bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcontrolled Hostility, Empathy, and Egocentric Balance in Violent and Nonviolent Psychiatric Offenders
Authors: Hoppe Christiane M. , Singer Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Psychiatric offenders, divided into five groups on the basis of their criminal charges (murder, assault with a deadly weapon, rape, pedophilia, nonviolent property offenses), were administered the overcontrolled hostility scale, a measure of emotional empathy as well as a self-focus sentence-completion test. Data were also obtained regarding aggressive behavior of the 115 subjects during the course of hospitalization. Contrary to predictions, none of the paper-and-pencil measures discriminated significantly between offender groups and the canonical correlation between criminal charges and scores on the personality measures was only of low moderate value. Implications of results regarding suitable measures and future research strategies are discussed.
Validity of Psychoticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Friedman Alan F. , Boblitt Wm. Edgar , Wakefield James A. , Surman George
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to investigate the validity of the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and to test a criticism stating that the scale is overloaded with paranoid items. The questionnaire was administered to 31 hospitalized psychiatric patients and 20 normal aids. A planned comparison between the scores of normals and psychotics was significant but that between the 10 paranoid and 21 nonparanoid schizophrenics was not. This is consistent with the validity of the Psychoticism scale and suggests that it is probably not overloaded with paranoid content.
Strong Vocational Interest Blank Patterns Associated with Law School Achievement
Authors: Reich Stephen
Published: September 2011

106 first-year male law students ( Mage = 24 yr.) completed the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Those students who finished in the top half of their first-year class scored higher on the Physician, Psychiatrist, Psychologist, Biologist, Artist, Musician-Performer, Lawyer, and Author-Journalist scales, while those who finished in the bottom half of their first-year class scored higher on the Public Speaking, Business Management, Merchandising, Office Practices, Mechanical, Religious Activities, Production Manager, Accountant, Office Worker, Purchasing Agent, Banker, Pharmacist, Funeral Director, Salesman, President-Manufacturing, Credit Manager, and Business Education Teacher scales. There is thus great variance in the interest patterns of these groups.
Effect of Appearance on Requests for Help in Libraries
Authors: Kroll Howard W. , Moren Deborah K.
Published: September 2011

Librarians provided comparable help to a college-age female when she was dressed as a deviant and when she was dressed as a college student. Possible reasons for these data are discussed.
Reciprocity in Self-Disclosure within the Psychological Interview
Authors: Feigenbaum W. Morton
Published: September 2011

24 male and 24 female college subjects were interviewed individually by a male graduate student, using standardized interviews. Intimacy of subjects' self-disclosures during the interviews was investigated in relation to interviewing style (reflecting versus disclosing), seating arrangement (presence or absence of intervening desk), sex of subjects, and the temporal sequence of the interview. Results showed a significant correlation of intimacy of self-disclosure as measured by judges' content ratings of the interviews and as measured by subjects' use of self-referrent words. Intimacy of self-disclosure did not differ significantly as a function of sex or seating arrangement but increased significantly over time in response to both reflecting and self-disclosing comments by the interviewer.
Structure of Social Attitudes after Twenty-Five Years: A Replication
Authors: Hewitt J. K. , Eysenck H. J. , Eaves L. J.
Published: September 2011

Scores from 1492 adult subjects on the Public Opinion Inventory were subjected to principal components and factor analyses. The adequacy of a two-factor hypothesis and the factors' correspondence to the dimensions of Radicalism and Toughmindedness previously defined were confirmed.
Dogmatism, Locus of Control and Creativity in Children Educated in the Soviet Union, the United States, and Israel
Authors: Aviram Arie , Milgram Roberta M.
Published: September 2011

Dogmatism, locus of control and creative thinking were studied in Israel in children aged 12 to 14 yr. and educated in the Soviet Union (N = 45), in the United States ( N = 44), and in Israel ( N = 48). Measures were the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Tel-Aviv Locus of Control Scale and an adapted version of the Wallach and Kogan Creativity Battery. American and Israeli children were more open-minded, more internal in feelings of locus of control, and more creative in their thinking than Soviet children. Findings were explained in terms of differences in socialization within Soviet and Western society.
Effects of Prenatal Crowding on Behavior of Rodent Mothers and Offspring
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Sanders Raymond E. , Burkholder Joel , Newman Isadore
Published: September 2011

Pregnant female rats lived in groups of 1, 2, 4, or 8 during the gestational period. Using a systematic analysis, maternal behaviors were observed from Days 2 through 16 postpartum. Both the crowded mothers and their offspring were later tested in a visual exploratory apparatus, and the offspring were also tested in social and open-field situations. The mothers were rebred shortly after termination of testing. The results indicated that the prenatal crowding affected a variety of behaviors in both the mothers and their offspring and that the effects of crowding were not transient.
Reliability of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Nixon George F. , Steffeck John C.
Published: September 2011

The test/retest reliability of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was studied utilizing 49 male freshman medical students. Test/retest reliabilities were obtained for three periods of administration, August-April, August-July, and April-July (8 mo., 11 mo., and 3 mo. respectively). As predicted for anxiety-state, low reliabilities were obtained. Anxiety trait reliabilities varied from .539 to .292. This trend of moderate to low reliabilities over relatively long periods of time may cause researchers to be cautious about long-term predictive reliabilities of anxiety trait.
Wolpe's Reciprocal Inhibition Principle: An Animal Analogue
Authors: Dickson Andrew L. , Mellgren Roger L. , Fountain Andre , Dyck Dennis
Published: September 2011

Wolpe's reciprocal inhibition principle represents, on a purely operational level, nothing more than a procedural description of counterconditioning. The most obvious implication of this principle is that a positive relationship, at least to some asymptotic point, should exist between the degree of counterconditioning and the subsequent reduction of avoidance behavior. An analogue study using rats ( N = 70) in a passive avoidance paradigm was used to test this implication and to compare the efficacy of response prevention and extinction with varying degrees of counterconditioning. Licking (the animals were water deprived) in the former safe area served as the incompatible response. The effects of five specific conditions—Counterconditioning High, Counterconditioning Medium, Counterconditioning Low, Extinction, Response Prevention—and two control procedures, Untreated Control/Home Cage and Untreated Control/Trash Can, were assessed on each of three days following passive avoidance acquisition on Day 1. A nonshock control group was also used. The Response Prevention, Counterconditioning High, Counterconditioning Medium, and Untreated Control/Home Cage subjects evidenced a significant reduction in passive avoidance behavior relative to the Counterconditioning Low, Extinction, and Untreated Control/Trash Can subjects. It is suggested that lowered arousal may enhance cue utilization and thereby serve as a facilitator for increased exposure, which allows for the elimination of motivational as well as discriminative cues associated with fear and avoidant behavior.
Personal Satisfaction as a Criterion for Evaluating Group Success
Authors: DeJulio Steven S. , Lambert Michael J. , Bentley Joseph
Published: September 2011

Results of combined data for six encounter groups (containing a total of 37 male and 25 female college students) suggested no significant relationship between personal satisfaction and peers' evaluations of interpersonal effectiveness. Within individual groups, however, significant relationships did occur, suggesting that intra-group differences were more powerful than the over-all relationship between the two variables. Implications for group research were discussed.
Dimensionality and Signal Detection Effects on a Short-Term Memory Task with Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Swanson H. Lee
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to compare a priori and d′ measures using data from Swanson and Watson's (1976) study with 10 mentally retarded children on a serial recognition task. Treatment main effects were similar using both measures. Significant primacy and recency effects were found with d′ measures, however, this was not found in a post hoc analysis of proportion correct scores. The results suggested that future investigations of serial recognition performance with emotionally mentally retarded children use an unbiased index of memory strength.
Arts/Science Students and Social Attitudes
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Three social attitude questionnaires were administered to 380 17-yr.-old British students (160 science specialists and 220 arts specialists) to test the proposition that science students tend to adopt authoritarian attitudes while arts students are more likely to have views that are liberal and non-authoritarian. On nine attitude factors, which were generated from an analysis of the responses to the questionnaires, there were no significant differences between the arts and science students.
Therapists' Expectancies and Patients' Improvement in Treatment: The Shape of the Link
Authors: Martin Paul J. , Hunter Marilynn L. , Guhr Kenneth E. , Acree Nancey J.
Published: September 2011

It has been hypothesized that therapists' expectancies for therapeutic gain by their patients are linked to the actual clinical improvement shown by the patients during treatment. It has also been hypothesized that therapists' expectancies may help cause patients' improvement. The first hypothesis has received empirical support, but the second has not. The study reported here tested a causative interpretation of the link between therapists' expectancies and patients' improvement, and a second interpretation that therapists' expectancies predict but do not cause patients' improvement. Based on motivation research it was reasoned that a significant curvilinear relationship between therapists' expectancy and patients' improvement would support a causative interpretation; a significant linear relationship between these variables would support a predictive interpretation. Multiple regression analyses produced evidence of a significant linear relationship between measures of expectancy and improvement, but no curvilinear component to the relationship. The results are interpreted as supporting the predictive interpretation. Some limitations of the findings are discussed.
Training Effects on Performance in Concept Identification Problems with Various Types of Solution Shifts
Authors: White Raymond M. , Wozniak William
Published: September 2011

Extensive training with same-class concept identification problems was expected to produce behavior that is consistent with hypothesis sampling models that assume rather severe memory limitations for previously tested hypotheses. After solving 0, 4, or 8 unidimensional concept problems, 256 undergraduates were transferred to a problem in which solution was (a) present on a single dimension—a no-shift problem, (b) reversed within a dimension after every second error—a reversal shift, (c) alternated between two dimensions after every second error—a dimensional shift, or (d) based on either of two dimensions—a relevant, redundant problem. Results showed that performance was better on the no-shift problem than the reversal shift problem but only at 0-pretraining. Performance was better on relevant, redundant problems than dimensional shift problems at 0- and 4-pretraining. There were frequent inconsistencies of hypotheses with previous information in the 0- and 8-pretraining conditions. The interpretation was that associative learning occurs among some inexperienced subjects and that with a moderate amount of training hypotheses are consistent with previous information. Memory is extremely limited when same-class problems are given repeatedly.
Effects of Differential Weight Gains on Activity Level of Young and Adult Hispid Cotton Rats
Authors: Nevitt James R. , Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

The degree of movement manifested by rats in laboratory activity tests may be correlated with the rate of weight gain by individual subjects. In a test of this possibility, cotton rats of differing weights at the same age were compared in a test measuring rate of movement. The weight factor proved to be inversely related to gross activity in young animals but directly in adults. These findings suggest that weight as well as age contributes to the activity level in this species.
Food-Deprivation Induced Arousal: Evidence against “Behavioral Inhibition” in Electrocortical Hypersynchrony
Authors: Bigler Erin D. , Fleming Donovan E.
Published: September 2011

Hypersynchronous activity was recorded from the visual cortex of the rat in the form of photically evoked after-discharges following 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr. of food deprivation. After-discharge activity was affected at only the 48-hr. level of deprivation and only in terms of a decrease in the frequency of occurrence. All other measures—after-discharge burst duration, after-discharge spindle amplitudes, and spindle waves per after-discharge burst—were unaffected by conditions of food deprivation. These results are discussed in terms of evidence against the uniform role of behavioral inhibition in hypersynchronous brain activity.
Effects of Assertive Training and Cognitive Components of Rational Therapy on Assertive Behaviors and Interpersonal Anxiety
Authors: Tiegerman Solomon , Kassinove Howard
Published: September 2011

The present analogue study investigated the relative efficacy of three treatment conditions (cognitive components of rational therapy, assertive training, and a combined treatment) and two controls (attention and no-contact) on the production of assertive behavior and the reduction of interpersonal anxiety among 51 college students. When compared to the attention control and no-contact control, the results provide partial support for the efficacy of all three treatments in promoting assertion and reducing interpersonal anxiety. The combined treatment was no more effective than assertive training or cognitive rational therapy administered independently. Difficulties in achieving significance because of large within-cell variances were noted.
Correspondence between the MMPI and the Midi-Mult
Authors: Streiner David L. , Goodman John T. , McLean Anthony
Published: September 2011

The 86-item Midi-Mult was compared with the full MMPI in two studies. In Study 1, the Midi-Mult was extracted from the MMPI answer sheets for 301 patients. Correlations between comparable scales ranged from .65 to .89. Most scales showed significant differences in T-score elevations between the two forms, although the magnitudes were small. High-point codes derived from each form yielded good agreement in less than one quarter of the cases, while agreement improved with increasing pathology. In Study 2, the Midi-Mult was both extracted from the MMPI and administered separately. Correlations and high-point code agreement for 15 psychiatric patients were generally lower with the separately administered form. It was concluded that the Midi-Mult could not be used as an alternative to the MMPI for most clinical applications.
Seeking Performance Information: Role of Self-Uncertainty and Self-Similarity
Authors: Aboud Frances E.
Published: September 2011

Social comparison processes were studied by allowing students to seek information about scores from classes which were similar or dissimilar to themselves. Self-evaluative uncertainty was manipulated prior to this by giving 138 students more or less information about the grade value of their own performance. More scores from the similar class were viewed when the subject had no prior means by which to evaluate himself. This effect was masked when uncertainty about the classes' performance was aroused in addition to uncertainty about oneself.
Verbal Activity of Middle- and Lower-Class Parents When Teaching Their Child
Authors: Jacob Theodore
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to evaluate the influence of social class insofar as determining patterns of parental activity during a parent-to-child teaching interaction. In all respects subject composition was the same as previously reported. The experimental task required parents to explain the meaning of a proverb to their son, and during this interaction total talking time was recorded for each family member. Results supported expectations that fathers spoke more than mothers in middle-class families and almost equal to mothers in lower-class families. The meaning of class differences in family interaction is discussed and directions for research are described.
Factor Analysis and Rotation of Responses to the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: September 2011

To investigate further the basic item-factor structure of the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, a principal components analysis and varimax rotation were conducted on responses of 866 children (aged 7 to 16 yr.) from schools in the Rotorua area of New Zealand. Ten factors were extracted of which 7 were interpretable. These were named: Factor 1. Neuroticism I (Neurotic affect), Factor 2. Extraversion I (Impulsivity), Factor 3. Lie Scale, Factor 4. Extraversion II (Introversion), Factor 5. Extraversion III (Jocularity), Factor 6. Extraversion IV (Sociability), Factor 8. Neuroticism II (Neurotic ideation).
Effect of Reinstating Initial Response on the Shift to Risk
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B.
Published: September 2011

30 male and 30 female subjects were exposed to 3 risk and 3 caution dilemmas in a group-shift experiment. Half the subjects, the Control condition, went through the standard paradigm. The other half, the Reinstatement condition, were allowed to see their original prediscussion responses before making their final postdiscussion responses. Group shifts occurred in both conditions and for both types of dilemmas. Individual prediscussion-postdiscussion shifts occurred on both types of dilemmas in the Control condition but only on caution dilemmas in the Reinstatement condition. The results are interpreted to mean that an individual's shift to risk is dependent on his being able to distort his memory of his initial response.
Incorporating Cue-Controlled Relaxation and Systematic Desensitization in Reduction of Anxiety
Authors: Russell Richard K. , Lent Robert W. , Sipich James F.
Published: September 2011

The present case report examines the potential advantages of incorporating cue-controlled relaxation within a systematic desensitization paradigm to develop a self-control skill for anxiety reduction. The procedural steps involved in incorporating the two techniques are outlined, and case history material is presented which illustrates the successful application of the combined technique.
Effects of Informative Feedback and Active Training upon Concept Attainment
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

Informative feedback procedures were compared with active training in concept attainment. 60 first-, second-, and third-grade children were presented with conjunctive concepts and assigned at random to each of 12 groups. The stimuli were drawings on cards representing the concepts. A 4 × 3 factorial design was employed which involved 3 combinations of feedback plus active training and 3 levels of task complexity. The results showed the informative feedback groups (right-wrong, nothing-wrong and right-nothing) discovered the concepts faster than the active training groups. Over all 3 levels of task difficulty the right-wrong condition yielded significantly better performance than the other feedback conditions and, in addition, nothing-wrong resulted in a faster rate of learning than right-nothing.
Personality Profiles of Physician Extenders
Authors: Buhmeyer Kenneth J. , Johnson Alan H.
Published: September 2011

Objective psychological measurements and personal historical data were taken on 67 physician extenders in 5 consecutive classes at a southeastern university over 18 mo., October 1972 to April 1974. The findings describe certain psychological characteristics associated with physician-extender students and compare these profiles with various similar groups. The physician extender's general personality type resembles that of the general practice physician. Comparisons with medical students show them to be more concerned with pragmatic matters and implies preferences which most likely favor a technological occupation. All of these measurements are not, however, necessarily associated with academic or occupational success. Future studies should concern relationships between these measurements and criteria of academic and occupational success.
Machiavellianism and Evaluation of Cognitively Balanced/Unbalanced Situations
Authors: Sorem Anthony M. , Ketola Kenneth
Published: September 2011

High, middle and low Machiavellian undergraduates ( ns = 26) evaluated paragraphs describing cognitively balanced and unbalanced situations. All subjects preferred balanced over unbalanced situations. High Machs were more reserved in their positive evaluation of balanced situations and in their negative evaluation of unbalanced situations than Middle Machs, who in turn were more reserved than the low Machs. The findings are in accordance with the personality syndrome attributed to High Machs by Christie and Geis.
Relationship between Altruism and Aggression Using Behavioral Measures
Authors: Wener Brian D. , Pisano Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between altruism and aggression was investigated using behavioral measures for both variables. Results for 30 male college students supported previous findings indicating that these behaviors may be conceptualized as incompatible. Altruism was negatively correlated (— .56) with aggression and shown in other research to be positively correlated with favorable personality adjustment.
Baseline Response Rate and its Relationship to Effects of Omission and Extinction Training in Pigeons
Authors: Topping Jeff S. , Crowe James T.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between baseline response rate and the effects of omission training and extinction training in pigeons. Exp. 1 employed four omission-training groups, differentiated by the values of the reinforcement-reinforcement and/or response-reinforcement intervals, and an extinction-training group while Exp. 2 used two omission-training groups and an extinction-training group. Results indicated that baseline response rate was not related to the differential effects of omission training and extinction training and that omission-training groups with relatively short interval values reduced responding significantly faster than did extinction-training groups.
Ego Identity: Effects of Ethnocentrism, Ethnic Identification, and Cognitive Complexity in Israeli, Oriental, and Western Ethnic Groups
Authors: Tzuriel David , Klein Morris Moshe
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship of ego identity to ethnocentrism, ethnic identification, and cognitive complexity. A sample of 378 Israeli high school students were administered: (a) the Adolescent Ego Identity Scale, (b) Ethnocentrism and Ethnic Group Identification Scale, and (c) Role Repertory Test. In a four-way analysis of variance, low as compared to high ethnocentric persons were higher in ego identity. Persons with high as compared to low ethnic identification were higher in ego identity. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found between ego identity and cognitive complexity only for the Western group. Ego identity, however, was related to the interaction of ethnic group, ethnocentrism, and ethnic identification, indicating the importance of considering all three ethnic variables simultaneously. While ethnocentrism was related to ego identity in both ethnic groups, ethnic identification was related to ego identity only in the Oriental group, among whom those with low ethnocentrism and high ethnic identification achieved the highest ego identity score. A social-personality explanation was used to interpret the results.
Psychological Profiles of Rape Crisis Counselors
Authors: Best Connie L. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: September 2011

To describe the psychological characteristics of volunteer rape crisis counselors, a battery of psychological tests was administered to 20 female counselors and 14 pediatric nurses. Groups were matched in age and education. Analyses of several measures, including the MMPI, showed counselors to be well-adjusted, open-minded, nonanxious, relatively assertive, profeminist, and individuals whose mood of vigor and activity leads them to seek out and enjoy new experiences.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Health Opinion Survey
Authors: Jegede R. Olukayode
Published: September 2011

Gurin's modification of the Health Opinion Survey was completed by 178 medical students, aged 19 to 25 yr., and 241 secondary school pupils, aged 9 to 19 yr. Internal consistency reliability measured by coefficient alpha was .77 and .79, respectively, on the two ratings. The mean of the correlation of each item with the remaining items was .34 for each rating. These findings show that the items on the instrument have much in common, which implies that a single trait may be measured by the Health Opinion Survey.
Cue Validity in a Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) Respiratory Conditioning Situation
Authors: Wolach Allen H. , Breuning Stephen E. , Solhkhan Nariman , Roccaforte Peter
Published: September 2011

32 goldfish were classically conditioned in a respiratory conditioning situation with shock as the US and a temporary cessation of breathing as the UR. The CS was a light, a click, or a light-click compound stimulus. Fish in all four groups had classical conditioning trials with the light-click compound as CS. The groups were differentiated by additional classical conditioning with one of the elements of the compound as CS (Group 1), no presentations of the individual elements of the compound or the US (Group 2), random presentations of the US (Group 3), and non-rewarded presentations of one of the elements of the compound (Group 4). When tested with the element of the compound that was not presented alone to any of the groups during training, Group 1 showed the least evidence for conditioning, Groups 2 and 3 intermediare levels of conditioning, and Group 4 the greatest evidence for conditioning. The results were discussed in relation to hypotheses regarding continuity and attention as interpretations of cue-validity studies.
Development of the Activity Response: Effect of a Manipulatable Environment and Observational Learning
Authors: Pihl R. O. , Shore Howard
Published: September 2011

At 21 days 24 hooded rats were assigned to two different rearing environments, a manipulatable environment where moveable objects were available and a search for food was required and a static environment where objects were fixed and food was presented in a dish bolted to the floor. To determine whether effects could be transferred visually, each manipulatable environment was paired with a static environment; half of the 12 pairs had adjoining Plexiglas walls and the other half wooden walls. Observational measures of activity were begun when rats were 70 days old, followed eight days later by an ultrasonic measure of activity and at 90 days old by Y-maze learning trials Subjects raised in the manipulatable situation were more active and explorative than those reared in the static environment. Subjects reared in Plexiglas cages were less reactive, ate more, were observed to be more active but were less active as measured ultrasonically and were consistently better on learning than animals reared in wooden cages. The results are discussed in terms of the development of the activity response, the non-unitary aspects of the response and the modifying effect of visual contact.
Within-Response Force Variations Accompanying Differentiation of Duration in Rats
Authors: Fowler Stephen C. , Filewich Robert J. , Leberer Mark R.
Published: September 2011

By using a force-sensing isometric manipulandum, response force waveforms were recorded from rats performing a duration differentiation. For 2 rats exteroceptive cues were correlated with response force exceeding the force criterion and with attainment of the 1.60-sec. duration required for reinforcement. The other 3 rats received no exteroceptive support, the water reinforcer being delivered upon response termination. In the last phase of the experiment, reinforcement was contingent upon holding response force within a force “band” for a specified time. Relative frequency distributions of response duration indicated that differentiation of duration was more accurate in the presence of exteroceptive cues than in the absence of such stimuli. Spectral analysis of individual response waveforms indicated that rhythmic force oscillations (2 to 6 hz) predominated, despite the subjects' reliance on exteroceptive stimuli. Introduction of the joint force-band-duration contingency reduced but did not completely abolish the oscillations for both cued and uncued subjects. Over-all the results suggest that the rhythmic force variations observed here may be unselected or elicited components of the response rather than manifestations of a proprioceptive self-cueing process.
College Education as Viewed by Some Former Graduates
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: September 2011

Opinions of business graduates concerning importance of college and university education were assessed. Responses indicate that most of the former graduates felt that college education was useful and necessary for a professional career in business.
Sex-Role Expectations Associated with Specific Household Tasks: Perceived Age and Employment Differences
Authors: Keith Pat M. , Brubaker Timothy H.
Published: September 2011

Although sex and age appropriate behavior has been examined, little attention has been given to expectations for the redistribution of household tasks. A questionnaire administered to unmarried college students provides data on expectations for 10 household tasks in three age and employment situations and projections for one's own marriage. Neither age nor work status alone was the basis for the ascription of norms involving domestic tasks. But both youth and dual-career marriage were associated with more shared activities. Future research should focus on the relationship between general attitudes toward sex-role behavior and the redistribution of household tasks.
Students' Expectations and Their Answer-Changing Behavior
Authors: Ballance Collin T.
Published: September 2011

Answer-changing data were collected on 100 multiple choice test items from a course in statistics and research methods taken by a class of professional school students. After the course 92 of the students responded to an instrument assessing their reasons for revising answers and beliefs relative to the consequences of answer changing. A majority (86%) indicated that their response changes reflected decisions based upon reconsideration; however, the remaining subjects cited other motives. Most subjects incorrectly expected answer changing to result in a loss of test score points. Subjects' beliefs regarding the consequences of answer changing did not influence their behavior in test-taking.
Comparison of WISC and WISC-R Full Scale IQs for a Sample of Children in Special Education
Authors: Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

The WISC and WISC-R were administered on occasions 2 yr. apart to 186 children with learning difficulties. Ages ranged from 6 to 13 yr. initially and from 8 through 15 yr. at second testing. Pearson correlations ranged from .85 between the WISC and WISC-R Full Scale IQs at Age 9 to .96 at Ages 8, 14, and 15. No significant differences were noted between the sets of Full Scale IQs.
Comparison of Self-Concepts of Transcendental Meditators and Nonmeditators
Authors: Nystul Michael S. , Garde Margaret
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered to 15 Australian subjects who had been practicing Transcendental Meditation for a mean of 3 yr. and 15 Australian subjects who had never practiced. A t test showed meditators had significantly more positive self-concepts on 7 of the 29 test scores—Total Positive, Identity, Self-satisfaction, Personal Self, Personality Disorder, Distribution Sub-score 2, and Moral Ethical Self. The possible psychological significance of these findings is discussed as are implications for additional research. The need for cross-validation of data reported in the present paper is essential.
Changing Perspectives in the Study of Children: Comparison between Research and Popular Literature
Authors: Bachtold Louise M. , Tanaka Mitzi , White Cynthia
Published: September 2011

To observe trends and compare research interests in child psychology and concerns of lay people whose work involves children, topical analyses were made of two scientific journals ( Child Development, and the Journal of Educational Psychology) and two popular publications ( Children Today, and the Instructor). All articles between January, 1955 and December, 1975 were assigned to one of 20 categories which emerged as the major classifications for the content of the four journals: Adult/Teacher; Assessment; Behaviorism; Cognition, Cross-culture; Curriculum; Day Care, Disadvantage; Education; Exceptionality; Family; Health; Methods; Personality and Affect; Psychobiology; Research; Services and Welfare; Setting of Standards; Social Development; Youth. Based on the annual frequencies of every category, trends and changing emphases in each journal over the past two decades were delineated, and professional and lay concerns were contrasted. Major interests shared by both professional journals were Cognition and Personality and Affect, while the lay publications shared Exceptionality. Of the highest priorities in the professional journals, Personality and Affect were among the strongest interests found in the Instructor, and Family was among the top in Children Today. Inquiry into Personality and Affect dropped in the reviews of the second decade in both kinds of publications, while Cognition dominated research between 1963 and 1975. Over-all, most interest of the lay publications did not parallel the research problems of the scientists. It was concluded that articles written by lay persons make relatively little use of research.
Concrete and Abstract Information in Semantic and Episodic Memory
Authors: Wippich Werner
Published: September 2011

In the present study abstract or concrete target nouns had to be retrieved from semantic memory within 1 min. after the definitions of the nouns had been presented to subjects (Brown and McNeill's paradigm). Following the definition session 22 subjects were unexpectedly asked to recall the target nouns from episodic memory. Semantic memory as well as episodic memory retrieval was better for concrete than for abstract nouns. These results could not be explained in terms of a higher adequacy of definitions for the concrete words. The results seem to support those theories of memory which postulate a dual-code representation of information, especially a verbal code and an imagery code.
Cultural Generality of the Relationship between Sex and Aggression
Authors: Jaffe Yoram , Berger Amira
Published: September 2011

The present research reports a successful replication of aggression-facilitating effects of exposure to sexual stimulation reported by investigators in the U. S. In demonstrating that also for 29 Israeli when sexually aroused subjects behaved more aggressively than when nonaroused, the results support the notion that the positive relationship observed between sexuality and aggression is a cross-cultural phenomenon.
Congruency of Sex-Role Identification in Normal and Disturbed Adolescent Males
Authors: Small Arnold C. , Gross Ruth B. , Biller Henry B. , Prochaska James O.
Published: September 2011

17 pre-delinquent, 17 mixed psychiatric, and 17 normal adolescent males and their parents were compared for sex-role orientation and preference. No differences were found among groups. Sex-role orientation and preference were appropriate for each group, indicating a congruence between biological sex and sex-role identification and interests. A disturbance in sex-role orientation was not associated with the adolescent psychopathology surveyed here. Results suggest that troubled adolescents may not show the close association between sex-role disturbance and psychopathology found in adult disorders.
Adolescent Self-Reports and Religiosity
Authors: Moore Kathy , Stoner Sue
Published: September 2011

The Brownfain Self-rating Inventory and Religiosity Index were administered to high school juniors, 46 males and 66 females. Correlations between scores on the two inventories were significant for males (.41, p < .01) but not for females ( r = .22). Subjects were divided into high and low groups on the Self-rating Inventory (self-concept). The high group scores were .5 SD above the mean and low group .5 SD below. Mean differences on the Religiosity Index for two groups were significant for males ( p < .01) but not females. Results suggest that male adolescents with positive self-reports score higher on religiosity than those with low self-reports but not female adolescents.
Effect of a Pregroup Collective Project on the Cohesiveness of Inpatient Therapy Groups
Authors: Shipley Robert H.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to increase the cohesion of inpatient therapy groups by having the group members work collectively on a creative art project immediately prior to their second therapy session. Ten short-term inpatient psychotherapy groups, having 6 to 8 members each, were randomly assigned either to this collective project or to an individual project on which group members worked individually on a similar art project. In the therapy session which followed, groups on the collective project showed a significant decrease in physical distance between group members relative to a baseline therapy session and relative to groups on the individual project. Groups on the collective project also scored significantly higher on a cohesion questionnaire than those in the individual project. The questionnaire and intermember-distance measures of group cohesion correlated highly (0.72). Intermember distance returned to baseline during a follow-up therapy session. No differences in the frequency of three types of verbal behavior were found during therapy. Collective art projects may be used to increase cohesion in short-term groups. Further exploration of intermember distance as a measure of group cohesion was suggested.
Effects of Drive upon Habit Strength and Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Pilley John W. , Lindsay Jim , Williamson Don , Reid Alliston
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1 rats were given 5 training trials per day for 8 days in a straight runway under both low and high drive, with the drive state of each subject altered each day. Subjects were subdivided and given 20 extinction trials under either low or high drive. Exp. 2 replicated the training conditions of Exp. 1, but, in addition, lengthened training sessions to 18 days and extinguished each subject under both low and high drive. Combined results showed residual effects of intensity of drive state on the first day of training upon later training trials; however, with additional training the effect dissipated. Data were interpreted as supportive of the position that drive contributes to habit strength.
Anxiety and Locus of Conflict in Normal Children
Authors: Nelson W. M. , Kendall Philip C. , Finch A. J. , Gordon Robert H.
Published: September 2011

63 mostly white seventh graders were given the Locus of Conflict Rating Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. No sex differences were noted. Correlations were small even when significant, except for .82 between CMAS Anxiety and Trait Anxiety. Some validity for the Locus of Conflict Rating Scale is indicated.
Norms for Prisoners and Reliability on Two Value Surveys
Authors: Bassett John E. , Schellman George C. , Kohaut Susan M. , Gayton William F.
Published: September 2011

Norms and reliability data were established for 487 male prisoners on the Survey of Personal Values and the Survey of Interpersonal Values. Means were significantly different on 11 of the 12 values measured by the two tests when compared with the norms provided in the respective manuals for college males. Estimates of test-retest reliability were comparable to those reported in the manuals. Users of the surveys with male prisoners are cautioned against use of the college norms provided in the manuals. Specific norms may have to be developed before these measures can be used in a prison setting. The possibility that the two surveys are contaminated by a social desirability response set should also be considered.
The Catharsis of Aggression and Hostility
Authors: Siegman Aron Wolfe , Dintzer Leonard
Published: September 2011

Using 16 male and 16 female subjects, this study investigated the effects of viewing justified filmed violence and the effects of catharsis on aggression, as measured by levels of shock and ratings of hostility. Berkowitz's position that the viewing of justified filmed violence reduces the threshold for aggression was supported by both the shock and the rating data. Data did not support his position that the direct expression of aggression and hostility against an insulting partner is likely to serve as a stimulus for further aggression. In fact the data obtained from the male subjects are consistent with the catharsis principle.
Faculty Evaluation as Interpersonal Reinforcement
Authors: Pendse Shripad G.
Published: September 2011

The reinforcement principle, “We will like those who reward us; we will dislike those who punish us,” was tested by comparing faculty evaluations and grades received by students. Data from a random sample of 37 courses suggest that the principle is valid, especially if it is reformulated as “We will like those whom we expect to reward us.” Implications are discussed regarding design and use of faculty evaluations in colleges and universities.
Effects of Sex and Degree of Personal Contact on Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: De Voge J. T. , Domelsmith David E. , Johnson C. Anderson , Whatley Judith L.
Published: September 2011

In the typical hypnotic susceptibility experiment a subject receives a pre-briefing and then is exposed to hypnotic suggestions. In conditions of high personal contact these functions (receptionist and hypnotist) were performed by the same person and in conditions of low personal contact by different persons. Hypnotic susceptibility scores of 77 subjects suggested that in conditions of low personal contact, the sex of the receptionist significantly affected these scores. Sex of hypnotist was not a significant influence in conditions of either high or low personal contact. There was a trend toward higher scores from subjects under high personal contact than from those in low personal contact, but this finding needs replication. Implications for further research were discussed.
Influence of Situational Factors on Causal Attributions of College Females
Authors: Teglasi Hedwig
Published: September 2011

144 female college students either competed or cooperated with a male ( n = 72) or female ( n = 72) partner on a word-generation task. Feedback on success or failure was given following performance. The dependent measures were expectancy of success and causal attribution for success or failure. In general a cooperative-competitive manipulation influenced expectancies and causal attributions in the predicted direction. Women stated higher expectancies of success and were less external in causal attributions in the cooperative than in the competitive condition. However, most predictions with respect to sex of partner or of competitor were not supported. The data suggest that the pattern of causal attribution may not be an enduring personality trait of an individual but varies with the situation and that sex differences in causal attribution may be situation specific.
Locus of Control of Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire
Authors: Lewis Philip , Cheney Thomas , Dawes A. Stephen
Published: September 2011

To facilitate investigation of adult social behavior a situation-specific locus-of-control measure, patterned after Rotter's I-E scale, was developed. Using a forced-choice format, the 23-item Locus of Control of Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire was constructed; it yielded adequate psychometric properties and sufficient construct validity to warrant further research.
Innocent Victim, Deserved Victim and Martyr: Observers' Reaction
Authors: McDonald Gerald W.
Published: September 2011

Observers' reactions to, and internal justification of, the perceived victimization of another individual were investigated. Utilizing a “just world” model, three “perceived” conditions of victimization are employed: the innocent victim, the deserved victim, and the martyr. Several hypotheses are tested through the application of a two-way analysis of variance and several independent sample t tests. Only partial support for the “just world” model was demonstrated.
Rationale of Covert Reinforcement: Additional Evidence
Authors: Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2011

Cautela (1970, 1975) explains covert positive reinforcement as a behavior therapy technique derived from an operant conditioning model. Recent studies have cast doubt on the adequacy of this explanation. On a behavioral measure presentation of the covert reinforcer before or after the response sought to be increased did not yield results superior to those in which the reinforcer was presented noncontingently. Results for three groups were superior to those obtained for a placebo and a no-treatment group and were maintained at a 1-mo. follow-up. On an attitude questionnaire significant improvements showed only for the covert positive reinforcement group at the follow-up. No differences among the groups were obtained on the fear thermometer. The theoretical implications were discussed.
Integration of Information in the “Courts:” Influence of Physical Attractiveness on Amount of Punishment for a Traffic Offender
Authors: Piehl Jochen
Published: September 2011

Physical attractiveness of a traffic offender was varied along with the nature of the street accident. Punishment as a main dependent measure was realized in terms of imprisonment. Results for 44 female and 46 male undergraduates were inconsistent with additive and averaging models of information integration. An averaging model with differential weights could not give a consistent account of the effects. An attractive offender received more lenient treatment than an unattractive both involved in an identical accident. Having committed a fatal accident, physical attractiveness appears to have a negative influence on the over-all judgment.
Self-Control Training for Inmates
Authors: Cheek Frances E. , Baker James C.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a structured group training program which teaches prison inmates behavior modification techniques of relaxation, desensitization, self-image improvement, correct assertiveness, etc. to help them gain greater control over their own lives.