bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The World Bank’s ECB experience
Authors: Mackay Keith
Published: August 2002

The author presents in this case study an overview of The World Bank’s ECB work with national governments and with national‐level ministries.
Showing off, handicap signaling, and the evolution of men's work
Authors: Hawkes Kristen , Bliege Bird Rebecca
Published: August 2002

Zahavi's1,2handicap principle makes “waste” a common outcome of signal selection because the cost of a signal guarantees its honesty. The capacity to bear the cost reveals the show‐off's hidden qualities. While displays take many forms, some also provide fitness‐related benefits to the audiencein additionto information about the show‐off. Zahavi3has used the handicap principle to explain both merely wasteful displays and altruistic behavior. Here we focus on the distinction between these two kinds of display and the importance of benefits other than information in show‐off explanations of a particular puzzle in human evolution: men's work. Males of other primate species do not contribute any significant fraction of the food consumed by females and juveniles. Our own species is different. When people live on wild foods, hunting is usually a specialty of men, and meat is commonly a substantial component of everyone's diet. Here we explore the hypothesis that this unique male subsistence contribution may have evolved as hunting large animals became a focus of competitive display.
Durability of fire retardant treated wood products at humid and exterior conditions review of literature
Authors: Östman Birgit , Voss Angelika , Hughes Andrew , Jostein Hovde Per , Grexa Ondrej
Published: August 2002

Fire retardants may considerably improve the fire properties of wood products, but the durability, e.g. in exterior applications, has not been addressed fully. This paper reviews the existing knowledge and experience mainly from the USA with the aim of supporting further development in Europe. The review is concentrated on pressure impregnated fire retardant treated wood products which have the best opportunities for increased durability. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil compounds in a historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae)
Authors: Novak Johannes , Langbehn Jan , Pank Friedrich , Franz Chlodwig M.
Published: August 2002

A historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae), more than 60 years old, was analysed and its composition compared to standard material from the European herb market. By using a solvent extract of the historical sample, the rearrangements and artefact formation usually occurring during the distillation of marjoram were avoided. The extract contained high amounts of terpinen‐4‐ol, thus resembling the distilled essential oil more than the solvent extract of the standard sample. So artefact formation in marjoram can also happen in planta in herbs stored for a long time under suboptimal conditions. The high content of carvacrol, normally never present in standard material from cultivation, gave an indication of the heterogeneity of marjoram in former times, and confirmed the opinion that (cultivated) marjoram is a chemovariety selected a long time ago. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the unsteady flow over an elliptic cylinder at different orientations
Authors: Badr H. M. , Dennis S. C. R. , Kocabiyik Serpil
Published: August 2002

A numerical method is developed for investigating the two‐dimensional unsteady viscous flow over an inclined elliptic cylinder placed in a uniform stream of infinite extent. The direction of the free stream is normal to the cylinder axis and the flow field unsteadiness arises from two effects, the first is due to the flow field development following the start of the motion and the second is due to vortex shedding in the wake region. The time‐dependent flow is governed by the full conservation equations of mass and momentum with no boundary layer approximations. The parameters involved are the cylinder axis ratio, Reynolds number and the angle of attack. The investigation covers a Reynolds number range up to 5000. The minor–major axis ratio of the elliptic cylinder ranges between 0.5 and 0.6, and the angle of attack ranges between 0° and 90°. A series truncation method based on Fourier series is used to reduce the governing Navier–Stokes equations to two coupled infinite sets of second‐order differential equations. These equations are approximated by retaining only a finite number of terms and are then solved by approximating the derivatives using central differences. The results reveal an unusual phenomenon of negative lift occurring shortly after the start of motion. Various comparisons are made with previous theoretical and experimental results, including flow visualizations, to validate the solution methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting high‐frequency financial data with the ARFIMA–ARCH model
Authors: Hauser Michael A. , Kunst Robert M.
Published: August 2002

Financial data series are often described as exhibiting two non‐standard time series features. First, variance often changes over time, with alternating phases of high and low volatility. Such behaviour is well captured by ARCH models. Second, long memory may cause a slower decay of the autocorrelation function than would be implied by ARMA models. Fractionally integrated models have been offered as explanations. Recently, the ARFIMA–ARCH model class has been suggested as a way of coping with both phenomena simultaneously. For estimation we implement the bias correction of Cox and Reid (1987). For daily data on the Swiss 1‐month Euromarket interest rate during the period 1986–1989, the ARFIMA–ARCH (5,d,2/4) model with non‐integerdis selected by AIC. Model‐based out‐of‐sample forecasts for the mean are better than predictions based on conditionally homoscedastic white noise only for longer horizons (τ > 40). Regarding volatility forecasts, however, the selected ARFIMA–ARCH models dominate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐linear dynamic model for multiplicative seasonal‐trend decomposition
Authors: Ozaki Tohru , Thomson Peter
Published: August 2002

A non‐linear dynamic model is introduced for multiplicative seasonal time series that follows and extends the X‐11 paradigm where the observed time series is a product of trend, seasonal and irregular factors. A selection of standard seasonal and trend component models used in additive dynamic time series models are adapted for the multiplicative framework and a non‐linear filtering procedure is proposed. The results are illustrated and compared to X‐11 and log‐additive models using real data. In particular it is shown that the new procedures do not suffer from the trend bias present in log‐additive models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unit roots versus other types of time heterogeneity, parameter time dependence and superexogeneity
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Pittis Nikitas
Published: August 2002

This paper stresses the restrictive nature of the standard unit root/cointegration assumptions and examines a more general type of time heterogeneity, which might characterize a number of economic variables, and which results in parameter time dependence and misleading statistical inference. We show that in such cases ‘operational’ models cannot be obtained, and the estimation of time‐varying parameter models becomes necessary. For instance, economic processes subject to endemic change can only be adequately modelled in a state space form. This is a very important point, because unstable models will break down when used for forecasting purposes. We also discuss a new test for the null of cointegration developed by Quintos and Phillips (1993), which is based on parameter constancy in cointegrating regressions. Finally, we point out that, if it is possible to condition on a subset of superexogenous variables, parameter instability can be handled by estimating a restricted system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting European GNP data through common factor models and other procedures
Authors: García‐Ferrer Antonio , Poncela Pilar
Published: August 2002

In this paper we present an extensive study of annual GNP data for five European countries. We look for intercountry dependence and analyse how the different economies interact, using several univariate ARIMA and unobserved components models and a multivariate model for the GNP incorporating all the common information among the variables. We use a dynamic factor model to take account of the common dynamic structure of the variables. This common dynamic structure can be non‐stationary (i.e. common trends) or stationary (i.e. common cycles). Comparisons of the models are made in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) for one‐step‐ahead forecasts. For this particular group of European countries, the factor model outperforms the remaining ones. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mean Reversion and the Comovement of Equilibrium Spot and Futures Prices: Implications from Alternative Data‐Generating Processes
Authors: Zeng Tian
Published: August 2002

The comovements of spot and futures prices are characterized by six binary variables, including the term structure curvature of futures prices. These variables are used to uniquely identify 48 possible comovement patterns. Among them, 24 cases are associated with mean reversion, which is defined as a state when spreads between futures and spot prices are shrinking. These pattern frequencies are then calculated on a daily basis with the futures prices of 10 commodities, including precious metal, agricultural, and financial commodities. The results are further compared to simulation output from three data‐generating processes: a bivariate pure random walk, a mixed random walk with first‐order autoregression (AR(1)), and an error‐correction representation. The mean‐reverting frequencies for all 10 commodities are about 50%. Around half of the time, spot and futures prices are moving toward each other, and the rest of the time they move in the same direction. The symmetry of these results implies that the existence of substantial shocks originated from futures markets; thus, this is consistent with the risk premium view of futures trading. Also, although all simulation models produce similar mean‐reversion frequencies, the patterns of comovements of spot and futures prices are different, and the price dynamics depend heavily on whether the market is dominant contango or backwardation. Furthermore, the error‐correction model outperforms the random‐walk model for agricultural commodities, and the mixed random walk with AR(1) is hardly distinguishable from the pure random walk. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:769–796, 2001
Mutation analysis of the CDKN2A promoter in Australian melanoma families
Authors: Pollock Pamela M. , Stark Mitchell S. , Palmer Jane M. , Walters Marilyn K. , Aitken Joanne F. , Martin Nicholas G. , Hayward Nicholas K.
Published: August 2002

Approximately 50% of all melanoma families worldwide show linkage to 9p21‐22, but only about half of these have been shown to contain germ line CDKN2A mutations. It has been hypothesized that a proportion of these families carry mutations in the noncoding regions of CDKN2A. Several Canadian families have been reported to carry a mutation in the 5′ UTR, at position −34 relative to the start site, which gives rise to a novel AUG translation initiation codon that markedly decreases translation from the wild‐type AUG (Liu et al., 1999). Haplotype sharing in these Canadian families suggested that this mutation is of British origin. We sequenced 1,327 base pairs (bp) of CDKN2A, making up 1,116 bp of the 5′ UTR and promoter, all of exon 1, and 61 bp of intron 1, in at least one melanoma case from 110 Australian families with three or more affected members known not to carry mutations within the p16 coding region. In addition, 431 bp upstream of the start codon was sequenced in an additional 253 affected probands from two‐case melanoma families for which the CDKN2A mutation status was unknown. Several known polymorphisms at positions −33, −191, −493, and −735 were detected, in addition to four novel variants at positions 120, −252, −347, and −981 relative to the start codon. One of the probands from a two‐case family was found to have the previously reported Q50R mutation. No family member was found to carry the mutation at position −34 or any other disease‐associated mutation. For further investigation of noncoding CDKN2A mutations that may affect transcription, allele‐specific expression analysis was carried out in 31 of the families with at least three affected members who showed either complete or “indeterminate” 9p haplotype sharing without CDKN2A exonic mutations. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and automated sequencing showed expression of both CDKN2A alleles in all family members tested. The lack of CDKN2A promoter mutations and the absence of transcriptional silencing in the germ line of this cohort of families suggest that mutations in the promoter and 5′ UTR play a very limited role in melanoma predisposition. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal translocation t(8;12) induces aberrant HMGIC expression in aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva
Authors: Nucci Marisa R. , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Neskey David M. , Sornberger Kris , Tallini Giovanni , Morton Cynthia C. , Quade Bradley J.
Published: August 2002

Benign mesenchymal neoplasms associated with rearrangements of the DNA architectural factor gene HMGIC on chromosome 12 include lipomas, uterine leiomyomata, pulmonary chondroid hamartomas, endometrial polyps, salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas, and breast fibroadenomas. Although HMGIC also has been implicated in the pathobiology of aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva, the molecular mechanisms pertaining to this neoplasm are unclear. Tissue from a recurrent aggressive angiomyxoma was investigated by cytogenetic and expression analysis for HMGIC and HMGIY. The trypsin‐Giemsa‐banded karyotype showed a clonal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 12 [46,XX,t(8;12)(p12;q15)]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with whole chromosome paint probes for chromosomes 8 and 12 excluded cryptic involvement of other chromosomes. The chromosome 12 breakpoint was mapped with two‐color FISH analysis using cosmid probes at the 5′ and 3′ termini of HMGIC. Both cosmid probes showed hybridization to the normal chromosome 12 and the der(12) chromosome, indicating that the breakpoint was 3′ (telomeric) to the gene. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis revealed HMGIC expression in the tumor, and immunohistochemistry localized HMGIC expression to the tumor's spindle cells. Like numerous benign mesenchymal tumors, this locally aggressive tumor is associated with rearrangements near or within HMGIC, but chimeric gene formation was not required for tumorigenesis. Inappropriate expression of this DNA binding protein, however, may be important in the pathobiology of this tumor. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanism may also be helpful in developing new diagnostic tools for identifying residual disease. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of the apnea hypopnea index in Caucasians and African Americans: I. Segregation analysis
Authors: Buxbaum Sarah G. , Elston Robert C. , Tishler Peter V. , Redline Susan
Published: August 2002

Differences in age of presentation and anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Caucasians and African Americans suggest possible racial differences in the genetic underpinnings of the disorder. In this study, we assess transmission patterns in a Caucasian sample consisting of 177 families (N = 1,195) and in an African American sample consisting of 125 families (N = 720) for two variables: 1) apnea hypopnea index (AHI) log transformed and adjusted for age, and 2) AHI log transformed and adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). We allowed for residual familial correlations and sex‐specific means in all models. Analysis of the Caucasian sample showed transmission patterns consistent with that of a major gene that were stronger in the age‐adjusted variable than in the age‐ and BMI‐adjusted variable. However, in the African American families, adjusting for BMI in addition to age gave stronger evidence for segregation of a codominant gene with an allele frequency of 0.14, accounting for 35% of the total variance. These results provide support for an underlying genetic basis for OSA that in African Americans is independent of the contribution of BMI. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:243–253, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human antibodies accelerate the rate of remyelination following lysolecithin‐induced demyelination in mice
Authors: Bieber Allan J. , Warrington Arthur , Asakura Kuni , Ciric Bogoljub , Kaveri Srini V. , Pease Larry R. , Rodriguez Moses
Published: August 2002

Immunoglobulin‐based therapies are becoming increasingly common for the treatment of neurologic and autoimmune diseases in humans. In this study, we demonstrate that systemic administration of either polyclonal human immunoglobulins or specific human monoclonal antibodies can accelerate the rate of CNS remyelination following toxin‐induced demyelination. Injection of lysolecithin directly into the spinal cord results in focal demyelinated lesions. In contrast to other murine models of demyelinating disease, the mechanism of demyelination following lysolecithin injection is independent of immune system activation, and chronic inflammation at the site of the lesion is minimal. Administration of polyclonal human IgM (pHIgM) or a serum‐derived human monoclonal antibody (sHIgM22) resulted in approximately a twofold increase in remyelinating axons when compared to animals treated with saline or with antibodies that do not promote repair. Both pHIgM and sHIgM22 show strong binding to CNS white matter and oligodendrocytes, while antibodies that did not accelerate remyelination do not. This differential staining pattern suggests that enhanced remyelination may result from direct stimulation of oligodendrocyte remyelination by binding to surface receptors on oligodendrocytes or glial progenitor cells. We propose the use of human polyclonal IgM or specific human monoclonal IgM antibodies as potential therapies to enhance myelin repair following CNS injury and disease. GLIA 37:241–249, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of NMDA receptor contribution to axon‐to‐glia signaling in the crayfish medial giant nerve fiber
Authors: Gafurov Boris S. , Urazaev Albert K. , Grossfeld Robert M. , Lieberman Edward M.
Published: August 2002

Electrical stimulation of crayfish giant axons at high frequency activates group II metabotropic and NMDA glutamate receptors on adjacent glial cells via release of N‐acetylaspartylglutamate and glutamate formed upon its hydrolysis. This produces a transient depolarization followed by a prolonged hyperpolarization of glial cells that involves nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. The hyperpolarization is nearly completely blocked by antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors but only slightly reduced by inhibition of NMDA receptors. We report that the NMDA‐induced hyperpolarization of glial cells is reduced by decreased calcium in the solution bathing the giant nerve fiber, while removal of sodium ions or block of voltage‐dependent calcium channels completely prevents the glial response to NMDA. Inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or removal of extracellular Cl− converts the glial response from a hyperpolarization to a depolarization that is sensitive to NMDA receptor antagonist. We propose that NMDA receptor activation by glutamate, formed from extracellular N‐acetylaspartylglutamate during nerve stimulation, contributes to glial hyperpolarization by increasing intracellular Ca2+ via opening of voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels. Based on our previous work, we propose further that the added Ca2+ supplements that produced by N‐acetylaspartylglutamate and glutamate acting on group II metabotropic glutamate receptors to cause an increased release of acetylcholine and a larger hyperpolarization. GLIA 38:80–86, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory repertoire of Alzheimer's disease and nondemented elderly microglia in vitro
Authors: Lue Lih‐Fen , Rydel Russell , Brigham Elizabeth F. , Yang Li‐Bang , Hampel Harald , Murphy Greer M. , Brachova Libuse , Yan Shi‐Du , Walker Douglas G. , Shen Yong , Rogers Joseph
Published: August 2002

We have previously developed and characterized isolated microglia and astrocyte cultures from rapid (<4 h) brain autopsies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and nondemented elderly control (ND) patients. In the present study, we evaluate the inflammatory repertoire of AD and ND microglia cultured from white matter (corpus callosum) and gray matter (superior frontal gyrus) with respect to three major proinflammatory cytokines, three chemokines, a classical pathway complement component, a scavenger cell growth factor, and a reactive nitrogen intermediate. Significant, dose‐dependent increases in the production of pro‐interleukin‐1β (pro‐IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), macrophage inflammatory peptide‐1α (MIP‐1α), IL‐8, and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) were observed after exposure to pre‐aggregated amyloid β peptide (1–42) (Aβ1–42). Across constitutive and Aβ‐stimulated conditions, secretion of complement component C1q, a reactive nitrogen intermediate, and M‐CSF was significantly higher in AD compared with ND microglia. Taken together with previous in situ hybridization findings, these results demonstrate unequivocally that elderly human microglia provide a brain endogenous source for a wide range of inflammatory mediators. GLIA 35:72–79, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do memory clinics compare with traditional old age psychiatry services?
Authors: Luce Anna , McKeith Ian , Swann Alan , Daniel Sarah , O'Brien John
Published: August 2002

Methods

100 consecutive referrals to the Northern Memory Clinic (NMC) were compared with 100 referrals to a traditional Old Age Psychiatry (OAPsych) service in the same city in terms of demographic variables, cognitive function (assessed by the Mini‐Mental State Examination), and diagnosis. The study also examined the ability of psychometric assessments (CAMCOG, MMSE, Trail‐Making Tests A & B, Word Fluency) and CT scans included in the NMC assessment to differentiate between those with and without DSM‐IV dementia.

Results

NMC patients were significantly younger than OAPsych patients, had lower levels of cognitive impairment, and had a wider range of diagnoses. The NMC patients who were diagnosed as having dementia were found to be at least 2 years earlier in the course of the disease than those seen by the OAPsych team. The CAMCOG and MMSE were proved to be effective at distinguishing between patients diagnosed as dementing versus non‐dementing with cut‐offs of 82/83 and 23/24 respectively, confirming previous findings. The Memory subscale of the CAMCOG, though much shorter, was equally as effective using a cut‐off of 20/21. Trail‐Making Tests, Word Fluency (FAS), and measurement of the minimum width of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) on angled CT scans were poor indicators of dementia in this sample.

Conclusions

This study confirms that the memory clinic is targeting a distinct patient group compared to traditional old age psychiatry services, is identifying cases of dementia much earlier, and as such has potential to make valuable contributions to patient care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are the care levels of people with dementia correctly assessed for eligibility of the Japanese long‐term care insurance?
Authors: Ito Hiroto , Tachimori Hisateru , Miyamoto Yuki , Morimura Yasushi
Published: August 2002

Background

A new long‐term care insurance system was launched in Japan in April 2000.

Objectives

We performed the first national survey on special units of psychiatric hospitals for dementia patients to examine whether their disabilities were well reflected in the eligibility assessment.

Methods

Of all 248 dementia special units of psychiatric hospitals in Japan, 180 units (72.6%) participated in the survey. Five patients were randomly selected in each unit, and we used data of 802 (89.1%) of 900 patients whose care levels were obtained by the primary computer assessment. These patients were assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), dementia rating scale by Gottfries et al. (1982) (GBS), and Activities of Daily Living (ADL). The mean score (SD) of the MMSE was 9.3 (6.9).

Results

Multiple regression analysis revealed that the scores of motor function in GBS, ADL, MMSE, and the degree of bedridden explained 73% of the variation of care level. The higher care levels were inversely related to lower MMSE scores. In the group of people who were not bedridden, the MMSE score sharply decreased even though their physical functions were maintained. There were no significant differences in the MMSE scores among the care level 1 and 5 groups except between care level 1 and 3 after controlling for the motor function scores in GBS.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that care level and cognitive impairment are generally correlated in the primary assessment, but some adjustment measure for cognitive impairment is needed in mildly or moderately physically disabled patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The meaning of acute confusional state from the perspective of elderly patients
Authors: Andersson Edith M. , Hallberg Ingalill R. , Norberg Astrid , Edberg Anna‐Karin
Published: August 2002

Objectives

The aim of this study was to illuminate lived experience of having been in an acute confusional state (ACS) as narrated by elderly patients in orthopaedic care.

Method

Qualitative study with phenomenological hermeneutic method for analysing the data based on narrative interviews. Fifty patients (67–96 years of age) who developed ACS during hospitalisation and in all cases the ACS ceased during their stay on the ward were interviewed once lucid again regarding the course of the event, their experiences, memories and interpretation of what had happened during the ACS.

Results

The meaning of the patients' lived experiences of being and having been confused was interpreted as ‘Being trapped in incomprehensible experiences and a turmoil of past and present and here and there’, comprising the themes trying to get a grip on the experience of the confusion, encountering past, present and the realm of the imagination as reality during the period of confusion and confronting the idea of having been confused. Contradictory to earlier research the patients remembered and could tell in great detail about their ACS. While confused, the confusional state means that impressions of all kinds invade the mind of the person and are experienced as reality, making him/her a victim of these impressions rather than the one who controls what comes into his/her mind. While in the middle of these experiences the person simultaneously senses that the impressions are unreal, thus indicating that he/she is in some sort of borderland between understanding and not understanding. The things that come into the mind of the person can either be frightening or neutral or enjoyable scenarios that seem to be mainly familiar but can also be unknown. These scenarios seem to be a mixture of past and present, of events and people while they seem to float from location to location.

Conclusions

The findings indicates that what takes place during the ACS is not nonsense but probably a mix of the patient's life history, their present situation and above all a form of communication concerning their emotional state and inner experiences in this new situation. The findings also indicated that one possible approach to the patients is to confirm and support the patients in narrating their experiences both during the confusion and also after the ACS had ceased. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The practicality and validity of directly elicited and SF‐36 derived health state preferences in patients with low back pain
Authors: Hollingworth William , Deyo Richard A. , Sullivan Sean D. , Emerson Scott S. , Gray Darryl T. , Jarvik Jeffrey G.
Published: August 2002

Recent research has derived preference scores from the SF‐36. We compare the practicality and construct validity of SF‐36 derived preference scores with directly elicited time trade off (TTO) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. In this observational study, low back pain (LBP), patients were asked to complete disease specific, generic (SF‐36), and health state preference (VAS and TTO) instruments. Baseline SF‐36 responses were converted to preference scores using six published algorithms.

Response rates for the SF‐36 derived and TTO preference values were 354 of 379 (93%) and 303 of 379 (80%), respectively. Thirty patients were excluded from the TTO exercise because of difficulties comprehending the scaling task. Choice based methods (standard gamble, TTO) yielded higher and more uniform estimates of preference (0.77–0.79) than non‐choice based methods (VAS) (0.42–0.70). Directly elicited TTO values were variable and had less power to distinguish among patients with differing severity of LBP. All SF‐36 derived preferences exhibited a minimum threshold implying a potential floor effect for severely ill patients. SF‐36 derived preferences demonstrated good practicality and construct validity in this setting, however different methods will yield disparate estimates of marginal benefit. This emphasises the need for a standardised algorithm for deriving SF‐36 preference scores. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognosis of patients with recurrent laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Brenner Baruch , Marshak Gideon , Sulkes Aaron , Rakowsky Erica
Published: August 2002

Background

Although recurrent laryngeal carcinoma is a common clinical problem, the data regarding its natural history and prognostic factors are limited. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical course of patients with recurrent laryngeal carcinoma and determine the impact of various factors on their survival.

Methods

The medical files of 65 patients with recurrent laryngeal cancer treated at the Rabin Medical Center between 1975 and 1996 were reviewed. The possible risk factors for survival were analyzed using univariate and multivariate models.

Results

The estimated 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates of the patient population were 67% and 56%, respectively. On univariate analysis, primary tumor site, T stage and nodal status, duration of disease‐free interval, site of recurrence, and operability of recurrent tumor were all powerful prognostic factors for survival. On multivariate analysis, three variables retained statistical significance: primary tumor site (p< .001), site of recurrence (p< .001), and its operability (p= .005).

Conclusions

We found several disease‐related factors to be predictive of poor outcome in patients with recurrent laryngeal cancer. Our data emphasize the need for early detection not only of primary tumors but also of their recurrences. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 531–535, 2001.
Characterization of a spontaneously arising murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) as a prerequisite for head and neck cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Khurana Dianne , Martin Elizabeth A. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , O'Malley Bert W. , Salomao Diva R. , Chen Lieping , Strome Scott E.
Published: August 2002

Background

To develop novel therapeutic approaches for patients with head and neck malignancies, poorly immunogenic murine models of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) need to be defined.

Methods

The phenotype, growth characteristics, and responsiveness to tumor‐specific T‐cell transfer of a spontaneously arising murine SCC (SCC VII) were characterized.

Results

SCC VII expresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules yet is resistant to tumor‐specific T‐cell killing and relatively insensitive to killing mediated by lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells. Intradermal tumors are reproducibly established after vaccination of 5 × 104 cells, and systemic micrometastases are apparent after intravenous administration of 2.5 × 104 cells. Immunotherapy of 3‐day lung metastases using tumor‐specific T cells and systemic interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) was ineffective in reducing the number of metastases in vivo.

Conclusions

SCC VII is a poorly immunogenic murine squamous cell cancer, which represents an ideal model for preclinical testing of immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 899–906, 2001.
Integrating aspects of working environment into a national research and development program on food technology
Authors: Broberg Ole , Posniak Iben
Published: August 2002

In a Danish national research and development program on food technology, it was made a condition that funded projects consider potential working environment impacts. The present study evaluated these projects and concluded that this condition failed to have any significant effect on outcomes. The reasons for this failure are explained by the social construction of the program and the fact that it neglected to consider the sociocultural dynamics within scientific and technological work. The program neither constructed useful boundary objects nor included actors that could link the social worlds of working environment and food science and technology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approach to Hodgkin's lymphoma in the new millennium
Authors: Fung Henry C. , Nademanee Auayporn P.
Published: August 2002

Approximately 75% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma can be cured with modern chemotherapy and radiation. Most patients are treated according to clinical stage and the associated prognostic factors. For patients with limited stage Hodgkin's lymphoma, combined modality treatment has replaced subtotal nodal irradiation as the preferred treatment option. This approach eliminates laparotomy and potentially decreases the long‐term toxicity secondary to extended field irradiation and splenectomy. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that it may improve disease control and possibly survival. Multiple novel regimens have been tested in the past 20 years in patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma including dose‐intense regimens, but current evidence suggests that ABVD remains the treatment of choice outside clinical trials. Over the past decade, the treatment‐related morbidity and mortality associated with autologous stem cell transplantation have reduced significantly and stem cell transplant is becoming the treatment of choice for most patients with primary refractory or recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma. With longer follow‐up, long‐term complications, in particular secondary malignancy have become the leading cause of late treatment failure for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. To improve the overall outcome of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma, future studies need to focus on reducing the therapy‐related toxicity for patients with good risk disease as well as improving disease control for patients with poor risk disease through a risk‐adapted approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing and Implementing an HR Scorecard
Authors: Walker Garrett , MacDonald J. Randall
Published: August 2002

Verizon HR has effectively designed and implemented a strategic management system, which is based upon the
balanced scorecard model of Dr. David Norton and Dr. Robert Kaplan of Harvard Business School. The HR Balanced
Scorecard was conceived with New Economy organizational dynamics in mind. The scorecard uses a broad range of
“leading and lagging” indicators—overall strategy, operational processes, customer
perceptions, and financials to evaluate the effectiveness of HR initiatives to the bottom line. The HR Balanced
Scorecard provides the means to monitor workforce indicators, analyze workforce statistics, diagnose workforce
issues, calculate the negative financial impact, prescribe solutions, and track improvements. © 2001 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A critical review of akathisia, and its possible association with suicidal behaviour
Authors: Hansen Lars
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this paper was to make a critical review of akathisia, based on the principles of evidence‐based medicine, and to explore a possible link between akathisia and suicidal behaviour (suicidal thinking, parasuicide and completed suicide). An extensive systematic search was carried out on three major databases, Embase, ClinPsych and Medline. Fifty‐seven relevant references were found, and a further 26 references were reviewed after careful selection from the references of the original references. The Cochrane Library did not contain any systematic reviews on the subject. Akathisia can be caused by several different groups of drugs, but most frequently by antipsychotics and to a lesser extent antidepressants. Research into akathisia is made considerably more difficult by the lack of a universally agreed definition of the condition. The underlying pathophysiology is still far from clear, but the literature offers guidelines on less hazardous management regimes for patients. On the basis of the existing literature, akathisia cannot at this stage unequivocally be linked to suicidal behaviour. It is certain, however, that the condition of akathisia does cause considerable distress in an already vulnerable group of patients. Because it is largely avoidable, new, more rigorous strategies must be put in place to prevent it. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tidal effects on groundwater dynamics in unconfined aquifers
Authors: Ataie‐Ashtiani B. , Volker R. E. , Lockington D. A.
Published: August 2002

The variation of seawater level resulting from tidal fluctuations is usually neglected in regional groundwater flow studies. Although the tidal oscillation is damped near the shoreline, there is a quasi‐steady‐state rise in the mean water‐table position, which may have an influence on regional groundwater flow. In this paper the effects of tidal fluctuations on groundwater hydraulics are investigated using a variably saturated numerical model that includes the effects of a realistic mild beach slope, seepage face and the unsaturated zone. In particular the impact of these factors on the velocity field in the aquifer is assessed. Simulations show that the tidal fluctuation has substantial consequences for the local velocity field in the vicinity of the exit face, which affects the nearshore migration of contaminant in coastal aquifers. An overheight in the water table as a result of the tidal fluctuation is observed and this has a significant effect on groundwater discharge to the sea when the landward boundary condition is a constant water level. The effect of beach slope is very significant and simplifying the problem by considering a vertical beach face causes serious errors in predicting the water‐table position and the groundwater flux. For media with a high effective capillary fringe, the moisture retained above the water table is important in determining the effects of the tidal fluctuations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evapotranspiration modelled from stands of three broad‐leaved tropical trees in Costa Rica
Authors: Bigelow Seth
Published: August 2002

To examine the impact of tree species on the water cycle in a wet tropical region, annual evapotranspiration (ET) was estimated in Costa Rican plantations of three native, broad‐leaved tree species that contrasted strongly in leaf size, leaf area and phenology. Evapotranspiration was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation for transpiration from the dry canopy, the equilibrium equation for evaporation from the understory and a modified Rutter model of interception for evaporation of water from the canopy when wetted by rainfall. Canopy conductance was estimated from stomatal conductance, leaf area and leaf boundary‐layer conductance; canopy storage capacity and filling rate were estimated from throughfall measurements. Micrometeorological instruments were mounted on a scaffolding tower.

Mean stomatal conductance, which ranged from 0·1 to 0·7 mol m−2s−1, was similar to boundary‐layer conductance, 0·1 to 0·5 mol m−2s−1, indicating decoupling of stomata from atmospheric conditions. Mean canopy conductance varied from 0·6 to 0·7 mol m−2s−1in the 1994 wet season then dropped to 0·3–0·4 mol m−2s−1in stands of the two deciduous species,CordiaandCedrela, as a result of reduced leaf area during the dry season. Despite increased understory evaporation, dry‐season ET from these stands was only 78–81% of ET in stands of the evergreen species,Hyeronima. Maximum canopy water depth varied from 0·2 to 2·2 mm, causing modelled interception to vary from 6% to 25% of annual ET. Higher dry‐season transpiration rates along with high rates of evaporation of intercepted rainfall in all seasons led to 14% higher annual ET inHyeronimastands (1509 mm) than in stands of the species with lowest ET,Cedrela(1318 mm). Despite lack of strong physiological control on transpiration, tree species in wet tropical plantations can influence hydrological balance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abrupt shifts in the fish community of the hydrologically variable upper estuary of the Swan River
Authors: Kanandjembo A. N. , Potter I. C. , Platell M. E.
Published: August 2002

Fish were sampled in nearshore, shallow waters (<1·5 m deep) and offshore, deeper waters (2·5–5 m) of the saline lower reaches of the Swan and Canning Rivers, which collectively represent the upper Swan–Canning Estuary, by using seine and gill nets, respectively, in each season between winter 1995 and autumn 1997. Seventeen of the 34 fish species caught during the study spawn in the upper estuaries. These species, which include the semi‐anadromous Nematalosa vlaminghi, comprised 50·0% of the number of species and 88·8% of the number of fish in shallow waters and 43·8 and 89·9%, respectively, of those in deeper waters. The two most abundant species in shallow waters, Engraulis australis and N. vlaminghi, contributed 36·0 and 19·6%, respectively, to the total numbers of fish in those waters, and the latter species comprised nearly 50% of the catch in deeper waters. During winter, when freshwater discharge increased sharply and salinities declined precipitously, the number of species and abundance of fish in shallow and deeper waters were generally at their lowest and the species composition was the most discrete. This reflected the downstream movement out of the upper estuary of substantial numbers of individuals of species such as N. vlaminghi, Acanthopagrus butcheri, Amniataba caudavittata, Atherinomorus ogilbyi, Atherinosoma elongata and Craterocephalus mugiloides and the upstream movement into the upper estuary of juvenile Mugil cephalus. The overall fish fauna then changed quite abruptly in spring, when large N. vlaminghi, A. butcheri and A. caudavittata became abundant as they migrated into the upper estuary where they then spawned. During summer and autumn, the fauna in the shallows then changed more gradually through, inter alia, the recruitment of juvenile A. caudavittata and Sillago burrus and the influx of the small atherinids A. elongata and C. mugiloides. The abrupt change in the fish community in winter contrasts with the gradual, cyclical changes undergone during the year by the ichthyofaunas of holarctic, macrotidal estuaries, such as the Severn Estuary in the UK, in which the hydrology does not undergo such sudden, extreme seasonal changes and the ichthyofauna is dominated by marine and diadromous species that each enter the estuary at specific, but varying times of the year. Differences between the fish faunas of the shallow waters of the Swan and Canning Rivers are probably related to differences in the hydrological characteristics and locations of the mouths of these two tributaries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects on catchment water balance from the management of Pinus plantations on the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Bubb Ken A. , Croton James T.
Published: August 2002

A paired catchment study was conducted over a 10‐year period on the hydrology of an exotic Pinus plantation in the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia. Each catchment was instrumented with a stream monitoring station, tipping bucket rain gauge, and a network of piezometers to monitor the shallow perched water table. After a 6‐year calibration period a harvest treatment was imposed on one catchment (Review): clearfelling approximately 90% of the catchment area, which contained a mature (44‐year‐old) Pinus elliottii plantation. This subsequently was re‐established with a second rotation plantation of a hybrid of P.elliottii × P.caribaea var. hondurensis. The control catchment (Crayfish) contained a P. elliottii plantation similar to that clearfelled at Review. The post‐harvest period was monitored for a further 4 years.

Evapotranspiration was found to be the major output flux, with stream flow only a minor component of the study catchments' water budget. Areas with gleyed podzolic soils were found to remain waterlogged for periods up to 7 months following the seasonally high summer rainfall period, with other soils having water logging periods of only a few months. Little change was observed in waterlogging characteristics following harvesting, in contrast to stream flow which increased for 3 years but with evidence of a decline after 5 years.

The perched‐watertable piezometric surface indicated that its lateral drainage differs from that of surface flows; the perched‐watertable drainage fluxes from the study catchments seem minor and off‐site movement of solutes (e.g. nutrients and contaminants) via them would be limited. It was identified that the interaction between the perched and deep aquifers was poorly understood, as well as the relative importance of the soil moisture storage of the aquitard clay layer between them. It was concluded that there is a need to undertake more detailed analysis using modelling, and to obtain additional field data on soil‐layer properties and piezometric levels of the deep aquifer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrology and dissolved organic carbon biogeochemistry in an ombrotrophic bog
Authors: Fraser C. J. D. , Roulet N. T. , Moore T. R.
Published: August 2002

At the Mer Bleue bog, Ontario, Canada, DOC export measured at the basin outflow was −8·3 ± 3·7 g C m−2yr−1, and DOC loading via precipitation was estimated to be 1·5 ± 0·7 g C m−2yr−1. Discharge and DOC export calculated using a Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation compared well (within 1 g C m−2yr−1) to outflow estimates of DOC export, and confirmed that outflow measurements were a suitable proxy for DOC seepage at the peatland margins. DOC export was 12% of the magnitude of the residual carbon sink measured at the peatland. The [DOC] across groundwater transects decreased with depth, and [DOC] sampled below 0·75 m depths remained fairly constant over the study period. However, [DOC] exported through the acrotelm (0 to 0·45 m peat depth) was variable, ranging from 40 mg l−1after snowmelt to 70 mg l−1during the growing season. Fluorescence analysis revealed that exported DOC was ‘allochthonous‐like’, whereas DOC in the catotelm (deeper layers of peat) became more ‘autochthonous‐like’ with depth. A conceptual model is developed to summarize the hydrological processes and controls which affect DOC biogeochemistry at the Mer Bleue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.