bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bodenmerkmale montan‐industrieller Standorte in Essen
Authors: Meuser Helmut , Schleuß Uwe , Taubner Heidi , Wu Qinglan
Published: December 2011

An sechs Standorten aus technogenen Substraten bzw. ‐gemengen (Lockersyrosem, Regosol, Reduktosol und Hortisol) im Stadtgebiet von Essen (Nordrhein‐Westfalen) wurden bodenphysikalische und ‐chemische Untersuchungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schadstoffgehalte durchgeführt. Die Standorte sind durch hohe Gehalte an z.T. porösem Bodenskelett unterschiedlicher Art und Größe gekennzeichnet. Die Lagerungsdichten und die Dichten der Festsubstanz sind aufgrund hoher Kohlenstoffgehalte relativ gering. Des weiteren wurden hohe pH‐Werte analysiert, mit Ausnahme der schwefelhaltigen Bergematerialien, die aufgrund der Pyritoxidation geringere pH‐Werte aufweisen. Teilweise sind die Ausgangsmaterialien schon bei der Ablage reich an Kohlenstoff und weisen hohe “Kohle” gehalte auf. Substratbezogen finden sich hohe Gehalte an anorganischen und organischen Schadstoffen in einzelnen Horizonten, z.B. hohe Chromgehalte in Horizonten mit Stahlwerksschlacken und hohe PAK‐Gehalte in Horizonten mit teerhaltigem Straßenaufbruchmaterial. Die Zusammensetzung der Substrate und ihr Einfluß auf die Bodenentwicklung werden diskutiert.
Anorganische Schadstoffe in Böden Nordrhein‐Westfalens. I. Möglichkeiten der Auswertung mehrmodaler Häufigkeitsverteilungen
Authors: Welp Gerhard , Liebe Frank , Helfrich Hans‐Peter , Brümmer Gerhard W.
Published: December 2011

Eine Auswertung von Elementgehalten (Gesamtgehalte, mobilisierbare sowie mobile Fraktion) in 335 Bodenproben aus Nordrhein‐Weslfalen zeigt, daß die Verteilungen eine große Schiefe (z.B. Gesamtgehalte: 1.05 bei Al bis 18 bei T1) aufweisen und auch nach Logarithmieren der Daten überwiegend nicht normalverteilt sind. Das Auftreten mehrerer Peaks deutet auf das Vorliegen verschiedener (Teil‐) Häufigkeiten und damit auf mehrmodale Verteilungen hin. Zur Analyse dieser gemischten Verteilungen werden zwei Verfahren genutzt. Ein parametrischer Ansatz geht von unabhängigen, lognormalverteilten Teilhäufigkeiten aus, die mit dem Expectation Maximization Algorithmus angepaßt werden. In einem nichtparametrischen Ansatz wird die Kerndichteschätzung verwendet. Mit der Kerndichteschätzung lassen sich für das vorliegende Datenmaterial pro Element i.d.R. fünf bis zehn Gehaltsbereiche ausweisen, denen in plausibler Weise Bodenproben mit gemeinsamen Merkmalen (Ausgangsmaterial, regionale Herkunft, spezifische Belastungsursache) zugeordnet werden können. Auf diese Weise lassen sich u.a. Hintergrundwerte für verschiedene potentiell toxische Elemente ableiten. Die parametrische Variante zeigt sich bei Vorliegen von mehr als vier Teilhäufigkeiten nicht geeignet, diese mit der erforderlichen Trennschärfe zu erfassen.
Small‐distance variation of carbon and nitrogen storage in mineral Antarctic Cryosols near Casey Station (Wilkes Land)
Authors: Beyer Lothar , Pingpank Kristina , Bölter Manfred , Seppelt Rod D.
Published: December 2011

In the antarctic summer 1996 top soils and whole profiles were collected systematically near the Australian Casey Station (Wilkes Land) in order to specify the carbon and nitrogen storage in permafrost‐affected mineral soils (Cryosols) of coastal areas of Antarctica. Cryorthents, Cryaquepts and Haplocryods are the main soil units observed. The organic matter accumulation in mineral soils of the ice‐free coastal Antarctic region is similar to that of comparable Arctic regions. A small‐distance storage variation is mainly due to the patch pattern of topography, geomorphology and especially soil geography. Haplocryods are important sinks of carbon and nitrogen, whereas the storage in the Cryaquepts is of minor importance. In addition, large parts of the landscape are characterized by Lilhic Cryonhents. which store nearly 50% of the organic carbon and 40% of the nitrogen. A high variability in the C and N concentration and storage complicates a calculation of soil C and N storage of the total landscape necessary for developing ecosystem models. However, the survey on landscape level suggests that in 75% of the landscape sites the soil carbon and nitrogen stock is very similar, but a wide‐spread podzolization and/or extraordinary organic matter accumulation increases the stocks to a great extent. For this reason a storage estimation could be improved by a proper soil survey.
Lignin and carbohydrates in soils under secondary forest, alley‐cropping, and continuous farming, Thailand
Authors: Amelung Wulf , Zech Wolfang , Zhang Xudong , Sajjapongse Adisak , Niamskul Chalinee
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to investigate the impact of three land‐use practices in Thailand on soil organic matter (SOM) composition. The land uses were continuous farming (till), alley‐cropping, and secondary forest. Samples, taken from the top 10 cm soil surface, were fractionated into clay‐ (< 2 μm), silt‐ (2–20 μm), and sand‐sized particles (20–2000 μm) prior to analyses of C, N, lignin‐derived phenols and individual carbohydrates.

As particle size increased, the C/N ratio and the concentration of lignin‐derived phenols increased, whereas the degree of lignin oxidation as well as ratios of microbially derived hexoses to plant‐derived pentoses decreased. Thus, the coarser the particle size, the less the SOM was altered by microbes. Seven years of alley‐cropping increased SOM levels only little but considerably affected SOM composition by affecting the SOM of the sand fraction. The SOM concentration in the sand fraction increased in the order continuous farming < alley‐cropping < secondary forest. In the same order, microbial alteration of lignin and carbohydrates of sand‐sized SOM decreased. Both the different concentrations of SOM in the sand fractions as well as its different composition contributed, therefore, to different SOM among the sites. Increasing lignin‐to‐carbohydrate ratios for bulk soils and fractions in the order continuous farming < alley‐cropping < secondary forest reflected such changes in SOM composition sensitively.
Depth transfer of fecal indicator organisms in an arable clayey soil
Authors: Joergensen Rainer Georg , Seitz Detlef
Published: December 2011

In clayey soils, shrinking cracks formed during dry periods in the summer are the most important form of macropores. They may contribute under disadvantageous conditions to the movement of fecal microorganisms and therefore to the contamination of groundwater. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out on a highly clayey arable soil to investigate the effect of the factors slurry addition, sampling date, depth, and season. Under worst case conditions, i.e. a soil at field capacity, irrigated directly after application of fresh cattle slurry with high rates of water, the numbers of spores, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were not significantly increased at depths of 15 cm, 45 cm and 75 cm in spring (with less shrinking cracks) or in autumn (with more shrinking cracks). The close correlations between the numbers of spores, total coliforms, aerobic bacteria and microbial biomass C indicate that spore forming organisms and most total coliforms belong to the autochthonous soil microflora and cannot indicate fecal pollution.
Theoretical principles for modelling soil strength and wheeling effects — a review —
Authors: Horn Rainer , Richards Brian G. , Gräsle Werner , Baumgartl Thomas , Wiermann Conrad
Published: December 2011

Physical and mechanical processes in structured unsaturated soils are very complex and are still more difficult to understand or to predict if tillage processes and plant growth effects are included. Based on the definitions of stresses, strain and combined processes, mathematical models will be defined in the literature review and some proofs will be given.

The stress‐strain‐failure processes are non‐linear and irreversible or hysteretic. They should be coupled as the various processes are not independent of each other. If mechanical properties and processes in structured unsaturated soils are considered, the stress and strain tensors have to be quantified by the combined application of Stress State Transducers (SST) and Displacement Transducer Systems (DTS) in order to derive the stress and strain components in soils.

Depending on soil development or tillage system both stress and strain components vary to a great extent and result in differing physical and ecological soil properties. Each soil deformation has to be coupled to hydraulic properties, because deformation and failure in soils depend on the advection and diffusion processes and their history and vice versa. These coupled, non‐linear and hysteretic processes can be modelled using modern numerical methods, such as the finite element method (FEM). A brief description of the modelling procedures is given in this paper. Empirical models are available to define soil strength, stress distribution and changes in physical properties due to loading or loosening, their results can be primarily used as a first rough estimation e.g. for mapping purposes.

However, the theoretical modelling procedures have now advanced beyond our understanding of these processes and our ability to measure the material parameters and the field boundary conditions. This paper describes some of these problems such as the coupled nonlinear irreversible behaviour of unsaturated structured soils. In addition the FEM approach as the most applicable instrument can be used to predict changes in ecological properties like permeability, moisture characteristics and failure/yield behaviour of soils.
Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) and long‐term balances — tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soils
Authors: Körschens Martin , Weigel Annett , Schulz Elke
Published: December 2011

Using data from long‐term experiments at the Loess‐Chernozem site, Bad Lauchstädt und 12 other European sites, the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils, the determination of decomposable soil organic matter (SOM), the effect on yield of SOM as well as carbon and nitrogen balances are discussed. Both C and N in SOM have to be divided into an inert and a decomposable fraction. The inert C is strongly correlated with clay content, while most changes in both C and N occur in the readily decomposable fraction. In the experiments considered the latter ranges between 0.2 to 0.6% C and 0.02 to 0.06% N. The annual changes of the Corg content amount only to about 0.01% Corg corresponding to 500 kg/ha, even under extreme changes of the fertilizing system.

Hot water extractable C (Chwe) has proved to be an appropriate criterion for the calculation of the decomposable C and thus for the N release from soil. Different methods to maintain a SOM balance are compared and first guideline values for an agronomically and ecologically justified SOM content of arable soils are recommended. In arable soils the exceeding of an upper Corg value influences neither crop yield nor the C and N balance in a positive way. In terms of ecology and environment, set‐aside‐programmes or fallows in a crop rotation affect the balances negatively. Atmospheric N deposition can amount to about 50 kg/ha·yr.
The apoplast — its significance for the nutrition of higher plants
Authors: Sattelmacher Burkhard , Mühling Karl‐Hermann , Pennewiß Kerstin
Published: December 2011

Since the fundamental work of the botanist Ernst Munch there has been a clear differentiation between a symplastic and an apoplastic compartment of plants, separated by the plasmalemma. In contrast to the symplast, the apoplast was considered as being dead and hence attracted little interest. It is not before the late seventies of this century that plant scientists realised that processes such as growth and differentiation as well as signal transduction may not be understood without accounting for apoplastic processes. Since then growing evidence has supported the view that apoplastic properties are of significance for such diverse processes as genotypic variation in nutrient efficiency and tolerance against adverse ion relations, for plant/microbe interaction, or for water and nutrient transport.

In this contribution we review apoplastic properties and processes in relation to plant mineral nutrition. Examples are taken from work being conducted in the scope of the special research project of the German Research Foundation “The apoplast of higher plants: compartment for storage, transport and reactions” and especially from own work.
Beziehungen zwischen Klimafaktoren und C‐, N‐Pools in Partikelgrößen‐Fraktionen zonaler Steppenböden Rußlands
Authors: Rodionov Andrej , Amelung Wulf , Urusevskaja Inga , Zech Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Steppenböden Rußlands sind vielfach reich an organischem C (Corg) und aus relativ homogenem Substrat. Sie eignen sich deshalb gut zur Prüfung der Frage, ob und in welchem Umfang Klimafaktoren C‐ und N‐Pools beeinflussen. Hierzu wurden von 10 zonalen “Steppenböden” Rußlands Ober‐ (0–10 cm) und Unterbodenhorizonte (ca. 50–60 cm) beprobt. Anschließend erfolgte die Bestimmung von Corg und N in den Partikelgrößen‐Fraktionen Ton (< 2 μm), Schluff (2–20 μm), Feinsand (20–250 μm) sowie Grobsand (250–2000 μm).

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß insbesondere die im Unterboden gespeicherte, ältere organische Bodensubstanz (der Schlufffraktion) mit Klimaelementen korreliert; Oberböden zeigen Klimaeinflüsse weniger deutlich. Mit steigendem Quotienten aus mittlerem jährlichen Niederschlag zur potentiellen Verdunstung (= N/V) sinken die C/N‐Verhältnisse in allen Fraktionen und damit auch in der Feinerde des Unterbodens. Vermutlich haben Mikroorganismen die organische Bodensubstanz in der Reihenfolge Greyzem (N/V = 1.0) > Chernozem, Phaeozem (N/V = 0.89) > Haplic Kastanozem (N/V = 0.6) > Calcic (N/V‐0.34) und Gypsic Kastanozem (N/V=0.32) zunehmend verändert. Die Corg−Gehalte sind dagegen in der Unterboden‐Feinerde des Chernozems und Phaeozems höher als im Greyzem und nehmen mit sinkenden N/V‐Quotienten (d.h. zunehmender Bodenerwärmung und ‐austrocknung) zum Calcic Kastanozem hin ab. Dies wird von einer relativen Anreicherung von Corg in der Schlufffraktion begleitet (r = −0.99 für die Korrelation des C‐Anreicherungsfaktors im Schluff mit N/V).
Nitrataustrag aus einer ländlichen Siedlungsfläche in Nordwestdeutschland
Authors: Kliebsch Karsten , Müller Udo , Van Der Ploeg Rienk R.
Published: December 2011

Das Ausmaß der Nitratauswaschung aus Böden ländlicher Siedlungsflächen ist bislang kaum erforscht. Für das ländliche Siedlungsgebiet Schwaförden bei Nienburg in Niedersachsen, das mit einem Flächenanteil von 7.5% in einem 950 ha großen Trinkwassergewinnungsgebiet liegt, wurde deshalb für eine Winterperiode der Nitrataustrag beispielhaft abgeschätzt. Dazu wurden die Bodennutzung und der nutzungsspezifische Versiegelungsgrad ermittelt und klassifiziert. In jeder Klasse wurden repräsentative Standorte während des Winters wiederholt auf Nmin beprobt. Die Nitratauswaschung wurde mit Hilfe eines Mischzellenmodells abgeschätzt. Stickstoffmineralisierung und N‐Eintrag aus der Atmosphäre wurden mitberücksichtigt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß neben den Grünflächen, die fast die Hälfte des Siedlungsgebietes einnehmen, die in den Hausgärten befindlichen Gemüsebeete einen großen Anteil an der Nitratauswaschung haben. Diese sind mit einem Flächenanteil von nur 3.5% zu circa 27% am Austrag beteiligt. Hohe Kompostgaben verbunden mit übermäßiger Mineraldüngung scheinen zu einem Stickstoffüberangebot und in der Folge zu teilweise erheblichen Reststickstoffmengen im Boden zu führen. Generell erscheint es notwendig, gemüsebaulich genutzte Flächen in Hausgärten von Siedlungen in Trinkwassergewinnungsgebieten bezüglich einer möglichen Nitratbelastung des Grundwassers mit zu berücksichtigen und gegebenenfalls zu begrenzen.
Die Validierung von Bodenwasserhaushaltsmodellen mit Hilfe von TRIME‐TDR, Tensiometermessungen sowie thermogravimetrischen Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen
Authors: Wegehenkel Martin
Published: December 2011

Zur Einschätzung der Eignung verschiedener Meßmethoden zur Bestimmung von Bodenfeuchte und Saugspannung für die Validierung von Bodenwasserhaushaltsmodellen wurden dreijährige, kontinuierliche Meßreihen von Saugspannung und Bodenfeuchte ‐ gemessen mit Tensiometern und mit TRIME‐TDR (=Time Domain Reflectometry mit Intelligenten Mikromodul‐Elementen) sowie thermogravimetrische Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen aus Bohrstockproben zu verschiedenen Terminen‐von drei bodenhydrologischen Meßplätzen mit den entsprechenden Ergebnissen von Modellrechnungen zum Bodenwasserhaushalt verglichen. Das Modell beinhaltet die Bestimmung der Evapotranspiration nach Penman‐Monteith und die Berechnung der Bodenwasserflüsse auf der Basis der Darcy‐Gleichung. Die Ergebnisse ergaben eine im Vergleich zu den übrigen Meßmethoden höhere Aussagekraft von TDR‐Messungen zur Beurteilung der Simulationsgüte von Bodenwassermodellen insbesondere in Bezug auf die Bodenwasserdynamik. Diese Vorteile sind jedoch an eine entsprechende Meßgenauigkeit des TRIME‐TDR‐Systems gebunden, welche durch Vergleiche mit gravimetrischen Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen geprüft und gegebenenfalls durch entsprechende Kalibrierungen hergestellt werden muß. Bei den Tensiometermessungen zeigten sich die bereits bekannten Nachteile des begrenzten Meßbereiches dieser Methode.
Cation and total macroelement concentrations influence Ca uptake in micropropagated potato plantlets
Authors: Abdulnour Jihad E. , Donnelly Danielle J. , Barthakur Nayana N.
Published: December 2011

Ca uptake by micropropagated ‘Norland’ potato plantlets was investigated in relation to cation and macroelement salt concentrations in modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal media. Increased Ca:specific cations, by lowering NH4, Mg, or K, had little effect on the Ca content of plantlets grown on these media. Increased Ca:total cation ratio, by raising Ca from 3 to 6 mM in the medium, promoted Ca content of micropropagated plantlets. At equivalent Ca:total cation ratio, macroelement dilution increased the osmotic potential of the medium, and had an even greater impact on plantlet shoot Ca content. Root pressure, which is sensitive to variations in salt concentration, was probably the primary Ca delivery method to developing tissues since transpiration was limited in vitro. In vitro systems appear ideal for studying some aspects of nutrient relationships of plants.
Bestimmung der Boden‐Wasser‐Verteilung leichtflüchtiger Kohlenwasserstoffe mittels Dampfraum‐GC
Authors: Prade Klaus , Schmax Stefan
Published: December 2011

Die in kontaminierten Böden vorhandenen Vorräte an Kohlenwasserstoffen sind in der Regel nur untergeordnet im Porenwasser gelöst oder dampfförmig, sondern größtenteils an der organischen Bodensubstanz adsorbiert. Die herkömmlichen Methoden zur Bestimmung der Verteilungsgleichgewichte im Boden sind besonders für leichtflüchtige Organika zeitaufwendig und sehr fehlerlrächlig.

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine routinefähige Methode zur Bestimmung der Verteilungsgleichgewichte sowohl unter adsorptiven als auch unter desorptiven Bedingungen vor.

Die Methode erbrachte für die geprüften Stoffe eine weitgehende Bestätigung der literaturbekannten Verteilungskoeffizienten unter adsorptiven Bedingungen (Koc‐ads). Weiterhin wurde eine systematische, teils sehr starke Hysterese zwischen Ad‐ und Desorption ermittelt, die die unkritische Verwendung von Koc‐ads−Wertcn für die Vorrats‐ermittlung bei Standortsanierungen ausschließt. Letztlich bestätigte die Methode auch den starken Einfluß der Qualität der organischen Substanz auf das Verteilungsgleichgewicht. Auch in diesem Licht ist die regelmäßige fallbezogene Prüfung der jeweiligen vorratsbestim‐menden Gleichgewichte für Sanierungsstandorte angeraten.
Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrition in birch seedlings under magnesium‐ or calcium‐limiting growth conditions
Authors: Ericsson Tom , Göransson Anders , Gobran George
Published: December 2011

Growth and nutrition of birch seedlings (Betula pendula Roth) with and without 0.5 mM Al3+ were studied. The seedlings were cultivated at growth‐limiting Mg‐ or Ca‐conditions by adding one of these elements at relative addition rates (RMg, RCa) of 0.15 day−1. The concentration of Ca2+ in the Mg‐limited treatments was 0.01.0.1 or 1 mM and Mg2+ was given in equal molarities in the Ca‐limited treatments. The relative growth rates, RG, of the plants and plant parts attained values close to RMg or RCa and were not affected by the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+ or Al3+ in the culture solution. Uptake of Ca, at Ca‐limitation, increased significantly in the roots after addition of Al, and decreased in all plant parts when the Mg concentration of the culture solution was raised. Less clear effects were found on Mg uptake at Mg‐limitation. The inhibitory effect of Al on Mg uptake decreased with time as a result of the growth technique. The root mass fraction was significantly larger in plants limited in Ca (24%) than in plants limited in Mg (20%). The usefulness in using the balance between Ca and Al or ratios between Ca, Mg, K and Al as diagnostic tools for assessing the nutritional status of trees is discussed.
A mechanistic model for the inhibiting effects of aluminium on the uptake of cations
Authors: Van Oene Harmke
Published: December 2011

Reported laboratory observations mention inhibiting effects of Al on uptake of cations. However, the diverse conditions of these experiments do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the extent of this inhibiting effect. An uptake model for Ca and Mg was therefore developed to study the interactions of Al and these cations. The model is based on surface complexation of the root surface with both specific adsorption reactions and exchange reactions included. Application of this model to experiments using a nutrient flux growth technique showed that the observed effects are well simulated. The behaviour of the model agreed with reported inhibiting effects of Al. The model showed that Al effects might be reversed by increased nutrient solution concentrations of cations. However, there exists a strong competitive interaction between Ca and Mg. Therefore, high Ca concentrations have a negative effect on the uptake of Mg. Plants with a high growth rate and a high shoot to root ratio appear to be more sensitive to Al effects than more slowly growing plants.
Thermal Stability of Fluorinated Polydienes Synthesized by Addition of Difluorocarbene
Authors: Huang Tianzi , Wang Xiaojun , Malmgren Thomas , Hong Kunlun , Mays Jimmy W.
Published: December 2011

Linear PCHD and polyisoprenes with different microstructures and molecular weights are synthesized and chemically modified to improve their thermal and chemical stability by forming a three‐membered ring structure containing two C–F bonds. Pyrolysis of these fluorinated polydienes proceeds through a two‐stage decomposition involving chain scission, crosslinking, dehydrogenation, and dehalogenation. The pyrolysis leads to graphite‐like residues, whereas their polydiene precursors decompose completely under the same conditions. The fluorination of PCHD enhances its thermal stability. The stronger C–F bond along with high strain of the three‐membered ring structure and formation of relatively stable free radicals play an important role in the thermal stability of fluorinated polydienes.
On concave univalent functions
Authors: Bhowmik Bappaditya
Published: December 2011

We consider functions that map the open unit disc conformally onto the complement of an unbounded convex set with opening angle πα, α ∈ (1, 2], at infinity. In this paper, we show that every such function is close‐to‐convex of order (α − 1) and is included in the set of univalent functions of bounded boundary rotation. Many interesting consequences of this result are obtained. We also determine the extreme points of the set of concave functions with respect to the linear structure of the Hornich space.
The Wilson films — Hemiballism
Authors: Lozano Andres M.
Published: December 2011

The case presented involves an 88‐year‐old woman with sudden onset of right‐sided hemiballism that persisted for an amazing 15 years. The video demonstrates wide amplitude choreic movements of the proximal and distal limbs of the right side, as well as of the axial musculature. Classical teaching dictates that this patient has a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus. Here then is a prime example where classical teaching is wrong! © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Triterpene Acids from Rose Hip Powder Inhibit Self‐antigen‐ and LPS‐induced Cytokine Production and CD4+ T‐cell Proliferation in Human Mononuclear Cell Cultures
Authors: Saaby Lasse , Nielsen Claus Henrik
Published: December 2011

A triterpene acid mixture consisting of oleanolic, ursolic and betulinic acid isolated from a standardized rose hip powder (Rosa canina L.) has been shown to inhibit interleukin (IL)‐6 release from Mono Mac 6 cells. The present study examined the effects of the triterpene acid mixture on the cytokine production and proliferation of CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells induced by a self‐antigen, human thyroglobulin and by lipopolysaccharide in cultures of normal mononuclear cells. The triterpene acid mixture inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐6 with estimated IC50 values in the range 35–56 µg/mL, the Th1 cytokines interferon‐γ and IL‐2 (IC50 values 10–20 µg/mL) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL‐10 (IC50 values 18–21 µg/mL). Moreover, the mixture also inhibited CD4+ T‐cell and CD19+ B‐cell proliferation (IC50 value 22 and 12 µg/mL, respectively). Together, these data demonstrate that oleanolic, ursolic and betulinic acid are active immunomodulatory constituents of the standardized rose hip powder. However, since the estimated IC50 values are in the µg/mL range, it is questionable whether the content of the triterpene acids in the standardized rose hip powder, alone, can explain the reported clinical effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A late pleistocene glacial chronology from the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley, Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), based on 10Be surface exposure dating
Authors: Zech Roland
Published: December 2011

Surface exposure dating has become a helpful tool for establishing numeric glacial chronologies, particularly in arid high-mountain regions where radiocarbon dating is challenging due to limited availability of organic material. This study presents 13 new 10Be surface exposure ages from the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley in the At Bashi Range, Tien Shan. Three moraines were dated to ~ 15, 21 and > 56 ka, respectively, and corroborate previous findings that glacial extents in the Tien Shan during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 were limited compared to MIS 4. This likely documents increasingly arid conditions in Central Asia during the last glacial cycle. Morphological evidence in the Kitschi-Kurumdu Valley and a detailed review of existing numeric glacial chronologies from the Tien Shan indicate that remnants of the penultimate glaciation (MIS 6) are preserved, whereas evidence for MIS 5 glacier advances remains equivocal. Reviewed and recalculated exposure ages from the Pamir mountains, on the other hand, reveal extensive MIS 5 glacial extents that may indicate increased monsoonal precipitation. The preservation of MIS 3 moraines in the Tien Shan and the southern Pamir does not require any monsoonal influence and can be explained alternatively with increased precipitation via the westerlies.
The Teaching of Science in Cambridge
Authors: Henslow John Stevens
Published: December 2011

This volume contains five pamphlets which illustrate the world in which Charles Darwin moved in Cambridge, and the slow development of life and earth sciences as subjects of academic study. (Darwin himself was officially following a course of study which would fit him to become an Anglican parson). The first pamphlet (from 1821) is a proposed series of lectures on geology by Adam Sedgwick, who taught Darwin the rudiments of the subject during a tour of north Wales. The next two are botany courses proposed by John Stevens Henslow, the mentor and close friend who first suggested that Darwin should go as naturalist on the Beagle voyage. Henslow read extracts of Darwin's letters to him to a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and published them at his own expense (the fourth pamphlet). The final pamphlet is an impassioned plea from Henslow for support for a new University Botanic Garden.
The Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Botany
Authors: Henslow John Stevens
Published: December 2011

Henslow's importance as Darwin's mentor is well established. He recommended Darwin for the post of naturalist on the Beagle and also encouraged him to read Lyell's pivotal geology text (also reissued in this series). While professor of botany at Cambridge, Henslow nurtured independent inquiry and acute observation in his students. These attributes are evident in this liberally illustrated 1835 book, which also reveals the influence of Candolle's Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique (1813) and Physiologie Végétale (1832). Henslow's book, like his meticulous research papers and his innovative lectures, included focussed investigations on the nature and stability of 'species'. Charles Darwin paid such close attention that he became known as 'the man who walks with Henslow', and Henslow's teachings were to echo through Darwin's writings, from his jottings in notebooks on the Beagle onward. This reissue gives modern readers easy access to the work of this inspirational scientist.
Rambles in the South of Ireland during the Year 1838
Authors: Chatterton Georgiana
Published: December 2011

Lady Georgiana Chatterton (1806–1876) was a prolific British romantic novelist and travel writer. After marrying Sir William Chatterton in 1824 she spent much of her time at his estate in Ireland; the couple later retired to Dorset because of financial problems after the Irish Famine (1845–1851). These volumes, first published in 1839, contain Chatterton's accounts of various walks and excursions she undertook in the south of Ireland. Writing in the format of journal entries, Chatterton recounts her outings to places including Killarney, the Dingle Mountains and Limerick, mixing vivid descriptions of scenery and villages with details of local legends. These volumes were extremely popular and remain the best known of Chatterton's works; they provide a valuable example of popular early Victorian travel writing. Volume 1 contains her excursions to Bantry and Killarney. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=chatge
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: December 2011

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his ground-breaking history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 10 contains his social commentary Past and Present.
The Life and Services of Horatio Viscount Nelson
Authors: Clarke James Stanier , McArthur John
Published: December 2011

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805) is considered one of the greatest naval commanders in British history, having establishing Britain's naval dominance with victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. His death at the height of the Battle of Trafalgar ensured that his memory became revered. These volumes, first published in 1809 (and reissued here from the 1840 edition), contain Nelson's official biography, published with the blessing of his family. The authors Clarke and McArthur trace Nelson's life from his childhood until his dramatic death at Trafalgar, using Nelson's own reminiscences, his letters to his wife, and interviews and statements from close friends and colleagues. This biography remains a valuable source for Nelson's early career and character, and provides insights into how the cult of Nelson was created and sustained. Volume 3 covers the final years of Nelson's life, and the circumstances of his death.
Travels in the Island of Cyprus
Authors: Mariti Giovanni
Published: December 2011

The Abbé Giovanni Mariti wrote an account of the condition of Cyprus in 1769, almost 100 years after the final conquest of the island by the Ottoman Turks. Mariti travelled widely around the island in the seven years during which he served there as a consular official, and as well as recounting his own visits to towns, villages and monasteries, he describes contemporary events such as the outbreak of plague in 1760 and the failed insurrection against the Turks in 1764. This English translation, first published in 1895, also provides contemporary eyewitness accounts of the sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta which ended Venetian rule in 1570–1, and of the torture and death of the Venetian commander of Famagusta, Marcantonio Bragadino, a story which has passed into legend.
Physical Geography
Authors: Somerville Mary
Published: December 2011

Mary Somerville (1780–1872) would have been a remarkable woman in any age, but as an acknowledged leading mathematician and astronomer at a time when the education of most women was extremely restricted, her achievement was extraordinary. Laplace famously told her that 'There have been only three women who have understood me. These are yourself, Mrs Somerville, Caroline Herschel and a Mrs Greig of whom I know nothing.' Mary Somerville was in fact Mrs Greig. After (as she herself said) translating Laplace's work 'from algebra into common language', she wrote On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), also reissued in this series. Her next book, the two-volume Physical Geography (1848), was a synthesis of geography, geology, botany, astronomy and zoology, drawing on the most recent discoveries in all these fields to present an overview of current understanding of the natural world and the Earth's place in the universe.
Scientific Papers
Authors: Strutt John William
Published: December 2011

As Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge University, Lord Rayleigh focussed his considerable energies on the study of electricity – building on the work of his illustrious predecessor, James Clerk Maxwell. This second volume of his papers, covering 1881–7, includes a series of four major contributions from 1881 and 1883 concerning the absolute determination of the ohm. Related reports include the measurement of current, and the electrical properties of various materials. A note from 1884 pessimistically predicts an absolute practical limit of less than 50 miles for a working telephone cable. In 1884, Rayleigh stepped down from his post as Cavendish Professor but continued his research work from his private laboratory. He proposed the existence of surface waves in a paper of 1885. These 'Rayleigh waves' roll along the surface of the earth and are responsible for producing most of the shaking experienced in an earthquake.
Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840–1844
Authors: Schomburgk Richard
Published: December 2011

Richard Schomburgk (1811–1891) accompanied his brother Robert Hermann Schomburgk on his mission to survey the boundary of British Guiana (his account is also reissued in this series). Richard was commissioned by the Prussian government to find new flora, fauna and ethnographical specimens for the Berlin Botanic Gardens and the royal museums. The publication in 1847–1848 in Germany of this three-volume account of the expedition was supported by Alexander von Humboldt, who was a close friend. The third volume especially was considered a major taxonomical work. Schomburgk contracted yellow fever, and found the preservation and transportation of his specimens difficult in the climate, many perishing before they got to Germany. Schomburgk later emigrated to Australia, becoming director of the Botanic Garden, Adelaide. Volume 1 covers the arrival in Guiana, and expeditions to the mouths of the Orinoco and Essequibo rivers.
The Life of William Wilberforce
Authors: Wilberforce William
Published: December 2011

William Wilberforce (1759–1833) was a politician, philanthropist and evangelical Christian, now best known for his work to end the slave trade. Elected to Parliament in 1780, he campaigned unsuccessfully for penal and electoral reform. In 1787, at the encouragement of his friend William Pitt, he took up the cause of abolition at Westminster and lobbied influential people tirelessly, but humanitarian and ethical arguments were slow to overcome the economic interests of those who had made fortunes from the slave trade or the use of slave labour. It was not until 1807 that the Abolition Bill was finally passed. Wilberforce continued his work for emancipation, and also campaigned for religious liberty. This biography, based on his own writings, was published by two of his sons in 1838, but sheds more light on religious than on political aspects of his life. Volume 5 covers the period from 1818 until Wilberforce's death.
Our First Ambassador to China
Authors: Robbins Helen Henrietta Macartney , Macartney George
Published: December 2011

George Macartney (1737–1806) was a British statesman, diplomat and administrator who held a succession of important appointments. In 1764 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to Russia, but described the Russian nobility as 'vain, petulant, inconsequent, indiscreet, and changeable'. After several years as Chief Secretary for Ireland (1767–1772) and a governorship in the West Indies, he served as Governor of Madras in the early 1780s, a difficult role surrounded by controversy and intrigue. In 1792–1794 he travelled to China on behalf of the government and the East India Company on a mission to negotiate a trade agreement, but was unsuccessful. He ended his career as Governor of the Cape Colony. This 1908 biography, which includes extracts from previously unpublished letters by Macartney and other newly-researched archival material, complements the two-volume 1807 account of Macartney's life by Sir John Barrow, also reissued in this series.
Our Iron-Clad Ships
Authors: Reed Edward James
Published: December 2011

Sir Edward James Reed (1830–1906) was an innovative naval architect who, after attending the Central School of Mathematics and Naval Architecture in Portsmouth, was appointed chief constructor of the Navy in 1863. This was a crucial time for the navy, as traditional wooden sailing ships began to be armoured or rebuilt in iron in response to more powerful weaponry. Reed pioneered the methodical use of scientific calculations to determine a ship's weight, strength and stability, and was responsible for a number of revolutionary designs. He later founded his own consultancy and designed ships for other countries including Germany, Chile and Brazil. This illustrated handbook, first published in 1869, contains a comprehensive overview of the various classes of iron-clad ships of the time – the new features they incorporated, their capabilities, performance, and their cost. It also deals with converting existing wooden battleships into iron-clads.
Peace Education
Authors: Noddings Nel
Published: December 2011

There is a huge volume of work on war and its causes, most of which treats its political and economic roots. In Peace Education: How We Come to Love and Hate War, Nel Noddings explores the psychological factors that support war: nationalism, hatred, delight in spectacles, masculinity, religious extremism and the search for existential meaning. She argues that while schools can do little to reduce the economic and political causes, they can do much to moderate the psychological factors that promote violence by helping students understand the forces that manipulate them.
Probabilistic Voting Theory
Authors: Coughlin Peter J.
Published: December 2011

Peter Coughlin provides the most comprehensive and integrated analysis of probabilistic voting models to date. Probabilistic voting theory is the mathematical prediction of candidate behaviour in, or in anticipation of, elections in which candidates are unsure of voters' preferences. The theory asks first whether optimal candidate strategies can be determined given uncertainty about voter preferences, and if so, what exactly those strategies are given various circumstances. It allows the theorist to predict what public policies will be supported and what laws passed by elected officials when in office and what positions will be taken by them when running in elections. One of the leading contributors to this rapidly developing literature, at the leading edge of public choice theory, Coughlin both reviews the existing literature and presents results that unify and extend developments in the theory.
The Theory of Growth in a Corporate Economy
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki
Published: December 2011

This book investigates the growth of an economy with management-controlled corporations. It begins by studying the behaviour of a corporation whose management maximizes the rate of growth constrained by the threat of takeover, and in which research and development efforts are made to raise labour productivity. The growth of an economy consisting of a limited number of such corporations is then analysed. In this economy the stocks of corporations are the sole means of wealth-holding available to households. This theory is compared with other well-established growth theories, and some extensions of the basic theory, including policy implications, are also presented. The book contains many important innovative features: the combination of micro- and macro-economic analyses, the consideration of research and development activity, and the role of corporate stocks in economic growth. These features contribute to the major conclusion that the behaviour of management – a product of its preferences and of its environment – is an important factor in economic growth. Applying this conclusion to compare corporate growth in Japan and the United States, the author finds that the Japanese business environment makes management pursue corporate growth more vigourously than in the United States.
Masters, Unions and Men
Authors: Price Richard
Published: December 2011

The incidence of industrial conflict and the nature of workplace industrial relations have occupied a central place in public and academic commentary on British society. Debate about the role of the trade unions in the state, the degree of authority that the unions can and should exercise over their members, the desirability of a legal framework for collective agreements, the nature of rank and file militancy and the means and techniques of re-establishing employers' authority over the work in the face of an expanded workers' frontier of control all lie at the heart of the social crisis that marked British society from the end of the 1960s.
Beauty and Belief
Authors: Fraser Hilary
Published: December 2011

This study is an important contribution to the intellectual history of Victorian England which examines the religio-aesthetic theories of some central writers of the time. Dr Fraser begins with a discussion of the aesthetic dimensions of Tractarian theology and then proceeds to the orthodox certainties of Hopkins' theory of inscape, Ruskin's and Arnold's moralistic criticism of literature and the visual arts, and Pater's and Wilde's faith in a religion of art. The author identifies significant cultural and historical conditions which determined the interdependence of aesthetic and religious sensibility in the period. She argues that certain tensions in the thought of Wordsworth and Coleridge - tensions between poetry and religion, rebellion and reaction, individualism and authority - continued to manifest themselves throughout the Victorian age, and as society became increasingly democratic, religion in turn became increasingly personal and secular.
The School of Peter Abelard
Authors: Luscombe D. E.
Published: December 2011

Peter Abelard conducted many analyses of Scriptural and Patristic teachings, and achieved an extensive rapprochement between Christian and pagan thought. His public career was ended in 1140 by an ecclesiastical condemnation, but this touched upon the central issues facing the early leaders of the medieval scholastic movement and Abelard's own teachings continued to be controversial. Dr Luscombe considers the influence of Abelard's principal teachings among his contemporaries and successors. his aim is to explain the conflicting estimates of Abelard which were current in the twelfth century and later, and to provide a full account of the writings and varied fortunes of Abelard's disciples. He also examines the manuscript tradition of Abelard's work and that of his followers. The condemnation of 1140 repudiated Abelard's leading doctrines. This led some of Abelard's disciples to partly retreat from the position of their master, whereas some chose to adapt and extend his teachings.
Characteristic Classes and the Cohomology of Finite Groups
Authors: Thomas C. B.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this book is to study the relation between the representation ring of a finite group and its integral cohomology by means of characteristic classes. In this way it is possible to extend the known calculations and prove some general results for the integral cohomology ring of a group G of prime power order. Among the groups considered are those of p-rank less than 3, extra-special p-groups, symmetric groups and linear groups over finite fields. An important tool is the Riemann - Roch formula which provides a relation between the characteristic classes of an induced representation, the classes of the underlying representation and those of the permutation representation of the infinite symmetric group. Dr Thomas also discusses the implications of his work for some arithmetic groups which will interest algebraic number theorists. Dr Thomas assumes the reader has taken basic courses in algebraic topology, group theory and homological algebra, but has included an appendix in which he gives a purely topological proof of the Riemann - Roch formula.
Family Forms in Historic Europe
Authors: Wall Richard
Published: December 2011

The family forms of historic Europe have been fascinating in their variety. Their importance for the historical development of our continent would be difficult to exaggerate; for our relationship with the peoples of the other continents of the world as well. This book is an attempt to recover the different familial systems and compare them with one another. The studies range from Russia, Poland, Hungary and Austria to Scandinavia, Flanders and Britain. All the influences which have affected the character and composition of European households are taken into account. The analysis covers their function as productive work groups, in the procreation and bringing up of children, and in the support of the elderly, and their relationship with the wider society and its norms along with its political organization, central and local. Claims that inheritance customs and inheritance practice and the occupation of the household head exerted a powerful influence on the size and composition of households are subjected to rigorous and systematic investigation.