bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Confluent, Roscovitine Treatment and Serum Starvation on the Cell‐cycle Synchronization of Bovine Foetal Fibroblasts
Authors: Cho SR , Ock SA , Yoo JG , Mohana kumar B , Choe SY , Rho GJ
Published: March 2005

Contents

The present study was designed to examine the effects of cell‐cycle synchronization protocols, such as confluent, roscovitine treatment and serum starvation, in bovine foetal fibroblasts on synchronization accuracy at G0/G1, viability, apoptosis, necrosis and ploidy for use as a nuclei donor. The cells in 5–10 passages were randomly allocated into three treated groups. Cells were cultured either in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) + 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) until 90% confluent (group 1, confluent), in DMEM + 10% FBS + 30 μM roscovitine for 12 h (group 2, roscovitine), or in DMEM + 0.5% FBS for 5 days (group 3, serum starvation). Most of the cells (>80%) in all groups were arrested at the G0/G1 stage. Although the rates did not differ, cells in group 1 showed an increased cell population arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher rates of apoptosis occurred in group 3 than in group 1 and 2 (10% vs 6% and 6%, respectively). No differences in chromosomal abnormality were observed among groups. However, by increasing the number of cell culture passages up to 15, significantly (p < 0.05) higher chromosomal abnormality was observed than in 5 and 10 passages (39% vs 28% and 23%, respectively) in group 1. The results clearly indicated that bovine foetal fibroblasts could be effectively synchronized at G0/G1 stages by all the three different treatments, confluent, roscovitine and serum starvation. However, cells in confluent showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis when they underwent 5–10 passages, exhibiting increased percentage of cells with stable chromosome diversity. Hence, cells in confluent merit further studies before they could be used as nuclear donors.
Searching for a better story: harnessing modern and postmodern positions in family therapy
Authors: Pocock David
Published: March 2005

In this paper it is argued that modern and postmodern positions on reality and knowledge should not create a theoretical division in family therapy and that rather, by harnessing the two together, each may restrain the other. This combination creates the potential for drawing widely from the whole field of family therapy as well as challenging the separation of mainstream family therapy models from psychoanalysis. The concept of better story is used to replace both the polarized modern position of an objective discoverable truth and the polarized postmodern position of all stories having equal validity. It is suggested that better stories, which evolve in the meeting of family and therapist, may include those which are more congruent, object‐adequate, encompassing, holding, shared, emotional, conscious, just, provisional and hopeful.
Introduction to Behavioural Family Therapy for families with young children
Authors: Crane D. Russell
Published: March 2005

This paper presents some suggestions for the implementation of Behavioural Family Therapy for families with young children. It attempts to bridge the gap between clinical research and practice by emphasizing the process of therapy delivery rather than the specific content of the behavioural approach. Suggestions for teaching behaviour management skills, contracting and the effective use of rewards and punishments are given. The common mistakes made by those working with Behavioural Family Therapy are addressed, and suggestions for working with single‐parent families are given.
Personhood, culture and family therapy
Authors: Krause Inga‐Britt
Published: March 2005

This paper argues that ideas about personhood and relationships vary cross‐culturally and that although it is not always obvious or easy to discover, this variation is particularly salient to family therapy. This argument is supported by a dual definition of culture emphasizing both continuity of cultural themes (generative aspect) and the reconstitution, redefinition and change of such themes through interaction and communication (interactive aspect). The effectiveness of interventions which are isomorphic with ideas which families themselves hold about personhood is demonstrated through work with two families, one Punjabi and one Bangladeshi.
Family therapy and clinical psychology
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: March 2005

The results of a survey of 111 clinical psychologists in the Republic of Ireland along with some comparable data from US and UK surveys were used to address a series of questions about the link between family therapy and clinical psychology. Family therapy was not a clearly identifiable sub‐specialty within clinical psychology in Ireland. Family therapy theoretical models were used by more than a quarter of the Irish sample to conceptualize their work but by less than a tenth of US and UK respondents. In all three countries about a tenth of treatment time was devoted to the practice of family therapy. In Ireland, the use of family systems models, family assessment interviews and family therapy was more common within the child and family specialty than within the mental handicap or adult mental health clinical psychology specialties. The experience of live supervision and participation in family or couples therapy were important formative factors in the development of some clinical psychologists. Further training in systemic consultation, particularly in situations where an abuse of power has occurred, was identified in the survey as a priority area for continuing professional development. The evolving relationship between family therapy and clinical psychology is discussed in the light of these findings.
Therapists' perceptions of multicultural assessment and therapy with immigrant families
Authors: Ben‐David Amith
Published: March 2005

This paper explores therapists’perceptions of their assessment and treatment of new immigrant families from two very distinct populations: the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. Some 145 professionals, approximately 70 per cent of those who treat new immigrants in the northern part of Israel, were questioned about various aspects of their assessment and treatment process. The differences between therapists and client families regarding the client's similarity to or difference from the majority culture are discussed. Of particular concern is whether therapists favour personal rather than contextual formulations of client problems. The results indicate that the wider the gap between the cultural background of the therapist and the immigrant families, the more sensitive and contextual the therapist's assessment and intervention choices.
Failure, mistakes, regret and other subjugated stories in family therapy
Authors: Spellman David , Harper David J
Published: March 2005

This paper discusses the notions of failure and mistakes in family therapy, arguing that there are insufficient accounts in the literature which reflect the untidiness and disorder of everyday practice. The idea of dominant and subjugated stories is invoked to map the influence of notions of failure upon family therapy practice. It is argued that our practice would benefit if more accounts of our work routinely included stories of failure, mistakes and regret.
ATHENS, JERUSALEM, AND THE ARRIVAL OF TECHNO‐SECULARISM
Authors: Caiazza John C.
Published: March 2005

Abstract. Western civilization historically has tried to balance secular knowledge with revealed religion. Science is the modern world's version of secular knowledge and resists the kind of integration achieved by Augustine and Aquinas. Managing the conflict between religion and evolution by containing them in separate “frames,” as Stephen J. Gould suggested, does not resolve the issue. Science may have displaced religion from the public square, but the traditional science‐religion conflict has become threadbare in intellectual terms. Scientific theories have become increasingly abstract, and science has been attacked from the left as a source of objective knowledge. However, technology, not science, has displaced religious belief, a phenomenon I call techno‐secularism. Robert Coles's suggestion that secularism is a form of doubt inevitably attached to religious belief, and William James's reduction of religious experiences to psychological states, evaluating them according to their “cash value,” are unhelpful. Technology enables us to remake our environment according to our wishes and has become a kind of magic that replaces not just revealed religion but also theoretical science. Techno‐secularism has an ethical vision that focuses on healthful living, self‐fulfillment, and avoiding the struggles of human life and the inevitability of death.
THE CONTINUING INTERACTION OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: Polkinghorne John
Published: March 2005

Abstract. Stephen I Gould's notion of non‐overlapping magisteria (NOMA) is neither experientially supported nor rationally justifiable. Influence flows between science and religion, as when evolutionary thinking encouraged theology to adopt a kenotic view of the Creator's act of allowing creatures to be and to make themselves. Alleged simplistic dichotomies between science and religion, such as motivated belief contrasted with fideistic assertion, are seen to be false. Promising topics in the currently vigorous dialogue between science and religion include relational ontology, eschatological credibility, and ethical issues relating to advances in human genetics.
THE DEBATE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: EXPLORING ROADS LESS TRAVELED
Authors: Morowitz Harold
Published: March 2005

Abstract. The confrontation between Hellenism and Judaism goes back to the invasion of the Middle East by the armies of Alexander the Great. The differing ideologies, first rationalized by Philo of Alexandria, have emerged repeatedly for the past 2,000 years. The inability to resolve the differences can be traced to the differing epistemologies of religious fundamentalists and scientists with views that can be traced to Karl Popper, Immanuel Kant, and, ultimately, Aristotle.
RELIGION VERSUS SCIENCE: THE CONFLICT IN REFERENCE TO TRUTH VALUE, NOT CASH VALUE
Authors: Laszlo Ervin
Published: March 2005

Abstract. The rift between science and religion needs to be assessed not merely on pragmatic grounds, on the basis of the effect of scientific versus religious beliefs on people's behavior, as John Caiazza's essay does, but also and above all in regard to the cogency of the respective beliefs in reference to what we can reasonably assume is the true face of reality. About such truth value, the conflict is not irremediable; there are elements of belief regarding the nature of reality that are strikingly similar regardless of whether one arrived at them on the basis of faith in revealed knowledge or on the basis of knowledge acquired by reasoning from or in reference to experience. Two such items are selected here by way of example: belief that in certain states of mind and consciousness individuals can experience union with something larger or deeper than themselves, and belief that the universe we inhabit is the result of an original creative act.
CHRISTIAN AND BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVES ON NEURO PSYCHOLOGY AND THE HUMAN PERSON: PNEUMA AND PRATITYASAMUTPADA
Authors: Yong Amos
Published: March 2005

Abstract. Recent discussions of the mind‐brain and the soul‐body problems have been both advanced and complexified by the cognitive sciences. I focus explicitly here on emergence, supervenience, and nonreductive physicalist theories of human personhood in light of recent advances in the Christian‐Buddhist dialogue. While traditional self and no‐self views pitted Christianity versus Buddhism versus science, I show how the nonreductive physicalist proposal regarding human personhood emerging from the neuroscientific enterprise both contributes to and is enriched by the Christian concept of pneuma (spirit) and the Buddhist concept of pratityasamutpada (codependent origination).
DEFENDING ETHICAL NATURALISM: THE ROLES OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND PRAGMATISM
Authors: Ward Andrew
Published: March 2005

Abstract.In various essays, Paul Churchland explores the relevance of studies in cognitive science to issues in ethics. What emerges is a kind of ethical naturalism that has two components. The first component is a descriptive‐genealogical one whose purpose is to explain how people come to have their ethical beliefs. The second component is a normative one whose purpose is to explain why some values are better than other values. Given this distinction, the problem of integrating ethics with beliefs about the world is a consequence of the traditional view that it is possible to naturalize descriptive‐genealogical ethics but not normative ethics. With this distinction as background, I critically examine Churchland's exploration of cognitive science's contribution to our understanding of the values and purposes that should direct our lives. The conclusion is twofold. First, using concepts from the American pragmatists, I argue that, pace Churchland, it is possible to bridge the descriptive‐normative gap in order to articulate an ethical naturalism that addresses the so‐called naturalistic fallacy but is not committed to an unpalatable relativism. Second, I argue that the sort of ethical naturalism that emerges has affinities to the postmodern ethics of Jean‐François Lyotard.
Fine‐tuning of auditory cortex during speech production
Authors: Heinks‐Maldonado Theda H. , Mathalon Daniel H. , Gray Max , Ford Judith M.
Published: March 2005

The cortex suppresses sensory information when it is the result of a self‐produced motor act, including the motor act of speaking. The specificity of the auditory cortical suppression to self‐produced speech, a prediction derived from the posited operation of a precise forward model system, has not been established. We examined the auditory N100 component of the event‐related brain potential elicited during speech production. While subjects uttered a vowel, they heard real‐time feedback of their unaltered voice, their pitch‐shifted voice, or an alien voice substituted for their own. The subjects' own unaltered voice feedback elicited a dampened auditory N100 response relative to the N100 elicited by altered or alien auditory feedback. This is consistent with the operation of a precise forward model modulating the auditory cortical response to self‐generated speech and allowing immediate distinction of self and externally generated auditory stimuli.
Aging in context: Age‐related changes in context use during language comprehension
Authors: Federmeier Kara D. , Kutas Marta
Published: March 2005

Effects of normal aging on the use of sentence context information during language comprehension were examined by measuring younger and older adults' event‐related potential (ERP) responses to congruent sentence‐final words as a function of contextual constraint. Half of the sentence contexts were strongly constraining, rendering the target word very predictable, whereas the other half were weakly constraining. Both age groups elicited smaller N400 responses to target words in strongly than in weakly constrained contexts, but this effect was significantly smaller and later for older adults. Older adults with lower reading spans showed greater delays. Age‐related changes were driven primarily by decreases in older adults' ability to make use of the richer information available from strongly constraining contexts to guide semantic processing, as word processing (N400s) in weak contexts was qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the two age groups.
Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample
Authors: Verschuere Bruno , Crombez Geert , De Clercq Armand , Koster Ernst H. W.
Published: March 2005

We examined the role of psychopathic traits on physiological responding during a concealed information polygraph test among prison inmates (n=40). The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) was used to assess psychopathic traits. Cardiac, electrodermal, and respiratory responses were measured while participants were presented with personal and control names and asked to conceal recognition of personal information. We first piloted the present concealed information test in a sample of undergraduates (n=27). Enhanced orienting to concealed information compared to control information was observed in both prisoners and undergraduates. However, prisoners scoring high on the Impulsive Antisociality factor of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI‐II) exhibited reduced electrodermal responding. This finding indicates that the sensitivity of the concealed information test may be decreased in antisocial offenders.
Gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity and protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in rats
Authors: Vardi Nigar , Parlakpinar Hakan , Ozturk Feral , Acet Ahmet
Published: March 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on gentamicin (GM)‐induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty‐one adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups as follows: control group, GM and GM + CAPE group. Control group rats were injected with 5% ethanol, GM group rats were treated with 100 mg/kg GM and GM + CAPE group were pretreated with 10 μmol/kg CAPE for 2 days, then exposed to GM at the same dose. Drug injections were applied for 12 days. Twenty‐four hours after the last injection, rats were killed and kidneys were quicky removed. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements and microscopic examination of kidneys were performed. In the GM group, significant increases in MDA levels were observed (P < 0.05). These changes were found to be normalized in the GM + CAPE group. Exposure to GM caused necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. Necrosis of tubules were found to be prevented by CAPE pretreatment. In conclusion, CAPE exerted an improvement on GM‐induced nephrotoxicity, possibly, at least in part through inhibition of the production of oxygen free radicals that cause lipid peroxidation.
Political Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: CHHATRE ASHWINI , SABERWAL VASANT
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  There seems to be a worldwide lack of political will for conservation that leads, inevitably, to an undermining of conservation policy. This is a standard complaint but one that has received little academic attention. In an attempt to better understand the gap between conservation policy and practice, we examined conservation policies and practice as they have played out in the Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, India, over the past two decades. In particular we consider the park's experience within two larger contexts: (1) Himachal's current development orientation, which seeks to transform the state into the electrical powerhouse of the country by building over 300 medium and large power projects and (2) electoral politics that result in politician's support for villagers and others denied access to national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Each of these factors works to undermine state conservation policies. Conservationists need to build political bridges with local communities if they are to use electoral power to work for rather than against conservation. Only such electoral power can be expected to force governments to adopt more cautious policies in advancing a particular development agenda. In the absence of strategic alignments in places such as Himachal Pradesh with strong democratic traditions, one must expect continued political support for potentially destructive megaprojects and an absence of political support for the conservation of biological diversity.
Assessing Suitability for Conservation Action: Prioritizing Interpond Linkages for the California Tiger Salamander
Authors: PYKE CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Conservation organizations and public agencies are interested in identifying and prioritizing areas for conservation action, often acquisition or easements. Typically, this requires the use of uncertain data and vaguely defined decision criteria. I developed a decision support system to address these uncertainty issues and assist in evaluating conservation opportunities for the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) in Santa Barbara, California. Functionally defined planning units were used to aggregate data on land suitability, land cover change, salamander presence, and movement risk along potential linkages between breeding ponds. I used a fuzzy‐logic‐based inference engine to evaluate the planning units and rank the relative suitability of interpond linkages for conservation action. The sensitivity of the rankings was considered with respect to uncertainty in salamander occurrence data and the relationship between land‐cover‐change threats and site suitability. All linkages were substantially degraded, but five areas were consistently identified with high relative suitability for conservation action despite differences in assumptions and uncertainty in biological data. The combination of functionally defined planning units and a fuzzy‐logic‐based decision support system provides a general framework for considering the suitability of sites for conservation action.
Statistical Estimation and Model Selection of Species‐Accumulation Functions
Authors: DÍAZ‐FRANCÉS ELOÍSA , SOBERÓN JORGE
Published: March 2005

Abstract: 
Soberón and Llorente (1993) proposed pure‐birth stochastic processes as theoretical models for species‐accumulation curves, and these processes have frequently been used to describe the progress of biological inventories. We describe, in algorithmic form, an alternative statistical analysis based on a likelihood approach (Díaz‐Francés & Gorostiza 2002) that provides mathematical rigor to the ideas in Soberón and Llorente (1993) and improves the estimation of the models by incorporating the facts that the variance of the error is not constant and that the observations are correlated. Additionally, we used the likelihood ratios between candidate models as an objective procedure for model selection, allowing comparison between the goodness of fit of various models. The software for these statistical methods can now be downloaded off the Internet. We used two examples of butterfly data sets to illustrate the use of the methods and the software.
Population History, Mating System, and Fitness Variation in a Perennial Herb with a Fragmented Distribution
Authors: LEIMU ROOSA , MUTIKAINEN PIA
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Patterns of genetic diversity are strongly influenced by the history of populations, which is often ignored when examining the viability of populations. We studied the relationship of population size, genetic variation, and fitness in the perennial herbVincetoxicum hirundinaria(Asclepiadaceae) in the southwestern archipelago of Finland, where this species occurs commonly on many of the islands and its distribution is highly fragmented. We measured the magnitude and distribution of genetic variation in this species to examine how patterns of genetic diversity reflect population history, especially the colonization pattern of the islands and the mating system. Additionally, we used the genetic data to interpret previous results that suggest that fitness variation among populations is not directly related to population size. We found a high level of genetic variation (He=0.396) and a low level of genetic differentiation ( FST=0.052) among the populations. In contrast to several rare plant species, the level of genetic variation ( He) was not correlated with population size or with male or female fitness of the plants. Our results also indicated that inbreeding is common in all populations regardless of their size (meanFIS=0.460) but that it does not correlate significantly with male or female fitness traits. The observed patterns of genetic variation suggest that this species has a mixed mating system. Taken together, these results indicate that the studied populations are of recent common ancestry but may also have relatively high levels of current gene flow. The differences between our results and those from previous studies of rare plant species with a fragmented distribution pattern emphasize the importance of considering whether fragmentation is caused by recent human activities or whether it reflects a distribution pattern characteristic of the species when evaluating the conservation needs of the species.
Frog, Bat, and Dung Beetle Diversity in the Cloud Forest and Coffee Agroecosystems of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: PINEDA EDUARDO , MORENO CLAUDIA , ESCOBAR FEDERICO , HALFFTER GONZALO
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  We compared the species diversity of copronecrophagous beetles (Scarabaeinae), bats, and frogs in tropical montane cloud forest (original vegetation) and shaded coffee plantations (an agroecosystem common to the region) for a landscape in central Veracruz, Mexico. We sampled in three tropical montane cloud forest fragments and in three coffee plantations with traditional polyculture shade between 1998 and 2001. The three indicator groups responded differently to the transformation of tropical montane cloud forest into shaded coffee plantations. The species richness of frogs was one‐fifth less in coffee plantations than in forest fragments, and only one‐third of the frog species occurred in both forest fragments and coffee plantations. The number of beetle species and their abundance was significantly greater in coffee plantations than in the forest fragments, whereas species richness and species composition of bats were virtually the same in both habitats. The majority of the abundant species remained as such in both communities, but species that were less abundant were not scarce in both habitats. We attributed differences in the species assemblages to the differing degrees of penetrability of the borders of the two habitat types (especially for the coffee plantations) and to the differences in life‐history traits among species. Shaded coffee plantations form a matrix that envelops the remaining fragments of cloud forest. Together they connect the forest fragments with the other habitats of the landscape and represent a highly functional resource for the preservation of biodiversity that serves as a complement to but not a substitute for cloud forest in this notably modified landscape.
Training of yeast cell dynamics
Authors: Reijenga Karin A. , Bakker Barbara M. , van der Weijden Coen C. , Westerhoff Hans V.
Published: March 2005

In both industrial fermenters and in their natural habitats, microorganisms often experience an inhomogeneous and fluctuating environment. In this paper we mimicked one aspect of this nonideal behaviour by imposing a low and oscillating extracellular glucose concentration on nonoscillating suspensions of yeast cells. The extracellular dynamics changed the intracellular dynamics – which was monitored through NADH fluorescence – from steady to equally dynamic; the latter followed the extracellular dynamics at the frequency of glucose pulsing. Interestingly, the amplitude of the oscillation of the NADH fluorescence increased with time. This increase in amplitude was sensitive to inhibition of protein synthesis, and was due to a change in the cells rather than in the medium; the cell population was ‘trained’ to respond to the extracellular dynamics. To examine the mechanism behind this ‘training’, we subjected the cells to a low and constant extracellular glucose concentration. Seventy‐five minutes of adaptation to a low and constant glucose concentration induced the same increase of the amplitude of the forced NADH oscillations as did the train of glucose pulses. Furthermore, 75 min of adaptation to a low (oscillating or continuous) glucose concentration decreased the KM of the glucose transporter from 26 mm to 3.5 mm. When subsequently the apparent KM was increased by addition of maltose, the amplitude of the forced oscillations dropped to its original value. This demonstrated that the increased affinity of glucose transport was essential for the training of the cells' dynamics.
Hu‐K4 is a ubiquitously expressed type 2 transmembrane protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Munck Antonia , Böhm Christopher , Seibel Nicole M. , Hashemol Hosseini Zara , Hampe Wolfgang
Published: March 2005

Hu‐K4 is a human protein homologous to the K4L protein of vaccinia virus. Due to the presence of two HKD motifs, Hu‐K4 was assigned to the family of Phospholipase D proteins although so far no catalytic activity has been shown. The Hu‐K4 mRNA is found in many human organs with highest expression levels in the central nervous system. We extended the ORF of Hu‐K4 to the 5′ direction. As a consequence the protein is 53 amino acids larger than originally predicted, now harbouring a putative transmembrane domain. The exon/intron structure of the Hu‐K4 gene reveals extensive alternative splicing in the 5′ untranslated region. Due to the absence of G/C‐rich regions and upstream ATG codons, the mRNA isoform in brain may be translated with higher efficacy leading to a high Hu‐K4 protein concentration in this tissue. Using a specific antiserum produced against Hu‐K4 we found that Hu‐K4 is a membrane‐bound protein colocalizing with protein disulfide isomerase, a marker of the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation of Hu‐K4 as shown by treatment with peptide N‐glycosidase F or tunicamycin indicates that Hu‐K4 has a type 2 transmembrane topology.
Emergence of a subfamily of xylanase inhibitors within glycoside hydrolase family 18
Authors: Durand Anne , Hughes Richard , Roussel Alain , Flatman Ruth , Henrissat Bernard , Juge Nathalie
Published: March 2005

The xylanase inhibitor protein I (XIP‐I), recently identified in wheat, inhibits xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 10 (GH10) and 11 (GH11). Sequence and structural similarities indicate that XIP‐I is related to chitinases of family GH18, despite its lack of enzymatic activity. Here we report the identification and biochemical characterization of a XIP‐type inhibitor from rice. Despite its initial classification as a chitinase, the rice inhibitor does not exhibit chitinolytic activity but shows specificities towards fungal GH11 xylanases similar to that of its wheat counterpart. This, together, with an analysis of approximately 150 plant members of glycosidase family GH18 provides compelling evidence that xylanase inhibitors are largely represented in this family, and that this novel function has recently emerged based on a common scaffold. The plurifunctionality of GH18 members has major implications for genomic annotations and predicted gene function. This study provides new information which will lead to a better understanding of the biological significance of a number of GH18 ‘inactivated’ chitinases.
A Chisel Edge Model for Arbitrary Drill Point Geometry
Authors: Paul Anish , Kapoor S. G. , DeVor R. E.
Published: March 2005

An oblique cutting model is developed to predict the thrust and torque created by the chisel edge of a drill with an arbitrary point geometry. The chisel edge geometry is modeled using a mathematical representation of the flank grinding parameters and the flute geometry. The varying cutting angles at the chisel edge are determined and used to calculate the force contribution of each element using a mechanistic modeling approach. The model is validated for three commercial point geometries—the conical, helical and Racon® drill points. Model simulations match experimental data well for the geometries tested and show a marked improvement over the orthogonal cutting model.
Experimental Analysis of Search-Based Selection of Sample Points for Straightness and Flatness Estimation
Authors: Affan Badar M. , Raman Shivakumar , Simin Pulat P. , Shehab Randa L.
Published: March 2005

In earlier work [Bader et al., ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 125(2), pp. 263–271 (2003); Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 45(1), pp. 63–75 (2005)] the authors have presented an adaptive sampling method utilizing manufacturing error patterns and optimization search techniques for straightness and flatness evaluation. The least squares method was used to compute a tolerance zone. In this paper, experimental analysis is performed to verify the sturdiness of the adaptive sampling procedure. Experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of different factors on the sample size and absolute percent error of the estimated tolerance from that of a large population sample. Twelve 7075-T6 aluminum plates are end-milled and 12 cast iron plates are face-milled. Two sets of four plates from each lot are selected randomly, one each for straightness and flatness estimation. Factor A used in both straightness and flatness analyses is manufacturing process (i.e., surface error profile). Factor B for straightness is step size whereas for flatness it is search strategy (i.e., number of bad moves and restart allowed). Factor C for flatness is search algorithm (i.e., tabu and hybrid). Plates are nested within the levels of manufacturing process. The results have been analyzed and compared with other sampling methods. The analyses reveal that the current approach is more efficient and reliable.
Numerical Prediction of Static Form Errors in Peripheral Milling of Thin-Walled Workpieces With Irregular Meshes
Authors: Wan Min , Zhang Weihong , Qiu Kepeng , Gao Tong , Yang Yonghong
Published: March 2005

The finite element formulation is studied in this paper to predict static form errors in the peripheral milling of complex thin-walled workpieces. Key issues such as cutter modeling, finite element discretization of cutting forces, tool–workpiece coupling and variation of the workpiece’s rigidity in milling are investigated. To be able to predict static form errors on the machined surface of complex form, considerable improvements are made on the proper modeling of the material removal in milling and the iterative calculations of tool-workpiece deflections. A general simulation approach is developed based on 3D irregular finite element meshes. By using illustrative examples, rigid and flexible models are compared with existing ones to show the validity of the approach.
Sensor Placement for Effective Diagnosis of Multiple Faults in Fixturing of Compliant Parts
Authors: Camelio Jaime A. , Hu S. Jack , Yim Hyunjune
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a new sensor placement methodology for effective fault diagnosis in an N-2-1 locating scheme used in compliant sheet metal assembly processes. The proposed approach is based on the effective independence (EfI) sensor placement method. The EfI method is a computational algorithm that starts with all feasible sensor locations and reaches the desired number of locations, by progressively eliminating those having the least contributions to the linearly independent manifestation of the fixture faults. The least squares method was adopted to identify fixture faults from measurement data. An automotive panel part was considered to illustrate the suggested methodology. The sensors placed by the EfI method enable the effective identification of multiple fixture faults even in the presence of moderate measurement noise.
Simulation of the Age Forming Process
Authors: Idem K. , Peddieson J.
Published: March 2005

It is demonstrated that an age forming model based on the assumptions that the loading and unloading phases are dominated by linear elasticity while the aging phase is dominated by nonlinear stress relaxation is in qualitative agreement with experimental data for several typical viscoelastic constitutive equations. A simplified version of this model is applied to the bending of beams (and long plates) and used to generate closed form solutions.
Fatigue Life Prediction After Laser Forming
Authors: Zhang J. , Pirzada D. , Chu C. C. , Cheng G. J.
Published: March 2005

Analysis of the laser forming process has been focused on geometry, yield strength, and microstructure change in the past. However fatigue life has been the primary concern for engineering components in many applications. For laser forming to become a practical rapid prototyping tool, research has to be done to predict fatigue life of sheet metal after laser forming. Microstructure as well as the distribution of residual stresses and strains changes during laser forming process. The current models cannot predict the fatigue life after laser forming accurately because of differences in assumptions. This work presents a model to predict fatigue life of sheet metal after laser forming. Results from microstructure integrated finite element modeling of laser forming are incorporated in the fatigue life model. Low carbon steel is used in this work to validate the model. It is shown that the proposed model can predict the fatigue life of sheet metal after laser forming with good accuracy. The predictions from the model are consistent with experimental results. Effects of laser forming conditions on fatigue life of sheet metal are under investigation.
Fluid Flow and Pressure in the Grinding Wheel-Workpiece Interface
Authors: Gviniashvili Vladimir , Webster John , Rowe Brian
Published: March 2005

A model is presented for flow of grinding fluid through the grinding zone. It was found that the flow rate through the contact zone between the wheel and the workpiece is a function of fluid pressure in the grinding zone, delivery flow rate, fluid density, and wheel velocity. An empirical coefficient of value less than 1 is introduced. The coefficient depends on wheel geometry, jet velocity, abrasive property, and fluid property. Air flow interfering with the delivery grinding fluid is also analyzed. A relationship was found between atmospheric pressure and the retention of fluid particles in the boundary layer on the wheel periphery. The model was tested for both porous and impervious wheels.
Finite Thickness Influence on Spherical and Conical Indentation on Viscoelastic Thin Polymer Film
Authors: Gonda V. , den Toonder J. , Beijer J. , Zhang G. Q. , Ernst L. J.
Published: March 2005

The thermo-mechanical integration of polymer films requires a precise knowledge of material properties. Nanoindentation is a widely used testing method for the determination of material properties of thin films such as Young’s modulus and the hardness. An important assumption in the analysis of the indentation is that the indented medium is a semi-infinite plane or half space, i.e., it has an “infinite thickness.” In nanoindentation the analyzed material is often a thin film that is deposited on a substrate. If the modulus ratio is small, (soft film on hard substrate) and the penetration depth is small too, then the Hertzian assumption does not hold. We investigate this situation with spherical and conical indentation. Measurement results are shown using spherical indentation on a visco-elastic thin polymer film and a full visco-elastic characterization is presented.
PCR Microchip Array Based on Polymer Bonding Technique
Authors: Yu Xiaomei , Li Ting , Hao Lin , Zhang Dacheng
Published: March 2005

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microchip array with a dimension of 21.3×17.5 mm2 has been fabricated by the silicon micromachining technique. The chip is composed of 192 rectangular reaction chambers with the volume of 50 nL. In order to package the silicon-based PCR chip, a low-temperature bonding technique using polymers as the intermediate layers has been developed. The tested polymers include positive photoresist, polyimide, and epoxy. Using stamping and sandwich techniques, void-free and liquid-proof bondings of silicon to a glass cover were achieved with the three polymers. The experimental results of fluorescence-based PCR demonstrate that the DNA amplification can be performed in the chip arrays with nanoliter volumes and the polymer bonding technique is biocompatible and suitable for the microchip packaging.
Oscillatory Incompressible Fluid Flow in a Tapered Tube With a Free Surface in an Inkjet Print Head
Authors: Shin Dong-Youn , Grassia Paul , Derby Brian
Published: March 2005

Oscillatory incompressible fluid flow with a free surface occurs in an inkjet print head. Due to complex physical fluid behavior, numerical simulations have been a common approach to characterize the pressure and velocity development in time and space. However, the cost of a numerical approach is high in terms of computational time such that approximate analytic approaches have been developed. In this paper, an approximate analytic solution for a tapered nozzle section is described with a proper downstream boundary condition and the physical behavior of the meniscus deformation is modeled with a simple “window” theory.
Energy Losses at Tees With Large Area Ratios
Authors: Oka Kenji , Ito¯ Hidesato
Published: March 2005

The loss coefficients for smooth, sharp-edged tees of circular cross-section with the area ratio of 11.44 were determined experimentally for five branch angles which ranged from 45 deg to 135 deg giving special consideration to all configurations of flow through the tees. The Reynolds number, in the leg carrying the combined flow, was kept to a constant value, i.e., 105 for the branch pipe and 3×104 for the main pipe, respectively. The equations for loss coefficients developed from the continuity, energy, and momentum principles give good agreement with the experimental results for tees with large area ratios provided that correction factors are introduced. The correction factors were determined by the analysis of the experimental data with the relative uncertainties from 0.9 to 3.3% according to the configurations of flow. The results constitute a useful guide to the determination of the loss coefficients for tees with large area ratios.
Bubble-Driven Convection Around Cylinders Confined in a Channel
Authors: Murai Yuichi , Sasaki Toshio , Ishikawa Masa-aki , Yamamoto Fujio
Published: March 2005

This paper is concerned with flow visualization and image measurement of bubbly flows around various shapes of cylinders. A coaxial confined double rectangular chamber is constructed in order to provide a wide two-dimensional uniform bubble distribution upstream. The experiment shows that a wide two-phase convection is induced around the obstacle, though such an effect is not observed in research on the single-phase flow around objects. The spatial scale of the two-phase convection depends sensitively on the shape of the obstacle. Dense arrangement of cylinders is also investigated to find the interaction among the convection. The measurement results of void fraction, bubble velocity and liquid phase flow, which are obtained by image processing including particle tracking velocimetry, explore the detailed mechanism of generating the convection.
A Generalized Infinite Element for Acoustic Radiation
Authors: Li L.-X. , Sun J.-S. , Sakamoto H.
Published: March 2005

A generalized infinite element is presented by combining following aspects: (1) The geometry mapping in the Cartesian system is chosen so as to facilitate the generation of infinite element mesh; (2) The decay variable is defined as the in situ major axis of the confocal ellipse where the field point is located, so it is dependent not only on the infinite-directional coordinate but on the finite-directional one(s); (3) The shape function is constructed so that it exactly satisfies the multipole expansion along the edges of the infinite element; (4) The conjugated weighting function is adopted to eliminate the harmonic terms from the integrands; and (5) the more proper form of phase factor and weighting factor is recommended. Compared with the Bettess element and the Astley element, the present element greatly reduces the element number within the finite element zone for problems with a large aspect ratio. Compared with the Burnett element and the modified Burnett element, the present element permits the free orientation of the infinite element, and thereby is suitable for more general exterior problems, either of a closed surface (source) or of an opening surface (source). Several typical examples are given and their results show that the generalized infinite element is robust and flexible.
Sensitivity of Uniform Load Surface Curvature for Damage Identification in Plate Structures
Authors: Wu D. , Law S. S.
Published: March 2005

In this paper a new sensitivity-based method of using measured modal parameters to locate and quantify damage is developed for plate-like structures. With the measured incomplete modal data for only the few lower modes in both the intact and damaged states, the two-dimensional distributed curvatures of uniform load surface (ULS) over the plate are approximated using the Chebyshev polynomials. Instead of directly comparing the curvatures before and after damage, like many existing damage localization methods using curvature techniques, e.g., mode shape curvature and flexibility curvature, the proposed method analytically studies the sensitivity of the ULS curvature with respect to the element-by-element stiffness parameters. The changes in the elemental stiffness parameters due to damage give the location and magnitude of the damaged plate elements. Based on the first-order Taylor series approximation, the inverse problem is modeled as a linear equation system and solved iteratively using truncated SVD technique. Numerical simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method with different support conditions, measurement noise, and sensor sparsity.
EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS SUBLUXATION OR DISLOCATION? ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT OF TENDON EXCURSION AND NORMAL VALUES
Authors: Pratt R. K. , Hoy G. A. , Bass Franzcr C.
Published: March 2005

Dislocation or subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon is one of the differential diagnoses of ulnar-sided wrist pain. No data exists on the degree of subluxation occurring in normal wrists. Retrospective review of surgical cases revealed two patients with dorsal and four with volar instability. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound were not always predictive of the direction of instability. A standardised ultrasound technique was used to evaluate ECU subluxation in 20 asymptomatic wrists. In normal subjects, as a percentage of the width of the osseous groove, the volar edge of extensor carpi ulnaris may displace by up to 40% beyond the volar lip of the osseous groove with wrist flexion and the dorsal edge by 33% beyond the dorsal lip with wrist extension. The effect of gender on normal range and the diagnostic use of the standardised ultrasound technique need further evaluation.
LATE PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS OF CONGENITAL HAND ANOMALY
Authors: Eskandari Metin Manouchehr , Oztuna Volkan , Demirkan Ferit
Published: March 2005

Lifetime-standing psychosocial effects of congenital hand anomalies are inevitable in patients who have not received a comprehensive treatment with appropriate timing and approach. Herein, two adult cases of untreated thumb polydactyly are presented. Both of them had hands with striking appearance and late consequent psychosocial problems.