bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE GENERALIZED CONFIGURATION MIXING METHOD (Ⅰ)
Authors: WU SHI-SHU  ,   吉林大学物理系
Published: November 2020

It is shown that by means of the solutions obtained by the random phase approximation, the generalized configuration mixing (GCM) method can provide better approximate solutions in a rather simple and systematic way. A set of explicit expressions for the matrixelements involved in the eigenvalue equation of the GCM method has been derived. Further, it is proved that the GCM method is self-consistent, and the equation of motion satisfied by the corresponding Green function and its series expansion have been obtained. By means of the latter, the property of the eigensolution determined by the GCM method is discussed.
POLYNOMIAL BASES OF GROUP SU3 AND AN EXPLICIT EXPRESSION FOR ITS CLEBSCH-GORDAN COEFFICIENTS
Authors: HOU PEI-YU
Published: November 2020

Using the properties of the Young diagrams, we have constructed a complete set of polynomial bases for representing the SUn group. The basis of irreducible representations in the product space of two irreducible representations is then discussed. Finally by methods of construction of an invariant, an explicit expression for the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of group SU3 is obtained.
THE STUDY OF TWO-NUCLEON POTENTIAL IN NUCLEI BY MEANS OF INELASTIC SCATTERING
Authors: LIU BING-TUNG  , HO KUO-CHU  ,   南开大学
Published: November 2020

It is proposed that the effective two-nucleon potential in nuclei may be investigated through the direct reaction process in high energy nucleon inelastic scattering. Both DWBA and Glauber's manybody high energy approximation are used in treating the inelastic scattering problem. The effective potential between nucleons within the nucleus has been assumed to have various exchange properties and the spin-orbit term, in the derivation.The differential cross sections and polarization angular distribution for the inelastic scattering of 185 MeV nucleons by C12 with excitation energies 9.6 and 22.3 MeV are calculated. Particle hole model wave functions are used for the nuclear states. All these experimental curves of differential cross section and polarization can be fitted very well with a reasonable set of potential parameters.
WEAK INTERACTIONS IN THE SU(6) SYMMETRY THEORY
Authors: SONG XING-CHANG  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

An intermediate boson scheme of weak interactions is proposed within the framework of the SU (6) symmetry theory. Under the assumptions that: (1) the intermediate bosons belong to the IR (irreducible representation) 21; (2) the weak currents belong to the adjoint representation I R 35; and (3) the s- and p-wave semiweak interactions are assigned to the (3*, 1) part of the IR 21 and the (3*, 3) part of the IR 15 respectively, we obtain an effective nonleptonic interaction which gives three sum rules for the s-wave (parity-violating) and one for the p-wave (parity-conserving) decay amplitudes of the hyperons. These relations seem to be well-satisfied by the experimental data.
THE STUDY OF θ-PINCH PLASMA USING A MACH-ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER ILLUMINATED BY A GIANT PULSED RUBY LASER
Authors: THE LASER INTEEFEBENCE KESEARCH GROUP  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The plasma electron density, shape and instability of the 23 kJ θ-pinch have been studied through the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a giant pulsed ruby laser illumination. The axial interferograms in the range of 45-120 m Torr deuterium pressures gave two-dimensional electron density distributions for the dicharge and established peak plasma electron densities in the range of 6-1016-2.3·1017 cm-3 for the plasma at peak pinch. The time of the peak pinch was about 1/3 of the first half-cycle of the main compressive magnetic field. The plasma characteristic time of containment (time required for the number of particles to be reduced to 1/e) close to peak pinch was 1.8-4.3μs. The interferograms with reverse bias magnetic field showed that the bias magnetic field was trapped in the plasma, and revealed that radial hydromagnetic oscillation of the plasma occurred between the trapped magnetic field and the main compressive magnetic field. The interferograms also showed that the plasma is essentially stable during the first half-cycle of the main compressive magnetic field in the range 45-80 m Torr deuterium pressures.
THEORY OF MODULATED AIR STREAM SOUND SOURCES
Authors: MA DA-YOU  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Modulation of air stream is an efficient method of sound production. Man's speech organs, sirens, electro-pneumatic loudspeakers as well as common whistles are all based on this principle. The features of air stream sound sources are their high efficiency and possibility of high power outputs, which afford them practical value. The sound production by modulating air streams were discussed by previous authors and theories-given, but some were oversimplified and others too involved to allow practical computations. In this paper, air flow vs pressure characteristics of air stream sources are derived from the basic theory of gasdynamics and graphical method is presented for the estimation of sound radiation under given conditions of plenum pressure and nozzle-to-horn throat area ratio. It is established that although the air flow characteristics as well as the radiation relations are nonlinear, the radiated sound power is determined mainly by the radiation of the fundamental, and approximations give rise to simple expressions for the radiated sound power, the air stream yield and efficiency, with an error less than 1 dB from exact results. Charts are given to facilitate design and question of optimum condition is discussed.
THE UNIVERSE IS THE UNITY OF INFINITUDE AND FINITENESS
Authors: BIAN SI-ZU
Published: November 2020

In this article the following views based on the development of human knowledge about the universe are expounded: (1) In space the universe is infinite, infinitude nevertheless cannot exist by itself independent of things finite. Infinitude and finite-ness form a unity of opposites. Finiteness transforms into infinitude, infinitude transforms into finiteness. All the various versions on the infinitude and the finite-ness of the universe that existed in history, from Newton's classical model of the universe to modern cosmology, cannot lead to a correct knowledge of the dialectics of infinitude and finiteness; thus, as a consequence, they all degenerate into metameta-physics and idealism. (2) In time the universe is also infinite. Matter in the universe is in incessant development. The totality of the universe has neither beginning nor end. The theory of a motionless universe is unsound. It is a far-reaching realization in the development of human knowledge of the universe that the universe is a unity of such opposites as absolute infinitude and relative finiteness.
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF THE TETRAHEDRAL HALIDE COMPLEXES OF Cu(II)
Authors: DU YOU-MING  , LIANG JIA-CHANG  ,   河北大学
Published: November 2020

Crystalline field energy levels of central ion and lingands for complex ions CuX4--(X = Cl, Br) were given. By considering the crystalline field effect, and by using the modified Wolfsberg-Helmholz 's molecular orbital approximation, the energies for the ground state and some of the excited states of these complex ions were calculated. The calculation results are in agreement with the features of the observed lingand field transition bands and electron-transfer spectra.
THE SPINOR FORMALISM AND THE COMPLEX-VECTOR FORMALISM OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
Authors: GUO HAN-YING  , WU YONG-SHI  , LI GEN-DAO  ,   (1)中国科学院数学研究所; (2)中国科学院物理研究所; (3)中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, using E. Carten's exterior calculus, we give the spinor form of the structure equations, which leads naturally to the Newman-Penrose equations. Further, starting from the spinor space and the sl(2C) algebra, we construct the general complex-vector formalism of general relativity. We find that both the Cahen-Debever-Defrise complex-vector formalism and the Brans one are its special cases. Thus, the spinor formalism and the complex-vector formalism of general relativity are unified on the basis of the unimodular group SL(2C) and its Lie algebra.
HEORY OF THERMIONIC EMISSION (II)——ON THE MONOATOMIC LAYER AND DIPOLE THEORY
Authors: ZHANG EN-QIU
Published: November 2020

The present paper is a criticism of the application of the monoatomic layer and simple dipote theory to thermionic emission. We have come to the following conclusions: (1) the existence of the monoatomic layer is conditional, it depends upon the temperature, surface structure and purity of the substrate as well as upon the vacuum environment; (2) the appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of the emission peaks is a problem for further study, and it can not be explained simply by the monoatomic layer and dipole theory; (3) the enhanced emission after adsorption of foreign atoms or molecules is not due to the formation of dipoles which lower the work function of the substrate, but comes from the valence electrons of the adsorbate, and (4) the "L" cathode is a Ba-O-W system, neither monoatomic nor monomolecular, and the dipole theory is not applicable here.
EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE INTERNAL FRICTION OF IRON
Authors: YOU MIAO  , YANG JI-XIAN  , CHEN DE-YUAN  ,   宁夏大学
Published: November 2020

Internal friction measurements were made on commercial iron specimens containing various amounts of cerium and lanthanum (combined content: 0, 0.011, 0.026. 0.037, 0.075, 0.124%). For specimens thoroughly treated with wet-hydrogen to remove carbon and nitrogen impurities, the activation energy associated with the grain boundary internal friction peak was found to vary with the content of cerium and lanthanum. A maximum appears around the content of 0.03%. The maximum activation energy is 11.3×104 calories per mole and is about twice the value for iron free from cerium and lanthanum (6.4×104 calories per mole). For specimens loaded with carbon, the grain boundary internal friction peak was found to appear at a temperature 30℃ higher than that of the specimen free from cerium and lanthanum. The activation energy associated with the grain boundary peak was found to be 7.6×104 calories per mole (experimental error is within ±2000 calories per mole) and is approximately independent of the cerium and lanthanum content.Measurements on the Snoek peak associated with carbon in iron showed that the height of the peak decreases with an increase of the content of cerium and lanthanum, whereas the position of the peak remains unaltered as compared with that of iron specimen free from cerium and lanthanum.The cold-work internal friction peak of the original iron specimen containing carbon and nitrogen was found to appear around 230℃ (with the specimen cold-worked to 88% reduction in area), and this peak was considerably lowered with an increase of the cerium and lanthanum content. After the specimens were fully treated with wet-hydrogen and then loaded with nitrogen, the cold-work peak (with the specimen cold-worked to 88% reduction in area) was found to appear around 190℃. This peak was also considerably lowered with an increase of the cerium and lanthanum content.Preliminary discussions were made on the possible origins of the effect of the addition of rare earth elements on the three internal friction peaks (grain-boundary peak, Snoek peak, cold-work peak) of iron.
THE CREEP AND STRESS-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF γ′ CRYSTALS
Authors: CHEN CHI  , DENG ZHI-SHENG  , WU BAI-QUN  , DING SHU-SHENG
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the results of creep and stress-rupture tests on Ni3Al base γ′ monocrystals are presented. The results show that the steady state creep rate εs conforms to the relationship: εs=Cσmexp(-Qc′/RT). The exponent m depends only on temperature. m(850℃)=3.95, m(950℃) = 3.62. The apparent activation energy of creep Qc′ amounts to 88 k cal/g-at. for Ni3Al crystals. All of the alloying elements studied Ti, Nb and W raise Qc′, the effect of Nb being the greatest, while W proves to be most effective in improving the creep strength. The orientation of crystals has a marked influence on εs. oriented crystals have the lowest εs and the longest stress-rupture life tr. tr≥ 100 hr for T= 1050℃ and σ= 5 kg/mm2. The Monkman-Grant relation tr(εs)p=const. holds likewise for Ni3Al single crystals, with p = 0.82.The glide system of γ′ crystals in creep appears to be {111} .
LOSSES IN THE MAGNETIC CORES OF IRON-NICKEL-COBALT ALLOY HAVING RECTANGULAR HYSTERESIS LOOP
Authors: ERG-1972  , RESEARCH GROUP OP THE THIRD WORKSHOP  ,   (1)北京大学物理系; (2)北京冶金研究所
Published: November 2020

Investigation has been made on the losses in magnetic cores consisting of strips of iron-nickel-cobalt alloy after annealment in a longitudinal magnetic field. It has been found that the p/f-f curve shows obvious anomalous behaviour. Explanation is given for this behaviour with a Theoretical model of the anomalous eddy current loss caused by the wall displacement in the 180?domains. Possible ways of minimizing the loss are suggested.
THE GENERATOR COORDINATE METHOD AND NUCLEAR COLLECTIVE MOTIONS (Ⅱ)——MULTIPOLE AND PAIRING EXCITATIONS IN EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI
Authors: XU GONG-OU  , WANG SHUN-JIN  , LIU DUN-HUAN  , YANG YA-TIAN  , MAO MING-DE  ,   兰州大学
Published: November 2020

Nuclear collective motions are further studied using the generator coordinate-method. Multipole excitations of both spherical and deformed nuclei as well as pairing excitations of both normal and superconducting nuclei are investigated in a unified way.
A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF A COMPRESSED-TIME CORRELATOR FOR SIGNAL DETECTION
Authors: ZHANG SHU-YING
Published: November 2020

The theoretical problems of a compressed-time correlator are investigated from the viewpoint of signal detection. Through discussion of the LMF arid PR signals, some useful conclusions and basic formulas concerning the output signal, spectrum structure, Doppler filter set-up, noise background, SNE gain and signal envelope smoothing are obtained. As a consequence, it has been possible to design an improved sound pulse-compression receiver.
SPACE-TIME CORRELATION FUNCTION OF A NOISE FIELD IN RANDOM MULTIPATH DISPERSION CHANNELS
Authors: XU ZHEN-YONG
Published: November 2020

In this paper a model for underwater acoustic channels is established. By means of this model a general expression is derived for the space-time correlation function produced by a noise source in random multipath dispersion channels.It is shown that the spread and reduction of the correlation function are caused by the multipath propagation of sound waves and the random properties of the underwater acoustic channels. The effect of the dispersion properties of the channels on the correlation function is also discussed.
DUAL CHARGE OF A NON-ABELIAN GAUGE FIELD
Authors: HOU BO-YU  , DUAN YI-SHI  , GE MO-LIN  ,   (1)兰州大学; (2)西北大学
Published: November 2020

The gauge inrariant expressions and relations of various physical quantities in the non-Abelian SU (2) gauge field, such as electric charge, dual charge (magnetic charge), electromagnetic field and massive vector field, are studied, The relation between magnetic charge and the large scale topological property of the isotopic directions of the charge operator is shown.
SOME SUB-STRUCTURES OF MANY-PARTICLE CORRELATION IN NUCLEI
Authors: ZHANG ZONG-YE  , ZHAO WEI-QIN  , LI GUANG-LIE  ,   中国科学院高能物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The coherent structures of two phonons have been proposed as the sub-structure α+ of four-particle clusters for the light nuclei. In the same way the sub-structure β+ of four-hole clusters can also be given. Based on this the sub-structures between particle clusters and hole clusters in 16O and 18O have been chosen as examples for our investigation. It is found that there is a very strong repulsive force between them. Therefore the loose structure between particle cluster and hole cluster is of the lowest energy state. In this way, the deformations of these states have been explained from the microscopic structures. Moreover, these strucrures can coherently strengthen the E2 transition. Further in order to study the particle correlation in the medium nuclei, the L-S coupling coherent structure is extended to the pseudo L-S coupling coherent structure and the expressions are given in the j-j coupling representation. Some preliminary analyses are made for the nuclei around 56Ni by using these structures.
Semiochemical responsive olfactory sensory neurons are sexually dimorphic and plastic
Authors: Vihani Aashutosh , Hu Xiaoyang Serene , Gundala Sivaji , Koyama Sachiko , Block Eric , Matsunami Hiroaki
Published: November 2020

Understanding how genes and experience work in concert to generate phenotypic variability will provide a better understanding of individuality. Here, we considered this in the main olfactory epithelium, a chemosensory structure with over a thousand distinct cell types in mice. We identified a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons, defined by receptor expression, whose abundances were sexually dimorphic. This subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons was over-represented in sex-separated mice and robustly responsive to sex-specific semiochemicals. Sex-combined housing led to an attenuation of the dimorphic representations. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed an axis of activity-dependent gene expression amongst a subset of the dimorphic OSN populations. Finally, the pro-apoptotic gene Baxwas necessary to generate the dimorphic representations. Altogether, our results suggest a role of experience and activity in influencing homeostatic mechanisms to generate a robust sexually dimorphic phenotype in the main olfactory epithelium.
A lung-on-chip model of early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection reveals an essential role for alveolar epithelial cells in controlling bacterial growth
Authors: Thacker Vivek V , Dhar Neeraj , Sharma Kunal , Barrile Riccardo , Karalis Katia , McKinney John D
Published: November 2020

We establish a murine lung-on-chip infection model and use time-lapse imaging to reveal the dynamics of host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions at an air-liquid interface with a spatiotemporal resolution unattainable in animal models and to probe the direct role of pulmonary surfactant in early infection. Surfactant deficiency results in rapid and uncontrolled bacterial growth in both macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, under normal surfactant levels, a significant fraction of intracellular bacteria are non-growing. The surfactant-deficient phenotype is rescued by exogenous addition of surfactant replacement formulations, which have no effect on bacterial viability in the absence of host cells. Surfactant partially removes virulence-associated lipids and proteins from the bacterial cell surface. Consistent with this mechanism, the attenuation of bacteria lacking the ESX-1 secretion system is independent of surfactant levels. These findings may partly explain why smokers and elderly persons with compromised surfactant function are at increased risk of developing active tuberculosis.
COVID-19 research risks ignoring important host genes due to pre-established research patterns
Authors: Stoeger Thomas , Nunes Amaral Luís A
Published: November 2020

It is known that research into human genes is heavily skewed towards genes that have been widely studied for decades, including many genes that were being studied before the productive phase of the Human Genome Project. This means that the genes most frequently investigated by the research community tend to be only marginally more important to human physiology and disease than a random selection of genes. Based on an analysis of 10,395 research publications about SARS-CoV-2 that mention at least one human gene, we report here that the COVID-19 literature up to mid-October 2020 follows a similar pattern. This means that a large number of host genes that have been implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection by four genome-wide studies remain unstudied. While quantifying the consequences of this neglect is not possible, they could be significant.
Habitat conditions strongly affect macro- and microelement concentrations in Taraxacum microspecies growing on coastal meadows along a soil salinity gradient
Authors: Bosiacka Beata , Myśliwy Monika , Bosiacki Mateusz
Published: November 2020

Wild greens can contribute to the human diet as an important source of essential nutrients and drugs. Since environmental factors, including soil properties, may affect the chemical composition of plants, it is necessary among others to assess various habitats in terms of their usefulness for wild plant harvesting and to study impact of environmental factors on the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of plants. This study was aimed at (1) examining the mineral composition of leaves of three dandelion microspecies, (2) determining the variability of macro- and microelement concentrations in dandelion leaves from populations growing on salty, brackish and non-saline coastal meadows, and (3) assessing the effects of different habitat conditions on the mineral composition of dandelion leaves. It was hypothesized that dandelion microspecies would differ significantly in the mineral composition of leaves. It was also expected that soil conditions would significantly affect nutrient concentrations in dandelion leaves, with soil salinity being the most important factor that differentiated studied populations. Leaves of three dandelion microspecies (Taraxacum balticum, T. nordstedtii, T. haematicum) were harvested in Baltic costal grasslands, along the soil salinity gradient, to determine macro- and microelement concentrations. Soil samples collected in the closest vicinity of the harvested plants showed the study sites to differ significantly in their soil properties. Moderately saline and organic soils, rich in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), supported T. balticum. Moderately or weakly saline and non-saline, organic or mineral soils, with lower median values of K, Mg, and Ca, were typical of T. nordstedtii sites, while the lowest median values of all the soil properties studied were found for T. haematicum sites. Our results proved that dandelion microspecies differ significantly in the mineral composition of their leaves. The between-microspecies differences were significant for all the macroelements except magnesium and all the microelements except molybdenum. Most of the macro- and microelements in leaves of the dandelion microspecies correlated positively and significantly with the soil properties, the strongest correlations being found for soil salinity and the leaf Na, Mn, Ca, Fe, K and Zn contents, followed by soil pH and the leaf Na, Mn, Fe, K, Ca, Zn and Mg. Moreover, the impact of soil properties on the mineral contents in leaves of the dandelions we examined seems to be stronger than the genetic differences between dandelion microspecies. Results of our studies on mineral composition of dandelion leaves lend support to the contention that wild greens provide essential mineral nutrients to the diet. Coastal meadows, fed by the brackish water of the Baltic Sea and free of anthropogenic pollution, are a good habitat to collect wild greens from.
miR-224, miR-147b and miR-31 associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma by regulating PRPF4B, WDR82 or NR3C2
Authors: Wang Yan , Shang Shengtao , Yu Kun , Sun Hongbin , Ma Wenduan , Zhao Wei
Published: November 2020

Background

The present study is to screen lymph node metastasis-related microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and uncover their underlying mechanisms.

Methods

The miRNA microarray dataset was collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database under accession number GSE64859. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified using a t-test. Target genes of DEMs were predicted through the miRWalk2.0 database. The function of these target genes was annotated with the clusterProfiler and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) tools. Protein-protein interaction network was established using the STRING database to extract hub target genes. The expressions and associations with survival and lymph node metastasis of miRNAs and target genes were validated by analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset.

Results

Eight DEMs were identified between lymph node metastasis and non-metastasis samples of GSE64859 dataset. miRNA-target gene pairs were predicted between six DEMs and 251 target genes (i.e. hsa-miR-224-PRPF4B, hsa-miR-147b-WDR82 and hsa-miR-31-NR3C2). The clusterProfiler analysis showed WDR82 was involved in the mRNA surveillance pathway, while the GO enrichment analysis using the DAVID database indicated PRPF4B participated in the protein phosphorylation and NR3C2 was related with the transcription, DNA-templated. WDR82 and PRPF4B may be hub genes because they could interact with others. Two DEMs (miR-31-5p and miR-31-3p) and 45 target genes (including PRPF4B and NR3C2) were significantly associated with overall survival. The expressions of miR-224 and miR-147b were validated to be upregulated, while WDR82, PRPF4B and NR3C2 were downregulated in lymph node metastasis samples of TCGA datasets compared with non-metastasis samples. Also, there were significantly negative expression correlations between miR-147b and WDR82, between miR-224 and PRPF4B, as well as between miR-31 and NR3C2 in LUAD samples.

Conclusions

The present study identified several crucial miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs, which may provide novel explanations for the lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis for LUAD patients.
Functional and Physicochemical Properties of Turmeric Powder as Affected by Processing Methods
Authors: Tamuno Emelike, Nkechi-Juliet
Published: November 2020

Turmeric rhizomes are exposed to a variety of conditions during processing such as boiling, cooking, blanching and drying before being utilized. In this study, the effect of processing methods on the functional properties and physicochemical properties of turmeric powder was investigated. Fresh turmeric rhizomes were processed into powder and five samples generated from the turmeric powder: Sample A (oven drying), sample B (blanching + oven drying), sample C (sun drying), sample D (cooking + oven drying). The processed turmeric powders were subjected to functional and physicochemical analysis using standard methods. Results obtained showed that cooking/oven drying resulted to a significant (p<0.05) improvement in the bulk density, water and oil absorption capacities and swelling power of the turmeric powders as compared to other processing methods. Dispersibility and solubility were greatly improved on sun drying/oven drying. Among the processing methods employed, blanching/oven drying exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher colour value and curcumin content whereas decreases in TTA and pH was observed for cooked/oven dried sample. It is therefore recommended from the study that blanching/oven drying be used in the processing of turmeric powder for better nutrient retention. For better functionality of the turmeric powder, cooking/oven drying method should be employed.
Tensile Characterization of Pre-harvest Treated Pineapple Leaf Fibre
Authors: Uguru H. , Obah G. E.
Published: November 2020

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of field practice on the tensile properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PAFL). The pineapple leaves were treated in the field with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) at four concentrations (0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l and 300 mg/l). All the treatments were applied through foliar application, twice monthly, for duration of five months. The pineapple leaves were harvested after five months of the treatment application, and their fibre extracted through the retting method. In addition, the cellulose content of the PALF was determined according to approved method. The extracted fibre was subjected to tensile test, using ASTM International approved methods. Results obtained from the tensile test revealed that the pre-harvested treatment had significant (p ≤0.5) effect on the tensile properties of the PALF. The tensile strength increased from 583.67 MPa to 880.83 MPa; while the Young’s modulus increased from 23.77 GPa to 28.23 GPa, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Likewise, the tensile elongation decreased from 3.13 mm to 1.83 mm, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. In terms of the cellulose content, the study revealed that the cellulose content of the fibre increased significantly (p ≤0.05) with increased in the treatment concentration. At the concentration of 0 mg/l, the PAFL had cellulose content of 63.6%, which increased linearly to 77% at the concentration of 300 mg/l. From these results, it can be seen that field practice greatly increased the potential of PALF in composites production and other industrial applications.
Corrosion Resistance in NaCl Environment of Fiber Metal Laminates based on Aluminum and Titanium Alloys with Carbon and Glass Fibers
Authors: Ostapiuk Monika , Bieniaś Jarosław
Published: November 2020

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) based on carbon and glass fibers with aluminum as construction materials raise questions to the formation of corrosion. This article addresses the problem of the corrosion resistance of aluminum with glass and carbon fibers and with titanium layers. The laminates are exposed to the NaCl environment. Holes and half‐holes are made to identify the effect of carbon‐fiber layers to determine the corrosion behavior depending on the applied surface treatment. The dominant forms of corrosion occurring on the aluminum layer surface are pitting and intergranular corrosion. In addition to that, galvanic corrosion is treated in the laminates containing carbon fibers.
Improving Dielectric Constant of Polymers through Liquid Electrolyte Inclusion
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhang Changgeng , Du Yuhan , Zhu He , Zhang Qi , Zhu Shiping
Published: November 2020

Different from the traditional ways for enhancing the dielectric properties of polymers by compositing with rigid electronic conductors, here an alternative strategy is reported via introducing ionically conductive liquid electrolytes as functional fillers. Dielectric constant has significantly improved (up to 600%) by liquid electrolyte inclusions in an elastomer matrix. Moreover, by taking advantage of the inherent transparency of liquid electrolyte fillers, high transparency, good stretchability, and high dielectric constant are achieved simultaneously. Using the composite elastomer, the fabrication of highly sensitive strain sensor is demonstrated with 5–6 times higher sensitivity than the pristine elastomer, and flexible electroluminescent device with greatly lowed driving voltage. The strategy provides new opportunities for novel electroactive polymers, including flexible touchscreen panels and displays, biomimetic soft machines, and smart optics.
Robust High‐Temperature Supercapacitors Based on SiC Nanowires
Authors: Li Xiaoxiao , Li Weijun , Liu Qiao , Chen Shanliang , Wang Lin , Gao Fengmei , Shao Gang , Tian Yun , Lin Zifeng , Yang Weiyou
Published: November 2020

Currently, the exploration of energy conversion/storage devices for high‐temperature operation with desired stability is still a grand challenge. In the present work, the high‐temperature supercapacitors (SCs) based on SiC nanowires as the electrode materials are reported, which are synthesized via pyrolysis of polymeric precursors followed by etching for creating more active sites with enhanced surface area. In 2.0 m KCl aqueous electrolyte, the as‐fabricated electrode based on etched SiC nanowires delivers a specific capacitance of 23.6 mF cm–2 (29.5 F g–1) at a current density of 0.2 mA cm–2 (0.25 A g–1), which is ≈3.3 times to that of the counterpart without etching (7.19 mF cm–2). The as‐constructed ionic‐liquid‐based SCs can endure the operation temperatures up to 150 °C with a capacitance retention of 80% for 10 000 cycles, which drops only ≈6% in comparison to that at 0 °C. Even under progressive variation in temperatures ranged between 0 and 150 °C, the capacitance retentions keep higher than 76% for 12 000 cycles, representing their promising to be serviced as robust SCs against high‐temperature harsh conditions for energy storage.
Mitochondria‐Specific Agents for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy: A Key Determinant to Boost the Efficacy
Authors: Li Xipeng , Zhao Yu , Zhang Tao , Xing Da
Published: November 2020

Mitochondria‐targeted photodynamic therapy (Mt‐PDT), which enables the photogenerated cytotoxic oxygen species with fatal oxidative damage to block mitochondrial functions, has been considered as a promising method to enhance the anticancer effectiveness. Aiming at the challenges of PDT, in the past few decades, numerous mitochondria‐targeting molecular agents have been developed to boost the PDT efficacy via directly destroying the mitochondria or activating mitochondria‐mediated cell death pathways. Herein, a review for recent advances of Mt‐PDT is highlighted including: mitochondrial targeting design principles and strategies, therapeutic performance of mitochondria‐targeted agents‐mediated PDT as well as the agent‐free Mt‐PDT. In addition, it puts together the achievements of the combinatory mitochondria‐anchoring PDT and other anticancer strategies, demonstrating the advantages provided by Mt‐PDT. The existing challenges are discussed and future settlements for the development of mitochondria‐specific agents are also forecasted.
Swallow‐Tailed Polycatenars: Controlling Complex Liquid Crystal Self‐Assembly and Mirror Symmetry Breaking at the Lamellae‐Network Cross‐Over
Authors: Reppe Tino , Dressel Christian , Poppe Silvio , Eremin Alexey , Tschierske Carsten
Published: November 2020

Controlling the spatial organization of π‐conjugated molecules in soft systems is of importance for the design of new materials with application relevant optimized properties. Here, soft self‐assembly of functional multi‐chained π‐conjugated 5,5′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐bithiophenes is investigated. Focus is on molecules with a 3,5‐disubstitution pattern at one end and no or only a single chain at the other end. By elongation of the single terminal chain, a transition from lamellar phases to helical networks is observed. With lowering the temperature, the lamellar phase types change from smectic via hexatic to crystalline. In some cases, different kinds of orders are combined in a single uniform lamellar structure. Moreover, a transition from uniform (synclinic) to alternating (anticlinic) tilt in adjacent layers is observed with decreasing chain length or rising temperature, due to a change of the molecular conformation from tuning fork like to Y‐shaped. For compounds terminated with a long chain, helical self‐assembly of the π‐conjugated rods in networks takes place, leading either to a racemic (, gyroid) or a spontaneous mirror symmetry broken (I23) bicontinuous cubic phase and a chiral isotropic liquid phase (Iso1[*]) as well. This work establishes rules for controlling the self‐assembly of functional π‐conjugated rods in soft matter and fluids.
FullyPrinted Flexible Plasmonic Metafilms with Directional Color Dynamics
Authors: Peng Jialong , Jeong Hyeon‐Ho , Smith Michael , Chikkaraddy Rohit , Lin Qianqi , Liang Hsin‐Ling , De Volder Michael F. L. , Vignolini Silvia , Kar‐Narayan Sohini , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: November 2020

Plasmonic metafilms have been widely utilized to generate vivid colors, but making them both active and flexible simultaneously remains a great challenge. Here flexible active plasmonic metafilms constructed by printing electrochromic nanoparticles onto ultrathin metal films (<15 nm) are presented, offering low‐power electricallydriven color switching. In conjunction with commercially available printing techniques, such flexible devices can be patterned using lithography‐free approaches, opening up potential for fullyprinted electrochromic devices. Directional optical effects and dynamics show perceived upward and downward colorations can differ, arising from the dissimilar plasmonic mode excitation between nanoparticles and ultrathin metal films.
Perovskite Oxynitride Solid Solutions of LaTaON2‐CaTaO2N with Greatly Enhanced Photogenerated Charge Separation for Solar‐Driven Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Yawei , Kang Yuyang , Zhu Huaze , Liu Gang , Irvine John T. S. , Xu Xiaoxiang
Published: November 2020

The search for solar‐driven photocatalysts for overall water splitting has been actively pursued. Although metal oxynitrides with metal d0/d10‐closed shell configuration are very promising candidates in terms of their visible light absorption, they usually suffer from serious photo‐generated charge recombination and thus, little photoactivity. Here, by forming their solid solutions of LaTaON2and CaTaO2N, which are traditionally considered to be inorganic yellow‐red pigments but have poor photocatalytic activity, a class of promising solar‐driven photocatalysts La1‐xCaxTaO1+yN2‐y(0 ≤x,y≤ 1) are explored. In particular, the optimal photocatalyst withx= 0.9 has the ability of realizing overall water splitting with stoichiometric H2/O2ratio under the illumination of both AM1.5 simulated solar light and visible light. The modulated key parameters including band structure, Ta bonding environment, defects concentration, and band edge alignments revealed in La0.1Ca0.9TaO1+yN2‐yhave substantially promoted the separation of photogenerated charge carriers with sufficient energetics for water oxidation and reduction reactions. The results obtained in this study provide an important candidate for designing efficient solar‐driven photocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Predictors of long‐term opioid use and opioid use disorder among construction workers: Analysis of claims data
Authors: Dale Ann Marie , Buckner‐Petty Skye , Evanoff Bradley A. , Gage Brian F.
Published: November 2020

Background

Construction workers have high rates of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders, which lead to frequent opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD). This paper quantified the incidence of opioid use and OUD among construction workers with and without musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study using union health claims from January 2015 to June 2018 from 19,909 construction workers. Claims for diagnoses of chronic musculoskeletal disorders, acute musculoskeletal injuries, musculoskeletal surgery, and other conditions were linked to new opioid prescriptions. We examined the effects of high doses (≥50 morphine mg equivalents per day), large supply (more than 7 days per fill), long‐term opioid use (60 or more days supplied within a calendar quarter), and musculoskeletal disorders, on the odds of a future OUD.

Results

There were high rates (42.8% per year) of chronic musculoskeletal disorders among workers, of whom 24.1% received new opioid prescriptions and 6.3% received long‐term opioid prescriptions per year. Workers receiving opioids for chronic musculoskeletal disorders had the highest odds of future OUD: 4.71 (95% confidence interval 3.09–7.37); workers prescribed long‐term opioids in any calendar quarter had a nearly 10‐fold odds of developing an OUD.

Conclusions

Among construction workers, opioids initiated for musculoskeletal pain were strongly associated with incident long‐term opioid use and OUD. Musculoskeletal pain from physically demanding work is likely one driver of the opioid epidemic in occupations like construction. Prevention of work injuries and alternative pain management are needed for workers at risk for musculoskeletal injuries.
Recent Advances of Photoresponsive Supramolecular Switches
Authors: Yang Zhiyao , Liu Zejiang , Yuan Lihua
Published: November 2020

Photoresponsive supramolecular switches refer to these host‐guest systems that can be reversibly shifted between different states by light stimuli. Such photoswitchable systems feature the presence of non‐covalent bonding interactions with light‐responsive moieties (e. g., azobenzene and stilbene, spiropyran and diarylethene, coumarin and anthracene), and have been applied in a variety of fields, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and smart materials with the advantage of being able to operate cleanly and remotely in a spatiotemporally‐controlled fashion. Alternating UV/visible light irradiation can reversibly regulate the binding affinity or assembly/disassembly of the systems. This minireview summarizes recent progress (2016 and after) on the development of photoswitchable host‐guest systems, including the structural designs of these molecular switches and their applications in solution and solid states. Better knowledge of them is essential for the understanding of host‐guest phenomena, molecular machines, and also for the preparation of novel applied materials in the future.
International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis 2021
Authors: Orlandi Richard R. , Kingdom Todd T. , Smith Timothy L. , Bleier Benjamin , DeConde Adam , Luong Amber U. , Poetker David M. , Soler Zachary , Welch Kevin C. , Wise Sarah K. , Adappa Nithin , Alt Jeremiah A. , Anselmo‐Lima Wilma Terezinha , Bachert Claus , Baroody Fuad M. , Batra Pete S. , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Beswick Daniel , Bhattacharyya Neil , Chandra Rakesh K. , Chang Eugene H. , Chiu Alexander , Chowdhury Naweed , Citardi Martin J. , Cohen Noam A. , Conley David B. , DelGaudio John , Desrosiers Martin , Douglas Richard , Eloy Jean Anderson , Fokkens Wytske J. , Gray Stacey T. , Gudis David A. , Hamilos Daniel L. , Han Joseph K. , Harvey Richard , Hellings Peter , Holbrook Eric H. , Hopkins Claire , Hwang Peter , Javer Amin R. , Jiang Rong‐San , Kennedy David , Kern Robert , Laidlaw Tanya , Lal Devyani , Lane Andrew , Lee Heung‐Man , Lee Jivianne T. , Levy Joshua M. , Lin Sandra Y. , Lund Valerie , McMains Kevin C. , Metson Ralph , Mullol Joaquim , Naclerio Robert , Oakley Gretchen , Otori Nobuyoshi , Palmer James N. , Parikh Sanjay R. , Passali Desiderio , Patel Zara , Peters Anju , Philpott Carl , Psaltis Alkis J. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Ramanathan Murugappan , Roh Hwan‐Jung , Rudmik Luke , Sacks Raymond , Schlosser Rodney J. , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Senior Brent A. , Sindwani Raj , Smith Kristine , Snidvongs Kornkiat , Stewart Michael , Suh Jeffrey D. , Tan Bruce K. , Turner Justin H. , van Drunen Cornelis M. , Voegels Richard , Wang De Yun , Woodworth Bradford A. , Wormald Peter‐John , Wright Erin D. , Yan Carol , Zhang Luo , Zhou Bing
Published: November 2020

I. Executive Summary

Background

The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document.

Methods

ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary.

Results

ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided.

Conclusion

This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS.
Thermally Activated n‐Doping of Organic Semiconductors Achieved by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Based Dopant
Authors: Ding Yi‐Fan , Yang Chi‐Yuan , Huang Chun‐Xi , Lu Yang , Yao Ze‐Fan , Pan Chen‐Kai , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: November 2020

Molecular doping plays an important role in the modification of carrier density of organic semiconductors thus enhancing their optoelectronic performance. However, efficient n‐doping remains challenging, especially owing to the lack of strongly reducing and air‐stable n‐dopants. Herein, an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor, DMImC, is developed as a thermally activated n‐dopant with the excellent stability in air. Its thermolysis in situ regenerates free NHC and subsequently dopes typical organic semiconductors. In sequentially doped FBDPPV films, DMImC does not disturb the π–π packing of the polymer and achieves good miscibility with the polymer. As a result, a high electrical conductivity of up to 8.4 S cm−1is obtained. Additionally, the thermally activated doping and the excellent air stability permit DMImC to be noninteractively co‐processed with polymers in air. Our results reveal that DMImC can be served as an efficient n‐dopant suitable for various organic semiconductors.
Persistent Radical Tetrathiafulvalene‐Based 2D Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Their Application in Efficient Photothermal Conversion
Authors: Su Jian , Xu Ning , Murase Ryuichi , Yang Zhi‐Mei , D'Alessandro Deanna M. , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Zhu Jia
Published: November 2020

A series of stable radical 2D metal‐organic frameworks has been assembled. (m‐TTFTB)3 (m‐Tetrathiafulvalene‐tetrabenzoate) trimer building blocks are beneficial for the stability of the radicals due to delocalization of the unpaired electron. Hexanuclear rare‐earth‐cluster‐based 1D chains further enhance the stability of the frameworks. The radical state of the middle TTF in the trimer has been observed by the change of central C−C and C−S bond distances and the configuration of the TTF by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The radical characteristics are also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance, UV/Vis–NIR absorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. Stability tests showed that the radicals are stable even in solutions and under acid/base environments (pH 1–12). Owing to efficient light absorption due to intramolecular charge transfer, low thermal conductivity, and outstanding stability, the radical 2D Dy‐MOF shows excellent photothermal properties, an increase of 34.7 °C within 240 s under one‐sun illumination.
Novel β‐Glucocerebrosidase Activators That Bind to a New Pocket at a Dimer Interface and Induce Dimerization
Authors: Benz Joerg , Rufer Arne C. , Huber Sylwia , Ehler Andreas , Hug Melanie , Topp Andreas , Guba Wolfgang , Hofmann Eva Carolina , Jagasia Ravi , Rodríguez Sarmiento Rosa María
Published: November 2020

Genetic, preclinical and clinical data link Parkinson's disease and Gaucher's disease and provide a rational entry point to disease modification therapy via enhancement of β‐Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity. We discovered a new class of pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyrazine activators effecting both Vmax and Km. They bind to human GCase and increase substrate metabolism in the lysosome in a cellular assay. We obtained the first crystal structure for an activator and identified a novel non‐inhibitory binding mode at the interface of a dimer, rationalizing the observed structure–activity relationship (SAR). The compound binds GCase inducing formation of a dimeric state at both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomal pHs, as confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation. Importantly, the pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyrazines have central nervous system (CNS) drug‐like properties. Our findings are important for future drug discovery efforts in the field of GCase activation and provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of the requirements for enzymatic activation, pointing to the relevance of dimerization.