bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-Cigarettes and Future Cigarette Use
Authors: Barrington-Trimis Jessica L. , Urman Robert , Berhane Kiros , Unger Jennifer B. , Cruz Tess Boley , Pentz Mary Ann , Samet Jonathan M. , Leventhal Adam M. , McConnell Rob
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

There has been little research examining whether e-cigarette use increases the risk of cigarette initiation among adolescents in the transition to adulthood when the sale of cigarettes becomes legal.

METHODS

The Children’s Health Study is a prospectively followed cohort in Southern California. Data on e-cigarette use were collected in 11th and 12th grade (mean age = 17.4); follow-up data on tobacco product use were collected an average of 16 months later from never-smoking e-cigarette users at initial evaluation (n = 146) and from a sample of never-smoking, never e-cigarette users (n = 152) frequency matched to e-cigarette users on gender, ethnicity, and grade.

RESULTS

Cigarette initiation during follow-up was reported by 40.4% of e-cigarette users (n = 59) and 10.5% of never users (n = 16). E-cigarette users had 6.17 times (95% confidence interval: 3.30–11.6) the odds of initiating cigarettes as never e-cigarette users. Results were robust to adjustment for potential confounders and in analyses restricted to never users of any combustible tobacco product. Associations were stronger in adolescents with no intention of smoking at initial evaluation. E-cigarette users were also more likely to initiate use of any combustible product (odds ratio = 4.98; 95% confidence interval: 2.37–10.4), including hookah, cigars, or pipes.

CONCLUSIONS

E-cigarette use in never-smoking youth may increase risk of subsequent initiation of cigarettes and other combustible products during the transition to adulthood when the purchase of tobacco products becomes legal. Stronger associations in participants with no intention of smoking suggests that e-cigarette use was not simply a marker for individuals who would have gone on to smoke regardless of e-cigarette use.
Firearm Homicide and Other Causes of Death in Delinquents: A 16-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Teplin Linda A. , Jakubowski Jessica A. , Abram Karen M. , Olson Nichole D. , Stokes Marquita L. , Welty Leah J.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Delinquent youth are at risk for early violent death after release from detention. However, few studies have examined risk factors for mortality. Previous investigations studied only serious offenders (a fraction of the juvenile justice population) and provided little data on females.

METHODS

The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a prospective longitudinal study of health needs and outcomes of a stratified random sample of 1829 youth (657 females, 1172 males; 524 Hispanic, 1005 African Amer-ican, 296 non-Hispanic white, 4 other race/ethnicity) detained between 1995 and 1998. Data on risk factors were drawn from interviews; death records were obtained up to 16 years after detention. We compared all-cause mortality rates and causes of death with those of the general population. Survival analyses were used to examine risk factors for mortality after youth leave detention.

RESULTS

Delinquent youth have higher mortality rates than the general population to age 29 years (P < .05), irrespective of gender or race/ ethnicity. Females died at nearly 5 times the general population rate (P < .05); Hispanic males and females died at 5 and 9 times the general population rates, respectively (P < .05). Compared with the general population, significantly more delinquent youth died of homicide and its subcategory, homicide by firearm (P < .05). Among delinquent youth, racial/ethnic minorities were at increased risk of homicide compared with non-Hispanic whites (P < .05). Significant risk factors for external-cause mortality and homicide included drug dealing (up to 9 years later), alcohol use disorder, and gang membership (up to a decade later).

CONCLUSIONS

Delinquent youth are an identifiable target population to reduce disparities in early violent death.
Firearm Possession Among Adolescents Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department for Assault
Authors: Carter Patrick M. , Walton Maureen A. , Newton Manya F. , Clery Michael , Whiteside Lauren K. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Cunningham Rebecca M.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Firearm violence is a leading cause of death among youth. The objectives of this study were (1) determine firearm possession rates and associated correlates among youth seeking care for assault in an emergency department (ED); (2) understand differences in risk factors for youth with firearm possession; and (3) identify firearm possession characteristics in this population: type, reason for possession, and source of firearms.

METHODS

Youth (14 to 24 years old) presenting to a Level 1 ED with assault were administered a computerized screening survey. Validated instruments were administered, measuring demographics, firearm rates and characteristics, attitudes toward aggression, substance use, and previous violence history.

RESULTS

Among 689 assault-injured youth, 23% reported firearm possession in the past 6 months. Only 17% of those reporting firearm possession obtained the gun from a legal source; 22% reported ownership of highly lethal automatic/semiautomatic weapons and 37.1% reported having a firearm for protection. Logistic regression analysis identified significant correlates of firearm possession, including male gender, higher socioeconomic status, illicit drug use, recent serious fight, and retaliatory attitudes.

CONCLUSIONS

ED assault-injured youth had high rates of firearm possession (23.1%), most of which were not obtained from legal sources. Youth with firearm possession were more likely to have been in a recent serious fight, and to endorse aggressive attitudes that increase their risk for retaliatory violence. Future prevention efforts should focus on minimizing illegal firearm access among high-risk youth, nonviolent alternatives to retaliatory violence, and substance use prevention.
Firearm Violence Among High-Risk Emergency Department Youth After an Assault Injury
Authors: Carter Patrick M. , Walton Maureen A. , Roehler Douglas R. , Goldstick Jason , Zimmerman Marc A. , Blow Frederic C. , Cunningham Rebecca M.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

The risk for firearm violence among high-risk youth after treatment for an assault is unknown.

METHODS

In this 2-year prospective cohort study, data were analyzed from a consecutive sample of 14- to 24-year-olds with drug use in the past 6 months seeking assault-injury care (AIG) at an urban level 1 emergency department (ED) compared with a proportionally sampled comparison group (CG) of drug-using nonassaulted youth. Validated measures were administered at baseline and follow-up (6, 12, 18, 24 months).

RESULTS

A total of 349 AIG and 250 CG youth were followed for 24 months. During the follow-up period, 59% of the AIG reported firearm violence, a 40% higher risk than was observed among the CG (59.0% vs. 42.5%; relative risk [RR] = 1.39). Among those reporting firearm violence, 31.7% reported aggression, and 96.4% reported victimization, including 19 firearm injuries requiring medical care and 2 homicides. The majority with firearm violence (63.5%) reported at least 1 event within the first 6 months. Poisson regression identified baseline predictors of firearm violence, including male gender (RR = 1.51), African American race (RR = 1.26), assault-injury (RR = 1.35), firearm possession (RR = 1.23), attitudes favoring retaliation (RR = 1.03), posttraumatic stress disorder (RR = 1.39), and a drug use disorder (RR = 1.22).

CONCLUSIONS

High-risk youth presenting to urban EDs for assault have elevated rates of subsequent firearm violence. Interventions at an index visit addressing substance use, mental health needs, retaliatory attitudes, and firearm possession may help decrease firearm violence among urban youth.
Announcements Versus Conversations to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Brewer Noel T. , Hall Megan E. , Malo Teri L. , Gilkey Melissa B. , Quinn Beth , Lathren Christine
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE

Improving provider recommendations is critical to addressing low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. Thus, we sought to determine the effectiveness of training providers to improve their recommendations using either presumptive “announcements” or participatory “conversations.”

METHODS

In 2015, we conducted a parallel-group randomized clinical trial with 30 pediatric and family medicine clinics in central North Carolina. We randomized clinics to receive no training (control), announcement training, or conversation training. Announcements are brief statements that assume parents are ready to vaccinate, whereas conversations engage parents in open-ended discussions. A physician led the 1-hour, in-clinic training. The North Carolina Immunization Registry provided data on the primary trial outcome: 6-month coverage change in HPV vaccine initiation (≥1 dose) for adolescents aged 11 or 12 years.

RESULTS

The immunization registry attributed 17 173 adolescents aged 11 or 12 to the 29 clinics still open at 6-months posttraining. Six-month increases in HPV vaccination coverage were larger for patients in clinics that received announcement training versus those in control clinics (5.4% difference, 95% confidence interval: 1.1%–9.7%). Stratified analyses showed increases for both girls (4.6% difference) and boys (6.2% difference). Patients in clinics receiving conversation training did not differ from those in control clinics with respect to changes in HPV vaccination coverage. Neither training was effective for changing coverage for other vaccination outcomes or for adolescents aged 13 through 17 (n = 37 796).

CONCLUSIONS

Training providers to use announcements resulted in a clinically meaningful increase in HPV vaccine initiation among young adolescents.
Physician Response to Parental Requests to Spread Out the Recommended Vaccine Schedule
Authors: Kempe Allison , O’Leary Sean T. , Kennedy Allison , Crane Lori A. , Allison Mandy A. , Beaty Brenda L. , Hurley Laura P. , Brtnikova Michaela , Jimenez-Zambrano Andrea , Stokley Shannon
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

To assess among US physicians (1) frequency of requests to spread out recommended vaccination schedule for children <2 years, (2) attitudes regarding such requests, and (3) strategies used and perceived effectiveness in response to such requests.

METHODS

An e-mail and mail survey of a nationally representative sample of pediatricians and family physicians from June 2012 through October 2012.

RESULTS

The response rate was 66% (534 of 815). In a typical month, 93% reported some parents of children <2 years requested to spread out vaccines; 21% reported ≥10% of parents made this request. Most respondents thought these parents were putting their children at risk for disease (87%) and that it was more painful for children (84%), but if they agreed to requests, it would build trust with families (82%); further, they believed that if they did not agree, families might leave their practice (80%). Forty percent reported this issue had decreased their job satisfaction. Most agreed to spread out vaccines when requested, either often/always (37%) or sometimes (37%); 2% would often/always, 4% would sometimes, and 12% would rarely dismiss families from their practice if they wanted to spread out the primary series. Physicians reported using a variety of strategies in response to requests but did not think they were effective.

CONCLUSIONS

Virtually all providers encounter requests to spread out vaccines in a typical month and, despite concerns, most are agreeing to do so. Providers are using many strategies in response but think few are effective. Evidence-based interventions to increase timely immunization are needed to guide primary care and public health practice.
Obesity: Stigma, Trends, and Interventions
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Obesity is one of the defining health challenges of our generation. Studies project that, if current trends continue, more than 50% of the US population will have obesity within the next 20 years.

https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-obesity-stigma-trends-and-interventions-paperback/
An Integrated Clinic-Community Partnership for Child Obesity Treatment: A Randomized Pilot Trial
Authors: Hoffman Jessica , Frerichs Leah , Story Mary , Jones Jason , Gaskin Kiah , Apple Annie , Skinner Asheley , Armstrong Sarah
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Effective treatment of childhood obesity remains elusive. Integration of clinical and community systems may achieve effective and sustainable treatment. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of this integrated model are unknown.

METHODS

We conducted a randomized clinical trial among children aged 5 to 11 presenting for obesity treatment. We randomized participants to clinical care or clinical care plus community-based programming at a local parks and recreation facility. Primary outcomes were the change in child BMI at 6 months and the intensity of the program in treatment hours. Secondary outcomes included health behaviors, fitness, attrition, and quality of life.

RESULTS

We enrolled 97 children with obesity, and retention at 6 months was 70%. Participants had a mean age of 9.1 years and a mean baseline BMI z score of 2.28, and 70% were living in poverty. Intervention participants achieved more treatment hours than controls (11.4 vs 4.4, SD: 15.3 and 1.6, respectively). We did not observe differences in child BMI z score or percent of the 95th percentile at 6 months. Intervention participants had significantly greater improvements in physical activity (P = .010) and quality of life (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS

An integrated clinic-community model of child obesity treatment is feasible to deliver in a low-income and racially diverse population. As compared with multidisciplinary treatment, the integrated model provides more treatment hours, improves physical activity, and increases quality of life. Parks and recreation departments hold significant promise as a partner agency to deliver child obesity treatment.
Characteristics of Children 2 to 5 Years of Age with Severe Obesity
Authors: Tester June M. , Phan Thao-Ly T. , Tucker Jared M. , Leung Cindy W. , Dreyer Gillette Meredith L. , Sweeney Brooke R. , Kirk Shelley , Tindall Alexis , Olivo-Marston Susan E. , Eneli Ihuoma U.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

As a distinct group, 2- to 5-year-olds with severe obesity (SO) have not been extensively described. As a part of the Expert Exchange Workgroup on Childhood Obesity, nationally-representative data were examined to better characterize children with SO.

METHODS

Children ages 2 to 5 (N = 7028) from NHANES (1999–2014) were classified as having normal weight, overweight, obesity, or SO (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile). Sociodemographics, birth characteristics, screen time, total energy, and Healthy Eating Index 2010 scores were evaluated. Multinomial logistic and linear regressions were conducted, with normal weight as the referent.

RESULTS

The prevalence of SO was 2.1%. Children with SO had higher (unadjusted) odds of being a racial and/or ethnic minority (African American: odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; Hispanic: OR: 2.3). They were from households with lower educational attainment (OR: 2.4), that were single-parent headed (OR: 2.0), and that were in poverty (OR: 2.1). Having never been breastfed was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR: 1.5) and higher odds of SO (OR: 1.9). Odds of >4 hours of screen time were 1.5 and 2.0 for children with obesity and SO. Energy intake and Healthy Eating Index 2010 scores were not significantly different in children with SO.

CONCLUSIONS

Children ages 2 to 5 with SO appear to be more likely to be of a racial and/or ethnic minority and have greater disparities in social determinants of health than their peers and are more than twice as likely to engage in double the recommended screen time limit.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early Childhood Obesity
Authors: Isong Inyang A. , Rao Sowmya R. , Bind Marie-Abèle , Avendaño Mauricio , Kawachi Ichiro , Richmond Tracy K.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

The prevalence of childhood obesity is significantly higher among racial and/or ethnic minority children in the United States. It is unclear to what extent well-established obesity risk factors in infancy and preschool explain these disparities. Our objective was to decompose racial and/or ethnic disparities in children’s weight status according to contributing socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors.

METHODS

We used nationally representative data from ~10 700 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort who were followed from age 9 months through kindergarten entry. We assessed the contribution of socioeconomic factors and maternal, infancy, and early childhood obesity risk factors to racial and/or ethnic disparities in children’s BMI z scores by using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses.

RESULTS

The prevalence of risk factors varied significantly by race and/or ethnicity. African American children had the highest prevalence of risk factors, whereas Asian children had the lowest prevalence. The major contributor to the BMI z score gap was the rate of infant weight gain during the first 9 months of life, which was a strong predictor of BMI z score at kindergarten entry. The rate of infant weight gain accounted for between 14.9% and 70.5% of explained disparities between white children and their racial and/or ethnic minority peers. Gaps in socioeconomic status were another important contributor that explained disparities, especially those between white and Hispanic children. Early childhood risk factors, such as fruit and vegetable consumption and television viewing, played less important roles in explaining racial and/or ethnic differences in children’s BMI z scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in rapid infant weight gain contribute substantially to racial and/or ethnic disparities in obesity during early childhood. Interventions implemented early in life to target this risk factor could help curb widening racial and/or ethnic disparities in early childhood obesity.
Prescription Opioid Epidemic and Infant Outcomes
Authors: Patrick Stephen W. , Dudley Judith , Martin Peter R. , Harrell Frank E. , Warren Michael D. , Hartmann Katherine E. , Ely E. Wesley , Grijalva Carlos G. , Cooper William O.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Although opioid pain relievers are commonly prescribed in pregnancy, their association with neonatal outcomes is poorly described. Our objectives were to identify neonatal complications associated with antenatal opioid pain reliever exposure and to establish predictors of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).

METHODS

We used prescription and administrative data linked to vital statistics for mothers and infants enrolled in the Tennessee Medicaid program between 2009 and 2011. A random sample of NAS cases was validated by medical record review. The association of antenatal exposures with NAS was evaluated by using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for maternal and infant characteristics.

RESULTS

Of 112 029 pregnant women, 31 354 (28%) filled ≥1 opioid prescription. Women prescribed opioid pain relievers were more likely than those not prescribed opioids (P < .001) to have depression (5.3% vs 2.7%), anxiety disorder (4.3% vs 1.6%) and to smoke tobacco (41.8% vs 25.8%). Infants with NAS and opioid-exposed infants were more likely than unexposed infants to be born at a low birth weight (21.2% vs 11.8% vs 9.9%; P < .001). In a multivariable model, higher cumulative opioid exposure for short-acting preparations (P < .001), opioid type (P < .001), number of daily cigarettes smoked (P < .001), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use (odds ratio: 2.08 [95% confidence interval: 1.67–2.60]) were associated with greater risk of developing NAS.

CONCLUSIONS

Prescription opioid use in pregnancy is common and strongly associated with neonatal complications. Antenatal cumulative prescription opioid exposure, opioid type, tobacco use, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use increase the risk of NAS.
Prescription Opioid Exposures Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: 2000–2015
Authors: Allen Jakob D. , Casavant Marcel J. , Spiller Henry A. , Chounthirath Thiphalak , Hodges Nichole L. , Smith Gary A.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

This study analyzes and compares exposures to prescription opioids among children and adolescents younger than 20 years old in the United States.

METHODS

Data from the National Poison Data System for 2000 through 2015 were analyzed.

RESULTS

Poison control centers received reports of 188 468 prescription opioid exposures among children aged <20 years old from 2000 through 2015. The annual number and rate of exposures increased early in the study period, but declined after 2009, except for buprenorphine exposures, which increased during the last 3 study years. Hydrocodone accounted for the largest proportion of exposures (28.7%), and 47.1% of children exposed to buprenorphine were admitted to a health care facility (HCF). The odds of being admitted to an HCF were higher for teenagers than for children aged 0 to 5 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.78–2.94) or children aged 6 to 12 years (OR: 6.62; 95% CI: 6.06–7.02). Teenagers also had greater odds of serious medical outcomes than did children aged 0 to 5 years (OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 2.92–3.15) or children aged 6 to 12 years (OR: 4.59; 95% CI: 4.21–5.00). The rate of prescription opioid–related suspected suicides among teenagers increased by 52.7% during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Prescription opioid–related HCF admissions and serious medical outcomes were higher among teenagers. Contrary to trends for other prescription opioids, exposures to buprenorphine have increased in recent years; children aged 0 to 5 years accounted for almost 90% of buprenorphine exposures. These findings indicate that additional prevention efforts are needed.
Trends in Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids Among US Adolescents: 1976–2015
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , West Brady T. , Veliz Phil , McCabe Vita V. , Stoddard Sarah A. , Boyd Carol J.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

Most US studies of national trends in medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids have focused on adults. Given the limited understanding in these trends among adolescents, we examine national trends in the medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors between 1976 and 2015.

METHODS

The data used for the study come from the Monitoring the Future study of adolescents. Forty cohorts of nationally representative samples of high school seniors (modal age 18) were used to examine self-reported medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids.

RESULTS

Lifetime prevalence of medical use of prescription opioids peaked in both 1989 and 2002 and remained stable until a recent decline from 2013 through 2015. Lifetime nonmedical use of prescription opioids was less prevalent and highly correlated with medical use of prescription opioids over this 40-year period. Adolescents who reported both medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids were more likely to indicate medical use of prescription opioids before initiating nonmedical use.

CONCLUSIONS

Prescription opioid exposure is common among US adolescents. Long-term trends indicate that one-fourth of high school seniors self-reported medical or nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids has declined recently and remained highly correlated over the past 4 decades. Sociodemographic differences and risky patterns involving medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids should be taken into consideration in clinical practice to improve opioid analgesic prescribing and reduce adverse consequences associated with prescription opioid use among adolescents.
Pediatric Collections: Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

This custom collection consists of important studies, expert recommendations, and practice pathways that inform pediatricians on practical ways to improve the lives of children with ASD and their families.

https://www.aap.org/Pediatric-Collections-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-Paperback
Childhood Trauma & Resilience
Authors: Forkey Heather C. , Griffin Jessica L. , Szilagyi Moira
Published: November 2021

With this new practical guide, pediatricians and other child health professionals will learn to identify, evaluate, and treat children and families affected by trauma and adversity when they present at the office. Available for purchase at https://shop.aap.org/childhood-trauma-and-resilience-a-practical-guide-paperback/ (NOTE: This book features a full text reading experience. Click a chapter title to access content.)
Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth: 1995-2017
Authors: Liu Richard T. , Walsh Rachel F.L. , Sheehan Ana E. , Cheek Shayna M. , Carter Sarina M.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we determined trends in prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual youth from 1995 to 2017 using population-based surveillance data.

METHODS

Data were drawn from the Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey from 1995 to 2017 (unweighted N = 41 636). The annual percent change (APC) in prevalence of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts was stratified by sexual orientation as indexed by sexual identity and sexual behavior.

RESULTS

Among sexual minority youth, prevalence rates declined over the entire study period for suicidal ideation (APCsexual identity = −1.25; APCsexual behavior = 1.83), plans (APCsexual identity = 1.88; APCsexual behavior = –1.95), and attempts (APCsexual identity =–2.64; APCsexual behavior = –2.47). Among heterosexual youth, prevalence rates declined from 1995 to 2007 for suicidal ideation (APCsexual identity = –6.67; APCsexual behavior = 6.77) and plans (APCsexual identity = –5.73; APCsexual behavior = –6.25). These declines in ideation and plans were steeper than those for sexual minority youth. Prevalence of suicide attempts declined across the entire Study period among heterosexual youth (APCsexual identity = –3.66; APCsexual behavior = –4.01). Prevalence of all 3 outcomes remained markedly high among sexual minority youth across the 23-year study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Although suicidal thoughts and behavior have generally declined among sexual minority and heterosexual youth, disparities in these outcomes persist, and their prevalence among sexual minority youth has remained consistently elevated. Prioritized screening for risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in this vulnerable population is imperative to reduce disparities and prevalence of these outcomes.
Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Turban Jack L. , King Dana , Carswell Jeremi M. , Keuroghlian Alex S.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues are commonly prescribed to suppress endogenous puberty for transgender adolescents. There are limited data regarding the mental health benefits of this treatment. Our objective for this study was to examine associations between access to pubertal suppression during adolescence and adult mental health outcomes.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional survey of 20 619 transgender adults aged 18 to 36 years, we examined self-reported history of pubertal suppression during adolescence. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between access to pubertal suppression and adult mental health outcomes, including multiple measures of suicidality.

RESULTS

Of the sample, 16.9% reported that they ever wanted pubertal suppression as part of their gender-related care. Their mean age was 23.4 years, and 45.2% were assigned male sex at birth. Of them, 2.5% received pubertal suppression. After adjustment for demographic variables and level of family support for gender identity, those who received treatment with pubertal suppression, when compared with those who wanted pubertal suppression but did not receive it, had lower odds of lifetime suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio = 0.3; 95% confidence interval = 0.2–0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study in which associations between access to pubertal suppression and suicidality are examined. There is a significant inverse association between treatment with pubertal suppression during adolescence and lifetime suicidal ideation among transgender adults who ever wanted this treatment. These results align with past literature, suggesting that pubertal suppression for transgender adolescents who want this treatment is associated with favorable mental health outcomes.
Low doses of imidacloprid induce disruption of intercellular adhesion and initiate proinflammatory changes in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Nedzvetsky V. S. , Masiuk D. M. , Gasso V. Y. , Yermolenko S. V. , Huslystyi A. O. , Spirina V. A.
Published: November 2021

Imidacloprid is the most widely used pesticide of the neonicotinoid class. Neonicotinoid toxicities against various insects are well known. Nevertheless, there are rising evidences that neonicotinoids exert cytotoxic effects on different non-target organisms including mammals, fish, birds etc. Besides, depending on pesticide application, the exposed plants absorb some part of used neonicotinoids and their residues are detected in agricultural products worldwide. Thus, the continuous consumption of fruits and vegetables contaminated with neonicotinoids is a high risk factor for humans despite the low doses. Intestine epithelial cells are the first targets of the neonicotinoid cytotoxicity in humans because of its direct way of administration. The epithelial cells provide the barrier function of the intestinal system via specialized intercellular adhesion. The effects of imidacloprid on the intestine barrier function and inflammatory cytokines production are still unknown. In the present study, we exposed the human Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) epithelial cells to low doses (0.10–0.75 µg/mL) of imidacloprid in order to assess the expression of tight and adherens junctions proteins, occludin and E-cadherin, and production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF α and iNOS. Imidacloprid induced dose-dependent decline in both occludin and E-cadherin levels. By contrast, TNF-α and iNOS contents were upregulated in imidacloprid-exposed Caco-2 cells. Decrease in tight and adherens junctions proteins indicates that the barrier function of intestine epithelial cells could be damaged by imidacloprid administration. In addition, TNF-α and iNOS upregulation indicates that imidacloprid is potent to activate proinflammatory response in enterocytes. Thus, imidacloprid can affect intestine barrier function through the increase of proinflammatory cytokine production and decrease in adhesiveness of enterocytes. The further assessment of the role of adhesion proteins and inflammatory cytokines in neonicotinoid pesticide cytotoxicity as it affects enterocyte barrier function is required to highlight the risk factor of use of neonicotinoids.
Constitucionalismo gaditano e independencia en Centroamérica: un apretado balance historiográfico
Authors: Herrera Mena Sajid Alfredo , Hernández Sánchez Leonel
Published: November 2021

En este artículo nos proponemos realizar un breve análisis sobre cómo se ha entendido la relación entre el constitucionalismo gaditano, la independencia y los inicios de la vida republicana en Centroamérica. Para ello, hacemos un recorrido historiográfico de un poco más de 50 años, partiendo de los estudios de Jorge Mario García Laguardia y Mario Rodríguez, para luego discutir los cambios interpretativos suscitados desde la década de 1990 dentro de tres áreas temáticas: la representación, los poderes locales y la cultura política. Nos hemos centrado en la historia política, cultural e intelectual porque es allí en donde se han concentrado los trabajos al respecto.
Two new species of Andinia (Pleurothallidinae) from the Central Cordillera of Peru
Authors: Ocupa Horna Luis , Vieira-Uribe Sebastián , Yupanqui Godo Luis Enrique
Published: November 2021

Two new Andinia species are described, A. barba-caprina and A. crassipetala, both found during a botanical expedition to the montane forests of the Central Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes. They are compared with morphologically similar species, and Lankester Composite Dissection Plates (LCDP) are provided. Andinia barba-caprina is more similar to A. tingomariana but is distinguished by having obovate sepals with sparsely erose margins and the lip with narrowly obtuse, short basal lobes and a group of large hairs on the abaxial surface. Andinia crassipetala is distinguished from the two most similar species, A. hernandoi Est.Domínguez & S.Vieira-Uribe and A. persimilis (Luer & Sijm) Karremans & S.Vieira-Uribe for having thick, deltate and obtuse petals.
Nonlinear control of wind turbine in above rated wind speed region
Authors: El Mjabber El Kabira , Khamlichi Abdellatif , El Hajjaji Abdellah
Published: November 2021

Advanced control of variable speed horizontal wind turbine was considered in the high wind speed range. The aims of control in this region are to limit and stabilize the rotor speed and electrical power to their nominal values, while reducing the fatigue loads acting on the structure. A new nonlinear technique based on combination between sliding mode control and radial basis function neural network control was investigated. The proposed hybrid controller was implemented via MATLAB on a simplified two masses numerical model of wind turbine. By applying the Lyapunov approach, this controller was shown to ensure stability. It was found also to be robust and able to reject the uncertainties associated to system nonlinearities. The obtained results were compared with those provided by an existing controller.
Portraying the Spirit’s Personality to Minahasan Christian with its Ancestral Spirits Tradition Hues
Authors: Rumbay Christar Arstilo
Published: November 2021

This essay attempts to portray the Spirit's personality to Minahasan Christian with its ancestral spirits tradition. Minahasan culture contains rich beliefs and rituals relate to ancestral spirits activities. This work prepares Minahasan Christian's practice such as kampetan, foso, mu'kur, and mumper together with the Spirit's personality throughout the Scripture. In the next stage, the Spirit's personality seeks an opportunity to engage with Minahasan Christian. However, intelligence, wisdom, and skill of the Spirit share possibility and constructive contribution toward ancestral spirit beliefs of Minahasan Christian. On the flip side, Minahasan culture openly receives works, characters, features, and impacts rather than a real figure and appearance of the Spirit. In conclusion, the Spirit's personality is not in conflict with the indigenous tradition. In contrast, it offers a new perspective and acts as a companion or partner of ancestral spirits tradition.
"Reverse Centrifugal Movement": Reading Liminality at the Shrinescape
Authors: Asri Syamsul , Putra Heddy Shri Ahimsa , Laksana Albertus Bagus
Published: November 2021

Abstract: This paper main objective is to explain the nature and dynamics of solidarity and kindness that being shown in arbain walk, an annual Shi`i pilgrimage where noticeable presence of non-Muslims are observed. Coming from different religious and ethnic backgrounds, these lovers of Imam Husain are united by Imam Husain`s barakah in one hand and epic hospitality of Iraqi people for Imam Husain`s millions of devotee in other hand. The paper argues that this is an elaborated form of liminality, as emerge and envelope the pilgrims in their shrine-related religious activity, cordially affected by its shrine centered pilgrimage, namely Imam Husain`s shrine, in which shrine`s materiality and its multilayered intellectual and spiritual narrativity determines the form and intensity of pilgrim`s comradeship that being sensed. Reverse centrifugal movement is a dynamics through which Imam Husain`s shrinescape shapes the form and intensity of mutual friendship that emerge during this bigger than hajj annual rite.
The Isak Mosque and the Ismail Church: A Symbol of Muslim-Christian Cultural Interaction in East Alila, Ilawe Village, Alor
Authors: Benu Ayu Apriany
Published: November 2021

This article aims to describe and analyze the views of the Ilawe village community regarding the existence of the Isak mosque and the Ismail church which can be a symbol of cultural interaction in Alor district. In writing this, I did not only provide the history of the Isak mosque and the Ismail church, but also the ways of dialogue between those religious communities in the place. Besides, it also describes how people establish their relationship and lives in harmony in various problems and debates occurred in other places. The interfaith dialogue which is built in the community is based on their day-to-day relationships. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a survey and interviews for the data collection. Both methods can encourage the author to look at how the Ilawe community comprehends the Isak mosque and the Ismail church. The existence of the Isak mosque and the Ismail church can also be a symbol of the cultural interaction of the people in Alor district. The research concludes that the Isak mosque and the Ismail church are symbols of cultural interaction in interfaith dialogue for people in Ilawe village and all communities in Alor district.
Tawāzun as Religious Approach in Post-Mining Land Management
Authors: Untung Syamsul Hadi , Yahya Yuangga Kurnia , Alfionita Linda
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak lingkungan dari kegiatan pertambangan, melalui perspektif perspektif Islam. Isu yang menjadi perhatian dalam artikel ini adalah lubang bekas tambang yang tidak direklamasi maupun difungsikan pasca tambang. Melalui perspektif al-tawāzun al-bī’ī, ditemukan bahwa praktik penambangan yang baik adalah mengembalikan fungsi tanah dan air ke fungsi semula dengan kualitas yang lebih baik. Hal tersebut dilakukan untuk menjaga keseimbangan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan dan meminimalkan kerusakan yang diakibatkan, termasuk yang merenggut nyawa manusia. Untuk itu, pendekatan dan nilai-nilai agama memainkan peran utama dalam menyebarkan nilai-nilai kebaikan di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia yang dikenal sebagai masyarakat religius.
Замкнуті САР з прогнозуванням: аналіз альтернативних варіантів сруктур
Authors: Степанов М. Т.
Published: November 2021

У статті розглядається системи автоматичного регулювання які реалізують алгоритми керування з прогнозуванням складових вільного та вимушеного руху на час запізнення вперед в замкнутому контурі. Проводиться порівняльний аналіз їх роботи у перехідних та сталих режимах роботи, а також запасів стійкості які вони забезпечують. Об'єкти технологічного типу досить часто мають велику інерційність в каналах регулювання яка пов'язаної не тільки з чистим запізненням, але, більшою мірою з акумуляцією речовини і енергії, так званим ємнісним запізненням. Повна або часткова компенсація цієї інерційності може в значній мірі поліпшити якість регулювання для таких об'єктів. На практиці для компенсації впливу запізнення на динаміку власного руху часто використовують системи з упереджувачем Сміта які значно розширюють запас стійкості систем і забезпечують їх працездатність в умовах нестаціонарних властивостей об’єкта керування. Також прогнозування використовується у системах керування з прогнозуючою моделлю, в яких керуючий вплив на кожному кроці розраховується за рахунок вирішення оптимізаційної задачі на основі математичної моделі об’єкта керування. Ці системи також застосовують для керування об’єктами технологічного типу, зокрема рекомендують до застосування при керуванні багатоканальними об’єктами канали яких пов’язані між собою через дію перехресних зв’язків. В якості альтернативи вказаним системам запропонована система регулювання з прогнозуванням вимушеного руху в замкнутий контур якої введено алгоритм прогнозування в реальному часі на основі кубічного сплайну. Проведено структурний та оптимальний параметричний синтез альтернативних варіантів систем автоматичного регулювання. В якості базового регулятора було обрано типовий ПІД-регулятор. Порівняльний аналіз оптимальних систем, проведений в часовій і частотних областях, показав перевагу системи регулювання, що реалізує принцип керування за прогнозом на основі кубічного сплайну. При аналізі роботи систем за каналом дії неконтрольованих збурень система регулювання з прогнозуванням по кубічному сплайну забезпечує зниження інтегрального і прямих показників якості перехідних процесів до 40%. Перевірка на грубість систем автоматичного регулювання показала, що система автоматичного регулювання з прогнозуванням регульованої змінної за кубічним сплайном має приблизно однаковий запас стійкості за часом запізнення та трошки нижчий запас стійкості за коефіцієнтом  передачі об’єкта керування, ніж система з упереджувачем Сміта.
Засіб автоматизации контролю робочого середовища газотурбонагнітачів
Authors: Карпілов О. Ю.
Published: November 2021

У великих морських та річкових транспортних кластерах частка забруднень повітряного середовища, що належить судновим енергетичним установкам, перебільшує 7 % від загальної кількості викидів шкідливих речовин. Екологічний збиток, викликуваний роботою теплових двигунів внутрішнього згоряння, складається як з забруднення середовища газами, що відробили, так й "температурному забрудненні" - викидах у довкілля великої кількості низькотемпературної теплоти. Надлишкова теплота ініціює різні кліматичні аномалії глобального характеру. Істотний вплив на катастрофічні процеси виявляє "парниковий ефект", що приводить до зміни характеру променистого теплообміну між земною поверхнею й шарами атмосфери внаслідок збільшення вмісту в ній діоксиду вуглецю. Рамкова конвенція ООН про зміну клімату (UN FCCC) і Кіотський протокол 1997 р. визначили державні зобов'язання для країн-учасниць відносно зниження викидів СО2 . В 1997 р. на Міжнародній конференції сторін Міжнародної конвенції по запобіганню забруднення із судів (МАРПОЛ) була прийнята Резолюція 8 по "викидах вуглекислого газу із суден", у якій Міжнародної морської організації (ІМО) у співробітництві із Секретаріатом Рамкової конвенції Організації Об'єднаних Націй про зміну клімату було запропоновано запровадити комплекс заходів щодо вивчення впливу викидів парникових газів із суден з метою встановлення кількості й відносного процентного вмісту викидів вуглекислого газу з суден. На підставі аналізу результатів досліджень, виконаних у 2007 р., визначено, що частка викидів парникових газів у міжнародному судноплавстві вже склала приблизно 2,7 % світових викидів С2. Для подальшого зниження впливу суден та кораблів на якість навколишнього середовища необхідна реорганізація енерговикористання в суднових енергетичних установках. Поставлена задача вирішується тим, що волоконно-оптичний датчик вуглекислого газу, що складається з основи, світловода, мембрани, джерела випромінювання та фотоприймача та який відрізняється тим, що світловод є револьверного типу, зафіксований у основі, з одного боку сполучається з  розгалужувачем, джерелом випромінювання та фотоприймачем, зв'язаних з блоком живлення та реєстрації. З другого боку світловод на торці має віддзеркалюючий шар та сполучений з мембраною, яка є газопроникною. Внутрішні отвори світловода вкриті шаром оксиду індію-олова, а зовні світловод вкритий термокомпенсаційною оболонкою та захисним чохлом.
Photodermatoses in Childhood
Authors: Murashkin Nikolay N. , Ambarchian Eduard T. , Epishev Roman V. , Materikin Alexander I. , Opryatin Leonid A. , Ivanov Roman A. , Kukoleva Daria S.
Published: November 2021

Photodermatoses is a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from abnormal skin hypersensitivity to sunlight and presented as local or generalized rashes. Specific sensitivity of children's skin to ultraviolet is often the first sign or clinical symptom of photodermatosis. Abnormal photosensitivity can be represented by diverse group of primary idiopathic conditions or photo-mediated aggravation of existing dermatosis. Number of genetic genodermatoses, metabolic disorders and connective tissue diseases is also widely known. These conditions can manifest with photosensitivity associated to other extracutaneous clinical and laboratory features. Timely diagnosis of photosensitivity in childhood allows to minimize long-term complications associated with insufficient photoprotection.
Results of Infantile Hemangioma Laser Therapy in Children with Persistent Residual Signs after Systemic Propranolol Therapy: Clinical Cases
Authors: Belysheva Tatyana S. , Kotlukova Natalya P. , Valiev Timur T. , Konstantinova Nataliya K. , Telezhnikova Natalya D. , Lavrova Tatyana R. , Gazalieva Luiza R.
Published: November 2021

Background. Infantile hemangiomas are revealed in 1-3% of newborns and 10-12% of infants. There are only anecdotal reports on the laser therapy efficacy in this pathology management. However, there is no common approach to the use of this method in the complex treatment of infantile hemangioma in infants. Clinical Cases Description. Two clinical cases of infantile hemangioma are presented. Patients underwent complex treatment: systemic propranolol and laser therapy via pulsed dye laser. Laser exposure modes ware selected individually: laser spot sizes were 10 and 12 mm, energy levels were 5-10 J/cm2, burst duration was short (0.45 ms) or long (10-20 ms), procedure duration was from 15 to 40 minutes, number of procedures varied from 1 to 8. Laser therapy has shown its efficacy in treatment of superficial infantile hemangioma. Conclusion. The indication for using laser therapy in management of infants with hemangiomas is especially persistent residual signs such as telangiectasias and erythema after spontaneous or drug involution phase. Laser therapy allows us to avoid aggressive methods and improves the quality of life of our patients according to this article.
Skin Microbiota Content in Children and its Effect on Acne Pathogenesis
Authors: Kruglova Larisa S. , Gryazeva Natalia V. , Tamrazova Anait V.
Published: November 2021

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease in adolescence. The involvement of cosmetically important zones inevitably leads to decrease in our patients' quality of life. This review considers modern methods of skin microbiota analysis, describes the microorganisms' composition in newborns and its changes during growing-up. Cutibacterium acnes (that dominates in the microbiota of skin areas with sebaceous glands) role in acne pathogenesis is described.
Management of Moderate and Severe Forms of Psoriasis in Children: New Opportunities of Genetically Engineered Biologic Drugs
Authors: Namazova-Baranova Leyla S. , Bakulev Andrey L. , Murachkin Nikolay N. , Nam Lyudmila N. , Ivanov Roman A.
Published: November 2021

The article shows the key role of IL-17 in the psoriasis pathogenesis and the opportunities of its management via monoclonal antibodies product secukinumab. The review of international randomized trials on clinical efficacy and safety of genetically engineered biologic drug secukinumab in children and adolescents with psoriasis is presented. During treatment periods of 12 to 52 weeks, secukinumab has shown high therapeutic efficacy for psoriasis severity and skin lesion areas and has improved quality of life of children and adolescents according to dynamic assessments of PASI, IGA 0/1 mod 2011 indices, CDLQI questionnaire. The safety profile of secukinumab in children is estimated as favorable and comparable to using it in adults.