bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichoderma‐primed rice straw alters structural and functional properties of sodic soil
Authors: Tandon Ashmita , Anshu Anshu , Kumar Sanjeev , Yadav Udit , Mishra Shashank Kumar , Srivastava Suchi , Chauhan Puneet S. , Srivastava Pankaj Kumar , Bahadur Lal , Shirke Pramod Arvind , Srivastava Manjoosha , Tewari Shri Krishna , Singh Poonam C.
Published: November 2021

Sodic soil is increasing due to intensive cropping and imbalanced use of agrochemicals. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to reduce the soil sodicity in agricultural fields using sustainable resources. The ‘microbe–residue–soil’ interaction is hypothesized to foster the structural and functional changes during sodic soil reclamation. To elucidate the hypothesis, rice straw (RS) assimilation in sodic soil was instated in the presence of synergistically interacting Trichoderma koningiopsis NBRI‐PR5 (PR5) and T. asperellum NBRI‐K14 (K14) consortium. The interaction of the ‘microbe‐residue‐soil’ was investigated in‐vitro and in sodic fields. Our studies included estimation of soil physicochemical properties, enzymes, CO2 efflux using LI‐COR, microbial population, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The compatibility and synergism of PR5 assisted the K14 to produce laccase enzyme at high pH condition (pH 8) to degrade RS in sodic soil. For in vitro and field applications, Trichoderma were colonized on RS (TrichoRS) and applied at 25 t ha−1. Impact of TrichoRS on soil was evident from decreased soil pH (9.6 to 7.8), exchangeable sodium percent (19.6 to 9.9%), increased soil porosity (~53% from 38%), and cation exchange capacity (~twofold). The FTIR showed differences in the stretching of O‐H bonds at 3750–34500 cm−1 indicating the presence of more kaolinite‐type silicates after TrichoRS amendment. Field application of TrichoRS increased the total organic carbon and water‐holding capacity from 0.37% to 1.3% and 34% to 57%, respectively. Increased microbes and urease, protease, and phosphatase activity by 2.72‐, 0.94‐, and 0.88‐times, respectively, ensured nutrient availability. The improved soil properties and ~ 30% increased production justify the hypothesis in providing sustainable reclamation solution for reviving fertility of sodic and intensively cultivated fields.
A rigidity theorem at the boundary for holomorphic mappings with values in finite dimensional bounded symmetric domains
Authors: Hamada Hidetaka , Kohr Gabriela
Published: November 2021

Let be a bounded symmetric domain realized as the open unit ball of a finite dimensional JB*‐triple X. In this paper, we obtain a rigidity theorem at the boundary for holomorphic mappings from a balanced domain G in a complex Banach space E into . We also obtain a rigidity theorem at the boundary for holomorphic self‐mappings of . Our results give generalizations of the recent results obtained on the Euclidean unit ball or the unit polydisc in .
Comparison of SAR distribution of hip and knee implantable devices in 1.5T conventional cylindrical‐bore and 1.2T open‐bore vertical MRI systems
Authors: Fujimoto Kyoko , Zaidi Tayeb A. , Lampman David , Guag Joshua W. , Etheridge Shawn , Habara Hideta , Rajan Sunder S.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

There is increasing use of open‐bore vertical MR systems that consist of two planar RF coils. A recent study showed that the RF‐induced heating of a neuromodulation device was much lower in the open‐bore system at the brain and the chest imaging landmarks. This study focused on the hip and knee implants and compared the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in human models in a 1.2T open‐bore coil with that of a 1.5T conventional birdcage coil.

Methods

Computational modeling results were compared against the measurement values using a saline phantom. The differences in RF exposure were examined between a 1.2T open‐bore coil and a 1.5T conventional birdcage coil using SAR in an anatomical human model.

Results

Modeling setups were validated. The body placed closed to the coil elements led to high SAR values in the birdcage system compared with the open‐bore system.

Conclusion

Our computational modeling showed that the 1.2T planar system demonstrated a lower intensity of SAR distribution adjacent to hip and knee implants compared with the 1.5T conventional birdcage system.
Pulse encoding for ZTE imaging: RF excitation without dead‐time penalty
Authors: Froidevaux Romain , Weiger Markus , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To overcome limitations in the duration of RF excitation in zero‐TE (ZTE) MRI by exploiting intrinsic encoding properties of RF pulses to retrieve data missed during the dead time caused by the pulse.

Methods

An enhanced ZTE signal model was developed using multiple RF pulses, which enables accessing information hidden in the pulse‐induced dead time via encoding intrinsically applied by the RF pulses. Such ZTE with pulse encoding was implemented by acquisition of two ZTE data sets using excitation with similar frequency‐swept pulses differing only by a small off‐resonance in their center frequency. In this way, the minimum scan time is doubled but each acquisition contributes equally to the SNR, as with ordinary averaging. The method was demonstrated on long‐T2 and short‐T2 phantoms as well as in in vivo experiments.

Results

ZTE with pulse encoding provided good image quality at unprecedented dead‐time gaps, demonstrated here up to 6 Nyquist dwells. In head imaging, the ability to use longer excitation pulses led to approximately 2‐fold improvements in SNR efficiency as compared with conventional ZTE and allowed the creation of T1 contrast.

Conclusion

Exploiting intrinsic encoding properties of RF pulses in a new signal model enables algebraic reconstruction of ZTE data sets with large dead‐time gaps. This permits larger flip angles, which can be used to achieve enhanced T1 contrast and significant improvements in SNR efficiency in case the Ernst angle can be better approached, thus broadening the range of application of ZTE MRI.
Optimization of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling using off‐resonance compensation strategies at 7T
Authors: Saïb Gaël , Koretsky Alan P. , Talagala S. Lalith
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The sensitivity of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) to off‐resonance effects (ΔB0) is a major limitation at ultra‐high field (≥7T). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different PCASL ΔB0 compensation methods at 7T and measure the labeling efficiency with off‐resonance correction.

Theory and Methods

Phase offset errors induced by ΔB0 at the feeding arteries can be compensated by adding an extra radiofrequency (RF) phase increment and transverse gradient blips into the PCASL RF pulse train. The effectiveness of an average field correction (AVGcor), a vessel‐specific field‐map‐based correction (FMcor) and a vessel‐specific prescan‐based correction (PScor) were compared at 7T. After correction, the PCASL labeling efficiency was directly measured in feeding arteries downstream from the labeling location.

Results

The perfusion signal was more uniform throughout the brain after off‐resonance correction. Whole‐brain average perfusion signal increased by a factor of 2.4, 2.5, and 2.1, respectively, with AVGcor, FMcor and PScor compared to acquisitions without correction. With off‐resonance correction, the maximum labeling efficiency was ~0.68 at mean B1 (B1mean) of 0.70 µT when using a mean gradient (Gmean) of 0.25 mT/m.

Conclusion

Either a prescan or a field map can be used to correct for off‐resonance effects and retrieve a good brain perfusion signal at 7T. Although the three methods performed well in this study, FMcor may be better suited for patient studies because it accounted for vessel‐specific ΔB0 variations. Further improvements in image quality will be possible by optimizing the labeling efficiency with advanced hardware and software while satisfying specific absorption rate constraints.
The impeded diffusion fraction quantitative imaging assay demonstrated in multi‐exponential diffusion phantom and prostate cancer
Authors: Malyarenko Dariya I. , Swanson Scott D. , McGarry Sean D. , LaViolette Peter S. , Chenevert Thomas L.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To demonstrate a method for quantification of impeded diffusion fraction (IDF) using conventional clinical DWI protocols.

Methods

The IDF formalism is introduced to quantify contribution from water coordinated by macromolecules to DWI voxel signal based on fundamentally different diffusion constants in vascular capillary, bulk free, and coordinated water compartments. IDF accuracy was studied as a function of b‐value set. The IDF scaling with restricted compartment size and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) macromolecule concentration was compared to conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and isotropic kurtosis model parameters for a diffusion phantom. An in vivo application was demonstrated for six prostate cancer (PCa) cases with low and high grade lesions annotated from whole mount histopathology.

Results

IDF linearly scaled with known restricted (vesicular) compartment size and PVP concentration in phantoms and increased with histopathologic score in PCa (from median 9% for atrophy up to 60% for Gleason 7). IDF via non‐linear fit was independent of b‐value subset selected between b = 0.1 and 2 ms/µm2, including standard‐of‐care (SOC) PCa protocol. With maximum sensitivity for high grade PCa, the IDF threshold below 51% reduced false positive rate (FPR = 0/6) for low‐grade PCa compared to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC > 0.81 µm2/ms) of PIRADS PCa scoring (FPR = 3/6).

Conclusion

The proposed method may provide quantitative imaging assays of cancer grading using common SOC DWI protocols.
Acquisition and quantification pipeline for in vivo hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopy
Authors: Hong Donghyun , Batsios Georgios , Viswanath Pavithra , Gillespie Anne Marie , Vaidya Manushka , Larson Peder E. Z. , Ronen Sabrina M.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The goal of this study was to combine a specialized acquisition method with a new quantification pipeline to accurately and efficiently probe the metabolism of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled compounds in vivo. In this study, we tested our approach on [2‐13C]pyruvate and [1‐13C]α‐ketoglutarate data in rat orthotopic brain tumor models at 3T.

Methods

We used a multiband metabolite‐specific radiofrequency (RF) excitation in combination with a variable flip angle scheme to minimize substrate polarization loss and measure fast metabolic processes. We then applied spectral‐temporal denoising using singular value decomposition to enhance spectral quality. This was combined with LCModel‐based automatic 13C spectral fitting and flip angle correction to separate overlapping signals and rapidly quantify the different metabolites.

Results

Denoising improved the metabolite signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by approximately 5. It also improved the accuracy of metabolite quantification as evidenced by a significant reduction of the Cramer Rao lower bounds. Furthermore, the use of the automated and user‐independent LCModel‐based quantification approach could be performed rapidly, with the kinetic quantification of eight metabolite peaks in a 12‐spectrum array achieved in less than 1 minute.

Conclusion

The specialized acquisition method combined with denoising and a new quantification pipeline using LCModel for the first time for hyperpolarized 13C data enhanced our ability to monitor the metabolism of [2‐13C]pyruvate and [1‐13C]α‐ketoglutarate in rat orthotopic brain tumor models in vivo. This approach could be broadly applicable to other hyperpolarized agents both preclinically and in the clinical setting.
Joint estimation and correction of motion and geometric distortion in segmented arterial spin labeling
Authors: Huber Jörn , Hoinkiss Daniel Christopher , Günther Matthias
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Arterial spin labeling allows noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow by magnetically labeling inflowing blood, using it as endogenous tracer. Unfortunately, sensitivity to subject motion is high due to the subtractive nature of arterial spin labeling, which is especially problematic if Cartesian segmented 3D gradient and spin echo (GRASE) is applied. Using a 3D GRASE PROPELLER (3DGP) segmentation, retrospective correction of in‐plane rigid body motion is possible before final combination of different segments. However, the standard 3DGP reconstruction is affected by off‐resonance effects and has not yet been validated with different motion patterns and levels of background suppression.

Methods

The standard algorithm (1) and a Cartesian segmented 3D GRASE (2), as well as a new 3DGP reconstruction algorithm, which allows joint estimation of motion and geometric distortion (called 3DGP‐JET), are validated in 5 healthy volunteers. Image quality of perfusion‐weighted images was investigated for background suppression levels of 0%, 5%, and 10% in combination with no motion, as well as slow and fast intentional motion patterns during the scan.

Results

The proposed 3DGP‐JET algorithm allowed robust estimation of field maps and motion for all scenarios, and greatly reduced motion‐related artifacts in perfusion‐weighted images when compared with Cartesian segmented 3D GRASE.

Conclusion

Further improvements of the presented 3DGP‐JET routine and a combination with prospective motion correction are recommended to compensate for through‐plane motion, making the presented technique a good candidate for dealing with motion‐related artifacts in arterial spin labeling images in clinical reality.
Pure balanced steady‐state free precession imaging (pure bSSFP)
Authors: Schäper Jessica , Bauman Grzegorz , Ganter Carl , Bieri Oliver
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To show that for tissues the conspicuous asymmetries in the frequency response function of bSSFP can be mitigated by using a short enough TR.

Theory and Methods

Configuration theory indicates that bSSFP becomes apparently “pure” (i.e., exhibiting a symmetric profile) in the limit of TR . To this end, the frequency profile of bSSFP was measured as a function of the TR using a manganese‐doped aqueous probe, as well as brain tissue that was shown to exhibit a pronounced asymmetry due to its microstructure. The frequency response function was sampled using (phantom) and (in vivo) equally distributed linear RF phase increments in the interval . Imaging was performed with 2.0 mm isotropic resolution over a TR range of 1.5–8 ms at 3 and 1.5 T.

Results

As expected, pure substances showed a symmetric TR‐independent frequency profile, whereas brain tissue revealed a pronounced asymmetry. The observed asymmetry for the tissue, however, decreases with decreasing TR and gives strong evidence that the frequency response function of bSSFP becomes symmetric in the limit of TR , in agreement with theory. The limit of apparently pure bSSFP imaging can thus be achieved for a TR 1.5 ms at 1.5 T, whereas at 3 T, tissues still show some residual asymmetry.

Conclusion

In the limit of short enough TR, tissues become apparently pure for bSSFP. This limit can be reached for brain tissue at 1.5 T with TR 1–2 ms at clinically relevant resolutions.
Unified elasto‐plastic analysis of rock mass supported with fully grouted bolts for deep tunnels
Authors: Cui Lan , Sheng Qian , Dong You‐kou , Xie Ming‐xing
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a unified elasto‐plastic analysis of rock mass supported with fully ground bolts for deep tunnels. In the analysis, depending on whether the relative movement at the grout–bolt interface is considered, two finite‐difference algorithms are discussed. For each algorithm, two conditions, one when the rock bolt is inserted into the elastic area and one when it is included within the plastic area, are comprehensively investigated. In the algorithms, the initial and final states for the rock–bolt interaction are presented, and for each state, the surrounding rock mass consisting of the bolt or the plastic area is divided into a finite number of annuli through a constant radius increment. Based on this, the stress and displacement for the rock mass and the rock bolt are obtained step by step. The results of the two algorithms are verified by the analytical method and the field test data, respectively. Parametric studies were conducted to compare bolt force, rock displacement and stress components that are solved by the algorithms with and without considering relative movement. The proposed algorithms can be written into the software for guiding the rock bolt design in practical engineering.
Think big, see small—A review of nanomaterials for neural interfaces
Authors: Zeng Qi , Li Xiaojian , Zhang Shiyun , Deng Chunshan , Wu Tianzhun
Published: November 2021

During the past decades, neural interfaces have been widely applied in various fields, such as neural‐degeneration disease diagnosis and therapy, remote control, and mind‐based interaction with the outside world. The neural interfaces, as the foundation technologies for the bi‐directional communication between the brain and machines, are critical for the development of next generation implanted neural interfaces. Recently, plenty of micro‐ and nanostructured coating materials, together with various devices based on micro/nano fabrication, provide improved performances and novel functions to achieve more precise, chronic and better‐efficiency neural interfaces. In this paper, we review the development of different kinds of neural interfaces from the material and device perspectives. Some innovative functionalized techniques utilizing nanomaterials such as metallic nanostructures, carbon materials, conductive polymers (CPs) are reviewed. Additionally, novel implanted devices for neural signal recording and stimulation with improved or novel performances enabled by nanotechnologies are also presented. Finally, the potential challenges that hinder the development of neural interfaces and the opportunities for future research directions are discussed in brief.
The fractal version of the bond‐based peridynamics method
Authors: Armandei Mojtaba , Burgos Diego F. S. , Savioli Rafael
Published: November 2021

This article presents a new formulation of bond‐based peridynamic theory (PD) encompassing material texture heterogeneity through fractal geometry concepts and transforming all relevant variables from Euclidean space to fractal space. The heterogeneity incorporation is realized through the introduction of a linear transformation fractal coefficient (LTFC). By considering a mean value for all LTFCs of all spatial coordinates. For example, x, y, z, and using the relationship between fractal dimension and the Hurst exponent . We present a fractal version of the bond‐based PD method that the equation of motion is conformed to fractal space. Validation of the formulation is accomplished in two steps: first, the effect of irregular mass distribution is characterized by the fractal dimension of the fracture surface roughness through experimental results of a series of single‐edge notched tensile tests of a ductile material. In the next step, the proposed formulation is calibrated with the fractal dimension obtained experimentally. The results are compared with the classical bond‐based PD formulation and the finite element analysis results. The obtained results in this article indicate that the irregular mass distribution of material can be introduced into particle‐based numerical methods using an adequate fractal exponent. The fractal version provides a good approximation of the fracture behavior of materials.
A descriptive study on the treatment of pediatric CRPS in the Nordic countries and Germany
Authors: Broman Johanna , Weigel Cathrin , Hellmundt Ludwig , Persson Anna
Published: November 2021

Pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (pCRPS) is a rare, painful state that often occurs as a complication following physical trauma. Diagnosis and treatment require specialist expertise in a multidisciplinary setting. Treatment is focused on pain reduction and improvement in function, which differs from the treatment of adult CRPS. We performed a cross‐sectional survey with the aim of identifying pain centers in the Nordic countries and Germany that specialized in treating children with pain, especially pCRPS, and sought to describe their treatment strategies. Centers and health‐care professionals working with children experiencing chronic pain were identified using internet search engines, phones, or e‐mail. A standardized set of questions and an electronic questionnaire were answered by the participants. A total of 28 participants were identified in 24 centers, which were involved with patients having pCRPS (Germany: 7, Norway: 7, Sweden: 5, Finland: 5, Denmark: 3, and Island: 1). One center in Germany treated more than 20 patients per year. Half of the identified centers (n = 12) treated between 1 and 5 children with pCRPS per year. Guidelines for treating pCRPS were reportedly followed by 9/28 responders (32%), and physiotherapy was reported to be part of the treatment routine in most centers (74%). Interventional anesthesia was rarely used. Psychological therapy: 57% answered that it was always offered, 30% replied that it was proffered in most cases, and 13% responded that it was recommended in only a few patients. Pharmacological treatments were not commonly used. Treatment resources for pCRPS are scarce in the Nordic countries and Germany. Most centers treated very few children with pCRPS and did not have established guidelines. A multidisciplinary approach was used by many centers, most often combining physiotherapy and psychotherapy, and less commonly pharmacological treatment. The difficulties in diagnosing pCRPS and finding official referral units are unfortunate, considering the potentially favorable outcome with adequate treatment.
Cryo‐spun encapsulation of polyaniline‐based conducting hydrogels with high sensitivity, wide‐range linearity, and environmental stability for fibrous strain sensors
Authors: Feng Qichun , Wan Kening , Zhang Chao , Liu Tianxi
Published: November 2021

Wearable strain sensors are widely engaged in the fields of soft robotics, health monitoring, and human‐machine interfaces. However, low sensitivity, poor environmental resistance, and low‐air permeability of wearable strain sensors severely limit their practical applications. Herein, a coaxial fiber consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol/polyaniline hydrogel (PPH) core and a thermoplastic elastomer (styrene‐isoprene‐styrene block copolymer, SIS) sheath was fabricated by a cryo‐spun encapsulation strategy. The as‐obtained PPH@SIS fiber exhibited high stretchability (>200% strain), large conductivity (0.51 mS.cm−1) and high‐yet‐linear sensitivity (gauge factor of 2.4) when being directly used as a fibrous strain sensor. The resultant PPH@SIS fibrous strain sensor showed a stable response at a broad temperature range from −50 to 50°C to various strains (0% ~ 100%) and frequencies (0 ~ 2 Hz). As a demonstration, the PPH@SIS fibrous strain sensors are capable of identifying fast and slow bendings of dummy joints, showing excellent wearability, high sensitivity, and wide detecting range. This work therefore provides a unique cryo‐spun encapsulation strategy for fabricating coaxial conductive fibers promising for wearable sensors with high sensitivity, excellent wearing comfort, and resistance to extreme environments.
Bouncing Cosmology in Extended Gravity and Its Reconstruction as Dark Energy Model
Authors: Agrawal A. S. , Tello‐Ortiz Francisco , Mishra B. , Tripathy S.K.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we have presented a bouncing cosmological model of the Universe in an extended theory of gravity. The dynamical behaviour of the model obtained from the flat FLRW space‐time along with the violation of null energy condition have been shown. The geometrical parameters show singularity behaviour at the bouncing epoch. The parameters involved in the scale factor play a major role in the bouncing behaviour. In addition, the coupling parameter that resulted in the minimal matter‐geometry coupling in the extended gravity has significant role to avoid the singularity of equation of state parameter at the bouncing epoch. Using a linear homogeneous perturbation calculation, we show the dynamical stability of the model.
Optimal estimation of total precipitable water from INSAT‐3D/3DR Imagers
Authors: Gangwar Rishi Kumar , Thapliyal Pradeep Kumar
Published: November 2021

Total precipitable water (TPW) is an important parameter for weather prediction apart from study of the hydrological cycle and climate change. Presently, TPW is generated operationally from infrared sounders on board INSAT‐3D and 3DR. However, the Sounder provides observations at a coarser resolution of 10 km over a limited region of coverage, and takes about 60 min to scan the Indian landmass. The Imager, in contrast, provides observation over a larger geographical region (full disc) at the interval of 30 min and a finer spatial resolution of 4 km. To exploit this advantage, an optimal estimation (OE) technique has been attempted to retrieve TPW from thermal infrared split‐window observations of INSAT‐3D/3DR Imagers in clear‐sky conditions. Assessment of the retrieved TPW is carried out for data of one year over land and ocean regions, separately against the three independent reference TPW products, acquired from radiosondes, Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) on board Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F17 satellite, and fifth‐generation European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis (ERA5). The validation analysis of the retrieved TPW over land against the radiosonde observations and ERA5 TPW products for the entire period shows a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of less than 6 mm. An RMSE of better than 4 mm is observed over ocean, when compared with the operational TPW products of the SSMIS and ERA5 TPW products. Moreover, the RMSE of the retrieved TPW shows consistency for each month that clearly implies the robustness of the developed algorithm. The developed algorithm has been proposed for operational implementation at the Meteorological and Oceanographic Data Archival and Dissemination Centre (MOSDAC) hosted by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad and India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi, India.
Separation and characterization of two series of unknown degradation impurities caused by light irradiation and autoclaving in xinfujunsu injection using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Huang Qiaoqiao , Tang Kaixian , Ren Xiaojuan , Wang Jian
Published: November 2021

Rationale

A series of photodegradation impurities and a series of degradation impurities produced in autoclaving in xinfujunsu injection were discovered, and these unknown impurities were separated and characterized thoroughly using liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.

Methods

The column was a Platisil 5 μm ODS (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm). For the analysis of degradation impurities caused by light irradiation and autoclaving, the mobile phase was composed of 0.01 M ammonium formate aqueous solution and acetonitrile/isopropanol (90:10, V/V). Full scan LC–MS and LC–MS2 was carried out to obtain as much structural information as possible. The fragmentation behavior of actinomycin D, actinomycin S3, and its impurities was studied and used to obtain information about the structures of these impurities.

Results

Based on MS2 spectral data and exact mass measurements, the chemical structures of two series of degradation impurities were characterized, among which five unknown impurities were photodegradation impurities and seven unknown impurities were degradation impurities produced in autoclaving of xinfujunsu injection.

Conclusions

Based on characterization of impurities, this study also revealed the cause of impurity production and provided guidance for enterprises to improve the process and drug packaging material to reduce impurity content. Furthermore, this study also provided scientific basis for further improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias.
The role of schools in providing educational opportunity: An integrative review
Authors: Katz Heidi T. , Acquah Emmanuel O.
Published: November 2021

The concept of educational opportunity is ubiquitous yet ambiguous; it is frequently discussed within the education world, yet there is no commonly shared understanding of what it means or how to measure it. To address this void, we conducted an integrative review of the literature on school inputs and student outcomes from 2010 to 2019. A total of 39 articles were included in this review, and analysed using a mixed methods approach. A descriptive analysis showed the studies used a range of research designs, including case study (n = 7), comparative (n = 6), correlational and longitudinal (n = 5), exploratory (n = 4), cross‐sectional (n = 3), and phenomenological (n = 2). Furthermore, studies were conducted within a variety of primary through secondary school contexts (e.g., public, charter and vocational). A deductive analysis revealed that more than half of the studies looked at cognitive outcomes (n = 25), followed by psychological (n = 22), behavioural (n = 17), and then other (n = 6). Finally, grounded theory was used to analyse specific school factors (inputs) that influence the aforementioned outcomes positively. We identified four input categories through which educational opportunity generally manifests: Inclusive Culture and Environment, Responsive Teaching and Appropriate Training, Resources and Opportunity to Learn, and Curriculum and Instruction. Based on the results, we developed a conceptual framework of educational opportunity that connects school inputs to positive student outcomes. The framework can be used by researchers and educators to inform discussions and assessments of educational opportunity.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study

Schools worldwide aim to provide equitable opportunities that result in positive student outcomes. However, there is widespread disagreement between both educators and educational researchers as to what educational opportunity means and looks like in practice.

Why the new findings matter

This study seeks to bring clarity to the topic through an integrative review that synthesises the research on school inputs that lead to positive student outcomes.

Implications for educators, educational researchers and policy makers

This review resulted in the development of a conceptual framework of educational opportunity. The framework is not prescriptive, but can be adapted based on the needs, goals and values of the school and students. This framework has implications for teachers, school leaders, policy makers and educational researchers who can use it as a tool to assess educational opportunity and inform educational practices. Most importantly, the framework can be used to help improve equity in educational opportunities.
Physical activity during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is linked to better mood and emotion
Authors: Markofski Melissa M. , Jennings Kristofer , Hodgman Charles F. , Warren Victoria E. , LaVoy Emily C.
Published: November 2021

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic may negatively impact mood and emotion. Physical activity may protect against mood disturbance and promote positive affect. This study asked if physical activity before, during, or the change in physical activity with the pandemic, impacted affect and mood during the pandemic. US adult residents (18–74 years; N = 338) were surveyed from 29 April to 3 June 2020. Physical activity before and during the pandemic was assessed with the Physical Activity Rating survey. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule measured affect and the Profile of Moods Questionnaire assessed mood. Comparisons between physically inactive and active participants by Analysis of Covariance found greater vigour in participants classed as physically active before the pandemic. Positive affect, vigour and esteem‐related affect were greater in participants physically active during the pandemic. Multiple linear regression revealed relationships between the change in physical activity and mood. Change in physical activity positively associated with positive affect (b = 1.06), esteem‐related affect (b = 0.33) and vigour (b = 0.53), and negatively associated with negative affect (b = −0.47), total mood disturbance (b = −2.60), tension (b = −0.31), anger (b = −0.24), fatigue (b = −0.54), depression (b = −0.50) and confusion (b = −0.23). These data demonstrate that physical activity during the pandemic, and increased physical activity relative to before the pandemic, related to better mood.
An exploratory qualitative study exploring GPs' and psychiatrists' perceptions of post‐traumatic stress disorder in postnatal women using a fictional case vignette
Authors: Mortimer Harriet , Habash‐Bailey Haniah , Cooper Maxwell , Ayers Susan , Cooke Jennifer , Shakespeare Judy , Aslanyan Daron , Ford Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

Postnatal post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 3%–4% of women who give birth. It is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Thus far, no studies have investigated doctors' perceptions of PTSD in postnatal women. We investigated whether GPs and psychiatrists perceive PTSD symptoms after birth to indicate pathology and what diagnosis and management they would offer. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with six GPs and seven psychiatrists using a fictional vignette featuring a woman experiencing PTSD following a traumatic birth. A framework analysis approach was used. Despite half the GPs recognizing trauma‐related features in the vignette their most common diagnosis was postnatal depression whereas six of the seven psychiatrists identified PTSD. Management plans reflected this. Both GPs and psychiatrists lacked trust in timeliness of referrals to psychological services. Both suggested referral to specialist perinatal mental health teams. Results suggest women are unlikely to get a PTSD diagnosis during initial GP consultations, however the woman‐centred care proposed by GPs means that a trauma‐focussed diagnosis later in the care pathway was not ruled out. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, which suggest that an evidence base around best management for women with postnatal PTSD is sorely needed, especially to inform GP training.
Strategy as language and communication: Theoretical and methodological advances and avenues for the future in strategy process and practice research
Authors: Vaara Eero , Fritsch Laura
Published: November 2021

Research Summary

The purpose of this introduction to the SMS collection is to take stock of advances in language‐based analyses of strategic processes and practices with an eye on the theoretical and methodological insights and opportunities. After a review of the articles included, we develop a framework that identifies four perspectives ranging from the more micro to the macro: (a) microlevel conceptual basis of strategy discourse, (b) use of language in strategy work processes in their socio‐material and multimodal contexts, (c) use of language and especially narratives in long‐term processes of strategic change, and (d) the rhetorical and discursive reconstruction of organizational strategies in their historical contexts. We then move on to offer a set of research opportunities and questions to form an agenda for future research.

Managerial Summary

This article takes stock of recent research on the role of language and communication in strategic decision‐making and strategy work. The key argument is that we should not treat language merely as a window into other aspects of strategic phenomena but as a central means through which strategies are shaped and made sense of. The paper underscores that language use is a crucial part of strategy work and strategic change—to be taken seriously in its own right in research as well as practice. Another key point is that we need to develop better understanding of the new communication technologies and media that play a key role in contemporary organizations. The new theoretical ideas and methods may also inspire practitioners to develop their communication practices.
Reconstruction surgery using a pediculated jejunal patch for a gastrointestinal stromal tumour originating from the proximal duodenum in a dog
Authors: Nagumo Takahiro , Ishigaki Kumiko , Sakurai Naoki , Terai Kazuyuki , Asano Kazushi
Published: November 2021

An 11‐year‐old neutered male toy poodle was referred to our hospital due to a mass formation in the right cranial abdomen without any clinical signs. A gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) was suspected based on diagnostic imaging and cytology. Imatinib was administered; however, the tumour size did not change, thus duodenal tumour resection was performed on Day 65. The tumour was on the antimesenteric border of the proximal duodenum; therefore, major and minor duodenal papillae were preserved, and the defect of the duodenum was reconstructed with a pediculated jejunal patch. The resected mass was histopathologically diagnosed as GIST with a clean margin. There were no serious postoperative complications associated with the obstruction of common bile duct and small intestine, and the patient's postoperative progress was good. These results suggest that duodenal reconstruction with a pediculated jejunal patch could be used for GIST in the proximal duodenum.
Spectral‐quasi‐linearization method and multiple regression analysis of reiner‐philippoff fluid flow
Authors: Mallikarjuna Bandaru , Chakravarthy Yathiraju S.K. , Raju Chakravarthula S.K. , Ayyaz Rida , Shehzad Sabir Ali
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the flow and heat transmission of Reiner‐Philippoff fluid (RPF) past a stretchable sheet is investigated theoretically and analyzed by using the numerical and statistical tools. A set of similarity transformations is used to non‐dimensionalize the governing equations. These expressions are numerically evaluated by employing the Spectral‐Quasi‐Linearization Method (SQLM). The numerical values are validated with the published results, and an excellent agreement is noticed in limiting cases. The results are presented graphically for different cases of fluids such as dilatant, Newtonian and pseudo‐plastic fluids for various physical parametric values include Bingham number, thermal buoyancy parameter, inclination angle parameter. Further, the behavior of fluid velocity and its temperature profiles are discussed within the boundary layer regime. Multiple regression process is used to analyze the results of the heat transmission rate and skin‐friction coefficient against distinct physical parametric values. It is observed that the dilatant fluid and pseudo‐plastic fluid show a diverse behavior as Bingham's number increases. With the enhancement in the inclination angle parameter, the fluid temperature risen for dilatant, pseudoplastic, and Newtonian fluids. This type of flow model over the stretching sheet has gained eminent importance in fluid dynamics due to their enormous applications in engineering and environment such as drawing of plastic sheets, metal and polymer extrusion, liquid coatings on photographic films, and so forth.
Associations of serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p (M371) with risk factors for progression in nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumours clinical stage 1
Authors: Dieckmann Klaus-Peter , Dumlupinar Cansu , Radtke Arlo , Matthies Cord , Pichler Renate , Paffenholz Pia , Sommer Jörg , Winter Alexander , Zengerling Friedemann , Hennig Finja , Wülfing Christian , Belge Gazanfer
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Lymphovascular invasion (LV1) and presence of > 50% embryonal carcinoma (> 50% EC) represent risk factors for progression in patients with clinical stage 1 (CS1) nonseminomatous (NS) testicular germ cell tumours. As serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p (M371) are capable of detecting small amounts of GCT, we evaluated if LV1 and > 50% EC are associated with M371 levels.

Methods

M371 serum levels were measured postoperatively in 153 NS CS1 patients and both pre- and postoperatively in 131 patients. We registered the following factors: age, tumour size, LV status, > 50% EC, teratoma in primary, preoperative elevation of classical tumour markers. M371 expression was compared among subgroups. The ability of M371 to predict LV1 was calculated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Multiple regression analysis was used to look for associations of M371 levels with other factors.

Results

Postoperatively elevated M371 levels were found in 29.4% of the patients, but were neither associated with LV status nor with > 50% EC. Likewise, relative decrease of M371 was not associated. ROC analysis of postoperative M371 levels revealed an AUC of 0.5 for the ability to predict LV1 while preoperative M371 had an AUC of 0.732. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant associations of preoperative M371 levels with LV status (p = 0.003), tumour size (p = 0.001), > 50% EC (p = 0.004), and teratoma component (p = 0.045).

Conclusion

Postoperatively elevated M371 levels are not associated with risk factors for progression in NS CS1 patients. However, the significant association of preoperative M371 expression with LV1 deserves further evaluation.
The doctrinal paradox: comparison of decision rules in a probabilistic framework
Authors: Alabert Aureli , Farré Mercè
Published: November 2021

The doctrinal paradox is analysed from a probabilistic point of view assuming a simple parametric model for the committee’s behaviour. The well known premise-based and conclusion-based majority rules are compared in this model, by means of the concepts of false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR) and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) space. We introduce also a new rule that we call path-based, which is somehow halfway between the other two. Under our model assumptions, the premise-based rule is shown to be the best of the three according to an optimality criterion based in ROC maps, for all values of the model parameters (committee size and competence of its members), when equal weight is given to FPR and FNR. We extend this result to prove that, for unequal weights of FNR and FPR, the relative goodness of the rules depends on the values of the competence and the weights, in a way which is precisely described. The results are illustrated with some numerical examples.
Conceptualising Reuse in African Households: Perspectives from Chembe, Malawi
Authors: Kalina Marc , Ngcoya Mvuselelo , Nkhoma Bembeyere , Tilley Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

African households are often models of sustainability, practicing daily behaviours, which, if even not directly associated by the individual with Western conceptualisations of ‘recycling’ or ‘reuse’, have dramatically positive impacts on the amounts of household waste generated. However, rarely has the African household been given the same consideration, and there is a poor understanding within the discipline how poor individuals, and Africans in particular, understand and conceptualise ‘waste’ as both a problem and a resource. Drawing on Kennedy and Appadurai’s theoretical perspectives, the purpose of this article is to critically examine and contextualise household solid waste reuse practices in Chembe, Malawi, a rapidly densifying village and a constituent part of one of the nation’s premier resort destinations. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork with residents and stakeholders, findings suggest that, within Chembe, reuse practices, and the motivations that drive them, are both widespread and diverse, with a multitude of ‘waste’ items living multiple ‘lives’ before being ultimately discarded as ‘trash’. These behaviours are facilitated by the fact that many desirable waste items are widely available locally within Chembe, and although some of these reuse practices may be widespread within Malawi, others have been uniquely fostered by Chembe’s position as an affluent tourism destination with abundant and easily accessible waste streams. This investigation is particularly important within the context of rural Africa, and the Global South more broadly. Moreover, it should critically inform circular economy, zero waste, and broader waste management studies discourse, where African households have been habitually treated as problems needing solutions, rather than potential sources of innovation and learning.
Exploring students’ perceived need and preferences for achievement emotion competence training
Authors: Stockinger Kristina , Vogl Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

Given the importance of achievement emotions for students’ academic success and wellbeing, scholars are increasingly seeking to develop effective programs for equipping students with competencies for adaptively managing achievement emotions. To date, however, little is known about what kind of support, if any, students themselves perceive as useful. We thus conducted a needs assessment to explore the degree to which German lower secondary school students (N = 387) perceive a need for such training; how this need varies across students, possibly implying different implementation conditions; and their preferences for training formats/content. To this end, students completed a series of self-report measures targeting demographics, achievement emotions, perceived training need, and training preferences. Students’ responses were analyzed quantitatively and revealed a discernible need for training; that this need is higher for students with higher levels of negative achievement emotions (e.g., anxiety, disappointment) and relief, and with lower achievement; and discernible trends in students’ preferences for training formats, particularly with regard to opportunities for social interaction with peers. Implications for research and designing effective as well as appealing achievement emotion competence trainings are discussed.
Effect of SiO2 nanoparticle addition on growth of interfacial Ag3Sn intermetallic compound layers between lead-free solder and silver conductor
Authors: Hsiang Hsing-I , Chen Chih-Cheng , Su Han-Yang
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the effects of silver powder modification on intermetallic compound (IMC) formation and silver leaching during soldering at high temperatures. Silica nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited onto a silver powder surface to inhibit silver leaching, which can lead to soldering joint failure during high-temperature soldering. The NPs were deposited through hydrolysis and a condensation reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) based on the Stöber method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the microstructures of silver powders after the deposition of silica NPs with various TEOS concentrations and various deposition times. As the deposition time increased, the amount of silica NPs on the surface of the silver powder increased. The transmission electron microscopy results show that silica NPs were located at the IMC grain boundaries, which can hinder the dissolution of IMCs by lead-free solder melt along grain boundaries during soldering, retarding silver leaching. The growth kinetics and mechanism of IMCs during soldering were investigated. The results show that the growth of IMCs is mainly dominated by bulk diffusion. The activation energy for IMC growth increased and the growth rate decreased with increasing silica NP addition and deposition time.