bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY STUDY ON THE LONG-TERM REPELLENCY OF DILL SEED EXTRACT TO CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLES1
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Dill seed extract has strong and persistent repellency to confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Laboratory evaluation of repellency by the treated paper method at concentrations of 680 to 85 μg/cm2 was continued for two years. The repellency decreased at a faster rate up to 5 mo, then slowed down gradually. After two years, still over 50% of the original repellency remained at treating concentrations of 680, 340, and 170 μg/cm2, and about 35% for the 85 μg/cm2 concentration.
RESIDUES OF LINDANE AND CHLORPYRIFOS IN FIREWOOD AND WOODSMOKE
Authors: Bush P. B. , Taylor J. W. , McMahon C. K. , Neary D. G.
Published: September 2017

Pine bark beetle insecticide treatment plots were established on the Ocala National Forest, in central Florida. Each plot consisted of five sand pine, Pinus clausa (Chapm. Ex. Engelm) Vassey ex. Sarg., trees treated with either 0.5% lindane (benzene hexachloride) or 2% chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pgridyl) phosphorothioate). After 4 months, mean residue levels ranged from 0.32 to 35.8 mg/kg for lindane and < 0.1 to 76.1 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was more persistent in wood than lindane. In a separate laboratory study, lindane or chlorpyrifos were applied to powdered wood and then burned under controlled conditions to determine carryover in combustion products. With slow heating to 500°C (20°C/min.), 42.7% of the lindane and 28.3% of the chlorpyrifos were recovered in the smoke stream. With rapid combustion at 600°C, all lindane and chlorpyrifos residues were thermally degraded. These findings were related to the risk of burning insecticide treated wood as firewood inside houses. Even under the worst case slow burning conditions, human exposure to airborne residues would be well under “safe-sided” threshold limit values and less than 0.2% of the acceptable daily intake established by the World Health Organization.
NEW RECORDS OF GEORGIA CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Morris Roy F.
Published: September 2017

Five species of Cerambycidae are newly recorded from Georgia. Additionally, Amniscus collaris Haldeman and Derobrachus brevicollis Audinet-Serville are restored to the state list bringing the total to 254 species.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE MALE AND FEMALE NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH1,2
Authors: Richmond James A. , Tomescu Nicolae I.
Published: September 2017

The internal anatomy of the reproductive system is described and illustrated for both sexes of adult Nantucket pine tip moth. Each system is slightly over 1 mm in length and in width. The paired ovaries and the testes are the largest organs in the abdomen of female and male moths, respectively. The anatomy is similar to that of other ditrysian Lepidoptera. Procedures used to study these systems are simple, requiring materials and equipment found in any biological science laboratory.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE ON INSECTICIDE EFFICACY AGAINST LESSER CORNSTALK BORER LARVAE
Authors: Reed T. D. , Todd J. W. , Bass M. H.
Published: September 2017

A new technique was developed for field testing the efficacy of insecticides against Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) larvae under different soil moisture conditions. Laboratory-reared larvae were used to infest field microplots containing soybean seed covered with insecticidally-treated soil. Water was differentially added to experimental units to activate insecticides. Clear polyethylene covers were then placed over the units to exclude rainfall. Larvae were exposed to insecticides for 5 or 6 days prior to inspection of units to determine percent larval survival and seed damage. The advantage of this technique is that it permits comparison of many different insecticides at various moisture levels under field conditions with the convenience of using laboratory-reared larvae.
SOYBEAN FOLIAGE CONSUMPTION BY PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE INFECTED WITH NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS1,2
Authors: Alam M. Z. , Yearian W. C. , Young S. Y. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

Consumption of greenhouse and field grown ‘Bragg’ soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, foliage was determined for Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) larvae treated with varying dosages of Pseudoplusia nuclear polyhedrosis virus to produce different mortality levels. Uninfected P. includens larvae consumed an average of 158.3 and 78.7 cm2 of greenhouse and field grown soybean foliage, respectively. More than 84% of the total leaf area consumed was by the final two larval instars. The amount of foliage consumed by larvae infected as first (greenhouse and field) or second (greenhouse) instars was significantly reduced with increasing NPV mortality level. Foliage consumption by larvae infected as second (field) and third (greenhouse and field) instars at all dosage levels was significantly reduced when compared to the untreated checks, but differences in foliage consumption at the two lower mortality levels were not significant. Frass produced by infected and uninfected larvae was significantly correlated with the amount of greenhouse or field grown foliage consumed.
MEASURING RESISTANCE TO THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN POTATO
Authors: Cantelo William W. , Douglass Larry W. , Sanford Lind L. , Sinden Stephen L. , Deahl Kenneth L.
Published: September 2017

A sensitive test was sought that could be used to detect small differences in resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) in Solanum species. Three tests were evaluated and compared. One test compared adult CPB foliage consumption of leaf disks from a susceptible potato cv, S. tuberosum, with disks from two S. chacoense clones. The second test compared weight gain on foliage from the three plants by 4th instar larvae and the third test compared larval development rate and mortality. With sufficient replication all three of the tests could detect significant differences between each of the test clones. The most sensitive test measured the stage of development of neonate larvae after feeding on test plants four days. This test required only four replicates to detect a 50% difference from the overall mean assuming an alpha level of 0.05 and a beta level of 0.10.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES AND HOME REMEDIES FOR CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT COLONIES1,2
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Kissam J. B.
Published: September 2017

Fast-kill drenches of Sevin 80WP, Dursban 4E and Spectracide 2E provided ca. 80 - 90% control of treated colonies for 112 days. The Orthene 75S dust application was as effective as the drenches and easier to use.

Leaded gasoline was the only home remedy tested which provided adequate control; ca. 90% control for 42 days posttreatment. However, it is an illegal application as law specifically restricts its application to soil. Of the slow-kill insecticides, Affirm W002 gave better control of singly treated RIFA colonies over a longer period than did Amdro. Colony relocation after treatment was a problem frequently encountered; the mound fumigant Cleanite caused the highest incidence of colony movement.
OBSERVATIONS ON TWO PAPAIPEMA BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AS LITTLE KNOWN PESTS OF INTENSIVELY CULTURED HARDWOOD TREES
Authors: Solomon J. D.
Published: September 2017

Papaipema cataphracta (Grote) and P. nebris (Guenée) were found injuring the shoots of cottonwood, sycamore, and silver maple in nurseries and young plantations. Injury became noticeable from late May to early June as evidenced by wilting, drooping, and dying shoots and foliage. Infested shoots exhibited small round entrance holes from which white frass and excrement pellets were ejected. Infestations appeared when larvae moved from grass and weed hosts within plantings to the succulent shoots of the young trees. The larvae repeatedly burrowed into susceptible shoots, abandoned them, and searched for progressively larger-diameter shoots. Injury rates of current-year shoots in four plantings ranged from 4 to 12 percent.
RHYTIDELASMA BICOSTATA, A NEW FEATHER MITE (ACARINA, PTEROLICHIDAE) FROM TWO SPECIES OF CONURES (AVES, PSITTACIDAE)1
Authors: Atyeo W. T. , Pérez T. M.
Published: September 2017

Rhytidelasma bicostata, n. sp. (Pterolichoidea, Pterolichidae) is the only species of Rhytidelasma known from two allopatric species of conures, Aratinga canicularis (L.) and A. nana (Vigors) in Mexico and Central America. A related conure, A. holochlora (Sclater), is sympatric with the named host species in parts of its range; this parrot has three species of Rhytidelasma representing three morphotypes, one of which is the same as R. bicostata. The distributions of the hosts and Rhytidelasma are compared.
SHORT DURATION DRY ICE SAMPLING FOR AMERICAN DOG TICKS (ACARI: IXODIDAE) IN MARYLAND: A COMPARISON WITH DRAGGING
Authors: Carroll John F.
Published: September 2017

On eight of 18 sampling dates, significantly more (p < 0.05) American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), adults were found on or within 0.3 m of cotton sheets, baited with dry ice for 2 h, than on an equal number of unbaited sheets. Overall 4 times more ticks were at the baited sheets than the controls. Dragging vegetation in old fields, along woods edges and dirt roads and within woods, for ca. 16 of the 20 m between dry ice baits collected > 3 times more ticks than the dry ice; significantly more (p < 0.05) ticks on nine of the 18 sampling dates and never significantly (p < 0.05) fewer. On two of 18 sampling dates, dry ice baits attracted no ticks while ticks were found by dragging and on three sampling dates dry ice catches were < 3% of the corresponding drag catches. Dragging the same transects the day before or after dry ice sampling caught as many ticks as on the sampling days. No immature D. variabillis were collected by the dragging or dry ice method. In this study dragging was more reliable, faster, (one visit to a transect instead of two), and easier (lighter equipment) than short duration dry ice sampling. Neither method collected more than one tick in 32 samples in wooded areas.
DISPERSION PATTERNS OF ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY MANURE IN ENCLOSED HOUSES IN MASSACHUSETTS: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF MANURE MOISTURE AND ACCUMULATION TIME
Authors: Geden C. J. , Stoffolano J. G.
Published: September 2017

Arthropod predator-prey distribution patterns were examined in poultry manure with respect to spatial position, manure moisture content and age of the manure habitat. The predators, Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) (Acarina: Macrochelidae) and their sphaerocerid and acarid prey were concentrated in the surface region of the manure and were more abundant towards the crest than the bases of rows of mature droppings. Fly larvae, acarid mites, M. muscaedomesticae females and Ca. pumilio larvae were more abundant in wetter than dry manure. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae females and Ca. pumilio adults appeared to prefer older to fresher manure, even though prey were more abundant in the latter.
INTERPRETATION OF DENSITY DEPENDENT DATA IN COMPARISONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS FORMULATIONS1
Authors: Vorgetts J. , Frommer Robert L. , Gibbs Paul H. , Anderson L. M.
Published: September 2017

The effect of larval density on estimates of effectiveness of larvicides with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI) as the active ingredient (a.i.) was evaluated. Bioassays with Aedes aegypti (L.) fourth instars showed that the toxic effect of a standard powder (IPS-78) and a wettable powder formulation (Bactimos®) was independent of volume because the effect of varying the water volume in test vessels was usually negligible and had no obvious relationship to larval mortality. Data were best interpreted as a function of dose (i.e., the absolute amount of a. i.) and the number of larvae in each test vessel rather than as a function of concentration (dose rate). This indicated that accurate comparisons of acute toxicity estimates derived from different tests with differing numbers of larvae (i.e., differing densities) can be made if results are reduced to and expressed as the EC50/larva.
HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS AND H. ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FEASIBILITY OF USING OIL-SOLUBLE DYE TO MARK POPULATIONS DEVELOPING ON EARLY-SEASON HOST PLANTS1,2
Authors: Bell M. R.
Published: September 2017

A greenhouse test and two field tests were conducted to determine if a dye method of marking the fat body using Red Calco Dye could be used to identify adult tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), and the bollworms, H. zea (Boddie), that had developed as larvae primarily on Geranium dissectum L. In a greenhouse trial, 73% of 22 adult tobacco budworms contained internal red dye after larvae fed on geranium plants treated with 10 ml of a dye mixture per plant (1% dye + 9% crude cottonseed oil + 90% water). No dye was detected in adults from larvae reared on untreated plants. One field was first infested with neonate tobacco budworms, and then treated with the dye mixture. Marked adults were caught in blacklight traps over a 13-day period. A second field of wild geranium, being ca. 11% of the total geranium in the immediate area, was treated with the dye mixture without artificial infestation. From the first to last marked adult caught in pheromone traps, 6.8% of the bollworms and 8.3% of the tobacco budworms contained internal red dye.
EVALUATION OF GORE-TEX® LAMINATE ENVELOPES1,2 TO PROTECT WOOLENS AGAINST INSECTS
Authors: Bry Roy E. , Mullen M. A.
Published: September 2017

Gore-Tex® membrane, made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, laminated to a non-woven polyester fabric and made into envelopes with a zip lock closure, has been used for shipment and storage of archeological finds, feathers, furs, leather, textiles and museum specimens. Laboratory and simulated warehouse studies showed that these envelopes also have the potential for protecting woolens against larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (Brahm), the furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flauipes LeConte, and the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel).
TARNISHED PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) AND PREDACEOUS ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS IN COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED SELECTED NECTARIED AND NECTARILESS CULTIVARS OF COTTON
Authors: Scott W. P. , Snodgrass G. L. , Smith J. W.
Published: September 2017

The effect of nectariless cotton cultivars on tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and beneficial arthropod populations was studied in Washington and Sunflower counties, Mississippi, in 1981 and 1982. Fifteen and 18 fields of nectaried and nectariless cotton were sampled in 1981 and 1982, respectively. Field size ranged from approximately 16 to 60 hectares, and all fields were sampled weekly with a D-Vac insect collector during June and July of both years. Adult tarnished plant bug populations were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the nectariless cotton in overall mean numbers in both years, and overall mean numbers of nymphs were significantly (P < 0.10) lower in the nectariless cotton in 1981. The combined adult and nymph population of tarnished plant bugs was reduced in the nectariless cotton an average of 44.0 and 34.0% in 1981 and 1982, respectively .These results demonstrate that nectariless cotton can suppress plant bug populations over a large area of cotton. A corresponding reduction in total numbers of predators also occured in the nectariless cotton. The overall mean for predators was reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in the nectariless cotton in both years of the study. In 1981, percent reduction in number of tarnished plant bugs in nectariless cotton was significantly related to field size.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE EGG PARASITE TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND A PREDATOR, XYLOCORIS FLAVIPES, (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) OF THE ALMOND MOTH, CADRA CAUTELLA, (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H. , Press John W.
Published: September 2017

Tests were conducted to determine interspecific interactions between an egg parasite, Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley), and a general predator, Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter), of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). There was no significant difference in amount of predation by X. flavipes on 1 - day - old eggs of the almond moth that were parasitized by T. pretiosum and eggs that were not parasitized. However, there was significantly less predation (P < 0.01) on 5 - day - old parasitized eggs (53.0%) than on 5 - day - old nonparasitized eggs (83.9%). In a choice test that presented almond moth eggs and X. flavipes eggs to T. pretiosum adults, few X. flavipes eggs (14.2%) were parasitized as compared to 91.1% of the almond moth. These tests showed that there is a direct bi - directional interaction between these natural enemies of the almond moth, but that the magnitude of this interaction is small and it normally would not jeopardize their combined use in an integrated biological control program.
ABSENCE OF RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO NUCLEOPOLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)1
Authors: Kaomini Mien , Roush R. T.
Published: September 2017

A laboratory culture of Heliothis virescens was exposed to infection by a single embedded nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus heliothis) at a selection pressure of about 80 to 90% mortality for 15 generations. There was no evidence of decreased susceptibility to the virus in this culture compared with a nonselected control culture.
SEASONAL CAPTURES OF BOLLWORM AND TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MALES IN PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS IN LOUISIANA
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Micinski S. , Burris E. , Ratchford K. , Baldwin J. , Pavloff A. M. , Hammond A.
Published: September 2017

Pheromone traps baited with synthetic sex lures of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), were monitored over an eight-year period (1980–1987) in Louisiana. The total number of Heliothis spp. males captured in traps was observed to be highest during August and September. Seasonal totals indicated that the number of bollworms exceeded the number of tobacco budworms collected during each year of the study. Pheromone trap captures of tobacco budworms demonstrated a bimodal pattern of occurrence with peaks during June and September. The number of tobacco budworm males collected for August and September represented a greater percentage of the total Heliothis spp. population than was observed earlier in the season. These data also indicate that the seasonal abundance of the tobacco budworm has increased during the period 1984–1987 which emphasizes the importance of early harvest in cotton production by decreasing the damage potential of both Heliothis spp. during September.
LOCUST BORER (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) ATTACK IN RELATION TO PULSED ELECTRIC CURRENT IN BLACK LOCUST TREES
Authors: Harman Dan M. , Bourne Anne , Harman Amy L.
Published: September 2017

Resistance to pulsed electric current (ER) applied to the cambium layer was studied in black locust trees, Robinia pseudoacacia L., in relation to tree thrift indices, and particularly to intensity of current-season attacks by the locust borer Megacyllene robinia. A total of 415 borer attacks were sustained by 241 trees, with a maximum of 20 attacks per tree. Although variation in the data was high both within and among study sites, ER was positively correlated with borer mines per tree and with increased degrees of tree suppression, represented by dominance classes. ER ranged from 2 to 32 kohms per tree, with roughly 95% of the trees reading less than 25 kohms. Borer mines per tree were also correlated with tree dominance class, with more attacks incurred by increasingly suppressed trees.
AVERMECTINS: EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL DOSES ON OOCYTE DEGENERATION IN FEMALE CADRA CAUTELLA WALKER1 (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Lum P. T. M. , Halliday W. R.
Published: September 2017

Oocyte degeneration in Cadra cautella was reduced by 40 to 70% following injection with sublethal doses of avermectin B1a and ivermectin. When the reproductive tract was dissected following treatment with avermectin, however, muscular contractions of the bulla seminalis were visually unaffected. This suggests that the inhibition of oocyte degeneration occurs not in the bulla seminalis, the site of oocyte degeneration, but elsewhere in the reproductive system, possibly in the ovaries or the oviducts. The differential response of the organs in the reproductive tract suggests that these organs may have potential in evaluating toxins affecting the visceral muscles.
OVIPOSITION SITE SELECTION BY TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO FENVALERATE AND PERMETHRIN RESIDUES ON SOYBEAN
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Donahue D. J. , Poe S. L.
Published: September 2017

The oviposition site selection of Tetranychus urticae Koch in response to fenvalerate and permethrin residues on soybeans was examined in the laboratory. Five leaf treatment regimes were evaluated on potted soybeans (half-area vs. whole area and partial coverage vs. complete coverage) plus a distilled water control. Over 95% of the eggs were deposited on untreated halves of leaflets on which the other half was treated with either fenvalerate or permethin. Similar oviposition behavior was observed for both partial spray coverage, ca. 10% of the leaf area, or total coverage of the treated half leaflet. Over 95% of the eggs were observed on the leaf surface in the control, whereas, 40% and 30% of the eggs were suspended off the leaf surface that was totally covered with permethrin and fenvalerate, respectively. No differences were observed in the vertical distributions of eggs between control, and the permethrin and fenvalerate half-leaf treatments. More than 95% of the total eggs were observed on the leaf surface; however, few eggs were laid on the leaflet half containing the pyrethroid residue.
TRACHEAL MITE ACARAPIS WOODI (RENNIE) (ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN THE HONEY BEE, APIS MELLIFERA L. (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN TAMAULIPAS, MEXICO
Authors: Lozano L. G. , Moffett J. O. , Campos P. B. , Guillen M. M. , Perez E. O. N. , Maki D. L. , Wilson W. T.
Published: September 2017

In a 1986 survey taken in northeastern Mexico, 44% of the 6,200 honey bees, Apis mellifera L., examined were infested with tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Mites were found in 80% of the 310 colony samples of 20 bees each. These samples were taken monthly from 10 colonies in each of three apiaries located from 130 to 230 km apart in the state of Tamaulipas.

Infestation levels varied greatly among apiaries, months, and between samples. Monthly infestations in individual bees ranged from a low of 2% in the Hidalgo apiary in August to a high of 97% in February in the Aldama apiary. The average infestation was 11% of the bees in the Hidalgo apiary, 35% in the Ciudad Mante apiary, and 71% in the Aldama apiary. Mite populations tended to decline in late spring and summer.

There was a significant correlation (r = 0.91, p < 0.01) between the percentage of bees infested in the apiary and the number of mites in each infested bee. The number of mites per infested bee ranged from an average of 14 for infested bees from the four monthly apiary samples with the lowest percentage of infested bees to 44 mites/infested bee in the four samples with the highest percent of infested bees. The average number of mites per infested bee was 34.2.

The proportion of mites in each life stage varied markedly. Overall, 19% of the 92,392 mites were in the egg stage, 37% were larvae, and 44% were adults. The ratio of males to females was 1:2.43 or 29% males to 71% females.

Both right and left tracheae were equally susceptable to becoming infested, as mites were found in 2,144 right and 2,138 left trachea. Both tracheae were infested in 58% of the bees parasitized with mites. There was also a highly significant correlation (r = 0.98, P < 0.01) between percentage of bees infested in each sample and percentage of infested bees with mites present in both tracheae.
OVIPOSITION OF THE STALK BORER PAPAIPEMA NEBRIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AMONG VARIOUS PLANTS, AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS FOR OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE
Authors: Highland H. Brett , Roberts James E.
Published: September 2017

In ovipositional plant preference tests in greenhouse cages, the stalk borer (SB) Papaipema nebris Guenée, preferred narrow leaved perennial grasses over wider leaved annual grasses or broad - leaf plants. Fescue, Fescuta arundinacea Schreb., and orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L., were the most preferred plants for oviposition, while annual rye stubble, Secale cereale L., and smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridis L., were among the least preferred. Significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on plants standing upright in ovipositional cages, compared with numbers of eggs laid on cut plants lying on cage floors. The SB preferred to oviposit on desiccating plant material, regardless of the plant species used in our tests. The SB did not lay eggs on any broadleaf plants used in choice tests, and retained eggs until death. Results of SB ovipositional preferences were reviewed. Possible cultural control techniques, and their importance in regard to the SB infestation syndrome in no - till field corn are discussed.
OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND SITE PREFERENCE OF THE BROWNBANDED COCKROACH, SUPELLA LONGIPALPA (F.) (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)
Authors: Benson Eric P. , Huber Ivan
Published: September 2017

Oviposition behavior and site preference for oothecal deposition by Supella longipalpa (F.) females were investigated. The behavioral sequence and oviposition site preference were determined by type of substrate, substrate location and presence of other oothecae. Of 192 oothecae deposited in an oviposition site preference experiment, 74.5% were on corrugated cardboard, 24.5% were buried in sand and 1.0% were deposited on Plexiglas®. In an insectary where a free-living infestation of S. longipalpa was established, 72.4% of the oothecae found were in clusters of two or more with 92.5% of all the oothecae found on the upper third of the walls. These findings may have applicability in the control of S. longipalpa. Traps with corrugated interiors placed in high, dark locations may provide an effective means to identify and monitor S. longipalpa populations and provide a cluster focus for oothecal accumulation for either destruction or improved parasitism by naturally occurring parasitoids.
OPTIMAL LENGTH OF COCCUS HESPERIDUM L. (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE) FOR PARASITISM BY COCCOPHAGUS LYCIMNIA (WALKER) (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Lambdin P. L.
Published: September 2017

Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), a primary parasitoid of Coccus hesperidum L., most frequently parasitized hosts in the 1100 to 1500 μm size range. Scale insect hosts continued to develop after being parasitized but eventually died before maturity. Some 71% of the parasites successfully emerged from hosts 1400 to 1700 μm long. The most common oviposition site was the filter chamber. Females most frequently deposited a single egg within the filter chamber of the host, although two or three eggs were occasionally found. However, only one parasitoid developed to maturity per host.
INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF PEST INSECTS IN CONVENTIONAL AND NO-TILLAGE SNAP BEANS
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Wilson H. P.
Published: September 2017

Snap bean insect pests, including the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris, soybean thrips, Sericothrips variabilis Beach, bean leaf beetle, Ceratoma trifurcata Forster, and the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were monitored in conventional and no-tillage snap bean plots during the 1981–1983 growing seasons. Plots were split for insecticide versus no-insecticide treatment. Insecticide sprays effectively reduced insect pest populations in both tillage regimes during all three years. Thrips population levels were consistently higher in untreated no-till plots compared to untreated conventional tillage plots. Densities of other insect pest species were variable across tillages over years. Surface damage to bean pods at harvest was greater in untreated no-till plots in two of the three years and similar the third year when compared to untreated conventional tillage plots. Insecticide treatment programs should reduce surface pod damage in the production of no-tillage snap beans.
INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ON PINE BARK: INFLUENCE OF TREES, SAMPLE VOLUME AND SIZE ON VARIABILITY1
Authors: Page Marion , Haverty Michael I. , Richmond Charles E.
Published: September 2017

Residues of carbaryl (Sevimol®) in ponderosa pine bark were quantified by gas chromatography and the major sources of experimental error were determined. Quantification of carbaryl residues was significantly affected by between-tree variation and disc size (bark volume). Variation between trees had the greatest effect on residue estimates. Mean carbaryl residues for all trees ranged from 241 μg/g of bark to 1418 μg/g of bark. Nonsignificant tree-disc size interactions indicated that residue levels were fairly consistent within trees. Prediction curves were constructed to project levels of precision for combinations of discs and trees.
CORRELATION OF MORTALITY RATES OF AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AND CHLORPYRIFOS DEPOSITED ON SENTINEL CAGE SCREEN MATERIAL1
Authors: Anderson L. M. , Nelson J. H. , Bunner B. L. , Boobar L. R.
Published: September 2017

A method was developed to provide an alternative to sentinel mosquitoes for assessing efficacy of ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. A correlation (r2 = 0.793) exists between chlorpyrifos recovered from the screens of sentinel cages and mortality rates of confined adult female Aedes aegypti. Chromatographic methods were modified to accurately measure nanogram quantities of chlorpyrifos. The retention of 11 and 26 ng of chlorpyrifos/cm2 of nylon screen from the sentinel cages correlated with adult female Ae. aegypti mortality rates of 34 and 68%, respectively, 6 h posttreatment.
AVERMECTIN B1a AS A LONG-TERM PROTECTANT OF WOOLEN FABRIC1
Authors: Bry Roy E.
Published: September 2017

Woolen cloth treated in emulsion baths at concentrations of 0.001, 0.003 and 0.005% AI in the bath with Avermectin B1a, a natural product derived from the soil actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis, was stored for 60 months in a room maintained at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5 RH. After 60 months in storage, feeding tests conducted with the cloth with larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (Brahm), the furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte, and the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), showed that the cloth treated at all bath concentrations was still satisfactorily protected.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON SOYBEAN1
Authors: Freeman R. J. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

The seasonal occurrence of the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), on soybean in Arkansas was examined in 1986 and 1987. Peak populations of TPB adults occurred in 1986 in mid-June in the southeast (SE) and mid-July in the southwest (SW) and westcentral (WC) areas. Population peaks in 1987 occurred in late July in the SW and WC areas but rapidly declined during the first week of August. Peaks occurred in each area at different plant growth stages. TPB adults apparently migrate from other plant hosts, probably wild hosts, to soybean for a brief period, after which they move to a more desirable host. Very few TPB nymphs were found relative to the number of samples taken and TPB adults collected.
FILTH FLY (DIPTERA) OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE OF VARIOUS MOISTURE LEVELS
Authors: Fatchurochim Sukarsih , Geden C. J. , Axtell R. C.
Published: September 2017

Oviposition by four species of muscid flies on poultry manure having six levels of moisture in the range of 40–90% was compared using caged populations of adults. Musca domestica L., Muscina stabulans (Fallén), Fannia femoralis (Stein) and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann) deposited more than 50% of their eggs in manure having 70% moisture. Eggs from those fly species and two others, Fannia canicularis (L.) and a stratiomyid, Hermetia illucens (L.), were added to poultry manure having eight levels of moisture in the range of 20–90%, and the development and size of emerging adults determined. None of the species developed in manure with 80 and 90% moisture. Development was mostly in the manure with 40–70% moisture, although some development in drier manure occurred with F. canicularis and H. illucens. For some species there were differences in the survival of fly immatures, development time, and size of the adult flies reared in manure of different moisture levels.
INFLUENCE OF REFLECTIVE MULCH ON INCIDENCE OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE: PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE) IN STAKED TOMATOES
Authors: Scott S. J. , McLeod P. J. , Montgomery F. W. , Hander C. A.
Published: September 2017

Thrips were sampled in a commercial tomato field in southeast Arkansas with yellow sticky traps. The effect of the type of mulch used (black plastic, aluminum-painted plastic or no mulch) on aerial thrips population abundance was investigated. Thrips species identified included Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. tritici (Fitch), Sericothrips variabilis (Beech), Leptothrips mali (Fitch) and Haplothrips graminis Hood; F. fusca and F. tritici were most numerous. Aluminum-painted mulch was most effective in reducing the numbers of thrips captured, while black plastic was more effective than no mulch. Numbers of F. fusca peaked at five weeks after transplanting; however, numbers of thirps were low in all plots for the first three weeks after transplanting. Peak numbers of F. fusca trapped in the aluminum-painted plots were one-third the numbers in non-mulched plots, while numbers in the black plastic plots were intermediate. Effectiveness of the mulch in decreasing the numbers of thrips generally disappeared later in the season, as lower leaves shaded the mulch, and traps were raised to accommodate increasing plant height.
PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CULTIVATED MARIJUANA, CANNABIS SATIVA, IN NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI
Authors: Lago Paul K. , Stanford Donald F.
Published: September 2017

During the growing seasons of 1983 and 1985, a general survey of insects associated with cultivated marijuana, Cannabis sativa, on the University of Mississippi campus was conducted. Of the species collected that were using the plants for food, the majority (43) were sap feeders, 15 were leaf chewers, nine ate or gathered pollen and one was possibly a root feeder. Only sap feeders appeared to be successfully reproducing on the marijuana. Species collected in greatest abundance were Agallia constricta and Graphocephala versuta (Cicadellidae), Spissistillus festinus (Membracidae), Clastoptera xanthocephala (Ceropidae), Halticus bractatus (Miridae), Systena elongata (Chrysomelidae) and Schizocerella pilicornis (Argidae).
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD AND MODIFIED PHEROMONE-BAITED WING TRAPS FOR CAPTURING HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE)1 (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Gross H. R. , Carpenter J. E.
Published: September 2017

The wing trap, although economical and commercially available, has never been seriously considered as a standard for monitoring populations of the corn earworm (CEW)/cotton bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), mainly because it is considered inefficient relative to other available traps. Attempts were made to enhance the performance of the Pherocon 1C (P-1C) wing trap by modifying its structure and by varying the placement of the pheromone within the trap. P-1C traps receiving 40–50 g of supplemental adhesive captured 5.1-fold more CEW males than did the P-1C standard. The introduction of horizontal barriers of either Lexan or hardware cloth across the center of the P-1C trap or the placement of Lexan strips to close side trap openings had no effect on the number of CEW males captured. Traps with the pheromone located 1.0–1.5 cm from the top center of the trap captured more males than did traps with the pheromone placed an equivalent distance from the bottom of the trap. Centering the pheromone approximately 2.5 cm back from the end opening of the trap also increased the number of CEW males captured over that of traps in which the pheromone was placed at the top center of the trap. Data suggest that parameters influencing the efficiency of P-1C traps for capturing male CEW are poorly understood.
ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF THE SHARPNOSED LEAFHOPPER, SCAPHYTOPIUS MAGDALENSIS (PROVANCHER) (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1
Authors: Etzel Richard W. , Meyer John R.
Published: September 2017

Abiotic factors that significantly influence catch of Scaphytopius magdalensis on sticky traps were identified for each leafhopper generation in North Carolina. Regression models were generated to describe these relationships and the models were validated on similar data from nearby sites.

Models generated by 1600 hr. meteorological observations and driven by the mean trap catch for the 1-week study period, exhibit the lowest variation with respect to the mean of the actual trap catch numbers. In all 3 generations, soil temperature at 7.6 cm depth is highly significant and positively correlated with leafhopper trap catch. Air temperature at 7.6 cm height and soil temperature at 2.5 cm depth are also positively correlated to trap catch, but these are significant only in the first generation. In the second generation relative humidity is highly significant; it exhibits a slight negative correlation when considered alone and a positive correlation when analyzed in conjunction with soil temperature (7.6 cm). Air temperature (7.6 cm) shows a significant negative correlation with trap catch in the third generation. In several cases, validation models exhibit more variation than that present from the observed trap catch numbers, which may be due to low leafhopper densities in the validation study sites.
MORTALITY OF FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) EGGS, LARVAE AND ADULTS EXPOSED TO SEVERAL INSECTICIDES ON COTTON
Authors: Mink J. S. , Luttrell R. G.
Published: September 2017

Mortality of eggs, first, third, and fifth instars and adults of fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), after exposure to several insecticides on cotton indicated that the FAW is susceptible to most insecticides currently used to control Heliothis spp. Most insecticides tested exhibited ovicidal activity. High mortality of first instar larvae was observed for most treatments, including the biological insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). More variation in mortality among treatments was observed in third and fifth instars than in first instars. Pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphorous insecticides resulted in higher mortality than did B. thuringiensis. Diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, was as effective as commonly used insecticides against third and fifth instar larvae when mortality was observed at pupation.

Third instar FAW placed on plant tissue from the upper section of cotton plants sprayed in field situations suffered higher mortality than those placed on plant tissue from lower sections in the plant canopy. Inadequate deposition of insecticide in the lower portions of the cotton plant appears to be a limiting factor in control of FAW larvae on cotton.
Effectiveness and Residual Effects of Seven Insecticides on Dalbulus maidis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Peregrinus maidis (Homoptera: Delphacidae)2
Authors: Tsai James H. , Steinberg Bryan , Falk Bryce W.
Published: September 2017

Effectiveness and residual effects of seven insecticides, methomyl, carbaryl, malathion, diazinon, oxydemeton-methyl, acephate, and dimethoate, on Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) and Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead), the insect vectors of five tropical corn pathogens were determined by spray application on the upper surfaces of corn leaves. Oxydemeton-methyl, a systemic insecticide, had the greatest effect on both D. maidis and P. maidis with 99 and 100% mortality respectively at day 0 post-treatment, and its effect continued for 3 days thereafter. Carbaryl, a contact insecticide, displayed the longest residual effect of all insecticides tested against P. maidis and D. maidis with mortality continuing up to 10 and 15 days post-treatment, respectively. Malathion, oxydemeton-methyl, carbaryl, dimethoate, and diazinon all killed significantly (P = 0.05, F=7.63) more P. maidis than D. maidis at one or more post treatment dates suggesting that D. maidis may have a greater tolerance to insecticides than P. maidis.
Development of Six Species of Stored-Product Insects on Multi-Grain Blend Supplement2
Authors: Mullen Michael A. , Highland Henry A.
Published: September 2017

A multi-grain blend intended as a flour supplement to fill the void between brown and white bread and provide an economical source of protein and fiber was tested to determine the potential for infestation by six species of stored product insects. The blend was compared to a standard rearing medium and bleached white flour and was found to be a suitable medium for the rod flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). The warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variable Ballion, and the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), were able to reproduce at reduced rates and only the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), performed poorly on the multi-grain blend. With the exception of the almond moth, development times for the other species on the multi-grain blend were similar to that of the rearing medium. Because of the potential for infestation, proper packaging and storage will be needed to protect this product.
Toxicities of Insecticide Residues on Loblolly Pine Foliage to Leaffooted Pine Seed Bug Adults (Heteroptera: Coreidae)2
Authors: Nord John C.
Published: September 2017

Fourteen commercial and four experimental formulations of insecticides, when applied to loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., foliage in a simulated high volume spray, varied in their residual contact toxicities to adult leaffooted pine seed bugs, Leptoglossus corculus (Say). Deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate (EC), the most toxic insecticide tested, was 7 times as toxic to adult females as the standard, azinphosmethyl EC. Azinphosmethyl wettable powder (WP) was slightly more toxic to females than the EC at LC90; all other insecticides were less toxic than azinphosmethyl EC to females (half or less). Azinphosmethyl EC, deltamethrin EC, permethrin (Pounce) EC, and phosmet WP were equally toxic to both sexes, while permethrin (Ambush) EC and fenvalerate EC were both more toxic to males than females. Azinphosmethyl WP was more toxic to females than males. Several of the insecticides, including propoxur WP, malathion EC and chlorpyrifos EC, had relatively low residual contact toxicities but were very toxic to seed bug adults as fumigants. The pyrethroids permethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate had a relatively rapid knockdown effect, in contrast to the slower-acting organophosphorous insecticides.
Evaluation of Esfenvalerate Aerosol for Control of Stored Product Insect Pests2
Authors: Arthur Frank H. , Gillenwater Hagen B.
Published: September 2017

An aerosol containing 0.25% AI esfenvalerate, 1.25% piperonyl butoxide synergist, 18.50% oil solvent and 80.00% freon was tested against adults of some of the major insect pest species infesting stored peanuts and stored tobacco. Application at 0.03 g AI per 28.3 m3 killed at least 99% of the almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), Indianmeal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and tobacco moths, Ephestia elutella (Hübner). Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) mortality was 100% at application rates of 0.03 and 0.05 g per 28.3 m3. This was the least susceptible beetle species that was tested. Red flour beetles were knocked down at a rate of 0.013 g per 28.3 m3, and a second application of the same rate killed all survivors. The biological effectiveness of esfenvalerate compares favorably with dichlorvos, which is currently used as an aerosol control in peanut and tobacco storages.
Effects of Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Releases on Moth Populations in Experimental Peanut Storages
Authors: Brower John H. , Mullen Michael A.
Published: September 2017

A biological control test in experimental peanut storages indicated that release of large numbers of the warehouse pirate bug, Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a generalist predator of stored-product insects, has considerable potential for suppression of stored-product moth populations. Suppression of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was dependent on both the prey species and environmental conditions. Release of X. flavipes suppressed small populations of almond and Indianmeal moths by as much as 78.8% and 71.4%, respectively, before cold weather and a severe freeze eliminated the almond moth population in January. Suppression of the Indianmeal moth lasted through the 7-month test period. X. flavipes may be useful as one component of an integrated peanut control program based on release of biological agents
Sublethal Effects and Mortality of Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) Induced by Fenvalerate Treatment of Cattle
Authors: Foil L. D. , Leprince D. J. , Byford R. L.
Published: September 2017

The effect of fenvalerate spray treatments of cattle upon the feeding success and survival of tabanids was examined. There was a reduction in feeding time for tabanids feeding on treated cows ranging from 27.4 to 38.8%. There was also a 31% reduction in engorgement weight of Tabanus fuscicostatus Hine. The time that flies were allowed to feed upon fenvalerate-treated steers had no significant effect upon mortality rates or knockdown percentages.
Ovicidal Activity of Sulfuryl Fluoride to Anobiid and Lyctid Beetle Eggs of Various Ages2
Authors: Williams Lonnie H. , Sprenkel Reid J.
Published: September 2017

Fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane® Gas Fumigant)2 is often used to control structural infestations by anobiid and true powderpost beetles that are widespread or inaccessible to insecticidal surface treatments. Beetle eggs show a wide range of tolerance to sulfuryl fluoride that varies with the age of eggs making them the limiting factor for control. To study dosage requirements for eggs, ovicidal activity tests of sulfuryl fluoride were done by exposing 1- to 7-day-old anobiid, Euvrilletta peltata (Harris) and lyctid, Lyctus brunneus (Stephens), eggs respectively, during tent fumigations of a house. Fumigations resulting in mg-h/liter accumulations of 470 and 289, 5.2 and 3.2 times the drywood termite dosage of 90 mg-h/liter for 22.2°C, permitted some survival and subsequent hatching of lyctid eggs aged 1 and 2 days, with the latter being most tolerant. All other ages of eggs were susceptible to these dosages. At the 3.2-fold rate, the mean survival for eggs of all ages was 11.6%, but 70.2% of the 2-day-old eggs survived. At the 5.2-fold rate, only 3.9% of the eggs survived, primarily due to 24.7% survival of 2-day-old eggs. No differeences were observed between 289 and 470 mg-h/liter dosages for anobiid beetle eggs; the least susceptible apparently were eggs aged 2 to 4 days old. Additional studies are recommended to better define effective rates for controlling eggs of these beetles with reduced levels of gas. To aid logistics, such studies could be confined to the ovicidal activity of 6-fold and lower dosages on the most tolerant ages of eggs.