bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus Regulation of Methane Oxidation in Water From Ice‐Covered Lakes
Authors: Sawakuchi Henrique O. , Martin Gaëtan , Peura Sari , Bertilsson Stefan , Karlsson Jan , Bastviken David
Published: August 2021

Winter methane (CH4) accumulation in seasonally ice‐covered lakes can contribute to large episodic emissions to the atmosphere during spring ice melt. Biological methane oxidation can significantly mitigate such CH4 emissions, but despite favorable CH4 and O2 concentrations, CH4 oxidation appears constrained in some lakes for unknown reasons. Here we experimentally test the hypothesis that phosphorus (P) availability is limiting CH4 oxidation, resulting in differences in ice‐out emissions among lakes. We observed a positive relationship between potential CH4 oxidation and P concentration across 12 studied lakes and found an increase in CH4 oxidation in response to P amendment, without any parallel change in the methanotrophic community composition. Hence, while an increase in sedimentary CH4 production and ebullitive emissions may happen with eutrophication, our study indicates that the increase in P associated with eutrophication may also enhance CH4 oxidation. The increase in CH4 oxidation may hence play an important role in nutrient‐rich ice‐covered lakes where bubbles trapped under the ice may to a greater extent be oxidized, reducing the ice‐out emissions of CH4. This may be an important factor regulating CH4 emissions from high latitude lakes.
Meet Jane, the Zircon Grain—Geochronology’s New Mascot
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: August 2021

In a children’s book written by geochronologist Matthew Fox, he condenses 400 million years of history into 34 playfully poetic pages as he follows the travels of a single grain of sand.
Tracking Sustainability Goals with Creative Data Sources
Authors: Makoni Munyaradzi
Published: August 2021

Nontraditional sources of data could assist in charting the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals, helping design appropriate policies and investments to improve the state of the environment.
Amazon Deforestation and Fires are a Hazard to Public Health
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: August 2021

Deforestation in the Amazon has dropped since the early 2000s, but it is slowly climbing again. A new study shows the impact of that climb on public health—and how much worse conditions could be.
Quantifying the Health Benefits of Face Masks and Respirators to Mitigate Exposure to Severe Air Pollution
Authors: Kodros John K. , O’Dell Katelyn , Samet Jonathan M. , L’Orange Christian , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Volckens John
Published: August 2021

Familiarity with the use of face coverings to reduce the risk of respiratory disease has increased during the coronavirus pandemic; however, recommendations for their use outside of the pandemic remains limited. Here, we develop a modeling framework to quantify the potential health benefits of wearing a face covering or respirator to mitigate exposure to particulate air pollution. This framework accounts for the wide range of available face coverings and respirators, fit factors and efficacy, air pollution characteristics, and exposure‐response data. Our modeling shows that N95 respirators offer robust protection against different sources of particulate matter, reducing exposure by more than a factor of 14 when worn with a leak rate of 5%. Synthetic‐fiber masks offer less protection with a strong dependence on aerosol size distribution (protection factors ranging from 4.4 to 2.2), while natural‐fiber and surgical masks offer reductions in the exposure of 1.9 and 1.7, respectively. To assess the ability of face coverings to provide population‐level health benefits to wildfire smoke, we perform a case study for the 2012 Washington state fire season. Our models suggest that although natural‐fiber masks offer minor reductions in respiratory hospitalizations attributable to smoke (2%–11%) due to limited filtration efficiency, N95 respirators and to a lesser extent surgical and synthetic‐fiber masks may lead to notable reductions in smoke‐attributable hospitalizations (22%–39%, 9%–24%, and 7%–18%, respectively). The filtration efficiency, bypass rate, and compliance rate (fraction of time and population wearing the device) are the key factors governing exposure reduction potential and health benefits during severe wildfire smoke events.
Melting of Bridgmanite Under Hydrous Shallow Lower Mantle Conditions
Authors: Amulele George , Karato Shun‐ichiro , Girard Jennifer
Published: August 2021

High pressure and temperature experiments were carried out on the oxide mixtures corresponding to the bridgmanite stoichiometry under the hydrous shallow lower mantle conditions (24–25 GPa and 1673–1873 K with 5–10 wt. % of water in the starting material). Oxide mixtures investigated correspond to MgSiO3, (Mg, Fe)SiO3, (Mg, Al, Si)O3, and (Mg, Fe, Al, Si)O3. Melting was observed in all runs. Partitioning of various elements, including Mg, Fe, Si, and H is investigated. Melting under hydrous lower mantle conditions leads to increased (Mg + Fe)O/SiO2in the melt compared to the residual solids. The residual solids often contain a large amount of stishovite, and the melt contains higher (Mg,Fe)O/SiO2ratio than the initial material. (Mg + Fe)O‐rich hydrous melt could explain the low‐velocity anomalies observed in the shallow lower mantle and a large amount of stishovite in the residual solid may be responsible for the scattering of seismic waves in the mid‐lower mantle and may explain the “stishovite paradox." Since stishovite‐rich materials are formed only when silica‐rich source rock (MORB) is melted (not a typical peridotitic rock [bulk silicate Earth]), seismic scattering in the lower mantle provides a clue on the circulation of subducted MORB materials. To estimate hydrogen content, we use a new method of estimating the water content of unquenchable melts, and also propose a new interpretation of the significance of superhydrous phase B inclusions in bridgmanite. The results provide revised values of water partitioning between solid minerals and hydrous melts that are substantially higher than previous estimates.
Tidal Triggering of Microseismicity at the Equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Inferred From the PI‐LAB Experiment
Authors: Leptokaropoulos K. , Harmon N. , Hicks S. P. , Rychert C. A. , Schlaphorst D. , Kendall J. M.
Published: August 2021

The gravitational pulls from the moon and the sun result in tidal forces which influence both Earth's solid and water mass. These stresses are periodically added to the tectonic ones and may become sufficient for initiating rupture in fault systems critically close to failure. Previous research indicates correlations between increased seismicity rates and low tides for fast‐ and intermediate‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges in the Pacific Ocean. Here, we present a microseismicity data set (4,719 events) recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer deployment at the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. We show that low, as well as decreasing ocean water level, result in relatively elevated seismicity rates at higher magnitudes (lower b‐values), translated into increased probabilities of stronger event occurrence at or towards low tides. Moreover, seismic bursts (enhanced activity rate clusters), occurring at rates well above the reference seismicity, are exclusively present during values of either high tidally induced extensional stresses or high extensional stress rates. Although the b‐value differences are not significant enough to be conclusive, the seismicity rate variations exhibit statistical significance, supporting the previous findings for tidal triggering at low tides within normal‐faulting regimes and extending the range of observations to slow‐spreading ridges. Observed triggering of slip on low angle faults at low tides is predicted by Coulomb stress modeling. The triggering of slip on high angle faults observed here, is not easily explained without another factor. It may be related to the presence of a shallow magma body beneath the ridge, as supported by previous seismic imaging in the region.
Is the Grain Size Distribution a Key Parameter for Explaining the Long Runout of Granular Avalanches?
Authors: Cabrera Miguel , Estrada Nicolas
Published: August 2021

By means of the Discrete Element Method, we investigate the relationship between the power‐law exponent of the grain size distribution (GSD) and the mobility of granular transitional flows. This is done with the aim of testing a recently posed hypothesis, suggesting that high power‐law exponents are related to the large mobility observed in natural mass flows (Lai et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075689), as a consequence of a lubrication mechanism in which small grains act as rotational bearings reducing the shear strength of the flowing mass. We show that both the mobility of the flow and the shear strength of the material are independent of the GSD power‐law exponent, as long as the system‐to‐grain size ratio of the studied system is sufficiently large, as it is expected in natural granular flows. This confirms that the power‐law exponent, or the proportion of small and big grains, are not plausible origins of the large mobility of granular avalanches.
Geological History of Southeastern Gorgonum Chaos, Mars: A Story of Water and Wind
Authors: Haack David , Adeli Solmaz , Hauber Ernst
Published: August 2021

Gorgonum Chaos is part of the Eridania paleolake in Terra Sirenum and displays a number of prominent light‐toned morphological features that bear a record of the regional climatic conditions throughout most of Martian history. Based on an intergrated analysis of orbital data, we mapped a 1,500 km2 area in the southeast of Gorgonum Chaos. Morphologic, spectroscopic, and stratigraphic analyses were used to determine age and composition of the main geological units in the area. We identified four major geological units with decreasing content of hydrated minerals from the oldest to the youngest units, which were completely free of hydrated minerals. In the study area, phyllosilicate‐rich Noachian units compose the majority of the basin floor. Deposits enriched with evaporites were formed around the Noachian/Hesperian transition and erosion created prominent inverted morphologies. Loess‐like material without significant amounts of hydrated minerals was deposited until the late Hesperian. The youngest unit is an Amazonian layer free of hydrated minerals that originated from volcanic activities. This succession of minerals reflects the transition from more humid climatic conditions with the ability to sustain liquid water on the planet's surface during the Noachian to the hyper‐arid Amazonian environment we observe currently on Mars.
Gravity Wave Packets in the Venusian Atmosphere Observed by Radio Occultation Experiments: Comparison With Saturation Theory
Authors: Mori Ryota , Imamura Takeshi , Ando Hiroki , Häusler Bernd , Pätzold Martin , Tellmann Silvia
Published: August 2021

The characteristics of gravity wave packets in the Venusian atmosphere were studied using high‐vertical‐resolution temperature profiles obtained by ESA's Venus Express and JAXA's Akatsuki radio occultation experiments with radio holographic methods. Localized disturbances were detected by applying a wavelet transform to the temperature profiles. The packet lengths were found to be distributed over 0.6–10 km, in which typically 1.5–4.0 oscillations are included. The number of oscillations per wave packet was found to have only a slight dependence on the wavelength, which is consistent with the −3 power law dependence of the spectral density on the wavenumber in the saturation model. The spectral densities of the wave packets are roughly aligned with the power law of the saturation model, while the saturation ratio for each quasi‐monochromatic wave is low. This suggests that the saturated spectrum is produced by the superposition of individually unsaturated quasi‐monochromatic waves. Waves with short vertical wavelengths (<1.5 km) were found to be more prevalent at lower altitudes than at higher altitudes, implying an effect of radiative damping during upward propagation. The amplitude was found to be larger at higher latitudes, which might be attributed to an increase in background static stability at high latitudes, which allows larger saturation amplitudes.
Late Holocene Precipitation Fluctuations in South America Triggered by Variability of the North Atlantic Overturning Circulation
Authors: Bahr A. , Kaboth‐Bahr S. , Jaeschke A. , Chiessi C. , Cruz F. , Carvalho L. , Rethemeyer J. , Schefuß E. , Geppert P. , Albuquerque A. L. , Pross J. , Friedrich O.
Published: August 2021

Historic droughts document the strong spatio‐temporal variability of the South American Monsoon System, which currently provides more than two thirds of the rainfall in tropical South America. The drivers of this variability have remained not well understood due to the lack of continuous, high‐resolution paleorecords, especially from the more arid regions of tropical South America. Here we present a novel record of moisture availability across eastern South America for the past ∼5,000 years from a sediment core retrieved off eastern Brazil. We document distinct decadal‐ to millennial‐scale spatial shifts of major atmospheric convection centers that caused increasingly pronounced droughts in eastern South America over the past ∼2,000 years. These fluctuations were triggered by climate anomalies in the high northern latitudes and propagated into equatorial latitudes via fluctuations in North Atlantic Overturning Circulation strength. As global warming is expected to decrease oceanic overturning due to enhanced meltwater input into the North Atlantic while at the same time reducing precipitation over eastern South America, an increasing risk for long‐lasting droughts can be expected for this region, posing severe socio‐economic challenges.
Pedestrian exposure to black carbon and PM2.5 emissions in urban hot spots: new findings using mobile measurement techniques and flexible Bayesian regression models
Authors: Alas Honey Dawn , Stöcker Almond , Umlauf Nikolaus , Senaweera Oshada , Pfeifer Sascha , Greven Sonja , Wiedensohler Alfred
Published: August 2021

Background

Data from extensive mobile measurements (MM) of air pollutants provide spatially resolved information on pedestrians’ exposure to particulate matter (black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 mass concentrations).

Objective

We present a distributional regression model in a Bayesian framework that estimates the effects of spatiotemporal factors on the pollutant concentrations influencing pedestrian exposure.

Methods

We modeled the mean and variance of the pollutant concentrations obtained from MM in two cities and extended commonly used lognormal models with a lognormal-normal convolution (logNNC) extension for BC to account for instrument measurement error.

Results

The logNNC extension significantly improved the BC model. From these model results, we found local sources and, hence, local mitigation efforts to improve air quality, have more impact on the ambient levels of BC mass concentrations than on the regulated PM2.5.

Significance

Firstly, this model (logNNC in bamlss package available in R) could be used for the statistical analysis of MM data from various study areas and pollutants with the potential for predicting pollutant concentrations in urban areas. Secondly, with respect to pedestrian exposure, it is crucial for BC mass concentration to be monitored and regulated in areas dominated by traffic-related air pollution.
Resilience and personality as predictors of the biological stress load during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Engert Veronika , Blasberg Jost U. , Köhne Sophie , Strauss Bernhard , Rosendahl Jenny
Published: August 2021

Since the Covid-19 outbreak, pandemic-specific stressors have potentiated the—already severe—stress load across the world. However, stress is more than an adverse state, and chronic exposure is causally involved in the development of mental and physical disease. We ask the question whether resilience and the Big Five personality traits predict the biological stress response to the first lockdown in Germany. In a prospective, longitudinal, observational study, N = 80 adult volunteers completed an internet-based survey prior to the first Covid-19-related fatality in Germany (T0), during the first lockdown period (T1), and during the subsequent period of contact restrictions (T2). Hair strands for the assessment of systemic cortisol and cortisone levels were collected at T2. Higher neuroticism predicted higher hair cortisol, cortisone and subjective stress levels. Higher extraversion predicted higher hair cortisone levels. Resilience showed no effects on subjective or physiological stress markers. Our study provides longitudinal evidence that neuroticism and extraversion have predictive utility for the accumulation of biological stress over the course of the pandemic. While in pre-pandemic times individuals high in neuroticism are typically at risk for worse health outcomes, extraverted individuals tend to be protected. We conclude that, in the pandemic context, we cannot simply generalize from pre-pandemic knowledge. Neurotic individuals may currently suffer due to their general emotional lability. Extraverted individuals may primarily be socially stressed. Individualized stress management programs need to be developed, and offered in a lockdown-friendly format, to minimize the stress burden caused by Covid-19 or future pandemics and to protect the most severely affected individuals from the development of stress-associated disease.
Exosomal microRNA-15a from mesenchymal stem cells impedes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via downregulation of SALL4
Authors: Ma Yu-Shui , Liu Ji-Bin , Lin Lan , Zhang Hui , Wu Jian-Jun , Shi Yi , Jia Cheng-You , Zhang Dan-Dan , Yu Fei , Wang Hui-Min , Yin Yu-Zhen , Jiang Xiao-Hui , Wang Pei-Yao , Tian Lin-Lin , Cao Ping-Sheng , Wu Xu-Ming , Lu Hai-Min , Gu Li-Peng , Zhang Jia-Jia , Cong Gu-Jun , Luo Pei , Zhong Xiao-Ming , Cai Bo , Shi Min-Xin , Zhang Su-Qing , Li Liu , Zhang Wen-Jie , Liu Yu , Li Zhi-Zhen , Wu Ting-Miao , Wu Zhi-Jun , Wang Gao-Ren , Lv Zhong-Wei , Ling Chang-Chun , Chu Kai-Jian , Fu Da
Published: August 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous tumor with an increased incidence worldwide accompanied by high mortality and dismal prognosis. Emerging evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes possess protective effects against various human diseases by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). We aimed to explore the role of exosomal miR-15a derived from MSCs and its related mechanisms in HCC. Exosomes were isolated from transduced MSCs and co-incubated with Hep3B and Huh7 cells. miR-15a expression was examined by RT-qPCR in HCC cells, MSCs, and secreted exosomes. CCK-8, transwell, and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of miR-15a or spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4) on cell proliferative, migrating, invasive, and apoptotic properties. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to validate the predicted targeting relationship of miR-15a with SALL4. Finally, in vivo experiments in nude mice were implemented to assess the impact of exosome-delivered miR-15a on HCC. The exosomes from MSCs restrained HCC cell proliferative, migrating, and invasive potentials, and accelerated their apoptosis. miR-15a was expressed at low levels in HCC cells and could bind to SALL4, thus curtailing the proliferative, migrating, and invasive abilities of HCC cells. Exosomes successfully delivered miR-15a to HCC cells. Exosomal miR-15a depressed tumorigenicity and metastasis of HCC tumors in vivo. Overall, exosomal miR-15a from MSCs can downregulate SALL4 expression and thereby retard HCC development.
A first principles study of p-type doping in two dimensional GaN
Authors: Huang Hongfu , Peng Junhao , Dong Huafeng , Huang Le , Wen Minru , Wu Fugen
Published: August 2021

We exploited the two-dimensional graphene-like GaN monolayer by a new calculation model to verify the doping limit rules for explaining the doping bottleneck in wide bandgap semiconductors.
Role of a nanoparticle network in polymer mechanical reinforcement: insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Li Xiu , Li Ziwei , Shen Jianxiang , Zheng Zijian , Liu Jun
Published: August 2021

Fully understanding the mechanism by which nanoparticles (NPs) strengthen polymer matrices is crucial for fabricating high-performance polymer nanocomposites (PNCs).
Fructooligosaccharide supplementation alleviated the pathological immune response and prevented the impairment of intestinal barrier in DSS-induced acute colitis mice
Authors: Liao Minjing , Zhang Yuanfang , Qiu Yilan , Wu Zhengchun , Zhong Zhihong , Zeng Xiaoqi , Zeng Yiliang , Xiong Li , Wen Yu , Liu Rushi
Published: August 2021

The dysbiosis of gut microbiota is closely related to the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
A hierarchical emulsion system stabilized by soyasaponin emulsion droplets
Authors: Zhao Guo-Xiu , Zhu Li-Jie , Li He , Liu Xiu-Ying , Yang Li-Na , Wang Sheng-Nan , Liu He , Ma Tao
Published: August 2021

Oil/water (O/W) emulsion droplets coated with soyasaponin (Ssa) were used as emulsifiers to prepare emulsions with hierarchical configurations (2.82 μm).
Selective oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaraldehyde by H2O2 over Nb-SBA-15
Authors: Qi Yingmeng , Han Qi , Wu Li , Li Jun
Published: August 2021

Cyclopentene was oxidized to glutaraldehyde over catalyst Nb2O5-SBA-15. The reaction was monitored with in situ ATR-FTIR.
Fe- and Mn-modified SO42−/ZrO2 conjoined O2–Ac2O as a composite catalytic system for highly selective nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene with NO2 to valuable 1,5-dinitronaphthalene
Authors: Yan Jiaqi , You Kuiyi , Ni Wenjin , Duan Ting , Chen Zhenpan , Zhao Fangfang , Luo He'an
Published: August 2021

NO2 as benign nitrating agent and Fe–Mn bimetallic modified SZ as catalyst replaced traditional nitric–sulfuric mixed acid systems for 1-NN nitration. The synergism of Fe1.5Mn0.5–SZ and O2–Ac2O significantly improved the selectivity to 1,5-DNN.
Pyrolysis-free covalent organic framework-based materials for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis
Authors: Cui Xun , Gao Likun , Ma Rui , Wei Zhengnan , Lu Cheng-Hsin , Li Zili , Yang Yingkui
Published: August 2021

This review highlights the recent impressive progress in engineering pyrolysis-free covalent organic framework (COF)-based materials for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis.
Complex systems and ‘‘Spatio ‐Temporal Anti‐Compliance Coordination’’ In cyber‐physical networks: A critique of the Hipster Effect, bankruptcy prediction and alternative risk premia
Authors: Nwogugu Michael I. C.
Published: August 2021

The Hipster Effect is a group of evolutionary ‘‘Diffusive Learning’’ processes of networks of individuals and groups (and their communication devices) that form Cyber‐Physical Systems; and the Hipster Effect theory has potential applications in many fields of research. This study addresses decision‐making parameters in machine‐learning algorithms, and more specifically, critiques the explanations for the Hipster Effect, and discusses the implications for portfolio management and corporate bankruptcy prediction (two areas where AI has been used extensively). The methodological approach in this study is entirely theoretical analysis. The main findings are as follows: (i) the Hipster Effect theory and associated mathematical models are flawed; (ii) some decision‐making and learning models in machine‐learning algorithms are flawed; (iii) but regardless of whether or not the Hipster Effect theory is correct, it can be used to develop portfolio management models, some of which are summarised herein; (iv) the [1] corporate bankruptcy prediction model can also be used for portfolio‐selection (stocks and bonds).
Improving readability by modifying graphic QR code microstructure
Authors: Liu Hsing‐Chih , Chou Tzren‐Ru , Lu Chun‐Shien , Wang Hsi‐Chun
Published: August 2021

White modules of quick response codes (QR codes) are degraded by dot gain, especially when printed at smaller sizes, which results in more false blacks than false whites in error analysis, and also severely affects decoding ability. To reduce the false blacks generated from printing and to improve code readability, modifying the microstructure of graphic QR codes by reducing the size of the information dots is proposed. Experimental results show that the resultant QR code reduces the number of false blacks and thus the error rate. This method applies to the physical output of both conventional and graphic QR codes.
Exploring cybersecurity issues in 5G enabled electric vehicle charging station with deep learning
Authors: Basnet Manoj , Ali Mohd. Hasan
Published: August 2021

The surging usage of electric vehicles (EVs) demand the robust deployment of trustworthy electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) with millisecond range latency and massive machine to machine communications where 5G could act. However, 5G suffers from inherent protocols, hardware, and software vulnerabilities that seriously threaten the communicating entities' cyber‐physical security. To overcome these limitations in the EVCS system, this paper analyses the impact of False Data Injection (FDI) and Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attacks on the operation of EVCS. This work is an extension of the previously published conference paper about the EVCS. As new features, this paper simulates the FDI attack and the syn flood DDoS attacks on 5G enabled remote Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system that controls the solar photovoltaics (PV) controller, Battery Energy Storage (BES) controller, and EV controller of the EVCS. The extent of delay has been increased to more than 500 ms with the severe DDoS attack via 5G. The attacks make the EVCS system oscillate or shift the DC operating point. The frequency of oscillation, its damping, and the system's resiliency are found to be related to the attacks' intensity and the target controller. Finally, the novel stacked Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are proposed solely based on the electrical fingerprint. This model can detect the stealthy cyberattacks that bypass the cyber layer and go unnoticed in the monitoring system with nearly 100% detection accuracy.
Boundary augment: A data augment method to defend poison attack
Authors: Chen Xuan , Ma YueNa , Lu ShiWei , Yao Yu
Published: August 2021

In recent years, Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) have been applied in many fields such as computer vision and natural language processing. Many third‐party cloud training platforms have been built to facilitate many individual users or small enterprises for training their models, for example, Colab(google) or AWS cloud platform. For these cloud platforms, there exist many potentially fatal risks, including poison attacks. At the same time, as for federated learning, poison attack is also a severe threat to which. In this paper, a novel method to defend against poison attacks by estimating the distribution of poison data and retraining the backdoor model with a few training data is introduced. The estimated distribution under the manifold DeepFool algorithm fits the poison data well, which can be used to search the manifold boundary of the poisoned data and the clean. Unlike empirical defense methods, the authors' approach is attack‐agnostic, which means that the approach is robust for the various attack methods. Also, it is proven that the adversarial training approach is a practical approach to defend against the poison attack. The authors' approach is tested on the datasets MNIST, CIFAR‐10, GTSRB and ImageNet. The accuracy of the retrained model decreases slightly, but the ASR drops drastically, which proves that our approach has a powerful generalization to defend against the most poison attacks.
Power absorption modelling and analysis of a multi‐axis wave energy converter
Authors: Tan Ming , Cen Yuhao , Yang Yuxuan , Liu Xiaodong , Si Yulin , Qian Peng , Zhang Dahai
Published: August 2021

A point absorber wave energy converter (WEC) which converts wave energy into electrical energy with a multi‐axis power‐take‐off (PTO) system is considered here. Previous wave tank trials have proved the ability of the multi‐axis WEC to absorb wave power. In this study, the boundary element method (BEM) based software Ansys@ AQWATM was applied to model and analyze the power absorption performance of the multi‐axis WEC for a wider range of regular and irregular waves. To verify the numerical model, a laboratory‐scale physical model was manufactured and tested. Results show that the multi‐axis WEC can absorb more power from the incident regular wave power compared to single‐axis WECs and the efficiency reaches up to 45%. It is found that the wave frequency and incident angle significantly influence the amount of absorbed power from different motion modes and PTO axes. Then the numerical model is simulated at 12 nearshore locations in East and South China Sea. The results indicate that the multi‐axis WEC can absorb up to 5 kW and the efficiency can reach up to 29% at the most energetic site Shengshan. In addition, considerable differences of mean absorbed power efficiency can be found between sea states.
Price‐based unit commitment with decision‐dependent uncertainty in hourly demand
Authors: Su Jinshun , Dehghanian Payman , Lejeune Miguel A.
Published: August 2021

The price‐based unit commitment (PBUC) problem aims to optimise the power generating units' schedules to meet the system demand with the objective to maximise the generation companies' (GENCOs') profit. State‐of‐the‐art PBUC models have taken into account exogenous uncertainties in renewable generation, demand, and price signals. This study proposes a novel PBUC problem formulation with endogenous or decision‐dependent uncertainty (DDU) in the elastic portion of the demand. The proposed PBUC model is formulated as a mixed‐integer non‐linear programming (MINLP) problem with non‐convex continuous relaxation. A concavification approach is developed to reformulate the non‐convex MINLP model as an equivalent mixed‐integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model whose continuous relaxation is convex. Case studies considering GENCOs owning and operating 3, 12, 19, and 40 generating units demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed DDU‐aware PBUC formulation on the GENCOs' anticipated profits.
Asteroseismology of evolved stars to constrain the internal transport of angular momentum
Authors: Fellay L. , Buldgen G. , Eggenberger P. , Khan S. , Salmon S. J. A. J. , Miglio A. , Montalbán J.
Published: August 2021

Context. The observations of global stellar oscillations of post-main-sequence stars by space-based photometry missions have allowed us to directly determine their internal rotation. These constraints have pointed towards the existence of angular momentum transport processes not accounted for in theoretical models. Constraining the properties of their internal rotation thus appears to be the golden path to determine the physical nature of these missing dynamical processes.

Aims. Our aim is to determine the robustness of a new approach to study the internal rotation of post-main-sequence stars, using parametric rotation profiles coupled to a global optimization technique.

Methods. We tested our methodology on Kepler-56, a red giant observed by the Kepler mission. First, we carried out an extensive modelling of the star using global and local minimizations techniques, and seismic inversions. Then, using our best model, we study in details its internal rotation profile, we adopted a Bayesian approach to constrain stellar parametric predetermined rotation profiles using a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of the rotational splittings of mixed modes.

Results. Our Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of the rotational splittings allows us to determine the core and envelope rotation of Kepler-56 and gives us hints about the location of the transition between the slowly rotating envelope and the fast-rotating core. We are able to discard a rigid rotation profile in the radiative regions followed by a power law in the convective zone, and we show that the data favours a transition located in the radiative region, as predicted by processes originating from a turbulent nature such as for example magnetic instabilities.

Conclusions. Our new approach to studying the internal rotation of red giants constitutes a viable option to analyse Kepler targets and allows us to put stringent constraints on the properties of the missing angular momentum transport process acting in post-main-sequence stars. Our analysis of Kepler-56 indicates that turbulent processes whose transport efficiency is reduced by chemical gradients are favoured, while large-scale fossil magnetic fields are disfavoured as a solution to the missing angular momentum transport.
Outflows in the presence of cosmic rays and waves with cooling
Authors: Ko C. M. , Ramzan B. , Chernyshov D. O.
Published: August 2021

Context. Plasma outflow from a gravitational potential well with cosmic rays and self-excited Alfvén waves with cooling and wave damping is studied in the hydrodynamics regime.

Aims. We study outflows in the presence of cosmic ray and Alfvén waves including the effect of cooling and wave damping. We seek physically allowable steady-state subsonic-supersonic transonic solutions.

Methods. We adopted a multi-fluid hydrodynamical model for the cosmic ray plasma system. Thermal plasma, cosmic rays, and self-excited Alfvén waves are treated as fluids. Interactions such as cosmic-ray streaming instability, cooling, and wave damping were fully taken into account. We considered one-dimensional geometry and explored steady-state solutions. The model is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations, which we solved for subsonic-supersonic transonic solutions with given boundary conditions at the base of the gravitational potential well.

Results. We find that physically allowable subsonic-supersonic transonic solutions exist for a wide range of parameters. We studied the three-fluid system (considering only forward-propagating Alfvén waves) in detail. We examined the cases with and without cosmic ray diffusion separately. Comparisons of solutions with and without cooling and with and without wave damping for the same set of boundary conditions (on density, pressures of thermal gas, cosmic rays and waves) are presented. We also present the interesting case of a four-fluid system (both forward- and backward-propagating Alfvén waves are included), highlighting the intriguing relation between different components.
Nonsequential neural network for simultaneous, consistent classification, and photometric redshifts of OTELO galaxies
Authors: de Diego J. A. , Nadolny J. , Bongiovanni Á. , Cepa J. , Lara-López M. A. , Gallego J. , Cerviño M. , Sánchez-Portal M. , Ignacio González-Serrano J. , Alfaro E. J. , Pović M. , Pérez García A. M. , Pérez Martínez R. , Padilla Torres C. P. , Cedrés B. , García-Aguilar D. , González J. J. , González-Otero M. , Navarro-Martínez R. , Pintos-Castro I.
Published: August 2021

Context.Computational techniques are essential for mining large databases produced in modern surveys with value-added products.

Aims.This paper presents a machine learning procedure to carry out a galaxy morphological classification and photometric redshift estimates simultaneously. Currently, only a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting has been used to obtain these results all at once.

Methods.We used the ancillary data gathered in the OTELO catalog and designed a nonsequential neural network that accepts optical and near-infrared photometry as input. The network transfers the results of the morphological classification task to the redshift fitting process to ensure consistency between both procedures.

Results.The results successfully recover the morphological classification and the redshifts of the test sample, reducing catastrophic redshift outliers produced by an SED fitting and avoiding possible discrepancies between independent classification and redshift estimates. Our technique may be adapted to include galaxy images to improve the classification.
Novel Classification of the Branching Patterns of the Superficial Branch and the Deep Branch of the Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery and the Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery on Computed Tomographic Angiography
Authors: Fuse Yuma , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Karakawa Ryo , Yano Tomoyuki
Published: August 2021

Background Recent advances in the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) perforator flap transfer emphasized the necessity to comprehensively understand the lower abdominal vasculature. This study aimed to clarify the relationship among the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA), the superficial branch (SCIAs), and the deep branch (SCIAd) of the SCIA.

Methods Computed tomographic angiography was retrospectively reviewed in 312 hemiabdomens in 161 female patients who underwent abdominal flap breast reconstruction. We assessed the presence, caliber, and branching patterns of the SCIA branches and the SIEA.

Results The SIEA-SCIA common trunk was present in 40.1% of the hemiabdomen and was identified in either side of the abdomen in 63.6% of patients. At least one superficial vessel larger than 1.5 mm was found in 61.5% of hemiabdomens. Seven branching patterns of the SCIA-SIEA system were noted: (1) the SCIA and the SIEA originated together (17.0%); (2) the SIEA and the SCIAs shared an origin (22.8%), (3) the SCIA and the SIEA branched separately (17.0%), (4) each artery originated separately (8.0%); (5) the SCIAs and the SCIAd emerged together with the SIEA absent (17.3%); (6) the SCIAs and the SCIAd originated separately with the SIEA absent (13.1%); (7) the SIEA and SCIAd originated separately with the SCIAs absent (3.5%).

Conclusion SCIA-SIEA branching patterns were classified into seven distinctive patterns. This novel classification may help surgeons to choose the optimal pedicle when using the hemi-abdomen region as the donor site.
Utility of ERAS Pathway in Nonabdominal-Based Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Efficacy in PAP Flap Reconstruction?
Authors: Cho Min-Jeong , Garza Ricardo , Teotia Sumeet S. , Haddock Nicholas T.
Published: August 2021

Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are effective in decreasing hospital length of stay and inpatient opioid consumption. Implementation of these protocols in abdominally based breast reconstruction has been successful. When a patient is a poor candidate for abdominally based flaps a popular secondary option is the profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap. We present our experience with implementation of our ERAS protocol in patients treated with PAP flaps for breast reconstruction.

Methods Retrospective review of patients treated with autologous breast reconstruction using PAP flaps before and after ERAS implementation were performed. Patient characteristics, postoperative oral morphine equivalents (OMEs), and flap data were collected.

Results A total of 87 patients were included in this study (58 patients in pre-ERAS and 29 patients in ERAS group). There was no statistical difference in patient age, comorbidities, smoking, and radiation between two groups. The ERAS group had statistically lower hospital length of stay (2.6 vs. 3.8 days), procedure time (315 vs. 433 minutes), postoperative day 0 (54.8 vs. 96.3), postoperative day 1 (29.9 vs. 57.7), and total opioid consumption (103.7 vs. 192.1). There was no statistical difference in average pain scores between two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that procedure time significantly increased the amount of opioid consumption while ERAS implementation significantly reduced LOS and opioid consumption.

Conclusion Use of an ERAS protocol in PAP flap breast reconstruction has not been previously studied. Our work shows that ERAS implementation in PAP flap breast reconstruction significantly reduces inpatient opioid use and length of hospital stay.
A Comparison of the Use of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Visualization Systems by Novice and Experienced Microsurgeons in Microsurgical Vessel Anastomosis: An Analysis Using the Chicken Model
Authors: Wang Wen-Chien , Hu Hsiang-Wei , Ciudad Pedro , Lin Bor-Shyh , Chen Hung-Chi , Chang Chang-Cheng
Published: August 2021

Background Various studies have discussed the benefits of applying three-dimensional (3D) techniques, specifically its advantages with respect to ergonomics, feasibility, and the rate of learning achievable in microsurgery training. However, no study has been conducted that compares the operator experience of using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D systems in microsurgical training. The aim of this study is to compare 2D- and 3D-assisted microsurgical training in novices based on anastomosis of chicken femoral arteries.

Methods The participants were grouped by previous microsurgical experience. Group A includes novice participants. Group B includes 2D-experienced participants. Group C includes both participants in groups A and B. A questionnaire composed of 10 parameters in the field of image quality, dexterity, ergonomic, and feasibility will be filled out after each participant finished their anastomoses by the 2D and 3D systems.

Results The results demonstrated 3D system was scored better on “field of view” (p = 0.004), “less tremor” (p = 0.005), “neck/upper back comfort” (p = 0.043), “lower back comfort” (p = 0.015), “technical feasibility” (p = 0.020), and “educational feasibility” (p = 0.004) in group A (N = 12). In group B (N = 9), 3D system was scored better on “field of view” (p = 0.041) but worse on “image resolution” (p = 0.031).

Conclusion With the 3D visualization system for microsurgical anastomosis of chicken femoral model, there are significant improvements in the field of view, stability, ergonomics, and educational value compared with 2D system among all participants. Accordingly, 3D-assisted microsurgery training can be a novel and potential popular training method.
Animal welfare and conservation medicine.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: August 2021

This chapter contains questions on the welfare of animals in zoos, the veterinary care of these animals and some common diseases and conditions.
Zoo organisation and regulation.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: August 2021

This chapter contains questions on the organisation of zoos, the role of zoo professionals, record keeping, zoo legislation and the international conventions that affect zoos.
Sedentary time, physical activity, and serum SPARC in a middle‐aged population
Authors: Nishida Yuichiro , Hara Megumi , Higaki Yasuki , Taguchi Naoto , Nakamura Kazuyo , Nanri Hinako , Imaizumi Takeshi , Sakamoto Tatsuhiko , Shimanoe Chisato , Horita Mikako , Shinchi Koichi , Tanaka Keitaro
Published: August 2021

The influence of habitual physical activity (PA) on the circulating levels of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) remains unclear. The purpose of the current study was to clarify the effects of sedentary time, light‐intensity PA (LPA), and moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity PA (MVPA) on the serum SPARC in a general middle‐aged population. The current study is a cross‐sectional study of 4,000 men and 6,040 women (40–69 years). Sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA were objectively measured by an accelerometer. The serum SPARC concentration was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Using an isotemporal substitution model, cross‐sectional associations of replacing sedentary time with either LPA or MVPA on serum SPARC levels were analysed according to sex. Interactions with subject characteristics, such as the body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption, were also examined. In men, replacing 60 min of sedentary time with 60 min of MVPA was significantly associated with 23 ng/mL lower serum SPARC levels (confidence interval: −43, −2) after adjusting for confounders, including the BMI (P = 0.028). A significant interaction between replacing sedentary behaviour with LPA and the BMI on SPARC was detected in women (P = 0.029), although the stratified associations for each BMI level (<25 or ≥25 kg/m2) did not reach significance. The current study suggests that replacing sedentary time with MVPA is associated with reduced serum SPARC levels in middle‐aged men, but not in women. In addition, a potential interaction between LPA and the BMI on SPARC was also found in women.

Highlights

An isotemporal substitution analysis showed that replacing sedentary behaviour with moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) is associated with decreased serum SPARC levels in men.

Such an inverse association between replacing sedentary behaviour with MVPA and the SPARC levels was not observed in women.

A potential interaction between replacing sedentary behaviour with light‐intensity PA and the body mass index on the serum SPARC levels was also found in women.
Associations Between Smoking Status and Physical and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life Among Individuals With Mobility Impairments
Authors: Endrighi Romano , Zhao Yihong , Hughes Rosemary B , Kumar Deepak , Borrelli Belinda
Published: August 2021

Background

In the general population, quitting smoking is associated with improved health-related quality of life (QoL), but this association has not been examined in smokers with chronic mobility impairments (MIs).

Purpose

We examined associations between smoking status and health-related QoL over 6 months, and whether relationships are moderated by depression and MI severity.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of a smoking cessation induction trial among smokers with MIs (n = 241, 56% female, 36% Black) assessed at baseline, and 4 and 6 months after. Participants were grouped into “Smokers” (smoking at 4 and 6 months), “Abstainers” (quit at 4 and 6 months), “Relapsers” (relapsed at 6 months), and “Late-quitters” (quit at 6 months). Physical and mental health-related QoL was assessed with the Short-Form Health Survey. Depression was defined as scores ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire, and MI severity by the use of skilled care for personal needs. Data were analyzed with linear mixed models.

Results

Aggregating across time, among nondepressed participants, compared with “Smokers,” the “Abstainer,” and “Late-quitter” groups improved their physical health scores. “Late-quitters” also improved compared with “Relapsers.” Among the total sample, compared with “Smokers,” “Abstainers” showed improvements in mental health scores overtime, whereas “Relapsers” improved their score at 4 months, and “Late-quitters” improved at 6 months.

Conclusions

Quitting smoking is associated with improvements in physical health-related QoL regardless of the severity of MI but only among those without depression at baseline. For mental health-related QoL, associations with quitting smoking were independent of baseline depression and severity of MI.