bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery and significance of Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds in the Jingxi gold deposit, western Tianshan Mountains, NW China
Authors: Liu Jia‐Jun , Yang Long‐Bo , Dai Hong‐Zhang , Yuan Feng , Zhu Bing‐Yu
Published: August 2014

A group of Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds has been discovered in breccias at the Jingxi gold deposit, NW China. The host rocks, silicified tuff and andesite, are cut by pyrite‐bearing quartz veins and are intensely silicified which leads to a high SiO2content (over 85%). The main component of breccia is siliceous rock, with the cement mainly siliceous and tuffaceous. Under the reflected light microscope, the Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds have quadrilateral shapes which range in size from 6 to 28 µm. Scratches and pitting can be seen on the surfaces of them. The reflection colour of these intermetallic compounds is golden yellow, similar to gold but slightly more white, with a reflectivity that is lower than that of Au and is more close to that of pyrite. They are weakly bireflectant, ranging from bright yellow to golden yellow. Under polarized reflected light, they show a weak anisotropism and no internal reflections. The EMPA (WDS) results of the intermetallic compounds reveal that the ranges of concentration (wt%) are Cu: 81.35 ~ 85.36 (on average 83.75), Zn: 6.08 ~ 10.10 (on average 7.39), Sn: 4.13 ~ 6.75 (on average 5.23) and Ni: 0.88 ~ 1.38 (on average 1.05), with minor S: b.d. ~ 5.05. Compared with other Zn–Cu intermetallic compounds previously described, these Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds can be classified as α portion phase which has an over 80% Cu content. In the Jingxi gold deposit, the Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds occur as xenomorphic grains and are paragenetically closely linked with the formation of planar silicification. The characteristics of ore type, ore mineral assemblages and ore textural relations demonstrate that these Cu–Zn intermetallic compounds were formed during the early stage of mineralization (I stage) under conditions of both lowfO2andfS2. Generally speaking, the native elements and their intermetallic compounds formed at the high melting temperatures under strongly reducing conditions, with O and S absent. Because of the sudden drop of the confining pressure, we believe that fast upwelling and cooling of magmatic hydrothermal fluid make reactions between S and Cu/Zn difficult when S is either absent or present. As a result, Cu–Zn intermetallic minerals will deposit. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GLI2 is a novel therapeutic target for metastasis of osteosarcoma
Authors: Nagao‐Kitamoto Hiroko , Nagata Masahito , Nagano Satoshi , Kitamoto Sho , Ishidou Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Takuya , Nakamura Shunsuke , Tsuru Arisa , Abematsu Masahiko , Fujimoto Yusuke , Yokouchi Masahiro , Kitajima Shinichi , Yoshioka Takako , Maeda Shingo , Yonezawa Suguru , Komiya Setsuro , Setoguchi Takao
Published: August 2014

Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been reported in several malignancies. We previously demonstrated that knockdown of GLI2 inhibited proliferation of osteosarcoma cells through regulation of the cell cycle. In this study, we analyzed the function of GLI2 in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma metastasis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that GLI2 was overexpressed in patient osteosarcoma specimens. Knockdown of GLI2 inhibited migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. In contrast, the forced expression of constitutively active GLI2 in mesenchymal stem cells promoted invasion. In addition, xenograft models showed that knockdown of GLI2 decreased lung metastasis of osteosarcomas. To examine clinical applications, we evaluated the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (ATO), which is a Food and Drug Administration‐approved antitumor drug, on osteosarcoma cells. ATO treatment suppressed the invasiveness of osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of GLI2. In addition, the combination of Hh inhibitors including ATO, vismodegib and GANT61 prevented migration and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells. Consequently, our findings suggested that GLI2 regulated metastasis as well as the progression of osteosarcomas. Inhibition of the GLI2 transcription may be an effective therapeutic method for preventing osteosarcoma metastasis.
SHON, a novel secreted protein, regulates epithelial–mesenchymal transition through transforming growth factor‐β signaling in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Li Lili , Liu Dong‐Xu , Zhang Na , Liang Qian , Feng Jingxin , Yao Min , Liu Jiwei , Li Xiaoxue , Zhang Yu , Lu Jun , Huang Baiqu
Published: August 2014

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the main mechanisms contributing to the onset of cancer metastasis, and has proven to be associated with breast cancer progression. SHON is a novel secreted hominoid‐specific protein we have previously identified; it is specifically expressed in all human cancer cell lines tested and is oncogenic for human mammary carcinoma cells. Here, we show that ectopic overexpression of SHON in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells is sufficient for cells to acquire the mesenchymal traits, as well as the enhanced cell migration and invasion, along with the epithelial stem cell properties characterized by increased CD44high/CD24low subpopulation and mammosphere‐forming ability. Moreover, we demonstrate that SHON positively activates the autocrine transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) pathway to contribute to EMT, while SHON itself is induced by TGF‐β in mammary epithelial cells. These data are in favor of a SHON‐TGFβ‐SHON‐positive feedback loop that regulates EMT program in breast cancer progression. Finally, examination of the human clinic breast cancer specimens reveals that tumor cells may extracellularly release SHON protein to promote the cancerization of surrounding cells. Together, our findings define an important function of SHON in regulation of EMT via TGF‐β signaling, which is closely associated with the invasive subtypes of human breast cancer.
Laparoscopic versus open cystgastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocysts: a case‐matched comparative study
Authors: Khaled Yazan S. , Malde Deep J. , Packer Jessica , Fox Thomas , Laftsidis Prodromos , Ajala‐Agbo Tolulope , De Liguori Carino Nicola , Deshpande Rahul , O'Reilly Derek A. , Sherlock David J. , Ammori Basil J.
Published: August 2014

Background

Cystgastrostomy is the commonest method of internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (PPs). While large and persistent retrogastric pancreatic pseudocysts are amenable to laparoscopic cystgastrostomy, the potential benefits of this minimally invasive laparoscopic approach over open surgery remain to be demonstrated. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of the laparoscopic and open approaches for cystgastrostomy.

Methods

Patients who underwent laparoscopic cystgastrostomy (LCG) were matched on a 3:1 basis to those who underwent open cystgastrostomy (OCG) according to age, sex distribution, and size of pseudocyst. The outcomes of the two approaches were compared on an intention‐to‐treat basis. Data shown represent medians.

Results

A total of 54 patients underwent cystgastrostomy (35 LCG, 19 OCG) between 1997 and 2011. The final case matched cohort consisted of 40 patients (12 female and 28 male) of which 30 underwent LCG (two converted to open surgery) and 10 underwent OCG. The laparoscopic and open groups were comparable for age (55 vs. 59 years, P = 0.80), sex distribution, and size of pseudocyst (10 vs. 13 cm, P = 0.51). The laparoscopic approach had a significantly shorter operating time (62 vs. 95 min, P = 0.035) and carried a significantly lower risk of postoperative morbidity (10% vs. 60%, P = 0.024) and shorter postoperative hospital stay (6.2 vs. 11 days, P = 0.038). There was one operative death after OCG (10%).

Conclusion

The laparoscopic approach to cystgastrostomy for large and persistent retrogastric pancreatic pseudocysts is associated with a shorter operating time, smoother and more rapid recovery, and a shorter hospital stay compared with open surgery. The laparoscopic approach should be considered the preferable approach where expertise is available.
Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hemophilia
Authors: Inokawa Yoshikuni , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Kanda Mitsuro , Yamada Suguru , Fujii Tsutomu , Nomoto Shuji , Takeda Shin , Suzuki Nobuaki , Matsushita Tadashi , Kodera Yasuhiro
Published: August 2014

Background

Hepatitis C virus infection due to contamination in large‐pool clotting factor concentrate is a major co‐morbidity in adult patients with hemophilia. Although the development of hepatocellular carcinoma following infection with hepatitis virus is a crucial health problem, there are few reports of hemophilia patients undergoing liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

Six patients with hemophilia underwent liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in our department from January 2003 to December 2012. We compared these hemophilic patients (H group, n = 6) to control patients without hemophilia (C group, n = 191) who underwent liver resection in the same period.

Results

All six patients in the H group were hepatitis C virus positive. Administration of coagulation factors was performed perioperatively, and no differences in the operative time and estimated blood loss were observed between the groups. No postoperative complications occurred in the H group, but five patients suffered from recurrence after surgery and subsequently underwent radiofrequency ablation or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The median recurrence‐free survival time was 17.9 months and 25.3 months in H and C group, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusions

Adequate replacement of coagulation factors enables hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with hemophilia.
Effect of Different Leaf Litters on Carbon, Nitrogen and Microbial Activities of Sodic Soils
Authors: Singh Kripal , Trivedi Pragya , Singh Geetu , Singh Bajrang , Patra Dharani Dhar
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the effect of single leaf litter of Terminalia arjuna (Ta) and Prosopis juliflora (Pj), mixed leaf litters [Ta, Pj, Azadirachta indica (Ai) and Albizia procera (Ap)] and paddy straw (Ps; Oryza sativa) on chemical properties and microbial activities of slightly sodic (SS), moderately sodic (MS) and highly sodic (HS) soils during 1 year in vitro decomposition process. For this purpose, equal amount (60 g) of single leaf litter [Ta (C : N = 43) and Pj (C : N = 38)], mixed leaf litters [1/4 of Ta, Pj, Ai and Ap (C : N = 30)] and Ps (C : N = 107) was added to equal amount (600 g) of SS, MS and HS soils. After addition of litters, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (Nav), microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, soil respiration, microbial quotient (Cmic : Corg) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were observed at 2 months intervals for the whole year in greenhouse at constant soil moisture. The respective annual increase, at the end of the experiment, in SOC and Nav was highest in MS soil (40% and 45%), whereas soil microbial biomass and soil respiration showed decreasing trend from HS soil (39% and 29%) to SS soil (28% and 21%). The highest SOC was mineralized in the MS (42%) and HS (32%) soils containing litter of Ta; although greater (20%) accumulation of SOC in SS soil was noticed with mixed leaf litters. The study reveals that MS and HS soils comparatively showed fast decomposition of litters and significant increase in carbon, nitrogen and microbial activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining a randomness notion via another
Authors: Higuchi Kojiro , Peng Ningning
Published: August 2014

To compare two randomness notions with each other, we ask whether a given randomness notion can be defined via another randomness notion. Inspired by Yu's pioneering study, we formalize our question using the concept of relativization of randomness. We give some solutions to our formalized questions. Also, our results include the affirmative answer to the problem asked by Yu in a discussion with the second author, i.e., whether Schnorr randomness relative to the halting problem is equivalent to Martin‐Löf randomness relative to all low 1‐generic reals.
Generic trivializations of geometric theories
Authors: Berenstein Alexander , Vassiliev Evgueni
Published: August 2014

We study the theory of the structure induced by parameter free formulas on a “dense” algebraically independent subset of a model of a geometric theory T. We show that while being a trivial geometric theory, inherits most of the model theoretic complexity of T related to stability, simplicity, rosiness, the NIP and the NTP2. In particular, we show that T is strongly minimal, supersimple of SU‐rank 1, has the NIP or the NTP2 exactly when has these properties. We show that if T is superrosy of thorn rank 1, then so is , and that the converse holds if T satisfies acl = dcl.
Singularity analysis of Lorentzian hypersurfaces on pseudo n‐spheres
Authors: Sun Jianguo , Pei Donghe
Published: August 2014

This paper considers the one parameter families of extrinsic differential geometries of Lorentzian hypersurfaces on pseudo n‐spheres. We give a continuous relationship among the three types Gauss indicatrices by one parameter map. Meanwhile, we also give the singularity analysis of the one parameter Gauss indicatrices of Lorentzian hypersurfaces on pseudo n‐spheres by the Legendrian singularity theory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton and deuterium nuclear spin relaxation study of the SmA and SmC* phases of BP8Cl‐d17: a self‐consistent analysis
Authors: Ferraz A. , Zhang J. , Sebastião P. J. , Ribeiro A. C. , Dong Ronald Y.
Published: August 2014

A self‐consistent analysis of proton and deuterium nuclear spin relaxation times in the smectic phases of a partially deuterated smectogen is presented here. Proton spin‐lattice relaxation timesT1Zwere measured as a function of Larmor frequency over a range of 1 kHz to 300 MHz at selected temperatures. Deuterium spin relaxation timesT1ZandT1Qwere measured as a function of temperature at two different magnetic fields in the smectic A phase. The deuterium data provide dynamic parameters such as rotational diffusion constants and internal jump rates as well as the nematic order parameterS. The proton data are analyzed using a number of relaxation mechanisms, one of which is the molecular reorientation. It is found helpful in these latter analyses to use the nematic order parameter and to fix the contribution from molecular reorientations determined by the deuterium spin relaxation. The fits to the proton T1frequency and temperature dispersions by the remaining relaxation mechanisms such as layer undulations and translational self‐diffusion will be discussed for the smectic A and chiral smectic C phases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac arrhythmias in hypokalemic periodic paralysis: Hypokalemia as only cause?
Authors: Stunnenberg Bas C. , Deinum Jaap , Links Thera P. , Wilde Arthur A. , Franssen Hessel , Drost Gea
Published: August 2014

It is unknown how often cardiac arrhythmias occur in hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) and if they are caused by hypokalemia alone or other factors. This systematic review shows that cardiac arrhythmias were reported in 27 HypoPP patients. Cases were confirmed genetically (13 with an R528H mutation in CACNA1S, 1 an R669H mutation in SCN4A) or had a convincing clinical diagnosis of HypoPP (13 genetically undetermined) if reported prior to the availability of genetic testing. Arrhythmias occurred during severe hypokalemia (11 patients), between attacks at normokalemia (4 patients), were treatment‐dependent (2 patients), or unspecified (10 patients). Nine patients died from arrhythmia. Convincing evidence for a pro‐arrhythmogenic factor other than hypokalemia is still lacking. The role of cardiac expression of defective skeletal muscle channels in the heart of HypoPP patients remains unclear. Clinicians should be aware of and prevent treatment‐induced cardiac arrhythmia in HypoPP. Muscle Nerve 50: 327–332, 2014
BisGMA‐induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophages are attenuated by wogonin via reduction of intrinsic caspase pathway activation
Authors: Huang Fu‐Mei , Chang Yu‐Chao , Lee Shiuan‐Shinn , Yeh Chung‐Hsin , Lee Kevin Gee , Huang Yi‐Chun , Chen Chun‐Jung , Chen Wen‐Ying , Pan Pin‐Ho , Kuan Yu‐Hsiang
Published: August 2014

Bisphenol‐A‐glycidyldimethacrylate (BisGMA) is a frequently used monomer in dental restorative resins. However, BisGMA could leach from dental restorative resins after polymerization leading to inflammation in the peripheral environment. Wogonin, a natural flavone derivative, has several benefits, such as antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Pretreatment of macrophage RAW264.7 cells with wogonin inhibited cytotoxicity which is induced by BisGMA in a concentration‐dependent manner. BisGMA induced apoptotic responses, such as redistribution of phosphatidylserine from the internal to the external membrane and DNA fragmentation, were decreased by wogonin in a concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, BisGMA‐induced genotoxicity, which detected by cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus and single‐cell gel electrophoresis assays, were inhibited by wogonin in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, wogonin suppressed BisGMA–induced activation of intrinsic caspase pathways, such as caspases‐3 and −8. Parallel trends were observed in inhibition of caspase‐3 and −8 activities, apoptosis, and genotoxicity. These results indicate wogonin suppressed the BisGMA‐induced apoptosis and genotoxicity mainly via intrinsic caspase pathway in macrophages. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 176–184, 2016.
Morbidity and radiographic outcomes of severe scoliosis of 90° or more: A comparison of hybrid with total pedicle screw instrumentation
Authors: Helenius Ilkka , Mattila Mikko , Jalanko Tuomas
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Untreated severe scoliosis is associated with increased mortality and remains a significant surgical challenge. Few studies have reported mortality after the surgical treatment of severe scoliosis beyond a 2-year follow-up. The objectives of this study were to evaluate mortality beyond standard 2-year follow-up and compare radiographic outcomes using hybrid or pedicle screw instrumentation for severe scoliosis.

Methods

We evaluated 32 consecutive patients [11 males, mean age at surgery 15.3 (range 10.7–20.7) years] operated for a scoliosis of 90° or more using either hybrid ( n = 15) or pedicle screw ( n = 17) instrumentation. The follow-up time averaged 2.9 (2.0–6.6) years for radiographic and quality of life measurements and 5.5 years (2.0–9.0) years for mortality data. Of these patients, one had adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, three secondary scoliosis, and 28 neuromuscular scoliosis. Twelve patients in the hybrid and two patients in the pedicle screw groups underwent anteroposterior surgery ( p < 0.001), and three patients in both groups had an apical vertebral column resection.

Results

One (3.1 %) patient died during follow-up for severe pneumonia. Preoperatively, the mean magnitude of the major curve was 109° (90°–127°) in the hybrid and 100° (90°–116°) in the pedicle screw groups ( p = 0.015), and was corrected to 45° (19°–69°) in the hybrid and 27° (18°–40°) in the pedicle screw groups at the 2-year follow-up ( p < 0.001), with a mean correction of the major curve of 59 % (37–81 %) in the hybrid versus 73 % (60–81 %) in the pedicle screw groups, respectively ( p = 0.0023). There were six postoperative complications, including one transient spinal cord deficit necessitating reoperation in the hybrid group as compared with five complications in the pedicle screw group ( p = 0.53).

Conclusions

The mid-term mortality rate after the surgical treatment of severe scoliosis was low. Severe scoliosis can be treated safely with significantly better correction of the spinal deformity using pedicle screws than hybrid instrumentation.
Zimmer frei? Die Wiederentdeckung der Relevanz des studentischen Wohnens für lokale Wohnungsmärkte
Authors: Glatter Jan , Hackenberg Katharina , Wolff Manuel
Published: August 2014

Due to the rising number of students and an increasing shortage in housing in many university cities, debates about student housing are starting to gain more attention from politics, the media, the housing industry and science. As a result, the state of knowledge about the structure and development of the local housing market and its impact is rather limited in both theory and practice. Reliable and comprehensive information about the housing market and its evolution are essential for socio-political and housing-related decisions. This paper aims at filling this research gap. After describing factors related to the rising demand in student housing, case studies focusing on student housing and its political significance are presented. Furthermore, this study characterises the development and structure of supply as well as the demand for student housing, and how these factors interrelate with the local housing market. In light of the current discussion about the housing shortages, the consequences of the rental market conditions for students are highlighted. Finally, this paper concludes by providing possible approaches to ensure market transparency
The Relationship Between Physical and Mental Health Variables in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury From Latin America
Authors: Coleman Jennifer A. , Harper Leia A. , Perrin Paul B. , Olivera Silvia Leonor , Perdomo Jose Libardo , Arango Jose Anselmo , Arango‐Lasprilla Juan Carlos
Published: August 2014

Background

Previous research has examined the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and mental health of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), but the majority of the research has taken place in the United States, Western Europe, and other developed countries. Limited research has been conducted with persons with SCI in Latin America.

Objective

To examine the relationship between HRQOL and mental health in persons with SCI from Neiva, Colombia.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Participants were recruited from the Foundation for the Integral Development of People with Disabilities, a nonprofit community organization for persons with disabilities.

Participants

Forty persons with SCI from Neiva, Colombia.

Methods

Caregivers completed the Spanish versions of questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants completed self‐report measures of HRQOL (SF‐36 Health Questionnaire) and mental health (Satisfaction with Life Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory).

Results

The hypothesis that higher HRQOL would be related to better mental health found robust support, as the canonical correlation between these 2 sets of variables uncovered that 50.4% of the variance was shared, such that persons with lower HRQOL had reduced mental health. Within this canonical correlation, anxiety, fatigue, and general health loaded most highly, suggesting that persons with SCI who experienced lower energy and reduced general health tended to have high anxiety. Additionally, 9 out of the 18 bivariate correlations between these 2 variable sets were statistically significant.

Conclusions

In Latin America, SCI rehabilitation services are extremely sparse and rarely include interventions that target postinjury mental health. The current study suggests that mental health issues in patients with reduced HRQOL warrant attention in SCI rehabilitation services, especially in this region.
Environmental change and seasonal behavior of mastodons in the Great Lakes region inferred from stable isotope analysis
Authors: Metcalfe Jessica Z. , Longstaffe Fred J.
Published: August 2014

We investigate seasonal variations in the diet and drinking water of four Great Lakes mastodon (Mammut americanum) specimens using stable isotope analysis of serially sampled inner-enamel bioapatite structural carbonate (δ13Csc, δ18Osc), and previously published bulk analyses. Isotopic analyses and thin section measurements showed that mastodon tooth enamel extension rates (~ 12–4 mm/yr, decreasing toward the cervix) were lower than those of mammoths or modern elephants. Mastodons had distinct and highly regular seasonal variations in δ13Csc and δ18Osc, which we interpret in the context of local glacial history and vegetation changes. Seasonal variations in δ18O were large but variations in δ13C were small, and may have been obscured if coarser sampling methods than our inner-enamel sampling approach were used. Thus, our approach may be particularly useful for understanding relatively small seasonal changes in δ13C within C3 environments. The seasonal patterns, though not entirely conclusive, suggest that the Ontario mastodons did not migrate over very long distances. Rather, the climate and seasonal dietary patterns of mastodons within the region changed over time, from ~ 12,400 to 10,400 14C yr BP (~ 15,000 – 12,000 cal yr BP). Insights gained using these methods can contribute to a better understanding of megafaunal extinctions and Paleoamerican lifeways.
Generalized graphlet kernels for probabilistic inference in sparse graphs
Authors: LUGO-MARTINEZ JOSE , RADIVOJAC PREDRAG
Published: August 2014

Graph kernels for learning and inference on sparse graphs have been widely studied. However, the problem of designing robust kernel functions that can effectively compare graph neighborhoods in the presence of noisy and complex data remains less explored. Here we propose a novel graph-based kernel method referred to as an edit distance graphlet kernel. The method was designed to add flexibility in capturing similarities between local graph neighborhoods as a means of probabilistically annotating vertices in sparse and labeled graphs. We report experiments on nine real-life data sets from molecular biology and social sciences and provide evidence that the new kernels perform favorably compared to established approaches. However, when both performance accuracy and run time are considered, we suggest that edit distance kernels are best suited for inference on graphs derived from protein structures. Finally, we demonstrate that the new approach facilitates simple and principled ways of integrating domain knowledge into classification and point out that our methodology extends beyond classification; e.g. to applications such as kernel-based clustering of graphs or approximate motif finding. Availability:www.sourceforge.net/projects/graphletkernels/
Quasineutrality and parallel force balance in kinetic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Ramos J. J.
Published: August 2014

Kinetic magnetohydrodynamics refers usually to the hybrid fluid and kinetic description of a zero-Larmor-radius collisionless plasma, originally formulated in the classic papers of Kruskal and Oberman (1958) (Kruskal, M. D. and Oberman, C. R. 1958 Phys. Fluids1, 275), Rosenbluth and Rostoker (1959) (Rosenbluth, M. N. and Rostoker, N. 1959 Phys. Fluids2, 23), and Kulsrud (1962) (Kulsrud, R. 1962 Phys. Fluids5, 192). Such a theory is revisited here, as a special limit of the more general description put forward in Ramos (2010, 2011) (Ramos, J. J. 2010 Phys. Plasmas, 17, 082502; Ramos, J. J. 2011 Phys. Plasmas, 18, 102506). The present approach has the advantage of fulfilling the quasineutrality condition and avoiding the redundancy between the fluid and kinetic parallel force balance conditions with a built-in, rigorous account of the parallel electric field, thus affording a clear-cut handling of these issues. At zero-frequency marginal stability, the Rosenbluth–Rostoker fluid closures for the parallel and perpendicular pressures are obtained, in a solution with vanishing parallel electric field and non-zero parallel fluid displacement that satisfies exactly the desired quasineutrality and parallel force balance.
Testing Ødegaard's selective migration hypothesis: a longitudinal cohort study of risk factors for non-affective psychotic disorders among prospective emigrants
Authors: van der Ven E. , Dalman C. , Wicks S. , Allebeck P. , Magnusson C. , van Os J. , Selten J. P.
Published: August 2014

Background

The selection hypothesis posits that the increased rates of psychosis observed among migrants are due to selective migration of people who are predisposed to develop the disorder. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether risk factors for psychosis are more prevalent among future emigrants.

Method

A cohort of 49 321 Swedish military conscripts was assessed at age 18 years on cannabis use, IQ, psychiatric diagnosis, social adjustment, history of trauma and urbanicity of place of upbringing. Through data linkage we examined whether these exposures predicted emigration out of Sweden. We also calculated the emigrants' hypothetical relative risk compared with non-emigrants for developing a non-affective psychotic disorder.

Results

Low IQ [odds ratio (OR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.3–0.9] and ‘poor social adjustment’ (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8) were significantly less prevalent among prospective emigrants, whereas a history of urban upbringing (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4–3.7) was significantly more common. Apart from a non-significant increase in cannabis use among emigrants (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8–3.1), there were no major group differences in any other risk factors. Compared to non-emigrants, hypothetical relative risks for developing non-affective psychotic disorder were 0.7 (95% CI 0.4–1.2) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.7–1.0), respectively, for emigrants narrowly and broadly defined.

Conclusions

This study adds to an increasing body of evidence opposing the selection hypothesis.
Older adults at risk of a cardiovascular event: a preliminary investigation of their experiences of an active lifestyle scheme in England
Authors: FENTON GRANIA , HILL KATE , STOCKER RACHEL , HOUSE ALLAN
Published: August 2014

Reducing risk of a cardiovascular event involves adopting healthier lifestyles. Community-based active lifestyle schemes offer support, but problems with uptake, completion and evaluation are common. We report the engagement and experiences of older adults referred to a scheme in England. Data transcribed from a focus group or individual interviews were analysed using thematic framework analysis. Participants reported an increased awareness of health difficulties with age, and described attendance-related psychological benefits, including an increased sense of responsibility for change and having had negative beliefs about age, health and change challenged. Some physical benefits (including reduced weight and blood pressure) were also reported. Those who attended most consistently were more likely to report caring responsibilities and describe positive social and relational outcomes, but were not more likely to report marked physical benefits. We recommend several changes to ensure that schemes meet their objectives and the needs of those referred. Age-related, health and lifestyle beliefs do not prohibit change but influence attendance and so should be addressed. Outcomes should be publicised, and structured, fixed-term programmes, incorporating relapse-prevention strategies, should be delivered to a closed group at flexible times. Active follow-up of non-attenders and improved data collection are also recommended. These should reduce the risk of schemes providing social support at the expense of intended health benefits.
Community outbreak of legionellosis and an environmental investigation into a community water system
Authors: COHN P. D. , GLEASON J. A. , RUDOWSKI E. , TSAI S. M. , GENESE C. A. , FAGLIANO J. A.
Published: August 2014

During two legionellosis outbreak investigations, one at a geriatric centre and the other in high-rise housing for seniors, it was observed that additional cases of legionellosis occurred in nearby smaller residential settings. This apparent geographical cluster of legionellosis occurred in the same general area of a community water storage tank. No potential airborne sources in or near the area could be identified, but a community water system storage tank that was centrally located among case residences spurred an investigation of water-quality factors in the identified investigation area. Conditions conducive forLegionellagrowth, particularly low chlorine residuals, were found. The rate of legionellosis among residents aged ⩾50 years in the investigation areas (61·0 and 64·1/100 000) was eight times higher than in the rest of the service area (9·0/100 000) and almost 20 times higher than the statewide annual average incidence rate (3·2/100 000). A water mains flushing programme in the area was launched by the water utility, and water samples taken before and during flushing foundL. pneumophila.
TRADE UNIONS, UNEMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND INCOME INEQUALITY
Authors: Chang Juin-jen , Hung Hsiao-wen
Published: August 2014

In this paper, unemployment, growth, and income inequality are interdependent and endogenously determined in a unified model of a trade union. Analytically, we show that the effective labor force exhibits an intensive margin response, in the sense that in response to higher unionization the number of employed workers decreases, but each individual employed worker provides more working hours. This intensive margin response leads to the possibility of the coexistence of high unemployment and high growth. Moreover, unionization gives rise to an ambiguous effect on income inequality, whereas it has an unambiguously positive effect on the labor income share and growth rate. Our numerical study shows that the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital plays an important role in governing the steady-state consequences and affecting the impact of (de-) unionization. These results provide not only a plausible explanation of the empirical evidence, but also a reconciliation for the disparity in the empirical findings.
Quick concurrent responses to global and local cognitive information underlie intuitive understanding in board-game experts
Authors: Nakatani Hironori , Yamaguchi Yoko
Published: August 2014

Experts have the superior cognitive capability of quickly understanding complex information in their domain; however, little is known about the neural processes underlying this ability. Here, using a board game named shogi (Japanese chess), we investigated the brain activity in expert players that was involved in their quick understanding of board-game patterns. The frontal area responded only to meaningful game positions, whereas the temporal area responded to both game and random positions with the same latency (200 ms). Subsequent to these quick responses, the temporal and parietal areas responded only to game positions, with a latency of 700 ms. During the responses, enhanced phase synchronization between these areas was observed. Thus, experts first responded to global cognitive information that was specific to game positions and to local cognitive information that was common to game and random positions concurrently. These types of information were integrated via neural synchronization at the posterior areas. As these properties were specific to experts, much of the experts' advantage in understanding game positions occurred within 1 s of perception.
Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for assessing biochemical changes of cervical tissue associated with precarcinogenic transformation
Authors: Duraipandian Shiyamala , Mo Jianhua , Zheng Wei , Huang Zhiwei
Published: August 2014

NIR Raman spectroscopic characterization of cervical precarcinogenic transformation.
Concentration-dependent properties of amorphous carbon nanotube/silica composites via the sol–gel technique
Authors: Yusof Yusliza , Johan Mohd Rafie
Published: August 2014

Amorphous silica coated on the α-CNT surfaces.
Ligand-size dependent water proton relaxivities in ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles and in vivo T1 MR images in a 1.5 T MR field
Authors: Kim Cho Rong , Baeck Jong Su , Chang Yongmin , Bae Ji Eun , Chae Kwon Seok , Lee Gang Ho
Published: August 2014

Ligand-size dependent r1 and r2 values of Gd2O3 nanoparticles and in vivo T1 MR images were obtained.
Palladium catalyzed aryl C–H amination with O2via in situ formation of peroxide-based oxidant(s) from dioxane
Authors: Weinstein Adam B. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: August 2014

Intramolecular Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidative amination of an aryl C–H bond is promoted by in situ generation of dioxane-derived hydroperoxide under the aerobic conditions.
Scandium carbide/cyanide alloyed cluster inside fullerene cage: synthesis and structural studies of Sc3(μ3-C2)(μ3-CN)@Ih-C80
Authors: Wang Taishan , Wu Jingyi , Feng Yongqiang
Published: August 2014

A new metallofullerene Sc3(C2)(CN)@Ih-C80 encaging a scandium carbide/cyanide alloyed cluster was investigated.
Metal binding properties of the zinc finger metallome – insights into variations in stability
Authors: Miłoch Anna , Krężel Artur
Published: August 2014

Zinc finger metallome demonstrates large variation in stability.
Improvement of the piezoelectric properties of PVDF-HFP using AgNWs
Authors: Wu Liangke , Huang Guiwen , Hu Ning , Fu Shaoyun , Qiu Jianhui , Wang Zhongchang , Ying Ji , Chen Zichen , Li Weiguo , Tang Shan
Published: August 2014

Mechanism clarification of the phase transformation in the three stages,i.e.initial crystallization, stretching and poling.
Organic D–π–A sensitizer with pyridinium as the acceptor group for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Tian Jie , Yang Xichuan , Zhao Jianghua , Wang Lei , Wang Weihan , Li Jiajia , Sun Licheng
Published: August 2014

A systematical investigation of the organic D–π–A sensitizers with different pyridiniums as acceptor group when compared to the reference dye.
One-pot NHC-assisted access to 2,3-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones
Authors: Liu Mingxing , Li Jiarong , Chen Shu , Huang Danfei , Chai Hongxin , Zhang Qi , Shi Daxin
Published: August 2014

An efficientN-heterocyclic carbene-assisted one-pot reaction synthesis of 2,3-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d] pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones from 2-(ethoxymethylene)malononitrile, guanidines (or amidines) and ketones (or aldehyde) has been developed. The novel method provides a highly efficient synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinering from materials with no heterocyclic structures.
Nanoscale phase separation in the bulk heterojunction structure of perylene bisimide and porphyrin by controlling intermolecular interactions
Authors: Zhang Yunan , Zhang Wenqiang , Nian Li , Pan Yuyu , Xie Zengqi , Liu Linlin , Ma Yuguang
Published: August 2014

Phase separation has been achieved through designing directional intermolecular interactions of donor and acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction structures.
Cu(ii) and Co(ii) ternary complexes of quinolone antimicrobial drug enoxacin and levofloxacin: structure and biological evaluation
Authors: Huang Wan-Yun , Li Ji , Kong Shi-Lin , Wang Zhong-Chang , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: August 2014

Four novel metal–quinolone complexes tightly binded to calf-thymus DNA and exhibited good binding propensity to albumin protein.
Creation of thixotropic multicomponent alkylamide organogels containing non-volatile oil as potential drug release host materials
Authors: Ohsedo Yutaka , Taniguchi Makiko , Oono Masashi , Saruhashi Kowichiro , Watanabe Hisayuki
Published: August 2014

Multicomponent alkylamide organogels containing non-volatile oils were generated as potential thixotropic host materials for medicinal applications such as ointments.
Charge inhomogeneity of graphene on SiO2: dispersion-corrected density functional theory study on the effect of reactive surface sites
Authors: Lee Jinhee , Lee Nodo , Lansac Yves , Jang Yun Hee
Published: August 2014

Reactive surface species present on SiO2 in a mixture with inert ones is one likely origin of charge puddles observed in supported graphenes.
Nitrogen-rich salts based on polyamino substituted N,N′-azo-1,2,4-triazole: a new family of high-performance energetic materials
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Sheng-hua , Li Yu-chuan , Yang Yu-zhang , Yu Yi , Pang Si-ping
Published: August 2014

A new family of high performance, nitrogen-rich energetic salts containing N,N′-azo linkage were synthesized through the protonation of 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azobis-1,2,4-triazole.
Benchmark calculations on the lowest-energy singlet, triplet, and quintet states of the four-electron harmonium atom
Authors: Cioslowski Jerzy , Strasburger Krzysztof , Matito Eduard
Published: August 2014

For a wide range of confinement strengths ω, explicitly-correlated calculations afford approximate energies E(ω) of the ground and low-lying excited states of the four-electron harmonium atom that are within few μhartree of the exact values, the errors in the respective energy components being only slightly higher. This level of accuracy constitutes an improvement of several orders of magnitude over the previously published data, establishing a set of benchmarks for stringent calibration and testing of approximate electronic structure methods. Its usefulness is further enhanced by the construction of differentiable approximants that allow for accurate computation of E(ω) and its components for arbitrary values of ω. The diversity of the electronic states in question, which involve both single- and multideterminantal first-order wavefunctions, and the availability of the relevant natural spinorbitals and their occupation numbers make the present results particularly useful in research on approximate density-matrix functionals. The four-electron harmonium atom is found to possess the 3P+ triplet ground state at strong confinements and the 5S− quintet ground state at the weak ones, the energy crossing occurring at ω ≈ 0.0240919.
Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of LixNi1−xO epitaxial thin films with a high lithium content
Authors: Kumara L. S. R. , Sakata Osami , Yang Anli , Yamauchi Ryosuke , Taguchi Munetaka , Matsuda Akifumi , Yoshimoto Mamoru
Published: August 2014

The core-level and valence-band electronic structures of LixNi1−xO epitaxial thin films with x = 0, 0.27, and 0.48 were studied by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A double peak structure, consisting of a main peak and a shoulder peak, and a satellite structure were observed in the Ni 2p3/2 core-level spectra. The intensity ratio of the shoulder to main peak in this double peak structure increased with increasing lithium content in LixNi1−xO. This lithium doping dependence of the Ni 2p3/2 core-level spectra was investigated using an extended cluster model, which included the Zhang–Rice (ZR) doublet bound states arising from a competition between O 2p – Ni 3d hybridization and the Ni on-site Coulomb interaction. The results indicated that the change in the intensity ratio in the main peak is because of a reduction in the ZR doublet bound states from lithium substitutions. This strongly suggests that holes compensating Li doping in LixNi1−xO are of primarily ZR character.
High mobility ZnO nanowires for terahertz detection applications
Authors: Liu Huiqiang , Peng Rufang , Chu Sheng , Chu Shijin
Published: August 2014

An oxide nanowire material was utilized for terahertz detection purpose. High quality ZnO nanowires were synthesized and field-effect transistors were fabricated. Electrical transport measurements demonstrated the nanowire with good transfer characteristics and fairly high electron mobility. It is shown that ZnO nanowires can be used as building blocks for the realization of terahertz detectors based on a one-dimensional plasmon detection configuration. Clear terahertz wave (∼0.3 THz) induced photovoltages were obtained at room temperature with varying incidence intensities. Further analysis showed that the terahertz photoresponse is closely related to the high electron mobility of the ZnO nanowire sample, which suggests that oxide nanoelectronics may find useful terahertz applications.
Acoustic wave propagation and stochastic effects in metamaterial absorbers
Authors: Christensen J. , Willatzen M.
Published: August 2014

We show how stochastic variations of the effective parameters of anisotropic structured metamaterials can lead to increased absorption of sound. For this, we derive an analytical model based on the Bourret approximation and illustrate the immediate connection between material disorder and attenuation of the averaged field. We demonstrate numerically that broadband absorption persists at oblique irradiation and that the influence of red noise comprising short spatial correlation lengths increases the absorption beyond what can be archived with a structured but ordered system.
The effect of forest fire on mass movement in Lebanese mountainous areas
Authors: Ziadé Rouba , Abdallah Chadi , Baghdadi Nicolas
Published: August 2014

Mass movements are major hazards that threaten natural and human environments. In Lebanon, the occurrence of mass movements increased by almost 60% between 1956 and 2008. Forest fire has emerged as an additional hazard: it destroyed over 25% of Lebanon’s forests in a period less than 40 years. This paper investigates the potential effect of forest fire on the occurrence of mass movements in the Damour and Nahr Ibrahim watersheds of Lebanon. Mass movement and forest fire inventory maps were produced through remote sensing using aerial and satellite images. Forest fire was included as an additional factor in mass movement induction, and its effect was quantified from Landsat images through the normalised burn ratio (NBR) index. A field study was conducted to substantiate the mass movement inventory and NBR maps. Following the standardisation of the effect factors into layers using geographic information systems, the weight factor of each layer for inducing mass movements was evaluated using the modified InfoVal method, and a mass movement susceptibility map was generated. Exceeded only by changes in land cover, the NBR produced the highest weights, making forest fire burn severity the second highest factor influencing mass movement occurrence in the study areas.
Common medical problems in neurosurgery
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 3.1 covers common medical problems in neurosurgery, including haematological problems, cardiovascular problems, endocrinology problems, and renal problems.
Neurosurgical anaesthesia
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 3.5 covers neurosurgical anaesthesia, and covers preoperative evaluation, perioperative care, postoperative care, and specific anaesthetic considerations.
Orthoses and traction
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 6.4 covers orthotic devices, halo-vest, and traction.
Parasitic infections
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 7.6 covers parasitic infections, including protozoa, cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes.
Atypical bacterial infections
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 7.7 covers the atypical bacterial infections Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis.
Critical neurovascular brain anatomy
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.1 covers critical neurovascular brain anatomy, including internal carotid artery, the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, the vertebral arteries (VAs), the basilar artery (BA), and the venous system.
Incidental aneurysms
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.8 covers incidental aneurysms, including whether to treat and aneurysm screening.
Anterior circulation aneurysms: anatomy and surgical techniques
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 9.9 covers the anatomy and surgical techniques of anterior circulation aneurysms, internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms, anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, and middle cerebral artery aneurysms.
Surgical vascular anatomy of the spine
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 10.1 covers surgical vascular anatomy of the spine, including arteries of the spinal cord, veins of the spinal cord, and clinical syndromes.
Posterior skull base
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 11.4 covers the posterior skull base, including common posterior skull base tumours, vestibular schwannomas (VSs), and glomusjugulare tumours.
Critical surgical anatomy of the ventricular system
Authors: Samandouras George
Published: August 2014

Chapter 12.1 covers critical surgical anatomy of the ventricular system, including brief surgical embryology, brief clinical histology, the lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the fourth ventricle, and major cisterns.