bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of landscape features on population genetic variation of a tropical stream fish, Stone lapping minnow,Garra cambodgiensis, in the upper Nan River drainage basin, northern Thailand
Authors: Jaisuk Chaowalee , Senanan Wansuk
Published: March 2018

Spatial genetic variation of river-dwelling freshwater fishes is typically affected by the historical and contemporary river landscape as well as life-history traits. Tropical river and stream landscapes have endured extended geological change, shaping the existing pattern of genetic diversity, but were not directly affected by glaciation. Thus, spatial genetic variation of tropical fish populations should look very different from the pattern observed in temperate fish populations. These data are becoming important for designing appropriate management and conservation plans, as these aquatic systems are undergoing intense development and exploitation. This study evaluated the effects of landscape features on population genetic diversity ofGarra cambodgiensis,a stream cyprinid,in eight tributary streams in the upper Nan River drainage basin (n = 30–100 individuals/location), Nan Province, Thailand. These populations are under intense fishing pressure from local communities. Based on 11 microsatellite loci, we detected moderate genetic diversity within eight population samples (average number of alleles per locus = 10.99 ± 3.00; allelic richness = 10.12 ± 2.44). Allelic richness within samples and stream order of the sampling location were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). We did not detect recent bottleneck events in these populations, but we did detect genetic divergence among populations (GlobalFST= 0.022,P < 0.01). The Bayesian clustering algorithms (TESS and STRUCTURE) suggested that four to five genetic clusters roughly coincide with sub-basins: (1) headwater streams/main stem of the Nan River, (2) a middle tributary, (3) a southeastern tributary and (4) a southwestern tributary. We observed positive correlation between geographic distance and linearizedFST(P < 0.05), and the genetic differentiation pattern can be moderately explained by the contemporary stream network (STREAMTREE analysis,R2= 0.75). The MEMGENE analysis suggested genetic division between northern (genetic clusters 1 and 2) and southern (clusters 3 and 4) sub-basins. We observed a high degree of genetic admixture in each location, highlighting the importance of natural flooding patterns and possible genetic impacts of supplementary stocking. Insights obtained from this research advance our knowledge of the complexity of a tropical stream system, and guide current conservation and restoration efforts for this species in Thailand.
Interdependency in Multimodel Climate Projections: Component Replication and Result Similarity
Authors: Boé Julien
Published: March 2018

Multimodel ensembles are the main way to deal with model uncertainties in climate projections. However, the interdependencies between models that often share entire components make it difficult to combine their results in a satisfactory way. In this study, how the replication of components (atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice) between climate models impacts the proximity of their results is quantified precisely, in terms of climatological means and future changes. A clear relationship exists between the number of components shared by climate models and the proximity of their results. Even the impact of a single shared component is generally visible. These conclusions are true at both the global and regional scales. Given available data, it cannot be robustly concluded that some components are more important than others. Those results provide ways to estimate model interdependencies a priori rather than a posteriori based on their results, in order to define independence weights.
Turbulence Scaling Comparisons in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer
Authors: Esters L. , Breivik Ø. , Landwehr S. , ten Doeschate A. , Sutherland G. , Christensen K. H. , Bidlot J.‐R. , Ward B.
Published: March 2018

Direct observations of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ϵ, under open ocean conditions are limited. Consequently, our understanding of what chiefly controls dissipation in the open ocean, and its functional form with depth, is poorly constrained. In this study, we report direct open ocean measurements of ϵ from the Air‐Sea Interaction Profiler (ASIP) collected during five different cruises in the Atlantic Ocean. We then combine these data with ocean‐atmosphere flux measurements and wave information in order to evaluate existing turbulence scaling theories under a diverse set of open ocean conditions. Our results do not support the presence of a “breaking” or a “transition layer,” which has been previously suggested. Instead, ϵ decays as
over the depth interval, which was previously defined as “transition layer,” and as
over the mixing layer. This depth dependency does not significantly vary between nonbreaking or breaking wave conditions. A scaling relationship based on the friction velocity, the wave age, and the significant wave height describes the observations best for daytime conditions. For conditions during which convection is important, it is necessary to take buoyancy forcing into account.
Drought Persistence Errors in Global Climate Models
Authors: Moon H. , Gudmundsson L. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: March 2018

The persistence of drought events largely determines the severity of socioeconomic and ecological impacts, but the capability of current global climate models (GCMs) to simulate such events is subject to large uncertainties. In this study, the representation of drought persistence in GCMs is assessed by comparing state‐of‐the‐art GCM model simulations to observation‐based data sets. For doing so, we consider dry‐to‐dry transition probabilities at monthly and annual scales as estimates for drought persistence, where a dry status is defined as negative precipitation anomaly. Though there is a substantial spread in the drought persistence bias, most of the simulations show systematic underestimation of drought persistence at global scale. Subsequently, we analyzed to which degree (i) inaccurate observations, (ii) differences among models, (iii) internal climate variability, and (iv) uncertainty of the employed statistical methods contribute to the spread in drought persistence errors using an analysis of variance approach. The results show that at monthly scale, model uncertainty and observational uncertainty dominate, while the contribution from internal variability is small in most cases. At annual scale, the spread of the drought persistence error is dominated by the statistical estimation error of drought persistence, indicating that the partitioning of the error is impaired by the limited number of considered time steps. These findings reveal systematic errors in the representation of drought persistence in current GCMs and suggest directions for further model improvement.
Characterizing CO and NOy Sources and Relative Ambient Ratios in the Baltimore Area Using Ambient Measurements and Source Attribution Modeling
Authors: Simon Heather , Valin Luke C. , Baker Kirk R. , Henderson Barron H. , Crawford James H. , Pusede Sally E. , Kelly James T. , Foley Kristen M. , Chris Owen R. , Cohen Ronald C. , Timin Brian , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Possiel Norm , Misenis Chris , Diskin Glenn S. , Fried Alan
Published: March 2018

Modeled source attribution information from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model was coupled with ambient data from the 2011 Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality Baltimore field study. We assess source contributions and evaluate the utility of using aircraft measured CO and NOy relationships to constrain emission inventories. We derive ambient and modeled ΔCO:ΔNOy ratios that have previously been interpreted to represent CO:NOy ratios in emissions from local sources. Modeled and measured ΔCO:ΔNOy are similar; however, measured ΔCO:ΔNOy has much more daily variability than modeled values. Sector‐based tagging shows that regional transport, on‐road gasoline vehicles, and nonroad equipment are the major contributors to modeled CO mixing ratios in the Baltimore area. In addition to those sources, on‐road diesel vehicles, soil emissions, and power plants also contribute substantially to modeled NOy in the area. The sector mix is important because emitted CO:NOx ratios vary by several orders of magnitude among the emission sources. The model‐predicted gasoline/diesel split remains constant across all measurement locations in this study. Comparison of ΔCO:ΔNOy to emitted CO:NOy is challenged by ambient and modeled evidence that free tropospheric entrainment, and atmospheric processing elevates ambient ΔCO:ΔNOy above emitted ratios. Specifically, modeled ΔCO:ΔNOy from tagged mobile source emissions is enhanced 5–50% above the emitted ratios at times and locations of aircraft measurements. We also find a correlation between ambient formaldehyde concentrations and measured ΔCO:ΔNOy suggesting that secondary CO formation plays a role in these elevated ratios. This analysis suggests that ambient urban daytime ΔCO:ΔNOy values are not reflective of emitted ratios from individual sources.
Changes in Stratospheric Transport and Mixing During Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: de la Cámara A. , Abalos M. , Hitchcock P.
Published: March 2018

The extreme disruptions of the wintertime stratospheric circulation during sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW) have large effects on tracer concentrations through alterations in transport. This study analyzes the changes in residual circulation and isentropic mixing associated with SSWs, by performing composites using reanalysis (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis Interim) and simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The advective Brewer‐Dobson circulation accelerates around 15 days prior to the wind reversal at 60°N, 10 hPa during the onset of SSWs. Soon afterward, it decelerates, leading to reduced advective transport into the vortex and descent over the pole, which persist for more than 2 months below 30 hPa. The isentropic mixing has a distinct signature in altitude: It is enhanced at the central date of the SSW in the midstratosphere (about 10 hPa or 800 K), and this signal is delayed and more persistent at lower altitudes. It is shown that sufficiently deep SSWs (particularly those related to Polar‐night Jet Oscillation events) have a stronger response in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation and mixing. In particular, both the polar downwelling and the tropical upwelling are anomalously weak in the lower stratosphere for 90 days after the onset of Polar‐night Jet Oscillation events. The redistribution of potential vorticity during the life cycle of SSWs is discussed due to its relevance for the stratospheric circulation. It is shown that the diffusive flux of potential vorticity, calculated in equivalent latitude coordinates, remains anomalously high in the lower stratosphere, a feature that is not seen in more conventional advective eddy fluxes across latitude circles.
Unprecedented 2015/2016 Indo‐Pacific Heat Transfer Speeds Up Tropical Pacific Heat Recharge
Authors: Mayer Michael , Alonso Balmaseda Magdalena , Haimberger Leopold
Published: March 2018

El Niño events are characterized by anomalously warm tropical Pacific surface waters and concurrent ocean heat discharge, a precursor of subsequent cold La Niña conditions. Here we show that El Niño 2015/2016 departed from this norm: despite extreme peak surface temperatures, tropical Pacific (30°N–30°S) upper ocean heat content increased by 9.6 ± 1.7 ZJ (1 ZJ = 1021 J), in stark contrast to the previous strong El Niño in 1997/1998 (−11.5 ± 2.9 ZJ). Unprecedented reduction of Indonesian Throughflow volume and heat transport played a key role in the anomalous 2015/2016 event. We argue that this anomaly is linked with the previously documented intensified warming and associated rising sea levels in the Indian Ocean during the last decade. Additionally, increased absorption of solar radiation acted to dampen Pacific ocean heat content discharge. These results explain the weak and short‐lived La Niña conditions in 2016/2017 and indicate the need for realistic representation of Indo‐Pacific energy transfers for skillful seasonal‐to‐decadal predictions.
Reply to Comment by Nishimura Et Al.
Authors: Mozer F. S. , Hull A. , Lejosne S. , Vasko I. Y.
Published: March 2018

Nishimura et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193186, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016876, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018242, and in their comment, hereafter called N18) have suggested that chorus waves interact with equatorial electrons to produce pulsating auroras. We agree that chorus can scatter electrons >10 keV, as do Time Domain Structures (TDSs). Lower‐energy electrons occurring in pulsating auroras cannot be produced by chorus, but such electrons are scattered and accelerated by TDS. TDSs often occur with chorus and have power in their spectra at chorus frequencies. Thus, the absence of power at low frequencies is not evidence that TDSs are absent, as an example shows. Through examination of equatorial electric field waveforms and electron pitch angle distributions measured on the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites (in place of examining field and particle spectra, as done by Nishimura et al.), we show that chorus cannot produce the field‐aligned electrons associated with pulsating auroras in the Nishimura et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193186) events, but TDSs can. Equatorial field‐aligned electron distributions associated with pulsating auroras and created by TDS in the absence of chorus or any other wave at the equator are also shown.
Causes of Death in Rheumatoid Arthritis: How Do They Compare to the General Population?
Authors: Widdifield Jessica , Paterson J. Michael , Huang Anjie , Bernatsky Sasha
Published: March 2018

Objective

To compare mortality rates, underlying causes of death, excess mortality, and years of potential life lost (YPLL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) relative to the general population.

Methods

We studied an inception cohort of 87,114 Ontario‐based RA patients and 348,456 age/sex/area‐matched general population comparators from years 2000 to 2013. All‐cause, cause‐specific, and excess mortality rates, mortality rate ratios (MRRs), and the YPLL were estimated.

Results

A total of 11,778 RA patients (14%) and 32,472 comparators (9%) died during 508,385 and 1,769,365 patient‐years of follow‐up, respectively, for corresponding mortality rates of 232 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 228–236) and 184 (95% CI 182–186) per 10,000 patient‐years. The leading causes of death in both groups were diseases of the circulatory system, cancer, and respiratory conditions. Increased mortality for all‐cause and specific causes was observed in RA patients relative to the general population. MRRs were elevated for most causes of death. Age‐specific mortality ratios illustrated a high excess mortality among RA patients <45 years of age for respiratory disease and circulatory disease. The YPLL for RA patients was 7,436 per 10,000 persons, compared with 4,083 YPLL among those without RA.

Conclusion

Among most causes of death, mortality rates were increased in RA patients relative to the general population. The potential life years lost (before the age of 75 years) among RA patients was roughly double that among those without RA, reflecting higher rate ratios for most causes of death and RA patients dying at earlier ages.
Vertical 1T‐TaS2 Synthesis on Nanoporous Gold for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Huan Yahuan , Shi Jianping , Zou Xiaolong , Gong Yue , Zhang Zhepeng , Li Minghua , Zhao Liyun , Xu Runzhang , Jiang Shaolong , Zhou Xiebo , Hong Min , Xie Chunyu , Li He , Lang Xingyou , Zhang Qing , Gu Lin , Yan Xiaoqin , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: March 2018

2D metallic TaS2 is acting as an ideal platform for exploring fundamental physical issues (superconductivity, charge‐density wave, etc.) and for engineering novel applications in energy‐related fields. The batch synthesis of high‐quality TaS2 nanosheets with a specific phase is crucial for such issues. Herein, the successful synthesis of novel vertically oriented 1T‐TaS2 nanosheets on nanoporous gold substrates is reported, via a facile chemical vapor deposition route. By virtue of the abundant edge sites and excellent electrical transport property, such vertical 1T‐TaS2 is employed as high‐efficiency electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction, featured with rather low Tafel slopes ≈67–82 mV dec−1 and an ultrahigh exchange current density ≈67.61 µA cm−2. The influence of phase states of 1T‐ and 2H‐TaS2 on the catalytic activity is also discussed with the combination of density functional theory calculations. This work hereby provides fundamental insights into the controllable syntheses and electrocatalytic applications of vertical 1T‐TaS2 nanosheets achieved through the substrate engineering.
Fabrication of a Stable New Polymorph Gold Nanowire with Sixfold Rotational Symmetry
Authors: Lee Seonhee , Bae Changdeuck , Lee Jubok , Lee Subin , Oh Sang Ho , Kim Jeongyong , Park Gyeong‐Su , Jung Hyun Suk , Shin Hyunjung
Published: March 2018

Gold is known as the most noblest metal with only face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure in ambient conditions. Here, stable hexagonal non‐close‐packed (ncp) gold nanowires (NWs), having a diameter of about 50 nm and aspect ratios of well over 400, are reported. Au NWs are grown in the confined system of nanotubular TiO2 arrays via photoelectrochemical reduction of HAuCl4 precursors. Some of the resulting Au NWs are proved to have sixfold rotational symmetry, observed by transmission electron microscopy tilting experiments. This new polymorph is identified as a hexagonal ncp‐structure with lattice parameters of a = 2.884 Å and c = 7.150 Å, showing quite a large interplanar spacing (c/a ≈ 2.48). That is, Au atoms are close‐packed along the ab plane, but each plane is not closely stacked along the c axis like in graphite. The structure is usually expected to be unstable, but the present ncp‐2H gold is stable under ambient conditions and intense electron beam irradiation, and shows thermal stability up to 400 °C. Moreover, the resulting physical properties as a result of the corresponding change in electronic structures are investigated by comparing the optical properties of fcc and ncp‐2H Au NWs.
A Voltage‐Boosting Strategy Enabling a Low‐Frequency, Flexible Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Device
Authors: Lv Hualiang , Yang Zhihong , Wang Paul Luyuan , Ji Guangbin , Song Jizhong , Zheng Lirong , Zeng Haibo , Xu Zhichuan J.
Published: March 2018

Nowadays, low‐frequency electromagnetic interference (<2.0 GHz) remains a key core issue that plagues the effective attenuation performance of conventional absorption devices prepared via the component‐morphology method (Strategy I). According to theoretical calculations, one fundamental solution is to develop a material that possesses a high ε′ but lower ε″. Thus, it is attempted to control the dielectric values via applying an external electrical field, which inducts changes in the macrostructure toward a performance improvement (Strategy II). A sandwich‐structured flexible electronic absorption device is designed using a carbon film electrode to conduct an external current. Simultaneously, an absorption layer that is highly responsive to an external voltage is selected via Strategy I. Relying on the synergistic effects from Strategies I and II, this device demonstrates an absorption value of more than 85% at 1.5–2.0 GHz with an applied voltage of 16 V while reducing the thickness to ≈5 mm. In addition, the device also shows a good absorption property at 25–150 °C. The method of utilizing an external voltage to break the intrinsic dielectric feature by modifying a traditional electronic absorption device is demonstrated for the first time and has great significance in solving the low‐frequency electromagnetic interference issue.
A High Efficacy Self‐Charging MoSe2 Solid‐State Supercapacitor Using Electrospun Nanofibrous Piezoelectric Separator with Ionogel Electrolyte
Authors: Pazhamalai Parthiban , Krishnamoorthy Karthikeyan , Mariappan Vimal Kumar , Sahoo Surjit , Manoharan Sindhuja , Kim Sang‐Jae
Published: March 2018

Self‐charging supercapacitor power cell (SCSPC) received much attention for harvesting and storing energy in an integrated device, which paves the way for developing maintenance free autonomous power systems for various electronic devices. In this work, a new type of SCSPC device is fabricated comprising 2D molybdenum di‐selenide (MoSe2) as an energy storing electrode with polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene/tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (PVDF‐co‐HFP/TEABF4) ion gelled polyvinylidene fluoride/sodium niobate (PVDF/NaNbO3) as the piezopolymer electrolyte. The fabricated SCSPC delivers a specific capacitance of 18.93 mF cm−2 with a specific energy of 37.90 mJ cm−2 at a specific power density of 268.91 µW cm−2 obtained at a constant discharge current of 0.5 mA. The MoSe2 SCSPC device can be self‐charged with the aid of mechanical deformation induced using the applied compressive force, thus making it harvest and store energy. The MoSe2 SCSPC device can be charged up to a maximum of 708 mV under a compressive force of 30 N in 100 s, and the mechanism of charge‐storage is discussed in detail. The experimental findings of this work demonstrate the high efficiency of the fabricated MoSe2 SCSPC device, which can provide new insights for developing sustainable power sources for the next generation wearable electronic applications.
Surface‐Improved Asymmetric Michael Addition Catalyzed by Amino Acids Adsorbed on Laponite
Authors: Szőllősi György , Gombkötő Dániel , Mogyorós Attila Zsolt , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: March 2018

An unprecedented enantioselectivity increase was observed in the presence of inorganic oxides in the asymmetric Michael addition of aldehydes to trans‐β‐nitrostyrene derivatives catalyzed by amino acids. The best results were reached in the l‐proline catalyzed addition of linear aldehydes using laponite RD as additive, approaching those obtained using synthetic chiral organocatalysts. In our study we have shown that the asymmetric Michael addition is catalyzed by the organic‐inorganic hybrid material formed in situ by adsorption of the amino acid on the solid surface. The chiral solid catalyst could be pre‐prepared and recycled several times with maintained stereoselectivities, showing a slow decrease in the activity, which could be restored by adding proline during reuse. Characterization of the chiral hybrid material by FT‐IR spectroscopy and XRD measurements indicated anchoring of the proline on the surface of the laponite particles. Effect of the chiral organocatalyst structure was used to evidence the involvement of both the carboxylic acid and the amino group in anchoring the organic compound on the solid surface. Linear natural amino acids became also active in the asymmetric Michael addition following adsorption on laponite and provided the opposite enantiomer in excess as compared with l‐proline. The heterogeneous catalyst was applied in reactions of various carbonyl compounds and substituted nitrostyrene derivatives. Based on results obtained in this study combined with the previously reported amino acid catalyzed reactions on solid surfaces and the recently revisited reaction mechanism of this asymmetric addition a plausible reaction pathway occurring on the surface was proposed.

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Occupational exposure to asphalt fume can cause oxidative DNA damage among road paving workers
Authors: Bal Ceylan , Ağış Erol R. , Büyükşekerci Murat , Gündüzöz Meşide , Tutkun Lütfiye , Yılmaz Ömer H.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

We designed the present study to determine the effect of occupational exposure to asphalt fumes on oxidative status and DNA damage in road paving workers.

Methods

Sixty road paving workers exposed to asphalt fumes and forty non‐exposed control subjects were recruited. Occupational exposure to PAHs was assessed by urinary 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP) excretion. Serum thiol disulfide homeostasis (TDH), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) and urinary 8‐hydro‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG) level were evaluated by automated colourimetric method.

Results

The urinary concentrations of 1‐OHP and 8‐OH‐dG were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (P < 0.001). Disulfide/thiol ratio, TOS, and TAS were also significantly higher for the asphalt workers. A positive correlation existed between urinary 1‐OHP and 8‐OH‐dG, TOS and TAS.

Conclusion

Study results indicate that exposure to PAHs induces oxidative stress and causes genotoxic effects in asphalt workers.
Engaging populations underrepresented in research through novel approaches to consent
Authors: Kraft Stephanie A. , Doerr Megan
Published: March 2018

The lack of diversity of populations included in genomics databases is an important inhibitor of genomic discovery from bench to bedside. One way to increase the diversity of participants is to ensure that informed consent processes are designed for cultural and linguistic concordance for non‐majority populations. This article describes two case studies of genomics research studies that are using novel approaches to informed consent to increase recruitment and retention of participants from traditionally underrepresented populations: The Cancer Health Assessments Reaching Many (CHARM) study, part of the Clinical Sequencing Evidence‐Generating Research (CSER) consortium, and the All of Us Research Program, part of the Precision Medicine Initiative. We conclude by proposing a community of practice among researchers seeking to improve informed consent to increase diversity in genomics research.
The past, present and future of service delivery in genetic counseling: Keeping up in the era of precision medicine
Authors: Stoll Katie , Kubendran Shobana , Cohen Stephanie A.
Published: March 2018

Precision medicine aims to approach disease treatment and prevention with consideration of the variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person. This focus on the individual is also key to the practice of genetic counseling, whereby foundational professional values prioritize informed and autonomous patient decisions regarding their genetic health. Genetic counselors are ideally suited to help realize the goals of the precision medicine. However, a limited genetic counseling workforce at a time in which there is a rapidly growing need for services is challenging the balance of supply and demand. This article provides historical context to better understand what has informed traditional models of genetic counseling and considers some of the current forces that require genetic counselors to adapt their practice. New service delivery models can improve access to genetic healthcare by overcoming geographical barriers, allowing genetic counselors to see a higher volume of patients and supporting other healthcare providers to better provide genetic services to meet the needs of their patients. Approaches to genetic counseling service delivery are considered with a forward focus to the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for genetic counselors in this age of precision health.
Promotion effect of additive Fe on Al2O3 supported Ni catalyst for CO2 methanation
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Zhao Tingting , Zhang Lijuan
Published: March 2018

In this paper, the effect of additive Fe on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for CO2 methanation was studied. A series of bimetallic Ni–Fe catalysts with different Ni/Fe ratios were prepared by impregnation method. For comparison, monometallic Fe‐based and Ni‐based catalysts were also prepared by the same method. The characterization results showed that adding Fe to Ni catalyst on the premise of a low Ni loading(≦12 wt.%) enhanced CO2 methanation performance. However, when the Ni loading reached 12 wt.%, the catalytic activity decreased with the increase of Fe content, but still higher than the corresponding Ni‐based catalyst without Fe. Among them, the 12Ni3Fe catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 conversion of 84.3 % and nearly 100% CH4 selectivity at 50000 ml g‐1 h‐1 and 420 °C. The enhancement effect of adding Fe on CO2 methanation was attributed to the dual effect of suitable electronic environment and increased reducibility generated by Fe species.
Use of globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) to link herbarium specimen records to physical specimens
Authors: Nelson Gil , Sweeney Patrick , Gilbert Edward
Published: March 2018

With the advent of the U.S. National Science Foundation's Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections program and related worldwide digitization initiatives, the rate of herbarium specimen digitization in the United States has expanded exponentially. As the number of electronic herbarium records proliferates, the importance of linking these records to the physical specimens they represent as well as to related records from other sources will intensify. Although a rich and diverse literature has developed over the past decade that addresses the use of specimen identifiers for facilitating linking across the internet, few implementable guidelines or recommended practices for herbaria have been advanced. Here we review this literature with the express purpose of distilling a specific set of recommendations especially tailored to herbarium specimen digitization, curation, and management. We argue that associating globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) with physical herbarium specimens and including these identifiers in all electronic records about those specimens is essential to effective digital data curation. We also address practical applications for ensuring these associations.
Identification of an Amino Acid Motif in HLA–DRβ1 That Distinguishes Uveitis in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Haasnoot Anne‐Mieke J. W. , Schilham Marco W. , Kamphuis Sylvia , Hissink Muller Petra C. E. , Heiligenhaus Arnd , Foell Dirk , Minden Kirsten , Ophoff Roel A. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Den Hollander Anneke I. , Reinards Tjitske H. C. M. , Hiddingh Sanne , Schalij‐Delfos Nicoline E. , Hoppenreijs Esther P. A. H. , van Rossum Marion A. J. , Wouters Carine , Saurenmann Rotraud K. , van den Berg J. Merlijn , Wulffraat Nico M. ,   ICON‐JIA Study Group, ten Cate Rebecca , de Boer Joke H. , Pulit Sara L. , Kuiper Jonas J. W.
Published: March 2018

Objective

Uveitis is a visually debilitating disorder that affects up to 30% of children with the most common forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The disease mechanisms predisposing only a subgroup of children to uveitis are unknown. This study was undertaken to identify genetic susceptibility loci for uveitis in JIA, using a genome‐wide association study in 522 children with JIA.

Methods

Two cohorts of JIA patients with ophthalmologic follow‐up data were genotyped. Data were then imputed using a genome‐wide imputation reference panel, and an HLA‐specific reference panel was used for imputing amino acids and HLA types in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). After imputation, genome‐wide and MHC‐specific analyses were performed, and a reverse immunology approach was utilized to model antigen presentation at 13 common HLA–DRβ1 alleles.

Results

Presence of the amino acid serine at position 11 (serine 11) in HLA–DRβ1 was associated with an increased risk of uveitis in JIA patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.60, P = 5.43 × 10−10) and was specific to girls (Pfemales = 7.61 × 10−10 versus Pmales = 0.18). Serine 11 resides in the YST motif in the peptide‐binding groove of HLA–DRβ1; all 3 amino acids in this motif are in perfect linkage disequilibrium and show identical association with disease. Quantitative prediction of binding affinity revealed that HLA–DRβ1 alleles with the YST motif could be distinguished on the basis of discernable peptide‐binding preferences.

Conclusion

These findings highlight a genetically distinct, sexually dimorphic feature of JIA with uveitis as compared to JIA without uveitis. The association could be indicative of the potential involvement of antigen presentation by HLA–DRβ1 in the development of uveitis in JIA. The results of this study may advance our progress toward improved treatments for, and possible prevention of, the sight‐threatening complications of uveitis in children with JIA.
Mechanism of Phosphine‐Catalyzed Allene Coupling Reactions: Advances in Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Cui Cheng‐Xing , Shan Chunhui , Zhang Yu‐Ping , Chen Xiao‐Lan , Qu Ling‐Bo , Lan Yu
Published: March 2018

Organocatalysis has emerged as an effective strategy for chemical synthesis. Within this area, phosphine‐catalyzed coupling reactions have attracted considerable attention because of their versatility and wide range of applications in the construction of new C−C bonds. Recently, various experimental studies on the phosphine‐catalyzed coupling reaction of allenes have been reported, and mechanistic and computational studies have also progressed considerably. As a nucleophile, phosphine can react with an allene to form a zwitterionic phosphoniopropenide intermediate. After stepwise cycloaddition and proton transfer, the phosphine catalyst can be regenerated by C−P bond cleavage. Alternatively, the zwitterionic phosphoniopropenide intermediate could also be protonated by a Brønsted acid to generate a phosphonium intermediate, which can be used to construct new C−C bonds by electrophilic addition. In this review, we have summarized details of mechanistic studies of phosphine‐catalyzed allene coupling reactions that follow these two reaction modes. In addition to detailing the reaction pathway, the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the phosphine‐catalyzed allene coupling reaction are also discussed in this review.
Formation of Supramolecular Nanotubes by Self‐assembly of a Phosphate‐linked Dimeric Anthracene in Water
Authors: Yu Hao , Sabetti Mattia , Häner Robert
Published: March 2018

The assembly of supramolecular polymers from a phosphodiester‐linked dimeric anthracene is described. AFM and TEM imaging reveals that the supramolecular polymers self‐assemble into nanotubes in water. Subsequent photodimerization experiments indicate that the supramolecular polymerization occurs via end‐to‐end stacking rather than an interdigitation arrangement of the building blocks.
Discrete-choice experiment to analyse preferences for centralizing specialist cancer surgery services
Authors: Vallejo-Torres L , Melnychuk M , Vindrola-Padros C , Aitchison M , Clarke C S , Fulop N J , Hines J , Levermore C , Maddineni S B , Perry C , Pritchard-Jones K , Ramsay A I G , Shackley D C , Morris S
Published: March 2018

Background

Centralizing specialist cancer surgery services aims to reduce variations in quality of care and improve patient outcomes, but increases travel demands on patients and families. This study aimed to evaluate preferences of patients, health professionals and members of the public for the characteristics associated with centralization.

Methods

A discrete-choice experiment was conducted, using paper and electronic surveys. Participants comprised: former and current patients (at any stage of treatment) with prostate, bladder, kidney or oesophagogastric cancer who previously participated in the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey; health professionals with experience of cancer care (11 types including surgeons, nurses and oncologists); and members of the public. Choice scenarios were based on the following attributes: travel time to hospital, risk of serious complications, risk of death, annual number of operations at the centre, access to a specialist multidisciplinary team (MDT) and specialist surgeon cover after surgery.

Results

Responses were obtained from 444 individuals (206 patients, 111 health professionals and 127 members of the public). The response rate was 52·8 per cent for the patient sample; it was unknown for the other groups as the survey was distributed via multiple overlapping methods. Preferences were particularly influenced by risk of complications, risk of death and access to a specialist MDT. Participants were willing to travel, on average, 75 min longer in order to reduce their risk of complications by 1 per cent, and over 5 h longer to reduce risk of death by 1 per cent. Findings were similar across groups.

Conclusion

Respondents' preferences in this selected sample were consistent with centralization.
Probing the Outstanding Local Hydrophobicity Increases in Peptide Sequences Induced by Incorporation of Trifluoromethylated Amino Acids
Authors: Gadais Charlène , Devillers Emmanuelle , Gasparik Vincent , Chelain Evelyne , Pytkowicz Julien , Brigaud Thierry
Published: March 2018

In order to achieve accurate determination of the local hydrophobicity increases in peptide sequences produced by incorporation of trifluoromethylated amino acids (TfmAAs), the chromatographic hydrophobicity indexes (ϕ0) of three series of tripeptides containing three unnatural trifluoromethylated amino acids have been measured and compared with those of their non‐fluorinated analogues. The hydrophobic contribution of each fluorinated amino acid was quantified by varying the position and the protection of (R)‐ and (S)‐α‐trifluoromethylalanine (TfmAla), (R)‐trifluoromethylcysteine (TfmCys), and (S)‐trifluoromethionine (TFM) in a short peptide sequence. As a general trend, strong increases in hydrophobicity were precisely measured, even exceeding the high hydrophobic contribution of the natural amino acid isoleucine. This study validates the incorporation of trifluoromethylated amino acids into peptide sequences as a rational strategy for the fine‐tuning of hydrophobic peptide–protein interactions.
Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold vs. everolimus‐eluting metallic stent in small vessel disease: A propensity matched analysis of COMPARE II, RAI, and MAASSTAD‐ABSORB studies
Authors: Tarantini Giuseppe , Masiero Giulia , Barioli Alberto , Paradies Valeria , Vlachojannis Georgios , Tellaroli Paola , Cortese Bernardo , di Palma Gaetano , Varricchio Attilio , Ielasi Alfonso , Loi Bruno , Steffenino Giuseppe , Ueshima Daisuke , Mojoli Marco , Smits Pieter
Published: March 2018

Background

Patients with small vessel disease (SVD) are at higher risk of adverse events after PCI compared to non‐SVD patients. In this subset, the use of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) has raised particular concern.

Objective

We aimed to compare outcomes of Absorb BVS versus a 2nd‐generation metallic everolimus‐eluting stents (EES) in the SVD setting, by pooling patients from three large, prospective studies.

Methods

Patients with SVD (reference vessel diameter ≤2.75 mm by QCA) and treated with Absorb BVS were identified in the Italian RAI and the MAASSTAD‐Absorb registries. EES controls were identified in the COMPARE II Trial. We performed a propensity‐score matching using several clinical and angiographic variables. Implantation technique was not object of matching, being device‐specific.

Results

Out of 4635 enrolled subjects, 1147 belonged to the SVD population. After matching, we obtained 337 pairs of patients. High clinical and angiographic complexity was found in both groups. Predilation and postdilation rates were significantly higher in BVS patients. No differences were found in terms of the device‐oriented composite end‐point at 1‐year (HR = 1.08, 95%CI 0.5–2.3, P = .8) and 2‐years (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.68–2.43, P = .5). Notwithstanding, higher incidence of definite/probable stent thrombosis was observed in the BVS group at 1 year (HR 4.7, 95%CI 0.8–31.4, P = .08) and 2‐years (HR = 8.34 95%CI 1.1–60.2, P = .04).

Conclusion

In this propensity‐matched analysis pooling SVD patients of three large prospective studies, incidence of composite device‐related events was comparable between BVS and EES up to 2 years follow‐up. However, higher rates of stent thrombosis were found in the BVS group.
Social Justice in Career Services: Perspectives of University Career Center Directors
Authors: Fickling Melissa J. , Lancaster Chloe , Neal Ashley V.
Published: March 2018

Research indicates that career development practitioners value social justice and desire additional skills to be able to advocate effectively. Many of these practitioners work on college campuses under the supervision of career center directors; however, directors' perspectives on social justice have been missing from the literature. Following the National Career Development Association's mandate to actively practice the professional value of honoring diversity and promoting social justice, we surveyed 11 career center directors regarding advocacy in career services. Results of thematic analysis yielded center directors' insights into both defining and promoting social justice. Participants addressed the roles and responsibilities of career counselors, career center directors, and institutional culture. Implications for practice include the importance of open communication and the need for collaboration inside and outside of the career center. These findings highlight potential areas for future research into best practices for integrating social justice and advocacy in university career services.
Life Balance and Work Addiction Among African Americans
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Reiner Summer M. , Hendricks LaVelle , Washington Ahmad , McNeary Sian , Juhnke Gerald A. , Hunter Quentin
Published: March 2018

A dearth of counseling literature examines the experiences of people of color, including African American women and men, in relation to work–life balance. The authors, therefore, investigated the association between life‐balance domains and work addiction for African Americans. A multiple regression analysis of 115 African American participants (47 men, 68 women) indicated a significant relationship between life‐balance domains and work addiction. In particular, community support was an important indicator of decreased work addiction. Career counselors and mental health counselors need to develop an understanding of how extended familial and social networks assist African American clients in effectively managing work–life balance.
Social Justice and Resilience for African American Male Counselor Educators: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Dollarhide Colette T. , Mayes Renae D. , Dogan Sabri , Aras Yahyahan , Edwards Kaden , Oehrtman J. P. , Clevenger Adam
Published: March 2018

In this phenomenological study, the authors interviewed 4 African American male counselor educators about their social justice efforts. Resulting themes were lifelong commitment to social justice, reaction to resistance, professional and personal support, and the meaning of social justice work. Findings suggest that social justice work can increase professional resilience for African American male counselor educators.
Academic Role and Perceptions of Gatekeeping in Counselor Education
Authors: Schuermann Hope , Avent Harris Janeé R. , Lloyd‐Hazlett Jessica
Published: March 2018

Gatekeeping in counselor education is an ethical responsibility and professional best practice. The authors examined gatekeeping perceptions of 9 counselor educators, with equal representation of assistant professors, associate/full professors, and adjuncts/instructors/lecturers. The authors analyzed data using consensual qualitative research methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, ). Findings include commonalities and differences between academic role groups.
Radical Diazidation of Alkenes: Cu/Fe/Mn Catalysis and Electrochemical Support
Authors: Ahmed Nisar , Khatoon Saira , Shirinfar Bahareh
Published: March 2018

The synthetic routes for C‐N3 bond formation through a radical mechanism with the use of transition metals provide efficient diazide products, which can be further applied in many transformations to synthesize various valuable nitrogen‐containing compounds of pharmaceutical interest. The reported methods evidence stoichiometric heavy metals and toxic reagents (as N3‐source) and generally exhibit a limited substrate scope. However, the electrochemical diazidations are found to be environmentally friendly and very simple, while also providing a highly efficient way to synthesize 1,2‐diazide derivatives. Moreover, they provide a smart alternative for easy access to 1,2‐diamines, which can be used for future modern syntheses.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Aminoboration of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes
Authors: Kato Kodai , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: March 2018

A CuCl/(R,R)‐PTBP‐BDPP‐catalyzed regioselective and enantioselective aminoboration of simple and unactivated terminal alkenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (pinB‐Bpin) and hydroxylamines has been developed. The amino group and boryl group were incorporated at the internal position and terminal position, respectively, and the corresponding chiral β‐borylalkylamines were obtained with good to high enantiomeric ratios. The asymmetric copper catalysis allows rapid and concise transformation of readily available olefinic feedstock‐like materials into functionalized chiral alkylamines of high potential in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Startup of divided wall column for high purity separation of aromatic reformate
Authors: Wu Hao , Shen Benxian , Ling Hao
Published: March 2018

Startup of distillation columns is one of the most difficult operations in the distillation process. Although the design and control of divided wall column (DWC) is mature recently, the startup procedure for divided wall columns still suffers a lack of knowledge. This paper investigates a startup policy of a pilot divided wall column used for high purity separation of an aromatic reformate. The aromatic reformate contains benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p‐xylene, m‐xylene, and o‐xylene. Very high product purities above 99.95 wt% are specified. The proposed startup procedure is consisted of four steps, including total‐reflux, benzene withdrawn, toluene withdrawn, and continuous feeding. This startup procedure has been successfully applied to the DWC pilot plant used for high purity separation of the aromatic reformate. Temperature and composition profiles of each step are presented. These profiles are used for determining the switching points of the near two steps and understanding the dynamic behaviour of the DWC.
PCSK9 inhibitor valuation: A science‐based review of the two recent models
Authors: Baum Seth J. , Cannon Christopher P.
Published: March 2018

Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) has been extensively evaluated. Prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, biology, pathophysiology, genetics, and Mendelian randomization studies, have clearly taught us that LDL‐C causes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The newest class of drugs to lower LDL‐C, the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies, have been found to safely reduce LDL‐C approximately 60% when added to high‐intensity statin therapy. Because their cost is much greater than that of the currently available agents, their value has been questioned. In late August, 2017, two groups assessed the value of this class of drugs looking at cost‐effectiveness; however, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review and Fonarow and colleagues found disparate results when assessing PCSK9 valuation. Herein, we review the evolution of LDL‐C from hypothesis to fact, and then attempt to adjudicate the 2 models, shedding light on the complex modeling process. We find that models of cost‐effectiveness are helpful adjuncts to decision making, but that their conclusions depend on many assumptions. Ultimately, clinician judgment regarding their clinical benefit, balanced by some estimation of cost, may be more productive to target the right patients for whom the benefits can be well‐justified.