bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gelation and Degelation of PVA in Aqueous BaTiO3 Slurries
Authors: Li Chia‐Chen , Chang Chung‐Hsuan
Published: January 2013

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels favorably with boron oxide (B2O3) in aqueous slurries of BaTiO3, resulting in a dilatant rheology, but the gelation and dilatancy can be efficiently reduced by the use of hydroxylated BaTiO3. The degelation effect caused by the use of hydroxylated BaTiO3 was studied, and the corresponding degelation mechanisms were clarified. Interestingly, the hydroxylated BaTiO3 interacts better than the as‐received form with PVA and B2O3, and the hydroxylated form is more chemically stable and less soluble in the aqueous slurry. Based on these specific properties of hydroxylated BaTiO3, especially its good chemical stability, the free concentrations of PVA and −B(OH)4 in the aqueous slurry are efficiently diminished. The decreased free concentrations of PVA and B2O3 facilitate the reduction of the gelation opportunity between them, leading to a great improvement in the rheological behavior of the aqueous slurries.
Unknown‐parent groups in single‐step genomic evaluation
Authors: Misztal I. , Vitezica Z.G. , Legarra A. , Aguilar I. , Swan A.A.
Published: January 2013

In single‐step genomic evaluation using best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP), genomic predictions are calculated with a relationship matrix that combines pedigree and genomic information. For missing pedigrees, unknown selection processes, or inclusion of several populations, a BLUP model can include unknown‐parent groups (UPG) in the animal effect. For ssGBLUP, UPG equations also involve contributions from genomic relationships. When those contributions are ignored, UPG solutions and genetic predictions can be biased. Options to eliminate or reduce such bias are presented. First, mixed model equations can be modified to include contributions to UPG elements from genomic relationships (greater software complexity). Second, UPG can be implemented as separate effects (higher cost of computing and data processing). Third, contributions can be ignored when they are relatively small, but they may be small only after refinements to UPG definitions. Fourth, contributions may approximately cancel out when genomic and pedigree relationships are constructed for compatibility; however, different construction steps are required for unknown parents from the same or different populations. Finally, an additional polygenic effect that also includes UPG can be added to the model.
Adolescent subthreshold‐depression and anxiety: psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk
Authors: Balázs Judit , Miklósi Mónika , Keresztény Ágnes , Hoven Christina W. , Carli Vladimir , Wasserman Camilla , Apter Alan , Bobes Julio , Brunner Romuald , Cosman Doina , Cotter Pádraig , Haring Christian , Iosue Miriam , Kaess Michael , Kahn Jean‐Pierre , Keeley Helen , Marusic Dragan , Postuvan Vita , Resch Franz , Saiz Pilar A , Sisask Merike , Snir Avigal , Tubiana Alexandra , Varnik Airi , Sarchiapone Marco , Wasserman Danuta
Published: January 2013

Background:  Subthreshold‐depression and anxiety have been associated with significant impairments in adults. This study investigates the characteristics of adolescent subthreshold‐depression and anxiety with a focus on suicidality, using both categorical and dimensional diagnostic models.

Methods:  Data were drawn from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study, comprising 12,395 adolescents from 11 countries. Based on self‐report, including Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), Zung Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Paykel Suicide Scale (PSS) were administered to students. Based on BDI‐II, adolescents were divided into three groups: nondepressed, subthreshold‐depressed and depressed; based on the SAS, they were divided into nonanxiety, subthreshold‐anxiety and anxiety groups. Analyses of Covariance were conducted on SDQ scores to explore psychopathology of the defined groups. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between functional impairments, suicidality and subthreshold and full syndromes.

Results:  Thirty‐two percent of the adolescents were subthreshold‐anxious and 5.8% anxious, 29.2% subthreshold‐depressed and 10.5% depressed, with high comorbidity. Mean scores of SDQ of subthreshold‐depressed/anxious were significantly higher than the mean scores of the nondepressed/nonanxious groups and significantly lower than those of the depressed/anxious groups. Both subthreshold and threshold‐anxiety and depression were related to functional impairment and suicidality.

Conclusions:  Subthreshold‐depression and subthreshold‐anxiety are associated with an increased burden of disease and suicide risk. These results highlight the importance of early identification of adolescent subthreshold‐depression and anxiety to minimize suicide. Incorporating these subthreshold disorders into a diagnosis could provide a bridge between categorical and dimensional diagnostic models.
Clinical and microscopic evaluation of long‐term (6 months) epilation effects of the ipulse personal home‐use intense pulsed light (IPL) device
Authors: Trelles M.A. , Ash C. , Town G.
Published: January 2013

Background  The aim of this study is to investigate the cellular mechanism of long‐term hair reduction using a novel, square pulse, low‐fluence home‐use IPL device.

Methods  Ten subjects’ axillae (Fitzpatrick III–V) were treated once weekly for four consecutive weeks in a simulated home‐use trial. Treated and control site punch biopsies were taken from axillary sites for H&E staining and blinded histological examination before, immediately after and six months after the fourth treatment. The contralateral axilla served as a control.

Results  Histologically, four sequential weekly treatments gave a significant increase in telogen compared with anagen follicles. Six months after the fourth treatment, an 87% reduction in terminal hair count (P ≤ 0.00005) was recorded. An atypical telogen with infundibular dilatation and plugging of keratin and clumping of melanin with disintegration and/or retraction of the intraluminal hair shaft were observed. The papillae remained viable and some new anagen follicles were evident after four treatments. Vellous hairs appeared unaffected by IPL exposures. A mixed inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils around vessels of the superficial and deep dermis was sometimes present but the epidermis appeared always normal.

Conclusion  A highly significant hair density reduction through induction of telogen followed by miniaturization similar to that achieved in professionally delivered permanent laser hair reduction appears to be the major mechanism of hair reduction using home‐use IPL. IPL‐induced damage to the isthmus and upper stem may inhibit or interfere with the hair regrowth process. Longer term studies are required to determine if this observed damage is clinically permanent.
Measuring Diversity on the Supreme Court with Biodiversity Statistics
Authors: Barton Benjamin H. , Moran Emily
Published: January 2013

This article aims to accomplish two goals. The first is to introduce some of the more common statistical measures of biodiversity to the empirical study of law. The second is to measure the diversity of background on the current Supreme Court using diversity indices commonly used in ecology. We treat the Supreme Court as if it is an ecosystem, and life experiences and traits as if they are different species, and ask whether diversity in seven categories (race/ethnicity, religion, professional background, geographic background, economic background, education, and political party) has grown or shrunk over time. We then combine these categories to create a single overall diversity measure. The results demonstrate that although the current Supreme Court is more diverse overall than the long‐term historical average, there has been a recent downward trend in overall diversity, driven by decreases in diversity of educational background, geographic background, and, to a lesser extent, religious diversity. However, diversity of professional background and of childhood economic background has remained high in recent years, and racial diversity has increased greatly.
Judge‐Jury Agreement in Criminal Cases: The First Three Years of the Korean Jury System
Authors: Kim Sangjoon , Park Jaihyun , Park Kwangbai , Eom Jin‐Sup
Published: January 2013

This study examined jury trials conducted during the first three years since the introduction of a new jury system in South Korea. Case information from all jury trials held during the time was collected and empirically analyzed with a focus on judge‐jury agreement. The statistical analyses were guided by previous studies (Eisenberg et al. ; Spencer ). Results indicated that judges and juries agreed on the verdict 91.4 percent of the time (70.3 percent for conviction and 21.1 percent for acquittal). When they disagreed, juries had a greater tendency to acquit than did judges (7.4 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively). Neither evidentiary strength nor complexity had any systematic impact on agreement rates. Judges were more likely than juries to convict across all levels of evidentiary strength. The accuracy and error rates of jury verdicts were assessed by estimates of conditional probability.
Is Certiorari Contingent on Litigant Behavior? Petitioners' Role in Strategic Auditing
Authors: Mak Maxwell , Sidman Andrew H. , Sommer Udi
Published: January 2013

Complementing the burgeoning literature on agenda setting on the Supreme Court of the United States, this article addresses a key question heretofore overlooked—Is the justices' choice to review a decision independent of the selection of cases for review by the litigants? We argue that the certiorari process cannot be modeled as an independent one; rather, it is inextricably linked with and essentially contingent on the behavior of litigants who bring the case to the Supreme Court. This dependence of the Court is important both at the level of theory and at the empirical level and ignoring it entails bias in the estimation process. Using an original database, which includes the universe of religion free exercise cases decided at the courts of appeals from 1968–2006, we find significant selection effects. Factors that influence decisions on certiorari are dependent on the behavior of petitioners and should be modeled as such.
Bridging the Empirical Gap: New Insights into the Experience of Multiple Legal Problems and Advice Seeking
Authors: Smith Marisol , Buck Alexy , Sidaway Judith , Scanlan Lesley
Published: January 2013

There is a substantial body of quantitative evidence that documents the incidence of legal problem clusters, the tendency of problems to occur together. It has also been shown that some people are at greater risk of multiple problem experience than others, in particular, disadvantaged groups. Various policy initiatives, most recently in England and Wales, have been implemented to address the links between civil legal problems. However, to date there has been little empirical research on how clients present with clusters and the success of legal advisors in detecting multiple problems, including the barriers and facilitators that might be relevant. This article presents findings from an extensive empirical study on Community Legal Advice Centres, which were introduced in England and Wales to deliver integrated advice provision. The data are drawn from a triangulated qualitative study comprising advice session observations, and first and follow‐up interviews with clients and advisors. The data confirm the existence of problem clusters, but provide a new dimension to research on problem clusters by demonstrating in detail how and why multiple problems are difficult to detect. This systematic insight offers important lessons for policy and service developments that target vulnerable groups with multiple problems.
Effect of temperature on immature development and longevity of two introduced opiine parasitoids on Bactrocera invadens
Authors: Appiah E. F. , Ekesi S. , Salifu D. , Afreh‐Nuamah K. , Obeng‐Ofori D. , Khamis F. , Mohamed S. A.
Published: January 2013

Temperature‐dependent development, parasitism and longevity of the braconid parasitoids, Fopius arisanus Sonan and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmed on Bactorcera invadens Drew Tsuruta & White, was evaluated across five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). Developmental rate decreased linearly with increasing temperature for both the parasitoid species. Linear and Brière‐2 nonlinear models were used to determine the lower temperature threshold at which the developmental rate (1/D) approached zero. For F. arisanus, lower thresholds to complete development estimated with the linear and nonlinear models were 10.1 and 6.9°C, respectively. The total degree‐days (DD) required to complete the development estimated by the linear model for F. arisanus was 360. In D. longicaudata, the linear and nonlinear models estimated lower thresholds of 10.4 and 7.3°C, respectively, and the total DD estimated was 282. In F. arisanus, percentage parasitism differed significantly across all temperatures tested and was highest at 25°C (71.1 ± 2.5) and lowest at 15°C (46.4 ± 1.4). Parasitoid progeny sex ratio was female biased at all temperatures except at 20°C. In D. longicaudata, percentage parasitism was highest at 20°C (52.2 ± 4.0) and lowest at 15°C (27.7 ± 2.5). Parasitoid progeny sex ratio was female biased and similar for all temperatures. Adult longevity of both parasitoids was shortest at 35°C and longest at 15°C, and females lived significantly longer than males at all temperatures tested. Our findings provide some guidance for future mass rearing and field releases of the two parasitoids for the management of B. invadens in Africa.
Predictive Models for the Growth Kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes on White Cabbage
Authors: Wang Jun , Rahman S.M.E. , Zhao Xi‐Hong , Forghani Fereidoun , Park Myoung‐Su , Oh Deog‐Hwan
Published: January 2013

Growth data of Listeria monocytogenes on white cabbage were obtained at several fixed thermal conditions (4, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30C) and were then fitted into four different primary models: the modified Gompertz model, Logistic model, the Logistic model with delay and Baranyi model. Then, these four primary models were compared by Akaike's information and Sawa's Bayesian information criteria. Accordingly, the obtained growth parameters such as growth rate (GR) and lag time (LT) from each primary model were used to develop the secondary models and the performances were then evaluated by median relative error (MRE), mean absolute relative error (MARE) and %standard error of prediction (%SEP). The results indicated that Baranyi model described the growth of L. monocytogenes on white cabbage better than Logistic model, the modified Gompertz model and the Logistic model with delay. The square root models can be used to describe the growth parameters of L. monocytogenes on white cabbage estimated from the modified Gompertz, Logistic, Logistic with delay and Baranyi models, which showed better predictions for GR than LT.

Practical Application

The responses of Listeria monocytogenes on white cabbage at various temperatures were investigated and modeled using different models. The goodness‐of‐fit and predictive abilities of different models were evaluated and the primary model with best performance to describe the growth behavior was selected. The growth parameters derived from each primary model were used to develop the secondary model using the square root model. The validated models can be used to predict potential L. monocytogenes growth on white cabbage, which are very valuable for the food safety purpose during the whole food chain of white cabbage from farm to table. They could provide reliable and valuable growth kinetics information for the quantitative microbiological risk assessment of L. monocytogenes on white cabbage.
Molecular Control of Flowering in Response to Day Length in Rice
Authors: Brambilla Vittoria , Fornara Fabio
Published: January 2013

image

Fabio Fornara

(Corresponding author)

Flowering at the most appropriate times of the year requires careful monitoring of environmental conditions and correct integration of such information with an endogenous molecular network. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a facultative short day plant, and flowers quickly under short day lengths, as opposed to Arabidopsis thaliana whose flowering is accelerated by longer days. Despite these physiological differences, several genes controlling flowering in response to day length (or photoperiod) are conserved between rice and Arabidopsis, and the molecular mechanisms involved are similar. Inductive day lengths trigger expression of florigenic proteins in leaves that can move to the shoot apical meristem to induce reproductive development. As compared to Arabidopsis, rice also possesses unique factors that regulate expression of florigenic genes. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in day length perception, production of florigenic signals, and molecular responses of the shoot apical meristem to florigenic proteins.
Zyxin is a novel target for beta‐amyloid peptide: characterization of its role in Alzheimer's pathogenesis
Authors: Lanni Cristina , Necchi Daniela , Pinto Antonella , Buoso Erica , Buizza Laura , Memo Maurizio , Uberti Daniela , Govoni Stefano , Racchi Marco
Published: January 2013

Zyxin is an adaptor protein recently identified as a novel regulator of the homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2)‐p53 signaling in response to DNA damage. We recently reported an altered conformational state of p53 in tissues from patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease (AD), because of a deregulation of HIPK2 activity, leading to an impaired and dysfunctional response to stressors. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the deregulation of HIPK2 activity in two cellular models, HEK‐293 cells and SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated with retinoic acid over‐expressing the amyloid precursor protein, focusing on the evidence that zyxin expression is important to maintain HIPK2 protein stability. We demonstrated that both beta‐amyloid (Aβ) 1‐40 and 1‐42 induce zyxin deregulation, thus affecting the transcriptional repressor activity of HIPK2 onto its target promoter, metallothionein 2A, which is in turn responsible for the induction of an altered conformational state of p53. We demonstrate for the first time that zyxin is a novel target of Aβ activities in AD. These results may help the studies on the pathogenesis of AD, through the fine dissection of events related to beta‐amyloid activities.
EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ferrer‐Acosta Yancy , Rodríguez‐Cruz Eva N. , Orange François , De Jesús‐Cortés Hector , Madera Bismark , Vaquer‐Alicea Jaime , Ballester Juan , Guinel Maxime J.‐F. , Bloom George S. , Vega Irving E.
Published: January 2013

EFhd2 is a conserved calcium‐binding protein, abundant within the central nervous system. Previous studies identified EFhd2 associated with pathological forms of tau proteins in the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3, which expresses the human tauP301L mutant. This association was validated in human tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role that EFhd2 may play in tauopathies is still unknown. Here, we show that EFhd2 formed amyloid structures in vitro, a capability that is reduced by calcium ions. Electron microscopy (EM) analyses demonstrated that recombinant EFhd2 formed filamentous structures. EM analyses of sarkosyl‐insoluble fractions derived from human AD brains also indicated that EFhd2 co‐localizes with aggregated tau proteins and formed granular structures. Immunohistological analyses of brain slices demonstrated that EFhd2 co‐localizes with pathological tau proteins in AD brains, confirming the co‐aggregation of EFhd2 and pathological tau. Furthermore, EFhd2's coiled‐coil domain mediated its self‐oligomerization in vitro and its association with tau proteins in JNPL3 mouse brain extracts. The results demonstrate that EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau proteins in AD brain and that calcium binding may regulate the formation of EFhd2's amyloid structures. Hence, EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathobiology of tau‐mediated neurodegeneration.
A patient‐centred approach to assisted personal body care for patients hospitalised with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Jensen Annesofie L , Vedelø Tina W , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectives

To explore the patients' experiences of receiving patient‐centred personal body care and to document changes compared to the patients' experiences in previous hospital stays.

Background

Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suffer from breathlessness. Personal body care is therefore often a major challenge, and during exacerbation these patients may need comprehensive assistance. The quality of assisted personal body care depends largely on the patients' and the nurses' symptom recognition, disease management and ability to achieve therapeutic clarity in the nurse–patient interaction. We developed, implemented and evaluated a patient‐centred approach to assisted personal body care in which these characteristics were sought.

Design

The study is a qualitative outcome analysis with an interpretive description methodology.

Methods

Nine female and two male hospitalised patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were selected for patient‐centred care. Specially trained nurses and nursing assistants performed the patient‐centred personal body care. Data material was obtained through participant observation of body care sessions with the patients, followed by individual in‐depth interviews. The transcribed interviews were analysed and an interpretive description of the patients' experiences was established.

Results

All patients experienced the patient‐centred care to be different from what they had previously experienced. The most fundamental change was the experience of being an active part of a shared project. This experience encompassed three dimensions: clear signs of acknowledgement, attentive time and security.

Conclusion

Patient‐centred assistance enables patients to take an active part in their personal body care activity. The intervention may be a method for nursing staff to secure patients‐centred care.

Relevance to clinical practice

Effective communication, tools for the assessment of breathlessness, clear and straight forward organisation of body care sessions, awareness of pauses and personal acknowledgment are important for the patients' ability to take part in personal body care activities.
The anti‐inflammatory effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes from the human temporomandibular joint results from the suppression of PGE2 production
Authors: Kawashima Mutsumi , Ogura Naomi , Akutsu Miwa , Ito Ko , Kondoh Toshirou
Published: January 2013

Background

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the management of pain and inflammation. However, little remains known about the effects of NSAIDs on synovitis of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The aims of this study were to investigate the potential anti‐inflammatory effects of NSAIDs on synovitis of the TMJ and the inflammatory effects of PGE2 on fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from the TMJ.

Methods

Human synovial tissue was obtained from patients with internal derangement who underwent arthroscopy of the TMJ. FLSs were prepared from the tissues using the outgrowth method. A COX inhibitor (indomethacin or celecoxib) was added to the IL‐1β‐stimulated cells in culture. The cells were also stimulated with PGE2 or an EP agonist. The PGE2 production and COX‐2 and IL‐6 expression levels were examined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, real‐time PCR, and a microarray analysis.

Results

COX inhibitors decreased not only PGE2 production, but also the expression of COX‐2 and IL‐6 in FLS stimulated with IL‐1β. EP2 and EP4 were both expressed in the FLS, and the treatment with EP2 and EP4 agonists induced IL‐6 production in these cells.

Conclusion

The COX inhibitors indomethacin and celecoxib reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, such as COX‐2 and IL‐6, in FLS from the TMJ via suppression of PGE2 production. EP2 and EP4 were the main receptors for PGE2 present in the FLS. The approach used in this study may be useful for revealing how drugs such as NSAIDs affect the cellular functions of FLS from the TMJ.
Use of Data Mining to Reveal Body Mass Index (BMI): Patterns Among Pennsylvania Schoolchildren, Pre‐K to Grade 12
Authors: YoussefAgha Ahmed H. , Lohrmann David K. , Jayawardene Wasantha P.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Health eTools for Schools was developed to assist school nurses with routine entries, including height and weight, on student health records, thus providing a readily accessible data base. Data‐mining techniques were applied to this database to determine if clinically significant results could be generated.

METHODS

Body mass index (BMI) data collected and entered in eTools by school nurses from 657,068 students attending 1156 schools in 49 of 67 Pennsylvania counties during 2005‐2009 were analyzed. Students in each BMI category were sorted; regression was used to model mean and percentage trends. A chi‐square test of individually matched BMI percentages was computed and migration across normal, overweight, and obese states determined.

RESULTS

The highest percentage of obese students occured in middle school. The mean trends for obesity and overweight had increasing slopes of 0.189 and 0.227, respectively; with regression slope for overweight >59%. Within groups, substantial percentages of individually matched BMIs changed significantly (p < .0001) over 2 years, migrating between normal weight, overweight, and obese. A comparison of 2009 measured BMI for grades 9‐12 from eTools with 2009 Pennsylvania Youth Risk Behavior Survey self‐reported BMI yielded substantial diferences.

CONCLUSION

A pattern of increasing BMI for elementary students with a corresponding decrease among middle and high school students emerged. The means trends for both overweight and obesity were greater in 2009 than in 2005, increasing steadily to 2008 and slightly declining to 2009. The dominant overall pattern flows from overweight to obese. If continued unabated, percentage of students who are obese will dominate over time.
Early Lessons Learned From Extramural School Programs That Offer HPV Vaccine
Authors: Hayes Kim A. , Entzel Pamela , Berger Wendy , Caskey Rachel N. , Shlay Judith C. , Stubbs Brenda W. , Smith Jennifer S. , Brewer Noel T.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

There has been little evaluation of school‐located vaccination programs that offer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in US schools without health centers (ie, extramural programs). This article summarizes lessons learned from such programs.

METHODS

In July to August 2010, 5 programs were identified. Semistructured, in‐depth telephone interviews were conducted with program representatives about practical aspects of planning and implementation, including configuration and effectiveness.

RESULTS

Most programs offered HPV vaccine as part of a broader effort to increase uptake of adolescent vaccines. Respondents stressed the importance of building partnerships with local school systems throughout all aspects of the planning and implementation phases. All programs offered HPV vaccine at no cost to students. Most did not have a mechanism to bill private insurance, and some found Medicaid reimbursements to be a challenge. Programs achieved modest rates of initiation of the 3‐dose HPV vaccine series (median 10%); however, among those who initiated the series, completion rates were high (median 78%). HPV vaccine uptake was lowest for a program that offered only HPV vaccine.

CONCLUSIONS

Extramural programs may increase uptake of vaccines and decrease absenteeism due to noncompliance with vaccine requirements for school entry. Until extramural programs in the US receive better access to billing private insurers and Medicaid, sustainability of these programs relies on grant funding. Better integration of extramural school‐located vaccine programs with existing local healthcare and other programs at schools is an area for growth.
Relationship between blood culture collection method and proportion of contaminated cultures in neonates
Authors: McLaughlin Linda M , Inglis Garry DT , Hoellering Adam B , Davies Mark W
Published: January 2013

Aim

This study aims to document methods of blood culture collection used in our neonatal unit and to determine whether or not the proportion of contaminated cultures varied according to method of collection. Two specific comparisons of interest were the proportion of contaminated cultures in samples collected via (i) preferred versus non‐preferred methods, and (ii) peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion versus separate arterial or venous puncture.

Methods

Data were collected on every blood culture taken in the Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital over a 12‐month period. The method used to collect blood for culture was recorded, and the proportion of contaminated cultures taken by each method was calculated.

Results

Blood was collected via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion in 63.1% of cultures, umbilical catheters at the time of insertion in 18.1%, peripheral arterial or venous puncture in 7.7%, and indwelling lines in 2.1%, and the method was unknown in 9.0%. The proportion of contaminated blood cultures was 11.5% with collection via peripheral vascular puncture, 11.1% via indwelling lines, 2.1% via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion and 1.1% via umbilical catheters at the time of insertion. There was no significant difference in the proportion of contaminated cultures taken via preferred and non‐preferred methods. The proportion of contaminated cultures taken via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion was significantly less than when samples were taken via a separate arterial or venous puncture.

Conclusions

In our unit, blood cultures are frequently collected via peripheral cannulae at the time of insertion. Blood cultures taken in this manner are less likely to be contaminated than cultures collected via separate vascular puncture.
Comparative Study of Accumulation of Two Potato Virus X Strains Differing in Virulence, Hydrolase Activity and Morphological Abnormalities in Datura stramonium L. Leaves
Authors: Reunov Anatoliy Vasiljevich , Lapshina Larisa Anatoljevna , Nagorskaya Vera Pavlovna
Published: January 2013

In young systemically infected leaves of Datura stramonium L., a severe strain of Potato virus X (PVX) accumulated to a lower degree than a mild strain. Infected leaves had increased protease and RNase activities in comparison with those of healthy controls. The highest hydrolase activities were found in leaves infected with the severe strain. Negative‐staining electron microscopy of dips from the infected leaves indicated that PVX virions underwent destructive changes, which resulted in the appearance of abnormal (swollen and ‘thin’) particles. Immuno‐electron microscopic assays showed that thin PVX particles, in contrast to those of normal diameter, lost the ability to bind with specific antiserum. The relative number of thin virions in leaves infected with the severe PVX strain was considerably higher than in leaves infected with the mild strain. This shows that a correlation exists between increased protease activity and intracellular destruction of virions. In abnormal virions, the viral RNA appears to be available for RNase attack. Therefore, it seems that high RNase activity together with increased generation of abnormal virions in the leaves infected with the severe strain promote inactivation of the viral RNA with RNase. We suppose that the enhanced hydrolase activities in the leaves infected with severe PVX strain, on the one hand, limit viral accumulation and thus play a defensive role and, on the other hand, cause considerable intracellular pathological changes resulting in severe symptoms.
Suppression of Powdery Mildew on Flax by Foliar Application of Essential Oils
Authors: Aly Aly A. , Mohamed Heba I. , Mansour Mahmoud T. M. , Omar Moawad R.
Published: January 2013

Six essential oils were evaluated as to their efficiency in controlling powdery mildew (PM) of flax when they were applied as foliar sprays in an outdoor pot experiment. Onion, flax and fenugreek oils did not affect PM severity ratings – that is, they were ineffective in controlling the disease. On the other hand, black cumin, jojoba and coriander oil showed variable levels of efficiency in controlling the disease. Black cumin was moderately effective in controlling the disease because it reduced disease severity by 32.87%, while jojoba and coriander oils were highly effective as they reduced disease severity by 66.24 and 68.64%, respectively. Essential oils did not affect seed weight; however, coriander oil was a notable exception as it reduced seed weight by 55%. Straw weight was not affected by any oil. Foliar application of essential oils resulted in significant changes in the levels of protein, phenols, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde and in activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The lack of significant correlation between levels and activities of these biochemical components and PM severity demonstrate that these components are not involved in the suppression of PM by essential oils. Therefore, direct toxicity of essential oils to the causal pathogen Oidium lini is the most likely explanation for the disease suppression.
First Report ofNigrospora oryzae(Berk. &Broome) Petch Causing Stem Blight onBrassica junceainIndia
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Meena Prabhu Dayal , Chauhan Jitendra Singh
Published: January 2013

A stem blight disease was observed on the lower portions ofBrassica junceastems during the cropping season (2010–2011). In advanced stages, the lesions were up to 120 cm in length on the stems and also spread to petioles and midribs of leaves. The purified fungus was identified asNigrospora oryzae(Berk. &Br.)Petch (teleomorphKhuskia oryzae), which produced similar symptoms when healthyB. junceaplants were inoculated, thus provingKoch's postulates. This is the first report of the occurrence ofN. oryzaeonB. juncea.
Hepatic and intestinal CYP3A expression and activity in broilers
Authors: Osselaere A. , De Bock L. , Eeckhaut V. , De Backer P. , Van Bocxlaer J. , Boussery K. , Croubels S.
Published: January 2013

Cytochrome P450 is involved in drug metabolism. Subfamily CYP3A shows a degree of similarity across different animal species. However, little information is available about its expression and activity in broiler chickens. A RT‐PCR method was developed for the quantification of CYP3A37 expression in the liver and small intestine of broilers. A higher expression in the jejunum was observed compared with that in the ileum. In the liver, a significantly lower expression compared with that in the jejunum was noticed. Thus, the role of the small bowel in drug metabolism cannot be neglected in broilers. CYP3A activity was studied in vitro using midazolam as a substrate. Two protocols for the preparation of intestinal microsomes were compared. Mincing of the tissues before ultracentrifugation seemed to be more appropriate than a protocol based on ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid separation. CYP3A activity revealed to be the highest in the duodenum with a decreasing trend towards the ileum. Activity in liver was comparable to duodenal activity.
The Fog of Negotiation: What Negotiators Can Learn from Military Doctrine
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: January 2013

On the surface, warfare and negotiation may seem to be polar opposites. The objective in war is to defeat the enemy. In negotiation, the goal is to find a solution that satisfies all the parties. Not surprisingly, little cross‐learning and exchange has occurred across the two domains.

In spite of important differences, however, the dynamics of war and negotiation have much in common. Specifically, both involve the interaction of motivated agents with distinct interests, perceptions, and values (especially in high‐stakes contexts). As a result, robust strategy, creativity, and nimble tactics are essential both on the battlefield and at the bargaining table. Just as negotiation theory could be enriched by principles of maneuver warfare, military doctrine offers officers and soldiers a potentially useful foundation to better understand and manage the negotiation process, especially in complex, cross‐cultural contexts.
Beyond Offers and Counteroffers: The Impact of Interaction Time and Negotiator Job Satisfaction on Subjective Outcomes in Negotiation
Authors: Chi Shu‐Cheng Steve , Friedman Raymond A. , Shih Huei‐Lin
Published: January 2013

In this study, we examined real‐world sales negotiations by collecting data in collaboration with a large Taiwanese eyeglasses company. We found, as has been established previously, that higher first offers predict higher company profits and that the impact of high opening offers can be muted by greater customer awareness of prices at other stores. When we investigated a more qualitative outcome, customers’ perceptions of service quality, a different set of predictors emerged. Our results indicate that salespeople who spent more time introducing the products and services were perceived by the customers as providing higher service quality, but this effect only occurred for those salespeople who reported high levels of job satisfaction. Also, price reduction by salespeople did not improve customer satisfaction. Our results indicate that customer satisfaction does not require negotiated price concessions, but rather depends on extensive interaction with salespeople who are happy in their work. This is the first study to show that negotiator job satisfaction can affect important negotiation outcomes.
Games, Claims, and New Frames: Rethinking the Use of Simulation in Negotiation Education
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Ebner Noam
Published: January 2013

Negotiation educators have long considered the use of role‐play simulations as an essential classroom teaching method, and have had high expectations regarding their suitability and efficacy for teaching. In this article, we review the literature to examine the degree to which simulations deliver on these perceived benefits, finding that simulations enjoy only limited advantages over other teaching methods.

We note three trends that have developed as part of this reevaluation process: improving the way simulations are conducted, deemphasizing the use of simulations as a teaching tool while seeking new methods, and finding paradigm‐changing uses for simulations. With regard to this last trend, we describe our own experiments assigning students to design their own simulations, rather than participate in them as role players. Among other benefits of the design method, we found that designers showed greater improvements in concept learning and motivation than did role players.
Reduced kidney function in acute coronary syndrome patients with undiagnosed diabetes or pre‐diabetes
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhou Cheng , Yu Jinming , Jiang Qingwu , Hu Dayi
Published: January 2013

Aim

Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent in the diabetic population and it is also associated with adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the risk of reduced kidney function (RKF) in ACS patients with undiagnosed diabetes or pre‐diabetes is yet to be clear. Herein, the present study attempts to investigate the risk for RKF in ACS patients with special reference to undiagnosed diabetes and pre‐diabetes, generating possible recommendations for early intervention and management in ACS patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional design was performed to evaluate the risk for RKF in 2232 ACS patients according to glycaemic status from the China Heart Survey between June 2005 and August 2005 by using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of RKF in ACS patients with normal glucose metabolism, pre‐diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and diagnosed diabetes was 11.6%, 17.7%, 16.7% and 28.8%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, apart from ACS patients with diagnosed diabetes, those with pre‐diabetes (odds ratio = 1.58, 95%:1.08‐2.31) and undiagnosed diabetes (odds ratio  = 1.51, 95%:1.01–2.26) also suffered from an increased risk for RKF, compared with those with normal glucose metabolism. Stratified by ACS subtypes, the associations of RKF with ACS subtypes remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

The increased risk of RKF was significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes and pre‐diabetes, relative to normal glucose metabolism. Screenings for RKF among ACS patients with pre‐diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes would be highly recommended.
Resetting and Entrainment of Reentrant Arrhythmias: Part II: Informative Content and Practical Use of These Responses
Authors: ALMENDRAL JESÚS
Published: January 2013

This paper is the second part of a review of the phenomena of resetting and entrainment of reentrant arrhythmias. It describes the practical and clinical uses of resetting and entrainment, including the results of a variety of studies for these purposes. Given the amount of information generated, it is out of the scope of this review to comment in detail about each of the published studies. We rather present the basis for each described clinical use and for each type of arrhythmia in which these phenomena have been used with illustrative examples. The review covers: resetting response patterns; resetting/entrainment and termination; resetting/entrainment, fusion, and reentry; analysis of the postpacing interval; concealed entrainment; resetting/entrainment as an aid in the differential diagnosis among different arrhythmic mechanisms; usefulness of these phenomena in arrhythmic mechanisms other than macrorreentry. Finally, we make some comments about the recent use of these phenomena and propose two new criteria for entrainment recognition.
Genotyping by RAD sequencing enables mapping of fatty acid composition traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne (L.))
Authors: Hegarty Matthew , Yadav Rattan , Lee Michael , Armstead Ian , Sanderson Ruth , Scollan Nigel , Powell Wayne , Skøt Leif
Published: January 2013

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important forage crop in temperate livestock agriculture. Its nutritional quality has significant impact on the quality of meat and milk for human consumption. Evidence suggests that higher energy content in forage can assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants. Increasing the fatty acid content (especially α‐linolenic acid, an omega‐3 fatty acid) may thus contribute to better forage, but little is known about the genetic basis of variation for this trait. To this end, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified associated with major fatty acid content in perennial ryegrass using a population derived from a cross between the heterozygous and outbreeding high‐sugar grass variety AberMagic and an older variety, Aurora. A genetic map with 434 restriction‐associated DNA (RAD) and SSR markers was generated. Significant QTLs for the content of palmitic (C16:0) on linkage groups (LGs) 2 and 7; stearic (C18:0) on LGs 3, 4 and 7; linoleic (C18:2n‐6) on LGs 2 and 5; and α‐linolenic acids (C18:3n‐3) on LG 1 were identified. Two candidate genes (a lipase and a beta‐ketoacyl CoA synthase), both associated with C16:0, and separately with C18:2n‐6 and C18:0 contents, were identified. The physical positions of these genes in rice and their genetic positions in perennial ryegrass were consistent with established syntenic relationships between these two species. Validation of these associations is required, but the utility of RAD markers for rapid generation of genetic maps and QTL analysis has been demonstrated for fatty acid composition in a global forage crop.
Acquired Universal Melanosis (Carbon Baby Syndrome)
Authors: Ghosh Sudip K. , Ghoshal Loknath , Bhunia Deblina , Ghoshal Astik M.
Published: January 2013

Generalized pigmentation in a child may be attributed to a wide range of disorders. Acquired universal melanosis (AUM), also known as carbon baby syndrome, is one such rare condition, characterized by progressive hyperpigmentation of the skin since infancy with histopathologic features of heavy melanization of the entire epidermis. Since its initial description, only a few cases of AUM have been described in the English‐language literature. We describe here a case of a young child with AUM for its rarity and a few unusual features.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and hemorrhage associated with tacrolimus in a pediatric heart transplantation recipient
Authors: Loar Robert W. , Patterson Marc C. , O'Leary Patrick W. , Driscoll David J. , Johnson Jonathan N.
Published: January 2013

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disorder characterized by gray and white matter abnormalities in the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes of the brain. Its etiology has been attributed to renal failure, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, and other potential entities leading to acute hypertension. Clinical findings include headaches, altered mental status, seizures, visual changes, and focal neurologic deficits. We report the case of a child who developed PRES with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages associated with tacrolimus exposure 10 days after heart transplantation for restrictive cardiomyopathy. The patient initially presented with complex partial seizures, headache, agitation, and hypertension. Head MRI was suggestive of PRES along with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages. Tacrolimus was discontinued and blood pressure was controlled. The patient's encephalopathy resolved, but he has had ongoing neurologic symptoms secondary to hemorrhage. Generally, PRES is less common in children than in the adult population and is a rare complication of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Presentation with secondary hemorrhage also can occur. In children receiving CNIs presenting with new neurologic symptoms, PRES should be considered as prompt discontinuation of the offending agent can induce resolution of symptoms. Children can develop hemorrhage in the context of PRES, leading to increased morbidity.
Diversity and the Division of Cognitive Labor
Authors: Muldoon Ryan
Published: January 2013

In epistemology and the philosophy of science, there has been an increasing interest in the social aspects of belief acquisition. In particular, there has been a focus on the division of cognitive labor in science. This essay explores several different models of the division of cognitive labor, with particular focus on Kitcher, Strevens, Weisberg and Muldoon, and Zollman. The essay then shows how many of the benefits of the division of cognitive labor flow from leveraging agent diversity. The essay concludes by examining the benefits and burdens of diversity, particularly in the evaluative diversity that can be found in interdisicplinary science.
Analyses of Intrinsicality without Naturalness
Authors: Marshall Dan
Published: January 2013

Over the last 30 years there have been a number of attempts to analyse the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties. This article discusses three leading attempts to analyse this distinction that don't appeal to the notion of naturalness: the duplication analysis endorsed by G. E. Moore and David Lewis, Peter Vallentyne's analysis in terms of contractions of possible worlds, and the analysis of Gene Witmer, William Butchard and Kelly Trogdon in terms of grounding.