bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescence Amplification at BiVO4 Photoanodes by Photoinduced Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Yu Jing , Saada Hiba , Abdallah Rawa , Loget Gabriel , Sojic Neso
Published: April 2020

Photoinduced electrochemiluminescence (PECL) combines semiconductor (SC) photoelectrochemistry with electrochemiluminescence (ECL). In PECL, the incident light is converted into a different wavelength by an electrochemical reaction at a SC photoelectrode and allows triggering of ECL at low potentials. This concept has been employed to design up‐conversion systems. However, PECL strongly suffers from the photoelectrochemical instability of these low band gap SCs. Reported here for the first time is an original light‐conversion strategy based on PECL of a luminol derivative (L‐012) at BiVO4 photoanodes in water. Incident light photoexcites simultaneously the L‐012 fluorescence and the photoanode. However, the resulting signal is surpassed by the PECL emission. PECL can be induced at a potential as low as −0.4 V for several hours and can be employed to finely tune L‐012 luminescence. This finding is promising for the design of new analytical strategies and light‐addressable systems.
Relocating to a New OR Suite: Practical Observations
Authors: Weiss Yoram G. , Weissman Charles
Published: April 2020

Operating room renovation projects usually involve updated technology and processes that can create challenges for administrative leaders (eg, maintaining a surgery schedule during a move) and require staff member adjustments. The perioperative team of a large tertiary care and trauma center relocated from a 35‐year‐old suite to a new suite, which required years of planning, months of training, and weeks of organizing. This article discusses the processes and observations that helped ensure a smooth transition to the new space. Early planning allowed time for leaders to make equipment decisions, develop and test new processes, and train staff members. The actual move required detailed planning, thorough execution, patience, and flexibility to ensure a safe transition. Perioperative leaders balanced operational needs with relocation plans to maintain patient and staff member safety. Open, multidisciplinary communication combined with staff member participation and buy‐in contributed to an efficient, safe move at this facility.
The Effect of Brush Motion and Rinsing When Manually Cleaning Cannulated Medical Devices
Authors: Bronzatti Jeane Aparecida Gonzalez , Laranjeira Paulo Roberto , Bruna Camila Quartim de Moraes , Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: April 2020

Cleaning cannulated medical devices can be challenging for perioperative and sterile processing department personnel. We performed a laboratory experimental study to evaluate differences in cleaning effectiveness using either a back‐and‐forth or helical spinning brushing motion and the effect of rinsing the bristles at each reintroduction of the brush in the lumen. We also tested the lumen cleanliness after high‐pressure water cleansing without brushing. We inspected the devices to determine whether visible soil remained, and we measured the amount of residual organic matter using adenosine triphosphate testing to determine cleaning method effectiveness. The results showed that rinsing the brush during cleaning decreased the amount of organic material that remained in the lumen. A helical spinning motion with brush rinsing at each reintroduction of the brush may be more effective than back‐and‐forth brushing with rinsing, but additional testing with a larger sample size is required to determine whether this result is replicable.
From Education to Practice: Incorporating Quality Improvement Projects Into a Baccalaureate Nursing Curriculum
Authors: Kirby Kristen F. , Good Becky
Published: April 2020

The accelerated pace of change in health care and the call for a radical transformation in prelicensure nursing education will require changes in baccalaureate nursing programs to ensure nurses are adequately prepared for practice. At one Midwestern university, academic nurse educators developed an innovative multilevel interprofessional and intradisciplinary education opportunity using a Lean Healthcare quality improvement (QI) process to improve systems, strengthen academic‐practice partnerships, and bridge the education‐to‐practice gap. During one 16‐week semester, one group of sophomore and junior clinical nursing students worked collaboratively with personnel at a local health care organization on a QI project on sequential compression devices. The students identified practice barriers related to sequential compression device compliance when medication prophylaxis was contraindicated. Using a Lean QI framework, the students developed and implemented a comprehensive, evidence‐based venous thromboembolism prophylaxis policy, including tools and strategies for educating employees and patients.
Clinical Issues—May 2020
Authors: Kyle Erin
Published: April 2020

THIS MONTH

Using Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to improve special‐order implant procurement

Key words: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), implant procurement, special‐order implant, risk profile number (RPN), interdisciplinary teamwork.

Heat stress among perioperative personnel

Key words: heat stress, environmental conditions, task performance, surgical tasks, OR temperature.

Venous thromboembolism prevention for bariatric surgery patients

Key words: venous thromboembolism (VTE), prophylactic measures, bariatric surgery, risk factors, prevention protocol.

Disinfecting case carts using ultraviolet light systems

Key words: environmental cleaning, decontamination, case cart, ultraviolet (UV) light system, pulsed xenon.
GSH‐responsive polyglutamic acid nanocarriers for dual targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Li He‐Yi , Jing Fang‐kun , Hao Jun‐Feng
Published: April 2020

In order to reduce the toxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and improve the targeting and efficiency of cancer treatment, the development of drug delivery system has received great attention. In this study, second generation polyglutamic acid dendrimers (G2) are used as basic materials to produce porous nanoparticles through cross link by crosslinkers containing disulfide bonds. The crosslinked products (G2)n have negative electricity and abundant voids, which enable them to adsorb the electronegative anticancer drug DOX. At the same time, in order to transport DOX to the tumor site, we modified FA on DOX and encapsulated it in magnetic mesoporous silica (FA‐DOX‐MSNs). Therefore, the final nanoparticles (FA‐DOX‐MSNs/(G2)n) not only have dual targeting ability to transport DOX to the tumor site, but also have reductive responsiveness that can release drugs responsively in the tumor cells. In addition, it has good biocompatibility and endocytosis ability.
Noncompetitive tight‐binding inhibition ofAnticarsia gemmatalistrypsins byAdenanthera pavoninaprotease inhibitor affects larvae survival
Authors: Meriño‐Cabrera Yaremis , de Oliveira Mendes Tiago A. , Castro José G. S. , Barbosa Samuel L. , Macedo Maria L. R. , de Almeida Oliveira Maria G.
Published: April 2020

The economic loss in soybean crops caused by the Lepidoptera insects has encouraged the search for new strategies to control this pest, which are currently based on synthetic insecticides. This paper evaluated the ability of ApTI (Adenanthera pavoninatrypsin inhibitor) to inhibit trypsin‐like proteins fromAnticarsia gemmatalisby docking, molecular dynamics, and enzymatic and survival assay. The docking and molecular dynamic simulation between trypsin and ApTI were performed using the program CLUSPRO and NAMD, respectively. The inhibitory constantKiand the inhibition type were determined through chromogenic assays. The survival assay of neonatal larvae under treatment with artificial diet supplemented with ApTI was also performed. The ApTI binding site was predicted to block substrate access to trypsin due to four interactions with the enzyme, producing a complex with a surface area of 1,183.7 Å2. The kinetic analysis revealed a noncompetitive tight‐binding mechanism. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan–Meier estimators indicated that the highest larvae mortality was 60%, using 1.2 mg of ApTI per 100 ml of artificial diet. The in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies demonstrated that ApTI is a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin with biotechnological potential for the control ofA. gemmatalisinsect.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphism in Egyptian children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Saleh Nagwan Y. , Salem Sherif S. , Abo‐El fotoh Wafaa MM. , Soliman Shaimaa E. , Abo‐Haded Hany M.
Published: April 2020

Background

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the leading cause of infant deaths worldwide. The relationship between angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and CHDs is not clear. The aim of this work is to assess the presence of an association between ACE I/D polymorphism and CHD in Egyptian population.

Subjects and methods

Seventy CHD cases and 70 controls were incorporated in this study. DNA was isolated from their peripheral blood, and then ACE I/D gene polymorphism was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

There was no significant difference among the frequencies of the DD, II, and DI genotypes in patients and controls (26 [37.1%], 37 [53.3%], and 4 [5.7%], 5 [6.7%]), 40 (57.2%), 28 (40%), respectively (p value = 1 and OR [95% CI] = 1.1). There was no significant difference between D allele (DD + DI) and II genotype distribution among patients and controls (p value = 1 and OR [95% CI] = 1.2 [0.3–2.9]). Moreover, there was no difference between I allele (II + DI) and DD frequency (p value = 0.2 and OR [95% CI] = 0.6 [0.3–1.2]).

Conclusions

ACE I/D gene polymorphism might not be a risk factor of CHD in Egyptian children. Additional widespread studies are needed to affirm these data.
Benzoic acid production via cascade biotransformation and coupled fermentation‐biotransformation
Authors: Zhou Yi , Sekar Balaji Sundara , Wu Shuke , Li Zhi
Published: April 2020

As an important bulk chemical, benzoic acid is currently manufactured from nonrenewable feedstocks under harsh conditions. Although there are natural pathways for biosynthesis of benzoic acid, they are often inefficient and subjected to complex regulation. Here we develop a nonnatural enzyme cascade to efficiently produce benzoic acid from styrene or biogenic L‐phenylalanine under mild conditions. By using a modular approach, two whole‐cell catalysts Escherichia coli LZ305 and LZ325 are engineered for coexpressing seven and nine enzymes for production of 133–146 mM benzoic acid (16.2–17.8 g/Laq) with 88–97% conversion via seven‐ and nine‐step cascade biotransformation of styrene and L‐phenylalanine, respectively. The seven‐step cascade represents a formal high‐yielding biocatalytic oxidative cleavage of styrene, and the nine‐step cascade showcases the high efficiency of extended nonnatural enzyme cascades. Moreover, to achieve benzoic acid production directly from low‐cost renewable glycerol, a novel coupled fermentation‐biotransformation process was developed by integration of fermentative production of L‐phenylalanine with in situ biotransformation to give 63–70 mM benzoic acid (7.6–8.6 g/Laq), which is around 20 times higher than the reported value via a natural pathway. The coupled fermentation‐biotransformation process could be generally applicable to microbial production of growth‐inhibitory or toxic chemicals in high concentrations.
Static and dynamic functional connectivity analysis of cerebrovascular reactivity: An fMRI study
Authors: Lewis Noah , Lu Hanzhang , Liu Peiying , Hou Xirui , Damaraju Eswar , Iraji Armin , Calhoun Vince
Published: April 2020

Background

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an important aspect of brain function, and as such it is important to understand relationship between CVR and functional connectivity.

Methods

This research studied the role of CVR, or the brain's ability to react to vasoactive stimuli on brain functional connectivity by scanning subjects with blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they periodically inhale room air and a CO 2‐enriched gas mixture. We developed a new metric to measure the effect of CVR on each intrinsic connectivity network (ICN), which contrasts to voxel‐wise CVR. We also studied the changes in whole‐brain connectivity patterns using both static functional network connectivity (sFNC) and dynamic FNC (dFNC).

Results

We found that network connectivity is generally weaker during vascular dilation, which is supported by previous research. The dFNC analysis revealed that participants did not return to the pre‐CO 2 inhalation state, suggesting that one‐minute periods of room‐air inhalation is not enough for the CO 2 effect to fully dissipate.

Conclusions

Cerebrovascular reactivity is one tool that the cerebrovascular system uses to ensure the constant, finely‐tuned flow of oxygen to function properly. Understanding the relationship between CVR and brain dynamism can provide unique information about cerebrovascular diseases and general brain function. We observed that CVR has a wide, but consistent relationship to connectivity patterns between functional networks.
Don't waste other people's time
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: April 2020

One of the worst things a leader, manager, or boss can do is waste their employees’ time. By doing so, you are keeping your employees from being as productive as they could be.
CDC issues COVID‐19 guidelines for law enforcement personnel
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2020

In the wake of COVID‐19, law enforcement personnel need to be aware of important facts about the spread of the virus so that they can help keep community spaces safe. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention posted guidelines for law enforcement personnel directly related to public safety.
Counterion Enhanced Organocatalysis: A Novel Approach for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Enones
Authors: Scharinger Fabian , Márk Pálvölgyi Ádám , Zeindlhofer Veronika , Schnürch Michael , Schröder Christian , Bica‐Schröder Katharina
Published: April 2020

We present a novel strategy for organocatalytic transfer hydrogenations relying on an ion‐paired catalyst of natural l‐amino acids as main source of chirality in combination with racemic, atropisomeric phosphoric acids as counteranion. The combination of a chiral cation with a structurally flexible anion resulted in a novel chiral framework for asymmetric transfer hydrogenations with enhanced selectivity through synergistic effects. The optimized catalytic system, in combination with a Hantzsch ester as hydrogen source for biomimetic transfer hydrogenation, enabled high enantioselectivity and excellent yields for a series of α,β‐unsaturated cyclohexenones under mild conditions. Moreover, owing to the use of readily available and chiral pool‐derived building blocks, it could be prepared in a straightforward and significantly cheaper way compared to the current state of the art.
Ni2P‐Modified Ta3N5 and TaON for Photocatalytic Nitrate Reduction
Authors: Wei Lin , Adamson Marquix A. S. , Vela Javier
Published: April 2020

Self‐sustaining photocatalytic NO3− reduction systems could become ideal NO3− removal methods. Developing an efficient, highly active photocatalyst is the key to the photocatalytic reduction of NO3−. In this work, we present the synthesis of Ni2P‐modified Ta3N5 (Ni2P/Ta3N5), TaON (Ni2P/TaON), and TiO2 (Ni2P/TiO2). Starting with a 2 mM (28 g/mL NO3−−N) aqueous solution of NO3−, as made Ni2P/Ta3N5 and Ni2P/TaON display as high as 79% and 61% NO3− conversion under 419 nm light within 12 h, which correspond to reaction rates per gram of 196 μmol g−1 h−1 and 153 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively, and apparent quantum yields of 3–4%. Compared to 24% NO3− conversion in Ni2P/TiO2, Ni2P/Ta3N5 and Ni2P/TaON exhibit higher activities due to the visible light active semiconductor (SC) substrates Ta3N5 and TaON. We also discuss two possible electron migration pathways in Ni2P/semiconductor heterostructures. Our experimental results suggest one dominant electron migration pathway in these materials, namely: Photo‐generated electrons migrate from the semiconductor to co‐catalyst Ni2P, and upshift its Fermi level. The higher Fermi level provides greater driving force and allows NO3− reduction to occur on the Ni2P surface.
A Single Molecular Stoichiometric P‐Source for Phase‐Selective Synthesis of Crystalline and Amorphous Iron Phosphide Nanocatalysts
Authors: D'Accriscio Florian , Schrader Erik , Sassoye Capucine , Selmane Mohamed , André Rémi F. , Lamaison Sarah , Wakerley David , Fontecave Marc , Mougel Victor , Le Corre Grégoire , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Sanchez Clément , Carenco Sophie
Published: April 2020

The formation of iron phosphide nanoparticles (FexP NPs) is a well‐studied process. It usually uses air‐sensitive phosphorus precursors such as n‐trioctylphosphine or white phosphorus. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of a remarkably stable tetrakis(acyl)cyclotetraphosphane, P4(MesCO)4. We demonstrate that this compound can be used as a stoichiometric source of P(0) species in order to synthesize FeP and Fe2P nanoparticles at only 250 °C. This tunable process provides a route to monodisperse nanoparticles with different compositions and crystallinities. We combine X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic pair distribution function (PDF) in order to study the local order and bonding in the amorphous and crystalline materials. We show that crystalline FeP forms via an intermediate amorphous phase (obtained at a lower temperature) that presents local order similar to that of the crystalline sample. From the results of this work, a better understanding of the mechanism of the formation of amorphous and crystalline FexP NPs is provided which relies on the use of a stoichiometric and single P‐source. We then explore the electrocatalytic properties of FexP nanoparticles for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic and neutral electrolytes. In both electrolytes, amorphous FeP is a more efficient catalyst than crystalline FeP, itself more efficient than crystalline Fe2P. Our study paves the way for a more systematic investigation of amorphous metal phosphide phases in electrocatalysis. It also shows the beneficial properties of PDF on the characterization of such nanomaterials, which is highly challenging.
Task‐allocation in a large‐scaled hierarchical many‐core topology
Authors: Lund Andreas , Brinkschulte Uwe
Published: April 2020

As more and more electronic devices get connected together, whole systems get more complicated in terms of development, maintenance and usage. New principles in design are needed to cope with this complexity. That is why we developed the artificial hormone system (AHS). The AHS enables an autonomous and decentralized task‐allocation among a set of processing elements (PEs). The AHS works good in small‐scaled nonhierarchical scenarios. For larger scaled and hierarchical scenarios, we developed the hierarchical artificial hormone system (HAHS) and presented a first abstract concept of the recursive artificial hormone system (RAHS). Both utilize the AHS in isolated smaller clusters of PEs to achieve the same functionality as the AHS with less communication. Thus, the whole task‐set will be split into smaller and disjoint task‐subsets which then will be distributed to the clusters. The HAHS uses a two‐level hierarchy with a second regulation cycle between all clusters. The RAHS on the other hand is designed to manage a n‐level hierarchy. In this article, we will present the first two implemented versions of the RAHS, their evaluation, and the comparison to the original AHS.
Enhanced Intracellular Accumulation and Cytotoxicity of Ferrocene‐Ruthenium Arene Conjugates
Authors: Gelle Donát , Lamač Martin , Mach Karel , Šimková Ludmila , Gyepes Róbert , Sommerová Lucia , Martišová Andrea , Bartošík Martin , Vaculovič Tomáš , Kanický Viktor , Hrstka Roman , Pinkas Jiří
Published: April 2020

Coordination of arenophilic Cp*Ru+ (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5) fragment to pendant aromatic ring(s) of either benzylferrocene (1) or dibenzylferrocene (2) gave air‐ and water‐stable dinuclear (4) or trinuclear (6) ferrocene‐ruthenium conjugates. The complexes were characterized by NMR, ESI‐MS, cyclic voltammetry (CV), elemental analysis, and the molecular structure of 4 was established by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Contrary to the starting ferrocenes 1 and 2, conjugates 4 and 6 showed significant in vitro anticancer activity (up to IC50 0.6±0.2 μM) against various cancer cell lines (A2780, SK‐OV‐3, MDA‐MB‐231). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that the intracellular accumulation of 4 was approximately twice that of 6 in all studied cell lines, which corresponds to a higher cytotoxicity of 4.
Hypoglycaemia and its management in primary care setting
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud , Baker Jason , Cahn Avivit , Eckel Robert H. , El Sayed Nuha Ali , Fischl Amy Hess , Gaede Peter , Leslie R. David , Pieralice Silvia , Tuccinardi Dario , Pozzilli Paolo , Richelsen Bjørn , Roitman Eytan , Standl Eberhard , Toledano Yoel , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Weber Sandra L. , Umpierrez Guillermo E.
Published: April 2020

Hypoglycaemia is common in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and constitutes a major limiting factor in achieving glycaemic control among people with diabetes. While hypoglycaemia is defined as a blood glucose level under 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), symptoms may occur at higher blood glucose levels in individuals with poor glycaemic control. Severe hypoglycaemia is defined as an episode requiring the assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon, or take other corrective actions to assure neurologic recovery. Hypoglycaemia is the most important safety outcome in clinical studies of glucose lowering agents. The American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care recommends that a management protocol for hypoglycaemia should be designed and implemented by every hospital, along with a clear prevention and treatment plan. A tailored approach, using clinical and pathophysiologic disease stratification, can help individualize glycaemic goals and promote new therapies to improve quality of life of patients. Data from recent large clinical trials reported low risk of hypoglycaemic events with the use of newer anti‐diabetic drugs. Increased hypoglycaemia risk is observed with the use of insulin and/or sulphonylureas. Vulnerable patients with T2D at dual risk of severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular outcomes show features of “frailty.” Many of such patients may be better treated by the use of GLP‐1 receptor agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors rather than insulin. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) should be considered for all individuals with increased risk for hypoglycaemia, impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, frequent nocturnal hypoglycaemia and with history of severe hypoglycaemia. Patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia benefit from real‐time CGM. The diabetes educator is an invaluable resource and can devote the time needed to thoroughly educate the individual to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia and integrate the information within the entire construct of diabetes self‐management. Conversations about hypoglycaemia facilitated by a healthcare professional may reduce the burden and fear of hypoglycaemia among patients with diabetes and their family members. Optimizing insulin doses and carbohydrate intake, in addition to a short warm up before or after the physical activity sessions may help avoiding hypoglycaemia. Several therapeutic considerations are important to reduce hypoglycaemia risk during pregnancy including administration of rapid‐acting insulin analogues rather than human insulin, pre‐conception initiation of insulin analogues, and immediate postpartum insulin dose reduction.
Nutrient contents predict the bamboo‐leaf‐based diet of Assamese macaques living in limestone forests of southwest Guangxi, China
Authors: Li Yuhui , Ma Guangzhi , Zhou Qihai , Li Youbang , Huang Zhonghao
Published: April 2020

Determining the nutrient factors influencing food choice provides important insight into the feeding strategy of animals, which is crucial for understanding their behavioral response to environmental changes. A bamboo‐leaf‐based diet is rare among mammals. Animals’ food choice and nutritional goals have been explained by several frameworks; however, the influence of nutrients on food choice in bamboo‐leaf‐based macaques is not yet available. Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) inhabiting limestone forests are characterized by such a bamboo‐leaf‐based diet, predominantly consuming young leaves of Bonia saxatilis, a shrubby, karst‐endemic bamboo. We studied the feeding behavior of one group of Assamese macaques using instantaneous scan sampling in limestone forests of the Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve in southwest Guangxi, China. We compared the nutrient content of staple food and nonfood items and examine the role of key nutrients in the food selection of macaques. Our results showed that young leaves of bamboo B. saxatilis contained more water, crude protein, phosphorus, and less tannin than nonfood items. Furthermore, staple foods contained a higher content of water and less content of calcium than nonfood items. More specifically, quantities of water, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus in food items were critical factors affecting feeding time on a specific plant item. Our results suggest that young bamboo leaves could meet macaques’ required protein and water intake, while enabling them to maintain their mineral balance, consequently facilitating to maintain the primates’ bamboo‐leaf‐diet in the limestone forest. Our findings confirm the effects of nutrient contents in food choice of Assamese macaques, highlighting the importance of the nutrient contents in maintaining their bamboo‐based diet and the need to increase the knowledge on their nutritional strategy adapted to the bamboo‐dominated diet inhabiting the unique limestone habitat.
An assessment of population size and demographic drivers of the Bearded Vulture using integrated population models
Authors: Margalida Antoni , Jiménez José , Martínez José M. , Sesé José A. , García‐Ferré Diego , Llamas Alfonso , Razin Martine , Colomer MªÀngels , Arroyo Beatriz
Published: April 2020

Conventional approaches for the assessment of population abundance or trends are usually based on a single source of information, such as counts or changes in demographic parameters. However, these approaches usually neglect some of the information needed to properly understand the population as a whole, such as assessments of the non‐breeding proportion of the population and the drivers of population change. The Bearded VultureGypaetus barbatusis a threatened species and its Pyrenean population (the largest in Europe) inhabits parts of Spain, Andorra, and France. We developed an Integrated Population Model (IPM) using data from a long‐term study (1987–2016) in the three countries, including capture–mark–recapture of 150 marked individuals, to assess population size and age structure at the whole population scale, and obtain estimates of survival and breeding parameters of this population. The breeding population experienced a geometric mean population increase of 3.3% annually, falling to 2.3% during the last 10 yr. The adult proportion of the population increased with time, from 61% to 73%. There were 365 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]: 354–373) adult breeding birds in 2016, representing 49% of the adult population and 36% of the total population (estimated at 1,026 individuals, 95% BCI: 937–1,119). The large number of non‐breeding adults probably led to higher mean age of first reproduction than previously estimated, and to an estimated 30–35% of territories occupied by polyandrous trios. Population growth rate was positively and strongly correlated with adult survival, which had a much greater effect on population growth than productivity. The effects of subadult and juvenile survival on population growth were weaker. We found strong evidence for a density‐dependent decrease in juvenile survival, productivity and adult survival, leading to reduced population growth with increased population size. Our approach allowed us to identify important conservation issues related to the management of supplementary feeding sites and geographic expansion of this population. Our study supports the use of IPMs as a tool to understand long‐lived species, allowing simultaneous estimates of the non‐breeding size of the population (which is critical for understanding population functioning), better estimates of population parameters, and assessment of demographic drivers.
Influence of Sodium Alginate and Genipin on Stability of Chitosome Containing Perilla Oil in Model and Real Drink
Authors: Ghaleshahi Atefah Zamani , Rajabzadeh Ghadir , Ezzatpanah Hamid
Published: April 2020

The impacts of sodium alginate (SA) and genipin (GP) on low‐pH and thermal stability of chitosan‐coated liposome (chitosome), as a carrier of perilla oil, are investigated in a model drink. Oxidative stability, as well as quality parameters and sensory evaluation, are analyzed during 60 days of storage at 25 °C as well as in orange drink fortified with non‐coated and coated nanoliposome. The investigation of model drink shows that low‐pH and heating stability of nanoliposome are influenced by the type of coating biopolymer and can be improved by chitosan (CS) and GP. The coating by different biopolymers has fewer changes in quality parameters (°Brix and pH value, total acidity, and color difference), and shows higher oxidative stability than emulsified perilla seed oil and bare nanoliposome after storage at 25 °C for 60 days. The results indicate that the type of biopolymer and cross‐linkers plays a key role in the liposomal membrane structure stability.

Practical applications: The present study is anticipated to promote a better understanding of the advantages of combining nanoliposomes (NLs) with the primary and secondary coatings as well as cross‐linkers to overcome the low oxidative stability of perilla oil (as a source of plant rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]) and semi‐permeability of NL membrane in like and real foods. It could also reduce the adverse effects of n‐3 PUFAs on sensory properties of orange drink and pave the way for making liposomes applicable to foods and drinks.
Ultrasonic extraction of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and its antioxidant activity
Authors: Liu Zenggen , Tang Xiaohong , Liu Chuang , Dong Banmacailang , Shao Yun , Liu Baolong , Yue Huilan
Published: April 2020

The ultrasonic extraction (UE) technology, possessed the advantages of effective, energy‐saving, and environmental‐friendly, was applied to extract the anthocyanin from Lycium ruthenicum (LR). The extraction parameters of UE were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Anthocyanin composition in LR fruits grown in China was systematically identified and quantified by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The result showed that PRG was the major anthocyanin, and delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin were the major anthocyanidins in LR fruits. There was the same anthocyanin composition of LR and great variation in anthocyanins content of LR from different areas in China. However, there was no significant difference between wild and cultivated LR in the same region. A clear separation of LR according to geographical origins was revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the discrimination model for the anthocyanin concentrations were developed using these two analysis methods. Furthermore, on‐line HPLC‐DPPH assay and scavenging activity of three kinds of radicals (DPPH·, ·OH, and ) in vitro were well applied to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the LR anthocyanin extract (LRAE). And its results indicated the LRAE could be a credible antioxidant agent for applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine.
Head and neck surgical oncology in the time of a pandemic: Subsite‐specific triage guidelines during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors:   MD Anderson Head and Neck Surgery Treatment Guidelines Consortium,   Consortium members:, Maniakas Anastasios , Jozaghi Yelda , Zafereo Mark E. , Sturgis Erich M. , Su Shirley Y. , Gillenwater Ann M. , Gidley Paul W. , Lewis Carol M. , Diaz Eduardo , Goepfert Ryan P. , Kupferman Michael E. , Gross Neil D. , Hessel Amy C. , Pytynia Kristen B. , Nader Marc‐Elie , Wang Jennifer R. , Lango Miriam N. , Kiong Kimberley L. , Guo Theresa , Zhao Xiao , Yao Christopher M. K. L. , Appelbaum Eric , Alpard Jennifer , Garcia Jose A. , Terry Shawn , Flynn Jill E. , Bauer Sarah , Fournier Danielle , Burgess Courtlyn G. , Wideman Cayla , Johnston Matthew , You Chenxi , De Luna Rolando , Joseph Liza , Diersing Julia , Prescott Kaitlin , Heiberger Katherine , Mugartegui Lilian , Rodriguez Jessica , Zendehdel Sara , Sellers Justin , Friddell Rebekah A. , Thomas Ajay , Khanjae Sonam J. , Schwarzlose Katherine B. , Chambers Mark S. , Hofstede Theresa M. , Cardoso Richard C. , Wesson Ruth Aponte , Won Alex , Otun Adegbenga O. , Gombos Dan S. , Al‐Zubidi Nagham , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Gunn G. Brandon , Rosenthal David I. , Gillison Maura L. , Ferrarotto Renata , Weber Randal S. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Lai Stephen Y.
Published: April 2020

Background

COVID‐19 pandemic has strained human and material resources around the world. Practices in surgical oncology had to change in response to these resource limitations, triaging based on acuity, expected oncologic outcomes, availability of supportive resources, and safety of health care personnel.

Methods

The MD Anderson Head and Neck Surgery Treatment Guidelines Consortium devised the following to provide guidance on triaging head and neck cancer (HNC) surgeries based on multidisciplinary consensus. HNC subsites considered included aerodigestive tract mucosa, sinonasal, salivary, endocrine, cutaneous, and ocular.

Recommendations

Each subsite is presented separately with disease‐specific recommendations. Options for alternative treatment modalities are provided if surgical treatment needs to be deferred.

Conclusion

These guidelines are intended to help clinicians caring for patients with HNC appropriately allocate resources during a health care crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. We continue to advocate for individual consideration of cases in a multidisciplinary fashion based on individual patient circumstances and resource availability.
Salivary gland disease in the era of COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Soldatova Liuba , Rassekh Christopher H. , Baloch Zubair W. , Jalaly Jalal B. , Sedora‐Roman Neda I. , Loevner Laurie L. , Cognetti David M. , Witt Robert L. , Dulguerov Pavel
Published: April 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic forced significant changes in current approach to outpatient evaluation of common otolaryngology complaints as hospitals around the world are trying to limit the spread of the virus and to preserve health care resources. These changes raise a lot of questions regarding patient triage and treatment decisions in clinical situations when it is unclear if the workup and management can be postponed. In this communication, we present our approach to evaluation and triage of new patients with complaints concerning for salivary gland disease.
The effects of reforming regulation in resolving insolvency towards EODB rank improvement: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Shubhan M. Hadi
Published: April 2020

This article examines the effectiveness of policy reform and implementation in resolving insolvency in Indonesia. The Ease of Doing Business (EODB) in Indonesia has significantly increased over the last 6 years, from ranking 129th in 2012 to 73rd in 2019. Among the 10 EODB indicators, resolving insolvency was identified to be the highest contributing indicator. In 2019, this indicator ranked 36th—far above the overall aforementioned Indonesian EODB score, a 73rd worldwide ranking. This article examines the factors leading to a high bankruptcy settlement score as well as the indicators that must be improved to raise Indonesia's EODB ranking.
Prevalent and persistent oncogenic HPV types in a cohort of women living with HIV prior to HPV vaccination
Authors: McClymont Elisabeth , Lee Marette , Raboud Janet , Coutlée François , Walmsley Sharon , Lipsky Nancy , Loutfy Mona , Trottier Sylvie , Smaill Fiona , Klein Marina B. , Harris Marianne , Cohen Jeffrey , Yudin Mark H. , Wobeser Wendy , Money Deborah
Published: April 2020

Objective

To describe prevalent and persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types detected in women living with HIV (WLWH) in Canada, including women with cervical dyskaryosis, and to determine predictors of type‐specific HPV persistence.

Methods

Women and girls living with HIV, recruited from 14 sites of HIV care across Canada, were included in a sub‐analysis of a prospective vaccine immunogenicity cohort study (two HPV DNA results, at least one cervical cytology result pre‐vaccination). Demographic and clinical data were collected alongside cervical samples for cytology and HPV DNA typing between November 25, 2008, and May 19, 2015.

Results

Pre‐vaccination, HPV16 and HPV52 were the most prevalent oncogenic HPV types. Of the 252 women and girls who met the eligibility criteria, 45% were infected with at least one oncogenic HPV type and one‐third of participants had a persistent oncogenic infection. HPV16, 45, and 52 were the most frequently persistent types. Seventeen percent of women had persistent infections with oncogenic HPV types not within currently available vaccines (HPV35/39/51/56/59/68/82). Lower CD4 count significantly predicted HPV persistence (P=0.024). Cervical cytology results were normal for 82.9% of participants, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance for 2.4%, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions for 11.5%, and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions for 2.8%.

Conclusion

Unvaccinated WLWH were infected with a wide range of oncogenic HPV types. The findings highlighted the importance of optimal treatment of HIV and continued cervical cancer screening as key steps toward the global elimination of cervical cancer.
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: A new therapeutic approach in the treatment of infection and autoimmunity
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Iraj , Qujeq Durdi , Yousefi Tooba , Ferns Gordon A. , Maniati Mahmood , Vaghari‐Tabari Mostafa
Published: April 2020

CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated protein9) may be viewed as an adaptive bacterial immune system. When a virus infects a bacterium, a fragment of the virus genome is inserted into the CRISPR sequence of the bacterial genome as a memory. When the bacterium becomes infected again with the same virus, an RNA molecule that is a transcript of the memory sequence, directs Cas9, an endonuclease, to the complementary region of the virus genome, and Cas9 disables the virus by a double‐strand break. In recent years, studies have shown that by designing synthetic RNA molecules and delivering them along with Cas9 into eukaryotic cells, different regions of the cell's genome can be targeted and manipulated. These findings have drawn much attention to this new technology and it has been shown that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be used to treat some human diseases. These include infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In this review article, in addition to a brief overview of the biology of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we collected the most recent findings on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for better investigation of the pathogenesis and treatment of viral infections (human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis virus infections, and onco‐virus infections), non‐viral infections (parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections), and autoimmune diseases.
Methionine Enkephalin Suppresses Osteocyte Apoptosis Induced by Compressive Force through Regulation of Nuclear Translocation of NFATc1
Authors: Sogi Chisumi , Takeshita Nobuo , Jiang Wei , Kim Siyoung , Maeda Toshihiro , Yoshida Michiko , Oyanagi Toshihito , Ito Arata , Kimura Seiji , Seki Daisuke , Takano Ikuko , Sakai Yuichi , Fujiwara Ikuma , Kure Shigeo , Takano‐Yamamoto Teruko
Published: April 2020

Mechanical stress stimulates bone remodeling, which occurs through bone formation and resorption, resulting in bone adaptation in response to the mechanical stress. Osteocytes perceive mechanical stress loaded to bones and promote bone remodeling through various cellular processes. Osteocyte apoptosis is considered a cellular process to induce bone resorption during mechanical stress‐induced bone remodeling, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuropeptides play crucial roles in bone metabolism. The neuropeptide, methionine enkephalin (MENK) regulates apoptosis positively and negatively depending on cell type, but the role of MENK in osteocyte apoptosis, followed by bone resorption, in response to mechanical stress is still unknown. Here, we examined the roles and mechanisms of MENK in osteocyte apoptosis induced by compressive force. We loaded compressive force to mouse parietal bones, resulting in a reduction of MENK expression in osteocytes. A neutralizing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) antibody inhibited the compressive force‐induced reduction of MENK. An increase in osteocyte apoptosis in the compressive force‐loaded parietal bones was inhibited by MENK administration. Nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in osteocytes in the parietal bones was enhanced by compressive force. INCA‐6, which inhibits NFAT translocation into nuclei, suppressed the increase in osteocyte apoptosis in the compressive force‐loaded parietal bones. NFATc1‐overexpressing MLO‐Y4 cells showed increased expression of apoptosis‐related genes. MENK administration reduced the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in osteocytes in the compressive force‐loaded parietal bones. Moreover, MENK suppressed Ca2+ influx and calcineurin and calmodulin expression, which are known to induce the nuclear translocation of NFAT in MLO‐Y4 cells. In summary, this study shows that osteocytes expressed MENK, whereas the MENK expression was suppressed by compressive force via CTGF signaling. MENK downregulated nuclear translocation of NFATc1 probably by suppressing Ca2+ signaling in osteocytes and consequently inhibiting compressive force‐induced osteocyte apoptosis, followed by bone resorption. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Sonochemical synthesis and crystal structure of indium(III) complex as a modifier for electrochemical simultaneous determination of dopamine and acetylcholine
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Akbarzadeh‐T Niloufar , Parsa Asghar
Published: April 2020

A novel mixed‐ligand complex of [In(Me‐phen)Cl3(DMSO)](1) was acquired and specified via spectral approaches (IR, UV–Vis, 1H‐NMR, and luminescence), thermal evaluation such as thermogravimetric, differential thermal analyses, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In this study, we have also reported the nanosize of [In(Me‐phen)Cl3(DMSO)](1) that has been synthesized via the sonochemical process. Characterization of nanoparticle(1) was carried out via X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The sample size assembled via the sonochemical approach was approximately 20 nm. Also, a novel screen‐printed electrode modified with indium nanocomplex (In NC/SPE) was developed. An electrochemical examination of the adjusted electrode in addition to its efficiency in dopamine electro‐oxidation is explained. It was proven that dopamine oxidation at adjusted electrode surface takes place at 150 mV potential less positive compared to an unadjusted screen‐printed electrode. The relevant detection limit for dopamine was 2.0 × 10−7 M via differential pulse voltammetry. Moreover, the adjusted electrode was utilized to simultaneously determine dopamine and acetylcholine. Lastly, the adjusted electrode was utilized to determine dopamine and acetylcholine within real specimens.
Oropharyngeal morphology related to filtration mechanisms in suspension‐feeding American shad (Clupeidae)
Authors: Storm Timothy James , Nolan Katherine Ericson , Roberts Erin Michele , Sanderson S. Laurie
Published: April 2020

To assess potential filtration mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy was used in a comprehensive quantification and analysis of the morphology and surface ultrastructure for all five branchial arches in the ram suspension‐feeding fish, American shad (Alosa sapidissima, Clupeidae). The orientation of the branchial arches and the location of mucus cells on the gill rakers were more consistent with mechanisms of crossflow filtration and cross‐step filtration rather than conventional dead‐end sieving. The long, thin gill rakers could lead to a large area for the exit of water from the oropharyngeal cavity during suspension feeding (high fluid exit ratio). The substantial elongation of gill rakers along the dorsal‐ventral axis formed d‐type ribs with a groove aspect ratio of 0.5 and a Reynolds number of approximately 500, consistent with the potential operation of cross‐step filtration. Mucus cell abundance differed significantly along the length of the raker and the height of the raker. The mucus cell abundance data and the observed sloughing of denticles along the gill raker margins closest to the interior of the oropharyngeal cavity suggest that gill raker growth may occur primarily at the raker tips, the denticle bases, and the internal raker margins along the length of the raker. These findings will be applied in ongoing experiments with 3D‐printed physical models of fish oral cavities in flow tanks, and in future ecological studies on the diet and nutrition of suspension‐feeding fishes.
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the setting of IFN‐γR1 deficiency: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Razaghian Anahita , Parvaneh Leila , Delkhah Mona , Abbasi Arash , Sadeghirad Parisa , Shahrooei Mohammad , Parvaneh Nima
Published: April 2020

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) disease is a severe immune dysregulation caused by mutations in genes required for lymphocyte cytotoxicity function. However, HLH‐like syndrome may develop secondary to infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) could predispose to HLH syndrome after uncontrolled infections. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a PID characterized by a predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Inborn errors of interferon‐γ immunity caused by mutations in 16 genes, underly MSMD development. Here, we report a case of fatal interferon‐γ receptor 1 deficiency with disseminated BCG infection, which was initially diagnosed with HLH disease. We also include a review of cases reported in the literature.