bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the Coumarins via Pechmann Method in the Presence of Environmentally Friendly Y(NO3)3×6H2O
Authors: Karami Bahador , Kiani Mahtab
Published: December 2013

Several substituted coumarins can be prepared in high yield and purity by direct reaction of β‐keto esters and phenol derivatives in the presence of a catalytic amount Y(NO3)3×6H2O as Lewis acid and at ambient temperature under solvent‐free conditions.
Synthesis and DNA Cleavage Activity of Piperazine Containing Guanidinoethyl and Hydroxyethyl Side Arms
Authors: An Dong , Ye Zhiwen
Published: December 2013

According to active groups synergetic catalysis principle, a novel phosphodiester receptor 1‐(N‐guanidinoethyl)‐4‐(N‐hydroxyethyl)‐piperazidine hydrochloride was firstly synthesized and the preliminary studies of its DNA cleavage activity. It is characterized and confirmed by methods as 1H NMR and 13C NMR. A “couple hardness with softness” piperazidine is designed to connect guanidinium group and hydroxyl group; The reserch was showed that the best cleaving conditions was 7.2 in pH; Cleaving DNA by the compound reaction was oxidation process that were proved through the free radicals quenches experiments; The compound can cleaved the pUC 19 DNA by phospholipid transferance was proved by BDNPP.
New Chiral and Achiral Imines and Bisimines Derived from 2‐Phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbaldehyde. Synthesis, Structural Studies and Complexation Stability Constants
Authors: Pařík P. , Chlupatý T.
Published: December 2013

Synthesis and properties of new imines and bisimines derived from 2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbaldehyde and amines/diamines were studied. (2‐Phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐yl)methanol was oxidized to 2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbaldehyde with better yield 55% by the modification of literature procedure. This aldehyde was condensed with the following achiral and chiral amines or 1,2‐diamines: ethanamine, propan‐1‐amine, butan‐1‐amine, 2‐methylpropan‐1‐amine, cyclohexanamine, (2R)‐ and (2S)‐3‐methylbutan‐2‐amine, (1R)‐ and (1S)‐1‐cyclohexylethanamine, (S)‐1‐aminopropan‐2‐ol, (S)‐1‐(2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)ethanamine, (S)‐1‐(2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐amine, (S)‐1‐(2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐methylbutan‐1‐amine, ethane‐1,2‐diamine, and (1R,2R)‐ and (1S,2S)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine. Sixteen condensation products, especially chiral imines and bisimines, were prepared by founded procedures in 45–99% of yields and characterized by the 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. The optical rotation values in the case of chiral ones were also observed. Stability constants of Cu(II) complexes of selected prepared imines/bisimines were determined.
Emissions of CO2 and N2O from a pasture soil from Madagascar—Simulating conversion to direct‐seeding mulch‐based cropping in incubations with organic and inorganic inputs
Authors: Rabenarivo Michel , Wrage‐Moennig Nicole , Chotte Jean‐Luc , Rabeharisoa Lilia , Razafimbelo Tantely M. , Chapuis‐Lardy Lydie
Published: November 2013

In the highlands of Madagascar, agricultural expansion gained on grasslands and cropping systems based on direct seeding with permanent vegetation cover are emerging as a means to sustain upland crop production. The objective of this study was to examine how such agricultural practices affect greenhouse‐gas emissions from a loamy Ferralsol previously used as a pasture. We conducted an experiment under controlled laboratory conditions combining cattle manure, crop residues (rice straw), and mineral fertilizers (urea plus NPK or di‐NH4‐phosphate) to mimic on‐field inputs and examined soil CO2 and N2O emissions during a 28‐d incubation at low and high water‐filled pore space (40% and 90% WFPS). Emissions of N2O from the control soil, i.e., soil receiving no input, were extremely small (< 5 ng N2O‐N (g soil)–1 h–1) even under anaerobic conditions. Soil moisture did not affect the order of magnitude of CO2 emissions while N2O fluxes were up to 46 times larger at high soil WFPS, indicating the potential influence of denitrification under these conditions. Both CO2 and N2O emissions were affected by treatments, incubation time, and their interactions. Crop‐residue application resulted in larger fluxes of CO2 but reduced N2O emissions probably due to N immobilization. The use of di‐NH4‐phosphate was a better option than NPK to reduce N2O emissions without increasing CO2 fluxes when soil received mineral fertilizers. Further studies are needed to translate the findings to field conditions and relate greenhouse‐gas budgets to crop production.
Lateglacial rock slope failures in north‐west Ireland: age, causes and implications
Authors: BALLANTYNE COLIN K. , WILSON PETER , SCHNABEL CHRISTOPH , XU SHENG
Published: November 2013

Nine postglacial quartzite rock slope failures (RSFs) in north‐west Ireland were dated using cosmogenic 10Be. Weighted mean RSF ages range from 17.7 ± 0.9 to 12.5 ± 0.7 ka or 16.6 ± 0.7 to 11.7 ± 0.5 ka, depending on assumed 10Be production rate. All dated RSFs occurred within ∼5000 years following ice‐sheet deglaciation at ∼17.4ka (∼16.3 ka) and all but two occurred within 2000 years after deglaciation. The timing of RSFs rules out glacial ‘debuttressing’, permafrost degradation and enhanced deglacial cleft‐water pressures as triggers of failure in most cases. We infer that paraglacial stress release and associated fracture propagation were critical in reducing rock masses to critical stability, although earthquakes caused by Lateglacial glacio‐isostatic rebound and/or release of stored tectonic stresses may have triggered failure in some or all cases. In conjunction with data from related studies, our results imply that most undated RSFs outside the limit of Younger Dryas glaciation in the British Isles are of Lateglacial age, and that numerous Lateglacial RSFs occurred inside these limits, with subsequent removal of debris by glaciers. They support the view that paraglacial RSF activity in tectonically stable intraplate terrains was concentrated within a few millennia following deglaciation.
Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soils of Northeastern Brazil Converted to Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: de Oliveira Sâmia Paiva , de Lacerda Nilda Braga , Blum Susana Churka , Escobar Maria Eugenia Ortiz , de Oliveira Teógenes Senna
Published: December 2013

The productivity of agricultural areas in semi‐arid regions can be improved through the use of irrigation. However, the intensive cropping of such soils can have detrimental effects, especially with regard to soil organic matter (SOM) pools. The goal of this work was to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of different irrigated agricultural systems and compare these to preserved natural ecosystems adjacent to each of the cropping systems. We selected four cropping systems: banana, a maize/bean succession (MB), pasture (P) and guava (G), as well as areas covered by native vegetation. Stocks of total soil organic carbon (TOC), amounts of unprotected and protected soil organic carbon, carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass and microbial respiration were quantified. Surface soil TOC stocks under banana, G and P grass were significantly greater than under native vegetation and MB system. The most intensive management system was the MB, and the least intensive systems were P and G. The least intensive cropping systems were grouped on the basis of similarities in TOC, POC, total soil nitrogen and N in microbial biomass stocks. These results show that the degree of soil degradation resulting from changes in land use systems increases with the intensity of the land use systems themselves. This confirms the established hypothesis that the extent of degradation of soil properties and changes in some SOM fractions depend on the intensity of soil use. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation practices may remediate soil degradation and increase SOM stocks, mainly at the soil's surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery and Development of Small Molecule SHIP Phosphatase Modulators
Authors: Viernes Dennis R. , Choi Lydia B. , Kerr William G. , Chisholm John D.
Published: December 2013

Inositol phospholipids play an important role in the transfer of signaling information across the cell membrane in eukaryotes. These signals are often governed by the phosphorylation patterns on the inositols, which are mediated by a number of inositol kinases and phosphatases. The src homology 2 (SH2) containing inositol 5‐phosphatase (SHIP) plays a central role in these processes, influencing signals delivered through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. SHIP modulation by small molecules has been implicated as a treatment in a number of human disease states, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, alteration of SHIP phosphatase activity may provide a means to facilitate bone marrow transplantation and increase blood cell production. This review discusses the cellular signaling pathways and protein–protein interactions that provide the molecular basis for targeting the SHIP enzyme in these disease states. In addition, a comprehensive survey of small molecule modulators of SHIP1 and SHIP2 is provided, with a focus on the structure, potency, selectivity, and solubility properties of these compounds.
Combination of S‐adenosylhomocysteine and scriptaid, a non‐toxic epigenetic modifying reagent, modulates the reprogramming of bovine somatic‐cell nuclear transfer embryos
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Yongsheng , Sang Yuankun , Zhang Yong , Hua Song
Published: November 2013

The goal of this study was to improve the development of bovine somatic‐cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos by optimizing the combination of DNA methyltransferases inhibitor S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and histone deacetylase inhibitor Scriptaid (SPD). A. 4 × 4‐factor design of different drug combinations (0, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mM SAH and 0, 5, 250, and 500 nM SPD) was used to identify an optimal combination of 0.75 mM SAH and 250 nM SPD that improved the developmental competence of bovine SCNT embryos. Further experiments using this combination revealed that methylation levels of CpG islands near exon 1 of the pluripotent gene SOX2; the epigenetic‐related gene HDAC3 and DNMT3a; imprinted genes XIST and PEG3; as well as apoptosis‐related genes BCL2 and BAX were returned to levels similar to those of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryo after treatment, which also normalized transcript levels for these genes. This combination also returned global DNA methylation to a normal level, correcting H4K12ac levels while enhancing H3K9ac levels. Thus, the combined application of 0.75 mM SAH and 250 nM SPD can significantly improve the reprogramming of bovine SCNT embryos by stabilizing how embryos utilize their genomes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 87–97, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leading non‐Gaussian corrections for diffusion orientation distribution function
Authors: Jensen Jens H. , Helpern Joseph A. , Tabesh Ali
Published: December 2013

An analytical representation of the leading non‐Gaussian corrections for a class of diffusion orientation distribution functions (dODFs) is presented. This formula is constructed from the diffusion and diffusional kurtosis tensors, both of which may be estimated with diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI). By incorporating model‐independent non‐Gaussian diffusion effects, it improves on the Gaussian approximation used in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This analytical representation therefore provides a natural foundation for DKI‐based white matter fiber tractography, which has potential advantages over conventional DTI‐based fiber tractography in generating more accurate predictions for the orientations of fiber bundles and in being able to directly resolve intra‐voxel fiber crossings. The formula is illustrated with numerical simulations for a two‐compartment model of fiber crossings and for human brain data. These results indicate that the inclusion of the leading non‐Gaussian corrections can significantly affect fiber tractography in white matter regions, such as the centrum semiovale, where fiber crossings are common. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How safe are DPP‐4 inhibitors?
Authors: McCreight Laura , Fisher Miles
Published: December 2013

Abstract.
‘End of Life Diabetes Care: A Strategy Document’: where are we one year on in the light of the review of the Liverpool Care Pathway?
Authors: Tapley Michael , Needham Elizabeth , Hoey Louise
Published: December 2013

Abstract.
Comparative effectiveness of rosuvastatin versus simvastatin in primary prevention among new users: a cohort study in the French national health insurance database
Authors: Neumann Anke , Maura Géric , Weill Alain , Ricordeau Philippe , Alla François , Allemand Hubert
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Using the French claims database (Système National d'Information Inter‐Régimes de l'Assurance Maladie) linked to the hospital discharge database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information), this observational study compared the effectiveness of rosuvastatin and simvastatin prescribed at doses with close LDL‐cholesterol‐lowering potency on all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCDs) in primary prevention.

Methods

This historical cohort included patients with no prior CCD, aged 40–79 years, who initiated statin therapy with rosuvastatin 5 mg or simvastatin 20 mg in 2008–2009 in general practice. Follow‐up started after a 1‐year period used to select patients who regularly received the initial treatment.

In an intention‐to‐treat analysis, patients were followed up to December 2011. In a per‐protocol analysis, they were censored prematurely when they discontinued their initial treatment. Adjustment for baseline covariates (age, deprivation index, comedications, comorbidities, prior hospital admissions) was carried out by a Cox proportional hazards model. In the per‐protocol analysis, estimation was done by “inverse probability of censoring weighting” using additional time‐dependent covariates. Analyses were gender‐specific.

Results

A total of 106 941 patients initiated statin therapy with rosuvastatin 5 mg and 56 860 with simvastatin 20 mg. Mean follow‐up was 35.8 months. For both genders and both types of analyses, the difference in incidence rates of mortality and/or CCD between rosuvastatin 5 mg and simvastatin 20 mg users was not statistically significant after adjustment (e.g., for CCD and/or mortality in men, in intention‐to‐treat analysis HR = 0.94 [95% CI = 0.85–1.04], in per‐protocol analysis HR = 0.98 [0.87–1.10]).

Conclusions

The results of this real‐life study based on medico‐administrative databases do not support preferential prescription of rosuvastatin compared to simvastatin for primary prevention of CCD. © 2013 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Peptide ligation chemistry at selenol amino acids
Authors: Malins Lara R. , Mitchell Nicholas J. , Payne Richard J.
Published: November 2013

The convergent assembly of peptide fragments by native chemical ligation has revolutionized the way in which proteins can be accessed by chemical synthesis. A variation of native chemical ligation involves the reaction of peptides bearing an N‐terminal selenocysteine residue with peptide thioesters, which proceeds through the same mechanism as the parent reaction. This transformation was first investigated in 2001 for the installation of selenocysteine into peptides and proteins via ligation chemistry. The recent discovery that selenocysteine residues within peptides can be chemoselectively deselenized without the concomitant desulfurization of cysteine residues has led to renewed interest in ligation chemistry at selenocysteine. This review outlines the use of selenocysteine in ligation chemistry as well as recent investigations of chemoselective ligation–deselenization chemistry at other selenol‐derived amino acids that have the potential to greatly expand the number of targets that can be accessed by chemical synthesis. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hole spin dynamics and valence‐band spin excitations in two‐dimensional hole systems
Authors: Korn T. , Schüller C.
Published: December 2013

In recent years, the spin dynamics and spin–orbit interaction in GaAs‐based two‐dimensional hole systems (2DHS) have created a lot of attention. This is due to the complex structure of the valence band, with its p‐like character, which leads to strong spin–orbit coupling. In this paper, we review our recent studies on hole spin dynamics and valence‐band spin excitations in GaAs‐based, p‐modulation‐doped quantum wells (QWs). In 2DHS with low carrier concentration, we demonstrate that maximizing the heavy‐hole–light‐hole band splitting by changing the QW width leads to long hole spin dephasing times at low temperatures. Different mechanisms for initializing a resident hole spin polarization by optical excitation are presented. To accurately determine hole spin dynamics parameters, the resonant spin amplification technique is utilized. The strong anisotropy of the hole g factor, and electrical g factor control are investigated, using this technique. In highly doped 2DHS, we use resonant inelastic light scattering (RILS) to study the spin splitting of the valence band. We observe a low‐energy spin‐density excitation (SDE), which is a measure of the spin splitting of the hole ground state. By varying the laser energy in the RILS experiment, we can resonantly probe the k dependence of the spin splitting. The spectral shape of the SDE depends on the orientation of the light polarizations relative to the crystal axes and reflects the in‐plane anisotropy of the valence‐band spin splitting.
Spin hot spots in single‐electron GaAs‐based quantum dots
Authors: Raith Martin , Pangerl Thomas , Stano Peter , Fabian Jaroslav
Published: December 2013

Spin relaxation of a single electron in a weakly coupled double quantum dot is calculated numerically. The phonon‐assisted spin flip is allowed by the presence of the linear and cubic spin–orbit couplings and nuclear spins. The rate is calculated as a function of the interdot coupling, the magnetic field strength and orientation, and the dot bias. In an in‐plane magnetic field, the rate is strongly anisotropic with respect to the magnetic field orientation, due to the anisotropy of the spin–orbit interactions. The nuclear spin influence is negligible. In an out‐of‐plane field, the nuclear spins play a more important role due selection rules imposed on the spin–orbit couplings. Our theory shows a very good agreement with data measured by Srinivasa et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 196803 (2013)], allowing us to extract information on the linear spin–orbit interactions strengths in that experiment. We estimate that they correspond to spin–orbit lengths of about 5–15 m.
Cyclical dynamics of airline industry earnings
Authors: Pierson Kawika , Sterman John D.
Published: November 2013

Aggregate airline industry earnings have exhibited large‐amplitude cyclical behavior since deregulation in 1978. To explore the causes of these cycles we develop a behavioral dynamic model of the airline industry with endogenous capacity expansion, demand, pricing, and other feedbacks; and model several strategies industry actors have employed in efforts to mitigate the cycle. We estimate model parameters by maximum likelihood methods during both partial model tests and full model estimation using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to establish confidence intervals. Contrary to prior work we find that the delay in aircraft acquisition (the supply line of capacity on order) is not a very influential determinant of the profit cycle. Instead we find that aggressive use of yield management—varying prices to ensure high load factors (capacity utilization)—may have the unintended effect of increasing earnings variance by increasing the sensitivity of profit to changes in demand. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society
A scale space multiresolution method for extraction of time series features
Authors: Pasanen Leena , Launonen Ilkka , Holmström Lasse
Published: November 2013

A scale space multiresolution feature extraction method is proposed for time series data. The method detects intervals where time series features differ from their surroundings, and it produces a multiresolution analysis of the series as a sum of scale‐dependent components. These components are obtained from differences of smooths. The relevant sequence of smoothing levels is determined using derivatives of smooths with respect to the logarithm of the smoothing parameter. As time series are usually noisy, the method uses Bayesian inference to establish the credibility of the components. © The Authors. Stat published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Meeting First‐Year Challenges in Reading Instruction
Authors: Noll Brandi L. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: December 2013

The first year of teaching is often the hardest for most beginners as knowledge and skills gained from teacher preparation meet real world challenges. This article follows two teachers into their first year and describes how they adapt and align what they know about reading best practices to their local situations. Two all‐too‐common challenges are explored: filling curriculum gaps and ensuring systematic instruction of essential skills. The pair find that collaboration with their mentor teachers and their own preparation help them to creatively meet the challenges they face. They demonstrate that there is no substitute for strong teacher preparation that develops the knowledge and skills beginners need for classroom success.
Assessing Motivation to Read
Authors: Malloy Jacquelynn A. , Marinak Barbara A. , Gambrell Linda B. , Mazzoni Susan A.
Published: December 2013

For most classroom teachers, recognizing when students are engaged in literacy activities – and perhaps more glaringly, when they are not – is a process that is key to evaluating the potential success of the instruction being offered. Students who are engaged have their eyes on what they are doing, are ardently attending to the teacher's read aloud or in reflective repose as they read independently. Moreover, students who are motivated to participate in literacy instruction are on task, cognitively and strategically engaged with the material, and perhaps affectively responding to the activity as well. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to report on an updated and more reliable revision of the Motivation to Read Profile (MRP‐R) and to engage in a discussion of how periodic, class‐wide administration of the MRP‐R can inform practices to support motivating classroom contexts.
The Tough Part
Authors: Mahiri Jabari , Maniates Helen
Published: December 2013

Literacy engagement is critical to the development of reading proficiency. Yet, many students, having had varied and often limited experiences with formal literacy practices, begin schooling in an interstitial state that might more accurately be called “pre‐engagement” where though eager to learn, they are unsure how to fully focus on academic tasks. This qualitative study of a strategic case of a highly effective first grade teacher in a challenging urban setting revealed the importance of systematically structuring student participation and accountability through particular pedagogical strategies in order to move students from this state of pre‐engagement to becoming fully “engaged” in reading. Analysis of her case indicated the significance of specific instructional and dispositional strategies and how they directly connected to clearly articulated teaching perspectives. The study found that these strategies provided intentional structures for encouraging, but also holding students accountable for participation and focus for the duration of rigorous learning tasks. These participatory structures opened viable pathways to getting first graders engaged in reading.
Solvothermal Reactions between Barium, Manganese, and Tellurium in Methylamine – the Formation of Polytellurides and Unexpected Cyanido Complexes
Authors: Kysliak Oleksandr , Beck Johannes
Published: November 2013

The reactions between elemental barium or manganese and tellurium in methylamine under solvothermal conditions at temperatures between 50 and 100 °C yield the tri‐ and ditellurides [Ba(MeNH2)3]Te3 (1) and [Mn(MeNH2)4Te2]n (2). The analogous reactions with mixtures of both metals barium and manganese lead additionally to cyanide‐containing species [Mn2(MeNH2)9(μ‐CN)(Te2)]2(Te2) (3) and [Mn2(MeNH2)10(μ‐CN)]2(Te3)3·4MeNH2 (4). Under solvothermal conditions in the presence of metallic barium and manganese methylamine partially undergoes dehydrogenation being converted to cyanide ions. In the structure of 1, Ba2+ is coordinated by three MeNH2 ligands and five tellurium atoms of surrounding Te32– anions, which are associated to infinite (Te32–)n polyanionic chains. 2 is a coordination polymer with Mn(MeNH2)4 groups connected by Te2 units to chains [Te–Te–Mn–]n. 3 and 4 are molecular compounds, consisting of cationic dinuclear complexes with almost linear Mn2+–CN–Mn2+ bridges. In the structures 2–4 manganese is in octahedral coordination.
Modeling socio‐economic aspects of ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation
Authors: Lee Joung Hun , Iwasa Yoh
Published: December 2013

For successful ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation, in addition to ecological and evolutionary processes, we need to consider social and economic influences on the management target. Here, we introduce several theoretical models that address economic and social aspects of the human society which are closely related to ecosystem management. The first model analyzes economic decisions on the use of the common fishing ground in Jeju Island, Korea, by traditional divers and tourists. We observe that the way the number of tourists increases with the availability of resources strongly influences how benefits are distributed among fishing ground stakeholders. The second model discusses activities that raise public awareness about biodiversity, which will help maintain public support for conservation in the future. Based on control theory, we derive the optimal investment in these activities to maximize the long‐term quality of the conservation target. The third model analyzes punishment scheme as a mechanism to enforce people to follow the regulation on the use of common resource. An important aspect of successful management is “graduated punishment”, in which the severity of the punishment applied to deviators gradually increases with the amount of harm caused by deviation from the rule. We show that graduated punishment is the most efficient way to ensure cooperation when evaluation errors are unavoidable and when people are heterogeneous with respect to the sensitivity to utility differences. We conclude that socio‐economic aspects related to ecosystem management are promising research foci of theoretical ecology.
Fermentation of soybean oil deodorizer distillate with Candida tropicalis to concentrate phytosterols and to produce sterols-rich yeast cells
Authors: Zhao Guoqun , Hu Tao , Zhao Lihua
Published: December 2013

Phytosterols have been recovered from the deodorizer distillate produced in the final deodorization step of vegetable oil refining by various processes. The deodorizer distillate contains mainly free fatty acids (FFAs), phytosterols, and tocopherols. The presence of FFAs hinders recovery of phytosterols. In this study, fermentation of soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) with Candida tropicalis 1253 was carried out. FFAs were utilized as carbon source and converted into cellular components as the yeast cells grew. Phytosterols concentration in SODD increased from 15.2 to 28.43 % after fermentation. No significant loss of phytosterols was observed during the process. Microbial fermentation of SODD is a potential approach to concentrate phytosterols before the recovery of phytosterols from SODD. During SODD fermentation, sterols-rich yeast cells were produced and the content of total sterols was as high as 6.96 %, but its major sterol was not ergosterol, which is the major sterol encountered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Except ergosterol, other sterols synthesized in the cells need to be identified.
Factor Copula Models for Item Response Data
Authors: Nikoloulopoulos Aristidis K. , Joe Harry
Published: December 2013

Factor or conditional independence models based on copulas are proposed for multivariate discrete data such as item responses. The factor copula models have interpretations of latent maxima/minima (in comparison with latent means) and can lead to more probability in the joint upper or lower tail compared with factor models based on the discretized multivariate normal distribution (or multidimensional normal ogive model). Details on maximum likelihood estimation of parameters for the factor copula model are given, as well as analysis of the behavior of the log-likelihood. Our general methodology is illustrated with several item response data sets, and it is shown that there is a substantial improvement on existing models both conceptually and in fit to data.
Modeling Motivated Misreports to Sensitive Survey Questions
Authors: Böckenholt Ulf
Published: December 2013

Asking sensitive or personal questions in surveys or experimental studies can both lower response rates and increase item non-response and misreports. Although non-response is easily diagnosed, misreports are not. However, misreports cannot be ignored because they give rise to systematic bias. The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling approach that identifies misreports and corrects for them. Misreports are conceptualized as a motivated process under which respondents edit their answers before they report them. For example, systematic bias introduced by overreports of socially desirable behaviors or underreports of less socially desirable ones can be modeled, leading to more-valid inferences. The proposed approach is applied to a large-scale experimental study and shows that respondents who feel powerful tend to overclaim their knowledge.
Reprint of “Quantitative evaluation of brain development using anatomical MRI and diffusion tensor imaging”
Authors: Oishi Kenichi , Faria Andreia V. , Yoshida Shoko , Chang Linda , Mori Susumu
Published: December 2013

The development of the brain is structure‐specific, and the growth rate of each structure differs depending on the age of the subject. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate brain development because of the high spatial resolution and contrast that enable the observation of structure‐specific developmental status. Currently, most clinical MRIs are evaluated qualitatively to assist in the clinical decision‐making and diagnosis. The clinical MRI report usually does not provide quantitative values that can be used to monitor developmental status. Recently, the importance of image quantification to detect and evaluate mild‐to‐moderate anatomical abnormalities has been emphasized because these alterations are possibly related to several psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. In the research arena, structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been widely applied to quantify brain development of the pediatric population. To interpret the values from these MR modalities, a “growth percentile chart,” which describes the mean and standard deviation of the normal developmental curve for each anatomical structure, is required. Although efforts have been made to create such a growth percentile chart based on MRI and DTI, one of the greatest challenges is to standardize the anatomical boundaries of the measured anatomical structures. To avoid inter‐ and intra‐reader variability about the anatomical boundary definition, and hence, to increase the precision of quantitative measurements, an automated structure parcellation method, customized for the neonatal and pediatric population, has been developed. This method enables quantification of multiple MR modalities using a common analytic framework. In this paper, the attempt to create an MRI‐ and a DTI‐based growth percentile chart, followed by an application to investigate developmental abnormalities related to cerebral palsy, Williams syndrome, and Rett syndrome, have been introduced. Future directions include multimodal image analysis and personalization for clinical application.
Thoracoscopic phrenic nerve patch insulation to avoid phrenic nerve stimulation with cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Nozoe Masatsugu , Tanaka Yasuaki , Koyama Junjiroh , Oshitomi Takashi , Honda Toshihiro , Yoshioka Masakazu , Iwatani Kazunori , Hirayama Touitsu , Nakao Koichi
Published: December 2013

A 76‐year‐old female was implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device, with the left ventricular lead implanted through a transvenous approach. One day after implantation, diaphragmatic stimulation was observed when the patient was in the seated position, which could not be resolved by device reprogramming. We performed thoracoscopic phrenic nerve insulation using a Gore‐Tex patch. The left phrenic nerve was carefully detached from the pericardial adipose tissue, and a Gore‐Tex patch was inserted between the phrenic nerve and pericardium using a thoracoscopic technique. This approach represents a potential option for the management of uncontrollable phrenic nerve stimulation during CRT.
Dose and Content of Training Provided to Stroke Survivors with Severe Upper Limb Disability Undertaking Inpatient Rehabilitation: An Observational Study
Authors: Hayward Kathryn S. , Barker Ruth N. , Wiseman Amy H. , Brauer Sandra G.
Published: November 2013

Background: To retrain upper limb function after stroke, a high dose of activity-related therapy is recommended. However, observational studies indicate that the dose undertaken is minimal. While it is speculated that those with severe disability will perform less therapy, this remains to be explored.

Objective: Quantify the dose and content of upper limb therapy performed by stroke survivors with severe upper limb disability during routine inpatient rehabilitation.

Methods: Therapy provided by physiotherapists and occupational therapists to 32 stroke survivors receiving inpatient rehabilitation over 20 weekdays was recorded. Dose of individual and group therapy was analysed by discipline and severity of upper and lower limb disability. Dose and content of individual therapy was also analysed by functional domain.

Results: On average, 46 minutes of individual and 11 minutes of group upper limb therapy were provided per participant, per day. Occupational therapists provided a higher dose of both individual and group therapy compared to physiotherapists (p < 0.0005). Findings suggest that greater residual upper and lower limb movement can lead to provision of a higher dose of activity-related therapy. Within individual therapy, a higher dose (29 versus 17 minutes, p < 0.002) and greater number (1218 versus 549) of impairment- than activity-related interventions were administered.

Conclusions: The dose of activity-related upper limb therapy provided to stroke survivors with severe disability was limited. There is a need to identify interventions and models of service delivery that can increase the intensity and appropriateness of therapy that stroke survivors with severe disability undertake during inpatient rehabilitation.
Beyond the Usual Suspects: Non-Left, Male and Non-Feminist MPs and the Substantive Representation of Women
Authors: Celis Karen , Erzeel Silvia
Published: December 2013

The focus on female MPs and leftist and feminist issues in traditional studies of women's substantive representation has supported the overall conclusion that women, feminists and left-wing parties promote women's interests in parliament. But our analysis of the ‘critical actors’ in women's substantive representation in 10 European countries confirms this finding only to a certain extent. Our inductive research design reveals an important group of less obvious actors: non-left, non-feminist and male MPs. That they speak out on behalf of women points to the necessity of revisiting our theories on women's substantive representation.
The one and the many: effects of the cell adhesion molecule pathway on neuropsychological function in psychosis
Authors: Hargreaves A. , Anney R. , O'Dushlaine C. , Nicodemus K. K. ,   Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium (PGC-SCZ),   Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, Gill M. , Corvin A. , Morris D. , Donohoe Gary
Published: November 2013

Background

Genetic studies of single gene variants have been criticized as providing a simplistic characterization of the genetic basis of illness risk that ignores the effects of other variants within the same biological pathways. Of candidate biological pathways for schizophrenia (SZ), the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathway has repeatedly been linked to both psychosis and neurocognitive dysfunction. Here we tested, using risk allele scores derived from the Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium (PGC-SCZ), whether alleles within the CAM pathway were correlated with poorer neuropsychological function in patients.

Method

In total, 424 patients with psychosis were assessed in areas of cognitive ability typically found to be impaired in SZ: intelligence quotient, memory, working memory and attentional control. CAM pathway genes were identified using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Alleles within these genes identified as significantly associated with SZ risk in the PGC-SCZ were then used to calculate a CAM pathway-based polygenic risk allele score for each patient and these scores were tested for association with cognitive ability.

Results

Increased CAM pathway polygenic risk scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on measures of memory and attention, explaining 1–3% of variation on these measures. Notably, the most strongly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CAM pathway (rs9272105 withinHLA-DQA1) explained a similar amount of variance in attentional control, but not memory, as the polygenic risk analysis.

Conclusions

These data support a role for the CAM pathway in cognitive function, both at the level of individual SNPs and the wider pathway. In so doing these data highlight the value of pathway-based polygenic risk score studies as well as single gene studies for understanding SZ-associated deficits in cognition.
The Objects of the Royal Historical Society
Authors: Herbage William
Published: December 2013

The “Historical Society” was established in 1868, and was authorized in 1872, by the permission of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen to use the title:—

“Royal Historical Society.”
Presidential Address
Authors: Grant Duff Mountstuart E.
Published: December 2013

In previous Addresses I have spoken of Thucydides, Tacitus, Herodotus, and Aristotle, with special reference to the amount of light to be gained from their writings by the modernstatesman. To-day I propose to take for my subject a far less famous personage, but one who should certainly not be passed over without some notice, by anybody who is interested in the contributions made by the ancient world to political thought.
Presidential Address
Authors: Duff Mountstuart E. Grant
Published: December 2013

I wish in this, the eighth and last of the Presidential Addresses which I have been privileged to deliver, to carry you to the East, and to offer for your consideration some thoughts which have been brought back to my mind by a book I have been reading lately. This is an English translation by Mr. Beauchamp, a gentleman resident in Madras, made from the complete and corrected work of the Abbé Dubois upon Hindu manners, customs and ceremonies, which has been hitherto inedited. The Madras Government has very properly given its sanction and assistance to Mr. Beauchamp's useful labours. The Abbe Dubois was a very remarkable man who in 1793, soon after becoming a priest, left France, in which anarchy was reigning supreme, and embarking for India buried himself for thirty years, in the Southern part of that country, devoting himself to the conversion of the natives.
Some Mercenaries of Henry of Lancaster, 1327–1330
Authors: Redstone V. B.
Published: December 2013

There are three sources, distinct in character, which supply materials whereby historians may be able to study the military characteristics of the period under discussion. The authentic Government records, existing either in printed form, as Palgrave's ‘Writs,’ Rymer's ‘Foedera,’ ‘Statutes of the Realm,’ and the like, or among the vast mass of original documents still lying unpublished in the Public Record Office, show the conditions of military service under the King. Numerous chronicles, as those of Geoffrey le Baker, ‘Annales Londonienses’ and others, the works of partisan clerks or monks, which form the second source, give a prejudiced and often an exaggerated account of the movements of Lancaster, Mortimer and the King, marked by an inaccuracy which was doubtless due to the writers' dependence upon second-hand information. The third source is that which has recently been made more accessible, though not to the extent which may be desired, by the publication of various local records in the Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commissioners and of such useful works as the ‘Calendars of the City of London Letter Books’ and Miss M. Bateson's ‘Calendar of the Records of the Borough of Leicester.’ This new source of historical facts has an advantage over the other two in that it deals with events chronicled at the very time of their occurrence, and also places on record, without comment, mere statements of facts, including also the personal evidence of the chief actors in, and originators of, the incidents under consideration. The great historical value of this third source calls attention to the need for further publications of borough records such as the Memoranda Rolls of the City of London, a calendar of which Dr. Reginald Sharpe has now commenced. It is from these Memoranda Rolls, which contain letters from the King and from Henry of Lancaster, that the present paper attempts to throw new light upon the history of Mortimer's ascendency during the years 1327 to 1330.
The earliest Anglo-Latin poet: Lutting of Lindisfarne
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: December 2013

In a ninth-century manuscript now in St Gallen (Stiftsbibliothek, 254) are found three Latin poems in three different metres dedicated by a poet who names himself as Lutting, in memory of his master Bede who, according to the first of the poems, died in AD 681 (and cannot, therefore, have been the much better known Bede of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow). In the St Gallen manuscript the poems are transmitted alongside Cuthbert's Epistola de obitu Bedae; judging from the language of Bede's ‘Death Song’ which it contains, the Epistola was copied from a Northumbrian exemplar, and the same is apparently true of the three Latin poems. The fact that the names of Lutting and his master Bede are found near to each other in the Durham Liber Vitae raises the possibility that they were together at Lindisfarne; and detailed metrical analysis indicates that two of the poems follow Hiberno-Latin metrical practice in significant ways, which also points to the Irish cultural milieu of Lindisfarne. In an Appendix, the poems are edited for the first time, with translation and commentary.
Scribal errors of proper names in the Beowulf manuscript
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: December 2013

Scribal errors involving proper names appear throughout the manuscript of Beowulf. The scribes misrecognized names, converted them into common nouns of similar appearance, and spaced them into units that reflect incomprehension. This study assesses the implications of these errors for the engagement and awareness of the scribes, then considers their bearing on the dating and editing of Beowulf. The proper name errors reveal that the scribes were unfamiliar with the heroic-legendary traditions constituting Beowulf. The collective presence of these errors supports the probability that the extant manuscript of Beowulf is a copy of a centuries-old poem, not of a recent composition.
A new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix
Authors: Kershaw Jane , Naismith Rory
Published: December 2013

In 2010 a new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix was found in Hampshire. The seal die is copper-alloy and engraved on both sides. On the obverse, it portrays and names a man called Ælfric, while the reverse is decorated with acanthus ornamentation characteristic of the later tenth- and eleventh-century ‘Winchester’ style. Unlike any other surviving English matrix of this period, it carries the remnants of gilding once applied across the surface and would thus have appeared to be made of gold. It is only the fourth known surviving Anglo-Saxon seal matrix, and the first to come to light in almost forty years.
The Institution of Property
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: December 2013

The typical method of acquiring a property right involves transfer from a previous owner. But sooner or later, that chain of transfers traces back to the beginning. That is why we have a philosophical problem. How does a thing legitimately become a piece of propertyfor the first time?

In this essay, I follow the custom of distinguishing between mere liberties and full-blooded rights. If I have thelibertyof doingX, then it is permissible for me to doX. But the mere fact that I am at liberty to doXleaves open the possibility that you might be at liberty to interfere with my doingX. Accordingly, liberties are not full-blooded rights, since my having arightto doXhas the additional implication that others are not at liberty to interfere with my doingX. When it comes to mere liberties, interference is not a violation. You can violate rights, but you cannot violate liberties.
The Advantages and Difficulties of the Humean Theory of Property
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: December 2013

In recent years there has been growing interest in the contrast between Humean theories of property, on the one hand, and Lockean and Rousseauian theories, on the other. The contrast is a broad and abstract one, along the following lines.
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CITIZEN DELIBERATIONS ON THE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY PROCESS – ERRATUM
Authors: Abelson J. , Bombard Y. , Gauvin F. , Simeonov D. , Boesveld S.
Published: December 2013

In the original publication of ‘Assessing the Impacts of Citizen Deliberations on the Health Technology Process’ the title was published incorrectly. The correct title should be: Assessing the Impacts of Citizen Deliberations on the Health Technology Assessment Process. The publisher regrets this error.
APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING, MEASURING, AND AGGREGATING ELEMENTS OF VALUE
Authors: Towse Adrian , Barnsley Paul
Published: December 2013

Background: Two general alternative approaches, cost-effectiveness analysis and the therapeutic added value approach, link the pricing and approval of drugs to value. Value as assessed by payers is a function of: benefit less cost, willingness to pay for benefit, and how they handle uncertainty.

Methods: This study uses international examples to explore the elements of value that can be included in the assessment of health technologies, approaches to scoring the elements of value and how they can be combined to make a decision.

Results: A range of value elements, measures, and approaches to aggregation are identified across different HTA systems. We show that seemingly arbitrary differences in measurement and aggregation can lead to significantly different outcomes, and argue that the choice of values, measures, and decision-making processes should be informed by the societal values that underpin a health system.

Conclusions: We identify three areas for further research to improve both health system and industry R&D decision making: (i) whether more consistency could be achieved across health systems on the elements of value that matter; (ii) the relative merits of discrete versus continuous measures of value; and (iii) how structured decision making (to aggregate the elements of value) could or should become.