bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASTS FROM LIPOMYCES LIPOFER
Authors: Heick H. M. C. , Stewart H. B.
Published: December 2009

Lipomyces lipofer was grown aerobically in chemically defined liquid media containing glucose or citrate as a carbon source. Protoplasts were prepared by digestion of young cells with the intestinal secretions from Helix pomatia in the presence of 10% (w/v) mannitol. Differences in substrate utilization between citrate- and glucose-grown cells were noted and compared with the substrate utilization of the corresponding protoplasts. Examination of protoplasts derived from glucose- and citrate-grown cells showed that the citrate-grown organisms yielded morphologically and metabolically more stable protoplasts. The effects of hypotonic conditions on the metabolic activity of protoplasts as well as the consequences of supplementation of these protoplasts with cofactors have been described.
THE ANALYSIS OF HEXURONIC ACIDS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY GAS–LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Perry M. B. , Hulyalkar R. K.
Published: December 2009

A new method for the determination and characterization of hexuronic acids is presented. Hexuronic acid salts are quantitatively reduced by aqueous sodium borohydride to the corresponding aldonic acids which are subsequently converted to their 1,4-lactones. Treatment of the aldono-1,4-lactones with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane in pyridine solution results in their rapid conversion to the 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-trimethylsilyl-aldono-1,4-lactones, which are sufficiently stable and volatile to allow their separation and quantitative analysis to be made by gas–liquid partition chromatography (g.l.p.c.).The hexuronic acids present in polysaccharides have been identified by acid hydrolysis of the polymers in the presence of platinum and hydrogen, which results in the conversion of the liberated hexuronic acids to their acid-stable aldonic acid derivatives. The O-trimethylsilylated products of the hydrolytic and reductive procedure were analyzed by gas–liquid partition chromatography. The 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-trimethylsilyl-aldono-1,4-lactones arising from the original hexuronic acid residues in the polysaccharides were readily identified. Preparative scale gas chromatography yielded samples of the individual 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-trimethylsilyl-aldono-1,4-lactones, which had characteristic specific optical rotations, infrared spectra, and g.l.p.c. retention times, and which, when they were refluxed with aqueous methanol, gave the unsubstituted parent aldonic acids. This latter procedure affords a microscale method for the identification of hexuronic acids present in polysaccharides.
DISSOCIATION AND SUBUNIT SIZE OF β-LIPOVITELLIN
Authors: Cook W. H. , Wallace R. A.
Published: December 2009

Dissociation of β-lipovitellin was detectable at pH 5.8 and increased linearly with pH. Light-scattering measurements at different pH values were consistent with a molecular weight of 2.27 × 105 for the subunit and twice this value for the associated form, confirming that it is a monomer–dimer system. This value for the molecular weight of the dimer is somewhat higher than previously reported (4.0 × 105) partly because a solvent displacement correction was used in estimating concentration by a dry weight method. Dissociation constants evaluated from light-scattering measurements and by ultracentrifugal separation were 22 × 10−6 and 29 × 10−6 respectively, in good agreement with provisional values already reported. Preliminary studies on the kinetics of this reaction indicate that, when the pH is altered, dissociation reaches the new equilibrium in about 0.5 minute but that reassociation requires about 50 minutes.
THE ELECTROPHORETIC COMPOSITION OF GUINEA PIG SERUM: EFFECTS OF HEAT INACTIVATION, DECOMPLEMENTATION, AND AGING
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Benjamin David C. , Toguchi Richard
Published: December 2009

The proteins of normal guinea pig serum have been characterized by several electrophoretic methods, and the effects of aging, decomplementation, and heat inactivation investigated. Storage at 4 °C for 2 weeks, decomplementation with a specific antigen–antibody precipitate, and heating at 56 °C for 30 minutes resulted in a loss of 64, 92, and 100%, respectively, of hemolytic complement activity. Moving-boundary analyses demonstrated an apparent increase of γ-globulin in the decomplemented serums. Heat inactivation caused the disappearance of the α1-globulin fraction concomitant with pronounced apparent decreases in the albumin and β-globulin fractions and a conspicuous increase in the α2-globulin area.Filter paper electrophoresis revealed an apparent increase in the α2-globulins and a decline in the γ-globulin fraction in decomplemented serums. In heated serums the concentration of the albumin and γ-globulin fractions apparently decreased and levels of the α2- and β-globulins were elevated. Twenty-one bands were observed in normal guinea pig serum by the starch gel technique. Decomplementation resulted in the loss of 1 band, and heat inactivation caused an alteration in 11. Four precipitin arcs, termed α0, β2-I, β1-IV, and β1-X, were affected in the immunoelectropherograms when complement activity was altered. Aging elicited the appearance of a new precipitin arc, β1-X, and a decrease in the mobility of β1-IV. A decrease in the mobility of the β1-IV arc was observed in decomplemented serums. Heating caused the disappearance of two precipitin lines, α0and β1-V, an increase in the electrophoretic mobility of β1-I, and a decrease in the rate of migration of the β1-IV arc.
FORMATION OF CELL COLONIES IN X-IRRADIATED REGENERATING LIVERS OF RATS
Authors: Webber M. Maini , Stich H. F.
Published: December 2009

A high incidence of mitotic irregularities was observed when X-irradiated livers were induced to regenerate after a partial hepatectomy. Mitotic irregularities resulted in the formation of a heterogeneous cell population. As regeneration proceeded, the liver was found to be composed of two different cell populations: (i) one consisting of polyploid and aneuploid cells and incapable of giving rise to many descendants, and (ii) another consisting of apparently normal cells and capable of extensive proliferation which resulted in the formation of cell colonies. The regeneration of liver is mainly attributed to the cell colonies. No tumors appeared in the liver. These results demonstrate that a heterogeneous cell population of a "precancerous lesion" does not necessarily lead to the formation of a neoplasm. A selection pressure can be considered as necessary to favor the multiplication of cells with abnormal chromosome complements over that of cells with normal complements, as is seen in the livers of rats fed a chemical carcinogen. However, in the case of X-irradiated livers, normal cells seem to be favored.
EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON DNA SYNTHESIS IN EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Sung Shan-Ching
Published: December 2009

The rate of DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells measured immediately after X-irradiation of 500 r for 6 minutes in vitro showed about 15% reduction. However, if X-irradiation was followed by preincubation of the cells, the subsequent synthesis of DNA in the X-irradiated cells was markedly inhibited. Under the same condition, the uptake of thymidine-2-C14, uridine-2-C14, adenine-8-C14, and glycine-1-C14, and protein synthesis in the X-irradiated cells were found to be almost the same as those in the non-irradiated control. RNA synthesis measured as total RNA was only slightly inhibited.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROXYLAMINE AND AMINOOXYACETIC ACID ON THE CEREBRAL IN VITRO UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GLUTAMIC ACID, AND γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
Authors: Haber Bernard
Published: December 2009

The aerobic incubation of rat brain cortex slices leads to rapid incorporation of metabolite carbon from both glucose-U-C14 and fructose-U-C14 into glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, alanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (γABA). Use of labeled glutamic acid results in a greater incorporation into aspartic acid, and no labeling of alanine. The incorporation from γABA-1-C14 is lowest, and does not result in labeling of alanine. Both hydroxylamine and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) abolish the incorporation of metabolite carbon into γABA and alanine, and diminish that of glutamine, with labeling of aspartic acid diminished with fructose as the substrate. Both inhibitors abolish all amino acid labeling from γABA-1-C14, and exert differing effects on incorporation from glutamic acid, depending on the presence or absence of glucose. The respiration of brain cortex slices is markedly diminished by AOAA and by the higher concentration of hydroxylamine, whereas with fructose 0.5 mM hydroxylamine is also effective. Similar inhibitory effects are observed on the C14O2 production. The inhibitory effects of AOAA on incorporation of metabolite carbon from glucose, the respiration, and the carbon dioxide production are reversed by pyridoxal phosphate, and spectrophotometric data indicate that this is due to complex formation between the vitamin and the inhibitor.
AN ATYPICAL HUMAN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: Wartburg J.-P. von , Papenberg J. , Aebi H.
Published: December 2009

An atypical alcohol dehydrogenase was found in two human livers. The anomalous enzyme, which has been purified, differs from the normal regarding (a) pH rate profile, (b) substrate specificity, and (c) sensitivity to metal binding agents. Thiourea inhibits the variant enzyme, but activates normal human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A simple screening test is described to differentiate between atypical and normal alcohol dehydrogenase in liver homogenate. Total alcohol dehydrogenase activity was considerably higher in livers containing the atypical enzyme.
THE GROWTH OF ANIMAL CELLS IN BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Authors: Kenny C. P. , Lees H.
Published: December 2009

HeLa and ascites tumor cells could be cultured in a medium of bacteriological nutrient broth plus yeast RNA. There was no growth if the RNA was omitted from the medium. The growth-promoting property of the RNA resided in a high molecular weight (mol. wt. 1–2 × 105) fraction of the RNA and not in any small sequence of nucleotides.
THE METABOLISM OF EXOGENOUS RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS INJECTED INTO MICE
Authors: Sved S.
Published: December 2009

The fate of RNA administered intravenously has been investigated in mice and rats, using yeast RNA uniformly labeled with C14. Much of the administered radioactivity was found in the CO2 exhaled within 5 hours, the rest being distributed mostly between the free nucleotides and carbohydrates of the nine tissues tested. Brain showed consistently low values in all chemical fractions. Administration of large amounts of RNA over a period of 5 days caused an increase in the incorporation of radioactivity into the nucleic acids of liver and kidney and into the amino acid pool of the body. A slight increase in protein synthesis in the brain was also noted. From results obtained by studying the rate of appearance of the radioactivity in the CO2 after injections of labeled RNA, ribose, orotic acid, and RNA mixed with unlabeled ribose, it was concluded that most of the exogenous RNA, when injected, is rapidly degraded before re-utilization of some of its components.
ACETYLATION OF GLYCYL-RNA
Authors: Ip Peter M. K. , Fraser M. J.
Published: December 2009

Treatment of 1-14C-glycine labelled rat liver soluble RNA with acetic anhydride yielded a product which was at least 10 times more stable in solution at pH 7.5 than glycyl-RNA. The glycine acceptor activity of unesterified soluble RNA was not affected by treatment with acetic anhydride. Brief exposure of the acetylated 1-14C-glycine labelled RNA to pancreatic ribonuclease released a fragment which contained 1-14C-acetylglycine and which also contained adenosine and CMP in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1. Pyrophosphorolysis of rat liver soluble RNA greatly reduced the glycine acceptor activity of the RNA. This activity was fully restored by incubation of the degraded RNA in the presence of the "pH 5 enzymes" with ATP and CTP, but not with other nucleoside triphosphates.
THE EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON PROTEIN METABOLISM OF THE BRAIN
Authors: Nakazawa Shozo , Hara Takao , Ueki Komei
Published: December 2009

The effects of X-irradiation on the metabolism of rat brain, liver, and spleen have been studied. C14-Glucose incorporation into protein of the brain of newborn rats was affected significantly by total body X-irradiation (250 r each day for 4 days). C14-Leucine incorporation into protein of the brain, liver, and spleen of adult rats was also reduced by total body X-irradiation (300 r each day for 4 days).X-irradiation of the head (500 r each day for 6 days) affected C14-leucine incorporation into protein of rat brain and liver, but it did not affect that of spleen.X-irradiation in vitro (5000 r) did not have any effect on protein metabolism of rat brain. The mode of action of X-irradiation on protein metabolism is discussed.
ON THE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SUCROSE AND OF 3-KETO-SUCROSE IN AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Fukui S. , Hochster R. M.
Published: December 2009

The active transport of sucrose and of 3-ketosucrose into resting cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was established. Evidence is presented to show that these two transport systems behave differently. Their dependence on temperature, the effects of inhibitors, and the effects of stationary incubation vs. agitation are among the parameters studied. Inorganic ions had no effect on the active transport of sucrose-C14. Estimates of the degree of intracellular accumulation of sucrose-C14were made.
OSMOLALITY OF BLOOD AND INTESTINAL CONTENTS IN THE PIG, GUINEA PIG, AND ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Harpur R. P. , Popkin J. S.
Published: December 2009

It is confirmed that the small intestine of the pig has contents which are hypertonic to both pig serum (I) and the hemolymph (II) of the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides. With starved pigs (in the abattoir) the following osmolalities were recorded: intestinal contents, 427; I, 340; II, 323; and one sample of ascaris faeces (III), 311 milliosmolal (mOsm). Samples from normally fed pigs, obtained within 10 minutes post-mortem, gave a mean value of 311 mOsm for I and the contents of the anterior section of the small intestine averaged 320 mOsm, but those of the middle section averaged 391 mOsm. I, obtained from the ears of normal pigs, was only 302 mOsm. The contents of guinea pig small intestine decreased from 326 mOsm to 292 mOsm with 24 hours starvation, but no changes were detected in guinea pig I and the average value was 297 mOsm. The osmotic gradient across the body wall of A. lumbricoides is reversed soon after the worms are removed from the pig, and this effect is delayed at a lower temperature. The reversed osmoregulation is assisted by the ejection of III hypotonic to the hemolymph. It is confirmed that the chloride rise in II is slow, but it is shown that the potassium drop occurs soon after the worms leave their host. There was a significant but small decrease in chlorides of II when the worms were in media containing low chlorides.
STUDIES ON MECHANISM OF REPAIR OF ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED VIRAL AND BACTERIAL DNA IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Riklis Emanuel
Published: December 2009

The formation of thymine dimers [Formula: see text] from adjacent intrastrand thymines by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in DNA was studied under different conditions. When thymine-2-C14DNA was exposed in quartz tubes to 0.5 × 106 ergs/mm2ultraviolet irradiation, two photoproducts were formed: "a" + [Formula: see text]. The concentration formed in dry DNA was only about [Formula: see text] of that formed in wet DNA.The survival of T1phage in the dark in the resistant (uvr+) and the sensitive (uvr−) mutants of E. coli K-12 after UV irradiation of the phage in the wet and dry state is markedly dependent on the state of the phage during irradiation. Survival of T1phage, when UV irradiated dry, was the same in the sensitive as in the resistant host cells, over a wide range of UV doses, while a marked difference in sensitivity existed when it was UV irradiated wet. Similar survival was obtained also by photoreactivation. These results correspond with the notion that thymine dimers are involved both in photoreactivation and in dark (host cell) reactivation.Thymine-requiring E. coli K-12 cells were mutated to a radioresistant strain uvr+(AB 2416) and a radiosensitive strain uvr−(AB 2419).Irradiation of cells with a dose of 1000 ergs/mm2, followed by incubation of the cells in the dark in enriched M9 media, stopped by addition of 5% trichloroacetic acid, hydrolysis of the acid-insoluble fraction and the acid-soluble fraction in trifluoroacetic acid at 175 °C, and separation of the products by paper chromatography, showed that the two irradiation products "a" + [Formula: see text], which were formed in the bacterial DNA, are excised from the DNA in the uvr+strain and appear in the acid-soluble fraction. No such excision occurred upon incubation of the radiosensitive strain uvr−.Incubation of the cells under light showed that photoreactivation prevails in the radiosensitive strain, i.e. disappearance of "a" + [Formula: see text] from the DNA, without their appearance in the acid-soluble fraction, while dark reactivation prevailed in the uvr+strain, a result that indicates a stronger affinity of the dark reactivating system to UV-irradiated DNA. Cell extracts prepared by breaking the cells in a French press in Tris buffer, pH 7.5, plus 10−3 M Mg++plus 10−3 M mercapto-ethanol showed a similar mechanism; the two irradiation products were excised from DNA by a uvr+cell extract and not by a uvr−cell extract. Extract of uvr+cells brought about excision of photoproducts from DNA of the uvr−cell extract.The results suggest that an enzyme, capable of excising thymine dimers, is present in the radioresistant cell as part of the system of repair of DNA from UV irradiation, and its mechanism is demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro.
EFFECT OF NORETHANDROLONE ON SELECTED CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Authors: Cipera J. D. , Migicovsky B. B. , Belanger L. F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of norethandrolone (17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone) on the epiphyseal cartilage of rachitic chicks was investigated in conjunction with the studies of vitamin D3effect on this tissue. Norethandrolone effected a significant decrease in the activity of hexosamine synthetase, but did not alter appreciably the levels of hexosamine or hydroxyproline, nor the activity of alkaline phosphatase.It was noted that norethandrolone exerted a powerful stimulation on the growth of combs of immature chicks. The increased weight of the combs was accompanied by a higher water content. The de-fatted and dried fraction of these combs had an elevated content of hexosamines, while the decrease in hydroxyproline content was noted only after a prolonged treatment with the steroid. Studies with radioactive tracers (Na2S35O4, NaOAc-1-C14) showed an increased rate of incorporation of these potential components of glycosaminoglycans in the de-fatted and dried fraction of the combs. In addition, norethandrolone enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity in combs.
METABOLISM OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: I. DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM OF DIPTEREX IN ADULT LARVA OF THE COTTON LEAF WORM (PRODENIA LITURA F.)
Authors: Zayed S. M. A. D. , Hassan A.
Published: December 2009

The distribution of P32-labelled Dipterex among different organs of the adult larva of the cotton leaf worm showed that the major radioactivity was translocated in hemolymph and gut. Dipterex was readily metabolized in vitro to give monodemethylated Dipterex which contributed to 91% of the acidic metabolites. Monomethylphosphate (about 9%) could also be identified as a metabolic product. The low toxicity of Dipterex to Prodenia larvae is probably due to preferential methyl ester cleavage.
THE PHENOLIC ACIDS IN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: Morita Hirokazu
Published: December 2009

Hot alkaline hydrolysis of an organic soil followed by multiple unidimensional paper chromatographic analyses have afforded p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids. It is suggested that part of the phenolic acids may be derived from non-lignin plant materials incorporated into the humus.
FREE NUCLEOTIDES IN TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL
Authors: Bouchard M. , Chaudhary K. D. , Loiselle J.-M. , Lemonde A.
Published: December 2009

The acid-soluble phosphate compounds in the pupal extract of Tribolium confusum Duval have been fractionated quantitatively on an AG1-X4 resin column using a concave gradient of LiCl and HCl. Nine principal components corresponding to catechol, xanthosine, uric acid, AMP, ADP, UDP, CTP, ATP, and UTP have been characterized by their elution patterns, chromatographic properties on Ecteola-cellulose, and ultraviolet absorption spectra. The possible significance of relatively higher concentrations of catechol and uric acid has been discussed. Xanthine probably represents an intermediary stage in the uric acid synthesis. Adenine nucleotides occur in higher concentrations than uracil and cytosine nucleotides, A particularly higher level of ATP seems to suggest an accumulation of this compound as a result of low energy requirements during the pupal stage, which, being a non-growth phase, manifests lower synthetic activity.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT, INHIBITORS, AND RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY ON MONOAMINE OXIDASE
Authors: Youdim Moussa B. H. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: December 2009

The stability of monoamine oxidase of rat liver mitochondria to heating has been studied, using kynuramine as substrate in a spectrophotometric assay. After suspensions of mitochondria were heated for 50 minutes at 50°, about 30% of the enzymatic activity is lost; at 53° for the same time, 50% is lost. At 60° most of the activity is lost in the first 10 minutes. Activity as a function of pH was studied; resulting curves had a shoulder around pH 6.5 and a peak at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer (or at 8.1 in borate buffer). The corresponding curves for heated suspensions of mitochondria (50°, 30 minutes) showed a relatively greater decrease in activity at pH 7.0 than at pH 6.5. This resulted in the disappearance of the shoulder and the appearance of a new peak at pH 6.5. Tranylcypromine and iproniazid inhibited the mitochondrial enzyme more strongly at pH 8.1 (borate buffer) than at the lower pH's, but pargyline inhibited more at pH 6.5. Chelating agents such as 8-hydroxyquinoline and thenoyltrifluoroacetone inhibited the enzyme more strongly at the lower pH's. Extracts of livers of riboflavin-deficient rats showed less activity than those from vitamin-supplemented animals. Substrates and certain inhibitors of monoamine oxidase protected the enzyme from inactivation during heating, but amines that are not substrates provided no such protection. Unsuccessful attempts were made to identify different types of monoamine oxidase activity in the mitochondria fractionated on sucrose density gradients.
INHIBITION BY STREPTOMYCIN OF TETRAZOLIUM REDUCTASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Bragg P. D.
Published: December 2009

Streptomycin partially inhibited the menadione-mediated NADH2: triphenyltetrazolium chloride oxidoreductase (menadione reductase) of Escherichia coli at concentrations as low as 10−5 M. One molecule of streptomycin interacted with three sensitive sites on the enzyme. Streptidine reacted with a single sensitive site. Streptomycin inhibited the system in competition with the dye (Ki, 1.5 × 10−3 M) but did not inhibit the binding of FAD to the apoenzyme.
RADIOFORMATION OF ASPARTIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ALANINE
Authors: Mehran A.-R. , Pageau R.
Published: December 2009

Aspartic acid was found to be present in 0.1 M aqueous solutions of alanine irradiated with gamma rays from cobalt-60 under three different experimental conditions: (a) in the presence of air, (b) in a nitrogen atmosphere, and (c) in the presence of nitrogen plus CO2. Although the presence of oxygen and CO2in the solutions was necessary for the formation of appreciable quantities of aspartic acid, small quantities of it may be formed in their absence. Addition of CO2to the nitrogen atmosphere favored formation of aspartic acid at the lowest levels of irradiation, but the amount decreased rapidly with higher levels. Degradation of alanine was less in the presence of oxygen than under the other two experimental conditions. Addition of CO2to the nitrogen atmosphere had no effect on the degradation of alanine. Two possible mechanisms to explain the radiochemical degradation of alanine with formation of aspartic acid are proposed.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENOLIC ACIDS BY CERTAIN WOOD-DESTROYING BASIDIOMYCETES
Authors: Power D. M. , Towers G. H. N. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

These fungi were shown to possess ammonia-lyases for L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, with the former enzyme usually predominating. Growing cultures of a strain of Lentinus lepideus produced isoferulic acid (3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid), which was released into the medium as an ester, probably the methyl ester. Tracer studies suggest it is formed from glucose via phenylalanine and cinnamic acid derivatives. L-Tyrosine and sodium acetate were poor precursors. Replacement cultures did not form isoferulic acid but converted L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE ON TISSUE LIPIDS IN THE RAT
Authors: Therriault D. G. , Poe R. H.
Published: December 2009

The liver and gastrocnemius muscles from rats undergoing acute and chronic cold exposure to 5 °C were totally excised after an in situ perfusion with isotonic saline. Total lipid was extracted from the tissue and the lipid classes separated by countercurrent distribution.There was no difference between the groups in the amount of phospholipid present in either liver or muscle. However, the neutral lipids of both tissues were decreased in the acclimated group. Though acute exposure caused a decrease in the neutral lipid levels of muscle, the liver levels remained unchanged. Only the free fatty acid levels in liver were affected by acute exposure, and these increased.The decrease in neutral lipid of muscle in the acutely exposed group suggests that there is an immediately available source of lipid in muscle in response to the stress of cold exposure.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS IN PLANTS: I. INCORPORATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE-32P AND GLYCEROPHOSPHATE-32P INTO PHOSPHATIDES OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Sastry P. S. , Kates M.
Published: December 2009

The kinetics of incorporation of32P from orthophosphate-32P or DL-α-glycerophosphate-32P into the phosphatides of Chlorella vulgaris during photosynthesis was studied. Rapid labelling of phosphatidyl glycerol was observed with both precursors, followed by lower rates of incorporation into lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol. The results are discussed in the light of biosynthetic pathways known for animal and bacterial cells.
INHIBITION OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF 18-HYDROXY-11-DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE BY SU-4885
Authors: Kraulis Ilze , Birmingham Marion K.
Published: December 2009

SU-4885 inhibits the formation by incubated rat adrenals of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone from added 11-deoxycorticosterone or progesterone, as well as from endogenous precursors.
THE ASSOCIATION OF I131-LABELLED THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE WITH SERUM PROTEINS AFTER STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Britton Amy , Webster Brian R. , Ezrin Calvin , Volpe Robert
Published: December 2009

The binding of I131-labelled triiodothyronine (T3) and 1-thyroxine (T4) with the proteins of human serum has been investigated by means of vertical starch gel electrophoresis in borate buffer at pH 8.6. T3 was found to bind largely to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with very little association with albumin, whereas T4 was associated with TBG, albumin, and thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA). Sera from normal persons were shown to have binding capacities for added thyroxine of 25 μg T4 per 100 ml for TBG, and 40 μg T4 per 100 ml for TBPA.
METABOLISM IN VITRO OF TRITIATED ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
Authors: Nishizawa Edward E. , Billiar R. B. , Karr J. , Eik-Nes Kristen B.
Published: December 2009

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) labeled with tritium has been prepared with a specific radioactivity of approximately 4000 d.p.m./μg. The tritiated trophin showed biological activity and appeared to be bound to the cells of the adrenal gland. Data indicating that the adrenal cortex can inactivate ACTH were obtained; whether such inactivation is due to binding or enzymatic degradation has not been illustrated. Attempts to demonstrate that the adrenal gland could acetylate the N-terminal serine residue of ACTH failed.
THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF THE FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Authors: Olson Robert E.
Published: December 2009

The regulation of cell metabolism involves controls imposed at three general levels: (a) modification of the activity of existing enzymes, (b) modification of the permeability and function of cell and organelle membranes, and (c) the control of the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins of biological significance mediated by genetic mechanisms. Attempts to explain the action of the fat-soluble vitamins in terms of the first two mechanisms cited above have not been successful. In view of the fact, however, that the fat-soluble vitamins, as a class, do influence the concentrations of enzymes and other proteins in various organisms, it appeared possible that these changes reflected an action at the genetic level.It has been shown that actinomycin D inhibits vitamin K induced prothrombin formation in chicks deficient in vitamin K. Doses of actinomycin which inhibited the normal response to vitamin K inhibited incorporation of adenine-8-C14into hepatic RNA. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin K acts by stimulating messenger RNA formation for the synthesis of clotting proteins. Since the coumarin drugs antagonize vitamin K, it seemed possible that the site of antagonism was a molecule which regulates this expression of genetic information. To test this hypothesis, rats were fed a diet containing 0.05% dicumarol for 48 hours, at which time they showed prolonged clotting and one-stage prothrombin times. This clotting defect could be corrected in 6 hours by the administration of 1 mg of vitamin K1to each rat by mouth. The administration of actinomycin D in closes from 30 to 240 μg per 100 g body weight 4 hours before vitamin K1either modified or prevented the action of the vitamin. If actinomycin was given after the vitamin, or given to normal rats, no anticoagulant effect was noted. These data are consistent with the view that the site of antagonism between vitamin K and the coumarin drugs is a molecule which controls DNA-dependent RNA replication.
VARIATIONS IN LIPID INTAKE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RESPIRATION AND TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE ACTIVITY
Authors: DeLuca Hector F.
Published: December 2009

The possible role of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble constituents in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory systems, and mitochondrial structure is discussed, with special emphasis on vitamin D, vitamin A, and essential fatty acids. Deficiency of any of these substances produces structural alterations in isolated kidney or liver mitochondria. In the case of vitamin D deficiency the structural alteration in kidney mitochondria is accompanied by an increased rate of citrate and isocitrate oxidation and a decreased transfer of calcium ions from inside to outside the mitochondria. Vitamin D added in vitro or given to the intact rat specifically decreases citrate oxidation and increases the translocation of calcium. Vitamin A deficiency increases the respiration of liver homogenates and mitochondria in the absence of phosphate acceptor, an effect which could readily be reversed within 48 hours after vitamin A administration. Increased ATPase and decreased respiratory control were also noted in liver mitochondria from vitamin A deficient rats. The structural change as well as the biochemical lesions could also be reversed within 48 hours after vitamin A administration. Similar experiments with essential fatty acid deficient mitochondria also revealed a high ATPase, low respiratory control, and marked structural damage. These changes could be reversed by the feeding of essential fatty acids to the deficient animals for 1–3 weeks. Despite many attempts, it was not possible to demonstrate structural changes in mitochondria in situ as a result of any of the deficiencies described. It is suggested that the respiratory and tricarboxylic acid cycle changes that have been attributed to the lipid constituents of the diet are secondary to alterations in subcellular membrane systems. The use of these membrane systems as tools or models in a study of the mechanism of action of the dietary lipid and lipid-soluble materials is discussed.
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN PROTEIN INTAKE ON ENZYMES OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Harper Alfred E.
Published: December 2009

Changes in the protein intake of animals result in changes in the activities of many enzymes of nitrogen metabolism. Effects of starvation on enzymes of amino acid metabolism are frequently quite different from effects of ingestion of a protein-free diet. The nature of the changes is such as to suggest that the lability of body proteins depends not on protein intake as such but on the metabolic requirements of the organism. Many of the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism are elevated in starved animals, animals fed a high protein diet, and animals injected with adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. These changes appear to be associated with increasing dependence of the organism on protein metabolism. Many of these enzyme responses to dietary changes can be interpreted as adaptations contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the face of alterations in the external environment—alterations that might otherwise affect the internal environment of the organism detrimentally.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PORPHYRINS IN WHEAT LEAVES: I. SUCCINATE:CoA LIGASE (ADP)
Authors: Nandi D. L. , Waygood E. R.
Published: December 2009

Succinate:CoA ligase (ADP) (E.C. No. 6.2.1.5) was isolated and partially purified from acetone powders of wheat leaves. The enzyme is specific for succinate and ATP, but is inhibited by concentrations of ATP above 4.5 × 10−3 M and requires either Mg++or Mn++ions. Kmvalues for succinate, ATP, CoA, Mg++, and MH++are 3.2 × 10−2 M, 1.3 × 10−3 M, 9.5 × 10−5 M, 4.1 × 10−3 M, and 3.7 × 10−3 M respectively. The enzyme is localized within chloroplasts and catalyzes a termolecular reaction.
THE EFFECT OF PARATHION ON RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY CARBOXYLESTERASES
Authors: Read Sheila I. , McKinley W. P.
Published: December 2009

Rats of different ages were fed a diet containing 10 p.p.m. parathion with or without vitamin A supplementation for various periods of time, and the effects on liver and kidney carboxylesterases were measured.Marked inhibition of carboxylesterases was observed shortly after the parathion diet was introduced. The degree of inhibition was not altered appreciably by continued feeding of the diet containing parathion. Young female rats showed some recovery of liver carboxylesterases on continued feeding of the parathion diet. After removal of vitamin A from the diet, the levels of liver carboxylesterases of male rats fed parathion increased appreciably.
PRECURSORS OF MIMOSINE IN MIMOSA PUDICA
Authors: Tiwari H. P. , Spenser Ian D.
Published: December 2009

In Mimosa pudica L. both L- and DL-lysine serve as specific precursors of the -γ-pyridone nucleus of mimosine. Succinic acid is also incorporated into the nucleus. Glycerol and glyceric acid enter the side chain of mimosine. An improved method for the isolation of mimosine from M. pudica is described.
THE SEPARATION OF GONADOTROPIN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE IN THE URINE OF CHILDREN
Authors: Saito Akira
Published: December 2009

Gonadotropin-inhibiting activity could be demonstrated in a crude extract of urine from children under the age of 3 years. With urine extracts from adults, it was necessary to destroy gonadotropin activity by boiling the extracts, to show that they also contained gonadotropin-inhibiting activity. The batch process of separation of crude extracts by Sephadex gave little inhibiting activity. However, the separation of crude extracts by gradient chromatograms on a Sephadex column demonstrated inhibiting activities in a 0.01 M and in a 0.2 M ammonium acetate eluate, especially in the urine extracts from children.
STUDIES ON THE RAPID ACCUMULATION OF TRIGLYCERIDE IN THE LIVER IN CHOLINE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Mookerjea Sailen
Published: December 2009

Studies with isolated liver perfusion preparations showed that, during 5 to 21 days of choline deficiency (acute phase), the livers fail to release any triglyceride into the perfusate, whereas during 1 to 2 days (early phase) and during 28 to 60 days of choline deficiency (prolonged phase), they tend to release triglyceride into the perfusate at a nearly normal rate. The rate of deposition of hepatic triglyceride in intact rats fed a choline-deficient diet showed a progression complementary to this triphasic pattern of triglyceride release, i.e. an early phase of slow triglyceride deposition and an acute phase of rapid accumulation followed by the establishment of a higher steady-state level. In the perfusion experiments changes in phospholipid levels in the perfusate followed the same pattern as the triglyceride levels. Increased uptake of free fatty acids by the choline-deficient livers was most marked after 2 days.In vitro additions of choline and several choline derivatives to the 5-day choline-deficient liver perfusion system were unable to restore triglyceride release. Similar studies with blood obtained from choline-supplemented rats showed a very significant restoration of triglyceride release into the perfusate.
THE METABOLISM OF 2,6-DIAMINOPURINE BY DIAMINOPURINE-SENSITIVE AND DIAMINOPURINE-RESISTANT L-STRAIN MOUSE FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Hall A. D.
Published: December 2009

Mouse fibroblasts (strain L) resistant to growth inhibition by 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) were obtained from DAP-sensitive cultures. DAP-resistant cells were characterized by (a) stability of resistance in the absence of DAP, (b) cross resistance to 8-azaadenine, (c) very limited utilization of C14-labelled DAP or adenine for the synthesis of nucleic acid purines, and (d) greatly decreased adenylic acid and DAP ribonucleotide pyrophosphorylase activities. The base ratios for ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of DAP-resistant cells did not differ significantly from the corresponding ratios for DAP-sensitive cells.The metabolism of DAP by L-cells was found to be similar to the metabolism of the compound by rodent tissues in vivo. In the presence of low concentrations of DAP-2-C14, DAP-sensitive L-cells readily utilized DAP for the synthesis of acid-soluble derivatives and nucleic acid purines, especially guanine. At low concentrations of DAP-2-C14the utilization of DAP-2-C14by DAP-resistant and DAP-sensitive cells increased with the concentration of DAP-2-C14, but the utilization of DAP-2-C14by DAP-resistant cells increased at a very much lower rate than the utilization of the analogue by DAP-sensitive cells. Adenine-C14was utilized more extensively than DAP-2-C14for the synthesis of nucleic acids of DAP-resistant cells. No correlation between the intracellular concentration of any acid-soluble derivative of DAP and inhibition of cell growth was found.
THE QUANTITATION OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Griffiths B. W. , Sparkes B. G. , Greenberg L.
Published: December 2009

An immunoelectrophoretic method for the quantitative and semiquantitative analysis of human serum albumin in blood products is described. The analysis depends on the detection of specific precipitate band structures associated with the "antigen excess", "equivalence", and "antibody excess" reactions on immunoelectrophoretic slides. The application of the method to the quantitation of albumin in commercial "immune serum globulins" is discussed.
LYTIC ENZYMES OF SORANGIUM SP.: SOME ASPECTS OF ENZYME PRODUCTION IN SUBMERGED CULTURE
Authors: Whitaker D. R. , Cook F. D. , Gillespie D. C.
Published: December 2009

Data are reported on growth, substrate utilization, and production of lytic activity by a species of Sorangium grown in a fermentor containing 130 liters of a glucose – Casamino acids – mineral salts medium. The results indicate that pH and aeration rate are critical factors in the production of lytic enzyme. Under the conditions tested, increases in lytic activity in the medium were accompanied by roughly parallel increases in hydrolase activity towards hydroxyethylchitin and casein. A method for assay of lytic activity toward Arthrobacter globiformis cells is described.
A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR THE ACTION OF 9-β-D-ARABINO-FURANOSYLADENINE AS AN INHIBITOR OF THE GROWTH OF SOME ASCITES CELLS
Authors: York J. Lyndal , LePage G. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine triphosphate on the incorporation of thymidine monophosphate-14C into DNA by cell-free extracts of TA3 ascites tumor cells has been studied. Arabinosyl adenine triphosphate is a non-competitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase in TA3 cells. The Kiis 9 × 10−5 M. This effect reasonably accounts for the ability of the compound to inhibit the growth of several ascites tumors in mice.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XVI. INCORPORATION OF GLUCOSE INTO ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES BY HUMAN AND RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Manohar S. V. , Denstedt O. F. , Rubinstein D.
Published: December 2009

Human and rabbit erythrocytes suspended in a Ringer phosphate solution can synthesize adenine nucleotides from glucose if exogenous adenine is added. The quantity of nucleotide synthesized approaches a maximum when the concentration of adenine is 0.15 mM and of glucose 8.5 mM. Most of the nucleotide that is synthesized is ATP. With giucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, and glucose-6-14C respectively and human erythrocytes, the counts per minute (c.p.m.) obtained in the corresponding nucleotides were in the ratio of 1.7:2.5:1. With rabbit red cells and glucose labeled respectively in the C-1 and C-6 positions, the ratio of the c.p.m. was 1.7:1. When human erythrocytes were incubated with labeled glucose,14CO2was obtained only from glucose tagged in the C-1 position, and the quantity produced was not altered by the addition of adenine. Analysis of the ratios of C-1:C-2:C-6 from glucose in the nucleotides and in CO2leads to the conclusion that the pentose of the nucleotides is formed by oxidative decarboxylation of carbon-1 of glucose and by the transformation of glucose to pentose via the reaction catalyzed by transketolase, with the latter predominating.
THE ACTIVITY OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES DURING THYROXINE-INDUCED TADPOLE METAMORPHOSIS
Authors: Kim H. C. , D'Iorio A. , Paik W. K.
Published: December 2009

A new improved method to quantitate the amount of the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been devised. The method is sensitive and very reproducible. This method has been employed for studies on LDH isozymes during thyroxine-induced tadpole metamorphosis. Only one isozyme is present in tadpole liver whereas three isozymes are present in tadpole tail and brain. Thyroxine treatment produced a decrease of the total LDH activity of tadpole liver, tail, and brain; however, the relative amount of the isozyme F3in tail and brain is the only fraction which shows a decrease. The F1and F2fractions show an increase in relative amount. Thalidomide has no influence on the isozyme pattern of LDH in thyroxine-induced metamorphosis of the tadpole.
USEFUL PROCEDURES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX FATTY ACID COMPOSITION. OCCURRENCE OF TRANS-5-HEXADECENOIC AND TRANS-5,CIS-9-OCTADECADIENOIC ACIDS IN THE OIL FROM THALICTRUM VENULOSUM
Authors: Bhatty M. K. , Craig B. M.
Published: December 2009

The complete fatty acid composition of fats and oils can be readily determined by use of silicic acid – silver nitrate column chromatography in conjunction with gas–liquid chromatography, permanganate–periodate oxidation, hydrazine reduction, and infrared analysis. These techniques were used to demonstrate the occurrence of trans-5-hexadecenoic (2.6%) and trans-5,cis-9-octadecadienoic (4.6%) acids in the seed oil of Thalictrum venulosum. The oil contains two predominant and one minor system of fatty acids: (i) trans-5-hexadecenoic, trans-5-octadecenoic, trans-5,cis-9-octadecadienoic, trans-5,cis-9,cis-12-octadecatrienoic; (ii) cis-9-hexadecenoic, cis-9-octadecenoic, cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic, cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoic; and (iii) cis-5-hexadecenoic, cis-5-octadecenoic, cis-5-eicosenoic.
THE EFFECTS OF SULFUR CONTENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF WHEAT GLUTEN
Authors: Yoshino D. , McCalla A. G.
Published: December 2009

Two wheat samples were obtained from fertilizer test plots located on sulfur-deficient soils; one from a plot on which sulfur had been consistently used as a fertilizer for about 25 years and the other from a non-fertilized plot. The levels of sulfur in the two samples were respectively 0.18 and 0.10%. The difference decreased in the flours and decreased further in the glutens, but was still highly significant. There was a much larger proportion of non-gluten nitrogen in the sulfur-deficient sample. The gluten from this sample contained smaller amounts of cystine and methionine, a lower content of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups, and dispersions of the gluten in 8% sodium salicylate yielded lower values for relative and intrinsic viscosity. There was no difference in the content of sulfhydryl groups of the flour, nor in sedimentation behavior of the dispersed gluten. The addition of bisulfite to the dispersions eliminated the differences in intrinsic and relative viscosity values. The results all support the conclusion that the differences in quality of the two samples were related to the difference in the number of potential disulfide linkages.
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF VOLUCRISPORIN: II. METABOLISM OF SOME PHENYLPROPANOID COMPOUNDS BY VOLUCRISPORA AURANTIACA HASKINS
Authors: Chandra P. , Read G. , Vining L. C.
Published: December 2009

DL-Phenyllactic acid-α-14C, DL-phenylserine-α-14C, L-phenylalanine-carboxyl-14C, and shikimic acid-U-14C were incorporated into phenylalanine and tyrosine isolated from mycelial hydrolysates of Volucrispora aurantiaca as well as into volucrisporin. DL-m-Tyrosine-carboxyl-14C was incorporated into volucrisporin but not into the aromatic amino acids. L-Tyrosine-β-14C, cinnamic acid-α-14C, and m-hydroxycinnamic acid-α-14C were metabolized by the fungus but did not serve as precursors of volucrisporin or of mycelial phenylalanine. The results are consistent with the concept of a biosynthetic pathway to volucrisporin via phenylpyruvic and m-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acids. Substantial amounts of each radioactive substrate fed to V. aurantiaca PRL 1952 were incorporated into a brown melanoid pigment.
STUDIES ON THE ACTIVATION OF PLASMINOGEN: III. INSOLUBLE DERIVATIVES OF THE PROACTIVATOR AND THE ACTIVATOR
Authors: Rimon S. , Stupp Y. , Rimon A.
Published: December 2009

An insoluble derivative of plasminogen was prepared by coupling it to a diazotized copolymer of p-amino-DL-phenylalanine and L-leucine. The product was found to be active as a proactivator but not as a plasminogen, i.e. on the addition of streptokinase, activator was formed but not plasmin.The availability of insoluble proactivator and activator has made possible the study of the kinetics and pH dependence of the formation of the activator from proactivator and streptokinase, as well as the formation of plasmin from plasminogen. The first process was found to be independent of pH in the range 4–10; the second process was optimal at pH values 7.5–9.0. On the basis of these data, the possible role of some functional groups in the interaction of streptokinase with plasminogen and the activator activity is discussed.