bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the Desk of Editor in Chief Vol.7(1)
Authors: Rahman Md Tahminur
Published: February 2017

Abstract not availableAnwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2016, P 64
Narrow is the Gate to Utopia
Authors: Phélippeau Marie-Claire
Published: February 2017

This study examines the notions of pleasure, individual liberty and consensus in Thomas More’s Utopia. The paradox inherent in Utopia, written before the Reformation, is especially visible in the affirmation of religious toleration coexisting with the need for a strict supervision of the citizens. The dream of an ideal republic is based on a Pauline vision of man which defines the individual mainly as a sinner. Consequently, it is the duty of the republic’s rulers to guide the citizens and establish a consensus. This study tries to determine the part left to the individual’s free will and examines the nature and function of the structures that are supposed to ensure the happiness of each one and of the whole community. The notion of moral hierarchy is asserted as the linchpin of the Utopian social construction.
Recueils de mimes et de sentences destinés à l’éducation des jeunes princes à la Renaissance
Authors: Molins Marine
Published: February 2017

When Charles Fontaine, in 1557-1558, offered the four sons of Henri II the translation of four collections of texts of ancient wisdom, he joined a vast pedagogical movement which had long destined these texts for young children, with the double aim of transmitting knowledge and educating princes. Fontaine’s humanist education led him to rely on the texts which Erasmus had reshaped, gathered and circulated in Etienne Dolet’s Latin edition of 1538. Charles Fontaine delivered these texts to the young princes, often with commentaries aimed at extracting their particular “salt”, and in faithful translations which met the demands of the humanist instructors at Henri II’s court, who proved the worthy successor to Francis I in this educational enterprise.
Nouvelle approche éducative chez Montaigne dans les chapitres 24 et 25 du premier livre des Essais
Authors: Proshina Maria
Published: February 2017

La philosophie morale occupe une place centrale dans le programme pédagogique, exposé dans les Essais. L’auteur met également en question les méthodes d’enseignement en vigueur à son époque. La moralité et les compétences pédagogiques deviennent plus importantes que la portée de l’érudition du précepteur, puisque son objectif est de former un homme de bon jugement et non un savant. Cependant, à la différence d’Erasme, Montaigne ne se limite pas à vouloir doser la quantité des connaissances, mais insiste sur le développement de l’esprit critique de l’élève. La liberté du jugement émane de l’appropriation de façon active des connaissances par l'élève et de la capacité de ce dernier à délivrer des opinions intériorisées et personnalisées. La nouvelle méthode vise de la sorte à l’autodétermination et à l’autonomie de l’élève, en favorisant sa démarche indépendante. Par conséquent, nous pouvons considérer Montaigne à juste titre comme précurseur des méthodes actives actuelles.
Thomas Elyot : du courtisan disgrâcié à l’éducateur plébiscité
Authors: Bore Isabelle
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper was to bring Sir Thomas Elyot (1490–1546) out of oblivion. In this perspective, we mentioned important biographical elements – his reputation as a self-taught man, his involvement in the circle of humanists meeting at More’s home in Chelsea, his career as a lawyer, his beginnings at court and his quick fall into disgrace. Then we tackled his career as a writer resulting from his disgrace. We evoked not only his three best sellers The Boke Named the Governor, Latin-English Dictionary and The Castle of Helth but also more obscure works – political pamphlets and moral treatises which rooted him undoubtedly into the fight against tyranny. As this fight cannot be won without the irreproachable training of the élite, we focused then on the education of young noblemen to which he devoted the beginning of his first work. The reading of the first book of The Boke Named the Governor gave us the opportunity to discover a true humanist but also a modern man who raised questions that are still topical.
How a Utopian Education Paves the Way for the Usurpation of the Family
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: February 2017

Raphael’s statements that nothing is private in Utopia and that “the whole island [of Utopia] is like a single family” lead one to consider whether the Utopian system of education and habituation is an attempt to undo the natural connections that join parents to children. While Raphael argues that the community can only supersede the individual once these natural ties have been loosened and the role of the family been usurped, More recognizes that the love that serves as the foundation of family life should be allowed to flourish because it is also the proper foundation of an entire society.
Thomas More and Tyranny
Authors: Guy John
Published: February 2017

Although for some twenty years the scholarly consensus has been to stress the Ciceronian imperatives of the good citizen and the vita activa in shaping Thomas More’s attitude to royal service, especially shortly before and after the writing of Utopia, a reconsideration of More’s life experiences between 1509 and the onset of Henry VIII’s first divorce campaign in the spring of 1527 suggests that a rejection of a courtier’s life may have ranked equally high in his consciousness. This conclusion is reinforced by More’s sustained interest in the writings of Seneca, an interest he had shared with Erasmus since the latter’s second stay at Bucklersbury in 1509-11. The coincidence of the publication of Seneca’s moral essays in Erasmus’s Senecae Lucubrationes of 1515, the first printing widely available outside Italy, and the gestation of Utopia is suggestive. It is likely to have been the call to duty arising, first, from the Lutheran threat after 1521, and then from the divorce after 1527, that finally turned More into a full-blooded Ciceronian.
Thomas More and the Sins of Tyranny: being evil and acting evil
Authors: Phélippeau Marie-Claire
Published: February 2017

As it became more and more apparent, in early modern times, that the traditional conception of sin, based on the Seven Capital Sins, bore no scriptural authority, the Ten Commandments gradually replaced the former system in theological and moral literature. Thomas More’s theology of sin, throughout his work, still relies on the Seven Sins much more than on the Decalogue. This paper argues that the consequence of this conception is an emphasis on the sinner rather than on the sin committed, on being evil rather than on acting evil. However, in his treatment of the tyrant, More uses a much broader range of sins than the Capital Sins and portrays the epitome of evil, likening the tyrant to the devil himself. The study will try to determine Thomas More’s modernity in his conception of the devil-tyrant.
Folly’s Tyranny: Theatricality in Erasmus’s and Labé’s Portraits of Folly
Authors: Cro Melinda A.
Published: February 2017

The figure of folly and her tyranny over the human condition are themes that both Erasmus and Louise Labé explore in the sixteenth century, Erasmus in the Praise of Folly and Labé, inspired by Erasmus, in the Débat de Folie et d’Amour. Both works share not only common themes and images, but an emphasis on theatre, both as form and as an important image. Through a comparative analysis of these two works and looking back to Lucian’s Declamatio pro tyrannicida and Erasmus’s response as important sources, it slowly becomes evident that Erasmus and Labé shared a common goal – to highlight the inherent folly of tyranny and to propose models for civic behavior in response to tyranny.
El concepto detiraníaen la obra de Antonio de Guevara
Authors: Salas Romo Eduardo A.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this paper is to elucidate a particular vision of the concept of tyranny as presented in the works of Antonio de Guevara (c.1480-1545), one of the most distinguished and influential Spanish scholars in the Sixteenth Century. Guevara contributed to the shaping of many meaningful terms and ideas that kindled the cultural ambiance of his days. Furthermore, this Spaniard’s writings establish a dialogue with the works by the leading figures of the European Renaissance, such as More’s Utopia, Erasmus’ Institutio principis christiani or The Courtier by Castiglione. The detailed analysis of Guevara’s texts will show how the Renaissance revitalized Classical motifs instilling into them new meanings. This is the case, for example, in the case of genres such as the Specula (Principis or Militis). Guevara claims for a proper education for both the prince and the court, concluding that sovereignty must be properly supported by the ethical (or even intellectual) principles of the monarch.
Tyranny and Law in Thomas More’s Declamation in Reply to Lucian’s Tyrannicide
Authors: Corral Hernán
Published: February 2017

The analysis of More’s declamation in response to Lucian’s Tyrannicide, despite its rhetorical and literary character, may be useful for deducing the importance that More attributes to Law, since its existence and healthy efficacy are the exact opposite of tyranny, as laws are captive to tyranny and are substituted by terror. Tyrannicide, which More accepts as implied in the case, as well as the exiling and overthrowing of the tyrant, are meritorious only when they allow the city's recovery of freedom and the Rule of Law.
L’assassinat de Thomas More : le tribunal d’une conscience annihilé par un tribunal tyrannique
Authors: Turchetti Mario
Published: February 2017

This study hinges around two perspectives: the first one concerns the inner work accomplished by Thomas More through the writing of his prison letters, in which the author’s “conscience” is often solicited and ends up playing the role of a tribunal. The second examines the interrogations conducted by the King’s Tribunal and during More’s trial for high treason. The death sentence inflicted on More still elicits many debates among scholars. We wish to contribute to such a debate by analyzing the cogency of the pre-trial investigation and of the hearings which would lead to capital punishment. Even admitting that the sentence was the result of a legal procedure, there is cause for wondering whether it was also legitimate. Judging from an analysis of the documents based on English jurisprudence, many are the flaws inherent in the trial which lead us to conclude that its legal inconsistency forged a death sentence. Therefore, the word “assassination” is no longer an exaggeration but a rigorous repositioning of the trial as the travesty of a trial. This assassination then becomes the work of a tyrant and his accomplices, forming a tyrannical system which manipulates law regulations to its convenience.
Seeing Tyranny in More’s History of King Richard III
Authors: Lehman Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2017

As they embark upon a dialectical examination of justice in Plato’s Republic, Socrates admonishes his interlocutors that the pursuit of justice is for those who “see clearly”. Indeed, the dialogue itself is meant to bring about such clear-sightedness as the interlocutors dialectically winnow the various accounts of justice proposed. In like manner, Thomas More’s History of King Richard III helps his readers to see clearly the tyrant and tyranny. In the History, More presents a portrait of a tyrant and the conditions that make his tyranny possible. Crucial to this portrait is what the various characters see as well as when they see within the dramatic context. Why are so many blind to Richard’s machinations? Is their blindness willful? What internal and external factors contribute to their blindness? Who does see and how, if at all, do they respond? In answering these questions, we as readers come to see the nature of the tyrant and tyranny. Along the way, four characters are considered in detail: King Edward, Lord Hastings, Queen Elizabeth, and the people of London.
Opposing Tyranny with Style: More, Lucian, and Classical Rhetorical Theory
Authors: Ransom Emily A.
Published: February 2017

More’s most popular contribution to sixteenth-century humanism during his lifetime was a showcase of classical rhetorical styles: in 1506 he and Erasmus published their translations of several Lucianic satires, along with a declamation defending tyrannicide and their own declamations in response. As More engages the Greek satirist, he employs rhetorical tactics partially derived from Cicero’s three styles but with an Augustinian forcefulness that adapts the classical tria genera dicendi to his own literary objectives. Yet with his three distinct rhetorical styles that roughly approximate the plain, middle, and grand styles of the classical oration, More demonstrates that just as tyranny is an affront against the law, human nature, and the gods, those who oppose tyranny can only do so on those grounds. Through this criticism of the opportunistic assassin, we may understand the shades of ambivalence that obscure his indictment against tyranny in his contemporaneous Richard III, Utopia, and epigrams.
Merchant Neighbors of the More Family on Milk Street
Authors: Carpinelli Francis
Published: February 2017

This paper provides basic research on eleven individuals who were neighbors of the More family living on Milk Street in London from roughly the 1490s into the 1530s. All but one were Mercers and all belonged to the Merchant Adventurers, who dealt in overseas trade. The most famous were Sir Thomas Kitson, Sir James Yarford, and Sir Richard Gresham. They, and some of the other neighbors, can be tied in various ways with Thomas More. This is especially true from about 1509, after More himself was admitted to the guild. The paper argues that More’s service began even earlier, back to at least 1505, when he helped the Mercers with land transactions, as they planned to build their new hall and chapel. For almost all of his adult life – right up to when he resigned from the Lord Chancellorship in 1532 – Thomas More was involved in the affairs of his fellow guild members and his very rich neighbors.
D’Utopia à New Atlantis: Des valeurs morales et des sciences pour un bien commun
Authors: Beaud Céline
Published: February 2017

Utopia, Thomas More’s founding work in terms of utopian genre, has known many adaptations and rewritings both in its vision of an ideal society as in the criteria defining a utopia. This essay focuses on a comparison between More’s Utopia and Francis Bacon’s version of New Atlantis. The main objective of this study bears on the evolution which took place between the two narratives – Bacon’s being written nearly a century later –, between their foundations and their ideals. The article analyzes and develops these divergences, focusing on the major points of the work structure and the differences in the conception of a social ideal through customs, sciences and religion. The latter elements are also highlighted by the historical context of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Hythlodaeus’ 464-Word “Marathon Sentence”: How Does It Work?
Authors: Malsbary Gerald
Published: February 2017

The close study of Thomas More’s Latin in one of his longer sentences near the end of Utopia I reveals a very carefully orchestrated series of verbal structures that appear to have a “chiastic” or “ring-composition” structure. In this article, the very long sentence, in which Hythloday proposes the model of the Achorians to a hypothetical council of the King of France (CW 4, 86/31–90/22), is schematically outlined to show More’s artistry in his use of verbal moods. A translation is provided opposite to explicate in English the particular interpretation being proposed for this sentence, some subtleties of which have not hitherto been satisfactorily translated into English. The argument is detailed in a series of long end-notes. The ironic inter-play between ideal and reality in this sentence (and a following one) is preparatory of Utopia II.
Thomas More et l’ouverture humaniste
Authors: Phélippeau Marie-Claire
Published: February 2017

This article is to be understood as a general introduction to Thomas More, the humanist. Confronted with the new ideas coming from the rest of Europe, More is influenced by the rediscovery of Greek texts. With his humanist friends, William Lily and Erasmus, he becomes a translator, a poet, a polemicist and a fiction writer. The article starts by defining the terms Renaissance and Humanism, laying the stress of the secularization of thought, and continues by recalling Thomas More’s action against the rigidity of Oxford University in the battle about Greek. The humanist’s portrait then continues with the evocation of More’s qualities as a pedagogue, a poet and a dialogue writer to finish with More’s role as a reformer and an Epicurean in his major work Utopia. The conclusion insists on the re-affirmation of man in the Renaissance world.
Proverbs and Irony: Their Literary Role in Thomas More’s History of Richard III
Authors: Frank Andrea
Published: February 2017

In his History of King Richard III, Thomas More uses proverbs to demonstrate to the reader how to evaluate characters, events, and ideas in the narrative. Identifying and examining the proverbs reveals subtle irony and wisdom. For example, when Richard chooses “a sure foundation” for his plans, a proverb is the starting point from which the reader evaluates Richard’s actions, compares them to Edward’s, and raises perennial questions of how to govern rightly. Similarly, proverbs in the queen’s argument for keeping her son show the error of her decision. Finally, the bishop of Ely’s proverbs and fable demonstrate the power and danger of words in the government and highlight qualities of a good leader which are otherwise lacking in the History.
“Still more things to forget, in the wiping of Henry Patenson’s bottom in the Exchequer”
Authors: Schofield Roger
Published: February 2017

The final piece of parchment of the roll kept by the Lord Treasurer’s Remembrancer for 16 Henry VIII, or 1524–5, contains a very strange case. Written partly in Latin and partly in English, as was the normal practice of the Court of the Exchequer, it contains a pretended report on the dispute between John Hone, a citizen and maker of candles, on the one hand, and Henry Patenson, more familiarly known as Harry Patenson, because of his physical likeness to king Henry VIII. The defendant in the Exchequer case was described as the ‘Simperyng fole of london’. This case in the Exchequer court had some exceptionally well known participants, including the Second and Third Barons of the Exchequer, who were of very high rank. This article sheds new light on Sir Thomas More.
Music and Otherness in More’s Utopia
Authors: Cro Stelio
Published: February 2017

In several passages of his Utopia, Thomas More evokes a cultural milieu quite different from the current European one. Education and the arts are distinct features of Utopia’s “Otherness”, suggesting radical reforms and a much more advanced degree of civilization, based on the absence of greed and the presence of Christian charity. Students are motivated by an environment that excludes discrimination of sexes and encourages pursuing one’s vocation. Teachers are required to give an example of rectitude and justice. The resulting windfall of this system is a highly original class of educators, scientists and inventors, raising the standard of living of Utopians to levels unknown by the contemporary Europeans. What is particularly striking is the musical achievements of the Utopians. At the time when, at the beginning of the sixteenth-century, the most musically advanced countries in Europe are still playing monophonic music, we read in Utopia a description of musical performances that sound decidedly polyphonic.
Conscience in the Early Renaissance: the case of Erasmus, Luther and Thomas More
Authors: Suzanne Hélène
Published: February 2017

In this paper we shall analyze the understanding of the concept of “conscience” in Early Renaissance, in other words what Luther, Erasmus and especially Thomas More called “conscience” to explain their decision. This analysis will be supported by Jean Gerson’s concept of the decision-making process. Indeed, Gerson stressed that a decision should be made according to a personal evaluation of the risk to sin. Therefore, all decisions, according to Gerson, should be made on one’s bona fide opinion and not exclusively on an exaggerated fear of Hell as it was often the case then. We shall see then how Luther, Erasmus, and Thomas More, all men of the Early Renaissance made the courageous decisions which changed not only their life but also the Western world’s civilization: they freed men. Indeed, Luther showed that an individual could survive outside the power of the Roman Church, Erasmus showed that belonging to the Roman Church could also go together with an interpretation of the Scriptures, while Thomas More showed that the only true King one could and should follow was and is the Lord with the sole help of the Roman Church, the understanding of this help, and the acceptation of it based on a personal Faith.
Spiritus, ecclesiae anima: Colet, Linacre, and a Galenic Mystical Body
Authors: Lochman Daniel
Published: February 2017

John Colet knew Thomas Linacre for approximately three decades, from their mutual residence in Italy during the early 1490s through varied pedagogical, professional, and social contacts in and around London prior to Colet’s death in 1519. It is not certain that Colet knew Linacre’s original Latin translations of Galen’s therapeutic works, the first printed in 1517. Yet several of Colet’s works associate a spiritual physician—a phrase linked to Colet himself at least since Thomas More’s 1504 letter inviting him to London—with Paul’s trope of the mystical body. Using Galenic discourse to describe the “physiology” of the ideal mystical body, Colet emphasizes by contrast a diseased ecclesia in need of healing by the Spirit, who alone can invigorate the mediating “vital spirits” that are spiritual physicians—ministers within the church. Colet’s application of sophisticated Galenic discourse to the mystical body coincided with the humanist interest in Galen’s works evident in Linacre’s translations, and it accompanied growing concern for health related to waves of epidemics in London during the first two decades of the sixteenth century as well as Colet’s involvement in licensure of London physicians. This paper explores the implications of Colet’s adaptation of Galenic principles to the mystical body and suggests that Colet fostered a strain of medical discourse that persisted well into the sixteenth century.
“Brave and Prudent Soldiers”: The Virtue of Courage in The Sadness of Christ
Authors: Lyter Veronica
Published: February 2017

This paper explores Thomas More’s concept of courage as it is expressed in the hand-written notes in his personal Psalter, and in the example of Christ and His “brave and prudent soldiers” in The Sadness of Christ. These texts elaborate a view of courage that builds upon and expands the classical conception of virtue by appropriating it in a Christian context. According to More and the classical philosophers, courage requires an element of prudence and does not preclude feelings of fear. But for More, Christian prudence is predicated upon knowledge of man’s supernatural end and the need for grace. The example of Christ provides a model of Christian courage for souls who experience fear. His agony in the garden shows that fear does not inhibit courage but can strengthen it by fostering humility, an element that is not found in the classical notion of virtue. The humble self-knowledge that arises from the experience of fear leads one to turn to God in prayer for strength and consolation, which allows for the ultimate conquering of fear.
Merit and Propassions in the De Tristitia Christi: A Genealogical Account
Authors: Bielinski Maureen
Published: February 2017

This paper aims to uncover the groundwork in philosophy and moral theology for Thomas More’s claim in the De Tristitia Christi that Christ’s death was more meritorious because he overcame conflicting passions during his agony. It argues that this claim relies on the treatments of Christ’s dual nature, the passions, and moral virtue that Thomas Aquinas lays out in the Summa Theologiae. In particular, given Aquinas’s distinction between passions and propassions, Aquinas’s explanation of the conflict between the natural ordering of the sense appetite away from pain, and the rational ordering of the will toward the highest goal, can offer a defense of More’s conclusion. It accounts for the uninhibited rule of reason in the soul of the perfectus homo, as well as the opportunity presented by contrary propassions to increase virtue and merit. Further, since Erasmus adopts Aquinas’s position in the Disputatiuncula de taedio, this paper seeks to show how Erasmus served as an intermediate source of Thomistic thought for More. It concludes by pointing out some ways in which More develops and applies Aquinas’s work to the lives of fearful martyrs and of ordinary Christians.
Fictional Remembrances of Sir Thomas More: Part I - The Sixteenth Century
Authors: Closel Régis Augustus Bar
Published: February 2017

This article focuses on how literary works such as plays in 16th–17th century England dealt with the fictional presence of Sir Thomas More. Among Tudor statesmen, Thomas More had a special appeal as a topic of thought during the Elizabethan–Jacobean period, quite apart from his opposition to the marriage which led to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Marian, Elizabethan and Jacobean periods cover the range of the selected works. They compose a heterogeneous and intriguing group in which every piece has its own particular way of remembering Thomas More. Six works are presented here: the dialogue Il Moro (1556), by Ellis Heywood; a late morality play, The Longer Thou Livest the More Fool Thou Art (1569), by William Wager; a novel, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe; and three plays, Cromwell (1602), by an unknown dramatist, Sir Thomas More (1600–1603/4), by five different dramatists, and Henry VIII (1613), by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Due to the scope of this research, the article is written in two parts. This part explores the first three sixteenth century fictional works by Wager, Heywood and Nashe.
Snakes and Eels: The Slender Odds of Wiving Well
Authors: Doyle Charles Clay
Published: February 2017

In A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, the character named Thomas More attributes to his father the quip that the choice of a wife resembles a man’s reaching into a bag full of snakes, hoping to grasp the single eel present in the bag. Subsequent versions of the “merry saying” record many different ratios of snakes to the one eel. Some recountings, through the centuries up to recent times, have explicitly cited Thomas More or his father, John More; a great many do not. Some writers have credited the saying to other originators, in a variety of languages and countries. Eventually it came to apply to unfavorable odds that prevail in numerous concerns besides marriage. Although Thomas More’s use of the saying—in reference to religious beliefs—seems to be the earliest in print, there exists the possibility that More was adapting an expression already current in oral tradition.
Synthesis of Ti4O7 Nanoparticles by Carbothermal Reduction Using Microwave Rapid Heating
Authors: Takeuchi Tomohiro , Fukushima Jun , Hayashi Yamato , Takizawa Hirotsugu
Published: February 2017

The polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is an attractive power generation method from the perspective of environmental protection. Carbon is usually used as a catalyst support in PEFC, but it is oxidized under high electrical potential conditions. Ti4O7 is expected as a new catalyst support because of its high electrical conductivity and chemical resistivity. Though Ti4O7 as a catalyst support must have a high specific surface area for a high performance, it is difficult to synthesize nanostructured Ti4O7. In this research, Ti4O7 nanoparticles with a size of about 60 nm were synthesized by carbothermal reduction of TiO2 nanoparticles with polyvinylpyrrolidone (carbon source) using 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation. The experiment condition was at 950 °C for 30 min and the samples synthesized by conventional heating showed a grain growth. The findings of this study suggest that microwave processing can drastically reduce the total processing time for the synthesis of nanostructured Ti4O7.
Improving the Wear Resistance of Moulds for the Injection of Glass Fibre–Reinforced Plastics Using PVD Coatings: A Comparative Study
Authors: Silva Francisco , Martinho Rui , Andrade Maria , Baptista António , Alexandre Ricardo
Published: February 2017

It is well known that injection of glass fibre–reinforced plastics (GFRP) causes abrasive wear in moulds’ cavities and runners. Physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings are intensively used to improve the wear resistance of different tools, also being one of the most promising ways to increase the moulds’ lifespan, mainly when used with plastics strongly reinforced with glass fibres. This work compares four different thin, hard coatings obtained using the PVD magnetron sputtering process: TiAlN, TiAlSiN, CrN/TiAlCrSiN and CrN/CrCN/DLC. The first two are monolayer coatings while the last ones are nanostructured and consist of multilayer systems. In order to carry out the corresponding tribological characterization, two different approaches were selected: A laboratorial method, using micro-abrasion wear tests based on a ball-cratering configuration, and an industrial mode, analysing the wear resistance of the coated samples when inserted in a plastic injection mould. As expected, the wear phenomena are not equivalent and the results between micro-abrasion and industrial tests are not similar due to the different means used to promote the abrasion. The best wear resistance performance in the laboratorial wear tests was attained by the TiAlN monolayer coating while the best performance in the industrial wear tests was obtained by the CrN/TiAlCrSiN nanostructured multilayer coating.
Regeneration Responses to Management for Old-Growth Characteristics in Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests
Authors: Gottesman Aviva , Keeton William
Published: February 2017

Successful tree regeneration is essential for sustainable forest management, yet it can be limited by the interaction of harvesting effects and multiple ecological drivers. In northern hardwood forests, for example, there is uncertainty whether low-intensity selection harvesting techniques will result in adequate and desirable regeneration. Our research is part of a long-term study that tests the hypothesis that a silvicultural approach called “structural complexity enhancement” (SCE) can accelerate the development of late-successional forest structure and functions. Our objective is to understand the regeneration dynamics following three uneven-aged forestry treatments with high levels of retention: single-tree selection, group selection, and SCE. Regeneration density and diversity can be limited by differing treatment effects on or interactions among light availability, competitive environment, substrate, and herbivory. To explore these relationships, manipulations and controls were replicated across 2 ha treatment units at two Vermont sites. Forest inventory data were collected pre-harvest and periodically over 13 years post-harvest. We used mixed effects models with repeated measures to evaluate the effect of treatment on seedling and sapling density and diversity (Shannon–Weiner H’). The treatments were all successful in recruiting a sapling class with significantly greater sapling densities compared to the controls. However, undesirable and prolific beech (Fagus americana) sprouting dominates some patches in the understory of all the treatments, creating a high degree of spatial variability in the competitive environment for regeneration. Multivariate analyses suggest that while treatment had a dominant effect, other factors were influential in driving regeneration responses. These results indicate variants of uneven-aged systems that retain or enhance elements of stand structural complexity—including old-growth characteristics—can generally foster abundant regeneration of important late successional tree species depending on site conditions, but they may require beech control where beech sprouting inhibits desired regeneration.
Surface Quasi-Geostrophy
Authors: Lapeyre Guillaume
Published: February 2017

Oceanic and atmospheric dynamics are often interpreted through potential vorticity, as this quantity is conserved along the geostrophic flow. However, in addition to potential vorticity, surface buoyancy is a conserved quantity, and this also affects the dynamics. Buoyancy at the ocean surface or at the atmospheric tropopause plays the same role of an active tracer as potential vorticity does since the velocity field can be deduced from these quantities. The surface quasi-geostrophic model has been proposed to explain the dynamics associated with surface buoyancy conservation and seems appealing for both the ocean and the atmosphere. In this review, we present its main characteristics in terms of coherent structures, instabilities and turbulent cascades. Furthermore, this model is mathematically studied for the possible formation of singularities, as it presents some analogies with three-dimensional Euler equations. Finally, we discuss its relevance for the ocean and the atmosphere.
Prospective Prediction of Juvenile Homicide/Attempted Homicide among Early-Onset Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Baglivio Michael , Wolff Kevin
Published: February 2017

While homicide perpetrated by juveniles is a relatively rare occurrence, between 2010 and 2014, approximately 7%–8% of all murders involved a juvenile offender. Unfortunately, few studies have prospectively examined the predictors of homicide offending, with none examining first-time murder among a sample of adjudicated male and female youth. The current study employed data on 5908 juvenile offenders (70% male, 45% Black) first arrested at the age of 12 or younger to prospectively examine predictors of an arrest for homicide/attempted homicide by the age of 18. Among these early-onset offenders, males, Black youth, those living in households with family members with a history of mental illness, those engaging in self-mutilation, and those with elevated levels of anger/aggression (all measured by age 13) were more likely to be arrested for homicide/attempted homicide by age 18. These findings add to the scant scientific literature on the predictors of homicide, and illustrate potential avenues for intervention.
Transfer of Anti-Rotavirus Antibodies during Pregnancy and in Milk Following Maternal Vaccination with a Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Amplicon Vector
Authors: Meier Anita , Suter Mark , Schraner Elisabeth , Humbel Bruno , Tobler Kurt , Ackermann Mathias , Laimbacher Andrea
Published: February 2017

Rotaviruses (RVs) are important enteric pathogens of newborn humans and animals, causing diarrhea and in rare cases death, especially in very young individuals. Rotavirus vaccines presently used are modified live vaccines that lack complete biological safety. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that vaccines based on in situ produced, non-infectious rotavirus-like particles (RVLPs) are efficient while being entirely safe. However, using either vaccine, active mucosal immunization cannot induce protective immunity in newborns due to their immature immune system. We therefore hypothesized that offspring from vaccinated dams are passively immunized either by transfer of maternal antibodies during pregnancy or by taking up antibodies from milk. Using a codon optimized polycistronic gene expression cassette packaged into herpesvirus particles, the simultaneous expression of the RV capsid genes led to the intracellular formation of RVLPs in various cell lines. Vaccinated dams developed a strong RV specific IgG antibody response determined in sera and milk of both mother and pups. Moreover, sera of naïve pups nursed by vaccinated dams also had RV specific antibodies suggesting a lactogenic transfer of antibodies. Although full protection of pups was not achieved in this mouse model, our observations are important for the development of improved vaccines against RV in humans as well as in various animal species.
A Dual-Bonded Approach for Improving Hydrogel Implant Stability in Cartilage Defects
Authors: Liu Yan , Wu Yuxuan , Zhou Lei , Wang Zhengao , Dai Cong , Ning Chengyun , Tan Guoxin
Published: February 2017

Integration and stability of hydrogels and surrounding cartilage/bone tissue is crucial for both immediate functionality and long-term performance of the tissue. In this work, chondroitin sulphate (CS) a polysaccharide found in cartilage and other tissues was used to synthesize a tough hydrogel that was chemically functionalized with methacrylate and aldehyde groups, bonding to surrounding tissue via a dual-bonded approach. The hydrogel can not only chemically anchor onto implanted titanium at the subchondral bone, but also on cartilage tissue via the Schiff-base reaction. In vitro experiments confirmed that the strategy improved hydrogel implant stability with cartilage tissue, was favorable for chondrocyte attachment, and has the potential to quickly and effectively repair cartilage defects and maintain joint functionality for a long time.
Preparation and Investigation of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers/Fullerene Nanocomposites as Nanocarriers for Hydrophobic Drug
Authors: Tan Qinggang , Chu Yanyan , Bie Min , Wang Zihao , Xu Xiaoyan
Published: February 2017

Biopolymer/inorganic material nanocomposites have attracted increasing interest as nanocarriers for delivering drugs owing to the combined advantages of both biopolymer and inorganic materials. Here, amphiphilic block copolymer/fullerene nanocomposites were prepared as nanocarriers for hydrophobic drug by incorporation of C60 in the core of methoxy polyethylene glycol-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (MPEG-PDLLA) micelles. The structure and morphology of MPEG-PDLLA/C60 nanocomposites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. It was found that the moderate amount of spherical C60 incorporated in the MPEG-PDLLA micelles may cause an increase in the molecular chain space of PDLLA segments in the vicinity of C60 and, thus, produce a larger cargo space to increase drug entrapment and accelerate the drug release from nanocomposites. Furthermore, sufficient additions of C60 perhaps resulted in an aggregation of C60 within the micelles that decreased the drug entrapment and produced a steric hindrance for DOX released from the nanocomposites. The results obtained provide fundamental insights into the understanding of the role of C60 in adjusting the drug loading and release of amphiphilic copolymer micelles and further demonstrate the future potential of the MPEG-PDLLA/C60 nanocomposites used as nanocarriers for controlled drug-delivery applications.
Selective Separation of Fluorite, Barite and Calcite with Valonea Extract and Sodium Fluosilicate as Depressants
Authors: Ren Zijie , Yu Futao , Gao Huimin , Chen Zhijie , Peng Yongjun , Liu Lingyun
Published: February 2017

Fluorite, barite and calcite are important industry minerals. However, they often co-exist, presenting difficulty in selectively separating them due to their similar surface properties. In this study, valonea extract and sodium fluosilicate were used as depressants to selectively separate them by flotation, with sodium oleate as the collector. The single mineral flotation results showed that valonea extract displayed the strongest depression on calcite, while sodium fluosilicate displayed the strongest depression on barite. These two depressants allowed selective separation of the three minerals through sequential flotation. The flotation of mixed minerals showed that 94% of the calcite was successfully depressed by the valonea extract, and 95% recovery of the fluorite was achieved in the subsequent flotation with sodium fluosilicate depressing barite. The different depressant–mineral interactions were investigated via electro-kinetic studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Materials Studio 6.0 program. The valonea extract exhibited the strongest adsorption on the calcite surface, and sodium fluosilicate exhibited the strongest adsorption on the barite surface, which prevented oleate species from reacting with Ca2+ or Ba2+ surface sites. This study provides useful guidance for how to process fluorite, barite and calcite resources.
Effect of Fibre Supplementation on Body Weight and Composition, Frequency of Eating and Dietary Choice in Overweight Individuals
Authors: Solah Vicky , Kerr Deborah , Hunt Wendy J. , Johnson Stuart , Boushey Carol , Delp Edward , Meng Xingqiong , Gahler Roland , James Anthony , Mukhtar Aqif , Fenton Haelee , Wood Simon
Published: February 2017

Fibre supplementation can potentially reduce energy intake and contribute to weight loss. The mechanism may be reduced frequency of eating, resulting in reduced food consumption. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of fibre supplementation with PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®), on body weight and composition, frequency of eating and dietary intake in 118 overweight adults. In a three‐arm, parallel, blind, randomised controlled trial participants were randomised to one of three groups; 4.5 g PGX as softgels (PGXS), 5 g PGX granules (PGXG) or 5 g rice flour (RF) control. Prior to supplementation and at 12 weeks, participants captured before and after images of all food and beverages consumed within 4 days using a mobile food record app (mFR). The mFR images were analysed for food group serving sizes and number of eating occasions. In the PGXG group, per-protocol analysis showed there was a significant reduction in waist circumference (2.5 cm; p = 0.003). Subgroup analysis showed that PGXG supplementation at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in body weight (−1.4 ± 0.10 kg, p < 0.01), body mass index (BMI) reduction (-0.5 ± 0.10, p < 0.01), reduced number of eating occasions (−1.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.01) and a reduced intake of grain food (-1.52 ± 1.84 serves, p = 0.019). PGXG at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in weight and BMI which was significantly greater than that for RF (p = 0.001). These results demonstrate the potential benefits of PGX fibre in controlling frequency of eating and in weight loss.
Sustainable and Low Viscous 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate + PEG Solvent for Cellulose Processing
Authors: Xu Airong , Li Quan
Published: February 2017

Developing sustainable, low viscous and efficient solvents are always advantageous to the processing/fabricating of cellulose materials in practical applications. To this end, in this work novel solvents were developed; ([Amim][CH3COO]/PEG) by dissolving polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG-200) in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Amim][CH3COO]). The solubilities of cellulose in [Amim][CH3COO]/PEG solvents were determined as a function of temperature, and the possible dissolution mechanism of cellulose in [Amim][CH3COO]/PEG solvent was investigated. The novel solvent exhibits outstanding advantages for good dissolution capacity of cellulose, such as low viscosity, negligible vapor pressure, and recycling capability. The [CH3COO]− anion and the [Amim]+ cation of [Amim][CH3COO] in [Amim][CH3COO]/PEG-10 are the driving force for cellulose dissolution verified by the 13C NMR spectra. In addition, the regenerated cellulose films from [Amim][CH3COO]/PEG solvent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate their morphologies and structures.
Determination of Key Risk Supervision Areas around River-Type Water Sources Affected by Multiple Risk Sources: A Case Study of Water Sources along the Yangtze’s Nanjing Section
Authors: Zhou Qi , Pang Yong , Wang Xue , Wang Xiao , Niu Yong , Wang Jianjian
Published: February 2017

To provide a reference for risk management of water sources, this study screens the key risk supervision areas around river-type water sources (hereinafter referred to as the water sources) threatened by multiple fixed risk sources (the risk sources), and establishes a comprehensive methodological system. Specifically, it comprises: (1) method of partitioning risk source concentrated sub-regions for screening water source perimeter key risk supervision areas; (2) approach of determining sub-regional risk indexes (SrRI, which characterizes the scale of sub-regional risks) considering factors like risk distribution intensity within sub-regions, risk indexes of risk sources (RIRS, characterizing the risk scale of risk sources) and the number of risk sources; and (3) method of calculating sub-region’s risk threats to the water sources (SrTWS) which considers the positional relationship between water sources and sub-regions as well as SrRI, and the criteria for determining key supervision sub-regions. Favorable effects are achieved by applying this methodological system in determining water source perimeter sub-regions distributed along the Yangtze’s Nanjing section. Results revealed that for water sources, the key sub-regions needing supervision were SD16, SD06, SD21, SD26, SD15, SD03, SD02, SD32, SD10, SD11, SD14, SD05, SD27, etc., in the order of criticality. The sub-region with the greatest risk threats on the water sources was SD16, which was located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. In general, sub-regions along the upper Yangtze reaches had greater threats to water sources than the lower reach sub-regions other than SD26 and SD21. Upstream water sources were less subject to the threats of sub-regions than the downstream sources other than NJ09B and NJ03.
An Evaluation Study of Urban Development Strategy Based on of Extreme Climate Conditions
Authors: Kao Li-Shin , Chiu Yin-Hao , Tsai Chi-Yao
Published: February 2017

The extreme change of climate has recently influenced numerous cities around the world. This change has resulted in a higher frequency and increased intensity of natural disasters. Habitat and development types even cause complex disaster types. In 2005, the report of Natural Disaster Hotspots-A Global Risk Analysis declared that 73% of world population and land area are exposed to more than three types of natural disasters. Ninety-nine percent of the land area and population are exposed to natural disasters worldwide. These above records are much higher than those of other countries worldwide. Taiwanese people face high risks of natural disasters. The present study attempts to look into sustainable development policies that seek to prevent disasters through an expert questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire are further analysed with methodologies of the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) and analytic network process (ANP). The analyses suggest that disaster prevention strategies should be prioritised in urban planning, accounting for the effects of climate change. In addition to disaster prevention and mitigation, pre-disaster preparation in daily life is critical because it ensures the execution of appropriate emergency responses in the event of a disaster. Although the current mainstream environmental policy emphasises non-structural mitigation, conventional structural mitigation remains imperative. By and large, the priority of disaster prevention strategy in Taiwan must be land use management and planning, as well as the public advocacy and training.