bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Pradofloxacin Tablets for the Treatment of Canine Pyoderma
Authors: Restrepo Christina , Ihrke Peter J. , White Stephen D. , Spiegel Ian B. , Affolter Verena K.
Published: September 2014

A third-generation fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin (PRA), is currently being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy in 20 dogs affected with superficial and deep pyoderma. An initial aerobic skin culture was performed in dogs with superficial pyoderma; aerobic/anaerobic tissue culture was performed in dogs with deep pyoderma; and skin cytology and biopsies were obtained from all dogs. Pradofloxacin (approximately 3 mg/kg per os [PO]) was administered daily to all dogs. Clinical efficacy was recorded at 4 weeks for dogs with superficial pyoderma and at 3 and 6 weeks for dogs with deep pyoderma. At a mean dosage of 3.7 mg/kg PO once daily, PRA treatment resulted in an excellent to good clinical response within 3 to 6 weeks for all 20 dogs with superficial and deep pyoderma.
Clinical Presentation of 26 Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Seropositive Dogs Residing in an Endemic Area
Authors: Mazepa Allison Wistrand , Kidd Linda Benjamin , Young Karen M. , Trepanier Lauren A.
Published: September 2014

Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, the etiological agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis, is capable of inciting moderate to severe clinical disease in a variety of mammals and is endemic in the upper midwest. The purpose of this study was fourfold: to describe the range of clinical signs in dogs seropositive to A. phagocytophilum; to examine the prevalence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in this population; to evaluate whether specific clinical signs were associated with coexposure to Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi in actively infected dogs; and to determine whether clinical response to doxycycline was complete in treated dogs. Medical records of dogs seropositive for A. phagocytophilum were reviewed retrospectively. Peripheral blood smears were also reviewed retrospectively for granulocytic Anaplasma morulae. Lethargy (81%), inappetence (58%), and lameness (50%) were the most common clinical signs, followed by fever (46%). Thrombocytopenia was the most common laboratory abnormality, and IMHA was diagnosed in three dogs. Dogs that were thrombocytopenic and had antibodies to both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi had a median platelet count of 51,000/μL (range 20,000 to 171,000/μL), which was significantly lower than the count in dogs with antibodies only to A. phagocytophilum (P=0.04). Some dogs had an apparent relapse of clinical signs after an appropriate course of doxycycline. Testing for A. phagocytophilum by polymerase chain reaction, serum antibody assays, and/or blood smear evaluation should be considered in dogs with IMHA, cough, or epistaxis and that reside in A. phagocytophilum-endemic areas. If moderate to severe thrombocytopenia is present, testing for concurrent B. burgdorferi infection may be warranted.
Successful Treatment of Necrotizing Fasciitis in the Hind Limb of a Great Dane
Authors: Csiszer Amie B. , Towle Heather A. , Daly Curt M.
Published: September 2014

A 5-month-old, intact female Great Dane was presented for an acute onset of rapidly progressive lameness, severe pain, and diffuse swelling of the right hind limb. Ultrasound evaluation revealed echogenic fluid pockets extending along fascial planes of the right hind limb, from the proximal femur to the hock. Necrotic soft tissues were debrided, and closed-suction drains were placed. No foreign material was identified at surgery. Fluid culture identified a beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sp., and affected fascial histopathology was consistent with necrotizing fasciitis. Postoperatively, the puppy was managed with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, local infusions of amikacin, and daily physical rehabilitation. Oral pentoxifylline was administered to treat bronchopneumonia and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome that developed secondary to necrotizing fasciitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a successfully managed case of beta-hemolytic, streptococcal, necrotizing fasciitis successfully managed after a single surgical debridement in combination with systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics, local amikacin infusion, active closed-suction drainage, daily cytology, massage, and passive range-of-motion exercises to maintain limb function.
Primary osteosarcoma distal to the antebrachiocarpal and tarsocrural joints in nine dogs (1980-1992)
Authors: Gamblin RM , Straw RC , Powers BE , Park RD , Bunge MM , Withrow SJ
Published: September 2014

The medical records of nine dogs with primary osteosarcoma distal to the antebrachiocarpal or tarsocrural joint were reviewed. Eight of the nine dogs were treated with surgical removal of the primary tumor; seven received adjuvant chemotherapy; and one dog was treated with chemotherapy alone. Median survival of dogs in this series was 466 days. Six of the nine dogs died of causes attributable to osteosarcoma, and both skeletal and pulmonary metastases occurred. Survival of dogs with osteosarcoma distal to the antebrachiocarpal or tarsocrural joint was somewhat longer than survival of dogs with osteosarcoma of more common appendicular sites. However, these are aggressive tumors with a high potential for metastasis.
Radiographic anatomy of the medial coronoid process of dogs
Authors: Miyabayashi T , Takiguchi M , Schrader SC , Biller DS
Published: September 2014

Mediolateral, flexed mediolateral, mediocaudal-laterocranial 15 degrees oblique (extended and supinated mediolateral), and craniolateral-caudomedial 20 degrees to 30 degrees oblique radiographs of 16 elbow-joint specimens were produced to study the radiographic anatomy of the medial coronoid process. On the mediolateral view, the cranial point of the coronoid process was at the level of the distal one-third of the radial epiphysis. Degree of superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna determined how the medial coronoid process was projected on the radiographs. Mediocaudal-laterocranial oblique radiographs best showed the cranial outline of the medial coronoid process with moderate superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna.
Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in a hypercalcemic dog with multiple endocrine neoplasia
Authors: Wright KN , Breitschwerdt EB , Feldman JM , Berry CR , Meuten DJ , Spodnick GJ
Published: September 2014

Hypercalcemia was found in a dog examined for episodic weakness and disorientation. A right adrenal mass identified on abdominal ultrasonographic examination was diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma based on increased 1231-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake and characteristic histopathological features. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), total serum calcium, and ionized serum calcium were increased prior to surgery. Although both total and ionized serum calcium concentrations decreased to within normal reference ranges following surgery through postoperative day 17, subsequent high concentrations with increased serum iPTH concentrations confirmed concurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. A right parathyroid tumor was suspected based on a technetium-99m-sestamibi (99mTc-sestamibi) scan.
Successful treatment of regional enteritis in a dog
Authors: Lewis DC
Published: September 2014

Regional enteritis was diagnosed in an 11-year-old, spayed female German shepherd dog with a history of intermittent vomiting and anorexia. Segmental, transmural granulomatous enteritis involved the pylorus, jejunum, and ileum. The jejunal lesions were excised. The remaining lesions completely resolved subsequent to long-term prednisone and sulfasalazine therapy.
Central amaurosis induced by an intraocular, posttraumatic fibrosarcoma in a cat
Authors: Barrett PM , Merideth RE , Alarcon FL
Published: September 2014

A 12-year-old, castrated male, domestic shorthair cat with a previous penetrating trauma to the left globe which progressed to a phthisical eye presented for acute blindness. Ophthalmic examination and electroretinography of the right eye were found to be normal. Following euthanasia, gross and microscopic examinations were completed. A left intraocular, posttraumatic fibrosarcoma with extension to the optic nerve and chiasm and induced right optic nerve fiber degeneration at the optic chiasm with necrosis leading to central amaurosis were diagnosed.
Evaluation of topical therapies for the treatment of dermatophyte-infected hairs from dogs and cats
Authors: White-Weithers N , Medleau L
Published: September 2014

Seven commonly used, topical antifungal products (i.e., lime sulfur, chlorhexidine, captan, povidone-iodine, sodium hypochlorite, and enilconazole solutions, and ketoconazole shampoo) were evaluated for their antifungal activity on Microsporum canis-infected hairs from dogs and cats in an in vitro study. Hairs were soaked or shampooed in each product for five minutes twice a week for four weeks. Of the seven products used in this study, lime sulfur and enilconazole solutions were superior in inhibiting fungal growth; no growth occurred on fungal cultures after two treatments with either product. Chlorhexidine and povidone iodine solutions were effective after four treatments, and sodium hypochlorite solution and ketoconazole shampoo inhibited fungal growth after eight treatments. Captan did not inhibit fungal growth during the test period.
Histopathological evaluation of canine stifle joint synovial membrane collected at the time of repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Galloway RH , Lester SJ
Published: September 2014

Synovial membranes from 54 dogs were collected at the time of surgery to stabilize the stifle joint following rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Histological evaluation revealed lymphoplasmacytic synovitis with the formation of distinct, nodular aggregates in 36 synovial membranes. The remainder had evidence of chronic synovitis with variable numbers of diffuse, mononuclear cells. The presence of a potentially immune-mediated synovitis in the majority of cases suggests the need for further study.
Partial splenectomy in the dog: a comparison of stapling and ligation techniques
Authors: Waldron DR , Robertson J
Published: September 2014

Partial splenectomy was performed in 17 adult dogs by using either surgical stapling instrumentation or conventional suturing techniques. Blood loss was minimal as determined by clinical observation and comparison of packed cell volumes and total protein levels before and after surgery. Surgical stapling instrumentation or suturing techniques may be used safely for partial splenectomy in the dog; however, the stapling technique significantly decreases operative time.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal planum: eight cases (1988-1994)
Authors: Rogers KS , Helman RG , Walker MA
Published: September 2014

Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum was diagnosed in eight dogs between March 1988 and January 1994. Epistaxis, sneezing, and ulceration or swelling of the nasal planum were the most common presenting complaints. Although no evidence of metastasis was identified, the primary tumor in all cases was locally invasive with extensive involvement of underlying tissues. Advanced imaging procedures performed in three cases indicated that physical examination may underestimate the local extent of the neoplasm. Euthanasia was performed in six cases due to progressive neoplastic disease with worsening epistaxis and sneezing; the mean survival time in these cases was 5.4 months.
Closed aortic valvotomy: a retrospective study in 15 dogs
Authors: Dhokarikar P , Caywood DD , Ogburn PN , Stobie D , Burtnick NL
Published: September 2014

The results of closed, transventricular valvotomy in 15 dogs with subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) were evaluated in a retrospective study. Fourteen dogs ranged from five to 10 months of age; one dog was 42 months of age at the time of surgery. A combination of physical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, Doppler ultrasonography, and cardiac catheterization was used to establish a definitive diagnosis. Of the 15 dogs undergoing surgery for SAS, 13 had both two-dimensional (2-D) and M-mode echocardiographic examinations; three had successful Doppler aortic blood-flow studies; and five had successful cardiac catheterizations with selective ventricular angiography and intracardiac pressure measurements. In the five dogs undergoing preoperative catheterization, pressure gradient measurements across the aortic valve ranged from 58 to 130 mm Hg. Gradients were reduced by 55% (from 58 to 26 mm Hg), 54% (from 65 to 30 mm Hg), and 30% (from 93 to 65 mm Hg) in three dogs measured postsurgically at 2.5 months (n = 2) and four months (n = 1), respectively. The 10 surviving dogs that were available for follow-up were free of clinical signs of cardiac disease postoperatively.
Splenic vein thrombosis resulting in acute anemia: an unusual manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese shar pei with reactive amyloidosis
Authors: Clements CA , Rogers KS , Green RA , Loy JK
Published: September 2014

Nephrotic syndrome in a seven-year-old Chinese shar pei resulted in oliguric renal failure, coagulopathy, and acute anemia. Renal amyloidosis and widespread thromboses were diagnosed postmortem. Splenic vein thrombosis caused significant splenic congestion, coagulative necrosis, and acute anemia. Splenic vein thrombosis is reported here as an unusual consequence of nephrotic syndrome in the dog.
Traumatic ear canal separations and para-aural abscessation in three dogs
Authors: McCarthy PE , Hosgood G , Pechman RD
Published: September 2014

Three dogs were presented for para-aural abscessation. Ear canal separations were suspected preoperatively, based on histories of trauma, physical examination findings of minimally inflamed external ear canals with abrupt endings, and radiographic evidence of discontinuity of the ear canals. Concurrent otitis media, based on radiographic findings, was diagnosed in all three dogs. Disruptions of the external ear canals were confirmed at surgery, and the dogs each responded to total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy.
Polycythemia vera in a cat and management with hydroxyurea
Authors: Evans LM , Caylor KB
Published: September 2014

Polycythemia vera (PV) was diagnosed in a four-year-old domestic shorthair evaluated for hind-limb ataxia, extension of all claws, and difficulty in jumping to elevated surfaces. Mild cardiac hypertrophy also was diagnosed. Initial laboratory evaluation revealed polycythemia (packed cell volume [PCV], 75%) and normal serum total protein (7.5 g/dl). Definitive diagnosis of PV was reached by excluding causes of relative and secondary absolute polycythemia using radiography, ultrasonography, and blood gases, and by measuring serum erythropoietin concentration by radioimmunoassay (13 mU/ml) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (8.0 mU/ml). Bone-marrow biopsy revealed relative erythroid hyperplasia characteristic of myeloproliferative disease. Clinical signs were controlled with hydroxyurea (12.2 mg/kg body weight) and occasional phlebotomy. Polycythemia vera is an uncommon feline disease, and clinical reports on the use of hydroxyurea to manage the condition in the cat are lacking.
The effect of Acemannan Immunostimulant in combination with surgery and radiation therapy on spontaneous canine and feline fibrosarcomas
Authors: King GK , Yates KM , Greenlee PG , Pierce KR , Ford CR , McAnalley BH , Tizard IR
Published: September 2014

Eight dogs and five cats with histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas were treated with Acemannan Immunostimulanta in combination with surgery and radiation therapy. These animals had recurring disease that had failed previous treatment, a poor prognosis for survival, or both. Following four to seven weekly acemannan treatments, tumor shrinkage occurred in four (greater than 50%; n = 2) of 12 animals, with tumors accessible to measurement. A notable increase in necrosis and inflammation was observed. Complete surgical excision was performed on all animals between the fourth and seventh week following initiation of acemannan therapy. Radiation therapy was instituted immediately after surgery. Acemannan treatments were continued monthly for one year. Seven of the 13 animals remain alive and tumor-free (range, 440+ to 603+ days) with a median survival time of 372 days. The data suggests that Acemannan Immunostimulant may be an effective adjunct to surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of canine and feline fibrosarcomas.
Large bowel transit times using radiopaque markers in normal cats
Authors: Fucci V , Pechman RD , Hedlund CS , Venugopalan CS
Published: September 2014

Seven normal, young adult, female cats each had its colon evacuated with warm-water enemas (at 24 hours, 12 hours, and one hour) before oral administration of a gelatin capsule containing 20 radiopaque markers to determine normal colonic transit times. Abdominal radiographs were taken twice daily until all markers were expelled. There were no significant differences between animals or trials (p = 0.05 or less). Markers accumulated in the first section of large bowel within eight hours. Evacuation from the colon took another 40 hours. Cecum (right side midline), left side midline, and rectum were defined radiographically. This study establishes large bowel transit times in normal cats and provides the basis for similar evaluation in constipated cats.
Budd-Chiari syndrome in a kitten, caused by membranous obstruction of the caudal vena cava
Authors: Macintire DK , Henderson RH , Banfield C , Kwapien RP
Published: September 2014

An eight-month-old, male domestic shorthair kitten developed progressive abdominal distension over a six-week period. Abdominocentesis revealed a fluid with high protein (3.8 g/dl) and moderate cellularity. Infectious, cardiovascular, and neoplastic causes of posthepatic obstruction were ruled out. Partial obstruction and stenosis of the caudal vena cava (CVC) at the level of the diaphragm were detected on a contrast venogram. Exploratory surgery revealed a fibrous, web-like membrane at the site of obstruction. Resection of the stenotic segment of the CVC was not possible because of the junction of the left hepatic veins and CVC just caudal to the lesion. A 3 by 6-mm, oval Dacron patch graft was sutured into the venotomy site. Postoperative complications included fever and leukocytosis, eosinophilic pleural effusion, and transient congestive heart failure associated with volume overload. The cat is normal 16 months after surgery, with no recurrence of ascites. This is the first reported case of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in a domestic kitten. Documented herein is the first successful treatment of BCS in a small animal using a vascular, prosthetic patch graft.
A retrospective study of 100 cases of feline distal aortic thromboembolism: 1977-1993
Authors: Laste NJ , Harpster NK
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 100 cats with distal aortic thromboembolism were reviewed. The average age was 7.7 years, with the neutered male being the most common signalment (63%). Evidence of preexisting cardiac disease was noted in 11% of the cases. A murmur or arrhythmia was noted in 57% of the cases on presentation. Frequent laboratory abnormalities included elevations in blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Radiographic and electrocardiographic abnormalities were common (89% and 85%, respectively). The most frequent, underlying disease was hypertrophic feline cardiomyopathy (58%), with the left atrial size (as measured by M-mode) significantly increased in the majority of cases (mean left atrial-to-aortic ratio, 2.08). The average, long-term survival in the 37% of cases which survived the initial thromboembolic episode was 11.5 months. The remaining cases either died (28%) or were euthanized (35%).
Cervicofacial Actinomyces viscosus infection in a Brazilian fila: a case report and literature review
Authors: Donohue DE , AH2nd Brightman
Published: September 2014

A five-month-old, male Brazilian fila presented with a three-day history of a focal swelling in the left superior palpebra and a focal, subcutaneous swelling over the dorsal cervical region. Both lesions initially responded to warm compresses and a two-week course of oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy. The eyelid swelling recurred after discontinuation of the oral antibiotic therapy. The lesion was progressive and was refractory to trimethoprim-sulfadiazine therapy. Culture and sensitivity performed from a surgical biopsy sample of the eyelid mass identified Actinomyces viscosus and other bacterial genera. A combination of surgical debulkment, Penrose drain placement, and a one-month course of oral oxacillin therapy has resulted in clinical regression of the lesion at a six-month postoperative evaluation.
Myotonia in a cocker spaniel
Authors: Hill SL , Shelton GD , Lenehan TM
Published: September 2014

A 16-week-old, male cocker spaniel suffering from pelvic-limb "bunny hopping" as well as rigidity, spasticity, and ataxia in all limbs was evaluated. The clinical features, electrophysiological abnormalities, and muscle histopathological and histochemical evaluations led to a diagnosis of congenital myotonia. Myotonia is a disorder of skeletal muscle characterized by delayed relaxation of the muscle fiber in response to voluntary, mechanical, or electrical stimulation. The pathophysiology of congenital myotonia remains controversial; currently proposed pathomechanisms are discussed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of congenital myotonia reported in a cocker spaniel.
Total laryngectomy and permanent tracheostomy for treatment of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Block G , Clarke K , Salisbury SK , DeNicola DB
Published: September 2014

An extensive, laryngeal tumor was identified in a nine-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog. Clinical staging of the tumor included computed tomography. Six days prior to surgery, a percutaneous gastrostomy tube was placed under endoscopic guidance. Surgical treatment included total laryngectomy and permanent tracheostomy. The histologic diagnosis of the tumor was rhabdomyosarcoma. There were no major postoperative complications, and there have been no signs of local recurrence, metastatic disease, or long-term complications associated with the surgical procedure during an 18-month follow-up period.
Canine multiple cartilaginous exostoses: unusual manifestations and a review of the literature
Authors: Jacobson LS , Kirberger RM
Published: September 2014

Multiple cartilaginous exostoses were diagnosed in a two-year-old Great Dane and a four-month-old border collie. Clinically, the Great Dane showed only mild discomfort, while the border collie exhibited tetraparesis due to cervicothoracic compression. Unusual features in the Great Dane were exostoses that bridged physes, with progression after skeletal maturity. The border collie puppy's exostoses resembled tumoral calcinosis radiographically. Limb exostoses in this puppy often were para-articular, and most were not attached to the underlying bone. These features resembled metachondromatosis in humans. Analysis of previously reported cases of multiple cartilaginous exostoses indicated that the prognosis is guarded to poor.
Baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in a puppy: a case report and update for the veterinarian
Authors: Rudmann DG , Kazacos KR , Storandt ST , Harris DL , Janovitz EB
Published: September 2014

Baylisascaris larva migrans (LM) has been recognized as a cause of central nervous system (CNS) disease in puppies. A presumptive antemortem diagnosis is based on a history of raccoon exposure, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilic pleocytosis, and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Early diagnosis is critical for treatment or prevention of disease in other dogs, animals, or humans exposed to the suspected contaminated area. In the present case, an antemortem diagnosis was not made, emphasizing the importance of postmortem examination in cases of CNS disease in puppies.
Bronchopulmonary and disseminated granulomatous disease associated with Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida species infection in a golden retriever
Authors: Clercx C , McEntee K , Snaps F , Jacquinet E , Coignoul F
Published: September 2014

A seven-year-old, female golden retriever was referred for a paroxysmal, chronic cough and dyspnea, dysphagia, facial pruritus, anterior uveitis, and deteriorating general condition. A severe, mixed interstitial and alveolar pattern, with poorly defined amorphous lesions, was seen on thoracic radiographs. Multiple, whitish nodules disseminated on the hyperemic respiratory mucosa were noted on bronchoscopy. Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus were cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage. Granulomatous lesions in numerous organs were identified during necropsy, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida spp. were cultured from lung and kidney tissues. Microscopic granulomatous lesions were compatible with mycotic infection; however fungal organisms were not observed.
Pancreatic pseudocyst associated with chronic-active necrotizing pancreatitis in a cat
Authors: Hines BL , Salisbury SK , Jakovljevic S , DeNicola DB
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old, neutered female domestic shorthair was referred for evaluation of chronic, intermittent vomiting of approximately two years' duration. On physical examination, a fluctuant mass was palpated in the left cranial abdominal quadrant. Significant laboratory findings included neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipasemia, and proteinuria. A distinct mass within the left cranial quadrant was noted on abdominal radiographs. Ultrasonographically, the pancreas appeared slightly hyperechoic with a hypoechoic mass arising from its left lobe. A cystic mass in the left lobe of the pancreas was identified during an exploratory celiotomy. The mass and affected areas of the pancreas and a portion of the spleen were resected. The cat recovered completely. Cytological, histological, and laboratory evaluations of the mass were consistent with pancreatic pseudocyst formation, which has been reported in dogs and humans but has not yet been reported in cats.
Atypical Addison's disease in the dog: a retrospective survey of 14 cases
Authors: Sadek D , Schaer M
Published: September 2014

Fourteen dogs diagnosed with Addison's disease and having atypical serum electrolyte levels are described. Seventy-eight percent were female, and most showed signs of inappetence, weakness, or vomiting. Ninety-three percent of the cases had either hyponatremia without hyperkalemia or normal serum electrolyte concentrations. Hemogram features were variable and were not useful in suggesting a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. The results of this study show that normal or mild serum electrolyte changes in a dog with clinical signs compatible with Addison's disease should not exclude this diagnosis from consideration. Definitive diagnosis depends on the demonstration of inadequate adrenocortical response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation.
Vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats: clinical experience and a laboratory review (1982-1993)
Authors: Lester S , Clemett T , Burt A
Published: September 2014

Recent information regarding vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats suggest a relationship to either feline leukemia virus or rabies vaccines. The authors' initial case was in a cat that had received neither of these vaccines. Review of the available hospital records revealed an increasing number of vaccine site-associated sarcomas, none of which were related to feline leukemia virus vaccines. Only one was related to the use of a rabies vaccine, and this tumor occurred in the thigh as opposed to between the shoulder blades. The laboratory data supported an increasing incidence of vaccine site-associated sarcomas, the majority of which occurred in the interscapular area and were associated with routine prophylactic vaccinations.
Autoantibodies to triiodothyronine and thyroxine in a golden retriever
Authors: Kemppainen RJ , Young DW , Behrend EN , Clark TP , Smiley SD
Published: September 2014

A golden retriever presented with signs of hypothyroidism occurring in conjunction with autoantibodies to both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The autoantibodies caused the apparent concentrations of total T3, total T4, and free T4 by analog assay to be high. However, free T4 concentration was nondetectable when measured using a dialysis assay. The dog's clinical condition markedly improved in response to L-thyroxine therapy, and the free T4 concentration by dialysis assay increased into the normal range. Thyroid hormone autoantibodies can confuse the diagnostic evaluation for suspected hypothyroidism. In dogs with autoantibodies to T4, measurement of free T4 by dialysis assay is useful for both diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring purposes.
Inadvertent prostatectomy as a complication of cryptorchidectomy in four dogs
Authors: Schulz KS , Waldron DR , Smith MM , Henderson RA , Howe LM
Published: September 2014

Inadvertent prostatectomy was identified as a complication of cryptorchidectomy in four dogs. Surgical correction of the resulting urethral trauma was attempted in each case. One case was euthanized due to a poor prognosis for recovery. Three cases survived without clinical evidence of urinary incontinence. Inadvertent prostatectomy during cryptorchidectomy may be avoided by adequate surgical exposure and proper identification of the abdominally retained testicle.
Treatment of canine acral lick dermatitis by behavior modification using electronic stimulation
Authors: Eckstein RA , Hart BL
Published: September 2014

Canine acral lick dermatitis is characterized by excessive licking on areas of one or more limbs, usually near the carpus or tarsus. In this prospective study, five dogs with acral lick dermatitis were treated with remote punishment utilizing precisely controlled, momentary shock from an electronic training collar. The problem resolved in four dogs. Resolution was defined as one month in which no shocks (i.e., no electronic shock collar worn) or Elizabethan collars were utilized and no licking had occurred sufficiently to recreate a gross skin lesion. Relapse during the follow-up period of six-to-12 months occurred in two dogs, but licking stopped after brief retraining periods.
Ascites and hepatic cirrhosis in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Battison AL , Machin KL , Archer FJ
Published: September 2014

A mature, female cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was examined because of respiratory difficulties. Clinical and laboratory findings included ascites and evidence of hepatic disease (i.e., increased plasma bile acid concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities). Plasma protein electrophoresis results were consistent with chronic-active inflammation. The albumin-to-globulin (A:G) ratio, calculated from plasma electrophoresis, was 0.3. Postmortem examination revealed severe hepatic fibrosis and a diffuse, interstitial, granulomatous lipid pneumonia.
Chylothorax and chylous ascites in a dog with mediastinal lymphangiosarcoma
Authors: NC3rd Myers , Engler SJ , Jakowski RM
Published: September 2014

A 10-year-old, male toy poodle presented for evaluation of a progressively worsening, harsh, nonproductive cough. Chylous pleural effusion, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, normoblastemia, and recurrent subcutaneous bruising were diagnosed. Surgical exploration of the cranial mediastinum revealed extensive, redundant connective tissue which was confirmed by histopathology to be mediastinal lymphangiosarcoma (LAS). During surgical placement of a fenestrated silastic mesh for passive pleuroperitoneal drainage, chylous ascites also was diagnosed. The patient was euthanized two days postoperatively due to persistent chylothorax. The etiopathogenesis of chylothorax and chylous ascites are discussed. Previous case reports of lymphatic endothelial neoplasia are reviewed.
Canine red blood cell transfusion practice
Authors: Callan MB , Oakley DA , Shofer FS , Giger U
Published: September 2014

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in 307 dogs were reviewed. A total of 658 units of RBCs, including 474 (72%) units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and 184 (28%) units of whole blood (WB), were administered. Reasons for transfusion included hemorrhage (n = 222), hemolysis (n = 43), and ineffective erythropoiesis (n = 42). The mean pretransfusion packed cell volume (PCV) of dogs with hemolysis (13%) was significantly lower (p less than 0.0001) than the mean pretransfusion PCVs of dogs with hemorrhage (21%) or ineffective erythropoiesis (18%). The mean total volume of PRBCs transfused was significantly greater (p less than 0.03) in dogs with hemolysis. Overall, 187 (61%) of 307 dogs were discharged from the hospital. Cause of anemia, pretransfusion PCV, and total volume of blood administered did not appear to influence survival. However, the mean adjusted posttransfusion PCV of dogs with hemorrhage was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in dogs that survived. Possible adverse events were observed during or shortly after RBC transfusion in 10 (3.3%) dogs; all reactions were mild and self-limiting, and none were hemolytic.
Tularemia in a dog
Authors: Gustafson BW , DeBowes LJ
Published: September 2014

A 13-month-old German shepherd dog was presented with acute onset of anorexia, pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, and tonsillitis. Tularemia was diagnosed based on a greater-than-fourfold increase in antiFrancisella tularensis antibody titers over a three-week period. The disease was self-limiting, and clinical signs resolved within five days with only supportive therapy.
Excitatory movements in a dog following propofol anesthesia
Authors: Smedile LE , Duke T , Taylor SM
Published: September 2014

A two-year-old, neutered male Labrador retriever was anesthetized with intravenous propofol for bronchoscopy to remove a bronchial foreign body. The dog previously had been diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. During anesthetic recovery, the dog exhibited excitatory movements characterized by forelimb extensor rigidity, opisthotonos, generalized tremors, paddling, horizontal nystagmus, and facial twitching. Intravenous administration of pentobarbital temporarily stopped the motor activity. The excitatory movements persisted for 20 hours. The dog went on to recover completely, although he remained an epileptic, having one brief, generalized grand mal seizure every three-to-four months.
Persistent papillomavirus infection in a cat
Authors: Lozano-Alarcon F , TP2nd Lewis , Clark EG , Bradley GA , Shupe MR , Hargis AM
Published: September 2014

A seven-year-old, neutered male, crossbred Persian was diagnosed as having persistent, cutaneous papillomavirus infection. The skin lesions consisted of round, multifocal-to-confluent, raised, black plaques on the neck, thorax, shoulders, and forelegs. Papillomavirus virions were demonstrated in negative-stained, electron microscopic preparations of homogenized skin lesions and within the nuclei of cells from the stratum granulosum. Avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase stains were positive for papillomavirus in the same cells. The cat was euthanized due to a clinical diagnosis o concurrent, severe, chronic pancreatitis.
Pleural effusion as a complication of extrahepatic biliary tract rupture in a dog
Authors: Barnhart MD , Rasmussen LM
Published: September 2014

Bile pleural effusion associated with traumatic rupture of the extrahepatic biliary tract and bile peritonitis in a dog is described. Pleural and abdominal fluids were identical cytologically and chemically despite a grossly intact diaphragm. Transfer of peritoneal fluid across the diaphragm via lymphatics and subsequent leakage into the pleural space is the likely cause of effusion. Pleural and abdominal fluid accumulation resolved spontaneously with repeated abdominocenteses and supportive care.
Obstructive tracheal mass due to an inflammatory polyp in a cat
Authors: Sheaffer KA , Dillon AR
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old, male domestic shorthair was presented for a 1.5-year history of progressive dyspnea. Multiple intratracheal masses were seen on thoracic radiographs and during bronchoscopy. A diagnosis of an inflammatory polyp infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells was made on histopathological examination of the largest mass following excisional biopsy.
Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Newfoundland: a study of 37 cases (1983-1994)
Authors: Tidholm A , Jonsson L
Published: September 2014

The case records of 37 Newfoundlands with congestive heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy were reviewed in an attempt to compare current knowledge of dilated cardiomyopathy with findings in a large and homogeneous population. The clinical diagnosis was based on echocardiographic findings of reduced shortening fraction (FS) in the presence of clinical and radiographic signs or necropsy findings of left-sided or biventricular heart failure. Systolic murmurs were detected in only four cases. Atrial fibrillation was the most common arrhythmia. Histopathological changes consisted of attenuated wavy fibers and interstitial fibrosis. No significant sex predilection was observed.
Spinal meningeal cyst in a dog: a case report and literature review
Authors: Hardie RJ , Linn KA , Rendano VT
Published: September 2014

A two-year-old, female Chinese shar pei was presented with a one-year history of ataxia involving the pelvic limbs. The neurological lesion was localized to the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. A cyst involving the dorsal subarachnoid space at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebral body was identified with myelography. The diagnosis of a meningeal cyst was made, and surgical treatment consisting of a dorsal laminectomy and cyst fenestration was performed. The pelvic-limb ataxia improved, and the owners considered the dog to be normal three months after surgery. The classification, etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic techniques, treatment, and histology of meningeal cysts are reviewed.
Serum free thyroxine concentrations measured by chemiluminescence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats
Authors: Paradis M , Page N
Published: September 2014

Serum free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations using chemiluminescence were measured in hyperthyroid cats (n = 72) and clinically normal cats (n = 129) to establish reference values and to determine if this method could be a useful alternative to total T4 (TT4) measurement by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mean serum FT4 concentration (68.3 +/- 26.8 pmol/L) of hyperthyroid cats was significantly higher than that of euthyroid cats (22.9 +/- 4.8 pmol/L). Reference values for basal FT4 of hyperthyroid and healthy cats were 33 to 114 pmol/L and 16 to 30 pmol/L, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that FT4 measured by chemiluminescence could be a useful alternative to TT4 measured by RIA when evaluating thyroid function in cats, since the hazardous effects of radioactive materials on the manipulators and the environment could be avoided. Further studies are required to corroborate these preliminary findings.
Hypercalcemia in two cats with multiple myeloma
Authors: Sheafor SE , Gamblin RM , Couto CG
Published: September 2014

Multiple myeloma is a rare malignancy in cats. While hypercalcemia is reported frequently in association with myeloma in humans and dogs, it has not been reported in cats. Two cats with hypercalcemia and multiple myeloma were treated with alkylating agents and corticosteroids. One cat was a long-term (16 months) survivor.
Association of perianal fistula and colitis in the German shepherd dog: response to high-dose prednisone and dietary therapy
Authors: Harkin KR , Walshaw R , Mullaney TP
Published: September 2014

Twenty-seven German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas and histological evidence of colitis were entered in a prospective clinical study to investigate the association between perianal fistula and colitis. Additionally, the response of perianal fistula disease to immunosuppressive doses of prednisone and an alternative protein diet was evaluated. All 27 cases completed the treatment protocol, and perianal fistulas completely resolved in nine (33.3%) cases, improved in nine cases, and remained unchanged in nine cases.
Owner satisfaction with partial mandibulectomy or maxillectomy for treatment of oral tumors in 27 dogs
Authors: Fox LE , Geoghegan SL , Davis LH , Hartzel JS , Kubilis P , Gruber LA
Published: September 2014

Twenty-seven dogs with oral tumors were treated with either rostral mandibulectomy, partial mandibulectomy, or partial maxillectomy. Owner satisfaction with the respective surgical procedure was assessed by telephone survey; 85% of owners were satisfied with the decision to treat their dogs. The percentage of satisfied owners was directly proportional to the increase in pet life span. Although difficulty in eating was noted for 12 (44%) of 27 dogs, pain was perceived to be reduced by the surgery for most animals. All owners found the cosmetic appearances of their dogs acceptable after facial hair regrew. The quality of the pets' lives was perceived by the owners to be most improved after rostral mandibulectomy and least improved after partial maxillectomy.
Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma in a cat
Authors: Chun R , Jakovljevic S , Morrison WB , DeNicola DB , Cornell KK
Published: September 2014

A 15-year-old, castrated male domestic shorthair was presented for a recurrent, perineal apocrine gland adenocarcinoma. A right adrenal mass was identified on abdominal radiography and ultrasonography performed as routine staging prior to surgical excision of the perineal tumor. An ultrasonographic-guided biopsy of the adrenal mass was performed and a pheochromocytoma was diagnosed upon histopathology. The perineal and adrenal tumors were removed surgically. The cat developed fatal thromboembolic disease following surgery and was euthanized. This is the third reported case of phenochromocytoma in a cat and is unusual in that two rare tumors were identified in one animal.
Esophageal/gastric adenocarcinoma in a dog
Authors: Takiguchi M , Yasuda J , Hashimoto A , Ochiai K , Itakura C
Published: September 2014

A nine-year-old, intact female, mixed-breed dog was presented with a history of chronic regurgitation and weight loss. Endoscopy and contrast radiography confirmed the presence of a distal esophageal mass. The dog was euthanized, and histopathological diagnosis of the mass was an esophageal/gastric adenocarcinoma.
Pyovagina and stump pyometra in a neutered XX sex-reversed beagle: a case report
Authors: Williams J , Partington BP , Smith B , Hedlund CS , Law JM
Published: September 2014

An 18-month-old, neutered male beagle presented with acute abdominal signs and a suppurative infection of the urogenital tract. Chromosomal sex was female (78, XX), gonadal sex was male (testicles), and phenotypic sex was ambiguous, with evidence of both male and female duct systems. The internal and external genitalia consisted of epididymides, an underdeveloped uterus with an immature spermatic cord, communication between the uterus or cranial vagina and the membranous urethra, a urethrographically male urethra, a hypoplastic os penis, and a hypoplastic penis with hypospadia. Based on these findings and the familial history of a similarly affected litter mate, the dog was diagnosed as having the XX male syndrome with pyovagina and uterine stump pyometra. Radiographic and ultrasonographic investigations are described, and abnormalities of chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex are discussed.
Canine gastric neoplasia: utility of ultrasonography in diagnosis
Authors: Rivers BJ , Walter PA , Johnston GR , Feeney DA , Hardy RM
Published: September 2014

The utility of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of canine gastric neoplasia was evaluated prospectively in a series of six cases subsequently confirmed as having adenocarcinoma by cytological or histological examination or both. Gastric neoplasia was associated with mural thickening with loss of normal wall sonographic layers and decreased or absent local motility. Sonographic findings were consistent with tumor localization obtained by other diagnostic methods employed. Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous, fine-needle aspirations biopsies were successful in two of the three cases in which they were performed. Ultrasonography appears useful in the diagnostic of canine gastric neoplasia.
Successful management of an iatrogenic biliary pseudocyst in a dog
Authors: Hunt GB , Mahoney P , Bellenger CR
Published: September 2014

A two-year-old, female Australian cattle dog was presented for treatment of a congenital, intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The shunt was attenuated using a transportal approach. The dog developed an abdominal mass four weeks later. A 16-cm diameter, biliary pseudocyst arising from the hepatic surgical site was identified during ultrasonographic examination. The cyst was marsupialized to the right abdominal wall surgically. Bile-stained fluid drained from the stoma at an initial rate of 10 ml/kg body weight per day, decreasing to 1 ml/kg body weight per day over four weeks. The stoma closed five weeks after surgery, and no further evidence of fluid accumulation was detected ultrasonographically. Eighteen months postoperatively, the pseudocyst has not recurred.
Canine hepatozoonosis in Oklahoma
Authors: Panciera RJ , Gatto NT , Crystal MA , Helman RG , Ely RW
Published: September 2014

Recognition of hepatozoonosis in four dogs that lived in Oklahoma their entire lifetimes documents expansion of the previously recognized endemic area of the disease. Salient clinical features are fever, marked neutrophilic leukocytosis, periosteal new bone proliferation, myalgia, weakness, muscle and generalized wasting, and lack of response to treatment. Transient, large-bowel diarrhea may be observed. Each of the four cases had signs compatible with chronic, persistent inflammatory disease that were poorly and ultimately nonresponsive to antimicrobial treatment. Diagnosis was confirmed in one case by recognition of Hepatozoon gamonts in peripheral blood leukocytes. Encysted forms of the organism were present in skeletal muscle and other tissues of each case.
Early protection of puppies against canine parvovirus: a comparison of two vaccines
Authors: McCaw DL , Tate D , Dubovi EJ , Johnson JC
Published: September 2014

Client-owned puppies randomly were assigned to receive one of two commercially available polyvalent vaccines. The response to the parvovirus portion of each vaccine was evaluated by determining antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition. Significant differences were found between titers produced by the vaccines. Puppies vaccinated with one of the products had a more desirable result as demonstrated by a protective antibody titer after the first vaccination (p of 0.005), a protective antibody titer at a younger age (p of 0.02), a protective antibody titer by 12 weeks of age (p of 0.001), and a protective antibody titer by 16 weeks of age (p of 0.05). Puppies vaccinated with this product also had significantly higher titers at each sampling after vaccination.
Canine spinal nephroblastoma
Authors: Macri NP , Van Alstine W , Coolman RA
Published: September 2014

An eight-month-old, female, mixed-breed dog was presented with bilateral hind-limb paralysis that reportedly developed over a two-to-three week period and was not associated with trauma. Plain radiographs of the spinal column were unremarkable, and a myelogram outlined an intramedullary mass of the spinal cord at the first lumbar (L1) vertebra. A hemilaminectomy was performed, and a mass that was identified histologically as nephroblastoma was excised from the spinal cord. Following surgery, the dog became fully ambulatory, and at 22 months postsurgery she remains clinically normal. The diagnosis, treatment, progression, histogenesis, and pathology of canine nephroblastoma are discussed.