bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osmolality is a predictor for model‐based real time monitoring of concentration in protein chromatography
Authors: Felfödi Edith , Scharl Theresa , Melcher Michael , Dürauer Astrid , Wright Kristeena , Jungbauer Alois
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

The bottleneck for real time control and real time release is lack of product‐specific in‐line sensors or fast at‐line methods suitable for model‐based prediction of process outcome. The most common sensors for protein purification are UV absorbance values measured at 280 and 260 nm. They have very high selectivity for proteins which contain aromatic amino acids. The 260 nm signal is more selective for nucleic acids. This work addresses the question if osmolality can be used as an additional predictor for protein purification.

RESULTS

An antibody intermediate purification step in flow‐through mode was evaluated. The flow‐through fractions were collected and then subjected to analysis for antibody concentration and osmolality. UV280, UV260, UV214, pH and conductivity have been measured on‐line by the chromatography workstation. Different combinations of on‐line sensor signals and osmolality have been used to find out if molality is a valuable predictor. The root mean square error was used for assessing the quality of the model‐based prediction of quantity with partial least squares in this chromatography process. Predictors UV280, UV260, UV214, pH and conductivity showed equal root mean square error (0.274) as UV280, UV260, UV214, pH, conductivity and osmolality (0.274). Lowest mean square error (0.244) was found with UV280, UV260 and osmolality as predictors of quantity.

CONCLUSION

Osmolality as an at‐line method is an excellent predictor together with UV280 and UV260 for protein quantity in model‐based prediction using partial least squares methodology. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
HIV risk among young women who sell sex by whether they identify as sex workers: analysis of respondent‐driven sampling surveys, Zimbabwe, 2017
Authors: Hensen Bernadette , Chabata Sungai T , Floyd Sian , Chiyaka Tarisai , Mushati Phillis , Busza Joanna , Birdthistle Isolde , Hargreaves James R , Cowan Frances M
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Across sub‐Saharan Africa, selling sex puts young women at high risk of HIV. Some young women who sell sex (YWSS) may self‐identify as sex workers, while others may not, having implications for how to reach them with HIV prevention. We describe characteristics, sexual behaviours and health service use of YWSS in Zimbabwe, comparing women who identified as female sex workers (FSW) and women who did not (non‐identifying‐YWSS), and explore factors associated with HIV infection.

Methods

We analysed data from respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) surveys among YWSS aged 18 to 24 implemented in six sites in Zimbabwe from April to July 2017. RDS was used to enrol YWSS into an impact evaluation of the multi‐country DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS‐free, Mentored and Safe) Partnership, which provides comprehensive HIV prevention programming to adolescent girls and young women. Women completed an interviewer‐administered questionnaire and were offered HIV testing services. We used logistic regression (RDS‐II‐weighted, normalized by site) to identify factors associated with prevalent HIV infection.

Results

Forty‐four seeds recruited 2387 YWSS. RDS‐adjusted HIV prevalence was 24%; 67% of women identified as FSW. FSW were older and had lower educational attainment than non‐identifying‐YWSS. While 40% of FSW reported 10+ clients in the previous month, 9% of non‐identifying‐YWSS did so. FSW were more likely to have accessed HIV‐related services, including HIV testing in the last six months (FSW: 70%; non‐identifying‐YWSS: 60%). Over half of all YWSS described selling sex as their main financial support (FSW: 88%; non‐identifying YWSS: 54%). Increasing age, lower educational attainment, younger age of first selling sex and higher number of clients in the previous month were associated with prevalent HIV.

Conclusions

YWSS in Zimbabwe have a high prevalence of HIV, reported high numbers of sexual partners and depend financially on selling sex. Non‐identifying‐YWSS differed socio‐demographically to FSW, yet factors associated with HIV risk were similar for all women. Women not identifying as FSW were less likely to access services, suggesting they should be prioritized for HIV prevention. Network‐based recruitment may enhance their inclusion in programmes, like DREAMS, which aim to reach young women at highest‐risk with comprehensive health, HIV prevention and social protection services.
Multifunctional device with an integration of light emitting, photo detective, and energy harvesting
Authors: Zhou Dingjian , Jiang Le , Xu Hao , Yeung Fion , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Li Guijun
Published: December 2019

In this work, we present a multifunctional device based on a heterojunction active layer formed between the halide perovskite and chalcogenide quantum dots. The device is demonstrated with an integration of proof‐of‐concept functions, including a voltage controllable multicolor light‐emitting diode, an efficient energy harvesting device, and a photosensitive detector. The concept of the heterojunction active layer provides a feasible route to design efficient multifunctional devices in the future.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce acute inflammation in the injured rat‐tail intervertebral disc
Authors: Chan Andrew K. , Tang Xinyan , Mummaneni Nikhil V. , Coughlin Dezba , Liebenberg Ellen , Ouyang Annie , Dudli Stefan , Lauricella Michael , Zhang Nianli , Waldorff Erik I. , Ryaby James T. , Lotz Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2019

Pro‐inflammatory cytokines are recognized contributors to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and discogenic pain. We have recently reported the anti‐inflammatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on IVD cells in vitro. Whether these potentially therapeutic effects are sufficiently potent to influence disc health in vivo has not been demonstrated. We report here the effect of PEMF on acute inflammation arising from a rat‐tail IVD injury model. Disc degeneration was induced by percutaneously stabbing the Co6‐7, Co7‐8, and Co8‐9 levels using a 20‐gauge needle. Seventy‐two (72) rats were divided into three groups: sham control, needle stab, needle stab+PEMF. Treated rats were exposed to PEMF immediately following surgery and for either 4 or 7 days (4 hr/d). Stab and PEMF effects were evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokine gene expression (RT‐PCR) and protein levels (ELISA assay), anabolic and catabolic gene expression (RT‐PCR), and histologic changes. We observed in untreated animals that at day 7 after injury, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL‐1β) were significantly increased at both gene and protein levels (P < .05). Similarly, catabolic factors (MMP [metalloproteinases]‐2, MMP‐13 and the transcriptional factor NF‐kβ gene expression) were significantly increased (P < .05). At day 7, PEMF treatment significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression induced by needle stab injury (P < .05). At day 4, PEMF downregulated FGF‐1 and upregulated MMP‐2 compared to the stab‐only group. These data demonstrate that previously reported anti‐inflammatory effects of PEMF on disc cells carry over to the in vivo situation, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Though we observed an inhibitory effect of PEMF on acute inflammatory cytokine expression, a consistent effect was not observed for acute changes in disc histology and anabolic and catabolic factor expression. Therefore, these findings should be further investigated in studies of longer duration following needle‐stab injury.
A high yield method for the direct amidation of long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Wang Man‐Yu , Gang Hong‐Ze , Zhou Lei , Liu Jin‐Feng , Mu Bo‐Zhong , Yang Shi‐Zhong
Published: December 2019

The amidation of long‐chain fatty acids is the key step for preparing surfactants with excellent interfacial activity. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was employed to detect the reactants and products in the direct amidation reactions. The conversion and the concentration of the amides in the reaction process were also investigated to determine the best catalyst, the reaction rate constants, and activation energy. It was identified that the amidation reaction of the long‐chain phenyl fatty acid was a zero‐order reaction and 3,4,5‐trifluorophenylboronic acid was the most effective catalyst by which the activation energy reduced to 55.79 kJ/mol from 95.44 kJ/mol. The method can be applied to other long‐chain fatty acids, saturated or unsatureated. The turning‐over‐temperature was 156°C, over which high yields can be achieved without any catalyst. These provide a reference for the preparation of long‐chain fatty acid amides.
Shear property of oil film containing oiliness additive in narrow gap measured with newly‐developed parallel‐disk viscometer supported by aerostatic bearing
Authors: Hirayama Tomoko , Shibata Shun , Harada Tomoyuki , Hashimoto Yusuke , Yamashita Naoki
Published: December 2019

The shear force of oil film containing an oiliness additive in a narrow gap was measured with a newly developed parallel‐disk viscometer supported by an aerostatic thrust bearing. To evaluate viscometer performance, the shear force of pure base oil was first measured using an oleophobic coated disk. Using the coated disk resulted in interfacial slip between the disk surface and oil, which significantly reduced the shear force compared with that when a noncoated disk was used. Next, the shear force of base oil containing an oiliness additive was measured without using the coated disk. Again it was significantly reduced, especially when the gap was less than 1 μm. The degree of reduction depended on the oiliness additive used. These results demonstrate that an oiliness additive can cause interfacial slip, resulting in friction reduction even in a hydrodynamic lubrication regime with a submicrometer gap.
Algebraic techniques for least squares problem over generalized quaternion algebras: A unified approach in quaternionic and split quaternionic theory
Authors: Wang Gang , Guo Zhenwei , Zhang Dong , Jiang Tongsong
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to present, in a unified manner, algebraic techniques for least squares problem in quaternionic and split quaternionic mechanics. This paper, by means of a complex representation and a real representation of a generalized quaternion matrix, studies generalized quaternion least squares (GQLS) problem, and derives two algebraic methods for solving the GQLS problem. This paper gives not only algebraic techniques for least squares problem over generalized quaternion algebras, but also a unification of algebraic techniques for least squares problem in quaternionic and split quaternionic theory.
An indirect convergent Jacobi spectral collocation method for fractional optimal control problems
Authors: Yang Yin , Zhang Jiaqi , Liu Huan , O. Vasilev Aleksandr
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we present a novel indirect convergent Jacobi spectral collocation method for fractional optimal control problems governed by a dynamical system including both classical derivative and Caputo fractional derivative. First, we present some necessary optimality conditions. Then we suggest a new Jacobi spectral collocation method to discretize the obtained conditions. By the proposed method, we get a system of algebraic equations by solving of which we can approximate the optimal solution of the main problem. Finally, we present a convergence analysis for our method and solve three numerical examples to show the efficiency and capability of the method.
A novel compact circularly polarized tag antenna with differential‐RFIC for EU UHF RFID applications
Authors: Jebbawi Khodor , Egels Matthieu , Pannier Philippe
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a novel compact ultra‐high frequency (UHF) tag antenna for radio frequency identification is presented. This tag uses the Monza‐X from Impinj as a differential radio frequency integrated circuit. A wideband circular polarization was achieved. The frequency range covered for an axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB is from 830 to 903 MHz. The designed antenna is simulated by using the electromagnetic software ansys high frequency structure simulator. The tag antenna is printed on 50 × 50 mm2 of Roger 4350B substrate with a dielectric constant (Ԑr) of 3.66 and thickness of 1.52 mm. The manufactured tag antenna performance has been tested by measuring the reading distance. The measurement results show good values of reading range (RR) especially in the EU Radio Frequency IDentification band. The tag has a maximum RR of about 13.3 m at 865 MHz with an Effective Isotropic Radiated Power of 2 W.
EAU/ESPU guidelines on the management of neurogenic bladder in children and adolescent part II operative management
Authors: Stein Raimund , Bogaert Guy , Dogan Hasan S. , Hoen Lisette , Kocvara Radim , Nijman Rien J. M. , Quaedackers Josine , Rawashdeh Yazan F. , Silay Mesrur S. , Tekgul Serdar , Radmayr Christian
Published: December 2019

Background

Treatment in children and adolescents with a neurogenic bladder is primarily conservative with the goal of preserving the upper urinary tract combined with a good reservoir function of the bladder. However, sometimes—even in childhood—conservative management does not prevent the development of a low‐compliant bladder or overactive detrusor.

Material & Methods

After a systematic literature review covering the period 2000‐2017, the ESPU/EUAU guideline for neurogenic bladder underwent an update.

Results

In these patients, surgical interventions such as botulinum toxin A injections into the detrusor muscle, bladder augmentation, and even urinary diversion may become necessary to preserve the function of the upper (and lower) urinary tracts. The creation of a continent catheterizable channel should be offered to patients with difficulties performing transurethral clean intermittent catheterization. However, a revision rate of up to 50% needs to be considered. With increasing age continence of urine and stool becomes progressively more important. In patients with persistent weak bladder outlets, complete continence can be achieved only by surgical interventions creating a higher resistance/obstruction at the level of the bladder outlet with a success rate of up to 80%. In some patients, bladder neck closure and the creation of a continent catheterizable stoma is an option.

Conclusion

In all these patients close follow‐up is mandatory to detect surgical complications and metabolic consequences early.
Influence of the urethral pressure transducer in measuring Valsalva leak point pressure in women undergoing multichannel urodynamic testing
Authors: Panza Joseph , Hill Bryan , Heft Jessica , Biller Daniel
Published: December 2019

Aims

To determine if the air‐charged urethral sensor balloon currently used in urodynamic testing (UDS) significantly impacts Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) measurements.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study of women undergoing UDS at an academic institution. VLPPs were obtained at 150 mL and urodynamic capacity with and without the urethral pressure sensor in the urethra. VLPP measurements were analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Median and interquartile range are presented.

Results

Sixty‐three patients were enrolled in the study, 53 were included in the primary analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 56.2 ± 12.1 years. Nine patients (16%) solely leaked when the balloon was not present in the urethra either with cough or during VLPP measurement. At both 150 mL and urodynamic capacity, when VLPP testing was performed, there was a significant difference (cmH2O) between the control and intervention values, (76.2 [55.0, 97.0] vs 68.8 [46.3, 93.3], P = .0012; 79.3 [53, 96.5] vs 72.5 [50.8, 92.3], P = .04). There was also a statistically significant difference between the control and intervention values for the lowest leak value at 150 mL and capacity (70.5 [51, 94.5] vs 60.0 [40, 88] P = .002; 73.5 [49.5, 91.5] vs 61 [45, 88], P = .017).

Conclusions

The higher VLPPs obtained with the urethral balloon in place indicate that the balloon may be the cause of falsely elevated VLPPs during urodynamic testing. Additionally, the balloon may mask a diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence in some patients.
Interventions at presentation and discharge for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to reduce unnecessary admissions and readmissions: A scoping review protocol
Authors: MacDonell Rachel , Woods Orla , Prihodova Lucia
Published: December 2019

Aim

This scoping review will gather existing evidence on specific interventions at presentation and discharge which aim to standardize care and/or reduce unnecessary admissions and/or readmissions to hospital for patients presenting with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary (airways) disease.

Design

Scoping review of relevant literature from January 2000–March 2019.

Methods

Database searches for primary evidence in peer‐reviewed journals will be conducted electronically using Web of Science, EMBASE (Elsevier) and PUBMED. Eligibility criteria will include hospital‐based interventions for presentations of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with outcomes specific to standardizing care or reducing unnecessary admissions or readmissions. Abstract, full‐text screening and data extraction will be completed independently by a panel of expert reviewers.

Results

We aim to identify current interventions and improvement approaches in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary (airways) disease care that have an impact on admission and discharge processes or readmissions. Recommendations as a result of this review will aid the design and development of future improvement intervention.
Identifying sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy as a method for assessing treatment failure in comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Carney Greg , Maclure Malcolm , Bassett Ken , Taylor Suzanne , Dormuth Colin R.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To describe and implement a novel method of measuring comparative effectiveness using sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy as a proxy for treatment failure.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using linked deidentified data from the British Columbia Ministry of Health during a government‐sponsored smoking cessation reimbursement program.Three study cohorts were created based on first use of varenicline, bupropion, or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), for adults aged 18 or older, in the period September 30th, 2011 to March 31st, 2013. The study cohorts were analyzed for sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy, defined as re‐initiating a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy after an initial episode of treatment and washout period. The statistical analysis used propensity score adjusted log‐binomial regression models with one‐year and two‐year fixed follow‐up after a 12‐week washout period. A sensitivity analysis excluded the washout period. A secondary analysis investigated predictors of receiving a sequential episode of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy

Results

116,442 participants of the B.C. Smoking Cessation Program were analyzed. Compared to NRT, varenicline users were 13% less likely, and bupropion users were 18% less likely, to re‐start smoking cessation therapy within 1‐year after an initial course of treatment.

Conclusions

Sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy identified treatment failures to smoking cessation therapy. Based on sequential episodes of pharmacotherapy during a drug benefit policy of smoking cessation medications, varenicline and bupropion were more effective aids to smoking cessation than NRT. The method was also used to identify patient characteristics associated with treatment effectiveness
Physico‐Chemical Characterizations of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Cu3(BTC)2 Composite Membranes Prepared by In Situ Crystal Growth
Authors: Missaoui Nadhem , Chaplais Gérald , Josien Ludovic , Michelin Laure , Schrodj Gautier , Haj Said Ayoub
Published: December 2019

In this work, we present a simple and fast method for elaborating hybrid membranes by growing metal–organic framework crystals inside a polymer solution. The solution thus obtained was casted then annealed at 90°C for 5 h. This method was tested with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as a piezoelectric polymer and the Cu3(BTC)2, BTC = 1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylate, as a filler. The characterization of the obtained membranes by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed the presence of the characteristic signatures of Cu3(BTC)2 and the β‐phase of PVDF. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the Cu3(BTC)2 crystallites have grown along the PVDF membranes. The effect of the filler on both thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes was also studied. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:464–473, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Well‐defined, environment‐friendly synthesis of polypeptides based on phosgene‐free transformation of amino acids into urethane derivatives and their applications
Authors: Endo Takeshi , Sudo Atsushi
Published: December 2019

In this study, both naturally occurring and artificial amino acids were successfully transformed into the corresponding urethane derivatives using diphenyl carbonate. The urethanes thus prepared could be efficiently cyclized into amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) without the requirement of phosgene. In addition, the presence of primary amines converted the urethane derivatives into NCAs and initiated the ring‐opening polymerization of the in situ formed NCAs, allowing for the well‐defined synthesis of polypeptides. These polypeptides contained initiating ends functionalized by an amine‐derived residue and propagating ends bearing the reactive amino group. By precise control of the structures of the polypeptides, various polypeptide conjugates such as block copolymers and graft copolymers were successfully synthesized as designed, and their applications in antifouling coatings against proteins, drug delivery systems and biosensors were demonstrated. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Resilience in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis: A pilot feasibility study of the promoting resilience in stress management intervention
Authors: Toprak Demet , Nay Laura , McNamara Sharon , Rosenberg Abby R. , Rosenfeld Margaret , Yi‐Frazier Joyce P.
Published: December 2019

Background

Disease burden in cystic fibrosis (CF) impacts quality of life, distress, and treatment adherence. The promoting resilience in stress management (PRISM), is a brief patient‐focused intervention to promote resilience in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), which may mitigate the negative outcomes, and is proven to be feasible and acceptable in other diseases.

Objective

Our aim was to test the feasibility and acceptability of PRISM among AYAs with CF in addition to collecting pilot data regarding patient‐reported resilience, distress, and quality of life.

Methods

Eligible English speaking, 12 to 21 year patients admitted to the hospital were enrolled. We defined feasibility as 80% completion of all sessions. Acceptability was defined qualitatively based on feedback about timing, content and delivery of intervention. As an exploratory aim, questionnaires measuring resilience (Connor‐Davidson resilience scale), distress (Kessler‐6 scale), and disease‐specific health‐related quality of life (CF questionnaire‐revised [CFQ‐R]) were given at baseline and postintervention.

Results

10 out of 17 (59%) patients consented to participate. Eight were Caucasian, eight female with age range 13 to 20 years (median: 18). Nine completed all PRISM sessions with universally positive feedback. Health perception and respiratory domain scores of the CFQ‐R improved (47.2‐65.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6‐35.6; 50.9‐61.9; 95% CI, 1.7‐19.9, respectively), however in the setting of inpatient exacerbation treatment it would be hard to attribute these changes to PRISM.

Conclusion

PRISM was feasible and highly acceptable among AYAs with CF. Future research is needed to test the efficacy of PRISM among a larger group of patients with CF in a multicenter trial.
Comparison of blast lung injury in infant and adult rabbits
Authors: Yang Ao , Cai Hanzi , Liang Yi , Yuan Danfeng , Dai Wei , Zhao Wenjun , Ming Jianxiong , You Xin , Zhou Jihong
Published: December 2019

Background

A great number of children suffer from blast lung injury (BLI) worldwide, but there is a little basic study on the topic.

Methods

Infant (4‐week‐old) and adult New Zealand rabbits were selected. Comparison of BLI characteristics: 16 infant rabbits were randomly divided into a 4.0 MPa group (n = 8, “IRG4.0MPa”) and a 4.5 MPa group (n = 8, “IRG4.5MPa”) and exposed to shock waves of those magnitudes. Eight adult rabbits were exposed to 4.0 MPa (“ARG4.0MPa”). The severity of BLI was compared among these three groups. Comparison of impact characteristics between infant and adult rabbits at the same scale of BLI: infant and adult rabbits were randomly divided into a control group (n = 8 per age group) and a blast injury group (n = 40 infants, “IRG4.0MPa”; n = 40 adults, “ARG4.5MPa”). The vital signs, physiological indicators, gross anatomy, and light microscope pathology were observed.

Results

The differences in lung injury severity and in abbreviated injury scale (AIS) scores between IRG4.5MPa (87.5%, AIS 4.13 ± 0.64) and ARG4.0MPa (75.5%, AIS 4.18 ± 0.75) were not statistically significant (P > .05); IRG4.0MPa (12.5%, AIS 3.38 ± 0.52) showed a lower proportion of lung injury and lower AIS scores than the others (P < .01). All rabbits showed languor immediately after the injury. The lungs showed tissue rupture, extensive patchy hemorrhage, edema, and inflammatory infiltration. The increase in lung water content was much higher in the IRG than in the ARG (P < .01).

Conclusion

Infant rabbits show better tolerance to lung injury caused by shock waves; infant rabbits show more disturbance on pathophysiological response than adult rabbits.
Indium Phosphide Membrane Nanophotonic Integrated Circuits on Silicon
Authors: Jiao Yuqing , van der Tol Jos , Pogoretskii Vadim , van Engelen Jorn , Kashi Amir Abbas , Reniers Sander , Wang Yi , Zhao Xinran , Yao Weiming , Liu Tianran , Pagliano Francesco , Fiore Andrea , Zhang Xuebing , Cao Zizheng , Kumar Rakesh Ranjan , Tsang Hon Ki , van Veldhoven Rene , de Vries Tjibbe , Geluk Erik-Jan , Bolk Jeroen , Ambrosius Huub , Smit Meint , Williams Kevin
Published: December 2019

Photonic integration in a micrometer‐thick indium phosphide (InP) membrane on silicon (IMOS) offers intrinsic and high‐performance optoelectronic functions together with high‐index‐contrast nanophotonic circuitries. Recently demonstrated devices have shown competitive performances, including high side‐mode‐suppression ratio (SMSR) lasers, ultrafast photodiodes, and significant improvement in critical dimensions. Applications of the IMOS devices and circuits in optical wireless, quantum photonics, and optical cross‐connects have proven their performances and high potential.
Crystal Orientation of Cubic NiO Thin Films Formed on Monoclinic β‐Ga2O3 Substrates
Authors: Nakagomi Shinji , Yasuda Takashi , Kokubun Yoshihiro
Published: December 2019

The crystal orientation relationship between cubic NiO and monoclinic β‐Ga2O3 in NiO thin films formed on , (010), and (001) β‐Ga2O3 substrates is investigated by X‐ray diffraction analysis and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy imaging. The NiO films formed on and (010) β‐Ga2O3 substrates satisfy the orientation relationships NiO (111) [] ‖ β‐Ga2O3 [010] and NiO [] ‖ β‐Ga2O3 (010) [001], respectively. In the NiO films on (001) β‐Ga2O3 substrates, the NiO plane near (133) is parallel to the (001) plane of β‐Ga2O3 under the relationship NiO [] ‖ β‐Ga2O3 [010]. In addition, NiO films also satisfy the relationship NiO (100) ‖ β‐Ga2O3 (100) in each case. That is, for each case of , (010), and (001) β‐Ga2O3 substrates, the relationship of NiO (100) [011] ‖ β‐Ga2O3 (100) [001] is confirmed, consistent with the orientation relationship reported previously for NiO films on (100) β‐Ga2O3 substrates. The crystal orientation relationship is discussed in terms of the atomic arrangement models of NiO and β‐Ga2O3.
Adaptive H∞ sliding mode control of uncertain neutral‐type stochastic systems based on state observer
Authors: Liu Zhen , Yu Jinpeng , Karimi Hamid Reza
Published: December 2019

This paper is focused on the problem of adaptive sliding mode control design for uncertain neutral‐type stochastic systems under a prescribed H∞ performance. A simplified state observer is put forward to estimate the unknown state variables, which could be properly incorporated for establishing a new linear‐type switching surface and the associated adaptive variable structure controller. By virtue of the adaptive control design, unknown matched perturbation and potential uncertainties can be counteracted, and the system trajectories are guaranteed to reach the predefined switching surface within finite moment in almost surely sense, and performance analysis of the closed‐loop dynamics during the sliding surface is carried out with a specified H∞ performance. At last, two illustrative examples through computer simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed scheme.
Gender equity and trust in government: Evidence from South Korea
Authors: Lee Yunsoo
Published: December 2019

Many indicators suggest that the level of gender equity is low in Korea. According to the psychological‐democratic contract theory, because gender inequality calls into question the capacity of government, when citizens perceive low levels of gender equity, they are not likely to trust in government. Despite the importance, relatively little attention is paid to the ramifications of gender equity on trust in government. To fill the void, the objective of this article was to identify the extent to which gender equity affects trust in government. The key findings of the 2009 Korean General Social Survey are as follows: (a) Gender equity positively affects trust in government; (b) Gender equity has a larger effect on female citizen trust in government than male citizen trust in government; and (c) gender equity is more strongly associated with trust in the Supreme Court than other government branches.
Generalized multiple contrast tests in dose‐response studies
Authors: Ma Shiyang , McDermott Michael P.
Published: December 2019

In the process of developing drugs, proof‐of‐concept studies can be helpful in determining whether there is any evidence of a dose‐response relationship. A global test for this purpose that has gained popularity is a component of the multiple comparisons procedure with modeling techniques (MCP‐Mod), which involves the specification of a candidate set of several plausible dose‐response models. For each model, a test is performed for significance of an optimally chosen contrast among the sample means. An overall P‐value is obtained from the distribution of the maximum of the contrast statistics. This is equivalent to basing the test on the minimum of the P‐values arising from these contrast statistics and, hence, can be viewed as a method for combining dependent P‐values. We generalize this idea to the use of different statistics for combining the dependent P‐values, such as Fisher's combination method or the inverse normal combination method. Simulation studies show that the generalized multiple contrast tests (GMCTs) based on the Fisher and inverse normal methods are generally more powerful than the MCP‐Mod procedure based on the minimum of the P‐values except for cases where the true dose‐response model is, in a sense, near the extremes of the candidate set of dose‐response models. The proposed GMCTs can also be used for model selection and dosage selection by employing a closed testing procedure.
Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction in Confined Space: Molecular Conformations of Organocatalyst Affect Chiral Induction
Authors: Patel Hemanshu A. , Gutal Akash , Sahoo Suban K. , Soni Hemant P.
Published: December 2019

We have demonstrated that chiral induction in the aldol product is possible by generating an enzyme‐like cavity in molecular framework of the amphiphlic catalyst. The esters of trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline and long chain fatty acids have been synthesized by O‐acylation. Synthesized molecules were used as organocatalysts for asymmetric direct aldol reaction between 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone.  The molecular framework of the catalyst not only induces the amphiphilicity but also acquires specific conformation leads to formation of catalytic cavity facilitating stereo‐induction in the aldol product. Systematic addition of olefinic bonds in the long hydrocarbon chain makes this cavity more robust stabilizing transition state of the aldol product. By proper tuning of the water content and % loading of the catalyst in aldol reaction, o/w or w/o type emulsion is formed due to aggregation of catalyst molecules. Performance based evaluation of catalytic activity suggests that aldol reaction proceeds with ∼ 99% yield, 84% dr and 97.94% ee in presence of 10% catalyst (having three π bonds),  in an o/w emulsion (85 equiv. of water) within 12 h. The stereoselectivity of the catalyst is almost maintained up to 2.5% loading. The high stereoselectivity of the aldol reaction is maintained even on increasing the amount of water to 300 equiv. A plausible reason has been proposed for retaining the high stereoselectivity and corroborated by computational analysis.
Synthesis of Ce/SiO2 Composited Cross‐Linked Chitosan Flocculation Material and Its Application in Decolorization of Tartrazine Dye
Authors: Liu Mei , Guo Yuchao , Lan Jian , Zhou Ying , Dong Qingqing , Guo Chengyi
Published: December 2019

Ce/SiO2 composited cross‐linked chitosan (C‐CTS‐S), SiO2 composited cross‐linked chitosan (CTS‐S) and Ce composited cross‐linked chitosan (C‐CTS) flocculation materials are successfully synthesized. The structure along with the decolorization performance and mechanism of treating tartrazine dye wastewater are studied. The results show that the prepared materials are new composites rather than the mixture of the raw agents. Some silica species embed in the matrix or stay on the surface of chitosan (CTS) during the compositing process, and form hydrogen bonds with –NH2 or –OH of CTS. Besides, Ce participate coordination with –NH2 and –OH of CTS. C‐CTS‐S has disorder, unobvious porous and loose sheet‐like structure with smaller particles and positive charge. It shows high performance of tartrazine dye decolorization over a wide range of pH, and produces little sewage sludge after flocculation, providing a favorable condition for later processing. In addition, the possible decolorization mechanism is mainly electroneutralization adsorption and the synergistic effect of deposition netting and bridge aggregation.
A Rapid Py‐GC/MS Study for Linear Alpha Olefin Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Wax and Waste Polyethylene
Authors: Ramachandrarao Bojja , Naresh Kottari , Panday Ashoutosh , Venkateswarlu Choudary Nettem
Published: December 2019

The feed and temperature dependent Linear Alpha olefins (LAOs) product distribution in fast pyrolysis of wax and polyethylene plastic waste was investigated by using pyrolysis‐GC‐MS (Py‐GC‐MS) technique. The optimal pyrolysis temperature to obtain the C6 to C14 LAOs was found to be largely dependent on feed carbon length. The shorter the feed, higher the temperature required and vice versa. The wax with carbon numbers C35 to C60 is an ideal feed stock for LAO production with minimal side products
Inner Surface Design of Functional Microchannels for Microscale Flow Control
Authors: Wang Shuli , Yang Xian , Wu Feng , Min Lingli , Chen Xinyu , Hou Xu
Published: December 2019

Fluidic flow behaviors in microfluidics are dominated by the interfaces created between the fluids and the inner surface walls of microchannels. Microchannel inner surface designs, including the surface chemical modification, and the construction of micro‐/nanostructures, are good examples of manipulating those interfaces between liquids and surfaces through tuning the chemical and physical properties of the inner walls of the microchannel. Therefore, the microchannel inner surface design plays critical roles in regulating microflows to enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems for various applications. Most recently, the rapid progresses in micro‐/nanofabrication technologies and fundamental materials have also made it possible to integrate increasingly complex chemical and physical surface modification strategies with the preparation of microchannels in microfluidics. Besides, a wave of researches focusing on the ideas of using liquids as dynamic surface materials is identified, and the unique characteristics endowed with liquid–liquid interfaces have revealed that the interesting phenomena can extend the scope of interfacial interactions determining microflow behaviors. This review extensively discusses the microchannel inner surface designs for microflow control, especially evaluates them from the perspectives of the interfaces resulting from the inner surface designs. In addition, prospective opportunities for the development of surface designs of microchannels, and their applications are provided with the potential to attract scientific interest in areas related to the rapid development and applications of various microchannel systems.
Social Justice in Housing
Authors: Wagner Rachel , Boettcher Michelle L. , Howard Jimmy L. , Cawthon Tony W.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides an overview of social justice as both process and outcome. It introduces a working definition for social justice that is equity‐focused rather than deficit‐focused. This first chapter sets a foundation for examining social justice practices in the context of university housing programs.
An engineering condition indicator for condition monitoring of wind turbine bearings
Authors: Hu Aijun , Xiang Ling , Zhu Lijia
Published: December 2019

Condition monitoring (CM) of wind turbine becomes significantly important part of wind farms in order to cut down operation and maintenance costs. The large amount of CM system vibration data collected from wind turbines are posing challenges to operators in signal processing. It is crucial to design sensitive and reliable condition indicator (CI) in wind turbine CM system. Bearing plays an important role in wind turbine because of its high impact on downtime and component replacement. CIs for wind turbine bearing monitoring are reviewed in the paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of these indicators are discussed in detail. A new engineering CI (ECI), which combined the energy and kurtosis representation of the vibration signal, is proposed to meet the requirement of easy applicability and early detection in wind turbine bearing monitoring. The quantitative threshold setting method of the ECI is provided for wind turbine CM practice. The bearing run‐to‐failure experiment data analysis demonstrates that ECI can evaluate the overall condition and is sensitive to incipient fault of bearing. The effectiveness in engineering of ECI is validated though a certain amount of real‐world wind turbine generator and gearbox bearing vibration data.
Aerodynamic loads on wind turbine nacelles under different inflow turbulence conditions
Authors: Goit Jay Prakash , Ishihara Takeshi
Published: December 2019

The aerodynamic loads on wind turbine nacelles for range of inflow turbulence conditions are investigated. To this end, a series of wind tunnel experiments are conducted to investigate pressure field distributions over the surface of scaled models of rectangular and ellipsoidal nacelles. It is found that the mean pressure fields on the roof of the rectangular nacelle are similar for all the inflow turbulence cases for respective yaw angles. However, when yaw angle is around 90°, the mean pressure coefficient becomes more negative close to upstream edge with increasing inflow turbulence. For the ellipsoidal nacelle, the magnitude of the mean pressure coefficient increases with decreasing inflow turbulence in the adverse pressure gradient region, although the minimum peak pressure coefficient remains unaffected by inflow turbulence. The overall effect of wind‐induced load on the nacelle surfaces is evaluated by computing force coefficients from the pressure data. It is observed that the peak force coefficients for both rectangular and ellipsoidal nacelles increase with increasing inflow turbulence. The models for the estimation of peak aerodynamic loads on the nacelle surfaces are proposed as functions of inflow turbulence and mean force coefficients and show satisfactory agreement with measurements. Finally, the loads calculated by the GL guideline are compared against the measurements. It is found that the guideline estimation is conservative for design load case (DLC) 6.1, but it underestimates the load by about 35% for DLC 6.2 when the inflow turbulence intensity is 13.2%.
Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Towards a Nordic Model of the Responsible University?
Authors: Pinheiro Rómulo , Geschwind Lars , Kekäle Jouni , Sørensen Mads P.
Published: December 2019

This concluding chapter takes stock of the major elements, both empirical and conceptual, that underpin the case chapters presented in the book. The chapter is organised in three distinct sections. First, addressing a largely scientific audience, the chapter attempts to make conceptual sense of the findings from an organisational theory perspective. Second, it shifts focus to the wider community of practitioners (policy makers, advisers, university managers and administrators, etc.) by shedding light on the practical implications of the volume’s core findings for both policy and practice. Third, the chapter once again addresses an academic audience by sketching out the road ahead regarding future studies in the area.
Responsible University: In Search of HR and Leadership Solutions
Authors: Kekäle Jouni , Varis Jenni
Published: December 2019

We define a responsible university here as an institution that carries out quality research and teaching that responds to the needs of society and aims at solving certain global problems of humankind, while venerating the fundamental freedom of science. Especially researchers are crucial for accomplishment of these goals. By describing development projects at the University of Eastern Finland (UEF), we focus on how a university can foster strategic aims towards solving global problems, while becoming more responsible in the process by the means of HR measures. The chapter describes HR ideas found in the course of the iterative and interactive development of leadership and recruitment processes. We present a model that sheds light on key issues in leadership and recruitment in the aim of becoming a responsible university. The model also draws together the outcomes of the development projects described. The model was discussed with, and was approved by, the academic leaders at the UEF.
Engaging Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Responsible Innovation
Authors: Flick Catherine , Fisk Malcolm , Ogoh George
Published: December 2019

A significant part of responsible innovation is engagement with diverse groups of stakeholders; this remains true for projects investigating responsible innovation practices. This chapter discusses strategies for engaging small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in co-creating visions of and plans for implementing responsible innovation, drawing on the example of engagement with United Kingdom cyber security companies. The key aspect of the engagement was building trust between the responsible innovation researchers and the companies. Trust was built by a movement away from traditional recruitment procedures for research projects, towards proactive engagement with the culture and traditions of the sector – participating in company sponsored talks and conferences, finding ways to communicate effectively, and ensuring a tailored message that fit the expectations and requirements of the sector. This chapter reviews the context in which the recruitment took place, the assumptions made prior to recruitment, the approaches taken, the revisions made to these approaches, and ultimately offers some general recommendations for industry engagement in responsible innovation activities.
Vertical integration for climate change adaptation in the water sector: lessons from decentralisation in Africa and India
Authors: Ziervogel Gina , Satyal Poshendra , Basu Ritwika , Mensah Adelina , Singh Chandni , Hegga Salma , Abu Thelma Zulfawu
Published: December 2019

Vertical integration, which creates strategic linkages between national and sub-national levels, is being promoted as important for climate change adaptation. Decentralisation, which transfers authority and responsibility to lower levels of organisation, serves a similar purpose and has been in place for a number of decades. Based on four case studies in semi-arid regions in Africa and India, this paper argues that vertical integration for climate change adaptation should reflect on lessons from decentralisation related to governing natural resources, particularly in the water sector. The paper focuses on participation and flexibility, two central components of climate change adaptation, and considers how decentralisation has enhanced or undermined these. The findings suggest that vertical integration for adaptation will be strengthened if a number of lessons are considered, namely (i) actively seek equitable representation from marginal and diverse local groups drawing on both formal and informal participation structures, (ii) assess and address capacity deficits that undermine flexibility and adaptive responses, especially within lower levels of government, and (iii) use hybrid modes of governance that include government, intermediaries and diverse local actors through both formal and informal institutions to improve bottom-up engagement.
Modal Analysis of a Laminar-Flow Airfoil under Buffet Conditions at Re = 500,000
Authors: Zauner Markus , Sandham Neil D.
Published: December 2019

An airfoil undergoing transonic buffet exhibits a complex combination of unsteady shock-wave and boundary-layer phenomena, for which prediction models are deficient. Recent approaches applying computational fluid mechanics methods using turbulence models seem promising, but are still unable to answer some fundamental questions on the detailed buffet mechanism. The present contribution is based on direct numerical simulations of a laminar flow airfoil undergoing transonic buffet at Mach number M = 0.7 and a moderate Reynolds number Re = 500, 000. At an angle of attack α = 4∘, a significant change of the boundary layer stability depending on the aerodynamic load of the airfoil is observed. Besides Kelvin Helmholtz instabilities, a global mode, showing the coupled acoustic and flow-separation dynamics, can be identified, in agreement with literature. These modes are also present in a dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) of the unsteady direct numerical solution. Furthermore, DMD picks up the buffet mode at a Strouhal number of St = 0.12 that agrees with experiments. The reconstruction of the flow fluctuations was found to be more complete and robust with the DMD analysis, compared to the global stability analysis of the mean flow. Raising the angle of attack from α = 3∘ to α = 4∘ leads to an increase in strength of DMD modes corresponding to type C shock motion. An important observation is that, in the present example, transonic buffet is not directly coupled with the shock motion.