bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Particle Size Distribution of Diesel Bus Fueled with Biodiesel under Real Operating Condition
Authors: Lou Di Ming , Chen Feng , Zhi Yuan Hu , Tan Pi Qiang , Hu Wei
Published: April 2013

With the use of the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) developed by TSI, particle size distribution characteristics of China-IV diesel bus fueled biodiesel are studied under real operating condition. Four mixtures of volume ratio between restaurant waste oil and China-IV diesel 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% respectively (marked separately by BD5, BD10, BD20, BD50), pure biodiesel (BD100) and pure diesel (BD0) were tested. The results indicated that the average velocity of diesel bus is 18km/h. Of the entire operating time, idle operating period accounts for 30%, low and medium velocity 58%, and acceleration and deceleration 89%. In different velocity ranges, the size distribution of particulate number emissions (PNSD) is bimodal; in different acceleration ranges, PNSD shows a gradual transition from bimodal shape to unimodal when bus operation switches from decelerating to accelerating status. Biodiesel blended with higher mixture ratios show significant reduction in PN emissions for accumulated modes, and particulate number emission peaks move towards smaller sizes; but little change was obtained in PN emissions for nuclei modes with its particulate size of peak sustains around 10nm.
Experimental Study of Urea-SCR System Under Open-Loop Control Strategy
Authors: Wang Qian , Li Shuo , Wang Jing , Qi Ping
Published: April 2013

Open-loop control strategy of SCR urea injection system for MD/HD vehicle diesel engine is established firstly in this paper. Then the emission test is performed for a domestic diesel engine in test bench. Test results show that NOX emissions of ESC and ETC are much lower than the limit values of National-IV emission regulation under a simple injection strategy. The results also show that the urea solution consumption accounts for only 5.8% of the fuel consumption. What’s more, the tests have been accumulated for achieving accurate matching between urea injection and diesel engine.
Hydrogasification of Low-Oxygen Semi-Coke to Produce Methane by Consuming Less Hydrogen
Authors: Ding Xiao Kuo , Zhang Tian Kai , Zhang Yong Fa , Xu Ying , Zhang Guo Jie
Published: April 2013

The presented work aimed at investigating the hydrogasification of low-oxygen semi-coke. For comparison, the hydrogasification of lignite was conducted. Variation of gaseous products concentration and reaction rate of the semi-coke hydrogasification process were investigated. The results shown that the methane yield of low-oxygen semi-coke is 24.8% greater than the lignite, but also the hydrogen consumption reduced greatly; the hydrogasification process can be divided into three stages: hydro-pyrolysis stage, rapid hydrogasification stage and slow speed hydrogasification stage; the difference of the reactive is attributed to different carbon structure forms .
Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithm for Battery Powered System with Discrete Voltages
Authors: Xu Shen , Li Wen Shu , Li Jun Song
Published: April 2013

Battery lifetime has become one of the key control parameter of mobile devices design. Maximizing battery lifetime is a difficult task because of both the nonlinear for battery capacity consumption and the correlation between capacity consumption and battery load. In this paper we address the problem how Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) policy optimizes battery utilization according to battery discharge characteristic for the discrete voltage systems. We analyze the battery discharge characteristic and find that the whole battery discharge takes on a linear discharge phase and a nonlinear discharge phase successively. The proposed DVS policy utilizes different methods to generate the voltage schedule during the different discharge phases. Simulation results show that the policy can effectively reduce battery capacity consumption and increase the workload performed during the battery lifetime.
Component Characteristic of Lignite Semi-Coke Hydrogasification Residue
Authors: Lu Tao Jun , Zhang Yong Fa
Published: April 2013

The residue of Inner Mongolia lignite semi-coke by different final temperature hydrogenation system methane of CO2 gasification reactivity is studied by means of thermo gravimetric and X-Ray Diffraction method. The results show that, with the rise of hydrogasification temperature, the residue aromaticity fa increase, the residual carbon microcrystalline tend to graphitization, CO2 reactivity decrease and residue CO2 reaction temperature raise. The final hydrogenation temperature residue CO2 gasification reaction conversion rate curves similar and curve to temperature increase in the direction of movement.
Conversion of Glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with Tetraethylammonium Bromide and Chromium (III) Chloride as Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Hai Yan , Liu Xue Jun , Ai Ning , Nie Yong , Ji Jian Bing
Published: April 2013

Tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB) and chromium (III) chloride (CrCl3) were used synergistically to catalyze the conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The effects of solvent, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time on the HMF yields were investigated. The results indicated that using 70 mol% TEAB and 12 mol% CrCl3 in a 10 wt% fructose solution in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) gave the highest HMF yield of 72.7 % after 90 min at 120 °C
Thermal Analysis Characteristics of the Eucalyptus Leaves under Various N2/O2 Conditions
Authors: Wu Zhi Qiang , Wang Shu Zhong , Zhao Jun , Chen Lin , Meng Hai Yu
Published: April 2013

Thermal chemical conversation of biomass is studied as a means to reduce the greenhouse gases and pollutant emission caused by the traditional fossil fuel. Eucalyptus is one of the fast growing tress in the south of China, which has great potential as a kind of renewable energy sources. An experimental study on eucalyptus leaves was carried out in thermogravimetric analyzer to investigate the effects of reaction atmosphere on thermal chemical characteristics. The volume fraction of oxygen was 0, 0.21, 0.27 and 0.33 respectively. Experimental results show that with the increasing of the oxygen concentration, the reaction time decreased significantly. The kinetic Parameters were also calculated, including the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A).
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Hyamine-Containing Crosslinked β-Cyclodextrin Resin
Authors: Dai Yu Jie , Li Jing , Wei Shu Mei , Huang Yi Wen , Liu Fei Fei , Wang Hai Kuan , Zhang Li Ming
Published: April 2013

A novel kind of hyamine-containing crosslinked β-cyclodextrin resin (β-CD-DEAE) was synthesized. 2-Diethylaminoethyl group (DEAE) was introduced on β-cyclodextrin by the reaction of 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride with β-cyclodextrin under basic condition and then the crosslinked resin was formed by the crosslink reaction using epichlorohydrin. The quaternary ammonium group was produced by the quaterisation of DEAE using epichlorohydrin. The new crosslinked cyclodextrin resin was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Kjeldahl method and infrared spectroscopy. The content of nitrogen approaches approximately 5.55%. Meanwhile, the phenol adsorption property for wastewater treatment has been determined. It was found that the hyamine-containing crosslinked β-CD has a strong capability of phenol adsorption. Under the optimal pH of 9, the adsorbent dosage was 30mg/ml. If the initial phenol concentration was 100mg/l, the maximum phenol adsorption efficiency was 84.42%. In addition, the effective recycling efficiency of the new crosslinked β-CD resin was almost 100%.
A Study on Urban Construction Land Expansion Mode in Fuzhou City
Authors: Bai L.Y. , Chen Zhi Qiang
Published: April 2013

This paper took Fuzhou urban area as an example，which is provincial capital city of Fujian province. Data on the variation of construction land in Fuzhou were obtained by employing the statistic and analytic function of GIS on the spatial data from remote sensing image data in different periods. A new method based on the principle of convex hull was used in this paper, which is to define the types of urban land expansion by the proportion of the area located inside or outside the convex hull of a city’s outline. The results showed that, during the last 20 years，the area of construction land had almost doubled, from 84.1 km2 to 190.3 km2. Urban construction land expanded to 64.2 km2 with an average annual growth rate of 4.84%, which was more obvious during the 1988-2000 periods. On the whole, urban construction land expansion of Fuzhou city belonged to the ‘extension’ type, complementary to ‘infilling’ type. There are three patterns namely 1inear development, sprawl expansion and leapfrog expansion. Previous period, the city spread along two main traffic quickly in the north-south and east-west, latter period was the slow expansion of low-density infill.
Thermogravimetric Analysis on the Combustion Characteristics of the Blend of Organic Waste Liquid and Coal
Authors: Fu Han , Wang Shu Zhong , Luo Ming
Published: April 2013

The characteristics of ignition and combustion and activation energy of YiMin coal and organic waste liquid and their blends in different blending ratio are studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The experimental results show that ignition and burning characteristics of coal are better than organic waste liquid. The ignition temperature of organic waste liquid will decrease, while the maximum weight loss rate will increase and the time corresponded to maximum weight loss rate will get earlier with the increase amount of the coal added. Activation energy of samples is calculated. Compared with the coal, the activation energy of the low temperature zone of organic waste liquid is lower and its ignition characteristic is better. The activation energy of the high temperature zone is bigger and its combustion characteristic is worse. The coal added will reduce the ignition characteristic but promote the combustion characteristic of organic waste liquid. The analysis of the combustion index S indicates that the comprehensive combustion characteristic of the organic waste improves significantly when coal is blended, and the best blending ratio is 2:3.
Effects of Air/Liquid Ratio on Treatment Efficiency of Textile Wastewater in a Biological Aerated Filter Reactor
Authors: Lu Xu Jie
Published: April 2013

A biologically aerated filter (BAF) is a novel, flexible and effective bioreactor that provides a small footprint process option at various stages of wastewater treatment. Double layers of activated carbon and ceramsite were applied in the biological aerated filter reactor. An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the treatment efficiencies at different air/liquid ratios. The experimental results obtained showed that air/liquid ratio had a greater effect on NH4+–N removal than COD removal. More than 80% ammonia nitrogen was removed at 2 of air/liquid ratio. However, less than 50% COD was removed at 2 of air/liquid ratio.
Contrastive Analysis between Wind Power Generation and Coal Generation on the Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Dong Jia Hua , Zhu Wei Guang , Gao Cheng Kang , Tang Han Mei
Published: April 2013

Wind power is an important type of renewable energy sources. In this passage we will apply Life Cycle Assessment to analyze the four stages of wind power generation，which are production of raw materials, transportation, build-operate process of wind plants and demolition stages, calculate the energy consumption and the environmental impact, set a contrastive analysis between coal-fired power plants and wind power plants. We will take WangHaiSi Wind Plant in Faku, Shenyang as an example to show the difference between the two ways of getting power. The analysis shows that: in comparison with coal-fired generation, wind power generation saves more energy and reduces emissions of pollutants markedly; the main energy consumption comes from production of raw materials, which takes 79.3% of the total energy consumption throughout the life cycle. In the meantime, the large amount of ecological resources consumption from construction, operation and maintenance of wind plants leads to mass emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which respectively take 67.3% and 96.6% of total emissions. Besides, wind generation only accounts for 0.93%, 0.89% and 2.72% of energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP) and acid potential (AP) of coal-fired power generation. Thus, it proved that wind power generation has lesser impacts on environment than coal-fired power generation. However, it is still of great necessity to strengthen the environmental protection measures to reduce the consumption and destroy of ecologic resources.
Study on Determination of Trace Cobalt in Environmental Water Samples after Separation/Enrichment Using Microcrystalline Phenolphthalein Modified with 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Wen Xin Rong , Tu Chang Qing
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a novel method for the separation/enrichment of trace Co2+ using microcrystalline phenolphthalein modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) prior to the determination by spectrophotometry. The effects of different parameters,such as the dosages of phenolphthalein and HQ,various salts and acidity on the enrichment yield of Co2+ have been investigated to select the experimental conditions. The possible enrichment mechanism of Co2+ was discussed.The results showed that under the optimum conditions, Co2+ could be quantificationally adsorbed on the surface of microcrystalline phenolphthalein in the form of the chelate precipitate of Co(HQ)2 ,while K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cd2+,Zn2+,Mn2+,Fe2+ and Al3+ could not be adsorbed at all.Therefore,Co2+ was completely separated from the above metal ions in the solution. A new method for the spectrophotometric determination of trace cobalt after separation/enrichment using microcrystalline phenolphthalein modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline was established.The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of Co2+ in various environmental water samples, and the results agreed well with those obtained by FAAS method.
Variation Characteristics of Water Content in Two Typical Eremophytes under Drought Stress in the Drift Desert Hinterland
Authors: Jin Zheng Zhong , Zaynulla Rahmutulla , Lei Jia Qiang , Yakubov Murat A.
Published: April 2013

To reveal relationship between water content of plant tissue and soil moisture in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert in China's southern Xinjiang, Haloxylon ammodendron and Nitraria sibirica were selected, and the water potential and content in the tissues of two plants under drought stress were determined. The results were shown that: (1) water potential in the morning and the water content in the tissues of Haloxylon ammodendron and Nitraria sibirica decreased with the decline of soil moisture content. (2) When the soil water stress appeared, the water potential values of Haloxylon ammodendron and Nitraria sibirica were -4.47 MPa and -5.88 MPa, respectively. (3) The lower limits of soil moisture contents that were suitable for the growth of Haloxylon ammodendron and Nitraria sibirica were 2.50% and 3.00%, respectively.
Full Scale Evaluation and Suppression of Mercury Re-Emission in Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System
Authors: Wu Cheng Li , Cao Yan , Li Han Xu , Pan Wei Ping
Published: April 2013

The full-scale of PC/Cyclone Boilers with common wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) with limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) was studied. Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was used to determine mercury emission and speciation at these two full-scale WFGD systems, and OHM quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) was followed during the field testing. WFGD re-emission problems were repeatedly observed at this unit. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) had significant effects on mercury removal and Hg0 re-emission rates across WFGD. Effects of injection of continuous chemicals additive containing HS-, S2- or I- on mercury re-emission control were also conducted at this unit.
Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Procedure for the Detection of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Seawater Sample
Authors: Ping Xian Yin , Wang Yun Long
Published: April 2013

Headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography (HS-SPME–GC) method has been studied for determination of 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in seawater samples. To perform the HS-SPME polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (7, 30 and 100 µm film thickness) fibers were compared on the basis of their absorption capacities for the selected compounds, and PDMS 100 µm film thickness was selected. The influence of various parameters on PCBs extraction efficiency by HS-SPME was studied using GC-electron capture detector (ECD) compared with solid phase. The performance of proposed HS-SPME–GC methodology with respect to linearity, reproducibility and limit of detection (LOD) was evaluated by water spiked with target compounds. The linear range of most compounds was found to be between 0.1 and 100 µgL−1 and the limits of detection were between 15.2 and 63.8 ngL−1. The reproducibility of the method (n = 6), expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was between 4 and 10%. Finally, developed procedure was applied to determine selected PCBs in seawater samples.
Fluoride Removal of a Novel Ultrasonic-Assisted Supported Fe/γ-Al2O3 Adsorbent
Authors: Zou Wen Hui , Liu Yong , Hong Li , Luo Zhong Yu
Published: April 2013

Ultrasonic-assisted supported Fe/γ-Al2O3, fluoride; γ-Al2O3; adsorption Abstract: γ-Al2O3 adsorbent modified with iron (Fe/γ-Al2O3) was prepared by impregnation and ultrasonic wave-assisted oxidation. The optimum pH range for fluoride adsorption was 3.0–9.0, which is preferable for actual application. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe/γ-Al2O3 adsorbent was 2.51 mg g-1 and about 2 times of the plain γ-Al2O3 (γ-Al2O3). A column experiment was performed at an initial fluoride concentration of 30 mg l-1, space velocity of 1.7 h-1 and pH of 5.9, and the breakthrough time of the Fe/γ-Al2O3 was more than 210 min with the effluent fluoride under 10 mg l-l and was about 5 times of the plain one. The samples were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.
Numerical Simulation of Salt Particle - Supercritical Water Flow in a 90° Bend Pipe
Authors: Wang Yu Zhen , Wang Shu Zhong , Guo Yang , Xu Dong Hai , Yu Guang Xin , Yu Hang , Sheng Jin Peng
Published: April 2013

Salt deposition from supercritical water has been identified as a key issue in the development of supercritical water technologies. In order to better understand salt deposition behavior, the salt particle – supercritical water flow in a 90° bend pipe with smooth walls was simulated using discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The transport behavior of pure supercritical water flow and salt particle-supercritical water flow with diiferent particle sizes were both simulated. The numerical results indicates that for the pure supercritical water flow, the primary flow accelerated near the inner wall and a secondary flow moving from the outer to the inner wall of the bend. The salt particle accumulation in the inner wall of horizontal pipe is the most notable feature in the salt - supercritical water flow.
Improvements on Reusing Reclaimed Water in Rivers and Lakes by Different Kinds of Aquatic Plants and Compound Microbiological Preparations
Authors: Lang Qi , Ren Shu Mei , Yang Pei Ling , Li Yun Kai , Liang Ming Chao , Zou Qi Hui
Published: April 2013

Reclaimed water contains lots of contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which may cause eutrophication of reclaimed water reused as river-lake water. Growing aquatic plants and application of compound microbiological preparations is expected to become a feasible method for purifying reclaimed water in situ. Based on this, a comparison test was taken to studying the water purification ability of reclaimed water by emergent plants, floating plants and compound microbiological preparations with a method of simulation of artificial wetlands. The results show that, Emergent plants in the purifying effect of the nitrogen are better than floating plants, and it also can effectively reduce the pH value of water. The suitable varieties on the purification of recycled water by aquatic plant were chosen, which were emergent plant cattail and floating plant water hyacinth. The purifying effect of nitrite bacteria preparation is the best of all, which is able to increase the number and types of microorganisms in water, and when the applied concentration is 8 ~16g/m3, the purifying effect is the best one. But the pH is generally above 9.5 in water using compound microbiological preparations, which may cause the increase of the alkalinity of water. Therefore, it is advised to prudently use compound microbiological preparations.
Application of Spatial Extraction Model for Soil Environmental Quality Anomaly Regions
Authors: Yang Chun Lin , Guo Rui Ping , Yue Qing Ling
Published: April 2013

An approach for establishment of soil environmental assessment model to evaluate the environmental quality level for soil environmental quality is proposed, in which the GIS and self-organizing map (SOM) techniques are integrated through investigation of soil environmental quality. In this model, self-organizing maps (SOM) and spatial interpolation were applied to cluster a concentration data set of pollutants of soil environmental quality and mapping anomaly region. An application of heavy metal concentrations in soils were surveyed to indicate the status of heavy metal contents and assess environmental quality of soils basing on spatial extraction model. The concentration of 9 metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, As and Mn) in topsoil were investigated based on samples. The samples were clustered into 3 classes by SOM. According to the concentration level of the samples, the different environmental quality levels were discriminated. The results indicate that SOM as the spatial extraction model was effective to assess the soil environmental quality.
A No-Pump Cycling Water-Saving System for Solar Water Heater
Authors: He Qian Ran , Zhao Xiao Yan , Zhang Shu Sheng , Shao Zhu Feng , Wang Yong Jia
Published: April 2013

In order to solve the problem which is very common when we use a solar water heater for a shower but the hot water can not come immediately because of the cooled water remained in the pipeline, a no-pump cycling water-saving equipment is designed based on a pressure-regulated suction device, temperature acquisition control circuit and a water-saving box. The kinematics and mechanics parameters are confirmed on the result of calculation and software simulation, and are tested by doing physical experiment. It can make it come true to economize the water and energy for solar power heater.
Experimental Study on New Sewage Source Heat Pump Unit
Authors: Wang Zhi Yi , Li Jian Jun , Pan Zu Dong
Published: April 2013

By the analysis of the current technical conditions and existing problems, some improvements are carried out on the urban sewage source heat pump unit. are as follows: Refrigerants side switch sewage source heat pump system, dual-purpose heat exchange for evaporating and condensing & wastewater can enter the unit directly are of the main features of the improved units. Some important techniques, such as inverter screw compressor and variable compressor inner volume ratio are used to the improved unit at the same time. From the authoritative organization’s test, the improved sewage-source heat pump unit has an excellence performance in the nominal cooling and heating conditions.
Application of Interval-Fuzzy Linear Programming for Total Amount Control Optimization Model on Regional Atmospheric Pollutants
Authors: Wen Jing Ya , Wang Ze Sen , Hu Yan , Li Zhuang , Li Yu
Published: April 2013

Aiming at the harsh environmental situation at present, this paper applied the interval fuzzy linear programming method, and combines environmental management policy about the total control of regional atmospheric pollution, to set up an optimization model for total amount control of regional atmospheric pollutants under uncertainty. Through the model results, the total cost of reduction in instance case was [119.98, 125.82] (108yuan), and the membership of SO2and NOXpredicted through the model were [31.00, 32.64] and [23.62, 25.94] (104tons), respectively. This model could get the minimum total cost of emission reduction, and be used as the technique and theory guider for the total amount control of atmospheric pollutants.
Hierarchical Clustering Assisted Human Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in a Typical Oilfield, China
Authors: Hu Yan , Wang Yao , Wang Ze Sen , Wang Da Zhou , Li Yu
Published: April 2013

To assess how the human exposure to environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminant generated from a typical oilfield, we used a recommended exposure risk model, appraised with actual measured PAH concentration in an oilfield soils. Hierarchical clustering method was also applied to classfied the total exposure risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) of 16 PAHs, and four risk grades were obtained as zero risk, low risk, medium risk, and high risk. It was found that ingestion was the major exposure route among the three exposure routes. Risks of dibenz(a,h)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene were higher than the other contaminants, and represent high risk grade.
Primary Studies on the Offshore Oil Spill Detection System Using the Satellite Remote Sensing Technology Developed by China National Offshore Oil Corporation
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhu Sheng Feng
Published: April 2013

Oil spill detection has important significance for the oceanic environmental protection. With the rapid development of the satellite remote sensing, remote sensing technique has become one of the important and effective tools in oil spill detection. This paper discussed the method of the offshore surface oil spill detection using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The oil spill detection systems used at home and abroad is evaluated. Finally, the feasibility of the oil spill detection system based on the satellite remote sensing developed by China National Offshore Oil Corporation is studied.
Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) in Brazil as a Project under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Authors: Dias Felipe , Esteves Victor , Freire Estevão , Morgado Claudia
Published: April 2013

The carbon capture and geological storage technology (CCGS) is an efficient way of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. With the inclusion of CCGS as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project activity, companies will invest more on CCGS projects due to the possibility of generating Certificated Emission Reduction (CER). This paper study the economic feasibility of a CCGS project as a CDM activity, applied to the Campos Basin in Brazil, considering all annual costs related to capture, transport and storage and the revenue originated from the sale of CERs and the extra oil that only could be produced through enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Response Analysis of Cooling Tower Plume Dispersion to the Release Height
Authors: Guo Rui Ping , Yang Chun Lin , Zhang Chun Ming
Published: April 2013

The SACTI model (Seasonal Annual Cooling Tower Impact) as the environmental impact assessment of cooling tower was applied in this paper, which was used to simulate the plume characters under different cooling tower heights. The results showed that the plume length, plume height and plume radius presented noticeable differences with variances of different distances and wind directions under different cooling tower heights. The comparisons of differences of plume characters indicated that the relative change of plume length frequency displayed obvious decreased trend with increased distance when distance was greater than 500m, and that of plume height frequency appeared parabolic curve with increased distance. The relative change of plume radius frequency expressed totally descended trend.
Chaos Control and its Application in Power Systems
Authors: Zhou Xue Song , Li Su Yang , Ma You Jie
Published: April 2013

Chaos exists widely in nonlinear dynamic systems, it behaves as chaotic oscillation, voltage collapse, etc. Power system in essence is a strong nonlinear system, with certain conditions there will be completely chaotic phenomena.The main research progress of chaotic control approaches and application and the prospect is outlined in this paper. This article also presents shortcomings and challenges of chaos studies in power system.
The Development of Bisphenol A Removal Methods
Authors: Wang Zi Long , Li Cong
Published: April 2013

As a kind of typical EDCs, bisphenol A (BPA) has biological toxicity and estrogen effect. Previous removal methods have some shortcomings, such as adsorbent is difficult to retrieve and degradation efficiency is not good enough. In order to overcome these problems, some new methods are proposed. Most of them combine the new technologies and traditional methods to achieve the purpose of cooperation. Results show these methods have higher removal efficiency and overcome some shortcomings of the traditional methods. Although there are still some problems, these new methods propose a new direction for the future.
The Review of NDMA Removal in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bayiermingda  , Li Cong , Yan Zhang
Published: April 2013

The paper is an overview of some new issues that are connected with the removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by some water technology. NDMA is the most frequently detected member of extremely carcinogens, the N-nitrosamines. In this paper, the recent new methods for removing NDMA are introduced and proposed the future direction of the research about the removal of NDMA.
Channeling Flow and Solute Transport in a Single Fracture
Authors: Tan Ye Fei , Zhou Zhi Fang , Wu Shi Qiang , Xie Xing Hua , Ning Bo
Published: April 2013

Groundwater in fractured media plays an important role in drinking water supply, and the understanding of its principle mechanisms is essential for securing the groundwater exploring and utilization. In this paper, a novel conceptual fracture model was presented on the basis of the reality of channeling flow in natural fractures and laboratory experiments were conducted for the purpose of getting a better understanding of the step-like breakthrough curve (BTC). Experimental results were fitted with convective dispersive equation (CDE) and compared with those of the finite element method (FEM) models. Results showed that the traditional one-dimensional CDE was invalid in the fitting of a step-like BTC and needed to be improved.
The Disinfection Efficacy of Chlorine on Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Iron Bacteria in Water Supply Systems
Authors: Qi Bei Meng , Wang Bei Jia , Wu Chen Guang , Yuan Yi Xing
Published: April 2013

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron reducing bacteria (IRB) that widely exist in water supply networks are the main microorganisms leading to metal corrosion in pipelines. Chlorine is widely used in drinking water supply systems. The concentration of chlorine with SRB declined rapidly after 10 mins and reached 0 mg/L finally whereas it decreased more slowly with IRB. If the concentration of chlorine is lower than 0.2mg/L, IRB cannot be sterilized. It indicates that at the end of water pipes where the concentration of chlorine is required to be 0.05mg/L, chlorine is not effective since the concentration is below the minimum requirement of removing IRB
Development of a Web System for Water Quality Monitoring Information Management
Authors: Wei Guan Xiong , Hou Di Bo , Huang Ping Jie , Zhang Guang Xin
Published: April 2013

Water quality security is the guarantee of social development, the effective management of water quality information is the key to protect the water from pollution. This article focuses on the system architecture design and technology of Web-based water quality monitoring and information management system. Real-time communication between the Flex-written pages and the SQL Server database is achieved through the application of FluorineFx. The system realizes the visualized management of water quality information by visual components such as data table and data curve and so on.
Methods for Water Quality Abnormity Assessment Based on Single Factor
Authors: Bao Ying , Liu Shu , Zhang Guang Xin , Huang Ping Jie , Hou Di Bo
Published: April 2013

The classification methods for water quality event detection are discussed, and the feasibility of water quality event detection based on single factor analysis is confirmed through the experiment. The process of water quality detection is introduced and one of Linear Filter algorithms is investigated. The test shows that autoregressive algorithm performs well for water quality abnormity detection.
A Simple Model Used to Predict the Thermal Performance of Flat-Plate Closed-Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
Authors: Wu Qing Ping , Wang Rui Xiang , Liu Xiao Peng , Li Ya Jun , Xu Rong Ji , Li Yan Zhong
Published: April 2013

The thermal performance Rov of Flat-Plate Closed-Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe(FCLPHP) are effected by several elements such as the heat load Q, the tilt angle θ and the filling ratio F, they are interacted each other. In order to predict the effect of Q and θ on the thermal performance at locations Q and θ other than the experimental data conditions, and to study the relationship among the Rov, Q and θ in the range of the experimental data, we need a fitted regression model to estimate the function relationship that describes the data. The postulated depends on the range of the regression variables encountered in the data. In this paper, a simple model was developed. Since the coefficients in the model have been estimated from the experimental data, studies were carried out on an experimental set-up. FC72 was employed as working fluid. Method of least squares was used for building the model. By using the model, effects of the heat load and the tilt angle on the thermal performance of FCLPHP were discussed. It was found that the tilt angle had minimum value in a certain heat load in the experimental range (θ=30° -70°), and it increases with the increase of heat load. A sensitivity analysis was done with the model.
Monitoring and Assessment of Water Quality in Fuchunjiang and Hangzhou Reaches of Qiantangjiang Estuarine Zone
Authors: Dong Zhi Yong , Gu Yong , Wang Shuo Shuo , Shi Ying Biao , Li Ruo Hua , Xiong Li Hu
Published: April 2013

This paper presents monitoring investigation of water quality parameters in Fuchunjiang and Hangzhou reaches of Qiantang estuarine zone by YSI 6600 V2-4-M multi-parameter water quality sonde. The 7 monitoring cross-sections were streamwise placed, and the 2 vertical lines respectively located in flood plain and main channel at each cross-section. Surface, intermediate and bed layers were chosen at each vertical line in main channel, and surface and bed layers at each vertical line in flood plain. At each vertical line, the main water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, salinity, turbidity, pH value, electrical conductivity and oxidation reduction potential were monitored, variation of these parameters along longitudinal and vertical directions analyzed, and water quality conditions at each monitoring cross-section assessed.
Seismic Damage Assessment of Urban Water Supply Pipeline
Authors: Jiang Jian Qun , Yao Xiao Wen , Lu Yi Ting
Published: April 2013

Water supply pipeline system is a key issue in urban lifeline engineering, and the seismic assessment for the system damage is of significant importance. In this study, method of seismic damage assessment on underground water supply pipeline is introduced. With emphasis on the uncertainties of earthquake level, ground condition, soil-pipe interaction and capacity to resist pipe deformation in longitudinal direction, the check point method is applied to the reliability study of water pipeline, and a case study is presented to show the implementation of the proposed model.
Optimal Model of Hydrodynamic Controlling on Pumps and Slice Gates for Water Quality Improvement
Authors: Zhou Hui Ping , Shao Wei Yun , Jiang Li Jie
Published: April 2013

In order to evaluate the effective of the hydrodynamic control of pumps and slice gates in plain river network on the water quality improvement, an optimal mathematic model of hydrodynamic controlling on the pumps and slice gates in plain river network was established by combining the water quality objective function and the cost objective function together. The cost function has been set as the main objective function, while the water quality objective function was simplified as the restrained condition for every required water quality index, through which the multi-objective optimization was transferred into a single-objective optimization. Then, this optimal model was solved by coupling the water environmental model with the hybrid genetic algorithm. The case study of Jiaxing river network shows that the proposed hydrodynamic controlling optimal model in this paper can develop the optimal water diversion scheme for water quality improvement and cut its cost. It works better compared to the traditional water quality objective function and can be used in the engineering practice.
A Comprehensive Indicator Representing Process: Water Environment Sustainability Index for Downstream Marsh
Authors: Wang Zhi Liang , Wang Yong Jie , Luo Jin Ming
Published: April 2013

Several issues impact environment sustainability, its evaluation index usually contains so high number of indicators and parameters that it is constrained in data-scarce regions where lack of consistent time series data especially. So, the assessment would just be carried on present situation, rarely on process. A water environment sustainability index for downstream marsh representing process was developed and proposed in this paper. Applied to Zhalong Wetland, the WESI scores the highest (3.47) at 1988 to the lowest (1.92) at 2005 that could be divided into 3 periods: 1980’s (good level), 1990’s (bad level) and 2000’s (rising up slowly under human manipulation). To maintain it at a good level, it is necessary to drain water from Nenjiang River year by year.
Hydraulic Transient Prevention with Dipping Tube Hydropneumatic Tank
Authors: Wang Rong He , Wang Zhi Xun , Zhang Feng , Sun Ji Long , Wang Xiao Xue , Luo Jing , Yang Hai Bo
Published: April 2013

The dipping tube hydropneumatic tank is one of the most efficient equipments to prevent water hammer in water distribution and long distance transmission pipe systems. Due to its low costs and easy to maintain features, dipping tube hydropneumatic tank has many irreplaceable advantages, however it is difficult to determine the correct size and gas volume for real world engineering applications. This paper presents a robust method to solve the problems from theory and application. Based on the Method of Characteristics (MOC) equations, this paper derives the equations for modeling dipping tube hydropneumatic tanks in water distribution systems to prevent water hammer. The equations include MOC, differential orifice head loss equation, gas law, air mass, air velocity and etc. The IBMs scientific subroutine package (SSP) is applied to solve the equations by deriving to the form of X=f (X). The method has been integrated into HAMMER. This paper also presents an example to illustrate the methods of determining the tank size, and the comparison results with sealed hydropneumatic tank and surge tank equipment.
Performance of Silicate Gel and Polymer/Cr(III) Gel Treatments in High Temperature Reservoirs
Authors: Shen Guang Xi , Lee Ji Ho , Lee Kun Sang
Published: April 2013

Gel treatment is increasingly used as permeability modifiers in reducing high water production. To analyze the influences of reservoir temperature on the performance of gel treatment, extensive numerical simulation study is undertaken to model the behavior of high temperature reservoirs. Polyacrylamide (PAM)/Cr3+ gel treatment and silicate gel method are compared with waterflooding through water-oil ratio and cumulative oil recovery. The results demonstrate that, for the case of common temperature, PAM/Cr3+ gel treatment results in highly decreased water-oil ratio compared with water flooding. PAM/Cr3+ gel have shown poor performance in high temperature reservoirs. However, silicate gel is still effective in high temperature reservoirs.
Flow Field Characteristic Study of Horizontal Section PDC Bit in the Southeast of Chong Qing Wu Feng – Long Ma Xi Shale Reservoir
Authors: He Pei , Cheng Li Jun , Gong Ming , Song Ke Xiong , Zhu Yu
Published: April 2013

The Southeast of Chong Qing Wu Feng – Long Ma Xi group is a national shale gas exploration and development key formation. Shale contains high clay minerals,It makes serious borehole instability and large of cuttings transport.The segment length of the horizontal well, is easy to form cuttings bed.Strong shale plastic makes ROP low. In this paper, It calculates the closed N-S equation based on the k-ε two-equation model by using numerical simulation method,studys the Φ 215.9 mm PDC bit´s nozzle diameters. When the center nozzle diameter is 12.70mm in a long horizontal section shale reservoir,It reachs the diameter of external nozzle is 8.74mm ~ 11.13mm optimal for PDC bit downhole flow field.The center and peripheral nozzle diameter of PDC bit should have a certain class difference, 2 ~ 5 grades is optimal. When the peripheral nozzle diameter is 11.13mm, the center of the nozzle diameter should be greater than or equal to 11.13mm for PDC bit flow field.The center nozzle diameter can not be smaller than the external diameter of the nozzle. The study can guide the shale reservoir horizontal section PDC bit design,improve ROP and cleaning rock,reduce the probability of cuttings settlement in the horizontal section.
Characteristics of Fracture and Fractured Reservoir of Hailaer Basin Budart Group
Authors: Feng Cui Ju , Yan Wei Lin
Published: April 2013

The output of fracture pool is over half of the entire outout of oil and gas,and fracture pool is one of the important fields of oil inhancing yield in 21st Century. Fractured reservoir evaluation is always a huge challenge for the oil exploration and development. Budart Group of Sudert district in Hailaer Basin is a reservoir that has very low porosity、very low permeability、double pore system and it is rich of fracture. The paper summarized Hailaer Basin Budart Group reservoir’s characteristics, especially fractures’s characteristics in conventional logs,fracture’s parameters,such as fracture density,dip,width and filling and illustrate the response of low angle fracture and high angle fracture in logs.
Methods Study on Gas Channeling of In Situ Combustion Development in Developed Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Xue Zong Zhan , He Deng Fa , Wang Xiao Heng
Published: April 2013

Now in situ combustion became one of the ways for the developed heavy oil reservoirs to convert development pattern and improve recovery. After long time steam huff and puff development in heavy oil reservoir, it was obvious that there was a big change on the oil zones and reservoir properties and the reservoir heterogeneity. When it was converted to in situ combustion, the injection gas often break through along the high permeability layers in the fire drive wells that make the sweep area smaller and decrease the reservoir recovery. By analysis on the gas channeling of in situ combustion occurred in the heavy oil reservoirs, the methods was put forward to develop heavy oil reservoir using in situ combustion reasonably including well space infilling, controlling the gas injection rate, adding roam surfactant agent and using fire drive with horizontal well assisted etc. to prevent the condition of gas channeling occurring. It will greatly improve the success and adaptability of the in situ combustion used in vertical wells of the heavy oil reservoir by using these methods. It also will build on basis of the heavy oil reservoir converted to in situ combustion development.
Flotation of Indium-Beard Marmatite in the Low Alkali Conditions
Authors: Deng Zheng Bin , Xie Xian , Tong Xiong , Zhou Yong Cheng , Wang Xiao , Lv Xiang Wen
Published: April 2013

Flotation of indium-beard marmatite from Mengzi multi-metal sulfide ore in the low alkali conditions was studied. It shows that the mixed reagent X-41 (Main chemical components: Cu≧12%, S≧18%, O≧48%, H≧4.5%) as a new activator in the flotation at pH 9.5 produced a much better beneficiation than the copper sulfate at pH 13. The grade of zinc and indium was increased by 3.39% and 53.52g/t respectively, while the recovers were increased by 4.57% and 3.54%.
Beneficiation Test Research on Certain Iron Ming of Burma
Authors: Guo Yan Hua , Dai Hui Xin , Yang Jun Long
Published: April 2013

The run of mine ore grade of Burma is 47.83%. According to the nature of the ore for the corresponding process, and the conditions of the test to explore, abstain to use a combined flowsheet for low magnetic separation - spiral chute - high gradient magnetic. The ultimate index for comprehensive grade of iron concentrate is 57.26%, at a total recovery of 83.07%, and obtain good experiment index.
A Dynamic-Programming Based Model for Phase-Mining Optimization in Open-Pit Metal Mines
Authors: Wang Qing , Xu Xiao Chuan , Gu Xiao Wei
Published: April 2013

Three important aspects of phase-mining must be optimized: the number of phases, the geometry and position of each phase-pit (including the ultimate pit), and the ore and waste quantities to be mined in each phase. A model is presented in this paper in which, a sequence of geologically optimum pits are first generated and then dynamically evaluated to simultaneously optimize the above three aspects, with the objective of maximizing the overall net present value. The model takes into full account of the dynamic nature of the problem with respect to both time and space, and is robust in accommodating different pit wall slopes and different bench heights.
Primary Geology Factors Controlling Coalbed Methane (CBM) Enrichment in Jixi Basin
Authors: Guo Xiao Qian , Liu Da Meng , Yao Yan Bin , Cai Yi Dong , Li Jun Qian
Published: April 2013

Jixi basin is one of the important coal basins in China. To explore the gas accumulation characteristics and its geological controls, it’s important for further exploration and development of coalbed methane (CBM). The gas content of Jixi Basin is high viable from 4.78 to 11.94 m3/t, indicating high gas content in the north and west but low gas content in the south and east. The further analysis results show that the delta plain and lake are favorable sedimentary environments for coal accumulation. The Chengzihe and Muleng formation are formed in these environments. Moreover, massive magmatic intrusion heat activities and subsequent continuous subside of strata increase coal rank of the coals. In the area of Pingma reverse fault and the area with thick Muleng formation, mud seals are favorable for CBM preservation. In these areas, CBM is sealed and accumulated by hydrodynamic condition. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation model for CBM was found. Based on the evaluation model, the most favorable zone for CBM exploration is forecasted to be J idong depression.
The Research of Cleaning Method of Membrane Modules in Ultrafiltration Pretreatment System
Authors: Wu Lian Ying , Shang Feng Ying , Gao Cong Jie , Hu Yang Dong
Published: April 2013

In ultrafiltration pretreatment system, regular cleaning is the key measure to prevent and control membrane fouling and scaling. The fouling model is modified and the criterion of cleaning is given in this paper. The cleaning method of membrane modules can be expressed as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem with the minimum total operation cost as target function during two years projection period while one month one period. The results of the example indicate that the cleaning strategy and solving method provided is effective for the membrane maintenance.