bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Life and Learning Do Not Fit
Authors: Benda Klara , Bruckman Amy , Guzdial Mark
Published: December 2012

We present the results of an interview study investigating student experiences in two online introductory computer science courses. Our theoretical approach is situated at the intersection of two research traditions:
distance and adult education research
, which tends to be sociologically oriented, and
computer science education research
, which has strong connections with pedagogy and psychology. The article reviews contributions from both traditions on student failure in the context of higher education, distance and online education as well as introductory computer science. Our research relies on a combination of the two perspectives, which provides useful results for the field of computer science education in general, as well as its online or distance versions. The interviewed students exhibited great diversity in both socio-demographic and educational background. We identified no profiles that predicted student success or failure. At the same time, we found that expectations about programming resulted in challenges of time-management and communication. The time requirements of programming assignments were unpredictable, often disproportionate to expectations, and clashed with the external commitments of adult professionals. Too little communication was available to access adequate instructor help. On the basis of these findings, we suggest instructional design solutions for adult professionals studying introductory computer science education.
Bio-Inspired P2P Systems
Authors: Giordanelli Raffaele , Mastroianni Carlo , Meo Michela
Published: December 2012

This article presents an ant-based approach that enhances the flexibility, robustness and load balancing characteristics of structured P2P systems. Most notably, the approach allows peer indexes and resource keys to be defined on different and independent spaces, so that it overcomes the main limitation of standard structured P2P systems, that is, the need to assign each key to a peer having a specified index. This helps to improve load balancing, especially when the popularity distribution of resource keys is nonuniform, and enables the efficient execution of complex and range queries, which are essential in important types of distributed systems, for example, in Grids and Clouds. Beyond describing the general approach, this article focuses on the specific case of Self-CAN, a self-organizing P2P system that, while relying on the multidimensional structured organization of peers provided by CAN, exploits the operations of ant-based mobile agents to sort the resource keys and distribute them to peers. This system is particularly useful for the management and discovery of the resources that can be conveniently characterized by the values of several independent attributes.
Fuzzy Variable Structure Control for Uncertain Systems with Disturbance
Authors: Wang Bo , Shi Peng , Karimi Hamid Reza , Wang Jun , Song Yongduan
Published: December 2012

This paper focuses on the fuzzy variable structure control for uncertain systems with disturbance. Specifically, the fuzzy control is introduced to estimate the control disturbance, the switching control is included to compensate for the approximation error, and they possess the characteristic of simpleness in design and effectiveness in attenuating the control chattering. Some typical numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the fuzzy variable structure controller proposed.
Double Discretization Difference Schemes for Partial Integrodifferential Option Pricing Jump Diffusion Models
Authors: Casabán M.-C. , Company R. , Jódar L. , Romero J.-V.
Published: December 2012

A new discretization strategy is introduced for the numerical solution of partial integrodifferential equations appearing in option pricing jump diffusion models. In order to consider the unknown behaviour of the solution in the unbounded part of the spatial domain, a double discretization is proposed. Stability, consistency, and positivity of the resulting explicit scheme are analyzed. Advantages of the method are illustrated with several examples.
The Combined RKM and ADM for Solving Nonlinear Weakly Singular Volterra Integrodifferential Equations
Authors: Lv Xueqin , Shi Sixing
Published: December 2012

The reproducing kernel method (RKM) and the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) are applied to solve nth‐order nonlinear weakly singular Volterra integrodifferential equations. The numerical solutions of this class of equations have been a difficult topic to analyze. The aim of this paper is to use Taylor’s approximation and then transform the given nth‐order nonlinear Volterra integrodifferential equation into an ordinary nonlinear differential equation. Using the RKM and ADM to solve ordinary nonlinear differential equation is an accurate and efficient method. Some examples indicate that this method is an efficient method to solve nth‐order nonlinear Volterra integro‐differential equations.
Correlation of Circulating Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein Ligand Levels with Disease Activity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Gu Lei , Xu Lingxiao , Zhang Xiaojun , Tan Wenfeng , Wang Hong , Zhang Miaojia
Published: December 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) related protein ligand (GITRL) with disease activity and organ involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum GITRL levels were measured in 58 patients with SLE and 30 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Patients were assessed for clinical and laboratory variables. Correlations of serum GITRL levels with SLEDAI, laboratory values, and clinical manifestations were assessed. Serum GITRL levels were determined by ELISA. Serum GITRL levels were markedly increased in patients with SLE compared with healthy controls (mean 401.3 ng/mL and 36.59 ng/mL, resp.;P<0.0001). SLE patients with active disease showed higher serum GITRL levels compared to those with inactive disease (mean 403.3 ng/mL and 136.3 ng/mL, resp;P=0.0043) as well as normal controls (36.59 ng/mL;P<0.0001). Serum GITRL levels were positively correlated with SLEDAI, titers of anti-dsDNA antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and IgM and negatively correlated with complement3 (C3). Serum GITRL levels were higher in SLE patients with renal involvement and vasculitis compared with patients without the above-mentioned manifestations.
Bifurcation from Interval and Positive Solutions of a Nonlinear Second‐Order Dynamic Boundary Value Problem on Time Scales
Authors: Luo Hua
Published: December 2012

Let 𝕋 be a time scale with 0, T ∈ 𝕋. We give a global description of the branches of positive solutions to the nonlinear boundary value problem of second‐order dynamic equation on a time scale 𝕋, uΔΔ(t) + f(t, uσ(t)) = 0, t ∈ [0, T] 𝕋, u(0) = u(σ2(T)) = 0, which is not necessarily linearizable. Our approaches are based on topological degree theory and global bifurcation techniques.
Numerical Study of Hall Thruster Plume and Sputtering Erosion
Authors: Yan Li , Wang Ping-Yang , Ou Yang-Hua , Kang Xiao-Lu
Published: December 2012

Potential sputtering erosion caused by the interactions between spacecraft and plasma plume of Hall thrusters is a concern for electric propulsion. In this study, calculation model of Hall thruster’s plume and sputtering erosion is presented. The model is based on three dimensional hybrid particle‐in‐cell and direct simulation Monte Carlo method (PIC/DSMC method) which is integrated with plume‐wall sputtering yield model. For low‐energy heavy‐ion sputtering in Hall thruster plume, the Matsunami formula for the normal incidence sputtering yield and the Yamamura angular dependence of sputtering yield are used. The validation of the simulation model is realized through comparing plume results with the measured data. Then, SPT‐70’s sputtering erosion on satellite surfaces is assessed and effect of mass flow rate on sputtering erosion is analyzed.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Promote Brain Hypoperfusion Leading to Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Authors: de la Torre Jack C.
Published: December 2012

Heart disease is the major leading cause of death and disability in the world. Mainly affecting the elderly population, heart disease and its main outcome, cardiovascular disease, have become an important risk factor in the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This paper examines the evidence linking chronic brain hypoperfusion induced by a variety of cardiovascular deficits in the development of cognitive impairment preceding AD. The evidence indicates a strong association between AD and cardiovascular risk factors, including ApoE4, atrial fibrillation, thrombotic events, hypertension, hypotension, heart failure, high serum markers of inflammation, coronary artery disease, low cardiac index, and valvular pathology. In elderly people whose cerebral perfusion is already diminished by their advanced age, additional reduction of cerebral blood flow stemming from abnormalities in the heart-brain vascular loop ostensibly increases the probability of developing AD. Evidence also suggests that a neuronal energy crisis brought on by relentless brain hypoperfusion may be responsible for protein synthesis abnormalities that later result in the classic neurodegenerative lesions involving the formation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Insight into how cardiovascular risk factors can induce progressive cognitive impairment offers an enhanced understanding of the multifactorial pathophysiology characterizing AD and ways at preventing or managing the cardiovascular precursors of this dementia.
Wnt-Signaling-Mediated Antiosteoporotic Activity of Porcine Placenta Hydrolysates in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Ko Byoung-Seob , Kim Da Sol , Kang Suna , Lee Na Ra , Ryuk Jin Ah , Park Sunmin
Published: December 2012

Anti-osteoporotic effects of two types of porcine placenta hydrolysates (PPH) were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats orally administered PPH without (WPPH) or with (NPPH) ovarian hormones (1 g/kg bw/day). PPH groups were compared with OVX rats with estrogen replacement (0.1 mg/kg bw conjugated estrogen; EST), or dextrose (placebo; OVX-control) All rats received high-fat/calcium-deficient diets for 12 weeks. NPPH contained less estrogen and progesterone, but more essential amino acids, whereas the opposite was true for WPPH. NPPH decreased body weight and peri-uterine fat pads, and maintained uterus weight. NPPH rats had higher femur and lumbar spine bone mass density compared to controls; but less than those of EST rats. Serum phosphorus and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels were reduced in NPPH rats compared to OVX-controls. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and bone turnover marker levels were reduced NPPH rats compared to OVX-controls. WPPH produced results similar to those of NPPH, but less significant. Both NPPH and estrogen upregulated low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 andβ-catenin in OVX rats, while the expression of dickkopf-related protein 1 was suppressed. In conclusion, NPPH exerted anti-osteoporotic effects by activating osteogenesis and stimulating Wnt signaling, possibly mediated by the various amino acids and not ovarian hormones.
Autologous Blood Injection and Wrist Immobilisation for Chronic Lateral Epicondylitis
Authors: Massy-Westropp Nicola , Simmonds Stuart , Caragianis Suzanne , Potter Andrew
Published: December 2012

Purpose. This study explored the effect of autologous blood injection (with ultrasound guidance) to the elbows of patients who had radiologically assessed degeneration of the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis and failed cortisone injection/s to the lateral epicondylitis.Methods. This prospective longitudinal series involved preinjection assessment of pain, grip strength, and function, using the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation. Patients were injected with blood from the contralateral limb and then wore a customised wrist support for five days, after which they commenced a stretching, strengthening, and massage programme with an occupational therapist. These patients were assessed after six months and then finally between 18 months and five years after injection, using the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation.Results. Thirty-eight of 40 patients completed the study, showing significant improvement in pain; the worst pain decreased by two to five points out of a 10-point visual analogue for pain. Self-perceived function improved by 11–25 points out of 100. Women showed significant increase in grip, but men did not.Conclusions. Autologous blood injection improved pain and function in a worker’s compensation cohort of patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis, who had not had relief with cortisone injection.
Track Irregularity Time Series Analysis and Trend Forecasting
Authors: Chaolong Jia , Weixiang Xu , Futian Wang , Hanning Wang
Published: December 2012

The combination of linear and nonlinear methods is widely used in the prediction of time series data. This paper analyzes track irregularity time series data by using gray incidence degree models and methods of data transformation, trying to find the connotative relationship between the time series data. In this paper, GM (1,1) is based on first‐order, single variable linear differential equations; after an adaptive improvement and error correction, it is used to predict the long‐term changing trend of track irregularity at a fixed measuring point; the stochastic linear AR, Kalman filtering model, and artificial neural network model are applied to predict the short‐term changing trend of track irregularity at unit section. Both long‐term and short‐term changes prove that the model is effective and can achieve the expected accuracy.
Matroidal Structure of Rough Sets Based on Serial and Transitive Relations
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Zhu William
Published: December 2012

The theory of rough sets is concerned with the lower and upper approximations of objects through a binary relation on a universe. It has been applied to machine learning, knowledge discovery, and data mining. The theory of matroids is a generalization of linear independence in vector spaces. It has been used in combinatorial optimization and algorithm design. In order to take advantages of both rough sets and matroids, in this paper we propose a matroidal structure of rough sets based on a serial and transitive relation on a universe. We define the family of all minimal neighborhoods of a relation on a universe and prove it satisfies the circuit axioms of matroids when the relation is serial and transitive. In order to further study this matroidal structure, we investigate the inverse of this construction: inducing a relation by a matroid. The relationships between the upper approximation operators of rough sets based on relations and the closure operators of matroids in the above two constructions are studied. Moreover, we investigate the connections between the above two constructions.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Min‐Max Neural Network Classifier Based on Principle Component Analysis and Adaptive Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Liu Jinhai , Yu Zhibo , Ma Dazhong
Published: December 2012

A novel adaptive fuzzy min‐max neural network classifier called AFMN is proposed in this paper. Combined with principle component analysis and adaptive genetic algorithm, this integrated system can serve as a supervised and real‐time classification technique. Considering the loophole in the expansion‐contraction process of FMNN and GFMN and the overcomplex network architecture of FMCN, AFMN maintains the simple architecture of FMNN for fast learning and testing while rewriting the membership function, the expansion and contraction rules for hyperbox generation to solve the confusion problems in the hyperbox overlap region. Meanwhile, principle component analysis is adopted to finish dataset dimensionality reduction for increasing learning efficiency. After training, the confidence coefficient of each hyperbox is calculated based on the distribution of samples. During classifying procedure, utilizing adaptive genetic algorithm to complete parameter optimization for AFMN can also fasten the entire procedure than traversal method. For conditions where training samples are insufficient, data core weight updating is indispensible to enhance the robustness of classifier and the modified membership function can adjust itself according to the input varieties. The paper demonstrates the performance of AFMN through substantial examples in terms of classification accuracy and operating speed by comparing it with FMNN, GFMN, and FMCN.
Bone Metastases from Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Feki Jihen , Bouzguenda Racem , Ayedi Lobna , Bradi Moez , Boudawara Tahia , Daoud Jamel , Frikha Mounir
Published: December 2012

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Their most common metastatic sites are the liver and the peritoneum, but GISTs rarely metastasize to the bones. We report a case of a 58-year-old man with sternoclavicular joint metastasis from a GIST manifesting 28 months after surgical resection of the small intestine tumor. We will discuss through this paper and a literature review the clinical characteristics, imaging features, and management of this unusual metastatic location of GIST.
Robotics to Enable Older Adults to Remain Living at Home
Authors: Pearce Alan J. , Adair Brooke , Miller Kimberly , Ozanne Elizabeth , Said Catherine , Santamaria Nick , Morris Meg E.
Published: December 2012

Given the rapidly ageing population, interest is growing in robots to enable older people to remain living at home. We conducted a systematic review and critical evaluation of the scientific literature, from 1990 to the present, on the use of robots in aged care. The key research questions were as follows: (1) what is the range of robotic devices available to enable older people to remain mobile, independent, and safe? and, (2) what is the evidence demonstrating that robotic devices are effective in enabling independent living in community dwelling older people? Following database searches for relevant literature an initial yield of 161 articles was obtained. Titles and abstracts of articles were then reviewed by 2 independent people to determine suitability for inclusion. Forty-two articles met the criteria for question 1. Of these, 4 articles met the criteria for question 2. Results showed that robotics is currently available to assist older healthy people and people with disabilities to remain independent and to monitor their safety and social connectedness. Most studies were conducted in laboratories and hospital clinics. Currently limited evidence demonstrates that robots can be used to enable people to remain living at home, although this is an emerging smart technology that is rapidly evolving.
Analyzing the Effects of Gap Junction Blockade on Neural Synchrony via a Motoneuron Network Computational Model
Authors: Memelli Heraldo , Horn Kyle G. , Wittie Larry D. , Solomon Irene C.
Published: December 2012

In specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS), gap junctions have been shown to participate in neuronal synchrony. Amongst the CNS regions identified, some populations of brainstem motoneurons are known to be coupled by gap junctions. The application of various gap junction blockers to these motoneuron populations, however, has led to mixed results regarding their synchronous firing behavior, with some studies reporting a decrease in synchrony while others surprisingly find an increase in synchrony. To address this discrepancy, we employ a neuronal network model of Hodgkin-Huxley-style motoneurons connected by gap junctions. Using this model, we implement a series of simulations and rigorously analyze their outcome, including the calculation of a measure of neuronal synchrony. Our simulations demonstrate that under specific conditions, uncoupling of gap junctions is capable of producing either a decrease or an increase in neuronal synchrony. Subsequently, these simulations provide mechanistic insight into these different outcomes.
Spontaneous Uterine Rupture of an Unscarred Uterus before Labour
Authors: Guèye Mamour , Mbaye Magatte , Ndiaye-Guèye Mame Diarra , Kane-Guèye Serigne Modou , Diouf Abdoul Aziz , Niang Mouhamadou Mansour , Diaw Hannegret , Moreau Jean Charles
Published: December 2012

Uterine rupture is a public health problem in developing countries. When it is spontaneous, it occurs most often during labor in a context of scarred uterus. Uterine rupture during pregnancy is a rare situation. The diagnosis is not always obvious and morbidity and maternal and fetal mortality is still high. We report a case of spontaneous uterine rupture during pregnancy at 35 weeks of an unscarred uterus before labour. This is an exceptional case that we observe for the first time in our unit.
The Pathogenesis of Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis
Authors: Seamon Jesse , Keller Thomas , Saleh Jamal , Cui Quanjun
Published: December 2012

Nontraumatic osteonecrosis continues to be a challenging problem causing debilitating major joint diseases. The etiology is multifactorial, but steroid- and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis contribute to more than two thirds of all cases with genetic risk factors playing an important role in many other cases, especially when they contribute to hypercoagulable states. While the exact mechanisms remain elusive, many new insights have emerged from research in the last decade that have given us a clearer picture of the pathogenesis of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Progression to end stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head appears to be related to four main factors: interactions involving the differentiation pathway of osteoprogenitor cells that promote adipogenesis, decreased angiogenesis, direct suppression of osteogenic gene expression and proliferation of bone marrow stem cells, and genetic anomalies or other diseases that promote hypercoagulable states.
Traffic Network Equilibrium Problems with Capacity Constraints of Arcs and Linear Scalarization Methods
Authors: Tian X. Q. , Xu Y. D.
Published: December 2012

Traffic network equilibrium problems with capacity constraints of arcs are studied. A (weak) vector equilibrium principle with vector‐valued cost functions, which are different from the ones in the work of Lin (2010), and three kinds of parametric equilibrium flows are introduced. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for a (weak) vector equilibrium flow to be a parametric equilibrium flow are derived. Relationships between a parametric equilibrium flow and a solution of a scalar variational inequality problem are also discussed. Some examples are given to illustrate our results.
Gas Sensing Properties and Mechanism of Nano‐SnO2‐Based Sensor for Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Chen Weigen , Zhou Qu , Wan Fu , Gao Tuoyu
Published: December 2012

Nano‐SnO2 powder was prepared by the hydrothermal method in this paper. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the composition of the crystalline phase and the morphology of the prepared gas‐sensitive materials, respectively. In particular, the study focused on the sensing behaviors of nano‐SnO2‐based sensor towards power transformer fault gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The optimum working temperature for hydrogen and carbon monoxide is about 400∘C and 360∘C, separately. Further investigations into the adsorption process of gas molecule on SnO2 (110) surface based on the first principles were conducted. The calculations indicated that 1σ orbits of H2 split into several new electronic peaks and 5σ orbits of CO almost degenerated completely in the adsorption process, which promoted charge transfer between gas molecule and SnO2 (110) surface. It provides a qualitative explanation for the prepared nano‐SnO2‐based sensor exhibiting different gas sensing properties towards H2 and CO.
Profile Evaluation of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Undergoing Surgery at a Reference Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Franco Diogo , Iani Marcella , Passalini Ronaldo , Demolinari Ivan , Arnaut Marcio , Franco Talita
Published: December 2012

In Brazil, the classic timeline for operating on cleft lip and palate is three months old for cheiloplasty and is 12 to 18 months old for palatoplasty. As from Brazilian treatment centers are usually located in major cities, patients living in more remote areas are often unable to receive treatment at the ideal ages. Data were analyzed retrospectively on 45 patients with cleft lip and/or palate, consecutively operated at the Reference Center, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Brazil. Particularly noteworthy among these data are gender, clinical presentation, operations performed, age of surgery, and the distance between their homes and the hospital. The average age of patients undergoing primary cheiloplasty was 9.4 months, with primary palatoplasties performed at an average age of 7.2 years. As 67% of these patients lived in other towns, they encountered difficulties in seeking and continuing specialized care. Despite attempts to decentralize cleft palate care in Brazil, suitable conditions are not yet noted for following the treatment protocols in a full and adequate manner.
Uncertainty and Sensitivity of Neutron Kinetic Parameters in the Dynamic Response of a PWR Rod Ejection Accident Coupled Simulation
Authors: Mesado C. , Soler A. , Barrachina T. , Miró R. , García-Díaz J. C. , Macián-Juan R. , Verdú G.
Published: December 2012

In nuclear safety analysis, it is very important to be able to simulate the different transients that can occur in a nuclear power plant with a very high accuracy. Although the best estimate codes can simulate the transients and provide realistic system responses, the use of nonexact models, together with assumptions and estimations, is a source of uncertainties which must be properly evaluated. This paper describes a Rod Ejection Accident (REA) simulated using the coupled code RELAP5/PARCSv2.7 with a perturbation on the cross-sectional sets in order to determine the uncertainties in the macroscopic neutronic information. The procedure to perform the uncertainty and sensitivity (U&S) analysis is a sampling-based method which is easy to implement and allows different procedures for the sensitivity analyses despite its high computational time. DAKOTA-Jaguar software package is the selected toolkit for the U&S analysis presented in this paper. The size of the sampling is determined by applying the Wilks’ formula for double tolerance limits with a 95% of uncertainty and with 95% of statistical confidence for the output variables. Each sample has a corresponding set of perturbations that will modify the cross-sectional sets used by PARCS. Finally, the intervals of tolerance of the output variables will be obtained by the use of nonparametric statistical methods.
[Retracted] Service Selection of Ensuring Transactional Reliability and QoS for Web Service Composition
Authors: Zhang Guojun , Chen Liping , Ha Weitao
Published: December 2012

Service‐Oriented Architecture (SOA) provides a flexible framework of service composition. Using standard‐based protocols, composite service can be constructed by integrating component services independently. As component services are developed by different organization and offer diverse transactional properties and QoS characteristics, it is a challenging problem how to select suitable component services which ensure reliable execution of composite Web service and construct the optimal composite Web service. In this paper, we propose a selection approach that combines transactional properties of ensuring reliability and QoS characteristics. In the selection approach, we build automaton model to implement transactional‐aware service selection and use the model to guarantee reliable execution of composite Web service. We also define aggregation functions, and use a Multiple‐Attribute Decision‐Making approach for the utility function to achieve Qos‐based optimal service selection. Finally, two scenarios of experiments are presented to demonstrate the validity of the selection approach.
Detection and Elimination of a Potential Fire in Engine and Battery Compartments of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Dattathreya Macam S. , Singh Harpreet , Meitzler Thomas
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a novel fuzzy deterministic noncontroller type (FDNCT) system and an FDNCT inference algorithm (FIA). The FDNCT uses fuzzy inputs and produces a deterministic non-fuzzy output. The FDNCT is an extension and alternative for the existing fuzzy singleton inference algorithm. The research described in this paper applies FDNCT to build an architecture for an intelligent system to detect and to eliminate potential fires in the engine and battery compartments of a hybrid electric vehicle. The fuzzy inputs consist of sensor data from the engine and battery compartments, namely, temperature, moisture, and voltage and current of the battery. The system synthesizes the data and detects potential fires, takes actions for eliminating the hazard, and notifies the passengers about the potential fire using an audible alarm. This paper also presents the computer simulation results of the comparison between the FIA and singleton inference algorithms for detecting potential fires and determining the actions for eliminating them.
Matrix Exponentiation and the Frank‐Kamenetskii Equation
Authors: Momoniat E.
Published: December 2012

Long time solutions to the Frank‐Kamenetskii partial differential equation modelling a
thermal explosion in a vessel are obtained using matrix exponentiation. Spatial derivatives
are approximated by high‐order finite difference approximations. A forward difference
approximation to the time derivative leads to a Lawson‐Euler scheme. Computations
performed with a BDF approximation to the time derivative and a fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta approximation to the time derivative are compared to results obtained with the
Lawson‐Euler scheme. Variation in the central temperature of the vessel corresponding
to changes in the shape parameter and Frank‐Kamenetskii parameter are computed and
discussed.
Filling the Silent Void: Genetic Therapies for Hearing Impairment
Authors: Sng Joel , Lufkin Thomas
Published: December 2012

The inner ear cytoarchitecture forms one of the most intricate and delicate organs in the human body and is vulnerable to the effects of genetic disorders, aging, and environmental damage. Owing to the inability of the mammalian cochlea to regenerate sensory hair cells, the loss of hair cells is a leading cause of deafness in humans. Millions of individuals worldwide are affected by the emotionally and financially devastating effects of hearing impairment (HI). This paper provides a brief introduction into the key role of genes regulating inner ear development and function. Potential future therapies that leverage on an improved understanding of these molecular pathways are also described in detail.
Hopf Bifurcation of a Differential‐Algebraic Bioeconomic Model with Time Delay
Authors: Zhou Xiaojian , Chen Xin , Song Yongzhong
Published: December 2012

We investigate the dynamics of a differential‐algebraic bioeconomic model with two time delays. Regarding time delay as a bifurcation parameter, we show that a sequence of Hopf bifurcations occur at the positive equilibrium as the delay increases. Using the theories of normal form and center manifold, we also give the explicit algorithm for determining the direction of the Hopf bifurcations and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Numerical tests are provided to verify our theoretical analysis.
Discovery of Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase as Cognitive Enhancers
Authors: Andersson Hanna , Hallberg Mathias
Published: December 2012

The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of Ang IV improved memory and learning in the rat. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the positive effects of Ang IV and related analogues on cognition. It has been proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the main target of Ang IV. This paper discusses progress in the discovery of inhibitors of IRAP as potential enhancers of cognitive functions. Very potent inhibitors of the protease have been synthesised, but pharmacokinetic issues (including problems associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier) remain to be solved. The paper also briefly presents an overview of the status in the discovery of inhibitors of ACE and renin, and of AT1R antagonists and AT2R agonists, in order to enable other discovery processes within the RAS system to be compared. The paper focuses on the relationship between binding affinities/inhibition capacity and the structures of the ligands that interact with the target proteins.
Effect of Road Traffic Noise Pollution on Human Work Efficiency in Government Offices, Private Organizations, and Commercial Business Centres in Agartala City Using Fuzzy Expert System: A Case Study
Authors: Pal Debasish , Bhattacharya Debasish
Published: December 2012

This study examines the problems of reduction of individual’s efficiency in his/her respective working places because of road traffic noise pollution in Agartala due to rapidly growing vehicular traffic. This paper deals with monitoring and modeling of the disturbances caused due to vehicular road traffic interrupted by traffic flow conditions on personal work performance. Total of two hundred seventy individuals from different road side Government Offices, Private Organizations and Commercial Business Centres on both sides of busy roads of the city were interviewed for attitudinal responses. Traffic volume count and noise indices data were collected simultaneously at six selected sites of the city. A relationship was developed between different traffic noise parameters and its harmful impact on work competency of individuals using MATLAB. Regression equations developed to predict the percentage of high annoyance among the individuals are fit based on noise parameters and parameters related to traffic movements. In addition, statistical analysis was also carried out between measured and predictive values of the percentage of highly annoyed group of individuals. The present model will draw the attention of the State Government and will help the policy maker to take the necessary steps to reduce this problem.
Water Flow Affects Zooplankton Feeding by the Scleractinian CoralGalaxea fascicularison a Polyp and Colony Level
Authors: Wijgerde Tim , Spijkers Pascal , Karruppannan Eric , Verreth Johan A. J. , Osinga Ronald
Published: December 2012

Several factors may affect heterotrophic feeding of benthic marine invertebrates, including water flow rate and polyp context (i.e., the presence of neighbouring polyps). We tested the interactive effects of water flow rate and polyp context on zooplankton feeding by the scleractinian coralGalaxea fascicularis. Single polyps and colonies were incubated in a flow cell for 30 minutes with an ambientArtemianauplii concentration of 10,000 L−1and water flow rates ranging from 1.25 to 40 cm s−1. Water flow rate and polyp context showed significant main and interactive effects on feeding rates ofG. fascicularispolyps. More specifically, feeding rates were optimal at flow rates of 1.25 cm s−1for single polyps and 5 to 10 cm s−1for polyps inhabiting colonies. The presence of epizoic acoelomorph flatworms may have negatively affected the observed feeding rates, especially at high flow. Our results demonstrate that water flow affects coral feeding and thus heterotrophic nutrient input at both a polyp and colony level. These findings are of relevance to our understanding of how biotic and abiotic factors interact on coral heterotrophy and may serve to optimise coral aquaculture.
The Right to Move: A Multidisciplinary Lifespan Conceptual Framework
Authors: Antonucci Toni C. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Brant Jennifer , Falk Emily B. , Halter Jeffrey B. , Hamdemir Levent , Konrath Sara H. , Lee Joyce M. , McCullough Wayne R. , Persad Carol C. , Seydel Roland , Smith Jacqui , Webster Noah J.
Published: December 2012

This paper addresses the health problems and opportunities that society will face in 2030. We propose a proactive model to combat the trend towards declining levels of physical activity and increasing obesity. The model emphasizes the need to increase physical activity among individuals of all ages. We focus on the right to move and the benefits of physical activity. The paper introduces a seven-level model that includes cells, creature (individual), clan (family), community, corporation, country, and culture. At each level the model delineates how increased or decreased physical activity influences health and well-being across the life span. It emphasizes the importance of combining multiple disciplines and corporate partners to produce a multifaceted cost-effective program that increases physical activity at all levels. The goal of this paper is to recognize exercise as a powerful, low-cost solution with positive benefits to cognitive, emotional, and physical health. Further, the model proposes that people of all ages should incorporate the “right to move” into their life style, thereby maximizing the potential to maintain health and well-being in a cost-effective, optimally influential manner.
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Are We Making Progress in Treatment?
Authors: Chiu Joanne , Yau Thomas
Published: December 2012

Development of systemic treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) has been challenging. After fluorouracil, gemcitabine (GEM) became the treatment of choice based on its benefit of symptom relief. Many cytotoxic agents have been combined with GEM in search of regimens with improved survival benefit. However, there were only marginal benefits in people with good performance status. Recently, the combination regimen consisting of oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRINOX) was found to achieve unprecedented survival benefit and has become the preferred option for patients with good clinical conditions. On the other hand, many biological agents have been combined with GEM, but only erlotinib was found to derive statistically significant survival advantage. However, the effect was too small to be appreciated clinically. The effort in development of targeted therapy in APC continues. This paper summarized key findings in the development of chemotherapy and targeted therapy for APC patients and discussed future directions in management.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Exacerbates Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury via Suppressing the Translocation of NF-κB into the Nucleus
Authors: Ogawa Yuji , Yoneda Masato , Tomeno Wataru , Imajo Kento , Shinohara Yoshiyasu , Fujita Koji , Shibata Wataru , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Saito Satoru , Wada Koichiro , Maeda Shin , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: December 2012

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPARγ) has been reported to reduce inflammation and attenuate fibrosis in the liver. In this study, we investigated the effects of PPARγon the liver injury induced by 20 mg/kg Concanavalin A (Con A). The mice were administered one of the three types of PPARγligands (pioglitazone, ciglitazone, and troglitazone) for 1 week, and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels at 20 h after Con A injection were significantly elevated in the PPARγligand-treated mice. Furthermore, the serum ALT levels after Con A injection in the PPARγhetero-knock-out mice (PPARγ+/−mice) were lower than those in the wild-type mice (WT mice). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) revealed extensive liver damage induced by Con A in the pioglitazone-treated mice. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that activation of translocation of nuclear factor- (NF-)κB, which is a suppressor of apoptosis, in the nucleus of the hepatocytes was suppressed in the pioglitazone-treated mice after Con A injection. In this study, we showed that PPARγexacerbated Con A-induced liver injury via suppressing the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, thereby inhibiting the suppression of liver cell apoptosis.
eNOS Gene Variant in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Abolhalaj Milad , Amoli Mahsa M. , Amiri Parvin
Published: December 2012

Subject & Aim. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is one of the most important candidate genes in CAD. A functional polymorphism within eNOS gene is a 27 bp VNTR on its intron 4 which has been shown to be associated with various diseases. In this study we investigated eNOS VNTR polymorphism in addition to eNOS gene expression profile in patients with CAD.Material and Methods. The study comprised patients with angiographically confirmed CAD (CAD+) and individuals with normal coronary as CAD−. eNOS VNTR polymorphism frequencies were determined in both groups. In addition eNOS gene expression profile was examined using a quantitative real-time PCR.Results. We have found that aa genotype was significantly increasing the risk of CAD in our patients (aa versus ab + bb, , ; 95% CI: = 0.98 to 16.2). The differences in eNOS expression were not significant between patients and normal group; however in CAD+patients eNOS expression was higher than the expression level of patients carrying other genotypes ().Conclusion. We have observed that eNOS gene polymorphism was associated with CAD in angiography-confirmed patients. However, the difference in eNOS gene expression was not statistically significant between patients and control which might be due to the contribution of other confounding factors which require further investigations.
Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Networks Applied to DifferentiateEscherichia colipapG+/papG-Strains
Authors: Lechowicz Łukasz , Adamus-Białek Wioletta , Kaca Wiesław
Published: December 2012

Fimbriae are an important pathogenic factor ofEscherichia coliduring development of urinary tract infections. Here, we describe a new method for identification ofEscherichia colipapG+frompapG-strains using the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR). We applied artificial neural networks to the analysis of the ATR FT-IR results. These methods allowed to discriminateE. colipapG+frompapG-strains with accuracy of 99%.
The Role of Interventional Radiology in Treating Complications following Liver Transplantation
Authors: Mehrzad Homoyoon , Mangat Kamarjit
Published: December 2012

Liver transplantation (LT) is used to treat both adult and pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease or acute liver failure. It has become more prevalent as both the surgical technique and postoperative care have improved resulting in a reduced morbidity and mortality. As a result, there are more patients surviving longer after liver transplantation. Despite this, there remain serious complications from the procedure that have a significant outcome on the patient and may result in retransplantation. At the same time, there have been significant advances in the field of interventional radiology both in terms of technology and how these apply to the patients. In this paper, we review the commonest complications, diagnostic tests, and interventional management options available.
The Definition of Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma
Authors: Ohgaki Hiroko , Kleihues Paul
Published: December 2012

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor. The vast majority of glioblastomas (∼90%) develop rapidly de novo in elderly patients, without clinical or histologic evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastomas). Secondary glioblastomas progress from low-grade diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. They manifest in younger patients, have a lesser degree of necrosis, are preferentially located in the frontal lobe, and carry a significantly better prognosis. Histologically, primary and secondary glioblastomas are largely indistinguishable, but they differ in their genetic and epigenetic profiles. Decisive genetic signposts of secondary glioblastoma are IDH1 mutations, which are absent in primary glioblastomas and which are associated with a hypermethylation phenotype. IDH1 mutations are the earliest detectable genetic alteration in precursor low-grade diffuse astrocytomas and in oligodendrogliomas, indicating that these tumors are derived from neural precursor cells that differ from those of primary glioblastomas. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, genetic, and expression features of primary and secondary glioblastomas and the biologic consequences of IDH1 mutations. We conclude that this genetic alteration is a definitive diagnostic molecular marker of secondary glioblastomas and more reliable and objective than clinical criteria. Despite a similar histologic appearance, primary and secondary glioblastomas are distinct tumor entities that originate from different precursor cells and may require different therapeutic approaches. Clin Cancer Res; 19(4); 764–72. ©2012 AACR.
Impact of a ‘School-Based’ Nutrition Intervention on Anthropometric Parameters and the Metabolic Syndrome in Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Campos Pastor M.M. , Serrano Pardo M.D. , Fernández Soto M.L. , Luna del Castillo J.D. , Escobar-Jiménez F.
Published: December 2012

Background/Aims: In adolescents, overweight and obesity are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a school-based nutritional education program (NEP) on lifestyle changes in Spanish adolescents. Methods: We selected 263 secondary school students (127 males) aged 12–16 years from Granada (Spain), who were followed up throughout 1 school year (2009–2010). At the beginning and end of the school year, data were gathered on the food consumption frequency, and anthropometric and biochemical profile. The NEP comprised a class on nutritional recommendations every 15 days, and administration of a daily breakfast of 275–350 kcal. Results: After the intervention, the prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased among both male and female students (p < 0.001) and there was also a global reduction in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) from 32.2 to 19.7% (p < 0.001); in addition, body mass index was significantly decreased in normal weight, overweight and obesity groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively), and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and lean body mass was increased in all groups (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The NEP achieved a medium-term reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and had a significant and positive effect on MS components in all groups.