bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Notes on the Geology of the Country at the Base of the S.W. Slopes of the Urals
Authors: Twelvetrees W. H.
Published: May 2009

The country at the base of and forming the south-western slope of the Urals has been little visited by geologists from Western Europe, and deserves more attention than it has received. Several years' residence in it form my excuse for recording a few notes thereon. The area I have travelled over extends from Samara on the Volga in the W. to Preobrajensky and Bieloretzky in the E., and from Orenburg in the S. to the town of Ufa in the N. The formations met with within these limits are the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, and Jurassic. The three former are the crystalline rocks of the Urals, the western edge or front range being composed of Carboniferous grits and limestones.
VII.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

At the end of the year 1880, Dr. O. Hahn, of Reutlingen, a lawyer by calling, published a big work entitled Die Metcoriten (Chondrite) und ihre Organismen mit 32 Tafeln photographischer Abbildungen (1880, Tubingen: H. Laupp), by which he claimed to have shown the presence in meteoric rocks of sponges, corals, and crinoids. A statement of his views was read before a meeting of the Geological Society the same summer. Early this year Dr. D. F. Weinland published a paper in support of these views, Ueber die in Meteoriten entdeekten Thierreste. Illustrated with two woodcuts (1882, Esslingen: G. Fröhner). The question was thoroughly gone into in a scientific way by Prof. Carl Vogt, of Geneva, and the conclusions at which he arrived are contained in a paper entitled Les prétendus Organismes des Météorites, published 1882, Genéve: H. Georg. It is shown that Dr. Hahn had no foundation for his conclusions; that all the pretended organic structures are purely inorganic; and that in no single case do they present the microscopic structure of the organisms for which they have been mistaken — such as crinoids, corals, and sponges. See also Dr. Laurence Smith on the subject in the Amer. Jour. Sc. 1882, February, 156.
II.—Notice of a Pteraspidean Cephalic Plate from the Devonian Beds of Gerolstein in the Eifel
Authors: Lee John Edward
Published: May 2009

Last Autumn, on our way to St. Cassian and the Dolomites, we remained for two or three days in the Eifel. The little town of Gerolstein is well known to all geologists. Mr. Winter, one of the inhabitants, who pays considerable attention to the natural history of the place, was kind enough to present me with a nodule which, though apparently it is very insignificant, yet, on further examination, seems of great interest; it contains, in fact, part of the scale of a Pteraspidean. Any one who has worked amongst the Old Red Sandstone fishes of Monmouthshire and Herefordshire will at once recognize many of the characteristics of the Pteraspidean scales.
III.—Note on Ellipsocaris Dewalquei, a new Phyllopod Crustacean Shield from the Upper Devonian of Belgium
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The specimen which forms the subject of this note has been kindly placed in my hands by Professor G. Dewalque for examination, and is of extreme interest and importance to me in my researches upon the Fossil Crustacea. It is not, as was at first supposed, the metastome of Eurypterus or of Pterygotus; on the contrary, it represents an almost entire carapace of a new genus and species of Phyllopod Crustacean allied to Peltocaris
VII.—Suggestions for a Revised Classification of the British Eocenes
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Since the British Eocenes, especially of the Hampshire Basin, were mapped by the Survey, a portion of them have been separated by several writers as Oligocene. The utility of the change is not apparent in our country, where the break is seen to be purely artificial; but in other parts of Europe the Oligocenes, which embrace formations previously known as Lower Miocene, are of great importance. This change, absorbing the entire Upper Eocene fromation of the Isle of Wight, would seem alone to necessitate a reconsideration of the classification of the remainder. But the classification of the Eocene formation, invented and often modified when the beds composing it were imperfectly known, is throughout arbitrary and artificial, and scarcely yet on a scientific basis. Most of the present divisions comprise under one name the very distinct deposits formed by river, sea, or estuary, though these have been brought from quite opposite directions, and are perhaps by no means contemporaneous.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

It was stated in the general introduction to these Contributions (GEOL. MAG. June, 1880), that the divisions to be adopted would be regarded more as a matter of convenience than from any other point of view. It might, perhaps, seem more philosophical to have treated the whole of the Lower and Middle Oolites as one section of the subject quâ the Gasteropoda. By commencing at the base of the series the true sequence in time would have been followed, and the various “species” or their derivatives traced throughout. Had all the collections examined by me existed under one roof, this might have been practicable, as it would certainly have been desirable.
III.—Notes on the Permian and Trias
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

I Wish to make one or two observations on the Rev. A. Irving's paper on “The Permian and Trias,” which has appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, and of which he has been so good as to send me a separate copy.
II.—Notes on the Sudden Destruction of Marine Animals
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

“Having often been puzzled to comprehend the manner in which,insome instances, large numbers of marine animals, such as Cuttlefishes, Crabs, Lobsters, and even Fish and Reptiles, have in past ages suddenly perished in their own element and been entombed, probably on or near the very spots where they had been hatched out, and which they had frequented all their lives, it has occurred to me that any suggestion as to causes now in operation which might have produced then, as now, the same result, will not be unwelcome to the geological student. in the ‘Principles of Geology’ (7th edit. 1847) Sir C. Lyell mentions (p. 743), among other causes, the shifting of currents which might result in the carrying away of banks of sand and mud, habitats of vast colonies of cockles and other molluscs; and the effect of a stormintearing up and casting ashore from their more solid bed great heaps of the edible oyster in the estuary of the Firth of Forthin1831, and numbers of living whelks.
IV.—The Fallacy of the Theory of the “Permanence of Continents”
Authors: Gardner J. S.
Published: May 2009

It is rather remarkable that the Theory of the Permanence of Continents and Oceans has passed so comparatively unchallenged by geologists. I long since attempted to show that Mr. Wallace's supposition that the Chalk was a shallow and littoral sea deposit was untenable. In comparing analyses of chalk, as he does, with Atlantic ooze, no allowance whatever is made for the loss of iron from the body of the chalk by crystallization, nor for the segregation of silica into flints. The Chalk may have undergone so great a change in addition, since its upheaval vast ages ago, through the removal of some of its constituents by percolating water, that comparative analyses can only be of value when these losses are taken into consideration.
VIII.—On the Discovery of Cambrian Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Birmingham
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

The geology of the neighbourhood of Birmingham is one of more than ordinary interest, owing to the great variety of geological formations exposed within its area. Its rocky structure was investigated about thirty years since by the officers of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and its several geological formations laid down upon their maps, and described in detail in their various explanatory memoirs. Some of these publications—notably the maps and descriptions of the South Staffordshire Coalfield—have subsequently become classic in the literature of Geology. Since these publications were issued, however, the science of Geology has made great advances, more accurate and detailed methods of research among the older rocks have been developed, and their application to the study of the strata of the Birmingham district has recently resulted in the detection of several most interesting facts which escaped the notice of the earlier investigators.
IV.—On the Mineralogical Constitution of Calcareous Organisms
Authors: Cornish Vaughan , Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

In Mr. Sorby's presidential address at the anniversary meeting of the Geological Society in 1879, attention was drawn to the fact that the carbonate of lime in calcareous organisms is in certain cases in the form of calcite, in others of aragonite, and various genera of such organisms were classed according to their mineralogical constitution. It was also shown that aragonite fossils are of greatly inferior stability to those formed of calcite, in many deposits casts only of aragonite fossils being preserved, whilst those of calcite remain unaltered. In the same address Mr. Sorby insisted on the importance of this difference of stability as affecting the trustworthiness of the geological record.
V.—On the Effect of Continental Lands in altering the Level of the adjoining Oceans
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

The effect of the attraction of continental land upon the oceanic waters adjoining seems to have been very much overlooked by British physical geographers. That some slight effect arises in the direction of elevating the surface of the ocean in proximity to the coast is generally admitted, but the amount of rise is considered to be small, perhaps insignificant. The prevalence of these views was attributed by the author to the widespread influence of Lyell's hypothesis of the uniformity of the ocean-surface all over the globe.
III.—On the Occurrence of a Ceratozamia in the Tertiary Flora of Leoben in Styria
Authors: von Ettingshausen Constantin Baron
Published: May 2009

Mr. Adolph Hoffmann has kindly sent me a large series of fossil plants from the Tertiary strata of Leoben containing a very rich fossil flora. On examining the latter, I discovered a fossil leaf, which I at once recognized as a Cycad.

Remains of that family of plants are extraordinarily rare in the Tertiary strata of Europe. They are limited almost entirely to the Eocene formation. The occurrence, therefore, of such a fossil in the Tertiary flora of Leoben, which belongs to the Miocene period, calls forth the greatest interest, and I shall not fail to give a preliminary notice on the subject to palaeontologists.
IV.—The Geological Development, Descent and Distribution of the Mammalia
Authors: von Zittel Karl A.
Published: May 2009

In a spirited treatise on the ‘Origin of our Animal World’ Prof. L. Rütimeyer, in the year 1867, described the geological development and distribution of the mammalia, and the relationship of the different faunas of the past with each other and with that now existing. Although, since the appearance of that masterly sketch the palæontological material has been, at least, doubled through new discoveries in Europe and more especially in North and South America, this unexpected increase has in most instances only served as a confirmation of the views which Rutimeyer advanced on more limited experience. At present, Africa forms the only great gap in our knowledge of the fossil mammalia; all the remaining parts of the world can show materials more or less abundantly, from which the course followed by the mammalia in their geological development can be traced with approximate certainty.
IV.—On the Origin of the Engadine Lakes
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: May 2009

Any geologist who, in these days, is still bold enough to affirm that the origin of Alpine Lakes generally is due to glacial erosion, must surely derive considerable comfort from a visit to the Upper Engadine; for the four lakes which adorn that valley appear, at first sight, to constitute so many typical examples of the erosive power of the ancient Inn glacier, and therefore a striking confirmation of that time-honoured theory. A closer and more extensive examination of the physiography of that exceedingly interesting district, leads, however, as in so many similar cases, to a very different, and precisely opposite conclusion.
IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In the “Catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum,” compiled by J. W. Salter, F.G.S., and published in 1873, many new specific names occur, in some cases accompanied by a few words of description, but frequently by none at all. Although several of these species have been described by subsequent writers, there yet remains a large number which are only known by their names, some of which have found their way into geological literature. It therefore seemed desirable to rescue these forms from their present unstable position, and to issue a detailed account of their characters to avoid future confusion. The original specimens are in the Woodwardian Museum, and though in many instances they are in a poor state of preservation, rendering the precise and minute diagnosis of the species difficult, yet the subsequent acquisition of further specimens of the same forms has enabled me to make the descriptions more complete.
I.—On Nepheline-Syenite and its Associates in the North-West of Scotland
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: May 2009

In 1892 I described, in conjunction with my colleague Mr. Horne, a peculiar rock, essentially composed of orthoclase and melanite, under the name of borolanite. The type-specimens came from the plutonic mass which lies to the north of Loch Borolan, in Sutherlandshire (1 in. sheet 101). During the preparation of the paper on borolanite our colleague Mr. Gunn discovered two dykes of a closely related rock traversing the Torridon Sandstone in the Coigach district of West Ross-shire. The rock of these dykes was described in an appendix to our paper. It contains nepheline and ægirine, in addition to orthoclase and melanite, and is therefore allied, both as regards mode of occurrence and mineralogical composition, to the Tinguaite group of Rosenbusch; but as melanite is an important constituent it was classed with the borolanites.
II.—Further Notes on Podophthalmous Crustaceans from the Upper Cretaceous Formation of British Columbia, etc.
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In 1896 I described some decapod Crustaceans found in the Cretaceous formation of Vancouver and adjacent islands, British Columbia, which, with the approval of Dr. G. M. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., the Director, had been most kindly placed in my hands for examination by Dr. J. F. Whiteaves, F.G.S., Palæontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada. They were referred by me to the genera Callianassa, Homolopsis, Palæocorystes, and Plagiolophus (see Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1896, vol. lii, pp. 221–228, with 6 figures).
II.—Note on certain Impressions of Echinoderms observed on the Sandstone Slabs in which the Skeletons of Hyperodapedon Gordoni and Rhynchosaurus are preserved
Authors: Burckhardt Rudolf
Published: May 2009

When searching for traces of the dermal structure preserved in the specimen of Hyperodapedon in the British Museum (Natural History) in London, my attention was drawn to certain spots where the matrix showed projections and pits of a polygonal shape, which I detected when I took the photographs of this Triassic reptile. Primarily occupying myself with the matrix of the principal slab, in which the skeleton is enclosed, I quite thought I had only to deal with dermal structures similar to those discovered in Rhynchosaurus.
III.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species. II
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

There are three specimens of this species in the Woodwardian Museum, viz.: (1) Salter's fine original specimen (a 954) from the Wenlock Shale of Malvern, belonging to the first part of the Fletcher Collection, acquired prior to 1873; (2) a poor specimen probably from the same collection and horizon, locality unknown; and (3) an almost perfect specimen, also from the Wenlock Shale of Malvern, belonging to that part of the Fletcher Collection recently presented by Mrs. Fletcher. This specimen will be designated the Fletcher specimen in distinction to Salter's original specimen. Both these specimens show almost the whole trilobite preserved in excellent condition, and from them the following description has been drawn up.
IV.—Note on the Preparation of Spherulites
Authors: Bassett Henry
Published: May 2009

Last February, while working in the Chemical Laboratory of University College, London, I had occasion to make some sulphanilic acid. This was done in the usual way by heating a mixture of 100 grammes of concentrated sulphuric acid and 30 grammes of aniline to 180°–190° C. in an oil bath for four hours. The flask containing the mixture was left in the oil bath to cool, and on examining it the next day I was surprised to find that the solid mass inside had developed a beautiful spherulitic structure. As I believe this has never been observed before, it may be worth a description.
V.—The Sources and Distribution of the Far-Travelled Boulders of East Yorkshire
Authors: Stather J. W.
Published: May 2009

About ten years ago, when studying the drifts of East Yorkshire, Mr. G. W. Lamplugh counted and roughly classified the larger boulders of Flamborough Head and other selected localities on the coast. This work has been continued by members of the Hull Geological Society, who have up to the present time recorded nearly four thousand boulders, of twelve inches and upwards in diameter. To avoid possible error, arising from the moving beach and other causes, only the boulders actually in place in the clay were noted, or such as had obviously recently fallen from the cliffs. The whole of the coastline from Spurn to Flamborough has been surveyed in this way, and also portions of the coast north of Flamborough as far as Saltburn. The lists thus prepared have been published from time to time by the Hull Geological Society and by the Erratic Blocks Committee of the British Association.
I.—British Pleistocene Fishes
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The search for small vertebrates in deposits of Pleistocene age has, within the last few years, been prosecuted with much zeal by several workers, and has brought to light the remains of many species of mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and amphibia; the bones in some instances occurring in great numbers. The remains of fishes, however, have but rarely been found with the bones of other vertebrata, and never in any abundance. Some interesting discoveries of fish-remains have nevertheless been made; but the records of them are scattered through various publications, and it seems very desirable to bring all this information together.
VIII.—On the Pectoral Fin of Cœlacanthus
Authors: Wellburn Edgar D.
Published: May 2009

Among the fossil fishes of the Talbragar Beds (Jurassic?) described by Dr. A. Smith Woodward in a memoir of the Geological Survey of New South Wales (1895), there is the ventral portion of the abdominal region of a Cœlacanth fish, having one of the pectoral fins well shown. The fin is shown in counterpart, and is thus described:— “It exhibits, as usual, the characteristic obtuse lobation and the large fringe of articulated attenuated dermal rays, and is unique in displaying some of the eudoskeletal supporting bones. These elements seem to have been well ossified, though with persistent cartilage internally. At the base of the fin there occurs a broken fragment of bone1 incapable of determination; but in the lobe of the fin itself there is a series of four well-defined, hourglass-shaped supports. Of these bones the anterior three are much elongated, and nearly equally slender, while the fourth is much more robust and expanded at its distal end. The four elements radiate from the anterior half of the base of the fin; and it seems very probable that some smaller cartilage behind and near the distal border of the lobe have disappeared from lack of ossification. The fin-rays gradually increase in length from the anterior border to the middle of the lobe, whence they decrease again backwards, and finally become extremely delicate.”
I.—On an example of Acanthoteuthis speciosa, Münster, from the Lithographic Stone, Eichstädt, Bavaria
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The genus Acanthoteuthis was founded by E. Wagner1 and G. Münster upon small booklets, sometimes isolated, sometimes associated with more or less complete remains of the animal, which are found in the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria. Münster characterized three species chiefly upon the form of these hooklets, viz, A. speciosa, A. Férussacii, and A. Lichtensteinii, and noticed the existence of a fourth. Subsequently Munster referred to this genus also a number of forms based principally upon the shape of the body and upon the form of the internal shell, but most of these were afterwards separated by A. Wagner as a new genus (Plesioleuthis). The genus Acanthoteuthis is therefore restricted to such forms as Münster described chiefly upon the form of the books.
I.—Geology of the London Extension of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway. Part I: Annesley to Rugby
Authors: Fox-Strangways C.
Published: May 2009

This portion of the new trunk line to London covers a distance of about fifty miles, and runs nearly due south, crossing the towns of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicester, Lutterworth, and Rugby. Throughout the greater part of this distance the railwayis on the Trias, except the northern portion, which is On thePermian, and the southern, which is on the Lias. There are also great thicknesses of Drift met with near Leicester and between that town and Rugby, but very little in the northern part on either side of Nottingham.
IV.—The “Great Submergence” Again: Clava, etc. Part II
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

Last month I glanced at some of the difficulties attaching to the theory of a “ great submergence ” during Glacial times, particularly in connection with the deposition of this shelly clay at Clava.

In regard to the alternative theory of transport by land-ice, the following facts may be enumerated as so far in its favour:-

(a) Evidences of ice-action are conspicuous all over the district. It is a region of intense glaciation, and this special locality is right in the tract of the ancient ice-sheet.

(b) The traces of the movement show that, with a very small submergence, the ice-sheet must have passed over part of a former sea-bottom.

(c) That in this neighbourhood it rose in its progress, carrying numerous boulders with it in its course, and leaving them at higher elevations than their parent beds of rock.
V.—The Oldest Siphonotreta
Authors: Matthew G. F.
Published: May 2009

The ancient Brachiopodous genus Siphonotreta is well known by its species occurring in the Ordovician and Silurian strataof Russia and Great Britain, and its peculiar pedicle opening hasbeen the subject of remark. The author is not aware that this genus has hitherto been reported from any Cambrian terrain, and, therefore, the greatest interest will attach to a form recently found in the lower beds of the St. John Group, which is nearer to Siphonotreta than to any other known genus.
V.—On the Age and Origin of the Granite of Dartmoor, and its Relations to the adjoining Strata
Authors: Somervail Alex
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is an attempt to furnish proof of what JL has been a growing conviction in the mind of the writer, that the true age of the Dartmoor granite, and probably its associated line of bosses running south-westwards into Cornwall, might be referable to an interval or period of geological time between the Lower and the Upper Culm, or Carboniferous system.
IV.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. I. Dinocystis Barrosisi, n. g. et sp., Psammites du Condroz
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

On April 30th, 1897, the Trustees of the British Museum purchased from Dr. F. Krantz, of Bonn, seven specimens labelled “Agelacrinus, n.sp., Unter Devon, Condroz, Frankreich.” But the Condroz is a district in Belgium, south of Namur and yiege, between the rivers Meuse and Ourthe; the species do not belong to Agelacrinus or any known genus; and the matrix clearly is that of the well-known “Psammites du Condroz,” which are Upper, not Lower, Devonian. The species, however, is new, and would have been described by me many months ago had it not been necessary to compare it with other species as rare as they were obscure.
VII.—On the Occurrence of Arenig Shales beneath the Carboniferous Rocks at the Menai Bridge
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The shore of the Menai Straits on the Carnarvonshire side, nearthe Suspension Bridge, is composed, as is well known, ofsandstones and shales belonging to the Carboniferous Series. Abouta quarter of a mile west of the bridge, however, some fissile, reddishand greenish shales appear on the foreshore, dipping at higherangles than usual. This might easily be ascribed to local disturbance, as a large fault is not far off, though the shale differs somewhat from that which is common in the Carboniferous rocks of the district, a fact which was noticed by Mr. G. H. Morton, who went with me along this part of the section.
IX.—Glacier Motion and Erosion
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Although the ice of many glaciers, more especially thosewhich move over massive impervious rocks, is clean andalmost free from rock fragments, in many cases towards the bottomof the glacier, boulders, pebbles, and even masses of clay, mud, or sand abound. The rock-masses have evidently been derived from The floor over which the glaciers move, for the fragments become more numerous as we descend in the ice, the upper portion of the glacier being often quite free from foreign matter.
I.—Homosteus, Asmuss, compared with Coccosteus, Agassiz
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The creature which forms the subject of the present communication is the same as that which was described as Asterolepis by Hugh Miller in his “Footprints of the Creator,” and consequently its remains are at present better known to British geologists and palæontologists under that name. Why, then, alter a name which we have used so long? is a question likely to be asked by those who have not critically studied the complicated mesh in which the synonymy of the name “Asterolepis” is entangled.
IV.—On Local Thickening of Dykes and Beds by Folding
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In his “Geology of North Wales” (p. 102, 2nd ed.), Sir A. Ramsay figures a vertical cross-section of a greenstone dyke, which he describes as running along the cleavage-planes of the slate in the Ffestiniog quarries, and alternately “bulging and thinning off in a rapid succession of oval-shaped masses of 3 or 4 feet in length.” He seems to imply that this is one of the dykes posterior to the disturbance which produced the cleavage of the district. The ordinary post-Carboniferous dykes of North Wales, however, strike nearly at right angles to the cleavage; and further it is not easy to imagine any circumstances attending the intrusion of this one that would account for the phenomenon of alternate thickening and attenuation described. A precisely similar peculiarity is to be seen in ‘Dew's quarry’ at Pen-y-bryn, Nantlle.
VIII.—Note on Pleurotoma Turbida, Solander, and P. colon, Sow
Authors: De Gregorio Marquis Antonio
Published: May 2009

Mr. Edwards in his beautiful work (Eoc. Moll. p. 311, pl. 32, fig. 2) described a species of Pleurotoma under the title of Pl. turbida, Sol. He regards Pl. colon, Sow., as a synonym, but not Pl. colon, Sow., in Deshayes. In this I think he was mistaken. The species described by Deshayes appears to me different from the Pl. colon, Sow., and identical with the species figured by Solander under the name of Murex turbidus. In the second edition of his work Deshayes says that he “noted this species for mischief,” because it is not found at Soisson, but he retained the name of colon, Sow.
II.—Restoration of Brontops Robustus, from the Miocene of America
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The largest mammals of the American Miocene were the huge Brontotheridæ, which lived in great numbers on the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains, and were entombed in the fresh-water lakes of that region. They were larger than the Dinocerata of the Eocene, and nearly equalled in size the existing Elephant. They constitute a distinct family of Perissodactyles, and were more nearly allied to the Rhinoceros than to any other living forms.
IV.—On the Occurrence of a Variety of Picrite (Scyelite) in Sark
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Last summer I had the pleasure of passing a fortnight in the Channel Islands under the guidance of my friend the Rev. E. Hill, who has done so much to elucidate their geology. During our short visit to Sark we spent some hours in the beautiful little cove called Port du Moulin, examining the interesting sections of the hornblende-schist and underlying gneissic rocks. I was wandering on the beach looking at the wave-worn boulders which afford most interesting studies of the structure of this crystalline series, when my eye was attracted by one which differed much from the rest, and resembled a dark-coloured serpentine of a slightly exceptional character. With some difficulty, owing to its form, I detached a tolerable specimen, and on examining the fresher surface, felt convinced that I had found a rock composed chiefly of an altered olivine and a silvery talc-like mineral.
I.—On a New Specimen of Histionotus angularis, Egerton
Authors: Mansel-Pleydell J. C.
Published: May 2009

Histionotus Angularis, was first described and figured by the late Sir Philip de M. Grey Egerton, Bart., F.R.S., in Decade viii. of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, 1853. The uninterrupted dorsal fin, extending from near the occiput to the tail, suggested the generic name of Histionotus, and in this feature it reresembles Ophiopsis. It has the characters also of other genera, for instance, Pholidophorus in its scales, Semionotus in the shape of its body, and Lepidotus in the shape of its head. Sir Philip Egerton, misled by the imperfect preservation of the posterior end of his specimen, thought the caudal-fin to be also similar to that of Lepidotus.
VI.—Devonian Greenstones and Chlorite Schists of South Devon
Authors: Raisin C. A.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Devonshire Transactions for 1888 (p. 215), Mr. Somervail suggests the identity of the chlorite schists of South Devon with certain rocks to the northward. As this hypothesis (could it be established) would have a most important bearing on subjects of controversy, I took the opportunity in a few days this winter, to visit and collect from these localities, including the dyke nearest to Toreross. I was not rewarded by finding any striking similarity to the metamorphic rocks of the south. In that series, the chlorite schists consist of clear and definite crystalline grains, among which I find felspar to be rare and have not yet certainly identified augite—while these northern greenstones are full of broken crystals of both minerals, together with viridite, dust resulting from the crushing, and a small amount of minute secondary hornblende and sericite (?), chlorite being generally rare, and often absent.
IV.—On some Modes of Formation of Coal-Seams
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

The commonly-received theory that most coal-seams represent vegetable matter that has grown and has been entombed on the spot has never been received by all geologists with quite that measure of satisfaction that has been accorded to other theories of the same general nature. It has been felt again and again that the explanation referred to might be true enough for certain cases; but that in others it failed to account satisfactorily for all the phenomena. It involved too many complications—too nice an adjustment of the rate of growth of the vegetation to the rate of subsidence and of sedimentation—too much straining of the theory in question generally—to be accepted unhesitatingly by those accustomed to judge of such facts for themselves. That certain beds of coal have been formed by the growth of vegetation on the spot no reasonable person can doubt: the only question is whether that is true of every coal-seam.
II.—Essays in Theoretical Geology
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

It has become one of the truisms of geology that India, like Gaul, is divided into three parts, the Peninsular, the Extra-peninsular, and the Indo-gangetic alluvium.
II.—The Parent-rock of the Diamond. Reply to a Criticism
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A short time since Mr. G. Trubenbach, Managing Director of the Newlands Diamond Mine, West Griqualand, drew my attention to a notice by Professor Beck of the paper which I read to the Royal Society last June, on the Parent-rock of the Diamond in South Africa, kindly sending me a translation of the original. As Professor Beck's criticisms are founded on such a travesty of my published opinions that I can only suppose his knowledge of our language to be very imperfect, and as the hypothesis which he advances appears to me untenable, I ask permission to reply to the one and point out the improbability of the other.
VII.—Note on a Tortoise from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Hooley Reginald W.
Published: May 2009

In May, 1897, a fossil tortoise was found about 10 feet above low water-mark opposite Shepherd's Chine, by Mr. Wm. White, of Atherfield, Isle of Wight. It came into my possession in July of last year (1899). At that time the only portions clear of matrix were the sixth, seventh, and eighth costal bones, the edges of the marginals, and the epi- and hyoplastrals nearly to the notch ; the matrix is a fine silt containing much iron. The specimen had been subjected to long attrition by the sea. A very thin but hard seam of whole and broken Paludina had offered a stubborn resistance, as likewise it did against a finely pointed and tempered chisel. On the surface of the carapace are several Cyprids (sp. ?) and the impression in section of Paludina.
X.—Diagram of Composition of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Warth H.
Published: May 2009

Recent studies about the average chemical composition of larger numbers of igneous rocks in the aggregate have shown that figures obtained from any one hundred or more samples are very similar, in fact practically equal. (See A. Harker, “On the Average Composition of British Igneous Rocks”: Geol. Mag., No. V, May, 1899.) This will be found also the case when comparing the following average which I calculated from the analysis of igneous rocks compiled by Roth in his “Petrographie der plutonischen Gesteine.”
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

In presenting a portrait and offering to the readers of the Geological Magazine a brief memoir of Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward, my namesake and successor in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), I feel that no apology is needed, inasmuch as every lover of our science will be glad to possess a record of one of its leading men whom he may have met already, and known generally, but may wish for a more personal acquaintance, which this sketch is intended to furnish.

Henry Woodward.
I.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. VI. Pyrgocystis n.g.
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Previous History.—In 1892 Professor Carl W. S. Aurivillius published his well-known paper “Ueber einige ober-silurische Cirripeden aus Gotland” (Bihang Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd 18, Aid. IV, No. 3). Besides the remarkable specimen from the Ludlovian Pterygotus bed of Wisby, to which he gave the name Pollicipes signatus, and a supposed fragment of a scutum, which he called P. validus, Professor Aurivillius described a number of “kurze, mehr oder weniger cylindrische, mit Schuppen bedeckte Bildungen”, which he regarded as the peduncles of a cirripede and referred provisionally, in the absence of any trace of a capitulum, to Scalpellum. Though all the specimens (except possibly of S. cylindricum) came from a single stratum, bed c of Lindström, probably contemporaneous with our Wenlock Shale, and though the majority were found in a single locality, Djupvik in Eksta, still Professor Aurivillius considered that he could with certainty distinguish the following seven species:
IV.—The Work of Professor Lacroix on the Laterites of French Guinea
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

In this zone the phenomenon of départ or leaching is carried to a finish, and though of little significance in the case of the gibbsitic laterites of the diabases, gabbros, and syenites, since these from the beginning of alteration in the zone of leaching have been deprived of the greater part of the elements to be removed, yet in the case of the mica-schists it is of great importance. But in every case there is an accentuation of a phenomenon already evident in the preceding zone, namely the emigration of iron towards the surface, where it becomes concentrated. At the same time concretionary phenomena, often resulting in the separation of the hydrates of iron and aluminium one from the other, become increasingly important and reach their maximum development quite close to the surface, where they lead to the formation of a resistant crust (cuirasse), in which hydroxide of iron acts as cement; this hydroxide may even become sufficiently abundant to constitute an ore of iron, particularly in the case of certain diabases, and above all of peridotites.
II.—Differential Movement in East Anglia in Tertiary Times
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

The sudden change of strike of the Chalk in South-East Suffolk, exceeded only in abruptness at ,the western limit of the London Basin, is accompanied by Tertiary phenomena equally interesting, and the occurrence of the Palæozoic platform at a small depth under the Chalk in the deep borings at Culford, Stutton, Harwich, and Weeley is, in this connexion, very significant.
I.—The Geological Age of the Carrara Marbles
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Winwood H. H.
Published: May 2009

The statuary marbles of Carrara have been repeatedly asserted to be metamorphic limestones of earlier Mesozoic or later Palæozoic age. Similar statements were once frequent in regard to other mountain regions, but they have one by one dropped out of geological literature. This, however, is such a hardy perennial as to be still repeated in petrological and other textbooks. Doubts, however, were felt by the first author in 1878, and these became almost certainties after 1886, but as each visit was only for a few hours, and did not allow of a proper examination of the rocks in situ, he deferred writing on the subject till he could spend a longer time at Carrara. That opportunity, however, never came, and is not now likely to occur ; but on finding not long since that his friends, Professor Boyd Dawkins and the Rev. H. H. Winwood, had visited the quarries in 1898, and the latter had published an account of the district, with a sketch-section drawn by the former, he communicated with them, and the following paper summarizes the experience of the three, which it is hoped may help in laying another metamorphic ghost.
III.—The Bekinkinite of Barshaw (Renfrewshire), and the Associated Rocks
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The recognition of teschenites in the Midland Valley of Scotland, first by Teall and later by several other petrographers, has led to the discovery of numerous varieties of analcite-rich rocks in th same area. One of the most interesting of these is the unique rock discovered in an old quarry at Barshaw near Paisley, during the remapping of the district by the officers of the Geological Survey of Scotland. A preliminary description of this rock as a weathered theralite was given by Mr. E. B. Bailey in 1909. In the previous year a chemical analysis by Mr. E. G. Radley had appeared. A fuller description is given in the Survey Memoir on the Glasgow District (1911). According to Mr. R. G. Carruthers the theralite is probably part of an igneous mass which is persistently found at the Hurlet Limestone horizon of the Carboniferous Limestone Series in the Paisley district. Tlie petrography of the rock, as investigated by Mr. Bailey, makes clear its relationship to the melanoeratic ijolites of Madagascar described by Lacroix, and named ‘bekinkinite’ by Rosenbusch. It is considered as a special modification of the Paisley teschenite or dolerite.
I.—Some Lake Basins in Alberta and British Columbia
Authors: Parkinson J.
Published: May 2009

For several years careful study has been given to numerous lake basins in England and elsewhere, with the result that many previously considered as rock basins have not survived the ordeal. Professor Bonney, who has always opposed this hypothesis in the case of large lakes, has described four authentic examples from the Lepontine Alps, three of which I had the advantage of visiting with him; and some few weeks before, Mr. Brend described others from Caernarvonshire.
IV.—Notes on the Lower Carboniferous Fishes of Eastern Fifeshire
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Not much has as yet been done in the way of cataloguing the fossil fishes of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Eastern Fifeshire. A few species and localities were noted by the late Rev. Thomas Brown in 1860 and by Mr. Kirkby in 1880, and the late Mr. Robert Walker published a paper in 1872 in which he described what he supposed to be a new species of Amblypterus (A. anconoœchmodus) from the Oil-shale works at Pitcorthy, near Anstruther. In this paper Mr. Walker drew attention to the abundance and variety of fish-remains in the oil-shale and ironstone worked at that locality, promising to describe them in detail afterwards—a promise which he was never able to fulfil. After his death in 1881, his important collection of fish-remains from this and other localities in East Fife was acquired by the Edinburgh Museum, and largely forms the basis of the present list. I myself have also done some collecting in this region; and a good many years ago the Museum acquired a number of specimens collected by Mr. W. T. Kinnear at Ardross, some of which are of great interest.
VII.—Notes on Literature bearing upon the Geology of the Malay Peninsula; with an account of a Neolithic Implement from that country
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

In view of the interest lately shown by geologists and others engaged in the Malay Peninsula through Mr. H. F. Bellamy's discovery of Triassic Lamellibranchs in that area, a brief account of the principal works on the geology of that portion of South-Eastern Asia may prove of service. More particular reference will be made to the sedimentary rocks, purely mineral papers being excluded from consideration.
IV.—On the Stratigraphy of the Crag of Suffolk, with especial reference to the Distribution of the Foraminifera
Authors: Burrows H. W.
Published: May 2009

The successional order of the strata of the Crag of the Eastern Counties, and the grouping and relationship of the several members of this formation, are here described more especially with regard to the Foraminifera obtained from them. These remarks on the distribution of the Microzoa in the Crag are based upon the examination of material collected by myself during the past eight years, with the exception of some from Tattingstone and Gedgrave (zone g) kindly supplied by Professor Prestwich. The whole of this material has been worked over by Mr. Richard Holland and myself; and Mr. Frederick Chapman has given us some aid with the Tattingstone Crag. Whilst assisting lately in the production of Part II of the Monograph of the Foraminifera of the Crag, it has been necessary to re-examine the collections previously made by the late Messrs. S. V. Wood and W. K. Parker, and the work done by them, with Dr. H. B. Brady and Professor T. Rupert Jones; and in view of the desirability of having the latest information in a tangible shape, I have been led to put together some notes on the Crag and the Distribution of its Foraminifera for this Monograph, Part II. An Abstract of my memoir is now offered to the British Association, meeting at Ipswich in the centre of the Crag district.
II.—On some Palæozoic Phyllopoda
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward. Henry
Published: May 2009

In the Museum of Practical Geology there is a specimen of Ceratiocaris (No. 4435), from the vicinity of Ludlow, which was not noticed by us in the “Monograph of British Palæozoic Phyllocarida” (Palæontographical Society), 1888. It is a squeezed carapace, evidently allied to the Ceratiocaris cassioides there described and figured, pages 59–61, pl. iii, fig. 9; pl. iv, fig. 7; and pl. vii, figs. 4–6. The specimen appears to have been bivalved. The contained animal matter has caused an irregular convexity (as seen also in figs. 4–6, pl. vii above mentioned), especially in the anterior third; and here it has been broken down, leaving a small rough cavity in some obscure organic material.
VI.—Observations on East Anglian Boulder-clay
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

I Describe some facts which have attracted my attention in my neighbourhood as bearing on the question of the East Anglian Boulder-clays, and I note the directions in which these facts would seem to lead our ideas. For the most part I limit myself to my own observations.
II.—The Circulation of Salt and Geological Time
Authors: Joly J.
Published: May 2009

From time to time I have received from correspondents suggestions that the method of determining the geological age of the Earth by the rate of solvent denudation of sodium might be open to considerable error if the allowance made in my paper (Trans. R.D.S., ser. ii, vol. vii), for sodium chloride carried from the sea by winds and washed from the atmosphere by rain, was seriously at fault. These suggestions arise from incomplete study of the quantities involved. Had more space been given in my paper to this question, the hasty criticisms I have had to contend with, doubtless, would be less often advanced. The whole matter is capable of the simplest arithmetical statement, and the limit of error arising from this source easily defined. Recently one gentleman has written at considerable length on the matter in the pages of the Chemical News. I have replied to Mr. Ackroyd in that journal. But the definition of the limit of error referred to, and the consideration of some other points raised in the discussion, are more in place in a geological than in a chemical journal. I would therefore seek for space in the Geological Magazine wherein to repeat in part what I have said in the Chemical News, adding some matters more especially suited to geological readers.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species. V
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

There are two specimens of this species in the Woodwardian Museum, both of which were named and labelled by Salter. The smaller and more perfect one, a 987 (Fletcher Collection), is first mentioned, and is stated to have come from the Lower Ludlow of Dudley. The larger specimen is from the same horizon of Green Quarry, Leintwardine, and shows only a portion of the upper surface.
V.—Another Section of Keuper Marls at Great Crosby, Lancashire
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In 1884 I described in the GeologicalMagazine a section of Keuper Marls exposed by the excavation of the Boulder-clay at Moorhey, Great Crosby. This was our first knowledge of their existence in the neighbourhood, the whole area being covered with a thick mantle of Boulder-clay excepting where the Lower Keuper Sandstone comes to the surface in the villages of Great and Little Crosby.