bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unbiased Precision Estimation under Separate Sampling
Authors: Xie Shuilian , Braga-Neto Ulisses M.
Published: June 2018

Motivation

Precision and recall have become very popular classification accuracy metrics in the statistical learning literature. These metrics are ordinarily defined under the assumption that the data are sampled randomly from the mixture of the populations. However, observational case-control studies for biomarker discovery often collect data that are sampled separately from the case and control populations, particularly in the case of rare diseases. This discrepancy may introduce severe bias in classifier accuracy estimation.

Results

We demonstrate, using both analytical and numerical methods, that classifier precision estimates can display strong bias under separating sampling, with the bias magnitude depending on the difference between the case prevalences in the data and in the actual population. We show that this bias is systematic in the sense that it cannot be reduced by increasing sample size. If information about the true case prevalence is available from public health records, then a modified precision estimator is proposed that displays smaller bias, which can in fact be reduced to zero as sample size increases under regularity conditions on the classification algorithm. The accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the performance of the proposed precision estimator under separate sampling are investigated using synthetic and real data from observational case-control studies. The results confirmed that the proposed precision estimator indeed becomes unbiased as sample size increases, while the ordinary precision estimator may display large bias, particularly in the case of rare diseases.

Availability

Extra plots are available as Supplementary Materials.

Author summary

Biomedical data are often sampled separately from the case and control populations, particularly in the case of rare diseases. Precision is a popular classification accuracy metric in the statistical learning literature, which implicitly assumes that the data are sampled randomly from the mixture of the populations. In this paper we study the bias of precision under separate sampling using theoretical and numerical methods. We also propose a precision estimator for separate sampling in the case when the prevalence is known from public health records. The results confirmed that the proposed precision estimator becomes unbiased as sample size increases, while the ordinary precision estimator may display large bias, particularly in the case of rare diseases. In the absence of any knowledge about disease prevalence, precision estimates should be avoided under separate sampling.
Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn
Authors: Varela Nélia , Gaspar Miguel , Dias Sophie , Vasconcelos Maria Luísa
Published: June 2018

In flies, the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain, the antennal lobe, to the mushroom body (MB) and the lateral horn (LH). Olfactory associations are formed in the MB. The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe, stereotyped physiological responses to odors and MB silencing experiments. Direct evidence for the functional role of the LH is still missing. Here we investigate the behavioral role of the LH neurons directly, using the CO2 response as a paradigm. Our results show the involvement of the LH in innate responses. Specifically, we demonstrate that activity in two sets of neurons is required for the full behavioral response to CO2. Using calcium imaging we observe that the two sets of neurons respond to CO2 in different manners. Using independent manipulation and recording of the two sets of neurons we find that the one that projects to the SIP also outputs to the local neurons within the LH. The design of simultaneous output at the LH and the SIP, an output of the MB, allows for coordination between innate and learned responses.
Injury-induced cold sensitization inDrosophilalarvae involves behavioral shifts that require the TRP channels Pkd2 and Brv1
Authors: Turner Heather N. , Patel Atit A. , Cox Daniel N. , Galko Michael J.
Published: June 2018

Nociceptive sensitization involves an increase in responsiveness of pain sensing neurons to sensory stimuli, typically through the lowering of their nociceptive threshold. Nociceptive sensitization is common following tissue damage, inflammation, and disease and serves to protect the affected area while it heals. Organisms can become sensitized to a range of noxious and innocuous stimuli, including thermal stimuli. The basic mechanisms underlying sensitization to warm or painfully hot stimuli have begun to be elucidated, however, sensitization to cold is not well understood. Here, we develop aDrosophilaassay to study cold sensitization after UV-induced epidermal damage in larvae. Larvae respond to acute cold stimuli with a set of unique behaviors that include a contraction of the head and tail (CT) or a raising of the head and tail into a U-Shape (US). Under baseline, non-injured conditions larvae primarily produce a CT response to an acute cold (10 °C) stimulus, however, we show that cold-evoked responses shift following tissue damage: CT responses decrease, US responses increase and some larvae exhibit a lateral body roll (BR) that is typically only observed in response to high temperature and noxious mechanical stimuli. At the cellular level, class III neurons are required for the decrease in CT, chordotonal neurons are required for the increase in US, and chordotonal and class IV neurons are required for the appearance of BR responses after UV. At the molecular level, we found that the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels Polycystic kidney disease gene 2 (Pkd2) andbrivido-1(brv1) are required for these behavioral shifts. OurDrosophilamodel will enable a sophisticated molecular genetic dissection of genes and circuits involved in cold nociceptive sensitization.
Mobilization of Pack-CACTA transposons in Arabidopsis reveals the mechanism of gene shuffling
Authors: Catoni Marco , Jonesman Thomas , Cerruti Elisa , Paszkowski Jerzy
Published: June 2018

Pack-TYPE transposons are a unique class of potentially mobile non-autonomous elements that can capture, merge and relocate fragments of chromosomal DNA. It has been postulated that their activity accelerates the evolution of host genes. However, this important presumption is based only on the sequences of currently inactive Pack-TYPE transposons and the acquisition of chromosomal DNA has not been recorded in real time. We have now for the first time witnessed the mobilization of novel Pack-TYPE elements related to the CACTA transposon family over several plant generations. Remarkably, these elements tend to insert into genes as closely spaced direct repeats and they frequently undergo incomplete excisions, resulting in the deletion of one of the end sequences. These properties constitute a mechanism of efficient acquisition of genic DNA residing between neighbouring Pack-TYPE transposons and its subsequent mobilization. Our work documents crucial steps in the formationin vivoof novel Pack-TYPE transposons and thus the mechanism of gene shuffling mediated by this type of mobile element.
Isolating mitotic and meiotic germ cells from male mice by developmental synchronization, staging, and sorting
Authors: Romer Katherine A. , de Rooij Dirk G. , Page David C.
Published: June 2018

Isolating discrete populations of germ cells from the mouse testis is challenging, because the adult testis contains germ cells at every step of spermatogenesis, in addition to somatic cells. We present a novel method for isolating precise, high-purity populations of male germ cells. We first synchronize germ cell development in vivo by manipulating retinoic acid metabolism, and perform histological staging to verify synchronization. We use fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate the synchronized differentiating germ cells from contaminating somatic and germline stem cells. We achieve ∼90% purity at each step of development from the germline stem cell pool through late meiotic prophase. Utilizing this “3S” method (synchronize, stage, and sort), we can separate germ cell types that were previously challenging or impossible to distinguish, with sufficient yield for epigenetic and biochemical studies. The 3S method should enable detailed characterization of molecular changes that occur during the mitotic and meiotic phases of spermatogenesis.
Fbxw7 is a critical regulator of Schwann cell myelinating potential
Authors: Harty Breanne L. , Coelho Fernanda , Ackerman Sarah D. , Herbert Amy L. , Lyons David A. , Monk Kelly R.
Published: June 2018

Myelin insulates and protects axons in vertebrate nervous systems. In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes (OLs) make numerous myelin sheaths on multiple axons, whereas in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelinating Schwann cells (SCs) make just one myelin sheath on a single axon. Why the myelinating potentials of OLs and SCs are so fundamentally different is unclear. Here, we find that loss of Fbxw7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, enhances the myelinating potential of SCs. Fbxw7 mutant SCs are seen myelinating multiple axons in a fashion reminiscent of OLs as well as aberrantly myelinating large axons while simultaneously ensheathing small unmyelinated axons - typically distinct roles of myelinating SCs and non-myelinating Remak SCs, respectively. We found that several of the Fbxw7 mutant phenotypes, including the ability to generate thicker myelin sheaths, were due to dysregulation of mTOR. However, the remarkable ability of mutant SCs to either myelinate multiple axons or myelinate some axons while simultaneously encompassing other unmyelinated axons is independent of mTOR signaling. This indicates distinct roles for Fbxw7 in regulating multiple aspects of SC behavior and that novel Fbxw7-regulated mechanisms control modes of myelination previously thought to fundamentally distinguish myelinating SCs from non-myelinating SCs and OLs. Our data reveal unexpected plasticity in the myelinating potential of SCs, which may have important implications for our understanding of both PNS and CNS myelination and myelin repair.
Prokaryotic Diversity from Extreme Environments of Pakistan and its Potential Applications at Regional Levels
Authors: Khan Raees , Khan Muhammad Israr , Zeb Amir , Roy Nazish , Yasir Muhammad , Khan Imran , Qazi Javed Iqbal , Ahmad Shabir , Ullah Riaz , Bhutto Zuhaibuddin
Published: June 2018

Extremophiles, the microorganisms thriving in extreme environments, provide valuable resources for practicing novel biotechnological processes. Pakistan homes a wide spectrum of extreme environments which harbor various biotechnologically significant microorganisms. This review gauges the structural and functional bacterial diversity of several extreme environments, emphasizing their potentials as a source of extremozymes, and in bioleaching, bioremediation, and bioenergy production at regional level. Further, this review highlights a panoramic account of the local natural conservatories of extremophiles. The inadequacies of current fragmental research are discussed with suggestions to quantitatively define the structural and functional diversity of unexplored extreme localities.
Intergenerational effects of dietary restriction on insulin/IGF signaling and reproductive development
Authors: Jordan James M. , Hibshman Jonathan D. , Kaplan Rebecca E. W. , Webster Amy K. , Leinroth Abigail , Guzman Ryan , Maxwell Colin S. , Bowman Elizabeth Anne , Jane Albert Hubbard E. , Ryan Baugh L.
Published: June 2018

The roundwormC. eleganstransiently arrests larval development to survive extended starvation (1), but such early-life starvation reduces reproductive success (2, 3). Maternal dietary restriction (DR) buffers progeny from starvation, increasing reproductive success (4). It is unknown why early-life starvation decreases reproductive success and how maternal diet modifies this process. We show here that extended starvation in first-stage (L1) larvae followed by unrestricted feeding results in a variety of abnormalities in the reproductive system, includingglp-1/Notch-sensitive germ-cell tumors and uterine masses that express neuronal and epidermal markers. We found that maternal DR reduces the penetrance of starvation-induced abnormalities, including tumors. Furthermore, we show that maternal DR reduces insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) in progeny, and thatdaf-16/FoxO andskn-1/Nrf, transcriptional effectors of IIS, are required in progeny for maternal DR to suppress abnormalities.daf-16/FoxO activity in somatic tissues is sufficient to suppress starvation-induced abnormalities, suggesting cell-nonautonomous regulation of reproductive system development. This work reveals complex inter- and intra-generational effects of nutrient availability mediated by IIS with consequences on developmental integrity and reproductive success.

One Sentence Summary

Intergenerational effects of diet on IIS
Antagonist muscle activity during reactive balance responses is elevated in Parkinson's disease and in balance impairment
Authors: Lang Kimberly Carol , Hackney Madeleine Eve , Ting Lena H , McKay Johnathan Lucas
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND: Abnormal antagonist leg muscle activity could indicate increased muscle co-contraction and clarify mechanisms of balance impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prior studies in carefully selected patients showed PD patients demonstrate earlier, longer, and larger antagonist muscle activation during reactive balance responses to perturbations. RESEARCH QUESTION: Here, we tested whether antagonist leg muscle activity was abnormal in a group of PD patients who were not selected for phenotype, and most of whom had volunteered for exercise-based rehabilitation. METHODS: We compared antagonist activation during reactive balance responses to multidirectional support-surface translation perturbations in 31 patients with mild-moderate PD (age 68±9; H&Y 1-3; UPDRS-III 32±10) and 13 matched individuals (age 65±9). We quantified modulation of muscle activity (i.e., the ability to activate and inhibit muscles appropriately according to the perturbation direction) using modulation indices (MI) derived from minimum and maximum EMG activation levels observed across perturbation directions. RESULTS: Antagonist leg muscle activity was abnormal in unselected PD patients compared to controls. Linear mixed models identified significant associations between impaired modulation and PD (P<0.05), PD severity (P<0.01), and balance ability (P<0.05), but not age (P=0.10). SIGNIFICANCE: Antagonist activity is increased during reactive balance responses in PD patients of varying phenotypes who are candidates for rehabilitation. Abnormal antagonist activity may contribute to balance impairments in PD and be a potential rehabilitation target or outcome measure.
Regulation of histone methylation by automethylation of PRC2
Authors: Wang Xueyin , Long Yicheng , Paucek Richard D. , Gooding Anne R. , Lee Thomas , Cech Thomas R.
Published: June 2018

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase whose function is critical for regulating transcriptional repression in many eukaryotes including humans. Its catalytic moiety EZH2 is responsible for the tri-methylation of H3K27 and also undergoes automethylation. Using mass spectroscopic analysis of recombinant human PRC2, we identified three methylated lysine residues (K510, K514, K515) on a disordered but highly conserved loop of EZH2. These lysines were mostly mono- and di-methylated. Either mutation of these lysines or their methylation increases PRC2 histone methyltransferase activity. In addition, mutation of these three lysines in HEK293T cells using CRISPR genome-editing increases global H3K27 methylation levels. EZH2 automethylation occurs intramolecularly (in cis) by methylation of a pseudosubstrate sequence on the flexible loop. This post-translational modification andcis-regulation of PRC2 are analogous to the activation of many protein kinases by autophosphorylation. We therefore propose that EZH2 automethylation provides a way for PRC2 to modulate its histone methyltransferase activity by sensing histone H3 tails, SAM concentration, and perhaps other effectors.
The effect of cortical elasticity and active tension on cell adhesion mechanics
Authors: Smeets B. , Cuvelier M. , Pešek J. , Ramon H.
Published: June 2018

We consider a cell as a filled, elastic shell with an active surface tension and non-specific adhesion. We perform numerical simulations of this model in order to study the mechanics of cell-cell separation. By variation of parameters, we are able to recover well-known limits of JKR, DMT, adhesive vesicles with surface tension (BWdG) and thin elastic shells. We further locate biological cells on this parameter space by comparing to existing experiments on S180 cells. Using this model, we show that mechanical parameters can be obtained that are consistent with both Dual Pipette Aspiration (DPA) and Micropipette Aspiration (MA), a problem not successfully tackled so far. We estimate a cortex elastic modulus of Ec ≈ 15 kPa, an effective cortex thickness of tc ≈ 0.3 µm and an active tension of γ ≈ 0.4 nN/µm. With these parameters, a JKR-like scaling of the separation force is recovered. Finally, the change of contact radius with applied force in a pull-off experiment was investigated. For small forces, a scaling similar to both BWdG and DMT is found.

Manuscript submitted to Biophysical Journal.
Spontaneous enantiomorphism in poly-phased alkaline salts of tris(oxalato)ferrate(III): crystal structure of cubic NaRb5[Fe(C2O4)3]2
Authors: Piro O. E. , Echeverría G. A. , Baran E. J.
Published: June 2018

We show here that the phenomenon of spontaneous resolution of enantiomers occurs during the crystallization of the sodium and rubidium double salts of the transition metal complex tris(oxalato)ferrate(III), namely sodium pentarubidium bis[tris(oxalato)ferrate(III)], NaRb5[Fe(C2O4)3]2. One enantiomer of the salt crystallizes in the cubic space groupP4332 withZ= 4 and a Flack absolute structure parameterx= −0.01 (1) and its chiral counterpart in the space groupP4132 withx= −0.00 (1). All metal ions are at crystallographic special positions: the iron(III) ion is on a threefold axis, coordinated by three oxalate dianions in a propeller-like conformation. One of the two independent rubidium ions is on a twofold axis in an eightfold coordination with neighbouring oxalate oxygen atoms, and the other one on a threefold axis in a sixfold RbO6coordination. The sodium ion is at a site ofD3point group symmetry in a trigonal–antiprismatic NaO6coordination.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-octyl-4-oxo-2,6-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)piperidinium chloride
Authors: Siddiqui Rubina , Iqbal Urooj , Saify Zafar Saeed , Akhter Shammim , Yousuf Sammer
Published: June 2018

The title compound, C31H46NO7
+·Cl−, was synthesized by a one-pot Mannich condensation reaction. In the molecule, the piperidinone ring adopts a chair conformation, and the trimethoxy-substituted benzene rings and octyl chain are arranged equatorially. In the crystal, centrosymmetric dimers are linked into layers parallel to (011) by N—H...Cl and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are O...H (20.5%) interactions followed by C...H (7.8%), Cl...H (5.5%), C...C (1.2%), C...O (0.5%) and Cl...O (0.4%) interactions.
Crystal structure of diethyl {2,2,2-trichloro-1-[2-(1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yl)-4-methylpentanamido]ethyl}phosphonate
Authors: Brovarets V. S. , Golovchenko O. V. , Rusanov E. B. , Rusanova J. A.
Published: June 2018

In the title phosphorylated compound, C20H26Cl3N2O6P, the phthalimide unit is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0129 Å) and the O atoms of this unit deviate from the mean plane by 0.080 (3) and 0.041 (3) Å. In the crystal, pairs of molecules are linked by N—H...O and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the same acceptor atom, forming inversion dimers. In addition, π–π stacking interactions between the phthalimide groups, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7736 (13) Å, and further weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the inversion dimers into columns along [0-11].
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2E)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Sheshadri S. N. , Atioğlu Zeliha , Akkurt Mehmet , Chidan Kumar C. S. , Quah Ching Kheng , Siddaraju B. P. , Veeraiah M. K.
Published: June 2018

In title compound, C17H15ClO3, the dihedral angle between the benzene and chlorophenyl rings is 18.46 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen contacts, enclosing an R
2
2(14) ring motif, and by a further C—H...O hydrogen contact, forming a two-dimensional supramolecular structure extending along the direction parallel to the ac plane. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that van der Waals interactions constitute the major contribution to the intermolecular interactions, with H...H contacts accounting for 36.2% of the surface.
Crystal structure of tris[(pyridin-1-ium-2-yl)methyl]amine trichloride–methanol–water (1/1.829/0.342)
Authors: Van Erdewyk Martha L. , Oshin Kayode D.
Published: June 2018

In the title molecular salt, C18H21N4
3+·3Cl−.1.829CH4O.0.342H2O, the three pyridyl secondary amine N atoms are protonated with N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds present. The crystal structure contains a region of partially occupied and disordered methanol and water solvent. One of the three chloride anions is involved in hydrogen bonding to three methanol molecules, two of which are disordered.
(3E)-3-[(2E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enylidene]-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one
Authors: Biruntha K. , Reuben Jonathan D. , Mohamooda Sumaya U. , Dravida Thendral E. R. A. , Usha G.
Published: June 2018

In the title compound, C19H16O3, the dihedral angle between the chromanone moiety and the methoxy phenyl ring is 16.47 (1)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating R
2
2(14) inversion dimers; further C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the dimers into [100] double chains.
Role of public policies in promoting CSR: empirical evidence from business and civil society of UAE
Authors: Almatrooshi Saeed , Hussain Matloub , Ajmal Mian , Tehsin Muhammad
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the intermediary roles that public policies play in stimulating government agencies, businesses and civil society to engage in a corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda.

Design/methodology/approach

Issues related to decision-making of public policies are increasingly complex. Therefore, analytical hierarchy process has been used to prioritize public policy practices for CSR in the UAE. Data were collected from experts working in businesses and civil society organizations.

Findings

Findings suggest that businesses and the civil society confirm the importance of standardization and law enforcement public policy practices in issues related to CSR in developing countries. The endorsing style of public policies was the least important approach to encouraging CSR implementation in the UAE.

Research limitations/implications

Results are derived from a limited amount of empirical data only in one country; therefore, these cannot be generalized. Future research from other countries is needed.

Practical implications

Outcomes from this study will help the government enhance its role as mediator among all agents and help with designing public policies that encourage adoption of CSR by business firms while maintaining competitiveness in the economy.

Originality/value

A framework consisting of five public policy categories – mandating, facilitating, partnering, endorsing and empowering roles – and 29 sub-policy practices is introduced. This study provides an important technique for analyzing the importance of public policies in promoting CSR. It offers insights into a population that shapes a CSR agenda.
User experience in personalized online shopping: a fuzzy-set analysis
Authors: Pappas Ilias O.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

In the complex environments of online personalization, multiple factors have been considered to explain consumers’ online behaviour, but largely without considering the role of specific configurations of variables and how they may affect consumer behaviour. This study aims to show how trust towards online vendors, privacy, emotions and experience combine to predict consumers’ purchase intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on complexity theory, a conceptual model followed by research propositions is presented. The propositions are empirically validated through configurational analysis, using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) on 182 customers with experience in personalized online shopping. Predictive validity analysis is also performed.

Findings

Five solutions of trust, privacy, emotions and experience increase intention to purchase, and six solutions inhibit it. The findings verify the importance of trust and happiness in successful personalized online shopping. Their absence inhibits purchase intentions. Also, high experience may help to overcome low trust or negative emotions, whereas low experience requires the combination of high trust and happiness. None of the examined factors are indispensable to explain purchase intentions.

Research limitations/implications

The study uses fsQCA, differentiating from traditional studies in the area that use variance-based methods and identifies multiple solutions explaining the same outcome. The proposed approach contributes to theory development in the field.

Practical implications

The multiple solutions lead to new ways on how companies may approach their customers, as each one covers a specific part of the sample, adding to the fact that in personalized marketing there is not one single optimal solution explaining customer purchase intentions.

Originality/value

This study contributes by extending existing knowledge on how trust, privacy, emotions and experience combine to increase or mitigate intention to purchase towards the development of new emotion-centric theories and the design and provision of personalized services and presenting a step-by-step methodological approach for how to apply fsQCA in e-commerce studies.
A resilience model for cold chain logistics of perishable products
Authors: Ali Imran , Nagalingam Sev , Gurd Bruce
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Most of the extant literature on resilience builds on normative, conceptual or silo approaches, thereby lacking an integrative approach to cold chain logistics risks (CCLRs) and resilience. The purpose of this paper is to bridge the current research gap by developing a model, based on broad empirical evidence, of the interplay between CCLRs, resilience and firm performance (FP) in perishable product supply chains (PPSCs).

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed method approach is used with qualitative data from interviews and quantitative data from a survey across the supply chain. The analysis is framed by contingency theory and resource-based theory.

Findings

Four significant sources of CCLRs and six resources used to build resilience are identified. Then, supply chain resilience (SCR) as a moderator of the negative relationship between CCLRs and FP is corroborated.

Practical implications

The findings will help improve managerial understandings of critical sources of risks in cold chain logistics and resources indispensable to build resilience. The scope of the research is cold chain logistics for PPSCs, which has relevance to other cold supply chains as well.

Originality/value

While some theoretical frameworks suggest resilience being a moderator in the negative relationship between cold chain risks and a firm’s performance, this study empirically tests this relationship using the survey across the entire supply chain. A new empirically and theoretically driven definition of SCR is also developed.
Heritage narratives in the digital era
Authors: Martin Marcella , Vacca Federica
Published: June 2018

Purpose

By considering the role of technology in museum archives and exhibitions, as well as company archives and production, this paper aims to present that digital technologies offer new approaches and tools to consider fashion know-how, traditions and memories.

Design/methodology/approach

Through an extensive literature review and a close consideration of multiple sources, this paper analyzes fashion, tradition and knowledge creation through the lens of museum and company archives. A section on museum archives analyzes the role of fashion in the museum and the use of technology in cataloging, online resources and exhibitions for knowledge transfer of fashion history. The second half of the paper considers the relationship between heritage, company archives and technology in branding and consumer engagement.

Findings

The paper summarizes recent scholarship in the fields of fashion archives and demonstrates the still current importance of heritage in generating new design and exhibition practices. Despite having its roots in the past, heritage demonstrates continuity with the present and looks to the future with the same devotion and commitment, thus guaranteeing quality and authenticity for both museum collections and company productions.

Originality/value

Through a case study methodology, this paper presents how digital technologies can offer new approaches and tools in museum archives and exhibitions, as well as in company archives and collection development, to reconsider and translate fashion know-how, traditions and memories in the digital era.
ParticipationPlus
Authors: Haeusler M. Hank , Hespanhol Luke , Hoggenmueller Marius
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore through a project the feasibility of testing Carpo’s preposition of the second digital turn. It further argues that if media architecture could progress into a new digital design that makes use of large amount of data, the ability of computers to filter through these data and the computers capacity to generate a physical output based on data enabled through a “digital trial and error” process and “age-old problem” in media architecture design could be addressed—in the following called Master/Slave relationship. Its breakdown is then consequently a result of applying second digital turn thinking to media architecture.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines two aspects to discuss the design of a media architecture installation: first, a qualitative method using the e-mail trails between the research team developing the installation to uncover trends in thought and opinion to identify if a Master/Slave outcome could have been avoided, thus it has the second digital turn thinking provided a “neutral judge”. Second, a design research approach where the designed outcome of the installation is discussed and evaluated. The scope of the chapter only allows for a short overview of the design process as such.

Findings

The authors could demonstrate that the design approach using second digital turn principles had overcoming the problem of a Master/Slave relationship in media architecture. Further, media architecture provides to the second digital turn, the advantage of providing input variables is of a technical nature and a clear set of objective relationships between the technical variables and constraints. Hence, it is easier to design x-number of design options. Media architecture also has advantage that the aesthetic judgement is potentially easier (which option to choose), as the primary function of most media façades lies in communicating dynamic text, graphic or images.

Originality/value

The paper understands its value in opening up and contributing to the question on how to judge objectiles. When designers are now in a position to develop computer programs that can design objects how does one judge which is the best object out of all the potential options? The paper argues that if the aesthetic quality of the outcome is understood a later judgement might be easier.
Towards typogenetic tools for generative urban aesthetics
Authors: Muehlbauer Manuel
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Urban typogenetics investigates the use of machine intelligence for the evaluation of performance measures as a decision support system (DSS) with a focus on urban aesthetics evaluation. This framework allows designers to address performance measures, urban measures and aesthetic criteria in an adaptive, interactive generative design approach. The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the structure and the nature of the framework and the application of human-in-the-loop design systems to urban design.

Design/methodology/approach

Significant literature reviewed lead to the identification of an application potential in the decision-making process. This potential is situated around the use of AI for the evaluation of subjective performance criteria in a DSS. Recognising that the key decisions about urban aesthetics are based on the individual evaluation of the designer, an HITL approach for computational design software to support creative decisions is presented in this paper.

Findings

Urban typogenetics for interactive generative urban design allows the exploration of complex design spaces by using a human-in-the-loop design system in the context of urban aesthetics. Hybrid aesthetic evaluation allows the designer to analyse morphological features and urban aesthetics during exploratory search and reveal hidden aspects of the urban context by visualisation of the results of the aesthetic evaluation. Integrating performance measures and urban aesthetics in urban typogenetics addresses major criteria of urban design at the beginning of the creative process.

Originality/value

The use of a broad interactive approach to typogenetic design in an application to urban scenarios is a novel conceptual approach to the design of urban configurations. The suggested adaptive mechanism would allow the user of a typogenetic tool to subjectively evaluate solutions by sight and reason about aesthetic, social and cultural implication of the reviewed design solutions.
It’s all about you: destination marketing campaigns in the experience economy era
Authors: Ketter Eran
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The experience economy is characterized by the consumers’ search for emotions and memorable experiences through consumption. While the experience economy has a fundamental effect on tourists’ decision-making and their consumer behavior, only a limited number of past studies have examined the relations between the experience economy and destination marketing campaigns. To extend the scope of the existing knowledge, this paper aims to explore the use of experience marketing in destination marketing campaigns.

Design/methodology/approach

The study conducts a qualitative case study analysis of six national tourism marketing campaigns, i.e. it examines the use of experience marketing in tourism campaigns and the use of the strategic experiential module as an analysis framework for destination marketing campaigns.

Findings

The findings reveal an influence of experience marketing on the examined marketing campaigns as destinations highlight the motifs of memorable experiences, engaging people’s senses and creating meaning. In accordance with the strategic experiential module, the campaigns analyzed shift the marketing focal point from the characteristics of the destination to the tourists’ experiences of sensing, feeling, thinking, acting and relating.

Originality/value

The conclusions of the study contribute both to scholars and practitioners, extending the present knowledge of the link between experience marketing and tourism marketing, illustrating the effect of experience marketing on destination marketing and shedding new light on the role of the experience economy and experience marketing in tourism marketing campaigns.
Reducing risk in reserve selection using Modern Portfolio Theory: Coastal planning under sea‐level rise
Authors: Runting Rebecca K. , Beyer Hawthorne L. , Dujardin Yann , Lovelock Catherine E. , Bryan Brett A. , Rhodes Jonathan R.
Published: June 2018

Climate change is expected to impact many species and ecosystem services, although it is difficult to predict when and how these impacts may arise. Due to this uncertainty, it is difficult to plan management actions, such as designating protected areas, intended to adapt to climate change impacts. The danger of ignoring uncertainty is that resulting plans may fail to achieve conservation objectives, yet this is not usually incorporated in conservation planning.

Recent studies have accounted for uncertainty by applying Modern Portfolio Theory—an approach for risk‐sensitive resource allocation used in the finance sector—to conservation planning. However, these approaches are not directly applicable to many conservation planning problems that typically include discrete site selection, multiple conservation objectives and a consideration of connectivity.

We extend previous applications of Modern Portfolio Theory by incorporating these additional conservation planning requirements in the context of designing a reserve system and apply it to conserving coastal wetlands and associated ecosystem services under uncertain rates of sea‐level rise. This allows us to identify an optimal set of properties to preserve, while maintaining connectivity for landward migration of wetlands and accounting for risk. We compare spatial plans that resulted from our risk‐sensitive approach to reserve selection that ignored risk to determine whether, and how, explicitly accounting for risk alters planning outcomes.

We demonstrate that incorporating sea‐level rise, but ignoring uncertainty, is a high‐risk strategy, even when planning for the worst‐case sea‐level rise scenario. In contrast, diversifying site selection through Modern Portfolio Theory can ensure the supply of ecosystem services by reducing the risk of failure across all sea‐level rise scenarios.

Synthesis and applications. Climate change will continue to drive profound changes to socio‐ecological systems that are difficult to predict. In this context, risk reduction in spatial planning is a neglected but essential strategy for avoiding comprehensive failure and improving the long‐term effectiveness of conservation efforts. Modern Portfolio Theory, as presented here to account for the characteristics of real‐world conservation planning problems, provides a rigorous way forward in dealing explicitly with risk for many conservation planning exercises.
Technology Transfer and National Efficiency: Does Absorptive Capacity Matter?
Authors: Danquah Michael , Ouattara Bazoumana , Quartey Peter
Published: June 2018

This paper explores the moderating effects of absorptive capacity on the role of technology transfer in explaining cross‐country differences in national efficiency. We used data from 18 sub‐Saharan Africa countries over the period 1970–2010 and adopted a stochastic frontier approach. The empirical results show that the coefficients of the interaction terms for measures of technology transfer (trade and machinery imports) and absorptive capacity (relative R&D) are negative and statistically significant. This suggests that absorptive capacity positively influences the degree to which technology transfer affects the efficiency of countries in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Service Delivery versus Moonlighting: Using Data from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Senegal
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Ncube Mthuli
Published: June 2018

Striking the proper balance between allocating resources into service delivery for low income which benefits society, and moonlighting elsewhere for additional income, is a challenge. A model is developed for how this balance is struck. When the moonlighting production function is concave, common with good governmental monitoring, an internal equilibrium exists. Otherwise either service delivery or moonlighting arises. The model is applied to teachers and healthcare workers within education and healthcare. Survey data from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Senegal show classroom absence for teachers at 29–52.5 per cent, and facility absence for healthcare workers 20–46 per cent. The model is calibrated against the empirics to assess and quantify the factors driving such results. The factors are the shape of the moonlighting production function which governs alternatives to service delivery, the unit cost of service delivery relative to moonlighting for teachers and healthcare workers, and the salaries for service delivery.
Parathyroid Hormone and Bone in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kazama Junichiro James , Wakasugi Minako
Published: June 2018

Bone maintains extracellular calcium levels through a system called bone remodeling. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major initiator of this system, which is secreted by the information through calcium sensing receptor in parathyroid cells. PTH modifies calcified bone morphology through a process of its bone action. Therefore, extremely hyperactivated parathyroid function seen in patients with chronic kidney disease has been considered to have a negative impact on the bone mechanical properties. While skeletal deformities and fragility fractures were common among dialysis patients up to the 1970s, after which methods for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism were developed, we now seldom encounter those cases with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in Japan. In a three‐dimensional morphometry of biopsied iliac bone samples obtained from dialysis patients, PTH level was inversely correlated with cortical bone thickness, however, this relationship disappeared among those with intact PTH < 1000 pg/mL. Higher PTH levels were associated with more complicated and irregular cancellous bone surface, but this change was not accompanied with decreased cancellous bone connectivity. These findings theoretically support the recent clinical study results that PTH levels no longer show a tight correlation with fracture risk in dialysis patients. Nevertheless, the use of calcium sensing receptor agonist is likely to be associated with reduced hip fracture risk in dialysis patients. Further study is needed to reveal its pharmacological mechanism on bone.
Editorial: Helicobacter pylori resistance and sequential therapy
Authors: Siddique O. , Moss S. F.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Gatta et al and Gatta and Scarpignato papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14597 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14676.
Editorial: HBsAg serum levels in HBeAg‐negative chronic HBV infection—is it a matter of genotype?
Authors: Alexopoulou A. , Karayiannis P.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Kuhnhenn et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14636 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14793.
Hit but not down. The substance view in light of the criticism of Lovering and Simkulet
Authors: Friberg‐Fernros Henrik
Published: June 2018

In his article ‘The substance view: A critique’, Rob Lovering argues that the substance view –according to which a human person comes into existence at the moment of conception – leads to such implausible implications that this view should be abandoned. I responded to his reductio arguments in ‘A critique of Rob Lovering's criticism of the substance view’ and concluded that his arguments did not justify a rejection of the substance view. Now Lowering and William Simkulet have both responded to my criticism, claiming that my criticism of Lovering's article did not refute his original arguments. In this article I respond to their criticism and conclude that, while the substance view has some less plausible implications, none of them justify a complete refutation of this view.
Narrative Matters: A Monster Calls – a portrayal of dissociation in childhood bereavement
Authors: Ghoshal Nishan , Wilkinson Paul O.
Published: June 2018

‘A Monster Calls’ is a children's fantasy novel written by Patrick Ness, based on an original idea by Siobhan David. Released to critical acclaim, the novel was lauded on its dealing of complex issues relating to bereavement and grief in a manner accessible to its younger readers. This article explores how ‘A Monster Calls’ presents a portrayal of a dissociative child in response to bereavement, and what impact this portrayal may have on the novel's younger readership.
Vagal nerve stimulation beyond epilepsy
Authors: Dan Bernard
Published: June 2018

Video Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvSVHZ3tqh8&feature=youtu.be
搏 Pediatric neurology in China: challenges and solutions
Authors: Jiang Yuwu
Published: June 2018

中国儿科神经专业‐挑战与对策

“搏”这个汉字的含义是面对挑战,勇敢拼搏,不畏艰难。

中国儿科神经专业始于1961年,其标志是左启华教授在1961年在北大医院儿科成立了中国第一个儿科神经专业病房。其后直到1980年代,发展相对较慢,1985年,在中华医学会儿科学分会内,左启华教授牵头在国内成立了神经学组,以后又称为中国儿童神经学会(CCNS)。1994年吴希如教授被选为国际小儿神经学会(ICNA)执行委员会委员,标志着中国儿童神经开始融入国际儿科神经领域。2002年吴希如教授在北京主办了第9届国际/第7届亚大小儿神经联合大会。2015年,中国儿童神经医师专业委员会(CAPN)成立。

2016年,CAPN在全国范围内开展了儿童医院/综合医院儿科的儿科神经专业医师调查。此调查涉及中国大陆地区31个省,815家医院,共儿童神经专科医师2,295人。其中男性医师占35%,女性医师占65%,从业时间在5年以内占18%,5˜10年以内占28%,10˜20年占24%,超过20年占30%。2015年,在被调查的医院中,因神经系统疾病住院的患儿总数达463,042。此调查仅收集最常见的六类疾病的数据,包括热性惊厥(140,807人)、中枢神经系统感染(126,867人)、癫痫(110,370人)、脑性瘫痪(74,950人)、吉兰巴雷综合征(5,334人)、重症肌无力(4714人)。在我们医院(一个三级儿科神经病学中心),患者的病种构成与全国平均数据存在很大不同。我院2015年的总住院人数(不含脑电图监测病区)为733人,包括难治性癫痫(383人)、自身免疫性疾病(188人)、神经遗传疾病(52人)、神经发育迟缓/倒退性疾病(26人)、中枢神经系统感染(23人)、其他神经障碍疾病(18人)、各类头痛(13人)、肿瘤(8人)、血管性疾病(4人)、其他(18人)。

这份调查暴露出中国儿童神经医师面临的2个关键的挑战。首先是儿科神经专业医师(尤其是合格的儿科神经专业医师),严重缺乏而不能满足预期需要。中国国家统计局数据显示,2016年中国有14岁以下儿童2亿3千万,意味着在中国平均每10万14岁以下儿童拥有儿科神经病学专业医师1.0位,而在加拿大每10万19岁以下儿童拥有1.04位。在中国儿科神经专业医师最缺乏的地区(西藏)这个数字为0.2(小于14岁),而在加拿大为0.47(小于19岁);儿科神经专业医师相对最充裕的地区(北京)为3.8,在加拿大为1.61(小于19岁)。这组数据提示,与发达国家/地区相比,中国的儿科神经病学专业服务能力和条件整体不足。但像其他许多医学专业一样,中国不同地区的医疗服务能力差别巨大,欠发达地区医疗资源短缺更加突出。

另一个严重的问题是,接受此次调查的医师中,仅有57%的儿科神经专业医生认为自己接受了良好的培训(指到专业的儿童神经中心/科室进修学习至少6个月)。由于这种儿童神经专科医师的缺口,成人神经专科医师为很大一部分儿童提供了神经专科医疗服务,但是这部分成人神经专科医师通常仅接受过有限的儿童神经专科医师所需的特殊知识和技能训练。还有令人担忧的是,很多被调查的儿科神经专科医师表示存在职业倦怠。35%的医师平均每周工作时间超过55个小时,41%的医师劳动时间为45˜55个小时,9%的医生表示一月内值夜班大于8次,52%的医师一个月内值夜班4˜8次。儿童神经专科医师对于工作非常满意的比例仅为4%,较满意为30%,不满意为66%。

CAPN和CCNS正在努力协助政府部门解决问题。首先,积极推动儿科神经医师的专科培训和认证,增加高质量的儿科神经专科医师,同时,开展针对未经过专科培训的目前执业的儿科神经医师的大规模培训。为此,CAPN计划进行覆盖全国所有省份的短期培训课程(平均每省份3个城市)。第二,建立及推动儿童神经系统疾病诊治网络的建立,在全国每个省份确定1~2个区域中心,进行重点扶持。同时利用网络技术及远程会诊系统进行疑难病例的会诊。第三,推动儿童神经病学临床及基础研究的开展,提高儿童神经系统疾病的认知及诊疗水平;第四,必须加强国际交流和合作研究。

随着中国经济和社会的不断发展,我们相信我们可以成功地应对这些挑战,持续推进中国儿童神经病学的发展。
Obese individuals with type 2 diabetes demonstrate decreased activation of the salience‐related insula and increased activation of the emotion/salience‐related amygdala to visual food cues compared to non‐obese individuals with diabetes: A preliminary study
Authors: Farr Olivia M. , Mantzoros Christos S.
Published: June 2018

A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of obesity and its comorbidities is needed to develop more effective therapeutics. In the current study, differences in brain activation to food cues between obese (n = 6) versus non‐obese (n = 5) individuals with type 2 diabetes were examined cross‐sectionally using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Obese individuals with type 2 diabetes demonstrate less activation of the salience‐ and reward‐related insula while fasting and increased activation of the amygdala to highly desirable foods after a meal. These findings in individuals with type 2 diabetes suggest a persistence of differences between obese versus non‐obese individuals. Future, larger studies should confirm this differential activation between lean and obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.