bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tectono-sedimentary evolution in central Tarim Basin during the early Cambrian: New insights from stratigraphic forward modeling
Authors: Liu Weijing
Published: February 2023

The Lower Cambrian carbonate platform sequences in the central Tarim Basin play an important role in controlling the development of hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs, as well as the formation and distribution of oil and gas. A large number of studies have been conducted on its formation and evolution, but most of them are based on qualitative analysis and paid little attention to the influence of differential deposition of the carbonate platform sequences.Based on previous research findings and supplementary analysis of key seismic sections, outcrops, well logs, core, and cuttings, we have investigated the Early Cambrian paleoenvironment in the central Tarim Basin. By using the Earth System Science approach, we studied the Lower Cambrian carbonate platform sequences through stratigraphic forward modeling (SFM) by taking into consideration of key geological factors such as the initial paleo-topography, tectonic movement, high-frequency sea-level changes, carbonate growth/denudation, and clastic sediment input. The 3D stratigraphic forward model was calibrated and validated using a variety of geological data.Through uncertainty analysis of different geological factors and variables, and combined with previous research findings, we have systematically analyzed the tectono-sedimentary evolution process responsible for the development of the carbonate platform margin facies in both time and depth domains and evaluated the contribution of key factors on the evolution of platform margin facies quantitatively, and finally clarified the formation mechanisms and evolution model of the platform margin facies in central Tarim Basin.The study showed that the initial paleogeomorphology and tectonic subsidence jointly controlled the fluctuation of relative sea level, which determined the migration direction and internal structure of the carbonate platform margin. The differential stratigraphic architecture and stacking patterns of the carbonate sequences were primarily caused by the exposure duration and the slope angles of the platform margin collectively.
Changing climate and its impacts over the southern slope of the Himalayas
Authors: Aryal Deepak , Shrestha Dibas , Bagale Damodar
Published: February 2023

The great Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain system, is home to millions of people and hundreds of unique species. It has one of the world's largest concentrations of cryospheric components (glaciers, snow, and permafrost). The Himalayas supply continued meltwater to some of Asia’s greatest river systems and play a vital role in the South Asian monsoon environment by guarding theIndian subcontinent from the dry, cold air masses of central Asia and blocking the warm, moist airflow from the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately, this water tower has been experiencing rapid changes driven by climate change in recent decades. Changes in this region have had and will continue to have major negative consequences for people living in the area and globally. However, changes in the climate extremes and their consequences have not been understood well yet because of the extreme topography that hinders the establishment and maintenance of monitoring networks. We will introduce some outstanding ongoing research activities in understanding key processes and changes in high-mountain meteorology, climate extremes, and glacier evolution over the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Results suggest that elevation-dependent warming accompanied by rapid glacier retreat is accelerating in the region. In addition, climate extremes are likely to increase with intensifying drought and floods.   
The Yearly Variability of the Sodium Exosphere of Mercury: a Toy Model
Authors: Mura Alessandro , Plainaki Christina , Milillo Anna , Mangano Valeria , Alberti Tommaso , Massetti Stefano , Orsini Stefano , Moroni Martina , De Angelis Elisabetta , Rispoli Rosanna , Sordini Roberto
Published: February 2023

Observations of the sodium exosphere of Mercury show a peculiar yearly variability, with two intensity maxima at aphelion and perihelion. Here we present an analytical model for the total Na exosphere content, and we compare our results with ground-based observations. The model is able to reproduce the observed data, both in magnitude and in the seasonal variability. The combined effect of the planetary rotation with the modulation of sources and losses magnitude along the orbit, is able to produce a source of Na at dawn, which is needed to explain the observed maximum at aphelion. Also, we demonstrate that a process producing a consistent Na supply rate at the nightside, which can either be plasma or micrometeoroid precipitation, is needed as well. With the help of the model, we also propose a possible explanation for the dusk enhancement of Na that was seen in the MESSENGER data during the inbound leg of Mercury's orbit.
The spatio-temporal landslides assessment in Africa
Authors: Liu Jie , Lan Hengxing
Published: February 2023

Landslides in Africa cause significant changes in the topography and serious damage with long-lasting financial consequences. In large scale study area, spatio-temporal and regional landslide assessment mapping is a predominant way to identify high-risk areas induced by landslides, and provide some help for disaster prevention and reduction. We comprehensively reviewed the literature on landslides in Africa and updated the available landslide inventories, allowing us to determine the present spatial distribution of landslides and predict its evolutionary trends. First, we constructed Africa landslide susceptibility map (ALSM) by combining the new and well-distributed landslide dataset (ca. 27,400 landslides) and nine evaluation factors (elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, average annual precipitation, PGA, land use, lithology, and soil texture). Then, we propose a statistical methodology that uses the probability of future precipitation exceeding the precipitation on the day of the landslide occurrence as the probability of future landslides, and on this basis, the Africa landslide hazard map (ALHM) was generated. Furthermore, our research found that the highly susceptible regions derived from ALSM are around the East-central, north and South Africa. Comoros, Lesotho, Burundi, Rwanda, Swaziland, Madagascar, and Ethiopia are the most prone to landslides in all Africa countries. Meanwhile, the highly landslide hazard regions derived from ALHM are identified in the central of the Africa, the north of Morocco and Algeria, Madagascar and the south of South Africa. Overall, the ALSM and ALHM analysis lead to the conclusion that landslide hazard in the west coast and central Africa will increase in the future. 
Processing of the future IRS-MTG NH3 and temperature products
Authors: Guendouz Nadir , Viatte Camille , Boynard Anne , Safieddine Sarah , Turquety Solène , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Coheur Pierre , Armante Raymond , Prunet Pascal , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: February 2023

Ammonia (NH3) is an atmospheric pollutant mainly emitted by the agricultural sector. It is a precursor of fine particles (PM2.5) and therefore has a major effect on public health, and climate change. The volatilization process of NH3 and its lifetime in the atmosphere, as well as its transformation into particles, are poorly constrained and strongly depend on meteorological parameters, in particular temperature.Although current satellite measurements have evaluated NH3 spatio-temporal variabilities at various scales (global, regional, and local), observations of NH3 diurnal variability and their diurnal variability and dependence to temperature are poorly constrained. This strongly influences our ability to correctly simulate NH3 emissions and associated particulate pollution events in atmospheric models.The IRS (InfraRed Sounder) instrument which will be launched on the MTG (Meteosat Third Generation) satellite into geostationary orbit in late 2024, will offer the ability to deepen this analysis with more frequent measurements (every 30-45 minutes over Europe and Africa) and better spatially resolved observations (4 km x 4 km at the Equator).In this presentation, we show the potential of the new geostationary IRS-MTG mission to assess spatio-temporal variabilities of ammonia and temperature focusing on a case study over the high NH3 emitted region of Brittany (France). Using atmospheric states simulated using the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model at the effective spatial resolution of IRS over Brittany, synthetic spectra are computed using the 4A/OP radiative transfer model. NH3 measurement-sensitivity of the future IRS-MTG mission is discussed with regards to the presently available IASI observations.
A statistical study: Relations Between the Directional Changes in Solar Wind Flow and Magnetotail Response
Authors: Saxonbergová Dana , Vörös Zoltán
Published: February 2023

We explore relationship between the interplanetary magnetic field configuration and the direction of the solar wind flow analyzing few substorm onset lists, produced by different methods over the few years.  We investigate the impact of upstream conditions, such as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration and  the changing direction of the solar wind flow on the occurrence of substorms by using substorm onset lists between time1-time2. Large directional changes in the solar wind flow can result in large-scale windsock motions and current sheet thinnings forcing magnetic reconnection to occur in magnetospheric tail, which consequently can lead to substorm onset. Magnetic reconnection is a process, which can explain fast and energetic releases of plasmas in the tail during southward oriented IMF, leading to energetic substorms. However, it is more difficult to explain substorms which are associated with northward oriented IMF. Here we aim to analyse substorms associated with northward oriented IMF with the additional challenge to understand whether the substorm onsets are externally triggered by some upstream conditions or internally initiated by some instabilities in the magnetotail, observed for example during northward oriented interplanetary magnetic field i.e. in the time when there is no significant flux transfer. For our analysis we use concurrent OMNI data of solar wind, substorm databases, Geotail, THEMIS satellite data and ground base data.
The unintended usage of precipitation reanalysis products: Downscaling of daily precipitation time series to hourly values using reanalysis products for parameter estimation
Authors: Müller-Thomy Hannes , Kellner Jana , Nistahl Patrick , Bezak Nejc , Zabret Katarina , Schröter Kai
Published: February 2023

High-resolution precipitation time series are required for numerous applications in hydrology. For data-scarce regions, precipitation reanalysis products (PRP) are a promising data source. We validated two PRP for Slovenia and identified biases, which disable a direct usage of the PRP. However, the PRP were used for the parameter estimation of a cascade model to disaggregate daily time series, which exist for long periods for the whole country. The so assimilated data benefits from the advantages from both datasets: the daily rainfall amounts from the observations and the high-resolution temporal structure from the PRP. The disaggregated time series show a superior representation of the observed high-resolution point and areal precipitation time series in comparison to the PRP themselves, and their usage is recommended instead. The developed concept can be transferred to other data-scarce regions.In more detail, from the latest PRP two are most promising due to their spatial and temporal resolution: ERA5-Land (raster width ~9 km width, temporal resolution of 1 h) and REA6 (6 km, 1 h). ERA5-Land and REA6 are evaluated in space and time by continuous and event-based characteristics as well as precipitation extreme values for five recording stations and 20 catchments in Slovenia. Both PRP show underestimations of dry spell duration, wet spell amount and average intensity, while wet spell duration is overestimated. For extreme values with 1 h duration both PRP lead to underestimations, whereby the bias increases with the return period. The identified biases are larger for ERA5-Land than for REA6. The PRP time series were used for the parameter estimation of a micro-canonical cascade model to disaggregate observed daily values to hourly values. The so estimated parameters differ from station-based estimations, e.g. probabilities for the generation of dry time steps (P(1/0), P(0/1)) are underestimated. Nevertheless, starting from observed daily rainfall amounts the disaggregated time series show a superior representation of the high-resolution precipitation characteristics in comparison to ERA5-Land and REA6. This conclusion is based on all studied precipitation characteristics.
Low-cost NO2 measurements at an urban high traffic site
Authors: Beck Christoph , Fricke Verena , Philipp Andreas , Pusch Carlos , Reich Florian , Simon Jonathan
Published: February 2023

A network of low-cost air quality sensors for monitoring NO2- and O3-concentrations has been installed at an urban high traffic site in the city of Munich (Bavaria, South Germany). NO2-measurements conducted over a period of several seasons are used to analyse the effectiveness of novel air filtering systems that have been installed alongside the street section.Estimates of hourly mean NO2-concentrations at the network sites are determined by applying several calibration methods (linear and non-linear models) that were fitted, validated and compared based on data gathered during two periods where all sensors were co-located at an on site official reference station.Resulting NO2-estimates at the low-cost network sites are further analysed with respect to spatiotemporal variations in NO2-concentrations. Thereby the effects of local scale variations in the urban environment, varying traffic loads, changing synoptic weather types and different operating conditions of the air filtering systems are considered.The contribution presents and discusses different approaches for the calibration of the low-cost NO2 measurements and shows preliminary results of the analyses of spatiotemporal NO2 variations in a high traffic urban environment under special consideration of the effectiveness of novel air filtering systems.
A systematic polar-induced signature in infrasound database highlithed by machine learning models
Authors: Goursaud Oger Sentia , Junqueira Alexandre , Mougeot Mathilde
Published: February 2023

Polar lows are intense but short duration maritime cyclones occurring in both hemispheres. In the northern pole, they are mainly located in the Barents and Norwegian seas, with significant damages for coastal populations. So far, a fully understanding of the physical processes at play is still lacking. This is due to the suddenness of such events, as well as a scarcity of meteorological observations in these areas. Infrasounds are sound waves with frequency ranges below the audible domain. It was shown that polar lows can be a source of infrasound. Only one study looked at the infrasound signature for two particular polar lows using data obtained from two stations, in Northern Norway and on Svalbard. Here we show the potentiality of a systematic polar low-induced signature in infrasound data.Within the frame of the Comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty organization, infrasound stations were set up worldwide. One was settled in northern Norway (IS37NO) in 2003 and made fully operational since 2004. Its records consist in a timeseries of sub-daily pressure data, that are processed through a Progressive Multi Channel Cross Correlation method, resulting in variables such as the mean frequencies, azimuths and amplitudes of the detections, and covering 17 complete years (2004-2021). These variables were used to train statistical models to learn the occurrence of polar lows refered in a polar low database. Our models yield very good results, specially in term of precision and recall. They provide a basis for different research opportunities, such as the prediction of polar lows and a deeper comprehension of its climate controls.
Ambient Noise Tomography Analysis in the Polish Sudetes: Preliminary results
Authors: Abdollahi Somayeh , Sroda Piotr , Shirzad Taghi , Group AniMaLS Working
Published: February 2023

During the last few years, the determination of the crust and upper mantle structures in southern Poland is the target of passive seismic experiments such as AniMaLS and PACASE. In this research, the area of Sudetes has been focused on that is located at the margin of the Bohemian Massif. This region represents the NE-most part of the Variscan internides between the Elbe Fault in SW and the Odra Fault in NE. The lithosphere of the region is a mosaic of several distinct units/terranes with complex tectonic history ranging from the upper Proterozoic to the Quaternary. 
To provide information about the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the Sudetes region, Ambient Noise Tomography Analysis has been used. As the input, continuous seismic data acquired during about 2 years (2017 to 2019)   have been used. The acquisition involved 41 broadband seismic stations — 23 temporary stations deployed in the area of Sudetes and Fore-Sudetic block in SW Poland, supplemented with the data from 12 permanent seismic stations, operating in this area in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland. Furthermore, data from 6 broadband seismic stations of the Alp Array Seismic Network have been used. 
Ambient seismic noise methods are now well-established and used in different period bands for different scales. To retrieve the surface wave dispersion curves from the vertical component of recorded noise for a given station pair, the cross-correlation in the frequency domain and stacking of noise records has been done. Then, the spectra from every combination of station pairs are cross-correlated by selecting the longest common time window available between the two stations and the average inter-station dispersion measurements with respect to the periods that have been retrieved. In the next step, the Multiple Filter Analysis technique was applied to analyze the waveforms and obtain the group velocity dispersion curves. In the final step, we are working on surface wave tomography and applying inversion for the shear (or compressional) velocities in the region. Based on the preliminary results, the depth resolution is between 5-50 km and the average shear velocity that is calculated so far is about 2.8 to 4.5 km/s at these depths. 
 Financial support 
This presentation is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, according to the agreements UMO-2019/35/B/ST10/01628 and UMO-2016/23/B/ST10/03204. 
Acknowledgments 
"The AniMaLS Working Group comprises: Monika Bociarska, Wojciech Czuba, Marek Grad, Tomasz Janik, Kuan-Yu Ke, Weronika Materkowska, Marcin Polkowski and Monika Wilde-Piórko." 
 
Quantitative evaluation of the debris flow events in July 2022 in Horlachtal/Austria by combining different data sets
Authors: Rom Jakob , Haas Florian , Hofmeister Florentin , Heckmann Tobias , Altmann Moritz , Fleischer Fabian , Pfeiffer Madlene , Becht Michael
Published: February 2023

In order to calibrate and validate debris flow models, high precision in situ measurements are essential. However, it is quite difficult to acquire detailed information about debris flows, as they only rarely occur during exceptional high precipitation intensities. In July 2022, a series of such high-intensity short-duration precipitation events triggered several debris flows within the area of the Stubai Alps/Austria, which caused severe damage. On the 20th and 23rd of July 2022, two of these convective events initiated multiple debris flows on the slopes of the Horlachtal, a side valley of the Oetztal.These events have been registered by measurements of three different meteorological stations and four different discharge gauges distributed over the study area. In addition, INCA (Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis) rainfall data provided by ZAMG (Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics) allow insights in the spatial and temporal characteristics of the rainfall patterns. Furthermore, two airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) campaigns of the Chair of Physical Geography at the University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt covering the whole Horlachtal (about 55 km²) provide detailed pre and post event topographical data.A combined evaluation of the different data sets allows us to characterise the debris flow events in the study area in great detail. Topographical analyses show that a total number of 156 debris flows were triggered with accumulation volumes up to 40.000 m³. These volumes can be related to the individual catchment areas in combination with precipitation intensities. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the triggered debris flows show a concentration to a certain region within the study area, which relates to the spatial patterns of the precipitation events.
Machine-learned interatomic potentials for modelling nanoscale fracturing in silica and basalt
Authors: Guren Marthe Grønlie , Sveinsson Henrik Anderson , Malthe-Sørenssen Anders , Caracas Razvan , Renard Francois
Published: February 2023

At the nanoscale, fracturing creates surface area and flow pathways, which control the rates of fluid-rock interactions. However, how fractures form at the nanoscale remains enigmatic. Here, we implement molecular dynamics simulations to reproduce fracture propagation in quartz and basalt. These simulations require large systems and long simulation times and are therefore currently depending on interatomic potentials. In the recent years, machine learning approaches have been established as a way to fit interatomic potentials, where the potentials are trained with quantum-mechanical data obtained from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We have developed machine-learned interatomic potentials for silica and basalt that allow using molecular dynamics simulations to simulate fracture propagation at the nanoscale. The interatomic potentials reproduce the mechanical properties of bulk silica and basalt sand have also been trained to account for fracture propagation. First, we trained a potential on silica to verify the fitting procedure, and then we used the same procedure to train an interatomic potential for basalt. By training the potential with water and carbon dioxide as fluids, we aim to study how a dynamic fracture damage basaltic glass and how the water and carbon dioxide enter these fractures in the wake of rupture. Our results are relevant for carbon mineralization where a coupling between dissolution of the basalt and precipitation of carbonate minerals can lead to nanofracturing of the rock.
HKUST-Landslide Susceptibility Dataset (HKUST-LSD): A benchmark dataset for landslide susceptibility assessment in Hong Kong
Authors: Wang Haojie , Zhang Limin , Wang Lin
Published: February 2023

Rain-induced natural terrain landslides are the most frequent geo-hazard in many regions of the world. As an essential tool in addressing rising landslide challenges due to climate change, landslide susceptibility assessment has been widely investigated in Hong Kong for over twenty years. However, a public dataset for Hong Kong landslide susceptibility assessment is currently absent in the geoscience research community, which brings difficulties in establishing consistent evaluation criteria for testing any new method or theory. Thus, to facilitate the development of new statistical and/or artificial intelligence-based methods for landslides susceptibility assessment, here we compile the first version of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology – Landslide Susceptibility Dataset (HKUST-LSD) based on multiple sources of open data. Aiming at comprehensively describing the rain-induced natural terrain landslide conditioning factors in Hong Kong, HKUST-LSD v1.0 comprises data of (a) a landslide inventory; (b) a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) and its topographical derivatives; (c) superficial geology, distance to faults and rivers/sea; (d) historical maximum rolling rainfall and (e) ground vegetation condition. HKUST-LSD v1.0 provides a ready-to-use dataset that includes processed landslide and non-landslide samples, together with reference codes that utilized representative machine learning techniques to assess the landslide susceptibility in Hong Kong and achieved satisfactory performance. The dataset will be updated on a regular basis to fulfil the latest research needs that might arise in the research community and support global sustainable development.Download the dataset at: https://github.com/cehjwang/HKUST-LSD
Tracking Biogenic Carbon in Liquid Fuel Blends using Conventional Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Herndon Scott , Nelson David , Lehmann Sophie , Heredia-Langner Alejandro , Moran James , Bays J. Timothy
Published: February 2023

This work demonstrates the analytical basis for an IR (isotope ratio) laser measurement system with the potential to perform routine quantification of biogenic carbon content in liquid fuel products at working refineries. We will present the performance potential for routine quantification for mixtures of C3 and C4 biogenic carbon sources mixed with fossil feedstock.  We will show the progress toward an operational on-line portable monitor. Initial work employed a predilution stage that required challenging transfer techniques to suppress fractionation.  More recent work has explored the potential for the IR based apparatus to directly quantify stable isotopologues that are isobaric in IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometry) instruments. The IR system results for 13CO2/12CO2 compare favorably with gold-standard IRMS. 
The anomalous water vapor circulation in an extreme drought event in the middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin
Authors: Gong Guoqing , Zhang Shuyu , Liu Junguo
Published: February 2023

In 2019, a record-breaking drought happened in the middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin (M-LMRB), which brings about 650 million dollars in economic loss and affected 17 million residences. As climate change evolute, the LMRB is suffering from increasingly frequent and intensive drought with the mechanisms remaining unclear. This study analyzed the water vapor circulation of the drought event in 2019 based on the land-atmosphere water budget and backward trajectory model. Results show that the precipitation of the M-LMRB from May to October 2019 was 71.9% of the climatological mean (1959-2021). The moisture transported from the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Pacific Ocean, which are the main moisture sources of the region, was found to decrease through the backward trajectory model. From the comparison of the atmospheric circulation of 2019 and the climatology, the anomalous anticyclone in the BOB, the anomalous westerlies in the Northeast Indian Ocean, and the anomalous cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean were found to facilitate the stronger export of water vapor jointly. Therefore, the dynamic processes should be more responsible for the extreme drought event of the LMRB in 2019 than the thermodynamics processes. The findings of this study provide new insights into understanding mechanisms of climate change affecting extreme drought events through the atmospheric circulation and are helpful to the risk management of droughts under climate change.
Daily extremes from the MSWEP global rainfall dataset compared to estimates from buoy networks through MEVD-based downscaling
Authors: Dalmasso Giorgio , Anagnostou Emmanouil , Brocca Luca , Cattani Elsa , Gruendemann Gaby , Hu Lanxin , Laviola Sante , Levizzani Vincenzo , Marra Francesco , Massari Christian , Morin Efrat , Nikolopoulos Efthymios , van Der Ent Ruud , Zorzetto Enrico , Marani Marco
Published: February 2023

Estimating the frequency of extreme precipitation events, both locally and over extended areas, is key for developing risk reduction measures in present and future climates. Large areas of the world are characterized by sparse or absent rain-gauge networks, which poses significant challenges to the estimation of extreme events in many applications. Remote sensing and reanalysis datasets may contribute to filling some of these gaps, but their use meets some important obstacles: 1) remote sensing/reanalysis rainfall estimates are defined at coarse resolutions, thereby preventing direct validations against ground observations; 2) they usually span a ~20-year observation period, making it difficult to estimate the frequency of large extremes; 3) they suffer from significant uncertainties. Using the novel Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution (MEVD) and a recent statistical downscaling technique, we compare ground and satellite-based/model estimates of rainfall to quantify the improvement achieved through downscaling in high-quantile quantification. We focus on ocean rainfall observations, which are rarely considered in validating global databases, from the Tao-Triton, Pirata, and Rama buoy networks. We quantify the estimation uncertainty for point extremes associated with the MSWEP rainfall dataset. We find that the MEVD-based extreme value downscaling approach generally improves point extreme estimates. 
Development of a composite index for assessment of soil compaction impacts on ecosystem services in agricultural systems
Authors: Lamandé Mathieu , Nazari Meisam , Fouladidorhani Maliheh , Nawaz Muhammad Mohsin , Arthur Emmanuel
Published: February 2023

Soil compaction of agricultural systems due to the passage of heavy machinery persistently impairs the soil physical, hydrological, and biogeochemical functioning. Despite the existence of numerous studies on the influence of compaction on soil and plant characteristics, we lack studies translating such impacts into soil-related ecosystem services. Therefore, we aimed to develop five indices of compaction impacts on ecosystem services related to soil, including fresh water supply, food, feed, and fiber production, microbial habitat provision, climate regulation, and water purification. First, we selected the most appropriate soil quality indicators for each ecosystem service based on literature data and expert knowledge. Second, we scored each indicator using the fuzzy logic method and standardized scoring functions. Third, we summed the indicators and divided them by the number of the indicators to achieve a total index for each ecosystem service. Finally, we combined the five individual indices to attain a composite index for the soil-related ecosystem services. We validated the developed ecosystem services indices using experimental data of soil compaction impacts. The results showed that the five indices and the composite index were able to detect the impacts of soil compaction on the investigated ecosystem services. We advocate the use of such indices or composite index to assess how soil compaction interferes with the delivery of soil-related ecosystem services in agricultural systems.
Identifying thresholds of ocean-induced Antarctic ice loss through idealized ice-sheet model simulations
Authors: Nicola Lena , Garbe Julius , Reese Ronja , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: February 2023

The Antarctic Ice Sheet is currently losing mass through ocean induced melting at the underside of its large ice shelves. In the future, ice shelf cavities could switch from a ‘’cold” to a “warm” state, following a distinct increase in ocean temperatures e.g. by a redirection of coastal currents allowing warm circumpolar waters to access Antarctic grounding lines. With the ice-sheet model PISM, we delineate potential thresholds, at which the Antarctic Ice Sheet could experience ocean-induced non-linear ice loss. To this end, we apply circum-Antarctic ocean temperature perturbations of 1 to 5 K for different durations, ranging from tens to hundreds of years, and analyze the ice-sheet evolution after reversing the forcing over centennial to millennial timescales. Additionally, we perform ice-sheet simulations in which we slowly ramp up our forcing over similar timescales. Using these idealized overshoot scenarios, we analyze when and where critical thresholds that lead to large-scale, irreversible grounding line retreat are crossed.  We assess uncertainties of these thresholds by analysing the initial state uncertainty as well as parametric and structural uncertainties.
InSAR constraints on coseismic and postseismic deformation of the 2021 Ganaveh earthquake along the Zagros Foredeep fault
Authors: Mousavi Zahra , Jafari Mahin , Aflaki Mahtab , Walpersdorf Andrea , Motaghi Khalil
Published: February 2023

The moderate magnitude (Mw 5.8) Ganaveh earthquake, as a compressive event. occurred on 2021 April 18 in the southwest of the Dezful embayment of the Zagros Mountain belt, Iran. We process Sentinel-1 SAR images in ascending and descending geometries to investigate the coseismic deformation and its source parameters. The resultant displacement maps indicate a maximum of 17 cm of surface displacement in the satellite line of sight direction with no evidence of surface rupture. The NW-oriented elliptical fringes in coseismic ascending and descending displacement maps are in agreement with the strike of the major Zagros structures. The InSAR displacement map is inverted to evaluate the earthquake source parameters and the inversion results reveal a low-angle NE-dipping fault plane characterized by a maximum dip slip of 95 cm at ~6 km depth and a slight sinistral slip component (2.9 cm). Inversion of 39 earthquake focal mechanism (from 1968 to 2021), including the Ganaveh mainshock and its five larger aftershocks indicate a regional compressional stress regime and applying this stress on the retrieved Ganaveh fault plane leads to a minor sinistral movement confirming the geodetic results. InSAR coseismic displacement and relocated mainshock and aftershocks situate on the hanging wall of the Zagros Foredeep fault. This underlines the ZFF as the causative fault of the Ganaveh earthquake. The occurrence of Ganaveh moderate magnitude earthquake on the Zagros Foredeep fault highlights its role as the western structural boundary for recurrent Mb>5 events in the Dezful embayment.To examine the possibility of postseismic deformation after such a moderate magnitude earthquake in Zagros, we processed and created the interferograms using the Sentinel-1 SAR images based on the SBAS timeseries analysis approach after the mainshock until the end of 2021. The time series analysis of the constructed interferograms indicates a maximum of 7 cm of postseismic deformation with a similar strike and shape as the coseismic displacement. The short-term postseismic displacement of the Ganaveh earthquake is released seismically by aftershocks. The agreement between the cumulative displacement, cumulative number of aftershocks, and their related moment release through time and the similar pattern and direction of postseismic and coseismic deformation suggest that an afterslip mechanism can be the causative mechanism of the Ganaveh postseismic motion. We estimate a maximum of 30 cm slip at a depth of ~5 km along the coseismic causative fault plane by inverting the postseismic cumulative deformation map.
Trend analysis of total, seasonal and extreme rainfall data for Ajay River Basin, West Bengal.
Authors: Mandraha Shivanand , Ray Sujata
Published: February 2023

Rainfall is an essential climatic parameter for any region, and it can have a significant socioeconomic impact on society. In this study, the trend analysis of rainfall data of the Ajay River Basin was performed for daily rainfall data from the APHRODITE dataset. It is a gridded dataset with a resolution of 0.25*0.25 degree latitude and longitude with 1951 to 2007 long time series for Asia. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the monotonic trend in the rainfall time series and the Theil-Sen estimator to look at the magnitude of the change. The quantile perturbation method is used for extreme rainfall analysis. The study reveals that total annual rainfall and the monsoon period (June, July, August, September) have increased over the basin's southern part at a 5% significance level. In the pre-monsoon period (March, April, May) rainfall has increased all over the basin area at the 5% significance level. Extreme rainfall anomalies were found in most of the basin region, but some periods had very high perturbation. In the 1950-1960s, the northern area of the basin showed statistically significant negative anomalies, while the southern region showed significant positive anomalies. The 1970-1980s was the period of the highest significant positive anomalies, with up to 110% change. Significant negative anomalies dominated most of the southern basin from 1980 to 2000. The study concluded that although total rainfall has increased, extremes have decreased in the region.
Potential impacts of wildfire on Southern Ocean clouds
Authors: Ding Saisai
Published: February 2023

Wildfires produce serious and long-lasting effects on weather and climate by large dust and aerosol emissions. However, its remote impacts on clouds over the Southern Ocean (SO) and polar regions remain unxplored. Based on ship observations conducted during MARCUS feild campaign from November, 2017 to March, 2018, a fire index (FI) is defined along the ship track by a lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) combined with a daily high-resolution wildfire burned area dataset. Correaltions between this fire index and observed aerosol and CCN concentrations are analyzed to explore potential impacts of wildfire on SO clouds and its latitudinal variations. Our results show that the correlations between FI and aerosol concentrations are significant over the SO, which means the Autralia wildfire could affect the SO clouds reaching far to 70°S. The most significant positive correlations are found in the range of 40°S-55°S between FI and aerosol and CCN concentrations, with correlation coefficients of 0.65 and 0.88 respectively.
Filter-based Real-time GNSS Precise Orbit Determination Applied to Satellites in Maneuver
Authors: Qin Zhiwei , Wang Jungang , Tang Longjiang , Du Shi , Huang Guanwen , Zhang Qin , Ge Maorong , Harald Schuh
Published: February 2023

The accuracy and availability of real-time precise orbits are critical for real-time Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) users. Real-time orbits are estimated by either batch processing using least-squares adjustment at most International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers (ACs), or filter-processing, for example, at JPL and Wuhan University. The filter-processing has the advantage of high-update rates from 5 min to 5 sec (in the case of real-time clock), which is more suitable to handle satellite maneuvers. Currently, maneuver satellites are labelled as unhealthy in broadcast ephemeris, and not processed by the IGS ACs. However, for the robustness and availability of real-time GNSS users, it is important to provide reliable orbits and clocks for as many satellites as possible, especially for some special scenarios such as poor visibility of low-elevation satellites in canyon or urban areas. Moreover, if the satellite maneuver is not handled in time, it could severely deteriorate the orbit quality of all satellites. In this study, we implement the square root information filter (SRIF) for real-time GNSS orbit determination to achieve an update rate of 30 sec. We propose an automatic method to detect the satellite maneuver and adjust the stochastic constraints of orbital elements. The constraints applied to the epoch-wise orbital elements, which are essential for the SRIF-based POD, are checked based on its post-fit residuals and adjusted accordingly. Using the simulated real-time processing of GPS satellites during six months in 2022, we demonstrate that the satellite maneuver can be successfully detected instantaneously without degrading the accuracy of any satellites. Comparison with the 5 min sampling final orbit products from Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), there is no loss of accuracy in the along and cross components and the agreements is within 5 cm. In the radial component, the orbit difference is around 5 dm during the first one to two hours after the maneuvering, and the orbit accuracy converges to 5 to 10 cm after 4 hours. Due to the correlation between radial orbit and satellite clock, it is validated by the phase residuals of static precise point positioning (PPP) that such an accuracy causes no degradation to the positioning users. In addition, we evaluate the important contribution of rescued maneuver satellites using kinematic PPP under various simulated observing scenarios.
Approximation and Optimization of Atmospheric Simulations in High Spatio-Temporal Resolution with Neural Networks
Authors: Azmi Elnaz , Meyer Jörg , Strobl Marcus , Weimer Michael , Streit Achim
Published: February 2023

Accurate forecasts of the atmosphere demand large-scale simulations with high spatio-temporal resolution. Atmospheric chemistry modeling, for example, usually requires solving a system of hundreds of coupled ordinary partial differential equations. Due to the computational complexity, large high performance computing resources are required, which is a challenge as the spatio-temporal resolution increases. Machine learning methods and specially deep learning can offer an approximation of the simulations with some factor of speed-up while using less compute resources. The goal of this study is to investigate the feasibility, opportunities but also challenges and pitfalls of replacing the compute-intensive chemistry of a state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry model with a trained neural network model to forecast the concentration of trace gases at each grid cell and to reduce the computational complexity of the simulation. In this work, we introduce a neural network model (ICONET) to forecast trace gas concentrations without executing the traditional compute-intensive atmospheric simulations. ICONET is equipped with a multifeature Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to forecast atmospheric chemicals iteratively in time. We generated the training and test dataset, our ground truth for ICONET, by execution of an atmospheric chemistry simulation in ICON-ART. Applying the ICONET trained model to forecast a test dataset results in a good fit of the forecast values compared to our ground truth dataset. We discuss appropriate metrics to evaluate the quality of models and present the quality of the ICONET forecasts with RMSE and KGE metrics. The variety in the nature of trace gases limits the model's learning and forecast skills according to the variable. In addition to the quality of the ICONET forecasts, we described the computational efficiency of ICONET as its run time speed-up in comparison to the run time of the ICON-ART simulation. The ICONET forecast showed a speed-up factor of 3.1 over the run time of the atmospheric chemistry simulation of ICON-ART, which is a significant achievement, especially when considering the importance of ensemble simulations.
Mid Holocene dynamic vegetation highlights unavoidable climate feedbacks
Authors: Braconnot Pascale , Viovy Nicolas , Marti Olivier
Published: February 2023

Green Sahara and a northern limit of forest in the northern hemisphere are key characteristics of the differences between the mid Holocene and present-day climate. However, the strength of vegetation feedback and the ability of state-of-the-art climate model to properly represent it still an issue. A reason is that vegetation lies at the critical zone between land and atmosphere. Its variations depend on interconnected factors such as light, energy, water and carbon and, in turn, affect climate and environmental factors. These interconnexions makes it difficult to disentangle the factors that affect the representation of vegetation in a fully interactive model. Dynamical vegetation introduces additional degrees of freedom in climate simulations, so that a model that produces reasonable results when vegetation is prescribed might not be able to properly reproduce the full coupled system, when feedbacks that are not dominant when the system is constraint induce first order cascading effects in coupled mode. Here we investigate the climate-vegetation feedback in mid-Holocene and pre-industrial simulation with the IPSL climate models using 3 different settings of the dynamical vegetation that combining differences in the choice of representation of photosynthesis, bare soil evaporation and parameters defining the vegetation competition and distribution. We show that whatever the set up the major differences expected between the mid-Holocene and preindustrial climates remains similar, but the realisms of the simulated climate can be very different due to cascading climate-vegetation feedbacks that trigger vegetation growth and snow-ice-temperature-soil feedbacks.  Interestingly, with this IPSLCM6 version of the IPSL model (Boucher et al., 2020) all the mid-Holocene simulations produce vegetation in the Sahara-Sahel region compatible with the green Sahara period, but the representation of boreal forests is strongly affected by the different vegetation modeling choices.
Key soil properties to assess and safeguard Mediterranean agro-environments
Authors: Olivares-Martínez Luis D. , García-Orenes Fuensanta , García-Carmona Minerva , Arcenegui Baldo Victoria , Mataix-Solera Jorge
Published: February 2023

Unsustainable management in food production has led to the degradation of fertile and biodiverse soils in agricultural and forestry areas of the planet, reducing the supply of ecosystem services and the quality of human life. Therefore, it is a priority to establish policy that promote productivity, as well as the stability and biodiversity of agricultural soils, in congruence with their regional and local geographic conditions. In the framework of the Horizon 2020 SOILGUARD project, that aims to assess the soil biodiversity status in different countries with different management practices and the effects of climate change, this work seeks to identify changes in key properties of soil quality and health in Mediterranean environments under different degradation and management scenarios. Using a raster model of soil degradation obtained through the LUCAS soil information repository, and verification in field though visual soil assessments, plots with two levels of degradation were identified. We worked on 10 plots with traditional management and 10 with organic management, in agricultural Mediterranean area (Murcia, Spain) being considered organic those without using inorganic fertilization for more than ten years. Soil samples were taken from each plot and analyzed for some soil properties such as: organic matter content, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration and some enzymatic activities, also available phosphorus, bulk density, and coarse fragments. One of the main SOILGUARD hypothesis is that soils under organic management have more biodiversity and this makes then more resilient to the climate change. By understanding the changes in soil quality and health, it will be possible to establish more precise recommendations for the establishment of agricultural management policies for Mediterranean environments. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation programme under the Grant Agreement no. 101000371. SOILGUARD Project https://soilguard-h2020.eu/