bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aberrant insulinoma of the duodenal bulb
Authors: Watanabe Wilson , Kurumada Tomoyuki , Shirai Takayuki , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: December 2008

A rare insulin‐immunoreactive neuroendocrine tumor of the duodenum in a 54 year old male is reported. The incidentally identified tumor was located on the anterior free wall of the duodenal bulb and measured approximately 6 mm in diameter. Uncomplicated endoscopic resection of the tumor was carried out. The lesion exhibited classic histologic features of insulinoma of the β‐islet cell type with stromal amyloid deposition. In addition to positive reactivities of chromogranin A, neuron‐specific enolase, synaptophysin, Leu 7 (CD57), cystatin C, CA15–3 and cytokeratin, the non‐argyrophilic tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for insulin and C‐peptide. The stromal amyloid was clearly labeled for amylin. A few cells were stained for somato‐statin, whereas other hormones were negative. Interestingly, a few isolated insulin‐positive cells were identiii in the non‐neoplastic duodenal mucosa in the proximity of the tumor. lmmunoelectron microscopy using paraffin sections disclosed insulin‐immunoreactive secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The patient exhibited no signs or symptoms of hypoglycemia. Serum insulin levels were not measured prior to resection. No tumors were demonstrated in the pancreas. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1 cm asymptomatic pituitary mass, in association with moderately elevated serum prolactin levels. The patient is currently being followed up in the outpatient clinic.
Giant cell tumors of tendon sheath: A single and multiple immunostaining analysis
Authors: Tashiro Himiko , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Kikuchi Masahiro , Ogata Kosuke , Okazaki Masatoshi
Published: December 2008

Nineteen giant cell tumors of tendon sheath (GCTTS) were studied to elucidate the origin of the proliferating cells of these tumors, using single and multiple immunostaining techniques with a labeled avidin‐biotin [LAB] method in paraffin‐embedded tissues. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki‐67 (MIB‐1) antigen were present in mono‐nuclear cells (PCNA 26%; MIB‐1 4%) but were absent in giant cells. These findings indicate that mononuclear cells, but not giant cells, participate in the proliferative compartment of GClTS. A histiocytic marker, HAM56, was positive in many mononuclear cells (mean 81%), but was totally negative in osteoclastic giant cells. Another histiocytic antigen, CD68, was expressed in both mononuclear cells (mean 28%) and most of the giant cells (mean 89%). By triple immunostaining for PCNA, HAM56 and vimentin, 83% of PCNA‐positive mononuclear cells co‐expressed HAM56. Because of the frequent co‐expression of PCNA and HAM56, the main portion of proliferating cells in GClTS may represent a mono‐cyte/macrophage lineage. However, there is a small but definite mesenchymal/fibroblastic component, characterized by PCNA+vimentin+HAM56‐‐, relating to the proliferative compartment of GCTTS. Multiple immunostainings with MIB‐1 showed similar patterns to those with PCNA. These observations indicate that the GCTTS represent bimodal proliferatbe lesions consisting of histiocytic and mesenchymal/fibroblastic elements.
Immunohistochemical detection of macrophage‐derived foam cells and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in pulmonary atherogenesis of cholesterol‐fed rabbits
Authors: Ruan Yingmao , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Naito Makoto
Published: December 2008

In order to investigate the role of monocyte/macrophages and their relationship to the expression of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (MCSF) in pulmonary atherosclerosis, lungs were excised from rabbits that had been fed for 60 and 90 days on a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. In the lungs, fatty streaks and elevated foam cell lesions predominated in the large or medium‐sized elastic pulmonary arteries, while massive accumulation of foam cells in the intima of muscular arteries produced marked luminal narrowing and nearly complete occlusion. In these lesions, most of the foam cells were reactive with RbM2, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against rabbit macrophages, while smooth muscle cell‐derived foam cells were detected by mAb against smooth muscle actin in the deeper area of elevated foam cell lesions of elastic arteries. Ultrastructural observation confirmed the presence of monocytes in the intima, their differentiation into macrophages, and their transformation into foam cells in the atherosclerotic lesions. lmmunohistochemical expression of MCSF was demonstrated in the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and foam cells. A minor macrophagederived foam cell population was demonstrated to possess a prolif‐erative capacity. These data suggest that MCSF is involved in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, their transformation into foam cells, and their proliferation during pulmonary atherogenesis.
Iinkage of the athymic nude locus with the myeloperoxidase locus in the rat
Authors: Murakumo Yoshiki , Takahashi Masahide , Hayashi Naomi , Taguchi Masako , Arakawa Atsushi , Sharma Nidhi , Sakata Keita , Saito Mitsuhiro , Amo Hiroyuki , Katoh Hideki , Matsuyama Mutsushi
Published: December 2008

In rats of the BUF/Mna strain epithelial thymoma development is regulated by a single autosomal susceptible gene, Tsr‐1. In pre‐thymoma stage, BUF/Mna rats have extremely large thymuses, when compared with those of other strains of rats. The large thymus size of this strain is contributed by a thymus‐enlargement gene, Ten‐1. On the other hand, reduced thymus size and suppression of thymoma development were found in heterozygous BUF/Mna‐rnu/+ rats. Linkage studies between RNU and microsatellite and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in ([BUFIMna‐runl rnu × WKY/NCrj]F1 × WKY/NCrj)‐ and (WKY/NCrj × [BUF/ Mna‐rnu/rnu × WKY/NCrj] F1)‐ backcross rats have led to the localization of RNU on chromosome 10. The rat homolog of mouse Mpo (myeloperoxidase) was also assigned to the chromosome 10. The gene order on the chromosome was MYHSE (myosin heavy chain of embryonic skeletal muscle) — (1.0 centimorgan [cM]) — SHBG (sex hormone‐binding globulin) — (4.0 cM) — RNU (Rowett rat nude) — (10.0cM) — MPO — (13.0 cM) — AEP (anion exchange protein). Conserved linkage of homologous loci mapped to rat chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 11 supports the hypothesis that the RNU and MPO loci are rat homologs of the mouse nu and Mpo loci.
Alteration of the p53 gene of lung carcinomas with sarcomatous transformation (spindle cell carcinoma): Analysis of four cases
Authors: Kawano Ryoji , Takeshima Yukio , Inai Kouki
Published: December 2008

Lung carcinoma with sarcomatous transformation (LCST) is highly aggressive and characterized by local invasion and/ or distant metastasis, which leads to a shorter survival than ordinary lung carcinomas. Therefore, to elucidate whether the malignant potential of the spindle cell element in LCST is associated with the alteration of the p53 gene, four cases were examined by analyses of overexpression of the p53 oncoproteln, mutation of the p53 gene and loss‐of‐heterozy‐gosity (LOH) at chromosome 17p. In two cases overexpression of the p53 oncoproteln of the spindle cell component showed a higher degree of staining than that of the carcinoma component; LOH was identified In both carcinoma and sarcomatous components in one case, while In contrast, another case showed LOH in the sarcomatous component only. Mutations were clearly detected in two cases; one showed a CTT to CGT transversion in codon 194 of exon 6 in both components, whereas the other showed a CTG to CAG transversion in codon 265 of exon 8 in the sarcomatous component only. On the basis of these observations, it suggested that the sarcomatous component shows a higher frequency of p53 gene abnormalities in comparison to the carcinoma component. These results also suggested that the acquisition of malignant potential in the sarcomatous component, or the morphological alteration of carcinoma cells, is correlated with abnormalities associated with the p53 gene.
Pigmentary degeneration indwed by N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea and the fate of pigment epithelial cells in the rat retina
Authors: Nakajima Motomaro , Narnbu Hiroyuki , Shikata Nobuaki , Senzaki Hideto , Miki Hirohiko , Tsubura Airo
Published: December 2008

Pigmentary degeneration of the retina was induced by a single intraperitoneal Injection of 75mgkg of N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) In female Brown‐Norway colored rats at 50 days of age, which were then observed at 24, 48 and 72 h and 7, 21,35 and 150 days after the treatment. MNU‐treated rats showed selective destruction of the photoreceptor cells by an apoptotic mechanlsm 24 h after the treatment, and the destruction was completed by day 7. During the photoreceptor cell degeneration, proliferation of Miller cells and infiltratlon of macrophages was prominent 72h and 21 days aRttr the treatment, respectively. Müller cell proliferation and macrophage infiltratbn corresponded to degenerative photo‐receptor cell phagocytosis, and prollferating Müller cell processes responded to stabilize the damaged retina. Pigment epithelial cell detachment from the Bruch's membrane was seen 72 h after the treatment, and migration within all layers of the retina was seen at day 7 when photoreceptor Cells were lost. At 21, 35 and 150 days after the treatment, lack of photoreceptor cells and deposition of pigment epithelial cells within the retina but not in contact to vascular endothe‐lial cells were characteristic. MNU‐induced photoreceptor apoptosis followed by Miiller cell and macrophage reaction then pigment epithellal cells deposition withln the retina partially resembles retinitis pigmentosa in humans.
Expression of bone marrow stromal cell specific antigen during murine development:Its expression in embryonic hematopoietic tissues as well as in other developing tissues
Authors: Akasaka Yoshikiyo , Umezawa Akihiro , Suzuki Hiroshi , Sugimoto Tetsuro , Hata Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2008

Monoclonal antibody R4‐A9 demonstrated specificity for a cell surface antigen of stromal cells in murine bone marrow and spleen. In order to Identify patterns of expression that may elucidate the potential role of R4‐A9 antigen, the developmental expression of this antigen in mouse embryos from 8 days post‐coitum to 5 days post‐partum was investigated by immunohistochemistry. At an early developmental stage, weak staining for R4‐A9 antigen could be detected in the yolk sac. At later stages, strong staining of this antigen was detected predominantly in the embryonic liver, the main site of embryonic hematopoiesis. However, concomitant with the decreased staining in the liver, increased expression of this antigen was observed in bone marrow and spleen. Therefore, the changes in expression in those hematopofetic tissues suggest that its expression is coordinately regulated during the developmental stage of the sites of embryonic hematopoiesis. Compared with the distribution of R4‐A9 antigen in adult tissues as previously reported, the expression of this antigen in fetal tissues was more widespread during the period of organogenesis, and was most abundant in other developing tissues, including the heart, skin, and lung. In contrast, fetal expression detected in hematopoietic and other developing tissues was lost after birth. These results taken together show a marked gradient of R4‐A9 antigen expression, with the highest level at the peak of organ development, raising the possibility that this molecule may act as a growth/differentiation factor both in hematopoietic and other developing tissues in a fetus.
Late bone metastasis from an encapsulated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid withoutcapsular and vascular invasion
Authors: Mizukami Yuji , Nonomura Akltaka , Hayashi Yoshinobu , Ohmura Kenji , Michigishi Takatoshi , Nogucrtl Masakunl , Nakamura Shinobu , Ishizaki Takeshi
Published: December 2008

A unique case of encapsulated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, which lacked histologic evidence of capsular and vascular Invasion but developed a late bone metastasis, is described. The thyroid tumor was found in a 42‐year‐old man. It was relatively small (2.5 cm) and totally encapsulated. Histologically, the thyroid tumor showed a microfollicular growth pattern of follicular cells and revealed no histologic evidence of nuclear atypia, mitotic figures or capsular and vascular invasion. The diagnosis of microfollicular adenoma was made and partial thyroidectomy was performed. Bone (rib) metastasis of the thyroid tumor developed 22 years after the thyroidectomy. The present case suggested that capsular and/or vascular invasion is not always sufficient for the diagnosis of encapsulated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.
A case of multiple myeloma producing granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor
Authors: Usuda Hiroyuki , Naito Makoto , Ohyach Kenji , Iizumi Toshio
Published: December 2008

A case of multiple myeloma (IgA‐Λ) with marked granulocytosis, which measured up to 9.9×104/mm3, Is described. Matured neutrophiles were predominant and blasts were not found in the peripheral blood. The serum granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) was notably elevated. The disease ran a chronic course and granulocytosis and elevated serum G‐CSF continued. The patient developed atelectasis and bronchopneumonia, and died of respiratory failure. At autopsy, bone marrow showed marked myeloid hyperplasia in varying states of differentiation. The enlarged spleen also disclosed numerous myeloid cells of varying differentiation. Small aggregations of atypical plasma cells were present in the marrow and spleen. Immunohisto‐chemically, atyplcal plasma cells were positive for anti‐G‐CSF antibody, which Indicated G‐CSF secretion from the myeloma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of G‐CSF‐producing multiple myeloma.
Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A cytodiagnostic case report of its variant type
Authors: Asami Hidekazu , Ito Yuji , Aida Junko Suzuki , Okada Yume , Takagi Kentaro , Koike Noboru , Sakamoto Atsuhiko , Yokose Tomoyuki
Published: December 2008

Presented is a case report of a urinary bladder carcinoma that had an unusual morphology and phenotype. A 65‐year‐old Japanese man complained of gross hematuria. Cytological examination of the urine before a partial cystectomy revealed small, round atypical cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, scant cytoplasm, and hyperchromatic nuciel with coarse and granular chromatin in a bloody background. Several tumor cells had relatively large and vesicular nuclel with prominent eosinophilic nucleoll and obscure perinucleolar halos. A small number of large atypical urothellal cells were also recognized. The tumor recurred locally 3 months after the operation. The urine cytology during recurrence showed the same features without the etypical urothellal cells. These cytological findings suggested a case of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (SCUC) combined with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). An histology of the resected specimen before the recurrence revealed that the SCUC was consistent with a variant type of SCUC proposed for the lung and showed transition with TCC In situ. M‐VAC chemotherapy after a total cystectomy was less effective. The patient died 6 months after diagnosis. A variant subtype of SCUC of the urinary bladder associated with TCC In situ has not been previously reported. Although this histological type is very rare, its earlier cytological detection is needed for appropriate therapy.
Calcifying fibrous pseudotumor
Authors: Fukunaga Masaharu , Kikuchi Yasushi , Endo Yasuhiko , Ushigome Shinichiro
Published: December 2008

A case of calcifying fibrous pseudotumor arising In the lngune of a 20‐year‐old Japanese female Is described. The patient had a well‐circumscrlbed subcutaneous mass measuring 2.0 cm In greatest diameter, which had been present for 3 months. Mlcroscoplcally. the tumor was not encapsulated but well defined. The tumor was composed largely of dense interwoven bundles of collagen. Uniform, elongated spindle cells were scattered among the collagenous bundles and showed a wavy pattern. Lymphoid follicles with germinal centers and an infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells wore intermingled. The tumor was characterized by the presonce of micracalcifications, chiefly dystrophic calcifications, throughout the Iesion. The spindle cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin. They were uniformly nagative for desmin, muscle specific actin HHF35, frctor‐VII related antigen, S‐100 protein. neurofilament, cytokeratin CAM5.2, CD34, and CD31. By flow cytometry the tumor had a diplold DNA content with S‐phase fractions of 2.5%. The patient was well with no evidence of disease 2 months after excision.
Nemaline bodies of skeletal muscle fibers of the neck in a case of pharyngeal cancer
Authors: Kimura Masatomo , Furuta Tomoko , Hiruma Shingo , Otsuka Kayo , Teramura Kazuhiro , Maekura Shunji , Satou Takao , Hashimoto Shigeo
Published: December 2008

Nemaline bodiea were found in the regenerating muscle fibers of the neck of a 74‐year‐old Japanese male with pharyngeal cancer. Histologically, the nemaline bodies were needie‐shaped structure and hematoxophllic with phospho‐tungstic acid‐hematoxyiin stain. Electron microscopic examination suggested that they arise as extensions of the 2 bands. Although nemaline bodies occur in a variety of pathological conditions other than nemaiine myopathy, their occurrence in regenerating skeletal muscle fibers Invaded by cancer has not been reported previously. The pathogenesis of the nemaline body formation in the present case is discussed.
Pigmented variant of benign oncocytic lesion of the pharynx
Authors: Kurihara Kenji , Nakagawa Kenji
Published: December 2008

A case of pigmented variant of benign oncocytic lesions is reported. The lesion was incidentally found in the pharynx of a 69‐year‐old man, and the gross appearances were multiple, small, flat elevations with black discoloration. Microscopically, ducts of seromucinous glands were replaced by melanin‐containing oncocytes and adjacent dendritic melan‐ocytes. To date, such a pigmented variant of benign oncocytic lesion has not been reported before.
Genetic mapping of genes regulating the thymus size in back‐cross rats between the laboratory BUF/Mna strain and the MITE strain derived from the wild rat, Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Sharma Nidhi , Ohyabu Atsushi , Murakumo Yoshiki , Takahashl Masahide , Saito Mitsuhiro , Amo Hiroyuki , Murayama Shin‐ichiro , Ohno Kyoko , Oda Sen‐ichi , Matsuyama Mutsushi
Published: December 2008

The thymoma prone BUF/Mna (B) rat is a useful model for Studying the genes responsible for thymus enlargement during the stage of young growth. Among the strains of rats, B rats have the largest thymuses at al stages of life. A locus, Ten‐1, which contributes to thymus enlargement in back‐cross (BC) rats between the B and WKY/NCrj (W) strains, was mapped on chromosome 1. To determine the precise location of the bus, (B×(B×MITE)F1) BC rats were generated by crossing the B strain with the Inbred MITE (M) strain, which was established from captured, Japanese wild rats, and were examined by linkage study using polymerase chain reaction with 67 microsatellite markers. Linkages with thymus enlargements were found In genotypes of seven markers, BSIS, LSN, MYL2, IGF2, PBPC2, D1Mgh11, and D1Mit6, by X2‐test and Student's t‐test, which confirmed the presence of the genetic locus associated with thymus enlargement, Ten‐1, in this region. Paradoxically, a suppressive locus, Tsu‐1, to thymus enlargement was also found on chromosome 3, showing linkages of phenotype of the small thymus with genotypes of SCN2A, CAT D3Mit16, and D3Mit13. By analyses of mapmaker/exp and mapmaker/qtl, Ten‐1 was mapped at 4.6 cM proximal from IGF2 locus on chromosome 1 and Tsu‐1 at 4.0 cM proximal from CAT locus on chromosome 3, respectively.
Double squamous cell carcinomas, verrucous type and poorly differentiated type, of the urinary bladder unassociated with bilharzial infection
Authors: Olda Yasuhisa , Yasuda Masanori , Kajiwara Hiroshi , Onda Hajime , Kawamura Nobuo , Osamura R. Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2008

A case of a 66‐year‐old Japanese woman with two synchronous urinary biadder tumors, namely verrucous carcinoma and poorly differentiated squmamous cell carcinoma, is described. Both tumors were accompanled by widespread squamous metaplasia in the background and unassociated with bilharzial infection. The poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, having a satellite tumor in Its proximlty, was large and in an advanced stage. The verrucous carcinoma was small with minimal invasion to the muscuiaris propria. The boundary between both tumors was well defined, suggesting colliding growth appearance. Immunoexpression of cytokeratins of verrucous carcinoma was simllar to that of squamous metaplasia, and significant differences between verrucous carcinoma and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were demonstrated in thair immunoexpression of cytokeratins.
Analysis of K‐ras oncogene mutation directly applied to atypical cell clusters on cytologic smear slides of bile and pancreatic juice
Authors: Fukushlma Noriyoshi , Suzuki Miwako , Fukayama Masashi
Published: December 2008

To develop an objective reference for the cytological evaluation of atypical cells in bile and pancreatic juice, we analyzed K‐ras oncogene mutation In atypical cell clusters, which were collected directly from cytological smear slides; 50 samples (cell clusters) from 31 smear slides of 21 patients with carcinomas of the pancreatic head region, and nine samples from eight cases of benign disease. These cell clusters (5–1000 cells/cluster) were selectively suspended In buffer containing proteinase K, and subjected to DNA extraction. K‐ras codon 12 mutation was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification, followed by digestion with BstNI. The K‐ras gene was amplified in 20 of 21 cases with carcinoma (34/50 samples), and In seven of eight cases with non‐neoplastic disease (8/9 samples). Among the cases of which primary tumors showed K‐ras mutation, amplification was successful in 10 of 11 cases; mutation was demonstrated in three of seven cases with cytologically atypical cells (4/11 samples), and in three of three cases with cytologically malignant cells (5/7 samples). No mutation was Identified in the 10 cases of carcinoma without K‐ras mutation (0/15 samples), or in eight cases of non‐neoplastlc disease (0/8 samples). Cytological details could be comparatively evaluated between atypical cell clusters with or without mutation on the same smear slides in two cases. This type of direct analysis of atypical cell clusters may be useful in the self‐assessment of cytological diagnosis of bile and pancreatic juice.
Immunolocalization of aromatase in human minor salivary glands of the lower lip with primary Sjogren's syndrome
Authors: Onodera Ken , Sasano Hironobu , Ichinohasama Ryo , Ooya Kiyoshi
Published: December 2008

The enzyme aromatase Is Involved In the conversion of androgens to estrogens and in the modulation of various androgenlc and estrogenlc actions. Abnormalities of estrogen metabolism have been postulated to play roles in the development and/or pathophyslology of Sjdgren's syndrome. In the present study, aromatase was immunolocal‐ized In 75 cases of Inflammatory disorders of human minor salivary glands of the lower lip. These included cases of primary Sjögren's syndrome (19 cases), of chronic slaladenitis (34 cases) and of mucous extravasation cysts (22 cases), in order to clarify the possible involvement of in situ estrogen production in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Aromatase Immunoreactlvlty was detected In myoepithelial cells of acini and in interstitial cells adjacent to acini and ducts In 13/19 (68%) cases of primary Sjögren's syndrome. In contrast, aromatase expression was detected In only six of 34 (18%) cases of chronic sialadenttis and in seven of 22 (32%) cases of mucous extravasation cyst. These results suggest that Increased aromatase expression in minor salivary glands with primary Sjogren's syndrome in premenopausal women may be involved in the biological features of primary Sjogren's syndrome through the production of estrogens in situ and possibly through the aggravation of the inflammatory reaction.
Characterization of a newly established human acinic cell adenocarcinoma cell line (HACC) originating from the salivary gland: Morphological features and role of various growth factors on the growth of the HACC cell line
Authors: Fukuda Takeaki , Tominaga Kunihiko , Abe Masafumi , Kusakabe Takashi , Yamaki Toshifumi , Hiraki Hiroyuki , Itoh Seiki , Suzuki Toshimitsu
Published: December 2008

Human acinic cell adenocarcinoma cell (HACC) line was established from the pleural effusion that contains meta‐static tumor cells of acinic cell adenocarcinoma of papillary and microcystic type originating from the parotid gland. The HACC cells grew in an adherent monolayer with a doubling time of 66 h. Implanted tumor of SCID mice revealed similar histologlcal findings to that of the primary tumor. The HACC cells produced mucin and expressed epithelial markers as well as α1‐antitrypsin and lysozyme, whereas salivary peptide P‐C was expressed in cultured HACC cells but not In the primary and Implanted HACC cell tumors. S‐100 protein was also expressed in both the primary tumor and HACC cell line. Neither amplification of common oncogenes nor expression of p53 was observed. The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) was expressed, indicating EGF and transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) enhanced the growth of the HACC line. Unexpectedly, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) also enhanced the growth of the HACC line significantly. However, there was no evidence of autocrine growth using these growth factors. In contrast, TGF‐β1 inhibited the growth of the HACC cell line through apoptosis. The HACC cell line has features similar to both acinar and intercalated ductal cells of the salivary gland. Epidermal growth factor, TGF‐α and TNF‐α are potential growth factors for the HACC cell line. The HACC cell line may be a good model for studying the biological behavior of salivary gland neoplasms.
Interdigitating reticulum cell tumor of Iymph node: A case report and Iiterature review
Authors: Liu Shian‐Min , Huang Ping‐Hung , Liu Jacqueline Ming
Published: December 2008

Interdigitating reticulum cell (IRC) tumor is a rare tumor arising from the antigen‐preaenting cell ‐ Interdigitating reticulum cell. A 41‐year‐old male presented with lumps in the left neck and bone pain. Further Investigations revealed multiple left neck and para‐aottic lymphadenopathy, and multiple bony lesions. Histological examination of the lymph node showed proliferation of unusual, large, round neoplastic cells mimicking large cell lymphoma. Immuno‐phenotypic and ultrastructural studies confirmed this tumor to be arising from an Interdigitating reticulum cell. A review of reported IRC tumors illustrates the variability of this tumor in clinical and pathological features, which differ from other dendritic reticulum cell tumors.
Overexpression of p53 protein correlates with a high risk of malignant transformation of adenomas in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas
Authors: SHAN LIANG , NAKAMURA YASUSHI , ZHANG ZHIQIANG , JING XUEFENG , NAKAMURA MISA , MURAKAMI MAKI , YOKOI TOYOHARU , KAKUDO KENNICHI
Published: December 2008

To assess the correlation of p53 oncoprotein expression with the high risk of developing carcinomas in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas, 25 cases with histologic carcinoma in adenoma (CIA) were examined by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody specific to human p53 protein (wild and mutant). The 25 cases were classlfied into multiple and single groups. The former contained 13 cases with synchronous multiple colorectal adenomas (one to six adenomas) and adenocarcinoma. The latter included 12 cases with single CIA only. This study revealed an overall incidence of 57.14% of p53 overexpression in carcinomatous lesions and 31.9% in adenomatous lesions, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). The carcinomatous lesions showed a diffuse staining pattern, whereas the adenomatous lesions showed a focal pattern. A significant finding was that the incidence of p53 overexpression was slgnificantly higher in multiple groups (81.25%) than in single groups (31.43%) in the carcinomatous (P<0.01) rather than in the adenomatous (P>0.05) lesions. There were no correlations between p53 overexpression and proliferation activity or carcinoembryonic antigen expression. The results indicate that p53 abnormality may be an important genetic factor responsible for the high risk of developing carcinomas in patients with multiple adenomas.
Giant cell tumor of bone: An immunohistochemical comparative study
Authors: Masai Fumiaki , Ushigome Shinichiro , Fujli Katsuyuki
Published: December 2008

Forty‐seven cases of giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone were reviewed pathologically to elucidate the origin of spindle‐shaped stromal cells or the hlstogenesls of mononuclear histiocytic stromal cells and osteoclast‐like giant cells (OCGC). To clarify the histogenesis of OCGC, eight cases of sarcoma associated with OCGC were reviewed for a comparative study. Spindle‐shaped stromal cells sometimes produced minute foci of osteoid matrix. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was observed In spindle‐shaped stromal cells and mononuclear histlocytic stromal cells, but not in OCGC. Matrix metalloprotelnase (MMP)‐9 was expressed by mononuclear histiocytic stromal cells and OCGC, and its expression was correlated with the lung metastasis rate. In both GCT and sarcomas with OCGC, mononuclear histiocytic stromal cells and OCGC expressed CD68, parathyroid hormone‐like protein (PTH‐LP), MMP‐1 and MMP‐9. Immunoreactivity of mononuclear histiocytic stromal cells and OCGC to CD68, PTH‐LP, MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 was similar between GCT and sarcomas with OCGC. These observations may suggest that mononuclear histiocytic stromal cells and OCGC are reactively Induced with several cytokines acting in an autocrine or paracrine fashion and that these cells are closely related with the biologic aggressiveness of GCT.
Polysialic acid, a unique glycan that is developmentally regulated by two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, in the central nervous system: From biosynthesis to function
Authors: Nakayama Jun , Angata Kiyohiko , Ong Edgar , Katsuyama Tsutomu , Fukuda Minoru
Published: December 2008

Polysialic acid is a developmentally regulated carbohydrate composed of a linear homopolymer of a‐2,a‐linked sialic acid residues. This unique glycan is mainly attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) and implicated in many morphogenic events of the neural cells by modulating the adhesive property of N‐CAM. Recently, the cDNA that encodes polysialyltransferase, which is responsible for the polysialylation of N‐CAM, was successfully cloned from three mammalian species. This review focuses on the molecular cloning of human polysialyltransferase, designated PST. it then describes the number of enzymes actually required for the polysialylation of N‐CAM using an in vitro polysialyltransferase assay. Comparisons between PST and another polysialyltransferase, sialyltransferase X (STX), are made and it Is demonstrated that both enzymes can independently form polysiatic acid In vitro, but that during neural development they coordinately but distinctly synthesize polysialic acid on N‐CAM. The role of polysialic acid in the central nervous system is also discussed. Finally, evidence that the two polysialyltransferases, PST and STX, apparently have distinct roles in the development of neural cells is provided by using a neurite outgrowth assay.
Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: A comparative study
Authors: Taue Ryuichi , Izaki Hirofumi , Koizumi Takahiro , Kishimoto Tomoteru , Oka Natsuo , Fukumori Tomoharu , Takahashi Masayuki , Kanayama Hiro‐omi
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  To compare perioperative outcome of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) and to identify selection criteria for each approach.

Methods:  Over a 7‐year period, 100 consecutive patients (median age 62 years, range 20–80) underwent LRN for a renal tumor with clinical stage T1a–T3a. The first choice approach was retroperitoneal. The transperitoneal approach was chosen in selected cases based on tumor characteristics. Thirty‐three patients underwent the transperitoneal approach, and 67 had the retroperitoneal approach. Perioperative parameters including operative time, blood loss and complications and pathology data were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:  Overall, 33 transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (TLRN) and 67 retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (RLRN) were carried out. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of size (5.3 vs 3.0 cm, P < 0.0001) and clinical T stage (higher in the TLRN group, P < 0.0001) of the tumors. Intraoperative complications included bradycardia, pneumothorax, renal vein injury, and renal artery injury in the TLRN group, and pneumothorax in the RLRN group. There were no differences in terms of operative time, blood loss and tumor grade between the two groups.

Conclusions:  Retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches yielded excellent surgical outcomes. The transperitoneal approach should be chosen based on tumor size and location to minimize vascular injury.
Validation of the current prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy in Chinese population: A 15‐year single center experience
Authors: Liu Zheng , Lv Jiaju , Ding Kejia , Fu Qiang , Cao Qingwei , Wang Facheng
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  To explore the applicability of the current prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma in the Chinese population based on a single center experience.

Methods:  Clinical and pathological variables of 653 nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma patients were retrospectively reviewed. Seven models were used to predict the prognosis, including the Yaycioglu model, the Cindolo model, the University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System model, the stage, size, grade, and necrosis model, the Kattan nomogram, the Sorbellini nomogram and the Karakiewicz nomogram. Three different end‐points were used for validation, including overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence‐free survival. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Discriminating ability was assessed using the Harrell's concordance‐index.

Results:  At the last follow up, 159 patients had died due to various causes, and disease recurrence occurred in 156 patients. The discriminating ability of all models was confirmed in the Chinese population. Nomograms discriminate better than algorithms, regardless of end‐points. The Kattan nomogram was the most accurate, with the highest concordance‐indexes of 0.752, 0.793 and 0.841 for overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence‐free survival, respectively.

Conclusions:  The current prognostic models were developed and validated entirely based on Caucasian populations. This study defines the general applicability of the models for Chinese patients with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with nephrectomy. The Kattan model was found to be the most accurate. The Cindolo model performed well in some situations, although only including clinical presentation and size of tumor. Therefore, models should be chosen according to different environments and purposes.
Crack tip opening angle measurement through a girth weld in an X100 steel pipeline section*
Authors: DARCIS PH. P. , MCCOWAN C. N. , MCCOLSKEY J. D. , FIELDS R.
Published: December 2008

Crack tip opening angle (CTOA) is becoming one of the most accepted methods for characterizing fully plastic fracture. It provides a measure of the resistance to fracture for a material in cases where there is a large degree of stable‐tearing crack extension during the fracture process. Our current pipeline research uses the CTOA test as an alternative, or addition, to the CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) and the fracture energy characterization provided by the J‐integral approach. A test technique was developed for measurement of CTOA that uses a modified double cantilever beam (MDCB) specimen. A digital camera and image analysis software were used to record the progression of the crack tip and to estimate the CTOA. In this article, CTOA data on crack growth orientations perpendicular to pipeline girth welds are presented. The CTOA for X100 high strength bainitic gas pipeline steel is reported. Two different specimen gauge sections, 3 mm and 8 mm, were used and the effect of the specimen thickness on the CTOA is discussed. The results show a change in the CTOA as the crack grows into the heat affected zone (HAZ). A slight improvement in the fracture resistance is measured, and through the weld, a slight decrease in fracture resistance is observed.
Neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus modulates the release of dopamine in the monkey striatum
Authors: Shimo Yasushi , Wichmann Thomas
Published: December 2008

The primate subthalamic nucleus (STN) is commonly seen as a relay nucleus between the external and internal pallidal segments, and as an input station for cortical and thalamic information into the basal ganglia. In rodents, STN activity is also known to influence neuronal activity in the dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) through inhibitory and excitatory mono‐ and polysynaptic pathways. Although the anatomical connections between STN and SNc are not entirely the same in primates as in rodents, the electrophysiologic and microdialysis experiments presented here show directly that this functional interaction can also be demonstrated in primates. In three Rhesus monkeys, extracellular recordings from SNc during microinjections into the STN revealed that transient pharmacologic activation of the STN by the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol substantially increased burst firing of single nigral neurons. Transient inactivation of the STN with microinjections of the GABA‐A receptor agonist muscimol had the opposite effect. While the firing rates of individual SNc neurons changed in response to the activation or inactivation of the STN, these changes were not consistent across the entire population of SNc cells. Permanent lesions of the STN, produced in two animals with the fiber‐sparing neurotoxin ibotenic acid, reduced burst firing and firing rates of SNc neurons, and substantially decreased dopamine levels in the primary recipient area of SNc projections, the striatum, as measured with microdialysis. These results suggest that activity in the primate SNc is prominently influenced by neuronal discharge in the STN, which may thus alter dopamine release in the striatum.
Insulin resistance is an independent correlate of increased urine albumin excretion: a cross‐sectional study in Iranian Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Esteghamati A. , Ashraf H. , Nakhjavani M. , Najafian B. , Hamidi S. , Abbasi M.
Published: December 2008

Aims  To assess the association of insulin resistance with increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in a cohort of Iranian Type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods  Three hundred and sixty‐one men and 472 women with Type 2 diabetes were enrolled from three different outpatient clinics (Tehran, Iran) during the period 2005–2008. Patients with obstructive uropathy, severe heart failure, liver disease, cancer, autoimmune disease and macroalbuminuria were not included. Microalbuminuria (MA; defined as UAE ≥ 30 mg/day) was found in 242 (29.1%) patients; 591 (70.9%) subjects had normoalbuminuria (UAE < 30 mg/day). Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR).

Results  HOMA‐IR index values were higher in subjects with MA than those with normoalbuminuria (P < 0.00001). Adjusted values (for age, sex and duration of diabetes) of UAE and HOMA‐IR were 11.81 ± 7.51 (mg/day) and 3.30 ± 2.21 in normoalbuminuric and 75.36 ± 55.57 (mg/day) and 4.98 ± 3.22 in the MA group, respectively (P < 0.00001 for all). Multiple regression analysis showed that UAE was predicted by HOMA‐IR, independently of age, duration of diagnosed diabetes, triglycerides, waist circumference, metabolic control, blood pressure and related treatments (P < 0.00001). When patients were categorized into quartiles of HOMA‐IR, those of the fourth quartile (i.e. the most insulin resistant) were at a higher risk of increased UAE than other quartiles [odds ratio (OR) 3.7 (95% confidence intervals 2.7–6.2)].

Conclusions  In Iranian Type 2 diabetic patients, albuminuria was strongly associated with insulin resistance. HOMA‐IR is an independent predictor of UAE.
Regulating Electrical and Electronic Wastes in China
Authors: Yang Wanhua
Published: December 2008

China, as the largest producer, consumer and exporter of electrical and electronic (EE) products in the world, is facing great challenges in regulating its growing e‐waste as the result of domestic generation and illegal imports from overseas. The Government of China has gradually developed a regulatory framework for its e‐waste management. Existing and imminent e‐waste regulations encourage eco‐design in the EE industry, define the responsibility of various stakeholders and stipulate necessary measures for regulating e‐waste collection, dismantling and disposal. A special fund that aims to support the development of a formal e‐waste collecting and disposal sector will soon be set up. New measures have also been adopted to strengthen the control of illegal imports of e‐waste. To bring China's e‐waste regulation in line with that of foreign countries, China's regulation (or rule) on electronic information products (China's RoHs), equivalent to the EU's RoHS Directive, has also been implemented. This article gives a general account of China's regulatory framework for e‐waste management and points out some remaining challenges that China still faces in its e‐waste regulation.
Communication Supports in Congregate Residential Care Settings in Ohio
Authors: Mitchell Pamela R.
Published: December 2008

Background  Communication skills are important to the pursuit of increased self‐determination in individuals with disabilities. The aim of this investigation was to gather information about communication supports in state‐run residential care facilities in Ohio, and to compare findings with a previous investigation on this topic examining such perceptions in group home environments.

Methods  An online survey was adapted from DeSimone & Cascella [Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 17, 2005, 1] to examine perceptions of habilitation managers regarding the quality of communication supports in their settings. Perceptions of communication supports by program manager‐level staff in larger group residential facilities had not been previously investigated.

Results  Respondents reported a generally high quality of communication supports provided in their settings. Despite this general level of perceived quality, certain quality indicators related to supports for communication were relatively lower across respondents and were consistent with DeSimone & Cascella.
Qualitative analysis by interviews and video recordings to establish the components of a skilled low‐cavity non‐rotational vacuum delivery
Authors: Bahl R , Murphy DJ , Strachan B
Published: December 2008

Objectives  The objectives of this study were to define the components of a skilled low‐cavity non‐rotational vacuum delivery (occiput anterior, vertex at station +2 or below and less than 45‐degree rotation from midline) and to facilitate the transfer of skills from expert to trainee obstetricians.

Design  Qualitative study using interviews and video recordings.

Setting  Two university teaching hospitals (St Michael’s Hospital, Bristol, and Ninewell’s Hospital, Dundee).

Participants  Ten obstetricians and eight midwives identified as experts in conducting or supporting operative vaginal deliveries.

Methods  Semi‐structured interviews were carried out using routine clinical scenarios. The experts were also video recorded conducting low‐cavity vacuum deliveries in a simulation setting. The interviews and video recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic coding. The anonymised data were independently coded by three researchers and compared for consistency of interpretation. The experts reviewed the coded interviews and video data for respondent validation and clarification. The themes that emerged following the final coding were used to formulate a list of skills.

Main outcome measures  Key technical skills of a low‐cavity non‐rotational delivery.

Results  The final list included detailed technical skills required for conducting a low‐cavity vacuum delivery. The combination of semi‐structured interviews and simulation videos allowed the formulation of a comprehensive skills tool for future evaluation.

Conclusion  This explicitly defined skills list could aid trainees understanding of the technique of low‐cavity vacuum delivery. This is an important first step in evaluating clinical competence in intrapartum procedures.
New and underutilised technologies to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity: what progress have we made since Bellagio 2003?
Authors: Tsu VD , Coffey PS
Published: December 2008

In 2003, maternal health experts met in Bellagio, to consider new and underutilised technologies vital to pregnancy‐related health services in low‐resource settings. Five years later, we examine what progress has been made and what new opportunities may be on the horizon. Based on a review of literature and consultation with experts, we consider technologies addressing the five leading causes of maternal mortality: postpartum haemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labour, puerperal sepsis, and unsafe abortion (pregnancy termination and miscarriage). In addition, we consider technologies related to obstetric fistula, which has received more attention in recent years.
Prevention of further weight gain in overweight school children, a pilot study
Authors: Melin Anna , Lenner Ragnhild Arvidsson
Published: December 2008

Background:  Involving school nurses in weight gain prevention activities in already overweight children may be a means to address childhood obesity prevention.

Objective:  To describe and evaluate a treatment method aimed for implementation in school care centres.

Methods:  Twenty families (20 overweight children aged 7 years) were interviewed at baseline with standardized questionnaires, received simple dietary and lifestyle advice. Weight was measured and advice/support by school nurses was available monthly during the 1‐year period. A follow‐up was made after 1 year. Changes in wellbeing, life style and body mass index (BMI) z‐score were recorded and analysed. Experiences from parents and nurses were also examined.

Results:  A good (91%) or fair (54%) adherence to dietary advice was found in children who decreased or maintained their z‐score respectively. Mean BMI z‐score reduced [−0.16 (p = 0.03)] during the intervention period. Generally, parents and school nurses were satisfied with the programme, helping them to set limits and be more self‐confident in their role as ‘health adviser’ respectively.

Conclusions:  Overweight progression in younger children is possible to modify by increased awareness of the problem, of their food habits and lifestyle practices. Providing school nurses with the knowledge to address the problem and working in collaboration with dieticians and a healthcare team can be an effective means to prevent further weight gain in overweight school‐age children. Possibility of stigmatization was expressed thus efforts will need to be made to carry out such a programme to preserve the children’s integrity and run activities in a discrete manner in the school environment.