bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORCHARD FACTORS AFFECTING TREE PRODUCTIVITY AND MITE INFESTATIONS IN ARKANSAS
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Johnson Donn , Herder Mark Den , Talbert Ron
Published: February 2019

Twelve apple orchards and an experimental orchard were evaluated in 2 years for weed population and diversity, primary pests (codling moth, oriental fruit moth, plum curculio and mites), primary diseases, soil water content, and 37 horticultural attributes describing tree growth, fruit growth, productivity, tree nutrition, and management intensity. Data were collected at 2 week intervals. The experimental orchard contained three apple cultivars grown in three orchard floor management systems.

Increased weed ground cover related to earlier and increased mite predator populations in trees, decreased pest mite-days, but reduced tree and fruit growth. Grass weed species appeared more detrimental to tree growth than broadleaf species. Tree training intensity was negatively related to canopy density, and incidence of pests and diseases. Reductions in fruit size and quality were more closely linked to weed competition, and earliness and degree of pest mite infestation than to crop load.
CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR LEAF VARIEGATION, FLOWER COLOR, PRICE AND USE OF NEW GUINEA IMFATIENS
Authors: Lang Harvey J. , Agnew Nancy Howard , Behe Bridget K.
Published: February 2019

Determining consumer preferences for specific plant attributes and plant use can assist in the development of breeding program objectives and marketing strategies. Consumers in Ames, Iowa participated in an intercept-survey to determine their knowledge of, use of, and preference for several varieties of New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens × hawkeri). Of the population surveyed, 44% had never seen New Guinea Impatiens. Of those that had previously purchased New Guineas, 40% purchased their plants from a retail greenhouse. Outdoor container plantings were the preferred use of New Guinea Impatiens. Mother's Day was chosen by 88% of the respondents as the most appropriate holiday for a gift purchase. Considering plant characteristics, consumers rated condition of the plant as the most important attribute, followed by flower color, flower number, and price. Consumers were asked to rate plants on display comprised of three factors: flower color, leaf variegation, and price. MANOVA was used to determine the most important factor and the trade-off consumers made when expressing a preference for one plant over another.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLANT INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Beckett L.M. , Behe B.K. , Deneke C.F. , Gilliam C.H.
Published: February 2019

There are indications that the U.S. herbaceous perennial plant industry has grown substantially in the last decade. Government census data on perennials is sparse, very general, and collected infrequently. The objective of this research was to define characteristics of the herbaceous perennial plant industry. Questionnaires were sent to members of the Perennial Plant Association in 1990. We requested that the person who made decisions on a daily basis, the owner or active manager, respond. Of 439 surveys distributed, 147 were returned for a 33.5% response rate. The average owner or active manager had a high education level (16 years) which was combined with management experience in at least one other company. Firms sold a mean of 30 genera of perennials. Firms selling primarily perennials were younger and more likely to have less total sales than firms selling primarily other plant products. Firms marketing primarily perennials were more likely to sell products by mail and offer a wider selection of genera.
INHERITANCE OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN LETTUCE (Lactuca L.)
Authors: O'Malley Patrick J. , Hartmann Richard W.
Published: February 2019

The segregation of three characters not previously reported in lettuce and loci involved in anthocyanin production were observed to segregate in crosses within and between the closely related Lactuca species L. saliva L., L. serriola L., and L. aculeata Fisch. & Mey. as well as in crosses with the more distantly related L. saligna L. Pollen color segregated 3 yellow to 1 white. Basal branching was controlled by two loci with epistasis. One of the loci was linked to a leaf-lobing locus. Anthocyanin production in several crosses seemed to be controlled by three loci rather than two loci as previously reported. The distinctive pappus bristle type of L. saligna (one row of vertical cells) was recessive to the bristle type of the other three species (two rows of vertical cells).
HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Biggs Anthony G.
Published: February 2019

Australian horticultural research and development is now co-ordinated by an industry supported, federal government statutory body — the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation (HRDC). The Corporation, constituted in 1987, co-ordinated project funding to the value of just over $10 million in 1991/92. More than 300 projects are now supported, covering all sectors of horticulture.

Federal government funds are available to match industry contributions to a value of up to 0.5% gross value of product.

Traditional funding organisations are reducing commitments to research and development, thus placing increasing pressure on industries to help themselves on a user-pays basis.

Examples will be provided of completed projects which are proving of great value to Australian horticultural domestic and export opportunities.
A STUDY ON VARIETY RESOURCES OF PRUNUS MUME IN HUNAN II. THE STATUS OF HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: Sen Liu Lian , Wen He Shan , Hong Lin Mei
Published: February 2019

Abstract results showed that many germplasms of P. Armeniaca. P. persica and a few germplasms of P. Salicina had immersed into those of P. mume. Some cultivars (strains) possessed species characteristics coming from 2 or 3 of the 3 species in a single plant. All of the plants tested were transition types of the related varieties such as var. bungo and so on. Some new characteristics of P. mume were found in a few strains. The resources were classified into highly, mediumly and lightly backcrossed types. The mean yield index and fruit weight of highly back-crossed type (HB) were significantly higher than those of the other 2 types. The setting rate of HB was higher and significantly higher than that of lightly and mediumly type, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean bitter index and flower index among them.
UNREDUCED POLLEN: PROPOSED MECHANISM OF POLYPLOIDIZATION OF SWEETPOTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS)
Authors: Bohac Janice R. , Jones Alfred , Austin Daniel F.
Published: February 2019

Previous work in this laboratory identified high levels of unreduced (2n) pollen in the tetraploid (4×) Ipomoea spp. Acc. 81.2. This work provided indirect evidence that 2n pollen was involved in the evolution of the 6x ploidy level of the cultivated sweetpotato (I. batatas). To further study the role of 2n pollen in sweetpotato evolution, we examined plants of Acc. 81.2. plants of five sweetpotato cultivars, and 100 randomly selected heterozygous sweetpotato seedlings. The 4× Acc. 81.2 was determined to be I. batatas. High levels of large 2n pollen were confirmed in Acc. 81.2, and low levels of 2n pollen were observed in `Sulfur' and in 16% of the sweetpotato seedlings. Presence of monad, dyad, and triad sporads confirmed that the large 2n pollen grains were the result of nonreduction in the sporad stage. These new findings are direct evidence that 2n pollen was involved in the evolution of the 6× ploidy level of sweetpotato. This is the first report of a 4× accession classified as I. batatas; it is also the first report of 2n pollen in 6× I. batatas The widespread presence of 2n pollen in sweetpotato suggests that the trait can be used to advantage in breeding programs to introgress genes from wild 4× Ipomoea spp. into cultivated 6× sweetpotato without adverse effects on genetic stability or fertility.
SEARCH FOR THE FERTILE GARLIC CLONES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN FERTILE CLONES
Authors: Oh Dae-Geun , Kim Ki Taek , Kim Hyeong-Do
Published: February 2019

To find fertile garlic clones to be used in the cross breeding program, 213 accessions were subjected to cytological study at meiosis I. Most accessions (185 clones) showed abnormal chromosome configurations of ring of four, six or eight, which are ascribed to single or multiple translocations. Two clones showed asynaptic behavior forming 16 univalents from zygotene to metaphase I, and 26 clones revealed regular chromosome paring of 8 bivalents.

Only six of 26 clones showing normal meiosis produced viable pollen grains, while the rest were male sterile. From the segregation of crosses between male sterile and fertile clones, the male sterility is presumed to be governed by single recessive gene.

Hybrid plants between the fertile clones appeared, in general, intermediate of the parents in field performance.
SEASONAL MAJOR ELEMENT PATTERNS IN FIELD-GROWN CRANBERRY.
Authors: DeMoranville Carolyn J.
Published: February 2019

Levels of major elements (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) in `Early Black' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) tissues changed during the season (April to October). A distinct pattern was associated with each tissue type (old leaves, woody stems, new shoots, roots, fruit) and each element. However, the pattern for a given element in a given tissue was similar from year to year. For example, nitrogen levels in old leaves rose early in the season and then declined in old leaves as new shoot tissue was produced. The early-season rise in nitrogen levels in old leaves coincided with a decline in nitrogen in woody stem tissue. Changes in the amount of applied nitrogen led to changes in nitrogen levels in new shoots after a 2 year Iag. While N, K, Ca, and Mg content (% dry weight) in roots is lower than that in other tissues, there is great biomass of root tissue, so that root tissue represents a large pool of these elements. Roots, along with woody stems and old leaves may represent a reservoir of major elements for new shoot development early in the season, prior to fertilizer application. Levels of the major elements in new shoot tissue achieved a steady state in August, an indication that this is a good time to collect tissue for routine testing.
SURVEY OF RUBUS COLD HARDINESS
Authors: Hummer Kim E. , Fuchigami Les H. , Peters Vonda , Bell Neil
Published: February 2019

Stem and bud tissues of promocanes from more than 260 Rubus genotypes were evaluated for mid-winter cold hardiness after laboratory freezing in January 1990. T50 values were calculated for cane samples of red, yellow, black and purple raspberry, and blackberry cultivars, hybrids and species. Red raspberries exhibited the hardiest stem tissue, although several purple raspberries (Rubus sp. cvs. Brandywine, Royalty) survived as low as -33 C. Fall fruiting red raspberries, such as R. idaeus L. cvs. Zeva Remontante, Indian Summer, St. Regis, and Fallred, survived from -23 to -25 C. Summer-bearing cultivars, Canby and Puyallup, survived to -30 C. Stems of several black raspberries (R. occidentalis L. cvs. New Logan, Bristol) survived to -27 C. Stems of the hardiest blackberry cultivars, (R. sp. cvs. Black Satin, Smoothstem) survived to -22 C. In most genotypes the region of the bud at the axis of the stem was less hardy than tissues within the bud scales. Buds tissue was 2 to 10 C less hardy than stem tissue. Field plants were also visually rated for cold injury following record low temperatures occurring in 1989, 1990, and 1991.
METABOLIC HEAT RATES OF BREAKING GRAPE PRIMARY BUDS
Authors: Gardea A. A. , Moreno Y. M. , Azarenko A. N. , Lombard P. B. , Daley L. S. , Criddle R. S.
Published: February 2019

The increasing respiration of breaking `Pinot Noir' buds was measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Bud development was classified into ecodormant, initial swelling, fully swollen, and breaking buds. Metabolic and CO2 evolution heat rates increased as the buds developed. Activation energy decreased steadily as development proceeded, which implied that less energy was required for metabolism to continue at later bud stages. A decrease in metabolic efficiency noted by a low calorespirometric ratio was observed during the transition from ecodormant to the initial swelling stage. From the second stage on, metabolic efficiency increased. The responsive nature of grape buds to warm temperatures was explained by increasing Q10 (10-20C) values from 2.8 to 3.8, 3.2, and 3.6 for the four developmental stages described above.
EFFECT OF K RATE AND SOURCE ON TOMATO YIELDS
Authors: Olson Stephen M. , Locascio Sal J. , Hochmuth George J. , Hochmuth Robert C.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted in the spring of 1990 at Quincy and Live Oak, Florida and 1991 in Quincy to study the effect of 3 K sources (KCl, K2SO4 and KNO3) and 5 K rates (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg ha-1) of yield of `Sunny' tomatoes. Preplant soil test K values were 37 and 54 ppm in 1990, respectively, and 44 ppm in 1991. These K concentrations are considered medium (36-60) for Florida mineral soils. K source had no effect on yield, fruit weight or percent marketable fruit in all studies. In 1990, total yields, yield of extra large (> 7.0 cm) fruit and percent marketable fruit were increased with application of 75 kg ha-1 of K but there was no further response to applied K at both locations. In 1991, total yield increased with applied K up to 150 kg ha-1 then decreased. Fruit size and percent marketable fruit increase with 75 kg ha-1 of K but no further response occurred. There was no interaction of K source and K rate.
MECHANICAL CONDITIONING OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Latimer Joyce G.
Published: February 2019

Since chemical growth retardants are no longer labelled for use on vegetable transplants, mechanical conditioning provides an alternative method of controlling excessive stem elongation under greenhouse conditions. Mechanical conditioning includes brushing or shaking treatments that physically impact or displace the plant and generally reduce plant growth, increase stem and petiole strength, and improve overall plant quality. The resulting transplants have less breakage during postharvest handling, may be more stress tolerant, and are faster to establish in the field. However, only minor effects on crop yield have been identified. Brushing reduced broccoli transplant size, but improved shoot dry weight gain during field establishment but had no effect on head yield. Brushing is a labor intensive practice for large-scale operations. Current attempts to mechanize brushing require that the plants are uniform in height and treatment tolerant. Additional research in non-contact treatments like shaking or vibration of benches is necessary. The effects of the treatments on stress tolerance and predisposition to disease need to be clarified.
PRE-STORAGE HYDRATING SOLUTION EFFECTS ON FLOWER LIFE OF ROSES AFTER DRY STORAGE
Authors: Durkin Dominic
Published: February 2019

Freshly harvested Rosa hybrida, `Kardinal' flowers were used to evaluate vase performance after hydration and storage at 37°F. Flowers were placed in one of six solutions for 24 hours and in dry storage for 3 additional days. After storage, half of the roses were cut before placement in vase solution containing 1% dextrose and potassium salts but without an anti-microbial agent.

Roses hydrated in aluminum sulfate had the shortest life followed by roses hydrated in CHRYSAL RVB. Flowers hydrated in CHRYSAL RVB and cut lasted as well as roses hydrated in HYDRAFLOR-100, 60 ppm sodium hypochlorite (naocl), citric acid, or citric acid with Tween 20 for one hour followed by 60 ppm maocl solution. Roses stored in naocl solution performed as well without, as with, cutting before placement in the vase solution. Results will be discussed in terms of microbe and particulate blockage of hydration pathways.
ASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION OF CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS VAR. PARVIFLORUM (ORCHIDACEAE) IN VITRO.
Authors: Chu Chin-Chang , Mudge Kenneth W.
Published: February 2019

Seeds from mature seed pods of Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum were germinated on 1/4 MSMO (Sigma) + 100ml/l coconut water + 1% sucrose +/- 8g/l agar (pH 6.0), and with or without prechilling at 5C for 8 weeks. Protocorm with apex (stage 3) was use as an index of germination. Seeds sown on agar medium withou chilling treatment resulted in a 40% germination rate in 120 days but the germination was very uneven. Seeds germinated on agar medium with prechilling developed more synchronously with 92% germination in 60 days (ie. about 120 days after sowing). Suspension culture of seeds without prechilling resulted in 85% germination after 90 days. The synchronization of seed germination in suspension culture was intermediate between that on agar with and without prechilling. Protocorms germinated in suspension culture appeared morphologically identical to those germinated on agar medium. All stage 3 protocorms developed further on the same agar medium in darkness.

Both agar and suspension culture in media containing coconut water provided reliable seed germination methods for this orchid species.
PRUNING VS. TREE REMOVAL OF CROWDED `HARTLEY' (JUGLANS REGIA) TREE
Authors: Reil Wilbur , Ramos David , Snyder Ronald
Published: February 2019

Two management systems were initiated in a 10 year old Juglans regia cv. Hartley orchard planted 8 m. × 8 m. in 1977. Annual dormant selective pruning was practiced for the next 8 years on all trees within one treatment (pruning) compared to dormant severe pruning on alternate temporary trees with no pruning on adjacent permanent trees (thinning). Temporary trees were removed in the thinning treatment in 1985.

Yield, trunk cross sectional area, pruning weight and nut quality factors were evaluated each year from the 5 replicate, completely randomized trial.

Yield and nut quality factors did not differ between the two treatments during the 15 years.

In 1990 the pruned trial was again pruned causing a 20% drop in production (p=.06). With no additional pruning yield returned to slightly above the thinned treatment in 1991.

This trial demonstrates that Hartley walnut trees (terminal bearing habit) continue to produce satisfactory crops under crowded canopy management but a tree thinning program offers other advantages which also should be considered.
EFFECTS OF POLLEN LOAD ON PISTILLATE FLOWER ABSCISSION (PFA) OF ENGLISH WALNUT UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Sibbett G.S. , McGranahan G. , Polito V. , Catlin P. , Hendricks L. , Kelley K. , Coates W. , Grant J.
Published: February 2019

Preliminary studies with controlled pollinations have shown that pistillate flower abscission (PFA) in walnut (Juglands spp.) is associated with heavy pollen loads on the flowers. This study measured percent pistillate flower abscission (PFA), pollen grains per flower, yield and yield efficiency on Serr walnut from trees adjoining pollinizing cvs and at sequential intervals up to 197m away in twelve orchard locations. A highly significant, negative correlation in PFA existed as distance from the foreign pollen source increased. Pollen grains per flower were highly correlated with percentage PFA. Yield and yield efficiency, measured in two of the test orchards, were positively correlated with distance from the pollen source.
PERFORMANCE OVER 10 YEARS OF 4 APPLE CULTIVARS IN INTENSIVE ORCHARD SYSTEMS
Authors: Ferree David C. , Rhodus W. Timothy
Published: February 2019

In 1981, four apple cultivars were established as a low trellis hedgerow on 11.9 or free-standing central leaders on 11.7 at the recommended or half the recommended spacing with the close planted trees either root pruned or hedged. The trellis had a higher trunk area (TCA)/ha (31%), yield/ha (41%) and tree efficiency (19%). `Lawspur Rome Beauty' had the highest TCA/ha, cumulative yield/ha and greatest tendency toward biennial bearing of the 4 cvs. `Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees in the central leader system were less efficient (kg/cm2) than in the trellis system. Hedging increased cumulative yield/ha compared to standard spaced trees with root pruned trees intermediate. Training trees to the trellis increased the density of both spurs and shoots and resulted in a higher leaf area index. Central leader trees of `Smoothee' and `Red Chief' had higher light transmission levels than the trellis, while the trellis trees had higher light levels with `Lawspur'. Return over total cost was negative for years 1-10 for all systems. Cumulative NPV for `Redchief' hedged on central leader equaled `Lawspur' at the standard spacing on trellis and exceeded all other combinations.
HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSGENIC TOBACCO EXPRESSING THE ROL C GENE FROM AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES
Authors: Scorza R. , Zimmerman T.W. , Cordts J.M. , Footen K.J. , Ravelonandro M.
Published: February 2019

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin 38) leaf discs were transformed with the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the Rol C gene from A. rhizogenes (Oono et al., Jpn. J. Genet. 62:501-505, 1987), NPT II and GUS. Shoots that regenerated on kanamycin-containing medium were confirmed transgenic through GUS assays, Southern analyses and transmission of foreign genes through the sexual cycle. Transgenic plants were as short as half the height of control plants, earlier flowering by up to 35 days, had smaller leaves, smaller seed capsules, fewer seeds, smaller flowers and reduced pollen viability. The number of seed capsules, leaf number and root density were similar between transgenic and control plants. Transgenic clones varied in the expression of the Rol C gene and transgenic plants similar or only slightly different from controls were identified. Transformation with the Rol C gene presents a potentially useful method of genetically modifying horticultural crops, particularly for flowering date, height, and leaf and flower size.
EFFECT OF LOW O2 ON THE INDUCTION OF THE ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE, AND CHANGES IN INVERTASE IN POTATOES AT CHILLING TEMPERATURES
Authors: Zhou Dingbo , Solomos Theophanes
Published: February 2019

It has been demonstrated previously that 1.5% 02 suppresses the rise in respiration and appreciably diminishes the accumulation of sugars associated with the transfer of potatoes to chilling temperatures. The temporal relationships between respiration and the capacities of the terminal mitochondrial oxidases, and between sucrose metabolism and invertase activity were studied in tubers kept in air and under 1.5% at 1° C. Chilling temperatures induced de novo synthesis of the alternative oxidase. Initially there was a close temporal relationship between rise in respiration and capacity of the alternative oxidase. With time the rate of respiration declined while the capacity of the AO continued to increase. Low oxygen inhibited by 94-97% the rise in the AO. Paralled with the rise in glucose and fructose there was an increase in invertase activity which increased by twofold after 20 days at 1°. Four isoforms of invertase were identified with PI values of 5.8, 5.6, 5.4 and 5.17 from chilled tubers. Low O2 suppressed the rise in invertase.
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PUMMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA [BURM.] MERRILL), CITRON (C. MEDICA L.), AND TRIFOLIATE ORANGE (PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA [L.] RAF) EVALUATED USING RFLPS
Authors: Roose Mikeal L. , Federici Claire T. , Copenhaver Gregory P.
Published: February 2019

To assess genetic diversity in the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection, all accessions of pummelo (59), citron (24), and trifoliate orange (48) were studied for RFLP variation using 11-18 cDNA probes that had previously been shown to reveal polymorphism in a broad range of citrus germplasm. Inheritance studies have shown that these probes hybridize to at least 20 loci. The taxa studied are believed to represent biological species rather than hybrids. Citrons were nearly monomorphic and most appeared homozygous at all of the loci studied. Pummelos were very polymorphic and highly heterozygous. Trifoliate orange, an important source of disease resistance in rootstock breeding, was nearly monomorphic but moderately heterozygous (17% of loci). Most accessions of trifoliate orange have evidently differentiated only by mutation. One multilocus probe separated trifoliate orange accessions into 3 groups. Two new trifoliate orange accessions had novel alleles at some loci. The use of genetic markers to recognize hybrid accessions classified as members of species will be discussed.
SOME NEW PAPAYA CVS FOR ST. CROIX U.S VIRGIN IS.
Authors: Ramcharan Chris , Hepperly Paul
Published: February 2019

Twelve cvs. of Papaya were evaluated for yield and tolerance to drought, high soil pH and disease incidence under a non-pesticide low-input system. Superior yields were obtained from Barbados Solo (BDX 584-1) - 67.1 Kg/tree (tr) and 987 g/fruit (fr), Guanica (GU 2-1) - 60.7 Kg/tr and 888 g/fr, PR 6-65 × Cariflora (CF) - 46.6 Kg/tr and 700 g/fr, and CF - 48.5 Kg/tr and 607 g/fr. Most cvs. survived 19 months with peak yields at 15 months. Pencil top was major disease and only the Palau cv. exhibited St. Croix decline symptoms. Vigorous cvs. included GU 2-1, CF, PR 6-65 × CF and Criolla (CR) several plants of which are fruiting 26 months after planting. Chlorophyll data indicated that CF and CR cvs. had best tolerance to high pH conditions. Cvs. with large pulp size included GU 2-1 (3.7 cm) and SRS × CF (4.2). Brix analyses indicated sweetest fruits were from CF (14.2), SRS × CF (13.4), GU 2-1 (13.7) and PR 6-65 × CF (12.9).
CROP LOAD AND LIMB GIRDLING AFFECT APPLE FRUIT SIZE, COLOR, AND QUALITY
Authors: Barden John A.
Published: February 2019

In 1990, 15-yr-old `Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees on M.9, M.9/MM.111, and MM.111 were used. On each of 4 trees per rootstock, 3 branches (1.0-1.7 cm dia) were selected. On 7 June (45 DAFB), crop loads were adjusted to 3, 5, or 7 fruit per cm2 branch cross sectional area (BXSA), and each branch was girdled. On 6 Sept all fruit were harvested; fruit weight, ground color, percent blush, soluble solids, starch, and firmness were regressed against crop load. Each was negatively related to crop load, most strongly for soluble solids, ground color and blush. Rootstock influenced several factors and some interaction with crop load occurred.

In 1991, heavily cropping 10-yr-old trees of Empire/M.7A were used. One each of 7 trees, branches (1.2-2.0 cm dia) were thinned to 4, 8, or 12 fruit/cm2 BXSA on 5 June (40 DAFB). One branch per crop load per tree was girdled on 5 June. On 29 Sept fruit were harvested for evaluation. ANOVA indicated significant interactions between crop load and girdling for fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids and starch. Each showed a significant negative linear regression with crop load on girdled branches; on ungirdled branches none of the regressions were significant.
DETERMINING TEMPERATURE OPTIMA OF APPLE CULTIVARS AND ROOTSTOCKS BY THE TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT REAPPEARANCE OF VARIABLE FLUORESCENCE FOLLOWING ILLUMINATION
Authors: Curry Eric A. , Burke John J.
Published: February 2019

Development of valid temperature-based models of physiological processes such as seed germination, bud development, vegetative growth, fruit development, or fruit maturation, requires a parameter to link temperature with plant metabolism. The Thermal Kinetic Window (TKW) concept uses the temperature characteristics of an enzyme kinetic parameter, the Michaelis constant (Km) as indicators of metabolic efficiency. Recently, Burke3 has shown that the temperature dependence of the rate and magnitude of the reappearance of photosystem II (PSII) variable fluorescence following illumination corresponded with the optimal temperature described by the TKW for several plant species. The present study investigated the use of the temperature sensitivity of PSII fluorescence in the identification of temperature optima of apple cultivars and rootstocks. 3Burke, J.J. 1990. Plant Physiol. 93:652-656.
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY IN ASIAN PEAR
Authors: Griffiths Kathleen M. , Behboudian Mohammad H. , Dingle Melanie
Published: February 2019

Asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder) is endemic to southern China, Korea and Japan where it is an important fruit. Recent introduction into New Zealand has necessitated research to achieve high fruit quality. In this experiment three irrigation treatments were imposed on the cultivar Nijisseiki and the effect on fruit quality and storage life assessed. They were: a control for which soil water was maintained at 85% of field capacity (FC), “field” receiving only rainfall, and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in which soil water was depleted to 50% FC until rapid fruit growth started and then treated as in the control. Fruit weight and firmness were higher in the control and soluble solids were higher in the field treatment whose fruit matured earlier. Irrigation treatment showed no effect on the ripening pattern of the fruit in coolstorage or the incidence of the postharvest disorder flesh spot decay. Nitrogen and potassium levels were highest in the control fruit. However, levels of Mg, Ca, and P were not affected by irrigation.
ZONATE LEAF SPOT: A NEW DISEASE OF TOMATO IN ARKANSAS.
Authors: Correll J. C. , Mitchell J. K. , Holland R. T. , Cooper P. E.
Published: February 2019

Zonate leaf spot (ZLS) caused by Cristulariella moricola, apparently a rare disease of tomato, was identified in a commercial tomato field in southeastern Arkansas in June, 1991. Although lesions of ZLS were similar to early blight (Alternaria solani) lesions, which were also present, there were several distinctions between the lesions: the concentric rings in lesions of ZLS were more symmetrical than early blight lesions, no distinct chlorosis was associated with the lesions, and ZLS lesions were not localized near the bottom of the tomato canopy. Koch's postulates were completed on several greenhouse grown tomato cultivars. Inoculum was produced on autoclaved tomato leaves incubated at 20 C and consisted of large (300-400 um long) “Christmas tree” shaped propagules. When free moisture was maintained at 20 C, large (> 1 cm), rapidly expanding, water-soaked lesions were observed on leaves of inoculated plants 1-3 days after inoculation. Lower humidities caused lesions to rapidly dry out. Epidemiological factors, such as temperature, leaf wetness, and cultivar susceptibility also have been examined.
EFFECTS OF THE CONTENT OF DRY MATTER, VITAMIN C, AND CAPSAICIN ON THE RESISTANCE TO TMV, CMV, AND ANTHRACNOSE IN CAPSICUM ANNUUM
Authors: Liu Jianhua , Yang Yuzhen , Zou Xuexiao
Published: February 2019

990 Capsicum annuum varieties were assessed at the seedling stage in greenhouse for their resistance to TMV(T), CMV(C) and anthracnose(A), and their mature (purple-red) fruits were analyzed for the content of dry matter(DM), vitamin C(VC) and capsaicin(CA). The data were eventually analyzed by means of correlation and path coefficient analysis. The result was as follows: the content of DM had little positive effect but significantly (P=O.O1) negative effect on the resistance to TWV, CMV and anthracnose, i.e. Pdt=0.0066, Pdc=(-0 .1364**), Pda=(-0.1881**); whereas the content of VC or CA respectively exerted positive effect, even significantly (P=0.01) positive effect, on the resistance to TMV, CMV and anthracnose, i.e. Pvt=0.0756**, Pvc=0.0093, Pva=0.2069** and Pct=0.2003**, Pcc=0.2300**, Pca=0.0091.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE NEMATICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF ROOTKNOT NEMATODES IN EDIBLE GINGER.
Authors: Sato D. M. , Schmitt D. , DeFrank J.
Published: February 2019

Fourteen different nematicides were tested for efficacy against the rootknot nematode in edible ginger during the 1990 and 1991 seasons. The test site was located in Papaikou, Hawaii and on land previously cropped to ginger. Soil treated with methyl bromide formulations resulted in comparitively good yield and rootknot nematode control. Metam sodium at 100 gallons per acre appeared to be a good alternative nematicide for edible ginger.
BROCCOLI VARIETAL TOLERANCE TO DOWNY MILDEW
Authors: Butler Marvin D. , Davis Jackson A.
Published: February 2019

Downy mildew is a major concern to broccoli growers in the Sonoran Desert. Control measures include wide use of fungicide applications to prevent economic damage. Recent removal of EBDC type fungicides from the market and restrictions imposed on other registered materials has increased interest by growers and broccoli breeders in developing varieties tolerant to downy mildew. From 1984 to 1989 varieties were evaluated for tolerance to downy mildew in unreplicated trials conducted in commercial fields. In 1990, named varieties of current interest in desert production which showed tolerance to the disease in the previous trials were compared to standard varieties used by the industry. Varieties were replicated four times using a randomized complete block design. A rating scale from 1 to 5 was used to describe the severity of foliar lesions. The varieties Everest, Zeus, Legend, Pirate and Sultan showed significant tolerance when compared to the more susceptible varieties Arcadia, Emerald City, Emperor, Greenbelt, Packman, Commander, and NS 649.
ANTHURIUM YIELD AND WEED CONTROL IN RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES AND WOVEN POLYPROPYLENE MULCH UNDER SHADEHOUSE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII.
Authors: DeFrank Joseph , Higaki Tadashi , Imamura Joanne
Published: February 2019

Yield components of 4 anthurium cultivars over a 2 year harvest period were determined. The varieties are `Ozaki' (red color-OZ), `Nitta' (orange-NT), `Kozohara' (dark red-KZ) and `Marian Seefurth' (pink-MS). The herbicide treatments are: diuron (1.1 kg ai/ha) every 3 months (DN); granular formulation of oxyfluorfen (2%) and oryzalin (1%) (3.4 kg ai/ha) in an alternating 3 month cycle with diuron (1.1 kg ai/ha) (OO). Black polypropylene mulch (PM) is the non-chemical control treatment. Yield components include: total cut flower yield, mean stem length and mean flower size (spathe width × length). Total flower yield was not significantly affected by weed control treatments. Yield ranking was: MS>KZ=NT>OZ. A significant interaction was recorded for stem length and flower size. OZ stem length was unaffected by weed control treatments while the others showed variations dependent on treatments. KZ and OZ flower size was not affected by weed control treatments, however, herbicide treatments did reduce flower size of MS and NT. Weed control ranking was: PM=00.>DI.
PATH ANALYSIS OF NIGHTSHADE (SOLANUM NIGRUM L. AND S. PTYCANTHUM DUN.) COMPETITION WITH TOMATO
Authors: McGiffen Milton E. , Pantone Dan J.
Published: February 2019

Path analysis is a statistical method for determining the magnitude and direction of multiple effects on a complex process. We used path analysis to determine the direct effects of nightshade density on yield components (number of green fruit per plant, rotted fruit per plant, total fruit per plant, and weight per fruit) of the processing tomato cv. Heinz 6004. In addition, the analysis indicated the direct and indirect effects of yield components on total yield per ha and marketable yield per ha. The greatest direct effects of eastern black nightshade and black nightshade were on green fruit per plant and total fruit per plant. Effects other than density (density-independent factors) were more important in determining the number of rotted fruit per plant and weight per fruit. Path analysis showed that the total number of fruit per plant was the most important yield component determining total yield and marketable yield per ha.
RHODODENDRON AND AZALEA CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE IN THE GREAT PLAINS AS AFFECTED BY LANDSCAPE EXPOSURE
Authors: Pair John C.
Published: February 2019

Lepidote and Elepidote Rhododendron cultivars were established May 2, 1988 in selected landscape sites with amended soil to evaluate performance under stress by the continental climate characterized by hot summers and cold, desicatting winters. Evergreen azaleas were also screened with emphasis on flower bud hardiness. Survival and flowering were acceptable in exposures protected from winter sun especially on Lepidote `PJM Victor' which survived 42°C although Phytophthora root rot occurred in hottest locations. In contrast flower buds on large leaf types `Nova Zembla' and `Roseum Elegans' often failed to open due to desiccating winter conditions. Cultivars which flowered best after 3 years were `Aglo', `Lodestar', `Nova Zembla', `Olga Mezitt', `PJM', `Waltham' and `Windbeam'. Hardiest azaleas which flowered following -28°c were `Boudoir', `Caroline Gable', Kaempferi `Herbert', poukhanense `Karens', `Pride's Pink' and `Snowball'. Additional cultivars appear promising given suitable bed preparation, proper exposure and adequate maintenance in spite of climatic extremes in the great plains.
EASTER LILY RESPONSE TO PREPLANT-INCORPORATED ANCYMIDOL IN A BARK-BASED MEDIUM.
Authors: McAvoy Richard J. , Kishbaugh-Schmidt Paige
Published: February 2019

Easter lilies, Lilium longiflorum Thumb. cv Nellie White, were grown in a commercial pine bark-based medium (25% by vol.), amended with 0.5 g Acrylamide Acrylate Gel (AAG) per 1.6 liter pot. Lilies were grown in media drenched with ancymidol, at 0, 0.25, 0.375 or 0.5mg a.i.pot-1 following shoot emergence, or grown in media containing ancymidol impregnated AAG at 0, 0.25, 0.375 or 0.5mg a.i.pot-1. AAG applied ancymidol treatments resulted in a significant linear decrease in both lily stem and internode length as the rate of ancymidol increased. Drench applied ancymidol had no affect on stem or internode length. Stem and internode lengths of drench treated lilies were not significantly shorter than lilies not exposed to ancymidol. Bud length, leaf and bud number, and days to anthesis were not affected (P≤0.05) by any treatment. Ancymidol activity in the top, middle and bottom strata of medium filled containers, and in the leachate from these containers, was measured using a lettuce hypocotyl length bioassay. Ancymidol activity was uniformly distributed throughout the bark medium when applied in AAG. With this treatment, 10-15% of the ancymidol activity was detected in the leachate. When ancymidol was applied as a drench, over 95% of the activity was detected in the top two strata, with 70% in the upper most stratum and the rest in the leachate.
PINE BARK AND PEAT-BASED MEDIA INFLUENCE THE EFFECTS OF UNICONAZOLE DRENCH ON `GUTBIER V-14 GLORY' POINSETTIAS.
Authors: Newman Steven E. , Quarrels Jesse R.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the influences of 8 commercial media, 4 peat-based and 4 pine bark-based, on the effects of uniconazole applied as a media drench to `Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias. The peat-based media were Baccto Grower's Mix, Baccto High Porosity Professional, Baccto High Porosity Professional with Bacctite, and Baccto Rockwool Mix. The pine bark-based media were Metro 300, 360, 500, and 700. Uniconazole was applied to plants grown in each media at 5 rates (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg · 15 cm por1).

Uniconazole effectively reduced plant height and width, bract dry weight, and bract number in all media. Plants grown in the Metro products, however, tended to be larger than those grown in the Baccto products. Bract size and number, plant weight, width and height were greatest in Metro 360. The rockwool mix produced the smallest plants. Plants grown in the peat-based media were more sensitive to uniconazole drenches. Plants grown in Metro 360 were the least sensitive to uniconazole drenches.
MOVEMENT OF SELECTED GROWTH-REGULATING CHEMICALS IN ARTIFICIAL GROWING MEDIA
Authors: Schekel Kurt A. , Kaczmarczyk Paul S.
Published: February 2019

The presence of the growth regulators paclobutrazol and uniconazole in leachate or distribution through media consisting of various proportions of Douglas fir bark, sphagnum peat and perlite was evaluated. Distribution through a column 25 cm deep occurred rapidly and growth regulators were found in the leachate the first day after drench application when perlite was in the mix. Movement was limited to a maximum of the top 60% of the column in bark and peat mixes without perlite. Leachate was collected daily over a 12 day period after drenches were applied. Paclobutrazol and uniconazol showed similar distribution patterns in the media.
INFLUENCE OF BA, PROMALIN, AND DIKEGULAC-SODIUM ON FROND INITIATION AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF BOSTON FERN
Authors: Carter Johnny , Mahotiere Sauveur
Published: February 2019

Effects of BA, Promalin and Dikegulac-sodium on frond number and overall growth in Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.) were studies. Four weeks after transplanting, fern liners were sprayed with aqueous solutions of BA, Promalin and dikegulac-sodium. Chemical concentrations of BA and promalin ranged from 0 to 150 mg. liter-1 at 50 mg. liter-1 increments. Chemical concentrations of dikegulac-sodium ranged for 0 to 750 mg.liter-1 at 250 mg.liter-1 increments. Chemical treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. BA and Promalin significantly increased the number of fronds, average frond length, leaf area and dry weight as the concentration of the chemicals increased. In contrast, dikegulac-sodium significantly suppressed the average frond length, leaf area and dry weight when compared to the control. Similarly to BA and Promalin, dikegulac-sodium increased the number of fronds as the concentration of the chemical increased.
EFFECT OF DIKEGULAC ON BOUGAINVILLEA FLOWERING UNDER INCREASING AND DECREASING DAYLENGTH
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , McDowell Judith M. , Aldrich James H.
Published: February 2019

Profitability and production of hanging baskets of bougainvillea, a short day species, could increase if vegetative growth and flowering were more easily controlled. Three-month-old rooted liners of Bougainvillea `Barbara Karst' and `Rainbow Gold' were transplanted into 4.5-liter hanging baskets (3 liners/basket) in late April (Expt. 1) or late July 1991 (Expt. 2) and pruned 2 or 3 days later. Selected combinations of 0, 600, 800, 1200, or 1600 ppm dikegulac were applied at 0, 2, and 4 weeks after initial pruning. Control plants were also pruned at 4 weeks. Plants were grown under full sun. Peak flowering occurred 9 to 10 weeks after initial pruning in both experiments. Dikegulac enhanced flowering of both cultivars under increasing and decreasing daylengths but was greatest under increasing daylengths, especially for `Rainbow Gold'. There was little to no effect on branching.
EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING AND PLANTING DATE ON YIELD OF ANNUAL STRAWBERRY SYSTEM IN NEW JERSEY
Authors: Fiola Joseph A.
Published: February 2019

High density strawberry planting systems have increased yield and fruit quality, and allow greater production on small acreage. To adapt the system to New Jersey conditions, replicated plantings of `Chandler', `Tribute', and `Tristar' were established at 3 spacings and two planting dates (9/9, 9/15) in 1989, and two plant spacings and two planting dates (8/14, 9/7) in 1990. Plants were propagated as plugs from runner tips. The plantings were covered with floating row covers (polypropylene) in December, covers were removed in early April at 5% bloom. In 1990, `Chandler' yield increased as density increased, and decreased with later planting date. Fruit quality was very good; saleable % was over 90%. Size ranged from 8 to 21 g., and averaged from 12 to 17 g. for the various treatments. `Tribute' responded similar to `Chandler' but `Tristar' yield at 12″ was not significantly different than 6″, but greater than 9″. Size ranged from 9 to 19 g., and averaged from 10 to 14 g.; saleable % was over 85%. In 1991, 2 spacings (6″, 12″) and 2 planting dates (8/24, 9/7) were tested. The earlier planting date was superior to later; yields were not different between the 6″ and 12″ treatments (yield range: 3.8-5.4 T/A). Size was superior at wider spacing; day-neutral fruit size was small (avg fruit size range: 7.7-11.2g; high range: 10.1-17.4g).
RESPONSE OF REPEATED 2,4-D SPRAYS ON THE NODE DIAMETER, INTERNODE LENGTH AND CARBOHYDRATES IN THE CANES AND COLD HARDINESS OF CONCORD GRAPE BUDS
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Ogg Alex
Published: February 2019

Field grown high and low vigor Vitis labruscana cv, Concord grapevines were sprayed with 2,4-D amine in concentrations of 0, 2.5, 10 and 25 ppmw at 1st leaf; 1st and 3rd leaf; 1st, 3rd and 5th leaf and 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th leaf stages of vine growth for two consecutive years. Cane and bud samples were collected for determining node diameter, internode length, carbohydrates in the canes, and T50 of buds. Data on yield and vegetable growth were also collected.

There were significant differences among treatments in the node diameter and cold hardiness of buds (T50) both in high and low vigor vines. Repeated applications of 2,4-D reduced the cane diameter significantly but the carbohydrates in the canes were not affected. When 2,4-D symptoms were severe in July, yields were reduced by as much as 85%, but there was slight or no reduction in yield when symptoms were not severe.
UNDERTREE SPRINKLING FOR FREEZE PROTECTION
Authors: Jensen Donald T. , Seeley Schuyler D. , Frisby James , McCurdy Greg
Published: February 2019

A Latin Square design was used to determine effects of undertree irrigation on orchard temperatures during freezes. Plots (40 × 40 m) in a tart cherry orchard included 72 trees. Water was applied at 0, 125, 250 and 380 (± 5%) liters/min. Four meter towers held shielded thermocouples at 1, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 meters. Thermocouples were monitored at 10-second increments using a Campbell Scintific CR10 micrologger. AM32 multiplexers switched between the 96 thermocouples involved. An IBM AT compatible computer retrieved and stored data from the micrologger at 10-minute intervals. The data acquisition system was activated shortly after midnight and operated continuously until after sunrise on three near-freeze nights. No significant heating effect was present at any water level. On one of the nights, a refrigeration effect was documented.
GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. , Higgins Stewart S.
Published: February 2019

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.
CELLULOSE FIBERS SHOW PROMISE IN REDUCING SUNBURN INJURY OF `PAULARED' APPLES.
Authors: Gaus Alvan , Rogoyski Matthew
Published: February 2019

A set of 3 experiments was conducted to determine if cellulose fibers (CF) could reduce the incidence of sunburn injury in `Paulared' apples. Sunburn injury was artificially increased in these experiments by fruit manipulation and removal of shading vegetative growth to expose apples to at least 4 hours of direct sunlight. The 4 treatments applied included an unsprayed control, a commercial binding agent (CBA), a 1% corn starch (CS) colloidal suspension, and a 3% CF suspension that contains CBA and CS. No differences between treatments were found in the first experiment. The CF suspension concentration was increased to 9% for the second experiment. This resulted in uneven CF distribution on the fruit surface and no significant differences between treatments. The third experiment was designed to more precisely determine sunburn symptom expression by delineating the manipulated fruit surface area directly exposed to sunlight prior to treatment. The resulting percent of area that showed a white (bleached) sunburn symptom was significantly less for the apple fruit treated with CF than CBA alone.