bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação técnica e econômica da produção de duas cultivares de alface tipo crespa em função de lâminas de irrigação
Authors: Vilas Boas Renato Carvalho , Carvalho Jacinto de Assunção , Gomes Luiz Antônio Augusto , Sousa Alexandre Marcio Gomes de , Rodrigues Reginaldo Coelho , Souza Kleber Junio de
Published: August 2008

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, a avaliação técnica e econômica da produção de duas cultivares de alface tipo crespa em função de lâminas de irrigação, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido, na região de Lavras, MG. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas cultivares de alface, Verônica e Hortência, e quatro lâminas de irrigação, 75, 100, 125 e 150% de reposição de água, sendo a lâmina de 100% correspondente à tensão da água no solo de 15 kPa. Os resultados permitiram concluir que as duas cultivares apresentaram a mesma tendência com relação ao consumo de água, durante o ciclo de produção (eficiência de uso de água média de 152,27 kg ha-1 mm-1); maiores produtividades (total e comercial) foram obtidas com a aplicação da lâmina de irrigação de 240 mm (121,2% de reposição de água); a máxima produtividade comercial, 33.225 kg ha-1, foi estimada com a aplicação da lâmina de 244,9 mm (123,7% de reposição de água); a lâmina economicamente ótima foi estimada em 244,2 mm, resultando em uma produtividade comercial praticamente igual à máxima física.
Comportamento agronômico de populações de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) para cultivo invernal na região sudeste
Authors: Pereira Antonio Vander , Mittelmann Andréa , Ledo Francisco José da Silva , Souza Sobrinho Fausto de , Auad Alexander Machado , Oliveira Jackson Silva e
Published: August 2008

Na Região Sudeste o período do inverno é caracterizado pela escassez e perda de qualidade das pastagens, sendo o azevém anual uma das forrageiras invernais mais recomendadas para suplementação da dieta dos rebanhos leiteiros nesta época do ano. Com este trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o comportamento de populações de azevém resultantes de coleta de germoplasma. Foram avaliadas 30 populações, sendo 22 resultantes de coletas recentes realizadas na Região Sul e oito pertencentes à coleção da Embrapa. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sendo realizados sete cortes. Foram avaliados: altura da planta, porcentagem e produção de matéria seca, rebrota, número de dias até o florescimento e produção de sementes. Observou-se variação entre as populações para todas as características avaliadas. A estimativa da produção total de matéria seca variou de 3654 kg/ha (população LE 284) a 8544 kg/ha (CNPGL 164). Os resultados demonstraram elevado potencial de produção de forragem entre as populações de azevém coletadas, sendo que algumas delas podem ser recomendadas para cultivo invernal na Região Sudeste.
Qualidade e valor nutritivo da silagem de três cultivares de milheto
Authors: Amaral Pedro Nelson Cesar do , Evangelista Antônio Ricardo , Salvador Flávio Moreno , Pinto José Cardoso
Published: August 2008

Com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutritivo da silagem de milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown], conduziu-se um experimento, nas dependências do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFLA, utilizando o milheto estabelecido em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três cultivares (BRS 1501, BN 1 e Comum) e três idades de corte, 70, 90 e 110 dias, para silagem, semeados em novembro/2003. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, constituindo-se em fatorial com 3 x 3 (3 cultivares x 3 idades de corte), com 3 repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de MS, PB, pH, N-NH3 (% N total), FDN e FDA. Para as silagens, houve diferenças significativas entre as idades de corte para os teores de MS, PB, nitrogênio amoniacal e pH, variando de 21,34 a 36,83%, 7,13 a 9,50%, 1,21 a 1,38% e 3,48 a 3,77, respectivamente. Para a produção de silagem de milheto, o cultivar BN 1 semeado em novembro deve ser colhido aos 90 dias de idade, por ter superado os demais cultivares em composição bromatológica.
Atividade inseticida de óleos essenciais e fixos sobre Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) em grãos de caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP.]
Authors: Pereira Adriana Carla Ribeiro Lopes , Oliveira José Vargas de , Gondim Junior Manoel Guedes Corrêa , Câmara Cláudio Augusto Gomes da
Published: August 2008

O caruncho, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.), é considerado a praga mais importante do caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., armazenado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Visando minimizar os efeitos indesejáveis dos inseticidas químicos sintéticos, o controle dessa praga com óleos de origem vegetal vem se constituindo numa alternativa promissora, de baixo custo e segura para os aplicadores e consumidores. Foram testados os óleos essenciais [(Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) J.F. Watson], Piper aduncum L., Piper hispidinervum C.DC., Melaleuca sp., Lippia gracillis Shauer) e fixos (Helianthus annuus L, Sesamum indicum L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Glycine max (L.) Merr. e Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), em grãos de caupi, cv. Sempre Verde. Os óleos foram utilizados nas concentrações 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50mL/20g, correspondendo a 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 L/t e impregnados aos grãos no interior de recipientes de plástico, com auxílio de pipetador automático e agitados manualmente durante dois minutos. Parcelas de 20g de caupi foram infestadas com oito fêmeas de C. maculatus, com 0 a 48 h de idade. Cada óleo foi testado, separadamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com seis repetições. Os óleos essenciais de C. martini, P. aduncum e L. gracillis causaram 100% de mortalidade em todas as concentrações, P. hispidinervum a partir de 1,5 L/t e Melaleuca sp. nas concentrações de 2,0 e 2,5 L/t. A redução do número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos foi de 100% para todos os óleos essenciais, exceto Melaleuca sp. Por outro lado, os óleos fixos, apesar de apresentarem baixa mortalidade em todas as concentrações testadas, reduziram em praticamente 100% o número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos.
Avaliação sazonal do rendimento de óleo essencial em espécies de menta
Authors: Deschamps Cícero , Zanatta Jorge Luiz , Bizzo Humberto Ribeiro , Oliveira Marisa de Cácia , Roswalka Luciane Cristina
Published: August 2008

O gênero Mentha compreende diversas espécies de interesse econômico por causa da produção de óleos essenciais. Recentemente, foram introduzidos no Brasil novos materiais genéticos para avaliação da adaptação em relação ao potencial de rendimento e composição do óleo essencial. No presente trabalho, foram comparadas essas características em cultivares das espécies Mentha x piperita L. (cv. Grapefruit Mint e cv. Persian Mint Field), M. suaveolens Ehrh. (cv. Hillarys Sweet Lemon Mint), M. spicata L. (cv. Mentol Mint), M. aquatica L. (cv. Common Mint) e M. arvensis L. (cv. Banana Mint), durante o verão e inverno em Curitiba (PR). O rendimento médio das cultivares no verão foi aproximadamente o dobro do rendimento observado no inverno. Duas cultivares de Mentha x piperita L. (cv. Persina Mint Field e cv. Grapefruit Mint) apresentaram maior rendimento de óleo essencial no verão e inverno, sendo que as demais não diferiram entre si. A análise da composição do óleo essencial indicou grande variação nessas cultivares, sendo observada a presença de linalol, como constituinte majoritário na cv. Grapefruit Mint e a-felandren-8-ol e cis-ocimeno na cv. Persian Mint Field.
Influência do zinco na incidência de doenças do cafeeiro
Authors: Carvalho Vicente Luiz de , Cunha Rodrigo Luz da , Guimarães Paulo Tácito Gontijo , Carvalho Jõao Paulo Felicori
Published: August 2008

Em cafeeiros, poucos estudos foram feitos relacionando aumento ou diminuição da resistência das plantas às doenças, com alteração dos níveis de nutrientes utilizados. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do sulfato de zinco aplicado isoladamente, e associado com fungicidas e cloreto de potássio sobre a ferrugem, cercosporiose e manchas foliares do cafeeiro. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma lavoura de café em produção, onde foram testados oxicloreto de cobre, tebuconazole, sulfato de zinco + cloreto de potássio e sulfato de zinco e nas subparcelas foram realizadas diferentes concentrações de sulfato de zinco: ausência, 0,3 %, 0,6 % e 1,2 %. Verificou-se que os tratamentos com oxicloreto de cobre e tebuconazole reduziram a incidência e severidade de ferrugem, a incidência de cercosporiose, de manchas foliares (phoma e ascochyta) e a desfolha, independente das concentrações de sulfato de zinco utilizadas. Concentrações de sulfato de zinco na faixa de 0,6 % - 0,75 % apresentaram menor severidade da ferrugem e o aumento nas concentrações de sulfato de zinco aumentou a incidência de cercosporiose, manchas foliares e a desfolha dos cafeeiros.
Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho na presença de bioestimulantes
Authors: Silva Tanismare Tatiana de Almeida , Von Pinho Édila Vilela de Rezende , Cardoso Deisy Lúcia , Ferreira Clarissa Alves , Alvim Patrícia de Oliveira , Costa Aldo Augusto Fernades da
Published: August 2008

Os reguladores de crescimento podem influenciar na qualidade fisiológica das sementes assim como na atividade de enzimas envolvidas na germinação. Podem ainda apresentar em suas formulações micronutrientes que atuam principalmente como catalisadores de enzimas. Nesta pesquisa sementes de milho híbrido da cultivar GNZ 2004, e da linhagem Le 57 foram tratadas com os seguintes bioestimulantes e dosagens: 1.Stimulate® 12,5mL/kg de sementes, 2.Cellerate® 10,0mL/kg, 3.mistura de Cellerate®+ Stimulate® (10,0mL/kg + 12,5 mL/kg), 4.Booster® 100 mL/20kg e 5.testemunha. Logo após o tratamento, as sementes foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio e emergência de plântulas. Foram avaliadas ainda a massa de matéria seca de plântulas, parte aérea e raiz e as atividades das enzimas á-amilase, catalase, esterase e peroxidase. Nas sementes tratadas com os bioestimulantes não houve melhoria na qualidade de sementes e sob condições de estresses a utilização dos bioestimulantes Stimulate®+Cellerate® e Cellerate® reduziu a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho. Menor atividade da enzima peroxidase foi observada em sementes tratadas com Stimulate®, Cellerate® e Stimulate®+Cellerate® . Maior atividade da enzima esterase foi observada em sementes tratadas com Stimulate®+ Cellerate® indicando fitotoxidez dos mesmos.
Variação sazonal de micronutrientes em folhas de aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.)
Authors: Lima Rosiane de Lourdes Silva de , Siqueira Dalmo Lopes de , Ferreira Gilvan Barbosa , Weber Olmar Baller , Cazetta Jairo Osvaldo , Lopes Fernanda Fernandes de Melo
Published: August 2008

Os teores de micronutrientes nas folhas necessários para obter boa produtividade e qualidade de frutos de aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata DC.) e sua variação sazonal são pouco conhecidas. Para melhor entendimento da dinâmica de absorção de nutrientes e o desenvolvimento dessa frutífera avaliaram-se teores foliares de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, em seis progênies de aceroleira no período de dezembro de 1999 a outubro de 2000. O estudo foi conduzido na Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, em Pacajus, e envolveu 6 progênies (P52, P66, P78, P91, P93 e P97) e 6 épocas de amostragem das folhas (dezembro, fevereiro, abril, junho, agosto e outubro de 2000). A variação sazonal foi confirmada para os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nas folhas, enquanto o Zn não sofreu alteração significativa nas progênies consideradas pela pesquisa. Os teores de Cu foram superiores em fevereiro, e os de Fe e Mn em agosto. As progênies apresentaram habilidade diferenciada na manutenção das concentrações de Cu, Mn e Zn nas folhas. A melhor época para amostragem de folhas e diagnóstico do estado nutricional foi em outubro, início do florescimento das aceroleiras, quando os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn devem ser superiores a 3, 125, 80 e 15 mg/kg.
Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do rizoma em pó, dos pigmentos curcuminóides e dos óleos e dos essenciais da Curcuma longa L.
Authors: Péret-Almeida Lúcia , Naghetini Cristina da Cunha , Nunan Elzíria de Aguiar , Junqueira Roberto Gonçalves , Glória Maria Beatriz Abreu
Published: August 2008

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da cúrcuma em pó, da curcumina disponível no comércio, dos pigmentos curcuminóides purificados e dos óleos essenciais da cúrcuma. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos teores de pigmentos curcuminóides por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O óleo essencial foi também analisado quanto à densidade, índice de refração e perfil das substâncias voláteis por cromatografia gasosa e detector de ionização de chamas. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro foi determinada pelo método de difusão em ágar com discos de papel estéreis, impregnados com os extratos, sendo os diâmetros dos halos de inibição medidos com paquímetro. Os extratos etanólicos da cúrcuma, da curcumina comercial, e dos pigmentos curcumina e desmetoxicurcumina não inibiram o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, e Candida albicans. Apenas o extrato etanólico da bisdesmetoxicurcumina apresentou atividade antimicrobiana em relação ao B. subtilis. O óleo essencial da cúrcuma apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para o B. subtilis, S. choleraesuis, E. coli, A. niger e S. cerevisiae, sendo que essa atividade aumentou em função do aumento da concentração. Os halos de inibição, obtidos com o óleo essencial, foram significativos, quando comparados aos respectivos antibióticos tradicionais, cloranfenicol e anfotericina, indicando ser o óleo essencial da cúrcuma um agente antimicrobiano em potencial.
Degradação ruminal da silagem de capim-elefante aditivado com cana-de-açúcar e farelo de cacau
Authors: Teixeira Fábio Andrade , Veloso Cristina Mattos , Pires Aureliano Vieira , Silva Fabiano Ferreira da , Nascimento Paulo Valter Nunes , Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto de
Published: August 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), da proteína bruta (PB) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das silagens de capim-elefante; capim-elefante ensilado com 30% de cana-de-açúcar; 15% de farelo de cacau; e 45% de cana mais 15% de farelo de cacau. Amostras de cada silagem foram incubadas no rúmen de três novilhos mestiços holandês x zebu durante os períodos de 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas e os coeficientes não lineares a, b e c foram estimados por meio de procedimentos iterativos de Gauss-Newton. Para o capim-elefante ensilado com farelo de cacau, foram observados maiores valores da fração a da MS e da PB, próximos a 60%, além de maiores taxas da degradação da fração b e da degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da PB para as taxas de passagem 2, 5 e 8% h-1. As silagens que apresentaram as maiores frações não-degradáveis i da FDN foram as silagens de capim-elefante sem aditivo e com 30% de cana, enquanto a silagem aditivada com 45% de cana e 15% de farelo de cacau destacou-se pela maior degradação potencial da MS, da PB e da FDN, em todos os períodos estudados, e maiores DE da MS e da PB para as taxas de passagem 2, 5 e 8% h-1. A inclusão associada da cana-de-açúcar com o farelo de cacau, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante, apresenta-se como alternativa para aumentar a degradabilidade da forragem em estádio de crescimento avançado.
Socio-environmental impact of Cairo Metro line 2
Authors: Massoud O. W.
Published: August 2008

The impact of metro projects cutting through densely populated metropolises in developing countries on local communities and inhabitants is investigated. Cairo Metro line 2 is used as a case study. The Egyptian capital is a populous metropolis and the only African and Arab city to operate a fully fledged metro system. This paper aims to determine the socio-environmental impact of the Cairo Metro project and to identify measures to mitigate this impact. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with local people living and working close to the project and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a senior official from the client organisation and a senior manager from the contractor organisation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the interviews gives insight into the actual socio-environmental impact of the project on those living and working close by, including loss of business and fear for the structural safety of homes. The analysis also reveals some locally conceived ideas to mitigate this impact and a need to engage with local authorities and decision makers.
Evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl remediation at a superfund site using tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) as indicators
Authors: Spears Brian L , Brown Michael W , Hester Cyrus M
Published: August 2008

We studied tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) at the Sangamo National Priorities List (NPL) site and a reference area (Little Grassy) within Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, USA, to evaluate the bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the NPL site following remediation. Tree swallow eggs and 12- to 17-d-old chicks were collected from April to June 2004 and 2005. Total egg PCB concentrations in eggs did not differ between years at Sangamo; mean concentrations at Sangamo in 2004 to 2005 (4,452 ng/g) were higher than those from Little Grassy in 2004 (351 ng/g; p = 0.002) and 2005 (705 ng/g; p = 0.007). A positive PCB dilution in chicks is equivalent to relatively large amounts of exposure and absorption. Total PCB daily dilution in chicks in 2004 and 2005 averaged 92.4 and —203 ng/g/d at Sangamo and —21.8 and —42.7 ng/g/d at Little Grassy. Dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) in eggs in 2004 and 2005 were 1,844 and 676 pg/g at Sangamo and 165 and 128 pg/g at Little Grassy. Mean TEQs in chicks in 2004 and 2005 were 117 and 23.8 pg/g body weight at Sangamo and 0.8 and 0.7 pg/g body weight at Little Grassy. Total PCB concentrations in eggs and chicks at Sangamo and Little Grassy appeared to be comparable to other PCB-contaminated and reference sites. Our data demonstrate that tree swallows using the Sangamo site continue to accumulate significant quantities of PCBs seven years after remedial actions. These findings prompted a reevaluation of remediation at the site and underscore the importance of postremediation monitoring of ecological receptors, particularly in cases involving persistent environmental contaminants.
Fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in outdoor plankton-dominated microcosms in Thailand
Authors: Daam Michiel A , Crum Steven J. H , Van den Brink Paul J , Nogueira António J. A
Published: August 2008

The fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos were studied in plankton-dominated, freshwater microcosms in Thailand. Disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos from the water column in the present study were similar to those in temperate regions. Insecticide accumulation in the sediment was relatively small, with the major part in the top layer (depth, 1.5 cm). Application of chlorpyrifos led to significant changes in freshwater biological communities. Clam shrimps (Conchostraca) and the cladoceran Moina micrura were the most susceptible species (no-observed-effect concentration [NOEC], 0.1 μg/L) and macroinvertebrates the most sensitive community (NOEC, 0.1 μg/L). These results are in agreement with those from semifield experiments with chlorpyrifos in temperate regions. The results of an in situ bioassay were used to calculate a NOEC of 0.1 μg/L and a 48-h median lethal concentration of 0.6 μg/L for M. micrura, which are similar to toxicity values reported for Daphnia magna in studies in temperate regions. Overall, these findings support the use of toxicity data from temperate regions for the risk assessment of low-persistent insecticides like chlorpyrifos for aquatic communities in tropical regions.
Accumulation and maternal transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in snapping turtles of the upper Hudson River, New York, USA
Authors: Kelly Shannon M , Eisenreich Karen M , Baker Joel E , Rowe Christopher L
Published: August 2008

We conducted field studies over three years to assess body burdens and maternal transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as indices of sexual dimorphism in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) of the upper Hudson River (NY, USA.) We collected adult turtles in areas known to be contaminated with PCBs and in nearby reference areas for measurement of body size, precloacal length, and penis size. We analyzed PCB concentrations in eggs collected over three years and in whole blood from adults in one year. Total PCB concentrations (mean ± standard error) in eggs were 2,800 ± 520 and 59 ± 5 ng/g wet weight in the contaminated area and the reference area, respectively. Eggs from the contaminated area were significantly enriched in tri-, penta-, and hepta-PCBs relative to the reference area. Blood from adults in the contaminated area averaged 475 ± 200 and 125 ± 34 ng/g wet weight for males and females, respectively. In the reference area, blood PCB concentrations were 7 ± 3 and 4 ± 1 ng/g wet weight for males and females, respectively. Significant positive relationships were found between carapace length and blood PCB concentration for both sexes in the contaminated area; however, only a marginal relationship was found between female carapace length and concentration of PCBs in their eggs. Our results suggest that PCB contamination of the upper Hudson River presents risks of establishing high body burdens and of maternal transfer of PCBs to eggs, although our measures of gross morphology revealed no discernable expression of abnormal sexual development or reproduction.
A simple probabilistic estimation of spray drift—factors determining spray drift and development of a model
Authors: Wang Magnus , Rautmann Dirk
Published: August 2008

Spray drift represents a major mode of exposure in off-crop habitats or surface waters after pesticide spray application. Currently, the estimation of exposure by spray drift is based on a deterministic estimation of the amount of drifting residues, either with the use of default drift values or deterministic models, which, however, do not reproduce the entire range of spray drift observed in reality. However, because a series of data from extensive field trials are available, probabilistic methods based on Monte Carlo simulation can reveal realistic estimates of the entire range of exposures. For the development of a probabilistic spray drift model, previously published data from a series of field trials was analyzed to reveal how these data could be used for the parameterization of a probabilistic model. This analysis showed that wind speed, agricultural equipment (nozzle type, spray pressure), and relative humidity showed the strongest effect on spray drift. But remarkably, the effect differed for different distances from sprayed fields. For example, higher wind speed increased spray drift only at larger distances while it even reduced spray drift very close to field borders. Also spray pressure influenced spray drift predominantly close to fields. After identifying the parameters with the strongest effects, a probabilistic model for the estimation of the exposure by spray drift in off-crop habitats was developed. Spray drift can be simulated for any given distance from fields. It is demonstrated how the exposure and the amount of effects can be estimated when applying this model in real landscapes. Results are compared with a deterministic risk assessment.
Photoperiod Sensitivity of Rhizoma Peanut Germplasm
Authors: Williams M. J. , Sinclair T. R. , Mislevy P. , Quesenberry K. H. , Blount A. S. , Coleman S. W.
Published: August 2008

Short days are thought to alter dry matter (DM) partitioning in rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.). Under controlled environmental conditions, six lines of rhizoma peanut germplasm (cultivars Florigraze and Arbrook; Florida lines Ecoturf, Arbrook Select, and Arblick; and PI 262826) were exposed to natural and extended photoperiod regimes (15 or 18 h). The study started 21 Sept. 2000 and ran until the following May; aboveground DM was harvested five times. The following year the same lines were transplanted into the field, where they received either natural light or 15 h extended photoperiod conditions between 20 Sept. 2001 and 19 Apr. 2002 and again during the winter of 2002–2003. In the field, cover and DM was determined on approximately 9 wk intervals. In the controlled environment study, both extended photoperiod treatments increased DM yield, but the 18 h treatment was most consistent across selections and dates. The February response was greatest when there was greater than fivefold increase across selections for the 18 h treatment above natural photoperiod (2.80 vs. 0.52 g/pot, respectively). In the field, percent cover was enhanced by extended photoperiod for all selections except Ecoturf by the second sampling date after the lights were turned on (avg. 90 vs. 38% cover, respectively, for extended and natural photoperiod). Cover differences persisted until June 2002. Dry matter yield also was increased by treatment during the fall of both years. These studies suggest that selection for late and early season DM production in rhizoma peanut will select for photoperiod insensitivity.
Influence of Ultranarrow Row and Conventional Row Cotton on the Last Effective Boll Population
Authors: Viator Ryan P. , Gwathmey C. Owen , Cothren J. Tom , Reed Jack T. , Vories Earl D. , Nuti Russell C. , Edmisten Keith L. , Wells Randy
Published: August 2008

The last effective boll population (LEBP) is the basis for many cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) management decisions such as defoliation timing. The objective of this research was to determine the last effective boll population based on first position bolls for both ultranarrow row cotton (UNRC), grown in rows spaced 25 cm or less, and conventional cotton (CONC) grown in rows spaced 96 to 102 cm. Experimental sites included locations in North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. At each site, UNRC and CONC plots were planted in a RCB design. At first flower, 15 plants per plot were flagged for subsequent flower tagging. On each flagged plant, all first position flowers were tagged every 2 d throughout the reproductive stage with date and nodes above white flower (NAWF) data for each plant. Tagged bolls were handpicked, sorted, counted, and seedcotton was weighed and recorded by NAWF for each plot. The last effective boll population was considered that NAWF position where cotton could be economically produced. Cotton could be produced economically at NAWF 2 and 3 for UNRC and CONC, respectively. Lint yield did not differ significantly between UNRC and CONC across site‐years. The UNRC produced the majority of seedcotton on NAWF 3 to 5, while CONC produced the most seedcotton at NAWF 4 to 6. Boll numbers showed a similar pattern. These data demonstrate that physiological cutout occurred at NAWF <5 in both UNRC and CONC.
Influence of Glyphosate and Fungicide Coapplications on Weed Control, Spray Penetration, Soybean Response, and Yield in Glyphosate‐Resistant Soybean
Authors: Bradley Kevin W. , Sweets Laura E.
Published: August 2008

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of various glyphosate plus fungicide coapplications on weed control, spray penetration, phytotoxicity, and yield in glyphosate‐resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] during 2004 and 2005. Glyphosate was applied alone or in combination with the fungicides chlorothalonil [tetrachloroisophthalonitrile], metconazole [5‐[(4‐chlorophenyl)methyl]‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐(1H‐1,24‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclopentanol], myclobutanil [2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl methyl) hexanenitrile], propiconazole (1‐[[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl]methyl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole), pyraclostrobin (carbamic acid, [2,[[[1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]methoxy‐, methyl ester), tebuconazole [1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐3‐(1,2,4,j‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)pentan‐3‐ol]‐tetrafluoroetho, tetraconazole [(1‐[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐(1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethoxy)propylj]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole)], azoxystrobin (methyl (E)‐2‐{2‐[6‐(2‐cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin‐4‐yloxy]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate) plus propiconazole, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin [methyl (E)‐methoxyimino‐{(EE)‐alpha‐[1‐alpha,alpha,alpha‐trifluoro‐m‐tolyl) ethy lideneaminooxy]‐o‐tolyl}acetate], and pyraclostrobin plus boscalid at two application timings recommended for optimum weed control. Across all locations and years, similar levels of visual weed control and weed density at harvest were recorded with all glyphosate plus fungicide combinations compared with glyphosate alone. Little soybean plant injury or leaf area index reduction was observed with any glyphosate and fungicide coapplication when compared with glyphosate alone. Only coapplications of either glyphosate and pyraclostrobin or azoxystrobin plus propiconazole increased yields when compared with glyphosate alone. Greater spray penetration was achieved with early compared with late applications. No more than 10% spray card coverage was achieved at any canopy height with late applications. Although the optimum timing of fungicide application(s) will largely be dependent on the time of disease infection, these results suggest that the timing of fungicide application for control of Asian soybean rust (ASR) will rarely coincide with the optimum timing of herbicides like glyphosate for weed control in soybean.
Yield Improvement and Stability for Soybean Cultivars with Resistance to Heterodera Glycines Ichinohe
Authors: De Bruin Jason L. , Pedersen Palle
Published: August 2008

Cultivar selection is the most important management decision soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers can make to achieve high yield. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the contributions to genetic gain and yield stability made by cultivar resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN). Studies were established at three locations in Iowa during 2005 and 2006 in fields where SCN population densities ranged from 100 to 12,500 eggs 100‐cm−3 soil of various Hg‐Types. Twenty‐three cultivars that varied by year of release and resistance to SCN were evaluated. Yield variability among environments was less for new SCN‐resistant cultivars. Genetic gain was 14.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 greater for SCN‐resistant cultivars compared with SCN‐susceptible cultivars. Estimated genetic gain was similar for both high and low‐yielding environments. Yield potential was greater for new cultivars but yield stability was similar to old cultivars. There was no evidence of a negative relationship between yield and yield stability. Cultivars resistant to SCN had greater yields in both high‐ and low‐yielding environments and provided greater yield stability. These data support the selection of new cultivars that yield well at multiple locations and specifically cultivars with resistance to SCN for fields infested with SCN as a method to increase yield and yield stability.
Publishing Agronomic Data
Authors: White Jeffrey W. , van Evert Frits K.
Published: August 2008

A typical agricultural experiment produces vastly more data than can be reproduced in a research paper. Thus, data provided in a paper often are not detailed enough to allow the analysis to be checked, nor can the data be reanalyzed, for example, by combining them with data from other experiments or by use of techniques developed long after the original paper was published. Limitations to reanalysis are particularly unfortunate because agricultural research increasingly deals with issues that require examining large or detailed sets of data. Journals increasingly favor publishing data in digital supplements because this improves the likelihood that papers will be cited while reducing the length of journal articles. In this paper we argue that formal methods for publishing datasets from agricultural research should be established, analogous to publishing research findings. Criteria for determining whether a dataset merits publication include originality, utility, significance, completeness, quality, and usability. Mechanisms for distributing datasets also merit attention. Ensuring long‐term accessibility, respecting intellectual property rights, and managing possible corrections or modifications to datasets are among issues that require consideration.
Alternative Immunofluorescent Labeling of Cryptosporidium parvum in Water Samples Using Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Lee Lai Yoke , Hu Jiang Yong , Ong Say Leong , Ng How Yong , Wong Shih Wei , Feng Yaoyu , Tan Xiaolan
Published: August 2008

The application of immunofluorescent labeling using quantum dots for detection of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in spiked water samples (reservoir water, treated wastewater effluent, permeate of a membrane bioreactor, and tap water) provided more consistent results compared with the organic fluorophores label. The varying degree of particles present in the different water samples (with turbidity ranging from 0.2 to 6.1 NTU) in nonconcentrated water samples had insignificant interference on the labeled counts (2‐sample t‐tests, p > 0.236) using the quantum dot label, while the quantum dot label provided an advantage of approximately 50% lower interference in concentrated water samples compared with the organic fluorophores label.
From Total Suspended Solids to Molecular Biology Tools—A Personal View of Biological Wastewater Treatment Process Population Dynamics
Authors: Jenkins David
Published: August 2008

The development of the tools needed to study the population dynamics of biological wastewater treatment processes is traced from its beginnings in the early 1900s to today's use of molecular biology tools (Oerther and Love, 2003). Examples of the benefits of population dynamics research in improving the performance and aiding the design and operation of biological wastewater treatment processes are given. Some thoughts on future areas of study are presented.
Functionally Relevant Microorganisms to Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Performance at Full‐Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants in the United States
Authors: Gu April Z. , Saunders A. , Neethling J. B. , Stensel H. D. , Blackall L. L.
Published: August 2008

The abundance and relevance of Accumulibacter phosphatis (presumed to be polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms [PAOs]), Competibacter phosphatis (presumed to be glycogen‐accumulating organisms [GAOs]), and tetrad‐forming organisms (TFOs) to phosphorus removal performance at six full‐scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment plants were investigated. Coexistence of various levels of candidate PAOs and GAOs were found at these facilities. Accumulibacter were found to be 5 to 20% of the total bacterial population, and Competibacter were 0 to 20% of the total bacteria population. The TFO abundance varied from nondetectable to dominant. Anaerobic phosphorus (P) release to acetate uptake ratios (P rel/HAc up) obtained from bench tests were correlated positively with the abundance ratio of Accumulibacter/(Competibacter +TFOs) and negatively with the abundance of (Competibacter +TFOs) for all plants except one, suggesting the relevance of these candidate organisms to EBPR processes. However, effluent phosphorus concentration, amount of phosphorus removed, and process stability in an EBPR system were not directly related to high PAO abundance or mutually exclusive with a high GAO fraction. The plant that had the lowest average effluent phosphorus and highest stability rating had the lowest P rel/HAc up and the most TFOs. Evaluation of full‐scale EBPR performance data indicated that low effluent phosphorus concentration and high process stability are positively correlated with the influent readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand‐to‐phosphorus ratio. A system‐level carbon‐distribution‐based conceptual model is proposed for capturing the dynamic competition between PAOs and GAOs and their effect on an EBPR process, and the results from this study seem to support the model hypothesis.
A New Approach to Characterize Biodegradation of Organics by Molecular Mass Distribution in Landfill Leachate
Authors: Ha Dong Yun , Cho Soon Haing , Kim Young Kwon , Leung Solomon W.
Published: August 2008

This study provides biodegradability of organics in leachate according to their molecular mass distributions (<0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 3, 10, and >10 KDa). Organics with molecular mass values lower than 0.5 KDa were the predominant species in the raw leachate filtrate, and the aerated lagoon process was very effective in treating these highly biodegradable organics; the Fenton's oxidation process was very effective in treating not‐so‐biodegradable organics with molecular mass values higher than 0.5 KDa, but a portion of these organics were converted into organics <0.5 KDa after Fenton's oxidation. An oxygen uptake measurement using a respirometer was more sensitive than a conventional biochemical oxygen demand measurement to evaluate bioactivities, especially when bioactivities were low.
Biokinetic Characterization of the Acceleration Phase in Autotrophic Ammonia Oxidation
Authors: Chandran Kartik , Smets Barth F.
Published: August 2008

Batch autotrophic ammonia oxidation tracked through oxygen uptake measurements displays a preliminary acceleration phase. Failure to recognize the acceleration phase and fitting batch ammonia oxidation profiles with standard Monod‐type mathematical models can result in meaningless kinetic parameter estimates. The objectives of this study were to examine the factors controlling the acceleration phase and to derive and test empirical and metabolic models for its description. Because of possible sustained reducing power limitation during batch ammonia oxidation, the extent of the acceleration phase (1) increased with increasing initial ammonia concentration, (2) did not systematically vary with initial biomass concentrations, and (3) increased in response to starvation. Concurrent hydroxylamine oxidation significantly reduced the acceleration phase potentially by relieving reducing power limitation. A nonlinear empirical model described the acceleration phase more accurately than a linear empirical model. The metabolic model also captured experimental trends exceedingly well, but required determination of additional parameters and variables.
Relationship Between Antecedent Dry Period and Highway Pollutant: Conceptual Models of Buildup and Removal Processes
Authors: Li Ming‐Han , Barrett Michael E.
Published: August 2008

This paper investigated the highway stormwater quality at two Texas cities—Austin and College Station. Two highways with high average daily traffic were monitored using passive stormwater samplers for collecting first‐flush runoff during a 16‐month period. Detailed traffic and weather data were collected at College Station sites, but only weather data were obtained at Austin sites. A stepwise regression analysis on College Station data identifies the antecedent dry period (ADP) as the most significant predictor of pollutant concentration. Specifically, the College Station data show an unexpected result that pollutant event mean concentrations significantly decrease with increasing ADP for all analyzed pollutants. However, the runoff concentrations observed in Austin were not significantly correlated with ADP. The result from College Station data provides a different insight to the pollutant buildup and removal process on highways. Conceptual highway pollutant buildup and removal models are proposed for generating further discussion and research interest.
Atomic Bomb Health Benefits
Authors: Luckey T. D.
Published: August 2008

“The collected data strongly suggest that low-level radiation is not harmful, and is, in fact, frequently ‘apparently beneficial’ for human health.” — Kondo, 1993

Media reports of deaths and devastation produced by atomic bombs convinced people around the world that all ionizing radiation is harmful. This concentrated attention on fear of miniscule doses of radiation. Soon the linear no threshold (LNT) paradigm was converted into laws. Scientifically valid information about the health benefits from low dose irradiation was ignored. Here are studies which show increased health in Japanese survivors of atomic bombs. Parameters include decreased mutation, leukemia and solid tissue cancer mortality rates, and increased average lifespan. Each study exhibits a threshold that repudiates the LNT dogma. The average threshold for acute exposures to atomic bombs is about 100 cSv. Conclusions from these studies of atomic bomb survivors are:

One burst of low dose irradiation elicits a lifetime of improved health. Improved health from low dose irradiation negates the LNT paradigm. Effective triage should include radiation hormesis for survivor treatment.
Small Interfering RNA–Mediated Suppression of Proislet Amyloid Polypeptide Expression Inhibits Islet Amyloid Formation and Enhances Survival of Human Islets in Culture
Authors: Marzban Lucy , Tomas Alejandra , Becker Thomas C. , Rosenberg Lawrence , Oberholzer Jose , Fraser Paul E. , Halban Philippe A. , Verchere C. Bruce
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Islet amyloid, formed by aggregation of the β-cell peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; amylin), is a pathological characteristic of pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes. Toxic IAPP aggregates likely contribute to the progressive loss of β-cells in this disease. We used cultured human islets as an ex vivo model of amyloid formation to investigate whether suppression of proIAPP expression would inhibit islet amyloid formation and enhance β-cell survival and function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Islets from cadaveric organ donors were transduced with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a short interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to suppress human proIAPP (Ad-hProIAPP-siRNA), cultured for 10 days, and then assessed for the presence of islet amyloid, β-cell apoptosis, and β-cell function.

RESULTS—Thioflavine S–positive amyloid deposits were clearly present after 10 days of culture. Transduction with Ad-hProIAPP-siRNA reduced proIAPP expression by 75% compared with nontransduced islets as assessed by Western blot analysis of islet lysates 4 days after transduction. siRNA-mediated inhibition of IAPP expression decreased islet amyloid area by 63% compared with nontransduced cultured islets. Cell death assessed by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining was decreased by 50% in transduced cultured human islets, associated with a significant increase in islet insulin content (control, 100 ± 4 vs. +Ad-siRNA, 153 ± 22%, P < 0.01) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (control, 222 ± 33 vs. +Ad-siRNA, 285 ± 21 percent basal, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS—These findings demonstrate that inhibition of IAPP synthesis prevents amyloid formation and β-cell death in cultured human islets. Inhibitors of IAPP synthesis may have therapeutic value in type 2 diabetes.
Two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Identify the Highest-Risk Diabetes HLA Genotype
Authors: Barker Jennifer M. , Triolo Taylor M. , Aly Theresa A. , Baschal Erin E. , Babu Sunanda R. , Kretowski Adam , Rewers Marian J. , Eisenbarth George S.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—People with the HLA genotype DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*04-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (DR3/4-DQ8) are at the highest risk of developing type 1 diabetes. We sought to find an inexpensive, rapid test to identify DR3/4-DQ8 subjects using two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—SNPs rs2040410 and rs7454108 were associated with DR3-DQB1*0201 and DR4-DQB1*0302. We correlated these SNPs with HLA genotypes and with publicly available data on 5,019 subjects from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Consortium (T1DGC). Additionally, we analyzed these SNPs in samples from 143 HLA-typed children who participated in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study of the Young (DAISY) using Taqman probes (rs7454108) and restriction digest analysis (rs2040410).

RESULTS—With a simple combinatorial rule, the SNPs of interest identified the presence or absence of the DR3/4-DQ8 genotype. A wide variety of genotypes were tested for both SNPs. In T1DGC samples, the two SNPs were 98.5% (1,173 of 1,191) sensitive and 99.7% (3,815 of 3,828) specific for DR3/4-DQ8. In the DAISY population, the test was 100% (69 of 69) sensitive and 100% (74 of 74) specific. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity for the test were 98.57 and 99.67%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS—A two-SNP screening test can identify the highest risk heterozygous genotype for type 1 diabetes in a time- and cost-effective manner.
Baseline Quality-of-Care Data From a Quality-Improvement Program Implemented by a Network of Diabetes Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Rossi Maria C.E. , Nicolucci Antonio , Arcangeli Adolfo , Cimino Antonino , De Bigontina Gualtiero , Giorda Carlo , Meloncelli Illidio , Pellegrini Fabio , Valentini Umberto , Vespasiani Giacomo ,   on behalf of the Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD) Annals Study Group
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—To describe patterns of diabetes care and implement benchmarking activities at the national level.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 86 clinics participated, all using electronic medical records. Quality indicators were identified, and software was developed, enabling the extraction of the information needed for quality-of-care profiling.

RESULTS—Overall, 114,249 patients with type 2 diabetes were seen during 2004. A1C was measured at least once in 88.0% of the patients, lipid profile in 64.6%, blood pressure in 77.2%, and microalbuminuria in 48.1%. Overall, 43.1% of individuals had A1C ≤7.0%, 36.6% had blood pressure ≤130/85 mmHg, and 29.8% had LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl. Only 5.5% of the patients had achieved all the favorable outcomes. Wide between-center variation was documented for all indicators.

CONCLUSIONS—This study is the first step of a nationwide quality-improvement effort and documents the possibility of obtaining standardized information to be used for diabetes care profiling and benchmarking activities.
Association Between Maternal Diabetes in Utero and Age at Offspring's Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pettitt David J. , Lawrence Jean M. , Beyer Jennifer , Hillier Teresa A. , Liese Angela D. , Mayer-Davis Beth , Loots Beth , Imperatore Giuseppina , Liu Lenna , Dolan Lawrence M. , Linder Barbara , Dabelea Dana
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine age of diabetes diagnosis in youth who have a parent with diabetes by diabetes type and whether the parent's diabetes was diagnosed before or after the youth's birth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The cohort comprised SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants (diabetes diagnosis 2001–2005) with a diabetic parent. SEARCH is a multicenter survey of youth with diabetes diagnosed before age 20 years.

RESULTS—Youth with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have a parent with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (mother 39.3%; father 21.2%) than youth with type 1 diabetes (5.3 and 6.7%, respectively, P < 0.001 for each). Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed 1.68 years earlier among those exposed to diabetes in utero (n = 174) than among those whose mothers’ diabetes was diagnosed later (P = 0.018, controlled for maternal diagnosis age, paternal diabetes, sex, and race/ethnicity). Age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for 269 youth with and without in utero exposure did not differ significantly (difference 0.96 year, P = 0.403 after adjustment). Controlled for the father's age of diagnosis, father's diabetes before the child's birth was not associated with age at diagnosis (P = 0.078 for type 1 diabetes; P = 0.140 for type 2 diabetes).

CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed at younger ages among those exposed to hyperglycemia in utero. Among youth with type 1 diabetes, the effect of the intrauterine exposure was not significant when controlled for mother's age of diagnosis. This study helps explain why other studies have found higher age-specific rates of type 2 diabetes among offspring of women with diabetes.