bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bodily Activity and Perceptual Activity
Authors: McKitrick Keith G.
Published: September 2011

This report describes the results of 2 studies designed to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse relation between bodily and perceptual activity. In Study I 100 college students' bodily movements were recorded by kymograph while they were tested for the autokinetic illusion, reversible figure-ground, Necker cube reversals, and visual figural aftereffects. No significant correlations were found between bodily movement and perceptual scores. Study II involved only autokinetic illusion scores and induced bodily activity of 200 Ss. Significant linear correlations were found in the expected direction, i.e., bodily movement correlated positively with autokinetic latency in both males and females; bodily movement was negatively correlated with extent of autokinetic movement in females. Female Ss in both studies showed significantly greater autokinetic latency than males.
Kinesthetic Aftereffects are in the Hands, Not in Phenomenal Space
Authors: Cameron Paul , Wertheimer Michael
Published: September 2011

Kinesthetic figural aftereffects (KFAE) were measured in 44 Ss to determine whether satiation occurs in the hands or in phenomenal three-dimensional space. KFAE of equal sign and magnitude occurred in the hands handling the satiation objects whether the arms were crossed or uncrossed during the satiation period. Therefore the satiation effect is in the hands, not in phenomenal space.
Quantitative Tactual-Kinesthetic Judgment
Authors: Churchill A. V.
Published: September 2011

The results of a previous experiment showed that a bilateral kinesthetic difference did not obtain when tactual-kinesthetic judgments were made with the left and right hands. The present experiment was designed to eliminate the possible contribution of visual and kinesthetic figural aftereffects to the directional bias of errors. Results indicate that performance was equivalent with the left and right hands.
Importance of Time and its Subjective Speed
Authors: Grossman Joel S. , Hallenbeck Charles E.
Published: September 2011

We tested the hypothesis that persons who tend to judge time to be important also tend to experience time as passing swiftly. Earlier research has demonstrated that elderly persons, to whom time is presumed to be quite important, prefer faster images to describe time's passage than do young adult Ss. In this study, 39 young adults were instructed to value accuracy in performing a problem-solving task, while 40 other young adults, matched for age, education, and IQ, were instructed to value speed in performing the same task. The two groups did not differ in subjective speed of time, as measured by the “Time Metaphor Scale.” If the validity of the present methods is accepted, it is necessary to conclude from these results that the importance of time is not directly associated with its subjective speed. Direct estimations of four brief time intervals were also obtained from the 40 Ss instructed to value speed over accuracy. Within this group, persons who tended to over-estimate objective time also tended to prefer slower, more static images to describe the passage of time. This latter finding was discussed in terms of the deceleration of an internal chemical clock as originally proposed by Hoagland.
Some Physicians' Perceptions of Chiropractors, Osteopaths, and Podiatrists
Authors: Reiter Henry H.
Published: September 2011

The present study was concerned with the perceptions of 33 physicians of chiropractors, osteopaths, and podiatrists. These randomly selected physicians were interviewed for the purpose of ascertaining their relative feelings about these professions. Comparison of their ratings revealed that the physicians tended to regard osteopaths and podiatrists more favorably than chiropractors. As their total rating of chiropractors was extremely unfavorable, the physicians apparently have not modified their negative views about chiropractors.
Closure as Related to Manifest Anxiety and Rigidity
Authors: Kidd Aline H.
Published: September 2011

50 male and 50 female college students took the Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Stanford-Gough Rigidity Scale and reproduced 18 incomplete, tachistoscopically presented, designs. Significant correlations between rigidity and closure, rigidity and figure elaborations, MAS scores and closure, and closure and elaborations for both sexes were found. Results indicate significant personality-perception interactions important to development of perceptual and personality theory.
Note on Reactions of Extroverts and Introverts to Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

11 extroverts and 7 introverts were scheduled for 2 sessions of sensory deprivation. During both sessions, introverts produced more button-presses for a promised time-off reward, and they scored higher on a discomfort index derived from before-after self-ratings of well-being. Of the 5 Ss who did not complete the study, 3 were extroverts who quit during a session and 2 were introverts who quit between sessions. Interest in these results is attributed to their similarity to those obtained in a previous study by another investigator.
Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: II. Within-Subject Comparisons
Authors: Toppen J. T.
Published: September 2011

Five groups each of 10 college male Ss were given the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000): a control group received 10¢ each reinforcement, two groups were given different systematically increasing amounts and two groups were given systematically decreasing-sized payment schedules. The last 4 groups began at the same level as the control group, i.e., of 10¢ for each of the first 3 payments. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through a ⅝-in. distance, for 1 hr. Compared with control group performance, the decreasing-magnitude schedules elicited more markedly decreasing performance over time as predicted. The increasing-magnitude groups were at first inconsistent in performance, but upon repetition of one of the increasing schedules and adding a third, it was found that increasing schedules evoked performances generally higher than those of the control group, although the differences in performance compared with that of the control group were not statistically significant.
Right-Left Differences in Tachistoscopic Identification of Paralogs as a Function of Order of Approximation to English Letter Sequences
Authors: Dornbush Rhea L. , Winnick Wilma A.
Published: September 2011

Words and paralogs varying in order of approximation to English letter sequences were presented for tachistoscopic identification randomly in the right and left visual fields. The data showed significant right-left differences for words and for 2nd and 4th order approximations to English letter sequences. The results are interpreted as supporting a view of right-left retinal differences in tachistoscopic identification as related to congruence with previously established reading habits.
Size of Bender Gestalt Drawings in Psychotic Depression
Authors: Salzman Leonard F. , Harway Norman I.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons of total area scores of Bender Gestalt drawings produced by 3 patient groups (16 psychotic depressives, 20 schizophrenics, and 16 hysterical character disorders) and 28 normals were nonsignificant, suggesting that there is no generally reduced productivity in depression.
Psychology of the Scientist: XIV. Experimenters' Hypothesis-Confirmation and Mood as Determinants of Experimental Results
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , Kohn Paul , Greenfield Patricia M. , Carota Noel
Published: September 2011

26 Es, each running about 6 Ss on a photo-rating task, were led to expect one of two opposite experimental results. Within each of these two groups of Es, half had their expectancies confirmed and half had their expectancies disconfirmed by their first 2 Ss (who were actually accomplices). Within each condition, half of the Es were praised and half were reproved for their experimental technique by one of two critics. The data obtained by any given E were found to depend on: (1) which of two critics had supervised him; (2) whether he was praised or reproved; (3) whether his early data returns confirmed or disconfirmed his initial hypothesis; (4) the initial hypothesis itself (when confirmed by early returns); and (5) certain of his more enduring personal characteristics.
Behavior Patterns of Groups Experimentally Confined
Authors: Hammes John A. , Watson James A.
Published: September 2011

In a series of tests, behavior patterns of two 30-person fallout shelter occupancy groups were evaluated to determine effects of confinement for 2 wk. under conditions of austerity. No adverse fatigue effect was observed.
Further Data on a Stress Syndrome Related to Achievement Motivation: Relationships with Age and Basal Serum Cholesterol Level
Authors: Thiesen J. Warren , Brown Kenneth D. , Forgus Ronald H. , Evans Silas M. , Williams Genie M. , Taylor Jerome
Published: September 2011

A cross-validation of a standard method of measuring striving-induced stress is described. The sensitivity of the previously reported stress measures, based on heart-rate elevation, is verified. The procedure is demonstrably applicable to more varied populations than those used in the original standardization. While a tendency toward higher over-all heart rates with increased age was observed, the principal specific finding was a positive association of basal serum cholesterol level with post-stress heart rate, independent of age. Individuals with higher serum cholesterol levels showed less complete recovery following stress and higher initial heart rates, but they did not necessarily show a stronger immediate response to the stressors. Psychosomatic implications are discussed.
Bender Gestalt Test Distortions in Hemiplegia
Authors: Diller Leonard , Weinberg Joseph
Published: September 2011

Drawings of Bender Gestalt Test figures by 16 left hemiplegics and 22 right hemiplegics were compared with those of 11 unilateral amputees who drew the figures with both their right hand and their left hand. The LH group showed systematic tilt in their drawings in a counterclockwise direction in both the vertical and horizontal planes as well as disturbances in the integration of vertical and horizontal planes. When the hemiplegic groups were combined, deviations on the BGT were found to be associated with deviations in judging a luminous line in a dark room. The findings suggest a rationale for some kinds of disturbances on the BGT. In addition, the LH group had significantly more rotations, omissions, and additions.
Transfer of Training between Quickened and Unquickened Displays
Authors: Dooley Roger P. , Newton John M.
Published: September 2011

Transfer effects between quickened and unquickened displays were assessed in terms of system error rather than the displayed error used in a previous study (Holland & Henson, 1956). Twelve Ss were divided into 2 groups of 6; each group received 100 1-min. learning trials on one display and then was switched to the other display for 5 trials. In both cases, transfer was positive but incomplete, a confirmation of Holland and Henson's findings. However, initial practice with the unquickened display was characterized by high performance variability, and this was not significantly reduced by previous practice with the quickened display.
Monkeys' Solution of an Ambiguous-Cue Problem
Authors: Fletcher Harold J. , Bordow Allan M.
Published: September 2011

In a WGTA situation 12 monkeys were trained on a 2-choice discrimination task involving 3 stimuli: P, the consistently rewarded stimulus; N, the consistently nonrewarded stimulus; and A, the stimulus ambiguously rewarded depending upon whether it was paired with either P or N on a particular trial. Trials were either of the PA or NA type, and 6 Ss received a random schedule of such trials throughout 12 sessions while 6 Ss received a schedule designed to gradually introduce the two types of trials. The results unambiguously demonstrated that regardless of training method Ss were correct more often on the PA trial. Confirming and extending previous research, these data were interpreted in terms of parallel development of excitatory and inhibitory processes.
Complexity Judgments of Photographs and Looking Time
Authors: Leckart Bruce T. , Bakan Paul
Published: September 2011

30 normal adult Ss viewed each of 30 color slides of real objects and places for as long as they wished. The stimuli had previously been rated on a 7-point scale of complexity and divided into 3 groups of 10 each representing 3 levels of complexity: high, low, and middle. The positive relationship between complexity and looking time previously found for other stimuli holds for realistic photographs as well.
Individual Differences in Maximal Speed of Muscular Contraction and Reaction Time
Authors: Smith Leon E.
Published: September 2011

50 college men participated in an investigation of the relationship between standing RT and the maximal vertical velocity which the body can generate while in contact with the ground. The results support recent studies which reflect the high degree of specificity of individual differences in motor abilities. The nonsignificant correlation of −0.31 indicates that vertical body speed cannot be predicted from a knowledge of standing RT.
Exploring Eidetic Imagery among the Retarded
Authors: Siipola Elsa M. , Hayden Susan D.
Published: September 2011

Since Haber and Haber had recently established the fact that eidetic imagery (EI) is not a common phenomenon among normal American children, this study was based upon the premise that it may be an abnormal phenomenon, more likely to be found among retarded children. It was reasoned that the prolonged retention of a primitive form of cognition (typified by EI) should be a more likely component of a generally retarded rate of conceptual and language development. This prediction was tested by administering Haber's test for EI to a small group of 34 retarded children. The percentage of eidetikers found in this retarded sample was more than three times greater than that in Haber's normal sample. The total retarded group was selected so as to include an approximately equal number of brain-injured and familial Ss. The most striking finding of this study was the fact that almost all (89% to 100%) of the eidetikers belonged to the brain-injured group. The duration of their images was very long (up to 10 min.) and correlated more highly with primary measures of EI than did accuracy of the reported detail. If these dramatic preliminary results are confirmed with a larger sample, they have interesting implications for a neurological theory of imagery, for future research and for the diagnosis of brain-injured children.
An Apparatus for Varying Size of Rectangles Continuously and Proportionally
Authors: Haralson John V.
Published: September 2011

A simple apparatus is described with which size of rectangles can be continuously varied while holding ratio of base to altitude constant.
Sensory Stimulation and Rhesus Monkey Activity
Authors: Draper William A.
Published: September 2011

Variation in the cage activity (measured simultaneously by a photoelectric relay system and an ultrasonic activity recorder) of six rhesus monkeys was directly related to the level of ambient illumination, whereas changes in noise level had only minimal effect. Activity changes were specific to the stimulus condition and no systematic residual post-condition effects were in evidence.
Time Estimation as an Indicator of Attention-Arousal When Perceiving Complex and Meaningful Stimulus Material
Authors: Bokander Ingvar
Published: September 2011

The covariation between time estimation and simultaneous perception of visual stimuli chosen to evoke different amounts of attention-arousal was studied. Pictures with high attention-value or arousal potential slowed the conscious internal clock as compared with more neutral pictures. The loss of attention-value in the loaded pictures after prolonged confrontation could be observed in Ss' time estimations. At the end of the experimental session the difference between pictures with initially different attention-values disappeared in the time estimations.
Stimulus Correlates of Visual Pattern Discrimination by Monkeys: Pattern Complexity
Authors: Polidora V. J. , Thompson Wayne J.
Published: September 2011

14 rhesus monkeys were presented 2-choice simultaneous visual pattern discrimination problems which were designed to provide estimates of the extent to which 3 physical dimensions of metric patterns determine discriminability. The results replicated our previous reports that discriminative performance was directly related to Element Disparity (ED) and Contour Disparity (CD), and that the ED and CD effects were independent. Performance was inversely related to a trichotomous dimension of Pattern Complexity (PC), but a more detailed analysis revealed that the effect of PC could be attributed solely to the effect of the Sides Level (SL) dimension identified previously.
Effect of Differently Colored Incidental Stimuli on Cued Discriminations
Authors: Cohen David B. , Nelson Willard H.
Published: September 2011

The effect on choices of geometric forms of using differently colored, similar, geometric forms as incidental cues was investigated. For this task there was a significant difference in frequency of choice of cued form associated with sex, but none associated with the 5 different colors for the 18 male and 22 female Ss tested. The use of colored incidental cues did not result in significantly more frequent choice of cued form than did the use of non-colored incidental cues.
Estimation of Perpendicularity and Laying of Right Angles
Authors: Strauss Paul S. , Carlock Jack
Published: September 2011

As part of a larger field study, 10 Ss estimated the perpendicularity of a flat wire to an undefined road edge, a string to a flat wire, and the flat wire angularly bent. Differences were found between estimations made without a definite baseline ( Mangle = 97.9°) and estimations made with a clearer baseline ( Mangle = 90.7°). There were no significant differences between conditions where some type of a definite baseline was available.
IQ Differences of Right and Left Spastic Hemiplegic Children
Authors: Hammill Donald , Irwin Orvis C.
Published: September 2011

Differences in IQ between 74 right and 53 left spastic hemiplegic boys and girls from 36 states were found to be nonsignificant ( p > .05).
Individual Differences in Performance of a Discrimination Task
Authors: Lovejoy Elijah , Manley Myron B. , Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Fifth-grade children performed a four-display discrimination task in which reinforcement depended on the positions of two stimulus alternatives and the identities of extra stimuli not offered for choice. There were 84 Ss, of whom only 33 solved the task. Results for solvers and nonsolvers were correlated separately with seven reference measures obtained from school records. A factor analysis was then performed on the data for solvers. The most important outcome was a factor determined principally by a vocabulary measure and the discrimination task of interest.
Semantic Description of Complex and Meaningful Stimulus Material
Authors: Bokander Ingvar
Published: September 2011

A collection of photographic portraits was judged with the aid of Osgood's semantic differential. The data were factor analysed, and two dimensions emerged which could be associated with Osgood's “evaluation” and “dynamism” factors.
An Explanation for a Contradiction in the Effects of Figure Measured in Terms of Light Threshold and CFF
Authors: Somiya Tamotsu
Published: September 2011

An apparent contradiction in the effects of figure measured in terms of light threshold and CFF was explained on the basis of interactions of onset-offset stimulus characteristics, duration of the stimulus, and background illumination.
Knee and Arm Joints in Human Figure Drawings as Indicants of Paranoid Trends: Replication and Extension
Authors: Coyle F. A.
Published: September 2011

The drawings of 30 paranoid schizophrenics and 30 chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics were examined. Chi square analysis indicated that presence of joints differentiated female paranoids from female non-paranoids but no difference was found between male diagnostic groups. When sexes were pooled, a pronounced tendency for the differentiation of diagnostic groups was present. A post hoc analysis revealed an extension of the significance of joints as paranoid indicants. The Schizophrenic Reaction, Paranoid Type group drew joints on the figures whose sex was opposite their own sex more often than did the Schizophrenic Reaction, Chronic Undifferentiated Type group (.05 > p > .02). It was hypothesized that joints are representative of focal points of tension, being indicative of the tension produced by the threat paranoids feel in heterosexual relationships.
Perceptual Carelessness, Drawing Precision, and Oral Activity among Normal Six-Year-Olds
Authors: McPherson Marion White , Popplestone John A. , Evans Katherine A.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 61 normal 6-yr.-olds was less successful than a comparable sample of 62 5-yr.-olds in recognizing the appropriate location for arms and legs in incomplete pictures of people. Within the former sample a significantly higher N of perceptually inaccurate Ss obtained scores on two Goodenough-Harris items, the proportion of arms and legs, the same anatomical parts that were misperceived. Also, more of these Ss moved their mouths while looking in a mirror. Thus, some normal 6-yr.-olds fail to exhibit an increment in perceptual acuity with advancing CA, draw anatomical parts with more detail than they perceive, and reveal bodily concern during initiation of latency.
Functional Similarity of Imaging to Perceiving: Individual Differences in Vividness of Imagery
Authors: Sheehan Peter Winston
Published: September 2011

Ss vary in the degree of vividness of their imagery. It is hypothesized that different degrees of correspondence between imaging and perceptual behavior are associated with individual differences in reported vividness of imagery. Results support the hypothesis of a functional similarity between imaging and perceiving. Vivid imagers behave in a way similar to the way they behave when they perceive; poor imagers behave in both a similar and dissimilar fashion. Vivid imagery reinstitutes the accuracy of the perceiving process. Differences in experience with the object imaged do not account for the variation in vividness, although familiarity with the stimulus has some effect on the quality of imagery expressed. Familiarity with the object imaged makes for more vivid imagery only in those Ss who have the capacity to image vividly.
Field Dependence and Memory for Relevant and Irrelevant Incidental Stimuli
Authors: Eagle Morris , Fitzgibbons David , Goldberger Leo
Published: September 2011

On the basis of previous work, it was hypothesized that field-independent Ss would show better incidental memory for task-relevant stimuli, while field-dependent Ss would better remember incidentally presented task-irrelevant social cues. Only the former was supported by the results. It is possible that the latter depends upon the social context of the interaction between subject and experimenter.
Effects upon Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility of Postponement of an Examination
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects upon affective responses of students when a course examination was postponed twice. 44 students in a college English class were given the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) two days before the scheduled examination and were asked to fill it out every day for 2 wk. as a study of moods. Results indicated a rise in anxiety, depression, hostility for each exam day but a decline in intensity over the 3 exam days. Compared to students who did well on the exam, poor students were generally more hostile, were made more hostile by the imminent examination, and remained more hostile on the day following the exam.
Sensory Dominance in Normal and Backward Readers
Authors: Bakker Dirk J.
Published: September 2011

32 children (10 normal readers, 10 non-resistant backward readers, and 12 resistant backward readers) were examined for visual and kinaesthetic sensitivity, as measured by a difference-threshold procedure. Birch's hypothesis that the failure of the visual system to be dominant in sensory systems may lead to reading difficulties was tested. To verify this hypothesis the rank-differences, S's visual minus his kinaesthetic threshold rank, should be larger in backward than in normal readers. Results support the hypothesis In addition, it appeared that the dyslectics differ from normal readers not so much by greater kinaesthetic as by lower visual sensitivity. The existence of a smaller visual dominance in dyslectics may be responsible for kinaesthetic interference in the visual information process in reading.
Extent, Direction, and Latency of Autokinetic Movement as a Function of Placement of an Adjacent Light
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Four Os drew maps of their autokinetic movement for a central light when it was the only stimulus, and when another light was adjacent to it. Eight directions (at 45° intervals) at each of two distances from the central light (1.27 and 2.54 cm) were used to yield 16 different placements of the light-pairs. The addition of the second light in any placement resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of movement and an increase in its latency. At either of the distances used, both lights were still viewed in the fovea, and the results did not differ in this respect. The direction of the second light from the central one did exert a significant influence, however. The results are compatible with the view that autokinesis results from a combination of eye movements and efferent tension.
Further Validation of the Special Favorable Response Occurring during Unconscious Self-Evaluation
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Mirin Stephen
Published: September 2011

Although 31 male students did not recognize their own shadow profiles, these were rated as more friendly and intelligent than profiles of others. For 23 Ss favorableness of self ratings of profiles correlated .36 with thresholds for a tachistoscopically presented picture having a narcissistic theme. Data are intepreted in terms of perceptual defense.
Performance Degradation Effects of Information Loading
Authors: Urmer A. H.
Published: September 2011

Performance degradation as related to visual information transmission was investigated in a simulated military display system. The results indicated a sharp performance decline at a saturation point rather than a gradual decline.
Order of Presentation, Duration and Latency of Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Panagiotou Maria A. , Roberts William A.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I the duration and latency of contracting and expanding SAE illusions were measured for alternating and consistent orders of presentation with 1-min. intervals between trials. The duration of the illusion was shorter under the alternating order than under the consistent order, and this effect was attributed to the carry-over of neural aftereffects from one trial to the next. In Exp. II order of presentation was again investigated with intertrial interval varied from 1 to 5 min. The results revealed two types of inhibitory effects: (1) a general inhibitory effect produced when one illusion of either type follows another illusion of either type and (2) a specific inhibitory effect which occurs only when successive illusions are of opposite direction. Latency appears to be inversely related to duration.
An Approach to Defining Mother-Child Interaction Styles
Authors: Kogan Kate L. , Wimberger Herbert C.
Published: September 2011

The study describes the development of a method for coding and recording the objective non-verbal interactions which take place between preschool-aged children and their mothers. Trained observers speak the codes into one channel of a stereophonic tape recorder while the verbal interactions are simultaneously being recorded on the other channel. Illustrative data from two culturally advantaged and two culturally disadvantaged subject pairs were analyzed in terms of the avenues by which they communicated to demonstrate that the quantitative measures have sufficient consistency on two comparable occasions to warrant applying detailed pattern and sequence analysis techniques.
Stimulus Parameter Considerations and Individual Differences in Cutaneous Sensitivity to Electropulse Stimulation
Authors: Brown R. L. , Spern R. A. , Schmitt K. , Solomon A.
Published: September 2011

The two experiments described were concerned with defining the optimal parameter values for an electropulse stimulus and the extent of S differences. In Exp. I, touch and pain threshold variations were established on 12 Ss as a function of pulse number (1, 4, 8) and pulse duration (0.5, 1.0 msec). Significant support was obtained for use of a single pulse of 0.5-msec. duration. In Exp. II, touch and pain thresholds were obtained on 20 Ss coincident with body region and session variation. The abdomen and chest appear to be ideal electrode sites. S differences over time were discussed.
Occurrence of a Complementary Event in Probability-Learning
Authors: Stutman Eileen , Schipper Lowell M.
Published: September 2011

Ss were trained to predict the occurrence of a single event as a function of the probabilities of this event following individual predictors (πs = .10, .30, .50, .70, .90). Half of the Ss were trained to make these predictions in a situation where a second event complementary to the first occurred whenever the first event did not occur and half made the predictions where the first event either occurred or did not occur and nothing else happened. Rather clear cut differential “learning” of the individual probabilities was demonstrated.
A Factor Analytic Approach to Impulse as Measured by Arrow Dot I, Q, and Sort
Authors: Rankin R. J. , Thompson Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The Arrow Dot Impulse, Porteus Maze Q, and S-O Rorschach Test were given to 180 Ss. These three measures of impulse were intercorrelated and found to be independent of each other. The above measures were factored along with a measure of intelligence, the MMPI Lie Scale and a direction following test. All impulse tests were independent of intelligence, and only the AD I loaded on a factor resembling direction following ability. It is suggested that the impulse measures not be used interchangeably.
Recognition Thresholds and Accuracy for Differing Body Regions as a Function of Number of Electrodes and Their Spacing
Authors: Brown R. L. , Spern R. A. , Schmitt K. , Solomon A.
Published: September 2011

Recognition thresholds and maximum accuracy levels were established on 12 Ss as a function of number of electrodes (2, 3, 4, and 5) and inter-electrode distance for various body regions (chest, abdomen, and back). There was little systematic difference among body regions with respect to the threshold and accuracy data; however, the number of electrodes proved to be significant. The abdomen appeared to be a slightly more favorable electrode site with a 5-electrode array.
A Factorial Investigation of Scores on the Porteus Maze
Authors: Rankin Richard , Thompson Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A group form of the Porteus Maze was given to 180 freshman students. Each part was treated as a separate test and intercorrelated with all other parts. The intercorrelations were relatively low and a factor analysis revealed four interpretable factors underlying the test. It is suggested that investigation determine which subscore is most valid for the prediction of delinquency.
Effects of Reinforcement Schedules on Preferences and Variability of Responses in Laboratory Rats
Authors: Benson Emery E. , Griffiths William J.
Published: September 2011

Regardless of reinforcement schedule (CRF, FR-4, VR-4) during training on a single manipulandum, transfer to a multiple-manipulandum situation under CRF showed no schedules effect. Of the transfer devices, the chain was preferred by most Ss. Individual differences were marked and probably account for the discrepancy between these results and those with children.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXII. Effects of Examiner, Examiner-Sex, and Subject-Sex upon Categorizing Behavior
Authors: Glixman Alfred F.
Published: September 2011

Recent work on experimenter effects necessitates reexamination of many research findings, and Examiner-Subject interactions may provide clues for interpersonal determinants of various functions. Examiner, Examiner-sex, and Subject-sex effects upon categorizing behavior were studied. For amount of information in S's response set and for number of categories, none of the above factors were significant. The effect of meaning-domain of statements categorized was significant (in support of previous findings), with the more personally relevant domain containing less information and having fewer categories. The same effect held for distribution of items over categories for female examiners. For male examiners, distribution of items over categories was subject to Domain X Examiner and Subject-sex × Examiner effects.
Effects of Serial Learning on Recognition Thresholds
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

Different groups of Ss were given various amounts of practice on a serial list of nonsense syllables. The usual bow-shaped curve of correct anticipations as a function of serial position was obtained. The syllables were then exposed in a tachistoscope and their recognition thresholds were determined by the method of constant stimuli. Analysis of variance of the probabilities of correct recognition as a function of frequency, serial position, and stimulus duration indicated stimulus duration was the only significant determiner of the probabilities. The usual threshold-frequency relationship was not observed.
Birth Order and Early Scientific Attainment
Authors: Datta Lois-Ellin
Published: September 2011

Being first born was not related to unusual attainment in a sample of 536 young scientists; evidence was found, however, for a more complex relation of family structure and early creative attainment.
Oral Verbalization as Interference in Running Memory
Authors: Ross Bruce M.
Published: September 2011

When Ss performing a running memory task had to speak aloud the name of a viewed symbol that was to be matched with a previously seen symbol, a significant increase in errors was produced. The control condition was the same task performed without oral naming of the viewed symbol. Since both running memory conditions required exact identification of the viewed symbol, the error increase was attributed to the requirement of speaking aloud rather than to any cognitive difficulty in symbol naming. Comparison of the above 2 conditions with 3 other interference conditions showed that the error increase from oral symbol naming was about as large as the error increase from conditions that required Ss to perform activities irrelevant to the memory task or from a condition which decreased the time to perform each memory match by 1 sec.
Equipment Note: Measuring Frequency and Duration of Control Manipulation
Authors: Dooley Roger
Published: September 2011

A method of collecting frequency-of-use and time-spent-operating data is described. The technique overcomes the difficulties of conventional methods by using touch controls which are sensitive to body capacitance.
Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Sensation Threshold
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Mellis Inga , Froeberg Jan
Published: September 2011

The effect on sensation threshold of an alternating current of different intensities applied to two fingers of one hand was studied in 15 subjects during five separate sessions. In each session stimulation corresponding to either 2, 4, 6, or 8 times the individual sensation threshold was applied intermittently during three 15-min. periods spread over 90 min. Sensation thresholds were measured at the beginning of each session and twice during the intervals between successive stimulation periods. It was shown that repeated application of supra-threshold electrical stimulation produced a rise in sensation threshold and that the magnitude of the change in threshold increased with increasing stimulus intensity.
Visual Discrimination in the Ferret
Authors: Pollard J. S. , Beale I. L. , Lysons A. M. , Preston A. C.
Published: September 2011

4 ferrets were trained to discriminate upright and inverted triangles; on transfer tests they generalized to outline figures, small figures, and isosceles triangles. After training to discriminate an upright triangle from a cross, the ferrets generalized to outline figures, rotated figures, and a background of 2-cm. striae. A number of differences in performance between ferrets and hooded rats are noted.
A Simple Electronic Apparatus to Record Continuously Changes in Pupillary Size
Authors: Landauer A. A. , Feakes R.
Published: September 2011

Chopped infra-red light is beamed at the iris and pupil and the infra-red light reflected gathered by a photo-transistor. A continuous pen recording of changes in reflectance is obtained which can be related to changes in pupil size.
Validity Coefficients for the New Harris-Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test
Authors: Dunn James A.
Published: September 2011

Three validity estimates relating Draw-A-Man scores to WISC, Stanford-Binet, California Mental Maturity, and Iowa Academic Achievement Test scores were obtained. Moderate to good correlations were found for individual IQ scores, but correlation with group test IQs was somewhat poorer. There was no correlation between Draw-A-Man IQs and academic achievement test scores.
Kinds of Experiences in the Perception of a Circle
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

When the stimulus object is a circle Ss report many different kinds of experience apart from the perception of the circle. These include (amongst many others) radii, polygons, concentric circles, and small straight lines. Most of these experiences are characterized by rhythmic oscillations for which frequency measurements are given in c/s.
Tactile Preferences in the Rat
Authors: Griffiths W. J. , Lawrence Don , Benson Emery
Published: September 2011

9 young and 9 older thirsty rats bar-pressed under CRF more for a rough-surfaced lever than for one with a smooth surface. The effect was most marked for younger Ss. A position by surface interaction was interpreted as reflecting an apparatus-evoked emotional response.
Confidence and Accuracy as a Function of Experience in Judgment-Making in the Absence of Systematic Feedback
Authors: Ryback David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the variables of confidence and accuracy as a function of experience in the absence of systematic feedback. It was hypothesized that confidence was an increasing function of experience in the absence of systematic feedback. 94 undergraduates in psychology and biology responded to 5 questionnaires composed of 10 items each comparing geometric measures of simple designs. Ss also rated confidence for each response. The administrations of these questionnaires were separated in time by 2 or 3 days. Ss were given no feedback regarding their performance. Results supported the hypothesis: confidence increased with experience, although accuracy did not, in the absence of feedback. There was no relationship between accuracy and confidence considered across Ss.
Overtraining Effects on Reversal and Nonreversal Discrimination Shifts with a Continuously Reinforced Free Operant
Authors: Uhl Charles N. , Parker B. Kent , Wooton Philip B.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a single-stimulus, successive discrimination in a free operant situation with continuous reinforcement of responding to S+. Ss were given 0, 4, or 8 days of overtraining (OT) after reaching the discrimination criterion. Half of the Ss were given a reversal shift (RS) and half a nonreversal shift (NRS). An irrelevant stimulus dimension was present at all times in Exp. 1, and it was absent in Exp. 2. OT did not affect RS or NRS learning in either experiment. NRS learning was faster than RS learning. These results were contrasted with other studies which have reported that OT facilitated RS learning and impeded NRS learning. Certain theoretical interpretations of discrimination learning, particularly Sutherland's treatment of centrally mediated attentional mechanisms, were critically discussed in light of the present findings.
Stability of Response Rates Maintained by Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Hoffman Howard S. , Selekman Warren
Published: September 2011

Key-pecking rates before and after a 1.5-yr. interruption were compared in 4 pigeons while they performed on a variable interval schedule of food reinforcement. Analyses showed large differences in rates among animals but no systematic change in the individual rates across the lengthy interruption. The stability of the individual rates were thought to reflect the retention of superstitious response chains maintained by the stimuli associated with the schedule of positive reinforcement.
Audiogenic Seizures, Activity, and Response Variability in Rats
Authors: Griffiths William J. , Benson Emery E.
Published: September 2011

62 rats, operationally divided into those who were seizure-prone and nonseizure-prone, gave similar activity measures over the shorter delays of test but seizure Ss in the longer delay groups moved less than nonseizure Ss before and after bell-can treatment. This finding was interpreted as evidence for an interaction between seizure-prone condition with longer periods of fasting. When Ss were tested in a 4-manipulandum test situation, reinforcement schedules (CRF, FR-4, VR-4, and controls) were differentially effective. Preferences for specific devices developed. Response variability did not differentiate seizure and nonseizure Ss but was significantly influenced by schedules of reinforcement.
Voyeurism and Exhibitionism
Authors: Blank Leonard , Roth Robert H.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the topics of looking and showing as they are expressed in conventional, unconventional, and deviant behaviors, nudists, college females, suburban husbands and wives, and male engineering students were administered the MMPI and DAP, Particularly when more subtle comparisons were made, nudists manifested more deviant features: sexual preoccupation, conflicts, inhibitions, and body-image distortion. Essentially, the nudist's concern with his body or the bodies of others seems to present a readiness for nudist behavior, but this readiness appears not to be uncommon in many people. Willingness to be nonconforming may be a critical aspect in determining nudism. The implications of the findings for voyeuristic and exhibitionistic behavior were considered.
Standardization and Construct Validity of the Physiognomic Cue Test
Authors: Rosett Henry L. , Robbins Herbert , Watson Walter S.
Published: September 2011

The Physiognomic Cue Test (PCT) has been standardized on 1038 high school seniors applying to art, architecture, and engineering schools. Two varimax factors were found which remained stable when 228 Ss were retested. The two factors are related but discriminably separate. They represent tendencies to accept physiognomic descriptions of line drawings presented in terms of affective states (Factor A) and in terms of inferred symbols of actual objects (Factor B). A number of hypotheses were tested to establish the construct validity of these factors. Scores are significantly related to academic field, sex, openness in expressing affect, art style, college admissions criteria, freshman grades, and to style of spontaneous response to these line drawings. Norms for this population were stable, yet may not be applicable to other groups. The PCT appears to be a suitable instrument for conveniently measuring individual differences on this cognitive control principle.
Schema Discrimination without External Reinforcement
Authors: Edmonds ED M. , Mueller Marvin R.
Published: September 2011

In two discrimination tasks, Ss readily learned to distinguish members of a schema family from non-members. This learning occurred in an insightful manner without external reinforcement.
Field Dependence and Accuracy of Comparison of Time Intervals
Authors: Preez P. Du
Published: September 2011

The relations between (a) field dependence and accuracy of time judgment, (b) extraversion and reproduction of time, (c) neuroticism and accuracy of time judgment, and (d) auditory and visual comparisons of time intervals were studied, using 50 male students as Ss. Field dependence was assessed by the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) and the Thurstone (1944) version of the Gottschaldt Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Extraversion and neuroticism were assessed by means of the MPI. In making time judgments, S had to adjust the second of two signals so as to equal the time interval of the first. The signals varied in sensory modality (auditory and visual signals were compared) and in complexity (symphonic music, a projected picture, and a pure tone and light were used). Accuracy in time judgment did not correlate with field independence, extraversion was positively, though weakly related to time judgment; neuroticism did not relate to accuracy of time judgment, and no differences were found when auditory and visual time intervals were compared.
Compensation for Auditory Re-Arrangement in the Absence of Observer Movement
Authors: Kalil Ronald , Freedman Sanford J.
Published: September 2011

Ss wearing a pseudophone which produced functional rotation of the interaural axis sat motionless watching a sound-source move in an arc in front of their bodies. After short exposures, significant adaptive compensation for this auditory re-arrangement was measured. An interpretation is suggested in terms of the resolution of intersensory discordance.
Time Perception and Conditioning an Autonomic Response in Human Infants
Authors: Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Lintz Larry M. , Brackbill Yvonne , Adams Gail
Published: September 2011

Conditioning of the autonomically regulated pupillary reflex was studied in young human infants, Sound as a CS was not effective for conditioning the pupillary reflex. Both time and time plus sound were effective CSs for establishing both conditioned pupil dilation and constriction. The results indicate a capacity in young human infants for accurately perceiving the passage of short intervals of time.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LX. Psychological Index No. 3, 1896
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

45 references to publications dealing with various aspects of skilled behavior.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXII. Psychological Index No. 5, 1898
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 56 items pertaining to skills research.
Time Perception and Anxiety
Authors: Whyman Andrew D. , Moos Rudolf H.
Published: September 2011

This paper aimed to (1) study the relationship between time perception and two levels of anxiety, (2) raise a methodological question about the measurement of time perception, and (3) measure the stability of production interval estimates. (1) 8 patients with high anxiety demonstrated greater distortions of time perception than 9 with low anxiety, (2) the choice of interval between 15 and 90 sec. was not important, and (3) the time production method is fairly stable but was affected by changes in anxiety for 5 Ss.