bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteoclast-like cells express receptor activity modifying protein 2: application of laser capture microdissection
Authors: Nakamura M , Morimoto S , Yang Q , Hisamatsu T , Hanai N , Nakamura Y , Mori I , Kakudo K
Published: February 2005

Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) act as receptor modulators that determine the ligand specificity of receptors for the calcitonin (CT) family. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of RAMPs in osteoclast-like cells using the laser capture microdissection (LCM) technique. Mouse bone marrow and spleen cells were co-cultured on a film designed for LCM. After 10 days, 250 osteoclast-like cells were captured using the LCM system. Total RNA from these cells was used to synthesize cDNA and RT-PCR analysis was performed. Osteoclast-like cells expressed CT receptor (CTR), CT receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and RAMP2, but did not express RAMP1 or RAMP3. These results indicated (1) that a pure population of osteoclast-like cells can be prepared by LCM and gene expression of this population can be analyzed by RT-PCR and (2) that RT-PCR shows that osteoclast-like cells express RAMP2, CTR and CRLR, suggesting the potential for adrenomedullin binding to osteoclast-like cells. This is the first report that osteoclast-like cells express RAMP2.
The role of protein kinase A pathway and cAMP responsive element-binding protein in androgen receptor-mediated transcription at the prostate-specific antigen locus
Authors: Kim J , Jia L , Stallcup M R , Coetzee G A
Published: February 2005

Androgen-independent prostate cancer is a lethal form of the disease that is marked by metastasis and rapid proliferation in its final stages. As no effective therapy for this aggressive tumor currently exists, it is imperative to elucidate and target the mechanisms involved in the progression to androgen independence. Accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) via signal transduction pathways, AR gene mutation and/or amplification, and/or coregulator alterations may contribute to the progression of prostate cancer. In the present study, the effects of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling and its downstream factors on AR activity at the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene were tested. Activation of PKA by forskolin resulted in enhanced androgen-induced expression of the PSA gene, an effect that was blocked by the AR antagonist, bicalutamide. Interestingly, when either p300 or CBP was overexpressed, PKA activation was sufficient to stimulate PSA promoter-driven transcription in the absence of androgen, which was not inhibited by bicalutamide. PKA activation did not significantly alter AR protein levels but significantly increased the phosphorylated form of its downstream effector, cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in the presence of androgen. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the combination of androgen and forskolin increased phosphorylated CREB occupancy, which was accompanied by histone acetylation, at the putative cAMP responsive element located in the 5′ upstream regulatory region of the PSA gene. Remarkably, mammalian two-hybrid assay indicated that p300/CBP may bridge the interaction between AR and CREB, suggesting a novel enhanceosomal cooperation. These results demonstrate an intriguing interplay between a signal transduction pathway, coactivator overexpression and AR signaling as a possible combined mechanism of progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Effect of ultrasonic oscillations on the rheological behavior and morphology of Illite‐filled high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Li Yuntao , Chen Guangshun , Guo Shaoyun , Li Huilin
Published: February 2005

The effects of ultrasonic oscillations on the rheological and viscoelastic properties and morphology of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/Illite (70/30) composites were studied. The experimental results showed that the die pressure and apparent viscosity of the HDPE/Illite (70/30) composites were reduced greatly, and so the mass‐flow rate significantly increased in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations during the extrusion. Scanning electron microscopy and linear viscoelasticity tests showed that ultrasonic oscillations improved the dispersion of the Illite particles into the HDPE matrix. The aggregation of the Illite particles disappeared on the fractured surfaces of HDPE/Illite (70/30) composites extruded in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations, and this indicated that ultrasonic oscillations promoted the homogeneous dispersion of Illite particles into the HDPE matrix. Ultrasonic oscillations caused the permanent reduction of the dynamic viscosity and zero‐shear viscosity of HDPE/Illite (70/30) composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 379–384, 2005
Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health‐related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: Results from the scleroderma lung study
Authors: Khanna Dinesh , Clements Philip J. , Furst Daniel E. , Chon Yun , Elashoff Robert , Roth Michael D. , Sterz Mildred G. , Chung Joannie , FitzGerald John D. , Seibold James R. , Varga John , Theodore Arthur , Wigley Fredrick M. , Silver Richard M. , Steen Virginia D. , Mayes Maureen D. , Connolly M. Kari , Fessler Barri J. , Rothfield Naomi F. , Mubarak Kamal , Molitor Jerry , Tashkin Donald P.
Published: February 2005

Objective

To determine whether baseline self‐assessment measures of health status and physiologic indices of disease severity in alveolitis‐positive patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) correlate with the severity of their dyspnea, and to quantify functional impairment in patients with scleroderma lung disease and compare it with that in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

SSc patients (n = 138) with diffuse (n = 81) or limited (n = 57) cutaneous disease and active alveolitis (determined by bronchoalveolar lavage and/or high‐resolution computed tomography) who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored, multicenter, parallel‐group, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of oral cyclophosphamide for treatment of SSc‐associated interstitial lung disease were evaluated. Pearson's univariate correlations were determined between the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scales, functional questionnaires, and physiologic parameters of breathing (forced vital capacity [FVC] and single‐breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide [DLCO]). Student's t‐test was used to compare subgroups. Scores from 2 instruments for self‐assessment of breathlessness, Mahler's baseline dyspnea index (BDI) and a visual analog scale (VAS) for breathing, were divided at the median. Values for the DLCO and FVC (% predicted) were divided based on the American Thoracic Society guidelines for mild (>70% of predicted), moderate (50–70% of predicted), and severe (<50% of predicted) physiologic impairment.

Results

Scores on the BDI and VAS for breathing were highly correlated (r = −0.61). The PCS and MCS were able to differentiate patients with more breathlessness (measured by BDI and VAS for breathing) and more abnormal physiologic measures (FVC and DLCO). In SSc patients with alveolitis, all 8 domains of the SF‐36 were significantly impaired as compared with the healthy population and were similar to those reported by patients with COPD.

Conclusion

The SF‐36 was able to discriminate between scleroderma lung disease patients with more severe and less severe breathlessness, the primary symptom of active alveolitis. The SF‐36 complements the BDI and VAS scores for breathing in scleroderma lung disease and is variably correlated with results of pulmonary function tests, suggesting that the SF‐36 should be included as an outcome measure in intervention trials in this population.
Reversal of ongoing proteinuria in autoimmune mice by treatment with C‐reactive protein
Authors: Rodriguez Wilfredo , Mold Carolyn , Kataranovski Milena , Hutt Julie , Marnell Lorraine L. , Du Clos Terry W.
Published: February 2005

Objective

To examine the ability of injection of C‐reactive protein (CRP) to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the (NZB × NZW)F1 (NZB/NZW) mouse and to use a nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) model to further examine the mechanism of this activity.

Methods

NZB/NZW mice were given a single injection of 200 μg of CRP prior to disease onset or after the onset of high‐grade proteinuria. Mice were monitored weekly for proteinuria and monthly for anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibodies. NTN was induced by immunization with rabbit IgG followed by rabbit anti‐mouse glomerular basement membrane. Proteinuria was measured daily, and renal pathology was scored. CRP was injected at the time of disease induction or 9 days later.

Results

Treatment of NZB/NZW mice with CRP prior to disease onset delayed the onset of high‐grade proteinuria by 16 weeks (P < 0.0001) and prolonged survival by 13 weeks (P < 0.002). CRP treatment of NZB/NZW mice during acute disease rapidly decreased proteinuria, and the treated mice remained aproteinuric for at least 10 weeks. Control and CRP‐treated mice developed similar levels of anti‐dsDNA. In C57BL/6 mice, injection of CRP either before or after induction of NTN suppressed proteinuria and glomerular pathology. CRP was completely ineffective in treating NTN in interleukin‐10 (IL‐10)–deficient mice.

Conclusion

CRP injection suppresses inflammation in the kidney in SLE and NTN. The requirement for IL‐10 in this protection suggests that CRP must rapidly initiate an IL‐10–dependent antiinflammatory process. These findings suggest that a major function of CRP during the acute‐phase response is to limit tissue damage and modulate acute inflammation.
SLC22A4 polymorphisms implicated in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a Canadian Caucasian population
Authors: Newman Bill , Wintle Richard F. , van Oene Mark , Yazdanpanah Mehrdad , Owen Julie , Johnson Ben , Gu Xiangjun , Amos Christopher I. , Keystone Edward , Rubin Laurence A. , Siminovitch Katherine A.
Published: February 2005

Objective

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC22A4 gene encoding the organic cation transporter OCTN1 have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Japanese population and with Crohn's disease in a Canadian cohort. The RA‐associated and Crohn's disease–associated SNPs include, respectively, an intronic variant (slc2F2) and an exonic variant (1672T). We used a case–control approach to investigate the prevalence of these variants in a Canadian RA cohort and to determine whether RA and Crohn's disease share SLC22A4 susceptibility alleles.

Methods

Nine hundred eighteen unrelated patients with RA, 507 patients with Crohn's disease, and 623 healthy controls were genotyped for the putatively RA‐associated slc2F1 and slc2F2 variants and the Crohn's disease–associated SLC22A4 1672T variant.

Results

Neither slc2F1 nor slc2F2 showed evidence for association with RA, the allele frequencies of these variants being significantly different in the Canadian population compared with those reported in the Japanese population, but not significantly different between patients with RA and controls. In addition, associations between the 1672T Crohn's disease risk allele and RA or between the slc2F1‐A and slc2F2‐T risk alleles and Crohn's disease were not detected in this study cohort, and the latter 2 alleles were not in linkage disequilibrium with the 1672T variant.

Conclusion

These observations do not support roles for any of the previously identified SLC22A4 disease risk alleles in RA susceptibility in the Canadian population. The slc2F1/slc2F2 risk alleles were not associated with Crohn's disease nor in linkage disequilibrium with the Crohn's disease–associated 1672T variant, and accordingly, also appear to be irrelevant to Crohn's disease susceptibility in the population under study.
Entropic interaction chromatography: Separating proteins on the basis of size using end‐grafted polymer brushes
Authors: Pang Peter , Koska Jürgen , Coad Bryan R. , Brooks Donald E. , Haynes Charles A.
Published: February 2005

Partitioning of a macromolecule into the interfacial volume occupied by a grafted polymer brush decreases the configurational entropy (ΔS) of the terminally attached linear polymer chains due to a loss of free volume. Self‐consistent field theory (SCF) calculations are used to show that ΔS is a strong function of both the size (MWp) of the partitioning macromolecule and the depth of penetration into the brush volume. We further demonstrate that the strong dependence of ΔSbrushc on MWp provides a novel and powerful platform, which we call entropic interaction chromatography (EIC), for efficiently separating mixtures of proteins on the basis of size. Two EIC columns, differing primarily in polymer grafting density, were prepared by growing a brush of poly(methoxyethyl acrylamide) chains on the surface of a wide‐pore (1,000‐Å pores, 64‐μm diameter rigid beads) resin (Toyopearl AF‐650M) bearing surface aldehyde groups. Semipreparative 0.1‐L columns packed with either EIC resin provide reduced‐plate heights of 2 or less for efficient separation of globular protein mixtures over at least three molecular‐weight decades. Protein partitioning within these wide‐pore EIC columns is shown to be effectively modeled as a thermodynamically controlled process, allowing partition coefficients (KP) and elution chromatograms to be accurately predicted using a column model that combines SCF calculation of KP values with an equilibrium‐dispersion type model of solute transport through the column. This model is used to explore the dependence of column separation efficiency on brush properties, predicting that optimal separation of proteins over a broad MWp range is achieved at low to moderate grafting densities and intermediate chain lengths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An individual treatment programme for sexually abused adult males: description and preliminary findings
Authors: Romano Elisa , De Luca Rayleen V.
Published: February 2005

Growing recognition of male sexual abuse and its potentially debilitating effects has underscored the need to develop effective treatment interventions for this population. The present study describes an individual treatment programme that was developed for adult males who have experienced childhood sexual abuse. The treatment programme focused on three areas related to sexual abuse, specifically feelings of self‐blame, anger and anxiety. The study also presents preliminary findings on treatment effects, using self‐report measures that five participants completed prior to treatment and at various assessments following treatment termination. Overall findings indicated improvements in behavioural self‐blame, anger, state anxiety and trait anxiety. Treatment did not appear to have an effect on characterological self‐blame over the long term. The study's findings are limited by the reliance on self‐report data and the absence of a comparison group. As such, our findings should be viewed as an initial contribution to the currently limited empirical data on treatment effects for sexually abused adult males. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines by Using a Biomimetic Coupled Catalytic System
Authors: Samec Joseph S. M. , Éll Alida H. , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: February 2005

Efficient aerobic oxidation of amines was developed by the use of a biomimetic coupled catalytic system involving a ruthenium‐induced dehydrogenation. The principle for this aerobic oxidation is that the electron transfer from the amine to molecular oxygen occurs stepwise via coupled redox systems and this leads to a low‐energy electron transfer. A substrate‐selective ruthenium catalyst dehydrogenates the amine and the hydrogen atoms abstracted are transported to an electron‐rich quinone (2 a). The hydroquinone thus formed is subsequently reoxidized by air with the aid of an oxygen‐activating [Co(salen)]‐type complex (27). The reaction can be used for the preparation of ketimines and aldimines in good to high yields from the appropriate corresponding amines. The reaction proceeds with high selectivity, and the catalytic system tolerates air without being deactivated. The rate of the dehydrogenation was studied by using quinone 2 a as the terminal oxidant. A catalytic cycle in which the amine promotes the dissociation of the dimeric catalyst 1 is presented.
Neue Modifikationen des Phosphors
Authors: Bräu Michael , Pfitzner Arno
Published: February 2005

Kürzlich konnten zwei neue Modifikationen des schon lange bekannten Elementes identifiziert werden: Es handelt sich um Phosphor in Form von Polymeren mit Durchmessern von weniger als 50 pm.
A proposed explanation for female predominance in alveolar soft part sarcoma
Authors: Bu Xiangdong , Bernstein Leslie
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Alveolar soft‐part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor with both clinically and morphologically distinct features. It often involves the extremities of adolescents and young adults and shows a predilection for females. Recently, ASPS was found to have a nonreciprocal der(17)t(X;17) translocation with the corresponding fusion gene located in chromosome 17. Because females have an extra X‐chromosome, their likelihood of developing an X;autosome translocation is theoretically double that of males, and thus, this extra X‐chromosome is a likely explanation for female predominance of ASPS.

METHODS

The authors used data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry program, which included 87 ASPS cases (33 males and 54 females), and published ASPS cases, which included 317 cases (121 males and 196 females), to test our hypothesis. The authors compared the observed proportion of female cases with that expected under the two X‐chromosomes–double‐risk hypothesis including the consideration of X‐inactivation status.

RESULTS

The hypothesis that the fusion gene is not subject to X‐inactivation is supported by data (P = 0.6, 0.24, and 0.20 for SEER cases, published cases, and their combination, respectively). In contrast, the competing hypothesis that the fusion gene is subject to X‐inactivation is rejected (P = 0.007, < 0.00001, and < 0.00001 for SEER cases, published cases, and their combination, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the authors found a statistical association between the female predominance observed in ASPS and female possession of an extra X‐chromosome/noninactivation of the ASPS X;autosome translocation fusion gene. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Mass transit: Epithelial morphogenesis in the Drosophila egg chamber
Authors: Horne‐Badovinac Sally , Bilder David
Published: February 2005

Epithelial cells use a striking array of morphogenetic behaviors to sculpt organs and body plans during development. Although it is clear that epithelial morphogenesis is largely driven by cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in cell adhesion, little is known about how these processes are coordinated to construct complex biological structures from simple sheets of cells. The follicle cell epithelium of the Drosophila egg chamber exhibits a diverse range of epithelial movements in a genetically accessible tissue, making it an outstanding system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis. In this review, we move chronologically through the process of oogenesis, highlighting the dynamic movements of the follicle cells. We discuss the cellular architecture and patterning events that set the stage for morphogenesis, detail individual cellular movements, and focus on current knowledge of the cellular processes that drive follicle cell behavior. Developmental Dynamics 232:559–574, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Enantiopure Bis(thioether) and Bis(sulfoxide) Ligands from Benzothiophene
Authors: Madec David , Mingoia Francesco , Macovei Cristian , Maitro Guillaume , Giambastiani Giuliano , Poli Giovanni
Published: February 2005

The C2‐symmetric compound 2,3,2,3‐tetrahydro‐2,2‐bi(benzo[b]thiophenyl) and three diastereomeric bis(oxide) derivatives can be synthesized in a few steps from benzo[b]‐thiophene by oxidative homocoupling of (R)‐2,3‐dihydro‐benzo[b]thiophene 1‐oxide. This new family of enantiopure bis(thioether) and bis(sulfoxide) ligands forms stable chelating PdII complexes. The fused pentacyclic structure of the complexes imparts a rigid chiral environment around the metal centre. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Simple solutions to the initial conditions problem in dynamic, nonlinear panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity
Authors: Wooldridge Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2005

I study a simple, widely applicable approach to handling the initial conditions problem in dynamic, nonlinear unobserved effects models. Rather than attempting to obtain the joint distribution of all outcomes of the endogenous variables, I propose finding the distribution conditional on the initial value (and the observed history of strictly exogenous explanatory variables). The approach is flexible, and results in simple estimation strategies for at least three leading dynamic, nonlinear models: probit, Tobit and Poisson regression. I treat the general problem of estimating average partial effects, and show that simple estimators exist for important special cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of gypsum/brucite mixed precipitate instead of gypsum in Portland cement
Authors: Agatzini‐Leonardou S , Karidakis T , Tsakiridis PE
Published: February 2005

The possibility of replacing the natural gypsum used in cement production by a chemical precipitate consisting of gypsum (CaSO4 ·2H2O) and brucite (Mg(OH)2), was investigated. This precipitate is a by‐product of a new hydrometallurgical process, which was developed in order to treat economically low‐grade nickel oxide ores. More specifically, it is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of magnesium at temperatures not exceeding 80 °C, from sulfate solutions which result from heap leaching of nickel oxide ores with dilute sulfuric acid at ambient temperature, using calcium hydroxide as a neutralizing agent. The mixture generally consists of 20–30% non‐fibrous magnesium hydroxide, 60–75% gypsum and any excess of calcium hydroxide, depending on the precipitation conditions. In the present work, a mixture was produced by hydrolytic precipitation at 25 °C, using 1.1 times the stoichiometric quantity of Ca(OH)2 required to precipitate all of the magnesium. The possibility of using the above precipitate as a substitute for gypsum in cement was examined by testing four different cement mixtures, one reference sample, containing 4.5% gypsum and 0.5% anhydrite ((PC)Ref) and another three with 4.1%, 5.2% and 6.3% of gypsum/brucite mixed precipitate ((PC)B/G), in the place of gypsum. All samples were tested by determining the grindability, setting time, expansion and compressive strength. The results of the physico‐mechanical tests showed that the replacement of natural gypsum by the above precipitate did not affect negatively the quality of the produced cements. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Altered extracellular striatal in vivo biotransformation of the opioid neuropeptide dynorphin A(1–17) in the unilateral 6‐OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Klintenberg Rebecka , Andrén Per E.
Published: February 2005

The in vivo biotransformation of dynorphin A(1–17) (Dyn A) was studied in the striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats by using microdialysis in combination with nanoflow reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/electrospray time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The microdialysis probes were implanted into both hemispheres of unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesioned rats. Dyn A (10 pmol µl−1) was infused through the probes at 0.4 µl min−1 for 2 h. Samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The results showed for the first time that there was a difference in the Dyn A biotransformation when comparing the two corresponding sides of the brain. Dyn A metabolites 1–8, 1–16, 5–17, 10–17, 7–10 and 8–10 were detected in the dopamine‐depleted striatum but not in the untreated striatum. Dyn A biotransformed fragments found in both hemispheres were N‐terminal fragments 1–4, 1–5, 1–6, 1–11, 1–12 and 1–13, C‐terminal fragments 2–17, 3–17, 4–17, 7–17 and 8–17 and internal fragments 2–5, 2–10, 2–11, 2–12, and 8–15. The relative levels of these fragments were lower in the dopamine‐depleted striatum. The results imply that the extracellular in vivo processing of the dynorphin system is being disturbed in the 6‐OHDA‐lesion animal model of Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in glutathione metabolism in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Liu Honglei , Harrell Lindy E. , Shenvi Swapna , Hagen Tory , Liu Rui‐Ming
Published: February 2005

The mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age‐related neurodegenerative disease, is still an area of significant controversy. Oxidative damage of macromolecules has been suggested to play an important role in the development of AD; however, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we showed that the concentration of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular free thiol and an important antioxidant, was decreased in red blood cells from male AD patients compared with age‐ and gender‐matched controls. However, there was no difference in blood GSH concentration between the female patients and female controls. The decrease in GSH content in red blood cells from male AD patients was associated with reduced activities of glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione synthase, the two enzymes involved in de novo GSH synthesis, with no change in the amount of oxidized glutathione or the activity of glutathione reductase, suggesting that a decreased de novo GSH synthetic capacity is responsible for the decline in GSH content in AD. These results showed for the first time that GSH metabolism was regulated differently in male and female AD patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conceptualizing and evaluating career success
Authors: Heslin Peter A.
Published: February 2005

Within the vast literature on the antecedents of career success, the success criterion has generally been operationalized in a rather deficient manner. Several avenues for improving the conceptualization and measurement of both objective and subjective career success are identified. Paramount among these is the need for greater sensitivity to the criteria that study participants, in different contexts, use to construe and judge their career success. This paper illustrates that contextual and individual factors are likely to be associated with the relative salience of objective and subjective criteria of career success. Drawing on social comparison theory, propositions are also offered about when self‐ and other‐referent success criteria are likely to be most salient. A broader research agenda addresses career success referent choice, organizational interventions, and potential cultural differences. This article maps out how future research can be more sensitive to how people actually do conceptualize and evaluate their own career success. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Playing to win: Biological imperatives, self‐regulation, and trade‐offs in the game of career success
Authors: Nicholson Nigel , de Waal‐Andrews Wendy
Published: February 2005

The article applies evolutionary theory to the concept of career success, to argue the primacy of ‘objective’ outcomes, utilities such as status and wealth, and to analyze why the relationship with subjective career success is not stronger. Although there are grounds for expecting subjective evaluations to be sympathetic secondary accompaniments of objective success and failure, there are substantial numbers of paradoxically ‘happy losers’ and ‘unhappy winners’ in the career game. These are explored theoretically as adaptive outcomes of self‐regulation and sense‐making processes. The nature of that game is then explored by a closer examination of the interrelations and decay functions of the major objective success outcomes. This is undertaken as a theoretical exercise, and also by reference to the evidence in the literature. Both approaches support the existence of close linkages among most of these outcomes, though empirical data reveal variations that highlight the importance for careerists to be aware of trade‐offs and risks in career strategies. Context mediates these relationships, especially key contingencies such as individual differences, gender, career stage, culture, and business sector. The implications are discussed; in particular the role of careers theory and research in helping to cut through some of the ideological aspects of ‘subjective’ careers in order to help raise the awareness of actors in the labor market about objective career realities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Bonding Structure and Stability of α‐Chitin Studied by 13C Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Kameda Tsunenori , Miyazawa Mitsuhiro , Ono Hiroshi , Yoshida Mitsuru
Published: February 2005

Summary: The structure and stability of hydrogen bonds in α‐chitin were investigated by 13C solid‐state NMR measurements at different temperatures. Splitting of the carbonyl carbon signal for α‐chitin was interpreted as two types of hydrogen bonding; the peaks at 173.5 and 175.8 ppm were assigned, respectively, to a carbonyl carbon hydrogen bonded exclusively to the NH group and a carbonyl carbon hydrogen‐bonded to both NH and C(6)OH groups. Approximately 60% of carbonyl groups exclusively contributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and ca. 40% of them to the combination of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Internal rotation around the C(5)–C(6) bond was detected at 55 °C.

13C CP/MAS NMR spectrum of chitin (A) and decomposed spectrum in the CO region (B).

magnified image

13C CP/MAS NMR spectrum of chitin (A) and decomposed spectrum in the CO region (B).
Molecular diagnosis of inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Part I: Genetic determinants of inherited disease and their laboratory detection
Authors: Greenberg Steven A. , Walsh Ronan J.
Published: February 2005

Understanding of the genetic basis of inheritable neuromuscular disorders has grown rapidly over the last decade, resulting in improved classification and understanding of their pathogenesis. A consequence of these advances has been the development of genetic tests of blood specimens for the diagnosis of many of these diseases. For many patients, these blood tests have eliminated the need for other more invasive diagnostic tests such as muscle or nerve biopsy, and for some patients, reduced exposure to immunosuppressive medication and its complications. The first part of this review focuses on the nature of genetic disorders, the laboratory methods used in the performance of genetic tests, and general practical aspects of their use and interpretation. The second part discusses the applicability of these tests to the range of neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Scheduling and lot streaming in two‐machine open shops with no‐wait in process
Authors: Hall Nicholas G. , Laporte Gilbert , Selvarajah Esaignani , Sriskandarajah Chelliah
Published: February 2005

We study the problem of minimizing the makespan in no‐wait two‐machine open shops producing multiple products using lot streaming. In no‐wait open shop scheduling, sublot sizes are necessarily consistent; i.e., they remain the same over all machines. This intractable problem requires finding sublot sizes, a product sequence for each machine, and a machine sequence for each product. We develop a dynamic programming algorithm to generate all the dominant schedule profiles for each product that are required to formulate the open shop problem as a generalized traveling salesman problem. This problem is equivalent to a classical traveling salesman problem with a pseudopolynomial number of cities. We develop and test a computationally efficient heuristic for the open shop problem. Our results indicate that solutions can quickly be found for two machine open shops with up to 50 products. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
Different techniques for urinary protein analysis of normal and lung cancer patients
Authors: Tantipaiboonwong Payungsak , Sinchaikul Supachok , Sriyam Supawadee , Phutrakul Suree , Chen Shui‐Tein
Published: February 2005

Many components in urine are useful in clinical diagnosis and urinary proteins are known as important components to define many diseases such as proteinuria, kidney, bladder and urinary tract diseases. In this study, we focused on the comparison of different sample preparation methods for isolating urinary proteins prior to protein analysis of pooled healthy and lung cancer patient samples. Selective method was used for preliminary investigation of some putative urinary protein markers. Urine samples were passed first through a gel filtration column (PD‐10 desalting column) to remove high salts and subsequently concentrated. Remaining interferences were removed by ultrafiltration or four precipitation methods. The analysis of urinary proteins by high‐performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed many similarities in profiles among preparation methods and a few profiles were different between normal and lung cancer patients. In contrast, the results of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) showed more distinctly different protein patterns. Our finding showed that the sequential preparation of urinary proteins by gel filtration and ultrafiltration could retain most urinary proteins which demonstrated the highest protein spots on 2‐D gels and able to identify preliminary urinary protein markers related to cancer. Although sequential preparation of urine samples by gel filtration and protein precipitation resulted in low amounts of proteins on 2‐D gels, high Mr proteins were easily detected. Therefore, there are alternative choices for urine sample preparation for studying the urinary proteome and identifing urinary protein markers important for further preclinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Syntheses of cyclic polycarbonates by the direct phosgenation of bisphenol M
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Böhme Sigrid , Schwarz Gert , Schultz Claus‐Ludolf
Published: February 2005

Bisphenol M was subjected to interfacial polycondensations in an NaOH/CH2Cl2 system with triethylamine as a catalyst. Regardless of the catalyst concentration, similar molecular weights were obtained, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectra exclusively displayed mass peaks of cycles (detectable up to 15,000 Da). With triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as a catalyst, linear chains became the main products, but the contents of the cycles and the molecular weights strongly increased with higher catalyst/bisphenol ratios. When the pseudo‐high‐dilution method was applied, both diphosgene and triphosgene yielded cyclic polycarbonates of low or moderate molecular weights. Size exclusion chromatography measurements, evaluated with the triple‐detection method, yielded bimodal mass distribution curves with polydispersities of 5–12. Furthermore, a Mark–Houwink equation was elaborated, and it indicated that the hydrodynamic volume of poly(bisphenol M carbonate) was quite similar to that of poly(bisphenol A carbonate)s with similar concentrations of cyclic species. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1248–1254, 2005
The relation between prior knowledge and students' collaborative discovery learning processes
Authors: Gijlers Hannie , de Jong Ton
Published: February 2005

In this study we investigate how prior knowledge influences knowledge development during collaborative discovery learning. Fifteen dyads of students (pre‐university education, 15–16 years old) worked on a discovery learning task in the physics field of kinematics. The (face‐to‐face) communication between students was recorded and the interaction with the environment was logged. Based on students' individual judgments of the truth‐value and “testability” of a series of domain‐specific propositions, a detailed description of the “knowledge configuration” for each dyad was created before they entered the learning environment. Qualitative analyses of two dialogues illustrated that prior knowledge influences the discovery learning processes, and knowledge development in a pair of students. Assessments of student and dyad definitional (domain‐specific) knowledge, generic (mathematical and graph) knowledge, and generic (discovery) skills were related to the students' dialogue in different discovery learning processes. Results show that a high level of definitional prior knowledge is positively related to the proportion of communication regarding the interpretation of results. Heterogeneity with respect to generic prior knowledge was positively related to the number of utterances made in the discovery process categories “hypotheses generation” and “experimentation.” Results of the qualitative analyses indicated that collaboration between extremely heterogeneous dyads is difficult when the high achiever is not willing to scaffold information and work in the low achiever's zone of proximal development. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 264–282, 2005
Hunting marine mammals for profit and sport: H.J. Snow in the Kuril Islands and the north Pacific, 1873–96
Authors: Stone Ian R.
Published: February 2005

Henry James Snow hunted marine mammals in the sub-Arctic Kuril Islands and adjacent areas of the North Pacific between the years 1873 and 1896. His success resulted from careful study of the animals hunted, in particular the sea otter. He had continual difficulties with the governments of Japan and Russia, which had sovereignty over the land and territorial waters of the region, some of the encounters involving violence. At the same time, Snow was a careful observer of the wildlife and surveyor of the natural features, especially of the Kuril Islands. His works represented the most accessible source of information about the islands as late as the start of the Pacific War in 1941.
What is Internet Governance and Where Does it Come From?
Authors: WILSON ERNEST J.
Published: February 2005

The literature on governing the Internet suffers from such lacunae as overly narrow, technocratic conceptions of Internet governance; insufficient attention to governance dynamics within countries; and limited appreciation for the micro-level political and social roots of governance. This essay suggests ways they may be addressed by asking two foundational questions ‘What is Internet governance and where does it come from?’ ‘Governance’ is defined as a syndrome of norms and rules controlling property rights, market structures, equity assumptions and authoritative definitions about which social actors are permitted to participate in governance processes and which are excluded. ICT governance originates in conflict and cooperation among contending elites who negotiate across four distinct societal sectors – government, the private sector, research and development, and civil society. This distinctive pattern of four-way negotiations is termed the ‘Quad’, a concept that helps explain the origins of governance, and points toward theories linking the structure of the Quad with the performance of the Internet cross-nationally. The concept of the Quad contributes both to scholarly understanding of Internet governance and to improved performance by practitioners charged with real-world governance responsibilities.
The Internet and Governance in a Global Context
Authors: ROSE RICHARD
Published: February 2005

The Internet is a global phenomenon, but the way in which national governments respond to it varies with the political, social and economic context of a country. However, much that is written about the Internet and governance concentrates on a few advanced industrial societies, and especially the United States. Yet the federal and fragmented system of governance in the United States creates obstacles to the use of the Internet, while smaller countries from Estonia to Singapore produce innovations in e-governance. Moreover, even though the United States has more Internet users than any other country today, the growth points in the use of the Internet in the next few years will occur in radically different places, ranging from Russia and Brazil to India and China.
Left ventricular myocardial velocities in healthy children: quantitative assessment by tissue Doppler echocardiography and relation to the characteristics of filling of the left ventricle
Authors: Ayabakan Canan , Özkutlu Süheyla
Published: February 2005

Aim:To assess the myocardial velocities of the mitral annulus, left ventricular lateral wall, and midseptum in healthy children, and to compare these parameters with transmitral and pulmonary venous velocities.Methods and results:We examined 72 children, half being male, who had no systemic or cardiac pathologies. Their mean age was 6.73 ± 5.10 years, with a range from 0.1 to 17.75 years, and a median age of 6.71 years. Each parameter was measured twice, at end inspiration and end expiration. The tissue velocities are similar in males and females (p > 0.05). The longitudinal velocity of the heart in early diastole has a positive correlation with age (p < 0.05; midseptum velocity r = 0.57, left ventricular lateral wall velocity r = 0.56, mitral annulus velocity r = 0.56), and the tissue velocities are not influenced by respiration (p > 0.05). The myocardial velocities of different segments of the left ventricle are not correlated with the transmitral or pulmonary venous flows (p < 0.05). When age is controlled for heart rate, age mainly affects the systolic velocity of the mitral annulus and the early diastolic velocity of the midseptum in longitudinal axis, as well as the early diastolic velocity of the midseptum in transverse axis (p > 0.05 for all, r = 0.34, 0.29, 0.30 respectively).Conclusion:This study, which has determined reference values for tissue velocities in a large healthy group of children, will now set the scene for further studies in children with heart disease.
Thoracoscopic closure of the patent arterial duct
Authors: Vida Vladimiro L , Rubino Maurizio , Bottio Tomaso , Padalino Massimo A. , Milanesi Ornella , Pittarello Demetrio , Stellin Giovanni
Published: February 2005

Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery for closure of the persistently patent arterial duct is an effective answer to the modern effort of seeking repair of congenital cardiac malformations with minimally invasive techniques.

Between June, 1994, and December, 2002, 150 consecutive patients with an echocardiographic diagnosis of isolated patency of the arterial duct were referred to our Institution for video assisted thoracoscopic closure. The median age at the time of operation was 45 months, with a range from 3 to 161 months, and mean weight was 18 kg, with a range from 4.2 to 73 kg. Video assisted closure was possible in 139 patients (93%). The mean operative time was 37 min, with a range from 14 to 89 min. In the remaining 11 patients (7%), seen early in our experience, we converted to a mini-thoracotomy to achieve closure. In no instance did we encounter major haemorrhage requiring blood transfusion, and there were no hospital deaths. The mean period of stay in hospital was less than 24 h in 61 patients, less than 48 h in 88 patients seen earlier in our experience, and 21 days in 1 patient because of a persistent chylothorax. Other complications included palsy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in 1 patient, with partial regression at 6 months follow-up.

We conclude that closure of the arterial duct by video-assisted thoroscopy combines the advantages of safe and complete extraluminal occlusion with an excellent clinical and aesthetic result, minimal postoperative pain, and short stay in hospital at low cost.
Successful surgical management of infected modified Blalock-Taussig shunts
Authors: Ootaki Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masahiro , Yoshimura Naoki
Published: February 2005

We describe the successful management of two patients with infected modified Blalock-Taussig shunts by replacement of the graft combined with antibiotic therapy.
Partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection treated by interventional catheterization
Authors: Walters Darren L. , Radford Dorothy J.
Published: February 2005

A young man had anomalous connection of the veins draining the upper lobe of the left lung to both a left-sided vertical vein and the left atrium. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic flows was 1.7 : 1, and he was symptomatic with evidence of volume overload of the right heart. He was successfully treated by percutaneous placement of an Amplatzer ductal occlusion device into the vertical vein.
Resolving the scale incompatibility dilemma in river basin management
Authors: Perry Jim , Easter K. William
Published: February 2005

This study illustrates how integrated river basin management can conflict with our increased emphasis on decentralizing water resources decision making. For over a decade, water and environmental decision making in many countries has been shifting from national levels to state/province and local levels. At the same time we have increasingly found that it is critical to consider how individual water resource decisions impact the river basin. We provide detailed examples of this incompatibility dilemma from the United States and Turkey as well as smaller examples from Japan and Macedonia. We argue that new institutional models are required for effective river basin management and that implementation of such models can be evaluated through the use of transaction costs. This study concludes with examples of institutional arrangements that can help bridge the incompatibility gap.
Benthic carbon mineralization on a global scale
Authors: Seiter Katherina , Hensen Christian , Zabel Matthias
Published: February 2005

In this study we present a global distribution pattern and budget of the minimum flux of particulate organic carbon to the sea floor (JPOCα). The estimations are based on regionally specific correlations between the diffusive oxygen flux across the sediment‐water interface, the total organic carbon content in surface sediments, and the oxygen concentration in bottom waters. For this, we modified the principal equation of Cai and Reimers [1995] as a basic monod reaction rate, applied within 11 regions where in situ measurements of diffusive oxygen uptake exist. By application of the resulting transfer functions to other regions with similar sedimentary conditions and areal interpolation, we calculated a minimum global budget of particulate organic carbon that actually reaches the sea floor of ∼0.5 GtC yr−1 (>1000 m water depth (wd)), whereas approximately 0.002–0.12 GtC yr−1 is buried in the sediments (0.01–0.4% of surface primary production). Despite the fact that our global budget is in good agreement with previous studies, we found conspicuous differences among the distribution patterns of primary production, calculations based on particle trap collections of the POC flux, and JPOCα of this study. These deviations, especially located at the southeastern and southwestern Atlantic Ocean, the Greenland and Norwegian Sea and the entire equatorial Pacific Ocean, strongly indicate a considerable influence of lateral particle transport on the vertical link between surface waters and underlying sediments. This observation is supported by sediment trap data. Furthermore, local differences in the availability and quality of the organic matter as well as different transport mechanisms through the water column are discussed.