bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sublimation (Footbridge Transition)
Authors: Mundet Collell Guillem
Published: September 2017

Footbridges and the visual impairment are not disconnected. Footbridge designers should not only design for the public realm but most importantly to include those with visual disabilities. Accessibility and adaptation means are often seen as insufficient or at worst, missing from pedestrian infrastructures in our urban context. It is imperative that all users, including physically impaires deserve to enjoy the beauty of pedestrian infrastructures, such as footbridges, in one way or another.
An Equivalent Homogeneous Model for FRP Sandwich Bridge Deck Panels with Sinusoidal Cores
Authors: Mandal Bibekananda , Chakrabarti Anupam
Published: September 2017

Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) sandwich panels with sinusoidal cores are an attractive solution both in new construction and rehabilitation of existing bridge decks. FRP sandwich panels, comprising of two face plates separated by a core of stiffeners offer better performance due to high stiffness-to-mass ratio along with numerous impressive properties like corrosion resistance, high impact strength etc. Analysis of sandwich panels using exact three dimensional (3D) modelling is very much complicated and also time consuming. To overcome this problem, the whole deck panel can be assumed as an equivalent orthotropic continuum for simplified analysis. This paper is focused on a numerical study to find equivalent elastic constants to replace FRP sandwich panel with a homogeneous orthotropic plate as shown in Fig. 1. The present numerical model is applicable for the sandwich panels with any type of core geometry which is periodic in nature. The equivalent material properties generated from the present analysis are validated by comparing with some reported theoretical and numerical results. To determine flexibility of the present model, equivalent orthotropic properties have been generated for FRP sandwich panels with three types of core configurations: rib, circular and triangular. Static and dynamic analyses have also been performed using the proposed equivalent model and the results are compared with the results obtained from 3D finite element (FE) model.
Turning Heads in Gdansk
Authors: Bednarski Cezary M.
Published: September 2017

In June 2015 the city office of Gdansk, a historic port city in northern Poland announced an invited design competition involving an opening bridge across the Motława River in Gdansk. In April 2016 London based STUDIO BEDNARSKI Ltd as architects working with SCHLAICH BERGERMANN PARTNER as bridge engineers, won this competition, to which seven design teams were admitted. Our main design objective was to create a functional work of art, which becomes a water based sculpture when the bridge deck is opened for navigation and united with the island, which protects the deck from ship impact.
Testing Major Footbridges in Italy
Authors: Totaro Andrea , Siviero Enzo
Published: September 2017

In Italy every newly built structure must be “tested” (“collaudata”) by a so called “tester” (“collaudatore”) before being officially opened and used. According to the Italian regulation, the tester represents a third party in the building process who must be independent from the designer, the site supervisor, or the contractor, and has a vital responsibility for the success of a project, especially in public works. The tester is the person responsible for ascertaining that the as built structure is correctly able to sustain the design loads; this figure is therefore a sort of independent checker of the real structure.

After dedicating his whole career to bridges, both in the academy and the industry, prof. Siviero had the opportunity and the privilege of testing two of the most important footbridges built in Italy in the last decade.

The first one is the fourth bridge over Canal Grande river in Venice, Ponte della Costituzione, designed by Santiago Calatrava, a very well-known and discussed footbridge. The second one is the so called Ponte del Mare in Pescara, a twin curved cable stayed footbridge with the longest span in Italy.

In the form of an interview, the authors, which have been collaborating for many years, will tell the story of these two major Italian footbridges highlighting the most important challenging aspects related to their construction, as the control of the settlements in a unique environment in the first case, and the difficult control of the vibrations in the second one.
Designing for the Realities of a Day in the Life of a Good Looking but Hardy Footbridge
Authors: Anderson John R. B. , Kruger Edwin J. , Lethale Motshidisi
Published: September 2017

This paper tells the story of the design development of three concrete footbridges across varying landscapes within South Africa. Their designs relate to their surroundings and also to the fact that they must survive the harsh realities of theft, vandalism and life with limited preventive and routine maintenance. They are aimed to be a tax payers dream and a friend to the communities they serve. A common thread through each bridge is the use of bespoke in situ concrete forms rather than standard precast concrete sections. In each case the bridges were staged and formed with shutters. Innovative structural systems such as an arch supported selfanchored multi-span stress ribbon bridge were conceived and developed.
Design and Vibration Serviceability Evaluation of Pedestrian Space Arch Bridge
Authors: Park Cheolung , Kim Dabeom , Choi Daehun , Kim Dongseok , Park Jaeyong
Published: September 2017

Wirye bridge with a width of 7.3m and an extension of 109m is a pedestrian space arch bridge crossing the highway of 70m width. Due to the on-site conditions of crossing a highway with high traffic volume, steel pipe girder and steel deck was installed by small-block erection method after erecting arch rib and vertical members with single lift installation method. It is possible to mount the steel pipe girder and the steel deck more easily by installing a cross beam in advance that connects the vertical members each other to reduce the deformation of the vertical member. And the cross beam can improve the structural safety of the buckling through the decrease of the unsupported length by the vertical member acting as both-end supported conditions instead of cantilever during construction period. As a result of the serviceability evaluation for deflection and vibration, it was presented that Wirye bridge satisfied with serviceability criteria for deflection and vibration. In addition, vibration comport evaluation according to ISO 2631-2 verified that the exposure time of fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary for vertical and horizontal directions was evaluated to be more than 24 hours, and that the human function due to vibration is not degraded within 24 hours on bridge.
Our Story Continues
Authors: Wing Mark , Woolf Richard
Published: September 2017

At Footbridge 2014 two members of the West London community, Richard Woolf (an architect) and Mark Wing (a creative strategist), presented their dream to develop, and ultimately see installed, a cycle and pedestrian bridge between neighbouring communities separated by only 100m of the River Thames.

And the story continues. Since its inception in 2010 the project has gained recognition, ideas have evolved, challenges have arisen, local meetings attended and many discussions undertaken. In tandem, the wider world has changed and the way we engage with each other, disseminate information and potentially even manipulate outcomes, can afford opportunities for our heroic bridge champions to cultivate the debate further.
Design at the Edge - Bridge Parapets
Authors: Ernst Christian , Jensen Jesper
Published: September 2017

BEaM and MOE engineers were appointed by Copenhagen municipality to design a new “Copenhagen Standard” parapet to be used on road and footbridges. The reason for Copenhagen municipality to embark on his undertaking was an increase in renovation of road bridges in the periphery of the city. One of the first bridges in this program was the Mørkhøjvej Bridge across the moat of the Vestvold, an extensive fortification system dating from the beginning of the 20th century. Due to the location of the Mørkhøjvej bridge in an area known for it's recreational value, the municipality wanted a design that would combine the robustness of a road parapet with the transparency and haptic quality of a footbridge parapet. Also, the municipality wanted the city arms to be incorporated into the design, thus marking the bridges as place markers, defining the realm of the city.
Footbridge Design as an Act of Inexperience
Authors: Filkovic Ivan
Published: September 2017

There are many challenges in the field of structural engineering that young graduates have to deal with at the start of their careers. Those are usually associated with the gap between academic courses and current industrial practices, stressful environment, lack of creativity or ability to work effectively in a team, using advanced computer software and so on. From personal experience and by talking to other young engineers, I have noticed that there is a great need for discussing these potential issues. This paper aims to sparkle a debate about inexperience. It presents young engineers who are taking their first steps into practical engineering, their concerns and challenges. The second part gives an example of a footbridge design which I had to make coming straight from college.
The Future of the Footbridge Engineer in the Purpose Economy
Authors: Thie Edwin
Published: September 2017

The time period we live in generates a context in which the bridge engineer does its job. He designs safe, reliable, economical and durable structures for people and goods to cross roads, rivers and valleys. The context in which we do our job matters, for example in the industrial Age the bridge engineer was at the forefront due to big innovations in materials and technologies to design and build bigger and longer bridges. Which helped build the transportation networks that were essential for quick national and international trade and economic growth. In the following Information Age due to new digital technological innovations it was made much easier to process large amounts of data than before. This resulted in a huge optimisation in material qualities, construction methods, analysing methods of forces and forms and cost. But automation, standardisation and the new technologies also changed the role of the engineer from leader to enabler.

Today we are seeing a slow shift of the Information economy towards a Purpose economy. The Purpose economy is one in which employees and customers are driven by their sense of social purpose, more so than by personal financial and status gain. Public clients align themselves with global and national goals, like the UN Sustainability Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement, to set the future context for bridge designers to find the best fitting solutions. As bridge engineers in the emerging Purpose economy we have an opportunity to lead again in finding the best fitted solutions, in addition to proving the solutions, for the betterment of society.
Application of the Tuned Mass Damper Concept to the Modelling of Pedestrian-Structure Interaction
Authors: Caetano Elsa , Gaspar Cássio , Santos Silva José G. , Moutinho Carlos
Published: September 2017

This paper investigates the effect of crowd walking in the dynamic response of a footbridge. For this purpose, the modal parameters of a single walking pedestrian are identified on the basis of the measurement of the applied load and body acceleration. These parameters are then extended to the characterization of a crowd. Noticing that the mass ratio, frequency and damping of crowds are of the same order of magnitude of the parameters of tuned mass dampers, an analogy is established to explain that pedestrians can act as tuned mass dampers and contribute to decrease the dynamic response with regard to that that would be predicted on the basis of an independent application of loading. Since tuned mass dampers are only effective for near-resonant conditions, it may also be expected that pedestrian-structure interaction can only be relevant for certain ranges of frequency. This fact is actually observed by comparing the loads applied by one pedestrian on a rigid platform and on a vibrating surface, near or at resonance. However, as consequence of the modelling of the crowd as a series of tuned mass dampers, it is additionally concluded that the most important aspect of the crowd influence corresponds to the added damping.
New Generation of Footbridges for Delhi, India
Authors: Tandon Mahes , Srivastava Sarvagya
Published: September 2017

With the growing urbanisation and traffic in Delhi there is need for many footbridges across wide roads for the safety of the pedestrians. As a result, there is a tendency to use the median verge of the carriageway to provide a support to reduce spans and costs, which can be prone to accidents. The selected concept was a structural steel arch, Fig. 1, with the walkway suspended by HTS stainless steel bars. Aesthetic studies indicated that the best results would come from minimum possible depth of the deck, which excluded the possibility of a bow-string concept. So far 5 such bridges are already in service and another 5 are in advanced stage of fabrication and erection. Studies were carried out for aerodynamic and pedestrian excitation which are detailed in the paper.

The proposed Footbridge concept was evolved for sustainability (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE). The concept had to be such that it could be dismantled and re-erected at a different location should this become necessary. The substrata in Delhi consists of soft soil and the city is located in moderately high seismic zone and basic wind speed of 47m/sec.
Rethinking Cities
Authors: Trojaborg Steen Savery , Jensen Poul Ove , Henriksen Jesper B.
Published: September 2017

The City of Copenhagen has in the recent years prioritized an urban development with green mobility as a focal point, aiming to make Copenhagen a CO₂ neutral city by 2025. The streets of Copenhagen are already known for its many bicycles, and with the City's ambitious bicycle strategy, the City of Copenhagen was awarded in 2015 with the title of being the World's Best Bicycle Town. Copenhagen continues to prioritize bicycles as the main transportation method in the city, prompting more bicycle routes throughout Copenhagen necessitating the construction of several bicycle bridges. As a result, DISSING+WEITLING has designed a number of bicycle bridges in Copenhagen that focused particularly on urban development and landmark effect. Among the most well-known and highly publicized are Bryggebroen, Cykelslangen, Åbuen and Folehaven.
Walking on a spider's web
Authors: Jensen Poul Ove , Trojaborg Steen Savery , Henriksen Jesper B.
Published: September 2017

Sofiero is former summer retreat for the Swedish royal family near Helsingborg, Southern Sweden. The park belonging to the castle, is a major tourist attraction. It is divided in two by a deep ravine and the present owner, the City of Helsingborg, wanted to built a footbridge that connected the two parts of the park. At the same time it should serve as a viewing platform from where an outstanding collection of rhododendruns, that grow in the microclimate of the ravine, could be admired. Three architectural firms were invited to present proposals for the bridge and Dissing+Weitling's proposal was selected for execution.

The goal was a bridge a bridge, as light and transparent as possible, that complemented the surroundings without overpowering them and at the same time a bridge that was an attraction in itself and turned the crossing into an event. The solution was a beam bridge spanning the ravine with a single span. The deck, which has an S-shape that matches the winding footpaths of the park, is cantilevered from a straight steelbox, which is supported by an underslung catenary cable. The unloaded bridge is in balance and the steelbox is restrained against torsion at the abutments to maintain equilibrium during live loading.
The Future Transportation Node Køge North Station
Authors: Henriksen Jesper B. , Trojaborg Steen Savery , Jensen Poul Ove
Published: September 2017

The Danish public infrastructure has in the recent years undergone various extensions and upgrades. With the new double-tracked railway line between Copenhagen-Ringsted, the Municiplaity of Køge in collaboration with Banedanmark and DSB, invited in 2014, four architectural firms to present design proposals for the new Køge North Station. A traffic centre and hot-spot for the entire Copenhagen area with its unique intersection of high-speed trains, local trains and the Køge Bay Motorway. Dissing+Weitling's design, in collaboration with COBE and COWI, was selected for execution, seeing off competition from the other teams lead by the Japanese architect Kengo Kuma, French firm Arep Ville and fellow Danish studio Gottleib Paludan Architects.

The goal was a bridge with a design that could accommodate the clients' vision of a a transport node for the 90,000 people passing through the area daily – bringing together high-speed trains, local railway and the motorway leading into Copenhagen from the south. A design complementing the surroundings without overpowering them and at the same time a bridge that was an attraction in itself and turned the crossing into an event. The solution was a 225 metre long steel construction with a light superstructure with an ellipsiod shape.
Markarfljot Footbridge - A Slender Long Span Suspension Bridge in Windy Surroundings
Authors: Oskarsson Kristjan U. , Arason Magnús , Christer Steve , Ingólfsson Einar T.
Published: September 2017

A light suspension bridge was the winner of a design competition in 2014 for a crossing of a glacial river into Thorsmork, a remote nature reserve in the vicinity of the Eyjafjallajokull glacier where a volcanic eruption caused a shutdown of the majority of Europe´s airspace in 2010.

The enterprise was engaged by the Icelandic Road Administration and the local organization Friends of Thorsmork with the main objective of providing safer access to one of Iceland´s most popular tourist destinations.
Bicontentio Sinus Footbridge in Martutene (San Sebastián)
Authors: Guisasola Mario
Published: September 2017

This the story of a footbridge built using the concept of pre-designed bridges.

A new footbridge has been built over the Urumea river in San Sebastián (Spain). It replaces a previous concrete bridge with a pier, and a shorter length with insufficient hydraulic clearance. The bridge is an application of a pre-designed parametric bridge developed by ANTA.

The bridge is elastically fixed on both abutments. This connection is accomplished by placing two pinned supports close to each other. One works in compression, the other in tension.

The material used for the bridge is weathering steel, complemented with stainless steel railings and a wooden deck.

The design approach begins with an initial assessment of the site that will receive the future bridge. The existing topography determines the support conditions, and the resulting bending moment diagram of the structure inspires the final shape of the bridge.

The characteristics of the Martutene footbridge include hidden abutments, neutral colors, and it integrates the natural terrain with the support structures. To achieve a more slender appearance, the cross-sections along the length of the structure are very variable.
Bridging Mzamba – Perspectives on Trans-Disciplinary and Cross-Cultural Implementation Process
Authors: Wagner Marlene
Published: September 2017

Paper and presentation address the conference theme Cultivate the Debate through the reflection and examination of the collaborative implementation process of a life-saving suspension bridge in South Africa from multiple perspectives.

The approach is to tell a story that is focused on actors, the process of production, created social space and bridged cultures rather than the built product.

The project bridgingMzamba, located in the global South, serves as an opportunity to enable a collective reflection beyond traditional architectural, engineering or aid practice and representation.

The examination of the trans-disciplinary and cross-cultural implementation process from different perspectives and in diverse media aims at a collective knowledge production and to develop strategies of communication for future exertion of necessary infrastructures when the state, the economy and industry fail.
Wind and Pedestrian Vibration Assessment on the New Swan River Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Cosentino Nicola , Majowiecki Massimo , Pinardi Stefano
Published: September 2017

The paper presents the problems related to wind and pedestrian induced vibration that have been faced during the design of the Swan River Pedestrian Bridge (SRPB) in Perth (Australia).

It is a three-span arch structure (approximately 80-140-80 m length, respectively). Arches are made by lattice steel structures and the deck is suspended to the arches by sub-vertical strands. Each span has two crossed arches with triangular cross-sections that vary dimensions along the arch. Two cantilever extensions are connected to the crown of the central arch. Arches are supported by quite flexible piles.
Elizabeth Quay Pedestrian Bridge, Perth - The Jewel of the Quay
Authors: Burnton Peter , Birmingham Nick , Buxton Stewart
Published: September 2017

The Elizabeth Quays twin arch pedestrian bridge artfully meanders across the entrance to the newly created inlet in the Perth CBD, Australia. The distinctive bridge completes a waterfront redevelopment that has transformed the foreshore into a busy promenade. Visitors to the precinct can now walk, run or cycle across the bridge enjoying spectacular views of the river and city in all directions.

The design brief was for a bridge that is simple, iconic, and transparent; cognisant of the outstanding potential to frame exciting views. In addition it had to allow access by ferries into the inlet and provide equitable access on the 5m wide and 110m long deck.

Arup architects and engineers worked collaboratively to optimize the design, challenge constraints and innovate in their delivery of the elegant curvaceous deck form and counterpoised inclined steel arches. The deck is in an S shape in plan comprising a steel box supported on one side by cables suspended from the 22m high arches. Concrete piers frame the navigation channel and continue the force lines from the arches to the water surface.

The bridge was successfully completed in early 2016, exceeding the client's expectations.
The Bridge of the Dialogue in Chiavenna (Italy)
Authors: Siviero Enzo , Martini Viviana
Published: September 2017

The declaration Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges was inscribed on the Unesco List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding in 2009, due to the rapid urbanization, scarcity of timber and lack of available construction space, all of which combine to threaten ist transmission and survival. The traditional design and practices for building these footbridges combine the use of wood, traditional architectural tools, craftsmanship, the core technologies of "beam-weaving" and mortise and tenon joints, and an experienced woodworker's understanding of different environments and the necessary structural mechanics. The idea to build a Timber Arch Bridge in ValChiavenna, located about 100 kilometres north of Milan in Italy, is an example of cooperation between Italy and China, and aims to rediscover this antique Chinese tradition in order to connect two places in view of a pilgrimage to the Madonna of Europe. The goal of this paper is to retrace history and typology of this cultural heritage, through the design of the "Bridge of the dialogue" in Chiavenna. A final written, entitled Our Lady of Europe and the "human bridge" between religions for peace, contains some suggestions about the intrinsic meaning of this footbridge.
Tripod Footbridge, Terni (Italy)
Authors: Benedetti Renato , Sorrentino Carla , Manfroni Odine
Published: September 2017

Landmark 180m bridge facilitating Terni's urban regeneration, linking station improvements for fast trains to Rome. A 60m inverted ‘tripod' tower and pair of rings support an asymmetric array of cable-stay spans. A further truss span is re-positionable in future to release and connect more land. 2 bridges for the price of 1.

International competition winner marking Terni's expansion as a commuter hub 100km from Rome. The tower and its structural halos are visible from the historic town centre, ring road and surrounding Umbrian mountains, aiding orientation and enhancing the station's identity.
Perceptibility of Vibrations by Pedestrians
Authors: Czwikla Benjamin , Kasperski Michael
Published: September 2017

The serviceability criteria for pedestrian structures against vibrations in many recent Standards and guidelines are not based on a consistent probabilistic concept considering the large natural scatter in human responses. While earlier recommendations are the results of on engineering judgement based on a few experiments, the fairly large and still deterministic limiting values in actual design recommendations seem to have no sound scientific justification. The actual study discusses the different serviceability effects as listed in ISO 10137, and points out that beside the question to comfort further and more severe aspects have to be taken into account like fear, interference with activities and possibility of injury. Furthermore, the paper summarizes the known features in the random scatter of perception and evaluation of vibrations for passive persons. The basic random scatter in regard to vibration perception for walking persons is analysed based on field experiments with soldiers marching in step. A marker is dropped as soon as the person feels the vibration. The position of the marker is used to identify the individual times when vibrations have been percieved during the crossing process. The experienced vibration cycle before dropping the marker contains the required threshold information. The perception threshold values of 42 persons are used to identify a theoretical model for the probability distribution. Further tests give first rough estimates for the threshold levels in regard to interference and distortion effects.
Innovation in Providing a Solution to River Scour
Authors: Hogger Jacqui A.
Published: September 2017

River scour is a recognised threat to many bridge structures in the form of the undermining of structural foundations. The size and scale of the problem varies much like the hydrology and topography of each structure's location.

Tried, tested and traditional methods of preventing scour are feasible at locations with available area and ease of access. However many sites are remote with restricted access possibilities, so there was a need to research and develop a process/ technique to combat and protect structures from scour at remote sites.
Footbridges Load Tests in Poland: History, Regulations, Examples, Results
Authors: Borek Dawid , Karkut Łukasz , Kałuża Jerzy , Wazowski Marek
Published: September 2017

The paper presents some chosen results of footbridges tests on site that have been done by the authors, recently. Dynamic amplification factor, natural frequency, mode shapes and damping have been analyzed by dynamic footbridges testing. The paper describes also the dynamic method of the suspension control system forces. As the result of registration and analysis of free vibration of a suspender, the authors present quick, non-destructive and reliably test as the contemporary method to improve safety of arch and suspended footbridge superstructures.
Experimental Investigation of the Vibration Susceptibility of Footbridges for Subcritcal Vibration Modes
Authors: Meinhardt Christian , Sahnaci Ceyhun
Published: September 2017

A lot of slender and/or long span footbridges display vertical vibration modes with natural frequencies below the frequency range that is specified to be critical by various guidelines. The presented study aims at assessing the susceptibility of vibration modes in a sub—critical frequency range within the scope of serviceability aspects. The assessment is based on vibration tests on 2 slender long-span footbridges which revealed modes and frequencies below normal footfall rates. During the vibration tests accelerations with a significant participation of the sub-critical modes were observed in particular for randomly and slowly walking occupants on the bridge deck though the overall acceleration levels were within acceptable values. In addition vibration tests with an intended resonance-like excitation of the relevant modes were performed. The measured dynamic response was then qualitatively compared with the calculated dynamic responses for which methods of current guidelines and experimentally determined Dynamic Load factors for sub-critical footfall rates and for subharmonics have been applied. Based on this comparison the relevance of sub-critical vibration modes for normal loading and vandalism was assessed.
Swan River Pedestrian Bridge in Perth - Structural Design Story from the Concept to the Construction
Authors: Majowiecki Massimo , Pinardi Stefano , Berti Giovanni
Published: September 2017

This paper resume the story of the design of the new “Swan River Pedestrian Bridge” now under construction in Perth, Australia. The bridge is formed by three steel decks connected with cable hangers to three steel arches, the central span is 144[m] and the two lateral 84[m]. The geometry of the steel arches follow the free form shape designed by DCM Architects, in order to achieve an iconic image as required in the tender of 2014.

Studio Majowiecki has been involved as structural designer from the tender phase to the executive design in the team of York Rizzani Joint Venture. During the concept phase of the tender proposal many static and architectural schemes have been analyzed in order to find the solution that combine in the best way the requirements in terms of aesthetic image and structural efficiency.

Due to the complex geometry of the bridge it has been necessary to adopt particular solutions for the design and analysis of the arches and deck structures, such as the joints between the steel elements of the lattice structures, the connections between the membrane cladding and the chords and some details that allow the completion of assembly procedures.
Vibration Control of Footbridges Under Pedestrian Loading Using Tuned Mass Damper Systems with Eddy Current Damper Technology
Authors: Saige David , Engelhardt Jürgen , Katz Sebastian
Published: September 2017

Modern designs of footbridges often lead to slender constructions with long spans which results in structural systems with a low stiffness and comparatively low masses. A low natural frequency combined with low modal masses is the consequence. This makes footbridges prone to vibrations induced by pedestrians.

Well-known measures to increase the structural damping of a footbridge and hence control the risk of vibrations are Tuned mass dampers (TMD). One of the factors defining the effectiveness of a TMD is its damping mechanism. Characteristics of eddy current dampers can improve TMD performance significantly. An innovative TMD design using eddy current dampers as damping element for an application on footbridges is developped in this paper. First, the theoretical potential is analyzed analytically. A detailed discussion on the optimization of TMD parameters combined with the characteristics of eddy current dampers shows its advantages. In the second part a TMD construction using an eddy current damper is designed based on a case study of a footbridge.
BIM and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
Authors: Knight Martin
Published: September 2017

Story-telling is the oldest form of communication – an art form as well as a system of knowledge transfer – which involves social bonding, the art of performance and results in a shared memory which is powerful and rich. Story-telling is also an enjoyable skill that is arguably more familiar to architects than to engineers, perhaps because of the emphasis on critique in education. Unlike design creativity, which to an extent is a natural skill that cannot be taught, the art of story-telling is a skill that can be learned and which has certain key ingredients. This is vitally important at several stages in the life of every project, no matter whether it is a high-profile bridge or an everyday crossing.

In this paper, I want to briefly explore the importance of the art of story-telling as it applies to bridge designers, with the help of my favourite story, Zen And The Art Of Motorcycle Maintenance, whose sub-title is “An Inquiry Into Values”. Written in 1974 by Robert Pirsig, this is a tale of a motorcycle road trip, of a father and a son, of philosophy and reality. The road trip is itself a metaphor for life and the experiences of the narrator are used to introduce philosophical themes of Quality and a Sense of Place, which are at the heart of an architectural understanding of bridge design.
Management of Constraints to Create Meaningful Places
Authors: Font Xavier
Published: September 2017

Do you need a landmark structure to create meaningful places? Most local communities cannot afford expensive signature projects to solve their lack of infrastructures. In the other hand, bridges and footbridges are highly visible objects that have an important impact on the places where they sit and the people with whom they interact, and therefore their design is always a great responsibility.

In this paper we are going to show how, with simple solutions and very limited resources, it was possible to find the right balance between the set of constraints and requirements we had to deal with —limited budget, tight deadlines, high flood level of the river flow, presence of three high-voltage overhead power lines, maintenance and durability issues in a rather conflictive neighbourhood,...—, and at the same time to deliver a well-integrated and aesthetically pleasant solution that provides a place where pedestrians may feel comfortable, welcomed and save, and even want to spend some time to rest, enjoy the surroundings,...

The area where the footbridge is located was a so far trivial place, but, in our opinion, with some potential for providing meaning to both, the people who crosses over the structure, and the people in whose world the footbridge is placed. We strongly think it is obvious that projects are conditioned by the places where they are located, but we also believe that footbridges may give an individual character —genius loci— to an otherwise rather plain location, creating this way meaningful places.
"Belle Liégeoise", the new Footbridge in Liège
Authors: Servais Vincent , Gens Frédéric
Published: September 2017

The new footbridge in Liège, known as "La Belle Liégeoise", was opened on 2nd May 2016. Located upstream of the landscape window created by the new Guillemins esplanade, this bridge provides a connection for soft transport modes from the railway station across the Meuse to La Boverie park, maintaining clearance for navigation.

The site presents a dissymmetry: an urban bank faces a wooded bank. Reflecting this, the structure of the main section on the left bank develops a suspended typology, while the second section on the right bank is supported by struts.

The main span over the Meuse is 163 metres for a total length of 294 metres. The 5.5 metre wide deck is positioned laterally to the supporting structure.

The footbridge is accessible to “soft” transport modes via the provision of ramps made of variable height steel boxes, supporting the 3.5 metre wide deck of azobé wood. On the right bank, the bridge crosses La Boverie Park through the canopy, offering a new vision of this urban park.

Bureau Greisch, in association with the landscaping architect Corajoud, was responsible for the full architectural and structural design for the footbridge.
The book "Footbridges - Small is Beautiful"
Authors: Humar Gorazd , Siviero Enzo
Published: September 2017

The book titled “Footbridges – small is beautiful” [1] issued by the European Council of Civil Engineers (ECCE) end of the year 2014 is a result of a huge work of numerous authors from 22 European countries. Their work was to undertake as comprehensive as possible a review of the achievements of human expertise in the construction of bridges specifically intended for pedestrians. This task was not chosen as random. Instead, it had a specific objective. Although footbridges are usually smaller structures (there are exceptions), their planning and execution require a great deal of expertise in the fields of both construction and architecture. Few construction projects involve such creative interaction between construction engineer and architect from the outset. At the same time creation of a nice footbridge is a challenge for both of them to express their knowledge in constructing bridges and bridge design. The book includes presentation of more than 200 footbridges built in Europe regardless of their date of construction and their size making the book more interesting. And especially the old footbridges built some centuries are telling us interesting stories. What are the stories of the famous footbridges like The Old Bridge in Mostar, The Rialto Bridge in Venice and The Hradeckega Bridge in Ljubljana? We still can learn from them and take their messages in account while designing a modern footbridge. Let us learn from the past while thinking for tomorrow.
Computing Serviceability Vibration Predictors for an In Service Footbridge
Authors: Díaz Iván M. , García-Palacios Jaime H. , García-Cruz Ayose , Soria José M.
Published: September 2017

In order to analyse the in-service response of a footbridge, several vibration predictors may be computed, such as peak acceleration, running Root Mean Square acceleration, Maximum Transient Vibration Value, Response Factors and Crest Factors. These predictors have been derived from controlled and uncontrolled tests on Veterinary Faculty Footbridge, sited in Madrid, using frequency weighted and unweighted raw data.

Prior to the in-service serviceability assessment, the structure has been analysed, firstly, using an FFT-mobile application (by obtaining the frequency spectrum as a first approach to natural frequency estimation), and secondly, from operational data (by applying operational modal analysis techniques) and free vibration response tests. In-service vibration analysis has been carried out employing only 2 sensors, placed on the structure according to modal shapes, weighted by means of frequency-dependent functions accounting for input frequency properties (dynamic loading factors of human loading) and output frequency perception (taken from ISO 2631-1). The vibration serviceability has been assessed and discussed from all the predictors, extracting conclusions about their convenience.
Fully bio-based-composite footbridge: Strain monitoring during use phase
Authors: Blok Rijk , Teuffel Patrick M.
Published: September 2017

Last year a bio based pedestrian bridge, first in its kind, has been installed at the TU/e University campus in Eindhoven. Material test formed the basis for the innovative design and the research project resulted in the production and installation of the bridge. Because there are still a lot of unknowns in the material behaviour of the used bio-composites, it was decided to monitor and test the bridge further after production. For this purpose optical FBG sensors have been installed. The FBG sensors show the material strains in good detail and the results of the thus measured strains in load tests are shown. The test results are compared with results from earlier material tests. The short term structural behaviour follows closely the used elastic models based on calculated as well as measured stiffnesses. The long term time dependent behaviour however shows a number of different influences from creep, temperature and moisture content that can not yet be fully explained by earlier measurements and tests.
Changing Paradigm of Indian Footbridges: From Connectors to Destinations
Authors: Batliboi Ratan J.
Published: September 2017

The paper unfolds the journey of footbridges from the vast spectrum of India's historical, rural, peri-urban and urban context. The footbridges are studied from the lens of their need in their respective contexts, the transience or permanence of their nature, building materials and construction methodologies and how it ultimately defines their design aesthetics. It delves into the planning principles that have been considered for the footbridge like accessibility, site context integration and stakeholder range that have directly or indirectly impacted to their success or failure at multiple scales. It further goes on to discuss the morphological changes that some of the old footbridges have undergone and their adaptation or lack thereof to the needs of today's pedestrian needs. This gives an indication of the factors that dictate the premise for pedestrian infrastructure in general and the opportunities for footbridges in particular within the Indian context. It later outlines the attempts of RJB-CPL as a leading design firm in India in collaboration with structural designers to take these learning's through specific examples from their professional practice. The question that this paper presents is the need for such footbridges to commemorate places that are unique. It provokes these connections solely for the pedestrians who are the largest contributors to the modal share but remain majorly and literally side-lined on non-existent sidewalks of India. The paper also debates the notion of basing the development of cities by the measure of its ‘walkabilty' and the role that the footbridges might play viz-a-viz its vehicular counterparts. The central idea of the paper is how these destination bridges could make our cities more pedestrian friendly and inclusive in nature.
Why we Will all be Looking for a new Job Soon. True Story Based on Study Case of Orkdal Footbridge
Authors: Luczkowski Marcin , Dyvik Steinar Hillersøy , Mork John Haddal , Rønnquist Nils Erik Anders
Published: September 2017

The fourth industrial revolution, already present in the several industries, is now entering the field of civil engineering. Digital fabrication, mass customization, robot arms and drones are connected within the building information modeling (BIM) systems. All the work that is currently accomplished by nonprofessional or semi-professional workers can now be automated or delegated to robots. The main motivation behind this shift is economical: lowering the overall cost by increasing project time predictability and enhancing work security at the same time. The proper use of computers and machines helps avoiding random errors that are cumbersome to detect and thus slower the process of the project. For example: Using computer numerical control (CNC) sawing machines significantly increases the quality and accuracy of the timber elements that are sent to a construction side. Using pneumatic nail pistols or numerical welding machines speed up the joining process. Everything what happens since now was focused mostly on eliminating human factor from construction site. The most dramatic mistakes in civil engineering are prevalently made in the design phase of construction process. One can risk the thesis that knowledge available to the designer, i.e. the finite element method, scripting tools, Eurocodes, parametric modelling, and power computing machines could all be smartly merged together to eliminate the source of random errors from the design phase. In other words, we dare to propose an automated designing process concept with a limited interference of the designer. This is naturally followed by the new role of the designer, that to both qualitative and quantitative change.
The Observation Point "Wolkenhain" - Bridge as well as Tower: A New Landmark in Berlin
Authors: Klähne Thomas , Kubieniec Gabriel
Published: September 2017

The following paper describes the innovative steel observation point „Wolkenhain“ from the point of view of the checking engineener. Many aspects of designing, manufacturing and erecting such unusual structures, like specific characteristics of the construction, load assumptions, modelling, structural behavior are discussed. It is shown that structural calculation of structures with difficult geometries and loading conditions have to be supported by additional experimental tests and wind appraisals.
An International Arrival: The Collaborative Design of an Iconic Airport Footbridge
Authors: Sarkisian Mark , Schlaich Mike , Mathias Neville , Stein Michael , Draper Powell , McCann Jacob
Published: September 2017

The expansion of the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport has provided an opportunity to Cultivate Debate among an international group of designers collaboratively designing an iconic new footbridge. This bridge has been designed to provide effective circulation, allow passengers views of the site and geography beyond, and to act as a strong visual symbol of the tranformation of the facility and region. The unique location of the bridge as well as the aesthetic and structure of the linked buildings have influenced the design and proposed construction method. This progressive design-build project encouraged the formation of an international team of designers and builders to work closely with the owners throughout the process. The design process has been productive and collaborative, and yet has also included healthy debates about how best to integrate diverse interests to result in a bridge that can fulfill (and, when possible, exceed) all requirements. In addition to site and construction demands, these requirements have included: stringent dynamic criteria; integration into the architectural language of the overall project; emphasis on passenger comfort; the need to stay cost effective; and the desire for a lightweight, iconic, efficient design.
Study of the Group Effects on the Vibration Serviceability of Slender Footbridges
Authors: Setareh Mehdi
Published: September 2017

Long span, slender footbridges can be susceptible to excessive vibrations due to pedestrian movements. The vibrations when pedestrians cross a footbridge at a speed near its resonance frequency can become excessive and cause concern about the structural integrity. This paper presents the results of the experimental studies on two steel footbridges with different structural systems and architectural configurations, susceptible to vibrations due to human movements. The resonance frequencies of each structure was measured. Several vibration tests were conducted during which various number of pedestrians crossed the footbridges at different speeds (random, resonance frequency of the structure, and most probable speed). Various vibration evaluation parameters such as peak acceleration, maximum transient vibration value (MTVV) and vibration dose value (VDV) were computed for each measured record. The frequency-weighting functions from different standards were used for the computation of each evaluation parameter. To assess the group effects for each case, an enhancement factor was defined as the ratio of the particular evaluation parameter when a group of pedestrians crossed the footbridge divided by the same from only one pedestrian. This study showed the relative consistency between the results of the tests on the two structures. However, it became evident that the variations of the enhancement factors are not consistent with those reported in the existing literature.