bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secretory production of an FAD cofactor‐containing cytosolic enzyme (sorbitol–xylitol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor) using the twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) pathway of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Scheele Sandra , Oertel Dan , Bongaerts Johannes , Evers Stefan , Hellmuth Hendrik , Maurer Karl‐Heinz , Bott Michael , Freudl Roland
Published: November 2012

Carbohydrate oxidases are biotechnologically interesting enzymes that require a tightly or covalently bound cofactor for activity. Using the industrial workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum as the expression host, successful secretion of a normally cytosolic FAD cofactor‐containing sorbitol–xylitol oxidase from Streptomyces coelicolor was achieved by using the twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) protein export machinery for protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. Our results demonstrate for the first time that, also for cofactor‐containing proteins, a secretory production strategy is a feasible and promising alternative to conventional intracellular expression strategies.
Nutritional factors and gender influence age‐related DNA methylation in the human rectal mucosa
Authors: Tapp Henri S. , Commane Daniel M. , Bradburn D. Michael , Arasaradnam Ramesh , Mathers John C. , Johnson Ian T. , Belshaw Nigel J.
Published: November 2012

Aberrant methylation of CpG islands (CGI) occurs in many genes expressed in colonic epithelial cells, and may contribute to the dysregulation of signalling pathways associated with carcinogenesis. This cross‐sectional study assessed the relative importance of age, nutritional exposures and other environmental factors in the development of CGI methylation. Rectal biopsies were obtained from 185 individuals (84 male, 101 female) shown to be free of colorectal disease, and for whom measurements of age, body size, nutritional status and blood cell counts were available. We used quantitative DNA methylation analysis combined with multivariate modelling to investigate the relationships between nutritional, anthropometric and metabolic factors and the CGI methylation of 11 genes, together with LINE‐1 as an index of global DNA methylation. Age was a consistent predictor of CGI methylation for 9/11 genes but significant positive associations with folate status and negative associations with vitamin D and selenium status were also identified for several genes. There was evidence for positive associations with blood monocyte levels and anthropometric factors for some genes. In general, CGI methylation was higher in males than in females and differential effects of age and other factors on methylation in males and females were identified. In conclusion, levels of age‐related CGI methylation in the healthy human rectal mucosa are influenced by gender, the availability of folate, vitamin D and selenium, and perhaps by factors related to systemic inflammation.
Does the Current Definition of Contrast‐induced Acute Kidney Injury Reflect a True Clinical Entity?
Authors: Sinert Richard , Brandler Ethan , Subramanian Ramanand Arun , Miller Andrew C.
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) is defined as either a 25% increase in or an absolute elevation in serum creatinine (SCr) of 0.5 mg/dL, 48 to 72 hours after parenteral contrast exposure. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence and complications of AKI between patients exposed and those unexposed to intravenous (IV) contrast.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical record of adult patients (>18 years) with and without contrast‐enhanced abdominal or chest computed tomography (CT) between May 2008 and April 2009. Inclusion criteria were emergency department (ED) patients with normal renal function who received either a contrast‐enhanced abdominal or a contrast‐enhanced chest CT, compared to those unexposed to IV contrast, with a repeat SCr within 48 to 72 hours. Exclusion criteria were contrast exposure within 7 days before the index visit. CI‐AKI in the contrast‐exposed group and AKI in the contrast‐unexposed group were defined by the same changes in SCr 48 to 72 hours after contrast or ED admission. Data were described by proportions or medians with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or interquartile ranges (IQR; 25% to 75%). Group comparisons were by Mann‐Whitney U or Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05, two tails).

Results

The contrast‐exposed (n = 773) and contrast‐unexposed (n = 2,956) patients were evenly matched for initial demographic, renal, and metabolic parameters. The incidence of CI‐AKI/AKI was significantly higher for the patients unexposed versus exposed to contrast (8.96% vs. 5.69%, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in mortality rates between contrast‐exposed and unexposed patients (9.09% vs. 6.79%, p = 0.533).

Conclusions

The definition of CI‐AKI for ED patients with normal renal function may not represent a true clinical entity and the definition warrants revision.
Stressful conditions experienced by endangeredEgyptian vultures onAfrican wintering areas
Authors: Carrete M. , Bortolotti G. R. , Sánchez‐Zapata J. A. , Delgado A. , Cortés‐Avizanda A. , Grande J. M. , Donázar J. A.
Published: November 2012

AmongEuropean breeding birds, those wintering in theSahel region have undergone a sustained and severe decline. Long‐term data show that variation in primary production of theSahelian staging area significantly affects survival of many species, a relationship probably mediated by trophic resource availability. However, the physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses underlying this relationship remain unexplored. We present a potential explanation for the importance of prevailing conditions during winter to understand the population ecology and current trends of migratory species. We measured corticosterone levels in feathers ofEgyptian vulturesNeophron percnopterusgrown inAfrica andEurope, showing how conditions faced by birds during wintering periods result in the release of more corticosterone over time than when those individuals were on their summering grounds. This pattern was concordant with home‐range size differences (c.33 times larger inAfrica than inEurope). We suggest that as wintering habitat ofEgyptian vultures in theSahel region has degraded during recent times, food availability has also been reduced. An increase in corticosterone during winter with a consequent increase in locomotor activity, for example, food searching behaviour, may normally be adaptive. However, enlarging home ranges could be futile if conditions are not better in the dispersal area, and costs of the higher corticosterone level, including energy expenditure from enhanced activity, may pose a significant trade‐off. These physiological responses may be characteristic of otherEuropean trans‐Saharan migrant birds that have undergone significant population declines.
The Anti‐HIV Microbicide Candidate RC‐101 Inhibits Pathogenic Vaginal Bacteria Without Harming Endogenous Flora or Mucosa
Authors: Eade Colleen R. , Cole Amy L. , Diaz Camila , Rohan Lisa C. , Parniak Michael A. , Marx Preston , Tarwater Patrick M. , Gupta Phalguni , Cole Alexander M.
Published: November 2012

Problem

Vaginal microbicides represent a promising approach for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission. However, preclinical evaluation should be conducted to ensure that microbicides will be safe for human cells and healthy microflora of the female reproductive tract. One microbicide candidate, RC‐101, has been effective and well tolerated in preliminary cell culture and macaque models. However, the effect of RC‐101 on primary vaginal tissues and resident vaginal microflora requires further evaluation.

Method of study

We treated primary vaginal tissues and vaginal bacteria, both pathogenic and commensal, with RC‐101 to investigate effects of this microbicide.

Results

RC‐101 was well tolerated by host tissues, and also by commensal vaginal bacteria. Simultaneously, pathogenic vaginal bacteria, which are known to increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition, were inhibited by RC‐101.

Conclusions

By establishing vaginal microflora, the specific antibacterial activity of RC‐101 may provide a dual mechanism of HIV protection. These findings support advancement of RC‐101 to clinical trials.
Thrombolysis on Ischemic Stroke Patients with Decreased Level of Consciousness within 4.5 h
Authors: Chen Cong , Ye Min , Chen Bei‐Lei , Chen Guo‐Fang , Gao Zhi‐Qiang , Zhou Jun‐Shan , Cheng Qian‐Tao , Wu Ming‐Hua , Zhang Mei‐Juan , Qian Lai , Xu Yun
Published: November 2012

Background and purpose

Few reports concerned on recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) treatment in stroke patients with decreased consciousness. This study assesses the efficacy and safety of intravenous rt‐PA administration within 4.5 h in stroke patients with decreased consciousness.

Methods

A total of 136 stroke patients with decreased consciousness, who received or not rt‐PA intravenously within 4.5 h after stroke onset from Jiangsu province of China from 2009 to 2012, were reviewed retrospectively. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), intracranial hemorrhage rate, and mortality were used to determine patient outcome when discharged. A 3‐month outcome was calculated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) with score 0 to 1 considered favorable outcome.

Results

Baseline characteristics of two groups were similar. When discharged, no significant differences were observed regarding NIHSS score (P = 0.994) or GCS score (P = 0.591) between groups. After 3 months, 22.8% patients in rt‐PA group had favorable outcome as compared with 7.5% patients in control group (P = 0.014). Treatment with rt‐PA did not significantly increase incidence of hemorrhage (P = 0.494) or mortality (P = 0.169).

Conclusions

Intravenous rt‐PA administration within 4.5 h after onset of symptoms benefited stroke patients with abnormal consciousness.
Vascularization of carotid plaque in recently symptomatic patients is associated with the occurrence of transcranial microembolic signals
Authors: Ritter M. A. , Theismann K. , Schmiedel M. , Ringelstein E. B. , Dittrich R.
Published: November 2012

Background and purpose

Microembolic signals (MES) are detectable in the middle cerebral artery by transcranial ultrasound downstream to atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in patients with stroke or transient ischaemic attack. The occurrence of MES predicts future risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The detection of intra‐plaque neo‐vascularization by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in atherosclerotic plaques of the ICA is associated with future cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events. We investigated whether there is an association between both surrogate markers of future vascular events.

Methods

Forty‐one patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques underwent ipsilateral transcranial ultrasound MES detection for 30 min followed by a CEUS investigation of the plaque. The occurrence and number of MES was documented, and the degree of intra‐plaque neo‐vascularization was measured semi‐quantitatively.

Results

During the 30 min investigation, 17 patients had MES and nine of them showed neo‐vascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque. The remaining 24 patients did not have MES, and only in four patients of this group could plaque neo‐vascularization be demonstrated (P = 0.020).

Conclusions

We found an association between the occurrence of MES and the presence of neo‐vascularization in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaque. Therefore, plaque neo‐vascularization might also be a surrogate marker of future stroke risk.
Rheological contrast between glaucophane and lawsonite in naturally deformed blueschist from Diablo Range, California
Authors: Kim Daeyeong , Katayama Ikuo , Michibayashi Katsuyoshi , Tsujimori Tatsuki
Published: November 2012

Deformation microstructures for a lawsonite blueschist from the New Idria serpentinite body, Diablo Range, are investigated to clarify rheological behaviors of glaucophane and lawsonite, which are main mineral assemblages of subducting oceanic crust at relatively cold geotherm. Developments of crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs) with small grain size, irregular grain boundary and high aspect ratio of glaucophane indicate deformation mechanism as recovery and dynamic recrystallization possibly accommodated by dislocation creep, while lawsonite deforms by rigid body rotation based on euhedral grains with angular or straight grain boundaries. Higher aspect ratios, lower angle to foliation, and stronger CPOs of both minerals in the glaucophane‐rich layer rather than those in the lawsonite‐rich layer suggest the strain localization into the glaucophane‐rich layer. Additionally fabric strength (the degree of crystal alignment) and seismic anisotropy are higher in the glaucophane‐rich layer than that of the lawsonite‐rich layer, which is consistent with the microstructural analyses. All our results imply, therefore, the dominant role of glaucophane rather than lawsonite for rheological behavior and seismic anisotropy of blueschist.
Doing It All At Once: Multitasking as a predictor of call center agents’ performance and performance‐based dismissal
Authors: van der Horst Anna C. , Klehe Ute‐Christine , van Leeuwen Liesbeth
Published: November 2012

Multitasking has become an important skill in many jobs. Still, the predictive validity of job‐applicants’ multitasking abilities has rarely been tested empirically. The current study focuses on the multitasking ability of call center applicants. Results from a Dutch call center show that applicants’ multitasking ability as assessed during personnel selection indeed predicts their later job performance as call center agents as well as their likelihood of losing their job for poor performance. While some of these relationships could be explained via applicants’ fluid intelligence, results also support the usefulness of including measures of multitasking ability in the current selection procedure.
Physiological mechanism governing slow and fast development in predatory ladybirds
Authors: DIXON ANTHONY F. G. , HONĚK ALOIS , JAROŠÍK VOJTECH
Published: November 2012

Aphidophagous and coccidophagous ladybirds, similar to their prey, show marked differences in their pace of life (Dixon, 2000), in particular in their rate of development, with all stages of aphidophagous species developing much faster than those of coccidophagous species. Two hypotheses are proposed to account for the large difference in the pace of life of these two groups. These are that differences in the rate of development are a result of differences in lower temperature thresholds for development or the quality of their respective prey as food (Dixon et al., 2011). Analysis of published results on the rates of development of the eggs of ladybirds indicates that the inverse relationships between the number of day‐degrees required for development (K) and the lower temperature threshold for development (tdmin) of these two groups are significantly different. In particular, the respective tdmin overlap and K of the aphidophagous and coccidophagous species with a similar tdmin are, on average, 38 and 117 day‐degrees (Do). The relationship between the rate of development (R) and temperature (T) for aphids reared on poor‐ or high‐quality foods indicates that, although the value of tdmin of a species depends on food quality, K does not, showing that it is unlikely that K is governed by food quality. Thus, there is little support for differences in either the tdmin or food quality governing the difference in the pace of life of these two groups of ladybirds. The results indicate that the physiological mechanism that may govern the difference in the pace of life between these two groups is the number of day‐degrees (K) needed to complete their development. The possible evolutionary reason for this is discussed.
The Various Relations between Law and Morality in Contemporary Legal Philosophy
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: November 2012

This paper is intended to be a summary of the author's views on the relationship between law and morality worked out over the past three decades in jurisprudence. The paper preliminarily clarifies the matter by isolating some lines of cleavage separating different questions askable about this relationship. With this done, the author argues for two theses. One, that judges are obligated to use morality in their decisions in particular cases; and two, that the morality judges are obligated to use in their judicial reasonings, is best seen as the natural lawyer sees it, namely, as being part of the law that obligates judges in their role as judges. The author not only believes these theses to be true; he also thinks that these theses are practically important, in that their acceptance by judges (and by the legal culture that reinforces judges) makes for better judging.
VIDEO GAMES AND THE TRANSHUMAN INCLINATION
Authors: Geraci Robert M.
Published: November 2012

AbstractVideo games and virtual worlds play substantial roles in contemporary transhumanism. Many transhumanists appreciate the freedom and power that accompany these digital landscapes and recognize that they can promote transhumanist ways of thinking beyond the borders of explicitly transhumanist groups. Video games and virtual worlds enable transcendence through their design and contribute to transhumanism through the options they enable and the influence they have. Because of their significant place in transhumanism, video games and virtual worlds are thus important to the study of religion and science in the twenty‐first century.
HUMAN SALVATION IN AN EVOLUTIONARY WORLD: AN EXPLORATION IN CHRISTIAN NATURALISM
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn an evolutionary world, humans need “salvation” understood as restoring and maintaining well‐being or functioning well. Humans are embedded in, embodiments of, and emergent creative‐creatures of the universe. We have evolved also as ambivalent creatures—doing good, harm, and being bystanders while harm is being done. Multiple factors—for example, genetic, neurological, child developmental, and societal—contribute to malfunctioning and harmful behavior, and multiple religious and secular approaches help restore well‐being. I develop a view of Jesus as a “religious genius” who, grounded in a direct experience of God, taught undiscriminating love and engaged in nonviolent political activism against the unjust domination system of the Roman Empire. Christians and others can follow Jesus by engaging in meditative practices that facilitate well‐being out of which compassion for others and a passion for justice flows. Universal love rooted in Jesus is compatible with an evolutionary perspective that all humans are part of a natural family.
IS THERE A HUMAN NATURE?
Authors: Stenmark Mikael
Published: November 2012

AbstractBoth evolutionary theory and Christian faith have a number of things to say about human beings. Evolutionists claim that humans are animals with a bipedal walk, an erect posture, and a large brain, while Christians maintain that, like everything else, human beings are created by God, but that, in contrast to other things on earth, we humans are also created in the image of God. This much is clear, but do either evolutionists or Christians also claim that there is such a thing as a human nature? Or, even if evolutionary theory and Christian faith do not say so explicitly, should we nevertheless assume that they embrace such a view implicitly? In this essay, I argue that we should give an affirmative answer to these questions. I also try to clarify more precisely what it means to say that something has a nature (i.e., what conditions need to be satisfied for something to be regarded as having a nature).
BECOMING HUMAN IN THEISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Deane‐Drummond Celia , Wason Paul
Published: November 2012

Abstract This short paper provides the context for the six theological papers published in this issue that were part of a wider discussion with other scientists and theologians on becoming human. It raises the questions that the papers sought to address and shows how the different aspects of what it means to be human from a theological perspective are challenged by, but also serve to engage and in some cases confront, scientific debates on this matter. The particular sciences involved included neuroscience, genetics, evolutionary biology, anthropology, and paleontology. Selected scientific and other theological papers will appear in subsequent issues of Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. The particular theological positions taken in this collection are distinctive and form the basis for a theological debate on what it means to be human in theistic perspective.
Utilization of Bicarbonate for Base Repletion in Hemodialysis
Authors: Ward Richard A. , Wathen Ronald L.
Published: November 2012

Because of physicochemical considerations, acetate rather than bicarbonate has traditionally been used as the base repletion agent in dialysate. There are major differences in the mechanisms through which these agents neutralize the body's acid load in the circumstance of dialysis. Acetate dialysis relies on metabolism of acetate to generate bicarbonate. Loss of bicarbonate into the dialysate requires that acetate dialysis supply base far in excess of that required to buffer metabolic hydrogen ion generation alone. Consequently, net accrual of base is difficult to quantitate and may be inadequate to neutralize the excess hydrogen ion, leading to chronic buffer depletion. However, acute acid‐base problems are usually avoided because of the indirect nature of base addition. In contrast, net base accrual with bicarbonate dialysis occurs in a direct and quantitative manner. While inadequate base repletion is avoided, the direct addition of base requires much tighter control if undesirable acute changes in blood pH are to be avoided.
Is the growth of regionalism as significant as the headlines suggest? Lessons from agricultural trade
Authors: Grant Jason H.
Published: November 2012

The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has motivated a significant number of ex post econometric studies investigating their agricultural trade impacts. The general conclusion is that RTAs increase members’ trade by as much as 150%, on average. In this article, we demonstrate that previous empirical work likely misrepresents the impact of RTAs because of considerable heterogeneity in the depth of economic integration pursued by these agreements. Contrary to previous studies, the results reveal that RTAs are not universally trade creating, and some agreements appear to provide very little benefit. “Deep integration agreements,” on the other hand, are largely responsible for the impressive agricultural trade flow increases reported in the literature. Testing the hierarchy of RTAs largely confirms the theory: the benefits of regionalism are an increasing function of the depth of economic integration.
Computer assisted evaluation of retinal vessels tortuosity in Fabry disease
Authors: Sodi Andrea , Guarducci Marco , Vauthier Lucy , Ioannidis Alexander S. , Pitz Susanne , Abbruzzese Giacomo , Sofi Francesco , Mecocci Alessandro , Miele Alba , Menchini Ugo
Published: November 2012

Purpose:  Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare X‐linked metabolic disorder characterized by diffuse deposition of sphingolipids in many tissues. Retinal vessel tortuosity is a common ocular manifestation in FD and may represent a useful marker for the disease. Unfortunately its clinical evaluation is poorly reproducibile and alternative means of evaluation may be of interest. We tested a new semi‐automatic software measuring retinal vessel tortuosity from eye fundus digital images in a group of FD patients.

Methods:  Observational case‐control study evaluating four mathematical parameters describing tortuosity (relative length, sum of angle metric [SOAM], product of angle distance [PAD], triangular index) obtained from fundus pictures of 35 FD patients and 35 age‐matched controls. Only the right eye was considered in order to reduce bias. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the FD group versus the control group, males versus females and patients with versus without clinically identified retinal vessels tortuosity in the FD group. Linear regression analysis was performed on a subgroup of patients to evaluate the possible association of retinal vessels tortuosity parameters with age and with markers of systemic disease’s progression.

Results:  Three parameters (SOAM, PAD and triangular index) were significantly higher in FD patients in comparison with the controls (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001, p = 0.002 respectively). In the FD group the same three parameters showed higher values in hemizygous males than in heterozygous females ((p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001 respectively).

Conclusion:  A computer assisted analysis of retinal vasculature demonstrated an increased vessels tortuosity in FD patients. The technique might be useful to establish disease severity and monitor its progression.
Ecologically realistic estimates of maximum population growth using informedBayesian priors
Authors: Delean Steven , Brook Barry W. , Bradshaw Corey J. A.
Published: November 2012

Phenomenological density‐feedback models estimate parameters such as carrying capacity (K) and maximum population growth rate (rm) from time series of abundances. However, most series represent fluctuations aroundKwithout extending to low abundances and are thus uninformative aboutrm.

We used informative prior distributions of maximum population growth rate,p(rm), to estimateBayesian posterior distributions inRicker andθ‐logistic models fitted to abundance series for 36 mammal species. We also used state‐space models to account for observation errors.

We used two data sets of population growth rates from different mammal species with associated allometry (body mass) and demography (age at first reproduction) data to predictrmprior distributions.

We assessed patterns of differences in posterior means () from models fitted with and without informative priors and used the deviance information criterion (DIC) to rank models for each species.

Differences in posteriorfrom models with informative vs. vague priors co‐varied with the prior mean () forRicker models, but only posteriorco‐varied with priorinθ‐logistic models. Informative‐priorRicker models ranked higher than (81% of species), or equivalent to (all species), those with vague priors, which decreased to 70% ranking higher for state‐space models. Prior information also improved the precision ofby 13–45% depending on model and prior.

Posteriorwere highly sensitive topriors forθ‐logistic models (halving and doubling prior mean gave −56% and 95% changes in, respectively) and less sensitive forRicker models (−25% and 35% changes in).

Our results show that fitting density‐feedback models without prior information gives biologically unrealisticestimates in most cases, even from simpleRicker models. However, sensitivity analysis shows that highrm − θcorrelation inθ‐logistic models means the fit is largely determined by the prior, precluding the use of this model for most census data. Our findings are supported by applying models to simulated time series of abundance. Prior knowledge of species' life history can provide more ecologically realistic estimates (matching theoretical predictions) of regulatory dynamics even in the absence of detailed demographic data, thereby potentially improving predictions of extinction risk.
Modeling Sintering of Multilayers Under Influence of Gravity
Authors: Frandsen Henrik Lund , Olevsky Eugene , Molla Tesfaye Tadesse , Esposito Vincenzo , Bjørk Rasmus , Pryds Nini
Published: November 2012

There is a tendency for multiple functional ceramic layers used in various applications to have increasing surface areas and decreasing thicknesses. Sintering samples with such geometry is challenging, as differential shrinkage of the layers causes undesired distortions. In this work, a model, which describes the combined effect of sintering and gravity of thin multilayers, is derived and later compared with experimental results. It allows for consideration of both uniaxial and biaxial stress states. The model is based on the Skorohod‐Olevsky viscous sintering framework, the classical laminate theory and the elastic‐viscoelastic correspondence principle. The modeling approach is then applied to illustrate the effect of gravity during sintering of thin layers of cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO), and it is found to be significant.
Double‐Layer Structure Photoanode with TiO2 Nanotubes and Nanoparticles for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cao Liqiang , Wu Congcong , Hu Qin , Jin Tetsuro , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Jian Li
Published: November 2012

Here, we report a novel double‐layer structure photoanode with TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layer and TiO2 nanoparticle (TP) layer via a two‐step method of electrochemical anodization and screen printing for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The results indicate that DSSCs with this double‐layer structure have significant advantages of large surface area, long electron lifetime, superior electron recombination restraint characteristics, and high light scattering. The layer thickness of nanotubes and nanoparticles is also investigated and finally an optimized double‐layer structure with excellent performance is prepared. With such a double‐layer structure photoanode, DSSC with a relative high conversion efficiency of 6.43% and a short‐circuit photocurrent density of 16.40 mA·cm−2 is obtained.
Experiences of carers supporting dying renal patients managed without dialysis
Authors: Noble Helen , Kelly Daniel , Hudson Peter
Published: November 2012

Aim

To explore the impact of being a family carer to patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease managed without dialysis.

Background

Increasing numbers of patients with renal disease worldwide are making the decision not to embark on dialysis. This group has significant physical and psychological symptom burdens similar to or greater than those in advanced cancer patients. Little is known about the impact on family carers.

Design

Exploratory, qualitative design.

Methods

The study was undertaken with 19 carers caring for patients managed in a Renal Supportive Care Service in theUKbetween 2006–2008. Sixty‐one semi‐structured interviews and detailed field notes inform the analysis.

Findings

‘Caring from diagnosis to death’ was the overarching theme illustrated by three sub‐themes: (i) Caregiver's plight – making sense of the disease and potential deterioration; (ii) Having to care indefinitely; and (iii) Avoiding talk of death. ‘Caring from diagnosis to death’ coincides with an original concept analysis of renal supportive care, which is considered an adjunct to the management of patients with renal disease at all stages of their illness.

Conclusion

There is a clear need for further research internationally and theory‐based nursing interventions to support carers of patients managed without dialysis. The development of a holistic, integrated care pathway based on carer perspectives, which includes identification of information needs related to original diagnosis, associated comorbidities, treatment options, prognosis, and assistance in developing strategies to manage communication with patients as the end of life approaches, is required.
Toxicity of melamine, an adulterant in fish feeds: experimental assessment of its effects on tilapia
Authors: Phromkunthong W , Nuntapong N , Boonyaratpalin M , Kiron V
Published: November 2012

Unscrupulous inclusion of melamine in fish feeds can be harmful to fish and may be hazardous to human health. An eight‐week feeding trial examined the effects of melamine (inclusion levels; 5–30 g kg−1feed) on the growth performance, feed efficiency, histopathological changes and melamine residues in sex‐reversed red tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.) ×O.mossambicus(Peters). Fish which received melamine‐containing feeds grew less, utilized feeds less efficiently and performed poorly, besides exhibiting defects such as fin erosion, anorexia, sluggish swimming behaviour, paling/darkening of skin and low survival. Melamine concentration in the fish reflected its inclusion level in the feeds, and the content was higher in the viscera than in the fish fillet or whole fish. Histopathological alterations were evident in the kidney, liver and gills of fish subjected to melamine treatment – the severity of lesions corresponded to its dosage. Enlargement of renal tubules was observed in the kidney of fish fed with ≥10 g melamine kg−1feed, although, crystals were not deposited. Fish subjected to melamine insult had more prominent lesions in liver than in kidney. Toxic effects on the gills manifested as epithelial hyperplasia of the primary and secondary lamellae. The anomalies were severe at higher intake levels of melamine.
Maternal and child dietary patterns and their determinants in Nigeria
Authors: Nwaru Bright I. , Onyeka Ifeoma N. , Ndiokwelu Chika , Esangbedo Dorothy O. , Ngwu Elizabeth K. , Okolo Selina N.
Published: November 2012

Understanding the overall dietary patterns of a population is a key step in initiating appropriate nutritional interventions and policies. Studies characterising the dietary patterns of Nigerian mothers and children are lacking. Complete dietary data for 13 566 mothers and their 13 506 children were analysed from the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS), a nationally representative sample, to identify the overall maternal and child dietary patterns and to study the potential determinants of such dietary patterns. The 2008 NDHS included questions that inquired about the food items mothers and their children had consumed during the 24 h preceding the day of the interview. Factor analysis with the principal component procedure was used to construct the dietary patterns, and multiple multilevel logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of the dietary patterns. Four (‘mixed’, ‘traditional’, ‘staple foods and milk products’ and ‘beverages’) and five (‘mixed’, ‘selective’, ‘beverages and candies’, ‘gruels, grains and semi‐solids’ and ‘infant formula and cereals’) distinct dietary patterns were obtained for the mothers and children, respectively. The key determinants of both maternal and child dietary patterns were month of interview, religion, region of residence, maternal education, maternal occupation, wealth index and maternal body mass index. Marital status additionally predicted maternal patterns, while sex of the child, number of siblings, child's age, maternal age and place of residence additionally determined the child's patterns. This study has identified four and five different dietary patterns to characterise the dietary habits of Nigerian mothers and their children, respectively, and has shown the important socio‐economic/demographic factors influencing the dietary patterns, which can guide appropriate nutritional interventions among Nigerian mothers and children.
HP Vane Aerodynamics and Heat Transfer in the Presence of Aggressive Inlet Swirl
Authors: Qureshi Imran , Smith Andy D. , Povey Thomas
Published: November 2012

Modern lean burn combustors now employ aggressive swirlers to enhance fuel-air mixing and improve flame stability. The flow at combustor exit can therefore have high residual swirl. A good deal of research concerning the flow within the combustor is available in open literature. The impact of swirl on the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of an HP turbine stage is not well understood, however. A combustor swirl simulator has been designed and commissioned in the Oxford Turbine Research Facility (OTRF), previously located at QinetiQ, Farnborough UK. The swirl simulator is capable of generating an engine-representative combustor exit swirl pattern. At the turbine inlet plane, yaw and pitch angles of over ±40 deg have been simulated. The turbine research facility used for the study is an engine scale, short duration, rotating transonic turbine, in which the nondimensional parameters for aerodynamics and heat transfer are matched to engine conditions. The research turbine was the unshrouded MT1 design. By design, the center of the vortex from the swirl simulator can be clocked to any circumferential position with respect to HP vane, and the vortex-to-vane count ratio is 1:2. For the current investigation, the clocking position was such that the vortex center was aligned with the vane leading edge (every second vane). Both the aligned vane and the adjacent vane were characterized. This paper presents measurements of HP vane surface and end wall heat transfer for the two vane positions. The results are compared with measurements conducted without swirl. The vane surface pressure distributions are also presented. The experimental measurements are compared with full-stage three-dimensional unsteady numerical predictions obtained using the Rolls Royce in-house code Hydra. The aerodynamic and heat transfer characterization presented in this paper is the first of its kind, and it is hoped to give some insight into the significant changes in the vane flow and heat transfer that occur in the current generation of low NOx combustors. The findings not only have implications for the vane aerodynamic design, but also for the cooling system design.
Hagen–Poiseuille Flow in Semi-Elliptic Microchannels
Authors: Alassar Rajai S. , Abushoshah Mohammed
Published: November 2012

In this paper, an exact solution of Hagen–Poiseuille flow in microchannels with semi-elliptic cross sections is obtained. The velocity, shear stress distribution, and the friction factor are calculated and compared to known approximate solutions in the literature. The solution is also verified by comparing the limiting case when the axis ratio approaches unity to the exact solution obtained for semicircular channels.
Data Acquisition Using Xbox Kinect Sensor
Authors: Ballester Jorge , Pheatt Charles B.
Published: November 2012

The study of motion is central in physics education and has taken many forms as technology has provided numerous methods to acquire data. For example, the analysis of still or moving images is particularly effective in discussions of two-dimensional motion. Introductory laboratory measurement methods have progressed through water clocks, spark timers, stopwatches, Polaroid cameras, videocassette recorders, ultrasonic devices, digital video, and most recently high-speed digital video.1 In this paper we explore the use of newly available imaging technology for the study of motion. The Kinect sensor was introduced in November 2010 by Microsoft as an accessory for the Xbox 360 video game system. Shortly after the product release, a software framework became available that allows a personal computer to capture output from a stand-alone Kinect.2 Author-developed data acquisition software for the Kinect and several experimental examples are discussed.
A Mass Spectrometer Simulator in Your Computer
Authors: Gagnon Michel
Published: November 2012

Introduced to study components of ionized gas, the mass spectrometer has evolved into a highly accurate device now used in many undergraduate and research laboratories.1 Unfortunately, despite their importance in the formation of future scientists, mass spectrometers remain beyond the financial reach of many high schools and colleges. As a result, it is not possible for instructors to take full advantage of this equipment. Therefore, to facilitate accessibility to this tool, we have developed a realistic computer-based simulator. Using this software, students are able to practice their ability to identify the components of the original gas, thereby gaining a better understanding of the underlying physical laws. The software is available as a free download.
Getting Autophagy to Akt
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: November 2012

A direct link between a cancer-promoting protein kinase and the control of autophagy is presented.
Dishevelled Mediates Wnt-Notch Crosstalk
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: November 2012

Dishevelled inhibits Notch signaling by preventing the formation of transcriptional activator complexes.
Neuronal Rewiring by Blood Vessels
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: November 2012

Promoting angiogenesis may increase recovery of motor function in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
A Valve for Nitric Oxide
Authors: Andrianantoandro Ernesto
Published: November 2012

The oxidation state of hemoglobin α in myoendothelial junctions controls delivery of nitric oxide.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Akata and Mutu Epstein-Barr Virus Strains
Authors: Lin Zhen , Wang Xia , Strong Michael J. , Concha Monica , Baddoo Melody , Xu Guorong , Baribault Carl , Fewell Claire , Hulme William , Hedges Dale , Taylor Christopher M. , Flemington Erik K.
Published: November 2012

Using a simple viral genome enrichment approach, we report the
de novo
assembly of the Akata and Mutu Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes from a single lane of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The Akata and Mutu viral genomes are type I EBV strains of approximately 171 kb in length. Evidence for genome heterogeneity was found for the Akata but not for the Mutu strain. A comparative analysis of Akata with another four completely sequenced EBV strains, B95-8/Raji, AG876, Mutu, and GD1, demonstrated that the Akata strain is most closely related to the GD1 strain and exhibits the greatest divergence from the type II strain, AG876. A global comparison of latent and lytic gene sequences showed that the four latency genes, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, and EBNA3C, are uniquely defining of type I and type II strain differences. Within type I strains, LMP1, the latency gene, is among the most divergent of all EBV genes, with three insertion or deletion loci in its CTAR2 and CTAR3 signaling domains. Analysis of the BHLF1 and LF3 genes showed that the reading frames identified in the B95-8/Raji genome are not conserved in Akata (or Mutu, for BHLF1), suggesting a primarily non-protein-coding function in EBV's life cycle. The Akata and Mutu viral-genome sequences should be a useful resource for homology-based functional prediction and for molecular studies, such as PCR, RNA-seq, recombineering, and transcriptome studies. As an illustration, we identified novel RNA-editing events in ebv-miR-BART6 antisense transcripts using the Akata and Mutu reference genomes.
Linking road casualty and clinical data to assess the effectiveness of mobile safety enforcement cameras: a before and after study
Authors: Thorpe Neil , Fawcett Lee
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To use police STATS19 road casualty data and accident and emergency and in-patient information to estimate the impact of mobile safety cameras on the cost of treating individuals injured in road traffic collisions.

Design

A data-matching and costing exercise to link casualty and clinical information in a ‘before’ and ‘after’ study of 56 mobile safety cameras.

Setting

The Northumbria Police Force area of the UK covering six local authority districts.

Participants

Slight, serious and fatal casualties involved in road traffic collisions at mobile camera sites in the case-study area between April 2001–March 2003 and April 2004–March 2006.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Changes in the number and severity of casualties at the mobile camera sites between the ‘before’ and ‘after’ period that can be attributed to mobile safety camera activity, and any impacts these changes had on the ‘cost of treatment saved’ by the secondary healthcare service in the case-study area.

Results

Using tariff values for accident and emergency and In-patient Health Resource Groups, the impacts of the cameras in terms of the ‘cost of treatment saved’ are in the range £12 500–£15 000 per annum. However, inconsistencies between databases resulted in approximately one-third of the casualties not being matched successfully in the clinical databases. The number of closed fractures requiring investigations, treatment and follow-up care reduced considerably, although this was offset by an increase in head injury contusions and open fractures that require high-cost investigations and extensive in-patient care.

Conclusions

Road safety cameras could have a significant impact in terms of ‘cost of treatment saved’. However, it is argued that investigating the impacts of road safety measures in the future should be based on Fully Bayesian techniques as they can produce more reliable estimates of the effects of regression to mean and general trends in casualty statistics.
Hospital episode statistics: improving the quality and value of hospital data: a national internet e-survey of hospital consultants
Authors: Spencer Stephen Andrew , Davies Mark Price
Published: November 2012

Hypothesis

Senior hospital clinicians are poorly engaged with clinical coding and hospital episode statistics (HES).

Aims

 ▸ To understand the current level of clinical engagement with collection of national data and clinical coding.

▸ To gain the views of frontline staff on proposed improvements to hospital statistics.

▸ To gain an indication of likely clinical engagement in change.

▸ To understand the clinical priority for improvement.

Design

Internet e-survey accessible from Academy of Royal Medical College Website.

Setting

National Health Service (NHS) Trusts.

Participants

1081 NHS hospital consultants and two general practitioners who volunteered to take part.

Results

3.4% of the sample regularly access HES data; 21% are regularly involved in clinical coding and 6.2% meet coding staff at least monthly. 95% would like to access HES data and there was a strong support for using this data for appraisal, revalidation and improving the quality of patient care. In terms of improvements, 91.9% would be prepared to code diagnosis in outpatients given the right tools. The highest priority for improvement is clinical validation of diagnostic data.

Conclusions

Clinical engagement with coding and access to HES data is poor. However, there is professional support for improvement. Clinical requirements should be considered in all future developments of national data collection to provide the quality and scope of data that is required to deliver the information revolution.
Protocol for a randomised clinical study comparing the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on reactive hypoglycaemia in morbidly obese subjects
Authors: Mingrone Geltrude , Panunzi Simona , De Gaetano Andrea , Guidone Caterina , Raffaelli Marco , Callari Cosimo , Lombardi Pio Celestino , Bellantone Rocco
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most performed bariatric operation. Reactive hypoglycaemia is a frequent late complication occurring in about 72% of RYGB patients, which can present with various intensities up to the serious form of neuroglycopaenia. However, it seems to occur also after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) although much more rarely.

Methods and analysis

A single centre, open, 1-year randomised trial to compare the incidence of hypoglycaemia after RYGB or SG. A secondary objective is the assessment of the comparative ability of the two surgical procedures in determining the improvement or normalisation of insulin sensitivity, given the established relevance of insulin resistance in the cardiometabolic syndrome of obesity.

Ethics and dissemination

The study will be published and presented to international meetings and, due to the safety issue, it will represent a relevant information for national healthcare systems.The protocol was approved by the Catholic University Ethical Committee (A1534/CE/2012).Clinicaltrials.gov Registration n.NCT01581801.