bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Routines be Inherited? A Microfoundational Approach to Spinoffs
Authors: Furlan Andrea , Grandinetti Roberto
Published: May 2020

We advance a microfoundational framework of routine inheritance that solves the conundrum arising from the twofold argument of the extreme difficulty for spinoffs to inherit routines and the (apparent) abundant empirical evidence of the existence of such inheritance. Our framework has three parts to the routine inheritance process: the ‘what’ (i.e., what can be inherited from a routine); the ‘who’ (i.e., who can be the actors in the inheritance); and the ‘how’ (i.e., how can the inheritance be facilitated by the presence of artifacts, in particular, standard operating procedures). Implications for the spinoff literature as well as for the literature on routine dynamics are derived and discussed.
Long‐term repeatability and stability of three personality traits in meadow voles
Authors: Rohrer Karl N. , Ferkin Michael H.
Published: May 2020

Consistency of animal personality traits is expected. Mounting evidence suggests that animal personalities will change with time and major life events. Research into this phenomenon is often limited to span only short periods of time in the animals’ life or have few measures across their life. We measured Exploration, Activity and Boldness of litters of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in a pair of novel object tests six times over a year, representing a large proportion of the lifespan of the vole. Our null hypothesis was that the personality traits would not change, and our first alternative hypothesis was that personality traits would change equally for all individuals as they aged. Neither was supported. The data support our third hypothesis that traits would change and change unequally. Activity and Boldness were consistent across time. However, Exploratory behaviour increased with the vole's age. The supported models show that personality traits change consistently for related individuals, but the litters differ in their change with age. This suggests that meadow vole life history affects how personality traits develop, but not necessarily their magnitudes. We also tested the repeatability of traits across the testing intervals. We discovered that the repeatability of these three personality traits varied across time, depending on the trait. Activity was repeatable equally across ages. Exploration became more repeatable and Boldness became less so. Thus, personality traits may be more malleable than supposed, especially over long periods of time.
Experimental study on fracture behaviour of three‐flawed sandstone specimens after high‐temperature treatments
Authors: Huang Yan‐Hua , Yang Sheng‐Qi , Dong Jin‐Peng
Published: May 2020

The crack coalescence of rocks significantly affects the stability of rock engineering, and extensive studies have been performed on preflawed rock specimens without thermal treatment. However, the fracturing behaviour of preflawed specimens after thermal treatment has not been investigated comprehensively. In this study, three‐flawed sandstone specimens with different flaw inclinations after high‐temperature treatments were tested under uniaxial compression. Photographic, acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques were used to investigate the crack initiation, propagation and coalescence behaviour. Experimental results show that the peak strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of the three‐flawed specimens were lower than those of intact specimens and that they gradually recovered with increasing flaw angle. The peak strength and elastic modulus first increased and then decreased, whereas the peak strain increased with temperature. Noncoalescence, indirect coalescence and direct coalescence were three patterns observed between the two adjacent pre‐existing flaws. Finally, the mechanism of high temperature in alteration of the mechanical properties of sandstone was revealed through microobservations.
Release of treated effluent into streams: A global review of ecological impacts with a consideration of its potential use for environmental flows
Authors: Hamdhani Hamdhani , Eppehimer Drew E. , Bogan Michael T.
Published: May 2020

Worldwide, the addition of treated wastewater (i.e. effluent) to streams is becoming more common as urban populations grow and developing countries increase their use of wastewater treatment plants. Release of treated effluent can impair water quality and ecological communities, but also could help restore flow and maintain aquatic habitat in water‐stressed regions. To assess this range of potential outcomes, we conducted a global review of studies from effluent‐fed streams to examine the impacts of effluent on water quality and aquatic and riparian biota.

We identified 147 quantitative studies of effluent‐fed streams, most of which were from the U.S.A. and Europe. Over 85% of the studies identified water quality as a primary study focus, including basic physical and chemical parameters, as well as trace organic contaminants. Nearly 60% of the studies had at least some focus on aquatic or riparian biota, primarily fish, aquatic invertebrates, and basal resources (e.g. algae).

Effluent inputs generally impaired water quality near discharge points, mainly through increased water temperature, nutrients, and concentrations of trace organic contaminants, but also via decreased dissolved oxygen levels. The majority of ecological studies found that basal resources, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were negatively affected in a variety of ways (e.g. biodiversity losses, replacement of sensitive with tolerant species). However, several studies showed the importance of effluent in providing environmental flows to streams that had been dewatered by anthropogenic water withdrawals, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions.

Knowledge gaps identified include the abiotic impacts of effluent, such as changes in channel morphology and hydrology (e.g. how nutrient‐rich and warmer effluent affects infiltration rates or interactions with groundwater), the effects of effluent on plants and vertebrates (e.g. amphibians, birds), and the impact of effluent‐induced perennialisation on naturally intermittent or ephemeral streams.

Although effluent‐fed streams often exhibit signs of ecological impairment, there is great potential for these systems to serve as refuges of aquatic biodiversity and corridors of ecological connectivity when wastewater treatment standards are high, especially in semi‐arid and arid regions where natural streams have been dewatered.
Dynamic river processes drive variability in particulate organic matter over fine spatiotemporal scales
Authors: Nakamoto Bobby J. , Fogel Marilyn L. , Jeffres Carson A. , Viers Joshua H.
Published: May 2020

We sampled freshwater suspended particulate organic matter (POM) to determine its carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition and collected co‐located water chemistry data in California's Sacramento—San Joaquin Delta from sites on the Mokelumne and Cosumnes rivers. A 10‐km2 area was sampled across 12 sites and divided among three habitat types (i.e. riverine, slackwater/slough, and off‐channel), 34 times between November 2016 and July 2017. Here, we describe the variability in water quality and POM variables, and assess factors associated with that variability using dimensional reduction and linear modelling within the context of our habitat types.

The stable isotope composition of freshwater POM and water chemistry variables differed significantly across small areas (<10 km) and short time frames (weekly). Hydrological connectivity amongst sites was found to be an important factor in the isotopic and elemental composition of POM.

During periods of low hydrological connectivity, in situ dynamics were strongly associated with differentiation of POM in different habitats. Discharge (16–433 m3/s) and water temperature (8–30°C) were the variables most associated with variations in the composition of POM. Slackwater sites showed the greatest variability in POM composition, which may be symptomatic of longer water residence times, increased cycling rates of nutrients and organic matter, or a combination of the two.

Variability in POM stable isotope composition demonstrates that caution should be exercised when interpreting analyses that assume a static POM stable isotope composition based on two‐end member mixing. Unconstrained variability in space or time could confound interpretations of models and data. Moving forward, conceptual and numerical models for river ecosystems that emphasise temporally heterogeneous lateral exchange amongst habitat patches should be prioritised when considering restoration efforts and monitoring outcomes.
Supporting the health library and information workforce
Authors: McNamara Sean
Published: May 2020

As a prelude to his keynote speech at the forthcoming Health Libraries Group conference, Sean McNamara, Head of CILIP Scotland, provides an insight into the work being undertaken with health librarians in Scotland and considers how CILIP Scotland might support the health information sector in the coming years.
Do mayflies (Ephemeroptera) support a biogeographic transition zone in South America?
Authors: Molineri Carlos , Nieto Carolina , Dos Santos Daniel A. , Emmerich Daniel , Zúñiga M. del Carmen , Fierro Pablo , Pessacq Pablo , Gomez Daniela , Márquez Javier A. , Príncipe Romina E. , Valdovinos Zarges Claudio , Domínguez Eduardo
Published: May 2020

Aim

South America is considered a biologically hybrid continent. To the south, the Patagonian region harbours a unique biota strongly related to other southern continents. To the northern portion, tropical and subtropical areas from the Neotropical region show a more complex taxocoenosis related to the Nearctic and Afro‐Oriental regions. The South American Transition Zone (STZ) has been proposed to belong simultaneously to both regions. This work aimed to test the validity of STZ in the light of the distributions of an ancient freshwater taxon.

Location

South America.

Taxon

Ephemeroptera.

Methods

We compiled a dataset including all mayfly species having at least one record in South America (8,268 records for 661 species). By using the Network Analysis Method (NAM), we analysed the validity and delimitation of the STZ.

Results

The distributions of Ephemeroptera give rise to groups of cohesively sympatric species with a clear distinction between Patagonian and Neotropical regions. Although some degree of overlap occurs between them, the overlapping area does not match the STZ to a significant extent. The units of co‐occurring species recovered show that Neotropical groups mainly occupy the STZ.

Main conclusions

Almost the entire provinces of Puna, Desert and Paramo are not supported as part of the STZ by mayfly distribution. The transition zone between Patagonian and Neotropical mayfly fauna involves Southern Puna and high Andes (south to 17° S latitude), Monte province, and a narrow portion of Patagonian steppe with Chubut River being the southern limit.
Virtual Environments for Design Research: Lessons Learned from use of Fully Immersive Virtual Reality in Interior Design Research
Authors: Kalantari Saleh , Neo Jun Rong Jeffrey
Published: May 2020

What are the current challenges, effectiveness, and future research opportunities for using fully immersive virtual environments (FIVEs) for design research? To answer these questions, we conducted a systematic review to assess peer–reviewed experimental studies, proof–of–concept studies, and conference proceedings that examined the use of FIVEs in the context of interior design research, and 22 studies met our inclusion criteria. Current challenges include lack of perceived realism and immersion, lack of sensory feedback, and time constraints. Key considerations for the effective use of FIVEs include technological considerations, experimental design, measurement techniques, and evaluation methods. Key future research directions include enhancing the realism and immersiveness of FIVEs and promoting multiuser studies.
Shifting Boundaries: Ecological and Geographical Range extension Based on Three New Species in the Cyanobacterial Genera Cyanocohniella, Oculatella, and, Aliterella
Authors: Jung Patrick , Mikhailyuk Tatiana , Emrich Dina , Baumann Karen , Dultz Stefan , Büdel Burkhard
Published: May 2020

The polyphasic approach has been widely applied in cyanobacterial taxonomy, which frequently led to additions to the species inventory. Increasing our knowledge about species and the habitats they were isolated from enables new insights into the ecology of newly established genera and species allowing speculations about the ecological niche of taxa. Here, we are describing three new species belonging to three genera that broadens the ecological amplitude and the geographical range of each of the three genera. Cyanocohniella crotaloides sp. nov. is described from sandy beach mats of the temperate island Schiermonnikoog, Netherlands, Oculatella crustae‐formantes sp. nov. was isolated from biological soil crusts of the Arctic Spitsbergen, Norway, and Aliterella chasmolithica originated from granitic stones of the arid Atacama Desert, Chile. All three species could be separated from related species using molecular sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S–23S ITS gene region, the resulting secondary structures as well as p‐distance analyses of the 16S–23S ITS and various microscopic techniques. The novel taxa described in this study contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of the genera Cyanocohniella, Oculatella, and Aliterella in different habitats.
Implementing a pediatric oncology nursing multisite trial
Authors: Haugen Maureen , Skeens Micah , Hancock Donna , Ureda Tonya , Arthur Megan , Hockenberry Marilyn
Published: May 2020

Purpose/Background

The Parent Educational Discharge Support Strategies (PEDSS) nursing study includes 16 magnet pediatric oncology institutions across the United States and one in Saudi Arabia, evaluating a nurse‐led parent educational discharge support strategy for families experiencing a child newly diagnosed with cancer.

Methods

During the first 3 months of the study, a research implementation survey was administered electronically to each site principal investigator to evaluate facilitators and barriers in the research process for this multisite nurse‐led pediatric oncology study.

Results

Facilitators included nursing leadership support and commitment from the nursing staff. Common barriers reported were the Institutional Review Board process, the consent process, the timing of the intervention, data collection, as well as nursing time for the study. Results from the survey suggest nurse‐led research teams were motivated and felt the intervention was easy to deliver.

Practice Implications

Nursing practice is enhanced when nurses participate in research and generate evidence regarding best practices within pediatric oncology nursing care.

Conclusion

Nursing research endeavors focusing on collaborative approaches for implementation can lead to successful nursing studies with careful planning, training and administrative support.
Short‐ and long‐term mortality following hypnotic use
Authors: Hedström Anna Karin , Hössjer Ola , Trolle Lagerros Ylva , Åkerstedt Torbjörn
Published: May 2020

Potential long‐term consequences of hypnotics remain controversial. We used the prospective Swedish National March Cohort, a study based on 41,695 participants with a mean follow‐up duration of 18.9 years. Logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards models with attained age as timescale were used to assess associations of hypnotic use with short‐ and long‐term mortality. The proportion of subjects who initiated or discontinued hypnotic use during follow‐up was substantial. All groups of hypnotics were associated with increased mortality within 2 years after a first prescription, with an overall OR of 2.38 (95% CI, 2.13–2.66). The association was more pronounced among subjects younger than 60 years (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 3.98–9.52). There was no association between hypnotic use and long‐term mortality. The association between hypnotic use and increased mortality was thus restricted to a relatively short period after treatment initiation, and may be explained in terms of confounding by indication.
Increased above‐ground resource allocation is a likely precursor for independent evolutionary origins of annuality in the Pooideae grass subfamily
Authors: Lindberg Camilla Lorange , Hanslin Hans Martin , Schubert Marian , Marcussen Thomas , Trevaskis Ben , Preston Jill Christine , Fjellheim Siri
Published: May 2020

Semelparous annual plants flower a single time during their 1‐yr life cycle, investing much of their energy into rapid reproduction. By contrast, iteroparous perennial plants flower multiple times over several years, and partition their resources between reproduction and persistence. To which extent evolutionary transitions between life‐cycle strategies are internally constrained at the developmental, genetic and phylogenetic level is unknown. Here we study the evolution of life‐cycle strategies in the grass subfamily Pooideae and test if transitions between them are facilitated by evolutionary precursors.

We integrate ecological, life‐cycle strategy and growth data in a phylogenetic framework. We investigate if growth traits are candidates for a precursor.

Species in certain Pooideae clades are predisposed to evolve annuality from perenniality, potentially due to the shared inheritance of specific evolutionary precursors. Seasonal dry climates, which have been linked to annuality, were only able to select for transitions to annuality when the precursor was present. Allocation of more resources to above‐ground rather than below‐ground growth is a candidate for the precursor.

Our findings support the hypothesis that only certain lineages can respond quickly to changing external conditions by switching their life‐cycle strategy, likely due to the presence of evolutionary precursors.
Access to bike lanes and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pan Xiongfeng , Zhao Li , Luo Jiayou , Li Yinhao , Zhang Lin , Wu Tong , Smith Melody , Dai Shaoqing , Jia Peng
Published: May 2020

The lack of bike lane access has been a proven risk factor for childhood obesity due to its role in discouraging healthy lifestyles. However, there has not been a systematic review of this important association in the existing literature. This study aims to fill this gap. A literature search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from 1 January 2019 onwards that examined the association between bike lane access and weight‐related behaviours and outcomes among children aged <18 years. A total of 21 studies were included in this systematic review. Among them, most of the studies showed that bike lane access was significantly associated with children and adolescents' physical activity (PA), whereas only two studies showed a negative association. Meta‐analysis also supported these findings and showed that bike lane access was significantly associated with children and adolescents' PA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37–1.81). Additionally, we reviewed how bike lane characteristics and microenvironment variables such as children and adolescents' choice of bicycle travel mode, the degree of separation of cycle path, cycle path unevenness, and street maintenance were associated with adolescents' preferences and intention to cycle. This systematic review and meta‐analysis strongly suggests that bike lane access is associated with children and adolescents' PA. Nonetheless, it was difficult to draw a conclusion on the association between bike lane access and weight‐related outcomes.
Varisized 3D‐Printed Lunate for Kienböck's Disease in Different Stages: Preliminary Results
Authors: Ma Zhen‐jiang , Liu Zi‐fan , Shi Qing‐song , Li Tao , Liu Zhi‐yuan , Yang Ze‐zheng , Liu Yi‐hao , Xu Yuan‐jin , Dai Kerong , Yu Chao , Gan Yao‐kai , Wang Jin‐wu
Published: May 2020

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of arthroplasty with varisized three‐dimensional(3D) printing lunate prosthesis for the treatment of advanced Kienböck's disease (KD).

Methods

From 2016 November to 2018 September, a retrospective study was performed for the patients of KD in our hospital. Five patients (two males, three females) were included in this study. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 51.6 years (range, 37–64 years). Varisized prosthesis identical to the live model in a ratio of 1:0.85, 1:1, and 1:1.1 were fabricated by 3D printing. All patients (one in Lichtman IIIA stage, two in Lichtman IIIB stage, one in Lichtman IIIC stage, and one in Lichtman IV stage) were treated with lunate excision and 3D printing prosthetic arthroplasty. Visual analog scale score (VAS), the active movement of wrist (extension, flexion) and strength were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. The Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score, and patient's satisfaction were evaluated during the follow‐up.

Results

Prosthesis identical to the live model in a ratio of 1:0.85 or 1:1 were chosen for arthroplasty. The mean operation time (range, 45 to 56 min) was 51.8 ± 4.44 min. Follow‐up time ranged from 11 months to 33 months with the mean value of 19.4 months. The mean extension range of the wrist significantly increased from preoperative 44° ± 9.6° to postoperative 60° ± 3.5° (P < 0.05). The mean flexion range of the wrist significantly increased from preoperative 40° ± 10.6° to postoperative 51° ± 6.5° (P < 0.05). The active movement of wrist and strength were improved significantly in all patients. VAS was significantly reduced from 7.3 preoperatively to 0.2 at the follow‐up visit (P < 0.05). The mean DASH score was 10 (range, 7.2–14.2), and the mean MMWS was 79 (range, 70–90). There were no incision infection. All patients were satisfied with the treatment.

Conclusions

For patients suffering advanced Kienböck's disease, lunate excision followed by 3D printing prosthetic arthroplasty can reconstruct the anatomical structure of the carpal tunnel, alleviate pain, and improve wrist movement.
Detection of QTLs for genotype × environment interactions in tomato seeds and seedlings
Authors: Geshnizjani Nafiseh , Snoek Basten L. , Willems Leo A. J. , Rienstra Juriaan A. , Nijveen Harm , Hilhorst Henk W. M. , Ligterink Wilco
Published: May 2020

Seed quality and seedling establishment are the most important factors affecting successful crop development. They depend on the genetic background and are acquired during seed maturation and therefor, affected by the maternal environment under which the seeds develop. There is little knowledge about the genetic and environmental factors that affect seed quality and seedling establishment. The aim of this study is to identify the loci and possible molecular mechanisms involved in acquisition of seed quality and how these are controlled by adverse maternal conditions. For this, we used a tomato recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 100 lines which were grown under two different nutritional environmental conditions, high phosphate and low nitrate. Most of the seed germination traits such as maximum germination percentage (Gmax), germination rate (t50) and uniformity (U8416) showed ample variation between genotypes and under different germination conditions. This phenotypic variation leads to identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which were dependent on genetic factors, but also on the interaction with the maternal environment (QTL × E). Further studies of these QTLs may ultimately help to predict the effect of different maternal environmental conditions on seed quality and seedling establishment which will be very useful to improve the production of high‐performance seeds.
From metasemantics to analyticity
Authors: Soysal Zeynep
Published: May 2020

In this paper, I argue from a metasemantic principle to the existence of analytic sentences. According to the metasemantic principle, an external feature is relevant to determining which concept one expresses with an expression only if one is disposed to treat this feature as relevant. This entails that if one isn’t disposed to treat external features as relevant to determining which concept one expresses, and one still expresses a given concept, then something other than external features must determine that one does. I argue that, in such cases, what determines that one expresses the concept also puts one in a position to know that certain sentences are true—these sentences are thus analyticrelativeto this determination basis. Finally, I argue that there are such cases: some sentences are analytic relative to what determines that we express certain key concepts, and these sentences include ones that have always been thought to be the best candidates for being analytic, namely, stipulative truths, and first principles of mathematics.
Polyclonal immunoglobulin G deposition on the tubular basement membrane in a diabetic nephropathy: A case report
Authors: Watanabe Hirofumi , Takeuchi Yoichi , Taniuchi Shinji , Sato Hiroshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Sasano Hironobu , Joh Kensuke
Published: May 2020

A 70‐year‐old Japanese man with diabetes mellitus was referred to our hospital for treatment of renal dysfunction. Renal biopsy revealed that the tubular basement membrane (TBM) showed extreme thickening histologically, and selective polyclonal immunoglobulin G deposition on the thickened TBM, whereas no immunoglobulin deposition was found in the glomeruli in an immunofluorescence study. In electron microscopy, a powdery type of electron dense material, which was similar to that seen in Randall‐type monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD), was observed on the tubular epithelial side of the TBM. However, the present case was differentiated from MIDD, because polyclonal deposition with both kappa and lambda deposition on the TBM was observed. Moreover, there was no noticeable glomerular deposition, which is usually found in cases of MIDD. Anti‐TBM disease was also considered as a differential diagnosis, in which polyclonal immunoglobulin deposits selectively on the TBM. However, in the present case, prominent interstitial nephritis was not observed. A similar case with a history of diabetes mellitus has been reported, which was diagnosed as Polyclonal Immunoglobulin G Deposition Disease. No further reports of this case have emerged thereafter; we present this case as the second report supporting this article.
Prognostic impact of 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine and its repair enzyme 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yugawa Kyohei , Itoh Shinji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Yoshiya Shohei , Takeishi Kazuki , Toshima Takeo , Harada Noboru , Ikegami Toru , Kohashi Kenichi , Oda Yoshinao , Mori Masaki
Published: May 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis in the setting of chronic inflammation and fibrosis, both of which promote nuclear DNA oxidative damage. 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) DNA glycosylase (OGG1) enhances the repair of 8‐OHdG, which is the primary oxidative stress‐induced mutation that leads to malignant alterations. This study aims to clarify the relationships between oxidative stress‐induced factors and HCC progression. The clinicopathological factors were compared with immunohistochemistry OGG1 and 8‐OHdG expressions in 86 resected HCC specimens. High 8‐OHdG expression was associated with high serum aspartate transaminase and total bilirubin levels, as well as a low platelet count, compared with low 8‐OHdG expression. Histological liver cirrhosis and poor differentiation were more frequent in patients with high 8‐OHdG expression than in those with low 8‐OHdG expression. The 8‐OHdG was negatively correlated with OGG1 expression in HCC patients. Therefore, we classified the patients into two groups, low OGG1/high 8‐OHdG group and the other group. The patients with low OGG1/high 8‐OHdG expressions had worse prognosis than those with the other expressions. Our results showed that low OGG1/high 8‐OHdG expressions in nuclei influence HCC patient outcomes. Evaluating the patterns of OGG1 and 8‐OHdG expressions might provide pivotal prognostic biomarkers in patients with HCC.
Toward a Commonly Shared Public Policy Perspective for Analyzing Risk Coping Strategies
Authors: Li Yanwei , Taeihagh Araz , de Jong Martin , Klinke Andreas
Published: May 2020

The concept of risk has received scholarly attention from a variety of angles in the social, technical, and natural sciences. However, public policy scholars have not yet generated a comprehensive overview, shared understanding and conceptual framework of the main problem‐solving approaches applied by governments in coping with risks. In this regard, our main aim is to examine existing perspectives on prevailing risk coping strategies, find a common denominator among them and contribute to current policy and risk science literature through providing a conceptual framework that systematically spans the spectrum of risk coping strategies and incorporates the essence of the most relevant insights. To this end, we first examine the concept of risk in‐depth by exploring various definitions and types of risk. We then review different approaches proposed by different strands of research for addressing risk. Finally, we assess current knowledge and develop an amalgamated perspective for examining how risks can be addressed by classifying them into six general types of response (no response; prevention; control; precaution; toleration; and adaptation) as well as indicators to identify these responses. We argue that these strategies can function as a heuristic tool for decisionmakers in designing appropriate policies to cope with risks in decision‐making processes.
The Crisis of Masculinity for Gendered Democracies: Before, During, and After Trump
Authors: Marx Ferree Myra
Published: May 2020

The mobilized masculinity of democracies today is often presented as either a natural way for men to respond to the economic and political challenges of globalization or as a return to the patriarchal style of politics of the past. This article argues instead for an understanding of liberal democracy itself as gendered, being the collective masculinity of brotherhoods representing rivalrous nations. The first great transition from patriarchies and monarchies to brotherhoods and democracies is not being unmade now but facing a second transition to a different understanding of gender and power. This normative rise of a partnership model in families and politics is incomplete and highly contested everywhere. In the United States, it has become a partisan conflict expressed in gender terms. The Republican defense of the brotherhood state and its exclusive version of national good is countered by a newer but increasingly institutionalized vision of democracies as representing women and men equally. By more explicitly demasculinizing family headship and political leadership, social justice movements and the Democratic Party symbolically resist the restoration of gender norms privileging breadwinners and brotherhoods.
Rapid, highly accurate and cost‐effective open‐source simultaneous complete HLA typing and phasing of class I and II alleles using nanopore sequencing
Authors: Stockton Joanne D. , Nieto Thomas , Wroe Elizabeth , Poles Anthony , Inston Nicholas , Briggs David , Beggs Andrew D.
Published: May 2020

Accurate rapid genotyping of the genes within the HLA region presents many difficulties because of the complexity of this region. Here we present the results of our proof of concept nanopore‐based long read polymerase chain reaction (PCR) solution for HLA genotyping. For 15 HLA anthropology‐based samples and 13 NHS Blood and Transplant derived samples 40 ng of genomic DNA underwent long‐range PCR for class I and II HLA alleles. Pooled PCR products were sequenced on the Oxford Nanopore MinIoON R9.4.1 flow cell. Sequenced reads had HLA genotype assigned with HLA‐LA. Called genotypes were compared with reference derived from a combination of short‐read next‐generation sequencing, Sanger sequence and/or single‐site polymorphism (SSP) typing. For concordance, accuracy was 100%, 98.4%, 97.5% and 95.1% for the first, second, third and fourth fields, respectively, to four field accuracy where it was available, otherwise three field in 28 samples for class I calls and 17 samples for class II calls. Phasing of maternal and paternal alleles, as well as phasing based identification of runs of homozygosity, was shown successfully. Time for assay run was 8 hours and the reconstruction of HLA typing data was 15 minutes. Assay cost was £55 ($80USD)/sample. We have developed a rapid and cost‐effective long‐range PCR and nanopore sequencing‐based assay that can genotype the genes within HLA region to up to four field accuracy, identify runs of homozygosity in HLA, reconstruct maternal and paternal haplotypes and can be scaled from multi‐sample runs to a single sample.
Complex variation in the KLRA (LY49) immunity‐related genomic region in horses
Authors: Futas Jan , Oppelt Jan , Janova Eva , Musilova Petra , Horin Petr
Published: May 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as in the reproduction of placental mammals. Ly49 (KLRA) molecules represent a lectin‐like type of NK cell receptor encoded within a complex genomic region, the NK cell complex. In rodents and horses, an expansion of the genes encoding Ly49 receptors leading to the formation of a gene family was observed. High sequence similarities and frequent high polymorphism of multiple family members represent an obstacle both for their individual identification and for annotation in the reference genomes of their respective species. Here, we focused on resolving complex variation of the KLRA gene family observed in domestic and Przewalski's horses. The KLRA (LY49) genomic region contains six genes (KLRA2‐KLRA7) and one putative pseudogene, KLRA1. Two types of polymorphism were observed in the horses analyzed. Copy number variation between haplotypes was documented for the gene KLRA7 by polymerase chain reaction. As expected, the major source of variation of all KLRA genes, including KLRA7, is because of single nucleotide polymorphisms, many of them being nonsynonymous substitutions. Extensive allelic variability of the expanded KLRA (LY49) genes was observed. For four out of the six functional KLRA, high numbers of novel allelic amino acid sequence variants were identified in the genes studied, suggesting that this variation might be of functional importance, especially in the context of high polymorphism of their presumed ligands encoded by major histocompatibility complex class I genes. In fact, polymorphic amino acid sites were mostly found in the ligand‐binding C‐type lectin‐like domain of the putative receptor molecule.
The role of plasma in plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of crystalline films
Authors: Boris David R. , Wheeler Virginia D. , Nepal Neeraj , Qadri Syed B. , Walton Scott G. , Eddy Charles (Chip) R.
Published: May 2020

The inclusion of plasma in atomic layer deposition processes generally offers the benefit of substantially reduced growth temperatures and greater flexibility in tailoring the gas-phase chemistry to produce specific film characteristics. The benefits plasmas provide, however, come at the cost of a complex array of process variables that often challenge the ability to predict, a priori, the influence of any one input parameter. In this work, the authors attempt to provide some clarity as to how plasmas are formed and controlled and how they can most optimally be employed within the framework of atomic layer deposition. To begin, the authors cover some of the fundamentals of plasma generation along with the production of energetic and reactive species and their transport within the plasma. They then focus on how different plasma generation schemes and geometries, often employed in plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), differ in their production of energetic and reactive species. They also address the plasma-surface interactions that are critical for film growth and control of crystallinity. Throughout this work, the authors use both current experimental data and a review of previously published works to describe how variations in the approach to plasma generation and the interactions between plasma-produced species and the growth surface influence the plasma reactant step in PEALD processes. The authors highlight two case studies to demonstrate how these relationships can be used to control the phase purity of crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) films and grow crystalline growth of semiconducting indium nitride (InN).
Characterizing distinct components of tactical aircraft noise sources
Authors: Van Komen David F. , Harker Blaine M. , Neilsen Tracianne B. , Gee Kent L. , Hales Swift S. , Wall Alan T. , Micah Downing J. , James Michael M.
Published: May 2020

Noise from a tactical aircraft can impact operations due to concerns regarding military personnel noise exposure and community annoyance and disturbance. The efficacy of mission planning can increase when the distinct, complex acoustic source mechanisms creating the noise are better understood. For each type of noise, equivalent acoustic source distributions are obtained from a tied-down F-35B operating at various engine conditions using the hybrid method for acoustic source imaging of Padois, Gauthier, and Berry [J. Sound Vib. 333, 6858–6868 (2014)]. The source distributions for the distinct noise types are obtained using different sections of a 71 element, ground-based linear array. Using a subarray close to the nozzle exit plane, source distributions are obtained for fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise, although grating lobes complicate interpretations at higher frequencies. Results for a subarray spanning the maximum sound region show that the multiple frequency peaks in tactical aircraft noise appear to originate from overlapping source regions. The observation of overlapping spatial extent of competing noise sources is supported by the coherence properties of the source distributions for the different subarrays.
Bone Mineral Density and Muscle Mass in Masters Olympic Weightlifters and Runners
Authors: Erickson Kayleigh R. , Grosicki Gregory J. , Mercado Mara , Riemann Bryan L.
Published: May 2020

The authors examined the musculoskeletal implications of delayed exercise adoption in two distinct cohorts of masters athletes with ∼10 years of training experience: Olympic weightlifters (OWLs) and distance runners (RUNs). Total body and regional bone mineral density (BMD), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived lean mass were compared in 51 OWLs and 43 RUNs. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on BMD and lean mass with the exercise group (i.e., OWLs vs. RUNs), age, sex, and years of experience as independent variables. Age was associated (p < .05) with less femoral (β = −0.25) and lumbar (β = −0.27) BMD. Total body (β = 0.23), lumbar (β = 0.25), and radial (β = 0.36) BMD were greater (p < .05) in OWLs versus RUNs. Lean mass was greater in OWLs versus RUNs (β = 0.29, p < .01), but did not relate to total body BMD (r = .15; p = .08). Greater total and regional BMD and lean mass in OWLs compared with RUNs may reduce risk for developing osteoporosis and/or sarcopenia and associated downstream health outcomes.
Gratitude, Coach–Athlete Relationships, and Burnout in Collegiate Student-Athletes
Authors: Ruser Jeffrey B. , Yukhymenko-Lescroart Mariya A. , Gilbert Jenelle N. , Gilbert Wade , Moore Stephanie D.
Published: May 2020

This study investigated whether gratitude predicted burnout directly and indirectly through coach–athlete relationships. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Divisions I (n = 305), II (n = 202), and III (n = 89) student-athletes (N = 596, 76.5% women) completed a survey regarding athlete burnout, coach–athlete relationships, trait gratitude, and state gratitude (sport and general). Structural equation modeling revealed that gratitude predicted athletes’ burnout. Sport state gratitude was the most accurate negative predictor of burnout. In addition, indirect associations between sport state gratitude and burnout emerged through coach–athlete relationships, suggesting that sport state gratitude was positively associated with coach–athlete relationships, which in turn, negatively predicted burnout. Coach–athlete relationships were positively predicted by sport state gratitude. These findings suggest that grateful student-athletes may experience less burnout, and athletes who have strong coach–athlete relationships may experience more gratitude.
The Psychological Meaning of Team Among Fans of Women’s Sport
Authors: Delia Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2020

To date, almost all team identification inquiries have focused on men’s sport, with minimal studies using women’s sport to examine the concept. Recognizing social identities are fluid and context dependent, the purpose of the current study was to understand the psychological meaning of team among individuals who identify with a women’s sport team. Using an interpretive mode of inquiry, the author conducted interviews with fans of a professional women’s basketball team. Central elements of team meaning were gender equality (contributing to social change) and pure sport (perceptions of game play and player characteristics). These aspects jointly contribute to a paradox experienced by fans, in that perceived purity may be sacrificed in realizing social change. Theoretical implications include the ability of teams to represent social movement organizations, as well as the need for individuals to shed status-irrelevant aspects of an identity to raise a low-status group.
Professional Development for Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Dunn Robin J. , Doolittle Sarah A.
Published: May 2020

Don Hellison presented his ideas to teachers and coaches who sought strategies for enhancing responsibility behaviors in youth of underserved communities. He also conveyed his concepts to teacher educators charged with preparing professionals in sport and physical activity all over the world. Using a variety of formal and informal ways of sharing teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR), Don, his colleagues, and those responsible for educating teachers and coaches have shared TPSR as a way to help youth learn social and emotional life skills through sport and physical activity. This article is designed to review what is known about how teachers and other physical activity professionals learn to do TPSR by exploring the literature and research as well as summarizing lessons learned about the process. Common barriers to successful implementation of TPSR and future directions for research and practice on professional development in TPSR are discussed.
Modulation of Response Regulator CheY Reaction Kinetics by Two Variable Residues That Affect Conformation
Authors: Straughn Philip B. , Vass Luke R. , Yuan Chase , Kennedy Emily N. , Foster Clay A. , Bourret Robert B.
Published: May 2020

We have identified five variable positions in response regulators that allow the rate constants of autophosphorylation and autodephosporylation reactions each to be altered over 3 orders of magnitude in CheY. The distributions of variable residue combinations across response regulator subfamilies suggest that distinct mechanisms associated with different variable positions allow reaction rates to be tuned independently during evolution for diverse biological purposes. This knowledge could be used in synthetic-biology applications to adjust the properties (e.g., background noise and response duration) of biosensors and may allow prediction of response regulator reaction kinetics from the primary amino acid sequence.
Lipid-Specific Labeling of Enveloped Viruses with Quantum Dots for Single-Virus Tracking
Authors: Zhang Li-Juan , Wang Shaobo , Xia Li , Lv Cheng , Tang Hong-Wu , Liang Zhenpu , Xiao Gengfu , Pang Dai-Wen
Published: May 2020

Virus infection in host cells is a complex process comprising a large number of dynamic molecular events. Single-virus tracking is a versatile technique to study these events. To perform this technique, viruses must be fluorescently labeled to be visible to fluorescence microscopes. The quantum dot is a kind of fluorescent tag that has many unique optical properties. It has been widely used to label proteins in single-molecule-tracking studies but rarely used to study virus infection, mainly due to the lack of an accepted labeling method. In this study, we developed a lipid-specific method to readily, mildly, specifically, and efficiently label enveloped viruses with quantum dots by recognizing viral envelope lipids with lipid-biotin conjugates and recognizing these lipid-biotin conjugates with streptavidin-quantum dot conjugates. It is not only applicable to normal viruses, but also competent to label the key protein-mutated viruses and the inactivated highly virulent viruses, providing a powerful tool for single-virus tracking.
Emergence of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli within the ST131 Lineage as a Cause of Extraintestinal Infections
Authors: Boll Erik J. , Overballe-Petersen Søren , Hasman Henrik , Roer Louise , Ng Kim , Scheutz Flemming , Hammerum Anette M. , Dungu Arnold , Hansen Frank , Johannesen Thor B. , Johnson Abigail , Nair Divek T. , Lilje Berit , Hansen Dennis S. , Krogfelt Karen A. , Johnson Timothy J. , Price Lance B. , Johnson James R. , Struve Carsten , Olesen Bente , Stegger Marc
Published: May 2020

E. coli
ST131 is an important extraintestinal pathogenic lineage. A signature characteristic of ST131 is its ability to asymptomatically colonize the gastrointestinal tract and then opportunistically cause extraintestinal infections, such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, and urosepsis. In this study, we identified an ST131
H
27 sublineage that has acquired the enteroaggregative diarrheagenic phenotype, spread across multiple continents, and caused multiple outbreaks of community-acquired ESBL-associated bloodstream infections in Denmark. The strain’s ability to both cause diarrhea and innocuously colonize the human gastrointestinal tract may facilitate its dissemination and establishment in the community.
Lipoprotein Processing and Sorting in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: McClain Mark S. , Voss Bradley J. , Cover Timothy L.
Published: May 2020

Bacterial lipoproteins have diverse roles in multiple aspects of bacterial physiology, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenesis. Dedicated pathways direct the posttranslational lipidation and localization of lipoproteins, but there is considerable variation in these pathways among the proteobacteria. In this study, we characterized the proteins responsible for lipoprotein synthesis and localization in
Helicobacter pylori
, a member of the
Epsilonproteobacteria
that contributes to stomach cancer pathogenesis. We also provide evidence suggesting that lipidation of CagT, a component of the
H. pylori
Cag T4SS, is required for delivery of the
H. pylori
CagA oncoprotein into human gastric cells. Overall, these results constitute the first systematic analysis of
H. pylori
lipoprotein production and localization pathways and reveal how these processes in
H. pylori
differ from corresponding pathways in model proteobacteria.