bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Driving and Sentence Comprehension Dual-task Performance in Queueing Network-ACTR
Authors: Cao Shi , Liu Yili
Published: October 2014

Modeling driving performance in multi-task scenarios is important for both the examination of human performance modeling theories and the evaluation of in-vehicle interfaces. Previous driving performance models mainly focused on driving tasks with perceptual-motor components. The current study focuses on modeling a dual-task driving scenario containing a sentence comprehension component that involves complex cognitive processes. The model was built in Queueing Network-ACTR (QN-ACTR) cognitive architecture implementing a QN filtering discipline that has been previously proposed and tested for scheduling multiple task demands. A comparison of empirical and modeling results demonstrated that this filtering discipline is necessary for modeling the dual-task of lane keeping and sentence comprehension.
A Process Model of Trust in Automation
Authors: Zuniga Jorge , McCurry Malcolm , Trafton J. Gregory
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the first experiment in a series designed to systematically understand the different characteristics of an automated system that lead to trust in automation. We also discuss a simple process model, which helps us understand the results. Our experimental paradigm suggests that participants are agnostic to the automation’s behavior; instead, they merely focus on alarm rate. A process model suggests this is the result of a simple reward structure and a non-explicit cost of trusting the automation.
Using Empirical Research and Computational Modeling to Predict Operator Response to Unexpected Events
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Wickens Christopher , Clegg Benjamin , Sargent Robert
Published: October 2014

This paper describes an effort to model and predict astronaut performance during sudden workload transitions in long duration missions. Our approach to the work is heavily based on empirical research. We have performed a set of meta-analyses 1) to identify the quantitative effects of poor sleep on task accuracy and task completion time, and 2) to develop a model of operator task selection during multitasking. We are currently developing a model, based on a literature review, to predict the effects of automation design factors on operator task performance. This paper gives an overview of the project, presents the overall model of operator performance during a workload transition, and describes the empirical and theoretical underpinnings of a model that predicts the effects of automation design on operator performance.
Workload overload modeling
Authors: Gutzwiller Robert S. , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A.
Published: October 2014

Task switching choice was examined building from a model of task overload management. An experiment using the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB) was undertaken to explore the influence of two parameters of the model, task priority and task difficulty. Participants were free to switch between the four component tasks, with the number of switches and task choice for conflicting events observed. A unique post-experiment survey measured subjective ratings of task attributes. We found that task difficulty, by reducing switching, and task priority, which determined whether increased task difficulty increased time in task, significantly influenced task switching predominantly in line with our predictions. The specific role of priority in multi-task management, and future directions including time-on-task related effects and the role of operator fatigue, are discussed.
An Empirical Model of Cultural Factors on Trust in Automation
Authors: Chien Shih-Yi , Lewis Michael , Semnani-Azad Zhaleh , Sycara Katia
Published: October 2014

Trust is conceived to be an important factor mediating an individual’s reliance on automation. Studies have shown individual and cultural differences as well as tasking context significantly affect an individual’s development of trust behaviors. This paper reports preliminary progress in developing a psychometrically grounded subjective measure of trust in automation. A total of 110 items from 8 existing instruments were considered for inclusion in this instrument using Amazon Mechanical Turk to supply samples. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the dimensionality of the data, with 42 items selected for continued refinement. Our proposed model comprises 3 main constructs (performance expectancy, process transparency, and purpose influence) along with 3 types of moderators (cultural-technological contexts, individual, and cultural differences).
Modeling the Effects of Positive Affect on the Knowledge Availability of Declarative Memory
Authors: Park Sungjin , Myung Rohae
Published: October 2014

In applying psychological research to real-world situations, understanding the impact of positive affect as a cognitive moderator represents an important challenge. In this paper, we explore the cognitive mechanisms responsible for the improvements in performance and flexibility, in subjects performing a word fluency task. Moreover, a methodology with ACT-R is proposed, to describe the effect of positive affect on the word fluency task. The results show that simulated results of the computational model achieved by the proposed method were highly correlated with the average number and proportions of retrieved words from subjects on the word fluency task.
Cognitive Process Model of Astronaut Decision Making during Lunar Landing
Authors: Chua Zarrin K. , Feigh Karen M.
Published: October 2014

The addition of a cognitive process model with other subsystem models would greatly aid conceptual design by allowing mission designers to fully explore the impact of different function allocations. This paper presents the development of a cognitive process model of astronaut decision making during the selection of a final landing site. The model is based on empirical data collected from an experiment conducted with members of NASA’s Astronaut Office. Inputs to the model include sensor data, expected landing area, and a sensor operation alert. The model outputs chosen landing site coordinates and decision time and can also provide information regarding the cues that factored into this decision.
Modeling driver control behavior in both routine and near-accident driving
Authors: Markkula Gustav
Published: October 2014

Building on ideas from contemporary neuroscience, a framework is proposed in which drivers’ steering and pedal behavior is modeled as a series of individual control adjustments, triggered after accumulation of sensory evidence for the need of an adjustment, or evidence that a previous or ongoing adjustment is not achieving the intended results. Example simulations are provided. Speciﬁcally, it is shown that evidence accumulation can account for previously unexplained variance in looming detection thresholds and brake onset timing. It is argued that the proposed framework resolves a discrepancy in the current driver modeling literature, by explaining not only the short-latency, well-tuned, closed-loop type of control of routine driving, but also the degradation into long-latency, ill-tuned open-loop control in more rare, unexpected, and urgent situations such as near-accidents.
Modeling McRuer delay and gain parameters within recorded aircraft state data
Authors: Landry Steven J.
Published: October 2014

A study was conducted to identify potential markers for low- and high workload within continuous control data. These markers include derived parameters, such as error, as well as modeled parameters. With respect to the modeled parameters, a parameter tracking system has been developed for modeling the gain and delay with which pilots respond to deviations from desired state values, such as altitude, course, and speed. The system models these parameters based on the McRuer crossover model where the mean-squared error between the modeled parameters and the actual values has been minimized. Several potentially distinguishing markers for identifying excessively low- and high workload levels were found, including measures of error duration, extent, and modeled parameters of operator gain and delay.
Validation of Scanning and Complacency Models for Robotic Arm Control
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Li Huiyang , Sarter Nadine , Sebok Angelia , Gacy Marc
Published: October 2014

We develop an automation complacency model of the human operator/supervisor of a robotic arm designed for space missions. Manual performance and two degrees of automation are modeled for arm trajectory control in a 3-segment scenario: a visual guidance support to manual control, and a full automatic control. The automation functions perfectly for several trials but then unexpectedly fails, in the same manner for both conditions. We model complacency-based visual scanning, and how that scanning will predict differences between conditions in the noticing of automation failures. Both scanning across the workspace and failure detection are validated with human-in-the-loop simulation data.
Breathing Carbon Dioxide (4% for 1-Hour) Slows Response Selection, Not Stimulus Encoding
Authors: Vercruyssen Max
Published: October 2014

This experiment sought to determine whether breathing carbon dioxide (CO2), a toxic environmental stressor known to impair reaction time, slows human information processing in the stimulus encoding or response selection stage, or both, and whether this effect is influenced by time-on-task and exposure duration. In a 2 X 2 X 2 X 4 (Gas X Degradation X Compatibility X Time-on-Task) within-participants design, six highly practiced (more than 10,000 trials) healthy young male participants performed a serial choice reaction time (SCRT) task while breathing either 4% CO2 (with 50% O2) or room air (0.03% CO2 and 21% O2) for 60 minutes. Task variables manipulated were stimulus degradation (intact vs. degraded) and stimulus-response compatibility (high vs. low). Data from each 20-min SCRT test were subdivided into 5-min and 2-min intervals to determine the effects of time-on-task (and exposure duration). There were significant increases in SCRT from breathing carbon dioxide (p =.004), degrading the stimulus (p <.001), lowering compatibility (p =.004), and increasing time-on-task (p =.020). Lowering compatibility served to exaggerate the impairment produced by carbon dioxide inhalation (p =.038). Time-on-task (and exposure duration), however, did not interact with gas, degradation, or compatibility. Thus, SCRT, analyzed according to the Additive Factors Method (Sternberg, 1969, 1998), (1) was sensitive to the degrading effects of breathing CO2 at an undetectable concentration that did not produce clinical symptoms, (2) determined the locus of this effect was associated with the response selection stage of processing, (3) demonstrated that the progressive deterioration in performance due to increases in time-on-task (and exposure duration) affects both the stimulus encoding and response selection stages in a similar manner, and (4) ruled out alternative explanations by showing the results did not vary with distribution analyses, data trimming, error analyses, and analyses for tradeoffs of speed-accuracy, SCRT-DT, and other performance operating characteristics.
Extraction of Encumbered Anthropometric Measures from Whole-Body Scan Data
Authors: Jones Monica L.H. , Lamb Matthew , Shih Jen M.V. , Sy Lois A. , Keefe Allan A.
Published: October 2014

Accurate capture of encumbered anthropometry is critical to ensure that the analysis and design of military platforms and workspaces account for the additional space required for clothing and PPE equipment. To examine the effect of encumbrance on spatial claim, a method was developed to obtain scan-extracted measures from detailed whole-body shape data. This analysis focused on comparing cross-sectional measures extracted from 3D scan data with measurements of the same participants obtained by traditional 1D techniques, while donning different levels of clothing and equipment.
The Effect of Neuroticism on Vigilance Performance
Authors: Mandell Arielle , Becker Alexandra , VanAndel Aaron , Nelson Andrew , Shaw Tyler H.
Published: October 2014

Selecting for vigilance assignments remains an important factor in human performance research. Recent research using personality measures as selection criteria has revealed mixed results in the predictive utility of personality on vigilance performance. The current study revisits the potential relationship between vigilance performance and one personality facet, trait neuroticism, in light of two opposing theories. The first theory suggests that neuroticism reduces vigilance performance due to an increase in self-referential worry. The second posits that neurotics can compensate for increased worry and other distractions by allocating increased attentional effort to the task, resulting in similar or improved performance. Neuroticism was assessed using the neuroticism facet of the NEO-PI-R. Using Transcranial Doppler Sonography, cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured during completion of a 12-minute abbreviated vigilance task. Performance and CBFV data indicate that 1) high and low neuroticism participants displayed similar performance, and 2) a higher neuroticism score is associated with higher CBFV levels in the first period and a greater CBFV decrement over time on task. The association between neuroticism and high CBFV levels indicates that these individuals were recruiting additional cognitive resources in order to achieve similar performance to participants who are lower in neuroticism. Results are discussed in terms of theories that suggest that high levels of neuroticism can result in similar performance by allowing for increased on-task effort allocation at the cost of increased resource expenditure.
Psychophysiological Metrics for Workload are Demand-Sensitive but Multifactorial
Authors: Reinerman-Jones Lauren E. , Matthews Gerald , Barber Daniel J. , Abich Julian
Published: October 2014

Various psychophysiological indices of mental workload exhibit sensitivity to task demand factors, but the psychometrics of indices has been neglected. In particular, the extent to which different metrics converge on a common latent factor is unclear. In the present study, 150 participants performed in four task scenarios based on a simulation of unmanned vehicle operation. Scenarios required threat detection and/or change detection. Both single- and dual-task scenarios were used. Workload metrics were derived from the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), functional Near Infra-Red (fNIR) and eyetracking. Subjective workload was also assessed. Several metrics were appropriately sensitive to the differing levels of task load presented by the four scenarios. However, factor analysis identified multiple factors, each of which was associated with a single response system only, with no general factor. Caution should be used in assessing workload in the individual operator.
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Stress as Predictors of Decision Making
Authors: Reinerman-Jones Lauren , Parchment Avonie , Matthews Gerald , Barber Daniel , Lackey Stephanie , Teo Grace
Published: October 2014

Predicting decision making may be essential for personnel selection. The present study aimed to predict sustained decision making using measures of subjective state and physiological response to a short task battery. Volunteers completed a short battery of decision tasks, followed by a dynamic task simulating business decision making. Subjective stress state and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) responses to each task suggested that sustained decision making may induce stress and fatigue. Some positive associations were found between CBFV responses to the short battery and long task performance. The right hemisphere CBFV responses taken during the long task correlated highly with long task performance. These findings suggest that hemodynamic response to a verbal task, like the short battery, may provide an effective means for predicting subsequent decision making effectiveness. The findings also suggest that CBFV may access multiple resources required for sustained decision making, localized in left and right hemispheres.
Development of the Team Workload Questionnaire (TWLQ)
Authors: Sellers James , Helton William S. , Näswall Katharina , Funke Gregory J. , Knott Benjamin A.
Published: October 2014

In the present paper we developed the Team Workload Questionnaire (TWLQ). Despite extensive workload studies, little research has been conducted on the workload experienced by teams. Team workload has largely been ignored by research with no validated theory constructed or dedicated team workload measures available to researchers and practitioners. The TWLQ items were generated based on the NASA-TLX and team workload theory. We examined 216 members of sports team completing a team workload measure after games or practice. Principal Axis Factoring method with Direct Oblimin rotation indicated three separate factors for the TWLQ with the factors classified as Task Workload, Team Workload, and Task-Team Balancing. The TWLQ may be a useful subjective measure that can be used to assess the workload demand in team tasks. It provides researchers a tool to advance the understating of team workload and gives practitioners the means to assess the workload demands of team tasks.
Executive Functioning Protects Against Stress in UAV Simulation
Authors: Panganiban April Rose , Matthews Gerald
Published: October 2014

Increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) results in a demand for suitable operators, however current selection methods may be inadequate. Transitioning to multiple UAV operation highlights attentional control ability as a criterion for selection. The current study examined the role of executive functioning (EF) in performance of a UAV simulation where high task load and evaluative stress are present. EF task performance was related more strongly to subjective stress than to performance. Specifically, high inhibitory ability may protect operators from experiencing stress processes such as worry, distress, appraisal of threat and situational uncontrollability. The findings presented add to the understanding of how EF may preserve operator’s mental well-being and protect against stress, although replication of the present findings is required.
Cognition and Physiological Response
Authors: Hughes Ashley M. , Volante William G. , Stowers Kimberly , Leyva Kevin , Oglesby James M. , Bisbey Tiffany , Salas Eduardo , Knott Benjamin A. , Vidulich Michael A.
Published: October 2014

Complex tasks in large and error-prone environments require unobtrusive, unbiased and real-time measurement of cognitive variables to promote safety and to achieve optimal performance. Despite the prevalence of physiological measurement of cognitive constructs and cognitive performance, such as workload, little has been done to justify the inference of cognitive states from physiological measures. We develop a framework based on the extant literature to provide the groundwork for further validation of physiological measurement. Specifically, we leverage theoretically-grounded conditions of measurement to aid in investigating the logical sampling and construct validity for use of such metrics. Further meta-analytic investigation is warranted to validate the model and justify use of physiological measures.
Examining Relations of Driver’s Self-Confidence Level with Automotive Instrument Cluster Reading Performance
Authors: Kim Sang-Hwan , Xu Mengyao , Harrelson Heather , Pedamallu Rama Kishore Akshay , Weiss Brian , Escobar Claudia
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study is to understand which mechanism of instrument cluster reading performance is associated with drivers’ self-ratings on confidence level relating to general mental/physical abilities and daily life habits as well as age and gender. Sixty drivers, consisting of forty elderly drivers and twenty young drivers, participated in the study. Participants completed a self-assessments questionnaire, which asked about their level of self-confidence in various aspects of their life, as well as a controlled experiment using a driving simulator to collect actual reading performance including speed and accuracy as well as eye movement profile for the information reading. Individual data analysis on each of subjective ratings and reading performance confirmed senior drivers’ degraded specific aspects of self-confidence level and reading performance such as longer information acquisition and processing time. Consequently a structural equation model revealed how self-confidence level and reading performance are related by mediation of age.
The LABY Microworld
Authors: Imbert Jean-Paul , Hodgetts Helen M. , Parise Robert , Vachon François , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: October 2014

The LABY microworld, a functional simulation of Air Traffic Control (ATC), captures the underlying processes involved in electronic air traffic management with a simplified version of the operational human-machine interface. LABY is a computer-based human-in-the-loop dynamic environment whereby a controller must issue directional commands to guide aircraft along a predetermined route, while avoiding potential conflicts and dealing concurrently with other incoming information. It can be used for human factors research or system engineering purposes, or configured specifically for use with expert controllers for the training of non-technical skills in ATC. We present a use case of LABY, comparing the efficiency of input devices for ATC: Input times using the mouse were quicker than with the stylus, but error was not greater. We discuss the potential of LABY for system engineering, training and research purposes.
Time Pressure Has Limited Benefits for Human-Automation Performance
Authors: Tunstall Casey , Rice Stephen , Mehta Rian , Dunbar Victoria , Oyman Korhan
Published: October 2014

It has been posited that under time pressure, humans tend to comply more often with automation recommendations. Previous research has shown that time pressure can enhance human-automation performance when reliability of the automated aid is high. In the current study, time pressure and difficulty level of the target detection task was manipulated. The results of this study show that human-automation performance was benefited by time pressure, but only in the condition when the task was difficult and the automation was highly reliable.
Envisioned World Research
Authors: Sherwood Sarah , Neville Kelly , Ashlock Derek “Baffle” , Mooney John “Bam Bam” , Walwanis Melissa , Bolton Ami , Martin Taylor
Published: October 2014

The Navy is investigating the use of Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC) simulation to train F/A-18 pilots. LVC, which introduces computer-generated tracks into live training, will be embedded into Navy air combat training, an extremely complex and nuanced system. This paper describes research conducted to facilitate the integration of this new technology into the existing training system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 air combat professionals to understand their training system and the ways LVC technology could affect its safety and effectiveness. Results reported here focus on ways LVC technology could be employed to benefit air combat training. Associated research required to determine the best LVC design requirements for enabling those employment strategies within Navy training were also identified. A case is made for the utility of this type of future-system exploration research; such research is invaluable to systems acquisition, which frequently involves making changes to existing complex systems.
An Investigation of the Effects of Material and Incline Angle on a Foot Restraint System for the International Space Station
Authors: Stankovic Aleksandra , Geiger Lynn , Hilbert Alexandra
Published: October 2014

This study presents a human factors assessment of the foot restraint system used aboard the International Space Station. We examine pressure distribution maps of 3 different restraint materials (elastic strap; canvas strap; metal bar) at 2 incline angles (0 and 20 degrees plantar flexion) to explore potential system improvements. Our findings reveal that the canvas strap yields the most optimal combination of broadly distributed pressure while maintaining a high subjective evaluation of comfort and security. Foot restraint angle was found to be most critical for modulating pressure distribution in high-force conditions, suggesting that inclination improves security and decreases injury risk in high-force work areas.
Sense and Avoid
Authors: Chappell Sheryl L. , Palmer Everett A.
Published: October 2014

This study explored the ability of operators to provide separation between three unmanned aircraft using basic cockpit traffic displays. Four groups of three general aviation, instrument-rated pilots flew cross-country flights controlling simulated twin-engine unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). They were required to maintain 2 nautical miles (nmi) horizontal and 500 ft vertical separation from all other aircraft. To examine the effect of two important safety factors, the flights were conducted with and without communication among the operators and with and without variable accuracy in the displayed traffic location due to degraded sensor quality. Twenty four different three-dimensional traffic conflict trajectories with three UASs, were repeated randomly for each of the four experimental conditions for each group.

Of the 1152 aircraft encounters 12.8% were in violation of separation minimums. Eighteen of these were closer than 400 ft vertically or 1.6 nmi horizontally. The minimum separation of all aircraft pairs was 293 ft and 0.13 nmi. No difference in minimum separations was found due to the presence of communications, the variable accuracy of traffic position, or the participant group. The type and time of evasive maneuvers showed no effect when displayed horizontal position accuracy was variable. When operators were able to communicate and coordinate their maneuvers, the time to resolve the conflict was reduced. Participant groups varied significantly in: time of conflict resolution, frequency and type of maneuvers, control activity, reported amount of threat, confidence, satisfaction, and appraisal of the efficacy of their communications. The findings of this study serve as a benchmark for the development of sense and avoid procedures and minimum equipage standards for operating UASs in the airspace over the United States.
Work Injuries Among Therapists In Physical Rehabilitation
Authors: McCrory Bernadette , Burnfield Judith M. , Darragh Amy R. , Meza Jane L. , Irons Sonya L. , Chernyavskiy Pavel , Link Angela M. , Brusola Gregory
Published: October 2014

Background: Physical therapists in rehabilitation settings often perform heavy lifting, repetitive forceful tasks and endure long periods of static or awkward postures. These work conditions put therapists at increased risk of work-related injuries (WRIs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs) at 14 randomly selected rehabilitation facilities to determine the prevalence and severity of work-related injuries in physical rehabilitation. Results: A majority of respondents reported their most severe pain or discomfort within the last year affected their back, lasted 24 hours to 1 week, occurred once every 2-6 months, and was rated as moderate on the 0 to 10 pain scale. The 1-year prevalence of WRIs among PTs and PTAs working in physical rehabilitation was 32%. Sixty percent (60%) of those reporting pain/discomfort had mechanical patient lifts available within their work area. Less than half reported using mechanical patient lifts before or during/after their work-related pain. Conclusion: More than 65% of rehabilitation PTs and PTAs experienced work-related pain due to therapeutic activities including patient handling and movement. It is critical to understand therapists’ technology usage barriers, redesign technology to meet end-user needs, and develop technology-based best practices that promote both worker safety and patient outcomes.
Zooar
Authors: Kelling Nicholas , Kelling Angela
Published: October 2014

This work describes the development of an augmented reality (AR) based informational signage system for zoological parks. Pre-development surveys detailed an interest in technology implantation while also highlighting significant limitations in the educational success of classical signage. The development of this AR system focused on integrating available technology while reinforcing the unique atmosphere of a zoological setting. This integration culminated in a system that has the potential to allow for greater personalized connections to be made between visitors and exhibited animals while not sacrificing the naturalistic surroundings and with minimal cost the zoo.
Manual Distractions of Ambulance Drivers
Authors: Grundgeiger T. , Scharf M. , Grundgeiger J. , Scheuchenpflug R.
Published: October 2014

Emergency medical services personnel are involved in more transportation accidents and have higher fatality rates than do other professions, and traveling with light-and-siren is particularly risky. One factor that might contribute to transportation accidents is driver distraction. We investigated what kind of manual secondary tasks – distractions that require the driver to take at least one hand off the steering wheel – ambulance drivers face and compared the relative frequency and proportion of time spent in manual operations not related to driving for light-and-siren travel vs. non-light-and-siren travel. The results indicate that ambulance drivers face more manual distractions when traveling with light-and-siren than non-light-and-siren. In particular, operating the light-and-siren system is causing most of the manual distractions. We discuss the results and potential implication for practice.
Assessing Human-Automation System Safety, Efficiency, and Performance
Authors: Oglesby James M. , Stowers Kimberly , Leyva Kevin , Dietz Aaron , Sonesh Shirley , Burke Shawn , Salas Eduardo
Published: October 2014

Automation is an important and widely utilized component in work environments across many domains; it is useful for completing tasks too dangerous or cumbersome for personnel to complete by themselves. Despite its benefits, potential issues can occur that may impact safety and efficiency in the overall human-automation system. To realize the benefits of automation, designers must be able to measure and assess the levels of safety and efficiency. This paper will discuss a theoretical framework to guide the development and selection of metrics for assessing human-automation interaction.
Training for Collaborative Problem Solving
Authors: Wiltshire Travis J. , Rosch Kelly , Fiorella Logan , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: October 2014

Increasing complexity in socio-technological systems of domains such as aviation, aerospace, and the military gives rise to equally complex problems. Solving these complex problems requires the collaborative efforts of teams who are able to not just integrate their collective knowledge, but also to monitor and regulate their collective problem solving performance. Unfortunately, current training practices have not yet been developed to promote the metacognitive processes necessary for teams to successfully solve problems in these complex domains. In this paper, we outline a theoretical framework based on the systematic use of metacognitive prompting to improve collaborative problem solving. Our goal is to explicate a theoretically and empirically grounded instructional strategy with testable propositions in support of the development and empirical evaluation of training for complex problem solving.
Novelty and Retention for Two Augmented Reality Learning Systems
Authors: Patzer Brady , Smith Dustin C. , Keebler Joseph R.
Published: October 2014

Studies were conducted to measure novelty and learning retention while utilizing augmented reality (AR) in two learning systems. The first taught participants the basics of guitar and either a melody or scale using an AR guitar with an LED-embedded fret board. The guitar provided digital representations of learning patterns that users would otherwise need to visualize during the learning process. Results of three studies indicate that participants using the AR learning tool were able to perform more of the melody or scale after two-weeks. The second taught participants the basic functioning and anatomy of the heart, using either an AR model or a fiberglass model. Learning and technology acceptance were measured. Results indicated that the AR learning tool was as effective for participant learning when compared to the conventional fiberglass model learning tool. Furthermore, the AR learning tool was rated more enjoyable, curiosity inducing, and easier-to-use than the fiberglass model.
Building a Simulated Medical Augmented Reality Training System
Authors: Keebler Joseph R. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Patzer Brady
Published: October 2014

Medical decision-making largely depends on the caregiver’s fundamental knowledge of anatomy. To this end, the authors discuss a cost-effective augmented reality system for simulated medical research and education. First, we define augmented reality. Second, we will review the history of augmented reality in medical training. Third, we will discuss some of the human factors principles associated with augmented reality training systems. Fourth, we will describe our insight and methods for building a Simulated Medical Augmented Reality Training (SMART) system, which can be used as an alternative training tool for medical and anatomy students. Finally, we will outline five steps that can be taken to build a SMART system.
Development of a Hybrid Reality Display for Welders through Applied Cognitive Task Analysis
Authors: Seidelman Will , Lee Michael , Kent Travis M. , Carswell C. Melody , Fu Bo , Yang Ruigang
Published: October 2014

With the current trend toward semi-autonomous welding systems, the typical duties of a skilled welder are likely to transition from that of manual operator to a more supervisory role. The shifting demands on welders necessitates novel welding displays to support an increased variety of tasks. The current work utilizes applied cognitive task analysis to identify the needs of expert welders, specifically in regards to the identification of important sensory cues useful when monitoring the welding process in real-time. Results are presented in a cognitive demands table in a manner intended to be useful to multidisciplinary teams engaged in the development of future welding platforms.
Leveraging Features of Human—Technology Teams to Support Mental Models in Future Soldier—Robot Teams
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth , Ososky Scott , Jentsch Florian
Published: October 2014

The future vision of military robotics is one in which robots will serve as integrated members of Soldier—robot teams. Robots will possess capabilities that will transition their role from functional tools to working teammates. Because robots and Soldiers will be deployed in environments characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and violence, it is imperative that Soldiers have accurate mental models of what their robotic teammates can do, cannot do, and will likely do. In this paper, we present the conclusions of a review into metaphors for facilitating accurate mental models of robotic teammates. Emphasis was placed on investigating existing human—technology teams (i.e., human teaming with automated systems including autopilot in cockpits, driver assistance systems, and personal assistant applications among others) for features that can support accurate mental models for Soldiers in future Soldier—robot teams.
Evaluation of MILSTD 2525 Glyph Features in a Visual Search Paradigm
Authors: Siva Navaneethan , Chaparro Alex , Palmer Evan
Published: October 2014

MILSTD 2525 is a document that outlines the composition and use of a set of standardized symbology by the US Department of Defense to represent vehicles, equipment and personnel on tactical interfaces. These symbols are primarily multivariate glyphs that visualize the status of military units. This study selected a subset of commonly used glyph features in order to investigate their relative efficiency in a search paradigm. Performance across the different features as well as within levels of each feature was examined. Stimuli were tested using an oddball search paradigm with set sizes of 6, 12 and 18. The dependent variables of interest were search efficiency, RT, and accuracy. Results show that search asymmetries occur with MILSTD 2525 glyph features and that these features differ in search efficiency from one another. The authors discuss the relative search performance of these features and implications for glyph design.
Friendly Fire and the Proportion of Friends to Foes
Authors: Wilson Kyle M. , Finkbeiner Kristin M. , de Joux Neil R. , Head James , Helton William S.
Published: October 2014

Losses of inhibitory control may be partly responsible for some friendly fire incidents. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART; Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, & Yiend, 1997) may provide an appropriate empirical model for this. The current investigation aimed to provide an ecologically valid application of the SART to a small arms simulation and examine the effect of different proportions of enemy to friendly confederates. Seven university students engaged in a small arms simulation where they cleared a building floor using a near-infrared emitter gun, tasked with firing at confederates representing enemies and withholding fire to confederates representing friends. All participants completed three conditions which were differentiated by the proportion of enemies to friends present. As hypothesized, participants failed to withhold responses more often when the proportion of foes was higher, suggesting that a prepotent motor response routine had developed. This effect appeared to be disproportionately more substantial in the high foe condition relative to the others. Participants also subjectively reported higher levels of on-task focus as foe proportions increased, suggesting that they found this more mentally demanding. Future research could examine closer the nature of the performance reductions associated with high proportions of foes, as it appears that this is more complex than a simple linear relationship.
Observing the Smart TV-Viewing Experience by a Diary-Based Observation Method
Authors: Rhiu Ilsun , Rhie Ye Lim , Kim Ga-Won , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: October 2014

This study aims to observe user’s experience longitudinally in a natural context of use by using DRM (Day Reconstruction Method). DRM is an observation technique that periodically surveys user’s experience and evaluates it systemically. In addition to emotions collected by existing DRM, we also investigated contextual information using structured questionnaires. Each questionnaire was conducted for one episode which is composed of specific actions that are taken, context of each episode, and detailed description of mood and emotion at that time of episode occurrence with detailed reason. For a case study, DRM for the smart TV-viewing was conducted. As a result, users showed different TV-viewing behaviors depending on the day of the week. DRM also showed that users typically did not use the majority of the technical functions provided by the modern TV sets popularly used today. Moreover, we figured out that many secondary activities were conducted concurrently together with TV-viewing. The study suggested that a diary-based observation technique proposed in this paper can be used to analyze the context efficiently and quantitatively without bias.
Improving the Diagnosis of Potential Concussion Victims in American Football through Hampel Tackling Criterion
Authors: Hampel Morgan L. , Stone Richard T.
Published: October 2014

This study takes a look at form tackling within American Football. The Hampel Tackling Criterion (HTC) metric was created as a tool to help coaches, trainers, players, and others involved with the sport, identify potential tackles that could have resulted in head injuries. After completion of a HTC analysis, a final score is reported and will identify the hit as either Low, Medium, High, or of Very High Risk. Twelve participants were shown eleven different videos and asked to analyze them using the HTC. Between the participants, there was 61% overall agreement of where the tackles should be ranked (in terms of risk level). These findings solidify the HTC as a useful tool for people of all backgrounds in identifying tackles that could have resulted in a head injury.
Musculoskeletal Risk to Physical Therapists during Overground Gait Training
Authors: McCrory Bernadette , Harlow Amanda , Burnfield Judith M.
Published: October 2014

Background: Physical therapists have a disproportionately high risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) that may be attributed to the substantial physical support and facilitation they provide during physical rehabilitation. Over the last decade, safety efforts have focused primarily on patients. To decrease the incidence and prevalence of WMSDs, health and safety hazards affecting physical therapists need to be addressed. Method: Two semi-quantitative ergonomic assessment tools, the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA), were used to evaluate a physical therapist’s posture during three overground gait training sessions, which included three sit-to-stand transfers. The tools stratified the therapist’s posture into a WMSD risk level and accompanying action level. Results: The REBA stratified the therapist’s posture into the very high risk level, implement change now during the sit-to-stand transfer and high risk level, investigate and implement change soon during overground gait. The RULA stratified the therapist’s posture into action level 4, investigate and implement change immediately for both the sit-to-stand transfer and overground gait. Conclusion: Physical therapists are at high risk for WMSDs while performing sit-to-stand transfers and overground gait training. Urgent implementation of engineering and administrative controls is needed to reduce the risk of injury for physical therapists.
Survey Results for Rural Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) VelociRFTA and Future Human Factor Considerations
Authors: Bazley Conne , Vink Peter , Blankenship Dan
Published: October 2014

With the uncertainty of light rail for public transportation in the USA, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a growing trend. The Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (RFTA) has been in operation since 1983, and functions as a Regional Transportation Authority. RFTA is the second largest public transit system in Colorado, after Denver Rapid Transit Delivery (RTD). RFTA is also the largest rural public transit system the United States of America (USA) and BRT VelociRFTA is the first Rural Bus Rapid Transit system in the USA. Results are positive for rider satisfaction and bus and bus station safety and comfort from a recent customer survey of RFTA’s VelociRFTA Bus Rapid Transit Program service and amenities. Ridership is up 22% for RFTA overall from 2013 with the introduction of the VelociRFTA BRT in the fall of 2013. Survey results will assist in training, productivity, well-being and sustainability for the existing and future RFTA programs. HFE recommendations for an updated dispatch control room are scheduled for fall of 2014.
Identifying Potential Usability Challenges for Xbox 360 Kinect Exergames for Older Adults
Authors: Marinelli Elena C. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2014

Many older adults could benefit from additional exercise. In 2011, over 54% of adults between the ages of 65 and 74 and 68% of adults ages 75 and above did not meet the 2008 U.S. Federal Physical Activity guidelines for either aerobic or muscle strengthening activities, according to the National Center for Health Statistics (Schiller, Lucas, & Peregoy, 2012, p. 100). Exergames, video games where players engage in physical activity, could help older adults elevate their levels of physical activity in order to gain associated health benefits. However, most exergames on the market are not designed for older users. Two exergames for Microsoft Xbox 360 with Kinect were evaluated using heuristic task analysis and heuristic evaluation with consideration of older adults’ abilities and limitations. Implications for developing training programs to maximize effective use of exergames for older adults are discussed.
Detecting Differences in Communication During Two Types of Patient Handovers
Authors: Woods Zachary , Hilligoss Brian , Duchon Andrew , Beecroft Nicholas , Patterson Emily S.
Published: October 2014

Patient handovers are a critical point in the patient care process. Software to identify differences in communication content and strategies across different types of patient handovers could be helpful in customizing physician training programs. To determine whether there were differences, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software was used. The primary measure was the LIWC output score, which is the frequency of mention of words in a construct category divided by the total number of words in the handover transcript. Two types of constructs were investigated: 1) content, which included name/age, care plan, prognosis, and family, and 2) strategy, which included questioning and collaborative cross-checks. We hypothesized that the Emergency Department (ED) to hospital transfer compared to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) sign-outs would have more discussion of family and less of the patient’s prognosis, as well as more collaborative cross-checks. A two-tailed t-test was used to detect differences. One hypothesis was confirmed, that there was less discussion of prognosis in the ED as compared to the ICU handover. Unexpected findings were less discussion of the care plan and more questioning in the ED as compared to the ICU handover. Findings confirm that both communication content and strategies are different for the two types of patient handovers and that an automated analysis approach can detect differences across a set of handover transcripts.
Barriers to Infection Control due to Hospital Patient Room Factors
Authors: Patterson Emily S. , Murray Jenna , Park Sanghyun , Sanders Elizabeth B.-N. , Li Jing , Umar Radin , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Evans Kevin D. , Lavender Steven A.
Published: October 2014

Infection control is of central importance when designing hospital rooms, particularly to reduce hospital-acquired infections. Existing room design standards include private rooms, toilets, and showers, ample space between a patient’s bed and a family member’s bed, and separate spaces for clean and dirty nursing activities. We investigated various hospital room factors that make it challenging for staff to reduce hospital-acquired infections. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with multiple stakeholder groups as part of a larger research effort to generate guidelines for hospital room design. Transcripts were generated for eight of these stakeholder groups, including housekeeping staff, and qualitatively analyzed for emerging themes. The insights suggest additional areas for consideration during the design of hospital rooms, in particular the need for standardized, dedicated locations for supplies brought into the patient room and inclusion of the perspective of housekeeping staff in the design process.
Information Presentation in Decision Making Support for Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Wang Liang , Caldwell Barrett S.
Published: October 2014

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of death among both genders. Since early detection can significantly improve patients’ survival rate, one of the physician’s primary obligations is to develop adequate screening plans to achieve early detection. Instead of using operational research models to make screening decisions for physicians, we proposed a decision making support tool to help physicians with their decision making process. Specifically, an information presentation interface is developed on top of a mathematical model to better deliver and illustrate the result of cost and benefit analysis for physicians’ final decision making.