bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Salvia lachnostachys: Implications for Breeding and Conservation Programs
Authors: Erbano Marianna , Schühli Guilherme , Santos Élide
Published: April 2015

The genetic diversity and population structure of Salvia lachnostachys Benth were assessed. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were used to investigate the restricted distribution of S. lachnostachys in Parana State, Brazil. Leaves of 73 individuals representing three populations were collected. DNA was extracted and submitted to PCR-ISSR amplification with nine tested primers. Genetic diversity parameters were evaluated. Our analysis indicated 95.6% polymorphic loci (stress value 0.02) with a 0.79 average Simpson’s index. The Nei-Li distance dendrogram and principal component analysis largely recovered the geographical origin of each sample. Four major clusters were recognized representing each collected population. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index were 0.25 and 0.40 respectively. As is typical for outcrossing herbs, the majority of genetic variation occurred at the population level (81.76%). A high gene flow (Nm = 2.48) was observed with a correspondingly low fixation index. These values were generally similar to previous studies on congeneric species. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and of arithmetic average (UPGMA) were consistent and all three populations appear distinct as in STRUCTURE analysis. In addition, this analysis indicated a majority intrapopulation genetic variation. Despite the human pressure on natural populations our study found high levels of genetic diversity for S. lachnostachys. This was the first molecular assessment for this endemic species with medicinal proprieties and the results can guide for subsequent bioprospection, breeding programs or conservation actions.
Preparation of High Density Polyethylene/Waste Polyurethane Blends Compatibilized with Polyethylene-Graft-Maleic Anhydride by Radiation
Authors: Park Jong-Seok , Lim Youn-Mook , Nho Young-Chang
Published: April 2015

Polyurethane (PU) is a very popular polymer that is used in a variety of applications due to its good mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, PU recycling has received significant attention due to environmental issues. In this study, we developed a recycling method for waste PU that utilizes the radiation grafting technique. Grafting of waste PU was carried out using a radiation technique with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The PE-g-MA-grafted PU/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite was prepared by melt-blending at various concentrations (0–10 phr) of PE-g-MA-grafted PU. The composites were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their surface morphology and thermal/mechanical properties are reported. For 1 phr PU, the PU could be easily introduced to the HDPE during the melt processing in the blender after the radiation-induced grafting of PU with PE-g-MA. PE-g-MA was easily reacted with PU according to the increasing radiation dose and was located at the interface between the PU and the HDPE during the melt processing in the blender, which improved the interfacial interactions and the mechanical properties of the resultant composites. However, the elongation at break for a PU content >2 phr was drastically decreased.
Influence of Zr Addition on Structure and Performance of Rare Earth Mg-Based Alloys as Anodes in Ni/MH Battery
Authors: Qiu Shujun , Huang Jianling , Chu Hailiang , Zou Yongjin , Xiang Cuili , Zhang Huanzhi , Xu Fen , Sun Lixian , Ouyang Liuzhang , Zhou Huaiying
Published: April 2015

In this study, the substitution of Mg with Zr in La0.7Mg0.3(Ni0.85Co0.15)3.5 was carried out with the purpose of improving the electrochemical performances. The structural and hydrogen storage properties in both gas-solid reaction and the electrochemical system were systematically studied on La0.7(Mg0.3−xZrx)(Ni0.85Co0.15)3.5 (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) alloys. Each tested alloy is composed of LaNi3 phase, LaNi5 phase and ZrNi3 phase with different phase abundances. The electrochemical studies indicated that all Zr-substituted anodes possessed a much higher cycling capacity retention than pristine La0.7Mg0.3(Ni0.85Co0.15)3.5. However, the maximum discharge capacity was reduced with the increase of Zr content. The potential-step tests showed that the diffusion of hydrogen atoms inside the anodes was decelerated after the introduction of Zr.
Two Methods for Increased Specificity and Sensitivity in Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Wang De-Guo , Brewster Jeffrey , Paul Moushumi , Tomasula Peggy
Published: April 2015

The technique of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) utilizes four (or six) primers targeting six (or eight) regions within a fairly small segment of a genome for amplification, with concentration higher than that used in traditional PCR methods. The high concentrations of primers used leads to an increased likelihood of non-specific amplification induced by primer dimers. In this study, a set of LAMP primers were designed targeting the prfA gene sequence of Listeria monocytogenes, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as well as Touchdown LAMP were employed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP reactions. The results indicate that the detection limit of this novel LAMP assay with the newly designed primers and additives was 10 fg per reaction, which is ten-fold more sensitive than a commercial Isothermal Amplification Kit and hundred-fold more sensitive than previously reported LAMP assays. This highly sensitive LAMP assay has been shown to detect 11 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and does not detect other Listeria species (including Listeria innocua and Listeria invanovii), providing some advantages in specificity over commercial Isothermal Amplification Kits and previously reported LAMP assay.
The Key Role of Government in Addressing the Pandemic of Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tulchinsky Theodore
Published: April 2015

Micronutrient deficiency conditions are a major global public health problem. While the private sector has an important role in addressing this problem, the main responsibility lies with national governments, in cooperation with international agencies and donors. Mandatory fortification of basic foods provides a basic necessary intake for the majority and needs to be supported by provision of essential vitamin and mineral supplements for mothers and children and other high risk groups. Fortification by government mandate and regulation is essential with cooperation by private sector food manufacturers, and in the context of broader policies for poverty reduction, education and agricultural reform. Iron, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, folic acid, zinc, vitamin D and vitamin B12 are prime examples of international fortification experience achieved by proactive governmental nutrition policies. These are essential to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and their follow-up sustainable global health targets. National governmental policies for nutritional security and initiatives are essential to implement both food fortification and targeted supplementation policies to reduce the huge burden of micronutrient deficiency conditions in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world.
The Challenges of Home Enteral Tube Feeding: A Global Perspective
Authors: Ojo Omorogieva
Published: April 2015

The aim of this review is to provide a global perspective of Home Enteral Tube Feeding (HETF) and to outline some of the challenges of home enteral nutrition (HEN) provisions. It is well established that the number of patients on HETF is on the increase worldwide due to advances in technology, development of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, and the shift in care provisions from acute to community settings. While the significance of home enteral nutrition in meeting the nutritional requirements of patients with poor swallowing reflexes and those with poor nutritional status is not in doubt, differences exist in terms of funding, standards, management approaches and the level of infrastructural development across the world. Strategies for alleviating some of the challenges militating against the effective delivery of HETF including the development of national and international standards, guidelines and policies for HETF, increased awareness and funding by government at all levels were discussed. Others, including development of HEN services, which should create the enabling environment for multidisciplinary team work, clinical audit and research, recruitment and retention of specialist staff, and improvement in patient outcomes have been outlined. However, more research is required to fully establish the cost effectiveness of the HEN service especially in developing countries and to compare the organization of HEN service between developing and developed countries.
Spirituality and Quaker Approaches to Substance Use and Addiction
Authors: Chambers Helena
Published: April 2015

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) has held a consistent testimony of abstinence and moderation regarding alcohol and other substances. This paper outlines the historical background, and describes modern Quaker understandings of moderation. It then outlines hitherto unpublished results regarding spirituality from the only study to date about Quaker behaviour and atttitudes regarding substance use. The association between low substance use and religiosity is established in the literature, but the role of spirituality is less defined. This study methodology allowed an unusually detailed analysis of different aspects of spirituality. Results generally support Miller’s suggestion that idiographic spirituality may have a role in resilience to higher substance use. However, spiritual practice through prayer/meditation emerges as having a more consistent role in the Quaker sample—a finding that is of interest and potential significance in considerations of resilience and recovery. The community dimension of shared spiritual attitudes towards substance use, and the spiritual values that underlie the interpretation of testimony, are also explored. The congruence that some Quakers find with the spiritual approaches of Alcoholics Anonymous is also discussed. It is concluded that spirituality is a significant factor in a Quaker balance that can mitigate immoderate use and support recovery from addiction, without, in general, excluding those who use at higher levels.
Woodland Extraction from High-Resolution CASMSAR Data Based on Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory Fusion
Authors: Lu Lijun , Xie Wenjun , Zhang Jixian , Huang Guoman , Li Qiwei , Zhao Zheng
Published: April 2015

Mapping and monitoring of woodland resources is necessary, since woodland is vital for the natural environment and human survival. The intent of this paper is to propose a fusion scheme for woodland extraction with different frequency (P- and X-band) polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) and interferometric SAR (InSAR) data. In the study area of Hanjietou, China, a supervised complex Wishart classifier based on the initial polarimetric feature analysis was first applied to the PolSAR data and achieved an overall accuracy of 88%. An unsupervised classification based on elevation threshold segmentation was then applied to the InSAR data, with an overall accuracy of 90%. After Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory fusion processing for the PolSAR and InSAR classification results, the overall accuracy of fusion result reached 95%. It was found the proposed fusion method facilitates the reduction of polarimetric and interferometric SAR classification errors, and is suitable for the extraction of large areas of land cover with a uniform texture and height. The woodland extraction accuracy of the study area was sufficiently high (producer’s accuracy of 96% and user’s accuracy of 96%) enough that the woodland map generated from the fusion result can meet the demands of forest resource mapping and monitoring.
Where Aerosols Become Clouds—Potential for Global Analysis Based on CALIPSO Data
Authors: Fuchs Julia , Cermak Jan
Published: April 2015

This study evaluates the potential to determine the global distribution of hydrated aerosols based on Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data products. Knowledge of hydrated aerosol global distribution is of high relevance in the study of the radiative impact of aerosol-cloud interactions on Earth’s climate. The cloud-aerosol discrimination (CAD) score of the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on the CALIPSO satellite separates aerosols and clouds according to the probability density functions (PDFs) of attenuated backscatter, total color ratio, volume depolarization ratio, altitude and latitude. The pixels that CAD fails to identify as either cloud or aerosol are used here to pinpoint the occurrence of hydrated aerosols and to globally quantify their relative frequency using data of August from 2006 to 2013. Atmospheric features in this no-confidence range mostly match with aerosol PDFs and imply an early hydration state of aerosols. Their strong occurrence during August above the South-East Atlantic and below an altitude of 4 km coincides with the biomass burning season in southern Africa and South America.
The First Comprehensive Accuracy Assessment of GlobeLand30 at a National Level: Methodology and Results
Authors: Brovelli Maria , Molinari Monia , Hussein Eman , Chen Jun , Li Ran
Published: April 2015

As result of the “Global Land Cover Mapping at Finer Resolution” project led by National Geomatics Center of China (NGCC), one of the first global land cover datasets at 30-meters resolution (GlobeLand30) has been produced for the years 2000 and 2010. The first comprehensive accuracy assessment at a national level of these data (excluding some comparisons in China) has been performed on the Italian area by means of a benchmarking with the more detailed land cover datasets available for some Italian regions. The accuracy evaluation was based on the cell-by-cell comparison between Italian maps and the GlobeLand30 in order to obtain the confusion matrix and its derived statistics (overall accuracy, allocation and quantity disagreements, user and producer accuracy), which help to understand the classification quality. This paper illustrates the adopted methodology and procedures for assessing GlobeLand30 and reports the obtained statistics. The analysis has been performed in eight regions across Italy and shows very good results: the comparison of the datasets according to the first level of Corine Land Cover nomenclature highlights overall accuracy values generally higher than 80%.
High-Resolution Airborne UAV Imagery to Assess Olive Tree Crown Parameters Using 3D Photo Reconstruction: Application in Breeding Trials
Authors: Díaz-Varela Ramón , De la Rosa Raúl , León Lorenzo , Zarco-Tejada Pablo
Published: April 2015

The development of reliable methods for the estimation of crown architecture parameters is a key issue for the quantitative evaluation of tree crop adaptation to environment conditions and/or growing system. In the present work, we developed and tested the performance of a method based on low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for the estimation of olive crown parameters (tree height and crown diameter) in the framework of olive tree breeding programs, both on discontinuous and continuous canopy cropping systems. The workflow involved the image acquisition with consumer-grade cameras on board a UAV and orthomosaic and digital surface model generation using structure-from-motion image reconstruction (without ground point information). Finally, geographical information system analyses and object-based classification were used for the calculation of tree parameters. Results showed a high agreement between remote sensing estimation and field measurements of crown parameters. This was observed both at the individual tree/hedgerow level (relative RMSE from 6% to 20%, depending on the particular case) and also when average values for different genotypes were considered for phenotyping purposes (relative RMSE from 3% to 16%), pointing out the interest and applicability of these data and techniques in the selection scheme of breeding programs.
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of a Hybrid Fabry-Pérot Cavity for Temperature Sensing
Authors: Lopez-Aldaba Aitor , Pinto Ana , Lopez-Amo Manuel , Frazão Orlando , Santos José , Baptista José , Baierl Hardy , Auguste Jean-Louis , Jamier Raphael , Roy Philippe
Published: April 2015

A hybrid Fabry-Pérot cavity sensing head based on a four-bridge microstructured fiber is characterized for temperature sensing. The characterization of this cavity is performed numerically and experimentally in the L-band. The sensing head output signal presents a linear variation with temperature changes, showing a sensitivity of 12.5 pm/°C. Moreover, this Fabry-Pérot cavity exhibits good sensitivity to polarization changes and high stability over time.
Corroles-Porphyrins: A Teamwork for Gas Sensor Arrays
Authors: Capuano Rosamaria , Pomarico Giuseppe , Paolesse Roberto , Di Natale Corrado
Published: April 2015

Porphyrins provide an excellent material for chemical sensors, and they have been used for sensing species both in air and solution. In the gas phase, the broad selectivity of porphyrins is largely dependant on molecular features, such as the metal ion complexed at the core of the aromatic ring and the peripheral substituents. Although these features have been largely exploited to design gas sensor arrays, so far, little attention has been devoted to modify the sensing properties of these macrocycles by variation of the molecular aromatic ring. In this paper, the gas sensing properties of a porphyrin analog, the corrole, are studied in comparison with those of the parent porphyrin. Results show that changes in the aromatic ring have important consequences on the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors and that porphyrins and corroles can positively cooperate to enhance the performance of sensor arrays.
Impact Wave Monitoring in Soil Using a Dynamic Fiber Sensor Based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Authors: Cui Qingsong , Pamukcu Sibel , Pervizpour Mesut
Published: April 2015

The impact wave response of soil due to a ball drop is monitored on a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square soil box using a fiber sensor with dynamic strain sensing capability. The experiments are conducted in real time using a simple one-laser one-modulator configuration with stimulated Brillouin scattering. The embedded BOTDA sensor grid successfully monitored the distribution and evolution of the inner strains of a sand bed during a mass impact on its surface. The measurement of the distributed dynamic strains was possible in several milliseconds and with 1 cm actual location resolution. This paper presents a time-domain signal analysis utilized for determining the dynamic strains in embedded fiber sensor. The results demonstrate the method to be a promising one for detection of subsurface vibration and movement in geotechnical Structure Health Monitoring (SHM).
Multi-Model Estimation Based Moving Object Detection for Aerial Video
Authors: Zhang Yanning , Tong Xiaomin , Yang Tao , Ma Wenguang
Published: April 2015

With the wide development of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, moving target detection for aerial video has become a popular research topic in the computer field. Most of the existing methods are under the registration-detection framework and can only deal with simple background scenes. They tend to go wrong in the complex multi background scenarios, such as viaducts, buildings and trees. In this paper, we break through the single background constraint and perceive the complex scene accurately by automatic estimation of multiple background models. First, we segment the scene into several color blocks and estimate the dense optical flow. Then, we calculate an affine transformation model for each block with large area and merge the consistent models. Finally, we calculate subordinate degree to multi-background models pixel to pixel for all small area blocks. Moving objects are segmented by means of energy optimization method solved via Graph Cuts. The extensive experimental results on public aerial videos show that, due to multi background models estimation, analyzing each pixel’s subordinate relationship to multi models by energy minimization, our method can effectively remove buildings, trees and other false alarms and detect moving objects correctly.
Metafrontier Environmental Efficiency for China’s Regions: A Slack-Based Efficiency Measure
Authors: Mei Guoping , Gan Jingyi , Zhang Ning
Published: April 2015

A metafrontier slack-based efficiency measure is presented to measure environmental efficiency for various regions in China. The objective of the new approach is to investigate the change of environmental efficiency while incorporating group heterogeneities and all variable slack and environmental pollutants into environmental efficiency analysis. Global production technology is used to improve the discriminating power of environmental efficiency measurement. An empirical analysis of regional environmental efficiency is carried out incorporating sulfur dioxide emissions and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of China’s regions from 2000–2011. Results indicate that excessive emissions pollution is the major cause of environmental inefficiency. Most of the regions return environmental efficiency values. Significant regional technology gaps in environmental efficiency are found between the east, central, and west areas. Finally, some policy implications are presented from the empirical results.
Social Values and Sustainability: A Survey on Drivers, Barriers and Benefits of SA8000 Certification in Italian Firms
Authors: Merli Roberto , Preziosi Michele , Massa Ilaria
Published: April 2015

Companies are increasingly required to deal with sustainability issues through the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. Among the different CSR aspects, workers securities fulfill a necessary issue. SA8000 is an internationally accepted tool that aims to guarantee decent workplace across all industrial sectors. Italian companies represent more than 30% of certified organizations on a global level. Company size is a key factor in the definition of managerial strategies. A survey that involved more than 600 SA8000 certified companies has been conducted. Company dimension has been used as a parameter to interpret survey results. The aspects analyzed mainly consisted of drivers, barriers and benefits in SA8000 certification pathway. The study showed a high level of homogeneity among firms. According to SA8000 requirements, one of the main issues is the implementation of control and awareness mechanisms addressed to suppliers. Survey results highlight that all respondents recognize the importance of suppliers’ involvement, considered as one of the most difficult phases in implementing certification. However, there were no significant differences among Micro, Small, Medium and Large companies.
Factors Influencing Goal Attainment in Patients with Post-Stroke Upper Limb Spasticity Following Treatment with Botulinum Toxin A in Real-Life Clinical Practice: Sub-Analyses from the Upper Limb International Spasticity (ULIS)-II Study
Authors: Fheodoroff Klemens , Ashford Stephen , Jacinto Jorge , Maisonobe Pascal , Balcaitiene Jovita , Turner-Stokes Lynne
Published: April 2015

In this post-hoc analysis of the ULIS-II study, we investigated factors influencing person-centred goal setting and achievement following botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) treatment in 456 adults with post-stroke upper limb spasticity (ULS). Patients with primary goals categorised as passive function had greater motor impairment (p < 0.001), contractures (soft tissue shortening [STS]) (p = 0.006) and spasticity (p = 0.02) than those setting other goal types. Patients with goals categorised as active function had less motor impairment (0.0001), contracture (p < 0.0001), spasticity (p < 0.001) and shorter time since stroke (p = 0.001). Patients setting goals for pain were older (p = 0.01) with more contractures (p = 0.008). The proportion of patients achieving their primary goal was not impacted by timing of first-ever BoNT-A injection (medium-term (≤1 year) vs. longer-term (>1 year)) post-stroke (80.0% vs. 79.2%) or presence or absence of severe contractures (76.7% vs. 80.6%), although goal types differed. Earlier BoNT-A intervention was associated with greater achievement of active function goals. Severe contractures impacted negatively on goal achievement except in pain and passive function. Goal setting by patients with ULS is influenced by impairment severity, age and time since stroke. Our findings resonate with clinical experience and may assist patients and clinicians in selecting realistic, achievable goals for treatment.
The Evolution of Poxvirus Vaccines
Authors: Sánchez-Sampedro Lucas , Perdiguero Beatriz , Mejías-Pérez Ernesto , García-Arriaza Juan , Di Pilato Mauro , Esteban Mariano
Published: April 2015

After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
A Suggested New Bacteriophage Genus, “Kp34likevirus”, within the Autographivirinae Subfamily of Podoviridae
Authors: Eriksson Harald , Maciejewska Barbara , Latka Agnieszka , Majkowska-Skrobek Grazyna , Hellstrand Marios , Melefors Öjar , Wang Jin-Town , Kropinski Andrew , Drulis-Kawa Zuzanna , Nilsson Anders
Published: April 2015

Klebsiella pneumoniae phages vB_KpnP_SU503 (SU503) and vB_KpnP_SU552A (SU552A) are virulent viruses belonging to the Autographivirinae subfamily of Podoviridae that infect and kill multi-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. Phages SU503 and SU552A show high pairwise nucleotide identity to Klebsiella phages KP34 (NC_013649), F19 (NC_023567) and NTUH-K2044-K1-1 (NC_025418). Bioinformatic analysis of these phage genomes show high conservation of gene arrangement and gene content, conserved catalytically active residues of their RNA polymerase, a common and specific lysis cassette, and form a joint cluster in phylogenetic analysis of their conserved genes. Also, we have performed biological characterization of the burst size, latent period, host specificity (together with KP34 and NTUH-K2044-K1-1), morphology, and structural genes as well as sensitivity testing to various conditions. Based on the analyses of these phages, the creation of a new phage genus is suggested within the Autographivirinae, called “Kp34likevirus” after their type phage, KP34. This genus should encompass the recently genome sequenced Klebsiella phages KP34, SU503, SU552A, F19 and NTUH-K2044-K1-1.
A Current Overview of the Papaya meleira virus, an Unusual Plant Virus
Authors: Abreu Paolla , Antunes Tathiana , Magaña-Álvarez Anuar , Pérez-Brito Daisy , Tapia-Tussell Raúl , Ventura José , Fernandes Antonio , Fernandes Patricia
Published: April 2015

Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) is the causal agent of papaya sticky disease, which is characterized by a spontaneous exudation of fluid and aqueous latex from the papaya fruit and leaves. The latex oxidizes after atmospheric exposure, resulting in a sticky feature on the fruit from which the name of the disease originates. PMeV is an isometric virus particle with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome of approximately 12 Kb. Unusual for a plant virus, PMeV particles are localized on and linked to the polymers present in the latex. The ability of the PMeV to inhabit such a hostile environment demonstrates an intriguing interaction of the virus with the papaya. A hypersensitivity response is triggered against PMeV infection, and there is a reduction in the proteolytic activity of papaya latex during sticky disease. In papaya leaf tissues, stress responsive proteins, mostly calreticulin and proteasome-related proteins, are up regulated and proteins related to metabolism are down-regulated. Additionally, PMeV modifies the transcription of several miRNAs involved in the modulation of genes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Until now, no PMeV resistant papaya genotype has been identified and roguing is the only viral control strategy available. However, a single inoculation of papaya plants with PMeV dsRNA delayed the progress of viral infection.
Quelques données nouvelles sur l'évolution mi-séculaire du littoral camarguais à l'embouchure du Rhône (France, Sud-Est) (New data about the half-secular evolution of the shore of Camargue, Rhone mouth, South-East France)
Authors: Suanez Serge
Published: April 2015

Résumé. - L'étude des modifications du littoral camarguais de part et d'autre de l'embouchure du Rhône est appréhendée par l'analyse diachronique d'images aériennes et satellitaires. L'évolution mi-séculaire du trait de côte montre un littoral globalement progradant. Certains secteurs évoluent très rapidement sous l'action d'événements épisodiques de forte amplitude (crues, tempêtes). L'ensemble du littoral se déplace vers l'est sous l'action des courants de dérive littorale orientés d'ouest en est.
Marins de pêche artisanale et autres usagers de la Manche orientale et de son littoral : les conflits d'usage des espaces littoraux (Craft fishermen and other users of eastern English Channel and its coasts : clash of interests on coastal areas)
Authors: Deldreve Valérie
Published: April 2015

Abstract. - Some case studies (Eastern Cotentin, Nord-Pas-de-Calais) give the means to delimit the clash of interests between various shore users. The inalienability of the maritime domain, which is state property, goes with the existence of customary rights and interests which are difficult to reconcile.
Les points-clefs de la géographie culturelle (Cultural Geography key points)
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: April 2015

Résumé. - La géographie culturelle part des modalités de transmission des savoirs, pratiques et valeurs, s'attache à la manière dont les hommes construisent leurs représentations du monde, analyse les noyaux de valeurs qui fondent les identités collectives, décrit l'inégale valorisation de l'espace, fait parler les paysages et s'interroge sur les niveaux de culture.
Le monde est-il notre langage ? Médiance et logique du lieu chez Watsuji et Nishida (Is world our language ? Mediance and place logic in Watsuji and Nishida thesis)
Authors: Berque Augustin
Published: April 2015

Abstract. - Watsuji's and Nishida's main thesis regarding place and milieu are discussed in order to show an homology of these thesis with the structures of the Japanese language as well as with the relationship of the Japanese self with the other and with things. The conclusion shows the interest and the limits of these thesis in the scope of an overcoming of modernity.
La « communauté submergée » : les Italiens de l'Istrie croate et Slovène (The "submerged community" : the Italians of Croatian and Slovene Istria)
Authors: Sanguin André-Louis
Published: April 2015

Résumé. - Terre de contact entre trois cultures (latine, slave, germanique) mais aussi territoire ayant changé six fois d'Etat en moins de deux siècles, la péninsule istrienne abrite les restants d'une communauté italienne submergée. Pendant quatre siècles, la République de Venise a imprimé sa marque sur le paysage culturel de l'Istrie. La période autrichienne maintint l'italianité et favorisa la montée de l'irrédentisme. L'entre-deux-guerres fut une époque d'italianisation forcée des Slaves de l'Istrie. L'arrivée de la Yougoslavie titiste entraîna l'exode et la submersion rapide de la communauté italienne. Depuis 1976, on assiste à une très forte résurgence identitaire. Actuellement, la montée du régionalisme istrien est patente. Des projets locaux favorisent la promotion d'une Eurorégion Istria.
Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Era for Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Ding Dah-Ching , Chang Yu-Hsun , Shyu Woei-Cherng , Lin Shinn-Zong
Published: April 2015

The human umbilical cord is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs). Unlike bone marrow stem cells, HUCMSCs have a painless collection procedure and faster self-renewal properties. Different derivation protocols may provide different amounts and populations of stem cells. Stem cell populations have also been reported in other compartments of the umbilical cord, such as the cord lining, perivascular tissue, and Wharton's jelly. HUCMSCs are noncontroversial sources compared to embryonic stem cells. They can differentiate into the three germ layers that promote tissue repair and modulate immune responses and anticancer properties. Thus, they are attractive autologous or allogenic agents for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant solid and soft cancers. HUCMCs also can be the feeder layer for embryonic stem cells or other pluripotent stem cells. Regarding their therapeutic value, storage banking system and protocols should be established immediately. This review critically evaluates their therapeutic value, challenges, and future directions for their clinical applications.
Specialized Vasculature in the Rostral Migratory Stream as a Neurogenic Niche and Scaffold for Neuroblast Migration
Authors: Yuan Ti-Fei , Liang Yu-Xiang , Tay David , So Kwok-Fai , Ellis-Behnke Rutledge
Published: April 2015

Neurovascular niches serve as the hosts for adult neural stem cells in both the hippocampus and subventricular zone. The rostral migratory stream (RMS) vasculature has been found to be important for neuroblast migration, while its roles in hosting putative neural stem cells have not been investigated. Here we investigated the organization of RMS vasculature and its contribution to the production of new neurons. A single pulse of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administration revealed locally formed new neurons within RMS were located adjacent to blood vessels. In addition, BrdU label-retaining cells that are putative neural stem cells were also found close to the vasculature. Sodium fluorescein perfusion assay demonstrated that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) organization was especially “leaky” in the neurogenic niches. Immunohistochemical visualization of some BBB component molecules indicated a thinner BBB in the RMS region, compared to that in the frontal cortex of adult rats. Finally, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was strong and specialized in the RMS region, implying that the region was active in cell proliferation and migration. Here we show that the RMS vasculature associated with surrounding astrocytes provides a highly organized neurovascular niche for adult neural stem cell proliferation, in addition to the function of neuroblast migration support. This result points to a new vasculature supporting neurogenic region in the brain.
Effect of Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) on Alleviating Axonal Degeneration after Partial Optic Nerve Transection
Authors: Li Hong-Ying , Ruan Yi-Wen , Kau Phillis Wan-Foon , Chiu Kin , Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung , Chan Henry H. L. , So Kwok-Fai
Published: April 2015

Our previous results showed that the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum (LBP) could delay secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cell bodies and improve the function of the retinas after partial optic nerve transection (PONT). Although the common degeneration mechanisms were believed to be shared by both neuronal bodies and axons, recently published data from slow Wallerian degeneration mutant (Wlds) mice supported the divergence in the mechanisms of them. Therefore, we want to determine if LBP could also delay the degeneration of axons after PONT. Microglia/macrophages were thought to be a source of reactive oxygen species after central nervous system (CNS) injury. After PONT, however, oxidative stress was believed to occur prior to the activation of microglia/macrophages in the areas vulnerable to secondary degeneration both in the optic nerves (ONs) and the retinas. But the results did not take into account the morphological changes of microglia/macrophages after their activation. So we examined the morphology in addition to the response magnitude of microglia/macrophages to determine their time point of activation. In addition, the effects of LBP on the activation of microglia/macrophages were investigated. The results showed that (1) LBP reduced the loss of axons in the central ONs and preserved the g-ratio (axon diameter/fiber diameter) in the ventral ONs although no significant effect was detected in the dorsal ONs; (2) microglia/macrophages were activated in the ONs by 12 h after PONT; (3) LBP decreased the response magnitude of microglia/macrophages 4 weeks after PONT. In conclusion, our results showed that LBP could delay secondary degeneration of the axons, and LBP could also inhibit the activation of microglia/macrophages. Therefore, LBP could be a promising herbal medicine to delay secondary degeneration in the CNS via modulating the function of microglia/macrophages.
Electrical Stimulation and Motor Recovery
Authors: Young Wise
Published: April 2015

In recent years, several investigators have successfully regenerated axons in animal spinal cords without locomotor recovery. One explanation is that the animals were not trained to use the regenerated connections. Intensive locomotor training improves walking recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in people, and >90% of people with incomplete SCI recover walking with training. Although the optimal timing, duration, intensity, and type of locomotor training are still controversial, many investigators have reported beneficial effects of training on locomotor function. The mechanisms by which training improves recovery are not clear, but an attractive theory is available. In 1949, Donald Hebb proposed a famous rule that has been paraphrased as “neurons that fire together, wire together.” This rule provided a theoretical basis for a widely accepted theory that homosynaptic and heterosynaptic activity facilitate synaptic formation and consolidation. In addition, the lumbar spinal cord has a locomotor center, called the central pattern generator (CPG), which can be activated nonspecifically with electrical stimulation or neurotransmitters to produce walking. The CPG is an obvious target to reconnect after SCI. Stimulating motor cortex, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves can modulate lumbar spinal cord excitability. Motor cortex stimulation causes long-term changes in spinal reflexes and synapses, increases sprouting of the corticospinal tract, and restores skilled forelimb function in rats. Long used to treat chronic pain, motor cortex stimuli modify lumbar spinal network excitability and improve lower extremity motor scores in humans. Similarly, epidural spinal cord stimulation has long been used to treat pain and spasticity. Subthreshold epidural stimulation reduces the threshold for locomotor activity. In 2011, Harkema et al. reported lumbosacral epidural stimulation restores motor control in chronic motor complete patients. Peripheral nerve or functional electrical stimulation (FES) has long been used to activate sacral nerves to treat bladder and pelvic dysfunction and to augment motor function. In theory, FES should facilitate synaptic formation and motor recovery after regenerative therapies. Upcoming clinical trials provide unique opportunities to test the theory.
Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Accelerate the Restoration of Tensile Strength of Tendon and Alleviate the Progression of Rotator Cuff Injury in a Rat Model
Authors: Chen Hsin-Shui , Su Yu-Ting , Chan Tzu-Min , Su Yu-Jie , Syu Wan-Sin , Harn Horng-Jyh , Lin Shinn-Zong , Chiu Shao-Chih
Published: April 2015

Adult stem cell therapy for the treatment of tendon injuries is a growing area of research. This study is aimed to investigate the efficacy of human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) injection on the tendon during its healing process in a rat model of rotator cuff injury. hADSCs were injected 3 days after collagenase-induced rotator cuff injuries in experimental groups, while the control group received saline as a placebo. Histological and biomechanical analyses were performed 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after collagenase injection. Compared to the control group, it was found that inflammatory cells were significantly decreased in the hADSC-treated group after collagenase injection for 7 and 14 days. In the hADSC-injected group, the fiber arrangement and tendon organization had also been improved. On the seventh day after collagenase injection, the load to failure of the hADSC-injected group (15.87 ± 2.20 N) was notably higher than that of the saline-injected group (11.20 ± 1.35 N). It is suggested that the tensile strength of the supraspinatus tendon was significantly enhanced. Local administration of hADSCs might have the possibility to restore the tensile strength and attenuate the progression of tendinitis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the recovery processes in damaged tendons can be facilitated architecturally and functionally after hADSC injection.
Applicability of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lin Hui-Ping , Chan Tzu-Min , Fu Ru-Huei , Chuu Chih-Pin , Chiu Shao-Chih , Tseng Yu-Hsiung , Liu Shih-Ping , Lai Kuang-Chi , Shih Mu-Chin , Lin Zung-Sheng , Chen Hsin-Shui , Yeh Da-Chuan , Lin Shinn-Zong
Published: April 2015

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a form of early onset diabetes mellitus characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells (IPCs), resulting in hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose metabolism. There are currently no treatments available capable of completely curing the symptoms associated with the loss or functional defects of IPCs. Nonetheless, stem cell therapy has demonstrated considerable promise in the replacement of IPCs with immunomodulatory functions to overcome the defects caused by T1DM. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are particularly suitable for use in cell transplantation therapy, especially when seeking to avoid the ethical issues and tumorigenic complications commonly associated with embryos or induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell-based treatments have demonstrated therapeutic advantages and clinical applicability of ADSCs in T1DM, ensuring their suitability for transplantation therapy. This manuscript focuses on the benefits and possible mechanisms in a T1DM-relevant model and displays positive results from finished or ongoing human clinical trials. We also discuss and hypothesize potential methods to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these efforts, such as a humanized rodent model and gene therapies for IPC clusters, to meet the clinical applicability of the standard.
Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Improves Bipolar Pulse Current-Induced Microglia Cell Injury Through Modulating Autophagy
Authors: Bie Man , Lv Yi , Ren Chaoran , Xing Feiyue , Cui Qi , Xiao Jia , So Kwok Fai
Published: April 2015

Blindness and visual impairments are heavy loads for modern society. Visual prosthesis is a promising therapy to treat these diseases. However, electric stimulation (ES)-induced damage of the optic nerve and adjacent cells are problems that must not be overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ES on cultured microglia cells and the potential protective mechanisms from a natural compound Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Cellular injuries were induced by 9 mA bipolar pulse current in BV-2 cells for 15 min. Treatment with LBP alone or in association with either autophagic inhibitor 3-MA or autophagic agonist rapamycin was preadded for 2 h before the ES challenge. After that, morphological and molecular changes of the cells were measured at 2 h or 6 h postchallenges. We found that ES induced evident morphological and pathological changes of BV-2 cells, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Pretreatment with LBP significantly attenuated these injuries with enhanced endogenous autophagy. When cellular autophagy was inhibited or enhanced by corresponding drug, the protective properties of LBP were partly inhibited or maintained, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that ERK and p38 MAPK exerted diversified roles in the protection of LBP against ES-induced cellular damages. In conclusion, LBP improves bipolar pulse current-induced microglia cell injury through modulating autophagy and MAPK pathway.
Chenopodium polyploidy inferences from Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) data
Authors: Walsh Brian M. , Adhikary Dinesh , Maughan Peter J. , Emshwiller Eve , Jellen Eric N.
Published: April 2015

• Premise of the study: Single‐copy nuclear loci can provide powerful insights into polyploid evolution. Chenopodium (Amaranthaceae) is a globally distributed genus composed of approximately 50–75 species. The genus includes several polyploid species, some of which are considered noxious agricultural weeds, and a few are domesticated crops. Very little research has addressed their evolutionary origin to date. We construct a phylogeny for Chenopodium based on two introns of the single‐copy nuclear locus Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) to clarify the relationships among the genomes of the allotetraploid and allohexaploid species, and to help identify their genome donors.

• Methods: Diploid species were sequenced directly, whereas homeologous sequences of polyploid genomes were first separated by plasmid‐mediated cloning. Data were evaluated in maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses.

• Key results: Homeologous sequences of polyploid species were found in four clades, which we designate as A–D. Two distinct polyploid lineages were identified: one composed of American tetraploid species with A and B class homeologs and a second composed of Eastern Hemisphere hexaploid species with B, C, and D class homeologs.

• Conclusions: We infer that the two polyploid lineages arose independently and that each lineage may have originated only once. The American diploid, C. standleyanum, was identified as the closest living diploid relative of the A genome donor for American tetraploids, including domesticated C. quinoa, and is of potential importance for quinoa breeding. The east Asian diploid species, C. bryoniifolium, groups with American diploid species, which suggests a transoceanic dispersal.