bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐strength, water‐resistant, formaldehyde‐free cellulose‐based thermosetting resin for wood bonding
Authors: Li Zhi , Du Guanben , Liu Tongda , Li Hongshan , Zhang Xu , Deng Shuduan , Ran Xin , Gao Wei , Yang Long
Published: June 2024

Despite the continued dominance of detrimental formaldehyde‐based binders in the wood reconstituted products, there is a growing push to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives. Cellulose‐based biomass adhesives have been extensively researched and documented. However, their industrial application is limited due to inadequate water resistance and suboptimal coating ability. In this study, a cellulose‐derived wood binder with a hyperbranched entangling structure was synthesized by covalently cross‐linking branched polyethylenimine and oxycellulose through Schiff base formation. The dry/wet bonding strength of the prepared plywood was 2.07 and 1.52 MPa, respectively, exhibiting a remarkable increase and breakthrough compared to that of pure oxidized cellulose binder. This can be attributed to the formation of a water‐resistant Schiff base tangle network, which enhances the toughness of the adhesive. Notably, the pure cellulose adhesive tends to agglomerate on the wood surface, whereas the hyperbranched modified cellulose adhesive exhibits a more uniform coating ability. This study further demonstrates the reliable potential of tangle structures based on Schiff base reactions in the development of biomass‐based adhesives.

Highlights

A high bonding strength cellulose‐based wood adhesive was prepared.

The Schiff base reactions have been used to construct cross‐linked structures.

The cross‐linked network structure provides excellent water resistance.

The cured cellulose‐based adhesive has excellent dry/wet bonding strength.
Nitric oxide donor S‐Nitroso‐N‐acetyl penicillamine for hepatic stellate cells to restore quiescence
Authors: Du Junbao , He Yin , Jia Wen , Liang Xiaohua , Kang Quan , He Yun
Published: June 2024

Liver fibrosis is a hepatic scar repair response associated with a wide range of liver injuries, which is mediated by an imbalance between extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation, leading to massive ECM deposition and disruption of normal liver architecture. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main source of ECM during liver fibrosis and are the first identified cell subpopulation associated with liver fibrosis formation. Various current studies on the mechanism and treatment of liver fibrosis require resting‐state HSCs as study subjects. However, spontaneous activation of primary HSCs occurs after 2–3 days of culture after isolation, and it is common that HSCs cell lines gradually differentiate into fibroblasts with culture time. This study provides an induction medium for quiescent HSCs‐containing all‐trans retinoic acid, sodium oleate, and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl penicillamine (SNAP)‐and an induction method. The induction method not only maintains the HSCs cell line in a quiescent state but also restores the activated HSCs to a quiescent state. The method has a good induction effect, short induction time, and convenient operation, which is worth being popularized and used in a wide range of laboratories.
Mediating effect of teacher support and student engagement in mathematics at Chinese junior middle school
Authors: Yang Yanfei , Govindasamy Priyalatha a/p , Mohd Isa Nor Junainah binti
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to examine the influence of teacher support on student engagement in mathematics. A cross‐sectional survey was employed to recruit 632 students from grades 7 to 9 in junior middle schools across China. Participants completed various scales, including a teacher support scale, an academic self‐efficacy scale, and a student engagement scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 24.0. Results showed that, first, emotional support and competence support had a significant positive effect on student engagement in mathematics. The contribution from competence support was the strongest. The contribution from autonomy support was the weakest; second, academic self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between autonomy support, emotional support, and competence support and student engagement in mathematics. These findings supplement and expand the understanding of the factors that affect student engagement and provide theoretical support and useful guidance for formulating effective education policies to improve student engagement in mathematics.
Volatile organic compounds released from entomopathogenic nematode‐infected insect cadavers for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Li Jingjing , Wei Xianqin , Pei Zixuan , Sun Jie , Xi Jiale , Li Xingyue , Shapiro‐IIan David , Ruan Weibin
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Root‐knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are one of the most destructive polyphagous plant‐parasitic nematodes. They pose a serious threat to global food security and are difficult to control. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) show promise in controlling RKNs. However, it remains unclear whether the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from EPN‐infected cadavers can control RKNs.

RESULTS

We investigated the fumigation activity of VOCs released from cadavers infected by five different species of EPNs on RKNs in Petri dishes, and found that VOCs released from Steinernema feltiae (SN strain) and S. carpocapsae (All strain) infected cadavers had a significant lethal effect on second‐stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita. The VOCs released from the cadavers infected with S. feltiae were analyzed using SPME‐GC/MS. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), tetradecane, pentadecane, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), were selected for a validation experiment with pure compounds. The DMDS compound had significant nematicidal activity and repelled J2s. DMDS also inhibited egg hatching and the invasion of tomato roots by J2s. In a pot experiment, the addition of S. feltiae‐infected cadavers and cadavers wrapped with a 400‐mesh nylon net also significantly reduced the population of RKNs in tomato roots after 7 days. The number of root knots and eggs was reduced by 58% and 74.34%, respectively, compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that the VOCs emitted by the EPN‐infected cadavers affected various developmental stages of M. incognita and thus have the potential to be used in controlling RKNs through multiple methods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Attracting Scelionidae egg parasitoids to enhance stink bug egg parasitisation in soybean crops using methyl salicylate and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene
Authors: Michereff Mirian Fernandes Furtado , Magalhães Diego Martins , do Nascimento Izabela Nunes , Laumann Raúl Alberto , Borges Miguel , Withall David Matthew , Birkett Michael Alexander , Blassioli‐Moraes Maria Carolina
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in mediating interactions between plants, herbivores and natural enemies. Among these VOCs, methyl salicylate and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene are emitted as herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) by soybean plants in response to feeding by the brown stink bug Eushistus heros. These HIPVs function as synomones, influencing the foraging behaviour of the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, the main natural enemy of E. heros, one of the major soybean pests in Brazil.

RESULTS

Laboratory experiments showed that two soybean cultivars, BRS 7580 and BRS 7880, produced similar qualitative blends of HIPVs, with methyl salicylate, (E,E)‐α‐farnesene and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate being produced by both cultivars. Soybean cultivar BRS 7580 produced a significant lower amount of HIPVs compared to BRS 7880 but this difference did not affect the attractiveness of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi. Field experiments using these two cultivars and synthetic applications of methyl salicylate and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene showed a substantial increase in egg parasitism in all treated areas. Parasitism rates ranged from 50% to 80% in areas where these HIPVs were deployed, compared to only 10% in untreated control areas.

CONCLUSIONS

The egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi demonstrated an adept ability in recognising between HIPVs in soybean blends, even in the presence of significant quantitative differences. The results from the field experiment showed the potential of HIPVs in attracting natural enemies to specific target areas within fields. (E,E)‐α‐Farnesene showed an improved action during the later stages of soybean growth, notably at R6. In addition, this volatile attracted other families of natural enemies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Psychosocial Impact of Alopecia in Men: A Mixed-Methods Survey Study
Authors: Zucchelli Fabio , Mathews Abbi , Sharratt Nick , Montgomery Kerry , Chambers Jen
Published: June 2024

Background

The most common forms of hair loss in men, alopecia areata (AA) (an autoimmune condition) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA) (pattern baldness), alter individuals’ appearance in ways that may impact psychological and social wellbeing. We currently have a limited understanding about this impact of alopecia in men, their support needs, and preferences.

Objectives

We sought to investigate and explore the psychosocial impact of alopecia on men, alongside their experiences of treatment and support.

Methods

The study used a mixed methods cross-sectional online survey with 177 men aged 17–79: 83 with AGA and 94 with AA. Quantitative questions included purpose-made rating scales of men’s support experiences, and standardised measures of wellbeing and appearance-focused anxiety. Qualitative data comprised participants’ answers to an open-ended question asking about their subjectively salient experiences related to their alopecia.

Results

The combined findings indicate that while participants in both subsamples had sought minimal support for psychosocial concerns, such concerns were in fact commonplace. Over half of participants (56%–57%) shared qualitative accounts of depleted confidence, while wellbeing scores were on average lower than matched norms. Participants identifying as sexual minority also reported greater appearance-focused anxiety compared to those identifying as straight.

Conclusions

The apparent contrast between participants’ minimal help-seeking and accounts of affected wellbeing suggests an unmet support need for men with alopecia. Masculine norms may impede men from accessing psychosocial support, both by discouraging help-seeking behaviours and by encouraging minimisation of appearance concerns. The findings also suggest sexual minority status may pose a greater risk of distress in affected men.
Lanternarene‐Based Self‐Sorting Double‐Network Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors
Authors: Gao Zi‐Qi , Liu Chuan‐Hong , Zhang Shuang‐Long , Li Sheng‐Hua , Gao Li‐Wei , Chai Rui‐Lin , Zhou Tuo‐Yu , Ma Xu‐Juan , Li Xin , Li Shibo , Zhao Jin , Zhao Qian
Published: June 2024

Conductive flexible hydrogels have attracted immense attentions recently due to their wide applications in wearable sensors. However, the poor mechanical properties of most conductive polymer limit their utilizations. Herein, a double network hydrogel is fabricated via a self‐sorting process with cationic polyacrylamide as the first flexible network and the lantern[33]arene‐based hydrogen organic framework nanofibers as the second rigid network. This hydrogel is endowed with good conductivity (0.25 S m−1) and mechanical properties, such as large Young's modulus (31.9 MPa), fracture elongation (487%) and toughness (6.97 MJ m−3). The stretchability of this hydrogel is greatly improved after the kirigami cutting, which makes it can be used as flexible strain sensor for monitoring human motions, such as bending of fingers, wrist and elbows. This study not only provides a valuable strategy for the construction of double network hydrogels by lanternarene, but also expands the application of the macrocycle hydrogels to flexible electronics.
Numerical simulation of post‐tensioned concrete girders with defective grouting including local stress–strain tendons response
Authors: Galano Simone , Losanno Daniele , Parisi Fulvio
Published: June 2024

In internally post‐tensioned (PT) prestressed concrete (PC) structures, the prestressing system is usually made of high‐strength steel tendons embedded within concrete through either metallic or plastic ducts filled with cement grout or grease. Construction defects or degradation phenomena may lead to insufficient covering, exposing the prestressing steel to a harmful environment, potentially compromising the durability and load‐bearing capacity of the structure. Based on experimental tests on six 1:5 scaled PT specimens, this study presents accurate numerical simulations of four‐point bending tests on girders with unbonded and partially bonded tendons having different levels of initial prestress. Nonlinear finite element analyses (FEAs) were developed to reflect the friction‐type interaction mechanism between unbonded tendons and external ducts under increasing external load up to failure. Both global and local response parameters of the girders were studied validating numerical results against experimental findings. The numerical simulations provide insights on the stress pattern of unbonded and partially bonded strands, shedding light on the lower bearing capacity of defective girders compared to those with bonded tendons. Such findings contribute to a multi‐scale assessment and decision‐making framework for existing PT girders with defective grouting and low residual prestress levels, enhancing the understanding of their structural behavior and informing maintenance or retrofitting decisions.
Revolutionizing acrylic emulsion coatings: Enhancing self‐cleaning, anti‐fouling, and antibacterial qualities through fluorosurfactant integration
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Anh , Oanh Doan Thi Yen , Lien Duong Thi , Phuc Bach Trong
Published: June 2024

Acrylic emulsion coatings are widely used for decorating and protecting construction surfaces. They offer numerous advantages such as ease of use, affordability, and environmental friendliness. However, they are susceptible to weather conditions, environmental factors, and bacterial growth, necessitating improvements to overcome these drawbacks. Fluorosurfactants are known for enhancing product performance, improving resistance to dirt, and increasing the cleaning and antibacterial properties of acrylic emulsion coatings. By effectively applying fluorosurfactants to acrylic emulsion coatings, their self‐cleaning performance can be enhanced by up to 85%. Additionally, the surface becomes highly waterproof and resistant to bacterial penetration, extending surface protection for up to 10 years.
Sources and Frames
Authors: Hellman Maria
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents how Sweden and the problems it faced were framed by the Russian-affiliated state media RT and Sputnik and what sources that were used. All news items about the themes gender, culture, anti-liberalism, climate change, and public health published between July 1, 2019, and January 31, 2021, were selected for the analysis. It was found that the most frequently used sources were Swedish public service media and the national daily broadsheets. The framing analysis emphasized threats posed to the cohesion and national identity of Sweden by different domestic groups such as feminists, migrants, and Muslims. The consequence was a decline of a once well-functioning nation with domestic unrest and an inability to defend against a gradual islamization. The news coverage about climate change was heavily centered on the environmental activist Greta Thunberg. She was only occasionally referred to as a representative of Sweden, but the analysis is included because it illustrates how Sputnik reported critically of freedom of speech and how climate change was framed during the time period.
The Liberal Left: A Threat to Traditional Sweden
Authors: Hellman Maria
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents the results from a narrative analysis of Sputnik and RT news coverage about Sweden from July 1, 2019, to January 31, 2021, and focuses on attacks on the Swedish liberal left. It aims to make manifest how disinformation is constructed by Russian state news media intended for an international audience. The narrative analysis identified four sub-narratives: the incompatibility of freedom of expression and freedom of religion; political divisions over liberal democratic values that result in domestic disputes and a revelation of a weak national leadership; the Swedish church: a troublesome libertarian with a diminishing congregation—a church who has ceased to defend national traditions; and the Swedish media as left-wing and in support of the state and the establishment. The narrative shows how RT and Sputnik denigrated Sweden by depicting how the liberties so strongly promoted by Swedish politicians and other elite representatives were mere talk, implemented only when it served those in power and did not risk stirring antagonisms between groups in society. According to the news narrative, attitudes, and activities in support of the liberal left explained the erosion of the Swedish state. The government and key public institutions, such as public service media and the Church of Sweden, were particularly targeted. The narrative is presented and explained below through the sub-narratives that were identified in the coverage.
Islamic Takeover and Selling Out Sweden
Authors: Hellman Maria
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents the results from a narrative analysis of Sputnik and RT news coverage about Sweden from July 1, 2019, to January 31, 2021, and focuses on how the coverage explains how Sweden is taken over by Islamism and how Swedish values and traditions are downgraded. It aims to make manifest how disinformation is constructed by Russian state news media targeting an international audience and argues that Islamism was a central issue used to denigrate Sweden. The narrative analysis identified four sub-narratives: Muslims: A vulnerable group to be protected or the enemy within?; Threats against Swedish traditional values; Attacks against Christians; and Swedish celebrities and national icons caving in. Taken together the sub-narratives made manifest different articulations of the threat of Islamism and the Islamization of Sweden and depicted how the Swedish authorities responded. In contrast to the public, who’s views were represented mainly through Tweets, the authorities be they the Church of Sweden, the government or major Swedish companies were reported to disregard the threat against Swedish values, heritage, and traditions and even occasionally unwilling to defend them. By using story telling techniques such as polarization, misuse of and the stirring of controversies around concepts, and mockery by way of citations the news narrative can be said to deviate from liberal journalism and be referred to as disinformation.
Introduction to Percolation
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we motivate the study of disordered media through the example of a porous system. The basic terms in percolation theory are introduced, and you learn how to generate, visualize and measure on percolation systems in Python. We demonstrate how to find exact results for small systems in two dimensions by addressing all configurations of the system, and show that this approach becomes unfeasible for large system sizes.
Elastic Properties of Disordered Media
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders
Published: June 2024

There are various physical properties that we may be interested in for a disordered material. In the previous chapter, we studied flow problems in disordered materials using the percolation system as a model disordered material. In this chapter we will address mechanical properties of the disordered material.
Infinite-Dimensional Percolation
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we address the percolation problem on an infinite-dimensional lattice without loops. In this case, it is possible to calculate several of the properties of the percolation system analytically. This allows us to develop a general theory and to develop concepts to be used for finite-dimensional systems. We introduce the infinite-dimensional Bethe lattice for a given coordination number. We find an exact solution for P and the average cluster size S, and use a Taylor-expansion to find an expression for $$n(s,p)$$
n
(
s
,
p
)
. The methods and functional forms for $$n(s,p)$$
n
(
s
,
p
)
we introduce here, are used to interpret results in finite dimensions.
Finite Size Scaling
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we will introduce the theory of finite size scaling and demonstrate how we can apply the theory to improve our measurements of the properties of percolation clusters. Usually, we attempt to measure properties of percolation system in the largest possible system we can simulate. Here, we demonstrate that if the system behaves according to simple scaling relations, it is instead much better to systematically vary the system size and the interpolate to infinite system sizes. This approach is generally called finite size scaling and we provide a thorough introduction to the theory and its applications to understand the scaling of the density of the spanning cluster, $$P(p,L)$$
P
(
p
,
L
)
, the average cluster size, $$S(p,L)$$
S
(
p
,
L
)
, and the percolation probability $$\varPi (p,L)$$
Π
(
p
,
L
)
.
A Vision of Nature
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra
Published: June 2024

Gabriel and Tilda walked side by side in deep conversation. Suddenly they stopped together in the middle of the road and looked around, awestruck. The birds were singing the chorus of creation. The hawthorn trees greeted them in sweet harmony in a garden of paradise. And the golden sun spread its warm embracing red glow as a unifying symphony over the playing fields. A big show. It was like watching how the curtain in a huge theatre slowly raised upwards. It was a spectacular moment. Like a dream in colour, sound and brightness. “Hush!” Gabriel exclaimed at Tilda.
The Perpetual Allegory
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra
Published: June 2024

Gabriel was sorry. He had not meant to provoke Tilda. As indemnification, he wrote an email, apologised and offered her an opportunity to accompany him to the Barcelona symposium, which he was scheduled for next month, along with some sightseeing like they had done in London. This symposium had the strange name Post-Normal Science Symposium, and he was interested in what it would be about. Tilda obviously shared his curiosity because she gracefully accepted his apologies and even helped him to create the poster that he was to present there on a panel. Shortly before the day of their departure, Gabriel watched telly and switched to ARTE because nothing else was on the usual channels. There, he got lucky: He watched a fantastic personality feature of Freddie Mercury. He thought it was very moving and nicely put together. The loveliest part was about the piece that Freddie did with Montserrat Caballé.
Chinese Walls
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra
Published: June 2024

Back at home, Gabriel started in earnest to put together a new B1 project on fairness issues in global social service provision. The countries so far involved are Spain and the US. And Germany, of course—though, at the moment, he did not yet have the slightest idea for a case study, but that would come. All countries would include vulnerable people as experts to identify bias and discrimination issues.
The Heart Shape of India
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra
Published: June 2024

Tilda and Gabriel went from Tegel Airport to Frankfurt to catch the Lufthansa flight to Chennai. Gabriel witnessed Tilda frequently checking her mobile. Peeping over her shoulder from behind, he could see a message with big white letters quite artistically scurrying over the dark-blue display. It said ‘SEE YOU SOON’ before it disappeared. Probably from lovely Ken. When Tilda noticed that he was watching her, she slowly pushed her mobile back into her pocket. “This will be switched off until my return,” she firmly said. “Mine as well,” Gabriel agreed.
Introduction
Authors: Felfernig Alexander , Falkner Andreas , Benavides David
Published: June 2024

Feature models (FMs) are an established means for representing variability and commonality properties of software product lines and beyond (e.g., financial services and configurable products such as furniture, cars, and cyber-physical systems). Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly important role in supporting feature modelling tasks, FM analysis, and FM configuration. In this chapter, we explain our major motivation for writing this book. We provide a short overview of the history of feature modelling specifically focusing on the relationship between feature modelling related tasks and AI methods. We discuss relevant benefits of applying FMs and refer to further topics with a relationship to feature modelling.We conclude this chapter with an overview of the major topics of in this book.
Feature Modelling
Authors: Felfernig Alexander , Falkner Andreas , Benavides David
Published: June 2024

In this chapter, we describe the basis of Feature Models (FMs) using graphical as well as textual representations. We introduce a smartwatch FM that will be used as a working example for this and later chapters. Based on this example, we describe feature modelling extensions using cardinalities and attributes. In the following,we showhowFMs can be translated into a formal representation (constraint satisfaction problems and SAT problems) and introduce corresponding definitions of a FM configuration task and a corresponding FM configuration (also known as configuration, product, or solution). Finally, we discuss example machine learning (ML) approaches that can be applied in the context of feature modelling tasks.
Tools and Applications
Authors: Felfernig Alexander , Falkner Andreas , Benavides David
Published: June 2024

Feature Models (FMs) are not only an active scientific topic but they are supported by many tools from industry and academia. In this chapter, we provide an overview of example feature modelling tools and corresponding FM configurator applications. In our discussion, we first focus on different tools supporting the design of FMs. Thereafter, we provide an overview of tools that also support FM analysis. Finally, we discuss different existing FM configurator applications.
Abysses and Horizons: Why Psychoanalysis?
Authors: Minozzo Ana C.
Published: June 2024

Questioning the possibilities of introducing the unconscious in the understanding of anxiety, this chapter works with a philosophical and feminist critique to what is considered normal and pathological.
Libidinal Excesses
Authors: Minozzo Ana C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a unique and complete survey of Freud’s shifting ideas on anxiety. By detailing the formation of his thought on the topic, we are able to map the different moments of relying on the Oedipal metaphor and working with anxiety metapsychologically. The chapter covers the nineteenth century letters until his last published pieces.
Edging the Real
Authors: Minozzo Ana C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces a detailed and yet accessible summary of Lacan’s theories, zooming into his works on anxiety. From the stance of a psychosocial clinic, we cover his theories from the first seminar until his later seminars. The chapter offers a unique overview of Lacan’s later theories in relation to anxiety.
Vibrating the Full-Void
Authors: Minozzo Ana C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter invites the reader into a creative questioning of the limits of Freudian and Lacanian theories when it comes to the clinic of anxiety. Thinking with Spinoza and Rosi Braidotti, as well as the artist Lygia Clark, we open space to the possibilities of anxiety as an affect.
The Trail of Vibration
Authors: Minozzo Ana C.
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the read in depth to the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Addressing the psychosocial shortcomings of Freud and Lacan, we explore their contributions under the concept of vibration. This chapter proposes a unique overview of what would be a Guattarian theory of anxiety.
Efficiency of pulmonary nodule risk scoring systems in Turkish population
Authors: Nomenoğlu Hakan , Fındık Göktürk , Çetin Mehmet , Aydoğdu Koray , Gülhan Selim Şakir Erkmen , Bıçakçıoğlu Pınar
Published: June 2024

Malignancy risk calculation models were developed using the clinical and radiological features. It was aimed to compare pulmonary nodule risk calculation models and evaluate their effectiveness and applicability for the Turkish population. Between 2014 and 2019, 351 patients who were operated on for pulmonary nodules were evaluated with the following data: age, gender, smoking history, family history of lung cancer, extrapulmonary malignancy and granulomatous disease, nodule diameter, attenuation character, side, localization, spiculation, nodule count, presence of pulmonary emphysema, FDG uptake in PET/CT of the nodule, and definitive pathology data. Malignancy risk scores were calculated using the equations of the Brock, Mayo, and Herder models. The results were evaluated statistically. The mean age of the 351 patients (236 men, 115 women) was 57.84 ± 10.87 (range 14–79) years, and 226 malignant and 125 benign nodules were observed. Significant correlations were found between malignancy and age (p < 0.001), nodule diameter (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.009), speculation (p < 0.001), emphysema (p < 0.05), FDG uptake (p < 0.001). All three models were found effective in the differentiation (p < 0.001). The ideal threshold value was determined for the Brock (19.5%), Mayo (23.1%), and Herder (56%) models. All models were effective for nodules of > 10 mm, but none of them were for 0–10 mm. Brock was effective in ground-glass nodules (p = 0.02) and all models were effective for semi-solid and solid nodules. None of the groups could provide AUC values as high as those achieved in the original studies. This suggests the need to optimize models and malignancy risk thresholds for Turkish population.
Evolving Subduction Zone Thermal Structure Drives Extensive Forearc Mantle Wedge Hydration
Authors: Epstein G. S. , Condit C. B. , Stoner R. K. , Holt A. F. , Guevara V. E.
Published: June 2024

Hydration of the subduction zone forearc mantle wedge influences the downdip distribution of seismicity, the availability of fluids for arc magmatism, and Earth's long term water cycle. Reconstructions of present‐day subduction zone thermal structures using time‐invariant geodynamic models indicate relatively minor hydration, in contrast to many geophysical and geologic observations. We pair a dynamic, time‐evolving thermal model of subduction with phase equilibria modeling to investigate how variations in slab and forearc temperatures from subduction infancy through to maturity contribute to mantle wedge hydration. We find that thermal state during the intermediate period of subduction, as the slab freely descends through the upper mantle, promotes extensive forearc wedge hydration. In contrast, during early subduction the forearc is too hot to stabilize hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge, while during mature subduction, slab dehydration dominantly occurs beyond forearc depths. In our models, maximum wedge hydration during the intermediate phase is 60%–70% and falls to 20%–40% as quasi‐steady state conditions are approached during maturity. Comparison to global forearc H2O capacities reveals that consideration of thermal evolution leads to an order of magnitude increase in estimates for current extents of wedge hydration and provides better agreement with geophysical observations. This suggests that hydration of the forearc mantle wedge represents a potential vast reservoir of H2O, on the order of 3.4–5.9 × 1021 g globally. These results provide novel insights into the subduction zone water cycle, new constraints on the mantle wedge as a fluid reservoir and are useful to better understand geologic processes at plate margins.
Stakeholder Driven Sensor Deployments to Characterize Chronic Coastal Flooding in Key West Florida
Authors: O’Donnell K. L. , Tomiczek T. , Higgins A. , Munoz S. , Scyphers S.
Published: June 2024

A changing climate and growing coastal populations exacerbate the outcomes of environmental hazards. Large‐scale flooding and acute disasters have been extensively studied through historic and current data. Chronic coastal flooding is less well understood and poses a substantial threat to future coastal populations. This paper presents a novel technique to record chronic coastal flooding using inexpensive accelerometers. This technique was tested in Key West, FL, USA using storm drains to deploy HOBO pendant G data loggers. The accuracy and feasibility of the method was tested through four deployments performed by a team of local stakeholders and researchers between July 2019–November 2021 resulting in 22 sensors successfully recording data, with 15 of these sensors recording flooding. Sensors captured an average of 13.58 inundation events, an average of 12.07% of the deployment time. Measured flooding events coincided with local National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) water level measurements of high tides. Multiple efforts to predict coastal flooding were compared. Sensors recorded flooding even when NOAA water levels did not exceed the elevation or flooding thresholds set by the National Weather Service (NWS), indicating that NOAA water levels alone were not sufficient in predicting flooding. Access to an effective and inexpensive sensor, such as the one tested here, for measuring flood events can increase opportunities to measure chronic flood hazards and assess local vulnerabilities with stakeholder participation. The ease of use and successful recording of loggers can give communities an increased capacity to make data‐informed decisions surrounding sea level rise adaptation.
The Effect of Flood Exposure on Insurance Adoption Among US Households
Authors: Choi June , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Burke Marshall
Published: June 2024

Despite increasing exposure to flooding and associated financial damages, estimates suggest more than two‐thirds of flood‐exposed properties are currently uninsured. This low adoption rate could undermine the climate resilience of communities and weaken the financial solvency of the United States National Flood Insurance Program. We study whether repeated exposure to flood events, especially the disaster‐scale floods that are expected to become more frequent in a warming climate, could spur insurance adoption. Using improved estimates of residential insurance take‐up in locations where such insurance is voluntary, and exploiting variation in the frequency and severity of flood events over time, we quantify how flood events impact local insurance demand. We find that a flood disaster declaration in a given year increases the take‐up rate of insurance by 7% in the following year, but that the effect diminishes in subsequent years and is gone after 5 years. This effect is more short‐lived in counties in inland states that do not border the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. We also find that the effect of a flood on take‐up is substantially larger if there was also a flood in the previous year, and that recent disasters are more salient for homeowners whose primary residences are exposed to a disaster declaration compared to non‐primary residences. Overall, these findings suggest that relying on households to self‐adapt to increasing flood risks in a changing climate is insufficient for closing the insurance protection gap.
Sensitive Response of Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity to the Uncertainty in the Emissions of Nitric Oxide (NO) From Soils in Amazonia
Authors: Lee Ben H. , Munger J. William , Wofsy Steven C. , Rizzo Luciana V. , Yoon James Y. S. , Turner Alexander J. , Thornton Joel A. , Swann Abigail L. S.
Published: June 2024

Soils are a major source of nitrogen oxides, which in the atmosphere help govern its oxidative capacity. Thus the response of soil nitric oxide (NO) emissions to forcings such as warming or forest loss has a meaningful impact on global atmospheric chemistry. We find that the soil emission rate of NO in Amazonia from a common inventory is biased low by at least an order of magnitude in comparison to tower‐based observations. Accounting for this regional bias decreases the modeled global methane lifetime by 1.4%–2.6%. In comparison, a fully deforested Amazonia, representing a 37% decrease in global emissions of isoprene, decreases methane lifetime by at most 4.6%, highlighting the sensitive response of oxidation rates to changes in emissions of NO compared to those of terpenes. Our results demonstrate that improving our understanding of soil NO emissions will yield a more accurate representation of atmospheric oxidative capacity.
Regional Benthic δ18O Stacks for the “41‐Kyr World”—An Atlantic‐Pacific Divergence Between 1.8 and 1.9 Ma
Authors: Zhou Yuxin , Lisiecki Lorraine E. , Lee Taehee , Gebbie Geoffrey , Lawrence Charles
Published: June 2024

Benthic δ18O stacks are the benchmarks by which paleoceanographic data are stratigraphically aligned and compared. However, a recent study found that between 1.8 and 1.9 million years ago (Ma) several Ceara Rise records differed substantially from the widely used LR04 global stack. Here, we use new Bayesian stacking software to construct regional stacks and demonstrate a geographical divergence in benthic δ18O features from 1.8 to 1.9 Ma. The pattern of isotopic stage features observed in the Ceara Rise is widespread throughout the Atlantic and differs notably from Pacific records. We propose that this regional difference in isotopic stages may be the result of relatively strong precession forcing and weaker obliquity forcing between 1.8 and 1.9 Ma. In accordance with the Antiphase Hypothesis, our results highlight a period of apparent sensitivity to regional precession forcing that is masked during most of the 41‐Kyr world due to the amplitude modulation of obliquity forcing.
Winter Intrusions of Atlantic Water in Kongsfjorden: Oceanic Preconditioning and Atmospheric Triggering
Authors: De Rovere Francesco , Zanchettin Davide , Rubino Angelo , Langone Leonardo , Calogiuri Francesco , Ruggieri Paolo , Lupi Angelo , Chiggiato Jacopo
Published: June 2024

Kongsfjorden, an Arctic fjord in Svalbard, is largely influenced by the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), transporting warm and salty Atlantic Water (AW) into the Arctic region. Despite the geostrophic control preventing AW from entering the fjord in winter, AW intrusions occasionally occur during energetic local wind events in this season. However, recent intrusions remain poorly characterized, and the underlying mechanism(s) and large‐scale precursors are only partly understood. This study uses in‐situ oceanographic and atmospheric measurements, alongside reanalysis data covering 2011–2020, to describe recent wintertime AW intrusions in Kongsfjorden. By discerning common traits in the observed events, the main triggering factors and controls of the phenomenon are described. Our results indicate that AW intrusions are typically triggered by wind reversals over the shelf, consisting of the sudden transition from a strong southerly to a northerly circulation linked to the setup and damping of a high‐pressure anomaly over the Barents Sea. Ocean density is a critical preconditioning factor influencing the nature of the intrusion: when fjord waters exhibit a lower density compared to WSC waters, wind reversals induce AW intrusions by upwelling; in contrast, when fjord waters present higher or similar densities compared to WSC waters, reversals force AW inflows near the surface or at intermediate depths, respectively. Another mechanism was observed only in winter 2014: southerly winds prevailed for 2 months, transporting surface AW from the WSC into the fjord, promoting its intrusion near the surface, on top of denser local waters.
Evaluating Numerical Methods to Investigate Spectral Solar Radiative Transfer in Plant Canopies
Authors: Moon Zachary , Fuentes Jose D.
Published: June 2024

The disposition of spectral solar irradiance in plant canopies is crucially important to understand processes such as photolysis of molecules amenable to absorbing actinic light. Thus, one objective of this study is to evaluate the most commonly applied radiative transfer approaches to estimate spectral irradiance as a function of plant canopy depth. Eight radiative transfer approaches are ascertained. Another objective is to determine the impacts of the spectral resolution assumed in radiative transfer calculations and model choice on key processes such as canopy absorption and reflection of irradiance. By comparing results from broadband‐only and spectrally‐resolved canopy radiative transfer, we aim to quantitatively determine the uncertainties associated with failing to resolve the sunlight spectra. We determine the optimal spectral resolution required to estimate canopy radiative transfer results such as air‐chemistry‐specific quantities related to photolysis of a select group of molecules. In addition, we evaluate techniques for binning leaf and soil optical properties. Results showed that high spectral resolution is ideally desired to compute photolysis of molecules such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, nitrate radical, nitrous acid, and formaldehyde. For in‐canopy photolysis of molecules, a waveband resolution of at least 10 nm is sufficient to obtain accurate estimates for most photochemical reactions. Positive reaction‐dependent uncertainties in canopy‐mean relative photolysis values for individual molecules can be as high as 30% compared to estimates derived with broad‐band solar irradiance.
Separation of Water Level Change From Atmospheric Artifacts Through Application of Independent Component Analysis to InSAR Time Series
Authors: Belhadj‐aissa Saoussen , Simard Marc , Jones Cathleen E. , Oliver‐Cabrera Talib , Christensen Alexandra
Published: June 2024

In recent years, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) has emerged as a valuable tool for measuring water level change (WLC) to study hydrodynamic processes in coastal wetlands. However, the highly dynamic wet atmosphere conditions common in these areas have a significant impact on InSAR observations, producing errors in the derived values. Standard methods for estimating atmospheric noise in InSAR time series lack the spatial or temporal resolution needed to adequately correct for wet tropospheric delays. In this study, we utilize the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) signal decomposition technique to identify the likely WLC signal and eliminate atmospheric noise in a time series derived from rapid repeat measurements made with the L‐band uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar airborne instrument. The method compares in‐situ water level measurements with the independent components (IC) to identify the ICA components corresponding to WLC. The signal‐to‐noise ratio between the WLC after the ICA‐based filtering and in situ water level gauges used for validation reaches 16 dB compared to an average of 2.6 dB before filtering. The excluded IC are used to generate maps showing a time series of likely atmospheric features. The identified features in the maps generally correspond to atmospheric features identifiable in Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) S‐band ground weather radar reflectivity maps collected during the SAR acquisitions. The method is sufficiently general to be applied to any InSAR‐derived surface displacement time series.
Unraveling the Dynamics of Moisture Transport During Atmospheric Rivers Producing Rainfall in the Southern Andes
Authors: Mudiar Dipjyoti , Rondanelli Roberto , Valenzuela Raul A. , Garreaud René D.
Published: June 2024

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are known to produce both beneficial and extreme rainfall, leading to natural hazards in Chile. Motivated to understand moisture transport during AR events, this study performs a moisture budget analysis along 50 zonally elongated ARs reaching the western coast of South America. We identify the convergence of moist air masses of tropical/subtropical origin along the AR as the primary source of vertically integrated water vapor (IWV). Over the open ocean, moisture convergence is nearly balanced by precipitation. The advection of moisture along the AR, although smaller compared to mass convergence, significantly increases toward the landfalling region. The near conservation of IWV over the open ocean, observed by tracking a Lagrangian atmospheric column along the ARs, is the explanation behind the seemingly tropical origin of ARs in time‐lapse visualizations of IWV.
Reconstructed Late Summer Maximum Temperatures for the Southeastern United States From Tree‐Ring Blue Intensity
Authors: King Karen E. , Harley Grant L. , Maxwell Justin T. , Rayback Shelly , Cook Edward , Maxwell R. Stockton , Rochner Maegen L. , Bergan Ellen V. , Foley Zachary , Therrell Matthew , Bregy Joshua
Published: June 2024

Over recent decades, the southeastern United States (Southeast) has become increasingly well represented by the terrestrial climate proxy record. However, while the paleo proxy records capture the region's hydroclimatic history over the last several centuries, the understanding of near surface air temperature variability is confined to the comparatively shorter observational period (1895‐present). Here, we detail the application of blue intensity (BI) methods on a network of tree‐ring collections and examine their utility for producing robust paleotemperature estimates. Results indicate that maximum latewood BI (LWBI) chronologies exhibit positive and temporally stable correlations (r = 0.28–0.54, p < 0.01) with summer maximum temperatures. As such, we use a network of LWBI chronologies to reconstruct August‐September average maximum temperatures for the Southeast spanning the period 1760–2010 CE. Our work demonstrates the utility of applying novel dendrochronological techniques to improve the understanding of the multi‐centennial temperature history of the Southeast.
Inclusion of Nonresonant Effects Into Quasi‐Linear Diffusion Rates for Electron Scattering by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves
Authors: Shi Xiaofei , An Xin , Artemyev Anton , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Mourenas Didier , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: June 2024

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a key plasma mode affecting radiation belt dynamics. These waves are important for relativistic electron losses through scattering and precipitation into Earth's ionosphere. Although theoretical models of such resonant scattering predict a low‐energy cut‐off of ∼1 MeV for precipitating electrons, observations from low‐altitude spacecraft often show simultaneous relativistic and sub‐relativistic electron precipitation associated with EMIC waves. Recently, nonresonant electron scattering by EMIC waves has been proposed as a possible solution to the above discrepancy. We employ this model and a large database of EMIC waves to develop a universal treatment of electron interactions with EMIC waves, including nonresonant effects. We use the Green's function approach to generalize EMIC diffusion rates foregoing the need to modify existing codes or recompute empirical wave databases. Comparison with observations from the electron losses and fields investigation mission demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed method for explaining sub‐relativistic electron losses by EMIC waves.