bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costly search with adverse selection: solicitation curse versus acceleration blessing
Authors: Kim Kyungmin , Pease Marilyn
Published: May 2017

We analyze a dynamic trading model of adverse selection where a seller can increase the frequency of strategic price quotes. A low‐quality seller benefits more from trade and, therefore, searches more intensively than a high‐quality seller. This makes a seller's contact carry negative information but a seller's availability become a stronger indicator of high quality. In the stationary environment, the two effects exactly offset each other, and reducing search costs is weakly beneficial to the seller. In the nonstationary environment, the relative strengths of the two effects vary over time, and reducing search costs can be detrimental to the seller.
Recursive Norm Development: The Role of Supranational Courts
Authors: Scribner Druscilla , Slagter Tracy
Published: May 2017

How do supranational regional courts, which occupy a space between the national and international, contribute to normative development? We demonstrate that norms are dynamic and require ‘translation’ in order to impact the international system and find expression at the national level. Norm translation is a recursive and dynamic process. We connect this process with research on transnational legal orders (TLOs) and introduce the notion of an ‘adjudicatory space’ in which international norms are interpreted by supranational judicial actors such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter‐American Court of Human Rights. We present a case study demonstrating how supranational courts utilize case‐law from many different sources to apply, refine, and cross‐culturally translate meanings of a norm (in this case violence against women as gender discrimination) into different regional and national cultural contexts. The recursive process of cross‐referencing and restatement of norms in supranational adjudicatory space demonstrated in the case study suggests that norm development is progressive, non‐linear, and non‐hierarchical. The case study also indicates that the locus of norm translation and refinement is not confined to well‐established human rights machinery of Europe; in the Global South local and transnational norm entrepreneurs are challenging social and legal norms.
Effect of species‐counting protocols and the spatial distribution of effort on rarefaction curves in relation to decision making in environmental‐impact assessments
Authors: Koblitz Rodrigo Vasconcelos , Lima Albertina Pimentel , Menin Marcelo , Rojas Diana , Condrati Luiz Henrique , Magnusson William Ernest
Published: May 2017

Rarefaction Curves are frequently used in Environmental Impact Assessments to evaluate sampling sufficiency, but without clear guidelines of how to ensure that the assumptions of the methods are met. Infrastructure projects in the Brazilian Amazon and elsewhere often occupy extensive areas in remote locations with difficult access, and random sampling under such conditions is impractical. We tested the influence of sampling unit (sample or individual), and geographic distance between samples on rarefaction curve s, and evaluated the magnitude of errors resulting from the misuse of rarefaction curve in decision making, using frogs from four Amazonian sampling sites. Individual‐based rarefaction curve were steeper than those generated by sample‐based rarefaction curve. Geographic distance influenced the number of exclusive species in a predictable fashion only in one area, and not in the Environmental Impact Assessment site. Misuse of rarefaction curve generated large errors in the identification of vulnerable taxa. Because the rarefaction curve model is sensitive to the assumption of randomness and geographic distance can influence it unpredictably, we suggest that rarefaction curve should generally not be used to estimate sample completeness when making management decisions for environmental licensing purposes.
Subspecialty approach for the management of acute cholecystitis: an alternative to acute surgical unit model of care
Authors: Tran Sonia , Choi Vincent , Hepburn Kirsten , Hewitt Nathan , Zhou Joel , Chan Daniel L. , Talbot Michael L.
Published: May 2017

Background

Acute cholecystitis is a common condition. Recent studies have shown an association between creation of an acute surgical unit (ASU) and improved outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a subspecialty based approach to the management of acute cholecystitis as an alternative to the traditional ‘generalist’ general surgery approach or the ASU model.

Method

A 6‐year retrospective analysis of outcomes in patients admitted under a dedicated upper gastrointestinal service for acute cholecystitis undergoing emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Results

Seven hundred emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed over this time. A total of 486 patients were available for analysis. The median time to operation was 2 days and median length of operation was 80 min. A total of 86.9% were performed during daylight hours. Eight cases were converted to open surgery (1.6%). Intra‐operative cholangiography was performed in 408 patients. The major complication rate was 8.2%, including retained common bile duct stones (2.3%), sepsis (0.2%), post‐operative bleeding (0.4%), readmission (0.6%), bile leak (2.1%), AMI (0.4%), unscheduled return to theatre (0.6%) and pneumonia (0.8%). There were no mortalities and no common bile duct injuries.

Conclusion

Over a time period that encompasses the current publications on the ASU model, a subspecialty model of care has shown consistent results that exceed established benchmarks. Subspecialty management of complex elective pathologies has become the norm in general surgery and this study generates the hypothesis that subspecialty management of patients with complex emergency pathologies should be considered a valid alternative to ASU. Access block to emergency theatres delays treatment and prolongs hospital stay.
Derivation and validation of the APPEND score: an acute appendicitis clinical prediction rule
Authors: Mikaere Hinetamatea , Zeng Irene , Lauti Melanie , Kularatna Malsha , MacCormick Andrew D.
Published: May 2017

Background

Although many clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for appendicitis exist, none have been developed for a New Zealand population presenting with right iliac fossa (RIF) pain. The aim of this study was to derive and validate an appendicitis CPR for our population.

Method

This is a retrospective review of all patients from December 2010 to February 2012 of at least 15 years of age presenting to the general surgery service with RIF pain. Patient data were divided into derivation and validation groups. Univariate and multiple regression analyses identified significant predictors of appendicitis which were used to construct a CPR. A retrospective validation study was then performed and the CPR was refined accordingly. Finally, the accuracy of the CPR was tested.

Results

The final components of the new CPR, the APPEND score, were Anorexia, migratory Pain, local Peritonism, Elevated C‐reactive protein, Neutrophilia and male gender (Dude). This CPR has an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84. The CPR can stratify patients into low, intermediate and high‐risk groups which may standardize patient care and reduce the negative appendicectomy rate.

Conclusion

A new CPR for predicting appendicitis, in patients presenting with RIF pain, has been derived and validated for use in our population. A prospective study to further evaluate its performance is required.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel peptides based on antimicrobial peptides as potential agents with antitumor and multidrug resistance‐reversing activities
Authors: Zhang Bo , Shi Wei , Li Jieming , Liao Chen , Yang Limei , Huang Wenlong , Qian Hai
Published: May 2017

Tumor chemotherapy, which plays an important role in the clinical treatment of metastatic cancer, is limited by low selectivity and drug resistance in clinical application. In our study, we selected antimicrobial peptide BP100 as a lead peptide, designed, and synthesized a series of novel antineoplastic peptides through solid‐phase synthesis. Among them, B4 and B8 showed excellent anticancer activity. As revealed by further investigations, these peptides could disrupt the cell membrane, trigger the cytochrome C release into cytoplasm, and ultimately lead to apoptosis. In addition, they also showed multidrug resistance‐reversing effects by performing effective antitumor activity against multidrug‐resistant cells. As a result, these peptides may possibly be regarded as a promising candidate for cancer treatment.
How Does Trade Openness Affect Regional Demographic Transitions? Evidence from China's Provincial Panel Data
Authors: Zhu Shujin , Li Renyu , Zhong Tenglong
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates the effect of trade openness and other variables on the demographic transition in China using the instrumental variables regression method based on provincial panel data for the period between 1981 and 2013. The results indicate that trade openness is one of the determinants of China's demographic transition and has two distinct effects: (i) an income effect that accelerated the demographic transition by increasing per capita income; and (ii) a human capital effect that suppressed the demographic transition by reducing human capital accumulation. The effects of trade on demographic transition vary across different regions. This study identifies the important determinants of demographic transition in China's regions, and has rich policy implications for demographic transition and the upgrading of trade structure.
Stigma in science: the case of earthquake prediction
Authors: Joffe Helene , Rossetto Tiziana , Bradley Caroline , O'Connor Cliodhna
Published: May 2017

This paper explores how earthquake scientists conceptualise earthquake prediction, particularly given the conviction of six earthquake scientists for manslaughter (subsequently overturned) on 22 October 2012 for having given inappropriate advice to the public prior to the L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009. In the first study of its kind, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 earthquake scientists and the transcribed interviews were analysed thematically. The scientists primarily denigrated earthquake prediction, showing strong emotive responses and distancing themselves from earthquake ‘prediction’ in favour of ‘forecasting’. Earthquake prediction was regarded as impossible and harmful. The stigmatisation of the subject is discussed in the light of research on boundary work and stigma in science. The evaluation reveals how mitigation becomes the more favoured endeavour, creating a normative environment that disadvantages those who continue to pursue earthquake prediction research. Recommendations are made for communication with the public on earthquake risk, with a focus on how scientists portray uncertainty.
Comparing predictors of part‐time and no vocational engagement in youth primary mental health services: A brief report
Authors: Cairns Alice J. , Kavanagh David J. , Dark Frances , McPhail Steven M.
Published: May 2017

Aim

This investigation aims to identify if correlates of not working or studying were also correlated with part‐time vocational participation.

Methods

Demographic and vocational engagement information was collected from 226 participant clinical charts aged 15 to 25 years accessing a primary youth health clinic. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine potential correlates no and part‐time vocational engagement compared to those full‐time.

Results

A total of 33% were not working or studying and 19% were part‐time. Not working or studying was associated with secondary school dropout and a history of drug use. These associations were not observed in those participating part‐time.

Conclusions

This result suggests that the markers of disadvantage observed in those not working or studying do not carry over to those who are part‐time. Potentially, those who are part‐time are less vulnerable to long‐term disadvantage compared to their unemployed counterparts as they do not share the same indicators of disadvantage.
Putting Strategy into Action – The Role of Artefacts for Business Format Replication
Authors: Friesl Martin , Larty Joanne , Jacobs Claus
Published: May 2017

In order to facilitate the implementation of replication strategies, organizations often use a variety of artefacts such as manuals and handbooks. Existing research has largely focused on the extent to which artefacts can act as knowledge repositories that help to facilitate replication. This body of literature has made significant contributions to our understanding of the role of replication, but has focused more on highlighting key challenges involved in the codification of knowledge. This paper demonstrates that artefact based replication is a double edged sword. While replication is enabled by ‘configuring’ artefact‐action relationships (focusing, situating, coordinating) our analysis also reveals that replication is constrained by ‘decoupling’ artefact‐action relationships (accounting, differentiating, disengaging). Our findings contribute to research on replication and provide a more nuanced understanding of why the implementation of replication strategies might fail. We also add to the recent debate on socio‐materiality in strategy research more generally.
Moisture‐induced greening of the South Asia over the past three decades
Authors: Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Tao , Liu Dan , Guo Hui , Huang Huabing , Zhao Yutong
Published: May 2017

South Asia experienced a weakening of summer monsoon circulation in the past several decades, resulting in rainfall decline in wet regions. In comparison with other tropical ecosystems, quantitative assessments of the extent and triggers of vegetation change are lacking in assessing climate‐change impacts over South Asia dominated by crops. Here, we use satellite‐based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to quantify spatial–temporal changes in vegetation greenness, and find a widespread annual greening trend that stands in contrast to the weakening of summer monsoon circulation particularly over the last decade. We further show that moisture supply is the primary factor limiting vegetation activity during dry season or in dry region, and cloud cover or temperature would become increasingly important in wet region. Enhanced moisture conditions over dry region, coinciding with the decline in monsoon, are mainly responsible for the widespread greening trend. This result thereby cautions the use of a unified monsoon index to predict South Asia's vegetation dynamics. Current climate–carbon models in general correctly reproduce the dominant control of moisture in the temporal characteristics of vegetation productivity. But the model ensemble cannot exactly reproduce the spatial pattern of satellite‐based vegetation change mainly because of biases in climate simulations. The moisture‐induced greening over South Asia, which is likely to persist into the wetter future, has significant implications for regional carbon cycling and maintaining food security.
Methane emission from feather moss stands
Authors: Kanaparthi Dheeraj , Reim Andreas , Martinson Guntars O. , Pommerenke Bianca , Conrad Ralf
Published: May 2017

Data from remote sensing and Eddy towers indicate that forests are not always net sinks for atmospheric CH4. However, studies describing specific sources within forests and functional analysis of microorganisms on sites with CH4 turnover are scarce. Feather moss stands were considered to be net sinks for carbon dioxide, but received little attention to their role in CH4 cycling. Therefore, we investigated methanogenic rates and pathways together with the methanogenic microbial community composition in feather moss stands from temperate and boreal forests. Potential rates of CH4 emission from intact moss stands (n = 60) under aerobic conditions ranged between 19 and 133 pmol CH4 h−1 gdw−1. Temperature and water content positively influenced CH4 emission. Methanogenic potentials determined under N2 atmosphere in darkness ranged between 22 and 157 pmol CH4 h−1 gdw−1. Methane production was strongly inhibited by bromoethane sulfonate or chloroform, showing that CH4 was of microbial origin. The moss samples tested contained fluorescent microbial cells and between 104 and 105 copies per gram dry weight moss of the mcrA gene coding for a subunit of the methyl CoM reductase. Archaeal 16S rRNA and mcrA gene sequences in the moss stands were characteristic for the archaeal families Methanobacteriaceae and Methanosarcinaceae. The potential methanogenic rates were similar in incubations with and without methyl fluoride, indicating that the CH4 was produced by the hydrogenotrophic rather than aceticlastic pathway. Consistently, the CH4 produced was depleted in 13C in comparison with the moss biomass carbon and acetate accumulated to rather high concentrations (3–62 mM). The δ13C of acetate was similar to that of the moss biomass, indicating acetate production by fermentation. Our study showed that the feather moss stands contained active methanogenic microbial communities producing CH4 by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and causing net emission of CH4 under ambient conditions, albeit at low rates.
Which factors most influence referral for restorative dental treatment under sedation and general anaesthesia in children with complex disabilities: caries severity, child functioning, or dental service organisation?
Authors: Norderyd Johanna , Faulks Denise , Molina Gustavo , Granlund Mats , Klingberg Gunilla
Published: May 2017

Background

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child gives all children right to the highest standard of services for treatment and rehabilitation. For children with disabilities, sedation and general anaesthesia (GA) are often indicated for dental treatment; however, accessibility to this varies. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Child and Youth version (ICF‐CY) enables a biopsychosocial description of children undergoing dental treatment.

Aim

To investigate conscious sedation and GA in children with complex disabilities and manifest caries and analyse how caries, child functioning, and dental service organisation relate to dental GA (DGA), comparing Argentina, France, and Sweden using the ICF‐CY.

Design

Quantitative, cross‐sectional; data collected through structured interviews, observation, and dental records.

Results

Sedation and DGA were common. Children with limitations in interpersonal interactions and relationships were more likely to have had DGA (OR: 5.3, P = 0.015). Level of caries experience was strongly correlated with experience of DGA. There were significant differences between countries regarding caries prevalence, sedation, DGA, and functional and environmental factors.

Conclusions

Although caries experience and child functioning are important, dental health service organisation had the most impact on the incidence of DGA, and for the use of conscious sedation, for children with complex disabilities.
Responsiveness of the Arabic version of the ECOHIS to dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia
Authors: Farsi Deema J. , Farsi Nada J. , El‐Housseiny Azza A. , Damanhouri Wesam H. , Farsi Najat M.
Published: May 2017

Background

The Arabic version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (A‐ECOHIS) has been validated, but its ability to detect change was not tested.

Aim

To evaluate the responsiveness of the A‐ECOHIS to dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia (DRGA).

Design

A consecutive sample of 131 parents of children aged 6 years or younger, scheduled for DRGA were recruited from three public hospitals. The parents completed the A‐ECOHIS before and 4 weeks following DRGA. The responsiveness of the A‐ECOHIS was assessed by evaluating changes in scores before and after DRGA, and by measuring the change in scores in relation to the global question.

Results

The A‐ECOHIS scores were higher among parents who reported poor oral health on the global question than those reporting better oral health (P = 0.001). There was a significant reduction in the scores at follow‐up (P < 0.001). The effect size was 1.5 for the total scale, and 1.3 and 1.6 for the child and family impacts, respectively. After DRGA, the child and family impact section scores decreased by 78.6% and 77.9%, respectively. The majority of parents reported improvement in children's overall oral health‐related quality of life post‐operatively (94%).

Conclusion

The A‐ECOHIS was responsive to DRGA.
Health service network design: a robust possibilistic approach
Authors: Mousazadeh M. , Torabi S. A. , Pishvaee M. S. , Abolhassani F.
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a biobjective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model is developed for a hierarchical three‐level health service network design problem, which is then transformed to its linear counterpart. The model aims to minimize the total establishment cost and total weighted distance between patient zones and health facilities simultaneously. In order to cope with inherent epistemic uncertainty in input parameters, four variants of a novel hybrid robust possibilistic programming (HRPP) approach are introduced. Finally, a real case study is provided to illustrate the performance and applicability of the proposed HRPP models in practice.
Prize‐collecting set multicovering with submodular pricing
Authors: Porumbel Daniel
Published: May 2017

We consider a ground set E and a submodular function acting on it. We first propose a “set multicovering” problem in which the value (price) of any is . We show that the linear program (LP) of this problem can be directly solved by applying a submodular function minimization (SFM) algorithm on the dual LP. However, the main results of this study concern prize‐collecting multicovering with submodular pricing, that is, a more general and more difficult “multicovering” problem in which elements can be left uncovered by paying a penalty. We formulate it as a large‐scale LP (with variables representing all subsets of E) that could be tackled by column generation (CG; for a CG algorithm for “set‐covering” problems with submodular pricing). However, we do not solve this large‐scale LP by CG, but we solve it in polynomial time by exploiting its integrality properties. More exactly, after appropriate restructuring, the dual LP can be transformed into an LP that has been thoroughly studied (as a primal) in the SFM theory. Solving this LP reduces to optimizing a strong map of submodular functions. For this, we use the Fleischer–Iwata framework that optimizes all these functions within the same asymptotic running time as solving a single SFM, that is, in , where and γ is the complexity of one submodular evaluation. Besides solving the problem, the proposed approach can be useful to (a) simultaneously find the best solution of up to functions under strong map relations in time, (b) perform sensitivity analysis in very short time (even at no extra cost), and (c) reveal combinatorial insight into the primal–dual optimal solutions. We present several potential applications throughout the paper, from production planning to combinatorial auctions.
The Factory: an Experimental Studio for Discovering the Other
Authors: Almaç Bihter
Published: May 2017

This article discusses the idea of otherness in design education and introduces a new approach that merges the potentials of collaborative and individual design. The aim is for each individual student to discover how others design to criticise and derive their own ways of designing. Therefore, the discussion here focuses on the process of becoming aware of other designers and the importance of being with others while designing. I call this state the Field of Otherness. It is something that cannot be described or taught; it is a relative and indeterminate zone based on the existence of others. It is a set of potentials in which designers oscillate and their design aspects merge into a multiplicity. In this article I argue that by discovering others, designers encounter each other in the Field of Otherness and this enables them to design diversely. To broaden the discussion within this context, an experimental one‐day project called the Factory is explored. The main idea of the project was to introduce students to the Field of Otherness, in which they would design by continual ‘as ifs’ and oscillations to meet the other; who is precisely unfamiliar, unexpected, unknown and inexperienced. Interviews with students three months after the project are used to investigate the effects. These interviews can also be seen as fragments of the otherness experience of the students.
The Visual Differences of the Classroom Walls in Chilean Primary Schools
Authors: Errázuriz Luis , Portales Carlos
Published: May 2017

In a world increasingly saturated with images, the visual aesthetic dimension should play a more important role in the educational processes. Furthermore, classroom walls could be considered valuable resources to introduce visual literacy among children and teachers. However, Chilean educational policies tend not to pay much attention to visual culture in the classroom. Hence, the selection of visual images displayed on classroom walls as well as the way they are exhibited should be more carefully thought through. Under the assumption that visual resources are pedagogically significant elements, the present investigation examined the images displayed on the classroom walls of the first year of primary schools in the district of Peñalolén in Santiago, Chile. We present a comparative analysis of visual environments found in different administrative types of schools (municipal, subsidised and fully private schools), using a qualitative method, as well as a quantification of the sample schools. The analysis shows that inequality between types of schools reproduces in images, favouring private schools in aspects such as the degree of planning of the visual environment, student participation in terms of production, the aesthetic quality of the images and its iconographic variety.
NGO Art Education
Authors: Kalin Nadine M.
Published: May 2017

How is art education being put to use today? To explore this provocation, I read between the lines of teaching for civic literacy through visual arts education in the United States as mandated by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. I consider an art education of social practice's utility within this mandate. In order to accomplish this, I describe artist Rick Lowe's Trans.lation: Vickery Meadow social sculpture project and then analyse this through a service aesthetics’ lens and neoliberal motives. In the process of overlaying social practice within the Partnership for 21st Century Skills as a model for visual arts and citizenship education toward globally competent graduates, I articulate the possible limitations of such micro‐utopian ventures for art education that amount to NGO‐esque art, making the case that these efforts, while facilitating a feeling of civic engagement, only further intensify the depoliticisation of art education acting as a form of Rancière's better police in reasserting the neoliberal status quo. I sound a cautionary note about such a pragmatic turn risking the exacerbation of our collective interpassivity through aligning art education too closely to our apparent use value for late capitalism.
Therapeutic roles of telocytes in OVA‐induced acute asthma in mice
Authors: Ye Ling , Song Dongli , Jin Meiling , Wang Xiangdong
Published: May 2017

Telocytes (TCs) newly discovered as the mesenchyme‐derived interstitial cells were found to have supportive effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The present study aimed at investigating effects of TCs or TCs gathered with MSCs on experimental airway inflammation and hyper‐responsiveness. The TCs were isolated from the lung tissue of the female BALB/c mice. The ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma model was established. TCs (1 × 106/2 × 106) and/or MSCs (1 × 106) were injected through mice tail vein for consecutive three days before OVA excited the mice. This study at first demonstrated that the transplantation of TCs could improve allergen‐induced asthma by obviously inhibiting airway inflammation and airway hyper‐responsiveness preclinically, with the down‐regulation of Th2‐related cytokine IL‐4, transcription factor GATA‐3 and Th2 cell differentiation, while up‐regulation of Th1‐related cytokine IFN‐γ, transcription factor T‐bet and Th1 cells proliferation in asthma, just like MSCs. Co‐transplantation of TCs with MSCs showed better therapeutic effects on experimental asthma, even though the therapeutic effects of TCs alone were similar to those of MSCs alone. TCs and the combination of TCs with MSCs could improve the airway inflammation and airway hyper‐responsiveness and can be a new alternative for asthma therapy.
Meeting the Need for Training in Geriatrics: The Geriatrics Education for Specialty Residents Program
Authors: Miller Myron , Rosenthal Ronnie A.
Published: May 2017

The imperative created by increasing numbers of aging Americans coupled with increasing longevity has generated recognition and acceptance within american medicine that education, from medical school through postgraduate training through continuing medical education, must include appropriate knowledge and skills in aging and geriatrics to provide for effective care of older adults. Such education and training is necessary not only for traditional primary care providers, but also for specialty physicians, including those in most surgical specialties and in related fields such as anesthesiology, emergency medicine and physical medicine and rehabilitation. To fill this demand, the American Geriatrics Society Geriatrics for Specialist Initiative established the Geriatrics Education for Specialty Residents Program (GSR). This article reviews the process by which the GSR created a dynamic cohort of geriatric surgical educators and researchers who in turn created a vibrant body of educational tools and scientific works that continue to advance the cause of improving medical care of older adults.
Getting Out to Get Ahead? Perspectives on Schooling and Social and Geographic Mobility in Southern Mexico
Authors: Howell Jayne
Published: May 2017

La educación para la movilidad social aparecen en estudios antropológicos de la urbanización y el desarrollo. La escolarización es constantemente ligado al progreso nacional, el aumento de los ingresos individuales, y una mejor calidad de vida en términos de nutrición, salud, y la alfabetización. México ha alcanzado cerca de la asistencia universal en los grados obligatorias. Sin embargo, el acceso desigual a la educación está determinada pr el nivel socioeconómico, sexo y lugar de residencia (Ornelas 2004). En el estado de Oaxaca, una distribución urbancentric de las escuelas significa que los estudiantes rurales deben “salir” de sus pueblos para “salir adelante.” Esta análisis etnográfico explora las percepciones de los individuos sobre el valor de la educación en un estado notorio por bajos niveles de escolaridad y alfabetización, junto con un mercado laboral saturado. Conclusiones examinan en el contexto global la discordia entre las aspiraciones y el creciente desempleo.
Variations in Market Liquidity and the Intraday Interest Rate
Authors: ABBASSI PURIYA , FECHT FALKO , TISCHER JOHANNES
Published: May 2017

Most central banks offer banks participating in large‐value real‐time gross settlement (RTGS) systems a free intraday overdraft facility to discourage banks from actively managing their daylight liquidity. In this paper, we ask whether this facility has kept the intraday interest rate at zero. Using a unique transaction‐level data set on collateralized interbank loans for 2006–12, we find that during periods of financial distress, rates for morning transactions are higher than those in the afternoon. Moreover, this intraday rate correlates with market liquidity, suggesting that rates contain a liquidity premium. This intraday pattern is reduced, but not eliminated by the Eurosystem's accommodative liquidity provision.
Developmental regulation and localization of carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) in rat brain
Authors: Jernberg Jennifer N. , Bowman Caitlyn E. , Wolfgang Michael J. , Scafidi Susanna
Published: May 2017

While the brain's high energy demands are largely met by glucose, brain is also equipped with the ability to oxidize fatty acids for energy and metabolism. The brain expresses the carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs) that mediate carnitine‐dependent entry of long‐chain acyl‐CoAs into the mitochondrial matrix for β‐oxidation – CPT1a and CPT2 located on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, respectively. Their developmental profile, regional distribution and activity as well as cell type expression remain unknown. We determined that brain CPT1a RNA and total protein expression were unchanged throughout post‐natal development (PND0, PND7, PND14, PND21 and PND50); however, CPT2 RNA peaked at PND 21 and remained unchanged through PND50 in all regions studied (cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and cerebellum). Both long‐chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase and medium acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase showed a similar developmental profile to CPT2. Acylcarnitines, generated as a result of CPT1a activity, significantly increased with age and peaked at PND21 in all brain regions, concurrent with the increased expression of enzymes involved in mitochondrial β‐oxidation. The CPT system is highly enriched in vivo in hippocampus and cerebellum, relative to cortex and midbrain, and is exclusively present in astrocytes and neural progenitor cells, while absent in neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Using radiolabeled oleate, we demonstrate regional differences in brain fatty acid oxidation that may be blocked by the irreversible CPT1a inhibitor etomoxir. This study contributes to the field of knowledge in brain cell‐specific metabolic pathways, which are important for understanding normal brain development and aging, as well as pathophysiology of neurological diseases.

Read the Editorial Comment for this article on page 347.

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Experiences of xerostomia after radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Jiang Nan , Zhao Yue , Jansson Henrik , Chen Xiaocen , Mårtensson Jan
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To describe the experiences of radiation‐induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer.

Background

Xerostomia is the most commonly occurring complication during and following radiotherapy. It can persist for several months or years and can have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life.

Design

This was a qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 20 participants. Inductive content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data.

Results

Analysis of the manifest content identified five categories: communication problems, physical problems, psychosocial problems, treatment problems and relief strategies. The latent content was formulated into a theme: due to lack of information from professionals, the patients had to find their own solutions for their problems.

Conclusions

Xerostomia is not only a biophysical symptom but also has a profound effect on the emotional, intellectual and sociocultural dimensions of life. The majority of patients continued to suffer from xerostomia and its associated symptoms after radiotherapy, in part, because of a lack of professional support, including the inability of nurses to provide oral health care.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the effects of radiotherapy on oral mucosa and about appropriate interventions. The healthcare system requires a symptom management platform for radiation‐induced complications, to help patients, their families and healthcare professionals obtain information about self‐care, treatments and relief strategies.
Decreased bed rest post‐percutaneous coronary intervention with a 7‐French arterial sheath and its effects on vascular complications
Authors: Wentworth Laura J , Bechtum Elizabeth L , Hoffman Jessica G , Kramer Robert R , Bartel David C , Slusser Joshua P , Tilbury Ralph Thomas
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To compare the incidence of femoral access puncture site complications in the control group, who underwent 6 hr of bed rest, with patients in the case group, who underwent 4 hr of bed rest.

Background

The ideal bed rest length after percutaneous coronary intervention with a 7‐French arterial sheath has been investigated by nursing practice. However, in this larger‐sheath‐size group, best practices have not been determined, and bed rest time continues to vary markedly among institutions.

Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Data were retrieved from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry and electronic health records in this retrospective study. Sample size was 401 patients: 152 case patients with 4‐hr bed rest and 249 controls with 6‐hr bed rest. Case group data were obtained from 20 May 2013–31 December 2014; and control group data, 15 June 2011–20 May 2013.

Results

National Cardiovascular Data Registry event rates were generally low in both groups: Only three patients in each group had a bleeding event within 72 hr (2% vs. 1%) and no patient and only two controls had arteriovenous fistula (0% vs. 1%). Complications documented in the electronic health records with institutional femoral access puncture site complication definitions identified bleeding at the access site in eight case patients (5%) and nine controls (4%). Haematoma at the access site occurred in 21 case patients (14%) and 25 controls (10%).

Conclusions

The practice change of decreasing bed rest from 6–4 hr for patients with 7‐French arterial sheaths post‐percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with no significant change in femoral access puncture site complications in either National Cardiovascular Data Registry data or institutional electronic health records data.

Relevance to clinical practice

This introduces expanded evidence of safety in decreasing bed rest length in larger (7‐French) arterial sheaths post‐percutaneous coronary intervention.
Anticipatory vigilance: A grounded theory study of minimising risk within the perioperative setting
Authors: O'Brien Brid , Andrews Tom , Savage Eileen
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore and explain how nurses minimise risk in the perioperative setting.

Background

Perioperative nurses care for patients who are having surgery or other invasive explorative procedures. Perioperative care is increasingly focused on how to improve patient safety. Safety and risk management is a global priority for health services in reducing risk. Many studies have explored safety within the healthcare settings. However, little is known about how nurses minimise risk in the perioperative setting.

Design

Classic grounded theory.

Methods

Ethical approval was granted for all aspects of the study. Thirty‐seven nurses working in 11 different perioperative settings in Ireland were interviewed and 33 hr of nonparticipant observation was undertaken. Concurrent data collection and analysis was undertaken using theoretical sampling. Constant comparative method, coding and memoing and were used to analyse the data.

Results

Participants’ main concern was how to minimise risk. Participants resolved this through engaging in anticipatory vigilance (core category). This strategy consisted of orchestrating, routinising and momentary adapting.

Conclusion

Understanding the strategies of anticipatory vigilance extends and provides an in‐depth explanation of how nurses’ behaviour ensures that risk is minimised in a complex high‐risk perioperative setting. This is the first theory situated in the perioperative area for nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

This theory provides a guide and understanding for nurses working in the perioperative setting on how to minimise risk. It makes perioperative nursing visible enabling positive patient outcomes. This research suggests the need for training and education in maintaining safety and minimising risk in the perioperative setting.
A panel of microRNAs can be used to determine oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Prasad Gareema , Seers Christine , Reynolds Eric , McCullough Michael J.
Published: May 2017

Background

Subjective histopathology is currently used to diagnose oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We tested if abundances of a panel of microRNA could be an objective OSCC indicator.

Method

Literature review enabled identification of 10 microRNAs associated with oral and head and neck malignancies. We extracted RNA from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded biopsies; 20 each with OSCC, dysplasia, or histologically normal epithelium (HNE) and 10 with oral lichen planus (OLP). Relative abundances of microRNAs in HNE and OSCC were determined using reverse transcription and then real‐time PCR with global mean normalization. MicroRNAs differentially expressed (test microRNA, T‐miR) and non‐differentially expressed (normalization microRNA, N‐miR) were identified. The raw microRNA Cq data were incorporated in a developed algorithm that output a T‐miR expression value (T‐miREV) score. Raw Cq data from HNE, OSCC, dysplasia, and OLP samples were then used to test the algorithm scoring and OSCC classification.

Results

Four test and normalization microRNAs were identified. Algorithm output of T‐mirEV >1 or <−1 indicated high and low OSCC probability score, respectively, and gave 88.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 93.5% accuracy. Grouping high and intermediate T‐mirEV scores (T‐miREV ≥−1) resulted in sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 65%, and accuracy of 77.5% in OSCC classification. All 20 dysplasias and eight of 10 OLP had T‐miREV ≥−1 indicating intermediate to high probability of malignant changes.

Conclusion

A microRNA panel combined with our algorithm can identify tissue with probable oncogenic changes.

Impact

The developed algorithm serves as a baseline for prospective trials, which may result in potential clinical utility.
Regulation of bone mass through pineal‐derived melatonin‐MT2 receptor pathway
Authors: Sharan Kunal , Lewis Kirsty , Furukawa Takahisa , Yadav Vijay K.
Published: May 2017

Tryptophan, an essential amino acid through a series of enzymatic reactions gives rise to various metabolites, viz. serotonin and melatonin, that regulate distinct biological functions. We show here that tryptophan metabolism in the pineal gland favors bone mass accrual through production of melatonin, a pineal‐derived neurohormone. Pineal gland‐specific deletion of Tph1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the melatonin biosynthesis lead to a decrease in melatonin levels and a low bone mass due to an isolated decrease in bone formation while bone resorption parameters remained unaffected. Skeletal analysis of the mice deficient in MT1 or MT2 melatonin receptors showed a low bone mass in MT2−/− mice while MT1−/− mice had a normal bone mass compared to the WT mice. This low bone mass in the MT2−/− mice was due to an isolated decrease in osteoblast numbers and bone formation. In vitro assays of the osteoblast cultures derived from the MT1−/− and MT2−/− mice showed a cell intrinsic defect in the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization abilities of MT2−/− osteoblasts compared to WT counterparts, and the mutant cells did not respond to melatonin addition. Finally, we demonstrate that daily oral administration of melatonin can increase bone accrual during growth and can cure ovariectomy‐induced structural and functional degeneration of bone by specifically increasing bone formation. By identifying pineal‐derived melatonin as a regulator of bone mass through MT2 receptors, this study expands the role played by tryptophan derivatives in the regulation of bone mass and underscores its therapeutic relevance in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Melatonin influences the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in porcine cumulus oocyte complexes
Authors: Lee Sanghoon , Jin Jun‐Xue , Taweechaipaisankul Anukul , Kim Geon A. , Ahn Curie , Lee Byeong Chun
Published: May 2017

Melatonin, which is synthesized in the pineal gland and peripheral reproductive organs, has antioxidant properties and regulates physiological processes. It is well known that melatonin affects in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes and embryonic development in many species. However, beneficial effects of melatonin on IVM have been explained mainly by indirect antioxidant effects and little information is available on the underlying mechanism by which melatonin directly acts on porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is important for follicle development, oocyte maturation, and embryo development, and there may be a relationship between melatonin and Shh signaling. To examine this, we designed three groups: (i) control, (ii) melatonin (10−9 mol/L), and (iii) melatonin with cyclopamine (2 μmol/L; Shh signaling inhibitor). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these agents on cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, embryo development after parthenogenetic activation (PA), gene expression in cumulus cells, oocytes and blastocysts, and protein expression in COCs. Melatonin significantly increased the proportion of COCs exhibiting complete cumulus expansion (degree 4), PA blastocyst formation rates, and total cell numbers, which were inhibited by addition of cyclopamine. Simultaneously, the expression of cumulus expansion‐related genes (Ptgs1, Ptgs2, and Has2) and Shh signaling‐related genes (Shh, Pthc1, Smo, and Gli1) and proteins (Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1) in cumulus cells was upregulated in the melatonin‐treated group, and these effects were also inhibited by cyclopamine. In conclusion, our results suggest that Shh signaling mediates effects of melatonin to improve porcine cumulus expansion and subsequent embryo development.
(Un)equal Educational Opportunities and the Labor Market: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Benegas Maurício , Corrêa Márcio Veras
Published: May 2017

This paper intends to study the effects of public school quality offer on the labor market performance. With this objective in mind, we build a matching model for the labor market in two sectors: schooled and non‐schooled. The skilled segment of the economy is endogenous and composed of a continuum of workers who differ in the quality of the school attended. We show that there is a trade‐off between the quantity and the quality of education and that a reduction in schooling costs increases school enrollment rates. However, it adversely reduces the job creation dynamics in the skilled sector, due to the Composition Effect. We also verify that a first order improvement in school quality distribution may generate an increase in the schooling rate and a greater job vacancy creation in the skilled sector with no negative effects on the unskilled sector.
Authoritarianism and the Internet
Authors: Druzin Bryan , Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

This article argues that Internet censorship is more fragile than is generally supposed and is, in fact, vulnerable to abrupt collapse. The volume and rapidity of online communication renders perfect policing of the Internet technologically impossible. Authoritarian governments are thus forced to rely on Internet users to police themselves in the form of self-censorship. This strategy has proven largely successful—legal ambiguity regarding what constitutes impermissible speech fosters norms of self-censorship. This reliance on self-censorship, however, renders these censorial systems susceptible to shocks. We set out a model that explains sudden breakdowns in Internet censorship that we term “cyberspeech cascades.” A cyberspeech cascade occurs when small expressions of online dissent produce large shifts in public perception regarding the acceptable limits of online expression that are, in fact, inaccurate. Online bandwagons of progressively more brazen speech proliferate into large-scale torrents of uncensored expression, triggering the temporary collapse of self-censorship norms online.