bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mnenje za spremljanje bolnikov po preboleli covidni pljučnici
Authors: Turel Matjaž , Edelbaher Natalija , Fležar Matjaž , Harlander Matevž , Kecelj Peter , Kern Izidor , Kočar Majda , Kopac Peter , Košnik Mitja , Marčun Robert , Požek Igor , Rajer Mirjana , Šarc Irena , Šorli Jure , Vidovič Dušanka , Osolnik Katarina
Published: October 2021

Pljučnica je najpogostejši vzrok za težji potek okužbe z virusom SARS-CoV-2 in s hospitalizacijo. Potek covidne pljučnice je lahko različen; infiltrati, vidni na rentgenski sliki, se lahko resorbirajo spontano, včasih pa je potrebno zdravljenje s sistemskimi glukokortikoidi. Ob odpustu iz bolnišnice zdravljenje običajno še ni končano, zato je Združenje pulmologov Slovenije v želji po enotnem obravnavanju bolnikov s covidno pljučnico izdelalo mnenje za obravnavo in sledenje bolnikov po odpustu iz bolnišnice. Zavedamo se, da ob novi bolezni ne gre za dokončno mnenje, saj bodo nova spoznanja o covidni pljučnici zanesljivo zahtevala obnavljanje mnenj.
Children do not ignore (null objects): Against deficit accounts of the null object stage in language acquisition
Authors: Pérez-Leroux Ana T.
Published: October 2021

Children across a variety of languages omit direct objects at higher rates that adults. It has been argued that these omissions arise from children’s performance or pragmatic limitations. The null object approach holds that children start by allowing a broader set of mechanisms for the recoverability of null objects than those possible in the adult grammar, which becomes more restricted with experience. Comprehension data is considered key evidence for evaluating representational approaches, but the interpretation of previous comprehension results is obscured by methodological issues. This article presents new data contrasting the interpretation of various types of direct objects in negative sentences, including null objects (Johnny is not eating) and anaphoric and negative polarity items (not eating it/not eating anything). English-speaking children aged 4–5 (n = 75) participated in three separate comprehension studies contrasting the interpretation of null objects to overt objects. Children consistently accepted sentences with overt anaphoric objects and rejected sentences with negative polarity objects, and treated sentences with null objects as fully ambiguous.
Conflicto Laporta-Koeman: ¿un caso de 'mobbing'?
Authors: Pastor Lluís
Published: October 2021

El mundo del deporte muestra a menudo reglas distintas a las de las empresas, aunque los clubes más conocidos no hay duda de que son grandes empresas. En el ámbito del trabajo, la relación entre Laporta y Koeman esta temporada 21-22 reproduce un caso de mobbing: un hostigamiento psicológico sistemático en el entorno laboral. Me explico.
Nitzschia anatoliensis sp. nov., a cryptic diatom species from the highly alkaline Van Lake (Turkey)
Authors: Solak Cüneyt Nadir , Gastineau Romain , Lemieux Claude , Turmel Monique , Gorecka Ewa , Trobajo Rosa , Rybak Mateusz , Yılmaz Elif , Witkowski Andrzej
Published: October 2021

In this article we describe Nitzschia anatoliensis Górecka, Gastineau & Solak sp. nov., an example of a diatom species inhabiting extreme habitats. The new species has been isolated and successfully grown from the highly alkaline Van Lake in East Turkey. The description is based on morphology (light and scanning electron microscopy), the sequencing of its organellar genomes and several molecular phylogenies. This species could easily be overlooked because of its extreme similarity to Nitzschia aurariae but molecular phylogenies indicate that they are only distantly related. Furthermore, molecular data suggest that N. anatoliensis may occur in several alkaline lakes of Asia Minor and Siberia, but was previously misidentified as Nitzschia communis. It also revealed the very close genetic proximity between N. anatoliensis and the endosymbiont of the dinotom Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, providing additional clues on what might have been the original species of diatoms to enter symbiosis.
Life Satisfaction of Young Female Factory Workers in Developing Countries: A Grounded Theory Approach to Develop a Model
Authors: Rajapakshe Wasantha
Published: October 2021

This study explores the determinant factors of life satisfaction of female workers in Free Trade Zones (FTZ) in Sri Lanka by using the grounded theory approach. Observations and in-depth interviews were applied to gather data. Life satisfaction among women in the workplace is requisite in many industries. Compared with all other sectors, life satisfaction issues are more crucial in FTZs. The model formulated in this study shows the employees' overall life satisfaction at FTZs, which many previous studies have ignored. The findings revealed that overall life satisfaction is dependent on seven satisfaction domains: work satisfaction, health satisfaction, financial satisfaction, family satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, housing satisfaction, community satisfaction, and two factors related to participation in life events: happy events and sad events. In addition, seven personal characteristics: age, marital status, number of family members, parents, family income, education, and positions held before joining FTZs were identified as moderator variables. The proposed model is closed the theoretical gap which many previous researchers overlooked. The study provided managerial and policy implications and proposed policies to the government and managers to overcome this issue.
Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of Measles in the Presence of Treatment as Control Strategy
Authors: Paul Rose Veronica , Atokolo William , Saka Salawu Ademu , Joseph Achonu Omale
Published: October 2021

We present in this research work, mathematical modeling of the transmission dynamics of measles using treatment as a control measure. We determined the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) point of the model after which we obtained the Basic Reproduction Number ( R0 ) of the model using the next generation approach. The model Endemic Equilibrium (EE) point was also determined after which we performed Local Stability Analysis(LAS) of the Disease Free Equilibrium point and result shows that the Disease Free Equilibrium point of the model would be stable if ( R0 <1). Global Stability Analysis (GAS) result shows that, ( R0 ≤ 1) remains the necessary and sufficient condition for the infection to go into extinction from a population. We carried out Sensitivity Analysis of the model using the Basic Reproduction Number and we discovered that ( δ , μ, ν , θ ) are sensitive parameters that should be targeted towards control intervention strategy as an increase in these values can reduce the value of ( R0 ) to a value less than unity and such can reduce the spread of measles in a population. Model simulation was carried out using mat lab software to support our analytical results.
Evaluation of Yield Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties with Varied Dates of Planting under North Central Plateau Zone (NCPZ) of Odisha
Authors: Mishra N. , Sahoo K. C. , Ray M. , Majhi P. K. , Das S. , Tudu S.
Published: October 2021

Aim: To identify the proper variety and suitable date of planting of potato for North Central Plateau Zone (NCPZ) of Odisha.

Study Design: The experiment was laid in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was carried out at Field Experimental Block, Regional research and Technology Transfer Station (RRTTS), Keonjhar, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha. The investigation was conducted during rabi-2015-16 and rabi-2016-17.

Methodology: There were four high yielding potato genotypes used as sub-factor for the study such as V1: Kufri Jyoti, V2: Kufri Surya, V3: Kufri Ashoka and V4: Kufri Pukhraj. The materials were planted in three different dates (D1: 15th November, D2: 25th November and D3: 5th December) as main-factor to identify the superior variety with suitable dates of planting.

Results: The results of pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) shown that the genotypes had significant differences for the dates of planting on yield. Higher tuber yield was recorded in the variety Kufri Pukhraj in both rabi-2015-16 (28.37 t ha-1) and rabi-2016-17 (35.53 t ha-1) along with higher mean yield (31.95 t ha-1). All the varieties have higher yield when planted on D1 (15th November) as compared to the other two date of planting.

Conclusion: The varietal and environmental variations as well as their interaction had a considerable influence on yield and its attributes. In this investigation, Kufri Pukhraj was identified as higher yielder and 15th November was found best suitable planting date for north central plateau zone of Odisha, as this date given higher yield as compared to the other two dated of plating. Therefore, if a specific window of date of planting can be ascertained to the farmers of this region then it would help to cultivate potato exactly when the climatic conditions are favorable for its growth and ultimately to get a high crop yield.
Correlation and Path Analysis Studies on Yield and Yield Components in Musk Melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Nanthakumar S. , Sankar R. S. , Rameshkumar D.
Published: October 2021

Problem: The correlation co-efficient indicates the nature of association among the different traits, path analysis splits the correlation co-efficient into measure of direct and indirect effects thus providing understanding of the direct and indirect association of each character towards yield.

Methods: An experiment on correlation and path analysis involving thirty F1 and six parents in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) was carried out at Department of Horticulture, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu India.

Results: The fruit yield per plant had exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with individual fruit weight (0.845), fruit diameter (0.656), fruit length (0.536) and flesh thickness (0.503). Path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., fruit weight exerted the highest positive direct effect (1.034) on fruit yield per vine followed by number of fruits per vine (0.497), days to first female flower anthesis (0.088), vine length (0.072) and fruit length (0.070).

Conclusion: The fruit yield per plant can be improved by making selection of these traits in yield improvement programme.
Unit Groups of Classes of Five Radical Zero Commutative Completely Primary Finite Rings
Authors: Were Hezron Saka , Owino Maurice Oduor , Gichuki Moses Ndiritu
Published: October 2021

In this paper, R is considered a completely primary finite ring and Z(R) is its subset of all zero divisors (including zero), forming a unique maximal ideal. We give a construction of R whose subset of zero divisors Z(R) satisfies the conditions (Z(R))5 = (0); (Z(R))4 ̸= (0) and determine the structures of the unit groups of R for all its characteristics.
Linking violent video games to cyberaggression among college students: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Li Yongzhan
Published: October 2021

To explore the relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior and its internal mechanism, a cross‐sectional survey was carried out with a sample of 1141 college students who completed the Violent Video Game Listing Questionnaire (VVLQ), Adolescent Online Aggressive Behavior Scale (AOABS), Beliefs Supportive of Violence Scale (BSVS), and Trait Anger Scale (TAS). The results showed that (1) exposure to violent video games was positively associated with college students' cyberaggressive behavior; (2) trait anger moderated the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior; (3) trait anger moderated the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' attitude toward violence; (4) attitude toward violence acted as a partial mediator in the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior; and (5) through attitude toward violence, trait anger plays a mediated moderating role in the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' aggressive behavior.
Prosecutions of drug‐using women now targeting miscarriage cases
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2021

The group National Advocates for Pregnant Women (NAPW) has documented more than 1,200 cases of women prosecuted on charges related to their pregnancy, but few have caused as jarring a reaction as the current case involving Brittney Poolaw in Oklahoma. Poolaw has been incarcerated since March 2020, two months after experiencing a miscarriage, and this month was sentenced to four years in prison for manslaughter in a prosecution triggered by her use of methamphetamine.
NAATP supports telehealth, with conditions
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

In last week's issue, we wrote about the recent study of telehealth services for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment in Psychiatric Services (see “Telehealth effectiveness for addiction; Jury is still out,” ADAW, Oct. 18, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adaw.33227). A comment from the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP) that came in too late for press shows that many programs have indeed made themselves available by telehealth, to the benefit of patients.
Electronically Conjugated Multifunctional Covalent Triazine Framework for Unprecedented CO2 Selectivity and High‐Power Flexible Supercapacitor
Authors: Mahato Manmatha , Nam Sanghee , Tabassian Rassoul , Oh Saewoong , Nguyen Van Hiep , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: October 2021

Multifunctional porous carbon materials are the key to a clean, safe, and sustainable working environment and energy storage devices because they can be reused, recycled, and repurposed. Here, unprecedented electronically conjugated nanoporous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) containing 4‐(Dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4H‐pyran (DDP) surface functionalities is designed for the selective adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) over nitrogen (N2) gas under ambient conditions; materials are repurposed to form an active electrode material for the fabrication of dimensionally stable high energy density solid‐state flexible supercapacitors (SFSC). The functional 4H‐pyran unit of DDP in‐resonance with the triazine frameworks enriches the overall surface polarities for improved selective gas adsorption and serves as charge storage and/or discharge pockets during electrochemical switching. Consequently, DDP‐based CTFs show an optimum CO2 adsorption of 154.0 mg g−1 and record CO2/N2 selectivity of 185.8 at 273 K under atmospheric pressure. In addition, an eminent energy density of 147.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 750 W kg−1 is accomplished with the fabricated SFSC. This material demonstrates no loss of capacitive performance under mechanical bending of 140° for long cycles and can power a commercial light emitting diode easily.
Novel Narrow Bandgap Terpolymer Donors Enables Record Performance for Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells Based on All‐Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors
Authors: Huang Xuexiang , Zhang Lifu , Cheng Yujun , Oh Jiyeon , Li Chunquan , Huang Bin , Zhao Lin , Deng Jiawei , Zhang Youhui , Liu Zuoji , Wu Feiyan , Hu Xiaotian , Yang Changduk , Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang
Published: October 2021

Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) based on all narrow bandgap (all‐NBG) semiconductors are attractive for building integration. Unfortunately, advanced NBG Y‐series acceptors cannot well match with the NBG donors, resulting from their mismatched energy levels and poor compatibility. Herein, a facile terpolymer design strategy is adopted to improve the matching of Y6 with efficient NBG polymer donor PCE10. F or Cl atom functionalized benzodithiophene (BDT) are introduced into the PCE10 matrix to afford two series of terpolymers, namely PCE10‐BDT2F and PCE10‐BDT2Cl. Compared with PCE10, all terpolymers show deeper energy levels, higher extinction coefficients, enhanced face‐on orientation, and better compatibility with Y6. Consequently, significant breakthroughs are achieved for both opaque and semitransparent devices. Particularly, a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.80% is achieved by PCE10‐BDT2F:Y6‐based device, nearly 40% higher than PCE10:Y6‐based device. ST‐OSCs also achieve impressive PCEs of 12.00% and 10.85% with average visible transmittance (AVT) of 30.98% and 41.08%, respectively, and both PCEs are the highest values with AVT over 30% and 40%. An outstanding light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 4.46% further demonstrates the successful balance of PCE and AVT. These results demonstrate that the design of NBG terpolymers is a facile and highly encouraging strategy for promoting breakthroughs in ST‐OSCs.
Inkjet Printed Disposable High‐Rate On‐Paper Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Li Zheng , Ruiz Virginia , Mishukova Viktoriia , Wan Qiansu , Liu Haomin , Xue Han , Gao Ying , Cao Gaolong , Li Yuanyuan , Zhuang Xiaodong , Weissenrieder Jonas , Cheng Shi , Li Jiantong
Published: October 2021

On‐paper microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are a key energy storage component for disposable electronics that are anticipated to essentially address the increasing global concern of electronic waste. However, nearly none of the present on‐paper MSCs combine eco‐friendliness with high electrochemical performance (especially the rate capacity). In this work, highly reliable conductive inks based on the ternary composite of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), graphene quantum dots and graphene are developed for scalable inkjet printing of compact (footprint area ≈ 20 mm2) disposable MSCs on commercial paper substrates. Without any post treatment, the printed patterns attain a sheet resistance as low as 4 Ω ▫−1. The metal‐free all‐solid‐state MSCs exhibit a maximum areal capacitance > 2 mF cm−2 at a high scan rate of 1000 mV s−1, long cycle life (>95% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles), excellent flexibility, and long service time. Remarkably, the “totally metal‐free” MSC arrays are fully inkjet printed on paper substrates and also exhibit high rate performance. The life cycle assessment indicates that these printed devices have much lower eco‐toxicity and global warming potential than other on‐paper MSCs.
Conjugated Polymer Mesocrystals with Structural and Optoelectronic Coherence and Anisotropy in Three Dimensions
Authors: Yu Liyang , Pavlica Egon , Li Ruipeng , Zhong Yufei , Silva Carlos , Bratina Gvido , Müller Christian , Amassian Aram , Stingelin Natalie
Published: October 2021

Semiconducting mesocrystalline bulk polymer specimens that exhibit near‐intrinsic properties using channel‐die pressing are demonstrated. A predominant edge‐on orientation is obtained for poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) throughout 2 mm‐thick/wide samples. This persistent mesocrystalline arrangement at macroscopic scales allows reliable evaluation of the electronic charge‐transport anisotropy along all three crystallographic axes, with high mobilities found along the π‐stacking. Indeed, charge‐carrier mobilities of up to 2.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 are measured along the π‐stack, which are some of the highest mobilities reported for polymers at low charge‐carrier densities (drop‐cast films display mobilities of maximum ≈10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1). The structural coherence also leads to an unusually well‐defined photoluminescence line‐shape characteristic of an H‐aggregate (measured from the surface perpendicular to the materials flow), rather than the typical HJ‐aggregate feature usually found for P3HT. The approach is widely applicable: to electrical conductors and materials used in n‐type devices, such as poly{[N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (N2200) where the mesocrystalline structure leads to high electron transport along the polymer backbones (≈1.3 cm2 V−1 s−1). This versatility and the broad applicability of channel‐die pressing signifies its promise as a straightforward, readily scalable method to fabricate bulk semiconducting polymer structures at macroscopic scales with properties typically accessible only by the tedious growth of single crystals.
Nanoprecipitate‐Strengthened High‐Entropy Alloys
Authors: Liu Liyuan , Zhang Yang , Han Jihong , Wang Xiyu , Jiang Wenqing , Liu Chain‐Tsuan , Zhang Zhongwu , Liaw Peter K.
Published: October 2021

Multicomponent high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) can be tuned to a simple phase with some unique alloy characteristics. HEAs with body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) or hexagonal‐close‐packed (HCP) structures are proven to possess high strength and hardness but low ductility. The faced‐centered‐cubic (FCC) HEAs present considerable ductility, excellent corrosion and radiation resistance. However, their strengths are relatively low. Therefore, the strategy of strengthening the ductile FCC matrix phase is usually adopted to design HEAs with excellent performance. Among various strengthening methods, precipitation strengthening plays a dazzling role since the characteristics of multiple principal elements and slow diffusion effect of elements in HEAs provide a chance to form fine and stable nanoscale precipitates, pushing the strengths of the alloys to new high levels. This paper summarizes and review the recent progress in nanoprecipitate‐strengthened HEAs and their strengthening mechanisms. The alloy‐design strategies and control of the nanoscale precipitates in HEAs are highlighted. The future works on the related aspects are outlined.
Boosting Room Temperature Tunnel Magnetoresistance in Hybrid Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Under Electric Bias
Authors: González‐Ruano César , Tiusan Coriolan , Hehn Michel , Aliev Farkhad G.
Published: October 2021

Spin‐resolved electron symmetry filtering is a key mechanism behind giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in Fe/MgO/Fe and similar magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), providing room temperature functionality in spin electronics. However, the electron symmetry filtering breaks down under applied bias, dramatically reducing the TMR above 0.5 V. This strongly hampers the application range of MTJs. To circumvent the problem, resonant tunneling through quantum well states in thin layers has been used so far. This mechanism, however, is mainly effective at low temperatures. Here, a fundamentally different approach is demonstrated, providing a strong TMR boost under applied bias in V/MgO/Fe/MgO/Fe/Co hybrids. This pathway uses spin orbit coupling (SOC) controlled interfacial states in vanadium, which contrary to the V(001) bulk states are allowed to tunnel to Fe(001) at low biases. The experimentally observed strong increase of TMR with bias is modeled using two nonlinear resistances in series, with the low bias conductance of the first (V/MgO/Fe) element being boosted by the SOC‐controlled interfacial states, while the conductance of the second (Fe/MgO/Fe) junctions are controlled by the relative alignment of the ferromagnetic layers. These results pave a way to unexplored and fundamentally different spintronic device schemes, with tunneling magnetoresistance uplifted under applied electric bias.
Resveratrol‐Loaded Poly(d,l‐Lactide‐Co‐Glycolide) Microspheres Integrated in a Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Hydrogel for Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Wang Xi , Li Xiaolin , Duffy Patrick , McMahon Sean , Wang Xianqing , Lyu Jing , Xu Qian , A Sigen , Chen Ningyi N. , Bi Vivian , Dürig Thomas , Wang Wenxin
Published: October 2021

Cartilage tissue has a relatively low regenerative capacity which leads to a need for disease‐modifying active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) which can stimulate its regeneration and more urgently, effective ways of introducing APIs into the cartilage defects. Herein, an integrated system is proposed in which a hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based injectable hydrogel scaffold is embedded with API‐loaded poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) microspheres (PLGA MPs). This new injectable drug delivery system can successfully deliver APIs locally, increase drug retention time, and promote endogenous cartilage regeneration. In this study, resveratrol (RSV), a small hydrophobic compound is introduced as the selected API. PLGAs with differing copolymer ratios and endgroups are evaluated to study their effects on particle formation, RSV encapsulation, and drug release kinetics. This system is optimized as a 1 month sustained release formulation. In addition, the long‐acting chondrogenic induction of the RSV‐loaded system is evaluated by coculturing with cartilage‐derived progenitor cells in vitro. PLGA–RSV MPs stimulated the expression of cartilage‐related genes and the production of the cartilage‐specific extracellular matrix. This integrated system shows great potential as an injectable formulation for long‐acting chondrogenesis and endogenous cartilage tissue regeneration.
Hyperbranched Microwire Networks of Organic Cocrystals with Optical Waveguiding and Light‐Harvesting Abilities
Authors: Feng Zuofang , Hai Tao , Liang Yin , Zhang Qing , Lei Yilong
Published: October 2021

We report the synthesis of hyperbranched organic microwire (MW) networks comprising 1,4‐bis(pentafluorostyryl)benzene (10Ft) and 9,10‐bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BA) using a simple solution co‐assembly route. Pure 10Ft or BA assemblies cannot produce such complex MW networks; in contrast with a binary cocrystal of 10Ft and BA with a 2:1 molar ratio ((2:1)10Ft:BA), which is formed via intermolecular arene‐perfluoroarene (AP) interactions. A new generation of multiple MWs grow epitaxially on the previous generation of MWs to form MW arrays in which BA may also act as an intermediate product to facilitate the regeneration of (2:1)10Ft:BA. Highly aligned and well‐connected MW networks enable superior optical waveguiding ability. Moreover, a red‐emitting dopant, 5,12‐bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene (BN) was incorporated into (2:1)10Ft:BA host MWs, giving light‐harvesting hierarchical MW networks via an energy‐transfer (ET) process. The realization of the hyperbranched MWs provides us with deep insight into the rational creation of complex branched arrays from functional organic cocrystals.
Active Exsolved Metal–Oxide Interfaces in Porous Single‐Crystalline Ceria Monoliths for Efficient and Durable CH4/CO2Reforming
Authors: Xiao Yongchun , Xie Kui
Published: October 2021

Dry reforming of CH4/CO2provides an attractive route to convert greenhouse gas into syngas; however, the resistance to sintering and coking of catalyst remains a fundamental challenge at high operation temperatures. Here we create active and durable metal–oxide interfaces in porous single‐crystalline (PSC) CeO2monoliths with in situ exsolved single‐crystalline (SC) Ni particles and show efficient dry reforming of CH4/CO2at temperatures as low as 450 °C. We show the excellent and durable performance with ≈20 % of CH4conversion and ≈30 % of CO2conversion even in a continuous operation of 240 hours. The well‐defined active metal–oxide interfaces, created by exsolving SC Ni nanoparticles from PSC NixCe1−xO2to anchor them on PSC CeO2scaffolds, prevent nanoparticle sintering and enhance the coking resistance due to the stronger metal–support interactions. Our work would enable an industrially and economically viable path for carbon reclamation, and the technique of creating active and durable metal–oxide interfaces in PSC monoliths could lead to stable catalyst designs for many challenging reactions.
Construction of NH‐Unprotected Spiropyrrolidines and Spiroisoindolines by [4+1] Cyclizations of γ‐Azidoboronic Acids with Cyclic N‐Sulfonylhydrazones
Authors: López Lucía , Cabal María‐Paz , Valdés Carlos
Published: October 2021

The reactions of N‐sulfonylhydrazones derived from cyclic ketones with γ‐azidopropylboronic acid and 2‐(azidomethyl)phenylboronic acid give rise to spirocyclic pyrrolidines and spiroisoindolines, respectively. The reactions proceed without the need of any transition‐metal catalyst through a domino process that comprises the formation of a Csp3‐C and a Csp3‐N bond of the former hydrazonic carbon. The scope of the reaction has been explored by the preparation of over 50 examples of NH‐unprotected spirocyclic derivatives. Importantly, this methodology could be applied for the preparation of alkaloid steroids from steroid N‐tosylhydrazones.
Effect of captivity on the vertebral bone microstructure of xenarthran mammals
Authors: Zack Ellianna H. , Smith Stephanie M. , Angielczyk Kenneth D.
Published: October 2021

Captive specimens in museum collections facilitate study of rare taxa, but the lifestyles, diets, and lifespans of captive animals differ from their wild counterparts. Trabecular bone architecture adapts to in vivo forces, and may reflect interspecific variation in ecology and behavior as well as intraspecific variation between captive and wild specimens. We compared trunk vertebrae bone microstructure in captive and wild xenarthran mammals to test the effects of ecology and captivity. We collected μCT scans of the last six presacral vertebrae in 13 fossorial, terrestrial, and suspensorial xenarthran species (body mass: 120 g to 35 kg). For each vertebra, we measured centrum length; bone volume fraction (BV.TV); trabecular number and mean thickness (Tb.Th); global compactness (GC); cross‐sectional area; mean intercept length; star length distribution; and connectivity and connectivity density. Wild specimens have more robust trabeculae, but this varies with species, ecology, and pathology. Wild specimens of fossorial taxa (Dasypus) have more robust trabeculae than captives, but there is no clear difference in bone microstructure between wild and captive specimens of suspensorial taxa (Bradypus, Choloepus), suggesting that locomotor ecology influences the degree to which captivity affects bone microstructure. Captive Tamandua and Myrmecophaga have higher BV.TV, Tb.Th, and GC than their wild counterparts due to captivity‐caused bone pathologies. Our results add to the understanding of variation in mammalian bone microstructure, suggest caution when including captive specimens in bone microstructure research, and indicate the need to better replicate the habitats, diets, and behavior of animals in captivity.
Development of porous silicon‐coated gold nanoparticles as potential theragnostic material
Authors: Kim Jiwon , Hwang Sumin , Luu Quy Son , Jo Donghyuk , Do Uyen Thi , Nguyen Quynh Thi , Kwon Jae‐Sung , Lee Seunghyun , Lee Youngbok
Published: October 2021

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used widely as multifunctional materials for several biomedical applications due to their attractive characteristics. However, toxicity and aggregation of AuNPs are critical issues, and methods of effective surface modification are required to overcome these problems. In this study, porous silicon‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP@pSi) were fabricated as a hybrid nanocomposite capable of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐sensing and drug carrier. First, size‐controlled AuNPs were coated with a silica nano‐shell, and the resulting silica layers were converted to porous silicon through magnesiothermic reduction. Overall results suggest that AuNP@pSi can be exploited as a SERS probe with efficient Raman signal improvement of benzenethiol as well as a drug carrier based on its high surface area (113.7 m2 g−1) and porosity (13.38 nm, 0.3805 cm3 g−1). Since the porous silicon possibly can serve as magnetic resonance imaging probes with DNP technology, this hybrid platform potentially can be utilized as powerful material capable of theragnosis system.
Determination of ginsenoside Rh3 in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Yang Ting , Xu Wenwu , Wei Xiyu , Zhang Zhenzhen , Sun Yue , Liu Houru , Yu Peihua , Li Wei , Yu Dehong
Published: October 2021

Ginsenoside Rh3 (GRh3) is a bacterial metabolite of ginsenoside Rg5, which is the main component of hot‐processed ginseng. A simple, efficient and sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of GRh3 in rat plasma by LC–tandem mass spectrometry. After protein precipitation with methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, vol/vol) using propranolol as the internal standard, the target analytes were separated on an XDB C18 column, with methanol containing 0.1% formic acid and water containing 0.1% formic acid used as mobile phases for gradient elution. Mass spectrometry was performed in electrospray ion source–positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring mode, monitoring the transitions m/z 622.5 → 425.5 and m/z 260.1 → 116.1 for GRh3 and internal standard, respectively. The concentration range of GRh3 was 20–20,000 ng/mL and the correlation coefficient (r2) was greater than 0.99. The accuracy error and relative standard deviation were below 15%. The extraction recovery and matrix effect were 74.2% to 78.7% and 96.9% to 108.4%, respectively. Under different conditions, GRh3 was stable in the range of 1.8%–8.7%. This method has been successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of GRh3 with an oral dose of 10.0 mg/kg and an intravenous dose of 2.0 mg/kg in rats, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of GRh3 was 37.6%.
Efficient Hydro‐ and Organogelation by Minimalistic Diketopiperazines Containing a Highly Insoluble Aggregation‐Induced, Blue‐Shifted Emission Luminophore**
Authors: Molkenthin Martin , Nau Werner M. , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: October 2021

We report the synthesis, gelation abilities and aggregation‐induced, blue‐shifted emission (AIBSE) properties of two minimalistic diketopiperazine‐based gelators. Despite containing a highly insoluble luminophore that makes up more than half of their respective molecular masses, efficient hydrogelation by multiple stimuli for one and efficient organogelation for the other compound are reported. Insights into the aggregation and gelation properties were gained through examination of the photophysical and material properties of selected gels, which are representative of the different modes of gelation. The synthesis of the gelators is highly modular and based on readily available amino acid building blocks, allowing the efficient and rapid diversification of these core structures and fine‐tuning of gel properties.
Outcomes of robotic‐assisted liver surgery versus laparoscopic liver surgery for treatment of stage I hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Duong Linh M. , Cai Hui , Shrubsole Martha J. , Bailey Christina E. , Idrees Kamran , Shu Xiao‐Ou
Published: October 2021

Background

This article investigated whether robotic‐assisted liver surgery versus laparoscopic liver surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has similar or different short‐ and long‐term clinical outcomes.

Methods

A total of 3049 patients from the National Cancer Database who received minimally invasive surgery (ie, robotic or laparoscopic surgery) for stage I HCC cancers between 2010 to 2015, of which 123 had robotic and 2926 had laparoscopic surgeries performed, were identified. Logistic regression was applied to evaluate short‐term outcomes. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate all‐cause mortality at 1‐year, 3‐years, and 5‐years after surgery, adjusting for potential confounders. Propensity score‐matched analyses were conducted to compare long‐term outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic surgeries.

Results

Robotic surgery was associated with improved overall survival, with 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates (SRs) of 0.92, 0.75, and 0.63 compared with laparoscopic surgery SRs of 0.86, 0.60, and 0.45, respectively (P value <.01). Multivariate analyses showed that robotic compared with laparoscopic surgery had significantly lower 5‐year total mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 and 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45%‐0.93% for intent‐to‐treat; HR, 0.62 and 95% CI, 0.42%‐0.91% for end‐treatment analyses). Similar results were found in propensity score matched analyses; robotic surgery was associated with improved overall survival compared with laparoscopic surgery (HR, 0.64 and 95% CI, 0.43%‐0.96% for intent‐to‐treat; HR, 0.59 and 95% CI, 0.39%‐0.90% for end‐treatment).

Conclusions

Robotic surgery is not inferior to laparoscopic surgery in treating early‐stage HCC and may be associated with improved long‐term survival.
An Efficient Method for Covalent Surface Functionalization of Ultrasmall Metallic Nanoparticles by Surface Azidation Followed by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (Click Chemistry)
Authors: Klein Kai , Loza Kateryna , Heggen Marc , Epple Matthias
Published: October 2021

The azidation of glutathione (GSH)‐functionalized ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) by the azide transfer reagent imidazole‐1‐sulfonyl azide hydrogen sulfate leads to azide‐terminated nanoparticles with high yield. A subsequent copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), i. e. a click reaction, leads to covalently functionalized nanoparticles. This was demonstrated with two alkyne‐functionalized dyes, i. e. FAM‐alkyne and AlexaFluor‐647‐alkyne, that were covalently coupled to the nanoparticles. The integrity of the glutathione ligand and the successful surface azidation were demonstrated by one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The surface composition of the nanoparticles was determined by quantitative NMR spectroscopy and UV/vis spectroscopy. Each nanoparticle carries 125 glutathione molecules of which 118 were substituted by an azide group. After dye conjugation, either 6 FAM molecules or 11 AlexaFluor‐647 molecules were present on each nanoparticle, respectively. The dye‐clicked nanoparticles were highly fluorescent due to the absence of surface plasmon resonance. The post‐functionalization of GSH avoids a chemical reaction of a functional ligand during the reduction reaction, gives a high yield (up to 50 mg nanoparticles per batch), is based on water as solvent, and is applicable for metallic nanoparticles in general.
Higher rates of diabetic ketoacidosis and admission to the paediatric intensive care unit among newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes in Kuwait during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Al‐Abdulrazzaq Dalia , Alkandari Abdullah , Alhusaini Fatemah , Alenazi Naser , Gujral Unjali P. , Narayan K. M. Venkat , Al‐Kandari Hessa ,   CODeR group
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic might have a multifaceted effect on children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), either directly through infection itself or indirectly due to measures implemented by health authorities to control the pandemic.

Objective

To compare data on children newly diagnosed with T1D in Kuwait during the COVID‐19 pandemic to the pre‐pandemic period.

Research Design and Methods

We analysed data on children aged 12 years or less registered in the Childhood‐Onset Diabetes electronic Registry (CODeR) in Kuwait. Data were incidence rate (IR), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and its severity and admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Results

The IR of T1D was 40.2 per 100,000 (95% CI; 36.0–44.8) during the COVID‐19 pandemic period and was not statistically different from pre‐pandemic. A higher proportion of incident T1D cases presented with DKA and were admitted to the PICU during the pandemic (52.2% vs. 37.8%: p ˂ 0.001, 19.8% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.002, respectively). The COVID‐19 pandemic was positively associated with presentation of DKA and admission to PICU (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.13–2.65; p = 0.012, AOR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.13–3.67; p = 0.018, respectively). Children of families with a positive history for diabetes were less likely to present with DKA and get admitted to the PICU during the COVID‐19 pandemic (AOR = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20–0.74; p = 0.004, AOR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08–0.61; p = 0.004, respectively).

Conclusion

High rates of DKA at presentation and admission to PICU in incident T1D cases during the COVID‐19 pandemic warrant further studies and effective mitigation efforts through increasing awareness, early detection, and timely intervention.
The visceral adiposity index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China: A national cohort analysis
Authors: Yu Jinyue , Yi Qian , Chen Ge , Hou Leying , Liu Qing , Xu Yunhan , Qiu Yiwen , Song Peige
Published: October 2021

Aims

Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is a sex‐specific index of visceral adiposity based on body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. This study aims to demonstrate the association of VAI and its longitudinal transition patterns with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in middle‐aged and older Chinese.

Materials and methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) were analysed. Participants were classified into high‐ and low‐VAI groups at baseline, and subsequently into four transition patterns during follow‐up (2011–2015): maintained‐high, maintained‐low, high‐to‐low, and low‐to‐high VAI. Multivariable Cox frailty models with random effects were used to assess the associations of VAI and its transitions with T2DM.

Results

A total of 7245 participants were analysed, among which 818 developed T2DM by 2018. A positive association between baseline high‐VAI levels and T2DM was observed (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.27–1.75). Compared with people with maintained low‐VAI pattern during follow‐up, those with transition patterns of maintained‐high VAI, high‐to‐low VAI, and low‐to‐high VAI were at higher risk of T2DM (HR = 1.97, 1.52, and 1.56, respectively, all p < 0.05). The risk of T2DM decreased significantly in the high‐to‐low VAI group as compared to the maintained‐high VAI group (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–0.99).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the significant associations of baseline VAI and its transitions with the risk of new‐onset T2DM. Early prevention efforts are needed to control the development of T2DM in Chinese with high‐VAI levels.
Effects of lake‐level changes on water quality and fisheries production of Lake Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Walumona Jacques Riziki , Kaunda‐Arara Boaz , Odoli Ogombe Cyprian , Murakaru James Mugo , Raburu Philip , Muvundja Amisi Fabrice , Nyakeya Kobingi , Kondowe Benjamin N.
Published: October 2021

The study was conducted in Lake Baringo, Kenya, and determined quantitative relationships between water‐level changes, water quality, and fishery production for purposes of evidence‐based lake basin management. Long‐term data on water level (1956–2020), water quality (2008–2021), and fisheries yields (1982–2021) from Lake Baringo were analysed using a combination of statistical methods. Linear and waveform regression analyses were used to describe patterns of lake‐level fluctuations over time, while Pearson's correlation was applied to determine the concordance of lake level changes with water quality parameters, landings, and condition of fish species. Principal components analysis (PCA) results grouped the study period into different years based on annual water quality variable levels. Locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) analysis showed the annual lake level amplitude declined over time with peak values in 1964 (8.6 m) and 2008 (9.4 m). The waveform regression significantly modelled lake‐level fluctuations as indexed by annual deviations from the long‐term average (DLTM) and showed a 20‐year oscillation between peak water levels in the lake. There were significant positive correlations of water‐level fluctuations (WLFs) with water quality variables and water quality index (WQI) in Lake Baringo. Linear regression analyses showed a significant concordance (p < 0.05) between the annual fishery yields and the rising WLFs (r = 0.66). Also, there was a significant (p < 0.001) relationship between the condition factor of the native species, Oreochromis niloticus, and the annual lake level amplitude (r = 0.69), while catches of the lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, and Labeobarbus intermedius showed a differing relationship with WLFs in the lake indicating a species‐specific influence of WLFs on catches. Overall, the results demonstrate that WLFs of Lake Baringo are a significant driver of fish species biomass, species condition, and physico‐chemical properties of the lake.
Copper‐Catalyzed Preparation of Alkenylboronates and Arylboronates
Authors: Alam Safiul , Karim Rejaul , Khan Aminur , Pal Amarta Kumar , Maruani Antoine
Published: October 2021

Organoboron compounds, especially alkenylboronates and arylboronates are highly useful reagents and versatile building blocks in the modern synthetic chemistry toolbox. This review focuses on copper‐catalyzed routes to access alkenyl‐ and arylboronate esters. Various copper salts and ligands have been employed to access them in excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity as well as high yields. Both addition and substitution reactions to alkenylboronates have been highlighted based on various methodologies including hydroboration, carboboration, borylative opening of propargyl three‐ and four‐membered rings, dehalogenative borylation of alkenyl bromides and iodides, defluoroborylation of fluoroalkenes and direct C(sp2)−H bond activation of alkenes. Preparation of arylboronates involving borylation of aryl halides, C(sp2)−H borylation of arenes and cascade 1,3‐halogen migration/borylation of 2‐halostyrenes have been reviewed. Mechanistic aspects of those borylation reactions are discussed briefly.
Structure‐Performance Guided Design of Sustainable Plasticizers from Biorenewable Feedstocks
Authors: Plass Carmen , Adebar Niklas , Hiessl Robert , Kleber Joscha , Grimm Axel , Langsch Angelika , Otter Rainer , Liese Andreas , Gröger Harald
Published: October 2021

The search for more sustainable solutions for plastics production, moving away from petrochemical feedstocks as today's major raw material basis, is a research area of increasing interest. This task goes far beyond the issue of designing greener polymers and their related monomers as tailor‐made plastics require, besides the polymer itself, further components. These additives also need to be switched from typically fossil‐based to bio‐renewable raw materials. One of such necessary components for many applications are plasticizers, and a major application of them is related to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as one of the leading polymers with a wide range of applications. Typically today‘s plasticizers are based on fossil feedstocks, and some of them such as specific ortho‐phthalates as the most important product class of plasticizers are now subject to restrictions and authorization by the EU's REACH legislation due to their toxicological profile. In this contribution, we report the synthesis and technical evaluation of alternative, novel bicyclic plasticizer candidates, which are fully accessible from renewable feedstocks. In detail, these new plasticizer target molecules are based on the use of the furan‐derivative 2‐methylfuran, maleic anhydride and 2‐ethylhexanol as bio‐based starting materials. The synthetic concept consists of an initial Diels‐Alder reaction with 2‐methylfuran and a subsequent hydrogenation and optional esterification step. The applied reactions are well‐known as economic and sustainable technologies. Thus, not only the starting materials (being of bio‐based origin) but also the selected reaction technologies for the syntheses of the target molecules are sustainable. Furthermore, a range of performance tests enabled an insight into structure‐performance relationships and revealed promising plasticizing properties of this new bio‐based plasticizer generation with, e. g., an attractive solution temperature fulfilling the criterium for a “fast fuser” as well as good compatibility with PVC.