bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EKSTRAKSI CIRI SINYAL SUARA JANTUNG
Authors: Busono Pratondo
Published: November 2021

Suara detak jantung dihasilkan dari akselerasi maupun deselerasi dari aliran darah yang dipengaruhi karena pembukaan maupun penutupan katup jantung secara tiba-tiba dan tegangan tiba-tiba struktur intracardiac. Proses ini akan memunculkan suara detak jantung yakni suara S1 dan suara S2 pada keadaan pasien normal. Pada penderita gangguan jantung, diantara suara S1 dan S2 akan muncul suara S3 dan S4. Pada auskultasi jantung, dokter mendiagnosa pasien dengan mendengarkan suara jantung menggunakan stetoskop. Untuk kegunaan analisa otomatis, seluruh informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk diagnosa perlu digitasi dan ditampilkan pada perangkat visual. Sehingga segmentasi dan klasifikasi dapat menghasilkan diagnose dan tindakan medis yang tepat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan algorihma untuk ekstraksi ciri sinyal suara jantung. Metoda yang digunakan mencakup akusisi sinyal jantung, pemrosesan awal dan segmentasi/extraksi ciri. Sinyal jantung diperoleh dari stetoskop elektronik. Pemrosesan awal digunakan filter lolos pita. Segmentasi digunakan model semi Markov tersebunyi. Hasil percobaan menunjukan bahwa ekstraksi ciri dari sinyal suara jantung menghasilkan beberapa paremeters seperi segmen suara S1, segmen sistolis, segmen suara S2 dan segmen diastolis. Performa algorithma ditest dengan menggunakannya untuk evaluasi rekaman dari beberapa objek yang mencakup pasien normal atau upnormal.
TEKNIK PENGAMATAN SAMPEL BIOLOGI DAN NON-KONDUKTIF MENGGUNAKAN SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Adhika Damar Rastri , Anindya Atsarina Larasati , Tanuwijaya Viny Veronika , Rachmawati Heni
Published: November 2021

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengamati struktur morfologi permukaan sampel dalam perbesaran yang tinggi dengan menggunakan berkas elektron berenergi tinggi. Pengamatan berbagai jenis material dengan beragam karakter dan properti fisis yang berbeda dapat dilakukan menggunakan SEM, namun tentu saja diperlukan pertimbangan dan pendekatan yang khusus untuk setiap jenis sampel yang berbeda agar pengamatan menggunakan SEM dapat dilakukan serta mampu memberikan hasil pengamatan SEM dengan kualitas yang baik dan mampu memberikan informasi keadaan struktur sampel yang sebenarnya. Pembahasan dalam makalah ini akan berfokus pada teknik-teknik khusus yang perlu ditempuh dalam melakukan pengamatan sampel biologi menggunakan SEM yang relatif lebih sulit untuk dilakukan daripada pengamatan sampel konduktif seperti logam. Pengamatan SEM dilakukan dalam kondisi vakum yang tinggi sehingga cukup sulit untuk mengamati sampel biologi yang secara alami memiliki kandungan air yang tinggi dan memiliki struktur yang rapuh karena memiliki banyak pori didalamnya. Selain itu penembakan berkas elektron secara terus menerus pada permukaan sampel membuat sampel biologi menjadi bermuatan negatif karena elektron terlalu banyak tersimpan pada sampel dan tidak dapat dialirkan keluar karena sifat sampel biologi yang tidak konduktif. Beberapa teknik preparasi, pengaturan nilai parameter pengamatan, dan beberapa jenis SEM yang dapat digunakan untuk mengamati sampel-sampel biologi dan non-konduktif akan dibahas disini.
The Promise and Perils of Connectedness
Authors: Clough William R. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: November 2021

Social media facilitate and intensify communication to an unprecedented degree and humanity is adjusting to this new state of affairs. Internet connectivity enables the human desire for sociality, personal relationships, and social acceptance to a remarkable degree. But human communication evolved in a face-to-face world, where people experienced one another as well as hearing one another. Modern communication has removed the interpersonal experience factor, leaving people to interpret the messages, not of flesh-and-blood individuals but of stereotypes, beliefs about a general class of people. This essay surveys some classic understandings of communication, followed by analysis of some of the characteristics and pitfalls of social media. It concludes that social media are a huge change in human communication requiring personal and society-wide adjustments based on principles that have stood the test of time, including self-awareness, self-control, and care to take the moral and interpersonal high road in online communications.
Who Are We? Identity in a Social Media Age
Authors: Bradman Taylor J. , Gustafson David M. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: November 2021

Social media have become a normative part of culture, with both positive and negative implications. More recently, studies demonstrate that social media may contribute to mental health issues. This essay seeks to understand this phenomenon through the lens of self-objectification and self-comparison theories concerning why some who use social media to gain the approval of others as the foundation for their identity still end up unhappy after receiving such approval. The essay proposes that people who engage in this behavior remain unhappy because they do not understand their status as an image-bearer of God, and how images are to function in society. A sound understanding of images is essential. The essay engages Biblical theology as a helpful guide to demonstrate that social identities are to be cultivated and formed through friendship. Friendships help shape who we are as human beings and build a sense of belonging through the organic formation of a community.
Solid Thyroid Follicular Nodules With Longitudinal Nuclear Grooves
Authors: Suster David , Mackinnon A. Craig , Nosé Vania , Suster Saul
Published: November 2021

Context.—

Follicular thyroid nodules can be a source of diagnostic difficulties, particularly when they display atypical features commonly associated with malignancy, such as nuclear grooves.

Objective.—

To differentiate lesions with atypical features from similar-appearing benign and malignant lesions.

Design.—

Eighteen cases of atypical follicular thyroid nodules characterized by a solid growth pattern and prominent longitudinal nuclear grooves were studied and examined for clinicopathologic characteristics.

Results.—

The lesions occurred in 16 women and 2 men aged 36 to 88 years and measured from 0.2 to 1.5 cm. The tumors were well circumscribed and noninvasive, and histologically characterized by a predominantly solid growth pattern with rare scattered follicles or a combination of solid growth pattern with minor follicular areas. A striking feature seen in all cases was the occurrence of longitudinal nuclear grooves. Immunohistochemical stains showed negativity for cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and HBME-1 in 8 cases; in the other 10, there was focal positivity for HBME-1 in 4 cases and diffuse positivity in 6. All cases were negative for galectin-3 and for CK19, with the exception of 1 case, which was CK19+/HBME-1−. Next-generation sequencing of 16 cases with a 161-gene panel detected 14 single nucleotide variants in 12 cases, predominantly NRAS and HRAS mutations. Clinical follow-up ranging from 18 to 72 months (median, 43.7 months) did not disclose any evidence of recurrence or metastases.

Conclusions.—

We interpret these lesions as low-grade, indolent follicular proliferations that need to be distinguished from papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular adenoma, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features.
Overtraining from a sports psychiatry perspective
Authors: Schorb A , Niebauer J , Aichhorn W , Schiepek G , Scherr J , Claussen MC
Published: November 2021

Overtraining is characterized by a mismatch between exerted strain and exercise tolerance. Overtraining is generally not sufficiently feared nor is enough attention paid to its prevention. As a result, the first warning signals and symptoms are often either perceived too late or there is a delay in the correct interpretation of signs. This often leads to negative consequences over months, which, in turn, can lead to more frequent injuries as well as Depression. Due to the increasing professionalism and density of competition in competitive sports, overtraining occurs more frequently as athletes are left with a shorter period of time to recover. In order to treat overtraining, it is first necessary to identify the syndrome. Symptoms are often disregarded and trainers and athletes attempt to compensate for poor performance with excessive training. This leads to a vicious cycle with significant reduction of the overall performance of the athlete as a consequence. Psychological parameters can also be signs of non-func-tional overload. Examples include restlessness, irritability, emotional instability, recurring states of fear, emerging indifference or reduced performance motivation. However, disturbed cognitive processes as an impairment of central elements of movement control can also occur. As part of sports psychiatric support, conspicuous psychological parameters can be recorded and contextualised. The Synergetic Navigation System (SNS) is available for systematic recording and corresponding process management. The Synergetic Navigation System (SNS) can be used as an instrument for load, training and competition control to prevent non-functional overload and overtraining. It is also suitable for promoting performance and preventing injuries as well as stabilizing the psychological structure. Key Words: Mental Health Symptoms, Mental Disorders, Injury Prevention, Exercise Intolerance, Synergetic Navigation System (SNS)
Sports psychiatry and medical views on mild traumatic brain injury in competitive sport: a current review and recommendations
Authors: Gonzalez Hofmann C , Fontana R , Parker T , Deutschmann M , Dewey M , Reinsberger C , Claussen MC , Scherr J , Jeckell AS
Published: November 2021

Head injuries are common in competitive and recreational sport. Nomenclature, though inconsistent, identifies mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) based on acute diagnostic criteria, whereas a sport-related concussion (SRC) is event-related and specific to mTBI experienced while participating in athletic activity. The effects of SRC are often neurological, neuropsychological and/or psychiatric with a variety of symptoms. Different organizations categorize these symptoms differently and this variance demonstrates that no uniform clinical classification system has been agreed upon. Diagnosis of SRC is based on clinical examination. Numerous symptom checklists and assessments are available for clinical diagnosis, but their validity is somewhat limited. There is increasing awareness regarding the psychiatric deficits associated with SRC and the potential for developing post-concussion syndrome (PCS). In addition to complex, causal SRC-associated symptoms, reactive psychological complaints may also occur, as well as social mistreatment on recovery from SRC. Pre-existing mental health conditions are associated with an increased risk for developing PCS. This often necessitates the implementation of psychiatric or psychotherapeutic care after SRC. As with mTBI and SRC, no standardized classification has been established for PCS. Multi-stage rehabilitation strategies can help injured athletes navigate a successful recovery and prevent premature return to play. Further research on the utility of psychotherapy, psychopharmacotherapy, and exercise therapy of PCS is needed. Key Words: Concussion, Mental Health, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Interdisciplinarity
Sports psychiatric examination in competitive sports
Authors: Gonzalez Hofmann C , Wyssen A , Schorb A , Allroggen M , Dallmann P , Schmidt RE , Graffius S-T , Niebauer J , Herfert J , Fröhlich S , Scherr J , Claussen MC
Published: November 2021

Pre-Participation Examination (PPE) is recommended in many countries prior to or during the practice of competitive sports. The dedicated exploration of psychological complaints and illnesses in the sense of a psychiatric basic assessment within the PPE is not yet the rule. The implementation of a Psychiatric Basic Assessment (PBA) in the PPE is proposed and presented in terms of content. Abnormal findings in the PBA, crises, emergencies as well as conspicuous changes in behaviour should lead to further sports psychiatric evaluation (SPE) by child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists and psychotherapists qualified for this purpose. The goal is to use diagnostic and procedural standards to identify risks to mental health, stress, and already manifest illnesses in a timely manner and to provide qualified, specialized medical or psychiatric treatment. The diagnostic standards are intended to promote research and the benefits are to be verified by studies. Key Words: Psychiatric Basic Assessment (PBA), Sports Psychiatric Evaluation (SPE), Mental Health, Mental Disorders, Pre-Participation Examination (PPE)
Position paper: sports psychiatric care provision in competitive sports
Authors: Claussen MC , Gonzalez Hofmann C , Schneeberger AR , Seifritz E , Schorb A , Allroggen M , Freyer T , Helmig F , Niebauer J , Hefert J , Klostermeier E , Fröhlich S , Scherr J
Published: November 2021

Mental stress and illness are common health problems in competitive sports that can reduce performance and have effects beyond the end of a career as sport-specific and unspecific disorders. The promotion of mental health and safe handling of mental problems and illnesses require appropriate education and train-ing. However, child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists with specific expertise in competitive sports (sports psychiatrists) are not yet an integral part of the structure of medical care provision in competitive sports. This position paper gives an overview about existing care structures in competitive sports for the promotion of mental health, and investigated them with proposals for the further development of sports psychiatric care in competitive sports. Sports physicians, sports psychiatrists, as well as interdisci-plinary and interprofessional collaboration, are at the center of mental health efforts in competitive sports. Further aspects that will be discussed are the education and training of athletes and the environment in competitive sports, as well as the promotion of coaches’ health. Key Words: Elite sports, Prevention, Mental health problems and disorders, Sports psychiatry, Sports Medicine
Viriato da Cruz: da luta anticolonial ao exílio em Pequim
Authors: Lazagna Angela
Published: November 2021

O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar a trajetória política de Viriato Francisco Clemente da Cruz (1928-1973), no contexto dos movimentos das independências africanas, mais especificamente, de Angola. Como fundador do Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), sua trajetória transita entre as afinidades e tensões com os movimentos independentistas africanos no exílio. Para além dos cenários locais, regionais e globais nos quais esses movimentos se fusionavam e fissionavam, e para além dos rótulos e das categorias de acusação/celebração atribuídas a Viriato da Cruz e à luz de disputas muito específicas, serão considerados, através de pesquisas em arquivos e entrevistas, aspectos pouco conhecidos da sua vida política.
Palavras-chave: nacionalismo; anticolonialismo; Angola; trajetórias políticas.
Selected Topics on Advanced Methods in Complex Systems Research: Editorial Introduction to Issue 28 of CSIMQ
Authors: Nazaruka Erika
Published: November 2021

The articles, which have been recommended by reviewers for this issue of CSIMQ, present contributions which evaluate the application of advanced means for evaluation, monitoring, design, and modification of complex systems. The focus of the published articles is on such issues as quality assurance in the context of big data, content analysis in the mobile app context, and blockchains in securities settlements.
What if we just give everything away?
Authors: Lavis Luke D
Published: November 2021

A group leader decided that his lab would share the fluorescent dyes they create, for free and without authorship requirements. Nearly 12,000 aliquots later, he reveals what has happened since.
CapPlant: a capsule network based framework for plant disease classification
Authors: Samin Omar Bin , Omar Maryam , Mansoor Musadaq
Published: November 2021

Accurate disease classification in plants is important for a profound understanding of their growth and health. Recognizing diseases in plants from images is one of the critical and challenging problem in agriculture. In this research, a deep learning architecture model (CapPlant) is proposed that utilizes plant images to predict whether it is healthy or contain some disease. The prediction process does not require handcrafted features; rather, the representations are automatically extracted from input data sequence by architecture. Several convolutional layers are applied to extract and classify features accordingly. The last convolutional layer in CapPlant is replaced by state-of-the-art capsule layer to incorporate orientational and relative spatial relationship between different entities of a plant in an image to predict diseases more precisely. The proposed architecture is tested on the PlantVillage dataset, which contains more than 50,000 images of infected and healthy plants. Significant improvements in terms of prediction accuracy has been observed using the CapPlant model when compared with other plant disease classification models. The experimental results on the developed model have achieved an overall test accuracy of 93.01%, with F1 score of 93.07%.
ResMem-Net: memory based deep CNN for image memorability estimation
Authors: Praveen Arockia , Noorwali Abdulfattah , Samiayya Duraimurugan , Zubair Khan Mohammad , Vincent P M Durai Raj , Bashir Ali Kashif , Alagupandi Vinoth
Published: November 2021

Image memorability is a very hard problem in image processing due to its subjective nature. But due to the introduction of Deep Learning and the large availability of data and GPUs, great strides have been made in predicting the memorability of an image. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning architecture called ResMem-Net that is a hybrid of LSTM and CNN that uses information from the hidden layers of the CNN to compute the memorability score of an image. The intermediate layers are important for predicting the output because they contain information about the intrinsic properties of the image. The proposed architecture automatically learns visual emotions and saliency, shown by the heatmaps generated using the GradRAM technique. We have also used the heatmaps and results to analyze and answer one of the most important questions in image memorability: “What makes an image memorable?”. The model is trained and evaluated using the publicly available Large-scale Image Memorability dataset (LaMem) from MIT. The results show that the model achieves a rank correlation of 0.679 and a mean squared error of 0.011, which is better than the current state-of-the-art models and is close to human consistency (p = 0.68). The proposed architecture also has a significantly low number of parameters compared to the state-of-the-art architecture, making it memory efficient and suitable for production.
Abundant CpG-sequences in human genomes inhibit KIR3DL2-expressing NK cells
Authors: Pugh Jason , Guethlein Lisbeth , Parham Peter
Published: November 2021

Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) comprise a diverse, highly polymorphic family of cell-surface glycoproteins that are principally expressed by Natural Killer (NK) cells. These innate immune lymphocytes fulfill vital functions in human reproduction and immune responses to viral infection. KIR3DL2 is an inhibitory NK cell receptor that recognizes a common epitope of the HLA-A3 and HLA-A11 class I glycoproteins of the major histocompatibility complex. KIR3DL2 also binds exogenous DNA containing the CpG motif. This interaction causes internalization of the KIR-DNA. Exogenous CpG-DNA typically activates NK cells, but the specificity of KIR3DL2-DNA binding and internalization is unclear. We hypothesized that KIR3DL2 binds exogenous DNA in a sequence-specific manner that differentiates pathogen DNA from self-DNA. In testing this hypothesis, we surveyed octameric CpG-DNA sequences in the human genome, and in reference genomes of all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, with focus on medically relevant species. Among all pathogens, the nucleotides flanking CpG motifs in the genomes of parasitic worms that infect humans are most divergent from those in the human genome. We cultured KIR3DL2+NKL cells with the commonest CpG-DNA sequences in either human or pathogen genomes. DNA uptake was negatively correlated with the most common CpG-DNA sequences in the human genome. These CpG-DNA sequences induced inhibitory signaling in KIR3DL2+NKL cells. In contrast, KIR3DL2+NKL cells lysed more malignant targets and produced more IFNγ after culture with CpG-DNA sequences prevalent in parasitic worms. By applying functional immunology to evolutionary genomics, we conclude that KIR3DL2 allows NK cells to differentiate self-DNA from pathogen DNA.
Investigation of FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Mutation Frequency in Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Akin Nesim , Turgutkaya Atakan , Yavaşoğlu Sare İlknur , Yaylagül Esra Örenlili , Ülger Celal , Bolaman Ali Zahit , Yavaşoğlu İrfan
Published: November 2021

Introduction: FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase Class 3 (FLT3) mutations harbor poor prognosis, high relapse, and decreased overall survival in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). This mutation is also known to be demonstrated in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This study included 94 MDS-diagnosed patients and we tried to investigate FLT3 mutation frequency (as tyrosine kinase domain-TKD and internal tandem duplication-ITD).

Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism, and agarose-gel electrophoresis methods were used to analyze the mutation. The blood samples were collected in K3-EDTA tubes, and total DNA was isolated using genomic DNA isolation kits (GeneMark, Cat No: DP023P). For the detection of FLT3-ITD mutation, PCR was performed to amplify a 330- base pair fragment of exons 11 and 12 of FLT3 using FAM (Carboxyfluorescein)-labeled ITD-11F and HEX (Hexachloro-Fluorescein )-labeled  ITD-12R primers in a thermal cycler (Eppendorf). Similarly, to detect D835 mutation, a 115- bp region of exon 17 of the FLT3 gene region was amplified using primers.

Results: One patient was found FLT3-ITD positive (1.1%). The patient was 64-year-old and diagnosed with MDS-excess blast type 2 according to the World Health Organisation 2016 myeloid neoplasm classification. He transformed to AML within 19 months and subsequently died after 1 month. No patient with tyrosine kinase domain mutation was detected.

Conclusion: FLT3 mutation is considered a significant parameter to define prognosis in AML. The routine workup of FLT3 screening and the potential of targeting FLT3 inhibition for high-risk MDS may be taken into consideration in the future.
Assessment of Water Quality of Major Water Sources for Domestic Use in Shelleng Town, Shelleng LGA Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Kindikah Haruna , Titus Anbomutuniya , Kindikah Ishaya , Ganni Cletus , Joseph Innocent
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the empirical assessment of major water sources used for domestic purposes in Shelleng town. Shelleng LGA Adamawa State, Nigeria located at Latitude 90 53’ 5” N and Longitude 120 0’ 32” E. Portable domestic water supply is requisite for good health, but access to a safe and sustainable water supply has been a challenge in many developing countries for several decades. Water free from pathogenic agents, harmful chemical substances, and pleasant to taste is good for healthy living. For many centuries, farming, fishing, and rearing of animals have been the major occupation of the people of the land. Aside from the naturally dissolved minerals in groundwater, the physicochemical properties of water will be changed due to contaminants such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer in addition to the use of farm tools for both commercial and subsistence farming. The objective of the research is to examine the physicochemical properties of the water samples in shelleng for domestics’ usage; where about 90% of humans and animals patronize the same water source in the area. In many cases such activities and the habit of open defecation, dumping of domestic and automobile waste such as battery and fuel along undesignated areas makes the water bodies both surfaces and groundwater susceptible to contamination. This suggests that a water treatment plant must be installed within Shelleng municipal to ensure safe and potable water for domestic uses.
A Fragmented Masterpiece
Authors: James Heather , Henderson Isabel , Foster Sally , Jones Siân
Published: November 2021

Around AD 800, a superbly carved cross-slab was erected at Hilton of Cadboll in north-east Scotland. The major part of the stone now stands in the National Museum of Scotland, and the story of what happened to it in the intervening centuries is told here. Excavations at Hilton of Cadboll in 1998 and 2001 revealed not only fragments of the missing original carved face but also the lower portion of the stone still set into the ground, and this has allowed the art history of this magnificent Pictish monument to be assessed more fully than ever before.
Association between physical capacity and occupational falls among middle-aged and older farmers in Thailand: Using the self-check risk assessment tool in Japan
Authors: Arphorn Sara , Lertvarayut Teepapipat , Kiatkitroj Kanpitcha , Theppitak Chalermsiri , Manothum Aniruth , Hara Kunio , Ishimaru Tomohiro
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Declining physical capacity caused by aging increases the risk of occupational falls on the same level and to lower levels. In emerging countries in Asia, the development of a program for older farmers to assess their risk of occupational falls is valuable. The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical capacity and experience of occupational falls among middle-aged and older Thai farmers.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 419 Thai farmers aged 40 years and over during March and April, 2021. For the assessment of physical capacity, we used the Self-Check Risk Assessment of Falls and Other Accidents in the Workplace tool developed in Japan, consisting of five physical test components. Multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to analyze the data.

Results

The results revealed that 25.5% of participants had experienced occupational falls in the past 12 months. For each of the five physical test components, there was no significant association between physical capacity and experience of occupational falls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was less than 0.60 for each of the five physical test components. A similar trend was observed when the analysis was limited to participants aged 50 years and over.

Conclusions

The current study did not reveal any associations between physical capacity in each test and experience of occupational falls among middle-aged and older Thai farmers. Because the mechanisms underlying occupational falls are complex, multiple intervention approaches may be important for preventing accidents.
Defect‐Free Metal Deposition on 2D Materials via Inkjet Printing Technology
Authors: Zheng Wenwen , Saiz Fernan , Shen Yaqing , Zhu Kaichen , Liu Yingwen , McAleese Clifford , Conran Ben , Wang Xiaochen , Lanza Mario
Published: November 2021

2D materials have many outstanding properties that make them attractive for the fabrication of electronic devices, such as high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency. However, integrating 2D materials in commercial devices and circuits is challenging because their structure and properties can be damaged during the fabrication process. Recent studies have demonstrated that standard metal deposition techniques (like electron beam evaporation and sputtering) significantly damage the atomic structure of 2D materials. Here it is shown that the deposition of metal via inkjet printing technology does not produce any observable damage in the atomic structure of ultrathin 2D materials, and it can keep a sharp interface. These conclusions are supported by abundant data obtained via atomistic simulations, transmission electron microscopy, nanochemical metrology, and device characterization in a probe station. The results are important for the understanding of inkjet printing technology applied to 2D materials, and they could contribute to the better design and optimization of electronic devices and circuits.
Tunable Supramolecular Cavities Molecularly Homogenized in Polymer Membranes for Ultraefficient Precombustion CO2 Capture
Authors: Wu Ji , Liang Can Zeng , Naderi Ali , Chung Tai‐Shung
Published: November 2021

Processable molecular‐sieving membranes are important materials for realizing energy‐efficient precombustion CO2 capture during industrial‐scale hydrogen production. However, the promising design of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) that aims to integrate the molecular‐sieving properties of nanoporous architectures with industrial processable polymers still faces performance and fabrication issues due to the formation of segregated nanofiller domains in their polymer matrices. Here, an unconventional nanocomposite membrane design is proposed using soluble organic macrocyclic cavitands (OMCs) with tunable open cavity sizes that not only mitigate the formation the discrete nanofiller phases but also deliver distinct molecular‐sieving separations. The versatile organic‐solvent solubility coupled with highly interactive functionalities of OMCs allows them to obtain molecularly homogeneous mixing with matrix polymers and form only one integral continuous phase crucial to the robust processability of polymers. A series of polybenzimidazole‐based molecularly mixed composite membranes (MMCMs) are fabricated via the incorporation of a soluble and thermally stable OMC choice, sulfocalixarenes, with various cavity sizes. These membranes achieve outstanding high‐temperature mixed‐gas H2/CO2 separation performances comparable with several state‐of‐the‐art molecular‐sieving membranes owing to effective size‐sieving gas passages through the open or partially‐intruded supramolecular cavities. The broadly tunable structures and functionalities of OMCs would make their MMCMs attractive for other energy‐intensive molecular separations.
From Langmuir isotherm to Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherm
Authors: Vyawahare Pradeep , Tun Hla , Vaughn Mark W. , Chen Chau‐Chyun
Published: November 2021

Developed for multilayer adsorption, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm considers the adsorption of the first layer as an equilibrium chemical reaction between adsorbate molecules and adsorption sites and the adsorption of the second and subsequent layers as a condensation–evaporation process. Following the recent development of an activity‐based formulation for the Langmuir isotherm for monolayer adsorption, we present an activity‐based formulation for the BET isotherm in which species concentrations are replaced with species activities. Capturing the adsorbent surface heterogeneity for the adsorption of the first layer, the resulting thermodynamic BET isotherm is shown to accurately represent pure component adsorption isotherms over the relative pressure range of zero to unity or prior to the onset of capillary condensation. The thermodynamic BET isotherm should facilitate accurate estimation of monolayer adsorption capacity and the corresponding adsorbent surface area.
Cost of lost work hours associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic—United States, March 2020 through February 2021
Authors: Asfaw Abay
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Of the 22.8 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases recorded in the United States as of March 21, 2021 with age information, three‐fourths were in the workingage group, indicating the potentially high economic impact of the pandemic. This study estimates the cost of lost work hours associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic between March 2020 through February 2021.

Method

I used a before‐and‐after analysis of data from the 2017–2021 Current Population Survey to estimate the costs of lost work hours due to economic, workers' own health, and other reasons, from the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

Across March 2020 through February 2021 (a year since the start of the pandemic in the United States), the estimated cost of lost work hours associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic among US full‐time workers was $138 billion (95% confidence interval [CI]: $73.4 billion–$202.46 billion). Shares of the costs attributed to economic, workers' own health, and other reasons were 33.7%, 13.7%, and 52.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

The $138 billion cost of lost work hours associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic during March 2020 through February 2021 highlights the economic consequences of the pandemic, as well as indicating the potential benefit of public health and safety interventions used to mitigate COVID‐19 spread.
Synthesis of Diverse Polycarbonates by Organocatalytic Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides: From High Pressure and Temperature to Ambient Conditions
Authors: Zhang Jinbo , Wang Lebin , Liu Shaofeng , Li Zhibo
Published: November 2021

Organophosphazenes combined with triethylborane (TEB) were selected as binary organocatalyts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Both the activity and selectivity were highly dependent on the nature of phosphazenes. 2,4,6‐Tris[tri(1‐pyrrolidinyl)‐iminophosphorane]‐1,3,5‐triazine (C3N3‐Py‐P3) with a relatively low basicity (pKa=26.5 in CD3CN) and a bulky molecular size (φ=1.3 nm) exhibited an unprecedented efficiency (TON up to 12240) and selectivity (>99 % polymer selectivity and >99 % carbonate linkages) toward copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), and produced CO2‐based polycarbonates (CO2‐PCs) with high molar masses (Mn up to 275.5 kDa) at 1 MPa of CO2 and 80 °C. Surprisingly, this binary catalytic system achieved efficient CO2/CHO copolymerization with TOF up to 95 h−1 at 1 atm pressure and room temperature.
Density‐Dependent Emission Colors from a Conformation‐Switching Chromophore in Polyurethanes
Authors: Wang Junwei , Yan Rui , Hu Yaofang , Du Guoshuai , Liao Guanming , Yang Huanzhi , Luo Yunjun , Zheng Xiaoyan , Chen Yabin , Wang Suning , Li Xiaoyu
Published: November 2021

Achieving full‐color emission from a single chromophore is not only highly desirable from practical considerations, but also greatly challenging for fundamental research. Herein, we demonstrated the density‐dependent emission colors from a single boron‐containing chromophore, from which multi‐color fluorescent polyurethanes were prepared as well. Originating from its switchable molecular conformations, the emission color of the chromophore was found to be governed by the packing density and strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding interactions. The chromophore was incorporated into polyurethanes to achieve full‐color emitting materials; the emission color was only dependent on the chromophore density and could be tuned via synthetic approach by controlling the compositions. The emission colors could also be modulated by physical approaches, including by swelling/deswelling process, compression under high pressure, and even blending the fluorescent polyurethane with non‐emitting ones.
Sortase‐Mediated Multi‐Fragment Assemblies by Ligation Site Switching
Authors: Bierlmeier Jan , Álvaro‐Benito Miguel , Scheffler Maren , Sturm Kristina , Rehkopf Luisa , Freund Christian , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: November 2021

Sortase‐mediated ligation (SML) is a powerful tool of protein chemistry allowing the ligation of peptides containing LPxTG sorting motifs and N‐terminal glycine nucleophiles. The installation of a sorting motif into the product prohibits the assembly of multiple fragments by SML. Here we report multi‐fragment SML based on switchable sortase substrates. Substitution of the Leu residue by disulfide‐containing Cys(StBu) results in active sorting motifs, which are inactivatable by reduction. In combination with a photo‐protected N‐Gly nucleophile, multi‐fragment SML is enabled by repetitive cycles of SML and ligation site switching. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by a proof‐of‐concept four‐fragment ligation, the assembly of peptide probes for bivalent chromatin binding proteins and oligomerization of peptide antigens. Biochemical and immuno‐assays demonstrated functionality of these probes rendering them promising tools for immunology and chromatin biochemistry.
NIR‐II Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks (HOFs) Used for Target‐Specific Amyloid‐β Photooxygenation in an Alzheimer's Disease Model
Authors: Zhang Haochen , Yu Dongqin , Liu Shuting , Liu Chun , Liu Zhenqi , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: November 2021

Phototherapy has emerged as a powerful approach for interrupting β‐amyloid (Aβ) self‐assembly. However, deeper tissue penetration and safer photosensitizers are urgent to be exploited for avoiding damaging nearby normal tissues and improving therapeutic effectiveness. A hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF)‐based NIR‐II photooxygenation catalyst is presented here to settle the abovementioned challenges. By encapsulating the pyridinium hemicyanine dye DSM with a large two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section in NIR‐II window into the porphyrin‐based HOF, the resultant DSM@n‐HOF‐6 exhibits significant two‐photon NIR‐II‐excited Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) for Aβ oxidation. Further, the target peptides of KLVFFAED (KD8) are covalently grafted on DSM@n‐HOF‐6 to enhance the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and Aβ selectivity. The HOF‐based photooxygenation catalyst shows an outstanding inhibitory effect of Aβ aggregation upon the NIR‐II irradiation. Further in vivo studies demonstrate the obvious decrease of craniocerebral Aβ plaques and recovery of memory deficits in triple‐transgenic AD (3×Tg‐AD) model mice.
Solar Urea: Towards a Sustainable Fertilizer Industry
Authors: Xia Meikun , Mao Chengliang , Gu Alan , Tountas Athanasios A. , Qiu Chenyue , Wood Thomas E. , Li Young Feng , Ulmer Ulrich , Xu Yangfan , Viasus Camilo J. , Ye Jessica , Qian Chenxi , Ozin Geoffrey
Published: November 2021

Urea, an agricultural fertilizer, nourishes humanity. The century‐old Bosch–Meiser process provides the world's urea. It is multi‐step, consumes enormous amounts of non‐renewable energy, and has a large CO2 footprint. Thus, developing an eco‐friendly synthesis for urea is a priority. Herein we report a single‐step Pd/LTA‐3A catalyzed synthesis of urea from CO2 and NH3 under ambient conditions powered solely by solar energy. Pd nanoparticles serve the dual function of catalyzing the dissociation of NH3 and providing the photothermal driving force for urea formation, while the absorption capacity of LTA‐3A removes by‐product H2O to shift the equilibrium towards urea production. The solar urea conversion rate from NH3 and CO2 is 87 μmol g−1 h−1. This advance represents a first step towards the use of solar energy in urea production. It provides insights into green fertilizer production, and inspires the vision of sustainable, modular plants for distributed production of urea on farms.
Enantioselective Allenation of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Copper Halides of Mixed Oxidation States and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of Scorodonin
Authors: Wu Guolin , Yao Yuan , Li Gen , Zhang Xue , Qian Hui , Ma Shengming
Published: November 2021

Naturally occurring conjugated allenynes are of general interest owing to their potent and various biological activities. The 1,5‐H transfer of alka‐1,4‐diyn‐3‐yl amines would be one of the most straightforward yet challenging approaches to such compounds since, in principle, two regioisomers may be formed involving two C−C triple bonds. Herein, a catalytic recipe of copper halides with mixed oxidation states, i.e., CuCl/CuBr2, has been identified to address the issues of the side reaction of conjugate addition and the selectivity of 1,5‐H transfer of alka‐1,4‐diyn‐3‐yl amines in EATA (enantioselective allenation of terminal alkynes) reaction involving 2‐alkynals. This method provided various allenynes with excellent enantioselectivities, and was also applied to the first highly enantioselective total synthesis of natural product scorodonin. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations elucidated the regioselectivity for the observed 1,5‐H transfer.
Visible‐Light‐Induced C4‐Selective Functionalization of Pyridinium Salts with Cyclopropanols
Authors: Vellakkaran Mari , Kim Taehwan , Hong Sungwoo
Published: November 2021

The site‐selective C−H functionalization of heteroarenes is of considerable importance for streamlining the rapid modification of bioactive molecules. Herein, we report a general strategy for visible‐light‐induced β‐carbonyl alkylation at the C4 position of pyridines with high site selectivity using various cyclopropanols and N‐amidopyridinium salts. In this process, hydrogen‐atom transfer between the generated sulfonamidyl radicals and O−H bonds of cyclopropanols generates β‐carbonyl radicals, providing efficient access to synthetically valuable β‐pyridylated (aryl)ketones, aldehydes, and esters with broad functional‐group tolerance. In addition, the mild method serves as an effective tool for the site‐selective late‐stage functionalization of complex and medicinally relevant molecules.
Fluorinated bis(arylimino)‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐quinoline‐cobalt polymerization catalysts: Electronic versus steric modulation in the formation of vinyl‐terminated linear PE waxes
Authors: Zuo Zheng , Han Mingyang , Ma Yanping , Solan Gregory A. , Hu Xinquan , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: November 2021

Condensation of 2‐benzoyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐quinolin‐8‐one with an excess of the respective fluorinated aniline in the presence of cobalt (II) chloride has provided an effective one‐flask synthesis of the 2‐(phenyl(arylimino)methyl)‐8‐arylimino‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐quinoline‐cobalt (II) chloride complexes, [2‐(ArN=CPh)‐8‐(NAr)‐C9H9N]CoCl2 (Ar = 2‐Me‐4,6‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)2C6H2 Co1, 2,6‐Me2‐4‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)C6H2 Co2, 2,4‐Me2‐6‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)C6H2 Co3, 2‐Et‐4,6‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)2C6H2 Co4, 2‐i‐Pr‐4,6‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)2C6H2 Co5, 2‐F‐4,6‐(CH(p‐FC6H4)2)2C6H2 Co6). Structural characterization of Co2 and Co4 revealed the unsymmetrical nature of the N,N,N‐chelating ligands and the five‐coordinate geometries around the metal ions. Complexes Co1–Co6 all exhibited high activities as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization when treated with either MAO or MMAO producing highly linear (Tm′s > 118°C) low molecular weight polyethylene (Mw range: 0.69–31.51 kg mol−1) with a variety of dispersities (Mw/Mn range: 2.2–17.5). 2,6‐Dimethyl‐containing Co2 was the most productive precatalyst of the series reaching an exceptionally high activity of 27.06 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Co) h−1 at a temperature of 50°C. Additionally, ortho‐fluoride Co6 maintained an impressive level of activity at an operating temperature of 70°C and was able to maintain a long catalytic lifetime. Furthermore, the presence of vinyl end groups (–CH=CH2) in the 1H/13C NMR and IR spectra of their polymers supports the key role played by β‐H elimination in chain transfer.
The forgotten ocean: Why COP26 must call for vastly greater ambition and urgency to address ocean change
Authors: Laffoley Dan , Baxter John M. , Amon Diva J. , Claudet Joachim , Downs Craig A. , Earle Sylvia A. , Gjerde Kristina M. , Hall‐Spencer Jason M. , Koldewey Heather J. , Levin Lisa A. , Reid Chris P. , Roberts Callum M. , Sumaila Rashid U. , Taylor Michelle L. , Thiele Torsten , Woodall Lucy C.
Published: November 2021

Of all the interconnected threats facing the planet, the top two are the climate and the biodiversity crises. Neither problem will be solved if we ignore the ocean. To turn the tide in favour of humanity and a habitable planet, we need to recognize and better value the fundamental role that the ocean plays in the earth system, and prioritize the urgent action needed to heal and protect the ocean at the ‘Earthscape’ level – the planetary scale at which processes to support life operate.

The countries gathering at COP26 have unparalleled political capacity and leadership to make this happen. COP26 could be the turning point, but there must be commitment to united action for the ocean, as well as planning to meet those commitments, based on science‐led solutions that address the interconnectivity of the ocean, climate, and biodiversity.

Key ways in which the ocean both contributes to and acts as the major buffer for climate change are summarized, focusing on temperature, but not forgetting the role of storing carbon. It is noted with ‘high confidence’ that the ocean has stored 91% of the excess heat from global warming, with land, melting ice, and the atmosphere only taking up approximately 5, 3, and 1%, respectively.

We also highlight the impact of the recent large release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere during the 2015–2016 El Niño. We then present six science‐based policy actions that form a recovery stimulus package for people, climate, nature, and the planet. Our proposals highlight what is needed to view, value, and treat the planet, including the ocean, for the benefit and future of all life.
The relationship between FR0 radio galaxies and gigahertz‐peaked spectrum sources
Authors: Mikhailov Alexander , Sotnikova Yulia
Published: November 2021

We present the results of our study of the relationship between Fanaroff‐Riley type 0 (FR0) radio galaxies and gigahertz‐peaked spectrum (GPS) sources. Quasi‐simultaneous radio spectra of 34 FR0s were obtained at 2.25–22.3 GHz with the radio telescope RATAN‐600 in 2020–2021 during 2–6 epochs. Most FR0s have flat radio spectra, but we found many spectra with a peaked shape. Due to this fact and the compact nature of FR0s, we suggest their possible relationship with compact steep‐spectrum (CSS)/GPS radio sources. We analyzed broadband radio spectra of the 34 FR0s using the RATAN‐600 measurements and available literature data. There are 14 FR0 objects which can be CSS/GPS radio source candidates. Most FR0s have broader radio spectra than those of genuine GPS sources, with like in blazars. Most spectral indices at the frequencies below and above the peak do not correspond to the values typical of canonical GPS sources. We classified 3 FR0s as low‐power GPS sources according to the canonical criteria. The key issue is the variability properties of FR0s. Some FR0s demonstrate a variability level of up to 25% on a time scale of 1 year according to the RATAN‐600 measurements. The flare phenomena in FR0 objects can imply a relationship between them and blazars.
Unveiling the Unique Roles of Metal Coordination and Modulator in the Polymorphism Control of Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Li Zi‐Jian , Ju Yu , Zhang Zeya , Lu Huangjie , Li Yongxin , Zhang Ningjin , Du Xian‐Long , Guo Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Qian Yuan , He Ming‐Yang , Wang Jian‐Qiang , Lin Jian
Published: November 2021

Polymorphism control of metal‐organic frameworks is highly desired for elucidating structure‐property relationships, but remains an empirical process and is usually done in a trial‐and‐error approach. We adopted the rarely used actinide cation Th4+ and a ditopic linker to construct a series of thorium‐organic frameworks (TOFs) with a range of polymorphs. The extraordinary coordination versatility of Th4+ cations and clusters, coupled with synthetic modulation, gives five distinct phases, wherein the highest degree of interpenetration (threefold) and porosity (75.9 %) of TOFs have been achieved. Notably, the O atom on the capping site of the nine‐coordinated Th4+ cation can function as a bridging unit to interconnect neighboring secondary building units (SBUs), affording topologies that are undocumented for other tetravalent‐metal‐containing MOFs. Furthermore, for the first time HCOOH has been demonstrated as a bridging unit of SBUs to further induce structural complexity. The resulting TOFs exhibit considerably different adsorption behaviors toward organic dyes, thus suggesting that TOFs represent an exceptional and promising platform for structure‐property relationship study.