bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian linear‐in‐spin binary Hamiltonians
Authors: Hartung Johannes , Steinhoff Jan , Schäfer Gerhard
Published: April 2013

The next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian spin‐orbit and spin(1)‐spin(2) Hamiltonians for binary compact objects in general relativity are derived. The Arnowitt‐Deser‐Misner canonical formalism and its generalization to spinning compact objects in general relativity are presented and a fully reduced matter‐only Hamiltonian is obtained. Several simplifications using integrations by parts are discussed. Approximate solutions to the constraints and evolution equations of motion are provided. Technical details of the integration procedures are given including an analysis of the short‐range behavior of the integrands around the sources. The Hamiltonian of a test‐spin moving in a stationary Kerr spacetime is obtained by rather simple approach and used to check parts of the mentioned results. Kinematical consistency checks by using the global (post‐Newtonian approximate) Poincaré algebra are applied. Along the way a self‐contained overview for the computation of the 3PN ADM point‐mass Hamiltonian is provided, too.
Characteristics of banana fibers and banana fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites‐macroscale to nanoscale
Authors: Neelamana Indira Kizhakke , Thomas Sabu , Parameswaranpillai Jyotishkumar
Published: April 2013

Microfibers and nanofibers were prepared from macro banana fibers by a steam explosion process. The fiber surface of chemically modified and unmodified banana fibers was investigated by atomic force microscopy, the studies revealed a reduction in fiber diameter during steam explosion followed by acid treatments. Zeta potential measurements were carried out to measure the acidic property of the fiber surface; the surface acidity was found to be increased from macrofibers to nanofibers. The thermal behavior of macrofibers, microfibers, and nanofibers were compared. Substantial increase in thermal stability was observed from macroscale to nanoscale, which proved the high thermal stability of nanofibers to processing conditions of biocomposite preparation. The composition of the fibers before and after steam explosion and acid hydrolysis were also analyzed using FT‐IR. It was found that the isolation of cellulose nanofibres occurs in the final step of the processing stage. Further macrocomposites, microcomposites, and nanocomposites were prepared and mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact properties were measured and compared. The composites with small amount of nanofibers induces a significant increase in tensile strength (142%), flexural strength (280%), and impact strength (133%) of the phenol formaldehyde (PF) matrix, this increase is due to the interconnected web like structure of the nanofibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1239‐1246, 2013
Structure–property relationship of polyimides based on pyromellitic dianhydride and short‐chain aliphatic diamines for dielectric material applications
Authors: Baldwin Aaron F. , Ma Rui , Wang Chenchen , Ramprasad Rampi , Sotzing Gregory A.
Published: April 2013

Most polyolefins that are used for dielectric materials exhibit a low dielectric constant and operating temperatures up to 70°C. Polyimides offer a means to a higher dielectric constant material by the introduction of a polar group in the polymer backbone and are thermally stable at temperatures exceeding 250°C. A common dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), is reacted with various short‐chain diamines to produce polymers with high imide density. Homopolymers and copolymers synthesized had dielectric constants ranging from 3.96 to 6.57. These materials exhibit a dielectric constant twice that of biaxially oriented polypropylene and therefore a twofold increase in capacitance as well as maintaining low dissipation factors that are acceptable for this application. The experimental dielectric constants of these materials are also compared to density functional theory calculations and exhibit a close relationship. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1276‐1280, 2013
From reactivation of latent HIV‐1 to elimination of the latent reservoir: The presence of multiple barriers to viral eradication
Authors: Shan Liang , Siliciano Robert F.
Published: April 2013

The discovery of a stable latent reservoir for HIV‐1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV‐1. The long‐lived latently infected cells persist in spite of prolonged highly active antiretroviral therapy and present a major barrier to a cure of HIV‐1 infection. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of HIV‐1 persistence and latent viral infection in the context of effective antiretroviral therapy and the recent progress in purging latent viral reservoirs. Recent studies demonstrate that reactivation of latent HIV‐1 is a promising strategy for the depletion of these viral reservoirs. A thorough evaluation of the anti‐latency activity of drug candidates should include the measurement of changes in intracellular viral RNA, plasma virus levels, and the size of latent viral reservoirs, as well as potential adverse effects. Currently, there are several technical barriers to the evaluation of anti‐latency drugs in vivo. We also discuss these challenging issues that remain unresolved.
Computational evaluation of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 metabolism for chemical production
Authors: Vu Trang T. , Hill Eric A. , Kucek Leo A. , Konopka Allan E. , Beliaev Alexander S. , Reed Jennifer L.
Published: April 2013

Cyanobacteria are ideal metabolic engineering platforms for carbon‐neutral biotechnology because they directly convert CO2 to a range of valuable products. In this study, we present a computational assessment of biochemical production in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (Synechococcus 7002), a fast growing cyanobacterium whose genome has been sequenced, and for which genetic modification methods have been developed. We evaluated the maximum theoretical yields (mol product per mol CO2 or mol photon) of producing various chemicals under photoautotrophic and dark conditions using a genome‐scale metabolic model of Synechococcus 7002. We found that the yields were lower under dark conditions, compared to photoautotrophic conditions, due to the limited amount of energy and reductant generated from glycogen. We also examined the effects of photon and CO2 limitations on chemical production under photoautotrophic conditions. In addition, using various computational methods such as minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA), relative metabolic change (RELATCH), and OptORF, we identified gene‐knockout mutants that are predicted to improve chemical production under photoautotrophic and/or dark anoxic conditions. These computational results are useful for metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria to synthesize value‐added products.
Polyelectrolyte properties of single stranded DNA measured using SAXS and single‐molecule FRET: Beyond the wormlike chain model
Authors: Meisburger Steve P. , Sutton Julie L. , Chen Huimin , Pabit Suzette A. , Kirmizialtin Serdal , Elber Ron , Pollack Lois
Published: April 2013

Nucleic acids are highly charged polyelectrolytes that interact strongly with salt ions. Rigid, base‐paired regions are successfully described with wormlike chain models, but nonbase‐paired single stranded regions have fundamentally different polymer properties because of their greater flexibility. Recently, attention has turned to single stranded nucleic acids due to the growing recognition of their biological importance, as well as the availability of sophisticated experimental techniques sensitive to the conformation of individual molecules. We investigate polyelectrolyte properties of poly(dT), an important and widely studied model system for flexible single stranded nucleic acids, in physiologically important mixed mono‐ and divalent salt. We report measurements of the form factor and interparticle interactions using SAXS, end‐to‐end distances using smFRET, and number of excess ions using ASAXS. We present a coarse‐grained model that accounts for flexibility, excluded volume, and electrostatic interactions in these systems. Predictions of the model are validated against experiment. We also discuss the state of all‐atom, explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of poly(dT), the next step in understanding the complexities of ion interactions with these highly charged and flexible polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 1032–1045, 2013.
Consensus engineering of sucrose phosphorylase: The outcome reflects the sequence input
Authors: Aerts Dirk , Verhaeghe Tom , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Vriend Gert , Soetaert Wim , Desmet Tom
Published: April 2013

Consensus engineering, which is replacing amino acids by the most frequently occurring one at their positions in a multiple sequence alignment (MSA), is a known strategy to increase the stability of a protein. The application of this concept to the entire sequence of an enzyme, however, has been tried only a few times mainly because of the problems determining the consensus in highly variable regions. We show that this problem can be solved by replacing such problematic regions by the corresponding sequence of the natural homologue closest to the consensus. When one or a few sub‐families are overrepresented in the MSA the consensus sequence is a biased representation of the sequence space. We examine the influence of this bias by constructing three consensus sequences using different MSAs of sucrose phosphorylase (SP). Each consensus enzyme contained about 70 mutations compared to its closest natural homologue and folded correctly and displayed activity on sucrose. Correlation analysis revealed that the family's co‐evolution network was kept intact, which is one of the main advantages of full‐length consensus design. The consensus enzymes displayed an “average” thermostability, that is, one that is higher than some but not all known representatives. We cautiously present practical rules for the design of consensus sequences, but warn that the measure of success depends on which natural enzyme is used as point of comparison. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2563–2572. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adenoma detection in patients undergoing a comprehensive colonoscopy screening
Authors: Raju Gottumukkala S. , Vadyala Vikram , Slack Rebecca , Krishna Somashekar G. , Ross William A. , Lynch Patrick M. , Bresalier Robert S. , Hawk Ernest , Stroehlein John R.
Published: April 2013

Measures shown to improve the adenoma detection during colonoscopy (excellent bowel preparation, cecal intubation, cap fitted colonoscope to examine behind folds, patient position change to optimize colon distention, trained endoscopy team focusing on detection of subtle flat lesions, and incorporation of optimum endoscopic examination with adequate withdrawal time) are applicable to clinical practice and, if incorporated are projected to facilitate comprehensive colonoscopy screening program for colon cancer prevention. To determine adenoma and serrated polyp detection rate under conditions designed to optimize quality parameters for comprehensive screening colonoscopy. Retrospective analysis of data obtained from a comprehensive colon cancer screening program designed to optimize quality parameters. Academic medical center. Three hundred and forty‐three patients between the ages of 50 years and 75 years who underwent first screening colonoscopy between 2009 and 2011 among 535 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy. Comprehensive colonoscopy screening program was utilized to screen all patients. Cecal intubation was successful in 98.8% of patients. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale for quality of colonoscopy was 8.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 8.94, 9.00). The rate of adenoma detection was 60% and serrated lesion (defined as serrated adenomas or hyperplastic polyps proximal to the splenic flexure) detection was 23%. The rate of precancerous lesion detection (adenomas and serrated lesions) was 66%. The mean number of adenomas per screening procedure was 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) and the mean number of precancerous lesions (adenomas or serrated lesions) per screening procedure was 1.6 (1.4, 1.8). Retrospective study and single endoscopist experience. A comprehensive colonoscopy screening program results in high‐quality screening with high detection of adenomas, advanced adenomas, serrated adenomas, and multiple adenomas.
Heterometallic Clusters [CuSn3S9]5− and [Cu6Sn6S20]10−: Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of 4f–3d Thiostannates
Authors: Chen Ruihong , Wang Fang , Tang Chunying , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian
Published: April 2013

Two types of 4f–3d thiostannates with general formula [Hen]2[Ln(en)4(CuSn3S9)]⋅0.5 en (Ln1; Ln=La, 1; Ce, 2) and [Hen]4[Ln(en)4]2[Cu6Sn6S20]⋅3 en (Ln2; Ln=Nd, 3; Gd, 4; Er, 5) were prepared by reactions of Ln2O3, Cu, Sn, and S in ethylenediamine (en) under solvothermal conditions between 160 and 190 °C. However, reactions performed in the range from 120 to 140 °C resulted in crystallization of [Sn2S6]4− compounds and CuS powder. In 1 and 2, three SnS4 tetrahedra and one CuS3 triangle are joined by sharing sulfur atoms to form a novel [CuSn3S9]5− cluster that coordinates to the Ln3+ ion of [Ln(en)4]3+ (Ln=La, Ce) as a monodentate ligand. The [CuSn3S9]5− unit is the first thio‐based heterometallic adamantane‐like cluster coordinating to a lanthanide center. In 3–5, six SnS4 tetrahedra and six CuS3 triangles are connected by sharing common sulfur atoms to form the ternary [Cu6Sn6S20]10− cluster, in which a Cu6 core is enclosed by two Sn3S10 fragments. The topological structure of the novel Cu6 core can be regarded as two Cu4 tetrahedra joined by a common edge. The Ln3+ ions in Ln1 and Ln2 are in nine‐ and eightfold coordination, respectively, which leads to the formation of the [CuSn3S9]5− and [Cu6Sn6S20]10− clusters under identical synthetic conditions. The syntheses of Ln1 and Ln2 show the influence of the lanthanide contraction on the quaternary Ln/Cu/Sn/S system in ethylenediamine. Compounds 1–5 exhibit bandgaps in the range of 2.09–2.48 eV depending on the two different types of clusters in the compounds. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 lost their organic components in the temperature range of 110–350 °C by multistep processes.
Fluorometry, a fast screening technique for non‐covalent binding of contrast agents to human serum albumin?
Authors: Zhou Q. , Henoumont C. , Vander Elst L. , Laurent S. , Muller R. N.
Published: April 2013

The non‐covalent interactions of gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agents with macromolecules, such as human serum albumin (HSA), increase their efficacy. The identification of contrast agents that interact with HSA is a crucial first step in the complex, lengthy and expensive developmental process of a new potential HSA‐targeting contrast agent. Fluorometry has been used as a possibly simpler and more effective tool of screening. In this study, the affinity of four compounds (Gd–DTPA, Gd–BOPTA, Gd–EOB–DTPA and MS‐325) for HSA was investigated. The results show that the fluorescence method is a convenient tool that can easily detect this kind of non‐covalent interaction owing to the small amount of required compound, the simplicity of the procedure and the popularity of the instrument, compared with the other approaches reported in the literature. However, fluorescence screening tests should be interpreted with caution since false‐negative results will occur when the binding site of a gadolinium‐based agent is far away from the location of the sole Trp residue of HSA or when an unsuitable site‐marker is selected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using buffered playtime for QoE‐oriented resource management of YouTube video streaming
Authors: Wamser F. , Hock D. , Seufert M. , Staehle B. , Pries R. , Tran‐Gia P.
Published: April 2013

YouTube is the most important online platform for streaming video clips. The popularity and the continuously increasing number of users pose new challenges for Internet service providers. In particular, in access networks where the transmission resources are limited and the providers are interested in reducing their operational expenditure, it is worth to efficiently optimise the network for popular services such as YouTube. In this paper, we propose different resource management mechanisms to improve the quality of experience (QoE) of YouTube users. In particular, we investigate the benefit of cross‐layer resource management actions at the client and in the access network for YouTube video streaming. The proposed algorithms are evaluated in a wireless mesh testbed. The results show how to improve the YouTube QoE for the users with the help of client‐based or network‐based control actions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical conductors in Archean mantle—Result of plume interaction?
Authors: Thiel Stephan , Heinson Graham
Published: April 2013

From long‐period magnetotelluric data across the Gawler Craton, we obtain a three‐dimensional resistivity image of the lithosphere and provide constraints on tectonothermal events dating back to the Proterozoic. Contrary to common observations of Archean cratons displaying high electrical resistivity in the mantle lithosphere, the magnetotelluric data show low resistivity of around 10Ω m at 80km depth underneath the 1595Ma Gawler Range Volcanics, a silicic large igneous province. The resistivity distribution appears to be a signature of plume‐modified orogenesis with low‐degree partial melting at the base of the lithosphere in a back‐arc setting. The enhanced conductivity is explained through higher hydrogen and iron content in the crystal lattice and also along the grain boundaries of the mantle constituting minerals. Older, arc‐related magmatism to the southwest across 1620–1610Ma St. Peter Suite does not display enhanced conductivity and suggests a depleted mantle lithosphere. The data show that Yellowstone‐type mantle plume analogues are preserved through time and still display an elevated electrical signature in the lithosphere today.
Methylation‐mediated repression of GADD45A and GADD45G expression in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma
Authors: Guo Wei , Dong Zhiming , Guo Yanli , Chen Zhifeng , Kuang Gang , Yang Zhibin
Published: April 2013

The growth arrest DNA damage‐inducible gene (GADD45) family, which is composed of GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G, may play similar but not identical roles in tumorigenesis. Genetic changes associated with or responsible for their dysregulation are in general uncommon. This study was to detect the role of GADD45 gene family in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and the relationship of GADD45A and GADD45G methylation to a series of pathological parameters in a large GCA sample, in order to elucidate more information on the role of GADD45 gene family with regard to the pathogenesis of GCA. Decreased mRNA and protein expression of GADD45A and GADD45G but not GADD45B were found in 138 GCA tumor tissues. The methylation frequency of 5′ 4 CpG region located in distal promoter of GADD45A and proximal promoter of GADD45G in GCA tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues. The expression levels of GADD45A and GADD45G were inversely correlated with methylation levels. GADD45B expression was not correlated with GCA patients survival, while GADD45A and GADD45G methylation status and protein expression were independently associated with GCA patients' survival. These results suggest that GADD45A and GADD45G gene may act as functional tumor suppressor but being frequently inactivated epigenetically in patients with GCA. Silencing of GADD45A and GADD45G, negative regulator of cell growth, is most likely responsible for conferring a selective growth advantage during GCA evolution and outgrowth.
Anal and perianal squamous carcinomas and high‐grade intraepithelial lesions exclusively associated with “low‐risk” HPV genotypes 6 and 11
Authors: Cornall Alyssa M. , Roberts Jennifer M. , Garland Suzanne M. , Hillman Richard J. , Grulich Andrew E. , Tabrizi Sepehr N.
Published: April 2013

Anal squamous cell carcinomas are predominantly associated with high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), particularly HPV 16, similar to cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. Although the presence of “low‐risk” HPVs, in particular genotypes 6 and 11, have occasionally been reported in various HPV‐related anogenital cancers, the overall distribution of these genotypes in the anal canal and perianal tissue may differ to that in the cervix. In addition, although the majority of anal and perianal cancers are associated with HPV, some are not; hence, confirmation of direct association of the virus within a lesion is important. Using laser capture microdissection, anal and perianal invasive carcinomas and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in biopsies previously associated with HPV 6 or 11 alone were isolated from tissue sections and HPV genotype tested. Of seven cases tested, four invasive carcinomas were positive for HPV 6 only, one invasive carcinoma was negative for HPV and two HSILs were positive for HPV 11 only. All samples were confirmed as HPV 16/18 negative using two different DNA targets (E6 and L1). From these results, we confirm that HPV 6 and 11 can occasionally be associated with high‐grade lesion and anal cancer.
Altered bone development and turnover in transgenic mice over‐expressing Lipocalin‐2 in bone
Authors: Costa Delfina , Lazzarini Edoardo , Canciani Barbara , Giuliani Alessandra , SpanÒ Raffaele , Marozzi Katia , Manescu Adrian , Cancedda Ranieri , Tavella Sara
Published: April 2013

Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) is a protein largely expressed in many tissues, associated with different biological phenomena such as cellular differentiation, inflammation and cancer acting as a survival/apoptotic signal. We found that LCN2 was expressed during osteoblast differentiation and we generated transgenic (Tg) mice over‐expressing LCN2 in bone. Tg mice were smaller and presented bone microarchitectural changes in both endochondral and intramembranous bones. In particular, Tg bones displayed a thinner layer of cortical bone and a decreased trabecular number. Osteoblast bone matrix deposition was reduced and osteoblast differentiation was slowed‐down. Differences were also observed in the growth plate of young transgenic mice where chondrocyte displayed a more immature phenotype and a lower proliferation rate. In bone marrow cell cultures from transgenic mice, the number of osteoclast progenitors was increased whereas in vivo it was increased the number of mature osteoclasts expressing tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Finally, while osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels remained unchanged, the expression of the conventional receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) and of the IL‐6 was enhanced in Tg mice. In conclusion, we found that LCN2 plays a role in bone development and turnover having both a negative effect on bone formation, by affecting growth plate development and interfering with osteoblast differentiation, and a positive effect on bone resorption by enhancing osteoclast compartment. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2210–2221, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiochemistry devoted to the production of monoamine oxidase (MAO‐A and MAO‐B) ligands for brain imaging with positron emission tomography
Authors: Kersemans Ken , Van Laeken Nick , De Vos Filip
Published: April 2013

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) belongs to a family of flavin‐containing integral enzymes that are present in the outer mitochondrial membrane in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. These enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of various neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, and xenobiotics, thereby influencing their availability and physiological activity in brain and body. Over the past decades, many potential positron emission tomography tracers have been put forward to visualize MAO in the brain with varying success, and recent publications on the topic illustrate the continuing interest in the field. The present review gives an overview of the compounds that have been put forward as possible MAO tracers in the brain and focuses on the radiochemical procedures that have been developed to produce them up till now. Relevant radioligands are grouped by the main radiochemical strategies that have been employed to synthesize them, and some interesting details and findings that are crucial to the radiosyntheses are provided.
An improved synthesis of [11C]MENET via Suzuki coupling with [11C]methyl iodide
Authors: Zeng Fanxing , Voll Ronald J. , Crowe Ronald J. , Waldrep Michael S. , Dolph Karen B. , Goodman Mark M.
Published: April 2013

[11C]MENET, a promising norepinephrine transporter imaging agent, was prepared by Suzuki cross coupling of 1 mg N‐t‐Boc pinacolborate precursor with [11C]CH3I in DMF using palladium complex generated in situ from Pd2(dba)3 and (o‐CH3C6H4)3P together with K2CO3 as the co‐catalyst, followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. This improved radiolabeling method provided [11C]MENET in high radiochemical yield at end of synthesis (EOS, 51 ± 3%, decay‐corrected from end of 11CH3I synthesis, n = 6), moderate specific activity (1.5–1.9 Ci/µmol at EOS), and high radiochemical (>98%) and chemical purity (>98%) in a synthesis time of 60 ± 5 min from the end of bombardment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled analysis of Maxwell–Schrödinger equations by using the length gauge: harmonic model of a nanoplate subjected to a 2D electromagnetic field
Authors: Ohnuki Shinichiro , Takeuchi Takashi , Sako Tokuei , Ashizawa Yoshito , Nakagawa Katsuji , Tanaka Masahiro
Published: April 2013

A novel algorithm is proposed for solving coupled Maxwell and Schrödinger equations relying on the use of a length gauge form of the coupling between an electromagnetic field and electrons. Numerical simulations using codes implemented with the proposed and conventional algorithms have been performed for a harmonic model of a nanoplate subjected to a pulsed laser field whose central frequency is close to the plasmon frequency. We verify that the proposed algorithm can reduce computational time almost by half as compared with the conventional method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescently labeled therapeutic antibodies for detection of microscopic melanoma
Authors: Day Kristine E. , Beck Lauren N. , Deep Nicholas L. , Kovar Joy , Zinn Kurt R. , Rosenthal Eben L.
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Detection of microscopic disease during surgical resection of melanoma remains a significant challenge. To assess real‐time optical imaging for visualization of microscopic cancer, we evaluated three US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Study Design

Prospective, basic science.

Methods

Melanoma cell lines (A375 and SKMEL5) were xenografted into the ears of immunodeficient mice. Bevacizumab, panitumumab, tocilizumab, or a nonspecific immunoglobin G (IgG) were covalently linked to a near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (IRDye800CW) and systemically injected. Primary tumors were imaged and then resected under fluorescent guidance using the SPY (Novadaq, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), an NIR imaging system used in plastic and reconstructive surgeries to evaluate perfusion. Mice were also imaged with the Pearl Impulse small animal imager (LI‐COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE), an NIR imaging system designed for use with IRDye800CW. Postresection, small tissue fragments were fluorescently imaged and the presence of tumor subsequently confirmed by correlation with histology.

Results

All fluorescently labeled therapeutic monoclonal antibodies could adequately delineate tumor from normal tissue based on tumor‐to‐background ratios (TBR) compared to IgG‐IRDye800CW. On serial imaging, panitumumab achieved the highest TBRs with both SPY and Pearl (3.8 and 6.6, respectively). When used to guide resections, the antibody‐dye conjugates generated TBRs in the range of 1.3 to 2.2 (average, 1.6) using the SPY and 1.9 to 6.3 (average, 2.7) using the Pearl. There was no significant difference among the antibodies with either imaging modality or cell line (one‐way analysis of variance).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that FDA‐approved antibodies may be suitable targeting agents for the intraoperative fluorescent detection of melanoma. Laryngoscope, 123:2681–2689, 2013
GLOBAL DRIVERS SETTING DESERTIFICATION RESEARCH PRIORITIES: INSIGHTS FROM A STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION FORUM
Authors: Bisaro Alexander , Kirk Michael , Zdruli Pandi , Zimmermann Willi
Published: April 2013

Recent rapid changes in global scale drivers of desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) have two important consequences for drylands. First, changes in these drivers, for example in food and energy prices, make improving interventions in drylands more urgent because of their potential impacts. Second, these changes introduce new knowledge gaps regarding both the potential impacts on social‐ecological dryland systems and the design of options to take advantage of opportunities. This paper identifies the most salient research needs in DLDD in drylands brought on by global drivers. The question was addressed through an iterative stakeholder consultative forum. First, relevant global scale drivers were identified through a literature review and preliminary consultation. Next, stakeholders and experts were further consulted to identify research priorities given rise to by these drivers. Identified research priorities were as follows: (i) assessing impacts of rising prices on DLDD in mixed market and subsistence production contexts; (ii) assessing options and limits of agricultural modernisation on fragile lands; (iii) developing methods for assessing land‐use trade‐offs and mapping productive lands; (iv) modelling and participatory methods for monitoring and evaluating soil carbon sequestration; (v) developing policy frameworks to regulate impacts of investment on the environment and local livelihoods; (vi) participatory modelling for regional and local adaptation planning; and (vii) valuation of non‐market land degradation outcomes including biodiversity loss. Concluding, we call for a forward‐looking interdisciplinary drylands research agenda with an increased emphasis on governance to address these priorities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Exceptional Rainfall Event in the Central Western Pyrenees: Spatial Patterns in Discharge and Impact
Authors: Serrano‐Muela Maria Pilar , Nadal‐Romero Estela , Lana‐Renault Noemí , González‐Hidalgo José Carlos , López‐Moreno Juan Ignacio , Beguería Santiago , Sanjuan Yasmina , García‐Ruiz José María
Published: April 2013

An exceptional rainfall and hydrological event occurred on 19–21 October 2012 in the central western Pyrenees and was particularly significant in the Upper Aragón River basin and its tributaries, mainly the Irati River. Analysis of historical records showed that, considered separately, the event of 19 and 20 October ranked between the second and fifth highest most extreme daily precipitation events. For the two days combined (with a total between 200 and 260 mm), the precipitation event was the most extreme 2‐day event among all observation stations but one. The consequent flood destroyed part of an urban area, and a long stretch of a national road triggered landslides, enlarged the alluvial plain and caused generalised soil erosion in cultivated fields cropped with winter cereals. Badlands in the marls of the Inner Depression yielded high volumes of sediment. The floods in the tributaries were relatively moderate (return periods of 14–42 years), whereas in the Upper Aragón River, the flood corresponded to a return period of approximately 400–500 years and to 142 years at the end of the Yesa reservoir, although difficulties in estimating the discharge increased the uncertainty of these values. The Yesa and Itoiz reservoirs considerably reduced the intensity of the flood in the middle and lower Aragón River and confirmed the importance of the water level in the reservoirs when such rainfall events occur. The water storage in the Yesa reservoir increased from 16% to 53% as a consequence of the event. More integrated studies are necessary to decrease the risks associated with flood hazards. This is particularly the case in mountain areas, where the steep slopes and longitudinal gradients of the rivers shorten the concentration time of floods and increase the energy that erodes channels and riverbanks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuchal translucency measurement: are qualitative and quantitative quality control processes related?
Authors: Hermann Monika , Fries Nicolas , Mangione Raphaëlle , Boukobza Philippe , Ville Yves , Salomon Laurent J.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

Two types of quality assurance processes for nuchal translucency (NT) measurement have been described: qualitative through review of images and quantitative comparison of operator's specific NT distribution to reference distributions. The aim of this study was to assess the results of these two approaches.

Methods

Prospective evaluation of sonologists affiliated to the French Ultrasound College who first underwent qualitative evaluation based on the College Français d'Echographie Foetale (CFEF) score. During one year, those same sonologists measured the NT for Down syndrome screening purposes. The operator's specific NT distributions were compared to their CFEF score, their number of unsatisfactory images and their number of NT measurements per year.

Results

The study involved 1726 sonologists who performed 174 722 first‐trimester examinations. Mean (SD) quantitative score was 23.4/32 (+/−7.4). The median [inter‐quantile range] number of examinations per sonologist was 69 [37; 123]. The median [range] NT multiples of the mean (MoM) value was 0.81 [0.46; 1.22]. NT (MoM) absolute deviation from 1 MoM was significantly correlated with mean score obtained (R2 = −0.17, p < 0.0001), number of unacceptable images (R2 = 0.14, p < 0.0001) and number of ultrasound scans performed per year (R2 = −0.19, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that both processes are clearly related. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting materials for teaching process safety
Authors: Louvar Joseph F.
Published: April 2013

This article contains supporting materials and information that can be added to any safety course to improve the effectiveness of teaching in a university course or in an industrial seminar. These materials are primarily selected from a huge source of available materials by Safety and Chemical Engineering Education Committee (SAChE) and the U.S. Chemical Safety Board. The selection process is based on my own industrial and teaching experiences: (a) materials that I know emphasized the industrially important safety concepts and (b) materials and information that give the students and young professionals a positive safety culture; that is, the long lasting interest, knowledge, and motivation to prevent process accidents and injuries. The concepts described and stressed in this article include (a) motivation or reasons for studying process safety, (b) laboratory safety (including requirements for wearing safety glasses), (c) reactive chemicals, (d) boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), (e) hazards of dusts, (f) confined space entry, (g) nitrogen asphyxiation, (h) safety reviews and introduction to PSM, (i) Piper Alpha and details of PSM, and (j) continuing education. This article also identifies the source of existing and readily available process safety course lecture materials: the core materials that are enhanced with the supporting materials and information described in this article. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Reviving Community: The Difficult Practice of Prioritizing Social Capital in Disaster Responses
Authors: Gannon James
Published: April 2013

Drawing on his experiences coordinating among overseas donors and local aid groups responding to Japan's 2011 earthquake and tsunami, James Gannon gives high marks to Daniel Aldrich's Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post‐Disaster Recovery. He agrees with the importance of prioritizing social capital in disaster responses, but points out some of the practical challenges and pressures that make this difficult to do. Maintaining social capital sometimes involves difficult trade‐offs, it is less politically appealing than shortsighted “quick fixes,” and when nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are playing a growing role in the disaster response, it is more difficult for them to convince donors and other stakeholders of the need to prioritize approaches that strengthen social capital over other more tangible and easily understood interventions. Nonetheless, he argues that approaches that harness social capital are essential for sustainable and effective disaster responses.
TXRF characterization and source identification by positive matrix factorization of airborne particulate matter sampled in Kenitra City (Morocco)
Authors: Tahri M. , Bounakhla M. , Zghaïd M. , Benchrif A. , Zahry F. , Noack Y. , Benyaïch F.
Published: April 2013

Samples of fine and coarse fraction of airborne particulate matter were collected on weekly basis during the period from February 2007 to February 2008 in Kenitra City, Morocco. The samples were collected using a Gent stacked filter sampler in two fractions (<2.5 µm, fine and 2.5–10 µm, coarse). The samples were analyzed for their elemental composition by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence. The data set was then analyzed by the factor analysis method, positive matrix factorization to identify the possible sources of particulate matter and their contribution to the ambient particulate matter concentrations in Kenitra City. Four factors from positive matrix factorization solutions were found for elemental composition of fine and coarse particulate matter at the Kenitra site. In the case of fine particles, metal smelting sources contribute about 52% of the fine mass. The road dust contributes to about 22% and the rest 26% comprises emissions from motor vehicles and soil dust. In the case of coarse particles, soil dust contributes about 43% and the two stroke engines about 42% of the coarse mass, whereas road dust and motor vehicles apportioned to be about 10 and 4%, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age distribution of patients with advanced non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States
Authors: Dacosta Byfield Stacey , Chen Diana , Yim Yeun Mi , Reyes Carolina
Published: April 2013

The epidemiology of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is not well understood due to exclusion from most US cancer registries. Patients with at least two claims with a NMSC diagnosis (ICD-9-CM 173.xx) at least 60 days apart, or at least one claim for a NMSC-specific treatment from 1/2010 to 12/2010, were identified from a large US commercial insurance claims database and grouped into one of three cohorts: metastatic (MET), locally advanced (LA), or “all other”. MET patients had at least two claims with a metastasis code at least 30 days apart. LA patients had at least two visits to a medical oncologist, one diagnostic imaging service, two radiation therapy services, or one visit to two or more physician specialties. Remaining patients were “all other”. Incidence and prevalence of NMSC were calculated from among the total number of persons continuously enrolled in the plan during the study period and standardized to the 2010 US population. From among 6,610,256 patients, there were 47,451 incident cases of NMSC (MET n = 16, LA n = 387, all other n = 47,048). The age-adjusted incidence rate of 693 per 100,000 persons (2010 population) approximates to 2,139,535 total NMSC cases in the US (0.7 % of population). 671 prevalent cases had advanced disease (MET n = 43, LA n = 628); an age-adjusted rate of 0.6 and 10 per 100,000 US persons equivalent to 1,993 and 29,841 MET and LA cases, respectively. Although NMSCs rarely progress, the number of patients with advanced disease is significant. Further studies to determine proportions of advanced NMSC by subtype are needed.
The Decision to Continue a Pregnancy Affected by Down Syndrome: Timing of Decision and Satisfaction with Receiving a Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Hurford Emily , Hawkins Anne , Hudgins Louanne , Taylor Joanne
Published: April 2013

In order to provide the best genetic counseling possible for women who learn of a diagnosis of Down syndrome prenatally, we sought to assess the timing of the decision to continue a pregnancy and the satisfaction these women had with learning this information. Fifty‐six mothers of children with Down syndrome diagnosed prenatally between 2007 and 2010 completed a survey regarding their experience with decision‐making after prenatal diagnosis. Approximately one third (17/56) of participants reported they knew before getting pregnant that they would not terminate for any reason, and almost half of the participants (24/56) reported they did not decide to continue their pregnancy until after the diagnosis. Many participants (82 %; 42/56) stated that learning the diagnosis during pregnancy increased their anxiety. The majority (88 %; 45/56) also reported that if they could do it over again, they would undergo prenatal testing for preparation purposes, despite increased anxiety. Religious and spiritual beliefs as well as feeling attached to the baby were the personal factors that had the greatest impact on most women's decision‐making. Despite increased anxiety caused by learning the diagnosis prenatally, most women favored prenatal diagnosis as it allowed them time to process the information and prepare for the birth of their child.
Combined Use of Ozonation and Biodegradation of Anionic and Non‐ionic Surfactants
Authors: Lechuga Manuela , Fernández‐Arteaga Alejandro , Fernández‐Serrano Mercedes , Jurado Encarnación , Burgos Alejandro , Ríos Francisco
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the extent of primary and final biodegradation of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants to evaluate the combined use of ozonation and biodegradation in surfactant removal. The surfactants used were alkylpolyglucosides and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates. The anionic surfactant containing a benzene ring on its structure was oxidized faster than was the non‐ionic surfactant. Both surfactants showed poor mineralization due to ozonation indicating an ozone attack primarily on carbon bonds. The results indicate that the removal of surfactants and of the total organic carbon is increased by the consecutive use of ozonation and biodegradation.
THE TEXT OF THE ARISTOTELIAN MECHANICS
Authors: Van Leeuwen Joyce
Published: April 2013

The present article examines the textual transmission of the Aristotelian Mechanics, a treatise on mechanical questions now generally ascribed to the Peripatetic School. The treatise was edited three times in the nineteenth century, namely by Johannes van Cappelle (1812), Immanuel Bekker (1831) and Otto Apelt (1888); most recently, an edition was produced in the twentieth century by Maria Elisabetta Bottecchia (1982). Bottecchia's edition is a clear improvement over the previous editions in the extent of its research. Whereas the other editors of the Mechanics altogether consulted a total of nine manuscripts, Bottecchia considered nearly the complete manuscript material for her critical edition of the text. When I started my project I did not expect to find significant new results which would make a completely new critical edition of the text necessary.
Management of sarcomatoid salivary duct carcinoma of the submandibular gland duct with coexisting seropositive human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Mourad W F , Hu K S , Shourbaji R A , Harrison L B
Published: April 2013

Background:

Sarcomatoid salivary duct carcinoma of the submandibular gland is extremely rare. This paper highlights the impact of surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy on the outcome of this disease.

Methods:

A 59-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus presented with a painless, rapidly growing left neck mass. Biopsy followed by surgical excision of the left submandibular gland revealed sarcomatoid salivary duct carcinoma of the submandibular gland duct with perineural invasion and close margins, for which he underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Post-operative positron emission tomography and computed tomography revealed no residual or metastatic disease. Pathological analysis of tumour–node–metastasis staging revealed a T2 N0 M0 (stage II) tumour.

Results:

The patient tolerated his treatment without serious acute or long-term side effects. There was no evidence of disease on comprehensive examination or on positron emission tomography or computed tomography scans at the 4.6-year follow up.

Conclusion:

Surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy provided practical locoregional control with acceptable toxicity. Further detailed case reports are warranted to optimise the management of this rare malignancy.
In Vivo NADH Fluorescence Imaging Indicates Effect of Aquaporin-4 Deletion on Oxygen Microdistribution in Cortical Spreading Depression
Authors: Thrane Alexander S , Takano Takahiro , Thrane Vinita Rangroo , Wang Fushun , Peng Weiguo , Ottersen Ole Petter , Nedergaard Maiken , Nagelhus Erlend A
Published: April 2013

Using in vivo two-photon imaging, we show that mice deficient in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) display increased fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) when subjected to cortical spreading depression. The increased NADH signal, a proxy of tissue hypoxia, was restricted to microwatershed areas remote from the vasculature. Aqp4 deletion had no effects on the hyperemia response, but slowed [K+]o recovery. These observations suggest that K+ uptake is suppressed in Aqp4−/- mice as a consequence of decreased oxygen delivery to tissue located furthest away from the vascular source of oxygen, although increased oxygen consumption may also contribute to our observations.
Co environment and magnetic defects in anatase CoxTi1−xO2 nanopowders
Authors: Grecu M. N. , Macovei D. , Ghica D. , Logofatu C. , Valsan S. , Apostol N. G. , Lungu G. A. , Negrea R. F. , Piticescu R. R.
Published: April 2013

Cobalt environment and magnetic defects nature in hydrothermal synthesized anatase CoxTi1−xO2 nanopowders (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) are investigated by x-ray diffraction and a variety of spectroscopic techniques. One shows that cobalt is partially inserted in the anatase lattice, as Co2+ ions located on substitutional and interstitial sites. The fraction of the diluted Co is limited to 3 at. % for x ≥ 0.05, while the rest of the Co atoms gather into Co3O4 clusters. As found by electron paramagnetic resonance, the Co doping brings about hole- and electron-excess defects.
Note: Improved sensitivity of magnetic measurements under high pressure in miniature ceramic anvil cell for a commercial SQUID magnetometer
Authors: Tateiwa Naoyuki , Haga Yoshinori , Matsuda Tatsuma D. , Fisk Zachary , Ikeda Shugo , Kobayashi Hisao
Published: April 2013

Two modifications have been made to a miniature ceramic anvil high pressure cell (mCAC) designed for magnetic measurements at pressures up to 12.6 GPa in a commercial superconducting quantum interference (SQUID) magnetometer [N. Tateiwa et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 053906 (2011)10.1063/1.3590745; N. Tateiwa et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 053906 (2012)10.1063/1.4722945]. Replacing the Cu-Be piston in the former mCAC with a composite piston composed of the Cu-Be and ceramic cylinders reduces the background magnetization significantly smaller at low temperatures, enabling more precise magnetic measurements at low temperatures. A second modification to the mCAC is the utilization of a ceramic anvil with a hollow in the center of the culet surface. High pressures up to 5 GPa were generated with the “cupped ceramic anvil” with the culet size of 1.0 mm.