bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive Optimization of Multispan Plate Girders
Authors: ADELI H. , CHOMPOOMING K.
Published: August 2010

An efficient and robust optimization algorithm is presented for minimum weight disign of continous multispan steel plate girders using the general geometric programming technique. The loading on the girder can consist of any number of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads. The nonlinear programming problem is formulated on the basis of the last edition of the American Institue of Steel Construction (AISC) specification. The desing variables are the flange width and thickness, teh web depth and thickness, and the dimensions and spacings of the transverse stiffeners for stiffened plate girders. In the optimization algorithm, the nonlinear primal problem is transformed to and via double condesation. The algorithm is quite general and can be applied to stiffened of unstiffened, homogeneous or hybird plate girders. The girder may be fully restrained agained lateral torsional buckling or may haae lateral supports only at selected locations along the length ofthe girder. The algorithm id implemented in FORTRAN 77 in an interactive computing environment with graphic capabilities. The grogram can display the plate girder elevtion, various cross sections, and loading on the girder. Three examples are presented, a two‐span homogeneous, a three‐span hybird, and a five‐span homogeneous plate girder.
Nonlinear Spatial Equilibrium Algorithms: A Computational Comparison
Authors: JONES PHILIP C. , MORRISON GREGORY , SWARTS JOHN C. , THEISE ERIC S.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents computational results from implementations of two previously published but untested algorithms for solving a class of very large problems arising in transportation: singlecommodity spatial price equilibrium problems with nonlinear excess demand fundtions. An indirect algorithm solves an approximating sequence of linear subproblems in a Newton‐like iteration. A direct algorithm modifies the min‐ratio test of the algorithm used for solving linear subproblems to accommodate the nonlinear excess demand functions, thus solving the problem directly. Although the direct algorithm is seemingly more elegant and would appear on the surface to be more efficient, we present evidence to support the hypothesis that unavoidable computational overhead required by an implementation of the direct method renders it far less efficient in most cases than the indirect method.
An Expert System for Regulatory Review of Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundment Dikes
Authors: JENNINGS AARON A. , HEYDINGER ANDREW G.
Published: August 2010

The design and implementation of a microcomputer‐based expert system (ES) to assist the regulatory review of hazardous waste surface impoundment dikes is discussed. DIKE(2.0) employs a “goal‐dominated” ES shell architecture linked with a battery of external diagnostic algorithm programs to overcome many of the difficulties inherent to regulatory review and microcomputer applications. The system assists reviewers in interpreting the required design information, applies relatively sophisticated engineering analyses to seek possible design flaws, and assists in the interpretation of all automated computations. Because the application to hazardous waste surface impoundment dikes is rather specialized, this paper focuses on elements of the ES implementation of general applicability to other problems of automated environmental review.
Microcomputer Workstation for Design of Rural Natural Gas Distribution Systems
Authors: DAVIDSON J. W. , GOULTER I. C.
Published: August 2010

Amicrocomputer system for the layout and design of polyethylene intermediate‐pressure gas networks is presented. The procedure is designed for use on an IBM‐XT compatible machine with an EGA card that has full interactive graphical features. The program performs hydraulic design calculations and cost analyses of networks with layouts obtained using the Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm. Procedures derived from properties of Steiner trees and a simple “expert system” have been incorporated in the program to overcome the rectilinear requirements of pipeline layout. Rail‐and stream‐crossing considerations are also embedded in the layout procedures. The system is demonstrated by application to an actual natural gas distribution system problem.
Region Recognition Using Area Method
Authors: EDGAR T. V. , PUCKETT J. A. , RICHARDSON J. B.
Published: August 2010

Visual aids in the form of graphs and charts are often used in analysis and design procedures. Commonly, a graph is divided into regions of common characteristics, such as in a soil classification scheme in which a set of properties are located on a chart and the soil classification is given. Although these aids are useful in hand calculations, it is often difficult to implement these charts into a computer code. A general technique is described in this paper which can simplify both implementation and the regional coordinate analysis by the use of an area coordinate method. An example and a short Fortran code are also included to show how this technique can be used.
Spiral Spline Curves for Highway Design
Authors: WALTON D. J.
Published: August 2010

Techniques for automating the design of highways are examined. It is accepted design practice to reduce the straight‐line parts of the horizontal alignment of a designed center line as much as possible. This can be accomplished manually by using clothoid templates. This article describes the use of spiral splines that behave in a manner such that the horizontal alignment may be automatically designed as a composition of clothoid segments. The resulting methods are suitable for microcomputer implementation.
Parallel Structural Analysis Using Threads
Authors: ADELI HOJJAT , KAMAL OSAMA
Published: August 2010

Practical solution of the structural analysis problem in a parallel processing environment is investigated through the use of the notion of cheap concurrency and the concept of threads. A thread is a lightweight process or independent instructions executing agent capable of concurrent execution with other threads. Portions of a structural analysis code implemented in C have been parallelized employing the Encore Parallel Threads on an Encore Multimax multiprocessor computer. The issues of racing condition, synchronization, and mapping are considered and discussed. Two synchronization mechanisms, semaphores and monitors, have been employed and compared. Two different mapping strategies have been implemented and studied. Results are reported on the effect of amount and frequency of shared memory access on the speed‐up, the overhead time required for creating threads, and comparison of overall computational time performance using two space truss examples. An overall efficiency of 90–95% was achieved for 11 processors.
Modeling Dispersion of Carbon Monoxide Near a Vehicular Tunnel
Authors: CHOW W. K.
Published: August 2010

A mathematical model for simulating the dispersion mechanism of the carbon monoxide concentration 300 m outside a vehicular tunnel located near a hillside is reported. This is achieved by solving a system of partial differential equations describing diffusion of the pollutants with turbulent effects. Simplified geographical profile, vehicles queue, and local wind conditions are taken into account. The model has been implemented in a Microsoft fortran 4.1 program that can run on an IBM‐AT 286 or a Deskpro 386 microcomputer.
Tight Coupling of Microcomputers in a CAD Environment
Authors: CHANG SAN‐CHENG , LIN KEN‐HSIEN
Published: August 2010

The integration of microcomputers into a networked CAD environment involving host computers and workstations is discussed. “Integration” here refers to the tight coupling of microcomputers in the execution of a CAD (Computer‐Aided Design) or CG (Computer Graphics) program. The emphasis of the paper is placed on the proposed hardware and software architecture where the application or development of in‐house software plays the major role. The evolution of CAD hardware is first reviewed, after which the hardware configuration and software details of current implementation are described, and finally some system performance data are presented. It is demonstrated that the introduction of microcomputers into a networked environment provides a versatile and economic solution toward the promotion of CAD applications.
Microcomputer‐Based Optimization of Steel Structures in Professional Practice
Authors: GRIERSON DONALD E. , CAMERON GORDON E.
Published: August 2010

The paper concerns the computer‐automated design of least‐weight structural steel frameworks, where members are automatically sized using commercial standard steel sections in full conformance with steel design code provisions for strength/stability and stiffness. The necessary features and functions of such a design system are first identified. Two alternative approaches to the optimal design of steel frameworks are then discussed. Finally, a microcomputer software system is applied for the least‐weight design of a steel framework comprised of a variety of member types and subject to a number of load effects. A number of alternative designs of the framework are conducted to illustrate differing optimization strategies and corresponding outcomes.
A Graphics Utility for Integration in Water Resource and Hydrological Stimulation Problems
Authors: LAMBOURNE JEFFREY J. , SUTHERLAND FREDERICK R.
Published: August 2010

This article outlines the development and application of a decision‐support graphics utility for implementation on an IBM or compatible microcomputer. Prime objectives included an affordable system, capable of running on commonly installed hardware configurations, and with the versatility to integrate with other user‐written packages. The package incorporates interfaces for the input, display, and manipulation of spatial data. Both vector and raster graphical information types are supported. This utility was designed as an open‐ended structure to facilitate integration into a wide range of Water Resource and Hydrological applications. Brief descriptions of three applications of the package are presented.
Numerical Procedure for Evaluating Geodesics on a Surface
Authors: CHEN Y. Z. , LO S. H. , XIE J. R.
Published: August 2010

A new numerical method for evaluating goedesics on surfaces is presented in this paper. The method transforms a traditional goedesics problem into an initial‐value problem, which can easily be solved by using Euler's forward integration. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed method.
Towards a Knowledge‐Based System for Seismic Assessment of Buildings
Authors: SALVANESCHI PAOLO , CADEI MAURO , CALVI GIAN MICHELE , ROSSI PAOLO
Published: August 2010

Aknowledge‐based system, whose objectives are to support the procedures which lead to the seismic risk evaluation of buildings and to suggest possible retrofitting, is presented. The system architecture and its principal functions are described, with emphasis on the main part of the system: a model (“artificial world”) which describes the structure and possible behaviors of the building and its environment, at different definition levels, with qualitative and/or quantitative attributes.
Uncertainty Methods in Expert Systems
Authors: CASTILLO ENRIQUE , ALVAREZ ELENA
Published: August 2010

The paper introduces the main measures of uncertainty and discusses some of the problems associated with conventional uncertainty propagation methods, such as those based on independent probabilities and the methods used with certainty factors, belief, and possibility functions. Some examples show the importance of the associated errors. Alternative methods, such as log‐linear regression and causal networks or influence diagram models, are discussed. Finally, their structural and parametric learning possibilities are analyzed.
CONCEPTUAL: An Expert System for Conceptual Structural Design
Authors: HABER DAVID , KARSHENAS SAEED
Published: August 2010

In the conceptual design stage of a building the number of possible building configurations is enormous. The building systems selected in this stage affect the building cost much more than any other decision made in the subsequent design stages. Currently designers base their decisions mostly on experience and intuition. Since this process is not algorithmic, the best possible design is not guaranteed. In this article a model of the process by which a human expert arrives at a conceptual design for a building is presented. Based on this model, CONCEPTUAL, an automated knowledge‐based expert system has been developed by the authors to aid in the conceptual design stage of buildings.
A Relational Database Interface for Design Expert Systems
Authors: GHOSH D. K. , KALYANARAMAN V.
Published: August 2010

Most of the software so far developed that is based on expert systems uses a rule‐based representation of the domain knowledge. Expert System applications in the engineering design process, however, frequently require access to a large static knowledge base that is easily represented in a database. This article presents the details of a relational database module to represent such static knowledge that is callable as a function by a rule‐based expert system. The software implemented on a microcomputer using a C compiler, can be accessed by any inference engine with external C function calling capability. It has been used in developing an expert system for the design of steel structural elements.
Microcomputer/Videodisc System for Construction Education
Authors: El‐Bibay Hossam , Paulson Boyd C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper addresses the need to improve the flexibility, productivity and effectiveness of educational methods, especially in teaching subjects invoving largescale phenomena that do not lend themselves well to lectures or laboratory experiments. The central part presents a multimedia educational system for teching construction equipment and methods. It describes the main objectives in developing this system, and illustrates its upproach with one ofn the prototype modules that deals with earthmoving scrapers. The educational results are mentined, along with suggestions for cooperation among universities to make more systems of this type widely available. The description of the development methodology also coments on its limitations, but these are rapidly being overcome with improved standards and availability of similar tools on other computers.
Building Product Modelling Using Relational Databases, Hypermedia Software and CAD Systems*
Authors: Björk Bo‐Christer , Penttilä Hannu
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A framework for a national building product data model standard, the RA TAS‐model, was proposed in an industry‐wide cooperation project in Finland in 1987. The model structures the information describing a building using an object‐oriented semantic data model. In follow‐up projects a number of prototypes have been developed using different software tools. These prototypes have aimed at illustrating the potential of the product data model approach for facilitating data exchange between heterogeneous computing applications in construction, as well as at testing the implementation of the data structures (attributes, object classes, relationships between objects) of the product data models. The prototypes have been based on relational databases, hypermedia software, CAD‐systems and combinations of these.
Expert Systems and Documentary Dataases Integration
Authors: Debras Philppe , Poyet Patrice , Brisson Eric
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The CSTB has been involved for many years in the process of a better availability and better use of building regulations. The FARTEC project has provided a significant breakthrough in that direction, thus offering a digitized corpus and its software environment, facilitating the retrieval and the handling of technical and legal texts. A related research efort, referred to as the ACSIS project, aims at devising advanced software environments where building standards represent the basis of intelligent softwares, moreover including a wide range of functions such as technical control, automated selection of manufactured products, assisted designs, etc. The ACSIS system offers various access modes to the corpus (indexation, graphical access, local dictionaries) available for different data types (text, images, arrays, formula, etc.), and associates this primary information to intelligent softwares (waterproofing expert adviser, anti‐seismic design controller, accessibility project checker for disabled people, etc). Sophisticated dynamic indexation processes are offered to enable the user an eficient selection of the documents given a set of nomenclatures evolving according to the current user context. Moreover, each one of the high added value applications connected to the corpus is able to make an appropriate use of the building standards stored in the SGML primary corpus. Given a set of Document Type Definitions (DTD), the object‐oriented document model and the hyperobject networks for each document of the SGML database are created: this stage is known as the compiling of the corpus. Then, given a set of formatting directives (e.g. indentation, justification, ere.>, and of presentation requirements (e.g. fonts, etc.), labelling each DTD structural entity (e.g. article, title, paragraph, etc.), the visual display of the documents is produced. Finally, the documentary database is linked to the intelligent softwares, thus offering a crossvalorization of the expert knowledge, illustrating, on one hand, the foundations of the expert rules and, on the other hand, the appropriate operational use of the regulation.
A Knowledge‐Based System for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Masonry Buildings
Authors: Casciati Fabio , Faravelli Lucia
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A specific class of structures, masonary, is considered. For its analysis a great expertise is available. The ‘state of health’ of a single existing building is assissed by an expert system which incorporates this expertise. The paper illustrates a knowledge‐based expert system for the seismic vulneraility assesment of masonry buildings.
Information Integration in the Building and Construction Industries
Authors: Gielingh W. F. , Tolman F. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the development of integration technology within or concurrently with the ISO/STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product) standardization project. Three different types of activity in the STEP project are described: developments of methods and tools, definition of meaning of data and data‐structures, and implementation levels of interfaces. Several STEP related projects are briefly reviewed.
An Integrated ComDuter Model to Aid the Planning of Concrete Structures
Authors: Aouad C. , Price A. D. F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper describes the general architecture of a prototypical micro CAD‐based integrated model being developed at Southborough University to aid the planning of in‐situ concrete structures. The model is based on the coupling of two low cost and powerful project management (Artemis 2000) and computer aided design systems (AutoCAD 10) through an intermediary package (dBase IV). The main aim of this model is automate the planning process of in‐situ concrete structures, particularly the generation of network plans, using data generated by CAD systems. The model functional specifications (i.e., modeling, drafting, quantities and materials scheduling, time analysis, cost analysis, and reporting) were established after a thorough review of current planning models, a detailed questionnaire survey conducted amongst the main UK and USA contractors on the current status of planning techniques and information technology applications, and a detailed study of the various problems facing CAD‐based models.

This model consists of three individual sub‐systems: modelling, data transfer and planning. The integration of these individual sub‐systems has been achieved on an IBM PS/2 MODEL 70. This enables the generation of network plans in the AutoCAD package (modelling subsystem) which are then automatically transferred (data transfer sub‐system) to the Artemis system for time and cost analyses (planning sub‐system). This paper outlines the work done so far and illustrates the proposed concept with a simplified case study.
Intelligent Computer Integrated Structures
Authors: Žagar Zvonimir , Delić Davor
Published: August 2010

Abstract: One is still bound to known structural forms and implementing mostly known materials and known technology. It is possible to implement in contemporary design new information technology and advances from other technical fields, to save energy and material resources and implement new forms more suitable to some of the material used. It is shown that new advances in material use and technology implementation should be reflected in new forms. Notably, the implementation of robotics and neural network technology could change the established structural forms. Implementing the computers to maintain the structural safety and integrity in ICIS may be sought, where computers are integral parts of the whole structure as are other more common structural parts.
Intelligent Positioning of Mobile Cranes for Steel Erection
Authors: Raynar Karl A. , Smith Gary R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The crane is the single most important equipment cost item required for erecting structural steel. Each time the crane moves to a new location, equipment time and labor time is lost. This research presents a computerized analysis method to minimize the number of moves required by a mobile crane to erect single story steel structures. The production rule system finds the optimum path for the crane and determines the steel erection sequence.

Artificial intelligence techniques are employed to develop the production rule system. They system finds the optimum path for the crane and determines the steel erection sequence. The production rule system consists of three basic components. The first is a knowledge representation which describes the building and crane geometry. Second is the production rules for positioning the crane and sequencing the steel erection. These rules were structured from interviews with steel erectors and converted to logic based rules used in the program. Third is the control strategy which analyzes the various combinations of crane positions. The result is a microcomputer based Prolog program called PRECISE. This program finds the optimal crane positions and the structural members erected from each crane position.
Constructing the Membership Function of a Fuzzy Set with Objective and Subjective Information
Authors: Pham T. D. , Valliappan S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A methodology to derive the membership function of a fuzzy set with objective and subjective information about a fuzzy event is introduced in this paper, This systematic framework makes use of the fuzzy calculus, the program‐evaluation and review technique (PERQ, in operations research, and the outstanding concept of special relativity theory to transform these types of information into a fuzzy set with a resultant membership function. The subjective information can be the multi‐inputs of expert knowledge. The objective part is the statistical data with their known probability‐density function (pdf); however, this probability measure partly reflects the uncertainty assessment and is considered insufficient to describe an actual fuzzy event. If objective information is absent, this transforming or fuzzifving process can also be used to combine the different viewpoints of expertise.
Drawing Data File Pre‐processor in a Neutral Format—An Application in Sewage System Design
Authors: Freitas C. O. A. , Scheer S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Sewage systems design includes computations and drafting. This paper is about the development of a drawing data file pre‐processor (generator) applied to sewage design. The numerical results are used to generate a file with the description of essential elements to be used in computer aided design (CAD) systems.

The files are generated in a neutral data format, aiming at portability among CAD systems. This paper presents computer graphics standardization as a way to draw data file characterization.
Sloped Roofs for Architectural CAD Systems
Authors: Recuero A. , Cutiérrez J. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: An algorithm to calculate the geometrical data which describe a sloped roof covering a building with polygonal plan is presented here. The plan of the building may be any polygonal, simple or multiplyconnected (that is with interior courtyards). The inclination angle of every dope is separately given and can be different from the others. Therefore most practical cases can be solved using this algorithm, for instance roofs, with equally inclined slopes or with all the ridges at the same height, or shed, ridge, Mansard type, saw tooth, and butterfly roofs.

The algorithm provides a separate geometrical description for every slope, which can be readily interpreted by any architectural CAD system. A comprehensive description of the algorithm is included, together with the source code of its implementation in Rocky Mountain BASIC and a set of illustrative examples showing how to solve some complicated cases.
Graphical Visualization of Physical Phenomena Simulated with the Finite Element Method
Authors: Faconti Ciorgio P. , Zani Nicola
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Scientific visualization is one of the emerging techniques used to represent large multi‐parameter data sets in a comprehensible way. Finite element method, as one of the largely used techniques to simulate the behavior of complex systems, typically produces large amounts of multidimensional data. This paper describes a visualization environment for the analysis of finite element data resulting from the integration of several techniques specifically optimized for the domain problem. In the first part of the paper introductory remarks are given on visualization and simulation. The finite element method is presented in more detail in order to keep the description of the system consistent with the paper. Subsequently, an overview of the logical functionality made available by the system is presented.

In the second part of the paper, implemented algorithms dealing with the representation and the visualization of finite element data are detailed. Two different methodologies, together with their underlying algorithms, are considered which serve different purposes in the analysis task and in the dissemination of results.
Knowledge Acquisition for Bridge Design Expert Systems
Authors: Hammad Amin , Itoh Yoshito
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Knowledge acquisition for developing design knowledge bases is difficult and time consuming. In this paper, a new approach for acquiring design knowledge is presented. The object‐oriented approach is applied to model the design objects and the design process. It is discussed that in the case of routine bridge design, synthesis of the bridge structure can be achieved through recursive top‐down refinement using selection among predefined types, and decomposition of the structure into predefined components. Having this design model, a methodology for using analogy to augment the knowledge base is proposed. Analogy can be used to retrieve and modib an available design object in order to create a similar object interactively. A prototype system that implements this methodology is presented.
Simplified Drift Evaluation of Wall‐Frame Structures
Authors: Valles Rodolfo E. , Kunnath Sashi K. , Reinhorn Andrei M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: An idealized model for analysis of multistory buildings subjected to lateral loads is presented. Using a simplified structural model composed of connecting beams and columns, along with a rapid condensation procedure, an approximated lateral stiffness matrix is obtained from which the lateral deformations can be quickly determined. The proposed model is suitable either for preliminary analysis or for quick verification of more complex computational procedures.

Commonly used analytical procedures are based on one of the following two approaches: (i] rapid evaluation of story drifts based on oversimplification of structures as specified primarily by building codes (shear systemslstick models), and (ii) detailed modeling of buildings as an assemblage of structural members combined with refined analysis of each individual component (finite element analysis). While the former approach requires only a small amount of data and simple hand computations to carry out the analysis, the latter requires an abundance of information and fairly complicated and elaborate computations requiring computers. However, the first approach leads only to very approximate results often invalidated by severe assumptions and restrictions while the second method produces results which are more comprehensive and accurate.

The idealization proposed in this paper is a rational combination of the two approaches leading to more accurate results with only a minimal amount of data. The simplification is obtained by assuming contraflexure points at mid spans of horizontal beams, but not extending the same simplification to vertical elements, as is typically done in simplified design and code approaches. This allows a simple representation of beams as rotational springs coupled to vertical cantilevers representing the columns. The ensuing matrix computations on a vastly reduced and diagonalized stiffness matrix can be carried out with ease on microcomputers.

Using the procedure outlined herein, the internal forces in members can be reasonably obtained, and axial stresses can be roughly estimated. An application of the proposed technique is presented using two sample buildings and are compared with results of more rigorous and accurate procedures.
Iso‐response Analysis of Blast Loaded Stiffened Plates
Authors: Jiang J. , Olson M. D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: An iso‐response analysis is presented for the nonlinear dynamic response of blast loaded stiffened plates. This analysis is based on a new rigid‐plastic grillage modelling of stiffened plates. The analysis provides iso‐response curves in two‐dimensional peak pressure versus total impulse space for particular structures which can be used directly for design purposes. Representative results are presented for several one‐ and two‐way stiffened plates.
Knowledge‐Based Free Mesh Generation of Quadrilateral Elements in Two‐Dimensional Domains
Authors: Zeng Young , Cheng Gengdong
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A knowledge‐based system, FREEMESH, for free mesh generation of quadrilateral elements in general two‐dimensional structures, is introduced in this paper. Based on the recursive logic, a plane domain is firstly represented with boundary features, corresponding to which a group of heuristic rules is built up to generate quadrilaterals recursively. The niles include the initial design rules and the redesign rules. To facilitate the rule‐based inference, the geometric reasoning is turned to acquire domain boundary features. Examples show that this strategy is effective.
An improved Non‐reflecting Boundary Method for Soil‐Structure Interaction Analysis
Authors: Qian Lingxi , Zhang Hongwu
Published: August 2010

Abstract: For dynamic analysis of interaction between structure and soil foundation, the elimination of wave reflecting on the artificial finite element boundary of semi‐infinite body is an essential problem. In this paper, a non‐reflecting boundary method with constant acceleration and constant force applied at the boundary is presented. A Corresponding explicit‐implicit algorithm for dynamic analysis of the semi‐infinite body is given. A good agreement of solutions is obtained as compared with the generalized Smith non‐reflecting boundary method with constant velocity and constant boundary force conditions. But it is much easier to implement, arid the computational effort and the storage required are considerably reduced.
A New Method for Solution of Nonlinear Control Systems
Authors: Zhong Wanxie , Deng Zichen , Zhang Hongwu , Ouyang Huajiang
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Based on the analogy between computational structural mechanics and optimal control, the multilevel substructural analysis method in structural mechanics is used for the solution of a nonlinear optimal control problem. The nonlinear control system is linearized first and the mixed energy of time‐interval is introduced, then the condensation equations of the time‐interval mixed energy are established according to the variational principle as in the theory of structural mechanics. The problem of the optimal solution for nonlinear control system is considered.
Vibration Finite Element Analysis of Bimodular Laminates Using a Higher‐Order Plate Theory
Authors: Tseng Yi‐Ping , Bai Kung‐Pyng , Lee Cheng‐Tao
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this work, a simple C° isoparametric higher‐order plate element is developed to study the free vibration analysis of bimodulus laminated plates. The eqriations of motion for the higher‐order plate theory are also derived variationally. The warping of cross section and transverse shear deformation are both considered. The natural frequencies and neutral surface locations are determined for benchmark problems. Compared with available analytical solutions, fast convergence and excellent agreement are observed for the present finite element formulation.
Stochastic Simulation of Construction Bidding and Project Management
Authors: Rizk Simaan M. Abou
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A stochastic simulation model of a project management game was developed to assist in training estimators in developing bidding strategies in construction. This paper discusses the development of the conceptual gaming model for bidding on construction projects and the implementation of the model on portable software. The model simulates the actual bidding in construction by creating projects, initiating random phenomena, and keeping track of the performance of the individual players of the game. Upon conclusion of the game the winner is selected as the player that maximizes his relative return on the original investment assigned to him by the game.

The paper describes the underlying construction management concepts and the bidding process in general. The database management model is then detailed focusing on the requirements and strategy behind the development of the various databases. The paper also describes the various models utilized in simulating the involved random processes. Finally the operation of the program is introduced and its use in educating construction engineers and managers is highlighted.
A Microcomputer‐Based Geographic Information System for Hydrologic Simulation
Authors: Muzik Ivan , Chang Chiadih
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A microcomputer‐based geographic information system (GIS) supporting hydrologic simulation is described. The hydrologically‐oriented GIs can automatically provide parameters required for prediction of flood hydroghraphs and physically‐based synthetic flood frequency curves for ungaged watersheds. The hydrologic model uses the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve number (CN) method and a synthetic unit hydrograph to represent the physical transformation of rainfall into runoff The standard SCS method was modified to account for randomness of key parameters whose probability distributions can be derived from regional rainfall and runoff data. The GIs, and hydrologic theory and techniques, including the modified SCS method, derivation of a regional dimensionless unit hydrograph, and Monte Carlo simulation procedure, are described. Results of hydrologic analysis and simulation by the system implemented for an area of 11000 km2 in the Alberta foothills are presented.
Design of Glass‐Fibre‐Reinforced Plastic Bolted Connections
Authors: Erki M. A. , Rosner C. N. , Dutta A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Glass‐fibre‐reinforced plastics (GFRP) have characteristics that make them highly attractive for light‐weight military footbridges, which can be easily hand‐assembled, dismantled and effectively transported on foot into remote, inaccessible regions, or in rough mountainous terrain. For this type of structure, the choice of bolted connections represents a practical type of connection for joining the major structural components.

This paper discusses some of the main issues in the design of GFRP bolted connections, with three computer analyses to assist the designer. First, material properties of GFRP are reviewed. The designer has the choice of either ordering prefabricated members, with fixed fibre lay‐up configurations, or specifying the lay‐up optimized for a particular application. An example of how to use a program to assist in choosing the best lay‐up of fibres in a GFRP laminate is given. If the connection is designed using a limit states approach, the material resistance factors need to be determined. A computer model to calculate approximate resistance factors is discussed. Finally, a computer model based on the finite element method to predict the short‐term load‐displacement behaviour of GFRP bolted connections is presented. The model combines two planar analyses to account for deformations in the GFRP members and the contribution of the fastener flexibility on the joint performance.
The Role of Computers in Education
Authors: Humar J. L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The human brain has the unique ability to acquire learning through a structured process of education. However, to be effective the educational process should be interactive and individualized, provide appropriate feedback, and be paced for the learner. Individualized teaching is not possible in the format of an organized classroom lecture or through the medium of a textbook. On the other hand, these provide the only practical means of educating the vast numbers of students.

Computers now provide us with the opportunity to restore at least some of the essential attributes of an effective teaching process. Properly utilized, computer‐assisted learning can create an educational environment in which the student is an active participant and carries on a continuous dialogue with the computer. The student controls the pace and, often, the sequence in which the information is presented. The computer can provide continuous feedback, can permit frequent testing, and allow branching to alternative educational material depending on the measured ability of the student.

The essential ingredients of an effective learning process, as identified by research in behavioural psychology are outlined in the paper. The role that computers can play in the educational process is discussed. The methodology of computer‐assisted learning (CAL) is described and illustrated by several examples of CAL programming. Some comments are also made on the future trends.
A New Approach to Solving Applied Location/AIIocation Problems
Authors: Daskin Mark S. , Jones Philip C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Facility location and customer allocation problems are pervasive in industry and in the private sector. In this paper, we outline a new approach to solving these problems that avoids the need to resort to integer programming techniques. The approach exploits the mathematical structure of the problem as well as characteristics frequently found in applied location/allocation problems. Using this approach, large scale problems are readily solvable on personal computers. We illustrate the approach on a small example and provide computational results based on a real‐world application of the technique. Extensions to include additional problem features are also discussed.
Dynamic Simulation of a Rockfall Fence by the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Mustoe G. G. W. , Huttelmaier H. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper presents a novel numerical model for the dynamic simulation of a rockfall prevention fence using the discrete element method (DEM). An approximate two‐dimensional DEM model provides the basis for an efficient numerical technique for solving three‐dimensional fence‐rock dynamic impact situations. It is shown that the computational results can provide the structural engineer with quantitative information concerning the overall fence design parameters.

The dynamics simulation software was developed on an Intel based CPU 80486 microcomputer. This hardware environment was also used to perform the dynamic analyses which are described herein.
A Parallel Direct Finite Element Method for Local‐Memory Multiprocessors
Authors: Zhu Jin‐Fu , Qiao Xin
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A parallel direct method for finite element analysis based on nested dissection is presented. It exploits all the parallelism provided by nested dissection and can be implemented on local‐memory multiprocessors. Computations are carried out at substructure level with less communication between processors. The relation of nested dissection to hypercubes is discussed and the relevant parallel algorithm is proposed. Parallel nonlinear finite element analysis is also given. The efficiency is estimated. Numerical experiments and engineering applications were conducted on a multitransputer system and very high efficiency was achieved.
Numerical Simulation of Contaminant Transport in One‐Dimensional Infinite Media
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Valliappan S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper, seawater or contaminant intrusion into fresh groundwater in lowland areas is treated as a mass transfer problem in infinite media. For numerical simulation of such problem, a transient infinite element model has been presented to simulate the mass transfer process in infinite media. The main merit of using the present transient finite and infinite element coupled model is that the numerical analysis of contaminant transport problems in infinite media can be carried out using microcomputers. The comparison of the present numerical results with the previous analytical results indicates the accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness of the present infinite element.
Abstractive and observational methods of educational evaluation in a dietetic clinic*
Authors: Anderson Digby C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Very little work has been done on the detailed analysis of dietetic interviews. The analyst who wishes to start such work naturally looks to see what techniques have been employed on similar material. It is when he tries to borrow such techniques that he encounters two problems (problems for him and possibly things which ought to be problems for those who originally used the techniques): first there are a lot of candidate approaches and he must select from them; second he must find an approach suitable for his data. The paper suggests that by starting with a fairly crude look at transcripted materials, the analyst can reject many of the approaches on offer and solve the problem of data suitability. It offers an example. The paper is then an implicit criticism of starting analytic work with borrowed and unamended‘perspectives’.
The location of pain in childbirth: natural childbirth and the transformation of obstetrics
Authors: Arney William Ray , Neill Jane
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the post‐World War II period obstetrics transformed the nature of its work, partly in response to the challenge of natural childbirth. The transformation is traced by focusing on obstetrics’understanding of pain in childbirth. In reformulating its field of power obstetrics reconstituted its patient‐object to take into consideration the patient's subjectivity which, as a result of the natural childbirth movement, had asserted itself, escaping from the confines in which obstetrics had tried to contain it, and reclaiming for a fleeting instant the pain which signaled a woman's active participation in birth.
The clinical subject: adolescents in a cleft‐palate clinic
Authors: Silverman David
Published: August 2010

The paper examines the format and some interactional dilemmas of outpatient consultations in a clinic for cleft lip and palate. Three problems are addressed. First, the adolescent patient's status as a ‘consumer’ is problematic: it is ambiguous whether they can be entrusted with decision‐making on their own behalf. Second, there is the problematic status of parents’ rights. Third, the policy implications of these problems are raised in relation to the conduct of child‐centred’ medicine. It is suggested that socializing the clinic may reinforce, rather than undercut, professional dominance.
Social control in the therapeutic community: re‐examination of a critical case
Authors: Bloor M. J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Sharp's study ‘Social Control in the Therapeutic Community’ is used as a critical case for the hypothesis that all treatment institutions routinely maintain manipulative control of their clientele. Sharp's argument is that social control is an inevitable consequence of the ubiquitous, nihilating, individualising, and selective properties of staff interpretative work. This view is contested by the presentation of data collected in a second community similar to that studied by Sharp. It is shown that staff interpretative work may also be connected with the provocation (rather than the nihilation) of dissent with the deliberate toleration (rather than the control) of disruption: interpretative work has an occasional, not a universal, social control function. Further, staff are shown to ‘orchestrate’ events within the community whilst encouraging patient autonomy: orchestration and social control are both potential and competitive attributes of a pre‐existing power relationship. It is finally suggested that the autonomous participation of patients in their own treatment, orchestrated by superordinate therapists, may also accurately describe some area of the medical enterprise other than therapeutic communities.
Structuring and destructuring the coarse of illness: the Alzheimer's disease experience
Authors: Gubrium Jaber F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The course of illness is examined as a location for the assignment of developmental structure. Textual analysis and field data indicate that the stock of developmental codes for structuring the course of illness in the Alzheimer's disease experience is as varied as the manifold interests of those concerned. Structuring is practical and occasioned, realised in its variety in an ‘ameliorative’ mode of communicative usage. In the ‘tribulation’ mode, in contrast, the course of illness is destructured. A discussion of communicative usage, as a critique of developmentalism, follows.
Social constructionism and medical knowledge: the case of transsexualism
Authors: King Dave
Published: August 2010

Abstract Bury (1986) and Nicolson and McLaughlin (1987) have respectively attacked and defended social constructionism in relation to medical sociology. In this article I try to further the debate by considering how a form of constructionism has been used to study a small area of medical knowledge ‐ that relating to transsexualism. The literature on this topic reveals two stories; one claims that transsexualism has been discovered, the other that it has been invented. In. the main part of this article I examine the invention story alongside evidence drawn from a study of the medical treatment of transsexualism in Britain. I argue that the invention story exaggerates the legitimacy of transsexualism and sex‐change surgery in this country; that what it depicts as peculiar to transsexualism is also common to other areas of medical knowledge and practice; and that its explanation of the invention of transsexualism is implausible in the light of the data presented. Finally I consider the implications of this case study for the wider issues. I conclude that, whilst some of Bury's criticisms of constructionism apply to the invention story of transsexualism, some of the latter's weaknesses are shared with the discovery story and with Bury's own position.