bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in aqueous humor
Authors: Temel Ahmet , Seber Engin , Gunay Mete
Published: May 2009

Abstract We detected hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in tears and aqueous humor of 18 patients who upon preliminary examination were seropositive for HBsAg and were scheduled to undergo cataract extractions. HBsAg remained detectable in the serum of 10 of these patients on the day of operation, and of these, 7 were found to have detectable levels of HBsAg in their tears and aqueous humor. Based on our findings, we caution ophthalmologists to take all the necessary precautions in both surgical and nonsurgical treatment of patients at high risk for hepatitis B infection.
Effect of ocular compression (Autopressor®) on intraocular pressure in periocular anaesthesia
Authors: Ropo A. , Ruusuvaara P. , Paloheimo M. , Maunuksela E.‐L. , Nikki P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred successive patients were operated on for cataract under periocular anaesthesia. The patients were divided into 3 groups to study the effect of extraocular compression on intraocular pressure. In the control group (C‐0), no compression was used. In the other 2 groups, compression was applied immediately after local injection of the anaesthetic for either 10 (C‐10) or 20 min (C‐20). In the control group, a periocular local anaesthetic increased the IOP in 27 of 36 patients, the average increase being 3.8 mmHg (at 10 min). Postanaesthetic compression of the eye led to a decrease in intraocular pressure, which is beneficial for the operative procedure. During the first 10 min, the mean intraocular pressure decreased by 3.1 and 4.0 mmHg in groups C‐10 and C‐20, respectively. In the C‐20 group, there was a further (1.3 mmHg) reduction in intraocular pressure between 10 and 20 min.
Blood coagulation factor XIII contributes to the development of traction retinal detachment
Authors: Weller Michael , Bresgen Martin , Heimann Klaus , Wiedemann Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract The blood coagulation factor XIII catalyzes the crosslinking of fibrin monomers at the end of the coagulation cascade. Additional functions are the enzymatic coupling of fibrinectin to itself, fibrin, and collagen. We located the two subunits of factor XIII in 20 surgically obtained periretinal membranes, using double label immunofluorescence microscopy. Both subunits of factor XIII could be detected in all specimens. The positive staining in all specimens examined prompted us to determine the source of factor XIII. The abundant fibroblastic cells did not contain factor XIII. Macrophages, half of which stained for the α‐subunit of factor XIII could not account for the presence of factor XIII because these cells were not present in all specimens, and did not stain for theβ‐subunit. Factor XIII is probably derived from the exudation of plasma and platelets through disrupted blood‐ocular barriers. This is confirmed by the detection of both subunits in vitreous aspirates from patients with proliferative intraocular disorders (n = 15) by Western blotting.
Morphological changes 2 1/2 years after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens
Authors: Næser Kristian , Nielsen Niels Elkjær , Hansen Tom Eggert
Published: May 2009

Abstract Morphological changes and lens position were examined in 51 eyes of 51 patients 25 to 37 (mean 31) months after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens in the ciliary sulcus. Ocular morphology was compared to a previously published examination of the same eyes performed 4 months after surgery. The anterior chamber depth, lens position and the position of the posterior lens capsule had remained unchanged. ‘Iris bulging’, i.e. a gonioscopically visible slight impression of the iris overlying the lens haptics, had increased from 0 to 42%, iridal transillumination defects from 34 to 46%, and pigment dispersion in the chamber angle from 46 to 72%. Twenty‐four percent of the eyes had developed significant, capsulotomy‐requiring opacification of the posterior lens capsule. We draw the following conclusions: The posterior chamber lens and the posterior lens capsule have reached their permanent positions by the fourth postoperative month. Implantation of a posterior chamber lens in the ciliary sulcus constitutes a constant stimulus for structural changes of the iris with subsequent dispersion of pigment on neighbouring ocular structures.
Refraction in diabetics during metabolic dysregulation, acute or chronic
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Fuchs Josefine , Reck Anne
Published: May 2009

Abstract The influence of diabetic dysregulation on refraction was analysed by a short‐term and a long‐term approach, a) Out of 15 patients admitted due to high blood sugars and followed over weeks, 11 showed refractive fluctuation of 1–6.5 D, in either direction — often with excess hypermetropia, while 4 appeared refractively stable. In those with refractive change a transient increase of lens thickness was suggested from ultrasound measurements, b) Diabetes control was evaluated retrospectively in 74 adult diabetics, mainly based on repeated 24 h urine glucose determinations over a 6‐year period. As a group, those with low myopia did not score worse than those who had stayed emmetropic. Among the myopes, diabetes duration was longer in the subgroup where diabetes preceded myopia onset. — All considered, we found no support for dysregulation per se as an underlying factor behind the ‘diabetic myopia’ previously reported from our clinic.
Åland Eye Disease (Forsius‐Eriksson‐Miyake syndrome) with probability established in a Danish family
Authors: Rosenberg Thomas , Schwartz Marianne , Simonsen Svend Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract A reinvestigation of a Danish family with X‐linked inherited congenital nystagmus through 6 generations revealed a congenital stationary retinal dysfunction syndrome with characteristics of both incomplete congenital stationary night blindness and Åland Eye Disease. In spite of rather uniform electrophysiological findings in our patients, this retinal disorder which affects both cones and rods demonstrated considerable intrafamilial diversity with respect to visual acuity, nystagmus, refractive state and fundus pigmentation.
Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty after pretreatment with timolol
Authors: Odberg Tor
Published: May 2009

Abstract In the treatment of glaucoma there are advantages and disadvantages associated with both medical, surgical and laser therapy. Early pressure rise has been found to be the main complication after laser treatment. In the present study primary argon laser trabeculoplasty (PALT) was carried out in 180 degrees of the trabecular meshwork with an effect of 0.4–0.6 W, after instillation of one drop of timolol 0.5%. Among our 27 newly diagnosed glaucoma patients no pressure rise or iritic reaction was detected. More than 50% of the patients were still managed with an intraocular pressure below 21 mmHg without medical or surgical treatment after 2 years. In addition to being virtually without side‐effects this treatment modality is time saving and cost effective, and a great part of the patients may avoid medical therapy.
Long‐term treatment of involuntary facial spasms using botulinum toxin
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract Botulinum toxin, a powerful pre‐synaptic neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, interferes with the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals. Since September 1985, we have been using this toxin to treat altogether 62 patients with benign facial spasms. Most of the patients had been on drugs or psychotherapy, 2 had received alcohol injections, 2 had undergone surgery of the orbicular branch, and 2 electrocoagulation of the facial nerve. In essential blepharospasm the duration of the beneficial effect after each treatment with botulinum toxin was about 3 1/2 months. In patients with hemifacial spasm the response was clearly longer, nearly 5 months in most cases. The treatment gave the best and longest‐lasting relief of symptoms in patients suffering from disturbing myokymia. Response was poorest in patients suffering from facial spasms who simultaneously had a severe psychiatric disease. The most frequent side effect was mild or moderate ptosis (22.6%). Some patients complained of dry eyes and a few cases displayed facial nerve paresis. Side effects caused by botulinum toxin injections are transient but so also, unfortunately, is the beneficial effect on facial spasms.
Ocular effects of two different prostaglandin F2α esters
Authors: Villumsen Jörgen , Alm Albert
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ocular hypotensive effects and side effects of two different topically applied prostaglandin (PG) esters were evaluated in a double masked study in 12 healthy males. Three doses of 15‐propionat‐PGF2α‐isopropylester (15‐prop‐PGF2α‐IE), two doses of PGF2α‐isopropylester (PGF2α‐IE), and placebo were compared. At equipotent doses 15‐prop‐PGF2α‐IE caused similar ocular side effects as PGF2α‐IE. It is concluded that both PGF2α‐IE and 15‐prop‐PGF2α‐IE reduce the IOP in normal eyes, but the use of a diester such as 15‐prop‐PGF2α‐IE does not provide a better separation between effect on IOP and side effects than PGF2α‐IE.
Secondary angle closure in association with Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule
Authors: Franks Wendy A. , Miller Michael H. , Hitchings Roger A. , Jeffrey Michael N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two cases of Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule are presented in which unilateral shallowing of the anterior chamber caused an acute rise in intraocular pressure. Both patients were elderly women. In one case anterior chamber shallowing was precipitated by administration of pilocarpine and the second followed central retinal vein occlusion. We suggest that Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule weakened the zonule allowing forward shift to the lens and secondary angle closure.
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and oesophageal carcinoma
Authors: Hope‐Ross Monique , Benedict‐Smith Anthony , Hillery Maureen , Mullaney Paul , Condon Patrick , Collum L M. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 65‐year‐old man developed ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. He was treated with topical and systemic immunosuppressive agents. Three months later, he was found to have metastatic oesophageal carcinoma. To our knowledge, the association of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and oesphageal carcinoma has not previously been described.
Determination of plasminogen activator activities in normal and pathological human tears. The significance of tear plasminogen activators in the inflammatory and traumatic lesions of the cornea and the conjunctiva
Authors: Berta András , Tözsér József , Holly Frank J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Plasminogen activator activity in normal human tears was found to be 0.03 ± 0.02 IU/ml with casein plate, and 0.06 ± 0.04 IU/ml with a spectrophotometric method. Elevated levels of plasminogen activator activity (range 0.11‐2.05 IU/ml) were detected in the tear fluid of patients suffering from various corneal and conjunctival diseases including corneal ulcers, superficial keratitis, persistent epithelial defects, recurrent erosions, bullous keratopathy, contact lens associated erosions, alkali burns of the cornea, Mooren's ulcer, conjunctival pemphigoid, acute keratoconus, and corneal melanoma. Plasminogen activator activity, determined in the absence of fibrin in tear samples collected by capillary tubes at low flow rates, is considered to be the result of the presence of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) deriving from the epithelial cells of the cornea and the conjunctiva. It is suggested that an increase in the level of uPA in tears plays an important role not only in ulceration (the formation and repair of epithelial and stromal defects), but also in the development and healing of a number of other inflammatory processes, infections, immunological processes, chemical burns, contact lens associated lesions; in the invasion of microorganisms and leukocytes, in edema formation, in neovascularization, and in the invasive growth of tumors in the cornea and the conjunctiva.
Granular corneal dystrophy with early stromal manifestation
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract We describe a family tree from central Finland with 19 members of which 10 had typical granular corneal dystrophy (Bücklers 1938). This granular dystrophy seems to start from the subepithelial and anterior stromal region. In quite early ages the granules spread not only into the midstromal layers but also into the most posterior stroma between the stromal lamellae and Descemet's membrane. Corneal epithelial erosions were not noticed in this family. The central cornea was mostly affected and 2–3 mm of the corneal periphery was clear. No endothelial changes were found from the corneal midperiphery by specular microscopy. To date, two female patients have needed penetrating keratoplasty; one in her late thirties and the other in her early forties. Their corneal buttons were studied by electron microscopy and histochemically. Granular material was found between the stromal lamellae and also inside the stromal kerato‐cytes. Bowman's membrane was disrupted and degenerated in the areas where the deposits were situated in the subepithelial region. Recurrence of the disease was observed in the corneal transplants of the two operated patients 3 years postoperatively, starting again in the subepithelial region and mostly in central areas of the transplant. This disease entity seems to be different from the granular dystrophy also reported from Finland by Forsius et al. (1983).
In vitro endothelial healing of heat injuries of the posterior cornea in rabbits
Authors: Medin Helge , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract It was examined whether the healing promoting effect of Descemet's membrane on posterior corneal defects depends on heat labile molecules in the membrane. Localized thermal burns were produced by touching the posterior surface of rabbit corneas with a heated probe. This resulted in an endothelial defect, which was surrounded by a border of heat impaired, but living cells. The abnormal cells delayed the healing process by excerting contact inhibition on the surrounding undamaged endothelium. If the border of impaired cells was avoided by placing the 2 mm heat burn inside a 4 mm freeze erosion of the endothelium, the healing process was uninfluenced by the heat treatment. Conclusion: heat labile molecules in Descemet's membrane are not prerequisites for the healing promoting effect of the membrane on endothelial defects.
Intraocular pressure in school myopia
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi
Published: May 2009

Abstract The relationship between intraocular pressure and ocular refraction and axial length were studied in a follow‐up of myopic children and in a cross‐section sample of school children. In the follow‐up group intraocular pressure significantly decreased with age. Mean intraocular pressure at the mean age of 10.9 years was 17.4 mmHg, and three years later 16.1 mmHg. Intraocular pressure above 20 mmHg was recorded in 7.6% of total measurements in the follow‐up group and in 8.7% of cases in the cross‐section sample. There was a significant correlation between mean intraocular pressure and the spherical equivalent both at the beginning and at the end of the study in the follow‐up group and in the cross‐section sample among the boys only. There was also a significant positive correlation between intraocular pressure and axial length at the end of the follow‐up among the boys but not among the girls.
Relationship between asymmetry of visual field defects and intraocular pressure difference in an untreated normal (low) tension glaucoma population
Authors: Haefliger Ivan O. , Hitchings Roger A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The importance of intraocular pressure on the pathogenesis of optic disc damage in normal (low) tension glaucoma has been much debated. This paper looks at the interocular difference in intraocular pressure in an untreated group of 60 patients with normal (low) tension glaucoma. In addition it assesses whether any relationship exists in any one subject between the higher intraocular pressure and the more severe visual field defect. We found that this relationship occurred in 22% (13) of the subjects. In the other 78% (47) of this population no correlation could be found. The existence of such a sizeable subgroup suggests that patients with normal tension glaucoma may be divided into those where intraocular pressure level could be important in the pathogenesis of the visual field defect and a majority where this relationship is less likely.
The topographical relationship between optic disc and visual field in glaucoma
Authors: Weber J. , Dannheim F. , Dannheim D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The spatial relationship between anatomy and function in glaucoma was studied in 15 selected cases of focal damage. Based on planimetric data of the optic disc the anatomical site of damage was defined as the sector with the thinnest neuroretinal rim. Perimetric data were evaluated with regard to 21 regions of the ‘Perimetric Nerve Fibre Bundle Map’ (Weber & Ulrich 1990a). The site of damage was defined as those regions with at least 50% of depressed points. The site of the affected rim and the number of the corresponding Perimetric Nerve Fiber Bundles showed a linear correlation over a limited range of the superior and inferior pole of the disc. A ‘functional disc map’ could be established for 6 perimetric regions.
Myopia and radial keratotomy: a survey among Norwegian ophthalmologists
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred and eighty‐nine of 200 ophthalmologists in Norway responded to a survey requesting them to report their age, sex, refractive state, use of corrective lenses, and if myopic, their view on radial keratotomy as a possible method to correct their own myopia. According to the answers, 32 (17%) females and 154 (82%) males, with mean age of 49 years, were registered. The reported refractive state was 26.5% emmetropy and 72.0% ametropy. The prevalence of myopia was 45%. The mean refractive status (equivalent sphere) in the right eye was ‐1.02 ± 2.28 D with a range from ‐8.5D to +7.25D (n = 184). Of the ametropes, 64.8% used spectacles, 15.3% used both spectacles and contact lenses, whilst 3.6% used only contact lenses for distance vision. With the exception of one, all myopes used corrective lenses. Only 2 myopic ophthalmologists responded positively to the question of whether they would consider having radial keratotomy to correct their own myopia.
Apparent accommodation in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Ravalico Giuseppe , Baccara Fabio
Published: May 2009

Abstract The so‐called apparent accommodation has been measured in patients implanted with anterior chamber, iris support and posterior chamber IOLs. The data have been related to pupillary diameter and anterior chamber depth in order to explain the actual possibility of a near vision with optical correction only for distance.
The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram II. Photopic characteristics
Authors: el Azazi M. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the rat's electroretinogram (ERG) was studied during more extreme photopic conditions. The appearance of the OPs was further delayed, by 1 to 3 days, compared to previously studied less photopic conditions. A rapid phase of development of the total OP activity occurred at the age of 15 days, which coincided with the physiological opening of the eye‐lids. During maturation the first two OPs were enhanced while the later OPs were attenuated. The total OP activity culminated at the age of 30 days. These results strongly indicate that the rapid neuronal adaptive system appears and develops later than the slow photochemical one. Secondly, the fast phase of maturation of the neuronal adaptive process, as reflected in the OPs, seems to be dependent on environmental light. Thirdly, the findings support previous indications that two different systems seem to be responsible for the OPs in the rat and thus the earlier OPs to have different origins from those of the later ones.
Cytochemical studies of transitional area between retina and optic nerve
Authors: Hirata A. , Kitaoka T. , Ishigooka H. , Ueno S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have investigated the fine structural features of the transitional area between retina and optic nerve with special emphasis on the identification of Müller cells using the cytochemical method for detecting the localization of G6Pase activity, which is specific to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of Müller cells in the guinea pig retina. This cytochemical method enabled us to differentiate Müller cells from astrocytes or other cells easily and also allowed topographical, three dimensional analysis by high voltage electron microscopy because of the high contrast of the reaction products. Our study demonstrates that Müller cells are a major constitutional element of intermediary tissue of Kuhnt, which is considered to be the possible site of barrier between optic nerve and retina. These findings may indicate that Müller cells contribute to the barrier function in this region of the eye.
Correlation of some ocular and hematologic factors and intraocular pressure in an aged population
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ocular status including gonioscopy was performed on 833 volunteers in the Kuopio Eye Survey (KEYS). Some systemic factors including arterial blood pressure, body mass index, blood hemoglobin and glucose were also screened. In regression analysis only systolic blood pressure, grade of trabecular meshwork pigmentation and sex had a statistically significant correlation to intraocular pressure.
pH homeostasis in the frog retina: The role of Na+:HCO−3 co‐transport in the retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: la Cour Morten
Published: May 2009

Abstract Transport of acid/base equivalents across the isolated frog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was studied by means of pH selective microelectrodes. Abrupt changes in retinal extracellular pH, from 7.40 to values between 6.66 and 7.66, were found to cause rapid changes in both intracellular pH and choroidal extracellular pH. The initial rates of these changes were reduced by more than 60%, when the cellular Na+:HCO−3 co‐transport system was inhibited by Na+ removal, or by administration of 1 mM SITS. It is concluded that RPE transcellular HCO−3 transport changed in response to changes in retinal extracellular pH. If present in vivo these changes in RPE HCO−3 transport would tend to stabilize retinal extracellular pH. It is suggested that cellular Na+:HCO3− co‐transport plays a significant role for the retinal pH homeostasis.
The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram III. Scotopic characteristics
Authors: el Azazi M. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the rat electroretinogram (ERG) was studied during more extreme scotopic conditions. Enhancement of scotopic conditions did not facilitate any earlier appearance of the OPs, including the later ones, compared to previously studied less scotopic conditions. The oscillatory activity appeared at Days 12 to 15, and increased rapidly up to Day 17, which coincided with the major period of development of the photoreceptors. After the physiological opening of the eyelids there was a decline of the OPs. We propose that the decline of the oscillatory activity induced during more extreme scotopic conditions is related to early cell death in the distal retina and/or to developmental neuronal plasticity in the proximal retina.
Does the lymph drainage from the head influence aqueous humour outflow and visual functions?
Authors: Holló Gábor , Pap György , Bagi Zoltan Tóth , Kovácsovics Beatrix
Published: May 2009

Abstract Effect of lymphoedema of the head on the central nervous system is known. Possible changes in intraocular pressure, tonogram, electroretinogram, visual functions and ophthalmologic state was studied in animal experiments and in patients following serious surgical impairment of the cervical lymph drainage. Lymph drainage from the orbit to the deep cervical lymphatics was established, while no ophthalmologic alteration was detected after surgery.
Tear lysozyme levels in bacterial, fungal and viral corneal ulcers
Authors: Lal H. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Khurana A. K. , Sharma S. K. , Gupta S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Low levels of tear lysozyme were observed in patients with infective corneal ulcers, when compared with controls. Lowest levels were seen in patients with bacterial corneal ulcers. The levels of tear lysozyme showed a corresponding decrease with the increase in Schirmer test values; meaning thereby, that in ocular conditions associated with increased rate of tear flow, the lysozyme content in tears tends to be low.
Image analysis of conjunctival hyperemia
Authors: Villumsen Jørgen , Ringquist Jonas , Alm Albert
Published: May 2009

Abstract An image analysis system that estimates conjunctival hyperemia is described. The system gives a good estimate of minor to moderate hyperemia in the conjunctiva, and is easy and fast to operate.
Visual acuity and refraction in Type I diabetic patients aged 25–34 years
Authors: Sjølie A. K. , Mortensen K. Kamp , Hecht P. S. , Eshøj O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Of the total population of 270 25‐ to 34‐year‐old insulin dependent diabetic patients with onset ≤ 30 years in the county of Fyn, Denmark, a sample of 138 was drawn for examination. Of the 138 examined patients, 4 (2.9%) were legally blind and 119 (86.2%) had good vision in both eyes. The cause of reduced vision was proliferative retinopathy in the majority of eyes. Refraction, measured objectively with a refractometer in cycloplegia and transformed to spherical equivalents, was ‐0.25 D or more myopic in approx. 50% of eyes. Correlation analyses did not demonstrate significant association between refraction, and duration of diabetes or Hb‐A1c.
Autosomal dominant stationary night‐blindness A large family rediscovered
Authors: Rosenberg Thomas , Haim Marianne , Piczenik Yoa , Simonsen Svend Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 1909, 2 years after the famous publication by Nettleship, a large family with congenital stationary night‐blindness of the ‘Nougaret type’ was published by the Danish district surgeon, Sigurd Rambusch. In 1990 the ‘Rambusch family’, still resident in the original area, was sought out and rediscovered, at which time the reconstructed part of the pedigree comprised more than 200 affected persons in 11 generations. Dark adaptometry and electroretinography were performed on a few affected family members, including a descendant with a uniocular affection. The pedigree is presented and recordings of dark adaptation courses and electroretinographical responses from a few family members are demonstrated.
Clinical and electroretinographic comparison between Åland Island eye disease and a newly found related disease with X‐chromosomal inheritance
Authors: Carlson S. , Vesti E. , Raitta C. , Donner M. , Eriksson A. W. , Forsius H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two subjects representing ÅIED (Åland Island Eye Disease) and a family with 5 males affected with an ÅIED related X‐linked hereditary eye disease were studied clinically and electrophysiologically. The clinical picture of ÅIED includes myopia and astigmatism, reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, ocular albinism, hemeralopia and dyschromatopsia (No. 300600, McKusick 1990). The subjects with the related disease showed astigmatism with or without myopia, reduced visual acuity, slight hemeralopia, normal color vision in 3/5 subjects, no ocular albinism and nystagmus only in one case. In both diseases the ERG was abnormal showing defective a‐ and b‐waves, but there were also differences. The most notable was the greater reduction of the b‐wave amplitude in the mixed (rod and cone) responses for the white stimulus in the ERG of the ÅIED related disease. With regard to the pathogenesis we propose that in both diseases rod and cone functions are defective but in an ÅIED related disease a defective cone function inhibits the transmission of the rod signals to the rod bipolars, causing greatly reduced mixed responses. The clinical and ERG findings of this study suggest that the 5 subjects of our family do not represent ÅIED but another X‐linked hereditary eye disease. The investigation to find out the gene locus of this disease is going on.
Electroretinograms in patients with achromatopsia
Authors: Andréasson Sten , Tornqvist Kristina
Published: May 2009

Abstract Eleven patients with X‐linked and 9 patients with autosomal recessive achromatopsia were examined with full‐field electroretinograms. In the standard full‐field ERG's, normal rod responses were obtained, but the amplitude of the cone b‐waves was not detectable. With computer averaging and narrow bandpass filtering, residual cone b‐wave responses could be detected in 10 of the 20 patients. The residual cone b‐wave amplitudes were markedly different in the 3 families with X‐linked achromatopsia. In two of them, residual cone b‐wave responses were seen in all patients examined. In contrast, such responses were seen only in 2 of 7 patients in the third family. There were also differences in other clinical observations (mainly in the visual acuity and refractive error) and we therefore suggest that there are at least two forms of X‐linked achromatopsia. The ratios of the cone response amplitudes to 30 Hz flickering orange and blue‐green light suggested that the defect in the X‐linked achromatopsia patients was of the protanope type, whereas in the autosomal patients, both the protanope and the deutanope type was seen. In conclusion, measurements of the residual cone b‐wave amplitude responses are of diagnostic and may possibly be of prognostic value when examining children and other members of families with achromatopsia.
The swelling of cornea in bank cultivation. The role of barriers and peripheral edge
Authors: Medin Walther , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The swelling of a rabbit cornea in organ culture is caused by influx of fluid via the surface. Data regarding the weight increase rates during the first 4 h of corneal buttons with different diameters, have been used to calculate the net influx per mm2 per h via the anterior + posterior surfaces on one hand, and via the peripheral edge on the other hand. In fresh corneas the contribution to the corneal swelling, of the net fluid uptake via the anterior + the posterior surfaces, is negligible. The influx via the peripheral edge is about the same in fresh and freeze treated buttons. For freeze treated corneas, the resistance for fluid transport via the anterior + posterior surfaces seems to be 4 times higher than the resistance for transport via the peripheral edge. This result indicates that the Descemet's membrane and the Bowman's layer may have some barrier effect. An alternative or supplementary explanation is that, at least in swollen corneas, there may be reduced resistance to fluid flow along the corneal plane as compared with the flow vertical to this plane.
Fatty layer of the precorneal film in the ‘office eye syndrome’
Authors: Franck Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract The thickness of the fatty layer of the precorneal film was estimated by the semiquantitative inteference method in 70 office workers from two town halls in Copenhagen County and compared with that in 110 controls from the general population. There were significant correlations between use of eye make‐up and a thin fatty layer (≤ 50 nm, P=0.023) and between investigation time before 12 h and a thick fatty layer (≥ 150 nm, P=0.046). After correction for these confounders, the fatty layer was significantly reduced in the office population compared with the controls (P=0.0032). Furthermore, absence of biomicroscopically dry eyes (expressed as a combination of premature break‐up of the tear film and lissamine green‐stained epithelial damage of the bulbar conjunctiva) was significantly correlated to a thick fatty layer (≥ 150 nm, P=0.015), indicating that a thick fatty layer may protect the eyes against development of dry eyes. The results indicate that deficiency in available Meibomina oil is involved in the dry eye syndrome we earlier found to be associated with eye irritation in the office environment and termed the ‘office eye syndrome’. Together with observation of foam in the eye canthus, estimation of break‐up time, and examination for clusters of epithelial damage on the bulbar conjunctiva, measurement of the fatty layer appears to be an easy tool for diagnosing the ‘office eye syndrome’ or for differentiating this disorder from other conditions with complaints of dryness or irritation.
One year follow‐up study on polymetacrylate and hydrogel intraocular lenses
Authors: Sørensen E. Jonasdottir , Jensen O. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract This study includes two selected groups of patients operated for cataract with implantation of either a polymetacrylate (PMMA, Sinskey J‐loop, prolene haptics, Mod.102H, Pharmacia) or a soft hydrogel (IO‐gel, Alcon) posterior chamber lens. There were 27 patients in the PMMA group and 32 in the hydrogel lens group. The study concludes that after 1 year of observation a comparison between the two groups disclosed no major difference concerning the visual otucome and influence on the ocular tissue. No substantial observations point towards the hydrogel lens as the more biocompatible of the two lenses.
Long‐term results of extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation:
Authors: Storr‐Paulsen Allan , Larsen Michael
Published: May 2009

Abstract We investigated the frequency of surgical complications and the long‐term outcome in terms of visual acuity, intraocular pressure and post‐operative complications in 206 extracapsular cataract extraction procedures with posterior chamber lens implantation using either sodium hyaluronate 1% (Healon) or hydroxypropyl‐methylcellulose 2% over a follow‐up period of 12 months. We found no significant difference in the results of using either of the two viscoelastic agents.
Astigmatism and school myopia
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi
Published: May 2009

Abstract Changes in astigmatism were followed for a 3‐year period among 238 myopic children as part of a clinical trial of myopia treatment. Children with mild myopia and no previous myopic spectacle correction and astigmatism ≤2D were included in the study. The prevalence of astigmatism of at least 0.25 D was 55% at the beginning of the follow‐up at a mean age of 10.9 years, increasing to 76% during the 3‐year period. At the same time the mean astigmatism increased from ‐0.26D to ‐0.45D. Most of the astigmatism was against the rule; with the rule astigmatism represented 18% of the astigmatism at the beginning and 24% at the end of the study. There was a weak correlation between the spherical equivalent and astigmatism at the beginning of the follow‐up (r = 0.122, n = 240, P = 0.029) but not at the end of the follow‐up. Myopic progression controlled for the spherical equivalent, was not related to degree of astigmatism at the beginning of the study.
Prevalence of amblyopia in old people without previous screening and treatment
Authors: Vinding T. , Gregersen E. , Jensen A. , Rindziunski E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract An epidemiological study of amblyopia was performed among old people without previous screening and treatment. The study revealed a prevalence of 2.9% (strabismic in 2.3%, anisometropic in 0.6%). Present residual amblyopia among Danish school children is about 1% according to literature. The rate of cure of amblyopia by the present Danish system of prophylaxis and treatment is estimated to be 60–70%.
A primary intraocular hydatid cyst
Authors: Sinav Satvet , Demirci Ali , Sinav Bahar , Öge Fatma , Sullu Yuksel , Kandemir Bedri
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT) of the painful and blind right eye of a 13‐year‐old girl showed a cystic mass almost filling the vitreous cavity and narrowing the anterior chamber. The histopathologic diagnosis of the enucleated eye was an echinococcus cyst. Abdominal ultrasonography, brain CT and chest X‐rays gave no abnormal findings when first examined, nor during the follow‐up 18 months after surgery. Indirect hemagglutination test was negative at the last control. The case was accepted as a primary hydatid cyst (echinococcosis) of the eyeball.
Exudative retinal detachment in familial pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Gíslason Ingimundur , Jónasson Fridbert , Stefánsson Einar
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a family with pulmonary hypertension, one woman developed bilateral exudative retinal detachments and her daughter developed a unilateral exudative retinal detachment during pregnancy. Treatment with Acetazolamide provided quick recovery in the bilateral case, whereas the unilateral exudative detachment recovered without treatment after delivery. Exudative retinal detachments have not previously been associated with pulmonary hypertension.
The Middle‐Norway eye‐screening study
Authors: Ringvold A. , Blika S. , Elsås T. , Guldahl J. , Brevik T. , Hesstvedt P. , Hoff K. , Høoisen H. , Kjørsvik S. , Rossvold I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In this population‐based screening study, dealing with 1941 persons above 64 years of age from three different municipalities, the overall open‐angle glaucoma prevalence was found to be 8.3%. The prevalence in the separate areas (7.0%, 8.6%, and 9.5%) were not statistically different. Roughly 30% of the population with pseudo‐exfoliation syndrome had glaucoma, and 4.2% had ocular hypertension, whereas the corresponding figures for those without pseudo‐exfoliation were 4% and 0.8%, respectively. The high glaucoma rates are partly due to the high pseudo‐exfoliation prevalence in the area. The prevalence of the capsular glaucoma increased towards a maximum between 75 and 79 years of age, whereafter the curve declined. This may indicate reduced survival time of glaucomatous patients.
Automated refraction
Authors: Salvesen Svein , Køhler Marli
Published: May 2009

Abstract A prospective study was performed on 46 eyes to compare results of different methods of objective refraction, namely automated refraction with the Nidek AR‐1000 autorefractometer and retinoscopy in cycloplegia. We found that automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia gave results that differed little from results of retinoscopy in atropine cycloplegia both with respect to sphere and cylinder. Axis determination was even better with automated refraction. Dry automated refraction gave inaccurate results for the spheric component presumably because of suboptimal control of accomodation in this group of young patients. We recommend automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia as an easy, rapid, accurate and convenient method for obtaining an objective refraction where accomodative disorders are suspected.
Topographical distribution of ocular surface cells by the use of impression cytology
Authors: Rivas Luis , Oroza Maria A. , Perez‐Esteban Antonio , Murube‐del‐Castillo Juan
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cytology impression samples of the conjunctiva and the cornea were obtained from normal eyes. Our results were in agreement with most authors, except in the interpalpebral areas. In the interpalpebral areas, we found new data about superficial cell distribution not described before; the non‐secretory cells were more separated and larger, with a higher nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio than other areas. The secretory cells (goblet cells) had significantly decreased with respect to the rest. In the interpalpebral areas, near the limbal areas, no goblet cells were found, and the size of non‐secretory cells was increased, the density was lower and the nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio was higher, with regards to the external areas. The corneal epithelial cells had a similar morphological appearance in all specimens tested. We confirm that our subjects were absolutely normal, and conclude that environmental factors might explain why the cells were slightly transformed.
Work‐related penetrating eye injuries
Authors: Patel B. C. K. , Morgan L. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A review of all penetrating eye injuries treated at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital over 5 years (January 1st 1982 to December 31st 1986) was undertaken. There were 258 penetrating eye injuries of which 69 (26.7%) were due to work‐related accidents. All were men and 52 (75.4%) of them were under the age of 40 years. Hammering and chiselling were the commonest activities at the time of the injury and accounted for 25 cases (36.2%). Thirty‐six patient (52.1%) had intraocular foreign bodies. Thirty‐six patients (52.1%) achieved a good visual result (6/12 or better) and 9 had no perception of light, 7 of whom had enucleations. The period of inpatient treatment ranged from 1 to 26 days. From the analysis of the activities at the time of the injury, 61 injuries (88.4%) may be considered to be preventable with appropriate eye protection.
Retinitis following disseminated cryptococcosis in a renal allograft recipient
Authors: Agarwal Anupam , Gupta Amod , Sakhuja V. , Talwar P. , Joshi K. , Chugh K. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of retinitis following disseminated cryptococcus neoformans infection in a renal allograft recipient is reported. Therapy with oral fluconazole showed a remarkable improvement at the end of 8 weeks. This is the first report of the use of fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal retinitis.
Congenital ectopia lentis and secondary buphthalmos likely occurring as an autosomal recessive trait
Authors: Bjerrum K. , Kessing S. V.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A family from Turkey with congenital ectopia lentis, likely occurring as an autosomal recessive trait, is presented. No systemic disorders such as homocysteinuria, Marfan's or Weill‐Marchesani's syndromes were found in any of the patients. However, all patients except one were less than 2 years old when first examined so that lens luxation must have happened very early in life. Besides almost total lack of zonular threads the patients presented anomalies of ocular dimensions with increased corneal diameters and axial lengths, and in several cases glaucomatous distension of the optic discs could also be found. A possible explanation for these buphthalmic changes and their relation to lens luxation taking place very early in life is proposed. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is discussed.
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Psilas Konstantinos G. , Stefaniotou Maria J. , Aspiotis Miltiades B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The frequency of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) was determined prospectively in 2 outpatient cohorts: a normal control group and a diabetic group with or without evidence of diabetic retinopathy. Four hundred and eighty‐nine normal patients over the age of 50 years (group A) were compared with 325 diabetic patients of comparable age (group B). Within the diabetic cohort 121 patients did not exhibit signs of diabetic retinopathy, whereas the rest were suffering from either background diabetic retinopathy (143), or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (61). Pseudoexfoliation syndrome was present in 23.7% of patients in group A and 11% of patients in group B. Within the latter group, PXF was significantly less prevalent in the subgroup consisting of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (3.2%). Correlating well to the age, PXF was significantly less prevalent for the age group 60–70 and > 70 for these patients. These results indicate that PXF occurs less frequently in diabetics with background diabetic retinopathy and even less so in the presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Pseudallescheria Boydii keratitis
Authors: Ruben Simon
Published: May 2009

Abstract Pseudallescheria Boydii is one of the rarer organisms known to cause mycotic keratitis, only 13 previous cases having been reported in the literature. What is believed to be the first case of Pseudallescheria Boydii keratitis successfully treated with topical Miconazole is reported here.
Comparison of three methods of evaluating glare
Authors: Beckman Claes , Scott Rolene , Garner Leon F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A Humphrey Automatic Refractor Model 570 was used to measure the impairment of visual acuity for low contrast optotypes as a result of glare for normal subjects and for subjects with cataracts. This was compared with a direct measure of intraocular light scatter as measured by a compensating technique and with a subjective assessment of glare determined by a questionnaire. Only a weak correlation (r = 0.28) was found between the decrease in low contrast letter acuity and intraocular light scatter. The subjective assessment of glare sensitivity was not correlated with the decrease in low contrast letter acuity, but correlated to some extent (r = 0.55) with the measurement of intraocular light scatter.
Exfoliation syndrome and extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of posterior chamber lens
Authors: Zetterström Charlotta , Olivestedt Göran , Lundvall Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract Extracapsular cataract extraction followed by implantation of a one‐piece posterior chamber polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens (IOL) into the capsular bag was performed in 25 eyes with exfoliation syndrome and 20 control eyes. The patients were investigated preoperatively and then 1 day, 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Preoperatively, maximal pupil dilation was significantly smaller in eyes with exfoliation syndrome compared to controls. During surgery the incidence of complications such as ruptures of the zonule or posterior lens capsule, were higher in eyes with exfoliation syndrome. Furthermore, postoperative complications, such as fibrinoid reaction anterior to the IOL followed by posterior synechias and cell deposits, were more common in eyes with exfoliation syndrome compared to control eyes. The results imply that compared to control eyes, eyes with exfoliation syndrome are likely to present more complications both during extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of intraocular lenses and postoperatively.
A method for registration of toxic drug effects on corneal endothelium
Authors: Medin Walther
Published: May 2009

Abstract A weight recording system (Medin & Davanger 1988, 1989), was used to demonstrate possible toxic damage of a medicament to the endothelium of rabbit corneas stored in organ culture. Seven corneas were stored in organ culture medium containing gentamicin (3.0 mg/ml). Seven other corneas stored in identical organ culture medium without gentamicin served as controls. The corneas were followed with weight recordings for up to 76 h. A toxic effect of gentamicin was demonstrated by a rapid weight increase in the corneas stored in the presence of gentamicin. After 5.3 h there was a significant difference (P=0.0002) between the average weights of the two groups, and this difference increased during the following 2–3 days. Corneas from the two groups were also examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. There was good accordance between the weight recordings and the morphology. The weight recording system detects clearly the toxic effect of gentamicin (3.0 mg/ml).