bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards an Evidence-Based Approach to Pre-trial Detention in Europe
Authors: Martufi Adriano , Peristeridou Christina
Published: August 2022

This editorial seeks to introduce the special issue Towards an Evidence-Based Approach to Pre-trial Detention in Europe. It explains the state of the field surrounding the legal practice of pre-trial detention and why an interdisciplinary approach is warranted. Pre-trial detention is an instrument in criminal procedure that has been reportedly overused in several European systems, but the reasons remain partly unexplored. While legal scholarship continues to focus predominantly on the legal framework, more disciplines are involved in the way this applies in practice. This special issue gathers contributions from political scientists, (forensic) psychologists, criminologists and jurists who approach this phenomenon from different angles and therefore provide a deeper and more evidence-based understanding of how its practice operates. The special issue is structured along four themes highlighting the trends in scholarship regarding pre-trial detention, namely decision-making, risk-prediction, legal culture, and harmonisation. The editorial elucidates the narrative of the special issue and briefly presents the key points of each contribution.
Demonstrating LGBTQ+ Affirmative Practice in Groups:: Developing Competence through Simulation-Based Learning
Authors: Craig Shelley L. , Iacono Gio , McInroy Lauren , Kirkland Alexa , Pascoe Rachael , Kourgiantakis Toula
Published: August 2022

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and/or gender minority (LGBTQ+) populations experience significant mental and behavioral health disparities. Social workers are uniquely positioned to address these vulnerabilities. However, clinical graduate education has not effectively promoted or taught competent practice with LGBTQ+ populations. This qualitative study details the foundational competencies required for affirmative practice in group therapy with LGBTQ+ populations and describes a simulation-based learning activity designed to develop these competencies in graduate students. The following themes were identified as critical to affirmative practice, as identified through student reflections on their simulation-based learning experiences: deeply engaging in a strengths-based stance, keeping the group in group therapy, avoiding the expert trap, and managing identity assumptions. Implications for clinical social work education and practice are discussed.
The process of building European university alliances: a rhizomatic analysis of the European Universities Initiative
Authors: Charret Antonin , Chankseliani Maia
Published: August 2022

Drawing
upon French philosophy, this study offers a novel empirical and conceptual understanding of the newly launched European Universities Initiative. In 2019, higher education institutions across the European Union created 17 new alliances as part of the first pilot phase of the initiative. This is an experiment in European and global higher education. This paper offers a conceptual contribution to the field of higher education studies, making use of a rhizomatic analysis to explore how university alliances build what the European Commission refers to as the ‘European universities of the future.’ Based on the conceptual reflection and findings from a small-scale empirical study, this paper concludes that the alliances within the European Universities Initiative rely on pre-existing higher education and research partnerships while at the same time experimenting to foster a diversity of institutional forms to achieve the ambitious goal of creating ‘European Universities.’
Distinguishing aspects of sustainability
Authors: Tappel A. P. M. , Poortman C. L. , Schildkamp K. , Visscher A. J.
Published: August 2022

Many innovations that are implemented in schools are initially successful, but fail to become part of the schools’ habits and routines. Relatively little research has followed innovations in schools for a long(er) time. In addition, few reforms last long enough to be studied longitudinally. In this exploratory study, the authors aim to find a way to quantitatively measure the degree of sustainability of a data use intervention three to eight years after its initial implementation. Sustainability in this study was defined as ‘…the process of integrating and scaling the innovation’s core aspects in organizational routines that are adaptive to ongoing work, with continuing improvement of results’. A distinction was made between sustainability of the method and sustainability of the underlying goal of the data use intervention. A cluster analysis showed that schools can be categorized into four degrees of sustainability. A general view of the data indicated that the core components were present to varying degrees. Radar charts have been made and provided more insight. The process from organizational routines, and transfer of the intervention from the individual to the institutional level realizing organizational routines differs from school to school. The answer to the question as to whether an intervention has been sustained is not a simple yes or no. Sustainability is nuanced and can come in different forms. Measuring sustainability in a quantitative way contributes new perspectives and insights. With those insights further research can be done.
Efficacy assessment of metalloporphyrins as functional materials for photodetection applications: role of central tetrapyrrole metal ions
Authors: El-Mahalawy Ahmed M. , Nawar Ahmed M. , Wassel Ahmed R.
Published: August 2022

Despite the continued research, it is still not entirely clear how important characteristics of metalloporphyrins are exploited for optoelectronic applications. Consequently, the stimulant aim for this work is to design and implement organic/inorganic heterojunctions based on metalloporphyrins (CuTPP, NiTPP, FeTPPCl, and MnTPPCl)/n-Si and evolve their photodetection performance. To evaluate the performance variation of variously manufactured photodetectors, structural characterizations using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and AFM are combined with optical absorption and photoluminescence. Core level emissions are used to unveil the deposited films’ electronic and structural features. The estimated energy gap values are found to be 2.4, 2.53, 2.49, and 2.43 eV for CuTPP. NiTPP. FeTPPCl, and MnTPPCl, respectively. The fabricated devices’ PL-spectra are analyzed, where CuTPP exhibited the lowest value of excitonic binding energy. The photodetection performance is evaluated via the J–V relation under dark and various radiant illumination power. The microelectronic parameters of the manufactured heterojunctions are estimated. Ultimately, the photodetectors' figures of merit are estimated for all the fabricated devices, where CuTPP/n-Si heterojunction achieved the best performance and highest values of R = 11.95 mA/W, D* = 8.7 × 109 Jones, LDR = 46.18 dB, SNR = 203.4, and trise/tfall = 51.32/54.29 ms. Consequently, MTPP-based photoreceptors would play an active role as a powerful tool for light detection soon.

Graphical abstract
Radiation Synthesis of Green Nanoarchitectonics of Guar Gum-Pectin/Polyacrylamide/Zinc Oxide Superabsorbent Hydrogel for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Sayed Asmaa , Mohamed Mai M. , Abdel-raouf Manar El-Sayed , Mahmoud Ghada A.
Published: August 2022

In the current study, the performance of superabsorbent hydrogel composites comprised of Guar gum-Pectin/Polyacrylamide/ZnO crosslinked with gamma irradiation (10 kGy) has been investigated for sustainable agriculture. The claimed composites (GG/PC/PAAm/ZnOx) were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and AFM. The swelling capacity data reveal that the equilibrium water swelling (EW) of the composites was increased by increasing the ZnO content from 600 to 1050 g/g for zero to the highest concentration of ZnO, respectively. Furthermore, the physical properties of the soil mixed with the hydrogels were improved; water holding capacity (WHC) increased to 66% and water retention (WR) kept at 15% after 20 days. The composites showed a good degradability in the biodegradation test. They also portrayed super-absorption capacity at three swelling/deswelling cycles. This advancement is important for reducing water consumption through the irrigation of arid lands. The prepared composites were proved as excellent candidates in sustainable agriculture applications.
Stages of lipoedema: experiences of physical and mental health and health care
Authors: Clarke Chantelle , Kirby James N. , Smidt Tilly , Best Talitha
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Lipoedema is a progressive adipose (fat) disorder, and little is known about its psychological effect. This study aimed to determine the experiences of physical and mental health and health care across stages of lipoedema.

Methods

Cross-sectional, secondary data from an anonymous survey (conducted 2014–2015) in Dutch and English in those with self-reported lipoedema were used (N = 1,362, Mdnage = 41–50 years old, 80.2% diagnosed). χ2 analyses of categorical data assessed lipoedema stage groups ‘Stage 1–2’ (N = 423), ‘Stages 3–4’ (N = 474) and ‘Stage Unknown’ (N = 406) experiences of health (physical and psychological), and health care.

Results

Compared to ‘Stage 1–2’, ‘Stage 3–4’ reported more loss of mobility (p =  < .001), pain (p =  < .001), fatigue (p = .002), problems at work (p =  < .001) and were seeking treatment to improve physical functioning (p =  < .001) more frequently. ‘Stage 3–4’ were more likely to report their GP did not have knowledge of lipoedema, did not take them seriously, gave them diet and lifestyle advice, dismissed lipoedema, and treated them ‘badly’ due to overweight/lipoedema compared to ‘Stage 1–2’ (p =  < .001). ‘Stage 3–4’ were more likely to report depression (p =  < .001), emotional lability (p = .033) eating disorders (p = .018) and feeling lonelier, more fearful, and stayed at home more (p =  < .001) and less likely to have visited a psychologist (p =  < .001) compared to ‘Stage 1–2’.

Conclusions

A divergent pattern of physical and psychological experiences between lipoedema stages reflects physical symptom differences and differences in psychological symptoms and health care experiences. These findings increase the understanding of lipoedema symptoms to inform psychological supports for women with lipoedema in navigating chronic health care management.
MOND and meta-empirical theory assessment
Authors: De Baerdemaeker Siska , Dawid Richard
Published: August 2022

While $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM has emerged as the standard model of cosmology, a small group of physicists defends modified newtonian dynamics (MOND) as an alternative view on cosmology. Exponents of MOND have employed a broad, at times explicitly philosophical, conceptual perspective in arguing their case. This paper offers reasons why that MONDian defense has been ineffective. First, we argue that the defense is ineffective according to Popperian or Lakatosian views–ostensibly the preferred philosophical views on theory assessment of proponents of MOND. Second, we argue that the defense of MOND can instead best be reconstructed as an instance of meta-empirical theory assessment. The formal employment of meta-empirical assessment by MONDians is unconvincing, however, because it lacks a sufficient epistemic foundation. Specifically, the MONDian No Alternatives Argument relies on falsifiability or explanation conditions that lack epistemic relevance, while the argument from Unexpected Explanatory Success fails since there is a known alternative to MOND. In the last part of the paper, we draw some lessons for applications of meta-empirical assessment more generally.
Bridging Parametric and Nonparametric Methods in Cognitive Diagnosis
Authors: Ma Chenchen , de la Torre Jimmy , Xu Gongjun
Published: August 2022

A number of parametric and nonparametric methods for estimating cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) have been developed and applied in a wide range of contexts. However, in the literature, a wide chasm exists between these two families of methods, and their relationship to each other is not well understood. In this paper, we propose a unified estimation framework to bridge the divide between parametric and nonparametric methods in cognitive diagnosis to better understand their relationship. We also develop iterative joint estimation algorithms and establish consistency properties within the proposed framework. Lastly, we present comprehensive simulation results to compare different methods and provide practical recommendations on the appropriate use of the proposed framework in various CDM contexts.
Matrine induces autophagy in human neuroblastoma cells via blocking the AKT-mTOR pathway
Authors: Liu Nanjing , Yang Chunmei , Yang Li , Li Ting , Gong Maoyuan , Wang Haobiao , Zhang Jun , Zhao Hui , Zou Lin , He Xiaoyan
Published: August 2022

Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in children. Despite significant advances in the treatment strategy, the long-term survival rate of NB patients is only 50%. Developing new agents for NB patients deserves attention. Recent research indicates that matrine, a natural quinolizidine alkaloid component extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Sophora root, is widely used for various diseases, including antitumor effects against a variety of cancers. However, the effect of matrine on NB is unknown. Herein, we found that matrine exerted antiproliferative activity in human NB cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Matrine triggered autophagy in NB cells by blocking the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and suppressing the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), a PI3K inhibitor, protected against matrine-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, further supporting that the antitumor activity of matrine was at least partly autophagy-dependent. In vivo, matrine reduced tumor growth of SK-N-DZ cells in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine treatment significantly declined the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR and enhanced the LC3 II/GAPDH ratio in NB xenografts. Altogether, our work uncovered the molecular mechanism underlying matrine-induced autophagy in NB and provided implications for matrine as a potential therapeutic agent against NB.
Beyond ‘Just Comes’ and ‘Know-It-Alls’: Exploring Strategies to Deal with Returnee Stigmas During Diaspora Return Visits for Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Mueller Charlotte , Kuschminder Katie
Published: August 2022

Drawing on in-depth interviews with 35 diaspora members on return visits for knowledge transfer as well as conversations with stakeholders in Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and Somaliland, this paper examines returnee stigma in the case of short-term return visits. The diaspora members in this study choose of their own volition to participate in the programme and are mostly highly educated with valued expertise in a certain field. We find that despite their skills, education and voluntariness, the returnees still experience and prepare for stigmatization in their return visits. We examine, first, the general stigmatizations that stakeholders perceive that diaspora members and returnees experience; second, diaspora members’ actual experiences of stigmatization, and third, the strategies used by diaspora members to prevent and counteract the stigmatization. The findings show that stigma towards the highly skilled diaspora members in return visits is rooted in the perceived inequalities among the home employees and communities of origin in comparison to these diaspora members, which are underpinned by global inequalities in terms of citizenship and access to international mobility. These findings contribute to the academic literature on return and returnee stigma by discussing return visits for knowledge transfer as a distinct type of return mobility, exploring returnee stigma in a context other than post-deportation and showing that diaspora returnees use preventive and counteractive strategies. Diaspora return programmes should include preparation and coaching of returnees on stigma to enhance their (re)integration and optimise their contribution to the development of the countries of origin.
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures to prevent infective endocarditis: a systematic review
Authors: Bergadà-Pijuan Judith , Frank Michelle , Boroumand Sara , Hovaguimian Frédérique , Mestres Carlos A. , Bauernschmitt Robert , Carrel Thierry , Stadlinger Bernd , Ruschitzka Frank , Zinkernagel Annelies S. , Kouyos Roger D. , Hasse Barbara
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe bacterial infection. As a measure of prevention, the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) prior to dental procedures was recommended in the past. However, between 2007 and 2009, guidelines for IE prophylaxis changed all around the word, limiting or supporting the complete cessation of AP. It remains unclear whether AP is effective or not against IE.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review whether the administration of AP in adults before any dental procedure, compared to the non-administration of such drugs, has an effect on the risk of developing IE. We searched for studies in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via OVID, and EMBASE. Two different authors filtered articles independently and data extraction was performed based on a pre-defined protocol.

Results

The only cohort study meeting our criteria included patients at high-risk of IE. Analysis of the extracted data showed a non-significant decrease in the risk of IE when high-risk patients take AP prior to invasive dental procedures (RR 0.39, p-value 0.11). We did not find other studies including patients at low or moderate risk of IE. Qualitative evaluation of the excluded articles reveals diversity of results and suggests that most of the state-of-the-art articles are underpowered.

Conclusions

Evidence to support or discourage the use of AP prior to dental procedures as a prevention for IE is very low. New high-quality studies are needed, even though such studies would require big settings and might not be immediately feasible.
Welding characteristics and microstructure of an industrially processed Fe-Mn-Al-Ni shape memory alloy joined by tungsten inert gas welding
Authors: Viebranz Vincent Fabian , Hassel Thomas , Niendorf Thomas , Maier Hans Jürgen
Published: August 2022

Iron-based shape memory alloys have recently attracted increased attention due to their low material costs combined with good workability and high transformation strains. They show excellent welding properties, as shown by several studies and compared to non-iron-based shape memory alloys, and are potential candidate materials for large-scale application as damping elements in building structures. Since subsequent heat treatment is only possible to a limited extent for large-scale components, it is necessary to minimize the effects of processing and welding operations on the shape memory properties. Therefore, a suitable microstructure must be established in the heat-affected zone and the fusion zone during the welding process. Thus, industrially processed polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Al-Ni was joined by tungsten inert gas welding with matching filler material. The phases formed upon welding with different parameters were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Shielding gas composition as well as mean arc linear energy have a huge impact on the γ-phase precipitation. Intercrystalline cracking can be supressed by increasing the γ content. Further, the α-fraction and grain size in the fusion zone can be controlled by the welding parameters. Ultimately, a hardness value of the fusion zone equal to heat-treated material was achieved which suggests that the fusion zone may be able to transfer the stress required for martensitic transformation.
Resolving Mixed Intermediate Phases in Methylammonium-Free Sn–Pb Alloyed Perovskites for High-Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhanfei , Liang Jianghu , Wang Jianli , Zheng Yiting , Wu Xueyun , Tian Congcong , Sun Anxin , Chen Zhenhua , Chen Chun-Chao
Published: August 2022

The complete elimination of methylammonium (MA) cations in Sn–Pb composites can extend their light and thermal stabilities. Unfortunately, MA-free Sn–Pb alloyed perovskite thin films suffer from wrinkled surfaces and poor crystallization, due to the coexistence of mixed intermediate phases. Here, we report an additive strategy for finely regulating the impurities in the intermediate phase of Cs0.25FA0.75Pb0.6Sn0.4I3 and, thereby, obtaining high-performance solar cells. We introduced d-homoserine lactone hydrochloride (D-HLH) to form hydrogen bonds and strong Pb–O/Sn–O bonds with perovskite precursors, thereby weakening the incomplete complexation effect between polar aprotic solvents (e.g., DMSO) and organic (FAI) or inorganic (CsI, PbI2, and SnI2) components, and balancing their nucleation processes. This treatment completely transformed mixed intermediate phases into pure preformed perovskite nuclei prior to thermal annealing. Besides, this D-HLH substantially inhibited the oxidation of Sn2+ species. This strategy generated a record efficiency of 21.61%, with a Voc of 0.88 V for an MA-free Sn–Pb device, and an efficiency of 23.82% for its tandem device. The unencapsulated devices displayed impressive thermal stability at 85 °C for 300 h and much improved continuous operation stability at MPP for 120 h.
Modelling underground excavations in rock masses with anisotropic time-dependent behaviour
Authors: Song Fei , Rodriguez-Dono Alfonso , Sanchez Farfan Patricio
Published: August 2022

When modelling rock masses that behave anisotropically and in addition present a time dependent behaviour, it is relevant to select a constitutive model able to represent their actual behaviour realistically. This article presents an alternative anisotropic time-dependent constitutive model able to predict the coupling between anisotropic behaviour and time-dependent (or viscous) behaviour. The viscous behaviour is simulated with the Burgers model and all elastic springs and viscous dashpots are considered to exhibit transversely isotropic properties. The proposed constitutive model has been implemented in the finite element method software CODE_BRIGHT. To verify the basic anisotropic elastic solution, it has been compared with that of PLAXIS results. And to verify the isotropic viscoelastic solution, it has been compared with analytical solutions. Furthermore, the proposed constitutive model has been used to predict the behaviour of samples from laboratory tests. Finally, parametric analyses have been carried out to investigate the influence of different factors on tunnelling responses, including the selection of different constitutive models, anisotropy of initial stresses and anisotropy of material properties. The proposed model provides an alternative method for the preliminary design of geotechnical engineering works involving geomaterials that exhibit anisotropic time-dependent behaviour.

Article highlights

• An anisotropic time-dependent model has been implemented in CODE_BRIGHT and validated.

• The model can predict the coupled anisotropic time-dependent behaviour of geomaterials.

• Parametric analyses have been performed to study the influence of different factors in ground response.
Predicting interest rate distributions using PCA & quantile regression
Authors: Pimentel Rita , Risstad Morten , Westgaard Sjur
Published: August 2022

Principal component analysis (PCA) is well established as a powerful statistical technique in the realm of yield curve modeling. PCA based term structure models typically provide accurate fit to observed yields and explain most of the cross-sectional variation of yields. Although principal components are building blocks of modern term structure models, the approach has been less explored for the purpose of risk modelling—such as Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall. Interest rate risk models are generally challenging to specify and estimate, due to the regime switching behavior of yields and yield volatilities. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by combining estimates of conditional principal component volatilities in a quantile regression (QREG) framework to infer distributional yield estimates. The proposed PCA-QREG model offers predictions that are of high accuracy for most maturities while retaining simplicity in application and interpretability.
Metabolic strategy of macrophages under homeostasis or immune stress in Drosophila
Authors: Luo Wang , Liu Sumin , Zhang Fang , Zhao Long , Su Ying
Published: August 2022

Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic functions in innate immunity across species. In mammals, they rapidly consume a large amount of energy by shifting their metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis, to perform the effective bactericidal function upon infection. Meanwhile, they strive for sufficient energy resources by restricting systemic metabolism. In contrast, under nutrient deprivation, the macrophage population is down-regulated to save energy for survival. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a highly conserved and comparatively simple innate immune system. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that Drosophila plasmatocytes, the macrophage-like blood cells, adopt comparable metabolic remodeling and signaling pathways to achieve energy reassignment when challenged by pathogens, indicating the conservation of such metabolic strategies between insects and mammals. Here, focusing on Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes), we review recent advances regarding their comprehensive roles in local or systemic metabolism under homeostasis or stress, emphasizing macrophages as critical players in the crosstalk between the immune system and organic metabolism from a Drosophila perspective.
Comparison of Good Clinical Practice Inspection Processes for Marketing Applications Between the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency
Authors: Ayalew Kassa , Ning Yang-Min , Foringer Michelle J. , Leibenhaut Susan , Sellers Jenn W. , Yu Bei , Kronstein Phillip D. , Higgerson Agata , Mihaescu Camelia , Rodriguez Miguel , Williams LaKisha , Khin Ni A.
Published: August 2022

Background

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) began collaboration on Good Clinical Practice (GCP) inspections for marketing applications since 2009. The main characteristics of the GCP inspection processes between FDA and EMA were never evaluated. This is the first analysis comparing the GCP inspection processes between the two agencies.

Methods

We examined and analyzed the key characteristics of the GCP inspection processes, including the geographical distribution, inspection types and timelines from application submission to final inspection reporting for marketing applications from September 2009 through December 2015.

Results

Fifty-five shared applications were included for analysis. For these applications, a total of 433 GCP inspections were conducted in 47 countries. Most clinical investigator (CI) inspections were conducted in regions outside of each agency’s own regulatory jurisdiction, while most sponsor/contract research organization (CRO) inspections were conducted in the U.S. by both agencies. Twenty-eight shared applications included common sites inspected by both agencies. There were 15 joint inspections conducted for seven of these applications and the remaining applications had common sites inspected by both agencies at separate times. Of the joint inspections, 73% were conducted in the U.S and 20% in the E.U. The median time from submission of an application to generation of final inspection reports was 232 days for FDA and 204 days for EMA, with no significant differences noted among applications with and without common sites.

Conclusion

The inspection processes and timelines between the two agencies were similar, providing support for continued FDA-EMA GCP collaboration.
An Efficient Plant Disease Recognition System Using Hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) for Smart IoT Applications in Agriculture
Authors: Rezk Nermeen Gamal , Attia Abdel-Fattah , El-Rashidy Mohamed A. , El-Sayed Ayman , Hemdan Ezz El-Din
Published: August 2022

In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Deep Learning Models (DLMs) can be utilized for developing smart agriculture to determine the exact location of the diseased part of the leaf on farmland in an efficient manner. There is no exception that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved the latest accomplishment in many aspects of human life and the farming sector. Semantic image segmentation is considered the main problem in computer vision. Despite tremendous progress in applications, approximately all semantic image segmentation algorithms fail to achieve sufficient hash results because of the absence of details sensitivity, problems in assessing the global similarity of image pixels, or both. Methods of post-processing improvement, as a wonderfully critical means of improving the underlying flaws mentioned above from algorithms, depend almost on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). Therefore, plant disease prediction plays important role in the premature notification of the disease to alleviate its effects on disease forecast investigation purposes in the smart farming arena. Hence, this work proposes an efficient IoT-based plant disease recognition system using semantic segmentation methods such as FCN-8 s, CED-Net, SegNet, DeepLabv3, and U-Net with the CRF method to allocate disease parts in leaf crops. Evaluation of this network and comparison with other networks of the state art. The experimental results and their comparisons proclaim over F1-score, sensitivity, and intersection over union (IoU). The proposed system with SegNet and CRFs gives high results compared with other methods. The superiority and effectiveness of the mentioned improvement method, as well as its range of implementation, are confirmed through experiments.
Knowledge, innovation and the race to the South Pole
Authors: Savitt Ronald , Lüdecke Cornelia
Published: August 2022

The present article extends recent studies that ask what might else have been considered by Scott and Amundsen in planning their sledging operations to reach the South Pole during the southern summer of 1911/12. Both were on the cusp of changes in exploration methods and had at hand significant knowledge from past expeditions. Scott’s preparations were based on British Arctic experiences using several haulage methods including the recent innovation, motor sledges. He had little success with them although more research and experimentation might have made them valuable. Amundsen’s integrated program was based on previous American and Norwegian exploration in the Arctic and Antarctica. The race was between two men with very different backgrounds. Scott and Amundsen belonged to the same generation, Scott followed the romantic tradition of heroism as suffering; whereas Amundsen came from a culture that did not value unnecessary risk to life and limb. He won the race with a different organizational type and a different approach to gathering and using knowledge. Evolutionary economics with its focus on organizational structure and its impact on the use of knowledge and innovation is used to evaluate the plans and results of Scott and Amundsen.
Can We Dance Together? Gender and Performance Space Discourse in Égwú Àmàlà of the Ogbaru of Nigeria
Authors: Ozah Marie Agatha
Published: August 2022

This performance study is situated within the twentieth century and into the present, a period characterized by a number of sociohistorical developments. This epoch, as noted by Oyewumi (2004:1), “witnessed a host of social and cultural transformations.” During this period, gender appeared as one of the determining factors for categorizing and analysing societies. Given that gender is fundamentally a sociocultural construct, its discursive formations through the performance of égwú àmàlà are peculiar to the Ogbaru people. Égwú àmàlà is a women's dance genre that employs music, dance, and drama as media for enacting the culture of the Ogbaru community. Because it vivifies and mirrors Ogbaru traditions in music and dance, égwú àmàlà occupies a prime place in the social life of the Ogbaru people. In performance, the genre exhibits some gender issues that I will expatiate on in the course of this article.
Coupled Land‐Sea Warming Dominates the Net Land Carbon Uptake Variability in the Greater Bay Area of South China
Authors: Fan Bingxiong , Li Yangfan
Published: August 2022

As Earth's warming is driven by anthropogenic activities (e.g., urbanization), land and ocean warming significantly affect the net carbon uptake (NCU) of global ecosystems. However, the driving mechanism of coupled land‐sea warming on the NCU under rapid urbanization in coastal areas remains poorly understood. Here, we used long‐term remote sensing and meteorological observation data combined with spatial analysis and multivariate statistical methods to study the impact of coupled land‐sea warming and urbanization on land net primary productivity (LNPP, a proxy of the net land carbon uptake) in the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), a rapidly urbanizing and climatically vulnerable area of South China. We found that the total LNPP decreased by 0.40 TgC from 1985 to 2015 and declined suddenly after 2003, driven by the reduced relative humidity and increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The increased VPD was caused by coupled land‐sea warming, and the indirect effect (γ = −0.51, p < 0.001) of coupled land‐sea warming on LNPP variability was much stronger than the direct effect (γ = −0.16, p < 0.05). In addition to the severe decline in the LNPP (0.20 TgC) induced by coupled land‐sea warming, urbanization caused a large loss in LNPP (0.16 TgC), which accounted for 40% of the total LNPP loss. Our findings can support future predictions of regional carbon uptake and inform future climate change mitigation strategies to implement carbon peak and neutrality goals.
Fourier Imager Network (FIN): A deep neural network for hologram reconstruction with superior external generalization
Authors: Chen Hanlong , Huang Luzhe , Liu Tairan , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: August 2022

Deep learning-based image reconstruction methods have achieved remarkable success in phase recovery and holographic imaging. However, the generalization of their image reconstruction performance to new types of samples never seen by the network remains a challenge. Here we introduce a deep learning framework, termed Fourier Imager Network (FIN), that can perform end-to-end phase recovery and image reconstruction from raw holograms of new types of samples, exhibiting unprecedented success in external generalization. FIN architecture is based on spatial Fourier transform modules that process the spatial frequencies of its inputs using learnable filters and a global receptive field. Compared with existing convolutional deep neural networks used for hologram reconstruction, FIN exhibits superior generalization to new types of samples, while also being much faster in its image inference speed, completing the hologram reconstruction task in ~0.04 s per 1 mm2of the sample area. We experimentally validated the performance of FIN by training it using human lung tissue samples and blindly testing it on human prostate, salivary gland tissue and Pap smear samples, proving its superior external generalization and image reconstruction speed. Beyond holographic microscopy and quantitative phase imaging, FIN and the underlying neural network architecture might open up various new opportunities to design broadly generalizable deep learning models in computational imaging and machine vision fields.
The power, potential, benefits, and challenges of implementing high-throughput sequencing in food safety systems
Authors: Imanian Behzad , Donaghy John , Jackson Tim , Gummalla Sanjay , Ganesan Balasubramanian , Baker Robert C. , Henderson Matthew , Butler Emily K. , Hong Yingying , Ring Brendan , Thorp Clare , Khaksar Ramin , Samadpour Mansour , Lawless Kahlil A. , MacLaren-Lee Iain , Carleton Heather A. , Tian Renmao , Zhang Wei , Wan Jason
Published: August 2022

The development and application of modern sequencing technologies have led to many new improvements in food safety and public health. With unprecedented resolution and big data, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has enabled food safety specialists to sequence marker genes, whole genomes, and transcriptomes of microorganisms almost in real-time. These data reveal not only the identity of a pathogen or an organism of interest in the food supply but its virulence potential and functional characteristics. HTS of amplicons, allow better characterization of the microbial communities associated with food and the environment. New and powerful bioinformatics tools, algorithms, and machine learning allow for development of new models to predict and tackle important events such as foodborne disease outbreaks. Despite its potential, the integration of HTS into current food safety systems is far from complete. Government agencies have embraced this new technology, and use it for disease diagnostics, food safety inspections, and outbreak investigations. However, adoption and application of HTS by the food industry have been comparatively slow, sporadic, and fragmented. Incorporation of HTS by food manufacturers in their food safety programs could reinforce the design and verification of effectiveness of control measures by providing greater insight into the characteristics, origin, relatedness, and evolution of microorganisms in our foods and environment. Here, we discuss this new technology, its power, and potential. A brief history of implementation by public health agencies is presented, as are the benefits and challenges for the food industry, and its future in the context of food safety.
Fundamental social motives measured across forty-two cultures in two waves
Authors: Pick Cari M. , Ko Ahra , Kenrick Douglas T. , Wiezel Adi , Wormley Alexandra S. , Awad Edmond , Al-Shawaf Laith , Barry Oumar , Bereby-Meyer Yoella , Boonyasiriwat Watcharaporn , Brandstätter Eduard , Ceylan-Batur Suzan , Choy Bryan K. C. , Crispim Ana Carla , Cruz Julio Eduardo , David Daniel , David Oana A. , Defelipe Renata Pereira , Elmas Pinar , Espinosa Agustín , Fernandez Ana Maria , Fetvadjiev Velichko H. , Fetvadjieva Stefka , Fischer Ronald , Galdi Silvia , Galindo-Caballero Oscar Javier , Golovina Elena V. , Golovina Galina M. , Gomez-Jacinto Luis , Graf Sylvie , Grossmann Igor , Gul Pelin , Halama Peter , Hamamura Takeshi , Han Shihui , Hansson Lina S. , Hitokoto Hidefumi , Hřebíčková Martina , Ilic Darinka , Johnson Jennifer Lee , Kara-Yakoubian Mane , Karl Johannes A. , Kim Jinseok P. , Kohút Michal , Lasselin Julie , Lee Hwaryung , Li Norman P. , Mafra Anthonieta Looman , Malanchuk Oksana , Moran Simone , Murata Asuka , Na Jinkyung , Ndiaye Serigne Abdou Lahat , O Jiaqing , Onyishi Ike E. , Pasay-an Eddieson , Rizwan Muhammed , Roth Eric , Salgado Sergio , Samoylenko Elena S. , Savchenko Tatyana N. , Sette Catarina , Sevincer A. Timur , Skoog Eric , Stanciu Adrian , Suh Eunkook M. , Sznycer Daniel , Talhelm Thomas , Ugwu Fabian O. , Uskul Ayse K. , Uz Irem , Valentova Jaroslava Varella , Varella Marco Antonio Correa , Wei Liuqing , Zambrano Danilo , Varnum Michael E. W.
Published: August 2022

H﻿ow does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives—self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care—are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people’s fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.
A bankfull geometry dataset for major exorheic rivers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Li Dan , Xue Yuan , Qin Chao , Wu Baosheng , Chen Bowei , Wang Ge
Published: August 2022

Bankfull river discharge shapes river morphology. The bankfull river surface planform and river width can be used to quantify river size. Regional studies of stream ecology, hydrologic modelling, river carbon emissions and geomorphology from the perspective of fluvial processes are hindered by the lack of a highly accurate spatially distributed river network that considers bankfull river geometry. Based on Sentinel-2 and Landsat 5/7/8 multispectral instrument imagery andin situmeasured hydrological data, the river discharge and width of spatially distributed cross sections of six major exorheic rivers and their tributaries located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) are calculated under bankfull conditions. Then, the bankfull river surface is extracted. Finally, a bankfull river width and surface area database is established. The provided planform river hydromorphology data can supplement global hydrography datasets and effectively represent the combined fluvial geomorphology and geological background in the study area.
Ultra-high-resolution quanta image sensor with reliable photon-number-resolving and high dynamic range capabilities
Authors: Ma Jiaju , Zhang Dexue , Robledo Dakota , Anzagira Leo , Masoodian Saleh
Published: August 2022

Superior low-light and high dynamic range (HDR) imaging performance with ultra-high pixel resolution are widely sought after in the imaging world. The quanta image sensor (QIS) concept was proposed in 2005 as the next paradigm in solid-state image sensors after charge coupled devices (CCD) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensors. This next-generation image sensor would contain hundreds of millions to billions of small pixels with photon-number-resolving and HDR capabilities, providing superior imaging performance over CCD and conventional CMOS sensors. In this article, we present a 163 megapixel QIS that enables both reliable photon-number-resolving and high dynamic range imaging in a single device. This is the highest pixel resolution ever reported among low-noise image sensors with photon-number-resolving capability. This QIS was fabricated with a standard, state-of-the-art CMOS process with 2-layer wafer stacking and backside illumination. Reliable photon-number-resolving is demonstrated with an average read noise of 0.35 e- rms at room temperature operation, enabling industry leading low-light imaging performance. Additionally, a dynamic range of 95 dB is realized due to the extremely low noise floor and an extended full-well capacity of 20k e-. The design, operating principles, experimental results, and imaging performance of this QIS device are discussed.
Personalized survival probabilities for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients by explainable machine learning
Authors: Zucco Adrian G. , Agius Rudi , Svanberg Rebecka , Moestrup Kasper S. , Marandi Ramtin Z. , MacPherson Cameron Ross , Lundgren Jens , Ostrowski Sisse R. , Niemann Carsten U.
Published: August 2022

Interpretable risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients can aid clinicians to implement precision medicine. Here we trained a machine learning model to predict mortality within 12 weeks of a first positive SARS-CoV-2 test. By leveraging data on 33,938 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in eastern Denmark, we considered 2723 variables extracted from electronic health records (EHR) including demographics, diagnoses, medications, laboratory test results and vital parameters. A discrete-time framework for survival modelling enabled us to predict personalized survival curves and explain individual risk factors. Performance on the test set was measured with a weighted concordance index of 0.95 and an area under the curve for precision-recall of 0.71. Age, sex, number of medications, previous hospitalizations and lymphocyte counts were identified as top mortality risk factors. Our explainable survival model developed on EHR data also revealed temporal dynamics of the 22 selected risk factors. Upon further validation, this model may allow direct reporting of personalized survival probabilities in routine care.
Polarization transformation and destructive interference on subwavelength magnetic domains in magneto-plasmonic systems
Authors: Yamane Haruki , Yanase Satoshi , Hasegawa Takashi , Kobayashi Masanobu , Yasukawa Yukiko
Published: August 2022

We demonstrate magneto-optical (MO) polarization transformation due to surface plasmons in CoPt perpendicular magnetic films in the polar Kerr geometry. An extraordinary Kerr rotation angle (θK =  ± 88.9°) that almost reaches the upper limit of polarization is produced in the attenuated total reflection (Kretschmann) configuration. P-polarized incident radiation is almost transformed upon reflection to s-polarized radiation, which may be out of phase depending on whether the magnetization of CoPt is up or down. Moreover, the reflected intensity may be drastically modulated by applying an external magnetic field. The reflectivity goes almost to zero in the demagnetized state and increases with increasing external magnetic field. This drastic optical response is attributed to the MO destructive interference produced by the subwavelength magnetic domain structure.
Study of the effect of higher-order dispersions on photoionisation induced by ultrafast laser pulses applying a classical theoretical method
Authors: Márton István , Sarkadi László
Published: August 2022

We investigated the effect of higher order dispersion on ultrafast photoionisation with Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method for hydrogen and krypton atoms. In our calculations we used linearly polarised ultrashort 7 fs laser pulses, $$6.5 \times 10^{14} \mathrm {W/cm^{2}}$$

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intensity, and a central wavelength of 800 nm. Our results show that electrons with the highest kinetic energies are obtained with transform limited (TL) pulses. The shaping of the pulses with negative second- third- or fourth- order dispersion results in higher ionisation yield and electron energies compared to pulses shaped with positive dispersion values. We have also investigated how the Carrier Envelope Phase (CEP) dependence of the ionisation is infuenced by dispersion. We calculated the left-right asymmetry as a function of energy and CEP for sodium atoms employing pulses of 4.5 fs, 800 nm central wavelength, and $$4 \times 10^{12}\mathrm {W/cm^{2}}$$

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intensity. We found that the left-right asymmetry is more pronounced for pulses shaped with positive Group Delay Dispersion (GDD). It was also found that shaping a pulse with increasing amounts of GDD in absolute value blurs the CEP dependence, which is attributed to the increasing number of optical cycles.