bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Curcuma longa on vascular function in native Tamilians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double‐blind, parallel arm, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Srinivasan Akila , Selvarajan Sandhiya , Kamalanathan Sadishkumar , Kadhiravan Tamilarasu , Prasanna Lakshmi Nakka Chandrasekhar , Adithan Surendiran
Published: June 2019

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased central arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction leading to increased risk of cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Curcuma longa on arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 136 patients of type 2 diabetes. Among them, 114 completed at least one follow‐up visit and included for data analysis. Arterial stiffness parameters were measured at baseline and every month for 3 months and endothelial dysfunction markers at baseline and after 3 months of treatment with C. longa or placebo. These parameters were compared between the two groups. Both C. longa and placebo groups were comparable at baseline. After 3 months of treatment, C. longa produced significant reduction from baseline in carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (p = .002), left brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (p = .001), aortic augmentation pressure (p = .007), aortic augmentation index (p = .007), and aortic augmentation index at heart rate 75 (p = .018) as compared with the placebo group. Three months treatment with C. longa significantly decreases arterial stiffness as compared with placebo in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
An overview of synthetic‐type control charts: Techniques and methodology
Authors: Rakitzis Athanasios C. , Chakraborti Subhabrata , Shongwe Sandile C. , Graham Marien A. , Khoo Michael Boon Chong
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we provide an overview of a class of control charts called the synthetic charts. Synthetic charts are a combination of a traditional chart (such as a Shewhart, CUSUM, or EWMA chart) and a conforming run‐length (CRL) chart. These charts have been considered in order to maintain the simplicity and improve the performance of small and medium‐sized shift detection of the traditional Shewhart charts. We distinguish between different types of synthetic‐type charts currently available in the literature and highlight how each is designed and implemented in practice. More than 100 publications on univariate and multivariate synthetic‐type charts are reviewed here. We end with some concluding remarks and a list of some future research ideas.
Ground‐state dissociation pathways for the molecular cation of 2‐chlorothiophene: A time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and computational study
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari P.
Published: May 2019

Rationale

Halogenated thiophenes are an important class of compounds mostly used in the synthesis of various materials, showing unusual electronic and optical properties. The Thiophene Ring Fragmentation (TRF) process is widely used in synthetic chemistry. In this study, the fragmentation pattern of the molecular cation of halogenated thiophene, namely, 2‐chlorothiophene, was monitored to establish its dissociation mechanism.

Methods

The molecular cation of 2‐chlorothiophene was prepared using multiphoton excitation using a laser at 235 nm. Various product ions upon fragmentation of the molecular ion were mass analyzed using time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Laser power dependence studies were also conducted for various product ions to arrive at the dissociation mechanism. Theoretical calculations were carried out to estimate the reaction enthalpies for various reactions and compared with the experimental data available in the literature.

Results

The most abundant product ion was observed as the HCS+ radical cation followed by the C3H3+ ion and the H2CCCCS+ radical cation. Other product ions such as SCCl+, ClHCCS+ radical cations were also observed to a lesser extent in the fragmentation pattern of the parent molecular ion. Various dissociation channels were identified and supported with ab initio calculation. It has been inferred that the TRF process is usually initiated by the H/Cl atom transfer process. The appearance energies of the various fragment ions were also estimated theoretically and compared with literature values.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the fragmentation pattern of the molecular cation of 2‐chlorothiophene was studied and the formation mechanisms of various product ions have been assigned. The appearance energies of the various fragment ions were also calculated. Finally, it is inferred that a TRF process is initiated by the H/Cl atom migration and subsequent ring opening either by C–C or C–S bond cleavage leading to the various isomers and their subsequent fragmentation. The ionization energies were accurately predicted for various species using ab initio calculation.
Recent advances in quantum‐mechanical molecular dynamics simulations of proton transfer mechanism in various water‐based environments
Authors: Sakti Aditya W. , Nishimura Yoshifumi , Nakai Hiromi
Published: May 2019

Proton transfer in water‐based environments occurs because of hydrogen‐bond interaction. There are many interesting physicochemical phenomena in this field, causing fast structural diffusion of hydronium and hydroxide ions. During the last few decades, to support experimental observations and measurements, quantum‐mechanical molecular dynamics (QMMD) simulations with reasonable accuracy and efficiency have significantly unraveled structural, energetic, and dynamical properties of excess proton in aqueous environments. This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art QMMD studies of proton transfer processes in aqueous solutions and complex systems including bulk liquid water, ice phases, and confined water in nanochannel/nanoporous materials as well as reports on CO2 scrubbing by amine‐based chemical absorption.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Semiempirical Electronic Structure Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics
Load analysis of hydraulic‐pneumatic flywheel configurations integrated in a wind turbine rotor
Authors: Hippel Sebastian , Jauch Clemens
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the impact on the mechanical loads of a wind turbine due to a previously proposed hydraulic‐pneumatic flywheel system is analysed. Load simulations are performed for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5‐MW wind turbine using fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (FAST). It is discussed why FAST is applied although it cannot simulate variable rotor inertia. Several flywheel configurations, which increase the rotor inertia of the 5‐MW wind turbine by 15%, are implemented in the 61.5‐m rotor blade. Load simulations are performed twice for each configuration: Firstly, the flywheel system is discharged, and secondly, the flywheel is charged. The change in ultimate and fatigue loads on the tower, the low speed shaft, and the rotor blades is juxtaposed for all flywheel configurations. As the blades are mainly affected by the flywheel system, the increase in ultimate and fatigue loads of the blade is evaluated. Simulation results show that the initial design of the flywheel system causes the lowest impact on the mechanical loads of the rotor blades although this configuration is the heaviest.
Age‐related changes in cognitive biases during adolescence
Authors: Slavny Rachel J.M. , Sebastian Catherine L. , Pote Helen
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Age has been found to moderate the relation between cognitive biases and psychopathology, yet little is known about normative age‐related change in these biases during adolescence. Adolescence might be a key developmental period for changes in negatively biased information‐processing, and understanding the trajectories of these processes in a typically developing population is a pre‐requisite for further comprehending their association with psychopathology.

Methods

This study explores the effect of age on seven cognitive biases in a diverse community sample from the United Kingdom (N = 540) aged 10–17 years (309 were female) using self‐report measures.

Results

Age demonstrated a positive linear association with three biases: threat interpretation, negative attributions and overgeneralizing scores.

Conclusions

Important changes take place during adolescence that may increase young people's negative cognitive biases. Empirical data on normative age‐related changes in cognitive biases should be integrated into theoretical models of biased information‐processing and psychopathology.
The associations between self-reported depression, self-reported chronic inflammatory conditions and cognitive abilities in UK Biobank
Authors: Lyall Laura M. , Cullen Breda , Lyall Donald M. , Leighton Samuel P. , Siebert Stefan , Smith Daniel J. , Cavanagh Jonathan
Published: May 2019

Background:

Depression and chronic inflammatory medical conditions have been linked to impaired cognitive ability. However despite frequent comorbidity, their combined association with cognitive ability has rarely been examined.

Methods:

This study examined associations between self-reported depression and chronic inflammatory diseases and their interaction with cognitive performance in 456,748 participants of the UK Biobank, adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Numbers with available data ranged from 94,899 to 453,208 depending on the cognitive test.

Results:

Self-reported depression was associated with poorer performance compared to controls in several cognitive tests (fully adjusted models, reaction time: B = 6.08, 95% CI = 5.09, 7.07; pairs matching: incidence rate ratio = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.03; Trail Making Test B: B = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.87; Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST): B = −0.35, 95% CI = −0.44, −0.27). Self-reported chronic inflammatory conditions were associated with slower reaction time (B = 3.79, 95% CI = 2.81, 4.78) and lower DSST scores (B = −0.21, 95% CI = −0.30, −0.13). No interaction effects were observed.

Discussion:

In this large, population-based study we provide evidence of lower cognitive performance in both depression and a comprehensive category of chronic inflammatory conditions. Results are consistent with additive effects of both types of disorder on cognitive ability. Clinicians should be aware of such effects, particularly as cognitive impairment is linked to poorer disease outcomes and quality of life.
Organizational Obliviousness
Authors: Doan Alesha , Portillo Shannon
Published: June 2019

Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, we investigate how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices. The subtlety of these practices often renders them invisible. We refer to this invisibility as organizational obliviousness. Obliviousness exists at the individual level, it becomes reinforced at the cultural level, and, in turn, cultural practices are entrenched institutionally by policies. Organizational obliviousness may not be malicious or done to actively exclude or harm, but the end result is that it does both. Throughout this Element we trace the ways that organizational obliviousness shapes individuals, culture, and institutional practices throughout the organization.
Parents and Adult Children: The Elusive Boundaries of the Legal Family
Authors: Kreiczer-Levy Shelly
Published: May 2019

The literature on the relationship between parents and adult children reveals an embedded tension. While the law typically characterizes parents and their adult children as legal strangers, several legal rules assume intergenerational altruism. This Essay argues that
Someday All This Will Be Yours by Hendrik Hartog unpacks this dichotomy and offers a much richer depiction of intergenerational relations in an age of market economy. The book portrays an intermediate space where autonomous individuals engage in private ordering but the same parties also maintain a dynastic understanding of their commitments. This depiction provides a useful lens for the analysis of occurrences of informal care between parents and adult children. The Essay discusses intergenerational cohabitation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis as an example of such an analysis.
Adaptation of Compensation Practice in China: The Role of Sub-National Institutions
Authors: Lu Wei , Saka-Helmhout Ayse , Piekkari Rebecca
Published: May 2019

Unlike previous research that has largely focused on the influence of national institutions on human resource management practices in China, our study taps into the role of sub-national institutions. We demonstrate, via a qualitative configurational analysis, that foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations still adapt HQ compensation practice to the local context despite low regulatory pressure and low mobility of skills at the sub-national level. This adaptation is facilitated by a decentralized structure in the multinational corporation. Our study also shows that high regulatory pressure and high portability of skills at the sub-national level alone are sufficient to induce local adaptation of compensation practice. Our explanation points to the significant role played by sub-national institutions in large and rapidly changing emerging economies and contributes to research on local adaptation of HRM practice in China. It offers an insight into forms of institutional agency by political and economic actors at local levels of governance as they attempt to influence the skills and human resources available for MNCs through regulatory means.
On the Minimum Induced Drag of Ground-Effect Wings
Authors: Ashill P. R.
Published: May 2019

An approximate theory, which yields the minimum induced drag of a planar wing with end-plates in ground effect, is presented. As a check on the accuracy of the method, it is compared with the exact linearised theory in the case of end-plates of vanishing depth (planar configuration). This shows that, within the limitations of the linearised lifting-surface theory, the present method is accurate in the range of wing heights of interest. In Section 5 the theory is compared with experiment. In this comparison two interpretations of the theory are employed. The first assumes that the vortex trace is the projection of the trailing edge of the configuration onto a plane normal to the direction of motion when the wing incidence is zero. The second is different from this only in that no constraint is placed on the wing incidence. Of the two interpretations the first is found to be in better agreement with experiment than the second for the planar configuration. However, the opposite is found to be true when end-plates of sufficient depth are fitted. A reason for this is proposed in Section 5.
The Estimation of Pressure on Finite Symmetrical Wings in Subsonic Flow
Authors: Eldridge R. H. , Walkden F.
Published: May 2019

A numerical method for estimating the pressure distribution on arbitrary finite symmetrical wings with rounded leading edges at zero incidence in subsonic flow is presented. The subsonic flow equations are linearised so that the value of ∂ϕ/∂x at a point on the wing mean plane can be expressed as the generalised principal part of a singular double integral. This integral is modified so that it can be evaluated numerically. Finally Cn is obtained from ∂ϕ/∂x by using the approximation Cp = −2∂ϕ/∂x. Two numerical methods are described; one method to be used when the field point is close to the leading edge and the other for field points in other regions. Numerical results for two wings (Warren 12 and NPL 55° swept) are given and, wherever possible, the computed results are compared with results from other methods and with experiment.
Ambrosii Verba Retro Versa e Translatione Graeca (Libri Carolini II, 15)
Authors: Wallach Luitpold
Published: May 2019

TheLibri Carolini, the official Frankish protest against the worship of images decreed by the Seventh Ecumenical Council of II Nicaea in 787, accuses the synodal assembly of having falsified a statement by Ambrose of Milan in such a manner that it favored their own error of image-worship, “ut illorum errori faveret.” On the surface, the author of theLibri Carolini(LC) offers in II, 15 a nearly perfect specimen of textual criticism by comparing the original Ambrose text with the allegedly falsified version to be found in the First Latin translation of the Greek acta of II Nicaea. He cites the genuine Ambrose passage inLCII,15 (p. 75.2–4):

A.

a. “Numquid, cum et divinitatem eius adoramus et carnem, Christum dividimus?

b. Numquid, cum in eo imaginem Dei crucemque veneramur, dividimus eum ?”
L'Antonia D'Hérode le Grand et le Forum Oriental D'Aelia Capitolina
Authors: Benoit P.
Published: May 2019

Dans un article paru il y a dix-neuf ans, j'ai tenté de prouver que le prétoire où Pilate condamna Jésus doit être cherché dans l'ancien palais d'Hérode, à la limite occidentale de l'antique Jérusalem, près de l'actuelle Porte de Jaffa, plutôt que dans la forteresse de l'Antonia, sise à l'angle nord-ouest de l'enceinte du Temple, aujourd'hui le Haram esh-Sherif. Ma démonstration s'appuyait sur les témoignages littéraires. Dans l'article simultané où il défendait la position contraire, mon vénéré maître le P. Vincent déclarait que “le meilleur, sinon l'unique moyen efficace” de combattre sa théorie serait de “démontrer avec quelque précision technique les erreurs dont (serait entachée son) interprétation des faits archéologiques.”
Paul and the Pagan Cults at Isthmia
Authors: Broneer Oscar
Published: May 2019

When the Apostle Paul came to Corinth, probably in the year 50, the Roman colony Laus Iulia Corinthiensis was a flourishing center of trade and industry and a vital link of communication between Italy and the eastern provinces of the empire. It was still in the process of rebuilding after the thorough destruction by the Romans in 146 B.C., followed by a century of virtual abandonment. The Isthmian Games, which the Sikyonians had taken over and had presumably transferred to Sikyon, were again celebrated on the site where they had been held for more than a half millennium. Since Paul remained in Corinth for eighteen months on his first visit, he would have been there in the spring of 51, when the games were held at Isthmia. If, as I believe, the biennial Isthmian festival played a contributing, if not decisive, role in his choice of Corinth as the chief base of his missionary work in Greece, he would have come to the Isthmus for the occasion, and this gave him the opportunity to become familiar at first hand with the pagan rites that formed an integral part of the festival.
The Acrostic Poem in Sirach 51:13–30
Authors: Skehan Patrick W.
Published: May 2019

Since the publication of a first century A.D. witness to the first half of this composition, found in 11Q Pssa, col. 21, lines 11–17, it has seemed to the present writer that a textual study of the whole poem is called for which, among other things, will reappraise its relationship to the book of Sirach, to which it regularly forms an appendix. The text as given here is necessarily to some extent reconstruction, primarily in the second half (of which only the last two words are preserved at the beginning of IIQ Pssa, col. 22). It is hoped that the notes given below to the individual lines of the poem will both identify and explain the elements of reconstruction, along with the medieval Hebrew evidence and that of the versions. The translation provided has as its primary purpose to show in small compass how the Hebrew text is being read and understood; it is approximately the rendering contained in the New American Bible (Paterson, N.J., and elsewhere, 1970).
The unification of Sinn Fein in 1917
Authors: Laffan Michael
Published: May 2019

The Easter rising inaugurated a period of violence in Irish history, but its immediate consequence was to spark off a political rather than a military upheaval. The most important development in the next few years was the emergence of a united and organized separatist party which was capable of winning and holding the loyalties of most Irishmen; between 1916 and 1919 the achievements of the Sinn Fein party outweighed in importance those of the Irish Volunteers. This article will examine how the different Sinn Fein elements combined to form a single party, and how they overcame problems which nearly undermined its unity.

For some time before the Volunteers resorted to their protest in arms the nationalist party of John Redmond had been in a state of crisis, and its roots had begun to wither even though few traces of decay were yet visible above ground. Its supporters were dismayed by Carson's successful defiance of the Asquith government and by the postponement of home rule until after the end of the war. The party's extremist rivals were growing in strength and influence, encouraged by Griffith's propaganda and by the formation of the Volunteers. The nationalists had become vulnerable to an onslaught from outside their ranks or to erosion from within. Yet until after the turning-point of May 1916 Redmond still retained the grudging and unenthusiastic support of the great majority of the population.
Minimum Sentences
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: May 2019

It is a feature of the English law of sentencing that the penalty laid down for an offence indicates the maximum which may be imposed for that offence, but that in lieu of such penalty a milder one may be imposed at the discretion of the court. Apart from the special case of murder where life imprisonment is mandatory, exceptions to this rule are rare.

In Israel this same principle was incorporated in section 42 of the Criminal Code Ordinance, 1936, and in the section which replaced it, section 1 of the Penal Law Revision (Modes of Punishment) Law, 1954, which states as follows: “A court which has convicted a person of an offence may impose on him any penalty not exceeding the penalty prescribed by law for that offence”. In lieu of the term of imprisonment specified by the law a court is thus empowered to impose a shorter period of imprisonment, a conditional term of imprisonment, or a fine; it may, alternatively, make a probation order.
Debt and Contract in the Common Law
Authors: Levontin A. V.
Published: June 2019

The difference between what a man already owns, or property, and what he is only entitled to claim, or obligation, is fundamental. A debt represents what a man is entitled to claim, but because of its proximity to a claim in detinue and for other reasons to be hereafter discussed, it is for many purposes treated as if it were something that a man already owns. The owner of a debt may not help himself by seizing what he is owed and must, like the owner of any chose in action, implement his right with the cooperation of the debtor or else by resort to the courts. Nevertheless, he who owns a debt enjoys a peculiarly “strong” right. This strength derives in part from the “real” nature of the right; by virtue of this a creditor, such as a lender or an unpaid vendor, is treated in some respects almost as if he were already the owner of what is owed, in particular a lender as if he went on owning the money lent to the borrower. And even in cases where a debt does not originate in a real transaction (as, for instance, a judgment-debt or income tax owed to the government, in which cases the creditor has not previously given that, or the equivalent of that, which he now claims) it is still “strong” because the object in obligatione, viz. money or other fungibles, is “indestructible” and therefore a debt cannot be frustrated by impossibility.
The action of rennets on the caseins: I. Rennin action on β-casein-B in solution
Authors: Creamer L. K. , Mills O. E. , Richards E. L.
Published: May 2019

A study of the hydrolysis of β-casein-B by crystalline rennin or rennet extract at pH 6·5, using a disk electrophoresis technique, showed that 3 bonds in β-casein are appreciably more sensitive than the others to rennin proteolysis, and that these bonds are probably located near the C-terminus of the protein. The most susceptible bond is hydrolysed, at 10°C, about 200 times faster than any other bond, whilst at 37°C it is hydrolysed 60 times faster. A study of the hydrolysis of this bond showed that its rate of hydrolysis at 37°C and pH 6·5 is decreased by either increased ionic strength or increased calcium ion concentration at constant ionic strength. Conformational changes in the substrate are probably responsible for these effects.
2. On the Teachning Committee
Authors: Broadbent T. A. A.
Published: June 2019

The Mathematical Association was founded in 1871, as an Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching, by teachers who had lost faith in the educative value of learning by rote the words of Euclid's sacred text; indeed, one suggested name was the Anti-Euclid Society Progress was at first slow, until in the early years of this century Oxford and Cambridge agreed to accept, in their entrance requirements, any system of geometry which exhibited some logical coherence.
Arabic Language Instruction
Authors: Abboud Peter F.
Published: May 2019

The last fifteen years have witnessed rapid growth in the number of students studying Arabic and of programs concerned with the teaching of the language. This is directly attributable to the awakened interest in the United States in the Middle East in general, and the Arab world in particular, as a result of the entry of the U.S. in World War II and its emergence as a global power with strategic, economical, and political interests in the area. This is not to say that the teaching of Arabic is a new phenomenon in the U.S. As an indespensible tool of Orientalistic scholarship, Arabic was taught for many years in a few institutions which offered programs in Oriental and Semitic Studies.
Expedition to Bernier Island
Authors: Chapple J. L.
Published: May 2019

Soldiers in training were able to help with the protection of rare wildlife on Bernier Island in Western Australia, by shooting out feral goats. The author, of the 2nd Keo Goorkhas, suggests that similar projects should be possible in other parts of the world.
The plerocercoid of Gilquinia squali Fabricius, 1794
Authors: MacKenzie K.
Published: June 2019

Unidentified helminth larvae in the eyes of the North Sea whiting, Gadus merlangus L., were recorded in an unpublished survey of parasites of gadoid fish by Dr Z. Kabata of the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, in 1957. Since then these larvae have been observed frequently and during the first 6 months of 1964 an effort was made to identify them. They proved to be the plerocercoids ofa trypanorhynch cestode.

The plerocercoids are usually free in the aqueous or vitreous humour, but occasionally one is found attached to the lens. Very often both eyes of the same fish are infested, the largest number of larvae recorded from one eye being ten, from a fish taken in Shetland waters. The other eye of the same fish contained eight larvae.

In several plerocercoids examined the proboscides were evaginated, thus enabling detailed drawings to be made of the armature at a magnification of × 900. A number of specimens were fixed in Gilson's fixative; transverse and longitudinal sections were cut and stained with Mallory's triple stain; whole mounts were stained with borax carmine.

Early larval stages are completely undifferentiated; they develop, later, to the stage shown in Fig. 1. A plerocercoid with a fully developed scolex measures 3·5–8·0 mm long by 0·7–1·6 mm broad.

The larva is composed mainly of faintly staining tissue resembling the parenchyma of adult cestodes. The scolex is withdrawn into a cavity, the receptaculum scolecis, in the anterior half of the plerocercoid. At the anterior extremity is a deep invagination from which, in early larval stages, the receptaculum scolecis begins to develop.
The Misfortunes of William, Fourth Lord Petre (1638–1655)
Authors: Clay Christopher
Published: May 2019

The Lords Petre were always one of the most prominent of English Catholic families, and they were also one of the richest. Their landed estates had been built up in the middle of the sixteenth century by Sir William Petre, Secretary of State to three Tudor sovereigns. Sir William's son, John, was created a Baron in 1611, but in the early 17th century the family properties ceased to grow in size, partly because Catholicism excluded them from the profits of office, and partly because provision for younger sons offset such new acquisitions as were made. But even so the estates inherited by the third Lord Petre in 1637 were large enough to place him clearly in the ranks of the great landed magnates. In Essex he had a well-consolidated belt of land lying to the west and south-west of Chelmsford, and centred on the two family residences of Ingatestone Hall and Thorndon Hall. Altogether in Essex Petre had about 11,000 acres of freehold land and the lordship of seventeen manors, and these produced some £5,500 per annum or considerably more than half his total income from land. In addition he had a large estate on the opposite side of the country, in Devon. This lay in two distinct areas, one centred on Axminster and extending down the Axe valley and its tributaries, and the other in the southerly projection of the county on the southern edge of Dartmoor, where the principal possession was the vast moorland manor of South Brent. Besides the main estates in Essex and Devon, there were some isolated properties: the manor of Osmington down on the Dorset coast; Toddenham and Sutton in Gloucestershire; Kennett and Kentford on the Cambridgeshire-Suffolk border.
The Real Roger Widdrington
Authors: Forster Ann M. C.
Published: May 2019

In an article by Fr. W. K. L. Webb, S.J. in Biographical Studies (Recusant History) vol. 2, pp. 216 ff, Roger Widdrington of Cartington, Northumberland, has been adequately cleared of the misconception which identified him as the author of works put out, under the alias of Roger Widdrington, by Thomas Preston. There is no need, therefore, to dwell further upon this point. The object of the present study is to present a picture of the real Roger Widdrington.

He was born c. 1572, the second son of Edward Widdrington of Swinburne Castle, near Hexham, and Ursula Carnaby. His parents appear to have conformed, and it was as a Protestant that he visited Durham city one day in July 1594, to witness the execution of a seminary priest, now known to us as St John Boste.

‘When the hangman, pulling out Mr. Boast's heart, showed it to the crowd, with a “Behold the heart of a traitor”, a voice was heard to the effect: “No, the heart of a servant of God”. At which Mr. Widdrington of Cartington, who heard the voice, was so struck, that he was thereupon reconciled to the Church’. (Account of the Rev. Mr. Yaxley, which he received from Widdrington Castle.)
Food Production in Canada — The Weed Scientists' Role
Authors: Jones G. E.
Published: May 2019

Canada is a very large country with about 3,700,000 square miles of land surface but with only 100,000,000 acres of land in production and approximately 40,000,000 acres of virgin land capable of being used for crop production. Of the 100 million acres, about 80% of this is in the three western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Saskatchewan alone has over 50% of this resource. Contrasted with this is the small area in the Maritimes of less than 2 million acres, some 6 to 7 million acres in Quebec, and 11 million acres in Ontario. Canada, therefore, has one major surplus resource and that is grain production in western Canada.
The Interactions of Cu++and CN−with Paraquat Phytotoxicity to aChlorella
Authors: Tsay Sue-Fei , Lee Jhy-Mei , Lynd J. Q.
Published: May 2019

The interactions between copper (Cu++) and cyanide (CN−) with 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) on phytotoxicity toChlorella pyrenoidosaChick, IAC 251, were determined by measuring chlorophyll absorbance at 434 and 670 mμ. Cu++inhibited phytotoxicity and CN−accelerated paraquat activity with highly significant mutually antagonistic interactions occurring between Cu++(2 ppm) and CN−(16 ppm) at paraquat levels to 2 ppm.
Resistance of Common Groundsel to Simazine and Atrazine
Authors: Ryan G. F.
Published: May 2019

Failure to control common groundsel(Senecio vulgarisL.) was observed in 1968 in a nursery where 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) or 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) had been used once or twice annually since 1958. Seedlings from seed collected at that location were not controlled by pre-emergence applications of simazine or atrazine at rates up to 17.92 kg/ha. Seedlings from a seed source where triazine herbicides had not been in continuous use were completely controlled by 1.12 or 2.24 kg/ha of either chemical, and partially controlled by 0.28 to 0.56 kg/ha. Postemergence applications of atrazine at 1.12, 2.24, or 4.48 kg/ha did not affect common groundsel from the nursery source, but killed small seedlings from the other source. Preemergence applications of four other herbicides were equally effective against seedlings from both sources.
Control of Spring Parsley on Rangeland
Authors: Williams M. C. , Kreps L. B. , Cronin E. H.
Published: May 2019

Several herbicides were evaluated for control of spring parsley [Cymopterus watsonii(Coult. & Rose) Jones]. The propylene glycol butyl ether esters and dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) applied at 2 lb/A were 99% effective. Ninety-nine percent control was achieved also with 0.5 lb/A of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2,4-D amine + picloram at 0.4 + 0.1 lb/A, 2,4-D amine + picloram at 0.33 + 0.17 lb/A, and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) + picloram at 0.25 + 0.25 lb/A.
Plant Litter and Establishment of Alien Annual Weed Species in Rangeland Communities
Authors: Evans Raymond A. , Young James A.
Published: May 2019

Plant litter that covers the soil surface acts as a layer of insulation moderating temperature and moisture, and creating favorable microsites for germination and the establishment of annual weed species in rangeland communities. Litter cover is an important factor in succession among annual species which culminates in dominance by downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) and medusahead (Taeniatherum asperum(Sim.) Nevski) in these communities.
Weed Control for Close-Drilled Soybeans
Authors: Wax L. M.
Published: May 2019

Delayed planting or “stale seedbed” for weed control in close-drilled (20-cm rows) soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy’] was evaluated for 3 years. The system combined final seedbed preparation 3 to 6 weeks before planting with herbicide application at planting time. The best control of six weed species and highest soybean yields were obtained bya,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) application at the time of seedbed preparation followed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (linuron) application at planting and by linuron application at planting without the early trifluralin application. Applications of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) at planting, either with or without trifluralin treatments, resulted in less weed control and lower soybean yields than comparable treatments with linuron. However, even the best treatments failed to provide the weed control necessary to prevent substantial soybean yield reduction in heavy infestations of weeds that emerge in large numbers after planting, and that resist the phytotoxic action of the herbicides.
Control of Green Foxtail in Wheat with Trifluralin
Authors: Rahman A. , Ashford R.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to study the competitive ability of green foxtail(Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) with wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) and the feasibility of usinga,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) for the selective control of green foxtail in wheat. Rates of 0.56 to 0.84 kg/ha of trifluralin gave 90 to 100% control of foxtail when growing in competition with wheat. Wheat tolerated rates of trifluralin up to 2.24 kg/ha, the maximum rate used, without injury or reduction in crop yield, when the herbicide was applied and incorporated to a shallow depth 1 day after seeding. A semidwarf and a tall variety of wheat were not affected by trifluralin treatments. Green foxtail had a relatively low competitive ability, and wheat plants suppressed foxtail to a marked degree under normal growing conditions. However, suppressed plants still produced sufficient seed to insure a dense infestation of foxtail plants in the succeeding year. Further, when wheat was grown under less competitive situations, green foxtail resulted in significant reductions in crop yield. It was concluded that green foxtail is an “opportunist-type” weed.
Geyer Larkspur Phenology and Response to 2,4-D
Authors: Hyder D. N. , Sabatka L. D.
Published: May 2019

Mortality rates of Geyer larkspur(Delphinium geyeriGreene), a poisonous plant, were determined after spraying with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid at various stages of plant development in 1967 to 1969. Sprays of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha were more effective at early than at late stages of development, but seldom exceeded 40% mortality. Uneven-aged stands and early drying (dormancy) of small non-flowering plants often prevented the exposure of all plants to a single application of spray; treated plants contorted but continued growth for 5 to 8 weeks after spraying; residual seed provided a source of new plants; and previously dormant rootstock buds gave rise to new shoot and root growth the year after spraying. These characteristics and escape mechanisms direct attention to possibilities of improving effectiveness by spraying two or three times in a single season.
Effects of Weeds on the Anatomy of Roots of Cabbage and Tomato
Authors: Retig B. , Holm L. G. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: May 2019

The effects of weed species on the anatomy of roots of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) were studied. One crop seed was placed on agar in a test tube to germinate in association with four additional seeds of a weed species. All the weed species caused abnormal changes in the anatomy of cabbage and tomato roots. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) inhibited cell elongation and caused disruption of epidermis and disorganization of the root tissue in cabbage. Green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) also caused disruption of cabbage roots. Mustard (Brassica kaber DC.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) induced enlarged parenchyma cells of cabbage roots. The combination of tomato and jimsonweed resulted in disorganized root tissue or large roots with large parenchyma cells.
Lipid Influence on 2,4-D Transport and Accumulation
Authors: Smith A. E.
Published: May 2019

Anionic herbicide transport properties of lipids were measured using the Schulman model of liquid-liquid membrane and parenchymateous tissue from potato(Solarium tuberosumL. ‘Russet’) tubers. The more polar lipids, lecithin and monogalactosyl dilinolenate, increased (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) exchange from the hydrophilic phase (buffered H2O:2,4-D solution) to the lipophilic phase (n-pentanol) more rapidly than the less polar triglycerides: tristearate, trioleate, and trilinolenate. The rate of 2,4-D exchange decreased with increased acidity of the hydrophilic phase indicating that polar lipids increased exchange of anionic herbicides through the liquid-liquid interface in the dissociated form. Potato tuber slices treated with lecithin accumulated more 2,4-D than did tissue receiving no lecithin, indicating that lecithin treatments increased 2,4-D accumulation by parenchymateous tissue when compared with untreated tissue.
Competition of Johnsongrass and Cocklebur with Six Soybean Varieties
Authors: McWhorter C. G. , Hartwig E. E.
Published: May 2019

Heavy infestations of johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) reduced the yield of six soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) varieties 23 to 42% with both hand-harvesting and mechanical-harvesting over a 3-year period. ‘Davis', ‘Lee’, and ‘Bragg’ varieties produced significantly higher yields than did ‘Semmes', ‘Jackson’, or ‘Hardee’ when grown in weed-free plots, but ‘Bragg’ produced significantly higher yields than all other varieties when grown with johnsongrass. Less regrowth of johnsongrass occurred in plots of ‘Bragg’, ‘Davis', and ‘Semmes' than in plots of ‘Lee’, ‘Jackson’, and ‘Hardee’. Common cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) reduced the average yields of six soybean varieties 63 to 75% when plots were hand-harvested. ‘Semmes' showed the lowest percentage yield reduction from common cocklebur competition when hand-harvested, and ‘Semmes' and ‘Bragg’ showed 53% to 57% reduction respectively when machine harvested.
The White Amur for Aquatic Weed Control
Authors: Michewicz Jane E. , Sutton D. L. , Blackburn R. D.
Published: May 2019

The use of herbivorous fish for the biological control of aquatic weeds has great potential. The susceptibility of most herbivorous fish to low temperature is the principal factor limiting their use in the United States. The white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) can tolerate low temperature and other water quality extremes. This fish has a voracious appetite for many aquatic plants, and after attaining a length of 30 mm, it is almost exclusively phytophagous. Factors affecting the feeding habits of the white amur include the species of plants and water temperature. The white amur has been introduced for aquatic weed control in various countries. This fish might ameliorate some of the aquatic weed problems in the United States, and also provide a new source of protein.
Insect Ecology of Silverleaf Nightshade
Authors: Goeden Richard D.
Published: May 2019

The phytophagous insects associated with silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav.) were surveyed in southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. In California, this introduced weed was largely free of deleterious insect injury. Its insect associates mostly were sap or foliage-feeding species that attack a wide range of plants, a few were species restricted to Solanaceae, and several were species economically important as crop pests. The insect fauna became increasingly complex in species diversity and plant parts attacked as the survey progressed eastward from California towards southwestern Texas and the presumed native habitats of this weed in adjacent Mexico. The feasibility of biological control of silverleaf nightshade and the value of faunistic surveys in ascertaining the indigenous or alien status of plants are good.
Influence of Soil Type and Depth of Planting on Downy Brome Seed
Authors: Wicks G. A. , Burnside O. C. , Fenster C. R.
Published: May 2019

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) seedling emergence was greatest from soil depths of 1 inch or less, but occasionally seedlings emerged from depths of 4 inches. Downy brome seed covered by soil germinated more rapidly than those seed on the soil surface. More downy brome seedlings emerged, and from greater depths, from coarse-textured soils than fine-textured soils when moisture was not limiting. Soil type did not influence longevity of downy brome seed buried in the soil. Most (98%) 8-month-old downy brome seed buried 8 inches in the soil germinated but did not emerge in 1 year; and none remained viable in the soil after 5 years. The moldboard plow was more effective in reducing downy brome populations than a sweep plow or one-way disk in a continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system.
A Study of Soil Bioassay Technique Using Prometryne
Authors: Santelmann P. W. , Weber J. B. , Wiese A. F.
Published: May 2019

A cooperative study to evaluate the accuracy and precision of bioassays was carried out among investigators at several locations for 3 years. Oats (Avena sativaL., var. Cimarron) seedlings were used as indicator plants for soil-applied 2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine [prometryne]. Assay results varied a great deal initially, and ranged from 147% below to 234% above the prometryne actually applied. The adoption of uniform conditions and procedures greatly increased the uniformity of the determinations between locations to a range of from 37% low to 0% high in prometryne applied. Chemical analyses of the soils ranged from 13% low to 20% high. Measurements of herbicidal activity included dry and fresh plant weights, plant height, visual injury ratings, and plant water use. The average concentration of prometryne in the soil as estimated with several types of measurements gave a much better measure of prometryne content than any one measurement alone. Prometryne rapidly and greatly affected the utilization of water by oats seedlings and careful measurement of water use showed potential of being a good early indicator of prometryne activity.
Molinate and Water Management for Weed Control in Rice
Authors: Smith Roy J.
Published: May 2019

The herbicideS-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate [molinate] at 0, 3, and 6 lb/A was applied to drill-seeded rice [Oryza sativaL.] into the irrigation water at 8, 13, and 20 days after rice and weed emergence; the plots remained flooded for 2, 7, or 12 days. Three lb/A applied when weeds had 1 to 6 leaves and rice had 2 to 8 leaves controlled barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.] and broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla(Griseb.) Nash] and did not injure rice when the water remained for 7 or 12 days. Weed control and yield of rice were reduced when the irrigation water was held for only 2 days. When the weeds were tillering, molinate controlled barnyardgrass better than it controlled broadleaf signalgrass. Molinate at 0, 3, and 6 lb/A was applied to drill-seeded rice into the irrigation water 1 week after rice and weed emergence; 7 days later the water was either left on the plots or was drained for 5, 10, 20, or 29 days. Three lb/A usually prevented reinfestations of barnyardgrass when plots were drained for 5, 10, or 20 days. Barnyardgrass reinfested rice drained for 29 days and reduced yields.
Spray Date Effects on Behavior of Herbicides on Brush
Authors: Brady Homer A.
Published: May 2019

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium ion (paraquat), and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4,5-T) were applied as foliar sprays to 4-year-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), water oak (Quercus nigra L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). For the three hardwood species the amount of herbicide absorbed and translocated, as measured 4 days after application, was correlated closely with tops killed 1 year later. Applications in May were more effective than those made later in the growing season. Loblolly pine was defoliated by all herbicides but recovered the second season after spraying.
Sorption of Substituted Phenylamides onto Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Camper N. D. , Moreland D. E.
Published: May 2019

The influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and protein modification on the sorption (moles of chemical bound per mole of protein) of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) and 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) to bovine serum albumin (hereinafter referred to as BSA) was examined. Free amino groups of BSA were involved in the binding of both diuron and propanil. In addition, tryptophanyl residues appeared to be involved in the binding of propanil. Studies made with derivatives of diuron suggested that the amide hydrogen and carbonyl oxygen of the phenylamide are involved in the binding mechanism. Conformation of the protein was suggested to control the extent of binding. Increased chlorination of the phenyl ring was correlated with increased binding onto BSA. Propanil was bound to a greater extent than diuron by the protein.