bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Rural Proof or Not to Rural Proof: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Shortall Sally , Alston Margaret
Published: February 2016

Rural mainstreaming reviews policies to ensure people in all parts of a country receive comparable policy treatment. Rural proofing is the method used to ensure that rural mainstreaming is correctly carried out. This article offers a critical analysis of rural proofing. It examines English policies in this area and questions how applicable similar policies might be in an Australian context. We argue that while rural proofing intuitively feels like a positive development for a country rich in rural and remote areas, there are many complexities to importing a policy designed for a different social and spatial context. In Australia, this is almost certain to render attempts to implement the English rural proofing concept futile. Indeed, we contend that this concept can potentially lead to the marginalization of rural issues. We conclude by identifying some of the complex questions our argument identifies which should be addressed by Australian policy makers before designing specific policies.

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Waheduzzaman, Wahed, and
Sharif As‐Saber. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 3 (): 474‐501. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12121/pdf

Mohammed, Abdulai Kuyini. 2013. “” Politics & Policy 41 (): 117‐152. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12003/epdf

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Laura MacDonald. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 45‐67. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00282.x/full

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. 2014. “Rural Proofing Australia—We All Count!” http://www.nrwc.com.au/Projects/RuralProofing.aspx

. 2015. “Rural Proofing Guidance.” https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rural-proofing-guidance
Party Promises, Voter Understanding, and Mandate Responsiveness inEastEuropean Politics
Authors: Kostadinova Tatiana , Kostadinova Petia
Published: February 2016

The literature on reform policy fulfillment after the collapse of Communism identifies mandate responsiveness as the weakest aspect of the quality of democracy in Eastern Europe. We build on this research and specify both direct and interaction effects of party promises and voter understanding on policy outcomes. On the empirical level, we develop a measure of citizen comprehension of party positions to analyze this component of the mandate model, previously omitted in much of the scholarship on the topic. Our findings suggest that elements of mandate responsiveness are emerging in the post‐communist countries, and that they are present in some policy areas but not in others. The effect of campaign pledges on policy outcomes is contingent on voter awareness of what politicians promise. This knowledge is improved by the distinctiveness in party programs regarding democratization and marketization.

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Lipsmeyer,Christine S.2009. “.”Politics & Policy37():715‐734.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00195.x/abstract

Kim,Myunghee.2007. “.”Politics & Policy35():496‐521.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00070.x/abstract

Whitefield,Stephen, andRobertRohrschneider.2009. “.”Politics & Policy37():667‐690.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00193.x/abstract

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http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/10/27/what-does-law-and-justices-election-victory-in-poland-mean-for-europe/

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http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/10/22/the-once-stable-czech-party-system-is-at-risk-of-unravelling-in-this-weeks-parliamentary-elections/
Out of the Golden Cage: PR and the Career Opportunities of Policy Professionals
Authors: Svallfors Stefan
Published: February 2016

This article focuses on “policy professionals”—people employed to affect politics and policy making rather than elected to office, and their career motivations and considerations. What do they see as career opportunities and limitations? What resources do policy professionals offer on the job market? How are status and hierarchy on their particular labor market perceived? Special attention is paid to the possible transitions from current job into other positions and arenas. The study pinpoints the “golden cage” problem: the problem for organizations positioned outside party politics to properly evaluate the distinct skills of policy professionals. The key position of the public relations agencies in this regard is highlighted. The article closes with a discussion of some democratic implications of the arguments and findings, such as anticipatory adjustment of behavior in public office, the potential merging of political elites, and the supply driven growth of the policy professional stratum.

Related Articles

French, Edward, and
Doug Goodman. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 761‐785. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00312.x/abstract

Howlett, Michael, and
Adam M. Wellstead. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 613‐633. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00306.x/abstract

Brill, Sam, and
Abby McCartney. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 750‐774. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00133.x/abstract
Floorball‐related eye injuries: The impact of protective eyewear
Authors: Bro T. , Ghosh F.
Published: February 2016

Several previous studies have shown that floorball belongs to a high‐risk group of sports in terms of eye injuries. Protective eyewear is available, but the extent of its use and impact on eye injuries are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current incidence of eye injuries caused by floorball and to compare it with the present use of protective eyewear. Medical records were used to identify all eye injuries suffered while playing floorball in Jönköping County from 2008 to 2011 (N = 167). All these patients were sent a questionnaire that included inquiries about the use of protective eyewear. The study shows that floorball caused more eye injuries than all other sports combined (56%). Prolonged decreased visual acuity was very unusual (0.5%), but moderate eye injuries with some risk of future problems were seen in 62% of the sample. More than one fifth of the injured patients reported some kind of vision‐related problem 2–7 years after the original injury. Only one player had been using protective eyewear at the time of injury. Our results underline the importance of protective eyewear to prevent floorball‐related injuries.
Fluid overpressure as a control on sandstone reservoir quality in a mechanical compaction dominated setting: Magnolia Field, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Sathar Shanvas , Jones Stuart
Published: February 2016

The reservoir quality (porosity and permeability) of deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones in sedimentary basins is significantly affected by burial diagenesis. Many deep reservoirs develop anomalous fluid overpressures during burial. Previous studies on the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality in these deep reservoirs have been inconclusive because of the difficulty in constraining the individual contributions of various porosity preserving factors that are simultaneously active in these reservoirs. Owing to its rapid burial and low burial temperatures, the Neogene gravity‐flow sandstone reservoirs from the Magnolia Field, Gulf of Mexico, offers a unique opportunity to investigate in isolation the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality. Examination of petrography, pore pressure and routine core analysis datasets showed a positive correlation between high fluid overpressure and enhanced reservoir quality. This study confirms that fluid overpressure preserves reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs in compaction dominated, high sedimentation basin settings.
Border militarisation and the re‐articulation of sovereignty
Authors: Jones Reece , Johnson Corey
Published: February 2016

This paper identifies a global trend towards hardened, militarised borders through the use of military technologies, hardware and personnel. In contrast to claims of waning state sovereignty, drawing on detailed case studies from the United States and European Union, we argue the militarisation of borders represents a re‐articulation and expansion of state sovereignty into new spaces and arenas. We argue that the nexus of military‐security contractors, dramatically increased security budgets, and the discourse of threats from terrorism and immigration is resulting in a profound shift in border security. The construction of barriers, deployment of more personnel and the investment in a wide range of military and security technologies from drones to smart border technologies that attempt to monitor, identify and prevent unauthorised movements are emblematic of this shift. We link this increasing militarisation to dehumanisation of migrant others and to the increasing mortality in border spaces. By documenting this trend and identifying a range of different practices that are included under the rubric of militarisation, this paper is both a call for nuanced interpretation and more sustained investigation of the expansion of the military into the policing of borders.
Use of a nictitating membrane flap for treatment of feline acute corneal hydrops—21 eyes
Authors: Pederson Samantha L. , Pizzirani Stefano , Andrew Stacy E. , Pate Diana O. , Stine Jessica M. , Michau Tammy M.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a nictitating membrane flap (NMF) as therapy in 19 cats (21 eyes) affected with feline acute corneal hydrops (FACH).

Methods

Medical records from 19 cats diagnosed with FACH and treated with a NMF were retrospectively evaluated. Information was collected from multiple veterinary hospitals and included signalment, medical history, therapy, and ocular outcome.

Results

Breeds included 13 Domestic Shorthairs, 2 Exotic Shorthairs, 2 Maine Coons, 1 Persian, and 1 Domestic Medium Hair. Two cats were bilaterally affected. Median age of cats was 3.2 years (range 0.26–15 years). Eleven patients were spayed females, 6 were neutered males, and 2 were intact males. Topical steroids were previously administered in 5 (23.8%) eyes; oral steroids were previously administered in 7 cats (36.8% of patients); three patients received both oral and topical steroids. Thirteen of 21 (61.9%) eyes had a history of ocular disease including ulcerative and nonulcerative keratitis, anterior uveitis, corneal sequestrum, conjunctivitis, and glaucoma. Median duration of NMF was 15 days (range 6–30 days). Follow‐up ranged from 12 to 1601 days (median 169 days). Corneal perforation occurred in 1 (4.7%) eye and was successfully repaired. One lesion (4.7%) in a diabetic patient did not resolve. Nineteen of the treated eyes (90.5%) resolved with no complications.

Conclusions

A nictitating membrane flap successfully treated 90.5% of FACH eyes (89.5% of patients).
Investigation of Cold Starting and Combustion Mode Switching as Methods to Improve Low Load RCCI Operation
Authors: Hanson Reed , Reitz Rolf
Published: February 2016

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is an engine combustion strategy that utilizes in-cylinder fuel blending to produce low NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency. The current study investigates RCCI and conventional diesel combustion (CDC) operation in a light-duty multicylinder engine (MCE) using a transient capable engine test cell. The main focus of the work uses engine experiments to investigate methods which can improve low load RCCI operation. The first set of experiments investigated RCCI operation during cold start conditions. The next set of tests investigated combustion mode switching between RCCI and CDC. During the cold start tests, RCCI performance and emissions were measured over a range of engine coolant temperatures (ECTs) from 48 °C to 85 °C. A combination of open- and closed-loop controls enabled RCCI to operate at a 1500 rpm, 1 bar BMEP operating point over this range of coolant temperatures. At a similar operating condition, i.e., 1500 rpm, 2 bar BMEP, the engine was instantaneously switched between CDC and RCCI combustion using the same open- and closed-loop controls as the cold start testing. During the mode switch tests, emissions and performance were measured with high-speed sampling equipment. The tests revealed that it was possible to operate RCCI down to 48 °C with simple open- and closed-loop controls with emissions and efficiency similar to the warm steady-state values. Next, the mode switching tests were successful in switching combustion modes with minimal deviations in emissions and performance in either mode at steady state.
Physisorption of α-chymotrypsin on SiO2 and TiO2: A comparative study via experiments and molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Derr Ludmilla , Hildebrand Nils , Köppen Susan , Kunze Simon , Treccani Laura , Dringen Ralf , Rezwan Kurosch , Colombi Ciacchi Lucio
Published: February 2016

In order to understand fundamental interactions at the interface between immobilized enzymes and ceramic supports, the authors compare the adsorption features of chymotrypsin on SiO2 and TiO2 colloidal particles by means of a combination of adsorption experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. While the dependency of the adsorption amount on pH is consistent with the trend predicted the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, other effects can only be rationalized if the atomic-scale details of the water-mediated protein–surface interactions are considered. On both surfaces, a clear driving force for the formation of a double monolayer at the saturation coverage is found. Although nearly equal free energies of adsorption are estimated on the two materials via a Langmuir adsorption analysis, about 50% more proteins per unit of surface can be accommodated on TiO2 than on SiO2. This is probably due to the lower surface diffusion mobility of the adsorbed protein in the latter case. Surface anchoring is realized by a combination of direct ionic interactions between charged proteins and surface sites (more pronounced for SiO2) and distinct structuring of the surface hydration layers in which the contact residues are embedded (more pronounced for TiO2). Finally, normalization of the data with respect to particle surface areas accessible to the proteins, rather than determined by means of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption isotherm, is crucial for a correct interpretation of the results.
Interface-state-phonon-assisted energy relaxation of hot electrons in CdSe quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Shengkun , Zeylikovich Iosif , Gayen Taposh K. , Das Bidyut , Alfano Robert R. , Shen Aidong , Tamargo Maria C.
Published: February 2016

The authors report experimental observation of a new electron relaxation mechanism in CdSe quantum dots (QDs), through which electrons release their excess energy by emitting interface-state phonons (ISPs). Photogenerated electrons in surrounding barrier materials are initially captured by interfacial defects and then are released into QDs. Due to the strong coupling to the interface states, these hot electrons in QDs step down to their ground state by emitting interface-state phonons. This phenomenon became observable in the microscopic photoluminescence spectra of the CdSe QDs under intense excitation of a femtosecond laser. Up to six ISP phonon replicas were observed as subpeaks in the high-energy side of the photoluminescence peak of the quantum dots. The energy of these ISP phonons is determined to be 17 meV. The temperature dependence of this relaxation mechanism is discussed. The ISP phonons have been observed in Raman scattering spectra, and their interface feature have been identified. The experiments have proved the prediction of Sercel in Phys. Rev. B 51, 14532 (1995), where defect levels nearby QDs were proposed to assist energy relaxation of electrons in quantum dots. However, instead of energy relaxation during the capture process from the barriers to the interfacial defects, electrons are found here to release their excess energy during the capture process from the interfacial defects to the ground state of the CdSe QDs.
Inkjet deposition of itraconazole onto poly(glycolic acid) microneedle arrays
Authors: Boehm Ryan D. , Jaipan Panupong , Skoog Shelby A. , Stafslien Shane , VanderWal Lyndsi , Narayan Roger J.
Published: February 2016

Poly(glycolic acid) microneedle arrays were fabricated using a drawing lithography process; these arrays were modified with a drug release agent and an antifungal agent by piezoelectric inkjet printing. Coatings containing poly(methyl vinyl ether–co–maleic anhydride), a water-soluble drug release layer, and itraconazole (an antifungal agent), were applied to the microneedles by piezoelectric inkjet printing. Microscopic evaluation of the microneedles indicated that the modified microneedles contained the piezoelectric inkjet printing-deposited agents and that the surface coatings were released in porcine skin. Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry aided in confirmation that the piezoelectric inkjet printing-deposited agents were successfully applied to the desired target areas of the microneedle surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of the component materials in the piezoelectric inkjet printing-deposited material. Itraconazole-modified microneedle arrays incubated with agar plates containing Candida albicans cultures showed zones of growth inhibition.
In vitro hemocompatibility testing: The importance of fresh blood
Authors: Blok Sjoerd Leendert Johannes , Engels Gerwin Erik , van Oeveren Willem
Published: February 2016

The use of unactivated blood for hemocompatibility testing is essential to obtain reliable results. Here, the authors study the influence of heparinized whole blood storage time and temperature on blood activation and evaluate the importance of initiating hemocompatibility tests within 4 h of blood collection. Blood from healthy volunteers was collected and analyzed with minimal delay, after 30 min and after 60 min of storage at room temperature, 30 or 37 °C. In addition, blood was analyzed after 1, 2, or 4 h of storage at room temperature. Platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet binding capacity to collagen and thromboxane B2 were measured to assess platelet function, complement complex C5b-9 and elastase were measured to assess activation of the inflammatory response system, and thrombin-antithrombin III was measured to assess activation of the coagulation system. Furthermore, free hemoglobin was measured in platelet poor plasma as an indicator for red blood cell damage. The authors found that storage at 30 °C significantly increased platelet and coagulation activity after 60 min and storage at 37 °C significantly increased platelet, coagulation, and white blood cell activity after 60 min. Storage at room temperature significantly decreased platelet binding to collagen after 4 h and increased platelet activity after 1 h onward and white blood cell activity after 4 h. Their results show that short-term storage of heparinized whole blood significantly influences biomarkers over time, especially at 30 and 37 °C compared to room temperature. However, blood stored at room temperature for 4 h is also affected. In particular, platelet function and white blood cell activity are significantly influenced after 4 h of stationary storage at room temperature; therefore, the authors propose that hemocompatibility tests should be initiated well within 4 h of blood collection, preferably within 2 h.
Mechanical properties of TiN coatings studied via nanoindentation and nanoscratch test
Authors: Zeng Huazhi , Wang Hai , Shen Jun
Published: February 2016

TiN coatings were deposited with various Ar/N2 gas flow ratios by arc ion plating. Coating microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated through grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning electron microscopy, digital microscopy, nanoindentation, and nanoscratch test. GIXRD indicated that TiN coatings initially grew along the (111) and (200) planes, and then the intensity of the peaks decreased as the Ar/N2 gas flow ratio was reduced. TiN coatings exhibited a high hardness value (22.3–26.3 GPa). Coatings with a high hardness-to-modulus ratio (H/Er) were found to crack dramatically under low critical load. The depth of the nanoscratches decreased as the H/Er ratio was reduced, indicating that the wear resistance of the coatings increased as the Ar/N2 gas flow ratio was augmented. TiN coatings with high Ar/N2 gas flow ratio achieved high hardness value, excellent elastic recovery under low loads, high adhesive strength, and strong wear resistance.
Tumor radio‐sensitivity assessment by means of volume data and magnetic resonance indices measured on prostate tumor bearing rats
Authors: Belfatto Antonella , White Derek A. , Mason Ralph P. , Zhang Zhang , Stojadinovic Strahinja , Baroni Guido , Cerveri Pietro
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments in the fight against prostate cancer, since it is used to control the tumor (early stages), to slow its progression, and even to control pain (metastasis). Although many factors (e.g., tumor oxygenation) are known to influence treatment efficacy, radiotherapy doses and fractionation schedules are often prescribed according to the principle “one‐fits‐all,” with little personalization. Therefore, the authors aim at predicting the outcome of radiation therapy a priori starting from morphologic and functional information to move a step forward in the treatment customization.

Methods:

The authors propose a two‐step protocol to predict the effects of radiation therapy on individual basis. First, one macroscopic mathematical model of tumor evolution was trained on tumor volume progression, measured by caliper, of eighteen Dunning R3327‐AT1 bearing rats. Nine rats inhaled 100% O2 during irradiation (oxy), while the others were allowed to breathe air. Second, a supervised learning of the weight and biases of two feedforward neural networks was performed to predict the radio‐sensitivity (target) from the initial volume and oxygenation‐related information (inputs) for each rat group (air and oxygen breathing). To this purpose, four MRI‐based indices related to blood and tissue oxygenation were computed, namely, the variation of signal intensity in interleaved blood oxygen level dependent and tissue oxygen level dependent (IBT) sequences as well as changes in longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates.

Results:

An inverse correlation of the radio‐sensitivity parameter, assessed by the model, was found with respect the (−0.65) for the oxy group. A further subdivision according to positive and negative values of showed a larger average radio‐sensitivity for the oxy rats with and a significant difference in the two distributions (p < 0.05). Finally, a leave‐one‐out procedure yielded a radio‐sensitivity error lower than 20% in both neural networks.

Conclusions:

While preliminary, these specific results suggest that subjects affected by the same pathology can benefit differently from the same irradiation modalities and support the usefulness of IBT in discriminating between different responses.
An experimental application of aeroacoustic time-reversal to the Aeolian tone
Authors: Mimani A. , Prime Z. , Moreau D. J. , Doolan C. J.
Published: February 2016

This paper presents an experimental application of the aeroacoustic time-reversal (TR) source localization technique for studying flow-induced noise problems and compares the TR results with those obtained using conventional beamforming (CB). Experiments were conducted in an anechoic wind tunnel for the benchmark test-case of a full-span circular cylinder located in subsonic cross-flow wherein the far-field acoustic pressure was sampled using two line arrays (LAs) of microphones located above and below the cylinder. The source map obtained using the signals recorded at the two LAs without modeling the reflective surfaces of the contraction-outlet and cylinder during TR simulations revealed the lift-dipole nature of aeroacoustic source generated at the Aeolian tone; however, it indicates an error of 3/20 of Aeolian tone wavelength in the predicted location. Modeling the reflective contraction-outlet during TR was shown to improve the focal-resolution of the source and reduce side-lobe levels, especially in the low-frequency range. The experimental TR results were shown to be comparable to (a) the simulation results of an idealized dipole at the cylinder location in wind-tunnel flow and (b) that obtained by monopole and dipole CB, thereby demonstrating the suitability of TR method as a diagnostic tool to analyze flow-induced noise generation mechanism.
Measurement of dispersion curves of circumferential guided waves radiating from curved shells: Theory and numerical validation
Authors: Chekroun Mathieu , Minonzio Jean-Gabriel , Prada Claire , Laugier Pascal , Grimal Quentin
Published: February 2016

A method is proposed to evaluate in a non-contact way the phase velocity dispersion curves of circumferential waves around a shell of arbitrary shape immersed in a fluid. No assumptions are made about the thickness or the material of the shell. A geometrical model is derived to describe the shape of the radiated wavefronts in the surrounding fluid, and predict the positions of its centers of curvature. Then the time-reversal principle is applied to recover these positions and to calculate the phase velocity of the circumferential waves. Numerical finite-difference simulations are performed to evaluate the method on a circular and on an elliptic thin shell. Different dispersion curves can be recovered with an error of less than 10%.
Separation of non-stationary sound fields with single layer pressure-velocity measurements
Authors: Bi Chuan-Xing , Geng Lin , Zhang Xiao-Zheng
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the feasibility of extracting the non-stationary sound field generated by a target source in the presence of disturbing source from single layer pressure-velocity measurements. Unlike the method described in a previous paper [Bi, Geng, and Zhang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135(6), 3474–3482 (2014)], the proposed method allows measurements of pressure and particle velocity signals on a single plane instead of pressure signals on two planes, and the time-dependent pressure generated by the target source is extracted by a simple superposition of the measured pressure and the convolution between the measured particle velocity and the corresponding impulse response function. Because the particle velocity here is measured directly, the error caused by the finite difference approximation can be avoided, which makes it possible to perform the separation better than the previous method. In this paper, a Microflown pressure-velocity probe is used to perform the experimental measurements, and the calibration procedure of the probe in the time domain is given. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in extracting the desired non-stationary sound field generated by the target source from the mixed one in both time and space domains, and it obtains more accurate results than the previous method.
Response-Order Effects in Survey Methods: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study in the Context of Sport Injury Prevention
Authors: Chan Derwin K.C. , Ivarsson Andreas , Stenling Andreas , Yang Sophie X. , Chatzisarantis Nikos L.D. , Hagger Martin S.
Published: February 2016

Consistency tendency is characterized by the propensity for participants responding to subsequent items in a survey consistent with their responses to previous items. This method effect might contaminate the results of sport psychology surveys using cross-sectional design. We present a randomized controlled crossover study examining the effect of consistency tendency on the motivational pathway (i.e., autonomy support → autonomous motivation → intention) of self-determination theory in the context of sport injury prevention. Athletes from Sweden (N = 341) responded to the survey printed in either low interitem distance (IID; consistency tendency likely) or high IID (consistency tendency suppressed) on two separate occasions, with a one-week interim period. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups, and they received the survey of different IID at each occasion. Bayesian structural equation modeling showed that low IID condition had stronger parameter estimates than high IID condition, but the differences were not statistically significant.
To Weigh or Not to Weigh? Relation to Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors Among Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Carrigan Kayla W. , Petrie Trent A. , Anderson Carlin M.
Published: February 2016

Female athletes have been identified as a subpopulation at heightened risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, particularly due to weight pressures in their environment. Using a sample of 414 NCAA Division-I female collegiate athletes, we examined the relations of required team weigh-ins or self-weighing on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Through a series of multivariate analyses, we determined that team weighs were significantly unrelated to all outcome measures. Self-weighing, however, differentiated the athletes’ scores on internalization, body satisfaction, dietary restraint, negative affect, and bulimic symptomatology; athletes who self-weighed three or more times a week reported significantly higher levels of pathology across all measures. Mandatory team-conducted weigh-ins appear to not be a salient pressure for female gymnasts and swimmer/divers, although the frequency of their self-weighing may represent a level of self-monitoring that is associated with greater endorsement of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors.
Do Male and Female Cyclists’ Cortical Activity Differ Before and During Cycling Exercise?
Authors: Ludyga Sebastian , Gronwald Thomas , Hottenrott Kuno
Published: February 2016

Although men and women are suggested to vary in resistance to fatigue, possible sex difference in its central component have rarely been investigated via electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, we examined differences in cortical activity between male and female cyclists (n = 26) during cycling exercise. Participants performed an incremental test to derive the anaerobic threshold from the lactate power curve. In addition, cyclists’ cortical activity was recorded with EEG before and during cycling exercise. Whereas women showed higher frontal alpha and beta activity at rest, no sex-specific differences of relative EEG spectral power occurred during cycling at higher intensity. Women and men’s brains respond similarly during submaximal cycling, as both sexes show an inverted U-shaped curve of alpha power. Therefore, sex differences observable at rest vanish after the onset of exercise.
Predictors of Moral Disengagement in Sport
Authors: Shields David Light , Funk Christopher D. , Bredemeier Brenda Light
Published: February 2016

Researchers have made productive use of Bandura’s (1991) construct of moral disengagement (MD) to help explain why sport participants deviate from ethical ideals. In this study of intercollegiate athletes from diverse sports (N = 713), we examined MD in relation to other character-related variables: empathy, moral identity, moral attentiveness, and contesting orientations. We also examined whether moral attentiveness conforms to the pattern of “bracketed morality” found in moral reasoning (Shields & Bredemeier, 1995) and moral behavior (Kavussanu, Boardley, Sagar, & Ring, 2013). Results indicated that MD correlated positively with perceptual moral attentiveness and war contesting orientation; MD correlated negatively with empathy, moral identity, reflective moral attentiveness, and partnership contesting orientation. Results of hierarchical regression demonstrated that gender, contesting orientations, moral identity, and one form of moral attentiveness were significant predictors of MD. Finally, sport participants were found to be less morally attentive in sport than in everyday life.
rs6295 [C]-Allele Protects Against Depressive Mood in Elderly Endurance Athletes
Authors: Haslacher Helmuth , Michlmayr Matthias , Batmyagmar Delgerdalai , Perkmann Thomas , Ponocny-Seliger Elisabeth , Scheichenberger Vanessa , Scherzer Thomas M. , Nistler Sonja , Pilger Alexander , Dal-Bianco Peter , Lehrner Johann , Pezawas Lukas , Wagner Oswald F. , Winker Robert
Published: February 2016

A single nucleotide variant within the promoter of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5HT1A) receptor, rs6295, is part of a binding site for the transcription factor NUDR (nuclear-DEAF-1-related). We aimed to ascertain whether the rs6295 mediates the effect of exercise on depressive mood in elderly endurance athletes. We prospectively enrolled 55 elderly athletes (marathon runners/bicyclists) and 58 controls. In a controlled, univariate model, an interaction between the [C]-allele and physical activity indicated that only among athletes, the variant resulting in an imperfect NUDR binding site was associated with a lower depression score. Hence, athletes presented with a significantly lower relative risk of achieving a suspicious depression score among carriers of at least one [C]-allele. Our results suggest that the positive effect of physical exercise on depressive mood might be mediated by the 5HT1A receptor and the extent of this protective effect seems to be enhanced by the [C]-allele of the rs6295 variant.
Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback Enhances Golf Putting Performance
Authors: Cheng Ming-Yang , Huang Chung-Ju , Chang Yu-Kai , Koester Dirk , Schack Thomas , Hung Tsung-Min
Published: February 2016

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) activity has been related to automaticity during skilled action execution. However, few studies have bridged the causal link between SMR activity and sports performance. This study investigated the effect of SMR neurofeedback training (SMR NFT) on golf putting performance. We hypothesized that preelite golfers would exhibit enhanced putting performance after SMR NFT. Sixteen preelite golfers were recruited and randomly assigned into either an SMR or a control group. Participants were asked to perform putting while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, both before and after intervention. Our results showed that the SMR group performed more accurately when putting and exhibited greater SMR power than the control group after 8 intervention sessions. This study concludes that SMR NFT is effective for increasing SMR during action preparation and for enhancing golf putting performance. Moreover, greater SMR activity might be an EEG signature of improved attention processing, which induces superior putting performance.
Bendy bugs inspire roboticists
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Bees, wasps, and cockroaches are built to survive bashing and squeezing.
Climate confusion among U.S. teachers
Authors: Plutzer Eric , McCaffrey Mark , Hannah A. Lee , Rosenau Joshua , Berbeco Minda , Reid Ann H.
Published: February 2016

Teachers' knowledge and values can hinder climate education
Evidence for hydrodynamic electron flow in PdCoO
2
Authors: Moll Philip J. W. , Kushwaha Pallavi , Nandi Nabhanila , Schmidt Burkhard , Mackenzie Andrew P.
Published: February 2016

Electrons that flow like a fluid

Electrons inside a conductor are often described as flowing in response to an electric field. This flow rarely resembles anything like the familiar flow of water through a pipe, but three groups describe counterexamples (see the Perspective by Zaanen). Moll
et al.
found that the viscosity of the electron fluid in thin wires of PdCoO
2
had a major effect on the flow, much like what happens in regular fluids. Bandurin
et al.
found evidence in graphene of electron whirlpools similar to those formed by viscous fluid flowing through a small opening. Finally, Crossno
et al.
observed a huge increase of thermal transport in graphene, a signature of so-called Dirac fluids.

Science
, this issue p.
1061
,
1055
,
1058
; see also p.
1026
The savvy citizen
Uninformed Why People Know So Little About Politics and What We Can Do About It
Arthur Lupia
Oxford University Press, 2016. 357 pp.
Authors: Junn Jane
Published: February 2016

A new logic-based strategy promises to help civic educators improve the public's understanding of politics
Artificial electron acceptors decouple archaeal methane oxidation from sulfate reduction
Authors: Scheller Silvan , Yu Hang , Chadwick Grayson L. , McGlynn Shawn E. , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: February 2016

Long-term partners uncoupled

Methane-munching archaea in marine sediments live closely coupled to sulfate-reducing bacteria in a syntrophic relationship. Surprisingly, however, these archaea do not necessarily need their bacterial partners to survive or grow. Scheller
et al.
performed stable isotope incubation experiments with deep-sea methane seep sediments (see the Perspective by Rotaru and Thamdrup). Several groups of methane-oxidizing archaea could use a range of soluble electron acceptors instead of coupling to active bacterial sulfate reduction. This decoupled pathway shows that methane-oxidizing archaea transfer electrons extracellularly and may even possess the capacity to respire iron and manganese minerals that are abundant in seafloor sediments.

Science
, this issue p.
703
; see also p.
658
A decade of sea level rise slowed by climate-driven hydrology
Authors: Reager J. T. , Gardner A. S. , Famiglietti J. S. , Wiese D. N. , Eicker A. , Lo M.-H.
Published: February 2016

By land or by sea

How much of an effect does terrestrial groundwater storage have on sea-level rise? Reager
et al.
used gravity measurements made between 2002 and 2014 by NASA's Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites to quantify variations in groundwater storage. Combining those data with estimates of mass loss by glaciers revealed groundwater's impact on sea-level change. Net groundwater storage has been increasing, and the greatest regional changes, both positive and negative, are associated with climate-driven variability in precipitation. Thus, groundwater storage has slowed the rate of recent sea-level rise by roughly 15%.

Science
, this issue p.
699
Pathogen to powerhouse
Authors: Ball Steven G. , Bhattacharya Debashish , Weber Andreas P. M.
Published: February 2016

How did the precursors to the mitochondrion and the plastid evade host defense?
The hidden organ
The Secret World Inside You
Rob DeSalle and Susan Perkins, curators
American Museum of Natural History Through 14 August 2016
Authors: Thompson Valerie
Published: February 2016

The much-maligned microbe is recast as an essential element of human health
A new diet for methane oxidizers
Authors: Rotaru Amelia-Elena , Thamdrup Bo
Published: February 2016

Archaea that normally depend on sulfate-reducing bacteria can also grow alone

[Also see Report by

Scheller
et al.

]
Modulating pulmonary inflammation
Authors: Whitsett Jeffrey A. , Morrisey Edward E.
Published: February 2016

Neuroepithelial cells suppress pulmonary inflammation and alveolar remodeling

[Also see Report by

Branchfield
et al.

]
(TORC)ing up purine biosynthesis
Authors: Ma Eric H. , Jones Russell G.
Published: February 2016

An enzyme complex coordinates metabolism and nucleotide production to fuel cell growth

[Also see Reports by

Ben-Sahra
et al.

and

French
et al.

]
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Methicillin-Resistant Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Authors: Khan Saeed , Sung Kidon , Iram Saira , Nawaz Mohamed , Xu Joshua , Marasa Bernard
Published: February 2016

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) clinical isolates, hospital-associated perirectal isolate 32S (ST 239) from a colitis tracheostomy patient and community-associated MRSA isolate 42S (ST 772) from a hepatic-splenomegaly patient in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Complete Genome Sequencing of Dengue Virus Type I from Zhuhai City, China
Authors: Chen Chao , Wei Quande
Published: February 2016

The detection and successful typing of dengue virus (DENV) from patients with suspected dengue fever are important for stopping outbreaks and preventing the recurrence of this virus. In this study, we reported complete genomic sequences of DENV-1 isolated from Zhuhai patients, providing basic information for future epidemic dengue disease detection.
Six
Pseudoalteromonas
Strains Isolated from Surface Waters of Kabeltonne, Offshore Helgoland, North Sea
Authors: Duhaime Melissa B. , Wichels Antje , Sullivan Matthew B.
Published: February 2016

Draft genomes are presented for 6
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. strains isolated from surface waters at Kabeltonne, Helgoland, a long-term ecological research station in the North Sea. These strains contribute knowledge of the genomic underpinnings of a developing model system to study phage-host dynamics of a particle-associated ocean copiotroph.
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecium Strain 58m, Isolated from Intestinal Tract Content of a Woolly Mammoth,
Mammuthus primigenius
Authors: Goncharov Artemiy , Grigorjev Semyon , Karaseva Alena , Kolodzhieva Viktoria , Azarov Daniil , Akhremenko Yana , Tarasova Lidia , Tikhonov Alexei , Masharskiy Alexey , Zueva Lyudmila , Suvorov Alexander
Published: February 2016

Enterococcus faecium
58m is a putative ancient nonpathogenic strain isolated from the intestinal content of an adult woolly mammoth (
Mammuthus primigenius
). Here, we report its draft genome sequence, consisting of 60 contigs.
In silico
genomic analysis was performed to determine the genetic features and pathogenic potential of this microorganism.
Draft Genome Sequences of the Turfgrass Pathogen
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
Authors: Green Robert , Sang Hyunkyu , Chang Taehyun , Allan-Perkins Elisha , Petit Elsa , Jung Geunhwa
Published: February 2016

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
(F. T. Bennett) is one of the most economically important pathogens on high-amenity cool-season turfgrasses, where it causes dollar spot. To understand the genetic mechanisms of fungicide resistance, which has become highly prevalent, the whole genomes of two isolates with varied resistance levels to fungicides were sequenced.
Genome Sequence of Selenium-Solubilizing Bacterium Caulobacter vibrioides T5M6
Authors: Wang Yihua , Qin Yanan , Kot Witold , Zhang Fujun , Zheng Shixue , Wang Gejiao , Hansen Lars H. , Rensing Christopher
Published: February 2016

Caulobacter vibrioides
T5M6 is a Gram-negative strain that strongly solubilizes selenium (Se) mineral into Se(IV) and was isolated from a selenium mining area in Enshi, southwest China. This strain produces the phytohormone IAA and promotes plant growth. Here we present the genome of this strain containing a large number of genes encoding resistances to copper and antibiotics.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ALF3 Isolated from Alfalfa
Authors: Harrison James , Dornbusch Melinda R. , Samac Deborah , Studholme David J.
Published: February 2016

We report here the annotated draft genome sequence of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. syringae strain ALF3, isolated in Wyoming. A comparison of this genome sequence with those of closely related strains of
P. syringae
adapted to other hosts will facilitate research into interactions between this pathogen and alfalfa.
Complete Genome Sequence of the African Strain AXO1947 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Huguet-Tapia J. C. , Peng Z. , Yang B. , Yin Z. , Liu S. , White F. F.
Published: February 2016

Xanthomonas oryzae
pv. oryzae is the etiological agent of bacterial rice blight. Three distinct clades of
X. oryzae
pv. oryzae are known. We present the complete annotated genome of the African clade strain AXO194 using long-read single-molecule PacBio sequencing technology. The genome comprises a single chromosome of 4,674,975 bp and encodes for nine transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors. The approach and data presented in this announcement provide information for complex bacterial genome organization and the discovery of new virulence effectors, and they facilitate target characterization of TAL effectors.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain ADP, a Bacterial Model for Studying the Degradation of the Herbicide Atrazine
Authors: Devers-Lamrani Marion , Spor Aymé , Mounier Arnaud , Martin-Laurent Fabrice
Published: February 2016

We report here the 7,259,392-bp draft genome of
Pseudomonas
sp. strain ADP. This is a bacterial strain that was first isolated in the 1990s from soil for its ability to mineralize the herbicide atrazine. It has extensively been studied as a model to understand the atrazine biodegradation pathway. This genome will be used as a reference and compared to evolved populations obtained by experimental evolution conducted on this strain under atrazine selection pressure.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus methylotrophicus FKM10, a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Isolated from Apple Rhizosphere
Authors: Wang Chengqiang , Hu Xiuna , Liu Kai , Hou Qihui , Yang Qianqian , Ding Yanqin , Du Binghai
Published: February 2016

Bacillus methylotrophicus
FKM10 is a strain of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with antimicrobial activity, which was isolated from apple rhizosphere. Here, we present the genome sequence of
B. methylotrophicus
FKM10. Two scaffolds were finally assembled, and several functional genes related to its antimicrobial activity were discovered.
Inflammatory fibroid polyp (Vanek's tumour): my worst nightmare in the emergency department
Authors: Khadanga Sagar , Dugar Dharmendra , Khurana Ujjawal , Satapathy Shakti Prasad
Published: February 2016

A middle-aged woman presented in shock with bleeding per rectum for 2 days without any significant past medical or surgical illness. Abdominal sonography, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and sigmoidocolonoscopy were unremarkable. Despite 6 units of blood transfusion, 3000 mL of plasma expanders and ionotropes, the arterial pressure gradually decreased. We had no choice but to undergo life-threatening yet possibly life saving laparotomy. We found a 1×1 cm ileal bleeding mucosal polyp about 20 cm away from the ileocaecal junction. We resected and anastomosed end to end. Perioperatively, the patient was transfused with another 4 units of blood product. Immunohistopathology revealed a large number of CD34 positive spindle cells and eosinophils with extensive thick-walled capillaries compatible with inflammatory fibroid polyp. This case of Vanek's tumour is reported for its atypical site, which presented as massive obscure gastrointestinal haemorrhage without any prior warning signs.
Fulminant zygomycosis of graft liver following liver transplantation
Authors: Sethi Pulkit , Balakrishnan Dinesh , Surendran Sudhindran , Mohamed Zubair Umer
Published: February 2016

A 44-year-old man with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis underwent living donor liver transplantation at our institute. Induction of immunosuppression was achieved with basiliximab, due to deranged renal function, and maintained with prednisolone, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. The intraoperative and immediate postoperative periods were fairly uneventful. A duplex scan, taken during the third week post-transplantation due to sudden rise in liver enzymes, revealed multifocal hypoechoic lesions in the graft liver with normal Doppler parameters. Multidetecor computed tomography (MDCT) showed multiple hypodense vessel-sparing lesions in the graft liver. Cultures from the aspirate grew filamentous fungi identified asBasidiobolus ranarumspecies. Despite multiple broad spectrum antifungal infusions including liposomal amphotericin, itraconazole, caspofungin and posaconazole, serial sonography showed the hepatic lesions increasing in size, and involving segments V, VI and VII. The patient developed severe liver dysfunction ultimately progressing to sepsis, multiorgan dysfunction and death.