bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The antioxidant silybin prevents high glucose-induced oxidative stress and podocyte injury in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Khazim Khaled , Gorin Yves , Cavaglieri Rita Cassia , Abboud Hanna E. , Fanti Paolo
Published: June 2013

Podocyte injury, a major contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, is caused at least in part by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of superoxide by the NADPH oxidase isoform Nox4 plays an important role in podocyte injury. The plant extract silymarin is attributed antioxidant and antiproteinuric effects in humans and in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the effect of silybin, the active constituent of silymarin, in cultures of mouse podocytes and in the OVE26 mouse, a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. Exposure of podocytes to high glucose (HG) increased 60% the intracellular superoxide production, 90% the NADPH oxidase activity, 100% the Nox4 expression, and 150% the number of apoptotic cells, effects that were completely blocked by 10 μM silybin. These in vitro observations were confirmed by similar in vivo findings. The kidney cortex of vehicle-treated control OVE26 mice displayed greater Nox4 expression and twice as much superoxide production than cortex of silybin-treated mice. The glomeruli of control OVE26 mice displayed 35% podocyte drop out that was not present in the silybin-treated mice. Finally, the OVE26 mice experienced 54% more pronounced albuminuria than the silybin-treated animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a protective effect of silybin against HG-induced podocyte injury and extends this finding to an animal model of diabetic nephropathy.
Neuromuscular mechanisms and neural strategies in the control of time-varying muscle contractions
Authors: Erimaki Sophia , Agapaki Orsalia M. , Christakos Constantinos N.
Published: June 2013

The organization of the neural input to motoneurons that underlies time-varying muscle force is assumed to depend on muscle transfer characteristics and neural strategies or control modes utilizing sensory signals. We jointly addressed these interlinked, but previously studied individually and partially, issues for sinusoidal (range 0.5–5.0 Hz) force-tracking contractions of a human finger muscle. Using spectral and correlation analyses of target signal, force signal, and motor unit (MU) discharges, we studied 1) patterns of such discharges, allowing inferences on the motoneuronal input; 2) transformation of MU population activity (EMG) into quasi-sinusoidal force; and 3) relation of force oscillation to target, carrying information on the input's organization. A broad view of force control mechanisms and strategies emerged. Specifically, synchronized MU and EMG modulations, reflecting a frequency-modulated motoneuronal input, accompanied the force variations. Gain and delay drops between EMG modulation and force oscillation, critical for the appropriate organization of this input, occurred with increasing target frequency. According to our analyses, gain compensation was achieved primarily through rhythmical activation/deactivation of higher-threshold MUs and secondarily through the adaptation of the input's strength expected during tracking tasks. However, the input's timing was not adapted to delay behaviors and seemed to depend on the control modes employed. Thus, for low-frequency targets, the force oscillation was highly coherent with, but led, a target, this timing error being compatible with predictive feedforward control partly based on the target's derivatives. In contrast, the force oscillation was weakly coherent, but in phase, with high-frequency targets, suggesting control mainly based on a target's rhythm.
A Prevalence Study of Hearing Loss among Primary School Children in the South East of Iran
Authors: Absalan Aqeel , Pirasteh Ibrahim , Dashti Khavidaki Gholam Ali , Asemi rad Azam , Nasr Esfahani Ali Akbar , Nilforoush Mohammad Hussein
Published: June 2013

Hearing impairment substantially affects child’s ability to normally acquire the spoken language. Such negative effects create problems for the child not only in terms of communication but also in terms of achievement in school as well as social and emotional growth. The aim of this research is to study the prevalence of hearing disorders and its relationship to age and gender among primary school students of Zahedan, Iran. In this cross-sectional and descriptive analytical study, 1500 students from elementary schools were screened for hearing loss. The selection of samples was performed using multistage sampling method. Primary information was obtained through direct observation, otoscopy, and audiometric and tympanometric screenings. Data was obtained and analyzed via ANOVA test. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the age and the prevalence of middle ear abnormal function. Conductive hearing loss in males and females was 8.8% and 7.1%, respectively. In addition, 1% and 0.7% of male and female students, respectively, suffered from sensorineural hearing loss. Results indicated that 20.2% of students of elementary schools in Zahedan needed medical treatment for their problems. Therefore, it is recommended that the hearing screening of school-age children should be included in annual school health programs in this region.
Isolated Bulbar Conjunctival Kaposi’s Sarcoma as a Primary Presentation of AIDS: A Case Report
Authors: Maia Sofia , Gomes Miguel , Oliveira Luís , Torres Paulo
Published: June 2013

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a malignant vascular tumor, caused by the human herpesvirus 8. It is one of the commonest tumors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and not uncommonly the first manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Case. We present a case of an isolated bulbar conjunctival KS on a 43-year-old HIV positive male, with no other lesions. Excision and cryotherapy were performed, and the patient remains free of lesions to date.Conclusion. Isolated bulbar conjunctival KP is an unusual site for its initial presentation and must be kept in mind in HIV positive patients.
Stromal Responses among Common Carcinomas Correlated with Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Chen Julia L-Y. , Espinosa Iñigo , Lin Albert Y. , Liao Olivia Y-W. , van de Rijn Matt , West Robert B.
Published: June 2013

Purpose: We have previously characterized a tumor stroma expression signature in a subset of breast tumors that correlates with better clinical outcome. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this stromal signature, termed the “DTF fibroblast” (desmoid-type fibromatosis) signature, is specific to breast cancer or is a common stromal response found in different types of cancer.

Experimental Designs: The DTF fibroblast signature was applied to gene expression profiles from five ovarian, five lung, two colon, and three prostate cancer expression microarray datasets. In addition, two different tissue microarrays of 204 ovarian tumors and 140 colon tumors were examined for the expression of previously characterized protein markers of DTF fibroblast signature. The DTF fibroblast stromal response was then correlated with clinicopathologic features.

Results: The DTF fibroblast signature is robustly present in ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Both expression microarray data and immunohistochemistry show that the subset of ovarian tumors with strong DTF fibroblast signature expression has statistically significant, worse survival outcomes. No reproducible survival differences were found in either the lung or the colon cancers. The prostate cancers failed to show a DTF fibroblast signature. Multivariant analysis showed that DTF fibroblast signature was significantly more prognostic than the proliferation status in ovarian carcinomas.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the DTF fibroblast signature is a common tumor stroma signature in different types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Our findings provide further insight into the DTF fibroblast stromal responses across different types of carcinomas and their potential as prognostic and therapeutic targets. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5127–35. ©2013 AACR.
Novel Targeting of Phospho-cMET Overcomes Drug Resistance and Induces Antitumor Activity in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Moschetta Michele , Basile Antonio , Ferrucci Arianna , Frassanito Maria Antonia , Rao Luigia , Ria Roberto , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Giuliani Nicola , Boccarelli Angelina , Fumarola Fabio , Coluccia Mauro , Rossini Bernardo , Ruggieri Simona , Nico Beatrice , Maiorano Eugenio , Ribatti Domenico , Roccaro Aldo M. , Vacca Angelo
Published: June 2013

Purpose: The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that the cMet oncogene is implicated in chemio- and novel drug resistance in multiple myeloma.

Experimental Design: We have evaluated the expression levels of cMET/phospho-cMET (p-cMET) and the activity of the novel selective p-cMET inhibitor (SU11274) in multiple myeloma cells, either sensitive (RPMI-8226 and MM.1S) or resistant (R5 and MM.1R) to anti–multiple myeloma drugs, in primary plasma cells and in multiple myeloma xenograft models.

Results: We found that resistant R5 and MM.1R cells presented with higher cMET phosphorylation, thus leading to constitutive activation of cMET-dependent signaling pathways. R5 cells exhibited a higher susceptibility to the SU11274 inhibitory effects on viability, proliferation, chemotaxis, adhesion, and to its apoptogenic effects. SU11274 was able to revert drug resistance in R5 cells. R5 but not RPMI-8226 cells displayed cMET-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The cMET and p-cMET expression was higher on plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma at relapse or on drug resistance than on those from patients at diagnosis, complete/partial remission, or from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Viability, chemotaxis, adhesion to fibronectin or paired bone marrow stromal cells of plasma cells from relapsed or resistant patients was markedly inhibited by SU11274. Importantly, SU11274 showed higher therapeutic activity in R5- than in RPMI-8226–induced plasmocytomas. In R5 tumors, it caused apoptosis and necrosis and reverted bortezomib resistance.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the cMET pathway is constitutively activated in relapsed and resistant multiple myeloma where it may also be responsible for induction of drug resistance, thus providing the preclinical rationale for targeting cMET in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(16); 4371–82. ©2013 AACR.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of MEK Signaling Prevents Growth of Canine Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Andersen Nicholas J. , Nickoloff Brian J. , Dykema Karl J. , Boguslawski Elissa A. , Krivochenitser Roman I. , Froman Roe E. , Dawes Michelle J. , Baker Laurence H. , Thomas Dafydd G. , Kamstock Debra A. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Furge Kyle A. , Duesbery Nicholas S.
Published: June 2013

Angiosarcoma is a rare neoplasm of endothelial origin that has limited treatment options and poor five-year survival. As a model for human angiosarcoma, we studied primary cells and tumorgrafts derived from canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA), which is also an endothelial malignancy with similar presentation and histology. Primary cells isolated from HSA showed constitutive extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activation. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor CI-1040 reduced ERK activation and the viability of primary cells derived from visceral, cutaneous, and cardiac HSA in vitro. HSA-derived primary cells were also sensitive to sorafenib, an inhibitor of B-Raf and multireceptor tyrosine kinases. In vivo, CI-1040 or PD0325901 decreased the growth of cutaneous cell-derived xenografts and cardiac-derived tumorgrafts. Sorafenib decreased tumor size in both in vivo models, although cardiac tumorgrafts were more sensitive. In human angiosarcoma, we noted that 50% of tumors stained positively for phosphorylated ERK1/2 and that the expression of several MEK-responsive transcription factors was upregulated. Our data showed that MEK signaling is essential for the growth of HSA in vitro and in vivo and provided evidence that the same pathways are activated in human angiosarcoma. This indicates that MEK inhibitors may form part of an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of canine HSA or human angiosarcoma, and it highlights the use of spontaneous canine cancers as a model of human disease. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(9); 1701–14. ©2013 AACR.
Ethacrynic Acid Oxadiazole Analogs Induce Apoptosis in Malignant Hematologic Cells through Downregulation of Mcl-1 and c-FLIP, Which Was Attenuated by GSTP1-1
Authors: Liu Guyue , Wang Rui , Wang Yuetong , Li Pengzhan , Zhao Guisen , Zhao Linxiang , Jing Yongkui
Published: June 2013

Ethacrynic acid, a diuretic, inhibits glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) activity and induces cell death in malignant cells at high concentrations. To improve ethacrynic acid activity, ethacrynic acid oxadiazole analogs 6s and 6u were synthesized. Although both compounds have greater antiproliferative effects than ethacrynic acid in human HL-60 cells, 6u has a reduced ability to inhibit GSTP1-1 activity. The mechanisms of both 6s- and 6u-induced cell death as well as the role of GSTP1-1 in their actions were studied. Both 6s and 6u equally induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the activation of caspase-3, -9, and -8, which was correlated with the downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins c-FLIP, Mcl-1, and XIAP. The caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK blocked the reduction of XIAP, but not of c-FLIP and Mcl-1, in 6s-treated cells. The reduction of c-FLIP and Mcl-1 by 6s was not blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132, but was correlated with inhibition of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and eIF4E. Both 6s and 6u decreased the intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. N-acetylcysteine blocked reduction in the levels of Mcl-1, c-FLIP, and intracellular GSH as well as apoptosis in HL-60 cells treated by either compound. Silencing of GSTP1-1 in K562 cells sensitized, but overexpression of GSTP1-1 in Raji cells blocked, apoptosis induction by either compound. GSH conjugation at the methylene group abrogated the ability of inducing apoptosis. These data suggest that the methylene group plays an important role in the downregulation of c-FLIP and Mcl-1 proteins and apoptosis induction, which is inactivated by GSTP1-1 by forming GSH conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(9); 1837–47. ©2013 AACR.
New Social Rights and Internet: Which Policies Combine Them?
Authors: De Minico Giovanna
Published: June 2013

Abstract

This article is divided into two parts. The first deals with the regulating models of the Internet’s freedoms, and considers the automatic implementation of rules concerning off line rights, the absence of any rule whatsoever, or the creation of ones porous to the technical specifications of the means, but observing system guarantees. The second discusses whether and how to regulate the Internet. The author challenges the myth of uncontrolled self-regulation sensitive to the sole interests of “private governments”, in favour of a streamlined public presence, so as to prove decisive on the issues of Internet governance and the hierarchy of law’s sources. The red thread between the two parts unravels in the consideration of the individuation of supra-national values, the Internet’s democratic nature, and the effectiveness of new rights necessary for technological progress benefitting everybody, not only those already enjoying a commanding position in economic competition or democratic activity.
New Global Limits of Liability for Maritime Claims
Authors: Martínez Gutiérrez Norman A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The current international regime regulating global limitation of liability for maritime claims is based on the 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC Convention) as amended by the 1996 Protocol thereto. This Protocol, in an effort to promote expediency, introduced an efficient system for the updating of the limits of liability through the adoption of a tacit acceptance procedure. In accordance with this procedure, and based on an Australian proposal, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Legal Committee adopted new limits of liability for maritime claims through Resolution LEG.5(99) of 19 April 2012. This paper thus outlines the limits of liability set out in the 1996 LLMC Protocol and then discusses briefly the new limits of liability adopted by the Legal Committee through the tacit acceptance procedure. The paper also highlights the outstanding issues which are yet to be discussed by the Legal Committee in its future work.
The Problem of Selection Bias in OSCE Election Observation Methodology
Authors: Bader Max , Schmeets Hans
Published: June 2013

One of the biggest problem in OSCE election observation methodology concerns the selection of polling stations where the observation is conducted: in practice, polling stations that are visited by observers are disproportionally urban and located in or around the national capital and in regional centers. Because visited polling stations are not representative of all polling stations, the observation mission risks getting an unbalanced picture of the shortcomings in the election. In this article, we present findings from original research that shed light on the scope of the problem of distortion in the selection of polling stations, and discuss potential ways to overcome the problem.
The Future of Human Rights Protection in Europe
Authors: Muižnieks Nils
Published: June 2013

This article is a slightly revised version of an address given at the 25th anniversary of the Netherlands Helsinki Committee in The Hague, Netherlands, 25 January 2013.
A new species of Demonax Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) from Southwest China, with a key to thirteen species from China
Authors: LI ZHU , TIAN LI-CHAO , CHEN LI
Published: June 2013

A new species, Demonax proculscuti Li, Tian & Chen, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), is described from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A key to 13 species of Demonax from China is presented.
A review of Psyra Walker, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species
Authors: LIU ZULIAN , XUE DAYONG , WANG WENKAI , HAN HONGXIANG
Published: June 2013

The genus Psyra Walker, 1860 in China is reviewed. Thirteen species are recognized, of which, P. breviprotrusa sp. nov. is described as new to science, and P. moderata Inoue, 1982, P. gracilis Yazaki, 1992 and P. boarmiata (Graeser, 1892) are recorded for the first time from China. P. cuneata szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 and P. cuneata dsagara Wehrli, 1953 are upgraded to specific level, i.e. P. szetschwana stat. nov. and P. dsagara stat. nov., and a lectotype is designated for P. dsagara. One new synonym is established: P. szetschwana Wehrli, 1953 = P. cuneata lidjangica Wehrli, 1953 syn. nov. The diagnoses for all species are given. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.
The assignment of Prodidactidae to Hyblaeoidea, with remarks on Thyridoidea (Lepidoptera)
Authors: KAILA LAURI , EPSTEIN MARC E. , HEIKKILÄ MARIA , MUTANEN MARKO
Published: June 2013

We examine the systematic position of the lepidopteran family Prodidactidae Epstein and Brown, 2003, which includes the single species Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick). We provide details on a morphological trait of the adult male hindcoxa that appears to link Prodidactidae with Hyblaeidae. This putative relationship is consistent with molecular data derived from five genes. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, we place Prodidactidae in Hyblaeoidea. Moreover, the apex of the larval spinneret is similarly modified in these families and in Thyrididae. This modification is unknown in other Lepidoptera and may prove to be a synapomorphy linking Thyridoidea and Hyblaeoidea. As the latter is not fully congruent with published molecular studies, we refrain from suggesting sister group position for Thyridoidea and Hyb-laeoidea.
Wind Regimes Associated with a Mountain Gap at the Northeastern Adriatic Coast
Authors: Belušić Danijel , Hrastinski Mario , Večenaj Željko , Grisogono Branko
Published: June 2013

Winds through the Vratnik Pass, a mountain gap in the Dinaric Alps, Croatia, are polarized along the gap axis that extends in the northeast–southwest direction. Although stronger northeasterly wind at the Vratnik Pass is frequently related to the Adriatic bora wind, especially at the downstream town of Senj, there are many cases in which the wind at Senj is directionally decoupled from the wind at the Vratnik Pass. A cluster analysis reveals that this decoupling is sometimes related to lower wind speeds or a shallow southeasterly sirocco wind along the Adriatic, but in many cases the bora blows over a wider region, while only Senj has a different wind direction. Several mechanisms can be responsible for the latter phenomenon, including the formation of a lee wave rotor. A numerical model simulation corroborates the decoupling caused by a rotor for a single case. The prevalence of northeasterly winds at the Vratnik Pass during southeasterly sirocco episodes is another result that challenges the current understanding. It is shown that, at least in one of these episodes, this phenomenon is related to a secondary mesoscale low pressure center in the eastern lee of the Apennines that forms as a subsystem of a broader Genoa cyclone. Less frequent southwesterly winds through the gap are predominantly related to the thermal sea breeze and anabatic circulations that are sometimes superimposed on the geostrophic wind.
Monthly Temperature Observations for Uganda
Authors: Christy John R.
Published: June 2013

The International Surface Temperature Initiative is a worldwide effort to locate weather observations, digitize them for public access, and attach provenance to them. As part of that effort, this study sought documents of temperature observations for the nation of Uganda. Although scattered reports were found for the 1890s, consistent record keeping appears to have begun in 1900. Data were keyed in from images of several types of old forms as well as accessed electronically from several sources to extend the time series of 32 stations with at least 4 yr of data back as far as data were available. Important gaps still remain; 1979–93 has virtually no observations from any station. Because many stations were represented by more than one data source, a scheme is described to extract the “best guess” values for each station of monthly averages of the daily maximum, minimum, and mean temperature. A preliminary examination of the national time series indicates that, since the early twentieth century, it appears that Uganda experienced essentially no change in monthly-average daily maximum temperature but did experience a considerable rise in monthly-average daily minimum temperature, concentrated in the last three decades. Because there are many gaps in the data, it is hoped that readers with information on extant data that were not discovered for this study will contact the author or the project so that the data may be archived.
Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 5
Authors: Dias Sofia , Welton Nicky J. , Sutton Alex J. , Ades A. E.
Published: June 2013

Most cost-effectiveness analyses consist of a baseline model that represents the absolute natural history under a standard treatment in a comparator set and a model for relative treatment effects. We review synthesis issues that arise on the construction of the baseline natural history model. We cover both the absolute response to treatment on the outcome measures on which comparative effectiveness is defined and the other elements of the natural history model, usually “downstream” of the shorter-term effects reported in trials. We recommend that the same framework be used to model the absolute effects of a “standard treatment” or placebo comparator as that used for synthesis of relative treatment effects and that the baseline model is constructed independently from the model for relative treatment effects, to ensure that the latter are not affected by assumptions made about the baseline. However, simultaneous modeling of baseline and treatment effects could have some advantages when evidence is very sparse or when other research or study designs give strong reasons for believing in a particular baseline model. The predictive distribution, rather than the fixed effect or random effects mean, should be used to represent the baseline to reflect the observed variation in baseline rates. Joint modeling of multiple baseline outcomes based on data from trials or combinations of trial and observational data is recommended where possible, as this is likely to make better use of available evidence, produce more robust results, and ensure that the model is internally coherent.
The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotion in Adolescence
Authors: Somerville Leah H. , Jones Rebecca M. , Ruberry Erika J. , Dyke Jonathan P. , Glover Gary , Casey B. J.
Published: June 2013

In the present study, we examined the relationship between developmental modulation of socioaffective brain systems and adolescents’ preoccupation with social evaluation. Child, adolescent, and adult participants viewed cues indicating that a camera was alternately off, warming up, or projecting their image to a peer during the acquisition of behavioral-, autonomic-, and neural-response (functional MRI) data. Believing that a peer was actively watching them was sufficient to induce self-conscious emotion that rose in magnitude from childhood to adolescence and partially subsided into adulthood. Autonomic arousal was uniquely heightened in adolescents. These behavioral patterns were paralleled by emergent engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and striatum-MPFC connectivity during adolescence, which are thought to promote motivated social behavior in adolescence. These findings demonstrate that adolescents’ self-consciousness is related to age-dependent sensitivity of brain systems critical to socioaffective processes. Further, unique interactions between the MPFC and striatum may provide a mechanism by which social-evaluation contexts influence adolescent behavior.
Family Planning as an Investment in Human Capital: Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Programme in Malaybalay, Bukidnon, the Philippines
Authors: Lanzona Leonardo A.
Published: June 2013

The objective of the study is to determine the effects of family planning and maternal and reproductive health (FP-MRH) programmes in cities and to analyze the institutional factors that can make them effective. The proposed methodology is experimental in design with data from both beneficiary and non-beneficiary households, the comparison of which will serve as the basis for measuring the benefits and costs of such programmes. The article analyzes three censuses of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, from 1998 to 1996, in which more than 65 per cent of the households were identified as family planning (FP) users. In this case, the relevant comparison is not only between those using or not using family planning, but also, most especially, between those receiving them from the public programmes or from private sources.

Household data in Malaybalay confirm a decline in fertility of about 2 per cent on average in the public FP users compared with the privately sourced household FP users and non-users from 2008 to 2010. The consequences of the programme on a series of family welfare outcomes are then estimated, in addition to fertility: women’s and children’s health (measured using the incidence of death), ownership of house and lot, engagement of mothers in the labour market and finally the schooling of children. Within the three years being analyzed, many of these indicators of the welfare of women and their children improve slightly but significantly, in conjunction with the other health and social programmes of the city. The cost-benefit analysis show that, overall, the return of investment is 56 per cent, implying that for every peso spent on FP-MRH programmes, 56 centavos worth of savings can be used in other programmes.

This suggests that the social returns to reproductive health programmes in the cities have many facets beyond fertility reduction but are also seen to be dependent on the existence of these other development programmes. Furthermore, the nascent success of these programmes provides the rationale for greater national support.
Optimization criteria of TMD to reduce vibrations generated by the wind in a slender structure
Authors: Morga Mariantonietta , Marano Giuseppe C
Published: June 2013

This paper deals with the reduction of vibrations caused by wind load in slender structures. The structure is modeled as a Single-Degree-of-Freedom system and the wind load is estimated through the pre-filter technique: the aerodynamic force is a function of White Noise filtered by a simple oscillator. Two optimization criteria to calculate the best values of the frequency and the damping ratio of the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) are compared here. The aim of the first criterion is the reduction of the displacement of the top end of the structure, while the aim of the second criterion is the reduction of the inertial acceleration of the top end of the structure. The comparison of the two criteria is carried out through sensitivity analyses for different environmental conditions and system configurations. The comparison shows that the acceleration criterion is more attractive only for some conditions. Moreover, it is plain that the different efficiencies of the TMD optimized through each of two criteria are related to the mass ratio. Finally, the optimization criteria are applied to estimate the TMD design parameters to reduce the vibrations due to wind load in a lighting tower.
Exploring fathers’ perceptions of parenting a child with Asperger syndrome
Authors: O’ Halloran Maeve , Sweeney John , Doody Owen
Published: June 2013

This study explores Irish fathers’ perceptions of parenting a child with Asperger syndrome (AS). Ethical approval was granted by the service provider, and Husserlian phenomenological approach facilitated the exploration. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of nine fathers in the West region of Ireland. Data were transcribed and analysed using Colaizzi’s (1978) method. The study highlighted that parenting a child with AS is an arduous task, but while there are difficulties, many positive aspects to their parenting experience were reported. Overall, the study highlights the importance of listening to parents and their initial concerns regarding their child’s development.
Inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis partially requires interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3
Authors: Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb Yazdani B , Huang Nasi , Gibson Frank C
Published: June 2013

Innate immune activation with expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α is a hallmark of the chronic inflammation associated with periodontal disease (PD). Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium associated with PD, engages TLRs and activates MyD88-dependent and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathways. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 is activated in a TRIF-dependent manner and participates in production of cytokines such as TNF-α; however, little is known regarding IRF3 and the host response to PD pathogens. We speculated that IRF3 participates in the host inflammatory response to P. gingivalis. Our results show that bone marrow macrophages (MØ) from WT mice respond to P. gingivalis with activation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Compared with WT, MØ from IRF3−/−, TRIF−/−, and TLR4−/− mice responded with reduced levels of TNF-α on P. gingivalis challenge. In addition, full expression of IL-6 and RANTES by MØ to P. gingivalis was dependent on IRF3. Lastly, employing MØ from IRF3−/− and IRF7−/− mice we observed a significant role for IRF3 and a modest role for IRF7 in the P. gingivalis-elicited TNF-α response. These studies identify a role for IRF3 in the inflammatory response by MØ to the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis.
How Setswana Cultural Beliefs and Practices on Sexuality Affect Teachers’ and Adolescents’ Sexual Decisions, Practices, and Experiences as well as HIV/AIDS and STI Prevention in Select Botswanan Secondary Schools
Authors: Nleya Paul T. , Segale Emelda
Published: June 2013

The article reports on the aspects of a Botswana Ministry of Education and Skills Development (MoE & SD) HIV/AIDS Instructional Television (ITV) project modeled on a similar HIV/AIDS program implemented in Brazil. This Teacher Capacity Building Project (TCBP) in Botswana is in its initial years of implementation. Its overall goal is to contribute to the prevention and mitigation of the impact of HIV and AIDS by strengthening the capacity of the education and communication sectors to deliver interactive, distance HIV/AIDS education primarily to teachers so that they act as agents of behavior change among the in-school youth. One of the components of the TCBP program is a live teacher education television HIV/AIDS program called Talk Back program. Talk Back is a collaborative effort of the MoE & SD and the Botswana national television station. The Talk Back program involves development and implementation of weekly 1 hour live HIV/AIDS education interactive TV broadcasts for teachers. The development of the live programs is guided by a curriculum that provides a wide range of themes related to HIV/AIDS and education. This article reports the results of a survey of a sample of teachers and students at junior secondary schools and senior secondary schools, first, on their views and opinions regarding the Talk Back program as a TCBP. Second, how Setswana cultural beliefs, myths, and practices on sexuality affect teachers’ and adolescents’ sexual decisions, practices, and experiences as well as HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infection prevention. A questionnaire survey and focus group interviews were used as data collection instruments in selected secondary schools. The findings of the study suggest that the Talk Back program has not met much success as a TCBP. The findings further suggest that several myths, beliefs, misconceptions, and attitudes about HIV/AIDS exist among Botswana teachers and students and thus make it difficult for the Talk Back program to impart the HIV/AIDS message successfully. Therefore, there is a need for more stakeholders in HIV/AIDS education, where appropriate learning techniques are used, to bring about the desired behavioral change.
GenPhyloData: realistic simulation of gene family evolution
Authors: Sjöstrand Joel , Arvestad Lars , Lagergren Jens , Sennblad Bengt
Published: June 2013

Background

PrIME-GenPhyloData is a suite of tools for creating realistic simulated phylogenetic trees, in particular for families of homologous genes. It supports generation of trees based on a birth-death process and—perhaps more interestingly—also supports generation of gene family trees guided by a known (synthetic or biological) species tree while accounting for events such as gene duplication, gene loss, and lateral gene transfer (LGT). The suite also supports a wide range of branch rate models enabling relaxation of the molecular clock.

Result

Simulated data created with PrIME-GenPhyloData can be used for benchmarking phylogenetic approaches, or for characterizing models or model parameters with respect to biological data.

Conclusion

The concept of tree-in-tree evolution can also be used to model, for instance, biogeography or host-parasite co-evolution.
Early transcriptional responses of internalization defective Brucella abortus mutants in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7
Authors: Cha Seung Bin , Lee Won Jung , Shin Min Kyoung , Jung Myung Hwan , Shin Seung Won , Yoo An Na , Kim Jong Wan , Yoo Han Sang
Published: June 2013

Background

Brucella abortus is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen which causes undulant fever, endocarditis, arthritis and osteomyelitis in human and abortion and infertility in cattle. This bacterium is able to invade and replicate in host macrophage instead of getting removed by this defense mechanism. Therefore, understanding the interaction between virulence of the bacteria and the host cell is important to control brucellosis. Previously, we generated internalization defective mutants and analyzed the envelope proteins. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in early transcriptional responses between wild type and internalization defective mutants infected mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7.

Results

Both of the wild type and mutant infected macrophages showed increased expression levels in proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, apoptosis and G-protein coupled receptors (Gpr84, Gpr109a and Adora2b) while the genes related with small GTPase which mediate intracellular trafficking was decreased. Moreover, cytohesin 1 interacting protein (Cytip) and genes related to ubiquitination (Arrdc3 and Fbxo21) were down-regulated, suggesting the survival strategy of this bacterium. However, we could not detect any significant changes in the mutant infected groups compared to the wild type infected group.

Conclusions

In summary, it was very difficult to clarify the alterations in host cellular transcription in response to infection with internalization defective mutants. However, we found several novel gene changes related to the GPCR system, ubiquitin-proteosome system, and growth arrest and DNA damages in response to B. abortus infection. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and need to be studied further.
Punctate inner choroidopathy and optic neuropathy: simultaneous presentation in a patient - a case report
Authors: Carle Michelle V , Boyer David S , Dayani Pouya N
Published: June 2013

Background

We present a case of a patient initially presenting with multifocal choroiditis (MFC) in one eye. She subsequently developed lesions most consistent with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) in the contralateral eye, followed by acute vision loss from retrobulbar optic neuropathy. Optic neuropathy has been well described in the setting of MFC. There is, however, only one report of its association with PIC. Punctate inner choroidopathy and MFC have many similarities, with visual loss generally resulting from choroidal neovascularization. In this case, the patient had significant visual loss from presumed retrobulbar optic neuropathy.

Findings

The patient responded well to immunomodulation with subsequent return of vision to baseline.

Conclusions

Multifocal choroiditis and punctate inner choroidopathy may be a spectrum of the same disease with many overlapping presentations, including optic neuropathy. Good visual recovery and remission were attained with mycophenolate mofetil and systemic corticosteroid treatment.
Whole genome sequencing in support of wellness and health maintenance
Authors: Patel Chirag J , Sivadas Ambily , Tabassum Rubina , Preeprem Thanawadee , Zhao Jing , Arafat Dalia , Chen Rong , Morgan Alexander A , Martin Gregory S , Brigham Kenneth L , Butte Atul J , Gibson Greg
Published: June 2013

Background

Whole genome sequencing is poised to revolutionize personalized medicine, providing the capacity to classify individuals into risk categories for a wide range of diseases. Here we begin to explore how whole genome sequencing (WGS) might be incorporated alongside traditional clinical evaluation as a part of preventive medicine. The present study illustrates novel approaches for integrating genotypic and clinical information for assessment of generalized health risks and to assist individuals in the promotion of wellness and maintenance of good health.

Methods

Whole genome sequences and longitudinal clinical profiles are described for eight middle-aged Caucasian participants (four men and four women) from the Center for Health Discovery and Well Being (CHDWB) at Emory University in Atlanta. We report multivariate genotypic risk assessments derived from common variants reported by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as clinical measures in the domains of immune, metabolic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and mental health.

Results

Polygenic risk is assessed for each participant for over 100 diseases and reported relative to baseline population prevalence. Two approaches for combining clinical and genetic profiles for the purposes of health assessment are then presented. First we propose conditioning individual disease risk assessments on observed clinical status for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension, and obesity. An approximate 2:1 ratio of concordance between genetic prediction and observed sub-clinical disease is observed. Subsequently, we show how more holistic combination of genetic, clinical and family history data can be achieved by visualizing risk in eight sub-classes of disease. Having identified where their profiles are broadly concordant or discordant, an individual can focus on individual clinical results or genotypes as they develop personalized health action plans in consultation with a health partner or coach.

Conclusion

The CHDWB will facilitate longitudinal evaluation of wellness-focused medical care based on comprehensive self-knowledge of medical risks.
Chromatographic Separation Behaviors of Am, Cm, and Eu onto TODGA and DOODA(C8) Adsorbents with Hydrophilic Ligand–Nitric Acid Eluents
Authors: Usuda Shigekazu , Yamanishi Kei , Mimura Hitoshi , Sasaki Yuji , Kirishima Akira , Sato Nobuaki , Niibori Yuichi
Published: June 2013

Mutual separation behaviors of trivalent minor actinoids (Am and Cm) were examined using not only 241Am and 243Cm but also 152Eu for comparison with behaviors of lanthanoids in two types of extraction chromatographic systems: TODGA and DOODA(8) adsorbents and nitric acid eluents containing hydrophilic ligands, DOODA(C2) and TEDGA, respectively.
Creative component of labor as main source of profit in innovative economics
Authors: Генкин  , Genkin Boris
Published: June 2013

The analysis of conceptions that determine the sources of profit has been fulfilled. It has been proved that profit forming mechanism is based on human activity structure. It is expedient to single out three components in this structure: regulated (α-labour), creative (-labour) and spiritually-motivated (γ-labour). The α-labour result linearly depends on time and human energy expenditures. Unlike this the dependence of results related to creative and spiritually-motivated labour on time expenditures is not linear. It means that the new idea can increase labour productivity hundreds time more. The results related to activity of scientists, inventors, innovators exceed significantly their labour expenditures. The models of profit forming and distribution in the innovative economics are adduced in this article. Considerable attention has been paid to the role of entrepreneurs and heads of organizations in creation and distribution of added value (cost). The problem related to incomes ratio of enterprises’ social groups in modern economy is discussed in this aspect.
Diagnostics of personnel’s professional qualification
Authors: Бакланов  , Baklanov Pavel
Published: June 2013

The model of individual professional qualification assessment, and also technology related to identification of employee’s professional qualification to the competence requirements presented to a position held by him are revealed in this article from symbolical analysis perspective.
Approaches to higher educational institution’s corporate competence formation
Authors: Иванова-Швец  , Ivanova-Shvets Lyudmila
Published: June 2013

Development strategy on the basis of corporate competence system related to all personnel of higher education institution is a key success factor, providing the scientific and intellectual leadership of this institution in continuous vocational education area. It reflects the international trend, where strategic development of successful organizations is impossible without the use of modern technologies related to human resources management.

The relevance and lack of consideration of problems, connected with development and implementation of higher educational institution’s corporate competence model have determined the choice of scientific research’s goals and tasks. However, the current market situation requires a comprehensive analysis of competence model implementation in the modern innovative university management in order to achieve the strategic goals, gain the competitive advantages, and use the human potential more effectively and sustainably in the conditions of dynamically developing information society. This article is devoted to analysis of basic approaches to the definition of corporate competences as exemplified in Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics.
Practice of compensation in the foreign design and survey organizations
Authors: Рогожникова  , Rogozhnikova Yuliya
Published: June 2013

Article contains the analysis related to applied elements of system of payment and work incentives in the design and survey organizations of France, Germany, Canada, and also in the joint German-Russian venture. The considered foreign organizations take leading positions in branch of transport design in the international market and can compete with Russian companies in the market of design and exploration work and on a labor market of technical specialists (design engineers, architects and others) and managers (CPEs — chief project engineers, CPAs —chief project architects). The analysis of foreign experience in area of compensation and social policy allows to draw conclusions and to develop recommendations for the domestic companies about redistribution of financial means in structure of expenses for the personnel and transfer of organizations’ expenses related to social package to employees’ salary.
Great,Madama ButterflyAgain! How Robust Market Identity Shapes Opera Repertoires
Authors: Jensen Michael , Kim Bo Kyung
Published: June 2013

We develop a theoretical framework to explain how two aspects of market structures—divergent and convergent audience preference and within- and between-category competition—shape market identities. We focus specifically on robust market identities, an underresearched type of identity defined as balanced membership in divergent social categories. We argue that these identities are most prevalent in markets with more divergent audiences and less within-category competition. We test our arguments in the U.S. opera market. Statistical analyses of 96 opera companies’ opera repertoires from 1995 to 2005 support our arguments: U.S. opera companies enact robust market identities by systematically balancing conventional and unconventional operas depending on the divergence of their audiences and the competitive pressure from other opera companies.
The cost analysis of cementedversuscementless total hip replacement operations on the NHS
Authors: Kallala R. , Anderson P. , Morris S. , Haddad F. S.
Published: June 2013

In a time of limited resources, the debate continues over which types of hip prosthesis are clinically superior and more cost-effective. Orthopaedic surgeons increasingly need robust economic evidence to understand the full value of the operation, and to aid decision making on the ‘package’ of procedures that are available and to justify their practice beyond traditional clinical preference.

In this paper we explore the current economic debate about the merits of cemented and cementless total hip replacement, an issue that continues to divide the orthopaedic community.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:874–6.