bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Carnosine on Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia in Mice
Authors: Ma Jing , Xiong Jia‐Yan , Hou Wei‐Wei , Yan Hai‐Jing , Sun Yun , Huang Shang‐Wei , Jin Le , Wang Ye , Hu Wei‐Wei , Chen Zhong
Published: September 2012

Aims

Recently, we found carnosine protects against N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate (NMDA) induced excitotoxicity through a histaminergic pathway. The aim of this study was to determine whether the carnosine‐histidine‐histamine pathway also played a protective role in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD).

Methods

Adult male mice (C57BL/6 strain) were subjected to right unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (rUCCAO) and treated with carnosine or histidine. Object recognition test, passive avoidance task, Morris water maze, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed after rUCCAO.

Results

We found that carnosine (200, 500 mg/kg) ameliorated white matter lesion and cognitive impairment evaluated by object recognition test, passive avoidance task, and Morris water maze test after rUCCAO in both wide‐type mice and histidine decarboxylase knockout mice, which are lack of endogenous histamine. However, administration of histidine did not show the same effect. The myelin basic protein in the corpus callosum decreased obviously at day 37 after rUCCAO, which was largely reversed by carnosine (200, 500 mg/kg). Carnosine (200, 500 mg/kg) suppressed the activation of microglia and astrocyte as attenuating the elevation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba‐1 fluorescent intensity. Moreover, carnosine (200, 500 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the increase in reactive oxygen species generation after rUCCAO.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of carnosine on rUCCAO in mice is not dependent on the histaminergic pathway, but may be due to a suppression of reactive oxygen species generation, glia activation, and myelin degeneration.
Acupuncture Stimulation on GB34 Activates Neural Responses Associated with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Yeo Sujung , Lim Sabina , Choe Il‐Hwan , Choi Yeong‐Gon , Chung Kyung‐Cheon , Jahng Geon‐Ho , Kim Sung‐Hoon
Published: September 2012

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative brain disorder that is caused by neural defects in the substantia nigra. Numerous studies have reported that acupuncture treatment on GB34 (Yanglingquan) leads to significant improvements in patients with PD and in PD animal models. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that patients with PD, compared to healthy participants, have lower neural responses in extensive brain regions including the putamen, thalamus, and the supplementary motor area.

Objective

This study investigated the reported association between acupuncture point GB34 and PD.

Methods

Using fMRI, neural responses of 12 patients with PD and 12 healthy participants were examined before and after acupuncture stimulation.

Results

Acupuncture stimulation increased neural responses in regions including the substantia nigra, caudate, thalamus, and putamen, which are impaired caused by PD.

Conclusions

Areas associated with PD were activated by the acupuncture stimulation on GB34. This shows that acupuncture treatment on GB34 may be effective in improving the symptoms of PD. Although more randomized controlled trials on the topic will be needed, this study shows that acupuncture may be helpful in the treatment of symptoms involving PD.
Do Stroke Patients have an Increased Risk of Developing Suicidal Ideation or Dying by Suicide? An Overview of the Current Literature
Authors: Pompili Maurizio , Venturini Paola , Campi Sandra , Seretti Maria E. , Montebovi Franco , Lamis Dorian A. , Serafini Gianluca , Amore Mario , Girardi Paolo
Published: September 2012

Stroke is a leading cause of death that affects 15 million people worldwide each year. Increasing evidence suggests that stroke confers substantial risk for suicide and following a stroke, patients frequently develop poststroke depression, which is a well‐established risk factor for suicide. In this overview of the current literature, we examined the association between suffering a stroke and subsequent risk for suicide and suicidal ideation. We performed a careful MedLine, Excerpta Medica, PsycLit, PsycInfo, and Index Medicus search to identify all articles and book chapters in English. We initially selected 31 articles published between 1990 and 2011; however, only 16 studies were included in this review. All articles identified stroke as a significant risk factor for suicide, especially among depressed patients, providing further support for poststroke depression and suicidality. The results also indicated that there were differences between patients who developed acute‐onset suicidal plans and those who reported delayed‐onset plans, which occurred more frequently. Many of the stroke patients who died by suicide suffered from depression prior to their death, suggesting that being diagnosed with a mood disorder contributes to an increased risk of suicide in this population. Suffering from a stroke increases the risk of dying by suicide and developing suicidal ideation, particularly in young adults and women. The factors found to confer the most risk for suicidality were depression, previous mood disorder, prior history of stroke, and cognitive impairment.
Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Functional Outcomes in Chinese Patients Within the First Year After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Analysis from China National Stroke Registry
Authors: Wang Wen‐Juan , Lu Jing‐Jing , Wang Yong‐Jun , Wang Chun‐Xue , Wang Yi‐Long , Hoff Kolin , Yang Zhong‐Hua , Liu Li‐Ping , Wang An‐Xin , Zhao Xing‐Quan ,   on behalf of the investigators for the China National Stroke Registry (CNSR)
Published: September 2012

Aims

The aim of this study was to understand the association between clinical characteristics, medical management, and functional outcomes in Chinese patients with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

The China National Stroke Registry (CNSR) was a prospective cohort study that included 132 Chinese hospitals. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors associated with poor outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months, post‐ICH onset.

Results

Three thousand two hundred fifty five ICH patients with follow‐up information up to 1 year post‐ICH were included in this study. 49.1%, 47.1%, and 46.0% of ICH patients had poor outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Age, admission systolic blood pressure, admission Glasgow Coma Score, hematoma volume, withdrawal of support, and complication of gastrointestinal hemorrhage were associated with poor outcomes at 3 and 12 months. Stroke unit care was associated with good outcome at 3 months. Intensive care unit (ICU)/Neurology ICU care was associated with poor outcome at 3 months.

Conclusion

This is the first report of long‐term functional outcomes in ICH patients from mainland China. Our study elucidates the risk factors that may influence functional outcomes post‐ICH and therefore facilitate the development of management strategies to improve ICH care in China.
Climate Disruption: Are We Beyond the Worst Case Scenario?
Authors: Jennings Michael
Published: September 2012

The inability of world governments to agree on and implement effective mitigation response policy for anthropogenic climate change has resulted in the continuation of an exponential growth in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) that averages 3.1 per cent per year since 1870. With the exception of 2009, world GHG emission levels surpassed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2000) worst case scenario every year since 2004. Because of increasing temperatures due to GHG emissions a suite of amplifying feedback mechanisms, such as massive methane leaks from the sub‐sea Arctic Ocean, have engaged and are probably unstoppable. These processes, acting in concert with the biological and physical inertia of the Earth system in responding to atmospheric loading of GHGs, along with economic, political and social barriers to emission reduction, currently place Earth’s climate trajectory well within the IPCC’s A1FI future climate change scenario. There is a rapidly diminishing chance of altering this trajectory as time goes on. There is also now a very real risk of sudden climate change. The pace of this quickly advancing situation, along with our scientific understanding of it, has substantially outstripped policy discussion. This article examines current primary science literature and data on today’s climate condition in a policy relevant context.

Policy Implications

 An all out shift to a broad range of adaptive response policies is urgently needed. Climate change will force reevaluations of present day governance agreements on trade, finance, food supply, security, development, environment, and similar sectors.

 Easy to understand scientific data driven visualizations and culturally appropriate interpretations of probable future conditions are needed to facilitate realistic adaptive policy responses from all levels of governance.

 Multilateral policies for an international crop seed cooperative could significantly lessen the impacts of crop failures and low yields, reducing the risk of famine and economic effects of unstable food prices. There is a need to store a large enough volume of crop seed varieties to allow for quick switching of varieties one year to the next based on dynamic forecasts of seasonal climates.

 Harmonization of international, national, subnational, and local policies for the orderly resettlement of coastal populations should begin now. This will become a chronic condition involving very large numbers of people. Improved and coordinated policies are needed for refugee services and related issues of migration and integration as well as planning for land use change and infrastructure development.
Anti‐aquaporin 4 antibody binding character in clinical subtypes of neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Nagaishi Akiko , Tani Takashi , Takagi Mineo , Tanaka Masami , Sakimura Kenji , Matsui Makoto , Tanaka Keiko
Published: September 2012

Objectives

NMO‐IgG/anti‐aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4‐Ab) is a specific diagnostic marker for neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Several clinical phenotypes exist in AQP4‐Ab‐positive patients, such as typical neuromyelitis optica, limited symptoms of myelitis or optic neuritis. The mechanisms responsible for these differences remain poorly understood. We investigated the difference of AQP4‐ab binding reactivity among clinical subtypes of AQP4‐Ab‐posive NMO cases using 3 kinds of AQP4 proteins.

Methods

Indirect immunofluorescence staining was utilized to measure the binding intensities of AQP4‐Ab to each of the AQP4‐transfected HEK 293 cells, including human, mouse, and rat AQP4 (hAQP4, mAQP4, and rAQP4), each has one amino acid substitution at the extracellular domain of AQP4 protein and is speculated to show some different characters as the antigen epitope. Serum samples from 24 AQP4‐Ab positive patients, including six patients each from three adult onset groups and child‐onset group (group C), were collected. The adult‐onset patients were assigned to groups: NMO – typical neuromyelitis optica; ON – relapsing optic neuritis; M – relapsing myelitis.

Results

All adult onset groups exhibited decreased staining intensities to mAQP4 expressing cells. All groups reacted extensively with rAQP4 expressing cells. The patients with longer duration in group ON exhibited greater staining intensity with rAQP4 expressing cells, and the reverse phenomenon was observed in group M.

Conclusions

AQP4‐Abs from each adult‐onset group were considered to produce the antibodies recognizing different epitopes at least at the initial stage, and that could be a determinant of the various clinical subtypes of AQP4‐related NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSDs).
THE METEORITE CRATER OF TALEMZANE IN SOUTHERN ALGERIA (CN =+ 0041,333)*
Authors: KARPOFF ROMAN , Brady L. F.
Published: September 2012

A striking crater in southern Algeria, called Talemzane, is described as being probably of meteoritic origin, even though no meteoritic material has as yet been found in its vicinity. Several other hypotheses to account for its features are discussed and rejected.
METEORITICAL AND OTHER GREAT‐CIRCLE PROBLEMS*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C.
Published: September 2012

In this paper, which is really a continuation of two previously published papers, the following great‐circle problems are solved: (1) to find the coördinates of the poles of a great circle: third and analytic method; (2) to find the coördinates of the common nodes of two given great circles: second and analytic method; (3) to find the equation of the great circle passing thru a given point in a given direction with respect to the meridian passing thru that point; (4) to find the inclination of a great circle to the equator, and the angular distance of a given point on the great circle from the given nearer equatorial node of the great circle; (5) to find the length of the projection of a given arc of a given great circle on the equator; (6) to find the equation of the great circle passing thru a given point and making a given acute angle with a given great circle; (7) to find the longitude of the equatorial node nearer to the midpoint of the arc of the great circle passing thru two given points; the inclination of the great circle to the equator; and the angular distance between the two given points; (8) to find (a) the angle between the meridian, and (b) that between the parallel of latitude passing thru a given point on a given great circle, and the great circle; and (9) to find the maximum difference between the hypotenuse and a side of a spherical right triangle, inclined to each other at a given angle, as they vary in length from 0° to 90°. Special cases of six of the forenamed nine problems—i.e., nos. (1), (2), (4), (5), (6), and (9)—which are encountered in either meteoric or spherical astronomy, likewise are discussed. In an addendum, several errata in §13 of the second paper on great‐circle problems are corrected.
METEORITE‐SECTIONING EQUIPMENT AT THE INSTITUTE OF METEORITICS
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN
Published: September 2012

Illustrated descriptions are given of the power saws used at the Institute of Meteoritics of the University of New Mexico for sectioning meteorites. Details of construction and performance, and photographs of sections cut from the 590‐lb. core of the Lake Murray, Oklahoma, siderite with this equipment, are included.
ON THE PRE‐ATMOSPHERIC GEOCENTRIC VELOCITIES OF METEORITES*
Authors: GUILLOU WILLIAM B. , Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

An error in O. C. Farrington's treatise on Meteorites (1915) concerning the pre‐atmospheric velocities of those bodies is pointed out; and an extremely simple method of evaluating the velocities and the change produced in them by the Earth's attraction is developed.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE BELLY RIVER, ALBERTA, CANADA, AEROLITE (CN =+ 1130,495)
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN
Published: September 2012

An account is given of the finding and identification of the Belly River, Alberta, aerolite, the 24th meteorite found in Canada. The note includes a preliminary description of the surface features and also of the remarkable system of metallic veins and veinlets revealed by slicing this meteorite.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE LAKE MURRAY, CARTER COUNTY, OKLAHOMA, SIDERITE (CN =+ 0970,341)
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN
Published: September 2012

The circumstances relating to the finding, identification, and recovery of the record‐breaking Lake Murray, Oklahoma, meteorite (CN = + 0970,341) are detailed. This siderite is at once the largest meteorite so far recovered in Oklahoma and the largest granular hexahedrite as yet found in the world.
THE MURRAY, CALLOWAY COUNTY, KENTUCKY, AEROLITE (CN =+0881,366)*
Authors: HORAN JOHN R.
Published: September 2012

The Murray, Calloway County, Kentucky, aerolite (CN = + 0881,366) exploded at a high altitude on September 20, 1950. Approximately 7 kg. of fragments, with a specific gravity of 2.82 ± 0.02, have been recovered. The history, the physical properties, and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of this carbonaceous chondrite are presented.
THE SYLACAUGA, TALLADEGA COUNTY, ALABAMA, AEROLITE: A RECENT METEORITIC FALL THAT INJURED A HUMAN BEING (CN = 0863,332)*
Authors: SWINDEL GEORGE W. , JONES WALTER B.
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the circumstances relating to the finding and identification of the aerolites that fell at Sylacauga, Alabama, one of which struck and injured a human being. The fall occurred on November 30, 1954, at about 1:00 P.M., CST, in the Sylacauga area, Talladega County, Alabama. Two aerolites have been recovered. The larger, weighing 8.5 pounds, pierced the roof of a dwelling and injured a sleeping occupant; the smaller, weighing 3.75 pounds, fell into an open area. The specimens of aerolite are irregular and angular in shape and are covered with a satiny, black coating. Most of the surfaces are plane, in some cases perpendicular to one another, with distinct, but well‐rounded edges. Certain surfaces are covered with thumb‐marks (piezoglyphs). One minor surface exhibits a remarkably regular series of parallel bands approximately one‐half inch wide, extending the full length of the face. No perceptible surface relief is associated with these bands, but only a variation in color from black to gray. Such a feature does not seem to have been noted heretofore in connection with meteorites.
SMALL‐CALIBER PROJECTILE PENETRATION INTO BRITTLE POROUS MEDIA*
Authors: MORRISON H. L. , WHYBURN W. M.
Published: September 2012

Experiments have been carried out by using small‐caliber projectiles for the determination of projectile penetration into brittle porous media. An empirical law for projectile penetration has been derived from these experiments, in which a .30‐caliber flat‐nosed projectile was used on four different target media that had ranges in permeability from 6 × 10−8 cm2 to 39,000 × 10−8 cm2 and Rittinger's numbers that ranged from 6.5 cm2/kg‐cm to 20.2 cm2/kg‐cm.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE METEORITIC MINERALS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION OF METEORITES*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C.
Published: September 2012

The essence of this paper is contained in 6 tables entitled: (1) the 5 groups of minerals and their members, some or all of which occur as essential meteoritic minerals; (2) the essential or Class I meteoritic minerals; (3) the primary accessory or Class II meteoritic minerals; (4) the secondary accessory or Class III meteoritic minerals (including both trace (t) and doubtful (d) minerals); (5) the subclasses of meteorites and their symbols (in the simplified classification of meteorites); and (6) the (2‐dimensional) classificational sequence of meteorites. These tables are described and discussed, and certain conclusions are drawn from them, especially from Table 6. An “Addendum on Certain Subclasses Not Mentioned in Table 5” is included between the main part of the paper and the “Notes and References” at the end.
THE CLASSIFICATIONAL DISTRIBUTION BY WEIGHT OF THE METEORITIC FALLS OF THE WORLD*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C. , FINNEGAN BERNARD J.
Published: September 2012

The classificational distribution by weight of 1495 meteoritic falls of the world inventoried in the recent (1953: 2nd) edition of the Prior‐Hey Catalogue of Meteorites is presented statistically in a table bearing that caption and graphically by means of 7 line diagrams. The system of classification used is the simplified classification of meteorites in its latest form. The integrated weight of the 1495 falls—which together constitute almost the entire known meteoritic increment of the Earth—is, in round numbers, between 450 and 500 metric tons.
THE ADRAR (= CHINGUETTI), MAURITANIA, FRENCH WEST AFRICA, METEORITE (CN = 0127,202)*
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN , LAPAZ JEAN
Published: September 2012

Arguments are advanced for accepting as valid the measurements, descriptions, and conclusions published in 1924 concerning the giant Adrar (= Chinguetti) meteorite, the very existence of which has long been a point at issue among scientists. Since any criticism of Adrar certainly should be based on the original data gathered by Ripert and presented by Lacroix, a translation of the latter's initial publication on the Adrar meteorite is included in the present paper (as part 2). This translation provides supporting evidence for many of the statements made in the critical commentary in part I. Not only because the original data published on the Adrar meteorite were so factually presented and so internally consistent, but also because all objections to its huge size that have appeared since the publication of Lacroix's paper have been shown to be quite without foundation, relocation of this exceptional meteorite would constitute an undertaking, the successful consummation of which would be of the greatest importance to meteoritics.†
THE WOLF CREEK, WESTERN AUSTRALIA, METEORITE CRATER (CN =– 1278,192)*
Authors: CASSIDY WILLIAM A.
Published: September 2012

This paper gives a brief preliminary report on an expedition to the Wolf Creek Crater, which recovered in excess of 1400 pounds of more‐or‐less completely oxidized meteoritic material, including 3 large, unusually dense, masses weighing 352, 336, and 324 pounds, respectively. Each of these big masses exceeds by nearly 100 times the largest specimens heretofore found at the Wolf Creek Crater. The smaller, less dense, specimens recovered appear to be much like the so‐called “shale balls” found at the Barringer and Odessa Meteorite Craters. Photographs and descriptions of typical specimens and of the southwestern slope of the Wolf Creek Crater, on which the finds were made, are included in the paper.
METEORITIC MATERIAL FROM THE WOLF CREEK, WESTERN AUSTRALIA, CRATER (CN =– 1278, 192)*
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN
Published: September 2012

This paper contains a preliminary description of the surface features and physical characteristics of two of the three largest masses of meteoritic material so far recovered at the Wolf Creek Crater. An account is given also of the remarkably complex internal structure revealed by slicing the specimens in question.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PINTO MOUNTAINS, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, CHONDRITE (CN = 1161,337:)*
Authors: LaPaz Lincoln
Published: September 2012

This report relates to the finding and identification of the Pinto Mountains, Riverside County, California, chondrite (CN = 1161,337:), the 14th meteorite found in California, and the largest aerolite so far recovered in that state and preserved. A description is given of the surface features of the Pinto Mountains stone and also of the fault‐surfaces and the rich chondritic structure characterizing the interior of this meteorite. On the basis of the features described, it is concluded that Pinto Mountains is a crystalline spherulitic chondrite C(ck).
THE KASAMATSU AND KOCHI METEORITES, WHICH STRUCK BUILDINGS IN JAPAN*
Authors: Murayama Sadao
Published: September 2012

Accounts of the fall, recovery, and identification of two stony meteorites that struck buildings in Japan are presented in this paper. The first such occurrence took place on the afternoon of March 31, 1938, in Gifu‐ken, where the Kasamatsu meteorite penetrated the roof of a shop. On the evening of November 20, 1949, the Kochi meteorite fell, penetrating the windowpane of a house in Kochi city. The results of detailed chemical and petrographical studies of the 710‐gm. Kasamatsu spherulitic chondrite will be published in the near future. The Kochi meteorite, which weighs less than 1.6 gm., is as yet undescribed because it has been impossible to obtain a sample of the small stone for analysis. This fact is the more regrettable since it is felt that a detailed study of the Kochi stone is desirable before this specimen is accepted without qualification as a meteorite.
SOME TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS AND MINERALS OF METEORITES*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

This paper consists of two parts. In part “I. Terrestrial Relations,” the first three pages of Chapter 14 of Farrington's Meteorites are quoted and discussed, and four conclusions concerning the occurrence of minerals in meteorites are reached. In part “II. Minerals,” two additional secondary accessory or Class III meteoritic minerals are recognized and tabulated — the carbonate calcite and the sulfide millerite. The following three minerals also are commented on: chlorite, which is almost certainly not a true meteoritic mineral; pentlandite, which may eventually be discovered in meteorites; and “peckhamite,” which is doubtless nothing other than an intimate mixture of bronzite or hypersthene and olivine. Three types of minerals found in meteorites — cosmic, terrestrialized, and extraneous — are defined and considered.
THE VISUAL RADIANT AND ACTIVITY OF THE GEMINID METEOR STREAM*
Authors: Worley Charles E.
Published: September 2012

The mean radiant of the Geminid meteor stream and its diurnal motion are determined from 118 visual radiants. The visual radiant at maximum (⊙ = 260°.6, 1950.0) lies at right ascension 112°.02, declination + 32°.00. The total daily motion is 47′ eastward. The visual radiant and motion agree well with the photographic data, but not with the radar.

An activity curve is derived from 124 nights' observations. A rise to a sharp maximum and a rapid decline are shown. The stream is detectable over a 10‐day interval: the minimum visual stream‐width is about 2.3 × 107 km. Some physical characteristics of the meteors also are discussed.
THE VELOCITIES OF SPORADIC METEORS*
Authors: Olivier Charles P.
Published: September 2012

This paper attempts to point out the very great importance of the determination of meteor velocities, not only for meteoric problems but also for the wider problems of astronomical evolution. Some of the important published researches are briefly reviewed, and the disagreement between work depending upon human elements and that apparently more purely mechanical is pointed out. The writer hesitates to come to a final verdict as to whether hyperbolic velocities are or are not proved to exist for great numbers of sporadic meteors, and points out the great desirability of further work, using every possible method available.
AN APPLICATION OF LEAST‐SQUARES TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE SUB‐END POINT OF A METEOR*
Authors: Russell John A.
Published: September 2012

The determination of the coördinates of the sub‐end point of a meteor by the method of least‐squares is discussed. This method is applicable when 3 or more bearings of the sub‐end point are available, and makes use of the equation for the perpendicular distance from a point to a line. A simple numerical example is worked out in detail.
ON THE CLASSIFICATIONAL SEQUENCE OF METEORITES AND THE SUBCLASSES OF THE HEXAHEDRITES*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

In the first part of this paper, it is proposed that the position of one of the columns in the classificational sequence of meteorites be changed, and the resulting rearrangement of the sequence is presented (in Table 1) and commented on briefly. In the second part, two subclasses of hexahedrites are recognized and fitted into the sequence.
THE CLASSIFICATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SINGLE AND MULTIPLE METEORITIC FALLS OF THE WORLD*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. , Rowland Gerald L.
Published: September 2012

The material of this paper is contained in two tables. In Table 1, the numbers and percentages of the single and multiple meteoritic falls of the world, both observed and unobserved, are listed under meteorites generally, and specifically under the 3 divisions, 7 classes, and 30 subclasses of the Simplified Classification. In Table 2, the same kind of information is given for multiple falls, both observed and unobserved, consisting of: (1) 2 to 10 members; (2) more than 10 to 102 members; (3) more than 102 to 103 members; (4) more than 103 to 104 members; and (5) more than 104 to 106 members.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DUMAS, MOORE COUNTY, TEXAS, AEROLITE (CN = 1017,357:)*
Authors: LaPaz Lincoln
Published: September 2012

An account is presented of the circumstances relating to the finding and identification of the Dumas, Moore County, Texas, aerolite (CN = 1017,357:). A chemical analysis and details concerning the surface features and the internal structure of this interesting 46.05‐kg. stone are given. The meteorite is notable for the high content of nickel‐iron (about 19.50%) that it contains. The metal not only occurs as widely disseminated individual grains, but also is concentrated in lenses and irregular nuggets, and in extended, branching veins, often of great delicacy. The Dumas aerolite is classified as a veined, crystalline, spherulitic chondrite, C(ckv).
On the Origin of Some ‘Recent’ Craters on the Canadian Shield
Authors: CURRIE K. L.
Published: September 2012

The four craters, New Quebec, Clearwater Lakes (two craters) and Manicouagan are compared. New Quebec shows evidence of slow uplift accompanied by hydrothermal activity, possibly culminating in a minor volcanic outburst. Clearwater East is interpreted as the result of regional uplift followed by local collapse. Clearwater West shows similar features accompanied by a central peak and considerable volcanism. The latter two features are believed to be related. Manicouagan has a well developed central peak and an extensive volcanic pile. The characteristic cycle; upwarp, collapse, volcanism is beautifully shown. None of these craters can be explained either by ‘classical’ impact theory, or by analogy with known volcanic areas. New ideas are needed.
The Spectra of Faint Perseids
Authors: RUSSELL JOHN A.
Published: September 2012

In the course of the 1961 Perseid shower, ten faint spectra were obtained with one spectrograph. The spectra can be classified into four groups, which form a continuous sequence. The forbidden green line of neutral oxygen at 5577A is visible in the two brightest spectral classes, but appears weaker in the spectrum showing the H and K lines of ionized calcium than it does in those that do not. The green line appears to be relatively stronger in the spectra of faint meteors. An attempt is made to explain some aspects of green line behaviour with the aid of the Whipple comet model.
Daniel Moreau Barringer (1860 – 1929) and His Crater
Authors: BARRINGER BRANDON
Published: September 2012

This is the story, mainly verified from contemporary documents, of the first recognition of the origin of a meteoritic crater. It sketches the subject's life and character, boyhood, young manhood and personality, and also mentions other mining ventures. It tells of the acquisition and exploration of Meteor (Barringer) Crater, the contributions of his associates, and the lengthy resultant scientific controversies.
Recent Advances in Meteorite Crater Research at the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, Canada
Authors: INNES M. J. S.
Published: September 2012

The Dominion Observatory's meteorite crater research program is reviewed, with brief outlines of the methods of investigation, the progress to date, and plans for the future. The results and implications of recent investigations at the Deep Bay crater, the New Quebec crater and the Carswell Lake structure are presented.

At Deep Bay diamond drilling near its center has confirmed that Cretaceous sedimentary rock lies within the crater, indicating a minimum crater age of 140 million years. Analysis of deformed rock and gneiss breccia encountered in a drill hole one mile from shore suggests that the original crater diameter is about 31,000 feet, considerably less than first estimated.

Preliminary results of a gravity survey and a new shaded topographical map of the New Quebec Crater are presented. After correcting for terrain and regional effects a residual negative gravity anomaly of 6 milligals is indicated. Integration of topographical irregularities shows that the volume of the rim of the New Quebec Crater is about double the volume of the crater below the surrounding plain.

Gravity and magnetic results over the Carswell Lake structure are consistent with an impact crater some 19 miles in diameter, taking into consideration that its original deformed floor has been uplifted in response to isostatic forces. Fragments of gneiss having radiating strations characteristic of shatter cones, discovered in the area of central uplift, support the meteoritic hypothesis of origin for this structure.
A Meteoritic Crater in the Pre‐Cambrian Shield
Authors: McKEAN FLEETWOOD K.
Published: September 2012

Evidence is presented for believing that a feature about 1.5 miles in diameter, discovered on an aerial photograph of the Pre‐Cambrian Shield near Parry Sound, Ontario, is another old meteoritic crater.
A Comparative Structural and Petrographic Study of Probable Canadian Meteorite Craters
Authors: DENCE M. R.
Published: September 2012

The characteristics investigated to date of ten circular structures in the Canadian Shield have supported their origin by meteoritic impact.

Seven, ranging in diameter from 3 to 20 km, have a simple crater form modified by erosion. The underlying rocks have properties where known, which include:

Low density.

Low, uniform magnetic intensity.

Fracturing, alteration and deformation of the regional gneisses intensifying towards the center with the development of a coarse, essentially monomict, autochthonous breccia.

Overlying of the latter within the crater by highly mixed, partly vitrified allochthonous breccia. This layer has coalesced and largely recrystallized to a lava‐like matrix in the larger craters.

Unrecrystallized fragments in all the breccias showing textures comparable with artificially produced shock metamorphism.

The three largest craters (30 km diameter) show a first order modification of the simple crater form due to a central uplift of the basement gneisses. The properties outlined above are found in the annulus surrounding the central uplift. Gneisses in the latter decrease in megascopic deformation towards the center but show evidence microscopically of shock deformation. Examples of this family of common characteristics are mainly drawn from Brent (4 km diameter) and the two Clearwater Lake craters (20 and 32 km).
Notes on the Beginnings of Modern Meteoritics
Authors: SEARS PAUL M.
Published: September 2012

Important landmarks in meteoritic science are outlined, from the time of its emergence from the limitations of Aristotelian thinking (ca. 1750) until the beginning of the 19th century.
Electromagnetic Effects Associated with the San Francisco Fireball of November 7, 1963
Authors: LAMAR DONALD L. , ROMIG MARY F.
Published: September 2012

At approximately 6:09 P.M. on November 7, 1963 a fireball passed over the San Francisco Bay area and exploded over the Pacific Ocean. News broadcasts the following morning reported that power failure and radio interference occurred at the time the fireball passed. Investigation revealed that the radio interference was not caused by the fireball but by a coincidental equipment malfunction within the radio station. Less complete data on the power failures suggests that they, too, were coincidental and unrelated to the fireball. Reports on the fireball were received from 65 individuals. Three reports of anomalous sounds are unconvincing.
Roter Kamm, Southwest Africa: Probable Meteorite Crater
Authors: DIETZ ROBERT S.
Published: September 2012

The Roter Kamm Crater in Southwest Africa is a highly probable meteorite impact crater of some antiquity. It is about 1.5 miles across, making it the third‐largest young probable meteorite crater in the world. Roter Kamm has a presumably thick desert‐sand fill. It is now 400 feet deep below its rim and 100 feet deep below the regional Archean terrane. The high circularity, regional uniqueness and other aspects all point to a meteoritic origin.
Advances in Meteoritics in Western Australia
Authors: McCALL G.J. H.
Published: September 2012

The fall of a stony meteorite in the State late in 1960, and its subsequent discovery in 1961, stimulated interest in meteoritics in this area. An advisory committee was set up to advise the trustees of the Museum of Western Australia on the valuable collections already held, and to encourage further discoveries. The results of this action have become evident in several important discoveries.
The Unusual Structure of the Oxidized Siderite, Pierceville #2
Authors: HUSS GLENN I.
Published: September 2012

A 17 pound fragment of the Pierceville #2, Kansas, oxidized siderite, when sectioned, displayed an unusual structure. Three‐fourths of the mass exhibited medium oxahedral, the remaining one‐fourth, hexahedral crystallization. The two dissimilar crystallization patterns (and by inference, dissimilar chemical compositions) existing within the same mass were separated one from the other by borders of schreibersite which surrounded the hexahedral areas. Implications of the existence of such diverse supra‐crystalline structure in relation to currently listed multiple falls of iron meteorites are noted. Further investigation is indicated.
Altered neurochemical profile in the McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rat model of Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal in vivo1H MRS study
Authors: Nilsen Linn H. , Melø Torun M. , Sæther Oddbjørn , Witter Menno P. , Sonnewald Ursula
Published: September 2012

We investigated metabolite levels during the progression of pathology in McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rats, a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease, and in healthy age‐matched controls. Rats were subjected to in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the dorsal hippocampus at age 3, 9 and 12 months and of frontal cortex at 9 and 12 months. At 3 months, a stage in which only Aβ oligomers are present, lower glutamate, myo‐inositol and total choline content were apparent in McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rats. At age 9 months, lower levels of glutamate, GABA, N‐acetylaspartate and total choline and elevated myo‐inositol and taurine were found in dorsal hippocampus, whereas lower levels of glutamate, GABA, glutamine and N‐acetylaspartate were found in frontal cortex. At age 12 months, only the taurine level was significantly different in dorsal hippocampus, whereas taurine, myo‐inositol, N‐acetylaspartate and total creatine levels were significantly higher in frontal cortex. McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP rats did not show the same changes in metabolite levels with age as displayed in the controls, and overall, prominent and complex metabolite differences were evident in this transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. The findings also demonstrate that in vivo 1H MRS is a powerful tool to investigate disease‐related metabolite changes in the brain.
Association between self‐assessment of complete dentures and oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Komagamine Y. , Kanazawa M. , Kaiba Y. , Sato Y. , Minakuchi S. , Sasaki Y.
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine which factors related to patient self‐assessment of dentures are associated with changes in oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) among edentulous patients after replacement of complete dentures, and to determine whether masticatory performance as determined using an objective method affects the changes in OHRQoL among edentulous patients. As a preliminary study, the existing questionnaire regarding self‐assessment of dentures consisting of 39 question items, measured with a 100‐mm visual analogue scale, was analysed by factor analysis. Then a questionnaire, composed of 22 question items, was developed containing six subscales of ‘function’, ‘lower denture’, ‘upper denture’, ‘expectation’, ‘aesthetic and speech’ and ‘importance’. Final participants in the present study comprised 93 edentulous patients requiring new conventional complete dentures (44 men, 49 women; mean age, 75·0 years). These patients were asked to complete the Japanese version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)‐EDENT, comprising 19 question items for assessment of OHRQoL in edentulous patients, along with the developed questionnaire regarding self‐assessment of dentures. Moreover, masticatory performance was measured using a colour‐changeable chewing gum. The questionnaire and measurement were completed twice; before and after replacement of complete dentures. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified ‘lower denture’ and ‘aesthetic and speech’ as significant independent variables besides OHIP‐EDENT scores before replacement. These results suggest that sufficient retention of lower dentures and appropriate appearance may lead to improved OHRQoL in edentulous patients.
Colonic mucosal mediators from patients with irritable bowel syndrome excite enteric cholinergic motor neurons
Authors: Balestra B. , Vicini R. , Cremon C. , Zecchi L. , Dothel G. , Vasina V. , De Giorgio R. , Paccapelo A. , Pastoris O. , Stanghellini V. , Corinaldesi R. , De Ponti F. , Tonini M. , Barbara G.
Published: September 2012

Background  Mediators released in the mucosal milieu have been suggested to be involved in visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, their impact on myenteric neurons remains unsettled.

Methods  Mucosal biopsies were obtained from the descending colon of patients with IBS and controls. Mucosal mast cells were identified immunohistochemically. The impact of spontaneously released mucosal mediators on guinea pig electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations was assessed in vitro by means of selective receptor antagonists and inhibitors.

Key Results  Patients with IBS showed an increased mast cell count compared with controls. Application of mucosal mediators of IBS to LMMPs potentiated cholinergic twitch contractions, an effect directly correlated with mast cell counts. Enhanced contractions were inhibited by 50.3% with the prostaglandin D2 antagonist BW A868C, by 31.3% and 39% with the TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine and HC‐030031, respectively, and by 60.5% with purinergic P2X antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid. Conversely, the serotonin1‐4, histamine1‐3, tachykinin1‐3 receptor blockade, and serine protease inhibition had no significant effect.

Conclusions & Inferences  Colonic mucosal mediators from patients with IBS excite myenteric cholinergic motor neurons. These effects were correlated with mast cell counts and mediated by activation of prostanoid receptors, TRPV1, and P2X receptors. These results support the role of mucosal inflammatory mediators and mast cell activation in altered motor function of IBS.
Nutrient intake in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with the general population
Authors: Böhn L. , Störsrud S. , Simrén M.
Published: September 2012

Background Food and diet are central issues that concern patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Few studies have thoroughly analyzed dietary intake in IBS. Our aims were to determine the nutrient intake in IBS patients in comparison to the general population, assess nutritional differences between IBS subgroups based on the predominant bowel habit or symptom severity, as well as to evaluate if their nutrient intake meet nutrition recommendations.

Methods We included 187 IBS patients (mean 40.2 years; 139 women). They completed a 4‐days food registration record, which was compared with an age‐, and gender‐matched control group (n = 374; 278 women) from a nation‐wide dietary survey and with Nordic Nutrient Recommendations.

Key Results Daily nutrient intake in IBS patients was similar to the general population and met national nutrients recommendations. Irritable bowel syndrome patients had similar energy distribution from macronutrients compared to the control group, but the protein percentage tended to be higher. Irritable bowel syndrome patients also had significantly higher daily intake of vitamin E, folate, iron, vitamin C, and dietary fibers, as well as lower intake of vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, and potassium. There was no association between nutrient intake and IBS subtypes or symptom severity.

Conclusions & Inferences Although many IBS patients state that they avoid food items, this does not seem to influence their intake of nutrients to any large extent. The observed minor differences in nutrient intake indicate a tendency toward higher intake of fruit and vegetables and a lower intake of meat and dairy products in IBS patients.
Involvement of thioredoxin y2 in the preservation of leaf methionine sulfoxide reductase capacity and growth under high light
Authors: LAUGIER EDITH , TARRAGO LIONEL , COURTEILLE AGATHE , INNOCENTI GILLES , EYMERY FRANÇOISE , RUMEAU DOMINIQUE , ISSAKIDIS‐BOURGUET EMMANUELLE , REY PASCAL
Published: September 2012

Methionine (Met) in proteins can be oxidized to two diastereoisomers of methionine sulfoxide, Met‐S‐O and Met‐R‐O, which are reduced back to Met by two types of methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, respectively. MSRs are generally supplied with reducing power by thioredoxins. Plants are characterized by a large number of thioredoxin isoforms, but those providing electrons to MSRs in vivo are not known. Three MSR isoforms, MSRA4, MSRB1 and MSRB2, are present in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. Under conditions of high light and long photoperiod, plants knockdown for each plastidial MSR type or for both display reduced growth. In contrast, overexpression of plastidial MSRBs is not associated with beneficial effects in terms of growth under high light. To identify the physiological reductants for plastidial MSRs, we analyzed a series of mutants deficient for thioredoxins f, m, x or y. We show that mutant lines lacking both thioredoxins y1 and y2 or only thioredoxin y2 specifically display a significantly reduced leaf MSR capacity (–25%) and growth characteristics under high light, related to those of plants lacking plastidial MSRs. We propose that thioredoxin y2 plays a physiological function in protein repair mechanisms as an electron donor to plastidial MSRs in photosynthetic organs.
Chloroplast ultrastructure regeneration with protection of photosystem II is responsible for the functional ‘stay‐green’ trait in wheat
Authors: LUO P. G. , DENG K. J. , HU X. Y. , LI L. Q. , LI X. , CHEN J. B. , ZHANG H. Y. , TANG Z. X. , ZHANG Y. , SUN Q. X. , TAN F. Q. , REN Z. L.
Published: September 2012

CN17 is a functional stay‐green wheat variety that exhibits delayed leaf senescence and enhanced photosynthetic competence. To better understand these valuable traits, levels of chlorophyllaandb, soluble proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and other components of CN17 were assayed. In addition, chloroplast ultrastructure, chloroplast number, and differences in gene expression between CN17 and a control variety, MY11, were examined. By 21 d post‐anthesis (DPA), CN17 leaves exhibited a significantly higher maximal photochemical efficiency for photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and a significantly higher efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centres (Fv′/Fm′). In addition, chlorophyll degradation in CN17 was delayed by approximately 14 d, and was not blocked as observed in cosmetic stay‐green phenotypes. The soluble protein content (Ps) of CN17 was higher than MY11 at all timepoints assayed, and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was significantly higher. CN17 also exhibited isolated granal lamellae associated with vesicles and diminished peroxidation, and between 35 and 42 DPA, a sharp decrease in chloroplast number was detected. Taken together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that chloroplast ultrastructure regeneration is responsible for the functional stay‐green trait of CN17, and gene expression data provide insight into the mechanistic details.