bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PERHATIAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DAN SIKAP AKHLAKUL KARIMAH GURU TERHADAP HASIL PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SANTRI DI PONDOK MODERN DARUSSALAM GONTOR SE-JAWA TIMUR
Authors: Ismi Alivia
Published: January 2021

The results of the santri character education are educational outputs that are very much needed for the birth of a generation of intelligent characters. To achieve this goal, supporting factors that can maximize the results of character education are needed, including the attention of the principal, which is a form of awareness of the principal to observe the school community in accordance with its main functions and tasks, while the moral attitude of the teacher is the inherent commendable behavior in the educator who is embedded in his soul. So this thesis aims to determine the effect of the attention of the principal and the attitude of the teacher's morals to the results of the character education of students in Islamic Boarding School Darussalam Gontor in East Java. The respondents of this study were 110 homeroom teachers at Islamic Boarding School Darussalam Gontor for Boys 1 located in Ponorogo, East Java and Islamic Boarding School Darussalam Gontor for Girl 1 located in Ngawi, East Java. This boarding school is famous for its high level of discipline. To test the hypothesis, this study uses inferential quantitative methods and analyzed using path analysis techniques. The findings in this study resulted in p21 = 0.425, thitung= 4.878 and p-value = 0.000 <0.05, which means that the attention of the principal directly positively influences the moral attitude of teachers. P31 = 0.243, thitung = 2.548 and p-value = 0.006 <0.05, which means that the attention of the principal directly has a positive effect on the students' character education outcomes. P32 = 0.291, thitung = 3.054 and p-value = 0.0015 <0.05, which means that the moral attitude of the teacher's has a positive direct effect on the results of the students' character education. Thus, the results of this study are that there is a significant positive direct effect of the attention of the principal and the attitude of the teacher's morality towards the results of the character education of students.
Strategies for Tracking Immune Surveillance of Tumor Milieu during Angiogenesis
Authors: Praveen Kumar Vemuri  , Greeshma Nimmagadda  , Sreedhar Bodiga  , Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga  , Suryanarayana Veeravilli  , KRS Sambasiva Rao
Published: January 2021

Cancer is a multi-stage, multi-mechanistic, multifactorial complex process that has excessive potential for excessive proliferation  with no relation to the physiological  organ. Inherited genetic inclinations  contribute  extensively  to about 10 % of breast cancers and about 13 % of colon cancers incidences. In the industrialized countries, 7% of most cancer deaths result from viral infections; 4% from occupational  hazards; 2% from sunlight; 2% from air, water, and soil pollution; and less than 1% from diet and lifestyle. Formation of new blood vessels, angiogenesis, is elicited by tissue hypoxia and is essential for normal course of development  of every  tissue  and organ.  Angiogenesis  unequivocally  promotes  tumor  growth  and metastasis.  Tumors  exhibit different rates of pathological angiogenesis and involve not only abnormally proliferating cancer cells, but also various tumor- infiltrating  leukocytes  and stromal  cells.   Local milieu  of the cancers  polarizes  the leukocytes  to support  the tumor  growth further. Although conventional knowledge reveals that immune surveillance helps to suppress tumor development, unresolved immune mechanisms including chronic inflammation can promote growth and progression of tumors. In this review, we outline the immune cells and their derived factors, including immunosuppressive  and inflammatory cytokines that either can promote or inhibit cancer development,  and the role of tumor microenvironment  in this process of regulation.  In the present review, the role of T-lymphocytese, NK cells, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity, tumor escape mechanisms are presented.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaf Extract and its Antimicrobial Activity against Certain Pathogens
Authors: Pal Nidhi  , Shweta Agrawal
Published: January 2021

Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles less than 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have many important chemical and biological applications. These applications drag the attention of researchers for the production of silver nanoparticles. The objective of the study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles from the green method without using any hazardous chemicals. In the present study, Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) leaf extract was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from silver nitrate. Moreover, Tulsi leaf extract was also exploited, both traditionally and commercially, for their antibacterial potential which is essential oil components. The synthesis of Ag-NPs was visually deduced by a change in colour from light yellow to reddish-brown. UV-Visible Spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) analysis were then used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles. This study also determined the effect of temperature and effect of silver nitrate concentration on nanoparticle synthesis. Synthesized silver nanoparticles showed absorbance ‘peaks’ at 420 nm with UV-visible spectrometry. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline. The mean crystallite size was estimated using the Debye-Scherrer equation. However, TEM showed that silver nanoparticles have spherical (40 nm) shape with a narrow size distribution. These synthesized nanoparticles were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity against the most common pathogens of nosocomial infections, MRSA, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL). O. tenuiflorum extract showed strong potential for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate  and  the synthesized silver nanoparticles had efficient antimicrobial properties against different pathogens including drug-resistant pathogens in vitro. These synthesized nanoparticles showed maximum ‘zones’ of inhibition against MRSA among these four organisms.
Antibacterial Effect of Longan Extract and Diode Laser Combination on Peptostreptococcus Species in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Apical Periodontitis - A Pilot Study
Authors: Dr. Moksha Nayak  , Dr. Angeline Jose  , Dr. Vidhya Shenoy
Published: January 2021

Diabetes   mellitus   is   a   risk   factor   for   developing   periapical   infections   and   increases   resistance   against pharmacotherapy. Microorganisms are the major cause for periradicular diseases. Peptostreptococcus spp. is the most common bacterial isolate from root canals of primary endodontic infections in diabetic patients. Herbal irrigants are being researched for its efficacy against root canal microorganisms owing to their resistance against commonly used irrigants and medicaments. Longan extract is known for its antimicrobial and antiglycemic action. Diode laser is a newer modality in the disinfection of root canal system. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of longan extract (longan fruit extract) and diode laser on Peptostreptococcus species in type 2 diabetic patients with primary endodontic infections using PCR technique. Eleven subjects with type 2 diabetes requiring endodontic treatment were selected for the study based on convenience sampling for a period of 3 months. The preoperative root canal samples were collected after gaining access to the root canal system and initial instrumentation of root canals.   Postoperative sample were obtained following a disinfection protocol using 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, longan extract as the final irrigant, followed by diode laser irradiation. Both the preoperative and postoperative samples were collected as per Moller’s criteria using sterile paper points. The mean percentage reduction following irrigation of the root canal with longan extract was 71.18% whereas diode laser showed 100% disinfection. In conclusion, the combination of longan extract and diode laser provides an effective mode of root canal disinfection in type 2 diabetic patients with apical periodontitis.
Spectral Studies of Azo Dye Degradation Using Selected Biofertilizer: Pseudomonas Fluorescens
Authors: Sumayya Rehaman  , Aravindan G  , Karthick G
Published: January 2021

Azo dyes are the azo colorants with about 70% dyestuff.  Azo dyes persist in the environment for years and are toxic to human life. In the present study, it was attempted to decolorize the selected azodye by three selected biofertilizers: Rhizobium sp., Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens whereas also to prove biofertlizer’s degradation property. Initially decolorization of 10% azo dye of silk dyeing effluent was biotreated with above mentioned biofertilizers at 37 °C separately as preliminary studies. It was found that preliminarily decolorization of azo dye with Pseudomonas fluorescens with 85% followed by Azospirillum sp. with 74%. Based on this, the percentage decolorization was evaluated for various concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of azo dye of silk dyeing effluent under static conditions with glucose as carbon source. The percentage decolorization was found to be 91% in 5 days with 25% effluent by Pseudomonas fluorescens reduced to 68% with crude azo dye effluent which had positive influence on the growth of bacterium in the 0.002g glucose as carbon source as growth rate was increased along with decolorization. In contrast the least percentage decolorization was analyzed as 23% in 5 days with 25% effluent by Rhizobium sp. whereas reduced drastically to 11% with 100% effluent. This indicated the dilution is more needed for the better decolorization. The cleavage of azo bond was confirmed through spectral studies such as UV and in HPLC chromatogram of silk dyeing raw industrial bio-treated azo dye Silk dyeing effluent. Microbial growth has utilized and decolorized the dye wastewater shows its biodegradation potential. The high decolorization ability was observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens compared to Azospirillum sp., and Rhizobium sp., as biofertilizer to convert toxic azo dyes into nontoxic compounds reducing the contaminants will prove dual purpose of usage of biofertilizers in the environment.
Effect of Method of Ligation on the Pain Perception During Orthodontic Treatment- A Rct using Conventional Metal and Dual Activation Self-Ligating Brackets
Authors: Dr B. Nivethigaa  , Dr Aravind Kumar Subramanian  , Remmiya Mary Varghese
Published: January 2021

Pain is the worst perceived side effect of the orthodontic treatment. Even though momentary, the amount of pain is the major deciding factor when patient compliance is considered. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pain perception during the initial alignment phase with conventional metal and Dual activation self-ligating brackets. The study group consisted of 20 subjects who were selected for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion. The mean age of the samples chosen at the start of treatment was 16 years 3 months. Patients after complete strap up were given a coding sheet and were asked to code the amount of pain perception. The values were tabulated and statistical analysis was performed. Independent sample T test was done to analyze the statistical significance of the results obtained. The intergroup variation in the pain perception showed a statistical significance (p <0.05) at all the time intervals excepting one recorded during the end of the first month (p >0.05) when pain dropped to the minimum in both the groups. Intra group analysis between different time intervals was performed by post hoc Tuckey test. After the initial stages of unbearable pain during the first day after the appointment, a drop down in the rate of pain was noted which reached baseline values by 1 month. Some amount of pain was always perceived irrespective of the brackets used. But dual activation self-ligating brackets showed comparatively lesser pain than the conventional brackets. Amount of pain perceived also depends on certain patient factors and the amount of force applied. Maintenance of very low initial force levels will have a better effect in improving patient comfort and compliance.
Learning Strategies, Self-Efficacy And Performance Among Students Of College Of Health And Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman UniversityLearning Strategies, Self-Efficacy And Performance Among Students Of College Of Health And Rehabi
Authors: Uzma Zaidi
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between learning strategies, self-efficacy, and performance among students of the College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. The main objective of this study  was to  provide  the impact  of  the learning process (rehearsal,  elaboration, organisation  and critical thinking) concerning self-efficacy and performance of the health sciences students. The sample of this study comprised of (n=147) students enrolled in the final year of BS Program of College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Learning strategies were measured by a subscale of learning strategies, whereas, self-efficacy was measured by general self-efficacy scale. The grade point average of the students served to measure the performance of the students.  Previous studies have shown that there is a clear difference in learning strategies on self-efficacy and performance among the students. The current study explored these variables among allied health students involved in practical clinical skills. Results proved the predictive relationship of deep level strategies with self-efficacy (F (3,143) = 5.587, p<.01) and surface-level strategies  with  performance  (F  (1,145)  =  4.541,  p<.03)  of  the  students.  The  findings  could  contributeto evaluating the most frequently used learning strategies about self-efficacy and the performance of the students. Effective learning strategies were proposed to enhance the performance of the students.
Asymptotic approach to anti-plane dynamic problem of asymmetric three-layered composite plate
Authors: Nuruddeen Rahmatullah , Nawaz Rab , Zia Q. M. Zaigham
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the anti-plane shear motion of an asymmetric
three-layered inhomogeneous elastic plate has been examined. An
asymptotic approach is employed for the present investigation. Both the
generalized and unified dispersion relations within the long-wave
low-frequency range have been determined. The obtained unified
dispersion relation is investigated taking into account the recently
analyzed material contrast for layered plate with mixed stiff-soft
layers of different material properties. Finally, we make comparison
with symmetric plate being a special case of the asymmetric plate under
consideration in the end.
Effect of Nutrient Metabolism on Cartilaginous Tissue Formation
Authors: Tarantino Roberto , Chiu Loraine , Weber Joanna , Tse Yat , Bardana Davide , Pang Stephen , Waldman Stephen
Published: January 2021

Despite the potential of tissue engineering approaches for cartilage
repair, a major shortcoming is the low biosynthetic response of
chondrocytes. While different strategies have been investigated to
upregulate tissue formation, a novel approach may be to control nutrient
metabolism. Although known for their anaerobic metabolism of glucose,
chondrocytes are more synthetically active when cultured under
conditions that elicit mixed aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. Here, we
postulate this metabolic switch induces hypoxia inducible factor 1α
(HIF-1α) signaling leading to improved tissue growth. Transition to
different metabolic states can result in the pooling of intracellular
metabolites, several of which can stabilize HIF-1α by interfering with
proline-hydroxylase-2 (PHD2). Chondrocytes cultured under increased
media availability accelerated tissue deposition (2.2 to 3.5-fold) with
the greatest effect occurring at intermediate volumes (2 mL/106 cells).
Under higher media volumes, metabolism switched from anaerobic to mixed
aerobic-anaerobic. At and beyond this transition, maximal changes in
PHD2 activity (- 45%), HIF-1α protein expression (8-fold increase), and
HIF-1 gene target expression were observed (2.0 to 2.7-fold increase).
Loss-of-function studies using YC-1 (to degrade HIF-1α) confirmed the
involvement of HIF-1 signaling under these conditions. Lastly, targeted
metabolomic studies of glucose metabolites (14 in total) revealed that
both intracellular lactate and succinate correlated with PHD2 activity.
Although both metabolites can inhibit PHD2, this effect can most likely
be attributed to lactate as succinate was only present in trace amounts.
However, addition work (e.g., 13C flux analyses) are required to confirm
this assertion. Nevertheless, by harnessing this newly identified
metabolic switch, functional engineered cartilage implants may be
developed without the need for sophisticated methods which would allow
for improved translation into the clinical realm.
Investor Sentiment and Audit Opinion Shopping
Authors: Amin Keval , Eshleman Dan , Guo Peng
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine whether investor sentiment influences clients' propensity to engage in audit opinion shopping. Using the opinion shopping framework of Lennox (2000), we document that internal control opinion shopping is more prevalent when investor sentiment is high. This effect is concentrated among firms with low institutional ownership. We also find that clients are more likely to undertake downward switches (i.e., Big 4 to non-Big 4 auditor) when sentiment is high. Additional tests reveal that clients who engage in opinion shopping during high sentiment periods have a higher risk of material restatements and higher audit fees. As well, the market-penalty associated with opinion shopping is reduced when sentiment is high. Overall, the results suggest that firms' opinion shopping behavior during high sentiment periods is more prevalent and opportunistic.

Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text.
Do the Benefits of Small Issuer SOX 404(b) Exemptions Outweigh the Costs?
Authors: Convery Amanda M. , Levine Carolyn B.
Published: January 2021

Responding to complaints that small issuers have disproportionately high costs that exceed the benefits of internal control attestation, the SEC has expanded size-based exemptions to SOX 404(b) since its initial adoption. Recent changes to the exemption criteria have rekindled the debate over the value of the SOX 404(b) requirement. This paper summarizes the model presented in Levine (2009), describes conditions for overauditing, and suggests solutions for practitioners, their clients, and regulators.
Engaging the Experts to Embrace the Future: An Interactive Professional Learning Experience
Authors: Riley Jennifer , Eldridge Susan , Venkatesh Roopa
Published: January 2021

We explore whether an integrated professional-student learning experience can better address the urgent demand for data-savvy, collaborative students ready to contribute on day one of their professional careers. The interactive professional learning experience (IPLE) brings practitioners into the classroom to work with students in an active learning setting. Our IPLE includes four steps: a guest speaker presentation to introduce the topic, assignment of a data analytics and visualization case project to student teams, a collaborative lab session with professionals and student teams, and finally, presentations to the original guest speaker and class. Pre- and post-test assessments indicate significantly positive improvement in student learning as compared to two other instructional methods that did not include the full IPLE. Questionnaire responses indicate overwhelmingly positive student perceptions, including improved learning, satisfaction, and effectiveness. Overall, student feedback indicates the IPLE was an effective learning mechanism.
A Framework and Resources to Create a Data Analytics-Infused Accounting Curriculum
Authors: Dow Kevin E. , Jacknis Norman , Watson Marcia Weidenmier
Published: January 2021

The technology and data analytics developments affecting the accounting profession have a profound effect on accounting curricula. To meet the profession's current expectations, accounting programs need a fully integrated accounting curriculum to develop students with strong data analytic and critical thinking skills that complement their accounting knowledge. We provide a framework and resources for creating a data analytics-infused accounting curriculum. Using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, we apply the theory's five stages to the infusion of data analytics throughout the accounting curriculum: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. We present an analytics value cube to guide the integration of different analytic techniques. We recommend free tools, questions, and cases. While our focus is on accounting programs new to data analytics, these resources are also useful to accounting programs and practitioners that wish to expand their data analytic offerings.
Literacy practices in co-taught early years classrooms. Study protocol: The Seaside case
Authors: Wagner Åse Kari Hansen , Skaftun Atle , McTigue Erin M.
Published: January 2021

The present protocol describes the background, theoretical framework and methods for a qualitative study of co-taught, Norwegian, L1 classrooms—The Seaside case. The participants are six classes and their teachers from six different schools in the Seaside municipality. All classes had one extra teacher in all 8 L1 Norwegian lessons each week, in Year One and Year Two. Co-teaching provides pedagogic potential and flexibility and can enhance students’ learning. However, evidence from teacher–student ratio research is inconsistent across contexts (Solheim et al., 2017; Solheim & Opheim, 2018), and there is also a need for studies exploring connections specifically in the Norwegian school context. Our overarching research questions are: (1) What characterizes literacy practices in L1 initial co-taught literacy lessons? (2) How is the extra teacher resource utilized in L1 initial co-taught literacy lessons, and what characterizes interaction, patterns of discourse, organization and roles in the classroom (teachers and students)? (3) What are the students’ conditions for participation, engagement and dialogue in L1 initial co-taught literacy lessons?
France before 1789
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: January 2021

This book traces the historical origins of France's National Constituent Assembly of 1789, providing a vivid portrait of the ancien régime and its complex social system in the decades before the French Revolution. The book's author writes in the spirit of Alexis de Tocqueville, who described this tumultuous era with an eye toward individual and group psychology and the functioning of institutions. Whereas Tocqueville saw the old regime as a breeding ground for revolution, the author, more specifically, identifies the rural and urban conflicts that fueled the constitution-making process from 1789 to 1791. The book presents a new approach to history writing, one that supplements the historian's craft with the tools and insights of modern social science. It draws on important French and Anglo-American scholarship as well as a treasure trove of historical evidence from the period, such as the Memoirs of Saint-Simon, the letters of Madame de Sévigné, the journals of the lawyer Barbier and the bookseller Hardy, the Remonstrances of Malesherbes, and La Bruyère's maxims. The book is the first volume of a trilogy that promises to transform our understanding of constitution making in the eighteenth century.
The Royal Government and the Courts
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a more general discussion of the royal government. It discusses the psychology of absolute power that is utterly different from the psychology of ordinary citizens or subjects. It focuses on the obstacles and constraints on the power of the royal government due to unwritten constitutional laws. The chapter argues that the psychology of the kings was in a sense self-defeating, in that their search for glory caused them to make choices that tended to diminish it. It also explains how royal officials were considered unreliable tools for the implementation of policy. This chapter ends by covering the mechanisms by which the courts could obstruct the king's will.
Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis versus the Internet
Authors: Fader Ayala
Published: January 2021

This chapter follows contemporary rabbinic leaders, who increasingly blamed the crisis of authority on an external Gentile medium: the Internet, particularly social media. It narrates how rabbinic leaders declared that the internet corrupted innately pure Jewish souls in public rallies and printed edicts, which left them unable to fight their own inclinations for evil and infecting them with invisible doubt. It also mentions the rabbinic leaders' attempt to leverage schools and mothers to enforce emerging standards for kosher filtering in order to protect the faithful and preserve the coming generations. The chapter talks about the religious rulings on the internet that were ultimately enforced through the school systems called the mosdos. It highlights schools affiliated with specific rabbinic leaders that threaten to expel any student whose parents did not comply with its religious standards, such as in dress, behavior, or possession of an unfiltered smartphone.
Family Secrets
Authors: Fader Ayala
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the moral implications for children of parents living double lives. It brings to light how double-life parents often tried to subtly introduce new ideas to their children despite keeping their life–changing doubt secret. It also highlights the influence of double life parents that led to ethical and emotional dilemmas for their children, especially for ultra-Orthodox teenagers. The chapter explains how choice was part of the double-life moral system, which is in direct contrast to ultra-Orthodoxy but is aligned with contemporary American liberal values about the individual. The chapter describes the double lifers' moral framework as individuals that used their autonomy to make ethical choices in the context of their secretly shared liberal values of pluralism, tolerance, and striving for personal fulfilment.
Endings and Beginnings
Authors: Fader Ayala
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks into double lifers that were part of the loud heretical counterpublic that contributed to the contemporary ultra-Orthodox crisis. It reviews ongoing struggles in order to understand life-changing religious doubt, including its causes and its cures. It also analyzes how some rabbis and activists blamed the Internet, while others, including many religious therapists, blamed an ultra-Orthodoxy that had become too stringent and too rigid. The chapter emphasizes how faithful people and those living double lives came to a shared conclusion that the real threat of the medium of the Internet was its new possibilities for interaction with like-minded others that directly challenged ultra-Orthodox authority. It also summarizes the experience of life-changing doubt and its implications for families, friends, religious authorities, and institutions.
Judicial Forbearance Advocacy
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the new provisions in the laws that encourage forbearance shape legal practices around post-sentence forgiveness work on the part of judges. It analyzes judges' motivations to work for forbearance by looking at the exigencies of the law, as well as spiritual and pragmatic reasons. In doing so, the chapter highlights the consequential aspects of time in forgiveness work. For many Muslims, the Qur'an is an immutable and unalterable text. The operations and practices to which its verses give rise, however, change and modify through the very human forces whose work both adheres to and animates the sacred texts. Through interviews with Shiʻi scholars and state bureaucrats charged with implementing this duty, the chapter shows how these religious prescriptions come to be translated into contemporary socio-cultural and legal praxis in the Shiʻi context.
Mediating Mercy
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses social workers' diverse approaches to the affective labor that forgiveness work entails. A range of social workers, from pious religious actors to secular anti-death penalty activists, participate in cultivating affective sociolegal spaces, or a lifeworld, for their ethical practices. Through productive social engagements, these agents draw attention to a metaphysical rapture that forbearance affords, both for themselves and for victims' families. Their engagement with a kind of social work that extends directly from the potentialities made possible through Iran's Islamic justice system also serves to underscore a commitment to Islam publicly, whether intentional or not. Social workers' myriad activities also bring attention to and even solidify the rationalization or increased corporatization of otherwise loosely organized local, spiritual, and/or ritual practices.
Epilogue
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: January 2021

This epilogue looks at the modern bureaucratic state. It considers what it means for a state's regulatory scheme to be comprised of such a range of free-roaming and diverse actors who operate in a semi-autonomous social field and participate in shaping and regulating its operations. Consequently, the epilogue reflects on what forgiveness work means for rights, law, and the higher aims of the Qur'anic mandate of mercy. Mercy means a lessening of deserved punishment (leniency) and, at the same time, mercy's very presence suggests injustice lies everywhere. That is, where there is mercy, there is injustice. However, mercy can play a crucial role in bringing about justice. The insistence on mercy, even if it is a power from above, can offer a crucial corrective to injustice. In some ways, this feature of the legal system explains the involvement of government agents in forgiveness work and suggests the basis for the state's differential treatment of anti-death penalty or human right activists versus forgiveness workers.
Metrics at Work
Authors: Christin Angele
Published: January 2021

When the news moved online, journalists suddenly learned what their audiences actually liked, through algorithmic technologies that scrutinize web traffic and activity. Has this advent of audience metrics changed journalists' work practices and professional identities? This book documents the ways that journalists grapple with audience data in the form of clicks, and analyzes how new forms of clickbait journalism travel across national borders. Drawing on four years of fieldwork in web newsrooms in the United States and France, including more than one hundred interviews with journalists, the book reveals many similarities among the media groups examined—their editorial goals, technological tools, and even office furniture. Yet the book uncovers crucial and paradoxical differences in how American and French journalists understand audience analytics and how these affect the news produced in each country. American journalists routinely disregard traffic numbers and primarily rely on the opinion of their peers to define journalistic quality. Meanwhile, French journalists fixate on internet traffic and view these numbers as a sign of their resonance in the public sphere. The book offers cultural and historical explanations for these disparities, arguing that distinct journalistic traditions structure how journalists make sense of digital measurements in the two countries. Contrary to the popular belief that analytics and algorithms are globally homogenizing forces, the book shows that computational technologies can have surprisingly divergent ramifications for work and organizations worldwide.
Introduction
Authors: Christin Angèle
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the multiplication of digital metrics, analytics, and algorithms is reconfiguring work practices and professional identities. It focuses on the case of journalism, a field that has been profoundly changed by digital technologies. It describes modern newsrooms that use digital tools in the gathering, production, and diffusion of information on the web, from group chats to social media platforms and content management systems. The chapter also introduces a new market that emerged for “web analytics” or software programs that track the behaviour and preferences of internet users. It describes how editors and journalists are provided with a constant stream of data about their audience, receiving increasingly detailed information in real time about the number of visitors, comments, likes, and tweets that their articles attract.
Conclusion
Authors: Christin Angèle
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the implications of web analytics for further studies of digital metrics beyond the case of journalism. At a time when nearly every domain is affected by analytics and algorithms, the chapter also provides an overview of what kinds of changes are to be expected and what should not be taken for granted whenever metrics take over. It describes how online media became a different place following the election of Donald Trump as the forty-fifth president of the United States in which news organizations and digital platforms entered into a political and economic maelstrom. It investigates the moral panic surrounding the uncovering of “content farms” and the stream of tweets from the White House labelling mainstream news organizations as “fake news” that caused the media ecosystem to become the center of new controversies about the future of information and democracy. The chapter also shows how news websites can bear some responsibility for problematic developments in journalism.
The Deportation Machine
Authors: Goodman Adam
Published: January 2021

Constant headlines about deportations, detention camps, and border walls drive urgent debates about immigration and what it means to be an American in the twenty-first century. This book traces the long and troubling history of the U.S. government's systematic efforts to terrorize and expel immigrants over the past 140 years. The book provides needed historical perspective on one of the most pressing social and political issues of our time. It examines how federal, state, and local officials have targeted various groups for expulsion, from Chinese and Europeans at the turn of the twentieth century to Central Americans and Muslims today. It reveals how authorities have singled out Mexicans, nine out of ten of all deportees, and removed most of them not by orders of immigration judges but through coercive administrative procedures and calculated fear campaigns. The book uncovers the machine's three primary mechanisms—formal deportations, “voluntary” departures, and self-deportations—and examines how public officials have used them to purge immigrants from the country and exert control over those who remain. Exposing the pervasive roots of anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States, the book introduces the politicians, bureaucrats, businesspeople, and ordinary citizens who have pushed for and profited from expulsion. It chronicles the devastating human costs of deportation and the innovative strategies people have adopted to fight against the machine and redefine belonging in ways that transcend citizenship.
The Human Costs of the Business of Deportation
Authors: Goodman Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter uncovers the web of public and private actors that drive the deportation machine. It investigates the human costs of policies that prioritize punishment and profits over the well-being of people. It also examines the physical process of deportation that offers important insights into both the history of the immigrant experience and immigration policy. The chapter focuses on domestic politics and foreign affairs as driving forces behind the immigration policy and its implementation. It analyzes the history of the business of deportation, revealing that interpenetrating public and private relations have decisively shaped enforcement practices, with devastating consequences for migrants.
Exciting an Emulation
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the Royal Society of Arts' promotion of commerce. It traces trade in the eighteenth century, which was closely tied to the coercive power of the state and was one of the principal sources of government revenue. It also describes trade as a tool for enriching a country at the expense of its neighbors, emphasizing the belief among rulers and politicians across Europe that it was essential to maximize a country's stock of specie. The chapter explains mercantilism as an attitude towards trade in which rivals were made to pay for exports, while as little as possible were spent on foreign imports. It also points out how mercantilist attitudes had geopolitical repercussions.
A Society against Ugliness
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the Great Exhibition of 1851, which is considered an industrial audit of the world that included exhibits from Britain's empire and other foreign nations. It talks about the East India Company, a private company that exercised control over almost all of the Indian subcontinent that provided displays of the products of India in the Great Exhibition. It also explains the aim of the Great Exhibition, which was to reveal to merchants and manufacturers in Britain the kinds of raw materials that might be imported for Englishmen to work upon. The chapter highlights the Royal Society of Arts' activities over the previous century, which focused on the spread of information instead of awarding premiums for exploiting new resources. It describes how the products of Britain's colonies brought attention to merchants and manufacturers in Britain itself.
Teachers and Traders
Authors: Sutcliffe Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter pays close attention to the nineteenth century when philosophical abstraction was displaced as the core of thinking on Jewish purpose in an effort to make sense of the dramatic social, political and economic changes of the era. It talks about how Jews became the key case to political reforms once they were brought into the political mainstream in the wake of the French Revolution. It also analyzes how both Jewish and non-Jewish thinkers in the nineteenth century cast Jews as the bearers of a special role in leading Western society to its developmental destiny. The chapter describes the ways in which Jews proudly presented themselves as cosmopolitans, morally lofty teachers, or ethnically superior builders of the future. It reviews claims that Jews had a vital mission to perform in the world, which found wide readerships among non-Jews that resonated with the admiration for the fortitude of the Hebraic tradition in the writings of non-Jewish thinkers.
Normalization and Its Discontents
Authors: Sutcliffe Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter concentrates on the question of normalcy and its relationship to twentieth-century notions of Jewish distinctiveness and purpose. It describes how the idea of a special Jewish mission that initially thrived within the American Reform movement disintegrated as the urge to integrate within American society to gather strength among Jews prominently waned. It talks about Jewish exemplarity that was influentially presented in relation to specifics of the American context through the competing “melting pot” and “orchestra” metaphors of Israel Zangwill and Horace Kallen. The chapter illustrates the hope of Jewish normalization that was perceived by sharp observers, such as Karl Kraus, Theodor Lessing and Sigmund Freud in the first half of the twentieth century. It also mentions the horror of the Holocaust that cast a profound chill over the idea of Jewish instrumental purpose, but at the same time brought about a renewal of the idea on the ethical and historical lessons imparted by the Nazi genocide.
Homotopy Quotients and Equivariant Cohomology
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates two candidates for equivariant cohomology and explains why it settles on the Borel construction, also called Cartan's mixing construction. Let G be a topological group and M a left G-space. The Borel construction mixes the weakly contractible total space of a principal bundle with the G-space M to produce a homotopy quotient of M. Equivariant cohomology is the cohomology of the homotopy quotient. More generally, given a G-space M, Cartan's mixing construction turns a principal bundle with fiber G into a fiber bundle with fiber M. Cartan's mixing construction fits into the Cartan's mixing diagram, a powerful tool for dealing with equivariant cohomology.
Integration on a Compact Connected Lie Group
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores integration on a compact connected Lie group. One of the great advantages of working with a compact Lie group is the possibility of extending the notion of averaging from a finite group to the compact Lie group. If the compact Lie group is connected, then there exists a unique bi-invariant top-degree form with total integral 1, which simplifies the presentation of averaging. The averaging operator is useful for constructing invariant objects. For example, suppose a compact connected Lie group G acts smoothly on the left on a manifold M. Given any C∞ differential k-form ω‎ on M, by averaging all the left translates of ω‎ over G, one can produce a C∞ invariant k-form on M. As another example, on a G-manifold one can average all translates of a Riemannian metric to produce an invariant Riemann metric.
Curvature on a Principal Bundle
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines curvature on a principal bundle. The curvature of a connection on a principal G-bundle is a g-valued 2-form that measures, in some sense, the deviation of the connection from the Maurer-Cartan connection on a product bundle. The Maurer-Cartan form Θ‎ on a Lie group G satisfies the Maurer-Cartan equation. Let M be a smooth manifold. The chapter then pulls the Maurer-Cartan equation back and uses Proposition 14.3 to get the Maurer-Cartan connection. It also considers the second structural equation; the first structural equation is discussed in a previous chapter. Finally, the chapter derives some properties of the curvature form.
The Weil Algebra and the Weil Model
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates the Weil algebra and the Weil model. The Weil algebra of a Lie algebra g is a g-differential graded algebra that in a definite sense models the total space EG of a universal bundle when g is the Lie algebra of a Lie group G. The Weil algebra of the Lie algebra g and the map f is called the Weil map. The Weil map f is a graded-algebra homomorphism. The chapter then shows that the Weil algebra W(g) is a g-differential graded algebra. The chapter then looks at the cohomology of the Weil algebra; studies algebraic models for the universal bundle and the homotopy quotient; and considers the functoriality of the Weil model.
Circle Actions
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on circle actions. Specifically, it specializes the Weil algebra and the Weil model to a circle action. In this case, all the formulas simplify. The chapter derives a simpler complex, called the Cartan model, which is isomorphic to the Weil model as differential graded algebras. It considers the theorem that for a circle action, there is a graded-algebra isomorphism. Under the isomorphism F, the Weil differential δ‎ corresponds to a differential called the Cartan differential. An element of the Cartan model is called an equivariant differential form or equivariant form for a circle action on the manifold M.
The Cartan Model in General
Authors: Tu Loring W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the Cartan model. Specifically, it generalizes the Cartan model from a circle action to a connected Lie group action. The chapter assumes the Lie group to be connected, because the condition that LX α‎ = 0 is sufficient for a differential form α‎ on M to be invariant holds only for a connected Lie group. It also considers the theorem that marks the transition from the Weil model to the Cartan model. It is due to Henri Cartan, who played a crucial role in the development of equivariant cohomology. The chapter then studies the Weil-Cartan isomorphism.
Freedom, Resentment, and the Metaphysics of Morals
Authors: Hieronymi Pamela
Published: January 2021

P. F. Strawson was one of the most important philosophers of the twentieth century, and his 1962 paper “Freedom and Resentment” is one of the most influential in modern moral philosophy, prompting responses across multiple disciplines, from psychology to sociology. This book closely reexamines Strawson's paper and concludes that his argument has been underestimated and misunderstood. Line by line, the book carefully untangles the complex strands of Strawson's ideas. After elucidating his conception of moral responsibility and his division between “reactive” and “objective” responses to the actions and attitudes of others, the book turns to its central argument. Strawson argues that, because determinism is an entirely general thesis, true of everyone at all times, its truth does not undermine moral responsibility. The book finds the two common interpretations of this argument, “the simple Humean interpretation” and “the broadly Wittgensteinian interpretation” both deficient. Drawing on Strawson's wider work in logic, philosophy of language, and metaphysics, the book concludes that the argument rests on an implicit, and previously overlooked, metaphysics of morals, one grounded in Strawson's “social naturalism.” The final chapter defends this naturalistic picture against objections. The book sheds new light on Strawson's thinking and has profound implications for future work on free will, moral responsibility, and metaethics. It also features the complete text of Strawson's “Freedom and Resentment.”
Addressing the Crucial Objection
Authors: Hieronymi Pamela
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the crucial objection, in which P. F. Strawson's question on whether people should use their resource at all times remains unanswered and left untouched. It points out Strawson's refusal to address the crucial objection and instead turns to make explicit another further point. It describes how Strawson moved from the claim that people are not always capable of suspending the reactive attitudes to the claim that people actually do in the case of the outliers because ordinary relating is impossible. However, the chapter argues that since ordinary relating is actual and determinism is already true, then being determined in whatever sense it specifies does not render ordinary relating impossible. It also mentions Strawson's conclusion that determinism and ordinary relating is not among the reasons for which people exempt outliers.