bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brechtian Hip-Hop
Authors: Maher George Ciccariello
Published: July 2005

Focusing on the shortcomings of existing aesthetic approaches to rap music, this article seeks to understand current developments within political rap through a heuristic and fundamentally nonappropriative application of the aesthetic theories of Brecht. Highlighting the latter’s emphasis on self-production and didactics, the article discusses the intersection of the two in the recent mixtapes by militant rap duo dead prez. Given the often unrecognized importance of mixtapes within rap, as well as their capacity to escape the constraint of the music industry, the “organic intellectuals” of rap would benefit from an increased emphasis on self-production. Finally, the author brings dead prez’s didactics into dialogue with both early political rap and later gangsta rap to see that dead prez is indeed “somewhere in between NWA and P.E. [Public Enemy], and that this represents a positive historical development for rap and a fusion of the ghettocentric and the Afrocentric elements of broader Black culture.
Beyond the Ebonics Debate
Authors: Billings Andrew C.
Published: July 2005

This study of 261 Black and White participants determined how standard American English and Black English were perceived on 20 credibility measures. Results indicated that although standard American English was preferred by all participants on several key measures (including all measures of competence), speaker dialect did not alter perceived trustworthiness and likability. On measures of social distance, dialect played a secondary role to the race of the speaker, as White participants preferred White speakers and Black participants preferred Black speakers regardless of dialect.
Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31-32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives
Authors: Koskenniemi Erkki , Nisula Kirsi , Toppari Jorma
Published: July 2005

This article deals with two details of the passion narratives: the wine mixed with myrrh (Mk 15.23) and the breaking of the legs of the two men crucified with Jesus (Jn 19.31-32). It is written jointly by a botanist (Kirsi Nisula), a physician (Jorma Toppari) and an exegete (Erkki Koskenniemi). Most scholars believe that the wine mixed with myrrh was used as analgesic and refer to b. Sanh. 43a. However, this passage does not deal with myrrh, which, moreover, has no strong analgesic effect. A small amount of myrrh in wine preserves it, but if it is used excessively, it makes the wine impossible to drink, and offering it to a man suffering from strong dehydration would be a form of torture. Breaking the legs was used widely as a deterrent punishment for the slaves, also without crucifixion, and it could lead to death. It was apparently common to break the legs of the crucified, which added to the deterrent effect, but also hurried their death.
‘My house shall be a house of prayer’: Regarding the Temple as a Place of Prayer in Acts within the Context of Luke’s Apologetical Objective
Authors: Holmås Geir Otto
Published: July 2005

The prominent role of prayer, as well as the temple, in Luke’s double work has often been highlighted by scholars who are concerned with Luke–Acts as a literary and theological project. However, the problems related to the temple as a place of prayer have rarely been raised in this context. The present article seeks to address this issue within the context of Luke’s story-world and overall agenda. The thesis of this article is that Acts’ narrative presentation of the temple as a place of prayer is a part of the general apologetical strategy of Luke–Acts; it is a part of Luke’s attempt to define the Christian church vis-à-vis Judaism, which involves stressing both continuity and discontinuity.
Divine Madness? Speaking in Tongues in 1 Corinthians 14.23
Authors: Chester Stephen J.
Published: July 2005

The response of the hypothetical outsider in 1 Cor. 14.23 to hearing uninterpreted tongues is usually understood as one of alienation. This fits an exegetical consensus that takes tongues as a sign of divine judgment on unbelievers. Yet the exclamationmai/nesqe may, in fact, be positive. If it is a social categorization by the outsider of tongues as parallel to the phenomenon of divinely gifted madness within Graeco-Roman religion, the response is very likely not one of alienation. Uninterpreted tongues are a positive sign to the outsider of divine activity among the Corinthian believers, but are inadequate from Paul’s perspective as they fail to communicate the gospel. This article defends the plausibility both of the outsider drawing such a parallel and of its positive sense. Its argument counters a tendency among recent commentators to note the parallel but to uphold the exegetical consensus that the response is one of alienation.
Etched or Sketched? Inscriptions and Erasures in the Messages to Sardis and Philadelphia (Rev. 3.1-13)
Authors: Royalty Robert M.
Published: July 2005

This article argues that the image of the ‘pillar in the temple’ in Rev. 3.12 functions as part of the rhetorical contrast ( synkrisis) of Sardis and Philadelphia in Rev. 3.1-13. First, I introduce previously unexamined data to show that Rev. 3.12 functions as a general reference to inscribed columns, rather than as a specific literary or archaeological reference. Second, I argue that the description of the community at Philadelphia as an ‘inscribed pillar‘ contrasts rhetorically to that of Sardis, whose name could be blotted out from the book of life (Rev. 3.5). Finally, deconstruction of these paired tropes undermines the appearance of stability in the messages and reveals the ideological struggles within these early Christian communities inscribed in the Apocalypse.
Poverty Trends in Bangladesh during the 1990s
Authors: Murgai Rinku , Zaidi Salman
Published: July 2005

Analysis of data from various Bangladesh Household Expenditure Surveys suggests considerable progress at poverty reduction during the 1990s. About 50 percent of the country’s population lived below the poverty line in 2000 compared to 59 percent in 1991–2. Poverty in rural areas continues to be higher than in urban areas, but the gap between rural and urban areas has narrowed as rural growth has been relatively more propoor. While the survey data and National Accounts show similar amounts of progress in Bangladesh over the decade as a whole, they present conflicting pictures of the pattern of growth over the decade: the National Accounts series indicate progress to have taken place at roughly equal rates over the first and second halves of the 1990s, while the HES series show most of the progress at poverty reduction to have taken place during the first half of the decade.
Child Labor in Bangladesh
Authors: Salmon Claire
Published: July 2005

This article uses data from the Bangladesh Labor Force Survey 2000 to analyze the magnitude, nature and determinants of child labor in Bangladesh. The magnitude of the ‘child labor’ problem is large in Bangladesh, with around 5.4–7.9 million, or about one-fifth of all Bangladeshi children between the ages of 5 and 14 years, being classified as child workers in 2000. Most of these child workers work in the agricultural sector. Among the poorest quintile of households, the share of family income contributed by child workers reaches nearly 50 percent. The article finds support for the widely-held hypothesis that poverty compels children to work. The analysis of links between adult employment and child labor also lends support to the hypothesis that children are the last economic resource of the household. Children are much more likely to work when they live in a household where the potential of income generation is low and where this potential has already been used up.
Poverty and Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh
Authors: Deolalikar Anil B.
Published: July 2005

Child malnutrition is pervasive in Bangladesh, with nearly one-half of all children below the age of five years being either underweight or stunted. The country has, however, made significant progress in reducing the incidence of child malnutrition during the last 15 years. There are large disparities in child malnutrition across gender, geographical regions, and economic groups. The empirical evidence reviewed in this article suggests that public transfer and relief programs that provide food to the poor, such as the Vulnerable Group Feeding program and the Food-for-Work program, as well as interventions by nongovernmental organizations have had significant impacts on reducing child malnutrition, especially among the poor. To attain the millennium development goal of halving child undernutrition by 2015, Bangladesh will have to scale up targeted income-poverty interventions, public food transfer programs targeted to the poor and to the regions with the largest number of malnourished children, interventions that reduce the risk and vulnerability of poor households to natural disasters, nutrition education to mothers and caregivers, and rapid pro-poor economic growth.
Effectiveness of Food Assistance Programs in Bangladesh
Authors: Murgai Rinku , Zaidi Salman
Published: July 2005

Bangladesh boasts a wide array of targeted food assistance programs that strive to achieve a number of important developmental objectives. Findings from the 2000 Household Income and Expenditure Survey suggest that these programs are reasonably well-targeted towards the poor. Most of the pro-poor targeting is due to targeting the poor within communities rather than central actions to target poor areas. However, any definitive conclusions about the ‘pro-poor’ nature of spending on these programs are clouded by the survey findings which suggest that a large share of the total resources devoted to these programs disappear before reaching their intended beneficiaries. If these ‘unaccounted-for’ benefits are in fact appropriated by the non-poor, the incidence of spending on these programs would likely be pro-rich. Greater efforts to channel a higher share of resources to regions with greater need of assistance and to improve monitoring systems to reduce leakage from the system are likely to yield high dividends.
An Analysis of Gender–Water Nexus in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Faisal I. M. , Kabir M. R.
Published: July 2005

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the gender–water nexus in rural Bangladesh based on extensive field survey, focus group discussion, and interview with key informants, all carried out at seven study locations across Bangladesh. It presents the findings in four key areas: household water management, health and well-being, irrigation water management, and water related vulnerability. It has been observed that water for household use is collected by women and children, who face an array of physical, psychological and social problems. How water is collected depends on income/social class, location of water source, time of the day, and religious/cultural factors. The time spent for water collection imposes significant opportunity costs as loss of income and education opportunities. Tube well water is widely used for drinking, but pond and river water is extensively used for other purposes.This, along with the lack of sanitation, causes frequent outbreak of water-borne diseases. Improper storage of water, poorly maintained tube wells, and arsenic in shallow wells pose additional threats to health. Women in arsenic affected areas face excommunication if detected with arsenicosis; in coastal areas women are forced to fry collection under very unhealthy and unsafe conditions.These difficulties are exacerbated during natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Presently, there is very little participation of women in agricultural water management as ‘right to water’ is perceived as linked with ‘right to land’, over which women have little control. These hardships and deprivations are fundamentally caused by the lack of a number of factors: awareness, education, access to resources, empowerment, and institutional support. This article suggests a range of policy interventions to address these issues.
Terminology and the psychosocial burden of blindness
Authors: Bolt David
Published: July 2005

Various denotations and connotations of the word ‘blindness’ are examined and the inference is drawn that they constitute a psychosocial burden that perpetuates prejudice. The analysis leads on to a hypothesis in which a more progressive terminology could lead to reduction of this burden.
Comparison of the use of the Internet by partially-sighted and blind pupils placed in a special school environment
Authors: Jones Rob
Published: July 2005

A questionnaire investigation was undertaken at a special needs school into pupils’ knowledge of, and use of, the Internet following the general up-grading of ICT facilities, including the installation of a network providing high-speed Internet connection in every classroom, and prior to the development of a planned new and specific teaching programme. An account is given of the impact of the installation, including differences between those with functional vision and those without sight.
Higher education or vocational training inriryoka? Post-school choices of visually-impaired students. Part 2, Japan
Authors: Ee Wong Meng
Published: July 2005

For a country such as Japan where higher education is historically and widely esteemed, the visually-impaired community’s incongruous departure from the university route to a vocational one is considered in relation to post-school choices. The predominance of the riryoka vocation for the visually-impaired (VI) largely influences perception of employment pragmatics, even to the extent of those VI students aspiring for university. Higher education then appeals more to the need to ‘follow one’s dream’ and to ‘experience a new environment’ – a less direct link to enhancing employability.
Vsually-impaired students and university examinations
Authors: Papadopoulos Konstantinos S. , Goudiras Dimitrios B.
Published: July 2005

Providing a better education for visually-impaired learners is an objective pursued by many scientists and academics. Over the last few decades, in particular, the introduction of new technologies into education has created a number of innovative tools to assist in improving educational methods. One of the key areas where such innovations can be of use is that of the examination. This article examines the possibility of devising written examinations suitable to be taken by visually-impaired students. It presents the various advantages of written examinations and describes the construction of a tool allowing such exams to be taken by those with defective vision. Essentially the method involves the use of special computer programs combined with screen-reading software. Its greatest advantage is that users do not need any special knowledge and it can be easily employed by teachers at any level. Of equal importance is that it is fully adapted to the special features and needs of visually-impaired people.
The pain and pleasure of travel
Authors: Carey Kevin
Published: July 2005

The author, who once enjoyed enough residual vision to make pictorial imagination possible even though he is totally blind now, says that preparation is essential for travel; and then finds that it is not enough. The contributions of factual reading, of historical knowledge, and of imagery and imagination to the enjoyment of travel are all evaluated and reflected upon.
Autistic tendencies: Are there different pathways for blindness and Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Authors: Andrews Rebecca , Wyver Shirley
Published: July 2005

For many of the children who are blind and who also display features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) it is possible that their characteristics, while being representative of ASD, actually follow a different pathway to those children who have ASD and are sighted. It is proposed that these children should be viewed as having specific features rather than being a part of the collective of ASD. This article explores this issue by comparing the criteria for ASD with behaviours of both children who are sighted and those who are blind. Additionally, the diagnoses of blindness associated with neurological involvement and early medical complications are discussed. The effectiveness of intervention strategies and programmes is explored.
Children with septo-optic dysplasia - musical interests, abilities and provision: the results of a parental survey
Authors: Pring Linda , Ockelford Adam
Published: July 2005

This article reports the results of an exploratory survey of 32 families of children with septo-optic dysplasia and 32 families of children without visual impairment or any specific health problems (who served as a comparison group). The focus of the research was to explore the children’s musical interests and abilities, the musical provision that was made for them, and the ways in which music might impact upon their wider development and education. The reports of the parents and carers provided a substantial amount of information, and while the data may have been subject to certain biases, the findings nevertheless serve as an important signpost for future research. The main conclusions relate to the fact that, despite reportedly high levels of musical interest and ability among children with septo-optic dysplasia - consistently higher than in the case of their fully-sighted counterparts - few had access to appropriate music-educational or therapeutic support, compared to many of the comparison group who were able to take advantage of a wide range of musical opportunities. Within the group with septo-optic dysplasia, those children who had to access the curriculum through non-visual means often displayed significantly different characteristics from those who were partially sighted, and level of vision seemed to be a more important factor in influencing musical development than the presence of the septo-optic dysplasia syndrome itself. It was evident that further research is needed to explore the levels of musical interest and ability in visually impaired children with a range of other eye conditions and syndromes, and to investigate in more detail the important role that music may play in promoting their wider development.
‘It’s a sort of echo...’: Sensory perception of the environment as an aid to tactile map design
Authors: Gardiner Ann , Perkins Chris
Published: July 2005

The results of an empirical investigation into how visually-impaired people sense their surroundings show that a range of environmental features can be identified using sound, touch and smell. The information gained is relevant to the design of tactile maps, to ensure that an area is represented in a way that is meaningful to the map users.
Growing up with retinoblastoma
Authors: Maley Tom
Published: July 2005

An account is given of growing up as a child blinded as a result of a cancer of the eye known as retinoblastoma. The role of his mother is brought out, variously as a source of objective knowledge, of one’s personal worth, and of the worth of other people in one’s community. The strengths and weaknesses of his first school in his home area and then of the specialist residential school he attended are described and in part judged. His later awareness of the nature and implications of the cancer are set out, as also how the news was communicated to him.
Quality of Life Following Stroke: Negotiating Disability, Identity, and Resources
Authors: Clarke Philippa , Black Sandra E.
Published: July 2005

Residual physical and cognitive impairments following a stroke can pose a significant threat to a survivor’s quality of life. Yet, there is not always a direct one-to-one correlation between functional disability and subjective quality of life. This research investigated the complexity of factors that influence quality of life after stroke, using qualitative interviews. Results indicate that a stroke has a significant impact on the quality of life of survivors, but some individuals find ways to adapt to their functional disabilities and report a high quality of life. Common elements of this process consist of reordering priorities to focus on those activities considered most salient to an individual’s identity; then drawing on existing resources, including health services and social supports, to maintain a customary activity, even in a modified form, retaining salient aspects of the individual’s identity and maintaining a sense of continuity in his or her life.
Same Bed, Different Dreams? A Comparative Analysis of Citizen and Bureaucrat Perspectives on E-Government
Authors: Moon M. Jae , Welch Eric W.
Published: July 2005

Recent studies indicate that bureaucrats and citizens are beginning to recognize the opportunities that information and communication technologies offer for governance as well as the constraints on such technologies. However, it is unclear how much, or even if, the perspectives of citizens and bureaucrats regarding e-government coincide or diverge. Using data collected from independently administered random surveys of citizens and bureaucrats in late 2001 by Hart-Teeter, this article first compares the perspectives of these two groups on aspects of e-government: their knowledge of it, attitudes toward it, concerns about it, and thoughts about the pace of its implementation. The article models the factors determining respondents’ preferred pace of e-government implementation, then discusses policy implications from top-down (Hamiltonian) and bottom-up (Jeffersonian) approaches.
Information Technology Workers in the Federal Service
Authors: Lewis Gregory B. , Hu Zhenhua
Published: July 2005

Does the federal service face more serious problems in recruiting, motivating, and retaining high-quality information technology (IT) professionals and administrators (PAs) than it does other PAs? Using a 1% sample of federal personnel records for 1976-2003, we compare the turnover rates, qualifications, and performance ratings of federal IT and other PAs and examine the flexibility of the federal service to raise IT pay in a tight labor market. Federal IT workers do not have ideal qualifications; however, their performance ratings are as high and their turnover rates are as low as other PAs, perhaps because the federal service hires IT PAs at higher grade levels, promotes them faster, and pays them more than other comparably educated and experienced PAs.
Human Resource Management Challenges in Government Information Technology
Authors: Coursey David H.
Published: July 2005

Information technology (IT) personnel practices are often cited by IT scholars as requiring special treatment. This symposium seeks to merge work from human resource and IT management to address just how, if at all, IT personnel practices are, or should be, different from mainstream personnel management.
Shopping [for] Power: How Adult Literacy Learners Negotiate the Marketplace
Authors: Ozanne Julie L. , Adkins Natalie Ross , Sandlin Jennifer A.
Published: July 2005

Little empirical evidence exists on how adult literacy learners act as consumers. Yet, adult literacy programs often employ a “functional” approach to consumer education and assume that adult learners are deficient in consumer skills. Data from a qualitative study of the consumer behaviors of adult literacy learners are used to explore how adult learners negotiate the marketplace. The findings challenge the validity of a functional model and support the conceptualization of consumer literacy as a social practice, which includes reading and writing skills, personal and social skills, and the ability to manage the stigma of low literacy.
The Self-Directed Learning Process of Older, Rural Adults
Authors: Roberson Donald N. , Merriam Sharan B.
Published: July 2005

Medical advances and lifestyle changes have resulted in older adults living longer and healthier lives. Nevertheless, older adulthood, as other life stages, requires change in work, family, and health. Self-directed learning (SDL) is one way of negotiating these transitions. The purpose of this study was to understand this process of learning. This study employed a general qualitative design incorporating in-depth, semi-structured interviews for data collection. The sample of 10 purposefully selected adults from a rural area reflected diversity in gender, race, education, and employment. The age of the participants ranged from 75 to 87. Data analysis guided by the constant comparative method revealed the following process: Self-directed learning begins with an incentive to learn plus an interest, leading to accessing resources; with systematic attention in their learning, some projects ended whereas others remained ongoing. There is also a catalyst, usually another person, interspersed in this process. The findings indicated changes in late life, especially those related to time, family, and loss are integral to the process of self-directed learning. Also, the rural setting of the participants was seen as a positive environment for learning.
Drug-Drug Interactions and HIV Therapy: What Should Pharmacists Know?
Authors: Krikorian Susan A. , Rudorf Dorothea C.
Published: July 2005

Drug-interaction issues continue to present a major dilemma for the clinician caring for complex patients such as those infected with HIV. The inherent possibility of a drug interaction is magnified by the multitude of drugs being administered in highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In addition, other classes of medications are used to alleviate side effects, reduce toxicities associated with HAART, or treat concomitant diseases. The modification of one drug by another substance or drug-drug interaction is the main focus of this article. Drug-drug interactions may result in toxicity, treatment failure, or loss of effectiveness and can significantly affect a patient’s clinical outcome. An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of HIV drug-drug interactions may allow for the early detection or avoidance of troublesome regimens and prudent management if they develop. Although HIV drug interactions are usually thought of as detrimental, resulting in a loss of therapeutic effect or toxicity, some drug interactions such as ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor–based antiretroviral treatments are beneficial and are commonly used in clinical practice. Therefore, pharmacists need to understand drug interaction mechanisms, remember key drug interactions, and vigilantly monitor patients for potential complications.
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy: The Emerging Role of HIV Pharmacotherapy Specialists
Authors: Hardy Hélène
Published: July 2005

Despite the availability of 25 antiretroviral agents to treat HIV infection and the significant progresses made in the clinical pharmacology of HIV drugs, viral suppression and immune restoration remain problematic in a large number of HIV-infected persons. One of the main factors responsible for this partial therapeutic success is the difficulty patients have adhering consistently to antiretroviral therapy. Barriers to adherence are diverse and complex and evolve over time, complicating the monitoring of medication-taking behaviors. Consequently, multilevel interventions are often needed to address thoroughly adherence issues. Given the rapid and constant evolution of HIV treatments, innovative multidisciplinary programs integrating HIV pharmacotherapy specialists, as the “medication expert,” are being implemented. Because of his or her advanced knowledge of antiretrovirals, the HIV pharmacotherapy specialist is highly qualified to evaluate patients with complex regimens who are facing barriers to successful care and who need tailored interventions and long-term follow-up.
Management of HIV Infection in Persons Co-infected With Hepatitis
Authors: Boston Naomi S. , Slish Judianne C.
Published: July 2005

Co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) is becoming a rampant disparity in HIV-infected patients. The advent of antiretroviral therapy has led to agents that are effective for suppression of both HIV and HBV; however, this can not be extrapolated to patients who are coinfected with HCV. Treatment of HCV disease is often strenuous and can lead to untoward adverse effects. Co-infection with HIV often leads to higher rates of cirrhosis and liver failure in patients with HBV or HCV, compromising antiretroviral treatment in this patient population due to the hepatotoxicity of these agents. The purpose of this review is to familiarize health care providers to the management of HIV infection in patients who are also co-infected with HBV or HCV.
Adverse Effects Associated With Antiretroviral Therapy and Potential Management Strategies
Authors: Rudorf Dorothea C. , Krikorian Susan A.
Published: July 2005

A variety of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) affecting many organ systems may be observed with antiretroviral therapy (ARV), and they can be differentiated into short- and long- term effects, class effects, or individual drug effects. Commonly seen ADRs include dermatological reactions, associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors (PIs), and gastrointestinal problems, a major side effect of PIs and of some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Metabolic complications are frequently reported in HIV-infected patients on ARV and often coexist. Lipodystrophy, hyperinsulinemia/hyperglycemia, and bone disorders (osteoporosis, osteonecrosis) are mainly associated with PIs, while lactic acidemia/acidosis are primarily a problem of NRTIs. Hyperlipidemia may be caused by almost all PIs, few NRTIs, and NNRTIs. All antiretroviral drug classes may cause both asymptomatic and symptomatic hepatotoxicity, although nevirapine is the agent most implicated in hepatic events. More drug-specific ADRs include nephrotoxicity (indinavir and tenofovir), central nervous system problems (efavirenz), hematological disturbances (zidovudine), and hypersensitivity reactions (abacavir). Anticipation of ADRs may influence a patient’s decision to delay ARV or to choose specific and potentially less active agents. Occurrence of ADRs may significantly impact a patient’s quality of life and drug adherence. Pharmacists counseling HIV-infected patients should be aware of common ADRs with ARV and potential management strategies.
Transcending Breast Cancer
Authors: Coward Doris Dickerson , Kahn David L.
Published: July 2005

Purpose: This qualitative approach study describes the experience of self-transcendence in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Method: Fourteen women participated from a larger sample of women in a support group project. Each woman was interviewed three times over an 8-month period. Audiotaped transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological techniques. Findings: Loss of a personal perception of good health and fear of dying from cancer forced women to reach both inside and outside of themselves for support and information. Bonding with other women with breast cancer led to further expansion of self-boundaries that brought comfort, a desire to modify life priorities, and enhanced appreciation of supportive others and of life itself. Over time, clarification and modification of values and behaviors assisted women to create meaning from their experiences. Implications: Nurse referrals to support groups or other resources (such as cancer advocacy organizations) where women interact with similar others may facilitate transcending breast cancer.
East Meets West
Authors: Shin Sung Rae , Eschiti Valerie S.
Published: July 2005

In this article, the authors search for holism in Korean nursing practice. This is done by comparing Korean Nurses’ Association standards of holistic nursing practices to American Holistic Nurses Association standards of holistic nursing practice. There are several similarities in the standards; however, gaps were identified in Korean holistic nursing practice. These disparities are explained by examining Korean history and culture. Recommendations are made for increasing holism in Korean nursing practice.
The Effects of a Restorative Intervention on Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Capacity to Direct Attention
Authors: Lethbridge Kristen , Yankou Dawn , Andrusyszyn Mary-Anne
Published: July 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a restorative intervention on undergraduate nursing students’ capacity to direct attention. Method: Kaplan and Kaplan’s attention restoration theory, which describes and links concepts of directed attention, attention fatigue, and restorative environments, formed the theoretical basis for this research. A convenience sample consisted of 33 students randomly assigned to nonintervention and intervention groups. The intervention was a 1-hr walk in natural surroundings. Both groups completed study instruments prior to and following the intervention. Findings: Intervention group students scored higher on a measure of quality of life at posttest (p < .05). Differences in a measure of perceived attention were not observed between groups over time. Both groups improved on other measures of attention; however, the results did not provide support for the hypotheses. Conclusion: Students were a highly functioning group participating in many activities they considered restorative, prior to the study.
Serving Up Sermons
Authors: Sager Rebecca , Stephens Laura Susan
Published: July 2005

The authors use participant observation and interviews with homeless individuals to investigate two questions: How are religious elements that occur in congregation-based food programs integrated into service delivery? How are those elements, especially sermons, perceived by those who eat there? The authors find that regardless of their religious beliefs, two thirds of the homeless respondents reacted negatively to the sermons they heard at congregation-based food programs, characterizing them as coercive, hypocritical, condescending, and conflicting with their own beliefs. Observations at these programs shed light on the source of these negative reactions: The sermons tend to ignore the local knowledge and experience of clients, and they assume that the homeless individuals are responsible for their own troubles.
Congregations in Low-Income Neighborhoods and the Implications for Social Welfare Policy Research
Authors: Owens Michael Leo , Smith R. Drew
Published: July 2005

Social scientists have an abundance of information about congregations to inform religion and social welfare policy discussions in the United States. But their data tend to come from congregations located outside low-income neighborhoods, not congregations inside them. This may limit their ability to make definitive claims, especially to policy makers, about social welfare practices and the potential of congregations located in low-income neighborhoods to aid in poverty reduction initiatives. Are the literature’s findings about social service provisions by congregations applicable to congregations located in poor places? Using a data set of congregations located in the vicinity of public housing complexes in four cities, the authors explore this question. In the process, they discern factors that influence social service provisions by congregations located in low-income neighborhoods, identifying congregation income, clergy education, and congregation residency as the most significant predictors of social service activity. The authors conclude by identifying future research directions.
Why Get Involved? Reasons for Voluntary-Association Activity Among Americans and Canadians
Authors: Hwang Monica , Grabb Edward , Curtis James
Published: July 2005

Using national representative sample survey data from the United States and Canada, the authors compare American and Canadian responses to a set of 14 possible reasons for being active in voluntary associations. They assess the 14 reasons individually and then conduct analyses in which the 14 measures are grouped into two composite scales: collective reasons and self-oriented motivations. The authors also consider theories for explaining how and why Americans and Canadians might differ in their motivations for volunteering. Analyses are conducted on seven background predictors: gender, race, religious affiliation, religious attendance, age, education, and socioeconomic status. Findings show that Americans are more likely than Canadians to mention altruistic rather than personal reasons for joining voluntary organizations, and Canadians are slightly more likely than Americans to emphasize personal reasons for their volunteer work, but this difference is not significant after controls. The implications of the findings for understanding voluntary activity in the two nations are discussed.
Implementation of Safety Agreements in an Acute Psychiatric Facility
Authors: Potter Mertie L. , Vitale-Nolen Roberta , Dawson Ann M.
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND Registered nurses (RNs) frequently contract for safety with patients who are at risk for self-harm. It is important to determine if contracting for safety is an effective intervention. OBJECTIVE This study explores results of implementing a safety agreement tool, a form of contracting, in an acute psychiatric facility. STUDY DESIGN Two surveys were given to RNs after implementation of the safety agreement tool. The rate of self-harming incidents pre- and postimplementation was compared. RESULTS RNs were evenly divided in reporting if nurse-patient interactions were enhanced with safety agreements. However, RNs perceived increased patient responsibility, nurse contact, safety guidance, safety discussions, and time guidelines with the safety agreement use. The mean rate of self-harming incidents before was not significantly different from the mean rate after implementation of safety agreements. CONCLUSION Although implementation of the safety agreement tool did not result in statistically significant decreased levels of self-harm, RNs perceived numerous positive effects.
Measurement of Maternal-Infant Interaction
Authors: Horowitz June Andrews , Logsdon M. Cynthia , Anderson Jessie K.
Published: July 2005

Evaluating the quality of the maternal-infant relationship is a challenge to researchers and clinicians interested in infant development and quality of early parenting. The purpose of this article is to describe and critique commonly used measures of maternal-infant interaction to assist researchers in making informed decisions about measuring this variable. The measures reviewed are valuable approaches to assessment of parent-child interaction for research; several are adaptable for clinical use as well. In selecting the most appropriate measure for a particular study, investigators are encouraged to consider the conceptual model on which the instrument is based, accessibility of training, extent of previous use, evidence of reliability and validity, and specific requirements for equipment, specialized laboratory setting, administration, and scoring. Using maternal-infant interaction measures that are appropriate for clinical practice could assist psychiatric-mental health nurses and other mental health clinicians to identify problematic aspects of interaction that may be amenable to treatment with interpersonal, cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational strategies.
The Availability of Behavioral Health Services for Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Thomas Joan , Gourley Greta K. , Mele Nancy
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND: Advocates for juvenile justice youth claim that behavioral health treatment resources have not kept up with the numbers of youth in the juvenile justice system, particularly those needing extensive behavioral health care. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the availability of behavioral health services for youth in the juvenile justice system. STUDY DESIGN: The study was performed using Yin’s qualitative case study research design. Multiple case studies were performed using interviews of 30 juvenile justice officials. RESULTS: Agreement exists within and among all levels of the juvenile justice system that inadequate behavioral health services exist for youth. CONCLUSION: The juvenile justice system cannot provide the comprehensive community system of care for youth with mental health and/or substance abuse disorders. It is the responsibility of the state-sponsored behavioral health system to provide these needed services in the community as well as in psychiatric inpatient facilities.
The Anthropology of Leadership: Culture and Corporate Leadership in the American South
Authors: Jones Andrew M.
Published: July 2005

This article attempts to make sense of some of the unique cultural qualities of the American South as they manifest themselves in the leadership dynamics of three Southern firms. Two private, family-owned and managed firms, and one public (S&P 500) bank are examined in their relationship with the larger cultural structures of the American South. A combination of ethnographic and documentary research is used to articulate a ‘cultural theory of leadership’, which is premised on the idea that the leaders of these firms derive their leadership legitimacy and power from being both ‘local’ and ‘global’ at the same time. It is suggested here that leadership capital is drawn more from the elements of the region’s culture - religion, social capital, gender and class identity and so on - than it is from individual personality or firm history.
Perceptions of Leadership Excellence in ASEAN Nations
Authors: Taormina Robert J. , Selvarajah Christopher
Published: July 2005

Behavioral statements about leadership excellence were evaluated for their importance by 289 managers from five founding ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Factor analysis revealed four factors: (1) Consideration for Others; (2) Progressive Stability; (3) Strategic Thinking; and (4) Trust in Others. Using the behaviors, a leadership excellence scale was created for each factor. Multivariate comparisons across nations showed Indonesia to have the highest and Singapore the lowest importance scores on ‘Consideration for Others’. The Philippines had the highest importance scores on ‘Progressive Stability’, ‘Strategic Thinking’, and ‘Trust in Others’. Multivariate regressions revealed ‘Consideration for Others’ to be the principal predictor of variables related to leaders’ personal qualities and managerial behavior, while ‘Strategic Thinking’ was the main predictor of leadership variables related to organizational demand and environmental influences. Results are discussed in terms of eastern (Confucian) and western (strategic) influences on the cultures studied.
Leadership Voices: The Ideology of ‘The New Economy’
Authors: Holmberg Ingalill , Strannegård Lars
Published: July 2005

This article explores leadership voices in the so-called new economy. For approximately half a decade, influential business leaders, authors of popular management texts, politicians, journalists and scholars preached the dawning of a new economic order and a corresponding new leadership practice. The article examines influential leadership voices and the ideology claims being expressed in Sweden during a particular time period. By bracketing the epochal claims in time and space, the dominating leadership ideology is examined. The results show a clear influence of market rationalism, but with a twist of community, emotions and reciprocal individualization.
Taking the e-train
Authors: Abdulla Rasha A.
Published: July 2005

Like many other countries in the Arab world, Egypt is trying to harness the internet as a powerful new medium to bridge the digital divide. This article starts by tracing the development of broadcast media technologies in Egypt, arguing that Egypt has historically made use of its position as a leader of media content in the Arab world to enhance development and culture as well as to advance the government’s political agenda. The article pays special attention to the development of the internet in Egypt, examining such issues as online connectivity, content and its Arabization. It argues that as a major provider of media content in the Arab world, and particularly with a new technocrat government, Egypt has the potential to lead the way towards greater democratization of communication and strengthening of civil society in the region.
Technology, global flows and local memories
Authors: Maass Margarita , González Jorge A.
Published: July 2005

This article presents part of the findings of a wider empirical study focusing on memories of three generations in Mexico. The study investigated the relationships between the three generational groups, their access to, and reception of, different media technologies, and how these affected the construction of their media memories. The authors show how social class, gender and age, and different media technologies (such as radio, television and the internet) interact to form media memories of ‘global’ events. Access to, and familiarity with, these material support systems combined with the social distribution of specific kinds of cognitive dispositions are the key conditions for making sense of media messages. Contesting some assumptions about the ‘globality’ of media messages and experiences, this article’s conclusions and findings provide empirical evidence of a more complex situation. The study found only a limited ‘global’ effect on the lower social classes, who form the majority of the population; in contrast, it was the privileged social classes of peripheral countries who ‘behaved’ in a global way and expressed their memories as ‘global’.
In vivo analysis of replication and immunogenicity of proviral clones of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 with selective envelope surface-unit mutations
Authors: Silverman Lee R. , Phipps Andrew J. , Montgomery Andy , Fernandez Soledad , Tsukahara Tomonori , Ratner Lee , Lairmore Michael D.
Published: July 2005

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL). The HTLV-1 envelope gene exhibits limited variability when examined from infected individuals, but has not been tested using infectious clones of the virus in animal models. In vitro assays indicate that HTLV-1 envelope (Env) Ser75Ile, Asn95Asp, and Asn195Asp surface unit (SU) mutants are able to replicate in and immortalize lymphocytes. Herein, we examined the effects of these Env mutants in rabbits inoculated with HTLV-1 immortalized ACH.75, ACH.95, or ACH.195 cell lines (expressing full-length molecular clones with the SU mutations) or the ACH.1 cell line (expressing wild-type SU). All rabbits became infected, and the fidelity of the mutations was maintained throughout the 8-week study. However, SU point mutations resulted in decreased antibody responses to viral group-associated antigen (Gag) and Env antigens. ACH.195 rabbits had a selective decreased antibody response to SU, and one ACH.195 rabbit had an antibody response to both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 SUs. Some mutant inoculation groups had altered proviral loads. However, peripheral-blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proviral loads did not correlate with antibody responses. Our data are the first to demonstrate that mutations in critical determinants of HTLV-1 Env SU altered antibody responses and proviral loads, but do not prevent viral replication in vivo.