bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some New Pyrido[2,3‐d ]pyridimines and their Nucleoside of Biological Importance
Authors: Tiwari Sangeeta , Yadav Ashok K. , Mishra A. K.
Published: March 2012

Chalcones (I) reacted with malanonitrile and ammonium acetate yielded 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4,6‐disubstituted pyridines (II) in excellent yield. 4‐Amino‐5,7‐disubstituted pyrido [2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thiones (III), 4‐amino‐5,7‐disubstituted pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (IV) and 4‐imino‐3,5,7‐trisubstituted pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones (V) have been synthesized by the condensation of compound (II) with thiourea, formamide and arylisocynate respectively. The ribofuranosides viz. 4‐amino‐5,7‐disubstituted‐1‐ [2′,3′,5′‐tri‐o‐benzoyl‐ β , D‐ribofuranosyl]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐thiones (VI) and 4‐imino‐3,5,7‐ trisubstituted‐1‐ [2′,3′,5′‐tri‐o‐benzoyl‐β , D‐ribofuranosyl] pyrido [2,3‐d] pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐one (VII) were synthesized by converting compounds III and V to trimethylsilyl derivative in situ by reacting them with hexamethyldisilazane to give corresponding ribofuranosides with β‐D‐ribofuranose‐1‐acetate‐2,3,5‐tribenzoate. Compounds III‐V and their ribofuranosides have been screened for antimicrobial and antifungal evaluations.
Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivatives and their Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: R. Harish Kumar D. , D. Karvekar M.
Published: March 2012

2‐Acetyl benzofuran (1) was synthesized by refluxing salicylaldehyde and dry chloroacetone in presence of potassium carbonate. The product formed was reacted with 2‐aminobenzothiazole with catalyst p‐toluene sulphonic acid to form N‐[(1Z)‐1‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)ethylidene]1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐amine (2). In cold condition, Staudinger reaction was carried out for compound (2) with various acid chlorides in presence of triethylamine to synthesize 4‐[1‐benzofuran‐2‐yl]‐1‐[1, 3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl]‐4‐methylazetidin‐2‐one (3a-3j). All the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of analytical data. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities. Compound 3b,3cand 3d exhibited moderate activity.
A Comparative Study on Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel Using Piper Nigrum L. in Different Acid Medium
Authors: Anand B. , Balasubramanian V.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition of corrosion of mild steel using Piper nigrum L in different acid medium by weight loss method was investigated. The corrosion inhibition was studied in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid by weight loss method at different time interval at room temperature. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of this compound was found to vary with different time interval and different acid concentration. Also, it was found that the corrosion inhibition behavior of Piper nigrum L is greater in sulphuric acid than hydrochloric acid. So, Piper nigrum L can be used as a good inhibitor for preventing mild steel material.
Ion Exchange Properties of Resins Derived from p‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde, Resorcinol and Formaldehyde
Authors: Hiwase V. V. , Kalambe A. B. , Khedkar K. M. , Deosarkar S. D.
Published: March 2012

The terpolymeric resins were prepared by base catalyzed polycondensation of p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, resorcinol and formaldehyde. Resin obtained by molar monomer composition, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde: resorcinol: formaldehyde as 1:1:3 was abbreviated as PHBRF‐I and that prepared by 1:2:4 composition was abbreviated as PHBRF‐II. These resins were characterized by physicochemical methods such as elemental analysis, UV‐Vis, IR and NMR. ion‐exchange study was carried out with Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Pb2+ & Cd2+ by batch equilibrium method. The rate of metal ion uptake by PHBRF‐II terpolymeric resin was higher than that of PHBRF‐I. Effect of pH and electrolytes under specified condition were also studied. The terpolymeric resins show high selectivity for Cu2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ as compared to Ni2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+.
Thermodynamic Study on the Adsorption of Pb2+ and Zn2+ From Aqueous Solution by Human Hair
Authors: Ekop A. S. , Eddy N. O.
Published: March 2012

Adsorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied in a batch system using modified human hair. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution by human hair were investigated by considering the extent of adsorption with respect to contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The results obtained indicates that the extent of metal ions removed decreases with increasing contact time but increased with increase in the initial metal ion concentration. The adsorption equilibrium data best fitted Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The adsorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions onto human hair is endothermic, spontaneous and is characterised by increasing degree of orderliness.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Danazol Derivatives
Authors: Figueroa-Valverde Lauro , Díaz-Cedillo francisco , López-Ramos Maria , Garcia-Cervera Elodia
Published: March 2012

Two danazol derivatives were synthesized and characterized by spectral analyses. In order to characterize the structural and chemical requirements of danazol derivatives, several parameters such as logP, π, Rm and Vm were evaluated. The results showed an increase in the values of logP for the compound 6 in comparison with 3. The compound 3 showed an increase in the values of π, R Vm and V Vm with respect to 6. These data indicate a high degree of lipophilicity and a low steric impediment for compound 6 in comparison with 3.
Physicochemical Investigations of Th(IV) and UO2(VI) Complexes with New Schiff Bases Along with their Toxic Effects
Authors: Agnihotri Sonal , Arora Kishor
Published: March 2012

Schiff bases were obtained using p‐trimethoxy benzaldehyde, p‐hydroxyl benzaldehyde and 2‐amino pyridine to prepare new complexes of thorium(IV) and dioxouranium(VI) metals by various anions. The synthesized ligands and complexes were analytically studied through spectral studies, elemental analysis conductance measurements along with semi empirical and thermogravimetric methods. The complexes were assigned various coordination numbers ranging from 6‐10 on the basis of these studies.
Effect of Molar Concentration on Optical Absorption Spectra of ZnS:Mn Nanoparticles
Authors: Sharma Ravi , Chandra B. P. , Bisen D. P.
Published: March 2012

The present paper reports the synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanocrystals of manganese doped zinc sulphide. Nanocrystals of zinc sulphide were prepared by chemical precipitation method using the solution of zinc chloride, sodium sulphide, manganese chloride and mercaptoethanol was used as the capping agent. It was found that change in the molar concentration changes the particle size. The particle size of such nanocrystals was measured using XRD pattern and it is found to be in between 3 nm – 5 nm. The blue‐shift in absorption spectra was found with reducing size of the nanoparticles
HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Analysis of Diclofenac Sodium and Rabeprazole Sodium
Authors: Heda A. A. , Gadade D. D. , Kathiriya J. M. , Puranik P. K.
Published: March 2012

A stable, simple, rapid, precise, accurate RP‐HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of diclofenac sodium and rabeprazole sodium was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines without need of any internal standard. Separation was carried out using C8 column with triethyl amine buffer (pH 5): acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 2 mL min-1. The detection was carried out at 284 nm. The parameters studied were retention time, linearity and range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and bench top stability. The proposed method can be used for simultaneous estimation of diclofenac sodium and rabeprazole sodium in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Determination of Metastable Zone Width, Induction Period and Interfacial Energy of a Ferroelectric Crystal ‐ Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihydrate (KFCT)
Authors: Kanagadurai R. , Durairajan R. , Sankar R. , Sivanesan G. , Elangovan S. P. , jayavel r.
Published: March 2012

An order‐disorder type potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (KFCT) is a coordination compound forming lemon‐ yellow monoclinic ferroelectric crystals with curie temperature 251 K. KFCT crystals have been grown by temperature lowering solution growth technique. Solubility of KFCT has been determined for various temperatures. Metastable zone width, induction period and interfacial energy were determined for the aqueous solution of KFCT. Bulk crystal of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate was grown with the optimized growth parameters. The grown crystal possesses good optical transmission in the entire UV‐Visible region
Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of 4‐(4‐Amino‐5‐thioxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl‐methylene)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5(4H)‐one
Authors: Vahedi Hooshang , Nami Navabeh , Nami Nasrin
Published: March 2012

4‐(4‐Amino‐5‐thioxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl‐methylen)‐2‐phenyl‐1(3H)‐imidazol‐5‐one (5) was synthesized in four steps in high yield. Benzimidinium chloride (1) reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to afford 2‐phenyl‐4‐methoxycarbonylmethylen‐1(3H)‐imidazol‐5‐one (2) which was converted to 2‐phenyl‐4‐hydrazinecarbonylmethylen‐1(3H)‐imidazol‐5‐one (3) using hydrazine hydrate in methanol. Furthermore, the reaction of (3) with carbon disulfide afforded compound (4) which can be used without further purification to achieve compound (5) using hydrazine hydrate.
A Study of Physicochemical Parameters and Nine Heavy Metals in the Euphrates River, Iraq
Authors: Hassan Fikrat M. , Saleh Maysoon M. , Salman Jasim M.
Published: March 2012

This study was conducted to reveal possible environmental effects on the Euphrates River from the Al‐Hindiya barrage to the downstream end of Al‐Kufa city in the middle of Iraq. Seven sites were selected along the study area and sampled during March 2004 to February 2005. We measured physical and chemical properties (air and water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS and dissolved oxygen) as well as, concentration and distribution of some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in both dissolved and particulate phases, in the water and sediments (exchangeable and residual phases). The studied area was slightly alkaline, with very hard water and high BOD5. The nutrients showed clear seasonal fluctuations in their concentrations. It was shown that the concentrations of metals in the particulate phase were higher than those in dissolved phase in water. In sediments, the mean concentrations of heavy metals as exchangeable phase were less than in the residual phase.
An Investigation of the Quality of Underground Water at Eloor in Ernakulum District of Kerala, India
Authors: Umadevi A. G. , George M. , Dharmalingam P. , Abraham Jose P. , Rajagopalan M. , Balakrishnan Dhanya , Haridasan P. P. , Pillai P. M. B.
Published: March 2012

The physical and chemical properties of groundwater in Eloor, an industrial region, have been investigated to evaluate the extent of pollution. The study area was divided into four zones and a total of 40 water samples from different locations were collected, analyzed and correlation analysis has been carried out among the measured parameters. A comparison of the observed parameters with the limits prescribed by BIS revealed that in some area pH values are lower than the prescribed limit. The concentration of the major cations and anions were found to be significant. Magnesium and chloride exceed the desirable limit in some areas but less than the upper limit prescribed by BIS. Significant linear relationship was observed between pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+ and chloride. The importance of these parameters in predicting the quality characteristics of groundwater is discussed.
Novel Surface Coating System Based on Maleated Shellac
Authors: Patel Hasmukh S. , Patel Sumeet J.
Published: March 2012

Shellac a natural forest product was reacted with various proportion of maleic anhydride. The resulted maleated shellac samples were designated as (MS‐1 to 3) and applied for the preparation of surface coating material. Thus various compositions of coating materials were prepared by varying the contents of MS and commercial grades of acrylic resins (AR). The coating materials were applied on substrates like plaster of paris, cement and limed surface. All the coating showed film performance with good adhesion finish, smoothness and lack of flaking on the surfaces. The results show that the coating showed good water and chemical resistance.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Parthenium biomass by Physical and Chemical Activation Techniques
Authors: Sivaraj Rajeshwari , Rajendran Venckatesh , Gunalan G. Sangeetha
Published: March 2012

Parthenium hysterphorous (Linn), a perennial weed of no known beneficial use was introduced as a containment of food grains imported from US with P1480 scheme. The colonization efficiency of the weed was much higher than other indigenous weeds resulting in the reduction of cultivable areas of agricultural lands. Therefore, attention was focused to find out the potential use of its biomass. In the present study the preparation and characterization of activated carbons by physical and chemical activation methods are reported and aims to prepare relatively well developed porous activated carbons as well as study various conditions and parameters that were involved during the process. Among the carbons prepared Zncl2 impregnated carbon at the ratio of 1 was found to possess the characteristic features of an efficient adsorbent. Experimental results showed that pyrolytic and activation conditions leading to various final average temperatures had significant effect on the properties of activated carbons prepared.
Assessment of Pollution Trend of Oke Afa Canal Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olowu R. A. , Ayejuyo O. O. , Adewuyi G. O. , Adejoro I. A. , Akinbola T. A. , Osundiya M. O. , Onwordi C. T.
Published: March 2012

The physiochemical properties of Oke Afa water body were investigated. The parameters were compared with established international standard (APCELS). The canal water contained very high concentration of BOD (64.8±11.3 mg/L) and COD (107.8±22.3 mg/L) which would suggest the presence of a high level of organic load that result in the pollution of the canals. Significant concentration of TSS ranging from (92±100 mg/L), SO42- (9.84±5.59 mg/L), PO43- (0.66±0.33 mg/L), Cl (37±2.84 mg/L), NO3- (2.63±0.6 mg/L) and DO (0.96±0.15 mg/L) were observed. Low concentration of zinc and copper were observed except lead that has a higher concentration above the allowed permissible level at a point B of the sampling sites. Some heavy metals were not detected at all in all the sampled points of the canal. The pH and temperature were fairly constant and the values of conductivity reveal a slight decline in the ability of the water to conduct electricity down the canal. All the detected parameters fell within limits except Lead.
Assessment of Soil Fertility of Grape Field at Bijapur District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Pujar A. S. , Yadawe M. S. , Pujeri U. S. , Pujari K. G. , Hiremath S. C.
Published: March 2012

Assessment of soil fertility at Bijapur district (Karnataka, India), grape yard of various localities was undertaken. Grape is an important fruit crop of northern parts of Karnataka and it is grown over 9000 hectors. The survey includes 15 grape yards and surface soil samples up to depth of 30 cm were collected and after drying were passed through 2 mm sieve. The soil samples were analyzed for various attributes. The data on analysis revealed that the soil was clay in texture which is considered quite fit for grape growing. The soil pH of various grape fields ranged from 7.2 to 8.8 slightly above the optimum range. The electrical conductivity values varied from 0.18 to 1.75 dS/m well below the critical concentration. The carbon content ranges from 0.23 to 1.01 kg/ha. The available nitrogen was in lower range 45 to 337.5 kg/hector. This might be due to high range of mineralization due to high temperature (dry zone) and loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. The soil available phosphorous content range from 15.00 to 48.9 kg/hector which was medium in range. The available potassium ranged from 115 to 592 kg/hector which were high range in all the grape fields.
Adsorption of Acid Red 18 (AR18) by Activated Carbon from Poplar Wood‐ A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study
Authors: Shokoohi Reza , Vatanpoor Vahid , Zarrabi Mansuor , Vatani Akram
Published: March 2012

Adsorption process by activated carbon is widely used for removal of dyes. Because of economical limits, activated carbon derived from low cost materials seem to be economical. The aim of this work is preparation of activated carbon from poplar wood and investigation of its ability to removal of (AR18) dye. In this work, we prepared the activated carbon by chemical activation method in electric furnace. In addition we have investigated effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, dye concentration and adsorbent dosage on dye removal. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models have been investigated. Pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order and modified pseudo‐first order kinetic models have been used for experimental data. The results showed that removal efficiency was increased with increasing of adsorbent dosage, contact time and decreasing of pH, but with increasing of dye concentration, the removal efficiency was decreased. Adsorption isotherm models showed that Langmuir isotherm model was best fitted onto collected data (r2>0.978). In addition, kinetic models showed that sorption of AR18 onto activated carbon prepared from poplar wood follows the pseudo‐first order model (r2>0.9758).
Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Dicycloimine Hydrochloride (DCI) on Mild Steel in 1M HCl
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Subhashini S.
Published: March 2012

Addition of corrosion inhibitors is one of the widely used methods to control corrosion. In this work, an attempt has been made to explore the possibility of using dicycloimine hydrochloride (DCI) as an inhibitor on mild steel in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency of DCI has been evaluated by conventional weight loss method and electrochemical polarization studies. Experimental results are fitted to various adsorption isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters have also been studied from temperature studies. The results reveal that DCI acts as an effective inhibitor (around 90% of IE) in HCl media.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Aerial Parts of Sisymbrium Irio from Jordan
Authors: Al-Qudah Mahmoud A. , Abu Zarga Musa H.
Published: March 2012

The volatile compounds obtained from Sisymbrium irio growing in Jordan has been analyzed by GC‐MS. The major constituents are dioctyladipate (25.44%), N‐(n‐proyl) acetamide (14.77%), isopropyl isothiocyanate (11.55%), isobutyl isothiocyanate (6.75%), 3,7,11,15‐tetramethyl‐2‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (6.52%),cis‐8,11,14‐eicosatrienoic acid (6.30%), heptacosane (3.89%), palmitic acid (3.45%),n‐butyl isothiocyanate (2.85 %) and dimethoxyacetophenone (2.54 %).
Combined Anaerobic‐Aerobic Bacterial Degradation of Dyes
Authors: Sugumar R. Wilfred , Sadanandan Sandhya
Published: March 2012

Wastewaters from the dye baths of a non‐formal textile‐dyeing unit containing C.I. Acid Orange 7 and C.I. Reactive Red 2 were subjected to degradation in a sequential anaerobic‐aerobic treatment process based on mixed culture of bacteria. The technical samples of the dyestuffs and the dye bath wastes were treated in an anaerobic reactor, using an adapted mixed culture of anaerobic microorganisms. The dyestuffs were biotransformed into colourless substituted amine metabolites in the reactor. The biotransformation was assisted by co‐metabolic process. The amine metabolites did not undergo further degradation in the anaerobic reactor. The effluent from the anaerobic reactor was treated in an aerobic rotating biological contactor and the amine metabolites were found to undergo complete mineralization. This two stage treatment resulted in 94% elimination of dissolved organic carbon. In addition, 85% of organic nitrogen was converted into nitrate in the aerobic reactor during nitrification process.
Identification of Medicinally Active Ingredient in UltradilutedDigitalis purpurea: Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Cyclic-Voltammetric Study
Authors: Sharma Anup , Purkait Bulbul
Published: March 2012

Serially diluted and agitated (SAD) drugs available commercially are in use with great faith because of the astonishing results they produce. The scientific viewpoint attached to the centuries-old therapy with SAD drugs, as in homeopathy, remained doubtful for want of appropriate research and insufficient evidence base. The conflicting points related to SAD drug mostly related to the level of concentrations/dilutions, use of drug in contradictory clinical conditions compared to the modern system of medicine, identification of medicinally active ingredient in concentrations and dilutions used in commercially available SAD drugs, and lack of laboratory-based pharmacological data vis-à-vis modern medicine. Modus operandi of SAD drug is also unknown. To address some of these issues an analytical study was carried out wherein commercially available SAD drugDigitalis purpurea, commonly used in different systems of medicine, was put to test. Various concentrations of commercially availableDigitalis purpureawere analyzed using analytical methods: cyclic voltammetry, emission spectroscopy, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. These analytical methods apparently identified the medicinal ingredients and effect of serial dilution in commercial preparation of the drugs.
Posterior Urethra Rupture: Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Scan and Urethrocystography Demonstrations
Authors: Marks Wojciech , Dawid S. , Lasek J. , Witkowski Z. , Gołąbek-Dropiewska K. , Stasiak M.
Published: March 2012

In the follow-up study of patients with pelvic fractures, rupture of the posterior urethra is registered in 3–25% of cases (Koraitim et al., 1996). The diagnostic gold standard for the assessment of hemodynamically stable trauma patients is contrast-enhanced CT scan, especially helical CT. Nevertheless, simultaneous suprapubic cystography and ascending urethrograms (the so-called up-and-downogram) are the investigation of choice in assessing the site, severity, and length of urethral injuries. (Carlin and Resnick, 1995) This paper discusses the evaluation and diagnosis of urethral injury in multiple-trauma patient.
Nanostructured ZnO Arrays with Self‐ZnO Layer Created Using Simple Electrostatic Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Huh PilHo , Kim Seong-Cheol
Published: March 2012

Formation of unique ZnO nanoarrays utilizing photodynamic polymer, surface‐relief grating structures, and unique electrostatic layer‐by‐layer assembly as a simple and economical methodology was demonstrated. Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDAX) analysis were employed to characterize elemental composition and morphology of the resulting ZnO nanostructures with self‐ZnO layer. Optical behavior of the final product was studied by UV‐vis‐NIR absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra.
Qiliqiangxin Affects L Type Current in the Normal and Hypertrophied Rat Heart
Authors: Wei Yidong , Liu Xiaoyu , Hou Lei , Che Wenliang , The Erlinda , Jhummon Muktanand Vikash
Published: March 2012

Qiliqiangxin capsule is newly developed Chinese patent drug and proved to be effective and safe for the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure. We compared the effects of different dose Qiliqiangxin on L type Ca2+current between normal and hypertrophied myocytes. A total of 40 healthy Sprague—Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were randomly divided into two groups (control group and hypertrophy group). Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by pressure overload produced by partial ligation of the abdominal aorta. The control group was the sham-operated group. After 1 month, cardiac ventricular myocytes were isolated from the hearts of rats. Ventricular myocytes were exposed to 10 and 50 μmol/L Qiliqiangxin, and whole cell patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of Qiliqiangxin on . The current densities of were similar in control group and in hypertrophy group . They were not statistically significant. 10 and 50 μmol/L Qiliqiangxin can decrease peak current and in control group. However, the peak current was only reduced by 50 μmol/L Qiliqiangxin in hypertrophied myocytes. The inhibited action of Qiliqiangxin on of hypertrophy group was lower than in control group. Qiliqiangxin affected L-type Ca2+channel and blocked , as well as affected cardiac function finally. Qiliqiangxin has diphasic action that is either class IV antiarrhythmic agent or the agent of effect cardiac function.
The Need for Guidelines in Asplenic Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Shaarani S. R. , Collins D. , O'Byrne J. M.
Published: March 2012

There are currently no guidelines for splenectomy patient undergoing total joint arthroplasty. We present a case history of a 63-year-old man with a history of splenectomy that underwent a total knee arthroplasty with standard intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis. Two weeks postoperatively, he developed a prosthetic joint infection and followed the standard antimicrobial management with intravenous and oral antibiotics prior to having revision surgery. We propose that there are guidelines to properly manage these patients in the pre- and perioperative setting following an orthopaedic procedure.
Production of Oleic Acid Based Wax Ester Using Acidic Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Al-Arafi Naowara , Salimon Jumat
Published: March 2012

Four homogeneous acidic catalysts were tested for their ability to catalyze the esterification reaction of oleic acid and oleyl alcohol to produce oleyl oleate, a wax ester. Sulfuric acid showed relatively higher specific activity. Various reaction parameters were optimised to obtain high percentage yield of oleyl oleate. The optimum condition to produce oeyl oleate was reaction time; 5 h, temperture; 90°C, amount of sulforic acid 0.15 g and molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to oleic acid; 1:1. Percentage yield of wax ester obtained at these optimum reaction conditions was 93.88. Disappearance of carboxylic acid (C=O) peak has confirmed by FTIR with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 1739 cm−1. 1H NMR spectra analyses confirmed the result of oleyl oleate with appearance of ester (‐CH2OCOR) at 4.02 ppm and also the 13C‐NMR confirmed the result with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 173.2 ppm. The low‐temperture behavior of compound synthesized was determined through its pour point (PP), viscosity index (VI) and flash point (FP) values. The results showed that oleyl oleate exhibited the most favorable low‐temperture performance of PP, VI and FP with −31°C, 197.5 and 320°C respectively. This is due to increase of the molacular weight thus improve the low temperture property significantly.
Towards a Rational Design of an Asymptomatic Clinical Herpes Vaccine: The Old, the New, and the Unknown
Authors: Alami Chentoufi Aziz , Kritzer Elizabeth , Yu David M. , Nesburn Anthony B. , BenMohamed Lbachir
Published: March 2012

The best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. However, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. In recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. However, before moving towards new vaccine strategy, it is necessary to answer two fundamental questions: (i) why past herpes vaccines have failed? (ii) Why the majority of HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., asymptomatic individuals) are naturally “protected” exhibiting few or no recurrent clinical disease, while other HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., symptomatic individuals) have frequent ocular, orofacial, and/or genital herpes clinical episodes? We recently discovered several discrete sets of HSV-1 symptomatic and asymptomatic epitopes recognized by CD4+and CD8+T cells from seropositive symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals. These asymptomatic epitopes will provide a solid foundation for the development of novel herpes epitope-based vaccine strategy. Here we provide a brief overview of past clinical vaccine trials, outline current progress towards developing a new generation “asymptomatic” clinical herpes vaccines, and discuss future mucosal “asymptomatic” prime-boost vaccines that could optimize local protective immunity.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel Cross Linked Biopolyesters from Olive Oil as Eco‐friendly Biodegradable Materials
Authors: Shakina J. , Lekshmi K. Sathiya , Raj G. Allen Gnana
Published: March 2012

Novel cross linked biopolyesters were synthesised from naturally available olive oil, oligomeric polytriglyceride fumarate (o‐PTF) was prepared by glycerolysis of the olive oil followed by condensation with maleic anhydride. The (o‐PTF) was characterised by spectral (FTIR, UV, NMR) and physicochemical properties (specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value, iodine value). The molecular weight of o‐PTF was estimated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The cross linked biopolyesters were prepared by treating o‐PTF of olive with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate. The cross linked biopolyesters were evaluated for spectral properties (FT IR), cross linked density, thermal properties, mechanical properties and biodegradation. The potential antifungal and anti bacterial activities of the newly prepared biopolyesters were evaluated. The environment degradation was assessed by soil burial test. The outcome of the studies has revealed that the newly prepared cross linked biopolyesters are potential biodegradable material for various consumer application like package materials and agricultural applications.
Facile and Selective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles Catalyzed by FeCl3/ Al2O3
Authors: Chen Guo-Feng , Dong Xiao-Yun
Published: March 2012

2‐Substituted benzimidazoles were synthesized in a single pot from aromatic aldehydes and o‐phenylenediamine catalyzed by FeCl3/ Al2O3 in DMF at ambient temperature attained good yields and high selectivity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dye Para Red and New Derivatives
Authors: Al-Rubaie L. Abd-Alredha R. , Mhessn R. Jameel
Published: March 2012

Azo dyes para red was synthesized. The products were characterized by FTIR and UV‐Visible spectrophotometers. The antibacterial activities of the compounds were studied using gram positive and gram negative microorganism.
Antibody-Mediated Rejection: An Evolving Entity in Heart Transplantation
Authors: Chih Sharon , Chruscinski Andrzej , Ross Heather J. , Tinckam Kathryn , Butany Jagdish , Rao Vivek
Published: March 2012

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is gaining increasing recognition as a major complication after heart transplantation, posing a significant risk for allograft failure, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and poor survival. AMR results from activation of the humoral immune arm and the production of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) that bind to the cardiac allograft causing myocardial injury predominantly through complement activation. The diagnosis of AMR has evolved from a clinical diagnosis involving allograft dysfunction and the presence of DSA to a primarily pathologic diagnosis based on histopathology and immunopathology. Treatment for AMR is multifaceted, targeting inhibition of the humoral immune system at different levels with emerging agents including proteasome and complement inhibitors showing particular promise. While there have been significant advances in our current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AMR, further research is required to determine optimal diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and timing of treatment.
Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of Explicit Type, Implicit Type, and Parametric Type for K(m, n) Equation
Authors: Wu Xianbin , Rui Weiguo , Hong Xiaochun
Published: March 2012

By using the integral bifurcation method, we study the nonlinear K(m, n) equation for all possible values of m and n. Some new exact traveling wave solutions of explicit type, implicit type, and parametric type are obtained. These exact solutions include peculiar compacton solutions, singular periodic wave solutions, compacton‐like periodic wave solutions, periodic blowup solutions, smooth soliton solutions, and kink and antikink wave solutions. The great parts of them are different from the results in existing references. In order to show their dynamic profiles intuitively, the solutions of K(n, n), K(2n − 1, n), K(3n − 2, n), K(4n − 3, n), and K(m, 1) equations are chosen to illustrate with the concrete features.
Decentralized Control of Uncertain Fuzzy Large‐Scale System with Time Delay and Optimization
Authors: Zhang Hang , Wang Xia , Wang Yi-Jun , Sun Zhao-Mei
Published: March 2012

This paper studies the decentralized stabilization problem for an uncertain fuzzy large‐scale system with time delays. The considered large‐scale system is composed of several T‐S fuzzy subsystems. The decentralized parallel distributed compensation (PDC) fuzzy control for each subsystem is designed to stabilize the whole system. Based on Lyapunov criterion, some sufficient conditions are proposed. Moreover, the positive definite matrices Pi and PDC gain Kij can be solved by linear matrix inequality (LMI) toolbox of Matlab. Then, the optimization design method for decentralized control is also considered with respect to a quadratic performance index. Finally, numerical
examples are given and compared with those of Zhang et al., 2004 to illustrate the effectiveness and less conservativeness
of our method.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some 3,4‐Dihydro‐4‐(4‐substituted aryl)‐6‐(naptho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl pyrimidine‐2(1H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Gaikwad Sanjeevan S. , Suryawanshi Venkat S. , Lohar Kishan S. , Jadhav Dhanaji V. , Shinde Narayan D.
Published: March 2012

A series of new oxopyrimidine were prepared by cyclocondensation route with various substituted chalcones in presence of alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide at reflux temperature. The synthesized oxopyrimidine derivatives were characterized by means of their IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized oxopyrimidines derivatives were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities, some of them were found to possess significant activity.
Thigh Abscess Caused byYersinia enterocoliticain an Immunocompetent Host
Authors: Gumaste Purva , Boppana V. Subbarao , Garcha Amarinder Singh , Blair Donald
Published: March 2012

Yersinia enterocoliticais primarily a gastrointestinal tract pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis, although it may produce extra-intestinal infections like sepsis and its sequelae. However, primary cutaneous infections are extremely rare. We present a case ofY. enterocoliticathigh abscess in an immunocompetent adult. The portal of entry is unclear in this case. He did many outdoor activities that involved skin injuries and exposure to soil and contaminated water. Hence, direct inoculation as a result of exposure to contaminated water is postulated in the absence of evidence for a gastrointestinal route of infection.
Acoustic Predictions in Industrial Spaces Using a Diffusion Model
Authors: Billon Alexis , Picaut Judicaël , Valeau Vincent , Sakout Anas
Published: March 2012

Industrial spaces are known to be very noisy working environment. This noise exposure can be uncomfortable, tiring, or even harmful, at worst. Industrial spaces have several characteristics: they are often huge flat volumes fitted with many obstacles and sound sources. Moreover, they are usually surrounded by rooms where low noise levels are required. The existing prediction tools can seldom model all these phenomena accurately. In this paper, a prediction model based on a diffusion equation is presented. The successive developments carried out to deal with the various propagating phenomena met in industrial spaces are shown. For each phenomenon, numerical or experimental examples are given to highlight the validity of this model. It is also shown that its computation load is very little in comparison to ray-tracing-based methods. In addition, this model can be used as a reliable and flexible tool to study the physics of the coupling between rooms. Finally, an application to a virtual factory is presented.
Insights into theIn VivoRegulation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase from the Foot Muscle of an Estivating Land Snail
Authors: Bell Ryan A. V. , Dawson Neal J. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: March 2012

Land snails,Otala lactea, survive in seasonally hot and dry environments by entering a state of aerobic torpor called estivation. During estivation, snails must prevent excessive dehydration and reorganize metabolic fuel use so as to endure prolonged periods without food. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was hypothesized to play a key role during estivation as it shuttles amino acid carbon skeletons into the Krebs cycle for energy production and is very important to urea biosynthesis (a key molecule used for water retention). Analysis of purified foot muscle GDH from control and estivating conditions revealed that estivated GDH was approximately 3-fold more active in catalyzing glutamate deamination as compared to control. This kinetic difference appears to be regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation, as indicated by ProQ Diamond phosphoprotein staining and incubations that stimulate endogenous protein kinases and phosphatases. The increased activity of the high-phosphate form of GDH seen in the estivating land snail foot muscle correlates well with the increased use of amino acids for energy and increased synthesis of urea for water retention during prolonged estivation.
Synthesis, Isolation and Characterization of Process‐Related Impurities in Oseltamivir Phosphate
Authors: Sharma Yogesh Kumar , Agarwal Dau Dayal , Bhure Sudesh , Rathore Sanjay Singh , Rawat Chakravir , Mukharjee Rajendranath
Published: March 2012

Three known impurities in oseltamivir phosphate bulk drug at level 0.1% (ranging from 0.05‐0.1%) were detected by gradient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. These impurities were preliminarily identified by the mass number of the impurities. Different experiments were conducted and finally the known impurities were synthesized and characterized.
Comparative Analyses of Base Compositions, DNA Sizes, and Dinucleotide Frequency Profiles in Archaeal and Bacterial Chromosomes and Plasmids
Authors: Nishida Hiromi
Published: March 2012

In the present paper, I compared guanine-cytosine (GC) contents, DNA sizes, and dinucleotide frequency profiles in 109 archaeal chromosomes, 59 archaeal plasmids, 1379 bacterial chromosomes, and 854 bacterial plasmids. In more than 80% of archaeal and bacterial plasmids, the GC content was lower than that of the host chromosome. Furthermore, most of the differences in GC content found between a plasmid and its host chromosome were less than 10%, and the GC content in plasmids and host chromosomes was highly correlated (Pearson’s correlation coefficient
in bacteria and 0.917 in archaea). These results support the hypothesis that horizontal gene transfers have occurred frequently via plasmid distribution during evolution. GC content and chromosome size were more highly correlated in bacteria () than in archaea (). Interestingly, there was a tendency for archaea with plasmids to have higher GC content in the chromosome and plasmid than those without plasmids. Thus, the dinucleotide frequency profile of the archaeal plasmids has a bias toward high GC content.
Bone Regeneration in Artificial Jaw Cleft by Use of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Particles and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Iliac Bone
Authors: Yoshioka Motoko , Tanimoto Kotaro , Tanne Yuki , Sumi Keisuke , Awada Tetsuya , Oki Nanae , Sugiyama Masaru , Kato Yukio , Tanne Kazuo
Published: March 2012

Objectives of the Study. Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a prevalent congenital anomaly in the orofacial region. Autogenous iliac bone grafting has been frequently employed for the closure of bone defects at the jaw cleft site. Since the related surgical procedures are quite invasive for patients, it is of great importance to develop a new less invasive technique. The aim of this study was to examine bone regeneration with mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of bone defect in artificially created jaw cleft in dogs.Materials and Methods. A bone defect was prepared bilaterally in the upper incisor regions of beagle dogs. MSCs derived from iliac bone marrow were cultured and transplanted with carbonated hydroxyapatite (CAP) particles into the bone defect area. The bone regeneration was evaluated by standardized occlusal X-ray examination and histological observation.Results. Six months after the transplantation, perfect closure of the jaw cleft was achieved on the experimental side. The X-ray and histological examination revealed that the regenerated bone on the experimental side was almost equivalent to the original bone adjoining the jaw cleft.Conclusion. It was suggested that the application of MSCs with CAP particles can become a new treatment modality for bone regeneration for CLP patients.
Interaction of Anticancer Drug Methotrexate with DS‐DNA Analyzed by Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Hajian R. , Tavakol M.
Published: March 2012

Cyclic voltammetry coupled with UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques were used to study the interaction of methotrexate (MTX), an antitumor drug, with double stranded fish sperm DNA (ds‐DNA) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). The interaction of MTX with DNA could result a considerable decrease in the MTX peak current. The variations in the spectroscopy and electrochemical characteristics of MTX indicated MTX bind to DNA by a groove binding mode. This conclusion was reinforced by viscosity data. The apparent transfer coefficients (α) and the number of electron transferred (n) of methotrexate in the absence and preset of ds‐DNA have determined using anodic Tafel plots of MTX and MTX‐DNA adduct on the surface of glassy carbone electrode. The diffusion coefficients of MTX in the absence (D0)f and presence (D0)b of DNA were calculated as 7.30×10−6 and 3.40×10−6 Cm2 s−1 respectively. In spectrophotometric studies, the slopes of the calibration curves for methotrexate in the absence and presence of ds‐DNA differ significantly. These studies are valuable for a better understanding the detailed mode of MTX‐DNA interaction, which should be important in deeper insight into the therapeutic efficacy of MTX and design of new DNA targeted drug.
Ab Initio and DFT Studies of Conformational Properties of Heteroatom Containing Ketene Analogues and Their Comparison with the Related Cyclic Analogues
Authors: Sayyed-Alangi S. Zahra , Baei Mohammad T.
Published: March 2012

Minimum‐energy and transition state geometries of 3‐thioxoprop‐2‐enethial, 3‐thioxoacrylaldehyde, 3‐oxoprop‐2‐enethial, 3‐selenoxoprop‐2‐enethial, 3‐thioxoprop‐2‐eneselenal, 3‐selenoxoprop‐2‐eneselenal, 3‐oxoacrylaldehyde, 3‐selenoxoacrylaldehyde and 3‐oxoprop‐2‐eneselenal were calculated using HF, B3LYP and MP2 levels of theory and 6‐31+G* basis set by rotation around the related ‐C‐C‐ single bonds. In all of the above mentioned molecules, the s‐trans conformation was obtained as the most stable conformer with the 180° dihedral angle, apart from 3‐oxoprop‐2‐enethial and 3‐thioxoprop‐2‐eneselenal which their s-cis conformers were appeared more stability than related to s-trans forms. Their perpendicular geometries, with torsional angles approximately 90°, were as transition state for conformational interconversion between the two global minima forms. Cyclic structures all of the above mentioned molecules were unstable than their linear forms.
Fast, Facile and Convenient Synthesis of α,α‐Bis(substituted‐arylidene) Cycloalkanones: An improved Protocol
Authors: Mahdavinia Gholam Hossein , Mirzazadeh Maryam
Published: March 2012

Commercially available potassium hydroxide (KOH), a simple base, was found to be a catalyst for tandem cross‐aldol condensation between cyclic ketones and aromatic aldehydes leading to a fast and easy synthesis of α,α‐bis (substituted‐arylidene) cycloalkanones in the shortest times of all previous methods. The reaction of aryl aldehydes with five and six‐membered cyclic ketones afforded excellent yields after few seconds in most cases. The reaction conditions were compatible with various electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents, e.g. Cl, F, NO2, OMe, Me and NMe2.
Inference for Ecological Dynamical Systems: A Case Study of Two Endemic Diseases
Authors: Vasco Daniel A.
Published: March 2012

A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method is used to infer parameters for an open stochastic epidemiological model: the Markovian susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model, which is suitable for modeling and simulating recurrent epidemics. This allows exploring two major problems of inference appearing in many mechanistic population models. First, trajectories of these processes are often only partly observed. For example, during an epidemic the transmission process is only partly observable: one cannot record infection times. Therefore, one only records cases (infections) as the observations. As a result some means of imputing or reconstructing individuals in the susceptible cases class must be accomplished. Second, the official reporting of observations (cases in epidemiology) is typically done not as they are actually recorded but at some temporal interval over which they have been aggregated. To address these issues, this paper investigates the following problems. Parameter inference for a perfectly sampled open Markovian SIR is first considered. Next inference for an imperfectly observed sample path of the system is studied. Although this second problem has been solved for the case of closed epidemics, it has proven quite difficult for the case of open recurrent epidemics. Lastly, application of the statistical theory is made to measles and pertussis epidemic time series data from 60 UK cities.
Foreign Body Granuloma: A Diagnosis Not to Forget
Authors: El Bouchti I. , Ait Essi F. , Abkari I. , Latifi M. , El Hassani S.
Published: March 2012

Penetrating wounds of the foot are not uncommon. Many are caused by thorns or by fragments of wood that are retained in the foot, creating a foreign-body granuloma. The differential diagnosis for bony reaction to an unrecognised organic foreign body includes osteoid osteoma, chronic and acute osteomyelitis, tuberculosis granuloma, bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, cortical fibrous defect, and neoplasm. We report the case of a boy suffering from a thorn inducing a lytic lesion of the fifth metatarsal that demonstrates the diagnosis difficulties of foreign body granuloma.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome in a Male Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Saurabh Shireesh , Unger Eric , Pavlides Constantinos
Published: March 2012

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a condition characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule with concomitant pelvic inflammation without involvement of liver parenchyma. It is classically seen in young women who present with sharp, pleuritic right upper quadrant pain, usually but not always accompanied by symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and is frequently confused with biliary tract disease. Rarely the syndrome has been reported in males, and hematogenous and lymphatic spread to liver is thought to be the underlying mechanism. Serological tests and computed tomography (CT) scan may aid in diagnosis of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Definitive diagnosis is made by laparoscopy, which provides both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. We report a case of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome in a young male patient, which was diagnosed and treated by laparoscopy. We also include a review of the literature.