bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interventions for Positively Reinforced School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter covers contingency management and family-based practices for children refusing school for positive reinforcement outside of school. Detailed recommendations are made for instituting morning routines, attending to appropriate behaviors, providing incentives and disincentives as needed, and altering parent commands. In addition, family work can include agreements for problem-solving and enhanced communication, such as contracts, as well as work with parents to modify academic requirements in line with a particular youth’s attendance status and potential pathway toward graduation. Other recommendations include escorting youth to school, increasing supervision, helping a youth refuse offers to miss school, and implementing attendance journals, among others.
Forensic Mental Health Services and Competence to Stand Trial
Authors: Roesch Ronald
Published: April 2018

This chapter traces the author’s entry into the field of psychology and law in the late 1960s and 1970s. His interests began when he was an undergraduate working in a state mental hospital during the early years of the deinstitutionalization movement, followed by his involvement in creating a pretrial diversion program while he was a graduate student. The chapter then turns to the author’s seminal studies of competence to stand trial and reviews the advances in the field that have led to more structured, reliable, and valid assessments of competence as well as community-based alternatives for assessment and treatment. The chapter concludes with an assessment of progress and ongoing challenges.
Using goals in therapy
Authors: Feltham Amy , Martin Kate , Walker Leanne , Harris Lydia
Published: April 2018

The chapter ‘Using goals in therapy: the perspective of people with lived experience’ explores clients’ views of the benefits, issues, and challenges of using goals in therapy. The chapter is written by and provides the authentic voice of people with lived experience of therapy that work to improve mental health services. It discusses the importance of using goals in therapy, how using goals can help clients to feel in control of the therapeutic process and enable them to feel heard, validated, and involved in their care. It also explores the key difficulties and challenges of using goals in therapy from the perspective of clients and provides suggestions on how therapists can avoid or overcome these.
Reoperation for Medulloblastoma Prior to Adjuvant Therapy
Authors: Patel Prayash , Wallace David , Boop Frederick A , Vaughn Brandy , Robinson Giles W , Gajjar Amar , Klimo Paul
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Surgery remains an integral part of the treatment of medulloblastoma. We present our experience with repeat surgery for this tumor before initiation of adjuvant therapy.

OBJECTIVE

To report what was found intraoperatively and where at time of second-look surgery and detail any postoperative events or readmissions within 90 days of surgery.

METHODS

Two separate institutional databases were queried to identify patients who underwent repeat resection of suspected residual medulloblastoma from January 2003 to January 2017.

RESULTS

We identified 51 patients (36 male, 15 female) who underwent repeat surgery. Average age at diagnosis was 8.31 years (range, 1.3-21.2). Imaging prior to repeat surgery demonstrated unequivocal residual tumor in 37 patients, but indeterminate in 14 patients. All but 1 patient had histopathologically confirmed residual tumor (50/51, 98%). The fourth ventricle was the primary site in 39 (76%) cases, compared with hemispheric in 12 cases (24%). Thirty (59%) tumors were non-WNT/non-SHH. All indeterminate cases (except for 1 patient) had residual tumor. Hemostatic agents were found within the resection cavity in 80% of indeterminate cases. The most common sites of residual tumor were lateral (26/39, 67%, lateral recess and/or foramen of Luschka) and roof (25/39, 64%); the superior medullary velum was the most common region of the roof (19/25, 76%). Eight (16%) patients developed new neurological deficits: cranial nerve palsies in 5 patients and posterior fossa syndrome in 3 patients.

CONCLUSION

Meticulous inspection of the resection cavity is necessary, paying particular attention to the roof and lateral recess. Hemostatic agents can conceal residual tumor.
Rock Shrines, Ceque Lines, and Pilgrimage in the Inca Provinces
Authors: Christie Jessica Joyce
Published: April 2018

This chapter links rock shrines, ceque lines, and pilgrimage as an imperial strategy devised in the heartland and exported into the provinces to order and coalesce Inca territories into an empire-wide ideological geography. Current understandings of carved rock shrines/huacas as materializations of stone ideology are explained. These rock huacas defined certain ceque lines and roads, and their political charge was performed in pilgrimage-related rituals. These roads, as well as their stony markers, could hold many positions on the fluid continuum between physical, functional, symbolic, ideological, and conceptual, and thus, functioned both as long-distance ceques and ceque shrines. Evidence from the provinces is presented in three case studies: the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca, Vilcashuamán/Intiwatana, and Ingapirca/Coyuctur.
Performances of “Pasts”
Authors: Covey Catherine
Published: April 2018

Using Cuzco’s historical landscape as a lens, this chapter considers the appropriation of the Incaic past and the intersections of indigeneity, tourism and world heritage. These themes are defined and historicized through the iconic spaces and infrastructure of Cuzco as the imperial capital, through its transformation into a colonial town, and through the city’s complicated role as a symbol of modern Peru. This background contextualizes the city in the second half of the twentieth century. Following an earthquake in 1950, UNESCO revived the Incaic past in an attempt to rebuilt and safeguard the city. This laid groundwork for subsequent master plans in the city, cultural tourism and world heritage. Contemporary Cuzco features a multifaceted heritage industry that capitalizes on the Andean past and its legacies. Clustered around the Plaza de Armas, the “heart” of the ancient Inca city, Cuzco’s Historic Center is the principal urban site where these historical themes and ideological projects converge.
Making the Typical Exceptional
Authors: Jennings Justin , Duke Guy
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the foods and drinks typically consumed in the Inca Empire, with a focus on the highland core. The Inca created a haute cuisine from these commonly consumed objects and then used this cuisine to distinguish elites from non-elites. More important, imperial administrators employed Inca haute cuisine at feasts to tie subjects to the state. By accepting a meal that was categorically distinct from what could be made at home, individuals accepted a social debt to the empire that could never be fully repaid. Specially produced and served consumables, especially maize beer, were thus an essential part of Inca statecraft.
Inca Colonial Encounters and Incorporation in Northern Argentina
Authors: Acuto Felix , Leibowicz Ivan
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses Inca rule over Northern Argentina from a landscape perspective, analyzing the politics of space of Inca imperialism. For the indigenous peoples of this rather large region of the South Andes, this process of colonial encounter entailed their forced relocation, the imposition of an Inca landscape overlapping the native one, the intrusion and remodeling of some of their towns and villages, and the seizure of their sacred places and shrines. Through this strategic intervention and reshaping of the native landscape, the Incas sought to construct a new socio-spatial order that served them to set the relationships with their subjects, to spread their ideology, and to redefine the interaction with supernatural entities.
The Development and Variation of Inca Architecture
Authors: Protzen Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2018

The earliest Europeans in the Andes marveled at the quality of Inca masonry and the engineering of imperial infrastructure. Hiram Bingham’s rediscovery of Machu Picchu brought international attention to Inca architecture, and in recent decades, scholars have begun to place the most elaborate Inca constructions into a broader context. Inca architecture is found at special sites, including royal estates, administrative sites on the royal road networks, and religious shrines. Much of the finest Inca construction is found in the Cuzco region, where several structural types can be discerned. Beyond the capital region, Inca architecture appears in a wide range of hybrid structures, as well as in design features that echo the elite buildings of Cuzco. Although the finest Inca constructions were built of stone, other materials were used to build and roof imperial buildings, and the use of adobe and other materials connotes status and stylistic variations across the empire.
Conclusions
Authors: Covey Alan , Alconini Sonia
Published: April 2018

This chapter is an editorial conclusion to Part 1, addressing the themes of Inca origins that emerged in chapters on colonial chronicles, Andean prehistory, and the material remains of the Inca transformation of the city of Cuzco and its surrounding region. The concluding chapter focuses on the interplay between documentary and archaeological reconstructions of Inca origins, which begin at different points in the past and offer distinct narrative scales. Although colonial histories provided the sole source of information on Inca origins for centuries, archaeology has introduced important new questions about the relationships between the Inca Empire and earlier Andean states.
Conclusions
Authors: Alconini Sonia , Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

This chapter serves as an editorial overview summarizing salient topics appearing in the chapters of Part 5, which focus on religious aspects of Inca expansion and administration. The Incas emphasized the sacred power of their capital, Cuzco, as they entered local landscapes populated by supernatural forces. Cuzco held important temples and shrines, and its imperial highways connected to the sacred networks of other peoples. Like other Andean societies, the Incas moved between sacred places to offer sacrifices, and as their empire grew they developed long-distance pilgrimages to important locations. The most important imperial sacrifice was the capacocha, which offered human victims to powerful supernatural entities. Inca efforts to build new sacred networks reflect their desires to appropriate local sacred power, and the constraints that local shrines presented for establishing imperial authority.
The Ritual Landscape of the Inca
Authors: Bauer Brian
Published: April 2018

At the time of the European invasion of the Andes (1532 ce), many of the shrines (huacas) around Cuzco were organized along ritual pathways (ceques) that radiated out from the Temple of the Sun, at the heart of the city. According to the few existing descriptions of this ritual system, there were more than 328 shrines, and they were conceptually organized along forty-two paths. The shrines were represented by a wide range of natural features, such as caves, boulders, springs, and mountaintops, as well as by artificial features, such as houses, fountains, and canals. Each of the shrines required prayers and offerings. Responsibility for maintenance of the shrines along each ceque was divided among the various kin groups of the city. Frequently called “the Cuzco ceque system,” this network of shrines and lines represents the most complex ritual systems yet identified in the ancient New World.
One Foot on the Streets, One Foot on the Web
Authors: Gerbaudo Paolo
Published: April 2018

Digital communication technologies are modifying how social movements communicate internally and externally and the way participants are organized and mobilized. This transformation calls for a rethinking of how we conceive of and analyze them. Scholars cannot be content with studying the digital and the physical or the online and the offline separately, but must explore the imbrication between these aspects by studying how the elements of social movements combine in a political “ensemble,” an ecosystem, or an action texture, defining the possibilities and limits of collective action. This chapter proposes a qualitative methodology combining analysis of digital media with observations of events and interviews with participants to develop a holistic account of collective action. This methodology is best positioned to capture the changing nature and meaning of protest action in a digital era, producing a “thick account” of the relationship between digital politics and everyday life.
Catching the Wandering Mind
Authors: Hasenkamp Wendy
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers a form of attention-based meditation as a novel means to gain insight into the mechanisms and phenomenology of spontaneous thought. Focused attention (FA) meditation involves keeping one’s attention on a chosen object, and repeatedly catching the mind when it strays from the object into spontaneous thought. This practice can thus be viewed as a kind of self-caught mind-wandering paradigm, which suggests it may have great utility for research on spontaneous thought. Current findings about the effects of meditation on mind-wandering and meta-awareness are reviewed, and implications for new research paradigms that leverage first-person reporting during FA meditation are discussed. Specifically, research recommendations are made that may enable customized analysis of individual episodes of mind-wandering and their neural correlates. It is hoped that combining detailed subjective reports from experienced meditators with rigorous objective physiological measures will advance the understanding of human consciousness.
Mind-Wandering in Educational Settings
Authors: Wammes Jeffrey D. , Seli Paul , Smilek Daniel
Published: April 2018

Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring the influence of mind-wandering on learning in educational settings. In considering the available research on the topic, one might draw the following conclusions: the prevalence of unintentional mind-wandering in classroom settings is high; mind-wandering rates increase over time in lectures; and mind-wandering interferes with learning. Although research in the extant literature provides ample support for these conclusions, much of this research was conducted in the laboratory, while participants viewed video-recorded lectures. More recently, however, researchers have examined the effects of intentional and unintentional mind-wandering in live-classroom settings, and, as this chapter reveals, such research has produced some results that are at odds with those produced in laboratory-based studies. The chapter discusses these recent findings in the context of the aforementioned potential conclusions, and concludes that findings from the laboratory do not readily generalize to real-world educational settings.
Internal Orientation in Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Vartanian Oshin
Published: April 2018

There is considerable evidence to suggest that aesthetic experiences engage a distributed set of structures in the brain, and likely emerge from the interactions of multiple neural systems. In addition, aside from an external (i.e., object-focused) orientation, aesthetic experiences also involve an internal (i.e., person-focused) orientation. This internal orientation appears to have two dissociable neural components: one component involves the processing of visceral feeling states (i.e., interoception) and primarily engages the insula, whereas the other involves the processing of self-referential, autobiographical, and narrative information, and is represented by activation in the default mode network. Evidence supporting this neural dissociation has provided insights into processes that can lead to deep and moving aesthetic experiences.
Phenomenological Properties of Mind-Wandering and Daydreaming
Authors: Stawarczyk David
Published: April 2018

Mind-wandering and daydreams (i.e., spontaneous thoughts that are both task-unrelated and decoupled from current sensory perceptions) have recently become the object of increased interest in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. To date, however, there have been relatively few attempts at investigating the form and content of these thoughts, and what individuals are exactly thinking about when they daydream or their minds wander from the here and now. This chapter provides a historical overview of the studies that have investigated the phenomenological properties of mind-wandering and daydreams. It reviews the current state of research, examining how specific phenomenological features of these thoughts are related to beneficial and deleterious aspects of cognitive and affective functioning. It concludes by discussing possible avenues for future investigations, such as how the content and context of occurrence of mind-wandering and daydreams might interact to determine their functional outcomes.
Dreaming and Waking Thought as a Reflection of Memory Consolidation
Authors: Wamsley Erin J.
Published: April 2018

Dreaming has often been viewed as a “mysterious” experience entirely distinct from waking cognition. An alternative view proposes that dreams are generated by the same fundamental processes that give rise to spontaneous thought during wakefulness. New evidence suggests that these processes include activity of the brain’s memory systems, supporting consolidation of newly encoded experience. During both sleep and wakefulness, fragments of recently encoded memory are recombined with related remote memory and semantic information to create novel scenarios. This is an adaptive process that contributes to the “consolidation” of memory and is reflected in the phenomenology of both our nightly dreams and waking daydreams.
Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit
Authors: Klinger Eric , Koster Ernst H.W. , Marchetti Igor
Published: April 2018

Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including past and future goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. The same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination.
An Exploration/Exploitation Trade-off Between Mind-Wandering and Goal-Directed Thinking
Authors: Sripada Chandra S.
Published: April 2018

Agents invariably face trade-offs between exploration, which increases informational stores and potentially opens up new opportunities, and exploitation, which utilizes existing informational stores to take advantage of known opportunities. This exploration/exploitation trade-off has been extensively studied in computer science and has been productively applied to multiple cognitive domains. In this chapter, this framework is extended to the ubiquitous alternation between two modes of serial thought: mind-wandering and goal-directed thought. The exploration/exploitation framework provides a new perspective on the functionality of mind-wandering and its pattern of regular switching with goal-directed thought. It also raises new hypotheses about the regulation of mind-wandering across time and differences in the propensity to mind-wander across individuals.
Unraveling What’s on Our Minds
Authors: Zedelius Claire M. , Schooler Jonathan W.
Published: April 2018

Mind-wandering encompasses a variety of different types of thought, involving various different experiential qualities, emotions, and cognitive processes. Much is lost by simply lumping them together, as is typically done in the literature. The goal of this chapter is to explore the nuances that distinguish different types of mind-wandering. The chapter draws on research on mind-wandering as well as other literatures to gain a better understanding of how these different types of mind-wandering affect cognition and behavior. It specifically discusses the distinct effects of different types of mind-wandering on task performance, working memory, mood, and creativity. Finally, the chapter discusses the idea of deliberate engagement in particular types of mind-wandering as a way to achieve desirable outcomes, such as maintaining a positive mood, enhancing creativity, or aiding decision-making.
Why the Mind Wanders
Authors: Mills Caitlin , Herrera-Bennett Arianne , Faber Myrthe , Christoff Kalina
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.
Potential Clinical Benefits and Risks of Spontaneous Thought
Authors: Stan Dylan , Christoff Kalina
Published: April 2018

Spontaneous thought has recently been defined as a state of reduced constraints on the mind, and it encompasses a range of experiences such as mind-wandering, day and night dreaming, creative idea generation, and others. While its day-to-day benefits have been explored for some time, its clinical implications have been understudied, and for the most part have been limited to potential detrimental effects on mood. We propose that spontaneous thought has a wider variety of clinical effects, as well as a number of potential therapeutic benefits—affording the opportunity to address suppressed or repressed material, facilitating therapeutic insights, and promoting general relaxation. Its unconstrained mode may not be without clinical risks, however. Within literature discussing meditation, sleep, relaxation, and sensory deprivation—activities that promote unconstrained attention—evidence suggests that some individuals may become destabilized, or face a worsening of symptoms in some circumstances. More research needs to be done to clarify the mediating factors that could result in these divergent outcomes.
Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes
Authors: O'Callaghan Claire , Irish Muireann
Published: April 2018

The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.
How Does the Brain’s Spontaneous Activity Generate Our Thoughts?
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: April 2018

Recent investigations have demonstrated the psychological features (e.g. cognitive, affective, and social) of task-unrelated thoughts, as well as their underlying neural correlates in spontaneous activity, which cover various networks and regions, including the default-mode and central executive networks. Despite impressive progress in recent research, the mechanisms by means of which the brain’s spontaneous activity generates and constitutes thoughts remain unclear. This chapter suggests that the spatiotemporal structure of the brain’s spontaneous activity can integrate both content- and process-based approaches to task-unrelated or spontaneous thought—this amounts to what is described as the “spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought” (STTT). Based on various lines of empirical evidence, the STTT postulates two main spatiotemporal mechanisms, spatiotemporal integration and extension. The STTT provides a novel brain-based spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought that focuses on the brain’s spontaneous activity, including its spatiotemporal structure, which allows integrating content- and process-based approaches.
Jesuit Organization and Legislation
Authors: Friedrich Markus
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyzes the institutional structure of the Society of Jesus and the norms available to guide its members. It discusses its founding normative text, the Constitutions, and all the subsequent additions and debates about it, as well as the way the Jesuits reflected on social organization and legislation in a wide and long historical perspective. In the last section, the chapter turns from lawmaking and prescriptive thought to daily life to evaluate the importance of the legal and institutional framework for each individual Jesuit. The chronological span of the chapter ranges from 1540 up to the twenty-first century, highlighting continuities in Jesuit legal and administrative thought, but also taking into account some key changes that occurred recently.
The Calculus of Probabilities
Authors: Rohy Valerie
Published: April 2018

This essay examines the place of contingency in Poe’s fiction through a reading of “The Mystery of Marie Rogêt” (1842), a text that presents an extended meditation on “accident,” “probability,” and “coincidence.” It surveys extant criticism on Poe and chance and then addresses that question in the language of queer theory. What is queer about “Marie Rogêt,” I argue, is unsymbolizable, like the Real in Lacan’s account and located, paradoxically, both at the origin of the narrative and as a belated addition: evidence eventually suggested that the real woman on whom Marie Rogêt was based died in an abortion attempt, not murder. In an economy of reproductive futurism, abortion is no less a threat to futurity than the deathly negativity of the homosexual: in Poe’s text, both are aligned with a radical contingency that Dupin cannot translate into linear, narrative causality and that therefore remains fundamentally unspeakable.
Counterparts
Authors: Jones Paul Christian
Published: April 2018

Poe’s stories of doubles (doppelgängers) from “William Wilson” to “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” demonstrate a spectrum of uses for this device. In accordance with the tradition of using literary doubles to represent a character’s psychological struggle, Poe most frequently has the narrator’s threatening double represent his conscience or his inner judge, and the battle between the counterparts of the same identity ultimately involves an attempt to silence, evade, or eradicate an individual’s conscience. This essay argues that “Wilson” and “Cask” are themselves counterparts to each other in their divergent representation of the struggle with the double. “Wilson” shows the dire consequences for an individual in the attempted destruction of the conscience, whereas “Cask” more sinisterly suggests that one can emerge from this struggle with one’s own conscience successfully liberated of its restraint.
The Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel Family
Authors: Zaleska Mariola , Salvage Samantha C. , Thompson Andrew J. , Namadurai Sivakumar , Huang Christopher L.-H. , Wilkinson Trevor , Cusdin Fiona S. , Jackson Antony P.
Published: April 2018

In neurones and other electrically excitable tissues, voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels play an essential role in initiating and propagating the action potential. High-resolution structures of sodium channels have revealed new details concerning these macromolecules that provide insights into their ion-specificity and the conformational changes they undergo during the action potential. Nav channels typically exist in vivo as multicomponent macromolecular assemblies, containing auxiliary proteins that modulate channel gating and trafficking. The properties of some of these auxiliary proteins raise the possibility that Nav channels may exist as functionally coupled complexes. The close similarity between different Nav channel subtypes has frustrated attempts to develop isoform-specific inhibitors. However, the combination of new structural insights, together with antibody-based reagents and site-directed mutagenesis of protein-based toxin inhibitors, raises the possibility of higher target specificities than previously possible. Such reagents may form the basis for a new generation of Nav channel drugs.
Agricultural Heritage and Conservation Beyond the Anthropocene
Authors: Niles Daniel
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the contemporary significance of agricultural heritage, a concept in which the largely cultural and societal concerns for heritage preservation are shuffled into those related to nature conservation and the development of agriculture. Both heritage preservation and nature conservation cast mutually constitutive and relatively fixed ideas of past nature and culture into present and future. Agriculture, too, arrives heavily burdened with inherited meaning, as historically and materially it is “Exhibit A” in the powerful modern narrative of “Culture” gradually rising over “Nature.” In this context, agricultural heritage is almost automatically cast as a relic of the past ways of traditional peoples and their less efficient, less useful, pre-Modern natures. This chapter suggests instead that agricultural heritage represents one of humankind’s richest bodies of environmental experience and most successful manners of conveying knowledge through time, providing material examples of alternative knowledge of nature itself.
Culture, Heritage, and the Politics of Becoming
Authors: Willett Joanie
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that critical heritage studies needs to consider not only what culture and heritage says about a place or space, but also what kinds of future possibilities and potentialities (becoming) are produced. This involves a thorough understanding about how time works in the narratives that heritage studies develop around a place. Narratives here are imagined as assemblages of signs, symbols, practices, and institutions. Using a case study of Cornwall in the South-West of the United Kingdom, the chapter considers how assembled narratives of Cornwall impact how the region is perceived and the effects that this has on future economic development.
American Folk Medicine and Health Practices
Authors: Kitta Andrea
Published: April 2018

Folk medicine and health practices have long been thought to be primarily old-fashioned and antithetical to modern medicine, whereas in actuality they are often used alongside and as a complement to mainstream medicine. The tension between vernacular authority and institutional authority has always been complex, but it has become increasingly so due to the Internet, both as a source of information and as a source of community. Online communities have defined not only how patients create identity but have also helped to define the care they choose and receive. These issues are further complicated by immigration and globalization and the rise in social movements such as feminism, LGBTQ rights, disability studies, and fat studies, among others.
Native and Indigenous American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Mould Tom
Published: April 2018

Folklore’s contributions to the study of Native American expressive culture have been particularly significant in the areas of genre, emic analysis, performance and the individual, with some of the most extensive work focusing on oral narrative. These studies lay bare the forms, structures, themes, and aesthetics constructed through the creative act and process of performance in its situational and cultural contexts. However, underlying the emic approaches to individual case studies is a comparative move, measured in its application and approach, that provides a path to addressing areas of cultural renewal, intercultural communication and borrowing, and political protest that unite as well as distinguish indigenous peoples. Although the field is well positioned to do so, it has taken little advantage of moving beyond canonical genres. Renewed focus on aesthetics and a new focus on daily life provide productive avenues for future work.
Changes in the Inferior Colliculus Associated with Hearing Loss
Authors: Palmer Alan R. , Berger Joel I.
Published: April 2018

The inferior colliculus is an important auditory relay center that undergoes fundamental changes following hearing loss, whether noise induced (NIHL) or age related (ARHL). These changes may contribute to the induction or maintenance of phenomena such as tinnitus (phantom auditory sensations) and hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to sound). Here, we outline changes that can occur in the inferior colliculus following damage to the periphery and/or as a result of the ageing process, both immediate and long-term, and attempt to disentangle which changes relate to either tinnitus or hyperacusis, as opposed to solely hearing loss. Understanding these changes is ultimately important to reversing the underlying pathology and treating these conditions.
Madhyamaka Ethics
Authors: Finnigan Bronwyn
Published: April 2018

There are two main loci of contemporary debate about the nature of Madhyamaka ethics. The first investigates the general issue of whether the Madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness (śūnyavāda) is consistent with a commitment to systematic ethical distinctions. The second queries whether the metaphysical analysis of no-self presented by Śāntideva in his Bodhicaryāvatāra entails the impartial benevolence of a bodhisattva. This chapter critically examines these debates and demonstrates the ways in which they are shaped by competing understandings of Madhyamaka conventional truth or reality (saṃvṛtisatya) and the forms of reasoning admissible for differentiating conventional truth from falsity and good from bad.
Karma
Authors: Harvey Peter
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the nature of ‘karma/action’ in Buddhism, and of cetanā, which is the heart of karma; factors affecting ethical assessment of an action as wholesome or unwholesome, and degrees of gravity in these; the idea of the karmic fruitfulness (or ‘merit’) of actions, and the sharing of this; whether there is group karma; karma’s shaping effect on a person’s nature and destiny in this and future lives and kinds of rebirth; karma and conditionality, whether or not all experience arises from karma, how personal responsibility might be affected by past karma and other conditions; and karma and nirvāṇa.
The Buddhist Just Society
Authors: Harvey Peter
Published: April 2018

Buddhism posits a basic equality of sentient beings as faced with suffering and in need of liberation. It also regards humans in particular as having a precious kind of rebirth with great potential for liberation in spite of their different karmic backgrounds. Respect for others is seen in the reflection, ‘For a state that is not pleasing or delightful to me, how could I inflict that on another?’ (SN V.353–354; Harvey 2000: 33–34). This is given as a reason for not inflicting wrong action or wrong speech on others. This chapter discusses Buddhist ideals on good social relationships and the good governance of society, in which a government should seek to prevent poverty, punish crime in a way that is reform-orientated and compassionate yet effective, and sets an ethical example. It includes a discussion of attitudes to capital punishment, democracy, and the extent to which the law should encode ethics.
Ethics without Norms?
Authors: Arnold Dan
Published: April 2018

While Buddhist philosophers were emphatically not physicalists, they share with cognitive-scientifically inclined contemporary philosophers a lot of the problems that have been identified with respect to the project of ‘naturalizing’ the mental—difficulties, in particular, with giving exhaustively causal explanations of human activity while yet making sense of ethical and other intuitions that arguably presuppose human responsiveness to reasons, or normativity. Some classical Buddhist philosophers were indeed committed to views to the effect that the liberating transformation effected by the Buddhist path must consist in simply being caused to act ethically, without any conceptual resources for characterizing the consequent activity as ‘ethical’. There is, however, an alternative trajectory of Buddhist thought—the Madhyamaka tradition—that was predicated on resistance to causal realism. Having scouted one Buddhist philosophical project that effectively denies responsiveness to reasons, the chapter concludes by suggesting that Madhyamaka may represent a way to recover this.
Ethics, Meditation, and Wisdom
Authors: Whitaker Justin S. , Smith Douglass
Published: April 2018

The Pāli Canon presents a number of summaries of the Buddha’s teaching, one of the most concise being that of the Three Trainings (or Three Disciplines): ethics, meditation, and wisdom. The purpose of this chapter is to explicate the various formulations of these Three Trainings as well as to discuss their relationship to one another and other Pāli Buddhist teachings. Its focus is on the Pāli material of early Buddhism and Theravāda in particular. It discusses the Three Disciplines and their interrelations, along with analyses of what comes before the discipline, namely the ordinary worldling or person, and what comes after, namely the awakened person. The Three Trainings can be analytically divided, but the development of each reciprocates the development of the others. An illustration from the Pāli Canon, leaving out meditation, suggests that ethics and wisdom act ‘like one hand washing the other’.
Transitional Justice
Authors: Buckley-Zistel Susanne
Published: April 2018

Reading transitional justice through IPT requires investigating if and how its notion of justice is embedded in particular normative frameworks, as well as how it relates global and local understandings of justice. The chapter thus analyses what ideas of justice underlie the concept of transitional justice and its application in societies of transition. One central contention is that its normative foundations are the result of historical developments as well as cultural preferences, and reflect a series of beliefs which are sometimes in conflict. Moreover, the chapter situates transitional justice between the local and the global by connecting normative assumptions which derive from a concrete locality with concepts at a global scale, and vice versa. This is in line with the concerns of IPT (moving the discussion of justice from the national to the global), but it also questions the meaning of the scales national (local)/global in and of themselves.
Environmental Justice and Sustainability
Authors: Page Edward
Published: April 2018

Concepts of environmental justice and environmental sustainability have attracted steadily increasing interest amongst political theorists and political scientists in the past few decades. The explosion of interest in normative and policy dimensions of global climate change since the negotiation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 have only accelerated this interest. Nevertheless, there is continuing disagreement in the literature concerning the meaning of sustainable development, the connection between environmental sustainability and norms of global and intergenerational justice, weak vs strong sustainability, and the extent to which normative theory can contribute to the implementation of policies of sustainable development. This chapter explores the conceptual development of environmental sustainability, and aims to show how normative theory can enrich the discussion of sustainable development in theory and in practice.
Ethics, Drones, and Killer Robots
Authors: Coker Christopher
Published: April 2018

The debate about “killer robots” is rarely out of the news. Autonomous Weapons Systems may soon replace drones. Drone strikes, however, are also likely to increase in number. For the International Relations community the main debate is an ethical one: is the direction in which we are taking war likely to increase or decrease our moral competence to wage it? This chapter argues that we are not best placed to ask these questions, because we have an incomplete understanding of the extent to which our humanity is changing and what it means to be human. The latest contribution towards self-understanding made by Actor Network Theory (ANT), machine ethics, and socio-biology suggest we need to urgently reframe the questions we are asking.
Human Rights in the Real World
Authors: Hopgood Steve
Published: April 2018

Human rights are at a crossroads. Their normative force is being questioned as never before, while the practical politics of doing activism using the human rights framework has encountered significant pushback in a world of rising populism, authoritarianism, and declining Western power. In this chapter I look at issues with human rights on three dimensions—foundations, qualifications, and personhood—before assessing in detail the empirical difficulties rights advocates face in an increasingly multipolar, post-Western world. I conclude by arguing that the future of human rights in terms of real world impact looks uncertain at best and bleak at worst.
The “Responsibility to Protect” and International Political Theory
Authors: Pattison James
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in the context of broader debates in International Political Theory. First, it suggests that central to the appeal—and success—of R2P is that its central premises strike a plausible balance between statist and cosmopolitan concerns. Second, it argues, notwithstanding, that R2P still faces challenges from statism and cosmopolitanism, including the apparent statism of R2P’s pillar II and the worries amongst certain non-Western states that R2P still has an unduly strong liberal cosmopolitan bent. Third, it argues that much of the recent debate on R2P about the efficacy of the norm is somewhat unproductive because this depends on a tricky counterfactual judgement about the utility and feasibility of potential alternative norms. The chapter concludes by arguing that a far more pertinent (and neglected) issue is how much political will should be invested in R2P, relative to other, morally valuable agenda.
Multiculturalism and Women’s Rights
Authors: Walsh Denise
Published: April 2018

IPT scholars grapple with real-world policy conflicts over multiculturalism and women’s rights such as the French “burqa ban,” but they disagree about how these conflicts should be resolved. This chapter draws on empirical research to assess the competing claims of multiculturalists, liberal feminists, deliberative democrats, and postcolonial feminists on multiculturalism and women’s rights. The evidence suggests that IPT scholars have too often assumed that a conflict exists between multiculturalism and women’s rights, in part because they under-theorize culture, the category women, and the multiple processes generating injustice for women members of minority groups. The evidence indicates that minority women are best served when multiculturalism and women’s rights are not pitted against one another. The chapter explains how IPT scholars can contribute to this outcome, and concludes by proposing new research questions for scholars studying multiculturalism and women’s rights.
Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Political Legitimacy
Authors: Macdonald Terry
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that the normative theories of democracy invoked in debates about global democracy construe the institutional ingredients of democracy’s political legitimacy too narrowly: they focus on contributions to political legitimacy made by institutions of democratic social choice-making, such as elections and public deliberative structures, while neglecting those made by institutionalized governance capabilities, of the kind historically embodied in sovereign states. This narrow focus becomes problematic when we shift our focus to democratization at the global level, where key governance functions of sovereign institutions are weak or absent. To understand the institutional prerequisites for political legitimacy within a global democracy, I argue that we therefore need to build and apply a broader theoretical understanding of political legitimacy that can more systematically account for its governance capability dimensions.
Climate Equity in the Real World
Authors: Vanderheiden Steve
Published: April 2018

As a discursive frame of climate justice movements, equity offers a powerful critique of anthropogenic climate change and identifies key features of an ethically defensible response to it. But a gap remains between the equity principles embraced within UNFCCC documents and those manifest in national commitments to mitigation actions or adaptation financing. This chapter examines how appeals to equity have affected negotiations, emboldened or constrained parties to the convention, and been embraced by civil society groups in climate governance processes. Against the view that commitments to equity have only obstructed the international climate policy development process, it argues that aspirations toward equity have focused attention upon subjects and issues that might otherwise have been ignored, and have otherwise served a legitimizing function within the climate regime.
Judgement
Authors: Kratochwil Friedrich
Published: April 2018

Political judgement is placed here in the wider horizon of practical judgement, whereby two problems become relevant: the logical issue that practical judgements cannot be “determinative” in the Kantian sense, but only “reflective”—and the inevitable conjunctural elements of choice situations occurring in historical (irreversible) time. While the first problem shows the importance of “judgement” and the role of common topoi to buttress the persuasiveness of “reflective” judgements, the second issue calls attention to the complexities which arise, when full information is unavailable, the parties strategically interact in the absence of a well-defined game, and when they act not only jointly but also on behalf of others. On the basis of these criticisms, I examine how we make actual choices under non-ideal conditions.