bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOW THE VICTORIANS BECAME SEXY: THE FLESHLY SCHOOL OF PAINTING
Authors: Sussman Herbert
Published: April 2005

EXPOSED:THE VICTORIAN NUDE, an extensive exhibition initiated by and first shown at Tate Britain in 2002, andThe Crimson Petal and the Whiteby Michael Faber, a best-selling novel set in Victorian times and published in the same year, illustrate the interchange of the scholarly and the popular, more particularly how the recent rich work in Victorian sexuality, familiar to readers of this journal, informs and is transformed within blockbuster museum shows and popular fiction. Both exhibition and novel shed some light on the question of how the Victorians have become so sexy.
NCEP and GISS solar radiation data sets available for ecosystem modeling: Description, differences, and impacts on net primary production
Authors: Hicke Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2005

Downwelling surface solar radiation is an important input to ecosystem models, and global models require spatially extensive data sets that vary interannually to capture effects that potentially drive changes in ecosystem function. In this paper, I describe and compare solar radiation data sets from two representative sources, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses and Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) calculations that included satellite observations of cloud properties. The CASA ecosystem model, which uses solar radiation and satellite‐derived vegetation information, was run with the two solar radiation data sets to explore how differences affect estimated net primary production (NPP). GISS solar radiation matched ground‐based observations better than NCEP solar radiation. Mean global NCEP solar radiation exceeded that from GISS by 16%, likely as a result of lower cloudiness within the NCEP reanalyses compared to satellite observations. Neither data set resulted in a significant trend over the study period (1984–2000). Locally, relative differences were up to 40% in the mean and 10% in the trend of solar radiation and NPP, and varied in sign across the globe. Because reanalysis solar radiation is only indirectly constrained by observations in contrast to the satellite‐derived data, it is recommended that studies use the GISS solar radiation when possible.
The origin of water soluble particulate iron in the Asian atmospheric outflow
Authors: Chuang P. Y. , Duvall R. M. , Shafer M. M. , Schauer J. J.
Published: April 2005

Iron, and in particular water soluble iron, is an important trace nutrient in the surface ocean, and therefore an important component in the global carbon cycle. Deposition of Asian aerosol is thought to be a primary source of water soluble iron in the northern Pacific. Analysis of aerosol samples obtained during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE)–Asia field campaign from Jeju Island, Korea, which intercepts the outflow from the Asian continent, shows that water soluble iron is not dominated by mineral dust sources even during large dust storms. Instead, our analysis indicates that particulate soluble iron and elemental carbon concentrations are correlated. This leads to the conclusion that soluble iron in this region is strongly connected to anthropogenic activity and not connected to mineral dust emissions, especially if the budget averaged over annual time scales is considered.
Global‐scale gridded estimates of thermoelectric power and manufacturing water use
Authors: Vassolo Sara , Döll Petra
Published: April 2005

New global‐scale gridded estimates of industrial water use around 1995 are presented which, for the first time, distinguish between water use for cooling of thermal power stations and for manufacturing. Estimates of annual values of both water withdrawal and consumption are provided with a spatial resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°. Thermoelectric power water use is based on the geographical location of 63,590 thermal power stations. Manufacturing water use is computed by first estimating country‐specific water withdrawal values, which are then distributed as a function of city nighttime lights. A comparison to industrial water use in the 50 states of the United States and 89 regions in Russia shows that the developed data set represents thermoelectric power water use satisfactorily, while manufacturing water use remains highly uncertain.
An evaluation of potential Rhizobium inoculant strains used for pulse production in acidic soils of south-east Australia
Authors: Evans J.
Published: April 2005

Profitability of the pulse industry relies considerably on crop nitrogen fixation because this process supplies greater than 60% of pulse crop nitrogen. Therefore the industry requires the most efficient Rhizobium symbioses and effective inoculation management. Re-appraisal of the recommended inoculant strain for field pea, SU303, in south-east Australia, was warranted by field evidence that SU303 failed to maximise grain yield at sites in Western Australia. Re-appraisal of the inoculant strain for faba bean and lentil, WSM1274, was warranted because of anecdotal evidence from Western Australia of associated crop failures. In addition, a glasshouse study in Western Australia reported greater dry matter production by faba bean and lentil inoculated with strains other than WSM1274. This paper reports trials comparing potential inoculant strains for field pea and faba bean in soils of south-east Australia. Comparisons are based on efficiency for nitrogen fixation, survival on seed and survival in soil. Additionally, because the pulse industry lacked comprehensive information to assist decision making on the need for recurring inoculation, relevant investigation of this issue is also reported. The results of 3 field experiments for efficiency for nitrogen fixation, over mildly (pHCa 5.0) to strongly (pHCa 4.3) acidic soil in south-east Australia supported replacing SU303 as the commercial inoculant. The efficiency for nitrogen fixation of WSM1274 on faba bean was not found to be inferior to alternative strains. However, its capacity for survival on seed at temperatures of 15°C and above, over a wide range of relative humidity, and perhaps its capacity for survival in acidic soil, was inferior. This provided additional evidence to justify the replacement of this inoculant strain that was agreed to by a national steering committee in 2001, based on the Western Australia reports, the early experiments in this study and those of a collaborative study in Victoria. Alternative inoculant strains to SU303 and WSM1274 were identified in the current study. Temperature and relative humidity conditions suitable for maintaining inoculant viability with extended storage of inoculated field pea and faba bean are also discussed. A survey of rhizobia surviving in soil was used to determine the time scale of persistence of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) in soils of the south-east. It was concluded that in soils of pH (CaCl2) <5.1, inoculation of field pea and faba bean should be routinely practiced; none of the strains of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae tested showed ability for survival in strongly acidic soil sufficient to obviate seed inoculation. It was further concluded that the absence of a legume host for lupin rhizobia for 4 or more years would also warrant reintroducing inoculant of B. sp. (Lupinus).
Point-of-sale evaluation of preinoculated and custom-inoculated pasture legume seed
Authors: Gemell L. G. , Hartley E. J. , Herridge D. F.
Published: April 2005

During 1999–2003, 293 samples of preinoculated and custom-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover, white clover, red clover and miscellaneous species (mainly other clovers) were sourced from commercial outlets and assessed for numbers of rhizobia, seed pellet pH and toxicity, and nodulation in a ‘grow-out’ test. Average rhizobial counts were 8400/seed for preinoculated lucerne, 1380/seed for subterranean clover and <100/seed for white and red clovers and for the miscellaneous species. These counts compared poorly with the average counts of 35 100/seed, 13 800/seed and 10 000/seed for freshly-inoculated lucerne, subterranean clover and white clover, respectively. Thus, overall pass rates of the preinoculated seed were reasonable for lucerne (73%), marginal for subterranean clover (32%) and very low for white clover (3%), red clover (4%) and the miscellaneous species (0%). The ‘grow-out’ tests for nodulation were positively correlated with rhizobial numbers on seed, confirming the use of plate counting of rhizobia to assess quality of pre- and custom-inoculated seed. Many of the seed pellets were toxic to the 2 clover rhizobial strains tested, although the toxicity did not affect numbers of rhizobia on the seed. In light of these results and other data on rhizobial survival on seed, we suggest the current Australian standards for rhizobial numbers on pasture legume seed at the time of sale of 500/seed (very small-seeded legumes with seed numbers >750 000/kg) and 1000/seed (other larger-seeded species, seed numbers <750 000/kg) remain in place. We recommend shelf lives be restricted to 6 months for preinoculated lucerne and the annual medics, to 6 weeks for preinoculated subterranean clover, and to 2 weeks for white clover, red clover and other miscellaneous species. In the long-term, new products and procedures will hopefully enhance the numbers and survival of rhizobia on seed such that the needs of both manufacturers and customers are satisfied.
The legume inoculant industry and inoculant quality control in Australia: 1953 - 2003
Authors: Bullard G. K. , Roughley R. J. , Pulsford D. J.
Published: April 2005

Fifty years have passed since the first commercial inoculants were manufactured in Australia. Before 1953, various Government Agencies supplied mostly agar cultures with New South Wales Department of Agriculture issuing the first peat-based inoculants. There are no data to indicate the quality of these inoculants, but in the early commercial cultures rhizobia were often outnumbered by contaminants and field failures were widespread. A comprehensive system of quality control was developed from discussions between CSIRO and the University of Sydney. Succeeding quality control bodies have continued on the basis of the original scheme. It set inoculant standards, approved and supplied mother cultures to manufacturers annually, tested all batches of peat inoculants before sale and sampled inoculants at the point of sale. In this paper we describe the history of Australian legume inoculants, list the commercial firms and key people involved and the period during which they were active. We tabulate the strains involved, indicate the period of their use and highlight some of the problems encountered with them and with inoculant production. We indicate the personnel who have been particularly active in the quality control of inoculants, the funding bodies who have supported the work and stress the reliance of the control laboratories on the help of many agricultural scientists in Australia. An important part of the control scheme has been the implementing of standards without resort to legislation. This has depended on the cooperation of the manufacturers involved and has allowed flexibility in applying the standards.
Evidence of selection for effective nodulation in the Trifolium spp. symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii
Authors: Yates R. J. , Howieson J. G. , Real D. , Reeve W. G. , Vivas-Marfisi A. , O'Hara G. W.
Published: April 2005

The pasture-breeding program to improve production in the natural grasslands in Uruguay has acknowledged that indigenous Rhizobium strains are incompatible with introduced Mediterranean clovers. In an attempt to understand and overcome this problem, a cross-row experiment was set up in 1999 in a basaltic, acid soil in Glencoe, Uruguay, to follow the survival and performance of 9 exotic strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. This paper reports on the ability of the introduced strains to compete for nodule occupancy of Mediterranean clover hosts and impacts of the introduced strains on the productivity of the indigenous Uruguayan clover Trifolium polymorphum. Strain WSM1325 was a superior inoculant and remained highly persistent and competitive for the effective symbiosis with the Mediterranean hosts, T. purpureum and T. repens, in the Uruguayan environment in the third year of the experiment. The Mediterranean hosts (T. purpureum and T. repens) nodulated with the introduced strains but did not nodulate with any indigenous R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii typed from nodules of T. polymorphum. Conversely, there were no nodules on the Uruguayan host T. polymorphum that contained introduced R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii. These results reveal the establishment of effective symbioses between strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii and clover even though the soil contained ineffective R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii for all hosts. We believe our results are the first reported example of ‘selective’ nodulation for an effective symbiosis in situ with annual and perennial clovers in acid soils.
Four-color DNA sequencing by synthesis on a chip using photocleavable fluorescent nucleotides
Authors: Seo Tae Seok , Bai Xiaopeng , Kim Dae Hyun , Meng Qinglin , Shi Shundi , Ruparel Hameer , Li Zengmin , Turro Nicholas J. , Ju Jingyue
Published: April 2005

We report four-color DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) on a chip, using four photocleavable fluorescent nucleotide analogues (dGTP-PC-Bodipy-FL-510, dUTP-PC-R6G, dATP-PC-ROX, and dCTP-PC-Bodipy-650) (PC, photocleavable; Bodipy, 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3α,4α-diaza-
s
-indacene; ROX, 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine; R6G, 6-carboxyrhodamine-6G). Each nucleotide analogue consists of a different fluorophore attached to the 5 position of the pyrimidines and the 7 position of the purines through a photocleavable 2-nitrobenzyl linker. After verifying that these nucleotides could be successfully incorporated into a growing DNA strand in a solution-phase polymerase reaction and the fluorophore could be cleaved using laser irradiation (≈355 nm) in 10 sec, we then performed an SBS reaction on a chip that contains a self-priming DNA template covalently immobilized by using 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The DNA template was produced by PCR, using an azido-labeled primer, and the self-priming moiety was attached to the immobilized DNA template by enzymatic ligation. Each cycle of SBS consists of the incorporation of the photocleavable fluorescent nucleotide into the DNA, detection of the fluorescent signal, and photocleavage of the fluorophore. The entire process was repeated to identify 12 continuous bases in the DNA template. These results demonstrate that photocleavable fluorescent nucleotide analogues can be incorporated accurately into a growing DNA strand during a polymerase reaction in solution and on a chip. Moreover, all four fluorophores can be detected and then efficiently cleaved using near-UV irradiation, thereby allowing continuous identification of the DNA template sequence. Optimization of the steps involved in this SBS approach will further increase the read-length.
Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage
Authors: Faruque Shah M. , Islam M. Johirul , Ahmad Qazi Shafi , Faruque A. S. G. , Sack David A. , Nair G. Balakrish , Mekalanos John J.
Published: April 2005

Phage predation of
Vibrio cholerae
has recently been reported to be a factor that influences seasonal epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh. To understand more about this phenomenon, we studied the dynamics of the
V. cholerae
-phage interaction during a recent epidemic in Dhaka. Because the outbreak strain causing this epidemic was resistant to multiple antibiotics, including streptomycin, we used a selective medium containing streptomycin to monitor accurately the abundance of this strain in the environment. The changing prevalence in the environment of the epidemic
V. cholerae
O1 strain and a particular lytic cholera phage (JSF4) to which it was sensitive was measured every 48-72 h for 17 weeks. We also monitored the incidence of phage excretion in stools of 387 cholera patients during the epidemic. The peak of the epidemic was preceded by high
V. cholerae
prevalence in the environment and was followed by high JSF4 phage levels as the epidemic ended. The buildup to the phage peak in the environment coincided with increasing excretion of the same phage in the stools of cholera patients. These results suggest that patients toward the end of the epidemic ingested both JSF4 phage and the outbreak
V. cholerae
strain. Host-mediated phage amplification during the cholera epidemic likely contributed to increased environmental phage abundance, decreased load of environmental
V. cholerae
and, hence, the collapse of the epidemic. Thus,
in vivo
phage amplification in patients and subsequent phage predation in the environment may explain the self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics in Bangladesh.
Impairment of the TFIIH-associated CDK-activating Kinase Selectively Affects Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression in Fission Yeast
Authors: Lee Karen M. , Miklos Ida , Du Hongyan , Watt Stephen , Szilagyi Zsolt , Saiz Julia E. , Madabhushi Ram , Penkett Christopher J. , Sipiczki Matthias , Bähler Jürg , Fisher Robert P.
Published: April 2005

The fission yeast Mcs6–Mcs2–Pmh1 complex, homologous to metazoan Cdk7–cyclin H-Mat1, has dual functions in cell division and transcription: as a partially redundant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) that phosphorylates the major cell cycle CDK, Cdc2, on Thr-167; and as the RNA polymerase (Pol) II carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) kinase associated with transcription factor (TF) IIH. We analyzed conditional mutants of mcs6 and pmh1, which activate Cdc2 normally but cannot complete cell division at restrictive temperature and arrest with decreased CTD phosphorylation. Transcriptional profiling by microarray hybridization revealed only modest effects on global gene expression: a one-third reduction in a severe mcs6 mutant after prolonged incubation at 36°C. In contrast, a small subset of transcripts (∼5%) decreased by more than twofold after Mcs6 complex function was compromised. The signature of repressed genes overlapped significantly with those of cell separation mutants sep10 and sep15. Sep10, a component of the Pol II Mediator complex, becomes essential in mcs6 or pmh1 mutant backgrounds. Moreover, transcripts dependent on the forkhead transcription factor Sep1, which are expressed coordinately during mitosis, were repressed in Mcs6 complex mutants, and Mcs6 also interacts genetically with Sep1. Thus, the Mcs6 complex, a direct activator of Cdc2, also influences the cell cycle transcriptional program, possibly through its TFIIH-associated kinase function.
An antibody specific for the C-terminal tail of the gp41 transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediates post-attachment neutralization, probably through inhibition of virus–cell fusion
Authors: Heap Caroline J. , Reading Steven A. , Dimmock Nigel J.
Published: April 2005

Evidence has been presented which shows that part of the C-terminal tail of the gp41 transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains a neutralization epitope and is thus exposed on the external surface of the virion. Here, SAR1, a monoclonal antibody, which was stimulated by immunization with a plant virus expressing 60 copies of the GERDRDR sequence from the exposed gp41 tail, and has an unusual pattern of neutralization activity, giving little or no neutralization of free virions, but effecting modest post-attachment neutralization (PAN) of virus bound to target cells was investigated. Here, the properties of PAN were investigated. It was found that PAN could be mediated at 4 or 20 °C, but that at 20 °C maximum PAN required virus–cell complexes to be incubated for 3 h before addition of antibody. Further PAN appeared stable at 20 °C and could be mediated for at least 5 h at this temperature. In contrast, when virus–cell complexes formed at 20 °C but then shifted to 37 °C for various times before addition of SAR1, PAN was maximal after just 10 min, and was lost after 30 min incubation. Thus, PAN at 37 °C is transient and temperature-dependent. Since this scenario recalled the temperature requirements of virus–cell fusion, fusion of HIV-1-infected and non-infected cells was investigated, and it was found that SAR1 inhibited this process by up to 75 %, in a dose-dependent manner. However, antibodies to adjacent epitopes did not inhibit fusion. These data confirm the external location of the SAR1 epitope, implicate the gp41 C-terminal tail in the HIV-1 fusion process for the first time, and suggest that SAR1 mediates PAN by inhibiting virus-mediated fusion.
Yellow fever virus NS2B–NS3 protease: characterization of charged-to-alanine mutant and revertant viruses and analysis of polyprotein-cleavage activities
Authors: Chambers Thomas J. , Droll Deborah A. , Tang Yujia , Liang Yan , Ganesh Vannakambadi K. , Murthy Krishna H. M. , Nickells Michael
Published: April 2005

A series of 46 charged-to-alanine mutations in the yellow fever virus NS2B–NS3 protease, previously characterized in cell-free and transient cellular expression systems, was tested for their effects on virus recovery. Four distinct plaque phenotypes were observed in cell culture: parental plaque-size (13 mutants), reduced plaque-size (17 mutants), small plaque-size (8 mutants) and no plaque-formation (8 mutants). No mutants displayed any temperature sensitivity based on recovery of virus after RNA transfection at 32 versus 37 °C. Most small plaque-mutants were defective in growth efficiency compared with parental virus. However not all small plaque-mutants had defective 2B/3 cleavage, with some showing selective defects at other non-structural protein cleavage sites. Revertant viruses were recovered for six mutations that caused reduced plaque sizes. Same-site and second-site mutations occurred in NS2B, and one second-site mutation occurred in the NS3 protease domain. Some reversion mutations ameliorated defects in cleavage activity and plaque size caused by the original mutation. These data indicate that certain mutations that reduce NS2B–NS3 protease cleavage activity cause growth restriction of yellow fever virus in cell culture. However, for at least two mutations, processing defects other than impaired cleavage activity at the 2B/3 site may account for the mutant phenotype. The existence of reversion mutations primarily in NS2B rather than NS3, suggests that the protease domain is less tolerant of structural perturbation compared with the NS2B protein.
Polarized entry and release of Junín virus, a New World arenavirus
Authors: Cordo Sandra M. , Acuña Maximiliano Cesio y , Candurra Nélida A.
Published: April 2005

Junín virus (JUNV), the causative agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever, is a human pathogen that naturally enters the body through the epithelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The interaction of JUNV with two types of polarized epithelial cultures, Vero C1008 and A549, was investigated. Radioactive virus-binding assays showed that JUNV infects polarized lines preferentially through the apical surface. High-level expression of viral nucleoprotein was detected in polarized cell lines infected through the apical domain. Virus production from apical media was about 100-fold higher than that found into the basolateral medium. Confocal-immunofluorescence analysis revealed high-level expression of glycoprotein at the apical-membrane surface. Disruption of the microtubule network by colchicine impaired JUNV vectorial release. This is the first study to analyse the interaction between a member of the virus family Arenaviridae and polarized epithelial cells, showing preferential entry and release from the apical plasma membrane.
Role of viral load in the pathogenesis of chicken anemia virus
Authors: Tan Jianming , Tannock Gregory A.
Published: April 2005

The pathogenesis of strain 3711 of the chicken anemia virus (CAV), propagated in chickens, and two preparations of strain 3711 that had been adapted to grow to high titre in cells of the MDCC-MSB1 line were studied in chicken embryos and/or chickens. Highest viral loads in infected chickens, as measured by a microplate DNA-hybridization assay, were detected in the thymus, clotted blood and pancreas, and the lowest in the duodenum. The CAV DNA copy number in the organs of chicken embryos was significantly lower than in chickens. Route of infection was an important determinant of the course of disease in chickens, with clinical signs appearing earlier in birds infected by the intramuscular than those infected by the oral route; there was a direct relationship between viral load in particular organs and the extent of clinical signs. No reduction in the pathogenicity for chickens was noted for strain 3711 after 65 or 129 passages in the MDCC-MSB1 cell line.
Replication and in vivo repair of the hepatitis A virus genome lacking the poly(A) tail
Authors: Kusov Yuri Y. , Gosert Rainer , Gauss-Müller Verena
Published: April 2005

The precise role of the poly(A) tail at the 3′ end of the picornavirus RNA genome and the cellular factors that control its homeostasis are unknown. To assess the importance of the poly(A) tail for virus replication, the genome of the slowly replicating hepatitis A virus (HAV) with and without a poly(A) tail was studied after transfection into cells maintained under various conditions. A tailless HAV genome had a shorter half-life than a poly(A)-containing genome and was unable to replicate in quiescent cells. In dividing cells, the tailless RNA gave rise to infectious virus with a restored poly(A) tail of up to 60 residues. Cells arrested at the G0 and the G2/M phase produced lower amounts of infectious HAV than cells in the G1 phase. These data suggest that the 3′ poly(A) tail of HAV can be restored with the help of a cellular and/or viral function that is regulated during the cell cycle.
Utility of JC polyomavirus in tracing the pattern of human migrations dating to prehistoric times
Authors: Pavesi Angelo
Published: April 2005

JC virus (JCV) is a double-stranded DNA polyomavirus co-evolving with humans since the time of their origin in Africa. JCV seems to provide new insights into the history of human populations, as it suggests an expansion of humans from Africa via two distinct migrations, each carrying a different lineage of the virus. A possible alternative to this interpretation could be that the divergence between the two lineages is due to selective pressures favouring adaptation of JCV to different climates, thus making any inference about human history debatable. In the present study, the evolution of JCV was investigated by applying correspondence analysis to a set of 273 fully sequenced strains. The first and more important axis of ordination led to the detection of 61 nt positions as the main determinants of the divergence between the two virus lineages. One lineage includes strains of types 1 and 4, the other strains of types 2, 3, 7 and 8. The distinctiveness of the Caucasian lineage (types 1 and 4), largely diffused in the northern areas of the world, was almost entirely ascribed to synonymous substitutions. The findings provided by the subsequent axes of ordination supported the view of an evolutionary history of JCV characterized by genetic drift and migration, rather than by natural selection. Correspondence analysis was also applied to a set of 156 human mitochondrial genome sequences. A detailed comparison between the substitution patterns in JCV and mitochondria brought to light some relevant advantages of the use of the virus in tracing human migrations.
Evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to North American bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene
Authors: Hughes Gareth J. , Orciari Lillian A. , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: April 2005

Throughout North America, rabies virus (RV) is endemic in bats. Distinct RV variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. Using Bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences of nine distinct bat RV variants from North America. Substitution rates ranged from 2·32×10−4to 1·38×10−3substitutions per site per year. A maximum-likelihood (ML) molecular clock model was rejected for only two of the nine datasets. In addition, using sequences from bat RV variants across the Americas, the evolutionary rate for the complete N gene was estimated to be 2·32×10−4. This rate was used to scale trees using Bayesian and ML methods, and the time of the most recent common ancestor for current bat RV variant diversity in the Americas was estimated to be 1660 (range 1267–1782) and 1651 (range 1254–1773), respectively. Our reconstructions suggest that RV variants currently associated with infection of bats from Latin America (DesmodusandTadarida) share the earliest common ancestor with the progenitor RV. In addition, from the ML tree, times were estimated for the emergence of the three major lineages responsible for bat rabies cases in North America. Adaptation to infection of the colonial bat species analysed (Eptesicus fuscus,Myotisspp.) appears to have occurred much quicker than for the solitary species analysed (Lasionycteris noctivagans,Pipistrellus subflavus,Lasiurus borealis,Lasiurus cinereus), suggesting that the process of virus adaptation may be dependent on host biology.
Overlapping reading frames in closely related human papillomaviruses result in modular rates of selection within E2
Authors: Narechania Apurva , Terai Masanori , Burk Robert D.
Published: April 2005

A core group of four open reading frames (ORFs) is present in all known papillomaviruses (PVs): the E1 and E2 replication/transcription proteins and the L1 and L2 structural proteins. Because they are involved in processes that are essential to PV propagation, the sequences of these proteins are well-conserved. However, sequencing of novel subtypes for human papillomaviruses (HPV) 54 (AE9) and 82 (AE2/IS39), coupled to analysis of four other closely related genital HPV pairs, indicated that E2 has a higher dN/dS ratio than E1, L1 or L2. The elevated ratio is not homogeneous across the length of the ORF, but instead varies with respect to E2's three domains. The E2 hinge region is of particular interest, because its hypervariability (dN/dS>1) differs markedly from the two domains that it joins: the transcription-activation domain and the DNA-binding domain. Deciphering whether the hinge region's high rate of non-synonymous change is the result of positive Darwinian selection or relaxed constraint depends on the evolutionary behaviour of E4, an ORF that overlaps E2. The E2 hinge region is contained within E4 and non-synonymous changes in the hinge are associated with a disproportionate amount of synonymous change in E4, a case of simultaneous positive and purifying selection in overlapping reading frames. Modular rates of selection among E2 domains are a likely consequence of the presence of an embedded E4. E4 appears to be positioned in a part of the HPV genome that can tolerate non-synonymous change and purifying selection of E4 may be indicative of its functional importance.
Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins
Authors: Fechter Pierre , Brownlee George G.
Published: April 2005

Most cellular and eukaryotic viral mRNAs have a cap structure at their 5′ end that is critical for efficient translation. Cap structures also aid in mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm and, in addition, protect the mRNAs from degradation by 5′ exonucleases. Cap function is mediated by cap-binding proteins that play a key role in translational control. Recent structural studies on the cellular cap-binding complex, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E and the vaccinia virus protein 39, suggest that these three evolutionary unrelated cap-binding proteins have evolved a common cap-binding pocket by convergent evolution. In this pocket the positively charged N7-methylated guanine ring of the cap structure is stacked between two aromatic amino acids. In this review, the similarities and differences in cap binding by these three different cap-binding proteins are discussed. A comparison with new functional data for another viral cap-binding protein – the polymerase basic protein (PB2) of influenza virus – suggests that a similar cap-binding mechanism has also evolved in influenza virus.
Higher resistance of porcine trigeminal ganglion neurons towards pseudorabies virus-induced cell death compared with other porcine cell types in vitro
Authors: Geenen Kristin , Favoreel Herman W. , Nauwynck Hans J.
Published: April 2005

Trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons are important target cells for many alphaherpesviruses, constituting major sites for latency/reactivation events. Here, thein vitrokinetics of productive infection of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) and resulting cell death in primary porcine TG neurons were determined, and these were compared with similar kinetics in many other porcine cell types. Confocal microscopy showed that all TG neurons expressed late genes such as viral glycoproteins, and that these glycoproteins were processed through the Golgi and reached the cell surface as in other cell types, albeit with a delay of ±2–6 h. However, TG neurons were much more resistant towards PRV-induced cell death compared with all other porcine cell types tested (non-neuronal TG cells, superior cervical ganglion neurons, epithelial kidney cells, arterial endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts and cells derived from a porcine swine kidney cell line). About half of the TG neurons survived up to 96 h post-inoculation (end of experiment), whereas all other cell types almost completely succumbed within 2 days post-inoculation. In addition, infection with a strongly pro-apoptotic PRV strain that misses the anti-apoptotic US3 protein did not lead to substantial apoptosis in TG neurons, even at 72 h post-inoculation. Thus, primary porcine TG neurons can be infected with PRVin vitro, and are remarkably more resistant to PRV-induced cell death compared with other porcine cell types, suggesting a cell type-specific resistance to alphaherpesvirus-induced cell death that may have important implications for different aspects of the virus life cycle, including latency/reactivation events.
Reciprocal function of movement proteins and complementation of long-distance movement of Cymbidium mosaic virus RNA by Odontoglossum ringspot virus coat protein
Authors: Ajjikuttira Prabha , Loh Chiang-Shiong , Wong Sek-Man
Published: April 2005

Complementation of movement and coat proteins of the orchid-infecting potexvirus Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and tobamovirus Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) was investigated. Nicotiana benthamiana, which is susceptible to both CymMV and ORSV, was used as a model system. Four transgenic lines, each harbouring one of the movement protein (MP) or coat protein (CP) genes of CymMV or ORSV, were constructed. The MP of CymMV consists of three overlapping open reading frames, together called the triple-gene block (TGB). CymMV and ORSV mutants, each carrying an inactivated MP or CP, were generated from the respective biologically active full-length cDNA clones. Complementation was studied by infecting transgenic plants with in vitro transcripts generated from these mutants. The cell-to-cell movement of a movement-deficient CymMV was restored in transgenic plants carrying the ORSV MP transgene. Similarly, CymMV TGB1 transgenic plants were able to rescue the cell-to-cell movement of a movement-deficient ORSV mutant. ORSV CP transgenic plants supported systemic movement of a CymMV CP-deficient mutant. However, in these plants, neither encapsidation of CymMV RNA with ORSV CP nor CymMV CP expression was detected. Long-distance movement of an ORSV CP-deficient mutant was not supported by CymMV CP. The complementation of MPs and CPs of CymMV and ORSV facilitates movement of these viruses in plants, except for long-distance movement of ORSV RNA by CymMV CP.
South West Indian Ocean islands tomato begomovirus populations represent a new major monopartite begomovirus group
Authors: Delatte Hélène , Martin Darren P. , Naze Florence , Goldbach Rob , Reynaud Bernard , Peterschmitt Michel , Lett Jean-Michel
Published: April 2005

Biological and molecular properties of Tomato leaf curl Madagascar virus isolates from Morondova and Toliary (ToLCMGV-[Tol], -[Mor]), Tomato leaf curl Mayotte virus isolates from Dembeni and Kahani (ToLCYTV-[Dem], -[Kah]) and a Tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolate from Réunion (TYLCV-Mld[RE]) were determined. Full-length DNA components of the five isolates from Madagascar, Mayotte and Réunion were cloned and sequenced and, with the exception of ToLCMGV-[Tol], were shown to be both infectious in tomato and transmissible by Bemisia tabaci. Sequence analysis revealed that these viruses had genome organizations of monopartite begomoviruses and that both ToLCMGV and ToLCYTV belong to the African begomoviruses but represent a distinct monophyletic group that we have tentatively named the South West islands of the Indian Ocean (SWIO). All of the SWIO isolates examined were apparently complex recombinants. None of the sequences within the recombinant regions closely resembled that of any known non-SWIO begomovirus, suggesting an isolation of these virus populations.
Crown rootless1, Which Is Essential for Crown Root Formation in Rice, Is a Target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in Auxin Signaling
Authors: Inukai Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Ueguchi-Tanaka Miyako , Shibata Yohko , Gomi Kenji , Umemura Iichiro , Hasegawa Yasuko , Ashikari Motoyuki , Kitano Hidemi , Matsuoka Makoto
Published: April 2005

Although the importance of auxin in root development is well known, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unknown. We characterized a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant defective in crown root formation, crown rootless1 (crl1). The crl1 mutant showed additional auxin-related abnormal phenotypic traits in the roots, such as decreased lateral root number, auxin insensitivity in lateral root formation, and impaired root gravitropism, whereas no abnormal phenotypic traits were observed in aboveground organs. Expression of Crl1, which encodes a member of the plant-specific ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES protein family, was localized in tissues where crown and lateral roots are initiated and overlapped with β-glucuronidase staining controlled by the DR5 promoter. Exogenous auxin treatment induced Crl1 expression without de novo protein biosynthesis, and this induction required the degradation of AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID proteins. Crl1 contains two putative auxin response elements (AuxREs) in its promoter region. The proximal AuxRE specifically interacted with a rice AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and acted as a cis-motif for Crl1 expression. We conclude that Crl1 encodes a positive regulator for crown and lateral root formation and that its expression is directly regulated by an ARF in the auxin signaling pathway.
Auxin and Light Control of Adventitious Rooting in Arabidopsis Require ARGONAUTE1
Authors: Sorin Céline , Bussell John D. , Camus Isabelle , Ljung Karin , Kowalczyk Mariusz , Geiss Gaia , McKhann Heather , Garcion Christophe , Vaucheret Hervé , Sandberg Göran , Bellini Catherine
Published: April 2005

Adventitious rooting is a quantitative genetic trait regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. To better understand the physiological and molecular basis of adventitious rooting, we took advantage of two classes of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in adventitious root formation: the superroot mutants, which spontaneously make adventitious roots, and the argonaute1 (ago1) mutants, which unlike superroot are barely able to form adventitious roots. The defect in adventitious rooting observed in ago1 correlated with light hypersensitivity and the deregulation of auxin homeostasis specifically in the apical part of the seedlings. In particular, a clear reduction in endogenous levels of free indoleacetic acid (IAA) and IAA conjugates was shown. This was correlated with a downregulation of the expression of several auxin-inducible GH3 genes in the hypocotyl of the ago1-3 mutant. We also found that the Auxin Response Factor17 (ARF17) gene, a potential repressor of auxin-inducible genes, was overexpressed in ago1-3 hypocotyls. The characterization of an ARF17-overexpressing line showed that it produced fewer adventitious roots than the wild type and retained a lower expression of GH3 genes. Thus, we suggest that ARF17 negatively regulates adventitious root formation in ago1 mutants by repressing GH3 genes and therefore perturbing auxin homeostasis in a light-dependent manner. These results suggest that ARF17 could be a major regulator of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis.
Rooted in Supervision, Branching into Management: Continuity and Change in the Role of First‐Line Manager
Authors: Hales Colin
Published: April 2005

abstract It is frequently argued that, as a consequence of radical organizational change, the role of first‐line manager (FLM) has shifted from supervision to team leadership/co‐ordination or business unit management. After reviewing the nature of these claims and the debate about the relationship between first‐line management and supervision, evidence is presented from a survey of 135 organizations in London and the South East on how the role of FLM is presently defined and how it has changed. The findings paint a picture of a stable, consistent FLM role where a common performance‐oriented supervisory core is surrounded by a penumbra of additional managerial responsibilities relating to stewardship, translating strategy into operations, unit management and, exceptionally, business management. The FLM role remains part of a hierarchical system of individual managerial responsibility and vertical accountability, with narrow spans of control, vertical and internal contacts and authority, participation in decisions and accountability confined largely to operating routines. Changes to the FLM role have been as much towards a strengthening of the supervisory core as a broadening into business management responsibilities. It is argued that the persistence and prevalence of the supervisory core stems from the continued location of FLMs within systems of external, hierarchical supervision. Far from being weakened, the supervisory core of the FLM role has often been strengthened by the adoption of more stringent controls over work practice in order to cope with a growth in business activity or comply with a greater range of external regulations. In some cases, however, a re‐division of managerial labour has led to formerly middle management responsibilities and accountability being added to the supervisory core to produce an extended FLM role.
Offshore Outsourcing: Implications for International Business and Strategic Management Theory and Practice
Authors: Doh Jonathan P.
Published: April 2005

abstract  In this essay, I discuss the implications of the debate over offshoring for our collective understanding of international business and management theories. I review several core theories in international business expansion and management strategy to assess which elements of these theories may need to be re‐specified in light of the offshoring phenomenon and which aspects remain relevant. I then present normative implications and recommendations for public policy and corporate strategy, drawing from emerging insights regarding the global responsibilities of corporations. I suggest that international labour and environmental standards and corporate codes of conduct could mitigate some of the most intense concerns raised about offshoring but conclude that offshoring is likely to present challenges to societies, corporations, and stakeholders for many decades.
The sensory‐cognition association in adulthood: Different magnitudes for processing speed, inhibition, episodic memory, and false memory?
Authors: LÖVDÉN MARTIN , WAHLIN ÅKE
Published: April 2005

One hundred and forty‐six participants (age range = 20–80) completed a battery of tests designed to measure visual acuity, processing speed, inhibition, episodic memory and false memory. The relations between visual acuity and general cognitive ability, as well as between visual acuity and the indicators of this construct, were evaluated with structural equation modeling. The measurement model confirmed that the indicators of the individual cognitive abilities could be grouped into a general cognitive functioning factor. However, the relation between episodic and false memory was not completely explained by the shared association with this general factor. Furthermore, visual acuity predicted approximately half of the age‐related variance in the general cognition factor. Also, the proportion of age‐related variance shared with vision was highest in inhibition and lowest in false memory. The results are discussed in the light of common cause accounts of cognitive aging.
Poverty and experiences of social devaluation: A qualitative interview study of 25 long‐standing recipients of social security payments
Authors: UNDERLID KJELL
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this study is to explore experiences of social devaluation among people living in poverty. Twenty‐five long‐standing recipients of social security payments living in a city in Norway were interviewed. Most felt that people in their environment held low opinions of them regarding issues related to personality and moral integrity. Several factors play a role in the formation of such beliefs or assumptions: (a) impressions of prevailing views of the social category “the poor” and observations concerning devaluation of that category; (b) knowledge others are assumed to possess of the respondents’ financial predicament; (c) perception of own social situation; (d) undesired behavior that signals low social status and low esteem; (e) actions by others that signal devaluation. Social devaluation is also experienced at the affective level: the sense of shame and guilt is widespread.
Visual neglect in the first weeks after a stroke in the right hemisphere
Authors: LUNDERVOLD ASTRI J. , BERGMANN NINA , WOOTTON CHRISTEL
Published: April 2005

The aim of the study was to characterize symptoms of visual neglect among patients who recently survived a stroke in the right hemisphere (RH), and to contribute to the understanding of change in symptoms during the first months after a RH stroke. Thirteen patients with a RH stroke and twenty controls were assessed by using standard neglect tests. Five patients were followed up by repetitive test sessions during the next four months. To assess more subtle symptoms, reaction‐time (RT) measures derived from an experimental cue‐target paradigm were included in the final test session. A high frequency of neglect symptoms was documented at the first test session. The changes in performance during the first weeks were characterized by a high inter‐individual as well as a high intra‐individual variability. Although the remission rate on standard tests was high in the follow‐up study, the RT measures indicated sustained symptoms of visual extinction in all patients. The long‐term implication of the changes of neglect symptoms during the first weeks after a stroke and signs of sustained symptoms of visual extinction calls for further longitudinal studies including a larger group of patients.