bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric new particle formation: real and apparent growth of neutral and charged particles
Authors: Leppä J. , Anttila T. , Kerminen V.-M. , Kulmala M. , Lehtinen K. E. J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In this study we have provided simple analytical formulae to estimate the growth rate of a nucleation mode due to self-coagulation and the apparent growth rate due to coagulation scavenging by larger particles. These formulae were used on a set of simulations covering a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The modal growth rates were determined from the simulation results by summing the contribution of each process, by calculating the increase rate in the count mean diameter of the mode and by following the peak concentration of the mode. The results of these three methods were compared with each other and the means used to estimate the growth rate due to self-coagulation and coagulation scavenging were found to work quite well. We also investigated the role of charged particles and electric interactions in the growth of a nucleation mode. Charged particles were found to increase the growth rate due to both self-coagulation and coagulation scavenging by a factor of ~1.5 to 2. In case of increased condensation onto charged particles, the total condensational growth rate of a nucleation mode may increase significantly in the very early steps of the growth. The analytical formulae provided by this paper were designed to provide the growth rates due to different processes from aerosol dynamic simulations, but the same principles can be used to determine the growth rates from measurement data.
Spatial and temporal variations in ammonia emissions – a freely accessible model code for Europe
Authors: Skjøth C. A. , Geels C. , Berge H. , Gyldenkærne S. , Fagerli H. , Ellermann T. , Frohn L. M. , Christensen J. , Hansen K. M. , Hansen K. , Hertel O.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Deriving a parameterisation of ammonia emissions for use in chemistry-transport models (CTMs) is a complex problem as the emission varies locally as a result of local climate and local agricultural management. In current CTMs such factors are generally not taken into account. This paper demonstrates how local climate and local management can be accounted for in CTMs by applying a modular approach for deriving data as input to a dynamic ammonia emission model for Europe. Default data are obtained from information in the RAINS system, and it is demonstrated how this dynamic emission model based on these input data improves the NH3 calculations in a CTM model when the results are compared with calculations obtained by traditional methods in emission handling. It is also shown how input data can be modified over a specific target region resulting in even further improvement in performance over this domain. The model code and the obtained default values for the modelling experiments are available as a Supplement to this article for use by the modelling community on similar terms as the EMEP CTM model: the GPL license v3.
Source brightness fluctuation correction of solar absorption Fourier Transform mid infrared spectra
Authors: Ridder T. , Warneke T. , Notholt J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Solar absorption Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry is considered a precise and accurate method for the observation of trace gases in the atmosphere. The precision and accuracy of such measurements are dependent on the stability of the light source. Fluctuations in the source brightness reduce the precision and accuracy of the trace gas concentrations, but cannot always be avoided. Thus, a strong effort is made within the community to reduce the impact of source brightness fluctuations by applying a correction on the spectra following the measurements. So far, it could be shown that the precision and accuracy of CO2 total column concentrations could be improved by applying a source brightness fluctuation correction to spectra in the near infrared spectral region. The analysis of trace gas concentrations obtained from spectra in the mid infrared spectral region is fundamental. However, spectra below 2000 cm−1 are generally considered uncorrectable, if they are measured with a MCT detector. Such measurements introduce an unknown offset to MCT interferograms, which prevents a source brightness fluctuation correction. Here, we show a method of source brightness fluctuation correction, which can be applied on spectra in the whole infrared spectral region including spectra measured with a MCT detector. We present a solution to remove the unknown offset in MCT interferograms allowing MCT spectra for an application of source brightness fluctuation correction. This gives an improvement in the quality of MCT spectra and we demonstrate an improvement in the retrieval of O3 profiles and total column concentrations. For a comparison with previous studies, we apply our source brightness fluctuation correction method on spectra in the near infrared spectral region and show an improvement in the retrieval of CO2 total column concentrations.
Oxygenation variability in Mejillones Bay, off northern Chile, during the last two centuries
Authors: Díaz-Ochoa J. A. , Pantoja S. , De Lange G. J. , Lange C. B. , Sánchez G. E. , Acuña V. R. , Muñoz P. , Vargas G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The Peru Chile Current ecosystem is characterized by high biological productivity and important fisheries. Although this system is likely to be severely affected by climate change, its response to current global warming is still uncertain. In this paper, we analyze 10–166 year-old sediments in two cores collected from Mejillones Bay, an anoxic sedimentary setting favorable for the preservation of proxies. Based on a 166-year chronology, we used proxies of bottom-water oxygenation (Mo, V, S, and the (lycopane + n−C35)/n−C31 ratio) and surface water productivity (biogenic opal, counts of diatom valves, biogenic Ba, organic carbon, and chlorins) to reconstruct environmental variations in Mejillones Bay. During the last two centuries, a shift took place in the coastal marine ecosystem of Bahia Mejillones at decadal scales. This shift was characterized by intense ENSO-like activity, large-scale fluctuations in biological export productivity and bottom water oxygenation, and increased eolian activity (inferred from Ti/Al and Zr/Al). This short-term variability was accompanied by a gradual increase of sulfidic conditions that has intensified since the early 1960s.
Eutrophication and warming effects on long-term variation of zooplankton in Lake Biwa
Authors: Hsieh C. H. , Sakai Y. , Ban S. , Ishikawa K. , Ishikawa T. , Ichise S. , Yamamura N. , Kumagai M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We compiled and analyzed long-term (1961–2005) zooplankton community data in response to environmental variations in Lake Biwa. Environmental data indicate that Lake Biwa had experienced eutrophication (according to total phosphorus concentration) in the late 1960s and recovered to a normal trophic status around 1985, and then exhibited warming since 1990. Total zooplankton abundance showed a significant correlation with total phytoplankton biomass. Following a classic pattern, cladoceran/calanoid and cyclopoid/calanoid abundance ratio was related positively to eutrophication. Zooplankton community exhibited a significant response to the boom and bust of phytoplankton biomass as a consequence of eutrophication-reoligotriphication and warming. Moreover, our analyses suggest that the Lake Biwa ecosystem exhibited a hierarchical response across trophic levels; that is, higher trophic levels may show a more delayed response or no response to eutrophication than lower ones. We tested the hypothesis that phytoplankton community can better explain the variation of zooplankton community than bulk environmental variables, considering that phytoplankton community may directly affects zooplankton succession through predator-prey interactions. Using a variance partition approach, however, we did not find strong evidence to support this hypothesis. We further aggregate zooplankton according to their feeding types (herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and parasitic) and taxonomic groups, and analyzed the aggregated data. While the pattern remains similar, the results are less clear comparing with the results based on finely resolved data. Our research explored the efficacy of using zooplankton as bio-indicators to environmental changes at various data resolutions.
The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products
Authors: Mekonnen M. M. , Hoekstra A. Y.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc min grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the water footprint network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals} (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78% green, 12% blue, 10% grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45% of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus River Basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges River Basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25% of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91% green, 9% grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48% green, 40% blue, 12% grey).
Association of APC and MCC Polymorphisms with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in an Indian Population
Authors: Mukherjee Nupur , Bhattacharya Nilanjana , Sinha Satyabrata , Alam Neyaz , Chakravarti Runu , Roychoudhury Susanta , Panda Chinmay Kumar
Published: January 2011

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) genes are key regulatory genes of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which are independently involved in maintaining low levels of β-catenin in the cell. In addition to genetic and epigenetic alterations, some genetic polymorphisms in the genes associated with the Wnt signaling pathway have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of cancer, including breast cancer. In the present study we analyzed the association of genotype and haplotype status of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2229992 and rs11283943, in the APC and MCC genes, respectively, with an increased risk of breast carcinogenesis in a breast cancer and control population from eastern India. We observed a significant association of the rs11283943 SNP with increased breast cancer risk. Two specific haplotypes involving the minor allele of rs11283943 were found to be associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a significant association of the 2–2 genotype (genotype homozygous for the rs11283943 minor allele) with decreased survival (p=0.045) of the breast cancer patients in our study, in particular patients with early-onset BC.
Food Crop Production, Water and Climate Change in the Developing World
Authors: Wheeler Tim , Kay Melvyn
Published: January 2011

Agriculture is central to the food security and economic growth of developing countries, providing the main source of livelihood for three out of four of the world's poor. Yet it is the poorest farmers who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This paper briefly reviews the potential impact of climate change on food crops in the context of the wider debate on future food and water security in the developing world. The authors ask whether we should wait or act now to tackle the anticipated future problems.
Mechanical Properties, Morphologies, and Microstructures of Novel Electrospun Metallized Nanofibers
Authors: Kim Hae‐Rim , Ito Takeru , Kim Byoung‐Suhk , Watanabe Yoshimi , Kim Ick‐Soo
Published: January 2011

We report that the metal‐deposited single nanofibers can be successfully prepared by electrospinning and metallization. The tensile strength of the metal‐deposited single nanofibers as well as various non‐metallized polymeric nanofibers was investigated by recently developed tensile test machine. The tensile strength of 50 nm metal‐deposited single nanofibers was dramatically improved, which was much higher than that of pure polymer single nanofiber. The result is attributed to the formation of metallic hard‐coating layers onto the surface of single nanofibers. The tensile strength of the metal‐deposited single nanofibers was also depended on the types of metals (for instance, Cu, Ni, Sn, and Al) used for metallization. In addition, we investigated various annealing conditions, such as annealing temperature and time, and composition ratio of two metals (Cu and Ni), in order to find out optimum annealing process for the formation of metal alloy nanofibers. The characterization of the metallized nanofibers was conducted by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).
Synthese und zentrale Wirkungen von 4‐hydroxy‐(alkyl)‐ und 4‐amino‐(alkyl)‐substituierten 2,6‐Epoxy‐3‐benzoxocinen
Authors: Wünsch Bernhard , Bauschke Gerd
Published: January 2011

Das tricyclische Halbacetal1setzt sich mit Aminen zu den N/O‐Acetalen3und10, mit Nitromethan zu dem 4‐Nitromethyl‐Derivat13und mit denWittig‐Reagenzien15aundbzu den 2‐Benzopyranen16und19um. Reduktion und Methylierung von13liefern das tertiäre Amin4; aus16bzw.19sind jeweils über 3 Stufen das sekundäre Amin18bzw. das tertiäre Amin5zugänglich. Der 1,3‐Dioxanring aller dargestellten 2,6‐Epoxy‐3‐benzoxocin‐Derivate liegt in der Sesselkonformation vor, der Substituent in 4‐Stellung ist äquatorial angeordnet. Die Amine5,11cund18zeigen bei Mäusen keine ZNS‐Aktivität; die Alkohole1und2sind schwach ZNS aktiv. Für das tertiäre Amin4, das deutlich zentral wirksam ist (Straub‐Schwanz‐Phänomen, Krämpfe, etc.), wird im “writhing”‐Test der Maus eine ED50von 78 mg/kg ermittelt.
Biological conversion of carbon monoxide: rich syngas or waste gases to bioethanol
Authors: Abubackar Haris Nalakath , Veiga María C. , Kennes, Christian
Published: January 2011

Bioconversion of syngas/waste gas components to produce ethanol appears to be a promising alternative compared to the existing chemical techniques. Recently, several laboratory‐scale studies have demonstrated the use of acetogens that have the ability to convert various syngas components (CO, CO2, and H2) to multicarbon compounds, such as acetate, butyrate, butanol, lactate, and ethanol, in which ethanol is often produced as a minor end‐product. This bioconversion process has several advantages, such as its high specificity, the fact that it does not require a highly specific H2/CO ratio, and that biocatalysts are less susceptible to metal poisoning. Furthermore, this process occurs under mild temperature and pressure and does not require any costly pre‐treatment of the feed gas or costly metal catalysts, making the process superior over the conventional chemical catalytic conversion process. The main challenge faced for commercializing this technology is the poor aqueous solubility of the gaseous substrates (mainly CO and H2). In this paper, a critical review of CO‐rich gas fermentation to produce ethanol has been analyzed systematically and published results have been compared. Special emphasis has been given to understand the microbial aspects of the conversion process, by highlighting the role of different micro‐organisms used, pathways, and parameters affecting the bioconversion. An analysis of the process fundamentals of various bioreactors used for the biological conversion of CO‐rich gases, mainly syngas to ethanol, has been made and reported in this paper. Various challenges faced by the syngas fermentation process for commercialization and future research requirements are also discussed. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Early genetic control of craniofacial development is affected by the in vitro exposure of rat embryos to the fungicide triadimefon
Authors: Di Renzo Francesca , Rossi Federica , Prati Mariangela , Giavini Erminio , Menegola Elena
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Previous published experiments reported that in vitro exposure of postimplantation rat embryos to the triazole fungicide triadimefon (FON) resulted in specific abnormalities at the branchial apparatus and that the sensitive period is restricted to the first 24 hr of culture and is associated with the abnormal expression of TGF family genes (some of a large panel of genes regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and involved in branchial arch morphogenesis). The aim of this study is the determination of the sensitive window to FON‐induced abnormalities during in vitro development and the evaluation of the expression of some genes controlled by RA and involved in early branchial arch morphogenesis (Gsc, Msx1, Msx2, Dlx1, Dlx2, Shh, Patched (the main Shh receptor)). METHODS: Rat embryos were exposed in vitro to the FON under condition known to be able to induce 100% of abnormal embryos (250  µ M) at different stages and examined after 48 hr of culture. The sensitive window for FON‐induced abnormalities was during the hours E9 h8.00 PM–E10 h8.00 AM. To evaluate the expression of selected genes, embryos exposed during the sensitive stages were processed to perform quantitative PCR after 18 and 24 hr of culture. RESULTS: FON was able to affect the expression of some genes in a stage‐specific manner: earlier embryos were characterized by the downregulation of Msx2 and Gsc, later embryos showed the downregulation of Gsc, Shh, and Patched. The obtained data suggest that FON‐induced abnormalities are mediated, at least in part, through the imbalance of the expression of RA‐related signals. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:77‐81, 2011.  © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biofilm image reconstruction for assessing structural parameters
Authors: Renslow Ryan , Lewandowski Zbigniew , Beyenal Haluk
Published: January 2011

The structure of biofilms can be numerically quantified from microscopy images using structural parameters. These parameters are used in biofilm image analysis to compare biofilms, to monitor temporal variation in biofilm structure, to quantify the effects of antibiotics on biofilm structure and to determine the effects of environmental conditions on biofilm structure. It is often hypothesized that biofilms with similar structural parameter values will have similar structures; however, this hypothesis has never been tested. The main goal was to test the hypothesis that the commonly used structural parameters can characterize the differences or similarities between biofilm structures. To achieve this goal (1) biofilm image reconstruction was developed as a new tool for assessing structural parameters, (2) independent reconstructions using the same starting structural parameters were tested to see how they differed from each other, (3) the effect of the original image parameter values on reconstruction success was evaluated, and (4) the effect of the number and type of the parameters on reconstruction success was evaluated. It was found that two biofilms characterized by identical commonly used structural parameter values may look different, that the number and size of clusters in the original biofilm image affect image reconstruction success and that, in general, a small set of arbitrarily selected parameters may not reveal relevant differences between biofilm structures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1383–1394. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neurovascular relationships of the oculomotor nerve
Authors: Esmer Ali Firat , Sen Tulin , Comert Ayhan , Tuccar Eray , Karahan Suleyman Tuna
Published: January 2011

In this study, the arterial supply of the cisternal (initial) and the subcavernous parts of the oculomotor nerve (ON) and the relation between the nerve and adjacent vascular structures like posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and superior cerebellar artery (SCA) were investigated. A total of 140 formalin fixed hemispheres from 70 human cadaveric brains were examined. The nutrient branches reaching the cisternal and subcavernous parts of the ON were investigated, along with branches of adjacent vascular structures penetrating the nerve and passing through it. In the material examined, the ON, after arising from the midbrain, mostly continues laterally between PCA and SCA or between PCA and the rostral SCA trunk. However, in three hemispheres of our specimens, the ON run between the rostral and caudal SCA trunks. We observed that the branches of PCA‐P1 segment supplied the cisternal part of the ON in all specimens. In one specimen, the cisternal part of the ON was supplied by a branch arising from the rostral SCA trunk which was also originating from PCA. Differently, in four hemispheres, branches arising from PCA or SCA perforated the cisternal part of the ON and passed through it. We also observed a tortuous caudal trunk of duplicated SCA in one of our specimens and considered it as a rare variation. The anatomy of the ON and its vascular relations is significant in terms of not only understanding the compression syndromes and its vascular dysfunctions, but the exact diagnosis and treatment as well. Clin. Anat. 24:583–589, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New anatomical profile of the nasal musculature: Dilator naris vestibularis, dilator naris anterior, and alar part of the nasalis
Authors: Hur Mi‐Sun , Hu Kyung‐Seok , Youn Kwan‐Hyun , Song Wu‐Chul , Abe Shinichi , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to clarify the morphology and topography of the dilator naris vestibularis, dilator naris anterior, and alar part of the nasalis. Anatomical variations in the topographic relationships are also described to provide critical data for understanding nasal muscular functions. Anatomical and histological examinations were performed on 40 specimens of embalmed Korean adult cadavers. The dilator naris vestibularis muscle (named by the present authors) was located between the external and vestibular skin of the alar lobule. The muscle fibers radiated along the dome‐shaped nasal vestibule. The dilator naris anterior muscle originated from the frontal surfaces of the lateral half of the lateral crus and the accessory alar cartilage adjacent to the lateral crus. The extent of the lower insertion of the dilator naris anterior muscle was at the alar groove. The alar part of the nasalis originated with the transverse part of nasalis from the maxilla. It ascended to attach to the alar crease and the adjacent deep surface of external skin of the alar lobule. These findings may provide anatomical knowledge required to understand the structure and function of these nasal muscles such as during rhinoplasty or other surgery of the face. Clin. Anat. 24:162–167, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Second Generation CaSH (Camphor Sulfonyl Hydrazine) Organocatalysis. Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions and Isolation of the Catalytic Intermediate.
Authors: Li Qinghua , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Chan Wing‐Hong , Lee Albert W. M.
Published: January 2011

The title reaction is successfully performed with α,β‐unsaturated ketones (I) or (VIII) and cyclic or acyclic dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Entropy‐Controlled Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4‐Type Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Phenols Using Conformationally Flexible Guanidine/Bisthiourea Organocatalyst.
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Shin Bongki , Horitsugi Natsuko , Takagi Rika , Noguchi Keiichi , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: January 2011

In the presence of chiral bis(thiourea) catalyst (I), ortho‐selective Friedel—Crafts products are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkenes at Room Temperature.
Authors: Niggemann Meike , Bisek Nicola
Published: January 2011

A variety of electron‐poor, electron‐rich, and trisubstituted styrene derivatives give the desired diarylalkanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Regioselective Ring Opening of Nonactivated Aziridines by Lithium Aluminum Hydride.
Authors: Stankovic Sonja , D'hooghe Matthias , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: January 2011

The new LiAlH4 promoted ring opening of aziridines such as (III), (VII) or (X) leads to the corresponding β‐amino alcohols, which undergo condensation with glyoxal to give the morpholinones (VI) and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytst‐Controlled Wacker‐Type Oxidation of Protected Allylic Amines.
Authors: Michel Brian W. , McCombs Jessica R. , Winkler Andrea , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: January 2011

Allylic amines are selectively oxidized to methyl ketones in the presence of tBuOOH and the [2‐(oxazolin‐2‐yl)quinoline]palladium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐MCM‐48: A Novel Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Chemo‐ and Regioselective Hydrogenation of Olefins and Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Banerjee Subhash , Balasanthiran Vagulejan , Koodali Ranjit T. , Sereda Grigory A.
Published: January 2011

A novel, heterogeneous Pd‐MCM‐48 catalyst is developed by encapsulating palladium nanoparticles into the cubic phase of mesoporous MCM‐48 matrix.
ChemInform Abstract: Perhydro‐1,3‐benzoxazines Derived from (‐)‐8‐Aminomenthol as Ligands for the Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes.
Authors: Andres Celia , Infante Rebeca , Nieto Javier
Published: January 2011

The new catalyst is a stable crystalline solid and can be recovered and used without any loss in its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Facile Approach for the Synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and Ketones.
Authors: Raju Bhimapaka China , Suman Pathi
Published: January 2011

The protocol offers several advantages such as high (E)‐selectivity and yields, the use of environmentally benign conditions and an inexpensive catalyst, shorter reaction times, and a simple work‐up procedure that makes it a useful and alternative procedure from the existing methods reported.
ChemInform Abstract: 5,5′‐Dimethyl‐3,3′‐azoisoxazole as a New Heterogeneous Azo Reagent for Esterification of Phenols and Selective Esterification of Benzylic Alcohols under Mitsunobu Conditions.
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Khalili Dariush
Published: January 2011

A new heterogeneous azo reagent is introduced, which shows the advantages of facility in product isolation, easy separation of hydrazine by‐products, and recyclability of the reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: An Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Iglesias Alvaro , Perez Edwin G. , Muniz Kilian
Published: January 2011

The Pd‐catalyzed intermolecular diamination of non‐activated aliphatic terminal alkenes with saccharin (II) and a bis(sulfonyl)amine (III) proceeds with complete regioselectivity and tolerates a variety of functional groups like halide, azide, sulfone, amide or ester groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Imines with 2,2‐Difluoro‐2‐fluorosulfonylacetyl Fluoride.
Authors: Vlasov Katja , Kalinovich Nataliya , Lork Enno , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: January 2011

Selected N‐alkyl ketoimines bearing at least one methyl group at the imino carbon give enaminones (III) when treated with equimolar amounts of 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐fluorosulfonylacetyl fluoride (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Allenoates with Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Guan Xiao‐Yang , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: January 2011

Aromatic and aliphatic nitroalkenes are applied to prepare highly functionalized cyclopentene derivatives [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Nucleotide‐Catalyzed Biomimetic Reductive Amination.
Authors: Kumar Atul , Sharma Siddharth , Maurya Ram Awatar
Published: January 2011

The simple and efficient method using a Hantzsch ester as reducing agent and ADP as catalyst represents a real mimic of the NADH reduction approach.
ChemInform Abstract: Further Studies on Vinamidinium Salt Amine Exchange Reactions, Borohydride Reductions, and Subsequent Transformations.
Authors: Gupton John T. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

A practical method for the high‐yielding amine exchange of vinamidinium salts and their reduction to allylic amines (IV) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses Proceeding from N‐(Oxiran‐2‐ylmethyl)‐N‐ethylaniline.
Authors: Mesropyan E. G. , Galstyan A. S. , Avetisyan A. A.
Published: January 2011

A variety of new aminoalcohols (V) (9 examples) is prepared by reaction of title epoxide (III) with corresponding amines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Pressure Hydrogenation of Arenecarboxylic Acids to Aryl Aldehydes.
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Khan Bilal Ahmad , Fett thomas , Treu Matthias
Published: January 2011

The title reaction proceeds chemoselectively in the presence of pivalic anhydride and an optimized palladium catalyst at low hydrogen pressure.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd0‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of 1,1‐Dichloro‐1‐alkenes, a New Selective Access to Z‐α‐Chloroacrylates.
Authors: Arthuis Martin , Lecup Anne , Roulland Emmanuel
Published: January 2011

Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of 1,1‐dichloro‐1‐alkenes in alcohols provides a novel, highly chemo‐ and stereoselective access to (Z)‐α‐chloroacrylates that compares favorably with Wittig‐type strategies.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Route to Functionalized trans‐Diels—Alder Motifs.
Authors: Lee Jun Hee , Zhang Yandong , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: January 2011

The title compounds are obtained by reductive alkylation of cis‐halo‐decalins or hydrindanoids, prepared by Lewis acid‐catalyzed Diels—Alder reactions as previously reported.
ChemInform Abstract: 8‐Chloro‐ and 5,8‐Dichloro‐1‐naphthoic Acids.
Authors: Chen Jianhong , Smith Valerie J. , Huffman John W.
Published: January 2011

Improved procedures for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) and (VI) are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Crotylation of 4‐Acetoxy‐2‐azetidinone for the Synthesis of 1β‐Methylcarbapenem Precursor.
Authors: Kim Hye Jung , Lee Sung Ryoung , Kang Seok Won , Kim Sung Hoon
Published: January 2011

The stereochemical outcome of the reaction depends on the applied metal (In or Zn, respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Diazo Oxime Ethers and Their Application in the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrroles Through a [3 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Lourdusamy Emmanuvel , Yao Lin , Park Cheol‐Min
Published: January 2011

A stereoselective diazo transfer reaction with oxime ethers offers an efficient route to the corresponding α‐diazo oxime ethers which are subsequently used for the synthesis of highly substituted pyrroles through a [3+2] cycloaddition with enamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of 3‐Oxyindoles via Hypervalent Iodine Mediated Tandem Cyclization—Acetoxylation of o‐Acyl Anilines.
Authors: Sun Yi , Fan Renhua
Published: January 2011

An efficient tandem cyclization—acetoxylation of o‐acyl‐anilines (I) mediated by the combination of iodobenzene diacetate and Bu4NI provides a new route to 2‐acetoxy indolin‐3‐ones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbo‐Heterofunctionalization of Alkenes for the Synthesis of Oxindoles and Spirooxindoles.
Authors: Jaegli Stephanie , Dufour Jeremy , Wei Hai‐long , Piou Tiffany , Duan Xin‐Hua , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping
Published: January 2011

The intramolecular cyclization of acrylic N‐aryl amides is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Indoles from 2‐Azidoacrylates and ortho‐Silyl Aryltriflates.
Authors: Hong Deng , Chen Zhengbo , Lin Xufeng , Wang Yanguang
Published: January 2011

The in situ formation of benzynes and iminophosphoranes is followed by a cyclization/hydrolysis/air oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Some Pyrazole Derivatives of 1,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3,4‐dicarboxylic Acid.
Authors: Kasimogullan Rahmi , Arslan B. Seckin
Published: January 2011

Using title compound (I) as precursor and applying classical reactions for carboxylic acids a series of pyrazole derivatives including fused heterocycles is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: The Specific Reactivity of 3,4,5‐Trinitro‐1H‐pyrazole.
Authors: Dalinger Igor L. , Vatsadze Irina A. , Shkineva Tatyana K. , Popova Galina P. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A.
Published: January 2011

The reactivity of the title compound (II) towards nucleophiles is studied and it is found that substitution of the 4‐positioned nitro group is preferred.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Isoxazolines: Enantioselective and Racemic Methods Based on Conjugate Additions of Oximes.
Authors: Pohjakallio Antti , Pihko Petri M. , Laitinen Ulla M.
Published: January 2011

Acidic anilinium salts catalyze the direct formation of racemic 2‐isoxazolines from enals and oximes by means of consecutive oxime conjugate‐addition and intramolecular oxime‐transfer reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Silyl‐Transfer Photochemical Reactions of N‐[(Trimethylsilyl)alkyl]saccharins.
Authors: Cho Dae Won , Oh Sun Wha , Kim Dong Uk , Park Hea Jung , Xue Jin Ying , Yoon Ung Chan , Mariano Patrick S.
Published: January 2011

The photochemical behavior of silyl terminated alkyl‐chain linked saccharin systems is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitors of the Tyrosine Kinase EphB4. Part 3. Identification of Non‐benzodioxole‐Based Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Bardelle Catherine , Barlaam Bernard , Brooks Nigel , Coleman Tanya , Cross Darren , Ducray Richard , Green Isabelle , Lambert‐van der Brempt Christine , Olivier Annie , Read Jon
Published: January 2011

Starting from a bis‐anilinopyrimidine core, compound (I) is identified as a potent inhibitor of the EphB4 and Src kinases.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Alkynylation of Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Sawano Takahiro , Tokuji Sumito , Hayashi Tamio
Published: January 2011

Asymmetric addition of acetylene (II) to nitroalkenes (I) takes place in the presence of a Rh/DTBM‐SEGPHOS complex to give β‐alkynylated nitroalkanes (III) in high yields and with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Local Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Morozovska Anna N. , Chen Long Qing , Rodriguez Brian J.
Published: January 2011

Review: 425 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Catalytic Enantioselective Fluorination Reactions.
Authors: Lectard Sylvain , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: January 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Amination of Aryl Halides with Ammonia
Authors: Aubin Yoann , Fischmeister Cedric , Thomas Christophe M. , Renaud Jean‐Luc
Published: January 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrospinning from Room Temperature Ionic Liquids for Biopolymer Fiber Formation.
Authors: Meli Luciana , Miao Jianjun , Dordick Jonathan S. , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: January 2011

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Rylene Colorant Family — Tailored Nonoemitters for Photonics Research and Applications
Authors: Weil Tanja , Vosch Tom , Hofkens Johan , Peneva Kalina , Muellen Klaus
Published: January 2011

Review: 194 refs.
Effect of anesthesia carrier gas on in vivo circulation times of ultrasound microbubble contrast agents in rats
Authors: Mullin Lee , Gessner Ryan , Kwan James , Kaya Mehmet , Borden Mark A. , Dayton Paul A.
Published: January 2011

Purpose:

Microbubble contrast agents are currently implemented in a variety of both clinical and preclinical ultrasound imaging studies. The therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities of these contrast agents are limited by their short in‐vivo lifetimes, and research to lengthen their circulation times is on going. In this manuscript, observations are presented from a controlled experiment performed to evaluate differences in circulation times for lipid shelled perfluorocarbon‐filled contrast agents circulating within rodents as a function of inhaled anesthesia carrier gas.

Methods:

The effects of two common anesthesia carrier gas selections ‐ pure oxygen and medical air were observed within five rats. Contrast agent persistence within the kidney was measured and compared for oxygen and air anesthesia carrier gas for six bolus contrast injections in each animal. Simulations were performed to examine microbubble behavior with changes in external environment gases.

Results:

A statistically significant extension of contrast circulation time was observed for animals breathing medical air compared to breathing pure oxygen. Simulations support experimental observations and indicate that enhanced contrast persistence may be explained by reduced ventilation/perfusion mismatch and classical diffusion, in which nitrogen plays a key role by contributing to the volume and diluting other gas species in the microbubble gas core.

Conclusion:

Using medical air in place of oxygen as the carrier gas for isoflurane anesthesia can increase the circulation lifetime of ultrasound microbubble contrast agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of two modified mouse alleles of the Hic1 tumor suppressor gene
Authors: Pospichalova Vendula , Tureckova Jolana , Fafilek Bohumil , Vojtechova Martina , Krausova Michaela , Lukas Jan , Sloncova Eva , Takacova Sylvia , Divoky Vladimir , Leprince Dominique , Plachy Jiri , Korinek Vladimir
Published: January 2011

HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer 1) is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 17p13.3, a region frequently hypermethylated or deleted in human neoplasias. In mouse, Hic1 is essential for embryonic development and exerts an antitumor role in adult animals. Since Hic1‐deficient mice die perinatally, we generated a conditional Hic1 null allele by flanking the Hic1‐coding region by loxP sites. When crossed to animals expressing Cre recombinase in a cell‐specific manner, the Hic1 conditional mice will provide new insights into the function of Hic1 in developing and mature tissues. Additionally, we used gene targeting to replace sequence‐encoding amino acids 186–893 of Hic1 by citrine fluorescent protein cDNA. We demonstrate that the distribution of Hic1‐citrine fusion polypeptide corresponds to the expression pattern of wild‐type Hic1. Consequently, Hic1‐citrine “reporter” mice can be used to monitor the activity of the Hic1 locus using citrine fluorescence. genesis 49:142‐151, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calixthioamides as Ionophores for Transition‐ and Heavy‐Metal Cations
Authors: Kulesza Joanna , Bocheńska Maria
Published: January 2011

There is an increasing interest in applying p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arenes as sensing materials in ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs). Considerable efforts were made to design calixarenes that are selective for some heavy‐ or transition‐metal ions to be used in ISEs for controlling and monitoring the level of such pollutants in the environment. It has been reported that introduction of softer sulfur atoms instead of oxygen atoms in calix[4]arene substituents promotes their complexing ability towards transition‐ and heavy‐metal ions, which are toxic for human beings and pollute the environment. In this microreview, we present sulfur‐containing calix[4]arenes acting as sensing materials for metal cations such as Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ but also as efficient extractants for Pd2+, Au3+ and Hg2+.
Favorable Protonation of the (μ‐edt)[Fe2(PMe3)4(CO)2(H‐terminal)]+ Hydrogenase Model Complex Over Its Bridging μ‐H Counterpart: A Spectroscopic and DFT Study
Authors: Galinato Mary Grace I. , Whaley C. Matthew , Roberts Dean , Wang Peng , Lehnert Nicolai
Published: January 2011

The mechanism of hydrogen production in [FeFe] hydrogenase remains elusive. However, a species featuring a terminal hydride bound to the distal Fe is thought to be the key intermediate leading to hydrogen production. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the terminal (H‐term) and bridging (μ‐H) hydride isomers of (μ‐edt)[Fe2(PMe3)4(CO)2H]+ are presented in order to understand the factors affecting their propensity for protonation. Relative to H‐term, μ‐H is 12.7 kcal/mol more stable, which contributes to its decreased reactivity towards an acid. Potential energy surface (PES) calculations for the reaction of the H‐term isomer with 4‐nitropyridinium, a proton source, further reveal a lower activation energy barrier (14.5 kcal/mol) for H‐term than for μ‐H (29 kcal/mol). Besides these energetic considerations, the H‐term isomer displays a key molecular orbital (MO <139>) that has a relatively strong hydride (1s) contribution (23 %), which is not present in the μ‐H isomer. This indicates a potential orbital control of the reaction of the hydride complexes with acid. The lower activation energy barrier and this key MO together control the overall catalytic activity of (μ‐edt)[Fe2(PMe3)4(CO)2(H‐term)]+. Lastly, Raman and IR spectroscopy were performed in order to probe the ν(Fe‐H) stretching mode of the two isomers and their deuterated counterparts. A ν(Fe‐H) stretching mode was observed for the μ‐H complex at 1220 cm–1. However, the corresponding mode is not observed for the less stable H‐term isomer.
Formation and occurrence of esters of 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐CPD) in foods: What we know and what we assume
Authors: Hamlet Colin G. , Asuncion Lisa , Velíšek Jan , Doležal Marek , Zelinková Zuzana , Crews Colin
Published: January 2011

Although chloropropanols have historically been associated with the savoury food ingredient hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), prepared by acid hydrolysis, the discovery of significant amounts of 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐CPD) ‘bound’ as fatty acid esters in foodstuffs (3‐CPD esters), especially in refined edible oils, is still a relatively recent discovery. The toxicological significance of these 3‐CPD esters and their potential contribution to the dietary intake of non‐esterified 3‐CPD is not yet known and this review considers their likely metabolic fate in vivo. The latest developments in methods of analysis are presented while the occurrence of CPD esters and their potential formation mechanisms are discussed in detail. The generation of related compounds, possible measures of control and the future outlook are also considered.

Practical application: Comprehensive and up to date information concerning the state of the art with respect to the occurrence of esters of chloropropanediols in foods presented all in one place. This concise review of toxicological aspects, methods of analysis, occurrence, formation routes and potential measures of control provides data for practical use by professionals engaged in research, surveillance, risk management and regulation of these contaminants in foods.
Construction and Properties of a Phototriggered Cd2+ Release System
Authors: Zhang Xu , Chen Yi
Published: January 2011

A phototriggered Cd2+ release complex has been prepared by using benzothiazoline as a ligand. With visible‐light (λ ≥ 400 nm) irradiation, bound Cd2+ can be released from the complex, and the ligand is converted into a benzothiazole derivative. Accompanying the process of photoconversion, turn‐on fluorescence is observed. The fluorescence intensity increases with photoconversion until Cd2+ is completely released, which provides a convenient method to monitor the phototriggered Cd2+ release process.
A new CZE method for profiling human serum albumin and its related forms to assess the quality of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Alahmad Youssef , Tran Nguyet Thuy , Le Potier Isabelle , Forest Eric , Jorieux Sylvie , Taverna Myriam
Published: January 2011

We present a new CZE method, which uses a polyethylene oxide‐coated capillary to separate native HSA from more than five of its structural variants. These variants include oxidized, truncated, and cysteinylated forms of HSA which can all be found in biopharmaceutical products. Both CE and MS confirmed the high degree of heterogeneity of HSA preparations. Recovery studies demonstrated that adsorption of HSA on the capillary was significantly reduced under the conditions we developed, which led to a satisfactory repeatability (RSD for migration times and relative peak areas were less than 0.2 and 7.0%, respectively). Assignment of the main peaks was attempted using in vitro degraded/stressed HSA. We used our method to test batch‐to‐batch comparability and detected slight quantitative differences in the proportion of native HSA in batches produced from different fractionation methods.
Proteomic approaches in myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kanaujiya Jitendra Kumar , Lochab Savita , Pal Pooja , Christopeit Maximilian , Singh Sheo Mohan , Sanyal Sabyasachi , Behre Gerhard , Trivedi Arun Kumar
Published: January 2011

After human genome is decoded, the characterization of the proteins is the next challenging task. The study of the complete protein complement of the genome, the ‘proteome’ referred to as proteomics, is an important tool for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Research efforts are underway to develop the technology necessary to compare the specific protein profiles of diseased versus healthy states. These technologies provide a wealth of information by rapidly generating large quantities of data. These data can be useful for predictive mathematical descriptions of biological systems for rapid identification of novel therapeutic targets and identification of biomarkers in metabolic disorders. In recent years, using proteomics, we and others have identified various interacting as well as target proteins, PTMs and protein markers in myeloid leukemia. This review summarizes the usage of proteomics in recent years as an important technique in defining the proteome of myeloid leukemia, which has helped in elaborate understanding of the disease and has provided new avenues for developing better therapeutics.