bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earliest evidence for fruit consumption and potential seed dispersal by birds
Authors: Hu Han , Wang Yan , McDonald Paul G , Wroe Stephen , O'Connor Jingmai K , Bjarnason Alexander , Bevitt Joseph J , Yin Xuwei , Zheng Xiaoting , Zhou Zhonghe , Benson Roger BJ
Published: August 2022

The Early Cretaceous diversification of birds was a major event in the history of terrestrial ecosystems, occurring during the earliest phase of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, long before the origin of the bird crown-group. Frugivorous birds play an important role in seed dispersal today. However, evidence of fruit consumption in early birds from outside the crown-group has been lacking. Jeholornis is one of the earliest-diverging birds, only slightly more crownward than Archaeopteryx, but its cranial anatomy has been poorly understood, limiting trophic information which may be gleaned from the skull. Originally hypothesised to be granivorous based on seeds preserved as gut contents, this interpretation has become controversial. We conducted high-resolution synchrotron tomography on an exquisitely preserved new skull of Jeholornis, revealing remarkable cranial plesiomorphies combined with a specialised rostrum. We use this to provide a near-complete cranial reconstruction of Jeholornis, and exclude the possibility that Jeholornis was granivorous, based on morphometric analyses of the mandible (3D) and cranium (2D), and comparisons with the 3D alimentary contents of extant birds. We show that Jeholornis provides the earliest evidence for fruit consumption in birds, and indicates that birds may have been recruited for seed dispersal during the earliest stages of the avian radiation. As mobile seed dispersers, early frugivorous birds could have expanded the scope for biotic dispersal in plants, and might therefore explain, at least in part, the subsequent evolutionary expansion of fruits, indicating a potential role of bird–plant interactions in the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.
SMAD4 and TGFβ are architects of inverse genetic programs during fate determination of antiviral CTLs
Authors: Chandiran Karthik , Suarez-Ramirez Jenny E , Hu Yinghong , Jellison Evan R , Ugur Zeynep , Low Jun Siong , McDonald Bryan , Kaech Susan M , Cauley Linda S
Published: August 2022

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is an important differentiation factor for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and alters the expression levels of several of homing receptors during infection. SMAD4 is part of the canonical signaling network used by members of the transforming growth factor family. For this study, genetically modified mice were used to determine how SMAD4 and TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) participate in transcriptional programming of pathogen-specific CTLs. We show that these molecules are essential components of opposing signaling mechanisms, and cooperatively regulate a collection of genes that determine whether specialized populations of pathogen-specific CTLs circulate around the body, or settle in peripheral tissues. TGFβ uses a canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathway to downregulate Eomesodermin (EOMES), KLRG1, and CD62L, while CD103 is induced. Conversely, in vivo and in vitro data show that EOMES, KLRG1, CX3CR1, and CD62L are positively regulated via SMAD4, while CD103 and Hobit are downregulated. Intravascular staining also shows that signaling via SMAD4 promotes formation of long-lived terminally differentiated CTLs that localize in the vasculature. Our data show that inflammatory molecules play a key role in lineage determination of pathogen-specific CTLs, and use SMAD-dependent signaling to alter the expression levels of multiple homing receptors and transcription factors with known functions during memory formation.
Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of bHLH gene family in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Wei , Liu Rongrong , Shi Ben , Shu Youju , Zhang Haoyu
Published: August 2022

The basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor perform essential roles in plant development and abiotic stress. Here, a total of 122 bHLH family members were identified from the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) genomic database. Chromosomal localization results showed that 120 members were located on 11 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree manifested that the JcbHLHs could be grouped into 28 subfamilies. Syntenic analysis showed that there were 10 bHLH collinear genes among the physic nut, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. These genes, except JcbHLH84, were highly expressed in various tissues of the physic nut, implying a key role in plant development. Gene expression profiles showed that ten genes (especially JcbHLH33, JcbHLH45 and JcbHLH55) correspond to both salinity and drought stresses; while eight genes only respond to salinity and another eight genes only respond to drought stress. Moreover, the protein interaction network revealed that the JcbHLHs are involved in growth, development and stress signal transduction pathways. These discoveries will help to excavate several key genes may involve in salt or drought stresses and seed development, elucidate the complex transcriptional regulation mechanism of JcbHLH genes and provide the theoretical basis for stress response and genetic improvement of physic nut.
A Clinical Study of Patients with Erythroderma Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India
Authors: Gupta Prerna Raj , Das Suchibrata , Roy Alok KR
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Erythroderma is characterised by erythema and scaling over more than 90% of the body surface, a morphological reaction pattern of skin having innumerable underlying causes. Morbidity related to erythroderma is considerably high. The importance of finding the etiology with special emphasis on histopathology allow early and appropriate intervention for each case. Aim: To observe etiological factors of erythroderma through appropriate haematological and biochemical investigations and histopathological examination. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional clinical study was done in the , Department of Dermatology and Venereology, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from March 2016 to February 2017 on 37 successive admitted erythrodermic patients. Detailed clinical history recording with laboratory tests were performed. Clinical and laboratory data was analysed by percentage using MedCalc version 7.0.0.2 software. Chi-square test was used for data analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the 37 erythrodermic patients, commonest age group was 40 to 60 years, 16 (43.24%), Male:Female (M:F) ratio 2.1:1, duration of illness in majority from one to six months 20 (54.05%). Chronic dermatitis was the commonest cause of erythroderma, followed by Drug Induced erythroderma, Idiopathic and Malignancy in descending order. Psoriasis was the most common etiology 12 (32.43%). Combination of clinical and histopathological evaluation, diagnosed 31 (83.78%) cases. Conclusion: Erythroderma has high morbidity with low mortality rate. Combination of good clinical history with histopathological evaluation confirms majority of cases and guide for proper management.
In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles of Leaf Extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus against Bacterial Food Borne Pathogens
Authors: Nagasinduja V , Shahitha S
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Green synthesis of nanoparticles plays a major role in the control of virulent pathogens due to their ecofriendly, depreciated cost and naive nature. This peculiarity of plant based nanoparticle synthesis accomplishes them as fleeting development in nanobiotechnology. Rhinacanthus nasutus is one such plant, which is generally known as snake jasmine has prodigious medicinal properties to explore. Aim: The intent of this study was to harmonise silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from leaves extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Snake jasmine) and interrogate its vitality against virulent bacteria secluded from food. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was conducted in Department of Microbiology at Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India, during November 2018 to November 2020. Nanoparticles were harmonised using 2 mM silver nitrate with leaves extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus which was then characterised by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis. Followed with this the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against virulent bacteria isolated from food samples. Furthermore AgNPs was subjected to antibiofilm activity. Origin tool and Microsoft word 2010 were used for statistical analysis. Results: The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles possessed antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant, biofilm and beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp. Together with this the amalgamated AgNPs also exhibited antibiofilm activity in all the isolates. The better results of antibiofilm activity was observed against Salmonella species (74.1%). Conclusion: This study divulges the presence of substantial antibacterial activity of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles of Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves extract against virulent bacterial species. Hence, it can be explored and exploited for the formulation of new antimicrobial against biofilm and betalactamase producing bacterial isolates due to its modest and ecofriendly nature.
Pattern of CD4 Count and Hematological Indices in HIV Serodiscordant Partners in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Nnamdi Duru Boniface , Chukwuemeka Meludu Samuel , Chukwuemeka Ogbodo Emmanuel , Ejike Onah Christian , Bridget Onyema-iloh Obiageli , Clement Amaifeobu
Published: August 2022

This was a cross sectional study designed to evaluate the cluster of differentiation 4(CD4) count and hematological indices in HIV serodiscordant partners in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 20 Serodiscordant HIV couples (40 patients) and 20 non HIV couples (40 controls) aged between 18 and 49 years were included in the study. Each participant provided a 5ml venous blood sample that was collected into EDTA containers for the analysis of the CD4 count and hematological indices. The following blood parameters were measured using a three pack full blood count autoanalyzer: white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit/packed cell volume (HCT/PCV), hemoglobin (HB), platelet count (PLT), lymphocyte, neutrophil, and mixed cell (NUE/NAC) count. The CD4+-T cell was measured using flow cytometry. The results showed that the mean RBC count, platelet count, mixed cell count (Nue/Nac), HCT/PCV and HB levels, as well as the CD4-T cell count, were all significantly lower while the mean age was higher in the HIV serodiscordant test group compared to control group (p<0.05) respectively. The mean neutrophil, lymphocyte, and WBC counts in the HIV serodiscordant test group did not statistically differ from those in the control group (p>0.05). The HB, HCT/PCV, RBC, lymphocyte, and CD4 counts in the female HIV serodiscordant test group were statistically significantly lower than those in the female control group (p-value=0.008; 0.002; 0.000, 0.008, 0.000), respectively. The male HIV serodiscordant test group had statistically significantly lower mean neutrophil and CD4 counts than in the male control (p-value=0.000; 0.012) respectively. The female HIV seropositives had a statistically significantly lower mean RBC count, Hb, PCV, and CD4 count (p-value =0.000; 0.037, 0.005 and 0.000) than in female control respectively. Also, the female HIV exposed seronegatives had statistically significantly lower mean CD4 count (p-value =0.000) and Hb (p-value =0.037) levels than in female control while the male HIV seropositives had statistically significantly lower CD4 count compared to male control (p-value =0.000). This study has revealed significant changes in CD4-T cell count and hematological indices in HIV serodiscordant couples, which calls for an urgent interventional strategy to prevent the potential anemia, leucocytopenia, and weakened immunity that may result in both HIV seropositives and seronegative exposed couples.
Ethnobotanical and Socio-economic Value of Blighia sapida (K.D. Koenig) in Togo
Authors: Nabede Aklesso , Sina Haziz , Souho Tiatou , Mamatchi Mélila , Bade Farid T. , Baba-Moussa Lamine , Amouzou Kou’santa
Published: August 2022

Aims: In Africa, and particularly in Togo, fruit trees occupy a special place because of their medicinal and food virtues,. This study aimed to identify the different uses of Blighia sapida in Togo.

Methodology: investigations were conducted among 300 B. sapida users in nine villages in the prefectures of Tône, Kozah and Haho of Togo. The choice of the study area was based on its representativeness in relation to the geographical distribution of B. sapida; the presence of resource persons with endogenous knowledge, and the existence of markets where B. sapida organs and fruits are traded. Data collection phase took place in households and markets. The questionnaire solicited information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents; the use of this plant species by the populations, the routes of administration or formulations as well as the quantity sold per day.

Results: Blighia sapida is used for nutritional, therapeutic and cosmetic purposes with the   main route of administration being oral. Respondents were predominantly female over 55    years of age. The supply of the fruits of this plant is by purchase and the average amount sold daily is 2500 F (≈4 €).Conclusion: This study showed that various organs of B. sapida are used by the communities. It is a first step towards the valorization of plant resources.
The Arduous Journey for Environmental Justice: Trinidad and Tobago a Mirror of the Challenges Confronting the Developing World
Authors: Ramlogan Rajendra
Published: August 2022

Environmental justice is a philosophy that has dominated environmental law since its emergence. The poor often seems to inherit the burden of poor environmental management practices. Thus, it is hardly surprising that environmental justice has emerged as a mechanism to represent the rights of the poor and vulnerable from environmental consequences of development-related decisions. In the developing world, the struggle to represent the interest of the poor and vulnerable in the environmental decision-making process primarily rests on the shoulders of Non-Governmental Organisations. Yet these organisations are often handicapped by several factors predominantly present in the developing world. This paper examines the journey of Trinidad and Tobago, a developing country, to achieve environmental justice as a microcosm of what obtains in the wider developing world.
TERRITORIALIDADE E CULTURA ENTRE OS KALUNGA: para além do culturalismo
Authors: Thais Alves Marinho Thais
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre as ressignificações identitárias ocorridas na comunidade remanescente de quilombo denominada Kalunga, localizada no nordeste de Goiás, Brasil, ao longo de sua formação e a partir do reconhecimento dessas comunidades pela Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988. O reconhecimento adiciona novas problemáticas identitárias que reverberam na forma como o grupo vivencia e organiza o território. Por meio de um estudo etnográfico, busco demonstrar que a etnicidade do grupo se sustenta em sua própria organização social e territorial, não sendo possível identificar um objeto de contornos limitados – cor, muito menos a “raça”, ou a cultura africana, ou a origem quilombola – com o qual os indivíduos se defrontem e a partir do qual inaugurem sua identidade.TERRITORIALITY AND CULTURE AMONG THE KALUNGA: beyond the culturalismABSTRACTThis article presents a discussion about the identity resignifications that occurred in a remaining Quilombo community called Kalunga, located in northeast of the state of Goiás, Brazil, ranging from its formation and from the recognition of these communities by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. The recognition adds new identity problems that appear in the way in which the group experiences and organizes the territory. Considering an ethnographic study, I try to demonstrate that the ethnicity of the group is based on its own social and territorial organization, and that it is not possible to identify an object of limited contours – neither color, “race” or African culture, nor Quilombo origin – in which the individuals face each other and from which they inaugurate their identity.Key words: Ethnography; Identity; Territoriality; Quilombolas; Culture; RecognitionTERRITORIALITÉ ET CULTURE ENTRE LES KALUNGA: pour aller au-delà du culturalismeABSTRACTCet article présente une discussion sur les réaffectations identitaires qui ont eu lieu dans la communauté rémanente de marronnage nommée Kalunga, située dans le nord-est de Goias, au Brésil, tout au long de sa formation et de la reconnaissance de ces communautés par la Constitution Fédérale Brésilienne de 1988. Cette reconnaissance ajoute de nouvelles problématiques identitaires qui se répercutent dans la manière qu’a ce groupe de vivre et de s’organiser sur le territoire. Sur la base d’une étude ethnographique, nous essayons de démontrer que l’ethnicité du groupe se maintient grâce à sa propre organisation sociale et territoriale sans qu’il soit possible d’identifier un objet aux contours limités – couleur, bien moins la “race “ ou la culture africaine, ou l’origine marronne- auquel les individus sont confrontés et à partir duquel ils inaugurent leur identité.Key words: Ethnographie; Identité; Territorialité; Les Marrons; Culture; Reconnaissance
Diverging Temporal Trends in Stroke Incidence in Younger vs Older People
Authors: Scott Catherine A. , Li Linxin , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: August 2022

Importance

Overall stroke incidence is falling in high-income countries, but data on time trends in incidence of young stroke (ie, stroke in individuals younger than 55 years) are conflicting. An age-specific divergence in incidence, with less favorable trends at younger vs older ages, might be a more consistent underlying finding across studies.

Objective

To compare temporal trends in incidence of stroke at younger vs older ages in high-income countries.

Data Sources

PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to February 2022. One additional population-based study (Oxford Vascular Study) was also included.

Study Selection

Studies reporting age-specific stroke incidence in high-income countries at more than 1 time point.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

For all retrieved studies, 2 authors independently reviewed the full text against the inclusion criteria to establish their eligibility. Meta-analysis was performed with the inverse variance–weighted random-effects model. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was followed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was age-specific divergence (<55 vs ≥55 years) in temporal trends in stroke incidence (relative temporal rate ratio [RTTR]) in studies extending to at least 2000. RTTRs were calculated for each study and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis, with stratification by administrative vs prospective population-based methodology, sex, stroke subtype (ischemic vs intracerebral hemorrhage vs subarachnoid hemorrhage) and geographical region.

Results

Among 50 studies in 20 countries, 26 (13 prospective population-based and 13 administrative studies) reported data allowing calculation of the RTTR for stroke incidence at younger vs older ages across 2 or more periods, the latest extending beyond 2000. Reported trends in absolute incidence of young individuals with stroke were heterogeneous, but all studies showed a less favorable trend in incidence at younger vs older ages (pooled RTTR = 1.57 [95% CI, 1.42-1.74]). The overall RTTR was consistent by stroke subtype (ischemic, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.44-1.83]; intracerebral hemorrhage, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.91-1.92]; subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.00-2.35]); and by sex (men, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.34-1.60]; women, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.28-1.55]) but was greater in studies reporting trends solely after 2000 (1.51 [95% CI, 1.30-1.70]) vs solely before (1.18 [95% CI, 1.12-1.24]) and was highest in population-based studies in which the most recent reported period of ascertainment started after 2010 (1.87 [95% CI, 1.55-2.27]).

Conclusions and Relevance

Temporal trends in stroke incidence are diverging by age in high-income countries, with less favorable trends at younger vs older ages, highlighting the urgent need to better understand etiology and prevention of stroke at younger ages.
Workplace infection prevention control measures and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic among Japanese workers: A prospective cohort study
Authors:   CORoNaWork project, Ikegami Kazunori , Ando Hajime , Fujino Yoshihisa , Eguchi Hisashi , Muramatsu Keiji , Nagata Tomohisa , Tateishi Seiichiro , Tsuji Mayumi , Ogami Akira
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Our objective was to assess the effect of appropriate workplace IPC measures on employees' work engagement. It could be important to note how workplace infection prevention control (IPC) measures for COVID-19 contribute to positive mental health among workers. We hypothesized that if workplace IPC measures are adequately implemented, they would have a positive effect on employees' work engagement.

Methods

We conducted an internet-based prospective cohort study from December 2020 (baseline) to December 2021 (follow-up after 1 year) using self-administered questionnaires. At baseline, 27036 workers completed the questionnaires, while 18 560 (68.7%) participated in the one-year follow-up. After excluding the 6578 participants who changed jobs or retired during the survey period, or telecommuted more than 4 days per week, 11 982 participants were analyzed. We asked participants about the implementation of workplace IPC measures at baseline and conducted a follow-up using a nine-item version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9).

Results

Four groups were created according to the number of workplace IPC measures implemented. The mean (SD) UWES-9 score of the “0–2” group was the lowest at 18.3 (13.2), while that of the “8” group was the highest at 22.6 (12.6). The scores of the “3–5,” “6–7,” and “8” groups were significantly higher than that of the “0–2” group (all, p < .001). The p trend of the four groups was also significant (p < .001).

Conclusions

Promoting workplace IPC measures improves workers' work engagement, and a dose–response relationship exists between workplace IPC measures and work engagement.
Hesperetin Nanoparticle Targeting Neutrophils for Enhanced TBI Therapy
Authors: Yao Kai , Mu Qingchun , Zhang Yufei , Cheng Qian , Cheng Xiaozhi , Liu Xiaojing , Luo Chunmei , Li Chumei , Cai Shuxia , Luo Zhicheng , Zhu Xiulong , Zhang Xiangtong , Cui Liao , Huang Chunming , Tang Longguang
Published: August 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of death and disability in people of all ages worldwide. Neuroinflammation plays beneficial and harmful roles in secondary brain injury. Neutrophils play an important role in chemically mediated inflammatory responses through myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inflammation triggered by TBI. Herein, a nanodrug targeting neutrophils and MPO through chemical and biological functions after TBI is designed to enhance the retention and sustained release of drug cargos for improved TBI therapy. 5‐Hydroxytryptamide (5‐HT) is modified on nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant natural product, hesperetin, to obtain MPO‐ and neutrophil‐targeting NPs, denoted as T‐Hes. In a mouse TBI model, it is confirmed that neutrophil‐targeting NPs can quickly accumulate and remain in the brain tissue, reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors, and the level of microglia and astrocytes, subsequently inducing the transformation of microglia from pro‐inflammatory M1 to anti‐inflammatory M2 cells and promoting the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs). T‐Hes significantly inhibits neuroinflammation and improves neurological deficits through the sustained release of hesperetin in the brain. The findings may open up new avenues for designing clinically translatable probes for TBI treatment.
Cooperative Coupling of H2O2 Production and Organic Synthesis over a Floatable Polystyrene‐Sphere‐Supported TiO2/Bi2O3 S‐Scheme Photocatalyst
Authors: He Bowen , Wang Zhongliao , Xiao Peng , Chen Tao , Yu Jiaguo , Zhang Liuyang
Published: August 2022

Cooperative coupling of photocatalytic H2O2 production with organic synthesis has an expansive perspective in converting solar energy into storable chemical energy. However, traditional powder photocatalysts suffer from severe agglomeration, limited light absorption, poor gas reactant accessibility, and reusable difficulty, which greatly hinders their large‐scale application. Herein, floatable composite photocatalysts are synthesized by immobilizing hydrophobic TiO2 and Bi2O3 on lightweight polystyrene (PS) spheres via hydrothermal and photodeposition methods. The floatable photocatalysts are not only solar transparent, but also upgrade the contact between reactants and photocatalysts. Thus, the floatable step‐scheme (S‐scheme) TiO2/Bi2O3 photocatalyst exhibits a drastically enhanced H2O2 yield of 1.15 mm h−1 and decent furfuryl alcohol conversion to furoic acid synchronously. Furthermore, the S‐scheme mechanism and dynamics are systematically investigated by in situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and femtosecond transient absorption spectrum analyses. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal the mechanism of furoic acid evolution. The ingenious design of floatable photocatalysts not only furnishes insight into maximizing photocatalytic reaction kinetics but also provides a new route for highly efficient heterogeneous catalysis.
Antiperovskite Magnetic Materials with 2p Light Elements for Future Practical Applications
Authors: Isogami Shinji , Takahashi Yukiko K.
Published: August 2022

Light elements having 2p electrons such as B, C, and N are common elements that have played an important role in various functional materials. In particular, nitrides have long been used in the development of semiconductors, superconductors, and magnets. More recently, Fe‐ and Mn‐based antiperovskite‐type compounds with light elements have attracted considerable attention in the field of spintronic engineering, because of the development of intriguing and practical applications making them one of the key materials for future devices. In this article, it is first reviewed the evolution of applications and which light elements are employed. Then the representative applications and characteristics of the light elements, including magnetoresistive effects, magnetization switching, current‐spin and thermoelectric conversions, magnetic anisotropy, and domain nucleation are individually highlighted. Additionally, the crystal structure, fundamental properties, and theoretical study are addressed to enable a deeper understanding of the role of light elements in the unit cell. Beyond compounds with N, a demonstration using B and C is discussed to examine their effect on the magnetic structures of antiperovskite compounds. Finally, prospective and future strategies are discussed to build a platform of practical material based on light elements.
Morphological disparity of extant and extinct pinaceous ovulate cones: How many cones are enough?
Authors: De Brito Léa , Fischer Valentin , Prestianni Cyrille
Published: August 2022

Premise

The expansion of Pinaceae during the Cretaceous is exemplified by the numerous ovulate cone taxa found in western Europe and North America. The Belgian Wealden facies deposits have delivered hundreds of exceptionally well‐preserved yet isolated pinaceous ovulate cones; these cones were placed by convention within form‐genera. Ten species have been described in Belgium, representing about 20% of the known fossil record of this period. However, the validity of these taxa is questionable because their intra‐ and interspecific variabilities have never been thoroughly studied. Moreover, quantifying the expansion of Pinaceae in terms of morphospace occupation is desirable to reveal the dynamics of this critical radiation.

Methods

We used linear and geometric morphometry to quantify the shape of the extensive sample of Cretaceous cones of Belgium. These methods were also applied to extant pinaceous species to compare the morphological disparity of Cretaceous assemblages against those of today in selected ecosystems. We used ordination methods (PCA) to visualize morphospace occupation and test for species delineation.

Results

The morphological disparity was not higher in fossil species than in extant species we sampled. Both morphological approaches confirmed that the species Pityostrobus andraei presents high morphological variability. Our resampling tests indicate that ovulate cone morphological variability can be satisfactorily quantified with as few as 15 specimens.

Conclusions

The methodology used here is relevant for quantifying both the variability and the diversity of many fossil assemblages, paving the way for a more robust evaluation of Cretaceous pinaceous diversity.
Diagnostic experiences of Duchenne families and their preferences for newborn screening: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Crossnohere Norah L. , Armstrong Niki , Fischer Ryan , Bridges John F. P.
Published: August 2022

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy diagnosed in childhood but is not routinely screened for prenatally or at birth in the United States. We sought to characterize the diagnostic experiences of families and describe their preferences for newborn screening (NBS). We conducted a registry‐based survey of families with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy that included open‐ and closed‐ended questions regarding the journey to a diagnosis, preferences for when to learn of a diagnosis, and how knowledge of a diagnosis would impact life decisions. Open‐ended responses were analyzed thematically, and closed‐ended responses were analyzed descriptively. Sixty‐five families completed the survey. The average ages of first concern and diagnosis were 2 and 4 years, respectively. One‐third of families (30%) indicated that they would prefer to receive a diagnosis in the newborn period irrespective of treatment options available, and nearly all of the remaining families (93%) indicated that they would want to learn about a diagnosis if there were treatments that worked well during the newborn period. All families (100%) indicated that a diagnosis in the newborn period would impact life decisions. We identified three overarching themes, which described the stages of the diagnostic journey, including having concerns about the child, seeking answers, and receiving the diagnosis. NBS can facilitate improved health outcomes through early access to care, and inform families on major health and nonhealth decisions. The preferences and experiences of families and other stakeholders should be considered when determining the potential value and benefit of expanding NBS programs.
Potential trade‐off between olfactory and visual discrimination learning in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Implications for the assessment of age‐related cognitive decline
Authors: Golub Elena M. , Conner Bryce , Edwards Mélise , Gillis Lacey , Lacreuse Agnès
Published: August 2022

Olfactory dysfunction has been identified as an early biomarker for dementia risk but has rarely been assessed in nonhuman primate models of human aging. To better characterize common marmosets as such models, we assessed olfactory discrimination performance in a sample of 10 animals (5 females), aged 2.5−8.9 years old. The monkeys were proficient in the discrimination and reversal of visual stimuli but naïve to odor stimuli. For olfactory discrimination, the monkeys performed a series of six discriminations of increasing difficulty between two odor stimuli. We found no evidence for an age‐related decline as both young and older individuals were able to perform the discriminations in roughly the same number of trials. In addition, the older monkeys had faster responses than the younger animals. However, we noted that when adjusted for age, the speed of acquisition of the first discrimination in the olfactory modality was inversely correlated to the speed of acquisition of their first discrimination of two visual stimuli months earlier. These results suggest that marmosets may compensate for sensory deficits in one modality with higher sensory performance in another. These data have broad implications for the assessment of age‐related cognitive decline and the categorization of animals as impaired or nonimpaired.
Infected aortic pseudoaneurysm caused by an inferior vena cava filter
Authors: Fukasawa Hiroaki , Kameyama Akiko , Tsukada Megumi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Background

Inferior vena cava filters are widely used to prevent pulmonary embolism, but they can cause serious complications.

Case Presentation

A 45‐year‐old man with multiple abscesses was transferred to the emergency department from another hospital. Computed tomography revealed bilateral subscapular abscesses, septic pulmonary embolism, and an abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm with an abscess at the site of the inferior vena cava filter limb inserted 12 years before. After admission to our hospital, surgical drainage of the bilateral subscapular and right wrist joint abscesses was performed; subsequent treatment with ampicillin improved the patient's condition. Inflammation resolved on the 19th hospitalization day, and abdominal aortic replacement surgery was performed. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. He returned to the previous hospital for rehabilitation after 40 days of hospitalization.

Conclusion

Inferior vena cava filters could cause serious complications.
Molecular Electrochemical Reductive Splitting of Dinitrogen with a Molybdenum Complex**
Authors: Merakeb Lydia , Bennaamane Soukaina , De Freitas Jérémy , Clot Eric , Mézailles Nicolas , Robert Marc
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen reduction under mild conditions (roomTand atmosphericP), using a non‐fossil source of hydrogen remains a challenge. Molecular metal complexes, notably Mo based, have recently been shown to be active for such nitrogen fixation. We report electrochemical N2splitting with a MoIIItriphosphino complex [(PPP)MoI3], at room temperature and a moderately negative potential. A MoIVnitride species was generated, which is confirmed by electrochemistry and NMR studies. The reaction goes through two successive one electron reductions of the starting Mo species, coordination of a N2molecule, and further splitting to a MoIVnitride complex. Preliminary DFT studies support the formation of a bridging MoIN2MoIdinitrogen dimer evolving to the Mo nitride via a low energy transition state. This example joins a short list of molecular complexes for N2electrochemical reductive cleavage. It opens a door to electrochemical proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) conversion studies of N2to NH3.
Ausnutzung von Koordinationseffekten für die Regioselektive Zinkierung von Diazinen mit TMPZnX⋅LiX (X=Cl, Br)
Authors: Kremsmair Alexander , Sunagatullina Alisa S. , Bole Leonie J. , Mastropierro Pasquale , Graßl Simon , Wilke Henrik R. , Godineau Edouard , Hevia Eva , Knochel Paul
Published: August 2022

Eine neue Methode für regioselektive Zinkierung von anspruchsvollen N‐heterozyklischen Substraten wie Pyrimidinen und Pyridazin wurde unter Verwendung der bimetallischen Basen TMPZnX⋅LiX (TMP=2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidyl; X=Cl, Br) beschrieben. Die Reaktionen fanden unter milden Bedingungen statt (25–70 °C, unter Verwendung von 1,75 Äquivalenten der Base ohne Zusätze) und lieferten 2‐zinkierte Pyrimidine und 3‐zinkierte Pyridazine, die dann mit einer Vielzahl von Elektrophilen abgefangen wurden. Im Gegensatz zu anderen s‐Block‐Metallierungssystemen, denen es selbst bei niedrigen Temperaturen an Selektivität in ihren Reaktionen mangelt, ermöglichten diese gemischten Li‐/Zn‐Basen beispiellose Regioselektivitäten, die weder mit LiTMP noch mit Zn(TMP)2 allein erreicht werden können. Spektroskopische und strukturelle Untersuchungen von metallorganischen Zwischenprodukten, die an diesen Reaktionen beteiligt sind, haben Licht auf die komplexe Zusammensetzung der Reaktionsgemische und die Ursachen ihrer besonderen Reaktivität geworfen.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Multiple C(sp2)−H Insertions of Malonate Metal Carbenes for Late‐Stage Functionalizations of Azahelicenes
Authors: Nikolova Yana , Fabri Bibiana , Moneva Lorente Pau , Guarnieri‐Ibáñez Alejandro , de Aguirre Adiran , Soda Yoshiki , Pescitelli Gennaro , Zinna Francesco , Besnard Céline , Guénée Laure , Moreau Dimitri , Di Bari Lorenzo , Bakker Eric , Poblador‐Bahamonde Amalia I. , Lacour Jérôme
Published: August 2022

Chiral quinacridines react up to four times, step‐by‐step, with α‐diazomalonates under RuIIand RhIIcatalysis. By selecting the catalyst, [CpRu(CH3CN)3][PF6] (Cp=cyclopentadienyl) or Rh2(oct)4, chemo and regioselective insertions of derived metal carbenes are achieved in favor of mono‐ or bis‐functionalized malonate derivatives, respectively, (r.r.>49 : 1, up to 77 % yield, 12 examples). This multi‐introduction of malonate groups is particularly useful to tune optical and chemical properties such as absorption, emission or Brønsted acidity but also cellular bioimaging. Density‐functional theory further elucidates the origin of the carbene insertion selectivity and also showcases the importance of conformations in the optical response.
Three‐Component Reaction of Pentafluorosulfanyl Chloride, Alkenes and Diazo Compounds and Synthesis of Pentafluorosulfanylfurans
Authors: Shou Jia‐Yi , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: August 2022

We report herein the three‐component radical addition reaction of SF5Cl, alkene and diazo compounds for the selective formation of α‐alkyl‐α‐SF5carbonyl compounds. The three‐component addition reaction proceeded through the first reaction of SF5radical with the diazo compound followed by the addition of the in situ generated carbon radical to alkene. The synthetic useful α‐allyl‐α‐SF5carbonyl compounds were successfully prepared when allyl trimethylsilanes were used as the alkene substrates. Furthermore, the three‐component adducts formed from SF5Cl, α‐diazoacetophenones and vinyl acetates were converted into pentafluorosulfanylfurans. This transformation provided a practical and efficeint method for the synthesis of pentafluorosulfanylfurans.
α‐Thianthrenium Carbonyl Species: The Equivalent of an α‐Carbonyl Carbocation
Authors: Jia Hao , Ritter Tobias
Published: August 2022

Here we report an α‐thianthrenium carbonyl species, as the equivalent of an α‐carbonyl carbocation, which is generated by the radical conjugate addition of a trifluoromethyl thianthrenium salt to Michael acceptors. The reactivity allows for the synthesis of Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐ and β‐amino acid analogues via a Ritter reaction by addition of acetonitrile. Addition of hydroxide, methoxide, and even fluoride can afford α‐heteroatom substituted α‐phenylpropanoates.
Comprehensive theoretical study of nickel‐NHC‐catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular indole C—H cyclization: Reaction mechanism, reactivity, regioselectivity, and electronic processes
Authors: Wang Fen , Chen Changbao , Zhang Feng , Meng Qingxi
Published: August 2022

Density functional theory was used to illuminate the reaction mechanism of Ni(0)‐NHC‐catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular CH cyclization of indoles. The ωB97XD functional with 6‐31G(d,p) basis set (SDD for nickel) was employed to optimize all intermediates and transition states. The computations revealed that the reactivity of C1H bond was the best among all CH bonds of indole catalyzed by the Ni‐NHC complex, and in the C1H bond activation, the concerted oxidative addition was more dominant than the ligand‐to‐ligand H transfer reaction, due to the lower free energy barrier. The most favorable channels predicted theoretically went through the ligand‐to‐ligand H transfer reaction and reductive elimination, and two chiral products ((R)‐ and (S)‐tetrahydroindolizines) were coexisted as a result of similar transition states and little difference in free energy barrier. Hence, the model ligand L1 was not good for the regioselectivity. Nevertheless, another ligand L2, a chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand, gave good regioselectivity, and it changed the rate‐determining step and generally decreased the free energies of transition states and intermediates.
Influence of the skeletal muscle index on pharmacokinetics and toxicity of fluorouracil
Authors: Schmulenson Eduard , Zimmermann Nigina , Müller Lothar , Kapsa Stefanie , Sihinevich Iryna , Jaehde Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Background

The body composition of patients has been associated with tolerability and effectiveness of anticancer therapy. This study aimed to assess the influence of the skeletal muscle index (SMI) on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of fluorouracil.

Methods

Patients treated in an oncological practice with fluorouracil‐based chemotherapy and undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring were retrospectively investigated. Computed tomography images were analyzed to measure abdominal skeletal muscle areas in Hounsfield units for the psoas major muscle, back and total skeletal muscle to determine the SMI. For the latter, an automated segmentation method was used additionally. SMI measures were tested as covariates on fluorouracil clearance in a population pharmacokinetic model. Furthermore, regression analyses were performed to analyze the influence of SMI measures on the probability of clinically relevant adverse events (CTCAE grades ≥ 2).

Results

Fluorouracil plasma concentrations of 111 patients were available. Covariate analyses showed significant improvements of the model fit by all SMI measures. However, interindividual variability of fluorouracil clearance was only slightly reduced, whereas the SMI of the back muscle showed the largest reduction (−1.1 percentage points). Lower SMI values of the back muscle increased the probability for polyneuropathy and lower SMI of the psoas increased the probability for fatigue.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that pharmacokinetics and toxicity of fluorouracil may be associated with specific SMI measures which deserve further investigation.
Recurrent group G Streptococcus bacteremia: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ghazanfar Haider , Qureshi Zaheer , Kalangi Harika , Ata Subhan , Jyala Abhilasha , Perez Esther Arguello
Published: August 2022

Streptococci group G is an important opportunistic pathogen and causes a wide variety of infections, including pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, intra‐abdominal infections, meningitis, and streptococcal toxic shock‐like syndrome. As a result, we discuss an interesting case of recurrent group G streptococcal bacteremia in a 68‐year‐old man presenting with altered mental status. We also discuss the risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of group G streptococcal bacteremia.
Penetrating buttock trauma: A life‐threatening injury that highlights the importance of good collaboration with trauma receiving hospitals
Authors: Angelou Dimitrios , McKeever Mark , Doran Amy , Malik Momin
Published: August 2022

A 54‐year‐old lady was brought to our emergency department after falling from a stepladder onto the base of her artificial Christmas tree. The metallic rod impaled her through the right buttock. X‐rays and a computerized tomography were performed prior to transport to a trauma center causing delays to her surgery.
Hiatal hernia presenting as a left atrial mass
Authors: Kalavakunta Jagadeesh Kumar , Po Jose Ricardo F.
Published: August 2022

Cardiac masses pose diagnostic challenges. We present a 62‐year‐old woman presented for evaluation of chest pain and palpitations. Transthoracic echocardiography showed left atrial mass, which was subsequently identified as hiatal hernia by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
Dual BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in an adolescent with syndromic intellectual disability
Authors: Algouneh Arash , Caudle Michelle , Balci Tugce , Andrade Andrea , Penava Debbie , Saleh Maha
Published: August 2022

Pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers. Concurrent mutations in both genes in the same individual are rare but pose specific challenges when identified, usually through multigene panel testing or infrequently from a genome‐wide analysis, such as whole‐exome sequencing (WES). We present a 15‐year‐old female patient with syndromic intellectual disability whose exome reanalysis identified secondary findings of pathogenic BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants, both inherited paternally. We discuss the significant challenges posed by this finding in genetic counseling and cancer risk management of an adolescent with nonverbal intellectual disability, as well as the impact on their family. This rare case highlights the potential increased diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing reanalysis and the consequences of secondary medically actionable results in a pediatric patient.
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage during phacoemulsification surgery associated with recent COVID‐19: A report of two cases
Authors: Jamali Hossein , Sadeghi Elham , Nowroozzadeh Mohammad Hossein
Published: August 2022

To report two cases of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during otherwise uncomplicated phacoemulsification, in whom COVID‐19 was documented with a positive PCR test about 1 month before the surgery and the importance of postponing elective surgeries for several months after infection.
Immediate improvement in GCS following needle aspiration of bilateral traumatic subdural effusion in a child in emergency room
Authors: Khizar Ahtesham , Kumar Yadav Pradhumna
Published: August 2022

A minor head injury can cause traumatic subdural effusion in a child. They often present to pediatric emergencies initially, and there is a delayed referral to neurosurgery. In the emergency room, they should undergo subdural effusion needle aspiration, which can result in an immediate improvement in GCS.
Silence by the LAMS: Primary lumen‐apposing metal stent for a colorectal anastomotic stricture (with video)
Authors: Zimmer Vincent
Published: August 2022

Lumen‐opposing metal stents (LAMS) are evolving as novel treatment options in postsurgical strictues. Data on lower GI tract applications, however, are still limited, and technical procedural details need to be refined. This singular clinical report adds to the emerging experience in colorectal stricture treatment by LAMS.
Baclofen overdose: A curious case of medical sales representative
Authors: Gautam Swotantra , Neupane Aakash , Chamlagain Mandita , Pokhrel Sandip , Neupane Durga , Acharya Rochana , Panthi Sagar
Published: August 2022

In this case report, a medical sales representative consumed 250 mg of Baclofen out of curiosity. Baclofen has life‐threatening complications like seizures, respiratory depression, and coma. A majority of patients recover on symptomatic treatment. Baclofen has a great potential for abuse and overdose; therefore, its use must be strictly monitored.