bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crude Oil Storage Tanks Enhancement and Life Extension: Advanced Simulation and Case Study
Authors: Al Omari A. M. , Awda H. , Al Sayed T. , Toubar A. , Terchoun S.
Published: November 2016

The importance of asset integrity assurance of strategical equipment such as crude oil storage tanks (COS Tanks) is attributed to the possible impact on operation interruption, safety hazards, and cost of maintenance. This paper studies how the cyclic loading on tank shell affects tank integrity and tank life extension. This research study describes a case study of one million barrel capacity crude oil storage tank to identify the root cause of the non-uniform corrosion rates and material loss in tank shell. The tank is constructed from carbon steel material and experienced severe material losses in specific areas resulted to tank shell perforation and leak.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was conducted to study the anticipated movement of a floating roof of one million barrel capacity COS Tank under the routine tank operation. The pressure applied on floating roof due to fluid movement and the applied cyclic forces on guide pole were calculated. The cyclic forces acting on the guide pole were fused in 3D Non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software in order to understand the influence of COS Tank filling and emptying cyclic process on tank structural integrity. The FEA model indicated the areas in the tank were high stresses and cyclic stresses develop during tank operation. The results of the FEA model were compared with a robotic ultrasonic testing (UT) data conducted on tank shell to correlate the locations of cyclic stresses to the tank shell corrosion mapping profile. The FEM analysis focuses on the stress distribution in tank shell, the locations of cyclic stresses, and the susceptible areas in tank shell for corrosion fatigue damage. The FEA results and corrosion mapping inspection results were in good agreement.

The current study identifies a hidden risk on crude oil storage tanks integrity, remnant life and fitness for service. The corrosion fatigue phenomenon due to the sour environment and cyclic loading on tank shell expedites corrosion rates and reduce COS tank operation life.
Better Formation Fluid Characterization with a Cost Effective Solution; Fluid Sampling-While-Drilling: Case Histories from UAE
Authors: Smith S. , Elarouci F. , Khairy H. , Serry M. A. , Ahmad Fazeel , Al-Feky M. H. , Faisal M. , Khan A. H. , Al Reyami M. M. , Al Kilani Smeer
Published: November 2016

This paper presents the first new technology applications of reservoir fluid characterization and sampling while drilling in the United Arab Emirates. Four case histories provide details of this technology in the last two years, and the value added to the assets operating in different targeted reservoirs.

Cost and rig-time optimization demands has motivated operators to utilize the fluid analysis and sampling tool designed for LWD to reach formation targets before they have been exposed to long period of invasion. This technology provides pressure testing, real-time in-situ measurements of formation fluid properties and downhole capture and retrieval of fluid samples. The applications proved valuable in obtaining required formation data and reducing operational time, cost and associated risks.

Results of this technology in the UAE were evidenced in the following applications: An offshore field had original formation water with high salinity that, over time, mixed with low salinity injection water which affects water saturation log interpretation. The objective was to collect representative water from the formation (either original formation water or injection water) and this was complicated by water-based mud filtrate with its own unique salinity. Samples from three depths were collected and confirmed by laboratory analysis to be representative formation water. The refractive index provided a clear way of discriminating the water-based mud filtrate from formation water.A field with known condensate was scheduled for fluid sampling to check for injection gas break-through. LWD sampling was used because of the high mobility of the gas and condensate. Seven successful samples were collected and subsequent lab analysis confirmed condensate in the reservoir.Pressure testing and sampling while drilling was performed in a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir. A valid oil gradient was detected after completing several good pressure tests in a short period after drilling. The formation fluid pump-out was initiated to identify and collect oil and water samples that helped in determining an accurate oil-water contact.A fluid sampling operation was performed in a highly deviated offshore well to provide the asset an operational alternative to a complex pipe-conveyed wireline logging operation. The pump-out started shortly after drilling to limit invasion. Five samples were obtained and brought to surface to confirm the real time fluid identification. The case will discuss the challenges and complication of the operation in a highly deviated well crossing several reservoirs.

A review of the presented cases helps demonstrate LWD sampling technology as a successful method in the Middle East for characterizing downhole fluid, supporting real-time decision making, minimizing rig time, cost and associated operational risks.
Unconventional Shale Gas Development: Application of USA Key Success Factors to other Countries in International Markets
Authors: Zeid A. , Lee J.
Published: November 2016

The USA began exploiting unconventional gas resources 40 years ago, eventually leading to a domestic shale gas production increase from 4% to 56%, 2005 to 2015. Many countries and major oil and gas companies strive to match this success.

Using public information to research USA key success factors helped establish a holistic framework to assess and expedite shale gas development in other countries. This framework is intended for international market experts now guiding their countries and companies toward similar success. The framework has been applied to China and Poland to provide highlights, lowlights and specific recommendations for conditions in those countries.

The analysis splits six factors into two categories: 1) subsurface factors related to exploration, development, drilling and fracturing of the prolific shale-system; and 2) technical and non-technical surface factors including the involvement of the State (which has consistently directed and stimulated unconventional gas development), the roles of oil companies and service companies, the availability of required materials and water and the related logistical capability, and the gas market and infrastructure.

The findings highlight the importance of abandoning conventional oil and gas mindsets and processes in favor of proven unconventional shale gas development approaches.
CO2 Storage in the Nisku Aquifer in the Wabamun Lake Area, Canada - The Effect of Site Characterization Data on Caprock Integrity Modeling
Authors: Goodarzi S. , Settari A.
Published: November 2016

The geomechanical factors put significant constraints on CO2 storage in terms of injection pressures that may be limited by fracture propagation, injection rates that can be achieved without compromising the seal and excessive fracture propagation, and the CO2 placement affected by fracturing.

Goodarzi et al (2012) investigated the feasibility of securely storing CO2 in Nisku geological formation located in Wabamun Lake area (Alberta, Canada) using a coupled flow, thermal and geomechanical model. Due to lack of field and lab measurements, the results of the study were reported as pessimistic. This paper utilized recently recorded well log, well test and lab measurements specific to the study area to build porosity, absolute and relative permeability, thermal, mechanical property and stress profiles required for refining the results of the aforementioned study.

The results show that injection in the Nisku aquifer (below or at fracture pressure with 1–2 Mt/year) causes only small surface heave in the range of 2–3 mm. Injection above the fracture pressure at 2 Mt/year results in higher well injectivity but also increases the possibility of caprock fracturing. The degree of vertical propagation strongly depends on the caprock stress state and mechanical properties. The importance of the proper site characterization is highlighted by comparison of our current results with our earlier work on the same site reported in Goodarzi et al. (2012), in which estimates were used for many parameters. The predicted fracture dimensions based on updated fluid and rock mechanical properties in the current work are significantly larger than the dimensions reported in the 2012 study. The primary reason for this is the lower initial fracture pressure and higher stiffness of the reservoir rock formation used in this study.This causes smaller fracture width and lower leak-off which will be compensated by larger extent of fracture both horizontally and vertically..

Thermal effects of cold CO2 injection reduce significantly the fracture pressure and enhance the horizontal fracture propagation. The vertical extension of fracture in the thermal model was shown to be smaller than in the isothermal model due to the confining stress contrast created by thermoelastic stresses. This in turn resulted in larger horizontal propagation of fracture in the thermal model. The reduction of fracturing pressure due to thermal effects will reduce the well injectivity if the well is to be operated below fracture pressure, and increase fracture propagation if fracturing is allowed. This aspect needs to be taken into account by operators as well as by regulatory agencies. If it is required to operate below fracturing, the time-variation of fracture pressure under injection condition can be determined using geomechanicaly coupled model and its historical minimum value should be taken as the maximum operating pressure.
Thin Oil Rim Development Challenges and Opportunities for a Carbonate Reservoir in Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Khoury P. Al , Ali M. Abou , Hassall J. K. , Sinha A. K.
Published: November 2016

Objective

It is challenging to increase oil recovery from a reservoir with a thin oil rim and large gas cap after a long depletion of the gas cap. Gas or water breakthroughs are commonly seen and are responsible for disappointing oil recovery. The development becomes more challenging when resources are needed to control depletion and maintain reservoir pressure.

This paper deals with challenges encountered in developing a thin oil rim and compares the recovery of the development scenarios.

Methods, Procedures

The field under study is an offshore Carbonate reservoir consisting of multiple stacked thin porous layers separated by less porous layers. The gas cap was developed first, as at that time the oil rim was only poorly understood, and its potential was not fully recognized. Oil development only started after a prolonged period of gas depletion. Post depletion, gas injection has been introduced to control the depletion and to permit further development of the oil rim. The process followed in this study is summarized as follows:

Results

A representative fit for purpose sub-surface model to capture the high reservoir heterogeneities and the dynamic behavior was crucial.

It is demonstrated that despite the challenges inherent in this reservoir, it will be possible to increase the oil recovery. A number of locations for new oil production wells are identified and these allow recovery of additional oil through sustainable production.

Zones of high CGR in the reservoir are a good target to enhance condensate production. For gas recovery reservoir pressure is the main factor controlling recovery.

Novel/Additive Information

This paper shows that despite the early depletion of the gas cap there is a room to enhance oil rim recovery of thin oil rim reservoirs underlying extensive gas caps, by means of a development which targets remaining oil, complemented by injection to control reservoir pressure depletion or Low well head pressure system to produce from low pressure reservoir.

The post gas cap production scenario shows that theoretically there is an opportunity to recover oil after gas cap production.
The Positive Impact of Operations Excellence in the Management of Aging Facilities
Authors: Hall G. F. , Cuthbert T. , Geraghty A. , Chamberlain M. A.
Published: November 2016

Executive Summary

National oil companies are being increasingly challenged on how they manage assets running beyond their design life. In the Middle East alone there are 700-800 fixed offshore platforms and bridges, of which more than 70% are older than 25 years (DNV, 2016). In the past costs attributed to poor asset integrity management were minimal compared to the profit margins attained, but as income diminishes as it has in the last two years, the costs become too great and inefficiencies are highlighted. As a result the optimisation of life extension has to be an integral part of asset strategy.

Knowing where best to invest in assets, and where to reduce costs, can be tricky and confusing without comparable information to hand. It has therefore become increasingly important for operations to be driven by a central strategy that aligns everyone to the same objectives and priorities.

So how should oil companies refocus their strategies then on the challenge of managing ageing assets?

Frequently consultants comes across operators lacking a co-ordinated approach to their ageing asset. The solution involves a three pillar approach to deliver Operations Excellence based on the individual assets concerned.

Asset Life Extension Management (ALEM) Production Excellence Maintenance Excellence

A study of the asset's situation is followed by a project implementation in these three workstreams built around a central and co-ordinated strategy. Based on previous projects this has proven highly beneficial for operators by extending the life of the asset in a cost effective manner, increasing production by 10-20%, and reducing operations Capital Expenditure by 15-25%. However, the result of implementing Operations Excellence is not only improved performance but more importantly provides the Client with clear and concise information in order to make well-informed decisions on where to best invest and get the most buck from their assets. Developing human capital in line with this new strategy is critical for success.
Findings and Challenges of High Permeability Zone on Water Injection Pilots in Iraqi Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Liu Lang , Zheng Xiaowu , He E , Liu Fang , Luo Hong
Published: November 2016

Mishrif carbonate formation is widely developed in Iraq and other areas of Middle East. When it comes to carbonate reservoir water injection development, the high heterogeneity commonly existed in carbonate reservoirs makes water flow complicated and performance of water injection differed from reservoir to reservoir. The existence of high permeability stripes and zones would make the problem more complicated and always result water early break through and poor sweep of the reservoir. Water injection pilots started recently in Mishrif carbonate reservoirs in M Field and N Field in southern Iraq. The objectives of these pilots were to investigate the feasibility to conduction water flooding in the Mishrif carbonate reservoirs, including test the injectivity and its change through time, sweep efficiency, responses from offset producers, investigate the methods that can be applied to tackle the problems brought by high permeability zones in water injection. The pilots were carried out in two different well patterns in the two fields, one is inverted nine spots pattern and the other is vertical-horizontal well pattern with vertical well as injector. In one pilot, separated injection was applied to avoid water channeling and improved producer performance. 3D numerical model was applied to track and monitor water sweep during the pilot. It was found out that directional connectivity and high permeability zones were developed in these reservoirs and resulted in early water breakthrough and quick increase of water cut in offset producers. This effect impact vertical and lateral sweep greatly and lower recovery potential in future field water flooding development if not well learned and handled. The challenges are to make description of these directional connectivity and distribution of high permeability zones in reservoir description and modeling and find effective ways in field operations to avoid the negative impact of them in field scale water flooding. To tackle the challenges, integrated reservoir study of multi-discipline is necessary in order to make full description of high permeability zones and reservoir heterogeneity and understand their mechanism on water sweep. It is suggested to pay additional attention to high permeability zone as a key factor in reservoir development of these kinds of reservoirs and integrated the study results into the design of field development plan in an early stage, to narrow the uncertainties brought by them and reduce development risks.
A Novel Water Control Method for Erd Wells in Fractured Carbonate Using Chemical Zonal Protection
Authors: Ghosh Dr. Bisweswar , Adi Samhar
Published: November 2016

Fractured carbonate reservoirs are prone to premature water cut production at the early stage of water flood recovery. Conventionally completed long horizontal wells, suffering from high water cut through fractures need reliable, cost effective and out-of-the-box treatment solutions to control water entry, without damaging oil saturated segments. In such cases, polymer gel squeeze in the conventional way is not the option as the gel treatment needs damage protection of oil producing zones, which is a difficult task because of the complexity of fracture geometry and the enormity of the number of zones that may seek protection. This paper describes an approach in which mechanical zonal isolation devices is substituted by self-selective chemical isolation technique, designed for carbonate formation which can enable the water shutoff treatment to be performed without deployment of costly work-over rig. Through extensive laboratory investigation a three-chemical system is developed, to be placed in a sequence. The first fluid is designed to protect the low permeable and presumably zones of high oil saturation, by creating an impermeable filter cake while the water conductive fractures remain open for further treatment. This would be followed by a second fluid, designed to invade, solidify and seal off the fractures. The third fluid is a bio-enzyme chemical breaker designed for uniform degradation of the filter cake on matrix zones created by the first fluid and bring the well back to production. In laboratory simulated core flood studies, excellent production profile is achieved. Depending on the fracture geometry, effective brine permeability is reduced by 74 – 91% while the oil effective permeability is reduced only by 12 – 17%. Finally, the paper discusses the key elements for field implementation in terms of fluid composition, pumping pressure, flow rate and onsite monitoring, and also suggests the downhole equipment necessary to improve the success rate.
Development of New Smart Drilling Fluids Using Nano-Materials for Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Li Shulian , Osisanya Samuel , Haroun Mohammed
Published: November 2016

Drilling fluids used for accessing unconventional reservoirs need new focus because the fluids used to exploit conventional reservoirs need without some modifications or new formulations. New smart-fluid formulations were developed and optimized using nano-materials. Three nano-materials were added to the generic water-based fluids. Scanning electronic microscope tests were performed to check the size quality of the nano-materials. Rheology properties, pH and filtration tests were performed to evaluate the smart drilling fluids. Mud cakes formed by each smart drilling fluid were collected and scanned.

For practical field applications, the smart drilling fluids were tested against two rock samples by performing dispersion, barite sag and aging (stability) tests. The rocks were characterized using scanning electronic microscope (SEM), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and adsorption tests. Results showed that the developed fluids exhibited excellent rheological properties and the filtration losses were reduced after adding nano-materials. Mud cakes formed by each smart drilling fluid were collected and scanned. Thin, tight, and well textured mud cakes were formed. The mud cakes' thicknesses were reduced significantly after adding nano materials. The barite sag tests indicated the fluids to be excellent for cutting suspension. No sedimentation was observed after aging for three days, which indicated a good cleaning and suspension of drilled cuttings. The rheology and filtration properties of smart drilling fluid system remained stable under static condition after three days of aging. Results showed reduced shale dispersion, excellent suspension capacity, and stability. The cost comparison between the developed smart drilling fluids with nano-materials and base (generic) drilling fluids shows that that the smart fluids are relatively inexpensive even though they are excellent for preventing wellbore instability and for used in the environmentally sensitive areas.
Use of Advanced Molecular Microbiology Methods to Manage Microbial Corrosion Issues in Topside Facilities.
Authors: Poulsen Morten , Sanders Peter Frank , Thomsen Uffe Sognstrup , Lundgaard Thomas
Published: November 2016

Objectives/Scope

Microbial growth in topsides facilities (water injection, oil production and distribution systems) is a widely recognized phenomenon leading to a range of impacts, for instance microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC typically occurs as localized pitting and can develop rapidly (and measured in mm per year), leading to unexpected production shutdowns, environmental impact due to leaks, major unplanned repairs and increased chemical treatment costs. In severe MIC cases, the system may even need to be replaced, sometimes with corrosion resistant alloys, with marked economic consequences to operators. The threat of MIC has traditionally been very difficult to assess due to its rapid, localized, nature and due to the challenges of getting reliable information about microbial communities from system samples.

Methods

Recent advances in molecular microbiology technologies, particularly with respect to next generation sequencing technologies and quantitative PCR assays targeting functional and phylogenetic marker genes, have now made it possible to reliably identify and quantify a range of oilfield MIC-related microorganisms.

Results and Conclusions

Through case studies, this paper demonstrates how these molecular microbiology technologies can be used for monitoring, diagnosing and managing MIC on a routine basis focusing on key MIC indicator organisms and applying new approaches to interpret the MIC threat from the derived data. This paper furthermore suggests how MIC assessments can be integrated into existing corrosion management programs to target and tailor mitigation actions, minimizing the overall risk related to MIC.

Novel/Additive Information

These new advanced molecular microbiology tools, if properly integrated in corrosion management programs, hold potential for improving asset protection and cost savings for oilfield operators.
Benefits of Integrated Design of Gas Processing Units to Achieve Optimal Project Economics
Authors: Chilukuri Pavan , Bowerbank Gary
Published: November 2016

The development of natural gas reserves containing harder-to-remove sulphur species has increased in recent years, while sulphur limits for treated gas and stack sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions have continued to tighten. This combination has resulted in significant increases in the complexity of acid gas removal units (AGRU) and sulphur recovery units (SRU). With standalone designs for AGRUs and SRUs, licensors may be able to optimise the process units individually. However, based on Shell's experience as licensor and operator, additional capital and operating expenditure benefits can be realised through integrated AGRU and SRU designs.

This paper focuses on the value of integrated process line-ups aimed at: creating new cost-effective modes of operation;reducing plant complexity;dealing with a wide range of feed gas contaminant uncertainties; andmeeting stringent emission requirements.

The case studies below illustrate how the above benefits can be achieved by using a structured integrated approach to gas processing designs: using a heated flash in the AGRU to create a better quality acid gas feed to the SRU;integration of AGRU/acid-gas enrichment unit (AGEU) off-gas with SRU tail gas treating (TGT) units to handle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) destruction effectively in SRUs; andcascading of semi-lean solvent from the Shell Claus off-gas treating (SCOT®) absorber to the main AGRU absorber.
Pengaruh Pemberian Propolis terhadap Ekspresi INOS dan Kadar MDA pada Otak Tikus Model Cedera Otak Traumatik
Authors: Damayanti Ria , Fitri Loeki Enggar , Dalhar Mochamad
Published: November 2016

Propolis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiinflamasi yang kuat, dengan menetralisir berbagai radikal bebas dalam tubuh seperti seperti ROS dan reactive nitrogen species (RNS) dan menurunkan ekspresi dari nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dan mencegah kerusakan DNA, sehingga propolis memiliki potensi sebagai alternatif terapi dalam menurunkan ekspresi iNOS dan menurunkan radikal bebas yang diukur melalui kadar MDA pada cedera otak traumatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian propolis dalam berbagai dosis pada ekspresi iNOS dan MDA di otak tikus Rattus norvegicus model traumatik. Sampel dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, kelompok model trauma dan diberi perlakuan propolis masing-masing dosis 50mg, 100mg, dan 200mg per kgBB/hari. Pada akhir penelitian, tikus dikorbankan dan dibuat preparat otak untuk menilai ekspresi iNOS dan kadar MDA. Berdasarkan hasil analisa statistik, didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara ekspresi iNOS dan kadar MDA otak tikus model traumatik dengan berbagai dosis propolis (secara berurutan, Kruskal Wallis p=0,001; ANOVA p=0,000 (p<0,05)). Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa propolis berpengaruh dalam penurunan ekspresi iNOS dan kadar MDA di otak tikus model traumatik.Kata Kunci: Cedera otak traumatik, iNOS, MDA, propolis
Penatalaksanaan Lesi Endo-Perio dengan Perawatan Endodontik Non Bedah
Authors: Sulistio Irene , Kristanti Yulita
Published: November 2016

Secara anatomis pulpa dan periodontal saling berhubungan. Pada keadaan tertentu bisa terjadi inflamasi di pulpa dan periodontal. Hal ini disebut dengan lesi endodontik-periodontal. Perkembangan dan progresi lesi endo-perio ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor etiologi seperti bakteri, jamur, dan virus serta faktor pendukung seperti trauma, resorpsi akar, perforasi, dan malformasi gigi. Pada lesi endo-perio diperlukan rencana perawatan yang tepat agar prognosis perawatan dari gigi tersebut dapat baik. Artikel ini bertujuan memaparkan perawatan kasus lesi endo-perio yang berhasil setelah manajemen endodontik tanpa dilakukan bedah endodontik. Seorang pasien laki-laki berusia 21 tahun datang ke RSGM dengan keluhan gigi belakang kiri bawah sakit. Gigi tersebut pernah ditumpat 1 tahun yang lalu.Pada gambaran radiograf terdapat lesi radiolusen luas pada tulang alveolar sekitar akar distal. Perawatan endodontik dilakukan dengan pergantian bahan dressing kalsium hidroksida sebanyak 3 kali. Pada kontrol bulan kedua terlihat terjadi penulangan pada bagian lesi periodontal tersebut dan pasien tidak mengeluhkan rasa sakit. Kesimpulan hasil perawatan lesi endodontik periodontal dapat dirawat dengan perawatan endodontik non bedah.Management of Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment on A Combined Endo-period Lesion. The pulp and periodontium have anatomic interrelationships. As the tooth matures, and the root is formed, three main avenues are created between pulp and periodontal ligament, i.e. dentinal tubules, lateral and accessory canals, apical foramen. These are the pathways that may provide a means by which pathological agent pass between the pulp and periodontium, thereby creating the endo - period lesion. Etiologic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses as well as contributing factors such as trauma, root resorption, and dental malformations play a significant role in the development and progression of such lesions. In the endodontic - periodontal lesion is necessary to plan appropriate dental treatment that can lead to a better prognosis. This paper presents satisfactory healing of combined endo - period lesion treatment after nonsurgical endodontic management.A 21 years man came to the Conservative Dentistry Clinic, Prof. Soedomo Dental Hospital with pain complaint on left mandible posterior tooth. One year ago, this tooth already restored with resin composite restoration.Radiographs showed an extensive radiolucent lesions on 36 bifurcations extending to the distal root. After thorough cleaning and shaping, calcium hydroxide was applied intracranial and periodically renewed up to three times. Two months after root canal obturation radiograph evaluation showed ossification at the bifurcation 36. Endodontic Periodontal lesion can be treated with nonsurgical endodontic management.
Implant Gigi One-Piece vs Two-Pieces dalam Praktek Sehari-Hari
Authors: Kurnia Dian Lestari , Ramadhani Amilia , Hudyono Rikko
Published: November 2016

Saat ini, implant merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk menggantikan gigi yang tanggal, akan tetapi prosedur pemasangannya terbilang rumit dan memerlukan prosedur bedah kedua untuk pemasangan prostetik. Beberapa komplikasi seperti screw patah atau longgar dan adanya celah mikro pada batas pertemuan implant dan abutment dapat menyebabkan kegagalan implant. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai keuntungan dan kerugian desain implant gigi one-piece dan two-pieces. Kasus pertama, seorang wanita berusia 43 tahun datang untuk mendapatkan perawatan implant pada region 16. Ketinggian tulang alveolar yang tersedia adalah 5 mm. Prosedur pengangkatan dasar sinus transalveolar dilakukan dengan pemberian allograft sebanyak 0,5 cc dilanjutkan dengan pemasangan implant gigi one-piece sepanjang 12 mm. Kasus kedua, seorang wanita 24 tahun datang untuk mendapatkan perawatan implant pada regio 46. Ketinggian tulang alveolar yang tersedia adalah 12 mm, kemudian dilakukan pemasangan implant gigi two-pieces sepanjang 10 mm. Implant gigi one-piece menawarkan berbagai keunggulan yaitu: hanya diperlukan sekaliprosedur bedah dan prosedur prostetik lebih sederhana. Desain ini juga meniadakan celah mikro pada perbatasan implant dan abutment. Desain implant gigi one-piece memiliki keterbatasan pada pilihan prosedur prostetik apabila dibandingkan dengan desain implant gigi two-pieces. One-Piece Versus Two-pieces Tooth Implant In Daily Practice. Implant had been a gold standard to replace missing tooth. However, implant marketed today was considered complex, and needs a second surgery. Complications may occur such as screw loosening or fracture and the presence of micro gap at implant-abutment-junction that is found causing fixture failure. The one-piece-implant design may offer some advantages. Purpose: this paper was aimed to discuss the pros and cons of one-piece-implants and two-piece-implants. Case 1 A 43-year-old woman came to place an implant on #16. The available bone height was 5 mm. A trans alveolar sinus lift procedure was performed with 0,5 cc allograft. A 12 mm one-piece-implant was inserted. Case 2 A 24-year-old woman came to place an implant on #46. The available bone height was 12 mm and a 10 mm two-piece-implant was inserted. Discussion: One-piece-implant offers some advantage. It needs no second surgery, easier placement protocol, and more natural prosthetic procedures. The design is preventing the failure in implant-abutment-junction failure. The absence of micro gap in one-piece-implant seems superior in preventing crestal bone resorption. However, the prosthetic option was limited in one-piece-implant. Two-piece-implant offers more choices in prosthetic abutment. Conclusion: One-piece-implant was easier and provide simple protocol with limited choice on prosthetic.
Perawatan Maloklusi Angle Klas I dengan Gigi Depan Crowding Berat dan Cross Bite Menggunakan Teknik Begg pada Pasien dengan Kebersihan Mulut Buruk
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri , Hardjono Soekarsono , Suparwitri Sri
Published: November 2016

Gigi depan crowding/berjejal parah dan cross bite adalah kasus yang sering dijumpai pada perawatan ortodontik. Gigi crowding dapat menyulitkan membersihkan mulut pada area gigi crowding sehingga dapat menyebabkan masalah periodontal. Salah satu keuntungan perawatan ortodontik cekat dengan teknik Begg adalah menghasilkan gaya yang ringan dalam megkoreksi gigi berjejal dan cross bite dapat memberikan kenyamanan pada pasien. Tujuan perawatan ini adalah untuk mengkoreksi gigi berjejal dan cross bite dalam waktu yang singkat menggunakan teknik Begg. Seorang pasien wanita umur 24 tahun dengan maloklusi Angle klas I dan skeletal klas III protrusif mandibula, gigi depan crowding berat dan cross bite, konstraksi lengkung pada kedua rahang, pergeseran median line rahang atas dan bawah disertai, gingivitis berat dan karies. Skaling, perawatan saluran akar dan pencabutan gigi non vital dilakukan sebelum perawatan ortodontik dilakukan. Koreksi dengan teknik Begg memerlukan waktu selama 6 bulan untuk mengkoreksi gigi crowding dan cross bite semuanya dalam waktu yang sama. Koreksi kasus gigi depan crowding berat dan cross bite disertai masalah periodontal dapat dilakukan dengan teknik Begg dalam waktu yang singkat dengan kemajuan yang bagus. Treatment of Class I Angle Malocclusion with Severe Crowding and Crossbite of Anterior Teeth Using Begg Technique in Bad Oral Hygiene Patient. The severe crowding and cross bite of anterior teeth were very common type cases in orthodontic. Crowding teeth compromised the oral hygiene due to the difficulty in oral cleansing on the crowding area that cause periodontal problem. One of advantages of fixed orthodontic treatment using Begg technique produced the light forces in correcting crowding and cross bite could give convenience to patients. The purpose of this treatment is to correct crowding and cross bite in a short period of time using Begg technique. A 24 years old female patient with Class I Angle malocclusion and class III skeletal pattern mandible protrusion, severe crowding and cross bite of anterior teeth, constricted dental arch on both jaws, mid shifting on the upper and lower arch compromised with severe gingivitis as well as caries. Scaling, root canal treatment and extraction of the non vital teeth were done before starting orthodontic treatment. The correction using Begg technique took 6 months to correct all the crowding and cross bite at the same time. The correction of the severe crowding case with cross bite of anterior teeth as well as periodontal problem can be done with Begg technique in short period of time with a good improvement.
Efektivitas Busur Multiloop Edgewise Pada Kasus Crowding Berat Disertai Palatal Bite
Authors: Rasyid Nolista Indah , Iman Prihandini , Heryumani JCP
Published: November 2016

Mekanisme perawatan dengan Multiloop Edge Wise (MEAW) efisien dalam melakukan koreksi maloklusi berat dengan defleksi tekanan yang sangat rendah. Tujuan pemaparan kasus adalah evaluasi perawatan crowding berat disertai palatal bite menggunakan multiloop edgewise archwire. Seorang laki laki 15 tahun dengan maloklusi Angle kelas I tipe 1,4, skeletal kelas I dengan bimaksilari retrusif disertai bidental protrusif. Crowding berat pada regio anterior dan posterior serta palatal bite pada gigi 12, 11, 21, 22 terhadap 42, 41, 31, 32, scissor bite pada gigi 15 terhadap 45, overjet 6,21 mm dan overbite 6,04 mm. Bentuk lengkung gigi pada rahang atas parabola asimetri sedang pada rahang bawahomega asimetri. Lengkung gigi regio posterior mengalami kontraksi lateral dan lengkung gigi kearah anterior mengalami protraksi. Perawatan kasus dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat cekat teknik Edgewise dengan multiloop pada regio anterior dan posterior disertai pencabutan empat gigi premolar pertama. Hasil perawatan setelah 6 bulan menunjukkan crowding, palatal bite, dan scissor bite terkoreksi. Overjet menjadi 4,20 mm dan overbite 3,90 mm. Bentuk lengkung pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah menjadi parabola simetris. Jarak intermolar rahang atas bertambah sebesar 2,11 mm dan rahang bawah bertambah sebesar 1,22 mm. Effectiveness of multiloop edge wise arch in severe crowded case accompanied by palatal bite. MEAW appliance is a tehnique which is able to efficiently treat many cases including severe crowding with very low load deflection. The objectives of this study is to evaluate the treatment of severe crowding malocclusion with palatal bite using multiloop edgewise archwire. A 15 years old man with Angle class I type 1,4 malocclussion, class I sceletal with bimaxillary retrusion and bidental protusion. Severe crowding malocclusion in anterior and posterior region, palatal bite in 12, 11, 21, 22 to 42, 41, 31, 32, scissor bite in 15 to 45, overjet 6,21 mm and overbite 6,04 mm. asymmetry in both of dental arch, but the shape of the upper arch was parabola and lower arch was omega. Contraction of dental arch in posterior region and protraction in anterior region. This case was treated with extraction of four first premolar using multiloop edgewise arcwire tehnique, the loops were placed in anterior and posterior region. After six month of treatment the result showed that MEAW could correct severe crowding, palatal bite and scissor bite. Overjet became 4,20 mm and overbite became 3,90 mm. Shape of upper and lower dental arch became symmetric parabola. Upper intermolar increased 2,11 mm and lower intermolar 1,22 mm.
Evaluasi Hasil Preparasi Servikal pada Model Kerja Gigi Tiruan Jembatan
Authors: Nuning Fransiska , Oktanauli Poetry , Tyawati Herjanti
Published: November 2016

Ketepatan preparasi tepi servikal merupakan elemen terpenting dalam mengevaluasi sebuah restorasi. Restorasi yang baik didapat dari hasil pencetakan yang akurat dengan tepi servikal yang sesuai. Sebuah restorasi dapat dikatakan berhasil bertahan di dalam rongga mulut jika tepi servikal dapat beradaptasi dengan permukaan garis tepi preparasi.Penelitian dilakukan pada 57 pasien dari mahasiswa yang sedang melakukan kerja di klinik prostodonsia. Kriteria penelitian adalah tepat dan tidak tepat berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu yang mendapatkan hasil evaluasi sebanyak 70% pada model kerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan evaluasi preparasi servikal pada model kerja yang termasuk tepat sebanyak 78,95%.Evaluation of Cervical Working Model Bridge Preparation. The accuracy of the cervical edge preparation is the most important element in evaluating a restoration. Good restoration results obtained from accurate impression with cervical corresponding side. A restoration was successful to survive in the oral cavity if it can adapt to the cervical edge surface preparation line side. The study was conducted on 57 patients of the students who are doing work in clinics Prosthodontics. Research criteria are appropriate and not appropriate based on previous research that gets results of the evaluation as much as 70% on the operating model. The results showed the assessment of cervical preparation in proper working model that included as many as 78,95%.
Pengelolaan Fraktur Dentoalveolar pada Anak-Anak dengan Cap Splint Akrilik
Authors: Nur Cahyo Dedy Sigit , Widyastuti Maria Gorreti , Rahajoe Poerwati Soetji
Published: November 2016

Tujuan perawatan fraktur pada anak-anak pada dasarnya sama dengan orang dewasa, tetapi dengan managemen yang berbeda, dimana perkembangan rahang dan gigi geligi menjadi pertimbangan utama dalam pemilihan metoda perawatan. Melaporkan dua kasus fraktur dentoalveolar pada anak dibawah 5 tahun yang dirawat dengan menggunakan cap splint akrilik dengan sirkum mandibular wiring dengan anastesi umum. Dua orang anak, umur 1 tahun dan 3 tahun datang dengan rujukan ke unit gawat darurat RSS dengan diagnosa fraktur dentoalveolar, pada kedua kasus dilakukan perawatan menggunakan caps splint dengan fiksasi menggunakan sirkum mandibular wiring dengan anastesi umum. Setelah 3 minggu cap splint akrilik dan sirkum mandibular wiring di lepas dengan sedasi. Pada daerah fraktur tidak di jumpai kegoyahan. Kontrol minggu ke 6, gigi stabil tanpa kegoyahan, oklusi normal, tidak terdapat infeksi. Cap splint akrilik dengan sirkum mandibular wiring adalah salah satu metode pilihan yang simpel, efektif dengan invasif minimal yang dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan untuk perawatan kasus fraktur dentoalveolar pada anak.Management of Dentoalveolar Fractures in Children Using Acrylic Cap Splint. The purpose of fracture treatment in children is basically the same as that in adults with different management, while the choice of treatment method mainly relies on the development of jaws and teeth. It reports two cases of dentoalveolar fractures in children under 5 years old who were treated using acrylic cap splint with circum-mandibular wiring under general anesthetic. Two children, aged 1 year and 3 years old were referred to the emergency department of Dr. Sardjito Hospital with the diagnosis of dentoalveolar fractures. Both cases were treated using cap splint with circum-mandibular wiring-based fixation under general anesthetic. After 3 weeks, the acrylic cap splint and the circum-mandibular wiring were released under sedation. No loose teeth were found in the fracture area. In the following 6 weeks, the teeth were stable with normal occlusion and no infection found. Acrylic cap splint with circum-mandibular wiring is a simple, effective and minimally invasive method for dentoalveolar treatment in children.
Degradation Potential of Bulk Versus Incrementally Applied and Indirect Composites: Color, Microhardness, and Surface Deterioration
Authors: El Gezawi M , Kaisarly D , Al-Saleh H , ArRejaie A , Al-Harbi F , Kunzelmann KH
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the color stability and microhardness of five composites exposed to four beverages with different pH values. Composite discs were produced (n=10); Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) and Filtek P90 (3M ESPE) were applied in two layers (2 mm, 20 seconds), and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TetricBF, Ivoclar Vivadent) and SonicFill (Kerr) were applied in bulk (4 mm) and then light cured (40 seconds, Ortholux-LED, 1600 mW/cm2). Indirect composite Sinfony (3M ESPE) was applied in two layers (2 mm) and cured (Visio system, 3M ESPE). The specimens were polished and tested for color stability; ΔE was calculated using spectrophotometer readings. Vickers microhardness (50 g, dwell time=45 seconds) was assessed on the top and bottom surfaces at baseline, 40 days of storage, subsequent repolishing, and 60 days of immersion in distilled water (pH=7.0), Coca-Cola (pH=2.3), orange juice (pH=3.75), or anise (pH=8.5) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The materials had similar ΔE values (40 days, p>0.05), but TetricBF had a significantly greater ΔE than P90 or SF (40 days). The ΔE was less for P90 and TetricBF than for Z250, SonicFill, and Sinfony (60 days). Repolishing and further immersion significantly affected the ΔE (p<0.05) except for P90. All composites had significantly different top vs bottom baseline microhardnesses. This was insignificant for the Z250/water, P90/orange juice (40 days), and Sinfony groups (40 and 60 days). Immersion produced variable time-dependent deterioration of microhardness in all groups. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to compare the results. ΔE and microhardness changes were significantly inversely correlated at 40 days, but this relationship was insignificant at 60 days (Pearson test). SEM showed degradation (40 days) that worsened (60 days). Bulk-fill composites differ regarding color-stability and top-to-bottom microhardness changes compared with those of other composites. P90 showed better surface degradation resistance. In conclusion, bulk-fill composites are not promising alternatives to incremental and indirect composites regarding biodegradation.
Relined Fiberglass Post: Effect of Luting Length, Resin Cement, and Cyclic Loading on the Bond to Weakened Root Dentin
Authors: de Souza NC , Marcondes ML , da Silva DFF , Borges GA , Júnior LH Burnett , Spohr AM
Published: November 2016

This study evaluated the effects of luting length of the post, the resin cement, and cyclic loading on pull-out bond strength of fiberglass posts relined with composite resin in weakened roots. The canals of 80 bovine incisors were endodontically treated and weakened with diamond burs. The teeth were randomly divided into eight groups (n=10) according to the luting procedures of the relined fiberglass post (RFP): In groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, the RFPs were luted with RelyX ARC, and in groups 5, 6, 7, and 8 they were luted with RelyX U200. In groups 1, 3, 5, and 7, the RFPs were luted at a length of 5 mm, and in groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 they were luted at a length of 10 mm. Specimens from groups 3, 4, 7, and 8 were submitted to cyclic loading. Specimens were subjected to a pull-out bond strength test in a universal testing machine. The results (MPa) were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test (α=0.05). Six human upper anterior teeth were used to analyze the bond interface by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The pull-out bond strength of RFPs luted with RelyX U200 was statistically higher than that of RelyX ARC. Cyclic loading influenced the bond strength only for the luting length of 5 mm. CLSM analysis revealed the formation of resin cement tags for both materials. Luting length is an important factor in retaining RFPs in weakened roots when they are subjected to cyclic loading, and RelyX U200 resulted in greater bond strengths to the root canal in comparison with RelyX ARC.
Filler Content, Surface Microhardness, and Rheological Properties of Various Flowable Resin Composites
Authors: Jager S , Balthazard R , Dahoun A , Mortier E
Published: November 2016

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to determine the filler content, the surface microhardness (at baseline and after immersion in water for 2 years), and the rheological properties of various flowable resin composites.

Methods:

Three flowable resin composites (Grandioso Heavy Flow [GHF], Grandio Flow [GRF], Filtek Supreme XTE Flow [XTE]), one pit and fissure sealant resin composite (ClinPro [CLI]), and three experimental flowable resin composites with the same matrix and a variable filler content (EXPA, EXPB, EXPC) were tested. The filler content was determined by calcination. The Vickers surface microhardness was determined after polymerization and then after immersion in distilled water at 37°C for 7, 60, 180, 360, and 720 days. The rheological measurements were performed using a dynamic shear rheometer.

Results:

The determined filler contents differed from the manufacturers' data for all the materials. The materials with the highest filler content presented the highest microhardness, but filler content did not appear to be the only influencing parameter. With respect to the values recorded after photopolymerization, the values were maintained or increased after 720 days compared with the initial microhardness values, except for GHF. For the values measured after immersion for 7 days, an increase in microhardness was observed for all the materials over time. All the materials were non-Newtonian, with shear-thinning behavior. At all the shear speeds, GRF presented a lower viscosity to GHF and XTE.

Conclusions:

GRF presented a low viscosity before photopolymerization, associated with high filler content, thereby providing a good compromise between spreadability and mechanical properties after photopolymerization.