bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of topical corticosteroids on irritant skin reactions
Authors: Ramsing Dorte W. , Agner Tove
Published: April 2006

Topical corticosteroids are frequently used in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). The efficacy of this treatment has, however, not been thoroughly established, and experimental studies on the topic have provided conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of potent topical corticosteroids on experimentally‐induced irritant skin reactions in a double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study. 16 healthy volunteers had sodium lauryl sulfate patch tests symmetrically applied to the upper arms. After removal of patch tests, a potent topical cortico‐steroid (betamethasone‐17‐valerate) was applied to the irritant skin reaction on one arm, while the corresponding vehicle was applied to the irritant skin reaction on the opposite arm 2 × daily for 7 days. Reactions were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema. After 7 days, statistically significant lower values of TEWL and erythema were found in corticosteroid‐treated, compared to the vehicle‐treated, skin reactions. The results indicate that topical corticosteroids improve healing of ICD.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl cyanoacrylate
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Björkner Bert , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2006

Glues based on cyanoacrylates are widely used as contact adhesives for metal, glass, rubber, plastics and textiles, as well for biological materials, including binding tissues and sealing wounds in surgery. In this paper, an apprentice cobbler with an occupational allergic contact dermatitis from an ethyl cyanoacrylate glue, in which the major monomer was shown to be the sensitizer, is reported. Initial patch testing with the cyanoacrylate glue dissolved in acetone with the Finn Chamber (aluminium) technique yielded false‐negative reactions. Positive test reactions were obtained with the same preparations using Van der Bend chambers. With petrolatum as vehicle for the glue, there was no difference between Finn Chamber technique and Van der Bend chamber technique. The role of aluminium in the false‐negative reactions is discussed.
Testing for skin sensitization according to the notification procedure for new chemicals: the Magnusson and Kligman test
Authors: Schlede Eva , Eppler Rosemarie
Published: April 2006

The notification procedure for new chemicals in the European Union (called the Chemicals Act in Germany) requires a skin sensitization test when the amount of a new chemical produced exceeds 100 kg/year. The preferred test is that of Magnusson and Kligman; more than 90% of the tests submitted are performed with it. Though the Magnusson and Kligman test is described in the literature, and in the test guidelines of the European Union and of the OECD, discrepancies do occur in the performance of the test between test laboratories. In this paper, recommendations are given for standardized performance of the Magnusson and Kligman test.
Skin testing with gold sodium thiomalate and gold sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Björkner Bert , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Recently gold sodium thiosulfate was found to be the most common sensitizer after nickel sulfate in our routinely patch tested dermatitis patients. When patients hypersensitive to gold sodium thiosulfate were tested with another monovalent gold salt, gold sodium thiomalate, at equimolar concentrations, in principle, no positive reactions were obtained. Gold sodium thiomalate is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, a treatment with a high frequency of adverse skin reactions. To investigate whether the reactivity difference between the 2 gold salts was due to differences in bioavailability, some experiments were carried out. Intracutaneous tests with the 2 gold salts at equimolar concentrations yielded equivalent reactions. When the concentration of gold sodium thiomalate for epicutaneous testing was increased, all 12 gold‐allergic patients reacted positively. Therefore, in our department, contact allergy to gold sodium thiomalate is probably as common as contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate.
Contents of methyl‐, ethyl‐, propyl‐, butyl‐ and benzylparaben in cosmetic products
Authors: Rastogi S. C. , Schouten A. , de Kruijf N. , Weijland J. W.
Published: April 2006

The contents of methyl‐, ethyl‐, propyl‐, butyl‐ and benzylparaben in 215 cosmetic products have been determined to elucidate the concentration and frequency of use of these parabens in cosmetic products, and to monitor whether the products complied with the Danish and EEC regulations. The results showed that 77% of the products investigated contained 0.01%–0.87% parabens. Nearly all (99%) of the leave‐on cosmetics and 77% of rinse‐off cosmetics were found to contain parabens. A maximum of 0.32% methyl‐ and propylparaben, 0.19% ethylparaben, and 0.07% butyl‐ and benzylparaben were present in paraben‐positive cosmetics. A preferential use of methyl‐/ethyl‐/propyl‐/butyl‐/benzylparaben in various groups of cosmetic products was revealed.
Skin disease and contact sensitivity in house painters using water‐based paints, glues and putties
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Bohlin Staffan , Edling Christer , Rystedt Ingela , Wieslander Gunilla
Published: April 2006

A dermatologic investigation of 202 construction painters included patch testing with the TRUE Test™ standard series and ingredients of water‐based paints, glues and putties (painters' series). 32 painters had current eczema and 16 had a history of previous eczema. Of these, 16 and 9, respectively, had current and previous histories of hand eczema. Irritant reactions on the hands, characterized by dry, erythematous finely fissured skin, which healed within a few days of skin rest, were found in 18 painters. 8 painters presented dry, fissured finger tips and finger sides. The total group of painters had 25 allergic reactions to the TRUE Test™ standard series and 11 to the painters' series. 11 test reactions were found to be related to present or previous hand eczema: 4 cases reacted to nickel, cobalt, colophony or N‐octyl‐isothiazolinone; 2 each to p‐tertbutylphenol‐formaldehyde resin and benzisothiazolinone (BIT); and 3 to Cl + Me‐isothiazolinone, 5 painters were sensitive to BIT without clinical symptoms of skin disease. Hand eczema is no more common among construction painters who work with water‐based paints, glues and putties, than in an average population. There are, however, special risks of sensitization and eczema in a construction painter's work that should be considered on employment.
Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Kwangsukstith Chartchai , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

This article reviews the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We found that the incidence of ACD in childhood is lower than in adults: this may be explained by less exposure to allergens, lack of immune response and limited patch test studies in this age group. In the elderly, there is an age‐dependent decrease in the incidence of ACD, with decreased sensitization to new allergens and waning responses in previously sensitized subjects. There is extensive controversy about the effect of sex differences in ACD. The induction phases of ACD in both sexes are different due to differences in exposure to the allergens from occupations, habits and cultures. Differences in elicitation phases of ACD in both sexes are not confirmed. Women tend to have a higher incidence of ACD and higher immunologic response to exposure allergens than men. Thus we can only imprecisely define the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of ACD. Further prospective studies should be done to answer these question.
Oral lichenoid lesions, mercury hypersensitivity and combined hypersensitivity to mercury and other metals: histologically‐proven reproduction of the reaction by patch testing with metal salts
Authors: Koch Partick , Bahmer Frienrich A.
Published: April 2006

We report 11 patients seen between 1991 and 1994 with oral lichenoid lesion(OLL). In 10 cases, there was contact with dental amalgam fillings, and in patient no. 10 with both amalgam restorations and a gold crown. The last patient had, in addition to her OLL, lichen planus of the skin and genital mucosa. In 5 cases, combined sensitization to mercury and other metal salts, particularly gold sodium thiosulfate (GST) and palladium chloride (PDC), was observed. In 10 patients, the lesions considerably improved or totally cleared within 1 to 9 months of replacement of restoration materials. Histological examination of biopsies from the test sites of amalgam, mercuric chloride, GST and PDC, taken 10 or 17 days, after application of patch tests, showed lichenoid changes in 7 patients with at least 1 of the allergens. At least 2 patients had inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa related to both amalgam and gold restorations, combined sensitization to inorganic and organic mercury derivatives. GST and, in 1 case, PDC, a “dental restoration metal intolerance syndrome” is proposed.
Baseline transepidermal water loss in patients with acute and healed irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Effendy Isaak , Loeffler Harald , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

To examine the skin harrier function of patients with acute and healed irritant contact dermatitis (n= 80) baseline transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was quantitatively measured using an evaporimeter. Healthy subjects served as controls (n= 40). Test areas were the forearm and the thigh. A significant increase in TCVV'L was observed in the patients with acute and with healed irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) as compared LO healthy volunteers (P≤ 0.01). TEWL values in both test areas were com parable and markedly correlated (p≤ 0.01). with each other in every group. Thus, it is possible that basal TEWL depends more on the intrinsic skin barrier function of the subjects rather than the 2 anatomical regions examined. TEWL at the forearm with acme ICD was significantly higher (P≤ 0.01). than that of the group with healed ICD, but not for TCWL at the thigh suggesting that ICD may aggravate the barrier function of the adjacent involved skin. It is assumed, that increased basal TEWL in patients with ICD may relied a constitutional deviation of epidermal barrier function. This event seems to be comparable with the well‐known symptom of atopic individuals. Using a detailed atopic scoring system in such a study may clarify the question of whether a proportion of patients with hand ICD may indeed be atopic individuals.
The development and course of test reactions to gold sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Bbruze Magnus , Hedman Helene , Björkner Bert , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

In our department, gold sodium thiosulfate has become the 2nd most common allergen in routinely patch tested dermatitis patients, with a rate around 10%. Test reactions to this compound often appear late, sometimes so late that active sensitization may be suspected. This study was performed to study the time course of the allergic reaction to gold sodium thiosulfate and to elucidate whether late test reactions mean active sensitization. 10 patients with contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate (0.5% pet.) were retested epicutaneously (e.c.) and intracutaneously (i.c.) with dilution series. The clinical course was followed for 2 months with initially short intervals, later more extended. During the entire study, 26 positive e.c, reactions were diagnosed. Within the 1st week, 17 (65%) were recorded, 12 reactions (46% of 26) were noted at the ordinary reading, 3 days after lest application. After 10 days, another 9 reactions (35%) appeared. The patients with the latter reactions also had positive test reactions within the 1st week. After 2 months, 9 reactions remained. Out of 30 i.e. tests applied, 25 became positive within 1 week 19 (76%) of these reactions changed in morphology Prom thin infiltrates to deep nodules. Another 4 nodules appeared in patients with previous negative i.c. tests. All 23 nodules remained after 2 months. E.c. and i.c. test reactions to gold sodium thiosulfate are long‐lasting. Positive patch test reactions emerging after 10 days do not automatically imply active sensitization. To diagnose contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate, the ordinary reading at day 3 is insufficient; even reading at 1 week is insufficient and must he supplemented by a reading at 3 weeks. All the i.c. test reactions, however, appeared within 1 week and, in sacral, a dermal nodule was formed.
A clinical and patch test study of contact dermatitis from traditional Chinese medicinal materials
Authors: Li Lin‐Feng
Published: April 2006

Putative allergens in, clinical manifestations of, and patch tests with traditional Chinese medicinal materials (CMM) causing contact dermatitis (CD) were studied. 14 patients with CMM CD and 351 controls were patch tested with the standard series of allergens of Beijing Medical University and the suspected drug, as is. It was found that most CMM CD was caused by the CMM frequently used topically for analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effect. All patients patch tested with the suspected drug gave positive results. Some patients also reacted to fragrance mix. Colophony, rubber mix and ammoniated mercury. The positively rates of fragrance mix and colophony in CMM CD patients were significantly higher than in controls (55.6% versus 16.5% for fragrance mix, X2= 11. 86, P < 0.01; and 55.6% versus 5.1% for colophony, X2= 29.35. P < 0.01), while not those of rubber mix and ammoniated mercury. Results indicated that the topical analgesic and anti‐inflammatory CMM, especially those containing fragrance, may cause contact sensitization. Clinical findings in CMM CD included cutaneous irritation, allergic contact dermatitis. immediate contact reactions and systemic contact dermatitis. CMM CD can he diagnosed by patch testing the putative drug, as is.
Oral lichenoid lesions caused by allergy to mercury in amalgam fillings
Authors: Pang Bryan K. , Freeman Susi
Published: April 2006

Oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) or lichen‐planus‐like lesions arc often idiopathic. Our aim was to determine whether OLL can he caused by allergy to mercury in amalgam fillings, and whether resolution of OLL occurs after replacement of amalgam with other denial fillings. Patients with only OLL (except for 1 case with cutaneous lichen planus referred for patch testing during 1985– 1994 to the Contact and Occupational Dermatitis Clinic of the Skin & Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, were reviewed. Patch tests were performed with 1% mercury, ammoniated mercury, 0.1% thimerosal, 0.1% mercuric chloride, 0.05% phenylmercuric nitrate and an amalgam disc, using Finn Chambers occluded for 2 days. 19 patients (17 women and 2 men; age range: 28–72 years) had OLL in close contact with amalgam fillings and showed positive patch lest reactions to mercury compounds. 16 out of 19 patients had their amalgam fillings replaced. In 13 patients, the OLL healed. 1 patient and marked improvement. 1 patient had no improvement and developed multiple oral squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion. OLL can be caused by allergy to mercury in amalgam fillings. Replacement of amalgam with other denial fillings usually results in resolution of OLL and is recommended for cases with positive patch test reactions to mercury compounds.
Effect of glove occlusion on human skin
Authors: Ramsing Dorte W. , Agner Tove
Published: April 2006

Skin harrier function was studied after use of occlusive gloves on normal and compromised skin. 2 studies were performed (Study A and B), and the effects were evaluated by non‐invasive methods. Participants in the studies were instructed to wear an occlusive glove on one hand, while the other hand served as control. The gloves used were hypoallergenic, non‐latex. Study A: 20 volunteers wore a glove on normal skin 6 h/day for 3 days. Study B: 20 volunteers wore a glove on sodium fauryl sulfa lei S LSI‐compromised skin 6 h/day for 3 days. Skin harrier function was evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (Evaporimeter), skin hydration by electrical capacitance (Corneometer) and inflammation was evaluated by erythema index (DermaSpetrometer). Results: Study A. Glove occlusion on normal skin 6 h/day for 3 days caused no significant influence on the water barrier function. Study B: Glove occlusion on SLS‐compromised skin for the same period of time had a significantly negative effect on the water barrier function. It is concluded that occlusion may be an additional factor in the pathogenesis of cumulative irritant contact dermatitis.
Multiple azo disperse dye sensitization mainly due to group sensitizations to azo dyes
Authors: Nakagawa Mikio , Kawai Keiichi , Kawai Kyozo
Published: April 2006

A female patient, with a previous episode of contact dermatitis caused by a blue dress developed similar dermatitis due to a navy ‐blue dress. Patch tests revealed multiple allergic positive reactions to paraphenylenediamine (PPD). The navy‐blue dress, its extracts, 6 azo disperse dyes in a textile series, as well as 3 dye components, including Disperse (DP) Red 153, which were present in the dress: these were composed of 9 azo disperse dyes, all dyes being of a different chemical structure. On the basis of chemical similarities between these 16 azo dyes including PPD, these are classified into the following 4 groups: thiazol‐azoyl‐PPD group (including DP Blue 106. DP Blue 12‐1 and 5 used dyes), aminoazobenzene group (DP Red 1. DP Red 17. DP Brown 1 and 2 used dyes). PPD group (PPD and DP Orange 3) and benzothiazol‐azoyl‐PPD group (2 dyes in DP Red 153). With few exceptions, cross‐sensitizations between dyes in the same group have been reported by other authors, or are suggested by us, in the former 3 groups. Multiple azo disperse dye sensitization is therefore considered lo be attributable mainly to group sensitizations to azo dyes.)
Occupational dermatitis in shoemakers
Authors: Mancuso G. , Reggiani M. , Berdondini R. M.
Published: April 2006

In an epidemiological study of occupational dermatitis in 5 different show factories, 246 workers were interviewed, examined and patch tested using standard and occupational patch test series. The prevalence of occupational contact dermatitis was 14.6% (36/246): 8.1% (20/246) irritant contact dermatitis (OACD). Among the latter, the most common occupational allergens were p‐tert‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin and mercaptobenzothiazole. 6% (15/246) presented with hyperkeratosis of the fingertips, while 3.2% (8/246) reported prutitus sine materia (PSM) present only during working hours. 2 workers presented with vitiligo‐like leukodermic patches on the backs of their hands and on their forearms. Some jobs were more frequently associated with skin complaints. In the assembly department, OACD was most frequent (11.4%), attributed to contact with adhesives and, to a lesser degree, with rubber and leather, OICD caused by contact with the solvents contained in adhesives and varnishes was probably caused by the dust present in the working environment was reported by 33.3% of the workers in the sole‐cutting and scraping departments. Hyperkeratosis of the fingertips, as a reaction to the continuous trauma of leather on the skin, was observed most frequently (41.6%) in the sole‐cutting department.
Allergic patch test reactions caused by the rubber chemical cyclohexyl thiophthalimide
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Rhita
Published: April 2006

Rubber chemicals are among the most common occupational contact sensitizers. The most common rubber sensitizers are thiurams, thiazoles, carbamates and paraphenylenediamine derivatives. Here we present data on a less‐well‐know rubber chemical, N‐(cyclohexylthio) phthalimide (CTP; CAS 17796‐82‐6). This chemical is currently the most widely used vulcanization retarder, but data on allergic contact dermatitis caused by CTP are lacking. We conducted a survey of 310 patients who had been patch tested with 30 rubber chemicals including CTP 11 (3.5%) showed an allergic patch test reaction provoked by CTP and 9.0% by thiurams. 4 of the patients reacted only to CTP and not to other rubber chemicals. Whereas the other 7 concomitantly reacted to other rubber chemicals. After analyzing the patch test data of these 11 patients, it was concluded that CTP probably did not cross‐react with the other rubber chemicals. Therefore the patch test results may indicate independent sensitization to CTP and other rubber chemicals. Because very little data on the components of rubber chemicals in rubber products are available, the source of the putative sensitization to the rubber vulcanization retarder CTP is unknown.
Eczematous‐like drug eruption induced by synergistins
Authors: Michel M. , Dompmartin A. , Szczurko C. , Casttel B. , Moreau A. , Leroy D.
Published: April 2006

The authors report 4 cases of eczematous‐1ike drug eruption after oral ingestion of pristinamycin (3 cases) and virginiamycin (1 case). The lesions occurred after contact sensitization with topical virginiamycin. The clinical symptoms appeared a few hours after ingestion: a generalized maculopapular eruption, sometimes with general symptoms of anaphylactic reaction. Eczema appeared again on initial areas of contact dermatitis. There is a common allergenic group between these 2 antibiotics, which is a macrocyclic lactone. Physiopathology of this drug eruption is not clear: allergic reaction of the delayed type or anaphylactic reaction. Patients allergic to virginianmycin should be strongly cautioned against oral pristinamycin.
Pre‐treatment of nickel test areas with sodium lauryl sulfate detects nickel sensitivity in subjects reacting negatively to routinely performed patch tests
Authors: Seidenari Stefania , Motolese Alberico , Belletti Barbara
Published: April 2006

A fair % of patients with a clinical history of nickel allergy show negative patch test results. To improve the response rate to NiSO4 5% pet, patch tests, a testing procedure utilizing pre‐treatment of I he lest area by a 24‐h application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was introduced 46 women with a clinical history of nickel sensitivity who exhibited negative reactions to nickel sulfate 5% pet, patch tests. were studied, Patients underwent d patch tests on adjacent sites on the volar surface of the forcarms. 4 patch tests were performed with a 72‐h application of 40 mg nickel sulfate 5% pet. While I of these patch tests served as control. 3 test areas underwent 24‐h pretreatment with 40 μl SLS. 1 with 0.1% and 2 with 0.5% solution. To evaluate differences in the reactivity to SLS plus nickel sulfate related to the site on the forearm, 0.5% SLS pre‐treatment was performed both on a proximal and on a distal lest site. At the 72‐h evaluation. 19 subjects out of 46 showed positive reaction to nickel sulfate 5%. At skin sites pre‐t railed with SLS. Whereas 23 patients reacted positively at 0.5% SLS pre‐treated ureas. Echographic values of skin thickness and of hypo‐echogeme dermal areas al positive pre‐treated nickel lest. Next higher than al control Jest areas, confirming the clinical evidence of an increased response to NiSO4 after SLS pre‐treatment. The inflammatory reaction, is evaluated clinically and echographically, was much higher al distal skin areas (0.l% SLS and distal (0.5%.) SLS than at proximal 0.5% SLS ones.
Contact allergy to colophony and hand eczema
Authors: Färm Guniilla
Published: April 2006

Colophony is commonly used in many products that we are exposed to both at work and during leisure. At our Department, about 5% of patch tested dermatitis patients show positive reactions of colophony. 83 patients in whom contact allergy to colophony had been diagnosed were followed up after 9–13 years. They were interviewed, examined and retested. At least 30% had current hand eczema on follow‐up examination. Among those in whom the dermatitis had started on the hands. I here were proportionally more individuals with current hand eczema than among those in whom the onset had been on other parts of the body, 72% of the participants were still patch‐test‐positive to colophony, and more than 1/2 had additional positive reactions to other allergens. Some of these additional reactions were new compared to the previous test occasion. The degree of exposure to colophony throughout the years was difficult to estimate. Contact allergy to colophony was considered occupational in individuals with, e.g., soldering jobs.
Exposure to selected fragrance materials
Authors: Johansen J. D. , Rastogi S. C. , Menné T.
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to assess exposure to constituents of the fragrance mix from cosmetic products used by fragrance‐mix‐positive eczema patients. 23 products, which had either given a positive patch and/or use test in a total of 11 fragrance‐mix‐positive patients, were analyzed. In all cases, the use of these cosmetics completely or partly explained present or past episodes of eczema. Between 1 to 6 constituents of the fragrance mix were found in 22 out of 21 products. The cosmetics of all the patients sensitive to hydroxycitronellal, eugenol, cinnamic alcohol and α‐ amylcinnamic aldehyde were found to contain the respective substances. Exposure concentrations were seen in cover a large range. The content of hydroxycitronellal was, on average, 5×higher in cosmetics from hydroxycitronellal‐sensitive patients, compared to cosmetics from hydroxycitronellal‐negative patients. It is concluded that exposure to constituents of the fragrance mix is common in fragrance‐allergic patients with cosmetic eczema, and that the fragrance mix is a good relied inn of actual exposure.
Irritant effects of a detergent in wash, chamber and repeated open application tests
Authors: Hannuksela Anna , Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

Development of irritant contact reactions in a wash test, in a repealed open application test (ROAT) and in chamber tests were compared with each other in 14 a topic and 14 non‐atopic Caucasian medical students. In the wash test, the students washed their upper arm skin with 10% dishwashing liquid for I min 2× a day for I week. In the ROAT. they applied the same detergent solution to I antecubital fossa 2× daily for 1 week. Chamber tests were performed with the same detergent using S mm, 12 mm and IS mm Finn Chambers® applied (o the upper hack skin for 4K h. Additional 4 h and 24 h occlusion times were used with the 12 mm Finn Chambers®. Test results were evaluated on days 0, 2. 4 and and by using an Hyaponmeter EP1 for transepidermal water loss and a Minolta Chroma Meter CR‐200 for skin colour. No statistically significant differences between atopies and non‐atopies were found in and of the lots. The results of the lesis did run correlate with each oilier, with the exception of the 12 mm.'4S h chamber test and the wash test in atopics (R=0.61, p‐0.02). It seems that other individual factors in addition to atopy influence the development of irritant contact dermatitis. The results of the chamber test and ROAT predicted poorly the result of the wash lest.
Threshold responses in cinnamic‐aldehyde‐sensitive subjects: results and methodological aspects
Authors: Johansen J. D. , Andersen K. E. , Rastogi S. C. , Menne T.
Published: April 2006

Cinnamic aldehyde is an important fragrance material and contact allergen. The present study was performed to provide quantitative data on the eliciting capacity of cinnamic aldehyde, to be considered in assessment of clinical relevance and health hazard. The skin response to serial dilution patch tests and 6–week graded use tests with 0.02, 0.1 and O.8% cinnamic aldehyde in ethanol was studied in a group of cinnamic‐aldehyde‐sensitive eczema patients. The minimum effect level demonstrated 0.2% cinnamic aldehyde on patch testing and 0.1% cinnamic aldehyde on use testing, which are allowed usage concentrations in different kind of cosmetics. 72% (13/18) developed eczema in the use test performed with an alcoholic solution of cinnamic aldehyde on healthy upper arm skin, 6 of the 13 use‐test‐positive subjects (46%) reacted later than day 7, indicating that the standard exposure period of 7 days in use testing may not be sufficient, if low concentrations or volatile substances are used. A significant correlation between patch test sensitivity and the outcome of use testing was found (p < 0.001), which should be considered in designing future use test studies and advising patients. Detailed exposure information is needed to evaluate more fully the consequences of cinnamic aldehyde sensitivity
Sensitization to reactive textile dyes in patients with contact dermatitis
Authors: Manzini Bianca Maria , Motolese Alberico , Conti Andrea , Ferdani Graziella , Seidenari Stefania
Published: April 2006

Reactive dyes are used especially for colouring natural fibres (cotton, silk and wool) that arc widely used in Western countries, particularly Italy, in the production of clothes. The aim of our study was to investigate sensitization to the most commonly used reactive textile dyes in patients undergoing patch tests, and to assess the clinical relevance of contact sensitization of these dyes. 1813 consecutive patients underwent patch tests with the GIRDCA standard series and an additional textile series of 12 reactive dyes. 18 of these patients were sensitized to reactive dyes (0.99) (4 only to reactive dyes). The dyes most frequently responsible for positive patch tests were Red Cibacron CR and Violet Remazol 5R (respectively, 8 and 5 positivities). In 5 cases only was a history of intolerance to particular garments given; of 4 patch tests performed with pieces of garment, 2 were positive. In 1 occupationally‐exposed patient, airborne contact dermatitis was suspected. Owing to the lack of up‐to‐date patch test series, some cases of allergic contact dermatitis from textile dyes are probably misdiagnosed: new colouring agents are continuously introduced to the market, so that a close relationship with textile industry is necessary to improve our diagnostic tools.
Rosin components identified in diapers
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Magnusson Kerstin
Published: April 2006

As part of the investigation of sources of exposure of rosin allergens, disposable diapers (napkins) common on the Swedish market were analyzed, using gas chromatography, to detect the main rosin compounds. Rosin components were detected in all diapers, the highest amounts in those from the 2 major producers. In these diapers, more rosin was found in the top layer, which is in close contact with the skin, than in the fluff. Despite the possibly minimal risk of induction of sensitization to rosin allergens in diapers, there is a real risk of elicitation of dermatitis in sensitive individuals, especially since penetration is enhanced by occlusion and irritation. Such material is not only used for infant diapers, but also for adult incontinence products and feminine hygiene products.
Evaluation of patch test results with denture material series
Authors: Gebhardt M. , Geier J.
Published: April 2006

791 patients, among them 59 dental technicians and 732 other patients, were tested with the denture material series (DMS) recommended by the German Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) in the hospitals of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) between January 1990 and July 1993. Most frequently, positive reactions occurred to cadmium chloride in both groups. However, there was no evidence at all for relevance of these reactions. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) ranked 2nd in patch test positively. Although not statistically significant. Reaction were more frequent in denial technicians, who might be exposed to BPO the in working environment. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were common sensitizers in dental technicians but not in other patients. This finding, too, has its explanation in the working process of manufacturing dental prostheses.
Patch testing with beryllium alloy samples in guinea pigs
Authors: Zissu Danièle , Binet Stéphane , Cavelier Claude
Published: April 2006

An experimental study was conducted in guinea pigs for the predictive assessment of the beryllium alloy hazard in occupational exposure of the skin to beryllium compounds. Guinea pigs were sensitized to beryllium sulfate according to the maximized Magnusson and Kligman test, and challenged with beryllium alloys and metallic copper, beryllium and aluminum samples. Results showed a delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction in 30 to 60% of pre‐sensitized guinea pigs challenged with copper‐beryllium alloys and aluminum‐beryllium alloy. An inflammatory follicular reaction was induced by copper in both controls and pre‐sensitized guinea pigs.
Contact allergies to nickel sulfate, gold sodium thiosulfate and palladium chloride in patients claiming side‐effects from dental alloy components
Authors: Marcusson Jan A.
Published: April 2006

397 patients claiming various subjective symptoms related to dental restoration materials have been tested for the presence of metal allergy. The resultant data have been com pared with the corresponding allergies of eczematous patients. The frequency difference of metal allergy in the dental group is statistically significant or close to significance for nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, palladium chloride and gold sodium thiosulfate. The findings suggest that the dental patient group represents a subgroup with a high frequency of metal allergy.
Patch testing in children
Authors: Stables G. I. , Forsyth A. , Lever R. S.
Published: April 2006

92 children (45 girls, 47 boys), mean age 9.3 years (3‐14.75), were referred to the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, Belvidere Hospital, Glasgow, for patch testing during the period 1979–93 for the investigation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The diagnoses at the time of referral were atopic dermatitis (45). non‐atopic with localized dermatitis (26), juvenile plantar dermatosis (15), orofacial granulomatosis (2), vaccination reaction (2) and atypical psoriasis (2). In total, there were 55 positive reactions in 30 children. The commonest allergens were metals (18), fragrances (11) and rubber compounds (6). The patient groups with the highest yield of positive patch tests were those patients with atopic dermatitis who had a good history of a precipitating contact factor (4/5), and non‐atopic patients with dermatitis of hands and/or feet (7/14). Our findings suggest that allergic contact dermatitis is more common in children than generally appreciated and that patch testing is a practicable and clinically worthwhile procedure in children.
Contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Sabroe R. A. , Sharp L. A. , Peachey R. D. G.
Published: April 2006

100 consecutive patients routinely attending the contact dermatitis clinic were patched tested to gold sodium thiosulfate (GST). 13 patients had a positive patch test to GST, 11 of whom were female, and 12 had pierced ears. There was no correlation with any other substance in the European standard series, although there was a high incidence of nickel sensitivity in all patients (33%). Eczema on the ring fingers and neck was significantly more common in the group positive to GST. 1/2 of the patients with a positive response to GST had symptoms that they felt could he attributed to gold allergy.
Statistical evaluation of the persistence of acquired hypersensitivity by standardized patch tests
Authors: Ayala Fabio , Balato Nicola , Lembo Giuseppe , Patruno Cataldo , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Nofroni Italo , Magliocchetti Natalia , Schena Donatella , Rafanelli Arturo , Seidenari Stefania , Motolese Alberico , Angelini Giovanni , Tosti Antonella , Saccabusi Stanislao , Pigatto Paolo , Lisi Paolo
Published: April 2006

Numerous studies have focused attention on the influence of various biological and environmental factors on contact hypersensitivity. In order to evaluate the persistence and/or modification of allergic contact sensitivity 10 a number of common contact sensitizers, the same standardized patch tests were repeated on 174 subjects with contact sensitivity after a lime lapse of 5 years (1987–1992). In 18.4% of the cases, 1 or more sensitivities were lost: 28.7% of the patients had a higher number of positive patch tests after 5 years, while the remaining 52.9% of the patients showed no change in the number of positive patch tests. In 88%, the positive allergens were unchanged, whereas in the remaining 12% of the subjects, they showed 1 or more variations. The association between the allergens most often positive was calculated for both the 1st and the 2nd patch lest results. Moreover, to evaluate the frequency of an allergen's positivity. We studied the disappearance of old sensitivities and the appearance of new sensitivities by the McNemar test. Cobalt chloride was the only allergen with a significant frequency of new positivities over the period of observation (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the possible influence of positive tests to other allergens, and of some clinical findings associated with contact dermatitis, on the sensitivity to cobalt chloride in 1987 and in 1992.
PAFS: population–adjusted frequency of sensitization
Authors: Schnuch Axel
Published: April 2006

Sensitization rates are influenced by sex and age. Crude rates from different departments cannot be compared without taking into account these variables. However, the influence of sex and age has never been considered quantitatively. In 2 hypothetical populations with identical age–specific sensitizations rates, but differing age distributions, the Influence of age on the overall sensitization rate (crude rate) is demonstrated. Furthermore, by an abstract reflection on rates, the influence of the proportions of a population category* (e.g. age) on crude rates is shown (crude rate=I (category–specific rate x proportion of population in category)). To account for differing distributions of sex and age, we propose 2 ways. Sex–specific rules should he presented separately. Age–specific rates should be standardized. The standard rate is defined as: SR=L (category specific ratexproportion of standard population in category I. losing a standard population with a rectangular structure (i.e. with equal proportions in each of the category (age) specific groups), the standardized rate is the arithmetic average of the category (age) specific rates. Only for simple routine evaluations can a standard population with 2 equal groups be used, namely over 39 years and under 40 years. The standardized rate can easily he calculated as SR: (positive rate (%under 40+positive rate(%)over 39)/2. The general rule should be to use a “rectangular” standard population with 9 age groups of a 10–year sequence. By using the standardization procedure, remaining differences found in different departments can no longer be attributed to age and sex. Other factors, such as selection of patients or real epidemiological differences, can then be discussed. The application of population–adjusted frequency of sensitization (PAFS) in any publication on prevalences of sensitization is highly recommended.
Photopatch test reactivity: effect of photoallergen concentration and UVA dosaging
Authors: Hasan T. , Jansen C. T.
Published: April 2006

We have studied the influence of variations in allergen concentration and UVA dosaging on the results of photopatch testing with the Scandinavian standard photopatch series in 29 patients with photocontact and/or contact allergy to 1 or several of the allergens in that series. Photocontact test reactions were more sensitive to allergen dilution than plain contact test reactions. Even dilution from the standard 5% to 2.5% or 1.25% significantly reduced para‐aminobenzoic acid photocontact test reactions. Reducing the UVA dose from the standard 5 J/cm2 to 2.5 or 1 J/cm2 in 2 out of 5 cases turned a significant (++) reaction into a doubtful one (+). Increasing the standard UVA dose of 5 J/cm2 to 20 – 40 J/cm2 turned a single + photocontact reaction to trichlorcarbanilide and a single 1 + plain contact reaction to chlorhexidine into ++ reactions. In the majority of eases, however, neither photocontact nor plain contact test reactions were augmented by UVA doses up to 80 J/cm2. We conclude that a UVA dose of 5 J/cm2 is sufficient for eliciting photocontact allergic test reactions, and that a reduction of either the UVA dose level or the standard allergen concentrations of the Scandinavian photopatch test guidelines may cause loss of significant photocontact test reactions in a proportion of the cases.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to acrylates in Lodz
Authors: Kiec‐Swierczynska Marta
Published: April 2006

Among 1619 patients suspected of occupational contacT dermatitis examined during the years 1990 1994, sensitivity to acrylates was diagnosed in 9 persons 14 dental technicians. 4 dentists. 1 textile printer). Ethyleoeglycol dimethacrylate (5 positive patch tests), methyl methacrylate (4). 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (4) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (4) were the most common sensitizers, Comparison of patch test results in dental technicians and dentists indicated that dentists were sensitive to a greater number of (meth)acrylate (aerylate and methacrylate) allergens and also to certain other allergens (metals and rubber additives). Dental technicians were sensitive almost exclusively to methaerylates, while the textile printer only to acrylates.
Guidelines for measurement skin colour and erythema A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis*
Authors: Fullerton A. , Fischer T. , Lahti A. , Wilhelm K.‐P. , Takiwaki H. , Serup J.
Published: April 2006

This report reviews individual‐related variables (age, sex, race, anatomical site. skin surface properties), intra‐ and interindividual variation (temporal, physical and mental activity, orthostatic effect, menstrual cycle/menopause), environment‐related variables (light conditions, temperature) and various instrument‐related variables that influence skin colour. CIE colorimetry (Minolta Chroma Meter) and spectrophotometric measurement (Derma Spectrometer) are considered. The guidelines give recommendations for measuring conditions and procedures.
The impact of atopic status on a predictive human test of skin irritation potential
Authors: Basketter David , Blaikie Lynn , Reynolds Fiona
Published: April 2006

There has been much interest in recent years in the replacement of the Draize rabbit skin test for the identification of chemical skin irritants. A considerable effort has gone into the development of cell culture based assays. However, where ethical and safety considerations permit, the most obvious alternative is to use man himself. Data obtained using a suitable assay based on the endpoint of concern in the species of concern should be accurate and will represent a vital data base on which to develop sound in vitro assays. Thus, it is important to ensure the data produced in human assays is representative for man generally. To this end we have chosen to examine a number of variables and in this work report the effect of atopic status on the results obtained in a recently described human 4‐h patch test. 30 atopic (defined by specific IgE to common allergens and by elevated total IgE) and 2SS non‐atopic volunteers were tested in this human 4‐h patch test using 20'S. sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and undiluted cocotrimethyl ammonium chloride (cocoTAC). The level of irritant reaction was higher for SDS in the atopic panel, but was similar for HCI and cocoTAC. The rank order of irritancy was the same in both panels. The results indicate that, whilst the intensity of reactions may be higher in atopies, their pattern of responses is similar to non‐atopies. There is no evidence to indicate that they should either be deliberately included or excluded from the test panels recruited on a routine basis.
Corticosteroid contact allergy: an EECDRG multicentre study
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Andersen K. E. , Brandão F. M. , Bruynzeel D. , Burrows D. , Camarasa J. , Ducombs G. , Frosch P. , Hannuksela M. , Lachapelle J. M. , Lahti A. , Menné T. , Wahlberg J. E. , Wilkinson J. D.
Published: April 2006

This article describes the results of an EECDRG multicentre study on contact allergy to corticosteroids. A total of 7238 patients were investigated: 6238 in 13 centres in the course of 1993, and 1000 patients in 1 centre in 1993 and 1994. The 5 corticosteroids tested were budesonide 0.1% pet., betamethasone‐17‐valerate 1% pet., clobetasol‐17‐propionate 1% pet., hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate 1% eth., and tixoeortol‐21‐pivalate 1%., pet.; 189 (2.6%) gave a positive patehtest reaction (+, ++, +++)to at least 1 of the corticosieroids. The data regarding the corticosteroid‐sensitive patients, as well as the patchtest results, were recorded on a standardized form.
An interlaboratory evaluation of the Buehler test for the identification and classification of skin sensitizers
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Gerberick G. F.
Published: April 2006

The correct identification of potential skin sensitizers is an essential first step in enabling a proper risk assessment to be made and to permit the implementation of appropriate risk management practices designed to avoid the induction of sensitization, Consequently, regulatory guidelines around the world demand that new substances are evaluated to assess their skin sensitization potential. There are two guinea pig test methods which are generally recognised, the guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) and the occluded patch test described by Buehler. In different countries, one procedure seems to be more prevalent and acceptable to regulatory authorities than the other. Notably, in the European Union, the latest revision of the Annex V (Directive 92/32/EC) Test Method for skin sensitization asks that justification should be given in the situation where the notifi this paper, the validity of the Buehler protocol in the context of European legislation is critically examined. Results from two laboratories are collated. showing that the method can identify significant contact allergens, particularly those which would he registered formally as such according to European legislation. It is demonstrated that minor methodological variations can he tolerated without compromising tesi sensitivity, hut it is recommended that suitable positive control testing is the best way to ensure proper test conduct.
Transient re‐emergence of oil of turpentine allergy in the pottery industry
Authors: Lear J. T. , Heagerty A. H. M. , Tan B. B. , Smith A. G. , English J. S. C.
Published: April 2006

Allergy to oil Of turpentine has diminished largely due to the use of cheaper substitutes in many occupations. However, 2 particular areas still reliant on real oil of turpentine are those of the perfume industry and ceramic decoration. We report 24 cases of hand dermal it is in pottery workers involved in ceramic decoration, paintresses, liners, gilders, enamellers and a line china painter. seen in a 6‐month period following a change from Portuguese to Indonesian turpentine, of whom 14 were sensitive to Indonesian turpentine. 8 to α‐pinene. 4 to Δ‐3‐carene and 2 positive to turpentine peroxides, Previous reports suggest that, Δ‐3‐carene is the main allergen and reports of sensitivity to α‐pinene in the absence of sensitivity to Turpentine peroxide, in particular to the hydro‐peroxide of. Δ‐3‐carcne. are few. Turpentine allergy continues Lo be a problem in The pottery industry and is more common than allergy to the heavy metals of the colours used in ceramic decoration. α‐pinene, an unusual allergen, appears to he the most common in our area. Reversion to Portuguese turpentine seems to have alleviated the problem.