance being long and narrow; it is flattened above, and composed of twelve segments (exclusive of the head); each segment is broad and cut squarely, and overlaps the following one, the posterior angles being a little acute ; the anterior segment is gradually narrowed in front and rectilineally truncate, forming a shield to the head which is retractile within it ; each of the first three segments has a pair of claw-like legs attached to it beneath. The general colour of the insect is a dark drab, the posterior angles of each segment, the softer connecting portion between the segments, and the under side of the body being much paler, and of a somewhat dirty yellow hue; on each side there is a deeply impressed line in which the spiracles are situated.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

Several years ago it occurred to me that a knowledge of the earlier stages in the lives of some of our Diurnal Lepidoptera might possibly be arrived at by obtaining eggs from impregnated females in captivity. My experiments began with the Hesperidæ as offering the greatest probability of success. As many females as could be procured (beaten ones preferred, as the likelihood of their impregnation was greater) were confined in separate boxes some with glass tops admitting right. others darkened. My success was greater than I had anticipated, but none attended the use of boxes where much light was admitted. whether the failure in the latter case was really due to the admission of light, I am not prepared to say ; the number of glass-covered boxes used was not proportionally large nor was their use long continued.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

HesPeria mystic, Edw.–Two eggs were deposited by a beaten female in a pill box, on the 20th of June, colour pale yellowish green: strongly convex above, flattened below, and depressed or slightly concave in the centre of the flattened portion. The surface appears smooth under a magnifying power of forty.five diameters, whereas in those of Hobomok, reticulations are plainly seen under a power of twenty. The egg of Mystic appears faintly reticulate under a power of eighty diameters. One specimen produced the larva on the 28th, the other on the 29th.
ACCENTUATED LIST OF CANADIAN LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Reed E. B.
Published: February 2010

This List is compiled on the same principle as the oxford and cambridge Accentuated List of British Lepidopiera, of which valuable little book we have made free use. A quotalion from its preface well explains our object:

“The want of uniformity in the pronunciation of scientific names, and the consequent difficulty of communication between the less educated, but often more practical men of science, is an admitted evil. To afford a remedy so far as Lepidopterology is concerned, and for the especial use and benefit of those to whom circumstances have denied the advantage of a classical education, while their inborn love of Natural History has led them to the study of this order of insects,” we have published this accentuated list of Canadian Lepidoptera.
ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

I regret that I had not observed before writing paper No. 1, a valuable article by my esteemed friend Riley on this insect, in his last Annual Report on ihe insects of Missouri. He there speaks of effects produced by it on young pear trees in that section, precisely similar to those I described and expresses the opinion, which I also entertain, that the puncture of this iniect is peculially poisonous to the young growth on the tree. He says, “it attacks many kinds of herbaceous plants, such as dahlias, asters, marigolds, balsams, cabbages, potatoes, turnips,” &c., and several other trees, besides pear, viz., quince, apple, plum and cherry.
ON NEONYMPHA EURYTHRIS, FAB
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

This butterfly appeared earlier than usual with us last year. It is not seen on the wing sooner than the 10th or 12th of June, but this season they were tolerably common as early as the 1st, and probably had been then flying for several days. The delight in the sunny openings found oftimes in partially cleared woods, also in wooded lanes and roads and the sunny edges of the forest, where by their peculiar jumping flight they may be readily recognized, sometimes singly, at other times sporting in twos and threes. For the first few days the specimens capturad will be found to be nearly all the male sex, but after this the females begin to appear and both sexes are found together during the remainder of their short season of life which does not usually extend beyond the first week in July.
ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

on the 21st of July at a quarter past seven in the evening we were passing around among the currant and gooseberry bushes watching the manipulations of a few of those well known foes, the larva of Nematus ventricosus. They were feeding away voraciously with perennial appetites, when a disturber of their peace appeared among them in them of a small black ichneumon fly which fastened itself on the body of one of their number, and began to deposit its eggs by means of a sharp ovipositor, dexterously thrust through the skin of its victim, whose jerks and writhings while indicating a very uneasy state, failed to shake off the tormontor.
ON THECLA INORATA, G. & R., AND THECLA FALACER, Godt
Authors: Grote Augustus B.
Published: February 2010

In the proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Mr. S. H. Scudder publishes a paper, “On the Synonymy of Thecla Calanus,” under date of March, 1870.

Mr. Scudder says : “In Eastern North America there are two species of Thecla, closely allied, occupying, so far as we know, the same geographical area (from Canada to Virginia or Georgia, and from Massachusetts to Iowa), and, until recently, almost invariably confounded by American entomologists. Messrs. Grote & Robinson first called public attention to the fact of their specific distinctness, although Mr. W. Saunders, both in his correspondence and MSS., had previously urged the same point.
INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

67. Trechus [Bradycellus] Tibialis, Kirby.—Length of body 2 3/4 lines. Only a single specimen taken.

[47] Body black, somewhat glossy. The tip of the palpi and scape of the antennæ are rufous; the prothorax is rather wider than long, but nearly square; the short basilar furrows observable in Argutor distinguish species from the succeeding ones: elytra lightly furrowed, furrows impunctured; in the usual situation adjacent to the second furrow a little beyond the middle of the elytrum a very minute puncti from impression is just discernible ; the lateral margin and suture at the apex of the elytra are reddish: the tibiæ are rufous but the cubit is black, at the tip , the tarsi are darker, the hand has four dilated joints as in the other species of the genus.
BRIEF NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Minot CHAS. S.
Published: February 2010

1. Actias Luna.—Eggs laid at night by a female in confinement, on April 30th (this is an exceptional case, they are not generally laid until June). They are lateriform, obrotundate, smooth, approaching in some cases a spheroid, opaque, very dark sepia with a faint tinge of olivaceous, though some specimens were marked with broad white bands irregularly disposed, and a very few almost entirely white.
ENTOMOLOGY AT HELLMUTH COLLEGE
Authors: Reed E. B.
Published: February 2010

At the request of the Head Master, the Rev. A. Sweatman, I recently accompanied my friend, Mr. W. Saunders, to the college, to adjudicate the prizes given for the collection of native insects, made by the boys during the summer vacation. Considering that this is the first effort of the school at entomology the result is most gratifying, and I feel sure that some slight notice of these collections will be of interest to the readers of the Entomologist.
ON A SUPPOSED NEW ARCTIAN
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

On the 24th of April, 1868, I found under a log, near the Port Stanley Railroad track, a short distance from London, a young larva of an Arctian, which I supposed to be Parthenice, but since it differed slightly in appearance from the young of this species which I had reared before, I resolved to trace its history. In common with other allied species, this had evidently hybernated the winter through in the larva state, and had just awoke from its torpor.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE COMMON SPECIES OF CARABIDÆ, FOUND IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Sprague Philip S.
Published: February 2010

The many difficulties encountered by those entomologists who have neither time nor access to scientific libraries, but who wish to be more than mere collectors, have induced me to try and assist them, more especially those who are to some extent advanced enough to distinguish many of the families and genera of the Coleoptera. I also hope to be of some assistance to those beginners who have a true love of nature and her works. Yet were I to write for this class only, the Entomologist would be more than full for years.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE COMMON SPECIES OF CARABIDÆ, FOUND IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Sprague Philip S.
Published: February 2010

In my previous article upon this subject, I treated upon the classification and the particular distinguishing characters of the genus Harpalus ; in this I wish to call attention to their specific differences, by noting those variations of form or structure which are so constant as to cause us to consider them as denoting distinct species. The general form of the beetles of this genus is oblong-oval, rather broad, thorax quadrate, and in length from .30-1 inch, black piceous, shining. Our northern exceptions to this colour are H. viridiræeneus, Beauv., and H. erraticus, Say, the former being bright brassy-green, the latter dark ferruginous or the colour of immaturity.
ON THE LARVA OF THECLA INORATA, G. &. R
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

on the 15th of June 1869, I obtained several Thecla larvæ by beating over an umbrella the branches of some small oak trees growing in a cemetery about two miles west of London. Not having met with them before I at once took the follorving description : Length, ·40 in., onisciform. Head small, pale greenish-yellow with a minute black dot on each side. Mandibles pale brown, with a faint whitish patch immediately above them. Body above yellowish-green, streaked above with yellowish-white, and thickly covered with fine, short, white hairs ; second segment of rather a darker shade of green than the rest of the body.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE COMMON SPECIES OF CARABIDÆ, FOUND IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Sprague Philip S.
Published: February 2010

Oblong-oval, piceous; legs, mouth, antennæ and sides of prothorax, rufotestaceous. Head black, shining, rather large; antennæ short, scarcely reaching the base of thorax, the latter nearly twice broader than long, basal angles broadly rounded, sides scarcely depressed at the apical angle, very much so behind, the margin narrowly reflexed, basal foveæ shallow scarcely punctured. Elytra ♂ black shining, ♀ semi-opaque and distinctly reticulate, striæ not deep, interstices somewhat convex, with a dorsal puncture behind the middle near the second stria, apex slightly and obliquely sinuate with a small but distinct sutural spine in the ♀ beneath rufo-piceous.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM ALABAMA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

Specimens of the species alluded to in the present paper and types of the species described, are deposited in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass.

Pygarctia Abdominalis Grote. ♂ This genus, allied to Ctenucha, is structurally, characterized by the very small labial palpi, which are not porrected but concealed beneath the head; the dark scales which tip the small terminal joints are projected straightly forward but do not exceed the front. The antennae are somewhat long and stout, shortly bipectinate.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

This is the smallest known American species of the genus, if not the smallest of all known species of it, measuring scarcely 1/6 in. alar.ex. It is very pretty-to the naked eye sparkling like microscopic gems of different colours, or like diamonds set in rubies. The pattern of coloration resembles that of corylisella, but still more that of Leucanthiza ornatella, which it resembles closely, except that it is much smaller and lacks the iridescence and changeable colours of that insect.
NOTES ON SOME INSECTS OF NOVA SCOTIA AND CANADA
Authors: Walker Francis
Published: February 2010

The following communication is introductory to a few remarks on the Nova Scotian and Canadian Insects which I have received through the kindness of J.M. Jones, Esq., W. Saunders, Esq., and Prof. Croft.

The study of the geographical distribution of Insects has become more interesting by the differnece of opinion as to the origin and diffusion of species. The insects of seperate arctic regions have a great muttual resemblance, and the difference between them increases in the successive concentric circles from the above regions towards the equator.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

Face, palpi, under surface and legs silvery-white, the legs marked on their anterior surface with golden and brownish spots and bands: tuft, white, golden at the sides ; antennæ silvery-white beneath, above golden
brown faintly annulate with whitish : thorax and anterior wings bright golden ; upon the wings is a short snow-white median basal streak strongly dark-margined behind and within. (Sometimes the anterior margin and sides of the thorax are also white)
ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS.: Paper No. 4
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

Attentive readers of the entomological portion of the late Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario, will have noted the fact already well known, to entomologists, that the female moth of this species is wingless, and lays her eggs on the outside of the cocoon from which she has escaped. Last fall the moths were unusually common, and their nests of eggs are now so abundantly distributed among our fruit trees that unless some effort is made to destroy them the larvæ will probably be exceedingly numerous and destructive during the approaching season.
DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF AGROTIS FROM CANADA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

Agrotis repressus, Gtote. Hind tibiae with two, middle tibiae with one pair of spurs; fore legs unarmed. Palpi prominent, porrect; 3rd joint elongated. Body somewhat flattened, much as in A. clandestina. Squamation lustrous, silky. Unicolorous pale testaceous or greyish brown. Fore wintgs and thorax concolorous the first are without markings, except a short dark dash on the cel1 in place of the orbicular, and two similar superposed marks at the extremity of the cell, in place of the reniform spot. Three pale ante-apical dots on costa. veins subobsoletely marked with darker scales.
NOTES ON SAMIA COLUMBIA, S. I. Smith
Authors: Bowles G. J.
Published: February 2010

This beautiful moth was discovered by professor S. I. Smith, at Norway, Maine, and described by him in the proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. IX., March 1865. It is nearly allied to the well known Samia Cecropia, but differs therefrom in being slightly smaller, and in the colouration and markings, as well as in the form of the cocoon and appearance of the larva. It may, therefore, be regarded as a well established species. I have been so fortunate as to obtain a specimen at Quebec, and can therefore add this moth to our list of Canadian Bombycidæ
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

This genus may be distinguished by the tufts of raised scales on the anterior wings. The antennae are more than half as long as the wings, simple, inserted just above the eyes. Head and face smooth, with appressed scales. Face rather broad. Tongue very short. No maxillary palpi; labial palpi curving around the sides of the head upwards, the tips approaching each other on the vertex, the third joint shorter than the second, which is laterally compressed and slightly clavate.
DESCRIPTION OF HESPERIA CONSPICUA (EDW.)
Authors: Parker PROF. H. W.
Published: February 2010

Mr. Edwards describes and figures a female of this large species, from Michigan, in Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. 1863. The following is a description of the male, collected by me in Iowa, July 4. The spots are numbered as in Mr. Edwards account:

The secondaries, above and beneath, are like those of the female.—Above. from the border of the primaries to near the base, the color is yellow, except the sexual dash and dark veining; an oblique line at end of the cell, from which a dark shade extends to the outermost spot; resting midway on this, a narrow shade runs from the first three spots along the subcostal vein.
NOTES ON THE EGG AND YOUNG LARVA OF ALARIA FLORIDA
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

On the 4th of July I found a number of eggs of this beautiful moth on the evening primrose, Œnothera Lamarckiana. They were found attached to the stalks of the young flower buds; to the sides of the calyx of the flower, and also to the young leaves at their base. The eggs were quite firmly fastened among the long stout hairs with which the cuticle of the calyx and flower stalk is covered.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

Siivery white; apical half of the anterior wings pale golden; there is a long, pale golden basal streak situated just within the costal margin, and strongly dark margined towards the dorsal margin, and extending to the pale golden of the apacial portion of the wing. In the pale golden portion are four silvery dorsal streaks, all dark margined internally ; the first dorsal and first costal streaks opposite, and both very oblique, and almost confluent in the middle of the wing; second dorsa1 opposite the second costal.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

Brush dark brown, apical joint pale yellowish. Head, thorax, and fore wings pale yellow, faintly tinged with pink, and minutely dusted with fuscous, ans with a fuscous streak on the base of the costa. Head and thorax slightly iridescent, wings scarcely so; posterior wings a little paler. Under surface and legs pale yellowish, sparsely dusted with fuscous. Alar ex. 5/8, inch. Names for Mr. C. V. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri. Kentucky. Larva unknown. Also in the collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.
NOTES ON ARGYNNIS CYBELE
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

On the 7th of June, while turning over some loose rails lying on a moist piece of ground, near the edge of a wood, I found attached to the underside of one of the rails, lying high and dry, two spincus larvæ, which, from their appearance and location, I at once suspected to be the larvae of some species of Argynnis. The wild Violet also, the food plant of at least several of this family, growing in abundance here, helped to confirm my suppositions.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SPECIES OF ANAPHORA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

In Dr. Clemens Tineid genus Anaphora,the fore wings are 12-Veined. The submedian fold, however, seems to me to become a true vein towards the margin, giving an additional vein (vein 1b). Internal nervure, vein 1a, shortly furcate at base. Median nervure sending out vein 2 near the extremity to internal angle ; and emitting 3 and 4, nearer together, on to the external margin. From the base of the wing at the middle of the discal cell, a “veinlet” is emitted which is furcate before the centre of the wing, sending one branch, the lower, out to extremity of the ce1l between the origin of 4 and 5, near 4, and angulatedly connected with it, while 5 seems independant.
NOTES OF A COWCATCHER RIDE THROUGH NEBRASKA
Authors: Dodge Charles R.
Published: February 2010

During my recent trip through Colorado and adjacent territory, as a member of the New York agricultural editorial excursion party, I made it a point to collect whenever an opportunity was offered. Through Kansas, the three-minute stops at the stations. many of which are out on the open plains, afforded me opportunity for turning over old railroad ties, &c., for beating the herbage and rank vegetation at the sides of the track, or for
searching in the dry grass and weeds for Orthoptera.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF ANAPHORA AGROTIPENNELLA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

In this sex, the labial palpi are short, not exceeding the front to which they are closely applied, porrect. In the male they are reflexed and thrown back over the dorsum of the thorax, which they equal in length. In colour and appearance the sexes do not differ. In repose the ♂ labial palpi are closely applied to the thorax in the living specimen, and from their pale ochrey outer colour have the effect of thoracic vittae.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

At page 92, ante, I have described as Depressaria albisparsella, a species which, on examination of other specimens, I have concluded to make the type of a new genus. As stated on a preceding page, the species was described from a single captrued,specimen, the wings of which were not spread. The specimen was also slightly injured, so as to cause the brush on the palpi to appear to be divided, and to obscure
some of the markings of the wings, which are faint even in perfectly fresh specimens. Since then I have bred and captured other specimens, and find that it differs from Depressaria in the following particulars
ZOOLOGICAL PARALLELISM
Authors: Bell James T.
Published: February 2010

In making a general survey of the Animal Kingdom, it is impossible to avoid being struck by the remarkable parallelism which exists between the several orders and families, and even genera and species, that compose the respective classes into which it is divided, and which reveals itself in the representative types that abound throughout its whole extent.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

This huge genus comprehends insects of great variety of size and structure, but unfortunately it has not yet been found practicable to subdivide it. It contains, no doubt, material for several genera, and for the convenience of the student, if for no other reason, its subdivision is the desideratum in microlepidopterology. The young student who finds a micro with the palpi simple or but scarcely at all thickened with scales beneath, the fore wings comparatively narrow, and the hind wings deeply excised beneath the tip, and is told that it is a Gelechia, may well be astonished when he finds a larger insect, with the hind wings not at all excised beneath the tip, and the palpi overarching the vertex, with a large brush beneath the second joint, which may even present some appearance of longitudinal division, and is told thatit,too, is a Gelechia.
ON THE EMBRYONIC LARVÆ OF BUTTERFLIES
Authors: Scudder Samual H.
Published: February 2010

In their papers on various species of British Macro-Lepidoptera, Messrs. Hellins and Buckler furnish us with much better accounts of the external appearance of caterpillars than can be gained from the meagre and superficial descriptions which used to be thought sufficient; and, as they have not confined their descriptions to the full grown animals, but have followed the creatures through all their moults, they have, in several cases, incidentally shown how great a difference there is between the larva just hatched and the full grown caterpillar; especially in the case of some of the Rhopalocera thus treated by them. Mr. Riley, of America, has, in one or instances, recorded similar facts.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF ACRONYCTA OCCIDENTALIS, Grote
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

This insect in the imago state closely resembles A psi of Europe, and has been, ans we believe still is, doubtfully regarded as identical by several eminent European entomologists. We thinks, however that a comparison of the larval forms of the two insects will help to dispel any doubts which may be entertained regarding the dissimilarity of the species. The following descriprion of the larva of occidentalis has already appeared in part, in the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario to the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1870, where it is given.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 2
Authors: Cresson E. T.
Published: February 2010

1. Pezomachus Pettitii. N. sp.– ♀ .–Head piceous-black, face rufo-piceous, the middle longitudinally prominent; marrdibles fuscous; antennæ longer than head and thorax, pale ferruginous, dusky at tips; thorax nearly as long as abdomen, piceous-brown, paler laterally and beneath; nodes subequal; legs entirely piceous-brown; paler abdomen ovate beyond first segment, shining piceous-black; first segment narrow, slightly dilated behind the lateral tubercles which are not prominent, apical margin pale; sometimes the heas, thorax and abdomen are entirely piceous-black,except the pale band at apex of first segment which is always conspicuous in this species; ovipostor short, about as long as first abdominal segment. Length .14–15 inch.
ON A NEW CHECKERED HESPERIA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

A common species of Hesperia in central Alabama, and that I do not find described by authors, is one that I call Syricthus communis. It is plentiful from early spring to autumn, and must be several brooded, but I have not found the larva.

The male is a little smaller, ans the white checkered spots are altogether larger and more numerous, than in the female. The ground colour of the wings is a brownish black, and longer bluish white hair spreads from the base of the forewings over the inferior portion of the primaries, and from the base of the hind wings downwardly without touching the abdominal margin
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

The species of this genus bear some resemblance-especially the smaller species-to Lithocolletis: but they may be distinguished by the attitude in repose in most species, and by the developed maxillary palpi in all. They usually sit (especially the larger species, for I have not observed it in some of the smaller ones), with the anterior part of the body elevated upon the anterior and middle legs, whilst the posterior legs are applied to the sides of the abdomen, the apex of which touches the surface upon which they rest. In some of the smaller species, the maxillary palpi are small, and sometimes almost concealed by the labial palpi. This is the case in Gracillaria robiniella (Parectopa robiniella Clemens), and G. lespedezæfoliella (P. lespedezæfoliella Clem.), upon which Dr. Clemens erected the genus Parectopa, as not having any visible maxillary palpi.