bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriology of severe periodontitis in young adult humans
Authors: Moore W E , Holdeman L V , Smibert R M , Hash D E , Burmeister J A , Ranney R R
Published: January 2020

A total of 78 bacteriological samples were taken from the supragingival tooth surface after superficial cleaning with toothpicks or from the periodontal sulci of 42 affected sites in 21 adolescents or young adults with severe generalized periodontitis. Of 190 bacterial species, subspecies, or serotypes detected among 2,723 isolates, 11 species exceeded 1% of the subgingival flora and were most closely associated with the diseased sulci. Eleven others were also sufficiently frequent to be suspect agents of tissue destruction. Many of these species are known pathogens of other body sites. In addition, 10 species of Treponema were isolated. One of these and the "large treponeme" were also more closely associated with severe periodontitis than they were with healthy sites or gingivitis. There were highly significant differences between the composition of the flora of the affected sulci and the flora of (i) the adjacent supragingival tooth surface, (ii) the gingival crevice of periodontally healthy people, and (iii) sites with a gingival index score of 0 or 2 in experimental gingivitis studies. The floras of different individuals were also significantly different. There was no statistically detectable effect of sampling per se upon the composition of the flora of subsequent samples from the same sites. The composition of the supragingival flora of the patients with severe generalized periodontitis that had serum antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was significantly different from the supragingival flora of patients without this serum antibody. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the composition of their subgingival floras.
Mucorales species activation of a serum leukotactic factor
Authors: Marx R S , Forsyth K R , Hentz S K
Published: January 2020

Previous studies have suggested that the focal accumulation of phagocytic leukocytes is an important feature of the host response in mucormycosis. To ascertain the basis for this influx of inflammatory cells, we evaluated the effect of members of the order Mucorales, including species from the genera Rhizopus, Absidia, and Mucor, on the chemotactic activity of normal human serum for neutrophils and monocytes. Both hyphae and spores produced concentration-dependent chemotaxigenesis in serum to a maximum level equivalent to that produced by zymosan activation of serum. Chemotactic activity was similar for live and heat-killed hyphae. No leukotactic activity was demonstrated in the absence of serum. The pretreatment of serum with anti-C3 antibody, heating at 56 degrees C, or 0.01 M EDTA abolished the activity. The pretreatment of serum with 0.01 M ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid did not abolish the activity. These data provide evidence that the leukotactic activity of Mucorales species is generated through the alternative complement pathway.
Inhibition of zymosan-induced alternative complement pathway activation by concanavalin A
Authors: Smith M C , Pensky J , Naff G B
Published: January 2020

Zymosan, a polysaccharide composed primarily of glucan and mannan residues, activates the complement system through the alternative complement pathway. We showed that zymosan-induced complement activation is inhibited by zymosan-bound lectins with carbohydrate specificities for mannosyl and glycosyl residues. Lectins unable to bind mannosyl or glucosyl residues did not inhibit zymosan-induced complement activation.
Failure of Phorbol Myristate Acetate to Damage DNA in Leukocytes from Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Birnboim H. C. , Biggar W. D.
Published: January 2020

Unlike leukocytes from normal donors, leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease do not suffer DNA damage on exposure to the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate.
Intracellular replication of Leishmania tropica in mouse peritoneal macrophages: amastigote infection of resident cells and inflammatory exudate macrophages
Authors: Fortier A H , Hoover D L , Nacy C A
Published: January 2020

C3HeB/FeJ peritoneal exudate cells elicited by a variety of sterile inflammatory agents were exposed to Leishmania tropica amastigotes in vitro. Cytochemical characterization of cells that contained intracellular parasites suggested that young, peroxidase-positive macrophages were more susceptible to infection by amastigotes than more mature cells. Replication of the parasite in these younger cells, however, was similar to that observed in resident peritoneal macrophages.
Adoptive transfer of immunity to Nocardia asteroides in nude mice
Authors: Deem R L , Beaman B L , Gershwin M E
Published: January 2020

Nude mice on a BALB/c background were adoptively transferred with unprimed spleen cells, Nocardia-primed spleen cells, or Nocardia-primed splenic T lymphocytes from syngeneic, heterozygous (nu/+) littermates. Two days later, these recipient mice and unmanipulated (control) nude mice were infected intravenously with a 50% lethal dose of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 from an early stationary-phase culture. Antibody titers, spleen weights, percent mortality, and organ clearance of the microorganisms were measured at 3 h to 28 days after infection. Adoptively transferred nude mice had larger spleens and greater titers of anti-nocardial antibody 7 to 28 days after infection as compared with control nude mice. Adoptive transfer with either primed spleen cells or primed splenic T lymphocytes enhanced both the survival of recipient nude mice and their ability to eliminate N. asteroides from the liver and spleen. These data indicate that adoptive immunity to infection with N. asteroides can be transferred with either specifically primed spleen cells or splenic T lymphocytes. Thus, it appears that cell-mediated immunity and T lymphocytes are of uppermost importance in host resistance to nocardial infection.
Structural analysis of chlamydial major outer membrane proteins
Authors: Caldwell H D , Judd R C
Published: January 2020

The primary structure and surface exposure of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) isolated from 14C intrinsically or 125I extrinsically radiolabeled Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D/UW-3, G/UW-57, H/UW-4, I/UW-12, and L2/434 and the Chlamydia psittaci meningopneumonitis strain were analyzed by two different peptide-mapping techniques. Radiolabeled proteins were digested with either Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, the patterns of peptide fragments produced being displayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, or alpha-chymotrypsin, the peptides being analyzed after separation by high-voltage electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. The comparative structural data obtained from these two different techniques were remarkably similar. From these data, the following points could be made. (i) MOMPs are structurally heterogeneous between members of chlamydial species; the C. psittaci MOMP was clearly distinct from each of the C. trachomatis MOMPs. (ii) Considerable structural homology occurs among MOMPs from different C. trachomatis serotypes; however, distinct differences in the primary structure of each C. trachomatis MOMP were evident. (iii) These observed differences were most obvious in peptide maps of MOMPs isolated from chlamydiae that had been surface labeled by lactoperoxidase-mediated radioiodination. The surface-exposed portions of the MOMPs from serotypes L2 and D were very similar. In contrast, those from serotypes G, H, and I were quite different. These structural data are in agreement with the serospecificities described for these proteins.
Protection Against Acute, Ascending Pyelonephritis Caused by
Escherichia coli
in Rats, Using Isolated Capsular Antigen Conjugated to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Kaijser B. , Larsson P. , Olling S. , Schneerson R.
Published: January 2020

We found that isolated
Escherichia coli
K13 antigen conjugated to bovine serum albumin, in contrast to isolated, non-conjugated K13, was highly immunogenic and induced protection against acute pyelonephritis caused by
E. coli
O6K13H1 in rats.
Influence of endotoxin treatment on dexamethasone induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Authors: McCallum R E , Seale T W , Stith R D
Published: January 2020

Decreased glucocorticoid binding has been observed at a time after endotoxin (3 to 6 h) when imparied liver enzyme induction is known to occur. This study was undertaken to characterize the early time course of hypoglycemia and decreased liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity in intact and adrenalectomized mice given endotoxin. In addition, altered steroid induction of hepatic PEPCK was examined in adrenalectomized mice given dexamethasone at intervals before and after a median lethal dose of endotoxin. Intact mice demonstrated a dramatic hyperglycemia at 1 h after endotoxin treatment, a response absent in adrenalectomized mice. Plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced from control values at 3 and 6 h posttreatment, with the most pronounced endotoxin-induced hypoglycemia seen in adrenalectomized mice. Hepatic PEPCK activity in intact mice given endotoxin was decreased at 3 and 6 h after treatment, although no change from basal, noninduced levels was seen in poisoned adrenalectomized mice. The increased increment in hepatic PEPCK activity due to fasting of intact control mice was reproduced in adrenalectomized control mice by the administration of dexamethasone. Furthermore, the induction of hepatic PEPCK by dexamethasone was inhibited by 1 h after endotoxin treatment, with enzyme activity falling to basal, noninduced levels by 6 h posttreatment. At these same time intervals after endotoxin treatment, no evidence of histopathology in the liver or adrenal glands was seen. These results coincide with changes in steroid binding seen previously and indicate that endotoxin treatment produces significant alterations in glucocorticoid action at the subcellular or molecular level.
Six widespread bacterial clones among Escherichia coli K1 isolates
Authors: Achtman M , Mercer A , Kusecek B , Pohl A , Heuzenroeder M , Aaronson W , Sutton A , Silver R P
Published: January 2020

Variable properties among Escherichia coli isolates include serotype, electrophoretic migration of major outer membrane proteins, metabolic properties, production of hemolysin or colicin or both, and plasmid content. These characteristics were compared in E. coli strains of capsular types K1, K5, K92, and K100 and in non-encapsulated isolates. The 234 bacterial strains from the United States and Europe which we studied had been isolated from healthy or diseased individuals recently or as long ago as 1941. Regardless of source, most O7:K1, O16:K1, and O75:K100 isolates could be assigned to three unique, serotype-specific groups, which were interpreted as representing three bacterial clones. Two bacterial (sub)clones each were discerned among the O18:K1 and O18:K5 isolates, and two further, distinct clones were discerned among the O1:K1 isolates. The implications of these results for epidemiological analyses and for virulence are discussed.
Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Mikesell P , Ivins B E , Ristroph J D , Dreier T M
Published: January 2020

Large-molecular-weight plasmids were isolated from virulent and avirulent strains of Bacillus anthracis. Each strain contained a single plasmid species unique from the others with respect to molecular weight. Bacterial strains were cured of their resident extrachromosomal gene pools by sequential passage of cultures at 42.5 degrees C. Coincidental to the curing of plasmids was a loss of detectable lethal toxin and edema-producing activities and a dramatic decrease in lethal factor and protective antigen serological activities. The involvement of these plasmids in the production of toxin was firmly established by transformation of heat-passaged cells with plasmid DNA purified from the parent strain. The ability to produce parent strain levels of toxin was restored, and the plasmid DNA similar in molecular weight to that isolated from the parent was reisolated in all transformants examined. The exact role these plasmids play in the production of toxin remains to be elucidated. Two additional strains of B. anthracis, designated Pasteur vaccine strains, were examined for the ability to produce toxin and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Both strains were found to be nontoxigenic and contained no detectable plasmid elements. It is therefore likely that we, like Pasteur, cured B. anthracis strains of temperature-sensitive plasmids which code for toxin structural or regulatory proteins.
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia of rainbow trout: relation between the G polypeptide and antibody production in protection of the fish after infection with the F25 attenuated variant
Authors: Bernard J , de Kinkelin P , Bearzotti-Le Berre M
Published: January 2020

A nonpathogenic variant of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus has been selected which immunizes fish against a subsequent challenge with the wild-type virus strain. In this paper, we demonstrate that both the variant and the wild-type virus strains multiplied in spleen and kidney of infected fish, but the virus yield was lower for the variant and soon dropped below the sensitivity of our titration technique, which indicates that an early mechanism prevents the establishment of septicemia. This early mechanism could also be responsible for early protection since fish were already immunized 48 h postinfection with the variant. In a second step antibodies relayed that first defence mechanism to ensure long-lasting immunity. Antisera collected after immunization by the variant or the wild-type virus strain cross-reacted poorly in neutralization tests, which is in agreement with results obtained with plant lectins and proves that the variant is modified in its antigenic properties.
Comparative studies with various substrains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the production of an antigenic protein, MPB70
Authors: Miura K , Nagai S , Kinomoto M , Haga S , Tokunaga T
Published: January 2020

A protein, isolated and purified from the unheated culture filtrate of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (substrain Tokyo 172) and designated MPB70, elicited a delayed skin reaction in guinea pigs sensitized with viable cells of BCG but not in those sensitized with heat-killed cells. The skin reaction reached the maximum 4 to 8 weeks after the inoculation of the BCG and then decreased gradually, resulting in conversion to negative after 20 weeks, whereas the skin reaction to purified protein derivative (PPD) continued to be positive. Guinea pigs immunized with viable cells of various substrains of BCG were skin tested with MPB70 and PPD. Guinea pigs immunized with the BCG substrain Tokyo 172 and the substrain Moreau (Brazil) showed strong delayed skin reactions to both MPB70 and PPD. On the other hand, guinea pigs immunized with the Pasteur substrain 1173P2, the Glaxo substrain 1077, the Copenhagen substrain 1331, the Tice substrain, or the Beijing substrain 64-42 showed negative skin reactions to MPB70, whereas they were strongly positive to PPD. In a two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins from the culture filtrates of the BCG substrains, the culture filtrates of the Tokyo and Moreau substrains showed the spot of MPB70 on the gel slabs, whereas those of the other BCG substrains did not.
Serological, chemical, and structural analyses of the Escherichia coli cross-reactive capsular polysaccharides K13, K20, and K23
Authors: Vann W F , Soderstrom T , Egan W , Tsui F P , Schneerson R , Orskov I , Orskov F
Published: January 2020

The Escherichia coli K13, K20, and K23 capsular polysaccharide antigens are serologically related. All of these polysaccharides contain ribose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate in equimolar quantities. The K13 and K20 polysaccharides are partially O-acetylated. A comparison of these polysaccharides after O-deacetylation, by nuclear magnetic resonance and permethylation analysis, showed that these polysaccharides contained the disaccharide repeat unit leads to)-beta-ribofuranosyl-(1 leads to 7)-beta-2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. They differed in the presence and location of an acetyl moiety. The K13 polysaccharide was O-acetylated at C-4 of the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. The K20 antigen was O-acetylated at C-5 of the ribose moiety. The K23 polymer was nonacetylated. The cross-reactivity of these antigens was demonstrated by tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Antibodies to K23 could be completely absorbed from OK K23 serum by K13, K20, and K23 antigenic extracts. The K13 and K20 antibodies could be completely absorbed from their respective antisera only by homologous antigenic extracts. Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against a protein conjugate of the K13 polysaccharide. Analyses of the reactions of these antibodies with the three polysaccharides suggest that the K13 polysaccharide has at least three antigenic sites, one of which is common to the K13, K20, and K23 polysaccharides.
Efficacy of Human Hyperimmune Globulin in Prevention of
Haemophilus influenzae
Type b Disease in Infant Rats
Authors: Ambrosino Donna , Schreiber John R. , Daum Robert S. , Siber George R.
Published: January 2020

To determine the protective efficacy of human hyperimmune globulin to
Haemophilus influenzae
type b disease in an infant rat model, we compared hyperimmune globulin containing 600 μg of anti-polyribophosphate (PRP) antibody per ml to conventional immune globulin containing 66 μg of anti-PRP antibody per ml. The hyperimmune globulin was fractionated from the pooled plasma of 55 adult donors immunized with PRP, the capsular polysaccharide of
H. influenzae
type b. The disappearance of passively administered antibody was biphasic, with a linear first-order disappearance curve during the first 7 days. The initial half-life for anti-PRP antibody was 2.38 days in rats nasally colonized but not detectably bacteremic with
H. influenzae
type b and significantly longer (half-life, 10.3 days;
P
< 0.01) in noncolonized animals. Hyperimmune globulin afforded 10 times the protection of conventional globulin against bacteremia and meningitis. Globulin depleted of anti-PRP antibody offered no protection. The initial serum antibody levels and the levels during the 8-day observation period predicted protection. Rats maintaining serum antibody levels greater or equal to 50 ng/ml to day 8 had a 10% bacteremia and 5% meningitis incidence in contrast with 95% bacteremia (
P
< 0.001) and 55% meningitis (
P
< 0.001) in rats with less than 50 ng of anti-PRP antibody per ml. We conclude that studies of the pharmacology and efficacy of hyperimmune globulin are warranted in high-risk children unable to respond to active immunization.
Reacquisition of Specific Proteins Confers Virulence in
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Krause Duncan C. , Leith Debra K. , Baseman Joel B.
Published: January 2020

Hemadsorbing revertants were isolated from spontaneous hemadsorption-negative, avirulent mutants of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
The revertants simultaneously reacquired specific proteins absent in their homologous mutants, along with neuraminidase-sensitive adherence to the respiratory epithelium and virulence. Peptide mapping and immunological analysis indicated no precursor-product relationships among certain of these proteins.
Mycobacterium leprae infection in nude mice: bacteriological and histological responses to primary infection and large inocula
Authors: Lancaster R D , Hilson G R , McDougall A C , Colston M J
Published: January 2020

Previous studies have demonstrated that congenitally athymic, nude mice are highly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium leprae. In this study, we showed that footpad inoculation of nude mice with different inoculum sizes of M. leprae resulted in exponential growth of bacilli until bacillary numbers reached approximately 10(10) bacilli per footpad. There was dissemination of the infection from approximately 10 months after inoculation. When nude mice were compared with thymectomized and irradiated mice and normal intact mice for the ability to detect growth from large inocula of low viability, nude mice were the most sensitive, permitting the detection of 10(2) viable M. leprae among 10(7) irradiation-killed organisms. There was widespread dissemination of the infection throughout the reticuloendothelial system and the tissues of the cooler body sites from approximately 10 months after inoculation. Histologically, the lesions resembled those seen in lepromatous leprosy, although the bacillary load appeared larger and was similar to that seen in heavily infected tissues of the nine-banded armadillo. An unusual feature was the presence of numerous foci of neutrophil polymorphs in the footpads and liver of infected nude mice.
Colonization factor antigens I and II and type 1 somatic pili in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: relation to enterotoxin type
Authors: Levine M M , Ristaino P , Sack R B , Kaper J B , Orskov F , Orskov I
Published: January 2020

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates from 36 persons with acute traveler's diarrhea from whom no other pathogens were recovered were tested (after no more than three subcultures) for the presence of colonization factor antigens I and II (CFA/I and CFA/II) and type 1 somatic pili. CFA/I or CFA/II was identified in 7 of 10 strains with heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins (LT+/ST+), but in only 2 of 12 LT-/ST+ (P less than 0.05) and 0 of 14 LT+/ST- (P less than 0.02) strains. CFA pili were not found among 74 non-enterotoxigenic E. coli strains. Type 1 somatic pili were demonstrable in 42% of the 36 ETEC and in 49% of the 74 non-enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates. The nine ETEC isolates bearing a CFA were serially subcultured on 10 consecutive days and retested for CFA and toxin. After five subcultures only one strain had lost a CFA, but after 10 passages three strains were negative: two lost CFA/I and one lost CFA/II. The strain that lost CFA/II became negative for both LT and ST as well and was found to lack a 48- and a 60-megadalton plasmid. The two strains that lost CFA/I also became negative for ST, but plasmid analysis revealed no plasmid loss. Disappearance of the CFA/I phenotype without loss of a plasmid can be explained by phase variation, as exhibited by type 1 somatic pili, or by rearrangement of base sequences in the CFA/I plasmid genome. If purified pili vaccines are to provide broad-spectrum protection against ETEC diarrhea, the search must be intensified to identify the antigens responsible for adhesion to intestinal mucosa in the many ETEC strains that lack CFA/I and CFA/II.
Latency of herpes simplex virus in ocular tissue of mice
Authors: Openshaw H
Published: January 2020

At 5 to 7 months after corneal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in mice, explants of ocular tissue yielded virus. Immunoperoxidase study of explants undergoing reactivation revealed herpes simplex virus antigens in retinal tissue. These results indicate that herpes simplex virus can establish and maintain latency in ocular tissue, most probably in the retina.
Purification and properties of pyruvate kinase from Streptococcus sanguis and activator specificity of pyruvate kinase from oral streptococci
Authors: Abbe K , Takahashi S , Yamada T
Published: January 2020

It was found that pyruvate kinases with two different regulatory characteristics were distributed among oral streptococci. The pyruvate kinases of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus bovis were activated by glucose 6-phosphate, whereas the enzymes of both Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis were activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) from S. sanguis NCTC 10904 was purified, giving a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 250,000 to 260,000 and consisted of four identical subunits. Whereas the pyruvate kinase from S. mutans was completely dependent on glucose 6-phosphate (K. Abbe and T. Yamada, J. Bacteriol. 149:299-305, 1982), the enzyme from S. sanguis was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. In the presence of 0.5 mM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, the saturation curves for the substrates, phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP, were hyperbolic, and the Km values were 0.13 and 0.30 mM, respectively. Without fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, however, saturation curves for both substrates were sigmoidal. GDP, IDP, and UDP could replace ADP. Like the enzyme from S. mutans, the enzyme from S. sanguis required a divalent cation, Mg2+ or Mn2+, and a monovalent cation, K+ or NH4+, for activity, and it was strongly inhibited by Pi. When the concentration of Pi was increased, the half-saturating concentration and Hill coefficient for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate increased. The remarkable fluctuation of intracellular levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate observed in the cells growing under glucose limitation and nitrogen limitation implies that the intracellular concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, in cooperation with that of Pi, may regulate pyruvate kinase activity in S. sanguis in vivo.
Characterization of surface properties of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Kabir S , Ali S
Published: January 2020

A number of isolates of Vibrio cholerae were examined with respect to their (i) surface hydrophobicity as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, (ii) capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes, and (iii) ability to bind to an ion-exchange matrix. V. cholerae isolates, cultured under a variety of growth conditions, were conspicuously hydrophobic. The hydrophobicity was accentuated when these strains were (i) cultivated in a chemically defined synthetic medium, (ii) harvested at the exponential phase of growth, and (iii) cultured at a lower temperature. Rough strains were more hydrophobic than smooth strains. Of the various surface components examined, the outer membrane proteins were conspicuously hydrophobic. The cell-bound hemagglutinating activity of V. cholerae strains was increased when these strains were cultured in synthetic medium and harvested at the stationary phase of growth. This property was unaffected by the growth temperature. Only D-mannose, at a high concentration, inhibited hemagglutination of 80% of the isolates examined. L-Fucose did not inhibit the hemagglutinating activity. V. cholerae strains adhered strongly to the anion-exchange matrix DEAE-cellulose. The surface charge density was accentuated when these strains were grown in synthetic medium. These results suggest that the V. cholerae surface contains both specific (hemagglutinating) and nonspecific (hydrophobic and ionic) factors which may influence its eventual adherence to the host cell surface.
Macrophage activation in murine African trypanosomiasis
Authors: Grosskinsky C M , Ezekowitz R A , Berton G , Gordon S , Askonas B A
Published: January 2020

African trypanosomiasis is accompanied by a profound general immunosuppression in which both suppressive T cells and macrophages (M phi) have been implicated. The present studies define changes in the M phi surface, endocytic and secretory properties, during the infection of mice by Trypanosoma brucei. Peritoneal M phi obtained after the control of the first wave of parasitemia displayed characteristics similar to those activated by intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, e.g., the enhanced expression of Ia antigen, decreased M phi-specific antigens, receptors mediating the pinocytosis of mannose-terminal glycoproteins, and an increased ability to secrete plasminogen activator, superoxide anion, and H2O2. Some markers of macrophage activation persisted during the subpatent period before the recurrence of parasitemia, whereas others reverted to normal. Mature T cell function appears not to be essential for M phi activation by T. brucei since the infection of athymic nude mice also induced Ia antigens and plasminogen activator. These studies show that M phi activated by different pathways express common features which may contribute to immune dysfunction observed in trypanosomiasis, as well as in other infections.
Association of elevated levels of cellular lipoteichoic acids of group B streptococci with human neonatal disease
Authors: Nealon T J , Mattingly S J
Published: January 2020

Cell-associated lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from late-exponential-phase cultures (serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II, and III) of group B streptococci isolated from infected and asymptomatically colonized infants were quantitated and characterized by growing the organisms in a chemically defined medium containing [3H]glycerol and [14C]acetate. Cell pellets were extracted with 45% aqueous phenol and chloroform-methanol and subjected to DEAE-Sephacel anion-exchange chromatography. Elution profiles resolved three major peaks, I, II, and III, with glycerol and phosphate present in a 1:1 molar ratio in each peak, and results obtained by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis confirmed the presence of poly(glycerol phosphate). Saponification indicated that [14C]acetate was incorporated into fatty acids of peaks I and II only, suggesting that these were cell-associated LTAs. Peak II was of small molecular weight (less than 10,000) and probably represented another species of LTA. Peaks I and II were further demonstrated to be LTA by their ability to sensitize human type O erythrocytes. Peak III lacked fatty acids and was shown to probably be deacylated LTA. Quantitation of cell-associated teichoic acid material produced by the group B streptococcal strains indicated that the clinical isolates from infants with early- or late-onset disease possessed significantly higher levels than did the asymptomatic (clinical isolates from infants without symptoms of disease) group B streptococcal strains.
Protective immunization against chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection in rats
Authors: Klinger J D , Cash H A , Wood R E , Miler J J
Published: January 2020

Rats were immunized systemically with various doses of the polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine PEV-01. After a series of two or three doses (25 to 50 micrograms each) at 8- to 11-day intervals, animals were challenged intratracheally by the agarose bead technique with a serotype 5 P. aeruginosa strain at periods of 9 to 42 days. Immunized animals developed circulating antibodies (primarily immunoglobulin M) against vaccine components at levels significantly higher than challenged, nonimmunized controls (P less than 0.005). Eight to ten days postinfection, histological sections of lungs from immunized animals showed only minimal inflammation associated with infectious foci (agarose beads) as compared with the extensive pathological changes of airways and parenchyma seen in infected nonimmunized control animals. However, no significant reduction in bacterial numbers was observed. Such protection lasted at least 6 weeks after the final immunization. It is speculated that the vaccine may contain components of cell surface proteins and virulence exoproducts.
Some Physical Properties of K Antigens of
Escherichia coli
Related to Their Biological Activity
Authors: Howard C. J. , Glynn A. A.
Published: January 2020

The ability of K antigens from
Escherichia coli
to inhibit the agglutination of sheep red cells by rabbit antibody has been taken as a measure of the ability of such antigens to render strains of
E. coli
O-inagglutinable, resistant to complement and to phagocytosis, and to increase their virulence for mice. Analysis of K antigens by chromatography on Sepharose and diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns and by immunoelectrophoresis suggested that agglutination-inhibiting activity was directly related to molecular size rather than charge. The effect of alkali treatment showed inhibitory activity to be independent of K-specific antigenic determinants and confirmed its relation to molecular weight.
Cross-Protective Antigens of Group A Streptococci Types 3 and 31 and Types 46 and 51
Authors: Harrell William K. , Ashworth Helen , Davis Robert E.
Published: January 2020

Reciprocal cross-protective antigens have been demonstrated between types 3 and 31 cocci, and one-way cross-protective antigens have been demonstrated between types 46 and 51 cocci. The reciprocal cross-protective antigen of types 3 and 31 is distinct from the specific M protein of either type. In the one-way cross relationship, type 46 cocci contain both type 46 and type 51 M proteins and therefore stimulate protective antibodies against both types. Type 51 cultures contain only the homologous M antigen. These relationships were demonstrated by capillary precipitin tests, indirect bactericidal tests, and in agar-gel diffusion patterns. The practical significance of these relationships in the serological typing of group A streptococci is discussed along with their possible role in immunity to streptococcal infections in man.
Macrophage Cytophilic Antibody in Mice: Mechanism of Action of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on the Uptake of Immunoglobulins by Mouse Peritoneal Cells
Authors: Tizard Ian R.
Published: January 2020

The action of injected bacterial lipopolysaccharide upon the uptake of cytophilic antibodies by macrophages was found to be unrelated either to changes in surface charge or to the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of these cells. It is apparently mediated by alterations in the levels of material in the serum which enhances the uptake of cytophilic antibody by macrophages. This enhancing material does not appear to be an immunoglobulin nor can it be generated by the action of endotoxin on either whole blood or serum.
Effects of an Interferon Inducer, Poly I:C, on Acute Ocular Infection Produced by Intracameral Inoculation of
Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Oh J. O. , O'Connor G. R.
Published: January 2020

A potent interferon inducer, synthetic polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid complex (poly I:C), was used prophylactically and therapeutically in experimental ocular
Toxoplasma
infections in rabbits. Daily intravenous injections of poly I:C alone or when combined with daily subconjunctival injections of the inducer delayed the appearance of conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, and iritis in
Toxoplasma
-infected eyes provided that the treatment was started 1 day before the infection. When the treatment was begun at the same time or 1 day after the infection, no delay in the production of the ocular lesions was noted. In no case was the treatment curative or completely suppressive.
Eperythrozoon coccoides
I. Effect on the Interferon Response in Mice
Authors: Glasgow L. A. , Odugbemi T. , Dwyer P. , Ritterson A. L.
Published: January 2020

Eperythrozoon coccoides
is a common blood parasite of rodents and the etiological agent of a chronic infection present in many mouse colonies. After primary infection, mice develop a parasitemia and anemia followed by a chronic, latent infection. During the acute phase of infection, mice manifest a striking suppression of interferon production in response to induction with Newcastle disease virus, Chikungunya virus, and poly I:C. These data suggest that the reticuloendothelial system involvement with this agent is associated with impairment of the interferon response. The enhanced susceptibility of
E. coccoides
-infected animals to certain viral infections may be related to this suppression of interferon production.
Specific Inactivation of the Fourth Complement Component II. In Vitro Studies
Authors: Garces Mary C. , Jensen Joerg A. , Iglesias Elena
Published: January 2020

The fourth complement component (C4) inactivator obtained from nurse shark serum was used to inactivate C4 in fresh sera of various mammalian species. These hemolytically inactive sera, which contained the remaining eight complement components in unaltered form, were used (i) as a source of the first complement component (C1) for the generation of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA)-C1 and (ii) as a homologous reagent for the measurement of C4 activity with EA-C1 or EA in fresh, normal serum of guinea pigs, humans, dogs, and pigs.
Classification of North American Porcine Enteroviruses: a Comparison with European and Japanese Strains
Authors: Dunne H. W. , Wang J. T. , Ammerman Elizabeth H.
Published: January 2020

Seventy-two strains of porcine enteroviruses including strains from North America, England, and Japan were compared by cell culture neutralization tests to provide a serological classification of North American strains. From the tests, eight serogroups evolved, with serogroup 8 having a possible three subgroups. There appeared to be some intergroup relationship among certain viruses in groups having the same specific cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture. There was no apparent cross-reaction between the group with type II CPE and groups with type I CPE. Antisera produced in nonhost chickens provided a satisfactory antibody source for the tests. It was proposed that satisfactory typing of viruses could be done best by cross-neutralization rather than by one-way neutralization tests. This provided the homologous serum titer as determined in the laboratory conducting the tests which was important where comparisons are made on the basis of per cent of the homologous titer. It was further emphasized that viruses of tissue origin and their antisera have fewer intergroup reactions than viruses of intestinal origin and their antisera. General type strains and specific North American strains were suggested as satisfactory type sera and viruses for seven of the eight groups to facilitate virus identification.
Importance of serratia protease in the pathogenesis of experimental Serratia marcescens pneumonia
Authors: Lyerly D M , Kreger A S
Published: January 2020

The results of studies to evaluate the possible importance of serratia proteases in the development of experimental Serratia marcescens pneumonia revealed the following. (i) Administration of a highly purified serratia protease to the lungs of guinea pigs and mice resulted in extensive pulmonary edema and hemorrhage similar to that observed in animals having an experimentally induced, acute serratia pneumonia. (ii) Guinea pigs subcutaneously vaccinated with the protease developed low levels of antiprotease antibodies and were partially protected against serratia pneumonia, as demonstrated by a significant increase in survival time. Mice intranasally vaccinated with the protease also developed antiprotease antibodies and were protected against serratia pneumonia, as demonstrated by a significant increase in survival time and an increase in the number of survivors. (iii) Serratia protease was detected in lung tissue extracts prepared from the lungs of guinea pigs dying of serratia pneumonia. Our findings support the idea that serratia protease(s) is involved in the pathogenesis of experimental serratia pneumonia.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide mutations on the pathogenesis of experimental Salmonella gastroenteritis
Authors: Mintz C S , Deibel R H
Published: January 2020

Lipopolysaccharide mutants of Salmonella typhimurium provoked diminished amounts of fluid in rabbit ileal loops as compared with the response to the wild type. The responses elicited by these mutants ranged from 0 to 60% of that caused by the parent strain. Two completely rough mutants and one leaky rough mutant were chosen for further study. Purified lipopolysaccharide from the parent and the mutant strains failed to stimulate fluid exsorption in ileal loop experiments. Histological studies revealed that the three lipopolysaccharide mutants were less invasive than wild type and were less able to generate an inflammatory reaction in the rabbit ileum. A Salmonella enterotoxin was present in culture filtrates from one rough mutant and the wild type; however, the rough mutant appeared to produce less toxin. Enterotoxic activity was absent in culture filtrates from the two other rough mutants. These results suggest that reductions in both invasiveness and the ability to produce Salmonella enterotoxin decreased the ability of these mutants to provoke fluid exsorption. Also, the results indicate that lipopolysaccharide mutations can have a profound effect on the enteropathogenic properties of S. typhimurium.
Identification of immunogenic and antibody-binding membrane proteins of pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Alderete J F
Published: January 2020

Characterization of immunogenic Trichomonas vaginalis membrane proteins was accomplished by using extrinsically and intrinsically labeled organisms and a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoprecipitation procedure. Intact motile trichomonads were compared with detergent extracts as a source of antigen in radioimmunoprecipitation experiments. Approximately 20 proteins accessible to antibody were identified and ranged in molecular weight from 200,000 to 20,000. Localization on the parasite surface of the highly immunogenic membrane proteins was attempted by using, as the indicator system, formaldehyde-fixed protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus pretreated with the various antiserum reagents and incubated with live, motile parasites. Also, indirect immunofluorescence with fluorescein isothiocyanate--anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was also employed after incubation of organisms with either control serum or antiserum from immunized rabbits or after treatment of trichomonads with the immunoglobulin G fraction from each respective serum. No immunoglobulin G antibody appeared to be directed at the anterior trichomonal flagella or the posterior axostyle, whereas strong fluorescence was detected throughout the rest of the T. vaginalis surface. The biological significance of these data is discussed.
Lethal and vascular permeability activities of botulinum C2 toxin induced by separate injections of the two toxin components
Authors: Ohishi I
Published: January 2020

Two components, designated I and II, of botulinum C2 toxin were injected separately into the same animal. The intravenous injection of one component at different time intervals after intravenous injection of the other component, irrespective of the sequence, was lethal to mice. When components I and II were injected intradermally into separate sites, vascular permeability increased only at the site where component II was injected. The sizes of blued areas were smaller with increased distance between the injection sites of components I and II. When one component was injected intravenously and the other intradermally, an increase in vascular permeability was induced at the intradermal site of injection of component II but not at that of component I. These results indicate that the simultaneous injection of components I and II is not always required to elicit the biological activity of C2 toxin. The vascular permeability response induced by separate injections of the two toxin components suggests that the activity of C2 toxin results from component II binding to the tissue around its injection site and component I recognizing the altered tissue.
Experimental foreign body infections in mice challenged with slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Christensen G D , Simpson W A , Bisno A L , Beachey E H
Published: January 2020

The virulence of two previously described Staphylococcus epidermidis strains was examined in an experimental model of foreign body infection in mice. Animals challenged with the slime-producing strain developed three times as many infections as animals challenged with the strain that did not produce slime (P less than 0.001). Bacterial isolates recovered from the infected sites retained the characteristics of the inoculated strain. Animals without foreign bodies but challenged in a similar manner with either staphylococcal strain did not become infected. Thus, the presence of a foreign body predisposed the animals to S. epidermidis infection. These results indicate that the production of slime by S. epidermidis is a stable characteristic retained after animal passage and may be important in the pathogenesis of these infections.
Antibody Response After Influenza Immunization in Renal Transplant Patients Receiving Cyclosporin A or Azathioprine
Authors: Huang Kuo-Liang , Armstrong John A. , Ho Monto
Published: January 2020

Nineteen renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin A and prednisone, eight kidney recipients receiving azathioprine and prednisone, and 12 healthy volunteers were immunized with 0.5 ml of trivalent influenza vaccine containing A/Bangkok/1/79 (H
3
N
2
), A/Brazil/11/78 (H
1
N
1
), and B/Singapore/222/79. Nine patients (47%) in the cyclosporin A group and five (63%) in the azathioprine group showed fourfold rises in titer to at least one virus strain compared with 12 (100%) in the control group.
Inhibition of enterotoxin from Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae by gangliosides from human milk
Authors: Otnaess A B , Laegreid A , Ertresvåg K
Published: January 2020

Inhibitory activity of enterotoxin from Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae was associated with the ganglioside fraction of human milk. Both the milk fat and skim milk contained gangliosides that inhibited the toxins. The most purified milk fraction contained three glycolipid components, of which two migrated close to ganglioside GM1 on thin-layer chromatography plates. A component with a slightly different mobility from GM1 appeared to be associated with the inhibitory activity. Milk ganglioside fraction, derived from 2 ml of human milk, contained 1 to 4 micrograms of lipid-bound sialic acid and completely inhibited 0.1 micrograms of cholera toxin in rabbit intestinal loop experiments. It is suggested that human milk gangliosides, although present only in trace amounts, may be important in protecting infants against enterotoxin-induced diarrhea.
Immunomodulation by Blastomyces dermatitidis: functional activity of murine peritoneal macrophages
Authors: McDaniel L S , Cozad G C
Published: January 2020

Cell-mediated immunity plays the dominant role in the immune response of mice to Blastomyces dermatitidis infections. Since macrophages play an important role in cell-mediated immunity, the interactions between sensitized murine peritoneal macrophages and the yeast phase of B. dermatitidis were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sensitized macrophages readily phagocytized B. dermatitidis yeast cells. In addition, there appeared to be activation of metabolic pathways within the sensitized macrophages, as indicated by increased chemiluminescence activity during phagocytosis. Sensitized macrophages were significantly better at controlling intracellular proliferation of the yeast cells when compared to nonsensitized cells. This was determined by disruption of macrophages and plating for viable yeasts. Scanning electron microscope observations offered further substantiation. Experiments with Candida albicans indicated that B. dermatitidis non-specifically activated macrophages. At 2 h postphagocytosis, 30% fewer C. albicans in B. dermatitidis-activated macrophages were able to form germ tubes. These studies demonstrated the multiple potential of activated macrophages with regard to their functional activity.