bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Egyptian Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about a young Frankish lord called Hugh of Caesarea who led a group of knights through the labyrinthine passages of the caliphal palace in Cairo in 1167. It describes Hugh's simple but brutal mission, in which he was tasked to negotiate a military alliance with the Fatimid government and extort a vast sum of protection money from them in the process. The chapter discusses the crusaders' loss of Edessa in 1144 and failure to take Damascus in 1148, which showed that the Egyptian strategy was an inevitable consequence of the crusaders' failure to establish themselves inland. It explains the critical shortage of land within the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. It also points out the significance of Egypt to Franks and establishment of a central policy objective that constituted an “institutional” strategic view for the bureaucracy of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Frontier Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses Reynald of Châtillon, lord of the Transjordan, who had made a statement of aggressive intent in 1183 and taunt Saladin in an extremely public and personal way. It describes Reynald as the most persistently belligerent and arrogant of the crusader commanders. It also recounts raid of the Gulf of Aqaba, where Reynald and his Christian crew brought havoc to the unsuspecting sailors and merchants of the Muslim “mare nostrum.” The chapter also talks about the near collapse of the eastern frontiers of the crusader states in the 1160s while the Frankish field armies were trying to take Egypt. It looks into the rise of Saladin and the creation of a new Muslim empire from Yemen and Egypt in the south up to Syria and Mesopotamia in the north, in which the crusaders found themselves surrounded and outnumbered.
Social Divisions and Later Life
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This book is concerned with the social differences, divisions and diversity of later life. We argue that later life is no longer the marginalised category it once was. Instead, it is characterised by growing differences and divisions, including the divisions associated with class, gender, ethnicity and disability (infirmity). Many of these divides in later life echo and reflect similar divisions in working life. However, age and retirement create a new set of conditions that modifies both the nature and the consequences of these divisions. Each division, we suggest, is contingent upon both past and present influences. They are, in consequence, less sharply drawn and less clearly organised than similar divisions observed earlier in working life. Exploring these divisions and their various articulations in later life both illuminates the nature of the divisions themselves at the same time as highlighting the changing social locations that now constitute later life.
Ethnicity, race and migration in later life
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with a consideration of the differences between ethnicity and race, and the relative salience of these divisions in Europe and North America. In considering race, the legacy of slavery continues to exercise its effects on black-white divisions throughout the life course. The chapter considers two perspectives on this division in later life, that of ‘weathering’ and the accumulation of disadvantage and that of resilience and its accumulation with age. We then go on to contrast the structural inequalities of race with those of ethnicity, arguing that unlike the former the cultural distinction serves to maintain a sense of community and identity as well as imposing a source of limitation. Successive patterns of international migration have created a changing demography of later life. This, we suggest, is creating a set of dilemmas over what constitutes home, an issue that is highlighted by retirement and how and where later life should best be lived.
The Impact Agenda
Authors: Smith Katherine , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

As international interest in promoting and assessing the impact of research grows, this book examines the ensuing controversies, consequences and challenges. It places a particular emphasis on learning from experiences in the UK, since this is the country at the forefront of a range of new approaches to incentivising, monitoring and rewarding research impact achievements. The book aims to understand the origins and rationale for these changes and to critically assess their consequences for academic practice. Combining a review of existing literature with a range of new qualitative data (from interviews, focus groups and documentary analysis), The Impact Agenda is unique in providing a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary empirical examination of the ways in which various forms of research impact assessment are shaping academic practices. Although the primary focus of the book is on the UK, the book also considers the different approaches that other countries with an interest in research impact are taking (notably Australia, Canada and the Netherlands). While noting the benefits that the increasing emphasis on outward facing work is bringing, the book draws attention to a wide range of challenges and controversies associated with research impact assessment and, in particular, with the UK’s chosen approach. It concludes by using the insights in the book to propose an alternative, more theoretically robust approach to incentivising and rewarding efforts to undertake and use academic research for societal benefit.
Debating the UK impact agenda
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter builds on the debates presented in chapters 1 and 2, providing a more in-depth assessment of critiques of the research impact agenda. This includes concerns expressed in the Stern review and debates regarding the possibility of applying ‘metrics’ to impact. It then considers how the impact agenda has been defended and amended in the context of these critiques.
Do experiences and perceptions of research impact vary by discipline?
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter widens the focus of the book to explore whether there appear to be any disciplinary patterns amongst perspectives on, and experiences of, research impact in UK academia. This chapter includes an analysis of whether published perspectives on the impact agenda appear to vary by discipline (as predicted by Nowotny et al, 2001), informed by new focus group and interview data conducted for this book.
Public intellectualism and the impact agenda: international perspectives
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses six in-depth interviews with high profile academics in a range of countries that have an interest in the notion of research impact: Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. Three of our interviewees are what we term ‘public intellectuals’, while the other three, each of whom works at the intersection of research and policy, we term ‘academic interlocutors’. These perspectives allow us to consider how academics working within and beyond the UK, with some contrasting views about external engagement, view notions of ‘public intellectualism’, ‘relevance’ and ‘impact’.
Looking back: evolving public health perspectives on research impact
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter takes a more historical approach, using public health as a case study to explore how views of efforts to stimulate and reward research impact have changed over time. To achieve this, the chapter compares the views of academics interviewed in 2003-2007, the run up to the RAE in 2008, just before the emergence of ‘research impact’, with the views of academics working in the same field in 2011-2015, who experienced REF2014 and the first attempt to assess impact case studies.
Telling tales of impact: as seen through the eyes of user assessors
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we turn our attention to those charged with the task of judging the 'reach' and 'significance' of impact claimed by academic researchers in narrative case studies in REF2014. Knowledge pertaining to how the societal and economic impact of scientific research is evaluated is sparse. This is especially true in the context of the UK's national system of research assessment, the Research Excellence Framework (REF), in light of the confidentiality and rules of non-disclosure enforced by Research England and the UK Research & Innovation (previously the Higher Education Funding Council for England - HEFCE).
Giving and getting: using charity’s symbolic power
Authors: Dean Jon
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses Paul Longmore's dogged and personal exploration of that most fluffy of charity spectacles, the charity telethon, as a way to start understanding the issues surrounding charitable giving, whether that be in the form of individual donations, corporate social responsibility programmes, or volunteering. Looking at these concepts through a symbolic lens, it asks those undeniably suspicious questions of ‘are people only doing this for something in return, and if so, what?’ Such explorations in ‘the other side’ of gifts and charity are contextualised through an overview of Marcel Mauss' study of gift giving, and how that doing good may always be part of a wider embedded relationship of exchange. The role of someone's charity adding to one's impression of them, and how, as such, it results in various strategic decisions, is viewed from the perspective of business, individuals, and charity fundraising and fundraisers themselves. While giving is practically always something to be celebrated, the chapter shows how charity is complicated and can be simultaneously positive and problematic.
Charities, expertise and policy
Authors: Dean Jon
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates charities as organisations, often experts in their field or bestowed with the image of expertise. It studies how and why the UK government has sought to involve the charity sector in the delivery of social policy. The chapter then outlines new challenges to charity trust that have emerged, and how the public–voluntary sector relationship has become more complicated as a result. It also discusses recent attempts to ‘gag’ charities in receipt of public income from criticising officials, because charities are holders of automatic symbolic prestige, as well as several cases in which charities may have misused the automatic assumption of goodness and expertise they have received from the public and policy practitioners. Interviewee data presents a story from sector leaders that the environment for charities has become significantly tougher in recent years, partly because of funding, but also because charities are no longer seen as special by default.
The Kids aren’t alright: the collapse of Kids Company
Authors: Dean Jon
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the 2015 collapse of Kids Company, a leading charity for disadvantaged children in London. It examines the role of charisma within symbolic power, applying Max Weber's notion of charismatic authority both to charities as organisations and to charitable leaders. The collapse of Kids Company revealed its over-reliance on its closeness to people at the top of government, symbolic power, and the charismatic authority of its founder, Camila Batmanghelidjh, rather than good governance and strategic planning. Kids Company challenged those who would talk it down, and used its access to prime ministers in order get special treatment. The chapter then explores the notions of passion and professionalism within the charity sector; how these two concepts are often thrown into opposition; how charity leaders reflect on bridging this divide; and what the collapse of Kids Company has meant for their work.
Conclusions: the good glow
Authors: Dean Jon
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on the lessons from the examination of how charity works, about what it means for charity and what it means for people. The first thing to note is that the idea that charity, gift giving, and kindness are imbued with a certain symbolic goodness that improves the actor's image is not a new observation. The fact that doing charity provides an aura of goodness exists, and so one's choice is to recognise it or not, think about it or not, and analyse it or not. What is interesting is how the presence of such a symbolic plane affects individuals' interpretation of others' actions. Ultimately, symbolic power exists in all charitable behaviour. Such power is not necessarily negative, but is generally understood as such.
How the social and affordable housing sectors got swallowed
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

Thus chapter argues that the social and affordable housing sector which began as a charitable movement for housing the poor has become increasingly financialised and swallowed up by the finance-housebuilding complex, creating a barrier to a coherent political movement for social housing and reform. Using examples from estate regeneration in London, the chapter describes the increasingly close collaboration between housing associations councils, private developers and private finance to the detriment of social housing and community cohesion. It provides examples of housing associations caught up in damaging financial deals and shows how these deals shut out local scrutiny. It asks whether recent Government softening of their approach to social housing means that financialisation is over
Local case studies
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

Two local case studies are introduced– one from Oxford and the other from Barking and Dagenham in London - of the influence of the finance-housebuilding sector reaching down to the level of day to day planning decisions made by local authorities, making planning for local communities a huge struggle which local authorities and communities often end up losing. The chapter draws conclusions from the case studies about the power of landowners, and the loss of local accountability and control that local communities have over planning and housing in their localities.
Economic hardship in young adulthood: a cause for concern or a matter of course while settling into the Swedish labour market?
Authors: Kahlmeter Anna
Published: January 2021

This chapter utilises longitudinal Swedish register data to examine youths' labour market trajectories, with a focus on the complexity, timing, and duration of labour market disadvantage for individuals with and without experience of early adulthood economic hardship, as indicated by different degrees of social assistance receipt. Findings from multinomial regression suggest that when early adulthood economic hardship is extensive, this is associated with elevated risks of disadvantaged labour market trajectories, such as having an insecure labour market position through large parts of the twenties or following a track of long-term labour market exclusion. On the other hand, experience of low degrees of hardship only had a weak association with disadvantaged labour market trajectories. These findings imply that social-democratic welfare states such as the Swedish one are effective in addressing low levels of financial hardship without incurring long-term disadvantages through a relatively generous benefits and social services system. However, similar to liberal welfare states, the Swedish welfare state also struggles when hardship is prolonged and the family is not available as a safety net.
Sharing understandings of varying histories and cultures
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

Communities are diverse with their own specific histories and cultures. And so are social movements. Individuals and groups have differing, and sometimes conflicting, interests and concerns, including differences that relate to their class, race, ethnicity, gender, disability, age and/ or faith. These differences need to be understood- and taken into account- as the basis for building mutual trust.
This chapter starts by exploring ways of sharing learning about differences and diversities within communities and social movements. This sets the framework for considering examples of campaigns which have succeeded in developing such shared understandings across differences, from environmental movements in Italy to housing justice movements in contemporary Britain.
Power and power analysis
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

This chapter starts by exploring different approaches to the notion of power. This sets the context for considering the tools that communities and social movements can apply, in order to understand power. Who has the power to make a difference in their particular situations? And how can the powerful be influenced – and where necessary challenged – most effectively?
The chapter explores different analytical tools that can be used by communities, both locally and in international development contexts. The final section provides examples of power analysis in practice, providing guidance for developing strategies to challenge the Far Right in Britain, in recent times.
Looking backwards, looking forwards
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

The conclusions argue for the continuing relevance of the theoretical contributions of Marx and Freire. Rather than providing blueprints for the future, however, their analyses provide the basis for addressing the tensions and dilemmas that continue to face popular educators , working to develop what Freire has termed ‘pedagogies of hope’, supporting movements for justice, solidarity and social transformation.
Shame and social work: an introduction
Authors: Frost Liz , Magyar-Haas Veronika , Schoneville Holger , Sicora Alessandro
Published: January 2021

Shame is a powerful emotion in the context of social work. It affects individuals and attacks their subjectivity from within, and yet is also experienced in the here and now as a thoroughly social emotion that enmeshes the individual in society. It is therefore highly potent within the field of social work, for its service users, and in social work practice itself. People who become service users often live in social situations in which they are confronted with shame. This emotion can occur to service users by virtue of being in the social work system, and it can also be experienced by those recruited to alleviate social problems the social workers. This introduction will try to give some preliminary definitions, introduce the main concepts highlighted in the book, present the general structure of the latter, and briefly describe the content of each of its chapters.
Remote and rural dementia care: why is this important for policy, research, practice and the lived experience of dementia?
Authors: Innes Anthea , Morgan Debra , Farmer Jane
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out the need for a focus on remote and rural dementia care. It highlights the need to consider the interconnections between policy, practice and research evidence and the lived experience of people living with dementia in remote and rural areas. The chapter provides an overview of the structure and aims of the book.
Addressing dementia needs in Australia
Authors: Blackberry Irene , Wilding Clare , Bauer Michael , Winbolt Margaret , Davis Hilary
Published: January 2021

Delivering dementia care in rural Australia remains a challenge. Large geographical area, small population, and lack of skilled workforce cause inequity in health outcomes for people living in rural areas. While a third of older people live outside metropolitan areas, the proportion of older people is higher and 40% of people with dementia reside in rural areas. In this chapter, we present government policy to address dementia, the second cause of death in Australia. We showcase latest research and innovative approaches to rural dementia care that aim to build from government policy objectives and here we talk about approaches that include technologies, care pathways, and training volunteers and local primary care workforce in the rural Australian context.
Timely diagnosis of dementia in rural areas in Austria: the Dementia Service Centre model
Authors: Auer Stefanie , Ratajczak Paulina , Span Edith , Höfler Margit
Published: January 2021

The Dementia Service Centre Model was developed in order to serve rural communities in Upper Austria. The goals of the Dementia Service Centre were defined as a multicomponent, low threshold, ‘one-stop shop’ psychosocial support model, specifically addressing the needs of persons with dementia and their family carers and support providers in rural communities. The main goals of the DSC care model are: a) timely detection of dementia, b) delaying the institutionalisation of persons with dementia and c) reducing the burden of support providers. In 2001, a data base was established with the goal to providing evidence for the support model. Research projects, including a randomized controlled trial, were conducted. The results of the research influenced the decision of policy makers to promote the model for roll-out. During the pilot phase, 7 Centres were opened. The model has been selected for rollout and in 2020 eleven Centres will be available.
Developing collaborative relationships with rural-dwelling older men with dementia in the UK: lessons learned from a community technological initiative
Authors: Hicks Ben , Innes Anthea
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the process of developing collaborative working relationships with a particularly hard-to-reach population; rural-dwelling older men with dementia. It draws on theoretical knowledge around masculinities as well as reflexive practice undertaken in rural areas within the UK to detail potential challenges facilitators may be faced with when engaging this population. It concludes by providing a list of recommendations for facilitators to consider when delivering community initiatives to rural-dwelling older men with dementia.
Living with dementia in rural Scotland
Authors: McAdam Nancy
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses what it is like for one individual with dementia living in a remote and rural area of Scotland. The benefits of living in a rural community are highlighted, as are the range of groups available that help the author to live well with dementia in her community. Self-help approaches are also discussed. Overall the chapter provides an inspiring account of a life well lived with dementia.
Market society utopianism in penal politics
Authors: Corcoran Mary
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the utopian intellectual origins of some strands of contemporary free market ideas and practices from their post-war revival via thinkers such as Friedrich Hayek, whose ideas went on to influence the New Right following economic and political crises of the 1970s. The discussion then draws on Karl Polanyi’s (1945) Origins of our Time: The Great Transformation, where he first gave theoretical expression to the concept of a ‘market society’. Published just after the Second World War and in the context of emerging welfare states, these thinkers marked out the ideological divides that have dominated political-economic thought since. The chapter considers the pre-eminence of free market ideology with regards to penal politics and thinking. It concludes by noting that predictions of the withering away of outsourcing and competitive regimes in the aftermath of the financial crisis which began in 2007-8 appear to be a ‘false dawn’. However, a change in direction may be imminent in the wake of controversial and costly terminations of penal service contracts.
The progress of marketisation: the prison and probation experience
Authors: Albertson Kevin , Fox Chris
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we discuss the recent course of privatisation and marketisation in UK prisons and probation. Prior to the Transforming Rehabilitation, TR, agenda, its theoretical strengths and weakness were analysed in some detail in the literature. It is appropriate therefore to consider whether the aspirations implicit and explicit in TR have been achieved. Since 2010, the progress of marketisation in prisons and probation has been uneven. In prisons, Outcomes Based Commissioning, aka Payment by Results, PbR, contracts were proposed but are not used in any significant way; instead the emphasis has been on new and devolved models of commissioning rehabilitation services and the development of Reform prisons. In probation, marketisation – often involving elements of PbR – proceeded rapidly from a small-scale pilot to a national roll-out. However, this model has come in for significant criticism and now appears unsustainable in its current form. Government has cancelled existing contracts early and one provider has failed. We consider the various approaches taken in prison and probation policy and draw out the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches that have been tried, drawing on the available evidence. We finish with some thoughts on the future (or otherwise) of marketisation in this sector.
Surviving the revolution? The voluntary sector under Transforming Rehabilitation in England and Wales
Authors: Wong Kevin , Macmillan Rob
Published: January 2021

Regarded by commentators as an emollient to soothe critics of the part privatisation of the public probation service, the Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) reforms in England and Wales promised an enlarged role for the voluntary sector in the resettlement and rehabilitation of offenders. Whether such changes mark a decisive turning point or in the fullness of time represent just another twist in the long and messy narrative of voluntary sector provision of offender services remains an open question. This chapter will examine the role and fortunes of the sector during the tumultuous period between 2014 and 2019 and identify what lessons can be learnt for the future.
Neo-liberal imaginaries and GPS tracking in England and Wales
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: January 2021

In 2012, alongside its part-privatisation of the Probation Service, the Ministry of Justice secretly conceived a strategy, hubristically named ‘New World’, to upgrade ‘obsolete’ Radio Frequency (RF) electronic monitoring technology with Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking, and subject unprecedented numbers of offenders to it by 2020. Replacing the existing private sector delivery infrastructure with a hitherto untried model was pursued more openly, but obscured larger ambitions. Over five years ‘New World’ failed spectacularly, and expensively. Subsequent official audits indicted its implementation and actually questioned its conception, but neglected the ideological context and the disruptive political strategy which underpinned it. ‘New World’ was a calculated exercise in ‘disruptive’ neo-liberal statecraft, and the failure of its first iteration does not mean the end of it.
Prison education: a Northern European wicked policy problem?
Authors: Czerniawski Gerry
Published: January 2021

‘Wicked policy problems’ are defined as complex, not fully understood by policy makers, highly resistant to change and seemingly immune to any evidence likely to bring about change for the better. Policy, in the case of prison education, is not necessarily driven by what works and is often not evidenced-based. It is increasingly positioned by political expediency and the signalling of politicians’ ‘toughness on crime’. In this chapter I look at three distinctly different prison education systems in Northern Europe; in England, Germany and Norway. I examine the extent to which discourses associated with both the marketisation of education and penal populism have influenced the construction and facilitation of prison education in all three countries. Finally, I argue that, to varying degrees, the reconstruction of prison ‘education’ into low-cost job skills training contributes to the domination of policies that speak more to public moral panic and the need to cut the economic costs of welfare than to the rehabilitation of prisoners.
State education: the relationships between schools and charity?
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

In chapter 4, we focus on education and explore how education has increasingly turned to charity in times of austerity. Education is a core service which provides the grounding, qualification and socialisation for children and young people, which will likely impact on them for the rest of their lives. A primary tool for increasing social equality, achieving aspirations and supporting children and young people to become active, pro-social citizens, it is unsurprising that this is an area of interest for many philanthropists, charities and voluntary sector organisations. Similarly, as schools face ever more fiscal, performance, recruitment and retention pressures, we see them increasingly turning to voluntary action – that is fundraising and volunteers – to counter resource pressures. This chapter explores this core concept, the relationship between education and charity. Focusing particularly on primary education which concentrates on 4-11-year olds, we investigate how charities shape and support education, and indeed how schools engage in voluntary action to support their day to day delivery. We consider the implications of this work and what this means for the charitable sector. We finally conclude with what this means for schools, and most importantly what this means for the children they seek to serve.
The changing role of children’s charities delivering early intervention services
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

In chapter 6 we explore the impact of commissioning and policy changes on early intervention and preventative services for children delivered by the charitable sector. The definition of early intervention and preventative services is highly contested and politicised within policy and commissioning processes. This reflects an ongoing debate regarding the shifting paradigm of prevention. As the commissioning narrative has developed, there has been an overall disengagement between the voluntary sector providers and State. As the charitable sector is increasingly exposed to intensifying marketization, polarisation of relationships increases. We identify here three ‘types’ of organisational responses to this ever-changing environments; conformers – those charities who align themselves close to the State and regularly reinterpret their mission to fit State logic; the outliers – those charities which reject State approaches to early intervention and seek to deliver services completely independently of the State; and the intermediaries – those charities which walk between conformity and dissent, working with the State when necessary or too their advantage, and walking away when not. We discuss how these types fundamentally alter children’s charities perspectives and experiences of commissioning and the impact this has on their wider work.
The institutionalisation of self-build governance: exemplifying governance relationships in São Paulo/ Brazil/ Latin America
Authors: D’Ottaviano Camila , Pasternak Suzana , Bassani Jorge , Amore Caio Santo
Published: January 2021

The chapter shows how the housing policies for the low-income population in Brazil, especially in São Paulo, were transformed by popular practices. The huge increase of the Brazilian favela population in the last decades reaching more than 11 million inhabitants (about 6% of the Brazilian population in 2010) has led institutions to gradually tolerate heterodox practices (such as land invasion) and even to have them legalized by the public power. Starting from the point of view of Latin American urbanization and irregularity reality, this article describes the gradual institutionalizing of informal governance arrangements in Brazil and the evolution of the intervention paradigm from the 1960’s to the present day.
Contested governance of housing for low-and middle-income groups in European city-regions: the pivotal role of commissioning
Authors: Salet Willem , Bossuyt Daniël
Published: January 2021

Comparing the housing situation of European city-regions is complicated by the large differences between social-economic and institutional conditions. In the first part of the chapter, a global indication is given of the different tenures, the differences of accessibility, and the recent tendencies of housing conditions. Social and private rent appear to be the most common arrangements for low- and middle-income groups; these are provided by different public and private sector agencies. The second part of the chapter discusses recent experiences of articulating the commissioning role of tenants vis à vis the public sector, the market and the established developers in a number of significant cases.
My House, My Life Programme – Entities: two self-management experiences in the city of São Paulo
Authors: D’Ottaviano Camila , Netto Adelcke Rossetto , Fiúza Cecília Andrade , Massimetti Flávia , Lima Juliana do Amaral Costa
Published: January 2021

The chapter analyses two experiences of housing production through the federal Program ‘My Life My House Entities’ in São Paulo: Ipiranga/ Dandara and Maria Domitila buildings, both projects of Unification of the Tenements and Housing Struggles (Unificação das Lutas de Cortiços e Moradia – ULCM) movement. São Paulo has a long history of innovative policies regarding self-build housing. During the last two decades, government housing programs steadily incorporated self-help and collective task forces. The text analyses the opportunity of high quality affordable housing in central areas based on self-help and participative practices in the recent Brazilian experience.
The Solano Trindade housing occupation as an urban self-management project in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Lago Luciana Corrêa do , Petrus Fernanda , Mello Irene de Queiroz e
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses an urban self-management project developed by the partnership between a social housing movement — Movimento Nacional de Luta pela Moradia/MNLM (National Movement of Struggle for Housing) and a public university — Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) in a land occupation in the metropolitan periphery of Rio de Janeiro. Solano Trindade occupation, located in the peripheral city "Duque de Caxias", has as its main innovation the social movement-university partnership in the collective construction of ways to associate housing and emancipated work through technical and political training. The article presents activities developed in the context of this partnership during the collective production of housing, urban services and agroecological products with alternative technologies, highlighting the interactions between the agents and the tension between scientific and popular knowledge.
The experience of an African city: urban areas in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Belemviré Adama
Published: January 2021

The combination of the population explosion and the unbridled and disjointed urbanization in Burkina Faso is posing a crucial problem of poor access to decent housing. This chapter distinguishes different stages of urban development in Burkina, and analyses the inconsistency of public measures. It also discusses the role of housing markets and governments in a country where self-construction is the main mode of housing production; the withdrawal of the State from the organization of housing promotion; and the emergence of a civil society.
Conclusion: The normalisation of moral ownership
Authors: Salet Willem , D’Ottaviano Camila , Majoor Stan , Bossuyt Daniël
Published: January 2021

The concluding chapter epitomizes the empirical findings of contested urban governance in the empirical case studies and compares the institutional regime conditions of self-build housing in contrasting contexts. By focusing on the social and economic struggle on public regime conditions, we aim to analyse and compare the performances and challenges of very different self-build experiences in city-regions on three continents. Guided by this framework, the most important empirical findings of the case studies are inferred in this concluding chapter.
The Politics of Children's Services Reform
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

Comparative research has identified two broad types of child welfare system. In child protection systems the principal remit of welfare agencies is to identify and respond to actual or potential incidences of child abuse or maltreatment. In contrast family service systems are characterised by a stronger spirit of partnership between the state and families and an emphasis on working to prevent the need for coercive state intervention. This book examines the development of children’s services reform in England over recent decades to explain a shift from family service polices towards a narrower child protection approach. Successive waves of reform in England have invariably been framed as responses to high-profile child abuse inquires and media generated scandal including the cases of Victoria Climbié and Baby P. However, this book challenges the idea that it is the apparent failings of local agencies, including child and family social workers, that drive successive waves of reform. Instead, it turns the spotlight on the process of policy-making at the national level, and highlights the role played by party political leaders and senior government ministers in driving reform. The book is informed by 45 interviews with key decision-makers including ministers, senior civil servants, children’s charity leaders, local authority directors and social work researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the rationale for the book and the contribution it seeks to make to research on children’s services reform and the public policy-making process. The emphasis placed on the influence of child abuse inquiries in previous research in this area is questioned. A brief overview of the chapters that follow is also provided.
Structural reform and the Victoria Climbié inquiry
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

The Labour Government framed structural reforms to English local government, initially proposed in the Every Child Matters Green Paper published in September 2003, as a direct response to the findings and recommendations of the Victoria Climbié Inquiry chaired by Lord Laming.
This narrative is challenged in this chapter and the next. In this chapter it is argued that politically pre-determined proposals for structural reform reflected concern amongst the Labour leadership and senior ministers regarding the perceived slow pace of delivery for key government initiatives. The case for structural reform to improve the integration of statutory children’s services agencies was first made following an inter-departmental review of policy on young people in 2000, chaired by the then Home Office Minister Paul Boateng. On the day that the Inquiry was published in January 2003, the Secretary of State for Health Alan Milburn launched a children’s trust pilot programme to promote the commissioning of children’s services from a more diverse range of providers including those in the private and voluntary sectors. This was framed as a direct response to Lord Laming’s report even though the Inquiry had not considered any such proposal.
The Children’s Plan, ‘Broken Britain’ and Baby P
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the development of children’s policy in the final years of the Labour Government after Gordon Brown became Prime Minister and his close ally Ed Balls was appointed Secretary of State in the renamed Department for Children, Schools and Families. The subsequent publication of the Children’s Plan effectively marked a relaunch of the ECM reform programme placing it on equal footing with the Department’s more established education policy agenda. Furthermore, Blair’s authoritarian perspective on crime and anti-social behaviour was superseded by a stronger focus on early intervention and the provision of positive activities for young people. However, competition from a resurgent Conservative Party under the leadership of David Cameron placed new pressures on the Labour Government in the run-up to the 2010 general election. Moreover, it is argued that Cameron’s used the Baby P scandal of late 2008 to highlight Labour’s neglect of child protection and social work and promote the Conservatives’ ‘Broken Britain’ narrative on social policy.
Conclusion: the politics of children’s services reform
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

In this concluding chapter it is argued that the reform of children’s services over the past two decades has been a more politically driven process than is commonly recognised. Reflecting on the evidence presented in the book four key features of children’s services are identified. Firstly, the extent to which reforms have been influenced by apparent local service failings has been greatly exaggerated by ministers. Secondly, children’s services reform needs to be understood within the context of the broader economic and social policy priorities of party leaders and senior ministers. Thirdly, the ubiquity of structural reform to local children’s services reflects the activism of ministers and their need to demonstrate impact. Finally, the politicisation of policy-making in this area has been reflected in continual shifts in government-interest group relations, including the declining access and influence of children’s sector NGOs over recent years.
The United Nations and international oversight of human rights
Authors: Ó hAdhmaill Féilim
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 looks at the development of the UN after World War Two and the subsequent development of the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the various Covenants, Conventions and monitoring committees particularly since the end of the Cold War and increased international oversight of rights. It looks at the geopolitical, ideological and cultural factors that have influenced the development of UN Human Rights mechanisms as well as providing a critical analysis of human rights enforcement and realisability. It introduces some of the debates around the articulation of rights - cultural relativism vs universality, individual vs collective rights, socio-economic vs civil and political rights, etc.
Human rights and the USA
Authors: Collins Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter critically assesses the role of the USA in human rights development both nationally and internationally, its views on international oversight and the idea of ‘American exceptional’. It traces the development of rights nationally from the establishment of the Bill of Rights, through to slavery and civil rights and the war on poverty in the 1960s. It discusses USA influence internationally in the development of the UN Declaration of Human Rights and how West/East ideological differences during the Cold War and geo-political concerns have influenced the current international human rights system. It then examines contemporary USA attitudes to human rights as reflected in policy approaches nationally to welfare provision, inequality, racial and ethnic divisions, the rights of the child, the treatment of prisoners and internationally in terms of foreign policy and ‘the War on Terror’.
Socio-economic rights
Authors: Farese Giovanni
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8 provides a critical analysis of some of the difficulties experienced in attempting to promote the development of universal social and economic rights. It discusses the importance of ideology, human agency and power in the historical development of concepts of socio-economic rights in nation-states and then in international human rights mechanisms such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It also discusses contemporary attempts by NGOs and other campaigning organisations to develop internationally agreed sustainable development goals (SDGs) and to promote the recognition and realisation of universal socio-economic rights globally.
Cultural rights
Authors: Nowakowski Adam
Published: January 2021

Chapter 9 provides a critical perspective on the development of cultural, religious and linguistic rights and in particular the treatment of cultural, religious and linguistic minorities. Since violations of cultural rights give rise to tensions and conflicts - one of the principal causes of violence, wars and terrorism globally - they require special protection. A large number of international human rights instruments exist to protect cultural life including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as well as regional and domestic law. However, while the concept of a universal right to culture and cultural expression may exist, this is often challenged by cultural relativism, clashes of rights, the vagueness often associated with international rights mechanisms relating to culture, its definition and difficulties in justiciability.
Migration and refugees: applying human rights to ‘everyone’?
Authors: Cenker Michal , Holder Daniel
Published: January 2021

Chapter 10 critically assesses the role of international human rights protections in promoting the rights of migrants and refugees in the context of globalisation, continuing global socio-economic inequalities and global conflict. While the whole concept of human rights rests on humanitarianism and not citizenship, international human rights mechanisms, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), have often allowed states to apply restricted rights to non-citizens and while the UN Migrant Worker Convention exists, it remains the only core UN human rights instrument not to receive widespread ratification. This chapter discusses some of the issues which prevent the establishment of universal human rights protections for migrants and refugees, and how such protections have often been limited by a range of economic, political and security considerations along with prejudicial attitudes in potential host countries.
Conflict, ‘terrorism’ and non-state actors
Authors: Ó hAdhmaill Féilim , Ritchie Mike
Published: January 2021

International Human Rights Law is supposed to operate at all times. However, during war/conflict it is often suspended to address an ‘emergency’. International Humanitarian Law attempts to deal with human rights protections during the specific circumstances of war. However, what happens when states refuse to recognise a conflict situation as a ‘war’? In a world where violent conflict increasingly involves non-state actors, where does that leave existing international human rights’ mechanisms? This chapter looks at the changing forms of conflict globally and the development of what has been termed ‘terrorism’. It critically assesses the concept of ‘terrorism’ and discusses the difficulties it poses for social science, universal human rights and the development of equality, stability and global peace.
The right to healthcare
Authors: Gray Ann Marie
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between human rights and health and social care. It begins by setting out the main international mechanisms, at UN, EU and ECHR levels, and the obligations they place on governments. It then discusses the impact of international and domestic human rights instruments through an examination of developments in social care policy, and with regard to reproductive health care rights in Northern Ireland. It also highlights issues relating to devolution and the implementation of human rights in the UK and in particular the role of the Human Rights Act (1998).