A retrospective case-control study for Clinical Validation of mutated ZNF208 as a novel biomarker of fatal blast crisis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Alanazi Nawaf , Siyal Abdulaziz , Basit Salman , Shammas Masood , Aleem Aamer , Mahmood Amer , Al-Mukhaylid Sarah , Iqbal Zafar 
Published: March 2024

The hallmark of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22), which leads to formation of BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene. BCR-ABL1 induces genetic instability, causing the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) from the manageable Chronic Phase (CP-CML) to the accelerated phase (AP-CML) and ultimately to the lethal blast crisis (BC-CML). The precise mechanism responsible for CML progression are not well comprehended, and there is a lack of specific molecular biomarkers for advanced phase CML. Mutations in transcription factors (TFs) have a significant role in cancer initiation, relapses, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Recently, our group reported association of a novel transcription factor, ZNF208, with CML progression and there was a dire need for clinical validation of this novel biomarker. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clinically validate mutated ZNF208 as a novel biomarker for CML progression in a larger cohort of AP- and BC-CML patients using control-case studies.

A total of 73 CML patients (N=73) from King Saud University Medical City Riyadh and King Abdulaziz National Guard Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia were enrolled in the study (2020-2023), with the experimental group (cases) consisting of patients AP-CML (n=20) and BC-CML (n=12). The controls consisted of age/sex matched CP-CML (n=41). The study was approved by Research Ethics Committees of participating institutes and all patients provided informed consent for the study. Clinical evaluations for patients were conducted according to the guidelines established by the European LeukemiaNet in 2020. Targeted resequencing of ZNF 208 was employed using Illumina NextSeq500 instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and mutations confirmed using Sanger sequencing.

Both next generation sequencing as well as Sanger sequencing identified a novel missense mutation (c.64G>A) in novel ZNF208. in 56 (93.3) and12 (100) CP-, AP- and BC-CML patients respectively, while in none (0%) of CP-CML patients or healthy controls from genomic databases (p=0.0001). Therefore, our studies show that ZNF208 mutation (c.64G>A) is novel and very specific biomarker for AP-and BC-CML patients. ZNF208 and other such proteins may cause carcinogenesis by interacting with KAP-1 repressor to silence many target genes and thus may prove to be novel drug targets as well. Therefore, we recommend carrying out prospective clinical trials for further clinical validation of this biomarker for its utilization in clinical decision, investigating its precise role in cancer pathogenesis and investigate its potential for novel drug target in advanced phase CML patients.

Simple Summary

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer caused by the BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene, leading to genetic instability and other genetic changes. This results in advancement from a manageable Chronic Phase (CP) to an accelerated phase (AP) and finally a lethal blast crisis phase (BC). The mechanism of CML development is not well known, and there is a dearth of dependable shared molecular indicators. Transcription factors (TFs) are a class of molecules that, when altered, significantly contribute to the development and advancement of cancer, including relapses, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Recently, ZNF208 was has been reported to be novel transcription factor gene associated with BC-CML. Here, we carried out clinical validation of ZNF208 as a novel biomarker of CML progression using targeted resequencing. ZNF208 mutation (c.64G>A) was detected in 0 (0%), 56 (93.3) and12 (100) CP-, AP- and BC-CML patients respectively (p=0.0001) demonstrating its very high specificity for AP- and BC-CML. This shows that ZNF208 mutation (c.64G>A) is a very specific biomarker for CML progression. We recommend prospective clinical trials for further clinical validation of this novel biomarker for CML progression.