bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling RNA-binding protein specificity in vivo by precisely registering protein-RNA crosslink sites
Authors: Feng Huijuan , Bao Suying , Weyn-Vanhentenryck Sebastien M. , Khan Aziz , Wong Justin , Shah Ankeeta , Flynn Elise D. , Zhang Chaolin
Published: September 2018

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by recognizing short and degenerate sequence elements in their target transcripts. Despite the expanding list of RBPs with in vivo binding sites mapped genomewide using crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP), defining precise RBP binding specificity remains challenging. We previously demonstrated that the exact protein-RNA crosslink sites can be mapped using CLIP data at single-nucleotide resolution and observed that crosslinking frequently occurs at specific positions in RBP motifs. Here we have developed a computational method, named mCross, to jointly model RBP binding specificity while precisely registering the crosslinking position in motif sites. We applied mCross to 112 RBPs using ENCODE eCLIP data and validated the reliability of the resulting motifs by genome-wide analysis of allelic binding sites also detected by CLIP. We found that the prototypical SR protein SRSF1 recognizes GGA clusters to regulate splicing in a much larger repertoire of transcripts than previously appreciated.
The antioxidant drug N-acetylcysteine abolishes SOS-mediated mutagenesis produced by fluoroquinolones in bacteria
Authors: Rodríguez-Rosado Ana I. , Valencia Estela Ynés , Rodríguez-Rojas Alexandro , Costas Coloma , Galhardo Rodrigo S. , Blázquez Jesús , Rodríguez-Beltrán Jerónimo
Published: September 2018

Certain antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones, induce the mutagenic SOS response and increase the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been associated with antibiotic lethality. Both SOS and ROS promote bacterial mutagenesis, fueling the emergence of resistant mutants during antibiotic treatments. However, the relative contribution of ROS and SOS on this antibioticmediated mutagenesis is currently unknown. We used the antioxidant molecule N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to study the contribution of ROS on the SOS response and the mutagenesis mediated by the fluoroquinolone anti-biotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). We show that NAC is able to reduce intracellular ROS levels, as well as the SOS response caused by treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of CIP, without affecting its anti-bacterial activity. This effect reduces anti-bioticinduced mutagenesis to levels comparable to a translesion synthesis DNA-polymerases deficient strain, suggesting that ROS play a major role in SOS-induced mutagenesis. Collectively, our results shed light on the mechanisms underlying antibioticinduced mutagenesis and open the possibility for the use of NAC as adjuvant in antibiotic therapy to hinder the development of antibiotic resistance.
Prioritize diversity or declining species? Trade-offs and synergies in spatial planning for the conservation of migratory birds in the face of land cover change
Authors: Wilson S , Schuster R. , Rodewald A.D. , Bennett J.R. , Smith A.C , La Sorte F.A. , Verburg P.H. , Arcese P.
Published: September 2018

Stemming biodiversity loss requires strategic conservation guided by well-articulated and achievable targets, whether they be proactive (e.g., protect diverse places) or reactive (e.g., protect threatened species). Both types of targets can be effective, but there are trade-offs, especially for broadly-distributed ecosystems or taxa, such as migratory species, a group for which conservation has been challenged by limited knowledge of distributions throughout the annual cycle. We combined novel spatiotemporal distribution models with population trend data to first examine focal areas for the conservation of Neotropical migratory birds (n=112 species) during the non-breeding period in the Western Hemisphere based on a proactive approach (highest diversity) versus a reactive approach (strongest declines) to conservation. For the focal areas, we then assessed the extent of recent anthropogenic impact, protected area status and projected future changes in land cover using three shared socioeconomic pathways (Sustainability=SSP1, Business-as-usual=SSP2, Regional nationalism=SSP3). Spatial priorities were strikingly different when targeting areas of high species diversity, emphasizing southern Mexico and northern Central America, versus areas with more severe declines across species, emphasizing the Andean cordilleras of South America. Only a fraction of the non-breeding region (1.4%) met targets for diversity and decline, mostly in southern Central America. Current levels of protection were similar for the two targets. Areas prioritized to conserve high species diversity have experienced less recent anthropogenic impact than areas prioritized for decline but are predicted to experience more rapid land conversion to less suitable open, agricultural landscapes in the next three decades under both an SSP1 and SSP2 scenario. Only the SSP3 scenario projected similar conversion rates for the two targets. Our findings indicate how even within taxa, efficient conservation efforts will depend on the careful consideration of desired targets combined with reliable predictions about the locations and types of land cover change under alternative socioeconomic futures.
Allosteric network in Ube2T drives specificity for RING E3 catalysed ubiquitin signals
Authors: Chaugule Viduth K , Arkinson Connor , Toth Rachel , Walden Helen
Published: September 2018

In eukaryotes, DNA damage repair is implemented by a host of proteins that are coordinated by defined molecular signals. One such signal that transpires during the Fanconi Anemia (FA) - interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathway is the site-specific monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI proteins by a large, multi-protein FA core complex. The mechanics for this exquisitely specific monoubiquitin signal has been elusive. Here we show FANCL, the RING E3 module of the FA core complex, allosterically activates its cognate E2 Ube2T for monoubiquitination by a mechanism distinct from the typical RING-based catalysis. FANCL triggers intricate re-wiring of Ube2T’s intra-residue network thus activating the E2 for precision targeting. This network is intrinsically regulated by conserved gates and loops which can be engineered to yield Ube2T variants that enhance FANCD2 ubiquitination by ~30-fold without compromising on target specificity. Finally, we also uncover allosteric networks in other ubiquitin E2s that can be leveraged by RING E3 ligases to drive specific ubiquitination.
Liposome-based transfection enhances RNAi and CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis in non-model nematode systems
Authors: Adams Sally , Pathak Prachi , Shao Hongguang , Lok James B. , Pires-daSilva Andre
Published: September 2018

Nematodes belong to one of the most diverse animal phyla. However, functional genomic studies in nematodes, other than in a few species, have often been limited in their reliability and success. Here we report that by combining liposome-based technology with microinjection, we were able to establish a wide range of genomic techniques in the newly described nematode genusAuanema. The method also allowed heritable changes in dauer larvae ofAuanema, despite the immaturity of the gonad at the time of the microinjection. As proof of concept for potential functional studies in other nematode species, we also induced RNAi in the free-living nematodePristionchus pacificusand targeted the human parasiteStrongyloides stercoralis.
Genome wide association with quantitative resistance phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals novel resistance genes and regulatory regions
Authors: Farhat Maha R , Freschi Luca , Calderon Roger , Ioerger Thomas , Snyder Matthew , Meehan Conor J , Jong Bouke de , Rigouts Leen , Sloutsky ALex , Kaur Devinder , Sunyaev Shamil , Soolingen Dick van , Shendure Jay , Sacchettini Jim , Murray Megan
Published: September 2018

Drug resistance is threatening attempts at tuberculosis epidemic control. Molecular diagnostics for drug resistance that rely on the detection of resistance-related mutations could expedite patient care and accelerate progress in TB eradication. We performed minimum inhibitory concentration testing for 12 anti-TB drugs together with Illumina whole genome sequencing on 1452 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates. We then used a linear mixed model to evaluate genome wide associations between mutations in MTB genes or noncoding regions and drug resistance, followed by validation of our findings in an independent dataset of 792 patient isolates. Novel associations at 13 genomic loci were confirmed in the validation set, with 2 involving noncoding regions. We found promoter mutations to have smaller average effects on resistance levels than gene body mutations in genes where both can contribute to resistance. Enabled by a quantitative measure of resistance, we estimated the heritability of the resistance phenotype to 11 anti-TB drugs and identify a lower than expected contribution from known resistance genes. We also report the proportion of variation in resistance levels explained by the novel loci identified here. This study highlights the complexity of the genomic mechanisms associated with the MTB resistance phenotype, including the relatively large number of potentially causative or compensatory loci, and emphasizes the contribution of the noncoding portion of the genome.
A high resolution view of adaptive events
Authors: Mei Han , Arbeithuber Barbara , Cremona Marzia A. , DeGiorgio Michael , Nekrutenko Anton
Published: September 2018

Coadaptation between bacterial hosts and plasmids often involves a small number of highly reproducible mutations. Yet little is known about the underlying complex dynamics that leads to such a single “correct” solution. Observing mutations in fine detail along the adaptation trajectory is necessary for understanding this phenomenon. We studied coadaptation betweenE. coliand a common artificial plasmid, pBR322, in a continuous turbidostat culture. To obtain a high resolution picture of early adaptive events, we used a highly sensitive duplex sequencing strategy to directly observe and track mutations with frequencies undetectable with conventional methods. The observed highly reproducible trajectories are governed by clonal interference and show rapid increases in the frequencies of beneficial mutations controlling plasmid replication followed by a profound diversity crash corresponding to the emergence of chromosomal variants. To the best of our knowledge our study represents the first comprehensive assessment of adaptive processes at a very fine level of resolution. Our work highlights the hidden complexity of coadaptation, and provides an experimental and theoretical foundation for future studies.
Antlions are sensitive to subnanometer amplitude vibrations carried by sand substrates
Authors: Martinez Vanessa , Nowbahari Elise , Sillam-Dussès David , Lorent Vincent
Published: September 2018

European pit-building antlions (Myrmeleon inconspicuus / Rambur 1842) are studied in their capacity to detect vibrations generated by the locomotion of an ant (Cataglyphis cursor) outside the pit. These locomotions have been recorded by laser velocimetry and copied in detail in their time sequences. The sequences are replicated by micro-controllers digital outputs acting on piezoelectric transducers placed several centimeters outside the peripheries of the pits: their actions on the surface of a sand media create surface waves with particle accelerations that are 3 orders of magnitude less thang, alleviating any possibility of sand avalanche towards the bottom of the pit. Depending on the amplitude of the vibrations, the antlions answer back, generally by sand tossing. One remarkable feature is the time delay from the start of the cue and the aggressive behavior induced by this cue. This time delay is studied versus the cue amplitude. The result of this work is that anlions answer back within minutes to cues with amplitudes between 1 to 2 nanometers at the level of their mechanosensors, and within seconds to these same cues if they are preceded by a sequence of signals at the Ångström amplitude. This induced aggressive behaviour evidences the sensitivity to vibrations at extremely low level.
In silico investigation of coding variants potentially affecting the functioning of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in schizophrenia
Authors: Tsavou Antonia , Curtis David
Published: September 2018

Background

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that impaired function of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) might be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia. NMDAR is activated by phosphorylation by Fyn and there is also some evidence to suggest that abnormalities in Fyn functionality could also be involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia. In a recent weighted burden analysis of exome sequenced schizophrenia cases and controls we noted modest statistical evidence for an enrichment of rare, functional variants in FYN, GRIN1 and GRIN2B in schizophrenia cases.

Aims

To test the plausibility of the hypothesis that schizophrenia susceptibility might be associated with genetic variants predicted to cause impaired functioning of NMDAR, either directly or indirectly through impairment of the kinases which phosphorylate it.

Method

In an exome sequenced sample of 4225 schizophrenia cases and 5834 controls rare variants occurring in genes for the NMDAR subunits and for the kinases acting on it were annotated. The counts of disruptive and damaging variants were compared between cases and controls and the distribution of amino acids affected by damaging variants were visualised in ProteinPaint and the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Special attention was paid to tyrosine residues subject to phosphorylation.

Results

There was no suggestion that abnormalities of the serine-threonine kinases or of Src were associated with schizophrenia. 3 cases and no controls had a disruptive variant in GRIN2A and 2 cases and no controls had a disruptive variant in FYN. 14 cases and 3 controls had damaging variants in FYN and all the variants in controls affected amino acid residues in the N-terminal region outside of any known functional domains. By contrast, 10 variants in cases affected amino acids in functional domains and in the 3D structure of Fyn two of the amino acid substitions, A376T and Q517E, were adjacent to each other. 8 cases and 1 control had damaging variants in GRIN1 but there was no obvious pattern with respect to particular functional domains being affected in this or other genes. A single case had a variant in GRIN2A affecting a well-supported phosphorylation site, Y943C, and three cases had a variant which produce an amino acid change, T216S, which lies two residues away from two adjacent well-supported phosphorylation sites in FYN. Aside from this, there was no suggestion that tyrosine phosphorylation sites in Fyn or NMDAR were affected.

Conclusions

The numbers of variants involved are too small for firm conclusions to be drawn. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that about 0.5% of subjects with schizophrenia have disruptive or damaging genetic variants which could plausibly impair functioning of NMDAR directly or indirectly through impairing Fyn function.
The neural dynamics of novel scene imagery
Authors: Barry Daniel N. , Barnes Gareth R. , Clark Ian A. , Maguire Eleanor A.
Published: September 2018

Retrieval of long-term episodic memories is characterised by synchronised neural activity between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), with additional evidence that vmPFC activity leads that of the hippocampus. It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. If this is the case, then a comparable interaction between the two brain regions should exist during the construction of novel scene imagery. To address this question, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the construction of novel mental imagery. We tasked male and female humans with imagining scenes and single isolated objects in response to one-word cues. We performed source level power, coherence and causality analyses to characterise the underlying inter-regional interactions. Both scene and object imagination resulted in theta power changes in the anterior hippocampus. However, higher theta coherence was observed between the hippocampus and vmPFC in the scene compared to the object condition. This inter-regional theta coherence also predicted whether or not imagined scenes were subsequently remembered. Dynamic causal modelling of this interaction revealed that vmPFC drove activity in hippocampus during novel scene construction. Additionally, theta power changes in the vmPFC preceded those observed in the hippocampus. These results constitute the first evidence in humans that episodic memory retrieval and scene imagination rely on similar vmPFC-hippocampus neural dynamics. Furthermore, they provide support for theories emphasising similarities between both cognitive processes, and perspectives that propose the vmPFC guides the construction of context-relevant representations in the hippocampus.

Significance statement

Episodic memory retrieval is characterised by a dialogue between hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). It has been proposed that the mental generation of scene imagery is a crucial component of episodic memory processing. An ensuing prediction would be of a comparable interaction between the two brain regions during the construction of novel scene imagery. Here, we leveraged the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG), and combined it with a scene imagination task. We found that a hippocampal-vmPFC dialogue existed, and that it took the form of vmPFC driving the hippocampus. We conclude that episodic memory and scene imagination share fundamental neural dynamics, and the process of constructing vivid, spatially coherent, contextually appropriate scene imagery is strongly modulated by vmPFC.
A unique de novo gain-of-function variant in CAMK4 associated with intellectual disability and hyperkinetic movement disorder
Authors: Zech Michael , Lam Daniel D. , Weber Sandrina , Berutti Riccardo , Poláková Kamila , Havránková Petra , Fečíková Anna , Strom Tim M. , Růžička Evžen , Jech Robert , Winkelmann Juliane
Published: September 2018

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are key mediators of calcium signaling and underpin neuronal health. Although widely studied, the contribution of CaMKs to Mendelian disease is rather enigmatic. Here, we describe an unusual neurodevelopmental phenotype, characterized by milestone delay, intellectual disability, autism, ataxia, and mixed hyperkinetic movement disorder including severe generalized dystonia, in a proband who remained etiologically undiagnosed despite exhaustive testing. We performed trio whole-exome sequencing to identify a de novo essential splice-site variant (c.981+1G>A) in CAMK4, encoding CaMKIV. Through in silico evaluation and cDNA analyses, we demonstrated that c.981+1G>A alters CAMK4 pre-mRNA processing and results in a stable mRNA transcript containing a 77-nt out-of-frame deletion and a premature termination codon within the last exon. The expected protein, p.Lys303Serfs*28, exhibits selective loss of the carboxy-terminal regulatory domain of CaMKIV and bears striking structural resemblance to previously reported synthetic mutants that confer constitutive CaMKIV activity. Biochemical studies in proband-derived cells confirmed an activating effect of c.981+1G>A and indicated that variant-induced excessive CaMKIV signaling is sensitive to pharmacological manipulation. Additionally, we found that variants predicted to cause selective depletion of CaMKIV's regulatory domain are unobserved in diverse catalogs of human variation, thus revealing that c.981+1G>A is a unique molecular event. We propose that our proband's phenotype is explainable by a dominant CAMK4 splice-disrupting mutation that acts through a gain-of-function mechanism. Our findings highlight the importance of CAMK4 in human neurodevelopment, provide a foundation for future clinical research of CAMK4, and suggest the CaMKIV signaling pathway as a potential drug target in neurological disease.
Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behavior of high-silicon cast iron in Shanxi soil medium
Authors: Ding De , Zhang Yue , Yu Xiaobing , Fang Benling , Guo Jipu , Li Jun , Liu Lei , Du Cuiwei
Published: September 2018

Purpose

High-silicon cast iron has excellent corrosion resistance in some specific medium. But the effects of pH value, chloride concentration and soil moisture content on corrosion behavior are still unknown. This study aims to provide reference for the application of high-silicon cast iron in different environments.

Design/methodology/approach

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to investigate the corrosion mechanism and rate. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical compositions of the corrosion products were detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Findings

When the solution is acidic, the corrosion of high-silicon cast iron is more serious. When the chloride concentration is 0.1 per cent, the corrosion rate of high-silicon cast iron is the largest. A passive film is formed on the surface to prevent the corrosion reaction with the increasing of chloride concentration. The corrosion rate is the largest when water content is 15 per cent, and the corrosion is the lightest when water content is 30 per cent.

Originality/value

This study provides support for the selection of high-silicon cast iron as grounded material.
Effect of micro arc oxidation on micro – structure and electrochemical corrosion performance of cold sprayed aluminum coating
Authors: Jing Zhang , Dejun Kong
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To improve the electrochemical corrosion resistance of cold sprayed Al coating.

Design/methodology/approach

A cold sprayed aluminum (Al) coating fabricated on S355 structural steel was oxidized using a micro arc oxidation (MAO). The electrochemical corrosion and impedance spectroscopy were tested to investigate its corrosion performance.

Findings

The MAO film is primarily α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3, which increases its density and surface quality. The corrosion potential is positively shifted by 0.2 V, and the electrochemical impedance is significantly increased.

Originality/value

A cold sprayed Al coating on S355 steel was first oxidized using a MAO. The effects of MAO on the microstructure of Al coating were investigated to analyze its electrochemical corrosion behavior.
Guidance law to control impact time constraining the seeker’s field of view?
Authors: Hu Jian , Cui Naigang , Bai Yuliang , Geng Yunhai
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel guidance law that is able to control the impact time while the seeker’s field of view (FOV) is constrained.

Design/methodology/approach

The new guidance law is derived from the framework of Lyapunov stability theory to ensure interception at the desired impact time. A time-varying guidance gain scheme is proposed based on the analysis of the convergence time of impact time error, where finite-time stability theory is used. The circular trajectory assumption is adopted for the derivation of accurate analytical estimation of time-to-go. The seeker’s FOV constraint, along with missile acceleration constraint, is considered during guidance law design, and a switching strategy to satisfy it is designed.

Findings

The proposed guidance law can drive missile to intercept stationary target at the desired impact time, as well as satisfies seeker’s FOV and missile acceleration constraints during engagement. Simulation results show that the proposed guidance law could provide robustness against different engagement scenarios and autopilot lag.

Practical implications

The presented guidance law lays a foundation for using cooperative strategies, such as simultaneous attack.

Originality/value

This paper presents further study on the impact time control problem considering the seeker’s FOV constraint, which conforms better to reality.
How to make the library smart? The conceptualization of the smart library
Authors: Cao Gaohui , Liang Mengli , Li Xuguang
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to clearly conceptualize the idea of the smart library and propose a holistic approach to building smart libraries, in accordance with recent practices and state-of-the-art technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on an extensive review of existing literature and practice about library construction, this paper distinguishes between similar types of smart library and divides the concepts associated with smart library building into three dimensions: technology, service and human.

Findings

Traditional libraries can transform to smart libraries by strategic design and implementation of advanced technologies, such as cloud computing, data mining and artificial intelligence, but they also need to consider service building, user cultivation and librarian training.

Originality/value

Aligning to the three main dimensions of smart libraries (technology, service and human), this study clarifies the concept of the smart library and offers strategic principles: integration of infrastructures, construction of service and human learning. It provides guidelines and directions for public and academic libraries committed to becoming smart libraries.
Measurement and analysis of winding thickness variations in sectional warping process
Authors: Eren Recep , Celik Ozge , Suvari Fatih , Koksal Seyit Ali
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Sectional warping is the most widely used warp preparation process in weaving. Winding all warp sections with the same length and same tension is a key factor for a good quality warp preparation. It is required that winding thickness (increase in radius due to warp winding) remains the same within and between warp sections. The purpose of this paper is to investigate winding thickness variations within and between warp sections, which can lead to quality problems in woven fabrics.

Design/methodology/approach

A measurement system is developed and then an experimental investigation into winding thickness variations is carried out. Winding thickness is measured with respect to number of drum revolutions using a laser sensor with 20 microns resolution. The number of drum revolutions and drum angular position are measured by an incremental encoder. Both sensors are mounted on an industrial sectional warping machine. A real-time software written in C programming language collects and records the data for all sections of warp with respect to drum number of revolutions and then results are evaluated to determine winding thickness variations.

Findings

Results show that warp sheet thickness starts with a higher value and it decreases up to around 30 drum revolutions and then it remains constant or decreases very slightly which can be considered as insignificant from practical point of view. Warp sheet thickness (i.e. thickness of one warp layer) fluctuates within each section up to 10 percent CV with five drum revolutions average warp sheet thickness. There are also warp sheet thickness variations between warp sections up to 3 mm.

Originality/value

Considering the short of practical research results on winding thickness variations in the literature, results of this study will be an original contribution to understanding winding thickness variation level. Also, results presented in this paper can be used to develop control algorithms for thickness control in sectional warping machines.
From servants to spokesmen
Authors: Branchik Blaine J. , Foster Davis Judy
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to track how African-American or black male advertising models are viewed by male consumers within the context of dramatic ongoing cultural and legal change. It provides broader implications for other ethnic minorities.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis of black male advertising images culled from over 60 years of issues of two male-targeted magazines assesses these changes. The analysis contextualizes the imagery in African-American history and general media portrayals periodized into seven historical phases.

Findings

Results indicate that the number of black male advertising representations has exploded in the past 30 years from virtual invisibility to over 20 per cent of all male ad images. Roles have migrated from representations of black ad models as servants and porters to a wide range of images of black men in professional contexts. However, black males, relative to white males, are disproportionately presented in ads as athletic figures and celebrities and rarely depicted in romantic situations.

Research limitations/implications

This research focuses on two popular male-targeted publications, thereby limiting its scope. Relatively few black male images (relative to white male images) are to be found in print advertisements in these publications.

Practical implications

This research assists business practitioners as they create business and marketing strategies to meet the needs of an ever more diverse marketplace.

Social implications

The disproportionately large number of black male depictions as athletes and sports celebrities is indicative of remnant racism and minority stereotyping in American society.

Originality/value

This research builds upon work done by Kassarjian (1969, 1971) on black advertising images. Its originality stems from a specific focus on male models as viewed by male consumers, the addition of historic context and periodization to this history and the updating of past research by almost half a century.
Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus cross‐neutralizes dengue viruses
Authors: Zainal Nurhafiza , Tan Kim‐Kee , Johari Jefree , Hussein Heselynn , Wan Musa Wan Rosmaiza , Hassan Jamiyah , Lin Yee‐Shin , AbuBakar Sazaly
Published: September 2018

Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito‐borne disease in Southeast Asia, where the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is approximately 30 to 53 per 100,000. Severe dengue, however, is rarely reported among individuals with SLE. Here, whether sera of patients with SLE cross‐neutralize dengue virus (DENV) was investigated. Serum samples were obtained from individuals with SLE who were dengue IgG and IgM serology negative. Neutralization assays were performed against the three major DENV serotypes. Of the dengue serology negative sera of individuals with SLE, 60%, 61% and 52% of the sera at 1/320 dilution showed more than 50% inhibition against dengue type‐1 virus (DENV‐1), DENV‐2 and DENV‐3, respectively. The neutralizing capacity of the sera was significantly greater against DENV‐1 (P < 0.001) and DENV‐3 (P < 0.01) than against DENV‐2 (P < 0.05). Neutralization against the DENV correlated with dengue‐specific IgG serum titers below the cut‐off point for dengue positivity. Depletion of total IgG from the sera of patients with SLE resulted in significant decreases of up to 80% in DENV inhibition, suggesting that IgG plays an important role. However, some of the SLE sera was still able to neutralize DENV, even with IgG titers <0.1 OD absorbance. Our findings suggest that sera of patients with SLE contain IgG, and possibly other type of antibodies, that can cross‐neutralize DENV, which may explain the rarity of severe dengue in individuals with SLE. Further studies, are needed to further substantiate this finding and to elucidate the specific neutralizing epitopes recognized by the sera of individuals with SLE.
What is the impact of dementia on occupational competence, occupational participation and occupational identity for people who experience onset of symptoms while in paid employment? A scoping review
Authors: Andrew Catherine , Phillipson Lyn , Sheridan Lynnaire
Published: September 2018

Background/aim

Engagement in meaningful occupation, including paid work is considered an important determinant of health, impacted by injury or illness. Dementia is one neurodegenerative syndrome with potential to compromise capacity for remaining engaged in paid employment. In response to ‘ageing’ populations globally, policy shifts within developed economies are increasing workforce participation for those over 45 years and eligibility ages for retirement pensions. Dementia onset is not limited to ‘older age’, consequently an increased impact of dementia is likely for both older workers and those experiencing younger onset dementia. Therefore, identifying and addressing workforce participation issues confronting people with dementia is becoming increasingly important for occupational therapy practice.

Method

This scoping review draws on peer reviewed literature to explore the impact of dementia on workers across the three domains of occupational engagement: occupational competence; occupational participation; and occupational identity using the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO). International studies published in English including full‐text translations between 2000 and 2017 were identified from an incremental search of electronic databases (Web of Science; Scopus; Proquest; MEDLINE; CINAHL; and Health Business Elite) and hand searched reference lists.

Results

Six relevant papers were identified and retained for analysis, all reporting qualitative studies. Data were collated under the three domains of occupational engagement and further organised into emergent subcategories. While evidence was limited, person‐centred approaches addressing dementia‐related changes in occupational competence; workforce participation choices; and redefinition of occupational identity may mitigate negative experiences associated with transitioning from paid worker roles.

Conclusion

There is a significant need for further research exploring the impact of dementia on engagement in paid work. Occupational therapists have an important part to play in enabling access to person‐centred interventions that promote continued engagement in meaningful occupational roles, including opportunities to extend workforce participation and engage in supported transitions to retirement.
Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) preparing occupational therapy undergraduates for practice education: A novel application of a proven educational intervention
Authors: Larkin Helen , Hitch Danielle
Published: September 2018

Background/aim

With rapid growth in occupational therapy education programmes across Australia and a corresponding increase in demand for placements, there is a need to ensure that students are well prepared for practice education. An occupational therapy education programme at a Victorian university introduced a specific Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) programme to develop students’ preparedness for practice education, supplementing core and existing teaching activities. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of occupational therapy students, including their perception of its impact on learning and preparation for practice education.

Methods

Using a phenomenological approach, semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 15 students who participated in PASS for Placement, 2 of whom were the student leaders. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.

Results

Seven themes emerged from the data: a safe environment; skill development; one of us; feeling connected; student‐centred and student‐led; different motivations; and learning through leading. Students were positive about the impact of the programme on their confidence and readiness for practice education. Student leaders also reported that it contributed to the development of leadership skills and overall levels of confidence regarding practice education.

Conclusions

This study supports the use of PASS to promote practice education preparedness, as there were positive outcomes for both students and student leaders. However, it indicates that participation in such programmes should be voluntary rather than mandatory. This study addresses a clear gap both in current practice and research, describing the application of a proven educational intervention in a new and innovative way. It is the first reporting of the use of PASS to support the preparation of students for practice education in any health discipline and subject to feasibility studies, could be adopted more broadly by disciplines beyond health, where work integrated learning is a mandatory element of the education programme.
Comparison of floral traits and pollinator assemblages of insular and mainland varieties of Lilium auratum
Authors: Nakajima Rena , Okamiya Hisanori , Shimokawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Kaoru , Kato Hidetoshi , Murakami Noriaki
Published: September 2018

Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum, which is endemic to the Izu Islands, has white petals and emits a strong floral scent, typical of moth‐pollinated plants. Moths might be important pollinators within the Izu Islands because swallowtail butterflies are absent or rare there. Therefore, we investigated insular var. platyphyllum and widespread L. auratum var. auratum on the mainland of Japan to clarify the relationship between floral characteristics and pollinators. Measurement of floral scent intensity using an odor sensor indicated that the intensity increased in the evening and at night in var. platyphyllum, whereas intensity increased at night in var. auratum. Total sugar weight in nectar, which was calculated by nectar volume and sugar concentration, showed that the flowers of var. platyphyllum secreted nectar abundantly both in the evening and at night, whereas those of var. auratum secreted an almost constant amount of nectar throughout the day. Flower visitor assemblages and their frequencies studied using digital cameras suggested that crepuscular and nocturnal hawkmoths are important pollinators for var. platyphyllum. In contrast, both diurnal swallowtail butterflies and nocturnal large hawkmoths are important and effective pollinators for var. auratum. These conclusions were also supported by the exclusion experiments of either diurnal or nocturnal flower visitors using mesh bags. The rates of seed sets of var. platyphyllum were significantly higher from nocturnal pollination than from diurnal pollination. Thus, this study revealed that floral traits of var. platyphyllum show more adaptation for crepuscular and nocturnal hawkmoths, which are relatively abundant in the Izu Islands, than those of var. auratum.
Preserving employee capabilities in economic turbulence
Authors: Maley Jane F.
Published: September 2018

This paper examines how, in times of austerity, employee capabilities can assist firms in augmenting their human capital and at the same time meeting their financial obligations. Real option theory, a concept borrowed from economics, is used to provide a theoretical framework to demonstrate that management has choices when making decisions in times of austerity. The framework provides a means of understanding how decisions can be made to both maintain employee capabilities and at the same time focus on company profit maximisation, typically demanded by shareholders in times of austerity. The study establishes the benefits of a continuous approach to capability development in an environment of economic turbulence. Most importantly, it paves the way for future research in this increasingly critical area.
Experimental evidence of the quantitative relationship between the prokaryote ingestion rate and the food vacuole content in mixotrophic phytoflagellates
Authors: Ballen‐Segura Miguel , Catalan Jordi , Felip Marisol
Published: September 2018

The verification that many phytoflagellates ingest prokaryotes has changed the view of the microbial loop in aquatic ecosystems. Still, progress is limited because the phagotrophic activity is difficult to quantify in natural assemblages. Linking the food vacuole content in protist with the ingestion rate of prokaryotes would provide a crucial step forward. In this study, using the catalysed reporter deposition – fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol (CARD‐FISH), which allows the visualization of labelled prokaryotes inside protists without relying on incubation procedures, we experimentally relate the food vacuole content of prokaryotes (Vc) to the population‐averaged ingestion rates (Ir) estimated using bacteria‐size fluorescent microspheres. The two variables relate according to the equation Ir = 7.52 Vc0.9, which indicates a prokaryote half‐life of about 6 min in the protist vacuole. Five mixotrophic flagellate species from natural and culture populations were evaluated seven times during 24 h; they provided a broad range of average vacuole content (0.01 to 2.02 prokaryote protist−1) and ingestion rates (0.18 to 23 prokaryote protist−1 h−1). Consequently, the relationship found can be applied to quantify the mixotrophy activity in a large variety of field and experimental studies.
Single‐institution study of correlations between skeletal muscle mass, its density, and clinical outcomes in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with first‐line chemotherapy
Authors: Cortellini Alessio , Palumbo Pierpaolo , Porzio Giampiero , Verna Lucilla , Giordano Aldo V. , Masciocchi Carlo , Parisi Alessandro , Cannita Katia , Ficorella Corrado , Bozzetti Federico
Published: September 2018

Background

Sarcopenia and muscle tissue degradation are hallmarks of the majority of chronic diseases, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A computed tomography scan could be an easy modality to estimate the skeletal muscle mass through cross‐sectional image analysis at the level of the third lumbar vertebra.

Methods

Baseline skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was evaluated through the skeletal muscle index (SMI), together with skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD), in NSCLC patients undergoing first‐line chemotherapy to evaluate correlations with safety and clinical outcomes. When SMIs at different time points were available, further comparison was made between patients with worse and improved SMIs.

Results

Among 81 stage IV NSCLC patients, 28 had low SMM and 23 had low SMD. There were no significant differences in univariate analysis of progression‐free survival (PFS) between patients with baseline low and non‐low SMM (P = 0.06388) or between patients with low and non‐low SMD (P = 0.9126). Baseline low SMM, however, proved a significant predictor of shorter PFS in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.31–0.93; P = 0.0278), but not low SMD. There were no differences in overall survival (OS) between patients with baseline low and non‐low SMM or low and non‐low SMD. No differences in PFS and OS between evaluable patients with worse or improved SMI were found. A significant difference in hematological toxicities between patients with baseline low and non‐low SMM (P = 0.0358) was observed.

Conclusions

Low SMM is predictive of shorter PFS, while consecutive changes in muscular mass do not seem to be a predictor of PFS or OS. The role of muscle radiodensity remains a matter of debate.
Trends in DMT and other tryptamine use among young adults in the United States
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Le Austin
Published: September 2018

Background and Objectives

The popularity of tryptamines such as N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT) appears to be increasing in the United States (US), but epidemiologic literature on prevalence of use is scant. This paper aims to determine trends in prevalence and correlates of past‐year tryptamine use among a nationally representative sample of young adults in the US.

Methods

Participants in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey were queried about past‐year use of tryptamines—specifically DMT, α‐methyltryptamine (AMT), and 5‐MeO‐DIPT (“Foxy”). Data were examined from young adults (ages 18–25), years 2007–2014 (N = 144,787). Linear trends in prevalence of past‐year tryptamine use were examined in the full sample and stratified by specific demographic and drug use characteristics.

Results

Tryptamine use is rare, but increased from .2% in 2007/08 to .7% in 2013/14, a 273% relative increase (p < .001). While prevalence increased among all demographic groups, prevalence was substantially higher among individuals who use other drugs. In particular, between 2007/08 and 2013/14, prevalence of tryptamine use increased among past‐year ecstasy users (from 2.1% to 10.0%) and LSD users (from 7.0% to 15.5%) (ps < .01). Prevalence of tryptamine use tended to be higher among lifetime and past‐year users of psychedelic drugs compared to users of non‐psychedelic drugs.

Conclusion

While tryptamine use is not prevalent in the general young adult population, prevalence is increasing. Users of various other drugs—particularly drugs with psychedelic effects—report higher prevalence of tryptamine use.

Scientific Significance

Users of other drugs can be targeted when disseminating information about tryptamines to ensure user safety. (Am J Addict 2018;27:578–585)
Impulsivity and decision making in older and younger cocaine‐dependent participants: A preliminary study
Authors: Johns Sade E. , Wang Qin , Straub Lisa K. , Moeller F.Gerard
Published: September 2018

Background and Objectives

Substance misuse is increasing in the older population, which may have differing effects on behavior compared to younger substance participants. Differences in trait and state impulsivity were assessed in younger and older cocaine‐dependent participants.

Methods

Thirty‐one younger cocaine‐dependent participants (n = 31) and 21 older cocaine‐dependent participants (n = 21) were assessed using the Barrett Impulsiveness Scale‐11 and the Immediate Memory Task.

Results

Younger participants showed higher trait impulsivity than older participants (p =.027). However, older participants demonstrated higher state impulsivity than younger participants (p =.018).

Conclusion

Higher state impulsivity in older cocaine participants suggests that cocaine use may have accelerating effects on the aging brain.

Scientific Significance

This preliminary study adds the limited research on how cocaine use affects normal aging. Current treatments are based on younger adults, therefore the needs of older adults should be taken into consideration and studied more. (Am J Addict 2018;27:557–559)
Recent developments and highlights in rhinitis and allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Reitsma Sietze , Subramaniam Soma , Fokkens Wytske W. J. , Wang De Yun
Published: September 2018

This review paper aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the field of allergic and non‐allergic rhinitis, as well as allergen immunotherapy. Recent advances in phenotyping and endotyping various forms of rhinitis have brought us one step closer towards tailoring treatment more appropriately for a given patient. Updates on local allergic rhinitis are also covered. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an area of significant interest, with multiple original papers and recent position papers and guidelines published. Evidence related to the application of AIT in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis (AR), local allergic rhinitis and novel and expanded applications is discussed in the publication.