bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximal Articular Set Angle Correction with the Reverdin–Isham Osteotomy in Mild and Moderate Hallux Valgus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mosquera-Canosa Diego , Nieto-García Eduardo , Álvarez-Calderón-Iglesias Óscar , García-Fernández Rubén , López-Vigil Miguel , Pereiro-Buceta Hector , Painceira-Villar Roi , Calvo-Ayuso Natalia , Trevissón-Redondo Bibiana
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The Reverdin–Isham osteotomy via minimal incision is a prominent option for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus, a foot deformity characterized by medial deviation of the first metatarsal and lateral deviation of the first toe. This technique is particularly indicated for cases with an elevated proximal articular angle, enabling effective correction and improved foot functionality. However, its efficacy has not been fully established in the scientific literature. Objective: The main objective of this analysis was to evaluate the correction of radiological angles (PASA, IMA, and HVA), the improvement in functionality according to the AOFAS scale, pain reduction, and patient satisfaction. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines in scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, assessing publication biases and heterogeneity. Ten studies were included, covering 579 procedures in 500 patients, with an average follow-up of 33.8 months. Results: The results did not show significant improvements in the PASA (p = 0.14; CI [−1.52, 0.32]), not in the AIM (p = 0.05; CI [−2.63, 0.02]), although the meta-regression was statistically significant (p = 0.0022) with a ratio of 61.2%. It did show significant improvements in the AHV (p = 0.0009; CI [−3.14, −1.33]). An increase of 37.4 points in the AOFAS scale was revealed, and a 5.4-point reduction in pain. Patient satisfaction was high, with 89.3% of patients satisfied and 94.7% willing to undergo the procedure again. However, 20 major complications were reported, primarily recurrences. Conclusions: The Reverdin–Isham osteotomy is a safe and effective technique for treating mild-to-moderate hallux valgus. It offers significant improvements in foot functionality and pain reduction, with high patient satisfaction rates. Although recurrences remain the main complication, their low frequency reinforces the validity of the technique as a surgical option for specific deformities.
Prolonged T-Piece Spontaneous Breathing Trial and Extubation Outcomes in Patients Received Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Yang Tsung-Ming , Fang Yu-Hung , Chang Chia-Hao , Lin Shih-Jiun , Liu Cheng-Chi , Tsai David Ming Then , Lin Chun-Liang , Lin Chieh-Mo , Hsu Yung-Chien
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Unassisted breathing through a T-piece was the most used spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) in endotracheal intubated prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) patients. However, the optimal duration of an SBT in PMV patients remains uncertain. In this study, we compared the extubation outcome between a 12 h T-piece SBT and a 24 h T-piece SBT in PMV patients. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of PMV patients who were extubated after passing a 12 h or 24 h T-piece SBT. The extubation, weaning, and hospital outcomes between the 12 h T-piece SBT group and the 24 h T-piece SBT group were compared. Kaplan–Meier survival plots and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the risk of extubation failure between groups. Results: In this study, 120 patients were extubated after passing the 12 h T-piece SBT and 234 patients were extubated after passing 24 h T-piece SBT. Patients in the 24 h T-piece SBT group had higher APACHE II score and lower Glasgow coma scale upon RCC arrival than patients in the 12 h T-piece SBT group. There was no difference in gender, age, or ventilator days before extubation between these two groups of patients. After extubation, patients in the 12 h T-piece SBT group and 24 h T-piece SBT group had similar extubation failure rates within 5 days (26.7% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.904). There was no difference in the RCC weaning rate (85% vs. 85.5%, p = 0.929) and hospital mortality rate (19.8% vs. 21.8%, p = 0.821) between the 12 h T-piece SBT group and the 24 h T-piece SBT group. Subgroup analysis showed that 24 h T-piece SBT was associated with a lower extubation failure rate in PMV patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure, but not in older PMV patients or those with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: The extubation and weaning outcomes were similar in PMV patients extubated after passing 12 h T-piece SBT or 24 h T-piece SBT.
High Efficiency Dual-Band Dual-Circularly Polarized Transmitarray Antenna
Authors: Zhang Tianling , Yang Boxiang , Guo Jiayin , Shen Yuanjun , Luo Liangqin , Chen Lei
Published: February 2025

A dual-band dual-circularly polarized transmitarray antenna (TA) operating in the 28/39 GHz millimeter-wave band is proposed in this article. The TA unit consists of two parts: a broadband linearly polarized (LP) receiving part and a dual-band dual-circularly polarized transmitting part. An over-2-bit phase compensation is achieved by changing the size of the U-shaped slot and the rotation status of the receiving part. A 24 × 24 TA model with an aperture size of 88.8 mm × 88.8 mm is built up by using the proposed units and fed by a wide-band corrugated horn antenna. The simulated results show that the maximum gain of the dual-band dual-circularly polarized TA is 26.28 dBic within the low-band (26.5–29.5 GHz) and 27.4 dBic within the high-band (37–40 GHz). To verify the accuracy of the simulation, a prototype of the proposed TA is fabricated and measured. The measured maximum efficiencies are 53.56% and 42.89% in low and high bands, respectively. The proposed TA covers two bands (28/39 GHz) for fifth generation (5G) millimeter-wave applications. Moreover, it features low cost, high gain, and high efficiency.
Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteria Isolated from Vitis vinifera Leaves
Authors: Mandorino Camilla , Maggiolini Flavia Angela Maria , D’Amico Margherita , Prencipe Annalisa , Salerno Antonella , Bergamini Carlo , Pazzani Carlo , Cardone Maria Francesca , Marsico Antonio Domenico
Published: February 2025

It is known that plant-associated microorganisms must be considered as key drivers for plant health, productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Much attention has been paid to the exploration of the plant-associated microbiome in search of new microorganisms with antagonistic activity against various phytopathogens. P. viticola represents one of the main fungal agents of grape yield losses during the pre-harvest stage. To date, the use of chemical pesticides is the main method to control downy mildew infection in vineyards. In recent years, innovative and more environmentally suitable control strategies, such as Biological Control Agents (BCAs), have been greatly improved. In this study, 16 new bacterial strains, isolated from the leaves of three table grape cultivars, were tested for their in vivo effectiveness against downy mildew of grape, resulting in one B. velenzensis (‘BLG_B4), one P. pleuroti (‘BLG_B5), one P. psychrotolerans (‘BLG_B1.3’) and one B. subtilis (‘BLG_B1.1.1’) bacterial strains that were marked as good BCAs. As possible mechanisms of action, a genetic analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of selected bacterial strains to reduce the expression of two P. viticola effectors. Finally, their effectiveness against a wide range of fungal pathogens and their safety for human health was also evaluated.
An Experimental Study of Dolostone Recrystallization Under Fluid Overpressure and Its Implication for Reservoir Property Improvement
Authors: Chen Senran , Liu Xinshe , Wang Rong , Wei Liubin , Liu Bo , Bao Hongping
Published: February 2025

Recrystallization is an important diagenetic process that widely occurs in carbonate rocks as a result of increasing temperature and pressure during burial. Exploration has revealed that carbonate rocks affected by recrystallization vary in their reservoir properties. To investigate the favorable development conditions of recrystallized carbonate reservoirs, we selected the crystalline dolomite reservoir of the Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin as the object for experimental simulation and conducted a series of dolostone recrystallization simulation experiments under various fluid pressures at 120 °C with an axial load of 55 MPa. The fluid overpressure experiments showed extensive recrystallization growth of crystals with uniform grain size and a high degree of euhedral development, and they retained the optimal porosity and pore connectivity. However, the hydrostatic pressure group had a lower degree of recrystallization and inferior physical properties compared to the overpressure group. The results indicate that fluid overpressure is a key preservation condition for deep recrystallized carbonate reservoirs. Fluid overpressure effectively preserves the initial porosity and facilitates the euhedral growth of dolostone crystals, thereby enhancing pore connectivity. Furthermore, the Kozeny–Carman equation was employed to verify that recrystallization of dolostone under fluid overpressure significantly enhances reservoir permeability by adjusting the pore structure, specifically the pore tortuosity and the pore–throat ratio. Our study demonstrates that fluid overpressure is an important prerequisite for the development of deep recrystallized carbonate reservoirs. The search for carbonate formation units with overpressure conditions such as the presence of dense layer capping may be a new direction for deep carbonate oil and gas exploration.
Influence of Particle Shape and Size on Gyratory Crusher Simulations Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Moncada Manuel , Rojas Christian , Toledo Patricio , Rodríguez Cristian G. , Betancourt Fernando
Published: February 2025

Gyratory crushers are fundamental machines in aggregate production and mineral processing. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations offer detailed insights into the performance of these machines and serve as a powerful tool for their design and analysis. However, these simulations are computationally intensive due to the large number of particles involved and the need to account for particle breakage. This study aims to investigate the effect of particle shape and size distribution on the performance of a DEM model of a gyratory crusher. The selected study case corresponds to a primary gyratory crusher operating in a copper processing industry. As particle shapes, spheres and polyhedrons are used with a particle replacement scheme. This study utilizes two different size distributions, with variations also applied to the minimum particle size. The results are analyzed in terms of the impact of these factors on the power draw, mass flow, and product size distribution for each of the combinations explained. The findings demonstrate that particle shape primarily influences the product size distribution, whereas variations in particle size distribution have a pronounced effect on power draw, mass flow rate, and product size distribution. Based on the results, recommendations are provided regarding the selection of the minimum particle size. It is concluded that the minimum particle size should not exceed a third of the closed-side setting to ensure accurate and reliable simulation outcomes.
Microbial Indicators Show the Rehabilitation Flow of Soil Microbiota After the Brumadinho Dam Collapse
Authors: Goulart Paulo Wilson , Santini Amanda Tristão , Medina Lutecia Rigueira , Cerqueira Alan Emanuel Silva , Gazolla Alex Castro , Silva Wiane Meloni , de Assis Igor Rodrigues , Aniceto Diego , de Paula Sergio Oliveira , da Silva Cynthia Canêdo
Published: February 2025

Iron ore extraction can lead to significant environmental degradation, particularly due to the generation of tailings during the beneficiation process. This issue was highlighted by the B1 dam collapse in Brumadinho, Brazil, in 2019. Therefore, the study and monitoring of affected areas is essential to assess soil quality throughout the rehabilitation process, whether through natural recovery or active rehabilitation practices. Microbial indicators can serve as valuable tools to track the recovery of these areas, given their high sensitivity and rapid response to environmental changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil microbial indicators, such as enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon, microbial basal respiration and microbial diversity, and to select microbial approaches for monitoring the area affected by mining tailings in Brumadinho. The results indicated that the reference area initially outperformed the affected area on all evaluated bioindicators, highlighting environmental stress in the affected zone. Over the course of the study, the two areas began to show greater similarity, suggesting a natural recovery of the soil together with the return of natural vegetation. Indicators such as microbial carbon biomass went from values close to 50 mg of C Kg of soil−1 in the affected area, to around 200, statistically equal to the reference. qCO2 also varied in the affected area to values statistically equal to those of the reference over time, variated in the first collection to 0.25 mg of C-CO2 mg of C−1 h−1 in the affected area against 0.1 in the reference area; in the last collection, both areas presented values close to 0.2. Enzymatic activity had superior values in the reference area about the affected area, being urease, and arylsulfatase more sensitive to show differences between areas over time. The metataxonomic data again revealed indicator species for each environment, including genera such as Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Acidibacter, and Burkholderia representative of the reference, and the genera Ramlibacter, Sinomonas, Psedarthrobacter, and Knoellia indicators of the affected area. By the end of this study, the applicability of microbial indicators for monitoring soil microbiota and its ecosystem services was successfully demonstrated. In addition, specific microbial indicators were proposed for monitoring areas affected by iron mining tailings.
Spatial Decision Support System for Multi-Risk Assessment of Post-Mining Hazards
Authors: Haske Benjamin , Al Heib Marwan , Inojosa Vinicius , Bouaziz Moncef
Published: February 2025

The closure of coal and lignite mines has the potential to result in long-term environmental risks and socio-economic issues. To solve these, this research aims to improve the hazard assessment and risk management of former mining regions in a European project funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel. A multidisciplinary approach integrated historic, geological, topographical, environmental, and socio-economic data to create a methodology to support stakeholders at different decision-making levels in risk assessment and possible mitigation. For this purpose, a spatial decision support system was developed using a multi-hazard, multi-risk methodology. The individual hazards (post-mining, natural, and technical) are weighted using expert knowledge, their interaction analyzed, and then combined into a spatial multi-hazard index. Together with the other risk factors of social vulnerability and exposure, a comprehensive spatial risk map can be created automatically for individual regions using open-source components. In addition, GIS and statistical tools enable further analysis and visualization for decision-making by the relevant stakeholders. The methodology was validated through the examination of a first case study conducted in the post-mining region of the southern Ruhr area in Germany. The methodology and tool created significant results in two test scenarios, and will be tested and improved using other European mining sites during the next stages of the project.
A Systematic Review of Model Predictive Control for Robust and Efficient Energy Management in Electric Vehicle Integration and V2G Applications
Authors: Minchala-Ávila Camila , Arévalo Paul , Ochoa-Correa Danny
Published: February 2025

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles has introduced challenges in maintaining grid stability, energy efficiency, and economic optimization. Advanced control strategies are required to ensure seamless integration while enhancing system reliability. This study systematically reviews predictive control applications in energy systems, particularly in electric vehicle integration and bidirectional energy exchange. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 101 high-quality studies were selected from an initial dataset of 5150 records from Scopus and Web of Science. The findings demonstrate that predictive control strategies can significantly enhance energy system performance, achieving up to 35% reduction in frequency deviations, 20–30% mitigation of harmonic distortion, and a 15–20% extension of battery lifespan. Additionally, hybrid approaches combining predictive control with adaptive learning techniques improve system responsiveness by 25% under uncertain conditions, making them more suitable for dynamic and decentralized networks. Despite these advantages, major barriers remain, including high computational demands, limited scalability for large-scale electric vehicle integration, and the absence of standardized communication frameworks. Future research should focus on integrating digital modeling, real-time optimization, and machine learning techniques to improve predictive accuracy and operational resilience. Additionally, the development of collaborative platforms and regulatory frameworks is crucial for large-scale implementation.
Liquid-Assisted Grinding Enables Efficient Ni-Catalyzed, Mn-Mediated Denitrogenative Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Benzyl Chlorides
Authors: Zhang Xuanxuan , Hong Yingying , Zou Gang
Published: February 2025

An efficient and air-tolerant Ni-catalyzed denitrogenative cross-electrophile coupling of benzotriazinones with benzyl chlorides has been developed via liquid-assisted grinding by using Mn powders as reductant and DMF as assisting liquid in the presence of anhydrous calcium chloride. Scope and limitations of the protocol to access diarylmethanes have been demonstrated with more than 20 examples, showing acceptable tolerance to functional group and steric hindrance. Although electron-withdrawing substituents on benzotriazinone or benzyl counterparts decrease the yields significantly, a series of N-alkyl-2-benzylbenzamides, diarylmethanes bearing an ortho-carbamoyl aryl group, could be obtained in modest to good yields.
For Better or Worse: Type I Interferon Responses in Bacterial Infection
Authors: Xia Aihong , Li Xin , Zhao Changjing , Meng Xiaojing , Kari Gulmela , Wang Yongjuan
Published: February 2025

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines, primarily comprising IFN-α and IFN-β, and their effect in host defense against viral infection has been extensively studied and well-established. However, in bacterial infection, the role of type I IFNs is more complex, exhibiting multifaceted effects that depend on several factors, such as the pathogen species, the specific cell populations, and the routes of infection. In this review, we summarize research progress on host type I interferon responses triggered by specific bacteria and their immune regulation function in order to better understand the role of type I IFNs in bacterial infection and provide insights for adjuvant therapies tailored to treat specific bacterial infections.
Therapeutic Approaches with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Induce Ferroptosis and Overcome Radioresistance in Cancers
Authors: Sant’Angelo Dorianne , Descamps Géraldine , Lecomte Valentin , Stanicki Dimitri , Penninckx Sébastien , Dragan Tatiana , Van Gestel Dirk , Laurent Sophie , Journe Fabrice
Published: February 2025

The emergence of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), may impact cancer treatment strategies. IONPs exhibit unique properties, such as superparamagnetism, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification, making them ideal candidates for imaging, and therapeutic interventions. Their application in targeted drug delivery, especially with traditional chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin, has shown potential in overcoming limitations such as low bioavailability and systemic toxicity of chemotherapies. Moreover, IONPs, by releasing iron ions, can induce ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death, which offers a promising pathway to reverse radio- and chemoresistance in cancer therapy. In particular, IONPs demonstrate significant potential as radiosensitisers, enhancing the effects of radiotherapy by promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and modulating the tumour microenvironment to stimulate antitumour immune responses. This review explores the multifunctional roles of IONPs in radiosensitisation through ferroptosis induction, highlighting their promise in advancing treatment for head and neck cancers. Additional research is crucial to fully addressing their potential in clinical settings, offering a novel approach to personalised cancer treatment.
Nanostructured Strategies for Melanoma Treatment—Part I: Design and Optimization of Curcumin-Loaded Micelles for Enhanced Anticancer Activity
Authors: Paganini Valentina , Cesari Andrea , Tampucci Silvia , Chetoni Patrizia , Burgalassi Susi , Lai Michele , Sciandrone Giulia , Pizzimenti Silvia , Bellina Fabio , Monti Daniela
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Melanoma is a pathology that affects a large part of the population, and the currently available therapies have many limitations, including the selective targeting of the site of action. This study explores the development of curcumin (CUR)-loaded nanostructured delivery systems for topical melanoma treatment, addressing CUR’s limitations in bioavailability, solubility, and stability. Methods: Binary surfactant mixtures of Vitamin E-TPGS (TPGS) and Kolliphor ELP (ELP) were selected to form stable micelles for curcumin encapsulation. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was applied to optimize the surfactant ratios for enhanced drug solubilization and improved cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells. The final formulation was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to confirm its properties. Results: The final formulation, TPGS30ELP15, contained 30 mM TPGS and 15 mM ELP and led to formation of nanostructures of the expected size (hydrodinamic diameter, Dh: 13.11 ± 0.01 nm; polydispersivity index, PDI = 0.371 ± 0.05), able to solubilize 5.51 ± 1.09 mM CUR. The formulation was stable for a 120-day period stored at 4 °C and room temperature in the dark. Cytotoxicity testing in A375 melanoma cells demonstrated that curcumin-loaded micelles significantly reduced cell viability compared to free curcumin. Long-term exposure (24 h) revealed that free curcumin caused an 85% reduction in cell viability, while TPGS30ELP15 resulted in a 70% reduction. Additionally, free curcumin induced a 30% increase in cytoplasmic area, indicating necrosis, whereas TPGS30ELP15 decreased the cytoplasmic area by 20%, suggesting apoptosis. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that TPGS30ELP15 nanomicelles enhance curcumin’s anticancer effects while promoting apoptosis and minimizing necrosis, which is associated with lower inflammation and tissue damage. These findings suggest that TPGS30ELP15 offers a more favorable therapeutic profile for melanoma treatment, paving the way for safer and more effective topical therapies.
Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lysate Enhance Antitumoral Immunity: A Novel Synthesis Method
Authors: Rangel-López Raúl , Franco-Molina Moisés Ármides , Rodríguez-Padilla Cristina , Zárate-Triviño Diana Ginette
Published: February 2025

Background: Gold nanoparticles enhance immunity, promotes antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and boost the response against tumor antigens; therefore, they are a promising delivery vehicle. Tumor lysates have shown favorable responses as inductors of anti-cancer immunity, but the effectiveness of these treatments could be improved. Hybrid nanosystems gold nanoparticles with biomolecules have been show promising alternative on uptake, activation and response on immune system. Objectives: This study’s objective was to develop a method of synthesizing gold nanoparticles employing a triple-negative breast cancer (4T1) cell lysate (AuLtNps) as a reducing agent to increase immunogenicity against breast cancer cells. Methods: Nanoparticle formation, size, and ζ potential were confirmed by surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Protein concentration was quantified using a Pierce BCA assay. The cytotoxic effects of treatments on murine macrophages were assessed, along with nanoparticle and tumor lysate uptake via epifluorescence microscopy. Using a murine model, cytokine secretion profiles were determined, and the efficacy in inhibiting the implantation of a 4T1 model was evaluated. Results/Conclusions: AuLtNps exhibited higher protein content than tumor lysate alone, leading to increased uptake and phagocytosis in murine macrophages, as confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. Cytokine secretion analysis showed a proinflammatory response, with increased CD8+ and CD22+ lymphocytes and upregulation of APC markers (CD14, CD80, CD86, and MHC II+). Splenocytes demonstrated specific lysis of up to 40% against 4T1 tumor cells. In a murine model, AuLtNPs effectively inhibited tumor implantation, achieving an improved 90-days survival rate, highlighting their potential as an immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.
Azithromycin-Loaded Nanoparticles Incorporated in Chitosan-Based Soft Hydrogels: A Novel Approach for Dental Drug Delivery
Authors: Kwiatek Jakub , Paczkowska-Walendowska Magdalena , Rył Anna , Karpiński Tomasz M. , Miklaszewski Andrzej , Swora-Cwynar Ewelina , Leśna Marta , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta
Published: February 2025

Background: Azithromycin (AZC), a BCS class II/IV antibiotic with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, has poor water solubility, limiting its formulation potential. This study aimed to develop and optimize AZC-based soft hydrogels for the first time for improved solubility, local controlled drug release, and local dental applications. Methods: AZC nanoparticles (based on polyvinylpyrrolidone) were synthesized via electrospinning enhanced solubility 40-fold. These were incorporated into chitosan (CS) hydrogels with varying concentrations and degrees of deacetylation (DDA), optimized using a factorial design. Hydrogels were characterized for drug release, mucoadhesion, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) assessing correlations. Results: Soft hydrogels with 3% CS and 80% DDA achieved sustained drug release (62.9–94.7% over 48 h), strong mucoadhesion, and enhanced biological activity. Higher CS and DDA improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to increased free amino groups. Antimicrobial tests showed efficacy against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. PCA revealed an inverse correlation between AZC release and mucoadhesion and positive correlations between release and anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: AZC-based soft hydrogels significantly improved solubility, controlled release, and biological activity, showing strong potential for dental drug delivery. Further clinical validation and optimization are recommended.
A Review of Exoplanet Detection Telescopes: Performance Design and Technology Optimization
Authors: Sun Rui , An Qichang , Wu Xiaoxia
Published: February 2025

Exoplanets are regarded as important objects for studying stellar evolution and also as the basis for exploring the origin of life. Therefore, they have been one of the hotspots in astronomical research for many years. Since 1992, thanks to the improvement in the precision of astronomical observation equipment, more than five thousand exoplanets have been discovered. In recent years, the progress in ground-based and space-based observation technologies has significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of detection and promoted the implementation of more ground-based detection projects. This paper introduces the existing exoplanet detection telescopes and their representative instruments, summarizes the progress in telescope technology and hardware optimization, and looks forward to the research and development trends in the next 5 to 10 years.
Laser Linewidth Measurement Using an FPGA-Based Delay Self-Homodyne System
Authors: Bu Fanqi , Zhao Zhongan , Li Longfei , Zhang Cunwei , Li Tie , Qi Yaoyao , Ding Jie , Yan Bingzheng , Zhao Chen , Wang Yulei , Lu Zhiwei , Ding Yu , Bai Zhenxu
Published: February 2025

Narrow-linewidth lasers play a crucial role in nonlinear optics, atomic physics, optical metrology, and high-speed coherent optical communications. Precise linewidth measurement is essential for assessing laser noise characteristics; however, conventional methods are often bulky, costly, and unsuitable for integrated applications. This paper presents a compact and cost-effective delay self-homodyne system for laser linewidth measurement, leveraging a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data acquisition circuit. By employing fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis, the system achieves high-precision linewidth measurement in the kHz range. Additionally, by optimizing the fiber length, the system effectively suppresses low-frequency and 1/f noise, providing an integrated and efficient solution for advanced laser characterization with enhanced performance and reduced cost.
Enhancing Yield, Physiological, and Quality Traits of Strawberry Cultivated Under Organic Management by Applying Different Non-Microbial Biostimulants
Authors: Ciriello Michele , Pannico Antonio , Rouphael Youssef , Basile Boris
Published: February 2025

Organic farming is an environmentally friendly management practice that excludes the use of synthetic inputs, but at the same time is associated with lower yields than conventional production. In an attempt to compensate for yield reduction, resulting from foregoing the use of synthetic fertilizers, we hypothesized that the use of biostimulant products could provide much-desired food security. In light of this, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare and evaluate the effects of the foliar application of three different non-microbial biostimulants (a seaweed extract, a plant protein hydrolysate, and a plant extract) on the yield, mineral profile, and physiological response of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) grown in an organic farming context. Regardless of the type of biostimulant, treated plants showed significant improvement in photosynthetic performance. Specifically, the application of plant-derived protein hydrolysate increased ACO2 by 34.5% compared with control. Despite this, only the application of plant-derived protein hydrolysate significantly increased fruit yield per unit area (+13.5%). The improved performance of plants treated with plant-derived protein hydrolysate was associated with an overall improvement in mineral profile (compared to control +49.4 and 33.0% in NO3− and Mg2+ concentration, respectively). In contrast, application of the seaweed biostimulant increased (+17.4%) fruit antioxidant activity (DPPH) compared with control plants. These results underscore how the diverse origins of non-microbial biostimulants are responsible for specific responses in crops that can be exploited by organic growers to increase productivity.
Exploring Dendroflora Diversity and Ecology in an Urban Arboretum from Western Romania: The Role of Plant Life-Form and Plant Family in Urban Woody Phytocoenosis
Authors: Iordache Madalina , Zamfir Laurentiu , Becherescu Alexandra , Chiş Ana Codruţa
Published: February 2025

The dendroflora of an urban arboretum (The Botanic Park of Timișoara, Romania), consisting of 193 species, was ecologically characterized as bioforms, phytogeographical elements, and preferences for moisture, temperature, and soil pH. The aim of the research was to determine whether the native ecological requirements of the woody species, along with certain biological and evolutionary traits of them, such as plant life-form and plant family, could serve as tools for explaining and understanding the strategies employed by the urban woody phytocoenoses to acclimate and adapt to an established environment, such as an urban arboretum. The inventoried species are grouped in 111 genera and 45 families. The native and non-native dendroflora share 16 common families. The most representative family both in the native and non-native dendroflora is Rosaceae. The monotypic families are largely present (22.22% in the native dendroflora, and 42.22% in the non-native dendroflora). The plant life-form spectrum is dominated by megaphanerophytes (49%), followed by mesophanerophytes (41%). The chorological spectrum of the native species comprises 16 chorological types and is dominated by Eurasians (32%) and Europeans (30%). The species characteristics of the Pontic-Carpathian space, to which Romania belongs, are rare in the analyzed urban botanical park (4%). The mesophyte, mesothermal and slightly acido-neutrophilous species dominate both the native and non-native dendroflora. In the acclimation process of the non-native dendroflora, 37% of species exceeded their native requirements for moisture, 41% for temperature, and 50% for soil pH. The species requirements for temperature are associated to those for moisture and soil pH. The results show the potential of the analysed woody species to exceed their native requirements within the acclimation and adaption process, and in this process, for the studied temperate site, the plant life-form is important, and also the plant family. The species of the analyzed urban arboretum, both native and non-native, are taxonomically and biogeographically diverse, with specific habitat requirements, suggesting their great ability in acclimating, adapting and resisting.
Biodegradable 3D-Printed Conjunctival Inserts for the Treatment of Dry Eyes
Authors: Garg Piyush , Shokrollahi Parvin , Phan Chau-Minh , Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2025

Purpose: To fabricate 3D-printed, biodegradable conjunctival gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) inserts that can release polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) when exposed to an ocular surface enzyme. Method: In this work, biodegradable conjunctival inserts were 3D-printed using a stereolithography-based technique. The release of PVA from these insert formulations (containing 10% GelMA and 5% PVA (P-Gel-5%)) was assessed along with different mathematical models of drug release. The biodegradation rates of these inserts were studied in the presence of a tear-film enzyme (matrix metalloproteinase-9; MMP9). The morphology of the inserts before and after enzymatic degradation was monitored using scanning electron microscopy. Results: The 3D-printed P-Gel-5% inserts formed a semi-interpenetrating network, which was mechanically stronger than GelMA inserts. The PVA release graphs demonstrate that at the end of 24 h, 222.7 ± 20.3 µg, 265.5 ± 27.1 µg, and 242.7 ± 30.4 µg of PVA were released when exposed to 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL of MMP9, respectively. The release profiles of the P-Gel-5% containing hydrogels in the presence of different concentrations of MMP9 showed the highest linearity with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The results suggest that the degradation rate over 24 h is a function of MMP9 enzyme concentration. Over 80% of P-Gel-5% inserts were degraded at the end of 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h in the presence of 100, 50, and 25 µg/mL MMP9 enzyme solutions, respectively. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential for 3D printing of GelMA for use as conjunctival inserts. These inserts could be used to deliver PVA, which is a well-known therapeutic agent for dry eye disease. PVA release is influenced by multiple mechanisms, including diffusion and enzymatic degradation, which is supported by morphological studies and biodegradation results.
High-Density Lipoprotein Biomimetic Inorganic–Organic Composite Nanosystem for Atherosclerosis Therapy
Authors: Zhang Yunpeng , Liu Danni , Wang Yaoqi , Sun Qi , Mei Dong , Wang Xiaoling , Su Yan , Liu Siyu , Cui Chunying , Zhang Shuang
Published: February 2025

Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important causative agent of cardiovascular diseases, and the occurrence and development of AS is accompanied by oxidative stress, so antioxidant therapy has become one of the strategies for the treatment of AS. This study aimed to design and construct an apolipoprotein ApoA1-modified inorganic–organic composite nanosystem for AS therapy, in which ApoA1 was modified onto carboxylated CeO2/Mn3O4 by covalent bonding, resulting in an inorganic–organic nanocomplex with a structure similar to that of high-density lipoprotein. The nanocomplex could effectively deliver the antioxidant nanoparticles to the AS plaque through the specific recognition between ApoA1 and the macrophage at the AS lesion site. For one thing, the nanocomplex could alleviate the oxidative stress environment of the AS site through the highly efficient antioxidant effect of CeO2/Mn3O4, which played a therapeutic role in the treatment of AS. For another, it could effectively eliminate the formed lipid plaques and maximally alleviate and treat AS by utilizing the cholesterol efflux effect of ApoA1.
Advancing Textile Waste Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities Across Polymer and Non-Polymer Fiber Types
Authors: Seifali Abbas-Abadi Mehrdad , Tomme Brecht , Goshayeshi Bahman , Mynko Oleksii , Wang Yihan , Roy Sangram , Kumar Rohit , Baruah Bhargav , De Clerck Karen , De Meester Steven , D’hooge Dagmar R. , Van Geem Kevin M.
Published: February 2025

The growing environmental impact of textile waste, fueled by the rapid rise in global fiber production, underscores the urgent need for sustainable end-of-life solutions. This review explores cutting-edge pathways for textile waste management, spotlighting innovations that reduce reliance on incineration and landfilling while driving material circularity. It highlights advancements in collection, sorting, and pretreatment technologies, as well as both established and emerging recycling methods. Smart collection systems utilizing tags and sensors show great promise in streamlining logistics by automating pick-up routes and transactions. For sorting, automated technologies like near-infrared and hyperspectral imaging lead the way in accurate and scalable fiber separation. Automated disassembly techniques are effective at removing problematic elements, though other pretreatments, such as color and finish removal, still need to be customized for specific waste streams. Mechanical fiber recycling is ideal for textiles with strong mechanical properties but has limitations, particularly with blended fabrics, and cannot be repeated endlessly. Polymer recycling—through melting or dissolving waste polymers—produces higher-quality recycled materials but comes with high energy and solvent demands. Chemical recycling, especially solvolysis and pyrolysis, excels at breaking down synthetic polymers like polyester, with the potential to yield virgin-quality monomers. Meanwhile, biological methods, though still in their infancy, show promise for recycling natural fibers like cotton and wool. When other methods are not viable, gasification can be used to convert waste into synthesis gas. The review concludes that the future of sustainable textile recycling hinges on integrating automated sorting systems and advancing solvent-based and chemical recycling technologies. These innovations, supported by eco-design principles, progressive policies, and industry collaboration, are essential to building a resilient, circular textile economy.
Exploration of the Optimal Spark Plug Position and the Effect of Ignition Timing on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Opposed Rotary Piston Engines
Authors: Song Jilong , Li Xiaopan , Gao Jianbing , Gao Jian , Zhao Meng , Wang Yufeng , Wang Xiaochen , Qi Mingxu , Tian Guohong , Shi Yunxi , Meng Zhongwei
Published: February 2025

The opposed rotary piston (ORP) engine, distinguished by its exceptional power-to-weight ratio and uncomplicated design, serves as an optimal power system for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Based on the three-dimensional simulation platform, the engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the ORP engine at different speeds and ignition timings are clearly clarified. A larger angle of the spark plug position corresponds to a wider ignition timing range and higher power output. However, this increases the likelihood of engine knock. The optimal position of the spark plug is 18 deg before top dead center 2 (TDC2). As the ignition timing is advanced, both the pressure and temperature within the cylinder rise, and the crank angle associated with the peak values shifts nearer to TDC2. As the ignition timing shifts from −13.4 °CA to −22.8 °CA, the maximum in-cylinder pressure rises from 35.5 bar to 59.6 bar at 3000 r/min. The delayed ignition at a given ignition timing range accelerates flame formation due to a higher in-cylinder pressure at ignition. Advanced ignition can significantly enhance engine power and lower fuel consumption, substantially improving the endurance of UAVs. At 3000 r/min, the peak power, 36.3 kW, and minimal ISFC, 231.1 g/kWh, are achieved at an ignition timing of −22.8 °CA. Advanced ignition results in a wider flame propagation region, effectively avoiding incomplete combustion in the combustion chamber corners under high-speed engine conditions. The distribution of NOx closely follows the high-temperature region, with more accumulation observed in the opposite direction of rotation. Advanced ignition contributes substantially to HC emission reduction in the combustion chamber.
High-Performance Barium Sulfate Scale Inhibitors: Monomer Design and Molecular Dynamics Studies
Authors: Wu Da , Liu Dexin , Wang Jiaqiang , Zhao Han , Dong Yeliang , Wang Xilin
Published: February 2025

A novel efficient barium sulfate scale inhibitor was designed by examining important quantum parameters such as adsorption energy, solubility, steric hindrance parameter, and entanglement molecular weights. Through molecular simulation techniques, it was found that the carboxylic acid group of the scale inhibitor molecule could transfer an average of 0.07 e− electrons to the barium sulfate surface. During molecular dynamics simulations, closer adsorption between oxygen atoms and barium ions in the scale inhibitor was observed, which resulted from van der Waals forces. Based on the simulation results at the molecular level, we successfully prepared this scale inhibitor by free radical polymerization and verified its high efficiency in our experiments: the scale inhibition efficiency was as high as 89.1% when used at a concentration of 160 mg/L under the conditions of pH = 7 and 70 °C. In addition, by SEM and XRD analyses, we further confirmed the consistency of the scale inhibition mechanism of the scale inhibitor with the molecular simulation results.
Recent Advances in Biochar-Based Hydrogel Composites: Preparation, Aquatic Environmental Applications, and Adsorption Mechanisms
Authors: Zhao Yuxin , Wang Chaojie , Han Qing , Fang Zheng , Gao Yurong , Chen Hanbo , Li Jianhong , Yang Xing , Chen Junfeng , Wang Hailong
Published: February 2025

In the face of the escalating crisis of water pollution, biochar-based hydrogel composites (BCGs) have emerged as a promising material for water treatment, owing to their distinctive performance and environmental friendliness. These composites combine the high specific surface area and porous structure of biochar with the three-dimensional network of hydrogel, demonstrating superior adsorption capacities and ease of recyclability within aquatic systems. This paper provides the first overview of BCGs synthesis methods, with a particular emphasis on encapsulation and co-pyrolysis techniques. Furthermore, the environmental applications of BCGs are summarized, focusing on their efficacy and mechanisms in the removal of organic contaminants, heavy metals, and nutrients from water bodies. Our analysis underscores the pivotal role of BCGs in environmental preservation and pollution mitigation efforts, suggesting that its implementation could lead to a significant advancement in water pollution abatement strategies.
Co-Producing Xylo-Oligosaccharides, 5-HMF, Furfural, Organic Acids, and Reducing Sugars from Waste Poplar Debris by Clean Hydrothermal Pretreatment
Authors: Yang Yuheng , Cui Ruibing , Tang Wei , Fan Bo , He Yucai
Published: February 2025

The sustainable valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added biobased chemicals has gained more and more attention on a large industrial scale. To efficiently utilize the abundant, inexpensive, and renewable biomass, it is necessary to employ an effective biomass pretreatment technology for breaking down hemicellulose and lignin. Hydrothermal pretreatment is an effective way to change the structure of lignocellulose and improve its enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The hydrothermal cleaning of waste poplar debris (PD) was conducted when the severity factor (LogR0) score was 5.49. At 220 °C and a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10 for 90 min, the pretreatment liquor contained 4.90 g/L of xylo-oligosaccharides, 1.23 g/L of furfural, 0.41 g/L of formic acid, 2.42 g/L of acetic acid, and 0.57 g/L of 5-HMF. Additionally, 74.9% xylan and 82.4% lignin were removed. After 72 h of enzymatic saccharification, a high enzymolysis efficiency of PD was obtained. A series of characterizations (such as chemical composition analysis, hydrophobicity, lignin surface area, and cellulase accessibility) indicated that hydrothermal pretreatment destroyed the surface structure of PD, improved cellulose accessibility, decreased lignin surface area and weakened lignin hydrophobicity. In general, hydrothermal pretreatment is a simple, green, and environmentally friendly approach for sustainable pretreatment of PD using water as a solvent. It can efficiently break the surface structure of PD and remove lignin and xylan, acquiring high enzymolysis efficiency and realizing the co-production of 5-HMF, furfural, xylo-oligosaccharides, and organic acids. It provides an innovative idea for the value-added utilization of wood-based and straw-based biomass in a sustainable and cost-effective way, showing high potential in industrial application.
Hierarchy Among Equals? A Response to Paul Molnar’s Torrance-Inspired Critique of Karl Barth’s Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Myers James (Jimmy)
Published: February 2025

This essay responds to Paul Molnar’s Torrance-inspired critique that Barth inappropriately read back elements of subordination into the immanent trinity, improperly introducing a notion of hierarchy within God’s life. It proposes that Nicene and pro-Nicene engagement with John 14:28 permits the kind of trinitarian negotiation Barth undertook and that Barth’s interpretation is to be preferred for exegetical and hermeneutical reasons and concludes with an implication for systematic theology.
TapFix: Cursorless Typographical Error Correction for Touch-Sensor Displays
Authors: Dehnen Nicholas , MacKenzie I. Scott , An Aijun
Published: February 2025

We present TapFix, a cursorless mobile text correction method for touch-sensor displays. Unlike traditional methods, TapFix eliminates the need to position a cursor to make corrections. Instead, the method allows for direct, character-level access, offering easy-to-use swipe gestures on a zoomed-in target word for corrective actions. A user study with 15 participants compared TapFix to two traditional text correction methods on Apple iOS. For each of the three methods, participants completed 100 text correction tasks of four different error types on an Apple iPhone 14 Pro. The TapFix method was on average between 43.0% and 44.1% faster than the existing methods in completing the tasks. Participants also reported experiencing 5.6% to 21.1% lower levels of frustration with TapFix, as indicated by post-experiment NASA TLX and SUS questionnaires, compared to the traditional methods. Additionally, they attributed a level of usability to TapFix that was comparable to the well-established TextMagnifier method.