bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Board Size Really Matter? Evidence from Australia
Authors: Setia-Atmaja Lukas Y.
Published: September 2018

This study examines the impact of board size of Australian firms on Tobin’s Q. Agency theory suggests that there is an inverse relationship between board size and Tobin’s Q (Yermack 1996; Eisenberg et al. 1998). The resource dependence argument, however, hypothesizes that larger boards can lead to higher performance as the CEO’s need for advice is a function of the complexity of the organization (Pfeffer 1972; Klein 1998). Analyzing a panel data of 1,530 firm-year observations using random effects technique, this study finds a positive relationship between board size and Tobin’s Q. The random effects regression results also reveal that the positive relationship between board size and Tobin’s Q is driven by firm size as this positive relationship is only found in larger firm sample but not in the smaller firm sample. The overall results support the resource dependence argument.
Foreign Portfolio Investment Inflows and Economic PErformance in Malaysia: A Disaggregated Analysis
Authors: Duasa Jarita , Kassim Salina
Published: September 2018

Based on disaggregated data, this study empirically examines the importance of foreign portfolio investment (FPI) to the Malaysian economic performance. The study adopts the vector error correction model to analyze the relationships between FPI inflows from major investing countries, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Hong Kong and Malaysia’s real GDP using quarterly data covering the period from Q1:1991 to Q3:2007. For further inferences, this study adopts an innovation accounting by simulating variance decompositions and impulse response functions. This study finds that there is a significant positive association between Malaysia’s GDP and U.K.’s FPI inflow, particularly in the long run.
TRADING BEHAVIOR AND ASSET PRICING UNDER HETEROGENEOUS EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Sartono R. Agus
Published: September 2018

This research models trading behavior and examines the impact of heterogeneous expectations on asset prices. We extend Kyle’s (1985) one-period model to two-period model. The model shows that the informed trader takes into account not only the private information but also the pricing function. The price is an increasing function of the volatility of the asset value and decreasing in the volatility of uninformed traders’ demand. The costly information acquisition has an impact on the optimum demand but it has no direct impact on the price.We find the market depth is a linear function of the volatility of the uninformed traders and a weighted average of the total error variance of information. The depth is also decreasing in the volatility of the cash flow innovations. This argument is in line with the second finding, when the volatility of cash flow innovations increases, the value of risky asset becomes more volatile, and as a result the bigger are the advantages of having private information. Our research raises some questions for further investigation. We indirectly assume that the informed traders make a profit at the expense on the uninformed traders. The question is why the uninformed traders willing to face losses? What happen if there are n informed traders who have diverse information?
Trust in Organizational and Workplace Deviant Behavior The Moderating Effect of Locus of Control
Authors: Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman , Nasurdin Aizzat Mohd.
Published: September 2018

This study seeks to investigate the moderating role of locus of control (LOC) in the relationship between trust in organization (TiO) and workplace deviant behavior (WDB). Three forms of deviant behavior are identified: interpersonal deviance, production deviance, and property deviance. The regression analyses carried out on a sample of 355 employees show mixed results. Trust in organization (TiO) demonstrates a negative relationship with production deviance and property deviance. In contrast, trust in organization (TiO) is positively related to interpersonal deviance. Furthermore, locus of control (LOC) is found to moderate the relationship between trust in organization (TiO) and deviant behaviors. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A Test of the Relationships among Perceptions of Justice, Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Rifai Harif Amali
Published: September 2018

This study examines factors influencing organizational citizenship behavior in an organization. These factors include procedural justice, distributive justice, job satisfaction and commitment. Although previous studies have investigated commitment as antecedent of OCB, most of them did not specifically explain the type of commitment hypothesized. In terms of commitment, this study utilizes the specific type of commitment, i.e. affective commitment. The theoretical model proposes both distributive justice and procedural justice as antecedents of job satisfaction and job satisfaction has an effect on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through affective commitment. SEM analysis of survey data from 383 nurses who are working for private hospitals in Indonesia supports that the theoretical model has met goodness-of-fit criterions. The findings concluded that there are significant relationships between both procedural justice and distributive justice and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has a significant impact for developing affective commitment. The results also support that affective commitment is a significant predictor of organizational citizenship behavior.
The Existence of Equilibrium Asset Price Under Diverse Information
Authors: Sartono R. Agus
Published: September 2018

We investigate the effects of diverse information on the price of risky assets in rational expectation model. The expected cash flows innovation is considered as private information where informed trader knows it. It is assumed that the high informed trader has smaller variance error regarding the cash flows innovation than the low informed trader and uninformed traders. We found that the cash flow innovation influences the demand of informed trader. The market depth is a linear function of the demand of uninformed trader and weighted average of total variance error of information. Our finding supports previous research done by Spiegel and Subrahmanyam (1992).Our model shows that the more diverse the information, the higher the lambda coefficient which means the market becomes less liquid. The models consistent with Miller (1977) who found that the bigger the gap of private information is, the less liquid the market will be. If both informed traders have the same information they will demand the same amount of risky asset and it turns out to be similar as in the Kyle (1985) model.
Organizational Justice as an Antecedent of Job Performance
Authors: Nasurdin Aizzat Mohd. , Khuan Soon Lay
Published: September 2018

The present research examines the influence of organizational justice (distributive justice and procedural justice) on predicting job performance (task performance and contextual performance). Survey data were drawn from a sample of 136 customer-contact employees within the telecommunications industry in Malaysia. Results of the regression analysis illustrate that distributive justice alone has a significant and positive relationship with task performance. On the other hand, only procedural justice is found to be significantly and positively related to contextual performance. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are highlighted.
Cointegration analysis on trading behavior in four SELECTED asean countries BEFORE MONETARY CRISIS
Authors: Prawoto R. Budi
Published: September 2018

This paper aims to analyze Indonesian position among the trading behavior in four selected ASEAN countries (according to their import-and-export products) using cointegration analysis. The demands for export and import are estimated before the monetary crisis erupted (1963 – 1995) using the dynamic OLS (DOLS) method. The Johansen Maximum Likelihood (JML) approach is also employed to compare the results obtained. The results show that foreign income has a significant impact on export demand, suggesting that foreign disturbance in the form of economic activities is likely to be transmitted to these countries. The Marshall Lerner conditions are easily met for the cases of Malaysia and Thailand (DOLS and JML). For Indonesia and the Philippines, the sum of the price elasticities of export and import demand are less than unity. This can be explained by the J-curve, in which the currency depreciations will first worsen the trade balance before it improves, and it takes a long time to affect the trade balance.
Monetary Policy, Debt and the Cyclical Behavior of Inventories
Authors: Ismail Abdul Ghafar , Bahari Zakaria
Published: September 2018

An earlier study on the determinants of inventories investment has been proposed by Lovel (1961). However, the study fails to mention the effects of financial variables. The puzzle prevails on account of imperfect capital markets. This implies that interest rate generally affects inventory investment indirectly through the debt channel. For instance, in the period of tight monetary policy, increasing interest rates have a negative impact on the present value of firms’ collateralizable net worth. In addition, they also weaken firms’ balance sheets as interest expenses also rise up. In imperfect capital markets, this fact indicates an increase in the amount of external financing that firms need, a rise in the premium on external financing that they face, and a reduction in their accumulation of assets, their spending and their production. Given the low adjustment cost that characterizes firms, it will be inventories that firms will initially reduce. Therefore, this paper is contributes to the issue of monetary policy transmission in Malaysia. Our specific attention is limited to the channel of monetary policy on a firm’s inventory. Using micro data, we try to take into account the relevance of the firm’s balance sheet conditions in the transmission of monetary policy.
INTERDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF LEVERAGE, DIVIDEND, AND MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP POLICIES: Agencies Perspectives
Authors: Hardjopranoto Wibisono
Published: September 2018

This paper attempts to investigate interdependent mechanism among leverage, dividend, and managerial ownership policies. This paper considers firm size and economic conditions to control their effect on the relationship among the three policies. The interrelationship between leverage, dividend, and managerial ownership policies will be tested using two-stage least squares. Five exogenous variables are employed in simultaneous equation: current assets and structure of assets as leverage determinants, book to market and return on investment as dividend determinants, and relative return to risk as managerial ownership determinant. The research employs year 1994-2004 data, with 1717 firm years. The research findings can be summarised as follows. First, there is a negative relationship between managerial ownership and leverage policies as suggested by agency theory. Second, there is a relationship between managerial ownership and dividend policies, but the relationship between leverage and dividend is insignificant. Third, the relationship between leverage and dividend is insensitive to economic condition and firm size. Fourth, all exogenous variables have significant effect on endogenous variables, except relative return. Fifth, the effects of exogenous variables are not sensitive to control variables. Sixth, we find that managers show self-interest behaviours by reducing managerial ownership when the economic condition worsens.
Factors Explaining Management Preferences of Accounting for Goodwill Prior to the Implementation of IFRS 3: A Cross-Country Study
Authors: Astami Emita W.
Published: September 2018

This study provides evidence on the cross sectional relationship between firm economic variables and management preferences in the selection of an accounting technique for goodwill. It examines goodwill accounting policy disclosures in the 2000/2001 annual reports of 269 listed companies in the five countries: Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The key focus is management’s choice of accounting techniques for the treatment of goodwill.The results show that accounting practices for goodwill vary significantly across country of origins and across industry groups. Two economic variables significantly explain management preferences of accounting for goodwill. The finding shows that the higher a company’s financial leverage ratio the company managers prefer to write off goodwill immediately against income or to capitalize and amortize it in a sorter period of time. The higher a company’s size, the more likely the company would write-off of goodwill to balance sheet reserves. Thus, this study provides empirical evidence that management preferences of accounting for goodwill have economic consequences.
Special Purpose Vehicle Institutions: Their Business Natures and Accounting Implications
Authors: Na'im Ainun
Published: September 2018

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is an instrumental institution used for specific purposes by firms. The SPV is useful for tax planning, risk management, project financing and company restructuring. SPVs have benefits for economy and business, and involve usually large size of projects that vary from about US$100 to US$500 million per project. However, SPVs have also some bad records. Huge business, finance, and accounting scandals involve the use of SPVs. The drawbacks of SPVs are due to lack of regulatory measures relating the application of SPVs, so that SPVs are used for hiding identities, debts and hiding non-productive assets. SPVs are used to deceive investors so that they can not judge the value and risks of the firms and investments correctly.The huge financial and accounting scandals such as Enron involved the use of SPVs for not reporting or undervaluing debt and overvaluing net worth. In Indonesia, there are some transactions that are under public scrutiny that use SPVs, such as the sales of the government stocks of BCA Bank, and PT Indosat. There are also many successful and beneficial uses of SPVs in Indonesia as well, such as those in energy development, oil refinery, and telecommunication projects.
Who Are Better Informed Before Analysts’ Forecast Changes?
Authors: Park Tae-Jun , Yi Sujin , Song Kyojik “Roy”
Published: September 2018

Using Korean data, we investigate information asymmetry among investors before analysts change their stock recommendations. By comparing trading activities between individuals, institutions, and foreign investors, we find that there is information asymmetry before analysts change their recommendations. Institutional investors buy/sell the stock before recommendation upgrades/downgrades, but individuals and foreign investors do not anticipate the upcoming news. We also document that the trade imbalance of institutional investors are associated with stock returns upon the announcements of recommendation changes. This result indicates that institutions take advantage of their superior information around the recommendation changes.
The Market Quality to Technical Analysis Performance: Intercountry Analysis
Authors: Hartono Jogiyanto , Sulistiawan Dedhy
Published: September 2018

The main objective of this research is to discuss the impact of market quality on technical analysis profitability using inter-country analysis. Market quality is proxied by market capitalization. Technical analysis performance (profitability) is calculated using technical analysis return for MA5 indicator and short transaction strategy. This study uses the OSIRIS and Yahoo Finance databases. Using 21 countries with 50 companies for each country, this study finds that market quality affects technical analysis performance. Robustness tests are conducted for longer moving average indicators that are MA10 and MA15. To make sure that the results are not sensitive toward the strategy used, other robustness tests are conducted by using short and long-short transaction strategies. All robustness tests confirm the findings.
Subject Index
Authors: In Chief Editor
Published: September 2018

Subject Index
Analysis of The Influence of Liquidity, Credit and Operational Risk, in Indonesian Islamic Bank’s Financing for The Period 2007-2013
Authors: Diallo Ousmane , Fitrijanti Tettet , Tanzil Nanny Dewi
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of credit, liquidity and operational risks in six Indonesian’s islamic banking financing products namely mudharabah, musyarakah, murabahah, istishna, ijarah and qardh, in order to try to discover whether or not Indonesian islamic banking is based on the “risk-sharing” system. This paper relies on a fixed effect model test based on the panel data analysis method, focusing on the period from 2007 to 2013. The research is an exploratory and descriptive study of all the Indonesian islamic banks that were operating in 2013. The results of this study show that the Islamic banking system in Indonesia truly has banking products based on “risk-sharing.” We found out that credit, operational and liquidity risks as a whole, have significant influence on mudarabah, musyarakah, murabahah, istishna, ijarah and qardh based financing. There is a correlation between the credit risk and mudarabah based financing, and no causal relationship between the credit risk and musharaka, murabahah, ijarah, istishna and qardh based financing. There is also correlation between the operational risk and mudarabah and murabahah based financing, and no causal relationship between the operational risk and musharaka, istishna, ijarah and qardh based financing. There is correlation between the liquidity risk and istishna based financing, and no causal relationship between the liquidity risk and musharaka, mudarabah, murabahah, ijarah and qardh based financing. A major implication of this study is the fact that there is no causal relationship between the credit risk and musharakah based financing, which is the mode of financing where the islamic bank shares the risk with its clients, but there is an influence of credit risk toward mudarabah mode financing, a financing mode where the Islamic bank bears all the risk. These findings can lead us to conclude that the Indonesian Islamic banking sector is based on the “risk sharing” system.
Penggunaan MTA (Mineral Trioxideaggregate) sebagai Bahan Pengisi Saluran Akar pada Gigi Insisivus Lateral Kiri Maksila dengan Perforasi Saluran Akar
Authors: Pratama Andika Rahmat , Mulyawati Ema
Published: September 2018

Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menginformasikan hasil pengisian saluran akar dengan menggunakan bahan MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) pada gigi insisivus lateralis kiri maksila dengan perforasi di daerah saluran akar bagian tengah. MTA (Mineral trioxide Aggregate) merupakan bubuk halus yang dengan pencampuran air akan membentuk koloid gel dan mengeras dalam tiga jam. Indikasi penggunaan MTA untuk menutup perforasi saluran akar, terutama saluran akar bagian apikal yang terbukalebar. Pasien datang dengan keluhan gigi insisivus lateralis kiri maksila berubah warna dan ingin diputihkan. Pada daerah setengah koronal saluran terdapat bahan tumpatan. Pada saat pengambilan bahan tumpatan tersebut, terjadi perforasi akar (iatrogenik) di daerah saluran akar bagian tengah. Diagnosis gigi insisivus lateralis kiri maksila adalah nekrosis pulpa disertai dengan perubahan warna gigi dan lesi periradikular. Perawatan diawali dengan pembukaan kamar pulpa dan preparasi saluran akar. Saluran akar di obturasi dengan MTA untuk menutup perforasi akar. Evaluasi hasil perawatan dilakukan satu bulan pasca perawatan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan gigi dapat berfungsi dengan baik, tidak ada keluhan rasa sakit, gambaran radiograf terlihat pengisian yang padat dan tidak ada kelainaan periapikal.
Protesa Maxillofacial Thermoplastic Nylon dengan Hollow Bulb pada Kasus Klas I Aramany Pasca Hemimaxillectomy
Authors: Oetami RS Sri , Saleh Suparyono , Sugiatno Erwan
Published: September 2018

Latar Belakang. Operasi pembedahan yang dilakukan pad a daerah wajah akan mengakibatkan cacat wajah, gangguan fungsi bicara, penelanan, pengunyahan, estetik serta kejiwaan penderita dan dapat timbul masalah pada rehabilitasinya. Bahan protesa maxillofacial thermoplastic nylonini digunakan sebagai alat rehabilitasi pasca hemimaxillectomy karena bahan ini selain non toxic juga ringan dan lentur. Tujuan. Penulisan laporan ini untuk menginformasikan bahwa defek atau cacat pada daerah wajah dapat dibuatkan suatu protesa maxillofacial gigi tiruan sebagian dan juga sebagai obturator dengan hollow bulb untuk mengembalikan fungsi bicara, penelanan, pengunyahan, estetik serta kejiwaan penderita. Laporan Kasus. Pasien laki-Iaki berusia 19 tahun datang ke RSGM Prof. Soedomo atas kemauan sendiri karena merasa terganggu dengan adanya cacat wajah akibat operasi pembedahan palatumnya. Operasi hemimaxillectomy dilakukan oleh dokter THT R.S Bethesda dan obturator pasca bedah sudah dipasang setelah operasi. Dua minggu kemudian dibuatkan protesa maksilofasial resin akrilik dengan hollow bulp. Setelah 6 bulan menggunakan obturator resin akrilik pasien merasa sakit dan tidak nyaman karena ada kekambuhan jaringan sehingga dilakukan operasi lagi. Kemudian dibuatkan obturator definitif kerangka logam dengan hollow bulb tetapi hanya bertahan selama 3 bulan pasien merasa kesakitan, dalam pemeriksaan obyektif tampak defek mengalami pengkerutan ada infiltrasi jaringan. Operasi yang ketiga dilakukan kembali kemudian dibuatkan obturator definitif dari bahan thermoplastic nylon dengan hollow bulp. Pembahasan. Bahan Thermoplastic nylon untuk protesa maxillofacial dengan hollowbulp dipilih karena merupakan bahan yang non toxic, ringan dan stabil. Saat insersi diperiksa retensi, stabilisasi, oklusi, estetik dan pengucapan. Kontrol dilakukan 1 minggu dan 1 bulan kemudian tidak tampak iritasi jaringan lunak, pengunyahan lebih stabil karena alat lebih ringan dan tidak goyang, sehingga lebih nyaman. Kesimpulan. Protesa maxillofacial thermoplastic nylon dengan hallow bulb merupakan alat rehabilitasi yang dapat mengembalikan estetik, fungsi bicara, mengunyah dan membantu proses penyembuhan jaringan dari trauma psikologis penderita.
Perawatan Saluran Akar Satu Kunjungan Disertai Ekstrusi dan Mahkota Jaket Porselin Fusi Metal dengan Fraktur Ellis Kelas III Subgingiva (Pada Gigi Insisivus Sentralis Kanan Maksila)
Authors: Kristanti Yulita , Hadriyanto Wignyo , Untara Raphael Tri Endra
Published: September 2018

Latar Belakang dan Tujuan. Laporan kasus ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk menginformasikan hasil perawatan saluran akar, ekstrusi gigi dan restorasi mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal dengan penguat inti pasak tuang pada gigi insisivus sentralis kanan maksila yang mengalami fraktur Ellis klas III subgingiva dengan pulpitis irreversibel. Kasus dan Penanganannya. Pasien laki-Iaki umur 20 tahun mengalami fraktur Ellis klas III subgingiva akibat keeelakaan satu minggu sebelum periksa. Cara perawatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan perawatan saluran akar satu kunjungan pada gigi insisivus kanan atas maksila. Setelah dilakukan kontrol pasea perawatan saluran akar dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda menuju kesembuhan, dilakukan ekstrusi. Ekstrusi dilakukan dengan terlebih dahulu mengambil sebagian guta perea disaluran akar untuk meletakkan kawat dengan coi/ di ujungnya. Selanjutnya bracket dan insisal bar dipasang pada 5 gigi anterior dan dihubungkan dengan kawat dengan coil diujungnya yang telah disementasikan dalam saluran akar dengan semen ionomer kaea tipe I. Setelah gigi terekstrusi, dan melewati periode stabilisasi selama 1 bulan dengan tidak terjadi relaps, perawatan dilanjutkan dengan preparasi pembuatan inti pasak tuang dan dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal. Hasil. Hasil perawatan ini menunjukkan ekstrusi telah tereapai dalam waktu 1 bulan dan perawatan dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan inti pasak tuang dan mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal warna A2 (vitapan) dengan kontur, embrasur dibuat ideal, area kontak proksimal pada bagian sepertiga insisal. Kesimpulan. Perawatan saluran akar satu kunjungan disertai ekstrusi dan mahkota jaket porselin fusi metal efektif untuk menangani kasus gigi insisivus sentralis kanan maksila dengan fraktur Ellis Kelas III subgingiva.
Analysis of Research Approaches Integration in Marketing—Methodological and Empirical Aspects
Authors: Chlipala Pawel
Published: September 2018

In social studies, including marketing studies, proposals for applications of an integrated methodology appear, based on the so-called third methodological path, which is also referred to as the mixed methods. In the article, an attempt is made to outline the cognitive orientation in marketing and picture the ways of connecting approaches in the social sciences as the inspiration for marketing. The aim of the article is to propose a methodology of researching forms and degrees of methodological integration in marketing studies along with diagnosing the scale and forms of methodological integration in marketing studies. Studies of analyses on the application of integrated approaches in marketing research and the author’s own analysis have helped to determine that attempts to research along the third methodological path are being made, however, such studies are rare. Methodological integration is used most often as a research support for the positivist interpretative research.
A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF KASSAPOGLOU'S STATISTICAL MODEL FOR COMPOSITES FATIGUE
Authors: Ciavarella Michele , Carbone Giuseppe , Vinogradov Vladimir
Published: September 2018

Kassapoglou has recently proposed a model for fatigue of composite materials which seems to suggest that the fatigue SN curve can be fully predicted on the basis of the statistical distribution of static strengths. The original abstract writes expressions for the cycles to failure as a function of R ratio are derived. These expressions do not require any curve fitting and do not involve any experimentally determined parameters. The fatigue predictions do not require any fatigue tests for calibration". These surprisingly ambitious claims and attractive results deserve careful scrutiny. We contend that the result, which originates from the reliability theory where exponential distributions is sometimes used to model distribution of failures when age (or wearout) has no influence on the probability of failure, does not conform to a fatigue testing with the resulting SN curve distribution. Despite Kassapoglou's attempt to use a wearout law which seems to confirm this result even with wearout, we contend that a proper statistical treatment of the fatigue process should not make wear-out constants disappear, and hence the SN curves would depend on them, and not just on scatter of static data. These concerns explain the large discrepancies found by 3 independent studies which have tried to apply Kassapoglou's model to composite fatigue data.
Investigating the utility of ecoacoustic metrics in marine soundscapes
Authors: Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. , Lyon R. Patrick , Caretti Olivia N. , Ricci Shannon W. , Eggleston David B.
Published: September 2018

Soundscape analysis is a potentially powerful tool in ecosystem monitoring. Ecoacoustic metrics, including the Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI) and Acoustic Entropy (H), were originally developed for terrestrial ecosystems and are now increasingly being applied to investigate the biodiversity, habitat complexity and health of marine systems, with mixed results. To elucidate the efficacy of applying these metrics to marine soundscapes, their sensitivity to variations in call rate and call type were evaluated using a combination of field data and synthetic recordings. In soundscapes dominated by impulsive broadband snapping shrimp sounds, ACI increased non-linearly with increased snapping rate (∼100–3500 snaps/min), with a percent range of variation (∼40–50%) that exceeds that reported in most studies. H, however, decreased only slightly (∼0.04 units) in response to these same snap rate changes. The response of these metrics to changes in the rate of broadband snapping was not strongly influenced by the spectral resolution of the analysis. For soundscapes dominated by harmonic fish calls, increased rates of calling (∼5–120 calls/min) led to decreased ACI (∼20–40% range of variation) when coarse spectral resolutions (Δf = 94 or 47 Hz) were used in the analysis, but ACI increased (∼20% range of variation) when a finer resolution (Δf = 23 Hz) was employed. Regardless of spectral resolution used in the analysis, H decreased (∼0.20 units) in response to increased rates of harmonic calling. These results show that ACI and H can be modulated strongly by variations in the activity of a single sound-producing species, with additional sensitivity to call type and the resolution of the analysis. Variations in ACI and H, therefore, cannot be assumed to track call diversity, and the utility of these metrics as ecological indicators in marine environments may be limited.
Does the Mandatory Adoption of IFRS Improve the Association between Accruals and Cash Flows? Evidence from Accounting Estimates
Authors: Downes Jimmy F. , Kang Tony , Kim Sohyung , Lee Cheol
Published: September 2018

SYNOPSIS

We investigate the effect of mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in the European Union on the association between accounting estimates and future cash flows, a key concept of accounting quality within the International Accounting Standard Board conceptual framework. We find that the predictive value of accounting estimates improves after IFRS adoption. This improvement is largely driven by specific types of accounting estimates, such as accounts receivable, depreciation, and amortization expense. We also find that the improvement is concentrated in countries with larger differences between pre-IFRS domestic GAAP and IFRS. Our findings suggest that IFRS allow managers to exercise their judgment to provide information about future cash flows through the more subjective/judgmental portion of accounting accruals.

JEL Classifications: M16; M49; O52.

Data Availability: The data used in this study are from public sources identified in the study.
Association of Albuminuria With Intraglomerular Hydrostatic Pressure and Insulin Resistance in Subjects With Impaired Fasting Glucose and/or Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Tsuda Akihiro , Ishimura Eiji , Uedono Hideki , Ochi Akinobu , Nakatani Shinya , Morioka Tomoaki , Mori Katsuhito , Uchida Junji , Emoto Masanori , Nakatani Tatsuya , Inaba Masaaki
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE

Little is known about the relationships between insulin resistance, intrarenal hemodynamics, and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in humans with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The aim of the current study was to examine intrarenal hemodynamic abnormalities, insulin resistance, and UAE in subjects with IFG or IGT. We hypothesized that intrarenal hemodynamic abnormalities would be associated with insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fifty-four kidney donors underwent 75-g oral glucose tolerance and inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearance testing. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was evaluated by the Matsuda index. Intrarenal hemodynamic parameters were calculated by the Gomez formulae.

RESULTS

Of the 54 subjects, 33 exhibited IFG or IGT and 31 exhibited normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (Pglo) and UAE were significantly higher in the IFG or IGT subjects with obesity (P = 0.015 and 0.0001, respectively). Log ISI correlated significantly and negatively with Pglo (r = −0.351, P = 0.009) in all subjects. In multiple regression analyses among all subjects, log ISI was associated significantly and independently with Pglo (β = −0.316, P = 0.015), after adjustment for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure. Further, BMI (β = 0.517, P = 0.0004), Pglo (β = 0.420, P = 0.004), and log ISI (β = −0.366, P = 0.008) were each associated significantly and independently with UAE after adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that increased insulin resistance is associated with increased Pglo and UAE in IFG or IGT subjects. These hemodynamic burdens and insulin resistance may cause injury to the glomeruli even in subjects with IFG or IGT.
Stats NZ Integrated Data Population Explorer Prototype – using data visualisation to increase usability of large scale, complex and messy data
Authors: Lefebre Aaron , Ashby Lucy , McDowell Anna , Blackburn Andrea
Published: September 2018

IntroductionStats NZ works with a range of organisations to provide the world-leading Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) to help improve New Zealanders’ lives. IDI is a critical tool in our government’s efforts to reduce poverty, improve health, and provide a growing, inclusive economy. It enables evidence-based insights, and measurement of government services.

Objectives and ApproachUsers currently need a large degree of technical capability to access and use the IDI. Our Population Explorer Prototype is an integrated data digital product designed to increase the use and improve the usability of the IDI by reducing barriers for current researchers and new customer groups.

ResultsThe Population Explorer Prototype makes it easier and more efficient for new and existing users to gain insights from data by shifting from having to repeatedly carry out complex coding to get information in tables, to being able to “point and click” to see information in a range of visual, easy-to-understand formats. There is wide excitement in the data community about this product’s potential and implementing user feedback has been a key part of improving the product.

Conclusion/ImplicationsWe have only scratched the surface of what is possible with integrated data, and the Population Explorer Prototype is the next frontier. The Population Explorer Prototype will unleash the power of data to change peoples’ lives to a wider range of researchers, while protecting privacy and security.
Ontario case costing: A catalyst for transforming Ontario’s health system into a value-based model
Authors: Zheng Jianing
Published: September 2018

IntroductionCase costing is the only source of integrated financial, clinical, and utilization data at the patient level in Ontario. This accounting tool improves funding and performance management processes and tracks health care service costs for informed decision making based on quality and value.

Objectives and ApproachThe only source of integrated financial, clinical, and utilization data at the patient level, case costing provides a clear picture of each patient in terms of where the patient received care, who was the provider, what type of care was provided, and the total cost to treat each patient.

Case costing is a critical tool for system-wide planning by providing a province-wide view of cost and clinical variations. Health organizations can compare costs associated with service utilization to identify organizational variances among peers. Identifying the source of these variances drives effective resource utilization and management while delivering high-quality care.

ResultsCase costing provides a range of benefits and uses:

Improved benchmarking and performance measurement processes by comparing utilization and costs among various clinical practices with similar clinical outcomes and measuring performance internally and externally to understand efficiencies and outcomes against peers.

Providing critical information for innovative care initiatives, such as the Bundled Care Model. The bundled care model improves efficiency through more integrated use of resources, reduced variation in access to services, and improved patient outcomes through seamless transitions across the care continuum. Case costing informs funding allocations in the hospital sector with expected expansion to home care funding.

More sophisticated planning and forecasting, such as impact analysis by modeling the adoption of new physicians or technologies within facilities to determine cost and volume impact.

Conclusion/ImplicationsAdministrators, clinicians, and health service organizations use case costing data for informing best practices and improving efficiency. By helping users to understand the cost of care at patient and provider levels across the patient journey, case costing has been a catalyst for enabling value-based care.
Use of linked electronic health records to evaluate cardiovascular risk prediction models in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Sivaswamy Atul , Khan Anam , Tu Karen , Azizi Paymon , Ko Dennis , Tu Jack
Published: September 2018

IntroductionElectronic health records (EHR) contain individual-level clinical information not found in traditional administrative databases. As part of the CANHEART-Strategy for Patient Oriented Research (SPOR) initiative, we created a linked EHR-administrative data cohort that enables us to measure the Framingham and ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort cardiovascular risk prediction scores in Ontario, Canada.

Objectives and ApproachAn EHR primary care cohort was created using the Electronic Medical Record Administrative data Linked Database (EMRALD) database, which contains the blood pressure and lipid values, weight and height measures, prescriptions and smoking status of up to 350,000 patients in Ontario, Canada. We enriched the lipid information through linkage to the Ontario Laboratory Information System, which is a repository of 90%+ of all lipid tests in Ontario. Individual-level information on co-morbidities, hospitalizations and mortality attributed to cardiovascular causes (e.g. myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality) were obtained through linkage to provincial health administrative and vital statistics databases using CANHEART methodology (www.canheart.ca).

ResultsPatients were entered into the cohort between 2008 and 2014 if they had measurements for blood pressure and lipids (total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein) taken within a year of each other during this accrual window. The earliest such group of values was chosen and determined the individual’s index date. Age, sex, smoking, diabetes and anti-hypertensive treatment status were extracted from EHR or administrative data to calculate the two scores. Patients were excluded if not aged 40-75 on the index date or if they had a history of cardiovascular disease. A cohort of 84,628 Ontario residents (mean age 55.0 years) had the elements required to calculate both scores. Follow-up for outcome events were done through record linkage to the end of 2014, with a mean follow-up of 3.62 years.

Conclusion/ImplicationsThe creation of this cohort will allow for the validation of the Framingham and AHA/ACC Pooled Cohort equations in the diverse Ontario population. It would also enable the possible development of a new ‘made-in-Canada’ cardiovascular risk prediction model.
Linking Emergency Medical Services and Health System Data: Optimal Strategy and Bias Mitigation
Authors: Blanchard Ian , Ronksley Paul E , Quan Hude , Li Bing , Doig Christopher
Published: September 2018

IntroductionEmergency Medical Services (EMS) systems dispatch paramedics to emergencies in the community. For critically ill patients, paramedic interventions and transport destination decisions may impact outcomes. Research is needed to inform paramedic care, but linking EMS data to health system outcomes is a barrier. Limited research exists on EMS data linkage.

Objectives and ApproachTo optimize linkage of EMS data (fiscal year 2016/17) to the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System/Sunrise Clinical Manager datasets and assess bias. A random sample of EMS records were deterministically linked on provincial health number (PHN), transport destination, and EMS/emergency department arrival/presentation times ≤2hrs. Linked data were manually verified using last name, sex, date of birth, and hospital file number. For patients that remained unlinked (based on the variables listed above), further linkage attempts were made using additional variables. The combination of variables that optimized sensitivity/positive predictive value/f-measure were used to link the fiscal year. Linked/unlinked groups were descriptively compared.

ResultsWhile results are still pending (available April, 2018), we hypothesize that there may be inherent differences in the clinical and encounter characteristics of patients that were linked versus unlinked. Patient identifiers such as PHN and name are important for linkage, but are not always collected on EMS events that require immediate treatment and rapid transport, yet these patients may be the most critically ill.

Conclusion/ImplicationsAs more EMS systems attempt to systematically link their data to health system outcome, these results will be important to mitigate potential bias.
Strengths and Barriers to Coding Hospital Chart Information from Health Information Manager Perspectives: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Doktorchik Chelsea , Lu Mingshan , Ringham Cathy , Quan Hude , Eastwood Catherine
Published: September 2018

IntroductionIt is essential that clinical documentation and data coding be of high quality for the production of healthcare data for research or administrative purposes. However, there is a limited understanding of the facilitators and barriers of coded data quality and strategies to improve it.

Objectives and ApproachOur objective was to qualitatively assess what influences coded data quality from the perspective of health information managers who are responsible for the work of coding specialists. Nine health information managers and/or coding quality coordinators who oversee coding specialists were identified and recruited from nine provinces across Canada to participate in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted which asked questions on participant demographics, responsibilities, data quality, costs and budget of coding, continuing education for Health Information Management (HIM), suggestions for quality improvement, and barriers to quality improvement. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and analyzed using Directed Content Analysis methodology.

ResultsInterviewees were primarily responsible for managing staff, quality assurance, audits, reporting, budget, data collection, and transcription. Managers reported that the experienced coders under their employ strengthened coding quality. Common barriers to coding quality included incomplete and unorganized chart documentation, which led to undercoding, and lack of communication and access to physicians for clarification when needed. Further, coding quality suffered as a result of limited resources (e.g. staffing and budget) being available to HIM departments for an ever-expanding workload, that was commonly due to increasingly complex charts and additional project data. Managers unanimously reported that coding quality improvements can be made by 1) making interactive training programs available to coding specialists, and 2) streamlining sources of information from charts (i.e., transitioning to standardized electronic charting).

Conclusion/ImplicationsAlthough coding quality is generally regarded as high across Canada, quality can be hampered by incomplete and inconsistent chart documentation, lack of resources (e.g. financial support, staff, education), and inconsistent coding standards across hospitals and provinces. This study presents novel evidence for coding quality improvement across Canada.
Identifying and Prioritizing Low Value Care in British Columbia Using Three Administrative Health Data Assets
Authors: Soril Lesley , Mitton Craig , Seixas Brayan , Bryan Stirling , Clement Fiona
Published: September 2018

IntroductionClinical recommendations and/or lists of low value care (i.e., health technologies that provide little to clinical benefit for certain patient groups) have garnered attention internationally through campaigns such as Choosing Wisely. However, uptake of such recommendations at the healthcare system-level remains challenging in the absence of routine, data-driven processes.

Objectives and ApproachThe objective of this work was to develop and implement a process, leveraging administrative health data assets and lists of ‘low value’ care, to identify and prioritize technologies at the healthcare system-level for reassessment and potential disinvestment. The British Columbia (BC) healthcare system was selected as the pilot site to test the process. Three provincial administrative health databases were used to examine the extent of low value care across the system: the discharge abstract database (DAD); the Medical Service Plan (MSP) physician claims database; and the MSP laboratory database.

ResultsOver 1300 recommendations of low value technologies (i.e., from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence “do not do” recommendations, low value technologies in the Australian Medical Benefits Schedule, and Choosing Wisely “Top 5” lists) were identified. Using appropriate coding systems for BC’s administrative health data (e.g., International Classification of Diseases), low value technologies were queried to examine frequencies and costs of technology use between fiscal years 2010/11 and 2014/15. This information was used to rank technologies based high budgetary impact, defined as total in-hospital and claims expenditures exceeding $1M in any fiscal year examined. Clinical experts reviewed the ranked technologies prior to dissemination and stakeholder action. Pilot testing resulted in the prioritization of 9 candidate technologies for reassessment in the BC healthcare system.

Conclusion/ImplicationsThis work demonstrates the feasibility and strength of using administrative data to identify low value care at the healthcare system-level and prioritize candidates for reassessment. Faced with increasing pressure to control exorbitant costs, while maintaining quality of care, this process has been adopted and operationalized by the BC Ministry of Health.