bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication: Effective temperature and glassy dynamics of active matter
Authors: Wang Shenshen , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: August 2011

A systematic expansion of the many-body master equation for active matter, in which motors power configurational changes as in the cytoskeleton, is shown to yield a description of the steady state and responses in terms of an effective temperature. The effective temperature depends on the susceptibility of the motors and a Peclet number which measures their strength relative to thermal Brownian diffusion. The analytic prediction is shown to agree with previous numerical simulations and experiments. The mapping also establishes a description of aging in active matter that is also kinetically jammed.
Israeli penetration of Central Asian nations and repercussions for relations with the Arab world
Authors: al-Hariri Jasim Unis
Published: August 2011

Israel has gradually extended its influence in Central Asia, both strengthening and diversifying bilateral relations there in order to open the doors of the region to its investments in ways that will bolster its position in Palestine and the region and have repercussions for Arab relations with the nations of Central Asia. Since the collapse of the former Soviet Union there has been an international scramble for influence in Central Asia and a race to penetrate its markets as well as to ensure access to its vast natural resources including oil, natural gas, gold and uranium. The mechanisms of influence – employed by various powers including Israel, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Egypt (among others) – range from trade and economic incentives to joint business ventures and agreements to exchanges – technical, educational and cultural – as well cultural and religious initiatives inclusive of local Muslim populations and Jewish diasporas. This research paper seeks to respond to a number of important questions and significantly: What are the reasons for Israeli manoeuvring and penetration into Central Asia? What are the means by which Israel employs to facilitate the attendant processes? What are the factors that positively or negatively impact Israeli operations in the region? What are future scenarios for Israeli manoeuvring in and penetration of Central Asia? This paper operates on the hypothesis that Israeli penetration of Central Asia may have possible political and economic effects and negative repercussions for Arab relations with the region.
Self-sufficient development: confronting dependence and adapting to globalization
Authors: Jiddo Gouwth Ould al-Talib , Sidaty Saad Bouh Ould
Published: August 2011

This article deals with the problematic of self-sufficient development at the theoretical level and in the context of globalization, especially in regard to how the various predominant Western conceptions of such have been understood, analyzed, questioned and/or adapted in the Arab world. The author explores the question of viable development and accumulation in countries emerging from systems of pre-capitalist relations, and attempts to assess whether or not Western expectations and policies – such as those of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations – are germane to or feasible in such nations and whether or not they facilitate self-reliance or actually impede or militate against it. Taken into consideration are the major theories of exogenous and endogenous growth as well as the impact of international economic and monetary unions in the context of globalization.
Dispersion of plasmon polaritons guided by a metal film of finite width deposited on a uniaxial substrate
Authors: Babu Anju , Bhagyaraj C , Mathew Gishamol , Mathew Vincent
Published: August 2011

We discuss the propagation characteristics of surface plasmon modes supported by a thin lossy metal film of finite width deposited on a uniaxially anisotropic substrate, numerically evaluated using the method of lines. The metal film with finite width (strip waveguide) has been a subject of intensive study, both theoretically and experimentally, since it is the platform of choice for constructing plasmon circuits for optoelectronic integration, over the past few years. Plasmon waveguides with anisotropic dielectric environment have gained importance in research recently. Specifically, artificial substrate materials with strong anisotropy have been proposed as a means of improving the propagation range of plasmon polaritons in wide metal films. In our investigation, it is observed that the anisotropic nature of the substrate removes the degeneracy of the fundamental pair modes which are degenerate in an asymmetric strip waveguide with isotropic substrates.
The use of reflection anisotropy spectroscopy to assess the alignment of collagen
Authors: Schofield A L , Smith C I , Kearns V R , Martin D S , Farrell T , Weightman P , Williams R L
Published: August 2011

The alignment of collagen fibres in tissue has a major influence on their mechanical properties. This study investigated the ability of reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) to determine the degree of alignment of collagen fibres deposited onto surfaces and secreted by mouse fibroblast cells in vitro. Aligned nanofibres of polytetrafluoroethylene were deposited on glass coverslips using a simple friction transfer method. These linear parallel nanofibres were used as topographical cues to orientate and align L929 fibroblasts and their deposited collagen. The strength of the RAS signal was demonstrated to correlate with the degree of collagen alignment. Immunochemical staining and atomic force microscopy were used to visualize the topography of the fibres and confirm that the RAS signal was as a result of collagen fibres. Collagen deposited onto glass coverslips from a solution that had been subjected to dialysis that caused ‘nanofibrillar’ collagen to form also resulted in a strong RAS signal whereas collagen adsorbed from a simple solution of collagen in which collagen fibres are not formed resulted in no RAS signal. It was concluded that the RAS signal could be used to determine the degree of alignment of collagen and that this could have a potential application in the assessment of collagen orientation in tissue repair.
Enhanced properties for ultrasonic transduction, phase transitions and thermal depoling in 0.96(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.04BaTiO3 submicrometre-structured ceramics
Authors: Pardo Lorena , García Álvaro , Brebøl Klaus , Mercadelli Elisa , Galassi Carmen
Published: August 2011

Submicrometre structured (grain size ≈500 nm), dense (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.96Ba0.04TiO3 ceramics were obtained from sol–gel auto-combustion nanopowders by hot-pressing (700–950 °C) and subsequent recrystallization (1000–1050 °C). Electromechanical coefficients were obtained by analysis of the resonance spectra of thin discs using the Alemany et al software. The real part of the room temperature set of coefficients of the best performing materials (
, d
31 = (−22.68 + 0.55i)pC N−1, k
t = 44.5%, k
p = 21.1%) can be compared with those of coarse-grained ceramics and d
33 (95 pC N−1) is higher. Shear-related coefficients were obtained from thickness poled and length excited plates (
, d
15 = (108.3 − 21.4i) pC N−1 and k
15 = 39.2%). At the depolarization temperature, T
d = 153 °C, the dielectric loss, tan δ(T), of poled samples shows a maximum and the planar resonance virtually vanishes. Shear resonance of thickness-poled plates and weak planar electromechanical resonance are observed above T
d. The relaxor behaviour extends up to the isotropization point, T
i = 238 °C. This can be understood as due to the coexistence of the room temperature ferroelectric phase in the stability range of the low-temperature non-polar phase at zero field, between T
d and T
i.
Transcriptome dynamics through alternative polyadenylation in developmental and environmental responses in plants revealed by deep sequencing
Authors: Shen Yingjia , Venu R.C. , Nobuta Kan , Wu Xiaohui , Notibala Varun , Demirci Caghan , Meyers Blake C. , Wang Guo-Liang , Ji Guoli , Li Qingshun Q.
Published: August 2011

Polyadenylation sites mark the ends of mRNA transcripts. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) may alter sequence elements and/or the coding capacity of transcripts, a mechanism that has been demonstrated to regulate gene expression and transcriptome diversity. To study the role of APA in transcriptome dynamics, we analyzed a large-scale data set of RNA “tags” that signify poly(A) sites and expression levels of mRNA. These tags were derived from a wide range of tissues and developmental stages that were mutated or exposed to environmental treatments, and generated using digital gene expression (DGE)–based protocols of the massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS-DGE) and the Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS-DGE) sequencing platforms. The data offer a global view of APA and how it contributes to transcriptome dynamics. Upon analysis of these data, we found that ∼60% of Arabidopsis genes have multiple poly(A) sites. Likewise, ∼47% and 82% of rice genes use APA, supported by MPSS-DGE and SBS-DGE tags, respectively. In both species, ∼49%–66% of APA events were mapped upstream of annotated stop codons. Interestingly, 10% of the transcriptomes are made up of APA transcripts that are differentially distributed among developmental stages and in tissues responding to environmental stresses, providing an additional level of transcriptome dynamics. Examples of pollen-specific APA switching and salicylic acid treatment-specific APA clearly demonstrated such dynamics. The significance of these APAs is more evident in the 3034 genes that have conserved APA events between rice and Arabidopsis.
Biomarkers to predict response to sunitinib therapy and prognosis in metastatic renal cell cancer
Authors: Yuasa Takeshi , Takahashi Shunji , Hatake Kiyohiko , Yonese Junji , Fukui Iwao
Published: August 2011

Sunitinib is an orally‐administered, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The main targets are vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐1, VEGFR‐2, VEGFR‐3, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, and PDGFR‐β. Among therapeutic targeting agents, it is the best available in the USA for patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). Well‐constructed clinical trials have led to the worldwide approval of various agents for RCC. However, in clinical practice, it remains difficult to determine the best treatment strategy with these agents. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers to predict response and side‐effects and to select optimal dosages is urgently needed. Potential mechanisms of action and resistance need to be understood in order to make accurate predictions. This article briefly reviews candidate biomarkers of sunitinib therapy in terms of clinical variables, genetic factors, and circulating proteins and endothelial cells. Although further validation and implementation is necessary, if validated, biomarkers will help measure the therapeutic response in individual patients and establish treatment strategies for metastatic RCC. (Cancer Sci, 102: 1949–1957)
Cracks emanating from a square hole in rectangular plate in tension
Authors: YAN X. , LIU B. , YU J.
Published: August 2011

A numerical analysis of cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate in tension is performed using a hybrid displacement discontinuity method (a boundary element method). Detailed solutions of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of the plane elastic crack problem are given, which can reveal the effect of geometric parameters of the cracked body on the SIFs. By comparing the calculated SIFs of the plane elastic crack problem with those of the centre crack in a rectangular plate in tension, in addition, an amplifying effect of the square hole on the SIFs is found. The numerical results reported here also prove that the boundary element method is simple, yet accurate, for calculating the SIFs of complex crack problems in finite plate.
The FSA's ‘Treating Customers Fairly’ (TCF) Initiative: What is So Good About It and Why It May Not Work
Authors: Georgosouli Andromachi
Published: August 2011

This article examines the Financial Services Authority FSA's ‘Treating Customers Fairly’ (TCF) initiative as a case study of a regulatory strategy that aims to stimulate the self‐regulatory capacity of the regulated population to advance socially desirable goals – in this particular case, fair treatment for customers. It considers the development and nature of TCF and notes some difficulties that jeopardize its overall effectiveness. Parts one and two of the article consider the development and nature of TCF, while part three examines its appeal. Part four provides an overview of some problematic aspects of the FSA's initiative. The conclusion draws together the main threads of the analysis and considers the future of TCF and, more generally, consumer protection in the United Kingdom's system of financial regulation. The aim is to make a modest contribution to the debate about the proper direction of the present reform of financial regulation.
The Scholarly Process
Authors: Heinz John P.
Published: August 2011

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with a major book that influenced the author. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, Carol Harlow, Geoffrey Bindman, Harry Arthurs, André‐Jean Arnaud, Alan Hunt, Michael Adler, and Lawrence O. Gostin.
A Multiscale Metric for 3D Mesh Visual Quality Assessment
Authors: Lavoué Guillaume
Published: August 2011

Many processing operations are nowadays applied on 3D meshes like compression, watermarking, remeshing and so forth; these processes are mostly driven and/or evaluated using simple distortion measures like the Hausdorff distance and the root mean square error, however these measures do not correlate with the human visual perception while the visual quality of the processed meshes is a crucial issue. In that context we introduce a full‐reference 3D mesh quality metric; this metric can compare two meshes with arbitrary connectivity or sampling density and produces a score that predicts the distortion visibility between them; a visual distortion map is also created. Our metric outperforms its counterparts from the state of the art, in term of correlation with mean opinion scores coming from subjective experiments on three existing databases. Additionally, we present an application of this new metric to the improvement of rate‐distortion evaluation of recent progressive compression algorithms.
Unemployment as a Problem in the Development of Industrial Societies: The English Experience
Authors: Kumar Krishan
Published: August 2011

Unemployment, as a concept and as a mass phenomenon, is a relatively new thing in western society. It was largely elaborated and experienced in the period from the 1890s to the 1930s. What did it mean to be ‘unemployed’ before that time? What was the nature of ‘the economy of the poor’, and how far did unemployment in the household and informal economy balance unemployment in the formal economy? Using largely the evidence of Poor Law policies and practices, this paper considers the attitudes to the unemployed since Elizabethan times, and what this tells us about the conditions of life and work of the labouring population in England before the public recognition and definition of the specific status of being unemployed. It then considers the period, from the 1890s to the 1940s, in which ‘full employment’ came to be inscribed on the banner of all industrial societies. Finally it considers the implications of this account for full employment in the future of industrial societies, and the extent to which we should continue to regard this as a possible or desirable aim.
Professional Football and Working Class Culture: English Theories and Scottish Evidence
Authors: Moorhouse H. F.
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews certain theories outlined by Taylor, Clarke, Critcher, Dunning et al which try to set out the relations between professional football and working class culture and which, as part of this, seek to explain football hooliganism as resulting from changes in these relationships. Such theories draw on English evidence and English forms and this paper provides some historical and contemporary evidence, concerning hooliganism and community tics, about a major Scottish club – Rangers FC – to indicate that the parallels and causal trajectories these theories suggest do not seem to hold good north of the border.

In conclusion, some additional points are made about English theories and Scottish football in order to argue that a good deal more research is required if we want to understand either the symbolic significance of football in working class culture or football hooliganism.
Bone Regeneration Using Porous Titanium Particles versus Bovine Hydroxyapatite: A Sinus Lift Study in Rabbits
Authors: Lambert France , Lecloux Geoffrey , Léonard Angelique , Sourice Sophie , Layrolle Pierre , Rompen Eric
Published: August 2011

Aim: The first objective of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the bone formation process, particularly the long‐term behavior and three‐dimensional volume stability of subsinusal bone regeneration, using titanium (Ti) or bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) granules, in a rabbit model. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of the hydration of the BHA particles with a therapeutic concentration of doxycycline solution on the osteogenesis and biomaterial resorption.

Materials and Methods: Rabbits underwent a double sinus lift procedure using one of three materials: grade 1 porous Ti particles, BHA, or BHA hydrated with doxycycline solution (0.1 mg/ml) (BHATTC). Animals were sacrificed after 1 week, 5 weeks, or 6 months. Samples were analyzed using µCT and nondecalcified histology.

Results: The materials used in each of the three groups allowed an optimal bone formation; bone quantities and densities were not statistically different between the three groups. At 6 months, more stable three‐dimensional volume stability was found with Ti and BHATTC (p = .0033). At 5 weeks and 6 months, bone to material contact corroborating osteoconduction was significantly higher with BHA and BHATTC than with Ti (p < .0001).

Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Even though the studied biomaterials displayed different architectures, they are relevant candidates for sinus lift bone augmentation prior to dental implants because they allow adequate three‐dimensional stability and osteogenesis. However, to recommend the clinical use of Ti, both an observation on the drilling effects of Ti particles and clinical trials are needed.
A Comparative Study of Crestal Bone Loss and Implant Stability between Osteotome and Conventional Implant Insertion Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Shayesteh Yadollah Soleimani , Khojasteh Arash , Siadat Hakimeh , Monzavi Abbas , Bassir Seyed Hossein , Hossaini Mehran , Alikhasi Marzieh
Published: August 2011

Purpose: The aim of this prospective randomized controlled clinical study was to assess the crestal bone loss and the implant stability in implants that were placed by the osteotome technique compared with the conventional drilling technique.

Materials and Methods: Forty‐six screw type Straumann SLA® oral implants (Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) were inserted in the anterior segment of maxilla of 30 patients. The implant site was prepared randomly using either osteotome technique (test group) or the conventional drilling technique (control group). Radio frequency analysis (RFA) values at implant placement and after 3 months were recorded. The crestal bone loss was measured using digital subtraction radiography technique after 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results: RFA demonstrated a statistically significant higher primary stability for implants in the osteotome group than that of the conventional group (p = .026) at the time of implant insertion. However, there was no statistically significant difference between both groups 3 months after the surgery (p = .06). At month 3, the osteotome group caused significantly more crestal bone loss than the conventional group (p = .04). At months 6 and 12, both groups had comparable bone levels (p = .29).

Conclusion: Osteotome technique yielded higher primary stability than conventional drilling technique. However, this technique was not superior to conventional technique after 3 months.
Representations and Processes of Human Spatial Competence
Authors: Gunzelmann Glenn , Lyon Don R.
Published: August 2011

This article presents an approach to understanding human spatial competence that focuses on the representations and processes of spatial cognition and how they are integrated with cognition more generally. The foundational theoretical argument for this research is that spatial information processing is central to cognition more generally, in the sense that it is brought to bear ubiquitously to improve the adaptivity and effectiveness of perception, cognitive processing, and motor action. We describe research spanning multiple levels of complexity to understand both the detailed mechanisms of spatial cognition, and how they are utilized in complex, naturalistic tasks. In the process, we discuss the critical role of cognitive architectures in developing a consistent account that spans this breadth, and we note some areas in which the current version of a popular architecture, ACT‐R, may need to be augmented. Finally, we suggest a framework for understanding the representations and processes of spatial competence and their role in human cognition generally.
An unusual cause of colic in a neonatal foal
Authors: Tapio H. , Hewetson M. , Sihvo H.‐K.
Published: August 2011

A case of a neonatal foal with acute colic and respiratory distress is described. The foal presented with signs of acute colic and was treated medically. The foal did not respond to treatment and 2 h after admission the foal began to demonstrate signs of respiratory distress. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs were obtained and a diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia was made. Surgical repair of the hernia was recommended but the owner declined and the foal was subjected to euthanasia.Post mortemfindings confirmed the diagnosis and revealed that the defect was of congenital origin. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is an unusual cause of colic in a neonatal foal.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: THEIR NUMBER, NATURE, AND IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Bernyer G.
Published: August 2011

The following paper presents a brief survey of current factorial procedures, with a discussion of their chief advantages and limitations. It is intended primarily for research workers in general psychology who desire to analyse the factors involved in their data without making a detailed study of all available procedures. An attempt is made to determine the commoner faults, either of theory or of practice, which have rendered so many recent factorial investigations contradictory or inconclusive; and a number of defects are noted in existing techniques which appear to call for further investigation by the mathematical theorist. The main conclusion is that, like other statistical procedures, factor analysis is merely an adjunct to psychological research, not a method sufficient in itself.
THE RELATIONS OF THE NEWER MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS TO FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Hotelling Harold
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A survey of developments in multivariate analysis during the last thirty years shows that some, though not all, of the purposes for which factor analysis has been used may now be better accomplished by other procedures, e.g. by regression, multiple correlation, the study of relations between two sets of variates, or of the dimensionality of a set of variates.

To determine whether two or more groups of persons differ significantly in their mean values or their covariance matrices, the most appropriate procedures consist of methods of multivariate analysis of variance. Such methods have increased rather than diminished the advantages of using an external criterion instead of making a purely internal analysis.

The problem of estimating the dimensionality of a continuous multivariate population by means of a sample admits a simple and exact answer: the rank of the population is equal to that of the sample, provided the number of degrees of freedom among the individuals in the sample exceeds the number of the variates. If, however, the problem is re‐interpreted so as to imply that each observation is the sum of a real part and a random error, then the hypothesis that the real part has a rank smaller than the number of variates can be tested only when a proper estimate of the errors is available, i.e. by making suitable replications. The appropriate method is again multivariate analysis of variance rather than factor analysis. In a third form of the problem the object is, not to ascertain a true dimensionality, but to assess the error resulting from discarding (on practical grounds) a dimension that may really exist. Here the problem is somewhat indeterminate: a practical expedient may involve a special form of factor analysis, viz. the calculation of the least, not the greatest, latent roots.

Thus, in many cases in which they have hitherto been used, factor analyses of the usual kinds are inferior to other procedures: nevertheless, the results of such analyses may have heuristic and suggestive value, and may uncover hypotheses which are capable of more objective testing by other methods.
EXPERIMENTS ON TELEPATHY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Burt Cyril
Published: August 2011

The desire to secure more conclusive evidence for or against extrasensory perception and allied phenomena has given rise to a series of researches based on statistical techniques. The experience so gained and the criticisms of the methods employed throw fresh light on the uses and limitations of similar techniques in other fields of psychological research, especially on the validity of the commoner methods of testing significance and on the results reached by the matching‐method.

The new experiments reported by Dr. Soal in his latest book make a definite contribution to these problems, and yield prima facie evidence for telepathic communication far more striking than any hitherto obtained under conditions equally stringent. At the same time the observations incidentally collected do much to elucidate the factors involved.

The following paper examines the evidence thus adduced, and argues that the processes involved appear to be processes of thought rather than (as hitherto assumed) processes of perception. Alternative theories are briefly reviewed; and suggestions put forward for future research, first in regard to hypotheses that now call for experimental testing, and secondly in regard to standardizing both the experimental and the statistical procedures used in such investigations.
THE MEASUREMENT OF INTERESTS BY VERBAL METHODS
Authors: Peel E. A.
Published: August 2011

The following paper describes verbal tests of information and vocabulary designed to measure the school and leisure interests of pupils. To meet the common criticism that such tests measure attainment rather than interest a special technique has been devised, that of forcing a choice upon the testee.

In the first form of the test a choice has to be made between two equally difficult items from two different fields (e.g., practical and academic, scientific and non‐scientific, or the like). Evidence is offered for its validity and reliability. In the second form a suitable list of homonyms is drawn up (e.g., words having both a practical and an academic meaning), and the testee is asked to give his interpretation of each.

The paper concludes with a theoretical discussion of the relation of attainment to ability and interest; and it is suggested that ability and interest should be combined multiplicatively to produce attainment rather than additively as in most factorial studies.
THE ATHLETIC ABILITY OF BOYS IN A SECONDARY MODERN SCHOOL
Authors: Highmore G. , Jones B. W.
Published: August 2011

A group consisting of just over a hundred boys were tested and retested at the ages of eleven and thirteen respectively with eight tests of athletic ability. An analysis of the correlations by means of Burt's procedure furnished a factor matrix consisting of a basic factor for general athletic ability and three group factors, slightly overlapping, for running, jumping, and throwing respectively. Contrary to what is usually found in factorial studies with cognitive tests, the contribution of the general factor to the total variance increased appreciably during the two‐year interval between the two investigations: at the same time the group factors became more specific and more distinctly recognizable. Three tests, one drawn from each of the three group factors, proved sufficient to yield a broad indication of a pupil's athletic ability during the secondary school stage.
THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION ON THE RESULTS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Authors: Burt Cyril , Williams E. L.
Published: August 2011

In recent discussions about the borderlines to be adopted in selecting children for entrance to grammar schools or choosing students for entrance to universities it has often been maintained that the results of re‐tests demonstrate that the standards commonly proposed are far too high. The figures here reported suggest that the discrepancies are due largely to the fact that the higher borderlines are based on test‐results obtained during actual examinations, while the lower borderlines are obtained from investigations in which the individuals tested had no special motive for putting forth their maximum effort. And a detailed analysis of the data indicates that the reliability, validity, and level of performance are all appreciably reduced by the absence of any strong incentive when the tests are taken.
ABILITY AND ATTAINMENT: A NEW PSYCHOMETRIC FORMULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATIONAL RETARDATION
Authors: Levy Philip M.
Published: August 2011

The following paper is concerned with the assessment of educational achievement and its relation to general ability. A new psychometric formulation of the problem is presented and its practical applications discussed. The main conclusion is that we should standardize available test scores in a new way. The attempt to formulate a model demonstrates that, although controversy has raged around the use of the achievement ratio, the theory of retardation and the logic of its numerical expression have never been made sufficiently explicit. It is shown that this has led to irrelevant and unnecessary arguments. A new description of the implications of retardation theory is proposed, and its relations to the psychometric model explained and illustrated.
LATENT STRUCTURE AND POSITIVE MANIFOLD
Authors: Gibson W. A.
Published: August 2011

Analytic discrete class latent structure solutions must use third order joint positive frequencies and often cannot get all latent probabilities between zero and one inclusive. An early geometric approach gave a solution, permissible in that sense, but cumbersome because of complex rotational limits and centring criteria. The inclusion, after factoring, of a vector for each negative response makes the rotational limits those of a strictly positive orthogonal manifold, and the centring criteria those of a best‐fitting orthogonal reference frame. After factoring but before rotation it can be determined whether a permissible r‐class solution exists. An empirical example is provided, and various rotational approaches are discussed.
THEORY OF GENERALIZABILITY: A LIBERALIZATION OF RELIABILITY THEORY†
Authors: Cronbach Lee J. , Rajaratnam Nageswari , Gleser Goldine C.
Published: August 2011

“Reliability theory” is reinterpreted as a theory regarding the adequac with which one can generalize from one observation to a universe of observations. If the observation is randomly sampled from the universe—whether or not the universe consists of equivalent observations—the intraclass correlation provides an approximate lower bound to the expected value of the desired coefficient of generalizability.
AN EVALUATION OF RASCH'S STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR TEST ITEMS
Authors: Anderson J. , Kearney G. E. , Everett A. V.
Published: August 2011

Rasch's item analysis model for intelligence tests was examined using a 45‐item spiral omnibus intelligence test, administered to two samples of 608 and 874 subjects respectively. Five separate hypotheses were tested. Findings provide evidence for Rasch's claim that the difficulty level of items and ability level indices are independent of the sample on which they are based.
ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING: CONSTRUCTING NON‐PARAMETRIC TESTS
Authors: Thomas Ewart A. C.
Published: August 2011

In recognition tasks where the stimuli vary along two or more dimensions, the question arises as to what strategy the subject uses in processing the information about the various stimulus attributes. Three strategies are discussed: parallel, serial and integrative processing. It is shown that each of these three strategies implies a relation among the distribution functions of three observable random variables. The problem is then to decide on the basis of three samples, one from each distribution, which one of the relations is most likely. Non‐parametric statistics are defined which can be used to construct test functions for this decision problem, and a suggestion is made concerning the design of experiments which attempt to discriminate between these strategies.
THE ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA USING A TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Maxwell A. E. , Everitt B. S.
Published: August 2011

Attention is drawn to the advantages, from the point of view of interpretation, of analysing multiway contingency tables by fitting constants to the marginal frequencies. It is then shown how the constants may be fitted by the method of maximum likelihood and estimates of their variances obtained. The procedure is illustrated by a worked example.
THE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION: A COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS APPLICABLE TO HUMAN DATA
Authors: Eaves L. J.
Published: August 2011

A method of computer simulation for comparing the relative efficiencies of alternative experimental designs is applied to the study of the efficiency with which broad heritability can be estimated and the two main sources of environmental variation separated in data from human populations. Two minimal sets of data are compared with respect to these criteria and the effects of varying the proportions of the groups of relatives comprising a set are investigated. The relationship between efficiency, the level of broad heritability and the degree of dominance is noted, and the results related to those of a previous study.
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Burt Cyril
Published: August 2011

The following paper proposes a simple theoretical model, capable of progressive expansion, to serve as a basis for the statistical investigation of mental inheritance. Formulae are deduced for the analysis of phenotypic variances, and for estimating the covariances and correlations between relatives of different degrees of kinship. Values thus predicted are compared with figures actually observed. It is shown that, with the methods of estimation already available, reasonably accurate assessments can usually be obtained for innate general ability among children of school age.
POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS OF ERROR IN MENTAL TEST THEORY
Authors: Meredith William
Published: August 2011

An axiomatic model for tests of pure speed is developed, leading to the conclusion that such test scores may, under certain circumstances, be regarded as realizations of a Poisson process. This leads to further study of the situation in terms of strong true score theory with the assumption of a Poisson distribution of scores and true score equal to the parameter of the Poisson distribution. Important conclusions are that (1) the Spearman‐Brown formula holds in continuous time, (2) the raw moments of the distribution of true scores are obtainable from a knowledge of the factorial moments of observed scores over a population of examinees, and (3) under reasonable assumptions the distribution of observed scores over examinees ought to be negative binomial. An empirical example is given demonstrating the fit of the model to various predictions based on the model. In particular, the Poisson assumption can be tested independently of any assumption about the distribution of true or observed scores over examinees.
SOME RESULTS CONCERNING THE IDENTIFIABILITY OF PARALLEL AND SERIAL PROCESSES
Authors: Townsend J. T.
Published: August 2011

A mathematical characterization of serial, parallel and hybrid processes is given, and this characterization is related to several current experimental paradigms. Non‐identifiability (mimicking) between two systems (i.e. models of systems) is defined as equivalence of probability distributions on element completion times for the two systems, where n elements are available for processing by each. Results are then presented for a class of systems with exponential processing times, and it is seen that several interesting cases of parallel and serial systems are equivalent to systems of the opposite type. Evidence that will allow accurate discrimination between parallel and serial processing for this and other classes of systems either requires more complete and precise information about the actual probability distributions of the systems or more specialized sets of converging operations than is usually obtained in psychological experimentation. For example, it is noted that at the level of first moments (means), even a parallel independent system can predict results usually associated with a serial system (an overall increasing linear mean reaction time curve as a function of the number of elements to be processed). Next, a functional equation is developed that must hold in order for mimicking to occur between parallel and serial systems within the same general family of probability distributions, and three special cases are examined. A parallel system with gamma‐distributed processing times for element completion is then investigated, and it is shown that a strictly serial system cannot mimic it, but an interesting hybrid system can. This is followed by discussion of two kinds of partial identifiability, mimicking at the level of means and possible predicted differences at higher levels, and mimicking by approximation. Some qualitative considerations that may enter into conclusions as to parallelity or seriality of processing are then introduced. Last, it is suggested that in a broad sense questions related to parallel and serial systems concern fundamental aspects of information‐processing structure and distribution of processing energy and hence merit further mathematical investigation.
TWO ADDITIONS TO HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS†
Authors: Gruvaeus Gunnar , Wainer Howard
Published: August 2011

Two additions to Johnson's hierarchical cluster analysis (1967) are proposed. The first is a procedure for ordering the clusters to make the obtained solution unique and frequently more meaningful. The second is a similarity measure, whereby two (or more) cluster solutions of the same set of variables can be compared. The value of ordered clusterings is illustrated with a reanalysis of data from Miller & Nicely (1955).
THE HEURISTIC EXPLICATION OF A LARGE‐SAMPLE NORMAL SCORES TEST FOR INTERACTION
Authors: Weber James M.
Published: August 2011

The heuristic development of a non‐parametric test for interaction based upon the use of normal order statistics is outlined. The application of the proposed test, as well as associated post hoc procedures, is then illustrated. Finally, the sampling distribution and approximate power of the test are discussed.
A TWO‐STAGE DECISION APPROACH TO THE SELECTION PROBLEM
Authors: Rock Donald A. , Barone John L. , Boldt Robert F.
Published: August 2011

A mathematical solution to the two‐stage selection problem was developed which only requires predictor criterion intercorrelations and selection ratio information. Cutting scores on the first stage test are so determined that some individuals are (a) accepted after the first stage, (b) rejected after the first stage, (c) decision withheld, i.e. the decision to accept or reject is postponed until the second stage. The upper and lower cutting scores from stage one, z1″ and z1′ respectively, and the cutting score at the second stage z2.1, where z2.1 = F (z1), and z1’ ≤ z1 ≤ z1” are located such that the expected value on the criterion for accepted applicants is maximized subject to two constraints. The two constraints are the selection ratio and a function of the independent contribution of the second‐stage test. Theoretical solutions developed on the computer suggest that a considerable amount of testing time may be saved with little or no decrease in the validity of the selection procedure for all values of the selection ratios.
THE ALGEBRAIC AND STATISTICAL TRACTABILITY OF THE CITY BLOCK METRIC
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: August 2011

If the within‐dimensional ranks of the points are known, the equation defining a city block distance can be transformed into a linear equation with +1, −1 and 0 as coefficients. This transformation permits the common least‐squares solution for the coordinates as well as the application of regression analysis with the possibility of testing for dimensionality. Several problems are discussed, including how to obtain the within‐dimensional ranks.
MEASURING AGREEMENT WHEN TWO OBSERVERS CLASSIFY PEOPLE INTO CATEGORIES NOT DEFINED IN ADVANCE
Authors: Brennan Robert L. , Light Richard J.
Published: August 2011

Basic to many psychological investigations is the question of agreement between observers who independently categorize people. Several recent studies have proposed measures of agreement when a set of nominal scale categories has been predefined and imposed on two observers. This study, in contrast, develops a measure of agreement for settings where observers independently define their own categories. Thus it is possible for observers to delineate different numbers of categories, with different names. Computational formulae for the mean and variance of the proposed measure of agreement are given; further, a statistic with a large‐sample normal distribution is suggested for testing the null hypothesis of random agreement. A computer‐based comparison of the large‐sample approximation with the exact distribution of the test statistic shows a generally good fit, even for moderate sample sizes. Finally, a worked example involving two psychologists' classifications of children illustrates the computations.
CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE THEORIES OF DETECTION AND RECOGNITION
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: August 2011

Some relationships between the mathematical representations of general theories of detection and recognition memory are considered. In particular, it is demonstrated that two classes of theory are formally equivalent, a result which confirms some informal suggestions made by Broadbent. However, the two kinds of theory are shown to be substantively distinguishable, insofar as they differ over the interpretation of the mathematical representation. This leads to certain asymmetries between the theories, and their differential predictions are discussed.
HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING AND THE CONCEPT OF SPACE DISTORTION
Authors: Hubert Lawrence , Schultz James
Published: August 2011

Using an occupancy model developed from combinatorics, the prototypic single‐link and complete‐link hierarchical clustering methods are considered to be at the two extremes of a space distortion clustering continuum. Two approaches for attacking the space distortion problem are suggested: (i) using an intermediate r‐diameter criterion that includes the single‐link and complete‐link methods as special cases, and (ii) preprocessing the original proximity measures to force a metric structure on the input data that will lead to a better correspondence between the results produced by the two extreme clustering strategies. In addition to several numerical examples that typify the effect of using an r‐diameter criterion or, alternatively, an initial preprocessing of a given set of proximity measures, Monte Carlo results are presented illustrating empirically the space distortion properties of the single‐link and complete‐link methods.
A MODEL FOR INSTITUTIONAL DISTURBANCES
Authors: Zeeman E. C. , Hall C. S. , Harrison P. J. , Marriage G. H. , Shapland P. H.
Published: August 2011

Disturbances in institutions are often thought to be due to special local circumstances. This paper outlines a general mathematical model for sudden outbreaks of disorder in an institution. The model is illustrated by applying it to the escalating sequence of events at Gartree Prison during 1972. Although the approach is largely theoretical some suggestions are made about the prediction and handling of disorder. In particular, the model suggests why the policy of ‘playing it cool’ is generally likely to be successful.
A SIMPLE LEARNING MODEL FOR SIGNAL DETECTION TASKS
Authors: Ambler Stephen
Published: August 2011

A simple learning model is developed for signal detection tasks. The model replaces the cut‐off decision rule of signal detection theory by a probabilistic rule. The ROC curves predicted are indistinguishable from those predicted by signal detection theory. The model has the added advantage however of describing well ‘non‐optimal’ behaviour and predicts probability matching under some circumstances.
AN ALGORITHM FOR MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD RANKING AND SLATER'S i FROM PAIRED COMPARISONS
Authors: Ranyard Robert H.
Published: August 2011

The linear programming solution of the maximum likelihood ranking from paired comparisons problem, due to DeCani (1969), is considered. It is noted that Boolean methods exist for the solution of linear programmes in binary variables. The pseudo‐Boolean programming method of Hammer & Rudeanu (1968) is applied to DeCani's formulation and also to the problem of finding Slater's i. It is suggested that the algorithm is usually efficient for k‐replicated paired comparisons data but not for the single replicate experiment.
The analysis of patterned correlation matrices by generalized least squares
Authors: Browne M. W.
Published: August 2011

Generalized least squares estimators of population parameters and an asymptotic chi‐square test are given for situations where sets of elements of a population correlation matrix are equal or have specified values. These estimators are asymptotically equivalent to maximum‐likelihood estimators but involve less computation. Corresponding formulae for the hypothesis that sets of elements of a population covariance matrix are equal or have specified values are given for comparative purposes. A numerical illustration is provided.
Least squares estimation of individual differences in multidimensional scaling
Authors: Krane William R.
Published: August 2011

It is noted that previous approaches to estimating the parameters of the individual differences model by Bloxom, Horan, Carroll and Chang have involved sequentially fitting the distance component of the model to observed dissimilarity data, then fitting the spatial component to estimated scalar products. Well‐known least squares principles are employed to develop a procedure for estimating all the parameters of the model simultaneously. An objective loss function is established for the problem and the matrix calculus given by McDonald & Swaminathan is applied to obtain sets of equations whose solution provides the least squares estimators of the parameters. Suggestions for the implementation of the proposed method are given. It is shown that a reasonable starting point for an algorithm based on the results of the simultaneous least squares approach may be obtained from the equations derived by Bloxom.