bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic reviews on the success of dental implants present low spin of information but may be better reported and interpreted: An overview of systematic reviews with meta‐analysis
Authors: de Lucena Alves Charles Phillipe , Vetromilla Bruna Muhlinberg , Moreno Laura Barreto , Helal Lucas , Sarkis‐Onofre Rafael , Pereira‐Cenci Tatiana
Published: January 2022

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of spin and completeness of reporting of systematic reviews with metanalysis (SRMAs) in implant dentistry.

Study Design and Setting

Inclusion criteria were SRMAs of randomized clinical trials of implant dentistry on survival, success, or failure rates in humans, with no language restriction. Three databases were searched from inception to May 2021. Main outcomes were prevalence of spin (primary outcome) and completeness of reporting (secondary outcome) in abstracts and full texts.

Results

We identified 2481 SRMAs and 45 unique manuscripts were included. There was a low presence of spin in the abstracts and full text, except for adverse events, in which 51.1% (in the abstract) failed to mention any adverse event for summarized interventions. There was an adequate report of SRMAs in the full text except for prospective register (33.3% not reported). However, there was an incomplete report for most items in the abstract considering PRISMA‐A checklist.

Conclusion

In general, the included SRMAs presented a (a) low prevalence of spin (except for adverse events in the abstract); (b) adequate completeness of reporting in the full text (except for prospective register); and (c) incomplete report for most items in the abstracts.
Observations of multiple reproductive females in groups of smooth‐coated otters
Authors: Bungum Haaken Zhong , Tan Mei‐Mei Heng Yee , Borker Atul , Hsu Chia Da , Johns Philip
Published: January 2022

Smooth‐coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata) inhabit waterways of India and Singapore. Smooth‐coated otters typically live in family groups, or “romps,” consisting of a single mating pair with adult‐sized, nonbreeding offspring. We note here the presence of multiple reproductive female otters within some romps, as well as the possible existence of simultaneous litters by different mothers. This finding has not been reported among L. perspicillata before. We address possible influences leading to multiple reproductive females (MRF) within romps of smooth‐coated otters, including inclusive fitness, incomplete suppression of reproduction and existing in an urban environment. The numerous observations of MRF warrant further investigation.
The Force of Love: Type II Diabetes in Vietnam as Tentatively Transformative Experience
Authors: Gammeltoft Tine M.
Published: January 2022

In Vietnam, as in many other countries across the world, type II diabetes is attaining epidemic proportions. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Vietnam's Thái Bình province, this article highlights the affective complexities that arise when people strive to adjust to a life with this chronic, debilitating disease. While finding their daily existence radically altered, people with diabetes also actively resisted transformation, insisting on the continuity of their lives. This resistance to transformation was, the research revealed, fueled by the force of love: when their disease threatened to place them at the margins of family and community, people responded by enacting love, striving to attend to others as they always had. This study from Vietnam illustrates how transformative experiences may be characterized by hesitation, reluctance, and resistance, as people work against change while at the same time ambivalently embracing it.

Tóm Tắt Tại Việt Nam cũng như nhiều nơi khác trên thế giới, bệnh đái tháo đường týp 2 đang có tỷ lệ mắc cao. Dựa trên nghiên cứu điền dã khảo tả dân tộc học thực hiện tại tỉnh Thái Bình, Việt Nam, bài báo này nêu bật những phức hợp cảm xúc diễn ra khi người bệnh cố gắng thích ứng với cuộc sống cùng căn bệnh mạn tính gây suy nhược này. Trong khi nhận ra đời sống thường nhật của họ đã thay đổi mạnh mẽ, những người bệnh tham gia trong nghiên cứu này cũng nỗ lực kháng cự lại sự chuyển biến, nhất mực tiếp tục cuộc đời họ. Sự kháng cự chuyển biến này, như nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra, chứa chất sức mạnh yêu thương: khi căn bệnh đẩy họ ra bên lề gia đình và cộng đồng, người ta đã đáp lại bằng cách bộc lộ sự yêu thương, nỗ lực chăm sóc nhau như họ vẫn hằng thế. Nghiên cứu từ Việt Nam này cho thấy cách mà các trải nghiệm chuyển biến đã diễn ra như thế nào cùng với nỗi e dè, sự lưỡng lự và sự kháng cự, khi mà người ta vừa cố gắng chống lại sự chuyển biến vừa đón nhận nó một cách mơ hồ.
Emergent intra‐pair sex differences and organized behavior in pair bonded prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
Authors: Brusman Liza E. , Protter David S. W. , Fultz Allison C. , Paulson Maya U. , Chapel Gabriel D. , Elges Isaiah O. , Cameron Ryan T. , Beery Annaliese K. , Donaldson Zoe R.
Published: January 2022

In pair bonding animals, coordinated behavior between partners is required for the pair to accomplish shared goals such as raising young. Despite this, experimental designs rarely assess the behavior of both partners within a bonded pair. Thus, we lack an understanding of the interdependent behavioral dynamics between partners that likely facilitate relationship success. To identify intra‐pair behavioral correlates of pair bonding, we used socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and tested both partners using social choice and non‐choice tests at short‐ and long‐term pairing timepoints. Females developed a preference for their partner more rapidly than males, with preference driven by different behaviors in each sex. Further, as bonds matured, intra‐pair behavioral sex differences and organized behavior emerged—females consistently huddled more with their partner than males did regardless of overall intra‐pair affiliation levels. When animals were allowed to freely interact with a partner or a novel vole in sequential free interaction tests, pairs spent more time interacting together than either animal did with a novel vole, consistent with partner preference in the more commonly employed choice test. Total pair interaction in freely moving voles was correlated with female, but not male, behavior. Via a social operant paradigm, we found that pair‐bonded females, but not males, are more motivated to access and huddle with their partner than a novel vole. Together, our data indicate that as pair bonds mature, sex differences and organized behavior emerge within pairs, and that these intra‐pair behavioral changes are likely organized and driven by the female animal.
Alternative future land use options in the British uplands
Authors: Crowle Alistair J. W. , Glaves David J. , Oakley Naomi , Drewitt Allan L. , Denmark‐Melvin Meg E.
Published: January 2022

A commonly promoted view is that in the absence of driven grouse moor management in the UK uplands, land use on moorland would default to agriculture or afforestation. This forum article questions the orthodoxy of this thinking, discusses alternative scenarios for land use in the uplands and considers the potential effects of these on moorland‐breeding birds.
Methodological quality assessment criteria for the evaluation of laboratory‐based studies included in systematic reviews within the specialty of Endodontology: A development protocol
Authors: Nagendrababu Venkateshbabu , Abbott Paul V. , Boutsioukis Christos , Duncan Henry F. , Faggion Clovis M. , Kishen Anil , Murray Peter E. , Pulikkotil Shaju Jacob , Dummer Paul M. H.
Published: January 2022

High‐quality systematic reviews in the field of Dentistry provide the most definitive overarching evidence for clinicians, guideline developers and healthcare policy makers to judge the foreseeable risks, anticipated benefits, and potential harms of dental treatment. In the process of carrying out a systematic review, it is essential that authors appraise the methodological quality of the primary studies they include, because studies which follow poor methodology will have a potentially serious negative impact on the overall strength of the evidence and the recommendations that can be drawn. In Endodontology, systematic reviews of laboratory studies have used quality assessment criteria developed subjectively by the individual authors as there are no comprehensive, well‐structured, and universally accepted criteria that can be applied objectively and universally to individual studies included in reviews. Unfortunately, these subjective criteria are likely to be inaccurately defined, unreliably applied, inadequately analysed, unreasonably biased, defective, and non‐repeatable. The aim of the present paper is to outline the process to be followed in the development of comprehensive methodological quality assessment criteria to be used when evaluating laboratory studies, that is research not conducted in vivo on humans or animals, included in systematic reviews within Endodontology. The development of new methodological quality assessment criteria for appraising the laboratory‐based studies included in systematic reviews within Endodontology will follow a three‐stage process. First, a steering committee will be formed by the project leaders to develop a preliminary list of assessment criteria by modifying and adapting those already available, but with the addition of several new items relevant for Endodontology. The initial draft assessment criteria will be reviewed and refined by a Delphi Group (n = 40) for their relevance and inclusion using a nine‐point Likert scale. Second, the agreed items will then be discussed in an online or face‐to‐face meeting by a group of experts (n = 10) to further refine the assessment criteria. Third, based on the feedback received from the online/face‐to‐face meeting, the steering committee will revise the quality assessment criteria and subsequently a group of authors will be selected to pilot the new system. Based on the feedback collected, the criteria may be revised further before being approved by the steering committee. The assessment criteria will be published in relevant journals, presented at national and international congresses/meetings, and will be freely available on a dedicated website. The steering committee will update the assessment criteria periodically based on feedback received from end‐users.
Severity of the COVID‐19 pandemic assessed with all‐cause mortality in the United States during 2020
Authors: Dahlgren F. Scott , Rossen Lauren M. , Fry Alicia M. , Reed Carrie
Published: January 2022

Background

In the United States, infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 caused 380,000 reported deaths from March to December 2020.

Methods

We adapted the Moving Epidemic Method to all‐cause mortality data from the United States to assess the severity of the COVID‐19 pandemic across age groups and all 50 states. By comparing all‐cause mortality during the pandemic with intensity thresholds derived from recent, historical all‐cause mortality, we categorized each week from March to December 2020 as either low severity, moderate severity, high severity, or very high severity.

Results

Nationally for all ages combined, all‐cause mortality was in the very high severity category for 9 weeks. Among people 18 to 49 years of age, there were 29 weeks of consecutive very high severity mortality. Forty‐seven states, the District of Columbia, and New York City each experienced at least 1 week of very high severity mortality for all ages combined.

Conclusions

These periods of very high severity of mortality during March through December 2020 are likely directly or indirectly attributable to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This method for standardized comparison of severity over time across different geographies and demographic groups provides valuable information to understand the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and to identify specific locations or subgroups for deeper investigations into differences in severity.
Burden of severe illness associated with laboratory confirmed influenza in adults aged 50–64 years: A rapid review
Authors: Kim Dong Kyu , McGeer Allison , Uleryk Elizabeth , Coleman Brenda L.
Published: January 2022

Background

While the high burden of illness caused by seasonal influenza in children and the elderly is well recognize, less is known about the burden in adults 50–64 years of age. The lack of data for this age group is a key challenge in evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of immunization programs. We aimed to assess influenza‐associated hospitalization and mortality rates and case fatality rates for hospitalized cases among adults aged 50–64 years.

Methods

This rapid review was conducted according to the PRISMA; we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and grey literature for articles and reports published since 2010. Studies reporting rates of hospitalization and/or mortality associated with laboratory‐confirmed influenza among adults 50–64 or 45–64 years of age for the 2010–11 through 2019–20 seasons were included.

Results

Twenty studies from 13 countries were reviewed. Reported rates of hospitalization associated with laboratory‐confirmed influenza were 5.7 to 112.8 per 100,000. Rates tended to be higher in the 2015–2019 compared with the 2010–2014 seasons and were higher in studies reporting data from high‐income versus low and middle‐income countries. Mortality rates were reported in only one study, with rates ranging from 0.8 to 3.5 per 100,000 in four different seasons. The case fatality rate among those hospitalized with influenza, as reported by population‐based studies, ranged from 1.3% to 5.6%.

Conclusions

Seasonal influenza imposes a significant burden of morbidity on adults 50–64 years of age but with high heterogeneity across seasons and geographic regions. Ongoing surveillance is required to improve estimates of burden to better inform influenza vaccination and other public health policies.
A multi‐method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference
Authors: Fredrick Joseph W. , Yeaman Kiley M. , Yu Xiaoqian , Langberg Joshua M. , Becker Stephen P.
Published: January 2022

Background

The field’s understanding of the association between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and sleep is severely limited by the lack of multi‐method and multi‐informant research designs that move beyond global ratings, often focused on a limited number of sleep‐related domains, such as daytime sleepiness. The current study begins to address these limitations by using actigraphy, daily sleep diary, and self‐ and parent‐report global ratings of sleep in adolescents, a developmental period marked by changes in SCT, sleep, and circadian function. As SCT and sleep are also associated with ADHD symptoms, we tested these associations in a sample of adolescents with and without ADHD.

Methods

Adolescents (N = 302; M age = 13.17 years, 44.7% female) with (n = 162) and without ADHD (n = 140) and parents completed global ratings of sleep and daytime sleepiness, and adolescents completed a measure of circadian preference. Adolescents also wore actigraphs for approximately two weeks, during which daily diaries were completed.

Results

Above and beyond demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, race, and family income), pubertal development, medication use, and ADHD group status, adolescents’ self‐reported SCT symptoms were uniquely associated with shorter sleep duration and later sleep onset per both actigraphy and daily diary. SCT symptoms were also uniquely associated with longer sleep onset latency and poorer overall sleep (per daily diary), more sleep/wake problems and daytime sleepiness (per adolescent rating), more difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (per parent rating), and later eveningness preference (per adolescent rating). Nearly all significant effects remained in sensitivity analyses controlling for adolescent‐ or parent‐reported ADHD symptom dimensions.

Conclusions

Findings provide the strongest evidence to date for SCT being uniquely linked to poorer sleep, greater daytime sleepiness, and a later evening circadian preference across subjective and objective measures. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate predictive and bidirectional associations.
Species‐specific primers for rapid detection of Monochamus saltuarius, an effective vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in China
Authors: Shi Fengming , Ge Sixun , Hou Zehai , Xu Yabei , Tao Jing , Wu Hao , Zong Shixiang
Published: January 2022

Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a native pest common in pine forests of Northeast China and an effective dispersal vector for the invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a cause of pine wilt disease. However, the lack of a rapid and accurate method for the identification of M. saltuarius limits surveillance and control efforts. In this study, we developed species‐specific primers, MsF/MsR, targeting cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) for the rapid PCR‐based identification of M. saltuarius. Analyses of M. saltuarius sampled at different developmental stages and from five geographical origins supported the high specificity of the assay. Furthermore, M. saltuarius ‐specific COI primers amplified M. saltuarius DNA only with a lower limit of detection of 20 pg/μl, demonstrating the high sensitivity. The newly developed PCR‐based assay provides a rapid, simple, accurate and reproducible method for the determination of M. saltuarius regardless of condition, life stage and populations. The detection process could generally be completed within 2–3 hr and is therefore feasible for quarantine surveillance. The proposed approach may improve the early detection and continuous monitoring of M. saltuarius populations and thereby facilitate the control of B. xylophilus spread.
Winter ecology of specialist and generalist morphs of European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, in subarctic northern Europe
Authors: Hayden Brian , Harrod Chris , Thomas Stephen , Kahilainen Kimmo K.
Published: January 2022

European whitefish is a model species for adaptive radiation of fishes in temperate and subarctic lakes. In northern Europe the most commonly observed morphotypes are a generalist (LSR) morph and a pelagic specialist (DR) morph. The evolution of a pelagic specialist morph is something of an enigma, however, as this region is characterized by long, dark winters with pelagic primary production limited to a brief window in late summer. We conducted the first winter‐based study of polymorphic whitefish populations to determine the winter ecology of both morphs, and we combined seasonal diet and stable isotope analysis with several proxies of condition in three polymorphic whitefish populations. The generalist LSR morph fed on benthic and pelagic prey in summer but was solely reliant on benthic prey in winter. This was associated with a noticeable but moderate reduction in condition, lipid content and stomach fullness in winter relative to summer. In contrast, the DR whitefish occupied a strict pelagic niche in both seasons. A significant reduction in pelagic prey during winter resulted in severe decrease in condition, lipid content and stomach fullness in DR whitefish in winter relative to summer, with the pelagic morph apparently approaching starvation in winter. We suggest that this divergent approach to seasonal foraging is associated with the divergent life‐history traits of both morphs.
Automating cognitive impairment screening in emergency departments: A small step forward
Authors: Hirshon Jon Mark
Published: January 2022

This editorial comments on the article by Yadgir et al. in this issue.
High‐accuracy, direct aberration determination using self‐attention‐armed deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Wang Yangyundou , Wang Hao , Li Yiming , Hu Chuanfei , Yang Hui , Gu Min
Published: January 2022

Optical microscopes have long been essential for many scientific disciplines. However, the resolution and contrast of such microscopic images are dramatically affected by aberrations. In this study, compacted with adaptive optics, we propose a machine learning technique, called the ‘phase‐retrieval deep convolutional neural networks (PRDCNNs)’. This aberration determination architecture is direct and exhibits high accuracy and certain generalisation ability. Notably, its performance surpasses those of similar, existing methods, with fewer fluctuations and greater robustness against noise. We anticipate future application of the proposed PRDCNNs to super‐resolution microscopes.
Impact of blunting astrocyte activity on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of early Alzheimer's disease based on amyloid‐β peptide exposure
Authors: Lopes Cátia R. , Amaral Inês M. , Pereira Marlene F. , Lopes João P. , Madeira Daniela , Canas Paula M. , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Agostinho Paula
Published: January 2022

Amyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) accumulate in the brain since early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dysregulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity, the neurophysiological basis of memory. Although the relationship between long‐term potentiation (LTP) and memory processes is well established, there is also evidence that long‐term depression (LTD) may be crucial for learning and memory. Alterations in synaptic plasticity, namely in LTP, can be due to communication failures between astrocytes and neurons; however, little is known about astrocytes' ability to control hippocampal LTD, particularly in AD‐like conditions. We now aimed to test the involvement of astrocytes in changes of hippocampal LTP and LTD triggered by Aβ1–42, taking advantage of L‐α‐aminoadipate (L‐AA), a gliotoxin that blunts astrocytic function. The effects of Aβ1–42 exposure were tested in two different experimental paradigms: ex vivo (hippocampal slices superfusion) and in vivo (intracerebroventricular injection), which were previously validated to impair memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, two features of early AD. Blunting astrocytic function with L‐AA reduced LTP and LTD amplitude in hippocampal slices from control mice, but the effect on LTD was less evident, suggesting that astrocytes have a greater influence on LTP than on LTD under non‐pathological conditions. However, under AD conditions, blunting astrocytes did not consistently alter the reduction of LTP magnitude, but reverted the LTD‐to‐LTP shift caused by both ex vivo and in vivo Aβ1–42 exposure. This shows that astrocytes were responsible for the hippocampal LTD‐to‐LTP shift observed in early AD conditions, reinforcing the interest of strategies targeting astrocytes to restore memory and synaptic plasticity deficits present in early AD.

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A scoping review: Treatment attitudes and adherence for adults with schizophrenia
Authors: Nyanyiwa Simehlani , Peters Kath , Murphy Gillian
Published: January 2022

Aim and objectives

This scoping review presents an exploration of literature on the relationship between treatment attitudes and adherence in adults experiencing schizophrenia.

Background

Strategies to address adherence and improve treatment outcomes are described in literature. However, adherence remains a challenge for people experiencing mental illness in practice. Transformational frameworks, evidence‐based practice and patient‐centred approaches have been established and implemented but non‐adherence incidence rates continue to rise among people with schizophrenia. Moreover, the relationship between treatment attitudes and adherence in adults diagnosed with schizophrenia remains unclear.

Design

A scoping review using the framework offered by Implementation Science, 5, 2010, 1. The PRISMA‐ScR checklist was used to ensure integrity of the review.

Methods

Four databases PsychINFO, Medline, Cochrane and CINAHL databases were searched for literature along with the reference lists of eligible sources. Original research, peer‐reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2020 in English language were included. Articles were included if study participants were adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or related psychosis. Methodological quality was evaluated using a quality assessment checklist, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool.

Results

Ten articles were included in the study. Five main themes about treatment adherence emerged from the literature: (i) severity of symptoms, (ii) side effects, (iii) beliefs and attitudes, (iv) insight and (v) support and relationships.

Conclusions

This scoping review concluded that attitude influenced adherence to medication in people with schizophrenia. The five main themes reported directly influenced attitude, impacting on treatment adherence in people experiencing schizophrenia. This review makes recommendations for a person‐centred and recovery framework that aims to improve adherence.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses in all healthcare settings could use evidence‐based strategies to enhance treatment adherence in people with a range of physical and mental health conditions.
From individual creativity to team creativity: A meta‐analytic test of task moderators
Authors: Yuan Yingjie , Humphrey Stephen E. , van Knippenberg Daan
Published: January 2022

Research has advanced two perspectives on the fundamental issue of the relationship between member creativity and team creativity: the additive model (predicting with average member creativity) and the disjunctive model (predicting with highest member creativity). Inconsistent evidence raises the question of possible moderators. We address this question by developing moderating roles of task characteristics – task interdependence and task creativity requirement. In a meta‐analytic review of team creativity (and innovation) research, we hypothesized and supported that the additive model is more predictive in tasks with high interdependence and with low creativity requirements, and that the disjunctive model is more predictive for less interdependent tasks. The effectiveness of the disjunctive model, however, did not differ as a function of task creativity requirements. Further, our supplementary analysis showed that the additive model is more effective in tasks requiring only generating creative ideas than in tasks involving both generation and implementation of creative ideas.

Practitioner points

Because creative employees are in high demand, it is important to effectively select and assign creative individuals to teams for managing creativity.

Managing team creativity by selecting creative individuals for the team can be done following two strategies: an additive strategy prioritizing high levels of average member creativity or a disjunctive strategy prioritizing one particularly creative member.

Whether the additive or the disjunctive strategy is more effective is contingent on task characteristics: with high task interdependence, it is better to prioritize mean member creativity; with low task interdependence and with higher creativity requirements, it is better to prioritize one particularly creative team member.
A polysomnographic study of sleep disruptions in individuals with chronic neck pain
Authors: Aldabbas Mosab M. , Tanwar Tarushi , Ghrouz Amer , Iram Iram , Warren Spence David , Pandi‐Perumal Seithikurippu R. , Veqar Zubia
Published: January 2022

Various lines of evidence suggest that a bidirectional relationship exists between poor sleep quality and chronic pain, with each condition tending to promote and exacerbate the other. This has led to the hypothesis that the two conditions may be linked by common underlying mechanisms. It has thus been suggested that inadequate sleep and chronic pain may share neurophysiological and molecular pathways that are similar or overlapping. Some studies based on self‐report measures have tended to support the inference that chronic neck pain may promote sleep disturbance, but this association has not, until now, been investigated with quantitative measures. The present study is the first to evaluate the sleep quality of patients with chronic neck pain through the use of polysomnography. The study sought to identify the sleep characteristics of patients with chronic neck pain and then to determine whether these characteristics were associated with the severity of their neck pain. Laboratory testing with polysomnography was carried out on 32 males who had complaints of chronic neck pain and on 12 healthy participants who served as controls. Compared to the control subjects, patients with chronic neck pain were found to have significantly shorter times spent in sleep (p = 0.015), longer latencies to sleep onset (p = 0.015) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (p < 0.05), longer durations spent in Stage 1 (p < 0.05), and shorter durations spent in both Stage 2 (p = 0.001) and REM sleep (p = 0.00). The severity of discomfort was related negatively to the amount of time spent in REM sleep. The present study’s quantitative measures corroborate the view that patients with chronic neck pain have poor sleep quality. These findings confirm long‐held clinical observations that the sleep quality of patients with chronic neck pain is compromised, and that, in this clinical group, poor sleep is at least a correlate of and may be an amplifier of perceived pain.
Exploring and exploiting ant colony optimization algorithm for vertical highway alignment development
Authors: Sushma M.B. , Roy Sandeepan , Maji Avijit
Published: January 2022

The vertical alignment optimization is about developing a minimum cost curvilinear vertical profile of constrained grade sections and appropriate non‐overlapping vertical curves passing through fixed control points with elevation constraints. Variations in ground profile and discreteness in unit cutting and filling costs make it a non‐convex, noisy, constrained optimization problem with many local minima. Further, the gradient related constraints and vertical curvature are non‐linear. This paper presents an innovative exploring and exploiting ant colony optimization (E&E‐ACO) algorithm with an appropriate point sampling, vertical curve fitting strategies, and an intuitive feasible region identification approach for solving the vertical alignment optimization problem. The E&E‐ACO algorithm extensively explores the feasible search space to generate a set of potential solutions and effectively exploit the space around the potential solutions for developing the optimized vertical alignment. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated using two case studies. In one case study, the optimized solution by the proposed method had a marginally better objective function value and about three times lesser computational time than the solution by the mesh adaptive direct search method. The optimized alignment satisfied the elevation constraints of fixed control points and imitated the manually designed real‐world vertical alignment. The linearly varying exploration and exploitation parameters had better convergence rate than the other tested variations. Further, the proposed method at the end of 1000 iterations yielded about six times better result than the traditional ACO algorithm.
Causal validation of the risk for corneal injury in critically ill adults
Authors: de Oliveira Pinheiro Carlos Eduardo , Carneiro e Silva Rosimeire Silva , de Sousa Fernanda Raphael Escobar Gimenes , Mantilla Natalia Pimentel Moreno , Silva Nauara Naissa Duarte , de Assis Stefanny Furtado , do Prado Patrícia Rezende
Published: January 2022

Background

The validity of a nursing diagnosis depends on a continuous investigation process in different populations to provide clinical evidence. The risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis was approved in 2013 and only reviewed in 2017, demonstrating the need to perform a clinical validation to improve it.

Aim

To perform a causal validation of the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis in critically ill adults.

Study design

A prospective cohort study was performed in two intensive critical care units in Northern Brazil with adults aged over 18 years without corneal injury at admission. The patients were evaluated for 10 days, using a data collection tool composed of risk factors for the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis. The independent variables were described through absolute and relative frequency. The accuracy measures and risk factors were identified through Cox regression, considering a 95% confidence interval.

Results

The nurses assessed 209 critically ill adults and identified that 76.0% of them presented the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis, with 16.3% developing a corneal injury, all having previously presented the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis. The risk factors identified were eyeball exposure (hazard ratio: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.27–2.51), Glasgow score < 6 (hazard ratio: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.15–2.60) and periorbital oedema (hazard ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03–1.99), with these factors showing high specificity, and the mechanical ventilation variable, showing high sensitivity, with ROC curve of .86.

Conclusion

Eyeball exposure, Glasgow score < 6 and periorbital oedema are the risk factors of the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis, in critically ill adults. These risk factors guide nursing interventions. This causal validation can improve the risk for corneal injury nursing diagnosis levels of evidence in the NANDA International Taxonomy.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is necessary to guide nursing interventions for critically ill adults with lowered level of consciousness and corneal exposure for the prevention of corneal injury.
Maternal autoimmune disease and risk of hospitalization for autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer in offspring
Authors: Zhao Xiaotian , Bégin Philippe , Kang Harb , Henderson Mélanie , Lewin Antoine , Lee Ga Eun , Healy‐Profitós Jessica , Auger Nathalie
Published: January 2022

Background

Children whose mothers have autoimmune disease may be at risk of developing immune‐mediated disorders. We assessed the association between maternal autoimmune disease and risk of autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer in offspring.

Methods

We analyzed a cohort of 1,011,623 children born in Canada between 2006 and 2019. We identified mothers who had autoimmune diseases and assessed hospitalizations for autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer in offspring between birth and 14 years of age. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) for the association of maternal autoimmune disease with child hospitalization in adjusted Cox regression models. We used within‐sibling analysis to control for genetic and environmental confounders.

Results

A total of 20,354 children (2.0%) had mothers with an autoimmune disease. Compared with no autoimmune disease, maternal autoimmune disease was associated with the risk of childhood hospitalization for autoimmune disease (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.66–2.31) and allergy (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.21–1.40), but was not significantly associated with cancer (HR 1.31, 95% CI 0.96–1.80). Type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, inflammatory arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus were among specific maternal autoimmune diseases most strongly associated with childhood hospitalization for autoimmune disease and allergy. The associations disappeared after controlling for genetic and environmental confounders in the within‐sibling analysis.

Conclusions

Maternal autoimmune disease is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease and allergy hospitalization in offspring, but the relationship appears to be confounded by genetic and environmental factors. Prenatal exposure to immunologic or pharmacologic products is not likely a direct cause of immune‐mediated disease in children.
Type B adverse drug reactions to antibiotics and antibiotic allergy in infants and children
Authors: Sakamoto Kei , Yamamoto‐Hanada Kiwako , Kubota Mitsuru , Ishiguro Akira , Ohya Yukihiro
Published: January 2022

Background

Distinguishing allergic reactions from non‐allergic type B adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to antibiotics is challenging, particularly in children, because we lack epidemiological information that can be used in primary care situations. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of type B ADRs to antibiotics and antibiotic allergy (AA) in previously healthy children.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of previously healthy children admitted for treating urinary tract infections over a 10 year period. The primary outcome was the frequency of type B ADRs and AAs that were assessed by pediatricians. Secondary outcomes include demographic data about patients' backgrounds, infections, treatments, ADRs, and action against ADRs. All the data were collected via patients' medical records.

Results

Out of 791 participants, type B ADRs were reported in 77 children (9.7%), and AA labeling was performed in six children (0.8%). Physicians assessed 30.4% of type B ADRs as severe or life‐threatening symptoms. All patients were discharged without long‐term complications. Physicians detected the primary cause (individual patient host factors or environmental risks) in 39 cases of type B ADRs.

Conclusion

Type B ADRs to antibiotics were frequently reported even in previously healthy children. Physicians should use appropriate techniques (e.g., specialist consulting and skin testing) when they suspect that a type B ADR might be an AA. Labeling and de‐labeling programs and tools for type B ADRs related to antibiotics should be implemented to prevent the mislabeling of AA.
Contrasting β‐ODAP content correlates with stress gene expression in Lathyrus cultivars
Authors: Verma Anjali , Nidhi Nidhi , Kaur Gazaldeep , Mantri Shrikant , Sharma Tilak Raj , Pandey Ajay Kumar , Kandoth Pramod Kaitheri
Published: January 2022

Lathyrus sativus, commonly known as grass pea, is a nutrient‐rich pulse crop with remarkable climate‐resilient attributes. However, wide use of this nutritious crop is not adopted owing to the presence of a non‐protein amino acid β‐N‐oxalyl‐l‐α,β‐diaminopropionic acid (β‐ODAP), which is neurotoxic if consumed in large quantities. We conducted a de novo transcriptomic profiling of two ODAP contrasting cultivars, Pusa‐24 and its somaclonal variant Ratan, to understand the genetic changes leading to and associated with β‐ODAP levels. Differential gene expression analysis showed that a variety of genes are downregulated in low β‐ODAP cultivar Ratan and include genes involved in biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, redox metabolism, hormonal metabolism, and sucrose, and starch metabolism. Several genes related to chromatin remodeling are differentially expressed in cultivar Ratan. β‐ODAP biosynthetic genes in these cultivars showed differential upregulation upon stress. ODAP content of these cultivars varied differentially upon stress and development. Physiological experiments indicate reduced relative water content and perturbed abscisic acid levels in the low ODAP cultivar. Altogether, our results suggest that the low ODAP cultivar may have a reduced stress tolerance. The dataset provides insight into the biological role of ODAP and will be helpful for hypothesis‐driven experiments to understand ODAP biosynthesis and regulation.
Crisis‐driven innovation of products new to firms: the sensitization response to COVID‐19
Authors: Netz Joakim , Reinmoeller Patrick , Axelson Mattias
Published: January 2022

How firms address pressing societal needs during crises is not well understood. The COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted societies worldwide, and many firms quickly developed new product innovations in personal protective equipment – an area outside of their core businesses and with uncertain profitability but demanded by stakeholders. We conducted inductive case studies of eight firms to understand why firms pivot from shareholder‐ to stakeholder‐oriented innovation of product categories new to the firm and how they satisfy new stakeholder needs during crises. The findings suggest a three‐stage process model that explains how firms (1) internalize information signalling a lack of product supply that leads to urgent innovation needs, which in turn triggers a shift, (2) how the firm’s extant resources are understood and (3) thus how the capability assembly of new product innovation is initiated. We theorize that the increase in responsiveness to societal crises is a sensitization process. This process explains how for‐profit product innovation prior to the pandemic led to the crisis‐driven innovation of products new to the firm by temporarily suspending a profit orientation to respond quickly to calls for help. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Phylogenetics and host‐specificity of the mega‐diverse louse genus Myrsidea (Amblycera: Menoponidae)
Authors: Kolencik Stanislav , Cacioppo Joseph A. , Johnson Kevin P. , Allen Julie M. , Sychra Oldrich , Weckstein Jason D.
Published: January 2022

Myrsidea Waterston is the most diverse genus of chewing lice, primarily parasitizing perching birds (Passeriformes), which is the most speciose avian order. Myrsidea also parasitize several hosts from non‐passerine groups, including toucans, barbets, woodpeckers (Piciformes) and hummingbirds (Apodiformes). To examine host specificity, host switching and generic limits, we reconstructed a phylogeny of the avian feather louse genus Myrsidea using DNA sequence data from two fragments of the mitochondrial COI gene and a fragment of the nuclear EF‐1α gene for 152 Myrsidea specimens collected from 23 avian host families. Unlike other highly diverse louse genera, only a small proportion of Myrsidea species parasitize more than one host species. We found that host family has significant phylogenetic signal on the Myrsidea phylogeny. These results suggest that Myrsidea is generally highly host‐specific, with some exceptions where host switching is important. We found that there are two separate groups of Myrsidea that parasitize toucans, and that both are nested within Myrsidea found on perching birds, suggesting that these toucan ectoparasites may have arisen from two independent host switching events. Lastly, representatives of the genus Ramphasticola Carriker, which was originally described as a distinct genus due to a suite of morphologically unique characters, falls in with a strongly supported clade of Myrsidea parasitizing Ramphastos toucans, and therefore we definitively place Ramphasticola as a synonym of Myrsidea.
Association of Staphylococcus aureus in platelet concentrates with skin diseases in blood donors: Limitations of cultural bacterial screening
Authors: Matsumoto Mami , Kozakai Moe , Furuta Rika A. , Matsubayashi Keiji , Satake Masahiro
Published: January 2022

Background

Bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates (PCs) is a major problem in transfusion medicine. Contamination with Staphylococcus aureus is occasionally missed, even with cultural screening.

Study design and methods

Donors implicated in S. aureus‐contaminated PC were followed up. Skin and nasal swab specimens from six donors and S. aureus isolated from PCs related to these donors were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine the identity of bacteria. To evaluate the validity of the screening method using BacT/ALERT 3D, we spiked S. aureus and three other bacterial species as comparisons into PCs and investigated their growth pattern.

Results

S. aureus was isolated from all nasal specimens and from the arm skin specimens of three donors with atopic dermatitis. In all cases, the S. aureus strains isolated from the PC and those from the nasal and skin specimens of the same donor showed concordant results using MLST and PFGE. In the spiking study, S. aureus showed irregular detectability over 24 to 48 h post‐spike periods, whereas the three other bacterial species were detected in all culture bottles after a 24‐h post‐spike period.

Discussion

The strain identity of S. aureus between donor and PC suggests that the contaminants were derived from those colonized in the donor. Furthermore, S. aureus yielded false‐negative results using BacT/ALERT 3D.
The pathophysiology of uncontrolled hemorrhage in horses
Authors: Hurcombe Samuel D. A. , Radcliffe Rolfe M. , Cook Vanessa L. , Divers Thomas J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Hemorrhagic shock in horses may be classified in several ways. Hemorrhage may be considered internal versus external, controlled or uncontrolled, or described based on the severity of hypovolemic shock the patient is experiencing. Regardless of the cause, as the severity of hemorrhage worsens, homeostatic responses are stimulated to ameliorate the systemic and local effects of an oxygen debt. In mild to moderate cases of hemorrhage (<15% blood volume loss), physiological adaptations in the patient may not be clinically apparent. As hemorrhage worsens, often in the uncontrolled situation such as a vascular breach internally, the pathophysiological consequences are numerous. The patient mobilizes fluid and reserve blood volume, notably splenic stored and peripherally circulating erythrocytes, to preferentially supply oxygen to sensitive organs such as the brain and heart. When the global and local delivery of oxygen is insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues, a cascade of cellular, tissue, and organ dysfunction occurs. If left untreated, the patient dies of hemorrhagic anemic shock.

Clinical importance

An understanding of the pathophysiological consequences of hemorrhagic shock in horses and their clinical manifestations may help the practitioner understand the severity of blood volume loss, the need for referral, the need for transfusion, and potential outcome. In cases of severe acute uncontrolled hemorrhage, it is essential to recognize the clinical manifestations quickly to best treat the patient, which may include humane euthanasia.

Key Points

Uncontrolled hemorrhage may be defined as the development of a vascular breach and hemorrhage that cannot be controlled by interventional hemostasis methods such as external pressure, tourniquet, or ligation.

Causes of uncontrolled hemorrhage in horses may be due to non‐surgical trauma, surgical trauma, invasive diagnostic procedures including percutaneous organ biopsy, coagulopathy, hypertension, cardiovascular anomaly, vascular damage, neoplasia such as hemangiosarcoma, toxicity, or idiopathic in nature.

When a critical volume of blood is lost, the respondent changes in heart rate, splenic blood mobilization, and microcirculatory control can no longer compensate for decreasing oxygen delivery to the tissues

In spite of organ‐specific microvascular responses (eg, myogenic responses, local mediator modulation of microvasculature, etc), all organs experience decreases in blood flow during severe hypovolemia

Acute, fatal hemorrhagic shock is characterized by progressive metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypothermia, often termed the “triad of death,” followed by circulatory collapse