bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farm against Forest
Authors: Stoll Steven
Published: November 2023

American expansion was agricultural expansion, and it came at the expense of Indians and wilderness. The rise of the United States as a continental power is often understood militarily and ideologically: as the cavalry fighting the Sioux on the Great Plains, as the conflict within Congress over the balance between free and slave states, or as the belief in the nation’s “manifest destiny” to span coast to coast. But from the backwoods of Pennsylvania to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the principal way that the United States took possession of the lands it conquered was through the migration of farmers, who worked forests and prairies into habitable, taxable, defensible space. The politics of land has a material foundation in the relationship between farmers and land.
A Sylvan Prospect
Authors: Miller Char
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the twentieth century, naturalist John Muir and forester Gifford Pinchot recognized that the American landscape—particularly its wooded wilds—was under assault. The industrial revolution’s astonishing capacity to consume natural resources, for all of the beneficial economic growth it spurred, was devastating the nation’s public domain. Like them, President Theodore Roosevelt was convinced that the citizenry must mend its ways if America the Beautiful was to retain a shred of its former grandeur. At the 1905 Forest Congress, which Pinchot organized to advocate the creation of the forest service he would head, Roosevelt raged against persistent land fraud on western public lands and western legislative resistance to the implementation of regulations that would control their sale, dispersal, and management. “You all know ... the individual whose idea of developing the country is to cut every stick of timber off of it and then leave a barren desert for the homemaker who comes in after him,” the president declared. “I ask, with all the intensity that I am capable, that the men of the West remember the sharp distinction that I have just drawn between the man who skins the land and the man who develops the country. I am going to work with, and only with, the man who develops the country.
Wilderness and Conservation Science
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: November 2023

On April 21, 1948, an out-of-control trash fire spread in the sand hills of central Wisconsin. As fires go, it was a small one. No cities were threatened, and no large forests with accumulated years of dry timber stood nearby. It did threaten the farm on which it started, though, and the surrounding lots and forests. Neighbors, seeing the smoke in the air, went to help. One such neighbor was Aldo Leopold. Thirteen years earlier, Leopold had purchased a used-up, over farmed, and abandoned piece of land in Sauk County. He and his family had spent their vacations driving up from Madison to restore the property to something approaching its pre-agricultural state, planting thousands of trees and nurturing the grasslands. On that April day, the fire was moving directly toward some of Leopold’s rehabilitating meadows. He understood that some fires were good (and indeed, the prairie-oak savannah ecosystem of much of the upper Midwest depended upon them) and that there was a time and place for fires—but this was not one. The start of this fire was neither natural nor planned, and it was not burning in a prairie. This fire was fed by a landscape heavily modified by humans, and it would not be helpful in restoring ecosystem health. So he went to help put it out. The sixty-one-year-old Leopold suffered a heart attack in the midst of his exertions, and one of the twentieth century’s most thoughtful conservationists died as we might expect he would have wanted—outside, working with his hands, confronting the power and wildness of nature even as he tried to control it in a landscape scarred by human misuse. He died, truly, of natural causes.
The Politics of Modern Wilderness
Authors: Turner James Morton
Published: November 2023

“Alaska is our last chance to do it right the first time.”1 Those words launched the most sustained wilderness campaign of the twentieth century. In 1976, the Sierra Club, the Wilderness Society, and other national organizations joined together with Alaskan wilderness groups under the banner of the Alaska Coalition. With the Sierra Club in the lead, the Alaska Coalition took dozens of national advocacy organizations and 1,500 local affiliates and created a well-oiled machine. Its cogs and gears linked the nation’s growing environmental constituency with an impressively professional lobbying campaign in Washington, D.C. The Alaska Coalition meshed the old and the new in wilderness advocacy: it joined the citizen activism that had helped to secure the Wilderness Act of 1964 with a new professionalism important to the modern American environmental movement.
Sexual Terror in the Reconstruction South
Authors: Cardyn Lisa
Published: November 2023

Contrary to the implication of much recent popular and scholarly discourse, terrorism is not an artifact peculiar to contemporary, or even modern, life, but a phenomenon with a long and sanguine history that has been intermittently subject to suppression and neglect. This is emphatically true of the history of sexual terror, a mode of violation that categorically subsumes many of the impediments constraining historical research on terrorism and sex crime generally, notably the incentives for concealment common to perpetrator and victim alike and the relative paucity of witness testimony that both reflects and reproduces the disproportionate number of assaults committed to those successfully prosecuted. Moreover, sexualized violence is often overlooked in discussions of terrorism, a casualty of dated preconceptions of what counts as “terror” and what does not. At the same time, the problem of sexual violence in warfare has been widely regarded as incidental, a mere byproduct of armed conflict itself the traditional province of men. Notwithstanding the myriad terminological, ideological, and political factors that have obscured its recognition, there is compelling evidence that the American South was an arena of vigorous sexual combat from slavery through the Civil War and Reconstruction, when it was avidly pursued by white supremacist groups throughout the region.
Chants Democratic
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Since its publication in 1984, Chants Democratic has endured as a classic narrative on labor and the rise of American democracy. In it, Sean Wilentz explores the dramatic social and intellectual changes that accompanied early industrialization in New York. He provides a panoramic chronicle of New York City’s labor strife, social movements, and political turmoil in the eras of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Twenty years after its initial publication, Wilentz has added a new preface that takes stock of his own thinking, then and now, about New York City and the rise of the American working class.
Artisan Republicanism
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

In the early nineteenth century, to be an American citizen was by definition to be a republican, the inheritor of a revolutionary legacy in a world ruled by aristocrats and kings. What it meant to be an American republican, though, was by no means self-evident. As early as 1788, James Madison observed that political writers had used so many definitions of the term that “no satisfactory one would ever be found” by recourse to texts alone; more democratic-minded New Yorkers agreed.1 With the social and political transformations of the next half-century, the versions of American republicanism multiplied, as men of different backgrounds and conflicting social views—eastern bankers and western yeomen, slaveholders and abolitionists, evangelicals and infidels—came to judge themselves and each other by their adduced adherence to republican principles. A singular political language bound Americans together, an extraordinary manifestation of apparent unity when set against the continental and British experience of the age of revolution. Beneath this superficial consensus, Americans fought passionately over the fundamentals of their own Revolution, in a nation gripped by profound (if fitful) changes in economic and social life.
“A Phalanx of Honest Worth”: The General Trades’ Union of the City of New York
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Class consciousness joined New York craft workers across trade lines in the 1830s. While the radical remnants of the Working Men’s party dis integrated in 1831, the journeymen printers formed the Typographical Association, separate from the polite mutual-aid society run by their masters. Two years later, following a bitter strike for higher wages by the carpenters, representatives from nine trades organized the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York. Over the next four years, the GTU led a series of offensives that saw New York wage earners organize over fifty unions and nearly forty strikes (Table 19). Without raising a barricade (although with occasional violence), the journeymen in the most rapidly dividing crafts sundered remaining solidarities between craft employers and employees.
The Labor Crisis of 1850
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

The crisis began at a time when New York’s economic and political for tunes seemed sounder than ever. Local prices had recovered briefly in 1844 and 1845, only to dip again from 1846 until early 1847; by 1850, the recovery had resumed and the metropolitan economy was in full swing. City government was in the gentlemanly hands of the Whigs, their way to office opened by fresh splits within the Democracy; in the mayor’s office sat the stalwart lawyer and businessman Caleb Woodhull, a man of the new mercantile elite, a humanitarian who proposed building parks and improving sanitary conditions in the slums to uplift the poor, but who showed no reluctance about calling on the military to suppress lower-class unrest. The benevolent middle-class God was in His heaven; on earth, New York’s city fathers, businessmen, and manufacturers were busily doing His work, “heralding our modern civilization,” one clergyman proclaimed, “to con quests and results not possible before.”1 Like the breakneck expansion of the mid-183os, the city’s renewed prosperity had its perils for local wage earners. Although business was brisk, their incomes did not keep pace with rising retail prices and rents. Their jobs were no more secure with the ongoing division of labor and consequent sweating. Their confidence in city government was not rein forced by Mayor Woodhull’s handling of the Astor Place affray.
Cognitive Style and Learning Strategies in Latin Instruction
Authors: Deagon Andrea
Published: November 2023

Cognitive Style in the Classroom Classroom teachers know that all students learn differently, showing not only different levels of intelligence but also different specific talents and different tendencies to error and confusion. These inherent variations in talents, attitudes, and approaches to learning are a factor of a student’s cognitive style. Cognitive style, also referred to as learning style in educational contexts, is the individual’s propensity to perceive and learn in particular ways. Cognitive style is largely a factor of personality, and personality tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) have proved to be accurate measures of individuals’ abilities and preferences in learning. For example, studies indicate that subjects classified by the MBTI as “intuitives” prefer rule-oriented learning with only enough examples to get the rules, while those identified as “sensing” prefer pattern drills and numerous examples.1 The many other tests of personality and cognitive style developed by researchers in the past thirty years (e.g., the Gregorc Style Indicator) continue to measure and refine this connection between personality and learning.
History
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

The Tang was the successor to the Sui (581-618), the dynasty that unified China after nearly four centuries of division. Despite that monumental achievement, the second ruler of the Sui squandered the state’s resources, human and material, on three disastrous campaigns of conquest against northern Korea in 612, 613, and 614. Those debacles caused widespread disaffection and rebellions throughout northern China. In the face of mounting insurrections, the Sui court fled south to Yangzhou. After the emperor abandoned his capital Luoyang in the north, one of his commanders, Li Yuan-the Duke of Tang, known posthumously as Gaozu rose in revolt. Liled his armies out of his base at Taiyuan and marched southwest to seize the western capital, a feat that he accomplished in late 617.
The Handbook Of International Adoption medicine
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Since 1989, more than 165,000 children have been adopted by American parents. Every indication suggests that this number will increase in the years to come. Many of these children arrive with complex medical and behavioural problems. These children require specialized medical attention to help them get well and adjust to their new lives and surroundings. The Handbook of International Adoption Medicine presents an overview of the medical and developmental issues that affect internationally adopted children, offering guidelines for families and physicians before, during, and after adoption. Laurie Miller has comprehensively researched these topics and also draws from over fifteen years of experience in international adoption and orphanages throughout the world. This book shows how to advise families prior to an international adoption, how to perform an effective initial screening assessment of the newly arrived child, how to manage common behaviour problems, and how to recognize and manage developmental and other more long-term problems as they emerge. Sections cover such subjects as the risks of prenatal exposures, problems in growth and development, infectious diseases, and other medical conditions such as inherited disorders, uncertain age, and precocious puberty. This information has never been available in one place, making the book an invaluable resource for families and professionals in the field of international adoption.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Alcohol is the most common teratogen on the planet and one of the most common identifiable causes of mental retardation. Worldwide, between 1/1000 and 1/300 of infants are exposed prenatally to alcohol: some estimate the incidence as high as 1/100. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is perhaps the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States; precise statistics for other countries are not available. The prevalence of FAS in Russian orphanages is estimated at 14%, based on physical criteria alone. Families adopting internationally have usually heard of FAS as a risk for their children. Few realize however, the spectrum of problems that occur after prenatal alcohol exposure, the lifelong disabilities these children experience, and the difficulty establishing this diagnosis in the absence of (reliable) maternal history. This section reviews the epidemiology of alcoholism in sending countries, the physical and neurobehavioral features of FAS, and the outcome of affected children. Because the outcome of children with FAS depends greatly on the prevention of “secondary disabilities,” the long-term follow-up of children with FAS who have been adopted is highlighted.
Effects Of Stress In Early Life
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

International adoptees encounter stress both prenatally and postnatally (Table 8–1). Most are products of unwanted pregnancies. After birth, many suffer from abandonment, institutionalization, malnutrition, recurrent illnesses, environmental deprivation, and/or emotional neglect. Some are physically or sexually abused, or witness distressing events. These stressful experiences in early life may permanently alter brain physiology and lead to long-lasting physiological, psychological, and behavioral changes. Early stress may have lifelong adverse effects on growth, development, health, behavior, learning, and memory. This section discusses how stress influences these areas, clinically and neurobiologically.
Immunization And Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

On February 14, 2001, a group of Chinese girls returned to the United States with their new adoptive parents. One of the children, a 10-month-old girl, was ill upon arrival at the airport in Houston, Texas. She went directly to the Emergency Room at Texas Children’s Hospital, where she was found to have fever, cough, coryza, Koplik spots, and rash. Measles was suspected and later confirmed. Public health investigation revealed measles infections in 14 other Chinese adoptees in nine states, from the same travel group.1 One secondary case of measles also occurred. The outbreak was traced to a ceremony held at the Guangzhou Consulate General Office, where 54 adopting families met to receive their travel visas. Other exposures included Consulate staff (including one pregnant Chinese woman), hotel personnel, and flight attendants and passengers on numerous flights. A similar outbreak occurred in April 2004.
Unusual And Other Infectious Diseases
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Some practitioners caring for international adoptees expect to encounter frequent exotic infectious diseases among their patients, but such conditions are uncommon. Intestinal parasites, latent tuberculosis, and hepatitis B occur routinely in internationally adopted children (see Chapters 14, 15, and 17). Otherwise, serious “exotic” infections seldom occur. However, persistent fever, splenomegaly, respiratory tract infection, anemia, or eosinophilia in new arrivals should prompt further evaluation based on diseases likely to occur in the country of origin. Occasionally, vaccine-preventable diseases (measles, pertussis) appear in new arrivals (see Chapter 21). These can be challenging diagnoses for American pediatricians, most of whom have never seen a case.
Rickets
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Nutritional rickets, once common in industrialized and polluted northern cities of Western Europe and the United States, is infrequently encountered in most general pediatrics populations in these regions. However, its re-emergence has recently been documented among some inner-city children in the United States.2,3 In contrast, rickets is common among international adoptees, especially those arriving from northern latitudes. A history of “rachitis” (an old term for rickets) is found on many pre-adoptive medical records. In actuality, few children have obvious or severe rickets on arrival to the United States. However, subtle manifestations of rickets may be overlooked unless specifically sought on physical examination. On arrival, radiographs and laboratory test results may be atypical or inconclusive:4 improved diet and sun exposure provided by adoptive parents during the brief interval between adoption and arrival in the United States may partially ameliorate this condition. In severe malnutrition or growth arrest, clinical expression of rickets may not develop despite inadequate intake of vitamin D and/or calcium.
Attachment
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Attachment is the reciprocal affectionate relationship that binds two people deeply together, or, more simply, love. Attachment is also the process by which infants internalize emotional connections to others— that is, learn to love. Attachment influences all aspects of child development and becomes the basis by which the child relates to the world, learns, and forms relationships throughout life. The life experiences of most internationally adopted children prior to placement conspire to interfere with this process. Although no statistics are available, disordered attachment undoubtably occurs more frequently among international adoptees, who are virtually all placed after 6 months of age, than among adoptees placed as newborns. Disordered attachment profoundly affects the well-being of the child and family. Through the publicizing of several cases of international adoptees with severe attachment disorder in the popular media, awareness of attachment issues for internationally adopted children has greatly increased.
The Construction of The Confessions of Nat Turner
Authors: Allmendinger David F
Published: November 2023

Long before he first met Nat Turner in the Jerusalem, Virginia, jail, Thomas R. Gray began to assemble evidence on the Southampton rebellion and its leader. For ten weeks after the events of 21—23 August 1831, while Nat Turner remained at large, Gray immersed himself in factual details about the uprising. By the time Nat Turner was finally captured, on 30 October, Gray knew more about the rebellion than any man alive, except perhaps the leader himself. For that reason, during the first three days of November, Gray got permission to enter the jail and write down the leader’s own statement. By 5 November, when Nat Turner came to trial, Gray had completed the manuscript of The Confessions of Nat Turner, the most authoritative account of the rebellion to that day. Two days later he was in Richmond looking for a publisher. He was able to work swiftly because he had prepared himself single-mindedly for the moment that he might meet the leader and because he had begun to construct the manuscript before that moment arrived.
Symptoms of Liberty and Blackhead Signposts: David Walker and Nat Turner
Authors: Harding Vincent
Published: November 2023

I speak Americans for your good. We must and shall be free ... in spite of you. You may do your best to keep us in wretchedness and misery, to enrich you and your children, but God will deliver us from under you. And wo, wo, will be to you if we have to obtain our freedom by fighting.
Special Methodological Challenges and Opportunities in Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Hufford Michael R
Published: November 2023

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods have the potential to dramatically enhance the ecological validity of research findings by helping researchers move their assessments out of the laboratory and into the daily lives of their subjects. For EMA to be successful-both in terms of researchers’ ability to implement these methods and having the resulting data inform research programs-a variety of unique methodological issues raised by these methods must be considered and addressed.
Real-Time Data Capture: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Behavioral Symptoms Associated with Eating Disorders
Authors: Stein Karen Farchaus , Paulson Pamela E
Published: November 2023

The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are serious health problems that affect as many as 5 million American adolescent and young adult women each year and cause life-threatening physical complications and compromised states of emotional health. Although a number of approaches to treatment of the eating disorders have been developed, their effectiveness in producing long- and short-term recovery is alarmingly low (Keel & Mitchell, 1997; Walsh & Devlin, 1998). These disappointing outcomes have led to renewed calls for the development of new, theoretically based approaches to the treatment of eating disorders (Walsh & Devlin, 1998; Walsh & Kahn, 1997).
Music, Education, and Multiculturalism
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

In today's multi-ethnic classroom, multiculturalism plays an increasingly vital role. What it is, how it developed, and what it means for education, especially music education, are the questions that form the essence of this book. Music, Education, and Multiculturalism traces the growth and development of multicultural music education in the United States from its start in the early 1900s to the present, and describes the state of multicultural music education internationally. Beginning with a discussion of the philosophical foundations surrounding multiculturalism, Part I addresses the various definitions of multiculturalism and its associated problems and possibilities in both education at large and music education in particular. It offers a succinct discussion of the various philosophical concepts and rationales for a multicultural approach, and concludes with current thoughts and applications in music education. Part II follows multicultural music education in the U.S. as it paralleled changes in general education brought about by social and historical events. The last chapter in this section outlines multiculturalism in music education around the world. Part III focuses on the implications of multiculturalism for music education, both in teacher training and in classroom instruction. Designed to assist music educators at all levels in understanding and implementing multicultural education, Music, Education, and Multiculturalism provides suggestions for curricular development, offers teaching strategies, and provides practical applications including materials and methodologies. Combining personal narrative and oral history with the support of primary and archival documents, this text is essential reading for all students and teachers of the history and foundations of music education and of multiculturalism in general education.
Almost A Miracle
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

In this gripping chronicle of America's struggle for independence, award-winning historian John Ferling transports readers to the grim realities of that war, capturing an eight-year conflict filled with heroism, suffering, cowardice, betrayal, and fierce dedication. As Ferling demonstrates, it was a war that America came much closer to losing than is now usually remembered. General George Washington put it best when he said that the American victory was "little short of a standing miracle." Almost a Miracle offers an illuminating portrait of America's triumph, offering vivid descriptions of all the major engagements, from the first shots fired on Lexington Green to the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, revealing how these battles often hinged on intangibles such as leadership under fire, heroism, good fortune, blunders, tenacity, and surprise. The author paints sharp-eyed portraits of the key figures in the war, including General Washington and other American officers and civilian leaders. Some do not always measure up to their iconic reputations, including Washington himself. Others, such as the quirky, acerbic Charles Lee, are seen in a much better light than usual. The book also examines the many faceless men who soldiered, often for years on end, braving untold dangers and enduring abounding miseries. The author explains why they served and sacrificed, and sees them as the forgotten heroes who won American independence. Ferling's narrative is also filled with compassion for the men who comprised the British army and who, like their American counterparts, struggled and died at an astonishing rate in this harsh war. Nor does Ferling ignore the naval war, describing dangerous patrols and grand and dazzling naval actions. Finally, Almost a Miracle takes readers inside the legislative chambers and plush offices of diplomats to reveal countless decisions that altered the course of this war. The story that unfolds is at times a tale of folly, at times one of appalling misinformation and confusion, and now and then one of insightful and dauntless statesmanship.
“We Are Suspended In The Balance”: Spring And Summer 1781
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Washington remained at headquarters in New Windsor, New York, through the dark winter of 1781, anxiously awaiting word of Greene’s fate. He had supported Greene’s daring strategy of dividing his army, saying that such a tack could be “supported upon just Military Principles.” He continued to caution him “to avoid a general action,” predicting that the defeat of the southern army would be “the most probable consequence of such an event.”Washington was fully aware of the “miserable situation” that Greene faced: an army consisting mostly of “raw troops” who were “literally naked,” while the “southern states have not the resources” to supply its needs. France alone could alleviate that problem, Washington sadly acknowledged. France also held the key, he added, to relieving the pressure on the southern army, which was “pressed in all sides,” with Cornwallis menacing it from the south and west, Arnold from the north. From early on, Washington solicited help for the South from Rochambeau and Ternay, pointing to the deficiencies that had resulted from the capture of Lincoln’s army and its stores in Charleston, and explaining that it was crucial for the well-being of the postwar United States that it retain Georgia and South Carolina.
The Making of a Radical Individualist in Ohio’s Western Reserve
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

When Frederick Douglass died in February of 1895, the people of Boston called for a memorial service to honor him. Proud of its abolitionist heritage, Boston’s city council chose to hold a ceremony for the great black abolitionist at Faneuil Hall, once the favored site for rallies in the heyday of the movement. Members of Douglass’s family and former abolitionist colleagues spoke at the cere-mony, but the task of delivering the main eulogy was given to Albion W. Tourgée. His two-hour address, delivered on December 20, 1895, was later published at the city’s expense.
Citizen-Soldier: Manhood and the Meaning of Liberty
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

The two and a half years that constituted Tourgée’s career as a Union soldier in the Civil War would become the touchstone of his politics for the rest of his life. When he enlisted into the army soon after Lincoln’s first call for troops in 1861, Tourgée showed little evidence of political idealism. A detailed analysis of his experience shows that Tourgée’s political understanding of the war slowly began to emerge from concerns about manliness and moral duty that played a greater role in motivating him to enlist. Also, the nationalizing impetus of the war to preserve the Union had a profound influence on his democratic ideals.
The History of Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

“Lupus” is the Latin word for “wolf,” and it is common medical lore that the “butterfly rash” seen on the cheeks of many lupus patients is so similar to the facial markings of a wolf that our ancestors chose the name for this reason. The technical name for the disease we know of as lupus—lupus erythematosus— was first applied to a skin disorder by a Frenchman, Pierre Cazenave, in 1851, though descriptive articles detailing the condition date back to Hippocrates in ancient Greece.
The Genetic Connection
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Is lupus a genetic disorder? Does it run in families? How can it be passed on or be inherited? These questions are commonly asked. The answer is not simple, but researchers now believe that various genes that predispose people to lupus are inherited, among them the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, which includes the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, a specific area of the genes. Along with HLA, we also inherit T-cell receptor genes and other genes relevant to SLE, such as immunoglobulin genes. Each of us inherits a unique chemical signature, just as we inherit our blood type.
Environmental Villains
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Many of my newly diagnosed lupus patients examine everything they have done or experienced regarding travel, prescription medications, occupational activities, infections, and other factors in an effort to find a reason for their disease. In my experience, some individuals are convinced that they did something “wrong” and therefore became ill. When this occurs, soul searching represents a natural process that ultimately results in coming to terms with the diagnosis. Although the precise cause of lupus is not known in each case, there are indeed certain environmental factors that may occasionally play a role in initiating the disease or making it worse. How does this happen?
Drugs That May Cause Lupus or Produce Flareups
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

In 1945, Byron Hoffman reported that sulfa-containing antibiotics might provoke a lupus-like syndrome. Since that time, more than seventy agents have been reported to bring on the disease. In addition, the administration of certain drugs has been found to cause a preexisting lupus to flare up. This chapter reviews the mechanisms by which this process may occur. It also looks at published data on the most problematic drugs and discusses the treatment of drug induced lupus.
Reactions of the Skin: Rashes and Discoid Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The skin is often an affected area in lupus, with 60 to 70 percent of lupus patients reporting some skin complaint. And there is a wide range of such complaints. This chapter discusses how the skin is damaged in lupus and what it looks like under the microscope. It reviews the classifications of skin disorders in lupus as well as their principal dermatologic features. A complete discussion of remedies used for skin disorders in lupus can be found in Part V, but specific interventions that are appropriate under special circumstances are mentioned here.
What About Hormones?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Why are women disproportionally afflicted with SLE? Do men have milder or more severe cases than women? Are there hormonal imbalances unique to lupus? Is there any relationship between the disease and our endocrine (hormonal) tissues, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands? Since it was first observed that 90 percent of lupus patients are women and 90 percent of these patients develop the disease during their childbearing years, it seemed logical to study hormonal relationships in SLE. This section reviews these approaches.
The Blood and Lymphatic Systems
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Before rheumatology was recognized as a subspecialty of internal medicine in 1972, lupus patients were treated primarily by another group of subspecialists— hematologists. Hematology is the study of diseases of the lymph glands and blood components, all of which play a key role in the well-being of individuals with SLE. This chapter looks at why many lupus patients have blood and lymphatic abnormalities. Although rheumatologists supervise the overall management of SLE, hematologists still play an important role in managing the blood abnormalities seen in lupus.
Big Guns and Magic Bullets: Disease-Modifying Drugs
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Up to this point, we’ve covered nonmedical aspects of therapy as well as the over-the-counter basics and prescriptions—NSAIDs—which help control symptoms and pain. Now we move on to other prescription drugs. Over 90 percent of all lupus patients will be given one of these agents at some time in the course of their disease. These drugs are termed “disease-modifying” because they can actually alter the course of lupus. Rheumatologists have nicknames for them such as DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs), among others. The DMARDs for lupus fall into three general categories: antimalarials, steroids, and immune suppressives.
Early Hominin Diets: Overview and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Being a paleontologist rather than a historian, I decided to introduce this field and give some background about what had been accomplished over the last quarter century. This should show whether analytical techniques that were established by then or had been suggested then have improved or have been superseded, and it would also show what new techniques have been developed. I will also have an opportunity to suggest new avenues of research. I chose twenty-five years as that much time has elapsed since I presented at a Royal Society meeting in London an overview of the methods then available for deciphering the dietary habits of early hominins (Walker, 1981). We are interested in the evolution of hominin diets for several reasons. One reason is our fundamental concerns over our own present-day eating habits and the consequences of societal choices, such as unhealthy obesity in some cultures and equally unhealthy starvation in others. Another is that humans have invented many ways of feeding in extremely varied environments, and these adaptations, which are different in important ways from our closest biological relatives, must have historical roots of varying depths.
Mandibular Biomechanics and the Paleontological Evidence for the Evolution of Human Diet
Authors: Daegling David J , Grine Frederick E
Published: November 2023

Many Darwinian biologists accept that organisms and their constituent parts exhibit optimal design (given certain architectural, developmental, and phylogenetic constraints) so as to maximize reproductive survival. Strictly adaptationist approaches to explaining design perfection in biological has been rightly criticized as Panglossian storytelling (Gould and Lewontin, 1979), but there is ample evidence that the configurations of at least some morphological attributes are explicable in reference to the function(s) that they serve. However, exactly how closely the structure of a trait can be related to its apparent biological function remains a topic of discovery. There is an abundant literature indicating that mechanical (as well as physiological) environments may profoundly influence skeletal structure (e.g., Frost, 1964; Cowin, 1986; Martin and Burr, 1989; Fung, 1993; Martin, Burr, and Sharkey, 1998; Currey, 2002). But while it is evident that mechanical loads influence the skeletal system, it is not clear to what extent the mechanical environment dictates a particular morphological configuration.
Meat Made Us Human
Authors: Bunn Henry T
Published: November 2023

The role of meat in the evolution of hominin diet and behavior is controversial. During the later reign of the “Man the Hunter” paradigm, fossil and archaeological evidence from Plio Pleistocene localities in southern and eastern Africa seemed at face value to corroborate significant involvement with meat and hunting early in human evolution (Dart, 1957; Isaac, 1971; Leakey, 1971). Leakey and Isaac interpreted the archaeological evidence as generally reminiscent of the behavioral adaptations of human foragers. Isaac (1971, 1978) attributed to Plio Pleistocene Homo a humanlike adaptation for the procurement and consumption of meat, including genderbased division of labor, food transport, and food sharing, which he called the homebase, or central-place model. Given the lingering image of Man the Hunter, it is perhaps unsurprising that these findings were challenged. If males usually provide the meat in foraging societies, and if meat was pivotal in the evolution of human diet and behavior, then what was the contribution of females? Alternative models based on analogies to nonhuman primates defined a significant role for females, particularly for australopithecines predating the known archaeological record (e.g., Zihlman and Tanner, 1978).
Limits to Knowledge on the Evolution of Hominin Diet
Authors: Ungar Peter S
Published: November 2023

What did early hominins eat? What are the limits to our knowledge of the diets of early hominins? Philosophers call these first- and second-order questions, respectively (Rosenberg, 2001). The chapters in this volume address both. The basic idea is that by reconstructing the diets of early hominins, we can understand something of the adaptations of our distant ancestors and how we came to be the way we are today. Further, by assessing the limits to our knowledge, and by taking stock in our approaches to reconstructing diet, we should be able to make better progress toward answering questions about the adaptations and behaviors of the early hominins. In this chapter, I summarize and synthesize some of the issues raised by the contributors to this volume. First, I consider what we actually know (or, at least, think we know) about early hominin diets. Second, I consider second-order questions raised by contributions in this volume. Why should we study early hominin diets? What are the limits to our knowledge? What directions might our research take in the future?
Introduction
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

If You Search for “9/11 conspiracies” on the Google Video Web site, you can learn some shocking things. You can learn that there were no commercial airplanes involved in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks— just drones and cruise missiles. You can link to Web sites that claim that the World Trade Center towers fell because bombs were secretly placed in their air ducts, not because planes, commercial or military, manned or not, crashed into them. You can watch documentary films that allege that 9/11 was an “inside job” perpetrated by the George W. Bush administration to justify its invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. If you look at the information on the most popular of these documentaries, called Loose Change, you will see that at least ten million people have already viewed it, and thirty-five thousand of them have written reviews, giving it an average rating of four and a half out of five stars.
Lying Us into War? The Second Battle of Pearl Harbor
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

President Franklin Roosevelt gripped the podium and stared with determination at the entire leadership of the U.S. federal government—the House, the Senate, and the Supreme Court—arrayed before him. In the glare of floodlights for newsreel cameras, interrupted by roars from the audience, he spoke of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the previous day, December 7, 1941, a “date which will live in infamy.” To the cheers of the crowd, he asked Congress to declare a state of war between the United States and Japan. The American people, he said, would fight to victory and make certain that “this form of treachery” would never endanger the country again.
Cabal of Soccer Moms: 9/11 and the Culture of Deceit
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

The Four Widows from New Jersey were nervous as they sat down to meet with the man they privately called “everyone’s favorite war criminal.”It was late 2002, and the women and other 9/11 family members had just won their long battle to force President George W. Bush to appoint a blue-ribbon commission to investigate the unanswered questions of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Their husbands died in those attacks, and these widows, known collectively as the “Jersey Girls,” wanted desperately to discover if the 9/11 conspiracy involved more people than the hijackers from Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda terrorist group.
M&B 693
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

Late in 1943, at the height of the Second World War, Winston Churchill visited the Middle East for conferences with Britain’s allies. He met Chiang Kaishek in Cairo, then flew to Teheran to talk with Stalin, and finally returned to Cairo for a meeting with President Roosevelt. Exhausted from work and travel, he boarded an airplane at 1 a.m. on December 11 for a flight to Tunisia, where he was to stay at Dwight Eisenhower’s villa near Carthage. Off course, the plane made an unscheduled stop forty miles from its destination. Churchill sat on his luggage on the runway in a cold wind for an hour before completing his journey. Later that day Churchill had a pain in his throat and a bad headache. The next day he had a fever of 101°F. Lord Moran, Churchill’s personal physician, called in nurses and a pathologist from Cairo. A portable X-ray machine was brought from Tunis. X-rays showed a shadow on Churchill’s lung, which the doctors diagnosed as pneumonia. Moran immediately put Churchill on one of the recently developed sulfa drugs manufactured by the British company May & Baker, a drug familiarly known as M&B. Churchill began to have heart trouble.
Acclaim and Expansion
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

Behind the rising demand for M&B 693 in Britain lay not only favorable medical reports but also publicity in newspapers, magazines, and other media that began early and that loudly proclaimed the virtues of the new medicine. A sampling of British newspapers and magazines, particularly in the twenty months following publication of the first clinical trial in June 1938, conveys some sense of what the public was told about the meaning of the discovery, its import for the future of medicine, and the hows and whys of innovation in medical research. Also visible in the press accounts are the extent to which representation of the discovery for a lay audience incorporated reservations or cautions voiced by medical researchers, the likely role of popular demand in speeding the marketing of the new drug, the rapid diffusion of use of the new drug to distant sites including Africa, and the prominent role perceived for M&B 693 in the early war effort. The success of sulfapyridine that was reflected in, and reinforced by, its reception in the popular press also gave a powerful impetus to the expansion of research and development efforts in the international pharmaceutical industry. This expansion was under way before World War II, was accelerated by the war, and continued in the postwar decades. Its beginnings are visible in the histories of May & Baker in Britain and of Merck and Sharp & Dohme in the United States.
A Mechanism Revealed
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

As evidence mounted during World War II that sulfa drugs could not prevent or eliminate localized wound infections, doctors often explained the failure by referring to a theory of the mode of action of sulfa drugs first advanced in 1940 by British medical bacteriologist Paul Fildes and biochemist Donald D. Woods. According to this view, sulfanilamide and, by extension, other sulfa drugs exerted a deleterious effect on bacteria by interfering with an enzyme that helped synthesize a nutrient the bacteria needed for growth and reproduction. Sulfanilamide closely resembled a compound (a “substrate”) acted upon by the enzyme to produce the needed nutrient, so sulfanilamide was able to compete with the substrate and displace it. In this way, Woods and Fildes claimed, sulfanilamide prevented the formation of the nutrient and thereby blocked the growth and reproduction of the bacteria. Unable to increase in numbers, the invading bacteria were then destroyed by the defenses of the human or animal host.
Discovering the Structure of Language: Syntax
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Children begin by producing utterances that consist of a single word, go on to two-word utterances, and gradually develop the ability to produce longer and more complex utterances. It is possible that this process is the result of the child’s developing short-term memory as a consequence of rapidly increasing brain size. Human infants are born very immature in contrast, for example, to young horses or sheep. For obvious survival reasons a young foal must be able to keep up with its mother as the herd moves about. The human infant, like the kitten or puppy, is helpless at birth and needs careful protection, nourishment, and preparation before being allowed to venture forth alone. Unlike the kitten and the puppy, though, the most spectacular development in the human infant during the period of immaturity is the increase in brain size. During the first two years the infant’s brain increases ten times, and then continues growing until about the age of puberty. As it increases in size the brain also becomes more complex. It is apparently this long period of brain increase that allows the process of language development to proceed as smoothly as it does.