bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Vascular Structure of Caudal and Dorsal Fins of a Dwarf Sperm Whale
Authors: Okamura Taro , Smith Ashley R. , Mikami Tomoyuki , Nishimura Futaba , Shirakata Chika , Yasui Kensuke , Asakawa Shuichi , Yoda Ken
Published: December 2024

Previous studies have described two distinct vascular systems in cetacean fins. However, these studies have been limited to Delphinoidea species, with little information on their three‐dimensional structures. In this study, the anatomical analysis of the caudal and dorsal fins of a dwarf sperm whale was conducted using X‐ray computed tomography and gross dissection with staining, providing the first confirmation of the two vascular systems in the fins of the family Kogiidae. This finding suggested that these vascular systems are common across Odontoceti species. In addition, we observed unique three‐dimensional structures in the superficial veins, which formed a reticulate pattern in both fins and converged at the centerline at the base of the dorsal fin, potentially influencing individual's heat reduction capabilities.
A comprehensive review on types and properties of biopolymers as sustainable bio‐based alternatives for packaging
Authors: Dutta Ditimoni , Sit Nandan
Published: December 2024

Biopolymers, derived from renewable resources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, are emerging as sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum‐based polymers. The review examines the key characteristics of biopolymers, including their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and potential for carbon neutrality. These characteristics are crucial for determining their suitability for different packaging applications and their potential to reduce environmental pollution. While acknowledging the promise of biopolymers, the review also addresses challenges such as production costs, scalability issues, and performance limitations. Strategies to enhance biopolymer performance, including plasticization, blending, and nanomaterial reinforcement, are discussed. Interestingly, the review highlights the emerging field of active and intelligent packaging systems, which incorporate antimicrobial agents and sensors to extend shelf life and monitor food quality in real‐time. The review emphasizes the importance of life cycle assessments in evaluating the overall environmental impact of biopolymer‐based packaging compared to conventional alternatives. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the current state of biopolymer research and identifies areas for future investigation. By synthesizing current knowledge, identifying challenges, and highlighting opportunities, this review contributes to ongoing efforts to create a more sustainable and circular packaging industry.
Development of a Safe and Efficient Continuous Flow Method for the Synthesis of 3‐Difluoromethoxypyridine Derivatives
Authors: Lehmann Hansjoerg , Ruppen Thomas , Oswald Susanne , Ye Ning , Tian Xiangguang , Gu Xingxian , Dai Chunhui , Fairhurst Robin A.
Published: December 2024

The development of a safe, efficient and scalable continuous‐flow‐chemistry protocol for the O‐difluoromethylation of two 3‐hydroxypyridine building blocks is described. This example highlights that continuous flow chemistry has become firmly established within Novartis Biomedical Research, and when implemented appropriately can enable the continuous supply of material from the first realization of a potentially interesting intermediate within a discovery project all the way through to clinical evaluation.
Zoledronic Acid Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing Macrophage NLRP3‐Mediated Autophagy Pathway
Authors: Cheng Yuting , Liu Guanjuan , Huang Xiaolin , Xiong Yue , Song Na , An Zheqing , Hong Wei , Leethanakul Chidchanok , Samruajbenjakun Bancha , Liao Jian
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Inflammatory factors leading to bone loss significantly increase the risk of tooth loosening or implantation failure. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a widely used medication for effectively inhibiting excessive bone destruction, but its effect on alleviating inflammatory bone loss remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether ZOL alleviates inflammatory bone resorption through immunomodulatory effect.

Methods

The viability of the cells was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay. Osteoclast (OC) differentiation and function were determined by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone resorption pits assays, respectively. Autophagosomes and actin ring structures of OC were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and F‐actin ring staining, respectively. The microstructure in mice maxillary alveolar bone model was observed by micro computed tomography (Miro‐CT). Reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) to detect the mRNA expression of osteoclast‐related genes and Western blot (WB) analysis to evaluate the protein expression levels of autophagy‐related proteins and the NOD‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3)‐related proteins in pre‐OCs.

Results

The findings indicated that ZOL hindered lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐mediated OC differentiation, formation, bone resorption activity and autophagosome levels. Furthermore, ZOL diminished the expression of genes associated with OC. And the expression of proteins ATG7, LC3II, Beclin1, NLRP3‐related proteins and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) protein were markedly decreased while P62 was increased, especially in the 1 μM ZOL group or MCC950 + ZOL group.

Conclusions

ZOL has a certain immunomodulatory effect that exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties at lower concentrations, which can weaken LPS‐induced OCs differentiation and function, and NLRP3‐mediated autophagy pathway may participate in this process.
A Longitudinal Analysis Comparing the Mental Health of Children By Level of Young Carer Status
Authors: Janes Ed , Melendez‐Torres G. J.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Young carers research has predominantly focused on the experiences of children who often provide substantial levels of care for family members, and the impacts of this caring on their lives. While quantitative studies of prevalence have increased, there have been increasing calls for cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of young carers relative to children without caring responsibilities, to strengthen and challenge the existing evidence on impact.

Methods/Materials

The study utilized the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England: Next Steps (LSYPE), a cohort study of over 12,500 children aged 13 in 2004. The data set enabled the cross‐sectional and longitudinal study of young carers mental health relative to those without caring responsibilities. A descriptive analysis produced separate prevalence estimates for the whole young carer spectrum and those with more substantial responsibilities, and assessed caring impact on individual mental health aspects. This was a precursor to the structural equation modelling (SEM) of their overall mental health.

Results

The findings highlighted the marginal or positive impacts of short‐term caring responsibilities, but also how mental health deteriorated over time. Both the short‐term benefits and long‐term deterioration of mental health was of a higher magnitude for those with more substantial responsibilities.

Conclusion

The analysis of the larger young carer spectrum highlighted a diversity of positive and negative outcomes. While this was partly due to the size of the caring roles, duration of time in the carer role was a key factor in problematic caring roles.
Tuning Electronic Relaxation of Nanorings Through Their Interlocking
Authors: Alfonso‐Hernandez Laura , Freixas Victor M. , Gibson Tammie , Tretiak Sergei , Fernandez‐Alberti Sebastian
Published: December 2024

Electronic and vibrational relaxation processes can be optimized and tuned by introducing alternative pathways that channel excess energy more efficiently. An ensemble of interacting molecular systems can help overcome the bottlenecks caused by large energy gaps between intermediate excited states involved in the relaxation process. By employing this strategy, catenanes composed of mechanically interlocked carbon nanostructures show great promise as new materials for achieving higher efficiencies in electronic devices. Herein, we perform nonadiabatic excited state molecular dynamics on different all‐benzene catenanes. We observe that catenanes experience faster relaxations than individual units. Coupled catenanes present overlapping energy manifolds that include several electronic excited states spatially localized on the different moieties, increasing the density of states that ultimately improve the efficiency in the energy relaxation. This result suggests the use of catenanes as a viable strategy for tuning the internal conversion rates in a quest for their utilization for new optoelectronic applications.
RRM2 Is a Putative Biomarker and Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Authors: Guo Linfa , Zhao Yiqiao , Bai Xiaojie , Wang Xiaolong , Tuoheti Kuerban , Cao Yuanfei , Zuo Yingtong , Zhang Xinhua , Liu Tongzu
Published: December 2024

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, characterized by its high recurrence and progression rates. Thus, identifying prognostic biomarkers and understanding its underlying mechanisms are imperative to enhance patient outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic significance, expression, functional activity, and underlying mechanisms of RRM2 in BLCA. RRM2 expression and its association with pathological grading and survival were investigated in samples from TCGA dataset and BLCA tissue microarray. CCK8 assays, colony formation assays, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to assess the role of RRM2 in BLCA cell proliferation and migration. Western blot was employed to investigate alterations in markers associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate the biological processes associated with RRM2, which were subsequently validated. The expression of RRM2 was significantly elevated in both BLCA tissues and cells. Our results also indicated a positive correlation between RRM2 expression and high tumor stage, high tumor grade, and poor survival. Knockdown of RRM2 inhibited cell proliferation and migration of BLCA. RRM2 knockdown significantly induced apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Opposite results were observed in the RRM2 overexpression cells. Additionally, our study demonstrates that RRM2 promotes BLCA progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. RRM2 is remarkably correlated with poor prognosis in BLCA and facilitate its progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. It is suggested that RRM2 might become an effective prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for BLCA.
Drug‐induced liver injury from Deferasirox in a pediatric patient with hereditary spherocytosis: A case report
Authors: Talwar Siddhant , Rosenthal Blake , Vissa Madhav , Cort Kayla , Byers Joshua , Ali Sabina
Published: December 2024

Patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) often require red blood cell transfusions for the treatment of hemolytic anemia. Iron overload is a known complication of frequent transfusions. Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, can cause transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels. There have been a few cases demonstrating Deferasirox‐associated liver injury in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. In this case report, we present a 13‐year‐old male with transfusion‐dependent HS treated with Deferasirox who presented with jaundice and was found to have evidence of acute hepatocellular injury.
Bloom compression alongside marine heatwaves contemporary with the Oregon upwelling season
Authors: Black Ian T. , Kavanaugh Maria T. , Reimers Clare E.
Published: December 2024

Marine heatwave (MHW) events have led to acute decreases in primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the surface ocean, particularly at the mid latitudes. In the Northeast Pacific, these anomalous events have occasionally encroached onto the Oregon shelf during the ecologically important summer upwelling season. Increased temperatures reduce the density of offshore waters, and as a MHW is present offshore, coincident downwelling or relaxation may transport warmer waters inshore. As an event persists, new upwelling‐driven blooms may be prevented from extending further offshore. This work focuses on MHWs and coincident events that occurred off Oregon during the summers of 2015–2023. In late summer 2015 and 2019, both documented MHW years, coastal phytoplankton biomass extended on average 6 and 9 km offshore of the shelf break along the Newport Hydrographic Line, respectively. During years not influenced by anomalous warming, coastal biomass extended over 34 km offshore of the shelf break. Reduced biomass also occurs with reduced upwelling transport and nutrient flux during these anomalous warm periods. However, the enhanced front associated with a MHW aids in the compression of phytoplankton closer to shore. Over shorter events, heatwaves propagating far inshore also coincide with reduced chlorophyll a and sea‐surface density at select cross‐shelf locations, further supporting a physical displacement mechanism. Paired with the physiological impacts on communities, heatwave‐reinforced physical confinement of blooms over the inner‐shelf may have a measurable effect on the gravitational flux and alongshore transport of particulate organic carbon.
Setting the foundation for a national collaborative learning health system in acute TBI rehabilitation: CARE4TBI Year 1 experience
Authors: Beaulieu Cynthia L. , Bogner Jennifer , Swank Chad , Frey Kimberly , Ferraro Mary K. , Tefertiller Candace , Huerta Timothy R. , Corrigan John D. , Hade Erinn M.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

A learning health system (LHS) approach is a collaborative model that continuously examines, evaluates, and re‐evaluates data eventually transforming it into knowledge. High quantity of high‐quality data are needed to establish this model. The purpose of this article is to describe the collaborative discovery process used to identify and standardize clinical data documented during daily multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation that would then allow access to these data to conduct comparative effectiveness research.

Methods

CARE4TBI is a prospective observational research study designed to capture clinical data within the standard inpatient rehabilitation documentation workflow at 15 TBI Model Systems Centers in the US. Three groups of stakeholders guided project development: therapy representative work group (TRWG) consisting of frontline therapists from occupational, physical, speech‐language, and recreational therapies; rehabilitation leader representative group (RLRG); and informatics and information technology team (IIT). Over a 12‐month period, the three work groups and research leadership team identified the therapeutic components captured within daily documentation throughout the duration of inpatient TBI rehabilitation.

Results

Data brainstorming among the groups created 98 distinct categories of data with each containing a range of data elements comprising a total of 850 discrete data elements. The free‐form data were sorted into three large categories and through review and discussion, reduced to two categories of prospective data collection—session‐level and therapy activity‐level data. Twelve session data elements were identified, and 54 therapy activities were identified, with each activity containing discrete sub‐categories for activity components, method of delivery, and equipment or supplies. A total of 561 distinct meaningful data elements were identified across the 54 activities.

Discussion

The CARE4TBI data discovery process demonstrated feasibility in identifying and capturing meaningful high quantity and high‐quality treatment data across multiple disciplines and rehabilitation sites, setting the foundation for a LHS coalition for acute traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.
Designed, Programmable Protein Cages Utilizing Diverse Metal Coordination Geometries Show Reversible, pH‐Dependent Assembly
Authors: Osiński Norbert , Majsterkiewicz Karolina , Pakosz‐Stępień Zuzanna , Azuma Yusuke , Biela Artur P. , Gaweł Szymon , Heddle Jonathan G.
Published: December 2024

The rational design and production of a novel series of engineered protein cages are presented, which have emerged as versatile and adaptable platforms with significant applications in biomedicine. These protein cages are assembled from multiple protein subunits, and precise control over their interactions is crucial for regulating assembly and disassembly, such as the on‐demand release of encapsulated therapeutic agents. This approach employs a homo‐undecameric, ring‐shaped protein scaffold with strategically positioned metal binding sites. These engineered proteins can self‐assemble into highly stable cages in the presence of cobalt or zinc ions. Furthermore, the cages can be disassembled on demand by employing external triggers such as chelating agents and changes in pH. Interestingly, for certain triggers, the disassembly process is reversible, allowing the cages to reassemble upon reversal or outcompeting of triggering conditions/agents. This work offers a promising platform for the development of advanced drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications.
Unlocking the Secrets of Insects: The Role of Mass Spectrometry to Understand the Life of Insects
Authors: Mayorga‐Martino Vanessa , Mansurova Madina , Calla‐Quispe Erika , Ibáñez Alfredo J.
Published: December 2024

Chemical signaling is crucial during the insect lifespan, significantly affecting their survival, reproduction, and ecological interactions. Unfortunately, most chemical signals insects use are impossible for humans to perceive directly. Hence, mass spectrometry has become a vital tool by offering vital insight into the underlying chemical and biochemical processes in various variety of insect activities, such as communication, mate recognition, mating behavior, and adaptation (defense/attack mechanisms), among others. Here, we review different mass spectrometry‐based strategies used to gain a deeper understanding of the chemicals involved in shaping the complex behaviors among insects and mass spectrometry‐based research in insects that have direct impact in global economic activities.
Probabilistic Assessment of Soil–Rock Mixture Slope Failure Considering Two‐Phase Rotated Anisotropy Random Fields
Authors: Qu Chuanxiang , Liu Yutong , Guo Haowen , Fang Hongjie , Cheng Kaihao , Yuan Haoran , Chen Yong
Published: December 2024

Soil–rock mixture (SRM) slopes consist of soils and rocks and are widely distributed globally. In addition to heterogeneity and discontinuity within SRM slopes, the inherent spatial variability can be observed in soil and rock properties. However, spatial variability in rock and soil properties and layouts has not been well considered in the stability analysis of SRM slopes. Additionally, SRM slopes commonly show a rotated anisotropic fabric pattern, while such fabric has rarely been accounted for in SRM slope stability analysis. In this study, a two‐phase rotated anisotropy random field simulation method is proposed to model these spatial variations simultaneously. The proposed approach is then integrated with the finite element method (FEM) to study the impacts of soil volume fraction and bedding dip angle (i.e., rotated anisotropy) on the probability of failure (pf) and failure mode of SRM slopes. It is found that considering only spatially varying layouts can underestimate pf by up to 97% compared to considering both spatially variable properties and layouts. The increase in soil volume fraction significantly improves pf and the likelihood of deep failure. The bedding dip angle greatly influences pf, yet deep failure remains dominant across different bedding dip angles. Furthermore, the failure mode of SRM slopes is more sensitive to the changes in soil volume fraction than to bedding dip angle.
Workplace Violence and Health Status of Female Nurses: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Alhalal Eman
Published: December 2024

As a female‐dominant profession, nurses are at risk of workplace violence. However, the health outcomes of workplace violence among female nurses have been mostly studied in isolation from their history of lifetime violence experiences. Although social and organizational factors shape workplace violence, our understanding of its effects on female nurses' health is limited in different cultural contexts. This study examined how workplace violence affects the physical and mental health and the frequency of medication intake and sick leave of nurses employed in the Saudi healthcare system while controlling for the effect of lifetime violence experiences. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 340 female nurses working in tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Among the female nurses, 67.6% had experienced at least one act of workplace violence during the last 12 months. The highest level of workplace violence was recorded in nurses employed in psychiatric units. After controlling for the effect of child abuse and partner violence, workplace violence is associated with female nurses' physical health ( = 0.335, t(336) = 6.73, p < 0.001), mental health ( = 0.224, t(336) = 4.09, p < 0.001), medication intake ( = 0.240, t(336) = 4.45, p < 0.001), and frequency of sick leave days ( = 0.206, t(336) = 3.82, p < 0.001). The results indicate a need for a zero‐tolerance policy against workplace violence and multidimensional strategies to address the issue. Additionally, gender and multi‐component health interventions for female nurses who are survivors of violence are needed.
Modeling‐based characterization for thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage of highly viscous epoxy resin with thermoplastic additives under the curing condition
Authors: Liu Meiyu , Feng Yuncong , Sun Deyong , Zhao Yueqing , Li Xiaobing , Li Xiaoqiang , Zhang Weizhao
Published: December 2024

The present investigation introduced an indirect approach to accurately characterize thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage coefficients of the BA9916 resin, which is a thermoset epoxy resin with thermoplastic additives for enhanced impact performance, throughout the curing process. To ensure modeling accuracy, experimental measurements of thermal decomposition and curing kinetics were also considered. Characterization of the BA9916 resin based on experiments completely was difficult due to its exceptionally high viscosity caused by the thermoplastic additives, imposing major obstacles in degassing during sample preparation. To tackle this problem, an indirect characterization method was utilized, beginning with characterizing the unidirectional (UD) composites with the BA9916 resin. Based on the measured composite properties, the corresponding characteristics of the BA9916 resin were then calculated using the modulus‐modified rule‐of‐mixtures with carbon fiber reinforcement properties provided by the material supplier. Subsequently, the representative volume element (RVE) models for the UD composites with various configurations, including different volume fractions of carbon fibers, degrees of curing and curing temperature profiles, were established for simulation with the theoretically calculated resin properties and supplier‐provided fiber characteristics. Homogenized results of the RVE modeling were validated against the experimental measurements with an error of less than 6%, demonstrating the effectiveness of this modeling‐based method for characterizing the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and chemical shrinkage (CSC) of the highly viscous thermoset resin under the curing condition.

Highlights

The resin is a thermoset epoxy resin toughened using thermoplastic additives.

The excessive viscosity of the resin hindered effective degassing.

The thermo‐chemical properties of the resin were characterized indirectly.

A non‐contact approach was used to determine the CTE and CSC.
Models of State Digital Sovereignty From the Global South: Diverging Experiences From China, India and South Africa
Authors: Jiang Min
Published: December 2024

Digital sovereignty unfolds differently and unevenly across geographies. The paper describes and theorizes three models of state digital sovereignty from the Global South—China, India and South Africa—three BRICS member countries that are home to over 1/3 of the world's population. Their digital policies and practices form an interesting and diverging array of efforts to pursue digital sovereignty in contrast to the U.S. and EU approaches, ranging from a digital powerhouse like China, a middle power country like India, and a regional power like South Africa. The paper argues for the need to reconceptualize “digital sovereignty”: not only in such normative terms as territorial integrity, legal equality, and noninterference, but also in terms of digital capacity, self‐sufficiency and autonomy that emphasize the constitutive power of digital technologies in structuring social, economic and political relations. In addition, state‐centric analysis of digital sovereignty practices and policies can coincide and overlap with other analytical perspectives (such as postcolonialism in this analysis) to render the phenomenon and understanding of digital sovereignty complex and multidimensional. This paper highlights the choices and constraints of the three Global South countries' digital nation‐state building efforts while also raising concerns over state instrumental use of digital sovereignty for censorship and surveillance in authoritarian and democratic countries alike.
Decontamination Effect of Plasma‐Activated Lactic Acid on Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Cai Zhicheng , Wang Yuanyuan , Sang Xiaohan , Wang Jiamei , Zhang Jianhao
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the efficacy of plasma‐activated lactic acid (PALA) in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, and their biofilms. Results indicated that prolonged exposure to PALA proportionally increased damage to bacteria and biofilms. After 20 min of treatment, the surface hydrophobicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes bacteria reduced by 11.40% and 67.20%, respectively, and their auto‐aggregation ability declined by 38.97% and 13.57%, respectively, after 4 h post storage. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated initial biofilm surface damage, followed by disruption of the three‐dimensional structure, leading to collapse. Notably, substantial damage to intracellular DNA and extracellular polysaccharides in biofilms was observed. Therefore, providing a theoretical foundation for the application of plasma‐activated solutions in biofilm.
Key competencies in education for sustainable development: A valuable framework for enhancing plant awareness
Authors: Amprazis Alexandros , Papadopoulou Penelope
Published: December 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Lack of plant awareness represents a significant phenomenon characterized by the underestimation of plants, with clear implications for sustainability. This study explores the potential of key competencies in education for sustainable development as an effective framework for mitigating this phenomenon. Through conceptual analysis, these competencies emerge as a valuable tool for enhancing plant awareness. This has significant implications for both the educational community and the general public, as it offers an additional pathway for fostering plant awareness, which can ultimately lead to increased public pressure and stronger mobilization by policymakers on critical issues such as biodiversity conservation and climate change.

The phenomenon of “plant blindness” or “lack of plant awareness” has received much attention from researchers over the last years. Recognizing education as both a contributing factor to and a potential solution for this issue, this study explores key competencies in education for sustainable development as a framework to enhance plant awareness.

A conceptual analysis was conducted to identify thematic relationships between this framework and plant awareness.

The analysis suggests that enhancing systems thinking and integrated problem‐solving competencies can help learners better recognize and understand the importance of plants for both human welfare and planet Earth. Through the development of critical thinking, normative, and self‐awareness competencies, learners are encouraged to question existing personal and societal perspectives on plants, thereby reshaping their perception of flora. Moreover, the application of anticipatory, strategic, and collaboration competencies allows learners to explore the intrinsic values of the plant world more deeply, fostering respect and empathy, which can lead to a broader shift in attitudes toward flora.

Through the integration of these elements into plant education, botany classes can become more engaging and relevant to real‐world issues. This approach can help bridge the gap between traditional science education and the development of pro‐conservation behaviors, while also enriching the evaluation methods used to assess plant awareness. Additionally, key competencies in education for sustainable development within plant education can promote not only a less utilitarian perspective of plants as organisms but also a more holistic approach to science education, reducing its emphasis on instrumentalization.
Labor Status at Delivery and Lung Function in Extremely Prematurely Born Young Adults
Authors: Armstrong Sean , Harris Christopher , Kazemi Mohadeseh , Lunt Alan , Peacock Janet , Greenough Anne
Published: December 2024

Background

There has been conflicting evidence regarding the impact of mode of delivery on respiratory outcomes in later childhood and adulthood. It is possible labor status, rather than mode of delivery, influences later respiratory morbidity. We hypothesized that extremely premature infants born to mothers in labor would have better lung function at follow‐up than those born to mothers not in labor.

Methods

We reviewed data from the United Kingdom High‐Frequency Oscillation Study. Lung function testing was performed on young people aged 16–18 years born before 29 weeks of gestation. Linear mixed models were used to adjust lung function for maternal and neonatal factors and for the clustering due to multiple births.

Results

One hundred and fifty subjects underwent lung function testing. Young adults born to mothers in labor had better mean Forced Expiratory Flow75 (FEF75) compared to those born to mothers not in labor (adjusted difference 0.50 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.99]). Similar significant differences were noted in FEF50 (0.45 [−0.05, 0.85]), and FEF25‐75 (0.53 [0.05, 1.01]).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that amongst individuals born very prematurely, those whose mothers were in labor before delivery had better small airway function at 16–19 years of age.
Evaluation of Post‐Transfer Clinical Status of Cystic Fibrosis Patients Transferred to Adult Chest Diseases Clinic
Authors: Ozdemir Hande Yuce , Karcioglu Oguz , Damadoglu Ebru , Kalyoncu Ali Fuat
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Proper transfer of patients from pediatric to adult chest clinic has critical importance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the follow‐up data of the patients in the first 12 months after transfer.

Methods

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients previously transferred to adult chest clinics were included. Demographic and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. The baseline visit was defined as the first visit at the adult center. One‐year follow‐up data were compared with the baseline data.

Results

A total of 118 patients were included in the study (men/women: 70/48). The mean ages at the time of transfer and inclusion in the study inclusion were 26.5 (23–29) and 27.6 ( ± 6.4) years, respectively. There was a significant reduction in FEV1 (%) and FEV1/FVC ratio between baseline and 1‐year follow‐up visits (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Compared to the year before the transfer, total number of exacerbations (p = 0.001), outpatient clinic visits (p < 0.001), total antibiotic days (p < 0.001), and intravenous antibiotic days (p = 0.001) significantly increased.

Conclusions

The findings of this study show that the pulmonary functions of CF patients decline and clinical conditions deteriorated after the transfer to the adult clinic. Simple transfer, rather than transition, may be one of the reasons for adverse outcomes in this patient population.
A Multimodal Agile Land‐Air Aircraft (AlAA) That Can Fly, Roll, and Stand
Authors: Guo Qing , Guo Zihua , Shi Yujie , Zhou Zhijie , Ma Dexiao
Published: December 2024

The multimodal land‐air aircraft combines the advantages of traditional drones and ground unmanned equipment. It can cross obstacles on the ground, such as lakes and mountains, and fly quickly in the air, reaching a wider range. It can also switch to an energy‐saving mode based on the characteristics of the surrounding environment and mission requirements, reducing energy consumption and noise while increasing endurance. Based on the idea of reusing the same structure, we have designed a multi‐mode agile land‐air aircraft, abbreviated as ALAA. ALAA has eight actuators, and it combines propellers, wheels, and gearboxes in different ways to achieve multiple modes of locomotion on the ground and in the air: flight mode, driving mode, and upright mode. In propeller‐assisted driving mode, it can climb slopes up to 50°. It can also combine driving and upright modes, demonstrating strong obstacle‐crossing capabilities. In addition, ALAA reuses the same components, simplifying the transition between flight and ground movement without the need for deformation, thus enabling fast and rational mode transition suitable for complex environments. Ground modes can extend the endurance time of ALAA, and experimental results show that ALAA can operate 21 times longer than an aerial only system. This paper presents the overall design and mechanical architecture of ALAA, discusses the algorithm and controller design, and verifies the feasibility of the scheme and design through experiments with the physical prototype, showing its performance in different modes.
Fabrication of Porous Silica‐ruthenium Oxide Composite Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Into Formic Acid
Authors: Umegaki Tetsuo , Sato Kei , Saeki Kenjiro , Kojima Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2024

Porous silica–ruthenium oxide composite catalysts were prepared with sol–gel‐based method using a cationic surfactant, cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as templates to form well‐ordered nanopores in the catalyst particles. The previously reported heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formic acid generally worked as metallic state, while the catalyst in the present study worked without reduction procedure for the catalyst activation to obtain the metallic states of the active ruthenium species. The textural properties of the catalysts in this work were affected by various pretreatment procedures, and washing and calcination pretreatments were identified as effective procedures to remove the surfactant micelle templates with 2–4 times higher specific surface area and pore volumes. The catalytic activity also improved with the pretreatments, and the catalyst with washing followed by calcination showed nearly three times higher activity than the catalyst without any pretreatments. The crystalline size of the active ruthenium species and the catalytic performance of porous silica–ruthenium oxide composite catalyst was influenced by amount of TEOS, the catalyst including small RuO2 crystalline phase was obtained with high amount of TEOS and exhibited high activity for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formic acid with comparative TON to previously reported metallic ruthenium‐based catalysts.
Towards High‐Performance Li‐Rich Cathode Materials: from Morphology Design to Electronic Structure Modulation
Authors: Wan Jing‐Zhe , Ma Chao , Chen Jie‐Sheng , Wang Kai‐Xue
Published: December 2024

Lithium‐rich cathode materials (LRMs) have garnered significant interest owing to their high reversible discharge capacity (exceeding 250 mAh g⁻¹), which is attributed to the redox reactions of transition metal (TM) ions as well as the distinctive redox processes of oxygen anions. However, there are still many problems, such as their relatively poor rate performance and voltage fading and hysteresis, hindering their practical applications. Herein, the recent insights into the mechanisms and the latest advancements in the research of LRMs are discussed. Strategies to promote the performance of LRMs are discussed following a top‐down approach from the morphology design to electronic structure modulation. Finally, the ongoing efforts in this area are also discussed to inspire more new ideas for the future development of LRMs.
Cobalt‐Based ZIF Composite Membranes: In Situ Defect Engineering for Enhanced Water Stability and Gas Separation
Authors: Nam Ki Jin , Mohamed Amro M. O. , Seong Jeongho , An Heseong , Kang Dun‐Yen , Economou Ioannis G. , Lee Jong Suk
Published: December 2024

Porous coordination polymers with excellent molecular sieving ability, high dispersibility, and good compatibility with engineered polymer matrices hold promise for various industrial applications, such as gas separation and battery separators. Here, an in situ defect engineering approach is proposed for highly processable cobalt (Co)‐based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) with enhanced molecular sieving ability and water stability. By varying alkylamine (AA) modulators, the pore structures and textural properties of ZIFs can be fine‐tuned. The resulting high‐loading composite membrane exhibits excellent C3H6/C3H8 separation performance and mechanical properties. This in situ defect engineering approach enables efficient interfacial engineering for high‐performance composite membranes.
Emerging Combination of Hydrogel and Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Huang Lingting , Zhou Yuyang , Hu Xiaoming , Yang Zhen
Published: December 2024

Electrochemical sensors are among the most promising technologies for biomarker research, with outstanding sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response capabilities that make them important in medical diagnostics and prognosis. Recently, hydrogels have gained attention in the domain of electrochemical biosensors because of their superior biocompatibility, excellent adhesion, and ability to form conformal contact with diverse surfaces. These features provide distinct advantages, particularly in the advancement of wearable biosensors. This review examines the contemporary utilization of hydrogels in electrochemical sensing, explores strategies for optimization and prospective development trajectories, and highlights their distinctive advantages. The objective is to provide an exhaustive overview of the foundational principles of electrochemical sensing systems, analyze the compatibility of hydrogel properties with electrochemical methodologies, and propose potential healthcare applications to further illustrate their applicability. Despite significant advances in the development of hydrogel‐based electrochemical biosensors, challenges persist, such as improving material fatigue resistance, interfacial adhesion, and maintaining balanced water content across various environments. Overall, hydrogels have immense potential in flexible biosensors and provide exciting opportunities. However, resolving the current obstacles will necessitate additional research and development efforts.
Self‐Assembled Covalent Triazine Frameworks Derived N, S Co‐Doped Carbon Nanoholes with Facilitating Ions Transportation Toward Remarkably Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction and for Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Xia , Guan Jingyu , Zheng Yong , Shen Yi , Chen Ruifeng , Huang Niu , Jia Binbin , Kong Xin Ying , Yan Yan , Liu Mingkai , Ye Liqun
Published: December 2024

3D assembled carbon materials, featuring unique hierarchical porosity and interconnected channels, are essential for the advancement of emerging zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In this study, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co‐doped 3D carbon nanoholes (N/S‐CNHs) are synthesized through a straightforward procedure involving self‐assembly followed by carbonization. This process utilizes a hybrid of self‐assembled covalent triazine framework and sodium lignosulphonate (CTF@LS) as a multifunctional precursor. The resulting N/S‐CNHs exhibit a distinctive nanoholes microstructure composed of interwoven carbon nanoclusters, which facilitates efficient ion and electron transport during the electrocatalytic process. The incorporation of N and S atoms intriguingly alters the wetting properties of the catalyst microenvironment, thereby significantly facilitating the transfer of key intermediates and their interaction with the electrolyte. Consequently, the optimized N/S‐CNH‐900 demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the ORR (E1/2 = 0.86 V vs RHE), surpassing the performance of state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C electrocatalyst. Theoretical calculations reveal that the synergistic effect of N and S heteroatom doping significantly enhances *OOH desorption and its transformation to O*, thereby markedly accelerating the ORR process. Furthermore, both liquid and quasi‐solid ZABs equipped with the N/S‐CNH‐900 cathode exhibit improved peak power density and specific capacity relative to those employing commercial Pt/C catalysts.
Toward Novel Porous Boronized Ti6Al4V/FHA Composite Implants by Combined Microwave Sintering and Temporary Space Alloying
Authors: Zuo Shangyong , Luo Ting , Peng Qian , Zhang Tong , Xiong Hengrong , Chen Yihong , Wang Yuehong , Peng Zhiwei
Published: December 2024

Titanium alloys are unsuitable implants for patients with low bone quality due to their high moduli and bioinertness. In this study, porous boronized Ti6Al4V/fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) composites are synthesized via microwave sintering of mixed Ti6Al4V, FHA and TiB2 powders at 1050 °C for 30 min, with 0–10 wt% urea as a space holder material. It is shown that increasing urea addition leads to higher porosity, promoting microwave penetration and microwave “lens effect”, which improves boronization and restrains degradation of mechanical properties of the composites caused by the increased porosity. With the urea addition of 0–3 wt%, the compressive strength and modulus decrease from 380.3 MPa and 14.5 GPa to 134.4 MPa and 3.26 GPa, respectively, while the Vickers microhardness declines from 360.3 to 300.0 HV. The increased exposure of FHA improves chemical and biological properties of the composite, with water contact angle decreased by nearly half and osteogenesis increased by sixfold. By adding more urea, the microhardness decreases evidently, with poorer wettability and biocompatibility due to looser structure and FHA decomposition. By adding 3 wt% urea, the composite achieves an optimal balance between ultralow modulus and enhanced bioactivity, making it ideal for rapid osseointegration in patients with poor bone conditions.
Clinical disease in British sheep infected with an emerging strain of bluetongue virus serotype 3
Authors: Newbrook Kerry , Obishakin Emmanuel , Jones Laura A. , Waters Ryan , Ashby Martin , Batten Carrie , Sanders Christopher
Published: December 2024

Background

Bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV‐3) was detected for the first time in cattle and sheep in southern England in 2023, the first UK BTV incursion for more than 15 years. Clinical signs were not observed, yet severe clinical disease and mortality were reported during recent BTV‐3 outbreaks in northern Europe.

Methods

To investigate the clinical disease and infection kinetics associated with this UK BTV‐3 strain, five British sheep were infected with a UK BTV‐3 isolate using Culicoides biting midges. Clinical signs, pathology, infection dynamics, immune responses and Culicoides infection rates were assessed.

Results

All sheep were infected with BTV‐3 and developed mild to moderate clinical bluetongue disease, characterised by fever, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, lameness, depression and widespread petechial haemorrhage. Three sheep reached clinical humane endpoints and were euthanased. Clinical signs/severity, infection kinetics and immune responses were highly variable. Infectious BTV‐3 was isolated from sheep blood up to 28 days postinfection.

Limitations

The impact of BTV‐3 infection on British cattle and infection rate in UK Culicoides require investigation to fully determine the risk of this strain to UK livestock.

Conclusions

This study confirms the potential impact of a BTV‐3 incursion/outbreak on the UK sheep population, highlighting the need for an effective vaccine.
Cutaneous plasmacytosis in a dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Mourão de Moraes Renata , de Alencar Nayro Xavier , Maués Tábata , de Souza Kassia Maria , Xavier Márcia de Souza
Published: December 2024

Cutaneous plasmacytosis is rarely reported in veterinary medicine, but far more described in human medicine. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are plasma cell tumours without bone marrow involvement. This study aimed to report a case of a 7‐year‐old, mixed‐breed dog with a presumptive diagnosis of cutaneous plasmacytosis. At clinical examination, the dog presented 15 cutaneous nodules disseminated through the body. Cytopathological analysis revealed plasmacytoma in 13 out of 15 nodules. Thoracic radiography revealed radiopaque structures suggestive of pulmonary nodules, and abdominal ultrasonography indicated suspicion of a hepatic neoplastic process. The animal died during the diagnostic screening period, with a survival of 16 days from the initial consultation. Thus, further confirmatory tests such as histopathology and immunohistochemistry were not performed, and the pulmonary and hepatic lesions were not assessed. This report demonstrates the importance of cytopathology in the presumptive diagnosis of cutaneous plasmacytosis in a dog, considering the absence of other complementary examinations.
Serious Games Beyond Entertainment and Learning: An Evaluation Methodology for Assessing Awareness Raising, Empathy, and Social Change
Authors: Ntoa Stavroula , Ntagianta Anastasia , Flores Fernanda , Kolek Lukáš , Petrova Alexandra , Apostolakis Konstantinos C. , Stamou Stefania , Margetis George , Stephanidis Constantine
Published: December 2024

Serious games have emerged as a powerful tool for achieving targeted outcomes beyond entertainment, such as learning or raising awareness about a topic. Considering their pervasiveness and wide adoption in the educational domain, traditional assessment approaches of these games have predominantly focused on their entertainment value and achievement of learning objectives. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework that goes beyond traditional dimensions to include aspects relevant to empathy raising and attitude change. The proposed framework has been validated through three user studies, assessing entertainment, historical awareness, empathy raising, and attitude change for three games, involving in total 98 high school students. Results from the studies are presented, as well as implications and lessons learned regarding the overall methodological approach, the evaluation instruments used, and the procedures followed.