bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unusual Brood Capsules from Hydatid Cysts in Indian buffalo
Authors: Gill Hardev Singh , Rao B. V.
Published: June 2009

Brood capsules having scolices on their outer wall were observed many times in hydatid cysts of buffaloes from India.
Paralutztrema hylacichlae n.g., n.sp., a Dicrocoeliine Fluke from the Louisiana Wood Thrush, Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin)
Authors: Carroll Faust Ernest
Published: June 2009

As a result of their feeding habits, birds of 36 or more families have proved to be susceptible to a large number of dicrocoeliine trematodes living principally in the bile ducts and gall-bladder of their hosts (Faust, 1966). As more species of avian hosts are examined and their liver flukes studied, additional species are described and previously recognized species are reported from new hosts and new geographical areas (Lumsden and Zischke, 1963).

In 1958, Yamaguti differentiated Dicrocoeliinae Looss, 1899 into 8 tribes, one of which he named Lutztrematini, having as cardinal characters an acetabulum much larger than oral sucker and testes tandem or diagonal; single genus Lutztrema Travassos, 1941 and L. obliquum (Travassos, 1917) as type species. The avian dicrocoeliine species described in this communication has important morphological characters agreeing with the Lutztrematini and others lacking agreement. In consequence, it has seemed necessary to create a new genus, Paralutztrema, related to, but generically separate from Lutztrema.
Digenetic Trematodes from the Domestic Fowl in Ghana
Authors: Hodasi J. K. M.
Published: June 2009

1. Two new species (Postharmostomum ntowi and Eptsthmium ghanense) and one previously described species (Episthmium africanum) of digenetic trematodes are recorded from the domestic fowl in Ghana.

2. A key has been provided for identification of all the species of Postharmostomum occurring in chickens.

3. Episthmium africanum is recorded for the first time from the domestic fowl.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting Freshwater Snails in London (U.K.) and Some Adjoining Areas. Part VI. The Gercariae of the “Vivax” Group and the Life History of Cercaria bushiensis n.sp. (=Cyathocotyle bushiensis n.sp.)
Authors: Khan Daler
Published: June 2009

Three new species of cercariae of the ‘Vivax’ type are described from London (U.K.) and the classification of this group of cercariae is discussed.

The life-cycle of one of the cercariae is studied and different stages are described in detail.
Studies on Spirometra theileri (Baer, 1925) n. comb. 1. Identification and biology in the laboratory
Authors: Opuni E. K. , Muller R. L.
Published: June 2009

The tapeworm Spirometra theileri (Baer, 1925) n. comb., obtained as pleroccrcoids from a wart hog in Tanzania, has been maintained in the laboratory; adults in dogs, and larval stages in Cyclops and then rodents. The species differs physiologically and biologically from those described from other parts of the world in the cyclical production of eggs in dogs, inability of the procercoids to infect amphibia or reptiles, and the lack of any parasite-induced weight gain in mice, rats or hamsters.
The effects of host diet onThelastoma attenuatum(Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) populations in cockroaches
Authors: Peregrine Pauline C.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were constructed to assess the ellects or changes in the diet ofPeriplaneta americanaonThelastoma attenuatum. Synthetic diets depressed parasitaemia although apparently adequate for the host. However, adult worms were supported best by high carbohydrate levels although protein was necessary for the final moult. Little effect was observed on the distribution of worms within the htndgut although excess roughage appeared to result in a slight backward migration. Egg output per worm remained fairly constant but rose slightly under conditions of extreme stress. Dietary changes affected the size of adult female worms differentially but had little apparent effect on food reserves. Possible reasons for the changes are discussed
OnAllocreadium sudanensissp. nov. (Trematoda: Digenea) from a freshwater fish in the Sudan
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Abdel-Hamid M. E. , Ibrahim A. M.
Published: June 2009

Allocreadium sudanensissp. nov. is described from a cyprinid fish (Barbus bynni) from the White Nile in the Sudan. The new species is compared with other related species ofAllocreadium.

A key for identification of five African species of the genusAllocreadiumis given.

The present material was collected by the senior author in January, 1969 from the intestine of a cyprinid fish,Barbus bynni(Forskal), caught from the White Nile at Rabag near Kosti (about 200 miles to the south of Khartoum) in the Sudan. Eighteen trematodes, collected from a single infected fish, were fixed in hot 70% alcohol. Examination of these specimens in whole mounts stained in aceto-alum carmine and in sectioned material revealed that they belong to a hitherto unknown species of trematodes belonging to the genusAllocreadium, Looss (1900) which is described here asAllocreadium sudanensissp.
Effects of “crowding” on endocrine function and retention of the digenean parasite Microphallus pygmaeus in male and female albino mice
Authors: Brayton Anne R.
Published: June 2009

The effects of housing density on endocrine organ weights and on retention of the parasite Microphallus pygmaeus by male and female mice arc described. A reduction in gonadal function with increasing housing density was found in each sex. Male mice showed clear evidence of greater adrenocortical activity at higher densities but this was not as clearly defined in females. Animals of both sexes showed a decline in relative weights of both thymus and spleen at the highest densities. The number of parasites recovered, a standard time interval after introduction by stomach tube, was increased significantly in both males and females housed at higher densities. The results suggest that a progressive increase in population density in both male and female mice stimulates pituitary-adrenocortical activity and that there is concomitant suppression of gonadal function. The change in susceptibility to the parasites may also be a direct or indirect consequence of the change in pituitary-adrenocortical activity, on immunological responses or intestinal physiology, such as an increase in the duration of exposure to adverse pH values.
Studies on filariasis. III.Dirofilaria immitis: emergence of infective larvae from the mouthparts ofAedes aegypti
Authors: McGreevy P. B. , Theis J. H. , Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Clark J.
Published: June 2009

Infective larvae ofDirofilaria immitiscommonly escaped from the tips of the Iabella and rarely from the mid-portion of the labium ofAedes aegyptias they engorged blood or just probed on mice. During the infective feed a small quantity of liquid, not more than 1 µI in volume, accumulated around the emerging larvae. Liquid was never seen when uninfected mosquitoes engorged on mice. This fluid is of insect origin and probably haemolymph that exuded from the lumina of the labella or labium during worm emergence. The presence of the fluid prevents dessication of larvae on the surface of the skin and maintains them in a liquid medium until they enter the puncture wound that remains after withdrawal of the biting fascicle. The possible effects of the fluid on the geographical distribution of mosquito borne filariae are discussed.
Two new species of nematodes of lagomorphs and rodents from Iran
Authors: Sadighian A. , Ghadirian E. , Sadjadpour E.
Published: June 2009

Two new species of helminths, Fastigiuris prudhoei from Ochotona rufescens Gray, 1842, and Trichuris mofidii from Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein, 1823, have been identified and described from mammals collected in Iran.
On two new davaineid cestodes from Australian marsupials
Authors: Beveridge Ian
Published: June 2009

Two new species of Calostraurus Sandars, 1957 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) are described from Australian marsupials, C. thylogale from Tliylogale biltardierii and C. mundayt from Potorous apicalis. A redefinition of the genus is given together with tabulated features of the species.
Excretion of Schistosoma mattheei eggs from man, baboons and cattle living in their normal environment
Authors: Pitchford R. J. , Visser P. S.
Published: June 2009

Egg excretion of S. mattheei was studied for about a year from man, baboons and cattle living in their normal environment. Although the excretory pattern was not unequivocal from man, there was a tendency of egg counts to decline with time: the baboons showed a seasonal pattern and the cattle a stable pattern throughout the year.
Variation in the Nematode Egg Content of Sheep Faeces from Day to Day
Authors: Spedding C. R. W.
Published: June 2009

1. Variations in the nematode egg-content of sheep faeces are discussed and data from an experiment to study such variations are presented.

2. Previous work on “within day” variations is confirmed and the “ day to day ” variations are shown to be highly significant.

3. The bearing of these variations on sampling technique is discussed.
The Life-History of Limnaea truncatula under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Kendall S. B.
Published: June 2009

1. This paper describes the life-history of Limnaea truncatula under laboratory conditions.

2. Under controlled conditions sexual maturity may be reached in 28 days and egg laying continues for the greater part of the snail's life.

3. Under good environmental conditions each snail may lay as many as 60 eggs in a single day and a total of more than 3,000 in a life approximately a year.

4. Egg laying occurs during every month and at temperatures as low as 10°C. to 11°C. The incubation period of the egg is related to the atmospheric temperature.

5. The longevity of the snail is likely to be related to its rate of growth and to environmental conditions including periods of drought.

6. The snail remains fully active at temperatures as low at 1.5°C.Sustained temperatures much above 20°C. are unfavourable, temperaturesabove 25°C. proving markedly deleterious.
Breinlia booliati sp. n. (Filaroidea: Onchocercidae), a Filaria of the Malayan Forest Rat, Rattus sabanus (Thos.)
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Ho Beng-Chuan
Published: June 2009

A detailed description is given of a filarial parasite, Breinlia booliati sp. n. from the thoracic cavity of the Malayan rat, Rattus sabanus (Thos.) trapped in Malaysia.
Observations on the Development ofSetaria labiatopapillosausing New Techniques for InfectingAedes aegyptiwith this Nematode
Authors: Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

1.The common filarial parasite of cattle in Africa,Setaria labiatopapillosa, has been shown to develop in the mosquitoAedes aegypti. Third stage larvae reached maturity between the 8th and 10th days.

2.To avoid feeding mosquitoes on cattle new techniques were developed. Monkeys and rabbits were infected by transplanting adult livingSetariainto then peritoneal cavities. Monkeys, rabbits and rats were also infected by either intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of suspensions of microfilariae extracted from the uteri of adult worms.

3.Mosquitoes fed on these substitute hosts were readily infected with theSetaria.

4.Mosquitoes were also infected by feeding them on a suspension of microfilariae through membranes of guineapig omentum; the microfilariae were extracted from the uteri of adult worms and suspended in fresh defibrinated rabbit's blood.

A few mosquitoes were infected by intrathoracic injections of uterine microfilariae.
A Case of Human Infection with Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) sp. Probably of African Origin
Authors: O'Grady Francis , Fawcett A. N , Buckley J. J. C
Published: June 2009

A single female specimen of Dirofilaria subgenus Nochtiella was recovered from a painless firm lump above the right eyebrow in the frontalis muscle of a European who had recently visited Nigeria.
Infection of Hamsters with Terminal-spined Schistosomes
Authors: Preston J. M. , James C.
Published: June 2009

Four methods of infecting hamsters with S. mattheei and S. haematobium were compared. The ring method was found to be the most efficient and the cercariae of both species penetrated in 10—20 minutes.
Larvicidal effect of flubendazole on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice with various worm burdens
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio
Published: June 2009

Flubendazole given orally at 50mg kg to mice inoculated with 50, 250 or 500 larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis showed almost complete larvicidal effect, irrespective of the worm burden.
Comparison of the protective resistance induced by60Co-irradiated cercariae and schistosomula of the WFFS and NMRI strains ofSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: James E. R. , Dobinson A. R.
Published: June 2009

Mice, CBA/HT6T6 and C57BL/10, were vaccinated with 1 × 350 or 1 × 500Schistosoma mansonicercariae or schistosomula attenuated with 20 or 56 krad60Co irradiation and challenged with 200 cercariae. Protective resistance against homologous strain challenge was compared using the Winches Farm Field Station (WFFS) and Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) strains ofS. mansoni. Maximal resistance to challenge was obtained in both strains of mice with cercariae or schistosomula of either WFFS or NMRI strain attenuated with 20 krad. Protection using organisms attenuated with 56 krad was significantly lower. Since previous studies with the two parasite strains have shown that the biological effects of irradiation are similar, the difference in the immunogenicity of the 56 krad-irradiated NMRI strain in this study from earlier studies must be due either to different local conditions for irradiation or to adaptation of the NMRI strain to a new laboratory environment. This finding may have important implications for vaccination studies and investigations of the mechanisms of immunity where radiation-attenuated parasites are used.
Immunological aspects in the rejection process of Hymenolepis muris-sylvaticae from CFLP and NMRI mice
Authors: Haeren C. Van , De Rycke P. H.
Published: June 2009

When mice were treated with 1–25 mg cortisone acetate thrice weekly, recovery of Hymenolepis murissylvaticae was significantly higher than in untreated controls, both in oral infections with six cysticercoids and surgical transplantations of one 7-day or 8-day-old worm. Cortisone treatment also resulted in the worms being located more anteriorly in the small intestine.
Evidence of an immunological response against the tapeworm in the intestine is given by: (a) an accelerated rejection of a secondary oral cysticercoid infection and a significant difference of the dry weights of the worms recovered on day 10 in CFLP mice; (b) an accelerated rejection of a secondary surgical infection on days 4 and 6 in CFLP mice and on days 3 and 4 in NMRI mice; (c) an accelerated rejection of a secondary surgical infection given 3 and 6 months after the primary immunizing infection in SWlSS-albino mice.
The ability of single sex infections of Schistosoma japonicum to induce resistance to reinfection in mice
Authors: Moloney N. A. , Hinchcliffe P. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

In four experiments, mice harbouring an average 50, 76 or over 200 Schistosoma japonicum female worms were not resistant when challenged six to eight weeks after infection. The female worms from these single sex infections were stunted and immature (average length 4–6 mm) and induced no overt pathology in the host. Male worm burdens of 60, 135 or 140 also induced little or no resistance to challenge in the host. The males from these single sex infections were fully grown for their age (average length 9 mm) and burdens of 135 or 140 induced distended hepatic portal veins and marked deposition of pigment in the livers of infected mice.
Gastro-intestinal nematodes of élite show dogs in Great Britain
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Pegg E. J.
Published: June 2009

In order to make a valid assessment of the extent to which British dogs are infected with helminth parasites, it is necessary to collect and collate information from a wide spectrum of the constituent groups that make up the total canine population of the United Kingdom. The purpose of the present contribution is to report for the first time on the prevalence of patent infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in élite show dogs.

A total of 574 freshly deposited faecal samples were collected from “exercising areas” at a large dog show exhibiting more than 9 800 high quality animals of many breeds from all areas of the United Kingdom. A sugar flotation, centrifugation technique was used to detect the presence of nematode ova, which were found in 12·2% of the dogs sampled. There was evidence of infection with the following parasites: Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Uncinaria stenocephala. The overall prevalence rates for each Were 7·3%, 2·8%, 1·9% and 0·9%, respectively. Data on the age and sex of the donor animals were available for 338 of the samples and the distribution of T. canis infections in elation to these factors is displayed in Table 1.
Studies on some monogenean parasites of Haemulon sciurus (Shaw, 1803) (Pomadasyidae)
Authors: Kohn Anna , Abranson Beatriz , Macedo Bearnice
Published: June 2009

New host and geographical records and new morphological data are reported on three monogeneans: Encotyllabe spari YAMAGUTI, 1934, Choricotyle hysteroncha (FUJII, 1944) and Pseudotagia cupida (HARGIS, 1956).
Induction of host resistance to Brugia pahangi in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) protected by chemoprophylaxis
Authors: Chusattayanond W. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

Jirds were given a chcmoprophylactic inoculation of flubendazole (FMBZ) and then five injections of infective larvae of Brugia pahangi whilst still protected by the FMDZ. When the drug was thought to be noneffective the jirds (and controls) were given a challenge infection of B. pahangi larvae. By comparison with control jirds the trcatcd-infectcd-challcnged jirds had 40% fewer adult worms. The control treated-challenged jirds contained mostly sterile female worms showing that they were still partially protected by FMBZ but worms numbers were not significantly reduced as compared with untreated controls.
Studies of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in two experimental hosts
Authors: Uchida Kikue , Yoshimura Kentaro , Sato Keiko , Yosida Tosihide H.
Published: June 2009

Lung infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis was established in experimentally infected Indian softfurred rats (Millardia meltada) and Indian spiny mice (Mus platythrix). Pulmonary arterial migration occurred earlier (at day 20 after infection) in M. meltada than in Wistar rats. M. meltada and M. platythrix could serve as useful animal models for comparative studies of mechanisms determining host specificity of A. cantonensis.
Studies on the Worm Populations in the Alimentary Tract of Breeding Ewes
Authors: Connan R. M.
Published: June 2009

Groups of breeding ewes were slaughtered at intervals before and after lambing in March. A post-parturient rise in egg count was observed in which Ostertagia spp. were dominant but in which other species took part, in particular Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus battus and Chabertia ovina. The important contribution made by dormant larvae of Ostertagia spp. was confirmed but it was also found that reinfection greatly increased the number of worms present while the earliest part of the rise, often beginning prior to parturition, was probably due to the increased fecundity of adult worms already present. Adults of H. contortus present in ewes after lambing were derived from the maturation of dormant larvae and it is probable that the same applied to C. ovina. The close association of the postparturient rise with lactation rather than with pregnancy or parturition was shown and two possible explanations for this were discussed.
The occurrence of Mesocestoides sp. in British wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes crucigera)
Authors: Thompson R. C. A.
Published: June 2009

Infection with the cyclophyllidean tapeworm Mesocestoides sp.is recorded in British wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes crucigera) from Scotland and South East England. Previously, the occurrence of this parasite in Great Britain has been rarely reported, but the results of the present study indicate that vulpine infection may be common.
Comparative efficacy of standard antihookworm drugs against various test nematodes
Authors: Misra Anuradha , Visen P. K. S. , Katiyar J. C.
Published: June 2009

The chemotherapeutic responses of three test nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasilietxsis, Nematospiroidesdubius and Ancylostoma ceylanicum to standard antihookworm drugs were assessed in order to select asuitable host-parasite system for the primary screening of potential antihookworm compounds. N. dubiusbehaved inconsistently and, with some infections, required more drug to achieve 100% clearance. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was found to be sensitive to thiabendazole, tetramisole and levamisole but the broad spectrum anthclmintic mebendazole was ineffective. A. ceylanicum was very sensitive to mebendazole, sensitive to tetramisole and levamisole and refractory to thiabendazole. In vitro, none of the compounds had any lethal effect against any of the nematodes, except mebendazole against A. ceylanicum.

A. ceylanicum does occur in man and its chemotherapeutic reactions are similar to those of target hookworm infections of economic importance. As such, although not equally sensitive to standard anthelmintics, it is recommended for routine primary screening.
Studies on infectivity, longevity and fecundity ofAncylostoma ceylanicumin golden hamsters
Authors: Visen P.K.S. , Katiyar J.C. , Sen A.B.
Published: June 2009

Ancylostoma ceylanicumis a new introduction as an experimental hookworm model. Information on the biology of this parasite in its laboratory host—the golden hamster, is meagre. Its infectivity, longevity and fecundity were studied to obtain relevant information especially on vulnerable points in the maintenance and continuation of the infection. 100% infectivity was obtained with an inoculum of 60 larvae per animal. Maximum numbers of parasites were harboured from day 15 to day 18 after infection and thereafter gradually declined. Approximately 10% of the worms were still present at the end of the third month of infection. The in vitro release of eggs in a 24-hour period by one female nematode peaked from day 25 to day 39; a second rise occurred on day 70 after infection.
A morphometric analysis of the genus Terschellingia (Nematoda: Linhomoeidae) with redefinition of the genus and key to the species
Authors: Armenteros M. , Ruiz-Abierno A. , Vincx M. , Decraemer W.
Published: June 2009

The cosmopolitan and often ecologically dominant genus Terschellingia (Nematoda: Linhomoeidae), with 38 nominal species, is taxonomically a problematic taxon. Its species show high morphological plasticity, possess few diagnostic characters and identification keys are lacking. A revision of the genus was carried out based on morphological and morphometric data from the literature and from observations of specimens collected in Cienfuegos Bay, Caribbean Sea, Cuba. The diagnosis of the genus Terschellingia is emended. Of the current 38 nominal species, 15 are considered as valid species based on morphological characters related to size and position of amphidial fovea, presence/position of cephalic and cervical setae, presence/size/shape of pharyngeal bulb, shape of spicular apparatus and shape of tail. Tabular and pictorial keys were provided based on these characters. Three sympatric species: T. communis, T. gourbaultae and T. longicaudata were redescribed based on recently collected Cuban specimens. Each of them showed relatively large differences in body size in comparison with the respective type specimens, suggesting possible variation due to local environmental differences. The highest intraspecific variation pertains for the most widely spread cosmopolitan species T. longicaudata, suggesting that morphological plasticity enhanced adaptation to different environmental conditions. The notable taxonomic inflation within the genus (14 species inquirendae, 9 junior synonyms), probably also present in other highly specious genera of marine nematodes, can lead to an overestimation of the alpha-diversity.
The Ceylon Pearl Inducing Worm
Authors: Southwell T.
Published: June 2009

I propose in this paper reviewing very briefly the work which has been done on the Ceylon pearl-inducing worm, during the last ten years. This is particularly appropriate at the present time as the Pearl Banks—which have been under lease to a London Syndicate, who have spared no pains or money in the investigation—may at an early date revert back to the Government. It remains to be seen to what extent the Ceylon Government will profit by these investigations, and whether they will continue the work with the vigour which has characterised the Company's administration.
Note on “Crithidia” cleti n. sp., Parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of Cletus varius, Dall
Authors: Hindle Edward , Lewis R. C.
Published: June 2009

Whilst examining the contents of a number of insects from the neighbourhood of Pretoria (Transvaal), a flagellate was found occurring in the alimentary canal of a Hemipterous insect, Cletus varius Dall1. Unfortunately, no observations were made on the living parasite and the following notes on its morphology are only derived from the study of ordinary dried smears, fixed in alcohol and stained with Giemsa. In consequence of the method of preparation, the finer nuclear details have been destroyed, but nevertheless we have been able to make out the main points in the structure of this parasite, and as no further material is available we have decided to publish our results in their present form.
Fannia (Homalomyia) canicularis Linn. and F. scalaris Fab. An Account of the Bionomics and the Larvae of the Flies and their Relation to Myiasis of the Intestinal and Urinary Tracts
Authors: Hewitt C. Gordon
Published: June 2009

The two flies Fannia canicularis Linn, and F. scalaris Fab. are, on account of their habits, of considerable economic importance in their relation to man. It is therefore desirable that those engaged in public health and medical work and others should have a knowledge of the breeding and other habits of these flies, which they are certain to meet in their work under circumstances of varying importance. The inquiry of which this account is the result was undertaken several years ago at the request of Dr Monckton Copeman in connection with the Local Government Board's inquiry on the carriage of infection by flies in the reports of which a portion of this paper has been included. Owing to my removal from England to Canada in 1909 and subsequent pressure of work, its completion was delayed.
The Fixation of Rabies Virus in the Monkey (Macacus rhesus) with a Study of the Appearance of Negri Bodies in the Different Passages
Authors: Acton Hugh W. , Harvey W. F.
Published: June 2009

Pasteur, in May 1884, showed that if the rabies virus of the dog was passed from rabbit to rabbit, or guinea-pig to guinea-pig, it gradually became exalted in virulence and fixed in incubation period for these rodents. This fixed virus remained exalted in virulence when inoculated subdurally into other animals. Magendie held the opinion that the rabies virus, when transmitted by bites from dog to dog, lost its virulence by about the fifth passage.
Stabilization of egg-shell in Paraplerurus sauridae (Digenea: Hemiuridae)
Authors: Nellaiappan K. , Ramalingam K.
Published: June 2009

The newly formed egg-shell from eggs in the proximal part of the uterus of Paraplerurus sauridae is colourless and transparent, whereas the shell from eggs in the distal uterus is golden yellow in colour. Histochemical tests reveal the presence of phenol, protein and phenolase in the freshly formed egg-shell. The egg-shell from eggs in the distal uterus shows the property of sclerotin. Histochemical reactions, chromatography and spectrum analysis reveal the presence of a dityrosyl linkage in the egg-shell. The nature of the protein component in the egg-shell is discussed.
Evidence for concanavalin A binding sites on the surface coat of Trypanosoma congolense
Authors: Rautenberg P. , Reinwald E. , Risse H-J.
Published: June 2009

Glycoproteins of Trypanosoma congolense have been detected on SDS-polyacrylamide gels using the Concanavalin A peroxidase technique. Using [35S]diazoniobenzenesulphonate as a marker for cell surface proteins it was possible to distinguish between internal glycoproteins and the surface coat proteins. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels Con A reacted with the surface coat proteins. Results obtained from Con A-induced agglutination of living trypanosomes indicated that sugars of the surface coat proteins were accessible to Con A. This was reinforced by the cytochemical visualization of Con A binding to the trypanosome surface. The results suggested that the surface coat protein contained α-linked d-mannosyl, d-glucosyl, or N-acetyl-d-glucosaminoyl residues, which are exposed exteriorly on the surface coat.
Endopeptidases fromPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Hempelmann E. , Wilson R. J. M.
Published: June 2009

Extracts of rhesus monkey erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium knowlesiwere fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and several zones of endopeptidase activity were demonstrated by an imprint-digest method. The enzymes were active only under acid conditions; activity was detected at pH 3·2 but not between pH 6·4 and 8·9 using haemoglobin, albumin or erythrocyte lysate as the substrate. Optimized PAGE conditions separated highly active parasite enzymes withRfvalues of 73, 63 and 53 (± 7%), as well as a red cell endopeptidase,Rf44. Of two other minor bands of activity, one was associated with platelets.
Gypsy moth mycoses by two species of entomogenous fungi and an assessment of their avian toxicity
Authors: Wasti S. S. , Hartmann G. C. , Rousseau A. J.
Published: June 2009

Mycoses of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) by two species of entomogenous fungi, Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus (Wize) Brown and Smith were experimentally established. Infected larvae revealed complete disintegration of viscera within 95 h post-inoculation with M. anisopliae and within 120 h with P. fumoso-roseus. Avian safety studies confirmed the tolerance of large dosages of spore suspensions of both species. Some body weight loss was recorded but all other indicators were not significantly different from the control birds.
Egg-shell permeability and hatching ofAscaris suum
Authors: Clarke A. J. , Perry R. N.
Published: June 2009

When eggs ofAscaris suumwere transferred from glass-distilled water into 0·1–0·4mNaCl solutions, the water content of the unhatched juveniles fell with increasing concentration of solute. The effect was reversible. The egg-shell was thus permeable to water. The osmotic pressure of the egg fluid was osmotically equivalent to between 0·1 and 0·2mtrehalose. In hatching experiments in Fairbairn's medium containing 0·1 or 0·2mtrehalose, only 5 and 3% respectively of the eggs hatched; 83% of the eggs hatched in the absence of trehalose. The evidence suggests that loss of solutes from the egg fluid permits an increase in the water content of the unhatched juveniles and that this may be responsible for ending their quiescence.
Factors affecting the ability of isolated Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites to attach to and invade erythrocytes
Authors: Johnson J. G. , Epstein N. , Shiroishi T. , Miller L. H.
Published: June 2009

Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites were prepared by the polycarbonate sieving method of Dennis, Mitchell, Butcher & Cohen (1975). Merozoite function was assayed by their attachment to and invasion of rhesus erythrocytes at 37 °C. The early merozoites from the culture chamber were the most invasive, although maximum numbers of merozoites appeared later. Merozoites were most stable when incubated at room temperature (23 °C). At 37 and 0 °C invasiveness rapidly declined to zero. Attachment was rapidly lost at 37 °C but was retained at 0 °C. Attachment was unchanged in the pH range 6·8–7·9 but invasion was reduced at pH 7·9. The presence of l-fucose, d-galactose, d-glucose, d-mannose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine did not reduce invasion. Attachment and invasion were greatly reduced or abolished by the presence of 2·5 mm EDTA or EGTA, by lactoper-oxidase-catalysed iodination of the merozoites, or by treatment of the merozoites with trypsin at a concentration of 1 μg/ml or greater for 10 min at 23 °C.
Secretory IgA responses in rats to antigens of various developmental stages ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Wedrychowicz H. , Maclean J. M. , Holmes P. H.
Published: June 2009

Intestinal and faecal IgA responses against different developmental stages ofNippostrongylus brasiliensiswere studied in Hooded Lister rats vaccinated subcutaneously with infective larvae or intragastrically with 4th-stage larvae, adult nematodes, adult worm somatic and metabolic antigens. It was found that intragastric administration of L4or adult worms produced as high resistance to challenge as normal infection. Oral vaccination with adult nematode excretory–secretory (ES) and somatic antigens produced 69 and 17% protection respectively. All vaccination regimes induced a considerable IgA response against somatic and metabolic antigens of the intestinal stages. However, no correlation could be seen between the IgA levels and degree of protection. Analysis of intestinal mucosal, intestinal contents and faecal IgA specific to larval or adult antigens suggests that the IgA is probably induced by antigen(s) common to all intestinal stages. Also secretory IgA responses against surface antigens of intestinal L4did not show stage specificity, although this was detected in sera.
Systematic temporal changes in host susceptibility to infection: demographic mechanisms
Authors: McCallum H. I. , Anderson R. M.
Published: June 2009

Simple mathematical models are developed to examine the influence of variability in host susceptibility to infection, on the dynamics of host–parasite population interactions. When hosts differ in their innate susceptibility (at birth), to infection by a specific parasite, the average susceptibility of the host population as a whole may show systematic changes through time. Such patterns may arise as a result of demographic factors associated with the interaction between host and parasite populations, in the absence of inheritance mechanisms (a genetic component) or acquired resistance (an immunological component). The general significance of this observation is discussed in terms of the coevolution of host–parasite associations.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance to Schistosoma japonicum in the mouse: II. Evidence that resistance to reinfection is not mediated by specific effector mechanisms
Authors: Moloney N. A. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

The skin phase of schistosomular migration was neither essential for the induction or expression of acquired resistance since mice given primary infections by the intraperitoneal route were as resistant to intra-peritoneal or percutaneous challenge as were mice given their primary infections percutaneously. Serum taken from resistant donors with acute or chronic infections conferred no ability to resist infection upon recipient mice. In two experiments mice that were deprived of their T-cells were as resistant to infection as intact mice and both types of host had comparable tissue egg loads and liver pathology. In a third experiment the immune-deprived mice had lower tissue egg counts than the intact mice and were less resistant to challenge. It is suggested that specific immune effector mechanisms may not be involved in acquired resistance to reinfection but rather that resistance is affected by the T-cell independent immunopathology induced by tissue-bound Schistosoma japonicum eggs.
Field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine
Authors: Pastoret P.-P. , Boulanger D. , Brochier B.
Published: June 2009

To improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (VVTGgRAB) has been developed. VVTGgRAB innocuity was verified in target species and in domestic animals as well as in numerous wild animal species that could compete with the red fox in consuming vaccine baits in Europe. Oral immunization of foxes, by distributing VVTGgRAB vaccine-baits, was undertaken for the whole infected area in Belgium (10000 km2). Five campaigns of fox vaccination, were carried out from autumn 1989 until 1991. Each time, 150000 vaccine-baits were dropped by air at a mean density of 15 per km2. These campaigns induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies and the elimination of the disease from 80% of the initially infected area. Regarding the geographical evolution of rabies in Belgium and in adjacent regions in neighbouring countries, new spatial strategies for bait dispersal were planned for 1992, 1993 and 1994: successive confined campaigns were carried out along political borders only. These campaigns induced a new decrease of incidence; no rabid fox could be detected in 1993 in spite of an improved epidemiological surveillance. In 1994, rabies was again confirmed in 13 foxes collected in an area close to the French border. These cases demonstrate the persistence of a border rabies focus and justify further restricted vaccination campaigns.
The Structure and Relationships of Gnathostoma siamense (Levinsen)
Authors: Leiper Robert T.
Published: June 2009

The natives of Siam are occasionally affected by subcutaneous tumours that have been found to be due to the presence of a small nematode worm named by Levinsen (1889) Cheiracanthus siamensis. Only one description of the species occurs in literature, and as this, the original one, was based upon a solitary immature female it is necessarily lacking in many details.
Report upon two small collections of Pentastomids with the description of a new species of Porocephalus
Authors: Shipley A. E.
Published: June 2009

Through the kindness of Mr Nelson Annandale, Director of the Indian Museum, I have recently had the opportunity of examining a small collection of Pentastomids from that Museum. The collection contains one new species of Porocephalus and affords examples of new hosts and new localities in which species already known have been found. In all there were four different species.
On the so-called Bottle-Bacillus (Dermatophyton malassez)
Authors: Dold Hermann
Published: June 2009

The organism, commonly known under the name of the Bottle-bacillus (Flaschen-bacillus; Bacille-bouteille), was first described by Malassez (1874, pp. 203 et seq.), whose observations led him to the following conclusions (p. 211): “Il existe dans la pelade un champignon parasite. Ce champignon occupe les parties les plus superficielles de la couche cornée de l'épiderme; on le trouve entre ou à la surface des cellules épithéliales de cette couche. Il ne se rencontre qu'accidentelle-ment sur les cheveux, et encore siége-t-il sur des cellules épithéliales, qui proviennent de l'épiderme cutané. Il est uniquement constitué par des spores sphériques très-petites.
New Species of Ticks (Ixodes, Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The following descriptions relate to a new species of Ixodes, to a new variety of Ixodes loricatus, to new species of Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus
Further remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma, and Dr Woodcock's views thereon
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

Through the courtesy of the Editors of Parasitology I have been favoured with an advance proof of the remarks of Dr Woodcock on a former note of mine relating to the procedure of the Recorder of the Protozoa section of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and the Zoological Record. In my article I raised three points. (1) In certain cases where the generic names Crithidia and Herpetomonas were placed in inverted commas in the Catalogue, I stated that no direct evidence existed to justify such a procedure. (2) I protested against such meddlesomeness on the part of the Recorder. (3) I stated that the Recorder, who had not worked on the parasites themselves, held, consequently, extreme views. Dr Woodcock's so-called reply has afforded me considerable amusement and it is a matter of surprise to me that he has been so ill-advised as to write such a poor rejoinder—he must know that he has made no answer to my remarks. That the weakness of his position is well known to him is shown by his recourse to the tactics of vituperation and innuendo, where he remarks that my method of criticism is “not straightforward but, on the contrary, distinctly oblique.” Dr Woodcock has no case and so has adopted metaphorically the old, old method of “abusing the plaintiffs attorney,” in the shape of discussing my own papers on parasites not originally under discussion. I am sorry that one who apparently claims to be an authority is reduced to such second-rate methods. While I regret the necessarily severe character of this, my rejoinder, it is impossible to deal otherwise with the numerous side issues raised by Dr Woodcock.
The life-history of Pleistophora gigantea, Thélohan (Glugea gigantea Thél.)
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: June 2009

The parasite which I have here described has a life-history containing two distinct stages: a vegetative stage and a sporogonic stage. During the vegetative period multinucleate individuals divide by irregular schizogony producing young uni- or paucinucleate individuals. During the sporogonic period, a number of trophozoites unite to form an aggregation which becomes encysted. In the encysted individuals (the pansporoblasts) there is an increase of nuclear substance and a reduction of plasmatic substance. The nuclei become arranged in pairs and by successive unequal divisions the pansporoblasts produce the
sporoblasts which contain a pair of nuclei each. During the formation of the sporoblasts there is an increase of protoplasmatic substance. The sporoblasts become spores by the thickening of their pelliculae.

At first the spores contain two nuclei, finally they become mononucleate. This must be explained by the fusion of the two nuclei.

This nuclear fusion is probably to be interpreted as a paedogamous autogamy (in accordance with the nomenclature of Hartmann, 1909).
The Kurloff-body, a spurious parasite
Authors: Huffman Otto V.
Published: June 2009

Twenty years or more have passed since Kurloff first observed certain vacuoles or cell enclosures in the protoplasm of the large mononuclear leucocytes of the guinea-pig while working in Ehrlich's laboratory. Since then improved staining methods and discoveries in the field of protozoology have made it possible to take new view-points in regard to these cell enclosures which are called Kurloff's-bodies. Therefore it is not with surprise that we find Ferrata, Patella, Goldhorn, Schilling and others believing these bodies to be protozoan in nature. Patella however is the only one who claims to have observed a flagellate develop from a Kurloff-body and of course this observation would put an end to all dispute if it could be verified.
New species of ticks (Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma)
Authors: Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2009

The follwing descriptions relate to two new species of the genera Haemaphysalis and Amblyomma, respectibely, and to a new variety of Amblyomma variegatum:

Haemaphysalis silacea sp. n. ♀, from South Africa (370).

Amblyomma variegatum var. n. nocens, ♂, from South Africa (371).

Amblyomma fiebrigi sp. n. ♂ and ♀, from South America (6).
On the Larval and Pupal Stages ofAnopheles Maculipennis, Meigen
Authors: Imms A. D.
Published: June 2009

The muscles of the head. In the preceding part of this paper (Journ. of hyg., 1907, p. 297) some account was given of the muscles of the pharynx and there remain to be considered the rest of the muscles of the head.
The Structure and Biology of Haemaphysalis punctata, Canestrini and Fanzago. I
Authors: Nuttall Geo. H. F. , Cooper W. F. , Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2009

The importance of various species of ticks in relation to the propagation of protozoal diseases, is so generally recognised that it has appeared to us eminently desirable to make a detailed study of one of the common species. Such a study has seemed to us specially necessary for the reason that our knowledge of these parasites is very imperfect, in spite of the fact that they possess an economic interest of the first order. Some of the diseases which ticks transmit, notably those due to the haematozoal parasites belonging to the genus Piroplasma, are among the most devastating affections of domesticated animals in many parts of the world, the useful animals which suffer from piroplas-mosis being cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and dogs. The disease known as “Heart-water,” occurring in South Africa and affecting sheep, goats and cattle, is likewise tick-transmitted. A disease of the domesticated fowl, analogous to relapsing fever in man, likewise of economic importance and occurring in different parts of the world, has also been demonstrated to be transmitted from animal to animal through the agency of ticks. The fowl disease is due to a Spirochaeta which is conveyed by ticks; the same holds for human “tick fever” and a spirochaete infection in cattle occurring in parts of Africa. Recent investigation appears to have clearly established the fact that a tick conveys spotted or Rocky Mountain Fever to man. Moreover it has been claimed that a Nematode worm, the Filaria perstans, parasitic in man, undergoes its development in a tick which is capable of conveying the parasite from one human host to another. There can be no doubt but that ticks will be found, upon further investigation, to be associated in the transmission of an increasing number of diseases in animals.
Note on Spirochaetes in Castration Tumours of Pigs
Authors: Cleland J. Burton
Published: June 2009

In pigs in Western Australia it is of frequent occurrence to find at the seat of castration large oval fibrous tumours from the size of an hen's egg to that of a tennis ball. These have a thick fibrous wall with a cavity in the centre, which is frequently small in relation to the size of the mass. The walls of this cavity are brownish-yellow and degenerated and the contents usually sero-pus of a similar colour, though at times a large quantity of ordinary whitish purulent matter is found. In films made from this brownish-yellow pus and stained with weak carbol-fuchsin or Leishman's stain, varying numbers of spirochaetes mixed with minute cocci and bacilli and larger, occasionally spore-bearing, organisms will be found. These spirochaetes vary in length from 6 μ or less to 12 μ; their thickness varies from the most delicate tenuity to that of a tubercle bacillus; the spirals may be three or four and perfectly regular or, on the other hand, quite irregular, and acute bendings even at a right angle may be seen. Further, some of the large apparently bacillary organisms may show slight undulations suggesting that they are large forms of this spirochaete. Sections of the tumour show a fibrous stroma, becoming more cellular towards the centre where it passes into necrosed tissue swarming with organisms, amongst which, sometimes in masses, spirochaetes may be found. Where the still living cells abut on the necrosed area, a varying number of eosinophile cells are revealed by Leishman's stain.
A Contribution to the Anatomy and Embryology of Cladorchis (Stichorchis) Subtriquetrus Rudolphi, 1814 (Fischoeder, 1901)
Authors: Weidman Fred D.
Published: June 2009

In 1814 Rudolphi described, under the name of Amphistomum subtriquetrum, a fluke from the caecum of the European beaver (Castor fiber). Little of importance was added for many years; i.e., until 1897, when Otto described it somewhat fully including its internal anatomy, and 1901 and 1903, when Fischoeder wrote of it in his classical revision of the Amphistomidae. In 1914 Duff described a similar parasite, this time from the American beaver (Castor fiber canadensis) which she believes to be identical with that of the European animal.
On the occurrence of a Cephaline Gregarine, Leidyana tinei n. sp., in Lepidopterous larvae
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The gregarine herein described lives in the larvae of the moth Endrosis fenestrella Stain. which I found in the nests of the house-martin (Chelidon urbica Linn.)