bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependence of the Fe(II)-Gallic Acid Coordination Compound Formation Constant on the pH
Authors: Frešer Franjo , Hostnik Gregor , Tošović Jelena , Bren Urban
Published: November 2021

One important property of tannins involves their ability to form coordination compounds with metal ions, which is vital for the bioavailability of these ions, as well as for the antibacterial and antioxidative activities of tannins. In this study, the pH dependence of interactions between gallic acid, one of the basic building blocks of tannins, and Fe(II) ions, was investigated using UV/Vis spectroscopy, in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, two models were developed to explain the processes taking place in the solution. The first model treated the reaction as a simple bimolecular process while the second also considered the protolytic equilibrium, which was proven very successful in discerning the pH dependence of formation constants, and whose assumptions were well supported by DFT calculations. We showed that the two-time deprotonated gallic acid species forms the coordination compound with Fe(II) ions in a 1:1 molar ratio. To gain better insight into the process, the coordination compound formation was also studied using various DFT functionals, which further supported the model results. Furthermore, due to the relatively low sample amounts needed, the methodology developed here will be useful to study compounds that are more difficult to isolate.
Mediterranean Spontaneously Fermented Sausages: Spotlight on Microbiological and Quality Features to Exploit Their Bacterial Biodiversity
Authors: Barbieri Federica , Tabanelli Giulia , Montanari Chiara , Dall’Osso Nicolò , Šimat Vida , Smole Možina Sonja , Baños Alberto , Özogul Fatih , Bassi Daniela , Fontana Cecilia , Gardini Fausto
Published: November 2021

The wide array of spontaneously fermented sausages of the Mediterranean area can represent a reservoir of microbial biodiversity and can be an important source of new technological and functional strains able to preserve product properties, counteracting the impoverishment of their organoleptic typical features due to the introduction of commercial starter cultures. We analysed 15 artisanal salamis from Italy, Spain, Croatia and Slovenia to evaluate the microbiota composition, through culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques (i.e., metagenomic analysis), chemical–physical features, biogenic amines and aroma profile. The final pH varied according to origin and procedures (e.g., higher pH in Italian samples due to long ripening and mold growth). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase-negative cocci (CNC) were the dominant population, with highest LAB counts in Croatian and Italian samples. Metagenomic analysis showed high variability in qualitative and quantitative microbial composition: among LAB, Latilactobacillus sakei was the dominant species, but Companilactobacillus spp. was present in high amounts (45–55% of the total ASVs) in some Spanish sausages. Among staphylococci, S. epidermidis, S. equorum, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus and S. xylosus were detected. As far as biogenic amines, tyramine was always present, while histamine was found only in two Spanish samples. These results can valorize the bacterial genetic heritage present in Mediterranean products, to find new candidates of autochthonous starter cultures or bioprotective agents.
A Special Study of the Mixed Weighted Fractional Brownian Motion
Authors: Khalaf Anas D. , Zeb Anwar , Saeed Tareq , Abouagwa Mahmoud , Djilali Salih , Alshehri Hashim M.
Published: November 2021

In this work, we present the analysis of a mixed weighted fractional Brownian motion, defined by ηt:=Bt+ξt, where B is a Brownian motion and ξ is an independent weighted fractional Brownian motion. We also consider the parameter estimation problem for the drift parameter θ>0 in the mixed weighted fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model of the form X0=0;Xt=θXtdt+dηt. Moreover, a simulation is given of sample paths of the mixed weighted fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.
Driving Cycles for Estimating Vehicle Emission Levels and Energy Consumption
Authors: Gebisa Amanuel , Gebresenbet Girma , Gopal Rajendiran , Nallamothu Ramesh Babu
Published: November 2021

Standard driving cycles (DCs) and real driving emissions (RDE) legislation developed by the European Commission contains significant gaps with regard to quantifying local area vehicle emission levels and fuel consumption (FC). The aim of this paper was to review local DCs for estimating emission levels and FC under laboratory and real-world conditions. This review article has three sections. First, the detailed steps and methodologies applied during the development of these DCs are examined to highlight weaknesses. Next, a comparison is presented of various recent local DCs using the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and FTP75 (Federal Test Procedure) in terms of the main characteristic parameters. Finally, the gap between RDE with laboratory-based and real-world emissions is discussed. The use of a large sample of real data to develop a typical DC for the local area could better reflect vehicle driving patterns on actual roads and offer a better estimation of emissions and consumed energy. The main issue found with most of the local DCs reviewed was a small data sample collected from a small number of vehicles during a short period of time, the lack of separate phases for driving conditions, and the shifting strategy adopted with the chassis dynamometer. On-road emissions measured by the portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) were higher than the laboratory-based measurements. Driving situation outside the boundary conditions of RDE shows higher emissions due to cold temperatures, road grade, similar shares of route, drivers’ dynamic driving conditions, and uncertainty within the PEMS and RDE analysis tools.
Combining LOFAR and Apertif Data for Understanding the Life Cycle of Radio Galaxies
Authors: Morganti Raffaella , Jurlin Nika , Oosterloo Tom , Brienza Marisa , Orrú Emanuela , Kutkin Alexander , Prandoni Isabella , Adams Elizabeth A. K. , Dénes Helga , Hess Kelley M. , Shulevski Aleksandar , van der Hulst Thijs , Ziemke Jacob
Published: November 2021

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) at the centres of galaxies can cycle between periods of activity and of quiescence. Characterising the duty-cycle of AGN is crucial for understanding their impact on the evolution of the host galaxy. For radio AGN, their evolutionary stage can be identified from a combination of morphological and spectral properties. We summarise the results we have obtained in the last few years by studying radio galaxies in various crucial phases of their lives, such as remnant and restarted sources. We used morphological information derived from LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) images at 150 MHz, combined with resolved spectral indices maps, obtained using recently released images at 1400 MHz from the APERture Tile In Focus (Apertif) phased-array feed system installed on the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. Our study, limited so far to the Lockman Hole region, has identified radio galaxies in the dying and restarted phases. We found large varieties in their properties, relevant for understanding their evolutionary stage. We started by quantifying their occurrences, the duration of the ‘on’ (active) and ‘off’ (dying) phase, and we compared the results with models of the evolution of radio galaxies. In addition to these extreme phases, the resolved spectral index images can also reveal interesting secrets about the evolution of apparently normal radio galaxies. The spectral information can be connected with, and used to improve, the Fanaroff–Riley classification, and we present one example of this, illustrating what the combination of the LOFAR and Apertif surveys now allow us to do routinely.
Reaching Back to Traditional Teachings: Diné Knowledge and Gender Politics
Authors: Keovorabouth Souksavanh Tom
Published: November 2021

As Diné, we must understand the traditional teachings that were once in place through oral traditions and teachings. There are many troubles Diné (Navajo) women and Nadleeh (Two-Spirit) people face from outside the community, but due to western influence, we endure the same effects from within our own Nation. Through this paper, I aim to propose resolutions to move our Nation in the right direction for social change and build a community of acceptance by reaching back to traditional teaching philosophies without the influence of cis-heteronormative patriarchal structures. I argue that adoptions of these western institutions have severe effects on Diné women and Nadleeh (Two-Spirit) livelihood and well-being. In this paper, I examine three areas of Diné philosophy and cosmology: (1) the central role of K’é (family) and the matrilineal clanship, (2) Diné women and Nadleeh voices in our creation stories, and (3) Hozhó, the beauty way, to understand the masculine and feminine energies of Diné cosmology in order to address the importance of women and Nadleeh on Dinétah.
Dynamic Identification Tests of 20th Century Historic Masonry Buildings in Japan
Authors: Endo Yohei , Waki Yuta , Niitsu Yasushi , Hanazato Toshikazu
Published: November 2021

This paper discussed the application of health monitoring systems to 20th-century historic buildings. Natural disasters are major threats to monuments. They are often seismically vulnerable and require interventions. However, taking into account their historic and cultural values, it is appropriate to observe long-term behaviour before making a decision on intervention schemes. To this aim, health monitoring is considered an effective approach. In recent years, MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) accelerometers have been attracting attention for their convenience and efficacy. Nonetheless, the reliability of MEMS accelerometers still needs to be examined for the monitoring of monuments as sufficient research contributions have not been made. This paper presented two case studies that were monitored by means of MEMS accelerometers. They were masonry structures positioned in seismic-prone regions in Japan. A number of earthquakes were detected by the accelerometers during one year of monitoring. To examine the accuracy of the adopted MEMS accelerometers, dynamic identification tests were conducted using high-sensitivity strain-gauge accelerometers and servo velocity meters. Based on responses obtained from the tests, numerical simulation was performed. Nonlinear static analysis was performed. The numerical simulation permitted the comparison of reliability among sensors and test types. This paper provided suggestions for the dynamic identification tests of heritage structures.
The Relationship between Modified Short Physical Performance Battery and Falls: A Cross-Sectional Study of Older Outpatients
Authors: Fukui Kazuki , Maeda Noriaki , Komiya Makoto , Sasadai Junpei , Tashiro Tsubasa , Yoshimi Mitsuhiro , Tsutsumi Shogo , Arima Satoshi , Kaneda Kazuki , Onoue Satoshi , Shima Toshiya , Niitani Manabu , Urabe Yukio
Published: November 2021

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a physical fall-risk screening tool and predictor of adverse health effects for the older. Its limited use in Japan is due to the relative ease for high-functioning older adults to achieve perfect scores. Japanese researchers thus created a community-based SPPB (SPPB-com). This study investigated whether the SPPB-com score can distinguish between older patients classified as “fallers” and “non-fallers.” Participants comprised 185 older outpatients aged 65 and above who self-reported their history of accidental falls and relevant physical activity. Fall risk was assessed using SPPB and SPPB-com. Handgrip strength, maximum isometric knee extensor strength, and maximum walking speed were measured as physical functions. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses determined criteria indicating faller status. Fallers were older and had lower physical function, physical activity, SPPB, and SPPB-com scores than non-fallers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed SPPB (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59–0.99, p = 0.045) and SPPB-com (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45–0.87, p = 0.005) scores were both independently associated with prior falls. The SPPB-com score may function as a fall-risk assessment tool for older outpatients, and its combined use with SPPB can increase the accuracy and precision of distinction between fallers and non-fallers.
ECG Interpretation: Clinical Relevance, Challenges, and Advances
Authors: Rafie Nikita , Kashou Anthony H. , Noseworthy Peter A.
Published: November 2021

Since its inception, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been an essential tool in medicine. The ECG is more than a mere tracing of cardiac electrical activity; it can detect and diagnose various pathologies including arrhythmias, pericardial and myocardial disease, electrolyte disturbances, and pulmonary disease. The ECG is a simple, non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tool in medicine; however, its clinical utility relies on the accuracy of its interpretation. Computer ECG analysis has become so widespread and relied upon that ECG literacy among clinicians is waning. With recent technological advances, the application of artificial intelligence-augmented ECG (AI-ECG) algorithms has demonstrated the potential to risk stratify, diagnose, and even interpret ECGs—all of which can have a tremendous impact on patient care and clinical workflow. In this review, we examine (i) the utility and importance of the ECG in clinical practice, (ii) the accuracy and limitations of current ECG interpretation methods, (iii) existing challenges in ECG education, and (iv) the potential use of AI-ECG algorithms for comprehensive ECG interpretation.
Trace the Untraceable: Online Image Search Tools for Researching Late Antique Art
Authors: Decheva Prolet
Published: November 2021

In the context of digital humanities and access to cultural heritage online, this paper explores the discoverability of Late Antique material in some searchable museum collections and in some major archaeological and art historical image and object databases. It follows an exploratory approach by using simple keyword searches, such as ‘late antique’ or ‘byzantine’, and comparing the results with chronological searches when a date or period filter is available. Although Late Antique material often comprises a smaller number of objects compared to more popular periods like the Roman and the Renaissance, these are difficult to research due to inconsistent labelling practices and the frequent lack of a customizable date range filter. The ongoing debates on proper periodization and nomenclature also need to be taken into consideration.
Materials and Techniques of Selected Mural Paintings on the “Gothic Road” around 1400 (Slovakia)
Authors: Kriznar Anabelle , Želinská Jana
Published: November 2021

Mural cycles in the churches of Plešivec, Čhyžné, and Štitnik from around 1400 were studied from the material and technical point of view. Stylistically, they show a mixture of Northern and Southern European stylistic currents, which were characteristic for the time around 1400 in East Central Europe. After a precise study in situ, an analysis of extracted samples was conducted by OM, SEM-EDX, and XRD. The plasters used for these murals were all made of lime and sand with different impurities; importantly, they different among each other in terms of their quality and stability. The pigments that were used in these murals were natural and organic: lime white, yellow and red earths, malachite, and azurite were identified, and some pigment degradations were also pointed out. The principal technique is a fresco, but all murals were finished a secco in different proportions, using an organic binder. Painting procedures and modelling were also studied, revealing a strong difference among all three cycles. The painting technique does not always correspond to the style.
Oral Health of Australian Adults: Distribution and Time Trends of Dental Caries, Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss
Authors: Amarasena Najith , Chrisopoulos Sergio , Jamieson Lisa M. , Luzzi Liana
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted to describe the distribution and trends in dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss in Australian adults based on the findings of the National Study of Adult Oral Health 2017–18. A cross-sectional study of a random sample of Australians aged 15+ years was carried out, employing a three-stage stratified probability sampling design. Data were collected via online survey/telephone interviews using a questionnaire to elicit self-reported information about oral health and related characteristics. Participants were then invited to have an oral examination, conducted by calibrated dental practitioners following a standardised protocol in public dental clinics. A total of 15,731 Australians aged 15+ years were interviewed, of which 5022 dentate participants were orally examined. Results showed that nearly one third of Australian adults had at least one tooth surface with untreated dental caries and, on average, 29.7 decayed, missing or filled tooth surfaces per person. Almost 29% of adults presented with gingivitis while the overall prevalence of periodontitis was 30.1%. Overall, 4% of adults were edentulous while, on average, 4.4 teeth were lost due to pathology. Poorer oral health was evident in Australians from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, indicating socioeconomic inequalities in oral health. Time trends revealed that dental caries experience and tooth retention of Australian adults has improved over 30 years, while periodontal health has deteriorated between 2004–06 and 2017–18. These findings can be used to assist policy makers in planning and implementing future oral healthcare programs.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chinese Postgraduate Students’ Mental Health
Authors: Liang Zhengyan , Kang Derong , Zhang Minqiang , Xia Yuanlin , Zeng Qing
Published: November 2021

To understand the mental health status of Chinese postgraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic, we used three online questionnaires: self-rating anxiety (SAS) scale, self-rating depression (SDS) scale, and social avoidance and distress (SAD) scale. A total of 3137 postgraduate students from different regions of China participated in our study. We explored the relationship between participant characteristics and mental health using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). We found that the proportions of respondents with severe, mild, and moderate depression were 1.4%, 10.48%, and 21.99%, respectively, and the corresponding proportions of respondents with anxiety were 1.56%, 4.65%, and 14.69%, respectively. A one-way ANOVA revealed that the mental health statuses of the participants were different between the subgroups based on majors, classes, degree types, and the method of communication with advisors and students. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects on interaction and the method of communication with advisors and peers. These findings suggest that the mental health of postgraduate students should be monitored during the pandemic, especially when they are unable to communicate directly with their advisors or peers, and targeted psychological counselling must be focused on anxiety and depression.
Effect of Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment on Greenhouse Soil Fertility
Authors: Castillo-Díaz Francisco José , Marín-Guirao José Ignacio , Belmonte-Ureña Luis Jesús , Tello-Marquina Julio César
Published: November 2021

Greenhouse agriculture typically generates large amounts of waste with plant residue (agricultural biomass) being the most abundant. This residue is generated on a seasonal basis, which complicates the external management of the material. Recently, the European Union (EU) has been implementing a policy based on sustainability through the circular economy that seeks to minimize waste generation. The effect of reusing 3.5 kg·m−2 tomato plants from the previous season as the only fertilizer versus no fertilization and inorganic fertilization in 215-day tomato cycles after transplanting was studied in this trial. The study was carried out during three seasons in greenhouse agriculture in Almeria (Spain) with the repeated use of the solarization technique. The plant debris had similar production results during two of the three seasons and fruit quality parameters were similar to inorganic fertilization. In addition, some physicochemical variables improved and the biological depressive effect of solarization was mitigated. The results suggest that the reuse of the tomato plant debris as the only fertilizer could be an alternative to conventional fertilization under the conditions tested.
Development and Pilot Use of a Questionnaire to Assess the Knowledge of Midwives and Pediatric Nurses on Maternal Use of Analgesics during Lactation
Authors: Janssens Ine , Van Hauwe Margot , Ceulemans Michael , Allegaert Karel
Published: November 2021

There is a need to assess the knowledge of healthcare providers on the use of maternal analgesics during lactation; however, valid instruments are not yet available. This study aimed to develop and test a valid questionnaire on the knowledge of analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin, tramadol, codeine, oxycodone) during lactation, using a structured, stepwise approach. As a first step, literature was screened to generate a preliminary version consisting of a pool of item subgroups. This preliminary version was subsequently reviewed during two focus groups (midwives: n = 4; pediatric nurses: n = 6), followed by a two-round online Delphi with experts (n = 7) to confirm item and scale content validity. This resulted in an instrument consisting of 33 questions and 5 specific clinical case descriptions for both disciplines. Based on the assumption of an a priori difference in knowledge between midwives and pediatric nurses related to their curricula (known-groups validity), high construct validity was demonstrated in a pilot survey (midwives: n = 86; pediatric nurses: n = 73). We therefore conclude that a valid instrument to assess knowledge on lactation-related exposure to analgesics was generated, which could be further validated and used for research and educational purposes. As these pilot findings suggest suboptimal knowledge for both professions on this topic, adaptations to their curricula and postgraduate training might be warranted.
Eritrean Refugees’ and Asylum-Seekers’ Attitude towards and Access to Oral Healthcare in Heidelberg, Germany: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kidane Yonas Semere , Ziegler Sandra , Keck Verena , Benson-Martin Janine , Jahn Albrecht , Gebresilassie Temesghen , Beiersmann Claudia
Published: November 2021

Oral health concerns in Eritrean refugees have been an overlooked subject. This qualitative study explored the access of Eritrean refugees and asylum-seekers (ERNRAS) to oral health care services in Heidelberg, Germany, as well as their perceptions and attitudes towards oral health care. It involved 25 participants. We employed online semi-structured interviews (n = 15) and focus group discussions (n = 2). The data was recorded, transcribed, and analysed, using thematic analysis. The study found out that most of the participants have a relatively realistic perception and understanding of oral health. However, they have poor dental care practices, whilst a few have certain misconceptions of the conventional oral hygiene tools. Along with the majority’s concerns regarding psychosocial attributes of poor oral health, some participants are routinely consuming Berbere (a traditional spice-blended pepper) to prevent bad breath. Structural or supply-side barriers to oral healthcare services included: communication hurdles; difficulty in identifying and navigating the German health system; gaps in transculturally, professionally, and communicationally competent oral health professionals; cost of dental treatment; entitlement issues (asylum-seekers); and appointment mechanisms. Individual or demand-side barriers comprised: lack of self-sufficiency; issue related to dental care beliefs, trust, and expectation from dentists; negligence and lack of adherence to dental treatment follow-up; and fear or apprehension of dental treatment. To address the oral health burdens of ERNRAS, it is advised to consider oral health education, language-specific, inclusive, and culturally and professionally appropriate healthcare services.
Alcohol Use Disorders among Slovak and Czech University Students: A Closer Look at Tobacco Use, Cannabis Use and Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Gavurova Beata , Ivankova Viera , Rigelsky Martin
Published: November 2021

The main objective of the research was to examine the associations between problematic alcohol use, tobacco use and cannabis use among Czech and Slovak university students during the early COVID-19 pandemic. The research sample consisted of 1422 participants from the Czech Republic (CZ) and 1677 from the Slovak Republic (SK). The analyses included university students who drank alcohol in the past year (CZ: 1323 (93%); SK: 1526 (91%)). Regarding the analysed measures, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its subscales, the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) were selected to identify substance-related behaviour. Age, gender and residence were included in the analyses as socio-demographic variables. Correlation and regression analyses were used to achieve the main objective of the research. The main results revealed that the use of tobacco and cannabis were positively associated with alcohol use disorders among Czech and Slovak university students. Additionally, males were more likely to report alcohol use disorders. In the Czech Republic, it was found that students living in dormitories were characterized by a lower AUDIT score. The opposite situation was found in the Slovak Republic. Czech and Slovak policy-makers are encouraged to develop alcohol use prevention programs for university students in line with these findings.
Peek Inside the Water Mixtures of Ionic Liquids at Molecular Level: Microscopic Properties Probed by EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ivanov Mikhail Yu. , Polienko Yuliya F. , Kirilyuk Igor A. , Prikhod’ko Sergey A. , Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Fedin Matvey V.
Published: November 2021

Many ionic liquids (ILs) can be mixed with water, forming either true solutions or emulsions. This favors their applications in many respects, but at the same time might strongly alter their physicochemical properties. A number of methods exist for studying the macroscopic properties of such mixtures, whereas understanding their characteristics at micro/nanoscale is rather challenging. In this work we investigate microscopic properties, such as viscosity and local structuring, in binary water mixtures of IL [Bmim]BF4 in liquid and glassy states. For this sake, we use continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with dedicated spin probes, located preferably in IL-rich domains or distributed in IL- and water-rich domains. We demonstrate that the glassy-state nanostructuring of IL-rich domains is very similar to that in neat ILs. At the same time, in liquid state the residual water makes local viscosity in IL-rich domains noticeably different compared to neat ILs, even though the overwhelming amount of water is contained in water-rich domains. These results have to be taken into account in various applications of IL-water mixtures, especially in those cases demanding the combinations of optimum micro- and macroscopic characteristics.
Fibroblast Differentiation and Matrix Remodeling Impaired under Simulated Microgravity in 3D Cell Culture Model
Authors: Sapudom Jiranuwat , ElGindi Mei , Arnoux Marc , Drou Nizar , Garcia-Sabaté Anna , Teo Jeremy C. M.
Published: November 2021

Exposure to microgravity affects astronauts’ health in adverse ways. However, less is known about the extent to which fibroblast differentiation during the wound healing process is affected by the lack of gravity. One of the key steps of this process is the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which contribute functionally through extracellular matrix production and remodeling. In this work, we utilized collagen-based three-dimensional (3D) matrices to mimic interstitial tissue and studied fibroblast differentiation under simulated microgravity (sµG). Our results demonstrated that alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression and translocation of Smad2/3 into the cell nucleus were reduced upon exposure to sµG compared to the 1g control, which suggests the impairment of fibroblast differentiation under sµG. Moreover, matrix remodeling and production were decreased under sµG, which is in line with the impaired fibroblast differentiation. We further investigated changes on a transcriptomic level using RNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that sµG has less effect on fibroblast transcriptomes, while sµG triggers changes in the transcriptome of myofibroblasts. Several genes and biological pathways found through transcriptome analysis have previously been reported to impair fibroblast differentiation. Overall, our data indicated that fibroblast differentiation, as well as matrix production and remodeling, are impaired in 3D culture under sµG conditions.
Central Carbon Metabolism, Sodium-Motive Electron Transfer, and Ammonium Formation by the Vaginal Pathogen Prevotella bivia
Authors: Schleicher Lena , Herdan Sebastian , Fritz Günter , Trautmann Andrej , Seifert Jana , Steuber Julia
Published: November 2021

Replacement of the Lactobacillus dominated vaginal microbiome by a mixed bacterial population including Prevotella bivia is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). To understand the impact of P. bivia on this microbiome, its growth requirements and mode of energy production were studied. Anoxic growth with glucose depended on CO2 and resulted in succinate formation, indicating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and fumarate reduction as critical steps. The reductive branch of fermentation relied on two highly active, membrane-bound enzymes, namely the quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) and Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR). Both enzymes were characterized by activity measurements, in-gel fluorography, and VIS difference spectroscopy, and the Na+-dependent build-up of a transmembrane voltage was demonstrated. NQR is a potential drug target for BV treatment since it is neither found in humans nor in Lactobacillus. In P. bivia, the highly active enzymes L-asparaginase and aspartate ammonia lyase catalyze the conversion of asparagine to the electron acceptor fumarate. However, the by-product ammonium is highly toxic. It has been proposed that P. bivia depends on ammonium-utilizing Gardnerella vaginalis, another typical pathogen associated with BV, and provides key nutrients to it. The product pattern of P. bivia growing on glucose in the presence of mixed amino acids substantiates this notion.
The Role of BMP Signaling in Female Reproductive System Development and Function
Authors: Magro-Lopez Esmeralda , Muñoz-Fernández María Ángeles
Published: November 2021

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Originally identified by their ability to induce bone formation, they are now known as essential signaling molecules that regulate the development and function of the female reproductive system (FRS). Several BMPs play key roles in aspects of reproductive system development. BMPs have also been described to be involved in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into reproductive system tissues or organoids. The role of BMPs in the reproductive system is still poorly understood and the use of FRS tissue or organoids generated from hPSCs would provide a powerful tool for the study of FRS development and the generation of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of FRS diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about BMP signaling in FRS development and function.
Yield-Related QTL Clusters and the Potential Candidate Genes in Two Wheat DH Populations
Authors: Zhang Jingjuan , She Maoyun , Yang Rongchang , Jiang Yanjie , Qin Yebo , Zhai Shengnan , Balotf Sadegh , Zhao Yun , Anwar Masood , Alhabbar Zaid , Juhász Angéla , Chen Jiansheng , Liu Hang , Liu Qier , Zheng Ting , Yang Fan , Rong Junkang , Chen Kefei , Lu Meiqin , Islam Shahidul , Ma Wujun
Published: November 2021

In the present study, four large-scale field trials using two doubled haploid wheat populations were conducted in different environments for two years. Grain protein content (GPC) and 21 other yield-related traits were investigated. A total of 227 QTL were mapped on 18 chromosomes, which formed 35 QTL clusters. The potential candidate genes underlying the QTL clusters were suggested. Furthermore, adding to the significant correlations between yield and its related traits, correlation variations were clearly shown within the QTL clusters. The QTL clusters with consistently positive correlations were suggested to be directly utilized in wheat breeding, including 1B.2, 2A.2, 2B (4.9–16.5 Mb), 2B.3, 3B (68.9–214.5 Mb), 4A.2, 4B.2, 4D, 5A.1, 5A.2, 5B.1, and 5D. The QTL clusters with negative alignments between traits may also have potential value for yield or GPC improvement in specific environments, including 1A.1, 2B.1, 1B.3, 5A.3, 5B.2 (612.1–613.6 Mb), 7A.1, 7A.2, 7B.1, and 7B.2. One GPC QTL (5B.2: 671.3–672.9 Mb) contributed by cultivar Spitfire was positively associated with nitrogen use efficiency or grain protein yield and is highly recommended for breeding use. Another GPC QTL without negatively pleiotropic effects on 2A (50.0–56.3 Mb), 2D, 4D, and 6B is suggested for quality wheat breeding.
Future Perspectives of Newborn Screening for Inborn Errors of Immunity
Authors: Blom Maartje , Bredius Robbert , van der Burg Mirjam
Published: November 2021

Newborn screening (NBS) programs continue to expand due to innovations in both test methods and treatment options. Since the introduction of the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay 15 years ago, many countries have adopted screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in their NBS program. SCID became the first inborn error of immunity (IEI) in population-based screening and at the same time the TREC assay became the first high-throughput DNA-based test in NBS laboratories. In addition to SCID, there are many other IEI that could benefit from early diagnosis and intervention by preventing severe infections, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity, if a suitable NBS test was available. Advances in technologies such as KREC analysis, epigenetic immune cell counting, protein profiling, and genomic techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) could allow early detection of various IEI shortly after birth. In the next years, the role of these technical advances as well as ethical, social, and legal implications, logistics and cost will have to be carefully examined before different IEI can be considered as suitable candidates for inclusion in NBS programs.
Updating Ecological and Behavioral Aspects of the Sandfly Fauna in the Vale do Ribeira Region, São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Byara Freitas Guedes , de Fátima Domingos Maria , Ovallos Fredy Galvis , de Camargo-Neves Vera Lucia Fonseca
Published: November 2021

Some ecological parameters and the distribution of vectors in the municipality of Eldorado, Vale do Ribeira Region, São Paulo, were studied. Entomological surveys were carried out from September 2019 to March 2021. It was observed that a few ecological parameters, including richness, abundance, diversity, and equitability, were typical of a modified environment, where artificial ecotopes maintain the presence of sandflies throughout the year. A total of 11,668 sandflies were captured. The presence of five taxa were observed in Eldorado, with low diversity and high dominance of Nyssomyia intermedia next to Ny. neivai, which are sympatric species. The results presented reinforce the importance of these species in anthropized areas in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) agents and the need for entomological monitoring. Psathyromyia pascalei was encountered for the first time in the municipality, expanding the known area of distribution of this species in a modified environment.
Adaptive Control for Multi-Shaft with Web Materials Linkage Systems
Authors: Dang Van Trong , Le Duc Thinh , Nguyen-Thi Van-Anh , Nguyen Danh Huy , Tong Thi Ly , Nguyen Duy Dinh , Nguyen Tung Lam
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a fuzzy disturbance observer and a high-gain disturbance observer based on a variable structure controller are applied to deal with imprecise multi-shaft with web materials linkage systems taking into account the variation of the moment of inertia. Specifically, a high-gain disturbance observer and an adaptive fuzzy algorithm are separately applied to estimate system uncertainties and external disturbances. The high-gain disturbance observer is designed with auxiliary variables to avoid the amplification of the measurement disturbance, and the fuzzy disturbance observer has the advantage that it does not depend on model information. The convergence properties of the tracking error are analytically proven using Lyapunov’s theory. The obtained numerical results demonstrate the validity and the adaptive performance of the proposed control law in case the system is exposed to uncertainties and disturbances. Important remarks on the design process and performance benchmarks of the two observers are also demonstrated.
The Influence of Sonographer Experience on Skeletal Muscle Image Acquisition and Analysis
Authors: Carr Joshua C. , Gerstner Gena R. , Voskuil Caleb C. , Harden Joel E. , Dunnick Dustin , Badillo Kristin M. , Pagan Jason I. , Harmon Kylie K. , Girts Ryan M. , Beausejour Jonathan P. , Stock Matt S.
Published: November 2021

The amount of experience with ultrasonography may influence measurement outcomes while images are acquired or analyzed. The purpose of this study was to identify the interrater reliability of ultrasound image acquisition and image analysis between experienced and novice sonographers and image analysts, respectively. Following a brief hands-on training session (2 h), the experienced and novice sonographers and analysts independently performed image acquisition and analyses on the biceps brachii, vastus lateralis, and medial gastrocnemius in a sample of healthy participants (n = 17). Test–retest reliability statistics were computed for muscle thickness (transverse and sagittal planes), muscle cross-sectional area, echo intensity and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. The results show that image analysis experience generally has a greater impact on measurement outcomes than image acquisition experience. Interrater reliability for measurements of muscle size during image acquisition was generally good–excellent (ICC2,1: 0.82–0.98), but poor–moderate for echo intensity (ICC2,1: 0.43–0.77). For image analyses, interrater reliability for measurements of muscle size for the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii was poor–moderate (ICC2,1: 0.48–0.70), but excellent for echo intensity (ICC2,1: 0.90–0.98). Our findings have important implications for laboratories and clinics where members possess varying levels of ultrasound experience.
Filament Development for Laser Assisted FFF 3D Printing
Authors: Borg Gabriel , Kiss Szabolcs , Rochman Arif
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper was to develop filaments which can be used for laser assisted fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing in order to increase the inter-layer bonding strength of the printed part. The filaments were developed from the most commonly used filament materials, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) with the addition of different polymer additives. After performing near infrared (NIR) absorption tests, graphite was selected for further development as it possesses excellent NIR absorption capabilities whilst resulting in consistent filaments’ diameter and being economically viable. A conventional FFF 3D printer was initially used to test the printability of the developed filaments. Afterwards, a fiber couple laser diode was integrated within the printing head to heat up the previously extruded layer. The produced filaments were used to 3D print specimens for shear and tensile testing. With the laser heating, an increase of 14.5% in the elastic modulus and an increase of 27.8% in the tensile strength of the printed parts were noticed. This showed that adding additives into filament materials for localized laser heating is an effective method of increasing the inter-layer bonding, and therefore, the overall strength and durability of FFF 3D printed parts.
Molten Salt Reactor Sourdough Refueling and Waste Management Strategy
Authors: Wheeler Alexander M. , Chvála Ondřej
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a new approach to the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) problem, which is uniquely enabled by a liquid fuel form, specifically as in the case of molten salt reactor (MSR) systems. Managing the SNF problem is critical for public acceptance of nuclear power as a climate change solution. An MSR can be refueled while operating by adding more fresh fuel salt, which grows the in-core fuel salt volume. This growth will eventually double the size of the original fuel salt, allowing to start another core with this excess fuel so long as the daughter reactor is of the same design and there is sufficient excess fuel. This study explores how such a “sourdough” strategy would work in MSRs and provides an initial calculation methodology to find the correct refueling rates to match the desired growth curve of power generation. Higher uranium enrichment levels of the refuel salt result in lower refueling rates and thus a longer doubling time. As a result, the refuel salt uranium enrichment can be tailored to match a postulated clean power generation capacity expansion. This approach allows postponing the spent nuclear fuel disposal issue using the sourdough method. Along with the MSR fuel’s unique properties, it suggests a new path towards managing nuclear waste until long-term solutions become economically viable.
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) 229: Orientalism vs. Occidentalism in the Media
Authors: Hussain Umer
Published: November 2021

The Khabib Nurmagomedov versus Conor McGregor Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) 229 battle was among the most controversial mixed martial art fights of the past decade. In this study, the author examines how the various popular media outlets from the Eastern and Western world portrayed Khabib Nurmagomedov after UFC 229. The author used Huntington’s clash of civilization thesis by grounding it in the Orientalism and Occidentalism paradigms to examine the phenomenon. Fairclough’s model for critical discourse analysis was employed to investigate the various Western and Eastern popular press and digital media platforms (i.e., newspapers, blogs, and sporting news websites). The author analyzed 57 (Western n = 38, Eastern n = 19) media reports per the inclusion criteria. The study results unveiled conflicting predispositions present in the Western and Eastern media for Khabib Nurmagomedov. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of how a Muslim man athlete with diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds is portrayed contrarily by some Western and Eastern media outlets. Finally, the author discusses the theoretical implications of the study.
Of Whales and Genes: Unraveling the Physiological Response to Stressors in Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) at the Molecular Level
Authors: Unal Ebru , Romano Tracy A.
Published: November 2021

Marine mammals, now more than ever, are exposed to environmental and anthropogenic stressors. A better understanding of stress physiology in marine mammals is warranted in order to assist in conservation efforts. This study screened gene expression profiles (cytokines, stress-response markers) in blood samples collected opportunistically under controlled conditions from aquarium belugas during transport and introduction to a novel environment (T/NEnv), participation in out-of-water examinations (OWE) and from wild belugas during live capture–release health assessments (WLCR). Quantitative-PCR was used to measure gene expression involved in physiological and immune responses at different time scales. Linear mixed models with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons were used for analysis. Overall, a generalized down-regulation of relative gene expression when compared to samples collected under behavioral control from aquarium whales or to pre-assessment samples of wild whales was observed, with genes IFNγ, IL2, TGFβ and Nr3c1 displaying the largest significant (p < 0.05) changes. Significant (p < 0.05) negative associations of inflammatory gene expression with norepinephrine suggest inhibitory effects of catecholamines on the inflammatory response. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the physiological response to stressors at the molecular level in belugas, and the genes suggested here can further be utilized as additional tools in beluga health assessments and monitoring.
Profile of a Modern Hunter and the Socio-Economic Significance of Hunting in Poland as Compared to European Data
Authors: Kupren Krzysztof , Hakuć-Błażowska Anna
Published: November 2021

Hunting is a unique form of activity in rural areas with a high proportion of forest areas, which involves nature conservation and meets social needs for recreation and the preservation of traditions while being an important part of economic activity. The presented study results, based on a literature review and questionnaire surveys conducted among hunters associated in hunting clubs in the north-eastern part of Poland, provide the basis for a discussion on the socio-economic significance of hunting, both in the country and throughout the European continent. Based on the results presented in the paper, it can be concluded that the number and density of hunters differ in individual countries. Moreover, hunting is practised in Europe by almost 7 million people, of which 127,000 are in Poland, and is a typical male activity. Most hunters in Poland and other European countries are professionally active inhabitants of rural areas, aged approximately 50 years, with several years of shooting experience and an income exceeding average values. Hunting is an important part of socio-economic activities, particularly in rural areas. It is estimated that in the EU alone, hunting can be worth approximately EUR 16 billion, and creates 100–120 thousand jobs. The most recent results of studies conducted in certain EU countries and the wide range of services provided by the hunting sector indicate that these values may be considerably higher. Regarding Poland, despite the centralised game resource management system, there are no extensive studies of the economic significance of hunting, and the official data are limited to a few basic indices related to hunting statistics. As indicated by the study results presented in this paper, in Poland, hunting-related expenditures are clearly lower than the European average and, thus, the economic significance of hunting is relatively low in this country. Despite this, it is a hunting community that, as a result of the adopted system solutions, is responsible for the functioning of reasonable game management while significantly affecting the management of the vast majority of rural areas.