bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of the Current Situation
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Early in the twentieth century Virginia began to develop an apple­ growing industry. As the industry took an important place in Virginia’s economy, growers discovered that its future was threatened by a plant disease called cedar rust. Cedar rust spends its first phase on red cedar trees, which it does not harm. In a later phase, though, the cedar rust destroys the leaves and fruit on apple trees. From the apple growers’ point of view, the remedy was obvious: Cut down all the cedar trees and thereby eliminate the threat. They persuaded the Virginia legislature to enact a statute letting apple growers petition the state entomologist to inspect cedar trees growing near apple orchards. If the entomologist found cedar rust infestation, the statute said, he or she could order the cedar trees’ owners to cut them down.
Burdens, Benefits, and Baselines
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Michael T. McSpadden, 209th district judge of Harris County, Texas, doesn’t mince words. In a 1992 speech he urged Texans to lobby for passage of laws that would allow castration of sex offenders “before every woman and child” is raped. If all 9,000 sex offenders currently jailed in Texas were castrated, he said, there would be only 450 repeat offenders. Allen Butler, a twenty-eight-year-old defendant awaiting trial for rape, had more than an academic interest in Judge McSpadden’s pro­ posal. While on probation for performing an indecent act with a seven­ year-old girl, Butler was accused of repeatedly raping another girl, aged thirteen. If convicted, he was likely to be sentenced to thirty-five years in prison.
Racial Equality and the Rhetoric of Nondiscrimination
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Racial discrimination is irrational, unfair, and inherently wrong. People should be judged on the basis of their individual merit rather than on the basis of racial stereotypes. The government should never allocate benefits or burdens on the assumption that individuals are likely to act in a particular way just because of the color of their skin. For most of this country’s history, most of its people denied the truth of these propositions. They were soundly rejected by the framers who wrote our founding document in 1787.
Careers in Project Networks: The Case of the Film Industry
Authors: Jones Candace
Published: November 2023

Faced with the demise of traditional careers, individuals are increasingly engaged in jobs comprised of short-term projects, rather than in permanent employment arrangements (Bridges, 1994; Huey, 1994; O’Reilly, 1994; Richman, 1994a, 19946). This radical shift in responsibility and action in work life is transforming our notion of careers and work organization. Understanding what these changes mean and how they are being played out is a critical issue for practitioners and organizational scholars.
Subjectivism, Discovery, and Boundary less Careers: An Austrian Perspective
Authors: Ellig Jerry , That chenkery Tojo Joseph
Published: November 2023

A recent Fortune cover story featured the new antiorganization person: a young, intelligent, hotshot MBA from a top-rated school, who doesn’t want to work for a company. Instead, at age 31, he runs his own interactive-software company. “Kissing Off Corporate America,” the title of the cover story, is a trend sweeping elite American business schools: An Opinion Research Corp. survey recently found that just 1 % of the 1,000 adult respondents would freely choose to be corporate managers. In 1989, nearly 70% of Stanford’s MBAs joined big companies. In 1994, only about half did so.
Hair Cells Of The Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

Although hair cells of the mammalian cochlea share the general character­ istics of all hair cells, they have some unique properties. Alone among hair cells, their apical surfaces are subjected to large positive extracellular po­ tentials. M_oreover, neither type of hair cell has a kinocilium, but a basal body is found in the usual location of the kinociliary insertion into the cuticular plate. Most unusual is the ability of the outer hair cells to modulate their shapes when stimulated electrically.
Afferent Innervation
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

On their way into the brain, acoustic signals must be translated from the hydromechanical world of cochlear vibrations into the electrochemical world of neural processing. The inner hair cells are the cochlea’s chief agents for such translations. As discussed in Chapter 8, currents flowing through the apical ends of these hair cells owing to ciliary movements produce receptor potentials. Once established, these voltages serve as generator potentials that initiate a chain of events eventually resulting in a barrage of action potentials simultaneously coursing toward the central nervous system on thousands of parallel axons. As we shall see in Chapters 11-14, the characteristics of these two worlds are in a sense complementary to each other. Whereas the cochlea’s hydromechanical mechanisms divide the incoming acoustic signals into overlapping frequency bands (see Chapter 5), its neural innervation seems designed for rapid, accurate encoding of temporal events. Both capabilities are of course important, as time and frequency are complementary dimensions of acoustic signals (see Chapter 13).
Young America in Literature Duyckinck, Melville, and the Mutual Admiration Society
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

In personality the shy, retiring Evert Duyckinck was about as far from O’Sullivan’s grandstanding as it was possible to be. Yet the bookworm and the firebrand forged a meaningful partnership in the mid-184os, bringing their version of American culture to the New York masses and beyond. Duyckinck was no “Sub-Sub Librarian” either, but O’Sullivan’s most trusted lieutenant in the heady days of the Polk campaign and its aftermath. His literary acumen combined with O’Sullivan’s rabid political energy to briefly dominate the American book and magazine trade, before both turned to other projects. In his quiet way, he advanced O’Sullivan’s “democratic principle” just as piously, and perhaps secured more lasting results than his easily distracted employer.
Introduction
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: November 2023

In recent decades, societies all over the world—throughout Latin America, East Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa—have overthrown military dictatorships and totalitarian regimes for freedom and democracy. In these times of massive political movement from illiberal rule, one burning question recurs. How should societies deal with their evil pasts? This question leads to others that explore the question of the relation of the treatment of the state’s past to its future. How is the social understanding behind a new regime committed to the rule of law created? Which legal acts have transformative significance? What, if any, is the relation between a state’s response to its repressive past and its prospects for creating a liberal order? What is law’s potential for ushering in liberalization?1
Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan
Authors: Unger J Marshall
Published: November 2023

Japanese writing intermingles three different sets of characters, making it difficult to adapt to new technology. Unger looks at why the Japanese have not reformed their orthography and specifically the efforts at script reform that took place after the Second World War, and how and why that movement was defeated.
Introduction: Dreamers or Realists?
Authors: Neglect Scholarly
Published: November 2023

Historians of Japan lavish attention on labor organizers, Communists, and their sympathizers in literature and the arts who were crushed by the military regime that led Japan into World War II. Script reform in general, and romanization in particular, simply do not qualify as social or political programs worthy of sustained study because it is “clear” (in hindsight) that thorough-going script reform was not a necessary condition for postwar economic success. Leaving aside for the moment a precise definition of “success” (upon which much obviously hinges), it is at least worth remembering that, for the first half of the century, script reform was a social policy issue that held the attention of Japanese leaders across a wide spectrum of political and cultural views. Looking back, we see it was not the would-be reformers who had their heads in the clouds so much as those who believed that all change could be resisted indefinitely. An impressively large and diverse group of distinguished Japanese understood that some sort of reform was inevitable, so obvious were the superfluities and anachronisms of the existing writing system; the question of the day was what specific shape the reform would take, not whether it would take place at all. There were a large number of possibilities, ranging from limitation on the number of Chinese characters in general use at one extreme to romanization on the other; none was dismissed out of hand.
Evidence from Trainor and the GHQ! SCAP Archives
Authors: Experiment The Romaji.Education
Published: November 2023

Although the results of the romaji education experiment have remained largely a mystery, the experiment itself was no secret at the time. Walter C. Eells, who had served as an advisor on higher education in the CI&E section of GHQ/SCAP mentioned it in passing in an article he published shortly after returning to the United States. In addition to introducing Romaji instruction in the regular school system, the Ministry (of Education] has developed a program of experimental Romaji education under the administration of the National Institute for Educational Research. Extending over the school years 1948-49, 1949-50, and 1950-51 this program is seeking to compare the effectiveness of the use of Romaji with that of the combined use of Kanji and Kana as instruments of reading and learning ability, and also to measure the relative effectiveness of the three systems of Romaji. The program included 89 experimental classes the first year, 120 the second, and 101 in the final years of 1950-51. The results of this three year experiment are being awaited with interest. (Eells 1952, 212) In fact, some data from the experiment were published on 1 March 1951 by the Japanese Ministry of Education, but the report was not widely circulated and lay virtually unknown until 1991, when Banno Yuichiro and I independently found copies of it in the National Diet Library and the National Institute for Educational Research, respectively. Furthermore, the report was neither the only nor the most revealing document about the experiment.
“Tradition Informs Us”: African Americans’ Construction of Memory in the Antebellum North
Authors: Hancock Scott
Published: November 2023

Sometime after the American Revolution, John Hancock presented a silk flag to a unique company of soldiers in recognition of their service. Like other soldiers, they had risked their lives. Their uniqueness stemmed not from the nature of their service but from the nature of their being. These soldiers were black. Some were likely former slaves, representing the hopes of thousands and crowning the ideals of the country—or at least, decades later, that is how they would be remembered, as this cherished flag and the stories it represented passed down to succeeding generations. In the antebellum United States, free black Northerners responded to challenges to their citizenship by arguing that they belonged in and to the United States. African Americans evoked their ancestors’ service to the country as soldiers and sailors during war, and as diligent, law-abiding workers during peace.
Microparametric Syntax: Some Introductory Remarks
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Comparative syntax can be thought of as that facet of syntactic theory directly concerned with the question of how best to characterize the properties of human languages that are not universal. Put another way, comparative syntax directly addresses the question of how best to understand the notion of parameter taken to underlie syntactic variation.
Spatial Orientation
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

In Lugbara, a language spoken in northeastern Zaire and northwestern Uganda, the traditional terms for spatial orientation are as shown in table 3-1. These Lugbara terms differ from corresponding terms in European languages in that they are all transparent (see section 2.4)—that is, in all cases, the motivation of the terms is still fully recoverable, as suggested by the literal meanings provided. At the same time, the motivation is similar to that found in many other languages. For example, quite a number of languages worldwide have derived their terms for ‘east’ and ‘west’ (if such terms exist at all) from expressions that relate to the rising and the setting sun, respectively (see section 3.2). Moreover, a common source of terms for ‘right hand’ is provided by such concepts as ‘the male/strong hand’, ‘the eating hand’, but also by ‘the real/true hand’ (see, e.g., Werner 1904). Thus, while Lugbara differs from English and other European languages, it has much in common with many languages elsewhere in the world.
Possession
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing chapters, we have been concerned with simple linguistic forms, such as lexical items that develop into grammatical items. However, it is possible to argue, as some in fact do, that this evolution involves entire constructions, rather than individual items. For our purposes, this issue is of minor importance. As we will see in this and the following chapter, however, there are, in fact, more complex structures that are equally relevant for understanding why grammar is structured the way it is. In section 5.3 we will see that there are certain domains of grammar that cannot be accounted for satisfactorily with reference to simple entities like words or morphemes but rather owe their genesis to schematic structures that have a propositional form; following Heine (1993) we will refer to these structures as event schemas. Possession is one such domain.
Beyond Grammar
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

Most of what was discussed in the preceding chapters relates to processes that in some way or other have to do with grammar; it falls within the scope of grammaticalization theory. For example, I looked at a number of instances where words belonging to open classes, like nouns or verbs, develop into closed-class items like numerals, adverbs, adpositions, articles, and the like. The main goal of this chapter is to demonstrate that essentially the same principles are at work within the lexicon—that is, when lexical items acquire new meanings.
Outlook
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

Suppose you have a daughter and you want to give her a name that is not biased in any way—that is, a name that has no meaning. You might decide to call her “X.” A possible or even likely reaction that your decision will trigger is that people will wonder: Why is she called X? There must be a special meaning to it. Naming, we argue, is not arbitrary; it is inherently motivated, irrespective of whether it involves the naming of persons, objects, or activities, and irrespective of whether the name is chosen from the language concerned or from some other language. Essentially the same applies to the “naming of grammatical meanings”—that is, to the strategies used to find linguistic forms for the expression of grammatical functions.
Participant Frameworks Indexed by Requesting Discourse
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

ash creek residents communicate requests’ through a repertoire of various verbal, nonverbal, and, very rarely, literate requesting practices. This repertoire contains discourse tokens that are highly conventional in form and appear in routine interactions, not only in interactions with “belongin” network members but also with others in the immediate area and in town. Commonly, verbal forms are single words, short phrases, or abbreviated versions of longer, more formal requesting sequences. Verbal requesting discourse uses deictics, personal pronouns, and concrete nouns as presuppositional and creative indexes to reproduce culturally significant meanings about socioeconomic relationships.
“Volunteerins”Direct “Askins “ and ‘ Optional Uses of Nonimperative: Requesting Discourse
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on how the most common ways of making (or not making) requests construct divisions of labor and facilitate the circulation of commodities, goods, and services in Ash Creek. These patterns are strongly developed and, in most cases, create requesting contexts in which the requestor does not make a direct request—rather, the requestee offers or volunteers to do or provide something. I organized these common patterns into optional uses of requesting discourse, "volunteerin” discourse, and direct "askin” discourse.
Nonimperative requesting practices: “Takin Care Of “ “Tradin ဝ and “Makin A Deal”
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

Nonimperative requests that have transparent socioeconomic functions are most commonly found within three communicative practices. These practices include both material and verbal exchanges in various combinations. Residents describe these practices using clauses such as “Bills takin care of Bob,” “they made a deal,” or “we traded for some plunder at the Rea market.” The fullest discourse structurings appear in the practice of “takin care of” someone.
The Grammar of Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The Grammar of Criminal Law is a 3-volume work that addresses the field of international and comparative criminal law, with its primary focus on the issues of international concern, ranging from genocide, to domestic efforts to combat terrorism, to torture, and to other international crimes. The first volume is devoted to foundational issues. The Grammar of Criminal Law is unique in its systematic emphasis on the relationship between language and legal theory; there is no comparable comparative study of legal language. Written in the spirit of Fletchers classic Rethinking Criminal Law, this work is essential reading in the field of international and comparative law.
Criminal Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

In this first foundational chapter, we explore a series of trilogies, triadic possibilities in the structure of criminal law. The first set addresses three issues that lie, with an appropriate sense of abstraction, at the basis of all systems of criminal law. These three structural components—aggression, selfdefence, and consent—provide a matrix for understanding the entire criminal law. The second trilogy addresses different types of criminal law, depending on whether the focus is on the act, the actor, or the actor’s culpability. All three are possible and all three variations can be found in existing systems of criminal law. The third section in this chapter considers different foci for thinking about why conduct qualifies as crime. These three approaches reflect different emphases: on violating a duty, causing harm, or infringing a norm. Each focus carries its own theoretical and moral significance.
Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The term “criminal law” carries more meaning—and more controversy—than one might expect. The problem is finding the appropriate term for the field of law that both defines specific offenses such as theft and homicide and also lays down the general principles of criminal responsibility. The conventional term for this field in Continental European legal cultures is not criminal law but “penal law”(Strafrecht, derecho penal, droit penal, dirittopenale, etc.). Of course one can say “criminal law” in all of these languages, and in various times and various places the phrase Kriminalrecht or “criminal law” did have currency, but the pattern of modern usage has changed, and this change is rich with paradox.
The Act Requirement
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The distinction between persons and things is rooted in our shared understanding of the world. A person—as opposed to a robot or a puppet—functions as a self—contained source of his or her own movements. Things lack this internal self-control. They move when they are moved by external forces or are programmed to move according to prior instructions. Persons have bodies that are, of course, also things in the sense that their bodies obey the laws of gravity and they can be forced by external pressures into moving in predictable ways, yet the standard experience of human beings is interaction as self-originating actors.
Equal Protection
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

Unprecedented expansion in the reach of the Constitution’s guarantee to equal protection of the laws was clearly among the most significant and controversial developments of the Warren Court era. The Court’s decisions in Brown v. Board of Education (1954, 1955)1 and related cases outlawing racial segregation in the public schools and other fields of national life are only the most obvious examples. Drawing on dicta in pre-Warren cases,2 the Court concluded that discriminatory action that was based on “suspect” classifications or interfered with “fundamental rights” was to be subjected to “strict scrutiny” and upheld only if found necessary to further a compelling governmental interest.
Lexical Variation in the Deaf Community Relating to Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Signs
Authors: Kleinfeld Mala S , warner noni
Published: November 2023

During the past decade speakers of American Sign Language (ASL), in keeping with current trends in language use, have developed strong opinions about the appropriateness of certain politically charged signs. These opinions have in turn influenced people who interpret the language for the hearing community. This chapter focuses on Deaf community members, both deaf1 and hearing, and the variation in their use of signs for gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons. Since research on American Sign Language began only in 1960, there is a limited literature avail­ able on gay terminology and variations thereof. The purpose of the present study is to discover the sociolinguistic rules affecting the employment of signs for gay identity; we examine the signs that speakers have used in the past, the signs that speakers use now, and the current attitude toward these signs both within and without the ASL-using community.
The Color Of His Eyes: Polari and the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Authors: Lucas Ian
Published: November 2023

In 1950 a series of notes written on Christmas cards to friends became the basis for an article on the theatrical vocabulary known as polari. Yet even at such an early stage in its study, the writer Eric Partridge was warning: What, then, is polari, and what is its significance in British gay and theatrical culture? Polari is the most comprehensive extant form of British gay slang. It is derived from a variety of sources, including rhyming slang, circus backslang, Romany, Latin, and criminal cant. Its high renaissance occurred during the 1950s and 1960s, when it was popularized in the mainstream in England by the larger-than­ life characters of Julian and Sandy in the BBC Radio series Round the Horne.
Talking about Feygelekh. A Queer Male Representation
Authors: Sweet Michael j
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an extended reflection on the Yiddish word feygele (plural: feygelek.h), literally ‘little bird ‘ or ‘birdie, ‘ used in North American Yiddish and American Jewish (Eastern Ashkenazic) English to denote a gay or effeminate male. It attempts to shed some light on the obscure history of this term and to un­ ravel its significations. In so doing, the chapter necessarily touches on more general related matters, such as the valuation of same-sex sexuality in Jewish culture and on kindred words in Yiddish and other Jewish and non-Jewish languages. It begins with the origin of this inquiry and the sources used in its pursuit; after a brief overview of the representation of male same-sex sexuality and gender non­ conformity in Jewish culture, it looks at the main question at hand-the origins and the meanings of the word feygele and its social functions. Finally, it considers the prospects for finding adequate self-representational terms for gay men in Yid­ dish and American Jewish English.
Surrogate Phonology and Transsexual Faggotry: A Linguistic Analogy for Uncoupling Sexual Orientation from Gender Identity
Authors: Bagemihl Bruce
Published: November 2023

It is interesting to speculate how gay men will deal with female-to-male transsexuals who are gay male identified ... gay men are now faced with women becoming men, who may or may not have male genitals whose origins are undetectable. I hope gay men meet the challenge of accepting gay FTMs with balance and good grace. There are aspects of the sound structure of Language that cannot be explained simply by models of the social uses to which humans put their apparatus for respiration, mastication, deglutition, and general concept formation.
The Gendering of the Gay Male Sex Class in Japan: A Case Study Based On Rasen No Sobyo
Authors: Ogawa Naoko , S. (Shibamoto) Smith Janet
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the speech patterns of gay and lesbian speakers have begun to receive a great deal of attention in U.S. language and gender studies, in part as a response to a heightened appreciation of the importance of the role of language in shaping our gendered understandings of society (Gal 1991; Tannen 1994a; Wood 1994). This chapter reports the results of an exploratory study of the discourses and the grammars of gay men in urban Osaka and Tokyo, in an attempt similarly to flesh out our understanding of the construction of a gendered Japan. Much is known of sex-class conventions of men and women in Japan, particularly in what we might consider to be gender-typical roles and settings (e.g., Shibamoto 1985; Ide and McGloin 1991; Miyaji 1993; Reynolds 1993); much less is known about the linguistic features of gendered social alignment in the atypical cases. Some work has begun on the speech patterns of women in gender-atypical roles (Smith 1992a, 1992b; Sunaoshi 19941). Virtually no work has been done on the speech of men in gender-atypical roles in Japan (exceptions are Shibamoto 1986 and a brief section on the speech of” gay” male performers in Shibamoto 1985). Additional work in this area is long overdue.
Financing the American Corporation:The Changing Menu of Financial Relationships
Authors: Calomiris Charles W , Ramirez Carlos D
Published: November 2023

The history of the financing of the American corporation can be described along many dimensions-variation in the relative importance of particular contracting forms (e.g., debt vs. equity) as marginal sources of funds, changes in the use of retained earnings vs. external finance, shifts in the relative importance of lending from commercial banks or similar intermediaries (sometimes referred to as “insider” lending) vs. financing from public markets. Each of these potential measures of the historical evolution of corporate finance has been used by financial historians to address particular questions. For example, variation in the relative importance of debt, preferred stock, and common stock as sources of external finance can help gauge the effects of innovations in bankruptcy laws on corporate finance costs. Reductions in the role of banks in financing corporations, often induced by regulatory change, can help measure the importance of regulatory restrictions on banks for corporate finance costs. Changes in the relative cost of external finance through public markets can be related to institutional factors that reduce the costs of public securities offerings.
The Modern Corporation as an Efficiency Instrument: The Comparative Contracting Perspective
Authors: Williamson Oliver E , Bercovitz Janet
Published: November 2023

As James Q. Wilson reports, those who view the modern corporation from a power perspective regard it as a deeply problematic form of organization. We examine the modern corporation from a different perspective and reach different results. As set out herein, both the key legal features of the corporation-perpetuity, contracting rights, and limited liability-and the main contractual regularities that link the firm with each of its constituencies are examined with reference to efficiency (or the lack thereof).
Brown and, the Harm of Legal Segregation
Authors: Kateb George
Published: November 2023

What is the harm of legal segregation of the races? A better wording of the question is this: What is the harm done when the majority race, convinced of its superiority, arranges for the legal segregation or separation of the majority and minority races, in a nominally democratic society? (I shall not ordinarily distinguish among the various situations and institutions in which legal segregation was in force, but speak of segregation most generally.) My view is that the harm done is of more than one kind. I would like to take up at least two kinds: the harm that consists in the violation of basic rights by a system of legal segregation, and second and secondarily, the harm or injury done to the character of persons, especially but not only the character of persons in the majority race. Concern with these harms is not antiquarian. Although legal segregation is gone, its effects are still with us. Furthermore, to think about it is also to think about other kinds of oppression, actual or past or future possible.
Can the Tactics of Cultural Integration Counter the Persistence of Political Apartheid? : Or, The Multicultural Wars, Part Two
Authors: Carby Hazel
Published: November 2023

I would like to begin my reflections on Brown v. Board of Education by returning briefly to a set of concerns and specific questions with which I concluded an essay entitled “The Multicultural Wars,” published in the fall of 1992 in the journal Radical History. There I argued that contemporary debates about cultural intergration most commonly rage under the banner of “multiculturalism” in our schools and colleges but that the content of these debates seemed to me to be a totally inadequate political response to the conditions of social, political, and economic devastation present in the daily lives of those who are poor and designated members of so-called minority populations in the United States.
Religion in Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

If few Americans were religious believers, the issue of the proper role of religion in politics would probably be marginal to American politics, because religion would be marginal to American politics. But most Americans are religious believers. Indeed, the citizenry of the United States is one of the most religious—perhaps even the most religious—citizenries of the world’s advanced industrial democracies. According to recent polling data, “{a]n overwhelming 95% of Americans profess belief in God”;1 moreover, “70% of American adults [are] members of a church or synagogue.”2 If there were, among the vast majority of Americans who are religious believers, a consensus about most religious matters, the issue of the proper role of religion in politics would probably engage far fewer Americans than it does, because few Americans would have to fear being subjected to alien religious tenets.
The Constitutional Law of Religious Freedom
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I present what seems to me to be the most sensible account of the general meaning of the two basic constitutional norms regarding religion: the free exercise norm and the nonestablishment norm. Then, drawing on that discussion, I make an argument about the role it is constitutionally permissible for religious arguments—in particular, religious arguments about the morality of human conduct—to play in the politics of the United States.
An Overview of Industry Change
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

The recession that followed the oil crisis in 1973 was a watershed for steel producers worldwide. By 1975 it was revealed to all that the world economy had substantial excess steelmaking capacity. The steady growth and sustained profitability that had characterized steel production in the previous decade gave way to uncertainty about the prospects for a rebound and pessimistic forecasts of future demand. The reality of it was difficult to accept. For industrialized nations, the steel industry had been fundamental to their success. Employment levels in the industry assumed symbolic as well as political importance.
Achieving and Sustaining Competitiveness
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

We have argued that the path to competitiveness for any company is to be found in its people and its technology. Leadership is needed to establish the vision of a company’s goals in particular markets and to chart the course of action required to serve those markets. Communication, trust, training, empowerment, reward for performance, appropriate technology, customer focus, quality, and cost reduction are what goes into creating a success. These elements can support and complement one another, and they can coalesce to create a corporate culture that leads to behavior, actions, and decisions that position a firm for success.
Clause Structure And Word Order In Hebrew And Arabic
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

Shlonsky uses Chomsky’s Government and Binding approach to examine clausal architecture and verb movement in Hebrew and several varieties of Arabic. He establishes a syntactic analysis of Hebrew and then extends that analysis to aspects of Arabic clausal syntax. Through the comparative lens of Hebrew, Shlonsky hopes to resolve a number of problems in Arabic syntax. His results generate some novel and important conclusions concerning the patterns of negation, verb movement, the nature of participles, and the gamut of positions available to clausal subjects in both languages.
Some Remaining Issues
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

My discussion of present tense sentences, both affirmative and negative, has been almost entirely focused on those that contain a verbal Benoni predicate. In the following sections, I discuss, albeit in a limited and tentative manner, two issues pertaining to present tense sentences with nonverbal predicates. I first consider the occurrence of ?eyn in locative/existential sentences, and show that the subject of such sentences must be taken to occupy a position lower than Specif. Second, I attempt to resolve a potential problem with the analysis of the Benoni, namely, its incompatiblility with copular Pron.
Null Subjects
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

Hebrew is often classified as a “semi” pro drop or null subject language. This is due to the fact that the distribution of referential null subjects cuts across the verbal paradigm in a rather unique fashion: Null subjects are admitted in conjunction with first and second person, but not with third person inflection.
Genetic Disorders of Human Sexual Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

There have been many exciting advances in our understanding of mammalian sex determination and differentiation in the last decade. Using these advances to elucidate clinical conditions of abnormal sexual development, the authors bring together great expertise in molecular endocrinology, molecular genetics, and dysmorphology. The text begins with a discussion of normal gonadal and sexual development that presents enough embryology, biochemistry, and endocrinology to make the remaining chapters easy to assimilate. Then the authors discuss overarching clinical issues that are common to genetic abnormalities of gonadal and sexual development, providing a detailed account of genetic causes of gonadal maldevelopment, followed by a compendium of the singular, syndromal, endocrinologic, and systemic-metabolic genetic causes of sexual maldevelopment. The final section describes genetic forms of gamete failure. Seldom dogmatic, this unconventional textbook frequently presents alternatives, highlights speculation, raises questions, and attempts to provide answers. Yet it will be a uniquely valuable reference on an area of genetic medicine where much has happened in recent years. This book will be welcomed by medical geneticists, genetic counselors, endocrinologists, gynecologists, urologists, and students who need fully-referenced information about the genetic aspects of humans sexual maldevelopment in order to better manage their patients and their patients families.
Introductory Biochemistry and Endocrinology of Sexual Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Sexual development can be said to begin after the gonads have been determined to become testes or ovaries. It is usually divided into two levels: primary, referring to internal and external genital morphogenesis that is testis-dependent in males, but testis-independent in females, and secondary, referring to pubertal growth and maturation of the respective reproductive axes enabling reproduction. But there is reason to recognize a tertiary level: the emotional and interpersonal aspects of sexual development, including gender identity and role, and homosexual or heterosexual orientation.
Genetic Disorders Expressed by Gonadotropin Insufficiency
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

The two pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as chorionic gonadotropin (CG) belong to the glycoprotein hormone family. A closely related member is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). All four are heterodimers that share a common a subunit bound noncovalently to a hormone-distinct subunit (Fig. 10-1). The regulation of both LH-and FSH-subunit expression is under the complex control of gonadal steroids, gonadal peptides (inhibins and activins), and the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Albanese et al., 1996). Certain regions of both subunits participate in receptor recognition, but the subunits are primarily responsible for interaction with specific (cognate) receptors that belong to the family of receptors whose effects are transduced by coupling to G proteins (Fig. 11-2). LH and CG are so similar that they bind to the same receptor. The function of each subunit depends on internal disulfide bonds that form between specific cysteine residues.
Syndromes with Sexual Maldevelopment
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

A host of syndromes involve genital abnormalities in one or both sexes. In many of these conditions, hypogonadism also has been established, often on the basis of a central or hypothalamic-pituitary deficit (secondary hypogonadism, Table 15-1). In other cases, the gonadal failure is thought to be primary or the functional and anatomical status of the gonad is not known because of age or inaccessibility or simply lack of study.
Systemic Disorders of Sexual Development with Gonadal Dysfunction
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

A number of systemic genetic disorders have been associated with gonadal dysfunction and impaired fertility. The various gene defects do not interfere with male genital differentiation, so there is no sexual ambiguity. But in some instances, such as early-onset lipodystrophic syndromes, the external genitalia, including the clitoris, may be large, perhaps because hyperinsulinism acts as a growth factor.
Autosomal Aneusomy and Sexual Maldevelopment
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Although defective genital and/ or gonadal development is commonplace and can be expected when there are visible or molecular alterations of the X or Y chromosome, it is noteworthy that the same physical features occur with autosomal chromosome defects as well. This chapter treats a variety of chromosome “syndromes” involving partial or complete trisomy as well as partial or complete monosomy for a number of different chromosomes. Usually it is the external genitalia that are abnormal, and little or nothing is known about gonadal status, for most reported cases are in children. Moreover, the spectrum of defects in sexual development recorded herein must be considered in proper perspective because many case studies, especially those reporting partial or segmental trisomy or monosomy, are derived from patients with various translocations-the implication being that the phenotype may be variable to some extent, depending on the reciprocal chromosome(s) involved. For this reason, absolute or even relative incidence figures for the genital
Rhythm and Conversational Turn Taking in English
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

Isochronous beats, syncopated/early beats and silent/late beats as described in chapter 2 may be thought of as a set of rhythmic tools with which speakers configure their speech in time. We argue in this chapter that the temporal configuration of speech is something to which speakers attend not only within single turns but also across turns at talk. Although coordinating turns at talk is prima facie different from coordinating stressed syllables with one another, we shall see that the same set of rhythmic resources is used for the temporal configuration of speech across turns as for that within turns.
Rhythm in Turn Construction: Scansions in Italian Conversation
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

Moving from turn transition-the dominant topic of the preceding chapters-to turn construction implies a shift of analytic focus. Although every contribution by a conversationalist, no matter how extended, is subject to the basic regularities of turn taking, the construction of some types of extended turn requires additional techniques and skills which are part of what we wish to call the rhetorics of every day language. These skills are not available to the same degree to every speaker, as is reflected in the fact that a speaker’s performance in the construction of an ex tended turn such as telling a story or a joke, presenting a point of view convincingly in an argument or engaging in some other oral genre may be assessed by other participants in terms of its quality.
The Problem Different Modern Verbal Systems and Their Synchronic Distribution
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I introduce the problem to be addressed in this study. Fully seven different independent clause verbal systems have been described across the Cariban family (and perhaps one or two more will someday be described for the southern Brazilian Cariban languages Arara, Bakairi, and Ikpeng). In a previous version of this work (Gildea 1992), I identified only two systems, which I labeled Set I (a nominative system) and Set II (an ergative system). Reduced in this way, the problem was simply stated: which system (if either) should we reconstruct to Proto Carib independent clauses, and how should we explain the genesis of the other system-where did it come from and how did it get into independent clauses in some, but not all, Cariban languages? The problem is now more complicated, in that we must ask which (if any) of the seven systems do we reconstruct to Proto Carib, and how do we derive the others from our reconstruction of Proto-Carib? For expository convenience, I give semiarbitrary labels to each of the seven: (i) Set I (inverse/split-S), (ii) Full Set II (ergative), (iii) Partial Set II (ergative), (iv) Progressive (nominative), (v) De-ergative (nominative), (vi) t-V-ce (ergative), and (vii) t-V-ce-mi (nominative). The seven systems are identified by means of six dis tinct, but interrelated, morphosyntactic properties: (i) forms and patterns of verbal personal prefixes and suffixes, (ii) verbal tense-aspect-modality (TAM) suffixes, (iii) nominal case-marking patterns, (iv) word order restrictions, (v) existence and agreement patterns of auxiliaries, and (vi) forms and morphological placement of the collective number markers. In section 2.1, I briefly characterize and illustrate each of the six systems in terms of these six properties. In 2.2, I discuss the distri bution of each system in modern Cariban languages, and in 2.3 I consider some logically possible hypotheses for how this plethora of verbal systems evolved.
The Morphosyntax of Possession in Proto-Carib
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

Possessive constructions in most Cariban languages can be characterized in terms of a few simple parameters: the order is possessor-possessed in a head-marking construction (i.e., the possessed is marked rather than the possessor). Although each language usually has a particular suffix that most commonly indicates the “possessed” case, there is some lexical variation, with different words taking different suffixes and a few using vowel ablaut, idiosyncratic change, or no change at all (usually interpreted as a -0 suffix). These patterns are found in all Cariban languages described to date, and as such all reconstruct easily to Proto-Carib.
Other Proto-Carib Deverbal Forms
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

While the modern Cariban nominalizers are relatively well documented, and are thereby easily reconstructible to Proto-Carib, the modern Cariban infinitives and participles are relatively underdocumented. This might be due, in part, to the minor role such forms play in the grammar of most modern Cariban languages. Although the overall Proto-Carib inventory of such forms might ultimately turn out to be much larger, in this chapter I reconstruct only three forms: an infinitive suffix*-no (section 8.1); an attributive postposition *me, which combines with the *-topo nominalizing suffix to create a general purposive adverbial clause (8.2); and a series of inflections based on the participial suffix *-ce, including the purpose of motion*-ce, the perfect/passive participle *t-V-ce, and the nominalized participle *t-V-ce-mi. The comparative documentation in this chapter is fairly thin, definitely in need of bolstering by further field work. Nonetheless, the attested patterns are sufficiently clear to sustain the hypothesis that we must reconstruct such forms to Proto-Carib in these functions rather than in the functions they serve in the innovative verbal systems (as seen in part III).
The Full Set II Verbal System (Ergative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

The Full Set II system is the best known of the innovative systems. In at least five Cariban languages-Kap6n, Makushi, Pem6n, Kuikuru, and Kalapalo-the re analysis has established itself so firmly that all linguists who have worked on these languages consider it to be the basic system. The semantic and pragmatic arguments for reanalysis are indeed compelling: not only do verbs in Full Set II predicates translate into eventive clauses, but also they are so frequent that they have virtually wiped out all vestiges of the Set I system. In all but one of the languages that show Full Set II systems, the old Set I future-tense inflection (see Table 5.13 for examples) has been lost; in most, the Set I nonpast inflection has been lost as well, leaving the innovative verbal systems as the only means of expressing nonpast meanings. While a paradigmatic opposition still remains between Set I past tenses and Full Set II past tenses in Kap6n and Pem6n, the Full Set II system occurs with overwhelmingly greater frequency in the texts I have seen. In Makushi, the Set I past tenses have dropped out of use altogether, with the exception of one that mutated into an imperative marker (see 5.1.3). In Kuikuro and Kalapalo, no vestige at all is seen of the Set I system.