bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The novel SH3 domain protein Dlish/CG10933 mediates fat signaling in Drosophila by binding and regulating Dachs
Authors: Zhang Yifei , Wang Xing , Matakatsu Hitoshi , Fehon Richard , Blair Seth S
Published: October 2016

Much of the Hippo and planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling mediated by the Drosophila protocadherin Fat depends on its ability to change the subcellular localization, levels and activity of the unconventional myosin Dachs. To better understand this process, we have performed a structure-function analysis of Dachs, and used this to identify a novel and important mediator of Fat and Dachs activities, a Dachs-binding SH3 protein we have named Dlish. We found that Dlish is regulated by Fat and Dachs, that Dlish also binds Fat and the Dachs regulator Approximated, and that Dlish is required for Dachs localization, levels and activity in both wild type and fat mutant tissue. Our evidence supports dual roles for Dlish. Dlish tethers Dachs to the subapical cell cortex, an effect partly mediated by the palmitoyltransferase Approximated under the control of Fat. Conversely, Dlish promotes the Fat-mediated degradation of Dachs.
Social observation enhances cross-environment activation of hippocampal place cell patterns
Authors: Mou Xiang , Ji Daoyun
Published: October 2016

Humans and animals frequently learn through observing or interacting with others. The local enhancement theory proposes that presence of social subjects in an environment facilitates other subjects' understanding of the environment. To explore the neural basis of this theory, we examined hippocampal place cells, which represent spatial information, in rats as they stayed in a small box while a demonstrator rat running on a separate, nearby linear track, and as they ran on the same track themselves. We found that place cell firing sequences during self-running on the track also appeared in the box. This cross-environment activation occurred even prior to any self-running experience on the track and was absent without a demonstrator. Our data thus suggest that social observation can facilitate the observer’s spatial representation of an environment without actual self-exploration. This finding may contribute to neural mechanisms of local enhancement.
ATPase activity of the DEAD-box protein Dhh1 controls processing body formation
Authors: Mugler Christopher Frederick , Hondele Maria , Heinrich Stephanie , Sachdev Ruchika , Vallotton Pascal , Koek Adriana Y , Chan Leon Y , Weis Karsten
Published: October 2016

Translational repression and mRNA degradation are critical mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation that help cells respond to internal and external cues. In response to certain stress conditions, many mRNA decay factors are enriched in processing bodies (PBs), cellular structures involved in degradation and/or storage of mRNAs. Yet, how cells regulate assembly and disassembly of PBs remains poorly understood. Here, we show that in budding yeast, mutations in the DEAD-box ATPase Dhh1 that prevent ATP hydrolysis, or that affect the interaction between Dhh1 and Not1, the central scaffold of the CCR4-NOT complex and an activator of the Dhh1 ATPase, prevent PB disassembly in vivo. Intriguingly, this process can be recapitulated in vitro, since recombinant Dhh1 and RNA, in the presence of ATP, phase-separate into liquid droplets that rapidly dissolve upon addition of Not1. Our results identify the ATPase activity of Dhh1 as a critical regulator of PB formation.
Phenotypic plasticity as an adaptation to a functional trade-off
Authors: Yi Xiao , Dean Antony M
Published: October 2016

We report the evolution of a phenotypically plastic behavior that circumvents the hardwired trade-off that exists when resources are partitioned between growth and motility in Escherichia coli. We propagated cultures in a cyclical environment, alternating between growth up to carrying capacity and selection for chemotaxis. Initial adaptations boosted overall swimming speed at the expense of growth. The effect of the trade-off was subsequently eased through a change in behavior; while individual cells reduced motility during exponential growth, the faction of the population that was motile increased as the carrying capacity was approached. This plastic behavior was produced by a single amino acid replacement in FliA, a regulatory protein central to the chemotaxis network. Our results illustrate how phenotypic plasticity potentiates evolvability by opening up new regions of the adaptive landscape.
Origin of light scattering variations of a latent flaw through light scattering measurement with applied stress effect
Authors: Sakata Yoshitaro , Terasaki Nao , Sakai Kazufumi , Nonaka Kazuhiro
Published: October 2016

The stress-induced light scattering method (SILSM) was proposed for inspecting surface to detect polishing induced latent flaws. In this study, in order to clarify the mechanism of the light scattering intensity variation of latent flaws using SILSM, we have investigated stress effect of light scattering intensities using polarized light system and calculated the reflectance and the retardation using Jones matrix. As the results, we evaluated the change in the birefringence around a tip of a latent flaw between before and after stress were applied.
OSoMe: the IUNI observatory on social media
Authors: Davis Clayton A. , Ciampaglia Giovanni Luca , Aiello Luca Maria , Chung Keychul , Conover Michael D. , Ferrara Emilio , Flammini Alessandro , Fox Geoffrey C. , Gao Xiaoming , Gonçalves Bruno , Grabowicz Przemyslaw A. , Hong Kibeom , Hui Pik-Mai , McCaulay Scott , McKelvey Karissa , Meiss Mark R. , Patil Snehal , Peli Kankanamalage Chathuri , Pentchev Valentin , Qiu Judy , Ratkiewicz Jacob , Rudnick Alex , Serrette Benjamin , Shiralkar Prashant , Varol Onur , Weng Lilian , Wu Tak-Lon , Younge Andrew J. , Menczer Filippo
Published: October 2016

The study of social phenomena is becoming increasingly reliant on big data from online social networks. Broad access to social media data, however, requires software development skills that not all researchers possess. Here we present theIUNI Observatory on Social Media, an open analytics platform designed to facilitate computational social science. The system leverages a historical, ongoing collection of over 70 billion public messages from Twitter. We illustrate a number of interactive open-source tools to retrieve, visualize, and analyze derived data from this collection. The Observatory, now available atosome.iuni.iu.edu, is the result of a large, six-year collaborative effort coordinated by the Indiana University Network Science Institute.
Effect of Preoperative Intravenous Oxycodone After Transurethral Resection of Prostate Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Wang Jinguo , Fu Yaowen , Ma Haichun , Wang Na
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intravenous oxycodone administered before transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) on postoperative pain and tramadol consumption. Preemptive analgesia can decrease postoperative pain and analgesic consumption. Sixty patients undergoing elective TURP were divided into 2 groups: group O (n = 30) received intravenous oxycodone (0.1 mg/kg) 10 minutes before surgery over 2 minutes and group C (n = 30) received normal saline as a placebo. A standardized general anesthesia method was performed with a laryngeal mask airway device. Data with respect to pain intensity, incidence of lower urinary tract discomfort, time to the first tramadol requirement, tramadol consumption, overall patient satisfaction, and adverse effects were collected. Preoperative oxycodone contributed to better analgesia at 1, 2, 6, and 12 hours after shifting the patients to the recovery room, a longer time interval to the first tramadol request, fewer patients requiring tramadol analgesia, and reduced tramadol consumption. Adverse effects were comparable between the 2 groups. Preoperative intravenous oxycodone (0.1 mg/kg) 10 minutes before TURP improves postoperative analgesia, prolongs time to the first tramadol request, and reduces tramadol consumption without an influence on lower urinary tract discomfort and adverse effects.
A Retrospective Study in the Treatment of a 2-Part Greater Tuberosity Fracture Using the F3 Biomet Plate
Authors: Ma Jun , Zhao Liangyu , Liu Tao , Fu Qiang , Chen Aimin
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the F3 Biomet plate in the treatment of 2-part displaced humeral greater tuberosity fractures. We compared the clinical outcomes of patients with displaced greater tuberosity fractures who underwent surgical treatment using an F3 plate with those of patients who were treated nonsurgically. Eleven patients with 2-part displaced humeral greater tuberosity fractures were surgically treated with use of an F3 Biomet plate, whereas 12 patients with equal injuries were treated nonsurgically. Each patient underwent follow-up for at least 1 year. We retrospectively collected data and analyzed the clinical outcomes. The Constant score and DASH score were used to assess the shoulder function, and X-rays were taken to evaluate the fracture healing. X-rays of the patients in both groups showed that the fractures achieved union after the 1-year follow-up. Patients treated surgically with an F3 plate and open reduction internal fixation had better Constant score and DASH score results for shoulder function than those treated nonsurgically. In the present study, surgical treatment of displaced humeral greater tuberosity fractures with the use of an F3 plate led to a 100% union rate and good clinical outcomes. The F3 Biomet plate can be considered an effective implant for the treatment of displaced humeral greater tuberosity fractures. The level of evidence is therapeutic III.
Syntheses and Structures of Xenon Trioxide Alkylnitrile Adducts
Authors: Goettel James T. , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Mercier Hélène P. A. , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: October 2016

The potent oxidizer and highly shock‐sensitive binary noble‐gas oxide XeO3 interacts with CH3CN and CH3CH2CN to form O3XeNCCH3, O3Xe(NCCH3)2, O3XeNCCH2CH3, and O3Xe(NCCH2CH3)2. Their low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray structures show that the xenon atoms are consistently coordinated to three donor atoms, which results in pseudo‐octahedral environments around the xenon atoms. The adduct series provides the first examples of a neutral xenon oxide bound to nitrogen bases. Raman frequency shifts and Xe−N bond lengths are consistent with complex formation. Energy‐minimized gas‐phase geometries and vibrational frequencies were obtained for the model compounds O3Xe(NCCH3)n (n=1–3) and O3Xe(NCCH3)n⋅[O3Xe(NCCH3)2]2 (n=1, 2). Natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electron localization function (ELF), and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) analyses were carried out to further probe the nature of the bonding in these adducts.
Can Lay Community Advisors Improve the Clarity of Research Participant Recruitment Materials and Increase the Likelihood of Participation?
Authors: Bowers Barbara , Jacobson Nora , Krupp Anna
Published: October 2016

Despite decades of effort, lower income people and ethnic minorities continue to be underrepresented as participants in health research. A group of racially and ethnically diverse, lower income community members (Community Advisors on Research Design and Strategies: CARDS®) was trained to review study designs and procedures and provide recommendations to researchers for increasing participation and making research materials more understandable to members of underrepresented communities. In this mixed methods study, one participant group (n = 55) was shown research materials (recruitment documents and a consent form) developed by a research team and approved by the local IRB. A second group (n = 45) was shown the same materials after they had also been reviewed and revised by CARDS. Interviews, which included both fixed‐response and open‐ended questions, were used to assess reactions of participants in both groups to the materials, including their hypothetical willingness to volunteer for the research described. Group differences were examined using the Chi‐square distribution test. Proportional difference effect sizes were estimated using arcsine transformation. The qualitative data were subjected to conventional content analysis. Participants in the group shown the recruitment materials revised by CARDS were more likely to say they understood the documents, more likely to ask for more information about the study, and more likely to say they would participate in the research. Results of content analysis suggested a four‐phase sequential process for deciding whether to participate in the research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychometric Testing of the Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC‐CHDI)
Authors: Vaughan Dickson Victoria , Lee Christopher S. , Yehle Karen S. , Mola Ana , Faulkner Kenneth M. , Riegel Barbara
Published: October 2016

Although coronary heart disease (CHD) requires a significant amount of self‐care, there are no instruments available to measure self‐care in this population. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Self‐Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC‐CHDI). Using the Self‐Care of Chronic Illness theory, we developed a 22‐item measure of maintenance, management, and confidence appropriate for persons with stable CHD and tested it in a convenience sample of 392 adults (62% male, mean age 61.4 ± 9.6 years). Factorial validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was tested with the Medical Outcomes Study MOS‐SAS Specific Adherence Scale and the Decision Making Competency Inventory (DMCI). Cronbach alpha and factor determinacy scores (FDS) were calculated to assess reliability. Two multidimensional self‐care scales were confirmed: self‐care maintenance included “consultative behaviors” (e.g., taking medicines as prescribed) and “autonomous behaviors” (e.g., exercising 30 minute/day; FDS = .87). The multidimensional self‐care management scale included “early recognition and response” (e.g., recognizing symptoms) and “delayed response” (e.g., taking an aspirin; FDS = .76). A unidimensional confidence factor captured confidence in each self‐care process (α = .84). All the self‐care dimensions were associated with treatment adherence as measured by the MOS‐SAS. Only self‐care maintenance and confidence were associated with decision‐making (DCMI). These findings support the conceptual basis of self‐care in patients with CHD as a process of maintenance that includes both consultative and autonomous behaviors, and management with symptom awareness and response. The SC‐CHDI confidence scale is promising as a measure of self‐efficacy, an important factor influencing self‐care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Langmuir–Schaefer films of fibronectin as designed biointerfaces for culturing stem cells
Authors: Bhuvanesh Thanga , Saretia Shivam , Roch Toralf , Schöne Anne‐Christin , Rottke Falko O. , Kratz Karl , Wang Weiwei , Ma Nan , Schulz Burkhard , Lendlein Andreas
Published: October 2016

Glycoproteins adsorbing on an implant upon contact with body fluids can affect the biological response in vitro and in vivo, depending on the type and conformation of the adsorbed biomacromolecules. However, this process is poorly characterized and so far not controllable. Here, protein monolayers of high molecular cohesion with defined density are transferred onto polymeric substrates by the Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) technique and were compared with solution deposition (SO) method. It is hypothesized that on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a substrate with poor cell adhesion capacity, the fibronectin (FN) layers generated by the LS and SO methods will differ in their organization, subsequently facilitating differential stem cell adhesion behavior. Indeed, atomic force microscopy visualization and immunofluorescence images indicated that organization of the FN layer immobilized on PDMS was uniform and homogeneous. In contrast, FN deposited by SO method was rather heterogeneous with appearance of structures resembling protein aggregates. Human mesenchymal stem cells showed reduced absolute numbers of adherent cells, and the vinculin expression seemed to be higher and more homogenously distributed after seeding on PDMS equipped with FN by LS in comparison with PDMS equipped with FN by SO. These divergent responses could be attributed to differences in the availability of adhesion molecule ligands such as the Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptide sequence presented at the interface. The LS method allows to control the protein layer characteristics, including the thickness and the protein orientation or conformation, which can be harnessed to direct stem cell responses to defined outcomes, including migration and differentiation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylophaga and Hyphomicrobium can be used as target genera in monitoring saline water methanol-utilizing denitrification
Authors: Rissanen Antti J , Ojala Anne , Dernjatin Markus , Jaakkola Jouni , Tiirola Marja
Published: October 2016

Which bacterial taxonomic groups can be used in monitoring saline water methanol-utilizing denitrification and whether nitrate is transformed into N2 in the process are unclear. Therefore, methylotrophic bacterial communities of two efficiently functioning (nitrate/nitrite reduction was 63–96 %) tropical and cool seawater reactors at a public aquarium were investigated with clone library analysis and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Transformation of nitrate into N2 was confirmed using 15N labeling in incubation of carrier material from the tropical reactor. Combining the data with previous study results, Methylophaga and Hyphomicrobium were determined to be suitable target genera for monitoring the function of saline water methanol-fed denitrification systems. However, monitoring was not possible at the single species level. Interestingly, potential nitrate-reducing methylotrophs within Filomicrobium and closely related Fil I and Fil II clusters were detected in the reactors suggesting that they also contributed to methylotrophic denitrification in the saline environment.
The contribution of ethnic groups to Malaysian scientific output, 1982–2014, and the effects of the new economic policy
Authors: Lewison Grant , Kumar Sameer , Wong Chan-Yuan , Roe Philip , Webber Richard
Published: October 2016

Malaysia has three main ethnic communities: Chinese, Indians and Malays. At independence in 1957, the Chinese dominated commercial life, and this led to ethnic tensions and finally riots. As a result in 1969 Malaysia introduced a “New Economic Policy” (NEP) to promote Malays in all areas of activity, and in particular to assist them to obtain basic and higher education. We examined the scientific outputs from Malaysia between 1982 and 2014 and classified the names of Malaysian researchers into one of these three groups and two others. There was a major increase in Malay participation in research, which has risen from 20 % of researchers in 1982–1984 to 65 % in 2012–2014, with corresponding declines in the percentages of Chinese and Indian authors, although their absolute numbers have increased because Malaysian scientific output has increased so rapidly in the last 10 years. The huge increase in Malay researchers contrasts with their presence in the Malaysian population which has remained stable at about 50 % since 1969.
Multiple Equating of Separate IRT Calibrations
Authors: Battauz Michela
Published: October 2016

When test forms are calibrated separately, item response theory parameters are not comparable because they are expressed on different measurement scales. The equating process includes the conversion of item parameter estimates on a common scale and the determination of comparable test scores. Various statistical methods have been proposed to perform equating between two test forms. This paper provides a generalization to multiple test forms of the mean-geometric mean, the mean-mean, the Haebara, and the Stocking–Lord methods. The proposed methods estimate simultaneously the equating coefficients that permit the scale transformation of the parameters of all forms to the scale of the base form. Asymptotic standard errors of the equating coefficients are derived. A simulation study is presented to illustrate the performance of the methods.
Catalysts for Fatty Alcohol Production from Renewable Resources
Authors: Thakur Deepak S. , Kundu Arunabha
Published: October 2016

Fatty alcohols may be produced through the processing of fatty acids or their esters derived from palm or coconut oils. Fatty alcohol technology can be classified into two categories (a) a slurry‐phase process in which the fatty acid or its ester is converted into alcohol using a powdered catalyst and (b) fixed bed technology in which the fatty acid or its ester is processed over a formed catalyst, e.g. tablets or extrudates. Historically copper‐based catalysts are employed for achieving ester hydrogenolysis. In recent years, studies were also focused on precious metal catalysts for this process. This paper will critically review existing literature pertaining to the catalysts that operate at diverse conditions, handle different feedstocks, and are compatible with a variety of unit operations used by the fatty alcohol manufacturers. There is an effort to develop environmentally friendly non‐chrome copper catalyst in this process. Some recent progress on bimetallic Cu‐Fe catalyst and understanding Cu‐Fe interaction has been reported. Current development on homogenous catalysts in this process was carefully reviewed. The catalyst deactivation mechanism has been investigated and effect of different impurities, mainly phosphorous, sulfur, chloride, water, glycerine and free fatty acid was thoroughly reviewed.
Indirect ballistic injury to the liver: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Sardiwalla Imraan , Govender Magenthran , Matsevych Oleh , Koto Modise Zacharia
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Introduction

Penetrating injury due to gunshot wounds is a common problem seen in trauma centres around South Africa. Gunshot wounds can injure organs directly or may cause indirect injury. The temporary cavity is responsible for injury to organs distant to the wound tract. Organs with higher density such as bone or liver are more prone to injury due to the temporary cavity.

Presentation of case

A 25 year old male patient sustained a gunshot wound to the right lower chest from a handgun. He was haemodynamically and metabolically stable with no evidence of peritonitis. CT scan of the abdomen revealed a Grade 2 injury of the liver. There was subcutaneous emphysema along the tract of the bullet. No injury to the lung or pleura was reported. The patient was explored laparoscopically to rule out diaphragmatic injury. At exploration the peritoneum was not breeched but the liver had a grade two laceration caused by an indirect ballistic injury

Discussion

Penetrating trauma to the right lower chest can potentially injure multiple organs. CT scan can reliably diagnose the bullet tract as well as solid organ injuries. In this case the diaphragm was contused and the liver was lacerated by energy created by the temporary cavity. The difference in severity of the injury of these organs is related to the pliability of the tissue.

Conclusion

Gunshot wounds can injure organs directly as well as those located close to the bullet tract. These injuries may be found in adjacent cavities not traversed by the bullet. A high index of suspicion, as well as imaging, is important to diagnose and grade these injuries. The possibility of indirect ballistic injury should always be kept in mind when managing patients with gunshot wound even in the lower velocity handgun injuries.

Highlights
A common challenge in older adults: Classification, overlap, and therapy of depression and dementia
Authors: Leyhe Thomas , Reynolds Charles F. , Melcher Tobias , Linnemann Christoph , Klöppel Stefan , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Dubois Bruno , Lista Simone , Hampel Harald
Published: October 2016

Late‐life depression is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. Depressive symptoms are often associated with or even precede a dementia syndrome. Moreover, depressive disorders increase the risk of persistence for mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we present both the current state of evidence and future perspectives regarding the integration and value of clinical assessments, neuropsychological, neurochemical, and neuroimaging biomarkers for the etiological classification of the dementia versus the depression syndrome and for the prognosis of depression relating to dementia risk. Finally, we summarize the existing evidence for both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy of depression in demented patients. There is an urgent need for large‐scale collaborative research to elucidate the role and interplay of clinical and biological features in elderly individuals with depressive disorders who are at elevated risk for developing dementia. To overcome barriers for successful drug development, we propose the introduction of the precision medicine paradigm to this research field.
Subjective cognitive decline in cognitively normal elders from the community or from a memory clinic: Differential affective and imaging correlates
Authors: Perrotin Audrey , La Joie Renaud , de La Sayette Vincent , Barré Louisa , Mézenge Florence , Mutlu Justine , Guilloteau Denis , Egret Stéphanie , Eustache Francis , Chételat Gaël
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) could indicate preclinical Alzheimer's disease, but the existing literature is confounded by heterogeneous approaches to studying SCD. We assessed the differential cognitive, affective, and neuroimaging correlates of two aspects of SCD: reporting high cognitive difficulties on a self‐rated questionnaire versus consulting at a memory clinic.

Methods

We compared 28 patients from a memory clinic with isolated SCD, 35 community‐recruited elders with similarly high levels of self‐reported cognitive difficulties, and 35 community‐recruited controls with low self‐reported cognitive difficulties.

Results

Increased anxiety and amyloid β deposition were observed in both groups with high self‐reported difficulties, whereas subclinical depression and (hippocampal) atrophy were specifically associated with medical help seeking. Cognitive tests showed no group differences.

Discussion

These results further validate the concept of SCD in both community‐ and clinic‐based groups. Yet, recruitment methods influence associated biomarkers and affective symptomatology, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of SCD depending on study characteristics.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Hypogonadism Impact of Symptoms Questionnaire
Authors: Gelhorn Heather L. , Dashiell-Aje Ebony , Miller Michael G. , DeRogatis Leonard R. , Dobs Adrian , Seftel Allen D. , Althof Stanley E. , Brod Meryl , Revicki Dennis A.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

The Hypogonadism Impact of Symptoms Questionnaire (HIS-Q) is a patient-reported outcome measurement designed to comprehensively evaluate the symptoms of hypogonadism and to detect changes in these symptoms in response to treatment.

Aim

To conduct item analysis and reduction, evaluate the psychometric properties of the HIS-Q, and provide guidance on interpreting the instrument score.

Methods

A 12-week observational, longitudinal study of hypogonadal men was conducted. Participants completed the HIS-Q every 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected to evaluate testosterone levels. Participants also completed the Aging Male's Symptoms Scale, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Short Form-12 Health Survey, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sexual Activity, Satisfaction with Sex Life, Sleep Disturbance, and Applied Cognition Scales (at baseline and weeks 6 and 12). Clinicians completed the Clinical Global Impression of Severity and Change measurements and a clinical form.

Main Outcome Measures

Individual item performance was evaluated using descriptive statistics and Rasch analyses. Reliability (internal consistency and test-retest), validity (concurrent and know groups), and responsiveness were assessed.

Results

In total, 177 men participated in the study (mean age = 54.1 years, range = 23–83). The original 53-item draft HIS-Q was reduced to 28 items; the final instrument included five domains (sexual, energy, sleep, cognition, and mood) with two sexual subdomains (libido and sexual function). For all domains, test-retest reliability was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.70), construct validity was good (|r > 0.30| for all comparisons). Known-groups validity was demonstrated for all HIS-Q domain scores, subdomain scores, and the total score as measured by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity, and total testosterone level at baseline (P < .05 for all comparisons). All domains and subdomains were responsive to change based on patient-rated anchor questions (P < .05 for all comparisons).

Conclusion

The final 28-item HIS-Q is reliable, valid, and responsive. The HIS-Q is suitable for inclusion in future clinical trials to help characterize the effects of testosterone replacement therapy.
Use of High-Dose Phenylephrine in the Treatment of Ischemic Priapism: Five-Year Experience at a Single Institution
Authors: Ridyard Douglas G. , Phillips Elizabeth A. , Vincent William , Munarriz Ricardo
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Ischemic priapism is an uncommon urologic emergency characterized by a compartment syndrome-like ischemic insult to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The goal of treatment in ischemic priapism is rapid detumescence to prevent long-term erectile dysfunction. Non-surgical treatment options include aspiration, irrigation, and intracavernous injections of sympathomimetic agents. At our institution, phenylephrine is used in the treatment of ischemic priapism at concentrations and doses that are higher than those recommended in established guidelines.

Aim

To characterize our experience with high-concentration intracavernous phenylephrine in the treatment of ischemic priapism at an urban tertiary care center.

Methods

A retrospective chart review identified 58 unique patients presenting to the emergency department on 136 occasions and receiving the diagnosis of ischemic priapism by urologic physicians. Patients' charts were reviewed to record the dosing of phenylephrine and the outcomes and circumstances of the presentation.

Main Outcome Measures

Success rates of different treatment strategies for different circumstances of presentation.

Results

Successful detumescence was achieved with non-surgical management in 86% of unique patients and the overall resolution rate when including repeat visits was 94%. All patients presenting within less than 36 hours of priapism were successfully treated with non-surgical management. There were no reported complications or associated symptoms related to the use of intracavernous phenylephrine during the 5-year period.

Conclusion

The use of high concentration and dosing of intracavernous phenylephrine demonstrates a high success rate in the treatment of ischemic priapism. Future prospective studies are needed to further characterize appropriate phenylephrine dosing for its efficacy and safety.
Inflammatory aspects of epileptogenesis: contribution of molecular inflammatory mechanisms
Authors: Alyu Feyza , Dikmen Miriş
Published: October 2016

Objective

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterised with seizures. The aetiology of the most generalised epilepsies cannot be explicitly determined and the seizures are pronounced to be genetically determined by disturbances of receptors in central nervous system. Besides, neurotransmitter distributions or other metabolic problems are supposed to involve in epileptogenesis. Lack of adequate data about pharmacological agents that have antiepileptogenic effects point to need of research on this field. Thus, in this review, inflammatory aspects of epileptogenesis has been focussed via considering several concepts like role of immune system, blood–brain barrier and antibody involvement in epileptogenesis.

Methods

We conducted an evidence-based review of the literatures in order to evaluate the possible participation of inflammatory processes to epileptogenesis and also, promising agents which are effective to these processes. We searched PubMed database up to November 2015 with no date restrictions.

Results

In the present review, 163 appropriate articles were included. Obtained data suggests that inflammatory processes participate to epileptogenesis in several ways like affecting fibroblast growth factor-2 and tropomyosin receptor kinase B signalling pathways, detrimental proinflammatory pathways [such as the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)–interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) system], mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, microglial activities, release of glial inflammatory proteins (such as macrophage inflammatory protein, interleukin 6, C–C motif ligand 2 and IL-1β), adhesion molecules that are suggested to function in signalling pathways between neurons and microglia and also linkage between these molecules and proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion

The literature research indicated that inflammation is a part of epileptogenesis. For this reason, further studies are necessary for assessing agents that will be effective in clinical use for therapeutic treatment of epileptogenesis.
Frequency of autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Pereira Wildéa Lice de Carvalho Jennings , Reiche Edna Maria Vissoci , Kallaur Ana Paula , Oliveira Sayonara Rangel , Simão Andréa Name Colado , Lozovoy Marcell Alysson Batisti , Schiavão Lucas José Vaz , Rodrigues Paula Raquel do Vale Pascoal , Alfieri Daniela Frizon , Flauzino Tamires , Kaimen-Maciel Damacio Ramón
Published: October 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to report the frequency of autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies in 22 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), as well as whether the seropositivity for autoantibodies differs between anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) positive and AQP4 negative NMO patients.

Methods

Demographic, medical records, and a profile of autoantibodies were evaluated in 22 NMO patients, including AQP4, anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic, anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide, rheumatoid factor, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm), anti-ribonucleoprotein, anti-nucleosome, and anti-Scl70. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxin were measured.

Results

The frequency of women was higher than men (95.5% vs. 4.5%) and 68.2% were Afro-Brazilians. Six (27.3%) patients presented other autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis (n=2), Graves’ disease (n=1), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n=1), systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis (n=1), and Raynaud’s phenomenon (n=1). The most frequent autoantibodies were anti-AQP4 (54.5%), anti-nucleosome (31.8%), ANA (27.3%), anti-TPO (22.7%), and anti-Tg (22.7%). Difference was not observed in the frequency of autoimmune disorders when the patients were compared according to their anti-AQP4 status.

Conclusion

The results of the present study underscored that the NMO patients present high frequency of autoantibodies against cellular antigens and the presence of autoimmune disorders. Further studies with large number of NMO patients may contribute to advances in the understanding of NMO disease mechanisms.
Effect of infection by the protistan parasiteMarteilia refringenson the enzyme activity and energy reserves of oysterOstrea stentina(Payraudeau, 1826) in Tunisia
Authors: Elgharsalli Refka , Seguineau Catherine , Arzul Isabelle , Aloui-Bejaoui Nejla , Quere Claudie , Moal Jeanne
Published: October 2016

This is the first study of the metabolic enzyme activity and energy state of the dwarf oysterOstrea stentina(Payraudeau, 1826) in Tunisia and in the Mediterranean region. The main purpose of this study was to examine the modulation of the physiological status of the oysterO. stentinadepending on the season and the presence of parasiteMarteilia refringens. The prevalence of bonamiosis and marteiliosis were established by PCR.Bonamia exitiosawas detected only in 2.91% of oysters while the prevalence ofM. refringenswas 100% (30 Ind./30) in February and 93.93% (28 Ind./30) in March. A 42–87% mortality rate was reported during the study period. Biochemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the management of the energy resources in regard to the biochemical changes of lipids and carbohydrates. The enzyme activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) were measured and the mean level of enzyme activity was respectively 20.31 mU mg−1protein; 12.06 mU mg−1protein and 3.59 mU mg−1protein. Carbohydrate contents ofO. stentinawere very low all year round with an average of 15.18% in dry weight, and lipid contents remain similar (11.77% in dry weight) compared with the values reported for most other temperate bivalves. Enzyme activity significantly decreased over time (P< 0.001). The energy resources of the oysterO. stentinawherein much of the energy was devoted to reproduction seem to affect the defence system.
EMERGENCE OF “DRIVERS” FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Castro Jaramillo Hector Eduardo , Moreno-Mattar Ornella , Osorio-Cuevas Diana
Published: October 2016

Background: Health technology assessment (HTA) examines the consequences of the application of health technologies and is aimed at better informing decision-makers. Over the past 30 years, different countries have implemented HTA organizations. Colombia established by law its own HTA agency (IETS) in 2011 which started operations in November 2012. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of conducting and using HTA to inform decision-making in this context. Through a qualitative approach, ten “drivers” emerged with the ability to help or hinder HTA development in this context: availability and quality of data, implementation strategy, cultural aspects, local capacity, financial support, policy/political support, globalization, stakeholder pressure, health system context, and usefulness perception.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key HTA researchers, after following rigorous transcription, and thematic content analysis, those aspects that may be barriers or facilitator for HTA development and use in Colombia were identified.

Results: Although HTA has become a tool to inform decision-making around the world, its use may vary according to setting. Determining those aspects which may enable or interfere with HTA development and use in Colombia may be useful for other countries when considering the establishment of HTA systems.

Conclusions: The conceptual transferability of concepts like “drivers” with caveats may be of interest for similar settings trying to incorporate HTA processes and institutions into systematic decision-making.
EARLY COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF NEW MEDICAL TESTS: RESPONSE
Authors: Smith Alison Florence , Sutton Andrew , Shinkins Bethany
Published: October 2016

As strong advocates and adopters of early cost-effectiveness modeling for test evaluation, we were excited to see the recent article “The Early Bird Catches the Worm: Early Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of New Medical Tests,” in which Buisman and colleagues present a succinct and generalizable framework for conducting this type of analysis. The authors have done an excellent job in identifying and summarizing the key components of this methodology, as well as highlighting fundamental differences between early analyses versus the traditional late-stage approach. As the number of medical tests coming to market continues to grow, there is an ever growing need to develop rigorous methodology in this area, and we commend the authors for this timely work.
An investigation of child maltreatment and epigenetic mechanisms of mental and physical health risk
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Hetzel Susan , Rogosch Fred A. , Handley Elizabeth D. , Toth Sheree L.
Published: October 2016

In the present investigation, differential methylation analyses of the whole genome were conducted among a sample of 548 school-aged low-income children (47.8% female, 67.7% Black,Mage = 9.40 years), 54.4% of whom had a history of child maltreatment. In the context of a summer research camp, DNA samples via saliva were obtained. Using GenomeStudio, Methylation Module, and the Illumina Custom Model, differential methylation analyses revealed a pattern of greater methylation at low methylation sites (n= 197 sites) and medium methylation sites (n= 730 sites) and less methylation at high methylation sites (n= 907 sites) among maltreated children. The mean difference in methylation between the maltreated and nonmaltreated children was 6.2%. The relative risk of maltreatment with known disease biomarkers was also investigated using GenoGo MetaCore Software. A large number of network objects previously associated with mental health, cancer, cardiovascular systems, and immune functioning were identified evidencing differential methylation among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Site-specific analyses were also conducted for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1), and nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1) genes, and the results highlight the importance of considering gender and the developmental timing of maltreatment. ForALDH2, the results indicated that maltreated girls evidenced significantly lower methylation compared to nonmaltreated girls, and maltreated boys evidenced significantly higher methylation compared to nonmaltreated boys. Moreover, early onset–not recently maltreated boys evidenced significantly higher methylation atALDH2compared to nonmaltreated boys. Similarly, children with early onset–nonrecent maltreatment evidenced significantly higher methylation compared to nonmaltreated children atANKK1. The site-specific results were not altered by controlling for genotypic variation of respective genes. The findings demonstrate increased risk for adverse physical and mental health outcomes associated with differences in methylation in maltreated children and indicate differences among maltreated children related to developmental timing of maltreatment and gender in genes involved in mental health functioning.
Research, Exploitation and Patenting in the Area of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Europe – A Case of Concern Causing Inconsistency
Authors: Straus Joseph
Published: October 2016

Research on human embryonic stem cells, their exploitation and patenting is a highly controversial issue. This contribution provides for some basic understanding of technologies involved. It discusses ethical issues and legal rules dealing with the research and exploitation of stem cells in Europe. Moreover, it presents and analyses in some detail the statutory provisions of the EU in dealing with the patenting of human embryonic stem cells and the interpretation and application of those rules by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, the resulting inconsistencies of the system as applied are critically analysed and a suggestion how to resolve them offered.
Effects of Brief Behavioural Activation on Approach and Avoidance Tendencies in Acute Depression: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Nasrin Farjana , Rimes Katharine , Reinecke Andrea , Rinck Mike , Barnhofer Thorsten
Published: October 2016

Background: It has been suggested that the behavioural activation (BA) treatments for depression unfold their effects, at least partly, through changes in approach and avoidance tendencies. However, as yet, little research has examined the cognitive effects of these interventions. Aims: This study investigated the impact of a single session of BA on depressive symptomatology, self-reported avoidance, and behavioural approach and avoidance tendencies. Method: Forty-six patients with a diagnosis of Major Depression were recruited from primary care psychological therapies services and block randomized to either a single session of behavioural activation (n = 22) or waiting list control (n = 24) delivered by an unblinded therapist. Self-reports of symptoms and cognitive factors were assessed before and after the one-week intervention phase. Approach and avoidance behavioural tendencies were assessed using the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Results: Data from 40 participants (n = 20 in each group) was available for analyses. Depressive symptoms significantly decreased, and activation significantly increased from before to after treatment in the treatment group, but not in the control group. Performance on the AAT showed a trend indicating increased approach to positive valence stimuli in the treatment group, but not in the control group. Mediational analyses indicated small indirect effects of self-reported change in activation as mediators of the effect of condition on symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a single session of BA can have significant effects on symptoms in clinically depressed patients. Results hint at the possibility that increased behavioural approach might mediate the effect of BA.
Architectural Design at Bagan and Angkor: A Comparison
Authors: KOLLER ALEXANDER
Published: October 2016

This study looks at the crucial features of Cambodian and Burmese monumental architecture at the peak of the two empires. By necessity, the overwhelming majority of sites are religious, as residential structures of almost any type, with the exception of some monastic buildings, were made of perishable materials and do not survive.
A Sign of the End Time: ‘The Monastery’, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi H.2153 f.131b
Authors: WHITE JAMES
Published: October 2016

Studies of visual culture in the Persian-speaking world of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries frequently discuss the literary contexts in which painting was often produced, yet scant attention has been paid to understanding how the visual can engage with the verbal beyond representing a sequential narrative. Arguing that paintings and literary texts are autonomous, yet can engage with similar ideas, this article focuses on a painting in the album TSMK H.2153 that is generally perceived to lie outside the frameworks of narrative poetry: ‘The Monastery’ (f.131b). The article investigates how the painting employs techniques of representation similar to those used in lyric and panegyric poetry, to connect individual motifs and thereby explore ideas. An engagement with the continuities between literary and visual cultures reveals a chronogram, giving the year in which ‘The Monastery’ was produced, and allows us to understand how it constructs a vision of unorthodox kingship.