bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential energy of non-resonant optimal bianisotropic particles in an electromagnetic field does not depend on time
Authors: Semchenko Igor , Khakhomov Sergei , Balmakou Alexey , Tretyakov Sergei
Published: July 2014

In this work, we consider potential energy of recently conceptualized optimal (balanced) bianisotropic particles in electromagnetic fields. The case of non-resonant lossless particles is studied. Knowing the potential energy of optimal bianisotropic particles in the fields of the respective excitations, we find the acting force on the particle in inhomogeneous external fields. It is found that for optimal particles with the balanced values of the polarizabilities the potential energy and acting force are time independent.
Numerical simulation of vertical Bridgman solidification of CdZnTe
Authors: Jamai Hanen , Pateyron Bernard , Sammouda Habib , El Ganaoui M.
Published: July 2014

The solidification of the singular CdZnTe in axisymetric Vertical Bridgman (VB) cavity is investigated in the current study. The numerical approach is developed by using COMSOL Multiphysics software, which is based on finite elements method (FEM) with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Euleurian (ALE) formulation allowing treating the moving interface. Numerical aspects of different parameters that affect the solidification interface and present an important factor during the crystal growth’s process are presented and analyzed. Especial attention will be paid to investigate the thermophysical properties such as thermal diffusivity, heat capacity. Thermal conductivity and the effect of thermal condition specially the effect of cold temperature Tc which affects significantly the concavity and the convexity of the interface for specific ranges in the solidification of CdZnTe phenomena, but it is of great importance the crystal growth experts are not it given importance. It has been shown that this properties, the effect of Tc, and the variation of interface velocity affect the solid/liquid interface shape and the crystal growth process.
An analytic mapping of oligomer potential energy surfaces to an effective Frenkel model
Authors: Binder Robert , Römer Sarah , Wahl Jan , Burghardt Irene
Published: July 2014

While the use of Frenkel-type models for semiconducting polymer assemblies and related molecular aggregates is well established, the direct parametrization of such models based on electronic structure data is attempted less frequently. In this work, we develop a systematic mapping procedure which is adapted to J-type and H-type homo-aggregate systems. The procedure is based upon the analytic solution of an inverse eigenvalue problem for an effective Frenkel Hamiltonian with nearest-neighbor couplings. Vibronic interactions are included for both site-local and site-correlated modes. For illustration, an application is presented to the excited-state ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs) of an oligothiophene octamer. The procedure performs a pointwise mapping of the PESs of oligomers of arbitrary chain length n, provided that the electronic ground state and any two of the n lowest adiabatic states of the excitonic manifold of interest are known. These three states are reproduced exactly by the procedure while the remaining n − 2 states of the excitonic manifold can be predicted. Explicit conditions are derived permitting to verify whether a given data set is compatible with the effective Frenkel model under study.
Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of chiral nanotubes filled with a linear chain of iron
Authors: Boutko V. G. , Gusev A. A. , Shevtsova T. N. , Pashkevich Yu. G.
Published: July 2014

Density-functional calculations of the electronic structure of (n,n/2) chiral carbon nanotubes filled with a linear chain of Fe atoms were conducted for the first time. It was found that upon encapsulating a chain of Fe atoms, the initially semiconducting nanotubes Fe5@(4,2), Fe5@(6,3) and Fe5@(8,4) became metallic. In the case of the Fe5@(8,4) structure, only the iron chain was conductive. All the considered nanotubes maintained large energy of the magnetic anisotropy, which is characteristic for a free linear chain of iron atoms. The magnetic moment on an iron atom was found to vary nonmonotonically with increasing the chiral index n; for the Fe5@(6,3) nanotube, the magnetic moment reached that of a free linear chain of iron atoms.
Conformational equilibrium of 2-deoxyadenosine molecules isolated in inert Ar matrices
Authors: Ivanov A. Yu.
Published: July 2014

The FTIR spectra of 2-deoxyadenosine (dA) molecules isolated in low-temperature Ar matrices were obtained in the range of 3800−180 cm−1 with a resolution of 0.3 cm−1. The population analysis of the major structural isomers of dA was carried out by MP2 and DFT quantum-mechanical calculation methods. It was established that dA can sustain prolonged evaporation at 440 K without undergoing thermal decomposition. For the first time, it was shown that the populations of dA syn-conformers with the intramolecular hydrogen bond O5′H–N3 is close to (76 ± 5)% in the gas phase and matrix. Upon freezing in the matrix the syn-conformers with the intramolecular hydrogen bond O5′H–N3 and C3′-endo structure of the deoxyribose ring were fully transformed into the subset of syn-conformers with the C2′-endo structure of the deoxyribose ring. Only two structures from this subset with different rotation angles of the O3′H-group can be stabilized in the matrix. Unlike pyrimidine nucleosides, the dA conformers with the intramolecular hydrogen bonds O3′H–O5 or O5′H–O3 were not found.
Ground state and excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms and their diatomic bound states
Authors: Peletminskii A. S. , Peletminskii S. V. , Poluektov Yu. M.
Published: July 2014

This is a theoretical study of a many-body system of spin-zero atoms and their diatomic bound states (molecules) which form a single Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature. The Gross-Pitaevskii approach is used to analyze the equilibrium states and dynamics of this system. It is shown that, depending on the binding energy of the system, the system can exist in two phases: an atom-molecule condensate and a molecular condensate. The basic thermodynamic characteristics and the criteria for their stability are found. Both phases have two branches of collective excitations, one of which is acoustic, while the other has an activation energy.
Magnetic resonance frequencies of ferromagnets with partially frozen orbital momentum
Authors: Butrim V. I.
Published: July 2014

The dynamics of the angular momentum of ferromagnets is discussed with the crystal field and the spin-orbital interaction taken systematically into account. The spectrum of the magnetic oscillations of this kind of magnet contains three branches of oscillations of different types, one of which is longitudinal oscillations in the magnitude of the orbital momentum while the other two are transverse branches corresponding to coupled oscillations of the spin and orbital momentum components.
Acoustopiezomagnetism and the elastic moduli of CoF2
Authors: Gaydamak T. N. , Zvyagina G. A. , Zhekov K. R. , Bilich I. V. , Desnenko V. A. , Kharchenko N. F. , Fil V. D.
Published: July 2014

The piezomagnetic response of single crystal CoF2 is studied using acoustic oscillations at frequencies of ∼55 MHz. Without an external magnetic field the results reproduce the data from direct static measurements. A magnetic field opens up an additional piezomagnetic response channel with an amplitude that is linear in the field strength. The efficiencies of the two channels become equal in the antiferromagnetic state for H ∼ 3 T. Above the Neel temperature the mechanism for the first channel ceases to operate, while the piezomagnetic response associated with the new channel falls off approximately exponentially. The sound speeds for the different crystallographic directions are measured and the components of the elastic modulus tensor are calculated.
In-situ neutron diffraction of LaCoO3 perovskite under uniaxial compression. II. Elastic properties
Authors: Lugovy Mykola , Aman Amjad , Chen Yan , Orlovskaya Nina , Kuebler Jakob , Graule Thomas , Reece Michael J. , Ma Dong , Stoica Alexandru D. , An Ke
Published: July 2014

Calculations of elastic constants and development of elastic anisotropy under uniaxial compression in originally isotropic polycrystalline LaCoO3 perovskite are reported. The lattice strains in individual (hkl) planes as well as average lattice strain were determined both for planes oriented perpendicular and parallel to the loading direction using in-situ neutron diffraction. Utilizing average lattice strains as well as lattice strains along the a and c crystallographic directions, an attempt was made to determine Poisson's ratio of LaCoO3, which was then compared with that measured using an impulse excitation technique. The elastic constants were calculated and Young's moduli of LaCoO3 single crystal in different crystallographic directions were estimated.
Photodissociation dynamics of superexcited O2: Dissociation channels O(5S) vs. O(3S)
Authors: Zhou Yiyong , Meng Qingnan , Mo Yuxiang
Published: July 2014

The photodissociation dynamics of O2, O2 + hυ → O(3P) + O(2p3(4S)3s, 3S/5S), has been studied by combining the XUV laser pump / UV laser probe and velocity map imaging methods in the photon energy range 14.64–15.20 eV. The fragment yield spectra of O(3S) and O(5S) and their velocity map images have been recorded using the state-selective (1+1) REMPI method to detect the fragments. The fragment yield spectra show resolved fine structure that arises from the predissociated Rydberg states I, I′ and I″ (3ΠΩ = 0,1,2). The branching ratios between the two decay channels have been measured by one-photon ionization of the fragments O(3S) and O(5S) simultaneously. It is surprising to find that the dissociation cross sections for the production of O(5S) are larger than, or comparable to, those of O(3S) for the I and I′ states, while the cross sections for the production of O(5S) are smaller than those of O(3S) for the I″ state. All fragments O(5S) arise from perpendicular transitions, which provides direct experimental evidence about the symmetry assignments of the states I, I′ and I″ excited in this energy region. Although most of the fragments O(3S) arise from perpendicular transitions, some of them are from parallel transitions. Based on the calculated ab initio potential energy curves, we propose that the neutral dissociation into O(3P) + O(3S) occurs mainly via the interaction of the Rydberg states I, I′, and I″ with the vibrational continuum of the diabatic 83Πu state (${\rm 1}\pi _{\rm u}^{ - {\rm 1}} {\rm (a}^{\rm 4} {\rm \Pi }_{\rm u} {\rm)3}s\sigma _{\rm g} ,^{\rm 3} \Pi _{\rm u}$1πu−1(a4Πu)3sσg,3Πu), while the neutral dissociation into O(3P) + O(5S) occurs mainly via the interaction of Rydberg states I, I′, and I″ with the diabatic 73Πu (${\rm 1}\pi _{\rm g}^{ - {\rm 1}} {\rm (X}^{\rm 2} {\rm \Pi }_{\rm g} {\rm)3}p{\rm \sigma }_{\rm u} ,^{\rm 3} \Pi _{\rm u}$1πg−1(X2Πg)3pσu,3Πu).
The effect of turbulent kinetic energy on inferred ion temperature from neutron spectra
Authors: Murphy T. J.
Published: July 2014

Measuring the width of the energy spectrum of fusion-produced neutrons from deuterium (DD) or deuterium-tritium (DT) plasmas is a commonly used method for determining the ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. In a plasma with a Maxwellian distribution of ion energies, the spread in neutron energy arises from the thermal spread in the center-of-mass velocities of reacting pairs of ions. Fluid velocities in ICF are of a similar magnitude as the center-of-mass velocities and can lead to further broadening of the neutron spectrum, leading to erroneous inference of ion temperature. Motion of the reacting plasma will affect DD and DT neutrons differently, leading to disagreement between ion temperatures inferred from the two reactions. This effect may be a contributor to observations over the past decades of ion temperatures higher than expected from simulations, ion temperatures in disagreement with observed yields, and different temperatures measured in the same implosion from DD and DT neutrons. This difference in broadening of DD and DT neutrons also provides a measure of turbulent motion in a fusion plasma.
Plasmonic gold nanoparticles modified titania nanotubes for antibacterial application
Authors: Li Jinhua , Zhou Huaijuan , Qian Shi , Liu Ziwei , Feng Jingwei , Jin Ping , Liu Xuanyong
Published: July 2014

Close-packed TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared on metallic Ti surface by electrochemical anodization. Subsequently, by magnetron sputtering, Au nanoparticles are coated onto the top sidewall and tube inwall. The Au@TiO2 systems can effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in darkness due to the existence of Au nanoparticles. On the basis of classical optical theories, the antibacterial mechanism is proposed from the perspective of localized surface plasmon resonance. Respiratory electrons of bacterial membrane transfer to Au nanoparticles and then to TiO2, which makes bacteria steadily lose electrons until death. This work provides insights for the better understanding and designing of noble metal nanoparticles-based plasmonic heterostructures for antibacterial application.
Exploring pulse-voltage-triggered optically induced electrohydrodynamic instability for femtolitre droplet generation
Authors: Wang Feifei , Fei Fei , Liu Lianqing , Yu Haibo , Yu Peng , Wang Yuechao , Lee Gwo-Bin , Jung Li Wen
Published: July 2014

We present a multipoint “virtual dispenser” to draw femtolitre droplets from a dielectric fluidic thin film using pulse-voltage-triggered optically induced electrohydrodynamic instability (PVT-OEHI). The “virtual dispenser” generates instability nucleation sites by controlling the optically induced lateral electrical stress and thermocapillary flow inside an optoelectronics chip. A time scale analysis shows that the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) instability phenomenon is present; however, its external manifestation is suppressed by OEHI. We observed two droplet dispensing mechanisms which correspond to different EHD states: Taylor cone formation and optically induced EHD jet. The EHD states transition could be realized by adjusting the pulse voltage parameters to alter the morphology of dispensed micron-scale polymer droplets, which could then be formed into organized arrays of microlenses with controllable diameter and curvature based on surface tension effect.
Lattice Boltzmann method for mixtures at variable Schmidt number
Authors: Monteferrante Michele , Melchionna Simone , Marconi Umberto Marini Bettolo
Published: July 2014

When simulating multicomponent mixtures via the Lattice Boltzmann Method, it is desirable to control the mutual diffusivity between species while maintaining the viscosity of the solution fixed. This goal is herein achieved by a modification of the multicomponent Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook evolution equations by introducing two different timescales for mass and momentum diffusion. Diffusivity is thus controlled by an effective drag force acting between species. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of the method for neutral binary and charged ternary mixtures in bulk conditions. The simulation of a charged mixture in a charged slit channel show that the conductivity and electro-osmotic mobility exhibit a departure from the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski prediction at high diffusivity.
Spectrins in axonal cytoskeletons: Dynamics revealed by extensions and fluctuations
Authors: Lai Lipeng , Cao Jianshu
Published: July 2014

The macroscopic properties, the properties of individual components, and how those components interact with each other are three important aspects of a composited structure. An understanding of the interplay between them is essential in the study of complex systems. Using axonal cytoskeleton as an example system, here we perform a theoretical study of slender structures that can be coarse-grained as a simple smooth three-dimensional curve. We first present a generic model for such systems based on the fundamental theorem of curves. We use this generic model to demonstrate the applicability of the well-known worm-like chain (WLC) model to the network level and investigate the situation when the system is stretched by strong forces (weakly bending limit). We specifically studied recent experimental observations that revealed the hitherto unknown periodic cytoskeleton structure of axons and measured the longitudinal fluctuations. Instead of focusing on single molecules, we apply analytical results from the WLC model to both single molecule and network levels and focus on the relations between extensions and fluctuations. We show how this approach introduces constraints to possible local dynamics of the spectrin tetramers in the axonal cytoskeleton and finally suggests simple but self-consistent dynamics of spectrins in which the spectrins in one spatial period of axons fluctuate in-sync.
Magnetographic array for the capture and enumeration of single cells and cell pairs
Authors: Shields C. Wyatt , Livingston Carissa E. , Yellen Benjamin B. , López Gabriel P. , Murdoch David M.
Published: July 2014

We present a simple microchip device consisting of an overlaid pattern of micromagnets and microwells capable of capturing magnetically labeled cells into well-defined compartments (with accuracies >95%). Its flexible design permits the programmable deposition of single cells for their direct enumeration and pairs of cells for the detailed analysis of cell-cell interactions. This cell arraying device requires no external power and can be operated solely with permanent magnets. Large scale image analysis of cells captured in this array can yield valuable information (e.g., regarding various immune parameters such as the CD4:CD8 ratio) in a miniaturized and portable platform.
Measurement and modeling of ErAs:In0.53Ga0.47As nanocomposite photoconductivity for THz generation at 1.55 μm pump wavelength
Authors: Suen J. Y. , Krogen P. R. , Preu S. , Lu H. , Gossard A. C. , Driscoll D. C. , Lubin P. M.
Published: July 2014

We present new high-resolution measurements of transient time-domain photoconductivity in ErAs:InGaAs superlattice nanocomposites intended for THz photoconductive switches and photomixers using a pure optical pump-probe method. We developed a model, using separate photocarrier trapping, recombination, and thermal reactivation processes, which very accurately fits the measurements. The measured material structures all exhibit a slow secondary decay process, which is attributed to thermal reactivation of the trapped carriers, either into the conduction band, or into high-energy defect states. We examined the influence of superlattice structure, dopants, DC bias, and temperature. Analysis shows that all of the THz energy produced by the photocarrier trapping and decay processes are at frequencies less than 1 THz, while the reactivation process only serves to create a large portion of the bias power dissipated. Energy higher than 1 THz must be created by a fast generation process or band-filling saturation. This allows pulsed THz generation even from a long-lifetime material. Pure optical pump-probe measurements are necessary to expose slow material processes, and eliminate the influence of electrical terminals and THz antennas. These measurements and modeling of THz photoconductive devices are necessary in order to optimize the output spectrum and power.
Energy relaxation of multi-MeV protons traveling in compressed DT+Be plasmas
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Fu Zhen-Guo , He Bin , Zhang Ping
Published: July 2014

We investigate the stopping power of the multi-MeV protons moving in the hot dense deuterium-tritium plasmas mixed with beryllium (Be), which is important in inertial confinement fusion experiments. It is shown that with increasing the density of Be, the stopping power of the proton also increases with the peaks shifting towards higher projectile velocity, which leads to the reduction of both the projectile range and the energy transferred to the electrons.
Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes in CdTe
Authors: Buurma C. , Krishnamurthy S. , Sivananthan S.
Published: July 2014

A combination of first principles electronic structure calculations, Green's function method, and empirical tight-binding Hamiltonian method is used to evaluate the minority carrier lifetimes of CdTe due to recombination via native point defects in CdTe. For defect energy levels near mid-gap, our calculated value of the Shockley-Read-Hall capture cross section for both electrons and holes is ∼10−13 cm2, which is considerably different from the most commonly employed values. We further find that minority carrier lifetimes in doped CdTe are affected more by defect levels closer to the Fermi level than those in the mid-gap.
Magnetic field induced tailoring of mechanical behavior of fluid filled micro porous carbon nanotube foam
Authors: Reddy Siva Kumar , Mukherjee Anwesha , Misra Abha
Published: July 2014

Compressive loading of the carbon nanotube (CNT) has attracted much attention due to its entangled cellular like structure (CNT foam). This report investigates the mechanical behavior of magnetorheological fluid impregnated micro porous CNT foam that has not been realized before at this scale. Compressive behavior of CNT foam is found to greatly depend on the variation in both fluid viscosity as well as magnetic field intensity. Moreover, maximum achieved stress and energy absorption in CNT foam followed a power law behavior with the magnetic field intensity. Magnetic field induced movement of both CNT and iron oxide particles along the field direction is shown to dominate compressive behavior of CNT foam over highly attractive van der Waals forces between individual CNT. Therefore, this study demonstrates a method for tailoring the mechanical behavior of the fluid impregnated CNT foam.
Low defect InGaAs quantum well selectively grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on Si(100) 300 mm wafers for next generation non planar devices
Authors: Cipro R. , Baron T. , Martin M. , Moeyaert J. , David S. , Gorbenko V. , Bassani F. , Bogumilowicz Y. , Barnes J. P. , Rochat N. , Loup V. , Vizioz C. , Allouti N. , Chauvin N. , Bao X. Y. , Ye Z. , Pin J. B. , Sanchez E.
Published: July 2014

Metal organic chemical vapor deposition of GaAs, InGaAs, and AlGaAs on nominal 300 mm Si(100) at temperatures below 550 °C was studied using the selective aspect ratio trapping method. We clearly show that growing directly GaAs on a flat Si surface in a SiO2 cavity with an aspect ratio as low as 1.3 is efficient to completely annihilate the anti-phase boundary domains. InGaAs quantum wells were grown on a GaAs buffer and exhibit room temperature micro-photoluminescence. Cathodoluminescence reveals the presence of dark spots which could be associated with the presence of emerging dislocation in a direction parallel to the cavity. The InGaAs layers obtained with no antiphase boundaries are perfect candidates for being integrated as channels in n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), while the low temperatures used allow the co-integration of p-type MOSFET.
Plasmon gap mode-assisted third-harmonic generation from metal film-coupled nanowires
Authors: Li Ke , Li Xiaofeng , Yuan Lei Dang , Wu Shaolong , Zhan Yaohui
Published: July 2014

A numerical investigation on the third-order nonlinear optical properties of a plasmonic system composed by metal film-coupled nanowires is reported. The linear and nonlinear optical characteristics are studied by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. To substantially improve the nonlinear effect, the geometric parameters of the system are carefully engineered to excite strong plasmon gap resonance with dramatically enhanced electric field intensity at the gap between the nanowires and the film. The third-harmonic generation (THG) property is examined by nonlinear FDTD simulation. It shows that the THG efficiency estimated from the nonlinear optical absorption can be ∼1 × 10−5 under an incident power density of 5.2 GW/cm2. Plasmonic resonance is necessary to achieve highly efficient THG since the system on resonance shows the THG intensity 4 orders of magnitude higher than that of an off-resonance system.
High color rendering index white light emitting diodes fabricated from a combination of carbon dots and zinc copper indium sulfide quantum dots
Authors: Sun Chun , Zhang Yu , Wang Yu , Liu Wenyan , Kalytchuk Sergii , Kershaw Stephen V. , Zhang Tieqiang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhao Jun , Yu William W. , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: July 2014

In a line with most recent trends in developing non-toxic fluorescent nanomaterials, we combined blue emissive carbon dots with green and red emissive zinc copper indium sulfide (ZCIS) core/shell quantum dots (QDs) to achieve white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a high color rendering index of 93. This indicates that ZCIS QDs, with their broad emission bands, can be employed to effectively make up the emission of carbon dots in the yellow and red regions to produce WLEDs in the wide region of color temperature by tuning the volume ratio of these constituting luminophores. Their electroluminescence characteristics including color rendering index, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates, and color temperatures were evaluated as a function of forward current. The CIE-1931 chromaticity coordinates of the as-prepared WLEDs, exhibiting good stability, were slightly shifted from (0.321, 0.312) at 10 mA to (0.351, 0.322) at 30 mA, which was mainly caused by the different thermal quenching coefficients of carbon dots and ZCIS QDs.
Anisotropy of grain boundary diffusion in sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet
Authors: Niu E , Chen Zhi-An , Ye Xuan-Zhang , Zhu Wei , Chen Guo-An , Zhao Yu-Gang , Zhang Jin , Rao Xiao-Lei , Hu Bo-Ping , Wang Zhen-Xi
Published: July 2014

The grain boundary diffusion (GBD) was applied to magnetically aligned Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets on their different surfaces. The demagnetization curves show better squareness for Dy diffusing from the pole surfaces than that from the side surfaces. Kerr magnetic domain patterns on magnet surfaces in aligned and unaligned magnets were observed together with in situ optical microscope images. It indicates that the anisotropy of the GBD effect is attributed to the anisotropic texture of the grain boundary Nd-rich phase in the magnet.
In situ metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of Al2O3 on N-face GaN and evidence of polarity induced fixed charge
Authors: Liu X. , Kim J. , Suntrup D. J. , Wienecke S. , Tahhan M. , Yeluri R. , Chan S. H. , Lu J. , Li H. , Keller S. , Mishra U. K.
Published: July 2014

The in situ metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Al2O3 dielectrics on N-face GaN is reported. The near-interface fixed charges are measured by using capacitance-voltage techniques on a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOSCAP) structure, and the results are compared with those obtained on Ga-face MOSCAPs with the same in situ MOCVD Al2O3 dielectrics. The influence of GaN polarity as well as other possible mechanisms on the formation of fixed charge are identified and discussed.
A simple and accurate model for Love wave based sensors: Dispersion equation and mass sensitivity
Authors: Liu Jiansheng
Published: July 2014

Dispersion equation is an important tool for analyzing propagation properties of acoustic waves in layered structures. For Love wave (LW) sensors, the dispersion equation with an isotropic-considered substrate is too rough to get accurate solutions; the full dispersion equation with a piezoelectric-considered substrate is too complicated to get simple and practical expressions for optimizing LW-based sensors. In this work, a dispersion equation is introduced for Love waves in a layered structure with an anisotropic-considered substrate and an isotropic guiding layer; an intuitive expression for mass sensitivity is also derived based on the dispersion equation. The new equations are in simple forms similar to the previously reported simplified model with an isotropic substrate. By introducing the Maxwell-Weichert model, these equations are also applicable to the LW device incorporating a viscoelastic guiding layer; the mass velocity sensitivity and the mass propagation loss sensitivity are obtained from the real part and the imaginary part of the complex mass sensitivity, respectively. With Love waves in an elastic SiO2 layer on an ST-90°X quartz structure, for example, comparisons are carried out between the velocities and normalized sensitivities calculated by using different dispersion equations and corresponding mass sensitivities. Numerical results of the method presented in this work are very close to those of the method with a piezoelectric-considered substrate. Another numerical calculation is carried out for the case of a LW sensor with a viscoelastic guiding layer. If the viscosity of the layer is not too big, the effect on the real part of the velocity and the mass velocity sensitivity is relatively small; the propagation loss and the mass loss sensitivity are proportional to the viscosity of the guiding layer.
Semen collection, ejaculate characteristics and in vitro manipulation of spermatozoa from six species of captive flying-fox (Pteropus spp.)
Authors: Melville D. F. , Crichton E. G. , Johnston S. D.
Published: July 2014

Seminal characteristics are described in six Pteropus species including the critically endangered P. rodricensis. Spermic ejaculates (~40 μL) were collected using electro-ejaculation on 406 of 413 attempts. All flying-fox species had mean percentages of acrosome- and plasma-membrane (PM)-intact spermatozoa of >66% and >73%, respectively; the predominant sperm abnormalities found across all species were damaged, folded or missing acrosomes, bent midpieces and coiled tails. Seminal pH ranged from a low of 7.5 in P. giganteus to a high of 8.2 in P. alecto with the other species in between. Electro-ejaculates recovered in short succession from P. alecto revealed no differences in sperm quality, allowing spermatozoa to be utilised for multi-treatment experiments that evaluated the effects of transportation, incubation temperature and in vitro physico-chemical environments on acrosome and PM integrity. Pteropus alecto spermatozoa were successfully held at ~27°C and 37°C for up to 6 h before a reduction in PM integrity (P = 0.003) was observed. Acrosome and PM integrity decreased (P < 0.000) when P. alecto spermatozoa were incubated at 37°C for 30 min in a Tris–citrate buffer of pH 9.0 but remained stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0. Pteropus alecto mean (± s.e.m.) seminal osmolality was 307.0 ± 2.5 mOsm kg–1; nevertheless, spermatozoa were tolerant of media ranging from 160 to 1190 mOsm kg–1 but exposure to media of ≤160 mOsm kg–1 resulted in increased acrosome damage (P < 0.000).
Biomedical HIV prevention research and epidemic control in Thailand: two sides of the same coin
Authors: van Griensven Frits , Phanuphak Nittaya , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai
Published: July 2014

For a country with a moderate adult HIV prevalence of just over 1% in 2012, Thailand is widely perceived as having made some extraordinary contributions to the global management of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It has been promoted as a model of effective HIV control and applauded for its leadership in providing access to antiretroviral treatment. Thailand has also received international recognition for its contribution to biomedical HIV prevention research, which is generally perceived as exceptional. In this paper, Thailand’s global role model function as an example of effective HIV/AIDS control and high-quality biomedical HIV prevention research is re-evaluated against the background of currently available data and more recent insights. The results indicate that Thailand’s initial response in raising the level of the political significance of HIV/AIDS was indeed extraordinary, which probably prevented a much larger epidemic from occurring. However, this response transpired in unusual extraconstitutional circumstances and its effectiveness declined once the country returned to political normalcy. Available data confirm the country’s more than exceptional contribution to biomedical HIV prevention research. Thailand has made a huge contribution to the global management and control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Reasonableness of a doctor’s argument by authority
Authors: Pilgram Roosmaryn
Published: July 2014

Argumentation can play an important role in medical consultation. A doctor could, for instance, argue in support of a treatment advice to overcome a patient’s hesitance about it. In this argumentation, the doctor might explicitly present him- or herself as an authority, thereby presenting an argument by authority. Depending on the specific conditions under which the doctor advances such an argument, the doctor’s argument by authority can constitute a sound or a fallacious contribution to the discussion. In this chapter, I shall determine what the specific soundness conditions are that apply to a doctor’s argumentation by authority in medical consultation.
Evaluating argumentative moves in medical consultations
Authors: Bigi Sarah
Published: July 2014

The relevance of context has been acknowledged recently as a fundamental element for the correct evaluation of argumentative moves within institutional fields of interaction. Indeed, not considering the larger culture-specific and social features of the context within which the interactions take place poses problems of interpretation of the data and comparability of results. Starting from these considerations, the chapter aims at discussing a model for the description of the social context of interaction that may allow for a better interpretation and evaluation of argumentative moves within medical consultations. The efficacy of the model is shown by applying it to the description and analysis of examples of real-life consultations recorded in the Italian region of Lombardy. In the first section, the model for the description of the social context of interaction is presented and discussed. In the second section, examples of argumentative passages from a selection of consultations are presented and commented on by relying on the model. Some concluding remarks and further developments of the research are proposed in the final section.
Argumentation and risk communication about genetic testing
Authors: Green Nancy L.
Published: July 2014

As genetic testing for the presence of potentially health-affecting mutations becomes available for more genetic conditions, many people will soon be faced with the decision of whether or not to have a genetic test. Making an informed decision requires an understanding and evaluation of the arguments for and against having the test. As a case in point, this paper considers argumentation involving the decision of whether to have a BRCA gene test, one of the first commercially available genetic tests. First, argumentation in a five-page patient brochure from a for-profit company that provides BRCA gene testing is analyzed. Next, for comparison, argumentation on BRCA testing in materials for healthcare consumers written by a not-for-profit health plan and a government organization is analyzed. In view of the challenges identified by considering these examples, this chapter discusses how argumentation-oriented computer systems may be able to help the healthcare consumer to make informed decisions about genetic testing.
Acts of identity in the continuum from multilingual practices to language policy
Authors: Ehrhart Sabine
Published: July 2014

The present article addresses some theoretical considerations on ecolinguistics on a meso- and micro-scale and then illustrates them through some elements taken from two sets of observations made in multilingual schools in highly multilingual settings, one in Europe (Luxembourg) and the other one in the South Pacific (New Caledonia). Both case studies show the variety of possibilities in the management of classroom ecologies. According to the specific environments, there are very different ways to foster the communication and the development of pupils and younger children, depending also on their autonomy and their access to empowerment in the educational process. Multilingual strategies at school can be situated on a continuous scale from more implicit to more explicit policies and they have to be considered in relationship to other social structures with importance for education like the family or the workplace or leisure time occupations.
Dynamics and management of linguistic diversity in companies and institutions  of higher education
Authors: Lüdi Georges
Published: July 2014

The DYLAN project provides a fresh look at multilingualism in businesses and institutions of higher education in terms of interrelationships between actual language practices, people’s representations about multilingualism, their declared choices, and the contexts in which they are confronted with linguistic diversity. DYLAN adopted a mixed methods approach, collecting and analysing different types of data such as official documents, interviews with agents at different hierarchical levels, job ads, web sites, the linguistic landscape, tape recordings of multilingual and monolingual interaction at the workplace and in teaching in educational institutions. Our analysis shows that the use of multilingual repertoires serves as a resource for the construction, transmission and use of knowledge, providing various kinds of access to information processing and helping actors retain and classify new information. A multilingual mode, encouraged by a policy of multilingualism and linked to an appropriate participatory framework, seems to be one of the conditions for taking full advantage of the multilingual asset.
Discourse, representation and language practices
Authors: Stratilaki Sofia
Published: July 2014

The present study seeks to ascertain whether the learners’ representations of languages shape the strategies they develop and implement for language learning and use. According to our hypothesis, representations are linked to the learner’s linguistic practices; as objects of discourse, they are subject to variation, on-going negotiation and reconstruction. That is, on the one hand, representations are closely related with learning processes, which they either enhance or hinder; on the other hand, representations are flexible and changing, and can therefore be changed. Assuming that knowledge of more than one language constitutes a strategic resource that can be reinvested in further language learning, we will address the following question: What is the influence of these representations on the discourse strategies that learners apply in language use? We try to reveal how the language repertoire of learners takes shape, through typological profiles and examining the constituent components of representations of plurilingual identity.
“Because it is my life, and I’m the one who makes choices” – Newcomers in the French education system and career guidance
Authors: Pickel Timea , Hélot Christine
Published: July 2014

The chapter analyses the career guidance counselling procedures regarding newcomer students attending “Classes d’accueil” in France. The aim of the research is to question the monolingual ideology pertaining to the educational objectives set out for such students by the Ministry of Education, i.e. the priority set on the acquisition of French as the language of schooling, without acknowledging the learners’ plurilingual repertoires. Based on retrospective interviews with two newcomers, we analyse the gap between their professional aspirations and the possibilities offered to them by the educational and guidance counselling structures in place. We explain how, once students attend mainstream classes, their plurilingual and pluricultural competence is made virtually invisible and they are disempowered by the priority given to high competence in French.
The effects of language transfer as a resource in instruction
Authors: Göbel Kerstin , Vieluf Svenja
Published: July 2014

The support of multilingualism within the European Union is one of the central concerns of the Commission of the European Communities. The contextually-bound and flexible use of several languages is regarded as a key qualification, both for individual and social purposes. Within the framework of education in early infancy, the countries involved (in the CotEC) are supposed to promote initiatives that support multilingualism in European societies (European Commission 2005). So, how can the raising of awareness for interlingual phenomena, be encouraged systematically in the context of language instruction and how do students with different language learning experiences benefit from this instructional support? The following contribution addresses this question in the context of English as a second language and German language instruction. This is a shortened and complemented version of Göbel, Vieluf & Hesse (2010). The analysis of a survey on a total amount of about 11.000 students and 440 teachers from different school types show that language transfer promoting instruction is seldomly integrated in German and English classes. Still it can be shown, that language transfer promoting instruction has a positive effect on the language competence development of students in ESL classes.
L1 and L2 proficiency in Hebrew English adolescent learners
Authors: Ravid Dorit , Ginat-Heiman Galit
Published: July 2014

The chapter examines knowledge of Hebrew and English vocabulary and constructions in native Hebrew-speaking students defined as “poor readers” in English as L2. Participants were two groups of 7th graders – 14 good readers and 11 poor readers respectively, and two groups of 9th graders – 14 good readers and 15 poor readers respectively. They were administered two sets of tests in English as L2 and Hebrew as L1. Performance on all Hebrew tasks was heavily affected by English L2 reading group, explicitly linking poor readers in English to lower scores on all Hebrew tasks. Grade level was significant only where actual learning was taking place across early adolescence, as in the case of derived abstract nominal and passive voice construction. The chapter provides evidence for the role native-language proficiency plays in L2 proficiency.
Subclassification of HI-Causatives in Korean
Authors: Yi So Young
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this paper is to categorize Korean HI-causatives. Kim (1998) suggests a division into bi-clausal compositional causatives and mono-clausal lexical causatives. According to her suggestion, while compositional HI-causatives possess two verbs, lexical HI-causatives possess only one, since when the originally causative meaning is lost, the verb becomes one lexical item. However, some of the examples she provides cannot be accepted intuitively. An experiment was carried out in order to prove it. Each subject was given eight sentences, five with lexical and three with compositional causative verbs, and was asked to choose from among two pictures which they considered corresponding to the given sentence. Contrary to Kim’s (1998) suggestion, the result shows that Korean native speakers do not consider that HI-causatives are divided into two categories, compositional and lexical, but, instead, they are on a continuum from direct to indirect meaning semantically. According to this experiment, the continuum has mek-HI-ta ‘cause to eat’ at one end and pes-HI-ta ‘cause to take off’ at the far end. In addition, HI-causatives are context-sensitive, so that the context should be considered when native speakers use them.
« On dit pas Je veux ! »
Authors: Morgenstern Aliyah , Parisse Christophe , de Pontonx Sophie
Published: July 2014

Because of its syntactic, semantic and cognitive complexity, the French morphology for tense, aspect and modality is acquired slowly and gradually by children, from the moment they are born until their adolescence. The least frequent forms in adult language are acquired later. In order to understand how these forms are memorized, handled and produced by children in dialogue, we focus our study on the use of a rare form: the French conditional. We present two French children’s first uses of verbal constructions in the conditional between the ages of 1;00 and 6;11. Four periods can be distinguished during the acquisition process beginning with the production of a unique form with a stable function and ending with the use of different forms with a variety of functions. Adult language plays a very different role depending on the child’s age. After a period during which the children replicate the most frequent adult forms, both children construct different forms with various functions in a more creative manner with occasional non-standard productions. The adult form/function associations are finally reactivated and non-standard forms progressively disappear from the data.
Factors reflecting children’s use of temporal terms as a function of social group
Authors: Rosemberg Celia Renata , Alam Florencia , Stein Alejandra
Published: July 2014

The study analyzes the relationship between the temporal terms used by four-year-old children from different socio-economic backgrounds — marginalized urban neighborhoods and middle-income families — and the use of these terms in the spontaneous situations in which they participate in family and community contexts. The analysis assumes that the child develops knowledge about temporal expressions as they are used by others and as the child uses them herself (Nelson 2007; Tomasello 2003). Findings show that children from marginalized urban neighborhoods use fewer temporal terms than children from middle-income backgrounds. These differences correlate with differences in the input of both groups. The analysis shows differences in the interactional and discursive patterns of use of the terms in the homes of both groups of children.
Input offers and child uptakes
Authors: Aksu-Koç Ayhan , Terziyan Treysi , Taylan Eser Erguvanlı
Published: July 2014

The present study examines input–output relations in the emergence of verbal affixes that mark modal distinctions in Turkish, a morphologically rich language. Longitudinal naturalistic speech data were analyzed from two girls between ages 1;3–2;6 and their caregivers. Four stages of development were identified. Significant associations between verb inflection and modal notion, observed to be stable across the stages in the input, were noted to develop gradually in the children’s speech. Order of emergence of modal inflections was found to be related to input frequency and transparency of inflectional types, whereas development of inflectional paradigms was observed to be related to inflectional diversity. Conceptual accessibility and pragmatic relevance of the modal notions were considered as child-related factors in this development.
Peut-on expliquer l’acquisition de l’alternance de l’adjectif en français à partir de l’input ?
Authors: Fox Gwendoline
Published: July 2014

This article proposes to study the acquisition of the placement of attributive adjectives by French-speaking children between the ages of 3;9 and 4;6. It examines the possibility to account for children’s uses and evolution on the basis of the model provided by the input, considering that there is a mismatch between speakers’ abstract knowledge of alternation and their behaviour in usage. The study consists of a comparison between the productions of three children at two points in their development, and the uses of their interlocutors, in situations of games. Results show that alternation appears late and develops slowly in children’s productions, suggesting a very long process of acquisition. They also indicate that children heavily rely on the input in their choices of placement, which influences how they come to master alternation. This supports a usage-based approach to the acquisition of word order and of the Adjective category.