bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Physical Function among the Oldest Old
Authors: Parker Marti G. , Thorslund Mats , Lundberg Olle , Kareholt Ingemar
Published: March 2007

This study has measured physical function in a nationally representative sample of persons aged 77 to 98 (N = 508) in 1992. Three measures of function are used: activities of daily living (ADL), an index of mobility, and performance tests. These are used as outcomes and analyzed in relation to variables gathered in a survey in 1968. Variables from 1968 include education, mobility, smoking, and an index of circulation problems. All four variables predict some limitations in physical function in old age. However, there are different patterns of predictors found for the three outcome measures. All three outcomes are associated with age, education, and previous circulation problems. ADL limitations are also associated with poor previous mobility and smoking; mobility limitations are also associated with sex and smoking; performance limitations are also associated with sex.
Predictors of Disability in the Final Year of Life
Authors: Palmore Erdman B. , Burchett Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

Disability among deceased subjects in the Duke Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) survey was analyzed to determine the risk of becoming disabled before or during the final year of life and the predictors of this disability. The method was a comparison of the baseline characteristics of decedents who became disabled with the characteristics of decedents who were not disabled. It was found that 63% of the initially nondisabled who survived to the next interview remained able to do the basic activities of daily living without help, at least until a few months before death. Multivariate analysis showed that initial age, income, depression, and self-rated health were strong and independent predictors of becoming disabled. The findings suggest that reducing poverty, depression, and illness may reduce the risk of disability in the final year.
Need Assessment of Visiting Nursing and Rehabilitation Services for Noninstitutionalized Elderly
Authors: Okamoto Atoz
Published: March 2007

The author assessed the potential need for visiting nursing and rehabilitation services on a national level to estimate the volume of services expected for Japan's proposed new long-term care insurance. Baseline data were obtained from the national survey on freestanding visiting nursing stations conducted in September 1994, in which the population of 18,500 patients was professionally assessed by visiting nurses. The baseline data were then applied to the national sampling survey on households conducted in June 1992, in which respondents self-reported their activities of daily living (ADL) and health status. There are estimated to be 836,000 noninstitutionalized elderly with disability. Their need for visiting nursing and rehabilitation services is expressed as 48.26 million visits or 57.33 million working hours annually. Current service volume accounts for only 5% of the potential need, suggesting a sharp rise in demand once the new insurance is fully implemented.
Predictors of Mobility and Basic ADL Difficulty among Adults Aged 70 Years and Older
Authors: Clark Daniel O. , Stump Timothy E. , Hui Siu L. , Wolinsky Fredric D.
Published: March 2007

We use data from the 1993-1995 Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest-Old survey to estimate predictors of onset of mobility difficulty, onset of basic activity of daily living (ADL) difficulty, and improvement to no mobility difficulty. Onset of mobility difficulty occurred among 20% of those with no difficulty at baseline (n = 2,857) and was most likely among those 85 years of age or over, women, those with a body-mass index of 30 or over, and those who reported lung disease, arthritis, frequent pain, and poor memory. For those with mobility difficulty at baseline (n = 1,871), improvement occurred among 24% and onset of basic ADL difficulty occurred among 25%. Improvement was more likely among those with difficulty in just one mobility item at baseline, and onset of ADL difficulty was most common among those with difficulty in three or more mobility items at baseline.
Congregations and Social Services: What They Do, How They Do It, and with Whom
Authors: Chaves Mark , Tsitsos William
Published: March 2007

The charitable choice policy initiative has renewed attention to religion’s role in the U.S. social welfare system. The authors use data from the 1998 National Congregations Study to provide a portrait of congregations’ social service activities, emphasizing features of this portrait that are relevant to ongoing policy debates. In particular, they assess two claims often made about religiously based social services: Religious organizations represent an alternative to secular or government organizations by providing “holistic” and personalistic services focused on long-term solutions to individuals’ problems, and collaborations with secular, especially government, organizations threaten to undermine that approach to social services. Results support neither of these claims. Congregation-based social services are not an alternative to the world of secular nonprofit or government-supported social services; they are part of that world.
Legitimation Issues in the State-Nonprofit Relationship
Authors: Moore Louella
Published: March 2007

Current theories on the origin of the nonprofit sector do not adequately explain changes in the relative scale of social welfare service provision by the state versus private nonprofit entities. French and Japanese experiences illustrate that nations can undergo significant change, cycling through periods of expansion then restriction of the legal status and role of the nonprofit sector. This article considers the potential for legitimation strategies to explain the shifts in nonprofit status in France and Japan. The article concludes that although some theoretical foundation exists on legitimation concepts, additional work needs to be done to derive a sufficient theory of how legitimation issues affect change in the nonprofit sector.
Public Benefit and Member Benefit Nonprofit, Voluntary Groups
Authors: Smith David Horton
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is on how public versus member benefit nonprofit organizations differ, based largely on data from survey interviews with leaders of fifty-nine nonprofit organizations. The data show that member benefit groups differ on several measures of activity, in sources of income (dues versus fees and sales), in membership openness, and in use of boards and committees. The distinction between public and member benefit groups is meaningful but does not turn out to be overwhelming in importance.
Philanthropy, Nonprofits, and the Fiscal Health of Cities
Authors: Przybylski Michael , Littlepage Laura , Rosentraub Mark S.
Published: March 2007

A nonprofit sector that is quite active in the financing or production of public and human services could reduce the financial burdens on local governments to provide services. These governments could be considered more fiscally healthy than governments in communities with less active nonprofit sectors. Although an active nonprofit sector would seem to significantly affect a city's fiscal health, little statistical evidence exists to support this impression. Research reported here indicates that a measure of nonprofit sector service activity, along with accepted measures of fiscal health, effectively describes the distribution of bond ratings for the population of large U.S. city governments. Evidence is provided that (a) municipal bond ratings as of 1990 were an effective measure of fiscal health for large cities, and (b) nonprofit sector service activity was one of the most important determinants.
Modem Economic Theory and the Study of Nonprofit Organizations: Why the Twain Shall Meet
Authors: Ortmann Andreas
Published: March 2007

Established economic theories of nonprofit organizations are incomplete. They tend to treat nonprofits as a black box; in other words, they do not address the severe incentive problems that can and do arise within nonprofit organizations and that undermine the main building block of traditional theories of nonprofits-the nondistribution constraint. Modern economic theory can help to unpack the black box. It also suggests research questions and policy prescriptions quite different from those advocated by established economic theories of nonprofit organizations. The author argues that game theory, by virtue of its emphasis on strategic interaction and asymmetric information, and its ability to conceptualize organizational culture and integrity, provides a unifying framework for understanding the insights of modern economic theory. The author also argues that game theory is ideally suited to help practitioners understand incentive problems.
Service Role Commitment Among Participants in Centers For Children and Youth
Authors: CHEUNG CHAU-KIU , NGAI NGAN-PUN
Published: March 2007

Promoting youths' commitment to a service role to serve the community is a developmental goal of both psychological and political significance. Children and youth (C and Y) centers in Hong Kong shoulder this developmental goal. To amass more thorough evidence, this study analyzed data from 1068 participants in these centers, drawn from a representative sample of high school students in Hong Kong. Results of regression analysis showed that, among all predictors, the youths' participation in developmental activities such as community service and leadership training was most strongly related to service role commitment. Their participation in socializing activities such as friendship groups and skills training was also significantly related to service role commitment. That developmental activities are most influential supports a social learning interpretation. The participation effects were unlikely to be affected by respondents' liking for the staff of the C and Y center. This result does not countenance a social integration interpretation.
`It Helps People Make their Decisions'
Authors: DAVIES MÁIRE MESSENGER , MACHIN DAVID
Published: March 2007

Drawing on qualitative data from a study carried out with over 1300 children aged between 5 and 13, in England and Wales, the article analyses children's discourse about television programmes. The article addresses the persistent tendency of this discourse to express socially responsible and public service values in evaluating programmes. This finding is explained both in terms of children's ability to adapt to the requirements of the public consultation task they were taking part in, and in terms of their obvious ability to access different kinds of adult discourse available in the culture at large - in particular various representations of childhood expressed in policy and regulatory documents, and in literature.
The Consequences of Parental Separation and Divorce for the Economic, Social and Emotional Circumstances of Children in Botswana
Authors: MAUNDENI TAPOLOGO
Published: March 2007

The article analyses children's and mothers' accounts of the economic consequences of divorce for children in Botswana. Most of the mothers and children in the study reported experiences of economic hardship following divorce, although a few reported improvement or no change in their economic circumstances. The article traces the implications of economic hardship for the social and psychological well-being of children.
The Discourse of Development'
Authors: KELLE HELGA
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic account focuses on the theoretical object of `development' in its reconstruction by 9- to 12-year-old children and its situated meaning in their peer culture. In concentrating the analysis on interview data, the children's discourse of development takes shape in identical rhetorical figures across different interviews. The children distinguish more childish from more mature types of identity within their age group. The implicit linearity of the concept is responsible for its ambiguity: `development' is understood as a natural process and as an aim to be achieved at the same time. The children contest the age appropriateness of activities and the authenticity of self-presentation, thereby presenting development as social praxis. Furthermore, their notion of development is sexualized: the discourse continually reconceptualizes the relations between the sexes according to age. The discourse thus becomes a vehicle for distinction in peer cultures.
How Do Brazilian Street Youth Experience `the Street'?
Authors: RAFFAELLI MARCELA , KOLLER SILVIA H. , REPPOLD CAROLINE T. , KUSCHICK MATEUS B. , KRUM FERNANDA M.B. , BANDEIRA DENISE R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated how homeless Brazilian youth experience the street and examined factors linked to positive and negative feelings about the street. An opportunity sample of 35 boys and 34 girls aged 10-18 completed a structured interview and sentence completion task aimed at eliciting open-ended responses in a standardized manner. Analyses revealed great diversity in Youths' views of the street; moreover, in analyses controlling for age and gender, youth reporting feeling positive on the street differed from those who felt negative in reasons for leving home, family situation and daily survival. The findings support the value of the sentence completion task in exploring the subjective experiences of street youth.
Street Children
Authors: RIZZINI IRENE
Published: March 2007

In general terms, this article presents a profile of the so-called `street children' of Latin America, outlining their main characteristics, their interpersonal relations and their daily life in the streets. Based on an extensive bibliography, it was possible to touch on various aspects of their experiences of life, very different from the experiences which are typical of a childhood within the confines of family and school. The compilation of the available data proved to be extremely rich as a source of information requiring further study. The various documents consulted revealed a great similarity in the conditions in which these children and adolescents live in different countries, particularly in the urban areas, and facilitate analysis at both regional and global levels.
Mechanical Milk
Authors: SCHWAB MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how the infant formula, originally designed to save babies' lives, ended up responsible for perhaps millions of their deaths. It reaches back 300 years into the idea of the body as a machine, the rise of science and industrial capitalism, the emergence of nutrition and pediatrics, the growth of the formula industry and resistance to it. It shows how the formula became an icon of modernity, whose promise was truth and happiness through technology, work and the production of goods, but whose reality was, for most people, exploitation, colonialism and the destruction of `vernacular' ways of life.
Academic Success in Rural America
Authors: RUSSELL STEPHEN , ELDER GLEN H.
Published: March 2007

Communities of farm families share unique support and resources; does community integration promote children's academic success, even in a rural region suffering a depressed agricultural economy? This study examines the academic success of children from farm and non-farm families in the rural Midwest of the United States. Children from farm families show the highest levels of academic performance, owing largely to the high levels of parental involvement and leadership in the local community. Parents who farm part-time have less time to be active in the community; nevertheless, their children retain the benefits of the community ties that were developed when the family farmed full-time.
Defining the Intolerable
Authors: WHITE BEN
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the unresolved tensions between `universalistic' and `relativistic' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children's capacity to work. Global standards (on children's rights, on unacceptable or intolerable forms of children's work, etc.) require universal notions of (ideal, normal or `tolerable') childhood, while cultural relativism stresses the idea that notions of childhood are themselves socially constructed and therefore specific to time, place, nation and culture. These tensions are discussed in the context of current discussions on the ILO's proposed new international convention on the `prohibition and immediate elimination of the worst forms of child labour'.
The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: March 2007

This study critically reexamines the origins and operations of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona. It began modestly in the 1950s as a local operation to educate visitors about the Sonoran Desert. In the midst of Arizona's recent explosive economic growth, however; the desert museum has evolved into an internationally celebrated spectacle devoted to Disneyfied renditions of the Southwestern deserts. Its displays in Baudrillardian terms are increasingly hyperreal, or generating models of an imagineered reality without original referents, which become a set of processed secondhand truths about the now overdeveloped desert Southwest. Although this institution began with a preservationist ethic, and does still have some potential as a corrective device, it has become today a more negative presence, working ideologically to anchor real estate development, suburban consumerism, and industrial growth.
The Political Economy of Genetic Engineering
Authors: Barben Daniel
Published: March 2007

The breakthrough of genetic engineering and the subsequentformation of biotechnology as a strategic technology of the future comes at a time when science has become an object ofpolitical struggle and neoliberalism has experienced an upturn and has become hegemonic. This article shows how neoliberalism has proven itself able to cope effectively with a variety of opposing arguments, above all environmentalist and ethical. The patterns of the social structuring of biotechnology are analysed in thefields of innovation, risk management, patenting, biodiversity, and bioethics. With regard to the political and ethical void of the neoliberal strategy of biotechnology release, observations are given as to how it has beenfilled with an effective ideology and aesthetic of technology. In thefinal analysis, perspectives beyond an authoritariatn or subaltern technological deterninism are argued for, especially with reference to concepts of sustainable development within the framework of global and local economies.
An Informational Rationale for Congruent Bicameralism
Authors: Rogers James R.
Published: March 2007

`Congruent' bicameralism exists when two chambers are similarly constituted and are expected generally to share the same house preferences. Many commentators have wondered whether there is any purpose for having a second chamber if it has the same house preferences as the first chamber, and hold that divergent house preferences are a necessary condition to justify bicameralism. Other commentators have argued that even if the chambers and their respective house preferences are congruent, the informational interaction between the chambers is sufficient for bicameralism to improve the quality of legislation relative to unicameralism. Developing a game theoretic model with informational uncertainty and with identically congruent bicameral chambers, the analysis demonstrates that the informational interaction of acoustically separated chambers can nonetheless improve the objective quality of legislation relative to legislation enacted by a unicameral legislature.
Heresthetical Maneuvering on the US Supreme Court
Authors: Epstein Lee , Shvetsova Olga
Published: March 2007

Can an apparent loser snatch victory out of the jaws of defeat? This question occupied the attention of the late William H. Riker during the last ten years of his career, and it is one that he answered in the affirmative: By constructing choice situations in order to manipulate outcomes, losers can become winners, and vice versa. Riker even coined a term, ‘heresthetics’, to describe this ‘art of political manipulation’. But is Riker’s rather large body of work the ‘idiosyncratic’ product of a ‘singular genius’ or can it serve as the ‘foundation of a new theory of politics’? Scholars have recently raised this question, and not unreasonably so, for Riker’s theory of heresthetics has yet to gain a serious foothold into the political science literature. We develop a game-theoretic model, which enables leaders — in our case, Chief Justices — to engage in heresthetical manipulations. From this model, we deduce propositions about the circumstances that would lead them to invoke heresthetical devices, as well as the particular strategies we would expect them to employ. Finally, we explore the propositions against data amassed from the private papers of two former justices. Our results indicate that Riker’s work was not the ‘idiosyncratic’ product of a ‘singular genius’ but rather can serve as the ‘foundation of a new theory of politics’.
The Essence of the Political in Carl Schmitt
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: March 2007

Carl Schmitt is currently considered, across continental Europe, one of the major political theorists of our century, but is still largely ignored in England and the United States. Even though Schmitt has been a very prolific author with wide-ranging interests, his best-known work remains the one on the nature of politics - which is the focus of this article. Sartori maintains that the friend-enemy opposition in conjunction with an intensity criterion does not suffice to seize the `essence' of the political. After Hobbes, it is Schmitt that best presents the case of politics-as-war. But this is only to deploy one of the modalities of the political; and Schmitt cannot cancel out of existence the alternative mode of politics, i.e. peace-like politics, by simply calling it non-politics.
The Logic of Party Alignments
Authors: Carmines Edward G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing change in party alignments that highlights their underlying logic and dynamic evolution. The framework is based on three analytical concepts - opportunity, motive and means. The opportunity for partisan change increases as party alignments age because aging alignments include a growing proportion of incompletely socialized and weakly aligned citizens. Motive is ever-present because of losing, but rational-calculating politicians need to dislodge the current majority and institute one of their own. And the means of partisan change are provided by powerful new issues that can split the majority party's fragile coalition. It is the dynamic interaction among these three elements that leads to the natural evolution of party alignments.
Scandinavian Exceptionalism Reconsidered
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik , Martikainen Tuomo , Svensson Palle , Vogt Gunnar , Valen Henry
Published: March 2007

Examination of data on the four Nordic countries leads to a critique of two theories in the international literature about Scandinavian exceptionalism: (i) the Lipset and Rokkan stability hypothesis as reiterated by S. Bartolini and P. Mair and (ii) the idea of the Scandinavian model stability as stated by T. Tilton, H. Milner, M. Olson and G. Esping-Andersen. Increased volatility, the decline in partisan vote, mounting ungovernability at the national level and welfare state backlash have shattered the stable foundations of Nordic politics.
Doing Well While Intending Good: Cases in Political Exploitation
Authors: Mitchell William C. , Munger Michael C.
Published: March 2007

Exploitation has a deservedly bad reputation as an analytic concept in the social sciences. But this need not be so; a simple definition of exploitation is advanced that has a positive basis. Exploitation should be defined as the result of rent-seeking activity that results in social outcomes that are not Paretooptimal. Government, or the organization with a constitutional monopoly on the legitimate use of force, is ideally charged with balancing two competing kinds of exploitation. The first is the private exploitation of agents acting in unregulated markets where property rights are undefined and unenforced. The second is political exploitation using the powers of government itself. The ideal task of government is to minimize the total exploitative activity in the polity. Five case studies are offered as illustrations of political exploitation, and how difficult the task of balancing is.
Social Cleavage, Political Division and Local Political Leadership Recruitment
Authors: Menahem Gila
Published: March 2007

Two major approaches to political leadership recruitment - one concentrating on the role of structural political variables and features of the incumbent elite and the other on the socioeconomic attributes of contenders and aspirants - are confronted. It is proposed that the core of the dispute between the two approaches lies in differing conceptions regarding the nature of the link between social and political divisions; the nature of this relationship is explored. Using Janda's (1980) measures for the social composition of party support, three modes of the relationship between social and political divisions are discerned and defined as non-structural, uni-structural and bi- or multi-structural parties. Each type is examined for its implications on the processes of local political leadership recruitment. The findings lend support to the two major hypotheses: (a) when political divisions are not based on social divisions, political variables are more useful in explaining political leadership recruitment; and (b) when political divisions are based on social divisions, socioeconomic variables explain more variance in leadership recruitment.
The Compatibility of Behaviouralism, Rational Choice and `New Institutionalism'
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: March 2007

This paper demonstrates the compatibility of three supposedly different approaches to political science. Concentrating upon `new institutionalism' it demonstrates that, by discarding theoretically untenable aspects, the fundamental truths of institutional analysis fit perfectly with both behavioural and rational choice methods. The paper then demonstrates that there are four logically separate ways in which rational choice methods can be used to help explain social outcomes and institutions. The demarcation of these separate rational choice methods dispels some common criticisms of rational choice theory.
Institutional Change as a Sophisticated Strategy
Authors: Fink Evelyn C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines a historical case of institutional change, the development of the Bill of Rights, and claims that change may occur as a form of strategic political concession. Understanding why institutional change occurs has generally led to explanations that focus on the desirable properties of any rule change. The presumption is that those with power change rules only to advantage themselves. In this analysis, an alternative reason for institutional change is developed from the genesis of the Bill of Rights. The offer of institutional change is formally conceptualized as the strategic choice of political parties to enact changes to forestall a hostile and potentially growing minority. The historical and statistical analysis of the development of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution demonstrates that the change was made primarily for its political purpose of reducing political opposition and less for its effect on future policy outcomes. This finding challenges current work on endogenous rule change that assumes rule changes occur solely for the purpose of enacting sincerely preferred policy outcomes.
The Power of Ideologically Concentrated Minorities
Authors: Merrill Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas , Koetzle William
Published: March 2007

In two-party competition, it is well known that the party whose supporters/identifiers are more ideologically concentrated can pull the overall median in the direction of its party median, while the overall mean is essentially simply an average of the two party means weighted by the number of supporters/identifiers of each party. Yet the exact nature of the relationship between the overall median and the party-specific medians has never, we believe, been fully explicated. We consider three questions relevant to unidimensional two-party political competition: The first is `What factors determine the location of the overall median relative to the medians in each political party?' The second is `What are the factors that determine the location of the overall median relative to the overall mean?' The third, and potentially most interesting, is `Under what circumstances, if any, will the median of the party with fewer supporters be closer to the overall median than that of the party with a preponderance of supporters?'

For party distributions which sufficiently overlap, we show analytically how (a) degree of party support, and (b) ideological cohesion of each party's supporters trade off with one another to determine the location of the overall median relative to the party medians. In general, if the smaller party is more concentrated ideologically and if the disparity in dispersion between the two parties exceeds the disparity in the number of party identifiers, then the overall median is closer to the median of the smaller party and, ceteris paribus, the smaller party can be expected to win.
Moral consciousness and communicative action: from discourse ethics to spiritual transformation
Authors: Kumar Giri Ananta
Published: March 2007

This article strives to make a critical assessment of the claim of discourse ethics, as articulated by Jürgen Habermas, to meet with the challenges of moral consciousness and communicative action today. The article locates Habermas' theory of discourse ethics in the contemporary movement to remoralize institutions and to build a post-conventional moral theory. It describes Habermas' agenda and looks into incoherences in his project in accordance with his own norms. Beginning with an internal critique of Habermas, the article, however, is engaged in an interrogation of the Habermasian agenda from outside its own frame of reference precisely because the issues that the discovered tensions raise, cannot be resolved within the rationalist framework of Habermas. The article argues that in order to realize the lofty agenda of transformation that discourse ethics sets for itself, it must now make a dialogue with critical and practical spir ituality. It gives a brief sketch of the agenda of spiritual transformations that can help discourse ethics solve some of its own stated problems such as the problems of anthropocentrism and cognitive distantiation and be a transformative agent in thinking through the theory and practice of moral consciousness and communicative action today.
The making of memory: the politics of archives, libraries and museums in the construction of national consciousness
Authors: Brown Richard Harvey , Davis-Brown Beth
Published: March 2007

An archive is a repository - that is, a place or space in which materials of historic interest or social significance are stored and ordered. A national archive is the storing and ordering place of the collective memory of that nation or people(s). This article provides a brief his torical/theoretical introduction to the politics of the archive in late capi talist societies and discusses this politics of memory via the performance of ordinary daily activities of librarians and archivists.

Some relevant political/discursive questions include: who controls, establishes and maintains the archive, and how do they do so? Which materials are preserved in the archive and which are excluded? As the documents and artifacts selected for the archive are ordered and classi

fied, how do the schemas and structures applied include, exclude, fore ground or marginalize those materials? Finally, to what extent do the logical hierarchies for classification and arrangement reflect social or political hierarchies? Librarians and archivists face these concerns in HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES Vol. 11 No. 4 © 1998 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi) [0952-6951(199811)11:4;17-32; 006604]their professional practice as they make decisions influenced by budgets, finite amounts of both physical and computer storage space and limited staff resources. The authors give real-life examples of choices made as archivists struggle to balance ideological goals made contradictory by practical constraints. For example, is it more appro priate to acquire as many materials as possible but be unable to describe, preserve and present them adequately, or is it preferable to describe, preserve and make fully available a more limited range of records and documents?

Because of such practical concerns in modern technicist cultures, the explicitly political who often is reduced to the technically instrumental how - that is, political-moral questions are displaced to nonmoral and nonpolitical technical discourse, thereby establishing a 'meta-politics' that is understood only by the initiated. Conversely, archival activities such as acquisition, classification and preservation are 'technical' activi ties that may become explicitly 'political'. The article concludes that technical activities always are political, at least latently or potentially, even when they are not contested and made explicitly political.
Metropolitan Manila: a framework for its sustained development
Authors: Jimenez Rosario D. , Velasquez Aida
Published: March 2007

Metropolitan Manila: a framework for its sustained development describes the range of environmental problems affecting citizens within and around the city: the large and growing squatter population with inadequate or no basic services; pollution from inadequate waste management and lack of sewers and liquid waste treatment; and flooding. The final sections outline a framework for addressing such problems, including the potential role of non-government organizations.
Building a community in Bungoma, Kenya
Authors:   Settlements Information Network Africa (SINA)
Published: March 2007

Building a Community in Bungoma, Kenya describes the entirely unaided self-help activities of a low-income community in the self-planned settlement of Mjini in the town of Bungoma in western Kenya. It illustrates some of the problems of land acquisition and self-help urban development for low-income groups.
Symptoms versus causes: observations and recommendations on UNICEF's urban child programme
Authors: Korten David C.
Published: March 2007

Symptoms versus causes: observations and recommendations on UNICEF's urban child programme draws attention to a limitation of many development programmes, the tendency to focus action on readily observed problem symptoms to the neglect of more difficult and intractable causes. The paper praises the flexibility of UNICEF's programming system and its ability to mobilize resources but, at the same time, is critical of UNICEF's reluctance to confront important and politically sensitive causes of the problems faced by the world's children. The analysis and recommendations have relevance well beyond UNICEF.
Conditions for healthy cities; diversity, game boards and social entrepreneurs
Authors: Duhl Leonard J.
Published: March 2007

Conditions for healthy cities; diversity, game boards and social entrepreneurs describes how our inability to develop systems of governance that respond to the diversity and complexity evident in all cities helps explain why city authorities have proved so ineffective at addressing urban problems. The paper also promotes new ways of understanding cities and the roles of social entrepreneurs in moving towards more healthy cities.
What is the history of psychiatry? I
Authors: Marx Otto M.
Published: March 2007

Psychiatry - mental medicine - is a medical specialty. It has changed and will continue to do so under the influence of extramedical developments. But nonpsychiatrists writing psychiatric history will have to become acquainted with the practical problems with which psychiatry has had to contend. The history of psychiatry cannot be understood in purely intellectual terms, nor can it be shown that humanism has been the guiding light of this medical specialty.
War and psychiatry: examining the diffusion theory in light of the insanity defence in post-World War I Britain
Authors: Dean Eric T.
Published: March 2007

Martin Stone has argued that World War I taught doctors of the British medical corps a number of important lessons about psychiatric theory and practice; these lessons subsequently influenced civilian psychiatry, resulting in a broader awareness and concern with psychiatric problems, a new receptivity to psychotherapy, and innovations in outpatient treatment. Stone's thesis can be characterized as the 'diffusion theory'.

However, an examination of medico-legal developments in reference to the insanity defence in post-World War I England demonstrates that civilian society and the legal establishment may also resist the application of wartime psychiatric lessons and techniques when they threaten familiar concepts of responsibility, and when the medical establishment is perceived as encroaching on the traditional domain of the law. This alternative view of the relationship between war and psychiatry is marked by a process of denial and the desuetude of military psychiatric doctrine.
Hospital care of madness in the Turk sixteenth century according to the witness of G. A. Menavino from Genoa
Authors: Peloso Paolo F.
Published: March 2007

Early in the sixteenth century G. A. Menavino from Genoa, a twelve-year-old, became a slave at the Court of Constantinople. His observations on the customs of the Turks, published in Venice in 1548 and in Florence in 1551, discuss some of the city's public buildings, including Timerahane which was devoted to the care and punishment of the mentally ill. In Menavino's description, mad people were taken to Timerahane in chains and shackled to the beds, in the care of warders who punished or rewarded them, and also exhibited them for the amusement of the public. Menavino also mentions drugs and other aspects of their treatment but with little detail.
Racism in the News: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reporting in Two Australian Newspapers
Authors: TEO PETER
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study is to probe for ideological construction of racism imbricated within the structure of newspaper reporting. The study focuses on news reports relating to a Vietnamese gang in Australia whose violent and drug-dealing activities have received publicity in two Sydney-based newspapers: The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph. The analysis of these reports adheres to the analytic paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and is undertaken in two stages. The first, a general characterization of the newspaper discourse, reveals evidence of a systematic `othering' and stereotyping of the ethnic community by the `white' majority. This is followed by a comparative analysis of two reports, which surfaces evidence of a racist ideology manifest in an asymmetrical power discourse between the (ethnic) law-breakers and the (white) law-enforcers. The study concludes with a discussion to explain the evidence of `Racism in the News', which both reflects and reinforces the marginalization of recent Vietnamese migrants into Australia.
The Management of Heterosexist Talk: Conversational Resources and Prejudiced Claims
Authors: SPEER SUSAN A. , POTTER JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

This article criticizes current psychological work on `heterosexism', highlighting the way its operationalization tends to obscure flexible discursive practices and settle them into stable, causal attitudes within individuals. It studies extracts from a variety of sources where sexuality is made relevant (in describing someone as a `poof' or a `dyke', for example), and considers (a) how interactants attend to `heterosexism' in their talk and (b) what such `attending to' is doing interactionally. The analysis highlights four of the resources speakers use to manage such talk: (i) discounting heterosexism; (ii) displaying a lack of understanding; (iii) softening the blow; and (iv) conceding positive features. It is argued that heterosexist utterances do not have their negativity built into them, but become prejudicial, troublesome or otherwise for participants in situ, as their sense is produced and negotiated. The article concludes with a discussion of the wider implications of this type of research for psychological approaches to (what are typically conceived as) `ideological' or `cognitive' phenomena.
Regarding Reading: on a Methodological Approach
Authors: CARBÓ TERESA
Published: March 2007

This article proposes, in an exploratory theoretical mode, a small set of (connected) methodological suggestions (pro/positions) for the analysis of political and ideological processes that are materialized in (mainly) linguistic discursive form, within a given historical cycle (20th century Mexican parliamentary discourse). In particular, the text focuses on the delicate and intricate relationships that develop between analyst, constitutive frame (or point of view) and object of analysis, and on the necessity of exploring and deepening this relationship along the investigative itinerary. Reading, seen as a communicable, structured and formal sense-making activity, plays a key role in the deliberate and situated semiotic `stoppage' that is effectuated by discourse analysis research practices, as illustrated here with excerpts from the corpus of a previous extended study.
Nuclear Discourse in the 1980s: The Unravelling Conventions of the Cold War
Authors: Mehan Hugh , Nathanson Charles E. , Skelly James M.
Published: March 2007

The power and importance of discourse conventions in the cold war are revealed through their breach. The Reagan Administration talked publicly about nuclear weapons as a way to win a nuclear war. This new mode of representing nuclear weapons breached the deterrence convention, i.e. the purpose of nuclear weapons is to avoid war, not fight war. Humanists fearful of nuclear destruction, moralists condemning the sinful nature of nuclear war, and peace activists demanding a freeze on the production of nuclear weapons challenged this discourse move and struggled to reset the parameters of the nuclear conversation. To repair this breach, the Reagan Administration advocated a strategic defense and considered abolishing nuclear weapons entirely. SDI countered the moral phrasings of the bishops and silenced the peace movement, but only by further undermining cold war conventions. Reagan's abolitionist moves breached the convention of relying on nuclear weapons to counter the threat of Soviet expansion. In this newly opened discourse space, Gorbachev challenged the most basic convention of cold war discourse, the Soviet threat, by denying the US an enemy. It is more difficult for the US to use the Soviet Union as a rationale for its policies when the Soviet threat is removed from US strategic discourse. Our analysis suggests Gorbachev was led to an alternative security vision for the superpowers by the West's loss of discursive control over nuclear weapons, which occurred when the Reagan Administration breached the conventions that tied cold war discourse together.
Genre and Field in Critical Discourse Analysis: A Synopsis
Authors: van Leeuwen Theo
Published: March 2007

This paper relates the concepts of genre and field, as developed in the context of systemic-functional linguistics, to the broader concepts of discourse and discursive practice. Generic structure is described in terms of the sequencing of speech acts, and as realizing the activity sequences which form the core of discursive practices. Field structure is reinterpreted as the recontextualization of social practice and as realizing discourses, that is, context-specific knowledge constructions about social practices. The theory is extended to the multimodal text, the text which uses more than one semiotic, e.g. verbal text and images. It is applied in a critical analysis of the discursive practices constituted by a certain kind of professional guidance writing in the press, and of discourses about `going to school for the first time'.
Women's Competence in Conversation
Authors: West Candace
Published: March 2007

In this paper, my aim is to review the logic involved in existing assessments of women's competence as conversationalists. My point of departure is the very definition of competence, which, as I demonstrate, has not been employed in many descriptions of women's deficits. Instead, conversational competence has been generally defined by default, in relation to how men speak and what men mean to say. By contrast, conversation analysis yields a systematic means of assessing the demands that conversation makes on conversationalists and the efforts needed to meet them. To advance this approach, I examine the results of existing research that show women's skills at listening, at effecting smooth transitions between speakers, and at maintaining accord in task-oriented, as well as casual, conversations. This examination leads me to consider how women's conversational competence has been misrepresented in many existing assessments—and to consider how such misrepresentation is involved in the subordination of women by men.
Reproduction, Resistance and Gender in Educational Discourse: The Role of Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Bergvall Victoria L. , Remlinger Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

Classrooms provide lessons not only in subject content but also in socially approved forms of academic discourse. Moreover, they may function to reproduce normative social values, attitudes and beliefs. This paper focuses on the reproduction of and resistance to traditional gender roles in the classroom discourse of university students. By some measures (turn and word counts), women appear to have achieved an equal access to the public floor in these academic exchanges, yet a closer examination of the content and contexts of their discourse reveals complex struggles for control of the conversational floor. Women's control may be contested by task-divergent behaviors (such as derisive asides) that uphold the status quo in which men control public space, yet women may also enact divergent but essentially task-continuative behaviors that contest prevailing, restrictive norms by restructuring discourse to exercise other choices. Critical discourse analysts may play an important role in challenging the passive reproduction of repressive practices, by analyzing and promoting the liberatory discourse choices that arise from non-elites who resist the status quo in their conversation.
Power in Discourse: The Case of Arguments on a British Talk Radio Show
Authors: Hutchby Ian
Published: March 2007

This article presents an approach to exploring the ways in which power functions in institutional discourse. The principal aim of the article is to show how the play of power in discourse can be analysed from the fundamentally local, sequential perspective of conversation analysis. I argue that power is best seen as a shifting distribution of resources which enable some participants locally to achieve interactional effects not available to others. Using calls to a British talk radio show as a case study, I show how these resources are linked to the interactional and technological organization of participation in the setting.